cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative rate single‐pulse shock tube studies on the thermal decomposition of cyclohexene, 2,2,3‐trimethylbutane, isopropyl bromide, and ethylcyclobutane

A check of the data from comparative rate single-pulse shock tube experiments have been carried out through the use of a new standard reaction, the decyclization reaction of ethylcyclobutane. The rate expressions for cyclohexene and 2,2,3-trimethylbutane have been found to be in excellent agreement with previously published results. Most of the small discrepancy that does exist is apparently due to the differences between the present and earlier (decomposition of isopropyl bromide) "standard" reaction. For the latter process, the present study yields These results confirm the correctness of previously published comparative rate single-pulse shock tube experiments. They demonstrate once again that for the decomposition of paraffin hydrocarbons, calculated preexponential factors are at least an order of magnitude higher than the directly measured number and that the accepted value of the heat of formation of t-butyl radicals ΔHf300(tC4H9·) = 29 kJ (6.8 kcals) is at least 10 kJ too low. Finally, attention is called to recent studies on neopentane decomposition in flow and static systems which are in complete agreement with the present conclusions.
Increasing Buffer-Locality for Multiple Relational Table Scans through Grouping and Throttling

Decision support (DSS) workloads generally contain multiple large concurrent scan operations. These are often executed as relational table scans which can take up a lot of I/O bandwidth. This is especially true for ad-hoc queries where the workload is not known in advance. Common database management systems have only limited ability to reuse memory buffer content across multiple running queries due to their treatment of queries in isolation. Previous attempts to coordinate scans for better buffer reuse were less than satisfactory due to drifting between scans and the required radical DBMS architecture changes. In this paper, we describe a new mechanism to keep similar table scans closer together during scanning. This is achieved via dynamic grouping and regrouping of scans based on their runtime behavior and via adaptive throttling of scan speeds based on scan group characteristics. The required memory footprint is very small and the effort required to extend existing database management systems is minimal, as shown in our DB2 UDB prototype. Our experiments show significant gains in end-to-end response times as well as average response times for TPC-H workloads.
INCREASED LEVELS OF UNSCHEDULED DNA SYNTHESIS IN UV‐IRRADIATED HUMAN FIBROBLASTS PRETREATED WITH SODIUM BUTYRATE

Pretreatment of growing normal and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) human fibroblasts with sodium butyrate at concentrations of 5-20 mM results in increased levels of DNA repair synthesis measured by autoradiography after exposure of the cells to 254 nm UV radiation in the fluence range 0-25 J/m2. The phenomenon manifests as an increased extent and an increased initial rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). This experimental result is not due to an artifact of autoradiography related to cell size. Xeroderma pigmentosum cells from complementation groups A, C, D and E and XP variant cells all exhibit increases in the levels of UV-induced UDS in response to sodium butyrate proportional to those observed with normal cells. These UDS increases associated with butyrate pretreatment correlate with demonstrable changes in intracellular thymidine pool size and suggest that sodium butyrate enhances uptake of exogenous radiolabeled thymidine during UV-induced repair synthesis by reducing endogenous levels of thymidine.
THE COMMUNITY INTEGRATION QUESTIONNAIRE: A Comparative Examination

The community integration questionnaire (CIQ) was designed to assess home integration, social integration and productive activity in persons with acquired brain injury. The instrument consists of 15 items and can be completed by self report or with the assistance of a family member or caregiver familiar with the person's health status and social activities. Previous research has demonstrated adequate test-retest reliability and internal consistency. This study was designed to examine further, the psychometric characteristics of the CIQ and begin the process of establishing the instrument's validity. The CIQ was administered to 341 persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 210 persons without TBI or any other apparent disabilities. The results indicate that the total scores are normally distributed for both persons with and without TBI. A statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) was found between subjects with TBI and those without TBI for all three subscales of the CIQ and for total scores. Data analysis also revealed that the total CIQ scores statistically differentiated among subjects with TBI living in three different settings: (1) living independently; (2) living in a supported community situation and (3) living in an institution. Intercorrelations among the three subscales (home, social and productivity) demonstrated that the CIQ provides unique information in the assessment of community integration for persons with TBI. Areas of future research necessary to expand the research and program evaluation usefulness of the CIQ are identified.
Deformation history of the white range duplex, central australia, with implications for fold reorientation

The White Range area in the Arltunga Nappe Complex, central Australia, is one of the northernmost exposures of Heavitree Quartzite caught underneath a large south‐directed crustal nappe (the Paradise Nappe) emplaced during the Late Palaeozoic Alice Springs Orogeny. Structural, microfabric and strain analyses of the White Range area show that sub‐horizontal foliation north‐south lineation, and north‐south isoclinal recumbent folds were produced during movement of the overlying Paradise Nappe. The strain history involved components of thrust, wrench and pure shear and the relative proportion of each component was analysed using the relationship between finite strain and fold hinge orientation. A reasonable solution is one in which thrusting dominated over wrenching, with a pure shear in the vertical plane responsible for syn‐thrusting extension in the shear direction. This result may indicate the relative weakness of mid‐crustal rocks that collapse under the weight of the thrust system and flow in a directi...
Functional and Structural Outcomes Following Lensectomy for Ectopia Lentis

Purpose: High refractive errors and optical aberrations reduce vision when the lens edge bisects the pupil. We studied outcomes of eyes with ectopia lentis following lensectomy. Methods: Charts of 11 consecutive patients with bilateral ectopia lentis who underwent lensectomy-anterior vitrectomy in at least one eye from 1985 to 2004 were reviewed. Eighteen eyes were operated. One eye was excluded due to short-term follow-up ( Results: Mean age at surgery was 7.7 years (2 to 17 years). Median follow-up after lensectomy was 10 years (range 2 to 16 years). Six eyes were followed for 6 to 10 years, and another six eyes were followed for 11 to 16 years. Patient diagnoses included Marfan syndrome (nine eyes), ectopia lentis et pupillae (three eyes), simple ectopia lentis (two eyes), homocystinuria (two eyes), and sporadic spherophakia (one eye). Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranged from 20/60 to light perception, and postoperative BCVA ranged from 20/20 to 20/100 (14 eyes were at least 20/30). Complications included posterior vitreous detachment (two eyes, 12%), glaucoma (one eye, 6%), transient ocular hypertension (one eye, 6%), wound dehiscence with iris incarceration (one eye, 6%), transient vitreous hemorrhage (one eye, 6%), and peripheral anterior synechiae (one eye, 6%). No retina detached. Conclusions: Our cohort of patients with long-term follow-up shows that pars plana lensectomy can be successful in restoring vision when conservative measures fail.
Baryogenesis from Hawking Radiation

We show that in the presence of a chemical potential, black hole evaporation generates baryon number. If the inflaton or Ricci scalar is derivatively coupled to the $B\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ current, the expansion of the Universe acts as a chemical potential and splits the energy levels of particles and their antiparticles. The asymmetric Hawking radiation of primordial black holes can thus be used to generate a $B\text{\ensuremath{-}}L$ asymmetry. If dark matter is produced by the same mechanism, the coincidence between the mass density of visible and dark matter can be naturally explained.
A Repeated Game Model of Monetary Union

Given a policy rule of the common central bank of a monetary union, member countries with different preferences about inflation and facing asymmetric shocks have different incentives to secure political intervention in the bank's operation and achieve the temporary benefit of surprise inflation. This is modelled as a repeated game, and the most cooperative outcome subject to the countries' incentive compatibility constraints is found. The optimal rule responds flexibly to asymmetric shocks, adjusting policy away from the full commitment level toward the discretionary level, so as to maintain the worse-hit country's incentive to abide by the rule.
Plasmon Lifetime in K: A Case Study of Correlated Electrons in Solids Amenable to Ab Initio Theory

We solve the puzzle posed by the anomalous dispersion of the plasmon linewidth in K via all-electron density-response calculations, performed within the framework of time-dependent density-functional theory. The key damping mechanism is shown to be decay into particle-hole pairs involving empty states of $d$ symmetry. While the effect of many-particle correlations is small, the correlations built into the ``final-state'' $d$ bands play an important, and novel, role related to the phase-space complexity introduced by these flat bands. Our case study of plasmon lifetime in K illustrates the importance of ab initio paradigms for the study of excitations in correlated-electron systems.
Duopoly quotas and relative import quality

Abstract The present paper develops a two-stage game of quality and quantity competition for an international duopoly in the home market with linear demand and cost functions. While a quota increases domestic output, domestic quality falls to the monopoly level. Import quality may rise or fall with the quota, and the upgrading noted in the empirical literature may occur only relative to home quality.
Class, nationalism and identity politics

How do things stand with the concept of class? Is class still a useful category of analysis? Is it still a rallying cry for political action, even among progressives? I recently attended a meeting sponsored by a progressive coalition. People had gathered to work on a strategy to defeat legislation that might be introduced to dismantle affirmative action. As we were discussing a mission statement, I suggested that we include the idea of class, in order to draw broader support and to diffuse the criticism that affirmative action caters only to particular minority groups. The dozen other people in attendance politely but unanimously vetoed my suggestion. They argued that including class would distract attention from the minority groups that affirmative action was designed to assist. This argument was not self‐serving. Nor was it socially conservative, for the group went on to include a clause indicating that it would work to abolish capitalism. Rather, the argument seemed motivated by vicarious identity poli...
Developing a concurrent service orchestration engine in ccr

As the Grid application models move towardsWeb services and the service oriented architecture (SOA), the service orchestration is becoming the key to build the large-scale system. With the significant attention, WS-BPEL is widely adopted as the standard web service orchestration language. As a concurrent workflow language WSBPEL introduces a set of complex and sophisticated concurrent and coordination semantics. Meanwhile the centralized architecture makes the orchestration engine be the inherent candidate for the performance bottleneck. Therefore implementing a correct and highly concurrent WS-BPEL engine presents significant challenge. The conventional thread based concurrent programming model is inadequate here. Instead, we believe an alternative model, namely the event-driven programming model aided with the high level coordination constructs such as join patterns, is more suitable for this case, from the perspective of system performance as well as the programmability. In this paper we present the implementation of a high performance WS-BPEL engine prototype, which is built upon the event-driven architecture and join patterns provided by the Microsoft Concurrent Coordination Runtime(CCR). We focus on how to interpret the concurrency semantics in WS-BPEL by using the event and join patterns, and how to drive the execution of a workflow in a reactive manner. Also our experience shows that the event driven architecture enables the orchestration engine to efficiently handle the massive concurrency on the multicore machine.
Regeneration of neural retina from the pigmented epithelium in the chick embryo.

Abstract The neural retina and lens were removed from the eyes of 4-day chick embryos, which were then divided into six groups: (a) 6 eyes were fixed immediately; (b) in 17 animals a 4-day lens alone was replaced; (c) in 32 cases both a 4-day lens and a piece of 4-day neural retina were reintroduced into the eye; (d) in 14 cases a 4-day otocyst was implanted; (e) in 13 cases a 4-day lens and a piece of 4-day optic tectum were implanted; (f) in 4 specimens a piece of 4-day neural retina alone was reintroduced into the eye. Analysis of the subsequent development of these groups led to the following observations and conclusions: 1. 1. Neural retina can regenerate from the pigmented epithelium of the chick embryo at least as late as stage 24. 2. 2. Regeneration occurs in two ways: (a) from the cup margin; (b) in patches of pigmented epithelium some distance from the margin. 3. 3. Both types of regeneration require that the neural retina be physically separated from the pigmented epithelium without being removed from the immediate environment. 4. 4. The 4-day otocyst can elicit neural retinal regeneration from the embryonic pigmented epithelium. 5. 5. The 4-day optic tectum does not elicit neural retinal regeneration from the pigmented epithelium. 6. 6. The presence of the lens is not necessary for regeneration of the neural retina. 7. 7. Regenerating neural retina differentiates more rapidly than normally developing neural retina. 8. 8. The polarity of the regenerating neural retina with respect to the eye is normal if it arises from the cup margin, and reversed if it arises in patches from the pigmented epithelium. 9. 9. The axons of the ganglion cells of the regenerating neural retina fasciculate to form a single “optic nerve” which leaves the eye at its posterior pole.
Synthesis, NMR Characterization, and a Simple Application of Lithium Borotritide

LiBH4 is a powerful and selective reagent for regiospecific reduction reactions. A simple synthesis of LiB3H4 at near theoretical specific radioactivity is reported. We have treated Li3H synthesized from tritium gas (3H2, ∼98%) with BBr3 to produce LiB3H4 (specific activity = 4120 GBq/mmol = 110 Ci/mmol. The maximum theoretical specific activity of LiB3H4 is 4252 GBq/mmol = 115.04 Ci/mmol; 1 matom of 3H = 1063 GBq = 28.76 Ci.) The tritium labeling performance of the reagent was tested by an exemplary reduction of 2-naphthaldehyde to 2-naphthalenemethanol. LiB3H4 and the reduction products were characterized by a combination of 1H, 3H, and 11B NMR techniques, as appropriate.
Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job‐related stress: a conceptual model and preliminary study

This research examined linkages between mentor leadership behaviors (laissez-faire, transactional contingent reward, and transformational), protege perception of mentoring functions received (career development and psychosocial support) and job-related stress of 204 mentor–protege dyads. Results of Partial Least Squares analysis revealed that mentor transformational behavior was more positively related to mentoring functions received than transactional contingent reward behavior, while mentor laissez-faire behavior was negatively related to mentoring functions received. Both mentor transformational behavior and mentoring functions received were negatively related to protege job-related stress. The relationship between mentor transformational behavior and protege job-related stress was moderated by the level of mentoring functions received. Results are discussed as they relate to researchers and practitioners who are becoming interested in finding ways to develop organizational members and allay job-related stress. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjusting Child Welfare to the Changing Portrait of Families in North America

Beginning in the 1950s changes began altering the social landscape in which the traditional approach to child welfare operated. Women began entering the workforce in record numbers. Divorce rates rose, as did the number of unwed mothers. The result was a dramatic increase in the number of impoverished lone‐parent families. The traditional portrait of the family began to fracture. At the same time, child welfare policies and programs failed to respond to the needs created by these changes. Child welfare policies and programs that would address the problems these changes produced failed to materialize. Although public school education provides for the care of children between 6and18during the day, mothers with children under 6 were left to their own resources. The need for publicly supported child care was left unmet. The traditional approach to child welfare, using a casework method that focused on the parent#shchild relationship, was no longer able to cope with the problems produced by these changes.
Time Base Error In Two-Headed Videodisc Player Introduced By Recorded Asymmetry

The initial aim of videodisc development was to produce a system that records audio/video information on a disc, replicates this disc accurately and inexpensively on plastic and finally, plays the replicas on home television screens by means of a disc player attachment. What made the videodisc so interesting is the potential combination of three properties: very low cost in high-volume duplication, very high information density, rapid acces to any portion of a long recording. Presently, two major disc categories are wel1 established: mass replica and write-one discs. Single headed players are almost exclusively used today. But, in some applications, where mainly access and interactivity are very important, two headed players are either used or presently being considered. Some new problems are surfacing, which are not of that much concern for the single-headed players. One of new problems is a time-based error (TBE) caused by recorded asymmetry, which will by discussed in this paper. Al so, the influence of this phenomenon on the medical images stored on the videodisc will be examined.
High frequency thyristor power distribution and control system

Power distribution through use of semiconductor switches has not been possible because high current devices with adequate turn-on turn-off times have been unavailable. By switching integer cycles of the generator into the load as determined by a feedback sensor, one can obtain much faster control and more efficient use of the generator. Such a system as has been designed and used at Motorola for four different loads is described below.
Semi-empirical SCF-LCAO theory with overlap

Self-consistent field calculations including the complete overlap matrix have been made to predict the electronic spectra of benzene, napthalene, anthracene and phenanthrene. The results are remarkably similar to those obtained with the neglect of differential overlap.
Dynamics and control of benzene hydrogenation via reactive distillation

Abstract This work develops a dynamic, first principles-based model of a reactive distillation column used for benzene hydrogenation of a reformate stream and investigates different control structures for this process. The model is used initially to develop and evaluate a feedback control strategy which provides good regulatory performance for small disturbances, however, it tends to be sluggish for significant disturbances in the feed composition. In order to address this point, adding a feedforward controller to the feedback structure has also been investigated. However, the feedforward controller can only be implemented if composition measurements of the feed are taken. As online composition measurements are expensive in practice, several different scenarios have been investigated where samples of the feed are taken and subsequently analyzed in a lab, as represented by measurement time delays. Simulation results show that adding feedforward control to the feedback scheme can be very beneficial for this process, however, this is only the case if the composition disturbance measurements do not involve a significant time delay.
Tunneling measurements of ultrathin superconducting Ga films in high magnetic fields

Tunneling measurements in magnetic fields up to 15 T were made on Ga films about 10 nm thick deposited at $T\ensuremath{\approx}1$ K. The values of the spin-orbit scattering parameter $b\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{3{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\mathrm{so}}\ensuremath{\Delta}}$ and the orbital depairing parameter $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ were determined for as-deposited amorphous films and for polycrystalline films obtained by annealing at $T\ensuremath{\approx}77$ K. The tunneling conductance agreed closely with predictions of the theory of Maki and Fulde. For the best Ga-film tunnel junction a value of $b=0.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$ was obtained and this value did not change significantly during annealing, even though the resistively determined transport scattering time increased by a factor of 7.8 during annealing. Orbital depairing was found to follow a relation $\ensuremath{\zeta}={\ensuremath{\zeta}}_{0}+\ensuremath{\alpha}{H}^{2}$ and to increase with annealing in a manner expected from the change in mean free path determined from measurements of ${H}_{c\ensuremath{\perp}}$.
Capsid expansion mechanism of bacteriophage T7 revealed by multistate atomic models derived from cryo-EM reconstructions.

Many dsDNA viruses first assemble a DNA-free procapsid, using a scaffolding protein-dependent process. The procapsid, then, undergoes dramatic conformational maturation while packaging DNA. For bacteriophage T7 we report the following four single-particle cryo-EM 3D reconstructions and the derived atomic models: procapsid (4.6-A resolution), an early-stage DNA packaging intermediate (3.5 A), a later-stage packaging intermediate (6.6 A), and the final infectious phage (3.6 A). In the procapsid, the N terminus of the major capsid protein, gp10, has a six-turn helix at the inner surface of the shell, where each skewed hexamer of gp10 interacts with two scaffolding proteins. With the exit of scaffolding proteins during maturation the gp10 N-terminal helix unfolds and swings through the capsid shell to the outer surface. The refolded N-terminal region has a hairpin that forms a novel noncovalent, joint-like, intercapsomeric interaction with a pocket formed during shell expansion. These large conformational changes also result in a new noncovalent, intracapsomeric topological linking. Both interactions further stabilize the capsids by interlocking all pentameric and hexameric capsomeres in both DNA packaging intermediate and phage. Although the final phage shell has nearly identical structure to the shell of the DNA-free intermediate, surprisingly we found that the icosahedral faces of the phage are slightly (∼4 A) contracted relative to the faces of the intermediate, despite the internal pressure from the densely packaged DNA genome. These structures provide a basis for understanding the capsid maturation process during DNA packaging that is essential for large numbers of dsDNA viruses.
The Chlamydial Type III Secretion Mechanism: Revealing Cracks in a Tough Nut

Present-day members of the Chlamydiaceae contain parasitic bacteria that have been co-evolving with their eukaryotic hosts over hundreds of millions of years. Likewise, a type III secretion system encoded within all genomes has been refined to complement the unique obligate intracellular niche colonized so successfully by Chlamydia spp. All this adaptation has occurred in the apparent absence of the horizontal gene transfer responsible for creating the wide range of diversity in other Gram-negative, type III-expressing bacteria. The result is a system that is, in many ways, uniquely chlamydial. A critical mass of information has been amassed that sheds significant light on how the chlamydial secretion system functions and contributes to an obligate intracellular lifestyle. Although the overall mechanism is certainly similar to homologous systems, an image has emerged where the chlamydial secretion system is essential for both survival and virulence. Numerous apparent differences, some subtle and some profound, differentiate chlamydial type III secretion from others. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge regarding the Chlamydia type III secretion mechanism. We focus on the aspects that are distinctly chlamydial and comment on how this important system influences chlamydial pathogenesis. Gaining a grasp on this fascinating system has been challenging in the absence of a tractable genetic system. However, the surface of this tough nut has been scored and the future promises to be fruitful and revealing.
Numerical Analysis of a-Si/c-Si 1- x Ge x /c-Si Heterostructures Based on Si and Ge Thin-Film Solar Cells

The electrical transport properties of a-Si/c-Si1- xGex/c-Si heterostructure thin-film solar cells are described. A lattice mismatch of ~4.17 % between Si and Ge is always challenging when considering such material system. Numerical optimization of the layer by layer structure shows that Si absorber and p Si1-xGex strained layers play a critical role to improve the light absorption properties of a-Si/c-Si1-xGex/c-Si heterostructure for their infrared detection applications. For this study, a finite element analysis technique is used to solve the fully coupled two carrier semiconductor transport equations. Obtained results show a substantial enhancement in the conversion efficiency of the newly designed a-Si/c-Si1-xGex/c-Si heterostructure thin-film solar cell. Achieved enhancement in conversion efficiency is attributed due to a noticeable improvement in the open circuit voltage (VOC) and a corresponding increase in the optical path lengths. Comparative study of the Si- and Ge-based thin-film solar cells shows that the conversion efficiency of Si-based heterostructures is better than germanium mainly due to the low thermal and lattice mismatch of Si to the design hetero-epitaxial structure. As much as a conversion efficiency of ~21.19 % was calculated for a-Si/c-Si1-xGex/c-Si heterostructure thin-film solar cell.
Predictors for emotionally distressed adolescents to receive mental health care

Abstract Purpose To determine predictors for emotionally distressed adolescents from different racial/ethnic groups to receive psychological counseling. Methods This study used secondary database analysis of the restricted-use National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, using predictor variables from Wave 1 and the outcome variable from Wave 2. Adolescents scoring in the top third of an emotional distress scale (n = 3963) were analyzed by race/ethnicity. Multivariate analyses were based on the access-to-care model. Results Emotionally distressed Blacks reported receiving psychological counseling significantly less than Whites and Hispanics (8% vs. 19% and 16%, respectively). The most important factors associated with receiving counseling for each racial/ethnic group were: Whites (n = 1681): suicidality and urban area, [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.9, 95th confidence interval (CI) (1.4, 2.6)] and [AOR 1.4, 95th CI, 95th CI (1.0, 1.8)], respectively; Blacks (n = 677): urban area [AOR 2.9, 95th CI (1.4, 6.0)]; Hispanics (n = 5326): suicidality and barriers to care, [AOR 2.2, 95th CI (1.0, 4.7)] and [AOR 0.4, 95th CI (0.2, 0.7)], respectively. Conclusions Predictors for receiving counseling varied for different racial and ethnic groups of adolescents. Even after adjusting for family income and parent education, distressed black adolescents were less likely to receive counseling. The findings specific to distressed black adolescents indicate that other factors may underlie differences in utilization of mental health services.
Effects of methylmercuric chloride on high affinity uptake of certain putative neurotransmitters in neuroblastoma and glioma cell cultures

Abstract The effect of methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl) on high affinity uptake of certain putative neurotransmitters on mouse neuroblastoma (NBE−) and rat glioma (C-6) cells in culture 3 days after treatment was studied. The energydependent accumulation of radioactive choline was decreased in NB cells afte treatment with CH3HgCl (1 μm), whereas the accumulation of radioactive glycine or glutamate was increased. The uptake of radioactive glycine or glutamate in glioma cells was decreased after treatment with CH3HgCl (0.3 μM). High affinity uptake of choline was not demonstrable in glioma cells. Low concentrations of CH3HgCl affect the accumulation of glycine and glutamate in glioma and NB cells in an opposite manner.
A Reduced Reaction Model for Carbon Cvd/cvi Processes

Abstract Carbon–carbon composites are produced by chemical vapor deposition/chemical vapor infiltration (CVD/CVI) processes. Models of carbon–carbon composite production processes will help reduce production costs. Reliable process models must, however, include details of the gas phase kinetics in order to identify optimal conditions. We have combined detailed gas phase kinetics, surface kinetics, and a pore closure model to predict pore geometry changes with respect to time. To determine the dominant gas phase kinetics, we reduced a large set of reactions to a minimal set using a sensitivity, rate, and dimensional analysis approach. These robust and relatively fast techniques can be used under a variety of conditions, including those within the pores of the composite. The process model shows that the deposition profile depends on the kinetic model chosen. Using the more realistic reaction model, conditions for uniform, or inside-out, densification can be suggested.
Clay Mineral Studies of Some Recent Marine Sediments Off the North Carolina Coast

Studies of Recent marine sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean were made in order to understand better the effects of diagenesis on the clay minerals. Samples from the continental shelf, the continental slope and the floor of the northwestern basin, north of Bermuda, were made available through the courtesy of the Lamont Geological Observatory of Columbia University. Most of the argillaceous material in these sediments is a poorly crystalline, complex mixture of chlorite and illite. The samples contain a small amount of kaolinite and montmorillonite. Some of the problems involved in the identification of these complex mixtures are discussed. Studies of the clay minerals reveal that a slight diagenetic change takes place, as indicated by the increasing crystallinity of chlorite and illite, with increasing depth below the clay-water interface and with increasing water depth. Some of the cores contain zones of red clay and the clay minerals contained therein are relatively well crystallized materials in contrast to the clay minerals in the greenish-gray clays. An hypothesis based on the oxidation state of the iron is advanced to explain the differences between the crystallinity of the three layer clay minerals in the red and greenish-gray clays.
Seasonal changes in the ultrastructure of the vascular cambium of Robinia pseudoacacia

The ultrastructure of the vascular cambium of Robinia pseudoacacia L. was examined in trunk tissues collected over a 2 1/2 year period. During dormancy, fusiform cells are densely cytoplasmic with many small vacuoles and centrally located nuclei. Mitochondria are round to oval in sectional view. The plastids are variable in shape, have few internal membranes, and generally lack starch grains. The plasmalemma is smooth in outline. Proteinaceous material occurs in the vacuoles and many lipid droplets are scattered throughout the ground substance. Smooth tubular ER, often highly dilated, predominates, but short segments of rough ER are also present. Abundant free ribosomes are evenly distributed throughout the ground substance and the dictyosomes are inactive. Microtubules are parietal and have various orientations. During reactivation, the plasmalemma becomes irregular in outline and begins to form invaginations. Concurrently, the proteinaceous material disappears, the vacuoles begin to fuse, polysomes appear, and the dictyosomes begin to produce vesicles. During the period of cambial activity, fusiform cells are highly vacuolate, and the nuclei are centrally located. The mitochondria are round, oval, or elongate. Now the plastids contain phytoferritin, starch grains, or both. Many large invaginations of the plasmalemma intrude into the vacuole, pushing the tonoplast inward and pinching off into the vacuole, which lacks proteinaceous material. Lipid droplets are scarce. Most ER is rough, and ribosomes are generally aggregated as polysomes. Dictyosomes are actively producing vesicles. During the transition to dormancy, the fusiform cells gradually assume the appearance typical of the dormant cambium.
Local convective heat transfer from a heated surface to an impinging, planar jet of water

Surface temperature and heat flux distributions have been measured on a flat, upward facing, constant heat flux surface cooled by a planar, impinging water jet. Data are presented for jet velocities between 1.8 and 4.5 m s−1, fluid temperatures of 30, 40 and 50 °C and heat fluxes between 0.25 and 1.00 MW m 2. Appropriate length and velocity scales are identified, and results for the stagnation and boundary layer flows are correlated by expressions of the form Nu = CRenPrm. Measured stagnation convection coefficients exceed those predicted by a laminar flow analysis, and differences are attributed to the existence of free stream turbulence. Data are sensitive to variations in the stagnation line velocity gradient and the Prandtl number, which are known to affect the enhancement of stagnation flow heat transfer when there is free stream turbulence.
Pulmonary infections in the HIV-infected patient in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: An update

The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era began in 1996 when the combination of multiple antiretroviral agents was found to improve outcomes in HIV-infected patients. HAART has made a tremendous impact on the progression of HIV and on the morbidity and mortality associated with its opportunistic infections. HIV-positive patients who respond to HAART have a decreased incidence of opportunistic infections. Studies have documented close to a 50% decline in the incidence of pneumocystis pneumonia and bacterial pneumonia with the use of antiretroviral therapy. Primary and secondary prophylaxis for pneumocystis pneumonia can be discontinued in patients who show a sustained response to antiretroviral therapy. Unique to the HAART era, immune reconstitution syndrome is characterized by a paradoxical deterioration of a preexisting infection that is temporally related to the recovery of the immune system. Recently, more and more patients are being admitted for non-AIDS related illnesses in the HAART era.
The Restructuring of Retail Capital and the Street

In recent years retail geography has featured theoretically rich debates about the restructuring of retail capital and the ways in which this restructuring has changed the dynamics of retailing. New spatial forms of retailing have emerged: the redeveloped retail street in the American urban landscape is one such form. National and multinational chain stores are invading small, main street spaces, which has economic and cultural implications for retailers and consumers. Old Town Pasadena in Pasadena, California, is examined as a case study to trace investment and disinvestment in the retail space of Colorado Boulevard throughout the twentieth century. In addition to archival documents, assessed land and improvement values are examined to reveal the changing dynamics of retail spatiality over a 100-year period.
Microsomal synthesis of the ether analogs of triacylglycerols acyl CoA:alkylacylglycerol and acyl CoA:alk-1-enylacylglycerol acyltransferases in tumors and liver

Our results show that acyl CoA:1-alkyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol acyltra-nsferase activity, which catalyzes the formation of 1-alkyl-2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols, is present in rat livers, 7777 Morris hepatomas and preputial gland tumors. We also demonstrated that a related enzyme activity, acyl CoA:1-alk-1'-enyl-2-acyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase, occurs in the microsomal fraction of preputial gland tumors; in this system the product was 1-alk-1'-enyl-2,3-diacyl-sn-glycerols. Since microsomes from rat livers were capable of synthesizing a product that does not occur in the liver lipids from a precursor that is also not normally present in this tissue, we conclude that the enzyme responsible is probably acyl CoA:1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol acyltransferase, which catalyzes the synthesis of triacylglycerols. Because alkyldiacylglycerols are synthesized by both liver and tumor preparations, it would appear that the control point for the synthesis of the higher levels of alkyldiacylglycerols found in tumors is not associated with the acyltransferase that accounts for the terminal acylation of alkylacylglycerols.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor upregulates ubiquitin-proteasome components in a rat model of neuronal injury

Neuronal injury triggers the release of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), promoting local neuronal repair but producing systemic effects of anorexia and lean body weight loss. Due to the rapid rate of systemic protein loss stimulated by CNTF, we hypothesized involvement of the hepatic ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic (UPP) pathway in CNTF-induced proteolysis. To assess the role of central CNTF in systemic UPP regulation, we measured hepatic UPP mRNA and proteasome activity in a rat model of neuronal injury and determined alterations induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of CNTF-neutralizing antibody or additional exogenous CNTF. We also assessed proteolytic parameters and nutritional status by measuring caloric intake, body weight, and protein levels. We produced neuronal injury by implanting a lateral ventricle cannula and giving daily ICV saline bolus injections, which increased hepatic 20S proteasome mRNA and enzymatic activity while reducing caloric intake, body weight, and protein levels compared to controls. Administration of ICV anti-CNTF antibodies (but not control antibodies) prevented these effects. Addition of exogenous CNTF augmented the weight loss along with the increases in 20S proteasome mRNA and proteolytic activity induced by neuronal injury. We conclude that CNTF decreases lean body weight through a combination of appetite inhibition and UPP pathway activation.
Classification Error for a Very Large Number of Classes

Classification error is analyzed for a situation where the number of possible classes may be on the order of a hundred or more. The error associated with classifying to a single class is shown to depend mainly on average nearest-neighbor distance between class means, noise level, and effective dimensionality of the class mean distribution and not much on other aspects of the distribution, noise correlation, or number of classes. Since single class error is large, separation of classes into groups is also explored. Group classification error has the same properties as single class error but the size of the error is moderated by the Bayes overlap between groups. Standard curves are provided to predict single class and group error. Also discussed are the effect of pattern blurring on classification error and the nearest-neighbor distance statistics throughout a distribution.
Comparison of aerosolized atropine sulfate and SCH 1000 on exercise-induced bronchospasm in children

Abstract The new anticholinergic compound Sch 1000 (ipratropium bromide) has been reported to be an effective bronchodilator without significant atropine-like side effects. We evaluated the effectiveness of different doses of nebulized Sch 1000 (40 μg and 80 μg) aerosolized atropine sulfate (1 mg) and placebo in the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in 20 children with atopic bronchial asthma. A random, crossover double-blind protocol was used. Standard exercise on a cycloergometer was used to induce EIB. Pulmonary function was determined before and after drug administration and exercise. Following no treatment or placebo, exercise resulted in average reductions of 33% to 43% in plethysmographic specific airway conductance (SGaw), of 20% to 25% in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1 ), and of 25% to 32% in maximal midexpiratory flow rate. Exercise following no treatment or placebo resulted in average increases of 23% to 30% in thoracic gas volume (Vtg). Prior to exercise atropine and either dose of Sch 1000 caused significant increases in SGaw (48% to 59%). After pretreatment with Sch 1000 or atropine, exercise caused SGaw to fall to values that were not significantly different from pretreatment medication values, but were significantly higher than values following exercise without pretreatment or after pretreatment with placebo. No significant differences were noted between the effects of atropine and Sch 1000 on EIB. We conclude that at the doses used atropine and Sch 1000 cause equivalent degrees of bronchodilation but neither drug specifically inhibits EIB.
Differential treatment of states in federal education policy

The differential treatment problem is usually framed in the following way: Some states are competent implementors of federal policy objectives, others are not. Uniform federal standards are typically framed to assure minimum performance by the least competent. Their effect, the argument goes, is to penalize competent states by subjecting them to requirements that bear no relationship to what they are actually capable of doing. A more flexible and effective strategy would be to grant competent performers more discretion, while subjecting less competent performers to greater scrutiny or finding some way to by-pass them altogether. But this strategy raises problems of political and administrative feasibility. By what objective measures will competence be assessed? How would such measures be translated into administrative practice? Who, at the federal level, would be willing or able, if objective measures existed, to bear the political heat of categorizing some states as competent and others as incompetent? Questions like these have led prudent analysts back to the conclusion that uniform standards, uniformly applied are, on balance, the most practical strategy for the Federal Government (Murphy, 1974). And there the argument seems to rest. Differential treatment appears to be another appealing theory that is infeasible in practice. Yet there is something troubling about the apparent simplicity of this argument. Why, when there is so much variability among states and localities, does differential treatment seem impossible? Simply stated, my argument is that the Federal Government has no choice but to engage in differential treatment on many levels of policymaking and implementation. It may do so more or less skillfully,
A flowing afterglow study of uranocene

Abstract Ionization-fragmentation of bis-cyclooctatetraene uranium(IV), U(C 8 H 8 ) 2 or uranocene, by He + produces several uranium containing ions of which U(C 8 H 8 ) + and U(C 6 H 6 ) + are the most intense. With N + /N 2 + the only uranium containing ions are U(C 8 H 8 ) 2 + and U(C 8 H 8 ) + . Non-dissociative electron attachment is observed, but no reactions are observed with O − O 2 − , F − , Cl − , SF 6 − , or UF 6 − .
Splenectomy for myeloproliferative disorders

Splenectomy is highly successful in reversing hypersplenism associated with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). Significant improvement in leukocyte, platelet, and erythrocyte counts usually occurs within 1 week of splenectomy. Relief of symptoms associated with progressive splenomegaly seen with these entities is also achieved by splenectomy. Splenectomy, however, does not affect the inexorable course of these MPD, which appear to be caused by repeated damage to the pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell population. Hypercellular and hypocellular responses to this bone marrow injury result in a variety of disease states. A review of 50 patients treated with splenectomy for MPD from 1967 to 1980 demonstrated that the operation can be performed with a low mortality rate and minimal morbidity. About 15% of those patients presenting with MPD required splenectomy. Preoperative radionuclide ferrokinetic and sequestration studies, while good predictors of hematological response to splenectomy, do not provide information that impacts on the eventual outcome of splenectomized patients. Selection of patients with MPD for splenectomy is best made on clinical grounds.
Fault tolerant control of adjustable speed switched reluctance motor drives

Existing position sensorless methods rely on (1) one-one correspondence between magnetic characteristics of SRM and rotor position and (2) access to terminal quantities (i.e. voltage and current) for all phases. The occurrence of a fault in one or more phases will prohibit the necessary access to the phase/s and as such introduces a challenge to successful implementation of existing position sensing technique. This paper introduces a generalized strategy for sensorless operation of SRM under single and multi-phase faults using existing sensorless method. Experimental results of a four phase SRM drive with different numbers of faulty phases are presented to validate the proposed methods.
Widening the Lens to Teach Character Education Alongside Standards Curriculum

Abstract This article challenges policymakers, school leaders, and teachers to implement wide-scale and systematic teaching of character education in every classroom. In support of the idea that student character development should be a priority in all classes, I explain that youth need “decision-filters” to negotiate life's challenges. Further, the article illustrates how character education can be taught through various courses. Several state-level academic standards are analyzed to (1) identify cognitive instructional emphases and (2) determine relevant affective teachings for character instruction. As I explain, the teaching of character education can be integrated naturally with and taught alongside any state's standards-based curriculum. Rather than adding a new course to an already overloaded school curriculum, character education should be integrated with other subject areas and routinely taught through all classes and by all teachers.