cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relationship between diet and the size of the midgut caeca in grasshoppers (Insecta: Orthoptera: Acridoidea)

A survey of the size and form of the midgut caeca in relation to diet has been carried out on 173 species from 21 families and subfamilies of Acridoidea (grasshoppers). Although differences exist in the size of the anterior caecal arms relative to body length, these differences are not related to the type of food eaten. Assuming that the anterior arms have a key role in digestive and absorptive processes, this suggests that different foods make similar demands on these processes. The posterior caecal arms are smaller in graminivorous species than in species eating other types of plants as a whole or part of their diet. This is true across all the taxa, including those families and subfamilies that are predominantly forb-feeding. It is suggested that the posterior caecal arms have a special role in the detoxification of plant secondary compounds and that the requirement for this is reduced in graminivorous species because of the lower levels of toxic secondary compounds in grasses. A specialized pocket region is present in the posterior caecal arms of some forb-feeding species. Its occurrence across the taxa is spasmodic. It may be concerned with the removal of phenolic compounds.
Older-onset diabetes and lens opacities. The Beaver Dam Eye Study

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of lens opacities in older-onset diabetic persons.Methods: A study of age-related eye disease in a population (n=4926) of adults in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. Study participants were examined and interviewed according to protocol. Photographs were taken of the lenses of both eyes of all study participants. Photographs were graded in a standard fashion. Diabetes was denned by history, doctors' records and serum glucose criteria.Results: Persons who were diabetic were significantly more likely to have cortical lens opacities (age-adjusted odds ratio 1.72, 95% CI 1.29-2.30 for right eyes) and were more likely to have previously undergone cataract surgery (age-adjusted odds ratio 2.01, 95% CI 1.43-2.82 for either eye) than people without diabetes. Longer duration of diabetes significantly increased the odds of having cortical opacity.Conclusion: Older-onset diabetes is associated with increased frequency of a specific age-related lens change, cortical opacity. It is also assoc...
Dysthymic disorder: treatment with citalopram.

We studied 15 patients with dysthymic disorder with open-label citalopram. The purpose of this study was to determine the dose range and safety of citalopram necessary for treatment of patients with dysthymic disorder and to attempt to increase doses in order to enhance remission of patients with dysthymic disorder when treated. Citalopram was well tolerated. The mean dose used in this 10-week study was 37.3 mg and the majority of patients responded to treatment. Various criteria for response and remission were employed. These findings are intended to give guidelines for a subsequent treatment study of dysthymic patients with citalopram using a double-blind placebo-controlled strategy. Depression and Anxiety 15:18–22, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the Androgen Receptor in Nuclei of Seminiferous Tubules of the Mature Male Rat Based upon Radioimmunoassay of Endogenous Levels of Bound Testosterone

A macromolecular testosterone complex which was salt-extracted from nuclei isolated from seminiferous tubules of the adult male rat was investigated by quantifying the testosterone directly by RIA. The steroid-binding capacity of the complex was destroyed by heating at both 12 and 50 C, suggesting the presence of an extremely thermolabile complex. This tubular complex was shown to be similar to the radioactively labeled androgen receptor isolated from ventral prostatic nuclei by their coelution during adsorption chromatography, by their coelution during ion exchange chromatography, their similar migration rate (4–4.46S) on both sucrose and glycerol density gradients, and their similar slow dissociation at 0 C. These observations indicate that the tubular complex contains a high affinity androgen receptor and suggest that the direct measurement of testosterone in this complex by RIA may be useful in identifying its cellular distribution.
Future use of computers in anesthesia

Computers are beginning to appear in the operating room and intensive care units. At this time most computers are reserved for complex cases. However, it is now possible to discern what role the computer may play in the future, for routine cases. An outline of a conceivable integrated computerized system in anesthesia is presented. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** ACG02014 00002
Subcellular Location of Phosphoglucomutase and UDP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Avena Coleoptiles

Extraction of phosphoglucomutuse and UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase from oat coleoptiles using both aqueous and non-aqueous systems showed that both enzymes are largely soluble. Phosphoglucomutase was completely absent from the cell wall fraction. The inhibition of phosphoglucomutase by peroxyacetyl nitrate was confirmed and the enzyme in the subcellular participate fractions was shown to be more inhibited than that in the soluble fraction. UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase was not inhibited by peroxyacetyl nitrate or ozone in vivo but was inhibited by peroxyacetyl nitrate in vitro. The SH reagents, iodoacetamide and p-chloromercuribenzoate, inhibited phosphoglucomutase severely but UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase moderately or not at all.
A CNDO/S study of the importance of electron repulsion parameters and charge density changes on the weakness of the v8(e2g) vibronic activity in the benzene 260 nm band

Abstract We investigate the disparity between the large observed ratio ( ≈100:1 ) of v 6 to v 8 vibrationally induced intensity in the 260 nm ( 1 B 2u – 1 A 1g ) absorption band of benzene and that computed from CNDO/S and INDO/S (typically 4:1). The calculated v 8 intensity is relatively insensitive to small admixtures of the v 6 mode, but is found to be quite sensitive to the nature of the semiempirical electron repulsion integral (γ) distance dependence. A new perturbation theory is applied successfully which relates the vibronic coupling directly to changes in the Fock matrix and the simple first-order transition density.
Robust Escalation of Nicotine Intake with Extended Access to Nicotine Self-Administration and Intermittent Periods of Abstinence

Although established smokers have a very regular pattern of smoking behavior, converging lines of evidence suggest that the escalation of smoking behavior is a critical factor in the development of dependence. However, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the escalation of smoking are unknown, because there is no animal model of the escalation of nicotine intake. On the basis of the pattern of smoking behavior in humans and presence of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in tobacco smoke, we hypothesized that the escalation of nicotine intake may only occur when animals are given extended-access (21 h per day) self-administration sessions after repeated periods of abstinence (24–48 h), and after chronic inhibition of monoamine oxidase using phenelzine sulfate. Intermittent access (every 24–48 h) to extended nicotine self-administration produced a robust escalation of nicotine intake, associated with increased responding under fixed- and progressive-ratio schedules of reinforcement, and increased somatic signs of withdrawal. The escalation of nicotine intake was not observed in rats with intermittent access to limited (1 h per day) nicotine self-administration or daily access to extended (21 h per day) nicotine self-administration. Moreover, inhibition of monoamine oxidase with daily administration of phenelzine increased nicotine intake by ∼50%. These results demonstrate that the escalation of nicotine intake only occurs in animals given intermittent periods of abstinence with extended access to nicotine, and that inhibition of monoamine oxidase may contribute to the escalation of smoking, thus validating both an animal model of the escalation of smoking behavior and the contribution of monoamine oxidase inhibition to compulsive nicotine-seeking.
QUASI-PARTICLE EXCITATIONS AND THE MANY-BOSON PROBLEM

Abstract A many-boson theory is developed that is applicable to systems with intermediate as well as weak coupling strength. A transformation of basis from the single particle representation to that of an independent collection of quasi-particles, which represent the normal modes of the system, is accomplished in an approximate way. The results are in the form of coupled, nonlinear, integral equations for the ground state energy, the excitation energy, the quasi-particle excitation operator, and the momentum distribution function. No a priori assumptions concerning the population in any single low-lying momentum state is required nor is any artificial separation of the single particle zero-momentum state from states of higher momentum necessary. Contact with the results of weak-coupling theories is established by imposing additional restrictions on the interaction potential and on the momentum distribution of particles. It is shown that the weak-coupling equations are valid under more general circumstances than was previously apparent. A general theorem is provided for which the existence of a zero in the excitation spectrum at zero-momentum is required. It is also shown that the low-lying excitations follow a dispersion rule that is linear in momentum, independent of the form of the interaction. The theory is applied to the charged boson gas and, for the case where the zero-momentum state is appreciably depleted, the resulting excitation spectrum is quite different at low momentum from that derived in previous calculations.
Idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy simulating valvular heart disease

Abstract Two instances of idiopathic hypertrophy of the left ventricle have been reported, and the recent reports which describe muscular subaortic stenosis have been summarized. Features which differentiate muscular hypertrophy from aortic stenosis include a peripheral arterial pulse with rapid upstroke and no anacrotic notch, atypical location of an aortic ejection murmur, and absence of aortic valvular calcification. If there is a systolic pressure gradient, it exists between the body of the left ventricle and its outflow tract and not across the aortic valve. The functional anatomy may be revealed by left ventriculography. The electrocardiogram may show, in addition to left ventricular hypertrophy, bizarre QRS complexes and anomalous atrioventricular conduction. In some instances there is a strong familial incidence. Muscular hypertrophy may also obstruct right ventricular outflow and simulate pulmonary stenosis. When the inflow areas of the ventricles are principally involved, mitral or tricuspid stenosis are simulated.
On the Use of Implicit Integration Methods and the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation in the Analysis of Elasto-Plastic Deformation Problems

In the general theory of continuum mechanics, the state of rotation and deformation of material points can be uniquely defined from the displacement field by using the nine independent components of the displacement gradients. For this reason, the use of the absolute rotation parameters as nodal coordinates, without relating them to the displacement gradients, leads to coordinate redundancy that leads to numerical and fundamental problems in many existing large rotation finite element formulations. Because of this fundamental problem, special measures that require modifications of the numerical integration methods were proposed in the literature in order to satisfy the principle of work and energy. As demonstrated in this paper, no such measures need to be taken when the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used since the principle of work and energy are automatically satisfied. This formulation does not suffer from the problem of coordinate redundancy and ensures the continuity of stresses and strains at the nodal points. In this study, the use of the implicit integration methods with the consistent Lagrangian elasto-plastic tangent moduli is examined when the absolute nodal coordinate formulation is used. The performance of different numerical integration methods in the dynamic analysis of large elasto-plastic deformation problems is investigated. It is shown that all these methods, in the case of convergence, yield a solution that satisfies the principle of work and energy without the need of taking any special measures. Semi-implicit integration methods, however, can lead to numerical difficulties in the case of very stiff problems due to the linearization made in these methods in order to avoid the iterative Newton--Raphson procedure. It is also demonstrated that the use of the consistent Lagrangian-plastic tangent moduli derived in this investigation using the absolute nodal coordinate formulation leads to better convergence of the iterative Newton--Raphson procedure used in the implicit integration methods.
The respiratory microbiome and innate immunity in asthma.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this study is to summarize recent studies of the lower respiratory microbiome in asthma, the role of innate immunity in asthma and strategies to understand complex microbiome–immune interactions in asthma.Recent findingsRecent evidence indicates that the composition o
Language and Other Cognitive Systems. What Is Special About Language

The traditional conception of language is that it is, in Aristotle's phrase, sound with meaning. The sound-meaning correlation is, furthermore, unbounded, an elementary fact that came to be understood as of great significance in the 17th century scientific revolution. In contemporary terms, the internal language (I-language) of an individual consists, at the very least, of a generative process that yields an infinite array of structured expressions, each interpreted at two interfaces, the sensory-motor interface (sound, sign, or some other sensory modality) for externalization and the conceptual-intentional interface for thought and planning of action. The earliest efforts to address this problem, in the 1950s, postulated rich descriptive apparatus—in different terms, rich assumptions about the genetic component of the language faculty, what has been called “universal grammar” (UG). That seemed necessary to provide for a modicum of descriptive adequacy. Also, many puzzles were discovered that had passed u...
Results of retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for clinical stage I and II pure embryonal carcinoma of the testis.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determined the pathological findings and clinical outcome of patients with pure embryonal carcinoma (EC) of the testis managed by primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.Materials and Methods: From January 1989 to February 1998, 45 patients with pure EC underwent primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection at our institution. Patients presented as clinical stage I in 26, IIA in 17 and IIB in 2. Lymphovascular invasion was present in 29 (64%). Median followup was 36.8 months.Results: Overall the pathological stage was pN0 in 11, pN1 in 10 (4 with microscopic disease) and pN2/N3 in 24 patients (8 with extranodal extension). Nineteen of 26 patients (73%) with clinical stage I and 13 of 17 (77%) patients with clinical stage IIA had retroperitoneal disease. No patient with negative lymph nodes (pN0) has had relapse. Only 1 of 9 (11%) patients with pN1 treated without adjuvant chemotherapy has had relapse. Of 24 patients with pN2/N3 disease only 3 (12%) have required more than 2 cycl...
Colonialism and Cargo Cults in Early Childhood Education: Does Reggio Emilia Really Exist?

The Reggio Emilia, preschools in Italy, have been called one of the best preschool education systems in the world. This is witnessed by the proliferation of people who have made a pilgrimage to Reggio to study this system and bring it to the USA. This article uses Reggio as a now familiar cultural icon in an attempt to problematize larger issues in the field of early childhood education. Beginning with a brief overview of some of recent Reggio discourse the author interprets this phenomenon using Foucault in an attempt to illustrate the extent to which “power reaches into the very grain of individuals … inserts itself into their actions and attitudes, their discourses, learning processes and everyday lives' (1980, p. 39). Assisting with this interpretation, the popularity of Reggio is positioned against cargo cult theory and the normative, hegemonic practices of colonization.
A Small-Group Activity Introducing the Use and Interpretation of BLAST

As biological sequence data are generated at an ever increasing rate, the role of bioinformatics in biological research also grows. Students must be trained to complete and interpret bioinformatic searches to enable them to effectively utilize the trove of sequence data available. A key bioinformatic tool for sequence comparison and genome database searching is BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). BLAST identifies sequences in a database that are similar to the entered query sequence, and ranks them based on the length and quality of the alignment. Our goal was to introduce sophomore and junior level undergraduate students to the basic functions and uses of BLAST with a small group activity lasting a single class period. The activity provides students an opportunity to perform a BLAST search, interpret the data output, and use the data to make inferences about bacterial cell envelope structure. The activity consists of two parts. Part 1 is a handout to be completed prior to class, complete with video tutorial, that reviews cell envelope structure, introduces key terms, and allows students to familiarize themselves with the mechanics of a BLAST search. Part 2 consists of a hands-on, web-based small group activity to be completed during the class period. Evaluation of the activity through student performance assessments suggests that students who complete the activity can better interpret the BLAST output parameters % query coverage and % max identity. While the topic of the activity is bacterial cell wall structure, it could be adapted to address other biological concepts.
Persistent Activation of a Swelling-Activated Cation Current in Ventricular Myocytes From Dogs With Tachycardia-Induced Congestive Heart Failure

The hypothesis that cellular hypertrophy in congestive heart failure (CHF) modulates mechanosensitive (ie, swelling- or stretch-activated) channels was tested. Digital video microscopy and amphotericin-perforated-patch voltage clamp were used to measure cell volume and ion currents in ventricular myocytes isolated from normal dogs and dogs with rapid ventricular pacing-induced CHF. In normal myocytes, osmotic swelling in 0.9x to 0.6x isosmotic solution (296 mOsm/L) was required to elicit an inwardly rectifying swelling-activated cation current (I(Cir,swell)) that reversed near -60 mV and was inhibited by 10 micromol/L Gd3+, a mechanosensitive channel blocker. Block of I(Cir,swell) by Gd3+ simultaneously reduced the volume of normal cells in hyposmotic solutions by up to approximately 10%, but Gd3+ had no effect on volume in isosmotic solution. In contrast, I(Cir,swell) was persistently activated under isosmotic conditions in CHF myocytes, and Gd3+ decreased cell volume by approximately 8%. Osmotic shrinkage in 1.1x to 1.5x isosmotic solution inhibited both I(Cir,swell) and Gd3+-induced cell shrinkage in CHF cells, whereas osmotic swelling only slightly increased I(Cir,swell). The K0.5 and Hill coefficient for Gd3+ block of I(Cir,swell) and Gd3+-induced cell shrinkage were estimated as approximately 2.0 micromol/L and approximately 1.9, respectively, for both normal and CHF cells. In both groups, the effects of Gd3+ on current and volume were blocked by replacing bath Na+ and K+ and were linearly related with varying Gd3+ concentration and the degree of cell swelling. CHF thus altered the set point for and caused persistent activation of I(Cir,swell). This current may contribute to dysrhythmias, hypertrophy, and altered contractile function in CHF and may be a novel target for therapy.
Distance learning classroom using Virtual Harlem

Virtual Harlem is a virtual reality reconstruction of Harlem, New York, during the 1920s. It was designed to immerse students of the Harlem Renaissance directly in the historical context of the literature of that period. The goal of this prototype is to develop rich, interactive, and narrative learning experiences to augment classroom activities for students in the humanities. This paper describes a semester-long user study using Virtual Harlem in an English literature course and discusses our experiences of integrating virtual reality technology in the classroom.
Dementia With Lewy Bodies: Molecular Pathogenesis and Implications for Classification

Dementia with Lewy bodies results from the accumulation from Lewy-type pathology (Lewy bodies, Lewy neurites), secondary cellular injury, and apoptotic neurodegeneration. The severity of dementia correlates with the abundance of Lewy bodies in the cortex. Dementia with Lewy bodies co-occurs with 2 specific syndromes, one beginning with dementia complicated by visual hallucinations and parkinsonism; the other beginning with Parkinson's disease and progressing to a parkinsonian-dementia syndrome. Clinical syndromes associated with these 2 pathways to dementia share many clinical features including the type of cognitive impairment, fluctuating attentional disturbances, prominent visual hallucinations and psychosis, depression, and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Lewy pathology results from protein misfolding and the accumulation of alpha-synuclein in the cell cytoplasm. Dementia with Lewy bodies is one of many neurodegenerative disorders linked to protein misfolding. Identification of clinical symptoms indicative of the presence of a specific protein disturbance will assist in choosing therapies when protein-specific disease-modifying treatments are available. Classification systems based on symptom complexes related to the presence of protein misfolding will assist therapeutic decisions.
PALATABILITY OF BEEF ROASTS PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT FOODSERVICE COOKING METHODS

Effects of cooking rate, fat trim, aging, endpoint temperature and oven type (conventional, forced air convection and forced air/steam combination) on the palatability of beef foodservice roasts were investigated. Clods, chuck rolls, ribeyes, tenderloins, knuckles, inside rounds, gooseneck rounds and steamship rounds were included in the study. Differences in palatability, due to the cooking methods evaluated, were not consistent across all roast types, but the cooking method affected (P < 0.05) palatability traits in all roasts. Inconsistency was most likely due to varying size, composition and shape. Longer aging periods increased tenderness in ribeyes and gooseneck rounds. Palatability was only affected by oven type in round subprimals. First principal component scores (PRINI) were related to palatability and were used to rank treatment levels within main effects when substantially different from zero. Palatability was maximized within main effects inconsistently across different roast types when sorted by PRINI.
Optimization of primitive gate networks using multiple output two-level minimization

A novel method for the optimization of a primitive gate network is presented. The author explains why a primitive gate representation may be necessary in certain situations and describes the problems associated with using two-level minimization in that case. He then describes a method for applying two-level minimization for the optimization of a primitive gate network. The approach is based on multiple-output two-level minimization as in MIS. It was effective in reducing the number of gates and connections in a network while maintaining the primitive gate representation. >
Operations Management in Automated Semiconductor Manufacturing With Integrated Targeting, Near Real-Time Scheduling, and Dispatching

To help address the need for manufacturing cycle time reduction, Intel has adopted an integrated operations management approach that consists of three key components: targeting, near real-time scheduling, and dispatching. These components work in conjunction to maximize fab efficiency. Combined with fully automated execution, this approach allows Intel to implement a coordinated operational management philosophy at its fabrication facilities. OPSched was developed at Intel to fulfill the requirements of the integrated approach. We look at why this approach is suitable for automated semiconductor manufacturing based on the implementation of the OPSched system at Intel's high-volume manufacturing facilities and the results achieved.
Contextualism and the development of effective prevention practices.

Widespread and effective implementation of research-based prevention practices will be facilitated by the explicit adoption of a functional contextualist framework for prevention research. Such a framework has as its central goal predicting and influencing behavior and cultural practices. Research within this framework is evaluated in terms of its ability to contribute to that goal. As a result, it contributes directly to the ultimate goals of prevention science—affecting the incidence and prevalence of problems in populations. The approach contrasts with the mechanist framework, which is implicit in much behavioral science research. The mechanist framework has as its truth criterion the predictive verification of models of the interrelationships among variables. Such models can—but need not—identify manipulable variables that can be exploited to affect problems of interest. Such models require the inclusion of multiple cases for testing and this requirement may impede the tendency of scientists to work with a single school or community. Functional contextualism is suited to the study of the individual case. It provides a framework within which researchers can more readily collaborate with practitioners in the development and further evaluation of practices within the settings where practitioners will ultimately use those practices.
Multi-agent reinforcement learning for planning and scheduling multiple goals

Recently, reinforcement learning has been proposed as an effective method for knowledge acquisition of multiagent systems. However, most research on multiagent systems applying a reinforcement learning algorithm, focus on a method to reduce complexity due to the existence of multiple agents and goals. Although these pre-defined structures succeeded in lessening the undesirable effect due to the existence of multiple agents, they would also suppress the desirable emergence of cooperative behaviors in the multiagent domain. We show that the potential cooperative properties among the agent are emerged by means of profit-sharing (J. Grefenstette, 1988; K. Miyazaki et al., 1994) which is robust in the non-MDPs.
Glycine Enhances Binding to the NMDA Receptor Complex in Aged Mice, But Does Not Correct the Aging Change

The purpose of this study was to determine whether glycine is effective in correcting the age-related change in the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex. Autoradiographic analysis of PHJMK801 and NMDA-displaceable [ J H]glutamate binding was performed with 0, 10, 30 and 100 \iM glycine on brain tissue from 3-, 10-, and 24-30month-old C57B1 mice. Glycine, even at 10 \iM, enhanced binding to both the NMDA and MK801 binding sites in all age groups. Glycine was not able to reduce the absolute difference in PHJglutamate binding to NMDA sites between 3and 24-month-olds. Low micromolar concentrations of glycine exacerbated the aging difference in PHJMK801 binding between young and old mice, but 100 \iM glycine produced smaller aging differences that were similar to those seen with no glycine. This study suggests that glycine may enhance NMDA receptor function in old animals, but it does not appear to correct the underlying problem with the NMDA receptor in aged animals.
Use of Medical Care by African American and White Older Persons: Comparative Analysis of Three National Data Sets

Historically, there has been a large gap between African Americans and Whites in access to health care, but this gap was ostensibly lessened by the advent of Medicare and Medicaidfor older adults in the mid 1960s. The extent to which older African Americans continue to receive less access to medical care as a result of economic inequalities, institutionalized forms of discrimination, and life-style factors remains a subject of policy debate. Empirical enquiry has produced inconsistent results. The purpose of this study is to test the same set of models of medical use using identically measured predictor variables in three nationally representative data sets of older Americans: 1984 Study of Aging (SOA); 1984 National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTC); and the 1987 National Medical Care Expenditure Survey (NMES). Multivariate logistic regression of use of physician and hospital services and Poisson regression of amount of service use identified inconsistent results in race differences across data sets, but consistent results in terms of the importance of health status and insurance as predictors of use and amount of use. The findings suggest that health status and financial resources may be more relevant areas for policy interventions than considerations related to race and ethnicity.
Mothers' Intentions to Breastfeed and Hospital Practices on Breastfeeding: A Longitudinal Study at 6 Months After Birth on Predictors of Breastfeeding in a Cohort of Mothers From a Large Northern New England Medical Center

Poster Presentation Objective To examine the effects of mothers’ intentions to breastfeed and hospital practices on breastfeeding rates at 6 months. Design Predictive, longitudinal. Setting Hospital birth center in a large northeastern U.S. city. Sample A convenience sample of 1,200 mothers who gave birth to full-term healthy infants and planned to breastfeed. Methods Mothers completed a survey about infant feeding and hospital experiences before discharge between December 2010 and June 2012. Demographic and hospital practices data were collected through chart review. Follow-up calls were made at 6 months. Data were analyzed with logistic regression. Results Seventy-seven percent (921/1200) completed the discharge survey and 60% (556/921) completed the follow-up. At 6 months, 25% (139/556) were exclusively breastfeeding, and 24% (133/556) were breastfeeding and/or pumping breast milk. Also, 20% (111/556) were using a combination of breastfeeding and/or pumped milk and formula, whereas 31% (173/556) were feeding formula only. Low milk supply (78/181, 43%) and return to work (60/181, 33%) were cited as most common reasons for no longer exclusively breastfeeding. No effects on 6-month breastfeeding rates were found for type of delivery, gravidity and parity, or a five predictor model: health problems (e.g., gestational diabetes), birth interventions (e.g., induction), antibiotics, spinal, and epidural/intrathecal anesthesia. Older age, greater education, being married or with a life partner (χ 2 = 49.92, p 2 = 6.23, p = .044). Hospital practices that favorably predicted breastfeeding were early skin-to-skin contact (χ 2 = 11.24, p = .024), avoiding supplements (χ 2 = 13.87, p = .001), and avoiding pacifier use (χ 2 = 7.25, p = .027). The odds of not breastfeeding at 6 months were higher if supplements (odds ratio [OR] = 2.01, CI 1.34-3.02) or pacifiers (OR = 1.65, CI 1.14-2.39) were used and if physicians suggested supplements (OR = 7.2, CI 2.47-21.09) while in the hospital, or if solid foods were started before 6 months (OR = 1.67, CI 1.17-2.39). Rooming-in (χ 2 = 5.52, p = .238) and putting-to-breast early (χ 2 = 1.64, p = .440) did not affect 6-month breastfeeding rates. Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice These findings demonstrate the need to further educate providers and encourage newborn care practices to sustain breastfeeding beyond the early postpartum period. The results may also be used to inform expectant parents (e.g., during childbirth classes) of hospital practices and personal decisions that may influence successful breastfeeding duration.
A simple method for the preparation of fish chromosomes applicable to field work, teaching and banding

A method is described which has broad application for field acquisition of fish karyotypes for research and teaching. The benefits of the method include: low initial skill level, relatively inexpensive equipment and supplies, simplicity and speed, and the high quality of preparations. The technique was applied to a field study of Apogon maculatus which was shown to contain 34 chromosomes, 2 nucleolar organizing regions (NOR's), and resolvable G-bands.
Sports-hunting, Fairness and Colonial Identity: Collaboration and Subversion in the Northwestern Frontier Region of the British Indian Empire

This paper examines the place of hunting in the construction of identity for both British colonial sportsmen and indigenous hunters on the north-western frontier region of the British Indian empire, illustrating how their competing moral orders are placed in tension in the colonial encounter through the shared experience of hunting. I show that the British sportsmen generally used ideas of fairness in hunting to mark themselves off from the indigenous hunters while colonial frontier officers specifically, through their adeptness in hunting, differentiated themselves from other colonial officers. I argue that ideas of fairness had a different place in the indigenous hunting practices, and often clashed with the 'moral ecology' of the colonial hunters. Using the example of 'palming off', I show how unlike the clash of moral ecologies in relation to hunting practices, the process through which the identities of colonial hunters were constructed was a precarious and contingent one in which indigenous collaboration played a crucial role.
Vision guided control of multiple robots

A vision based system is presented for controlling multiple robot platforms in real time using imagery from a top view video camera. This article is a system paper that demonstrates the advantages of computer vision for robot control. A control loop using vision feedback allows creation of a robust working system while greatly reducing the complexity of the rest of the system. Planar marker pattern marker detection is an example of computer vision that is robust enough with today?s technology for industry, and is employed for locating the robots with passive vision. Image processing in software obviates the need for complex systems for odometry, sonar, etc normally found in robotics. The control of two robotic platforms is achieved with the simplest possible hardware, with computer vision as the only feedback in the system. A system is shown and described where a user can choose desired locations for the robots, which are guided around obstacles to their destinations using ARToolkit marker patterns detected in imagery from a stationary digital video camera.
Accelerated hypofractionated radiation therapy compared to conventionally fractionated radiation therapy for the treatment of inoperable non-small cell lung cancer

Background While conventionally fractionated radiation therapy alone is an acceptable option for poor prognostic patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC, we hypothesized that accelerated hypofractionated radiotherapy will have similar efficacy without increasing toxicity.
QTL Controlling Masculinization of Ear Tips in a Maize (Zea mays L.) Intraspecific Cross

Maize is unique among cereal grasses because of its monoecious flowering habit. Male flowers are normally restricted to the tassel that terminates the primary shoot, whereas female flowers occur as ears at the terminal nodes of lateral branches. We observed Ki14, a tropical maize inbred that produces an ear tipped by a staminate (male) spike under certain environmental conditions, such as long daylengths. Recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross between temperate line B97, which was never observed to produce a staminate ear tip, and Ki14 segregated for the trait under long daylengths. Some progeny lines that had even longer staminate tips than Ki14 were male fertile. We mapped three QTL controlling staminate ear tip using a two-part (binomial plus normal) model. A major QTL on chromosome 3 had a large effect on penetrance of the trait (whether a line would produce staminate ear tips or not) as well as its severity (the length of the staminate tip). This QTL seems to be linked to, but at a distinct position from, a previously mapped QTL controlling the proportion of staminate florets in ears in progeny from crosses between maize and teosinte. Two additional QTL affecting staminate ear tip severity overlapped with QTL controlling photoperiod response previously mapped in this population. Alleles conferring photoperiod sensitivity for delayed flowering at these QTL seem to enhance the production of staminate ear tips under long daylengths.
Optimal probe selection in diagnostic search

Probe selection (PS) in machine diagnosis is viewed as a collection of models that apply under specific conditions. This makes it possible for three polynomial-time optimal algorithms to be developed for simplified PS models that allow different probes to have different costs. The work is compared with previous research, wherein H.A. Simon and J.B. Kadane (1975) review and develop a collection of models for optimal problem-solving search. The relationship between these models and the three newly developed algorithms for PS is explored. Two of the algorithms are unlike the ones discussed by Simon and Kadane. The third cannot be related to the problem-solving models. >
7-decades tunable translinear SiGe BiCMOS 3-phase sinusoidal oscillator

A fully differential translinear 3-phase sinusoidal oscillator architecture is presented. The architecture is meant for BiCMOS implementation and uses only NPN devices, typically of higher performance than their PNP counterparts in most technologies. The architecture features both frequency and amplitude control and expressions are derived showing the dependence of these controls to external current biases. Measurements on a 0.5 mum SiGe BiCMOS implementation of the architecture demonstrate frequency control from below 80 Hz to above 800 MHz, general agreement between theory and actual data for the amplitude of oscillation, as well as low distortion. Power consumption scales with the frequency of operation and amounts to ~2 muW/MHz.
Digital and Divergent: Sexual Behaviors on the Internet

A variety of sexual behaviors occur online, including those that are highly unusual or even plainly illicit. There is a growing body of literature pertaining to sexual abuse of minors that occurs or may be promoted online, but there is a paucity of information regarding other Internet-based sexual interactions, such as manufacturing, dissemination, and online viewing of other atypical sexual material. In this article, I explore and analyze these different practices, which include, but are not limited to, videos of rape, sadomasochism with bodily disfigurement, zoophilia, and necrophilia, with the intention of diminishing the gap in information about this industry. The impact that these behaviors may have on clinical or forensic psychiatric evaluations is discussed, along with pertinent legal regulations and ethics-related considerations.
Dynamic sonographic evaluation of posterior shoulder dislocation secondary to brachial plexus birth palsy injury.

onographic evaluation of hip dysplasia has been used since the early 1980s and is now a well-established procedure for the assessment and monitoring of neonatal and infantile hip stability. This same technology can be applied to glenohumeral joint evaluation. Computed tomography (CT) was the first radiographic modality to be used to describe shoulder instability in children with Erb palsy 25 years ago, 1 followed by magnetic resonance imaging
ANGY: A Rule-Based Expert System for Automatic Segmentation of Coronary Vessels From Digital Subtracted Angiograms

This paper details the design and implementation of ANGY, a rule-based expert system in the domain of medical image processing. Given a subtracted digital angiogram of the chest, ANGY identifies and isolates the coronary vessels, while ignoring any nonvessel structures which may have arisen from noise, variations in background contrast, imperfect subtraction, and irrelevent anatomical detail. The overall system is modularized into three stages: the preprocessing stage and the two stages embodied in the expert itself. In the preprocessing stage, low-level image processing routines written in C are used to create a segmented representation of the input image. These routines are applied sequentially. The expert system is rule-based and is written in OPS5 and LISP. It is separated into two stages: The low-level image processing stage embodies a domain-independent knowledge of segmentation, grouping, and shape analysis. Working with both edges and regions, it determines such relations as parallel and adjacent and attempts to refine the segmentation begun by the preprocessing. The high-level medical stage embodies a domain-dependent knowledge of cardiac anatomy and physiology. Applying this knowledge to the objects and relations determined in the preceding two stages, it identifies those objects which are vessels and eliminates all others.
A low-cost time shared cell balancing technique for future lithium-ion battery storage system featuring regenerative energy distribution

A new cell voltage equalizer topology for future plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) or renewable energy storage has been proposed in this paper. This topology has fewer components compared to the conventional topologies found in the literatures, and therefore, it could reduce cost and fabrication complexity. This new circuit is based on a time shared fly-back converter, and any number of series connected cells could be used in a string without any apparent issues. Each cell in a string shares this converter during its allocated time slot provided by the microcontroller. In addition, dynamic allocations of the time slots are possible to achieve faster cell balancing, and the circuit dynamically distributes depleted charge among cells in a regenerative fashion — ensuring a very high efficiency. The prototype of a four-cell lithium-ion battery balancer circuit was designed and implemented. Simulation and experimental results are presented to verify the operation of the new topology.
Abbreviated methods for the measurement of oxygen consumption in work physiology.

The theoretical basis for the measurement of energy expenditure from the volume and composition of expired air is discussed briefly. With this as background, abbreviated methods of measurement are examined using data obtained in the authors' laboratory and from the literature. When the subject is not undergoing rapid physiological adjustment or recovery from heavy exercise, the oxygen consumption calculated from the minute volume of expired air and its concentration of oxygen will average within ±2 per cent of the true value and may be corrected if a value for the respiratory exchange ratio can be assumed. Estimation of oxygen consumption from the minute volume of expired air may be an acceptable method for industrial surveys if a regression line is pre-determined for each subject or a satisfactory series of lines, based on age and sex, can be constructed.
Posthypoxic ventilatory decline during NREM sleep: influence of sleep apnea.

We wished to determine the severity of posthypoxic ventilatory decline in patients with sleep apnea relative to normal subjects during sleep. We studied 11 men with sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome an...
Capecitabine for squamous cell carcinoma reduction in solid organ transplant recipients

Immunosuppression associated with solid organ transplantation significantly increases the rate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) development, in particular squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). In certain cases, the rate at which these malignancies develop can be too rapid for traditional surgical or field treatments. In these cases, chemopreventative treatments should be considered to decrease the rate of NMSC development so that the remaining can be managed by more traditional treatments. Herein, we show that capecitabine can be used as a viable chemopreventative option for these difficult cases.
US International Trade Agreements in the Western Hemisphere: Legal Developments in 2011

To examine recent developments in international economic law and regional integration in North America, this chapter focuses on US international trade agreements in the western hemisphere during 2011. The year was significant for resolving unfinished business left over too long from previous years.
The uptake of doubly labeled chylomicrons by guinea pig mammary gland and liver

The uptake of cholesterol-H3–palmitate-C14-chylomicrons by mammary tissue and liver has been examined. The cholesterol and glyceride components of chylomicrons were taken up at the same rate by both liver and mammary tissue, as demonstrated by the unchanged ratio of C14/H3 in the tissue lipids compared to the chylomicrons. However, following injection of glycerol-C14–palmitate-H3-chylomicrons, the H3/C14 ratio of the lipids of mammary tissue was much greater than the H3/C14 ratios of the injected chylomicrons, of the serum lipids, or of the liver lipids, indicating that appreciable hydrolysis of chylomicron glycerides occurred during their uptake by mammary glands. This is consistent with the hypothesis that lipoprotein lipase is involved in the uptake of chylomicron glyceride by mammary gland.
Vascular Smooth Muscle Membrane Potential and a Ouabain-Like Humoral Factor in One-Kidney, One-Clip Hypertension in Rats

Summary 1. Transmembrane potentials (Em) of vascular muscle cells in caudal arteries in vitro from one-kidney, one-clip hypertensive and onekidney, sham-clipped normotensive rats were measured. 2. The Em recorded in hypertensive rats was significantly lower (depolarized) than that recorded in normotensive control rats. 3. Boiled plasma supernatants from hypertensive rats depolarized the muscle cells in normotensive caudal artery but had no effect on muscle cells in arteries from hypertensive rats. 4. Boiled plasma supernatants from normotensive control rats had no effect on the Em of either animal. 5. Ouabain depolarized muscle cells of the normotensive artery only and the magnitude of depolarization induced was nearly the same as that produced by the supernatant from the hypertensive animals. 6. These data suggest that a ouabain-like humoral substance may play a role in the pathophysiology of one-kidney, one-clip hypertension through a voltage-dependent mechanism.
Charge-dependent transport switching of single molecular ions in a weak polyelectrolyte multilayer

The tunable nature of weak polyelectrolyte multilayers makes them ideal candidates for drug loading and delivery, water filtration, and separations, yet the lateral transport of charged molecules in these systems remains largely unexplored at the single molecule level. We report the direct measurement of the charge-dependent, pH-tunable, multimodal interaction of single charged molecules with a weak polyelectrolyte multilayer thin film, a 10 bilayer film of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) PAA/PAH. Using fluorescence microscopy and single-molecule tracking, two modes of interaction were detected: (1) adsorption, characterized by the molecule remaining immobilized in a subresolution region and (2) diffusion trajectories characteristic of hopping (D ∼ 10–9 cm2/s). Radius of gyration evolution analysis and comparison with simulated trajectories confirmed the coexistence of the two transport modes in the same single molecule trajectories. A mechanistic explanation for the probe and condit...