cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cybersecurity Policies in China

Cybersecurity is a hotly debated concept worldwide with various policy dimensions. This chapter maps out China’s cybersecurity policies in five areas: personal data protection, consumer protection, cybercrime, threats to public order, and cyberdefense. It argues China is both cyber-ambitious and cyber-vulnerable. In an increasingly combative and conflict-prone world driven by the rivalry between powerful nations, alternative framework and strategies based on peace and cooperation are critical for solving myriad urgent cybersecurity problems.
Penetrating injuries to the vertebral artery: interventions and outcomes from US Trauma Centers

Penetrating injuries to the vertebral artery are rare and incompletely studied. Operative, angioembolic, and nonoperative strategies are management options, although the association between management strategy and outcomes is unknown. This study endeavored to define the epidemiology, management strategy, and outcomes after penetrating injuries to the vertebral artery presenting to trauma centers nationwide. Patients with veterbral artery injuries were identified from the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) (2016–2017) using ICD-10-CM codes. Only those with penetrating mechanisms of injury were included in the study. Transferred patients were excluded. Study groups were defined by management strategy (Operative management, OM; angioembolization, AE; and nonoperative management, NOM). Patient demographics, injury characteristics, and outcomes were compared between groups using univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was used to examine independent risk factors for mortality and stroke. Penetrating injuries to the vertebral artery were rare (n = 476, < 1% of NTDB patient population). Median age was 28 [IQR 21–37] years and 81% (n = 385) of patients were male. Interpersonal violence was the most common injury intent (n = 374, 79%). Most patients were managed with NOM (n = 409, 86%), with AE and OM utilized less frequently (8% and 6%, respectively). Stab wounds were the most frequent mechanism of injury among patients managed with OM (62%), while gunshot wounds were most common among patients managed with NOM (84%) or AE (79%). Multivariate analysis of risk factors for stroke revealed only associated carotid artery injury (OR 4.236, 95% CI 1.284–13.970, p = 0.018) and AE (OR 6.342, 95% CI 1.417–28.399, p = 0.016) were independent predictors. Independent risk factors for mortality were advanced age (OR 1.026, 95% CI 1.001–1.052, p = 0.044); elevated ISS (OR 1.030, 95% CI 1.008–1.052, p = 0.006); and associated traumatic brain injury (OR 3.020, 95% CI 1.333–6.843, p = 0.008). Higher ED GCS was independently associated with reduced mortality (OR 0.788, 95% CI 0.731–0.849, p < 0.001). Vertebral artery injuries after penetrating mechanisms are infrequent in the United States. Patients with these injuries tend to be young adult men who were injured by gunshot wounds as a result of interpersonal violence. The majority of these injuries were managed nonoperatively, with operative intervention required most commonly for patients injured by stab wounds. Risk factors for both stroke and mortality were principally due to patient factors and associated injuries. Increased risk of stroke among patients managed with angioembolization will need to be further investigated with future study to determine if this risk is imparted from the management strategy itself or from underlying injury characteristics.
African Feminisms and Co-constructing a Collaborative Future with Men: Namibian Women in Mining’s Discourses:

This study examines discourses of gender equality, inclusion, and empowerment in the mineral mining industry, focusing on the Women in Mining Association of Namibia (WiMAN). Qualitative content ana...
Survey on the Analysis and Modeling of Visual Kinship: A Decade in the Making.

Kinship recognition is a challenging problem with many practical applications. With much progress and milestones having been reached after ten years - we are now able to survey the research and create new milestones. We review the public resources and data challenges that enabled and inspired many to hone-in on the views of automatic kinship recognition in the visual domain. The different tasks are described in technical terms and syntax consistent across the problem domain and the practical value of each discussed and measured. State-of-the-art methods for visual kinship recognition problems, whether to discriminate between or generate from, are examined. As part of such, we review systems proposed as part of a recent data challenge held in conjunction with the 2020 IEEE Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. We establish a stronghold for the state of progress for the different problems in a consistent manner. This survey will serve as the central resource for the work of the next decade to build upon. For the tenth anniversary, the demo code is provided for the various kin-based tasks. Detecting relatives with visual recognition and classifying the relationship is an area with high potential for impact in research and practice.
International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Sustainable Development Goals, and the United Nations

This chapter advocates for the application of scientific evidence to promote the health and well-being of older adults through an ongoing dialogue between professional associations and policy makers. The conference on which this volume is based had as an objective to identify public polices and strategies in support of improving the mental health of older people and consider what is necessary to achieve optimal care and support in later life. I focus on the importance of translating science to policy, thereby increasing the probability that policy will meet the needs of the targeted group. I begin with a discussion of the challenges faced when communicating across disciplines, organizations, and strategies. Of great importance is to assure that communication is successfully achieved when participants speak different languages, and have different communication styles and approaches to application. I propose that professional organizations translate scientific evidence and partner with national and international organizations to achieve mutual goals. I use the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics (IAGG) and its relationship with the United Nations as an illustrative example of a successful partnership. I consider the history of this partnership, past successes, and ongoing activities, specifically, in achieving the current United Nations program of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Finally, I offer suggestions for how to move forward.
‘Coromentality’: Nigerians’ Use of Memetic Humour During the COVID-19 Lockdowns

A meme is a popular form of internet humour. Studies have found that people use memes to comment on and react to events. Therefore, this study investigated Nigerians’ use of humour during the novel coronavirus pandemic. Using content analysis, this study examined 47 memes Nigerians shared through WhatsApp during coronavirus-related lockdowns in 2020. Humour is largely theorized as occurring for relief, incongruity and/or superiority purposes; this study applied the incongruity, superiority and relief theories of humour. The investigation revealed that Nigerians created and shared four types of memes during the coronavirus-related lockdowns in Nigeria that employed incongruity, relief and superiority humour strategies to relieve stress and comment on issues that arose in the country during the pandemic.
The Wisdom of LEED's Role in Green Building Mandates

Climate change” is an extremely understated way to describe humans increasingly suffering from extreme weather events like intense and frequent hurricanes, food shortages for millions of people, and a spike in diseases like malaria and cholera.1 The pressing need to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to prevent-or at least mitigate or slow-the inexorable effects of climate change has increased dramatically the recent attention of regulators on “green building” in the U.S. As Europe has placed a price on carbon, with the rest of the developed world likely to follow with restrictions or their own markets in coming years, the focus has been on domestic measures that could have a measurable impact on greenhouse gas emissions like green building.
A Complementary Pair of Four-Terminal Silicon Synapses

We have developed a complementary pair of pFET and nFET floating-gate silicon MOS transistors for analog learning applications. The memory storage is nonvolatile; hot-electron injection and electron tunneling permit bidirectional memory updates. Because these updates depend on both the stored memory value and the transistor terminal voltages, the synapses can implement a learning function. We have derived a memory-update rule for both devices, and have shown that the synapse learning follows a simple power law. Unlike conventional EEPROMs, the synapses allow simultaneous memory reading and writing. Synapse transistor arrays can therefore compute both the array output, and local memory updates, in parallel. We have fabricated prototype synaptic arrays; because the tunneling and injection processes are exponential in the transistor terminal voltages, the write and erase isolation between array synapses is better than 0.01 percent The synapses are small, and typically are operated at subthreshold current levels; they will permit the development of dense, low-power silicon learning systems.
Prevalence and Incidence of Epilepsy in an Elderly and Low-Income Population in the United States

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy among an elderly and poor population in the United States. METHODS Arizona Medicaid claims data from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010 were used for this analysis. Subjects who were aged ≥65 years and were continuously enrolled in any Arizona Medicaid health plans (eligible to patients with low income) for ≥12 months between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2009 were considered eligible for inclusion in the study cohort. In addition to meeting the aforementioned criteria, incident and prevalent cases must have had epilepsy-related healthcare claims. Furthermore, incident cases were required to have a 1-year "clean" period immediately preceding the index date. Negative binomial and logistic regression models were used to assess the factors associated with epilepsy incidence and prevalence. RESULTS The estimated epilepsy incidence and prevalence for this population in 2009 were 7.9 and 19.3 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. The incidence and prevalence rates were significantly higher for patients with comorbid conditions that were potential risk factors for epilepsy and were of younger age than for their non-comorbid and older counterparts (p<0.05). The prevalence rates were significantly higher for non-Hispanic Blacks and male beneficiaries than for non-Hispanic Whites and female beneficiaries, respectively (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This patient population had higher epilepsy incidence and prevalence compared with the general US population. These differences may be at least in part attributable to their low socioeconomic status.
An Inverse Dynamic Method Yielding Flexible Manipulator State Trajectories

An inverse dynamic equation for a flexible manipulator is derived in a state form. By dividing the inverse system into the causal part and the anticausal part, we can calculate torque in the time domain for a certain end point trajectory, as well as trajectories of all state variabls. The open loop control of the inverse dynamic method shows an excellent result in simulation. For practical applications, a control strategy adapting feedback tracking control to the inverse dynamic feedforward control is illustrated, and its good experimental result is presented.
Using an interpretive research group to teach communication and understanding in undergraduate psychiatric-mental health nursing students.

An interpretive research group based in existential phenomenology is used to facilitate student learning about skills central to nursing--communicating, listening, and a genuine understanding of "the other"--in an undergraduate psychiatric-mental health nursing course. Shattell and Hogan present a teaching strategy consistent with the Educative-Caring Model of nursing education in which student-faculty interactions are egalitarian and active learning is necessary.
Detection of Relationships Between Streptococcus faecalis and Lactobacillus casei by Immunological Studies with Two Forms of Malic Enzyme

Antisera prepared against two isologous malic enzymes from Lactobacillus casei strains 64H and M40 were used to survey and categorize the various malic enzymes found within this diverse species. In addition to detecting three major antigenic variants of malic enzyme within this group, both antisera readily reacted with Streptococcus faecalis malic enzyme. The cross-reactions between the L. casei malic enzyme antisera and the S. faecalis malic enzyme indicated that these iso-functional enzymes found in two apparently diverse groups of organisms were immunologically homologous. A scheme proposing a common ancestry for the two species S. faecalis and L. casei based on the results of quantitative immunological studies is presented.
Excitonic Autler-Townes splitting induced by an intense terahertz field

An InGaAs quantum well driven by a strong THz field has exhibited a splitting of the exciton line, due to strong coupling of hole states. This effect is closely-related to the Autler-Townes effect and electromagnetically-induced-transparency.
Can We Fully Implement What We Know About Safe Driving During Adolescence

Graduated driver licensing (GDL) is credited with a large reduction in motor vehicle crashes involving teenaged drivers. Additional factors in reduction include reduced numbers of teenagers choosing to obtain their drivers licenses, auto safety device improvement, zero tolerance policies for use of alcohol by adolescents while driving, and increased seatbelt use by drivers and passengers. The author discusses the possibility of implementing an expanded GDL program requiring expansion of positive partnerships developed among licensing agencies, the insurance industry, traffic safety, medicine, the scientific community, policymakers, law enforcement, and public health.
Use of a Pressure Guidewire to Assess Pulmonary Artery Band Adequacy in the Hybrid Stage I Procedure for High-risk Neonates with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Variants

Objective The hybrid stage I procedure is an alternative palliative strategy for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who traditionally have undergone the Norwood operation. At our institution, the hybrid stage I procedure is employed only for patients with high operative risk. Our objective was to describe our use of a pressure guidewire during the hybrid stage I procedure to assess quantitatively pulmonary artery band adequacy. Design After reviewing the charts on all high-risk patients who underwent a hybrid stage I procedure at our institution, we compared two groups of patients: those who underwent the standard hybrid stage I palliation (standard cohort) and those with pressure wire-facilitated assessment of distal branch pulmonary artery pressure (pressure wire cohort) to evaluate the impact of pressure guidewire use on procedural risk, radiation time, patient outcomes, and need for reoperation for pulmonary artery band adjustment. Results The pressure guidewire was used in 8 of 14 patients at the time of hybrid stage I procedure and was successful and without complication in all attempts. In the standard cohort, 67% of patients needed reoperation for pulmonary artery band adjustment, compared to 12.5% of patients in the pressure wire cohort (P =.09). Procedure time, radiation exposure, and survival to hospital discharge were not different between groups. Conclusions This novel use of a pressure guidewire to assess quantitatively pulmonary artery band adequacy at the time of placement is feasible, safe and may decrease the need for reoperation for pulmonary artery band adjustment.
Telecommunications outside plant power infrastructure: Past performance and technological alternatives for improved resilience to hurricanes

This paper discusses technological alternatives to achieve a more resilient power supply of telecommunications outside plant network elements during natural disasters. Outside plant powering alternatives are explored based on a description of past performance during 2005 Hurricane Katrina, and 2008 hurricanes Dolly, Gustav and Ike, and restoration options after those storms. Network planning implications are also considered. Power options including both backup and local generation units are evaluated using calculations based on actual field data of digital loop carrier systems of different capacity.
The displacive cubic → tetragonal transformation in ZrO2 alloys

A displacive but nonmartensitic cubic (c) to tetragonal (t) phase transformation is ubiquitous in ZrO/sub 2/-Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/ alloys containing from -- 4 to -- 13 wt%Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The microstructures of the transformed phase are characterized by the presence of anti-phase domain boundaries (APB's) similar to those present in ordered alloys and in fine-grained polycrystals, by )101) twins. The latter are interpreted as mechanical deformation twins which relieve the strains arising from the tetragonality of the product phase and the molar volume change accompanying transformation.
Molecular biology: The expanding arena of DNA repair.

The protein Sae2 mediates the repair of double-strand breaks in DNA. It emerges that Sae2 activity is controlled by both its modification with acetyl groups and its degradation by the process of autophagy. See Article p.74 The presence of DNA lesions is a clear signal for initiation of the DNA damage response, but it is less certain what happens once the repair has been carried out. And how is the damage response switched off? This study shows that deacetylation of the recombination protein Sae2/CtIP by two histone deacetylases, Rpd3 and Hda1, is required for Sae2 to act on the Mre11 DNA repair complex. When its role in resection is completed, Sae2 is acetylated by Gcn5 and degraded through an autophagic pathway. This work highlights links between DNA damage signalling, the acetylation of repair factors and autophagy-mediated degradation of these factors.
Dynamical Collapse in W51 Massive Cores: NH3 Observations

We present high angular resolution (02-1'', ~1600-8000 AU) studies of the W51 H II region complex in the NH3 (J, K) = (1, 1), (2, 2), and (3, 3) inversion transitions. This region has been identified previously with spectroscopic signatures of gravitational collapse. In one of the infalling cores, W51e2, we detect radial infall of ~3.5 km s-1 at scales of ~1'' (0.04 pc) from the star. The inward motion in the core is nearly constant. A velocity gradient of ~4 km s-1 exists at scales 106 cm-3). The NH3 rotational temperature remains roughly constant throughout the collapsing region. The mass densities in the infall region increase inward and scale with radius as r-2. This density distribution and the total mass in the infall zones are consistent with free falls of constant speed at different spatial scales.
Sensing and Actuation with a Native GP10 Nanopore

Previous GP10 nanopore studies have been limited to a c-terminal His-tag mutant. Here we show that native GP10 can incorporate into a lipid membrane and that the conductance appears to be restricted by both the variable region and the c-terminal crown, areas known to interact with the viral DNA but unresolved in the crystal structure. In addition to the electrophysiology of the channel, we explore the effects of the lipid membrane environment and show the discrimination of different lengths of dsDNA using dwell-time within the pore. We also present an engineered form of GP10 that is rendered photosensitive using a covalently attached azobenzene derivative. This attachment scheme allows us to modulate the conductance of the pore and control passage of dsDNA. Several biological nanopores have been engineered for stochastic sensing and DNA sequencing applications; the aperture size and electrical stability of GP10 makes it an equally attractive candidate for such endeavors.
Dysfunctional Niches as a Root of Hematopoietic Malignancy

Whether the bone marrow microenvironment can contribute to development of blood borne cancers is controversial. In a recent issue of Nature, Raaijmakers et al. (2010) show that deletion of Dicer1 specifically in osteoprogenitors not only impaired their differentiation but also resulted in disrupted blood formation and secondary leukemia.
Modulation of neuronal signal transduction systems by extracellular ATP.

: The secretion of ATP by stimulated nerves is well documented. Following repetitive stimulation, extracellular ATP at the synapse can accumulate to levels estimated to be well over 100 μM. The present study examined the effects of extracellular ATP in the concentration range of 0.1–1.0 mM on second-messenger-generating systems in cultured neural cells of the clones NG108-15 and NIE-115. Cells in a medium mimicking the physiological extracellular environment were used to measure 45Ca2+ uptake, changes in free intracellular Ca2+ levels by the probes aequorin and Quin-2, de novo generation of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP from intracellular GTP and ATP pools prelabeled with [3H]guanosine and [3H]adenine, respectively, and phosphoinositide metabolism in cells preloaded with [3H]inositol and assayed in the presence of LiCI. Extracelluar ATP induced a concentration-dependent increase of 45Ca2+ uptake by intact cells, which was additive with the uptake induced by K+ depolarization. The increased uptake involved elevation of intracellular free Ca2+ ions, evidenced by measuring aequorin and Quin-2 signals. At the same concentration range (0.1–1.0 mM), extracellular ATP induced an increase in [3H]cyclic GMP formation, and a decrease in prostaglandin E1-stimulated [3H]cyclic AMP generation. In addition, extracellular ATP (1 mM) caused a large (15-fold) increase in [3H]inositol phosphates accumulation, and this effect was blocked by including La3+ ions in the assay medium. In parallel experiments, we found in NG 108–15 cells surface protein phosphorylation activity that had an apparent Km for extracellular ATP at the same concentration required to produce half-maximal effects on Ca2+ uptake. Extracellular ATP at concentrations that can be produced in the synaptic cleft by repetitive stimulation but not during routine transmission can thus initiate a unique chain of events, which may play a role in the induction of long-term adaptive changes in neuronal function.
The in situ chemostat—a self‐contained continuous culturing and water sampling system1

An in situ continuous culturing system requiring no external power source, put in a pond or lake, draws in either unaltered or automatically filtered water and passes a continuous flow through submerged culture chambers into collection chambers having a system for automatic preservation of the sample. Attached reservoirs allow the addition of nutrients or toxins, and a variety of other perturbations may be simulated by slight changes in the basic device. Such a device can also be used as a continuous water sampler with the automatic preservation system.
Tactile and hyperspectral imaging sensors for mammary tumor characterization

In this paper, we developed and tested both a tactile as well as a hyperspectral imaging sensor, which exploit the physiological and mechanical changes that occur in malignant tumors. The use of both modalities (tactile and hyperspectral) increases the accuracy of identifying malignant tumors. Spontaneous mammary tumors in dogs were used to test our sensors. The sensitivity and specificity of the fused tactile and hyperspectral data is 67% and 83%, respectively. These imaging sensors will not only decrease the need for unnecessary surgery, but it will also facilitate and jump-start the development of a tactile and hyperspectral imaging sensor for human clinical use because of the similarities between human and canine breast cancer.
The effect of clofibrate on rat tissue adenyl cyclase.

SummaryThe effect of clofibrate (ethyl-p-chlorophenoxyisobutyrate) on adenyl cyclase activity in rat liver, epididymal fat, and jejunum has been studied. Rats fed a diet high in fructose with 1% clofibrate had a statistically significant decrease in adenyl cyclase activity in all the tissues tested. There was no effect on the phosphodiesterase activity in the membrane preparation used for the adenyl cyclase assay. When clofibrate was added to the incubation media there was no inhibition of the adenyl cyclase activity in the control animal tissues.This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that the lipid-lowering action of clofibrate may be through its inhibition of adenyl cyclase activity.
Pseudo-T-wave alternans with atrio-ventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia and group beating: the proof is in the QRS complexes

Sorgente et al .1 in the ‘Images in Electrophysiology’ published in the journal ahead of print on 27 April 2011, reported the occurrence of T-wave alternans …
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnostic Features of Bordetella spp. Pertussis and Beyond

Summary B. pertussis and B. parapertussis remain important human pathogens capable of causing endemic or epidemic pertussis in the community and nosocomial infection in the hospital setting. Infections due to the former organism can be particularly severe and life-threatening in the infant or young child. When encountered in the clinical laboratory, they should always be regarded as pathogenic. The availability of acellular vaccines with greater immunogenicity and fewer adverse effects than traditional whole-cell vaccines should contribute to higher immunization rates in children and fewer cases of disease. The use of these newer vaccines for periodic booster immunization in adults may further control pertussis. Newer amplification-based, nucleic acid detection methods will improve diagnosis, but these procedures will likely be available only in some pediatric reference centers. Culture isolation using Regan-Lowe, Bordet-Gengou, or newer agar media, coupled with serologic identification, will continue to be more commonly used. Notwithstanding the report of at least one erythromycin-resistant isolate of B. pertussis , antibiotics of the erythromycin class remain the drugs of choice for pertussis, and in vitro susceptibility testing for these organisms is neither standardized nor necessary. The remaining Bordetella spp. are infrequent agents of human disease. When encountered from human sources other than sterile body sites, the possibility that they are colonizers must be considered. As a group, they are readily recovered on general purpose microbiologic media, but their biochemical identification, with the exception of B. bronchiseptica , will present a challange. Again, except for B. bronchiseptica , there is little information available regarding the antimicrobial susceptibility of these organisms. Therefore, it is appropriate to attempt to perform dilution MIC testing when these organisms are involved in infection.
Genome-wide localization of replication factors.

Abstract Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful tool for the identification and characterization of protein–DNA interactions in vivo. ChIP has been utilized to study diverse nuclear processes such as transcription regulation, chromatin modification, DNA recombination and DNA replication at specific loci and, more recently, across the entire genome. Advances in genomic approaches, and whole genome sequencing in particular, have made it possible and affordable to comprehensively identify specific protein binding sites throughout the genomes of higher eukaryotes. The dynamic nature of the DNA replication program and the transient occupancy of many replication factors throughout the cell cycle present additional challenges that may not pertain to the mapping of site specific transcription factors. Here we discuss the specific considerations that need to be addressed in the application of ChIP to the genome-wide location analysis of protein factors involved in DNA replication.
Inequality Amid Equality: Military Capabilities and Conflict Behavior in Balanced Dyads

Studies of power parity and conflict implicitly assume all balanced dyads are created equal. However, variation exists within the capabilities of the states in these particular dyads. I address the question of what affects the likelihood of conflict onset within relatively balanced dyads. I argue uncertainty—in particular the uncertainty of the expected costs of conflict—determines the likelihood of conflict among these dyads. More uncertainty of costs means a greater likelihood of miscalculation leading to bargaining errors. First, I argue as an opponent’s capabilities increase, uncertainty of costs increase and the likelihood of conflict increases. Second, military action serves a purpose in bargaining and can help reduce uncertainty by signaling a state’s willingness to inflict and endure costs in order to gain a better settlement. Third, information transmission is likely to be effective only when states have the capability to inflict significant costs. As such, while greater capabilities will lead to...
Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among health care personnel in a community hospital

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of and risk factors for antibody to the hepatitis C virus in hospital employees. Methods: Retrospective testing of serum samples obtained from 1677 hospital employees during a prehepatitis B vaccination program in a private teaching community hospital. Results: Twenty-three employees (1.4%) were found to have antibody to hepatitis C virus. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus was higher in blacks (3.4%) than in whites (1.1%, p = 0.03) and Hispanics (2.6%, p = 0.88). In a logistic regression model, factors significantly associated with antibody to hepatitis C virus seropositivity included antibody to hepatitis B core antigen ( p = 0.002), a history of blood transfusion ( p = 0.03), and needlestick injuries ( p = 0.04). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in health care workers was not high, needlestick injuries were associated with an increased risk for acquiring hepatitis C virus infection.
Lack of utility of postoperative chest radiograph in pediatric tracheotomy

Objective: To assess the incidence of pulmonary complications after nonemergent pediatric tracheotomy and to determine whether obtaining a routine postoperative chest radiograph is warranted. Study Design: Retrospective review of the records of 107 consecutive patients (age 1 month to 18 years) who underwent tracheotomy from October 1994 to June 2000. Main outcome measures included frequency of pulmonary complications and use of information obtained from postoperative chest radiograph for intervention. Setting: Tertiary care university children's hospital. Results: No pneumothoraces or significant pulmonary complications were detected in the immediate postoperative period. No management changes were undertaken as a result of information obtained from any chest radiograph in this period. Conclusions: The incidence of significant pulmonary complications after pediatric tracheotomy is low. Little information is obtained from chest radiograph after tracheotomy, and this information does not change management. Significance: Routine postoperative chest radiograph after pediatric tracheotomy is not indicated in all patients. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001;125:241-4.)
Is there a future for computational chemistry in drug research

Improvements in computational chemistry methods have had a growing impact on drug research. But will incremental improvements be sufficient to ensure this continues? Almost all existing efforts to discover new drugs depend on the classic one target, one drug paradigm, although the situation is changing slowly. A new paradigm that focuses on a more systems biology approach and takes account of the reality that most drugs exhibit some level of polypharmacology is beginning to emerge. This will bring about dramatic changes that can significantly influence the role that computational methods play in future drug research. But these changes require that current methods be augmented with those from bioinformatics and engineering if the field is to have a significant impact on future drug research.
An experimental investigation of falling-film rewetting

Abstract The present experimental study of rewetting of a copper tube by a falling film of liquid nitrogen indicates the variations of the surface heat flux behind the wet front to be similar to those observed in the nucleate and film pool boiling of liquid nitrogen. The heat flux variation ahead of the wet front, representing the precursory cooling, is also presented. The maximum heat flux in rewetting occurs at the location of the wet front and its magnitude is comparable to the average of the maximum and the minimum heat fluxes of nucleate and film pool boiling. The measured rewetting temperature is found to be very close to the Leidenfrost temperature of liquid nitrogen on a copper surface. It is also demonstrated that the rewetting temperature and the heat-transfer characteristics behind the wet front are very sensitive to the surface conditions. The experimental data on the wet-front velocity obtained on a smooth surface are compared to that on a rough surface, and are successfully correlated by the earlier analytical model of rewetting with precursory cooling.
Family History Associated with Improved Functional Outcome following Ischemic Stroke

Background: Few studies to date have documented genetic influences on outcomes of hospitalization among patients with acute ischemic stroke. Objective: To assess
Instability of Frog Virus 3 mRNA in Productively Infected Cells

Abstract Cloned DNA restriction fragments encoding representative frog virus 3 messages were used as probes to assess the stability of viral transcripts in infected fathead minnow cells. Analysis of Northern blot hybridization profiles confirmed earlier findings and revealed that in infected cells the steady-state level of representative frog virus 3 (FV3) messages increased throughout the replication cycle. However, when actinomycin D was added at 4 hr after infection to block the synthesis of new transcripts, viral messages were observed to turn over rapidly, with half-lives of approximately 2 hr. These results indicate that viral transcripts were not preferentially stabilized in FV3-infected cells and suggest that the high steady-state level of viral messages present at late times after infection was due to viral transcription outpacing message degradation. Moreover, the instability of viral messages challenges the suggestion that the terminal dyed symmetry (hairpin structure) observed in all frog Virus 3 messages sequenced to date plays a role in transcript stability.
Analysis of host range of nontransforming polyoma virus mutants.

Abstract The nontransforming polyoma virus mutant NG-18, screened originally for its ability to grow in polyoma-transformed cells, has now been shown to grow in a variety of other cell types. Among cells found to be substantially permissive for the growth of NG-18 are: Phenotypic revertants of polyoma-transformed 3T3 cells, C-type RNA virus transformed and/or producing 3T3 cells, 3T3 cells that become transformed upon infection with leukemia virus, primary baby mouse kidney epithelial cells, and primary mouse embryo fibroblasts. Among cells found to be poor hosts for the growth of NG-18 are: Several 3T3 cell lines, SV40-transformed 3T3 cells, spontaneously transformed 3T3 cells, radiation- and chemical carcinogen-transformed 3T3 cells, and late passage mouse embryo fibroblasts. Similar results have been obtained using three other independently isolated host range mutants of the same type as NG-18. The permissive state thus does not require a cell-associated polyoma genome as the basis for complementation of growth for this class of host range mutant. In addition, the results demonstrate that cells can be permissive for the growth of such nontransforming virus mutants without themselves possessing properties commonly associated with transformation: Loss of density-dependent inhibition of growth, low serum requirement for growth, loss of anchorage dependence of growth, and lectin agglutinability. Implications of these findings are discussed in reference to possible mechanisms of action of the NG-18 gene in productive infection and transformation.
The Social Construction of Written Narratives.

Written narrative activities can serve children as they make sense of academic material and academic life, thereby expanding writing as a mode of learning that includes affective and social as well as cognitive capacities in the child.
Safety and Effectiveness of Intensive Insulin Protocol Use in Post-operative Liver Transplant Recipients

There is a paucity of data regarding the safety and utility of strict glycemic control in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although control of hyperglycemia may theoretically be beneficial, concerns exist regarding the effect of iatrogenic hypoglycemia on graft function. We performed a retrospective observational study evaluating the impact of the introduction of a nurse-initiated glycemic control protocol on OLT recipients cared for in a single intensive care unit (ICU). The medical records of 84 OLT recipients in 2003 (Preprotocol group) and 77 recipients in 2007 (Protocol group) were reviewed. Data regarding demographics, medical history, physiology, perioperative anesthesia and surgical events, ICU stay, graft function, and mortality were abstracted. Glucose values on admission to ICU, at 2, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours after surgery, and at 4 am on the morning after OLT were recorded. Patients in the Protocol group achieved better and faster glycemic control. The odds ratio for severe hyperglycemia (glucose >250 mg/dL) in the Protocol group was 0.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.09-0.28). Hypoglycemia was not observed. The 1-year mortality was 5.3% in the Preprotocol and 6.0% in the Protocol group (P = .86). The rate of graft loss was low, and there was no difference in the incidence of graft failure between the Preprotocol and Protocol groups. We conclude that nurse-initiated and -directed glycemic control protocols can be safely and effectively used in the early period after OLT, though we did not identify a beneficial effect on graft function.
An analysis of U.S. national transportation policy alternatives

Abstract Transportation policy is subject to conflicts among the users, providers, and investors in transportation. This paper describes methods and procedures to determine the impact of various national transportation policy alternatives. Values held by the major groups involved are assessed and criteria applied to determine the relative importance of various values and policies to these groups.
Dynamical Aspects of the General Circulation and the Stability of Zonal Flow

From solutions of the linearized vorticity equation applied to systems with a variable basic zonal current, it is shown that the effect of damped disturbances is to feed energy into the zonal flow and transfer angular momentum from zones of easterlies into zones of westerlies, thereby strengthening the zonal circulation of the atmosphere. Amplifying disturbances withdraw energy from the zonal flow and transfer angular momentum from zones of westerlies into zones of easterlies, thereby weakening the strong zonal circulation and transforming it into cellular vortex motions. Thus the migratory cyclones and anticyclones are necessary elements for developing and maintaining the zonal circulation, while, on the other hand, they also act occasionally as brakes on the general circulation, keeping it from growing indefinitely. The neutral disturbance corresponding to a typical zonal wind profile in winter is investigated by numerical integration. The stream line pattern is found to be rather similar to a typical flow pattern in the upper troposphere during a period of little change, indicating that this flow pattern is associated with the nearly neutral or slightly damped oscillations. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1951.tb00809.x
Raw material release rates to ensure desired production lead time in Bernoulli serial lines

Production systems are often managed to maximise their production rate ( ). In some cases, this leads to excessive work-in-process and, as a result, long production lead time ( ). This issue is of particular importance in systems with ‘unlimited’ buffer space, where may also become unlimited. The question addressed in this paper is: What should be the release rate of raw materials so that the desired is obtained, while is maximised? We answer this question for serial lines with infinite buffers and machines obeying the Bernoulli reliability model. Specifically, given a serial line, we quantify the set of attainable s (feasible set), and for each point in the feasible set provide the release rate (as a function of machine parameters) that guarantees the desired lead time, while maximising the production rate. In addition, we offer a feedback control law that enforces the desired system behaviour. The development is based on a recursive aggregation procedure that leads to analytical estimates of . The accur...
Modulation of Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha Activity by Lysine Methylation in the DNA Binding Domain

Metabolic labeling and detection with a methylated lysine-specific antibody confirm lysine methylation of RAR alpha in mammalian cells. We previously reported Lys347 trimethylation of mouse retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR alpha) in the ligand binding domain (LBD) that affected ligand sensitivity of the dissected LBD. Here we report two monomethylated residues, Lys109 and Lys171 identified by LC−ESI−MS/MS in the DNA binding domain (DBD) and the hinge region, which affect retinoic acid (RA) sensitivity, coregulator interaction and heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor (RXR) in the context of the full-length protein. Constitutive negative mutation at Lys109, but not Lys171, reduces RA-dependent activation. Methylation at Lys109 plays a more dominant role than trimethylation at Lys347 in terms of RA activation of the full-length receptor. Lys109 is located in a homologous sequence (CEGCKGFFRRS) of the DBD in RARs and is conserved in the nuclear receptor superfamily even across the species boundary. Th...
Systems architecture for an integrated clinical neurophysiology laboratory

We describe the functional requirements and systems architecture underlying the design of a complete, integrated clinical neurophysiology laboratory based upon a network of UNIX workstations. A common platform provides functions including long-term EEG for epilepsy surgery, routine EEG, intensive-care monitoring, and operating room monitoring. The system provides data acquisition, interactive graphics, and digital archiving as well as scheduling and database functions.
Incorporation of proline analogues into collagen polypeptides Effects on the production of extracellular procollagen and on the stability of the triple-helical structure of the molecule☆

The effects of several proline analogues on collagen biosynthesis were examined in freshly isolated cells from embryonic tendon. Four analogues which were previously shown to be incorporated into collagen were found to decrease the amount of newly synthesized 14C-labeled procollagen recovered in the medium after incubation of the cells for 2–3 h. The decreased production of extracellular procollagen was not explained by inhibition of protein synthesis, failure of the procollagen to form interchain disulfide bonds, or any effects of the free analogues on hydroxylation of 14C-labeled protocollagen or secretion of 14C-labeled procollagen which did not contain the analogues. The specific effects of the four proline analogues on collagen could be explained by the hypothesis that the presence of the analogues in the polypeptide chains prevents them from assuming the normal triple-helical conformation of collagen and as a result the polypeptides are degraded. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that the concentration of the effective analogues which blocked the production of extracellular 14C-labeled procollagen also decreased the amount of intracellular 14C-labeled procollagen which was in a helical conformation as judged by its resistance to proteolytic digestion. With the same concentrations of analogues there was an increase in the amount of small 14C-labeled peptides in the medium and an increase in the rate of degradation of collagen 14C-labeled polypeptides. The protein containing the proline analogues did not become helical on cooling to 15 C under conditions in which protocollagen became helical. Therefore the decreased tendency of the polypeptides to become triple-helical could not be explained simply by their apparently low content of trans-hydroxyproline and the
Blastocyst expansion, hatching, and attachment of porcine embryos cocultured with bovine fibroblasts in vitro

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of bovine uterine and testicular fibroblasts on the in vivo development of porcine morulae and blastocysts. One hundred ninety-six morulae and blastocysts were collected from 21 gilts. In Experiment 1, morulae were placed randomly into one of four treatments: Minimal Essential Medium (MEM), bovine uterine fibroblasts in MEM (Buf), bovine testicular fibroblasts in MEM (Btes), and MEM which had been exposed to uterine fibroblasts for 24 h (cMEM). All media were supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-treated fetal calf serum. In Experiment 2, Btes was omitted and zona pellucida bound blastocysts were randomly assigned to the three remaining treatments. Embryos were cultured individually in 24-well culture plates at 37°C in a humidified gas atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. No differences were observed among treatments for the number of morulae progressing through hatched blastocyst; however, fewer (P < 0.05) expanded blastocysts were observed in Btes compared with the other treatments. In Experiment 2, fewer (P < 0.05) blastocysts hatched in MEM compared to Buf or cMEM and a greater (P < 0.05) number of hatched blastocysts attached to a substratum of uterine fibroblasts. The results of this study indicate that the culture requirements for porcine morulae are different from porcine blastocysts and that uterine fibroblasts provide a superior environment for in vitro porcine blastocyst hatching and attachment.
Transcription of English Influenced by Selected Asian Languages.

This article introduces a few of the diverse languages and dialects of the Asian Pacific area and describes the specific phonetic features that exist in these selected languages. It also delineates...