cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Timeliness of Arithmetic Coding

Timeliness of information transfer is critical in real-time applications. Prioritizing timeliness, however, often comes at the cost of rate inefficiency, especially in block coding. In this work, motivated by the sequential nature of encoding and decoding in arithmetic source coding, the timeliness of arithmetic coding is investigated. For a generate-at-will source model, an upper bound is provided on the average peak age of information (PAoI). This upper bound builds on the arithmetic coding scheme of Shayevitz et al. (2007) which has a finite look-ahead parameter $d$ . It captures interesting trade-offs between PAoI, compression rate, and the look-ahead parameter $d$ . For periodic sources, rate efficiency is argued to be less critical than the look-ahead parameter $d$ in minimizing the peak age, especially when the traffic load is moderate and small. Through simulations, two observations are made: (i) the optimal look-ahead parameter $d$ is an increasing function of the traffic load, and (ii) asymptotically, as the traffic load gets close to its limit 1, the classical arithmetic coding (without a finite bound on $d$ ) performs better than the state-of-the-art age-optimal block codes.
Diagnostic Molecular Biology

Clinical mycology is being increasingly challenged by two growing problems: (1) loss of experienced medical mycologists who can identify both common and rare fungi, and (2) a rapidly expanding group of clinically significant fungi that clinicians have rarely or never seen before that are appearing with increasing frequency. As increasingly fewer young, experienced, medical mycologists are entering clinical laboratories, the skills to identify current and future new species of fungi are rapidly disappearing. Unfortunately, patient populations are becoming increasingly immunosuppressed for longer periods of time, which is creating a perfect storm of a growing need for diagnostic skills being unmet by decreasing numbers of young mycologists entering the clinical profession. One of the ways around this issue is to develop new, robust, easy-to-use diagnostic strategies. The evidence is overwhelming that the field of molecular biology can be the source of these new strategies. There currently are multiple approaches that employ new equipment and new techniques that offer a way to fill the growing diagnostic vacuum that has been created in the past 10–20 years. These approaches need to make their way into clinical microbiology laboratories as quickly as possible in order to insure that the diagnostic needs for the field of medical mycology are met today and into the future.
Sacral preservation in cauda equina syndrome from inferior vena cava thrombosis

Acute cauda equina syndrome can occur due to a variety of causes. Inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombosis has been reported as the causal source of this phenomenon twice in the relevant literature, both cases of which presented in a form complete with a component of bowel and/or bladder dysfunction. The authors report an atypical case of cauda equina syndrome in a patient in a hypercoagulable state with an extensive IVC thrombosis, resulting in acute paraparesis in the absence of incontinence or perineal anesthesia. An increasing number of prophylactic and/or therapeutic IVC filters placed in the perioperative period should engender an increased clinical suspicion for IVC thrombosis in patients presenting with acute paraparesis.
Discovering problem solving strategies: what humans do and machines don't (yet)

An unusually detailed analysis and simulation of a human problem solving protocol uncovered 10 cases of strategies being discovered. Although most of these learning events were adequately modeled by existing machine learning techniques, several present interesting challenges for machine learning research. This paper briefly presents the experiment and the 10 learning events. The protocol analysis is detailed in VanLehn (1989). The simulation system, TETON, is described in VanLehn and Ball (in press).
Laser Desorption, Chemical Ionization, and Laser Desorption/Chemical Ionization Applications with Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry

Laser desorption coupled with Fourier transform mass spectrometry has been applied to the analysis of several classes of nonvolatile molecules. Tandem mass spectrometric and high resolution mass measurements have been made of ions produced by laser desorption. Chemical ionization applications to Fourier transform mass spectrometry require specialized experimental conditions. Chemical ionization of laser desorbed neutrals in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer is described.
Collection of Clinical and Epidemiological Data for Linkage Studies

Accurate assessment of the genetic basis for a disorder is necessary to determine if linkage studies will be meaningful. This unit provides an overview of key concepts and presents guidelines for collecting diagnostic, epidemiological, and genealogical data from potential study participants. The commentary discusses methods for evaluating evidence of genetic versus environmental influences in a disease and for assessing individual pedigrees.
The Need for Economic Literacy for Students and Teachers: Insights from John Dewey

Despite growing attention to public opinion about economic inequality, there has been little research on how this topic should be addressed in a key site of civic development—elementary and secondary schools. This commentary builds on a recent ASAP article by White, Mistry, and Chow to explore what knowledge and understandings K-12 students should acquire about the economy, and what this means for what teachers need to know. Looking to John Dewey's Depression-era writing as a guide, I introduce the concept of economic literacy and describe how teachers and students can develop such literacy.
The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search: First 5-Tower Data and Improved Understanding of Ionization Collection

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) is searching for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) with cryogenic particle detectors. These detectors have the ability to discriminate between nuclear recoil candidate and electron recoil background events by collecting both phonon and ionization energy from recoils in the detector crystals. The CDMS-II experiment has completed analysis of the first data runs with 30 semiconductor detectors at the Soudan Underground Laboratory, resulting in a world leading WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross section limit for WIMP masses above 44 GeV/c{sup 2}. As CDMS aims to achieve greater WIMP sensitivity, it is necessary to increase the detector mass and discrimination between signal and background events. Incomplete ionization collection results in the largest background in the CDMS detectors as this causes electron recoil background interactions to appear as false candidate events. Two primary causes of incomplete ionization collection are surface and bulk trapping. Recent work has been focused on reducing surface trapping through the modification of fabrication methods for future detectors. Analyzing data taken with test devices has shown that hydrogen passivation of the amorphous silicon blocking layer worsens surface trapping. Additional data has shown that the iron-ion implantation used to lower the critical temperature of the tungsten transition-edgemore » sensors causes a degradation of the ionization collection. Using selective implantation on future detectors may improve ionization collection for events near the phonon side detector surface. Bulk trapping is minimized by neutralizing ionized lattice impurities. Detector investigations at testing facilities and in situ at the experimental site have provided methods to optimize the neutralization process and monitor running conditions to maintain full ionization collection. This work details my contribution to the 5-tower data taking, monitoring, and analysis effort as well as the SuperCDMS detector development with the focus on monitoring and improving ionization collection in the detectors.« less
Cutting Edge: Murine Dendritic Cells Require IL-15Rα to Prime NK Cells

NK cells protect hosts against viral pathogens and transformed cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in activating NK cells. We now find that murine IL-15Rα-deficient DCs fail to support NK cell cytolytic activity and elaboration of IFN-γ, despite the fact that these DCs express normal levels of costimulatory molecules and IL-12. By contrast, IL-15Rα expression on NK cells is entirely dispensable for their activation by DCs. In addition, blockade with anti-IL-15Rα and anti-IL-2Rβ but not anti-IL-2Rα-specific Abs prevents NK cell activation by wild-type DCs. Finally, presentation of IL-15 by purified IL-15Rα/Fc in trans synergizes with IL-12 to support NK cell priming. These findings suggest that murine DCs require IL-15Rα to present IL-15 in trans to NK cells during NK cell priming.
Examining statistical disclosure issues involving digital images of ROC curves

It has been established that knowing the true values of the empirical receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (i.e. false-positive and true-positive rate pairs for all thresholds) along with a subset of the full data set consisting of n − 1 observations can cause unwanted disclosures. Here, we explore a similar problem with two main extensions. First, rather than knowledge of the true values of the empirical ROC curve, we start only with an image of the empirical ROC curve. Second, rather than considering only subsets of n − 1, we look at several differently sized subsets. Given this information (i.e. empirical ROC image and a subset of the full data set), we experimentally act as a data snooper and explore what can be learned about unobserved portions of the full data set. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classroom Discipline That Promotes Self-Control

Abstract In this article the authors distill principles of effective classroom discipline from the extensive literature on parent–child interaction and on motivation of behavior. Although there are many books and articles on classroom management, there is little empirical research on the topic, and even less that stresses management that aims to preserve children's perceptions of autonomy and to foster self-control. Research and theory make many recommendations regarding autonomy, control, internalization, and so forth, but they tend to be abstract. Based on that literature, the authors suggest a concrete approach to discipline that they call persistent persuasion. Persistent persuasion involves the adult continually restating a command until the child complies, but without increasing the level of power or using coercive threats so that the development of self-control is not undermined.
Cross-modal temporal frequency channels for rate classification

We previously reported our discovery that temporal rate adaptation transfers bidirectionally between vision and audition. Temporal frequency channels are linked across audition and vision (Yao et al., 2009); but duration channels for audition and vision are thought to be independent (Heron et al., 2012). We used our paradigm to characterize linkages between auditory and visual channels by measuring whether or not transfer of adaptation still occurs as the discrepancy between adaptation and test frequencies increases. Participants ran in three experimental sessions, each with a different adaptation frequency. They were trained, using feedback, to classify flickering visual stimuli (ranging in frequency from 3.25–4.75 Hz) as fast or slow (relative to 4 Hz). They then classified 140 pre-adaptation test trials with feedback, providing a baseline. Afterwards, 30 adaptation trials of auditory stimuli beeping at either 5, 8, or 12 Hz were presented, followed by 20 alternating blocks of 7 adaptation and 7 post-adaptation test trials (without feedback). We compared the PSE of the pre- and post-adaptation trials to quantify the cross-modal transfer and found that the aftereffect occurred when the adaptation frequency was most similar to the test frequencies but was no longer present with larger discrepancies. These results rule out response bias as a plausible explanation for our original findings and suggest that the timing mechanisms underlying rate perception are consistent with supramodal channels that are tuned.
Confronting Hate: Heterosexuals' Responses to Anti-Gay Comments

An online diary study was used to examine the individual and situational variables that influence non-targets' verbal and nonverbal reactions and responses to sexually prejudiced remarks. Results indicated that anti-gay comments were extremely prevalent in a college setting and resulted in a range of reactions and behaviors. Confrontation of the perpetrator was predicted by the perceived offensiveness of the comment, perceived social pressure to confront, and the number of close same-sex attracted friends. Additionally, those who confronted felt more satisfied with their responses than those who did not confront. Implications for future research and prejudice reduction strategies are discussed.
Synergistic Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 by Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibits Apoptosis in Epithelial Cells

Abstract Increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression has been observed in several human tumor types and in selected animal and cell culture models of carcinogenesis, including lung cancer. Increased expression of COX-2 and production of prostaglandins appear to provide a survival advantage to transformed cells through the inhibition of apoptosis, increased attachment to extracellular matrix, increased invasiveness, the stimulation of angiogenesis. In the present studies, we found that transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) synergistically induced the expression of COX-2 and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production in mink lung epithelial (Mvi Lu) cells. EGF, but not PDGF or IGF -1, was able to inhibit TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in Mvi Lu cells and this effect was blocked by NS-398, a selective inhibitor of COX-2 activity, suggesting a possible role for COX-2 in the anti-apoptosic effect of EGF receptor ligands. The combination of TGF-β1 and EGF also significantly induced COX-2 expression in rat intestinal epithelial (RIE-1) cells and completely prevented sodium butyrate (NaBu)-induced apoptosis. The synergistic induction of COX-2 by TGF-β1 and EGF was not observed in R1B-L17 cells, a line derived from Mvi Lu cells that lacks the TGF-β type-I receptor. AG1478, a selective inhibitor of EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity, completely suppressed the induction of COX-2 expression by either EGF or TGF-β1+EGF. Also, PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MEK/ERK pathway, SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK activity, significantly inhibited the induction of COX-2 in response to combined EGF and TGF-β1. These results suggest an important collaborative interaction of TGF-β1 and EGF signaling in the induction of COX-2 and prostaglandin production in Mv1Lu cells.
An alternative method of quantization: the existence of classical fields

A new method of quantization, applicable to an arbitrary physical system, is presented. For systems with a classical analog, the introduction of quantized canonical variables proceeds without the elimination of the corresponding unquantized variables (although the Liouville equation is in general modified). These remain as legitimate physical observables having the same expectation value as and no greater dispersion than their quantized counterparts. Their (non-negative definite) joint distribution in phase space then determines the state of the system. In the case of bosons interacting only with external fields or sources, the unquantized fields continue to satisfy the deterministic equations of motion of the unquantized theory. It seems significant that classical relativistic fields with external sources are not eliminated by the process of quantization. All the observable predictions of quantum theory are identically reproduced and no new results are obtained. This method of quantization is therefore an alternative to the usual one. A natural extension of the theory yields a deterministic model for direct boson-boson interactions (e.g. pion electrodynamics), free of mathematical divergences. This will be developed in a following paper.
Social Distance Between Inmates, Peer Counselors, and Program Staff in a Woman's Prison

Abstract Establishing and maintaining highly structured groups is an essential aspect of correctional management and operations. Policies and procedures stipulating appropriate roles and responsibilities can result in limiting interactions and creating social distance between different groups. This exploratory study examines whether social distance varies between three different prison groups: female inmates, peer counselors, and program staff. The major findings reveal that female inmates were least likely to have interactions within and outside their own group. Peer counselors and program staff were significantly more likely to interact amongst themselves and other groups. A primary implication of this research is whether one can move beyond group status, and the associated traits, to perceive members as individuals with specific needs. Subsequently, these perceptions might ultimately affect treatment and rehabilitation as well as the general administration of corrections.
Thermal, Electron, and Photon Induced Chemistry of Acetone on Ag(111)

Acetone, (CH3)2CO and (CD3)2CO, adsorbed on Ag(111) at 95 K was studied using using thermal, photon, and electron activation. Adsorption and desorption involve no dissociation. The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) spectra exhibit three resolvable peaks, two of which (146 and 134 K) are assigned to the first layer and the third (127−134 K) to multilayers. TPD, after sequentially dosing 1 ML of (CD3)2CO followed by 1 ML of (CH3)2CO, shows extensive mixing of the two adsorbates throughout the full width of the desorption peaks. This suggests rapid motion, on the TPD time scale, below the onset of desorption (120 K). RAIRS analysis at 95 K indicates that the orientation of adsorbed acetone is coverage-dependent, but the CO bond remains nearly parallel to the Ag(111) surface at all coverages. At the lowest coverages the average C−C−C plane position is 50° from the surface normal; at higher coverages (up to monolayer) this plane tilts toward the surface normal (22°). Dissociation and desorption of adsorb...
Heat losses from a fluid flowing in a buried pipe

Abstract Analytical solutions are presented for heat losses from a buried pipe. Two cases are considered. The first one involves a mixed (convective) boundary condition with a uniform heat transfer coefficient at the pipe surface which would be the case for turbulent flow. A simple approximate expression, accurate within 2%, is derived for the shape factor in this case. In the second case, a laminar flow with linear temperature variation along the pipe axis is considered. The coupling of the heat transfer process inside and outside the pipe requires simultaneous solution of the energy equations for these two regions. The complicated geometry is handled in an elegant manner with the use of the bicylindrical coordinate system. The results include the temperature distributions and the shape factor in each case.
Free Evaporation of Alkali Halide Crystals

A study has been made of the evaporation of alkali halide crystals directly into vacuum to determine (1) whether or not the velocity distribution of the evaporating molecules is Maxwellian, (2) the chemical composition of the vapor, and (3) the evaporation coefficients and heats of evaporation of the various molecular species. Single crystals of CsBr, CsI, LiF, and NaCl were used. The velocities of the evaporating molecules were analyzed by means of the rotating cylindrical velocity selector used by Miller and Kusch. It was found that within relatively narrow limits of error the velocity distributions were Maxwellian. The vapor of CsI was found to contain only monomers; the others contained polymers in abundances different from those found in the saturated vapors. The heats of evaporation of NaCl monomers and dimers are, respectively, 61.7±4.6 and 67.2±4.6 kcal/mole, which yields heats of activation for evaporation of about 9 kcal/mole. Heats of activation also exist for LiF, but could not be determined from the data. The evaporation coefficients of the CsI and CsBr monomers are about 0.3; the evaporation coefficients of the polymers of NaCl and LiF are temperature dependent and are in the range 0.2 to 1.
Determination of the substrate-docking site of protein tyrosine kinase C-terminal Src kinase.

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) are key enzymes of mammalian signal transduction. For the fidelity of signal transduction, each PTK phosphorylates only one or a few proteins on specific Tyr residues. Substrate specificity is thought to be mediated by PTK–substrate docking interactions and recognition of the phosphorylation site sequence by the kinase active site. However, a substrate-docking site has not been determined on any PTK. C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) is a PTK that specifically phosphorylates Src family kinases on a C-terminal Tyr. In this study, by sequence alignment and site-specific mutagenesis, we located a substrate-docking site on Csk. Mutations in the docking site disabled Csk to phosphorylate, regulate, and complex with Src but only moderately affected its general kinase activity. A peptide mimicking the docking site potently inhibited (IC50 = 21 μM) Csk phosphorylation of Src but only moderately inhibited (IC50 = 422 μM) its general kinase activity. Determination of the substrate-docking site provides the structural basis of substrate specificity in Csk and a model for understanding substrate specificity in other PTKs.
A Joint Shape-Intensity Estimation in Computerized Tomography in the Presence of High-Density Objects

A new iterative method for tomographic image reconstruction in the presence of high-density objects of unknown shape and position is described. Application of traditional reconstruction methods in this case result in reconstruction of highly degraded images. We state the problem as a deblurring problem and design an iterative algorithm that jointly reconstructs background attenuation function and the shape of unknown object. B-spline functions are used to parameterize the object boundary. Regularization term is used to preserve against unwanted loops in the shape. We have performed a number of experiments to demonstrate potential of our algorithm.
Understanding engineering drawings

Abstract It is shown that understanding the three dimensional objects depicted in the orthographic views employed in engineering drawings can be achieved by solving a sequence of three consistent labeling problems. The constraints used in the engineering drawings are stated, the translation to the constraints of the consistent labeling problems are given, and the computer solution is illustrated by the execution of an appropriate tree search.
Unity in Diversity: The Literary Function of the Formula of Retaliation in Leviticus 24.15-22 *

This article offers two novel explanations for the staggered expression of the formula of retaliation (‘X for X’) in Lev. 24.15-22. First, ‘life for life’ in Lev. 24.18, in standing apart from other members of the formula in Lev. 24.20, points to Exod. 21.33-36 with reference to the conception of restitution as a bilateral exchange. This feature of Lev. 24.18 joins others in Lev. 24.15-22 in alluding to the laws of Exodus 21. Secondly, the removal of ‘life for life’ from the rest of the formula creates an aesthetic quality in the passage that promotes the perception of the principle of equitable restitution as foundational to the laws of Lev. 24.15-22. In a word, the design of the passage sustains connections within Lev. 24.15-22 and beyond to Exodus 21. Judicial equity emerges as the common ethos.
Variational considerations in the study of carrier transport in organic crystals

A variational approach is used to investigate consequences of electron-phonon interactions between a charge carrier and multiple (specifically two) phonon branches. Phase diagrams are obtained and the nature of the transition from undressed to dressed phases of the carrier is studied with their help. No sharp transition between singly dressed and doubly dressed phases occurs. The effective carrier bandwidth, reduced by strong coupling to the high-frequency branch is found to be stable with respect to small to intermediate values of additional coupling to the low-frequency branch. This finding lends support to transport calculations based on the idea that carriers in a polaron band are dressed by one phonon mode and scattered by another.
Frequency-selective detection at three signal amplitudes

Using the probe-signal method, frequency-response characteristics were obtained for four Os detecting signals nominally of only 1000Hz under three signal-amplitude conditions: E/No=10.0, 12.6, and 15.8. Detection of 1000-Hz signals decreased systematically with signal-amplitude decreases, but signals at 850 Hz and at 1150 Hz were detected at or near the chance level during all signal-amplitude conditions. From the detection performance data, the detectability was inferred for four probe-signal frequencies relative to that of 1000-Hz signals for each of the amplitude conditions. From the curvesofrelative detectability, hal[-detectability bandwidths were estimated. Neither the relative detectability curves nor the half-detectability bandwidths indicate any systematic change in the frequencyselectivebehavior of the auditory O across the signal amplitudes used.
Control of ventilation by continuous infusion of pancuronium bromide

Summary Certain groups of patients who require prolonged intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the Intensive Therapy Unit are difficult to manage with conventional sedative and narcotic drugs, and require muscle paralysis. In such cases, the authors have preferred a continuous infusion of a long-acting muscle relaxant using a syringe pump rather than intermittent injections. The technique and apparatus employed in the Intensive Therapy Unit at Northampton General Hospital are described.
A biomechanical model for actively controlled snow ski bindings

Active control of snow ski bindings is a new design concept which potentially offers improved protection from lower extremity injury. Implementation of this concept entails measuring physical variables and calculating loading and/or deformation in injury prone musculoskeletal components. The subject of this paper is definition of a biomechanical model for calculating tibia torsion based on measurements of torsion loading between the boot and ski. Previous control schemes have used leg displacement only to indicate tibia torsion. The contributions of both inertial and velocity-dependent torques to tibia loading are explored and it is shown that both these moments must be included in addition to displacement-dependent moments. A new analog controller design which includes inertia, damping, and stiffness terms in the tibia load calculation is also presented. Language: en
Two‐dimensional zero‐field nutation nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy

We introduce a new two‐dimensional nuclear quadrupole resonance experiment, in which the first time period (t1) is the duration of the radiofrequency exciting pulse; and the second (t2) is the normal free precession of a quadrupolar nucleus at zero field. After double Fourier transformation, the result is a 2D spectrum in which the first frequency dimension is the nutation spectrum for the quadrupolar nucleus at zero field. For single crystals, this spectrum contains narrow lines, whose frequency, for axially symmetric tensors, is proportional to sin θ, where θ is the angle between the unique axis of the quadrupolar tensor and that of the transmitter/receiver coil. For polycrystalline samples we obtain powder line shapes which are reminiscent of high‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) powder patterns, and which allow determination of the asymmetry parameter η, which has previously only been obtainable using Zeeman perturbed nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) methods. Both theoretical spectra and sever...
Nondestructive residual-stress measurement on the inside surface of stainless-steel pipe weldments

The instrumentation, technique, and procedures are described for the nondestructive measurement of residual stresses on the inside surface of pipe as small as 10 in. in diam. The instrument is based upon a unique position-sensitive scintillation X-ray detector which provides for the most compact X-ray stress-measurement instrument available since the introduction of film cameras four decades ago. This instrument is capable of applying the single-exposure technique of X-ray stress measurements which results in unprecedented rapidity of stress measurement consistent with excellent precision and accuracy. The results of testing the precision and accuracy of the instrument on a zero-stress powder and four-point-bend specimen are given. Residual stresses in four austenitic stainless-steel girth-welded pipes are presented illustrating the effects of the different welding procedures. The results from the pipes confirm the beneficial residual-stress condition of heat-sink-welding procedures.
Reach for the phone: urgent imaging findings in obstetrics and gynaecology.

SUMMARY Some imaging findings indicate that a patient is at risk, and are too urgent or too important for the radiologist to rely on written communication alone. Some examples in obstetrics and gynaecology are demonstrated.
Shape memory for intrinsic versus accidental holes

Two experiments were performed to investigate the circumstances under which the shape of a visual hole is perceived and remembered. A distinction is made between an intrinsic hole, a surrounded region that is bordered on all sides by a single surface at a continuous depth, and an accidental hole, a surrounded region with borders belonging to multiple surfaces at discontinuous depths. In the first experiment, we demonstrated a marked memory advantage for intrinsic holes over both accidental holes and accidental parts when the accidental hole and part were nested within the intrinsic hole. Indeed, the accidental holes and parts appeared not to be remembered at all. In Experiment 2, we used nonnested display sets that ruled out the possibility that the results from the first experiments were due to any image-based differences and included solid objects, as well as intrinsic and accidental holes. The results showed that the shapes of intrinsic holes were still remembered better than those of accidental holes, but not as well as those of solid objects. The results are discussed in a framework of ecological validity, arguing that observers are likely to encode shapes that are invariant features of the environmental scene and not those that arise only from the coincidence of particular viewing conditions.
The standard deviation of column ozone from the zonal mean

The standard deviation of column ozone from the zonal mean (COSDZ) provides a measure of the longitudinal inhomogeneity in ozone and dynamical wave activities in the atmosphere. Using the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data, we obtain latitude-season maps of COSDZ that are representative of a dynamically quiet year (1987) and a dynamically active year (1992). The spatial and temporal patterns of COSDZ show considerable similarity to the standard deviation of the 50 mb geopotential heights from the zonal mean. We point out that the simulation of this quantity by three-dimensional (3-D) models could provide a sensitive check of wave activities in the stratosphere that are responsible for ozone transport. Comparison between the observed COSDZ and the simulations of the GSFC 3-D model of ozone reveals major discrepancies between data and model in the tropical stratosphere.
Using Social Media to Discover Public Values, Interests, and Perceptions about Cattle Grazing on Park Lands

In the western United States, livestock grazing often co-exists with recreation, cultural resource management and biodiversity protection on federal and state protected rangelands as well as on many local government open space areas. While the value of livestock grazing for managing rangeland vegetation to reduce fire fuel loads and improve wildlife habitat is increasingly recognized by resource management professionals, public concerns, and conflict between recreationist and livestock have led to reductions in public land grazing. Traditional public input methods yield a constrained picture of people’s attitudes toward cows and public land grazing. Public meetings, hearings, and surveys, the most commonly used mechanisms for public land managers to solicit public opinion, tend to foster participation of organized special interests or, in the case of surveys, focus on a specific topic. General public input is limited. This study explored the use of personal photography in social media to gain insight into public perceptions of livestock grazing in public spaces. Key findings of this study include that many recreationist in grazed San Francisco Bay Area parks shared views, interests, and concerns about cows and grazing on the photo-sharing website, FlickrTM that seldom show up at a public meeting or in surveys. Results suggest that social media analysis can help develop a more nuanced understanding of public viewpoints useful in making decisions and creating outreach and education programs for public grazing lands. This study demonstrates that using such media can be useful in gaining an understanding of public concerns about natural resource management.
Preoperative symptom duration predicts success in relieving abdominal pain caused by biliary dyskinesia in a pediatric population

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with symptom relief in pediatric patients treated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for biliary dyskinesia (BD). Methods This was a case–control study of pediatric patients diagnosed with BD between January 2004 and June 2011. Controls were patients with symptom resolution and cases were patients who did not experience symptom relief. Results Fifty patients met study eligibility, of whom 43 were controls and 7 were cases. Mean follow-up for the cohort was 26.5months. Unadjusted comparisons suggested no significant differences (p>0.05) between the two groups in the distribution of demographic and clinical variables with the exception of preoperative duration of symptoms and presence of comorbidity. After adjusting for comorbidities, the only significant predictor associated with the resolution of symptoms after surgery was preoperative duration of symptoms (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15–0.94); 96% of patients with symptoms Conclusion Symptoms associated with BD can be successfully relieved with LC. These data suggest patients with preoperative symptoms for less than 12months are the most likely to have symptom relief after surgery.
PEPSIOS Purely Interferometric High-Resolution Scanning Spectrometer. III. Calculation of Interferometer Characteristics by a Method of Optical Transients*

A method is described by which series expressions may be obtained for the transmittances of spectrometers in which light paths are independent of frequency. Since the spectrum (the square of the Fourier transform) of a light pulse is a continuum of uniform height in the limit of zero pulse duration, the square of the Fourier transform of the pulse train transmitted by a spectrometer illuminated by such a pulse is proportional to the transmittance of the system. The total energy transmitted by an instrument illuminated by an arbitrary spectrum may be expressed as a sum of terms each containing the Fourier transform of the spectrum; thus any such instrument is in a sense a Fourier spectrometer. The method has been used to investigate basic characteristics of the Fabry–Perot and Michelson interferometers, the effects of flatness imperfections in Fabry–Perot interferometers, and to develop expressions for the energy transmitted by PEPSIOS spectrometers.
Interfacial processes in organic-based solar cells

Interfaces are important in all solar cells, but they are especially significant in organic-based photovoltaic (OPV) cells such as organic semiconductor PV cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. In OPV cells, charge generation, charge separation and charge recombination processes often take place at interfaces, while in conventional PV cells these crucial processes occur mainly in the bulk. Interfacial exciton dissociation can lead to photovoltages that exceed the built-in potential of the cell, thus Voc is not necessarily a measure of the band bending. Photovoltages up to ~1V have been achieved without band bending. Most OPV cells are majority carrier devices, and thus are fundamentally different than conventional p-n junction cells. The interfacial potential induced by the photogeneration of charge carriers may, at high light intensities, overwhelm the equilibrium potential and hinder charge separation. It is often advantageous to increase the exciton-dissociating surface area by structuring the interface, however this also increases the area over which carriers can recombine. In dye-sensitized solar cells, the surface area is so high, and recombination so rapid, that only a single redox couple with ultra-slow kinetics is viable. We describe a method of passivating the interfacial recombination sites in these cells that permits for the first time the use of kinetically fast redox couples and may facilitate the development of solid-state dye cells. Finally, we describe a UV treatment of dye cells that alters the interfacial energetics and dramatically increases the efficiency in some cases.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of sampled data on an optical joint transform correlator.

Coherent optical systems are well known for performing certain operations such as Fourier and Fresnel transformation and pattern recognition. The basis for pattern recognition in many coherent optical systems is the correlator. This paper discusses the effect of undersampling in an optical joint transform correlator which has a sampled-data input, detectors of size 1 × i resolution elements in the Fourier plane, and detectors of size 1 × 1 resolution elements in the correlation plane, where i is an integer. After the undersampling, it is shown that the correlation plane still contains the needed data, the shape of the correlation surfaces are unchanged, and the different correlation terms just move closer together. It is shown that the penalty for undersampling is that the amount of input data must be reduced by a factor of i. It is also shown that a digital simulation using a discrete Fourier transform gives an accurate prediction of the optical correlator performance. Results from the simulation are given to verify the theory.
Natural history of large local and generalized cutaneous reactions to imported fire ant stings in children.

Background There are no published data on the natural history of large local and generalized cutaneous reactions to imported fire ant (IFA) stings in children. Objective To determine the natural history of large local and generalized cutaneous reactions to IFA stings in children not treated with immunotherapy by reviewing medical records from a venom clinic during the past 20 years. Methods Patients were selected for the study if they were 16 years or younger at the time of the reaction, had only cutaneous symptoms (generalized cutaneous or large local), and did not initiate immunotherapy. Each patient's parents were asked to recall whether the patient had experienced any further stings since the last evaluation at the venom clinic. Results We contacted 31 of 57 patients evaluated between July 10, 1984, and February 5, 2004. Twenty patients (65%) reported that they had not developed more severe reactions with subsequent stings. Reactions remained cutaneous only. Eleven patients (35%) had not been stung again since the original evaluation. Five of these patients had moved out of the IFA-endemic region. None of the previously evaluated patients reported subsequent life-threatening anaphylaxis from IFA stings. Conclusions These limited data on IFA stings suggest a benign outcome in children 16 years and younger with large local or generalized cutaneous reactions. Larger and more extensive studies need to be conducted to further define the natural history of cutaneous reactions to IFA stings in children.
Conservative integral form of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for a rapidly pitching airfoil

This study provides a simple moving-grid scheme which is based on a modified conservative form of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for flow around a moving rigid body. The modified integral form is conservative and seeks the solution of the absolute velocity. This approach is different from previous conservative differential forms [1-3] whose reference frame is not inertial. Keeping the reference frame being inertial results in simpler mathematical derivation to the governing equation which includes one dyadic product of velocity vectors in the convective term, whereas the previous [2,3] needs to obtain the time derivative with respect to non-inertial frames causing an additional dyadic product in the convective term. The scheme is implemented in a second-order accurate Navier-Stokes solver and maintains the order of the accuracy. After this verification, the scheme is validated for a pitching airfoil with very high frequencies. The simulation results match very well with the experimental results [4,5], including vorticity fields and a net thrust force. This airfoil simulation also provides detailed vortical structures near the trailing edge and time-evolving aerodynamic forces that are used to investigate the mechanism of the thrust force generation and the effects of the trailing edge shape. The developed moving-grid scheme demonstrates its validity for a rapid oscillating motion.
Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon graft with remnant augmentation.

Abstract Despite good early functional results, the posterior laxity of the knee is not completely eliminated after posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction. The PCL can retain the normal tension only when the injured ligament is maintained anatomically. This article describes a technique of PCL reconstruction using hamstring tendon graft with PCL remnant augmentation. The harvested hamstring tendons were quadrupled, sized, and pretensioned before use. The PCL remnants and the synovium were preserved. Minimal debridement was performed to gain access to the insertion sites. The tibia and femoral tunnels were created with graft size–matched reamers. The graft was transfixed at 70° of knee flexion with a 15-lb anterior drawer force on the proximal tibia. This surgical technique has several advantages. The hamstring graft acts as an independent PCL reconstruction and maintains the PCL remnant tension. The PCL remnants and synovium may be beneficial to ligament healing and postoperative rehabilitation. The procedure is technically feasible and cosmetically acceptable. The selection of autograft precludes the risks of allograft and artificial ligament. The short-term results are encouraging, but long-term results are needed to confirm the value of this technique for PCL reconstruction.
Weight training injury trends: a 20-year survey.

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Weight training is a popular activity, but injuries can be a consequence. Research has documented the types and venues of weight training injuries.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify weight lifting injury trends.DESIGN: A retrospective review of data from US emergency departments (EDs) that reported injuries from weight training and weight training equipment. The data include people who were treated for injuries from weight training or weight equipment from October 1, 1978, through December 31, 1998, and were identified by the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS).RESULTS: NEISS identified 20,489 weight training-related injuries. An estimated 980, 173 persons were treated in EDs for injuries related to weight training activity or equipment during the study period. The number of ED-treated injuries has increased 35% since 1978. About one of four injuries occurred from the misuse or abuse of weight training equipment.CONCLUSION: Cautionary messages sho...
A statistical model for the initial stellar mass function

The nonlinear stages of the fragmentation of a collapsing molecular cloud are modeled by coagulation theory. Several distinct physical processes are discussed, including protostellar fragment coalescence, gas accretion, and binary formation. This work confirms and extends the earlier result of Nakano (1966) that an approximately self-similar limiting form of the mass spectrum develops after several mean initial collision times. An approximate solution to the velocity-averaged coagulation equation is given for an arbitrary power-law dependence of the coalescence rate on mass, with dimensional dependence proportional to m to the power lambda; i.e., the asymptotic mass spectrum varies as m to the -3 lambda/2 power at small masses and cuts off exponentially at large masses, the characteristic mass depending on the number of collision times elapsed. Simple physical arguments suggest that lambda may increase with increasing mass, but is restricted to the range from 2/3 to 4/3. A large fraction of collisions could result in binary formation.
In Vivo Quantification of Ethanol Kinetics in Rat Brain

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used at 3T to measure the uptake and clearance of brain ethanol in rats after bolus intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intragastric (i.g.) alcohol injection, and to estimate the effects of acute alcohol on brain metabolites. The observation duration was 1-1.5 h with temporal resolution of alcohol sampling ranging from 4 s-4 min. The observed time course of alcohol brain concentration followed a consistent pattern characterized by a rapid absorption, an intermediate distribution, and a slower clearance that approached a linear decay. In a sample of eight healthy Wistar rats, the intercept of the linear clearance term, extrapolated back to the time of injection, correlated well with the administered dose per unit of lean body mass. Alcohol concentration estimation based on spectroscopically measured clearance was compared with blood alcohol levels from blood samples at the end of observation, and were in good agreement with the administered dose. Serial proton spectroscopy measurements provide a valid in vivo method for quantifying brain alcohol uptake and elimination kinetics in real time.
Rolling resistance of articular cartilage due to interstitial fluid flow

A mechanism which may contribute to the frictional coefficient of diarthrodial joints is the rolling resistance due to hysteretic energy loss of viscoelastic cartilage resulting from interstitial fluid flow. The hypothesis of this study is that rolling resistance contributes significantly to the measured friction coefficient of articular cartilage. Due to the difficulty of testing this hypothesis experimentally, theoretical predictions of the rolling resistance are obtained using the solution for rolling contact of biphasic cylindrical cartilage layers [Ateshian and Wang (1)]. Over a range of rolling velocities, tissue properties and dimensions, it is found that the coefficient of rolling resistance μ R varies in magnitude from 10 -6 to 10 -2 ; thus, it is generally negligible in comparison with experimental measurements of the cartilage friction coefficient (10 -3 -10 -1 ) except, possibly, when the tissue is arthritic. Hence, the hypothesis of this study is rejected on the basis of these results.