cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tetraspanins as therapeutic targets in hematological malignancy: a concise review

Tetraspanins belong to a family of transmembrane proteins which play a major role in the organization of the plasma membrane. While all immune cells express tetraspanins, most of these are present in a variety of other cell types. There are a select few, such as CD37 and CD53, which are restricted to hematopoietic lineages. Tetraspanins associate with numerous partners involved in a diverse set of biological processes, including cell activation, survival, proliferation, adhesion, and migration. The historical view has assigned them a scaffolding role, but recent discoveries suggest some tetraspanins can directly participate in signaling through interactions with cytoplasmic proteins. Given their potential roles in supporting tumor survival and immune evasion, an improved understanding of tetraspanin activity could prove clinically valuable. This review will focus on emerging data in the study of tetraspanins, advances in the clinical development of anti-CD37 therapeutics, and the future prospects of targeting tetraspanins in hematological malignancy.
The Cost of a “Beveridge Plan” in the United States

Significance of the question, 423. — The structure of an American Plan, 424. —The major assumptions: population growth and levels of employment, 428. — Basis of the estimates, 429. — Comparison with existing public aid programs and national income, 434. — Comparison with proposed American plans, 435.
Interpreting a stochastic monetary growth model as a modified social planner's problem

Abstract Using a stochastic cash-in-advance growth model similar to that studied by Cooley and Hansen (1989), it is demonstrated that the competitive, monetary equilibrium can be expressed as the solution to a modified social planner's problem. Hence, by employing standard dynamic optimization techniques and the second welfare theorem to the modified social planner's problem, the equilibrium of the monetary economy can be studied.
Rediscovery of Roosevelt's Barking Deer (Muntiacus rooseveltorum)

Data in this study confirm the validity of a species of muntjac, Muntiacus rooseveltorum , that has been controversial for 60 years. Diagnostic DNA characters are presented for each species examined including the M. rooseveltorum holotype. Three specimens of a recently collected small Laos barking deer have identical sequences to the type specimen of M. rooseveltorum . These DNA characters unambiguously diagnose the newly collected specimens as M. rooseveltorum . This study highlights the importance of continued field surveys in remote regions and the utility of diagnostic DNA characters in identifying species.
Modeling and simulation of a nanoscale optical computing system

Abstract Optical nanoscale computing is one promising alternative to the CMOS process. In this paper we explore the application of Resonance Energy Transfer (RET) logic to common digital circuits. We propose an Optical Logic Element (OLE) as a basic unit from which larger systems can be built. An OLE is a layered structure that works similar to a lookup table but instead uses wavelength division multiplexing for its inputs and output. Waveguides provide a convenient mechanism to connect multiple OLEs into large circuits. We build a SPICE model from first principles for each component to estimate the timing and power behavior of the OLE system. We analyze various logic circuits and the simulation results show that the components are theoretically correct and that the models faithfully reproduce the fundamental phenomena; the power-delay product of OLE systems is at least 2.5 × less than the 14 nm CMOS technology with 100 × better density.
Metabasalts, axial hot springs, and the structure of hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges

Knowledge of the chemical transfer and mineralogical transformations that occur when sea water reacts with basalt at elevated temperatures and pressures can be used along with geological and geophysical data to deduce the typical structure and evolutionary sequence for hydrothermal systems within the oceanic crust along the axis of a mid-ocean ridge. Studies of metabasalt and metadiabase dredged from fault scarps along the axial valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge reveal consistent relationships among the bulk chemistry of the altered rocks and their secondary mineralogy, mineral abundances, and mineral compositions, especially for chlorite. These relationships can be interpreted in terms of the distribution of alteration with respect to time, temperature, and water/rock ratio in young crust. Assemblages of chl-ab-ep-act, chl-ab-ep-act-qtz, chl-ab-qtz, and chl-qtz are produced at successively higher effective sea-water to rock ratios within the temperature range of the greenschist facies (−250 to 450 °C). Toward higher ratios, chlorites tend to become more Mg-rich. Pillow basalts of layer 2 are commonly altered under these conditions by sea water on the descending, rather than the ascending, limb of a convection system; this type of alteration, which reflects moderately high water/rock ratios, may characteristically occur above a still partially molten magma chamber. As the magma chamber solidifies and is then penetrated, more pervasive alteration of the deeper part of layer 2 and of layer 3 occurs at lower water/rock ratios, producing solutions such as those recovered from springs on the Galapagos Rift and the East Pacific Rise at 21°N. Localized upwelling limbs of the convection system can produce veins filled with quartz, sulfides, and Fe-rich chlorite.
Felbamate monotherapy : implications for antiepileptic drug development

We studied the effect of felbamate (FBM) monotherapy on seizure rate in patients with partial and secondarily generalized seizures undergoing presurgical monitoring at a single site. The study design was a double-blind placebo-controlled parallel monotherapy trial. Forty patients whose seizures had not been controlled by standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were randomized. Seizure type was confirmed by video-EEG monitoring. All baseline AEDs were discontinued, and patients were drug-free for 5.3 +/- 2.4 days before randomization to FBM or placebo. After a 4-day titration, seizures were counted for 14 days. Patients receiving FBM had significantly lower seizure rates, whether all randomized patients, patients who survived titration, or study completers were compared. Eight of 19 placebo patients randomized to placebo, as compared with 13 of 21 receiving FBM, completed the 18-day study. Two FBM patients dropped out due to seizures, and 6 dropped out due to side effects, including anxiety, difficulty sleeping, abdominal discomfort, acute psychosis, and orobuccal dyskinesias. Ten placebo patients met the criteria for premature discontinuation owing to seizures, and 1 hd an episode of panic. There was no evidence of hepatic or hematologic toxicity. FBM reduces seizure frequency in patients with localization-related epilepsy.
OBLIQUE SCATTERING FROM AN INHOMOGENEOUS CHIRAL CYLINDRICAL OBJECT WITH USE OF AXIAL BELTRAMI FIELDS AND THE FAST MULTIPOLE METHOD

A fast multipole accelerated integral-equation-based technique for analyzing oblique scattering from two-dimensional inhomogeneous chiral objects immersed in a chiral host is presented. The analysis is performed in terms of Beltrami fields, as they provide a natural representation of fields in a chiral medium. Volume integral equations in terms of solely axial components of Beltrami fields are derived and are discretized by use of pyramidal basis functions. Our numerical results are validated against exact solutions for scattering from circular cylinders and shells. Scattering from large shells and corrugated curved gratings is presented, and the reduced computational complexity of our algorithm is demonstrated.
How Judgments Change Following Comparison of Current and Prior Information

Although much observed judgment change is superficial and occurs without considering prior information, other forms of change also occur. Comparison between prior and new information about an issue may trigger change by influencing either or both the perceived strength and direction of the new information. In four experiments, participants formed and reported initial judgments of a policy based on favorable written information about it. Later, these participants read a second passage containing strong favorable or unfavorable information on the policy. Compared to control conditions, subtle and direct prompts to compare the initial and new information led to more judgment change in the direction of a second passage perceived to be strong. Mediation analyses indicated that comparison yielded greater perceived strength of the second passage, which in turn correlated positively with judgment change. Moreover, self-reports of comparison mediated the judgment change resulting from comparison prompts.
The Adaptive Network Library Interface: A Historical Overview and Interim Report

The evolution of the concept of an Adaptive Network Library Interface is described and several technical and research issues are explored. The Adaptive Network Library Interface (ANLI) is a computer program that stands as a buffer between users of the library catalog and the catalog itself. This buffer unit maintains its own network of pointers from book to book, which it elicits from the users, interactively. It is hoped that such a buffer increases the value of the catalog for the users and provides librarians with new and useful information about the books in the collection. The relation to concepts such as hypertext and neural networks is explored as well.
Immunity causing blindness: five different paths to herpes stromal keratitis

Abstract Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK) is a blinding infections disease that results from an array of immunopathogenic processes, including herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-specific T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, cytotoxic T cells and antibodies. As discussed here by Wayne Streilein and colleagues, strategies designed to prevent and treat this syndrome must be aware of the fact that the disease is multifactorial in its cause and pathogenesis.
Changes in heating patterns due to perturbations by thermometer probes at 915 and 434 MHz.

The changes in heating patterns due to perturbations by thermometer probes in microwave fields were investigated in static phantoms at 915 and 434 MHz. Thermograms taken parallel to the plane of E and H fields, at depths of up to 2 cm, indicated heating changes of +25 to –45 per cent at 915 MHz and ± 15 per cent at 434 MHz. The amount of perturbation is dependent on the length, size and location of the probes in the RF fields and their orientations to the electric field. If proper probe placement techniques are not observed when metallic probes are involved, hot and cool spots can be generated and shifted to sites that are not measured. Therefore misleading temperatures can result when changes in heating patterns are not detected. Perturbation also varies with applicator designs and phantom geometry. If thermistors and thermocouples are used, the effects of perturbation should be investigated with individual applicators under applicable clinical conditions.
Parallel, series, and intermediate interconnections of optical nanocircuit elements. 2. Nanocircuit and physical interpretation

Applying the analytical closed-form solutions of the "quasi-static" potential distribution around two conjoined resonant half-cylinders with different permittivities, reported in the first part of this manuscript, here we interpret these results in terms of our nanocircuit paradigm applicable to nanoparticles at infrared and optical frequencies [Phys. Rev. Lett.95, 095504 (2005)]. We investigate the possibility of connecting in series and parallel configurations plasmonic and/or dielectric nanoparticles acting as nanocircuit elements, with a goal for the design of a more-complex nanocircuit system with the desired response. The present analysis fully validates the heuristic predictions regarding the parallel and series combination of a pair of nanocircuit elements depending on their relative orientation with respect to the field polarization. Moreover, the geometries under analysis present interesting peculiar features in their wave interaction, such as an "intermediate" stage between the parallel and series configurations, which may be of interest for certain applications. In particular, the resonant nanocircuit configuration analyzed here may dramatically change, in a continuous way, its effective total impedance by simply rotating its orientation with respect to the polarization of the impressed optical electric field, providing a novel optical nanodevice that may alter its function by rotation with respect to the impressed optical local field.
Nucleotide sequences in Xenopus 5S DNA required for transcription termination

Abstract We have analyzed the DNA sequences required for termination of Xenopus 5S RNA synthesis in vitro. Termination occurs within clusters of four or more consecutive T residues in the noncoding DNA strand sequence. The 3′ flanking sequence following the gene is not required for termination. The distance between the T cluster and the site of transcription initiation as well as the exact nucleotide sequences preceding the T cluster can be varied without impairing termination. Thus the sequence signals for accurate initiation and termination of transcription are separable and can function independently. No significant dyad symmetry near the end of the gene appears to be required, in contrast to termination sites in procaryotes. However, the nucleotide sequences adjacent to the T cluster influence the efficiency of transcription termination. Efficient termination is observed whenever GC-rich sequences surround the T cluster. The inefficient termination of transcription of X. laevis major oocyte type 5S RNA genes appears to result from groups of two or more consecutive A residues within three nucleotides preceding or following the T cluster. Other variables, such as the temperature, the nucleotide concentration and the addition of α-amanitin, also influence the efficiency of termination.
Microextraction of nine haloacetic acids in drinking water at microgram per liter levels with electrospray-mass spectrometry of stable association complexes

Haloacetic acids are disinfection byproducts of the chlorination of drinking water. This paper presents the analysis of all nine chloro and bromohaloacetic acids (HAA9) at the submicrogram per liter level by microextraction with detection by electrospray-mass spectrometry. The haloacetic acids are extracted from acidified water through a microscale liquid−liquid extraction. Perfluoroheptanoic acid is added to the extracts, and the haloacetic acids are detected with electrospray-mass spectrometry. Confidence in the selective quantification of the haloacetic acids is achieved by observing the stable association complexes that are formed between the haloacetic acids and perfluoroheptanoic acid. The method detection limits for the haloacetic acids are less than 1 μg L-1, depending on the haloacetic acid. Standard addition is used to quantify the haloacetic acids in several water matrixes.
The influence of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone in polymerization of holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs)

Holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (HPDLCs) are targeted for application in a wide range of devices as dynamically switchable transmission or reflection diffraction gratings tunable through the visible spectra. The inclusion of N-vinyl pyrrolidinone (NVP) has been shown to reduce liquid crystal (LC) droplet size in HPDLC gratings and subsequently improve HPDLC performance. In this work, the influence of NVP on HPDLC polymer/LC morphology is examined and correlated to the influence of NVP on HPDLC photopolymerization kinetics and LC phase separation. As in other photopolymer systems, NVP significantly increases the rate of polymerization in HPDLC photopolymerization. In all the HPDLC formulations studied, NVP is completely incorporated into the polymer network while less than half of acrylate double bonds react. Furthermore, as the highly cross-linked polymer network forms, the small mono-vinyl NVP appears to react preferentially with acrylate double bonds, facilitating additional conversion of pendant double bonds otherwise trapped in the polymer network. NVP also induces a delay in the onset of reaction diffusion termination and extends the range of conversions for which reaction diffusion is observed. Interestingly, NVP also impacts polymer/LC morphology by delaying LC phase separation to higher double bond conversions. Together, the influence of NVP on the polymerization kinetics and LC phase separation alters HPDLC morphology by limiting LC droplet size, consequently resulting in improved HPDLC performance.
Spectrum access policy reasoning for policy-based cognitive radios

Cognitive radio (CR) is one of the key enabling technologies for opportunistic spectrum sharing. In such a spectrum sharing paradigm, radios access spectrum opportunistically by identifying the under-utilized spectrum and then transmitting waveforms in that spectrum that are compliant to relevant spectrum access policies. Implementing such a flexible scheme requires changes in the current static spectrum management approach. As a result, declarative spectrum management through policy-based dynamic spectrum access has garnered significant attention recently. Policy-based spectrum access decouples spectrum access policies and Policy Processing Components from the radio platform. The Policies define conditions under which the radios are allowed to transmit in terms of frequencies used, geographic locations, time etc. The Policy Processing Components include a reasoning engine called the Policy Reasoner, which is responsible for enforcement, analysis and processing of the policies, as well as resolving policy conflicts. This paper describes the design and implementation of a novel policy reasoner that processes spectrum access policies efficiently by reframing the policy reasoning problem as a graph-based Boolean function manipulation problem. The proposed policy reasoner has the capability to respond to either under-specified or invalid transmission requests (sent by the system strategy reasoner) by returning multiple sets of opportunity constraints that prescribe different ways of modifying transmission parameters in order to make them policy compliant.
The signal-anchor domain of adenovirus E3-6.7K, a type III integral membrane protein, can direct adenovirus E3-gp19K, a type I integral membrane protein, into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Abstract Type III integral membrane proteins are oriented in the membrane with their C-terminus in the cytoplasm and their N-terminus extracytoplasmic. Such proteins are believed to have an internal hydrophobic sequence that functions both as an uncleaved signal for membrane insertion and also to anchor the protein in the membrane. However, type III proteins are relatively rare, and information about their putative signal-anchor (SA) domains is scant. The adenovirus E3-6.7K protein is a novel small type III protein. In order to study the insertion of 6.7K into membranes, we have constructed a fusion protein between 6.7K and adenovirus E3-gp19K; gp19K is a type I integral membrane protein that is known to form a complex with class I antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The 6.7K-gp19K fusion protein lacks the gp19K signal sequence. We show that the 6.7K sequences can act as signal for membrane insertion of the 6.7K-gp19K fusion protein; however. the SA domain of 6.7K does not function as an anchor for the fusion protein. Thus, we have separated the signal function from the anchor function of the 6.7K SA domain. The transmembrane domain of gp19K is still acting as a stop-transfer sequence, and the ability of gp19K to bind MHC class I antigens is still intact. These data imply that sequences flanking a SA domain can influence whether the SA domain functions as a signal sequence only or as a dual signal-anchor sequence. The results also show that the signal for a type III membrane protein can direct a type I protein into the ER membrane. Finally, the data demonstrate that gp19K can retain its class I antigen binding function when gp19K has heterologous sequences fused to its N-terminus.
The influence of quenching on the color of certain glasses containing copper

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance results directly verify the predicted dependence of the boron coordination on composition and temperature. The strong color of the copper-titania couple is diminished when the number of boron atoms bonded to non-bridging oxygen atoms is sufficiently high. This state is attained either by quenching the glass from a sufficiently high temperatyre or by choosing a sufficiently high ratio of alkali to boron.
Teacher Research and School Change: Paradoxes, Problems, and Possibilities.

Abstract This paper explores the link between teacher research and whole school change. As the authors investigated three US schools described as having close ties between teacher research and school culture, they discovered that moving teacher research out of individual classrooms and into entire schools is astonishingly difficult work filled with paradox and seeming-impossibilities. They offer six key paradoxes and conclude that when these paradoxes are managed, teacher research has the potential to affect both the culture of schools and the experience of teaching and learning for students and teachers alike.
The use of senescent plant biomass to investigate relationships between potential particulate and dissolved organic matter in a wetland ecosystem

The purpose of this research was to (1) determine if different species of wetland vegetation produced characteristically different dissolved organicmatter (DOM)based uponboth chemicaland physical characteristics and(2) determineifanyrelationshipsexist betweencharacteristics of DOM derived from freshly senescent tissues of different wetland plant species common to the Florida Everglades and characteristics of the senescent plant tissue itself. Senescent plant tissues were used to represent potential particulate organic matter (POM) and leachates derived from them through cold water extraction were used to simulate abiotically produced labile DOM. Leachate DOM was characterized by total phosphorus (TP), nitrogen (TN), and carbon (TC), total carbohydrate content (TCC), total phenolic content (TPC), E4/E6 ratios, stable isotopes (d 13 C, d 15 N) and molecular mass fractionation (MMF). Senescent plant tissue (POM) was characterized by TP, TN, TC, E4/E6 ratio, stable isotopes (d 13 C, d 15 N), and fiber fractionation analysis (soluble content, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin). Comparisons of DOM mean values for MMF, TCC, and TPC among species revealed significant differences, which was further supported by observed separation of species in principal components analysis. Regression analysis between POM and DOM characteristics suggests that POM N:P ratios are useful predictors of DOM N:P ratios (r 2 = 0.83, P < 0.001) and that POM levels of soluble constituents and hemicellulose can be a significant predictors of DOM TC (r 2 = 0.82, P < 0.001). Comparisons of E4/E6 ratios and stable isotopes (d 13 C, d 15 N) of DOM and POM, however, did not reveal significant relationships. The results of this study suggest that plant community structure may be a significant modulator of DOM quality and quantity through species specific contributions of characteristically different DOM and that plant tissue concentrations of nutrients and structural components can significantly influence chemical characteristics of DOM derived from them. # 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Kinetic factors in geothermometry

The application of geothermometer/geobarometer mineral assemblages as markers of temperature and pressure in geologic formations has become highly sophisticated by the inclusion of kinetic factors in analytic procedures. That a chemically complex mineral assemblage has equilibrated during its geologic history under intense conditions is a major premise in geothermometry. That the equilibrium conditions have been quenched into the phases so that composition and crystal structure may be used to reveal the temperature-pressure-fugacity that characterized a point—the most intense point—in an assemblage's geological history is another premise. Rarely does either premise prove entirely true, but kinetic factors, if understood, could assist in their interpretation.
Acoustic backscattering enhancements resulting from the interaction of an obliquely incident plane wave with an infinite cylinder

Abstract Background and objective The analysis of the acoustic backscattering enhancements from tilted cylinders is of particular importance in determining some of the (visco)elastic properties of the cylinder, and/or its surrounding fluid in ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and imaging (NDI) applications. Previous related investigations on an aluminum cylinder limited to incidence angles varying from 0° to 40°, revealed the existence of an anomalous “pseudo-Rayleigh” mode (above the critical Rayleigh angle) identified as the rigid-body translational dipole (n = 1) mode. The objective here is to provide a complete investigation on the backscattering enhancements for incidence angles larger than 40° for various elastic and viscoelastic cylinder materials. Method Using the partial-wave series solution for the linear scattering by an infinite circular cylinder, the acoustic backscattering from isotropic elastic and viscoelastic (polymer-type) cylinders excited by an obliquely incident plane acoustic wave is investigated. Total and resonance backscattering form functions are calculated for several elastic and viscoelastic cylinder materials immersed in water versus the angle of incidence 0° ⩽ α Results and conclusion The plots of the partial-wave series reveal acoustic backscattering enhancements (not shown in previous investigations) generally occurring at ka ≲ 0.1 at a critical angle αc bounded by the longitudinal and shear waves coupling angles θ L = sin - 1 ( c / c L ) and θ S = sin - 1 ( c / c S ) such that θ L α c θ S (where c L and c S are the phase velocities of the longitudinal and shear waves inside the elastic cylinder, and c is the speed of sound in the surrounding medium). It is shown here that the backscattering enhancements with a critical angle θ L α c θ S result from the excitation of the monopole (n = 0) resonance mode. Moreover, additional acoustic backscattering enhancements still occur in the range 1 ≲ ka ≲ 6 even though the angle of tilt is greater than the Rayleigh wave coupling angle θ R = sin - 1 ( c / c R ) (where c R is the Rayleigh wave velocity in an elastic half-space). The resonance scattering theory shows that such additional enhancements are associated with the excitation of a dipole (n = 1) resonance mode which may result from the interference of meridional and/or helical waves propagating along the cylinder’s surface. It is therefore essential to consider tilt angles ranging from normal to end-on incidence for a complete analysis of the backscattering by elastic and viscoelastic cylinders.
Response: validity of evidence demonstrating efficacy of extracorporeal photochemotherapy

We appreciate the opportunity that the letter of Drs George and Roederer offers us to clarify and highlight our findings relevant to the mechanism(s) underlying the immunotherapeutic efficacy of extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP). Specifically, we reported several lines of convergent evidence
Superstructure topologies and host-guest interactions in commensurate inclusion compounds of urea with bis(methyl ketone)s

Urea inclusion compounds containing aliphatic bis(methyl ketone) guests exhibit a common packing motif in which urea molecules turn about their 2-fold axes to form hydrogen-bonded tethers between guest molecules in adjacent channels. Because this motif is so reliable, it is possible to predict the superstructure topologies of the hydrogen-bonded networks of several bis(methyl ketone)/urea inclusion compounds and related systems. This constitutes an important step in the design of new ferroelastic inclusion compounds.
Feasibility and outcomes of partial nephrectomy for resection of at least 20 tumors in a single renal unit.

Purpose: Patients with hereditary renal cancer are at increased risk for recurrent bilateral multifocal tumors and may require aggressive nephron sparing surgery to prevent renal replacement therapy. We evaluated feasibility and outcomes in patients who underwent partial nephrectomy with removal of at least 20 tumors in a single renal unit at 1 setting.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 30 patients who underwent a total of 34 partial nephrectomies with removal of at least 20 tumors at our institution from 1993 to 2008. Operative reports and hospital records were reviewed for perioperative data, and renal functional and oncologic outcomes. We compared preoperative and postoperative renal function with the 2-tailed t test.Results: There were no deaths and only 1 renal unit was lost. A median of 26.5 tumors was removed. Median estimated blood loss was 3,500 ml and median operative time was 9 hours. Perioperative complications developed in greater than 50% of cases. There was a ...
Murine Model to Study the Invasion and Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Central Nervous System

Background. Tuberculosis of the central nervous system (CNS) is a serious, often fatal disease primarily affecting young children. It develops after hematogenous dissemination and subsequent invasion of the CNS by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The microbial determinants involved in CNS disease are poorly characterized. Methods. Hematogenously disseminated M. tuberculosis infection was simulated in BALB/c mice by intravenous challenge. Bacteria were recovered using standard culture techniques. Host immune response to M. tuberculosis infection was assessed by histopathological and cytokine profile analysis. By means of a pooled infection with geno-typically defined M. tuberculosis mutants, bacterial genes required for invasion or survival were determined in the CNS and lung tissue. Results. M. tuberculosis were detected in whole mouse brains as early as 1 day after intravenous infection and at all time points assessed thereafter. No significant immune response was elicited in the infected brain tissue, compared with extensive inflammation in the infected lung tissue at the same time point. We identified mutants for 5 M. tuberculosis genes (Rv0311, Rv0805, Rv0931c, Rv0986, and MT3280) with CNS-specific phenotypes, absent in lung tissue. Conclusions. We have identified CNS-specific M. tuberculosis genes involved in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Further characterization of these genes will help in understanding the microbial pathogenesis of CNS tuberculosis.
The characterization of a unique Trypanosoma brucei β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.

Abstract A putative β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (βHBDH) ortholog was identified in Trypanosoma brucei , the unicellular eukaryotic parasite responsible for causing African Sleeping Sickness. The trypanosome enzyme has greater sequence similarity to bacterial sources of soluble βHBDH than to membrane-bound Type I βHBDH found in higher eukaryotes. The βHBDH gene was cloned from T. brucei genomic DNA and active, recombinant His-tagged enzyme (His 10 - Tb βHBDH) was purified to approximate homogeneity from E. coli . βHBDH catalyzes the reversible NADH-dependent conversion of acetoacetate to d -3-hydroxybutyrate. In the direction of d -3-hydroxybutyrate formation, His 10 - Tb βHBDH has a k cat value of 0.19 s −1 and a K M value of 0.69 mM for acetoacetate. In the direction of acetoacetate formation, His 10 - Tb βHBDH has a k cat value of 11.2 s −1 and a K M value of 0.65 mM for d -3-hydroxybutyrate. Cofactor preference was examined and His 10 - Tb βHBDH utilizes both NAD(H) and NADP(H) almost equivalently, distinguishing the parasite enzyme from other characterized βHBDHs. Furthermore, His 10 - Tb βHBDH binds NAD(P) + in a cooperative fashion, another unique characteristic of trypanosome βHBDH. The apparent native molecular weight of recombinant His 10 - Tb βHBDH is 112 kDa, corresponding to tetramer, as determined through size exclusion chromatography. RNA interference studies in procyclic trypanosomes were carried out to evaluate the importance of Tb βHBDH in vivo . Upon knockdown of Tb βHBDH, a small reduction in parasite growth was observed suggesting βHBDH has an important physiological role in T. brucei.
‘Dream Time’ in Hallucinating and Non-hallucinating Schizophrenic Patients

OBSERVERS of human behaviour have long commented on the similarities between the hallucinations of madness and the normal, universal hallucinations of dreaming1. Some have postulated that the two kinds of hallucinations share a common mechanism and that a derangement of this mechanism occurs in psychosis. If this were so, one might expect derangement of the mechanism to be present in sleep as well as waking, with a resultant alteration of the amount of dreaming; unfortunately, present theories (whether physiological2 or psychological3) do not explicitly predict the direction of such changes. However, the discoveries of Aserinsky, Dement and Kleitman now permit an empirical approach to this problem. These investigators have demonstrated that in both normal and schizophrenic subjects the low-voltage fast electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern of sleep accompanied by rapid eye movements (REM) is highly correlated with the subjective experience commonly described as dreaming4. The present study represents an application of their methods to the estimation of dream time in hallucinating and non-hallucinating schizophrenic subjects.
Point contact spectroscopy of Fe pnictides and chalcogenides in the normal state

Abstract We review the current status of point contact spectroscopy on the iron based superconductors, focusing on their normal state. Point contact spectroscopy is generally used to study superconductors via Andreev reflection, but in recent years it has also proved to be a useful bulk probe of strongly correlated electron systems. Point contact spectroscopy picks up a conductance enhancement in the normal state, above the structural phase transition, of certain iron based compounds. These include Co doped BaFe2As2, SrFe2As2, Fe1+yTe and F doped SmFeAsO and LaFeAsO. Two materials which do not show this conductance enhancement are CaFe2As2 and K doped BaFe2As2. This conductance enhancement is thought to be tied to orbital fluctuations. Orbital fluctuations in the normal state of these compounds increases the single particle density of states at the Fermi level, indicating that PCS is sensitive to this excess density of states. The enhancement is only observed at those temperatures and dopings where an in-plane resistive anisotropy in the detwinned compounds is known to occur. Thus point contact spectroscopy provides strong indications of electronic nematicity in such materials. We also present diagnostics on how to judge if a junction is impacted by joule heating or not. We conclude with the outstanding challenges in the field and the new experiments that need to be carried out.
Inhibition of human red cell Nak-ATPase by magnesium and potassium.

Abstract The inhibition of NaK-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) from human red cells by Mg2+ is markedly dependent on the relative concentrations of Na+ and K+. Inhibition increases with increasing K+ and decreases with increasing Na+. The inhibition appears to be a combined effect of Mg2+ and K+ at sites distinct from the sites at which these cations activate the enzyme. The kinetics of activation of the enzyme by Na+ with inhibitory levels of Mg2+ and K+ are biphasic, indicating both low and high affinity Na+ sites. At noninhibitory levels of Mg2+ and K+ only high affinity Na+ sites are seen. The results are inconsistent with any model in which Mg2+ and K+ compete with Na+ at a single site. A kinetic model is proposed to explain the mechanism of inhibition by Mg2+ and K+.
Work in progress: Engineering education and pragmatism: Imagining an undergraduate engineering course based on the educational philosophy of John Dewey

In this paper, we attempt to envision — in the spirit of a mind experiment — a specific and practicable engineering course (an engineering studio) using as our guide the basic principles of John Dewey's educational philosophy, which continues to influence all levels of American education (as can be seen, for example, in references to his ideas on education in the Boyer Report).
Clinical Identification of the Simple Sleep-Related Movement Disorders

Simple sleep-related movement disorders must be distinguished from daytime movement disorders that persist during sleep, sleep-related epilepsy, and parasomnias, which are generally characterized by activity that appears to be simultaneously complex, goal-directed, and purposeful but is outside the conscious awareness of the patient and, therefore, inappropriate. Once it is determined that the patient has a simple sleep-related movement disorder, the part of the body affected by the movement and the age of the patient give clues as to which sleep-related movement disorder is present. In some cases, all-night polysomnography with accompanying video may be necessary to make the diagnosis. Hypnic jerks (ie, sleep starts), bruxism, rhythmic movement disorder (ie, head banging/body rocking), and nocturnal leg cramps are discussed in addition to less well-appreciated disorders such as benign sleep myoclonus of infancy, excessive fragmentary myoclonus, and hypnagogic foot tremor/alternating leg muscle activation.
Positive and convergent self-energy in a chiral potential model

Abstract In the framework of a chiral potential model, relativistic many-body theory is used to study the effects of the pion cloud perturbatively. The second order quark self-energy is derived and studied numerically by inclusion of the full model space in the quark sector of the calculation. The self-energy shift of the three-quark ground state is found to be positive and convergent for a linearly confining potential in contrast to the negative and divergent result of the chiral bag.
A New Concept in Artificial Diets forChrysoperla rufilabris: The Efficacy of Solid Diets1

Abstract A semisolid artificial diet is described for rearing larvae of a green lacewing, Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Fifteen successive generations have been produced using this diet for larval development and a yeast, sucrose, and water mixture as the adult diet. The biological parameters of survival to the adult stage, mean egg production/female/day (= fecundity), duration of larval and pupal stages, and pupal weight measured 1 day after pupation were evaluated in generations 6–10. Survival from egg to pupa was about 87% on the larval diet and 89% on eggs from Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae). Fecundity was nearly identical in diet-produced C. rufilabris and those produced on eggs from E. kuehniella . Mean pupal weight for C. rufilabris fed diet was 9.40 (±0.19 SE) mg, and for those fed E. kuehniella eggs, it was 8.61 (±0.16) mg. Development time for larvae reared from newly emerged first instar larvae to onset of pupation was 10.85 (±0.15) days on the diet and 8.05 (±0.08) days on E. kuehniella eggs. Pupal duration was 9.41 (±0.07) days for diet-reared individuals and 10.08 (±0.11) for E. kuehniella -reared individuals. Diet-reared adults laid 21.5 eggs per female per day over a 5-day period compared to 19 eggs per C. rufilabris reared on E. kuehniella eggs. Larvae from the diet culture readily attacked and consumed cotton aphids, Aphis gossipyi Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). The diet is a solid, stringy paste presented in stretched Parafilm membrane. The diet costs about $6.00 (U.S.) per kilogram, including packaging, compared with about $50 per kilogram for diets with protein hydrolysates and about $500 per kilogram for E. kuehniella eggs. We explain how solid diets accommodate, better than liquids, the feeding mechanisms of larval chrysopids and other predaceous arthropods that use extraoral digestion.
Vanin-1 pantetheinase drives smooth muscle cell activation in post-arterial injury neointimal hyperplasia.

The pantetheinase vanin-1 generates cysteamine, which inhibits reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Vanin-1 promotes inflammation and tissue injury partly by inducing oxidative stress, and partly by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) contribute to neointimal hyperplasia in response to injury, by multiple mechanisms including modulation of oxidative stress and PPARγ. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that vanin-1 drives SMC activation and neointimal hyperplasia. We studied reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and functional responses to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and the pro-oxidant diamide in cultured mouse aortic SMCs, and also assessed neointima formation after carotid artery ligation in vanin-1 deficiency. Vnn1−/− SMCs demonstrated decreased oxidative stress, proliferation, migration, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) activity in response to PDGF and/or diamide, with the effects on proliferation linked, in these studies, to both increased GSH levels and PPARγ expression. Vnn1−/− mice displayed markedly decreased neointima formation in response to carotid artery ligation, including decreased intima:media ratio and cross-sectional area of the neointima. We conclude that vanin-1, via dual modulation of GSH and PPARγ, critically regulates the activation of cultured SMCs and development of neointimal hyperplasia in response to carotid artery ligation. Vanin-1 is a novel potential therapeutic target for neointimal hyperplasia following revascularization.
Isoperimetric-type inequalities for iterated Brownian motion in Rn

Abstract We extend generalized isoperimetric-type inequalities to iterated Brownian motion over several domains in R n . These kinds of inequalities imply in particular that for domains of finite volume, the exit distribution and moments of the first exit time for iterated Brownian motion are maximized with the ball D * centered at the origin, which has the same volume as D.
Tissue-specific expression of a Ca2+-activated K+ channel is controlled by multiple upstream regulatory elements

The electrical properties of a cell are produced by the complement of ion channels that it expresses. To understand how ion-channel gene expression is regulated, we are studying the tissue-specific regulation of the slowpoke (slo) Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel gene. This gene is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system, in midgut and tracheal cells, and in the musculature of Drosophila melanogaster. The entire transcriptional control region has been cloned previously and shown to reproduce the tissue and developmental expression pattern of the endogenous gene. Here we demonstrate that s/o has at least four promoters distributed over approximately 4.5 kb of DNA. Promoter C1 and C1c display a TATA box-like sequence at the appropriate distance from the transcription start site. Promoters C1b and C2, however, are TATA- less promoters. C1, C1b, and C1c transcripts differ in their leader sequence but share a common translation start site. C2 transcripts incorporate a new translation start site that appends 17 amino acids to the N terminus of the encoded protein. Deletion analysis was used to identify sequences important for tissue-specific expression. We used a transgenic in vivo expression system in which all tissues and developmental stages can be assayed easily. Six nested deletions were transformed into Drosophila, and the expression pattern was determined using a lacZ reporter in both dissected tissues and sectioned animals. We have identified different sequences required for expression in the CNS, midgut, tracheal cells, and muscle.
Clinical relevance of benign endometrial cells in postmenopausal women

Our objective was to determine if the finding of benign endometrial cells on a Papanicolaou (Pap) smear of a postmenopausal woman is associated with endometrial/uterine pathology, independent of symptomatology and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) status. The medical records of 146 postmenopausal patients who had a Pap smear showing normal-appearing endometrial cells between January 9, 1997 and January 12, 2000 were reviewed. Uterine pathology for each patient was determined by reviewing the results of endometrial sampling (endometrial biopsy or dilatation and curettage), hysterectomy, or pelvic sonogram, which were performed within 24 mo of the cytologic smear. The results were then correlated with clinical symptomatology and HRT status of each patient at the time the cytologic smear was obtained. Of the 146 Pap smears coded with "endometrial cells in a postmenopausal woman," 50 were excluded due to prior hysterectomy, perimenopausal status, and absence of further follow-up. Of the remaining 96 women, 27 (28%) had benign pathologic findings including polyps, leiomyomata, and simple hyperplasia without atypia, whereas 11 (12%) had significant pathologic findings including hyperplasia with atypia, adenocarcinoma, mixed Mullerian tumor, and leiomyosarcoma. Of the 11 patients with significant pathology, only one patient did not have abnormal vaginal bleeding but instead had a 30-wk-size irregular uterus on examination, and only 2 patients received hormone replacement therapy. In conclusion, Reporting endometrial cells on Pap smears in postmenopausal women did not lead to the diagnosis of any cases of significant pathology that would have gone unsuspected clinically. Moreover, HRT status did not affect the incidence of normal endometrial cells on Pap smears in postmenopausal women, nor did it aid in distinguishing which postmenopausal women had endometrial/uterine pathology. This calls into question the usefulness of the current Bethesda guideline to report "benign endometrial cells in a postmenopausal woman."
Meal planning tips for children and adolescents with diabetes.

Many children are now using multiple daily insulin injections or insulin pump therapy that can readily accommodate unplanned eating situations or school parties. However, this does not mean that the child can eat whatever he or she wants as long it is “covered” with rapid-acting insulin because excessive weight gain may result. The child’s diabetes management plan should note how many carbohydrate (CHO) choices or grams of CHO are prescribed for lunch and a snack (National Diabetes Education Program, 2003). A shot or bolus of rapid-acting insulin given when the child eats mimics the way a normally functioning pancreas secretes insulin. The child’s plan also should state how much insulin the child needs to take for a specified number of grams of CHO. This formula is called an insulin-to-carbohydrate ratio. It is used in conjunction with the child’s blood glucose correction factor or sensitivity factor to correct an elevated premeal blood glucose level. At times, this insulin dose may be decreased for planned exercise. Also, depending on the child’s individual diabetes management plan (or self-management ability), he or she may be able to independently determine the quantity of CHO to consume for meals and snacks. Insulin needs change as the child grows. It is not uncommon for a child to have meal and insulin plans adjusted several times a year (American Diabetes Association [ADA], 2008). Note that it is very important for children who use a fixed-dose insulin injection plan, such as two injections a day, to eat planned meals and snacks on a schedule. A fixed-dose insulin plan uses a type of insulin that peaks around lunchtime. If the midday meal is delayed or skipped, there is an increased risk of hypoglycemia. Children using this type of insulin plan may also need a midmorning snack. Table 1 shows general amounts of carbohydrate recommended for lunch and snacks for children based on age. Tips for School Parties