cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging fault slip using teleseismic waveforms: analysis of a typical incomplete tomography problem

Summary. Several important geophysical imaging problems can be cast in the form of the classic tomography problem, in which a function of two variables is reconstructed from its projection along a set of straight lines. However, geophysical imaging problems tend to be incomplete; some of the straight lines projection paths are missing from the data. A typical example is the problem of imaging the slip rate as a function of position and time along a long, thin fault plane. The far field seismic pulse shape is a projection of the fault’s slip rate function. However, a complete suite of far field observations does not span the complete set of possible projection lines. Consequently, the exact slip rate function cannot be recovered from the data. At best, only a filtered version of it can be reconstructed. This filter is not completely determined by the mathematics of the problem, and can therefore be optimized to yield images of the slip rate that have good resolution.
Lookup table–based inverse model for determining optical properties of turbid media

We present a lookup table (LUT)-based inverse model for determining the optical properties of turbid media from steady-state diffuse reflectance spectra that is valid for fiber-based probe geometries with close source-detector separations and tissue with low albedo. The lookup table is based solely on experimental measurements of calibration standards. We used tissue-simulating phantoms to validate the accuracy of the LUT inverse model. Our results show excellent agreement between the expected and extracted values of the optical parameters. In addition, the LUT represents a significant improvement in accuracy at short source-detector separations (300 microm) and low albedo (approximately 0.35). We also present in vivo data from clinically normal and malignant nonmelanoma skin cancers fit to the LUT-based model.
Structural basis for the product specificity of histone lysine methyltransferases.

DIM-5 is a SUV39-type histone H3 Lys9 methyltransferase that is essential for DNA methylation in N. crassa. We report the structure of a ternary complex including DIM-5, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, and a substrate H3 peptide. The histone tail inserts as a parallel strand between two DIM-5 strands, completing a hybrid sheet. Three post-SET cysteines coordinate a zinc atom together with Cys242 from the SET signature motif (NHXCXPN) near the active site. Consequently, a narrow channel is formed to accommodate the target Lys9 side chain. The sulfur atom of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, where the transferable methyl group is to be attached in S-adenosyl-L-methionine, lies at the opposite end of the channel, ∼4 A away from the target Lys9 nitrogen. Structural comparison of the active sites of DIM-5, an H3 Lys9 trimethyltransferase, and SET7/9, an H3 Lys4 monomethyltransferase, allowed us to design substitutions in both enzymes that profoundly alter their product specificities without affecting their catalytic activities.
Resonance Raman study of a two-chromophore system. The 2:1 complex of hexamethylbenzene with tetracyanoethylene

Abstract Raman excitation profiles are presented for the 2:1 electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex of hexamethylbenzene (HMB) and tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in cyclohexane. Though the absorption and Raman spectra of the 1:1 and 2:1 complexes are similar, distinct differences are found in the Raman excitation profiles (REPs) of vibrational modes common to both systems. REPs of the 2:1 complex show intensity cancellation that is taken as evidence for interference of two charge-transfer excited states. The implications of the observed spectra concerning excited state electron delocalization are considered.
It's all in the timing: modeling isovolumic contraction through development and disease with a dynamic dual electromechanical bioreactor system.

This commentary discusses the rationale behind our recently reported work entitled “Mimicking isovolumic contraction with combined electromechanical stimulation improves the development of engineered cardiac constructs,” introduces new data supporting our hypothesis, and discusses future applications of our bioreactor system. The ability to stimulate engineered cardiac tissue in a bioreactor system that combines both electrical and mechanical stimulation offers a unique opportunity to simulate the appropriate dynamics between stretch and contraction and model isovolumic contraction in vitro. Our previous study demonstrated that combined electromechanical stimulation that simulated the timing of isovolumic contraction in healthy tissue improved force generation via increased contractile and calcium handling protein expression and improved hypertrophic pathway activation. In new data presented here, we further demonstrate that modification of the timing between electrical and mechanical stimulation to mimic...
A Review of “Sex in psychotherapy: Sexuality, passion, love, and desire in the therapeutic encounter”

Sex is hardly controversial anymore. From Madonna to Eve Ensler to Dan Savage, sex, and our conversations about it, have increasingly moved mainstream. Recently, a long-time sex therapist commented...
Rethinking the role and impact of health information technology: informatics as an interventional discipline

Recent advances in the adoption and use of health information technology (HIT) have had a dramatic impact on the practice of medicine. In many environments, this has led to the ability to achieve new efficiencies and levels of safety. In others, the impact has been less positive, and is associated with both: 1) workflow and user experience dissatisfaction; and 2) perceptions of missed opportunities relative to the use of computational tools to enable data-driven and precise clinical decision making. Simultaneously, the “pipeline” through which new diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents are being developed and brought to the point-of-care or population health is challenged in terms of both cost and timeliness. Given the confluence of these trends, it can be argued that now is the time to consider new ways in which HIT can be used to deliver health and wellness interventions comparable to traditional approaches (e.g., drugs, devices, diagnostics, and behavioral modifications). Doing so could serve to fulfill the promise of what has been recently promoted as “precision medicine” in a rapid and cost-effective manner. However, it will also require the health and life sciences community to embrace new modes of using HIT, wherein the use of technology becomes a primary intervention as opposed to enabler of more conventional approaches, a model that we refer to in this commentary as “interventional informatics”. Such a paradigm requires attention to critical issues, including: 1) the nature of the relationships between HIT vendors and healthcare innovators; 2) the formation and function of multidisciplinary teams consisting of technologists, informaticians, and clinical or scientific subject matter experts; and 3) the optimal design and execution of clinical studies that focus on HIT as the intervention of interest. Ultimately, the goal of an “interventional informatics” approach can and should be to substantially improve human health and wellness through the use of data-driven interventions at the point of care of broader population levels. Achieving a vision of “interventional informatics” will requires us to re-think how we study HIT tools in order to generate the necessary evidence-base that can support and justify their use as a primary means of improving the human condition.
Superplastic Flow in Ceramic Microfiber Specimens

Tensile superplastic deformation was studied using ceramic specimens that had a cross section of approximately 1 μm × 10–50 μm, and a length of 4 mm. These fibers were prepared by physical vapor deposition of oxides on a predefined pattern made by lithography. Experiments with Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 fibers and spinel fibers showed two characteristic features of flow behavior: serrations and a threshold stress. The serrations were explained by a flow model based on discrete sliding events distributed in time and space throughout the polycrystal. These fluctuations in flow stress were detected in our microfiber specimens due to relatively few grains in the gage section. Experimental results of the effect of sample size, grain size and strain rate on the serration behavior are discussed in the frame of the new model.
High-rate deposition of VAD graded-index fibers

To lower the manufacturing cost of graded-index fibers, the development of high-rate deposition and large preform-making techniques is required. The VAD process is likely to be susceptible to high-rate deposition because the deposition process is independent of the sintering process and because the deposition efficiency increases as the preform size increases.1
Population Genetics of the Ashkenazim

The Ashkenazim are a well-studied population with a dynamic and unique history. The spread of Jewish populations from the Middle East to locations in the Diaspora in the past 2000 years represents a microcosm of the evolutionary processes affecting modern humans as they dispersed out of Africa (e.g. founder effects, migrations, admixture and adaptation). Ashkenazim – Jews who trace their ancestry to founders who moved to the Rhine Valley in the fourth century – are no exception. Recent studies both support and refute long-standing hypotheses of Ashkenazi origins. Together, the results Strengthen the inferences that Ashkenazi Jews trace their ancestry to a genetically diverse population in the Middle East that underwent a series of founder events – reducing genetic diversity relative to the ancestral population – and that subsequently experienced significant gene flow during the period of Ashkenazi residency in Europe. Key Concepts Ashkenazi Jews are genetically more similar to each other than to individuals from other populations. Ashkenazi Jews are most closely related to other Jewish populations. The Ashkenazim likely arose from a genetically diverse population in the Middle East. Ashkenazi Jews appear equally close to both Middle Eastern and European populations. Ashkenazi Jews are not closely related to modern populations that best represent the Khazars. Ashkenazi Jews likely received 30–60% gene flow from Europeans. Ashkenazi Jews likely underwent multiple extreme events of population size reduction and expansion. About half of the genomic regions under putative selection in the Ashkenazim are not found to be under selection in Europeans. Most Ashkenazi disease loci are not under strong positive selection. Keywords: Ashkenazim; population genetics; genomics; demography; SNP array; admixture; founder effect; selection
Cellular immunity regulation effect of Ginseng-rana oil capsule

Objective To investigate the regulation of cellular immunity of Ginseng-rana oil capsule.Methods Different doses of 0.05,0.50 and 1.50 g/kg BW of the capsules were given to exposed groups,and soybean oil was given to control group.Delayed type hypersensitivity(DTH) and transformation of lymphocytes of mice was examined after exposition.Results The capsules could strengthen DTH(toes swelling reached up 0.75 mm) and transformation of lymphocytes induced by ConA(OD reached up 0.173) of mice.Conclusion Ginseng-rana oil capsule can strengthen cellular immunity.
Metaphase Cytogenetics in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a highly heterogeneous disease and biomarkers are integral to predicting outcomes. In the past, cytogenetics in CLL typically utilized fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect abnormalities due to the low mitotic index of CLL hampering metaphase karyotyping. Recently, stimulation of CLL cells with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides has largely overcome this challenge. CpG oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the detection of karyotypic abnormalities in CLL by stimulating leukemic cells that normally do not proliferate in culture. Karyotyping has identified complex karyotype as a prognostic marker associated with poor outcome in CLL. Karyotyping has also uncovered novel chromosomal abnormalities including trisomies, dicentric chromosomes, and jumping translocations. CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulation significantly improves the ability to detect chromosomal abnormalities via karyotyping in CLL. Karyotyping has proven to be an important diagnostic tool in CLL and contributes to the discovery of novel recurrent chromosomal abnormalities.
Discovery of the pacemaker and heart conduction system in mammals. Fantasy and truth

The first report about experimental investigations on the origin of the rhythms in the mammalian heart were published in 1888 by McWilliam. Similar experiments were described by Hering in several publications starting from 1900. The results led to the hypothesis of the myogenic genesis of the rhythms. However, in 1907, Hering stated that the origin of the stimulus in the mammal heart was probably a nervous function. In 1898, 1903, and 1906 Wenckebach described the function and the functional localization of the pacemaker in the heart of the intact man, and in 1906, he described the morphology of the pacemaker and its blood supply in the post mortem human heart. In the same year, Adam analyzed the localization of the "natural" pacemaker and the regions of the secondary pacemakers in the mammal heart. In 1907, Keith and Flack introduced the term "sino-auricular node". They quoted the findings of Wenckebach and Hering, and they mentioned McWilliam. A muscular connection between the right atrium and both ventricles of the mammal heart was found by Kent and by His in 1893. In 1907, Tawara called the structure of the origin of the a-v connection "atrio-ventricular node". It was, however, the scientific discovery of Tawara that the a-v pathway was connected with the muscles of the ventricles by the Purkinje fibers. He discovered that the pathway consists of muscles which are histologically divided and functionally different from the other heart muscles. It is a system of specialized muscles which conduct the stimulus for the contraction without contracting themselves.
Fast Motion Planning for Agile Space Systems with Multiple Obstacles

In this paper, we develop a novel algorithm for spacecraft trajectory planning in an environment cluttered with many geometrically-fixed obstacles. The Spherical Expansion and Sequential Convex Programming (SE-SCP) algorithm first uses a spherical-expansion-based sampling algorithm to explore the workspace. Once a path is found from the start position to the goal position, the algorithm generates a locally optimal trajectory within the homotopy class using sequential convex programming. If the number of samples tends to infinity, then the SE-SCP trajectory converges to the globally optimal trajectory in the workspace. The SE-SCP algorithm is computationally efficient, therefore it can be used for real-time applications on resource-constrained systems. We also present results of numerical simulations and comparisons with existing algorithms.
Enhanced arm swing alters interlimb coordination during overground walking in individuals with traumatic brain injury

The current study investigated interlimb coordination in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) during overground walking. The study involved 10 participants with coordination, balance, and gait abnormalities post-TBI, as well as 10 sex- and age-matched healthy control individuals. Participants walked 12m under two experimental conditions: 1) at self-selected comfortable walking speeds; and 2) with instructions to increase the amplitude and out-of-phase coordination of arm swinging. The gait was assessed with a set of spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters including the gait velocity, step length and width, double support time, lateral displacement of the center of mass, the amplitude of horizontal trunk rotation, and angular motions at shoulder and hip joints in sagittal plane. Interlimb coordination (coupling) was analyzed as the relative phase angles between the left and right shoulders, hips, and contralateral shoulders and hips, with an ideal out-of-phase coupling of 180° and ideal in-phase coupling of 0°. The TBI group showed much less interlimb coupling of the above pairs of joint motions than the control group. When participants were required to increase and synchronize arm swinging, coupling between shoulder and hip motions was significantly improved in both groups. Enhanced arm swinging was associated with greater hip and shoulder motion amplitudes, and greater step length. No other significant changes in spatiotemporal or kinematic gait characteristics were found in either group. The results suggest that arm swinging may be a gait parameter that, if controlled properly, can improve interlimb coordination during overground walking in patients with TBI.
Assessing quality in professional services: a framework for gap analysis

Many of the gap analysis studies of professional services firms have focused on clients' expectations, perception and satisfaction with service delivery. In this research, we develop a framework for the assessment of quality, incorporating ten distinct quality gaps. These gaps take into consideration all the intervening variables which constitute the determinants of quality from the perspective of the clients, industry, and the professional services provider (PSP) respectively. The gap analysis framework developed is based on two focus group sessions - one involving professional services providers, drawn from accounting, management consulting, healthcare, law, advertising, architecture and marketing, and the other involving clients from the same industries. Employing a focus group methodology, the purpose was to understand the nature of the interaction between PSP organisations and their clients and the implications of the interactions on quality. There are subtle and significant differences in the perception of quality between the clients and the PSP. These differences are reflected in the key determinants of quality between both groups.
Effectiveness of emergent and submergent aquatic plants in mitigating a nitrogen–permethrin mixture

ABSTRACTHydraulically connected wetland microcosms (∼50 L) in series were used to test the effectiveness of varying combinations of two common aquatic vascular plants, parrot feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum) and cattail (Typha latifolia), for mitigating contamination from a mixture of nitrogen (ammonium nitrate) and permethrin. The upstream series included Myriophyllum only (M) and Typha only (T) while the combination upstream effluent into downstream series included Myriophyllum into Myriophyllum (M + M) and Typha into Myriophyllum (T + M). During flow, M into M + M more efficiently mitigated nitrogen than T into T + M. Post-flow, nitrogen removal efficiency was greater for T versus M and M + M versus T + M. Mean aqueous dissipation half-lives (t1/2) of NH4-N and NO3-N were more rapid in T than M treatments. Ammonium and nitrate t1/2 was highly correlated with aquatic plant above-ground shoot biomass. Permethrin mitigation efficiencies and t1/2 were not significantly affected by plant species either sing...
The tetraspanin CD151 is a T cell activation marker demarcating hyper-responsive CD8+ CD28- T cells in HIV patients (IRC7P.433)

HIV-infected patients, despite suppressive ART, exhibit signs of immune hyperactivation and premature senescence, compromising the success of long-term ART. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune dysfunction will be critical to develop future immuno-modulatory therapies to improve the long-term health status of HIV patients. To achieve this goal, biomarkers that resolve dysfunctional T cell populations are needed. To this end, we here demonstrate that the tetraspanin CD151 in HIV patients on ART is highly expressed on CD28 - T cells (p + CD28 - T cells responsive to CMV pp65 peptides were CD151 + as measured by Granzyme B + and IFN-γ + . Blocking experiments with CD151 mAb led to a dose-dependent reduction of IFN-γ secretion from CMV pp65- stimulated PBMCs. In summary, CD151 is elevated on senescent CD8+ CD28- T cells that demonstrate enhanced antigen-responsiveness. As prior data shows that CD151 on T cells stabilizes the immune synapse and primes T cell activation, CD151 expression may confer responsiveness of otherwise senescent T cells and present one underlying cause of immunological hyperresponsiveness in HIV patients.
Transport Investigations of Chemical Nanostructures

In this chapter, fabrications and characterizations of nanometer-sized transistors that incorporate individual molecules and carbon nanotubes will be described. In the first part of the presentation, we describe transport measurements of single-nanotube transistors that allow the characterization of electronic shell filling and exchange coupling as well as Fabry-Perot interference between traveling electron waves in metallic nanotubes. In the second part of the chapter, we describe fabrication and characterization of single-molecule transistors incorporating individual inorganic molecules. Transport investigation provides detailed insight into the electron motion through a molecule, as demonstrated by the observation of Kondo resonance and spin filling in a di-vanadium molecule.
Working toward Empowering a Community: How Immigrant-Focused Nonprofit Organizations Use Twitter during Political Conflicts

In the digital age, social media has become a popular venue for nonprofit organizations to advocate for causes and promote social change. The 2016 United States Presidential Election occurred amidst divisive public opinions and political uncertainties for immigrants and immigration policies were a frequently-contested debate focus. Thus, this election provided an opportunity to examine nonprofit organizations' social media usage during political conflicts. We analyzed social media posts by immigrant-focused nonprofit organizations and conducted interviews probing into how they managed their online presence and social relations. This study finds that these nonprofit organizations adopted three key strategies to support their target community: 1) disseminating content about immigration-related issues and policies; 2) calling for participation in collective endeavors to influence the political climate; 3) engaging in conversations with outside stakeholders including political actors, media, and other organizations. We use empowerment theory, which has been used widely to study marginalized populations, as a theoretical lens to discuss how NPOs' social media usage on Twitter reflects their endeavors to bring information and calls to action to immigrant communities. We, then, present design opportunities to amplify the advantages of social media to help nonprofit organizations better serve their communities in times of political upheavals.
An Active EMG-Controlled A/K Prosthesis

Abstract A pressure reservoir in conjunction with a pneumatic piston and cylinder is employed to conserve a portion of the energy dissipated during swing phase by conventional A/K actuators. During the portion of the swing cycle when energy is to be supplied at the knee, the pressure reservoir serves as driver. A controller was designed such that given a desired knee torque determined from a myoelectric processing algorithm, two-way solenoid valves are appropriately adjusted to realize that torque.
Plasmodium parasite exploits host aquaporin-3 during liver stage malaria infection

Within the liver a single Plasmodium parasite transforms into thousands of blood-infective forms to cause malaria. Here, we use RNA-sequencing to identify host genes that are upregulated upon Plasmodium berghei infection of hepatocytes with the hypothesis that host pathways are hijacked to benefit parasite development. We found that expression of aquaporin-3 (AQP3), a water and glycerol channel, is significantly induced in Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes compared to uninfected cells. This aquaglyceroporin localizes to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane, the compartmental interface between the host and pathogen, with a temporal pattern that correlates with the parasite's expansion in the liver. Depletion or elimination of host AQP3 expression significantly reduces P. berghei parasite burden during the liver stage and chemical disruption by a known AQP3 inhibitor, auphen, reduces P. falciparum asexual blood stage and P. berghei liver stage parasite load. Further use of this inhibitor as a chemical probe suggests that AQP3-mediated nutrient transport is an important function for parasite development. This study reveals a previously unknown potential route for host-dependent nutrient acquisition by Plasmodium which was discovered by mapping the transcriptional changes that occur in hepatocytes throughout P. berghei infection. The dataset reported may be leveraged to identify additional host factors that are essential for Plasmodium liver stage infection and highlights Plasmodium's dependence on host factors within hepatocytes.
An Abutilon Nomenclator (Malvaceae)

The large malvaceous genus Abutilon is in need of critical revisionary study. The present nomenclator is presented as a first step toward such an eventual study, and it will also be useful to herbarium curators. It brings together, on a global basis, more than 500 names in specific rank, a number of names in infraspecific rank, and 25 names in infrageneric rank, giving bibliographic detail and typification information for each name as far as it is available. More than 70 lectotypes and two neotypes are designated herein. Five new combinations are included, viz., Bakeridesia scabrida, Bastardiopsis grewiifolia, Bastardiopsis turumiquirensis, Corynabutilon ×suntense, and Tetrasida tulla. Indexes are provided for the newly designated lectotypes and neotypes.
EVAR Using the Powerlink Device

Asymptomatic 5.5 cm or greater infrarenal aneurysm in male. 5.0 cm infrarenal aortic aneurysm in female. Contained rupture in hemodynamically stable patient.
The Housing Finance Agenda in Developing Countries

The discussion of current issues in housing finance in developing countries can be rendered as complex as any analyst could wish. However, three plain facts underlie the housing finance agenda today: 1. Cities are built the way they are financed, and in the residential sector building is often inefficient or poor. 2. The current cost of existing housing finance systems is impossible to maintain in the present financial environment. 3. The potential contribution that housing can make to financial development has yet to be realized in most countries.
Using an explicit model of teamwork in RoboCup

Team ISIS (ISI Synthetic) successfully participated in the first international RoboCup soccer tournament (RoboCup'97) held in Nagoya, Japan, in August 1997. ISIS won the third-place prize in over 30 teams that participated in the simulation league of RoboCup'97 (the most popular among the three RoboCup'97 leagues. In terms of research accomplishments, ISIS illustrated the usefulness of an explicit model of teamwork both in terms of reduced development time and improved teamwork flexibility. ISIS also took some initial steps towards learning of individual player skills. This paper discusses the design of ISIS in detail, with particular emphasis on its novel approach to teamwork.
The Role of Mathematics in Liberal Arts Education

The history of the continuous inclusion of mathematics in liberal education in the West, from ancient times through the modern period, is sketched in the first two sections of this chapter. Next, the heart of this essay (Sects. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) delineates the central role mathematics has played throughout the history of Western civilization: not just a tool for science and technology, mathematics continually illuminates, interacts with, and sometimes challenges fields like art, music, literature, and philosophy – subjects now universally considered to be liberal arts. Section 8 adds an international perspective to the contemporary liberal arts story by describing some instructive mathematical achievements from many cultures and societies. Finally, Sect. 9 addresses how contemporary mathematics teaching can use the history of mathematics viewed as a liberal art to enhance the appreciation and understanding of mathematics for all students.
Surface Plasmon Coupling in GaN:Eu Light Emitters with Metal-Nitrides

Metal-nitrides of hafnium nitride (HfN), zirconium nitride (ZrN) and titanium nitride (TiN) are investigated as plasmonic materials to enhance the internal quantum efficiency of a GaN:Eu red light emitter. Theoretical calculations are performed to evaluate the surface plasmon polariton dispersion relation and Purcell enhancement factor for a single metal-nitride layer on top of the GaN:Eu emitter. Our findings suggest that among the metal-nitrides investigated in this study, TiN is the most promising candidate for use as plasmonic material to increase the internal quantum efficiency in GaN:Eu red light emitters.
Return home? Determinants of return migration intention amongst Turkish immigrants in Germany

Abstract What drives Turkish immigrants living in Germany to consider returning to Turkey? This study answers this question by investigating the determinants of return migration intention amongst Turkish immigrants across multiple generations. I use the 2014 wave “Migration Sample (M1)” of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), which surveyed 482 respondents of Turkish descent, to explore the determinants of return migration intention across three domains: (1) economic integration, (2) transnational activities, and (3) xenophobia/self-identity. The results indicate that each domain contributes independently to decisions about return migration. First, Turkish immigrants are more likely to harbor return intentions if they face economic difficulties. Second, transnational engagement triggers return considerations. Third, while concerns about xenophobia catalyze return intention, national identities affect return intentions in different ways; identifying as Turkish prompts return intention while identifying as German is associated with a decrease in return intent. I also explore interactions between the three domains, revealing distinctive return intention patterns within each generation. Subsequent generations of immigrants are more likely than the first generation to form return intentions, as economic and social challenges produce a “reactive ethnicity” expressed by increased return intentions.
Does obtaining CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 pharmacogenetic testing predict antidepressant response or adverse drug reactions

Treatment non-response and adverse reactions are common in patients receiving antidepressants. Personalizing psychiatric treatment based on pharmacogenetic testing has been proposed to help clinicians guide antidepressant selection and dosing. This systematic literature review assesses the two most robustly studied drug-metabolizing enzymes, CYP2D6 and CYP2C19, and examines whether obtaining CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 testing can be used to predict antidepressant response or adverse drug reactions in order to improve clinical outcomes. In general, literature reviews published prior to 2013 indicated that results have been inconsistent linking CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 to antidepressant treatment outcomes, suggesting that more evidence is required to support the clinical implementation of genotyping to predict outcomes. We thus performed an extensive and systematic literature review, focusing on studies published from 2013 through 2018. Sixteen studies were found to be relevant. The results yielded inconsistent findings, suggesting that CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 testing may predict response in certain individuals, but it remains unclear if this will translate to improved clinical outcomes. Further research is required to determine when pharmacogenetic testing should be utilized and in which populations it is indicated. Randomized, controlled, prospective trials with adequate sample sizes would best clarify whether genotype-guided antidepressant selection will ultimately improve clinical outcomes.
Characteristics of Conventional and Cascaded Arc Plasma Spray-Deposited Ceramic Under Standard and High-Throughput Conditions

Cascaded arc plasma torches have now become mainstream in thermal spray industry incorporating both multiple and single cathode configurations. Although there are anecdotal descriptions available for cascaded arc torches in terms of enhanced melting capability and overall process reliability, a critical and direct comparison of material interaction between the two technologies (cascaded arc and conventional torch configurations) through robust scientific methods is not available. In this article, two commercially available APS torches, namely, the conventional torch (F4MB) and the cascaded arc plasma torch (Sinplex Pro), were compared in the same spray cell using the same control equipment by adopting a systematic set of experiments involving voltage measurements, particle behavior, deposit formation dynamics, and infrared-based spray footprint heat flux quantification. The analysis of the data has led to quantitative correlations between torch configurations. The powder loading study indicated the enhanced melting capability of cascaded arc at equivalent parameters along with expanded and more uniform particle temperature over larger feed rates. The combination of higher feed rate and melt efficiency leads to distinction in coating stress evolution and microstructure. The integrated measurements suggest a scaling parameter that can establish process equivalency parameters to guide the transition from conventional to cascade torches.
Electronic cigarette use and tobacco cessation in a state-based quitline

IntroductionEvidence is mixed on e-cigarette's effectiveness as a tobacco cessation aid. Research suggests that e-cigarette users face greater barriers to quitting tobacco.AimTo examine the association between e-cigarette use and tobacco cessation outcomes among quitline callers.MethodsWe examined 2,204 callers who enrolled and completed 7-month follow-up surveys between April 2014 and January 2017. We examined the association between any e-cigarette use and tobacco cessation. We also evaluated these relationships by e-cigarette use patterns between enrollment and 7-month follow-up: sustained, adopted, discontinued, and non-use. We used multivariable logistic regression to control for caller characteristics, tobacco history, and program utilization.ResultsOverall, 18% of callers reported using e-cigarettes at enrollment, follow-up, or both. Compared to non-users, e-cigarette users were more likely to be younger, non-Hispanic, and report a mental health condition. The adjusted odds of tobacco cessation were not statistically different for callers who used e-cigarettes compared to those who did not (adjusted odds ratios = 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.79–1.32). Results were similar when examining cessation by patterns of e-cigarette use.ConclusionsE-cigarette use was not associated with tobacco cessation. This suggests that e-cigarette use may neither facilitate nor deter tobacco cessation among quitline callers. Future research should continue exploring how e-cigarette use affects quitting.
Evaluation of Matrix Elements Using Diffusion Monte Carlo Wave Functions.

Approaches for using diffusion Monte Carlo (DMC) to evaluate matrix elements involving two vibrational wave functions are explored. In the first part of this study, overlaps between a wave function...
Small molecule delivery across a perforated artificial membrane by thermoreversible hydrogel poloxamer 407

Microperforations in the round window membrane have been suggested for enhancing the rate and reliability of drug delivery into the cochlea. Intratympanic injection, the most common delivery method, involves injecting therapy into the middle ear to establish a reservoir from which drug diffuses across the round window membrane into the cochlea. This process is highly variable because (i) the reservoir, if liquid, can lose contact with the membrane and (ii) diffusion across the membrane is intrinsically variable even with a stable reservoir. To address these respective sources of variability, we compared the thermoreversible hydrogel poloxamer 407 (P407) to saline as a drug carrier and studied the effect of membrane microperforations on drug diffusion rate. We used Rhodamine B as a drug proxy to measure permeance across an artificial membrane in a horizontal diffusion cell. We found that permeance of Rhodamine B from a saline reservoir was an order of magnitude higher than that from a P407 reservoir across unperforated membranes. Moreover, permeance increased with total perforation cross-sectional area regardless of number of perforations (p < 0.05 for all saline-based experiments), but the same association was not found with P407. Rather, for a P407 reservoir, only a large perforation increased permeance (p < 0.001), while multiple small perforations did not (p = 0.749). These results confirm that for drug dissolved in saline, multiple small perforations can effectively enhance diffusion. However, for drug dissolved in P407, larger perforations are necessary.
Public Opinion: Social Attitudes

Public opinion and social attitudes are broadly defined as the expression of beliefs, ideology, and sentiment within a citizenry with regard to the conduct of human affairs. The concept of public opinion arose as a consequence of the rise of democracy, premised on the notion that government should rule with the consent of the governed. Methods for collecting and analyzing data on public opinion based on survey samples were first developed in the US and Europe and are now used in most countries throughout the world. Within the field of survey research, the scientific study of public opinion has emerged as a specialized area of research that is done by sociologists, psychologists, political scientists, and market researchers. In the late 1960s, political scientists in the US were surprised to find that very few people base their political opinions and vote choices on a coherent system of beliefs. They also found that large percentages of respondents seemed to switch their opinions when asked the same question at different points in time. This instability and apparent lack of ideological consistency poses serious challenges for the theory of government by democracy. Subsequent research has shown that most people's opinions are influenced by family socialization and education and are often based on perceptions of various social groups. Researchers also study the limitations of the methods and techniques used to measure public opinion in order to minimize biases that cause researchers to misinterpret their findings. Unlike the patterns of instability observed in individual opinions, public opinion at the aggregate level appears much more stable and consistent over time. Research on long-term trends in aggregate opinion has also shown that government does indeed respond to citizen preferences, but there is evidence to suggest that it has become more responsive (at least in the US) to the preferences of affluent citizens. Due to the globalization of the survey research industry, social scientists now have access to public opinion data from the vast majority of countries throughout the world.
My SIGUCCS Book Report

The SIGUCCS Community read together 7* professional development and leadership books this year. In this lightning talk, I will give a one-minute book report on each book.
Neurologic manifestations in an infant with COVID-19.

Currently, there are over 1.9 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally with over 590,000 cases in the United States.1 The number of COVID-19–positive children in the United States is unknown. A report summarizing 72,314 COVID-19 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention noted 416 COVID-19–positive children younger than 10.2 An observational study at Wuhan Children's Hospital noted 31 COVID-19–positive children younger than 1 year with the youngest confirmed case in a 1-day-old.3 Cases were largely characterized by upper respiratory tract infection or pneumonia, fever, cough, and pharyngeal erythema.3 Concomitant neurologic problems have been reported among COVID-19–positive adult patients.4
Experimental manipulation of mixed-species flocks reveals heterospecific audience effects on calling

Animal signallers are subject to audience effects when they alter communication due to changes in the presence or characteristics of receivers. Studies aimed at understanding audience effects have typically examined effects of conspecific audiences on signaller communication. Less work has focused on heterospecific audiences, which present an important avenue of research for species that participate in mixed-species groups. Here we experimentally tested mixed-species flocks of Carolina chickadees, Poecile carolinensis, and tufted titmice, Baeolophus bicolor, for conspecific and heterospecific audience effects. Birds were trapped from naturally occurring flocks and held in seminatural outdoor aviaries, where we recorded calling. We found that chickadees and titmice were sensitive to the number of conspecifics in flocks when communicating via ‘chick-a-dee’ calls, which are social cohesion calls produced by both species. Chickadees also were sensitive to the number of titmice in flocks, but chick-a-dee calling behaviour in titmice did not differ with regard to the number of chickadees in flocks. Furthermore, when subject to playbacks of simulated risk, chickadees and titmice produced more chick-a-dee calls when more titmice were in a flock. After these playbacks, chickadees produced fewer chick-a-dee calls with increasing numbers of conspecifics in flocks, whereas titmice produced more chick-a-dee calls with increasing numbers of conspecifics in flocks. These results suggest that chickadees and titmice are sensitive to social factors within their mixed-species flocks when communicating, and that chickadees appear more sensitive to heterospecific presence than do titmice. We suggest this is due to the dominance status of the species in these flocks, where titmice are typically dominant over chickadees.
Ist Bewusstsein überall

In diesem Schlusskapitel komme ich auf die fundamentale Frage zuruck, die ich in Kap. 2 angerissen habe: Wer auser mir verfugt noch uber Erleben? Weil Sie mir so ahnlich sind, abduziere ich, dass Sie ebenfalls subjektive, phanomenale Zustande haben. Derselbe Schluss gilt fur andere Menschen. Wenn man von gelegentlich auftretenden einsamen Solipsisten absieht, besteht daruber Einigkeit. Doch wer verfugt sonst noch uber Bewusstsein? Wie verbreitet ist Bewusstsein im Kosmos insgesamt?
Paradox and the school leader: the struggle for the soul of the principal in neoliberal Times: Times, Chris Dolan, Singapore, Springer Nature, August 26, 2020, 238 pp., Paper $104.15; eBook $79.20; Kindle $91.58

Chris Dolan is a former public school principal in Australia who underwent a personal and professional transformational journey that fundamentally altered, confounded, questioned and countered his ...
Is It Okay to Critique Youth Activists? Notes on the Power and Danger of Complexity

Scholars of youth activism have recently produced an emergent and rapidly growing body of research that recognizes young people as engaged political actors. This work has made important interventions and increased the visibility of youth political subjectivity as a field of inquiry within the academy. However, public discourses on youth activism tend toward simplistic binaries, dismissing youth as either pawns of adults or naive idealists, or engaging in what some youth activists describe as “wowing”—that is, effusive gushing about how wonderful and exciting it is that young people are leading these movements. In this chapter, Taft thinks through some of these discourses by discussing dilemmas she has encountered in engaging with and writing about the Peruvian movement of working children. In addition to identifying the value of a critical approach for both scholarship and youth movements themselves, the author explores the very real risks of critique and outlines her own strategies for navigating these risks
Exploring the rhetoric of social class among first-generation, low-income college students in US higher education

This qualitative, phenomenological study explored the rhetoric that low-income, first-generation college students in the United States use to describe and understand their social class and class-ba...
Planned thinking and democratic personality: Karl Mannheim’s legacy for global citizenship education today

This article attempts to re-evaluate Karl Mannheim’s notion of “planning for freedom” within the context of contemporary global citizenship education (GCE). First, it examines Mannheim’s distinctions between “planning”, “founding”, and “administration” and analyses his notion of principia media. It argues that Mannheim conceptualised “planned thinking” as a dynamic and interdependent type of thinking necessary for grasping the whole situation of a changing world. This kind of thinking is interdisciplinary and serves to develop human capacity, through higher education, towards the cultivation of active global citizens. Second, this article examines Mannheimian conceptions of “democratic personality”, “integrative behaviour”, and “creative tolerance”, all of which are related to civility, which in turn is an indispensable aspect for GCE. The aim of this article is not to simply study Mannheim’s thoughts in the strictest sense of the word. Rather, it interprets his insights in the context of current GCE’s values and knowledge.
A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Pressure Relieving Cushions in Reducing Pressure Injury.

This systematic review seeks to gather and analyze the evidence on wheelchair pressure relieving cushions, and report on the optimal materials and designs for reducing pressure injury risk. The following research question guides this study: Which wheelchair cushions best reduce pressure injury risk? PIs continue to impact the health and function of wheelchairs users with significant mobility impairments. Pressure relieving cushions are typically prescribed to provide pressure relief in the pre-wound, wound, and post-wound phases. Presently, no published reviews analyze all of the commonly available cushion materials. Most comparison studies typically address a specific population such as spinal cord injury, or only a few styles of cushion design/materials. Results suggest air-cell cushions provide optimal pressure relief and shear reduction. Furthermore, small sample single cohort studies suggest off-loading cushions provide superior pressure relief beyond that of air-celled cushions but require additional research for greater generalizability.Introduction.