cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Grown by Hot-Wire CVD at Deposition Rates up to 1 µm/minute

We grow hydrogenated amorphous-silicon (a-Si:H) by the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) technique. In our standard tube-reactor we use a single filament, centered 5 cm below the substrate and obtain deposition rates up to 20 A/s. However, by adding a second filament, and decreasing the filament-to-substrate distance, we are able to grow a-Si:H at deposition rates exceeding 167 A/s (1 µm/min). We find the deposition rate increases with increasing deposition pressure, silane flow rate, and filament current and decreasing filament-tosubstrate distance. There are significant interactions among these parameters that require optimization to grow films of optimal quality for a desired deposition rate. Using our best conditions, we are able to maintain an AM1.5 photoconductivity-to-dark-conductivity ratio of 105 at deposition rates up to 130 A/s, beyond which the conductivity ratio decreases. Other electronic properties decrease more rapidly with increasing deposition rate, including the ambipolar diffusion length, Urbach energy, and the as-grown defect density. Measurements of void density by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) reveal an increase by well over an order of magnitude when going from one to two filaments. However, both Raman and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements show no change in film structure with increasing deposition rates up to 144 A/s, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) reveals little change in topology.
Cadaver-based training is superior to simulation training for cricothyrotomy and tube thoracostomy

Emergency medicine (EM) training mandates that residents be able to competently perform low-frequency critical procedures upon graduation. Simulation is the main method of training in addition to clinical patient care. Access to cadaver-based training is limited due to cost and availability. The relative fidelity and perceived value of cadaver-based simulation training is unknown. This pilot study sought to describe the relative value of cadaver training compared to simulation for cricothyrotomy and tube thoracostomy. To perform a pilot study to assess whether there is a significant difference in fidelity and educational experience of cadaver-based training compared to simulation training. To understand how important this difference is in training residents in low-frequency procedures. Twenty-two senior EM residents (PGY3 and 4) who had completed standard simulation training on cricothyrotomy and tube thoracostomy participated in a formalin-fixed cadaver training program. Participants were surveyed on the relative fidelity of the training using a 100 point visual analogue scale (VAS) with 100 defined as equal to performing the procedure on a real patient. Respondents were also asked to estimate how much the cadaveric training improved the comfort level with performing the procedures on a scale between 0 and 100 %. Open-response feedback was also collected. The response rate was 100 % (22/22). The average fidelity of the cadaver versus simulation training was 79.9 ± 7.0 vs. 34.7 ± 13.4 for cricothyrotomy (p < 0.0001) and 86 ± 8.6 vs. 38.4 ± 19.3 for tube thoracostomy (p < 0.0001). Improvement in comfort levels performing procedures after the cadaveric training was rated as 78.5 ± 13.3 for tube thoracostomy and 78.7 ± 14.3 for cricothyrotomy. All respondents felt this difference in fidelity to be important for procedural training with 21/22 respondents specifically citing the importance of superior landmark and tissue fidelity compared to simulation training. Cadaver-based training provides superior landmark and tissue fidelity compared to simulation training and may be a valuable addition to EM residency training for certain low-frequency procedures.
Unicentric castleman’s disease in the posterior pleural cavity

Introduction: Unicentric Castleman’s disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder. Patients are usually asymptomatic, anddisease is found incidentally on imaging studies. Although a benign condition, unicentric Castleman’s disease does increase therisk of other malignancies, and therefore, complete surgical resection is recommended. Here we report the case of a 48-year-oldsmoker who presented with an incidental lung mass. Case presentation: A 48-year-old man presented to the hospital with a persistent cough in the setting of a 48-pack-year smokinghistory. A contrast-enhanced CT of the chest revealed a single pulmonary mass in the posterior chest cavity concerning formalignancy. Conclusions: Unicentric Castleman’s disease can be a rare cause of a lung mass. Unlike primary lung malignancy, however,unicentric Castleman’s disease has an excellent prognosis.
Neutropenia Associated With T-Cell Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia: Long-Term Response to Cyclosporine Therapy Despite Persistence of Abnormal Cells

T-cell large granular lymphocyte (T-LGL) leukemia is clinically indolent, but is associated with severe neutropenia in approximately 50% of cases. The pathogenesis of the neutropenia is unclear. We report reversal of severe neutropenia associated with T-LGL leukemia in five patients treated with cyclosporine (CSA). All five had persistent neutrophil counts below 0.5 x 10(9)/L, two had agranulocytosis, and four had recurrent infections. Increased populations of LGL were present in blood and marrow, with a T-LGL immunophenotype (CD3(+)CD8(+)CD16(+/-)CD56(+/-)CD57(+)) shown by multiparameter flow cytometry, and clonal T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements in two of two pretreatment blood samples studied. CSA was initiated at doses of 1 to 1.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours, with subsequent dose adjustments based on trough serum levels. Four patients attained normal neutrophil counts with CSA alone; one required addition of low-dose granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Time to attainment of 1.5 x 10(9)/L neutrophils ranged from 21 to 75 days. Attempts to taper and withdraw CSA resulted in recurrent neutropenia. Three patients have maintained normal neutrophil counts on continued CSA therapy for 2, 8, and 8.5 years. Two patients died 1.7 and 4.6 years after initiation of CSA despite normal neutrophil counts-one of metastatic melanoma and one of complications after aortofemoral bypass surgery. Despite resolution of neutropenia, increased populations of T-LGL cells have persisted in all patients during CSA therapy, as shown by morphology and flow cytometry and by the presence of clonal TCR gene rearrangements in four patients' posttreatment blood samples. We conclude that CSA is an effective therapy for neutropenia associated with T-LGL leukemia, and that resolution of neutropenia despite persistence of abnormal cells implies that CSA may inhibit T-LGL secretion of yet unidentified mediators of neutropenia.
Crustal Structure Along the Ramapo Fault Zone, New York State

One- and three-dimensional models of crustal structure in the vicinity of the Ramapo fault zone are derived from P-wave arrival time data. We supplement earthquake and quarry blast arrivals recorded by regional network stations with data recorded by portable seismic instruments at former network sites. The portable array data provide a critical link between data recorded on the current and former network alignments. Station corrections derived along with the one-dimensional crustal model and the three-dimensional model both indicate significant lateral velocity variations, in the range of 10 to 15 per cent, across the Ramapo fault in southeastern New York.
Case method strategies for teaching sexual ethics to relativists and skeptics

Many undergraduates are culturally shaped to avoid making ethical judgments. They spontaneously adopt relativist and skeptical strategies such as “It all depends,” or “Whose morality?” or “Who's to say?” as ways of fending off the challenge of making moral decisions. The current tsunami that is washing away traditional sexual norms is both a result and a cause of this cultural shift. Case studies can mitigate this decline and help students to grow in both confidence and ability to make good ethical judgments. The case method, used with a Socratic pedagogy, engages imagination and counters the deficits in empathy found in many contemporary students. It moves students toward understanding morality itself. Against skepticism, it assists students in exercising practical reason, culminating in decision. Five cases invite students to overcome extreme relativism, to look for and evaluate relevant differences, and to enter into ethical discussion with other students on the sexual issues they face in their college years.
Mechanisms of Organ Dysfunction and Altered Metabolism in Sepsis

The term “sepsis” was first described by Hippocrates (c.a. 460–370 BC) in reference to blood putrefaction (septicemia) and fever, and the connection between sepsis and bacteria was made by French chemist Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). No treatment has been shown to prevent the onset or hasten recovery of failed organ systems during sepsis, which often persists long after the infection has been eliminated and ultimately leads to the death of the patient. Mechanisms linking host-pathogen interactions to organ dysfunction remain poorly understood and related insights may provide the key to more effectively treating sepsis-induced organ failures. This chapter will discuss the current theories of sepsis-induced organ failure and potential future therapies that might be derived from new understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis.
Robust, linear correlations between growth rates and β-lactam-mediated lysis rates.

It is widely acknowledged that faster-growing bacteria are killed faster by β-lactam antibiotics. This notion serves as the foundation for the concept of bacterial persistence: dormant bacterial cells that do not grow are phenotypically tolerant against β-lactam treatment. Such correlation has often been invoked in the mathematical modeling of bacterial responses to antibiotics. Due to the lack of thorough quantification, however, it is unclear whether and to what extent the bacterial growth rate can predict the lysis rate upon β-lactam treatment under diverse conditions. Enabled by experimental automation, here we measured >1,000 growth/killing curves for eight combinations of antibiotics and bacterial species and strains, including clinical isolates of bacterial pathogens. We found that the lysis rate of a bacterial population linearly depends on the instantaneous growth rate of the population, regardless of how the latter is modulated. We further demonstrate that this predictive power at the population level can be explained by accounting for bacterial responses to the antibiotic treatment by single cells. This linear dependence of the lysis rate on the growth rate represents a dynamic signature associated with each bacterium–antibiotic pair and serves as the quantitative foundation for designing combination antibiotic therapy and predicting the population-structure change in a population with mixed phenotypes.
Microwave Thermoelastic Tomography and Imaging

Microwave thermoelastic imaging uses microwave-pulse-induced thermoelastic pressure waves to form planar or tomographic images. Since the generation and detection of thermoelastic pressure waves depends on dielectric permittivity, specific heat, thermal expansion, and acoustic properties of tissue, microwave thermoelastic imaging possesses the characteristic features of a duel-modality imaging system. The unique attributes of the high contrast offered by microwave absorption and the fine spatial resolution furnished by ultrasound, are being explored to provide an imaging modality for noninvasive imaging characterization of tissues, especially for early detection of breast cancer. This chapter describes the research being conducted in developing microwave thermoelastic tomography (MTT) and imaging for medical diagnosis. It discusses the science of thermoelastic wave generation and propagation in biological tissues; the design of prototype microwave thermoelastic tomographic imaging (MTTI) systems; and the reconstruction of tomographic images using filtered-back projection algorithms; as well as the performance of prototype microwave thermoelastic tomographic systems in phantom models and human subjects.
Nanostructured interfaces for probing and facilitating extracellular electron transfer

Extracellular electron transfer (EET) is a process performed by electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) to transport metabolically-generated electrons to external solid-phase acceptors through specific molecular pathways. Naturally bridging biotic and abiotic charge transport systems, EET offers ample opportunities in a wide range of bio-interfacing applications, from renewable energy conversion, resource recovery, to bioelectronics. Full exploration of EET fundamentals and applications demands technologies that could seamlessly interface and interrogate with key components and processes at relevant length scales. In this review, we will discuss the recent development of nanoscale platforms that enabled EET investigation from single-cell to network levels. We will further overview research strategies for utilizing rationally designed and integrated nanomaterials for EET facilitation and efficiency enhancement. In the future, EET components such as c-cytochrome based outer membranes and bacterial nanowires along with their assembled structures will present themselves as a whole new category of biosynthetic electroactive materials with genetically encoded functionality and intrinsic biocompatibility, opening up possibilities to revolutionize the way electronic devices communicate with biological systems.
Potential Therapeutic Use of Growth Hormone in the Metabolic Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that largely affects the elderly population (mean onset = 7th–8th decade of life) and is characterized behaviorally by a progressive loss of both memory and cognitive function (1, 2). AD occurs more frequently in females than males (1, 2) and is generally associated with patients that weigh less and have decreased body fat composition (3–5). The survival time from the time of clinical determination of the disease to death is quite variable and ranges between 2 and 10 years with death ultimately caused by bronchiopneumonia or cardiovascular collapse (6, 7).
The Role of Familial Incarceration and Ethnic Identity in Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempt: Findings from a Longitudinal Study of Latinx Young Adults in California

Suicide is a leading cause of death among young adults; however, contextual risks and cultural factors are rarely studied in the context of ethnic minority suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal attempt (SA). This study assessed the association between familial incarceration and suicide behaviors and examined ethnic identity as a potential moderator. Data from a longitudinal study of health among Hispanics (n = 1,094) in California were used to test associations between familial incarceration, ethnic identity, and SA and SI, adjusting for demographic factors and covariates. Approximately 18% and 8% of respondents reported SI and SA, respectively. Compared to no incarceration, or the incarceration of a relative, parental incarceration was associated with higher odds (AOR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.23-3.34) of SI whereas higher affective ethnic identity reduced the odds (AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31-0.89) of SA. Ethnic identity moderated the association between parental incarceration and SI (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.79). Incarceration of a family member can set the stage for exclusion from critical institutions and can have long-term consequences for adult mental health. Promoting a positive ethnic identity may be a promising prevention strategy that could bolster resilience among at-risk, urban minority youth.
Uptake of genetic testing for germline BRCA1/2 pathogenic variants in a predominantly Hispanic population.

Abstract Genetic counseling is under-utilized in women who meet family history criteria for BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) testing, particularly among racial/ethnic minorities. We evaluated the uptake of BRCA1/2 genetic testing among women presenting for screening mammography in a predominantly Hispanic, low-income population of Washington Heights in New York City. We administered the Six-Point Scale (SPS) to women presenting for screening mammography at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York, NY. The SPS is a family history screener to determine eligibility for BRCA1/2 genetic testing based upon U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines that has been validated in low-income, multiethnic populations. Among women who underwent screening mammography at CUIMC between November 2014 and June 2016, 3,055 completed the SPS family history screener. Participants were predominantly Hispanic (76.7%), and 12% met family history criteria for BRCA1/2 testing, of whom In a multiethnic population, a significant proportion met family history criteria for BRCA1/2 testing, but uptake of genetic testing was low. Such underutilization of BRCA1/2 genetic testing among minorities further underscores the need to develop programs to engage high-risk women from underrepresented populations in genetic testing services.
Variation in the outer diameter of vascular sheaths commonly used in infant cardiac catheterization.

OBJECTIVE To compare the outer diameter (OD) of conventional and radial sheaths from different manufacturers for sizes typically used in infant catheterization. BACKGROUND The smallest sheath size is recommended to minimize risk of arterial injury in infants. However, sheath size refers to its internal diameter (ID), but it is the larger OD that determines risk. The OD varies between manufacturers and is frequently not known to the end user. METHODS Three authors measured the OD of 3, 3.3, 4, 5, and 6 French (Fr) sheaths from different manufacturers using a Mitutoyo digital micrometer. Continuous variables are reported as mean ± SD. The midshaft and proximal-shaft sheath measurements were compared using an independent samples t test. Agreement between author measurements was tested using intra- and inter-rater reliability analysis. Manufacturer sheath OD measurements were obtained. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. RESULTS There was no difference in the measured sheath diameters at the midpoint and proximally (p < .05). The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were excellent (Intraclass correlation coefficient 1.0). Among conventional sheaths the OD varied between manufacturers, Terumo sheaths had the smallest and Galt sheaths had the largest OD. Radial sheaths had the smallest OD (1 Fr smaller) when compared to similar sized conventional sheaths. For instance, the OD of 4 Fr radial sheath (1.610 ± 0.006 mm) is essentially the same as the OD of the conventional 3 Fr (1.644 ± 0.016 mm) and 3.3 Fr (1.635 ± 0.005 mm) sheaths. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows variation in the OD of sheaths used in infant catheterization. The radial sheaths offer the smallest OD across sizes.
Direct administration of ifenprodil and citalopram into the nucleus accumbens inhibits cue-induced nicotine seeking and associated glutamatergic plasticity

Nicotine use disorder has been associated with glutamatergic alterations within the basal ganglia that might contribute to relapse. Specifically, initiation of cue-induced nicotine seeking produces rapid, transient synaptic potentiation (t-SP) in nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) medium spiny neurons (MSNs), defined as increases in spine head diameter and AMPA to NMDA current ratios (A/N). Ifenprodil, which inhibits nicotine reinstatement when administered systemically, antagonizes GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors, has affinity for serotonin receptors, and blocks serotonin transporters (SERT). The mechanisms underlying its therapeutic efficacy, however, remain unknown. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, the current study examined the role of NAcore GluN2B receptors as well as SERT in mediating cue-induced nicotine seeking and associated MSN structure and physiology. Prior to reinstatement, rats received intra-NAcore injections of either ifenprodil, citalopram or artificial cerebral spinal fluid (15 min prior), or GluN2B or control siRNAs (3 consecutive days prior). Rats were sacrificed after a 15-min cue-induced reinstatement session for dendritic spine analysis, western blotting or whole-cell electrophysiology. Intra-NAcore ifenprodil blocked nicotine-seeking behavior and promoted a higher frequency of shorter spines on MSN dendrites. However, a decrease in membrane-bound GluN2B receptor expression did not prevent cue-induced nicotine seeking or associated MSN cell physiology. Interestingly, intra-NAcore citalopram, an SSRI, prevented cue-induced nicotine seeking. Together, these results indicate that the therapeutic effects of ifenprodil on cue-induced nicotine seeking may, in part, be due to its actions at SERT rather than GluN2B, which may be specific to nicotine-seeking as opposed to other drugs of abuse.
E-166 Utilization of radial access in neuroendovascular cases: a single-center experience

Introduction Transradial access is increasingly utilized as an alternative to transfemoral access for neuroendovascular procedures; the radial approach has been widely used for cardiac catheterizations and has been shown to have a lower rate of access site complications and overall complications as compared to femoral access. However, there is a steep learning curve with institution of the transradial method including changes in patient positioning, use of the Simmons catheter, and nursing familiarity with closure devices which can often impact the adoption of this method. We demonstrate our single-center experience with widespread adoption of the transradial approach. Materials and Methods We prospectively collected data from all neuroendovascular cases from October 2019 – February 2020 including site of approach, type of procedure, and crossover rate. We dichotomized procedures into diagnostic and interventional procedures, and further divided by the type of intervention. All interventional cases were performed via proximal radial access with a 6 French Terumo slender sheath, and either a Benchmark or Infinity guide catheter depending on the vessel of interest, patient anatomy and other features. Diagnostic cases were performed with a 5 French Terumo slender sheath and a 5 French Glide Simmons catheter; distal radial access was used in most diagnostic cases unless anatomical difficulty precluded this approach. Closure devices were used to achieve hemostasis in all patients. A spasmolytic cocktail consisting of lidocaine, nitroglycerin, and verapamil was administered in all cases; heparin was added to the cocktail unless otherwise contraindicated. For distal radial access, the Merit distal radial band was applied and kept in place with 5–10 mL of air for two hours prior to deflation. For proximal radial access, the Terumo TR band was utilized with up to 20 mL of air inflated, and kept in place for four hours prior to deflation. Results A total of 387 cases were performed from October 2019 to January 2020, of which 94 were attempted via radial access. 4 cases were excluded due to transfemoral crossover due to patient anatomy, and 90 cases were successfully performed with radial access, for a total crossover rate of 4.3%. The use of radial access as a proportion of total case volume increased from 10.3% in October 2019 to 38.9% in February 2020 (table 1). A total of 20 radial interventional procedures were performed during the time period studied including flow diversion, middle meningeal artery embolization, epistaxis embolization, coiling, and thrombectomy. Conclusion Our single-center series demonstrates low crossover rates from transradial to transfemoral of 4.3%, and shows that widespread adoption of this method can be successfully achieved in a period of a few months. Although radial access presents its own challenges, it is feasible to perform many diverse neuroendovascular cases by this route. Disclosures K. Dakay: None. G. Kaur: None. J. Santarelli: None. C. Gandhi: None. F. Al-Mufti: None.
Single nucleotide polymorphism-mismatch primer development for rapid molecular identification of selected microalgal species

Microalgae have been a great source for food, cosmetic, pharmacological, and biofuel production. The adoption of effective diagnostic assays for monitoring all stages of algal cultivation has become essential. In addition to microscopy identification, molecular assays can aid greatly in the identification and monitoring of algal species of interest. In this study the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of 12 microalgal species and/or strains were used to design algal identification primers. Sequence alignment revealed five highly variable regions and multiple unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To design target algae specific primers, a SNP identified as unique to each microalgal species was incorporated into the 3’-terminus of forward and reverse primer pairs, respectively. To further enhance primer specificity, transverse mutation was introduced into each primer at the third base upstream of the respective SNP. The SNP-mismatch primer pairs yield size-specific amplicons, enabling the rapid molecular detection of 12 microalgae by circumventing cloning and sequencing. To verify the primer specificity, two SNP-mismatch primer pairs designed for Chlorella sorokiniana DOE1412 and wildtype species of Scenedesmus were tested in the outdoor reactor run inoculated with C. sorokiniana DOE1412. The primer pairs were able to identify C. sorokiniana DOE1412 as well as the environmental invader Scenedesmus sp. Furthermore, the “relative concentration” of two microalgae was accessed throughout the entire cultivation run. The use of SNPs primers designed in this study offers a cost-effective, easy to use alternative for routine monitoring of microalgal cultures in laboratories, in scale-ups, and in cultivation reactors, independent of the production platform.
Big Data in the Veterans Health Administration: A Nursing Informatics Perspective

PURPOSE This article reviews the missions of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the evolution of its electronic health record (EHR), the Veterans Health Information Systems and Technology Architecture (VistA). This system, along with its clinical graphical user interface the Computerized Patient Record System, form a key link in VA health care. A Veteran who receives healthcare through the VA can have their EHR accessed by clinicians at any VA healthcare facility across the United States and its territories. Data aggregated daily at a corporate data warehouse supports VA quality improvement and research. ORGANIZING CONSTRUCT Serving over 9 million Veterans, the VA is one of the largest integrated healthcare systems in the United States. It has been a leader in the development and use of healthcare informatics, EHR, and big data analytics for over 30 years. Nurses engaged in major roles in the evolution of these developments. CONCLUSIONS With over 500 nurses as members, the Office of Nursing Informatics' Field Alliance demonstrates the VA's continuing commitment to fostering nursing informatics. The commitment includes investment by the VA to develop nursing informaticists from among its own staff. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Exemplars of the impact of nursing informatics are shared. Future directions include an EHR that begins during military service and follows the Veteran into VA health care.
Feeling Displaced, Enacting Resistance: Race, Place, and Schooling in the Face of Gentrifying Forces

Detroit is a dynamic city with a dynamic history, yet it has come to symbolize both White flight (beginning in the 1940s and accelerating in the late 1960s) and Black flight (beginning in the 1990s and reaching its apex in 2000). While Detroit’s Black population continues to decline, its White population increased by 22% between 2010 and 2015. Along with these shifting demographic trends comes shifting residential and educational landscapes that amplify the racial, economic, and spatial inequalities marking present-day Detroit. Drawing upon the literature of human geography and sociology of education, and utilizing GIS software, we overlay the mapping of demographic realities with the mapping of human stories. As a case study of how a non-profit, public charter school can be a vehicle for resisting gentrification, this paper examines the role of “place” in one school’s navigation of an increasingly gentrified Detroit and its commitment to primarily serving youth of its neighborhood. Using a multimodal and multiscalar approach, we find evidence of endogenous gentrification, intergenerational topophilia, and the school enacting resistance within a dialectic of its market-driven charter school status.
Children with ASD and Communication Regression: Examining Pre-Loss Skills and Later Language Outcomes Through the Preschool Years

This study investigated receptive and expressive language outcomes in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with and without a history of language/communication regression, employing three progressively less stringent definitions of regression. Data were derived from a large, longitudinal sample of children with ASD in which regression was assessed at approximately 30 months. Results indicated poorer receptive language and larger discrepancies between receptive and expressive language in the regression group than the group without regression at 44 months but not 66 months. Number of words used before loss predicted receptive language at 44 months. Overall, results suggest that a regression profile in ASD is associated with modest and transient impacts on language outcomes that are no longer discernable at school entry.
Consumer Welfare and Product Creation: The Credit Supply Channel

I show that firms that face a reduction in credit supply reduce product creation, by using variation from US banks' exposure to the mortgage market to instrument for credit supply. The magnitude is substantial: firms facing a one-standard-deviation decrease in credit supply offered 10% fewer products. Furthermore, I show that the reduction in product offerings derives from the limited creation of new products rather than the destruction of existing ones. Motivated by these findings, I develop a model to investigate the equilibrium responses of consumers and firms. I estimate that the reduction in credit supply is responsible for a 1% drop in consumer welfare because of reduced product creation. Two types of equilibrium response are responsible for welfare loss that is smaller than a "naive" interpretation of the reduced form estimates: first, in equilibrium, consumers substitute products with other available products in the same category; and second, in equilibrium, firms' new products have lower "appeal" (quality or taste) relative to existing products.
Patient-Based Teaching

Recently, medical schools have begun increasing the amount of problem-based teaching, which gives students the opportunity to apply a database in a simulated clinical setting. This exercise helps them incorporate principles of diagnosis and treatment into their procedural memory. Although problem-based teaching has great educational benefits, it poses a unique challenge. It is extremely labor-intensive, because until now it has been assumed that patient-based teaching can only be done in small groups, requiring a large number of faculty to moderate group seminars. In today’s economic climate, with difficulty in recruiting sufficient faculty, having an alternative to small-group teaching has potential advantages. Here, the authors describe the process of developing principles of problem-based teaching from small groups into an instructional method for a large-group setting for a large clinical neuroscience course using patient-based sessions.
Effect of Friction Stir Processing on Armor Grade Materials

The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of friction stir processing (FSP) on the ballistic performance of armor grade aluminum and steel plates. FSP is a solid state microstructural modification process that was adapted from the concepts of friction stir welding (FSW). FSP has shown to locally refine the microstructures and eliminate many casting defects for improved mechanical and corrosion properties. Armor grade aluminum (6061 and 7039) and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA- MIL-A-12560) steel were prepared in various thicknesses. The prepared plates were then FSP in partial penetration overlapping passes to provide for the largest area of processed material possible. The plates were then tested in accordance with MIL-STD-662E to determine the V50 ballistic limit of the armor. Results from the ballistic testing of processed panels were analyzed and compared with the parent material. Microstructural differences observed between the processed and unprocessed panels were characterized and correlated with the ballistic performance.
Structural Study of Metastable Amyloidogenic Protein Oligomers by Photo-Induced Cross-Linking of Unmodified Proteins

Oligomers of amyloidogenic proteins are believed to be key effectors of cytotoxicity and cause a variety of amyloid-related diseases. Dissociation or inhibition of formation of the toxic oligomers is thus an attractive strategy for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. In order to develop reagents capable of inhibiting protein oligomerization, the structures and mechanisms of oligomer formation must be understood. However, structural studies of oligomers are difficult because of the metastable nature of the oligomers and their existence in mixtures with monomers and other assemblies. A useful method for characterization of oligomer size distributions in vitro is photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP) (Fancy and Kodadek, 1999). By providing "snapshots" of dynamic oligomer mixtures, PICUP enables quantitative analysis of the relations between primary and quaternary structures, offering insights into the molecular organization of the oligomers. This chapter discusses the photochemical mechanism; reviews the scope, usefulness, and limitations of PICUP for characterizing metastable protein assemblies; and provides detailed experimental instructions for performing PICUP experiments.
Minimizing occupational exposure to pesticides: personnel monitoring.

This communication is presented with two objectives in mind. The first objective is to provide an introduction to personnel monitoring of occupational exposure to pesticides for those who are not familiar with this field of investigation. The second objective is to stimulate discussion, which will result in the formation of recommendations for research necessary for material improvement of exposure assessment.
Effects of Japanese Import Demand on U.S. Livestock Prices: Comment

A recent study of Miljkovic, Marsh, and Brester estimates that reductions in the Japanese tariff-rate quota between 1993 and 2001 increased U.S. beef prices by $1.03 per cwt and yen depreciation between 1995 and 1998 reduced U.S. hog prices by $0.99 per cwt. Relaxing the assumption that U.S. beef and hog supplies are fixed cuts the total elasticities underlying these estimates by 50% or more. The upshot is that shocks in the Japanese market have little effect on U.S. beef and pork prices. Hence, producers may be better off focusing on domestic issues such as dietary concerns over red meat consumption.
The McMartin Preschool Abuse Trial

The McMartin Preschool Abuse Trial, the longest and most expensive criminal trial in American history, should serve as a cautionary tale. When it was all over, the government had spent seven years and $15 million dollars investigating and prosecuting a case that led to no convictions. More seriously, the McMartin case left in its wake hundreds of emotionally damaged children, as well as ruined careers for members of the McMartin staff. No one paid a bigger price than Ray Buckey, one of the principal defendants in the case, who spent five years in jail awaiting trial for a crime (most people recognize today) he never committed. McMartin juror Brenda Williams said that the trial experience taught her to be more cautious: I now realize how easily something can be said and misinterpreted and blown out of proportion. Another juror, Mark Bassett, singled out experts for blame: I thought some of the expert testimony about the children told you more about the expert than the child. I mean, if the expert says children are always 100% believable and then you have a child who is not believable, either the expert is extremely biased or they've never seen anything like that child before. The McMartin trial had its origins in a call placed to police in Manhattan Beach, California by Judy Johnson, the mother of a two-and-a-half-year-old son who attended the McMartin Preschool on about ten occasions in 1983. Johnson told Detective Jane Hoag that a school aide, Ray Buckey, the 25-year-old son of the owner of the preschool, had molested her son. Despite the fact that the young boy was unable to identify Ray from photos and medical investigations of the boy showed no signs of sexual abuse, the police conducted searches of Buckey's home, confiscating such evidence as a rubber duck, a graduation robe, and Playboy magazines. Detective Hoag arrested Buckey on September 7, 1983. On March 22, 1984, a grand jury indicted Ray Buckey, Peggy Buckey (Ray's mother), Peggy Ann Buckey (Ray's sister), Virginia McMartin (founder of the preschool thirty years earlier), and three other McMartin teachers, Mary Ann Jackson, Bette Raidor, and Babette Spitler. The grand jury initially indicted the McMartin Seven on 115 counts of child sexual abuse. Two months later, and additional 93 indictment counts were added, as District Attorney Robert Philobosian pursued his strategy of hyping the McMartin case to boost his chances in an upcoming primary election. In June, bail for Peggy Buckey was set at one million dollars. Ray Buckey was held without bail. There are many lessons to be learned from the McMartin Preschool Trial. There are lessons for police and prosecutors, but there are also lessons for the media. It was pack journalism - slanted heavily toward the prosecution, providing sensational headlines day after day, almost never seriously questioning the allegations - that turned the McMartin trial into the expensive and damaging fiasco that it became.
Fuel Relocation Mechanisms Based on Microstructures of Debris

Detailed microstructural and microchemical examinations of samples of debris extracted from the lower plenum region of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 reactor were performed using optical and electron...
Frequency responsive demand in U.S. Western power system model

Frequency control from the demand side presents a novel and viable way to complement control by traditional generators. This paper presents practical guidelines for system operators to select gain settings for a proposed frequency-based load control strategy. Simulation tests in a large interconnected system model demonstrate the robustness to different values of control gains, and sensitivities to controller location and type of controlled end-use load. The controller was implemented as a user defined model in the PowerWorld software and the controller's performance was tested on the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system model.
Summary of monoenergetic neutron beam sources for energies>14 MeV

The production of neutron beams for energies between ∼20 and 100 MeV is reviewed. Considerations for obtaining monoenergetic beams as well as some of the limiting factors, such as energy resolution...
Countering Medicine’s Culture of More

Medical education may inadvertently contribute to low-value care by training residents to overuse diagnostic tests and repeat labs, but creating a forum for open discussion of costs and value to prevent patient harm from overuse provides a corrective.
LINEAR INVERSION OF TRANSMITTED ACOUSTIC WAVE FIELDS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODULUS AND DENSITY PERTURBATIONS USING A BORN-TYPE APPROXIMATION.

Abstract A Born approximation is used to linearize the relationship, in the horizontal-wavenumber and frequency domains, between lateral perturbations of modulus and density in a layered half-space and the acoustic wave field observed at the surface when a plane wave is incident from below. The resulting equations can be used to perform a linear inversion of observed acoustic wave fields to obtain lateral perturbations in modulus and density. Since modulus and density effects are separated, gravity observations can be included in the inversion procedure without any assumptions about the relationship between density and acoustic velocity. Tests with synthetic data sets reveal that the inversion method gives useful results when the spatial scales of the inhomogeneities are smaller than several acoustic wavelengths. The inclusion of gravity observations in the inversion reduces the strong negative tradeoff between modulus and density perturbations.
Studies on the Experimental Production and Prevention of Bloat in Cattle. II. The Influence of Dehydration on the Bloat-Producing Ability of Alfalfa

Summary This study, in comparing the bloat-producing ability of alfalfa before and after commercial dehydration, demonstrates that this process greatly reduces the ability of alfalfa to produce bloat. A coincident study was made of the effect of fresh and dehydrated alfalfa on ruminal motility and eructation in one cow. In the first trial, fresh alfalfa was assayed for three consecutive days, following a four-day preliminary period, using eight bloat-susceptible cattle. Alfalfa, collected from the same field on the second day of the assay period, was dehydrated for the subsequent comparative trials. The fresh alfalfa was fed ad libitum for 2-hr. periods, at 8 a.m. and at 1 p.m. Alfalfa consumption for each cow was determined. The degree of bloat was estimated with a tym-panometer. The same procedure was followed in assessing the dehydrated alfalfa, except that each cow's intake was limited on the basis of dry matter to the amount of fresh alfalfa consumed previously. The average, maximal, intrarumen gas pressures attained were 27mm. Hg above atmospheric pressure with fresh alfalfa, and
EEG, EEG power spectral, and behavioral differences in response to acute ethylketocyclazocine administration in two inbred rat strains

Abstract Differences in response to behavioral and electroencephalographic parameters were delineated between two inbred rat strains, Lewis (LEW) and Fischer 344 (F344), upon acute exposure to IV administration of ethylketocyclazocine (EKC) at doses of 1.25 2.5, and 5 mg/kg. Duration of EKC-induced EEG slow-wave bursts and associated behavioral stupor increased in a dose-related manner, and was greater in duration for the LEW animals; a less robust, quadratic trend was displayed by the F344 group. For both rat strains, latency to onset of slow-wave sleep increased proportionately with EKC dose. Duration of EKC-induced EEG bursts and interbursts were greater in duration for the F344 rats. Assessment of six power spectral parameters (peak frequency, complexity, mobility, mean frequency, edge frequency, and total power) revealed no differences between groups when EKC-induced burst and interburst periods were analyzed simultaneously. Separation of the phases revealed rat strain differences; overall, the LEW animals displayed a greater dose-related EEG response. Except for total power, the F344 group displayed little variation across the three doses tested in the burst phase; the interburst phase reflected more dose-related differences for this group but to a lesser degree than the LEW animals. These results may reflect differences in opioid-related receptor populations between Lewis and F344 inbred rat strains.
Preparative cell electrophoresis at 1 and 0 gravity

It is attempted to show that the use of heavy water (D2O) as starting cushion for the cells combines the advantages of the required density difference, with no lasting biochemical or physiochemical influence on the cells. Phosphate buffers of low ionic strength were prepared in distilled water or heavy water. A vertical starch gel electrophoresis was used to support a cylindrical polystyrene electrophoresis tube used for lymphocyte separations, 25 cm in length and 0.75 cm I.D., prepared from a 10 ml disposable pipet. Erythrocyte separations were carried out in a jacketed rectangular plexiglas chamber. It is pointed out that the described preparative D2O gradient electrophoresis method cannot be readily used for the measurement of electrophoretic mobilities for analytical purposes. However, for the preparative separation of cells with only slightly different electrokinetic properties the method appears promising, simple, and entirely inocuous to the cells.
Pastoral theologian of the year, William Barr Oglesby, Jr.

This article acknowledging and celebrating William Barr Oglesby, Jr. as Pastoral Theologian of the Year for 1983, was originally published inPastoral Psychology 32(1) in Fall, 1983. As a result of some errors that inadvertently modified both the tone and the meaning of the text, we are republishing this article here in its entirety.
An electrochemical method for determining natural convection mass transfer boundary-layer thicknesses

Abstract A non-contact electrochemical method for determining natural convection mass transfer boundary-layer thicknesses was developed and tested. The transient decay in concentration overpotential after current interruption was matched to a theoretical surface concentration decay model. Boundary-layer thicknesses were determined by equating the real time scale of the experimental data and the dimensionless time scale of the theoretical analysis. The curve-fitting technique was tested by performing a series of overpotential decay experiments at a vertical, flat plate copper cathode immersed in a 0.15 M CuSO 4 −1.85 M H 3 SO 4 solution. The resulting steady-state boundary-layer thicknesses decreased from 0.049 to 0.041 cm as the applied current was increased.
Carrier screening for mucolipidosis type IV in the American Ashkenazi Jewish population

Mutations in the MCOLN1 gene cause mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV), a severely debilitating, autosomal recessive, lysosomal storage disorder. Approximately 80% of patients with MLIV are of Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) descent, and two mutations, IVS3−2A→G and 511del6434, account for >95% of the mutant alleles in this population. To determine the carrier frequencies of these two mutations, 2,029 anonymous, unrelated, unaffected AJ individuals from the greater New York metropolitan area were screened. A multiplex PCR method coupled with allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization was developed, to enable large-scale screening. The frequencies of the IVS3−2A→G and 511del6434 mutations were 0.54% and 0.25%, respectively, for a combined carrier frequency of 0.79%, or 1 in 127 individuals (95% CI 0.40%–1.17%). The addition of both AJ mutations causing this neurodegenerative disorder should be considered for prenatal carrier screening in this population.
Wide Tunability and Large Mode-Suppression in a Multi-Section Semiconductor Laser Using Sampled Gratings

We have recently proposed [1,2] a 4-section semiconductor laser which is capable of tuning over several tens of nanometers. A schematic of this device is shown in Fig. 1, along with the reflection spectra of the two mirrors which form the backbone of this device. These two mirrors consist of "sampled" gratings with mismatched periodic reflection spectra, as indicated in Fig. 1. Lasing in this structure occurs where two reflection maxima are aligned. By inducing index changes in one mirror relative to the other, adjacent reflectivity maxima can be brought into alignment, resulting in wide-range discontinuous tuning with very small index changes. Wavelength coverage between the maxima can be obtained by inducing identical index changes in the two mirrors, and adjusting the phase-shifter appropriately, much like 3-section lasers [3].