cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is Human Virtue a Civic Virtue? A Reading of Aristotle’s Politics 3.4

Is the virtue of the good citizen the same as the virtue of the good man? Aristotle addresses this in Politics 3.4. His answer is twofold. On the one hand, (the account for Difference) they are not the same both because what the citizen’s virtue is depends on the constitution, on what preserves it, and on the role the citizen plays in it, and because the good citizens in the best constitution cannot all be good men, whereas the good man’s virtue is uniform. On the other hand, (the account for Identity) the two virtues are identical in the good men in the best constitution, in which all are good citizens, each possessing the ability for ruling and for being ruled. This nuanced answer can be seen as Aristotle’s synthesis of a Periclean view (contribution to state blots out personal wrongs) and a Socratic view (no good citizen is without justice). Its nuances reflect the extent to which Aristotle’s conceptions of good citizenship and the best constitution accommodate deviations of what is probable from the human ideal set out in his ethical writings. In the present chapter, I will first address three puzzles regarding the nuances of Aristotle’s answer. Second, I will consider one question about its implication: Does Aristotle’s account for Difference turn out to entail something ultra-Periclean: that no one can simultaneously be a good man and a good citizen in any constitution other than the best? I shall argue the negative.
How Should the Photochemical Modeling Systems Be used in Guiding Emissions Management Decisions

This study demonstrated that several state-of-science photochemical modeling systems display significant model-to-model differences when applied to only episodic days, making their use in traditional ozone attainment demonstrations highly uncertain. It was shown that atmospheric processes operating on time scales ranging from several days to several weeks are essential contributors to the days of high ozone concentrations at both urban and rural locations. In addition, the results from two seasonal simulations with two different modeling systems showed that the highest model-to-observation as well as model-to-model correlations are present on the synoptic and baseline time scales. This strongly suggests that the current generation modeling systems should be applied to simulation periods longer than a single episode in the regulatory setting. This notion is further emphasized by the finding that the model-predicted efficacies of a particular emission control strategy are highly variable for short simulation periods. Moreover, the shift from 1-hr to the 8-hr ozone standard requires that we move away from modeling over small domains for shorter time periods to modeling over larger domains for longer time periods.
Life Testing and Reliability Estimation under Asymmetric Loss

In this paper the problem of estimating reliability functions (survival functions) is considered. A survey of some recent results using both asymmetric loss and squared-error loss is presented assuming an underlying negative exponential survival model. For illustration purposes, conjugate families of prior distributions are used.
2008 G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit Meeting Syndrome Surveillance

We conducted syndromic surveillance for the Hokkaido, Japan, Toyako Group of Eight (G8) summit meeting in July 2008 as a counter-measure to bioterrorism attacks and other health emergencies. Surveys were conducted from June 23, two weeks before the summit, to July 23 two weeks after it, with part of those for prescription drugs fully automated, and part by manual input over the World-Wide-Web. Those for ambulance transfer were done similarly. We bought over-the-counter (OTC) sales data from two private research firms in Japan and had the monitor, who had contacts with a private research company, report health conditions via personal computer (PC) or cellphone. We had a virtual conference daily at 9:00 with the local Hokkaido government, local public health center, local Hokkaido public laboratory, the National Institute of Infectious Diseases, and the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare to decide whether local public health centers would be required to investigate. Fully automated syndromic surveillance was conducted by 23 pharmacies for prescriptions drugs, and 71 pharmacies provided manual corporate input. One fire department covering Toyako and a VIP support team used fully automated syndromic surveillance and seven Toyako fire departments used manual input. For 79 pharmacies providing OTC sales data, data provision was delayed one day and analysis could not be automated. Four hundred and seventy two households corporate web search for their health conditions. It also automatically analyzed and feed backed. No notable outbreak occurred during the summit, but public health centers investigated seven aberration detected by syndrome surveillance for ambulance transfer. Although a fully automated system was concidered best for early outbreak detection manual input and analysis were also required. Routine, fully automatied syndromic surveillance remains to be realized in Japan.
Actions speak louder than words: designing transdisciplinary approaches to enact solutions

Sustainability science uses a transdisciplinary research process in which academic and non-academic partners collaborate to identify a common problem and co-produce knowledge to develop more sustainable solutions. Sustainability scientists have advanced the theory and practice of facilitating collaborative efforts such that the knowledge created is usable. There has been less emphasis, however, on the last step of the transdisciplinary process: enacting solutions. We analyzed a case study of a transdisciplinary research effort in which co-produced policy simulation information shaped the creation of a new policy mechanism. More specifically, by studying the development of a mechanism for conserving vernal pool ecosystems, we found that four factors helped overcome common challenges to acting upon new information: creating a culture of learning, co-producing policy simulations that acted as boundary objects, integrating research into solution development, and employing an adaptive management approach. With an increased focus on these four factors that enable action, we can better develop the same level of nuanced theoretical concepts currently characterizing the earlier phases of transdisciplinary research, and the practical advice for deliberately designing these efforts.
Replacing Saturated Fat With Walnuts or Vegetable Oils Improves Central Blood Pressure and Serum Lipids in Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease: A Randomized Controlled-Feeding Trial.

Background Walnuts have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors, but it is unclear whether these effects are attributable to the fatty acid (FA) content, including α‐linolenic acid (ALA),...
10 Osler as a role model for today

If Sir William Osler were alive and practicing as one of our contemporary colleagues, would he be viewed as a role model by medical trainees and other physicians? Recently published literature has sought to define clinical excellence; this characterization of physician performance establishes a context upon which role models in medicine can be appraised. Building on this framework, we present rich anecdotes and quotes from Sir William Osler himself, his colleagues, and his students to consider whether Osler would have been regarded as a role model for clinical excellence today. This manuscript illustrates convincingly that William Osler indeed personified clinical excellence and would have been appreciated as a consummate role model if he were alive and on a medical school’s faculty today. However, a century has passed since his death, and he is not sufficiently visible today to serve as a role model to modern medical trainees and physicians. Moreover, we speculate that Osler himself would not want to be a role model for today’s trainees, as he emphasized that medicine is best learned from teachers at the bedside – a place where he cannot be. Reanimating Osler through rich stories and inspiring quotes, and translating his example of clinical excellence into modern clinical practice, can remind us all to carry Oslerian virtues with us in our professional work.
Electromechanical modeling and analysis of a piezocomposite multi-point loaded beam vibration energy harvester

In this paper, vibration energy harvesting from a piezocomposite beam with unconventional boundary conditions is investigated. The beam in consideration has multi-point constraints and consequently...
Early radiation-induced oral pain signaling responses are reduced with pentoxifylline treatment.

Radiation-induced acute oral mucositis is associated with inflammation and pain. In other realms of pain research, nociceptors are known to be activated by inflammatory cytokines; for example, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) can activate transient receptor potential ion channels on sensory neurons. But there is an unclear relationship between inflammatory cytokines and molecular mediators of pain in radiation-induced mucositis (RIM) and radiation-associated pain (RAP). In this prospective, analytical, experimental pilot study, a common drug (pentoxifylline [PTX]) was used with the goal of inhibiting TNF-α signaling in mice that underwent lingual irradiation to induce severe acute oral RIM/RAP. Body weight and glossitis scores were recorded daily. Eye wiping behaviors were assayed as a surrogate measure of oral discomfort (which is possible due to cross-sensitization of the mandibular and ophthalmic branches of the trigeminal nerve). Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed on irradiated tongue tissue to measure changes in expression of TNF-α, its receptor, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), and transient receptor potential vanilloid type 4 (TRPV4). Responsiveness of afferent sensory trigeminal neurons to TNF-α, a TRPV1 agonist (capsaicin), and a partial TRPV4 agonist (histamine) was measured via calcium imaging. Although PTX treatment did not reduce glossitis severity or mitigate weight loss in mice with RIM/RAP, it did inhibit the upregulation of TNF-α's receptor that normally accompanies RIM, and it also reduced neuronal responsiveness to each of the aforementioned chemical stimuli. These results provide provisional evidence that inhibition of TNF-α signaling with PTX treatment may serve as a useful tool for reducing pain in head and neck cancer patients.
Nonequilibrium Green's Functions for Functional Connectivity in the Brain

A theoretical framework describing the set of interactions between neurons in the brain, or functional connectivity, should include dynamical functions representing the propagation of signal from one neuron to another. Green's functions and response functions are natural candidates for this but, while they are conceptually very useful, they are usually defined only for linear time-translationally invariant systems. The brain, instead, behaves nonlinearly and in a time-dependent way. Here, we use nonequilibrium Green's functions to describe the time-dependent functional connectivity of a continuous-variable network of neurons. We show how the connectivity is related to the measurable response functions, and provide two illustrative examples via numerical calculations, inspired from Caenorhabditis elegans.
Does Digital Nerve Injury Affect Range of Motion Recovery After Zone 2 Flexor Tendon Repair

BackgroundEvidence surrounding the impact of concomitant digital nerve injury on the outcome of zone 2 flexor tendon repair is sparse and conflicting. The purpose of this study is to assess the imp...
k-ShapeStream: Probabilistic Streaming Clustering for Electric Grid Events

We present k-ShapeStream, a clustering method for streaming time-series data. In addition to the algorithmic novelty, the method represents a highly practical approach for electric grid data analytics, requiring no model assumptions or ground truth information, running sustainably on ever growing datasets, and providing intuitive and insightful results to grid operators. We demonstrate the effectiveness of k-ShapeStream using several months of real synchrophasor data from an operational distribution network in California. Through two case studies on (i) transformer tap changes; and (ii) voltage sags, we illustrate how k-ShapeStream assists in identifying and analyzing recurring grid events, a critical task for decision making in electric grids.
The Refugee as Historian: Niketas Choniates and the Capture of Constantinople

This chapter analyzes Niketas Choniates’ History, which covers the century leading up to and the immediate aftermath of one of the defining moments of the Byzantine millennium: the fall of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople to the Crusader armies of the Latins in 1204. Niketas’ first-person account of his flight from the falling city, embedded within a text otherwise focused on elite political history marks the text as also a work of witness literature. Niketas, moreover, revised his narrative over the course of many years, and an analysis of these revisions thus offers insight into how the historian’s change in personal circumstances from a member of the wealthy Constantinopolitan political elite before 1204 to an impoverished refugee after the city’s fall shapes both the narrative itself and his emotional response to the events he describes. Niketas’ authorial voice thus oscillates between objective historian, traumatized witness, and, in describing his actions as the city fell, a hero like those found in the Komnenian novels.
A ranking of the objectives of physical education.

Abstract One hundred college physical educators completed a paired-comparison opinionnaire in which they ranked the objectives of the discipline. Findings of the study denoted that the unique objectives Organic Vigor and Neuromuscular Skills were valued significantly higher than all others. Sex differences appeared in the ranking. The lack of agreement between the men and women upon the primary objective of physical education suggested an inconsistent direction for the profession.
Approval Plans for Small College Libraries

Approval plans are perceived for use primarily by large and medium-sized academic libraries. Many librarians continue to assume that approval plans are not an option for small libraries. This paper explores some of the attitudes and issues that might affect librarians in small academic libraries in considering establishing an approval plan. This discussion includes a survey of the perceptions on the use of approval plans by Head Librarians the Pennsylvania State University Commonwealth Education System.
Operational Best Practices in Business Ethics: A Practical and Systematic Benchmarking Tool

This article describes a benchmarking tool managers can use to determine operational policies and processes that could enhance an organization's social and ethical performance. The benchmarking tool consists of a 13-dimension, 110-item survey based on an Optimal Ethics Systems Model. These best practices in business ethics are derived from an analysis and assessment of seven institutional infrastructures and accountability standards developed to help managers improve organizational social and ethical performance.
Reducing the technical overhead of software reuse

This paper discusses three incremental steps (standardization, tailorability and automation) toward reducing the technical overhead of software reuse, and describes how these steps are being realized in the on-going MARVEL/OZ project of the Programming Systems Laboratory at Columbia University.
Migration to web services oriented architecture: a case study

The rapid emerging of web-services technology is dramatically changing the scenario of web application design and development. This paper presents a web-services oriented architecture. As a case study, the paper reports on an on-going project on the design and development of a pass-through authentication web-services for on-line electronic payment applications. This is a first step towards an electronic payment web-service.
Menopausal symptoms and physical activity in multiethnic groups of midlife women: a secondary analysis

Aims To explore the effect of diverse types of women's physical activity on menopausal symptoms among multiethnic groups of midlife women in the USA. Background Although physical activity is one of the most widely used non-pharmacological methods for managing menopausal symptoms, there is a paucity of clinical guidelines for women and healthcare providers because the relationship between physical activity and menopausal symptoms has been found inconsistent in previous studies. Design A secondary analysis of the data from a lager Internet survey study conducted in 2008–2010. Methods A total of 481 midlife women among four ethnic groups were selected from the original study. The data were collected using the Kaiser Physical Activity Survey and the Midlife Women's Symptom Index. Bivariate correlation analyses and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to analyse the data. Results/Findings The household/caregiving activity index was positively associated with the prevalence scores of the psychological symptoms in both non-Hispanic Asians and non-Hispanic African Americans. The increased sports/exercise activity index was negatively associated with the severity scores of the physical symptoms in both Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites. The occupational activity index and the active living activity index significantly predicted the severity scores of the psychosomatic symptoms in Hispanics and non-Hispanic African Americans, respectively. Conclusion Nurses who take care of multiethnic groups of midlife women who experience menopausal symptoms should be aware of diverse types of women's physical activities within the cultural context.
A critical review of the chemical kinetics of SF4, SF5, and S2F10 in the gas phase

The gas phase chemical kinetics of SF4, SF5, and S2F10 are reviewed with particular emphasis on relevance to the general problem of the dielectric breakdown of SF6. Specific reaction systems treated are SF4 + F2, SF5 + SF5, and the pyrolysis of S2F10. Computer modeling calculations were carried out to arrive at the best estimates of rate parameters. Based on the results of these calculations, sets of recommended rate parameters are provided. The major discrepancies and problems in establishing the kinetic data base are described. Thermochemical consequences of different model calculations are given.
Purified DNA polymerase γ replicates bovine parvovirus DNA to a unit-length product

Abstract DNA polymerase gamma, purified from fetal bovine liver, replicated virion single-stranded DNA from bovine parvovirus to a unit-length double-stranded DNA molecule. This product was not nicked and was covalently linked to the 3′ hairpin primer. The reaction was inhibited by dideoxythymidine 5′-triphosphate, but was unaffected by ATP or aphidicolin. Double-stranded viral DNA was not a functional template for purified DNA polymerase gamma.
Photoionization of chalcogen and halogen atoms: Cross sections and angular distributions

The authors present a survey of the photoionization cross sections and photoelectron angular distributions for the outer $p$ subshell of the chalcogen atoms O, S, Se, and Te and the halogen atoms F, Cl, Br, and I. Results are presented in the Hartree-Fock approximation as well as in the central-potential-model approximation. An extensive analysis and comparison of the results obtained is presented which finds that exchange-interaction effects are strongest for the $n=3$ row elements.
TIME-OF-FLIGHT-SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY OF NABF4 : A COMPARISON OF ATOMIC AND POLYATOMIC PRIMARY IONS AT CONSTANT IMPACT ENERGY

(CsI)nCs+ projectiles, n=0–3, were used to bombard a NaBF4 (sodium tetrafluoroborate) target at the limit of single ion impacts. The relative yields of ions sputtered from the target were measured and are compared as a function of the number of atoms in the primary ion. When normalized to the mass of the primary ion, sputtered ions that do not resemble the original sample composition, (NaF)nF−, increase in yield as the primary ion complexity increases. The yields of atomic species and polyatomic ions emitted presumably as intact units decrease as the projectile complexity increases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seizures during alpha interferon therapy

Abstract Background/Aims: Alpha interferon is now used widely in the therapy of chronic viral hepatitis. The common side effects of interferon are well known; the uncommon side effects are less well defined. We have evaluated the incidence and characteristics of seizures that occurred during alpha interferon therapy. Methods: A retrospective chart review was done on 311 patients with chronic hepatitis treated with alpha interferon between 1983 and 1994 at the National Institutes of Health. Results: Four of 311 patients (1.3%) developed grand mal seizures while on therapy with alpha interferon. Three patients had chronic hepatitis B (two had an accompanying glomerulonephritis) and one chronic delta hepatitis. Interferon had been given in doses of 5–10 million units each day or three times weekly for 2–14 months before the onset of seizures. No other obvious cause for seizures was identified. Seizures resolved once interferon was stopped, and did not recur even without chronic anticonvulsant therapy. Conclusions: Alpha interferon in the doses used to treat chronic viral hepatitis caused seizures in approximately 1% of patients.
Determination of crystalline electric fields in RERh4B4 compounds

Abstract Using the Mossbauer effect of 155 Gd, the quadrupole interaction in GdRh 4 B 4 has been measured, which yields the A 0 2 term in the crystalline electric field Hamiltonian to be 1165 ± 100 K/a.u. Using this, the B 0 2 terms for the other RERh 4 B 4 (RE = Gd to Tm) have been deduced, and the physical properties predicted by the resulting Hamiltonian are compared with the experimental results.
Divide and conquer approach for efficient pagerank computation

PageRank is a popular ranking metric for large graphs such as theWorld Wide Web. Current research techniques for improving computational efficiency of PageRank have focussed on improving the I/O cost, convergence and parallelizing the computation process. In this paper, we propose a divide and conquer strategy for efficient computation of PageRank. The strategy is different from contemporary improvements in that itcan be combined with any existing enhancements to PageRank, giving way to an entire class of more efficient algorithms. Wepresent a novel graph-partitioning technique for dividing thegraph into subgraphs, on which computation can be performed independently. This approach has two significant benefits. Firstly, since the approach focuses on work-reduction, it can be combined with any existing enhancements to PageRank. Secondly, the proposed approach leads naturally into developing an incremental approach for computation of such ranking metrics given that these large graphs evolve over a period of time. The partitioning technique is both lossless and independent of the type (variant) ofPageRank computation algorithm used. The experimental results for a static single graph (graph at a single time instance) as well as for the incremental computation in case of evolving graphs, illustrate the utility of our novel partitioning approach. The proposed approach can also be applied for the computation of anyother metric based on first order Markov chain model.
The Social Ethics of Agnes Heller

Heller’s trilogy developing a theory of social ethics is grounded in the decisive question of how good persons are possible. She disavows an abstract ethics of rules, so she does not build an ethical system but observes the lives of good persons. She focuses on healthy everyday lives rather than constructing an essentialist human nature. The key issue in social ethics is dynamic justice with three dimensions: (a) optimal possibility for developing natural capacities to the maximum, (b) active involvement as a citizen, and (c) emotional intensity in close personal attachments. She refuses to discount the rational and radical and contributes a fresh understanding of emancipatory praxis to social justice.
Highly reliable cryocooler for high ambient temperature applications

Raytheon Mahwah Electro-Optics Center has been developing a Stirling-cycle cryocooler for infrared imaging applications. This new linearly driven cooler has the same weight, fit and function as the current HM7060 series coolers with significant improvement in performance in three areas: cooling capacity, motor efficiency and range of ambient temperature. The cooling capacity has been increased by more than 10 percent by increasing the compressor swept volume. This change will allow faster cooling as well as the more cooling capacity. The design of the magnetic circuit of the linear motor has been further optimized to obtain a 15 percent improvement in motor efficiency. Material selection and clearance seal configuration have been improved to allow smooth operation at high temperature environment with average cooler case temperature at 90 degrees Celsius. As a typical example of the improved performance, the new cooler is capable of providing over 350 mW of cooling at 80 K with a cooler case temperature of 90 degrees Celsius and an ac input power of about 25 W. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and performance test results of this new cooler.
The Baryonic Acoustic Feature and Large-Scale Clustering in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Luminous Red Galaxy Sample

We examine the correlation function ? of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Luminous Red Galaxy sample at large scales (60 h ?1 Mpc < s < 400?h ?1?Mpc) using the final data release (DR7). Focusing on a quasi-volume-limited (0.16 < z < 0.36) subsample and utilizing mock galaxy catalogs, we demonstrate that the observed baryonic acoustic peak and larger scale signal are consistent with ?CDM at 70%-95% confidence. Fitting data to a non-linear, redshift-space, template-based model, we constrain the peak position at s p = 101.7? 3.0?h ?1?Mpc when fitting the range 60 h ?1 Mpc < s < 150?h ?1?Mpc (1? uncertainties). This redshift-space distance s p is related to the comoving sound horizon scale rs after taking into account matter-clustering non-linearities, redshift distortions, and galaxy-clustering bias. Mock catalogs show that the probability that a DR7-sized sample would not have an identifiable peak is at least ~10%. As a consistency check of a fiducial cosmology, we use the observed s p to obtain the distance relative to the acoustic scale. We find rs /DV (z = 0.278) = 0.1389?? 0.0043. This result is in excellent agreement with Percival et al., who examine roughly the same data set, but use the power spectrum. Comparison with other determinations in the literature are also in very good agreement. The signal of the full sample at 125 h ?1 Mpc < s < 200?h ?1?Mpc tends to be high relative to theoretical expectations; this slight deviation can probably be attributed to sample variance. We have tested our results against a battery of possible systematic effects, finding all effects are smaller than our estimated sample variance.
Gene–Drug Interaction at the Glucocorticoid Receptor Increases Risk of Squamous Cell Skin Cancer

Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common malignancy among US Caucasians. Using a population-based study of NMSC we found that oral steroid use is associated with nearly 6-fold elevated risk of squamous cell carcinoma among individuals with a common genetic variant in the steroid receptor (NR3C1) gene. Given the large numbers of individuals on immunosuppressive drug therapy for inflammatory disease, these findings have important implications for NMSC screening and prevention.
Quantum adiabatic theorem and universal holonomy

We give a simplified proof of the quantum adiabatic theorem for a system of possibly degenerate Hamiltonians by taking Berry's phase into account. We also relate the adiabatic transformation to the parallel transport induced by the holonomy in the universal bundle over a Grassman manifold. The special case of a nondegenerate Hamiltonian is precisely the cyclic quantum evolution studied by Aharanov and Anandan
Contact lens filter for macular photocoagulation with monochromatic green argon laser

Safer and more effective macular photocoagulation can be performed with monochromatic green light, thereby avoiding the energy absorption by the xanthophyll pigment in the inner retina in the blue portion (488 nm line) of the argon laser radiation. While an appropriate laser filter has been built into commercially available laser systems to provide a "green-only option," a contact lens filter which provides monochromatic green energy with a standard argon laser delivery system has been evaluated. The filter requires twice as much laser energy output from the laser, and may allow higher levels of energy to reflect off the filter towards observers.
Ashkenazi Jewish genetic disease carrier screening.

To the Editor: We read with interest and much concern the recent recommendation of the College regarding carrier screening in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) descent (Genet Med 2008;10: 54 –56). Specifically, we felt that Recommendation 4, “if only one member of a couple is of AJ background, testing should still be offered,” is quite problematic. As stated in the Guidelines, the cumulative probability of being a carrier for one of the conditions in the panel is between 20 and 25%. One in 4 or 1 in 5 couples where only one member is of AJ descent will be identified as at increased risk to have an affected child and offered testing for that specific condition for the non-AJ partner. The screening of the non-AJ partner for the mutations that occur in the AJ population is an exercise in unknown probabilities (Table 1). Since the frequency of those mutations that occur more often in the AJ population is unknown in non-AJ populations, there is no way to revise a couple’s risk after screening the non-AJ member for the AJ mutations. Counseling a couple that the non-AJ member does not carry any of the AJ mutations does not provide much solace (or information) regarding their risk for a child with one of the AJ genetic conditions. In the case of cystic fibrosis (where gene frequencies are known in various populations) and in the case of Tay-Sachs disease (where enzyme analysis is informative regardless of ethnicity) the Practice Guidelines do provide useful information that would aid a family in their decision-making process. Even without testing the non-AJ member, counselors can be reassuring to those couples where the AJ member is a carrier for Dysautonomia, Bloom syndrome, or Mucolipidosis IV, as these conditions are either extremely rare or unreported in non-AJ populations. So the question remaining (with the exception of cystic fibrosis and Tay-Sachs screening) is what do we accomplish by the implementation of these Guidelines in couples where only one member is of AJ descent? Michael L. Begleiter, MS, CGC Janda L. Buchholz, MS, CGC Andrea M. Atherton, MS, CGC Lee Z. Mays, MS, CGC Molly M. Lund, MS, CGC Meghan E. Strenk, MS Genetics, Dysmorphology and Metabolism, The Children’s Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, The University of Missouri-Kansas City, School of Medicine, Kansas City, Missouri
Social and Scientific Method or What Do We Make of the Distinction Between the Natural and the Social Sciences

Ever since the rise of the social sciences, social science methodology has been a much disputed issue among social scientists and philosophers of the social sciences. 1 Much like the history of social theory, the history of social science methodology is a history of controversy, and this tradition is quite naturally renewed with every appearance of a new conception of social life. Most recently, methodological discussions have centered around the discrediting of received 'positivistic' procedures by showing their essential inadequacy in dealing with the social world. In these discussions, established methodological procedures such as survey research or laboratory experimentation were linked to a model of scientific method identified with the natural sciences, and new social methodologies continuously emphasized their rejection of this model. In fact, new rules of social science method have been developed, displayed and defended in a constant dispute with the standard set by this natural science model, and they have made the departure from this standard the declared goal of an indigenuous social methodology. Perhaps not surprisingly, the standard itself has found little attention in the dispute. While the 'positivistic' conception is vigorously rejected as a model for social science methodologies, it is more or less taken at face value when it refers to the natural and technological sciences. Philosophical investigations which for some time now have directly questioned this model as correctly describing the natural sciences appear to be either ignored or declared irrelevant for the discussion. When they are introduced into the picture, they serve as some sort of back-
Contraceptive properties of the anti-androgen cyproterone acetate.

Male rats were treated with injections of cyproterone acetate (CA) a synthetic steroidal antiandrogen to study its potential as a contraceptive agent. In control experiments all of the 7 males studied were able to impregnate at least 1 of the 2 females to which they were exposed. After a series of 16 CA injections only 5 of the 7 were able to impregnate 1 of 2 females and only 1 was able to impregnate both (p<.02). After 48 injections no female became pregnant. 45 days after cessation of treatment all of the males impregnated at least 1 of the 2 females. The vigor of mating behavior was not affected by CA. The contraceptive effect is thought to be due to the effect of CA on the storage of sperm possibly through the change produced in the chemistry of the seminal fluid.
The first composite face and maxilla transplant.

Daniel S. Alam, MD; Frank Papay, MD; Risal Djohan, MD; Steven Bernard, MD; Robert Lohman, MD; Chad R. Gordon, DO; Mark Hendrickson, MD; Maria Siemionow, MD, PhD, DScObjective: To discuss the technical and anatomical analysis and design of an osteocutaneous allograft transplant incorporating the donor maxilla and the execution of the operative protocol during the transplant.Methods: The Cleveland Clinic reported the world's first successful combined face and maxilla transplant in December 2008. Unlike the 3 prior face transplants, this surgical procedure was done as a salvage operation in a patient who had undergone 23 major reconstructive procedures. The additional complexity due to significant postoperative scarring and recipient vessel depletion presented a unique challenge in this case. The extensive 3-dimensional losses of facial structures in multiple tissue planes required a Le Fort III osteomyocutaneous allotransplant incorporating the donor maxilla.Results: We report the first successful transfer of a complete bony framework and soft-tissue envelope. The allograft has shown excellent integration and no long-term rejection. The traditional conception based on anatomical studies suggested this transfer would require independent dissection of the internal maxillary vascular system. This was not required in our patient whose allograft was based solely on the facial arterial system and its arcades.Conclusions: Successful near-total face and maxilla allograft transplant can be accomplished based on the facial arterial system and its arcades. This presents a novel method for reconstructing massive facial injuries with significant involvement of the facial skeleton.
Reports of Awareness in Verbal Operant Conditioning

131 verbal operant conditioning studies were examined in an attempt to delineate variables related to the frequency of reported awareness. Reports of awareness were found to have been sought more often in studies of college Ss than non-college Ss, and in studies using objectively defined responses rather than subjectively defined responses However, learning without reported awareness occurred more often with non-college Ss and tended to occur somewhat more often with subjectively defined responses. Degree of learning did not vary with frequency of reported awareness. Directions are indicated for further research into conditions favorable to the occurrence of learning without awareness.
The effects of oxandrolone and exercise on muscle mass and function in children with severe burns.

OBJECTIVES Severe burns are associated with a significant loss of muscle and strength. Studies have reported that oxandrolone improves lean body mass in muscle-wasting conditions. Also shown previously in burned children is that an exercise program increases lean body mass and muscle strength. We hypothesized that oxandrolone, in combination with exercise, would increase lean body mass and muscle strength in severely burned children more than oxandrolone alone or exercise alone.
Real Men Don’t Make Mistakes: Investigating the Effects of Leader Gender, Error Type, and the Occupational Context on Leader Error Perceptions

Purpose Despite the fact that leaders make mistakes, little attention has been paid to the effects of errors on subordinate perceptions. This study investigated the influence of errors on perceptions of leader competence, effectiveness, and desire to work for the leader. It also examined the effects of gendered expectations on perceptions of male and female leader errors by investigating the interactions that occur between the leader’s gender, the type of error, and the occupational context.
Measurement of mechanical vibration damping in orthotropic, composite and isotropic plates based on a continuous system analysis

Abstract The problem of free and forced transverse vibration of an orthotropic, composite, and isotropic thin square plates with uniformly distributed damping and simply supported boundary conditions has been solved, using a modal expansion technique. A load of the type P0cosΩt applied at the center of plate has been considered and the phase angle between the forcing function and the vibration response at the center, as a function of the forcing frequency and the damping parameter determined. This theoretical relationship together with the experimentally measured phase angle between the applied mechanical forcing and the resulting vibration response at various forcing frequencies was used to determine an equivalent viscous damping parameter. This technique has been found to be particularly useful for the measurement and comparison of the relative damping in composite or orthotropic materials. Also, a theoretical relation for the energy loss due to viscous damping in vibrating plates has been developed and the theoretical energy loss at various frequencies has been compared with the experimentally measured energy loss at the same frequencies. Typical damping results are presented for aluminum, steel and aluminum/graphite-fiber composite materials.
Parking in Competitive Settings: A Gravitational Approach

With the proliferation of location-based services, mobile devices, and embedded wireless sensors, more and more applications are being developed to improve the efficiency of the transportation system. In particular, new applications are arising to help vehicles locate open parking slots. Nevertheless, while engaged in driving, travelers are better suited being guided to an ideal parking slot, than looking at a map and choosing which slot to go to. Then the question of how an application should choose this ideal parking slot becomes relevant. Vehicular parking can be viewed as vehicles (players) competing for parking slots (resources with different costs). Based on this competition, we present a game-theoretic framework to analyze parking situations. We introduce and analyze parking slot assignment games and present algorithms that choose parking slots ideally in competitive parking simulations. We also present algorithms for incomplete information contexts and show how these algorithms outperform even algorithms with complete information in some cases.
Implementing a sportsmanship program: Clemson University's 'Solid Orange: It's About Pride'.

AbstractThe NCAA promotes good sportsmanship in many aspects of intercollegiate athletics. In 2002, Clemson University created a sportsmanship program that emphasized unity amongst Clemson supporters. Using marketing strategies, community service projects, and public awareness tactics, Clemson developed a model sportsmanship program that promotes pride in ‘our University, its traditions, performance, people, and each other.’ After an introduction of sportsmanship, this case study describes the historical development of Clemson’s ‘Solid Orange: It’s About Pride’ sportsmanship program. The case study describes and critically examines the marketing and public relations strategies undertaken by the university to promote sportsmanship to spectators, players, coaches, administrators, and fans. It is concluded that, despite some of the weaknesses in the program’s planning process, Clemson’s Solid Orange has been embraced by Clemson supporters and serves as a good model from which other universities and athletic ...
The pasteurized state: milk, health and the government of risk

In the late 1940s, Florence Sabin, a retired professor of medicine, returned to her home in Colorado to launch a massive public health campaign. Seeing "filthy milk" as an important vector of disease, she struggled not just pasteurized milk, but a pasteurized state government that was capable of regulating the milk industry. In the process, she brought managerialism into public health by fighting against the political machines and introducing Robert McNamara's systems analysis into government for the first time. Sabin's innovation, which united business, government and public health in new ways, transformed the way that public health is managed even today.
Simulating Distortion and Residual Stresses in Carburized Thin Strips

This paper illustrates the application of a new multiphase material model for simulating distortion and residual stresses in carburized and quenched gear steels. Simulation is focused on thin, metallic strips that are heat treated to introduce a through-thickness carbon gradient. Because the material properties are strongly dependent on the carbon content. quenching causes significant transverse out-of-plane distortion. The material model accounts for a multiphase alloy structure where inelasticity in the individual phases is temperature and rate dependent. The model is fit to an extensive matrix of experimental data for low carbon steels (0.2-0.8 percent) whose transformation kinetics and mechanical response are similar to 4023 and 4620 alloys used in experiments. While residual stress data are limited, reasonable agreement with X-ray diffraction measurements was obtained. Comparisons of transverse deflections predicted numerically showed excellent agreement with those measured experimentally for all five thicknesses reported. Accurate transformation and lattice carburization strains are critical to correctly predict the sense and magnitude of these transverse distortions and in-plane residual stresses.
Homologous sensitisation of embryonic chick atrial myocytes to adenosine: mediation by adenosine A1 receptor and guanine nucleotide binding protein

Objective: The aim was to characterise the process and the mechanisms of sensitisation of the atrial myocyte to adenosine receptor agonist. Methods: The ability of adenosine A1 receptor to mediate inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and myocyte contractility was determined in atrial myocytes cultured from 14 d chick embryos. Under conditions in which the myocytes were sensitised to the effects of A1 agonist, changes in the levels of adenosine A1 receptor and pertussis toxin sensitive G proteins were determined and correlated with alterations in the adenylyl cyclase activity and contractile responses of the myocyte to the A1 agonist. Results: Removal of adenosine from the culture medium with adenosine deaminase resulted in an enhanced ability of the adenosine A1 receptor agonist R-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine to exert a direct, negative inotropic effect and to inhibit isoprenaline stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. The increase in the extent of maximum inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and of myocyte contractility was 215(30), n=5, and 90(10)%, n=14, respectively. Binding of the antagonist radioligand [3H]-8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine in membranes from myocytes pre-exposed to adenosine deaminase showed a 70% increase in the adenosine A1 receptor density and a 54% increase in the proportion of the high affinity adenosine A1 receptor: control 33(5)%, n=5, versus sensitised 49(3)%, n=5, p<0.01. The increase in the total number of adenosine receptors and the proportion of the high affinity form was associated with a similar increase in the level of pertussis toxin sensitive G protein(s), as determined by pertussis toxin mediated 32P-ADP ribosylation and by immunoblotting. Prior exposure of the culture to the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulphophenyl) theophylline also led to similar results. Conclusions: The data indicate that the increased level of pertussis toxin sensitive G protein(s) results in an enhanced coupling to form the high affinity adenosine A1 receptor, that newly formed high affinity receptors are linked to an enhanced sensitivity of atrial myocytes to A1 adenosine agonist stimulation, and that upregulation of the G protein is a mechanism mediating the homologous sensitisation of cardiac adenosine A1 receptor pathway. Cardiovascular Research 1993; 27 :102-110
Simulation of large Eden clusters

Simulations of Eden clusters with more than ${10}^{9}$ sites by the use of a Cray Research Cray-2 supercomputer show that the thickness of the surface layer of round two-dimensional clusters, averaged over all directions, increases as the radius for sizes above 50?0?0 sites. In simulations of flat surfaces, on the other hand, the thickness increases as the square root of the height for strip widths above 500. The initial growth of such strips is not described by one single power law and asymptotically has a ``dynamic'' exponent close to (3/2), i.e., it increases as predicted theoretically with (height${)}^{1/3}$. In the range covered, our three-dimensional flat-surface thickness is not consistent with a logarithmic law, and also in four dimensions the thickness does not approach a constant. Round clusters with more than ${10}^{9}$ sites on the square lattice confirm the expected behavior due to anisotropy. Higher dimensions up to d=12 were also studied.