cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting detection probability and range of transmitters and receivers designed for the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System

Acoustic telemetry allows collection of data on the movement and survival of fish and other aquatic organisms. The passive form of this technology uses transmitters (tags) and fixed receivers to record when an organism is present at a given location. Understanding and interpretation of these data depends on knowledge of the detection range and detection probability of the receivers. This study examines factors affecting performance of tags and receivers designed for the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) at a location in the Sacramento River in CA, USA. A group of tags (n = 13) of two power output levels, each transmitting a unique code at five second intervals, were manually moved past a set of two fixed receivers in upstream and downstream directions along transects of different distances from the receivers at two different speeds. The factors that significantly affected detection probability were tag orientation and tag movement direction. Tag orientation had the largest effect on detection probability, with higher detection rates when the tag’s piezoelectric transducer was directed towards the receiver. Detection probability (proportion of transmissions detected) was 30–50% out to 160 m. Detection efficiency (proportion of tags regarded as present) was 99–100% when tags passed within 25 m and 84–96% within 135 m of a receiver. These results have implications for the design and interpretation of acoustic tracking studies and the orientation of transmitters when implanted into fish.
Nuclear sensing of breaks in mitochondrial DNA enhances immune surveillance

Mitochondrial DNA double-strand breaks (mtDSBs) are toxic lesions that compromise the integrity of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and alter mitochondrial function1. Communication between mitochondria and the nucleus is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis; however, the nuclear response to mtDSBs remains unknown2. Here, using mitochondrial-targeted transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs)1,3,4, we show that mtDSBs activate a type-I interferon response that involves the phosphorylation of STAT1 and activation of interferon-stimulated genes. After the formation of breaks in the mtDNA, herniation5 mediated by BAX and BAK releases mitochondrial RNA into the cytoplasm and triggers a RIG-I–MAVS-dependent immune response. We further investigated the effect of mtDSBs on interferon signalling after treatment with ionizing radiation and found a reduction in the activation of interferon-stimulated genes when cells that lack mtDNA are exposed to gamma irradiation. We also show that mtDNA breaks synergize with nuclear DNA damage to mount a robust cellular immune response. Taken together, we conclude that cytoplasmic accumulation of mitochondrial RNA is an intrinsic immune surveillance mechanism for cells to cope with mtDSBs, including breaks produced by genotoxic agents. Breaks in mitochondrial DNA cause leakage of mitochondrial RNA into the cytoplasm, enhancing immune surveillance and synergizing with nuclear DNA damage to mount a robust type-I interferon immune response.
Quantitative abdominal magnetic resonance imaging in children—special considerations

The use of quantitative MRI methods for assessment of the abdomen in children has become commonplace over the past decade. Increasingly employed methods include MR elastography, chemical shift encoded (CSE) MR imaging for determination of proton density fat fraction, diffusion-weighted imaging, and a variety of relaxometry techniques, such as T1 and T2* mapping. These techniques can be used in a variety of settings to distinguish normal from abnormal tissue as well as determine the severity of disease. The performance of quantitative MRI methods in the pediatric population presents unique challenges as compared to adult populations. These challenges relate to multiple factors, including patient size, pediatric physiology, inability to breath hold, and greater physical motion during the examination. The purpose of this review article is to review quantitative MRI methods that may be used in clinical practice to assess the pediatric abdomen and to discuss special considerations when performing these techniques in children.
US trends in mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic depend on rurality.

INTRODUCTION: Face masks are widely recommended as a COVID-19 prevention strategy. State mask mandates have generally reduced the spread of the disease, but decisions to wear a mask depend on many factors. Recent increases in case rates in rural areas following initial outbreaks in more densely populated areas highlight the need to focus on prevention and education. Messaging about disease risk has faced challenges in rural areas in the past. While surges in cases within some communities are likely an impetus for behavior change, rising case rates likely explain only part of mask-wearing decisions. The current study examined the relationship between county-level indicators of rurality and mask wearing in the USA. METHODS: National data from the New York Times' COVID-19 cross-sectional mask survey was used to identify the percentage of a county's residents who reported always/frequently wearing a mask (2-14 July 2020). The New York Times' COVID-19 data repository was used to calculate county-level daily case rates for the 2 weeks preceding the mask survey (15 June - 1 July 2020), and defined county rurality using the Index of Relative Rurality (n=3103 counties). Multivariate linear regression was used to predict mask wearing across levels of rurality. The model was adjusted for daily case rates and other relevant county-level confounders, including county-level indicators of age, race/ethnicity, gender, political partisanship, income inequality, and whether each county was subject to a statewide mask mandate. RESULTS: Large clusters of counties with high rurality and low mask wearing were observed in the Midwest, upper Midwest, and mountainous West. Holding daily case rates and other county characteristics constant, the predicted probability of wearing a mask decreased significantly as counties became more rural (β=-0.560; p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Upticks in COVID-19 cases and deaths in rural areas are expected to continue, and localized outbreaks will likely occur indefinitely. The present findings highlight the need to better understand the mechanisms underlying perceptions of COVID-19 risk in rural areas. Dissemination of scientifically correct and consistent information is critical during national emergencies.
Training direct-care staff to implement sensory integration strategies on a psychiatric inpatient unit.

Problem Despite the importance of sensory integration therapy on psychiatric inpatient units, there continues to be a paucity of trained providers that can delivery this service to patients. Method This study evaluated components of a training program to teach nurses and direct-care staff appropriate use of sensory integration strategies. Using the research team as confederates, we collected data on how three direct-care staff used sensory integration strategies across two conditions and with a patient admitted to the unit. Next, we implemented the didactic-only training, which provided education for when to use different aspects of the sensory room. Finally, we transitioned to a condition in which feedback supplemented the didactic training. Findings Before training and following the Didactic Only Training condition, accuracy was low for all participants. All three participants' accuracy with using sensory integration strategies improved and maintained when they implemented the strategies with a patient after completing the combined intervention. We were able to use the combined intervention to improve two additional direct-care staff's accuracy. Conclusions Staff training incorporating didactic training plus feedback was most effective for training appropriate use of sensory integration strategies. We also discuss the importance of having performance-based measures to track occurrence of important skills.
Smartphone-based, sensitive µPAD detection of urinary tract infection and gonorrhea.

Abstract The presence of bacteria in urine can be used to monitor the onset or prognosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) and some sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea. Typically, bacteria's presence in urine is confirmed by culturing samples overnight on agar plates, followed by a microscopic examination. Additionally, the presence of Escherichia coli in a urine sample can be indirectly confirmed through assaying for nitrite (generated by reducing nitrate in urine), however this is not sufficiently specific and sensitive. Species/strains identification of bacteria in a urine sample provides insight to appropriate antibiotic treatment options. In this work, a microfluidic paper analytical device (µPAD) was designed and fabricated for evaluating UTI ( E. coli ) and STD ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae ) from human urine samples. Anti- E. coli or anti- N. gonorrhoeae antibodies were conjugated to submicron particles then pre-loaded and dried in the center of each paper microfluidic channel. Human urine samples (undiluted) spiked with E. coli or N. gonorrhoeae were incubated for 5 min with 1% Tween 80. The bacteria-spiked urine samples were then introduced to the inlet of paper microfluidic channel, which flowed through the channel by capillary force. Data confirms that proteins were not filtered by μPAD, which is essential for this assay. Urobilin, the component responsible for the yellow appearance of urine and green fluorescence emission, was filtered by μPAD, resulting in significantly minimized false-positive signals. This filtration was simultaneously made during the μPAD assay and no pretreatment/purification step was necessary. Antibody-conjugated particles were immunoagglutinated at the center of the paper channel. The extent of immunoagglutination was quantified by angle-specific Mie scatter under ambient lighting conditions, utilizing a smartphone camera as a detector. The total μPAD assay time was less than 30 s. The detection limit was 10 CFU/mL for both E. coli and N. gonorrhoeae , while commercially available gonorrhea rapid kit showed a detection limit of 10 6 CFU/mL. A commercially available nitrite assay test strip also had a detection limit of 10 6 CFU/mL, but this method is not antibody-based and thus not sufficiently specific. By optimizing the particle concentration, we were also able to extend the linear range of the assay up to 10 7 CFU/mL. The proposed prototype will serve as a low-cost, point-of-care, sensitive urinalysis biosensor to monitor UTI and gonorrhea from human urine.
Two-signal Models of Lymphocyte Activation

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the studies of two-signal models of lymphocyte activation. The two-signal model for B cell activation was first proposed by Bretscher and Cohn in 1968. There were two possible mechanisms by which the unresponsive state was induced. One was a consequence of the way in which the T cell antigen receptor was cross-linked: planar membrane presentation and chemical fixation of the proteins on the antigen presenting cell surface could both be hindering the mobility of the major histocompatibility complex molecules and thus preventing the formation of a proper array of receptor aggregates for signal transduction. The second possibility was that something was missing. Second idea fitted nicely with the two-signal model for B cell activation. Fehon in 1949 published his ideas on high dose paralysis where he concluded that too much antigen turns off the antibody-secreting cell. This idea was pursued by Dresser, who in a classic paper in 1962 concluded that it was not necessarily the dose of antigen that was critical, but its form of presentation to the immune system.
Osteoclast inhibition impairs chondrosarcoma growth and bone destruction

Because Chondrosarcoma is resistant to available chemotherapy and radiation regimens, wide resection is the mainstay in treatment, which frequently results in high morbidity and which may not prevent local recurrence. There is a clear need for improved adjuvant treatment of this malignancy. We have observed the presence of osteoclasts in the microenvironment of chondrosarcoma in human pathological specimens. We utilized the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma (SRC) model to test the hypothesis that osteoclasts affect chondrosarcoma pathogenesis. We implanted SRC tumors in tibia of Sprague-Dawley rats and analyzed bone histologically and radiographically for bone destruction and tumor growth. At three weeks, tumors invaded local bone causing cortical disruption and trabecular resorption. Bone destruction was accompanied by increased osteoclast number and resorbed bone surface. Treatment of rats with the zoledronic acid prevented cortical destruction, inhibited trabecular resorption, and resulted in decreased tumor volume in bone. To confirm that inhibition of osteoclasts per se, and not off-target effects of drug, was responsible for the prevention of tumor growth and bone destruction, we implanted SRC into osteopetrotic rat tibia. SRC-induced bone destruction and tumor growth were impaired in osteopetrotic bone compared with control bone. The results from our animal model demonstrate that osteoclasts contribute to chondrosarcoma-mediated bone destruction and tumor growth and may represent a therapeutic target in particular chondrosarcoma patients. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:1562–1571, 2014.
Developmental and structural studies of an intracellular lipid binding protein expressed in the ileal epithelium.

Abstract Enterocytes located in the pig distal small intestine (ileum) contain a cytosolic protein that is homologous to two proteins that are also synthesized in these cells: intestinal and "liver" fatty acid-binding proteins (I- and L-FABPc, respectively). To begin to investigate the functional interrelationships of these three proteins, we compared their patterns of tissue-specific expression and developmental regulation in the mouse. Blot hybridization analyses of RNA prepared from 12 adult tissues revealed that this mRNA was confined to the small intestine. Unlike I- and L-FABPc mRNA, which are most abundant in the proximal jejunum, this mRNA is most abundant in the ileum. While I- and L-FABPc gene transcription commence in late fetal life coincident with initial cytodifferentiation of the mouse gut epithelium, the ileal gene is activated later, at the suckling/weaning transition (postnatal day 12). The ileal location and developmental pattern of expression suggested that this protein may play a role in the intracellular transport of bile salts in the ileal epithelium. To test this hypothesis, we expressed the porcine ileal peptide (PIP) in Escherichia coli, purified it to apparent homogeneity, and analyzed its binding properties for bile acids and fatty acids using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Like I-FABPc, PIP binds palmitate and oleate with a 1:1 molar stoichiometry. However, unlike I-FABPc PIP binds chenodeoxycholate. In addition, the presence of chenodeoxycholate blocks fatty acid binding to PIP, but not to I-FABPc. E. coli-derived PIP was subsequently crystallized with and without chenodeoxycholic acid. All crystals are orthorhombic in the P2(1)2(1)2(1) space group. The unit cell dimensions are a = 36.15 A, b = 50.13 A, and c = 67.18 A.
Traveling tournament scheduling: a systematic evaluation of simulated annealling

This paper considers all the variants of the traveling tournament problem (TTP) proposed in [17, 7] to abstract the salient features of major league baseball (MLB) in the United States. The variants include different distance metrics and both mirrored and non-mirrored schedules. The paper shows that, with appropriate enhancements, simulated annealing is robust across the distance metrics and mirroring. In particular, the algorithm matches or improves most best-known solutions and produces numerous new best solutions spread over all classes of problems. The main technical contribution underlying these results is a number of compositive neighborhood moves that aggregate sequences of existing moves; these novel moves preserve the mirroring or distance structure of the candidate schedule, while performing interesting transformations.
A neonatologist looks at the baby Doe Rule: ethical decisions by edict.

Controversy and public attention has swirled around the recent Jane Doe case and the recent "Baby Doe" Rule issued by Secretary of Human Services Margaret Heckler.1 Jane Doe was an infant born with congenital esophageal atresia and Down9s syndrome. The child9s parents and physician chose to defer surgical repair of the child9s esophageal anomaly. The child9s anomaly precluded provision of enteral nutrition. No parenteral nutrition was provided, and the child died 6 days later. Several months later, Secretary Heckler of the Department of Health and Human Services issued a directive stating that hospitals receiving federal funding must display on a sign a telephone number by which anonymous observers could report parents or physicians who were witholding medical treatment or food from defective newborns.
The T-locus of the mouse: implications for mechanisms of development.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion of the various investigations of the T-locus in the hope of arriving at an integrated picture of present knowledge and of making this material accessible to further analysis with the help of present concepts and methods. A molecular study of the T-locus, with particular attention to ribosomal DNA, is suggested strongly by an apparent analogy of the t-mutants to the bobbed mutants in Drosophila. Certain attributes of the t-mutants, in particular, are reminiscent of those of bobbed mutants that have been interpreted as partial deficiencies of ribosomal DNA, and a partial deletion of the nucleolar organizer. Among the striking parallels between the two classes of mutants is, first of all, their liability as expressed in exceptionally high “mutation” rates. The mutant alleles of bobbed have been interpreted to be hypomorphs. When speculating about the possible significance of the T-locus in the mouse in processes of development and differentiation, the general problem of the relatively vast amount of DNA in the cells of higher organisms appears relevant. There has been renewed speculation about the great increase of DNA content as a possibly essential concomitant of increased complexity of organization. The chapter discusses two recent theories of gene regulation in higher cells that may be of relevance to the possible nature of this complex locus.
Evidence for an active role of IF3mt in the initiation of translation in mammalian mitochondria.

Mitochondrial translational initiation factor 3 (IF3mt) is a 29 kDa protein that has N- and C-terminal domains, homologous to prokaryotic IF3, connected by a linker region. The homology domains are preceded and followed by short extensions. No information is currently available on the specific residues in IF3mt important for its activity. On the basis of homology models of IF3mt, mutations were designed in the N-terminal, C-terminal, and linker domains to identify the functionally important regions. Mutation of residues 170−171, and 175 in the C-terminal domain to alanine resulted in a nearly complete loss of activity in initiation complex formation and in the dissociation of mitochondrial 55S ribosomes. However, these mutated proteins bind to the small (28S) subunit of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome with Kd values similar to that of the wild-type factor. These mutations appear to lead to a factor defective in the ability to displace the large (39S) subunit of the ribosome from the 55S monosomes in ...
Endoscopic sinus surgery in previously irradiated patients.

Abstract Purpose: Our purpose was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic sinus surgery in irradiated patients with absolute indications for sinus surgery. Patients and Methods: During 5 years at a tertiary referral center, more than 200 patients received irradiation to a field that included the paranasal sinuses. Complaints related to the sinuses are common in such patients and often include crusting and increased mucus drainage. Six patients presented with significant sinus infections in the absence of tumor recurrence and failed medical management. Additional problems included epiphora and nasal obstruction caused by cicatricial choanal stricture. Surgical interventions included ethmoidectomy, multiple osteotomies, debridement of scarred or devitalized tissue, and dacryocystorhinostomy. Outcome measures included intraoperative findings and complications, length of hospital stays, endoscopic assessments of the healing over 6 months post-operatively, and improvement or persistence of symptoms over 2 to 3 years of follow-up. Results: Surgery can be technically difficult because of derangements of normal anatomy and dehiscence of important structures. Although bleeding problems, prolonged admission, and delayed healing were noted in certain cases, they did not result in long-term morbidity. Conclusions: Endoscopic sinus surgery has become an invaluable tool in the treatment of refractory sinusitis. Our literature review has revealed no information, however, regarding endoscopic sinus surgery in previously irradiated patients. Theoretically, such patients are at risk for healing problems and anatomic derangements, which could lead to complications. There is, nevertheless, a theoretical benefit to avoiding external approaches in patients who might heal poorly. (Am J Otolaryngol 2001;22:100-106. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company)
Shape control of composite material plates using piezoelectric actuators

This paper concerns the shape control of composite material plates using piezoelectric actuators. A finite element formulation is developed for modeling a laminated composite plate that has piezoelectric actuators and sensors. To improve the accuracy of the prediction of the plate deformation, a simple higher-order deformation theory is used. The electrical potential is treated as a generalized coordinate, allowing it to vary over the element. For the shape control, an optimization algorithm, based on finite element techniques, is developed to determine optimal actuator voltages to minimize the surface error between the desired shape and actual deformed shape. The error function for a plate element is determined by calculating the mean square of the surface error over the surface, instead of determining it only at the node points of the element. Based on these techniques, Matlab codes were developed. Analyses were performed to determine optimum actuator voltages. The analytical results demonstrate the feasibility of using piezoelectric actuators for the active shape control of spacecraft reflectors.
Profiles of MIS doctoral candidates: ideals and reality

Little is known about which qualities MIS department search committees are looking for in candidates when conducting a faculty search at the assistant professor level. This paper examines the qualities being sought by institutions focusing on research, teaching, or both. The actual teaching and research performance of students in the field is then used to find clusters of students and to examine the performance of different clusters. Finally, lessons for students and academic programs are discussed in terms of fit of the faculty candidate and the academic department.
Evaluating the Usability of Transactional Web Sites

Most of the usability evaluation methods may be used in order to evaluate transactional web applications. The problem arises when deciding which usability evaluation methods bring more information. A study has been done in order to develop a methodology for the usability evaluation of transactional web applications. The methodology was developed and validate trough a number of case studies.
Motion Vector Search modified to reduce encoding time in H.264/AVC

Video compression is an essential requirement for transmission and storage of data. As technology advances, the type, size and bitrate requirements of a system become more complex. Motion estimation is an important part of video compression. In this paper the JM 9.0 software is modified to implement different motion estimation techniques. These techniques reduce the time taken for motion estimation and for the total encoding process while not significantly affecting the bitrate.
Nutritional disorder of anorexia nervosa: a review.

In the treatment of anorexia nervosa, the importance of weight restoration has been well documented. Resting energy expenditure, which is initially reduced, often increases markedly in association with refereeing. Previous studies that have examined micronutrient status in anorexia nervosa have reported inconsistent and sometimes contradictory conclusions, due to the heterogeneity of the population, the cross-sectional nature of these investigations, and, at times, the use of inappropriate methods to determine nutrient status. Abnormal nutritional findings in patients with anorexia nervosa are primarily a consequence of semistarvation. Neuroendocrine abnormalities, degree of recovery, and phase of treatment affect interpretation of data. Despite the importance of nutritional rehabilitation, few controlled studies that address the clinical efficacy of various dietary treatment regimens have been conducted. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On the possibility of restoring trust from mistrust and friendship from enmity and hatred

We start our investigation with Professor Russell L. Ackoff's trailblazing (Ackoff and Strumpfer, 2003) in which they considered the problem of TERRORISM from a systemic perspective. We extend their views by attempting an epistemological inquiry based on the knowledge surrounding the problem. Specifically, we proceed to acquire knowledge by parsing the concepts labelled ‘TRUST’ and ‘FRIENDSHIP’ as well as their respective antonyms ‘MISTRUST’ and ‘ENMITY’. These concepts lie at centre of any discussion of the problem raised by Ackoff and Strumpfer. We call this inquiry an epistemological inquiry because it is a method by which knowledge of a problem can be obtained in order to improve its meaning and understanding. We also invoke C. West Churchman (1971, 1979) when using the process of applying an inquiring system to solve a system problem: this process was studied in three previous papers by the present author (2005a, 2005b, 2006). See also McIntyre-Mills, (2005, 2006). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Look sharp, feel sharp, be sharp and listen — anecdotal excellence: People, places and things

While the techniques become more sophisticated, the hardware and software go through new generations and we move towards such unexplored options as internet fundraising and legal restraints, the challenges and successes in the field of fundraising and in the personality of fundraisers should not change very much: they are faced with the assignment of making the donors feel important, the causes seem attractive, and making the system move with ease and comfort for everyone concerned. The author gives strong credence to such ‘simple’ matters as appearance, health, ethics, virtue and giving attention to words as well as innuendo. The reader will learn if he or she ‘listens’ to the message of this paper; if, on the other hand, he or she is looking for a shortcut or a foolproof plan short of living and loving in the field, it will not be found — in this or any other paper. Fundraising is a synergestic system: you put everything you know together, and it comes out to equal more than the sum of its parts. Still, you keep on learning. The best fundraiser has not yet been born; the most successful campaign has not yet begun; the wisdom is still being assembled. This paper is one man's overview of where we have been, what we are doing in best practice scenarios, and what is possible if we ‘Look sharp, feel sharp, be sharp and listen’; it includes a good overview of ‘Anecdotal excellence: people, places and things’. The paper starts with a word from God and ends with a reminder for us all: ‘We must remember — to look forward!’ Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
On the Anelastic Approximation for a Compressible Atmosphere

Abstract The equations of motion for a compressible atmosphere under the influence of gravity are reexamined to determine the necessary conditions for which the anelastic approximation holds. These conditions are that (i) the buoyancy force has an O (1) effect in the vertical momentum equation, (ii) the characteristic Vertical displacement of an air parcel is comparable to the density scale height, and (iii) the horizontal variations of the thermodynamic state variables at any height are small compared to the static reference value at that height. It is shown that, as a consequence of these assumptions, two additional conditions hold for adiabatic flow. These ancillary conditions are that (iv) the spatial variation of the base-state entropy is small, and (v) the Lagrangian time scale of the motions must be lager than the inverse of the buoyancy frequency of the base state. It is argued that condition (iii) is more fundamental than (iv) and that a flow can be anelastic even if condition (iv) is violated pr...
Facile fabrication of uniaxial nanopatterns on shape memory polymer substrates using a complete bottom-up approach

In earlier work, we have demonstrated an assisted self-assembly fabrication method for unidirectional submicron patterns using pre-programmed shape memory polymers (SMP) as the substrate in an organic/inorganic bilayer structure. In this paper, we propose a complete bottom-up method for fabrication of uniaxial wrinkles whose wavelength is below 300 nm. The method starts with using the aforementioned self-assembled bi-layer wrinkled surface as the template to make a replica of surface wrinkles on a PDMS layer which is spin-coated on a pre-programmed SMP substrate. When the shape recovery of the substrate is triggered by heating it to its transition temperature, the substrate has been programmed in such a way that it shrinks uniaxially to return to its permanent shape. Consequently, the wrinkle wavelength on PDMS reduces accordingly. A subsequent contact molding process is carried out on the PDMS layer spin-coated on another pre-programmed SMP substrate, but using the wrinkled PDMS surface obtained in the previous step as the master. By activating the shape recovery of the substrate, the wrinkle wavelength is further reduced a second time in a similar fashion. Our experiments showed that the starting wavelength of 640 nm decreased to 290 nm after two cycles of recursive molding. We discuss the advantages and limitations of our recursive molding approach compared to the prevalent top-down fabrication methods represented by lithography. The present study is expected to o er a simple and cost-e ective fabrication method of nano-scale uniaxial wrinkle patterns with the potential for large-scale mass-production.
Who Speaks for the Community?1

A survey in an unincorporated urban area compared the major community problems of concern to two groups: (a) a randomly selected sample of listed telephone subscribers, and (b) community leaders identified through nominations and reputational methods. In addition to asking about the major problems of the community, the randomly selected telephone subscribers were also asked to indicate for each problem (a) the persons or organizations to whom they looked for information and advice, (b) whom they considered qualified to speak for them, and (c) whom they expected to act in their behalf in the solution of these problems. The results of these surveys showed a large divergence of concerns expressed by the random samples and the reputed community leaders, as well as a striking number of respondents who felt themselves to be without spokesmen.
Point Defects in Sc2O3 Thin Films by Ion Beam Sputtering

We show that the concentration of oxygen defects trapped in Sc2O3 films by ion beam sputtering can be controlled by modifying deposition conditions. These defects play a role in the optical and structural properties of the thin film metal-oxides.
Receptor sites on human prostate tissue for prostaglandin F2 alpha

Abstract The binding of high specific activity 3 H-prostaglandin F 2 alpha to membranes derived from human prostate tissue is described. Binding is specific for PGF 2 alpha and is readily displaced by cold PGF 2 alpha. The influence of testosterone and lactogen on the binding of the prostaglandin is investigated. Testosterone appears to enhance binding while the binding observed in the presence of lactogen is difficult to interpret.
CW and pulsed Doppler echocardiography utilizing a stand-alone system

An independent directional Doppler system operating in pulsed or continuous-wave mode and a real-time spectral analyzer with a 3 ms temporal resolution have been used to supplement conventional real-time and M-mode echocardiography. Examination techniques as well as findings in normal and abnormal hearts are presented. Continuous-wave Doppler is most useful for detection of peak frequency shifts for calculation of valvular gradients while pulsed Doppler is superior in the detection of small jets of abnormal flow and in display of spectral broadening. Real-time spectral analysis allows interactive selection of peak frequency shifts, can separate coincident flows by signal intensity and depicts high frequency valvular movements to rival the capabilities of M-mode.
Torsion of honeycomb FRP sandwich beams with a sinusoidal core configuration

A combined analytical, numerical and experimental investigation of honeycomb fiber-reinforced polymer (HFRP) sandwich beam samples subjected to torsion loads is conducted. The sandwich panel considered in this study has unique sinusoidal core geometry in the plane extending vertically between face laminates, and it has been used primarily as decking systems in highway bridges. Using a homogenization process and mechanics of materials approach, the equivalent core material properties for the honeycomb core geometry are found, and the material properties of face sheets are obtained by micro/macromechanics. Equivalent material properties of the core and face sheets are then used to evaluate effective torsional stiffness properties of HFRP panels. The torsional analysis includes the evaluation of core equivalent in-plane and out-of plane shear properties and panel apparent torsional stiffness properties. Finite element models using layered shell elements are used to correlate with the analytical and experimental results for HFRP beams samples in torsion. Two types of models are presented in the finite element simulation: an actual geometry model, where the core and face sheet geometry are defined by layer shell elements, and an equivalent plate model, for which the equivalent material properties of the core and face sheets are utilized. In order to verify the accuracy of the analytical and numerical predictions, several honeycomb sandwich beam samples with sinusoidal core waves oriented along the longitudinal or transverse or vertical directions and with different face sheet configurations are experimentally tested in torsion. The present analysis and characterization procedures can be used in design applications and optimization of honeycomb structures, and they can also be employed to verify or refine in-plane and out-of-plane shear equivalent material properties for the present and other honeycomb FRP panels.
IEEE 802.11 Denial of Service attack detection in MANET

Denial of Service (DoS) attack is a simple form of attack that has significant impact on the legitimate network users in terms of available bandwidth. The purpose of this paper is to detect and identify the attacker who is employing Denial of Service attack to disrupt the network in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) using IEEE 802.11 DCF protocols [1][2][3]. The detection process will be examined in a mobile environment with multiple PHY layer techniques (FHSS, DSSS, and OFDM) employing different MAC layer protocols (IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.11b, and IEEE 802.11g) Attackers manipulate the IEEE 802.11 DCF standards on their machines to illegally increase the probability of successful packet transmission on the expense of the legitimate node's bandwidth. The DoS attacker does not have valid information in the transmitted packets but the attacker's goal is to capture the channel to prevent legitimate users from communicating. DoS attack can be performed and targeted to affect any layer of the OSI layers, in this paper we only deal with attacks on the MAC layer. The theoretical network throughput in terms of maximum number of packets transmitted per second will be derived using two dimensional Markov Chain [4] to determine the network capacity. Solutions of the Markov Chain model will be validated by network simulation [5] to determine the baseline for the maximum achievable throughput in the network under normal conditions where the standards are followed properly.
FM sonography in gallbladder disease: Efficacy and comparison with conventional sonography

A new type of ultrasound signal processing (“FM sonography”) appears to be beneficial compared to conventional ultrasound (“AM sonography”) in some applications (e.g., diffuse liver disease and prostatic carcinoma). Despite these possible advantages, it is doubtful FM sonography will be widely used unless it is at least as useful as conventional (AM) sonography in all common applications. Fifty-five patients with suspected gallbladder disease were independently evaluated with both AM and FM sonography. The two modalities were blindly and prospectively compared for accuracy in detecting gallstones and for image quality. No statistically significant difference was found between images produced by FM and conventional signal processing. FM had an accuracy of detecting gallstones of 98.1%, compared to 96.2% for AM. Overall, FM accuracy was 97.7%, while AM had an overall accuracy of 97.3%. Other useful sonographic signs were evaluated (gallbladder wall thickness, diameter of common duct). No AM/FM difference was noted. Our data suggest that FM-only imaging could be performed in patients with suspected gallbladder disease without loss of accuracy.
Minimally invasive radioguided parathyroidectomy performed for primary hyperparathyroidism.

Objective: Parathyroid surgery is often challenging due to considerable variability in anatomy. Minimally invasive radioguided parathyroidectomy (MIRP) is a directed surgical approach that has been made possible by the advent of new imaging techniques, specifically sestamibi scanning. In this study, we review our experience and outcomes with MIRP in one of the largest case series reported in the literature.Study Design: Case series with chart review.Setting: Tertiary care center.Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 305 patients who underwent MIRP in our institution between 1997 and 2007. Data including symptoms, preoperative and postoperative calcium levels, and PTH levels were collected. Analyses were performed using Excel AnalysisPak.Results: MIRP in this series had a 100 percent rate of success in removing a hyperfunctional parathyroid gland. The mean preoperative calcium was 10.9 whereas the mean postoperative level was 9.8. There was a significant difference between preoperative and postoperative calc...
Controlling the stress–strain inhomogeneities in axially sheared and radially heated hollow rubber tubes via functional grading☆

Abstract Functional grading of rubber-like materials is suggested as a means of controlling their mechanical response within the context of finite thermoelasticity. To illustrate the concept of functional grading, we consider the axial shearing deformation of a radially heated, isotropic, incompressible, hollow rubber tube. The temperature stiffening, the strain stiffening, and the radially varying shear modulus of rubber tubes are modeled here by generalizing the Neo-Hookean and the Gent models. Local energy and momentum balance equations are solved to obtain the temperature and stress–strain fields in the sheared tube. The shear strain becomes highly inhomogeneous with an increase in temperature gradient, whereas functional grading of the tube can perfectly homogenize the strain. This paper indicates the potential of functionally grading rubbers to control their mechanical response in thermally hostile environments.
Modelling and analysis of metabolic pathways

Modelling and analysis of metabolic pathways has received an increasing amount of attention over the past few years. Progress has been made in many aspects such as the identification of rate-controlling steps, applications of optimization principles, and stoichiometric analyses. In addition, the scope of modelling has also expanded. These efforts have led to an improved understanding of metabolic pathways and have facilitated their manipulation.
The mobility of polystyrene latex particles in the transition and the free molecular regimes

Abstract The electrical mobility of polystyrene latex (PSL) particles, aerosolized by a pneumatic atomizer, was measured using a cylindrical mobility analyzer for a range of Knudsen numbers (Kn = λ/a) extending from 0.5 to 60. The calculated values of the slip correction were found to be in very good agreement with those of Millikan for oil drops, and the theory of Fuchs and Stechkina. A theoretical analysis indicates that for laminar flow in the cylindrical mobility analyzer, particle deposition on the center electrode is in the form of circular bands. The points of deposition of the particles and the width of the circular bands are independent of the velocity profile in the analyzer.
DRUNK DRIVING AMONG AMERICAN BLACKS AND HISPANICS

This paper reports the results of a literature search to determine the extent and nature of minority group involvement in drunk driving. Most of the research supports the view that American blacks and Hispanics are disproportionately more likely to be drunk drivers. However, the evidence is not fully consistent. The general relationship seems to be reduced or even reversed for minority youth. Furthermore, studies based on self-reported behavior contradict those based on official statistics such as alcohol-related deaths, traffic arrests, and accidents. Self reports generally show less drunk driving among the minority groups.
A Globalizing Constitutionalism?: Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000

This article uses primary data from the constitutional texts of 91 postcolonial nations (over the course of the latter part of the 20th century) to question the effects of global political norms up...
Electronic transport in smectic liquid crystals

Time-of-flight measurements of transient photoconductivity have revealed bipolar electronic transport in phenylnaphthalene and biphenyl liquid crystals (LC), which exhibit several smectic mesophases. In the phenylnaphthalene LC, the hole mobility is significantly higher than the electron mobility and exhibits different temperature and phase behavior. Electron mobility in the range $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\mathrm{}\mathrm{s}$ is temperature activated and remains continuous at the phase transitions. However, hole mobility is nearly temperature independent within the smectic phases, but is very sensitive to smectic order, ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\mathrm{}\mathrm{s}$ in the smectic-B (Sm-B) and ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\mathrm{}\mathrm{s}$ in the smectic-A (Sm-A) mesophases. The different behavior for holes and electron transport is due to differing transport mechanisms. The electron mobility is apparently controlled by rate-limiting multiple shallow trapping by impurities, but hole mobility is not. To explain the lack of temperature dependence for hole mobility within the smectic phases we consider two possible polaron transport mechanisms. The first mechanism is based on the hopping of Holstein small polarons in the nonadiabatic limit. The polaron binding energy and transfer integral values, obtained from the model fit, turned out to be sensitive to the molecular order in smectic mesophases. A second possible scenario for temperature-independent hole mobility involves the competion between two different polaron mechanisms involving so-called nearly small molecular polarons and small lattice polarons. Although the extracted transfer integrals and binding energies are reasonable and consistent with the model assumptions, the limited temperature range of the various phases makes it difficult to distinguish between any of the models. In the biphenyl LCs both electron and hole mobilities exhibit temperature activated behavior in the range of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}5}{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}/\mathrm{V}\mathrm{}\mathrm{s}$ without sensitivity to the molecular order. The dominating transport mechanism is considered as multiple trapping in the impurity sites. Temperature-activated mobility was treated within the disorder formalism, and activation energy and width of density of states have been calculated.
The inheritance of wealth and the commonwealth: The ideal of paideia in an age of affluence

The intergenerational transfer of philanthropy involves teaching and learning that enables subsequent generations, like the disciples in all spiritual traditions, to become generative bearers and propagators rather than simple receivers and distributors of the moral citizenship of financial care.
Satellite infrared imagery, rawinsonde data, and gravity wave remote sensing of severe convective storms

GOES digital infrared data during the time period between two hours before the touchdown of tornado and the tornado touchdown time were used in this study. Comparison between tornado-associated clouds and non-tornado-associated clouds indicates that the difference between overshooting cloud top temperature and the tropopause temperature, or how much the cloud has penetrated above the tropopause, rather than either the absolute temperature of penetrative cloud top or the height of the top of overshooting turret is significant for the possible formation of severe storms. The penetrative overshooting cloud top collapses about 15 to 30 minutes before the touchdown of tornado. Gravity waves were detected from the severe convective storms.
Multichannel electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in man. II. Channel interaction

A multichannel cochlear implant can be an effective prosthesis only if its channels are independent of each other. Presumably independence is achieved by stimulating different populations of surviving neurons. Two types of interaction might occur between channels: electrical current field summation peripheral to stimulation of the nerves and neural-perceptual interaction following stimulation. Two psychophysical techniques to assess channel independence are discussed. In one technique a masker is presented on one channel in order to adapt the nerves responding to that channel. The forward masked threshold of a signal is then measured on all other channels and elevation of threshold is assumed to indicate overlapping neural populations. In the second procedure channel interaction is evaluated by measuring the loudness summation of stimuli presented simultaneously to two channels. The magnitude, distribution, and phasic components of the loudness summation are measures of interaction between channels. Data from two subjects suggests that monopolar stimulation produces broader interaction patterns than bipolar stimulation as a function of electrode separation. Considerable differences in the extent of channel interaction were observed between the two subjects, possibly because of the difference in the absolute current levels needed for equivalent sensation levels.
Method for improving low-resolution video on higher-resolution displays

A wide variety of video services can benefit from application of a video pixel multiplier (VPM) that locally adds extra pixels for a higher resolution display. These services include standard definition television (SDTV) displayed on a high definition television (HDTV) display, and third generation (3G) wireless mobile video transmission displayed on a higher-resolution display that could be used for fixed and mobile wireless.