cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection Of Malicious DNS and Web Servers using Graph-Based Approaches

The DNS hijacking attack represents a significant threat to users. In this type of attack, a malicious DNS server redirects a victim domain to an attacker-controlled web server. Existing defenses are not scalable and have not been widely deployed. In this work, we propose both unsupervised and semi-supervised defenses based on the available knowledge of the defender. Specifically, our unsupervised defense is a graph-based detection approach employing a new variant of the community detection algorithm. When the IP addresses of several compromised DNS servers are available, we also propose a semi-supervised defense for the detection of compromised or malicious web servers which host the web content. We evaluate our defenses on a real-world attack. The experimental results show that our defenses can successfully identify these malicious web servers and/or DNS server IPs. Moreover, we find that a deep learning-based algorithm, i.e., node2vec, outperforms one which employs belief propagation.
Sankofa: A Testimony of the Restorative Power of Black Activism in the Self-Care Practices of Black Activists:

The current study investigates the relationship between Black activism and self-care among five Black womxn scholar-activists. Through collaborative autoethnography, we demonstrate that one byprodu...
Involvement of Innate Immune Receptors in the Resolution of Acute Hepatitis B in Woodchucks

The antiviral property of small agonist compounds activating pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like and RIG-I receptors, have been preclinically evaluated and are currently tested in clinical trials against chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The involvement of other PRRs in modulating hepatitis B virus infection is less known. Thus, woodchucks with resolving acute hepatitis B (AHB) after infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) were characterized as animals with normal or delayed resolution based on their kinetics of viremia and antigenemia, and the presence and expression of various PRRs were determined in both outcomes. While PRR expression was unchanged immediately after infection, most receptors were strongly upregulated during resolution in liver but not in blood. Besides well-known PRRs, including TLR7/8/9 and RIG-I, other less-characterized receptors, such as IFI16, ZBP1/DAI, AIM2, and NLRP3, displayed comparable or even higher expression. Compared to normal resolution, a 3-4-week lag in peak receptor expression and WHV-specific B- and T-cell responses were noted during delayed resolution. This suggested that PRR upregulation in woodchuck liver occurs when the mounting WHV replication reaches a certain level, and that multiple receptors are involved in the subsequent induction of antiviral immune responses. Liver enzyme elevations occurred early during normal resolution, indicating a faster induction of cytolytic mechanisms than in delayed resolution, and correlated with an increased expression of NK-cell and CD8 markers and cytolytic effector molecules. The peak liver enzyme level, however, was lower during delayed resolution, but hepatic inflammation was more pronounced and associated with a higher expression of cytolytic markers. Further comparison of PRR expression revealed that most receptors were significantly reduced in woodchucks with established and progressing CHB, and several RNA sensors more so than DNA sensors. This correlated with a lower expression of receptor adaptor and effector molecules, suggesting that persistent, high-level WHV replication interferes with PRR activation and is associated with a diminished antiviral immunity based on the reduced expression of immune cell markers, and absent WHV-specific B- and T-cell responses. Overall, the differential expression of PRRs during resolution and persistence of WHV infection emphasizes their importance in the ultimate viral control during AHB that is impaired during CHB.
Organic chemistry in space

Organic cosmochemistry, organic materials in space exploration, and biochemistry of man in space are briefly surveyed. A model of Jupiter's atmosphere is considered, and the search for organic molecules in the solar system and in interstellar space is discussed. Materials and analytical techniques relevant to space exploration are indicated, and the blood and urine analyses performed on Skylab are described.
Ending the Sweetheart Deal between Big-Time College Sports and the Tax System

This paper was prepared for the annual conference of the National Center for Philanthropy and Law, held at the NYU Law School, held October 24-25, 2013. The overall topic was “Tax Issues Affecting Colleges and Universities,” and I was asked to address specifically those issues relating to athletics. This paper considers two specific issues that have in common only that they involve college sports, and are plagued by egregiously bad, (in this case, egregiously generous), tax treatment: the failure of the IRS to regard any part of the revenue from college sports as unrelated business income, and the choice by Congress to allow taxpayers to deduct 80% of contributions that they make to colleges or their “booster clubs,” even when those contributions entitle the donors to special privileges in purchasing tickets to college athletic events. Most readers are probably familiar with the general rules regarding charitable contributions deductions, but a word about the unrelated business income tax may be helpful. An organization may qualify (or continue to qualify) as a tax-exempt organization, eligible to receive tax-deductible contributions, if its activities are primarily charitable. However, if the organization regularly carries on trade or business activities that are unrelated to its exempt purpose, the income from those activities is subject to federal income taxation at the same rates applicable to for-profit corporations. Although those rates are low for small businesses (those earning less than $75,000 per year), corporate earnings in excess of that amount are taxed at a rate of 34% on up to ten million dollars of income, and 35% beyond that amount. The unrelated business income tax raises very little revenue, but is thought to have an in terrorem effect, discouraging nonprofit organizations from engaging in unrelated business activities. While the unrelated business tax exists primarily because of Congressional concerns about unfair competition with for-profit businesses, a better description of its actual effect is that it discourages nonprofit organizations from pursuit of business activities that do not further any exempt purpose.
Hayflick's hypothesis: an approach to in vivo testing.

The experimental evidence relating to the hypothesis of finite cellular life is reviewed. It is emphasized that even if somatic cell production were limited its total potential would have to be vast to provide for extensive cellular regeneration. The actual limit of reproductive cell life would therefore not likely be reached in a normal life-span. It is proposed to test the hypothesis by deliberate exhaustion of stem-cell reserve, and iron-55 cytocide is described as an experimental system that might be applicable.—Reincke, U., H. Burlington, E. P. Cronkite and J. Laissue. Hayflick’s hypothesis: an approach to in vivo testing. Federation Proc. 34: 71–75, 1975.
Non-anti-Galα1-3Gal antibody mechanisms are sufficient to cause hyperacute lung dysfunction in pulmonary xenotransplantation1

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hyperacute lung dysfunction, which is always associated with pulmonary pig-to-primate xenotransplantation is not well understood. The mechanisms associated with its occurrence seem to differ from mechanisms involved in hyperacute xenograft rejection seen in porcine hearts or kidneys transplanted into primates. To determine the contribution of anti-Galα1-3Gal antibodies (αGAb) in such a process, we performed a set of orthotopic pig lung transplants into baboons depleted of αGAb and compared graft function and survival with those receiving only immunosuppression. STUDY DESIGN: Pigs expressing human membrane cofactor protein served as donors. All baboons received triple immunosuppressive therapy. Depletion of αGAb in the experimental group (n = 4) was done by way of immunoadsorption using immunoaffinity membranes. Controls (n = 4) did not undergo immunoadsorption. Orthotopic lung transplants were performed through a left thoracotomy. Main pulmonary artery blood flow and pressure, left pulmonary artery blood flow, and left atrial pressure were recorded. RESULTS: At 1 hour after reperfusion, pulmonary artery graft flows and pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR) were better in animals depleted of αGAb than in controls (605 ± 325.2 mL/min versus 230 ± 21 mL/min; 27.1 ± 41.3 mmHg/L/min versus 63 ± 1 mmHg/L/min). But at 3 hours after reperfusion average graft flows in baboons depleted of αGAb had decreased to 277.6 ± 302.2 mL/min and PVRs had increased 58.3 ± 42.0 mmHg/L/min. On the other hand, controls maintained stable flows and PVRs (223 ± 23 mL/min; 61 ± 3 mmHg/L/min). Survival was ultimately better in control baboons when compared with αGab depleted ones (12.2 ± 3.3 h versus 4.4 ± 3.2 h). CONCLUSION: Unlike heart and kidney xenograft transplants, hyperacute lung xenograft dysfunction seems to be mediated by factors other than αGAb.
Flexible 2D electronics using nanoscale transparent polyimide gate dielectric

In summary, we report NPI as a flexible dielectric for transistors based on 2D atomic sheets such as graphene and MoS 2 , which features high mechanical flexibility, stable electrical performances and low roughness. NPI offers the realistic prospects for highly flexible electronics beyond the typical 2 % limitation of high-κ or ceramic gate dielectrics
The Mass Function of Newly Formed Stars

The topic of the stellar “original mass function” has a nearly 50 year history, dating to the publication in 1955 of Salpeter’s seminal paper. In this review I discuss the many more recent results that have emerged on the initial mass function (IMF), as it is now called, from studies over the last decade of resolved populations in star forming regions and young open clusters.
Key Practices in the English Language Arts (ELA): Linking Learning Theory, Assessment, and Instruction

This paper presents a framework intended to link the following assessment development concepts into a systematic framework: evidence-centered design (ECD), scenario-based assessment (SBA), and assessment of, for, and as learning. The context within which we develop this framework is the English language arts (ELA) for K-12 students, though the framework could easily be applied to cover reading, writing, and critical thinking skills from pre-K through college. Central to the framework is the concept of a key practice, drawn from constructivist learning theory, which emphasizes the purposeful social context within which skills are recruited and organized to carry out complex literacy tasks. We argue that key practices provide a key link between existing CBAL™ ELA learning progressions (defined as part of a student model for literacy skills) and the structure of well-designed SBAs. This structure enables us to design assessments that model a key practice, supporting the systematic creation of task sequences that can be used to support both instruction and assessment.
Chapter 11 The Efficiency of Tritium Counting with Seven Radioautographic Emulsions1

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the efficiency of tritium counting with seven radioautographic emulsions. The efficiency of electronic detection of radioactivity usually refers to the percent of the total of disintegrations that is detected. In radioautography, efficiency is used in two senses: (1) the percent of total disintegrations that is detected; and (2) the percent of those beta particles that actually leave the sample that are detected by the emulsion. In the latter case the problem of self-absorption with the radioactive sample is not considered in the measurements, and efficiency measured in this way describes an absolute property of the radioautographic emulsion. This chapter presents the measurement of such efficiency for seven radioautographic emulsions by counting radioactivity emitted from groups of 10–20 tritium-labeled nuclei of Amoeba proteus in a windowless gas-flow counter (with known efficiency for detection of tritium) and subsequently counting in radioautographs the silver grains produced per unit time by the same nuclei. Using the maximum values obtained for each emulsion, sensitivities ranged from less than one silver grain per 100 disintegrations for Ilford K2 emulsion to 15 grains per 100 disintegrations for Kodak NTB3. In the course of these measurements it was found that the sensitivity of five out of seven emulsions increased during the first several hours following application of emulsion.
Blockade of morphine analgesia by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against the mu receptor

The recent cloning of mu, delta and kappa1, opioid receptors has provided opportunities in the study of their pharmacology. Using an antisense strategy developed against delta and kappa1 opioid receptors, we designed an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the 5′-untranslated region of MOR-1 clone, 51–70 bp upstream from the initiating ATG. Microinjection of this antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directly into the periaqueductal gray on Days 1, 3 and 5 completely blocked the analgesic actions of morphine administered into the periaqueductal gray on Day 6 (p < 0.001), 24 hr after the last antisense treatment. Rats treated with vehicle or with a mismatch oligodeoxynucleotide in which two pairs of bases from the antisense sequence had been switched were not significantly affected. These findings confirm the pharmacological relevance of the MOR-1 clone and its involvement in morphine's actions.
A Novel Bioreactor for Mechanobiological Studies of Engineered Heart Valve Tissue Formation Under Pulmonary Arterial Physiological Flow Conditions

The ability to replicate physiological hemodynamic conditions during in vitro tissue development has been recognized as an important aspect in the development and in vitro assessment of engineered heart valve tissues. Moreover, we have demonstrated that studies aiming to understand mechanical conditioning require separation of the major heart valve deformation loading modes: flow, stretch, and flexure (FSF) (Sacks et al., 2009, "Bioengineering Challenges for Heart Valve Tissue Engineering," Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng., 11(1), pp. 289-313). To achieve these goals in a novel bioreactor design, we utilized a cylindrical conduit configuration for the conditioning chamber to allow for higher fluid velocities, translating to higher shear stresses on the in situ tissue specimens while retaining laminar flow conditions. Moving boundary computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed to predict the flow field under combined cyclic flexure and steady flow (cyclic-flex-flow) states using various combinations of flow rate, and media viscosity. The device was successfully constructed and tested for incubator housing, gas exchange, and sterility. In addition, we performed a pilot experiment using biodegradable polymer scaffolds seeded with bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSCs) at a seeding density of 5 × 10(6) cells/cm(2). The constructs were subjected to combined cyclic flexure (1 Hz frequency) and steady flow (Re = 1376; flow rate of 1.06 l/min (LPM); shear stress in the range of 0-9 dynes/cm(2) for 2 weeks to permit physiological shear stress conditions. Assays revealed significantly (P < 0.05) higher amounts of collagen (2051 ± 256 μg/g) at the end of 2 weeks in comparison to similar experiments previously conducted in our laboratory but performed at subphysiological levels of shear stress (<2 dynes/cm(2); Engelmayr et al., 2006, "Cyclic Flexure and Laminar Flow Synergistically Accelerate Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Engineered Tissue Formation: Implications for Engineered Heart Valve Tissues," Biomaterials, 27(36), pp. 6083-6095). The implications of this novel design are that fully coupled or decoupled physiological flow, flexure, and stretch modes of engineered tissue conditioning investigations can be readily accomplished with the inclusion of this device in experimental protocols on engineered heart valve tissue formation.
The Role of Cooperation and Reciprocity in Structuring Carbon Sequestration Contracts in Developing Countries

The reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) presents a key opportunity for developing countries to mitigate global warming and to help meet long-term global climate objectives. However, the success of a REDD strategy in a post-Kyoto protocol regime depends primarily on the design and implementation of a financial mechanism that is feasible and effective in providing the right incentives to land-holders to manage forests in a sustainable manner that contributes to climate goals. Optimal REDD contracts must not only properly reward agents who reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (DD) but also account for technical issues such as permanence and additionality of carbon offsets. In many countries, national authorities may not have the institutional capacity and the proper technology for measuring the delivery of carbon offsets. Furthermore, contract enforcement becomes complex because the effort and outcomes described in such contracts are difficult for a third-party to monitor and verify. Therefore, contracts need to provide sufficient incentives to all parties to participate and perform in the long-term, i.e., to be self-enforcing. However, the structure of the contracts may vary depending on the presence of selfish and altruistic agents. This paper studies the role of cooperation and reciprocity on the structure of carbon sequestration contracts in the context of developing countries where legal enforcement may be impractical. We examine if the optimal structure of self-enforcing contracts differs if the Paula Cordero Salas is a Ph.D. Candidate and Brian Roe is the McCormick Professor of Agricultural Marketing and Policy, AEDE Department, The Ohio State University. This project was supported by the World Bank’s Development Research Group (Energy and Environment Team) under the contract “A Mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD): A Framework to Design Cost-effective Contracts.”
Imaging of the binding rates of cytoskeletal proteins at the submembrane of living cells

Binding/unbinding kinetic rates of cytoskeletal proteins at the cytofacial surface of the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells in culture are measured and imaged by total internal reflection/fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (TIR/FRAP) microscopy. Cells are first injected with either rhodamine monomeric actin or rhodamine phalloidin, which binds to polymeric actin. A TIR beam, which illuminates approximately 80 nm deep into the cell, is then used to preferentially observe the labeled actin in the vicinity of the membrane. Fluorophores at cell-substrate contact regions within the evanescent field illumination are then photobleached by a prolonged flash. The subsequent recovery, excited by a series of briefer flashes at 1 or 6 frames per minute, is recorded by a cooled CCD. The resulting stack of images can be curve-fit pixel-by-pixel to produce a spatially resolved image of the unbinding rate (the reciprocal of residency time) of protein reversibly adsorbed at the submembrane surface. For rhodamine actin and for rhodamine phalloidin, the two ways of marking actin in the cell, the average characteristic unbinding times are somewhat different: 308 plus or minus 142 sec and 833 plus or minus 140 sec, respectively. The spatially resolved images of rhodamine phalloidin, pseudo-colorized to show average unbinding rates at each pixel, reveal a considerable variation over the cell, ranging over an order of magnitude.
On deciding confluence of finite string-rewriting systems modulo partial commutativity

The theory of confluent and coherent equational term-rewriting systems is carried over to string-rewriting systems on partially commutative alphabets. It is shown that it is decidable whether or not a finite E-terminating string-rewriting system R on alphabet Σ is R,E-convergent, where E denotes the congruence induced by a partial commutativity relation C on Σ. The main part of the paper gives a proof that a finite E-terminating string-rewriting system R is R,E-convergent if and only if certain minimal critical pairs are F-confluent, respectively E-coherent.
Mass spectra of ribonucleoside components of tRNA. II.

Abstract We have obtained low-resolution mass spectra under as uniform conditions as possible at 20 and 70 eV for the following ribonucleosides: cytidine, uridine, adenosine, 5-hydroxymethyluridine, 2-methyladenosine, 2′- O -methyladenosine, isoguanosine, xanthosine, 2′- O -methylguanosine, N 2 ,N 2 -dimethylguanosine, N 6 -(3-methyl-2-butenyl)adenosine, N 6 -(3-methyl-3-butenyl)adenosine, ribosylzeatin, N 6 -(3-hydroxy-3-methyl-butyl)adenosine, ribosyldihydrozeatin, and N 6 -(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2-methylthioadenosine. All these ribonucleosides are components, or possible components, of tRNA. The spectra are intended as reference spectra for the structural confirmation of known nucleosides from tRNA and for the identification of unknown, modified nucleosides by comparison of their fragmentation pattern with those already recorded.
Transient changes in four GLUT4 compartments in rat adipocytes during the transition, insulin-stimulated to basal: Implications for the GLUT4 trafficking pathway

In rat adipocytes, insulin-induced GLUT4 recruitment to the plasma membrane (PM) is associated with characteristic changes in the GLUT4 contents of three distinct endosomal fractions, T, H, and L. The organelle-specific marker distribution pattern suggests that these endosomal GLUT4 compartments are sorting endosomes (SR), GLUT4-storage endosomes (ST), and GLUT4 exocytotic vesicules (EV), respectively, prompting us to analyze GLUT4 recycling based upon a four-compartment kinetic model. Our analysis revealed that insulin modulates GLUT4 trafficking at multiple steps, including not only the endocytotic and exocytotic rates, but also the two rate coefficients coupling the three intracellular compartments. This analysis assumes that GLUT4 cycles through PM T, H,L, and back to PM, in that order, with transitions characterized by four first-order coefficients. Values assigned to these coefficients are based upon the four steady-state GLUT4 pool sizes assessed under both basal and insulin stimulated states and the transition time courses observed in the plasma membrane GLUT4 pool. Here we present the first reported experimental measurements of transient changes in each of the four GLUT4 compartments during the insulin-stimulated to basal transition in rat adipocytes and compare these experimental results with the corresponding model simulations. The close correlation of these results offers clear support for the general validity of the assumed model structure and the assignment of the T compartment to the sorting endosome GLUT4 pool. Variations in the recycling pathway from that of an unbranched cyclic topography are also considered in the light of these experimental observations. The possibility that H is a coupled GLUT4 storage compartment lying outside the direct cyclic pathway is contraindicated by the data. Okadaic acid-induced GLUT4 recruitment is accompanied by modulation of the rate coefficients linking individual endosomal GLUT4 compartments, further demonstrating a significant role of the endosomal pathways in GLUT4 exocytosis.
Cyclic loading increases friction and changes cartilage surface integrity in lubricin-mutant mouse knees.

Lubricin, a major component of synovial fluid and the articular cartilage surface, is a mucinous glycoprotein encoded by the gene Prg4 (1). To understand the in vivo function of lubricin, lubricin-null mice (Prg4−/−) were generated. Prg4−/− mice appear normal at birth, but develop precocious clinical, radiologic, and histologic signs of joint disease as they age (2). These features recapitulate findings in patients with the camptodactyly-arthropathy–coxa vara–pericarditis syndrome (CACP) due to hereditary lubricin deficiency. Based on in vivo studies in Prg4−/− mice, lubricin was postulated to provide chondroprotection by acting as a boundary lubricant, a cell adhesion inhibitor, and a synoviocyte growth regulator (2, 3). While the precocious cartilage failure observed in patients with CACP and in Prg4−/− mice indicates that lubricin is essential for chondroprotection, it is not known whether lubricin dosage that is below wild-type (Prg4+/+) levels, but not completely absent, can also impair chondroprotection. In vitro studies that measured boundary lubrication at different concentrations of lubricin, and clinical studies showing that lubricin levels fall in humans and other mammals following traumatic joint injury, suggest that a correlation may exist between lubricin concentration and chondroprotection (3–19). This work seeks to directly test this hypothesis. Cyclic loading has been used in many studies to better understand the mechanical and material properties of articular cartilage (14, 19–22). Pin-on-disc systems rub cartilage samples against apposing cartilage plugs or man-made surfaces. Such systems have been used to collect information on friction, deformation, and wear, among other properties (19–21, 23, 24). In vitro pin-on-disc testing methods allow for focal tissue-specific investigation of articular cartilage; however, they are challenging to implement when studying whole-joint function and health. For this study, we developed an active pendulum system to apply cyclic loading to intact mouse knee joints in order to assess the role of lubricin in preventing cartilage wear. We previously showed that mice completely lacking lubricin had higher coefficient of friction values and more extensive surface damage than wild-type mice (13). The objectives of the present study were to examine the effects of lubricin dosage and cyclic loading on whole-joint frictional properties and the surface integrity of articular cartilage in knees from wild-type mice (Prg4+/+), mice with one allele that expresses lubricin (Prg4+/−), and mice with no alleles that express lubricin (Prg4−/−).
Influence of the 1997–98 El Niño on the surface chlorophyll in the California Current

Satellite-derived time series for the California Current System (CCS) showed marked changes in the surface chlorophyll a concentration (Chl, mg m−3) associated with the 1997–98 El Nino. In addition to the previously known decrease in Chl off Southern California (Fiedler, 1984), we also observed a significant increase of Chl off Baja California. Whereas the extent of eutrophic (Chl >1.0) areas decreased throughout the CCS, the extent of mesotrophic areas (0.2 <Chl <1.0) off Baja California approximately doubled. The reduced area of eutrophic waters is attributed to weakened upwelling but the increase in the offshore mesotrophic area off Baja may be caused by blooms of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Using revised Coastal Zone Color Scanner data we detected similar changes during the 1982–83 El Nino.
Elevated CO2 increases water use efficiency by sustaining photosynthesis of water-limited maize and sorghum

Maize and grain sorghum seeds were sown in pots and grown for 39 days in sunlit controlled-environment chambers at 360 (ambient) and 720 (double-ambient, elevated)μmol mol(-1) carbon dioxide concentrations [CO(2)]. Canopy net photosynthesis (PS) and evapotranspiration (TR) was measured throughout and summarized daily from 08:00 to 17:00h Eastern Standard Time. Irrigation was withheld from matched pairs of treatments starting on 26 days after sowing (DAS). By 35 DAS, cumulative PS of drought-stress maize, compared to well-watered plants, was 41% lower under ambient [CO(2)] but only 13% lower under elevated [CO(2)]. In contrast, by 35 DAS, cumulative PS of drought-stress grain sorghum, compared to well-watered plants, was only 9% lower under ambient [CO(2)] and 7% lower under elevated [CO(2)]. During the 27-35 DAS drought period, water use efficiency (WUE, mol CO(2)Kmol(-1)H(2)O), was 3.99, 3.88, 5.50, and 8.65 for maize and 3.75, 4.43, 5.26, and 9.94 for grain sorghum, for ambient-[CO(2)] well-watered, ambient-[CO(2)] stressed, elevated-[CO(2)] well-watered and elevated-[CO(2)] stressed plants, respectively. Young plants of maize and sorghum used water more efficiently at elevated [CO(2)] than at ambient [CO(2)], especially under drought. Reductions in biomass by drought for young maize and grain sorghum plants were 42 and 36% at ambient [CO(2)], compared to 18 and 14% at elevated [CO(2)], respectively. Results of our water stress experiment demonstrated that maintenance of relatively high canopy photosynthetic rates in the face of decreased transpiration rates enhanced WUE in plants grown at elevated [CO(2)]. This confirms experimental evidence and conceptual models that suggest that an increase of intercellular [CO(2)] (or a sustained intercellular [CO(2)]) in the face of decreased stomatal conductance results in relative increases of growth of C(4) plants. In short, drought stress in C(4) crop plants can be ameliorated at elevated [CO(2)] as a result of lower stomatal conductance and sustaining intercellular [CO(2)]. Furthermore, less water might be required for C(4) crops in future higher CO(2) atmospheres, assuming weather and climate similar to present conditions.
Current directions in IS security research: towards socio‐organizational perspectives

Abstract. The purpose of this paper is to map the current territory of information systems and security research. It uses the Burrell and Morgan framework as an intellectual map to analyse the socio-philosophical concerns in various information systems and security approaches. The paper's contributions are in its analysis of trends in information systems and security research, the former in stressing the socio-organizational perspectives and the latter in criticizing the preponderance of technical solutions. The paper also sets an agenda for a future research emphasis.
Cellular aspects of molluskan biochronometry

Abstract The eyes of the marine gastropods Aplysia californica and Bulla gouldiana contain circadian clocks. In both organisms retinal circadian rhythms are generated by individual neurons that express a circadian rhythm in impulse frequency. Phase control of the rhythm, either by light or by serotonin, is mediated by changes in membrane potential affecting a transmembrane calcium flux. Whereas transmembrane ionic fluxes underlie pacemaker entrainment and expression, the generation of the circadian rhythm involves molecular transcription and translation. Both processes appear to be elements in a feedback loop generating the circadian cycle.
Longitudinal Nested Compliance Class Model in the Presence of Time-Varying Noncompliance

This article discusses a nested latent class model for analyzing longitudinal randomized trials when subjects do not always adhere to the treatment to which they are randomized. In the Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial, subjects were randomized to either the control treatment, where they received standard care, or to the intervention, where they received standard care in addition to meeting with depression health specialists. The health specialists educate patients, their families, and physicians about depression and monitor their treatment. Those randomized to the control treatment have no access to the health specialists; however, those randomized to the intervention could choose not to meet with the health specialists, hence receiving only the standard care. Subjects participated in the study for two years where depression severity and adherence to meeting with health specialists were measured at each follow-up. The outcome of interest is the effect of meeting with the ...
The effectiveness of complete decongestive physiotherapy for the treatment of lymphedema following groin dissection for melanoma.

Objective Groin dissection is performed for the treatment of melanoma and other malignancies. Lymphedema rates as high as 47% have been reported. In 1996, we began using complete decongestive physiotherapy (CDP) in selected patients with lymphedema following groin dissection. Here, we review our results in a small cohort of patients. Methods A retrospective review of the medical records of 14 patients, treated with CDP for lymphedema secondary to groin dissection for melanoma was conducted. All patients were treated with CDP at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), between 1996 and 2002. Of the 14 patients, 12 underwent groin dissection at RPCI. Response to therapy was measured by limb volume determinations. Patient gender, age, body mass index (BMI), type of operation, type of adjuvant therapy, time to treatment, patient compliance, lymphedema stage, and initial edema were analyzed for association with response to treatment. Incidence was estimated by a review of the operative logs. Results Fourteen patients were treated with CDP for lymphedema secondary to groin dissection for melanoma, with a median decrease in lymphedema of 60% (range: 35–145%; P = 0.0003). Increased BMI was associated with a decreased response to treatment (P = 0.02). Response to CDP was not effected by time to treatment, patient compliance, lymphedema stage, and initial edema. During this time, 39 groin dissections were done at RPCI. The incidence of lymphedema treated with CDP at RPCI was 31% (12/39; standard error 7.4%). Conclusions With a decrease in lymphedema of 60%, CDP may provide relief for patients with lymphedema following groin dissection. Elevated BMI was associated with a decreased response to CDP. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;85:187–192. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Far Infrared and Raman Spectra of (CH 3 ) 3 SiCo(CO) 4

The ir spectra of (CH3)3SiCo(CO)4 in the gaseous (4000–250 cm−1) and solid (4000–33 cm−1) phases have been recorded. The Raman spectrum has also been recorded for the solid state. To aid in the assignment, the ir and Raman spectra were recorded of solid (CH3)3SiH. The vibrational assignment for most of the 60 normal modes has been given on the basis of the fundamental vibrations of the –Si(CH3)3 and –Co(CO)4 moities. The static field was sufficiently strong to split the degenerate modes but the correlation field was so weak that no definite splitting of the symmetric modes was detected.
High energy scattering and polarization

Synopsis The experimental data for elastic scattering of protons on complex nuclei will be reviewed, especially at the energies at which there are polarization experiments. The experimental results will be compared with the calculations made with the complex potential well plus spin-orbit interaction model and some justification of this model on the basis of the nucleon scattering will be reported. A description will be given of the present state of np and pp scattering problems especially at 300 MeV where there are most complete data. In particular the polarization experiments for pp in double and triple scattering add enough information to render the problem of the phase shift determination overdetermined in principle. However, the experimental errors are such that several sets of phase shifts are possible. The importance of the junction of the 300 MeV data with the data at lower energies is emphasized. The relation of the solution of the pp problem to the np problem will also be discussed.
A general method for the separation of isoaccepting transfer ribonucleic acids: purification of five leucine transfer ribonucleic acids from Escherichia coli.

Abstract The five chromatographically resolvable leucine tRNA's of Escherichia coli were purified by aminoacylation, chemical derivatization, benzoylated DEAE-cellulose (BD-cellulose) chromatography, basic hydrolysis, reversed-phase chromatography, and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The leucine tRNA-1, -3, -4, and -5 were estimated to be 80–100 % pure. The leucine tRNA-2, present in only minor amounts, was less pure. In ribosome binding experiments, leucine tRNA-1 and -2 recognized the codon CUG and leucine tRNA-5 recognized UUG. The leucine tRNA-3 and -4 did not recognize any of the known leucine codons. The method is amenable to scaleup and could be used to prepare large quantities of purified leucine tRNA's. The four arginine tRNA's from E. coli were also recovered by this method but they were less pure, possibly due to chemical damage in the derivatization step.
Regulatory T Cells and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) constitute an important mechanism of peripheral immune tolerance. Organ-specific autoimmune conditions, such as thyroiditis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus have been attributed to a breakdown of this tolerance mechanism. However, this T-cell subset has not been well studied in patients and mice with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; lupus). The information that has been gathered so far using new tools that discriminate Treg from activated T cells indicates that reduced numbers of Treg may exist in patients with lupus. In addition, potential defects in SLE Treg function have been documented in humans and mice. Our group has demonstrated equivalent proportions of thymic Treg in lupus prone and normal mice. We therefore propose that Treg function in SLE is the more important factor to address in future studies of murine lupus. Recent studies have shown that Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligation can result in an abrogation of Treg-mediated suppression; specifically ligation of TLR-2, -4, -8 and -9. We address this new information about TLRs and Treg and propose a model for Treg tolerance breakdown to nucleic acid-binding SLE autoantigens.
University innovations in desktop publishing

Desktop publishing by a university computing services provides a way to (1) rapidly produce professional quality locally-written computer documentation, (2) expose university administrators to cost-effective microcomputer services, and (3) help to defray the cost of microcomputer support.During the summer of 1986, Tulane Computing Services (TCS) faced a lack of locally-written documentation for its new IBM 3081 mainframe computer and the need to defray the cost of microcomputer support and services in the absence of a university charge-back mechanism for these services. Partial solutions to these problems were achieved with the purchase of an Apple Computer Desktop Publishing “bundle,” consisting of a Macintosh Plus and a LaserWriter Plus, and the page layout program PageMaker, and by offering desktop publishing services to the university community on a fee basis. Initially, a single person in the computing services consulting division was responsible for all of TCS's desktop publishing activities. This person prepared all of the computing services' locally-written computer documentation. Additionally, in cooperation with the administrative department responsible for all university publications, desktop publishing assignments from university departments other than computing services were accepted on a fee basis.
Characterizations of flowchartable recursions

In this paper we give new characterizations for the flowchartability of recursive functionals. Here flowchart means flowchart with counters (or any arbitrary control structure) and nonflowchartability essentially means requiring access to an unbounded number of data locations during computation of the functional. The general question of flowchartability is recursively undecidable. We present here an effective map from the class of all recursions to a subclass of ''representatives'' for which the question is decidable. The decision provides a good approximation to a characterization for general flowchartability in the following senses: (1) if a representative is flowchartable, then the recursions it represents are, and (2) there is a straightforward method for flowcharting arbitrary recursions, depending only on recursion structure, such that a recursion is flowchartable by this method if, and only if, its representative is flow-chartable. The main results of the paper are (1) that a representative is flowchartable if, and only if, it is simple or linear, and (2) that, when the context is restricted so that only invertible operations are considered, such a representative is flowchartable if, and only if, it is nested. The terms ''simple'' and ''linear'' have been defined in previous papers in the area, although they are extended slightly in this one. The term ''nested'' is introduced here. Simple, linear, and nested recursions are very easy to identify by inspection.
Review: Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina

The evidence for the existence of acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter in the vertebrate retina is reviewed. There is evidence for the existence of a cholinergic system in every retina studied to date; therefore, it appears that acetylcholine is both essential and ubiquitous at this level of the visual system. Particular attention is directed to descriptions of the possible functions of acetylcholine in the retina, and formation of testable models which will serve to elucidate some of the details of cholinergic neurotransmission in the retina.
Fiber lasers for CARS microscopy

We report a fiber-based high-power picosecond laser system for coherent Raman microscopy (CRM). This source generates 3-ps pulses with 6 W average power at 1030 nm. Frequency-doubling yields more than 2 W of green light, which can be used to pump a commercial optical parametric oscillator to produce the pump and Stokes beams for CRM. The design and performance of the laser are described, along with an application to CARS imaging.
Enhanced health monitoring of fibrous composites with aligned carbon nanotube networks and electrical impedance tomography

The high strength to weight ratio of fibrous composites such as glass-fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) makes them prominent structural materials. However, their laminar nature is susceptible to delamination failure the onset of which traditional structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques cannot reliably and accurately detect. Carbon nano-tubes (CNT) have been recently used to tailor the electrical conductivity of polymer based materials that otherwise behave as insulators. The occurrence of damage in the polymer matrix produces localized changes in conductivity which can be tracked using electrical impedance tomography (EIT). This paper explores combining advances in composite manufacturing with EIT to develop a SHM technique that exploits anisotropic conductance monitoring for enhanced delamination and matrix crack detection.
Long-Term Performance Evaluation of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Results from Texas: Pavement Studies Category 5 Sections from the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program

Recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) has been increasingly used in flexible pavement construction and rehabilitation. Laboratory and in-place evaluation of the performance of RAP and hot-mix asphalt (HMA) produced with RAP is necessary to the successful use of RAP. Extensive research work has been reported with a focus on laboratory tests of RAP materials. But comprehensive evaluation of the long-term in-service pavement performance with RAP is still at its early stage. In this study, the Texas Specific Pavement Studies Category 5 experimental sections from the Long-Term Pavement Performance program provide an opportunity to investigate the in situ performance of HMA with RAP based on about 16 years of data. In the underlying flexible pavement rehabilitation project, the factorial design includes surface preparation, material, and thickness factors. In particular, a relatively high percentage of RAP, with a content of 35% by weight, was adopted in the asphalt overlay. An in-depth investigation of the pavement ...
Adjunctive oral corticosteroids reduce renal scarring: the piglet model of reflux and acute experimental pyelonephritis.

AbstractPurpose: We investigate the efficacy of antibiotics combined with corticosteroid in diminishing post-pyelonephritic renal scarring compared to standard antibiotic therapy.Materials and Methods: Bilateral vesicoureteral reflux was surgically created in 36 piglets (72 kidneys). A week later each bladder was inoculated by percutaneous injection with a standardized broth culture of Escherichia coli and molten paraffin.99m Technetium dimercapto-succinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy was performed 3 days after introduction of urinary infection to detect the presence of acute pyelonephritis. Acute pyelonephritic lesions seen on DMSA scans were graded according to the percentage of renal zone involvement as grade 1-less than 33%, grade 2-33 to 66% and grade 3-greater than 66% involved. When pyelonephritis was present, piglets were randomized to receive either standard antibiotics or antibiotics and 2 mg./kg. prednisolone daily.99m Technetium-DMSA scintigraphy was repeated 2 months after completion of therapy, ...
Solid organic matter in the atmosphere and on the surface of outer solar system bodies

Abstract Many bodies in the outer Solar System display the presence of low albedo materials. These materials, evident on the surface of asteroids, comets, Kuiper Belt objects and their intermediate evolutionary step, Centaurs, are related to macromolecular carbon bearing materials such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic materials such as methanol and related light hydrocarbons, embedded in a dark, refractory, photoprocessed matrix. Many planetary rings and satellites around the outer gaseous planets display such component materials. One example, Saturn's largest satellite, Titan, whose atmosphere is comprised of around 90% molecular nitrogen N2 and less than 10% methane CH4, displays this kind of low reflectivity material in its atmospheric haze. These materials were first recorded during the Voyager 1 and 2 flybys of Titan and showed up as an optically thick pinkish orange haze layer. These materials are broadly classified into a chemical group whose laboratory analogs are termed “tholins”, after the Greek word for “muddy”. Their analogs are produced in the laboratory via the irradiation of gas mixtures and ice mixtures by radiation simulating Solar ultraviolet (UV) photons or keV charged particles simulating particles trapped in Saturn's magenetosphere. Fair analogs of Titan tholin are produced by bombarding a 9:1 mixture of N2:CH4 with charged particles and its match to observations of both the spectrum and scattering properties of the Titan haze is very good over a wide range of wavelengths. In this paper, we describe the historical background of laboratory research on this kind of organic matter and how our laboratory investigations of Titan tholin compare. We comment on the probable existence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Titan Haze and how biological and nonbiological racemic amino acids produced from the acid hydrolysis of Titan tholins make these complex organic compounds prime candidates in the evolution of terrestrial life and extraterrestrial life in our own Solar System and beyond. Finally, we also compare the spectrum and scattering properties of our resulting tholin mixtures with those observed on Centaur 5145 Pholus and the dark hemisphere of Saturn's satellite Iapetus in order to demonstrate the widespread distribution of similar organics throughout the Solar System. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR.
Sex Educators and Self-Efficacy: Toward a Taxonomy of Enactive Mastery Experiences

Enactive mastery experiences have been identified as the most influential source of self-efficacy beliefs. Yet little is known about enactive mastery experiences, including how such experiences manifest in naturally occurring situations (as opposed to simulated situations). This study draws from semistructured interviews (N = 50) with sex educators working in public secondary schools throughout Indiana to explicate distinct categories of enactive mastery experiences. Three types of enactive mastery experiences--growth, interactive, and endorsed--emerged from the data and are delineated. This formative taxonomy provides detailed targets for those working to foster individuals' perceived self-efficacy in a variety of contexts, including the health education classroom.