cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) binding sites in human and guinea pig lung.

125I-Human calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP) binding sites were localized in human and guinea pig lungs by an autoradiographic method. Scatchard analysis of saturation experiments from slide-mounted sections of guinea pig lung displayed specific 125I-hCGRP binding sites with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.72 +/- 0.05 nM (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 3) and a maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) of 133.4 +/- 5.6 fmol/mg protein. In both human and guinea pig lung, autoradiography revealed that CGRP binding sites were widely distributed, with particularly dense labeling over bronchial and pulmonary blood vessels of all sizes and alveolar walls. Airway smooth muscle and epithelium of large airways was sparsely labeled but no labeling was found over submucosal glands. This localization corresponds well to the reported pattern of CGRP-like immunoreactive innervation. The findings of localization of CGRP binding sites on bronchial and pulmonary blood vessels indicate that CGRP may be important in the regulation of airway and pulmonary blood flow.
21st Birthday Drinking: Extremely Extreme

Despite public recognition of the hazards of 21st birthday drinking, there is little empirical information concerning its prevalence, severity, and risk factors. Data from a sample of 2,518 college students suggest that 21st birthday drinking poses an extreme danger: (a) 4 of every 5 participants (83%) reported drinking to celebrate, (b) birthday drinkers indicated high levels of consumption, (c) 12% of birthday drinkers (men and women) reported consuming 21 drinks, and (d) about half of birthday drinkers exceeded their prior maximum number of drinks. Current problematic alcohol involvement and its typical correlates strongly predicted both the occurrence and severity of 21st birthday drinking. It is imperative that investigators consider a variety of potential interventions to minimize the harm associated with this rite of passage.
Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons

There is a convergence between cognitive models of imitation, constructs derived from social psychology studies on mimicry and empathy, and recent empirical findings from the neurosciences. The ideomotor framework of human actions assumes a common representational format for action and perception that facilitates imitation. Furthermore, the associative sequence learning model of imitation proposes that experience-based Hebbian learning forms links between sensory processing of the actions of others and motor plans. Social psychology studies have demonstrated that imitation and mimicry are pervasive, automatic, and facilitate empathy. Neuroscience investigations have demonstrated physiological mechanisms of mirroring at single-cell and neural-system levels that support the cognitive and social psychology constructs. Why were these neural mechanisms selected, and what is their adaptive advantage? Neural mirroring solves the “problem of other minds” (how we can access and understand the minds of others) and makes intersubjectivity possible, thus facilitating social behavior.
Women's Underrepresentation in Pharmacy Practice Managment Positions: A Test of Three Speculations

Three speculations concerning women in pharmacy management positions were examined: (1) women have not been in practice long enough to have risen to manapement positions, (2) women are not motivated to assume managerial responsibilities, and (3) childbearing and rearing roles result in reduced labor force participation which interferes with women's professional development. Results from a mail survey of 228 chain pharmacists indicate that (1) women are underrepresented in management positions during their first four years of practice, but achieve statistical parity with men in management positions by their fifth year; (2) men and women demonstrated no differences in their degree of ascendancy, as measured by the Jackson Personality Research Form; and (3) women's reduced labor force participation appears to be rooted more in economics than social roles. The data do not support fully any of the three speculations concerning women in pharmacy management positions.
DOES FIBRIN SEALANT DECREASE IMMEDIATE URINARY LEAKAGE FOLLOWING RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY

ABSTRACT Purpose: We determined the effectiveness of fibrin sealant in decreasing postoperative urinary leakage following radical retropubic prostatectomy performed by 1 surgeon at Washington Hospital Center. Materials and Methods: Between April and November 2003 our group treated 32 consecutive patients with prostate cancer with radical retropubic prostatectomy. The first 16 patients (control) underwent the Walsh described technique and the second group of 16 patients had an additional application of fibrin sealant around the urethro vesical anastomosis. Postoperative drain output was measured every 8 hours. The results of the 2 groups were compared. Results: The Blake drain was removed after 4 nursing shifts (times 1 through 4) in 81% (13 of 16) of the control group and in 100% (16 of 16) of the fibrin sealant group. The fibrin sealant group had significantly less drainage output overall compared with the control group (p = 0.005). The drainage output from each group decreased with time at a significant rate independent of each other (p Conclusions: The application of fibrin sealant to the urethro vesical anastomosis during radical retropubic prostatectomy does decrease postoperative drain output. With earlier drain removal, patients would benefit from less discomfort and from skilled nursing requirements. In select patients early drain removal could accelerate discharge home.
Prevalence of low bone mineral density in a low-income inner-city population

Bone mineral density (BMD) is an important factor linked to bone health. Little is known of the prevalence of low BMD and its associated risk factors in an urban underserved population. Between 2001 and 2004, we recruited 338 subjects who completed drug use and medical history questionnaires, underwent hormonal measurements, and underwent whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for evaluation of BMD and body composition. Of these, 132 subjects had site-specific DXA (lumbar spine and hip) performed. Osteoporosis was defined as a T-score of –2.5 or less for men 50 years of age and older and postmenopausal women and a Z-score of –2.0 or less in men younger than 50 years of age and premenopausal women at either the lumbar spine, total hip, or femoral neck, according to National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) guidelines. The cohort consisted of mostly African-American, middle-aged people with a high prevalence of illicit drug use, 50% HIV+, and 39% hepatitis C+. Osteoporosis was identified in 22% of subjects (24 men, 5 women), with the majority of cases (90%) attributable to osteoporosis at the lumbar spine. Osteoporosis was more common in men than in women. Lower whole-body BMD among women was associated with multiple risk factors, but only with lower lean mass among men. Osteoporosis was highly prevalent in men, mainly at the spine. The risk factors for bone loss in this population need to be further clarified. Screening men for osteoporosis starting at age 50 might be warranted in this population given the multiple risk factors and the unexpectedly high prevalence of low BMD. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
β-Catenin Regulates Positive Selection of Thymocytes but Not Lineage Commitment

Positive selection and lineage commitment to the cytolytic or helper lineage of T cells result in coordinated expression of MHC class I-restricted TCR and CD8 coreceptor or MHC class II-restricted TCR and CD4 molecule. Positive selection signals also regulate the survival and generation of requisite numbers of cytolytic or Th cells. β-Catenin is the major transcriptional cofactor of T cell factor and plays a role in thymocyte development. In this study, using mice expressing stabilized β-catenin and mice with T cell-specific deletion of β-catenin, we show that β-catenin regulates positive selection, but not lineage commitment of thymocytes. Furthermore, β-catenin expression accelerates the timing of mature CD8 thymocyte generation such that CD4 and CD8 single-positive thymocytes mature with the same kinetics during development.
Use of mole fractions in enzyme kinetics

Abstract Equations have been derived for enzyme kinetics with concentrations expressed as mole fractions. Whereas the classic equations for solution show a rise in reaction rates with increasing substrate concentration, the new equations show a fall as the mole fraction approaches unity, a result to be expected for structures of low water content. These equations make it possible to compare reaction rates in solution and in gels.
Edge-based finite element analysis of singly- and doubly-periodic scatterers using absorbing and periodic boundary conditions

The versatility of the finite element and finite difference techniques in modeling complex material geometries and the ease of code development make them attractive choices for analyzing many configurations of practical interest. In this paper we describe our efforts in developing an edge-based FE code using a simple finite element mesh consisting of orthogonal but nonuniform bricks to predict the scattering characteristics of both periodic and aperiodic structures. Useful insights into the power and weakness of the FE method, gained during the course of our numerical experiments, are provided. While the ABC-based FE method is conceptually simple, to-date its application to the analysis of periodic structures has not been reported in the literature.
Analysis of a Tornadic Mesoscale Convective Vortex Based on Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation of CASA X-Band and WSR-88D Radar Data

AbstractOne of the goals of the National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center (ERC) for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) is to improve storm-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) by collecting data with a dense X-band radar network that provides high-resolution low-level coverage, and by assimilating such data into NWP models. During the first spring storm season after the deployment of four radars in the CASA Integrated Project-1 (IP-1) network in southwest Oklahoma, a tornadic mesoscale convective system (MCS) was captured by CASA and surrounding Weather Surveillance Radars-1988 Doppler (WSR-88Ds) on 8–9 May 2007. The MCS moved across northwest Texas and western and central Oklahoma; two tornadoes rated as category 1 on the enhanced Fujita scale (EF-1) and one tornado of EF-0 intensity were reported during the event, just to the north of the IP-1 network. This was the first tornadic convective system observed by CASA.To quantify the impacts of CASA radar data in storm...
Automatic Tools for Enhancing the Collaborative Experience in Large Projects

With the explosion of big data in many fields, the efficient management of knowledge about all aspects of the data analysis gains in importance. A key feature of collaboration in large scale projects is keeping a log of what is being done and how - for private use, reuse, and for sharing selected parts with collaborators and peers, often distributed geographically on an increasingly global scale. Even better if the log is automatically created on the fly while the scientist or software developer is working in a habitual way, without the need for extra efforts. This saves time and enables a team to do more with the same resources. The CODESH - COllaborative DEvelopment SHell - and CAVES - Collaborative Analysis Versioning Environment System projects address this problem in a novel way. They build on the concepts of virtual states and transitions to enhance the collaborative experience by providing automatic persistent virtual logbooks. CAVES is designed for sessions of distributed data analysis using the popular ROOT framework, while CODESH generalizes the approach for any type of work on the command line in typical UNIX shells like bash or tcsh. Repositories of sessions can be configured dynamically to record and make available the knowledge accumulated in the course of a scientific or software endeavor. Access can be controlled to define logbooks of private sessions or sessions shared within or between collaborating groups. A typical use case is building working scalable systems for analysis of Petascale volumes of data as encountered in the LHC experiments. Our approach is general enough to find applications in many fields.
Influence of life-history variation on demographic responses of three freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in the Clinch River, USA

1. Variation in age, shell growth, and demographic responses of two endangered mussel species, Epioblasma brevidens and Epioblasma capsaeformis, and a third non-listed species, Lampsilis fasciola, were studied from 2004–2008 in a 32-km reach of the Clinch River, TN. 2. Observed maximum age and length of E. brevidens was 28 yr and 71.5 mm for males and 15 yr and 56.6 mm for females; of E. capsaeformis, 12 yr and 54.6 mm for males and 9 yr and 48.6 mm for females; and of L. fasciola, 45 yr and 91.3 mm for males and 24 yr and 79.8 mm for females. 3. Estimated population size was ∼46 000 individuals for E. brevidens, ∼862 000 individuals for E. capsaeformis, and ∼33 000 individuals for L. fasciola. 4. Mean recruitment per year of 1 yr-olds ranged from 12.0% to 24.0% for E. brevidens, 4.2% to 56.6% for E. capsaeformis, and 10.0% to 38.5% for L. fasciola, and mean annual population growth rate was 21.0%, 31.3%, and − 24.3%, respectively. 5. Juveniles were detectable but temporally and spatially variable in occurrence, and a significant proportion of the age-class structure of each species. Recruitment was exceptionally high for E. capsaeformis during years when discharge was low in spring and summer. 6. Population size, growth, recruitment, and mortality rates of the shorter-lived E. capsaeformis were correspondingly higher than those of E. brevidens and L. fasciola. 7. The federal recovery plan for E. brevidens and E. capsaeformis identifies quantification of demographic variables as a critical step toward meeting the recovery needs of each species. The data collected in this study begin to meet these needs and can be used to monitor and evaluate population performance of each species. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Wind Speed Improves Plant Growth in a Desert City

Background: The often dramatic effects of urbanization on community and ecosystem properties, such as primary productivity, abundances, and diversity are now well-established. In most cities local primary productivity increases and this extra energy flows upwards to alter diversity and relative abundances in higher trophic levels. The abiotic mechanisms thought to be responsible for increases in urban productivity are altered temperatures and light regimes, and increased nutrient and water inputs. However, another abiotic factor, wind speed, is also influenced by urbanization and well known for altering primary productivity in agricultural systems. Wind effects on primary productivity have heretofore not been studied in the context of urbanization. Methodology/Principal Findings: We designed a field experiment to test if increased plant growth often observed in cities is explained by the sheltering effects of built structures. Wind speed was reduced by protecting Encelia farinosa (brittlebush) plants in urban, desert remnant and outlying desert localities via windbreaks while controlling for water availability and nutrient content. In all three habitats, we compared E. farinosa growth when protected by experimental windbreaks and in the open. E. farinosa plants protected against ambient wind in the desert and remnant areas grew faster in terms of biomass and height than exposed plants. As predicted, sheltered plants did not differ from unprotected plants in urban areas where wind speed is already reduced. Conclusion/Significance: Our results indicate that reductions in wind speed due to built structures in cities contribute to increased plant productivity and thus also to changes in abundances and diversity of higher trophic levels. Our study emphasizes the need to incorporate wind speed in future urban ecological studies, as well as in planning for green space and sustainable cities.
Hungry Flies Tune to Vinegar

Many molecular signals that represent hunger and satiety in the body have been identified, but relatively little is known about how these factors alter the nervous system to change behavior. Root et al. (2011) report that hunger modulates the sensitivity of specific olfactory sensory neurons in Drosophila and facilitates odor-search behavior.
Complete genome sequence of the filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus

Chloroflexus aurantiacus is a thermophilic filamentous anoxygenic phototrophic (FAP) bacterium, and can grow phototrophically under anaerobic conditions or chemotrophically under aerobic and dark conditions. According to 16S rRNA analysis, Chloroflexi species are the earliest branching bacteria capable of photosynthesis, and Cfl. aurantiacus has been long regarded as a key organism to resolve the obscurity of the origin and early evolution of photosynthesis. Cfl. aurantiacus contains a chimeric photosystem that comprises some characters of green sulfur bacteria and purple photosynthetic bacteria, and also has some unique electron transport proteins compared to other photosynthetic bacteria. The complete genomic sequence of Cfl. aurantiacus has been determined, analyzed and compared to the genomes of other photosynthetic bacteria. Abundant genomic evidence suggests that there have been numerous gene adaptations/replacements in Cfl. aurantiacus to facilitate life under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, including duplicate genes and gene clusters for the alternative complex III (ACIII), auracyanin and NADH:quinone oxidoreductase; and several aerobic/anaerobic enzyme pairs in central carbon metabolism and tetrapyrroles and nucleic acids biosynthesis. Overall, genomic information is consistent with a high tolerance for oxygen that has been reported in the growth of Cfl. aurantiacus. Genes for the chimeric photosystem, photosynthetic electron transport chain, the 3-hydroxypropionate autotrophic carbon fixation cycle, CO2-anaplerotic pathways, glyoxylate cycle, and sulfur reduction pathway are present. The central carbon metabolism and sulfur assimilation pathways in Cfl. aurantiacus are discussed. Some features of the Cfl. aurantiacus genome are compared with those of the Roseiflexus castenholzii genome. Roseiflexus castenholzii is a recently characterized FAP bacterium and phylogenetically closely related to Cfl. aurantiacus. According to previous reports and the genomic information, perspectives of Cfl. aurantiacus in the evolution of photosynthesis are also discussed. The genomic analyses presented in this report, along with previous physiological, ecological and biochemical studies, indicate that the anoxygenic phototroph Cfl. aurantiacus has many interesting and certain unique features in its metabolic pathways. The complete genome may also shed light on possible evolutionary connections of photosynthesis.
The 1864 Geneva Convention, a link between the ICRC and the United Nations

It is an honour and a privilege for me to speak to you today, as we celebrate the 125th anniversary of the Geneva Convention.This commemoration is of special significance in that the Geneva Convention—which deals with the situation of war wounded—was the first text providing for international humanitarian action and regulating individual behaviour in certain defined circumstances.
Update on the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily

Members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily play an important role in the enzymic detoxification of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes and in the formation of molecules that are important in cellular processes, like retinoic acid, betaine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. ALDHs exhibit additional, non-enzymic functions, including the capacity to bind to some hormones and other small molecules and to diminish the effects of ultraviolet irradiation in the cornea. Mutations in ALDH genes leading to defective aldehyde metabolism are the molecular basis of several diseases, including gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, pyridoxine-dependent seizures, Sjogren-Larsson syndrome and type II hyperprolinaemia. Interestingly, several ALDH enzymes appear to be markers for normal and cancer stem cells. The superfamily is evolutionarily ancient and is represented within Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukarya taxa. Recent improvements in DNA and protein sequencing have led to the identification of many new ALDH family members. To date, the human genome contains 19 known ALDH genes, as well as many pseudogenes. Whole-genome sequencing allows for comparison of the entire complement of ALDH family members among organisms. This paper provides an update of ALDH genes in several recently sequenced vertebrates and aims to clarify the associated records found in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) gene database. It also highlights where and when likely gene-duplication and gene-loss events have occurred. This information should be useful to future studies that might wish to compare the role of ALDH members among species and how the gene superfamily as a whole has changed throughout evolution.
Amphion/NAV: deductive synthesis of state estimation software

Previous work on domain-specific deductive program synthesis described the Amphion/NAIF system for generating Fortran code from high-level graphical specifications describing problems in space system geometry. Amphion/NAIF specifications describe input-output functions that compute geometric quantities (e.g., the distance between two planets at a point in time, or the time when a radio communication path between a spacecraft and earth is occluded) by composing together Fortran subroutines from the NAIF subroutine library developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In essence, Amphion/NAIF synthesizes code for glueing together the NAIF components in a way such that the generated code implements the specification, with a concurrently generated proof that this implementation is correct. Amphion/NAIF demonstrated the success of domain-specific deductive program synthesis and is still in use today within the space science community. However, a number of questions remained open that we will attempt to answer in this paper.
Enteral glutamine: a novel mediator of PPARγ in the postischemic gut

Early enteral nutrition supplemented with glutamine, arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and nucleotides has been shown to decrease infection complications in critically injured patients. Concern has been raised, however, that under conditions of hyperinflammation, these diets may be injurious through the induction of inducible NO synthase by enteral arginine. In a rodent model of gut ischemia/reperfusion, inflammation and injury are intensified by enteral arginine and abrogated by glutamine. These findings correlate with the degree of metabolic stress imposed upon the gut by hypoperfusion. Glutamine is metabolized by the gut and therefore, can contribute back energy in the form of ATP, whereas arginine is a nonmetabolizable nutrient, using but not contributing energy. Recent data suggest that one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the gut-protective effects of enteral glutamine is the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. This anti-inflammatory transcription factor belongs to the family of nuclear receptors, plays a key role in adipocyte development and glucose homeostasis, and has been recognized as an endogenous regulator of intestinal inflammation. Preliminary clinical studies support the use of enteral glutamine in patients with gut hypoperfusion.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: A Potential Mimic of Primary Traumatic Brain Injury in Infants

OBJECTIVE. Hyperdense venous thrombi on unenhanced head CT may be misinterpreted as different types of extraaxial hemorrhages, and hemorrhagic venous infarctions may be interpreted as parenchymal contusion, leading to an incorrect diagnosis of trauma as the cause of the blood products. The purpose of this article is to show the various appearances of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) that mimic different types of hemorrhages and to show hemorrhagic venous infarctions that mimic parenchymal contusions. CONCLUSION. CVT, as an entity, must be kept in the differential diagnosis when patients present with extraaxial hyperdensities on unenhanced head CT so appropriate management can be initiated to minimize potentially devastating consequences.
Quasi-Experimentation: Two Group Design

Quasi-experimentation involves interventions or treatments manipulated by the researcher. A major difference between quasi-experimentation and randomized experimentation is that the former does not involve randomization of participants to experimental conditions but uses intact groups, instead. In this article, the major types of two-group quasi-experimental designs are illustrated as well as threats to the validity of causal inferences involved in these designs and how these threats are controlled by specific features of improved designs. Quasi-experimental designs included in this article are four posttest-only design with nonequivalent groups and four pretest–posttest designs with nonequivalent groups.
Dilution of the cell cycle inhibitor Whi5 controls budding-yeast cell size

Cell size fundamentally affects all biosynthetic processes by determining the scale of organelles and influencing surface transport. Although extensive studies have identified many mutations affecting cell size, the molecular mechanisms underlying size control have remained elusive. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, size control occurs in G1 phase before Start, the point of irreversible commitment to cell division. It was previously thought that activity of the G1 cyclin Cln3 increased with cell size to trigger Start by initiating the inhibition of the transcriptional inhibitor Whi5 (refs 6-8). Here we show that although Cln3 concentration does modulate the rate at which cells pass Start, its synthesis increases in proportion to cell size so that its total concentration is nearly constant during pre-Start G1. Rather than increasing Cln3 activity, we identify decreasing Whi5 activity--due to the dilution of Whi5 by cell growth--as a molecular mechanism through which cell size controls proliferation. Whi5 is synthesized in S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle in a largely size-independent manner. This results in smaller daughter cells being born with higher Whi5 concentrations that extend their pre-Start G1 phase. Thus, at its most fundamental level, size control in budding yeast results from the differential scaling of Cln3 and Whi5 synthesis rates with cell size. More generally, our work shows that differential size-dependency of protein synthesis can provide an elegant mechanism to coordinate cellular functions with growth.
The When and Where of the Growth of the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau

Over the past 50 million years, collision between India and Asia has produced the highest and most extensive plateau on Earth today and the greatest present-day topographic relief (Fig. 1). The Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya may be the largest such feature seen on Earth in the Phanerozoic (i.e., since approximately 542 million years ago). Although this tremendous geographic feature has been ascribed to the effects of the collision between India and Asia since the early part of this century,1 there are still many important questions regarding the tectonic and geographic history of the region that remain unanswered. As plate tectonic theory has been applied to the region, a detailed understanding has begun to emerge regarding certain small areas, mostly on the edge of the plateau. The ability to integrate information from sources such as seismology and geodesy makes study of this ongoing collision particularly valuable in understanding more ancient orogens, where such information is generally not available. The relative FIGURE 1. Geographic location of the Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau showing major geologic features. Heavy lines are faults; thin lines are 3000 and 5000 m topographic contours. Diagonal ruled areas are the Gangdese and related batholiths formed by the subduction of the Tethys oceanic crust in the Cretaceous and Paleogene. Stippled areas are regions of east-west extension of the southern Tibetan Plateau since the late Miocene. MKT = Main Karakoram Thrust, MMT = Main Mantle Thrust, MCT = Main Central Thrust, MBT = Main Boundary Thrust, ITS =Indus-Tsangpo Suture, STDS = Southern Tibetan Detachment System, NQTL = Nyainqentanghla range. After Harrison et al.2 youth of this orogen allows a precise temporal resolution of events by a variety of methods, which allows better evaluation of the possible mechanisms responsible for the growth of the plateau.2 The Tibetan Plateau has had an unquestioned and significant effect on the climate of Asia as well as on global circulation patterns,3–5 and it is our growing understanding of the tectonics of this region that allows more detailed investigations into the variation of Cenozoic climate. We can in many cases date the time of initiation or cessation of important tectonic structures in this orogen, but the evaluation of the relationships between these features and the elevation of the surface of the Earth is a generally less straightforward process.
The teacher, the writing curriculum and computers: planning and practice in pedagogy in two second-grade classrooms

This study describes the planning, teaching, and challenges of one classroom teacher during writing time in two second grade classrooms. The study looks at how this teacher planned for and implemented a writing curriculum in which computers played a role and what this teacher did in an attempt to influence children's development as writers. Data collected included four formal interviews with the teacher and observations over a period of two semesters of the teacher as she worked in the classroom and computer lab during writing time. The constant comparative method as described by Maykut and Morehouse (1994) was used to analyze the data. Analysis revealed that this teacher's approach was influenced by state standards and policy guidelines, as well as her early experiences with literacy. In the lab, she focused on helping students develop keyboarding skills through keyboarding exercises, a computer game, and occasional word-proceeding of writing pieces done in the classroom. In the classroom she used a routine that consisted of three pre-writing activities. These involved students in reading materials related to the topic, brainstorming ideas they recalled, mapping relationships among brainstormed ideas, and writing group and individual accounts of their reading. Her approach to teaching in the city was quite similar to the approach she used in the county school. It differed insofar as in the county school she introduced the students to using the computer to conduct information searches about topics in the official state curriculum. Among the challenges she identified in her teaching were time and management problems. Based on these findings, the study identified four foci that might contribute to more effective use of computers in writing instruction. These include the teacher conceptions of literacy, effective planning, effective implementation and classroom management.
A New Model-Based Method to Detect Radio Jamming Attack to Wireless Networks

Wireless communications are subjected to radio jamming attacks due to the fact that the transmission medium is open to any hostile attackers. In a radio jamming, an attacker can jam a channel by emitting a radio signal in certain strength without understanding the protocol. It may also try to disrupt the RF operations of a communication protocol if it understands the protocol. Detection of the jamming has been very challenging, particularly in adversarial environment. Current detection mechanisms using signal strength related metrics rely on extensive measurements that require hardware implementation due to lack of appropriate analytical models. In this work, we propose a novel detection method based on the decomposition relationship between effective channel utilization (ECU) and the interference power from undesirable nodes. This method detects power-based jamming attacks against wireless networks. A new metric using ECU is integrated into the algorithm of the detection of radio jamming. In addition, the method is implemented in OPNET with a dynamic radio channel allocation (RCA) module that monitors and reallocates the channel if being detected as jammed. We have thoroughly demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method by extensive experiment and simulation results.
A Social Capital Approach to Identifying Correlates of Perceived Social Support Among Homeless Youth

The ability of homeless youth to accumulate resources through their personal relationships with others (i.e. social capital) is often associated with improved outcomes across multiple domains. Despite growing evidence documenting the heterogeneity of homeless youths’ relationships, many youth still experience adversities or lack access to resources. Thus, a more comprehensive investigation of homeless youths’ sources of social capital and the factors associated with these networks is needed. This current study aimed: (1) to delineate the composition of social support networks of homeless youth and (2) to identify salient correlates of these different sources of social support. A sample of 1046 youth, ages 13–24, were recruited from three homeless youth drop-in-centers. Youth completed a computerized self-administered survey and a social network interview. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether youths’ homelessness backgrounds, victimization experiences, and risky behaviors were associated with different emotional and instrumental forms of social capital. Overall rates of homeless youths’ social support from all sources were low. Rates of emotional support were greater than instrumental support, with youth with histories of physical abuse, street victimization, and foster care reporting more emotional support from some sources. Street victimized youth were significantly more likely to report having emotional and instrumental support from all sources of capital. Findings suggest the need for careful consideration of youths’ support systems when providing services to homeless youth. Specifically, it may be important to assess the common supports utilized by youth in order to maximize youths’ social networks.
Differential Attractiveness of Infested and Uninfested Mummy Almonds to Navel Orangeworm Moths

Up to seven times as many eggs of the navel orangeworm were laid on oviposition traps containing navel orangeworm-infested mummy almonds as on traps containing uninfested mummies. Frass along with other insect-produced debris from mummy nuts was highly attractive and resulted in increased visitation by adults of both sexes and in increased oviposition, showing that a larval-to-adult communication system exists. Whether this involves a pheromone remains to be established. An ether extract of insect-derived debris (mostly frass) from mummy nuts was shown both to attract and to stimulate oviposition by female moths.
A Confidence-Based Adaptive Sampling Approach for Dynamic Reliability Analysis

Dynamic reliability is defined as the probability that an engineered system successfully performs the predefined functionality over a certain period of time considering time-variant operation condition and component deterioration. In practice, it is still a major challenge to conduce dynamic reliability analysis due to the prohibitively high computational costs. In this study, a confidence-based meta-modeling approach is proposed for efficient sensitivity-free dynamic reliability analysis, referred to as double-loop adaptive sampling (DLAS). In DLAS a Gaussian process (GP) model is constructed to approximate extreme system responses over time, so that Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) can be employed directly to estimate dynamic reliability. A qualitative confidence measure is proposed to evaluate the accuracy of dynamic reliability estimation while using the MCS approach based on developed GP models. To improve the confidence, a double-loop adaptive sampling scheme is developed to efficiently update the GP model in a sequential manner, by considering system input variables and time concurrently in double sampling loops. The model updating process can be terminated once the user defined confidence target is satisfied. The DLAS approach does not require computationally expensive sensitivity analysis, thus substantially improves the efficiency of dynamic reliability assessment. Two case studies are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of DLAS for dynamic reliability analysis.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Depression of Atrial Contractility by Peptides Isolated from Normal and Shock Plasma

SummaryThe presence of peptides in normal dog plasma and in plasma of dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock has been investigated. The column chromatographic elution pattern for both normal and hemorrhagic plasma samples were similar. Of the six peptide peaks in the column elution pattern, only one (peak III) produced significant depression of atrial contractile strength. The depression produced by the shock peak III sample was not significantly greater than the contractile depression produced by control peak III. The results indicate that the atrial contractile depression produced by this peptide could only be significant during circulatory shock if it in some way interacted with other abnormal conditions existing during the shock state.
The third law

In Chapters 4 and 5 we introduced the molecular basis for the first two laws of thermodynamics. In particular, we developed a physical interpretation for the entropy in terms of microstates. However, we have yet to address two subtle questions regarding this relationship. Is there any such thing as an absolute value of the entropy? That is, does it make sense to identify an exact numerical value of S for a particular system and a particular state point, as opposed to the more modest calculation of a change in entropy between two state points? Furthermore, what is the behavior of the entropy and other thermodynamic functions as the temperature approaches absolute zero? As we shall see in this chapter, both of these questions cannot be addressed using the first two laws alone. Instead, we must introduce a third law of thermodynamics that provides a context for understanding absolute entropies and absolute zero. The third law is not conceptually as straightforward as the others, first because it is not needed in many practical calculations far away from absolute zero, and second and more importantly, because it can be presented in several quite different ways. In particular, we will describe a number of distinct formulations of the third law and attempt to provide some molecular interpretation for their rationale. Unlike the first and second laws, however, there are many subtleties associated with these formulations that in some cases remain actively discussed. We will not attempt to synthesize and reconcile the details here, but present only the main ideas. The interested reader is referred to the references at the end of the chapter for further information.
Public Views on Crime: Television Exposure and Media Credibility

(1984). Public Views on Crime: Television Exposure and Media Credibility. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 514-536.
Eine einfache und vielseitige dirigierende Amidgruppe zur Funktionalisierung von C-H-Bindungen

Die selektive C-H-Aktivierung an einer einzigen und strategisch wichtigen Position in Gegenwart von zahlreichen weiteren C-H-Bindungen kann einen leistungsfahigen und allgemein nutzlichen Schritt in der Syntheseplanung darstellen. In diesem Zusammenhang dient die dirigierende Gruppe als ein “Kompass”, um – mittels Abstanden und Geometrien als Erkennungsparameter zur Unterscheidung zwischen proximalen und distalen C-H-Bindungen – das Ubergangmetall an C-H-Bindungen zu lenken. Die Einfuhrung und Abspaltung dirigierender Gruppen ist allerdings ein Nachteil fur die Synthesepraxis. Um diese Ansatze nutzlicher zu gestalten, kann man in drei Richtungen nach Losungen suchen. Erstens, durch Vereinfachung der dirigierenden Gruppe; zweitens, durch Verwendung von gangigen funktionellen Gruppen oder Schutzgruppen als dirigierende Gruppen; drittens, durch Anbindung der dirigierenden Gruppe an Substrate uber eine transiente kovalente Bindung, um die dirigierende Gruppe zu einem Katalysator zu machen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt die rationale Entwicklung einer sehr einfachen und dennoch breit anwendbaren dirigierenden Gruppe fur PdII-, RhIII- und RuII-Katalysatoren, namlich die N-Methoxyamidgruppe (CONHOMe). Eine Vielzahl von Transformationen unter C-H-Aktivierung wurde mithilfe dieser einfachen dirigierenden Gruppen bereits entwickelt.
Human Fetal Hemoglobin Expression Is Regulated by the Developmental Stage-Specific Repressor BCL11A

Abstract Numerous molecular approaches have been taken to elucidate the regulation of the human β-like globin genes, and particularly the “fetal” (γ- to β-) globin switch, given the role of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels on disease severity in the β-hemoglobin disorders. Despite these efforts, no developmental stage-specific nuclear regulators of HbF expression have been identified and validated. Recent genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association studies by us and others have revealed novel loci that are significantly associated with HbF levels in normal, sickle cell, and thalassemia populations. One variant, lying within intron 2 of the chromosome 2 gene BCL11A, accounts for >10% of the variation in HbF levels. We have now tested the hypothesis that BCL11A, a zinc-finger transcription factor, serves as a stage-specific regulator of HbF expression, rather than merely a genetic marker of HbF status. We found that BCL11A is expressed as two major isoforms (termed XL and L) in human erythroid progenitors. The level of BCL11A expression is inversely correlated with the expression of the HbF gene, γ-globin, in human erythroid cell types representative of different developmental stages. Expression of BCL11A is negligible in embryonic, and high in adult, erythroid cells. Correlation of SNP genotypes with levels of BCL11A RNA in cells derived from individuals of known genotypes indicates that the “high HbF” genotype is associated with reduced BCL11A expression. To better characterize its potential role in erythropoiesis and globin gene regulation, we identified interacting protein partners of BCL11A in erythroid cells through affinity purification and protein microsequencing. We found that the BCL11A protein exists in complexes with the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase (NuRD) corepressor complex, as well as the erythroid transcription factors GATA-1 and FOG-1. Taken together, the genetic, developmental, and biochemical data are most consistent with a model in which BCL11A functions as a repressor of γ-globin gene expression. To directly test this possibility, we modulated expression of BCL11A in primary human erythroid precursors expanded from adult CD34+ progenitors. Transient or persistent knockdown of BCL11A accomplished by siRNA or lentiviral shRNA delivery, respectively, led to robust induction of γ-globin gene expression. Importantly, down-regulation of BCL11A expression did not alter the differentiation state or global transcriptional profile of the cells, suggesting an effect on a limited number of targets, including the γ-globin gene. In summary, these studies establish BCL11A as a potent regulator of human globin switching. As an adult-stage repressor, BCL11A represents a primary target for therapy aimed at reactivating HbF expression in patients with β-hemoglobin disorders. Our studies illustrate the power of an integrative approach to reveal the functional connection between a common genetic variant and a trait that serves as a prominent modifier of disease severity.
Cognitive Effects of Epilepsy and Anticonvulsant Medications

The apparent association between cognitive impairment and epilepsy has been observed for at least several centuries. For example, in his 17th century Oxford Lectures, Thomas Willis remarked: “It often happens that epileptic patients, during their paroxysm and afterwards, suffer a severe loss of memory, intellect, and phantasy...” (Dewhurst, 1980). This view of epilepsy pervaded the thinking of physicians through the 19th century, and it was based entirely on clinical impressions. This approach continued into the early 20th century as clinicians continued to note a high frequency of cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy (for example, Turner, 1907).
The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act After 10 Years—Some Proposals for Reform

The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 (PAEA) (P. L. 109–435 (Dec. 20, 2006).) was a long time in the making, but contained features that were unsuitable for the conditions USPS faced by the time PAEA became law in December 2006. PAEA proved to be counterproductive in addressing the changed conditions that USPS faced after PAEA was enacted.
Biologic and Image Guided Systemic Radiotherapy

Radiotherapy has traditionally been used as a therapy directed to the primary site of disease to achieve local and regional control. This role is rapidly changing with radiotherapy now playing an integral part of systemic therapy in patients with metastatic disease. Stereotactic body radiotherapy to each oligometastatic site is now actively being evaluated as a means to more definitively control disease and contribute to a longer progression free interval. Irradiation of a tumor site can result in clinically important immuno-modulatory systemic effects which when combined with certain immunotherapy agents can result in abscopal responses at unirradiated sites harboring macroscopic and microscopic disease. Technological advances have now made the delivery of targeted systemic radiotherapy a reality. Systemic radiotherapy can be biologically guided as in the case of radiolabeled peptide analogs or immunologically guided as in the case of radiolabeled antibodies directed against tumor associated antigens. Recent advances in intensity modulated radiation therapy allow for radiation dose sculpting to the entire body resulting in a more targeted form of total body irradiation, also referred to as total marrow irradiation. This targeting is CT image guided to a specific anatomic region, but in the future is expected to incorporate PET and MRI based functional imaging allowing for systemic radiotherapy which is biologically guided based on the unique physiologic, phenotypic and genotypic properties of the tumor. This chapter will summarize the progress, current state and future directions of targeted systemic radiotherapy. The treatment of hematopoietic malignancies is used to illustrate important principles which are applicable to other malignant conditions.