cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A review of smoking policies in airports around the world

Objective To review smoking policies of major international airports, to compare these policies with corresponding incountry tobacco control legislation and to identify areas of improvement for advancing smokefree policy in airports. Methods We reviewed smoking policies of 34 major international airports in five world regions, and collected data on current national and subnational legislation on smoke-free indoor places in the corresponding airport locations. We then compared airport smoking policies with local legislation. Additionally, we collected anecdotal information concerning smoking rules and practices in specific airports from an online traveller website. Results We found that 52.9% of the airports reviewed had indoor smoking rooms or smoking areas; smoking policy was unknown or unstated for two airports. 55.9% of the airports were located in countries where national legislation allowed designated smoking rooms and areas, while 35.3% were in smoke-free countries. Subnational legislation restricted smoking in 60% of the airport locations, while 40% were smoke-free. 71.4% of the airport locations had subnational legislation that allowed smoke-free laws to be more stringent than at the national level, but only half of these places had enacted such laws. Conclusions Despite the increasing presence of smoke-free places and legal capacity to enact stricter legislation at the local level, airports represent a public and occupational space that is often overlooked in national or subnational smoke-free policies. Secondhand smoke exposure in airports can be reduced among travellers and workers by implementing and enforcing smoke-free policies in airports. Additionally, existing information on smoke-free legislation lacks consistent terminology and definitions, which are needed to inform future tobacco control policy within airports and in the law.
Riboflavin Utilization by a Mutant Strain of Single Comb White Leghorn Chickens 1. Attempts to Increase Free Riboflavin in the Blood

Abstract MAW (1954) reported the discovery of a mutant strain of Single Comb White Leghorn (SCWL) chickens which, on a diet containing adequate riboflavin, produced eggs so deficient in this vitamin that all embryos died between the tenth and fourteenth day of incubation. He concluded that a mutant autosomal recessive gene was responsible for the inherited inability to produce eggs that contained sufficient riboflavin to support normal embryonic development. Boucher et al. (1959) found that, in birds homozygous for the recessive gene, the free riboflavin content of blood did not increase normally at the onset of and during egg production. As a result of this deficiency of blood riboflavin, there is an insufficient amount of the vitamin present for transfer to the egg. This paper reports the treatment of homozygous recessive (rdrd) birds in attempts to increase the riboflavin content of the blood. Means employed were injection of riboflavin, blood exchange…
The industrial use of formal methods: was Darwin right?

Even though the use of formal methods in industry has been documented in numerous case studies, scepticism about their usefulness remains widespread. However, formalisms have evolved rapidly over the last decade and are doing a much better job of meeting the needs of industry. This paper briefly describes several of the experiments in formal methods that have been conducted at Rockwell Collins and attempts to pull these observations together into a profile of what industry needs from the research community.
WHAT NUMBER KNOWLEDGE IS POSSESSED BY CHILDREN BEGINNING THE KINDERGARTEN YEAR OF SCHOOL

Forty-five children, fifteen from each of two kindergarten year classes from different schools, and fifteen from a year one class from one of those schools, were interviewed to assess their knowledge of number word sequences and spatial patterns, and ability to recognise numerals and use counting to establish the numerosity of visible and screened collections. The schools were selected as typifying contrasting socio-economic levels. Five models, each of a different aspect of number development, and each containing up to five levels or stages, were used to generate for each child, a profile of numerical development. This led to consideration of the variations of children’s number knowledge, within and between year levels and schools. Findings included a wide variation in the number knowledge of children beginning the kindergarten year, greater variation in the lower socio-economic school, and evidence that the kindergarten year mathematics curriculum is most suited to the least advanced.
Demonstration of supercontinuum generation in long-cavity fiber-ring laser

Summary form only given. We have demonstrated a supercontinuum generation directly from an Er-doped passively mode-locked long-cavity fiber-ring laser where bandwidth of the output spectrum was more than 150 nm with average power in excess of 60 mW.
The last fossil primate in North America, new material of the enigmatic Ekgmowechashala from the Arikareean of Oregon.

Objective Primates were common in North America through most of the Eocene, but vanished in the Chadronian, about 35 million years ago. In the Arikareean, about 6 million years later, the enigmatic primate Ekgmowechashala appeared in the Great Plains and Oregon. This taxon shows little resemblance to other North American primates and its phylogenetic position has long been debated. New material of this taxon allows a revised assessment of its age and how it is related to other primates. Methods Recently collected Ekgmowechashala specimens from the Turtle Cove Member of the John Day Formation in Oregon are described. These specimens are compared to previously collected material from South Dakota and Nebraska, as well as other fossil primates from North America and Asia. Results Study of the John Day material allows diagnosis of a new, distinct species. Comparison of Ekgmowechashala to a pair of recently described Asian primates, Muangthanhinius and Bugtilemur, suggests that it is a strepsirrhine adapiform, rather than an omomyid. The well-defined stratigraphy and dated marker beds of the Turtle Cove Member provide a refined age for Ekgmowechashala occurrences in Oregon, during the Oligocene (early Arikareean). Conclusions The age and morphology of these ekgmowechashaline taxa suggest that the group originated in Asia and dispersed to North America in the Oligocene, after the extinction of other primates in North America. Contemporaneous occurrences of Ekgmowechashala in Oregon and the Great Plains indicate the last non-human primates vanished in North America about 26 million years ago. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:43–54, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth, Feed Conversion, and Carcass Composition in Females of Four Broiler Crosses Fed Starter Diets with Different Energy Levels and Energy to Protein Ratios

Body weight, feed conversion, and carcass composition were studied in females of four commercial broiler crosses that differed in weight at 7 wk of age. The birds were fed starter diets for the first 3 wk containing different energy levels but the same protein level (Experiment 1) or varying energy or protein to equilibrate energy:protein ratios (Experiment 2). Experiment 1 was conducted in floor pens; Experiment 2 in batteries. All birds received a common grower diet from 4 to 7 wk of age. No significant cross by starter diet interactions were found for body weight, feed conversion, carcass weight, or protein percentages. In the floor experiment, 3- and 7-wk body weights were lower in birds receiving the highest energy starter than in those receiving lower energy starters; in the battery experiment, body weights were unaffected by energy of the starter. Feed conversion was lower in the birds receiving the high-energy starter in both experiments. Carcass weights essentially paralleled live weights in both experiments; however, percentage of protein in carcasses of 7-wk-old broilers was unaffected by starter diets. Feeding a high-energy starter for the first 3 wk posthatch resulted in higher carcass fat percentages at 7 wk of age but lower absolute and relative abdominal fat pad weights. The significant cross by starter diet interactions indicated that the fastest growing broilers responded to the high-energy starter diet by a significant reduction in abdominal fat without an overall reduction in carcass fat.
Towards learning rules from natural texts

In this paper, we consider the problem of inductively learning rules from specific facts extracted from texts. This problem is challenging due to two reasons. First, natural texts are radically incomplete since there are always too many facts to mention. Second, natural texts are systematically biased towards novelty and surprise, which presents an unrepresentative sample to the learner. Our solutions to these two problems are based on building a generative observation model of what is mentioned and what is extracted given what is true. We first present a Multiple-predicate Bootstrapping approach that consists of iteratively learning if-then rules based on an implicit observation model and then imputing new facts implied by the learned rules. Second, we present an iterative ensemble colearning approach, where multiple decision-trees are learned from bootstrap samples of the incomplete training data, and facts are imputed based on weighted majority.
Impact of heterogeneous perisomatic IPSC populations on pyramidal cell firing rates.

Previous computational modeling studies suggested a set of rules underlying the modulation of principal cell firing rates by heterogeneity in the synaptic parameters (peak amplitude and decay kinet...
Suppression of a dominant G-protein beta-subunit mutation in yeast by G alpha protein expression

SCG1/GPA1, STE4 and STE18 encode the alpha, beta and gamma components of the G protein involved in mating pheromone signal transduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Responses, including G1 arrest and expression of genes such as FUS1, are activated by beta gamma, which is negatively controlled by alpha(GDP). We previously demonstrated that overexpression of Scg1 suppresses responses to alpha factor and that expression of certain hybrids between Scg1 and mammalian G alpha proteins has the same effect and also suppresses growth arrest in an scg1-null mutant. Effects were attributed to sequestration of beta gamma. We now show that effects on growth rate, morphology and FUS1 expression are consistent with this model. The STE4HPL allele causes dominant activation of the response pathway, and is presumed to encode a beta subunit insensitive to control by alpha(GDP). Scg1 overexpression suppresses the growth arrest due to STE4HPL; normal alpha-factor responses and fertility are restored. A model based on sequestration of beta gamma reconciles this result with the apparent paradox that the same level of Scg1 overexpression inhibits responses and mating in wild-type cells. A G alpha i hybrid also restores growth and allows inefficient mating in the STE4HPL strain.
The IL-12 response to herpes simplex virus is mainly a paracrine response of reactive inflammatory cells

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection results in rapid and sustained up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-12, but the primary cellular source of IL-12 after HSV infection is unknown. We demonstrate that this cytokine largely derives from inflammatory cells rather than from productively infected epithelial cells. For optimal IL-12 induction, epithelial cells needed to be infected with replication-competent virus, and cells needed to be able to synthesize proteins. Our results also indicate that HSV-infected cells generate intermediary products that signal recruited inflammatory cells, which themselves were not HSV-infected, to generate IL-12. Possible mechanisms by which infected cells communicate with inflammatory cells to cause IL-12 production are discussed.
Effect of BRAFV600E on response to sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer patients

6002 Background: We are conducting an open-label phase II study of sorafenib in patients with metastatic, iodine-refractory thyroid carcinoma. Methods: 55 Patients were administered sorafenib 400 m...
Quantity Premiums With Opportunistic Consumer Switching: Theory and Evidence

We present a model which explains the puzzling phenomenon of quantity premiums (vis-a-vis quantity discounts) when consumers opportunistically switch between large and small packages and when cost differences would logically favor the offering of quantity discounts. Our analysis shows that the imposition of occasional quantity premiums can increase retailer profits by encouraging consumers to shop in an uniformed state and hence achieving price discrimination. We also tested our model implications using price and demographic data for 40 stores in the Saint Louis and Boston metropolitan areas. Our empirical findings strongly support our model.
The Cyanide-Resistant Oxidase in Higher Plant Mitochondria

Recent work in our laboratory has served to characterize several features associated with different aspects of the cyanide-resistant, “alternative” pathway of electron flow in higher plant mitochondria. 1. In binding studies carried out using a radioactively labeled inhibitor of the alternative pathway (14C-Iabeled butyl gallate), the gallate binding site is, in most all cases, a constitutive component of the plant mitochondrial electron transfer chain; even in those plant mitochondria which, as isolated, are fully cyanide sensitive. 2. In two varieties of pea that have been shown previously to either have (cv. Alaska) or lack (cv. Progress No. 9) the alternative pathway, genetic crosses indicate a distinctly maternal pattern of inheritance to the alternative pathway, suggesting that the mitochondrial genome contributes to some aspect of the expression of the pathway. 3. Radiation inactivation analysis of the cyanide-resistant hydroxamate-sensitive duroquinol oxidase activity in isolated skunk cabbage mitochondria gives a dose for 37% inactivation in the range 17.7-15.9 Mrad. This corresponds to a functional molecular weight for the alternative oxidase of 36,000-40,000.
Novel Coordination Compounds of Boron

The characteristic reactions of many boron compounds as Lewis acids have been extensively investigated. This has resulted in the characterization of salts of usual Lewis bases such as (CH3)3NBH3, H3NBH3, OCBH3 and (C2H5)2OBF3. The higher boranes and borane fragments have demonstrated similar properties in the formation of compounds such as H3NB3H7, OCB4H8 and (CH3)3NB4H6. Studies of decaborane (10) have clearly established its properties as a Lewis acid, or perhaps more appropriately, the acid nature of the hypothetical B10H12 group. Compounds such as (CH3CN)2B10H12 and (C5H5N)2B10H12 are examples of this behavior.
Economic Optimization of Cargo Airships

Historical strengths and weaknesses of airships were investigated to determine a mission suited for airships. The transatlantic cargo mission was selected to take advantage of the high payload and endurance qualities of airships while minimizing the frequency of ground handling. An optimization was performed to minimize the cost per ton mile of the airship with maximum velocity as the variable. Other design parameters were held constant and based on historical airship studies. The cost per ton mile and von Karman efficiency were used to compare the optimized airship designs with other modes of cargo transportation. An airship with a volume of 200,000 m3, which was the volume of the Hindenburg, would achieve a cost per ton mile of $1.03. This value equates to about 85 % the cost of an airplane, and five times the cost of a truck. A graph of von Karman efficiency showed that the airships proposed by this study could occupy a niche market between airplanes and trucks in terms of both efficiency and velocity.
Early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of optic neuritis.

Background:About half of multiple sclerosis patients present with optic neuritis (ON) as a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS). In the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial study, 28% of patients with ON and an abnormal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) did not have a relapse at the end of 15 years. It
Relative Attractiveness of Various Luminescent Colors to the Cereal Leaf Beetle and the Meadow Spittlebug1

Studies were initiated in 1964 to ascertain the relative effectiveness of various luminescent colors as attractants to the cereal leaf bettle, Oulema melanopus (L.), and the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.). Sticky boards measuring 10×10 inches, in 7 colors (lemon yellow, orange yellow, green, red, blue, pink, and white) were placed at heights of 3 and 6 feet. Stickem®, a commercial product, was used to trap the insects striking the boards. More individuals of both species were trapped on yellow boards than any other color. However, the shade of yellow had more significance with the cereal leaf beetle than with the spittlebug. The number of cereal leaf beetles trapped on lemon-yellow boards was greater at the 1% level than on orange-yellow boards. Results with red and green were intermediate and the number trapped on blue, pink, or white was very low. A significantly greater number was trapped at heights of 3 than at 6 feet.
PO-0604 Early Protein And Calorie Provision On A Tertiary Nicu

Background and aims Meeting the nutritional requirements recommended by ESPGHAN remains challenging during early NICU care. We aimed to evaluate local practice and compare provision to recommendations. Methods In this retrospective study, nutritional data were collected from birth on all neonates admitted to a tertiary referral centre from September to December 2013. Data were obtained from the national database and medical notes. We assessed enteral and parenteral intake and calculated protein (Grams/Kg/day) and Calories (Kcal/kg/day). Enteral feed data collected included volumes of breast, donor and formula milks. Protein and calorie intake were calculated based on known milk composition values. Subgroup analysis was performed on infants born less than 32 weeks gestation. Results 40 infants (14 male and 26 female) were studied. Median gestation was 37 weeks. Median birth weight 1847 grams and Median Day 14 weight 1887 grams. 8 infants were less than 32 weeks.19 had enteral feeds only and 21 had enteral and Parenteral Nutrition (PN). No infant had fortifier. In infants less than 32 weeks, median weight was 772 grams, median protein intake was 2.74 G/Kg/day and median calorie intake was 93.65 Kcal/Kg/day. The majority i.e. 75% were on full feeds of unfortified breast milk by day 14. Conclusion Protein and Calorie intake met recommendations from day 4 onwards in the whole group but there was a deficit in total calories in a subgroup analysis of the less than 32 week gestation group who were predominantly enterally fed.
Experimental active vibration damping of a plane truss using hybrid actuation

Hybrid actuation is defined in the context of active vibration control as the simultaneous functioning of two or more types of structure-borne actuators, each type having a frequency band of greatest effectiveness that is different from the bands of the other types. This paper describes and analyzes, both experimentally and theoretically, a simple active damping system that applied hybrid actuation with air-jet thrusters and reactionmass actuators. The former were highly effective at low frequencies but, due to mechanical time delays, lost effectiveness and were even potentially destabilizin~ at higher frequencies; the latter had the character of a hlghpass filter and, hence, were most effective at f reque~~cies above a certain threshold. Active damping was imposed on a %bay, 7.07-m-long plane truss, the hardware and mathematical models of which are described. The structure's vibration modes considered are the first four, a t 1.56, 10.0, 24.7 and 43.0 Hz. The active damping system consisted primarily of two pairs of back-to--back air-jet thrusters, two reaction-mass actuators, four servo accelerometers, and two small analog computers.
Seven Wonders of the Early Childhood World

Since the ancient Greeks first identified the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, many similar lists of extraordinary things—both ancient and modern, natural and man-made—have been created. Lash, Monobe, Kursun Koptur, and Black use the format to recognize seven wondrous curricular approaches of the early childhood education world. No less wondrous than the Pyramids of Giza, and just as globally appreciated, particularly since the rapid worldwide growth of early childhood education in the 1990s, the authors explore approaches such as the well-known International Baccalaureate Primary Years Program, the long-revered Reggio Emilia approach, and Te Whāriki, a bicultural national curriculum adopted in New Zealand. Linked by the prevailing view that schooling must prepare children to become global citizens capable of building a more peaceful world, the approaches explored in this article can inspire educators around the world as they consider new directions in early childhood education policy and practice.
Clinical application of the electromagnetic computer-assisted guidance system and the free-hand technique in the distal locking of tibial intramedullary nail

Objective To compare the clinical application of free-hand technique with electromagnetic computer-assisted guidance system in distal locking of tibial intramedullary nail. Methods Forty patients with tibial fracture who were admitted from Jan. 2013 to Dec. 2014 and required to apply intramedullary nailing were analyzed and divided into two groups,with 20 cases in each group. Electromagnetic navigation group: there were 11 males and 9 females,aged from 20 to 65 years with an average of( 44. 3 ± 1. 8) years. Free-hand locking group:there were 12 males and 8 females,aged from 18 to 66 years with an average of( 42. 5 ± 2. 0) years. The distal locking time and intraoperative radiation exposure time were recorded and compared between the two groups. Results The mean distal locking time was( 668. 2 ± 195. 0) s in the electromagnetic navigation group,while was( 1431. 1± 501. 3) s in the free-hand locking group. The mean intraoperative radiation exposure time was( 3. 1 ± 2. 2) s in the electromagnetic navigation group,while was( 18. 3 ± 6. 9) s in the free-hand locking group. Conclusion The electromagnetic computer-assisted guidance system significantly reduces the distal locking time and the radiation exposure,which is worth of clinical application.
Prohibiting direct medical care by US military personnel in foreign disaster relief: arguments from the Ebola disaster

In recent years, the United States military has become increasingly involved in providing medical aid during peacetime public health emergencies in the form of foreign disaster relief (FDR). Althou...
The death of bacteria as a function of unbalanced growth.

Studies have been described with a thymine-requiring strain of E. coli. This organism dies in the absence of its requirement. It has been shown that nuclear and cytoplasmic syntheses are no longer balanced under conditions of thymine deficiency and continuing unbalanced synthesis results in the loss of the power to multiply. Thymine deficiency and death of other bacterial strains may be provoked by sulfanilamide in the presence of certain metabolites which then support unbalanced growth. The killing action of low doses of ultraviolet irradiation also appears to depend on growth and may be prevented by inhibiting protein synthesis. It was shown that many bactericidal treatments are similar in that they appear to affect nucleic acid metabolism and to require continuing growth for their lethal actions to be manifest. A selective inhibition of DNA synthesis appears to be capable of inducing death by unbalanced growth.
Clinical and Genetic Factors Associated with Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Kidney and Heart Transplant Recipients.

One clinically recognized complication after solid organ transplantation is an increased risk for malignancy.1,2 Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), predominantly cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), is the most common encountered posttransplant malignancy. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma occurs more frequently in transplant recipients compared to the general population with more aggressive metastasis, a higher rate of recurrence, and an increased morbidity and mortality.3,4
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of germanium junctions for multi-junction solar cell applications

We report on the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and device characteristics of Ge solar cells. Integrating a Ge bottom cell beneath a lattice-matched triple junction stack grown by MBE could enable ultra-high efficiencies without metamorphic growth or wafer bonding. However, a diffused junction cannot be readily formed in Ge by MBE due to the low sticking coefficient of group-V molecules on Ge surfaces. We therefore realized Ge junctions by growth of homo-epitaxial n-Ge on p-Ge wafers within a standard III–V MBE system. We then fabricated Ge solar cells, finding growth temperature and post-growth annealing to be key factors for achieving high efficiency. Open-circuit voltage and fill factor values of ~0.175 V and ~0.59 without a window layer were obtained, both of which are comparable to diffused Ge junctions formed by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. We also demonstrate growth of high-quality, single-domain GaAs on the Ge junction, as needed for subsequent growth of III–V subcells, and that the surface passivation afforded by the GaAs layer slightly improves the Ge cell performance.
Efficacy and safety of leucine supplementation in the elderly

Leucine supplementation has grown in popularity due to the discovery of its anabolic effects on cell signaling and protein synthesis in muscle. The current recommendation is a minimum intake of 55 mg ⋅ kg-1. d-1 Leucine acutely stimulates skeletal muscle anabolism and can overcome the anabolic resistance of aging. The value of chronic leucine ingestion for muscle growth is still unclear. Most of the research into leucine consumption has focused on efficacy. To our knowledge, very few studies have sought to determine the maximum safe level of intake. Limited evidence suggests that intakes of ≤1250 mg ⋅ kg-1. d-1 do not appear to have any health consequences other than short-term elevated plasma ammonia concentrations. Similarly, no adverse events have been reported for the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), although no studies have tested HMB toxicity in humans. Therefore, future research is needed to evaluate leucine and HMB toxicity in the elderly and in specific health conditions.
Influence of species and hybrid status on induction of somatic embryogenesis in Castanea

The American chestnut (AC; Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) once dominated the forests of eastern North America prior to the introduction of chestnut blight in the late 19th century. A somatic embryogenesis (SE) system developed for American chestnut is potentially applicable for clonally propagating blight-resistant trees produced by The American Chestnut Foundation’s hybrid backcross breeding program. In this program, AC trees are hybridized with blight-resistant Chinese chestnut (CC; Castanea mollissima Blume) trees, followed by multiple generations of backcrossing to AC trees. It is possible, however, that the proportion of CC parental contribution in the hybrid backcross material could affect the success of SE using the AC protocol. Over three years of culture initiations, we tested the effects of the relative parental contributions of AC and CC on the success of SE induction using our standard AC culture initiation protocol and, subsequently, a published protocol for SE in European chestnut (Castan...
Multidimensional Measures of Consumer Rating Accuracy

This paper investigates the multidimensional nature of consumer rating accuracy (CRA) and presents a methodology for examining these dimensions. University students, serving as experimental subjects were provided with either relevant or irrelevant brand performance information and later asked to rate brand performances. The accuracy of their brand attribute ratings as compared to true ratings were examined. At the .001 significance level, results indicate that information relevancy moderates consumer ability to identify overall brand performance as well as specific brand attribute. Also, the accuracy of consumers’ brand attribute strengths for a product category were found to be moderated by their involvement with the category. As marketers gain insight into the dimensions of CRA, promotional communications should improve.
Effects of noise on the frequency response of the monostable Duffing oscillator

Abstract The influence of noise on the frequency response of the monostable, hardening Duffing oscillator is studied. These changes are studied via the averaged dynamics (using Euler–Maruyama simulations) as well as experiments. It is found that for intermediate noise amplitudes, the qualitative shape of the frequency response curve is changed. For large noise amplitudes, the upper and lower branches of the hysteresis curve collapse into one curve. These results could be of practical significance, if an oscillator is desired to be placed on the upper or lower branch of the hysteresis curve.
Shuffle–based verification of component compatibility

An extension of earlier work on component compatibility is described in this paper. Similarly as before, the behavior of components is specified by component interface languages, and the shuffle operation is introduced to represent possible interleavings of service requests that originate at several concurrent components. The paper shows that the verification of component compatibility is possible without the exhaustive analysis of the state space of interacting components. Exhaustive analysis of state spaces was the basis of earlier approaches to compatibility verification.
A random thresholds random parameters hierarchical ordered probit analysis of highway accident injury-severities

Abstract This study uses highway accident data collected in the State of Washington, between 2011 and 2013, to study the factors that affect accident injury-severities. To account for the fixed thresholds limitation of the traditional ordered probability models – which typically leads to incorrect estimation of outcome probabilities for the intermediate categories – and for the possibility of unobserved factors systematically varying across the observations, a random thresholds hierarchical ordered probit model with random parameters is estimated. This approach simultaneously allows the explanatory parameters to vary across roadway segments, and the thresholds to vary both as a function of explanatory parameters and across the observations, thus accounting for unobserved and threshold heterogeneity, respectively. Using goodness-of-fit measures, likelihood ratio tests and forecasting accuracy measures, the model estimation results are compared with the hierarchical and fixed thresholds ordered probit model counterparts, with fixed and random parameters. The comparative assessment among the ordered probit modeling approaches reveals the relative benefits and the overall statistical superiority of the random thresholds random parameters hierarchical ordered probit model.
OF LAW AND LEGACIES

This contribution to the symposium on President Obama’s constitutional legacy examines the relationship between constitutional law and presidential legacies. Americans respect or even revere many presidents despite their apparent constitutional violations. Some unconstitutional actions, though, appear more forgivable than others. The effect constitutional transgressions may have on a president’s more general legacy turns on a variety of contextual factors, including, among others, the president’s values and vision, the administration’s political successes and failures, political opponents’ principles and behavior, the challenges confronting the country, and the nature of the constitutional norms at issue. Constitutional law, as articulated by lawyers and judges, is not irrelevant to presidential legacies, but it rarely defines them. While some of President Obama’s unilateral executive actions raised serious constitutional questions, it is unlikely his legacy will turn on those measures’ legality. In most cases, President Obama followed past presidential practices and offered colorable (though admittedly contestable) legal defenses. Moreover, context helps explain, if not completely justify, many of Obama’s controversial actions. To this extent, historians and members of the general public are likely to view the Obama presidency through a broader, non-legal lens, considering, inter alia, the challenges he inherited, the policies he helped implement, and, especially, the vitriolic opposition he faced in Congress. Indeed, the lead constitutional story from the Obama years will likely highlight not particular executive actions but rather our constitutional system’s deficiencies more generally. American politics became increasingly dysfunctional during Obama’s presidency, and they have not improved since. Dysfunctional politics, of course, ought not immunize executive actions from legal attack. However, the depth of this dysfunction should encourage lawyers to broaden their focus beyond narrow questions of legality in individual cases to more fundamental concerns about the health of our constitutional democracy.
Inferring Circulation and Lateral Eddy Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean’s Deep Canada Basin Using an Inverse Method

AbstractThe deep waters in the Canada Basin display a complex temperature and salinity structure, the evolution of which is poorly understood. The fundamental physical processes driving changes in ...
Safeguarding Disabled Children and Young People

Whilst legislative and policy changes purport to protect and safeguard all children, there is serious doubt as to whether disabled children are afforded similar levels of protection as their non-disabled peers. Indeed, research has shown that disabled children and young people are at significantly greater risk of all types of abuse than non-disabled children (Kvam 2004; Spencer et al. 2005; Jones et al. 2012), they are also more likely to suffer proportionately more abuse that their non-disabled peers, for longer periods of time (Stalker and McArthur 2012; Sullivan and Knutson 2000) and are more likely to be bullied (Mencap 2007; National Autistic Society 2006; NSPCC 2003). The aim of this chapter therefore is to illustrate the heightened risk of abuse posed to disabled children and young people.
Fashion as Argument: Nineteenth-Century Dress Reform

This paper examines the place of the body in the dress reform movement, a social movement that focused on fashion as the vehicle for achieving social and political equality. The nineteenth century ...
Applications of Symmetry Groups in Markov Processes

Algebraic structures have enjoyed a special role in Markov processes from the very beginning of the subject. Probabilists focussed much of their attention initially on independent increment processes in the group R. Since these processes have convolution semigroups, they are especially amenable to concrete analysis by Fourier techniques. As Markov processes matured, probabilists began to study them in more general settings, and there is often no algebraic structure in evidence on the state space these days. In this article, we will explore methods of introducing algebraic structures on the state space which are naturally associated with the process. In several instances, after an invertible probabilistic transformation, they will become independent increment processes in the new group structure.
Dynamics and stability of a tethered centrifuge in low earth orbit

The three-dimensional attitude dynamics of a spaceborne tethered centrifuge for artificial gravity experiments in low earth orbit is analyzed using two different methods. First, the tethered centrifuge is modeled as a dumbbell with a straight viscoelastic tether, point tip-masses, and sophisticated environmental models such as nonspherical gravity, thermal perturbations, and a dynamic atmospheric model. The motion of the centrifuge during spin-up, de-spin, and steady-rotation is then simulated. Second, a continuum model of the tether is developed for analyzing the stability of lateral tether oscillations. Results indicate that the maximum fluctuation about the 1-g radial acceleration level is less than 0.001 g; the time required for spin-up and de-spin is less than one orbit; and lateral oscillations are stable for any practical values of the system parameters.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE MODULAR RETROFIT EXPERIMENT: TESTS OF THE HOUSE DOCTOR CONCEPT BY NEW JERSEY'S GAS UTILITIES

The house doctor approach to retrofitting of residential housing has been field tested in a designed, modular experiment during the 1980 winter in 70 gas-heated homes, in a model collaboration between Princeton University and New Jersey's four gas utilities. The experiment builds on work at Princeton University over the past decade that has called attention to the numerous channels by which a house loses heat, related to details of the way the house was built and has aged. Princeton's researchers have developed methods of finding and blocking these channels of heat flow, by exploiting two unfamiliar pieces of diagnostic equipment, a “blower door,” which pressurizes the house to emphasize its leaks, and an “infrared scanner” which spots these leaks efficiently. In the course of a single one-day visit, two house doctors attended to the most serious defects of the houses and also installed a few low-cost energy-saving devices, including a clock thermostat and water heater insulation. The first very preliminary results are now available, although a complete analysis will not be possible until the homes have passed through the 1981 winter. The house doctor visit appears to have reduced the annual use of gas by about 10 percent.
Economic Benefits from Same-Sex Weddings in New Jersey

This study estimates the potential economic impact of samesex weddings on the State of New Jersey and concludes that the gain would be substantial. If New Jersey were to give same-sex couples the right to marry, that is marriage itself and not civil unions, the State would likely experience a surge in spending on weddings by same-sex couples who currently live in New Jersey, as well as an increase in wedding and tourist spending by same-sex couples from other states. The analysis outlined in detail below predicts that sales by New Jersey’s wedding and tourism-related businesses would rise by $102.5 million in each of the first three years when marriage for same-sex couples is legal. As a result, the State’s gross receipt tax revenues would rise by $7.2 million per year.
Imaging of the Aorta

Significant advances in imaging techniques over the past decade have expanded the ability to noninvasively diagnose, monitor, and plan interventions for a variety of aortic pathologies. While established imaging techniques such as TTE and TEE continue to play an important role in imaging of the aorta, highly sensitive and specific modalities such as CT and MRI are playing an expanding role and are invaluable tools for the diagnosis and management of aortic diseases.
Surgical Management: Neuropathic Foot

Diabetic neuropathy is estimated to affect at least half of all diabetics. When infection is not present, non-operative and operative interventions can keep patients with neuropathic feet safe from limb or life threatening developments. Preventative measures such as regular foot checks, accommodative inserts, and custom fitted shoe gear are all implemented. For uncomplicated, non-infected ulcers, in office wound debridements and offloading measures are undertaken. When wounds arise, NPWT, skin grafts, and skin flaps have proven to be effective modalities. Surgical management of the neuropathic foot is complex and should be guided by appropriate patient selection.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): prevalence, therapeutic innovations, and stumbling blocks for clinical development.

I am a transplant hepatologist and the director of the Metabolic Liver Disease Center at the Texas Liver Institute in San Antonio, Texas. After completing a combined residency in internal medicine ...
Cross-situational statistical learning in younger and older adults

Research investigating statistical learning, the process of tracking regularities in the environment, in older adults has been limited; with existing studies suggesting there are age-related declines. We aim to further understand older adults' statistical learning abilities using a cross-situational statistical learning paradigm in which learners map novel words to novel objects. In Experiment 1, we manipulated task difficulty and found an overall age deficit but no interaction between age and difficulty. In Experiment 2, after extended practice with a first set of object-word mappings, learners could remap a subset of previously learned words to novel objects. Based on hyper-binding, older adults might be more willing to remap previously learned words to novel objects. However, despite overall poorer learning, older adults were actually less likely to remap. Even though older adults may have an associative memory deficit, learned associations are not more weakly bound for older relative to younger adults.
Teaching content and language in the multilingual classroom: international research on policy, perspectives, preparation and practice: edited by Svenja Hammer, Kara Mitchell Viesca, Nancy L. Commins, Oxen and New York, Routledge, 2019, xvi + 202 pp., £120.00 (Hardback), ISBN: 9781138849310; £44.99 (e-Book), ISBN: 9870429459443

Across the globe, schools are seeing an increasingly multilingual student population brought about by refugee settlement, immigration, and colonization (de Jong, p. xiii). No matter what brought th...
Laparoscopic Partial Splenectomy for a Splenic Hamartoma

Abstract Objective We discuss current knowledge and management of splenic hamartoma, an uncommon form of benign tumor. Summary background data A splenic hamartoma is a rare form of benign splenic mass, often found incidentally while working up other complaints, and is typically treated by surgical resection of the mass. In this case, we discuss the management of an incidentally found splenic hamartoma that was treated with laparoscopic partial splenectomy. Methods The patient presented in the Emergency Department complaining of periumbilical pain after having been struck in the abdomen with a soccer ball the previous day. Following a physical exam and blood work, an ultrasound was performed that revealed a hypoechoic area within the spleen. The patient received a diagnosis of gastroenteritis and an appointment for follow-up at 2 months. At 2-month follow-up, an ultrasound indicated that the mass had grown. The mass appeared consistent with a splenic hemangioma, so the patient was scheduled for laparoscopic partial splenectomy. Results The mass was completely resected without any complications. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative course. Conclusions When there are no other indications for a total splenectomy and malignancy is unlikely, laparoscopic partial splenectomy appears to be a reasonable treatment modality for a splenic hamartoma.
Tunable spin–orbit torque efficiency in in-plane and perpendicular magnetized [Pt/Co]n multilayer

Despite the great promise for very efficient and fast switching of magnetization in embedded memory and computing applications, the performance of spin–orbit torque (SOT) lags behind conventional technologies due to the low spin-Hall conductivity of the spin Hall materials. This work reports an advantageous spin Hall material, periodic [Pt/Co]n multilayer, which combines a low resistivity with a widely tunable spin Hall effect along with magnetization as evidenced with an in-plane CoFeB ferromagnetic detector. Three detection methods have been employed to illustrate the trends of magnetic orientation, interlayer exchange coupling, spin transport, and SOT efficiency as a function of Co thickness, which casts insight into the mechanisms of the SOTs in the [Pt/Co]n multilayer. With the varying Co thickness in the [Pt/Co]n multilayer, it is found that the damping-like torque efficiency is negative and the field-like torque efficiency is 8.2–31.5 times larger. The [Pt/Co]n multilayers have two spin reorientation transition states where the spin Hall angle θSH is maximized with a low resistivity of ∼ 40 μΩ cm, at tCo = 0.507 nm and 0.159 nm. We simulated the magnetization trajectories and time-domain responses of SOT switching with a current pulse and demonstrated a much faster switching in the spin reorientation transition states based on the coupled Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation.
High-efficiency active metasurface at the telecom based on InP multiple quantum wells

We report an all-dielectric active metasurface based on indium phosphide (InP) multiple quantum wells (MQWs) operating at telecom wavelengths (λ=1.55μm). Our design exhibits high reflectance of >80% and is based on localized Mie supported by the metasurface. Our calculations show that the proposed metasurface can steer the beam up to polar angles of 35° while maintaining high efficiency of >80% and a side mode suppression ratio of 7 dB. The anticipated modulation frequencies are >1 MHz. Our metasurface can be used in future chip-scale light detection and ranging systems as well as for free-space optical communications.
Information and Communication Technology Tools in Teaching History and Geography in a Catholic School

CT assimilation into teaching and learning among schools will magnify the understanding of subject matters. ICT is a teaching and learning tool, and different approaches to learning define ICT differently. For the Objectivist approach, ICT is a new subject matter, new skills that need to be learned by students. At present, hardly anybody can do without the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). They have undoubtedly penetrated in all spheres of human life. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to discuss to type and use of ICT Tools in various courses and evaluated the discernment on the usage of ICT Tools in teaching the courses in a Catholic school setting. The researcher used a descriptive cross-sectional design. It was conducted in a Catholic school The research instruments used to collect data included questionnaires for teachers and students were purely quantitative data and were processed using descriptive statistics. The Use of ICT tools in the teaching of History or Geography helps the teacher a lot in preparing and delivering the lesson to their students. However, the effective integration of ICT may be affected by several other concerns or factors.