cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Funding Economic Transition in China: The Privatization Option

An American specialist on the economy of China examines whether gradual and partial privatization remains a viable option for the future, or whether rapid privatization of remaining state-owned enterprises is now necessary. The paper presents estimates indicating that rising expenditures stemming from changes in the country's economy, demographics, and technology will increase fiscal pressure on government revenues, resulting in fiscal shortfalls and exposing other vulnerabilities. Privatization is then assessed in terms of its potential to generate additional resources to support the next round of economic growth in China. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E62, H10, P20. 1 table, 54 references.
Laminar separation in a two-dimensional flow

The effect of boundary motion on the laminar, incompressible flow in the entry region of a twodimensional channel is considered in this study. The formation of a separated region during the upstream motion of a section of the lower boundary is of particular interest. The solution is obtained numerically by considering the continuity and the complete Navier-Stokes equations along with the appropriate boundary conditions. The describing equations are expressed in terms of the vorticity and the stream function. A computational scheme, which consists of the Alternating-Direction Implicit method for the vorticity equation and the Successive OverRelaxation method for the stream function equation, is used to solve the finite-difference equations. over-relaxation factor for the stream function channel height mesh size (equal in the xand y-directions) time step entrance length number of grid points in the x-direction number of grid points in the y-direction Reynolds number time uniform velocity at the inlet velocity of the moving boundary streamwise velocity component normal velocity component streamwise coordinate upstream location of the moving boundary downstream location of the moving boundary normal coordinate weighting factor for the stream function relative error z-component vorticity kinematic viscosity weighting factor for the vorticity stream function * AIAA Student Member Copyright @ 1990 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Subscri~ts i,j = interior node w = boundarynode
Enzymatic capacities for beta-oxidation of fatty fuels are low in the gill of teleost fishes despite presence of fatty acid-binding protein.

A variety of circulating fuels can support the work of the teleost gill. Previous work indicates, however, that unlike other aerobic tissues from teleosts, the gill may have a limited capacity to oxidize fatty fuels. We determined capacities for catabolism of carbohydrate, fatty acids, and amino acids in four species of temperate marine or euryhaline teleosts representing distinct lineages. In addition, we assessed the capacity for fatty acid oxidation in the gill from an Antarctic species. Activities of rate-limiting or regulatory enzymes from pathways of energy metabolism were measured at physiological temperatures (15° or 1°C). In the temperate species, ATP yields from glucose are 3- to 30-fold greater (varying with species) than ATP yields from a monounsaturated fatty acid, while ATP generation from glutamate is 2–50 times greater than similar capacities for the lipid fuel. Like the temperate species, capacity for β-oxidation of fatty acids is limited in the Antarctic species. A positive linear correlation between activities of citrate synthase (central pathway of oxidative metabolism) and hexokinase (glycolysis) adds further support to the hypothesis that glucose is a preferred metabolic fuel in gill. Our results also demonstrate that fatty acid-binding protein is present in the gill of teleost fishes. It is likely that this protein plays a more important role facilitating anabolic pathways in lipid metabolism rather than fatty acid oxidation in the gill of teleost fishes. J. Exp. Zool. 284:276–285, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Product availability and the management of demand

Points to a new emphasis on distribution as a result of material shortages or failures of supply. Proposes that this new awareness requires understanding of the nature of distribution efforts through the logistic response function. Focuses on the managerial problems of utilizing distribution strategy, and asks how firms will capitalize on the challenge it presents.
Manufacturing strategy: The story of its evolution

Abstract This essay has two stories to tell: first, as promised, the evolution of what is known as “manufacturing strategy” and, also, the parallel story of the value of combining teaching and research through the Harvard Business School's focus on teaching by the case method. This second tale may be of particular interest in view of recent critiques of business schools and their research practices [Bennis, W.G., O’Toole, J., 2005. How business schools lost their way. Harvard Business Review 83 (5), 96–104].
Photon bremsstrahlung and diffusive broadening of a hard jet

The photon bremsstrahlung rate from a quark jet produced in deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) off a large nucleus is studied in the collinear limit. The leading medium-enhanced higher twist corrections that describe the multiple scattering of the jet in the nucleus are re-summed to all orders of twist. The propagation of the jet in the absence of further radiative energy loss is shown to be governed by a transverse momentum diffusion equation. We compute the final photon spectrum in the limit of soft photons, taking into account the leading and next-to-leading terms in the photon momentum fraction $y$. In this limit, the photon spectrum in a physical gauge is shown to arise from two interfering sources: one where the initial hard scattering produces an off-shell quark, which immediately radiates the photon and then undergoes subsequent soft rescattering, and an alternative in which the quark is produced on-shell and propagates through the medium until it is driven off-shell by rescattering and radiates the photon. Our result has a simple formal structure as a product of the photon splitting function, the quark transverse momentum distribution coming from a diffusion equation, and a dimensionless factor that encodes the effect of the interferences encountered by the propagating quark over the length of the medium. The destructive nature of such interferences in the small-$y$ limit is responsible for the origin of the Landau-Pomeranchuck-Migdal (LPM) effect. Along the way we also discuss possible implications for quark jets in hot nuclear matter.
Identification of potential regulatory elements in the 5' and 3' UTRs of 12 translationally regulated mRNAs in mammalian spermatids by comparative genomics.

ABSTRACT: To facilitate identifying translational control elementsby studies of mutations in transgenic mice, a database oforthologous 59 and 39 ends of 12 messenger RNA (mRNA) speciesfrom 13 to 23 mammals that undergo delayed translational activationin spermatids was constructed for the Acev2, Akap3, Akap4v2,Gapdhs, Odf1, Prm1, Prm2, Prm3, Smcp, Spata18, Tnp1, and Tnp2mRNAs. This database, available here, was searched for conservedsequences in conserved positions and known translational controlelements. Numerous potential mRNA-specific elements were iden-tified, including upstream open reading frames, conserved sequenc-es upstream and downstream of the poly(A) signal, and noncano-nical and multiple poly(A) signals. RNA electrophoresis mobility shiftassays demonstrate that Y-box proteins bind 30 of the 36permutations of the degenerate Y-box recognition sequence(YRS), [UAC][CA]CA[UC]C[ACU], and this information was used toidentify hundreds of YRSs in the untranslated region (UTR)database. Collectively, these findings suggest that the distal endsof both UTRs are particularly well conserved, implying thattranslation of each mRNA is regulated by mechanisms involvingthe poly(A) binding protein and the closed loop. In addition, the 59flanking regions of all 12 genes have conserved, gene-specificsequences and configurations of elements that resemble the bindingsite of the testis-specific isoform of cyclic AMP response elementmodulator, and all 12 genes lack retrogene paralogues, demonstrat-ing the efficacy of mechanisms that limit the proliferation ofretroposons in the male germ line. This study illustrates the powerof comparative genomics in identifying novel hypothetical regulatoryelements for analysis with biochemical and in vivo geneticapproaches.Key words: Y-box protein, upstream open reading frame (uORF),transgenic mice, poly(A) signal.J Androl 2012;33:244–256
Secondary-site attachment of coliphage lambda near the thr operon☆

Abstract Phage λ has been integrated at a secondary attachment site near the thr oporon of Escherichia coli . The integration caused a pleiotropic effect since both thrA and thrB enzyme activities were lost. Lysogenic, thr + revertants regained thrA and thrB activities although the enzymes were synthetized constitutively at low levels. Four classes of prophage deletion strains were isolated with deletions extending into trpR and the thr operon. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicated a gene order: trpR .. λ .. thrA .. B .. C . Defective transducing phage carrying thr A, B,C were also isolated.
A Modeling Framework for Evaluating Effectiveness of Smart-Infrastructure Crises Management Systems

Crises management for smart-infrastructure - infused with sensors, actuators, and intelligent agent technologies for monitoring, access control, and crisis response - requires objective and quantitative evaluation to learn for future. The concept of criticality - characterizing the effect of crises on the inhabitants of smart-infrastructure - is used in this regard. This paper establishes a criticality response modeling (CRM) framework to perform quantitative evaluation of criticality response. The framework can further be incorporated in any criticality-aware middleware for smart-infrastructure. An established stochastic model for criticality response is used from our previous work. The effectiveness of criticality response is measured in terms of the Manageability metric, characterized by the Q-value or qualifiedness of the response actions. The CRM is applied to fire emergencies in an envisioned smart oil & gas production platforms (OGPP). A simulation based evaluation, using CRM over OGPP, show that high manageability is achieved with - i) fast criticality detection, ii) fast response actuation, and iii) non-obliviousness to any subsequent criticality during response actuation - verifying the applicability of Q-value as the manageability metric.
A DNA gyrase-binding site at the center of the bacteriophage Mu genome is required for efficient replicative transposition.

Abstract We have discovered a centrally located site that is required for efficient replication of bacteriophage Mu DNA and identified it as a strong DNA gyrase-binding site. Incubation of Mu DNA with gyrase and enoxacin revealed a cleavage site 18.1 kilobases from the left end of the 37.2-kilobase genome. Two observations indicate a role for the site in Mu replication: mutants of Mu, able to grow on an Escherichia coli gyrB host that does not allow growth of wild-type Mu, were found to possess single-base changes resulting in more efficient gyrase binding and cleavage at the site. Introduction of a 147-base-pair deletion that eliminated the site from a prophage inhibited the onset of Mu replication for greater than 1 hr after induction.
Dual frequency combs at 3.4 µm with subhertz residual linewidths

Two coherent 1.5 µm frequency combs are transferred to 3.4 µm by difference-frequency generation with a 1064 nm cw laser. From a multi-heterodyne measurement, the residual linewidth between the comb teeth is resolution-limited at 200 mHz. Work of the U.S. government, not subject to copyright.
A quantum chemistry study of the dissociation and isomerization reactions of methylene amidogene

Abstract Quantum chemistry calculations at the MP2 and MRCI levels have been used to compute the energies of the stationary points and the minimum energy pathways (MEPs) between them for the dissociation and isomerization reactions of the methylene amido-gene radical. The MEPs for H2CN → trans-HCNH → cis-HCNH, H2CN → H + HCN, cis-HCNH → H + {HCN, HNC}, trans-HCNH → H + {HCN, HNC} and collinear CN + H2 → HCN + H are reported. The absence of a transition state for the dissociation of the trans isomer has been verified. Also, some calculations for the concerted H2CN ↔ H2 + CN are reported.
Fever, abdominal pain, and interstitial pneumonia in a 13-year-old female.

CASE PRESENTATION The patient is a 13-year-old female who presented with a 4-week history of fever, 3 days of abdominal pain, and 1 day of vomiting. Fever was intermittent, low grade, lasting for a few hours daily, and associated with generalized myalgia. One week before evaluation, fever was persistent and up to 40° C. She had daily abdominal pain, lasting for hours, located in the right upper quadrant and epigastrium, dull and mild in intensity with no aggravating or relieving factor identified. She was admitted to All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL for further evaluation and care. Past medical history was significant for congenital hydrocephalus of unidentified etiology. Several ventriculo-peritoneal shunt revisions had been performed in the past, with the last revision 6 months before her visit. She had a history of asthma, currently in remission, with no bronchodilator use in the past 2 years. Review of systems revealed an eight-pound weight loss over a 6-month period with increasing tiredness. There were no night sweats, nasal symptoms, cough, dyspnea, chest pain, diarrhea, or urinary tract symptoms. She was not on any medication. There was no history of environmental, insect, or medication allergies. The travel history included visits to Washington DC and Maryland 4 months before admission, and Tennessee 2 months before admission. There was exposure to goats and deer but no history of tick bite during these visits. There was no history of tuberculosis exposure, nor family history of allergic or autoimmune disease. Social history was non-contributory. Physical examination revealed a thin girl in no apparent distress. Temperature was 38.8° C, pulse 120 beats/minute, respiratory rate 28 breaths/minute, blood pressure 90/60 mm Hg. Pertinent findings included palpable bilateral non-tender cervical lymph nodes, 1.5 1.5 cm in diameter. Chest was clear to auscultation, without any wheezing or crepitation. Abdomen was soft, non-tender nor distended, liver was palpable 3 cm below right costal margin with mild tenderness.
Digital lightwave receiver employing parallel-DSP-based equalization technique for 100 Gbps 1000-km RZ-DQPSK optical communication system

We demonstrate by simulation a parallel decision feedback equalization (DFE) technique at multi-GSa/s sampling rate employing recursive least square (RLS) and mean square error (MSE) adaptive algorithms to mitigate the chromatic dispersion (CD) and nonlinear impairments in 100 Gbps 1000 km long-haul optically amplified fiber transmission systems under RZ-DQPSK modulation formats. The digital equalizer is embedded in the coherent lightwave receiver in cascade with the electronic preamplifier and an ADC. RLS algorithm offers a CD tolerance of nearly 300 kms of G652 Standard Single Mode Fiber; while the MSE algorithms can tolerate only about 240 kms. Our simulation for the long haul optical transmission system is developed on the Matlab Simulink platform.
Label-free in vivo optical micro-angiography imaging of cerebral capillary blood flow within meninges and cortex in mice with the skull left intact

Abnormal microcirculation within meninges is common in many neurological diseases. There is a need for an imaging method that is capable of visualizing functional meningeal microcirculations alone, preferably decoupled from the cortical blood flow. Optical microangiography (OMAG) is a recently developed label-free imaging method capable of producing 3D images of dynamic blood perfusion within micro-circulatory tissue beds at an imaging depth up to ~2 mm, with an unprecedented imaging sensitivity to the blood flow at ~4 μm/s. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of ultra-high sensitive OMAG in imaging the detailed blood flow distributions, at a capillary level resolution, within meninges and cortex in mice with the cranium left intact. The results indicate that OMAG can be a valuable tool for the study of meningeal circulations.
A Middle Palaeocene Primate

PRIMATES are unknown before the middle Palaeocene. From deposits of this age (see here) in Montana, Wyoming, and Germany, nine genera and ten species are at present recognized1–5. I have elsewhere6 shown that Adapisoriculus, which is present at Walbeck1, is a tupaiid but that tupaiids are probably not phyletically close to primates. I regard the Picrodontidae as primates7. Bear Creek could be Torrejonian to Graybullian in age (unpublished work) but is not here included in the middle Palaeocene. The species to be described here is one of the most primitive known and therefore has a bearing on the origin of primates.
Mechanical and tribological behavior of polymer-derived ceramics constituted from SiCxOyNz

Polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) are a new class of ceramics that are obtained from direct pyrolysis of densely crosslinked polymers. In this article, we report the mechanical and tribological properties of silicon-based PDCs. The density, the elastic modulus, the hardness, and the fracture toughness of silicon oxycarbonitride ceramics are related to their tribological (friction and wear) behavior. The mechanical properties show a strong relationship with the oxygen/nitrogen ratio in the ceramic, which was varied by annealing the specimens in nitrogen at high temperatures and pressure. The properties are enhanced by a higher nitrogen-to-oxygen ratio. In dry environments, the tribological behavior is divided into two regimes: a low-friction regime with a coefficient of friction, μ, of about 0.2, and a high-friction regime with μ∼0.7. The transition occurs at a critical value of contact stress. This transition stress appears to be related to the onset of fracture of the ceramic, and moves to a higher value with higher modulus and hardness of the ceramic. The transition stress is successfully analyzed in terms of the influence of the elastic modulus on the fracture stress. The analysis leads to the suggestion of a residual tensile stress in the surface of the specimens of approximately 1 GPa equivalent of the contact stress. In a humid environment, the transition stress apparently moves beyond the experimentally accessible regime. In this environment, the coefficient of friction remains unchanged at μ∼0.2. Two hypotheses, one related to the effect of humidity on the work of fracture, and the other to the formation of a hydrated film on the surface of silicon nitride, the counterface in the tribological experiments, are proposed for this behavior.
The effect of chromophore transposition on the stereochemical outcome of the intramolecular dioxenone photocycloaddition reaction

Abstract Transposition of the chromophore leads to complete reversal of previously observed stereoselectivities in the intramolecular dioxenone photocycloaddition. A proposal to explain this change in stereoselectivity in presented, and the facile transannular reaction of the photoaddition/fragmentation product derived from the transposed photosubstrate 5 is described.
Effect of mecamylamine on discrimination between nicotine- and arecoline-produced cues

Abstract Rats were trained to respond differentially conditonal upon whether they were injected s.c. with nicotine, 0.4 mg/kg, or arecoline, 0.5 mg/kg, in a shock-escape apparatus. The specific cueing effects of these two cholinergic agonists suggests the presence of distinct C.N.S. receptor sites of action for m- and n-cholinergic drugs. Pretreatment with mecamylamine, 0.5 mg/kg, inhibited the nicotine-induced cue but had no effect on the arecoline response.
A simple step size selection algorithm for ODE codes

A very simple way of selecting the step size when solving an initial problem for a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) is examined. It is shown to control the true error and the stability of the integration. In a gross measure it is shown to be as efficient as control of the local error. Numerical results illustrate the analysis and explore the robustness of the approach.
On the stability of hydromagnetic flow

The linear stability of steady flow of an inhomogeneous, incompressible hydromagnetic fluid is considered. Circle theorems which provide bounds on the complex eigenfrequencies of the unstable normal modes are obtained. Sufficient conditions for stability follow in a number of special cases.
The major maturation glycoprotein found on rat cauda epididymal sperm surface is linked to the membrane via phosphatidylinositol

The experiments reported here further characterize a approximately 26[3H] kD cell surface glycoprotein that can be detected on rat cauda epididymal sperm using the galactose oxidase/NaB[3H]4 technique (1). When labeled sperm are treated with PI-PLC the 26[3H] kD is completely released from the cell. The released molecule can be recovered undegraded from incubation supernatant. Release by PI-PLC converts the hydrophobic, membrane-anchored form into a hydrophilic molecule as assessed by partition studies using Triton X114. Isoelectric focusing studies using both untreated (control) and PI-PLC treated samples shows that there is charge heterogeneity with two major peaks at pls of approximately 5.0 and approximately 4.5. We also show for the first time that the molecule persists on ejaculated cells.
On-column derivatization of oligodeoxynucleotides with ferrocene

The solid-phase synthesis and characteristics of ferrocenoyl propargylamide (FPA)-labeled oligodeoxynucleotides are described.
The signal to move: D. discoideum go orienteering.

Cells migrating directionally toward a chemoattractant source display a highly polarized cytoskeletal organization, with F-actin localized predominantly at the anterior and myosin II at the lateral and posterior regions. Dictyostelium discoideum has proven a useful system for elucidating signaling pathways that regulate this chemotactic response. During development, extracellular adenosine 3', 5' monophosphate (cAMP) functions as a primary signal to activate cell surface cAMP receptors (cARs). These receptors transduce different signals depending on whether or not they are coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide–binding proteins (G proteins) (see the STKE Connections Maps). Multiple G protein–stimulated pathways interact to establish polarity in chemotaxing D. discoideum cells by localizing F-actin at their leading edge and by regulating the phosphorylation state and assembly of myosin II. Many of the molecular interactions described are fundamental to the regulation of chemotaxis in other eukaryotic cells.
Rotational resonance NMR of biological membranes

Rotational resonance (RR) NMR is a magic angle spinning-based method for measuring internuclear distances through homonuclear dipolar couplings. RR NMR data obtained from crystals of a hydrophobic α-helical peptide are used to illustrate general experimental considerations in generating RR magnetization exchange curves and in translating the observed exchange rates into internuclear distances. The extension of RR methods to structural studies of membranes is demonstrated by intramolecular measurements within the transmembrane domain of glycophorin A and between 13C-labeled sites in lipid bilayers.
Incision and closure of the flexor sheath during primary tendon repair

Summary In order to gain closure of the flexor tendon sheath after tendon repair, onsideration is given to the method of opening the sheath, its siting and the method of tendon suturing.
Procoagulant and anticoagulant factor abnormalities following the Fontan procedure: increased factor VIII may predispose to thrombosis.

Abstract Objective Using age-matched controls, this study prospectively evaluated coagulation factor abnormalities and hemodynamic variables in children who had undergone the Fontan operation. Methods Coagulation factors were assayed in 20 children (mean age 6.4 ± 2.9 years), at a mean 3.7 ± 2.3 years after the Fontan procedure; 24 healthy children (mean age 6.8 ± 2.8 years) were assayed as controls. Concentration of factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X; ATIII; plasminogen; proteins C and S; fibrinogen; serum albumin; and liver enzymes were measured. Normal reference intervals based on the control patients were determined using 95% confidence limits. Patient demographic, hemodynamic variables, and elapsed time after the Fontan procedure were evaluated as possible predictors of coagulation abnormalities. Results Concentrations of protein C; factors II, V, VII, X; plasminogen; and ATIII were significantly lower in Fontan patients compared with age-matched controls ( P P = .003). No other specific hemodynamic variables were predictive of a procoagulant or anticoagulant abnormality. Conclusion Procoagulant and anticoagulant factor levels were significantly lower in patients after the Fontan operation independent of hemodynamic variables peculiar to the Fontan circulation. Increased factor VIII level requires further evaluation as a cause of thrombosis in patients with Fontan physiology and may also indicate a subset of these patients in whom anticoagulation is indicated.
Conceiving ethical gamete and embryo research in a post-Dickey–Wicker USA

In a recent essay in Science, we advocated lifting restrictions on federal funding for research involving parthenogenesis, restrictions that have been placed by a rider, the Dickey--Wicker Amendment (DWA), to every budget for the US Department of Labor, Health, and Human Services, and Education since 1996. We concluded that contribution by calling for the reconsideration of the entire amendment and suggesting that it be removed from the budget. In this contribution, we outline how research using human parthenotes, embryos, stem cells, eggs, or sperm could be ethically funded if the DWA were to be rescinded in the USA. Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, Oxford University Press.
Children of the streets of Mexico

Abstract One of the growing and most serious problems in child welfare is that of “street children” in Latin America and the United States. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of street children in Ciudad Juarez and Mexico City along with some information about children who live in Mexico but work daily in the United States. Three types of street children are identified: Family street workers, independent street workers and children of the streets. The paper concludes with recommendations for policies and programs in the United States and by the United Nations.
Analysis of tree sway and crown collisions for managed Pinus resinosa in southern Maine

Abstract In this experimental analysis, we attempt to determine if and how the oscillation frequencies of trees in a real forest stand vary. We examined the oscillation dynamics of trees in a red pine plantation before and after the stand was thinned from an initial density of approximately 1400 trees/ha to a final density of approximately 200 trees/ha. The prescribed thin effectively prevented collisions from occurring in the post-thin canopy under low and moderate wind conditions. A comparison of the pre-thin and post-thin canopies suggests that crown collisions increased the oscillation frequencies of individual trees in the stand by an average of 12.0%. We used several scaling relationships to estimate that collisions reduced tree sway amplitudes by an average of 32%. These findings are consistent with theoretical predictions from an elastic collision model of crown interactions which predicts that oscillation frequencies should increase as the wind speed increases. However, we did not find conclusive evidence of this latter behavior in the real stand, perhaps because of the limited range of wind speeds occurring during our trial.
REGIONAL SHEAR STRESS OF BROKEN FOREST FROM RADIOSONDE WIND PROFILES IN THE UNSTABLE SURFACE LAYER

Mean wind speed profiles were measured by tracking radiosondes in the unstable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over the forested Landes region in southwestern France. New Monin-Obukhov stability correction functions, recently proposed following an, analysis by Kader and Yaglom, as well as the Businger-Dyer stability formulation were tested, with wind speeds in the surface sublayer to calculate the regional shear stress. These profile-derived shear stresses were compared with eddy correlation measurements gathered above a mature forest stand, at a location roughly, 4.5 km from the radiosonde launch site. The shear stress values obtained by means of the newly proposed stability function were in slightly better agreement with the eddy correlation values than those obtained by means of a Businger-Dyer type stability function. The general robustness of the profile method can be attributed in part to prior knowledge of the regional surface roughness (z0=1.2 m) and the momentum displacement height (d0=6.0 m), which were determined from neutral wind profile analysis. The 100 m drag coefficient for the unstable conditions above this broken forest surface was found to beu*2/V1002=0.0173.
Structural dynamic analysis at higher frequencies using plane wave and moving least square approximations

A new method is presented for the numerical solution of structural dynamics problems at higher frequencies. This method combines the advantages of plane wave and moving least square approximations, and it naturally embeds the spectral information into the discrete system of equations. With a much coarser discretisation of the problem domain, the new method can achieve the same or higher accuracy compared to conventional finite element method. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the use and effectiveness of the new method.
Domoic acid-induced neuronal degeneration in the primate forebrain revealed by degeneration specific histochemistry

Domoic acid is a potent excitotoxin produced by diatoms which is subsequently passed along the marine food chain. Its chemical structure and toxicological properties are similar to kainic acid. Like kainic acid, exposure results in extensive hippocampal degeneration. The effect of domoic acid on other primate brain structures, however, is less resolved. In an attempt to clarify this issue, the present study applied a degeneration specific histochemical technique (de Olmos' cupric-silver method) to reveal degeneration within the brains of domoic acid-dosed cynomolgus monkeys. Degenerating neuronal cell bodies and terminals were found not only within the hippocampus, but also within a number of other 'limbic' structures including the entorhinal cortex, the subiculum, the piriform cortex, the lateral septum, and the dorsal lateral nucleus of the thalamus. Although the hippocampus is a component of the original limbic circuit of Papez, other components such as the mammillary bodies, the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and the cingulate cortex contained no degeneration, while a number of more recently documented efferent targets of the hippocampal formation revealed extensive degeneration. The pattern of degeneration generally correlated with those regions containing high densities of kainate receptors.
Effect of rotation on vibrational excitation of H2 by Li+ impact

Coupled channel calculations of integral cross sections for rotational and vibrational excitation of H2(X1Σ+g by collision with Li+ are reported for 1.2 eV in the c.m. system employing an ab initio potential energy surface and numerical vibration—rotation functions of the Koos—Wolniewicz potential function including adiabatic correction. Pure rotational excitation is found to strongly dominate the inelastic scattering occurring at this energy. Preparation of H2 in various allowed non-zero rotational states is seen to enhance the 0 → 1 vibrational cross section by approximately an order of magnitude.
Laser-induced thermal acoustics: simple accurate gas measurements

Laser-induced thermal acoustics (LITA), an optical four-wave mixing technique, has been used for sensitive measurement of the sound speed, thermal diffusivity, acoustic damping rate, and complex susceptibility of a gas. In LITA, laser-induced acoustic waves scatter laser light into a coherent, modulated signal beam. A simple expression accurately describes the signal. Atmospheric sound speeds accurate to 0.5% and transport properties accurate to 30% have been measured in a single shot without calibration. LITA spectra have been taken of weak spectral lines of NO2 in concentrations of less than 50 parts in 10^9. Signal reflectivities up to 10^4 are estimated.
A new amino acid derivative present in crown gall tumor tissue

Abstract A new amino acid derivative has been found in primary and secondary sunflower crown gall tissue cultures and in fresh crown gall tumors from sunflower plants wound-inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens B 6 . Normal plant tissue does not contain detectable levels of the compound. Radioactive labeling and cochromatography experiments strongly suggest that the natural derivative is identical to synthetic N 2 -(1-carboxyethyl)-L-histidine (histopine). Crown gall tissue cultures contain 1 μmole of histopine/20 g fresh weight. A. tumefaciens strain B 6 , but not strain C 58 , can utilize natural histopine and incorporate the products into macromolecules.
American Medical Malpractice Litigation in Historical Perspective

Medical malpractice and the problems associated with it remain an important issue in the US medical community. Yet relatively little information regarding the long-term history of malpractice litigation can be found in the literature. This article addresses 2 questions: (1) when and why did medical malpractice litigation originate in the United States and (2) what historical factors best explain its subsequent perpetuation and growth? Medical malpractice litigation appeared in the United States around 1840 for reasons specific to that period. Those reasons are discussed in the context of marketplace professionalism, an environment that provided few quality controls over medical practitioners. Medical malpractice litigation has since been sustained for a century and a half by an interacting combination of 6 principal factors. Three of these factors are medical: the innovative pressures on American medicine, the spread of uniform standards, and the advent of medical malpractice liability insurance. Three are legal factors: contingent fees, citizen juries, and the nature of tort pleading in the United States. Knowledge of these historical factors may prove useful to those seeking to reform the current medical malpractice litigation system.
Constrained optimization algorithm for digital camera-based spectrometer

Spectrometers that provide spectral decomposition at different locations of a scene are required in many applications. A simple device based on a multi-channel digital camera system has recently been developed to provide pixel level spectrum estimation. The current spectrum estimation algorithm for the device is based on PCA analysis. This paper develops a new estimation approach in an optimization framework that is based on a model of the optical path. The new method provides better spectrum estimates. Theoretical development and experimental examples are provided.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Background Radical surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma does not improve survival in patients with nodal metastases. Imaging is poor at predicting nodal involvement and mediastinoscopy, though frequently used, is of low sensitivity. As endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and esophageal endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are accurate for nodal staging of lung cancer, we hypothesized that they would be at least as sensitive as cervical video-mediastinoscopy for nodal staging of mesothelioma. Methods Eighty-five patients with mesothelioma who were potential candidates for radical surgery underwent preoperative staging with mediastinoscopy (n = 50) or EBUS (n = 38). Eleven patients also underwent EUS. Results Diagnostic yield (specimens containing lymphocytes or tumor cells) was 100% for mediastinoscopy and 84% for EBUS (p Conclusions Although this study is retrospective, EBUS had higher sensitivity than either mediastinoscopy or imaging studies for detection of nodal metastases. Nevertheless, the ability to accurately identify nodal involvement preoperatively in patients with mesothelioma remains suboptimal. Esophageal ultrasound may complement EBUS particularly in cases where infradiaphragmatic nodal metastases are suspected.
Illinois Transient Model: Simulating the Flow Dynamics in Combined Storm Sewer Systems

This chapter describes the capabilities and features of the recently developed Illinois transient model (ITM) for simulating the flow dynamics (transient and n…
Cognitive Effects of Self-Referencing

Abstract The role of self-referencing was investigated in a 5-term linear ordering task (A > B > C > D > E) designed to simulate certain aspects of mathematics education. College students read brief stories containing linear ordering information, then answered pair-wise comparison questions (e.g., A > B?). Two major factors were manipulated: the inclusion of a "You" term (Self-referencing), and the position of the "You" term (Position) in the linear ordering. Three separate experiments yielded consistent results. Beneficial effects of self-referencing were found for test questions that themselves involved self-referencing, but not for test questions that did not involve self-referencing. Also, locating the "You" term at various positions in the linear ordering resulted in different levels of performance and different types of serial position curves. Students appeared to use "self" as an anchor in organizing information, and the further away the self-anchor was from the endpoints, the worse performance became. Educational implications of these findings were discussed.
Effects of a high polyunsaturated fat diet and vitamin E supplementation on high-density lipoprotein oxidation in humans.

Oxidative modification of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) impairs several biologic functions critical to its role in reverse cholesterol transport. We therefore investigated the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fat and vitamin E on the kinetics of HDL oxidation. Ten subjects were fed sequentially: a baseline diet in which the major fat source was olive oil; a high polyunsaturated fat diet in which the major fat source was safflower oil; and the safflower oil diet plus 800 I.U. vitamin E per day. Plasma lipoprotein levels, vitamin E content, fatty acid composition, and oxidation lag time and rate were determined after 3 weeks on each diet. The polyunsaturated fat diet increased the mean HDL(2) lag time from 45.8+/-12.5 to 83.3+/-11.6 min with no change in oxidation rate. Addition of vitamin E further increased the HDL(2) lag time to 115.6+/-4.4 min and decreased the HDL(2) oxidation rate 10-fold. Neither the polyunsaturated diet alone nor the diet with vitamin E supplementation had any effect on HDL(3) oxidation. We conclude that under conditions of controlled dietary fat intake, a high polyunsaturated fat intake does not increase the oxidation susceptibility of HDL subfractions, and that in this setting, vitamin E supplementation reduces the oxidation susceptibility of HDL(2). These data suggest that antioxidants could influence HDL function in vivo.
Correlation of Penile and Bulbospongiosus Measurements: Implications for Artificial Urinary Sphincter Cuff Placement

Purpose: We assessed penile and bulbospongiosus measurements to develop a quantitative guide to select the surgical approach (perineal vs transscrotal vs transcorporeal) to artificial urinary sphincter cuff placement.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the intraoperative records of 100 men who underwent artificial urinary sphincter placement (43) or anastomotic urethroplasty (57) from February 2008 to June 2009. Correlations between penile (stretched length and circumference at the shaft base) and bulbospongiosus (distal and proximal circumference) measurements were assessed. Cases were analyzed according to 2 penile circumference groups, including group 1—8.0 cm or less and group 2—8.5 or more.Results: Mean proximal bulbospongiosus circumference was uniformly larger than distal bulbospongiosus circumference (4.5 vs 3.9 cm). It was about 50% of the penile shaft circumference (mean 8.9 cm, r = 0.70). In group 1 men the average distal bulbospongiosus circumference was 3.4 cm. They were more l...
Aurora A Phosphorylates MCAK to Control Ran-dependent Spindle Bipolarity

During mitosis, mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK) localizes to chromatin/kinetochores, a cytoplasmic pool, and spindle poles. Its localization and activity in the chromatin region are regulated by Aurora B kinase; however, how the cytoplasmic- and pole-localized MCAK are regulated is currently not clear. In this study, we used Xenopus egg extracts to form spindles in the absence of chromatin and centrosomes and found that MCAK localization and activity are tightly regulated by Aurora A. This regulation is important to focus microtubules at aster centers and to facilitate the transition from asters to bipolar spindles. In particular, we found that MCAK colocalized with NuMA and XMAP215 at the center of Ran asters where its activity is regulated by Aurora A-dependent phosphorylation of S196, which contributes to proper pole focusing. In addition, we found that MCAK localization at spindle poles was regulated through another Aurora A phosphorylation site (S719), which positively enhances bipolar spindle formation. This is the first study that clearly defines a role for MCAK at the spindle poles as well as identifies another key Aurora A substrate that contributes to spindle bipolarity.
Design of an RNA structural motif database

In this paper we present the design and implementation of an RNA structural motif database, called RmotifDB. The structural motifs stored in RmotifDB come from three sources: collected manually from the biomedical literature; submitted by scientists around the world; discovered by a wide variety of motif mining methods. We present here a motif mining method in detail. We also describe the interface and search mechanisms provided by RmotifDB and report its current status. The RmotifDB system is fully operational and accessible on the web at http://datalab.njit.edu/bioinfo/.
Grand challenges in child and neurodevelopmental psychiatry.

Humans have known for at least 3500 years that the functioning of the brain affects behavior, and that damage to the brain causes behavioral malfunctions (Breasted, 1930). Around 2400 years ago, Hippocrates taught that “from the brain, and from the brain only, arise our pleasures, joy, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, griefs, and tears.” He was also aware that “…all the most acute, most powerful, and most deadly diseases, and those which are most difficult to be understood by the inexperienced, fall upon the brain” (Adams, 1939, p.360). Those who contribute to modern understanding of neurodevelopmental psychiatry are not “the inexperienced”, but experts in a wide range of disciplines and areas of knowledge – as, indeed, they need to be. As Steven Rose put it, “Perhaps in a sense it (the brain) is the greatest challenge for science as a whole, beyond moon landings, the ultimate particles of the physicist and the depths of astronomical space” (Rose, 1973). Or as James Watson joked: “The brain boggles the mind” (Watson, 1992). In confronting this challenge, we have several resources. First, more than a 100 years of painstaking study of “normal” development, set on a firm scientific footing by William Preyer (1841–1897) and others, has led to the current explosion of work exploiting methods such as neuroimaging to map changes in mental, behavioral, and emotional capacities onto changes in the brain. This work has given us not only invaluable knowledge about psychological development, but also a sense of what is “normal” at different developmental stages in different areas of functioning, such as intelligence, self-regulation, and social functioning. This body of knowledge can help us to evaluate the functioning of children who come to the clinic in need of help. Second, psychiatry is beginning, at last, to take seriously the developmental nature of psychopathology. A recent national epidemiological study of adults In the United States reported that “Half of all lifetime cases start by age 14 years and three fourths by age 24 years”. (Kessler et al., 2005) This is a misestimate, caused by relying on retrospective recall by adults of their lifetime history of mental illness. Prospective studies beginning in childhood set the onset of most psychiatric disorders (apart from the dementias) in the first two decades of life (Jaffee et al., 2005). The first grand challenge is thus to link what we learn about the developing brain to the earliest appearance of symptoms psychiatric disorder. In his book “The Development of Psychopathology: Nature and Nurture” (Pennington, 2002), Bruce Pennington posed the question “Why do we need a developmental understanding of psychopathology?”, and gave four answers that provide a template for our program of work for this journal.
Imaging the PM/AICD patient; is it beneficial to the final diagnosis?

Methods A total of 48 patients were imaged on a GE CV/i Excite Version 12, 1.5 T system (GE, Milwaukee, WI). 8 patients had an AICD, 7 had an AICD/Pacemaker, 2 had a single pacemaker lead, 2 REVO pacemakers and 29 patients had a traditional dual-chamber pacemaker. A specific criteria was followed for all the patients undergoing this procedure to scrutinize if the final diagnosis provided additional information in patient care. A checklist of three questions were gathered and answered after the final interpretation of the MRI. Does the diagnosis change? Does the MRI provide additional information to the existing diagnosis? Does patient management change? If ‘yes’ was answered any of the above questions it was considered that the MRI scan was of value to patient diagnosis.
Is Unmetered, Scalable Computation Worth the Price?

To effectively share computation resources over the wide area network among a variety of data intensive applications, a scalable computation service needs to be provisioned. The end-to-end principles provide a scalable approach to the architecture of shared services on which these applications depend. We have shown the use of a best-effort network storage service, the Internet Backplane Protocol (IBP), for scalable data sharing by applying the end-to-end principles. This paper explores a way to scalable network computation by adhering to the end-to-end principles and discusses the costs to achieve scalability in our design