cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sexing Barred Rock Chicks

Abstract PERHAPS the earliest chick sexing method involved the application of “sex-linked inheritance mating,” Punnett (1919), Dunn (1923), Thompson and Black (1935), and Warren (1942). The next method to come into use was the Japanese or vent method, Masui and Hashimoto (1933), Forsyth (1934), Shrader et al. (1934), Gibbs (1935), Alder (1935), and Canfield (1940 and 1941). More recently, sex identification of several pure breeds by means of external characteristics has been demonstrated. Much of this work has been done with Barred Plymouth Rocks. Quinn and Knox (1939) depended largely upon the intensity of black pigment in the down and shanks of the chicks. They reported 83.5, 86.1 and 91.8 percent accuracy with three different lots of chicks. Jerome (1939) claimed 90 percent accuracy or better when only the regularity of the outline of the head spot was considered and 95 percent if the color of the legs was also taken . . .
Classification of Glass Particles in Parenteral Product Vials by Visual, Microscopic, and Spectroscopic Methods

Glass vials have been used as primary containers for parenteral drugs including biopharmaceuticals. Different types of glass-related particles, although in low occurrence rate, may be adventitiously introduced in these parenterals. Proper classification and investigations of these glass-related particles may help to understand their formation, improve process control, reduce glass-related particles, and deliver safe parenteral drugs to patients. In this article, we introduced a classification scheme, and identification procedures and methods, for the glass-related particles. We propose to classify them as glass chip, glass lamella/flake, and silica gel. Eight characteristics for each glass particle type have been identified and described for the visual inspection method. The limitations of the visual method and the need to correlate visual results with forensic analysis are discussed. Using representative examples from each type of glass particle, this study summarized their forensic differentiations based on microscopic methods of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, micro-flow imaging, and spectroscopic methods of dnergy-dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mechanisms of glass particle formation are listed as references for drug development scientists to investigate the root causes and improve process control on visible glass particles in parenteral vials. LAY ABSTRACT: Glass vials have been used as primary containers for parenteral drugs including biopharmaceuticals. Different types of glass-related particles, although in low occurrence rate, may be adventitiously introduced in these parenterals. Proper classification and investigations of these glass-related particles may help to understand their formation, improve process control, reduce glass-related particles, and deliver safe parenteral drugs to patients. In this article, we introduced a classification scheme, and identification procedures and methods, for the glass-related particles. We propose to classify them as glass chip, glass lamella/flake, and silica gel. Using representative examples from each type of glass particle, this study summarized their forensic differentiations based on microscopic and spectroscopic methods. The mechanisms of glass particle formation are listed as references for drug development scientists to investigate the root causes and improve process control on visible glass particles in parenteral vials.
Economic regulation of ambulance services in California.

Objective. This study was intended to identify economic regulatory programs used by California counties (including ambulance franchising and rate setting), to inventory their foci and application, and to identify differences around the state. By studying the variety of programs used in one state, this study establishes a framework for evaluation of state and local regulatory programs elsewhere.Methods. This study surveyed all California local EMS agencies (LEMSAs); these are California's equivalent of regional EMS organizations. The survey achieved a 100% response rate, and all data involve population parameters obviating the need for inferential statistics.Results. Seventy-three percent of California counties use economic regulations. Large-population counties and those that operate their own LEMSAs are more likely to use economic regulations than are small counties and those that participate in multicounty EMS agencies. Despite a preference for competition in the authorizing statute, most franchises wer...
Depositional Environments and Porosity Evolution, El Abra Limestone (Cretaceous), Mexico: ABSTRACT

Reservoir quality in the middle Cretaceous Golden Lane oil field, Mexico, was enhanced by freshwater dissolution during subaerial exposure in the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary. Study of the outcropping equivalent El Abra Limestone in the type area demonstrates the presence of repeated emergence and submergence and the formation of subaerial discontinuity surfaces. Physical correlation has been established between El Abra quarry sections. This dovetails with a corresponding correlation of discontinuity surfaces to provide a series of reliable horizons on which to construct a shelf-edge model. Near back-reef rocks are characterized by thin (3 m) shoaling-up sequences usually capped by thick (to 10 m) supratidal and island sequences. Storm washover deposits with strong calcrete overprint are interbedded with penecontemporaneously dolomitized supratidal rocks. Freshwater dissolution during emergence produced voluminous moldic and vuggy porosity, subsequently reduced by interlayered marine internal sediment and a radiaxial fibrous cement mosaic. Platform-interior rocks are characterized by thick subtidal deposits and 3 to 5 m shoaling-upward sequences attributable to tidal flat progradation in the lee of shelf-edge islands or the migration of tidal channels. Paleosols and karstic surfaces are present at the tops of several cycles. Moldic and vuggy porosity developed during sub erial exposure was reduced by vadose and marine internal sediment. Radiaxial fibrous cement mosaics are not present. Porosity development in the El Abra type area is a result of synsedimentary emergence. Porosity was of local extent and largely occluded by processes active during succeeding sedimentary episodes. Post-El Abra freshwater leaching appears to have been minor. Contrasts in reservoir development between the Golden Lane and the comparatively tight El Abra type area may reflect differences in later exposure. End_of_Article - Last_Page 607------------
Interaction of a hydrophobic fluorescent probe with mouse embryo fibroblasts.

Abstract Fluorescence photomicrographs show that the hydrophobic fluorescent probe 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) binds to hydrophobic components of intact 3T3 cells. Cells exposed to ANS exhibit fluorescence in the cytoplasm, intense nuclear membrane fluorescence, and well-defined fluorescent nucleoli. Fluorescence titrations of 3T3 cells with ANS show a decrease in fluorescence intensity, a blue shift of native cell emission with increasing ANS concentration and the appearance of a new peak due to ANS fluorescence. These fluorescence effects are ascribed to energy transfer processes involving bound ANS and the tryptophan and tyrosine residues of cellular proteins. ANS bound to 3T3 cells appears to quench the long wavelength component of the cellular tryptophan fluorescence, resulting in an unmasking of tryptophan and tyrosine emission at shorter wavelengths.
The effect of prenatal dexamethasone on fetal rat lung prostaglandin synthesis

Abstract [14C]Arachidonic acid conversions were studied in homogenates of lungs from 20, 21, and 22 day fetuses with or without prenatal dexamethasone treatment. The major metabolites were in all cases 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT). Prostaglandin F2α, (PGF2α), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were present in small amounts. Dexamethasone treatment significantly stimulated the conversion of [14C]-arachidonic acid in fetal lung homogenates to 6-keto-PGF1α, PGE2, 12-HETE, and HHT, at 20 days gestational age. This effect was dependent on the dose of dexamethasone. These results suggest that dexamethasone accelerates the maturation of the enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis. Because dexamethasone is also known to inhibit phospholipase A2, further studies are required to determine the overall in vivo effect of prenatal dexamethasone therapy on fetal lung prostaglandin synthesis.
A Comparison of Linearized and Nonlinear Variance Estimates in 2D EM Inversion

Summary Linearized and nonlinear techniques are compared for estimating parameter uncertainty in two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear electromagnetic (EM) inversion. The Monte Carlo scheme that is employed assumes that both the measured data and the constraints imposed upon the model to stabilize the inversion contain errors. The nonlinear estimation technique reruns the full inversion N times and calculates the variance about the mean. For each ‘run’ random noise is added to both the data and the constraint portions of the inverse functional. The linearized technique involves rerunning the last iteration of the nonlinear inversion N times with the added noise to determine the variance about the final model. Cross well EM examples from two California oil fields indicate that the linearized approach produces the same pattern in the covariance estimates as the nonlinear process, although the magnitude of the linearized estimates are smaller.
Fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides during growth inGlomerella cingulata

The fatty acid composition of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides accumulated at selected ages during the growth ofGlomerella cingulata was investigated. Glyceride accumulation was taken as mg glyceride/mg N and the nitrogen content of the fungus at the ages investigated was used as an index of growth. The fatty acids produced were identified by comparing their retention times on gas liquid chromatography with that of known standards. The results showed that whereas total glyceride and fatty acid content varied from age to age, the fatty acid composition at the various ages remained the same.
Experimental evidence for crystal coarsening and fabric development during temperature cycling

Oscillating temperature dramatically speeds up recrystallization of a magma analog consisting of ammonium thiocyanate and ammonium chloride crystals in liquid. Linear growth rates increase by a factor of 10 if temperature is oscillated up and down a few degrees (e.g., 47 ± 3 °C) relative to nominally static conditions. Crystals pulse in size during thermal cycling; over the course of hundreds of cycles larger crystals grow and smaller crystals shrink, dramatically skewing the crystal size distribution. Crystal dissolution and growth in a pulsing thermal gradient produces a pronounced fabric, with crystals of ammonium thiocyanate aligned subparallel to the direction of heat flow. Alignment occurs via selective dissolution and growth of crystals of diverse orientations inherited from the starting material. These results have important implications for understanding how crystals grow and for interpreting texture in igneous rocks. Temperature cycling is likely common in magmatic systems and needs to be considered when analyzing chemical zoning of igneous crystals and rock textures.
EXTRACARDIAC CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES.

Summary The incidence of congenital extracardiac malformations in a series of 615 children with congenital heart diseases is found to be 11.4%, and in a series of autopsies of 1145 children with congenital heart diseases to be 13.4 %, in both materials excluding the diagnosis of mongolism as a malformation per se. No definite correlation has been found between a specific congenital heart disease and extracardiac malformations, yet atrial septal defects seem to be found more often than expected combined with harelip and cleft palate and ventricular septal defects with malformations of bones and joints and of lungs.
Effect of Size and Shape of Nanocrystalline TiO2 on Photogenerated Charges. An EPR Study

The continuous wave and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance study of the photogenerated charges in differently shaped anatase nano-objects dispersed in aqueous solution is presented. Excitation of TiO2 nano-objects (spherical, faceted, rods, and bricks) at temperatures <80 K results in the formation of paramagnetic species that correspond to electrons trapped at lattice titanium within the bulk, (Ti3+)latt, and holes trapped at oxygen atoms at the surface of nano-objects, as confirmed by the electron spin echo envelope modulation technique. The distortion of the Ti−O bond, which is a result of reconstruction of the surface of nano-objects, causes variations in g-tensor values and spin relaxation processes of lattice-trapped electrons. On the other hand, size and shape do not affect spin−spin relaxation times of surface-trapped holes as it was found that relaxation is determined by dipolar coupling with 1H nuclei from surrounding water.
High Doses of Corticosteroid Suppress Resistance to Ichthyophonus in Starry Flounder

Abstract Application of pharmacological doses of the corticosteroid dexamethasone phosphate to starry flounder Platichthys stellatus resulted in a predisposition to clinical ichthyophoniasis and a progression from latent Ichthyophonus infections to patent, histologically identifiable infections. Among Ichthyophonus-challenged starry flounder, the prevalences of clinical infections and histologically identifiable infections were significantly greater in two groups that received dexamethasone (100% and 31%, respectively) than in the respective control groups (8% and 0%). Proliferation of Ichthyophonus infections in corticosteroid-treated groups may have resulted from suppression of the cellular immune response that typically follows corticosteroid application; however, further studies are needed to determine whether these effects occur at lower, physiological concentrations of corticosteroids.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF N-TYPE SILICON

The magnetic susceptibility of $n$-type silicon samples with a wide range of donor concentrations (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ to 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ atoms/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$) has been measured as a function of temperature from 3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. By utilizing conduction-electron concentrations obtained from Hall coefficient measurements on comparison specimens over the range from 50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, the contributions to the susceptibility arising from the conduction electrons and electrons trapped on donor atoms have been analyzed. In the upper range of temperature the diamagnetic contribution of conduction electrons is dominant and is consistent with the model of six energy minima in the conduction band. However, comparison of the squared reciprocal mass ratio with that obtained from cyclotron-resonance experiments reveals that the former is appreciably smaller than the latter (\ensuremath{\sim}8 as compared to \ensuremath{\sim}13). As the temperature is lowered, the conduction-electron contribution becomes successively less as electrons are frozen out on donor atoms. The trapping of electrons by donors at low temperatures leads to a Curie-law paramagnetism in the specimens of higher purity, whereas in the more impure samples, deviations from Curie's law occur which are attributed to interactions between closely spaced donor centers.
Highly efficient technique for solving radiation and scattering problems

A method based on vector spherical mode expansion (VSME) for solving radiation and scattering problems is developed. Combined with numerical methods such as MoM or FDTD, three dimensional electric and magnetic current sources are theoretically analysed according to image theory and equivalence principles. The electric and magnetic VSME coefficients introduced are written in terms of the electric and magnetic current densities with space sinusoidal and Legendre functions. By using these coefficients and the correct choice of the co-ordinates, the electromagnetic fields can be constructed with a minimum number of modes.
Charge-transfer and spin dynamics in DNA hairpin conjugates with perylenediimide as a base-pair surrogate.

A perylenediimide chromophore (P) was incorporated into DNA hairpins as a base-pair surrogate to prevent the self-aggregation of P that is typical when it is used as the hairpin linker. The photoinduced charge-transfer and spin dynamics of these hairpins were studied using femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved EPR spectroscopy (TREPR). P is a photooxidant that is sufficiently powerful to quantitatively inject holes into adjacent adenine (A) and guanine (G) nucleobases. The charge-transfer dynamics observed following hole injection from P into the A-tract of the DNA hairpins is consistent with formation of a polaron involving an estimated 3−4 A bases. Trapping of the (A3−4)+• polaron by a G base at the opposite end of the A-tract from P is competitive with charge recombination of the polaron and P−• only at short P−G distances. In a hairpin having 3 A−T base pairs between P and G (4G), the radical ion pair that results from trapping of the hole by G is spin-correlated and displays...
Comparing velour versus silicone interfaces at the driveline exit site of HeartMate II devices: infection rates, histopathology, and ultrastructural aspects

Abstract Background Driveline exit site (DLES) infection is a major complication of ventricular assist devices (VADs). Differences in the sheath material interfacing with exit site tissue appear to affect healing time and infection risk more than site hygiene, but the mechanistic basis for this is not clear. Methods Health record data from Utah Artificial Heart Program patients with HeartMate II (HMII) devices implanted from 2008 to 2012 were retrospectively reviewed, with particular attention to interface type, incorporation (healing) time, and infections. Tissue samples from the DLES were collected at the time of VAD removal in a small subset. These samples were examined by routine histology and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Results Among 57 patients with sufficient data, 15 had velour interfaces and 42 had silicone. Indications for and duration of support were similar between the groups. The silicone group had shorter incorporation time (45 ± 22 vs. 56 ± 34 days, P= .17) and fewer DLES infections (20% vs. 1.7%, P= .026, for patient infections and 0.0340 vs. 0.166, P= .16, for infections per patient-year). Tissues from five patients, three with velour, were examined. Velour interfaces demonstrated more hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis, and dermal inflammation. By ESEM, the silicone driveline tracts appeared relatively smooth and flat, whereas the velour interface samples were irregular with deep fissures and globular material adhering to the surface. Conclusions Using the silicone portion of the HMII driveline at the DLES was associated with fewer infections and a trend toward faster healing in this small retrospective series. Whether the intriguing microscopic differences directly account for this needs further study on a larger scale.
“Burke's perspective on perspectives: Grounding dramatism in the representative anecdote”

Rhetorical scholars have taken Burke's discussions of the “representative anecdote” in A Grammar of Motives, and have devised from them a systematic procedure for use in criticism. However, I believe that we can read the representative anecdote in a different way‐by examining the work the term does for Burke himself. I suggest that Burke is not offering a method as much as justifying dramatism dramatistically. Ultimately, based upon my reading of the Grammar, I argue that the representative anecdote‐taken in conjunction with the pentad‐supports Burke's claim to provide the most adequate vocabulary for the study of motives.
Modeling of Cutting Forces Under Hard Turning Conditions Considering Tool Wear Effect

Quantitative understanding of cutting forces under hard turning conditions is important for thermal modeling, tool life estimation, chatter prediction, and tool condition monitoring purposes. Although significant research has been documented on the modeling of forces in the turning operation in general, turning of hardened materials involves several distinctive process conditions, including negative tool rake angle, large tool nose radius, and rapid tool wear. These process conditions warrant specific treatment in the analysis of cutting forces. This paper first addresses these issues by formulating an oblique chip formation force model through the extension of a two-dimensional (2D) mechanistic force model while considering the effect of tool geometry complexities. The coefficients of the mechanistic force model are estimated by applying a genetic algorithm in overcoming the lack of explicit normal equations. Then the forces occurring due to flank wear are modeled by extending a 2D worn tool force modeling approach into a three-dimensional analysis to accommodate the effect of low feed rate, small depth of cut, and relatively large tool nose radius in hard turning. The total cutting forces are the linear summation of forces due to chip formation and forces due to flank wear. The model-predicted forces match well with experimental results in the turning of hardened 52100 bearing steel under practical cutting conditions (low feed rate, small depth of cut, and gentle cutting speed) using cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools under the progressive tool flank wear conditions.
Molecular Beam Resonances in Oscillatory Fields of Nonuniform Amplitudes and Phases

Molecular beam resonances are discussed for molecules subjected to various combinations of nonuniform fixed and oscillatory fields. The transition probability equations are reduced to forms which are suitable for digital computer calculations. A UNIVAC computer program for the calculation of the shapes of the resonances has been developed which is applicable to systems involving simultaneous transitions between two or three different energy levels and to cases where the magnitudes of the fixed fields, the amplitudes of the oscillatory fields, and the phases of the oscillatory fields vary arbitrarily throughout the transition region. The calculation is applicable to systems perturbed at as many as nine different frequencies simultaneously and to arbitrarily determined molecular velocity distributions. Curves are shown for molecular beam resonances with two, three, and four separated oscillatory fields and for resonances with a gradually applied single oscillatory field. The effects of phase variation along the beam in distorting a separated oscillatory field resonance are discussed.
The Development of Four Types of Adolescent Dating Abuse and Selected Demographic Correlates

This study determined the shape of trajectories from ages 13 to 19 of four types of dating abuse perpetration and examined whether the demographic characteristics of sex, minority status, socioeconomic status, and family structure systematically explained variation in the trajectories. The data are from 5 waves of data collected from 973 adolescents participating in the control group of a randomized trial. The mean trajectory for psychological dating abuse was positive linear, but the mean trajectories were curvilinear for moderate physical, severe physical, and sexual dating abuse. At all ages, boys reported more severe physical and sexual dating abuse than girls, minorities reported more moderate and severe physical dating abuse than whites, adolescents in single-parent-households reported more psychological and severe physical dating abuse than those in two-parent-households, and parental education was negatively associated with psychological and moderate physical dating abuse perpetration. The findings have implications for future research and for practice.
Cross-cultural differences in color preferences: implication for international film distribution

This paper proposes the necessity of manipulating colors of movie contents to fit diverse audiences around the world. Since films are highly color-dependent messages, it is critical to understand how people in different cultures respond differently to color. In recent years, the international market for filmed entertainment has grown more than the U.S. market. However, a lack of research on audience preferences shows no constant guide for the motion picture industry. The film production stage is often disregarded to deliver the appropriate visual color contents for local audience when U.S. films are distributed to foreign markets. Therefore, it is assumed that it would cause distractions for local audiences and it could result in poor ticket sales. When the U.S. produced films are distributed in Asia, colors of original films are always shown without manipulation. It is common that when a U.S. manufactured car is imported to Japan, a driver seat is installed on the right side and also other parts are modified for local customers. Film development is also significantly dependent on audience behavior, so film content also needs to be localized for the different culture. This paper will only address a hypothesis of the implementation of color marketing methodology present in motion pictures.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ADEQUACY OF PRENATAL CARE UTILIZATION AND SUBSEQUENT PEDIATRIC CARE UTILIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Objective. To explore the association between adequacy of prenatal care utilization and subsequent pediatric care utilization. Design. A longitudinal follow-up of a nationally representative sample of infants born in 1988. Participants. Nine thousand four hundred forty women who had a live birth in 1988, and whose child was alive at the time of interview, and 8285 women from the original sample who were reinterviewed in 1991. Main Outcome Measure. There were four outcome measures: number of well-child visits; adequate immunization for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; adequate immunization for polio; and continuity of a regular source of care, as measured by the number of sites for pediatric care. Results. Children whose mothers had less than adequate prenatal care utilization had significantly fewer well-child visits, and were significantly less likely to have adequate immunizations, even after income, health insurance coverage, content of prenatal care, wantedness of child, sites of prenatal and pediatric care, and maternal and pregnancy risk characteristics were taken into account. Less than adequate prenatal care utilization was not associated with having more than one pediatric care site. Conclusions. Prenatal care utilization can be used to identify and target interventions to women who are at risk for not obtaining well-child care or complete immunizations for their children.
Cloning and Expression of Glycolipid Transfer Protein from Bovine and Porcine Brain

Glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) is a small (23–24 kDa), basic protein (pI ≅ 9.0) that accelerates the intermembrane transfer of various glycolipids. Here, we report the first cloning of cDNAs that encode the bovine and porcine GLTPs. The cDNA open reading frame for bovine GLTP was constructed by bridge-overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction (PCR) after obtaining partial coding cDNA clones by hot start, seminested, and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR. The cDNA open reading frame for porcine GLTP was constructed by reverse transcriptase-PCR. The encoded amino acid sequences in the full-length bovine and porcine cDNAs were identical, consisting of 209 amino acid residues, and were nearly the same as the published sequence determined by Edman degradation. The cDNA encoded one additional amino acid at the N terminus (methionine), arginine at positions 10 and 200 instead of lysine, and threonine at position 65 instead of alanine. Expression of GLTP-cDNA in Escherichia coli using pGEX-6P-1 vector resulted in glutathione S-transferase (GST)-GLTP fusion protein. Regulation of growth and induction conditions led to ∼50% of expressed fusion protein being soluble and active. Proteolytic cleavage of GST-GLTP fusion protein (bound to GST-Sepharose) and affinity purification resulted in fully active GLTP. Northern blot analyses of bovine tissues showed a single transcript of ∼2.2 kilobases and the following hierarchy of mRNA levels: cerebrum > kidney > spleen ≅ lung ≅ cerebellum > liver > heart muscle. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analyses of mRNA levels supported the Northern blot results.
Problems Gone By

Multimedia research has taken on many technical problems over the last decade. Problems such as video on demand and face recognition receive less focus today, while others like content-based retrieval and social media are gaining focus. Different factors can help explain the shifting focus in multimedia research.
On product of companion matrices

This paper describes an explicit combinatorial formula for the product of companion matrices. The method relies on the connections between matrix algebra and associated combinatorial structures to enumerate the paths in an unweighted digraph. As an application, we obtain bases for the solution space of the linear difference equation with variable coefficients.
Heritability of illicit drug use and transition to dependence in Southwest California Indians.

OBJECTIVE Native Americans have high rates of drug use and dependence yet little is known concerning its etiology or clinical course. These analyses were conducted to describe the heritability of the use of a variety of illicit drugs, as well as the conditional probability of transitioning from use to dependence for each drug class in a community sample of Native American men and women. METHODS The sample included 460 participants (190 men and 270 women), recruited through community effort, from eight contiguous Indian reservations in Southern California. Participants were assessed using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. The Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism interview retrospectively asks about the initial use and drug dependence of the following illicit drug classes: marijuana, cocaine, stimulants, sedatives, opiates, hallucinogens, and solvents. Heritability of initial use was determined using SOLAR (http://www.sfbr.org/solar/). RESULTS Ninety-one percent of this select Indian population had tried at least one of the illicit drug classes. The most commonly tried substance was marijuana (88%), followed by stimulants (60%), cocaine (44%), hallucinogens (34%), and solvents (20%). The heritability of initiation of drug use ranged from 0.14 for cocaine to 0.59 for marijuana. The conditional probability of transition from initiation to drug dependence ranged from 0.66 for stimulants to 0.06 for hallucinogens. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that heritability of the initiation of substance use, in Southwest California Indians, may be similar to other population samples. In this population, however, high rates of dependence on marijuana, opiates, and stimulants are seen once initiation of the use of the substance has occurred.
Early membrane injury in lethally irradiated salivary gland cells.

SummaryThe early manifestations of radiation injury in salivary glands were investigated in the rat. The animals received a single X-ray dose in the range of 200-2000 rad to their neck area. Glandular changes during the first 24 hours were studied by light and electron microscopy and by measuring serum amylase activity. The amount of cell necrosis was quantitated and expressed as necrosis index (NI), Parotid NI and serum amylase activity 24 hours following irradiation were directly proportional to the X-ray dose. The submandibular gland cells were radioresistant and so were the mucous cells of the sublingual gland. The major increase in parotid acinar cell necrosis occurred between 12 and 24 hours after irradiation. However, more than 100 per cent increase in serum amylase level was detected prior to the onset of any significant cell necrosis. As early as two hours following irradiation signs of cell membrance injury were demonstrable in the parotid by electron microscopy and consisted of intracellular oe...
Studies, by 13C-n.m.r. and 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy of polysaccharide structure following sulfation

Les spectres de polysaccharides simples et complexes avant et apres la sulfatation prouve que la RMN est une methode pratique de detection de la O-sulfatation sur des sites specifiques
Why Tenth Graders Fail to Finish High School: A Dropout Typology Latent Class Analysis

A large percentage of the students who drop out of K–12 schools in the United States do so at the end of high school, at some point after grade 10. Yet little is known about the differences between types of students who drop out near the end of high school. The purpose of this study is to examine a typology of high school dropouts from a large nationally representative dataset (ELS:2002) using latent class analysis (LCA). We found three significantly different types of dropouts; Quiet, Jaded, and Involved. Based on this typology of three subgroups, we discuss implications for future dropout intervention research, policy, and practice.
Lag screw fixation of a patellar fracture.

A case report of a longitudinal patellar fracture that was successfully treated by lag screw fixation is presented.
Central Nervous System and Psychophysiology of Chronic Pain

T he focus article by Flor and Birbaumer proposes that chronic pain is the result of condit ioning in predisposed individuals. They support this thesis with data from chronicmusculoskeletal back pain patients. They state that condit ioning manifests with peripheral muscle tone changes and central electrocortical changes. Alterations of cortical processing measured by physiological techniques of electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) are used to demonstrate the contribution of the central nervous system (CNS) to the development and the maintenance of chronic pain. The hypothesis and the supporting data raise a couple of important issues: first, the neuroplasticity associated with chronic pain syndromes, and second, the type and the extent of plasticity affecting the cortex. These important and timely issues are well addressed by the authors. This article intends to broaden the discussion. The central nervous system probably has an important role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain in general. Specific aspects regarding pain syndromes and mechanisms underlying those pain syndromes are going to be addressed.
Correspondence of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) self-care subscale with real-time observations of dementia patients' ADL performance in the home

Objective: To determine if caregivers of dementia patients can validly report (a) the level of patient activities of daily living (ADL) dependence and (b) the amount of time they spend providing ADL assistance.Design: Seven ADLs were assessed through caregiver report using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and then videotaped. Videotapes were coded using a computer-assisted data collection system that documented the nature and duration of caregiver assistance provided during ADLs.Setting: The study took place in the homes of the caregiver–patient dyads.Subjects: Twenty-one people with dementia and their primary caregivers participated in the study.Main outcome measures: Data analysis examined (a) the degree to which caregiver-reported FIM scores corresponded to FIM scores derived from the observational data and (b) the extent to which caregivers' estimates of ADL assistance time corresponded to the assistance time observed during ADL interactions.Results: For all ADLs, caregiver-reported FIM score...
Gender Preference and Equilibrium in the Imperfectly Competitive Market for Physician Services

I analyze how the imperfectly competitive market for obstetricians and gynecologists (ob-gyns) clears in the face of an excess demand for female ob-gyns. This excess demand arises because all ob-gyn patients are women, many women prefer a female ob-gyn, and only a small portion of ob-gyns are female. I find that both money and non-money prices adjust: female ob-gyns charge higher fees and also have longer waiting times. Furthermore, institutional structure matters: waiting times adjust more when fees are inflexible. In the end, female ob-gyns capture some but not all of the value of the preferred service they provide.
Molecular modeling studies of the artemisinin (qinghaosu)-hemin interaction: Docking between the antimalarial agent and its putative receptor

Artemisinin (qinghaosu, QHS) is a promising new antimalarial agent that is effective against drug-resistant strains of malaria. The antimalarial activity of this drug appears to be mediated by an interaction of the drug's endoperoxide bridge with intraparasitic hemin. We have carried out a computer-assisted docking of QHS with hemin from various starting configurations and found that, in the most stable docked configuration, the endoperoxide bridge is in close proximity to the hemin iron. In contrast, an inactive analog, deoxyartemisinin (DQHS), docks in a different manner. Further computer analysis of the drug-hemin interaction might aid in the design of new QHS congeners.
A multicomponent investigation of the interaction of generalized anxiety and phobia

Forty female undergraduates forming four groups, high or low trait anxiety with or without a specific fear (rats), participated in a psychophysiological assessment of their response to the phobic object, a neutral object (rabbit), and to a general anxiety-induction procedure (threat of shock). Subjects also completed a number of tasks requiring sustained attention. Blood samples were drawn to determine thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels. Trait anxiety was found to interact with specific fear in response to the feared object. The high-trait anxious/high-fear group was most physiologically responsive to the rat. Trait- anxious subjects were more responsive to the threat of shock and showed performance deficits on reaction time, vigilance, and backward digit span tasks. These subjects also had significantly higher T3 and T4 levels. The findings are discussed with regard to the role of general anxiety in the etiology and/or maintenance of specific fears and the role of thyroid hormones in accentuating physiological response to feared stimuli.
Gas sorption and transport in substituted polycarbonates

The effects of molecular structure manipulation of polycarbonates on sorption and transport of various gases were studied using tetramethyl, tetrachloro, and tetrabromo substitutions onto the aromatic rings of bisphenol A polycarbonate. Solubility and permeability measurements were made at 35°C over the pressure range of 1–20 atm for a variety of gases, namely CO2, CH4, O2, N2, and He. A threefold to fourfold increase in permeability was caused by the tetramethyl substitution, whereas the tetrachloro and tetrabromo substitutions reduced the permeability relative to the tetramethyl substitution. Lower activation energies for transport were found for the tetramethyl polycarbonate relative to the unsubstituted polycarbonate. Permeability coefficients were factored into solubility and diffusion coefficients. Sorption levels increased for all substitutions, but among the substituted polymers the levels remain practically the same. Solubility data were analyzed in terms of the dual sorption model. The Henry's law solubility coefficients obtained from this analysis were found to be consistent with a predictive equation developed for rubbery polymers. The usual correlation for predicting the Langmuir sorption capacity of the model overestimates the values for the substituted polycarbonates, and a proposal for the cause of this is offered. Thermal expansion of these polymers was measured using dilatometry, and the results are used in the interpretation of the sorption data. Diffusion phenomena are explained by segmental mobility and free volume considerations. The effects of CO2 exposure history on sorption and transport were also investigated.
A Weighting Function for Pre-emptive Multicriteria Assignment Problems

This paper presents a weighting function for aggregating pre-emptive criteria into a representative composite in multicriteria assignment problems. The result is based on taking advantage of the bipartite graph structure of such problems. An application is presented which involves assigning faculty and personnel to parking lots at a large university.
Petrobactin-mediated iron transport in pathogenic bacteria: coordination chemistry of an unusual 3,4-catecholate/citrate siderophore.

The hexadentate 3,4-catecholate/citrate siderophore petrobactin is produced by the mammalian pathogens Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus apparently to evade the immune protein siderocalin and mediate their iron acquisition during infection; it is essential for the pathogenicity of these organisms. Solution thermodynamic and kinetic measurements show that incorporation of 3,4-catecholate subunits into the siderophore structure does not enhance its affinity for iron as compared to hydroxamate units, but it promotes fast iron removal from human diferric transferrin. The function of the photoreactive ferric citrate moiety remains unexplored in pathogenic Bacilli; however, the soil organism Bacillus subtilis can utilize both ferric petrobactin and its photoproduct as iron sources and therefore carries a specific uptake system for this exogenous siderophore.
Behavioral effects of a dimethylsulfonium analog of dopamine after injection into the nucleus accumbens and the striatum.

Abstract We have previously synthesized a chemical analog of dopamine (DA) in which the amine group has been replaced by a permanently charged dimethylsulfonium group. In the present study, we have determined whether this compound can exert DA agonist activity in the nucleus accumbens by comparing its effects with those of DA. When DA was injected into the nucleus accumbens of rats pretreated with nialamide, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, there was marked stimulation of locomotor activity. Similarly, after intraaccumbens injection, the sulfonium analog also produced a marked stimulation of locomotor activity, and this effect was inhibited by the DA receptor antagonist, haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, IP). However, the sulfonium analog did not stimulate locomotor activity when rats were pretreated with saline instead of nialamide. In addition, the stimulation of locomotor activity produced by the sulfonium analog in rats pretreated with nialamide was completely inhibited by the DA synthesis inhibitor, α-methyl-p-tyrosine. These results suggest that the stimulation of locomotor activity by the sulfonium analog is mediated indirectly through the release of DA. The sulfonium analog was able to produce marked contralateral circling after it was injected into the striatum of rats on the side of the brain in which DA nerve terminals were previously destroyed with 6-hydroxydopamine. Similarly, the sulfonium analog produced a marked stimulation of locomotor activity after it was injected into the nucleus accumbens of rats that were previously injected into this region with 6-hydroxydopamine. These results suggest that the sulfonium analog of dopamine can exert direct as well as indirect DA agonist activity.
Thyroxine-binding globulin deficiencydetected by newborn screening

We examined the results of the Northwest Regional Screening Program from May 1975 to June 1991 to determine the prevalence of inherited thyroixine-binding globulin (TBG) deficiency and its effect on thyroid hormone concentrations in infants. Serum thyroxine (T 4 ), trliodothyronine resin uptake (T 3 RU), and thyrotropin values were requested of physicians caring for all infants with a single filter paper T 4 level 4 level 4 concentration for TBG-deficlent boys was 41.9 nmol/L (3.26 μg/dl); 31% had values 4 concentration for TBG-deficient giris was 60.2 nmol/L (4.68 μg/dl), with none 3 RU value was 0.472 in TBG-deficient boys, and 0.412 in TBG-deficient girls; the T 3 RU value was >0.55 in 24% of TBG-deficient boys but was >0.55 in only one girl. Free serum T 4 levels were normal in all 56 TBG-deficient infants studied, and TBG levels were low in all 20 infants studied. Inherited TBG deficiency is common in boys in the Northwest, with a frequency of 1:1700 and a male/female ratio of 8.9:1. Boys with TBG deficiency have mild, moderate, or severe alterations in total T 4 and T 3 RU values, but severe deficiency is rare in girls.
The functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons. Part 23. Gif-type bromination and chlorination of saturated hydrocarbons: a non-radical reaction

Abstract The bromination of saturated hydrocarbons was studied in the GoAgg III system using CBrCl 3 and other polyhaloalkanes. This bromination reaction was compared to free radical processes by (i) evaluating the rates of reactions for a series of polyhaloalkanes, by (ii) measuring the selectivity of the different systems towards various saturated hydrocarbons and by (iii) analyzing the product distribution arising from the bromination of cyclohexyl bromide under both the GoAgg III type conditions and from known processes for alkyl radical generation. Some chlorine containing reagents were also examined for CCl bond formation in the GoAgg III system. All the experimental findings support a mechanism for the reaction that is different from one involving free radicals. This non-radical pathway is common in all Gif-type systems, as seen in common patterns of selectivity. conditions is in agreement with a non-radical reaction pathway for the Gif-type bromination and chlorination reactions.
Influence of hydrogen on the fracture resistance of 65G sheet steel

We present the results of investigations of the influence of hydrogen on the fracture of 65G sheet spring steel. The distribution of strains is determined by the method of digital speckle correlation, the topography of the specimen surface in front of the crack tip is analyzed, and it is shown that the influence of hydrogen makes the fracture strain 1.5 times lower. It is also demonstrated that the crack resistance of 65G steel decreases in hydrogen (as compared with air) by 14%. The fractographic analysis of the fracture surfaces of specimens is performed and the morphology of crack propagation is investigated by the metallographic method. It is shown that the decrease in the operating characteristics of 65G steel under the action of hydrogen manifests itself in the localization of plastic strains and extensive delamination along the joints of the layers of rolling.