cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building addressable libraries: site selective coumarin synthesis and the "real-time" signaling of antibody-coumarin binding.

The feasibility of using active semiconductor chips containing addressable arrays of microelectrodes for the “real-time” monitoring of biologically relevant binding events has been demonstrated by detecting the binding of a coumarin substrate by an anticoumarin antibody. The coumarin substrate was synthesized proximal to predetermined electrodes on the chip with the use of a Pd(II) reagent that was itself generated by using the selected electrodes. Once the coumarin was synthesized, its binding to the anticoumarin antibody was detected by monitoring the current associated with a ferrocene−ferrocinium ion redox cycle that was established between the electrodes on the chip and a remote auxiliary electrode.
Effects of Surface-Active Aerosols and Pulmonary Congestion on Lung Compliance and Resistance

Pulmonary compliance and resistance were studied in normal subjects after quiet respiration, deep breathing, and the nebulization of surface-active agents. Deep breathing resulted in a significant rise in pulmonary compliance and decrease in airway and tissue resistance. Alcohol nebulizations increased compliance and decreased resistance in normal subjects. Siliconized superinone and water nebulizations had an opposite effect. Simulated pulmonary congestion in normal subjects and congestive heart failure with pulmonary edema inhibited the anticipated response to alcohol aerosols. Responsiveness returned in part to patients with congestive heart failure after restoration of cardiac compensation. These observations suggest that pulmonary vascular congestion is a major cause of altered respiratory mechanics in heart failure. In the presence of pulmonary congestion, surface-active aerosols do not demonstrably affect compliance.
VI Wave Propagation in Random Media: A System Approach

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a system approach of wave propagation in random media. The chapter presents the review of the properties of electromagnetic wave propagation in a random medium in the limit when the random spatial inhomogeneities in the medium are large in comparison with the wavelength of the radiation and the magnitude of the index of refraction fluctuations (produced by these random inhomogeneities) is small in comparison with unity. It is also being assumed that the electromagnetic field is sufficiently weak, so, non-linear effects can be ignored, and that the propagation path is not so long that there is a saturation of the scintillations. The treatment begins with the vector form of the Maxwell wave equation, which is used to derive a generalized version of the Huygens-Fresnel Principle. This serves as the basis of all of the important results to be obtained.
Improved audio features for large-scale multimedia event detection

In this paper, we present recent experiments on using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), a new “delayed” approach to speech vs. non-speech segmentation, and extraction of large-scale pooling feature (LSPF) for detecting “events” within consumer videos, using the audio channel only. A “event” is defined to be a sequence of observations in a video, that can be directly observed or inferred. Ground truth is given by a semantic description of the event, and by a number of example videos. We describe and compare several algorithmic approaches, and report results on the 2013 TRECVID Multimedia Event Detection (MED) task, using arguably the largest such research set currently available. The presented system achieved the best results in most audio-only conditions. While the overall finding is that MFCC features perform best, we find that ANN as well as LSP features provide complementary information at various levels of temporal resolution. This paper provides analysis of both low-level and high-level features, investigating their relative contributions to overall system performance.
Cyberloafing and Personality: The Impact of the Big Five Traits and Workplace Situational Factors

The current study sought to expand prior research on cyberloafing by considering the impact of personality, as well as some previously unexplored situational factors. Specifically, we examined the impact of the Big Five personality factors, as well as the presence of an Internet usage policy and perceived work meaningfulness, on the amount of employee cyberloafing. Hierarchical regression analyses found that, controlling for gender and age, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and the presence of an Internet usage policy were all negatively related with cyberloafing whereas extroversion had a significant, positive relationship with cyberloafing. Implications of these findings for research and managerial practices are discussed.
Patient Training Prior to Entering Psychotherapy

Recent developments in community mental health care have prodded sharply on the decadesold dilemma of insufficient and inadequate psychiatric manpower. Nonetheless, the primary therapeutic modality continues to be individual psychotherapy. — Given this “state of affairs,” patient training prior to entering psychotherapy is encouraged on the grounds that the effectiveness and efficiency of outpatient services can be improved by more and better therapeutic structuring or patient preparation than is now the usual case. A brief rationale and description of various approaches to pretherapy training is presented along with several suggestions for program implementation.
Recombinant Factor VIIa: An Assessment of Evidence Regarding Its Efficacy and Safety in the Off-Label Setting

Recombinant human factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for use in the setting of hemorrhage associated with factor VIII or factor IX inhibitors in patients with congenital or acquired hemophilia. This indication represents only a small number of bleeding conditions. Since it became available, rFVIIa has been increasingly used in the management of off-label indications, ranging from emergent hemostasis in traumatic hemorrhage to prophylactic hemostasis in patients undergoing major surgery. Prominent off-label indications include the management of patients with coagulopathies, such as occurs in trauma patients experiencing massive and uncontrolled hemorrhage, and in patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Other occasions for use occur in patients with intact coagulation systems, with nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage being the most common in this group. Uncertainties regarding the efficacy and safety associated with use of rFVIIa in these off-label scenarios have led to evidence-based assessments of patient outcomes, including mortality, the rate of thromboembolic adverse events, and posttreatment functional status. We review the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of this important, but controversial, hemostatic agent in the off-label setting.
The Influence of the Thermophysical Fluid Properties of the New Ozone-Safe Refrigerants on Performance

The selection a working fluid as a refrigerant for the vapor compression cycle is discussed. For thermodynamic performance to be optimized particular attention must be paid to the fluid’s critical point and molar heat capacity. To achieve a reasonable balance between volumetric capacity, which implies equipment size, and coefficient of performance, which is efficiency, it is necessary to select a fluid with a critical point such that the application’s condenser will operate in a reduced temperature range of approximately 0.7 to 0.9. It is also necessary to select fluids within a rather limited range of molar heat capacity values. The specifics as to how these properties effect the cycle’s performance are presented in detail. For a better matching of the working fluid to a given application, both azeotopic and zeotropic mixtures of fluids are used. The characteristics and performance advantages and disadvantages of these mixtures are discussed.
ACTIVATED CARBON FOR CONTROL OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS

Activated carbons were used to selectively remove NOx from simulated flue gas at temperatures between 25 and 125 °C. Processing conditions and physical/chemical characteristics of the carbons which affected NOx adsorption, storage, and release were investigated. Oxygen as a coreactant was necessary to maximize the conversion of NO to NO2 and condensation of NO2 within the pores of the carbons. A NO-to-NO2 conversion mechanism is presented and discussed relative to previous research. A process for selectively removing NOx and concentrating it as NO2 in an alternate process stream is outlined. The purified NO2 stream could be used for chemicals manufacturing.
Comparing the Validity of the K6 When Assessing Depression, Anxiety, and PTSD Among Male and Female Jail Detainees:

A lack of a consistent and valid approach to screening within the jail often hinders identification and treatment. Furthermore, screening instruments developed for jail populations are often inadequate in detecting serious depression and anxiety disorders in women. While the remedy thus far has been the use of separate screening instruments for men and women, others have suggested that the K6, a six-item measure validated in large epidemiologic studies, may hold promise. Building on prior research, this study assesses the validity of the K6 in detecting depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders among 494 male and 515 female jail detainees. The authors found that 15% of males and 36% of females meet criteria for serious mental illness on the K6, with receiver operating characteristics--area under the curve scores of .84 and .93, respectively. This study not only establishes the validity and efficiency of using the K6 for screening within jails but also suggests a need for adjusting scale cut points.
Regulation of bile acid synthesis

HEPATIC CHOLESTEROL HOMEOSTASIS The liver plays a central role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Under normal conditions, cholesterol input into the body equals output; cholesterol homeostasis is maintained. Under pathologic conditions, enhancement of cholesterol input into the liver or a reduction in hepatic cholesterol output may overwhelm cholesterol homeostatic mechanisms and potentially result in hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, or cholesterol ch~lelithiasis.~~,
Syntheses of three stable isotope‐labeled ethylcyclopropanes

Three stable isotope-labeled ethylcyclopropanes have been synthesized in preparation for a mechanistic study of its fragmentation to methane and butadiene. Two tactical innovations have been used to deal with practical synthetic challenges posed by the very limited solubility of methylmagnesium iodide in tetrahydrofuran and the high volatility and high tendency to form aerosols characteristic of ethylcyclopropane. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pulsed UWB receiver SoC for insect motion control

For decades, scientists and engineers have been fascinated by cybernetic organisms, or cyborgs, that fuse artificial and natural systems. Cyborgs enable harnessing biological systems that have been honed by evolutionary forces over millennia to achieve astounding feats. Male moths can detect a single pheromone molecule, a sensitivity of roughly 10−21 grams. Thus, cyborgs can perform tasks at scales and efficiencies that would ordinarily seem incomprehensible. Semiconductor technology is central to realizing this vision offering powerful processing and communication capabilities, as well as low weight, small size, and deterministic control. An emerging cyborg application is moth flight control, where electronics and MEMS devices are placed on and within a moth to control flight direction. To receive commands on the moth, a lightweight, low power and low volume RX is required. This paper presents a pulsed ultrawideband (UWB) RX SoC designed for the stringent weight, volume and power constraints of the cyborg moth system.
Involvement of alpha1-adrenergic receptors in tranylcypromine enhancement of nicotine self-administration in rat

The mechanisms mediating tobacco addiction remain elusive. Nicotine, the psychoactive component in tobacco, is generally believed to be the main cause of reward and addiction. However, tobacco smoke contains thousands of constituents, some of which may interact with nicotine to enhance reward. It has previously been shown that monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition, known to result from smoking, can enhance nicotine self-administration. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of noradrenergic systems in mediating this enhancement of nicotine reward. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that MAO inhibitor pretreatment enhances nicotine self-administration by activation of noradrenergic pathways that regulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The effect of prazosin (0.0625–0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), a specific α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was examined on male rats pretreated with tranylcypromine (3 mg/kg), an irreversible inhibitor of MAO A and B. Acquisition of nicotine (10 μg kg−1 inj−1, i.v.) self-administration behavior was examined over a 5-day period. Nicotine (60 μg kg−1 inj−1, i.v.)-induced increase in NAc extracellular dopamine levels was examined by in vivo microdialysis in non-self-administering animals. We have shown that (1) tranylcypromine enhances nicotine self-administration, (2) prazosin pretreatment blocks both the acquisition and the expression of nicotine self-administration, and (3) prazosin pretreatment diminishes nicotine-induced dopamine release in the NAc. These data indicate that the stimulation of α1-adrenergic receptors is critical for tranylcypromine enhancement of nicotine reward and suggest a critical interplay between the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in tobacco addiction.
Sensory Integration and Density Estimation

The integration of partially redundant information from multiple sensors is a standard computational problem for agents interacting with the world. In man and other primates, integration has been shown psychophysically to be nearly optimal in the sense of error minimization. An influential generalization of this notion of optimality is that populations of multisensory neurons should retain all the information from their unisensory afferents about the underlying, common stimulus [1]. More recently, it was shown empirically that a neural network trained to perform latent-variable density estimation, with the activities of the unisensory neurons as observed data, satisfies the information-preservation criterion, even though the model architecture was not designed to match the true generative process for the data [2]. We prove here an analytical connection between these seemingly different tasks, density estimation and sensory integration; that the former implies the latter for the model used in [2]; but that this does not appear to be true for all models.
One Head - Many Hats: Expectations of a Rural Superintendent

Although urban and suburban school superintendents serve the largest group of students in terms of sheer numbers of schoolchildren, there are actually more superintendents serving in rural school districts in the United States. I examined the expected roles or “hats” of the rural superintendent by collecting data from several districts located in NE Colorado. Interviews of school board members and superintendents provided data, which suggested that the expected roles of a rural superintendent are multiple and varied. Five major themes or “hats” emerged that rural communities expected their superintendent to wear. These themes or hats included those of manager, planner, listener, communicator, and community involvement. Included in each of these major themes were many subcategories of hats that are forced on the heads of rural superintendents by their communities and by events that occur daily. This study suggests that there are differences in the expectations of rural superintendents from those serving urban or suburban districts. Administrator training programs at colleges and universities might better serve those students aspiring to rural superintendent positions by offering a specialization in rural school administration or at least offering a separate course designed to cover these unique expectations. Keywords: Superintendents, Qualitative Research, Rural, Leadership, Expectations
Serial nonrigid vascular registration using weighted normalized mutual information

Vascular registration is a challenging problem with many potential applications. However, registering vessels accurately is difficult as they often occupy a small portion of the image and their relative motion/deformation is swamped by the displacements seen in large organs such as the heart and the liver. Our registration method uses a vessel detection algorithm to generate a vesselness image (probability of having a vessel at any given voxel) which is used to construct a weighting factor that is used to modify the intensity metric to give preference to vascular structures while maintaining the larger context. Therefore, our proposing method uses fully data-driven calculated weights and needs no prior knowledge for the weight calculation. We applied our method to the registration of serial MRI lamb images obtained from studies on tissue engineered vascular grafts and demonstrate encouraging performance as compared to non-weighted registration methods.
Retooled Liberalism? A Review Article

In the aftermath of the Reagan presidency and the Persian Gulf war, we appear once again to be entering into one of the spasms of national selfinspection to which America is periodically subjected. Understanding the trajectory of the past, it is argued, can help determine the future politics of an ongoing experiment in democratic self-government, but two factors militate against a firm sense of purpose or direction. The state of moral discourse makes forecasting a complicated enterprise, for definitions of the good society can no longer implicitly rely upon common sense, shared beliefs, or acknowledged religious authority. In addition, diffuse and complex moder economies require a degree of expertise in their direction that limits the practical role of lay citizens. American democracy, in short, cannot yet translate plural moral languages or reconcile participation with efficiency. In the analysis of twentieth-century American liberalism, the ideological matrix within which this conundrum presents itself, scholars have recently begun to reconsider arguments first made in the 1940s and 1950s. At that time, such writers as Morton White, Cushing Strout, and Bernard Crick linked America's reverence for technical achievement to its political codes.2 As a parade of new research methodologies, political constituencies, and cultural enthusiasms queued up in the following decades, the focus within American history upon the multifold expressions of technological fascination
Scanning probe microscopy generated out-of-plane deformation maps exhibiting heterogeneous nanoscale deformation resulting from thermal cycling of Cu-polyimide damascene interconnects

Room-temperature scanning probe microscopy was used to generate out-of-plane deformation maps around Cu vias and polyimide mesas in single-level Cu–polyimide damascene interconnect structures subjected to a room-temperature to 350 °C thermal cycle. The deformation maps are obtained by taking the difference between the images obtained before and after thermal processing. The deformation of the Cu is shown to be highly heterogeneous on the submicrometer scale. Direct evidence of Cu–Ta interfacial sliding, Cu–Cu grain boundary sliding, and diffusion creep is presented. The direction of Cu–Ta sliding is shown to depend on polyimide mesa size. A hot-stage atomic force microscope was used to show that hillock/extrusion growth occurs at temperatures between 130 and 180 °C. We propose that this hillock/extrusion growth is correlated with dips in stress–temperature plots for blanket, uncapped Cu films in the same temperature range and that the absence of dips for nitride-capped Cu films is due to suppression of the hillock/extrusion growth.
Optical interconnects: a viable solution for interconnection beyond 10 gbit/sec

The speed and complexity of integrated circuits are increasing rapidly as integrated circuit technology advances from very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits to ultra-large-scale integrated (ULSI) circuits. As the number of devices per chip, the number of chips per board, the modulation speed, and the degree of integration continue to increase, electrical interconnects are facing their fundamental bottlenecks, such as speed, packaging, fan-out, and power dissipation. In the quest for high-density packaging of electronic circuits, the construction of multichip modules (MCM), which decrease the surface area by removing package walls between chips, improved signal integrity by shortening interconnection distances and removing impedance problems and capacitances. The employment of copper and materials with lower dielectric constant materials can release the bottleneck in a chip level for the next several years. The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) expects that on-chip local clock speed will constantly increase to 10 GHz by the year 2011. Electrical interconnects operating at a high-frequency region have many problems to be solved, such as crosstalk, impedance matching, power dissipation, skew, and packing density. Optical interconnection has several advantages, such as immunity to the electromagnetic interference, independency to impedance mismatch, less power consumption, and high-speed operation. Although the optical interconnects have great advantages compared with the copper/low K interconnection, they still have some difficulties regarding packaging, multilayer technology, signal tapping, and reworkability. In this presentation, the progress of optical interconnect for intra and inter-board levels will be presented with both passive and active components suitable for system integration including thin film planar waveguides, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), PIN photodiode array and silicon nano-photonic crystal waveguide modulators.
Effects of modafinil on sustained attention performance and quality of life in OSA patients with residual sleepiness while being treated with nCPAP

Abstract Background : Some patients with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSA/HS) who are regular users of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapy continue to experience daytime sleepiness that impairs performance and quality of life. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted to determine the effect of modafinil on sustained attention performance and functional quality of life in OSA/HS patients with residual daytime sleepiness, who were regular users of nCPAP therapy. Methods : Seventy-seven patients received modafinil (200 mg/day, week 1; 400 mg/day, weeks 2–4) and 80 patients received matching placebo once daily for 4 weeks. Sustained attention performance on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and functional status and quality of life using the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) were measured. Results : The frequency of lapses of attention during PVT performance was significantly decreased, and both the median and slowest reaction times were significantly improved in patients receiving nCPAP plus modafinil compared with those receiving nCPAP plus placebo ( P =0.010 for the number of lapses [transformed], P =0.023 for the median reaction time, and P =0.014 for the reciprocal of the 10% slowest reaction times). Treatment with nCPAP plus modafinil significantly improved the FOSQ total score (weeks 1 and 4), the vigilance subscale score (weeks 1 and 4), and the activity level subscale score (week 4) compared with treatment with nCPAP plus placebo (all P Conclusions : Consistent with previous results for objective and subjective measures of sleepiness, modafinil used adjunctively improved performance on a test of behavioral alertness and reduced functional impairments in patients with OSA/HS who were regular users of nCPAP therapy but still experiencing sleepiness.
Targeting human dendritic cells in situ to improve vaccines

Dendritic cells (DCs) provide a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity. The potent antigen presenting properties of DCs makes them a valuable target for the delivery of immunogenic cargo. Recent clinical studies describing in situ DC targeting with antibody-mediated targeting of DC receptor through DEC-205 provide new opportunities for the clinical application of DC-targeted vaccines. Further advances with nanoparticle vectors which can encapsulate antigens and adjuvants within the same compartment and be targeted against diverse DC subsets also represent an attractive strategy for targeting DCs. This review provides a brief summary of the rationale behind targeting dendritic cells in situ, the existing pre-clinical and clinical data on these vaccines and challenges faced by the next generation DC-targeted vaccines.
Straining Psychic and Social Sinew: Trauma among Adolescent Psychiatric Patients in New Mexico

Drawing on data from a longitudinal study of 47 adolescents of diverse ethnic backgrounds hospitalized for psychiatric disorder in New Mexico, the article critically examines the relevance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to address anthropological questions of how to define the problem. Factors include the utility/limitation of psychiatric diagnostic categories, the lived experience of severe distress, the socioeconomic and political conditions of suffering, and reciprocal relations between immediate and remote social institutions. I discuss the mental health care system for adolescents and present two case studies of young inpatients, emphasizing the need for dual specification of the conditions of trauma and the structure of experience. I argue for understanding patterns of abandonment that shape the raw existence of young people at both the personal and collective levels to apprehend their depth and durability.
Buckling and Vibrations of Polygonal and Rhombic Plates

The lowest eigenvalues for thin simply supported polygonal and rhombic plates are determined by means of conformal mapping and a power series expansion. Approximate mapping functions produce first eigenvalues to within 1%, indicating a relative insensitivity to exact boundary shape.
Geographic Position Determined by Intersection

Several unique geodetic distance intersection airborne surveying methods for determining the geographic positions of points on the earth’s surface have been developed by engineers of the Cadastral Surveys Branch, United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. The analytical solutions to the geometric problems associated with the three most successful of these methods, the three range, four range, and two range and elevation solutions are described. The geographic coordinates of a point can be determined using slope distances only or slope distances and elevations measured from several points of known geographic position and elevation to the point of unknown position. If electronic distance measuring instruments are employed for measuring the slope distances between points and an automatic computer with double precision is used to obtain the analytical solution, the geodetic distance intersection methods are among the simplest and most direct methods available for determining the geographic coordinates of points of unknown position.
Effect of adrenergic blocking agents on fatty acid mobilization during fasting.

SummaryRepeated doses of ergotamine and hexamethonium had no effect on increase in plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration which occurs during fasting. Dibenzyline was similarly without effect on this response. These findings suggest that the stimulus to increased NEFA mobilization during fasting may not be mediated by the adrenergic nervous system.
EPR a global product for the UK market - 5 FAQs

The article consists of a Powerpoint presentation on global power equipment products for the UK market. The areas discussed include: power equipment products, market demand, nuclear power renaissance, nuclear supply chain.
Step Diagnosis of Reciprocating Compressor Based on Multifractal Theory

The multifractal theory is applied to extract the fault features from the vibration signals of different spots on reciprocating compressor.The general dimensions can give a good presentation for the running state of the reciprocating compressor.ΔDq is a difference between maximum and minimum of Dq in the general dimention spectrum,it is a response on the fluctuation of vibration signals.The fault step can be identified by comparing the difference of ΔDq under normal and fault state on two steps;the step diagnosis of running state for the reciprocating compressor is achieved.The validity of the method is proved by analyzing on the mass data of the manifold faults.
Sibling Influence on Physical Activity and Sport Participation: Considerations for Coaches

Sibling relationships are some of the most influential throughout one's life. While family influences have often been examined in sports settings, less has been studied regarding the specific roles siblings may play. Research suggests that the way athletes view sport participation can be shaped by their experiences and relationships with siblings. Athletes may choose or avoid certain physical activities based on the interests of their siblings, and athletes may define their athletic abilities based on the abilities of their siblings. Moreover, natural rivalry exists between siblings and is especially present when siblings compete against one another in sport contexts. Coaches should be aware of the ways siblings influence one another and utilize strategies that encourage athletes to experience individual success. The purpose of this article is to increase awareness about sibling influences in sport settings and provide practical recommendations for coaches working with athletes who have siblings. The sugg...
Bared Teeth, Plucked Feathers, Broken Eggs: Reading Human-Animal Relationships through Audubon

In this paper, I study John James Audubon’s famed drawings of wildlife to uncover his perspective on the evolving relationships between humans and animals during the era of American westward expansion. Using three engravings from Birds of America , along with his accompanying essays, I look beyond the animals in the foreground to examine the human settlements often lurking in the background. I discover that Audubon portrays three distinct types of human-animal relationships, which I then compare to the human presence shown in two of his later works, the engravings of Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America and their subsequent essays. This second set of drawings undercuts any attempt to derive an optimistic interpretation of the Birds plates, for they reveal an unsustainable relationship between humans and the animals whose habitats they invade. I conclude that while Birds and Quadrupeds glorify their animal subjects, rightly qualifying as artistic and scientific triumphs, their depiction of human activity carries a much darker weight, suggesting that human presence in nature necessarily causes damage. Ultimately, this idea recasts Audubon as a thinker who transcends his historical location and offers a relevant perspective on the environment occupied by the modern reader.
Osteogenic Capacity of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells is Preserved Following Triggering of Shape Memory Scaffolds

Recent advances in shape memory polymers have enabled the study of programmable, shape-changing, cytocompatible tissue engineering scaffolds. For treatment of bone defects, scaffolds with shape memory functionality have been studied for their potential for minimally invasive delivery, conformal fitting to defect margins, and defect stabilization. However, the extent to which the osteogenic differentiation capacity of stem cells resident in shape memory scaffolds is preserved following programmed shape change has not yet been determined. As a result, the feasibility of shape memory polymer scaffolds being employed in stem cell-based treatment strategies remains unclear. To test the hypothesis that stem cell osteogenic differentiation can be preserved during and following triggering of programmed architectural changes in shape memory polymer scaffolds, human adipose-derived stem cells were seeded in shape memory polymer foam scaffolds or in shape memory polymer fibrous scaffolds programmed to expand or contract, respectively, when warmed to body temperature. Osteogenic differentiation in shape-changing and control scaffolds was compared using mineral deposition, protein production, and gene expression assays. For both shape-changing and control scaffolds, qualitatively and quantitatively comparable amounts of mineral deposition were observed; comparable levels of alkaline phosphatase activity were measured; and no significant differences in the expression of genetic markers of osteogenesis were detected. These findings support the feasibility of employing shape memory in scaffolds for stem cell-based therapies for bone repair.
Accessing Three-Dimensional Crystals with Incorporated Guests through Metal-Directed Coiled-Coil Peptide Assembly.

Obtaining three-dimensional (3D) protein and peptide crystals on demand requires a precisely orchestrated hierarchical assembly of biopolymer building blocks. In this work, we disclose a metal-ion-mediated strategy to assemble trimeric coiled-coil peptides in a head-to-tail fashion into linear strands with interstrand interactions. This design led to hexagonal 3D peptide crystal formation within 30 min in the presence of divalent metal ions. The crystal morphology could be controlled by varying the metal ion/peptide ratio, resulting in hexagonal discs to rods. Diffraction studies elucidated the head-to-tail arrangement of the coiled-coil linear strands and their hexagonal, antiparallel packing within the crystal. Unsatisfied ligands at the hexagonal ends of the crystals were harnessed as a powerful means to direct His-tagged fluorophores to distinct locations within the crystals. Overall, the designed hierarchical assembly provides a facile means to obtain 3D peptide crystals and incorporate His-tag-based...
Improving Spleen Volume Estimation Via Computer-assisted Segmentation on Clinically Acquired CT Scans

Objectives Multi-atlas fusion is a promising approach for computer-assisted segmentation of anatomic structures. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and time efficiency of multi-atlas segmentation for estimating spleen volumes on clinically acquired computed tomography (CT) scans. Materials and Methods Under an institutional review board approval, we obtained 294 de-identified (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant) abdominal CT scans on 78 subjects from a recent clinical trial. We compared five pipelines for obtaining splenic volumes: Pipeline 1 – manual segmentation of all scans, Pipeline 2 – automated segmentation of all scans, Pipeline 3 – automated segmentation of all scans with manual segmentation for outliers on a rudimentary visual quality check, and Pipelines 4 and 5 – volumes derived from a unidimensional measurement of craniocaudal spleen length and three-dimensional splenic index measurements, respectively. Using Pipeline 1 results as ground truth, the accuracies of Pipelines 2–5 (Dice similarity coefficient, Pearson correlation, R-squared, and percent and absolute deviation of volume from ground truth) were compared for point estimates of splenic volume and for change in splenic volume over time. Time cost was also compared for Pipelines 1–5. Results Pipeline 3 was dominant in terms of both accuracy and time cost. With a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.99, average absolute volume deviation of 23.7 cm 3 , and time cost of 1 minute per scan, Pipeline 3 yielded the best results. The second-best approach was Pipeline 5, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.98, absolute deviation of 46.92 cm 3 , and time cost of 1 minute 30 seconds per scan. Manual segmentation (Pipeline 1) required 11 minutes per scan. Conclusion A computer-automated segmentation approach with manual correction of outliers generated accurate splenic volumes with reasonable time efficiency.
A Practical Perspective on Corporate Risk Management

The essay draws on ideas from across knowledge silos in order to provide a pragmatic examination of the risk management concept in a corporate setting. The essay explores: the need to allow into our thinking the notion that risk and uncertainty are distinct; the practical challenges of implementing the idea that the price of any single risk facing the corporate risk manager also depends on how it associates with all the other risks facing the firm; a tractable strategy for the risk manager given that there is not a consensus on why corporations manage risk. A possible way forward is a management strategy that conceptualizes risk as tactical and as strategic.
The Effects of 3D Audio on Hologram Localization in Augmented Reality Environments

Currently available augmented reality systems have a narrow field of view, giving users only a small window to look through to find holograms in the environment. The challenge for developers is to ...
Evaluating representational systems in artificial intelligence

All artificial reasoners work within representational systems. These systems, which may have varying levels of formality or detail, determine the space of possible representations over which the artificial reasoner can operate, by defining the syntactic and semantic properties of the symbols, structures, and inferences that they manipulate. But we are now seeing an increasing need for the ability to reason over representational systems, rather than just working within them. A prerequisite of performing such reasoning is the ability to evaluate and compare representational objects (and to know the difference between them). We survey the criteria that are used for such evaluations in AI, machine learning, and other AI-related fields. To aid our survey, we introduce a formalism of representations, representational systems, and representational spaces that lends itself nicely to an analysis of the criteria typically used for evaluating them.
IMPULSES OF ACTIVITY AND THE SOLAR CYCLE

Extreme-ultraviolet data from EIT/SOHO (1996–2002), soft X-ray data from Yohkoh (1991–2001), and magnetic field data from MDI/SOHO (1996–2002) and Kitt Peak Observatory, NSO/NOAO (1991–2002) are analyzed together in the form of synoptic maps for the investigation of solar cycle variations of the corona and their relation to the magnetic field. These results show new interesting relations between the evolution of the topological structure of the corona, coronal heating and the large-scale magnetic field. The long-lived coronal structures are related to complexes of solar activity and display quasi-periodic behavior (in the form of impulses of coronal activity) with periods of 1.0–1.5 year, in the axisymmetric distribution of EUV and X-ray fluxes during the current solar cycle 23. In particular, during the second maximum of this cycle the solar corona became somewhat hotter than it was in the period of the first maximum.
The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord has a unique role as a conductor of impulses between the brain and the various peripheral nerves; it also serves many important reflex functions.
Doctor-Patient Trust Among Chronic Pain Patients on Chronic Opioid Therapy after Opioid Risk Reduction Initiatives: A Survey

Objective: This analysis examined patients9 perceptions about trust within the doctor-patient relationship related to managing opioid pain medications. We compared perceptions among chronic opioid therapy (COT) patients who were and were not exposed to opioid risk reduction initiatives. Methods: Between 2014 and 2016, we surveyed 1588 adults with chronic pain receiving COT about their trust in their prescribing doctor, their perceptions of their doctor9s trust in them, their concerns about opioid prescribing, and their knowledge of opioid safety concerns. The population included adults receiving care in intervention settings that implemented opioid risk reduction initiatives and control settings with similar COT patients that did not. Results: Overall, 82.2% of COT patients said they trusted their doctor9s judgment, with more agreement among patients in the control clinics (86.3%; n = 653) than in the intervention clinics (77.9%; n = 935; P = .002). Similarly, slightly more patients in the control clinics believed their physician trusted how they managed their opioid pain medicines (91.1%) compared with the intervention clinics (86.2%; P = .002). The percent who worried that their doctor would stop prescribing opioid pain medicine was 29.3% in intervention clinics and 21.8% in control clinics (P = .007). Conclusions: Although COT patients typically reported favorable perceptions of doctor-patient trust in managing opioid pain medicines, implementation of opioid risk reduction initiatives may have reduced levels of trust for a minority of COT patients. This suggests that it may be possible to implement opioid risk-reduction initiatives while sustaining high levels of doctor-patient trust for most COT patients.
Individual variation in human navigation

The cognitive map view of navigation posits that humans and other species represent space in a format that encodes the distances and directions among locations in relation to external reference frames such as boundaries and landmarks. Such an allocentric representation is combined with egocentric representations that track a navigator's position over movement. Jointly, these systems enable the flexible planning of routes, including shortcuts, detours, and paths between two locations not formerly travelled. Tolman's (1948) work on the sunburst maze initiated this tradition. In the sunburst maze, rats who had followed a circuitous route to find a reward, as shown at the left of Figure 1, could take a shortcut to the goal when their route was blocked and other routes were offered, as shown at the right of Figure 1. That is, to use one set of terms, they were place learners as well as response learners, or to use another set of terms, they formed survey representations as well as route representations.
64 ACCULTURATION AND ALZHEIMER DISEASE RISK AMONG JAPANESE-AMERICAN ELDERLY: THE KAME STUDY.

Background Cross-cultural studies of Alzheimer disease (AD) in genetically similar populations have been designed to detect possible environmental risk factors. It may be possible to perform similar analyses on a single population by examining acculturation, which is the extent to which individuals moving into a host society adapt to changes in lifestyle. Our objective was to determine whether acculturation to Western society was a risk factor for developing AD in an elderly population of Japanese-Americans. Study Design and Methods A cohort of 1,622 dementia-free individuals with baseline acculturation scores was followed for 8 years with biennial cognitive screening assessments using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument. Individuals scoring Results In unadjusted models, the relative hazard associated with higher levels of acculturation was 0.6 (95% CI 0.4-0.97). With adjustments for demographic characteristics, the relative hazard associated with higher levels of acculturation was 1.84 (95% CI 0.5-6.6). With further adjustments for vascular disease risk factors and apolipoprotein E genotype, the relative hazard associated with higher levels of acculturation was 1.83 (95% CI 0.4-8.5). Conclusion Japanese-Americans in the highest acculturation group appear to have an increased risk for acquiring AD, though the confidence interval includes the null value. This finding suggests further research to determine a biological rationale.
Risk factors for postprostate biopsy infection.

103Background: Prostate biopsy is a common procedure that many U.S. men endure during their lifetime. Evidence suggests that the risk of post-biopsy infections is increasing. We aimed to characteri...
Can Privacy Be Satisfying?: On Improving Viewer Satisfaction for Privacy-Enhanced Photos Using Aesthetic Transforms

Pervasive photo sharing in online social media platforms can cause unintended privacy violations when elements of an image reveal sensitive information. Prior studies have identified image obfuscation methods (e.g., blurring) to enhance privacy, but many of these methods adversely affect viewers' satisfaction with the photo, which may cause people to avoid using them. In this paper, we study the novel hypothesis that it may be possible to restore viewers' satisfaction by 'boosting' or enhancing the aesthetics of an obscured image, thereby compensating for the negative effects of a privacy transform. Using a between-subjects online experiment, we studied the effects of three artistic transformations on images that had objects obscured using three popular obfuscation methods validated by prior research. Our findings suggest that using artistic transformations can mitigate some negative effects of obfuscation methods, but more exploration is needed to retain viewer satisfaction.
The Importance of Gatekeeping in Citizen Science

The article by Wiggins and Wilbanks in this issue (2019) provides an important overview of the some of the forms and challenges of citizen involvement in health and biomedical research. Many such r...
The association of goal-striving stress with sleep duration and sleep quality among African Americans in the Jackson Heart Study.

Abstract Background African Americans (AAs) report a higher frequency of certain stressors over their lifetime which may impact biological processes that can impair sleep. For this reason, goal-striving stress (GSS), the difference between aspiration and achievement, weighted by disappointment, may contribute to poor sleep quality and suboptimal sleep duration among AAs. Methods We completed a cross-sectional analysis using exam 1 data (2000-2004) from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) (n=4943). GSS was self-reported and categorized in tertiles of low, moderate, and high. Participants self-reported the number of hours they slept each night and rated their sleep quality as (1) very poor to (5) excellent. Sleep duration categories included the following: short sleep (≤6 hours), normal sleep (7-8 hours) and long sleep (≥ 9 hours). Sleep quality was categorized as high (good/very good/excellent) and low (fair/poor). Relative risk ratios (RRRs 95% confidence intervals-CI) were estimated for sleep duration and sleep quality categories by GSS using logistic regression. Results After full adjustment, there were no significant associations between GSS and sleep duration categories. However, participants who reported high (versus low) GSS had a 20% greater risk (1.20 95% CI: 1.01, 1.43) of low (versus high) sleep quality in the fully adjusted model. Conclusion The stress due to the deficit between goal aspiration and achievement was associated with poor sleep quality. Future investigations should examine the association of changes in GSS with changes in sleep duration and sleep quality.
Recent progress in chemical synthesis of bacterial surface glycans

With the continuing advancement of carbohydrate chemical synthesis, bacterial glycomes have become increasingly attractive and accessible synthetic targets. Although bacteria also produce carbohydrate-containing secondary metabolites, our review here will cover recent chemical synthetic efforts on bacterial surface glycans. The obtained compounds are excellent candidates for the development of improved structurally defined glycoconjugate vaccines to combat bacterial infections. They are also important probes for investigating glycan-protein interactions. Glycosylation strategies applied for the formation of some challenging glycosidic bonds of various uncommon sugars in a number of recently synthesized bacterial surface glycans are highlighted.
Revisiting supplement safety: a near fatal overdose with novel supplement tejocote.

To the Editor, The Food and Drug Administration passed the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act in 1994, creating a new category of products labeled “dietary supplements” [1]. Since its pass...