cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal changes in voltage-gated potassium and subthreshold inward currents help maintain firing dynamics of AVPV kisspeptin neurons during the estrous cycle.

Kisspeptin-expressing neurons in the anteroventral-periventricular nucleus (AVPV) are part of a neural circuit generating the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) surge. This process is estradiol-dependent and occurs on the afternoon of proestrus in female mice. On proestrus, AVPV kisspeptin neurons express more kisspeptin and exhibit higher frequency action potentials and burst firing compared to diestrus, which is characterized by a pulsatile rather than a prolonged surge of GnRH secretion. We hypothesized changes in voltage-gated potassium conductances shape activity profiles of these cells in a cycle-dependent manner. Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of GFP-identified AVPV kisspeptin neurons in brain slices from diestrous and proestrous mice revealed three subcomponents of the voltage-sensitive K+ current: fast-inactivating, slow-inactivating, and residual. During proestrus, the V50 of inactivation of the fast-inactivating current was depolarized and the amplitude of the slow-inactivating component was reduced compared to diestrus; the residual component was consistent across both stages. Computational models were fit to experimental data, including published estrous-cycle effects on other voltage-gated currents. Computer simulations suggest proestrus-typical K+ currents are suppressive compared to diestrus. Interestingly, larger T-type, persistent-sodium, and hyperpolarization-activated currents during proestrus compensate for this suppressive effect while also enabling post-inhibitory rebound bursting. These findings suggest modulation of voltage-gated K+ and multiple subthreshold depolarizing currents across the negative to positive feedback transition maintain AVPV kisspeptin neuron excitability in response to depolarizing stimuli. These changes also enable firing in response to hyperpolarization, providing a net increase in neuronal excitability, which may contribute to activation of this population leading up to the preovulatory GnRH surge. Significance StatementGnRH neurons provide the central signal to initiate ovulation by releasing a surge of hormone. GnRH neurons are regulated by other cells including those expressing kisspeptin, a potent stimulator of GnRH secretion. Kisspeptin neurons in the anteroventral-periventricular nucleus (AVPV) express more kisspeptin and become more active during the afternoon of proestrus, the phase of the rodent estrous (reproductive) cycle when the GnRH surge occurs. We found voltage-dependent potassium currents in AVPV kisspeptin neurons change with phase of the estrous cycle. Firing simulations indicated these changes are suppressive if occurring in isolation. But proestrous-typical increases in subthreshold depolarizing currents overcome this suppression and promote greater excitability by increasing rebound firing, possibly contributing to the preovulatory activation of this system.
Global health and U.S. health--inextricably linked.

There have been many triumphs in public health during the last half-century; however, none have been more significant than the advancements in vaccines that have contributed to a dramatic decline in child mortality and infectious disease in the United States and many other parts of the world. As recently as 1967, an estimated 2 million people were dying each year from smallpox. With the development of an effective vaccine and worldwide immunization campaign, the disease was eradicated by 1980. A quarter-century ago, polio was endemic in 125 countries and paralyzing an estimated 350,000 children every year. In 2013, there were just three polio-endemic countries (i.e., countries that have never terminated indigenous poliovirus transmission) remaining—Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan—and 400 reported cases.1 In the U.S., vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) are at or near record lows,2 thanks to new or improved vaccines and immunization systems that protect children against 16 diseases.3,4 In the U.S., our commitment to immunizations is also an investment in our children. A recent study estimated that vaccination of each U.S. birth cohort with the recommended childhood immunizations prevents 42,000 deaths and 20 million cases of disease over the lifetime of the cohort, with a net savings of about $13.5 billion in direct costs and nearly $69 billion in direct and indirect societal costs.5 It is hard to argue with such numbers. Yet, worldwide, VPDs still account for one of every five deaths among children younger than 5 years of age.6 That burden falls most heavily on poor countries, but the potential spread of infectious diseases poses a significant public health threat to people in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. For example, although the number of polio cases worldwide remains near the record low, reported wild poliovirus cases in countries that had previously eliminated polio increased from six cases in 2012 to 256 cases in 2013. The increase is largely attributable to the difficulty of reaching children in areas of conflict and civil war.7 In the U.S. in 2013, there was a significant spike in measles cases, due almost entirely to people who brought the infection home after traveling overseas.8 Both examples are reminders that infectious diseases can strike people anywhere, and that U.S. health is inextricably linked to global health.
EXPERT CONSULTATION ON THE OPTIMAL DURATION OF EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING The Process, Recommendations, and Challenges for the Future

In March, 2001 The World Health Organization (WHO) convened an Expert Consultation to recommend to WHO an optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. WHO formulated the specific questions to be addressed, selected the membership for the meeting, prepared background documents, and provided the venue for the meeting. After the meeting WHO formally accepted the recommendations and began to implement them.
Brief announcement: wait-free dining for eventual weak exclusion

We present the first wait-free solution to dining philosophers under eventual weak exclusion in partially synchronous environments subject to crash faults. Potential applications include distributed daemon refinement for self-stabilizing algorithms.
Inverse Consistent Image Registration of MR Brain Scans: Handedness in Normal Adult Males

Brain shape differences between right and left-handed normal adults were evaluated by inverse-consistent linear-elastic image registration (ICLEIR) applied to MRI scans from two groups. The study populations were 9 right-handed and 9 left-handed adult males from ages of 24 to 51 years old. The mean brain shape of each population was computed and used as the reference shape for detecting shape differences. Nonrigid, ICLEIR transformations that registered the mean brain image with the brain images from the pooled populations were used to detect local brain population shape differences. Following the approach of Thirion et al., asymmetry maps between the left and right hemispheres of a brain image were computed by registering each brain image with their mirror images. Local statistical shape differences between the two populations were determined using one and two-tailed t-tests at each voxel in the coordinate system of the mean brain shape. Four t-tests were computed and compared which included the log-Jacobian and magnitude-divergence of the individual-to-pooled-average (IPA) correspondence map and the log-Jacobian and magnitude-divergence of the asymmetry maps. Local shape differences between populations were evaluated to determine the location of asymmetries due to handedness. Statistically significant (α=0.01) shape differences were found in this small pilot study with a sample size of 9 for each group. Although the populations were too small to draw conclusions regarding neuromorphological differences between left and right handed individuals, the method shows promise for detecting brain shape differences between different populations.
THE DUALITY CORRESPONDENCE OF INFINITESIMAL CHARACTERS

We determine the correspondence of infinitesimal characters of representations which occur in Howe’s Duality Theorem. In the appendix we identify the lowest K-types, in the sense of Vogan, of the unitary highest weight representations of real reductive dual pairs with at least one member compact.
ROMPIENDO EL SILENCIO: DIEZ AÑOS DE NUEVO CINE CENTROAMERICANO (2001-2010)

El silencio de Neto (Luis Argueta, 1996) fue el unico largometraje realizado en America Central durante la ultima decada del siglo XX. Sin embargo, en la primera decada del siglo XXI, el cine de la region se caracterizo por un crecimiento rapido y constante. En 2010, dieciseis largometrajes fueron seleccionados para ser presentados en el XIII Festival Icaro de Cine y Video en Centro America. ?Cuales fueron los factores sociales y economicos que mas contribuyeron al desarrollo del Cine Contemporaneo de America Central? ?Cuales son los temas mas comunes abordados por sus cineastas? Concentrandome en estas dos preguntas, y basandome principalmente en entrevistas realizadas durante la investigacion de campo, en este trabajo analizo la dinamica de la produccion cinematografica y la formacion de identidad a traves del cine en America Central. En este proyecto se examina, ademas, la representacion de America Central en las peliculas de Hollywood y la representacion de su propia identidad que los cineastas de America Central—como contra-propuesta a la representacion de America Central en Hollywood—ofrecen a traves de sus peliculas. Como factores decisivos en el crecimiento de la produccion cinematografica en America Central, se identifican tres iniciativas regionales: un festival de cine, un fondo para la produccion de cine, y una escuela de cine. El estado actual de la educacion cinematografica en Centro America, como parte indispensable de su desarrollo, es tambien uno de los temas explorados en esta investigacion. Por ultimo, utilizando el analisis cinematografico, se demuestra que la revision de la historia reciente es uno de los temas en las peliculas que hacen distintivo al Nuevo Cine Centroamericano.
Growth factors in nutritional support.

Protein catabolism occurs in the severely stressed patient despite adequate protein supplementation. Supplementation of endogenous growth factors is one mechanism being evaluated to promote anabolism and improve nitrogen retention. Recombinant technology has provided a means to reproduce these endogenous growth factors. Both recombinant human growth hormone (rGH) and recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGf-1) are undergoing clinical trials to establish their roles in nutritional support.
Realizing an integrated system for residential energy harvesting and management

A new power conversion architecture for a residential power router is reported. In comparison to previously published architectures, this one offers higher efficiency and performance, and is more amenable to production for the emerging mass consumer market for systems to manage energy harvesting, storage, and consumption. The integrated system includes the hardware for dc-to-ac power conversion and system level controls for power flow and load management. For the hardware, the tracking resonant frequency (TRF) and direct-quadrature (D-Q) controls are respectively implemented in dual-half bridge (DHB) to increase the system efficiency, and in the inverter to reduce the voltage error. For the system level controls, the power flow management is developed based on a rule-based algorithm using real-world time-of-use (TOU) electricity pricing data parsed from the Internet through the LabVIEW™-based communication interface. The simulation and experimental results reported in this paper verify the efficient dc/ac power conversion and the optimized performance of the integrated residential energy harvesting and management system.
SEC Rule 10B-5(b) Enforcement Actions in Light of Janus : Making the Case for Agency Deference

This Note addresses the pressing question of whether the Supreme Court’s most recent Rule 10b-5 case, Janus Capital Group v. First Derivative Traders, applies to the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and if not, whether the SEC’s own interpretation of the rule should be entitled to deference in future SEC enforcement actions. Since its promulgation in 1942, Rule 10b-5 has been the subject of much debate, particularly regarding the scope of the judicially-implied private right of action under the rule. Shortly after acknowledging that an implied right existed, the Supreme Court started to limit Rule 10b-5 claims for private plaintiffs, citing concerns for expanding a right of action not grounded in an statute or regulation. In contrast, the Court has instructed lower courts to construe Rule 10b-5 “not technically and restrictively, but flexibly to affectuate its remedial purposes” when dealing with SEC cases. In its latest curtailment of the private Rule 10b-5 action, Janus, the Court held that one must have “ultimate authority” over a document to “make” a misstatement with it in violation of Rule 10b-5(b). Among other justifications, the Court twice reemphasized its concerns for expanding the implied private right of action without congressional authorization. Today, confusion abounds in the lower courts whether the Court’s narrow interpretation applies to all Rule 10b-5 actions (including those brought by the SEC) or merely to private civil suits (like the facts of Janus).This Note contends that the underlying rationale for the Court’s Janus decision is not applicable to SEC enforcement actions. While the Court’s decision might fit the particular circumstances of Janus, the policy considerations cited by the Court do not apply the SEC, and therefore, the Court’s narrow interpretation of Rule 10b-5 should not apply the SEC. Assuming Janus does not apply, this Note contends that the SEC’s pre-Janus interpretation would withstand a Chevron-style analysis of an agency interpretation, and is therefore entitled to substantial judicial deference in future enforcement actions.
Compensation, Ethics Of

Questions of how to determine what pay is deserved for a particular job, wage limits and wage equity comprise the main categories of dispute in regard to ethical compensation practices. In light of the means-end principle, at a minimum employee compensation should be determined by qualities of individual workers, notably effort, productivity, education, exposure to danger, and the relative value of one's work to others. Calculations based on these factors can be used to justify wage differences among individuals laboring in the same field, e.g., medical doctors vs. a nurses. Loyalty to the employer, adherence to statutory regulations or performance standard, may also be justifiable considerations. Market dynamics of supply and demand may also shift compensation independent of individual qualities. But where lawful wages fall below the threshold of what one needs to live with dignity in a particular society, the ethical questions still surface, focusing primarily on pay that adequately recognizes the inherent dignity of persons vs. pay that serves the society's interests overall. Executive pay and differentials between men and women are among compensation issues getting increased scrutiny. Keywords: criteria for fair compensation; executive compensation; gaps in the earnings of women and men; livable wage; John Rawls; non-work factors in pay consideration; market factors and compensation decisions; just wages
Jump-Starting the Internet Revolution: How Structural Conduciveness and Global Connections Help Diffuse the Internet

The growing perception that the Internet is becoming an engine of global economic and social change has inspired both governments and intergovernmental agencies to accelerate the diffusion of the Internet around the globe via multimillion dollar programs and initiatives. Unfortunately, few empirical studies guide these initiatives. The purpose of this research is to investigate the causes that drive Internet capacity, with special emphasis on diffusion theory. Global diffusion of IT requires some degree of structural conduciveness (similarities between developed and developing countries in economic, political, and social structures) as well as contact with developed countries. In our pooled time-series models of 58 developing nations over the 1995-2000 time period, we find that both structural conduciveness (i.e., teledensity, service economies, political openness, and global urban share) and globalization (i.e., aid share, tourist share, foreign investment share, and trade share) shape the distribution and growth of Internet usage.
The last trap that form the percolation path - the stress voltage effect

Recently, (IRPS2003, p.432) the author observed that when the current surge at the moment of breakdown is largely suppressed, the probability of soft breakdown occurring is drastically reduced. Instead of soft breakdown, the neutral trap density continues to increase well beyond the "'critical" level, leading to enhanced leakage. In a recent paper, (APL, vol.83, p.2400, (2003)), the author developed a model to explain the anomalous temperature effect on thin oxide breakdown. This model is used in here, to explain the current surge effect on breakdown. The model predicts that at low stress voltage, the reduced surge current, leads to a dramatic reduction in the probability of a permanent breakdown (soft or hard) when the percolation path is formed. The implication is that the breakdown lifetime projection from standard accelerated stress test is overly pessimistic.
The interaction of personal and parental education on health.

Abstract The association between education and good health is well established, but whether the strength of the association depends on other social statuses is not. We test a theory of resource substitution which predicts a larger correlation between education and health (measured for physical impairment) for people who grew up in families with poorly-educated parents than for those whose parents were well educated. This is supported in the Aging, Status, and Sense of control (ASOC) survey, a representative national U.S. sample with data collected in 1995, 1998, and 2001. The reason that parental education matters more to people who are poorly educated themselves is due to an unhealthy lifestyle, specifically to smoking and being overweight. Finally, as the poorly educated age, the negative health effects of their parents’ low educational attainment get worse.
A radial self-calibrated (RASCAL) generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) method using weight interpolation.

A generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) method for radial k-space sampling is presented that calculates GRAPPA weights without synthesized or acquired calibration data. Instead, GRAPPA weights are fit to the undersampled data as if it were the calibration data itself. Because the relative k-space shifts associated with these GRAPPA weights are varying for a radial trajectory, new GRAPPA weights can be resampled for arbitrary shifts through interpolation, which is then used to generate missing projections between the acquired projections. The method is demonstrated in phantoms and in abdominal and brain imaging. Image quality is similar to radial GRAPPA using fully sampled calibration data, and improved compared to a previously described self-calibrated radial GRAPPA technique.
Computer Modeling of Protein Folding: Conformational and Energetic Analysis of Reduced and Detailed Protein Models

Abstract Recently we developed methods to generate low-resolution protein tertiary structures using a reduced model of the protein where secondary structure is specified and a simple potential based on a statistical analysis of the Pr;otein Data Bank is employed.l Here we present the results of an extensive analysis of a large number of detailed all-atom structures generataed from these reduced model structures. Following side-chain addition, minimization and simulated annealing simulations are carried out with a molecular mechanics potential including an approximate continuum solvent treatment By combining reduced model simulations with molecular modeling calculations we generate energetically competitive plausible misfolded structures which provide a more significant test of the potential function than current misfolded models based on superimposing the native sequence on the folded structures of completely different proteins. The various contributions to the total energy and their interdependence are analyzed in detail for many conformations of three proteins (myoglobin, the C-terminal fragment of the L7/L12 ribosomal protein and the N-terminal domain of phage 434 repressor). Our analysis indicateas that the all-atom potential performs reasonably well in distinguishing the native structure. It also reveals inadequacies in the reduced model potential, which suggests how this potential can be improved to yield greater accuracy. Preliminary results with an improved potential are presented.
Phase-space reconstruction: a path towards the next generation of nonlinear differential equation based models and its implications towards non-uniform sampling theory

This paper explores the overlaps between the Control community's work on System Identification (SysID) and the Physics, Mathematics, Chaos, and Complexity communities' work on phase-space reconstruction via time-delay embedding. There are numerous overlaps between the goals of each community. Nevertheless, the Controls community can gain new insight as well as some new very powerful tools for SysID from the latest developments within the Physics, Mathematics, Chaos, and Complexity communities. These insights are gained via the work on phase-space reconstruction of non-linear dynamics. New methods for discovering non-linear differential based equations that evolved from embedding operations can shed new light on hybrid-systems theory, Nyquest-Shannon's Theories, and network based control theory. This paper strives to guide the Controls community towards a closer inspection of the tools and additional insights being developed within the Physics, Mathematics, Chaos, and Complexity communities for discovery of system dynamics, the first step in control system development. The paper introduces the concepts of phase-space reconstruction via time-delay embedding (made famous byWhitney, Takens, and Sauer's Thoreoms), intergrate-and-fire embedding, and non-linear differential equation discovery based on Perona's method.
Sub-Saharan Africa's Changing Military Environment

Abstract : The conventional wisdom about the African military is becoming out dated. African armies have reached a watershed in their transision from the internal secureity-oriented forces of their colonial origins, to becoming national armed forces with serious defense responsibilities. Available data indicate that African forces are growing in size, sophistication and combat capability that is important in the African context. Their capacity for waging war is improving and this will have a significant impact on the frequency, scope and character of African wars of the future. African armies are becoming more externally oriented and regional military powers are developing. All of these trends are changing Africa's military environment. (Author)
VLSI design using Apple MacIntosh

Abstract VLSI design has caused a revolution in microminiaturization. The design process requires construction of stick diagrams for the digital circuit to be designed. These diagrams are prepared using different colored layers. The color graphics and the color monitors make the overall system quite expensive. The object of this article is to show how an inexpensive personal computer like the Apple MacIntosh can be used for preparing VLSI stick diagrams. The Apple MacIntosh's capabilities include translation, mirroring, detail work and hatching; which are indispensible in the construction of stick diagrams. The stick diagrams for a few examples such as serial adder, half adder, adder/subtractor and generalized pipeline array cell have been worked out. It is hoped that this paper will aid in making VLSI design easier on less expensive and easily obtainable personal computers.
Design Margin Methodology for DDR Interface

In this paper, we describe the design margin methodology that comprehends uncertainties at both chip and board level for a DDR-1 interface. These include effects that are not modeled in static timing analysis and SPICE. This methodology enables to predictably ensure silicon performance.
An innovative technique for backbone network design

An algorithm is proposed for solving the minimum-cost backbone network design problem. The method includes time delay as the performance criterion and multiple-hop communication paths. The algorithm combines a branch-and bound method with the algorithm of L.R. Ford and D.R. Fulkerson (1962). The branch-and-bound method is used to find the network topology. A depth-first search using a cost heuristic that is a linear function of the maximum and current depth in the tree is used. When a feasible topology is found, the Ford-Fulkerson algorithm is applied to find the optimal paths. The resulting network is retained if it is the current optimum cost network. The algorithm is compared with a branch-and-bound algorithm and is found to produce globally optimal solutions. For large, sparsely connected networks computation times are reduced by a factor of over one thousand. >
Principles of molecular precursor selection for aerosol synthesis of materials

The influence of precursor design on gas-phase and liquid/solid-phase (spray pyrolysis) aerosol materials synthesis is described. The necessity for the incorporation of reaction mechanisms that lead to complete removal of organic by-products is emphasized by the examples of aerosol-assisted CVD of Cu and Ag films and the formation of ZnS films and powders. The role of “single-source” precursors in the formation of complex materials including ZnS, perovskite phase PbTiO3 and yttrium aluminum garnet, Y3Al5O12 is described.
Establishment of latent HIV-1 infection of resting CD4+ T lymphocytes does not require inactivation of Vpr

Abstract The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of HIV-1 infection has allowed dramatic reductions in plasma virus levels to below the limit of detection in many patients. However, latently infected CD4 + memory T lymphocytes persist as an important reservoir for the virus in the presence of this aggressive therapy and represent a major barrier to HIV-1 eradication with HAART. The mechanism through which the latent compartment is formed has not yet been established. It may involve actively proliferating CD4 + T-cell intermediates that are infected with HIV-1 and revert back to a resting state, carrying integrated provirus at some low frequency. The HIV-1 accessory protein Vpr, which mediates G 2 cell cycle arrest in host cells, may interfere with the formation of the latently infected T cells by preventing them from exiting the cell cycle to return to a resting state. To investigate the role of the Vpr in the formation of latently infected memory T cells, we cloned and characterized vpr genes from viruses in the latent reservoir. Both sequence analysis and functional assays demonstrated that the vpr gene products of the viruses isolated from the latent pool did not differ significantly from those of a functional Vpr (NL4-3). These results indicate that the generation of resting G 0 memory T lymphocytes that carry latent HIV-1 provirus occurs despite the G 2 arrest function of the vpr gene product.
A posteriori error estimates for fourth-order elliptic problems

We extend the dichotomy principle of Babuska and Yu [Math. Numerica Sinica 13 (1991) 89; Math. Numerica Sinica 13 (1991) 307] and Adjerid et al. [Math. Mod. Meth. Appl. S. 9 (1999) 261; SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 21 (1999) 728] for estimating the finite element discretization error to fourth-order elliptic problems. We show how to construct a posteriori error estimates from jumps of the third partial derivatives of the finite element solution when the finite element space consists of piecewise polynomials of odd-degree and from the interior residuals for even-degree approximations on meshes of square elements. These estimates are shown to converge to the true error under mesh refinement. We also show that these a posteriori error estimates are asymptotically correct for more general finite element spaces. Computational results from several examples show that the error estimates are accurate and efficient on rectangular meshes.
Observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing of metals employs high-power focused laser beams. Typically, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by conduction of heat in the underlying solid material. But, under certain conditions, the mechanism of melting can change from conduction to so-called “keyhole-mode” laser melting. In this mode, the depth of the molten pool is controlled by evaporation of the metal. Keyhole-mode laser melting results in melt pool depths that can be much deeper than observed in conduction mode. In addition, the collapse of the vapor cavity that is formed by the evaporation of the metal can result in a trail of voids in the wake of the laser beam. In this paper, the experimental observation of keyhole-mode laser melting in a laser powder-bed fusion additive manufacturing setting for 316L stainless steel is presented. The conditions required to transition from conduction controlled melting to keyhole-mode melting are identified.
Theoretical studies of polarization dependent electro-optical modulation in lattice matched and strained multi-quantum well structures

Abstract We report on polarization dependent optical absorption for excitonic and interband transitions in lattice matched (GaAs/AlGaAs) and strained (biaxial tensile strain - GaAsP/AlGaAs; biaxial compressive strain - InGaAs/AlGaAs) multiquantum well structures in the presence of transverse electric fields. The hole states are solved by using the Kohn-Luttinger Hamiltonian and using an eigenvalue technique. The effect of heavy-hole and light-hole mixing due to the strain, electric field and quantization is studied. Under biaxial tensile strain the heavy-hole and light-hole transition can coincide, leading to interesting polarization dependent effects. Results are presented for excitonic and interband transitions.
N=1 supergravity theories coupled to matter and duality transformations

The most general action for chiral and complex linear superfields coupled to theN=1 old minimal supergravity is given. Scalar potentials for pure complex linear and mixed cases are found. A condition for the breakdown of the duality transformation, which transforms a theory with complex linear superfields to one with chiral scalar superfields, is obtained. When this condition is satisfied, the potentials and couplings cannot be transformed, in general, into a Kahler form; examples are given. Some aspects of vanishing cosmological constant are considered in this context.
Records of long-range, downstream movements of stocked rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract The Cape Cod, Roaring River, and Oak Springs strains of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are highly domesticated; fertilized eggs have been distributed both throughout the western United States and also to other countries. Analyses of tag recapture data indicate that 22% of Roaring River trout moved at least 12 km downstream, some as far as 84 km within 4 days; 11% of the Oak Springs and 7% of the Cape Cod strain fish moved at least 12 km downstream.
Self-development as a career management strategy

Abstract This research investigated the extent to which employees' willingness to engage in self-development as a career management strategy can be accounted for by their self-reported skill deficiencies, perceived promotion opportunity, organizational commitment, or age. Data from 98 ethnically heterogeneous employees occupying low level administrative or high level clerical and technical positions indicated that younger employees and those who expressed a high level of organizational commitment were more willing to engage in self-development in order to prepare themselves for higher levels of organizational responsibility than were other employees with equivalent managerial career aspirations.
Role of Curvature to Produce Modulated Patterns of Lo + Ld Phases on GUV Surfaces

GUV studies of the three component lipid system DSPC/DOPC/CHOL show macroscopic phase separation of Ld + Lo phase domains. In contrast, GUVs of DSPC/POPC/CHOL appear uniform in the Ld + Lo region, but show nanometer-scale phase separation in FRET and ESR studies. Examination of the four component system DSPC/DOPC/POPC/CHOL enables study of macroscopic-to-nanoscopic transition as composition (DOPC/POPC ratio) is changed. The transition is observed to be rather abrupt, and reveals “modulated phase” patterning on the GUV in a small window of compositions. The patterns show stripe, bubble, and honeycomb structures. Following Helfrich, we attempt to explain these patterns through the energetics of curvature. We perform calculations and simulations to determine whether a heterogeneous membrane can stabilize modulated phases, subject only to a line tension and a bending rigidity. We also explore the energetic stability, shape, and size scales of these patterns.
Annual ryegrass seed yield response to grazing during early stem elongation

Spring grazing annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) seed fields with sheep (Ovis aries) is a common practice. The effects of grazing duration in early stages of stem elongation on seed yield and its components are not well known. We studied four durations of spring grazing annual ryegrass with sheep over a 2-yr period on an Argiaquic Xeric Argialboll soil. Grazing was begun before onset of stem elongation. Treatments were no grazing (G0) and grazing until one-third (G1), two-thirds (G2), or all (G3) primary tillers had their apical meristems removed. Leaf area was progressively reduced by grazing duration. The number of fertile tillers increased with grazing duration in the first year, but the effect was not significant in the second year. Grazing did not affect the number of spikelets per spike or florets per spikelet in the first year. In the second year, G2 and G3 reduced spikelets per spike and had no effect on the number of florets per spikelet, whereas G1 did not affect either character. Both G2 and G3 decreased seed weight in the first year, while G1 had no effect ; treatments did not affect seed weight in the second year. Grazing treatment did not affect total herbage dry matter at seed maturity, seed yield, or seed quality in either year. We conclude that, in western Oregon, grazing annual ryegrass in late winter and early spring up to the time when the apical meristem of all primary tillers are removed (G3) does not reduce seed yield. Grazing until about one-third of primary tillers lose their apical meristem (G1) may actually improve seed yield.
X-ray absorption measurements on nickel cathode of sodium-beta alumina batteries: Fe-Ni-Cl chemical associations

Abstract Sections of Na–Al–NiCl2 cathodes from sodium-beta alumina ZEBRA batteries have been characterized with X-ray fluorescence mapping, and XANES measurements to probe the microstructure, elemental correlation, and chemical speciation after voltage cycling. Cycling was performed under identical load conditions at either 240 or 280 °C operating temperature and subsequently quenched in either the charged or discharged state. X-ray fluorescence mapping and XANES measurements were made adjacent to the current collector and β″-Al2O3 solid electrolyte interfaces to detect possible gradients in chemical properties across the cathode. An FeS additive, introduced during battery synthesis, was found to be present as either Fe metal or an Fe(II) chloride in all cathode samples. X-ray fluorescence mapping reveals an operating temperature and charge-state dependent spatial correlation between Fe, Ni, and Cl concentration. XANES measurements indicate that both Ni and Fe are chemically reactive and shift between metallic and chloride phases in the charged and discharged states, respectively. However the percentage of chemically active Ni and Fe is significantly less in the cell operated at lower temperature. Additionally, the cathode appeared chemically homogeneous at the scale of our X-ray measurements.
An improved correlation between polarographic reduction potential and Huckel LUMO energy: application to non-benzenoid hydrocarbons

Abstract It is shown that the reduction potentials of a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including benzenoid and non-benzenoid polycyclic alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons, annulenes, cyclophanes, and polyenes (but not Huckel 4n compounds) can be predicted quite well using a modified HMO method in which Coulomb integrals are adjusted iteratively to self-consistency with charge densities, and exchange integrals are adjusted to consistency with pi -bond orders. The median difference between calculated and experimental half-wave potentials is only 39 mV. The correlation (eq 4) involves a simple linear relationship capable of correlating reduction potentials over a range of over 2.5 V, or almost 60 kcal mole in energy terms.
Stress Due to Crowding in Multifamily Dwelling Interior Spaces

The intent of this study is to examine the relationship between perceived envi ronmental stress and family social climate according to stage in the life cycle for families living in similar space arrangements in multifamily dwellings. Eighty-four randomly selected families living in similar married-student housing units located in a large midwestem university were interviewed using two questionnaires: Fam ily Space Inventory (FSI) (Melson & Kemp, 1976) and The Family Environment Scale (FES) (Moos, 1974). Results of the FSI indicate that early-stage families per ceived less stress in their residential setting and made fewer adaptations to their dwellings than did crowded-stage families. Results of the FES in this study indi cate that high cohesiveness and expressiveness as well as low conflict are inte grated dimensions of family social climate. Early-stage families are more cohesive, more expressive, and more independent than crowded-stage families.
Genome-wide SNP analysis of Tg.AC transgenic mice reveals an oncogenic collaboration between v-Ha-ras and Ink4a , which is absent in p53 deficiency

Oncogenesis is a progressive process often involving collaboration between various oncogenes and tumor suppressors. To identify those genes that collaborate with oncogenic ras, we took advantage of the Tg.AC transgenic mouse, a line that harbors the v-Ha-ras transgene and spontaneously develops an array of malignant tumors. By crossing Tg.AC mice on an inbred FVB background to other inbred strains, F1 mice were created that could be analysed using genome wide, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) screens. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumors and tumor cell lines marked a somatic event, possibly the inactivation of tumor suppressor gene(s). LOH could also represent DNA damage, a sign of genomic instability in the pretransformed cell. Nonetheless, the screens showed no evidence of such generalized genomic instability. Instead, they revealed a single region of LOH on chromosome 4 that occurred via somatic recombination/gene conversion, generating a region of isoparental disomy. This LOH provided a clue that linked v-Ha-ras to the inactivation of the Ink4a locus in 25 of 32 tumor cell lines. This collaboration is seen regardless of tumor type or genetic background. In contrast, tumors that develop in bitransgenic mice bearing both the v-Ha-ras gene and a heterozygous mutant p53 allele tend to retain the Ink4a locus and instead lose the p53 wild-type allele. This suggests that different strategies can be selected to collaborate with v-Ha-ras in tumorigenesis.
GTP-activated communication between distinct inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive and -insensitive calcium pools

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) is an established mediator of intracellular Ca2+ signals but little is known of the nature and organization of Ca2+ regulatory organelles responsive to InsP3. Here we derive new information from the study of Ca2+ movements induced both by InsP3 and a specific GTP-activated Ca2+ translocation process. The latter mechanism is clearly distinct from that activated by InsP3 and may involve the translocation of Ca2+ between compartments without its release into the cytosol. This idea is supported by the fact that GTP activates Ca2+ movement into the InsP3-releasable pool. In the light of this evidence we postulated that there are two intracellular Ca2+ pools distinguishable by InsP3-sensitivity and oxalate-permeability, and that movement between them is activated by GTP. We report here direct evidence for the existence and separation of two distinct Ca2+-pumping compartments with properties coinciding with those predicted. Of these, the InsP3-sensitive Ca2+ pool is identified within a purified rough endoplasmic reticulum fraction, an observation consistent with recent InsP3 receptor-localization studies. Ca2+ translocation between pools may reflect function of a class of small GTP-binding proteins known to mediate interorganelle transfer in eukaryotic cells.
The process synthesis of bulk superconductors

Using a variety of different processes, it is possible to produce rare earth-Ba/Sr-Cu-O type bulk superconductors with critical temperatures (Tc)in the 90K range, well above the liquid nitrogen temperature of 77K. The techniques that produce powder material superconductors need to have particle sizes in the submicrometer range in order to have nearly theoretical densities after compaction and shape forming. Major breakthroughs also are needed in the preparation of high-Tc and high critical current density material superconductors in order for the applications to be viable.
Experimental considerations for the study of contaminant dispersion near the body.

Experimental considerations are discussed for conducting controlled studies of the dispersion of contaminants released near a mannequin. A 183 cm×183 cm cross section wind tunnel was modified to study the low velocity range of 10 to 100 cm/sec (20 to 200 ft/min). Installation of a removable biplanar slat grid produced turbulent intensities up to 15%. The results of validation testing for selected experimental components are reported, including (1) a minimum, unambiguous velocity measurement capability of 2.0 cm/sec (4.0ft/min); (2) a minimum required integration interval for velocity and contaminant measurements of at least 3 min; (3)a determination that smoke streamline plume settling may be a problem at velocities ≤ ∼15 cm/sec (∼30 ft/min); (4) a determination that a 14% tunnel blockage by the mannequin was not of consequence for frontal measurements; and (5) a finding that the biplanar grid produced turbulence spectra representative of low velocity indoor settings. A deceleration zone was noted that ex...
Hispanic High Schoolers and Mathematics: Follow-Up of Students Who Had Participated in Two-Way Bilingual Elementary Programs

Abstract Research shows a serious underrepresentation of Hispanic students entering the math, science, and engineering fields, possibly fueled by a large gap in math achievement between Hispanic and Euro-American students. The current study addressed this concern by examining the general school-related attitudes, coursework, and achievement, with a focus on math for 139 high school students—Hispanics who were previous English language learners, native English-speaking Hispanics, and Euro-American English speakers—who had been enrolled in a two-way bilingual program throughout elementary school. The results showed that all three groups of students had positive attitudes toward math and school in general and were scoring at grade level in math. They were taking higher level college preparation math courses and getting mostly average grades (B's and C's) in those courses. These results suggest that the two-way bilingual program may provide the academic preparation and schooling attitudes, including in mathem...
Optimization with an approximate Lagrangian

An error analysis is provided for discrete Lagrangian cell problems where the exact objective function for each cell is approximated by a simpler expression. Easily-calculated rigorous and heuristic bounds are given for the error in the value of the objective function. The solution itself, however, can be significantly distorted.
Physical health, positive and negative affect, and personality: A longitudinal analysis

This study used structural equation modeling to examine longitudinal relations among physical health, personality and mood in a sample of 360 college students. Research focused on the longitudinal associations among physical health and mood and their systematic relations with the Big Five personality dimensions of Extraversion and Neuroticism. Longitudinal analyses over successive 1-month intervals revealed lagged reciprocal effects between physical health and negative affect. After controlling for the effect of negative affect, physical health influenced subsequent positive affect, but positive affect did not influence subsequent physical health. Implications of these findings for subsequent research on health, personality, and emotions are discussed.
A geometric model of decohesion in solid continua

A modeling framework for material separation is proposed within the broad class of cohesive-type models. A key feature of the proposed framework is that the cohesive tractions are governed by a separate boundary-value problem defined on the separation surface, rather than by a traction-separation rule or other constitutive construct. The traction BVP incorporates a boundary condition intended to enforce continuity of the strain field at the separation front, thus rendering the material state bounded and continuous at the front. The phenomenology of material separation is governed by a rupture function, which can depend arbitrarily on the bulk material state. The rupture function, which is evaluated on the separation front, delineates the conditions for, and direction of, material separation. A linearly-elastic analytical solution using the new theory is provided to illustrate the functioning of the theory, including the regularizing effect of the cohesive traction.
A wireless neurosensing system for remote monitoring of brain signals

We propose a wireless, fully-passive neurosensing system for remote monitoring of brain signals. The system comprises a neurosensor, an implanted antenna matched to the sensor, an external RF interrogator antenna, and integrated RF circuits. To enable continuous and reliable sensor monitoring using a nearby mobile device (cell phone, tablet, etc), the neurosensing system is further interfaced with a wearable body area network (BAN). Design and link budget issues are discussed, highlighting the challenges of detecting actual electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals of tens of μV pp .
Nuclear data sheets for A = 107

Abstract Nuclear structure information pertaining to A=107 has been reviewed. The level properties obtained from decay and reaction experiments are summarized in the drawings. Experimental data and methods, references, and comments are given in the text.
Apical axillary thoracotomy

1 Because of the limited exposure provided by apical axillary thoracotomy, double lumen intubation is strongly recommended when working through this incision. The patient is positioned in a lateral decubitus with the ipsilateral axilla exposed. This position can be accomplished by abducting the shoulder at or just above 90 degrees and flexing the elbow at 90 degrees by strapping it on a padded, rigid bar across the head of the table. 2 An alternative approach is to elevate the extended arm at 90 degrees above the head by placing it in a traction-pulley system with a 1-lb weight. The latter option frees up the field anteriorly and potentially offers better access to the incision for the operator situated on the anterior side of the table. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE