cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Muscle afferent feedback during exercise: putting the pressure on flow

An increase in blood pressure occurs during exercise and has been suggested to be due, in part, via direct afferent signalling within the active skeletal muscle. Initial observations from Alam & Smirk (1937) indicated that elevations in blood pressure during exercise may arise from accumulation of metabolites within skeletal muscle, and suggested that this reflex may be designed so that the central nervous system (CNS) could aid in regulating the supply of blood to the active muscle. In this respect, blood flow to the active muscle could be increased via an augmented perfusion pressure. Recent evidence confirms the presence of metabolically sensitive (Type IV) afferent fibres in skeletal muscle tissue as well as mechanically sensitive (Type III) afferents that are suggested to be activated during muscle contraction and initiate this exercise pressor reflex (EPR) (Kaufman et al. 1983).
FLOW-VOLUME RELATIONSHIPS IN INFANTS WITH HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE

Flow-volume (V/V) loops and pressure-volume loops (P/V) were obtained during the performance of crying vital capacity (CVC) maneuvers in 31 infants ranging in birth weight from 960 to 2750 grams and in gestational age from 26 to 40 weeks. Eighteen of the 31 infants were diagnosed as having respiratory distress due to hyaline membrane disease (HMD) on clinical and radiological criteria. As reported in previous investigations, CVC was reduced in infants with HMD. Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) was not significantly related to CVC (r=.16). When CVC was standardized for body size a significant relationship (r=.25,p<.025) was found. Peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR) demonstrated higher correlations with CVC (r=.70,p<.001) and CVC per cm of body length (r=.64,p<.001). Similar patterns of V/V loops were found in normal and HMD infants with HMD infants demonstrating smaller loops due to low flows and loss of lung volume due to disease. Their loops returned to normal with recovery. Expiratory flow was 25% of inspiratory flow in normal infants and 33% of inspiratory flow in HMD infants. During performance of CVC both HMD and non-distressed premature infants may generate pressures as high as 30 cm H2O during expiration. Taken in conjunction with the significant reduction in PEFR/PIFR when compared with normal children and adults, this suggests that airway compliance in premature infants is high, and that airway closure during CVC may limit CVC and cause air-trapping during normal breathing.
Intrinsic Amino Acid Size Parameters from a Series of 113 Lysine-Terminated Tryptic Digest Peptide Ions

Cross sections for mixtures of tryptic digest peptide ions formed by electrospray ionization have been measured by a new ion mobility/time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique. Analysis of a series of 113 peptides containing 5−10 residues and having a single lysine group located at the C-terminal end show that cross sections are largely dependent upon the amino acid composition of each peptide. Reduced cross sections (which take into account differences in mass) are found to correlate with the fractions of nonpolar or polar aliphatic residues. Average intrinsic contributions to size for individual amino acid residues (referred to as intrinsic size parameters) have been obtained by solving a system of equations that relates the 113 reduced cross sections to the occurrence frequency of each residue within the different sequences. These parameters fall into families according to the physical sizes and chemical properties of the amino acids; contributions to cross section from nonpolar residues are significa...
Evaluation and management of the posterior cruciate injured knee

Abstract Diagnosis and treatment of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injured knee have evolved significantly over the past 15 years. With improved understanding from biomechanical data, anatomy, and imaging, diagnosis of PCL injuries is easier. Diagnoses can often be made on physical examination alone. However, imaging studies, such as radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging, are invaluable in assessing the PCL and associated injuries that may affect treatment and outcome. In general, grade I and II and some grade III isolated PCL injuries do well with nonsurgical treatment. Indications for surgery are becoming standard, although some controversy still exists. Experts still do not agree on the preferred method of reconstruction. Debate continues regarding single- and double-bundle techniques, as well as “inlay” techniques. No publication to date has definitively determined which reconstructive technique provides the best results. This article reviews the current diagnostic techniques, discusses nonsurgical and surgical indications, and presents current available techniques for treating the PCL injured knee.
Ocean circulation in a rotating tank: An outreach project in fluid dynamics

This work presents outreach curriculum designed to expose high school students to research intensive fields such ocean modeling (or traditional fluid dynamics). The curriculum is for a five day learning experience and research project that presents the different ways to study fluid dynamics: theory, observations, experiments, and computations. Curriculum, resources, and results are all provided.
Dipole and Quadrupole Measurements of an Isolated Turtle Heart

An equivalent cardiac generator, specifically the multipole model, was evaluated for an isolated turtle heart located in a spherical volume conductor. The dipole and quadrupole contributions to the potential field were calculated using weighted integrals of the surface distributions. This procedure has the advantage of eliminating errors due to the truncation of the multipole series. The dipole and quadrupole effects were calculated for the QRS portion of the cardiac waveform. A significant quadrupole contribution was found to exist.
Classification of Vibrio vulnificus strains by the carbohydrate composition of their capsular polysaccharides.

Pathogenic bacteria are often classified on the basis of the complex polysaccharides found on the surface, usually capsular polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides. It is common in clinical practice to use reactivity with antisera specific to the various cell surface carbohydrates for this purpose. In this work, we describe a chemotyping method for bacterial capsular polysaccharides which is based on a carbohydrate analysis of an acid hydrolysate of the capsule. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography at high pH (HPAE) with electrochemical detection, which is used for analysis of the hydrolysate, shows preferential sensitivity for sugars. A single acid hydrolysis condition is chosen for screening a large collection of bacterial isolates and a computerized autosampler is used to make possible a large number of rapid analyses. This procedure does not yield a quantitative carbohydrate analysis for the sample but produces a fingerprint which can be used to discriminate among isolates which have different capsular polysaccharide structures. The procedure has been applied to a collection of 120 isolates ofVibrio vulnificus,a water-born species common in shellfish which causes septicemia in immunocompromised individuals, most often from eating of raw oysters. The collection of bacterial isolates includes strains from both clinical cases of septicemia and from such environmental sources such as sea water, sediments, and shellfish. Our results show that a number of unusual sugars including many amino sugars are found in these polysaccharides and that a wide variety of capsular carbotypes inV. vulnificusmay be readily distinguished by the HPAE fingerprint.
Delay in seeking a cancer diagnosis: delay stages and psychophysiological comparison processes.

Two analyses of patient delay in seeking a medical diagnosis are considered. In the first, a model of delay is presented. Specifically, delay is comprised of four stages (appraisal, illness, behavioural and scheduling delay intervals), each governed by a conceptually distinct set of decisional and appraisal processes beginning with the initial day that an unexplained symptom is detected to the day the individual appears before a physician. The second analysis is a social psychological one of the attributions individuals draw when relating their symptoms to their expectations and knowledge about physiological bodily processes. The eight principles of Psychophysiological Comparison Theory (PCT) provide the basis for clarifying the psychological processes of symptom interpretation and appraisal. Two studies were conducted with women seeking diagnostic evaluations for prevalent cancers: breast or gynaecological tumours. Regarding the delay model, results indicated that the delay intervals were independent (i.e. uncorrelated). Also, appraisal delay constituted the majority (at least 60 per cent) of the total delay. In the test of PCT, support was found across measures of symptoms, the context in which the symptoms arose, and the inferences people made about the symptoms.
Rapid in Vivo Destruction of Yt(a+) Erythrocytes in a Recipient with Anti‐Yta

A patient with anti-Cartwright (anti-Yta) is reported. Immunohematologic studies showed this antibody to be an IgG immunoglobulin that does not bind complement. A 51Cr red blood cell survival study resulted in a greatly reduced half-life of less than six hours of Yt(a+) cells. The antibody titer increased threefold after the red blood cell survival study. Determination of red cell survival is indicated when crossmatch-incompatible blood transfusion is considered.
Measurement of Moisture Content and Density of Soil Masses Using Radioactivity Methods

This paper deals with the application of methods involving the scattering of neutrons and gamma rays to the measurement of moisture content and density of granular materials. The measurement of moisture content is based on the principle that when fast neutrons emitted from a radioactive source collide with hydrogen atoms they are slowed down to a much greater extent than by collisions with other atoms. The number of slow neutrons thus produced is a measure of the number of hydrogen atoms present in the vicinity of the source. Water is the principal contributor of hydrogen atoms in a soil medium. A probe, containing a source of fast neutrons and a slow neutron detector, is inserted into the soil. The probe is connected by a cable to a suitably calibrated scaling instrument, and the moisture content determined from the count rate. The density of a soil is measured with a probe that is similar but provided with a source and a detector of gamma radiation. The gamma rays emitted from this source are scattered by collisions with electrons of atoms in their path. The higher the density of the surrounding medium, the greater the scattering. In the range of densities normally occurring in soils, greater scattering results in fewer gamma rays returning to the detector. Thus, the density of the medium can also be related to the count rate obtained with the scaling instrument. The advantages of the radioactivity methods are that continuous or repeated measurements of moisture content and density at any desired depth can be made, and that measurements are integrated over a large volume of soil, so that representative values are obtained. In addition, water may be detected in the solid or vapor states as well as in the liquid state. The soil undergoes a minimum of disturbance because the probe is lowered into an access tube slightly greater than 1 inch in diameter. Measurements can be made in a short time; once the access tube has been placed, it takes an average of about six minutes to determine both moisture content and density at a given depth. The instruments are not influenced by ordinary temperature changes. The method appears to be relatively independent of soil type, so that a single calibration curve for moisture content, and one for density, may be applicable to a wide range of materials. A description of the theory of scattering of neutrons and gamma rays is included in this report as well as a discussion of the various types of sources and detectors which can be employed in the procedure. Field and laboratory tests utilizing these instruments are described, and the accuracy of test results discussed. It is concluded that application of this method will provide a rapid, simple and accurate means for measuring moisture content and density of soils or similar granular materials. On this basis, recommendations for future research and more extensive applications of the method are reviewed.
Targetry Used on the Bevatron to Extract Secondary Experimental Beams

This paper briefly covers development of target drive mechanisms at the Bevatron, with the final evolution of the present high-speed mechanism. The early target drives, used in the main circulating beam channel, could raise a 1-lb target head 5-1/2 in. in 100 ms. The present high-speed target drive is designed to raise a 1/2-lb target head 1-1/2 in. in 10 ms. The higher-speed mechanism became desirable with increased beam control, allowing for flat topping and splitting individual Bevatron beam pulses between two or more experimenters. All designs are intended for performance in the high vacuum of the accelerating chamber.
Mouse cone arrestin gene characterization: promoter targets expression to cone photoreceptors

Cone arrestin (CAR) is a novel member of the arrestin superfamily expressed in retinal cone photoreceptors and the pineal gland. To understand the regulatory mechanisms controlling its cone- and pineal-specific expression, and to facilitate further functional studies using gene knockout approaches, we characterized the genomic organization and the 5'-flanking region of the mouse CAR (mCAR) gene. The mCAR gene is comprised of 17 exons and 16 introns, encoding five alternatively spliced transcripts. A 215-bp proximal promoter fragment containing a TATA box, an Sp1 site and four cone-rod homeobox-binding sites is sufficient to direct expression in cultured retinoblastoma cells and in cone photoreceptors and the pineal gland in transgenic Xenopus laevis.
The oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid by purified cytochromes P-450

Abstract Arachidonic acid is catalytically oxidized using either of two types of purified cytochrome P-450 reconstituted with the purified flavo-protein, NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. The reaction is dependent on the presence of cytochrome P-450, NADPH, and oxygen. The patterns of products formed are unique for the type of cytochrome P-450 used. This suggests an enzyme-directed specificity of the site of attack on the unsaturated fatty acid by the hemeprotein. Additional experiments show a possible role for cytochrome b5 since the addition of purified cytochrome b5 enhances the rate of metabolism of arachidonic acid 2 to 3 fold.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPOGONADISM IN THE MALE

This study of the problem of hypogonadism in the male is presented chiefly from a clinical point of view. The physiologic and biochemical work has been carried on under the direction of D. Roy McCullagh and has been done with a two-fold aim: (1) the development of the methods for production of large quantities of testicular hormone in a suitable form for clinical use, and (2) the development of laboratory methods for the diagnosis of insufficiency of this hormone in patients. Previously there were three reasons why men with hypogonadism should not be treated: (1) There was an insufficient amount of the hormone available for clinical use; (2) some preparations containing the hormone have been shown to cause testicular damage in animals (1), and (3) there was no good method for the clinical diagnosis of hypogonadism in the male. We believe that none of these reasons is now valid.
Cathinone preservation in khat evidence via drying

A primary concern with the forensic analysis of the khat plant (Catha edulis) has been the need to preserve the principle psychoactive component, cathinone, which converts to the less-active substance, cathine, after harvesting. The loss of cathinone has serious legal implications since it is a Schedule I controlled substance under federal regulations in the United States, while cathine is Schedule IV. A common misconception is that cathinone is highly unstable once the plant is harvested, and may be undetectable upon drying and prolonged storage. However, drying the plant material will preserve cathinone. Numerous seizures of a dried form of khat (referred to as "graba" in the United States) have been made in recent years, suggesting that drying the plant material is a viable approach to preserve khat evidence for both storage and reanalysis. A qualitative and quantitative study of the composition of khat samples seized as dried plant material has found the khat alkaloids to be relatively stable for a monitored period of 3 years, and cathinone has remained identifiable while stored at room temperature for over 10 years. Studies of green khat (received moist) have also determined that drying the moist leaves at either room temperature or by the application of heat are suitable methods to preserve cathinone in the dried material. These findings demonstrate that cathinone persists in dried khat for a time frame of several years, and simple drying techniques are an effective means to preserve seized khat evidence for long-term storage.
Detection of ischemic wall dysfunction: Comparison between M-mode echocardiography and sonomicrometry☆

Abstract The quantification of regional ventricular function by M-mode echocardiography was compared to that by sonomicrometry in 10 closed-chest, sedated swine during temporary occlusions of the left circumflex coronary artery. Wall thickening during systole (%WT) was calculated to quantitate regional myocardial function, and percentage of fractional shortening (%FS) was calculated from both sonomicrometer tracings and M-mode echocardiograms. Ventricular dimensions at end diastole and end systole were also compared before and after 2 minutes of coronary artery occlusion. Both techniques detected significant changes in wall thickness, %WT, and %FS after occlusion. Changes in %WT during coronary artery occlusion detected by M-mode echocardiography and sonomicrometry had a significant linear relationship (p
Gamut estimation using 2D surface splines

This paper proposes a method of gamut estimation using data segmentation and 2D surface splines. The device data is first segmented into hue intervals, and then each hue interval is analyzed iteratively to construct a 2D gamut boundary descriptor for that hue interval. The accuracy and smoothness of the gamut boundary estimate can be controlled by the number of hue intervals selected and the sampling within each hue interval.
Occurrence of a Weak Anti-inflammatory Substance in Simaba cedron Seed

Etbanol and aqueous extracts of Simaba cedron seeds contain a weak, nonspecific, and relatively toxic anti-inflammatory substance.
Hormonal Responses to Dextroamphetamine in Depressed and Normal Adolescents

Because of its neuroendocrine effects, amphetamine infusion has been used as a probe to investigate neurobiological correlates of depressive illness. In two separate studies, a total of 72 adolescents with major depressive disorder and 66 normal adolescents were given dextroamphetamine, 0.15 mg/kg, intravenously. Their cortisol, growth hormone, and prolactin responses were measured. These endocrine responses did not reliably distinguish adolescents with major depressive disorder from those without it, nor did they reliably delineate any specific depressive subgroup. These findings are compared with those from similar studies of adult depression.
Petrology of lawsonite‐, pumpellyite‐ and sodic amphibole‐bearing metabasites from north‐east Oman

The assemblages chlorite-pumpellyite-lawsonite-albite-quartz, chlorite-lawsonite-quartz-epidote and chlorite-epidote-albite-quartz occur in metabasaltic blocks and veins in a metamorphosed tectonic melange in the structurally highest unit of the autochthonous and parautochthonous section underlying the Semail ophiolite in Saih Hatat, north-east Oman. The pre-Permian basement of this section contains mafic units characterized by the assemblage crossite-epidote-chlorite-quartz-albite /el actinolite. These assemblages indicate a down-section increase in metamorphic grade from ‘lawsonite-albite facies' conditions in the melange to ‘epidote-blueschist’ facies conditions in the basement. Application of empirically and experimentally based thermobarometers as well as petrogenetic grids calculated for a model basaltic system indicates that the P-T conditions of metamorphism ranged from 3 to 6 kbar and 250 to 300d C for the melange and P > 6.8 kbar, T > 310d C for the basement units. Textural relations interpreted in the context of petrogenetic grids indicate that these units followed clockwise P-T paths of evolution. The estimated P-T conditions and down-section increase in metamorphic grade in central, western and northern Saih Hatat are consistent with the hypothesis relating metamorphism to the Late Cretaceous tectonic loading of the continental margin by an ophiolite slab < 18 km in thickness. These results contrast with field and petrological observations documented for blueschists and eclogites exposed along the eastern coast of Saih Hatat which may have formed at an earlier stage in response to an Early Cretaceous collisional event.
APPLECOR: An Apple II implementation of hierarchical clustering analysis using the CONCOR algorithm

Despite the existence of numerous programs to perform hierarchical clustering analysis on mainframe computers
A historical prospective of computer related fraud

Two sets of data on computer-related crime provide an interesting view of this type of fraud. One set of data appears in a study prepared for Lawrence Livermore Laboratories (18) during 1979 and lists characteristics of 461 cases collected by Stanford Research Institute between 1958 and 1978. Another report prepared by the Stanford Research Institute in 1973 gives the characteristics of 148 computer-related crime cases between 1958 and 1973. This investigation presents an analysis of these 551 cases. Duplicate cases reported in both studies have been eliminated.
Seeking the "Truth" in the Stories We Tell: The Role of Critical Race Epistemology in Higher Education Research

This article focuses on how critical race theory informed the author's epistemological perspective and methodological approach as she analyzed Mexican American educational narratives and formulated her identity as a scholar. Using a storytelling technique employed in CRT, the author weaves together her position as the translator of participants' stories with her conceptualization of the formation, reproduction, and resistance of master narratives. She then illustrates the process of uncovering master narratives and counter-narratives in two Mexican American Ph.D. participants' life narratives in an effort to present multiple truths about educational attainment. The article concludes with considerations for researchers wishing to employ critical race epistemology.
Propagation of subtidal sea level oscillations in the river channel: A case study of the St. Johns River, Florida, USA.

Abstract Analysis of water level and river discharge time series collected at three locations in the St. Johns River, FL reveals that subtidal variability with periods of several days is associated with long waves propagating from the ocean into the river channel. These dynamics are similar to tidal wave propagation: both tidal and subtidal frequency bands have the same ratio of free surface-to-discharge standard deviations, which is not the case on oceanic shelves. However, important differences also emerge: as waves pass through the river mouth, tidal oscillations exhibit much stronger attenuation, while subtidal oscillations propagate at a lower speed. Further upstream, where the channel cross-sectional area contracts (between Palatka and Buffalo Bluff), the waves in two frequency bands adjust differently: tidal waves are amplified and continue upstream, while a significant fraction of subtidal energy is reflected. The amplification of tidal waves occurs mostly through the generation of overtides. Also, tidal wave attenuation in the river relative to the mouth is nearly constant over the observation period, while the attenuation of subtidal waves exhibits strong changes. Variations in subtidal attenuation are linked to the influence of the river discharge: higher discharge (relative to the subtidal water level variability) causes stronger attenuation of subtidal waves.
Hyperglycemia and neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants with congenital heart disease

Abstract Data describing the association between intraoperative and postoperative glucose measurements in infants and children undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease and neurodevelopment is mixed. Several studies have demonstrated associations of specific cut points of hyperglycemia with increased risk for neurodevelopmental injury. Additionally, concern has been demonstrated that the duration and timing of hyperglycemia may play a role on its impact on initial neurologic injury and later neurodevelopmental outcomes. Comparison of studies is difficult at best because of the variability in patient selection, definition of hyperglycemia, duration of glucose measurement and assessment timing and tool for neurologic injury and later neurodevelopmental outcome. Data to date would suggest the need for continued investigation and concern with particular attention applied to specific age groups, timing of potential intervention on hyperglycemia and the potential need for different cut points, criteria and treatment plans based on specific patient characteristics.
Scaling behavior of photon number fluctuations at laser threshold

Abstract A scaling law obeyed by photon number fluctuations near threshold in the Ginzberg-Landau theory of second order phase transition is described. Normalized factorial moments are found to scale as F r ∼ F β r 2 , r ⩾ 3. The results from photon counting experiments on laser fluctuations near threshold are shown to support this scaling law. It is found that β r = ( r − 1) v , where v = 1.304. Implication of the scaling behavior is discussed.
Decreased potency of CNS depressants after prolonged social isolation in mice

The duration of hypnosis induced by hexobarbital, pentobarbital, chloral hydrate or barbital was markedly reduced after prolonged social isolation of male mice. Hexobarbital and pentobarbital were affected more than chloral hydrate and barbital. The onset of barbital hypnosis was not affected. The in vitro metabolism of hexobarbital by hepatic microsomal enzymes was enhanced in isolated mice with an overall increase in liver weight. Mice deprived of social interaction gained righting reflex at a higher body level of hexobarbital as compared to the undeprived animals. These data show that chronic deprivation of social stimuli in mice increased the drug-metabolizing activity of hepatic microsomes and raised arousal levels such that CNS susceptibility to drugs was altered.
Evolutionary trends of industry variables

Abstract The paper offers empirical evidence on the evolutionary trends of industry variables. It investigates the time path of patents, product price and quantity, and number of firms from the first introduction of a product to maturity of the market. The paper extends earlier work by Gort and Klepper by expanding the data on products through 1991, and augmenting it with new products and new data sources. The reexamination of the aging patterns reveal the Gort and Klepper results to be robust. The time trends follow the expected patterns with remarkable consistency and are strongly significant for most products. New evidence on patenting activity reveal an eventual decline in technological activity over the later years of the product market life-cycle.
A computational module for spontaneous discourse: UCSD

Having recently joined the computer science faculty at UCSD, I shall be continuing my work on spontaneous discourse first started a number of years ago while I was at BBN. In this abstract, I review this past work and briefly describe some future plans.
Characterization of Cerium-based Conversion Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Alloys

Cerium-based conversion coatings were formed by a spontaneous reaction between a water-based solution containing CeCl3 and aluminum alloy 7075-T6 substrates. Coating performance was evaluated in neutral salt fog according to ASTM B117. Coating microstructure and thickness were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Coating composition and the cerium oxidation state were characterized using energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) respectively. The morphology and salt fog performance of cerium conversion coatings were affected by pre-treatment of the panel prior to coating. The best pre-treatment consisted of desmutting, degreasing, and acid activation. After immersion in the coating solution for 30 s, Ce-rich deposits formed on the 7075 surface. After 5 min, coatings consisted of Ce-rich particles in a Ce-containing matrix. Immersion times of 5 min or longer produced coatings that could pass published military requirements for conversion coating performance in neutral salt fog. XPS analysis showed that the coatings contained Ce4+.
Preferred orientation of BSCCO via centrifugal slip casting

Due to the highly anisotropic properties of BSCCO superconductors, the bulk properties of these materials can be greatly affected by preferential orientation. Substantial [ital c]-axis orientation normal to the desired direction of current flow has been demonstrated by centrifugally slip casting lead-doped BSCCO-2223. The strong preferred orientation developed in the centrifugally slip-cast material demonstrates high critical current potential.
New strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most common healthcare-associated infection worldwide. Here, Siddiq and Darouiche discuss the various methods of CAUTI prevention, including criteria for appropriate placement and early removal and strategies focusing on biocompatible catheter materials that cause minimal host inflammatory response and retard biofilm formation. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most common health-care-associated infection worldwide. Although not all cases of bacteriuria result in clinical infection, several hundred thousand episodes of CAUTI occur each year in the USA alone. The milieu in which the catheter is placed is highly conducive to bacterial colonization, biofilm formation on the catheter surface, and inevitable catheter-associated bacteriuria. A multitude of novel methods of CAUTI prevention have been described, including established approaches that are routinely recommended, such as the use of a secured, closed, silicone urinary catheter drainage system that mimics normal voiding, and newer strategies focusing on biocompatible catheter materials that cause minimal host inflammatory response and retard biofilm formation. Much recent research has focused on modification of the catheter surface by either coating or impregnation with antimicrobials or antiseptics. However, clinical trials that analyse cost-effectiveness and rates of antimicrobial resistance are awaited. More recently, innovative use of iontophoresis, vibroacoustic stimulation, bacterial interference and bacteriophage cocktails has been reported.
Associations between Smoking, Polymorphisms in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Metabolism and Conjugation Genes and PAH-DNA Adducts in Prostate Tumors Differ by Race

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts may induce mutations that contribute to carcinogenesis. We evaluated potential associations between smoking and polymorphisms in PAH metabolism [CYP1A1 Ile462Val, CYP1B1 Ala119Ser and Leu432Val, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) Tyr113His and His139Arg, CYP3A4 A(−392)G] and conjugation [glutathione S -transferase (GST) M1 null deletion, GSTP1 Ile105Val] genes and PAH-DNA adduct levels (measured by immunohistochemistry) in tumor and nontumor prostate cells in 400 prostate cancer cases. Although no statistically significant associations were observed in the total sample, stratification by ethnicity revealed that Caucasian ever smokers compared with nonsmokers had higher adduct levels in tumor cells (mean staining intensity in absorbance units ± SE, 0.1748 ± 0.0052 versus 0.1507 ± 0.0070; P = 0.006), and Caucasians carrying two mEH 139Arg compared with two 139His alleles had lower adducts in tumor (0.1320 ± 0.0129 versus 0.1714 ± 0.0059; P = 0.006) and nontumor (0.1856 ± 0.0184 versus 0.2291 ± 0.0085; P = 0.03) cells. African Americans with two CYP1B1 432Val compared with two 432Ile alleles had lower adducts in tumor cells (0.1600 ± 0.0060 versus 0.1970 ± 0.0153; P = 0.03). After adjusting for smoking status, carrying the putative “high-risk” genotype combination, the faster metabolism of PAH-epoxides to PAH-diol-epoxides (CYP1B1 432Val/Val and mEH 139Arg/Arg) with lower PAH-diol-epoxide conjugation (GSTP1 105Ile/Ile), was associated with increased adducts only in Caucasian nontumor cells (0.2363 ± 0.0132 versus 0.1920 ± 0.0157; P = 0.05). We present evidence, for the first time in human prostate that the association between smoking and PAH-DNA adducts differs by race and is modified by common genetic variants. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(6):1236–45)
Tacrolimus rescue therapy for renal allograft rejection - Five-year experience

Over the 5 year period from 7/14/1989 until 5/24/1994, we have attempted graft salvage with tacrolimus conversion in a total of 169 patients (median age 33 years, range 2-75 years) with ongoing rejection on baseline CsA immunosuppression after failure of high dose corticosteroids and/or antilymphocyte preparations to reverse rejection. The indications for conversion to tacrolimus were ongoing, biopsy confirmed rejection in all patients. The median interval to tacrolimus conversion was 2 months (range 2 days to 55 months; mean 4.3+2.6 months) after transplantation. All patients had failed high dose corticosteroid therapy and 144 (85%) of the 169 patients had received at least one course of an antilymphocyte preparation plus high dose corticosteroid therapy prior to conversion. Twenty-eight patients (17%) were dialysis-dependent at the time of conversion owing to the severity of rejection. With a mean follow-up of 30.0±2.4 months (median 36.5 months, range 12-62 months), 125 of 169 patients (74%) have been successfully rescued and still have functioning grafts with a mean serum creatinine (SCR) of 2.3±1.1mg/dl. Of the 144 patients previously treated with antilymphocyte preparations, 117 (81%) were salvaged. Of the 28 patients on dialysis at the time of conversion to tacrolimus, 13 (46%) continue to have functioning grafts (mean SCR 2.15+0.37 mg/dl) at a mean follow-up of 37.3±16.7 months. In the 125 patients salvaged, prednisone doses have been lowered from 28.0+9.0mg/d (median 32, range 4-60mg/d) pre-conversion to 8.5±4.1mg/d (median 12 mg/d, range 2.5-20 mg/d) postconversion. Twenty-eight patients (22.4%) are currently receiving no steroids. This 5 year experience demonstrates that tacrolimus has sustained efficacy as a rescue agent for ongoing renal allograft rejection. Based on these data, we recom-mend that tacrolimus be used as an alternative to the conventional drugs used for antirejection therapy in renal transplantation.
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated to Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A 35-year-old male with no prior medical history presented to the emergency department with fever, fatigue, mental status changes and gait disturbances over 2 months. Laboratory testing revealed pancytopenia with negative infectious investigation. CT scan of the chest and abdomen revealed splenomegaly with multiple intrathoracic and intraabdominal enlarged lymph nodes with the largest being a 5.8 cm periportal nodal mass. An excisional lymph node biopsy …
Embedding jump upper semilattices into the Turing degrees

We prove that every countable jump upper semilattice can be embedded in , where a jump upper semilattice (jusl) is an upper semilattice endowed with a strictly increasing and monotone unary operator that we call jump, and is the jusl of Turing degrees. As a corollary we get that the existential theory of 〈 D , ≤ T , ∨, ′〉 is decidable. We also prove that this result is not true about jusls with 0, by proving that not every quantifier free 1-type of jusl with 0 is realized in . On the other hand, we show that every quantifier free 1-type of jump partial ordering (jpo) with 0 is realized in . Moreover, we show that if every quantifier free type, p(x 1,…, xn ), of jpo with 0, which contains the formula x 1 ≤ 0(m) & … & xn ≤ 0(m) for some m, is realized in , then every quantifier free type of jpo with 0 is realized in . We also study the question of whether every jusl with the c.p.p. and size is embeddable in . We show that for the answer is no, and that for κ = ℵ1 it is independent of ZFC. (It is true if MA(κ) holds.)
Cell death in the thin films of bursting bubbles.

A sparged gas bubble floating at the liquid interface has a liquid film which drains and thins until the film spontaneously ruptures at a point. This causes rapid retraction of the film, forming a rim of collected fluid. This rim moves at a constant velocity of about 3 m/s and any cells in the bubble film are rapidly accelerated to this velocity in the moving rim. Half of the surface energy originally in the thin film is converted to kinetic energy of the rim, while the rest is dissipated in this rim. The rate of energy dissipation per mass of rim fluid is approximately 9000 m2/s3, which corresponds to a Kolmogorov eddy size of 3.2 μm in fully developed turbulence or a shear stress of 95 N/m2 in laminar flow. Either of these limiting cases presents an environment in which rapid cell death would be expected. Experiments with'Sf-9 insect cells suggest that the cell concentration in these thin films is 0.6 times the bulk liquid concentration and that about 20 % of these cells are killed when the film ruptures. An equation based on this mechanism accurately predicts the death rate.
The self and mental health: self-salience and the emergence of internalizing and externalizing problems.

How do schemas about self-salience—the importance of the self versus the collective in social relations—affect mental health? We propose that self-salience shapes the likelihood of experiencing internalizing or externalizing problems. Schemas that privilege others over the self increase the risk of internalizing symptoms, including depressive symptoms and anxiety, whereas those that privilege the self over others predispose individuals to externalizing behaviors of antisocial behavior and substance abuse. Furthermore, we propose that these schemas contribute to the gender differences that exist in these problems. We test these predictions with data from adolescents, the stage at which these problems and the gender differences in them arise. Results show that self-salience underlies both internalizing and externalizing problems. In addition, schemas about self-salience help explain the gender differences found in mental health problems.
Encouraging Primary Students' Writing through Children's Literature.

Children benefit in many ways from actively engaging in high quality children's literature, and picture books provide a natural avenue to motivate and encourage students' writing. Shared book experiences in small or large group settings can lead to meaningful writing discussions and applications. Picture books serve as exemplars of the six qualities of effective writing (ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions) and provide a scaffold for students to incorporate these writing attributes in their original compositions. When primary students' writing is inspired by high-quality picture books and shared with peers, children benefit academically and socially.
Training of control of head posture in children with cerebral palsy.

SUMMARY group of 14 children with poor head-posture due to cerebral palsy was observed during a prolonged therapeutic program, which included a variety of techniques of stimulus application, as well as a number of orthotic devices for head support. Responsiveness to devications from correct head-posture was improved and maintenance of head orientation was increased with the use of dynamic head suspension. The authors discuss their methods and results. RESUME Apprentissage du contrdle du maintien postural de la tete chez Venfant I.M.C. Un groupe de 14 enfants avec maintien postural de la tete deficient liea une infirmite motrice cerebrate ont eteetudies au cours d'un programme therapeutique prolonge, incluant des techniques de stimulation et des aides orthopediques pour maintien de la tete. La reponse aux perturbations du maintien postural fut amelioree, de memequelecontrole du maintien de la tete, grâce a l'emploi d'une suspension dynamique de la tete. Les auteurs discutent leurs methodes et leurs resultats. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Training einer kontrollierten Kopfhaltung bei Kindern mit cerebraler Lahmung Eine Gruppe von 14 Kindern mit schlechter Kopfhaltung auf Grund einer cerebralen Lahmung wurde wahrend einer langeren therapeutischen Programmes beobachtet, das verschiedene Reiztechniken sowie auch mehrere orthopadische Stutzgerate umfasste. Durch die Verwendung einer dynamischen Kopfaufhangung wurden Abweichungen von der richtigen Kopfhaltung schneller verbessert und die Kopforientierung verstarkt. Die Autoren diskutieren ihre Methoden und Ergebnisse. RESUMEN Aprendizaje del control de la postura de la cabeza en ninos con pardlisis cerebral Se obsevo un grupo de 14 ninos con deficiente postura de la cabeza por pardlisis cerebral, durante un programa terapeutico prolongado que incluia una variedad de tecnicas de aplicacion de estimulos, y una serie de sistemas ortopedicos para mantener erecta la cabeza. Mejoro la respuesta a una postura correcta de la cabeza y aumento el mantenimiento de la orientacion cefalica con el uso de suspension dinamica de la cabeza. Los autores discuten sus metodos y resultados.
CdTe photovoltaics: Life cycle environmental profile and comparisons

We discuss the emissions of cadmium throughout all the life stages of CdTe PV modules, from extracting, refining, and purifying the raw materials to producing, using, and disposing or recycling of the modules. Then, we compare these emissions with those in the life cycle of three different types of crystalline Si PV modules. The energy requirement and energy pay back times (EPBT) of CdTe PV modules are considerably shorter than that of crystalline Si modules, although the latter exhibit higher efficiencies. This difference is primarily due to the energy used to process silicon, a fraction of which is derived from fossil fuels, inevitably producing Cd and many other heavy-metal emissions. The lower energy requirement of CdTe PV results in lower emissions of all pollutants, including cadmium.
Some hereditary syndromes that include deafness.

UMMARY Six hereditary syndromes in which deafness occurs regularly or commonly are described. In osteogenesis imperfecta the deafness is of middle-ear type. Severe nerve deafness occurs early in retinitis pigmentosa, Waardenburg's. syndrome, Pendred's syndrome and the trisomie syndromes. In Alport's syndrome, nerve deafness of variable severity usually appears only in the second decade. RESUME Quelques syndromes hereditaires qui comprennent la surdite Description de six syndromes hereditaires dans lesquels la surdite apparait de facon reguliere ou habituelle. Dans l'osteogenese imparfaite la surdite est du type affectant l'oreille moyenne. Une surdite nerveuse grave apparait precocement dans la retinite pigmentee, le syndrome de Waardenburg, le syndrome de Pendred et les syndromes trisomiques. Dans le syndrome d'Alport, une surdite nerveuse de gravite variable ne se manifeste d'habitude pas avant la deuxieme decade. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Einige erbliche Syndrome die Taubheit beinhalten Sechs erbliche Syndrome werden beschrieben, in denen Taubheit regelmassig oder allgemein auftritt. Bei osteogenesis imperfecta ist die Taubheit von der vom Mittellohr herruhrenden Art. Schwere Nerven-Taubheit erscheint fruh bei retinitis pigmentosa, beim Waardenburg-Syndrom, bei Pendreds Syndrom und bei den trisomischen Syndromen. Bei dem Alport-Syndrom erscheint Nerven-Taubheit unterschiedlicher Schwierigkeitsgrade erst im zweiten Jahrzehnt. RESUMEN Algunos sindi-ornes hereditarios que comprenden la sordera Se describen seis sindromes hereditarios en que se halla por lo general o muchas veces la sordera. En la osteogenesis imperfecta, el tipo de sordera es del oido medio. Una sordera severa de los nervios se muestra temprano en la retinitis pigmentaria, el sindrome de Waardenburg, el sindrome de Prendred, y los sindromes trisomicos. En el sindrome de Alport, una sordera de los nervios de severidad variable se halla por lo comun solamente durante la segunda decada.
Quartz-sillimanite leucosomes in high-grade schists, Black Hills, South Dakota: A perspective on the mobility of Al in high-grade metamorphic rocks

In the Black Hills, South Dakota, anatectic migmatites that formed above the second sillimanite isograd comprise mesosomes dominated by quartz, biotite, sillimanite, plagioclase, and sporadic poikiloblasts of K-feldspar, melanosomes dominated by biotite and sillimanite, and leucosomes. Some leucosomes have near-minimum granite composition, but many lack alkali elements and have fibrolitic sillimanite instead of feldspar. The proportion of Si/Al is the same in both leucosome types. The sillimanite-containing leucosomes include fluorapatite, which indicates high activity of F. The lack of alkali feldspar in these leucosomes is attributed to its instability relative to sillimanite + quartz in the presence of fluids with high a H + / a K + ratios that evolved from the crystallizing leucosomes. It is suggested that quartz-aluminosilicate segregations and veins in other high-grade terranes may also represent pegmatitic melts in which alkali feldspar crystallization was inhibited by high activities of hydrogen, resulting in loss of alkali elements.
Mitochondrial Fusion is Essential for Organelle Function and Cardiac Homeostasis

Rationale: Mitochondria constitute 30% of myocardial mass. Mitochondrial fusion and fission appear essential for health of most tissues. Mitochondrial fission occurs in neonatal cardiomycyte and is implicated in cardiomyocyte death. Mitochondrial fusion has not been observed in postmitotic myocytes of adult hearts, and its occurrence and function in this context are controversial. Objective: Determine the consequences on organelle and organ function of disrupting cardiomyocyte mitochondrial fusion in vivo. Methods and Results: The murine mfn1 and mfn2 genes, encoding mitofusins (Mfn) 1 and 2 that mediate mitochondrial tethering and outer mitochondrial membrane fusion, were interrupted by Cre-mediated excision of essential exons in neonatal (Nkx2.5-Cre) and adult (MYH6 modified estrogen receptor-Cre-modified estrogen receptor plus tamoxifen or Raloxifene) hearts. Embryonic combined Mfn1/Mfn2 ablation was lethal after e9.5. Conditional combined Mfn1/Mfn2 ablation in adult hearts induced mitochondrial fragmentation, cardiomyocyte and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction, and rapidly progressive and lethal dilated cardiomyopathy. Before heart failure developed, cardiomyocyte shortening and calcium cycling were unaffected by absence of Mfn1 and Mfn2. Based on the time course over which fusion-defective mitochondrial size decreases, a mitochondrial fusion/fission cycle in adult mouse hearts occurs approximately every 16 days. Conclusions: Mitochondrial fusion in adult cardiac myocytes is necessary to maintain normal mitochondrial morphology and is essential for normal cardiac respiratory and contractile function. Interruption of mitochondrial fusion causes lethal cardiac failure at a time corresponding to 3 or 4 cycles of unopposed mitochondrial fission.