cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of the relationship between below-ground structure and meiofaunal taxa

An experimental study was conducted in a South Carolina, USA salt marsh to examine relationships between meiofaunal-sized tube structure and densities of burrowing meiofauna. Abundance of the tube-building polychaete Manayunkia aestuarina Bourne was increased by erecting exciosure areas from June–August 1979. Non-manipulated areas of identical dimensions were staked out in adjacent locales. Densities of burrowing meiofauna and nematode trophic groups, and volumes of Spartina alterniflora root mat and tube-builders were monitored approximately every 2 wk from each experimental treatment. Volumes of tube-builders were significantly higher inside exclosure sites on all dates in July and August. Root-mat volume and total number of nematodes were not different between treatments at any time. The dominant copepod species, Stenhelia (D.) bifidia, and the nematode species, Spirinia sp., first increased in number inside manipulated sites and then decreased in abundance as tube volume increased. No general trend was apparent for nematode trophic groups when areas with increased volumes of tubebuilders were compared to unmanipulated sites. The fact that densities of S (D.) bifidia and Spirina sp. decreased only when tube-builders attained highest abundance suggests that negative interactions between tube-builders and these meiofaunal taxa may be effective only at elevated abundances.
The Passion to Heal: A Theological Pastoral Approach to HIV/AIDS

The global pandemic of HIV/AIDS is the most significant challenge of our time. The ongoing conversation between religion and science comes to a critical juncture in this pandemic. The global community has not yet found a vaccine or cure for this virulent virus, which will likely claim five million more lives in the coming year. The global statistics challenge even the most sophisticated imagination, with projections in the tens of millions of people dead, orphaned children, and many more living in various stages of incapacitation or diminished lives. There is a common prophetic religious imperative among Western faith communities that urgently requires both science and religion to respond. Both disciplines define their scope and purpose as universal, and the global pandemic provides a significant challenge to that universal claim. Regardless of the many differences among the nations and peoples challenged by this pandemic, there is a common moral foundation to which the Western religious and scientific traditions must respond. Religion and science cannot deny their respective social responsibilities by claiming the role of neutral bystander. There are several critical ethical choices to be made in response to the pandemic, and the disciplines of religion and science are critical in formulating those choices.
The genetics and cytology of a mutator factor in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract A Drosophila melanogaster mutator factor is described whose effects include the induction of unique chromosomal aberrations and male crossing over. Results of experiments to map the factor suggest that genetic transmission is somehow chromosomally associated but not localizable to the X, Y, second or third chromosome. There appears to be a good correlation between the distributions of male crossover exchange points and unique aberration breakpoints for the second chromosome but not for the third chromosome. The male crossovers, which occur more frequently in the centromeric region, occur in euchromatin rather than in the centric heterochromatin. The male crossovers tend to be rather precise reciprocal exchanges, since cytologically detectable deletions and duplications are only infrequently produced. It is suggested that the present mutator may be identical to earlier reported mutators of D. melanogaster .
Impact of progesterone on cytokine-stimulated nuclear factor-kappaB signaling in HeLa cells.

Objective. A key event in the pathways leading to preterm labor may be the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) in the fetal membranes and the cervix. Anti-inflammatory agents, such as the corticosteroids, inhibit the activation of NF-κB. We proposed to investigate the effects of progesterone pretreatment on cytokine-stimulated activation of NF-κB in HeLa cells, a human cervical epithelial cell line.Methods. HeLa cells were pretreated with 10−7 M progesterone for 24 hours and exposed to 1 ng/mL interleukin-1β (IL-1β) for 1 hour. Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were subjected to Western blot analysis using anti-p65 and anti-inhibitory protein-κBα (anti-IκBα) antibodies. Densitometric data (n = 5) were compared using Kruskal–Wallis test.Results. Pretreatment with progesterone interfered with IL-1β-induced IκBα degradation. However, progesterone pretreatment resulted in a significant decrease in NF-κB protein subunit p65 in the cytoplasm. Pretreatment with progesterone did not reduce the amount of nucl...
Investigation of a whole blood fluidized bed Taylor-Couette flow device for enzymatic heparin neutralization

The use of clinical bioreactors will increase as more therapeutic proteins are being cloned, expressed, and produced at a reduced cost. The proposed use of an immobilized heparinase I reactor to make heparin anticoagulation a safer therapy is an example of how the specificity and high activity of an enzyme could be incorporated into a system to ultimately benefit a patient. However, the development of a safe and efficient bioreactor is important for the use of immobilized heparinase I and other therapeutic proteins designed for use in medical extracorporeal procedures. This study examined the possibility of using Taylor–Couette flow and “flow-induced” recirculation of the agarose beads as a way to fluidize agarose-bound heparinase in whole blood. Heparinase I was immobilized onto agarose beads via cyanogen bromide activation. A reactor based on Taylor–Couette flow was designed and modified with a tangential recirculation line. The reactor was tested for efficacy and safety in vitro in human blood. Visualization studies in water and 42% glycerol were used to determine the minimum rotation rate for efficient fluidization. The strategic placement of the recirculation line allowed recirculation of the agarose without the use of an external pump. The device removed 90% of the heparin activity within 2 min from 450 cc of human blood at a blood flow rate of 100 mL/min. Furthermore, the device maintained inlet and outlet clotting times of 269 ± 10 and 235 ± 6 s, respectively, demonstrating the potential for regional heparinization. Blood damage was a function of gel volume fraction and rotation rate of the inner cylinder. Hemolysis of the red cells is an important issue when Taylor vortices are combined with macroscopic solid particles such as agarose beads. A modified Taylor–Couette flow device was developed to treat whole blood and operational criteria were established to minimize hemolysis. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 62: 602–608, 1999.
Temperature-dependent competing deformation mechanisms in nanocrystalline metals

In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments have been performed to elucidate the competing deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline nickel at elevated temperatures (150--300 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$C) and high strain rates. The observed lattice strain deviations, average grain sizes, and dislocation density at various stages of deformation and different temperatures suggest a strong dependence of dislocation slips and grain boundary sliding upon strain and temperature. The heating profile is found to strongly influence the microstructure and thus is a relevant parameter to consider when interpreting and comparing various experimental results.
Illuminating eukaryotic transcription start sites.

Simplified methods to map transcription start sites allow the exploration of transcription-initiation landscapes in rare cell types.
Is adoption of standards enough: examples of ACR-NEMA interface implementations

The development of an interface between two different vendors' systems is not a trivial task. It can be made easier if standards are utilized, but this does not necessarily lead to plug and play connectivity. At Georgetown, we have been involved in the development of many interfaces between radiology information systems (RIS)/hospital information systems (HIS) and picture archiving and communications systems (PACS) over the past seven years. We are currently developing an interface between a computed radiography (CR) system and a PACS. Throughout our development efforts, we have found that using standards can reduce the time spent in the design, development, and implementation of the interface software, but they are not without problems. We describe interface development, in general, utilizing standards, specifics of our interface development between radiology and hospital information systems and PACS, and the advantages and limitations we have encountered while developing the CR to PACS interface using adopted standards. We also make some recommendations as to how the clarification of standards might be achieved.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A male infant with bilateral upper urinary tract dilatation and recurrent infection: Answer

1. In the differential diagnosis of the male infant with bilateral upper urinary tract dilatation and recurrent infection, bilateral primary vesicoureteral reflux, bilateral obstructed primary mega-ureter, agenesis of the bladder and obstructive anomalies of the urethra, such as posterior urethral valve (PUV), should be considered. 2. Ultrasound should be performed for urethral swelling. A voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) should be performed to examine the bladder and the entire urethra. 3. Owing to the presence of swelling on the ventral surface of the penis (Fig.1), discharge of urine from the external meatus after palpation of this mass, and a medical history of transient obstructive uropathy in the neonatal period, the most likely diagnosis is a urethral diverticulum. 4. We can treat this patient with diverticulectomy and urethroplasty.
A role for calmodulin in organelle membrane tubulation.

Abstract Membrane tubules of uniform diameter (60-80 nm) and variable lengths have been seen to extend from the main bodies of the Golgi complex, trans Golgi network (TGN), and endosomes. In the case of endosomes, these tubules appear to mediate membrane and receptor recycling events. Brefeldin A (BFA) is a potent drug that completely blocks coated vesicle formation from the Golgi complex and TGN, but at the same time causes the enhanced formation of membrane tubules from these same organelles. Recently, experiments have shown that calmodulin antagonists inhibit the transport of receptors out of endosomes, perhaps by inhibiting the formation of recycling tubules. Using the potent calmodulin-specific antagonists N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7), N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-13), and N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (C-1), we found that the recycling of transferrin from endosomes to the cell surface was significantly inhibited, resulting in the formation of enlarged endosomal vacuoles. In addition, these same calmodulin antagonists also potently inhibited the formation of BFA-stimulated membrane tubules from the Golgi complex, TGN, and endosomes. In the case of the Golgi complex, failure to form tubules resulted in the inhibition of BFA-stimulated retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum. These results suggest that calmodulin is a general regulator of membrane tubulation and is capable of influencing the morphology of several organelles.
Anticipatory socialization in the use of social media in public relations: A content analysis of PRSA's Public Relations Tactics

This article examines one issue in how public relations students are socialized in their understanding of the value and power of social media in the practice of public relations. The public relations academic research about social media is explored, as well as the professional claims about the value of social media as a public relations tactic. The researchers conducted a content analysis of 1 year of Public Relations Tactics issues. The data are viewed through the theoretical frame of the socialization literature (Jablin, 1987). The results suggest that claims of social media power far outweigh evidence of social media effectiveness as a communication tool. A disconnect exists between what authors of Public Relations Tactics pieces view as the potential for social media and the research findings about the effectiveness of social media. The final section of the article discusses the implications for public relations educators, professional associations, and practitioners as they consider social media tactics in public relations strategy.
Involvement of histocompatibility antigens in embryonic cell recognition events.

OBSERVATIONS of developmental events such as the sorting out of cells during organogenesis suggest that highly specific mechanisms exist for cells to migrate apart or aggregate together. Several assays of cell-to-cell binding using cells from developing tissues have provided probable in vitro analogues of these recognition mechanisms. When cells from various organs of the embryo are dissociated, re-aggregation occurs in a tissue-specific manner with, for example, liver cells binding preferentially to other liver cells and brain cells binding preferentially to other brain cells. A number of groups using different assay systems have agreed with this general finding1–4. Furthermore, our own work with chick embryonic neural retina cells has shown that proteolytic enzyme treatment of these cells removes structures which are necessary for specific cell-cell adhesion to occur5. The relevant ‘recognition’ moieties on the cell surface may be glycoproteins6–8. We have investigated cell–cell adhesion using embryonic tissues from two strains of mice, C57B1/10 and C3H, which differ from one another at the H–2 locus as well as at a number of minor H–loci.
Development of high-precision laser heterodyne metrology gauges

Laser interferometers with better than10 picometer (pm) accuracy in displacement measurement and 1-3 microns in absolute distance ranging accuracy are sought in several of NASA's planned missions, such as the Space Interferometry Mission (SIM) and Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF). Over the past several years, we have made significant progress at JPL toward a laser heterodyne interferometer system that can provide both picometer displacement measurement and micron level absolute distance measurement. This paper presents an review on the development of high precision metrology gauges for these missions.
Thyrotropin releasing hormone in the median eminence is in processes of paraventricular nucleus neurons

Abstract Lesions that destroy the hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei cause TRH levels in the median eminence to fall precipitously. Thus, TRH in the median eminence seems to be provided by neurons in or immediately adjacent to the paraventricular nuclei. This suggestion is consistent with the results of earlier anatomical and physiological studies.
Molecular Analysis of the Interactions between Protein Kinase C-ε and Filamentous Actin

Protein kinase C-epsilon (PKC-epsilon) contains a putative actin binding motif that is unique to this individual member of the PKC gene family. We have used deletion mutagenesis to determine whether this hexapeptide motif is required for the physical association of PKC-epsilon and actin. Full-length recombinant PKC-epsilon, but not PKC-betaII, -delta, -eta, or -zeta, bound to filamentous actin in a phorbol ester-dependent manner. Deletion of PKC-epsilon amino acids 222-230, encompassing a putative actin binding motif, completely abrogated this binding activity. When NIH 3T3 cells overexpressing either PKC-epsilon or the deletion mutant of this isozyme were treated with phorbol ester only wild-type PKC-epsilon colocalized with actin in zones of cell adhesion. In binary reactions, it was possible to demonstrate that purified filamentous actin is capable of directly stimulating PKC-epsilon phosphotransferase activity. These and other findings support the hypothesis that a conformationally hidden actin binding motif in the PKC-epsilon sequence becomes exposed upon activation of this isozyme and functions as a dominant localization signal in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. This protein-protein interaction is sufficient to maintain PKC-epsilon in a catalytically active conformation.
One Hundred and Twenty-Five Years after Slaughterhouse: Where's the Beef?

You never know. Historical events intended for one purpose sometimes result in the unintended, and American history is far from immune to this tendency. Thus the Civil War—first considered by Lincoln as nothing more than an attempt to prevent Southern secession—ultimately went far beyond an effort to preserve the Union, far beyond ending African-American slavery, far beyond even ensuring continued western expansion. By 1866, the war had wrought changes in the relationship between the federal government and the states, the federal government and its people, as well as the states and their citizenry. Although they may well have been unintended and their extent unclear, these transformations doomed continuance of the Union as it had been—producing instead a new connection between the American people and their legal order that is still evolving.1 One manifestation of such change was the Fourteenth Amendment adopted by Congress in 1866. Ratified by the states as part of the Constitution in 1868, five years later the Supreme Court first considered its meaning and scope; and thereby hangs a story rich in irony.
Combining physical containment with optimal withdrawal for contaminated groundwater remediation

Two common techniques for remediation of groundwater plumes of toxic solute are physical containment and groundwater withdrawal. Both methods utilize existing technology and are applicable to aquifers with widely different characteristics. Both methods are also expensive, so that care must be taken in designing systems for their use. This paper considers the use of both methods at a single site and describes an analysis methodology for evaluating the tradeoff between the costs involved in the two methods. The methodology combines containment transport simulation modelling with a nonlinear optimization formulation which finds the optimal groundwater withdrawal pumping strategy given a specific physical containment configuration. Physical containment of contaminated groundwater typically involves the construction of a low permeability barrier (e.g,, slurry wall or grout curtain) in the subsurface designed to surround the contaminated groundwater 1. The ground surface bounded by the barrier is covered with an impermeable cap which prevents further leaching from the contaminated soil and forestalls any increase in water level by precipitation in the contained area. The costs of such a system are related to the length and depth of the barrier structure and the surface area covered by the cap. Withdrawal methods require the removal of contaminated groundwater from the aquifer by pumping. The design elements in a withdrawal system are the location of the wells and the magnitude of pumping at each well. Careful design of a withdrawal system may include the use of both injection and extraction walls to induce velocity fields which facilitate efficient plume contraction and removal. Because of the ability of a withdrawal system to affect velocity fields over large distances, this method is better suited than containment for large dilute plumes. The costs in a withdrawal system are related to the amount of pumped fluid and to the concentration of the extracted water. Case histories of groundwater withdrawal and physical containment systems have been reported in the literature, for example, McBride 2, and Water Well Journal 3. Methods for determining optimal withdrawal strategies for containment or avoidance of solute plumes which combine flow or solute modelling with optimization techniques have been proposed by Molz and BelP, Gorelick et al. 5 and Colarullo et al. 6. Methods for
Exploring background variability of a low-level (quartz) gas proportional counter using pulse shape and distribution analysis

The NIST low-level beta counting system is designed to capture digitally and timestamp each event for retrospective analysis. As a result, low and stable backgrounds are achieved and lead to extremely low detection and quantification limits for measuring, e.g., 14C of atmospheric gases and aerosol. The objective here is to explore the variability of the background count rate (counts per day) of several small (1 mL) freshly-assembled gas proportional counters (GPCs). The mean is 14.0 day−1 with 95 % confidence limits 11.2–16.8 day−1. The raw count per day data was non-normal and so a Log transformation was applied to achieve normality and to rigorously compute normal tolerance limits. Back in the original space such (95 % confidence, 95 % coverage) tolerance limits were 2.5–47.8 day−1. These limits are taken as acceptance criteria for any GPCs assembled in the future.
Hierarchical audio encoder for network traffic adaptation

In this paper, we describe modifications to the rate multicast audio tool to allow audio stream to be hierarchically encoded. This allows the rate of audio data transmission to be selected by the receiver. This is particularly useful in multicast sessions where many users participate with diverse connectivity. The hierarchical encoder also allows dynamic adjustment of the received data rate to network conditions. The algorithm is based upon a simple pulse code modulation scheme. Speech is sampled at 8,000 samples per second with 16 bits per sample. The bits are then divided into groups based on their overall relative importance to the sample. A base group is defined which provides a reasonable approximation to the sample, but which discards most details. Each successive group adds more detail. The groups, which together represent different resolutions, are sent as separate data streams. The receiver subscribes to a set of data streams such that the total data rate can feasibly be delivered by the network. Bandwidth usage and signal resolution are easily adapted by adding or dropping groups. Performance was evaluated based on continuity and intelligibility of the speech segments as well as bandwidth usage and loss.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Localization of the type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) gene to human chromosome 14q32 and mouse chromosome 12F1.

1. Bray-Ward, P., Menninger, J., Lieman, J., Desai, T., Mokady, N., Banks, A., and Ward, C. (1996). Integration of cytogenetic, genetic, and physical maps of the human genome by FISH mapping of CEPH YAC clones. Genomics 32: 1–14. 2. Oosterwijk, E., Ruiter, D. J., Hoedemaeker, P. J., Pauwels, E. K. J., Jonas, U., Zwartendijk, J., and Warnaar, S. O. (1986). Monoclonal antibody G250 recognizes a determinant present in renal-cell carcinoma and absent from normal kidney. Int. J. Cancer 38: 489–494. 3. Pastorek, J., Pastorekova, S., Callebaut, I., Mornon, J. P., Zelnik, V., Opavsky, R., Zat’ovicova, M., Liao, S., Pertetelle, D., Stanbridge, E. J., Zavada, J., Burny, A., and Kettmann, R. (1994). Cloning and characterization of MN, a human tumorassociated protein with a domain homologous to carbonic anhydrase and a putative helix–loop–helix DNA binding segment. Oncogene 9: 2877–2888. 4. Pastorekova, S., Zavadova, Z., Kost’al, M., Babusikova, O., and Zavada, J. (1992). A novel quasi-viral agent, TaTu, is a twocomponent system. Virology 187: 620–626. 5. Zavada, J., Zavadova, Z., Malir, A., and Kocent, A. (1972). VSV pseudotype produced in cell line derived from human mammary carcinoma. Nat. New Biol. 240: 124–125.
Using Wave Theory to Maximize Retail Investor Media Communications

When corporations increase media coverage during a retail investor stock market wave, there is a significant increase in the power of the wave. The study tests the performance of 50 stocks using wave theory to select appropriate investor waves and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to determine the impact of increased media coverage and illustrates the strategic use of investor relations in achieving corporate financial goals.
A test of the galactic origin of gamma-ray bursts

Models in which gamma-ray bursters are young neutron stars may be difficult to reconcile with the apparently isotropic distribution of observed bursts. To justify this statement, the distribution of old neutron stars in the Galaxy was calculated by integrating numerically some 90,000 orbits in the Galactic gravitational potential for up to 10 to the 10th yr. Other calculations included the dipole moment in the angular distribution of neutron stars as a convenient measure of their concentration toward the Galactic center, the quadrupole moment in their angular distribution as a convenient measure of their concentration toward the Galactic plane, and the average value of V/Vmax as a convenient measure of the radial distribution of neutron stars. Models that require accretion from a cold circumstellar disk or from a close companion are only marginally consistent with the isotropic distribution of the observed bursts. Models that require accretion of interstellar matter are ruled out due to a very strong dipole anisotropy. Models that suggest the Galactic halo origin of gamma-ray bursts are briefly discussed. The GRANAT and GRO missions should provide evidence for or against the association of gamma-ray bursts with the Galactic disk neutron stars.
Pharmacists' role in preventing stent thrombosis.

In this issue, Nawarskas and Osborn[1][1] review the paclitaxel drug-eluting stent (DES). The sirolimus and paclitaxel stents have virtually eliminated in-stent restenosis—a common problem with bare-metal stents (BMSs). The average use of DESs during summer 2004 reached approximately 80%.[2][2]
FUEL INSTABILITY STUDIES: REACTION OF POLAR NITROGEN HETEROCYCLES DERIVED FROM A STABLE SHALE FUEL

The degradation of middle distillate fuels with increasing time in storage is a continuing problem. Model systems have defined both the scope and the chemical types of molecules that are implicated in fuel deterioration. To gain insight into a real fuel system, nitrogen-rich extracts have been isolated from a marginally stable shale derived middle distillate fuel and added as a dopant to a stable base fuel in order to induce instability reactions. Alkyl substituted pyridines, tetrahydroquinolines, quinolines, and indoles were the prevalent classes of compounds present in the extract. This paper reports that the effects of this added extract were examined in terms of sediment formation and peroxide number under accelerated storage stability test conditions. The activity of the extract in inducing fuel instability was correlated with its nitrogen heterocylic composition.
Safeguarding Abila: Real-time streaming analysis VAST 2014 Mini Challenge 3: Streaming text analysis

We introduce a system for visualization and analysis of geo-spatial and temporal data from call center and microblog sources. We provide a streaming client for interacting with the data in real time. We present the data in a partitioned format using coordinated visualizations that allows the analyst to view the data in multiple dimension simultaneously. This allows the user to see patterns that occur in space and time. This project was developed in response to the VAST 2014 Mini-Challenge 3.
Skin grafting in oral cavity reconstruction

Objectives The intent of this article is to help define the role skin grafts have in the reconstruction of oral cavity defects. It also illustrates the technique used and refined over the last 10 years at the authors’ institution. Description Skin grafting remains a very useful method of reconstructing soft tissue defects in the oral cavity. It allows for the reconstruction of the tongue, floor of mouth, buccal mucosa, and maxillectomy defects. Its ability to prevent tethering and preserve tongue mobility is extremely important. This method of reconstruction requires the harvesting of a medium thickness skin graft that is bolstered with sutures into the defect. The need to immobilize the skin graft with a bolster is very important in order to prevent sheering and graft loss. The bolster is then removed after five days, at which time the graft can be assessed. Minimal debridement should be performed initially, and small amounts of graft loss are usually well compensated for; however, complete graft loss will require regrafting of the defect. Conclusion Skin grafting is a very useful method of reconstruction for specific oral cavity defects. The reconstructive technique revolves around a few key principles that are easily learned, and a successful skin graft allows for the preservation of mastication and speech.
Creating networks through interinstitutional faculty collaboration

Consortia can develop, support, and sustain long-term interinstitutional faculty collaboration through a variety of structural models.
NMR structure of a cyclic polyamide-DNA complex

The solution structure of a cyclic polyamide ligand complexed to a DNA oligomer, derived from NMR restrained molecular mechanics, is presented. The polyamide, cyclo-gamma-ImPyPy-gamma-PyPyPy-, binds to target DNA with a nanomolar dissociation constant as characterized by quantitative footprinting previously reported. 2D (1)H NMR data were used to generate distance restraints defining the structure of this cyclic polyamide with the DNA duplex d(5'-GCCTGTTAGCG-3'):d(5'-CGCTAACAGGC-3'). Data interpretation used complete relaxation matrix analysis of the NOESY cross-peak intensities with the program MARDIGRAS. The NMR-based distance restraints (276 total) were applied in restrained molecular dynamics calculations using a solvent model, yielding structures with an rmsd for the ligand and binding site of approximately 1 A. The resulting structures indicate some distortion of the DNA in the binding site. The constraints from cyclization lead to altered stacking of the rings in the halves of the cyclic ligand relative to unlinked complexes. Despite this, the interactions with DNA are very similar to what has been found in unlinked complexes. Measurements of ligand amide and DNA imino proton exchange rates indicate very slow dissociation of the ligand and show that the DNA can undergo opening fluctuations while the ligand is bound although the presence of the ligand decreases their frequency relative to the free DNA.
Mining advertiser-specific user behavior using adfactors

Consider an online ad campaign run by an advertiser. The ad serving companies that handle such campaigns record users' behavior that leads to impressions of campaign ads, as well as users' responses to such impressions. This is summarized and reported to the advertisers to help them evaluate the performance of their campaigns and make better budget allocation decisions.The most popular reporting statistics are the click-through rate and the conversion rate. While these are indicative of the effectiveness of an ad campaign, the advertisers often seek to understand more sophisticated long-term effects of their ads on the brand awareness and the user behavior that leads to the conversion, thus creating a need for the reporting measures that can capture both the duration and the frequency of the pathways to user conversions.In this paper, we propose an alternative data mining framework for analyzing user-level advertising data. In the aggregation step, we compress individual user histories into a graph structure, called the adgraph, representing local correlations between ad events. For the reporting step, we introduce several scoring rules, called the adfactors (AF), that can capture global role of ads and ad paths in the adgraph, in particular, the structural correlation between an ad impression and the user conversion. We present scalable local algorithms for computing the adfactors; all algorithms were implemented using the MapReduce programming model and the Pregel framework.Using an anonymous user-level dataset of sponsored search campaigns for eight different advertisers, we evaluate our framework with different adgraphs and adfactors in terms of their statistical fit to the data, and show its value for mining the long-term behavioral patterns in the advertising data.
First Report of Early Rot of Cranberry Caused by Phyllosticta vaccinii in Wisconsin.

Phyllosticta vaccinii Earle causes early rot of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton) and previously was reported in fruit and leaves from Massachusetts and New Jersey, but not Wisconsin or Washington (2). This fungus previously was introduced into Wisconsin, apparently on planting stock, but did not persist in the field (2). In the present study, rotted fruit were collected in central Wisconsin in September 1997 from research plots adjacent to a commercial planting that had been started from field cuttings from New Jersey. P. vaccinii was isolated from 12 of 31 symptomatic berries, and its identity was verified by cultural and morphological characteristics (3). P. vaccinii was not isolated from rotted fruit from five other sites in central and northern Wisconsin. In three separate experiments, 10 to 25 cv. Stevens or Searles cranberry fruit were punctured with a needle, inoculated with 2 to 4 × 105 conidia from sporulating cultures of P. vaccinii, and incubated at 28°C in a moist chamber. After 5 to 14 days, soft, watery spots developed at the inoculation point on 8 to 22% of the fruit in different experiments, and P. vaccinii was reisolated from the lesions. Fruit that were punctured but not inoculated neither developed symptoms nor yielded P. vaccinii. Previous attempts at fulfilling Koch's postulates by inoculating mature fruit were unsuccessful (1). P. vaccinii is one of approximately 15 species of fungi involved in the cranberry fruit rot complex in the eastern U.S. where fungicides are applied to greater than 95% of cranberry acreage, usually three times per year, primarily to control preharvest fruit rots. In Wisconsin, however, preharvest fruit rots are insignificant; less than 25% of the acreage is treated with fungicides. The occurrence of early rot in Wisconsin and the threat of introducing pathogens on cranberry cuttings are troublesome in light of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, which threatens registration of fungicides used to control cranberry fruit rots. References: (1) D. M. Boone. Pages 35-36 in: Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. American Phytopathological Society, 1995. (2) G. J. Weidemann and D. M. Boone. Plant Dis. 67:1090, 1983. (3) G. J. Weidemann et al. Mycologia 74:59, 1982.
Scheduling blocks of hierarchical compiled simulation of combinational circuits

Several algorithms for scheduling high-level functional blocks that assume the blocks may not be physically divided and that pseudocycles may be present due to the grouping of elements within blocks are presented. These algorithms rely on dependency information derived from the block-definitions to create a logical (rather than physical) partitioning of the circuit. The partitioned network is scheduled by an algorithm that is based on levelized scheduling with various heuristics added. The choice of the algorithm is based on the randomness of the partitioning technique. For highly random partitioning, PCSF performs best, while for partitioning that conforms closely to the signal flow of the circuit, FIQ performs best. For circuits in between, MEO is shown to perform best. These techniques represent an improvement over the technique of simulating blocks in random order, since no block will be scheduled unless there is a potential for performing useful work by simulating the block. The problem of finding the minimal schedule is shown to be NP-complete, hence, a heuristic approach to the problem is justified. A technique for computing the dependencies of a block is also presented. >
Effective Elastic Moduli of a Thin-Walled Glass Microsphere/PMMA Composite:

Ultrasonic wave propagation in a composite consisting of thin-walled glass microballoons dispersed in a PMMA matrix in a random homogeneous manner has been studied in the frequency range of 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 5.0 MHz and the volume fraction of inclusions range of 5% ≤ C ≤ 45%. The elastic moduli of the composite, and , were deduced from the measurements of longitudinal and shear wave velocities. Through a comparison of the ex perimental results with the upper bound on the corresponding stiffness of a PMMA matrix with an equal volume fraction of voids, the additional stiff ness attributable to the presence of the microballoons is deduced. For exam ple, when C = 40%, the additional stiffnesses are roughly 20% of the cor responding matrix stiffness, λ+2μ and μ.
A RAM architecture for concurrent access and on chip testing

A novel RAM architecture supporting concurrent memory access and on chip testing (CMAT) is proposed. A large-capacity memory chip is decomposed into test neighborhoods (TNDs), each of which is tested independently. When there are data stored in a TND, the data are saved into a buffer before testing the TND, and the TND's contents are restored using buffered data after testing the TND. If an external request is not made to the TND, the request can be directed to the addressed memory cells. Otherwise, the buffered data can be loaded back into the TND, or the request is detoured to a corresponding buffer. By deriving an analytical model, the performance penalty and hardware overhead of the CMAT architecture are shown to be very small. >
Velocity anisotropy in shales: A petrophysical study

Using ultrasonic velocity and anisotropy measurements on a variety of shales with different clay and kerogen content, clay mineralogy, and porosity at a wide range of effective pressure, we find that elastic anisotropy of shales increases substantially with compaction. The effect is attributed to both porosity reduction and smectite- to-illite transformation with diagenesis. A means of kerogen content mapping using velocity versus porosity crossplot for shales is shown. Matrix anisotropy of shales dramatically increases with kerogen reaching the maximum values of about 0.4 at total organic carbon (TOC)= 15–20%. A strong chemical softening effect was found in shales containing even minor amounts of swelling (smectite) clay when saturated with aqueous solution. This effect results in a significant P -wave anisotropy reduction as compared to dry and oil-saturated shales. Since mature black shales are normally oil wet, this effect can only have a local significance restricted to the wellbore wall. Accurate measurements of phase velocities, including velocities at a 45° direction to the bedding plane, allow us to immediately calculate elastic stiffnesses and anisotropic parameters. Intrinsic (high pressure) properties of shales display an e > δ > 0 relation. Introduction of the bedding-parallel microcracks in overpressured shales results in a δ decrease when fully fluid saturated and a δ increase when partially gas saturated, with a characteristic effect on the shape of the P -wave velocity surface at small angles of incidence. Filtering the contribution of the intrinsic anisotropy of shales, it is possible to estimate the pore fluid phase, microcrack density, and aspect ratio parameters using seismic anisotropy measurements.
FORMAL SYSTEMS OF INTUITIONISTIC ANALYSIS, I,

Abstract : Various possible formalizations of existing intuitionistic mathematics (Heyting, Kleene, Kreisel) are compared. An axiomatization is presented that is obtained from Kreisel's by dropping the continuity axiom and adding Kripke's schema with several other innovations, the most important of which is the introduction of a new primitive idea of lawfulness symbolized by D. Roughly, Dt, where t is any kind of term, says that t is determined by a law rather than a free choice or choices. This extends to arbitrary (finite) types Kreisel's distinction between free-choice sequences and (computable) functions at the lowest type. The underlying logic is an (infinitely) many-sorted intuitionistic functional calculus with identity. Modifications of the formalization of impredicative intuitionism are given for a formalization of predicative intuitionism.
Hydrostratigraphy and distribution of secondary permeability in the Brule Formation, Cheyenne County, Nebraska

This study defines the hydrostratigraphy of a portion of the upper Orella Member (and perhaps lowermost Whitney Member) of the Brule Formation, an Oligocene siltstone that is used as an aquifer where wells intercept zones of secondary permeability. Drilling experience, lithologic logs of core, and borehole geophysical logs indicate that the portion of the Brule Formation which we studied (1) consists of siltstone with thin claystone and sandstone layers, (2) includes numerous paleosols, (3) includes distributed secondary permeability features such as pedotubules and parting planes, and (4) includes a subhorizontal zone (average thickness, 2.3 m) of intensely fractured siltstone that can be traced as a hydrostratigraphic unit across the western portion of the study site. Horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity (K r , K z ) measurements on core samples which do not exhibit secondary permeability features generally are similar and fall within expected ranges. Measurements of horizontal hydraulic conductivity from single-well injection tests in relatively unfractured intervals within the Brule Formation have a narrow range. Log mean K r of predominantly silt-stone intervals from single-well tests (K r ∼10 −6 m/s) is an order of magnitude greater than log mean K r measurements on core silt-stones (K r ∼10 −7 m/s); this difference is attributed to distributed secondary permeability features noted in core. The subhorizontal zone of fractured siltstone is interpreted to be a highly conductive hydrostratigraphic unit within the relatively impermeable Brule Formation.
THE EFFECTS OF RADIATIONS ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS : II. IMMEDIATE AND SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS OF X-RAY IRRADIATION UPON RESPIRATION OF DROSOPHILA LARVAE.

By means of measurement of CO 2 respiratory rates it has been possible to observe immediate and latent effects of x-ray irradiations upon Drosophila larvae. The observations were extended over a period of several days, the duration of the prepupal period being observed also. In every instance a significant decrease in the rate of CO 2 respiration was observed immediately after irradiation. This decrease was univariant with the period of irradiation within the experimental limits.
The effects of network size and fault intermittency on troubleshooting performance

The effects of network size and component test reliability (intermittency) on troubleshooting performance and strategy selection were investigated using a computer-based, fault-finding program (Networker). By testing system components and output devices, the subjects' task was to find the faulty component in a computer-based problem. Subjects were required to troubleshoot 18 problems. Results indicated that, as intermittency levels increased, problems became more difficult to troubleshoot. Unexpectedly, subject performance was less predictable as network size increased. As the problems increased from small- to medium-sized, subjects required more actions and more time to solve the problems. However, subjects performed more efficiently on the large-sized problems than they did on the medium-sized problems. Post-hoc examination indicated that other factors may have influenced complexity in addition to problem size.
Varieties generated by T-norms

This is a survey of some work done recently on varieties generated by algebras arising in fuzzy set theory and logic. Details and proofs appear elsewhere. The hope is to impart some of the flavor of this particular topic, and to point out some areas that merit further study.
A systolic array architecture for image coding using adaptive vector quantization

A systolic array architecture for image coding using adaptive vector quantization is presented. A basic systolic cell was designed with two modes of operation. In the forward mode, the cell executes the basic distortion operation, while in the reverse mode, the cell executes the centroid computation operation. Both modes co-exist in perfect synchronism. The systolic array module essentially consists of an array of L*N basic systolic cells connected in parallel and pipeline in the direction of the vector dimension, L, and codeword dimension, N, respectively. This architecture results in a speedup proportional to NL, and has the following advantages: there is no need for separate hardware to compute the new centroids; there is no need for a high speed interface to transfer the new centroids into the systolic array; and there are no delays involved in the computation and transfer of new centroids. >
Building Algorithms to Estimate Training Resource Requirements

To provide job training efficiently and in a timely manner, organizations need to estimate the resources required for training accurately and in advance. This is true when developing training for existing jobs, but is particularly true when jobs are proposed to change significantly or when new jobs are planned. In these circumstances, the process of estimating training resources in advance is critical. This article describes a method for developing algorithms that can be used to estimate training costs throughout the instructional system design (ISD) cycle. Lessons learned from applying this process to an organization that was anticipating significant changes to a mission critical job are provided.
Patient Satisfaction After Blepharoplasty Performed as Office Surgery Using Oral Medication with the Patient Under Local Anesthesia

Background: Blepharoplasty can be performed in the office setting using oral medication with the patient under local anesthesia. This article reviews the authors’ experience with this approach, evaluating patient satisfaction and demonstrating why this technique has become their procedure of choice for selected healthy patients.
Towards a resolution of the personality triad: Persons, situations, and behaviors

The issue of the variant vs. invariant in personality often arises in diVerent forms of the “person– situation” debate, which is based on a false dichotomy between the personal and situational determination of behavior. Previously reported data are summarized that demonstrate how behavior can vary as a function of subtle situational changes while individual consistency is maintained. Further discussion considers the personal source of behavioral invariance, the situational source of behavioral variation, the person–situation interaction, the nature of behavior, and the “personality triad” of persons, situations, and behaviors, in which each element is understood and predicted in terms of the other two. An important goal for future research is further development of theories and methods for conceptualizing and measuring the functional aspects of situations and of behaviors. One reason for the persistence of the person situation debate may be that it serves as a proxy for a deeper, implicit debate over values such as equality vs. individuality, determinism vs. free will, and Xexibility vs. consistency. However, these value dichotomies may be as false as the person–situation debate that they implicitly drive.
Elementary School Children' s Vocal Range

The purpose of the study was to examine the vocal range of the elementary school child over a five-year period. Vocal range is the total span of the child' s capacity to produce phonated sounds. Ch...