cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unbiased Cell-Based Models to Identify GeneticVariants Associated with Chemotherapeutic Induced Toxicity

CN01-01 The International HapMap Project provides a key resource of genotypic data in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from populations of European, African, Chinese and Japanese ancestry to associate with various phenotypic data to find genes affecting disease and response to drugs. These cell lines have allowed for the exploration of quantitative variation in complex traits such as gene expression and dug response in human populations. To identify genetic variants that contribute to gene expression and chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, we developed unbiased, whole genome cell based models. By integrating genotype, gene expression and sensitivity of HapMap cell lines to chemotherapeutic drugs, we built predictive models to identify genetic signatures for susceptibility to chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. Cell lines derived from 30 trios of European descent (CEU) and 30 trios of African descent (YRI) were utilized. Cell growth inhibition at increasing concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents (etoposide, daunorubicin, AraC, cisplatin or carboplatin) was evaluated. Gene expression of 176 HapMap cell lines (87 CEU and 89 YRI) was determined using the Affymetrix GeneChip ® Human exon 1.0 ST Array. SNP genotype and the IC 50 (concentration required to inhibit 50% cell growth) of each agent were linked through whole genome association in cell lines from combined and independent CEU and YRI populations. A second association test was performed between SNP genotype and gene expression, and linear regression was then utilized to evaluate the correlation between gene expression and drug IC 50 . We identified genetic variants that significantly associate with sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of these chemotherapeutic agents through differences in gene expression in the combined CEU and YRI populations, as well as each population individually. A multivariate model indicated that these limited numbers of genetic variants explained approximately 20-65% of the observed human variation in cellular sensitivity to chemotherapy. There are advantages and limitations in the use of LCLs in pharmacogenomic discovery that will be discussed as well as the wide range of cellular phenotypes that can be studied in these cell lines to ultimately gain insight as to how genetic variation contributes to phenotypic variation. These cell lines provide a novel means to answer important pharmacogenomic questions. This Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Agents Research (PAAR) Group (http://pharmacogenetics.org) study was supported by NIH/NIGMS grant UO1GM61393.
Korea's Lead in Mobile Cellular and DMB Phone Services

Now that the number of cellular phone subscribers is over 1.6 billion in the world and over 180 million in the United States, it is an appropriate time to consider Asia, the “new” wireless economy, with respect to mobile telephony. Several major cellular phone service providers chose Korea as a testing ground to assess the effects of third generation (3G) technology and deployment. Several Korean mobile carriers plan to roll-out the world’s first handset-based satellite digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB) services via cellular phones. This letter presents a status report on cellular phone services and applications in Korea. It also describes nine major factors influencing Korea’s status as a leader in mobile cellular phone and services. An important influence is the younger generation of cellular phone users in Japan and Korea who associate the cellular phone trend with their social status.
Productive Parliaments: Understanding Legislative Strength in the Middle East

This paper explains the decline in the strength of the Jordanian parliament since the country gained independence in 1946, focusing specifically on the change in the formal constitutional powers and electoral laws that govern the legislature’s role in the political system. It argues that restrictions on the parliament’s role have correlated with instances of internal instability in the kingdom. Weakening the parliament in reaction to such threats has allowed the monarchy to marginalize the country’s Palestinian opposition — from which such threats have usually emanated — and consolidate power around the regime’s historical East Banker support base. The result today is a parliament whose powers to affect policy or act as a check on the executive have been curtailed.
Role of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in glyceride metabolism. Effect of diet on enzyme activities in chicken liver

1. The metabolic role of hepatic NAD-linked glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) was investigated vis-a-vis glyceride synthesis, glyceride degradation and the maintainence of the NAD redox state. 2. Five-week-old chickens were placed on five dietary regimes: a control group, a group on an increased-carbohydrate-lowered-fat diet, a group on a high-fat-lowered-carbohydrate diet, a starved group and a starved-refed group. In each group the specific activity (mumol/min per g wet wt. of tissue) of hepatic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was compared with the activities of the beta-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase component of fatty acid synthetase, glycerol kinase (EC 2.7.1.30) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27). 3. During starvation, the activities of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glycerol kinase and lactate dehydrogenase rose significantly. After re-feeding these activities returned to near normal. All three activities rose slightly on the high-fat diet. Lactate dehydrogenase activity rose slightly, whereas those of the other two enzymes fell slightly on the increased-carbohydrate-lowered-fat diet. 4. The activity of the beta-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier protein) reductase component of fatty acid synthetase, a lipid-synthesizing enzyme, contrasted strikingly with the other three enzyme activities. Its activity was slightly elevated on the increased-carbohydrate diet and significantly diminished on the high-fat diet and during starvation. 5. The changes in activity of the chicken liver isoenzyme of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in response to dietary stresses suggest that the enzyme has an important metabolic role other than or in addition to glyceride biosynthesis.
The accountant's stereotype: a look back at Granleese and Barrett (1990)

Abstract Granleese and Barrett (1990, Personality and Individual Differences , 11, 957–964) report an operational replication of the Bedeian, Mossholder, Touliatos, and Barkman (1986, Career Development Quarterly , 35, 113–122) investigation of the accountant's stereotype. Utilizing a largely Irish sample, they tested the generalizability of the Bedeian et al . findings. Although we encourage replication research, the Granleese and Barrett study raises concerns that may render its findings suspect. We examine three of these concerns, indicating where we feel interpretational problems may surface.
The effects of centrally administered chlorpromazine on temperature regulation in the hamster

Abstract THE demonstrated importance of hypothalamic centers in the control of body temperature (1) has stimulated considerable interest in the central component of action of several chemical agents observed to have a disruptive effect on temperature regulation. Chlorpromazine (CPZ), based on its general central depressant activity, has been assumed to produce this disruptive effect by a deppression of hypothalamic neuromechanisms involved in temperature control. However, CPZ has a broad spectrum of peripheral as well as central activity (2) and few attempts have been made to achieve a definitive indication of the relative importance of these components in eliciting alterations in body temperature. The present study was undertaken to investigate the central component of CPZ induced hypothermia in hamsters by means of the direct injection of this agent into the anterior hypothalamus at a low ambient temperature. Because of our interest in the influence of genetic predisposition on the effects of psychotropic drugs (3,4,5) and since the hamster is the most readily available animal whose innate thermoregulatory control mechanisms permit a state of hibernation, it was decided to compare the central effects of CPZ in this species with those reported to occur in a non-hibernator such as the rat. Rewerski and co-workers (6,7) have observed a hyperthermic effect following the intrahypothalamic injection of CPZ in rats subjected to ether anesthesia and stereotaxic restraint at 20°C. However, since it is well known that ambient temperature and degree of stress both influence the effect of CPZ on body temperature (2,8), it was decided to perform the experiments described below in unanesthetized, partially restrained animals at an ambient temperature of 10°C. Finally, on the basis of the demonstrated hypothermia mediated by the central activity of several cholinergic agents (9,10,11) and cholinesterase inhibitors (12), the ability of atropine to prevent this effect and to elicit hyperthermia following central administration (13), and the anticholinesterase activity of CPZ by pretreatment with centrally administered atropine. The injection of 12.5 – 37.5 ug of CPZ into the anterior hypothalamus of hamsters has been shown to elicit an immediate, dose-dependent hypothermia when the experiments are conducted at a low environmental temperature. A 50 ug dose of CPZ sulfoxide produced only a slight fall in rectal temperature comparable to that obtained following the lowest dose of CPZ. The CPZ response was not antagonized by an equimolar dose of atropine and was not accompanied by changes in EMG or skin temperature indicative of interference with the thermoregulatory mechanisms of shivering and peripheral vascular tone. However, undetected vascular changes may have occured. These results are consistent with the possibility that the effect of CPZ on the central control of body temperature in the hamster may be mediated through its influence on non-shivering thermogenesis.
A Program for Engaging Treatment-Refusing Substance Abusers into Treatment: CRAFT

Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) is a scientifically-supported program for family members who are desperate to get a treatment-refusing substance abuser to enter treatment (Meyers & Wolfe, 2004; Sisson & Azrin, 1986; Smith & Meyers, 2004). CRAFT teaches these family members how to apply behavioral principles at home so that clean and sober behavior is reinforced and substance use is discouraged. CRAFT-trained family members consistently are able to engage their substance-abusing loved one into treatment in nearly seven out of 10 cases. Notably, the program is effective with ethnically diverse populations, across various types of relationships (spouses, parent-adult child), and without regard for the particular drug of abuse (alcohol, cocaine). This paper provides a rationale for working with family members when a resistant individual refuses treatment, and supplies an overview of both the CRAFT program components and the research findings.
Electron microscopy studies of undoped and phosphorus doped Si:H and Si,C:H films

Microstructure of undoped and phosphorus doped Si:H and Si,C:H films was analyzed by selected-area diffraction, conical dark-field imaging, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy in transmission electron microscopes. Thin films were synthesized by remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition and characterized in terms of degree of crystallinity. Distribution of phosphorus in Si:H and Si,C:H films, and of carbon in Si,C:H films was evaluated. Results indicate that (i) the microstructure of a film may be two phase, consisting of silicon microcrystallites in an amorphous matrix, (ii) phosphorus doping as well as the presence of carbon influences the degree of crystallinity by reducing the average size and volume fraction of microcrystallites, (iii) the presence of carbon and phosphorus doping completely suppresses the crystalline phase, (iv) phosphorus is distributed at approximately the same concentration in both the crystalline and amorphous phases of diphasic films, and (v) carbon is detected in the amorphous phase of the Si,C:H films.
Rural Veterans’ Perspectives of Dual Care

The purpose of this study was to develop an in-depth understanding of the barriers and enablers of effective dual care (care obtained from the Veterans Health Administration [VHA] and the private health system) for rural veterans. Telephone interviews of a random sample of 1,006 veterans residing in rural Nebraska were completed in 2010. A high proportion of the rural veterans interviewed reported receiving dual care. The common reasons cited for seeking care outside the VHA (or VA [Veterans Administration]) included having an established relationship with a non-VA provider and distance to the nearest VA medical center. Almost half of the veterans who reported having a personal doctor or nurse reported that this was a non-VA provider. Veterans reported high levels of satisfaction with the quality of care they receive. Ordinal logistic regression models found that veterans who were Medicare beneficiaries, and who rated their health status higher had higher satisfaction with dual care. The reasons cited by the veterans for seeking care at the VHA (quality of VHA care, lower costs of VHA care, entitlement) and veterans perceptions about dual care (confused about where to seek care for different ailments, perceived lack of coordination between VA and non VA providers) were significant predictors of veterans’ satisfaction with dual care. This study will guide policymakers in the VA to design a shared care system that can provide seamless, timely, high quality and veteran centered care.
Evidence for a Role of the Gut Hormone PYY in the Regulation of Intestinal Fatty Acid-binding Protein Transcripts in Differentiated Subpopulations of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Hybrids

Abstract Peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) is a gut hormone present in endocrine cells in the lower intestine that can be released by the presence of luminal free fatty acids (FFAs). The biological action of this peptide includes inhibition of gut motility and gastrointestinal and pancreatic secretions. Intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) binds FFA and may be involved in their cytosolic trafficking. Quantitative in situ hybridization on heterogeneous populations of small intestinal somatic cell hybrids selected for endogenous I-FABP expression (hBRIE 380i cells) demonstrated a 5-fold increase in I-FABP transcripts in response to PYY (within 6 h) that was confined to clusters of differentiated cells, whereas ribonuclease protection assays performed on heterogeneous populations of these cells showed no significant differences. High affinity PYY receptors, with an IC50 of 5–50 pm, were identified in both differentiated and nondifferentiated cell populations, as determined by competitive binding assays and autoradiography. In situ hybridization of rat ileal tissue also revealed differing patterns of mRNA expression for liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) and I-FABP. Only I-FABP mRNA was detected in the villus tips. This localization correlated with the expression pattern of I-FABP mRNA in the hBRIE 380i cells where changes in transcripts were observed only in differentiated cells that did not incorporate bromodeoxyuridine. The sustained expression of I-FABP transcripts in the villar tips suggests (unlike L-FABP) that older terminally differentiated cell populations of the mucosa can still be PYY responsive. These studies demonstrate that physiological concentrations of PYY can regulate I-FABP and place this peptide in a key position as part of a feedback system that determines the processing of cytosolic FFA in the enterocyte. In addition, these studies suggest a mechanism whereby luminal agents can modulate expression of proteins in terminally differentiated cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa.
Slurry and trickle‐bed reactor effectiveness

Overall slurry and trickle-bed reactor effectiveness with respect to mass transport limitation upon linear kinetics is readily assessed by utilization of estimated parameters and data secured in a single experiment. A judicious estimate of certain other physical parameters permits an estimate of the intrinsic chemical reaction rate coefficient. The procedure is illustrated with literature data. On evalue facilement, au moyen de donnees et parametres estimatifs obtenus dans une seule experience, l'efficacite globale d'un reacteur pour suspensions et pourvu d'un lit a faible debit, par rapport a la limitation du transport de masse sur la cinetique lineaire. L'estimation judicieuse de certains autres parametres physiques permet l'evaluation du coefficient du taux de reaction chimique intrinseque. On illustre la methode employee au moyen de donnees publiees.
Market-focused management: Human resource management implications

Under market-focused management (MFM) the whole organization is engaged in the satisfaction of customers' needs—so much so that MFM becomes the philosophy and modus operandi of doing business and customers become the reason for the organization's existence. If this is to happen, human resource philosophies, policies, and practice must be conducive to MFM. The objectives of this article are to briefly review the implications for human resource management. The merits of adopting the business philosophy of MFM as compared to other traditional alternatives have been discussed in detail elsewhere (Webster, 1992; Day, 1990; Kohli and Jaworski, 1990; Narver and Slater, 1990; Grover, 1995). Here we focus on describing human resource philosophy, policies, and practices options that are affected by MFM.
Diversification practices reduce organic to conventional yield gap

Agriculture today places great strains on biodiversity, soils, water and the atmosphere, and these strains will be exacerbated if current trends in population growth, meat and energy consumption, and food waste continue. Thus, farming systems that are both highly productive and minimize environmental harms are critically needed. How organic agriculture may contribute to world food production has been subject to vigorous debate over the past decade. Here, we revisit this topic comparing organic and conventional yields with a new meta-dataset three times larger than previously used (115 studies containing more than 1000 observations) and a new hierarchical analytical framework that can better account for the heterogeneity and structure in the data. We find organic yields are only 19.2% (±3.7%) lower than conventional yields, a smaller yield gap than previous estimates. More importantly, we find entirely different effects of crop types and management practices on the yield gap compared with previous studies. For example, we found no significant differences in yields for leguminous versus non-leguminous crops, perennials versus annuals or developed versus developing countries. Instead, we found the novel result that two agricultural diversification practices, multi-cropping and crop rotations, substantially reduce the yield gap (to 9 ± 4% and 8 ± 5%, respectively) when the methods were applied in only organic systems. These promising results, based on robust analysis of a larger meta-dataset, suggest that appropriate investment in agroecological research to improve organic management systems could greatly reduce or eliminate the yield gap for some crops or regions.
Lipoprotein(a) for Risk Assessment in Patients With Established Coronary Artery Disease

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess the prognostic utility of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD). Background Data regarding an association between Lp(a) and cardiovascular (CV) risk in secondary prevention populations are sparse. Methods Plasma Lp(a) was measured in 6,708 subjects with CAD from 3 studies; data were then combined with 8 previously published studies for a total of 18,978 subjects. Results Across the 3 studies, increasing levels of Lp(a) were not associated with the risk of CV events when modeled as a continuous variable (odds ratio [OR]: 1.03 per log-transformed SD, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96 to 1.11) or by quintile (Q5:Q1 OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.34). When data were combined with previously published studies of Lp(a) in secondary prevention, subjects with Lp(a) levels in the highest quantile were at increased risk of CV events (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.71), but with significant between-study heterogeneity (p = 0.001). When stratified on the basis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, the association between Lp(a) and CV events was significant in studies in which average LDL cholesterol was ≥130 mg/dl (OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.23 to 1.73, p Conclusions Lp(a) is significantly associated with the risk of CV events in patients with established CAD; however, there exists marked heterogeneity across trials. In particular, the prognostic value of Lp(a) in patients with low cholesterol levels remains unclear.
Long-term forecasting of smooth approximations to the load duration curve

Abstract This paper presents a methodology for long-term forecasting of smooth approximations to the load duration curve. The forecast results, when the approach is empirically implemented, are extremely good. Finally, while the application is limited to a functional approximation that has previously been used, there isn othing to deter its adaptation to other specifications.
The bacterial community composition of an active oil field in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The bacterial composition of the water column around two oil production platforms and a control site was examined. Samples were collected during three seasons of a 12-month sampling period three water depths were sampled at all stations occupied. No major differences were discovered in taxonomic or physiological makeup of bacterial populations of the oil field and control site. The genus Pseudomonas predominated at the oil field stations and the control. Bacterial numbers were lower for oil field stations than the control and generally decreased with depth. Microbial biomass estimates were consistently higher at the control site. Oil degrading and sulphur oxidizing bacteria were more numerous within the oil field, and their numbers decreased with distance from the platforms. Buccaneer crude oil did not adversely affect growth or attachment ability of oil field isolates.
Diversity and modulation of plasminogen activator activity in human prostate carcinoma cell lines

Baseline cellular plasminogen activator (PA) activity, and the cellular proteins responsible for variations in PA activity were evaluated in three human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Net PA activity in the cell lines PC-3, DU-145, and LNCaP was measured using a plasminogen-dependent fibrin lysis assay. These three cell lines were then analyzed to determine the specific protein(s) responsible for differences in PA activity. mRNA and protein levels of cellular urinary PA (uPA), tissue PA (tPA), PA inhibitor 1 (PAI1), PA inhibitor 2 (PAI2), and uPA receptor (uPAr) were measured using Northern analysis and ELISA assays. Net cellular PA activity in the three cell lines varied over a 3-fold range (PC3 > DU145 >> LNCaP). Net PA activity in the fibrinolysis assay demonstrated a direct correlation with mRNA transcript levels of uPA, tPA, PAI1, and uPAr (PC-3 > DU-145 > LNCaP). uPA protein was identified in both the PC-3 and the DU-145 lines. tPA, PAI1, and PAI2 proteins were identified only in PC-3 cells. In general, cellular protein levels correlated with mRNA levels. These findings demonstrate that prostate carcinoma cell lines vary in their net PA activity. This variability results from both qualitative and quantitative differences in the cellular expression of PA regulatory proteins.
A comparison of parallel algorithms for connected components

This paper presents a comparison of the pragmatic aspects of some parallel algorithms for finding connected components, together with optimizations on these algorithms. The algorithms being compared are two similar algorithms by Shiloach-Vishkin [22] and Awerbuch-Shiloach [2], a randomized contraction algorithm based on algorithms by Reif [21] and Phillips [20], and a hybrid algorithm [11]. Improvements are given for the first two to improve performance significantly, although without improving their asymptotic complexity. The hybrid combines features of the others and is generally the fastest of those tested. Timings were made using NESL [4] code as executed on a Connection Machine 2 and Cray Y-MP/C90.
The Axisymmetric Euler Equations with Vorticity in Borderline Spaces of Besov Type

Borderline spaces of Besov type consist of tempered distributions satisfying the property that the partial sums of their \(B^0_{\infty ,1}\)-norm diverge in a controlled way. Misha Vishik established uniqueness of solutions to the two and three-dimensional incompressible Euler equations with vorticity whose \(B^0_{\infty ,1}\) partial sums diverge roughly at a rate of \(N\log N\). In two dimensions, he also established conditions on the initial data for which solutions in his uniqueness class exist. In this paper, we extend existence results of Vishik to the three-dimensional Euler equations with axisymmetric velocity. We also study the inviscid limit of solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations with initial vorticity in these Besov type spaces.
A Critical Institutionalist Reconciliation of "Contradictory" Institutionalist Institutions: What Is an Institution?

Original institutional economics (OIE) has three significant, but apparently contradictory, definitions of institution(s) stemming from Thorstein Veblen, John Commons, and J. Fagg Foster. In this first installment of a two-part paper I address this apparent contradiction by developing an "irenic reconciliation" of these definitions using a methodological approach I call "critical institutionalism"— a synthesis of the OIE in the tradition of the Veblen, Commons, and Foster, the pragmatism theory of Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey, the critical realist methodology of Margaret Archer, and the critical realism of Roy Bhaskar. In so doing, I provide an alternative discussion to that of some current institutionalists who propose to replace the existing OIE definitions of institution(s) with "consensual definitions" developed in the discourse with non-OIE traditions. I propose that there is still considerable analytical value in the OIE definitions, and that replacing them with non-OIE-originating concepts...
Psychological distress, killer lymphocytes and disease severity in HIV/AIDS

Immunocellular mechanisms that account for the association between psychosocial risk factors and increased susceptibility to faster progression of HIV/AIDS are largely unknown. This study used structural equation modeling to test the hypothesis that enumerative and functional alterations in killer lymphocytes mediate the relationship between higher levels of psychological distress (defined by perceived stress, anxiety and depressive symptoms) and greater HIV disease severity (defined by HIV-1 viral load and T-helper (CD4(+)) cell count), independent of standard demographic and various HIV-related covariates. Participants were 200 HIV-1 seropositive adults on combination antiretroviral therapy (ages 20-55 years; 67% men; 62% black; 84% AIDS). The data fit a psychoimmune model in which the significant relationship between higher distress levels and greater disease severity was mediated by diminished natural killer (NK) cell count and cytotoxic function, as well as increased cytotoxic (CD8(+)) T-cell activation. Overall the findings indicated that the psychoimmune model accounted for 67% of the variation in HIV disease severity. In contrast, the data did not support a reverse directionality mediation model, where greater HIV disease severity predicted greater distress as a function of killer lymphocyte status. In sum, the psychoimmune associations of the final model are physiologically consistent and suggest that distress-related alterations in killer lymphocyte immunity may play a role in the biobehavioral mechanisms linked with HIV-1 pathogenesis.
Case Study of a Restored Wetland Best Management Practice

A restored drained wetland should provide a comparable environment to remove nonpoint source nitrogen (N) from animal feeding operation (AFO) runoff as an equivalent constructed wetland. Our research addresses the N removal efficiency of the drained and restored Long Acres Wetland (LAW) to its modeled constructed wetland equivalents, and the relationship of the five denitrifying variables of bacteria population size, bacteria-pollutant contact, N Cycle continuity, kinetics, and bacteria-pollutant contact time to rate their relative influence on N removal. Although, we found restoration improved percent total nitrogen removed (%TNR) from 90.9% to 94.6%, analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the actual drained versus actual restored %TNR datasets indicated no statistical difference. However, ANOVA of the actual restored versus modeled restored %TNR datasets showed a significant statistical difference, indicating that the actual restored LAW was not operating at its theoretical optimal efficiency. Subsequent ANOVA of the denitrifying variables’ pre- versus post-restoration datasets indicated that restoration had favorably influenced all denitrifying variables except bacteria-pollutant contact. Our results suggest lack of mixing was the limiting factor negating all other enhanced variables potential treatment contributions. Nevertheless, the actual drained LAW significantly removed N, indicating that drained wetlands maybe removing considerable N from polluted runoff.
High-Intensity Acoustic Tests of a Thermally Stressed Plate

An investigation was conducted in the Thermal Acoustic Fatigue Apparatus at the Langley Research Center to study the acoustically excited random motion of an aluminum plate which is buckled due to thermal stresses. The thermal buckling displacements were measured and compared with theory. The general trends of the changes in resonances frequencies and random responses of the plate agree with previous theoretical prediction and experimental results for a mechanically buckled plate.
DH-CASE II: collaborative annotations in shared environments: metadata, tools and techniques in the digital humanities

The DH-CASE II Workshop, held in conjunction with ACM Document Engineering 2014, focused on the tools and environments that support annotation, broadly defined, including modeling, authoring, analysis, publication and sharing. Participants explored shared challenges and differing approaches, seeking to identify emerging best practices, as well as those approaches that may have potential for wider application or influence.
Megaesophagus in 15 Llamas: A Retrospective Study (1985–1993)

Megaesophagus was diagnosed in 15 llamas on the basis of survey and contrast radiography. Age of onset ranged from 13 months to 9.5 years. Clinical signs varied, with salivation being the most common; regurgitation or dysphagia were noted in only 33% of the cases. Duration of the disorder ranged from 1 week to 5 years. Organophosphate toxicity was the cause of megaesophagus in 1 llama. While most cases were of unknown etiology, the 3 with histological abnormalities included 1 with vagal neuropathy and 2 with a degenerative myopathy of esophageal muscles. The causes in most were undetermined.
In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of gallium-modified MFI zeolite

Abstract An in situ XPS investigation of calcined and reduced GaMFI was conducted both at room temperature and at 823 K. In the reduced GaMFI most of gallium is distributed at room temperature inside the zeolite channels in the form Ga + compensating cations. At high temperatures and under ultra-high vacuum conditions the formation of metallic gallium was observed, most likely as a result of the disproportionation of Ga + cations. During this disproportionation Ga 3+ compensating cations are also formed. In the presence of hydrogen the disproportionation of Ga + is reversible.
Acoustic communication in deep water exploiting multiple beams with a horizontal array

A recent experiment showed that coherent long-range acoustic communication (200–300 Hz) is feasible in deep water over a ∼550-km range between a source and a horizontal towed array (∼100 m aperture). The low input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (e.g., −10 dB) at an element level required conventional beamforming to enhance the SNR of the communication signals for subsequent channel equalization and decoding. This paper demonstrates that with a larger aperture (∼200 m), multiple adjacent beams can be exploited to further improve the communication performance, achieving an almost error-free data rate of 100 bits/s for QPSK modulation at ∼550 km range.
The nature and significance of knowledge compilation

Knowledge compilation is characterized in terms of a three-level hierarchy, consisting of the knowledge, function, and program levels. The nature of knowledge compilation is explicated by contrasting it with the related fields of conventional compilation, automatic programming, logic programming, software engineering, shell instantiation, machine learning, and problem solving. The reasons why knowledge compilation is important are discussed, and knowledge compilation models are examined. The dimensions, goals, and methodologies of knowledge compilation are discussed. >
Monodisperse Emulsions through Templating Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Capsules

A general and facile method to prepare monodisperse, water dispersible PEM-coated and naked emulsions (5CB, silicone, and paraffin oil) is demonstrated. The presented approach paves the way for the formation of monodisperse emulsions of various materials of controlled size and surface functionality.
Numerical simulation of a UC–PBG lens for gain enhancement of microstrip antennas

Because of their versatility and ease of fabrication, Uniplanar Compact–Photonic Band Gap (UC–PBG) structures have been recently applied to microstrip antenna design. However, when the PBG structure is embodied on the ground plane of a conventional microstrip antenna, the resulting configuration suffers from strong backward radiation and reduced efficiency. In this article, a combined UC–PBG- antenna structure is proposed to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks. The performance characteristics of a microstrip antenna positioned below a UC–PBG are examined using CST and Ansoft commercial software packages, which are based on the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) and the Finite Element Method (FEM), respectively. The proposed antenna demonstrates a remarkable improvement in the bore-sight gain, about 7.8 dBi at 2.64 GHz, compared with the corresponding conventional microstrip antenna and front-to-back ratio in excess of 22.8 dBi. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2009.
Corn-Residue Transformations into Root and Soil Carbon as Related to Nitrogen, Tillage, and Stover Management

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is sensitive to management of tillage, residue (stover) harvest, and N fertilization in corn (Zea mays L.), but little is known about associated root biomass including rhizodeposition. Natural C isotope abundance (δ 13 C) and total C content, measured in paired plots of stover harvest and return were used to estimate corn-derived SOC (cdSOC) and the contribution of nonharvestable biomass (crown, roots, and rhizodeposits) to the SOC pool. Rhizodeposition was estimated for each treatment in a factorial of three tillage treatments (moldboard, MB; chisel, CH; and no-till, NT), two N fertilizer rates (200 and 0 kg N ha -1 ), and two corn residue managements. Treatments influenced cdSOC across a wide range (6.8-17.8 Mg C ha -1 ). Nitrogen fertilization increased stover C by 20%, cdSOC by only 1.9 Mg C ha -1 , and increased rhizodeposition by at least 110% compared with that with no N fertilizer. Stover harvest vs. stover return reduced total source carbon (SC) by 20%, cdSOC by 35%, and total SOC. The amount of stover source carbon ( S SC) responded to tillage (MB > CH > NT), but tillage affected the amount of cdSOC differently (NT > CH > MB). Total SOC was maintained only by both N fertilization and stover return during the 13-yr period. The ratio of SC in the nonharvestable biomass to S SC ranged from 1.01 to 3.49; a ratio of 0.6 conforms to a root-to-shoot ratio of 0.4 when the root biomass includes 50% rhizodeposits. Tillage controlled the fraction of SC retained as cdSOC (i.e., humified; 0.26 for NT and 0.11 for MB and CH), even though N fertilization, stover harvest, and tillage all significantly influenced SC. Decomposition of labile rhizodeposits was a major component of the nonhumified fraction. Rhizodeposition was as much as three times greater than suggested by laboratory and other controlled studies. To understand and manage the entire C cycle, roots and rhizodeposition must be included in the analysis at the field level.
Coordination Compounds as Building Blocks: Single-Step Synthesis of Heteronuclear Multimetallic Complexes Containing RuII and OsII

A novel and powerful approach for the synthesis of heterometallic complexes containing RuII and OsII is described. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions between [(bpy)2M1(L1)]2+ and [(bpy)2M2(L2)]2+ (where L1 and L2 are bromo- and ethynyl-functionalized 1,10-phenanthroline ligands) provide heteronuclear complexes in a single synthetic step.
Optimal discrete search with imperfect specificity

A target is hidden in one of several possible locations, and the objective is to find the target as fast as possible. One common measure of effectiveness for the search process is the expected time of the search. This type of search optimization problem has been addressed and solved in the literature for the case where the searcher has imperfect sensitivity (possible false negative results), but perfect specificity (no false positive detections). In this paper, which is motivated by recent military and homeland security search situations, we extend the results to the case where the search is subject to false positive detections.
Estimate of the Molecular Weight of the Sarcolemmal Sodium Channel Using H2O-D2O Centrifugation

: The sodium channel saxitoxin binding component from rat sarcolemma was solubilized with NP-40 and centrifuged on sucrose gradients constructed in either D2O or H2O. When compared with a series of standard proteins the sedimentation behavior of the solubilized channel complex changed from an apparent S20.w of 9.1 in H2O to 6.1 in D2O. From these observations, a true partial specific volume of 0.83 ml/g was calculated for the complex. A Stokes radius of 8.6 nm was estimated from Sepharose 6-B chromatography in NP-40. The calculated protein molecular weight of the lipid-protein-detergent complex based on these data is 560,000. The complex contains about 56% protein, and the calculated molecular weight of this component is 314,000 if a v for the protein of 0.74 ml/g is assumed.
An inexpensive personal computer based photon counter

Abstract This paper describes a computer based system for photon counting. The hardware consists of an IBM compatible personal computer (Leading Edge™ model D), a data acquisition and control interface and an external discriminator. The software package is written in Microsoft QuickBASIC. The system is capable of counting pulses at up to 2 MHz, with an internal precision of 16 bits, making it nearly ideal for low-level spectroscopic experiments. The main advantages of the system are low cost, ease of implementation, flexibility and high accuracy.
USE OF COLD IODINE IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES' DISEASE: OBSERVATIONS FROM A CLINICAL PRACTICE

Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of cold iodine after radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) and the effects of prior antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves' disease. Methods: We...
Immunochemical comparisons of proteins that bind heme and bilirubin: human serum albumin, α-fetoprotein and glutathione S-transferases from liver, placenta and erythrocyte

Abstract 1. 1. Antisera to native or unfolded glutathone S-transferase from human liver recognize either antigen but do not recognize native or unfolded glutathione S-transferase from human placenta. 2. 2. Antisera to native or unfolded glutathione S-transferase from placenta recognize either antigen but do not recognize native or unfolded glutathione S-transferase from liver. 3. 3. Antisera to unfolded human serum albumin crossreacts with unfolded α-fetoprotein but does not recognize unfolded glutathione S-transferase.
Multiple-Timescale Dynamics Underlying Spontaneous Oscillations of Saccular Hair Bundles

Spontaneous oscillations displayed by hair bundles of the bullfrog sacculus have complex temporal profiles, not fully captured by single limit-cycle descriptions. Quiescent intervals are typically interspersed with oscillations, leading to a bursting-type behavior. Temporal characteristics of the oscillation are strongly affected by imposing a mechanical load or by the application of a steady-state deflection to the resting position of the bundle. Separate spectral components of the spontaneous motility are differently affected by increases in the external calcium concentration. We use numerical modeling to explore the effects of internal parameters on the oscillatory profiles, and to reproduce the experimental modulation induced by mechanical or ionic manipulation.
Sodium nitrite induces acute central nervous system toxicity in guinea pigs exposed to systemic cell-free hemoglobin

Highlights: {yields} Toxicological implications associated with the use of NaNO{sub 2} therapy to treat systemic cell-free Hb exposure are not well-defined. {yields} Systemic Hb exposure followed by NaNO{sub 2} infusion induces acute CNS toxicities in guinea pigs. {yields} These CNS effects were not reproduced by the infusion of cell-free Hb or NaNO{sub 2} alone. {yields} NaNO{sub 2}-mediated oxidation of cell-free Hb may play a causative role in the observed CNS changes. -- Abstract: Systemic cell-free hemoglobin (Hb) released via hemolysis disrupts vascular homeostasis, in part, through the scavenging of nitric oxide (NO). Sodium nitrite (NaNO{sub 2}) therapy can attenuate the hypertensive effects of Hb. However, the chemical reactivity of NaNO{sub 2} with Hb may enhance heme- or iron-mediated toxicities. Here, we investigate the effect of NaNO{sub 2} on the central nervous system (CNS) in guinea pigs exposed to systemic cell-free Hb. Intravascular infusion of NaNO{sub 2}, at doses sufficient to alleviate Hb-mediated blood pressure changes, reduced the expression of occludin, but not zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) or claudin-5, in cerebral tight junctions 4 h after Hb infusion. This was accompanied by increased perivascular heme oxygenase-1 expression, neuronal iron deposition, increased astrocyte and microglial activation, and reduced expression of neuron-specific nuclear proteinmore » (NeuN). These CNS changes were not observed in animals treated with Hb or NaNO{sub 2} alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that the use of nitrite salts to treat systemic Hb exposure may promote acute CNS toxicity.« less
Water losses in the Patagonian steppe: A modelling approach

In this paper we sought to answer questions related to the long-term soil water dynamics of the Patagonian steppe: What are the magnitude and seasonal dynamics of transpiration, evaporation, and deep percolation? How do these fluxes respond to fluctuations in annual precipitation? What is the pattern of soil water availability? We developed a soil water model for the steppe with a daily time step. The model gives weekly cumulative values of transpiration, evaporation, and drainage, maximum and minimum water content for the different soil layers in each week, and the weekly fre- quency of days with soil water potential higher than -1 MPa for each layer. The model was tested against three sets of experimental data. Simulated data of total water losses were significantly correlated with observed data, and the slope did not differ significantly from 1 nor the y-intercept from 0. On a long term basis, evaporation accounted for 56% of total water loss, transpiration 34%, and deep percolation the remaining 10%. Transpiration and evaporation had asyn- chronic dynamics. Evaporation was high during the coldest and wettest months of the year (mainly winter months). Transpiration, on the contrary, reached maximum values when energy and water availability were simultaneously high in late spring-early summer. Drain- age took place during the coldest months, when most of precipitation occurred, and the soil remained near field capacity. Both evaporation and transpiration had a positive response to an increase in precipitation. However, the proportion of total water loss following these pathways decreased with in- creasing precipitation. Drainage had a positive exponential relationship with winter pre- cipitation. Probabilities of soil water potential higher than -1 MPa in the upper soil layer were very low during most of the warm season (P < 0.15). At the beginning of the growing season the wettest layer was located at an intermediate depth (10-20 and 20-40 cm), and moved downward so at the end, only deep roots had high soil water availability.
Oligothiophene based organic semiconductors with cross-linkable benzophenone moieties

Abstract Two oligothiophene based organic semiconductors with photo-cross-linkable benzophenone (BP) groups were synthesized and characterized. Solution cast and evaporated thin film transistors (TFTs) were created and field effect mobilities exceeding 10 −3 cm 2 V −1 s −1 were achieved. Upon film cross-linking the mobility increased nearly a factor of two suggesting some molecular reorganization. The stability and crosslinking of the semiconducting films were monitored by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Preliminary work was also performed to study the potential of attaching analyte molecules to the semiconductor surface via photo-attachment to the BP groups for future sensor applications. The water contact angle of the semiconductor layer before and after the attachment of l -glutamic acid was measured. A drop of nearly 20 degrees suggests incorporation of the amino acid onto the surface of the semiconductor film after UV crosslinking.
Biomimetic myoelectric control of a dexterous prosthetic hand

A new biomimetic two-input EMG based control algorithm for a dexterous robotic hand is presented. The biomimetic controller maps the EMG control signals to the prosthesis in a more physiologically expected manner. By exploiting the muscular structure of the forearm, the controller permits control of both power and lateral pinch grasps in addition to a typing function with the index finger. Proportional control of wrist flexion and extension is also possible while simultaneously controlling the applied grip force. Experimental results show that there exists a correlation between hand position and EMG signals, which is used as a basis for the biomimetic control algorithm. The control algorithm was evaluated by four human test subjects who performed five different tasks. Results indicate a general trend of improvement using the controller with increased training time.