cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
True versus false positives and negatives on the Modified Checklist For Autism in Toddlers

Abstract Given the importance of early intervention services for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), early diagnosis of children is critical. At present, several ASD screeners exist for young children, with the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) being one of the most widely researched. While the M-CHAT has good sensitivity and specificity, the presence of false positives and false negatives is inevitable. While false positives are not as disconcerting, since follow-up assessment will reveal the absence of ASD, false negatives can inadvertently delay much needed services to toddlers. The current study examined parental report for 552 toddlers who were referred for early intervention services due to being part of an at-risk population. The groups were divided into four groups based on their M-CHAT scores and actual diagnoses – a true positive group (n = 150), false positive group (n = 150), true negative group (n = 151), and false negative group (n = 101). All four groups were compared with respect to their total M-CHAT score and total critical items score on the M-CHAT. While the true positive and false positive groups significantly differed from the true negative and false negative groups on both of these dimensions, significant differences were also found between the true and false positive groups but not between the true and false negative groups. Furthermore, all 23 M-CHAT items were more commonly endorsed by individuals in the true positive group when compared to the false positive group, while differences in item endorsements between the true and false negative groups were scant. Based on these results, the true and false positive groups tended to be more easily discriminated from one another while the true and false negative groups presented themselves similarly. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Seizure-induced miosis and ptosis: association with temporal lobe magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities.

Two patients with seizure-associated miosis and ptosis are described. In both there are magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities of the temporal lobe. In one patient, increased magnetic resonance imaging signal intensity is present in the temporal lobe contralateral to ptosis and miosis. In the other, there is temporal lobe asymmetry with the smaller temporal lobe ipsilateral to the miotic pupil and ptotic lid. The relevant human and experimental literature related to cortical control of pupil size and lid movement is reviewed. Based on the available literature and the findings in these two patients, it is proposed that the increased signal intensity in the temporal lobe of one patient represents an irritative stimulus causing contralateral miosis and ptosis, whereas the temporal lobe hypoplasia in the second patient permitted impulses from the contralateral normal temporal lobe to predominate, resulting in miosis and ptosis homolateral to the hypoplastic temporal lobe. (J Child Neurol 1990;5:142-146).
Activity of growth hormone peptides bGH 96-133 and hGH 95-133 in 3T3-F442A cells

Abstract Chemically synthesized bovine growth hormone (bGH) bGH 96–133 and its human homologue, hGH 95–133, have similar in vitro biological activities. Unlike native GH, bGH 96–133 and hGH 95–133 were completely without adipogenic or anti-insulin activity at doses up to 10 μM. bGH 96–133 had insulin-like activity, with a 100% increase in glucose uptake at 10 μM. bGH was anti-mitogenic and bGH 96–133 and hGH 95–133 were mitogenic (EC 50 ~ 180 nM and maximal response at 1–2 μM). Only bGH 96–133 and hGH 95–133 displaced [ 125 I]hGH 95–133 binding from 3T3-F442A fibroblasts with a K d between 60–120 nM. bGH, hGH, insulin and IGF-I were without effect on [ 125 I]hGH 95–133 binding. bGH 96–133 and hGH 95–133 did not significantly inhibit [ 125 I]hGH or [ 125 I]IGF-I binding. These experiments indicate that GH containing peptides bGH 96–133 and hGH 95–133 have mitogenic and insulin-like activity without the adipogenic, anti-insulin or anti-mitogenic activity of bGH. These peptides have a specific binding site which appears to be distinct from the GH, insulin and IGF-I receptors.
Fairness and the roads not taken: An experimental test of non-reciprocal set-dependence in distributive preferences☆

Abstract Experimental investigations of preferences for fairness reveal systematic set-dependence in people's allocative choices: Choices over identical options can be reversed by strategically irrelevant changes in the set of possible outcomes of the larger game. Set-dependent choice behavior is often thought to reflect reciprocity motives , the desire to reward good intentions and punish bad ones. This paper investigates set-dependence in unilateral decision problems, where reciprocity motives cannot be at work. By examining truncated dictator games —dictator games with constrained budgets—I document choice reversals that are systematically related to changes in the available set, yet cannot be explained by the desire to reciprocate intentions.
ARMA modeling of fourth-order cumulants and phase estimation

A new procedure is proposed for ARMA modeling of fourth-order cumulants and trispectrum estimation of non-Gaussian stationary random processes. The new procedure is applied to the identification of nonminimum phase systems for both phase and magnitude response estimation. It is demonstrated by means of comprehensive simulation examples that the ARMA approach exhibits improved performance over conventional trispectrum methods. ARMA model order selection criteria based on fourth-order cumulants are presented and their performance evaluated. The computational complexity of the ARMA and conventional trispectrum methods is also examined. The new procedure does not require knowledge of the non-Gaussian distribution.
The presence of viral antigen in the apoplast of systemically virus-infected plants

Abstract In healthy and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-infected tissues infiltrated with TMV, there are quantitative and qualitative differences in virus cell wall attachment, and in the retention of virus or its coat protein. An 125 I-labeled antibody technique was combined with cell wall digestion to determine antigen content of Nicotiana silvestris cell walls from light green (LG) and dark green (DG) areas of infected leaf tissues. The values (expressed in μg of bound 125 I-labeled TMV-U 1 -IgG/mg cell wall) ranged between 1 and 1.5 for light green (LG) and from 0.2 to 0.5 for dark green (DG) tissues of systemically infected leaves. Autoradiography with 125 I-labeled anti-TMV-U 1 -Fab fragments of IgG showed that Fab fragments can penetrate cell walls of tobacco leaf tissue, since viral antigen was shown to be present in cell walls of cells sustaining virus multiplication by this method.
Prevalence and predictors of PTSD and depression among adolescent victims of the Spring 2011 tornado outbreak

Background Relatively few studies have examined prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive episode (MDE) in disaster-affected adolescents. Fewer still have administered diagnostic measures or studied samples exposed to tornadoes, a common type of disaster. Further, methodologic problems limit the generalizability of previous findings. This study addressed prevalence estimates and risk factors for PTSD and MDE among adolescents exposed to the Spring 2011 tornado outbreak in Alabama and Joplin, Missouri. Methods A large (N = 2000), population-based sample of adolescents and caregivers, recruited randomly from tornado-affected communities, participated in structured telephone interviews. PTSD and MDE prevalence were estimated for the overall sample, by gender, and by age. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for PTSD and MDE. Results Overall, 6.7% of adolescents met diagnostic criteria for PTSD and 7.5% of adolescents met diagnostic criteria for MDE since the tornado. Girls were significantly more likely than boys to meet diagnostic criteria for MDE, and older adolescents were more likely than younger adolescents to report MDE since the tornado. Female gender, prior trauma exposure, and an injured family member were associated with greater risk for PTSD and MDE. Specific incident characteristics (loss of services, concern about others' safety) were associated with greater PTSD risk; prior disaster exposure was associated with lower MDE risk. Conclusions However, most adolescents were resilient following tornado exposure, roughly 1 in 15 developed PTSD, 1 in 13 developed MDE, and many more endorsed subclinical mental health problems. Information regarding specific risk factors can guide early screening, prevention, and intervention efforts in disaster-affected communities.
Low-dose versus high-dose oxytocin augmentation of labor - A randomized trial

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to compare the efficacy and safety of low-dose versus high-dose oxytocin regimens in the augmentation of labor. STUDY DESIGN: Three hundred ten term pregnancies requiring augmentation of labor underwent randomization to receive either a low-dose or high-dose oxytocin augmentation regimen. Maternal demographics, labor-delivery data, and neonatal outcome were compared. RESULTS: The hgih-dose oxytocin group had a significant lower cesarean section rate, regarless of parity (10.4% vs 25.7%. p p CONCLUSIONS: The use of a high-dose oxytocin regimen benefits both nulliparous and multiparous women requiring labor augmentation by significantly lowering both the time necessary to correct the labor normality and the need for cesarean section.
Sterol metabolism VIII. Conversion of cholesterol 20α-hydroperoxide to 20α, 21- and 20α,22R-dihydroxycholesterol by adrenal cortex mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. Cholesterol 20α-hydroperoxide incubated with bovine and murine adrenal cortex mitochondrial enzyme preparations yields 20α, 22 R -dihydroxycholesterol and 20α, 21-dihydroxycholesterol, isolated as crystalline material, both sterols being identified by direct comparison of physical properties with authentic reference samples. 2. 2. A chemical synthesis of the previously undescribed 20α, 21-dihydroxycholesterol from 3β, 21-diacetoxypregn-5-en-20-one is described. 3. 3. The enzyme involved could be solubilized from acetone-dried mitochondria by sonic treatment, giving a specific actifity of 2–5 nmoles/min per mg protein (at 30°). Preparations of partially purified cytochrome P-450 derived from these mitochondrial extracts were also enriched in the sought enzyme. 4. 4. The transformations of cholesterol 20α-hydroperoxide to 20α, 21- and 20α, 22 R -dihydroxycholesterols do not occur with heat inactivated preparations nor with preparations subjected to prolonged sonication. 5. 5. The transformations do not require molecular oxygen or added NADPH. 6. 6. Decomposition of cholesterol 20α-hydroperoxide to pregnenolone, androst-5-ene-3β, 17β-diol, and androst-5-en-3β-ol is catalyzed slightly by protein, but at a much lower reaction velocity than the enzymic transformation, thus becoming noticeable only after prolonged incubations. 7. 7. A speculative proposal is made that the adrenal cortical cleavage of the isohexyl moiety of the cholesterol side-chain may proceed via 20α-hydroperoxide formation followed by enzymic rearrangement to 20α, 22 R -dihydroxycholesterol, which then undergoes bond cleavage between C-20 and C-22 to yield pregnenolone.
Objective image quality assessment of texture compression

Texture compression is widely used in real-time rendering to reduce storage and bandwidth requirements. Recent research in compression algorithms has explored both reduced fixed bit rate and variable bit rate algorithms. The results are evaluated at the individual texture level using Mean Square Error, Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio, or visual image inspection. We argue this is the wrong evaluation approach. Compression artifacts in individual textures are likely visually masked in final rendered images and this masking is not accounted for when evaluating individual textures. This masking comes from both geometric mapping of textures onto models and the effects of combining different textures on the same model such as diffuse, gloss and bump maps. We evaluate final rendered images using rigorous perceptual error metrics. Our method samples the space of viewpoints in a scene, renders the scene from each viewpoint using variations of compressed textures, and then compares each to a ground truth using uncompressed textures from the same viewpoint. We show that masking has a significant effect on final rendered image quality, that graphics hardware compression algorithms are too conservative, and reduced bit rates are possible while maintaining quality.
Exploiting Strong Syntactic Heuristics and Co-Training to Learn Semantic Lexicons

We present a bootstrapping method that uses strong syntactic heuristics to learn semantic lexicons. The three sources of information are appositives, compound nouns, and ISA clauses. We apply heuristics to these syntactic structures, embed them in a bootstrapping architecture, and combine them with co-training. Results on WSJ articles and a pharmaceutical corpus show that this method obtains high precision and finds a large number of terms.
Neutrophil migration inhibition factor from T lymphocytes (NIF-T): partial purification by antibody affinity chromatography and further characterization.

Abstract Neutrophil migration inhibition factor from T lymphocytes (NIF-T) is a newly recognized glycoprotein that is distinguished from other migration inhibition factors by its molecular weight, isoelectric point, and resistance to inactivation by diisopropyl-fluorophosphate (DFP). NIF-T was purified approximately 1700-fold by antibody affinity chromatography. Two major peaks of NIF-T activity corresponding to molecular weights of about 50,000 and 25,000 were resolved by gel filtration chromatography. The predominant molecular weight species was approximately 25,000 as determined by gel filtration chromatography in the presence of urea and by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The larger (50,000) component probably represents a dimer or aggregate of the smaller molecular weight component. NIF-T was shown to have an isoelectric point of approximately pH 4.6. Treatment with bacterial neuraminidase shifted the isoelectric point to about pH 4.8, suggesting the presence of sialic acid.
Using Soil 13C to Detect the Historic Presence of Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem) Grasslands on Martha's Vineyard

We used differences in soil carbon δ 13 C values between forested sites and grasslands dominated by the C 4 grass Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem) to detect the presence of former grasslands in the historical landscape of the coastal sand plain of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Soil δ 13 C was measured at (1) sites with long-term forest or grassland vegetation and (2) sites with known histories where forest vegetation invaded grassland and where forest converted to grassland. The δ 13 C of soil under long-term grassland was -24.1‰ at 0 to 2 cm depth and -23.4‰ at 2 to 10 cm and was enriched by 3.4‰ and 2.8‰ compared with soil under long-term forest. In forests that invaded grasslands dominated by S. scoparium, soil δ 13 C decreased as C derived from trees replaced C from S. scoparium. This decline occurred faster in surface soils and in the light soil organic matter fraction than in the mineral soil. In forests that converted to grasslands, soil δ 13 C increased and the rate of increase was similar in surface and mineral soil and in the different soil organic matter fractions. Rates of change indicated that soil δ 13 C could be used to detect changes in vegetation involving the presence or absence of S. scoparium during the last 150 years. Application of this model to a potential grassland restoration site on Martha's Vineyard where the landscape history was not known indicated that the site was previously unoccupied by S. scoparium during this time. The δ 13 C of surface mineral soil can be useful for detecting the presence of historic S. scoparium grasslands but only in the period well after European settlement of these coastal sand plain landscapes.
Individual Differences in Predicting Behavioral Intentions from Attitude and Subjective Norm

The relations between attitude toward the act and subjective norm to behavioral intentions were examined from an individual difference perspective. High- and low-self-monitoring American undergradu...
Variational asymptotic modeling of composite beams with spanwise heterogeneity

This paper is concerned with modeling composite beams with spanwise heterogeneity. We first formulate the original three-dimensional problem in an intrinsic form which admits a geometrically exact formulation. Taking advantage of slenderness of beam structure and smallness of heterogeneity, we use the variational asymptotic method to systematically obtain an effective beam model through simultaneous homogenization and dimensional reduction. This approach is implemented in the commercial code VABS using the finite element technique for the purpose of dealing with composite beams with spanwise heterogeneity in real applications. A few examples are used to demonstrate the capability of this new model.
Treatment of Large von Hippel Tumors by Eye Wall Resection

Abstract Two large angiomas (>3 disc diameters) in two patients with von Hippel disease were removed successfully by eye wall resection. The resection of angioma in the first case resulted in improved visual acuity from counting fingers to 20/140, decreased exudates, and cessation of preoperative diffuse retinal capillary leakage observed by fluorescein angiography. The resection in the second case with pre-existing local tractional retinal detachment was tolerated well. The patient retained her preoperative visual acuity of 20/25, and retinal traction was released. Although a complicated surgical procedure, resection of large angiomas offers a good alternative therapy to tumors resistant to cryocoagulation or photocoagulation.
Self directed change: Two studies.

These studies describe two experiments testing the effectiveness of a new procedure for self-directed behavior change in a self-analytic group and investigating the effects of variations in the change technique. In both studies, graduate students in industrial management selected personal change goals and worked to achieve them during weekly or biweekly group meetings. Initial commitment to achieveing the change goal was significantly related to change for subjects in both experiments (p < .015). The 25 subjects in Experiment I who were in groups where exchange of feedback about the projects was encouraged reported significantly more change (p < .o3) than did the 21 subjects in groups where the projects were not discussed. In Experiment II, where all 54 subjects were encouraged to discuss the projects, it was found that the amount of discussion of an individual's project in the group during the second half of the semester was significantly related to both self-perceived change (p < .015) and to group lead...
Fast fifth-order polynomial transforms for generating univariate and multivariate nonnormal distributions

A general procedure is derived for simulating univariate and multivariate nonnormal distributions using polynomial transformations of order five. The procedure allows for the additional control of the fifth and sixth moments. The ability to control higher moments increases the precision in the approximations of nonnormal distributions and lowers the skew and kurtosis boundary relative to the competing procedures considered. Tabled values of constants are provided for approximating various probability density functions. A numerical example is worked to demonstrate the multivariate procedure. The results of a Monte Carlo simulation are provided to demonstrate that the procedure generates specified population parameters and intercorrelations.
Plasminogen activator activity of isolated cardiac muscle microvessel endothelial cells

Isolated capillary and other microvessel (<50 μm) endothelial cells obtained from rat cardiac muscle show plasminogen activator activity that is similar to observations reported for cultured rabbit and bovine aortic and venous intimal endothelium. The extent of plasminogen activator activity is observed to be a function of time and endothelial lysate protein concentration. Microvessel endothelium does not appear to secrete an acid-labile fibrinolytic inhibitor similar to that reported for cultured intimal cells, which when inactivated at pH 2.7 enhanced plasminogen activator activity.
Predicting Marital Adjustment from Young Adults’ Initial Levels and Changes in Emotional Intimacy over Time: A 25-Year Longitudinal Study

Emotional intimacy has long been known to influence marital adjustment. However, little is known about whether emotional intimacy experienced and developed during early adulthood predicts marital adjustment at a later time. Using longitudinal data from a sample of recent university graduates (N = 144) at five data points over a period of 25 years, it was found that higher levels of earlier emotional intimacy with a closest other and change in emotional intimacy over the first 8 years predicted Wave 5 marital adjustment. On average, women reported greater emotional intimacy than men at Wave 1. Neither change in marital status nor gender moderated the associations between emotional intimacy intercept and slope with marital adjustment at Wave 5. These as well as cluster analytic findings are discussed in light of Erikson’s developmental theory and applied to the idea that emotional intimacy may be a skill that can be developed and potentially modified.
Action of human placental lactogen on second metamorphosis in the newt Notophthalmus viridescens.

The effects of human placental lactogen (HPL) on metamorphosis were studied in red efts (land stage) of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Three groups received the following injections: (i) low (10 μg) doses of HPL; (ii) high (100 μg) doses of HPL; (iii) low doses of HPL plus 0.01 μg thyroxine (T4). The low dosage level was most effective in inducing migration into water (water drive) and increasing the tail height. The higher dose was least effective in inducing water drive and had no effect on tail height. No synergistic effect was noted with HPL plus T4 treatment. Thus, HPL has a clear-cut prolactin-like effect in that both substances can induce second metamorphosis. However, HPL differs strikingly from prolactin in the failure of high doses to induce water drive and also in the absence of synergism with T4.
Hsp110 chaperones control client fate determination in the hsp70-Hsp90 chaperone system.

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) plays a central role in protein homeostasis and quality control in conjunction with other chaperone machines, including Hsp90. The Hsp110 chaperone Sse1 promotes Hsp90 activity in yeast, and functions as a nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) for cytosolic Hsp70, but the precise roles Sse1 plays in client maturation through the Hsp70–Hsp90 chaperone system are not fully understood. We find that upon pharmacological inhibition of Hsp90, a model protein kinase, Ste11ΔN, is rapidly degraded, whereas heterologously expressed glucocorticoid receptor (GR) remains stable. Hsp70 binding and nucleotide exchange by Sse1 was required for GR maturation and signaling through endogenous Ste11, as well as to promote Ste11ΔN degradation. Overexpression of another functional NEF partially compensated for loss of Sse1, whereas the paralog Sse2 fully restored GR maturation and Ste11ΔN degradation. Sse1 was required for ubiquitinylation of Ste11ΔN upon Hsp90 inhibition, providing a mechanistic explanation for its role in substrate degradation. Sse1/2 copurified with Hsp70 and other proteins comprising the “early-stage” Hsp90 complex, and was absent from “late-stage” Hsp90 complexes characterized by the presence of Sba1/p23. These findings support a model in which Hsp110 chaperones contribute significantly to the decision made by Hsp70 to fold or degrade a client protein.
Unifying the Standard Setting Process for Carcinogens and Non-Carcinogens

(1999). Unifying the Standard Setting Process for Carcinogens and Non-Carcinogens. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene: Vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 742-747.
The smoke ion source: a device for the generation of cluster ions via inert gas condensation

We report the development of an ion source for generating intense, continuous beams of both positive and negative cluster ions. This device is the result of the marriage of the inert gas condensation method with techniques for injecting electrons directly into expanding jets. In the preliminary studies described here, we have observed cluster ion size distributions ranging from n= 1−400 for Pb+ n and Pb− n , and from n = 12−5700 for Li− n .
Secondary photon emission studies of ion bombarded beryllium

Abstract The secondary photon emission which arises during ion bombardment of Be metal foil by 200–3000 eV Kr + , Ar + , Ne + , O 2 + and N 2 + was studied. By measuring the secondary photon emission yield of four Be(I) and one Be(II) emission lines as a function of incident ion energy information pertinent to the excitation process was obtained. Using a model based on a velocity dependent excitation process, the random collision cascade theory of sputtering; and making allowance for non-radiative de-excitation of the excited sputtered atoms and/or ions, it was possible to account for the observed energy dependent yields. The results of this model indicate that the secondary photon emission yield, Y i ex of a given emission line, i , can be expressed as: Y i ex ( υ m ) ∝ J ( μ A/cm 2 ) · S (no./ion) · exp[−( A / a ) i / υ m ], where J is the incident ion current density, S the sputtering yield; υ m is the velocity corresponding to the maximum energy transferred between the incident ion of energy E 1 , mass M 1 and the target atom of mass M 2 , i.e. υ m = (8M 1 E 1 /(M 1 +M 2 ) 2 ) 1 2 ;(A/a) i is the non-radiative de-excitation parameter for state i . Values for the ( A / a ) i parameters were found to be ≈(1–3) × 10 7 cm/s for the Be(I) and Be(II) states; a decrease to ap;(5–7) × 10 6 cm/s upon O 2 + bombardment was observed for the Be(I) states, the value for the Be(II) state did not change.
The electrical impedance response of steel surface oxide layers in molten lead-bismuth eutectic

Abstract Stainless steel 316L samples were preoxidized and then immersed in molten lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) alloy at 200 °C. The changes in their electrical impedance responses were observed over time. Negligible impedance magnitudes were observed at first, followed by a rapid increase to thousands of ohm-cm 2 . The impedance response is sensitive to changes in the immersed sample area. Micro-indentations on samples caused their impedance magnitudes to decrease initially, but the magnitudes recovered within a few days. SEM analysis showed that the indentations were still present and visible even after the recovery of impedance response, demonstrating that the physical features of the oxide layers which govern the electrical response must be smaller than the micrometer length scale.
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis From Graft-vs-Host Disease Occurrence in a Patient With Thymic Hypoplasia

• An infant with diarrhea, failure to thrive, and a seborrhea-like skin eruption was thought to have fatal familial Leiner's syndrome. Treatment with nonirradiated plasma was followed by graft-vs-host disease and fatal toxic epidermal necrolysis; thymic hypoplasia was found at autopsy. Accurate diagnosis of immunodeficiency syndromes is essential to avoid potentially harmful therapy. (Am J Dis Child132:282-284, 1978)
A Toy Model for Quantum Mechanics

The toy model used by Spekkens (Phys. Rev. A 75, 032110, 2007) to argue in favor of an epistemic view of quantum mechanics is extended by generalizing his definition of pure states (i.e. states of maximal knowledge) and by associating measurements with all pure states. The new toy model does not allow signaling but, in contrast to the Spekkens model, does violate Bell-CHSH inequalities. Negative probabilities are found to arise naturally within the model, and can be used to explain the Bell-CHSH inequality violations.
Generation of large-scale cosmological structures by gravitational clustering

A VARIETY of observational evidence attests to the presence of large voids, filaments and sheets in the distribution of galaxies on large cosmological scales. Similar structures have been produced by numerical simulation of the gravitational evolution of a distribution of initial density fluctuations, but there has been controversy over which initial conditions are needed to produce the desired result: the interpretation of simulations is generally hampered by their discreteness, low resolution both spatially and in mass, and poor statistics. Here we present the results of a set of high-resolution two-dimensional simulations starting from gaussian initial conditions1,2. Such a distribution, in which the phases of the Fourier components of the density fluctuations are distributed randomly, is the 'least special' of initial states, and is believed to have a physical origin in quantum noise in the early Universe. By systematically comparing results from simulations in which the power spectra varied but the initial phases were kept the same, we argue that filamentary structure is a general result of nonlinear gravitational evolution, and requires less power on large scales than has often been believed.
Vertical Empire: The General Resettlement of Indians in the Colonial Andes / Negotiated Settlements: Andean Communities and Landscapes under Inka and Spanish Colonialism

The reduccion general, or general resettlement of Indians, holds a prominent place in many synthetic histories of the late sixteenth century Andes—appearing, alongside the mita labor draft and the ...
Teaching Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities to Self-Manage Classroom Survival Skills

This multiple baseline study investigated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral self-management training package on the consistent use of specific classroom survival skills. Participants were three adolescent males with learning disabilities in Grades 7 and 8. The training package involved a multicomponent strategy focused on the improvement, maintenance, and cross-classroom generalization of targeted classroom preparedness skills. Following intervention, the training procedures were systematically faded. Results demonstrated more consistent use of targeted classroom survival skills by all three students in both learning support and mainstream generalization settings. Long-term maintenance of the intervention effects was observed for two students in both settings. Three social validity measures revealed positive results. Implications for self-management in secondary education settings are discussed.
The role of microbial flora on the ocular surface

Purpose of review Presence and interplay of microbial flora at the ocular surface reveal dynamic and evolving interactions with implications for both ocular surface health and disease. Data in this area are scarce or non-existent. The purpose of this review is to provide a snapshot of new and emerging developments in this area over the last 12 months. Recent findings Recent findings signal potential roles for ocular surface microbial flora in both the preservation and extension of ocular surface health and in the initiation of new or escalation of common surface disorders. Contributions range from priming surface epithelial immune cells to regulating mucin composition and production. Other findings explore the emergent role of ocular microbial flora cross talk with pattern recognition receptors to protect and strengthen local and adaptive mucosal immunity while preserving vision. Summary Deciphering the functional role of microbial communities at the ocular surface could bring new insights into and clarify the epidemiology and pathology of ocular surface dynamics in health and disease.
Two ways of slicing programs

Abstract There are usually many different ways in which a sequential program can be designed to solve a given problem. The paper presents the view that a significant part of sequential program design can be viewed as the selection of a strategy for scheduling processes in an abstract network of processes. In particular, it is suggested that there are two principal ways of ·slicing’ an abstract network so as to derive a sequential program from it. The first way of slicing a program corresponds to partitioning the processes in the abstract network that represents the program. The second corresponds to ·time slicing’ sequences of messages generated within the network.
Molecular structures of the S124A, S124T, and S124V site-directed mutants of UDP-galactose 4-epimerase from Escherichia coli.

UDP-galactose 4-epimerase plays a critical role in sugar metabolism by catalyzing the interconversion of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucose. Originally, it was assumed that the enzyme contained a “tradi...
Ferrocene-based heteronuclear bidentate Lewis acids via highly selective ortho-borylation of 1,1'-bis(trimethylstannyl)ferrocene

A new type of ferrocene-based heteronuclear bidentate Lewis acid with both Lewis acidic centers attached to the same cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ring is reported. Borylation of 1,1‘-bis(trimethylstannyl)ferrocene (1) with BCl3 in hexanes at −78 °C occurs with high selectivity at the α-position to give 1-(Me3Sn)-2-(Cl2B)fc (2a-Cl; fc = ferrocenediyl) as the major product in ca. 87% spectroscopic yield. Only minor amounts of the two other isomers, the 1-stannyl-3-boryl- (2b-Cl) and the 1-stannyl-1‘-borylferrocene (2c-Cl), are observed. The reaction rate and selectivity strongly depend on the steric and electronic properties of the electrophile. With the bulkier electrophile C6F5BCl2 larger amounts of the 1,3-product, 1-(Me3Sn)-3-(C6F5ClB)fc (2b-Pf; ca. 40%), form in addition to the 1,2-isomer 1-(Me3Sn)-2-(C6F5ClB)fc (2a-Pf; ca. 60%). Use of the weaker electrophile PhBCl2 results in a significantly lower reaction rate. Treatment of 1 with excess borane in hexanes yields 1-(ClMe2Sn)-2-(Cl2B)fc (3a-Cl) and 1-(ClMe2S...
ALEPH: A bilingual integrated library system

Working with a foreign vendor and creating a network among three multilingual libraries was a challenging experience for the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. After four years investigating library systems offering integrated capabilities for English/Hebrew, the Library selected the ALEPH system. The intricacies of the Hebrew language posed unexpected problems. Gratz College and the Annenberg Research Institute became key players in the establishment of the network. Several technical difficulties had to be resolved before the interfacing aspects among the three multilingual libraries became functional.
The influence of dose and dose rate of total lymphoid irradiation in the rat cardiac allograft model

Summary Immunosuppression generated by total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) may be of use in solid organ transplantation.We have investigated the use of TLI in the rat cardiac allograft model. Lewis rats received TLI from a cobalt-60 machine. The daily dose was 1.25 Gy and treatments were administered 4 days per week. We performed experiments to assess the effect of dose rate upon graft survival. The dose rate was varied by changing the source to animal distance and by using a lead attenuator. Cardiac allografts from each ACI donor rat were transplanted to the recipient Lewis rat's abdomen utilizing microvascular surgical technique. Heart graft survival times (GST) were monitored by direct palpation of the cardiac impulse. Immune function was measured by an activity index of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. In the absence of any immunosuppression there was a mean GST of 6.9±0.3 days. When a graft was placed the day following completion of TLI, there was an increase in GST as the total TLI dose was increased. Mean GST (±S.E.) following 5, 10, and 15 Gy were 12.3±1.3, 14.5±1.3, and 25.5±1.1 days, respectively. Following 20 Gy, GST decreased because of irradiation induced pulmonary toxicity and host death. When 3.5 weeks were allowed to elapse between the completion of TLI and transplantation, GST were less than those seen with equivalent doses of TLI and early transplantation. Mean GST following 5, 10, and 15 Gy and a delayed transplant were 7.2±0.1, 10.7±1.2, and 19.0±3.5 days, respectively. We tested the effect of dose rate upon GST. The total TLI dose was held constant at 15 Gy while the dose rate of the daily fractions was varied. The mean GST were 25.5±1.1 days for 13 cGy/min, 17.5±1.9 days for 90 cGy/min, and 18±1.3 days for 200 cGy/min. The activity index was depressed in irradiated animals and was lowest in those animals with the longest graft survival. We conclude: (1) TLI prolongs cardiac allograft survival in a dose-dependent fashion up to 15 Gy; (2) the effects of TLI partially decay as time elapses between irradiation and graft placement, (3) the effects of TLI may be dose-rate dependent.
Explicit pseudo two-step runge-kutta methods for parallel computers

The aim of this paper is to investigate a class of explicit pseudo two-step Runge-Kutta methods of arbitrarily high order for nonstiff problems for systems of first-order differential equations. By using collocation techniques we can obtain for any given order of accuracy p, a stable pth-order explicit pseudo two-step Runge-Kutta method requiring only one effective sequential right-hand side evaluation per step on multiprocessor computers. By a few widely-used test problems, we show the superiority of the methods considered in this paper over both sequential and parallel methods available in the literature.
Photochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol and Formate in a Homogeneous System with Pyridinium Catalysts

Photochemical catalytic CO2 reduction to formate and methanol has been demonstrated in an aqueous homogeneous system at pH 5.0 comprising ruthenium(II) trisphenanthroline as the chromophore, pyridine as the CO2 reduction catalyst, KCl, and ascorbic acid as a sacrificial reductant, using visible light irradiation at 470 ± 20 nm. Isotopic labeling with 13CO2 yields the six-electron-reduced product 13CH3OH. After 1 h photolysis, the two-electron-reduced product formate and the six-electron-reduced product methanol are produced with quantum yields of 0.025 and 1.1 × 10–4, respectively. This represents 76 and 0.15 turnovers per Ru for formate and methanol, respectively, and 152 and 0.9 turnovers per Ru on an electron basis for formate and methanol, respectively. The system is inactive after 6 h irradiation, which appears largely to be due to chromophore degradation. A partial optimization of the methanol yield showed that high pyridine to Ru ratios are needed (100:1) and that the optimum pH is near 5.0. The pr...
Regularity Criteria for the Dissipative Quasi-Geostrophic Equations in Hölder Spaces

We study regularity criteria for weak solutions of the dissipative quasi-geostrophic equation (with dissipation (−Δ) γ/2, 0 < γ ≤ 1). We show in this paper that if $${\theta \in C((0, T); C^{1-\gamma})}$$ , or $${\theta \in L^{r}((0, T); C^\alpha)}$$ with $${\alpha = 1 - \gamma + \frac{\gamma}{r}}$$ is a weak solution of the 2D quasi-geostrophic equation, then θ is a classical solution in $${(0, T] \times {\mathbb R}^2}$$ . This result improves our previous result in [18].
The length of the male urethra

PURPOSE: Catheter-based medical devices are an important component of the urologic armamentarium. To our knowledge, there is no population-based data regarding normal male urethral length. We evaluated the length of the urethra in men with normal genitourinary anatomy undergoing either Foley catheter removal or standard cystoscopy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male urethral length was obtained in 109 men. After study permission was obtained, the subject's penis was placed on a gentle stretch and the catheter was marked at the tip of the penis. The catheter was then removed and the distance from the mark to the beginning of the re-inflated balloon was measured. Alternatively, urethral length was measured at the time of cystoscopy, on removal of the cystoscope. Data on age, weight, and height was obtained in patients when possible. RESULTS: The mean urethral length was 22.3 cm with a standard deviation of 2.4 cm. Urethral length varied between 15 cm and 29 cm. No statistically significant correlation was found between urethral length and height, weight, body mass index (BMI), or age. CONCLUSIONS: Literature documenting the length of the normal male adult urethra is scarce. Our data adds to basic anatomic information of the male urethra and may be used to optimize genitourinary device design.
Estimation of Subgrade Resilient Modulus for Virginia Soil

In 2004, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) was developed under NCHRP Project 1-37A to replace the currently used 1993 AASHTO guide. Implementing the MEPDG requires the mechanistic characterization of pavement materials and the calibration of performance prediction models by the user agencies. The Virginia Department of Transportation required a guideline for the mechanistic characterization of subgrade soils in its MEPDG implementation. More than 100 soil samples representing every physiographic region in Virginia were collected for resilient modulus testing, including quick shear and soil index properties, standard Proctor values, and California bearing ratio. Resilient modulus values and regression coefficients of constitutive models for the resilient modulus of typical Virginia soils were successfully computed. They could be used for the MEPDG Level 2 or Level 3 design and analysis of smaller projects for which costly and complex resilient modulus testing is not justified. Correla...
Efficient global redundant configuration resolution via sub-energy tunneling and terminal repelling

A method for the global configuration resolution for kinematically redundant manipulators is presented. This method is based on an efficient global optimization algorithm which uses a sub-energy tunneling function and terminal repellers. This optimization algorithm is reviewed, and its specialization to redundancy resolution is developed. Applications of this method and comparisons to null-space projection are presented. >
Between Promises and Performance: A Critique of Nehru’s Contribution to Secularism in India

A significant portion of the current debate on secularism has focused on Nehru’s role in conceptualizing and institutionalizing this concept. Supporters of the Nehruvian legacy of secularism applaud him for adopting this policy and for establishing communal harmony. Critics hold Nehru responsible for the problems associated with secularism. This article assesses the significance and consequences of Pandit Nehru’s contributions to secularism by carefully examining the track record of his government in this area. My main argument is that Nehru deserves credit for introducing secularism to a people who were inured to discriminatory, anti-minority views and practices for centuries. However, he failed to institutionalize this policy in the polity and civil society. I posit that though Pandit Nehru faced formidable opposition to his secular policies from Hindu conservatives within the Congress and the Hindu nationalists outside, he could have pursued several, long-term, non-confrontational strategies for instit...
Selectivity of multiple-contact nerve cuff electrodes: a simulation analysis

Advances in functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) have increased the need for nerve cuff designs that can control multiple motor functions through selective stimulation of selected populations of axons. This selectivity has proved to be difficult to achieve. Recent experiments suggest that it is possible to slowly reshape peripheral nerve without affecting its physiological function. Using computer simulations the authors have tested the hypothesis that changing the cross section of a nerve from a round to a flat configuration can significantly improve the selectivity of a nerve cuff. The authors' introduce a new index to estimate selectivity to evaluate the various designs. This index is based on the ability of a nerve electrode to stimulate a target axon without stimulating any other axons. The calculations involve a three-dimensional finite element model to represent the electrical properties of the nerve and cuff and the determination of the firing properties of individual axons. The selectivity rating was found to be significantly higher for the Flat Cuff than the Round Cuff. The result was valid with uniform or random distribution of axons and with a random distribution of fascicles diameters. Flattening of individual fascicles also improved the selectivity of the Flat Cuff but only when the number of contacts used was increased to maintain uniform contact density. Therefore, cuff designs that can reshape the nerve into flatter configurations should yield better cuff performance than the cylindrical cuffs but will require higher contact density.
Commitments Among Autonomous Agents in Information-Rich Environments

Commitments are crucial to understanding and designing autonomous agents and multiagent systems. We propose a definition of commitments that applies especially well to agents in information-rich applications, such as electronic commerce and virtual enterprises. Our approach has a number of important features, including not gratuitously translating social concepts to psychological concepts distinguishing between satisfied and inapplicable commitments incorporating social policies to handle the creation, satisfaction, and cancelation of commitments relating commitments to organizational structure in a multiagent system showing how commitments are acquired by agents as a consequence of adopting a role.
Reciprocal interaction between two cellular proteins, Puralpha and YB-1, modulates transcriptional activity of JCVCY in glial cells.

Cross communication between regulatory proteins is an important event in the control of eukaryotic gene transcription. Here we have examined the structural and functional interaction between two cellular regulatory proteins, YB-1 and Purα, on the 23-bp sequence element derived from the enhancer-promoter of the human polyomavirus JCV. YB-1 and Purα are single-stranded DNA binding proteins which recognize C/T- and GC/GA-rich sequences, respectively. Results from band shift studies demonstrated that while both proteins interact directly with their DNA target sequences within the 23-bp motif, each protein can regulate the association of the other one with the DNA. Affinity chromatography and coimmunoprecipitation provide evidence for a direct interaction between Purα and YB-1 in the absence of the DNA sequence. Ectopic expression of YB-1 and Purα in glial cells synergistically stimulated viral promoter activity via the 23-bp sequence element. Results from mutational studies revealed that residues between amino acids 75 and 203 of YB-1 and between amino acids 85 and 215 of Purα are important for the interaction between these two proteins. Functional studies with glial cells indicated that the region within Purα which mediates its association with YB-1 and binding to the 23-bp sequence is important for the observed activation of the JCV promoter by the Purα and YB-1 proteins. The results of this study suggest that the cooperative interaction between YB-1 and Purα mediates the synergistic activation of the human polyomavirus JCV genome by these cellular proteins. The importance of these findings for cellular and viral genes which are regulated by Purα and YB-1 is discussed.