cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Diminishing Fair Use Doctrine

One of the fascinating things about American law is how an act of Congress that has remained largely unchanged in 25 years can see its authority diminished by a combination of technological change and collateral legal actions. Such is the case with copyright’s fair use doctrine. The doctrine has been on the books, virtually unchanged, for the last 25 years. Yet the doctrine has becoming increasingly challenged and weakened by congressional acts such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and the changing nature of intellectual property formats and technologies. November and December of 2001 saw a series of actions that clearly outline the practical and legal clouds that presently surround fair use.
Social Support and Self-Reported Stress Levels in a Predominantly African American Sample of Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Lupus patients should avoid stress because physical or emotional stress can affect overall physical health. It has been suggested that social support has a positive influence on health status, but there is a lack of information in the literature on the association between the two among lupus patients. The current study investigated the association between social support and self-reported stress and coping status among African American women with lupus using data collected from two linked cross-sectional surveys. No social support differences in groups of high and low stress/coping were revealed; a duplicate study with a larger sample size is required.
Oral contraceptive pill use is associated with localized decreases in cortical thickness

Oral contraceptive pills (OCs), which are used to prevent pregnancy by the majority of women in the United States, contain steroid hormones that may affect the brain's structure and function. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that OC use is associated with differences in brain structure using a hypothesis-driven, surface-based approach. In 90 women, (44 OC users, 46 naturally-cycling women), we compared the cortical thickness of brain regions that participate in the salience network and the default mode network, as well as the volume of subcortical regions in these networks. We found that OC use was associated with significantly lower cortical thickness measurements in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex. These regions are believed to be important for responding to rewards and evaluating internal states/incoming stimuli, respectively. Further investigations are needed to determine if cortical thinning in these regions are associated with behavioral changes, and also to identify whether OC use is causally or only indirectly related to these changes in brain morphology.
Intersections: The Simultaneity of Race, Gender and Class in Organization Studies

This article argues for a reconceptualization of the intersections of race, gender and class as simultaneous processes of identity, institutional and social practice in order to redress the lack of attention to these intersections in feminist organization studies. Grounding my argument on a brief critique of white liberal feminism from the perspective of women of colour, I examine other feminist frameworks beyond the dominant liberal paradigm and identify their possible contributions to the study of intersections in organization theory and practice. Specifically, I propose theoretical and methodological interventions for researching and practicing more forcefully and intentionally the simultaneity of race, gender and class in organizations, including researching and publicizing the hidden stories at the intersections of race, ethnicity, gender, class, nation and sexuality; identifying, untangling and changing the differential impact of everyday practices in organizations and identifying and linking internal organizational processes with external societal processes. I conclude with some reflections on the possible implications of these proposals for each of us, scholars and practitioners of gender and organization.
Do honey bees tune error in their dances in nectar-foraging and house-hunting?

The "tuned-error" hypothesis states that natural selection has tuned the divergence angle in the dances of the honey bee to produce an optimal scatter of recruits across a resource. Weidenmuller and Seeley (Behav Ecol Sociobiol 46:190–199, 1999) supported this hypothesis by finding smaller divergence angles in dances indicating potential home sites, which are always point sources, than in dances indicating food sources, which often occur in patches. This study tested for the same effect, but controlled for variables, e.g., substrate and context, that may have confounded those results. When performed on the same substrate, divergence angle does not differ between dances for the two resources. Furthermore, dances performed for food within an observation hive exhibit significantly greater divergence angle when performed on comb (as Weidenmuller and Seeley measured food dances) than on hardware cloth (as they measured home-site dances on a swarm). These findings suggest that the angular variance in direction indication in dances is more likely an artifact of physical constraints, rather than an adaptive modification of a behavior that a bee could perform more precisely.
An ecologically balanced system for urban waste disposal

Abstract Although the manurial value of liquid and solid wastes generated in our cities is immense, municipal authorities have not yet taken advantage of this source. With the increasing shortage of sites for disposal of wastes and the need for conserving certain raw materials and maintaining ecological balance, re-cycling of wastes will be the only viable option in developing countries. An attempt was made in this paper to highlight the manurial value of wastes generated in our cities. The possibility of recycling the urban wastes to keep the ecological balance intact was discussed at length. The present situation in Bangalore (India) with respect to treatment of its urban wastes was illustrated and an integrated scheme for recycling of both liquid and solid wastes was proposed. A system is designed for treating wastes generated by 100,000 people using a modular concept so that it could be repeated in similar modules of 100,000 to keep pace with the growth of towns. A cost analysis of the scheme has shown that it will be a self-paying proposition in about six years.
Electrophysiology and beyond: multiple roles of Na+ channel β subunits in development and disease.

Abstract Voltage-gated Na+ channel (VGSC) β Subunits are not “auxiliary.” These multi-functional molecules not only modulate Na+ current (INa), but also function as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)—playing roles in aggregation, migration, invasion, neurite outgrowth, and axonal fasciculation. β subunits are integral members of VGSC signaling complexes at nodes of Ranvier, axon initial segments, and cardiac intercalated disks, regulating action potential propagation through critical intermolecular and cell–cell communication events. At least in vitro, many β subunit cell adhesive functions occur both in the presence and absence of pore-forming VGSC α subunits, and in vivo β subunits are expressed in excitable as well as non-excitable cells, thus β subunits may play important functional roles on their own, in the absence of α subunits. VGSC β1 subunits are essential for life and appear to be especially important during brain development. Mutations in β subunit genes result in a variety of human neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, some cancer cells exhibit alterations in β subunit expression during metastasis. In short, these proteins, originally thought of as merely accessory to α subunits, are critical players in their own right in human health and disease. Here we discuss the role of VGSC β subunits in the nervous system.
Indications for directional coronary atherectoy:1993

New coronary devices are being developed in attempts to solve the limitations of balloon angioplasty. Directional coronary atherectomy was the first of these devices to gain Food and Drug Administration approval. Theoretically, directional atherectomy improves coronary stenoses by an entirely different mechanism than balloon angioplasty, removing atherosclerotic plaque and leaving a smooth surface with less elastic recoil. Nonrandomized experience has shown that directional atherectomy is most useful in proximal to mid-segment, noncalcified, large (> 2.5 mm) coronary arterial segments, yielding minimal residual stenosis and larger lumen diameters than are generally achieved with angioplasty. Experience suggests that directional atherectomy is most useful in ostial coronary lesions, bifurcation stenoses, proximal left anterior descending lesions, discrete saphenous vein graft stenoses, complex or thrombus-containing lesions, highly eccentric lesions, and lesions failing PTCA secondary to elastic recoil, recurrent thrombosis, or limited dissection. Dissection and out-of-catheterization-laboratory acute closure are infrequent and appear to be improved over balloon angioplasty. However, intimal hyperplasia leading to restenosis is not solved by directional atherectomy. Randomized studies such as the Coronary Angioplasty Versus Excisional Atherectomy Trial (CAVEAT) will help to clarify further the overall utility of directional atherectomy compared with balloon angioplasty in the future, but due to the limited power of subgroup analyses, CAVEAT may not have fully defined all the specific lesion characteristics that may be improved by atherectomy over PTCA. Review of the data presented may help the clinician identify specific areas in which atherectomy appears to offer an advantage over angioplasty, although definitive answers await specifically targeted randomized trials.
Symbolic Reduction for High-Speed Power System Simulation

High-speed simulations of power transmission systems, which often rely on solving nonlinear systems of equations, are an increasingly important tool for training, testing equipment, on-line control and situational awareness. Such simulations, however, suffer from two major problems: (1) they can be too computationally demanding to simulate large, complex systems within appropriate time constraints; and (2) they are difficult to develop and debug. Prior work has shown how symbolic computation can be used to help reduce both problems. In this paper, we: (1) review common concepts in power system simulations; (2) summarize prior use of symbolic computation in power system simulation; (3) explore the advantages and disadvantages achieved via symbolic techniques; (4) extend the techniques to solve linear systems via a priori symbolic LU decomposition; and (5) demonstrate the advantages of symbolic techniques on a transient event simulation of the IEEE 118-bus test power system, which runs in one-tenth the time of an equivalent traditional (sparse matrix) approach.
Smoking Is Associated With Epicardial Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction and Elevated White Blood Cell Count in Patients With Chest Pain and Early Coronary Artery Disease

Background— Smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular events. One of the potential mechanisms may be related to both coronary endothelial dysfunction and increased inflammatory response. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that smoking is associated with epicardial coronary endothelial dysfunction and inflammation. Methods and Results— Coronary endothelial function in response to acetylcholine was assessed in 881 patients (115 current smokers and 766 nonsmokers, including 314 previous smokers). Smokers were significantly younger than nonsmokers (43±1 versus 51±1 years, P<0.0001), had more epicardial vasoconstriction in response to intracoronary acetylcholine (−19±2% versus −14±1% change in coronary artery diameter, P=0.03), and were more likely than nonsmokers to have epicardial endothelial dysfunction (46% versus 35%, P=0.005), but their microvascular endothelial function was intact. Smokers had higher white blood cell counts than nonsmokers (7.7±0.2 versus 6.6±0.1×109/L, P<0.00...
Molecular basis for the redox control of nuclear transport of the structural chromatin protein Hmgb1

Oxidative stress can induce a covalent disulfide bond between protein and peptide thiols that is reversible through enzymatic catalysis. This process provides a post-translational mechanism for control of protein function and may also protect thiol groups from irreversible oxidation. High mobility group protein B1 (Hmgb1), a DNA-binding structural chromosomal protein and transcriptional co-activator was identified as a substrate of glutaredoxin. Hmgb1 contains 3 cysteines, Cys23, 45, and 106. In mild oxidative conditions, Cys23 and Cys45 readily form an intramolecular disulfide bridge, whereas Cys106 remains in the reduced form. The disulfide bond between Cys23 and Cys45 is a target of glutathione-dependent reduction by glutaredoxin. Endogenous Hmgb1 as well as GFP-tagged wild-type Hmgb1 co-localize in the nucleus of CHO cells. While replacement of Hmgb1 Cys23 and/or 45 with serines did not affect the nuclear distribution of the mutant proteins, Cys106-to-Ser and triple cysteine mutations impaired nuclear localization of Hmgb1. Our cysteine targeted mutational analysis suggests that Cys23 and 45 induce conformational changes in response to oxidative stress, whereas Cys106 appears to be critical for the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Hmgb1.
Ontogenetic differences in the psychopharmacological responses to separate and combined stimulation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors during the neonatal to weanling age period

The psychopharmacological responses to separate and combined stimulation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors were examined in neonatal (postnatal day 3–4, P3–4), infant (P10–11) and weanling (P21–22) rat pups. Thirty minutes prior to testing rat pups received a subcutaneous (SC) injection of saline, 1.0 (P3–4, P10–11) or 0.5 (P21–22) mg/kg of the D2 agonist quinpirole. Fifteen minutes later all animals received an additional SC injection of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg of the D1 agonist SKF-38393. Pups were tested for 5 min via a time-sampling procedure in a humidity controlled incubator for 3- and 10-day-old animals and in a divided glass aquarium for 21-day-old pups. Although administration of either agonist alone induced increases in forward locomotion and/or sniffing behavior at all test ages, the adult-typical grooming response to SKF-38393 and increase in vertical movements in response to quinpirole were not evident until weaning. Similarly, although combined administration of the agonists induced synergistic responding at each test age, only weanlings exhibited an adult-typical synergistic increase in licking. Thus, although the D1 and D2 receptor subtypes appear to be functionally present and coupled in some fashion throughout the neonatal to weanling age period, ontogenetic differences are evident in the behavioral responses elicited by separate and combined stimulation of these receptor subtypes.
Embeddings of countable closed sets and reverse mathematics

If there is a homeomorphic embedding of one set into another, the sets are said to be topologically comparable. Friedman and Hirst have shown that the topological comparability of countable closed subsets of the reals is equivalent to the subsystem of second order arithmetic denoted byATR0. Here, this result is extended to countable closed locally compact subsets of arbitrary complete separable metric spaces. The extension uses an analogue of the one point compactification of ℝ.
Community mental health and the Chicano movement

Book reviewed in this article: This paper presents a definition of the Chicano movement, with emphasis on those aspects of the movement that relate to the sociology and anthropology of Mexican-Americans. Some theoretical points of overlap and common interest between the Chicano movement and the community mental health movement are described, and some aspects of the Chicano movement that have implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Hydrogen interactions with cavities in helium-implanted silicon.

Hydrogen interactions with microscopic cavities in Si were quantitatively characterized in thermal-release experiments. Closed internal cavities were formed by He-ion implantation and annealing and were characterized by transmission-electron microscopy. The isotopes protium ([sup 1]H) and deuterium (D) were introduced by ion implantation or heating in H[sub 2] gas. During temperature ramping the redistribution and release of D were monitored by nuclear-reaction profiling, and the bonding of [sup 1]H was selectively examined by infrared absorption spectroscopy. By exploiting the properties of closed internal surfaces this study determined the Si-H bond energy for surface monohydrides, the result being 2.5[plus minus]0.2 eV. Hydrogen bonded to the internal surfaces was found to lie several tenths of an eV lower in energy than H[sub 2] gas and H trapped at lattice defects. The oxidized external surface of the Si specimens did not detectably impede H release, implying an efficient recombination process at the Si-SiO[sub 2] interface for which possible mechanisms are considered.
Optimal interdiction policy for a flow network

This paper analyzes the problem faced by a field commander who, confronted by an enemy on N battlefields, must determine an interdiction policy for the enemy's logistics system which minimizes the amount of war material flowing through this system per unit time. The resource utilized to achieve this interdiction is subject to constraint. It can be shown that this problem is equivalent to determining the set of arcs Z* to remove subject to constraint from a directed graph G such that the resulting maximal flow is minimized. A branch and bound algorithm for the solution to this problem is described, and a numerical example is provided.
(±)3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”) treatment modulates expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in multiple regions of adult rat brain

(±)3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a widely used drug of abuse, rapidly reduces serotonin levels in the brain when ingested or administered in sufficient quantities, resulting in deficits in complex route-based learning, spatial learning, and reference memory. Neurotrophins are important for survival and preservation of neurons in the adult brain, including serotonergic neurons. In this study, we examined the effects of MDMA on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and their respective high-affinity receptors, tropomyosin receptor kinase (trk)B and trkC, in multiple regions of the rat brain. A serotonergic-depleting dose of MDMA (10 mg/kg × 4 at 2-hour intervals on a single day) was administered to adult Sprague-Dawley rats, and brains were examined 1, 7, or 24 hours after the last dose. Messenger RNA levels of BDNF, NT-3, trkB, and trkC were analyzed by using in situ hybridization with cRNA probes. The prefrontal cortex was particularly vulnerable to MDMA-induced alterations in that BDNF, NT-3, trkB, and trkC mRNAs were all upregulated at multiple time points. MDMA-treated animals had increased BDNF expression in the frontal, parietal, piriform, and entorhinal cortices, increased NT-3 expression in the anterior cingulate cortex, and elevated trkC in the entorhinal cortex. In the nigrostriatal system, BDNF expression was upregulated in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and trkB was elevated in the striatum in MDMA-treated animals. Both neurotrophins and trkB were differentially regulated in several regions of the hippocampal formation. These findings suggest a possible role for neurotrophin signaling in the learning and memory deficits seen following MDMA treatment.
Clinical efficacy of a medically supervised outpatient high-protein, low-calorie diet program is equivalent in prediabetic, diabetic and normoglycemic obese patients

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affects approximately 10% of Americans, while 79 million Americans are estimated to have glucose intolerance or prediabetes (pre-DM). The present study was designed to determine whether obese patients with pre-DM or T2DM would lose weight as effectively as obese normoglycemic patients, in a medically supervised high-protein, low-calorie-weight management program. Patients enrolled in a self-paid, university-based, outpatient weight loss program using prescribed very-low-calorie diet (VLCD) (500–800 cal per day) or LCD diet (800–1200 cal per day), recommended exercise and group behavioral counseling were studied retrospectively. Patients entering the program for the first time and attending weekly clinic visits for more than 4 weeks were included in the analysis. A total of 2093 obese patients, of whom 583 patients with pre-DM (fasting glucose ⩾100 and <126 mg dl−1), 367 patients with T2DM and 1143 normoglycemic patients entered the program from 1991 to 2010, who met all the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. The body weight at baseline was 104.0±20.0 kg for DM, 101.4±18.4 for pre-DM and 99.0±18.8 kg for non-DM. Weight loss and percent of weight loss within 12 months were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model. There was no significant difference in weight loss between DM vs non-DM (P=0.4597) and pre-DM vs non-DM (P=0.6006) in 12 months. The length of enrollment in the program was positively correlated to weight loss rates in all patients (P<0.001). This study demonstrates that obese, pre-DM and DM patients all lost weight as effectively with VLCD or LCD over 12 months. Given the impact of weight loss on the progression of comorbid conditions, these data support the hypothesis that medically supervised diets, including VLCD and LCD, should be more widely used in the prevention and treatment of obese patients with pre-DM or T2DM.
Microgel Formation in the Free Radical Cross-Linking Copolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) and Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (EGDMA)

The formation of heterogeneous structure through intramolecular reaction is an important feature of the free radical cross-linking copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). Such structure formation affects not only the curing behavior but also the rheological changes of the resin. In this study, the reaction kinetics, rheological changes, and the size distribution of formed polymers are measured by differential scanning calorimetry, rheometry, dynamic light scattering goniometry, and gel permeation chromatography. A 3-D percolation model is developed to simulate this monovinyl and divinyl copolymerization system. The simulation results agree well with the experimental observations qualitatively.
The arterial anatomy of larynx transplantation: Microsurgical revascularization of the larynx

Advances in immunosuppression and selective reinnervation may soon make laryngeal transplantation a potential therapy for patients undergoing total laryngectomy. Successful transplantation requires a clear delineation of those vessels necessary to completely revascularize the larynx. Our hypothesis is that the arterial inflow provided by a single superior thyroid artery is sufficient to revascularize the entire larynx. To test this hypothesis, 8 cadavers were studied via either barium latex injection (n = 4) to assess contralateral tissue perfusion or India ink (n = 4), to determine the degree of mucosal perfusion. Following injection via a single superior thyroid artery, all larynges demonstrated either complete, bilateral tissue perfusion evidenced by x-ray visualization of the barium latex injected specimen or bilateral mucosal staining with India ink. We conclude that bilateral perfusion of the entire larynx transplant, including laryngeal and epiglottic mucosa, would occur after revascularization of a single superior thyroid artery. These findings suggest that reliable revascularization of a larynx transplant is technically possible using modern microsurgical techniques.
Nicotine and cotinine inhibit rat testis androgen biosynthesis in vitro

The effects of nicotine and cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, on testosterone production in rat testis were investigated. Rat Leydig cells were isolated and incubated with nicotine and cotinine. Nicotine produced a dose dependent increase in progesterone levels and a dose-dependent decrease in androstenedione and testosterone concentrations. Cotinine produced a dose-dependent increase in progesterone and androstenedione and a dose-dependent decrease in testosterone levels. The effects of nicotine and cotinine on rat testis mitochondrial cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme and microsomal 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase, 17 alpha-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase and 17-ketosteroid reductase were examined. Nicotine competitively inhibited 17 alpha-hydroxylase (apparent Ki = 30 microM) and 17,20-lyase (apparent Ki = 18 microM). Cotinine competitively inhibited 17-ketosteroid reductase (apparent Ki = 46 microM). The addition of nicotine to preparations of rat testis microsomes yielded a Type II cytochrome P-450 binding spectrum. We conclude that nicotine and cotinine competitively inhibit multiple steps in testosterone biosynthesis.
Mobile trace inference based on tensor voting

As the growth of wireless network, tremendous interests have been focused on statistically tracking the user equipment as well as the performance evaluation of motion tracking. In this paper, we tackle the problem of inferring human mobility trace under the circumstance that the recorded location information exhibits missing data. Based on the tensor voting theory, we propose an efficient sparse tensor voting algorithm and a specified implementation scheme. The model is constructed based on the geometric connections between the input signals and encodes the structure information in the tensor matrix. Thus, the computation is carried out in the form of matrix, which reduces the computation load since most the calculation involves only with matrix addition and multiplication. The proposed method is applied to real human mobility trace. The results show that our proposed approach effectively recovers human mobility trace from the incomplete data input.
Cognitive adaptation theory as a predictor of adjustment to emerging adulthood for youth with and without type 1 diabetes

Abstract Objective The purpose of the study was to determine whether resilience, defined by cognitive adaptation theory, predicted emerging adulthood outcomes among youth with and without type 1 diabetes. Methods Youth with ( n = 118) and without type 1 diabetes ( n = 122), who were part of a previous longitudinal study during adolescence, completed on-line questionnaires during their senior year of high school and one and two years later. They were average age 18, 53% female, and 93% white. Questionnaires assessed cognitive adaptation theory (CAT) indicators (self-esteem, mastery, optimism) and psychological, relationship, behavioral, vocational, and, for those with diabetes, diabetes outcomes. Results The CAT index at baseline predicted reduced psychological distress, enhanced psychological well-being, increased friend support, reduced friend conflict, the presence of romantic relationships, reduced likelihood of romantic breakups, higher GPA, higher work satisfaction, and lower work stress during the transition to emerging adulthood. Among those with diabetes, the CAT index predicted better self-care behavior and revealed a marginal relation to better glycemic control. Analyses controlled for baseline levels when appropriate. Findings were stronger one year than two years post high school graduation, and findings were stronger for those with than without diabetes. Youth with diabetes also scored lower on the CAT index than youth without diabetes. Conclusions These findings suggest that the implications of CAT include not only psychological health but also relationship, vocational, and diabetes outcomes. Those who score lower on CAT indicators should be identified as children so that interventions designed to enhance resilience can be implemented.
Simplifying Likelihood Ratios

Likelihood ratios are one of the best measures of diagnostic accuracy, although they are seldom used, because interpreting them requires a calculator to convert back and forth between “probability” and “odds” of disease. This article describes a simpler method of interpreting likelihood ratios, one that avoids calculators, nomograms, and conversions to “odds” of disease. Several examples illustrate how the clinician can use this method to refine diagnostic decisions at the bedside.
Stability of Cyanocobalamin in Liver Preparations for Use in the Treatment of Pernicious Anemia

A deficiency of vitamin B12 has been found in a significant number of commercially available injectable products containing liver extract with added cyanocobalamin, with or without other added ingredients. In a study of the stability of cyanocobalamin when added to liver injectable preparations, with and without added folk acid, mixtures were stored in the dark at room temperature and examined at intervals throughout 1 year. No appreciable loss in cyanocobalamin occurred during the first month. Solutions stored at pH 5.0 were relatively stable for 12 months. At pH 6.5, destruction occurred within 3 months in some samples. Greater destruction occurred when the pH was raised to 8.0. Progressive destruction was observed in unstable samples after 6- and 12-month periods. With some preparations, destruction increased when folic acid was present, and in some instances when solutions were in contact with rubber stoppers.
Physiological noise level enhances mechanoelectrical transduction in hair cells

Abstract Stochastic resonance has been observed in several biological systems. However, an important issue not fully addressed is whether optimal noise levels correspond to the noise levels found under physiological conditions. We have found that mechanoelectrical transduction in hair cells is enhanced by Brownian motion of the cells' sensory organelle, the hair bundle. Our estimates suggest that Brownian motion provides a nearly optimal noise level. This suggests that stochastic resonance might play a physiological role in the detection of weak auditory signals.
Metal matrix composite solidification in the presence of cooled fibers: numerical simulation and experimental observation

Attempts have been made to alter the solidification microstructures of fiber reinforced aluminum composites by cooling the ends of the fibers extending out of the mold. Experimental observations indicate that cooling the extended ends of the reinforcement results in finer microstructures in the matrix and changes the nature of the interface. In this paper, numerical simulation is performed on a two-dimensional axi-symmetric model to investigate the solidification process of metal matrix composite (MMC) with the extended ends of the fibers cooled by a heat sink. The numerical simulation is based on the source-based enthalpy method with finite volume discretization. The temperature profiles obtained by simulation are compared to the cooling curves measured experimentally in order to validate the current mathematical model. It is found that the simulation result matches the experimental data with reasonable agreement.
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) serpentine ribbons on soft substrates stretched beyond 100

Abstract Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) has been widely used as the electrode material in touch-screen displays and solar cells attributing to its combined high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. Moving forward from wafer based electronics to flexible/stretchable electronics, brittle electronic materials like ITO are significantly hindering the deformability of the integrated systems. To minimize strains in inorganic materials when subjected to stretch, thin metallic and ceramic films can be patterned into serpentine-shaped ribbons. Although polymer-supported metallic serpentines have received extensive studies, it has been a challenging task to fabricate brittle ceramic serpentine ribbons on stretchable substrates. In this letter, we report a low cost, completely dry fabrication process to successfully integrate brittle ITO serpentine ribbons on stretchable substrates. Uniaxial tension tests are performed with in situ electrical resistance measurements which are used as an indicator of the mechanical integrity of the ITO ribbons. Effects of serpentine-substrate adhesion and serpentine geometry are systematically investigated. When the adhesion is weak, stretchability as high as 200% can be achieved. When the adhesion is strong, a new failure mechanism is observed. Design guidelines can be proposed for different adhesion conditions based on this study.
A search for neutral hydrogen absorption in the double quasar 0957 + 561

We report here the results of a search for neutral hydrogen absorption in the spectrum of 0957 + 561. This source consists of two quasars with similar optical spectra and Mg II absorption redshifts, and an extended region containing most of the radio flux. We place limits on the optical depth of intervening hydrogen of 0.02 and 0.23, depending on whether such hydrogen covers all of the source or only the compact components.
Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta Secondary to Tuberculous Aortitis

Tuberculous aortitis is rare, only 29 cases having previously been reported. The first known case of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta secondary to tuberculous aortitis is described. The site of dissection was in the adventitia instead of the usual location in the media. The possibility of gradual aortic dissection without the classical acute picture is emphasized.
Preparatory and X-ray diffraction studies of the SrCl2SrI2, EuCl2Eul2, and EuBr2Eul2 systems☆

Abstract Preparatory and crystallographic studies of the SrCl 2 SrI 2 , EuCl 2 EuI 2 , and EuBr 2 EuI 2 systems over the full composition range are described. The SrCl 2 SrI 2 and EuCl 2 EuI 2 systems are similar with only limited solid solution regions and, at the 1 : 1 anion composition, pure EuClI and SrClI phases. The EuBr 2 EuI 2 system exhibits seven distinct regions: for EuBr 2− x I x , when 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2, a SrBr 2 -type solid solution region; when 0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.2, a PbCl 2 -type solid solution region; for x = 1.6 a monoclinic phase with a basic structural arrangement close to that of the monoclinic and orthorhombic modifications of EuI 2 , and when 1.8 ≤ x ≤ 2.0 an orthorhombic EuI 2 -type solid solution region. Two-phase regions separate these four structure types. The EuBr 0.4 I 1.6 (Eu 5 Br 2 I 8 ) phase appears to be metastable. All theree MX I phases ( X = Cl, Br) exhibit PbCl 2 -type anion-ordered structures, as was expected from high pressure studies of the parent phases.
Mollusca from Upper Cretaceous Fruitland and Kirtland Formations, Western San Juan Basin, New Mexico: Review: ABSTRACT

Renewed interest in the development of substantial coal reserves in the San Juan basin has given new impetus to the determination of the potential impact of expanded mining on paleontologic resources and to a reconsideration of depositional environments of Fruitland coals. Reanalysis of molluscan localities from the Fruitland and Kirtland Formations on lands of the Navajo Nation, in preparation for more extensive field studies, indicates that, of the 24 localities collected by C. M. Bauer in 1915, 12 are type localities for 17 species, representing a large percentage of the total fauna known from these formations. Differentiation of brackish and nonmarine environments on the basis of biostratigraphic distribution of species divides the Fruitland Formation into upper and lower units. Near the western margin of the San Juan basin, predominantly brackish environments are present near the base of the Fruitland, underlain by the littoral-marine Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, and extend up to 35.6 m in total thickness. Exclusively nonmarine sediments are present bove this horizon to the top of the Fruitland and throughout the Kirtland Formation. Nonmarine molluscan diversity seems to increase markedly at approximately 35.6 m. Below this horizon, only 7 taxa indicate freshwater environments. At 35.6 m, 8 taxa are introduced, and of these 7 occur only at this level. Above 35.6 m, only 2 taxa are introduced: Physa reesidei at about 61 m and "Unio" baueri at 123.5 m (Kirtland Formation). The only terrestrial mollusk reported is Planorbis chacoensis from near the base of the Fruitland Formation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 560------------
A Bayesian parallel site methodology with an application to uniformity modeling in semiconductor manufacturing

The increasing use of standard machines in manufacturing processes provides opportunities for sharing information from similar operations to improve the accuracy of process model characterization for supporting root cause analysis and process monitoring activities. This article investigates how to integrate data from parallel sites that are alike in some ways but dissimilar in others. The parallel sites could be several machines that accomplish the same process step, several industrial locations that produce the same product or even several different time windows for the same machine. The proposed Bayesian parallel site model flexibly allows for a compromise between pooling the data completely and treating sites as completely unrelated. One of the key features in the hierarchical model is the quasi-common parameters that are different from site to site, but have some commonality between sites. The similarities between the individual quasi-common parameters are modeled through common global hyperparameters...
Intermittent fasting alleviates the neuropathic phenotype in a mouse model of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) neuropathies linked to the misexpression of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) are progressive demyelinating disorders of the peripheral nervous system. In this study we asked whether dietary restriction by intermittent fasting (IF) could alleviate the neuropathic phenotype in the Trembler J (TrJ) mouse model of CMT1A. Our results show that neuropathic mice kept on a five month long IF regimen had improved locomotor performance compared to ad libitum (AL) fed littermates. The functional benefits of this dietary intervention are associated with an increased expression of myelin proteins combined with a thicker myelin sheath, less redundant basal lamina, and a reduction in aberrant Schwann cell proliferation. These morphological improvements are accompanied by a decrease in PMP22 protein aggregates, and enhanced expression of cytosolic chaperones and constituents of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. These results indicate that dietary restriction is beneficial for peripheral nerve function in TrJ neuropathic mice, as it promotes the maintenance of locomotor performance.
Using continuous aperture illuminations discretely

An iterative procedure is described for fitting a continuous aperture illumination function to a small discrete element array such that the far-field antenna pattern has prescribed sidelobe behavior. Control of successive sidelobe levels in the array factor pattern is used to minimize an error expression comprised of the sum of the squares of the differences between calculated and specified levels for a selected number of sidelobes. The coefficients of a finite series defining the continuous aperture illumination are the variables employed in a Newton-Raphson solution. A sum beam aperture excitation for meeting the 20/30 dB sidelobe requirements of the 1973 OTP manual is derived for a small array and shown to be a useful approximation for a larger array situations. The procedure has been extended to difference beam illumination functions. Extensions to other aperture illuminations are indicated.
Leading-Indicators Based on Impedance Spectroscopy for Prognostication of Electronics Under Shock and Vibration Loads

Leading indicators of failure have been developed based on high-frequency characteristics, and system-transfer function derived from resistance spectroscopy measurements during shock and vibration. The technique is intended for condition monitoring in high reliability applications where the knowledge of impending failure is critical and the risks in terms of loss-of-functionality are too high to bear. Previously, resistance spectroscopy measurements [Constable 1992, Lizzul 1994, Prassana 1995] have been used during thermal cycling tests to monitor damage progression due to thermo-mechanical stresses. The development of resistance spectroscopy based damage pre-cursors for prognostication under shock and vibration is new. In this paper, the high-frequency characteristics, and system transfer function based on resistance spectroscopy measurements have been correlated with the damage progression in electronics during shock and vibration. Packages being examined include ceramic area-array packages. Second level interconnect technologies examined include copper-reinforced solder column, SAC305 solder ball, and 90Pb10Sn high-lead solder ball. Assemblies have been subjected to 1500g, 0.5 ms pulse [JESD-B2111]. Continuity has been monitored in-situ during the shock test for identification of part-failure. Resistance spectroscopy based damage pre-cursors have been correlated with the optically measured transient strain based feature vectors. High speed cameras have been used to capture the transient strain histories during shock-impact. Statistical pattern recognition techniques have been used to identify damage initiation and progression and determine the statistical significance in variance between healthy and damaged assemblies. Models for healthy and damaged packages have been developed based on package characteristics. Data presented shows that high-frequency characteristics and system-transfer characteristics based on resistance spectroscopy measurements can be used for condition-monitoring, damage initiation and progression in electronic systems. A positive prognostic distance has been demonstrated for each of the interconnect technologies tested.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Reduced cAMP levels and glycogen phosphorylase activation in isoproterenol perfused SHR myocardium

The effect of isoproterenol perfusion on cAMP levels and phosphorylase activity was investigated in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and Kyoto Wistar normotensive control rat (WKY) heart. The basal force of contraction in physiological salt solution perfused hearts was comparable between SHR and WKY. However, the force of contraction in response to 10 nM isoproterenol perfusion was decreased approximately 20–30% in SHR heart as compared to WKY heart. Basal cAMP levels were reduced in SHR hearts as compared to WKY heart. Isoproterenol perfusion resulted in an increase in cAMP levels over the basal cAMP values which was 50% and 100% in SHR and WKY hearts, respectively. Basal phosphorylase activity was higher in SHR hearts as compared to WKY hearts. However, the percentage increase in phosphorylase activity by isoproterenol perfusion over the basal values was approximately 400% in WKY hearts and only 200% in SHR hearts. The oubain-sensitive (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity, Ca2+ binding in the absence of ATP, sialic acid content, and 5′-nucleotidase activity of purified cardiac plasma membranes was not altered in SHR as compared to WKY. These results would suggest β-adrenergic mediated adenylate cyclase stimulation is decreased in SHR myocardium while other plasma membrane properties and associated enzymes may not be altered.
Diffraction from reconstructed surfaces with incommensurate domain walls

Abstract The kinematic approximation method has shown that the peak intensity and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of stepped surfaces exhibit an oscillatory behavior for changing incident energy. This paper generalizes the kinematic approximation to an (N × 1) reconstructed surface with a distribution of various types of lateral displacements at a step. A particular solution of this model we call the fixed point solution, yields a clear intuitive understanding of these oscillations as well as an exact solution for the step density of any surface. The specific examples of (5 × 1) and (2 × 1) reconstruction are examined to show the striking differences between the reconstructed surface diffraction patterns. These differences make an examination of the half-maximum (HM) intensity position a powerful tool to determine the surface structure for any incommensurate stepped surface.
Matrix-based, finite-difference algorithms for computational acoustics

A compact numerical algorithm is introduced for simulating multi-dimensional acoustic waves. The algo- rithm is expressed in terms of a set of matrix coefficients on a three-point spatial grid that approximates the acoustic wave cquation with a discretization error of O(h5). The method is based on tracking a local phase variable and its implementation suggests a convenient coordinate splitting along with natural intermediate boundary conditions. Results are presented for oblique plane waves and com- pared with other procedures. Preliminary computations of acoustic diffraction are also considercd.
VALIDITY OF FORCED-CHOICE ITEMS FOR OBTAINING REFERENCES ON PHYSICIANS

Statements concerning qualifications of medical applicants for a Public Health Service commission are obtained from applicants' employers, teachers, or work associates. In an exploratory study, a Reference Statement was designed composed of 10-forced-choice tetrads selected from 50 used in an Experimental Efficiency Report and scored by keys developed against a Work Associates' rating criterion (1, 2 ) . Validity data from this exploratory study are given below. Ss were 128 medical officers, commissioned between 1950-56, who had been on duty an average of 18 months at the time of the study. Average Statement scores, which for 75% of the officers were based on 2 to 4 Statements, were correlated with Work Associates' criterion ratings on Work Performance and on Personality, and with scores on the June, 1957, operational Officer Efficiency Report (OER). The OER was scored on (a ) eight forced-choice tetrads different from those in the Statement, ( b ) 11 ten-point performance rating scales, and (c ) an overall rating scale on job proficiency. Validity coefficients for the Statement with Work Associates' ratings were .29 ( p = .01), Work Performance and .35 ( p = .01), Personality. The coefficients with the OER were .09, Forced Choice; . l9 ( p = .05 ) , 11 scales; .25 ( p = .01), Single Scale; and .27 ( p = .01) average of three sections. The operational validity of the OER is high since the average of the three sections of the OER correlates -63 with each of the Work Associates' rating factors. Validities for the Reference Statement are low but significant against all criteria except the forced-choice section of the OER. Considering factors operating to lower the coefficients, such as restriction of range and the small number of tetrads used, the correlations suggest that the forced-choice method has promise as a technique for securing evaluations of prospective employees. The lack of correlation of the Statement with the forced-choice section of the OER may be due to the fact that the latter is scored for the appropriate Service function-research, public health, medical care-while the Statement scoring key is based on medical care work only.