cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Voyager observations of ion phase space densities in the Jovian magnetosphere

Data from the Voyager low-energy charged particle experiment (LECP) were used to calculate ion phase space densities in Jupiter's magnetosphere. The calculation of F at constant mu and J(2) requires the determination of particle fluxes at specific pitch angles and energies. It is shown that the greatest uncertainties in the determination of F from LECP data arise from the fits to the measured pitch angle distributions and differential energy spectra. An estimate is provided of this uncertainty and of others arising from model radial diffusion coefficients and magnetic fields. The general nature of the curves is consistent with inward diffusion of these energetic ions from the outer magnetosphere combined with losses near but starting beyond the orbit of Io. These losses are not consistent with simple satellite sweeping by Io alone and are probably due to an Io-torus wave-particle interaction. The lifetime against loss deduced from the data is approximately 20,000 s near Io and is a value consistent with strong diffusion losses. The measured ion loss rate declines much more rapidly than the strong diffusion loss rate as L increases from 7 to 9, suggesting that the loss rate is well below the strong-diffusion rate beyond 7 Jupiter radii for ions observed by the LECP.
Ecohydrological interactions within banded vegetation in the northeastern Chihuahuan Desert, USA

Landscape patterns, consisting of alternating densely vegetated bands and sparsely vegetated interbands, occur in semi-arid and arid regions of Africa, Asia, Australia and North America. The structure of vegetation patterns has been well documented, but a wide array of underlying environmental factors and ecological processes have been suggested, with no consensus regarding the genesis and persistence of these patterns. The purpose of this study was to assess ecohydrological interactions within this banded pattern by quantifying reallocation of rainfall and soil sediments. Even subtle redistribution impacted plant biomass production and species composition. Although runoff losses from interbands accounted for only 4% total rainfall, reallocation supported tree species and bunchgrasses that would not be sustained if precipitation were evenly distributed. Additionally, a rainfall threshold was identified. When storm totals exceeded 16 mm, even the densely vegetated bands were unable to capture all the rainfall and run-on from the upslope sodgrass interbands; a portion of the runoff from interbands flowed through the vegetated bands and continued downslope into the next interband. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Jurkat transcriptional reporter cell line for high-throughput analysis of the Nuclear Factor-κB signaling pathway

The transcription factor, Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB), regulates many genes involved in host immunity and cell survival. Unregulated NF-κB activity has been linked to many chronic inflammatory diseases and is an important target for the identification of inhibitors to better manage these disorders. We present a novel screening system to identify NF-κB inhibitors that combines sensitive fluorescence detection with medium- to high-throughput flow cytometry (HyperCyt®). To validate this approach, we quantified the activation of NF-κB by standard flow cytometry and the HyperCyt® platform. Results were comparable with regard to EC50 values for TNFα-mediated activation; however, the HyperCyt® platform provided more sensitive signal detection and a greater linear range for detection. To demonstrate the usefulness of this screening tool, we identified a novel inhibitor of NF-κB activation from a resveratrol-based chemical library. The inhibition of NF-κB activation by analog 6q (IC50 = 19 μ m ) showed a 3.7-fold improvement over that of resveratrol (IC50 ∼ 70 μ m ).
An Empirical Test of Two Vendors’ Trade Discounts

In a comparison of discounts between Blackwell North America and Baker & Taylor, acquisitions personnel at Jacksonville State University found considerable discrepancy between the two vendors’ categorization of trade books. Then a recently announced lawsuit against Baker & Taylor (B&T) questioning the application of the trade book category, led to a review of B&T invoices for analysis of trade discounts. This study revealed that the vendor applied discounts from 5% to 40% for books classified as trade on their invoices. Based on that four-month study, the authors project an annual difference of almost $4,000 between actual discounts and the anticipated 40% discount for trade books as defined by B&T.
Rationale for laser classification measurement conditions

The basic concept of laser hazard classification with four fundamental risk groups and several subclasses is well understood by most laser users. However, many readers of laser safety standards are frequently puzzled by the rigid measurement conditions applied for hazard classification, even if this is normally a task performed by the laser manufacturer and not by a laser user or a Laser Safety Officer. The historical rationale for the measurement conditions is provided and it is emphasized that the aim of each measurement is to simulate a wide range of ocular exposure conditions that would be reasonably foreseeable worst-case viewing conditions during the use of the laser product. Measurements, if needed to compare human exposures with the maximum permissible exposure limits, emphasize actual exposure conditions and generally do not match the measurement used for hazard classification.
Personality at Work: Raising Awareness and Correcting Misconceptions

Personality variables have always predicted important behaviors and outcomes in industrial, work, and organizational psychology. In this commentary, we first review empirically supported structural models of personality that show the following: (a) Personality traits are hierarchically organized, (b) the Big Five are not orthogonal, (c) abnormal personality measures assess the same continuum of traits as normal adult personality measures, and (d) there are compound personality traits that are especially useful in the prediction of organizational behaviors. Second, we provide a brief overview of meta-analyses of compound personality variables. The highest operational validities of single scales (.40s) are associated with personality measures assessing broad, compound personality characteristics, such as integrity, violence potential, customer service orientation, and managerial potential, that incorporate aspects from multiple dimensions of the Big Five. Third, we also review meta-analytic evidence that ha...
Highly repetitive component alpha and related alphoid DNAs in man and monkeys.

The genomes of Old-World, New-World, and prosimian primates contain members of a large class of highly repetitive DNAs that are related to one another and to component α DNA of the African green monkey by their sequence homologies and restriction site periodicities. The members, of this class of highly repetitive DNAs are termed the alphoid DNAs, after the prototypical member, component α of the African green monkey which was the first such DNA to be identified (Maio, 1971) and sequenced (Rosenberg et al., 1978). The alphoid DNAs appear to be uniquely primate sequences. — From the restriction enzyme cleavage patterns and Southern blot hybridizations under different stringency conditions, the alphoid DNAs comprise multiple sequence families exhibiting varying degrees of homology to component α DNA. They also share common elements in their restriction site periodicities (172 · n base-pairs), in the long-range organization of their repeating units, and in their banding behavior in CsCl and Cs2SO4 buoyant density gradients, in which they band within the bulk DNA as cryptic repetitive components. — In the three species from the Family Cercopithecidae examined, the alphoid DNAs represent the most abundant, tandemly repetitive sequence components, comprising about 24% of the African green monkey genome and 8 to 10% of the Rhesus monkey and baboon genomes. In restriction digests, the bulk of the alphoid DNAs among the Cercopithecidae appeared quantitatively reduced to a simple series of arithmetic segments based on a 172 base-pair (bp) repeat. In contrast with these simple restriction patterns, complex patterns were observed when human alphoid DNAs were cleaved with restriction enzymes. Detailed analysis revealed that the human genome contains multiple alphoid sequence families which differ from one another both in their repeat sequence organization and in their degree of homology to the African green monkey component α DNA. — The finding of alphoid sequences in other Old-World primate families, in a New-World monkey, and in a prosimian primate attests to the antiquity of these sequences in primate evolution and to the sequence conservatism of a large class of mammalian highly repetitive DNA. In addition, the relative conservatism exhibited by these sequences may distinguish the alphoid DNAs from more recently evolved highly repetitive components and satellite DNAs which have a more restricted taxonomical distribution.
Performance of Five Strains of Broilers in a Four-Tier Cage System with Plastic Mat Floors

Abstract Five strains of broilers were reared in cages and in floor pens. The cages were arranged in four tiers in a back-to-back arrangement. Plastic mats were inserted over the wire floors in the finisher cages and conventional rice hull litter was used in the floor pens. Within the cage system, significant differences were found between strains, tiers, sex and the strain × sex interaction for 8-week body weight (P
Amperometric biosensor based on thermally activated polymer-stabilized metal nanoparticles

Polymer-stabilized Pd nanoparticles on carbon support were synthesized by a low thermal procedure that does not involve the utilization of a reducing agent such as NaBH4 or hydrogen gas for the formation of the metallic nanoparticles. The Pd-catalyzed graphite particles were then mixed with known amounts of glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme and Nafion to prepare a GOx-immobilized ink. A glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with the GOx ink was used to evaluate the performance of the biosensor electrode. The results of TEM and AFM show that the Pd nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on top of the substrate. Results are presented for sensing glucose through the voltammetric measurement of H2O2. Coupled with the simplicity of preparation, the biosensor exhibited high sensitivity and extended linear range for glucose measurement. Further, the electrochemical characteristics of the nanocomposite biosensor were evaluated with respect to the electrochemistry of potassium ferricyanide by cyclic voltammetry. Whereas the presence of polymer and Nafion improved the stability of both the ink and biosensor electrode, the concentration of glucose was measured without interferences from oxygen, ascorbic acid and uric acid because of the Nafion.
A comparison of dependent measures used to quantify radiation-induced taste aversion

Abstract In these experiments several commonly used measures of conditioned taste aversion were compared under a variety of experimental conditions. In the first experiment an aversion to a saccharin solution (0.1%) was conditioned by pairing this taste substance with a single 100 R exposure to Cobalt-60. Comparisons were performed between the following measures: A short-term single-bottle test, a 22-hour two-bottle preference test, a measure quantifying recovery from the aversion along with other measures derived from these tests. Appropriate control groups received saccharin and sham exposure, water and sham exposure, and water and radiation exposure in order to measure both neophobia and enhanced neophobia using all of the dependent measures. In Experiment 2 the total whole body radiation exposure used to condition the taste aversion was varied in different groups from 50 to 300 R exposures and the effect on conditioning was measured using the dependent variables described in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3 radiation-induced taste aversion was studied in rats which had prior exposures to the saccharin solution. In all three studies it was shown that different interpretations result from measuring the conditioned aversion with the different dependent variables commonly used, and it is pointed out that several measures are needed to give a fair and accurate description of learned taste aversion.
An integrated architecture for cooperative sensing networks

Distributed sensor networks (DSNs) consisting of many small, low-cost, spatially dispersed, communicating nodes have been proposed for many applications, such as area surveillance and environmental monitoring. Trends in integrated electronics, such as better performance-to-cost ratios, low-power radios, and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors, now allow the construction of sensor nodes with signal processing, wireless communications, power sources and synchronization, all packaged into inexpensive miniature devices. If these devices can be easily deployed and self-integrated into a system, they promise great benefits in providing real-time information about environmental conditions. Intelligent sensor nodes function much like individual ants that, when formed into a network, cooperatively accomplish complex tasks and provide capabilities greater than the sum of the individual parts. The paper discusses several technical challenges that must be overcome to fully realize the viability of the DSN concept in realistic application scenarios.
Persistent Rectal Ulcer Associated with Human Papillomavirus Type 33 in a Patient with AIDS: Successful Treatment with Isotretinoin

Rectal dysplasia and carcinoma associated with human papillomavirus infection are increasing in prevalence among homosexual men, particularly those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. We report a case involving a 39-year-old homosexual man with AIDS who developed a persistent rectal ulcer. A biopsy of the ulcer revealed severe squamous dysplasia, and human papillomavirus type 33 was detected in rectal tissue with use of in situ DNA hybridization. This genotype of virus has not been previously associated with anal or rectal dysplasia in homosexual men, including those infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The rectal ulcer resolved after 2 months of oral therapy with 60 mg/d of isotretinoin, a retinoid. The prevalence of anorectal cancer among homo
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the N-terminal fragment of adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 1 in micelles and bicelles: influence of N-myristoylation.

The N-terminal fragment of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) is proposed to be involved in the guanosine triphosphate- (GTP-) dependent, reversible association of the protein with membranes through the interaction of not only the N-linked myristoyl chain but also its highly conserved N-terminal hydrophobic residues. Based on the N-terminal sequence of this protein, specifically 13C- and 15N-labeled peptides were synthesized with and without an N-myristoyl anchor. The behavior, including structure, dynamics, and orientation, of these peptides in a lipid environment was then studied through a combination of solution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques in micelles and heteronuclear solid-state NMR experiments in magnetically aligned bicelles. The work presented is an extension of the previously reported characterization of the myristoylated N-terminal fragment of ARF1 [Losonczi and Prestegard (1998) Biochemistry 37, 706−716] to include a comparison to a nonmyristoylated anal...
Litho and design: moore close than ever

As the gap between the lithography wavelength and critical feature size has continued to increase, the semiconductor industry has had to adjust. Previously, scaling along Moore's Law had relied on improvement in lithography equipment, occasionally by reducing the wavelength and frequently by improving the effective numerical aperture. For a few years now, this scaling has relied more on optimization of the lithography process and on deeper co-optimization between process and design. Recently, a key element of lithography optimization has been computational lithography, which in turn has consisted of two advanced features: inverse lithography, and source-mask optimization. The second prong of scaling, co-optimization between process and design, has involved close cooperation between the two camps, using tools and methods that have been given the umbrella label of DFM. While some of the mystique surrounding DFM continues to linger, we at Intel have always believed that DFM is defined in terms of the results it produces. In that sense, DFM is a broad set of practices that helps produce compelling products at high yield levels on a competitive schedule. While the fundaments of these practices have existed for many years, the volume of effort and degree of sophistication have increased with each technology generation. By co-optimizing design and process early in the development cycle for a given node, we arrive at a set of design rules that meet the process and design requirements. The thoroughness of this early work results in these rules being stable through the development cycle. The application of these practices to 32 nm and 22 nm nodes, with ongoing refinements to meet new challenges, is ensuring the continued march of Moore's Law.This paper will cover the spectrum of lithography options that lie ahead, computational lithography solutions that are helping drive Moore's Law, and the general implications of both on design.
Histolysis of Nymphal Muscles during Molting of an Acarid Mite, Caloglyphus berlesei

Breakdown of nymphal tissues, particularly the muscles, during the tritonymph-adult transformation in Caloglyphus berlesei Michael is discussed. These studies have been made in fresh whole mounts under phase contrast microscope, in fixed stained smears, and in histological sections. The gnathosomal and the leg muscles histolyse completely whereas the idiosomal muscles undergo partial histolysis, i.e. the loss of fibrils while retaining the muscle sheath. Histolysis occurs during the period when the nymph is in quiescent phase which lasts about 15 hours at 25°C. The granular hemocytes show marked increase in size and activity during this period. These cells phagocytize tissue fragments and when engorged are transformed into spherule cells. The spherules probably contribute material to the developing cells. Various steps involved in phagocytosis of tissue fragments and the formation of spherule cells are described. An unique process whereby muscle fragments are encapsulated in the invaginations of the caecal wall and are ultimately digested within the lumen of the caecum is recorded for the 1st time. The hemocytes containing fragments of muscle are found enclosed within the developing legs, a fact which lends support to the supposition that the histolysing tissue provides material for the developing cells. The advantage of obtaining material by the developing cells directly from the histolysing tissue rather than from the hemolymph is discussed. The engorged hemocytes that lie medially and among the subepidermal cells contain refractile droplets and appear to be engaged in exchange of material between themselves and the subepidermal cells. It is suggested that these hemocytes eventually form or contribute toward the formation of subepidermal tissue in the developing instar.
Goodwill: A reexamination of the construct and its measurement

As a result of the controversy over the dimensionality of the ethos/source credibility construct and the associated plethora of empirical studies in the 1960s and 1970s, Aristotle's dimension of “goodwill” has been dismissed by many contemporary theorists and researchers. It is argued that this occurred as a result of errors made in the earlier empirical research and that “goodwill” can be measured, contrary to earlier claims, and should be restored to its former status in rhetorical communication theory. Empirical research is reported indicating the existence of the goodwill dimension as part of the structure of the ethos/source credibility construct and a measure of that dimension is provided with evidence for its reliability and validity.
Synthesis of Nitrosopiperidine from Nitrate and Piperidine in the Gastro-intestinal Tract of the Rat

MANY nitrosamines are carcinogenic to a wide range of animal species1–4. The synthesis of nitrosamines from nitrite and secondary amines has been demonstrated in vitro with animal and human gastric juice5,6 and in vivo in animals6; nitrosamine synthesis was pH-dependent6–9. The synthesis of the non-carcinogenic diphenylnitrosamine has been reported in the human stomach after oral administration of nitrate and diphenylamine7. Nitrosamines can also be synthesized from nitrate and secondary amines in vitro at near neutral pH in the presence of enteric enteria10. We have demonstrated in vivo synthesis of nitrosopiperidine from nitrite and piperidine in the stomach and small intestine of the rat11. We report here in vivo synthesis of the carcinogenic nitrosopiperidine from nitrate and piperidine in the rat stomach and small intestine, and also with rat gastric contents in vitro.
Antigenic transformation in relation to nutritional conditions and the interautogamous cycle in Paramecium aurelia

Abstract In syngen 4, stock 51, KK paramecin-sensitive, mating type VII Paramecium aurelia , the transformation of antigenic type 51 B, induced by homologous antiserum treatment followed by exposure to 31 °C, was studied in the course of autogamy-immature and autogamy-mature stages of the life cycle under conditions of maximal growth in mass culture. It was found that during the autogamy-immature stage of the life cycle the induced antigenic transformation was exclusively 51 B to 51 A, while during the autogamy-mature stage of the life cycle the transformation 51 B to 51 D as well as 51 B to 51 A was observed. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon is obscure. However, the author is inclined to support the view that this altered pattern of transformation of serotype during the autogamy-mature stage of the life cycle may be the expression of macronuclear differentiation in the meaning suggested previously by Skaar [12]. In mating type VII the frequency of transformation from 51 B to 51 A was significantly higher in starved animals than in animals kept in conditions of maximal growth. In one series of experiments with mating type VIII, the antigenic transformation from 51 B to 51 A was dominating over the whole period of the life cycle, while transformation from 51 B to 51 D was rare and occurred only during the autogamy-mature stage of the life cycle.
Rare-earth-rich metallic glasses. I. Magnetic hysteresis

An anomalous magnetic behavior has been observed in rare-earch-rich metallic glasses of the composition ${({R}_{75}{\mathrm{Au}}_{25})}_{100\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{B}}_{x}$ where $R$ denotes Pr, Gd, Tb, Er and $x=0,10$. The observed hysteresis in all samples except Gd at liquid-helium temperatures is due to the large anisotropy which develops below the ordering temperature. High-field-magnetization measurements up to 220 kOe were used to determine the spontaneous magnetization and the magnetic anisotropy constant which was found to be of order ${10}^{8}$ erg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ for the Tb and Er glasses. These parameters were used together with the observed remanence ratio to examine the high coercive fields in terms of recently proposed models of random anisotropy.
Estimators of scale parameters in linear regression

Abstract This note discusses the asymptotic distribution of two scale and location invariant estimators of two scale parameters in the multiple linear regression model. Both of these estimators need an initial estimator of the regression parameter vector. The asymptotic distribution of one of these estimators does not depend on this initial estimator. Both of these estimators are useful in the computation of scale and translation invariant adaptive estimators and M-estimators of the regression parameter vector.
Uranus: The Rings Are Black

An upper limit of 0.05 is established for the geometric albedo of the newly discovered rings of Uranus. In view of this very low albedo, the particles of the rings cannot be ice-covered as are those of rings A and B of Saturn.
Osseous guided tissue regeneration using a collagen barrier membrane

The formation of mature, fibrous tissue in surgical osteotomy sites during the healing process can produce clinically undesirable results such as nonunion or encapsulation of alloplastic implants. The techniques of guided tissue regeneration have been used to ameliorate this problem by presenting a barrier to the invasion of fibrous tissue elements into the wound-site clot. The most frequently used barrier material, polytetrafluoroethylene is effective, but suffers the disadvantage of requiring surgical removal after clot organization is completed. A biocompatible, resorbable membrane that will effectively control the type of tissue that can invade and organize a clot would be advantageous, because it would not require surgical removal. In the present study, the efficacy of a collagen membrane to effect guided tissue regeneration in a rabbit zygomatic arch osteotomy model was tested. Complete, bilateral narrow (1 mm) or wide (5 mm) vertical osteotomies were created in eight adult New Zealand white male rabbits. On one side, the wound site was surrounded by a collagen barrier membrane prior to closure, while the other side was left uncovered (control side). Four animals were killed at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively for gross radiologic and histologic examination of the wound site. The wide osteotomy sites without a barrier membrane showed invasion by fibroblasts resulting in fibrous nonunion, while the contralateral sides with the barrier membrane showed no fibrous tissue ingrowth and bony union by 4 weeks postoperatively. Although narrow wound sites without the barrier membrane showed fibrous tissue formation, the perimeter of the defects showed some new bone deposited at the periosteal surface, bridging the osteotomy site and producing osseous union. These results suggest that a collagen membrane can effectively prevent invasion of a clot by undesired cells, especially in large bony defects, and may be a useful adjunct in surgical cases requiring extensive repositioning of bony segments, where fibrous nonunion would be an undesired outcome.
On the Formal Expression of Natural Rules in Phonology.

While the notion of naturalness or plausibility has been a tacit guiding principle for past generations of phonologists, the effort to accord the notion of naturalness a theoretical status and to incorporate this notion into the descriptive formalism of a linguistic theory was a major innovation by the generative school. In accordance with what we may refer to as the ‘formalness condition’, the generativist requires that the substantive naturalness of a phonological process be explicitly recognizable in the very formalism used to state the process. The lively interest in and the on-going search for a ‘natural’ phonology is very much in evidence, witness, e.g., the titles of papers presented at the 1971 Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America.
The Passibility of God

John Dewey once said of philosophical problems that they are quite different from old soldiers. Not only do they never die, but they do not even fade away. Something similar might be said about the unfavourable Divine attributes of the 1950s and 60s, timelessness or eternity, necessary existence, foreknowledge of creaturely free choices, and immutability. All have contemporary defenders. Even the puzzling, traditional tenet that God is metaphysically simple now has formidable apologists. Perhaps the least popular of the traditional theistic canon, the most likely to fade away, is the tenet that God is impassible. The recent appearance of Richard Creel's Divine Impassibility has shown that even this least popular of attributes can be powerfully articulated and defended. Roughly, the impassibility thesis is the claim that God does not undergo sensory experience including suffering and pain, nor is God subject to corruption, substantial essential change or to external agency. Creel's defence of Divine impassibilism is certainly the most balanced and sophisticated in the current literature. Any argument for passibilism must take Creel's work seriously. I intend to do just that in the course of defending the thesis that the God of Christian theism is passible in an important respect. There are substantive moral and religious reasons to believe God suffers.
Variational calculations of nuclei with low-momentum potentials

Abstract Variational calculations of the deuteron and the triton illustrate that simple wave function ansatze become more effective after evolving the nucleon–nucleon potential to lower momentum (“ V low k ”). This is consistent with many-body wave functions becoming much less correlated at lower cutoffs, as shown by two-particle wave functions and pair-distribution functions in nuclear matter. These results motivate a program to explore variational many-body calculations of binding energies and other low-energy nuclear properties using low-momentum potentials.
Effects of plume buoyancy and momentum on the near-wake flow structure and dispersion behind an idealized building

Abstract Dispersion simulations of buoyant and neutral plume releases within the recirculation cavity behind a cubical building were performed using a commercially available CFD code and the RNG k–e turbulence model. Plume buoyancy was observed to affect the size and shape of the cavity region and the flow structure and concentration profiles within. Source momentum of a neutral plume release had similar effects on the flow structure and the cavity region to that caused by plume buoyancy. However, the effects of momentum on the concentration profiles were noticeably different from that caused by plume buoyancy. Plumes released immediately downwind of a cubical building appear to alter the flow field and dispersion characteristics of the cavity recirculation region due to their inherent momentum and buoyancy. A greater fraction of a plume was captured inside the wake as the plume became increasingly buoyant. Contrarily, greater plume momentum resulted in smaller plume fractions captured inside the wake. Inclusion of these effects in the downwash algorithms would improve the accuracy of modeling results for far-field concentration distributions and would be mandatory in accident assessments where accurate predictions of short-term, near-field concentration fluctuations near source releases are required.
An algorithm for flow time minimization and its asymptotic makespan properties

Abstract This paper develops an algorithm for assigning n jobs to k identical machines. The algorithm minimizes the mean flow time and asymptotically minimizes the makespan. The absolute difference between the optimal makespan and the heuristic makespan is bounded by O(log n/n ) almost surely when job processing times are independently and uniformly distributed on [0, 1]. The ratio between these two makespans approaches one almost surely when processing times are independent, identically distributed random variables with a finite mean.
Web Conferencing and ICTs to Enhance Undergraduate Science Teaching.

The last decade has seen a great variety in the ways in which instructors have incorporated the World Wide Web into their traditional classroom courses; however, this combination has not always translated into changes or improvements in teaching and learning. The real challenge has proved to be not the addition of web resources to the traditional classroom, but the thoughtful combination of those resources in such a way that they enhance the educational process. This fact, added to the advancements in technology that allow for a smooth and more user-friendly integration by non-technologically savvy instructors, has resulted in successful mix of strategies that enhance the classroom learning experience. This article presents a case study that shows the changes in the design of an undergraduate science course that moved from a passive use of the Web to a more interactive and participatory use of web resources, including the incorporation of synchronous and asynchronous modes of communication and a novel use of web conferencing. The authors describe in detail the development and implementation of interactive educational technologies integrated into the course and how synchronous and asynchronous communication has enriched the teaching and learning process.
Solution deposited NiO thin-films as hole transport layers in organic photovoltaics

Abstract Organic solar cells require suitable anode surface modifiers in order to selectively collect positive charge carriers and improve device performance. We employ a nickel metal organic ink precursor to fabricate NiO hole transport layers on indium tin oxide anodes. This solution deposited NiO annealed at 250 °C and plasma treated, achieves similar OPV device results reported with NiO films from PLD as well as PEDOT:PSS. We demonstrate a tunable work function by post-processing the NiO with an O 2 -plasma surface treatment of varied power and time. We find that plasma treatment is necessary for optimal device performance. Optimal devices utilizing a solution deposited NiO hole transport layer show lower series resistance and increased fill factor when compared to solar cells with PEDOT:PSS.
The effect of temperature, pH, and initial glucose concentration on the kinetics of ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis in batch fermentation

Zymomonas mobilis, strain ATCC 10988, was used to evaluate the effects of pH (5.0 to 8.0), temperature (30°C to 40°C), and initial glucose concentration (75 g/l to 150 g/l) on the kinetics of ethanol production from glucose using batch fermentation. Specific ethanol production rate was maximum and nearly constant over a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. End-of-batch ethanol yield and specific growth rate were insensitive to pH in the range of 5.0 to 7.5. End-of-batch ethanol yield was maximum and nearly constant between 30°C and 37°C but decreased by 24% between 37°C and 40°C. All other kinetic parameters are greatest at 34°C. End-of-batch ethanol yield is maximum at an initial glucose concentration of 100 g/l. Specific growth rate reaches a maximum at 75 g/l, but specific ethanol production rate decreases throughout the range. The optimum initial glucose concentration of 100 g/l gives the highest ethanol yield at a specific ethanol production rate less than 10% below the maximum observed.
Comparison of high‐pressure freezing/freeze substitution and chemical fixation of catfish barbel taste buds

The barbel taste buds of catfish are widely used as a model system for investigating the structure and function of vertebrate taste buds. We have examined the ultrastructure of the taste buds of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, as part of a comparative study of the morphology of taste buds in various mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. Since conventional chemical fixation methods have limited usefulness for certain kinds of ultrastructural studies (i.e., localization of diffusible substances or labeling techniques requiring retention of biological activity), we have developed methods for fixing catfish barbel taste buds by high-pressure freezing followed by freeze-substitution (HPF/FS) and have compared the ultrastructure of taste buds fixed by this technique and by chemical fixation procedures. The morphological details of the cells within taste buds are significantly affected by the method of fixation employed. In general, membrane contours are smoother and intracellular organelles more regular in shape in HPF/FS samples as compared with the chemically fixed specimens. Absolute and relative electron-densities of various tissue components are also affected by the fixation method employed. Certain ultrastructural features are more clearly visualized by one or the other of the fixation procedures. Fixation of barbel taste buds by HPF/FS not only provides an alternative view of the ultrastructure of taste bud cells but also offers a method of tissue preparation that may prove to be preferable to chemical methods for ultrastructural investigations involving procedures such as immunohistochemical labeling. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Deformational History of the Neoproterozoic Keraf Zone in NE Sudan, Revealed by Shuttle Imaging Radar

The location of the boundary between juvenile Neoproterozoic crust of the Arabian-Nubian Shield in the Red Sea Hills and older crust of the Nile craton to the west is defined by the Keraf zone in northern Sudan, but little is known about its deformation history. Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), and Large Format Camera (LFC) images, combined with ground investigation, were used to carry out the first detailed study of the Keraf zone. This N-trending zone is ~45 km wide and is defined by multiply deformed carbonate-rich turbidites and volcanogenic sediments. Six deformational phases (D1 to D6) were identified, associated with two tectonic events: (1) D1 and D2 are related to emplacement of SSE-verging ophiolitic nappes due to collision between the Haifa and Bayuda terranes along the ENE-trending Atmur suture at ~800-700 Ma. The Atmur suture marks the site of a former Neoproterozoic oceanic re-entrant that extended WSW from the Mozambique ocean into the interior of the Nile craton...
Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia after treatment of small cell lung cancer.

Abstract From 1977 to 1982, 377 patients with small cell lung cancer were treated at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. All patients received combination chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine (CAV) with or without methotrexate, etoposide, and/or hexamethylmelamine. Thoracic and/or prophylactic cranial irradiation was administered to 159 (42 percent) and 192 (51 percent) patients, respectively. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia was observed in two patients at 22 and 81 months from the start of therapy. The relative risk of leukemia was 154 (95 percent confidence limit, 38 to 293). A Kaplan-Meier estimate of the cumulative probability of leukemia was 1.9 ± 1.4 percent seven years after the start of treatment. The relative risk of leukemia is significantly increased in this group of patients (p
QTLs conditioning early growth in a soybean population segregating for growth habit

There are both economic and environmental reasons for reducing the use of herbicides for weed control in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields. Optimizing crop competitiveness can reduce reliance on chemical weed control. Fast and vigorous early growth and rapid canopy development can be effective in suppressing weed infestation of crop plants. The purposes of this study were to identify and molecularly map the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning soybean plant height and canopy width during the early vegetative stages of soybean growth. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage map was created using 142 markers and 116 F2-derived lines from a cross of ‘S100’×‘Tokyo’. The parents and the 116 F2-derived lines were evaluated in the greenhouse and in the field at Athens, Ga., in 1996 and 1997. Combined over environments, Tokyo averaged 41 and 17% taller plants than S100 at the V7 and V10 stages of development. Transgressive segregation was observed among the progeny at both stages. Based on single-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), three and four independent RFLP loci were associated with plant height at the V7 and V10 stages, respectively. All three loci detected [on linkage groups (LGs) C2 and F, and unlinked] at the V7 stage were also detected at the V10 stage along with one additional independent locus on LG E. The Tokyo allele contributed to increased plant height at all loci except at the unlinked locus. Three QTLs (on LGs C2, E, and F) were consistent across environments, three (on LGs C2 and F, and unlinked) were consistent across stages of plant development, and two (on LGs C2 and F) were consistent both across environments and stages of plant development. Within each stage of development, there was no interaction among the independent loci, and the respective loci together explained most of the variation in the traits. Three independent RFLP loci were associated with canopy width at the V10 stage, of which one was unique to the trait, while the remaining loci (on LGs C2 and F) were in common with the independent loci for plant height. Canopy width had a strong correlation (r=0.87) with plant height at the V10 stage. However, mature plant height, lodging, or seed weight had no phenotypic or QTL association with early plant height or canopy width.
Understanding the design and economics of distributed tri-generation systems for home and neighborhood refueling—Part II: Neighborhood system case studies

Abstract The lack of a hydrogen infrastructure remains a major barrier for fuel cell vehicle (FCV) adoption. The high cost of an extensive hydrogen station network and the low utilization in the near term discourage private investment. Past experience of fuel infrastructure development for motor vehicles, indicates that innovative, distributed, small-volume hydrogen refueling methods may be required to refuel FCVs in the near term. Among small-volume refueling methods, home and neighborhood tri-generation systems stand out because the technology is available and has potential to alleviate consumer's fuel availability concerns. Additionally, it has features attractive to consumers such as convenience and security to refuel at home or in their neighborhood. In this paper, we study neighborhood tri-generation systems in multi-unit dwellings such as apartment complexes. We apply analytical tools including an interdisciplinary framework and an engineering/economic model to a representative multi-family residence in the Northern California area. The simulation results indicate that a neighborhood tri-generation system improves the economics of providing the three energy products for the households compared with the two alternatives studied. The small capacity of the systems and the valuable co-products help address the low utilization problem of hydrogen infrastructure.
The effect of air tamponade on the ingress of ocular surface pathogens in sutureless transconjunctival microincisional vitrectomy.

PURPOSE To assess the effect of air versus fluid tamponade on the intraocular migration of india ink particles through nonsutured transconjunctival 23-gauge sclerotomies in living porcine eyes. METHODS Both eyes (n = 20) underwent 3-port, transconjunctival, 23-gauge vitrectomy. An angled trocar insertion technique was used in all cases. In each animal, one eye underwent a partial fluid-air exchange at the conclusion of the vitrectomy, yielding an air fill of approximately 80% (n = 10), whereas the other was left fluid filled (n = 10). After removal of the instruments and trocar cannulae, india ink was applied to the ocular surface. Animals were allowed to partially recover from anesthesia and resume normal blinking behavior. Animals were then reanesthetized, euthanized, and enucleated. Histopathologic examination was performed in a masked fashion. The presence and location of ink was noted for each identified sclerotomy. RESULTS Ink was identified on the ocular surface in 18 of 20 eyes. Sclerotomy wounds were identified in 16 of 20 eyes. Ink penetration was seen in 2 of 16 sclerotomy wounds, 1 in an air-filled globe and 1 in a fluid-filled globe. In both eyes, the ink was identified along the outer one third of the wound. There was no penetration of ink along the inner two thirds of the sclerotomy wound or in the posterior segment of any eyes. CONCLUSION In an experimental, in vivo, porcine model, india ink migration into angled transconjunctival sclerotomy incisions was minimal, regardless of the use of an 80% fluid-air exchange at the conclusion of the case.
Studies of Humoral Immunity to Preprohypocretin in Human Leukocyte Antigen DQB1*0602–Positive Narcoleptic Subjects with Cataplexy

Background Canine models for narcolepsy have mutations of the hypocretin receptor 2 gene, and preprohypocretin knockout murine lines exhibit narcoleptic-like behaviors. Human narcolepsy with cataplexy is associated with human leukocyte antigen DQB1*0602 and reduced hypocretin levels in cerebrospinal fluid, suggesting an autoimmune diathesis. We tested the hypothesis that DQB1*0602-positive narcoleptic subjects with cataplexy have immunoglobulin (Ig)G reactive to human preprohypocretin and its cleavage products. Methods Serum samples of 41 DQB1*0602-positive narcoleptic subjects with cataplexy and 55 control subjects were studied, as were 19 narcoleptic and 13 control samples of cerebrospinal fluid. We tested for IgG reactive to preprohypocretin and its major cleavage products (including hypocretin 1 and 2), using immunoprecipitation assays (IP), immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) of Chinese hamster ovarian cells expressing preprohypocretin, and Western blots. Results There was no evidence for IgG reactive to preprohypocretin or its cleavage products in CSF of subjects with narcolepsy as measured by IPs, Western blots, and IF. Although the IP with CSF and the C-terminal peptide showed significant differences by two methods of comparison, the control subjects had higher counts per minute than narcoleptic subjects, which was opposite to our hypothesis. Conclusions The hypothesis that DQB1*0602-positive narcoleptic subjects with cataplexy have IgG reactive to preprohypocretin or its cleavage products was not supported.
The effect of soil pH on wheat and lentils grown on an agriculturally acidified northern Idaho soil under greenhouse conditions

Abstract The lowest acceptable pH values for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum. cv. Waverly), winter wheat (cv. Stephens) and lentils (Lens culinaris. cv. Chilean) were determined in two greenhouse studies using a Latahco silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, frigid Argiaquic Xeric Argialboll). The soil pH was adjusted to values ranging from 3.7 to 7.0 with additions of elemental S or Ca(OH)2prior to planting. Parameters evaluated included germination rate, stand vigor, N and P plant uptake, and plant biomass production for winter wheat and lentils in study 1, and seed germination rate, stand vigor, number of seed, seed yield, nodulation status, root mass, and stem diameter of spring wheat and lentils in study 2. Significant correlations were observed between evaluated parameters and soil pH for lentils in both studies. Although not always statistically significant, good correlations between evaluated parameters and soil pH were observed for both spring and winter wheat. Nitrogen and P availability did not limit pl...
The preparation of radioactive morphine and related alkaloids by biosynthesis

Papaver somniferum has been grown in a sealed atmosphere exposed to the radioactive isotope C14 in the form of C14O2, and a light intensity of 200 foot-candles. Under the conditions described P. somniferum incorporates carbon 14 into the morphine molecule after twenty-one days' exposure in sufficient quantities for metabolic studies. Morphine containing C14 was obtained by adsorption on Permutit from a solution in 50 per cent alcohol and then eluted with a compound having an ionization constant greater than 7.4 × 10−7.