cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recommending interesting activity-related local entities

When searching for entities with a strong local character (e.g., a museum), people may also be interested in discovering proximal activity-related entities (e.g., a cafe). Geographical proximity is a necessary, but not sufficient, qualifier for recommending other entities such that they are related in a useful manner (e.g., interest in a fish market does not imply interest in nearby bookshops, but interest in other produce stores is more likely). We describe and evaluate methods to identify such activity-related local entities.
“Problem Residents”: Prevalence, Problems and Remediation in the Era of Core Competencies

a S A g The American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) has defined the “problem resident” as a learner who demonstrates problem behaviors significant enough to require intervention by program leadership, typically the residency program director or chief resident. It has been over a decade since Yao and Wright’s report on the prevalence of “problem residents” in internal medicine residency training programs. Their survey of program directors reported performance problems in 6.9% of residents. We are unaware of any subsequent large studies in internal medicine of this important topic. Although the term “problem resident” has been used frequently, we will refer to these individuals as “residents in difficulty.” The purpose of this study was to assess internal medicine program director experiences with residents in difficulty in the era of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies.
The eternal sunshine of the sketch data structure

In the past years there has been significant research on developing compact data structures for summarizing large data streams. A family of such data structures is the so-called sketches. Sketches bear similarities to the well-known Bloom filters [B.H. Bloom, Space/time trade-offs in hash coding with allowable errors, Communications of ACM, 13 (7) (1970), 422-426] and employ hashing techniques to approximate the count associated with an arbitrary key in a data stream using fixed memory resources. One limitation of sketches is that when used for summarizing long data streams, they gradually saturate, resulting in a potentially large error on estimated key counts. In this work, we introduce two techniques to address this problem based on the observation that real-world data streams often have many transient keys that appear for short time periods and do not re-appear later on. After entering the data structure, these keys contribute to hashing collisions and thus reduce the estimation accuracy of sketches. Our techniques use a limited amount of additional memory to detect transient keys and to periodically remove their hashed values from the sketch. In this manner the number of keys hashed into a sketch decreases, and as a result the frequency of hashing collisions and the estimation error are reduced. Our first technique in effect slows down the saturation process of a sketch, whereas our second technique completely prevents a sketch from saturating. We demonstrate the performance improvements of our techniques analytically as well as experimentally. Our evaluation results using real network traffic traces show a reduction in the collision rate ranging between 26.1% and 98.2% and even higher savings in terms of estimation accuracy compared to a state-of-the-art sketch data structure. To our knowledge this is the first work to look into the problem of improving the accuracy of sketches by mitigating their saturation process.
Variance analysis: A unifying cost function approach*

Abstract. This paper investigates the use of variance analysis when inputs are assumed to be substitutable. When input prices change after the budget is formulated, cost minimization behavior requires substitution of relatively cheaper input(s) for the more expensive input(s). An explicit incorporation of this substitution effect is necessary to provide proper incentives to production managers. The traditional variance analysis which depends upon “standards” is tantamount to assuming a fixed proportion production technology, even when inputs are substitutable. Thus the traditional variance analysis can yield a misleading and incorrect analysis which in turn can lead to a nonoptimal input combination. The paper provides a general framework for variance analysis which accounts for and, therefore, encourages substitution. Budgets are “flexible” not only with respect to output levels, but also with respect to input prices. The framework explicitly accounts for a new standard based upon realized conditions. To do so, a duality between production and cost functions is exploited so that the optimal input mix is obtained with ease under different price regimes. Four examples of cost functions are offered. They can be regarded as the new flexible standards which depend on both output levels and input prices. Resume. L'auteur etudie l'utilisation de l'analyse des ecarts lorsqu'on suppose que les intrants peuvent etre substitues. Lorsque le prix des intrants change une fois le budget etabli, le comportement de minimisation des couts exige que l'on substitue un ou des intrants relativement plus economiques a l'intrant ou aux intrants plus dispendieux. L'incorporation explicite de cet effet de substitution s'impose si l'on veut offrir des stimulants appropries aux gestionnaires de la production. L'analyse des ecarts traditionnelle qui depend des «normes» equivaut a supposer que la technologie de fabrication prevoit des proportions fixes, meme lorsque les intrants peuvent etre substitues. L'analyse des ecarts traditionnelle peut donc mener a des observations erronees et incorrectes qui, a leur tour, peuvent mener a une combinaison d'intrants qui n'est pas optimale. L'auteur propose un cadre general pour l'analyse des ecarts quitient compte de la substitution et, par consequent, la favorise. Les budgets sont «variables» non seulement en ce qui a trait au niveau des extrants, mais aussi en ce qui a trait au prix des intrants. Le cadre tient compte de facon explicite d'une nouvelle norme fondee sur les conditions realisees. Pour y parvenir, l'on exploite la dualite entre la production et les fonctions de cout, de sorte que la combinaison optimale d'intrants soit obtenue facilement compte tenu de differents regimes de prix. L'auteur presente quatre exemples de fonctions de cout qui peuvent etre considerees comme de nouvelles normes souples dependant a la fois du niveau des extrants et du prix des intrants.
Tissue specific regulation of lipogenesis by carbohydrate feeding and twenty four hour starvation in the rat

Abstract The effects of high carbohydrate (HC), low fat feeding and 24 hour starvation on lipogenesis in different rat tissues were investigated, using the incorporation of tritiated water. HC feeding stimulated lipogenesis in liver (5.5 fold) and also to a lesser extent in inner white fat depots, interscapular brown fat, kidney and heart. Tritium incorporation into lipids in large intestine was inhibited under the same circumstances. All other tissues, including lung, skin and brain were unaffected. Twenty four hour starvation diminished lipogenesis, particularly in liver, but also in brown adipose tissue, kidney, heart, lung and small and large intestines. The contribution of different tissues to total lipogenesis depended on the nutritional state. Skin and bone and muscle predominated in the starved animals, whereas liver alone contributed 56% in the HC group. TLC analysis of the labeled lipids confirmed in most cases that the tritium was incorporated into fatty acids. However HC feeding diminished cholesterol labeling in liver and in large intestine. Thus the reduction in lipogenesis in large intestines from rats on the HC diet was due to a drop in cholesterol synthesis, with fatty acids being unaffected. There is great variation in the sensitivity of lipogenesis in different tissues to nutritional manipulation, providing an interesting model for the study of tissue specific regulatory processes.
Networks in Nuclear Medicine

Computer network hardware and communication protocols are commonplace. Commercially available nuclear medicine computer systems lag behind in their support of network standards. Network hardware and software are mature and stable technologies available for all computers and operating systems. Networks make it practical to optimize the configuration of each computer to a particular task, such as acquiring, processing, viewing, or storing data. This distribution of functions has proven to be economical and operationally robust. It is reasonable to expect that within the next few years, all commercially available computer systems for nuclear medicine will provide the software and hardware support that will make networking computers within a department a practical way of sharing the computational resources of the department.
Self-Grooming Response of Meadow Voles to the Odor of Opposite-Sex Conspecifics in Relation to the Dietary Protein Content of Both Sexes

Many animals self-groom when they encounter the scent marks of opposite-sex conspecifics. Self-grooming transmits odiferous substances that contain information about the groomer’s condition, which is affected by its nutritional state. We tested the hypothesis that the amount of time that individuals self-groom to opposite-sex conspecifics is affected by the amount of protein in their diet and that of the scent donor. We did so by feeding meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus )a diet containing 9%, 13%, or 22% dietary protein for 30 d and observing their self-grooming behavior when they were exposed to bedding scented by an opposite-sex conspecific (odor donor) fed one of the three diets, or fresh cotton bedding (control). The hypothesis was partially supported. We found that the protein content of the diet of male and female groomers did not affect the amount of time they self-groomed. However, the protein content of the diet of male odor donors affected the amount of time that female voles spent self-grooming. Female voles self-groomed more in response to male odor donors fed a 22% proteincontent diet than to those produced by male odor donors fed either a 9% or a 13% protein-content diet. Interestingly, the amount of time males self-groomed was not affected by the protein content of the diet of the female odor donor. These results may, in part, be explained by the natural history of free-living meadow voles, sex differences in costs associated with mate attraction and reproduction, and the direct or indirect benefits that females receive from males fed a diet high in protein content.
Relation between Time Averages and Ensemble Averages in the Statistical Dynamics of Continuous Media

The method of correlations, which has been widely used in the theory of turbulence, is applied to the case of a field that satisfies linear equations. It is found that most of the difficulties encountered in the theory of turbulence disappear when the equations are linear and that a number of general results can be obtained.In particular, it is possible to use an analog of Gibbs' procedure of replacing a time average by an ensemble average. The mathematical foundations of this procedure are discussed and shown to be considerably different than for dynamical systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom, to which the method is usually applied. In particular, it is shown that it can be applied to dissipative fields excited by a randomly varying force.Three examples are treated in some detail: statistically uniform but nonisotropic fields; statistically nonuniform, dissipative fields excited by a random force; and the scattering of monochromatic radiation by inhomogeneities of the refractive index.The method of ensembles, as applied to these problems, appears to have a mathematical foundation that is rather simpler than in other cases that have been considered in the past, but several basic and unsolved problems are mentioned.
Father-son incest: A review and analysis of reported incidents

A review of the literature on father-son incest reveals both fewer case reports and much less adequate data as compared to that on father-daughter incest. However, there are suggestions that the psychosocial history and personality of the father who engages his son sexually is a dominant factor, while dysfunctional family interation seems central in molestations of the daughter.
Surgery for scleroderma of the hand

The role of hand surgery in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) has been documented infrequently. Out of a series of 813 consecutive patients with scleroderma, 31 have had one or more surgical procedures on their involved hands—a total of 52 operations. Raynaud's phenomenon and digital tip ulcerations have been controlled medically by vasodilators and meticulous local wound care. Most digital ulcerations progressing to frank gangrene have been allowed to autoamputate to maximize the length of the salvaged finger, but 23 digital amputations have been performed when conservative measures failed. Digital sympathectomy and microsurgical revascularization have produced relief of symptoms in several patients. Severe flexion contractures of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints, with secondary hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints, have been effectively treated by arthrodesis of the PIP joints in 44 to 55° of flexion. This has allowed both improved hand function and primary healing of dorsal ulcers in 53 PIP joints in 12 patients.
Critical Role of Regulator G-Protein Signaling 10 (RGS10) in Modulating Macrophage M1/M2 Activation

Regulator of G protein signaling 10 (RGS10), a GTPase accelerating protein (GAP) for G alpha subunits, is a negative regulator of NF-κB in microglia. Here, we investigated the role of RGS10 in macrophages, a closely related myeloid-derived cell type. Features of classical versus alternative activation were assessed in Rgs10-/- peritoneal and bone marrow-derived macrophages upon LPS or IL-4 treatments, respectively. Our results showed that Rgs10-/- macrophages produced higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF, IL-1β and IL-12p70 in response to LPS treatment and exerted higher cytotoxicity on dopaminergic MN9D neuroblastoma cells. We also found that Rgs10-/- macrophages displayed a blunted M2 phenotype upon IL-4 priming. Specifically, Rgs10-/- macrophages displayed lower YM1 and Fizz1 mRNA levels as measured by QPCR compared to wild type macrophages upon IL-4 treatment and this response was not attributable to differences in IL-4 receptor expression. Importantly, phagocytic activities of Rgs10-/- macrophages were blunted in response to IL-4 priming and/or LPS treatments. However, there was no difference in chemotaxis between Rgs10-/- and WT macrophages. Our data indicate that Rgs10-/- macrophages displayed dysregulated M1 responses along with blunted M2 alternative activation responses, suggesting that RGS10 plays an important role in determining macrophage activation responses.
Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA

A method is presented for the rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA (50,000 base pairs or more in length) which is free of contaminants which interfere with complete digestion by restriction endonucleases. The procedure yields total cellular DNA (i.e. nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNA). The technique is ideal for the rapid isolation of small amounts of DNA from many different species and is also useful for large scale isolations.
Assessing Stomatal Response to Live Bacterial Cells using Whole Leaf Imaging

Stomata are natural openings in the plant epidermis responsible for gas exchange between plant interior and environment. They are formed by a pair of guard cells, which are able to close the stomatal pore in response to a number of external factors including light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and relative humidity (RH). The stomatal pore is also the main route for pathogen entry into leaves, a crucial step for disease development. Recent studies have unveiled that closure of the pore is effective in minimizing bacterial disease development in Arabidopsis plants; an integral part of plant innate immunity. Previously, we have used epidermal peels to assess stomatal response to live bacteria (Melotto et al. 2006); however maintaining favorable environmental conditions for both plant epidermal peels and bacterial cells has been challenging. Leaf epidermis can be kept alive and healthy with MES buffer (10 mM KCl, 25 mM MES-KOH, pH 6.15) for electrophysiological experiments of guard cells. However, this buffer is not appropriate for obtaining bacterial suspension. On the other hand, bacterial cells can be kept alive in water which is not proper to maintain epidermal peels for long period of times. When an epidermal peel floats on water, the cells in the peel that are exposed to air dry within 4 hours limiting the timing to conduct the experiment. An ideal method for assessing the effect of a particular stimulus on guard cells should present minimal interference to stomatal physiology and to the natural environment of the plant as much as possible. We, therefore, developed a new method to assess stomatal response to live bacteria in which leaf wounding and manipulation is greatly minimized aiming to provide an easily reproducible and reliable stomatal assay. The protocol is based on staining of intact leaf with propidium iodide (PI), incubation of staining leaf with bacterial suspension, and observation of leaves under laser scanning confocal microscope. Finally, this method allows for the observation of the same live leaf sample over extended periods of time using conditions that closely mimic the natural conditions under which plants are attacked by pathogens.
Lead(II) Transport processes in anodic stripping voltammetric analysis

Abstract The principal lead(II) transport processes occurring in anodic stripping voltammetric analysis of sea water have been studied by liquid scintillation spectrometry of 210Pb. From an initial lead(II) concentration of 6.3 · 10−9 M (ca. 1.3 p.p.b.), the concentration after 95 min is reduced by: (1) 84 % at pH 8.2, (2) 78 % at pH 4.6, and (3) 39 % at pH 3.0. Primary losses are due to adsorption onto cell and electrode materials. Significant chemisorption of lead(II) associated with chloride occurs at the platinum wire counter electrode. The data support a diffusion-limited adsorption mechanism as the primary transport for lead(II) from solution.
A Brief History of the OCLC Members Council

ABSTRACT On May 19, 2009, the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) Members Council held its 90th and final meeting. It was the end of an era that began in 1977, when the Ohio College Library Center changed its name to OCLC and adopted a new governance structure that extended membership in the cooperative to libraries outside Ohio. In the ensuing 30 years, libraries around the world elected 450 delegates to attend three Council meetings each year at OCLC.
Isolation of mesophyll and paraveinal mesophyll protoplasts from soybean leaves

Abstract Mesophyll (MP) and paraveinal mesophyll protoplasts (PVMP) have been prepared with high yields from primary and trifoliate leaves of soybean, using a Cellulase CEL or CELF and Pectolyase Y-23 enzyme mixture. The PVMP, which are specialized for nitrogen metabolism and storage, are larger than MP and contain very few chloroplasts. This gives rise to considerable difference in the buoyant density of the two protoplast types, which has been exploited to obtain pure preparations of each. The MP and PVMP preparations were free of cellular debri and were stable for several days on ice. The purity of the preparations was further indicated by radial immunodiffusion assay using antibody to a glycoprotein specifically located in the paraveinal mesophyll (PVM) vacuole.
Tuning the vibrational relaxation of CO bound to heme and metalloporphyrin complexes

Picosecond mid-infrared pump−probe experiments were used to investigate vibrational relaxation (VR, which here denotes loss of excess vibrational energy) of CO bound to synthetic heme and porphyrin complexes with different metal atoms (M = Fe, Ru, Os) and different proximal ligands (imidazoles and pyridines). Isotope effects of 13CO vs 12CO and solvent effects were also studied. A remarkable correlation between the carbonyl vibrational lifetime and the carbonyl vibrational frequency νCO is observed. The vibrational lifetime decreases as νCO decreases. The lifetime−frequency correlation is consistent with a linear relation between carbonyl vibrational relaxation rate and νCO. Hemes and porphyrins show similar lifetime−frequency correlations, but the absolute value of the VR rate in meso-tetraphenylporphyrin complexes is slightly faster than in protoporphyrin IX dimethyl ester heme complexes. The predominant VR process is shown to be intramolecular transfer from CO to heme vibrations, rather than intermolec...
Audio transmission over the Internet: experiments and observations

The performance of IP telephony systems is highly dependent on the audio codecs and their reaction to packet loss and instantaneous delays. Understanding the interaction between audio encoding and the dynamic behavior of the Internet is significant for designing adaptive audio transport mechanisms. For this purpose, we conducted a large-scale audio transmission experiment over the Internet in a 12-month period using various Internet sites. As a result of this experiment, we have made a number of new observations to assess the audio quality of G.711 and G.728 codes under different loss and delay conditions. The paper also states a number of recommendations for implementing efficient adaptive FEC and playout mechanisms.
CHEMILUMINESCENCE FROM CARBENE OXIDATION

— The chemiluminescent reaction between carbenes and O2 in Freon 113 at and above 77 K was investigated. The reaction was found to be general for phenylated carbenes and independent of precursor. Spectra obtained by optical multichannel analyzer (OMA) are consistent with the emission being from the excited ketone formed. Kinetics studies at 77 K indicate that the decay of the chemi-luminescence is significantly faster than the decay of the carbene as monitored by fluorescence and electron paramagnetic resonance.
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Mitochondrial Development and Function in the Insect Fat Body

The fat body is the principal insect tissue for intermediary metabolism. Through its production of hemolymph metabolites, the fat body influences the overall physiology of the animal. Factors that affect the biosynthetic capacity of this tissue secondarily influence most other physiological processes within the insect. The biosynthetic activity of the fat body cannot exceed the tissueâ€™s energy-generating capacity, which is determined by the number of functional mitochondrial units. Therefore, studies on the formation and function of fat body mitochondria are integral to an understanding of physiology and homeostasis in insects.
Trapped two-component Fermi gases with up to six particles: Energetics, structural properties, and molecular condensate fraction

Abstract We investigate small equal-mass two-component Fermi gases under external spherically symmetric confinement in which atoms with opposite spins interact through a short-range two-body model potential. We employ a non-perturbative microscopic framework, the stochastic variational approach, and determine the system properties as functions of the interspecies s-wave scattering length a s , the orbital angular momentum L of the system, and the numbers N 1 and N 2 of spin-up and spin-down atoms (with N 1 − N 2 = 0 or 1 and N ⩽ 6 , where N = N 1 + N 2 ). At unitarity, we determine the energies of the five- and six-particle systems for various ranges r 0 of the underlying two-body model potential and extrapolate to the zero-range limit. These energies serve as benchmark results that can be used to validate and assess other numerical approaches. We also present structural properties such as the pair distribution function and the radial density. Furthermore, we analyze the one-body and two-body density matrices. A measure for the molecular condensate fraction is proposed and applied. Our calculations show explicitly that the natural orbitals and the momentum distributions of atomic Fermi gases approach those characteristic for a molecular Bose gas if the s-wave scattering length a s , a s > 0 , is sufficiently small.
Ephemeralization as Environmentalism: Rereading R. Buckminster Fuller’s Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth:

This study critically surveys the environmental thinking and design philosophy Of R. Buckminster Fuller by revisiting two of his major theoretical works, Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth and Utopia or Oblivion. It highlights Fuller’s fascination with economic efficiency and environmental justice in his own pursuit of the practices of industrial design, urban planning, and vernacular engineering. In addition, the analysis stresses how the optimism and energy that Fuller gave to rethinking environmentalism so radically during the 1960s are vital qualities that contemporary green thinkers need to rekindle in their works today.
Going Global: A Case Study of Rhetorical Invention, Packaging, Delivery, and Feedback Collection

When the primary aim of global, professional communication expands to include rapport building in addition to information sharing, basic parts of the communication process must be reevaluated. Such an assessment was conducted through a case study of a team that adapted a US training seminar for a Japanese audience. The team's strong emphasis on the communicative aim of relationship building illustrated how traditional conceptions of rhetorical invention, packaging, delivery, and feedback collection might be revised. For practitioners and educators, the findings of this case study prompt a reevaluation of the rhetorical abilities that are required in global professional communication contexts.
Developmental regulation of plasticity along neurite shafts.

Although it is becoming increasingly clear that structural dynamics on neurite shafts play important roles in establishing neuronal architecture, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. The present study investigates local induction of filopodia along the shafts of neurites, a process that, by analogy to the growth cone, can represent the first stage in the generation of a new neuronal process. We show that filopodia can be induced reliably along the neurite shaft in response to a localized electric field stimulus that evokes large local intracellular calcium increases. Neither induction of filopodia nor a local rise in intracellular calcium occurred in calcium-free medium. Although calcium induction of neurite filopodia is highly reliable, forming in response to more than 90% of attempts, it is developmental state-dependent, since neurite filopodia could not be induced in neurons previously defined as "stable state." We have found two distinct changes in stable state neurons that can decrease the ability to induce new neurites. The first is a reduced calcium response: Field stimulation produced large local rises (280 nM) in intracellular calcium in growing neurons, whereas the identical stimulus produced smaller changes (148 nM) in stable state neurons. Second, stable state neurons change so that even when the stimulus intensity was increased to elicit a calcium response that would have been sufficient to induce filopodia in growing neurites, neurite filopodia were still not induced. Thus, intracellular calcium plays a key role in structural changes along the shafts of neurites. Furthermore, developmental changes in both calcium homeostatic components and in calcium responsiveness (i.e., the sensitivity of cellular components that modulate neurite morphology) underlie shifts from plasticity to stability of neuronal architecture in this system.
Alpha-adrenergic-mediated reduction in coronary blood flow secondary to carotid chemoreceptor reflex activation in conscious dogs.

We examined the late coronary vascular response to carotid chemoreceptor reflex activation in normal, conscious dogs instrumented for the measurement of right main and left circumflex coronary artery blood flows, arterial and right ventricular pressures, and arterial and coronary sinus blood gases and O2 contents. With heart rate held constant by electrical stimulation, and with respiration controlled or allowed to vary spontaneously, carotid chemoreceptor reflex activation (induced by intracarotid nicotine) elicited a striking biphasic coronary vascular response characterized by an early dilation (previously described) and a late constriction. For example, with respiration controlled and with the autonomic nervous system intact, carotid chemoreceptor reflex activation resulted in a late increase in arterial pressure (19 +/- 4%; P less than 0.002), absolute reductions in right main (24 +/- 4%; P less than 0.002), and left circumflex (12 +/- 2%; P less than 0.004) coronary blood flows, and increases in right (62 +/- 13%; P less than 0.002) and left (26 +/- 3%; P less than 0.0001) coronary resistances. This carotid chemoreceptor reflex activation-induced late coronary constriction was also associated with a concomitant increase in myocardial oxygen extraction, i.e., arterial oxygen content remained constant, while coronary sinus oxygen content decreased (19 +/- 6%; P less than 0.04). Neither propranolol nor atropine had any significant effect on the magnitude of the right coronary constriction. However, both the absolute reduction in right coronary blood flow and increase in right coronary resistance were abolished by phentolamine. Furthermore, either total cardiac denervation or adrenalectomy significantly attenuated (P less than 0.01) carotid chemoreceptor reflex activation-induced reductions in right coronary blood flow and increase in right coronary resistance. We conclude that, with autonomic nervous system activity intact, carotid chemoreceptor reflex activation can elicit an absolute reflexly mediated reduction in coronary blood flow in the normal, conscious dog, despite an increase in arterial pressure. The mechanism of this vasoconstriction involves alpha-adrenergic receptor stimulation mediated by both cardiac sympathetic nerves and circulating catecholamines.
Neurotransmitters and biphasic respiratory response to hypoxia.

Recent work from this laboratory (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 55:483–488, 1983) has shown that the biphasic respiratory response to hypoxia in piglets is due to changing central neural respiratory output. To test the hypothesis that either adenosine or opiatelike neurotransmitters mediate the failure to sustain hyperpnea in response to hypoxia, 12 piglets were studied ata mean age of 2.9 +/- 0.4 days (range 2–6 days). Animals were anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilatedusing a servo-controlled system that maintained end-tidal CO2 constant. Electrical activity of the phrenic nerve was recorded as the index of breathing. An initial experimental trial of 6 min ventilation with 15% O2 was performed in all 12 piglets. Thereafter all 12 piglets were treated with aminophylline (n = 6), naloxone (n = 3), or naltrexone (n = 3) and again subjected to 15% O2. During initial exposure to hypoxia there was an initial increase in phrenic activity that was not sustained. During recovery ventilation with 100% O2, phrenic activity transiently declined below the base-line level and then gradually returned. Subsequent intravenous administration of aminophylline, naloxone, or naltrexone caused base-line phrenic activity to increase. Thereafter repeat exposures to 15% O2 were carried out. During these posttreatment trials of hypoxia, phrenic activity further increased, but the hyperventilation was again not sustained. These findings suggest it is unlikely that either adenosine or mu-endorphin neurotransmitters are the primary mediators of the biphasic response to hypoxia in newborns.
The factorial structure of the scales of the primary mental abilities, Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey, and Kuder Preference Record.

(1963). The Factorial Structure of the Scales of the Primary Mental Abilities, Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey, and Kuder Preference Record. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 68, No. 2, pp. 195-201.
Escaping Microburst with Turbulence: Altitude, Dive, and Pitch Guidance Strategies

Three escape strategies are compared for microburst encounters during e nal landing approach: altitude guidance, dive guidance, and pitch guidance. The main difference between pitch guidance and the other two strategies is that pitch guidance immediately attempts to increase altitude at the expense of airspeed, whereas dive and altitude guidances initially trade altitude for airspeed. We use a full, six-degree-of-freedom, nonlinear, rigid-body aircraft model, including the effects of windshear and wind vorticity, and a model of microburst with turbulence. We also model the effect of stall prevention on the escape path. Two different approaches are used for comparison: 1) In a sample analysis approach, typical samples of the time histories of various variables are analyzed. 2 ) In a statistical approach, the probability distribution of the minimum altitude is estimated by the Monte Carlo method when the statistical properties of the microburst parameters are known. In the sample analysis and statistical approaches, the simulations take into account turbulence in addition to windshear. Both approaches suggest that, within the modeling assumptions presented, and in the absence of human factors, altitude and dive guidance with low commanded altitude may provide better safety than pitch guidance.
Numerical simulation of thermohaline convection in the upper ocean

The intradiurnal heating and cooling cycle of the mixed layer of a tropical ocean is investigated through the use of a ‘pseudo-two-dimensional’ numerical model. Particular emphasis is given to two-component diffusion resulting from dynamic instabilities in the water column. The conservation equations for salt and heat include the effects of solar heating, horizontal advection and turbulent fluxes at the sea surface, while wind mixing enters through the use of depth-dependent eddy diffusion coefficients resulting from the wave-orbital shear model of Kitaigorodskiy (1961). All inputs are treated as functions of time of day, or calculated via the bulk aerodynamic method.The entrainment fluxes of salt and heat due to the mechanical stirring of the wind and the fluxes due to molecular diffusion are treated as separate, their respective contributions being added to form the diffusion coefficients used in an alternating-direction explicit scheme to integrate the heat and salt equations. Near the surface, in the absence of strong solar heating (i.e. during the night), these two fluxes alone are insufficient to remove the near-surface static instabilities; thus the presence of some additional process is suggested. A dynamic stability analysis is carried out, based on the temperature and salinity gradients. The resulting Rayleigh numbers indicate the possibility of double-diffusive convection, whereby the vertical transfers of salt and heat may proceed at rates far greater than can be accounted for by molecular diffusion alone. Therefore, the molecular diffusions in the model are increased by a factor roughly proportional to the one-third power of the ratio of the local effective Rayleigh number to a critical Rayleigh number. The modified molecular diffusivities are then added to the eddy diffusion coefficients due to the wind, to form the total diffusion coefficients used in the numerical integrations.Comparisons are made between the model-generated profiles of temperature and the profiles observed in the ocean. The comparisons show reasonable agreement in the diurnal cycle of the heat wave at 1 m vertical resolution (except for the model-generated surface layer being too deep during the late afternoon hours). (Previous models typically predict only the temperature and thickness of a homogeneous layer.) The results obtained with the model are instructive in estimating the relative importance of the various mixing processes in the upper ocean.
Underlying construct of empathy, optimism, and burnout in medical students.

Objectives: This study was designed to explore the underlying construct of measures of empathy, optimism, and burnout in medical students. Methods: Three instruments for measuring empathy (Jefferson Scale of Empathy, JSE); Optimism (the Life Orientation Test-Revised, LOT-R); and burnout (the Maslach Burnout Inventory, MBI, which includes three scales of Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment) were administered to 265 thirdyear students at Sidney Kimmel (formerly Jefferson) Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University. Data were subjected to factor analysis to examine relationships among measures of empathy, optimism, and burnout in a multivariate statistical model. Results: Factor analysis (principal component with oblique rotation) resulted in two underlying constructs, each with an eigenvalue greater than one. The first factor involved “positive personality attributes” (factor coefficients greater than .58 for measures of empathy, optimism, and personal accomplishment). The second factor involved “negative personality attributes” (factor coefficients greater than .78 for measures of emotional exhaustion, and depersonalization). Conclusions: Results confirmed that an association exists between empathy in the context of patient care and personality characteristics that are conducive to relationship building, and considered to be “positive personality attributes,” as opposed to personality characteristics that are considered as “negative personality attributes” that are detrimental to interpersonal relationships. Implications for the professional development of physicians-in-training and in-practice are discussed.
Electroplated Copper for Heterogeneous Die Integration

This paper introduces a heterogeneous die integration process using electroplated copper to mount a bare die into a silicon handling wafer while simultaneously forming vertical, through-wafer vias. Deep reactive-ion etching is used to form openings in the handling wafer allowing the die to be flush-mounted for minimal device thickness. The backsides of the support wafer and die are coated by copper sputtering and electroplating, which physically secures the die in place. Electrical isolation is achieved through passivation of the silicon handle wafer sidewalls before copper electroplating. Wet thermal oxide growth was chosen over plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition as the sidewall passivation technique, as wet thermal oxide was found to yield superior coverage and uniformity. Topside interconnects were realized using a previously established thick-film copper metallization process. A $3\times 3$ die array was successfully produced and tested for die-to-die connectivity. Thermal modeling of the fabricated devices showed that power densities up to 1 W/cm $^{2}$ could be accommodated while keeping the maximum temperature below 85 °C.
Self-esteem and adolescent sexual behaviors attitudes and intentions: a systematic review.

Purpose: This review systematically examined the relationship between self-esteem and adoles- cents' sexual behaviors, attitudes, and intentions, as empirically investigated by researchers over the last 20 years. Methods: Based on the Matrix Method for systematic reviews, five electronic databases and reference lists of published studies were searched. Thirty-eight (n 38) publications met specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and comprised the final sample. Each study was assigned a methodological quality score (MQS; maximum 20 points). Each study's empirical test of the relationship between self-esteem and sexual behaviors/attitudes/intentions was counted as a single finding and was classified as exhibiting an inverse linear relationship, no statistically significant linear relationship, or a positive linear relationship. Results: A total of 189 findings (average 4.97/publication, range 1-28) were analyzed. Most findings (n 138, 73%) consisted of tests of self-esteem and sexual behaviors. Regarding the nature of the relationship between self-esteem and the various behavior/attitude/intention variables, 62% of behavior findings and 72% of the attitudinal findings exhibited no statistically significant associa- tion. All of the intention-related findings exhibited some type of relationship (either positive or inverse). Studies' average MQS was 11.71 (SD 1.60). Higher quality studies yielded findings of positive or absence of relationship (Cramer's V.329, p .001). Conclusions: If most findings exhibit no association between self-esteem and adolescent sexual behaviors/attitudes/intentions, questions are inevitably raised whether the emphasis placed on self-esteem by public health professionals is innocuous. Recommendations for methodological improvement of this body of research are also presented. © 2006 Society for Adolescent Medicine. All rights reserved.
The use of systems integration architecture (SIA) to facilitate collaboration within and along the supply chain

Summary form only given as follows. The area of interest is the use of SIA to provide easy-to-use advanced technologies to facilitate collaboration within and along the supply chain, based upon AAMRC companies which require the integration of functions from disparate applications used in message passing protocols along the supply chain (protocols include CORBA, http/java, rpc, OLE, Distributed OLE and COM).
Role of a third generation calcium antagonist in the management of hypertension.

Calcium antagonists are uniquely suitable for managing hypertension by virtue of their efficacy, metabolic neutrality and their ability to countervail counter-regulatory adaptive changes, thereby enhancing blood pressure lowering. Recent evidence has accrued underscoring the concept that calcium antagonists are heterogeneous and consist of chemically dissimilar agents. The difference in formulations and pharmacokinetics affect clinical events including the effect on blood pressure, heart rate and the degree with which sympathetic activity is activated. Lacidipine is a new calcium antagonist that is the prototype of the lipophilic dihydropyridines. Of great importance, lacidipine has a slow onset of vasodilator/ antihypertensive effect and does not promote an excessive sympathetic drive. These attributes commend its selection as an antihypertensive agent.
Nonlinear interactions of slow and rapid rhythms in sympathetic nerve discharge

We used bispectral analysis to characterize the nonlinear interactions of the respiratory-related (RR), cardiac-related (CR), or 10-Hz rhythms in sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) of urethan-anesthetized cats. Bispectral analysis investigates relationships among frequency triples in the same signal (inferior cardiac postganglionic SND) where the third frequency is the sum of the other two due to quadratic nonlinear coupling. Coupling of the RR and CR rhythms leading to the generation of new components (i.e., modulated frequencies) in SND occurred in 84% of the total cases, whereas the incidence was 71% for the RR and 10-Hz rhythms. The occurrence of such nonlinear interactions implies that the RR, CR, and 10-Hz rhythms are carried to common targets by the same postganglionic sympathetic neurons. Furthermore, we suggest that nonlinear interactions leading to the generation of new frequencies in SND may affect end-organ function beyond the level expected in simple cases of linear superposition of the primary rhythms. This suggestion is supported by our observation that strong coupling of the RR and CR rhythms resulted in appreciable power at the modulated frequencies.
Public Participation in Urban Water Planning

An analysis of public participation in preliminary planning for flood protection on the Morrison Creek Stream Group, illustrates several difficulties associated with involving the public in urban water planning. First, how is the public defined? Second, what form should participation take? Third, what are the basic public concerns and which concerns may involve conflict? A study of the public's role in the Morrison Creek project brought to light many complex and competitive issues and identified several important needs. Active participation by state and federal agencies could provide effective representation of a broad public interest. Local governments' formulation of a definitive policy for land use is a significant planning requirement. Private organizations and individuals can exert substantial influence on study alternatives. Thus, an important early concern in the formulation of an urban water planning study should be an analysis of how to effectively involve the public.
Origin of the patchy emission pattern at the ZERT CO2 Release Test

A numerical experiment was carried out to test whether the patchy CO2 emission patterns observed at the Zero Emissions Research and Technology release facility are caused by the presence of packers that divide the horizontal injection well into six CO2-injection zones. A three-dimensional model of the horizontal well and cobble–soil system was developed and simulations using TOUGH2/EOS7CA were carried out. Simulation results show patchy emissions for the seven-packer (six-injection-zone) configuration of the field test. Numerical experiments were then conducted for the cases of 24 packers (23 injection zones) and an effectively infinite number of packers. The time to surface breakthrough and the number of patches increased as the number of packers increased suggesting that packers and associated along-pipe flow are the origin of the patchy emissions. In addition, it was observed that early breakthrough occurs at locations where the horizontal well pipe is shallow and installed mostly in soil rather than the deeper cobble. In the cases where the pipe is installed at shallow depths and directly in the soil, higher pipe gas saturations occur than where the pipe is installed slightly deeper in the cobble. It is believed this is an effect mostly relevant to the model rather than the field system and arises through the influence of capillarity, permeability, and pipe elevation of the soil compared to the cobble adjacent to the pipe.
High-Order Multidomain Spectral Difference Method for the Navier-Stokes Equations

*† ‡ A high order multidomain spectral difference (SD) method is developed for the three dimensional Navier-Stokes equations on unstructured hexahedral grids. The method is easy to implement since it involves one-dimensional operations only, and does not involve surface or volume integrals. Universal reconstructions are obtained by distributing solution and flux points in a geometrically similar manner in a unit cube. The concepts of the Riemann solver and high-order local representations are applied to achieve conservation and high order accuracy. In this paper, accuracy studies are performed to numerically verify the order of accuracy using flow problems with analytical solutions. High order of accuracy and spectral convergence are obtained for the propagation of an isotropic vortex and the Couette flow. The capability of the method for more complex, inviscid and viscous flow problems with curved boundaries is also demonstrated.
Comparison of the stem-loop and linear probe-based electrochemical DNA sensors by alternating current voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry.

Here we systematically characterized the sensor performance of the stem-loop probe (SLP) and linear probe (LP) electrochemical DNA sensors using alternating current voltammetry (ACV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), with the goal of generating the set of operational criteria that best suits each sensor architecture, in addition to elucidating the signaling mechanism behind these sensors. Although the LP sensor shows slightly better % signal suppression (SS) upon hybridization with the perfect match target at 10 Hz, our frequency-dependent study suggests that it shows optimal % SS only in a very limited AC frequency range. Similar results are observed in CV studies in which the LP sensor, when compared to the SLP sensor, displays a narrower range of voltammetric scan rates where the optimal % SS can be achieved. More importantly, the difference between the two sensors’ performance is particularly pronounced if the change in integrated charge (Q) upon target hybridization, rather than the peak current (I), is m...