cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
I-LEARN: Helping Young Children Become Information Literate

This study involved 49 children and four teachers in the design, development, and evaluation of a research project built around the I-LEARN model [1-2]. The objectives were to investigate the use of the model with an early-childhood population and to understand how digital and information literacy evolves in best practices for implementing problem-based learning as informed by I-LEARN. Analysis revealed that teachers adjusted their implementation of I-LEARN’s steps to meet students’ needs and to mesh with their own styles. Students were able to build new knowledge and enjoyed learning a variety of ways to acquire information. The model made the idea of research concrete and helped learners focus on specific tasks and accomplishments. Teachers’ technological/pedagogical knowledge grew, and teachers concluded that students’ projects were successful and that they overcame a lack of computer experience to focus on finding and analyzing sources and reflecting on their learning.
Services as Capital Contributions: Understanding Kovacik v. Reed

This essay examines the capital accounting of Kovacik v. Reed, leading authority addressing allocation of losses between a partner who contributed only property and another who contributed only services. Kovacik posits that such parties having agreed to share profits equally have implicitly agreed their contributions were of equal value. This essay shows that such an agreement would not produce the result Kovacik reaches. The Kovacik result is instead produced by the following implausible implicit agreement between the parties: The value of the services provided by the services partner to be treated as a capital contribution equals the amount the partnership loses on a cash basis. The more the firm ultimately loses, the more those services are agreed to be worth. Prior work by Bainbridge identifies a manifestation of a problem in this context referenced as overinvestment in the financial economics literature. This essay further demonstrates the Kovacik result can create a complementary underinvestment problem.
Small satellite communications security and student learning in the development of ground station software

Communications security is gaining importance as small spacecraft include actuator capabilities (i.e., propulsion), payloads which could be misappropriated (i.e., high resolution cameras), and research missions with high value/cost. However, security is limited by capability, interoperability and regulation. Additionally, as the small satellite community becomes more mainstream and diverse, the lack of cheap, limited-to-no configuration, pluggable security modules for small satellites also presents a limit for user adoption of security.
Stem Cells Show Parental Control

Stem cells interact with their niche to maintain an undifferentiated state. The study by Pardo-Saganta et al. shows that airway basal stem cells maintain secretory daughter cells in airway epithelia through forward regulation, suggesting that stem cells may serve as a niche for their progeny.
Energy minimization in wireless sensor networks through an adaptive connectionless scheduling protocol (adaptive CSP)

We present an approach to minimizing energy costs in wireless sensor networks through a protocol that implements near perfect scheduling based on a near perfect clock, accurate synchronization, and some discriminating node feature such as a unique identifier. Our approach is highly flexible in that options for communicating in a one-to-one or many-to-one manner are made possible without messaging overhead to set up or tear down channels. Our pseudorandom scheduling paradigm provides flexibility to serve data rate requirements over a wide range of traffic scenarios and automatically adapts to load and latency requirements, providing a high performance scheduling protocol for sensor networks and homeland security applications.
MPEG systems committee draft-ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG11

The MPEG systems committee draft (CD) specifies the syntax and semantics of the information that is necessary in order to reproduce one or more MPEG audio or video compressed data streams in a system. The issues addressed by the systems CD are in four categories: synchronization, absolute time identification, multiplexing and playback start-up. >
Adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine: variation of emulsion components affects stability, antigen structure, and vaccine efficacy.

Background Adjuvant formulations are critical components of modern vaccines based on recombinant proteins, which are often poorly immunogenic without additional immune stimulants. Oil-in-water emulsions comprise an advanced class of vaccine adjuvants that are components of approved seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. However, few reports have been published that systematically evaluate the in vitro stability and in vivo adjuvant effects of different emulsion components. Objectives To evaluate distinct classes of surfactants, oils, and excipients, for their effects on emulsion particle size stability, antigen structural interactions, and in vivo activity when formulated with a recombinant H5N1 antigen. Methods Emulsions were manufactured by high pressure homogenization and characterized alone or in the presence of vaccine antigen by dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, viscosity, pH, hemolytic activity, electron microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and SDS-PAGE. In vivo vaccine activity in the murine model was characterized by measuring antibody titers, antibody-secreting plasma cells, hemagglutination inhibition titers, and cytokine production. Results We demonstrate that surfactant class and presence of additional excipients are not critical for biological activity, whereas oil structure is crucial. Moreover, we report that simplified two-component emulsions appear more stable by particle size than more complex formulations.Finally, differences in antigen structural interactions with the various emulsions do not appear to correlate with in vivo activity. Conclusions Oil-in-water emulsions can significantly enhance antibody and cellular immune responses to a pandemic influenza antigen. The dramatic differences in adjuvant activity between squalene-based emulsion and medium chain triglyceride-based emulsion are due principally to the biological activity of the oil composition rather than physical interactions of the antigen with the emulsion.
A Review of “The Battle of Brunanburh: A Casebook”

For those who have heard of only one battle in England prior to 1940, Hastings in 1066 is likely to be it. That battle brought the era of Anglo-Saxon rule to an end. According to Mark Livingston, t...
Automation, control and complexity: an integrated approach

Introduction: Complexity Management for Automation and Control (T. Samad).AUTOMATION AND PEOPLE.Advanced Technology in Complex Systems: Automation, People, Culture (E. Cochran & P. Bullemer).The Human Factor in Complexity (C. Miller).Perceived Complexity and Mental Models in Human-Computer Interaction (V. Riley).SENSING AND CONTROL.Active Multimodeling for Autonomous Systems (T. Samad).Randomized Algorithms for Control and Optimization (R. Kulhav?).Complexity Management via Biology (B. Morton & T. Samad).Sensors in Control Systems (J. Zook, et al.).SOFTWARE AND COMPLEX SYSTEMS.Managing the Complexity of Software (J. Krueger).Agents for Complex Control Systems (R. Sanz).System Health Management for Complex Systems (G. Hadden, et al.).COMPLEXITY MANAGEMENT AND NETWORKS.Current and Future Developments in Air Traffic Control (S. Green & J. Jackson).Complex Adaptive Systems: Concepts and Power Industry Applications (A. Wildberger).National Infrastructure as Complex Interactive Networks (M. Amin).Multiscale Networking, Robustness, and Rigor (J. Doyle).Conclusions: Automation, Control, and Complexity (J. Weyrauch).Current Affiliations and Addresses of Contributors.Indexes.
An enriched medical home intervention using community health workers improves adherence to immunization schedules.

Abstract Importance Disparities in childhood vaccination rates persist. Objective To evaluate the impact of an enriched medical home intervention using community health workers on improving immunization adherence among young children. Design The intervention group received home visits from trained community health workers to support families in adhering to recommended care while the comparison group received usual care (i.e. no home visits/reminders). Immunization history and socio-demographic data were collected using medical records and a validated questionnaire. The doubly robust estimation of risk difference, which combines weighting via propensity score and outcome regression model, was used to compare immunization adherence rates between two groups. Setting Primary care practices affiliated with a suburban tertiary care academic medical center serving a socioeconomically diverse population. Participants The study sample included children ≤2 years of age at enrollment who crossed at least one age time point of 3, 7, 15, or 24 months during their 6 months post-enrollment period. Main outcomes and measures The primary outcome was age-specific immunization up-to-date status defined by CDC guidelines. The primary predictor was participation in the intervention. Results The analysis included 201 children in the usual care group and 110 children in the intervention group. The usual care and intervention groups were divided into subgroups of newborn and infant/toddler to account for prior immunization history. After adjusting for differences in group characteristics, we found a significant absolute increase in the up-to-date immunization likelihood for both newborns (20.9%, p = 0.01) and infants/toddlers (16.8%, p = 0.01) receiving the intervention when compared to their peers receiving usual clinical care. Conclusions and relevance Our findings demonstrate the positive impact of an enriched medical home intervention using community health worker home visitation on early childhood immunization up-to-date status. With further study, this model may provide a cost-effective approach to improving childhood vaccination rates, especially for vulnerable groups.
Segmented sine wave digital-to-analog converters for frequency synthesizer

By using a sine wave Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) to perform mapping from digital phase to sine amplitude, the ROM-less Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer (DDFS) consumes less power than the conventional ROM lookup table approach. To further reduce the power dissipation and the die area of the sine wave DAC, two segmented sine wave DAC architectures are proposed in this paper. The optimized segmentation parameters for better performance and lower power dissipation are also discussed.
Self-propulsion of free solid bodies with internal rotors via localized singular vortex shedding in planar ideal fluids

Diverse mechanisms for animal locomotion in fluids rely on vortex shedding to generate propulsive forces. This is a complex phenomenon that depends essentially on fluid viscosity, but its influence can be modeled in an inviscid setting by introducing localized velocity constraints to systems comprising solid bodies interacting with ideal fluids. In the present paper, we invoke an unsteady version of the Kutta condition from inviscid airfoil theory and a more primitive stagnation condition to model vortex shedding from a geometrically contrasting pair of free planar bodies representing idealizations of swimming animals or robotic vehicles. We demonstrate with simulations that these constraints are sufficient to enable both bodies to propel themselves with very limited actuation. The solitary actuator in each case is a momentum wheel internal to the body, underscoring the symmetry-breaking role played by vortex shedding in converting periodic variations in a generic swimmer’s angular momentum to forward locomotion. The velocity constraints are imposed discretely in time, resulting in the shedding of discrete vortices; we observe the roll-up of these vortices into distinctive wake structures observed in viscous models and physical experiments.
Loss of intramolecular electrostatic interactions and limited conformational ensemble may promote self‐association of cis–tau peptide

Self-association of proteins can be triggered by a change in the distribution of the conformational ensemble. Posttranslational modification, such as phosphorylation, can induce a shift in the ensemble of conformations. In the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients, the formation of intra-cellular neurofibrillary tangles deposition is a result of self-aggregation of hyper-phosphorylated tau protein. Biochemical and NMR studies suggest that the cis peptidyl prolyl conformation of a phosphorylated threonine-proline motif in the tau protein renders tau more prone to aggregation than the trans isomer. However, little is known about the role of peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerization in tau aggregation. Here, we show that intra-molecular electrostatic interactions are better formed in the trans isomer. We explore the conformational landscape of the tau segment containing the phosphorylated-Thr(231)-Pro(232) motif using accelerated molecular dynamics and show that intra-molecular electrostatic interactions are coupled to the isomeric state of the peptidyl prolyl bond. Our results suggest that the loss of intra-molecular interactions and the more restricted conformational ensemble of the cis isomer could favor self-aggregation. The results are consistent with experiments, providing valuable complementary atomistic insights and a hypothetical model for isomer specific aggregation of the tau protein.
Novel fatigue-free layered structure ferroelectric thin films

For the first time, fatigue-free ferroelectric thin-film capacitors have been fabricated, using pulsed laser deposition, with the layer-structure family of oxides as the ferroelectric material. Stoichiometric thin films of layer-structured SiBr2(TaxNb2−x)O9 (0 < x < 2) compounds were successfully deposited on platinized Si/SiO2 wafers. Technological opportunities now exist for the development of commercially viable ferroelectric random access memory devices using these materials. So far, this has been primarily hindered by degradation problems such as fatigue in the currently investigated ferroelectric thin film capacitors, e.g. PbZrxTi1−xO3 films on Pt electrodes. The identification of these fatigue-free thin-film materials and their processing, structure and properties are discussed in this paper. The films show very good hysteresis characteristics with a remnant polarization value of 11 μC cm−2, and no fatigue was observed up to 109 switching cycles.
Toward Alliance or Ambivalence: A Theoretical Assessment of U.S.-India Relations

Utilizing prevailing International Relations theory, this article seeks to explain the conditions under which India and the United States can be expected to achieve deep, long-term, strategic cooperation that could culminate in a formal alliance. Specifically, it considers the insights and predictions of realist and liberal theories while also considering critical domestic level factors that may shape India’s capacity to be a reliable and attractive partner. While dramatic progress has been made since the initial thawing of the Cold War relationship, this article concludes that the future is likely to be a mixed bag, as the recent Obama experience has reflected. Only the emergence of an overtly revisionist China is likely to drive New Delhi and Washington toward a traditional alliance.
Diagnostics of Dairy and Beef Cattle Diarrhea

Calf diarrhea is a multifactorial disease related to a combination of host and pathogen factors. The most common pathogens found in diarrheic calves are cryptosporidium, rotavirus, coronavirus, Salmonella, attaching and effacing E coli and F5 (K99) Escherichia coli. Increased mortality and morbidity are often due to the presence of more than one pathogen. This article includes a discussion of key information to obtain a clinical history, the pathogens, pathology findings, and diagnostic methods.
Impairment of feedforward inhibition in CA1 region of hippocampus after chronic benzodiazepine treatment

Abstract The strength of feedforward inhibition was assessed in the CA1 region of in vitro hippocampus of benzodiazepine tolerant rats 2 and 7 days after 1 week oral flurazepam (FZP) administration. Feedforward inhibition was activated with a Schaffer collateral stimulation just -subthreshold for a population spike followed at intervals of 10–100 ms by test population spikes elicited from the subicular side of the recording electrode. The amplitude of test spike was reduced to a lesser degree 2 days, but not 7 days, after FZP treatment, suggesting a decrease feedforward inhibition in treated rats coinciding with the time course for reversal of anticonvulsant tolerance in vivo.
The enamel proteins in human amelogenesis imperfecta

Amelogenesis imperfecta comprises a unique group of hereditary conditions that result in abnormal enamel development. The purpose of this study was to characterize the enamel proteins in different amelogenesis imperfecta types and to determine if amelogenin, the principal matrix protein in normal developing enamel, was retained. Primary and/or permanent amelogenesis imperfecta teeth were analysed from 11 individuals. Normal teeth served as controls. Thin sections were cut with a diamond blade and enamel was dissected for analysis. The enamel proteins were characterized by amino acid analysis, sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot analysis using antiamelogenin antibodies. An increased protein content was seen in all hypocalcified and hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta cases. A slightly increased protein content was seen in two of four hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta cases. The enamel protein amino acid composition varied between the different amelogenesis imperfecta types. All three cases of hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta enamel showed an increased proline content compared with normal enamel or other amelogenesis imperfecta types. Hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta enamel had an increased tyrosine content while the other amino acids were generally similar in amount to normal enamel. Fully developed hypomaturation and hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta enamel showed cross-reactivity to antiamelogenin antibodies while normal enamel did not. Although both amelogenesis imperfecta types showed cross-reactivity, the banding patterns on Western blot analyses were markedly different. This investigation provides additional evidence that abnormal post-secretory processing of amelogenin is involved in hypomaturation and hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta. Furthermore, these results indicate that amelogenin retention can occur in a variety of amelogenesis imperfecta types. The unique amino acid compositions and distinct enamel protein species seen by electrophoresis and Western blot analyses suggest that different developmental processes might be involved in hypomaturation and hypocalcified amelogenesis imperfecta.
Differential diagnosis and management of human-directed aggression in dogs

Canine aggression directed to human beings is a common presenting complaint and requires attention to safety issues and behavior modification to minimize the risks of future aggression. Dogs may bite familiar people, including family members, or unfamiliar people for a variety of reasons. Anxiety plays an important role in aggression regardless of its target or circumstances. Effective management of aggression may include education and safety counseling for owners, lifestyle changes for dogs and owners, avoidance of provocations when possible, and behavior modification to minimize the risk of future bites. Drug therapy may be indicated to facilitate behavior modification or to reduce reactivity in the dog. Language: en
Synthesis and characterization of HPMA copolymer-aminopropylgeldanamycin conjugates.

Geldanamycin (GDM) is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic with anticancer activity. The use of drug delivery systems based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers containing lysosomally degradable oligopeptide (GFLG) spacers results in an increased therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs. The objective of this study was to synthesize HPMA copolymer–GDM conjugates with anticancer activity and reduced toxic side-effect of the compound. 17-(3-Aminopropylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (AP-GDM) was synthesized and converted into a polymerizable GDM derivative, N-methacryloylglycylphenylalanylglycyl-17-(3-aminopropylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin [MA-GFLG-(AP-GDM)]. The structures of AP-GDM and MA-GFLG-(AP-GDM) were validated by mass spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. MA-GFLG-(AP-GDM) was copolymerized with HPMA and N-methacryloyglycylglycine p-nitrophenylester by radical precipitation polymerization. Water-soluble HPMA copolymer–AP-GDM conjugates (Mr=16 kDa) were obtained. Monoclonal antibody OV-TL16, which recognizes the OA-3 antigen expressed on the OVCAR-3 human ovarian carcinoma cell line, was optionally attached to the HPMA copolymer–AP-GDM conjugate. Cytotoxicity of polymer-bound AP-GDM (both targeted and non-targeted) was determined using OVCAR-3 and another human ovarian carcinoma cell line, A2780. The HPMA copolymer–AP-GDM conjugate was cytotoxic toward A2780 cells. Attachment of OV-TL16 antibody enhanced cytotoxicity of the conjugate toward OVCAR-3 cells.
Curriculum Studies: The Search for a Moral Core

Abstract The chasm between the “ivory tower” of the academic world and the lived experience of the K-12 classroom has always been a subject of discussion, but probably no phenomenon has caused more debate on this issue than the reconceptualization of curriculum studies. One interpretation put forth by curriculum theorists is that the reconceptualization developed around a moral void, thereby freeing a constellation of academic discourses from the hold that traditional curriculum writing had on the field until then. We propose, however, that a moral core may be identified in the earliest literature of the reconceptualization. To illuminate it, we examine the texts of scholars credited with inspiring the reconceptualization. We suggest that the identification of this moral core would be a step toward curriculum theorizing that is able to provide “examination and critique of the status quo, pointers and concrete strategies for educational reform, and projections for the future of education” (Wright, 2000, p....
Asymmetric sea-floor spreading and a nontransform axis offset: The East Pacific Rise 20°S survey area

Data obtained from the East Pacific Rise near 20°S provide an opportunity to make a detailed study of an asymmetrically spreading rise crest. During the past 2.4 m.y., crustal accretion has occurred here at 70 mm/yr on the west fland and 92 mm/yr to the east. Ocean-floor depths are also asymmetrically situated across the rise axis with the east flank being 100 to 150 m deeper than the west. These two asymmetries can best be explained by presuming the existence of a heat source located below the west flank of the rise. The axial ridge of the East Pacific Rise is offset 15 km right laterally across a region near 20.7°S that is a 30- to 40-km wide zone of shearing and not a well-defined transform fault. This offset appears to be the result of a small, discrete jump of the spreading center that occurred about 2 m.y. ago. Because of the nontransform nature of the small axis offset, the orientation of its trace recorded by ocean-floor bathymetry and magnetics is not determined by the relative motion of the Nazca and Pacific plates but by the relative motion between each individual plate and the location of the small axial offset. The trace of the small offset at 20.7°S and of apparently similar features occurring near 49°N and 26°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge form broad V's about the spreading axis. The trends of the arms of the V's may record absolute motion of individual plates as they move away from the locus of the small, non-transform, axial offsets.
The tarsal tuck procedure: avoiding eyelid retraction after lower blepharoplasty.

Eyelid retraction and ectropion are the most common complications of lower blepharoplasty. These complications often occur as a result of removing excessive skin and muscle in the face of a lax lower eyelid. The tarsal tuck technique tightens and stabilizes the lower eyelid, thereby minimizing these
Analysis of a Magneto-Optic Readout System

The signal and the signal-to-noise ratio in a typical magneto-optic readout scheme intended for use in a high-capacity high-speed memory were analyzed. It was found that such a system does not yield higher signal levels and signal-to-noise ratios than are available with conventional magnetic head readout in such a peripheral memory. Calculations show that for 10-3-inch diameter bits recorded on an iron film in a system using an Osram XBO 150 high-pressure Xenon lamp, the signal-to-noise ratio at a megacycle transfer rate is in the neighborhood of 1. The maximum signal has about 300 photoelectrons per bit at the photocathode. It was concluded that although a magneto-optic system is impractical for such application, it may still be used in some display devices or in a medium-speed, medium-density fast access memory.
A typology of private policing operational styles

Abstract This article describes three competing work styles (crime fighters, guards, and bureaucratic cops) in the private security sector. Data were collected from an in-house security force comprised of thirty-six officers servicing a large educational institution in a Canadian urban center (1989–1991). The methodology involved lengthy periods of participant observation, intensive open-ended interviews, and the analysis of secondary documents. The competing work groups are differentiated on the basis of (1) background characteristics, (2) recruitment and training, (3) work preferences and behaviors, and (4) orientations to several key audiences. The article offers some policy implications (recruitment, training, and service delivery) for organizations employing security forces. It concludes by offering suggestions for future research informed by security officer occupational typologies.
Indexing and retrieval in machining process planning using case-based reasoning

Abstract To reduce the manufacturing time of a product, one effective way to develop a machining process plan for a new part is to retrieve a relevant case of process planning similar to a new desired part and then adapt the retrieved case to meet the new requirements. This paper proposes a mechanism for retrieval of process planning cases. The core of the retrieval mechanism contains: (1) a feature-based representation of a part and cutting processes; (2) indexing of a part; (3) a feature hierarchical structure based on cutting processes; and (4) a similarity metric used to measure the similarity between a new desired part and any old part in the case base. The application domain here is for axisymmetric part machining. A prototype based on the retrieval mechanism is implemented on a Sun workstation using the ACIS 3D-Toolkit from Spatial Technology Inc.
Homosexuality and the Practices of Marriage

The essay considers gay and lesbian relationships in terms of Christian practices of marriage. It treats marriage on three levels as it is understood within the Christian tradition: marriage as a set of practices which contribute to the common good, the morality of the sexual act, and Scripture. The essay concludes that sexual orientation is not a sufficient category for judgments about homosexual relationships, and that the practices of marriage provide clearer moral determinations of particular cases.
Time-delayed second-harmonic generation in atomic Cs vapor

Time-delayed second harmonic generation has recently been reported in an atomic vapor of Cs at a temperature near 180 degrees Celsius and situated in a magnetic field of the order of a killogauss. Short 10 ps excitation laser pulses at 885 nm were used to excite a macroscopic electric quadrupole density which was then observed to radiate at 442 nm after a delay of a few hundred picoseconds. The experiment is complicated by the presence of several superfluorescence transitions some of which radiate close to the 442 nm wavelength. These emissions are also delayed and our strategy is to set the experimental conditions so that they only become appreciable after the second harmonic emission is complete. In this paper we show how the second harmonic develops by considering the evolution of the radiation pattern of an isolated atomic radiator (not forbidden to radiate at the second harmonic even in the absence of a magnetic field). We estimate the intensity of the superradiant second harmonic emission and obtain agreement with experiment. Excellent agreement is also obtained between measured and calculated delay.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genetic and environmental variation of hoof characteristics of Holstein cattle.

Genetic and environmental components of variation of hoof measurements were ascertained from 257 Holstein heifers and 1051 cows in eight herds in North Carolina. Angles and lengths of both claws, heel depth, and base area of the hoof were measured on both right feet for four herds. Angles, lengths, and heel depths were measured only on the right rear foot for four other herds. Heritabilities combined across all lactations were .30 or above but for individual lactations were as low as .12. Number of sires ranged from 16 to 40 for individual lactations. Average repeatabilities among measurements in same lactation were mostly above .40. Age affected all hoof measurements in heifers. Herd effects had a large impact on hoof measurements. Averages for hoof angles by ages ranged from 42 degrees to 45 degrees and from 60 to 70 mm for hoof length. Ratio of length to angle ranged from 1.36 to 1.68, heel depth from 34 to 44 mm, and base areas of hoof from 93 to 103 cm2. Lengths of medial and lateral claws for front and rear feet increased with advancing age. Medial front and lateral rear claws were longer than respective opposing claws.
Liquid Thermal Conductivities of Acetonitrile, Diethyl Sulfide, Hexamethyleneimine, Tetrahydrothiophene, and Tetramethylethylenediamine

The liquid thermal conductivities of acetonitrile, diethyl sulfide, hexamethyleneimine, tetrahydrothiophene, and tetramethylethylenediamine have been measured by means of a transient double-hot-wire apparatus. The thermal conductivity measurements were taken at temperatures ranging from 0 to 60 °C and at ambient pressure.
Advances in the Critical Care of Poisoned Paediatric Patients

Recent improvements in paediatric intensive care may potentially improve outcome for severely poisoned children. The application of advanced techniques of critical care to the poisoned paediatric patient encompasses a wide variety of therapeutic and technical innovations that are primarily directed towards support of the cardiopulmonary system and removal of toxins. New extracorporeal removal techniques such as continuous arterio-venous haemofiltration have not substantively increased our ability to remove toxins except in rare instances. Exotic techniques such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation remain in the background for use in rare instances only, with little clear data on the relative risks and benefits of applying them.
Determination of conditional stability constants and kinetic constants for strong model Fe-binding ligands in seawater

Abstract Conditional stability constants and the rates of formation and dissociation for Fe3+ complexation with nine model ligands were measured in chelexed, photo-oxidized seawater. The ligands were chosen to represent Fe-binding organic functional groups that are present in seawater as a result of siderophore production by marine prokaryotes, or as a result of release during cell lysis or grazing. Four Fe-chelating moieties were studied including: tetrapyrrole ligands (i.e., phaeophytin and protoporphyrin IX (and its dimethyl ester); a terrestrial catecholate siderophore (i.e., enterobactin); terrestrial hydroxamate siderophores (i.e., ferrichrome and desferrioxamine) and marine siderophores containing a mixed functional moiety: β-hydroxyaspartate/catecholate (i.e., Alterobactin A) and the bis-catecholate siderophore (i.e., Alterobactin B). Also considered were the Fe storage protein apoferritin, and the Fe-complexing ligand inositol hexaphosphate (phytic acid). The competitive ligand 1-nitroso-2-naphthol (1N2N) was used with cathodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-CSV) to determine conditional stability constants for these FeL complexes. Conditional stability constants (log KFe3+L) for the nine ligands ranged from log KFe3+L=21.6 to greater than 24.0, remarkably close to the values that have been reported for natural ligands in seawater. Formation rate constants, kf, for inorganic Fe′ complexation by these Fe-binding ligands varied by a factor of 21 and ranged from 0.93×105 M−1 s−1 (apoferritin) to 19.6×105 (desferrioxamine). Dissociation rate constants, kd, of the model FeL complexes varied by a factor of 316 and ranged from 0.05×10−6 s−1 (ferrichrome) to 15.8×10−6 s−1 (enterobactin). Kinetic measurements showed log KFe3+L values ranging between 20.8 and 22.9. Results suggest that the CLE-CSV method cannot distinguish between different organic moieties that may be present in seawater, because the measured conditional stability constants do not vary in a systematic manner with Fe-binding ligand structure. The dissociation rate constant does provide structural information on the organic compounds binding Fe3+ in seawater, and its variation for model ligands appears to correlate with changes in ligand structure.
Flames in Fluids: Their Interaction and Stability

Abstract Viewed on a hydrodynamical scale, a flame may be considered as a surface of discontinuity, separating burned from unburned gas. Unlike earlier treatments, the present study accounts for flame structure, i.e., accounts for the details of chemical reactions and transport processes, and their interaction with the fluid flow. A model, including the effects of flame structure, is derived in coordinate invariant form. It consists of the fluid equations, to be solved on either side of the flame, an evolution equation describing the deformation of the front, and jump conditions for the fluid variables across the front. The model describes the dynamics of flame fronts including their stability. In particular, we study the stability of both plane and curved flames, and discuss the effect on stability of flame front curvature, heat release, Lewis number and Prandtl number.
Current–Voltage Characteristics of GeSn/Ge Heterojunction Diodes Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Heterojunction diodes of p-GeSn/n-Ge were fabricated by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy on Ge substrates to investigate their electrical properties. Measurements of the current-voltage characteristics and their temperature and composition dependence were performed to extract the diode parameters of reverse saturation current, ideality factor, series resistance, and shunt resistance. The diodes showed good rectifying behavior with low turn-ON voltages in forward bias. The reverse saturation current increased with increasing Sn content and increasing temperature, and the magnitude of the breakdown voltage decreased with increasing temperature. These results suggest that Ge-Sn diodes may be useful for Ge-based circuits and optoelectronics.
Imaging nonsolar planets by nulling interferometry

The Large Binocular Telescope, comprising two 8.4 m mirrors spaced 14.4 m between centers on a single altazimuth mount, will allow further experience with nulling interferometry on a large scale. The housing on Mt Graham, Arizona, is ready to receive the telescope structure, which has been prefabricated in Italy.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Feedback variables in strategy acquisition: Some implications for behavior therapy

Using a laboratory analog situation, an experiment was conducted which required subjects to: (1) identify positive instances of a concept; (2) respond to positive instances in a strategic rather than stereotyped manner; and (3) relate their strategic responses to a conceptual parameter of the identified concept. Independent variables were: (1) the locus (pattern) of feedback for correct and/or incorrect responding; and (2) whether the feedback given was of neutral or aversive intensity. The major dependent variable was the number of trials to strategy acquisition. The results revealed an interactive effect between locus and intensity of feedback: Specifically, aversive and neutral levels of feedback yield different patterns of acquisition rate across locus of feedback conditions. A discussion of some implications for behavior therapy follows, with the suggestion that behavior therapists attend to the patient's strategic style of coping with conceptually interpreted events in the environment and that the informational properties of aversive events be carefully considered.
EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE COOKING ON FOOD FATTY ACIDS: NO EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL ALTERATION OR ISOMERIZATION

Because of the current interest in the potential physiological effects of trans fatty acids and a brief report that microwave cooking causes isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids, we examined the effects of microwave treatments on the fatty acid composition of several food lipids, i.e., chicken fat, beef tallow, bacon fat, rainbow trout, peanut oil, and potato lipids. The data indicate that microwave cooking per se does not change the fatty acid pattern of these lipids nor cause isomerization of the unsaturated fatty acids.
The Effect of Neutron Irradiation upon the Electrical Conductivity of Thin Vacuum-Deposited Germanium Films

Electrical conductivity data were obtained for germanium films of different thicknesses on glass substrates under exposure to a nuclear reactor environment comprising epithermal neutrons, thermal neutrons, and gamma rays. With an exposure time of 48 hours, a maximum temperature of 120°F, and a cumulative total epithermal neutron flux of 4 × 1012 n/cm2, the thinnest film showed an erratic increase of conductivity, and the thickest film a marked falling off of conductivity. It is judged that these results include a dependence of the electrical conductivity of a film upon the nature of the substrate and the substrate bond.
Photon-counting digital mammography: evaluation of performance under clinically relevant conditions

In this issue, Cole et al (1) report on the performance of a photon-counting digital mammography system (PCM) compared to a more established conventional full-field digital mammography (FFDM) system under clinically relevant image interpretation conditions involving 16 radiologists. The study was aimed at demonstrating noninferiority of PCM compared to the FFDM reference standard. In this study, the performance of two distinctly different digital mammography systems was evaluated using an enriched population that included 133 women, 67 of whom had a recent conventional FFDM procedure and prospective PCM in this presumed normal group, and 66 women with actionable findings from mammography who had prospective PCM and FFDM. This group yielded 49 cancers and 17 benign findings. The strategy of using a cancer-enriched population in such noninferiority studies that assess one imaging technology versus another that serves as the reference standard provides a powerful and efficient tool for the assessment of the performance of the candidate modality. The analysis of performance in this study included relative sensitivity, probability of malignancy assessment, specificity and lesion level analysis, and radiation dose. FFDM has emerged as the new standard that has essentially replaced screen-film mammography. The development and clinical deployment of FFDM had to overcome formidable challenges from the perspective of technological and clinical implementation. Full confidence in the superiorityof this technology over film-screen was not established until the results of several clinical investigations were published (2–4). Presently, FFDM systems from about a dozen different manufacturers are commercially available and are in widespread use; some of this equipment is already in the second or third generation. At the time of this report, 86% of all mammography units in the United States are digital (5) and nearly 100% conversion to digital is expected in the next two years.
Cascade radical cyclizations of benzannulated enyne-allenes. Unusual cleavage of a benzene ring leading to twisted 1,1'-dialkyl-9,9'-bifluorenylidenes and spiro[1H-cyclobut[a]indene-1,9'-[9H]fluorenes].

Treatment of the benzannulated enediynyl propargylic alcohol 16 (isomer ratio = 2:1) with thionyl chloride induced a sequence of reactions leading to the twisted 1,1‘-dipropyl-9,9‘-bifluorenylidene 17, the polycyclic compounds 18 and 19, and the spiro[1H-cyclobut[a]indene-1,9‘-[9H]fluorene] 20 (trans/cis = 5:1). The transformation from 16 to the unexpected 17 presumably involved an initial formation of the benzannulated enyne−allene 21 followed by a C2−C6 cyclization reaction and an intramolecular radical−radical coupling reaction, giving rise to the formal Diels−Alder adduct 23. Repeat of this sequence then furnished 24. Cleavage of the bond connecting the two carbons having the propyl substituent afforded 25. A subsequent rotation of the carbon−carbon bond joining the two central five-membered rings then gave the trans isomer 26. Oxidation of 26, presumably by oxygen, followed by hydrolysis then produced 17. Interestingly, the pathway leading to 17 involved an unusual cleavage of a benzene ring. The X-r...
Subtle Mutational Changes in the SU Protein of a Natural Feline Leukemia Virus Subgroup A Isolate Alter Disease Spectrum

FeLV-945 is a representative isolate of the natural feline leukemia virus (FeLV) variant predominant in non-T-cell malignant, proliferative, and degenerative diseases in a geographic cohort. The FeLV-945 surface glycoprotein (SU) is closely related to natural horizontally transmissible FeLV subgroup A (FeLV-A) but was found to differ from a prototype to a larger extent than the members of FeLV-A differ among themselves. The sequence differences included point mutations restricted largely to the functional domains of SU, i.e., VRA, VRB, and PRR. Despite the sequence differences in these critical domains, measurements of receptor utilization, including host range and superinfection interference, confirmed the assignment of FeLV-945 to subgroup A. Other proviruses isolated from the cohort contained similar sequence hallmarks and were assigned to FeLV subgroup A. A provirus from cat 1046 contained a histidine-to-proline change at SU residue 6 within an SPHQ motif that was previously identified as a critical mediator of fusion events during virus entry. The 1046 pseudotype virus entered cells only in the presence of the soluble cofactor FeLIX provided in trans, but it retained an ecotropic host range even in the presence of FeLIX. The mutational changes in FeLV-945 were shown to confer significant functional differences compared to prototype FeLV-A viruses. The substitution of FeLV-945 envelope gene sequences for FeLV-A/61E sequences conferred a small but statistically significant replicative advantage in some feline cells. Moreover, substitution of the unique FeLV-945 long terminal repeat and envelope gene for those of FeLV-A/61E altered the disease spectrum entirely, from a thymic lymphoma of a T-cell origin to an as yet uncharacterized multicentric lymphoma that did not contain T cells.
Oscillatory behavior of the probability of light atom exchange reactions: I′ + HI → I′H + I

Abstract The oscillatory dependence of the reaction probability of I′ + HI → I′H + I on the collision energy is studied by use of quantum mechanical procedures. The reaction probability oscillates very rapidly at low collision energies, but the oscillation decreases and eventually disappears as the collision energy continues to increase. The extent of overlap between I′H and HI wavefunctions during the collision and the average of reaction probabilities over the impact parameter are discussed.
IC yield prediction and analysis using semi-empirical yield models and test data

This paper presents the result of an extension to the concept of Micro-Yield modeling. We have developed a design attribute extraction and yield prediction software system that - given the characterization of a semiconductor process via complex test chips that we call Characterization Vehicle test chips and IC product layout and a set of proprietary yield models - computes detailed contributions of different yield models, of geometrical chip regions and of parts of the chip circuitry to the overall chip yield. The organization of the computed output allows easy comparison of predicted yields to inspection and electrical test measurements, where the electrical tests can include failure bit maps for memories and scan tests results for logic circuits. After we review the concept of the Yield Impact Matrix, we define a more general Micro-Event paradigm and introduce the Extended YIMP. We discuss its application to yield loss root-cause analysis, review related work and present example applications of the overall system built around this concepts.
Amine fluorescamine compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria

Abstract The reaction of fluorescamine with ammonia, benzylamine, o,p-dimethylbenzylamine, 2-phenylethylamine, p-aminobenzoic acid, and the mycosamine-containing macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin B, yield compounds which induce significant effects on mitochondrial activities. From their effects on energy-yielding processes which lead to trans-membranous proton movements, the compounds may be divided into three classes. While all modifiers significantly inhibit proton movement induced by both ATP hydrolysis and electron transfer in mitochondria, their influence on the primary energy yielding steps are quite different. Class I modifiers, e.g., the compound made from amphotericin B, inhibit electron transfer but have no effect on the Pi release associated with ATP hydrolysis. Class II modifiers, e.g., the compound made from benzylamine, inhibit respiration but stimulate Pi release. Class III modifiers, e.g., the compound made from p-aminobenzoic acid, on the other hand, only slightly increase Pi release but have no effect on redox reactions. These and other effects of the modifiers are taken to mean that the proton movements and their associated energy-yielding processes are only linked indirectly. The effects of the modifiers on State 3 mitochondrial activities were also investigated. Although all the modifiers decrease the rates of both State 3 respiration and its coupled ATP synthesis, the efficiency of energy conversion measured by the P O ratio remains unaltered.