cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enzyme pretreatment of peach solid wastes used for ethanol fermentation.

Abstract Research was undertaken to determine guidelines for enzymatically treating selected agricultural residues to increase their fermentable carbohydrate content. Commercial enzyme preparations from Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reseii were used in batch treatment of nine residues. Cull peaches were selected for further kinetic study, and a modified form of Michaelis-Menten kinetics was used to describe the reaction. Batch and continuous hydrolysis studies indicated that increasing product concentration caused non-competitive inhibition of the reaction.
A novel fiber optic Fabry-Perot structure with a micrometric diameter tip

This paper presents a novel fiber optic Fabry-Perot (FP) structure with a micrometric diameter tip. The fabrication of micro scale probes has become essential in intracellular surgery, in cell sensing, manipulation, and injection. It is of great importance in many fields, such as genetics, pathology, criminology, pharmacogenetics, and food safety. With such a tiny protrusion, the sensor can be inserted into micron size cells, say, for DNA analysis. With the FP cavity inside the fiber, the change of optical path difference (OPD) caused by the environment can be demodulated. In addition, the structure is intrinsically capable of temperature compensation. What's more, it is simple, cost-efficient, and compact. Last but not the least, the structure shows promise for nanometric protrusion. Once this goal is achieved, the sensor can be inserted into most cells. The sensor could pave the way for faster, more accurate medical diagnostic tests for countless conditions and may ultimately save lives by allowing earlier disease detection and intervention.
Regulation by calcium ions of glutamate receptor binding in hippocampal slices.

Abstract Hippocampal slices were incubated in a Krebs-bicarbonate buffer with various concentrations of calcium and [ 3 H]glutamate receptor binding was measured in crude synaptic membranes derived from these slices. Increasing the calcium concentration from 0 to 2.5 mM resulted in a 2.2-fold increase in the maximal number of the Na-independent [ 3 H]glutamate binding sites without changes in their affinity for [ 3 H]glutamate. This effect was totally blocked by the addition of the protease inhibitor leupeptin (50 μM) to the slice incubation medium. No effect was observed on the Na-dependent [ 3 H]glutamate binding nor on the Na-independent [ 3 H]glutamate binding measured in the presence of a concentration of calcium of 250 μM. Increasing the calcium concentration also resulted in an increased proteolytic activity which was inhibited by about 70% by the addition of leupeptin. Finally, increasing the calcium concentration induced the degradation of high-molecular weight proteins, the microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and the 220 000 dalton doublet protein corresponding to fodrin. Both effects were partially prevented by the addition of leupeptin in the slice incubation medium. These results indicate that the same calcium-dependent processes which were previously shown to regulate [ 3 H]glutamate receptor binding to hippocampal membranes occur in the hippocampal slice preparation, and they suggest a mechanism by which fluctuations in calcium levels can activate a calcium-dependent proteinase, the degradation of cytoskeletal-associated proteins and the unmasking of additional glutamate receptors. The participation of such processes in various forms of plasticity is discussed.
Donor acceptor interaction in metalloproteins

This work addresses some electronic aspects of electron transfer at large distances when the donor and acceptor are attached to a polymeric structure. The transfer-matrix approach and a Green's function formalism are used to obtain an expression for the transition matrix element Tab. The results are analyzed and compared with previous results obtained from related models.
Certain cardiovasculorenal effects of hexamethonium.

Abstract In the anesthetized dog, a study was made of the effects of intravenously administered hexamethonium chloride on the renal blood flow, urine production, cardiac output, heart rate, and the systemic and pulmonic blood pressures. A comparison was made of the influence of vagal stimulation on the heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure before and after administration of the drug. Direct measurement of renal blood flow was made by a flowmeter, the affluent limb of which was connected to the renal vein at the hilus of the kidney and the effluent to the central end of the distally ligated femoral vein. This caused renal venous blood to pass through the flowmeter and ultimately to the vena cava via the femoral vein. Cardiac output was determined by the Fick principle. Systolic and diastolic pressures from the systemic and pulmonic systems were recorded on photosensitive paper by use of strain gauges connected to cardiac catheters. Intravenously injected hexamethonium chloride caused considerable reduction in cardiac output and prolonged reduction in blood pressure and renal blood flow. These circulatory changes were accompanied by marked reduction in formation of urine. Hexamethonium caused a slight increase in renal resistance. The cardiac standstill and the precipitous fall in blood pressure produced by stimulation of the vagus nerves were abolished after administration of hexamethonium. The action potentials recorded from afferent impulses obtained from stretch receptors in the lungs were not affected by the administration of hexamethonium.
Monod-Wyman-Changeux allosteric mechanisms of action and the pharmacology of etomidate.

Purpose of reviewFormal Monod–Wyman–Changeux allosteric mechanisms have proven valuable in framing research on the mechanism of etomidate action on its major molecular targets, γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors. However, the mathematical formalism of these mechanisms makes them difficult
Apparent optical properties of spherical particles in absorbing medium

An apparent absorption efficiency for spherical particles in absorbing medium is introduced to take into account the non-exponential absorption of the near-field scattered radiation in the absorbing medium. The apparent extinction, which is the summation of the apparent scattering efficiency following previous studies and the apparent absorption efficiency, is the same as the actual extinction. These apparent optical properties are suited to radiative transfer equations.
Simulating Pearson's and Spearman's correlations in Q—sorts using Excel

A widely believed result about Q-sorts is shown by simulation; namely, that the hard-to-compute but statistically correct Spearman's ranked correlation, r s , may be substituted by the more common Pearson's r correlation. Recent versions of Microsoft Excel are excellent for reasonably sized simulations, especially those used in classroom settings.
Laser Cross-Beam Intensity-Correlation Spectrum for a Turbulent Flow

The spectrum of the temporal correlation function of intensity (i.e., intensity correlation spectrum) is analyzed for a dual-beam, oss-beam light scattering experiment. The cross-beat intensity correlation signal resulting from individual particles and scattered off the interference fringes of the cross beam contains information of flow velocity as well as turbulence. The self-beat signal resulting from particle pairs and scattered off each laser beam contains information of turbulence also, although in most cases, the turbulent self-beat signal is overpowered by the effects of finite transit time. The relative strengths, coherence properties, and kinematic differences of the self-beat and cross-beat signals are compared to explore the means for studying the dynamical and statistical properties of the turbulent flow. The question of fluctuations in scatterer concentration is investigated, and it is found to have little practical importarce. The typical experimental spectrum is presented to illustrate the conclusions of the analysis.
The Anti-Chinese Cubic Air Ordinance

The article focuses on the Cubic Air Ordinance. The Cubic Air Ordinance was a city ordinance that required 500 cubic feet of space for every person residing in a dwelling. This occurred in the late 1860s in San Francisco, California as a result of dwindling job opportunities for white workers. This ordinance created a hostile environment for Chinese immigrants. Information is provided for how Thomas Mooney and Hugh Murray, top officials with the Anti-Coolie Association, convinced a county board of supervisors to discriminate against the Chinese based on an annual health report of Chinatown.
Design of self-assembled monolayers that release attached groups using applied electrical potentials

This Letter describes the design of a self-assembled monolayer of alkanethiolates on gold that can release attached groups when an electrical potential is applied to the gold. The design is based on monolayers that present a catechol orthoformate group that undergoes an irreversible two-electron oxidation with simultaneous release of the orthoformate substituent. Cyclic voltammograms (0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4, 50 mV/s) of a monolayer presenting catechol orthoformate and hydroxyl groups showed an oxidation wave at 900 mV (versus Ag wire pseudo reference) for the quantitative conversion of the orthoformate group to the corresponding orthoquinone. The second cycle showed an oxidation wave at −75 mV and a reduction wave at −125 mV for the reversible oxidation of the catechol group.
Demo: 802.11 a/g PHY implementation in ziria, domain-specific language for wireless programming

Software-defined radio (SDR) brings the flexibility of software to the domain of wireless protocol design, promising an ideal platform both for research and innovation and the rapid deployment of new protocols on existing hardware. However, existing SDR programming platforms require either careful hand-tuning of low-level code, negating many of the advantages of software, or are too slow to be useful in the real world.In this demo we present Ziria, the first software-defined radio programming platform that is both easily programmable and performant. Ziria introduces a novel programming model tailored to wireless physical layer tasks and captures the inherent and important distinction between data and control paths in this domain. We show the capabilities of Ziria by demonstrating a real-time implementation of WiFi PHY running at 20 MHz.
Phasor analysis for nonlinear pump-probe microscopy

Pump-probe microscopy provides molecular information by probing transient, excited state dynamic properties of pigmented samples. Analysis of the transient response is typically conducted using principal component analysis or multi-exponential fitting, however these methods are not always practical or feasible. Here, we show an adaptation of phasor analysis to provide an intuitive, robust, and efficient method for analyzing and displaying pump-probe images, thereby alleviating some of the challenges associated with differentiating multiple pigments. A theoretical treatment is given to understand how the complex transient signals map onto the phasor plot. Analyses of cutaneous and ocular pigmented tissue samples, as well as historical pigments in art demonstrate the utility of this approach.
The use of locally delivered chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontitis. Clinical results

Since the advent of a nondegradable controlled local delivery of antibiotics in 1979, several second generation systems have been developed. Second generation systems have attempted to improve on the early system. Chlorhexidine has been used effectively for over 30 years as an antiseptic. In the early 1970s, chlorhexidine gluconate was incorporated at 0.2% into mouthrinses in Europe and in 1986 it was incorporated at 0.12% in a mouthrinse in the United States. Since these mouthrinses were effective in reducing the supragingival flora, had a high safety margin, and had no reported bacterial resistance, chlorhexidine offered a therapeutic advantage for a local delivery system. This system was developed and studied. This report will discuss this new biodegradable system containing chlorhexidine gluconate as the active agent (PerioChip). Pharmacokinetics of the system and a review of the multicenter studies in Europe and the United States are discussed. In these randomized clinical trials the chlorhexidine chip has been shown to enhance the effects of scaling and root planing. Chlorhexidine chip in conjunction with scaling and root planing, when compared to scaling and root planing alone, has shown significant improvement in probing pocket depth reduction, probing attachment level and bleeding on probing. This delivery system, in combination with scaling and root planing, has also resulted in significantly more probing depth reductions of 2 mm or more. The system is safe and efficacious. Placement of the chip is usually done in less than 1 min, it requires no retention system, biodegrades, and does not require a follow-up dental appointment.
Candida albicans clades.

DNA fingerprinting with the complex probe Ca3 has revealed the following five Candida albicans clades: group I, group II, group III, group SA and group E. These groups exhibit geographical specificity. Group SA is relatively specific (i.e., highly enriched) to South Africa, group E is relatively specific to Europe, and group II is absent in the Southwest USA and South America. The maintenance of deep-rooted clades side by side in the same geographical locale and the apparent absence of subclade structure suggest little recombination between clades, but higher rates of recombination within clades. Exclusive 5-fluorocytosine resistance in the majority of group I isolates reinforces the above conclusions on recombination, and demonstrates that clades differ phenotypically. The ramifications of these findings with regard to pathogenesis are discussed. In particular, these findings lay to rest the idea that one strain represents all strains of C. albicans, support the need for a worldwide analysis of population structure and clade-specific phenotypic characteristics, and demonstrate that in the future, pathogenic characteristics must be analyzed in representatives from all five clades.
Nitric oxide scavenging by the cobalamin precursor cobinamide.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule, and a number of NO synthesis inhibitors and scavengers have been developed to allow study of NO functions and to reduce excess NO levels in disease states. We showed previously that cobinamide, a cobalamin (vitamin B12) precursor, binds NO with high affinity, and we now evaluated the potential of cobinamide as a NO scavenger in biologic systems. We found that cobinamide reversed NO-stimulated fluid secretion in Drosophila Malpighian tubules, both when applied in the form of a NO donor and when produced intracellularly by nitricoxide synthase. Moreover, feeding flies cobinamide markedly attenuated subsequent NO-induced increases in tubular fluid secretion. Cobinamide was taken up efficiently by cultured rodent cells and prevented NO-induced phosphorylation of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein VASP both when NO was provided to the cells and when NO was generated intracellularly. Cobinamide appeared to act via scavenging NO because it reduced nitrite and nitrate concentrations in both the fly and mammalian cell systems, and it did not interfere with cGMP-induced phosphorylation of VASP. In rodent and human cells, cobinamide exhibited toxicity at concentrations ≥50 μm with toxicity completely prevented by providing equimolar amounts of cobalamin. Combining cobalamin with cobinamide had no effect on the ability of cobinamide to scavenge NO. Cobinamide did not inhibit the in vitro activity of either of the two mammalian cobalamin-dependent enzymes, methionine synthase or methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase; however, it did inhibit the in vivo activities of the enzymes in the absence, but not presence, of cobalamin, suggesting that cobinamide toxicity was secondary to interference with cobalamin metabolism. As part of these studies, we developed a facile method for producing and purifying cobinamide. We conclude that cobinamide is an effective intra- and extracellular NO scavenger whose modest toxicity can be eliminated by cobalamin.
Synergistic effect of angiotensin II and a high sodium diet on the vascular glycosaminoglycan synthesis of rats.

The effect of dietary sodium supplementation on angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced stimulation of vascular glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis of rats was investigated. Measurements were performed both ex vivo and in vivo to validate the in vivo measurements and to estimate the relative contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic influences to ANG II-stimulated GAG synthesis in sodium-fed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats on normal (0.7% NaCl) and high sodium (4.0% NaCl) diets were infused with 100 ng/kg/min ANG II intraperitoneally for 48 h, or sham operated (controls). To measure tissue GAG synthesis, 35SO4 was added to the incubation medium (ex vivo) or injected intravenously into rats (in vivo). Systolic blood pressure of ANG II-treated rats on normal sodium diet was unchanged, but it increased by 13 mm Hg (P < .05) in the rats on the combined treatment of ANG II and a high sodium diet. ANG II or high sodium diet by itself had no effect on GAG synthesis. On the combined treatment, GAG synthesis of the aorta was increased by 17% (P < .05) when measured ex vivo, and by 38% (P < .01) when measured in vivo. In vivo, there was also increased GAG synthesis of mesenteric arteries (P < .01) and of vena cava (P < .02); GAG synthesis of nonvascular tissue (diaphragm, bladder, and kidney) was unchanged. The synergistic effect of ANG II treatment and high sodium diet on GAG synthesis appears to be, in part, arterial pressure independent and vascular tissue specific. The greater effect of combined treatment in vivo than ex vivo suggests that humoral or neural stimuli may be contributing to the interaction.
Gas-Phase Reactivity of Peptide Thiyl (RS•), Perthiyl (RSS•), and Sulfinyl (RSO•) Radical Ions Formed from Atmospheric Pressure Ion/Radical Reactions

In this study, we demonstrated the formation of gas-phase peptide perthiyl (RSS•) and thiyl (RS•) radical ions besides sulfinyl radical (RSO•) ions from atmospheric pressure (AP) ion/radical reactions of peptides containing inter-chain disulfide bonds. The identity of perthiyl radical was verified from characteristic 65 Da (•SSH) loss in collision-induced dissociation (CID). This signature loss was further used to assess the purity of peptide perthiyl radical ions formed from AP ion/radical reactions. Ion/molecule reactions combined with CID were carried out to confirm the formation of thiyl radical. Transmission mode ion/molecule reactions in collision cell (q2) were developed as a fast means to estimate the population of peptide thiyl radical ions. The reactivity of peptide thiyl, perthiyl, and sulfinyl radical ions was evaluated based on ion/molecule reactions toward organic disulfides, allyl iodide, organic thiol, and oxygen, which followed in order of thiyl (RS•) > perthiyl (RSS•) > sulfinyl (RSO•). The gas-phase reactivity of these three types of sulfur-based radicals is consistent with literature reports from solution studies.
Use of Ber-EP4 and Epithelial Specific Antigen to Differentiate Clinical Simulators of Basal Cell Carcinoma

EpCam is a transmembrane epithelial adhesion molecule present on all non-squamous epithelial cells. It is often overexpressed in certain carcinomas, such as breast and colon, and in dermatology, eg, basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Various monoclonal antibodies have been used to detect EpCam, including BerEP4 and epithelial specific antigen. We compared anti-EpCam clones, BerEP4, and epithelial specific antigen clone VU-1D9. One hundred and twelve lesions were stained with both antibodies. All basal cell carcinomas stained uniformly and strongly positive with both antibodies. Diffuse positive staining was also seen in all trichoepitheliomas and merkel cell carcinomas. Focal positive staining was seen in squamous cell carcinoma and benign sebaceous neoplasms. Clone VU-1D9 was more likely to produce focal positive staining as compared to BerEP4. This focal positive staining of sebaceous neoplasms and squamous cell carcinomas is a potential diagnostic pitfall.
The nonlinear complementarity problem with applications, part 1

The main result in this paper is an existence and uniqueness theorem for the following nonlinear complementarity problem: Given a mapping from then-dimensional Euclidean spaceE n into itself, find a nonnegative vector inE n whose image, under the given mapping, is also nonnegative, the two vectors being orthogonal to each other. It is shown that the above problem has a unique solution if the given mapping is continuous and strongly monotone on the nonnegative orthantE + ofE n . It is also shown that a sufficient condition for a differentiable mapping to be strongly monotone on an open set is that all the eigenvalues of the symmetric part of its Jacobian be bounded below by a positive constant on the given set.
425. AAV2-Mediated Expression of Iduronate Sulfatase in Peripheral Tissues and the CNS in Mucopolysaccharidosis II Mouse Model by Combined Intravenous and Intracisternal Vector Delivery

Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) is an X-linked disease due to the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate sulfatase (Id-S). Deficiency of iduronate sulfatase results in lysosomal accumulation of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate, with progressive tissue and organ dysfunction, and premature death. No definite treatment is available for MPS II patients. Clinical trials of peripheral administration of recombinant Id-S in MPS II patients are in progress, but CNS disease is not expected to be improved. Therapeutic effects of AAV gene delivery on both somatic and the CNS features in adult MPS II |[ldquo]|knockout|[rdquo]| mice were studied using combined intravenous (IV) and intracisternal (IC) injections after pretreatment with mannitol. An AAV serotype 2 vector, AAV2-CMV-hIdS, was used, containing a human iduronate sulfatase cDNA (hIdS) driven by a cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV). A dose of AAV2-CMV-hIdS viral vector (2|[ndash]|4|[times]|1011 viral particles in 200|[mu]|l) was delivered into adult (4|[ndash]|6 week old) MPS II mice (n=20) by tail vein injection 10 minutes after an IV infusion of mannitol (1|[ndash]|2 mg/gm of body weight). A dose of AAV2-CMV-hIdS (2|[ndash]|4|[times]|1010 viral particles in 20 |[mu]|l) was delivered into the posterior cistern after the tail vein injection of AAV2 vector. Treated MPS II mice were scarified when they developed severe neurological symptoms, such as bladder distension, weight loss and gait abnormalities, at 15 to 23 months of age. Our results demonstrated the correction of GAG storage in multiple organs/tissues after the AAV-mediated gene transfer. Complete correction of GAG accumulation in liver was achieved (P<0.01) and partial correction in spleen, heart, muscle, and lung was observed (P<0.05). No decrease of GAG content was observed in the kidney of the mice after AAV delivery. Id-S enzyme activity was detected in the treated MPS II mouse liver (50%|[ndash]|100% of normal mouse liver). The non-treated MPS II mice have no detectable Id-S activity in any tissue. Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrated clearance of lysosomal storage in liver. Decreased CNS lysosomal storage was shown by histopathology in Purkinje cells and also in the neurons of the hippocampus, thalamus and cerebral cortex after AAV-mediated gene transfer. Id-S enzyme was also detected in the brain of the AAV injected mice (1%|[ndash]|7% of normal mouse brain). Physical appearances of treated MPS II mice, such as facial feature and spinal curvature, were clearly improved. Our results demonstrated that the life span of the MPS II mice after the AAV gene therapy was prolonged (means 17.8 months), compared with the life span of the non-treated group (means 13.4 months) (p<0.01). Our results suggest that IV injection combined with an IC injection of AAV2 vector following mannitol pretreatment is a promising approach for treating both somatic and CNS disease in lysosomal storage disorders.
Lead is like mercury: risk comparisons, analogies and mental models

This paper reviews evidence for the use of analogies and comparisons to understand risks and conflation of different risks, from mental model studies of lead paint hazard, global climate change and smallpox disease and vaccine. For each study participants use analogies with other risks explicitly, and often draw inferences based on their experiences or knowledge of those other risks. In the case of lead paint, study participants judged options for testing and mitigating lead paint by analogy with risks as diverse as radon and mercury, with corresponding differences in their assessments of proposed strategies. Mental models of smallpox disease and vaccine are often explicitly based on analogies with chickenpox, which is much more familiar to study participants. Many studies of climate change have demonstrated conflation of stratospheric ozone depletion with global warming from the greenhouse effect. Some study participants adopt other frames, such as weather, which affects their inferences in predictable w...
Correlation of prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific antigen density with outcome of prostate biopsy

Objective. We attempt to correlate prebiopsy serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration and prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) with histologic results of prostate biopsy. Method. Sixty-two consecutive patients underwent prostate biopsy because of elevated PSA greater than 4 ng/mL and/or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination (DRE). PSAD was calculated from dividing the serum PSA concentration by the prostate volume as determined by transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). PSA and PSAD were compared to biopsy outcome. Results. The mean PSAD values of the cancer versus noncancer (benign prostattc tissue, benign prostattc hyperplasia, and prostatitis) groups were significantly different (p 4 ng/mL) had positive biopsy findings for cancer. Seven of 19 patients (37%) with normal DRE findings and elevated PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL had positive biopsy specimens for cancer. Conclusions. PSAD, though suggestive, is not definitive for cancer or noncancer. Patients with inflammation (prostatitis) present in their biopsy specimens have serum PSA levels and PSAD values intermediate between those with benign tissue (without inflammation) and cancer. We think that prostate biopsy is important in patients with PSA levels between 4 and 10 ng/mL even if their DRE result is normal, as our data indicate that over one third of these patients harbor detectable prostate cancer.
The impact of work‐life programs on firm productivity

This research examined the adoption of work-life programs and the impact of work-life programs on firm productivity. Human resource executives in a national sample of 658 organizations provided survey data on firm characteristics and work-life programs. In these 658 organizations, the percentage of professionals and the percentage of women employed were positively related to the development of more extensive work-life programs. Productivity data were obtained from CD Disclosure for 195 public, for-profit firms. Significant interaction effects indicated that in these 195 firms work-life programs had a stronger positive impact on productivity when women comprised a larger percentage of the workforce and when a higher percentage of professionals were employed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long hours and little sleep: work schedules of residents in obstetrics and gynecology

Abstract Objective: To investigate residents’ work schedules and their attitudes toward limiting their hours. Methods: An anonymous survey regarding resident work hours and call schedules was administered to the 4674 obstetric-gynecologic residents who took the year 2000 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology in-training examination. Results: A total of 4510 surveys were analyzed (96.5%). Three of four (75.5%) respondents reported working between 61 and 100 hours each week. Most (71.3%) reported sleeping less than 3 hours while on night call. Eight of ten reported having postcall clinical responsibilities. The reported number of hours on call declined and the reported number of hours of sleep increased with year of residency. Three of four residents wanted limits on their work hours. Residents who reported longer on-call hours or less sleep during night shift were significantly more likely to want a restriction on work hours. Fatigue was the most commonly selected reason (77.6%) followed by “need more personal time” (76.3%), and “fear of compromising quality of care” (59.8%). Women were more concerned about fatigue than were men. Among residents who did not want work hour restrictions, “additional surgical experience” was the most commonly selected reason (69.0%). Conclusion: Residents in obstetrics and gynecology report working long hours, and experiencing periods of little sleep. Most want their work hours to be limited. Fatigue is a major concern among residents that want their hours limited. A sizable minority worries that such limits might also limit their experience.
Balancing cables by inductive networks

Greater transmitting speeds are possible in submarine telegraph cables when balanced by inductive networks than could be obtained with the older resistance networks. In this article is presented the first exact theory of inductive balances of which two already are in successful practical operation.
Laser emission cross section of Nd:YAG at 1064 nm

The stimulated emission cross section of Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet) (4F3/2→4I11/2) was compared to the known cross section of Nd:ED‐2 glass at 1060 nm. Small samples of Nd:YAG and ED‐2 glass were end pumped with a chopped cw 514.5‐nm argon‐ion laser in an identical geometrical arrangement. The stimulated emission cross section obtained for Nd:YAG at 1064 nm was found to be 7.6 ×10−19 cm.
Retaining the Older Workforce: Social Policy Considerations for the Universally Designed Workplace

Even in the midst of massive layoffs that come with an economic downturn, employers must remain aware of the pending impact of their aging workforce. Losing older employees to retirement drains knowledge and expertise. In response, employers are looking at new ways to retain older workers at the same time that older workers are reevaluating the traditional approach to retirement. This article presents findings from case study research consisting of interviews with key employees at 18 companies in 13 states. Five of those companies subsequently participated in in-person site visits. Interviews were held with a wide range of informants, including company leadership, supervisors, and older workers. Findings include a description of the cultural context within which the development of formal and informal older worker retention strategies occurred, as well as the retention strategies themselves. The discussion section explores the universal nature of these retention initiatives and how consideration of universality benefits not only older workers but a range of diverse groups as well.
Clinical Frequencies Recording System: Standardizing staff observations by event recording

Certain aspects of staff performance and resident behavior are less adequately assessed by standardized time sampling procedures than by complete recording of the incidence of specified events. An approach to gathering such data through systematizing the observations of clinical staff — the Clinical Frequencies Recording System — is described. Scores from the Clinical Frequencies System reflect the rate per opportunity with which individual behaviors are performed, with computer summarization providing higher-level behavioral indexes for research and evaluation purposes. Staff training and system implementation are discussed, and reliability and validity data from a system employed on two different treatment units over a period of several years are presented.
Molecular astronomy from a Canadian perspective: The early years

The early history of the discovery and study of molecules in space was heavily influenced by three Canadians: Gerhard Herzberg, Alex Douglas, and Andrew McKellar. In writing this paper I have tried to cover the most important aspects of the objective scientific history and to give readers a glimpse of my personal knowledge of these men who played such important roles. PACS Nos.: 98.38Bn, 33.20-+
Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia with t(11;16)(q23;p13.3) and lineage switch into acute monoblastic leukemia

Rearrangements of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) gene have been associated with a poor prognosis in infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Previously, MLL translocations involving the CREP-binding protein (CREBBP) gene at chromosome band 16p13.3 have primarily been reported in treatment-related acute myeloid leukemia, after chemotherapy for other primary malignancies using topoisomerase II inhibitors. We report a case of de novo infant ALL with t(11;16)(q23;p13.3). After chemotherapy, this patient developed an acute monoblastic leukemia (M5b) with retention of the t(11;16)(q23;p13.3), indicating that this is a lineage switch of the original leukemic clone. To our knowledge, these findings have not been previously reported.
Short term temporal variability in the photochemically mediated alteration of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in rainwater

Abstract The goal of the research presented here was to determine the impact of photochemistry on the abundance and spectral qualities of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in precipitation. The relationship between sunlight and CDOM in rainwater was complex with both production and photobleaching of optical properties occurring simultaneously in different regions of the fluorescence excitation emission spectra (EEMs) over relatively short time scales. Spectral slope was inversely correlated with the observed changes in total integrated fluorescence suggesting that photo-induced modifications in the molecular weight of CDOM were occurring along with fluctuations in its optical properties. Atmospheric condensate collected near a high traffic roadway had a response to sunlight similar to authentic rainwater suggesting some fraction of the CDOM in atmospheric waters is derived from local anthropogenic gas phase sources. There was a dramatic increase in fluorescence in two samples photolyzed with photosynthetically active radiation only (PAR; 400–700 nm) compared to analogous samples exposed to full spectrum sunlight indicating that this less energetic light is capable of producing photochemically labile compounds in rainwater. The observed temporal variability in the molecular level response of CDOM to sunlight is important because it may alter the spectral attenuation and the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface.
Turbulent diffusion as a controlling factor in sporadic-E

Abstract The effect of diffusive turbulence on a sporadic E -layer is investigated. It is found that an eddy diffusivity of 10 4 m 2 s −1 reduces the peak amplitude of a typical layer by one order of magnitude from its non-turbulent state amplitude. The relation between intensification of the shear and turbulent breakdown is reflected in intensification of the layer up to a condition when it decays into the background ionization. Finally we indicate that the occurrence of strong turbulence in the E-D-region boundary can release dumped metallic ions back into the E -region.
Inference for Autocorrelations under Weak Assumptions

Abstract In this article we consider the large-sample behavior of estimates of autocorrelations and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) coefficients, as well as their distributions, under weak conditions. Specifically, the usual text book formulas for variances of these estimates are based on strong assumptions and should not be routinely applied without careful consideration. Such is the case when the time series follows an ARMA process with uncorrelated innovations that may not be assumed to be independent and identically distributed. As a specific case, it is well known that if the process is independent and identically distributed, then the sample autocorrelation estimates, scaled by the square root of the sample size, are asymptotically standard normal. This result is used extensively as a diagnostic check on the residuals of a fitted model, or as an initial test on the observed time series to determine whether further model fitting is warranted. In this article we show that this result can be quite...
Retinyl Ester Formation by Lecithin:Retinol Acyltransferase Is a Key Regulator of Retinoid Homeostasis in Mouse Embryogenesis

The developing mammalian embryo is entirely dependent on the maternal circulation for its supply of retinoids (vitamin A and its metabolites). The mechanisms through which mammalian developing tissues maintain adequate retinoid levels in the face of suboptimal or excessive maternal dietary vitamin A intake have not been established. We investigated the role of retinyl ester formation catalyzed by lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) in regulating retinoid homeostasis during embryogenesis. Dams lacking both LRAT and retinol-binding protein (RBP), the sole specific carrier for retinol in serum, were maintained on diets containing different amounts of vitamin A during pregnancy. We hypothesized that the lack of both proteins would make the embryo more vulnerable to changes in maternal dietary vitamin A intake. Our data demonstrate that maternal dietary vitamin A deprivation during pregnancy generates a severe retinoid-deficient phenotype of the embryo due to the severe retinoid-deficient status of the double mutant dams rather than to the lack of LRAT in the developing tissues. Moreover, in the case of excessive maternal dietary vitamin A intake, LRAT acts together with Cyp26A1, one of the enzymes that catalyze the degradation of retinoic acid, and possibly with STRA6, the recently identified cell surface receptor for retinol-RBP, in maintaining adequate levels of retinoids in embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. In contrast, the pathway of retinoic acid synthesis does not contribute significantly to regulating retinoid homeostasis during mammalian development except under conditions of severe maternal retinoid deficiency.
Immune destruction of virus-infected cells early in the infectious cycle.

TARGET cells acutely infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) can be destroyed by human blood mononuclear cells (MC) in the presence of IgG antibody to HSV1–3, a process termed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The major effector cell which mediates this reaction is a K cell; it possesses surface Fc receptors which permit attachment to IgG antibody-sensitised target cells4–6, although the way in which the lethal hit is delivered is poorly understood. For an immune cytolytic mechanism to be maximally effective in limiting the spread of virus in a host, it should be able to destroy the infected cell at an early stage in the viral maturation cycle, before infectious viral progeny can be produced. This requirement seems to be of particular importance for viruses such as HSV, which can avoid exposure to the neutralising antibody in extracellular fluid by spreading from cell to cell across intercellular bridges7,8. In this report, we demonstrate that the ADCC mechanism can recognise viral surface antigens as early as 2 h after cells are infected with HSV and can produce target cell death by 3 h after infection (PI), well in advance of the first appearance of both viral progeny and the susceptibility of infected cells to lysis by antibody and complement (AbC).
Photo-induced phase inhibition during growth of boron nitride thin films

Abstract Boron nitride exists in three polymorphic forms which are thermally stable to decomposition, chemically inert and possess a wide band gap. Deposition of thin films containing various BN phases has been achieved using gas source molecular beam epitaxy in tandem with a 500 W mercury arc lamp. Thermal evaporation of elemental boron from an effusion cell and the decomposition of molecular nitrogen in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma provided the reactive species for film growth at 400 and 500 °C on single-crystal substrates of Si (100). The films contained both amorphous and hexagonal (layered structure) BN without the use of the arc lamp. Films growth with the arc lamp showed a dramatic decrease in the concentration of the hexagonal phase and evidence of an increase in the concentration of the cubic BN.
A prototype implementation of the CUBE language

CUBE is a three-dimensional visual, statically typed, inherently concurrent, higher-order logic programming language, aimed towards a virtual reality based programming environment. This paper describes a prototype implementation of CUBE. >
Drug-Eluting Stents for the Treatment of Intracranial Atherosclerosis Initial Experience and Midterm Angiographic Follow-up

Background and Purpose— Intracranial stenting is associated with a 32% rate of restenosis. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have revolutionized the treatment of coronary artery disease and have greatly reduced the risk of in-stent stenosis. We present our experience with the feasibility and safety of using DES for patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Methods— All of the patients had >70% stenoses and had failed maximal medical therapy. They were pretreated with aspirin, clopidogrel, and intraprocedural heparin. All of the lesions were predilated, and balloons and stents were slightly undersized. Clopidogrel and aspirin were continued for 1 year, and patients had clinical follow-up and vascular imaging at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year. Results— Eight patients with intracranial internal carotid artery (3), middle cerebral (2), basilar (2), and vertebral artery (1) stenoses were successfully treated with 4 Cypher (Cordis Corp) and 4 Taxus (Boston Scientific Inc) stents. The mean stenosis severity...
Optical diagnostics for metallurgical processes

Many industrially important metallurgical processes are accompanied by the emission of light, the analysis of which often supplies useful information concerning the current state of the process while also providing insight into the details of specific process mechanisms. Optical diagnostic techniques are finding an increasingly wide range of application throughout the metallurgical community. This paper discusses the application of emission spectroscopy and imaging techniques to the analysis of such diverse processes as vacuum arc remelting, laser welding, and arc welding. A discussion of these techniques is presented, addressing such subjects as instrumentation, data analysis, the kind of information available and its potential impact on the selection of process parameters. Special attention is given to discussing the difficulties encountered in applying these diagnostic technologies to /open quotes/real life/close quotes/ processes in non-laboratory environments. 44 refs., 6 figs.
Improved drift in two-phase, long-channel, shallow buried-channel CCDs with longitudinally nonuniform storage-gate implants

Two-phase buried-channel charge-coupled devices (CCDs) with a gradient in the storage wells, generated by a nonuniform channel doping parallel to the surface, were studied at room temperature and at 77 K. The built-in drift fields improve the charge transfer efficiency by more than an order of magnitude, consistently with two-dimensional simulations. >
Test programming in an ABBET signal-oriented environment

After programming instruments for 10 years and prototyping the ABBET (IEEE-1226) signal-oriented architecture for 1 year, several side effects of programming in the ABBET environment beyond the direct benefits of instrument independence have come to light. Programming test algorithms in terms of signals and their properties is made easier through a more logical division between testing algorithms and hardware control, and also reduces the need for instrument programming manuals. Also, while defining the properties of interest in the signal being tested, explicit statement of requirements is encouraged rather than the reliance on assumptions based on the functionality of most test instrumentation. When design for testability is limited, describing the signal properties at each point in a circuit leads toward separate models of the devices interposed between the device under test and the instruments, greatly increasing test software reuse. Further, hardware idiosyncrasies such as line losses and noise insertion can also be modeled separately rather than lumping the effects into one tolerance quantity. The way in which the instrument independence was achieved facilitates the development of a virtual test set which can thoroughly and reliably prove the correct execution and error detection of the test algorithms, without using the physical test set instruments.
Imidazoline/Guanidinium Binding Domains on Monoamine Oxidases RELATIONSHIP TO SUBTYPES OF IMIDAZOLINE-BINDING PROTEINS AND TISSUE-SPECIFIC INTERACTION OF IMIDAZOLINE LIGANDS WITH MONOAMINE OXIDASE B

Pharmacologically active compounds with an imidazoline and/or guanidinium moiety are recognized with high affinity by a family of membrane-bound proteins collectively known as imidazoline binding sites or imidazoline/guanidinium receptive sites. Two such receptive sites may correspond to imidazoline binding domains identified on the A and B isoforms of monoamine oxidase (MAO), but the detection of monoamine oxidase isoforms in multiple tissues contrasts with the restricted expression of imidazoline-binding proteins. To address these issues, we determined the relationship between monoamine oxidase isoforms and subtypes of imidazoline-binding proteins in human tissues known to express one or both isoforms of MAO. 2-(3-Azido-4-[125I]iodophenoxy)methylimidazoline ([125I]AZIPI), a photoaffinity adduct that selectively labels imidazoline-binding proteins, photolabeled an Mr = ∼59,000 peptide in liver and an Mr = ∼63,000 peptide in placenta, consistent with the Mr of the MAO isoforms identified by immunoblots in these tissues. The photolabeled species in liver was immunoprecipitated with MAO-B selective antibodies, whereas the photolabeled species in placenta was immunoprecipitated by MAO-A selective antibodies consistent with the isoform of MAO predominantly expressed in these tissues. The imidazoline/guanidinium ligands interact with the enzyme at a site distinct from the substrate recognition domain, and the immunoprecipitated peptides in liver and placenta display distinct ligand recognition properties consistent with those reported for subtypes of imidazoline binding sites. However, the imidazoline binding domain was not detected in platelet membrane preparations containing amounts of MAO-B equivalent to those in the photolabeled liver membranes indicating that recognition of this domain is tissue-restricted. Restricted access to the imidazoline binding domain on platelet MAO-B was not altered by membrane washing with 500 mM KCl or by solubilization and partial purification of the enzyme suggesting that there are distinct subpopulations of MAO. Identification of a binding domain on MAO that recognizes this class of pharmacologically active compounds suggests a novel mechanism for regulation of substrate oxidation/selectivity or that the enzyme may subserve an as yet undefined function.
The nanomechanical and nanoscratch properties of MWNT-Reinforced Ultrahigh-Molecular-weight polyethylene coatings

Ultrahigh-molecular-weightpolyethylene (UHMWPE) and 5 wt.% multiwalled-carbon-nanotube-(MWNT) reinforced UHMWPE coatings were prepared on a steel substrate by electrostatic spraying. Nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests were performed on the coatings to evaluate the mechanical and wear properties at small length scales. The mean values of elastic modulus and hardness were higher for the MWNT-reinforced coating, while the plasticity index of the coatings was unaffected. The lateral force and coefficient of friction was considerably higher in the case of the MWNT-reinforced coating, indicating an increase in resistance to wear due to the addition of MWNT.