cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unresolved questions in genitalia coevolution: bridging taxonomy, speciation, and developmental genetics

Systematists and geneticists study biological diversity, but they use different approaches that rarely intersect. A very common pattern that is of interest for both researchers is the rapid evolution of genitalia, a trait of significant taxonomic utility in several sexually reproducing animal clades. The idea that both male and female genitalia are species-specific and play a role in reproductive isolation has long been controversial but has recently gained a renewed interest by speciation and developmental geneticists. Here, I highlight six unresolved questions in genitalia coevolution and I argue that systematists, with their well training in comparative morphology, usage of large and geographically diverse collections, and ability to apply molecular genetics techniques, can make important contributions. Such an extension of systematics into the speciation and developmental genetics realms is a promising opportunity to expand “integrative taxonomy” comparisons between DNA and morphology into more explanatory relationships between the two sources of taxonomic data.
The epidemiology and pathogenesis of experimental Staphylococcal and coliform mastitis in the mouse.

SUMMARY The invasiveness of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for the mammary gland of the mouse was compared by depositing the organism on the tip of damaged or intact teats in the presence or absence of suckling, and sampling the mammary glands for the deposited organism 48 h later. 83% of glands became infected following exposure to S. aureus in suckling mice with teat damage; under the same conditions 3% of glands exposed to E. coli became infected. 17% of glands became infected following exposure to S. aureus in non-suckling mice with damaged teats; under the same conditions 20% of glands exposed to E. coli became infected. Pregnant mice with damaged teats were susceptible to infection with E. coli (20% became infected) immediately prior to parturition and this level of infection could be achieved in suckling mice if damaged teats were repeatedly exposed to E. coli . Infections arising from exposure of teats to E. coli were histologically and clinically identical to those induced by inoculating approximately 20 organisms of E. coli directly into the mammary gland. The inoculation of 20 organisms of S. aureus directly into the mammary gland produced an acute reaction whereas infections resulting from exposure of teats to S. aureus were chronic. Colonization of the teat by S. aureus preceded the establishment of chronic mastitis, but E. coli infections resulted from the chance entry into the mammary gland of a few contaminating organisms. The difference in epidemiology between staphylococcal and coliform mastitis is emphasized.
TU-FG-209-02: Effective Elimination of Aliased Signal Using An Apodized Aperture Pixel Design

Purpose: Signal and noise aliasing are major issues with high resolution direct and indirect detectors for which the Apodized Aperture Pixel (AAP) design provides an alternative solution. Methods: High resolution detectors for neurovascular interventions have MTFs that remain significant even at the Nyquist frequency. Under-sampling in such detectors, leads to aliasing of object frequencies and noise. Frequencies above the Nyquist wrap into the lower frequency range leading to aliasing. The conventional approach of convolving images with low-pass filters such as pixel binning helps in noise reduction but still allows aliasing. The AAP design proposed by Cunningham et.al, uses super sampled images with subpixels from a high resolution detector, convolved with a sinc function to get an image of the desired pixel size while apodizing the MTF beyond the Nyquist. The performance of the AAP filter in eliminating signal aliasing with respect to a standard filter such as simple 2x pixel binning are compared. Results: Three detectors were considered for this study including two indirect detectors with varying thickness of CsI (350µm, HR) and 500µm, HL) and a direct detector (aSe - 1000µm thickness – MTF after Rivetti et.al,). The presampled MTFs of respective detectors were convolved with a 2x pixel binning kernel and the AAP filter. The Fourier transform of an AAP filter, being the box function, the MTF remains high, up to Nyquist and then drops off drastically to zero. Detailed comparisons of resulting MTFs along with the original presampled MTF are shown. The AAP filter resulted in the least degradation of spatial resolution while eliminating aliasing thus outperforming 2x pixel binning Conclusion: In neurovascular imaging using high resolution detectors, the AAP design provides a viable option to effectively remove signal aliasing without compromising high spatial resolution. Partial support from NIH Grant R01-EB002873 and Toshiba Medical Systems Corp.
SU‐G‐JeP2‐14: MRI‐Based HDR Prostate Brachytherapy: A Phantom Study for Interstitial Catheter Reconstruction with 0.35T MRI Images

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of interstitial catheter reconstruction with 0.35T MRI images for MRI-based HDR prostate brachytherapy. Methods: Recently, a real-time MRI-guided radiotherapy system combining a 0.35T MRI system and three cobalt 60 heads (MRIdian System, ViewRay, Cleveland, OH, USA) was installed in our department. A TrueFISP sequence for MRI acquisition at lower field on Viewray was chosen due to its fast speed and high signal-to-noise efficiency. Interstitial FlexiGuide needles were implanted into a tissue equivalent ultrasound prostate phantom (CIRS, Norfolk, Virginia, USA). After an initial 15s pilot MRI to confirm the location of the phantom, planning MRI was acquired with a 172s TrueFISP sequence. The pulse sequence parameters included: flip angle = 60 degree, echo time (TE) =1.45 ms, repetition time (TR) = 3.37 ms, slice thickness = 1.5 mm, field of view (FOV) =500 × 450mm. For a reference image, a CT scan was followed. The CT and MR scans were then fused with the MIM Maestro (MIM software Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA) and sent to the Oncentra Brachy planning system (Elekta, Veenendaal, Netherlands). Automatic catheter reconstruction using CT and MR image intensities followed by manual reconstruction was used to digitize catheters. The accuracy of catheter reconstruction was evaluated from the catheter tip location. Results: The average difference between the catheter tip locations reconstructed from the CT and MR in the transverse, anteroposterior, and craniocaudal directions was −0.1 ± 0.1 mm (left), 0.2 ± 0.2 mm (anterior), and −2.3 ± 0.5 mm (cranio). The average distance in 3D was 2.3 mm ± 0.5 mm. Conclusion: This feasibility study proved that interstitial catheters can be reconstructed with 0.35T MRI images. For more accurate catheter reconstruction which can affect final dose distribution, a systematic shift should be applied to the MR based catheter reconstruction in HDR prostate brachytherapy.
Computational Modelling of Fragmentation and Penetration of Ceramic Plates

The development of improved ballistic armor and projectiles is an intensive and ever-continuing activity. Numerical simulations constitute a potentially useful tool for the prediction of the performance of armor/projectile designs (see Anderson and Bodner [1] for an overview). A variety of ceramics are presently being evaluated as candidate armor materials, as they possess an attractive combination of high hardnesses and low densities. However, brittleness can result in catastrophic failure in the form of extensive cracking, fragmentation and comminution. These failure mechanisms have been documented experimentally (e. g., Shockey et al. [2], Woodward et al. [3]), and modelled variously (e. g., Walter [4], Rajendran [5]). Current approaches are largely based on continuum theories of elastic damage and strength which smear out the evolving microstructures. In addition, models of fragmentation have commonly been based on simple energy balance concepts (Grady and Kipp [6]).
STATCOM ETO Failure Analysis

Emitter Turn-Off (ETO) Thyristor based STATic synchronous COMpensator (STATCOM) is one of the promising Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technologies, and it is gaining more popularity in utility grids. A 4.5 MVA ETO based STATCOM failed two ETO devices as over-voltage protection triggered AC connector and disconnected the STATCOM from AC grid supply. This paper presents the investigation of ETO failure reasons. The investigation found that dead time of switching signals is very critical for ETO applications. Protection methods for high power ETO applications are proposed based on failure investigation. Experiments verified the proposed protection method.
Comparison of the sensitivity to rotation of pilots and nonpilots.

Thirty-six airline pilots and 56 nonpilots were tested to determine their sensitivity to rotation. A staircase procedure was used to determine oculogyral illusion and perception of rotation thresholds, in a precision rotation device. The results indicated that (1) there were no significant differences between the two groups for either threshold measure, (2) the thresholds for the oculogyral illusion were significantly lower than the perception of rotation thresholds for both groups, and (3) changes in threshold as a function of age were minimal for 91 of the men. The validity and results of the tests are discussed with regard to the pilot's use of motion information in control tasks for aircraft and simulators.
What Radiologists Can Learn From Fighter Pilots

Abstract Many principles of aviation safety have already been adopted into the field of health care. In this article, the author describes some of the core methodologies that contribute to the success of US Air Force fighter pilots and offers examples as to how these could be adapted to meet the challenges facing the practice of radiology. Key principles include "big picture" tactical training, the use of checklists, teamwork, safety, and performance improvement concepts. The need for cultural support of change is emphasized.
Incorporating Trauma-Informed Care into School-Based Programs.

Background This article provides an overview of the rationale and process for incorporating trauma-informed approaches into US school-based programs, using school-based adolescent pregnancy prevention programs as an example. Methods Research literature is reviewed on the prevalence and outcomes of childhood trauma, including the links between trauma and pregnancy. Information is then presented concerning the implementation of trauma-informed approaches in school settings, describing activities undertaken, barriers encountered, and outcomes achieved. Next, we describe the implications of this literature for school-based adolescent pregnancy prevention programs, outlining the reasons for including trauma-informed approaches in these programs, the prerequisites for doing so, and some examples of successful implementation. Results Many children in our country experience trauma, placing them at increased risk of multiple health concerns including adolescent pregnancy. In response to this situation, some schools have successfully incorporated trauma-informed approaches into adolescent pregnancy prevention programs, as well as other programming. Conclusions Incorporating trauma-informed approaches into school settings, including school-based adolescent pregnancy prevention programs, is a viable and important way to address the multiple needs of traumatized children.
Optogenetic Reconstitution for Determining the Form and Function of Membraneless Organelles

It has recently become clear that large-scale macromolecular self-assembly is a rule, rather than an exception, of intracellular organization. A growing number of proteins and RNAs have been shown to self-assemble into micrometer-scale clusters that exhibit either liquid-like or gel-like properties. Given their proposed roles in intracellular regulation, embryo development, and human disease, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how these membraneless organelles form and to map their functional consequences for the cell. Recently developed optogenetic systems make it possible to acutely control cluster assembly and disassembly in live cells, driving the separation of proteins of interest into liquid droplets, hydrogels, or solid aggregates. Here we propose that these approaches, as well as their evolution into the next generation of optogenetic biophysical tools, will allow biologists to determine how the self-assembly of membraneless organelles modulates diverse biochemical processes.
CUÁNDO REALMENTE DEBEMOS INTERVENIR DE MANERA OPERATORIA LAS LESIONES DE CARIES DENTAL

Summary:At present, it is regrettable that in general the term "caries" continues to be used to refer to both the process and the injury, which is formed as a result of that process. The caries process begins inside the biofilm, where its interaction with the mineralized tissues of the teeth can result in an injury. Objective: To make a critical review and differentiation of the correct terminologies of dental caries, process and lesion of caries, teaching the general dentist in which clinical situations really must intervene and perform dental surgery.
Using the Replicating Effective Programs Framework to Adapt a Heart Health Intervention.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. African Americans and people of low socioeconomic status suffer disproportionately from heart disease–related morbidity and mortali...
FTIR instrument design for the outer solar system atmospheric studies

We present the preliminary trade-off study and optical design of a Fourier Transform InfraRed interferometer dedicated to high spatial and spectral resolution measurements for outer solar system planets atmospheric studies. Based on the science objectives listed for the study of Saturn, Titan and other targets of interest, we identify our instrument requirements to be: (i) a wavelength range of 20 to 100 μm, (ii) a spectral resolution of 0.1 cm−1, (iii) a spatial resolution of 1 mrad, and (iv) the capability to acquire spectra of an extended area within minutes to be able to add a temporal aspect to our measurements. A trade-off study comparing the relative merits of different instrument types allowed us to determine a Fourier Transform interferometer as our best design choice and set a few of the main instrument optical parameters. We later validated these parameters through a radiometric study yielding an SNR of 2995 for a scene simulating either Titan or Saturn, with an acquisition time for each group of spectra of 200 s. The optical design of the interferometer included several design choices balancing the need for throughput and compactness. The final choice corresponds to a full off-axis design to avoid any obscurations and allow a better separation between the telescope system and the interferometer relay system for both stray light and thermal considerations. The resulting optical design is quite compact with a total volume of 53×55×16 cm3 which is 7.5 times smaller than the total size of the state of the art Cassini CIRS instrument.
Development weaves brains, bodies and environments into cognition

ABSTRACTUnderstanding how and why human cognition has the properties it does is one of science’s fundamental questions. Current thinking in Cognitive Science has delineated two candidate approaches...
Reinigung der Eisenteile und Rostschutz

Die Unterhaltung der Eisenkonstruktionen ist bis jetzt ein schwieriges Problem geblieben. Auf die Lebensdauer der Eisenbauten ubt der Rost den schadlichsten Einflus aus, dem man durch Anstrich oder anderweitigen Uberzug der Konstruktion nach vorheriger Reinigung entgegenzutreten versucht. Uber die Art und Weise der Reinigung sind kaum Meinungsverschiedenheiten vorhanden. Anders jedoch verhalt es sich hinsichtlich des Anstrichs, der ganz verschiedenartig ausgefuhrt wird. Die bisher ausgefuhrten Versuche haben noch keine endgultige Klarung gebracht. Hierzu bedarf es einer ausfuhrlichen und methodischen Ausfuhrung von Probeanstrichen. Vielleicht haben auch die Auskunfte der verschiedenen Farbenlieferanten in gewissem Umfang dazu beigetragen, ein unparteiisches Urteil zu verhindern.
New Results &Current Work with the CBI

We have summarized previous results from the Cosmic Background Imager, as well as current results and prospects for current CBI observing campaigns focused on higher l resolution, small angular scales, and CMB polarization.
The significance of CD34 and TdT determinations in patients with untreated de novo acute myeloid leukemia

The results of intensive chemotherapy given to 247 adults at the University of Maryland Cancer Center with previously untreated de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) were reviewed with respect to expression of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) and CD34. Of the 228 patients with data for TdT, 32 (14%) had > 5% of the leukemia cells positive by an immunofluorescence assay. The median age of the TdT-positive patients was approximately 10 years less than the TdT-negative patients (50 versus 60 years). Patients with TdT-positive AML had similar median survival (12 versus 10.5 months) and complete remission (CR) rates (53 versus 59%), but a greater frequency of long-term complete responders (60 of complete remitters versus 20%, p = 0.08) than TdT-negative patients. Of 126 patients tested, 59% were CD34-negative ( 70% reactivity) remain disease-free. Positivity for TdT or CD34 was associated with less differentiated AML. Of CD34-positive patients, 44% had FAB M0/M1 morphology versus 13% of CD34-negative patients (p = 0.0001); similarly, 47% of TdT-positive patients were FAB M0/ML1 versus 25% of TdT-negative patients (p = 0.01). Of seven patients with FAB M4E0, five were CD34-positive. Of the 12 CD34-positive survivors, four had FAB M4E0. Thus CD34 expression predicts for CR rate and overall survival in adults with AML. TdT expression does not significantly affect overall outcome but may be associated with longer CR durations.
Associations Among Dimensions of Political Ideology and Dark Tetrad Personality Features

Examinations of personality and political ideology have assessed political ideology as a unidimensional construct and primarily focused on the Big Five personality factors. The purpose of the present two-part study was to examine associations among political ideology (assessed using two dimensions [social and economic]) and Dark Tetrad traits in two samples of adults from the United States (N = 579 and 597). The combination of high economic conservatism and high social liberalism was associated with the highest levels of Machiavellianism and the combination of high social conservatism and high economic liberalism was associated with the highest levels of Narcissism. These effects were significant even after accounting for Big Five personality factors and when using a measure of political ideology that was comprised of multiple items for each dimension of political ideology. Implications include the potential application of our findings to altering political interpersonal dynamics. Additionally, study findings highlight the importance of examining political ideology via multiple dimensions to account for heterogeneity of political attitudes.
Reliability, feasibility and satisfaction of telemedicine evaluations for Cervical Dystonia:

IntroductionTelemedicine is used successfully for evaluating patients with neurologic diseases, but has not been tested in cervical dystonia (CD). CD is uniquely suited for telemedicine as the scal...
Hypnagogic States and Transcendent Experience

The foregoing description of the pathogenesis of the neuroses leads along two very interesting lines to a consideration of the subject matter of this chapter “Hypnagogic States and Transcendent Experience.” The first line deals with the generation of massive inhibitory effects, mechanisms involved both in the development of hysterical neuroses and in the initiation of transcendent states. The second is concerned more with psychoanalytic methodology for treating neuroses, a technique utilizing altered states of consciousness under which rubric hypnagogic conditions fall. Since the last chapter of this volume deals with psychoanalytic methodology, this chapter provides a convenient bridge between Chapter 20 and Chapter 22.
Wavefront preserving and high efficiency diamond grating beam splitter for x-ray free electron laser.

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) provide femtosecond high-power x-ray beams with high spatial coherence, resulting in numerous influential discoveries. Diffractive optics allow for the easy manipulation and measurement of an x-ray beam’s wavefront and enable the realization of complex designed properties and specifications. For example, phase gratings can be used as x-ray beam splitters to enable beam sharing by multiple end stations or in-situ beam monitoring, including spectrum and wavefront measurements. Wavefront preservation and high efficiency and survivability under high power are requirements for such beam splitters. Diamond is the most suitable choice for phase grating fabrication, due to its high thermal conductivity that enables it to survive high average power XFEL beams. We have fabricated a large area (2×2 mm2) high aspect ratio (13:1) diamond grating on a diamond plate. Testing was performed at 9.5 keV and resulted in a high splitting efficiency (30%). Tunable efficiency was obtained via tilting the grating with respect to the x-ray beam. Wavefront fidelity of the split beams were measured to less than λ/100 using a Talbot wavefront sensor.
The Debate Within: Authority and the Discourse of Blindness.

This article reviews three articles that add to the debate on the terminology that is used to represent people who are blind. It argues that authority is not limited to just one person or one organization, but is shared through an intertextuality, or utterance, of other authorities, and that conflict within blind discourse communities does not dissolve the notion of community--as exemplified by the attempts by several organizations for people who are blind to express individual and competing desires for "appropriate" terminology.
Telemedicine to Decrease Personal Protective Equipment Use and Protect Healthcare Workers.

Author(s): Ribeira, Ryan; Shen, Sam; Callagy, Patrice; Newberry, Jennifer; Strehlow, Matthew; Quinn, James
Treating Post-traumatic Stress Disorder with a Prolonged Exposure Protocol Within Primary Care Behavioral Health: A Case Example

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that impacts anywhere from 2 to 39% of primary care patients. Research suggests overall health, instances of hospitalizations, emergency room visits, and utilization of primary care services are impacted by a diagnosis of PTSD. Evidenced based treatments such as cognitive process therapy and prolonged exposure (PE) are available in specialty mental health but pose many barriers to treatment and implementation into primary care. This case study serves as the first known case example with an ethnic minority civilian, examining the treatment of PTSD within the Primary Care Behavioral Health Model using the brief (5 visits), PE protocol for primary care (PE-PC). PTSD was assessed using the PCL-5. Additional variables were assessed and tracked with the following tools: PHQ-9 (depressive symptoms), GAD-7 (anxiety symptoms), QLES-SF (quality of life), and the AAQ-2 (psychological flexibility) pre/post treatment, 6 months post-treatment and 9 months post-treatment. The patient reported clinically significant decreases in symptoms of PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms. Additionally, the patient’s scores on quality of life and psychological flexibility improved. Brief, exposure-based treatment for PTSD can be delivered within the PCBH model. This treatment may result in improved quality of life and has the potential to reduce health care costs. This case encourages the treatment of PTSD within primary care, increasing access to care for patients. Future research is needed to further investigate this protocol in primary care with underserved, civilian populations and to explore patient attitudes toward brief treatment for PTSD in a primary care setting.
The Adjoint L-Function of SU2, 1

We modify Ginzburg’s construction for the adjoint L-function of GL(3) to accommodate quasi-split unitary groups.
Imaging Archives for Teaching, Learning, and Research

Medical and, more specifically, dermatologic imaging archives are electronic databases that contain clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological images. There are three types of imaging archives in medicine: medical atlases, private imaging archives, and open-access public imaging archives. These archives are used for clinical monitoring, teaching purposes, research, and the development of novel automated diagnostic tools such as machine learning. Imaging archives face several challenges including privacy, security and copyrights issues, lack of standards, incomplete metadata, problematic “ground truth” diagnoses, and lack of generalization. As medical digital photography gains popularity, imaging archives are expected to grow in number and become larger and more comprehensive.
Better Outcomes for Hospitalized Children through Safe Transitions: A Quality Improvement Project.

This project's goal was to implement an already validated pediatric discharge toolkit to enhance the effectiveness of transition from hospital to home, thus reducing 30-day readmission rates. Methods This quality improvement study involved implementing a pediatric discharge planning toolkit to improve upon predetermined outcome measures. Critical elements in the toolkit included: (1) comprehensive patient risk assessment on admission; (2) teach-back curriculum; (3) fax or phone call to the primary care physician; (4) 72-hour follow-up calls; and (5) follow-up appointments, scheduled before discharge, within 2 weeks from discharge from hospital. We used the toolkit to gather data on pediatric patients as they were admitted and then prepare them for discharge from December 2016 until March 2017. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day readmissions to the hospital, and the secondary outcome measure was patient satisfaction scores. Our balancing metrics included follow-up appointments made and length of stay. These measures were compared with preintervention hospital pediatric administrative data collected from December 2015 through March 2016. Results Data collected during the study period (n = 91) compared to preintervention hospital administrative data collected the year prior (n = 132) showed a 31% reduction in readmissions, 4.8% and 7%, respectively (95% confidence interval 0.68-3.8), P = 0.004. Patient satisfaction scores showed no statistical significance. All patients (100%) in both groups had follow-up appointments made before discharge, and the length of stay showed no statistical difference. Conclusions This pediatric discharge toolkit improved the efficacy of transition from hospital to home by reducing 30-day readmissions. Patient satisfaction scores were not reduced by utilizing the toolkit.
Label-free Multimodal Nonlinear Optical Imaging of Needle Biopsies: Towards Real-time Monitoring of Living Biopsies

A portable label-free multimodal nonlinear optical imaging platform has been developed and demonstrated for intraoperative imaging of needle biopsies in canine cancer surgeries, with investigations on the integrity of freshly excised biopsies over time.
Role of Cortical Mastoidectomy in the Management of Mucosal Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

This is a comparative study done to evaluate outcome of type 1 Tympanoplasty with and without mastoidectomy in terms of hearing improvement and graft uptake. This is a prospective study done in 100 patients at a tertiary care referral centre during November 2018 to march 2020. Patients were divided in two groups, Group A consists of 50 patients in whom type 1 Tympanoplasty was done and in Group B 50 patients were there who had undergone Type 1 Tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy. Patients were evaluated postoperatively at 2nd wk, 4th wk, 2nd month and 3rd month for graft uptake, disease clearance, and hearing improvement. PTA was done at 3rd month postoperatively. In our study we observed graft uptake in 94% of patients in Group A as compared to 98% of patients in Group B and in terms of hearing improvement there is not much difference in both the groups i.e. in Group A it is 13.996 ± 4.235 while in Group B it is 14.172 ± 5.381 P value is 1 which means there is no statistically significant difference in two groups. Though better results were observed for cortical mastoidectomy with Type 1 Tympanoplasty than Type 1 Tympanoplasty alone but the difference was insignificant.
Bernard I. Murstein (1929-2020).

Presents the obituary of Bernard I. Murstein (1929-2020). Bernard earned his BS in psychology at the City College of New York, MS in psychology at the University of Miami (where he claimed to have been inducted into Psi Chi at a poolside ceremony), and PhD in clinical psychology at the University of Texas at Austin in 1955. Bernard taught at Louisiana State University, the University of Portland, OR, and the University of Connecticut before joining the faculty of Connecticut College in 1963. He remained there until his retirement in 1999, except for a year as a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Louvain in Belgium. Bernard published seven academic books, including Theories of Attraction and Love (1971), Love, Sex, and Marriage through the Ages (1974), Who Will Marry Whom? (1976), and Paths to Marriage (1986). He also published more than 130 journal articles and book chapters on psychological testing, interpersonal attraction, marital choice, sexual behavior, relationship styles, and marital adjustment. He is best known for his stimulusvalue-role theory (1970) of relationship development, which is cited in most textbooks on social psychology and intimate relationships. Bernard was elected to Fellow status in the American Psychological Association (Divisions 8, 12, and 43) and the Society for Projective Techniques. The Spanish Psychological Association named him one of the most important psychologists of the 20th century; his book Theory and Research in Projective Techniques (1963) was listed by Basic Sources of Information in the Social Sciences among the 50 most important books on psychology. He is survived by his wife Nelly Kashy Murstein, the Hanna Hakesbrink Professor Emerita of French at Connecticut College, his daughters Danielle and Collette, and three granddaughters. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Building English Language Resources of Multilinguals

The TESOL field came of age in an era when educational systems were dominated by industrial models that used curriculum standards to identify the knowledge and skills necessary to know a language. Theoretical shifts in the field referred to as “the multilingual turn” now challenge the premise that anyone knows “a” language, arguing instead that language learners in particular have individualized repertoires of resources gathered through their experiences with multiple languages. Curriculum standards from Texas, Thailand, and Spain are examined for how they exemplify the monolingual ideologies of language that were prevalent when the field emerged. The standards are found to (1) omit opportunities to draw on and make connections with resources previously developed in other languages and (2) ignore the possibility that students will need or want to use multiple languages as part of a single communicative act. This presents a challenge for teachers who would like to follow the field’s multilingual turn. Opportunities for teachers-cum-policymakers to comply with, resist, and transform curriculum standards are proposed.
Dynamic Local Geometry Capture in 3D Point Cloud Classification

With the advent of PointNet, the popularity of deep neural networks has increased in point cloud analysis. PointNet’s successor, PointNet++, partitions the input point cloud and recursively applies PointNet to capture local geometry. PointNet++ model uses ball querying for local geometry capture in its set abstraction layers. Several models based on single scale grouping of PointNet++ continue to use ball querying with a fixed-radius ball. Due to its uniform scale in all directions, a ball lacks orientation and is ineffective in capturing complex local neighborhoods. Few recent models replace a fixed-sized ball with a fixed-sized ellipsoid or a fixed-sized cuboid to capture local neighborhoods. However, these methods are not still fully effective in capturing varying geometry proportions from different local neighborhoods on the object surface. We propose a novel technique of dynamically oriented and scaled ellipsoid based on unique local information to capture the local geometry better. We also propose ReducedPointNet++, a single set abstraction based single scale grouping model. Our model, along with dynamically oriented and scaled ellipsoid querying, achieves 92.1% classification accuracy on the ModelNet40 dataset. We achieve state-of-the-art 3D classification results on all six variants of the real-world ScanObjectNN dataset with an accuracy of 82.0% on the most challenging variant.
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Piriformis Syndrome

Piriformis syndrome is characterized by chronic buttock pain exacerbated by long periods of sitting. It is believed to be due to the irritation of nearby sciatic nerve (or one of its major divisions) by a tense and overactive piriformis muscle. Current treatments consist of stretching exercises, oral medications, and anesthetic or steroid injections; these approaches are only partially effective. Two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have strongly supported the efficacy of onabotulinumtoxinA in management of piriformis syndrome. Two comparator studies favored onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA treatment over steroid injections in respect to both pain relief and duration of relief in piriformis syndrome. Limited open studies suggest that type B toxin (rimaB) is also effective. Botulinum neurotoxins provide a safe and effective treatment for relief of pain in piriformis syndrome.
Observations on morphological features and mechanical properties of the peripheral vestibular receptor system in the frog.

Publisher Summary Breuer noted that tuft-like structures projected from the surface of the receptor epithelium. He attributed the receptor function to the shearing motion of these hairlike masses. With electron microscopy, two types of cilia are found in the tuft: (1) numerous stereocilia, which are positioned over a relatively ridged cuticular plate that is placed at the luminal end of the cell, and (2) a single kinocilium, which stands over a notch in this plate. Because all the kinocilia are on the same side of the tuft, Lowenstein and Wersall were able to relate this morphological polarity to the activity within the vestibular nerve. A force that was directed toward the kinocilium caused an increase in the activity of the vestibular nerve while a decrease in activity was seen when the force was directed away from the kinociliary side of the cell. The action of the ciliary hairs in the otolithic organs following a positional change shows that the sterocilia have a sliding motion at their distal ends. The kinocilia, however, are different in that the distal portion of the kinocilium, at least in the case of the frog, is attached to the adjacent stereocilia. For this reason, the kinocilium cannot slide at its distal end but it is displaced at its base. The cupular zone near the center of the crista would have minimal resistance and could allow for responses to small movements. On the other hand, during large endolymph changes, attachment of a cupula to the crista through the kinocilia and filaments holds the cupular base to this structure while the apex breaks away, thereby giving the classical swinging door appearance seen by Steinhausen, Dohlman, and other investigators.
Peroxidase Isozymes from Horseradish Roots I. ISOLATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Seven peroxidase isozymes were isolated from horseradish roots and purified to homogeneity as ascertained by chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and polyacrylamide disk electrophoresis. Purification procedures included ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography on carboxymethyl and diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Peroxidase activity in the seven isozymes accounted for 86% of the activity in the crude homogenate. No interconversions among the isozymes were detected. The two most abundant isozymes were crystallized. The seven isozymes may be segregated into two groups on the basis of their chromatographic behavior, electrophoretic migration, spectrophotometric properties, and amino acid and carbohydrate composition. Each isozyme was shown to contain protohemin IX as the prosthetic group.
Choice of law in a federal system and an internal market

This paper tries to develop a general framework for choice-of-law in a federal system and an internal market. The framework consists of two elements: The first element is the criteria that should guide us in forging a choice-of-law rule, i.e., the answer to the question: How do we determine which choice-of-law rule is preferable? Recent European literature scrutinizes choice-of-law rules under the Dassonville/Cassis de Dijon test of Art. 28 EC, the parallel of the US Constitution's Dormant Commerce Clause, in the first ever intensive exploration of the influence of the concept of the internal market on choice-of-law. But this European literature overemphasizes a few "private interests", while largely ignoring the "state interests" involved, i.e., the horizontal power distribution of the federal system, an important element extensively addressed by the US literature. This paper joins these European and American ideas on a topic of common interest, to develop more sound criteria for forging choice-of-law rules in a system that is both federal and an internal market. The second element is the authority to make choice-of-law rules, i.e., the answer to the question: Who gets to determine which choice-of-law rule is right? In a federal system, this authority should be exclusively the union's. It should ideally be vested in the federal legislature, otherwise possibly in the federal courts. This paper agrees with a growing body of US literature that finds this ideal state to be embodied in the US Constitution. In Europe, authors merely advocate a federal control of state choice-of-law rules (under the EC Freedoms), but this seems to be no more than a third-best cost-inefficient substitute for the (supposedly) missing European federal law-making power in choice-of-law matters.
Neuroscience: The power of positivity.

Stimulating neurons in the brain's hippocampus that are normally activated by pleasurable experiences protects mice from the depressive consequences of stress. See Letter p.335 Can recalling positive memories alleviate depression? Susumu Tonegawa and colleagues addressed this question in mice using optogenetically labelled specific hippocampal memory engrams associated with a positive, neutral or negative experience. The memories could then be artificially activated with light at a later time. Acute reactivation of the positive engram was found to suppress depression-like behaviour in mice exposed to chronic stress, an effect mediated by the hippocampus–amygdala–nucleus-accumbens pathway. Importantly, chronic reactivation of the positive engram also prevented depression-like behaviour in stressed mice even after the reactivation had finished, indicating that the antidepressant effect is not dependent on real-time artificial activation of the engram. The authors suggest that direct activation of hippocampal dentate gyrus engram cells associated with a positive memory may offer a potential therapeutic node for alleviating a subset of depression-related behaviours, although at this stage it is not clear how these findings may translate into humans.
Liquid City: Megalopolis and the Contemporary Northeast – By John Rennie Short

John Rennie Short’s Liquid City seeks to update Jean Gottmann’sMegalopolis and examine changes in the Northeast United States over the almost five decades that separate the two books. The title, Li...
A Constitutional Accident Waiting to Happen.

In the category, Most Mistaken Part of the Current Constitution, I nominate the electoral college. The ingenious scheme of presidential selection set up by Article II and refined by the 1\velfth Amendment was a brilliant eighteenth century invention that makes no sense today. Our system of selecting Presidents is a constitutional accident waiting to happen. I nominate the electoral college in part because some constitutional scholars might tend to overlook its flaws. Constitutional Law courses typically stress courts, cases, and clauses that get litigated. Despite the vast constitutional significance of the Presidency, it is woefully understudied in law schools today. (It gets far more attention in political science departments-a vestige of the early twentieth century world in which academic study of the Constitution generally nestled in political science, while law schools stressed "private law" like contracts and torts.) Constitutional Law scholars may likewise prefer to focus on clauses that can be "fixed" by creative judicial interpretation. The electoral college can be fixed only by a formal amendment, and talk of constitutional amendment scares many law professors. But amendment is exactly what is called for here; the reasons that made the electoral college sensible in the eighteenth century no longer apply. The Framers emphatically did not want a President dependent on the legislature, so they rejected a parliamentary model in which the legislature would pick its own leader as prime minister and chief executive officer. How, then, to pick the President? The visionary James Wilson proposed direct national popular election, but the scheme was deemed unworkable for three reasons. First, very few candidates would have truly continental reputations among ordinary citizens; ordinary folk across the vast continent would not have enough good information to choose intelligently among national figures. Second, a populist Presidency was seen as dangerous-inviting dem-
Immunological Tolerance: Therapeutic Induction

Protection from the development of autoimmune diseases and acceptance of transplanted organs are due to effective tolerance to self-antigens and alloantigens, respectively. Various immunological strategies have been developed to induce therapeutic tolerance to control autoimmune disease or prevent graft rejection in antigen specific or non-specific manner. Keywords: autoimmune disease; transplantation; tolerance; therapy; immune mechanisms
Extent of intracortical arborization of thalamocortical axons as a determinant of representational plasticity in monkey somatic sensory cortex

The extent of intracortical arborization of individual thalamocortical axons in area 3b of the somatic sensory cortex and the degree of overlap in the cortical projections of relay cells in the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus were examined in macaque monkeys. Paired intracortical deposits of Fast blue (FB) and Diamidino yellow (DY) separated by 100–1500 microns were made by inserting crystals of dye into the tracks of tungsten microelectrodes used to record receptive field data on area 3b cells. Each injection gave retrograde labeling of one or more clusters of cells extending in elongated anteroposterior arrays through the ventral posterior medial (VPM) or ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus. Double-labeled cells were only found when the distance between the centers of the dye deposits was less than 600 microns. With interdeposit distances greater than 600 microns, most clusters of retrogradely labeled cells had a majority of cells labeled by FB or DY. However, even with interdeposit distances of 1–1.5 mm the labeled clusters also contained significant numbers of cells labeled with the other dye. These results and an accompanying regression analysis indicate that the extent of intracortical arborization of single thalamocortical axons in area 3b is no greater than 600 microns. However, adjoining cells in the same part of the thalamic body representation can project to cortical targets as discrepant as 1.5 mm. It is proposed that the fine grain of the cortical representation depends upon inputs from the majority population of each thalamic cell cluster.
Search for Scalar Top

We report results of three searches for scalar top quark. Two of the searches look for direct production of scalar top quark followed by the decay of the scalar quark to charm quark and neutralino or bottom and chargino. The third search looks for top quark decaying to scalar top and neutralino followed by the decay of scalar top to bottom quark and neutralino. We find no evidence for the presence of scalar top quark in any of the searches. Therefore, depending on the search we set limits on the production cross-section, $BR(t \to \tilde{t}_1 + \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{0})$, or $m_{\tilde{t}}$ vs. $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{0}}$.
U{sub 2}Co{sub 2}Sn: An undoped non-Fermi-liquid system with C{sub e}{approx_equal}{gamma}-A(sq root)( T )

Investigation of the low-temperature specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and resistivity of ${\mathrm{U}}_{2}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}\mathrm{Sn}$ for expected paramagnon behavior led instead to the discovery of a non-Fermi-liquid system obeying the Millis/Moriya theory prediction of an electronic specific heat that varies approximately as $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}A\sqrt{T}$ over an appreciable temperature range, in this case over the whole temperature range (0.3--10 K) of measurement. The temperature dependence of the low-temperature resistivity, however, follows $\ensuremath{\rho}={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}{+AT}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}},$ with $\ensuremath{\alpha}(\ensuremath{\approx}1.8)$ lying below that predicted for a Fermi liquid (i.e., $\ensuremath{\alpha}=2)$ but above the $\ensuremath{\rho}={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}{+AT}^{1.5}$ predicted by the quantum phase transition, weakly interacting spin fluctuation theory of Millis/Moriya. Scaling of the specific heat with field indicates that the electron interactions responsible for the non-Fermi-liquid behavior are not single ion in nature. Several non-Fermi-liquid theories and their possible applicability to these results are discussed, as well as the possible influence of the relatively small U-U spacing in ${\mathrm{U}}_{2}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2}\mathrm{Sn}$ on the unusual non-Fermi-liquid behavior.
Federal Income Tax - Gifts and Inheritances

The contributed material consists of a chapter on gifts and inheritances from the sixth edition of Federal Income Tax (2011). The chapter discusses the oft-quoted Duberstein standard for determining what is a gift and questions the actual usefulness of that standard. The tax treatment of gifts is examined, and the authors suggest a rationale for the exclusion of gifts from the donee’s income. Exceptions to income exclusion are noted. In connection with considering the exclusion of inheritances from income, attention is given to the treatment of the settlement of an estate controversy. The special treatment of a gift or devise to an employee is examined. The manner for determining the basis of gifted and inherited property is explained, and attention is given to the effect that the payment of a gift tax has on a donee’s basis. Illustrations are provided to help the reader see how the tax rules operate.