cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Historical Analysis of the Inorganic Chemistry Curriculum Using ACS Examinations as Artifacts

ACS Examinations provide a lens through which to examine historical changes in topic coverage via analyses of course-specific examinations. This study is an extension of work completed previously by the ACS Exams Research Staff and collaborators in general chemistry, organic chemistry, and physical chemistry to explore content changes in the principal courses of the postsecondary chemistry curriculum. In this study, we consider how inorganic chemistry content coverage has varied over a 55-year period since the first inorganic chemistry ACS Examination was released in 1961. A total of 860 items was evaluated on the basis of problem type (i.e., algorithmic, conceptual, or recall), use of visual-spatial or reference components, and content coverage. Our analyses identify core content areas in the inorganic chemistry curriculum, consistent with those reported in faculty surveys. Each examination also contained questions addressing a variety of specialty areas that vary widely within the discipline between 19...
Preferences for physician weight status among women with overweight.

Background Women with overweight experience stigma in clinical interactions. Emerging evidence suggests that one near-term approach to offset the negative consequences of weight stigma could be to capitalize on benefits of patient-physician weight concordance. However, it is likely that patient attitudes towards physicians with overweight are complicated and multifaceted and may include stigmatization of providers with overweight. Methods Two-hundred ninety-eight women with overweight completed an online questionnaire and indicated preference for a physician who is 'overweight', 'not overweight', or indicated no preference. Participants provided reasons for their choice and answered questions about their weight-related beliefs and experiences. Results The majority of women indicated no weight preference (63%), and a portion (36%) of the sample explicitly preferred physicians who are not overweight. Reasons provided for these preferences were primarily based on stereotyped notions of physician aptitude based on weight. Compared with having no preference, those who preferred physicians who are not overweight had fewer previous negative weight-related physician interactions and had increased beliefs about the controllability of weight. Conclusions These findings elucidate patient attitudes towards physicians with overweight in a sample at increased risk for weight stigmatization. Findings underscore the need for stigma-reducing interventions so that clinical experiences for both women and physicians with overweight can be improved.
Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids

An existing wind power plant at ERCOT experienced poorly damped and undamped low-frequency oscillations at $\text{3}\sim \text{4}$ Hz under weak grid condition. The objective of this paper is to shed the insight of the oscillation mechanism through linear system analysis. Two simplified models are developed and compared against a detailed model for Type-4 wind with weak grid interconnection. The detailed model includes grid-side converter's outer power/voltage control, inner current controls, phase-locked loop (PLL), and transmission line electromagnetic dynamics. The first simplified model uses a first-order delay to replace the current control loop and ignores the transmission line dynamics and PLL. The second simplified model uses the same assumptions except that PLL is considered. Linearized system block diagrams for the two simplified models are derived and compared. The mechanism of the low-frequency oscillations are explained using eigenvalue analysis and the Root-Locus method. The root causes are identified as weak grid, high wind power export, low voltage, and low PLL bandwidth. Further, the simplified model considering PLL dynamics is more accurate in low-frequency oscillation mode identification and system stability prediction.
The Relationship Itself

For the remainder of our discussion of the nurse-patient relationship, we shall assume that the nurse is primarily concerned with sustaining her clients in their subjective experiences. The how of this sustaining action depends, apart from the client’s individual state and the nurse’s competency in the field, on a variety of factors, such as the phase of development of the relationship, its duration and the frequency with which it occurs, and, last but not least, the setting in which nurse and patient find themselves. Although these factors are closely interrelated, for the sake of clarity they will be discussed separately. Let us turn first to the phases of the nurse-patient relationship.
Intrarenal Stenosis and Stones: Calyceal Diverticulum and Infundibular Stenosis

Kidney stones associated with intrarenal stenosis pose a special problem for treatment as often the non-invasive E-SWL approach will not yield a successful outcome. Endoscopic surgical techniques and in particular the minimally invasive retrograde ureteroscopic approach of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) are better suited to address the anatomical anomaly as well as providing improved stone-free rates through endoscopically controlled complete stone fragmentation and active stone retrieval.
Integrating mental health professionals into the care team to better recognize and manage delirium in hospitalized oncology patients.

83Background: Delirium is a common neuropsychiatric condition associated with increased morbidity and mortality, length of hospitalization, and distress. The prevalence of delirium in cancer ranges from 10% to 30% in hospitalized patients and up to 85% in terminally ill cancer patients. Rates of delirium on Cleveland Clinic’s inpatient oncology units were lower than expected. Our goal was to integrate mental health professionals into the care team to assist with better recognition and management of delirium. Methods: Education was developed for a range of caregivers, including physicians, nurses, and advanced practice providers. It was facilitated by a psychiatrist, psychologist, and clinical social workers, and included proper identification of both hyper- and hypoactive delirium through use of the Brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM) and use of a delirium order set to treat and manage patients identified as positive for delirium. An important component of this education included a proper assessment ...
Increased distance from a treating proton center is associated with diminished ability to follow patients enrolled on a multicenter radiation oncology registry.

Abstract Purpose: Consistent follow-up and data collection are necessary to identify long-term benefits/detriments of proton radiotherapy. Obtaining comprehensive clinical follow-up can be difficult and time-intensive for proton centers. Here we evaluate what factors affect maximum follow-up time among MGH Pediatric Proton Consortium Registry (PPCR) participants. Patients and methods: Enrollment in the PPCR was offered to any patient 121 km from the proton center, had average follow-up that was 0.53 years less compared to those living within 121 km (p = 0.0002). Loss in average follow-up was also associated with Medicaid insurance, treatment delay due to insurance, and non-White race. Those co-enrolled on a proton trial or seen at a facility had significantly increased follow-up by almost one year (p
Heat kernel and curvature bounds in Ricci flows with bounded scalar curvature --- Part II

In this paper we analyze the behavior of the distance function under Ricci flows whose scalar curvature is uniformly bounded. We will show that on small time-intervals the distance function is $$\frac{1}{2}$$ -Holder continuous in a uniform sense. This implies that the distance function can be extended continuously up to the singular time.
Physics of high-efficiency 240–260 nm deep-ultraviolet lasers and light-emitting diodes on AlGaN substrate

High-efficiency III-nitride deep-ultraviolet (DUV) lasers and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with emission wavelengths of 240–260 nm are extremely difficult to realize due to large defect density from III-nitride materials and existence of optical polarization crossover from conventional AlGaN-based quantum wells (QWs). Free-standing wurtzite AlGaN templates have been studied and developed recently; however, the physics and optical properties of AlGaN-based emitters on AlGaN templates are still relatively lacking. Therefore, this work theoretically investigates the optical properties and quantum efficiencies of the AlGaN-based QW on AlGaN substrates. The physics analysis based on a self-consistent 6-band k⋅p model shows the transverse electric (TE)-polarized optical gain increases from 558 cm−1 by using Al0.51Ga0.49N/AlN QW on the AlN substrate to 2875 cm−1 by using Al0.48Ga0.52N/Al0.72Ga0.28N QW on the Al0.72Ga0.28N substrate at 260 nm, which is attributed to the reduced strain effect and valence band rearrangement by using the AlGaN substrate. Correspondingly, the radiative recombination efficiency increases 1.66–4.43 times based on different Shockley–Read–Hall coefficients, indicating the promising potential of the use of the AlGaN substrate for high-efficiency DUV lasers and LEDs.
Effects of TPH2 gene variation and childhood trauma on the clinical and circuit-level phenotype of functional movement disorders.

Background Functional movement disorders (FMDs), part of the wide spectrum of functional neurological disorders (conversion disorders), are common and often associated with a poor prognosis. Nevertheless, little is known about their neurobiological underpinnings, particularly with regard to the contribution of genetic factors. Because FMD and stress-related disorders share a common core of biobehavioural manifestations, we investigated whether variants in stress-related genes also contributed, directly and interactively with childhood trauma, to the clinical and circuit-level phenotypes of FMD. Methods Sixty-nine patients with a ‘clinically defined’ diagnosis of FMD were genotyped for 18 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 14 candidate genes. FMD clinical characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity and symptomatology, and childhood trauma exposure were assessed. Resting-state functional connectivity data were obtained in a subgroup of 38 patients with FMD and 38 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. Amygdala–frontal connectivity was analysed using a whole-brain seed-based approach. Results Among the SNPs analysed, a tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) gene polymorphism—G703T—significantly predicted clinical and neurocircuitry manifestations of FMD. Relative to GG homozygotes, T carriers were characterised by earlier FMD age of onset and decreased connectivity between the right amygdala and the middle frontal gyrus. Furthermore, the TPH2 genotype showed a significant interaction with childhood trauma in predicting worse symptom severity. Conclusions This is, to our knowledge, the first study showing that the TPH2 genotype may modulate FMD both directly and interactively with childhood trauma. Because both this polymorphism and early-life stress alter serotonin levels, our findings support a potential molecular mechanism modulating FMD phenotype.
Vitamin E is necessary for zebrafish nervous system development

Vitamin E (VitE) deficiency results in embryonic lethality. Knockdown of the gene ttpa encoding for the VitE regulatory protein [α-tocopherol transfer protein (α-TTP)] in zebrafish embryos causes death within 24 h post-fertilization (hpf). To test the hypothesis that VitE, not just α-TTP, is necessary for nervous system development, adult 5D strain zebrafish, fed either VitE sufficient (E+) or deficient (E-) diets, were spawned to obtain E+ and E- embryos, which were subjected to RNA in situ hybridization and RT-qPCR. Ttpa was expressed ubiquitously in embryos up to 12 hpf. Early gastrulation (6 hpf) assessed by goosecoid expression was unaffected by VitE status. By 24 hpf, embryos expressed ttpa in brain ventricle borders, which showed abnormal closure in E- embryos. They also displayed disrupted patterns of paired box 2a (pax2a) and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (sox10) expression in the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. In E- embryos, the collagen sheath notochord markers (col2a1a and col9a2) appeared bent. Severe developmental errors in E- embryos were characterized by improper nervous system patterning of the usually carefully programmed transcriptional signals. Histological analysis also showed developmental defects in the formation of the fore-, mid- and hindbrain and somites of E- embryos at 24 hpf. Ttpa expression profile was not altered by the VitE status demonstrating that VitE itself, and not ttpa, is required for development of the brain and peripheral nervous system in this vertebrate embryo model.
Vaping Instead of Cigarette Smoking: A Panacea or Just Another Form of Cardiovascular Risk?

Abstract Since 2007, the electronic cigarette (EC), with its increasingly diverse array of device options, has gained popularity both among long-term tobacco cigarette (TC) smokers and among never-smoking youth. The absence of a number of known toxic by-products of TC smoking has helped cultivate the perception that ECs are healthy. However, an expanding literature has provided concerning evidence that a number of EC constituents, including nicotine, and their thermal degradation by-products may have adverse effects, including cardiovascular effects. In this review, we discuss the cardiovascular risks associated with EC vaping and compare this risk profile with TC smoking. Acknowledging the dynamic nature of EC vaping, we will focus on the latest developments, including the introduction of the pod-like device, which is the most popular EC device used today. We discuss the implications of a new, unique, nicotine chemistry that mimics the efficient and addictive nicotine delivery of TCs. Furthermore, we touch on the outbreak of the lethal lung disease associated with ECs, which exposed the lack of quality control in the EC industry. Along the way, we will identify the limitations of current knowledge and provide suggestions for future research. Overall, we conclude that although ECs may once have held promise as part of a harm-reduction strategy in people who smoke lethal TCs, this role has been largely offset by the unconscionable marketing to our youth, in addition to a failure of regulation and enforcement, leading to significant harm, especially in never-smokers who use them.
An Analysis of Iterative and Recursive Problem Performance

Iteration and recursion are fundamental programming constructs in introductory computer science. Understanding the relationship between contextual factors, such as problem formulation or student background, that relate to performance on iteration and recursion problems can help inform pedagogy. We present the results of a study of 162 undergraduate participants tasked with comprehending iterative, recursive, and tail-recursive versions of CS1 functions. First, we carry out a task-specific analysis, finding that students perform significantly better on the iterative framings of two problems with non-branching numerical computation and significantly better on the recursive framing of another that involves array classification (p
Differences Between Older Adults Who Do and Do Not Try Hearing Aids and Between Those Who Keep and Return the Devices.

The focus of this study was on the differences between older adults who complied with a clinical recommendation for hearing-aid acquisition (adherents; N = 105) and those who did not (nonadherents;...
Cannabis as Treatment for Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: An Opportunity for the Cannabis Wellness Industry

In a healthcare landscape that routinely ignores women’s pain, many women turn to cannabis to manage their otherwise debilitating chronic pelvic pain caused by conditions such as endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome. This paper explores how the Controlled Substances Act wrongly characterized cannabis as having “no medicinal value” and the effects this federal illegality still has on women seeking alternative pain management therapies for chronic pelvic pain. Additionally, this paper explains why and how cannabis helps relieve such pain through discussing the effects of cannabinoids like THC and CBD on the body’s inflammatory response and the body’s endocannabinoid system. Women, as the leading consumers in our society, have expressed a need and a desire for products that provide relief from chronic pelvic pain and increase sexual pleasure. The 2018 Farm Bill opened the doors to CBD businesses looking to break into the women’s sexual and reproductive wellness market. The market for women-centric CBD pain relief and sexual enjoyment is far from saturated, and this paper encourages those in the CBD industry (or those looking to enter the industry) to take note.
A greenhouse experiment partially supports inferences of ecogeographic isolation from niche models of Clarkia sister species.

PREMISE Ecogeographic isolation, or geographic isolation caused by ecological divergence, is thought to be of primary importance in speciation, yet is difficult to demonstrate and quantify. To determine whether distributions are limited by divergent adaptation or historical contingency, the gold standard is to reciprocally transplant species between their geographic ranges. Alternatively, ecogeographic isolation is inferred from species distribution models and niche divergence tests using widely available environmental and occurrence data. METHODS We tested for ecogeographic isolation between two sister species of California annual wildflowers, Clarkia concinna and C. breweri, with a hybrid approach. We used niche models to predict water availability as the major axis of ecological divergence and then tested that with a greenhouse experiment. Specifically, we manipulated water availability in field soils for two populations of each species and predicted higher fitness in conditions representing home habitats to those representing the environment of each's sister species. RESULTS Water availability and soil representing C. concinna generally increased both species' fitness. Thus, water and soil may indeed limit C. concinna from colonizing the range of C. breweri, but not vice versa. We suggest that the competitive environment and pollinator availability, which are not directly captured with either approach, may be key biotic factors correlated with climate that contribute to unexplained ecogeographic isolation for C. breweri. CONCLUSIONS Ours is a valuable approach to assessing ecogeographic isolation, in that it balances feasibility with model validation, and our results have implications for species distribution modeling efforts geared toward predicting climate change responses.
Mesoscale-convective processes in the atmosphere

This new textbook seeks to promote a deep yet accessible understanding of mesoscale-convective processes in the atmosphere. Mesoscale-convective processes are commonly manifested in the form of thunderstorms, which are fast evolving, inherently hazardous, and can assume a broad range of sizes and severity. Modern explanations of the convective-storm dynamics, and of the related development of tornadoes, damaging 'straight-line' winds and heavy rainfall, are provided. Students and weather professionals will benefit especially from unique chapters devoted to observations and measurements of mesoscale phenomena, mesoscale prediction and predictability, and dynamical feedbacks between mesoscale-convective processes and larger-scale motions.
Towards self-healing systems: re-establishing trust in compromised systems

Computer systems are subject to a range of attacks that can compromise their intended operations. Conventional wisdom states that once a system has been compromised, the only way to recover is to format and reinstall. In this work, we present methods to automatically recover or self-heal from a compromise. We term the system an intrusion recovery system. The design consists of a layered architecture in which the production system and intrusion recovery system run in separate isolated virtual machines. The intrusion recovery system monitors the integrity of the production system and repairs state if a compromise is detected. Additionally, a method is introduced to track the dynamic control flow graph of the production system guest kernel. A prototype of the system was built and tested against a suite of rootkit attacks. The system was able to recover from all attacks at a cost of about a 30% performance penalty.
Software Reliability and Rejuvenation: Modeling and Analysis

Several recent studies have established that most system outages are due to software faults. Given the ever increasing complexity of software and the well-developed techniques and analysis for hardware reliability, this trend is not likely to change in the near future. In this paper, we classify software faults and discuss various techniques to deal with them in the testing/debugging phase and the operational phase of the software.We discuss the phenomenon of software aging and a preventive maintenance technique to deal with this problem called software rejuvenation. Stochastic models to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive maintenance in operational software systems and to determine optimal times to perform rejuvenation for different scenarios are described. We also present measurement-based methodologies to detect software aging and estimate its effect on various system resources. These models are intended to help develop software rejuvenation policies. An automated online measurement-based approach has been used in the software rejuvenation agent implemented in a major commercial server.
Correspondence training and observational learning in the management of hyperactive children: a preliminary study

Two females diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) were participants. One subject (S1) was intervened with the reinforcement of do-report correspondence technique, in which reports about the inhibition of target inappropriate behaviors (e.g., inattention to task materials) were reinforced with tangible events (e.g., small toys) only if such reports corresponded with the actual absence of target behaviors. The second subject (S2) observed both the programming of the present correspondence training technique and the delivery of the consequence contingent upon the verbal-nonverbal correspondence of S1. These contingencies were reversed in a later session, in which S1 observed S2 during the process of correspondence training and delivery of consequences scheduled with S2. These interventions were programmed in a treatment room, using a variant of the reversal design in combination with the changing-criterion design. Generalization tests were conducted in a classroom. Both interventions...
Developing Web Browser Recording Tools Using Server-Side Programming Technology

It is always a challenge to present Web applications at a facility with no Internet connection. Traditional presentation methods such as transparencies or slides are inadequate for demonstrating dynamic Web applications. Currently, virtual-live demonstrations of Web applications are created with static HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) files. However, preparing such presentations is tedious and requires much manual labor for downloading HTML and other files and modifying them for proper linkages. Demo Server (DS) is a tool that automates this process. Developed using Java Servlets and Apache Web Server on the Sun Solaris platform, DS records various types of browsing activities and saves a set of HTML files for presentation automatically. This paper addresses both system level design concepts and key technical implementation details.
Object-recognition tasks: comparing paper versions to computerized laboratory methods.

Si~rnmay.-This study attempts to generalize Biederman's 1987 findings regarding Recognition by Components theory, which were obtained using a computer administered object-recognition task, to an analog or paper task thar is consistent with typical assessment or testing procedures. Three versions of an object-recognition task were developed after the Structure of Intellect-Learning Abilities Test by Meeker, Meeker, and Roid. One version contained randomly fragmented objects, one contained objects with vercices present, and the third contained objects with midsegments. 10 participants were administered each of the three versions in a counterbalanced order. The results are consistent with those of Biederman. Objects with missing vertices were more dificult to recognize than objects with missing midsegments. There was no difference between randomly fragmented objects and those with vercices present. Implications for object-recognition research and rest-item development are discussed. In particular, ic is suggested thar perceptual theories should be used in developing test items to gain greater control in creating items of appropriate difficulty and to increase the validity of the overall instrument.
Balancing practice policies with patient needs.

A clinical practice policy prohibiting house calls that opposes the practice standards of individual clinicians may be unethical and reasonable, but it may still be possible to treat patients who prefer house calls while abiding by the policy.
Los niños como agentes de socialización: políticas lingüísticas familiares en situaciones de desplazamiento lingüístico

Articulo publicado originalmente como: LUYKX, Aurolyn (2005) “Children as Socializing Agents: Family Language Policy in Situations of Language Shift” En. En J. Cohen, K.T. Mc Allister, L. Rostald, y J. Mc Swan (eds.). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium of Bilingualism 1407-1414. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press. Autorizado por la autora para publicarse en RUNA.
Self-efficacy in 18-month-old toddlers of depressed and nondepressed mothers

Low self-efficacy is a key component of depression. Toddlers of depressed mothers may be at risk for impaired development of self-efficacy because of maternal modeling, diminished encouragement of toddlers' efforts, and/or biological contributions. We examined emerging self-efficacy in 70 toddlers of depressed mothers and 62 toddlers of nondepressed mothers. Depressed mothers had sought treatment and were diagnosed using a structured psychiatric interview. Toddlers were observed while working on a variety of mastery tasks, and an index of self-efficacy was constructed from behavior and affect. As expected, findings indicated that toddlers of depressed mothers showed less self-efficacy. Furthermore, more recent exposure to depression was associated with lower self-efficacy. These findings extend downward in age prior work indicating lower self-efficacy in children of depressed mothers. Early impairment in self-efficacy may place children at risk for later depression and thus may be one pathway for the intergenerational transmission of depression.
Molecular-dynamics simulation of positive-ion and neutral halogen desorption following Na K-shell Auger cascades in the NaF crystal.

A Na K-shell Auger cascade in NaF can produce either four to six neighboring valence holes, or two to four neighboring valence holes and a ${\mathrm{F}}^{+}$ ion. If the holes remain localized as neutral atoms where they are created, they will assist the ${\mathrm{F}}^{+}$ ion to desorb, or assist in the desorption of ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ ions. The neutral atoms themselves may also desorb. We use molecular-dynamics calculations to investigate whether the ${\mathrm{F}}^{+}$ ion and neutral F atoms produced by the Na K-shell Auger cascade in NaF can in fact lead to the desorption of positive ions and/or neutral F atoms. Simple fits to the Gordon-Kim potentials are used for the ionic interactions. Ab initio two-body potentials are developed to describe the interaction between a neutral F atom just outside of the crystal surface and a Na or F ion in the surface plane. The potentials exhibit a repulsive inner wall similar to that found for the diatomic molecules, and a shallow well. The integration time required for a satisfactory simulation of positive-ion desorption by the Knotek-Feibelman mechanism is shown to be 1--2 ps. Using 2-ps simulations, it is shown that only when the ${\mathrm{F}}^{+}$ ion is accompanied by four neighboring F atoms from the same Auger cascade does positive-ion desorption occur from the perfect (100) surface. Analogous results are obtained in simulations designed to relate to the imperfect (100) surface. It is concluded that the neutral atoms assist positive ions to desorb only in configurations which appear to be too rare to be of experimental significance. It is shown that crystal temperature, near room temperature, is not a factor in determining whether positive-ion desorption occurs by the Knotek-Feibelman mechanism. This work extends that of Walkup and Avouris on NaF to the case where the Auger-produced ${\mathrm{F}}^{+}$ ion is accompanied by neutral F atoms.
Judgment in Interpretation

HE role of judgment in interpretation has been depicted in a variety of ways in recent years. At one extreme are those who would suspend judgment from interpretation entirely, viewing it as a threat to objectivity. They would prefer simply to listen to a text. At the other extreme are those who assert that the interpreter's judgment inevitably determines the course and outcome of interpretation. It is the illusory goal of objectivity, and not the necessary prejudice of the interpreter, which must be renounced. The first extreme is naive, the second pessimistic, about the question of controlling judgment. A reader must exercise judgment continually. But there are significant differences among the kinds ofjudgment which are appropriate at different points in the interpretative process. The following pages will suggest how these judgments may and should differ in basis, function, and force. It is well for an interpreter to consider these differences, since objectivity in interpretation depends upon the deliberate and discriminating use of judgment.
Female rank instability in newly formed groups of familiar sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus torquatus atys)

The formation of two new groups of sooty mangabeys (N=6; N=11) comprised of individuals removed from their natal group of 98 animals led to dominance rank challenges with aggression and wounding, though this occurred after an interval of months. Dominance rank challenges were not expected because, unlike rhesus macaques, adult female sooty mangabeys do not affiliate with adult kin significantly more than nonkin and show minimal agonistic aiding even with adult kin, thus rank would seem to be independent of aiding. Moreover, during the last nine years, severe wounding of adults in a large stable group of sooty mangabeys has been virtually absent and agonistic behavior in a stable group of sooty mangabeys is exhibited at a low rate compared to some macaque species. New members in the group of six maintained their relative ranks for 12 weeks after which the beta supplanted the alpha female with no serious wounding. This ranking remained stable for 29 weeks after which the alpha and beta females were supplanted with fatal wounds inflicted to the alpha and less severe wounds to the beta female. The second subgroup also kept their relative ranks initially. However, after 27 weeks the lowest ranking female severely wounded the next to last ranking female and 1 week later attacked and displaced the alpha female with minimal wounding. Fourteen weeks later the beta female (formerly the alpha) attacked and severely wounded the new alpha female and regained the top dominance position. These events suggest that although sooty mangabeys do not exhibit strong kin preferential behavior among adults, they do have defined relationships within the long term, stable group. Removal from those defined relationships allows the possibility of social reorganization that may be mediated by serious aggression.
CONCERNING CRITICAL PERIODS IN THE LIFE OF ADULT DROSOPHILA

Periodic accelerations in the decreasing resistance of adult Drosophila (pure line) to the penetration of alcohol vapor are specifically paralleled by changes in the rate of accumulation of deaths in a life duration experiment with the same line. The necessary interpretation is that there occur under constant conditions periodic fluctuations in the speed of general metabolic events, marking the limits of what may be termed metabolic instars.
Fabrication of polymer microstructures for MEMS: sacrificial layer micromolding and patterned substrate micromolding.

Two soft lithography based fabrication techniques are employed for fabricating mechanically independent, freely suspended polymer microstructure from poly(n-propyl methacrylate) (PPMA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polystyrene. Both methods involve a micromolding process followed by thermal bonding to the substrate. The first method, sacrificial layer micromolding, uses a water soluble sacrificial layer, allowing functional structures to be released by immersion in water. The second method, patterned substrate micromolding, uses a permanent substrate patterned via photolithography. Functional regions of the polymer MEMS are suspended over the voids in the photoresist pattern. The processes have been applied to the fabrication of polymer microstructures with a variety of geometries for specific applications. Devices have included microcantilevers, beams, and other more complicated microstuctures. The thermal molding process is conceivably applicable to the fabrication of microstructures from a wide variety of thermoplastic polymers, allowing material selection to be tailored based on application.
Kinesthetic information disambiguates visual motion signals.

Summary Numerous studies have shown that extra-retinal signals can disambiguate motion information created by movements of the eye or head [1]. We report a new form of cross-modal sensory integration in which the kinesthetic information generated by active hand movements essentially captures ambiguous visual motion information. Several previous studies have shown that active movement can bias observers' percepts of bi-stable stimuli [2,3]; however, these effects seem to be best explained by attentional mechanisms [4]. We show that kinesthetic information can change an otherwise stable perception of motion, providing evidence of genuine fusion between visual and kinesthetic information. The experiments take advantage of the aperture problem [5], in which the motion of a one-dimensional grating pattern behind an aperture, while geometrically ambiguous, appears to move stably in the grating normal direction. When actively moving the pattern, however, the observer sees the motion to be in the hand movement direction.
Pure transvaginal laparoscopic appendectomy.

Background Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery has been at the forefront of minimally invasive surgery. Benefits include no visible scars, less pain, and shorter recovery time. We describe a video of a 37-year-old female who underwent a pure transvaginal appendectomy (TVA) for acute appendicitis. This is 1 of 18 successfully performed TVAs at Yale-New Haven Hospital. Appropriate Institutional Review Board was obtained preoperatively.
Second-harmonic vertical wave loads on arrays of deep-draft circular cylinders in monochromatic uni- and multi-directional waves

Abstract The second-harmonic vertical forces on arrays of deep vertical circular cylinders in monochromatic uni- and multi-directional waves are approximately evaluated based on the combined use of analytic first-order diffraction-radiation solutions for multiple columns and asymptotic analyses of the second-harmonic potential at large depths. Particular attention is paid to the qualitative estimation of the effects of the arrangement of columns, body motion, and wave directional spreading on the second-order forces. The asymptotic analysis originally developed by Newman (Newman, J.N., Second-harmonic wave diffraction at large depths. J. fluid mech., 213 (1990) 59–70.) for the mono-directional wave is extended to that for multi-directional waves in order to investigate the effect of wave directional spreading. All the first- and second-order solutions including the diffraction and radiation Kochin functions for multiple columns are obtained in explicit forms. The validity of the present approach is confirmed by comparisons with the numerical results computed from the boundary integral equation methods. The present approach can be used as a tool for PC-based parametric studies in the preliminary design of deep-draft multi-column structures.
Alphaworld: The urban design of a digital city

This paper describes the urban design of the digital city called AlphaWorld. AlphaWorld is a digital community created in 1995 and accessed daily through the Internet by thousands of users. Unlike other digital communities, AlphaWorld's users may also settle land and construct objects within the world. The design and content of these constructions are determined autonomously, and the cumulative result of this settlement is an organically evolved digital city. AlphaWorld's urban form differs substantially from real-world cities in the absence of many of the constraints which govern the design of those cities: permanent population, land cost, zoning and transportation. The paper examines AlphaWorld's urban design at both the regional and neighbourhood scale. At the regional scale, settlement in AlphaWorld is highly concentrated at its centre but highly deconcentrated elsewhere because of transportation constraints. At the neighbourhood scale, AlphaWorld lacks organizing design features and is very low-densi...
A firmware APL time-sharing system

Incremental advances in technological design often result in qualitative advances in utilization of technology. The recent introduction of low-cost, microprogrammed computers makes it feasible to dedicate highly sophisticated and powerful computation systems where previously the needed performance could not be economically justified. Historically, the contribution made by the computing sciences to the behavioral sciences has been limited largely to statistical analysis precisely because sufficiently sophisticated computing equipment was available only outside the experimental situation. Inexpensive time-sharing systems have recently made it possible to integrate the computer in a novel way as a tool for conducting experiments to measure human behavior in laboratory situations. A detailed presentation of computerized control of social science experimentation is presented later. However, many aspects of the system are of general interest because they exploit the possibilities of a newly available computer generation.
Initial cholecystectomy vs sequential common duct endoscopic assessment and subsequent cholecystectomy for suspected gallstone migration: a randomized clinical trial.

Importance The optimal management of treatment for patients at intermediate risk of a common duct stone (including increased liver function tests but bilirubin Objective To compare strategies of cholecystectomy first vs a sequential endoscopic common duct assessment and cholecystectomy for the management of patients with an intermediate risk of a common duct stone. The main objective was to reduce the length of stay and the secondary objectives were to reduce the number of common duct investigations, morbidity, and costs. Design, Setting, and Participants Interventional, randomized clinical trial with 2 parallel groups performed between June 2011 and February 2013, with a patient follow-up of 6 months. The trial comprised a random sample of 100 adult patients admitted to Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland, for acute gallstone-related conditions with an intermediate risk of a common duct stone. Fifty patients were randomized to each group. Interventions Cholecystectomy first with intraoperative cholangiogram for the study group and endoscopic common duct assessment and clearance followed by cholecystectomy for the control group. Main Outcomes and Measures Length of initial hospital stay (primary end point), number of common duct investigations and morbidity and mortality within 6 months after initial admission, and quality of life at 1 and 6 months after discharge (EQ-5D-5L [EuroQol Group, 5-level] questionnaire). Results Patients who underwent cholecystectomy as a first step had a significantly shorter length of hospital stay (median, 5 days [interquartile range {IQR}, 1-8] vs median, 8 days [IQR, 6-12]; P P Conclusions and Relevance Among patients at intermediate risk of a common duct stone, initial cholecystectomy compared with sequential common duct endoscopy assessment and subsequent surgery resulted in a shorter length of stay without increased morbidity. If these findings are confirmed, initial cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiogram may be a preferred approach. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01492790.
Systemic fat embolism and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease

Systemic fat embolism and pulmonary hypertension are two complications of sickle cell disease that present major challenges to the therapist. Neither event is exclusive to the sickling disorders. Systemic fat embolism is a well-known consequence of bone trauma. 13 Pulmonary hypertension occurs also in a variety of lung and extrapulmonary abnormalities. Both complications carry a dismal prognosis in sickle cell patients. Systemic fat embolism is particularly difficult to document, but if suspected early enough it may respond to transfusion therapy. The diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension is straightforward if invasive techniques are used; however, because there are no large published series of sickle cell patients with pulmonary hypertension, discussion of this problem and its management is necessarily tentative. Pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease is reviewed in the context of primary pulmonary hypertension, a disorder for which information regarding therapy is becoming more available. Greater awareness and clearer understanding of systemic fat embolism and pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell disease will eventually lead to effective therapy.
In pursuit of xenoreactive antibodies: where has it gotten us?

Top of pageAbstract Numerous studies have aimed to overcome the barrier to xenotransplantation posed by xenoreactive antibodies and the antigens they recognize. Whether this work will eventually lead to the widespread clinical application of xenotransplantation remains unknown. However, the benefits of this research are already substantial, with research leading to dramatic new developments in fields other than xenotransplantation. Our understanding of natural immunity, particularly the nature and function of natural antibodies, has taken quantum leaps forward, with far-reaching implications. Our improved understanding of the immune response to xenografts has proven invaluable in the characterization of the human immune reaction to commonly used biological therapeutics of xenogeneic origin. Our understanding of cell surface carbohydrates and our ability to modify these carbohydrates in living animals has advanced substantially, with implications for diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity. With this in mind, it is argued that continued work in xenotransplantation is of great value, not only because of the great potential benefits of xenotransplantation, but also because of the more certain benefits that arise from setting our sights on a difficult challenge. Keywords: antibodies, Gal, immune inclusion, xenoreactive, xenotransplantation.
DNA methylation and the Epstein-Barr virus.

EBV is a ubiquitous herpesvirus associated with a variety of lymphoid and epithelial tumors. In healthy lymphocytes and in tumors immune surveillance is evaded by suppression of a family of immunodominant viral antigens. Methylation of a viral promoter plays a crucial role in this suppression. Methylation of the viral genome in the latent state over evolutionary time is believed to account for CpG suppression that distinguishes this virus from most other large DNA viruses. Pharmacologic manipulation of methylation may offer an opportunity to unmask viral antigens and expose tumors to immune surveillance.
Ultrawide-bandwidth polarimetric SAR imagery of foliage-obscured objects

The Environmental Research Institute of Michigan (ERIM) has developed a unique ground- based, portable, synthetic aperture radar (SAR). This SAR images targets in their natural backgrounds without the expense of an airborne sensor and with higher performance (bandwidth, resolution) than existing airborne systems. A horizontal 36-foot long aluminum truss supports a rail and an antenna carriage, which is moved along the rail to allow synthetic aperture focusing. The system is fully-polarimetric and has collected data over the frequency band of 400 - 1300 MHz resulting in a nominal resolution of 0.17 m in range and 0.5 m in cross-range. Because the system is ground-based and images are in the near field, a traditional spotlight SAR processor is inadequate. ERIM has implemented a near-field SAR processor which transforms the data to the far-field by performing a Fourier transform in the azimuth direction. This is often referred to as a planewave decomposition and results in data sampled as if it were collected in the far-field. The final step is a traditional spotlight processor (resampling and two-dimensional Fourier transform) which is applied to the data to form the image.
The interaction of ferredoxin-linked sulfite reductase with ferredoxin

Abstract Spinach sulfite reductase has been shown to co-migrate during gel filtration chromatography at low ionic strength with spinach ferredoxin. No co-migration was observed at high ionic strength. These results indicate that the two proteins form a high-affinity, electrostatically stabilized complex, as had previously been demonstrated for three other ferredoxin-dependent, plant enzymes. Modification of 3–4 ferredoxin carboxyl groups had little detectable effect on the ferredoxin-sulfite reductase interaction.
Challenges Posed by Adults With Repaired Congenital Heart Disease

“Pediatric Congenital Cardiac Becomes a Postoperative Adult: The Changing Population of Congenital Heart Disease,” which was written in 1973,1 was the first publication devoted to what was destined to become a new field of special cardiovascular interest. Subsequent decades witnessed the maturity of this new subspecialty, which was formally recognized at the 22nd Bethesda Conference in 1990.2 It is altogether fitting for Circulation to include the present article in “Clinical Cardiology: New Frontiers.” The present article can be considered a sequel to the 1973 article, which dealt with the types of surgical interventions, the effects of those interventions on survival patterns, the desirability of primary anatomic repair in infancy, and the importance of postoperative residua and sequelae.1 The 1973 article opened by stating: “It is now possible to perform palliative or corrective surgery on almost all congenital cardiac anomalies, even the most complex … Survival patterns are affected, often profoundly. We are therefore confronted with a changing population of congenital cardiacs … However, we are obliged to look beyond the present and define our ultimate goal. What do we seek to accomplish? The answer is clear. Our efforts should focus on the quality of long-term survival.”1 Long-term survival is chiefly concerned with the growing number of postoperative patients who require continuing medical surveillance.3 What is needed is a new generation of cardiologists with a career interest in adult congenital heart disease; these highly trained specialists function best within tertiary care facilities designed for the comprehensive care of adult patients. With few exceptions, such facilities are part of major university hospital systems. Major facilities draw patients regionally, nationally, and internationally. The geographic distribution of tertiary care centers will best be determined by the quality of the facility and the services offered rather than by external constraints …