cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problem gambling and comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders among drug users recruited from drug treatment and community settings.

Little is known about gambling rates of drug users recruited from drug treatment compared with those recruited from the community. We use the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) to provide lifetime prevalence estimates of problem gambling (i.e., at least one gambling problem) and DSM-III-R pathological gambling (i.e., at least four gambling problems) and describe the association between gambling and psychiatric disorders for drug users recruited from drug treatment settings (n = 512) and from the community (n = 478). We also report the relative risk of being a recreational and problem gambler in this sample. The sample was first interviewed in 1989–90 as a partof two NIDA-funded St. Louis-based studies. The prevalence of problem gambling in the overall sample was 22% and the prevalence of pathological gambling was 11%. There were no statistically significant differences in problem and pathological gambling rates for subjects recruited from drug treatment and those recruited from the community. The conditional prevalence rates, that is, the rate of problem and pathological gambling only among gamblers were 27% and 13.5%, respectively. Major findings indicate that problem gambling was associated with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD), even after controlling for recruitment source and socio-demographic characteristics. In fact, when examining the temporal order of these disorders, we found that pathological gambling was always secondary to ASPD, occurring on average 11.4 years after the onset of ASPD. Problem gamblers, compared with everyone else, were more likely to be male, African-American, recruited from drug treatment, have ASPD and be dependent on illicit drugs. Multinomial logistic regression analysis predicted the relative risk of being a recreational and problem gambler (compared with a nongambler) in this sample according to socio-demographics, ASPD, and dependence on illicit drugs. Results imply that screening for gambling problems will need to be broad-based among drug users.
The evolution of urban water systems: societal needs, institutional complexities, and resource costs

ABSTRACTUrban water systems provide critical services to meet the supply, sanitation, and drainage needs of urban societies. Evolving needs have resulted in increasingly expansive infrastructure, r...
Characterizing and modeling environmental emergency of unconventional oil and gas spills in the USA: Life-year versus spill factors

Abstract Significantly reducing consumers' electric bills and producing more jobs in USA, the remarkable growth of unconventional oil and gas (UOG) especially shale gas production in the last decade has made an impressive accomplishment. However, threatening the environment caused by UOG spills, UOG has caused enormous concerns about public health risks, there is minimized research examining the UOG spills’ causal mechanism and its spatial and temporal characteristics, which could play pivotal roles in risk control and environmental protection. Using two states Colorado (CO) and New Mexico (NM) in the USA with detailed UOG spill observations from 2005 to 2014, this study designs multi-categorical statistical tests and models to examine the factors that characterize UOG spills including spilled volume, life-year, cause, pathway, and spilled material. The ANOVA of spilled volumes across life-years has a p values 0.517, and hence the differences in spilled volumes among life-years are not significant in both CO or NM, but spilled materials are significantly between life-year 0 and other life-years with a p-value 0.0001. Based on a series of Poisson regression models for the association between pathway and spilled material and the conditional association given causal mechanism, the Chi-squared tests have p-values less than 0.00001, which shows both joint dependence and conditional dependence of pathway and spilled materials by controlling causal factors are significant in both CO and NM. Furthermore, spatiotemporal hot and cold spots of UOG spills are significant in CO, but they are not significant at p-value 0.01 in NM. This study is the first time to analyze and model the multivariate factors of UOG spills, which provides the first-hand insight to the characteristics of spills and to the monitoring and mitigation of potential risks in the lifetime of UOG operations.
Potential Effect of Epilation on the Outcome of Surgery for Trachomatous Trichiasis.

Purpose To evaluate the association of epilation before surgery on the surgical outcome in trachomatous trichiasis (TT) patients. Methods As a secondary data analysis, 1452 patients enrolled in the STAR trial were categorized according to preoperative epilation status. The main outcome was recurrent trichiasis after surgery. We used multivariable analysis, time-to-event analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model. Results Those who epilated prior to surgery tended to be older and female, with worse entropion at baseline. The proportion with postoperative trichiasis was 7.7%, 8.8% in those who epilated versus 5.3% in those who did not (P = 0.03). Adjusting for age and sex, the risk of postoperative TT with epilation was 1.71 (P value = 0.02). Although entropion may be in the biological pathway from epilation to postoperative TT, we adjusted for entropion, and the risk of postoperative TT with epilation was 1.41 (P = 0.14). Conclusions The study suggests that preoperative epilation may increase the risk of postoperative trichiasis. Further research is needed to confirm the finding. Translational Relevance Patients with TT often self-treat, epilating their inturned eyelashes. The World Health Organization recommends surgery to treat TT, but when patients refuse the procedure or mild trichiasis is present, epilation is often recommended. There is some evidence that repetitive or improper epilation can be harmful to the lid and hair follicles. If there is damage to the lid margin, any subsequent surgery could have deleterious outcomes.
Abiotic methane synthesis and serpentinization in olivine-hosted fluid inclusions

The conditions of methane (CH4) formation in olivine-hosted secondary fluid inclusions and their prevalence in peridotite and gabbroic rocks from a wide range of geological settings were assessed using confocal Raman spectroscopy, optical and scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, and thermodynamic modeling. Detailed examination of 160 samples from ultraslow- to fast-spreading midocean ridges, subduction zones, and ophiolites revealed that hydrogen (H2) and CH4 formation linked to serpentinization within olivine-hosted secondary fluid inclusions is a widespread process. Fluid inclusion contents are dominated by serpentine, brucite, and magnetite, as well as CH4(g) and H2(g) in varying proportions, consistent with serpentinization under strongly reducing, closed-system conditions. Thermodynamic constraints indicate that aqueous fluids entering the upper mantle or lower oceanic crust are trapped in olivine as secondary fluid inclusions at temperatures higher than ∼400 °C. When temperatures decrease below ∼340 °C, serpentinization of olivine lining the walls of the fluid inclusions leads to a near-quantitative consumption of trapped liquid H2O. The generation of molecular H2 through precipitation of Fe(III)-rich daughter minerals results in conditions that are conducive to the reduction of inorganic carbon and the formation of CH4 Once formed, CH4(g) and H2(g) can be stored over geological timescales until extracted by dissolution or fracturing of the olivine host. Fluid inclusions represent a widespread and significant source of abiotic CH4 and H2 in submarine and subaerial vent systems on Earth, and possibly elsewhere in the solar system.
Have R&D Spillovers Declined in the 21st Century?

Slow growth over the last decade has prompted policy attention towards increasing R&D spending, often via the tax system. We examine the impact of R&D on firm performance, both by the firm's own investments and through positive (and negative) spillovers from other firms. We analyse panel data on US firms over the last three decades, and allow for time-varying spillovers in both technology space (knowledge spillover) and product market space (product market rivalry). We show that the magnitude of R&D spillovers remains as large in the second decade of the 21st century as it was in the mid 1980s. Since the ratio of the social return to the private return to R&D is about four to one, this implies that there remains a strong case for public support of R&D. Positive spillovers appeared to temporarily increase in the 1995–2004 digital technology boom. We also show how these micro estimates relate to estimates from the endogenous growth literature and give some suggestions for future work.
Nature of Science and Classroom Practice: A Review of the Literature with Implications for Effective NOS Instruction

This chapter summarizes the extensive literature related to NOS instruction, emphasizes research-based NOS instructional decision-making, and discusses challenges related to teaching aspects of nature of science. We discuss four instructional settings particulalry well-suited for supporting NOS instruction including the use of history of science, inquiry, socioscientific issues, and argumentation. We then examine literature regarding NOS learner readiness and NOS learning progressions to assist instructors in gauging when certain NOS topics will be most appropriate in instruction. The final section compares various settings for preparing preservice and in-service teachers to accurately understand the NOS, NOS pedagogy, and the importance of NOS teaching and learning. We end with considerations of challenges that remain with respect to NOS in the science curriculum.
Visual-Inertial Fusion Based Positioning Systems

In this paper, we developed a visible light positioning (VLP) system using a camera and low-cost inertial measurement units (IMUs). Applying computer vision and sensor fusion techniques, our VLP system is able to estimate the angle of arrival (AoA) and the distance from a landmark to a mobile device. Due to the complementary nature between IMUs and cameras, we are able to improve the performance of VLP systems by applying sensor fusion. Currently, most optical positioning systems require at least two line-of-sight (LOS) links, so the coverage is not always satisfactory. Using a single round light-emitting diode (LED) panel or two coplanar black thick rings as the landmark, our VLP system only needs one LOS link to estimate the orientation and position of the mobile device. By activating inertial navigation, our VLP system is able to perform localization even if the landmark is temporarily blocked by obstacles. We derived approximated upper bounds of the angular errors and applied visual-inertial sensor fusion in estimating the Euler angles of the mobile device. Since the weights of sensor fusion are determined by upper bounds, the expected maximum errors are minimized in our positioning system. In our field experiments, the positioning system has an average positioning error of 0.18m with an effective positioning range of 7m. Compared to similar types of positioning systems, our system has significant improvements in positioning range without sacrificing positioning accuracy.
Enhancement of the Thermal Stability and Thermoelectric Properties of Yb14MnSb11 by Ce Substitution

Yb14MnSb11 is a p-type high-temperature thermoelectric material with operational temperatures as high as 1273 K. Rare-earth (RE) substitution into this phase has been shown to increase the melting ...
Enhanced Virtual Metrology on Chemical Mechanical Planarization Process using an Integrated Model and Data-Driven Approach

As an essential process in semiconductor manufacturing, Chemical Mechanical Planarization has been studied in recent decades and the material removal rate has been proved to be a critical performance indicator. Comparing with after-process metrology, virtual metrology shows advantages in production time saving and quick response to the process control. This paper presents an enhanced material removal rate prediction algorithm based on an integrated model and data-driven method. The proposed approach combines the physical mechanism and the influence of nearest neighbors, and extracts relevant features. The features are then input to construct multiple regression models, which are integrated to obtain the final prognosis. This method was evaluated by the PHM 2016 Data Challenge data sets and the result obtained the best mean squared error score among competitors.
Migrants, Caravans, and the Impact of News Photos on Immigration Attitudes:

The migrant caravan is comprised of thousands of people traveling from Central America to the Mexico–U.S. border seeking refuge from their home countries. In news coverage, images of the caravan re...
Objectification Found in High School Girls’ Experience With Dress Code Enforcement:

Grounded in objectification theory, this study was conducted to uncover adolescent girls’ experience of dress regulations in US public schools. We conducted in-depth personal interviews with thirte...
Interaction of aromatic amines with rat-liver proteins in vivo: III. On the mechanism of binding of the carcinogens, N-2-fluorenylacetamide and N-hydroxy-2-fluorenyl-acetamide, to the soluble proteins

Abstract The soluble proteins of the liver of rats injected intraperitoneally with equimolar amounts of [9-14C]FAA, N-hydroxy-[9-14C]FAA and of-N-hydroxy-[1'-14C]FAA were resolved into 5 fractions by stepwise elution from DEAE-cellulose. Binding of the hydroxamic acid was two-fold greater than that of the amide. The radioactivity of both compounds was bound preferentially to a group of weakly basic proteins eluted in the second fraction. The preferential binding was attributable, in part, to the interaction of methionine with the positively charged amidonium ion derived from N-hydroxy-FAA. The data indicated that 50% of the adducts of FAA were formed viaN-hydroxy-FAA. The me hionine adducts were characterized by alkaline cleavage to o-CH3-S-FAA which was isolated from the hydrolyzates. 12 h after the administration of the labeled hydroxamic acids, 70–80% of the bound compound had retained the acetyl group of N-hydroxy-FAA. 10% of these adducts, or 8 % of the total adducts released o-CH3-S-FAA on alkaline hydrolysis and thus were adducts formed by the interaction of the amidonium ion with methionine. (9-14C]FA, [9-14C]FA-9-one and 3-methylthio-[9-14C]FA were also isolated from the protein hydrolyzates and account for 4% of the total protein bound radio-activity or for 13–20% of the adducts which did not carry the acetyl group of N-hydroxy-FAA. The major share of the bound radioactivity of FAA and of N-hydroxy-FAA remained unidentified. The interaction of N-hydroxy-FAA with the soluble proteins in vitro gave highly labeled adducts which lacked the acetyl group of the hydroxamic acid. These adducts resulted from the interaction of 2-nitrosofluorene and, by inference, of 2-fluorenylhydroxylamine with the proteins. These compounds contributed also to adduct formation in vivo.
Narrating Socialization: Linda Scott DeRosier's Memoirs.

Linda Scott DeRosier’s autobiographical accounts of literacy attainment in Creeker: A Woman’s Journey and Songs of Life and Grace reveal that entrance into a secondary discourse community via literacy can bring both pleasure and pain. Analyzing the identity negotiations DeRosier encounters reveals that although she experiences a sense of loss as a result of continued formal education, such schooling also makes possible the creation of her memoirs, which help overturn stereotypes connecting Appalachia with illiteracy.
Flexible Program Structures for Concurrent Programming

Current programming languages and models fix the structure of concurrent programs. This hinders the portability of programs across architectures. In this paper, we propose flexible program structures through which the synchrony relation of a program can be changed in accordance with the underlying architecture without compromising correctness.
Should women be tested for gonococcal infection of the cervix during routine gynecologic visits? An economic appraisal.

Abstract purpose, patients and methods: We used decision analysis to calculate the economic implications of routine testing for Neisseria gonorrheae infection of the cervix. This study compared performing endocervical cultures in all women seeking routine gynecologic care to a no-test strategy. Estimates derived from the medical literature were varied in a sensitivity analysis, and a Monte Carlo technique was used to incorporate the estimate of experts into the analysis. results: We found that routinely testing for gonorrhea reduced overall medical costs when the prevalence of infection exceeded 1.5 percent. This result was most sensitive to variation in the cost of the culture and the assumption that treatment prevents adverse sequelae. Reducing the estimated cost of the culture from $9 to $5 decreased the threshold prevalence from 1.5 to 0.8 percent. When we considered the variation in estimates of experts the threshold prevalence increased from 1.5 to 2.1 percent. conclusion: We conclude that a strategy of testing and treating selected women with risk factors for gonorrhea will not only reduce the likelihood of the development of serious adverse sequelae but will also result in a reduction of medical costs.
Galileo Institute for Astronomy (IFA) charge-coupled device (CCD) system

A fully portable self-contained charge-coupled device system has been constructed for shared use with the Galileo Project Imaging Team. The detector currently incorporated in the system is a Texas Instruments 500 x 500 three-phase CCD that has been thinned to operate in the backside illuminated mode. The detector and camera mainframe electronics were provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The support electronics and control interfaces necessary to operate the mainframe were constructed. The data system, which is built around a DeAnza Visacom VC-5000 Image Processor with an imbedded LSI-11 minicomputer, was also integrated. The capability to do image processing in real-time at the telescope has proved to be extremely valuable. The overall system read noise has been measured at 25 electrons. Full-well capacity is 40,000 electrons. Some results from laboratory tests and initial observing runs at the Mauna Kea 2.2-m telescope are presented.
Changes in IR Programs Since the Mid‐Sixties

An up-date of a 1967 study of industrial relations programs reveals that they are increasingly being integrated into traditional academic units. Both undergraduate and graduate degree programs have increased and most are housed in an academic department. The content of degree programs is shifting from collective bargaining to human resources management.
Dietary Acrylamide and Human Cancer: A Systematic Review of Literature

Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in the United States, and the number of cases is expected to continue to rise worldwide. Cancer prevention strategies are crucial for reducing the cancer burden. The carcinogenic potential of dietary acrylamide exposure from cooked foods is unknown. Acrylamide is a by-product of the common Maillard reaction where reducing sugars (i.e., fructose and glucose) react with the amino acid, asparagine. Based on the evidence of acrylamide carcinogenicity in animals, the International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified acrylamide as a group 2A carcinogen for humans. Since the discovery of acrylamide in foods in 2002, a number of studies have explored its potential as a human carcinogen. This article outlines a systematic review of dietary acrylamide and human cancer, acrylamide exposure and internal dose, exposure assessment methods in the epidemiologic studies, existing data gaps, and future directions. A majority of the studies reported no statistically significant association between dietary acrylamide intake and various cancers, and few studies reported increased risk for renal, endometrial, and ovarian cancers; however, the exposure assessment has been inadequate leading to potential misclassification or underestimation of exposure. Future studies with improved dietary acrylamide exposure assessment are encouraged.
Accuracy of maternal recall of gestational weight gain 4 to 12 years after delivery.

There is growing interest in the relationship between gestational weight gain (GWG) and long-term maternal and child outcomes, yet little is known about the accuracy of long-term maternal recall of GWG. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of maternal recall of GWG at 4–12 years postpartum (mean, 8 years) compared with medical-record documented GWG, and compare recalled GWG to documented GWG with respect to their associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes including small for gestational age (SGA) birth, preterm birth, cesarean delivery, and postpartum weight retention (PPWR) (n = 503). Adequacy of recalled and documented GWG was assessed according to the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. We observed moderate agreement between documented and maternal self-reported GWG as continuous variables (r = 0.63, P < 0.01). When recalled GWG was used to categorize women, 45, 53, and 20% of women with inadequate, adequate, and excessive documented GWG were misclassified, respectively. When comparing models fitted with documented or recalled GWG, there were no meaningful differences in associations between inadequate GWG and SGA birth (odds ratio 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.3, 3.7) vs. 2.1 (1.2, 3.8), respectively) or excessive GWG and PPWR (2.5 (1.6, 3.9) vs. 2.5 (1.5, 4.0), respectively). However, the use of recalled GWG attenuated associations between inadequate GWG and PPWR (documented: 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) vs. recalled GWG: 1.3 (0.7, 2.3)) and excessive GWG and preterm birth (documented: 2.5 (1.4, 4.5) vs. recalled GWG: 1.5 (0.9, 2.7)). Our data suggest a varying degree of bias when using recalled GWG to study selected adverse outcomes.
Local Dynamics of Carbohydrates. 1. Dynamics of Simple Glycans with Different Chain Linkages

The present work gives the preliminary results of a systematic theoretical investigation of the relationship of structure and dynamics for a series of naturally occurring carbohydrate polymers as a function of the topological features, i.e., sugar composition and linkage type. Specifically, homopolymeric (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked α- and β-d-glucans and homopolymeric (1→4)-linked α- and β-d-galactans are considered. These polysaccharide chains cover a broad spectrum of macromolecular stiffness and extension. The theoretical calculations are developed within a diffusive approach that takes accurately into account the polymer connectivity and the corresponding conformational energy surface. This theoretical approach to the polymer dynamics, designated as the optimized Rouse Zimm local dynamics (ORZLD) theory, has been improved and implemented for applications to random coil polysaccharides in solution. The results show that correlation times, such as those obtainable from appropriate NMR, fluorescence, radiati...
Malaria scale-up progress: is the glass half-empty or half-full?

This letter makes the case as to why the glass is half-full in terms of malaria in African countries. It describes several reasons for that stance including: some success has been achieved with seven African countries projecting use of insecticide-treated bednets of more than 40% international funding for malaria control has increased three-fold from 2004 to 2007 and leadership is more effective at global and national levels resulting in improved coordination and more effective advocacy.
Single ventricle with severe pulmonary hypertension: Natural survival into the third decade of life

Baudet E, Dallocchio M. Myxoma of the mitral valve diagnosed by echocardiography. AM HEART J 1986;111:803-5. Barold SS, Hicks GL, Nanda N, Ong LS, Faulkoff MD, Heinle RA. Mitral valve myxoma diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:182-3. Puff M, Taff ML, Spitz WU, Eckert WG. Syncope and sudden death caused by mitral valve myxomas. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1986;7:84-6. Read RC, White HJ, Murphy ML, Williams D, Sun CN, Flanagan WH. The malignant potentiality of left atria1 myxoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974;68:857-68. Carter JB, Cramer R, Edwards JE. Mitral and tricuspid lesions associated with polypoid atria1 tumors including myxoma. Am J Cardiol 1974;33:914-9.
Oxygen interstitial transport and chemical coloration in sodium-beta alumina

Abstract A reaction rate maximum occurs around 250°C in the bleaching of chemically discolored sodium beta aluminas. It is determined that the bleaching rate depends on the diffusion rate of oxygen interstitials in the conduction planes of sodium beta alumina. The reaction rate maximum indicates that an irreversible transition occurs from a high mobility to a low mobility oxygen interstitial around 300†C. It is proposed that this transition is one in which a free oxygen interstitial is transformed into a Roth-type interstitial.
Active Flow Separation Control on a NACA 0015 Wing Using Fluidic Actuators

Results are presented from a recent set of wind tunnel experiments using sweeping jet actuators to control ow separation on the 30% chord trailing edge ap of a 30 deg. swept wing model with an aspect ratio (AR) of 4.35. Two sweeping jet actuator locations were examined, one on the flap shoulder and one on the trailing edge flap. The parameters that were varied included actuator momentum, freestream velocity, and trailing edge flap deflection (Delta f ) angle. The primary focus of this set of experiments was to determine the mass flow and momentum requirements for controlling separation on the flap, especially at large flap deflection angles which would be characteristic of a high lift system. Surface pressure data, force and moment data, and stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) data were acquired to evaluate the performance benefits due to applying active flow control. Improvements in lift over the majority of the wing span were obtained using sweeping jet actuator control. High momentum coefficient, Cu, levels were needed when using the actuators on the ap because they were located downstream of separation. Actuators on the flap shoulder performed slightly better but actuator size, orientation, and spacing still need to be optimized.
Architecture for fuzzy morphological operations

A recent paper by Sinha and Dougherty established a rigorous morphological framework for images with fuzzy valued pixels. In particular, the erosion operation, which is fundamental to image filtration schemes, is cast in this setting. In this paper, a single instruction architecture will be presented for implementing the erosion operation for fuzzy valued images. It will also be shown that this architecture is sufficient for implementing the other basic fuzzy morphologic operations namely dilation, opening and closing.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Stochastic simulation as a unified approach to separation science

As noted in the preeminent text on separation science by Giddings [1], advances in applications must be accompanied by appropriate advances in theoretical understanding. In the absence of this fundamental connection between application and theory, the practice of separation science is in danger of becoming, on one side, a vast array of unrelated facts and observations and, on the other side, a meaningless set of mathematics. The most common theoretical approach in separation science is to solve the partial differential equations of mass and charge balance [2]. While this approach is broadly applicable, it is frequently necessary to invoke simplifying assumptions in order to solve the equations by direct integration or numerical methods. These simplifying assumptions can limit the applicability to complex separation systems. In recent years, stochastic or Monte Carlo simulations have been used to study a wide variety of systems in separation science [3–11]. In these simulations, the fundamental equations of motion for each mass transport process and the fundamental equations for chemical reactions are applied independently to each molecule. The position or trajectory of each molecule is monitored, which allows for a detailed examination of the spatial and temporal evolution of the separation. Stochastic simulations require few, if any, simplifying assumptions. They can be designed to include all relevant mass transport and reaction processes in a single unified model that is broadly applicable to chromatography, electrophoresis, and other separation systems. They can be applied to homogeneous systems or to systems with physical and chemical heterogeneity at the molecular, microscopic, or macroscopic level. The systems may be near to or far from steady-state or equilibrium conditions. Consequently, these simulation methods are a powerful and versatile means to model complex separation systems. In this article, we will describe the stochastic simulation method and some of its unique applications in separation science.
NEW EVIDENCE FOR THE AGE OF THE YOUNGEST ERUPTIONS IN THE VALLES CALDERA, NEW MEXICO

New geochronologic data provide evidence for an age of about 50 to 60 ka for the youngest volcanic eruptions within the Valles caldera, New Mexico - an age that is significantly younger than most previous age determinations. Thermoluminescence age estimates for buried soils beneath the El Cajete pumice, a key stratigraphic marker in the region, range from 48 to 61 ka and {sup 14}C analyses of burnt logs within volcanic surge beds near the El Cajete vent yield similar ages of 50 to >58 ka. These data conflict with fissontrack, {sup 40}Ar/{sup 39}Ar, and K-Ar ages of 130 to >200 ka, but are supported by recent analyses by electron spin resonance. The results of this study reinforce the need to apply a variety of dating methods when evaluating the age of young volcanic events and support the hypothesis that the El Cajete eruptions were part of a new cycle of volcanic activity in the Valles caldera after an exceptionally long period of quiescence of nearly 460 ka. The new age constraints also suggest a previously unrecognized link between cycles of volcanism and pulses of hydrothermal activity in the caldera, such that hydrothermal outflow appears to decrease significantly following completion ofmore » eruptive cycles. 24 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Localization in silicon nanophotonic slow-light waveguides

Slowing down light on a chip can lead to the development of optical buffers1, filters2,3 and memory elements4 useful for optical interconnects and for resonantly enhanced chip-based nonlinear optics5,6. Several approaches to slow light rely on the phenomenon of light interference in a sequence of coupled resonators1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11; however, light interference is also responsible, in disordered structures, for the localization of light, an effect particularly prominent in one-dimensional devices12,13. Until now, the length of the waveguides investigated has been less than the localization length. Here we report the first observation of light localization in compact silicon nanophotonic slow-light waveguides consisting of long sequences of coupled resonators. Our results show that disorder limits how much light can be slowed, and that localization leads to spatially concentrated and locally trapped light in a quasi-one-dimensional waveguide at wavelengths near the band edge.
Sensitization to amphetamine on the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate 72-s schedule

The purpose of the present study is to determine whether the effect of specific intermittent injections of amphetamine (AMPH) on a differential reinforcement schedule of low rate (DRL) would result in a sensitized response to subsequent AMPH injections. Two groups of rats were trained on a DRL 72-s schedule until they reached stable baseline performance. One group (SENS, n = 8) was treated intermittently (no more than twice a week) with 1.5 mg/kg amphetamine for 3.5 weeks. The other group (CONT, n = 8) received intermittent saline (SAL) 1 ml/kg for 3.5 weeks. Acute injections of 1.5 mg/kg AMPH in the SENS group, engendered an increase in response rate, a decrease in reinforcement rate and disruption of the inter-response time (IRT) distribution profile. Acute SAL injections in the CONT group had no effect. Rats pretreated with intermittent 1.5 mg/kg AMPH, when treated with a lower dose of AMPH (0.5 mg/kg), showed an increase in response rate, a decrease in reinforcement rate and disruption of the IRT distribution profile by decreasing peak area and shifting the peak location towards a shorter IRT duration. Therefore, in rats pretreated intermittently with 1.5 mg/kg AMPH (SENS group), the dose of 0.5 mg/kg AMPH elicited a similar change in DRL 72-s response pattern, as did the acute injection of 1.5 mg/kg AMPH. In contrast, in rats pretreated with SAL (CONT group), the low dose of AMPH had either no or small effects. Thus, pretreatment with 1.5 mg/kg AMPH increases the magnitude of the response to 0.5 mg/kg AMPH. These results indicate that rats performing on the DRL 72-s schedule exhibit sensitization to AMPH, after AMPH is given intermittently over a 3-week period.
The Impact of Depressive Symptoms on the Efficacy of Naltrexone in Smoking Cessation

In the current double-blind study, we examined the impact of depressive symptoms on the efficacy of naltrexone as an adjunct to smoking cessation treatment. Participants were 110 adult nicotine dependent smokers interested in quitting smoking. All subjects received behavioral counseling and nicotine patches. Subjects were randomly assigned to the naltrexone or placebo group. Naltrexone was administered daily starting three days prior to the quit date (25 mg daily) and continued for 8 weeks thereafter (50 mg daily). Smoking cessation status was assessed at the end of treatment and at 24 week follow-up. The efficacy of naltrexone was moderated by depressive symptoms such that naltrexone was related to better quit rates than placebo at higher levels of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that individual differences in depressive symptoms may be important determinants of clinical response to naltrexone, and may help to clarify discrepancies in prior studies of naltrexone and smoking cessation.
Work Experience and Work Involvement.

This panel study examines the interrelations of work experience and psychological involvement in work among male college graduates over a 10-year period. The data analysis provides substantial support for the "occupational socialization hypothesis"—that work experience and, particularly, work autonomy, stimulate work involvement over time. There was also evidence for the "occupational selection hypothesis"— that high work involvement, prior to labor force entry, induces work values which promote stability m the early career and facilitates the attainment of income and work autonomy.
Navigating complex decision spaces: Problems and paradigms in sequential choice

To behave adaptively, we must learn from the consequences of our actions. Doing so is difficult when the consequences of an action follow a delay. This introduces the problem of temporal credit assignment. When feedback follows a sequence of decisions, how should the individual assign credit to the intermediate actions that comprise the sequence? Research in reinforcement learning provides two general solutions to this problem: model-free reinforcement learning and model-based reinforcement learning. In this review, we examine connections between stimulus-response and cognitive learning theories, habitual and goal-directed control, and model-free and model-based reinforcement learning. We then consider a range of problems related to temporal credit assignment. These include second-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers, latent learning and detour behavior, partially observable Markov decision processes, actions with distributed outcomes, and hierarchical learning. We ask whether humans and animals, when faced with these problems, behave in a manner consistent with reinforcement learning techniques. Throughout, we seek to identify neural substrates of model-free and model-based reinforcement learning. The former class of techniques is understood in terms of the neurotransmitter dopamine and its effects in the basal ganglia. The latter is understood in terms of a distributed network of regions including the prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobes cerebellum, and basal ganglia. Not only do reinforcement learning techniques have a natural interpretation in terms of human and animal behavior, but they also provide a useful framework for understanding neural reward valuation and action selection.
Spatial distribution of δ18O in meteoric precipitation

Proxy data reflecting the oxygen isotope composition of meteoric precipitation (δ18Oppt) are widely used in reconstructions of continental paleoclimate and paleohydrology. However, actual geographic variation in modern water compositions is difficult to estimate from often sparse data. A first step toward understanding the geologic pattern of change in δ18Oppt is to describe the modern distribution in terms of principal geographic parameters. To this end, we empirically model relationships between 18O in modern precipitation and latitude and altitude. We then identify geographic areas where large-scale vapor transport patterns give rise to significant deviations from model δ18Oppt compositions based on latitude and altitude. Model value and residual grids are combined to derive a high-resolution global map of δ18Oppt that can serve as a spatial reference against which proxy data for paleoprecipitation can be compared. Reiteration of the procedure outlined here, for paleo-δ18Oppt data, may illuminate past changes in the climatic and physiographic parameters controlling the distribution of δ18O regimes.
Single-crystal neutron diffraction study of short-range magnetic correlations in Tb5Ge4

We present a single-crystal neutron diffraction study of the magnetic short-range correlations in ${\text{Tb}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$ which orders antiferromagnetically below the Neel temperature ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\approx}92\text{ }\text{K}$. Strong diffuse scattering arising from magnetic short-range correlations was observed in wide temperature ranges both below and above ${T}_{N}$. The antiferromagnetic ordering in ${\text{Tb}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$ is described to consist of strongly coupled ferromagnetic block layers in the $ac$ plane that stack along the $b$ axis with weak antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling. Diffuse scattering was observed along both ${a}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ and ${b}^{\ensuremath{\ast}}$ directions indicating three-dimensional short-range correlations. Moreover, the $q$ dependence of the diffuse scattering is Squared Lorentzian in form suggesting a strongly clustered magnetic state that may be related to the proposed Griffiths-like phase in ${\text{Gd}}_{5}{\text{Ge}}_{4}$.
Dependence of dexamethasone-induced Akt/FOXO1 signaling, upregulation of MAFbx, and protein catabolism upon the glucocorticoid receptor

The muscle ubiquitin ligases MAFbx and MuRF1 are upregulated in and promote muscle atrophy. Upregulation of MAFbx and MuRF1 by glucocorticoids has been linked to activation of FOXO1 and FOXO3A resulting from reduced Akt activity. We determined the requirements for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in these biological responses in C2C12 cells in which GR expression was knocked down by stable expression of an shRNA. Loss of GR prevented dexamethasone-induced increases in protein catabolism. Loss of GR, or inhibition of ligand binding to GR with RU486, prevented upregulation of MAFbx and MuRF1 by dexamethasone. Loss of GR also prevented dexamethasone-induced decreases in Akt phosphorylation, and increases in the fraction of FOXO1 that was unphosphorylated. The findings establish a requirement for the GR in activating molecular signals that promote muscle protein catabolism.
Images of the earth's aurora and geocorona from the Dynamics Explorer mission

Several series of auroral and geocoronal images from th Dynamics Explorer Mission are presented and analyzed. It is found that the motion of the transpolar arc of a theta aurora is correlated with the y-component of the IMF; the arc motion is in the general direction of the y-component. In addition, a sequence of global images of a small auroral substorm shows the initial development of intense luminosities in a relatively small spatial region or 'bright spot' in the premidnight sector of the auroral oval and a subsequent appearance of an expanding area of lesser intensities at low latitudes and contiguous to the midnight boundary of the bright spot. Finally, a series of images of the geocorona in scattered solar Ly-alpha emissions is used to obtain a best-fit spherical model of atomic hydrogen densities in the earth's exosphere; a Chamberlain model provides an adequate fit to radial distances of 4.5 earth-radii, beyond which an exponential fit is used. The geocoronal tail is detected as an asymmetric increase in scattered Ly-alpha intensities in the antisolar direction.
Multi-input Optimal Control Problems for Combined Tumor Anti-angiogenic and Radiotherapy Treatments

A cell-population-based model for tumor growth under anti-angiogenic treatment, with the tumor volume and its variable carrying capacity as variables, is combined with the linear-quadratic model for damage done by radiation ionization. The resulting multi-input system is analyzed as an optimal control problem with the objective of minimizing the tumor volume subject to isoperimetric constraints that limit the overall amounts of anti-angiogenic agents, respectively, the damage done to healthy tissue by radiotherapy. For various model formulations, explicit expressions for singular controls are derived for both the dosage of the anti-angiogenic therapeutic agent and the radiation dose schedule. Their role in the structure of optimal protocols is discussed.
Improved three-dimensional image correlation for surface displacement measurement

A PC-based, 3-D surface profile and displacement measure- ment system capable of micron-level accuracy using moderately priced off-the-shelf equipment has been developed. For use in field applica- tions, a simplified calibration process using precision grids and camera translations is developed. An improved image correlation process is de- veloped which corrects for perspective distortions due to viewpoint dif- ferences between the two cameras. The accuracy of the system was assessed experimentally and results expressed using several different error measures, including a new error measure proposed by the authors. The accuracy for both the profile and displacement measurement sys- tems was established through a series of profile and translation tests. The baseline tests confirmed that the measurement system is capable of highly accurate full-field measurements. The system was also used suc- cessfully to measure both the bending of a clamped circular plate under pressure loading and the local buckling which occurs during tension loading of a cracked plate. © 1996 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumen- tation Engineers. Subject terms: computer vision; stereo vision; digital image correlation with per- spective effects; three-dimensional displacement measurement.
Historiographic metafiction in Gillo Pontecorvo's La bataille d'Alger: Remembering the “forgotten war”;

(2000). Historiographic metafiction in Gillo Pontecorvo's La bataille d'Alger: Remembering the “forgotten war”; Quarterly Review of Film and Video: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 261-271.
A consequence of the zero-fourth-cumulant approximation in the decay of isotropic turbulence

This paper is a continuation of previous work (Ogura 1962 a, b ) on the dynamical consequence of the hypothesis that fourth-order mean values of the fluctuating velocity components are related to second-order mean values as they would be for a normal joint-probability distribution. The equations derived by Tatsumi (1957) for isotropic turbulence on the basis of this hypothesis are integrated numerically for specific intitial conditions. The initial values of the Reynolds number, $R_ \lambda = (u^{\overline{2}})^{\frac {1}{2}} \lambda|v$ , assigned in this investigation are 28·8, 14·4, 7·2 and 1·8, where $(u^{\overline{2}})^{\frac {1}{2}}$ is the root-mean-square turbulent velocity, λ the dissipation length and v the kinematic viscosity coefficient. The result of such computations is that the energy spectrum does develop negative values for R λ = 28·8 and 14·4. This first occurs at a time approximately 2·8 for R λ = 28·8 and 4·2 for R λ = 14·4 The time-scale here is $(E_0 k^3_0)^-{\frac{1}{2}}$ , where k 0 is a wave-number scale typical of the energy-containing velocity component and E1 0 , a typical value of the energy spectrum, is given by $4 \pi ^-{\frac{1}{2}}k_0^{-1}\overline{u^2}$ There is no evidence of the energy distribution tending to become negative for R λ = 7·2 and 1·8. It is observed that inertial effects are relatively weak at R λ = 7·2 and the decay process is largely controlled by viscous effects. For R λ = 1·8 a purely viscous calculation is found to be adequate to account for the numerically integrated results.
Comparative energetics and life cycle of the opossum shrimp (Mysis relicta) in native and non‐native environments

Summary 1. Life history, fecundity and energy ingestion were compared for non-native Mysis relicta in Flathead Lake, Montana, and in Waterton Lake, Montana/Alberta, where the mysid is native. 2. Based on estimates from stomach contents, M. relicta in Flathead Lake consumed three to four times more energy per hour while foraging than M. relicta from Waterton Lake. The primary prey of M. relicta in Flathead Lake was Daphnia thorata. Diaptomus sicilis was the primary prey for M. relicta in Waterton Lake. 3. Mysis relicta in Flathead Lake had a 1-year life history. It took 2 years for M. relicta in Waterton Lake to complete a generation. Mysis relicta from Flathead Lake produced significantly (P < 0.05) more eggs per female (19.9 ± 4.7) compared to M. relicta in Waterton Lake (13.7 ± 3.6). The lipid content in eggs from M. relicta in Flathead Lake was also significantly (P < 0.05) higher than eggs from M. relicta in Waterton Lake. 4. In Flathead Lake, M. relicta is able effectively to exploit Daphnia thorata, consuming greater biomass than M. relicta in Waterton Lake. Mysis relicta efficiently assimilates the greater biomass, which reduces generation time, increases fecundity, and increases lipid reserves of offspring. These results provide evidence of energetic mechanisms that enable M. relicta to colonize and affect foodwebs when introduced into lakes.
Analysis of the frequency and severity of rear-end crashes in work zones

Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the factors that influence the frequency and severity of rear-end crashes in work zones because rear-end crashes represent a significant proportion of crashes that occur in work zones. Methods: Truncated count data models were developed to identify influencing factors on the frequency of read-end crashes in work zones and ordered probit models were developed to evaluate influencing factors on the severity of rear-end crashes in work zones. Results: Most of the variables identified in this study for these 2 models were significant at the 95 percent level. The statistics for models indicate that the 2 developed models are appropriate compared to alternative models. Conclusions: Major findings related to the frequency of rear-end crashes include the following: (1) work zones for capacity and pavement improvements have the highest frequency compared to other types of work zones; (2) work zones controlled by flaggers are associated with more rear-end crash...