cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distributed virtual environment for emergency medical training

In many professions where individuals must work in a team in a high stress environment to accomplish a time-critical task, individual and team performance can benefit from joint training using distributed virtual environments (DVEs). One professional field that lacks but needs a high-fidelity team training environment is the field of emergency medicine. Currently, emergency department (ED) medical personnel train by using words to create a metal picture of a situation for the physician and staff, who then cooperate to solve the problems portrayed by the word picture. The need in emergency medicine for realistic virtual team training is critical because ED staff typically encounter rarely occurring but life threatening situations only once in their careers and because ED teams currently have no realistic environment in which to practice their team skills. The resulting lack of experience and teamwork makes diagnosis and treatment more difficult. Virtual environment based training has the potential to redress these shortfalls. The objective of our research is to develop a state-of-the-art virtual environment for emergency medicine team training. The virtual emergency room (VER) allows ED physicians and medical staff to realistically prepare for emergency medical situations by performing triage, diagnosis, and treatment on virtual patients within an environment that provides them with the tools they require and the team environment they need to realistically perform these three tasks. There are several issues that must be addressed before this vision is realized. The key issues deal with distribution of computations; the doctor and staff interface to the virtual patient and ED equipment; the accurate simulation of individual patient organs' response to injury, medication, and treatment; and an accurate modeling of the symptoms and appearance of the patient while maintaining a real-time interaction capability. Our ongoing work addresses all of these issues. In this paper we report on our prototype VER system and its distributed system architecture for an emergency department distributed virtual environment for emergency medical staff training. The virtual environment enables emergency department physicians and staff to develop their diagnostic and treatment skills using the virtual tools they need to perform diagnostic and treatment tasks. Virtual human imagery, and real-time virtual human response are used to create the virtual patient and present a scenario. Patient vital signs are available to the emergency department team as they manage the virtual case. The work reported here consists of the system architectures we developed for the distributed components of the virtual emergency room. The architectures we describe consist of the network level architecture as well as the software architecture for each actor within the virtual emergency room. We describe the role of distributed interactive simulation and other enabling technologies within the virtual emergency room project.
Comparison of Gelled and Meat Diets for Rearing Screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Larvae

A liquid diet solidified with an acrylamide-acrylate polymer gelling agent (Water-Lock) was compared with a standard meat diet for rearing screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), larvae. Size and yield of larvae reared on gel diet were equal to, or greater than, those of larvae reared on meat diet. Duration of larval development was increased by ca. 13 h on gel diet; however, variability of pupal weight and larval survival over generations were reduced when gel diet was used. Larval size was also more uniform over the 3-d period when larvae leave the rearing medium to pupate (crawl-off). Gelled diet was more uniform over time than meat diet. In addition, gelled diet was easier to use, less objectionable to workers, and less expensive than meat diet.
The Effect of WO3 on the Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2

Samples of WO3/TiO2 mixed oxide powders were prepared by two methods: (1) the incipient wetness impregnation of an aqueous ammonia solution of H2WO4 onto TiO2 (P25), followed by heat treatment and (2) the ultrasonic nebulization and flame hydrolysis of a mixed isopropanol solution of tungsten(V) pentaethoxide and titanium(IV) tetraisopropoxide. The photocatalytic activities of TiO2-based catalysts were evaluated by the degradation of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (DCB). The addition of WO3 to TiO2 greatly increased its photocatalytic behavior. This may be related to an increase in the transfer of electrons from the TiO2 to the outer system, via the formation of an intermediate W(V) species.
The effect of isatin (tribulin) on metabolism of indoles in the rat brain and pineal: in vitro and in vivo studies.

Isatin (Tribulin) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of both MAO A and MAO B in broken cell preparations from rat brain and pineal. However, isatin administered in vivo (80–160 mg/kg) to the intact animal significantly increased brain, but not pineal, serotonin and did not affect 5HIAA or other indoles in either brain or pineal. Further, in vivo administration did not produce detectable MAO inhibition in either tissue. In pineal organ culture, addition of isatin up to 1mM had no influence on the concentrations of pineal indoles or the activities of monoamine oxidase or serotonin N-acetyltransferase. However, the diazepam augmentation of beta adrenergic induction of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity was blocked by isatin. The results of these studies call into question the proposed role of isatin as an endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor but support a possible role as a benzodiazepine receptor blocker.
The pigeon (Columba livia) model of spontaneous atherosclerosis

Multiple animal models have been employed to study human atherosclerosis, the principal cause of mortality in the United States. Each model has individual advantages related to specific pathologies. Initiation, the earliest disease phase, is best modeled by the White Carneau (WC-As) pigeon. Atherosclerosis develops spontaneously in the WC-As without either external manipulation or known risk factors. Furthermore, susceptibility is caused by a single gene defect inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The Show Racer (SR-Ar) pigeon is resistant to atherosclerosis. Breed differences in the biochemistry and metabolism of celiac foci cells have been described. For example, WC-As have lower oxidative metabolism but higher amounts of chondroitin-6-sulfate and nonesterified fatty acids compared with SR-Ar. Gene expression in aortic smooth muscle cells was compared between breeds using representational difference analysis and microarray analysis. Energy metabolism and cellular phenotype were the chief gene expression differences. Glycolysis and synthetic cell types were related to the WC-As but oxidative metabolism and contractile cell types were related to the SR-Ar. Rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, blocked RNA binding motif (RBMS1) expression in WC-As cells. The drug may act through the c-myc oncogene as RBMS1 is a c-myc target. Proteomic tests of aortic smooth muscle cells supported greater glycosylation in the WC-As and a transforming growth factor β effect in SR-Ar. Unoxidized fatty acids build up in WC-As cells because of their metabolic deficiency, ultimately preventing the contractile phenotype in these cells. The single gene responsible for the disease is likely regulatory in nature.
Defoliation Tolerance of Bluebunch and Snake River Wheatgrasses

Bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. love] has long been noted for poor tolerance to grazing during culm elongation in the spring. Bluebunch wheatgrass is an autoploid series of diploids (2x) and tetraploids (4x). In the mid-1980s, a group of populations were found to be allotetraploid and are now commonly referred to as Snake River wheatgrass. Relative grazing tolerance of 2x and 4x bluebunch wheatgrass and of Snake River wheatgrass is unknown. This study evaluated the effect of multiple defoliation on these grasses to simulate one consequence of grazing, removal of photosynthetic tissue. Fifteen entries representing the three taxa were established at North Logan, UT, on a Millville silt loam (coarse-silty, carbonatic, mesic Typic Rendolls; 2-4% slope) during 1988. Seedlings were vegetatively propagated into two clones apiece and transplanted adjacent to one another; one clone was subjected to multiple defoliation and the other served as an undefoliated control. Multiple defoliation at 10 cm was applied from late spring to midsummer from 1990 to 1992 at 4-wk intervals and dry matter yield was measured in late fall 1991, early spring 1992, late fall 1992, and late spring 1993. We used the defoliated-to-control ratio of plant response to estimate defoliation tolerance. The defoliated-to-control ratio for dry matter yield of Snake River wheatgrass (0.17 and 0.38 in late fall 1991 and early spring 1992, respectively) was greater than for 4x (0.06 and 0.18) or 2x (0.06 and 0.19) bluebunch wheatgrasses after the first year of multiple defoliation. The defoliated-to-control ratio for dry matter yield did not differ among taxa in late fall 1992, but the ratios for Snake River wheatgrass (0.20) and 4x bluebunch wheatgrass (0.21) were both greater than for 2x bluebunch wheatgrass (0.13) in late spring 1993. Less variation was seen among Snake River than bluebunch wheatgrass entries. Because Snake River wheatgrass had both higher yield and greater defoliation tolerance than bluebunch wheatgrass, Snake River wheatgrass is more likely to survive defoliation over the long term.
Cloud Chamber Tests of Generators Using Acetone Solutions of AgI-NaI, AgI-KI and AgI-NH4I

Abstract The ice-nucleating properties of cloud seeding materials produced by burning acetone solutions of AgI-NaI, AgI-KI and AgI-NH4I have been tested in a wind-tunnel cloud-chamber test facility. The AgI aerosol produced from 5% AgI-NH4I solutions yields nuclei active at temperatures as warm as −4C and shows an efficiency of 1012 nuclei per gm AgI at −5C. Aerosols from similar solutions of AgI-KI and AgI-NaI produce no ice crystals at temperatures warmer than −6.5 and −8C, respectively. Temperatures of −7.5 and −9C are required to obain efficiencies of 1012 nuclei per gm for these two latter solutions. The greater ice nucleating ability of the NH4I solution at high temperatures in attributed tentatively to the production of relatively pure AgI crystals rather than to increased particle size but may also result from minor NH4I contamination. Calculations of the droplet-aerosol particle collision rates show that contact nucleation could explain all ice formation observed at higher chamber temperatures, a...
A straightforward CUDA implementation for interactive ray-tracing

In recent years, applying the powerful computational resources delivered by modern GPUs to ray tracing has resulted in a number of ray tracing implementations that allow rendering of moderately sized scenes at interactive speeds. In our poster, we present a fast implementation for ray tracing with CUDA. We describe an optimized GPU-based ray tracing approach within the CUDA framework that does not explicitly make use of ray coherency or architectural specifics and is therefore simple to implement, while still exceeding performance of previously presented approaches. Optimal performance is achieved by empirically tuning the ray tracing kernel to the executing hardware. We describe our implementation in detail and provide a performance analysis and comparison to prior work.
The global vortex analysis of Jupiter and Saturn based on Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem

Abstract Presented in this manuscript are observations exploring vortices with diameters larger than 1000 km on Jupiter and Saturn. These images are taken from the Imaging Science Subsystem onboard the Cassini Spacecraft. The analyses of Saturn’s vortices show that there are significantly more vortices in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) than in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the time from 2004 to 2010. In particular, the concentration of vortices are completely different between the two hemispheres, especially in the latitude band around 40°N where the 2010 giant storm occurred. In the SH, the latitude band around 40°S has the highest concentration of vortices on Saturn. Contrasting results show that vortices are lacking in the latitudinal band around 40°N in the NH before the eruption of the 2010 giant storm, although zonal wind characteristics are similar at both locations. Global maps of Saturn at different times suggest that the total numbers of large vortices dramatically decreased from 29 ± 1 to 11 ± 2 in the SH and from 11 ± 2 to 7 ± 1 in the NH during this time period (2004–2010), just before the eruption of the giant storm at the end of 2010. The goal here is to present observational trends and evaluate if the temporal variation in the total number of vortices is related to the eruption of the 2010 giant storm. The comparison of jovian and saturnian vortices shows that the contrast of the two hemispheres is different between the two giant planets, likely due to the different obliquities, hence different seasonal cycles on the two planets. Jovian vortices tend to display a near equal distribution of vortices across hemispheres, while saturnian vortices are distributed unevenly. The comparison also reveals that on both planets, there is a correlation between the highest number of vortices and the westward jet peaks. This suggests that atmospheric instabilities play a critical role in generating vortices on both planets.
The role of AT1 angiotensin receptor activation in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

Abstract OBJECTIVES: Preeclampsia is characterized by an increase in vascular tone associated with reduced uteroplacental flow. The nature of hypertension arising in pregnancy suggests that the abnormal increase in blood pressure is dependent on some humoral factor that mediates vasospasm. There is evidence that preeclampsia results from a breakdown in the balance between vasodilators such as prostacyclin and prostaglandin E 2 and nitric oxide and the vasoconstrictors angiotensin II, thromboxane A 2 , serotonin, and endothelin. Furthermore, vascular reactivity to angiotensin II is greatly enhanced in preeclampsia as opposed to normal pregnancies. The increased vascular tone and the enhanced thromboxane production noted in preeclampsia may be mediated by the increased sensitivity to angiotensin II because angiotensin II coupled to an AT 1 receptor is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the accumulation of free arachidonic acid, the precursor of thromboxane and the prostaglandins. STUDY DESIGN: We used a rat model that has been shown to express the relevant clinical features of human preeclampsia to investigate the involvement of the AT 1 angiotensin receptor in this pathologic condition. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups that were either infused with saline or endotoxin on the 14th day of pregnancy. One of the endotoxin-infused groups was further treated with the AT 1 -selective antagonist losartan from day 11 until day 19 of pregnancy. RESULTS: Perinatal outcome, blood pressure, and urine protein were monitored for each group. We observed that endotoxin infusion resulted in a decrease in pup weight and number of pups and caused an increase in mean arterial pressure as well as increased proteinuria when compared with saline solution–infused animals. In contrast, endotoxin-infused rats receiving losartan exhibited no change in number or weight of pups when compared with control, and losartan tended to diminish the rise in mean arterial pressure. In addition, the increase in urinary protein excretion was completely blocked by losartan. CONCLUSIONS: Endotoxin infusion in pregnant rats appears to be a suitable model for the study of preeclampsia. Moreover, the angiotensin II–dependent activation of an AT 1 receptor appears to mediate a portion of the pathophysiologic features associated with preeclampsia. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;178:1307-12.)
Widely Tunable High-Efficiency Power Amplifier With Ultra-Narrow Instantaneous Bandwidth

This paper reports the first power amplifier (PA) that simultaneously achieves a very narrow instantaneous bandwidth (2%) while being tunable over a 38.5% frequency range (2.1-3.1 GHz) with a measured 50%-60% efficiency in the entire band. Such PAs are in great demand for realizing all-digital burst-mode transmitters that are expected to become critical for the future generation of wireless communication systems. Unlike state-of-the-art planar PAs that cannot simultaneously achieve a narrow bandwidth and high efficiency, the presented PA employs a widely tunable high-Q (Q >; 300 over the tuning range) cavity resonator as the output matching network. Furthermore, the tunable multiband matching is performed for both the fundamental frequency and the second harmonic to ensure a high efficiency. The measured PA is implemented with a Cree GaN transistor, and it delivers an output power of ≥ 36 dBm at a gain of ≥ 10 dB. Two-tone testing is further conducted, indicating a good linearity of this PA with an output third-order intercept point greater than 48 dBm over the entire band. This design demonstrates, for the first time, that multiband burst-mode transmitters can be potentially built with widely tunable high-efficiency narrowband PAs.
CO2 concentration and temperature sensor for combustion gases using diode-laser absorption near 2.7 μm

A new tunable diode-laser sensor based on CO2 absorption near 2.7 μm is developed for high-resolution absorption measurements of CO2 concentration and temperature. The sensor probes the R(28) and P(70) transitions of the ν1+ν3 combination band of CO2 that has stronger absorption line-strengths than the bands near 1.5 μm and 2.0 μm used previously to sense CO2 in combustion gases. The increased absorption strength of transitions in this new wavelength range provides greatly enhanced sensitivity and the potential for accurate measurements in combustion gases with short optical path lengths. Simulated high-temperature spectra are surveyed to find candidate CO2 transitions isolated from water vapor interference. Measurements of line-strength, line position, and collisional broadening parameters are carried out for candidate CO2 transitions in a heated static cell as a function of temperature and compared to literature values. The accuracy of a fixed-wavelength CO2 absorption sensor is determined via measurement of known temperature and CO2 mole fraction in a static cell and shock-tube. Absorption measurements of CO2 are then made in a laboratory flat-flame burner and in ignition experiments of shock-heated n-heptane/O2/argon mixtures to illustrate the potential of this sensor for combustion and reacting-flow applications.
Differential regulation of release of acetylcholine in the striatum in mice following continuous exposure to selective D1 and D2 dopaminergic agonists.

Abstract The effect of continuously infusing the selective D1 and D2 dopamine receptor agonists, SKF 38393 and quinpirole, on the release of [3H]acetylcholine from prelabeled striatal slices was investigated. These biochemical parameters were correlated with the behavioral effects of these agonists. Acute injections of SKF 38393 or quinpirole did not affect either K+-stimulated or spontaneous release of [3H]acetylcholine. Chronic exposure to quinpirole reduced the K+-evoked release of [3H]acetylcholine by 25.7%; long-term treatment with SKF 38393 did not alter the release of [3H]acetylcholine, induced by K+ stimulation. Added in vitro, SKF 38393 increased the release of [3H]acetylcholine, from striatal slices. The effect of the D1 dopamine receptor agonist,, SKT 38393 was reduced after 7-days of infusion of SKF 38393 but was enhanced by 7-days of infusion of quinpirole. Activation of D2 dopamine receptors with quinpirole or of muscarinic receptors with carbachol induced an inhibition of release of [3H]acetylcholine. Chronic treatment with quinpirole diminished the response to the in vitro addition of quinpirole. The ability of carbachol to inhibit release of acetylcholine was not altered by continuous treatment with either SKF 38393 or quinpirole. Continuous infusion of SKF 38393 produced an initial grooming behavior; this behavior disappeared by 2 hr and remained absent during the 7 days of infusion of SKF 38393. Similarly, continuous administration of quinpirole produced stereotyped behavior, which peaked at 1 hr and disappeared by 4 hr and remained absent for the duration of the infusion. These findings demonstrate that continuous exposure to D1 or D2 agonists caused receptor-selective functional desensitization of D1 or D2 dopamine receptors. The results also indicate that the D1 and D2 dopamine receptor systems, involved in the regulation of release of acetylcholine, may be functionally interrelated.
Design Of Computer Generated Holograms For A Shared Memory Network

An optical interconnect system employing Computer Generated Holograms (CGH's) for a shared memory computer is described. The CGH's serve three functions: the concentration of light onto the communication modulators, implementation of butterfly connections between processing elements and memory modules, and provision of optical system output signals. Binary phase CGH components have been designed to provide these functions for a prototype shared memory computer. It is shown that system requirements can be met with the use of a lensless double pass holographic system and an iterative CGH encoding method. This encoding method is an extension of the Iterative Discrete On-axis encoding method to the Fresnel diffraction regime. The computer run time of this algorithm can be significantly reduced by setting the initial CGH transmittance equal to an approximation of the final pattern.
Photoregulation of DNA polymerase I (Klenow) with caged fluorescent oligodeoxynucleotides

The DNA polymerase reaction by Klenow fragment (KF) was efficiently regulated with UV light using a 25-mer caged fluorescent oligodeoxynucleotide (CFO) as the template. The CFO was functionalized with a fluorescein reporter (Fl) and photocleavable DABSYL quencher moiety (Dab). With Fl and Dab at adjacent cytidines in the middle at the template, KF was blocked from extending a complementary 12-mer primer. Upon UV photolysis of the DABSYL blocking group under aerobic conditions, fluorescein emission was restored and 50% of the primers were fully extended by KF.
Free-standing epitaxial graphene.

We report on a method to produce free-standing graphene sheets from epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide (SiC) substrate. Doubly clamped nanomechanical resonators with lengths up to 20 μm were patterned using this technique and their resonant motion was actuated and detected optically. Resonance frequencies of the order of tens of megahertz were measured for most devices, indicating that the resonators are much stiffer than expected for beams under no tension. Raman spectroscopy suggests that the graphene is not chemically modified during the release of the devices, demonstrating that the technique is a robust means of fabricating large-area suspended graphene structures.
An Inexpensive Predictor of Student Performance on Licensure Examinations

The construction of a 420 question comprehensive final examination over the basic medical sciences has been described. Correlation analysis of the relationship of sophomore medical students' performance on this examination to their performance on the NMBE-I over 5 years of data demonstrated correlations from 0.62 to 0.86. Performance proved a better predictor of NBME-I scores than did performance in the preclinical years courses.One Medical School class was studied in more detail. Among other data, their performance on the course final was more predictive of their performance on NBME-I than either their GPA in basic science courses or their Medical College Aptitude Test (MCAT) scores. Final examination performance was also more predictive of their performance on the NBME-II than either preclinical course performance or MCAT scores.
Alveolar cell differentiation markers in human lungs.

Abstract We describe two apical surface integral membrane glycoproteins which appear to be differentiation markers of the human pulmonary alveolar type 2 cell which has as a major function the production of pulmonary surfactant. These membrane glycoproteins bind the lectin, Maclura pomifera agglutinin and can be found in detergent extract of whole lungs, lung membranes and isolated type 2 cells. One of the MPA binding glycoproteins (MPA-gp330) has an apparent molecular weight of 330 kD and is analogous to a similar membrane glycoprotein found in rat and rabbit type 2 cells. The other glycoprotein ( MPA-gp350 390 ) is an antigen found on the surface of many human cancer cells. In studies of human fetal lung tissue we found that MPA-gp350 390 is expressed before known surfactant functions of the type 2 cell while MPA-gp330 appears later. Neither glycoprotein is influenced by glucocorticoids yet surfactant synthesis is hormone-dependent. These studies demonstrate that pulmonary type 2 cell differentiation is a more complex process than previously appreciated and that differentiation markers are expressed in a discoordinate fashion and regulated by different factors.
Light Effects on Grain Boundary Properties in Silicon

We have studied the photoconductivity of grain boundaries in p–type silicon. The result demonstrates the applicability of the technique for the measurement of minority carrier recombination velocity at the grain boundary. The experimental data are consistent with the thought that the recombination velocity increases with the boundary state density and light intensity.
Issues of Similarity in Engineering Design

A useful way to generate solutions to engineering design problems is to compare the solutions of design problems similar to the one at hand and validate the solutions to satisfy the new design requirements. This process involves evaluating the similarity between the design problem at hand and the various design problems in the repository. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the meaning and the use of similarity in engineering design. Various similarity theories in literature have been explored. Previous applications of these theories are limited to the retrieval of similar computer-aided design models and process plans. This paper extends the applications of these theories to the various stages of the design process.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Chemical doping of individual semiconducting carbon-nanotube ropes

We report the effects of potassium doping on the conductance of individual semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube ropes. We are able to control the level of doping by reversibly intercalating and de-intercalating potassium. Potassium doping changes the carriers in the ropes from holes to electrons. Typical values for the carrier density are found to be ∼100–1000 electrons/μm. The effective mobility for the electrons is μeff∼20–60 cm2 V-1 s-1, a value similar to that reported for the hole effective mobility in nanotubes [R. Martel et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 73, 2447 (1998)].
On science and philosophy

Massimo Pigliucci notes that little has changed since Charles Snow's famous essay The two cultures: science and philosophy remain divided. Practitioners of both should accept that they are distinct and equally valid methods to analyse and interpret the world we live in.
Equations for the sensitivity of the equilibrium mass concentration of organic particulate matter with respect to changes in ambient parameters: A technical note

Abstract Equations are developed for the expected changes in the equilibrium levels of organic particulate matter (OPM) and aerosol water as may be caused by changes in a range of system parameters that includes temperature T , the governing gas/particle partitioning coefficients, the mean molecular weight of the absorbing PM phase MW ¯ (g mol −1 ), the total gas + particle concentrations of one or more of the condensable organic species, and the gaseous water concentration. These equations will be useful when considering how PM levels may respond to changing system parameters. The equations are developed for organic + water systems assuming equilibrium gas/particle partitioning theory as developed previously [Pankow, J.F., 1994. An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere. Atmospheric Environment 28, 185–188].
Fibrin gel structure: Influence of calcium and covalent cross-linking on the elasticity

Abstract Calcium ion causes the development of a higher elastic modulus in fibrinogen solutions clotted by thrombin. By also measuring the development of covalent crosslinks introduced by activated Factor XIII, we find that (a) calcium ion causes an overall increase of the modulus, (b) covalent crosslinking of α-chains causes an increase of the modulus, while (c) covalent crosslinking of γ-chains does not.
A CAUTIONARY NOTE ON THE USE OF PROBABILITY VALUES TO EVALUATE INTEROBSERVER AGREEMENT

Proposed methods of assessing the statistical significance of interobserver agreements provide erroneous probability values when conducted on serially correlated data. Investigators who wish to evaluate interobserver agreements by means of statistical significance can do so by limiting the analysis to every kth interval of data, or by using Markovian techniques which accommodate serial correlations.
Fatty acid composition and cholesterol concentration in tissues of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as influenced by lactation, age, and season of the year

The purpose of this study was to determine effects of lactation, season, and age on fatty acid compositions of adipose tissue (subcutaneous and perirenal), liver, and muscle (m. longissimus dorsi), and on cholesterol concentration of liver and muscle, of female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Lactation did not affect fatty acid composition in adipose tissue or muscle, but in liver, weight percentages of 18:2 were lower, and of 20:4 higher in non-lactating does. Increased age (fawns, yearlings, 2 and 3+-years old) decreased 14:0, 15:0, and 16:0 in subcutaneous adipose tissue; decreased 14:0, 15:0, 16:1, 18:2, and increased 18:0 in perirenal adipose tissue; increased 18:1 and decreased 18:2 in liver; and increased 18:1, 18:3, and 20:4, and decreased 18:2 in muscle. Season of the year had little effect on adipose tissue and muscle fatty acids. Liver of fall season does had greater concentrations of most fatty acids than winter does, and cholesterol concentration was greatest in liver of winter does. It was concluded that season and lactation minimally affect fatty acid composition in adipose and muscle, whereas changes in saturated and unsaturated fatty acids occur with increased age. Also, liver fatty acids are influenced by each parameter studied, but cholesterol varies only with season.
Notes on a pilgrimage to science: a fly on the wall.

The paper is a set of reflections on the moral culture of modern biology built around the author’s experience as a participant observer in two university laboratories. I draw parallels between laboratory culture and organized religion and point out practical problems in conducting scientific research. The notion that good biologists must be atheists is questioned and failures of organized religion are noted. The paper concludes with a suggestion that research ethics should be rooted in laboratory practice and must include vigorous principles of honesty and justice. Those are not requirements imposed from outside but internal requirements of the research community.
Fate of silicate minerals in a peat bog

An investigation of silicate weathering in a Minnesota mire indicates that quartz and aluminosilicates rapidly dissolve in anoxic, organic-rich, neutral- pH environments. Vertical profiles of pH, dissolved silicon, and major cations were obtained at a raised bog and a spring fen and compared. Profiles of readily extractable silicon, diatom abundance, ash mineralogy, and silicate surface texture were determined from peat cores collected at each site. In the bog, normally a recharge mound, dissolved silicon increases with depth as pH increases, exceeding the background silicon concentration by a factor of two. Silicate grain surfaces, including quartz, are chemically etched at this location, despite being in contact with pore water at neutral pH with dissolved silicon well above the equilibrium solubility of quartz. The increasing silica concentrations at circum-neutral pH are consistent with a system where silicate solubility is influenced by silica-organic-acid complexes. Silica-organic-acid complexes therefore may be the cause of the almost complete absence of diatoms in decomposed peat and contribute to the formation of silica-depleted underclays commonly found beneath coal.
Differential sensitivity to inactivation of nur and nur+ strains of Escherichia coli at six selected wavelengths in the UVA, UVB and UVC ranges.

The radiation response of stationary-phase cells of Escherichia coli strains RT4 (nur+) and RT2 (nur) was measured at 6 selected wavelengths between 254 and 405 ran. The relative response of the nur+. and nur strains was almost the same at 254 and 290 nm. However, the differential sensitivity of the RT4 and RT2 strains (ratio of the initial F37 values of the nur+ to the nur strains) was 2.7 at 313 nm, 3.2 at 334 nm, 3.1 at 365 nm, and 2.3 at 405 nm. Thus, the fluence enhancing effect of the nur genotype extends over the wavelength range of approximately 300 to 420 nm. The substantial effect of nur at 313 nm strongly suggests that the increased sensitivity of the nur strain is the consequence of a repair deficiency that reduces the efficiency of mending DNA lesions produced by UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (290–320 nm), but not UVC (200–290 nm) radiation.
Effects of ethanol hangover on the operant self-administration of cocaine in rats

Abstract To assess the interaction of experimentally induced ethanol hangover and cocaine self-administration, rats maintained to self-administer cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/inj) were given either saline or 2 or 4 g/kg ethanol (10% w/v, IP) 15 h prior to cocaine access (dose range tested 0.03–1.0 mg/kg/inj). Cocaine was shown to be dose-dependently self-administered in a significant inverted U-shaped function. EtOH hangover had a significant effect on the dose-dependent effects of cocaine, resulting in a general flattening of the inverted U-shaped function with increasing intensity of hangover. A significant dose-dependent reduction in the number of reinforcer deliveries occurred at the peak of the cocaine dose–response function (0.06 mg/kg/inj) following the 2 and 4 g/kg EtOH pretreatment doses when compared to saline pretreatment. These data suggest that hangover may alter the ability for moderate doses of cocaine to “prime” and maintain stable self-administration behavior.
Enhanced von Weizsäcker Wang-Govind-Carter kinetic energy density functional for semiconductors.

We propose a new form of orbital-free (OF) kinetic energy density functional (KEDF) for semiconductors that is based on the Wang-Govind-Carter (WGC99) nonlocal KEDF. We enhance within the latter the semi-local von Weizsacker KEDF term, which is exact for a single orbital. The enhancement factor we introduce is related to the extent to which the electron density is localized. The accuracy of the new KEDF is benchmarked against Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KSDFT) by comparing predicted energy differences between phases, equilibrium volumes, and bulk moduli for various semiconductors, along with metal-insulator phase transition pressures. We also compare point defect and (100) surface energies in silicon for a broad test of its applicability. This new KEDF accurately reproduces the exact non-interacting kinetic energy of KSDFT with only one additional adjustable parameter beyond the three parameters in the WGC99 KEDF; it exhibits good transferability between semiconducting to metallic silicon phases and between various III-V semiconductors without parameter adjustment. Overall, this KEDF is more accurate than previously proposed OF KEDFs (e.g., the Huang-Carter (HC) KEDF) for semiconductors, while the computational efficiency remains at the level of the WGC99 KEDF (several hundred times faster than the HC KEDF). This accurate, fast, and transferable new KEDF holds considerable promise for large-scale OFDFT simulations of metallic through semiconducting materials.
Relationships between Phenolic Acid Concentrations, Transpiration, Water Utilization, Leaf Area Expansion, and Uptake of Phenolic Acids: Nutrient Culture Studies

Phenolic acid treatments of cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus cv “Early Green Cluster”) inhibited transpiration, water utilization, leaf area, and absolute and relative rates of leaf expansion. The cinnamic acids, ferulic and p-coumaric acids, were two to five times more inhibitory than the benzoic acids, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid. When phenolic acid concentrations were maintained at inhibitory concentrations through multiple successive treatments, percent inhibition of water utilization remained relatively constant for a given concentration and phenolic acid, percent inhibition of leaf area initially increased and then leveled off to a constant percent, and percent inhibition of transpiration and rates of leaf area expansion declined over time. Subsequently, p-coumaric acid was chosen as the model compound for further study. When p-coumaric acid was inhibitory, percent inhibition of transpiration, water utilization, and rates of leaf area expansion of actively growing leaves rapidly declined (i.e., was lost) as p-coumaric acid concentrations surrounding roots decreased. Absolute and relative rates of leaf expansion, for example, declined approximately 12 and 14%, respectively, for every 0.1 mM decline in p-coumaric acid concentration. Uptake of p-coumaric acid by cucumber seedling roots was continuous over the 24- or 36-hr periods monitored, but was not consistently related to the initial p-coumaric acid treatment concentrations. However, declining p-coumaric acid concentrations monitored at 6- or 12-hr intervals over the 24- or 36-hr periods continued to be highly correlated to the initial p-coumaric acid treatment concentrations. A 25% depletion by 13-d-old cucumber seedlings took 8.5, 12, 19.5, 25, and 29.5 hr for 0.125-, 0.25-, 0.5-, 0.75-, and 1-mM treatments, respectively. Uptake during periods when phenolic acid concentrations and root uptake (depletion from solution) were related appeared to represent periods dominated by apoplastic movement into the intercellular spaces of roots. Uptake during periods without this relationship likely represented periods dominated by symplastic movement. The ability of cucumber seedlings to modify active phenolic acid concentrations surrounding their roots suggests that cucumber seedling can directly influence the magnitude of primary and secondary effects of phenolic acids through feedback regulation.
Termination of Refractory Tachycardia by External Countershock

External electric countershock has been used to terminate refractory supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation in eight patients. General anesthesia is necessary when the patient is conscious. This technic is indicated when the patient's condition is desperate or intolerable and drug therapy is ineffective, too slow, or otherwise inadvisable.
Monolithic integration of surface-emitting harmonic generator with InGaAs/GaAs single-quantum-well laser

We demonstrate active surface-emitting sum-frequency generators based on monolithic integration of InGaAs/GaAs single quantum well lasers and multilayer AlxGa1-xAs nonlinear waveguides. As broad area lasers with uncoated facets, threshold current densities as low as 87.5 A/cm2 have been obtained for a cavity length of 3.3 mm at 300 K. A differential internal quantum efficiency of 71% and a waveguide loss of 3.2 cm-1 have been measured from the room temperature light-current (L-I) characteristics. With an active/passive segmented cavity operating at 0.984 micrometers , coherent sum-frequency light at 0.51 micrometers was radiated from the etched-off passive segment surface when coupling 1.06 micrometers light into the cavity as the TM guided wave to interact with the TE SQW laser mode. The measured conversion efficiency in terms of the nonlinear cross section Anl is about 2 X 10-7 W-1 which agrees well with the calculated value. Potential applications of the integrated devices are briefly addressed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Considerations in Developing Originating Requirements

This paper addresses the issue of what types of analysis might be best for analyzing the interaction the system under question with relation to its external systems during the requirements development process. We examine process or functional modeling as well as behavioral or state modeling. The effort employs academic case studies and a survey of practicing systems engineers.
The synthesis and structure of mixed complexes

Abstract The template cyclization of tetrafluorophthalonitrile (A) and 2,3-naphthalenedicarbonitrile (B) with BCl3 produces two mixed subphthalocyanine subnaphthalocynine complexes of the form A2B and AB2. Over the series A3, A2B, AB2 and B3 the Q-band λmax shifts 100 nm: 573 (A3), 617 (A2B), 640 (AB2), 673 nm (B3). An X-ray crystal structure of the A2B complex has been determined.
Response of Space Shuttle Surface Insulation Panels to Acoustic Pressure

The free vibration characteristics and dynamic response of reusable space shuttle surface insulation panels to acoustic random pressure fields are studied. The basic analytical approach in formulating the governing equations of motion uses a Rayleigh-Ritz technique. The pressure field is modeled as a stationary Gaussian random process for which the cross-spectral density function is known empirically from experimental measurements. The response calculations are performed in both frequency and time domains. In the time domain analysis, the random noise pressures are simulated on a digital computer and the equations of motion are solved numerically in a Monte Carlo sense.
Cognitieve gedragstherapie bij fibromyalgie

Context Fibromyalgie wordt gekenmerkt door gegeneraliseerde pijn en stijfheid van het bewegingsapparaat en gaat vaak samen met klachten als moeheid en een negatieve stemming.
Drug Therapy for Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis

The mechanisms of many immunosuppressive drugs have been defined, allowing for a rational aproach to the use of these agents in GVHD prophylaxis. In addition to standard drugs such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and glucocorticoids, new agents—mycophenolate mofetil, tresperimus, rapamycin, basiliximab, and daclizumab—are now part of the immunosuppressive armamentarium. Improved understanding of tolerance has resulted in new approaches to prevention of GVHD. Anti-CD40L, CTLA-4-Ig, tresperimus, and rapamycin are agents that are being explored in this area and have shown impressive results in animal models. Currently, the standard therapy for acute GVHD prophylaxis in matched sibling transplants remains cyclosporine and methotrexate. Lower dose methotrexate, particularly in combination with tacrolimus, has shown good results in single arm studies with low toxicity, but this has not been tested in a randomized study. For unrelated donor transplants there is less GVHD when tacrolimus, rather than c...
The Politics of Problem Definition: Applying and Testing Threshold Models

The key to understanding agenda setting is how and why conditions become defined as public problems. This process has been dubbed problem definition by past literature, yet past work offers little more than descriptive accounts of the process. We apply a threshold model to explain how problem definition can exhibit both incremental and punctuated change. We then demonstrate the model by explaining redefinition of the sexual harassment issue following the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings. Using Box-Tiao (1975) and nonlinear time varying parameter regression methods, we show that the hearings permanently altered individual and social nonacceptance of sexual harassment, as well as initiated a process of positive feedback. Given that there are many conditions similar to sexual harassment, and given that disturbances are quite frequent, sudden change should be a common feature of the American system.
Invertebrate immune recognition, natural immunity and the evolution of positive selection

Invertebrate immunity exhibits immediate recognition without prior contact. Here, Tom Humphreys and Ellis Reinherz propose that receptors capable of actively recognizing self histocompatibility antigens could be generated by a process similar to positive selection, and that these could guide 'natural immunity' to foreign cells. These ideas provide a conceptual basis for invertebrate immunity and for understanding the evolutionary precedents for T-cell-mediated antigen recognition.
Ophthalmic Manifestations of Tuberous Sclerosis

The ophthalmic manifestations of tuberous sclerosis include a variety of nonretinal ophthalmic findings which, other than adenoma sebaceum of the lids, are uncommon. Approximately half the patients with tuberous sclerosis have retinal or optic nerve hamartomas; in half of these patients the hamartomas occur bilaterally. Three basic morphologic types of retinal hamartomas are recognized: the most common type is a subtle, relatively flat, smooth-surfaced, salmon-colored, semitransparent, and circular or oval-shaped lesion located in the superficial retina, most commonly near or at the posterior pole. The second type is an easily recognized opaque, white, elevated, multinodular calcified lesion that is frequently described as resembling a mulberry. A third type of lesion contains features of the other two, being calcified and nodular centrally, whereas its perimeter is semitranslucent, smooth, and salmon-colored. The hamartomas may be richly vascularized. They generally do not grow, but over decades some of the lesions may become calcified. Visual loss from retinal and optic nerve hamartomas rarely occurs. Because growth and change of the fundus lesions are rare, treatment is not indicated. Retinoblastoma of the optic nerve and retina is the most important lesion that must be differentiated from the hamartomas seen with tuberous sclerosis.
A systematic approach to retaining and increasing the number of engineering graduates in order to strengthen a regional economy

Fenn Academy is an educational, workforce and economic development program that aims to increase the number of students pursuing and obtaining engineering degrees (Ghorashi, B.). In a partnership that includes high schools, corporations, and Cleveland State University, talent and resources have been pooled to design a continuum of support that begins in high school and continues through college graduation, with participating students called Fenn Scholars. This long-term partnership begins by reaching into partnering high schools in the region and connecting the high school students to university engineering students and faculty as well as industry partners through a customized pre-engineering program. From that point, qualified Fenn Scholars will be offered industry-supported scholarships, course credit transfer, and potentially industry internship opportunities as incentives to consider engineering as a career. For those Fenn Scholars who select to attend the University, they may be able to participate in peer mentoring, industrial internships, and research. Finally, upon graduation, efforts will be made to connect these Fenn Scholars to jobs at area companies.