cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increased jitter and blocking in normal muscles due to doubly innervated muscle fibers

Increased jitter and intermittent impulse blocking in electromyographic (EMG) signals are considered evidence of transmission abnormality and are not usually associated with normal muscle. However, motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) that exhibit increased jitter and blocking have recently been shown to occur in the brachioradialis muscles of neurologically healthy subjects. The jitter and blocking result from collisions, refractoriness, and conduction-velocity variability in long muscle fibers that are innervated by two different motoneurons at widely separated endplates. We analyzed MUAPs obtained by decomposing EMG signals from the brachioradialis muscles of four normal subjects. The rate of blocking of some MUAP components was as high as 28%, the jitter between some components exceeded 300 micros (mean consecutive difference), and the mean incidence of irregular MUAPs was 14%. These values would be considered abnormal in many other muscles. Jitter from doubly innervated fibers can be distinguished from other types of pathological jitter because one component exhibits amplitude variability. Clinical neurophysiologists should be aware that increased jitter and blocking do not necessarily indicate pathology in brachioradialis and perhaps other long, parallel-fibered muscles.
Altered fractionation trials in head and neck cancer

Advancement in radiobiological concepts has led to the development of two classes of new fractionation schedules for the treatment of head and neck cancers. These altered fractionation regimens are referred to as hyperfractionation and accelerated fractionation schedules. Hyperfractionation exploits the difference in fractionation sensitivity between tumors and normal tissues manifesting late morbidity. In contrast, accelerated fractionations attempt to reduce tumor proliferation as a major cause of radiotherapy failure. Although there are many permutations in accelerating radiation treatment, the existing schedules can be conceptually grouped into two categories, pure accelerated fractionations and hybrid accelerated regimens, depending on whether there are concurrent changes in other fractionation parameters. The results of 10 completed phase III clinical trials addressing different types of altered fractionation schedules in head and neck carcinomas are examined and summarized in this review article. The data of trials on hyperfractionation regimens applying 10% to 15% total dose increment over the standard 66 to 70 Gy consistently revealed a 10% to 15% improvement in the local control rate of a subset of intermediate-stage carcinomas without an appreciable increase in the incidence of late complications. The available data on accelerated fractionation regimens showed that tumor clonogen proliferation is a major cause of radiation failure. Completed studies, however, revealed that a 1-to 1.5-week treatment acceleration without total dose reduction achieved by administering 2-Gy fractions 6 times per week or concomitant boost schedule yielded an approximately 15% higher tumor control rate without increasing late toxicity. Shortening the overall time to less than 2 weeks with an associated total dose reduction did not seem to improve tumor control rate, with an exception perhaps for a small subset of patients with laryngeal carcinomas, but might decrease some late normal tissue injury. A weekly dose accumulation rate of 14 Gy or greater, or delivery of 3 fractions of 1.6 Gy/d, with 6 hour intervals, without total dose reduction, was found to increase morbidity beyond the acceptable level. Further treatment refinements building on these findings are being pursued.
Effects of Drugs and of Counterpulsation on Myocardial Oxygen Consumption

A series of investigations on the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption were reviewed and their relevance to the survival and function of ischemic tissue in the presence of coronary occlusion pointed out. Tension development, contractile state of the myocardium, and heart rate are the most important factors influencing cardiac oxygen consumption, and drugs commonly used in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction appear to influence oxygen consumption by acting upon these three determinants. Thus, digitalis glycosides and sympathomimetic agents tend to increase myocardial oxygen requirements, since they improve the heart's inotropic state. However, this influence may be offset in the enlarged heart in which end-diastolic volume and tension are reduced. Agents which depress the heart exert the opposite effect. Electrocardiographic changes reflecting myocardial ischemia are intensified when isoproterenol is administered following coronary ligation. Synchronized arterial counterpulsation reduces myocardial tension development and therefore oxygen consumption. An augmentation of myocardial oxygen needs in the presence of coronary occlusion may be expected to increase the size of the necrotic zone and to impair the function of the ischemic zone, while a reduction of oxygen consumption may be expected to exert the opposite effect.
Complex Refractive Index of an Ideal Monatomic Gas

The main results of some previous work of the author on this subject are rederived in a more rigorous fashion. In particular, no appeal is made to perturbation theory or to the author's "damping operator" formalism, and closer attention is paid to the question of proper averaging over configurations of absorbers. All effects due to translational motion of absorbers are neglected, but the dipolar "resonance" interactions are included. It is shown that the formal results of the previous work, which permit a detailed calculation of the absorption line shape, are valid under the following assumptions: (a) The average optical behavior of the gas is describable in terms of a refractive index; (b) there is no correlation between the positions of different absorbers, i.e., the gas is ideal. However, it is also shown that the cutoff procedure for handling a divergent integral which appears in the theory must be modified. The modified cutoff procedure leads to a large increase in the theoretically predicted linewidth, in qualitative agreement with experiment.
CT colonscopy: experience of 100 cases using volumetric rendering

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Ct colonoscopy for polyp detection using volumetric rendering and comparison to actual colonoscopy. Materials and Methods: 100 patients had CT colonoscopy performed by the same blinded experienced radiologist just prior to their actual colonoscopy. The number of polyps found by both techniques was compared as a function of their pathologically measured size. Complications of both procedures were assessed and ancillary findings found on noncontrast CT were also evaluated for significance. Results: 61 polyps were found by colonoscopy and resected, including 23 which were hyperplastic polyps, 35 tubular adenomas, and 3 villous adenomas. 34 were = 10 mm in diameter. The sensitivity of CT colonoscopy for = 10 mm, 100%, including the 3 villous adenomas. Evaluating by patient, of the 19 patients who one or more >= 5 mm polyps found by colonoscopy, 17 had polyps identified by CT colonoscopy. The remaining 2 patients with a normal CT colonoscopy had polyps 5 - 9 mm in size. There were no significant complications from CT colonoscopy, but 3 serious complications from actual colonoscopy. CT colonoscopy discovered significant noncolonic pathology in 10 patients. Conclusion: CT colonoscopy performed with volumetric rendering has moderate sensitivity for detecting polyps 5 - 9 mm in size and is highly sensitive for clinically significant polyps >= 10 mm in size.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MRI mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity via gas inhalation challenges

The brain is a spatially heterogeneous and temporally dynamic organ, with different regions requiring different amount of blood supply at different time. Therefore, the ability of the blood vessels to dilate or constrict, known as Cerebral-Vascular-Reactivity (CVR), represents an important domain of vascular function. An imaging marker representing this dynamic property will provide new information of cerebral vessels under normal and diseased conditions such as stroke, dementia, atherosclerosis, small vessel diseases, brain tumor, traumatic brain injury, and multiple sclerosis. In order to perform this type of measurement in humans, it is necessary to deliver a vasoactive stimulus such as CO2 and/or O2 gas mixture while quantitative brain magnetic resonance images (MRI) are being collected. In this work, we presented a MR compatible gas-delivery system and the associated protocol that allow the delivery of special gas mixtures (e.g., O2, CO2, N2, and their combinations) while the subject is lying inside the MRI scanner. This system is relatively simple, economical, and easy to use, and the experimental protocol allows accurate mapping of CVR in both healthy volunteers and patients with neurological disorders. This approach has the potential to be used in broad clinical applications and in better understanding of brain vascular pathophysiology. In the video, we demonstrate how to set up the system inside an MRI suite and how to perform a complete experiment on a human participant.
Learning models in different cultures.

The beliefs about learning that different cultures have—that is, cultural models of learning—may influence the meanings children construct for learning and achievement.
The 43 residue DNA binding domain of γδ resolvase binds adjacent major and minor grooves of DNA

The carboxyl-terminal domain of gamma delta resolvase binds to each half of the three resolvase binding sites that constitute the recombination site, res. Ethylation inhibition experiments show that the phosphate contacts made by the C-terminal DNA binding domain are similar to those made by intact resolvase, with the exception of a single phosphate at the inside end of each contact region which is contacted solely by the intact resolvase. The DNA binding domain makes essentially identical contacts to all 6 half sites, whereas the intact resolvase makes slightly different contacts to each binding site. Despite its small size, only 43 amino acid residues, the resolvase C-terminal domain interacts with an unusually large segment of DNA. Phosphate contacts extend across an adjacent major and minor groove of DNA and about one third of the circumference around the helix. The minimal binding segment, determined experimentally, is a 12 bp sequence that includes the 9 base pair inverted repeat (common to all half sites), the adjacent 3 base pairs (towards the center of the intact resolvase binding site), and phosphates at both ends.
A model for bridging the gap between undergraduate research and practice

Abstract This paper illustrates how a coded recording system used in conjunction with student research and field placement courses can contribute to ending the long-standing estrangement of research from practice in undergraduate social work education. When modified and individualized, it can accommodate a diversity of agency settings, client populations, and practice orientations. It can aid students in sharpening their skills, and becoming more at ease with research. Moreover, this system can contribute to making research relevant to practice, and enabling social work to account more concisely for the interventions of its practitioners.
Quaternary ammonium ions can externally block voltage-gated K+ channels. Establishing a theoretical and experimental model that predicts KDs and the selectivity of K+ over Na+ ions

Abstract The physicochemical basis for the high ion selectivity of potassium channels is poorly understood. In the present studies, external blockade of cloned voltage-gated potassium channels with alkyl quaternary ammonium ions are analyzed from a model derived from theory and experimental data. Atomic mass units, electrostatic potential residing on the nitrogen atom, the COSMO van der Waals solvent accessible surface, the Onsager solvation model, and the isodensity PCM solvation model are computed at the semi-empirical and the ab initio levels of theory. A structure–activity relationship (SAR) exists between the calculated values and the experimentally obtained KD (mM). The SAR model gives us KD predictions and when K+ and Na+ are incorporated into the model, it dramatically predicts the selectivity of K+ over Na+ ions.
Image subtraction in gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging

Image subtraction in gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging is a broadly applicable postprocessing technique that can be used with any field strength and T1-weighted sequence. This technique is typically a quick and efficient means of obtaining fat suppression that avoids the limitations of incomplete fat saturation due to field inhomogeneity and increased imaging times associated with conventional fat-suppression techniques. In particular, image subtraction may be valuable on lower strength magnetic field systems that lack effective chemical-shift fat-suppression techniques. Because source data are viewed in conjunction with subtracted images, image subtraction is unlikely to introduce errors in interpretation. By performing unenhanced and enhanced sequences in a manner amenable to image subtraction, radiologists should find this technique to be a useful and almost cost-free option.
Lyngbyastatins 8–10, Elastase Inhibitors with Cyclic Depsipeptide Scaffolds Isolated from the Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena

Investigation of an extract from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya semiplena, collected in Tumon Bay, Guam, led to the identification of three new cyclodepsipeptides, lyngbyastatins 8–10 (1–3). The structures of 1–3 were determined by NMR, MS, ESIMS fragmentation and chemical degradation. Compounds 1–3 are closely related to lyngbyastatins 4–7. Like the latter compounds, we found 1–3 to inhibit porcine pancreatic elastase, with IC50 values of 123 nM, 210 nM and 120 nM, respectively.
Heterogeneous Ligand–Nanoparticle Distributions: A Major Obstacle to Scientific Understanding and Commercial Translation

Nanoparticles conjugated with functional ligands are expected to have a major impact in medicine, photonics, sensing, and nanoarchitecture design. One major obstacle to realizing the promise of these materials, however, is the difficulty in controlling the ligand/nanoparticle ratio. This obstacle can be segmented into three key areas: First, many designs of these systems have failed to account for the true heterogeneity of ligand/nanoparticle ratios that compose each material. Second, studies in the field often use the mean ligand/nanoparticle ratio as the accepted level of characterization of these materials. This measure is insufficient because it does not provide information about the distribution of ligand/nanoparticle species within a sample or the number and relative amount of the different species that compose a material. Without these data, researchers do not have an accurate definition of material composition necessary both to understand the material–property relationships and to monitor the cons...
Strategies for lung regeneration

Due to the limited ability of the adult lung to regenerate and the frequency of lung disease, the lung is a tissue that can especially benefit from regenerative medicine. Prospects for lung regeneration have made great strides in the past year. In this review, we summarize recent progress and key challenges for approaches in lung regenerative medicine. With a focus on the matrix components critical for the development of regenerative lung tissues, we discuss possible cell sources for lung regeneration, key matrix effects on cell repopulation, and physical stimuli that will aid in the growth of lung tissues in vitro.
Coexistent Asthma and Functional Upper Airway Obstruction: Case Reports and Review of the Literature

Three asthmatic patients with dyspnea and episodes of apparent bronchospasm unresponsive to conventional therapy are described. During these episodes variable extrathoracic upper airway obstruction and airflow limitation typical of bronchial asthma were demonstrated by spirometry test results. In one patient, paradoxical vocal cord motion was identified by fiberoptic laryngoscopy. We believe these patients represent an unusual subgroup of asthmatic subjects who manifest laryngeal dysfunction. Recognition of this upper airway component to airflow limitation in some asthmatic patients may help physicians avoid potentially unnecessary therapy with systemic steroids and endotracheal intubation.
CARDIAC AND PULMONARY ARTERY MENSURATION IN FELINE HEARTWORM DISEASE

A retrospective study was undertaken to quantify thoracic radiographic changes in cats with heartworm diseases, (Dirofilaria immitis). Using a blinded study format, the cardiac silhouette, thoracic cavity and pulmonary arteries were measured from thoracic radiographs of 21 cats with feline heartworm disease and 30 cats without known cardiac or pulmonary vessel pathology. Measured data were normalized to the thoracic cavity or bony structures within the radiographic field of view. The measurements were compared between the two groups of cats using an unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test, with a p value of < 0.05 being considered significant. Cats with feline heartworm disease had enlargement of the craniocaudal aspect of the cardiac silhouette and normalized cardiac:thoracic ratio (p < 0.05) on the lateral view. Also, there was significant enlargement of the central and peripheral caudal lobar pulmonary arteries and their normalized ratios (p < 0.05) in the heartworm infected cats as visualized on the ventrodorsal projection. Tortuosity of the pulmonary arteries was seen in three of the 21 infected cats. Eleven of the 21 cats with feline heartworm disease had pulmonary parenchymal changes. Based on the present study, central and peripheral pulmonary artery enlargement as viewed on the ventrodorsal radiograph was the single best radiographic indicator of feline heartworm disease.
THE CONCEPT OF A CULTURAL LANDSCAPE:NATURE, CULTURE AND AGENCY IN THE LAND

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report issued in April 2005 shows how severely our civilisation is degrading and overstressing the natural systems that support human life and all other lives on earth. An important critical challenge, especially for the eco-humanities, is to help us understand the conceptual frameworks and systems that disappear the crucial support provided by natural systems and prevent us from seeing nature as a field of agency. This paper considers the currently popular concept of a cultural landscape as an example of a concept that downplays natural agency, and discusses the epistemology of nature scepticism and nature cynicism that often accompanies its vogue in the humanities. Can some philosophical disentangling of senses of nature (often considered the most complex term in the language) allow sceptics their main points without placing them on such a strong collision course with the requirements of commonsense and survival?
Algebraic direct methods for few-atoms structure models.

As a basis for direct-methods phasing at very low resolution for macromolecular crystal structures, normalized structure-factor algebra is presented for few-atoms structure models with N = 1, 2, 3, … equal atoms or polyatomic globs per unit cell. Main results include: For N = 1, \quad\quad\quad\,({\varphi _{\bf h} + \varphi _{\bf k} + \varphi _{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } ) \bmod 2\pi = 0.\hfillFor N = 2, ({\varphi _{\bf h} + \varphi _{\bf k} + \varphi _{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } ) \bmod 2\pi = \left\{ \matrix{ 0\quad{\rm if }\quad | {E_{\bf h} } |{}^2 + | {E_{\bf k} } |{}^2 + | {E_{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } |{}^2 - 2 \,\gt\, 0, \hfill \cr \pi\quad {\rm if }\quad | {E_{\bf h} } |{}^2 + | {E_{\bf k} } |{}^2 + | {E_{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } |{}^2 - 2 \,\lt\, 0\,. \hfill } \right.For N = 3, \cos({\varphi _{\bf h} + \varphi _{\bf k} + \varphi _{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } ) is obtained in an exact closed form as a rational function of nine magnitudes | {E_{\bf h} } |, | {E_{\bf k} }|, | {E_{{\bf h} + {\bf k}} } |, | {E_{{\bf h} - {\bf k}} } |, | {E_{{\bf h} + 2{\bf k}} } |, | {E_{2{\bf h} + {\bf k}} } |, | {E_{2{\bf h}} }|, | {E_{2{\bf k}} }|, | {E_{2{\bf h} + 2{\bf k}} } |. For N = 1,2,3,\ldots, \displaylines{ \quad\tan ({\varphi _{\bf h} - \alpha _{\bf h} } ) \approx {{ - \textstyle\sum\limits_{\bf k} {W_{{\bf hk}} } \sin ({\varphi _{\bf k} + \varphi _{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } )} \Big/ {\textstyle\sum\limits_{\bf k} {W_{{\bf hk}} } \cos ({\varphi _{\bf k} + \varphi _{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } ),}} \hfill\cr\quad \alpha _{\bf h} = \left\{ \matrix{ 0\quad{\rm if }\quad\textstyle\sum\limits_{\bf k} {\Delta _{{\bf hk}} | {\Delta _{{\bf hk}} } |} \,\gt\, 0 ,\hfill \cr \pi \quad{\rm if }\quad\textstyle\sum\limits_{\bf k} {\Delta _{{\bf hk}} | {\Delta _{{\bf hk}} } |}\, \lt\, 0 ,\hfill \cr} \right. \quad \Delta _{{\bf hk}} = | {E_{\bf h} }|{}^2 +| {E_{\bf k} } |{}^2 + | {E_{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } |{}^2 - ({a /N}), \hfill\cr \quad W_{{\bf hk}} = | {\Delta _{{\bf hk}} E_{\bf h} E_{\bf k} E_{ - {\bf h} - {\bf k}} } | [{1 - ({1 - | {\Delta _{{\bf hk}} } |{}^{ - 1} } )\tanh ({N - b} )} ]. \hfill}Triplet discriminant \Delta _{{\bf hk}} and triplet weight W_{{\bf hk}} parameters, a \approx 4.0 and b \approx 3.0, respectively, were determined empirically in numerical error analyses. Tests with phases calculated for few-atoms `super-glob' models of the protein apo-d-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (~10000 non-H atoms) showed that low-resolution phases from the new few-atoms tangent formula were much better than conventional tangent formula phases for N = 2 and 3; phases from the two formulae were essentially the same for N \ge 4.
How best to utilize bandwidth in underwater acoustic communication

In a recent shallow water experiment, acoustic communication transmissions were carried out over the 10-32 kHz band in ~100 m deep water over a 3 km range. A natural question is how best to utilize that bandwidth. In one multiband approach discussed previously, the band was divided into four smaller subbands that were processed independently using time reversal decision-feedback equalizers (TR-DFEs). This paper presents a complementary wideband approach using data from the same experiment achieving a data rate of up to 60 kbits/s with 32-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation). These results suggest that a wideband approach can be beneficial in terms of spectral efficiency with modest computational complexity using a TR-DFE.
DNA signal splitting improves detection and analysis of tetraploid populations

Detection of DNA tetraploid populations requires a high index of suspicion at the time of data acquisition and frequently requires subsequent off-line analysis for confirmation, including evaluation of the hypertetraploid region. To analyze these specimens, the flow cytometer operator must run all specimens with the G0G1 peak in low channels or rerun specimens in which tetraploidy is suspected with a lower photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltage or lower amplifier gain setting. Re-analysis may not be possible in specimens with few cells. A simple modification to the cytometer allows PMT signal splitting with simultaneous processing of the signal by two different amplifiers. This allows simultaneous acquisition of histograms optimized for both the hypotetraploid and hypertetraploid regions. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluoxetine induces vasopressin and oxytocin abnormalities in food-restricted rats given voluntary exercise: relationship to anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa is associated with vasopressin, oxytocin and serotonin abnormalities. Because of the relationship between exercise and anorexia nervosa, we explored the weight-loss syndrome produced by wheel running in food-deprived rats. Its effects on regional vasopressin and oxytocin concentrations were determined under basal conditions and following systemic fluoxetine. Weight-matched, exercised and unexercised rats served as controls. Fluoxetine caused abnormalities in suprachiasmatic vasopressin and dynorphin A content and in thymus oxytocin content that did not occur in weight-matched or exercised controls. No syndrome-specific anomalies occurred in the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system or dorsal vagal complex (DVC). However, weight reduction and fluoxetine increased circulating vasopressin; moderate exercise caused fluoxetine-induced elevations in posterior pituitary vasopressin and oxytocin; and, unlike the other groups, fluoxetine increased DVC oxytocin in freely fed unexercised rats. It was concluded that syndrome-specific vasopressin and oxytocin abnormalities occur that are not secondary to weight loss or moderate exercise; that weight loss or fluoxetine increases circulating vasopressin; that moderate exercise alters neurohypophysial vasopressin and oxytocin content; and that weight loss or exercise inhibits a fluoxetine-stimulated increase in DVC oxytocin. Finally, it was argued that the fluoxetine abnormalities indicate possible serotonin dysfunction in the syndrome.
Multiple biomarker assessment in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease

There is room for improving current risk stratification tools for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). disease (CVD). Integrating the measurement of multiple biomarkers into a single risk assessment algorithm, a strategy increasingly being used in acute cardiovascular care settings, also has promise for primary prevention. A number of novel biomarkers, including natriuretic peptides, sensitive cardiac troponins, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, have successfully been incorporated into multimarker panels that can improve traditional CVD risk assessment measures, and new markers emerge regularly. Targeting the appropriate populations that are most likely to benefit from more advanced screening will be key to the success of a multimarker approach to preventing CVD. Studies evaluating specific combinations of biomarkers (with or without noninvasive tests of subclinical CVD), cost-effectiveness, and clinical outcomes are needed before a multiple biomarker approach to primary prevention of CVD can be widely advocated and implemented.
Orangutan Night-Time Long Call Behavior: Sleep Quality Costs Associated with Vocalizations in Captive Pongo

Researchers have suggested that the ability of male primates to emit long-distance vocalizations is energetically costly and potentially incurring important adaptive consequences upon the calling individuals. Here, we present the first preliminary data on captive orangutan (Pongo spp.) nocturnal long calls, generated at the Indianapolis Zoo. We used videography to characterize long calls with observed behavioral contexts for 48 nights (816 observed hours totaling 83 long calls). We generated somnographic data for a subset of the long calls. Overall measures of sleep quality generated by infrared videography were then compared to the somnographic, nocturnal long call data. We tested hypotheses related to the proximate mechanisms involved in the initialization of vocalization and the potential costs of emitting long calls to overall sleep quality. We found that (1) performed long calls were conscious and premeditated in nature and (2) greater number of night-time long calls shared a positive relationship with arousability and sleep fragmentation and a negative relationship with total sleep time and sleep quality. These findings strongly suggest that only several minutes of total time invested in long calls throughout the night disproportionately cost the caller by negatively impacting overall sleep quality.
THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND RISK PERCEPTION ON THE HURRICANE EVACUATION DECISION-MAKING OF GREATER NEW ORLEANS RESIDENTS

This article contributes to the current discussion on how residents living in vulnerable areas make the decision to evacuate when they are in harms way. Key in this discussion is the question, what role does information and risk play in shaping evacuation behavior? This study used a sample of respondents from the greater New Orleans region (Orleans, Jefferson, and St. Bernard Parishes) of the Twelve Parish Survey (N = 1,207) conducted prior to Hurricane Katrina. The findings indicate that information sources are vitally important in the evacuation process. By examining the role of information from authorities, family, and friends; visual imagery; and the media we found that individuals use a variety of sources when they decide to evacuate. Further, the importance of visual imagery in the evacuation process is discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of information dissemination and its importance to members of the media and public policy makers.
Anatomical and functional imaging of the auditory cortex in awake mustached bats using magnetic resonance technology.

Abstract The auditory cortex of mustached bats, Pteronotus parnellii, has been studied extensively using neuroanatomical tract-tracing and electrophysiological techniques to elucidate the functional organization and neural mechanisms important for auditory processing. While these techniques have identified several cortical maps involved in processing auditory information, there has been no direct observation of the dynamics of simultaneous activation of several discrete areas. We applied magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques for visualizing brain structures in awake bats using a 7-Tesla magnet system; we also investigated functional MR imaging by measuring changes in stimulus-correlated blood oxygenation levels to detect cortical areas exhibiting evoked neural activity. High resolution (100 μm) anatomical images were successfully acquired without any motion artifacts. It was possible to reconstruct the whole brain image and analyze brain surface structures with three dimensional (3D) MR imaging data. These data provide detailed morphometric measurements that will allow localization of stimulus specific neural activity patterns using modified functional magnetic-resonance-imaging (fMRI) protocols. Motion artifacts is the primary disadvantage of using awake bats; our study shows that fMRI of a bat's brain is feasible and may prove to be an important advancement for a further understanding of auditory processing in this species. Themes: Sensory systems, Neural basis of behavior. Topics: Auditory systems: central anatomy, Auditory systems: central physiology, Neuroethology, Neural plasticity.
A case of fibromatosis gingivae.

Abstract A case of fibromatosis gingivae has been reported. After two gingivectomies, the condition appears to be recurring. Full-mouth extraction of the deciduous teeth will be envisaged the next time, giving the patient a period of relief before the eruption of the permanent teeth, as in most of the cases reviewed the hyperplasia is associated with the eruption of the permanent dentition. Radiation therapy was considered, but after consultation with the radiation therapy department it was dropped as ineffectual, if not harmful, since such treatment might affect any future surgical procedure on the bone and might possibly harm the development of the jaws.
One Hundred Years Ago: Harper's Asks a Question

Examines the "odd prose piece" called "Two Questions" from Whitman's small 1891 book Good-bye My Fancy in conjunction with the column it (mis)quotes by George William Curtis from Harper's Monthly (July, 1890).
Abstract 4838: Longitudinal assessment of high risk t(4;14) multiple myeloma using next generation whole genome sequencing

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Background: In order to understand the genetic events associated with disease progression and the development of drug resistance in multiple myeloma, we studied four longitudinally collected samples from a single, high risk, t(4;14) multiple myeloma patient. Samples over a four-year period were available from diagnosis, at time of first progression on lenalidomide, second progression while on bortezomib, at time of relapsed refractory disease and with end stage plasma cell leukemia. To better understand these genetic events, we utilized DNA extracted from germline tissue and CD138 purified bone marrow tumor cells to conduct whole genome sequencing (WGS) utilizing the Life Technologies SOLiD™ platform. Results: We have sequenced over 100 billion bases per sample with whole genome fragment library sequencing providing an average of 30X aligned coverage at all four time points studied. Each sample was aligned to the reference genome (NCBI36/hg18) with BFAST and post-alignment removal of duplicates and recalibration performed with Picard and Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) respectively. We then called point mutations with SolSNP and compared the germline sample to each tumor sample utilizing the Paired Mutation Walker. To date, we have identified 224 nonsynonymous point mutations within 217 genes. We then utilized the Sorting Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT) algorithm and identified 109 potentially damaging point mutations which include 108 novel mutations in coding exons. Of the 224 somatic mutations observed, only 20 of these mutations are common to all tumor time points. Interestingly, the diagnostic and bortezomib refractory (second progression) samples had 11 mutations in common while the lenalidomide refractory (first progression) sample shared only 4 mutations in common with the bortezomib refractory sample. This suggests the presence of multiple clones at diagnosis that, due to treatment selection pressure, may emerge or regress as the dominant clone. Preliminary pathway analysis reveals the presence of mutations in genes regulating NFKB and Akt, whose pathways are often dysregulated in cancer. Conclusions: Whole genome sequencing has revealed evidence of mutational differences in exons between tumor and germline DNA indicative of the presence of multiple clones at diagnosis and evolution of these clones over time. This data supports the use of multiple drug therapies that target multiple clones and challenges the long held assumption that a patient who becomes refractory to a particular treatment will always be refractory to that treatment. Additional evaluation in a larger population is needed to confirm these findings. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4838. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4838
Reaction of carbons with ammonia: Effects on the surface charge and molybdenum adsorption

Abstract Previous research has shown that pretreatment of certain carbons in ammonia enhanced the activities of molybdenum-based catalysts for coal asphaltene hydrogenation. The current study examines the influence of the ammonia reaction on the surface electrical properties of the carbons with the aid. of electrophoretic mobility and adsorption experiments. The results showed that, in aqueous solution, the parent carbon was negatively charged over the range of pH investigated (about pH 3–12) and had an isoelectric point (i.e.p) of pH 2.O. Treatment of the carbon in ammonia raised the i.e.p. to pH 5.7, the carbon being positively charged below this pH value. The higher positive charge density on the ammonia-treated carbon enhanced its molybdenum adsorption capacity.
An analytic approach to the hydrogen Stark effect in weak, strong, and ultrastrong fields

An accurate analytic approximate solution of the hydrogen-Stark-effect Schr\"odinger equation is obtained. In contrast to previous non-numerical solutions, this solution (which is piecewise continuous, and easily calculable) is accurate for applied electric fields of arbitrary strength\char22{}including weak fields ($F\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.1{F}_{\mathrm{ion}}$; the Stark-shift regime), strong fields ($F\ensuremath{\lesssim}{F}_{\mathrm{ion}}$), and ultrastrong fields ($F\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{2}{F}_{\mathrm{ion}}$), where ${F}_{\mathrm{ion}}=3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ V / cm is the classical ionization field of hydrogen. The ultrastrong-field regime is experimentally accessible in solid-state physics where, for hydrogenic excitons, ${F}_{\mathrm{ion}}$ may be as small as ${10}^{2}$ V / cm.
Nephrotoxicity of 5-(N-phenylcarboxamido)-2-thiobarbituric acid in the Fischer 344 rat.

In the present investigation, administration of a single i.p. dose of the anticancer drug merbarone [5-(N-phenylcarboxamido)-2-thiobarbituric acid] produced an acute and reversible decrease in renal function in female but not male Fischer 344 rats. The renal lesion in female rats was biochemically characterized as a decrease inp-aminohippuric acid accumulation by renal slices along with polyuria, glucosuria, proteinuria, and enzymuria. These functional changes were accompanied by histopathologic changes of focal tubular necrosis that was confined to the deep cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla. The changes in these parameters were dose-dependent and were observed at doses as low as 0.2×MELD10 (12 mg/kg). This low merbarone dose increased urinary glucose and protein excretion by 26- and 9-fold, respectively, in the initial 16-h urine collection in female rats. This increase was accompanied by a 2- to 15-fold increase in the excretion ofN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities. No significant changes in renal function were observed in male rats apart from mild enzymuria after a high dose of merbarone (36 mg/kg). The drug did not increase urea nitrogen levels in male or female rats, reflecting the focal nature of this tubular lesion. Merbarone produced small elevations in serum transaminase activities [i. e., glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT)] at doses that produced marked alterations in renal function in female rats, suggesting only mild hepatotoxicity. The present study establishes the kidney as a possible dose-limiting target organ for merbarone toxicity.
Interactions of proteins with solvent components in 8 m urea

Abstract The interaction between proteins and urea was investigated by determining the apparent partial specific volumes of nine proteins in the molecular weight range 9000 to 41,000 in 8 m urea solution. The apparent partial specific volumes were determined under both isomolal and isopotential conditions. The preferential interaction with solvent components, calculated from the obtained values, varied between zero and 0.14 g of urea per gram of protein. In none of the cases was the interaction preferential with water. The total binding of denaturant to each protein was calculated and the correlation between the total number of residues and the number of moles of urea bound per mole of protein was obtained. Several models were tested for the observed and expected number of denaturant molecules bound to the protein. A good correlation was obtained for the model in which one urea molecule was bound to each pair of peptide units and one to each aromatic side chain. There was no correlation whatever with protein hydrophobicity. The changes in volume upon transferring the proteins from dilute salt solution to 8 m urea were calculated; comparison with values reported in the literature for various denaturants showed good agreement.
The Dyadic Contract: A Model for the Social Structure of a Mexican Peasant Village1

HE social structures of societies with unilineal descent groups are far T better known than those of societies with bilateral kinship systems, and our conceptual models for dealing with them are much more sophisticated. The differences in our relative degrees of knowledge are particularly apparent when we compare African groups with what may be called “classic peasant society,” of which the preindustrial European village is the type example.e By 1953 Fortes felt “we are now in a position to formulate a number of connected generalizations about the structure of the unilineal descent group, and its place in the total social system . . . ’’ (1953:24). We are still unable to say as much about bilateral systems, as a class, as Fortes said about unilineal descent groups a t that time. Since Fortes wrote, Pitt-Rivers’ account of a small Spanish town (1955) and Banfield’s description of a poverty-stricken Italian village (1958) have appeared. Both represent classic peasantry. Although the Spanish Alcall and the Italian Montegrano differ from each other in many ways, and are described by the authors from distinct points of reference, it is clear that in social typology they fall together as compared to African corporate-unit groups. Most, and possibly all, non-Indian Latin American peasant communities, when better described, will be found to fall with the European Mediterranean type. This is important, since collectively the two areas, which share much common culture history and many social structural features, offer an excellent contrast to the African groups which have become the take-off point for so much structuralfunctional analysis. This paper represents a preliminary attempt a t a structural-functional analysis of the social organization of the Mexican peasant community of Tzintzuntzan. Specifically, I suggest a model-and describe part of the empirical data from which it is drawn-to reconcile the institutionalized roles which can be recognized and described with the underlying principle which gives the social system coherence. The model appears to account for the nature of interaction between people of the same socio-economic status, between people of different statuses, between fellow villagers, between villagers and outsiders, and perhaps between man and supernatural beings as well. Although my anallysis deals only with Tzintzuntzan, I think the model will prove useful for other societies with similar structural features. In Tzintzuntzan, as in AlcalB and Montegrano, the nuclear bilateral family is the basic social unit. And, as in these two communities, both villagers and
Driving object deformations from internal physical processes

In this paper we present a method for deforming objects for graphics applications, based on the results of internal physical simulations. As driving examples, we describe in detail methods for simulating the bending of burning matches, and the crumpling of burning paper. In these cases, the small-scale changes in a chemical process result in large-scale deformations of the given object. We propose the use of a free form deformation to model such largescale deformations. Changing object properties are mapped onto the edges of a proxy object, which is then modified by treating the edges as springs. This proxy object then serves as a control structure for defining the deformation of the underlying object. The results we present are fast, controllable, and visually plausible.
Turbojet Engine Blades Health/Maintenance Monitoring using a Microwave Probe

This paper proposes usage of microwave radiation for turbine blades health/maintenance status monitoring in the course of the turbojet engine operation. It shows that it is possible to measure blade motion components using a special microwave probe, based on the homodyne detection concept. Examples of signal received from the probe during ground tests of the SO-3 turbojet engine are presented and analyzed.
Promoting Chinese-Speaking Primary Care Physicians' Communication with Immigrant Patients about Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Cluster Randomized Trial Design

Chinese Americans underutilize colorectal cancer screening. This study evaluated a physician-based intervention guided by social cognitive theory (SCT) to inform future research involving minority physicians and patients. Twenty-five Chinese-speaking primary care physicians were randomized into intervention or usual care arms. The intervention included two 45-minute in-office training sessions paired with a dual-language communication guide detailing strategies in addressing Chinese patients' screening barriers. Physicians' feedback on the intervention, their performance data during training, and pre-post intervention survey data were collected and analyzed. Most physicians (~85%) liked the intervention materials but ~84% spent less than 20 minutes reading the guide and only 46% found the length of time for in-office training acceptable. Despite this, the intervention increased physicians' perceived communication self-efficacy with patients (p<.01). This study demonstrated the feasibility of enrolling and intervening with minority physicians. Time constraints in primary care practice should be considered in the design and implementation of interventions.
Gender-specific flowering responses to day length in the dioecious plant Silene latifolia at different temperatures

Silene latifolia Poiret is a reliable model system for studying many of the classical problems in biology because little difference in its physiological response to environmental stimuli has been found between genders. In this experiment, we studied flowering responses to day length in male and female S. latifolia plants grown at different temperatures. The primary objective was to examine whether flowering in male and female plants was differentially influenced by day length and temperature. We hypothesized that temperature would interact with day length in affecting flowering, because both genders have been found to flower in a wide range of day lengths and temperatures. Plants were grown in environmental chambers at a target temperature of 15/10 or 30/25°C (day/night). Day length was increased by half-hour intervals until all plants had flowered. Results showed that S. latifolia is a qualitative long-day plant with a critical day length of 11 h. Flowering accelerated with increasing day length until 16.5 h, when all plants flowered. Males and females differed in relative flowering at different day lengths, but to a greater extent at high than at low temperature. This study demonstrated that flowering of male and female S. latifolia respond differently to day length at different temperatures. A more uniform experimental protocol, especially in controlled environments, is called for to make this model system a more useful tool in biological studies.
Invertebrate Composition and Abundance Associated with Didymosphenia geminata in a Montane Stream

ABSTRACT Didymosphenia geminata, a relatively new aquatic nuisance species that can form extensive, mucilaginous mats on stream substrates, was reported from Rapid Creek, South Dakota in 2002. To examine the association between D. geminata and the invertebrate community in Rapid Creek, macroinvertebrates were quantified using three gear types in the fall of 2006. D. geminata was present at two of four sites sampled (range = 5.53 to 809.68 g m−2 dry mass). At each site, invertebrates were collected using dip nets, Surber samplers, and drift nets. The combined percentage of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera in areas with D. geminata was lower (41%) than in areas without D. geminata (76%). Diptera abundance was higher at sites with D. geminata than in sites where D. geminata was absent.
Early childhood temperament as a determinant of externalizing behavior in adolescence

Two cohorts of adolescents who were categorized at either 21 or 31 months of age as extremely inhibited or uninhibited completed the Youth Self-Report (YSR), and their parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). In the second year, inhibited children typically cease ongoing behavior and vocalizing, seek comfort from a familiar person, or withdraw in response to unfamiliar situations. By contrast uninhibited children do not become subdued by novelty and are sociable and outgoing, often vocalizing, smiling, and approaching unfamiliar persons or objects. The 13-year-old adolescents who had been categorized as inhibited at 21 months of age scored significantly lower than adolescents originally classified as uninhibited on the Total Externalizing, Delinquent Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior Scales. Parental ratings of Total Externalizing and Aggressive behavior on the CBCL agreed with the Youth Self-Report. The second cohort of adolescents who had been selected at 31 months yielded similar findings, but only for males. These results suggest that important aspects of the original temperamental profile have been preserved over a 12-year period.