cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When We Do What We See: The Moderating Role of Social Motivation on the Relation Between Subjective Norms and Behavior in the Theory of Planned Behavior

Two studies tested whether increased social motivation was associated with nondeliberative, or direct, effects of descriptive norms and injunctive norms on behavior in the context of the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991). In a 2-week longitudinal study, 142 participants in Study 1 completed planned behavior measures (injunctive and descriptive norms, perceptions of behavioral control, intentions and actual behavior) and perceptions of social motivation for 9 behaviors nested within individuals. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated that increased social motivation was associated with a direct effect of descriptive norms and an inverse effect of injunctive norms (suppressor effect) on behavior. Using 56 participants in an experimental design, Study 2 threatened the need to belong with a rejection manipulation. Results indicated that norms only directly influenced behaviors where rejection was made salient. Altogether the results indicate that subjective norms will have nondeliberative effec...
Synthesis, Transport and Secretion of Protein in the Initial Segment of the Mouse Epididymis as Studied by Electron Microscope Radioautography

Adult male mice were administered l3Hl-leucine and samples of the initial segment of the epididymis were prepared for light and electron microscope radioautography after intervals ranging from 10 min-12 h. Light microscope radioautography revealed labeling of the principal cells of the epididymal epithelium and radioactivityappeared in the epididymal lumen 2 h afterinjectionof (3H1 -leucine.Luminal labelingwas not abolished by prior ligationof the ductuli efferentes. Analysisof electronmicroscope radioautographs of principalcellsdemonstrated successivepeaks in the percent of grainsand in relativegrain concentrations over the rough endoplasmic reticulum at 10 mm and the Golgi apparatus at 1 h after injection of precursor. A high proportion of grains was associated with the “smooth” endoplasmic reticulum at allintervals,but itsrelativegrain concentration did not reach the values attained by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Luminal labeling was associated mainly with material lying between spermatozoa. The resultsindicatethat the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus of the principal cells were involved in synthesis and transport of protein. Approximately 2 h were requiredforintracellular events in epididymal protein secretion. Suggestions as to the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are presented. The mode of release of secretory protein remains uncertain.
A Review of Manufacturing Processes for Microchannel Heat Exchanger Fabrication

This paper provides a summary of the types of manufacturing processes currently being used in the fabrication of micro heat exchangers with the main focus on passages with hydraulic diameter of less than 200 micrometers. The following manufacturing processes are reviewed: LIGA, Chemical Etching, Stereolithography, and micro-machining. A comparison of different techniques related to tolerances, material compatibility, and ease of manufacturing is given. Processes capable of high volume fabrication are highlighted.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Entry flow in a heated straight tube

The developing flow in the entry region of a heated horizontal pipe is analysed. The asymptotic solution of the developing flow near the entrance of the heated straight pipe, distance O ( a ), is obtained by perturbing the solution of the developing flow in an unheated straight pipe. Two vortices result from the combination of the radial-directional and the downward motions of the fluid particles which are induced by the displacement of the boundary layer and develop along the pipe. The axial velocity has a concave profile in the inviscid core with its maximum off the centre-line near the entrance and it grows toward a uniformly distributed profile downstream. The downward stream caused by the displacement of the secondary boundary layer forces the axial velocity profile to turn anticlockwise continuously along the pipe if the flow is from left to right. The core flow induced by the axial boundary-layer displacement generates a favourable pressure gradient. Simultaneously, the secondary boundary-layer displacement affects the core flow to induce a favourable pressure gradient on the bottom of the pipe and an unfavourable pressure gradient on the top wall. The effect of the axial boundary-layer displacement is stronger than that of the secondary boundary layer near to the entrance. Downstream the growth of the boundary-layer thickness is suppressed by the inviscid secondary flow. It is expected that the displacement effect of the secondary boundary layer becomes dominant downstream from the region of O ( d ) when Gr is large.
Integrating geriatrics into clinical training, research training, board certification, and continuing education in infectious diseases: meeting review and commentary.

Although adults aged 65 years and older constitute the most rapidly growing segment of the U.S. population, geriatric issues have not typically been a focus of training in infectious diseases (ID). Underrecognition of the unique aspects of geriatric care, apathy toward this population, and the feeling that we're all geriatricians (and thus know geriatric medicine) all contribute to this problem. This article summarizes the recent meeting focused on integrating geriatric principles within ID training at all levels. The IDlgeriatric interface as an attractive area for basic and clinical research is emphasized.
Material Skunkworks: Building Technology for Future Architects

Traditionally seminar teaching of construction systems utilizes several methods to convey information: readings from established texts, topical lectures, and iconic case studies, all sequenced and formatted to follow the Construction Specification Institute’s (CSI) organization of topics. While these techniques have their value, this overall method tends to arrange and prioritize information into a series of material silos (wood, masonry, steel, etc.). This often results in an isolated, desk bound learning experience that fosters passive engagement by the student. It tends to meet NAAB’s first goal of understanding a topic, but falls short of conveying an ability to apply the new ideas encountered in building technology classes. This paper outlines an adjusted approach where information is organized and taught to expose translational learning opportunities through an applied knowledge of construction materials and methods.
The Pathophysiology of Lead Poisoning: A Review and a Case Report

A S9-year-old women was poisoned by the lead content In an herbal medication. Classical signs end symptoms of lead polsenlng and �9 blood lead content of 90 micrograms percent led to the diognosls. Treatment with chelating agents was carried out successfully. Other unusual sources of lead poisoning as well ell usual sources ere discussed. The pharmacokinetics, pathology of lead poisoning, end the current methods of laboratory diagnosis ere discussed in this review.
Comparing machine learning classification schemes - a GIS approach

This project examines the effectiveness of two classification schema: support vector machines (SVM), and artificial neural networks (NN) when applied to geographic (i.e. spatial) data. The context for this study is to examine patterns of urbanization in Mahoning County, OH in relation to several independent driving variables of urban development. These independent variables were constructed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and were compared to the dependent variable of the spatial locations of urban areas in Mahoning County. The classification techniques were used in conjunction with the GIS-created variables to predict the location of urban areas within Mahoning County. A comparison of the accuracy of the techniques is presented and conclusions drawn concerning which of the variables are the most influential on urban patterns in the region. Lastly, a spatial analysis of the prediction error is performed for each method.
Recombineering‐Based Procedure for Creating Cre/loxP Conditional Knockouts in the Mouse

Gene targeting in the mouse is an essential tool for studying gene function and creating models of human disease. The method described in this unit takes advantage of bacterial artificial chromosomes, Cre/loxP and FLPe/FRT systems, and recently evolved recombineering approaches to simplify the preparation of targeting constructs for generation of conditional knockout (CKO) animals. This method has been used to generate >30 CKO constructs, most of them successfully used to target mouse ES cells and establish mutant mice. Design and preparation of the CKO construct, as well as step-wise troubleshooting guidelines, are described in detail. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 85:23.13.1-23.13.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: gene targeting; conditional knockout; recombineering; mouse; Cre/loxP
Project ÒRÉ: A Friendship-Based Intervention to Prevent HIV/STI in Urban African American Adolescent Females:

There is an urgent need for continued innovation in the design of HIV/STI prevention interventions for African American females, a group at high risk for STIs and HIV. In particular, attention to social development and to culture is needed. The present study reports on a group randomized controlled trial of a friendship-based HIV/STI prevention intervention delivered at community-based centers in four San Francisco neighborhoods (n = 2, experimental; n = 2, control). This brief program focuses on youth and their friendship group (N = 264). Program outcomes vary by age at 3-month follow-up, evidencing decreases in risky sex in the oldest group (p ≤ .05), decreases in multiple partners in the middle age group (p ≤ .05), and increases in HIV testing in the youngest group (p = .05). Findings extend recent work on the efficacy of interventions to reduce sexual risk for racial and ethnic minority youth.
The Rockefeller Agenda for American/Philippines Nursing Relations

The Philippines leads all countries in global nurse emigration. Today, Filipino nurses represent over 75 per cent of the foreign nurse labour force recruited to and working in American hospitals, most of which are inner-city municipally operated institutions with reported shortages of nursing personnel. This article examines the historical roots of the American/Philippines nursing relationship more generally and the particular role of the Rockefeller Foundation in the 20th-century emigration patterns and work practices of Filipino nurses. Examination of one group of nurse workers enhances an understanding of the ways in which social, cultural, economic, and political factors influence broader health care decisions.
STUDIES ON THE ORIGIN OF PYRIMIDINES FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF NEURAL RNA IN THE RAT

Uridine was far superior to orotic acid in labelling the RNA in incubated slices of rat brain. On the other hand, uridine and orotic acid were equally effective in labelling the RNA of hepatic or renal slices In rats in vivo, uridine, but not orotic acid, labelled brain RNA, and the cerebellar RNA contained the most label. In contrast, both uridine and orotic acid labelled hepatic RNA. Only when surgical intervention prevented peripheral metabolism of orotic acid, thereby raising its concentration in the plasma, did neural tissue utilize this precursor for limited biosynthesis of RNA. However, among the tissues studied, the preference for uridine over orotic acid for RNA synthesis was unique to neural tissue.
A human breast epithelial cell type with stem cell characteristics as target cells for carcinogenesis.

Abstract Chang, C. C., Sun, W., Saitoh, M., Tai, M-H. and Trosko, J. E. A Human Breast Epithelial Cell Type with Stem Cell Characteristics as Target Cells for Carcinogenesis. Two types of human breast epithelial cells (HBEC) have been characterized. In contrast to Type II HBEC, which express basal epithelial cell phenotypes, Type I HBEC are deficient in gap junctional intercellular communication and are capable of anchorage-independent growth and of expressing luminal epithelial cell markers, estrogen receptors, and stem cell characteristics (i.e. the ability to differentiate into other cell types and to form budding/ductal organoids on Matrigel). A comparative study of these two types of cells has revealed a high susceptibility of Type I HBEC to immortalization by SV40 large T antigen, although both types of cells are equally capable of acquiring an extended life span (bypassing senescence) after transfection with SV40. The immortalization was accompanied by elevation of a low level of telomerase activit...
Treatment of systemic sclerosis with extracorporeal photochemotherapy. Results of a multicenter trial.

• Background and Design.— In a pilot study of extracorporeal photochemotherapy, two patients with systemic sclerosis who received this therapy experienced significant clinical improvement. These results prompted the development of a multicenter trial to examine the benefit of extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Seventy-nine patients with systemic sclerosis of recent onset (mean symptom duration, 1.83 years) and progressive skin involvement during the preceding 6 months entered a randomized, parallel-group, single-blinded clinical trial comparing extracorporeal photochemotherapy treatments given on 2 consecutive days monthly with treatment with D-penicillamine at a maximum dose of 750 mg/d. Blinded clinical examiners evaluated skin severity score (thickness), percent surface area involvement, oral aperture, and hand closure. Serial skin biopsies and pulmonary function studies were also performed. Results.— Following 6 months of treatment, significant improvement in skin severity score occurred in 21 (68%) of 31 patients receiving photochemotherapy and in eight (32%) of 25 receiving D-penicillamine treatment, while significant worsening occurred in three (10%) of 31 receiving photochemotherapy and in eight (32%) of 25 receiving penicillamine treatment, thus indicating a significantly higher response rate for individuals who received photochemotherapy (P.02). At both the 6- and 10-month evaluation points, the mean skin severity score, mean percent skin involvement, and mean oral aperture measurements were significantly improved from baseline among those who received photochemotherapy. Mean right and left hand closure measurements had also improved significantly by 10 months of therapy. By comparison, among the patients treated with D-penicillamine, none of the parameters of cutaneous disease had improved significantly after 6 months of therapy, although for those individuals in whom treatment was continued, the mean skin severity score and mean percent skin involvement had improved by 10 months. Skin biopsy studies revealed a correlation between clinical improvement and decreased thickness of the dermal layer. Adverse effects of extracorporeal photochemotherapy were minimal and did not require discontinuation of treatment in any of the patients receiving this therapy; six patients permanently discontinued the use of D-pencillamine treatment due to adverse effects. Conclusions.— For patients with systemic sclerosis of recent onset, extracorporeal photochemotherapy is a well-tolerated treatment that may partially reverse the process that results in cutaneous sclerosis. (Arch Dermatol.1992;128:337-346)
Pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance is strongly associated with virologic failure in HIV-infected patients receiving partly active antiretroviral regimens.

Evaluation of: Hamers RL, Schuurman R, Sigaloff KCE et al. Effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on immunological, virological, and drug-resistance outcomes of first-line antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: a multicenter cohort study. Lancet Infect. Dis, 12, 307–317 (2012). The scale-up of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa has significantly reduced mortality from AIDS. Hamers et al. explores the impact of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on virologic failure, immunologic response, and acquisition of drug resistance after 1 year of first-line antiretroviral therapy by longitudinally evaluating 2579 participants with pretreatment drug resistance results from the PharmAccess African Studies to Evaluate Resistance Monitoring (PASER-M) cohort. Participants with pretreatment drug resistance who were given a treatment regimen with reduced activity to at least one prescribed drug had a significantly greater risk of virologic failure and acquired drug resistance compared with both p...
Yoruba toddlers’ engagement in errands and cognitive performance on the Yoruba Mental Subscale:

Responsibility training is an essential component of child-rearing practices in several African societies. To inculcate responsibility, caregivers allocate their children household duties and send them on errands; these include (but are not limited to) fetching objects and purchasing items. Such errands foster the acquisition of cognitive, social, and economic competencies. In this paper, the relationship between the types of errands engaged in by Yoruba toddlers of southwest Nigeria and cognitive performance using an adapted version of the Bayley Mental Scales of Development, referred to as the Yoruba Mental Subscale, is examined. Findings revealed that children who engaged in purchasing items and retrieving specific objects for the caregiver had a significantly higher performance on the Yoruba Mental Subscale compared to children who did not engage in such errands. With regard to performance on the Bayley Mental Scales, findings revealed no significant association with the errands examined. The implicat...
Molecular Targeting of Drug Delivery Systems to Cancer

This review presents molecular targeting approaches in anticancer drug delivery systems (DDS) and identifies new developments in these systems. Targeting approaches include passive targeting (enhanced permeability and retention effect), targeting specific tumor conditions, topical delivery and active targeting, namely, targeting organs, cells, intracellular organelles and molecules, sandwich targeting, promoter targeting, indirect targeting and targeting by external stimuli. A novel advanced proapoptotic anticancer DDS that utilizes several molecular targets will be considered. Experimental data suggest that this DDS can simultaneously: (1) induce cell death; (2) prevent adverse effects on healthy tissues; (3) suppress and prevent multidrug resistance; and (4) inhibit cellular antiapoptotic defense.
Ultrasound and Treatment Algorithms of RA and JIA

Musculoskeletal ultrasound has emerged as a key tool for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of patients with RA (rheumatoid arthritis) and other rheumatic diseases. The most important sonographic findings in RA include erosions, effusions, synovitis, and tenosynovitis. Investigators have suggested various "optimal" numbers of joints to scan in RA to assess disease activity, gauge treatment response, provide prognostic information, and guide management decisions. The complexity of pediatric sonoanatomy has delayed its validation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis, yet ultrasound reliably measures the extent of synovitis/tenosynovitis and guides precise injections.
A Review of Women and Tobacco: Have We Come Such a Long Way?

The trends in smoking by women over the past century parallel social and economic changes. The crumbling of the double standard spurred the tobacco industry to launch advertising campaigns that target women, juxtaposing images of liberation and feminism with glamour and slimness. As a result, in the 1990s, smoking initiation and prevalence is higher among teenage females than males. Tobacco-related mortality and morbidity among women and their children continue to rise. Women's health care providers must be integral players in a multitiered, broad-based approach to decreasing tobacco use among women. Research is needed on socially isolated women and on the efficacy of nursing interventions related to tobacco use.
Post violence dialogue: perception change through language restructuring.

Nurses frequently encounter violent patients in their clinical practice. Although much is written about managing the violent episode, there is little about how to discuss the episode of violence with the patient after it occurs. This is a signifcant gap, as the nurse is often called upon to be clearly and objectively focused at a time when she or he may be feeling emotionally drained. This article, with a theory base from linguistics and Neurolinguistic Programming, describes techniques to help a patient alter her or his language style in order to change dysfunctional perceptions associated with violence.
Screening of L-Isoleucine Producers among Ethionine Resistant Mutants of L-Threonine Producing Bacteria

Two types of l-isoleucine producing mutants were derived from l-threonine producers by the supplement of the resistance to ethionine.Main control site in l-isoleucine biosynthetic pathway after threonine is threonine dehydratase. In case of Brevibacterium flavum No. 14083, l-isoleucine production was based on the insensitiveness of this key enzyme to feedback inhibition by l-isoleucine. As regards Brevibacterium flavum No. 168, it was based on the increase in the specific activity of this enzyme.The former produced 11.3 g/liter of l-isoleucine and the latter produced 9.92 g/liter from glucose. The former showed a vigorous ability of acetic acid assimilation, but the latter did not.
Global Distribution and Density of Constructed Impervious Surfaces

We present the first global inventory of the spatial distribution and density ofconstructed impervious surface area (ISA). Examples of ISA include roads, parking lots,buildings, driveways, sidewalks and other manmade surfaces. While high spatialresolution is required to observe these features, the new product reports the estimateddensity of ISA on a one-km² grid based on two coarse resolution indicators of ISA - thebrightness of satellite observed nighttime lights and population count. The model wascalibrated using 30-meter resolution ISA of the USA from the U.S. Geological Survey.Nominally the product is for the years 2000-01 since both the nighttime lights andreference data are from those two years. We found that 1.05% of the United States landarea is impervious surface (83,337 km²) and 0.43 % of the world's land surface (579,703km²) is constructed impervious surface. China has more ISA than any other country(87,182 km²), but has only 67 m² of ISA per person, compared to 297 m² per person in theUSA. The distribution of ISA in the world's primary drainage basins indicates that watersheds damaged by ISA are primarily concentrated in the USA, Europe, Japan, China and India. The authors believe the next step for improving the product is to include reference ISA data from many more areas around the world.
Photoluminescence in Nitrogen-Rich a-SiNx:H

We report the measurement of photoluminescence (PL) from nitrogen-rich hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride (a-SiN1.6:H) films. Excitation at 4.8 eV gives a PL spectrum of approximately Gaussian lineshape centered at 2.9 eV with a full width at half maximum of 1.4 eV. The PL intensity at 2.9 eV fatigues under continuous 4.8 eV excitation, but may be restored by thermal annealing or photobleaching with light of energy ≥2 eV. For emission at 2.9 eV, the PL excitation spectrum in the range 3.0 to 5.2 eV follows the a-SiN1.6:H film optical absorption edge at low energy and then decreases with a maximum at approximately 5.4 eV. The PL results are discussed within the framework of a negative effective electron-electron correlation energy (negative Ueff) for the dominant defect (silicon atom bonded to three nitrogen atoms).
Sampling Problems in the Estimation of the Money Supply

Abstract In this article, the selection and testing of a sample of member banks of the Federal Reserve System are described. The objectives are timely and accurate estimation of monetary aggregates for the population of member banks. This sampling problem is unusual for two reasons: the need to produce regular weekly estimates on an accelerated time schedule, and the extensive historical data available. These past data afford an opportunity to improve the precision of estimation and to test the efficacy of alternative estimators.
Mutual Reference Technique for Array Calibration

The resolving capability of a sonar system is governed by several key parameters such as aperture size, operating frequency, bandwidth of transmitted pulse, and noise level. The characteristics of the receiving transducers of a multiple-element array are typically assumed to be ideal and identical. In practice, each receiving transducer is unique in terms of functions and responses. Accurate signal detection has become increasingly important as high-performance sonar imaging continues to emphasize resolving capability. As a result, array calibration now plays an important role in data acquisition as well as overall system performance.
Creating Composite IT Services in the Global Enterprise

In large enterprises, there are an abundance of IT assets which provide employees with the productivity tools necessary to do their jobs. There are also large numbers of applications and services for running the 'back office'. A challenge to all enterprises is cataloging these services, in order that organization can effectively put the services into business use, retire unused services or duplicate services, and build new services to fill gaps in the catalog. Furthermore, it is necessary to understand the relationships among available services in order to combine them into convenient and useful packages/bundles which employees can immediately put into use. In this paper we will describe the process used in the IBM enterprise to create and distribute these bundles.
Estimating the Material Properties of Fabric from Video

Passively estimating the intrinsic material properties of deformable objects moving in a natural environment is essential for scene understanding. We present a framework to automatically analyze videos of fabrics moving under various unknown wind forces, and recover two key material properties of the fabric: stiffness and area weight. We extend features previously developed to compactly represent static image textures to describe video textures, such as fabric motion. A discriminatively trained regression model is then used to predict the physical properties of fabric from these features. The success of our model is demonstrated on a new, publicly available database of fabric videos with corresponding measured ground truth material properties. We show that our predictions are well correlated with ground truth measurements of stiffness and density for the fabrics. Our contributions include: (a) a database that can be used for training and testing algorithms for passively predicting fabric properties from video, (b) an algorithm for predicting the material properties of fabric from a video, and (c) a perceptual study of humans' ability to estimate the material properties of fabric from videos and images.
Expression of IGF-II and IGF-binding proteins by colon cancer cells in relation to growth response to IGFs

We previously reported that even though virtually all human colon cancers were positive for IGF-I receptors, only 50% responded to growth effects of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (1-100 nM). The present studies were undertaken to determine whether expression and secretion of IGFs (IGF-I, IGF-II) and IGF-binding proteins (BPs; 1-6) were perhaps different in IGF-responsive (COLO 205, COLO 320, Caco-2) and IGF-nonresponsive (HCT 116, HT-29, DLD-1) cells. Several bands (2.0-6.0 kb) of IGF-II mRNA transcripts were detected in all the cell lines; none expressed IGF-I. Significant concentrations of IGF-II (0.2-0.9 ng/10(6) cells) were measured in the conditioned media (CM) of the cells. All cell lines expressed BP2 and/or BP4 mRNA and secreted BP4 (24 kDa) and/or BP2 (32.5 kDa); BP1 was not detected in any cell line. Interestingly, BP3 mRNA was measured only in the responsive cell lines. The relative concentration of total BPs tended to be higher in the CM of nonresponsive cells. Interestingly, a large concentration of 44- to 48-kDa BP (BP3?) was associated with the membranes of only the responsive cell lines. Our present studies thus demonstrate that human colon cancers do not secrete IGF-I and BP1. Of all the IGF-related factors examined, the quantity and the type of BPs expressed by the human colon cancer cell lines (especially BP2, BP4, and BP3) may significantly dictate the growth response of the cells to exogenous IGF-I.
Intermolecular Diels–Alder Cycloaddition for the Construction of Bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane Structures: Formal Synthesis of Brevianamide B and Premalbrancheamide

A stereoselective intermolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition of an intermediate pyrazinone with both achiral and chiral acrylate-derived dienophiles provides rapid access to the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core shared among several prenylated indole alkaloids. The product derived from cycloaddition with 2-nitroacrylate required an additional five to six synthetic operations to intercept established precursors to premalbrancheamide and brevianamide B. The chemistry detailed in this manuscript constitutes a formal total synthesis (12 steps each) of these [2.2.2]diazabicyclic natural products from proline methyl ester.
Preparation of Living Nuclei from Hen Erythrocytes

The early attempts to separate the nuclei from avian erythrocytes resulted in obtaining an amorphous mass of nuclear material. Warburg1 was the first to isolate the separate nuclei. He used a freezingmelting technic. The same method was used by Miyake.2 The disadvantages of this method are: partial agglutination and damage of nuclei, incomplete hemolysis and the necessity of further separation.The method to be described leads to a stable suspension of free nuclei which probably have been less damaged than in the freezing technic. The method is based on the hemolysis of hen erythrocytes with lysolecithin in neutral saline solution, washing the nuclei with saline and resuspension in saline.Lysolecithin was prepared as follows: Lecithin emulsion (0.5 g per 20 ml) was made in phosphate buffer pH 7.0-7.1 (crude lecithin recovered from cadmium salt of student preparation was used). The lecithin emulsion was ground with poison glands of 100 bees (lecithinase A), incubated during 24 hours at 37°C and filtered thr...
Hiding secrets in software: a cryptographic approach to program obfuscation

Can we hide secrets in software? Can we obfuscate programs---that is, make programs unintelligible while preserving their functionality? What exactly do we mean by "unintelligible"? Why would we even want to do this?In this article, we describe some rigorous cryptographic answers to these quasi-philosophical questions. We also discuss our recent "candidate indistinguishability obfuscation" scheme and its implications.
Re-evaluating Economic and Technological Variables to Explain Global Arms Production and Sales

The purpose of this paper is to stimulate discussion of the economic and technological incentives currently at play in the decision-making of nation-states that encourage the expansion of national arms production centres and the subsequent diffusion of arms and military technology across national borders. This focus contrasts with currently prevailing notions that emphasise strategic and political factors to explain the upward climb of military spending on arms and the growth of the arms trade. One recent, widely publicised book on the subject, for example, characterises arms transfers as a ‘new diplomacy’.1 Another writer, long acquainted with the arms production in the developing world, argues that ‘the primary purpose of a Third World arms industry is enhanced national security’.2 These writers stress the real and perceived security needs of states, their desire to escape external manipulation by major suppliers, their effort to minimise external dependency on other states, their search for political bargaining leverage, and their pursuit of enhanced national status associated in many minds with strong military forces and indigenous production capabilities.3
Taxonomic review of Agraphydrus from Japan (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)

The Japanese species of the genus Agraphydrus are revised. Five species are recognized, including Agraphydrus ogatai sp. nov. from Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. The new species can be distinguished by the coarse ground punctures on the pronotum and elytra, and by the shape of parameres. All species except A. luteilateralis are redescribed. All species are diagnosed, relevant morphological characters are illustrated, distributional records are summarized and an updated key is provided.
Breaking up Is Hard to Do: Allocating Fees from the Unfinished Business of a Professional Corporation

Today, lawyer mobility is the norm rather than the exception.1 No longer can a freshly minted lawyer expect to stay with one law firm from law school graduation until election to partnership. This increased mobility is paralleled by a rapid rise in the number of law firm breakups.2 While many attorneys who practice together reach an amicable agreement to go their separate ways, the acrimony involved in some breakups is legendary. In one breakup, departing partners drove up in a van in the dead of night and swiped away client files.3 In another, a lawyer physically attacked his partner and threw him out of their office.4 In addition to engendering bitter feelings among the parties involved, breakups frequently result in disputes that cost hundreds of thousands of dollars in legal fees and drag on for decades.5 The most significant of these legal disputes involves the division of fees and responsibilities from the firm's ongoing business between the firm's continuing members and those who withdraw. Out of either carelessness or a simple unwillingness to plan for the worst, law firms often fail to adopt in advance a written agreement spelling out the division of this "unfinished business," leaving courts to allocate the fees and responsibilities. Courts
Radiology of Unilateral Sinonasal Opacification

Two recent cases managed at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Nasal Dysfunction Clinic are described, with a review of the sinus computed tomography (CT) findings of six common unilater...
Design of multivalent ligand for the detection and treatment of disease

M of our most prevalent degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes, prolonged and neuropathic pain etc. results from multiple changes in our expressed genome. We and others have suggested that for the detection and treatment of these diseases multivalent ligands can provide distinct advantages over monovalent drugs that are the mainstay of most current therapies. Advantages such as enhanced efficacy and synergy and reduction in toxicities can be expected. The design of such ligands requires careful consideration of the three dimensional organization of the multiple pharmacophores so that they can independently, and without interference, interact with their particular receptor/acceptor target and retain their individual binding affinities and efficacies at each target. Peptides are ideally suited for this purpose. This approach with two different examples that require different design strategies will be illustrated. In the first case we will design multivalent ligands that have adjacent, spacer, separated or overlapping pharmacophores and agonist and antagonist activities for the different pharmacophores for the treatment of prolonged and neuropathic pain but without the development of tolerance, addiction, or other toxic side effect of current clinical drugs for prolonged and neuropathic pain. In the second example we will develop novel scaffolds for the design of heteroand homovalent ligands for the detection and treatment of cancer. In this approach the pharmacophores must be arranged in 3D space so that they cross-link receptors/acceptors on the cell surface. The synergies obtained can be substantial (102 to 103). It will also be demonstrated that tremendous kinetic advantages can be obtain for cancer detection using this approach.
The Unwritten Contract of Solid State Drives

We perform a detailed vertical analysis of application performance atop a range of modern file systems and SSD FTLs. We formalize the "unwritten contract" that clients of SSDs should follow to obtain high performance, and conduct our analysis to uncover application and file system designs that violate the contract. Our analysis, which utilizes a highly detailed SSD simulation underneath traces taken from real workloads and file systems, provides insight into how to better construct applications, file systems, and FTLs to realize robust and sustainable performance.
Apertures of documentation: reading images in educational history

Historiography is inescapably political because perceptions are shaped by specific lenses that make some things visible and other things invisible. Visibility and invisibility are issues that have ...
The Benefits of Required Forensic Clinical Experiences in Residency.

The growth of forensic psychiatry has spurred efforts to improve forensic psychiatry training in general psychiatry residency. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that residencies provide an experience that “exposes” residents to forensic issues, but leaves the specifics to individual programs. However, there is growing need for psychiatrists to understand the unique circumstances of individuals with mental illness involved in the criminal justice system. The authors developed a new mandatory forensic rotation for general psychiatry residents and conducted a pilot study to assess its impact on residents’ interest and comfort working with criminal justice-involved patients, interest in forensic fellowship, and knowledge of available resources for consultation and supervision. Rotation completion was associated with a significantly increased interest in working with forensic populations and pursuing forensic fellowship, but no changes in residents’ level of comfort or knowledge of supervisory and consultative resources. This study adds to the growing body of literature describing the benefits of expanding forensic education for residents.
Contrasting Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Screening Under Commercial Insurance vs. Medicare.

Most cost-effectiveness analyses of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening assume Medicare payment rates and a lifetime horizon. Our aims were to examine the implications of differential payment levels and time horizons for commercial insurers vs. Medicare on the cost-effectiveness of CRC screening. We used our validated Markov cohort simulation of CRC screening in the average risk US population to examine CRC screening at ages 50–64 under commercial insurance, and at ages 65–80 under Medicare, using a health-care sector perspective. Model outcomes included discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs per person, and incremental cost/QALY gained. Lifetime costs/person were 20–44% higher when assuming commercial payment rates rather than Medicare rates for people under 65. Most of the substantial clinical benefit of screening at ages 50–64 was realized at ages ≥65. For commercial payers with a time horizon of ages 50–64, fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) and fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) were cost-effective ( $185,000/QALY gained). Medicare experienced substantial clinical benefits and cost-savings from screening done at ages <65, even if screening was not continued. Among those previously screened, continuing FOBT and FIT under Medicare was cost-saving and continuing colonoscopy was highly cost-effective (<$30,000/QALY gained), and initiating any screening in those previously unscreened was highly effective and cost-saving. Modeling suggests that CRC screening is highly cost-effective over a lifetime even when considering higher payment rates by commercial payers vs. Medicare. Screening may appear relatively costly for commercial payers if only a time horizon of ages 50–64 is considered, but it is predicted to yield substantial clinical and economic benefits that accrue primarily at ages ≥65 under Medicare.
Quantitative assessment of resilience for earthen structures using coupled plasticity-damage model

Abstract In this work, structural resiliency is revisited as a composite term which consists of three interrelated capacities. A computational platform for quantitatively assessing the disaster-resilience of earthen structures is introduced with the use of a coupled plasticity-damage constitutive model. This numerical framework addresses the collapse resistance, damage sequences, strength residual state as well as resilience metrics. In particular, the plasticity model is furnished with combined isotropic-kinematic hardening internal variables accounting for the adaptive capacity of structural resilience. To simulate the transformative capacity at structural level, the model adopts the enhanced strain finite element method capturing the propagating fracture through the structural elements. Localized failure is detected by a bifurcation analysis. A cohesive based failure criterion is also incorporated to accurately represent the constitutive softening response in the case of progressive failure. Finally, we analyzed the factors that shape the structural resilience of earthen wall in the face of lateral loading. The performance of the structural system is examined for two conditions, namely fully intact structure and pre-damaged state.
Unsquaring Teacher Education

In this chapter, we analyze a new undergraduate teacher education program as an example of an educational innovation in higher education. We use the geometric tangram puzzle — a puzzle of seven pieces that always begins as a perfect square — as a metaphor for the program. In using the tangram metaphor and rearranging the pieces to make the shapes that are part of the puzzle itself: square, parallelogram, and triangle, we argue that teacher education is more than a random array of parts: Construed as a meaningful whole, the parts are open to a variety of arrangements which might be seen as adaptive and essential to the shaping of practice in various contexts. We see in this work implications for reform in teacher education as well as in teaching and, ultimately, in schools.
Semiotics in the Low Countries

Before embarking on a survey of semiotic activity in the Low Countries, I must impose some restrictions on its scope. An extensional restriction will be made to work published by 20th-century Belgian and Dutch scholars. This allows me to exclude the writings of “Netherlandic” speculative grammarians, such as Siger de Cortraco, who were active in the circle of modistae (more specifically, the later generations of this intellectual trend) at Paris,1 at a time when the geographical frontiers were different (and differently conceived) from the present ones. Also excluded are the dispersed remarks of pre-20th century theologians (e.g. Arnold Geulincx), and of theoretical linguists2 (e.g. Jacob van Ginneken, Antoine Gregoire), concerning the (linguistic) sign.
Professional Writing in the English Classroom: Professional Collaborative Writing--Teaching, Writing, and Learning--Together.

The article discusses the significance of writing professionally and collaboratively in English learning. It states that if people consider writing as just an individual act, they miss the big part of the value of professional writing. It says that oftentimes, professional writing explicitly represents an organization. It adds that collaborative writing involves the work of two or more members of a team.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model

The Capital Asset Pricing Model values risky assets. This chapter explores its foundations in diversification and its limits, the calculation of the sensitivity to movements of the market, i.e., beta, combines them into the CAPM, which relates beta as a measure of risk to expected returns, and reconciles it with the continued usage of price-to-earnings ratios.
Do interventions that address patient cost-sharing improve adherence to prescription drugs? A systematic review of recently published studies

Introduction: Poor prescription drug adherence is common, jeopardizing the benefits of treatment and increasing the costs of health care in the United States. A frequently reported barrier to adher...
Substituted N-Aryl-6-pyrimidinones: A New Class of Potent, Selective, and Orally Active p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors.

A series of highly potent and selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitors is developed originating from a substituted N-aryl-6-pyrimidinone scaffold.
LGBQ Youth and Sexual Minority-Related Prejudice: Expanding Our Conceptualization

Biases from family members and the community that are directed toward the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) community can negatively affect LGBQ youth’s well-being. Family rejection, for example, can lead to internalized homophobia and negative sense of identity among LGBQ youth (Willoughby, Doty, & Malik, 2010). This study focuses on LGBQ youth’s perceived prejudices from within their family and community and how these biases changed over time. Using a queer cultural lens and resiliency framework, the authors analyzed the narratives from a focus group of LGBQ youth. Findings from this study suggest that LGBQ youth commonly reported a variety of biases and prejudices from their family and community. The most common bias included pressures of heteronormativity (e.g., gender expectations and performance). Youth also reported an initial lack of acceptance from their family and community after coming out, such as individuals questioning their LGBQ identity. Additionally, LGBQ youth who reported levels of prejudice from their community most often lived in a rural town. Over time, LGBQ youth reported feeling more accepted by family members, primarily parents. However, LGBQ youth still experienced various types of prejudice from their community. Therefore, this study opens the door for future empirical work that examines how parents can foster acceptance within their communities, which in the end, creates a more supportive environment for their LGBQ youth.
X-ray Structural Studies of Maquette Peptide Monolayers 1. Reflectivity and GID at the Air/Water Interface

We present isotherm and X-ray reflectivity (XR) measurements from Langmuir monolayers of a de novo synthetic di-α-helical peptide, consisting of two identical 31-residue, mostly α-helical peptide units joined by a disulfide bond at their amino-termini. Fitting the XR data to slab models shows that the dihelices lie in the plane of the interface at low pressures. The monolayers were insufficiently stable for study at high pressures, but Langmuir films based on a derivative of the peptide alkylated at its amino termini permitted investigations over a larger range of pressures. We observed an orientational transition, in which the α-helices begin by lying in the plane of the interface at low surface pressures and orient themselves approximately normal to the interface at high pressures. We draw the same conclusions from the XR data when we analyze it using box refinement, an iterative, model-independent method for recovering structure from XR data. Mixtures of these palmitoylated peptides with a fatty acid (...