cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selected Chitinase Genes in Cultured and Uncultured Marine Bacteria in the α- and γ-Subclasses of the Proteobacteria

PCR primers were patterned after chitinase genes in four γ-proteobacteria in the families Alteromonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae (group I chitinases) and used to explore the occurrence and diversity of these chitinase genes in cultured and uncultured marine bacteria. The PCR results from 104 bacterial strains indicated that this type of chitinase gene occurs in two major groups of marine bacteria, α- and γ-proteobacteria, but not the Cytophaga-Flavobacter group. Group I chitinase genes also occur in some viruses infecting arthropods. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that similar group I chitinase genes occur in taxonomically related bacteria. However, the overall phylogeny of chitinase genes did not correspond to the phylogeny of 16S rRNA genes, possibly due to lateral transfer of chitinase genes between groups of bacteria, but other mechanisms, such as gene duplication, cannot be ruled out. Clone libraries of chitinase gene fragments amplified from coastal Pacific Ocean and estuarine Delaware Bay bacterioplankton revealed similarities and differences between cultured and uncultured bacteria. We had hypothesized that cultured and uncultured chitin-degrading bacteria would be very different, but in fact, clones having nucleotide sequences identical to those of chitinase genes of cultured α-proteobacteria dominated both libraries. The other clones were similar but not identical to genes in cultured γ-proteobacteria, including vibrios and alteromonads. Our results suggest that a closer examination of chitin degradation by α-proteobacteria will lead to a better understanding of chitin degradation in the ocean.
A micromechanical model for interface crack extension in metal/ceramic bimaterial systems

Abstract A micromechanical model is proposed to explain a phenomenon observed in interface cracking in metal/ceramic bimaterial systems; that a crack along the interface may propagate in some cases by the growth of interfacial voids or microcracks ahead of the main crack and coalescence with the main crack. The model shows the importance of the local loading phase angle in the crack tip response. Depending on the local crystallographic orientation of the deformable component of the bimaterial, the model predicts that a brittle backwards growth of the microcrack may occur while the main crack tip remains inert. The predictions are consistent with experimental observations.
Intraoperative bile duct visualization using near-infrared hyperspectral video imaging

Abstract Background Current methodologies for imaging the biliary system during cholecystectomy are cumbersome and do not eliminate the risk of bile duct injury. We describe an approach to intraoperative biliary imaging that will enable surgeons to see through the hepatoduodenal ligament and visualize the anteriorly placed biliary system. Methods A laparoscopic-capable, near-infrared, hyperspectral imaging system was built. Reflected light passes through a liquid crystal filter that is continuously tunable in the near-infrared spectrum (650–1,100 nm). Spectroscopic image data are collected from laparoscopic surgery images onto array detectors formatted into a 3-dimensional hyperspectral data cube having spatially resolved images in the x-y plane and wavelength data in the z plane. Deconvoluting and color-coding the spatial and spectral information provides an image representative of inherent chemical properties to the imaged tissue. Results Images of porcine biliary structures were obtained. The common duct–reflected spectra displayed a characteristic lipid shoulder at 930 nm and a strong water peak at 970 nm. Venous structures had absorption peaks at 760 nm (deoxyhemoglobin), 800 nm (oxyhemoglobin), and 970 nm (water). Arterial vessels had absorption peaks at 800 nm and 970 nm that would be expected for oxyhemoglobin and water. Conclusions We have designed and constructed a device to significantly enhance intraoperative biliary imaging. This system should enable surgeons to see through the hepatoduodenal ligament and image the anteriorly placed biliary system without the need for dissection of the cystic duct, as is needed with intraoperative cholangiography. Because the biliary system can be seen before any dissection is performed, this dimensional imaging technology has the potential for eradicating bile duct injury.
Media and violence: the case of professional football championship games

Recently much research has linked media violence with actual violence. The most serious violence, suicides, and homicides have been connected to events portrayed in the mass media. In this study I examine the effect of NFL football playoff games on the relative incidence of homicides between standard metropolitan statistical areas (SMSAs) with and without participating teams. Results show that homicides may be related to participation. Specifically, SMSAs with losing teams experience significantly more homicides than SMSAs with winning teams.
Poly(A) sequences of vaccinia virus messenger RNA: Nature, mode of addition and function during translation in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Studies were undertaken of the nature and mode of addition of the poly(A) sequences at the 3′-termini of vaccinia virus messenger RNA, as well as of their function during translation in vivo and in vitro . The median length of poly(A) sequences on messenger RNA synthesized in vivo , both “early” and “late” in infection, and on RNA transcribed by vaccinia virus cores in vitro was the same, namely about 100 residues. Poly(A) on messenger RNA synthesized in vivo was slightly more homogeneous in size than that on RNA transcribed in vitro . No nucleic acid bases other than adenine were present. Base composition analysis of poly(A) liberated by pancreatic and T1 ribonuclease indicated that the average 3′-terminal sequences of vaccinia virus RNA were G(C 2 U 4 A ? )A 100 A oh . When vaccinia virus messenger RNA was hybridized to DNA, the poly(A) sequences remained free, and at least 95% of them could be removed by treatment with pancreatic and/or T1 ribonuclease, with no detectable diminution in size. This was interpreted as evidence that they were added posttranscriptionally, rather than copied from sequences of poly(dT) in the viral genome. In fact, the vaccina virus strain WR genome was found to contain essentially no poly(dT) sequences (less than 0.015% of the virus genome) as judged by poly(A) binding. In the presence of cordycepin, the formation of both early and late vaccinia messenger RNA in infected cells was markedly inhibited (90% inhibition by 50 μg/ml). The residual 10% of messenger RNA that was still formed under these conditions contained poly(A) sequences that were only about one-half their normal length, but gave rise to about one-half of the amount of virus-specified protein that was synthesized in the absence of cordycepin. Halving the length of poly(A) sequences on vaccinia virus messenger RNA therefore appears to have no adverse effects on its ability to be translated in vivo . Not all vaccinia virus messenger RNA molecules possessed poly(A); both early and late messenger RNA synthesized in vivo , as well as RNA transcribed in vitro , contained about 10% of molecules that did not bind to poly(U)-cellulose and contained no poly(A). The poly(A) (−) RNA molecules that were transcribed in vitro had the same size as poly(A) (+) RNA, and possessed the same base sequences as judged by hybridization analysis. Further, they were translated as efficiently as poly(A) (+) RNA molecules in an in vitro Krebs II ascites cell-free protein synthesizing system, yielding the same polypeptides. The presence of poly(A) was therefore not essential for translation in vitro . The pattern of polypeptides that was obtained was complex; this was no doubt due to the fact that, as determined by hybridization analysis, the messenger RNA synthesized by vaccinia virus cores in vitro was transcribed from 50% of the viral genome. This degree of complexity was quantitatively comparable to that of early messenger RNA synthesized in vivo .
Effect of an Oral Dose of Vitamin E on the Vitamin E and Cholesterol Content of Tissues of the Vitamin E-Deficient Rat

Weanling rats (female Sprague-Dawley) were fed until maturity a vitamin E-deficient diet or the deficient diet supplemented with 66 IU RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg. Vitamin E, vitamin E quinone and total cholesterol levels in plasma, liver, paraovarian adipose tissue, lung, ovary and adrenal tissue were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Vitamin E levels were greatly diminished, but cholesterol levels were unchanged in all tissues except adipose tissue of animals fed the deficient diet. Vitamin E-deficient animals received a single oral dose of 2 or 16.7 mg of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, and tissues were examined at 12 and 48 h. Plasma and liver formed a vitamin E pool that peaked at 12 h, had a high vitamin E/cholesterol ratio at 12 h and contained only trace amounts of vitamin E quinone. Adipose tissue, lung, ovary and adrenal concentrated vitamin E throughout the 48-h period, had low vitamin E/cholesterol ratios and contained small but significant amounts of vitamin E quinone. Vitamin E levels (micrograms/gram) at 48 h in lung, ovary and adrenal were higher than the vitamin E level in liver but the liver contained much more vitamin E (micrograms/organ) than the other tissues combined. Cholesterol levels (micrograms/gram) in plasma and liver decreased 45 to 55% in a dose- and time-dependent manner when a single oral dose of vitamin E was administered to deficient animals. Cholesterol levels in adipose tissue, lung and ovary were unchanged while the cholesterol level in adrenal increased 122% in a time-dependent manner with a single oral dose of vitamin E. These data show that a single oral dose of vitamin E has a profound effect on cholesterol levels in short-time experiments with the vitamin E-deficient rat. This rat model is appropriate for studies on the relationship between vitamin E and cholesterol metabolism in plasma, liver and the adrenal.
Evaluation of a Paper-patch Test for Sweat Chloride Determination

This article evaluates a recently developed qualitative sweat patch test (SPT). A battery- powered stimulator with polymer pad electrodes is used to stimulate sweating, followed by the application of a paper patch which collects the sweat and shows color change on sweat chloride levels above 40 to 50 mEq/l. Our data consist of 66 patients with cystic fibrosis, 75 control subjects, and 37 relatives of patients with cystic fibrosis, excluding 22 subjects (11%) with insuffacient sweat. There were no false-negative results among 66 patients with cystic fibrosis, and in the control group, 71 of 75 subjects gave negative results and the other four gave positive results. Of the 37 relatives, eight gave positive results; all of the eight subjects are parents of patients with cystic fibrosis. Our results indicate that SPT is useful and reliable when there is sufficient sweat. This portable and simple patch test may serve as an excellent screening test for cystic fibrosis.
Some exact results for a two-dimensional crystal growth problem

Abstract The growth rate G (α 1 , β 1 , α 2 , β 2 ) for growth perpendicular to an edge L units long is calculated as a function of the rate constants α 1 (attachment) and β 1 (detachment) for nucleation along the edge and of the rate constants α 2 and β 2 for lateral filling-in of nucleated regions along the edge. The bistrip problem ( L =2) shows 4 distinct regions of growth given by G =α 1 -β 1 +α 2 -β 2 , G =α 1 -β 1 , G =4(α 1 α 2 -β 1 β 2 )/(α 1 +α 2 +β 1 +β 2 ), G =0. The first two of these are not realizable thermodynamically but may be realizable at large supercoolings. G for arbitrary L is also obtained for certain special choices of the rate constants. Various measures of surface roughness are defined.
MEMS spring probe for next generation wafer level testing

MEMS spring probe was fabricated for a nondestructive contact and testing of ultra small pitch devices. The probes have high suspension from the bottom planar surface, high elastic spring constant, and low interface contact resistivity. All contacts take place simultaneously. The contact interface area of the fabricated probe was 70 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. Low RF signal loss was observed from RF testing. Measured S/sub 11/ parameter was approximately -50 dB and S/sub 21/ was -0.5 dB up to 30 GHz. The total resistance of the probe was 2 ohms and the inductance and capacitance were negligible.
GATA-3 as a Marker of Hormone Response in Breast Cancer

GATA-3 is a transcription factor that orchestrates gene expression profiles during embryogenesis of a variety of human tissues, including hematopoietic cells, skin, kidney, mammary gland, and the central nervous system. Among several other roles, GATA-3 has recently been identified as a key player of luminal cell differentiation in the mammary gland. The majority of breast cancers arise from luminal epithelial cells and hence GATA-3 appears to control a set of genes involved in the differentiation and proliferation of breast cancer. The expression of GATA-3 has a strong association with the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER) in breast cancer, and there is mounting evidence that GATA-3 can be used as a clinical marker to determine response to hormonal therapy and to refine the prognosis of breast cancer patients. Here, we review the literature from the past 10 y on GATA-3 in normal and pathological states of the mammary gland. Conclusions from the literature are confirmed using meta-analyses performed by the Oncomine Research Platform.
Accountability, accreditation, and continuous improvement: Building a culture of evidence

Using mixed methods, building evaluation into new programs, and conducting research that is authentic and meaningful to the internal campus community can generate interest and help fuel a data-intensive cultural transformation.
Modelling rate distributions using character compatibility: implications for morphological evolution among fossil invertebrates

Rate distributions are important considerations when testing hypotheses about morphological evolution or phylogeny. They also have implications about general processes underlying character evolution. Molecular systematists often assume that rates are Poisson processes with gamma distributions. However, morphological change is the product of multiple probabilistic processes and should theoretically be affected by hierarchical integration of characters. Both factors predict lognormal rate distributions. Here, a simple inverse modelling approach assesses the best single-rate, gamma and lognormal models given observed character compatibility for 115 invertebrate groups. Tests reject the single-rate model for nearly all cases. Moreover, the lognormal outperforms the gamma for character change rates and (especially) state derivation rates. The latter in particular is consistent with integration affecting morphological character evolution.
Relative disutilities of 47 risk factors and conditions assessed with seven preference-based health status measures in a national U.S. sample : Toward consistency in cost-effectiveness analyses

Background: Preference-based health measures yield summary scores that are compatible with cost-effectiveness analyses. There is limited comparative information, however, about how different measures weight health conditions in the U.S. population. Methods: We examined data from 11,421 adults in the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative sample of the U.S. general population, using information on sociodemographics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and education), health status (EQ-5D, EQ-VAS, and SF-12), 4 risk factors (smoking, overweight, obesity, and lacking health insurance), and 43 conditions. From the EQ-5D, we derived summary scores using U.K. EQ(UK) and U.S. weights. From the SF-12 we derived SF-6D, and regression-predicted EQ-5D (U.S. and U.K. weights) and Health Utility Index scores. Each of the 7 preference measures was regressed on each of the 47 problems (risk factors and conditions) to determine the disutility associated with the problem, adjusting for socio-demographics. Results: The adjusted disutilities averaged across the 47 problems for the 7 preference measures ranged from 0.059 for the SF-6D to 0.104 for the EQ(UK). Correlations between each of the measures of the adjusted disutilities ranged from 0.85–1.0. Standardization, using linear regression, attenuated between measure differences in disutilities. Conclusions: Absolute incremental cost-effectiveness analyses of a given problem would likely vary depending on the measure used, whereas the relative ordering of incremental cost-effectiveness analyses of a series of problems would likely be similar regardless of the measure chosen, as long as the same measure is used in each series of analyses. Absolute consistency across measures may be enhanced by standardization.
Urinary albumin to osmolality ratio predicts 24-hour urine albumin excretion in diabetes mellitus.

Abstract Background: Urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) in a single urine sample has been proposed to provide an estimate of microalbuminuria by adjusting for variability in urine concentrations. We hypothesized that adjusting the urine albumin concentration of single-void specimens for actual urine osmolality (urinary albumin to osmolality ratio [AOR]) may provide a more accurate estimate of 24-hour urine albumin excretion rates (AERs). Methods: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM; n=136) had urinary concentrations of albumin, glucose, and creatinine and osmolality measured on single-void samples, and albumin levels, on 24-hour samples. Microalbuminuria is defined as an AER between 30 and 300 mg/d. Results: Correlation between AOR on single-void samples and AER on 24-hour samples ( r = 0.87; P r = 0.88; P 2 (18.4 mg/mmol × 10 2 ) for AOR resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 86% in detecting microalbuminuria, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) for AOR was 0.89. Using a cutoff value of 15.0 mg/g (1.7 mg/mmol) for ACR resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 85% and 85% in detecting microalbuminuria, respectively. The AUC for ACR was 0.90. The ability of AOR to predict AER was maintained at varying degrees of glycosuria (glucose r = 0.77; 100 to 750 mg/dL [5.5 to 42 mmol/L]; r = 0.85; and >750 mg/dL [>42 mmol/L]; r = 0.92). Conclusion: Urinary AOR correlates closely with 24-hour microalbuminuria determination, and the correlation is not appreciably affected by glycosuria. Thus, AOR can be used as an alternative test to ACR in the assessment of microalbuminuria in the population with DM.
Sputtering in the outflows of cool stars

ABSTRA C T Radiation pressure acts to accelerate dust grains and, by transfer of momentum through collisions with the gas, drives the outflows of late-type stars. Some of these dust-gas collisions may be energetic enough to remove atoms from the dust grains. From an assumed initial size distribution for the dust grains, the method of Kruger et al. is used to study the evolution of a sample of spherical amorphous carbon grains under conditions typical of a late- type star. The size distribution of dust grains is presented for various sets of model parameters. One set of models assumes an initial Mathis, Rumpl & Nordsieck (MRN) distribution for the dust grains. The high-luminosity (Lp), high-effective temperature (Teff) set of parameters has a terminal velocity (vterm )t hat is near, butabove, the upper limit of observed outflow velocities for carbon stars (,30 km s 21 for the assumed Mof 5 10 26 M( yr 21 U: The low Lp, Teff model has a vterm that lies near, but below, the upper limit of observed velocities. A significant amount of sputtering occurs in the high Lp, Teff model with ,40 per cent of the grain mass sputtered. About ,1 per cent of the dust mass is sputtered in the low Lp, Teff. Another set of models assumes that the dust forms with a log-normal distribution. Here, vterm is nearly the same for the high Lp, Teff model as for the low Lp, Teff model. This is a result of the large amount of dust mass loss (,75 per cent) by sputtering in the high Lp, Teff model.
Evidence for lack of damage during photobleaching measurements of the lateral mobility of cell surface components

Abstract Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments to measure the mobility of cell surface components require a brief, but intense, pulse of light to photobleach the fluorescence in a restricted area of the cell. We studied possible photodamage to the cell surface during the photobleaching step using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and various FRAP measurements themselves. The cell membrane was left impermeable to trypan blue after photobleaching. SEM studies show that the morphology of the cell surface is not altered by photobleaching. Cells can be repeatedly photobleached and/or photobleached using longer bleach times and greater intensities without systematically altering FRAP kinetics. Singlet oxygen quenchers or free radical traps designed to inhibit putative photoreagents produced during photobleaching do not markedly affect the results. Fluorescein and rhodamine labels give similar results. All of these results, obtained with several different monolayer cultures, suggest that photodamage induced during photobleaching is not a serious artefact in the cellular FRAP results obtained to date.
Extraocular mesenchyme patterns the optic vesicle during early eye development in the embryonic chick.

The vertebrate eye develops from the neuroepithelium of the ventral forebrain by the evagination and formation of the optic vesicle. Classical embryological studies have shown that the surrounding extraocular tissues - the surface ectoderm and extraocular mesenchyme - are necessary for normal eye growth and differentiation. We have used explant cultures of chick optic vesicles to study the regulation of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) patterning and differentiation during early eye development. Our results show that extraocular mesenchyme is required for the induction and maintenance of expression of the RPE-specific genes Mitf and Wnt13 and the melanosomal matrix protein MMP115. In the absence of extraocular tissues, RPE development did not occur. Replacement of the extraocular mesenchyme with cranial mesenchyme, but not lateral plate mesoderm, could rescue expression of the RPE-marker Mitf. In addition to activating expression of RPE-specific genes, the extraocular mesenchyme inhibits the expression of the neural retina-specific transcription factor Chx10 and downregulates the eye-specific transcription factors Pax6 and Optx2. The TGF(b) family member activin can substitute for the extraocular mesenchyme by promoting expression of the RPE-specific genes and downregulating expression of the neural retina-specific markers. These data indicate that extraocular mesenchyme, and possibly an activin-like signal, pattern the domains of the optic vesicle into RPE and neural retina.
Dual Contouring with Topology-Preserving Simplification Using Enhanced Cell Representation

We present a fast, topology-preserving approach for isosurface simplification. The underlying concept behind our approach is to preserve the disconnected surface components in cells during isosurface simplification. We represent isosurface components in a novel representation, called enhanced cell, where each surface component in a cell is represented by a vertex and its connectivity information. A topology-preserving vertex clustering algorithm is applied to build a vertex octree. An enhanced dual contouring algorithm is applied to extract error-bounded multiresolution isosurfaces from the vertex octree while preserving the finest resolution isosurface topology. Cells containing multiple vertices are properly handled during contouring. Our approach demonstrates better results than existing octree-based simplification techniques.
On the Stability of a Tuned Vibration Absorber for Time Varying Multiple Frequencies

A class of actively tuned vibration absorbers is presented. The absorber substructure is controlled using an unconventional position feedback with multiple, unrelated time delays. This control sensitizes the absorber at a number of time-varying frequencies concurrently. It converts the absorber into a multi-frequency resonator (the Multiple Frequency Delayed Resonator or MFDR). The resonator, in turn, acts as a perfect absorber of vibration at its resonance frequencies when it is attached to a harmonically excited primary system. This tuning scheme offers some practical benefits. The highlight of the paper is on the stability analysis of such systems with multiple, unrelated time delays. A new strategy to achieve this, the Directional Stability Chart Method (DSCM), is presented, which is based on a one-dimensional search. A complementary method is also explained, the Local Stability Radius Method (LSRM), which results in a regional stability understanding. Examples are given to demonstrate the capabilitie...
The effect of income growth on the mix of purchases between disposable goods and reusable goods

With each passing year consumers find more and more disposable goods for sale in the market place. Even goods that were considered to be reusable goods just a few years back are now disposable goods. As a result the American economy has been labelled a ‘throwaway society’. This paper examines a main underlying cause for this trend by linking growth in consumer income with the purchases of disposable goods. More specifically, the model proposes that as incomes rise, consumers will purchase more of both reusable goods and disposable goods. However, as incomes rise, consumers will naturally substitute purchases away from reusable goods and into disposable goods. The shift towards disposable goods occurs because it becomes too costly for consumers to spend their time repairing and maintaining products. Their time is better spent in more productive endeavours. It is simply cheaper (in terms of opportunity cost of time) to dispose of old products and replace them with new products.
Effect of histamine desensitization on histamine induced gastric secretion of guinea pigs.

Summary 1.Treatment with increasing doses of histamine decreased the gastric secretory response of guinea pigs to histamine injection. 2.The same refractory stage can be established if during treatment each histamine injection is preceded by an injection of an antihistamine. 3.These phenomena may be due to histamine desensitization or simply to the exhaustion of the parietal cells. 4.Development of gastric ulcers was not evidenced during chronic treatment with increasing doses of histamine.
Bible Beliefs, Conservative Religious Identity, and Same-Sex Marriage Support: Examining Main and Moderating Effects

Research finds that Americans who espouse theologically conservative beliefs about the Bible generally oppose same-sex marriage. Studies exploring this link, however, have been limited in that their operationalization of fundamentalist belief has been problematically conceptualized and they have potentially confounded the effect of conservative religious identity. The current study asks: (1) How do distinct beliefs about the nature and authority of the Bible influence same-sex marriage support? (2) Do these beliefs influence same-sex marriage support independently of conservative religious identity? (3) To what extent do Bible beliefs and conservative religious identity moderate one another's effects? And (4) to what extent are these factors moderated by religious tradition and frequency of Bible reading? Analyses of 2006 Portraits of American Life Study data reveal that while identifying as religiously conservative is the strongest predictor of opposition to same-sex marriage, believing in inerrancy and creationism remain strong predictors in full models. I also find moderating effects between belief in creationism, inerrancy, inspiration; religious-conservative identity; and religious tradition. Findings clarify how theological beliefs and religious identity shape support for same-sex marriage across religious traditions.
The Civil War and the Southern Rail Network

The early decades of railroading in the United States, in the early 19th century, featured relatively small, disconnected rail systems operated by different railroad firms. A major obstacle to interconnecting these systems was the multiplicity of track gauges and other standards used by the different firms. However, in the latter part of the 19th century, standardization, interconnection, and expansion swept over U.S. railroading, resulting in a continent-wide rail network and the dawn of railroading as a major industry. This was no small feat, as standardization required extremely expensive reconfiguration of both fixed assets and rolling stock.Interestingly, scholars have given little attention to why that standardization occurred, given the expense. This paper argues that one of the more important causes was the near-total destruction of Southern rail networks during the U.S. Civil War, which diminished the path-dependence of the original, disparate railroad standards.
Expanding the Role of Nurses to Improve Hypertension Care and Control Globally

The role of the nurse in improving hypertension control has expanded over the past 50 years, complementing and supplementing that of the physician. Nurses' involvement began with measuring and monitoring blood pressure (BP) and patient education and has expanded to become one of the most effective strategies to improve BP control. Today the roles of nurses and nurse practitioners (NPs) in hypertension management involve all aspects of care, including (1) detection, referral, and follow up; (2) diagnostics and medication management; (3) patient education, counseling, and skill building; (4) coordination of care; (5) clinic or office management; (6) population health management; and (7) performance measurement and quality improvement. The patient-centered, multidisciplinary team is a key feature of effective care models that have been found to improve care processes and control rates. In addition to their clinical roles, nurses lead clinic and community-based research to improve the hypertension quality gap and ethnic disparities by holistically examining social, cultural, economic, and behavioral determinants of hypertension outcomes and designing culturally sensitive interventions to address these determinants.
The Descent into Glass Formation in Polymer Fluids

Glassy materials have been fundamental to technology since the dawn of civilization and remain so to this day: novel glassy systems are currently being developed for applications in energy storage, electronics, food, drugs, and more. Glass-forming fluids exhibit a universal set of transitions beginning at temperatures often in excess of twice the glass transition temperature Tg and extending down to Tg, below which relaxation becomes so slow that systems no longer equilibrate on experimental time scales. Despite the technological importance of glasses, no prior theory explains this universal behavior nor describes the huge variations in the properties of glass-forming fluids that result from differences in molecular structure. Not surprisingly, the glass transition is currently regarded by many as the deepest unsolved problem in solid state theory.In this Account, we describe our recently developed theory of glass formation in polymer fluids. Our theory explains the origin of four universal characteristic...
Jonathan Edwards's Change of Position On Stoddardeanism

When Jonathan Edwards was installed as assistant to his grandfather Solomon Stoddard at Northampton in 1727, he not only assumed the major pastoral responsibility for the largest congregation in western Massachusetts, but he also became coadministrator of the “lax” mode of admission to the sacraments that had prevailed at Northampton and throughout the Connecticut River Valley for some thirty years. This system granted both baptism and communion to all persons of age who had historical knowledge of the gospel and were of a “non-scandalous” life, on the grounds that all divinely established ordinances were capable of “begetting” faith. Although Stoddard did not originate the “lax” system, the practice was generally referred to as “Stoddardeanism” because from the time of his celebrated dispute with Increase Mather in 1700 (the so-called “Stoddardean controversy”) Stoddard had been its most systematic, persistent, and influential proponent in New England.
On grounding superadded properties in Locke

ABSTRACTScholars have employed three interpretive strategies to explain how Locke understands the metaphysical relationship between a superadded property and the material body to which it is affixed. The first is the mechanist strategy advanced by Michael Ayers and Edwin McCann. It argues that the mechanical affections of a given body are causally responsible for the operation of superadded powers. The second is the extrinsic strategy found in Mathew Stuart. It argues that Locke, who rejects mechanism, does not intend to ground superadded properties in the mechanical affections of material bodies. The third is the essentialist strategy developed by Lisa Downing. It argues that Locke, who does not adhere to mechanism, nevertheless intends to ground superadded properties in the real constitutions of their bearers. However, according to Downing, what grounds superadded properties are the nonmechanical affections of material bodies. My aim in this paper is to expand and strengthen the case for the extrinsic r...
C−H Activation of Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Arenes, and Ethers Using a Stannylene/Aryl Halide Mixture†

The reaction of SnC(SiMe3)2CH2CH2C(SiMe3)2/ArI (Ar = Ph, 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) with cyclohexane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, and mesitylene yields C−H activation products in which a new Sn−C bond is formed at the location of the weakest C−H bond. The regioselectivity of this reaction with trans-4-methyl-2-pentene and 4-methyl-2-pentyne was explored as a function of aryl halide for PhI, 2,4,6-trimethyliodobenzene, 2,4,6-triisopropyliodobenzene, 4-iodoanisole, 4-iodobenzonitrile, and 2,6-mesityliodobenzene. A degree of regiochemical control could be obtained as highlighted by increased amounts of primary activation. The use of 2,4,6-tert-butyliodobenzene resulted in C−H activation of the ortho tert-butyl groups in all solvents tried. The primary kinetic isotope effect for the reaction of SnC(SiMe3)2CH2CH2C(SiMe3)2/2,4,6-triisopropyliodobenzene with toluene/toluene-d7 was found to be 4.9 ± 0.5.
TNF-α protects dendritic cells from prostate cancer-induced apoptosis

We have recently shown that human prostate cancer (PCa) cells induced apoptotic death of the most potent antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DC), which are responsible for the induction of specific antitumor immune responses. Here we have evaluated the effect of murine PCa cells RM-1 on the survival of immature and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-stimulated mature DC. PCa cells and DC were co-incubated for 24–48 h and DC apoptosis was assessed by morphologic criteria, Annexin V assay, and TUNEL staining. We have shown that co-incubation of RM-1 cells with DC is accompanied by an increased level of DC apoptosis, which was mediated by decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Stimulation of DC maturation by TNF-α resulted in increased resistance of DC to PCa-induced apoptosis. In TNF-α treated mature DC, but not in immature DC, the expression of Bcl-2 was not blocked after exposure to RM-1-derived factors. Thus, these data suggest that TNF-α-induced maturation of DC increases their resistance to PCa induced apoptosis. This is likely to be due to the stabilizing of the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. The difference in the sensitivity of mature and immature DC to PCa-induced cell death should be considered during the design of DC-based clinical trials for PCa patients. .
A Market-Basket Approach to Predict the Acute Aquatic Toxicity of Munitions and Energetic Materials

An ongoing challenge in chemical production, including the production of insensitive munitions and energetics, is the ability to make predictions about potential environmental hazards early in the process. To address this challenge, a quantitative structure activity relationship model was developed to predict acute fathead minnow toxicity of insensitive munitions and energetic materials. Computational predictive toxicology models like this one may be used to identify and prioritize environmentally safer materials early in their development. The developed model is based on the Apriori market-basket/frequent itemset mining approach to identify probabilistic prediction rules using chemical atom-pairs and the lethality data for 57 compounds from a fathead minnow acute toxicity assay. Lethality data were discretized into four categories based on the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals. Apriori identified toxicophores for categories two and three. The model classified 32 of the 57 compounds correctly, with a fivefold cross-validation classification rate of 74 %. A structure-based surrogate approach classified the remaining 25 chemicals correctly at 48 %. This result is unsurprising as these 25 chemicals were fairly unique within the larger set.
Active Share and Emerging Market Equity Funds

This paper represents the first specific attempt in the literature to examine the relationship between active share and emerging market equity fund performance. Using a sample of U.S. based diversified emerging market equity funds whose prospectus benchmark is the MSCI emerging market equity index, we find a positive and significant relationship between the average level of a fund’s active share and fund performance. Funds that are more active have significantly better performance than other funds. We find this result to be robust with three different performance metrics over the period 2009-2014. We also find evidence that highly active funds that keep their level of activeness consistent over time have significantly better performance than do funds that change their level of activeness. Finally, we document that a significant number of diversified emerging market funds were closet indexing over the period 2009-2014, but that the percentage of funds that pursue this strategy has been declining.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on cantaloupes by octenidine dihydrochloride.

The efficacy of a new generation disinfectant, octenidine dihydrochloride (OH), as wash and coating treatments for reducing Listeria monocytogenes (LM), Salmonella spp. (SAL), and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EC) on cantaloupe was investigated. Cantaloupe rind plugs inoculated separately with the three bacterial species (∼8 log CFU/cm(2)) were washed for 1, 3, 5 min at 25 °C in water, or chlorine (200 ppm), ethanol (1%), OH (0.01, 0.05, 0.1%) and surviving populations were measured after treatment. Additionally, inoculated cantaloupe rind plugs were coated with 2% chitosan or chitosan containing OH (0.01, 0.05, 0.1%) and sampled for surviving pathogens. Subsequently, the antimicrobial efficacy of OH wash and coating (0.1, 0.2%) on whole cantaloupes was determined. All OH wash reduced LM, SAL, and EC on cantaloupe rinds by > 5 log CFU/cm(2) by 2 min, and reduced populations to undetectable levels (below 2 log CFU/cm(2)) by 5 min (P < 0.05). Similarly, OH coating on cantaloupe rinds reduced the pathogens by 3-5 log /cm(2) (P < 0.05). Washing and coating whole cantaloupes with OH reduced the three pathogens by at least 5 log and 2 log CFU/cm(2), respectively (P < 0.05). Results suggest that OH could be used as antimicrobial wash and coating to reduce LM, SAL, and EC on cantaloupes.
Powering an in-space 3D printer using solar light energy

This paper describes how a solar power source can enable in-space 3D printing without requiring conversion to electric power and back. A design for an in-space 3D printer is presented, with a particular focus on the power generation system. Then, key benefits are presented and evaluated. Specifically, the approach facilitates the design of a spacecraft that can be built, launched, and operated at very low cost levels. The proposed approach also facilitates easy configuration of the amount of energy that is supplied. Finally, it facilitates easier disposal by removing the heavy metals and radioactive materials required for a nuclear-power solution.
POLA ASUH MAKAN, PERKEMBANGAN BAHASA, DAN KOGNITIF ANAK BALITA STUNTED DAN NORMAL DI KELURAHAN SUMUR BATU, BANTAR GEBANG BEKASI

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this study were to identify the association between nutritional status, language and cognitive development and also differences of language and cognitive development between normal and stunted underfives children. The study design was a cross-sectional. Sample size was 70 children consisted of 35 normal and 35 stunted children. The highest percentage level of education of fathers and mothers only primary school and more than half of children from poor families. There was significant difference (p 0.05), namun skor pola asuh makan ibu anak balita normal lebih tinggi daripada anak balita stunted. Berdasarkan uji korelasi terdapat hubungan signifikan (p<0.05) antara status gizi indeks (TB/U) anak balita dengan perkembangan bahasa, namun tidak terdapat hubungan antara status gizi indeks (TB/U) dengan perkembangan kognitif balita.Kata kunci: anak balita, bahasa, kognitif, stunting
46 The national emergency medical services information system (NEMSIS): prehospital care data on injury

Background The National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) is the repository for data on emergency medical services (EMS) in the United States (US). Standard data elements are collected by local EMS providers, then aggregated at the state level and submitted to the national database. Data from NEMSIS are used to evaluate care delivery, compare regional differences, inform EMS provider training and generate research hypotheses. Methods Data were accessed using the NEMSIS on-line data cube. Nearly 25.5 million patient care reports were submitted in 2014. The subset of injury events were selected using Type of service = 911 response and Possible injury = Yes. Results More than 3.3 million records for possible injury events were reported in 2014, with 50% involving females and with 13% involving patients aged 0–19, 50% aged 20–59 and 36% aged 60+. Cause of injury was reported for 72%. Of events with a known cause, falls accounted for 46%, land transport 33%, struck by blunt object 11% and drug poisoning 4%. Age and sex distribution varied by cause of injury. Treatment was provided in 85% of events. Procedures were reported as being performed on 60% of patients. Common procedures included venous access (33%), spinal immobilisation (28%), cardiac monitoring (21%), pulse oximetry (20%), wound care (14%) and splinting (6%). Medications were reported as being given to 19% of patients. For those receiving medications, the most common medications were fentanyl (17%), morphine (10%), ondansetron (10%) and naloxone (2%). Nearly 90% of the treated patients were transported from the scene to a facility. Conclusions Analysis of NEMSIS data provides insight into the provision of EMS care to injured patients in the US. This data system may serve as a model for other countries in how to capture standard information from prehospital providers. Continued efforts to improve completeness of reporting will enhance the utility of these data for injury research.
Longer is Better? A Case Study of Product Review Helpfulness Prediction

Effective use of online product reviews is hampered by their large variance in helpfulness. Therefore, there is a great need to better understand the determinants of review helpfulness. As one of the most studied factors, review length has been commonly assumed to have a linear relationship with review helpfulness. However, a recent study reveals a different finding, but it does not provide detailed explanations. This research fills the gap by investigating the factors that moderate the impact of review length on review helpfulness. Drawing on information theory aiming to reduce redundancy, we explore the interaction between review length and several other factors, including readability, the number of product features, and redundancy of product features. The results of regression models confirm all hypotheses in terms of interaction effects. Our findings not only extend the information theory to a new domain but also help improve the understanding of review helpfulness.
Metrics for Quantifying Surface Wetting Effects on Vaporization Processes at Nanostructured Hydrophilic Surfaces

A static contact angle is most often used as a means of quantifying the wetting characteristics of the liquid phase in vaporization processes at a solid surface. This metric is often convenient to measure and intuitive in its interpretation, but when a surface is superhydrophilic, the resulting low contact angles are difficult to measure accurately from photographs of sessile droplet profiles or contact line regions. For droplets at ultra low contact angles, small changes of contact angle can produce very large changes in wetted surface area, which makes small uncertainties in contact angle result in large uncertainties in wetted area. For hydrophilic nanostructured surfaces, another disadvantage is that the relationship of the macroscopic (apparent) contact angle to the nanoscale interaction of the liquid and vapor contact line with the nanostructured surface is not always clear. In this study, a new wetting metric based on spreading characteristics of sessile droplets is proposed that can be easily measured for hydrophilic surfaces. This metric also has the advantage that it is a more direct and sensitive indicator of how a droplet spreads on the surface. The spread area directly impacts heat transfer interactions between the droplet and the surface, therefore affecting evaporation time. Consequently, a metric that more directly illustrates the spread area provides an indication of how the wetting will affect these mechanisms.Use of the proposed new metric is explored in the context of evaporation and boiling applications with superhydrophilic surfaces. Characteristics of this metric are also compared to static contact angle and other choices of wetting metrics suggested in earlier studies, such as dynamic advancing and receding contact angles, and spreading coefficients. The effects of nanoscale structure and/or roughness on the proposed wetting metric are analyzed in detail. A model is developed that predicts the dependence of the proposed wetting parameter on intrinsic material wettability for rough, nano-structured surfaces. The model results demonstrate that the proposed metric is a more sensitive indicator of macroscopic wetting behavior than apparent contact angle when the surface is superhydrophilic. This characteristic of the proposed new metric is shown to have advantages over other wetting metrics in the specific case of superhydrophilic nanostructured surfaces. Application of the proposed wetting metric is demonstrated for some example nanostructured surfaces. The results of our study indicate that this proposed new metric can be particularly useful for characterizing the effects of variable wetting on vaporization processes on highly wetted nanostructured surfaces.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Molecular Signatures of Drug Resistance

Genomic methods are helping to overcome limitations of individual markers in predicting response to chemotherapy. Molecular signatures of cancer heterogeneity and drug resistance are being developed that use data from both observational and experimental settings. Genomic signatures that represent specific pathways and biological processes are being integrated from diverse data types, including cell line models, genetically engineered mouse models, and patient studies of drug resistance. This chapter highlights recent advances and future directions in genomics of drug resistance, with emphasis on integrating insights from different study settings.