cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of Silver in Silver Bromide and Evidence for Interstitialcy Migration

Experimental results are presented for the diffusion of silver in silver bromide single crystals for temperatures from 140\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to the melting point. The results are obtained by the sectioning technique, using radioactive tracers. The observed diffusion coefficients fall below the values that would normally be expected from the electrical conductivity by a factor of 0.46 to 0.66. The discrepancy is ascribed to the simultaneous occurrence of two types of interstitialcy jumps, with corrections introduced for differing displacements of interstitials and tracer atoms and for correlation effects according to Bardeen and Herring. The resulting mobilities can be represented as $\ensuremath{\mu}={\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{U}{\mathrm{kT}})$ over a wide range of temperatures with ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{0}=6.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3} \mathrm{and} 1.57\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec and $U=0.078 \mathrm{and} 0.225$ ev, respectively, for collinear and non-collinear jumps. These values are in reasonable agreement with theoretical calculations for silver chloride. The diffusion coefficient is observed to fall increasingly below expected values as the temperature approaches the melting point, and as a possible explanation it is surmised that the activation energy for collinear jumps drops gradually towards zero. A comparison is made to similar results which have been reported for diffusion of silver in silver chloride.
Effect of PCR amplicon size on assessments of clone library microbial diversity and community structure

PCR-based surveys of microbial communities commonly use regions of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene to determine taxonomic membership and estimate total diversity. Here we show that the length of the target amplicon has a significant effect on assessments of microbial richness and community membership. Using OTU- and taxonomy-based tools, we compared the V6 hypervariable region of the bacterial SSU rRNA gene of three amplicon libraries of ca. 100 base pair (bp), 400bp, and 1000bp from each of two hydrothermal vent fluid samples. We found that the smallest amplicon libraries contained more unique sequences, higher diversity estimates, and a different community structure than the other two libraries from each sample. We hypothesize that a combination of polymerase dissociation, cloning bias, and mis-priming due to secondary structure accounts for the differences. While this relationship is not linear, it is clear that the smallest amplicon libraries contained more different types of sequences, and accordingly, more diverse members of the community. Because divergent and lower abundant taxa can be more readily detected with smaller amplicons, they may provide better assessments of total community diversity and taxonomic membership than longer amplicons in molecular studies of microbial communities.
Comparison of the carbohydrate portion of membrane H-2 alloantigens isolated from spleen cells and tumor cells.

Abstract [3H]Fucose- and [3H]glucosamine-labeled glycopeptides were obtained from H-2 transplantation alloantigen glycoproteins purified by specific antisera from spleen cells of two strains of inbred mice, C57BL/6 (H-2b) and BALB/c (H-2d). Upon Sephadex G-50 column chromatography, these radiolabeled glycopeptides were found to have an elution volume corresponding to a molecular weight of approx. 3300. This value is identical to the molecular size of glycopeptides from H-2 alloantigens isolated from a fibrosarcoma (Meth-A) tumor cell line derived from the BALB/c mouse and a lymphoma (E.L. 4) cell line derived from the C57BL/6 mouse. Upon DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, the H-2 alloantigen glycopeptides of spleen cells also showed properties almost identical to the glycopeptides of antigen isolated from tumor cells. These findings confirm that the properties of the glycopeptides of H-2 alloantigens from normal spleen and tumor sources were not different by the methods used for comparison.
Carbamate Synthesis on Pd/C Catalysts: Gas-Solid versus Slurry Processes

Carbamate synthesis has been studied over NaI−Pd/C in slurry, gas−solid, and tubular reactors at 373−438 K and 0.41−7.61 MPa. The gas−solid carbamate synthesis process in which the CO, O2, methanol...
Rural and urban interdependencies in Nigeria: survey results from two Igbo villages

This paper discusses the socio-economic characteristics of two Nigerian Igbo villages as revealed in a survey administered in May 2001. One of these villages (Umuluwe) is a more traditional rural Igbo community while the other (Obigbo), a more modern one, is located close to Port Harcourt, a major Nigerian city. Migrants from Umuluwe were among the founders of Obigbo and these two villages maintain a symbiotic relationship with each other. They differ significantly in age structure, gender representation, occupations, and income flows, and must be considered as a unified whole. This paper presents survey results documenting the interconnections between migration, traditional Igbo institutions and the pressures of modernisation. The dual village strategy (symbiotic relationship) shows how the two villages, Obigbo and Umuluwe, cope with economic change while maintaining traditional institutions and beliefs.
Properties of a nonlinear version of the stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emission

A procedure for extracting the nonlinear component of the stimulus-frequency otoacoustic emission (SFOAE) is described. This nSFOAE measures the amount by which the cochlear response deviates from linear additivity when the input stimulus is doubled in amplitude. When a 4.0‐kHz tone was presented alone, the magnitude of the nSFOAE response remained essentially constant throughout the 400‐ms duration of the tone; response magnitude did increase monotonically with increasing tone level. When a wideband noise was presented alone, nSFOAE magnitude increased over the initial 100‐to200‐ms portion of the 400‐ms duration of the noise. When the tone and the wideband noise were presented simultaneously, nSFOAE magnitude decreased momentarily, then increased substantially for about the first 100ms and then remained strong for the remainder of the presentation. Manipulations of the noise bandwidth revealed that the low-frequency components were primarily responsible for this rising, dynamic response; no rising segmen...
Inhalation drug delivery devices: technology update

The pulmonary route of administration has proven to be effective in local and systemic delivery of miscellaneous drugs and biopharmaceuticals to treat pulmonary and non-pulmonary diseases. A successful pulmonary administration requires a harmonic interaction between the drug formulation, the inhaler device, and the patient. However, the biggest single problem that accounts for the lack of desired effect or adverse outcomes is the incorrect use of the device due to lack of training in how to use the device or how to coordinate actuation and aerosol inhalation. This review summarizes the structural and mechanical features of aerosol delivery devices with respect to mechanisms of aerosol generation, their use with different formulations, and their advantages and limitations. A technological update of the current state-of-the-art designs proposed to overcome current challenges of existing devices is also provided.
Chiral hierarchies and chiral perturbations in technicolor theories

It is shown that in an asymptotically free theory a slowly running coupling enhances the value of the appropriately defined fermion condensate while keeping the Goldstone-boson decay constant essentially unaltered. In technicolor theories, including the necessary effective four-fermion interactions which explicitly break some of the chiral symmetries, the condensate directly determines fermion and pseudo-Goldstone-boson masses through Chiral perturbation theory. An enhanced condensate can increase these masses substantially without affecting ${M}_{W}$ and ${M}_{Z}$. Some gauge-theory examples exhibiting this behavior are tabulated.
Open questions in oesophageal adenocarcinogenesis

Transition from GORD to Barrett’s oesophagus, and possibility of a reversal mechanism Barrett’s oesophagus develops as a complication of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), and is the only known precursor to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). Barrett’s oesophagus is an ideal model for studying neoplastic progression, because it can be studied longitudinally in vivo, with protocols that allow for safe, reproducible sampling by endoscopy biopsies.1 Furthermore, the major genetic events that characterise progression in Barrett’s oesophagus are some of the most common genetic events across human neoplasms, including inactivation of the tumour suppressor genes p16 (CDKN2A/INK4A)2,3 and p53 (TP53),4,5 with the subsequent development of tetraploidy and aneuploidy.6,7,8,9,10 There are important open questions at all stages of progression from GORD to EA. Little is known about the transition from GORD to Barrett’s oesophagus. What is the cell of origin for Barrett’s oesophagus? And why do only a minority of patients with GORD undergo that transition? The presence of p16, p53 and ploidy lesions in a Barrett’s neoplasm makes it very likely to progress to cancer,11 but the complete set of necessary and sufficient molecular events for carcinogenesis are not yet defined. The difficulty in treating EA has long been a problem without any solution, and so attention has been turned to prevention of EA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs11,12 …
Centrifugal elution chromatography with eluate monitoring

Abstract The feasibility of using centrifugal, multicolumn elution chromatography in conjuction with eluate monitoring is being studied. A preliminary prototype system has as many as four columns mounted in a spinning rotor that passes through a stationary photometric detection station. Cuvette windows at the terminal end of each chromatographic column allow photometric monitoring of each column eluate as it passes through the detector. The monitor is capable of associating a given output signal with the appropriate chromatographic column using suitable digital logic. The photometric output can be recorded by a conventional strip-chart recorder or via a computer by printed tabulations. In the present mode of operation a common sample is introduced simultaneously to each column with a single eluent stream being used for all columns. Preliminary tests have been directed toward establishing the best rotor design for hydrodynamic stability and overall operability. The system is being considered for the assay of several serum proteins from a single serum sample utilizing affinity chromatography.
Exact Goodness-Of-Fit Probability Tests for Analyzing Categorical Data

Algorithms and associated FORTRAN subroutines for exact good-ness-of-fit probability tests are presented. Classifications from two to six categories are considered. The use of recursion and an arbitrary initial value ensures computational efficiency.
Exterior Caustics Produced in Scattering of a Diagonally Incident Plane Wave by a Circular Cylinder: Semiclassical Scattering Theory Analysis

We use the semiclassical limit of electromagnetic wave scattering theory to determine the properties of the exterior caustics of a diagonally incident plane wave scattered by an infinitely long homogeneous dielectric circular cylinder in both the near zone and the far zone. The transmission caustic has an exterior/interior cusp transition as the tilt angle of the incident beam is increased, and each of the rainbow caustics has a far-zone rainbow/exterior cusp transition and an exterior/interior cusp transition as the incident beam tilt angle is increased. We experimentally observe and analyze both transitions of the first-order rainbow. We also compare the predictions of the semiclassical approximation with those of ray theory and exact electromagnetic wave scattering theory.
The medical importance of periodicity longer than the circadian rhythm

Abstract A number of disparate, heritable diseases affect otherwise healthy persons with episodes of illness repetitive for decades in precise or irregular rhythm of days, weeks or months. Cycles of that amplitude have received little biologic or medical attention as compared with the broad interest in the circadian rhythm. Until the cause and nature of underlying long rhythms in man are discovered, no specific therapy and, aside from eugenic means, no preventive measures are available.
Intentional use of intra-arterial medications when venous access is not available

The difficult or impossible establishment of venous access is occasionally encountered in the pediatric population, especially in patients exposed to repeated surgical procedures or those with underlying comorbid features. Potential options in such situations include the intramuscular, intraosseous (IO), and intratracheal administration of medications. Although IO access is accepted as the route of choice in emergency situations, its use is not universally accepted in the operating room setting when the administration of medications is nonemergent. We report the intentional and elective use of the intra-arterial (IA) administration of vecuronium, atropine, fentanyl, and fluid during the provision of anesthesia for two infants with severe cyanotic congenital heart disease in whom venous access could not readily be obtained. The potential role of IA administration of medications is discussed and previous reports from the literature are reviewed.
Modular Forms and Two Loop String Physics

Abstract The two-loop path integral for the closed bosonic string is given by a genus-two modular form: the product of the even theta functions. Thus the two-loop vacuum amplitude, scattering amplitudes, and the one-loop free energy may be expressed simply in terms of theta functions.
Identification of a 59-kDa Substrate for cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase That Is Enriched in Rat Cerebellar Membranes.

Abstract Following incubation of rat brain membranes with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and [32P]ATP, a previously unreported phosphoprotein, pp59, was found to be enriched in cerebellar synaptic plasma membrane preparations, but not in those prepared from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, or striatum. This protein, which has an Mr of 59,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, is not phosphorylated by the cGMP-dependent protein kinase. While pp59 was consistently detected in cerebellar membranes from adult Sprague-Dawley rats, it was not detected in bovine or rabbit cerebellar membranes. Moreover, pp59 did not comigrate with any of the autophosphorylated subunits of the Ca2+/calmodulindependent protein kinase in rat cerebellar membranes. Extraction of pp59 from these membranes could be accomplished with 6 M urea, but not with 0.4 M NaCl or 0.5% (v/v) Triton X-100. The urea solubility suggests that pp59 is not an integral membrane protein. Acid hydrolysis of the protein phosphorylated in vitro yielded phosphoserine but no significant amount of phosphothreonine or phosphotyrosine. Further analysis of pp59 may provide new insights into the role of cAMP in modulation of synaptic function in the cerebellum.
Transition from nucleation controlled to growth controlled crystallization in Pd43Ni10Cu27P20 melts

Abstract Crystallization of undercooled Pd 43 Ni 10 Cu 27 P 20 melts is studied in a differential scanning calorimeter. Isothermal experiments allow us for the first time to determine the entire crystallization kinetics of a metallic liquid as a function of time from the liquidus temperature to the glass transition temperature. The results are summarized in a time–temperature-transformation (TTT) diagram that reveals two time scales. One is given by the time to reach 1% of crystallized volume fraction and reflects the typical “nose” shape of the TTT-diagram. The other is the width of the crystallization event itself, which increases with decreasing temperature from 90 s at 793 K to 10,200 s at 623 K. Additional information about the crystallization process is gained by dividing the sample into about 300 particles that are processed simultaneously and crystallization of each individual particle can be detected. At high temperatures the onset of crystallization of individual particles are spread out over 1.5×10 5 s, whereas all particles crystallize simultaneously below the nose and the crystallization is not distinguishable from that of one large sample. The results suggest that the dominant crystallization mechanism changes in a very narrow temperature range from a nucleation-controlled process at high temperatures to a growth-controlled process at low temperatures.
Regional late Pliocene-early Pleistocene hiatuses of the Southern Ocean — Diatom evidence

Abstract The existence of regionally synchronous hiatuses in late Neogene sediments of the Southern Ocean has been questioned on sedimentological grounds, while their paleoclimatic interpretation has been questioned on theoretical grounds. We evaluated the evidence used to identify these hiatuses in Pliocene and lower Pleistocene sediments by determining quantitatively the occurrence of diatom stratigraphic markers in eleven Southern Ocean piston cores (three from the Pacific sector and eight from the Indian and Atlantic sectors). In the Pacific sector, some species have ranges similar to the published record but others show north-south diachrony. In the southeast Indian sector, some marker species have ranges at odds with the published magnetostratigraphy. In the Atlantic sector, there is wide disparity between our data and published results. In two of the cores, our placement of the Denticulopsis hustedtii datum differs with the published record by as much as 10 m. A third core contained a number of barren intervals and could not be zoned while a fourth core, previously zoned and dated with magneto- and biostratigraphy, contained too few diatoms for quantitative biostratigraphy. We conclude that the question of regional hiatuses in Southern Ocean sediments, while important, cannot be addressed until: (a) locally and regionally applicable biozonations are developed; and (b) magnetostratigraphic data are properly evaluated. Resolution of these problems are essential before we can successfully use hiatus data to recover the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic history of the Southern Ocean.
Socio-economic indicators and integrated coastal management

Abstract The need to better understand the linkages and interdependencies of socio-economic and coastal environmental dynamics has taken on a more deliberate role in the development and assessment of Integrated Coastal Management world-wide. The analysis and establishment of indicator-driven programs to assess change in coastal and watershed systems have increasingly moved to stress socio-economic forcings and impacts. This article serves to review the need for and provide an assessment of important frameworks designed to foster such integration. It argues that the evolution of the Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework, now in broad use, provides an essential contribution.
A diagrammatic exposition of an economic theory of imperialism

Imperialism is a favorite subject of many "committed scholars." The volume of their work exceeds its value. Whereas such writings are interesting as displays of moral fervor, they are devoid of a positive theory of the economics of imperialism. These writers perhaps find their inspiration in the Leninist theory of imperialism and accept its emphasis on exploitation as the basis for their moralizing. The moral condemnation of imperialism which they offer is offset, however, by the writings of those who extend moral approval to imperialism for its civilizing aspects (which were also noticed by Marx). The Marxian dilemma is that during the capitalist period of history exploitation increases with the advance of civilization, and we have no moral theory to enable us to choose between less exploitation or more civilization. Perhaps this is why Marx said that "communists preach no morality at all" and relied on history.
Structure and physical properties of sputtered metallic superlattices

Abstract The technique of preparing metallic superlattices by sputtering is described as are the results of a calculation of the energy distribution of sputtered atoms. Structural studies by X-ray diffraction, Ion Mill Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Ion Mill Ion Scattering Spectroscopy all indicate well defined layer structure for the Nb/Cu system. The resistivity of Nb/Cu and Nb/Ti and the superconductivity of Nb/Cu are all found to be dependent upon the layered nature of the material.
Successful LCL reconstruction and PCL repair for LCL tear and PCL avulsion following total knee arthroplasty

Total knee arthroplasty represents a well-established and successful procedure; however, ligament incompetence is known to negatively affect surgical outcomes. Here we present an unusual case of early total knee arthroplasty failure secondary to femoral posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) avulsion and associated lateral collateral ligament (LCL) tear, treated successfully with primary PCL repair and LCL reconstruction. For LCL reconstruction, a peroneus longus allograft was passed through an anterior to posterior bony tunnel in the fibular head and docked into a horizontal femoral tunnel. Level of evidence Case report, Level IV.
Congress and the Railroads Federalism, American Political Development, and the Migration of Policy Responsibility

This article argues that American federalism led both to a greater national role in rail promotion and more centralized railroads in the antebellum period. Local competition among states led Congre...
Acute Drug Testing with Nitrates: Angina Relief during Treadmill Exercise

To evaluate the effect of sublingual nitroglycerin (N) and chewable isosorbide dinitrate (I) in patients with angina pectoris, 12 subjects underwent treadmill exercise to the point of onset of angina. At that juncture, N or I or placebo (P) was administered and walking was continued until moderately severe angina recurred. For those patients who completed the initial 10-minute exercise period, testing was repeated until moderately severe angina recurred or until a total test time of three hours elapsed. Retesting ensured that each patient was tested separately with N, I and P within a two-week period. Within the I group, four patients experienced the onset of angina relief (AR) at 10 minutes (') 6 seconds (*) +/- 3' 4" with a mean recurrence time (RT) of 154' 3" +/- 4' 27" (P less than or equal to 0.05), for a significant difference. Within the N group, six patients had AR of 8' 3" +/- 1' 1" with an RT of 49' 39" +/- 1' 15" (P less than or equal to 0.01), for a significant effect. Within the P group, only one patient experienced AR. For all other patients in each group, testing was terminated because of moderately severe angina in the 5-8' period of the first test. In comparing subgroups for RT during I therapy (4 patients) versus N therapy (6 patients), a significant difference was noted (154' 3" +/- 27" versus 49' 39" +/- 1' 15") (P less than 0.05). The data suggest a possible benefit of I in selected patients. The effect may last as long as three to four hours. There is also an enhanced benefit of N with the patient in the upright position. This effect may last as long as 40-50'. Treadmill testing is recommended with nitrate administration to determine which drug (I or N) is the more suitable for the specific patient.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-mediated Induction of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Occurs through Redox-dependent Regulation of Forkhead and IκB/NF-κB *

The mitochondrial antioxidant manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) plays a critical cytoprotective role against oxidative stress. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was shown previously to induce expression of Mn-SOD in endothelial cells by a NADPH oxidase-dependent mechanism. The goal of the current study was to determine the transcriptional mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. VEGF resulted in protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of IκB and subsequent translocation of p65 NF-κB into the nucleus. Overexpression of constitutively active IκB blocked VEGF stimulation of Mn-SOD. In transient transfection assays, VEGF increased Mn-SOD promoter activity, an effect that was dependent on a second intronic NF-κB consensus motif. In contrast, VEGF-mediated induction of Mn-SOD was enhanced by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 and by dominant negative Akt and was decreased by constitutively active Akt. Overexpression of a constitutively active (phosphorylation-resistant) form of FKHRL1 (TMFKHRL1) resulted in increased Mn-SOD expression, suggesting that the negative effect of PI3K-Akt involves attenuation of forkhead activity. In co-transfection assays, the Mn-SOD promoter was transactivated by TMFKHRL1. Flavoenzyme inhibitor, diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), and antisense oligonucleotides against p47phox (AS-p47phox) inhibited VEGF stimulation of IκB/NF-κB and forkhead phosphorylation, supporting a role for NADPH oxidase activity in both signaling pathways. Like VEGF, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activated the PI3K-Akt-forkhead pathway. However, HGF-PI3K-Aktforkhead signaling was insensitive to diphenyleneiodonium and AS-p47phox. Moreover, HGF failed to induce phosphorylation of IκB/NF-κB or nuclear translocation of NF-κB and had no effect on Mn-SOD expression. Together, these data suggest that VEGF is uniquely coupled to Mn-SOD expression through growth factor-specific reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive positive (protein kinase C-NF-κB) and negative (PI3K-Akt-forkhead) signaling pathways.
The Essential Amino Acid Content of the Proteins Isolated from Milk of the Cow, Ewe, Sow, and Mare

Summary Mixed proteins isolated from the milk of the cow, ewe, sow, and mare have been assayed for the essential amino acids by microbiological methods. In general, the concentration of the amino acids in the proteins from the different species is similar, although higher concentrations of arginine and lower concentrations of tryptophan may be present in the milk proteins of the sow and mare than are present in the proteins of the cow and ewe. There appeared to be no difference between the amino acid content of the proteins isolated from the milk of the Shropshire, Rambouillet, and Hampshire breeds of ewes. Species difference in the amino acid components of mammalian milk proteins is not as spectacular as it is in the fatty acids components of milk fat, although the protein molecules are more complex than fat molecules.
Eagle-beak nanoantenna for non-blinking single molecule SERS via reversible preconcentration

Light interaction with nanoantenna causes induces a group oscillation of free electron on nanoantenna, and results in high-amplitude electric and temperature field near nanoantenna. The enhanced electric field (or hot-spot) has been importantly studied due to the potential in simple accomplishment of nonlinear optical phenomena (i.e. multiple-harmonic generation, two-photon absorption, surface-enhanced Raman scattering). Our proposed ‘eagle-beak’ nanoantenna also generates strongly focused electric field which enables single-molecule level detection in SERS. Furthermore, the thermal and electric field gradients from eagle-beak nanoantenna are designed to drive target molecules toward hot-spots, and are confirmed with numerical simulations. In experiments, eagle-beak nanoantenna showed highly stable and enhanced Raman scattering measurement with an enhancement factor of 1014. The reversible preconcentration causing the temporal stability of non-blinking, was verified by time-resolvable SERS spectra and fluorescence-based analysis. This study showing controllability of molecular motion by nanoantenna will expand to various applications of optoelectronics, solar cells and biophotonics.
Dynamics of an Eddy-Current-Torqued Gyro-Stabilized Assembly

Prominent among the commonly encountered gyro-stabilized assemblies used in guidance and tracking are those which are eddy-current torqued. Although eddy-current-torquecd lead- computing gunsights, which use spinning mirrors, have been well known for thirty years, it has been difficult to find an analysis of the torques developed by the precession mechanism. In this paper a model configuration of the torquer is presented. The total gyro dynamics are then determined by including these torque terms in the model presented in the preceding paper.
Analysis of Dielectric Data: Experience Gained with Biological Materials

Techniques advanced by Robert Cole and his colleagues to analyze dielectric data have been applied to biological materials. Three major and distinct relaxation effects characterize the total dielectric response from dc to GHz, and several minor ones are superimposed. Three examples are chosen to illustrate how straightforward orward the analysis is in some cases, and difficult in others. The dielectric properties of erythrocytes at radio frequencies (rf) illustrate a one-time constant Maxwell-Wagner relaxation effect, with small deviations disappearing earing when cell concentration is reduced anlls become spherical. Muscle tissue data at rf indicate a constant phase element for membranes and the "universal dielectric response." However, the analysis indicated this to be fortuitous: Different relaxations of the whole cell, contained proteins and organelles combine to produce the effect. Finally, ultra-high frequencies and microwave data for the cellular cytoplasma and microemulsions are discussed. They demonstrate reduced translational and "average" rotational motion, and suggest a broad distribution function. Once again, different mechanisms account for the apparent translational and rotational effects and the abundant tissue water appears to be identical with normal water. Hence, apparently continuous distribution function behavior can result from a summation of entirely different mechanisms.
Absorption spectra of germanium nanocrystals

Abstract Absorption spectra of hydrogenated germanium nanocrystals are calculated in real space using ab initio pseudopotentials constructed within the local density approximation. Nanocrystals with over 800 atoms are considered. We find the calculated spectra are essentially bulk-like for systems with ∼250 atoms or more. The energy positions for the E1 and E2 reflectivity peaks are blue-shifted with respect to their bulk values owing to quantum confinement. Comparisons with available experimental data reveal good agreement for the energies of the E1 peak, whereas the energy position of the E2 peak is underestimated by a constant shift, which is independent of the nanocrystal size. This shift is consistent with local density calculations for bulk germanium.
Effect of HPMC on the quality of wheat-free bread made from carob germ flour-starch mixtures.

: Carob germ proteins have been shown to have functional properties similar to wheat gluten enabling formulation and production of yeast leavened gluten-free baked goods from a true dough rather than a stiff batter. The purpose of this research was to optimize the production of wheat-free bread containing carob germ flour, corn starch, NaCl, sucrose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and H2O. A key criterion was to formulate viscoelastic dough similar to wheat dough. To that end, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimal levels of carob germ flour, H2O, and HPMC. Components varied as follows: 4.94%–15.05% for carob germ flour, 0.05%–3.75% HPMC, and 65.25%–83.75% H2O (percents are on a flour basis, where carob germ flour in combination with maize starch equals 100%). Sucrose, NaCl, and yeast were held constant at 2%. Bread parameters evaluated were specific volume and crumb hardness, where the largest specific volume and the lowest value for crumb hardness were considered most desirable. The optimum formula as determined by RSM consisted of 7% carob germ flour, 93% maize starch, 2% HPMC, and 80% H2O with predicted crumb hardness of ∼200 g of force and a specific volume of ∼3.5 cm3/g. When proof time was optimized, a specific volume of ∼5.6 ml/g and crumb hardness value of ∼156 g of force was observed. Carob germ flour may be used as an alternative to wheat flour in formulating viscoelastic dough and high quality gluten-free bread. Practical Application: Celiac disease affects approximately 1% of the world's population. Sufferers of the disease must consume a gluten-free diet. Currently, gluten-free baked products are made from batters and lack the ability to be made from dough based systems which limits the overall processability and product variety. This research is aimed at the utilization of carob germ protein and its ability to form dough to produce an optimal gluten-free bread formulation. This will help to alleviate problems in processability and product variety associated with gluten-free baked goods.
Keratophakia and Keratomileusis — Clinical Results

Abstract A random, retrospective study was performed on 158 patients who underwent keratophakia and keratomileusis for the correction of refractive errors. The primary indication for surgery was high anisometropia. Data on corneal curvature modification, refraction, accuracy, stability, and complications are reported. Both keratophakia and hypermetropic keratomileusis are capable of fully correcting aphakic hyperopia. Myopic keratomileusis corrected up to 16 diopters of myopia in this series. Lamellar refractive keratoplasty appears to have no significant detrimental effect on visual acuity. The majority of myopic patients had an improved best-corrected visual acuity postoperatively. High or irregular astigmatism was not noted following this surgery. The stability of the postoperative curvature appeared to be good with both keratophakia and myopic keratomileusis. Complications in this series were minimal, and one resulted in decreased vision postoperatively. Inaccuracy in achieving the desired refractive result appeared to be the major disadvantage of these techniques.
Determination of 21 elements by INAA for certification of SRM 1570a, Spinach

Analyses for certification have been made by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the determination of 21 elements in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Spinach renewal reference material, SRM 1570a. Elements determined included ones with short halflife products (Al, V, Ca, Mg), intermediate halflife products (Mn, Na, K, La), and long halflife products (Ba, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, and Zn). For the first time a new robotic sample changer was used in the counting of long halflife indicator isotopes for certification of an SRM. Uncertainties obtained averaged±1.80% for the four major and minor constituents (Ca, K, Mg, Na); ±3.14% for elements with concentrations from 1 to 400 mg/kg (Al, Ba, Cr, Fe, Mn, Rb, Sr, and Zn); and±8.31% for the ultra trace elements (<1 mg/kg) (Co, Cs, Eu, La, Sb, Sc, Se, Th, and V).
Radiochemical synthesis and colorimetric analysis of hydroxyguanidine

Abstract A procedure has been developed for the radiochemical synthesis of [ 14 C]hydroxyguanidine by reaction of [ 14 C]cyanamide and hydroxylamine. A colorimetric assay for hydroxyguanidine which can be used for its assay in biological systems has been developed. This assay was employed to evaluate a novel enzyme isolated from terminal instar larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens [Noctuidae], which catalyzes an NADH-dependent reduction of hydroxyguanidine to guanidine.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions from magnesium die casting

Abstract The U.S. magnesium industry uses sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a cover gas to prevent the rapid and hazardous oxidation of molten magnesium. While this gas is considered to be safe and effective in this application, it is one of the most potent and persistent greenhouse gases (GHG) found in the atmosphere. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched a collaborative initiative called the SF6 Emission Reduction Partnership for the Magnesium Industry in 1999 to identify and implement practical technologies for improving the industry's environmental profile. EPA's Partners, joined by the International Magnesium Association (IMA), have voluntarily committed to eliminate the use of SF6 by 2010. The Partnership and IMA's commitment sent a clear signal to industry suppliers and has precipitated the exploration of alternate cover gases that are just as effective as SF6 but greatly reduce the process's climate impact. The focus of this study is to assess byproducts, degradation levels, and GHG emission factors for three different fluorinated cover gases (SF6, AM-cover™, and Novec™ 612) in cold chamber die casting applications. The results of this study are used to describe two approaches that modify current Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance for estimating cover gas emissions from the magnesium industry.
Sex differences in pediatric bipolar disorder.

Objective To explore sex differences in pediatric bipolar disorder in terms of subtype and severity of depressive and manic symptomatology. Method Participants were 760 youth (aged 5-17 years) and their legal guardians. Participants were part of a larger outpatient assessment protocol enriched for bipolar disorder. Youth were assessed for DSM-IV diagnoses using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Epidemiologic Version. Their presenting mood state was determined using the Young Mania Rating Scale and the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised. The study was conducted from January 1996 to February 2003. Results 387 youth (51%) met DSM-IV criteria for diagnoses of bipolar spectrum disorders. Results showed no sex differences in rates of bipolar spectrum disorders or any of the bipolar subtypes. Sex differences were found with regard to presenting mood states: boys presented with higher rates of manic mood, and girls presented with higher rates of depressed mood. Older children were also more likely than younger children to exhibit higher levels of depressed mood. There were no age differences in levels of manic mood. Conclusion This study highlights how bipolar disorder can manifest itself differently among girls and boys despite equivalent rates of diagnosis. It is important for clinicians to consider the full range of mood states in order to accurately diagnose and treat children. Future research is needed to assess the roles that genetics, puberty, cognitive styles, and environmental factors play in the expression of mania and depression in girls and boys over the course of their development.
Reaction mechanisms of thiamin diphosphate enzymes: defining states of ionization and tautomerization of the cofactor at individual steps

We summarize the currently available information regarding the state of ionization and tautomerization of the 4′-aminopyrimidine ring of the thiamine diphosphate on enzymes requiring this coenzyme. This coenzyme forms a series of covalent intermediates with its substrates as an electrophilic catalyst, and the coenzyme itself also carries out intramolecular proton transfers, which is virtually unprecedented in coenzyme chemistry. An understanding of the state of ionization and tautomerization of the 4′-aminopyrimidine ring in each of these intermediates provides important details about proton movements during catalysis. CD spectroscopy, both steady-state and time-resolved, has proved crucial for obtaining this information because no other experimental method has provided such atomic detail so far.
Synthetic aperture radar imaging exploiting multiple scattering

In this paper, we consider an imaging scenario, where a bi-static synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system is used in a multiple scattering environment. We consider a ray-theoretic approximation to the Green function to model a multiple scattering environment. This allows us to incorporate the multiple paths followed by the transmitted signal, thereby providing different views of the object to be imaged. However, the received signal from the multiple paths and additive thermal noise may interfere and produce artifacts when standard backprojection-based reconstruction algorithms are used. We use microlocal analysis in a statistical setting to develop a novel filtered-backprojection type image reconstruction method that not only exploits the multi-paths leading to enhancement of the reconstructed image but also suppresses the artifacts due to interference. We assume a priori knowledge of the second-order statistics of the target and noise to suppress the artifacts due to interference in a mean-square error sense. We present numerical simulations to demonstrate the performance of our image reconstruction method. While the focus of this paper is on radar applications, our image formation method is also applicable to other problems arising in fields such as acoustic, geophysical and medical imaging.
Perfect Deterrence. By Frank C. Zagare and D. Marc Kilgour. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 441p. $74.95 cloth, $27.95 paper.

For too long, nuclear deterrence theory has been treated as a casualty of the end of the Cold War. During the preceding period of superpower rivalry, debates over the credibility of nuclear deterrence attracted the attention of sophisticated game theorists in diverse disciplines. But with the end of the Cold War, this research tradition virtually ground to a halt. In this important new book, two long-term contributors to this body of research revisit these issues and effectively recast these models as representations of policy dilemmas of long-standing and continuing relevance. For instance, their models of U.S. strategic doctrines of massive retaliation and flexible response prove relevant to any situation in which the parties perceive two levels of conflict to be significantly different, even if neither level involves the use of nuclear weapons.
Causation, Agency, and Independence

This paper explores versions of agency or manipulability theories of causation and argues that they are unacceptable both for the well-known reasons of their anthropomorphism, limited scope, and circularity and because they are subsumed by an alternative "independence" theory of causation, which is free of these difficulties.
Induced Normothermia in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients (P7.168)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of fever control and outcomes before and after the introduction of an induced normothermia protocol for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. BACKGROUND: While there is consensus that hyperthermia is associated with worse outcomes in TBI patients, there are no randomized controlled trials to show that aggressively maintaining normothermia is beneficial. DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective case-control cohort study of severe TBI patients (GCS<9 in ED) at a Level I trauma center for two predetermined 18 month periods before (controls, June 2009 - December 2010) and after (cases, June 2012 to December 2013) introduction of an induced normothermia/anti-shivering (IN) protocol. Data from the hospital course and follow-up visits were extracted through medical record review. Frequency, prevalence, Fisher9s Exact Test, and t-test were used to compare the two groups. RESULTS: The 29 cases and 51 controls did not differ significantly in gender (male 75.8 vs 68.6[percnt], p=0.61), mean age (39 vs 45 years old, p=0.15), and mechanism of injury (79 vs 76[percnt] motor vehicle accidents or falls). Normothermia (97.5 to 99.5°F) was more often achieved in the cases (53.3 vs 39.9[percnt], p=0.009). ICU length of stay was longer for cases (17.3 vs 12.3 days, p=0.03) but mortality was significantly lower (6.9 vs 33.3[percnt], p=0.007). Proportion of recorded intracranial pressures <20 mmHg was the same (85[percnt]). Arctic Sun was used more consistently in cases (53[percnt] vs 40[percnt], p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study demonstrates that IN is associated with better temperature control, longer ICU length of stay and lower mortality. One confounding factor may be an overall more aggressive approach to treatment of the severe TBI patient during the latter time frame. A prospective randomized controlled trial is still needed to determine if IN is associated with improved functional outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Green-LaRoche has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sturzoiu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Lau has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cervantes-Arslanian has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burns has nothing to disclose.
Impact of a computerized order set on adherence to Centers for Disease Control guidelines for the treatment of victims of sexual assault.

Abstract Background Care of the sexual assault patient in the Emergency Department can be challenging due to complex pharmacologic interventions, evidence-collection procedures, and concomitant injury. Objective We sought to determine the effect of a standard, computerized order set for the treatment of adult victims of sexual assault on compliance with current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for the treatment of this population. Methods This study utilized a pretest–post-test design to evaluate the implementation of a standardized order set that provided clinicians with treatment recommendations consistent with CDC guidelines. Comparison of the rate of compliance with CDC guidelines before (n = 322) and after (n = 131) implementation of the order set was the primary outcome. Additional analyses examined for differences in compliance based upon evaluation by a sexual assault nurse/forensic examiner (SANE/SAFE), sex, and race. Results Pre-intervention phase compliance was 14 of 322 cases (4.4%) and post-intervention compliance was 108 of 131 cases (82.4%). This difference was statistically significant, χ2 = 291.635, df = 1, p Conclusions The implementation of a standard, computerized order set for the treatment of adult victims of sexual assault significantly improved medical provider compliance with CDC treatment guidelines. This research demonstrates that electronic order sets can promulgate evidence-based practices in clinical medicine.
Selective arylthiolane deprotection by singlet oxygen: a promising tool for sensors and prodrugs

A routine thioketal protecting group reacts rapidly and selectively with singlet oxygen to reveal ketone products in good (aryl 1,3-dithiolane) to excellent (aryl 1,3-oxathiolane) yields. Arylthiolanes are stable to biologically relevant reactive oxygen species and can be used as a light-activated gating mechanism for activating fluorescent sensors or small molecule prodrugs.
Dielectric and Room Temperature Tunable Properties of Mg-doped Ba 0.96 Ca 0.04 Ti 0.84 Zr 0.16 O 3 Thin Films on Pt/MgO

Mg- doped Ba0.96 Ca0.04 Ti0.84Zr0.16O3 (BCTZ) thin films were fabricated on Pt/MgO substrate by metallorganic decomposition method. The structure of the films were analyzed by x-ray diffraction. The electrical measurements were performed on metal-ferroelectric-metal capacitors with platinum as the top and bottom electrode. The dielectric properties were improved after the capacitors were post annealed at 700 °C in oxygen atmosphere for 30 min. A high dielectric constant of 504 and a dissipation factor of less than 4% was obtained at 1 MHz. The Pt/BCTZ/Pt/MgO capacitors exhibited high tunability of 55% at an applied field of 55 kV/cm.
Restoring artifact-free microscopy image sequences

Phase contrast and differential interference contrast, which are used to capture microscopy images of living cells, contain a few artifacts such as halo and shadow-cast effect. Removing these artifacts from microscopy images facilitates automated microscopy image analysis, such as the cell segmentation that is a critical step in cell tracking systems. We propose a restoration algorithm based on the microscopy imaging model and consider temporal consistency when restoring time-lapse microscopy image sequences. The artifact-free microscopy images are restored by minimizing a regularized quadratic cost function that is adaptable to input image properties. Our method achieves high segmentation accuracy and low computational cost compared to the previous methods.