cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passive And Active Integrated Optical Spatial Filter

A programmable spatial filter which could be used to impose an arbitrary intensity pattern on a guided optical wave would be generally useful in a number of integrated optical devices. As a first step in the development of such a filter, a static filter consisting of a segmented photoresist Bragg grating on a LiNb03:Ti waveguide has been fabricated. The static grating was tested by performing correlations using a modulated SAW. Plans for a 32-channel programmable filter using electrooptically induced Bragg grating are discussed.
Infant Homicide at the Hands of Mothers: Toward a Sociological Perspective

Infant homicide has been examined, explained, justified, and treated according to psychiatric‐psychological perspectives. There has been little examination of the social correlates directly pertaining to infant homicide. This article examines infant homicide from the perspective of 15 mothers who have been deemed legally responsible for the deaths of their infants. The qualitative data collected were derived by intensive interviewing. The findings of these data are given within a conceptual framework of social learning, economic deprivation, self‐attitude, and substance abuse theories. The objective of this research was to identify relevant common factors that are potential social correlates of infant homicide and to incorporate them into a multidimensional, theoretical model. It is suggested that when infant homicide occurred at the hands of the mothers interviewed, it was the result of a culmination of predisposal factors evolving from the mothers’ socialization experience and precipitating factors stem...
Patients' predilections regarding informed consent for hospital treatments

BACKGROUND Respect for patient autonomy is a core principle of American medicine. Informed consent is required for surgical procedures and blood transfusions but not for most medical treatments of hospitalized patients. HYPOTHESIS If given the option, patients want to give permission for common medical therapies during hospitalization. SUBJECTS Participants in the study were patients admitted to the medical service of a 350-bed community teaching hospital. METHODS A questionnaire comprising 4 scenarios of varying risk/benefit ratios was administered to all patients who agreed to participate. RESULTS A total of 634 patients were admitted to the medicine service between June and August 2006. Two hundred and ten patients (103 men, 107 women), with a mean age (± SE) of 63.3 ± 1.1 years, agreed to answer the questionnaire. Of these patients, 85% wished to participate in even trivial medical decision making (ie, potassium supplementation), 92% wished to participate in treatments with moderate risk (ie, diuretic for congestive heart failure). When a risk was initially posed as less than a 5% risk of brain hemorrhage and benefits of therapy were substantially higher (eg, thrombolysis for pulmonary embolus), 93% wanted to make the decision. If the risk of brain hemorrhage was 20% or greater, 95% wanted to make the decision. Younger patients (<65 years) were more likely to prefer requiring doctors to obtain their “permission no matter what” than were older patients (≥65 years), and older patients were more likely to waive consent across levels of risk. CONCLUSIONS Most acutely ill hospitalized medicine patients wished to participate in even the most mundane aspects of their medical decision making. Although it is not logistically feasible to obtain informed consent for every treatment of every hospitalized patient, clinicians should be aware of patients' predilections and might consider offering opportunities for patients to participate in clinical decision making, especially for therapies that carry substantial risk. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2008;3:6–11. © 2008 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Dynamic QMF for half-duplex relay networks

The value of relay nodes to enhance the error performance versus rate trade-off in wireless networks has been studied extensively. However, wireless nodes currently are constrained to only transmit or receive at a given frequency, i.e., half-duplex constraint. The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) for half-duplex networks are less understood. In the special cases where the DMT is currently known, such as the relay channel and the line network, it is achieved by either dynamic decoding or a quantize-map-forward (QMF) strategy with a fixed half-duplex schedule. The main question we investigate in this paper is whether these two strategies are sufficient to achieve the DMT of half-duplex wireless networks or we need new strategies for general setups. We propose a generalization of the two existing schemes through a dynamic QMF strategy and show that in a parallel relay channel it outperforms both earlier schemes. We also establish the DMT for the relay channel with multiple relays and multiple antennas in some special cases.
Liquid breakup at the surface of turbulent round liquid jets in still gases

Abstract An experimental study of liquid column breakup lengths and turbulent primary breakup properties at the surface of turbulent round liquid jets in still air at standard temperature and pressure is described. Jet exit conditions were limited to non-cavitating water and ethanol flows, long length/diameter ratio (greater than 40:1) constant-diameter round injector passages, jet exit Reynolds numbers of 5000–200,000, jet exit Weber numbers of 235–270,000 and liquid/gas density ratios of 690 and 860, at conditions where direct effects of viscosity were small (e.g., liquid jet Ohnesorge numbers were smaller than 0.0053). Three liquid column breakup modes were observed, as follows: a weakly turbulent Rayleigh-like breakup mode observed at small jet exit Weber and Reynolds numbers, a turbulent breakup mode observed at moderate jet exit Weber numbers, and an aerodynamic bag/shear breakup mode observed at large jet Weber numbers. The turbulent primary liquid column breakup mode was associated with conditions where drop diameters resulting from turbulent primary breakup along the liquid surface were comparable to the diameter of the liquid column itself. The bag/shear liquid column breakup mode was observed when liquid turbulence caused large deformations of the liquid column so that portions of it were in a gaseous cross flow; this resulted in bag or shear liquid column breakup, very similar to the breakup of non-turbulent liquid jets in gaseous cross flow. Mean streamwise drop velocities after breakup were comparable to mean streamwise velocities within the jet whereas mean cross stream drop velocities after breakup were comparable to cross stream velocity fluctuations within the liquid. Rates of primary breakup at the liquid surface are reported as surface efficiency factors (the fraction of the maximum possible cross stream drop liquid flux at the surface based on the mean relative cross stream velocity of the drops at the surface and the liquid density). The resulting surface efficiency factors varied from small values near the onset of liquid surface breakup to values of the order of unity as conditions near breakup of the liquid column as a whole were approached.
Response to Brasić (2007): psychomotor study of children with ADHD.

In 2007 Brasic questioned the methodology used by Pedersen and Surburg to test the effect of stimulant medication on lower extremity motor processing of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this response is to clarify the research design used in that 2005 study.
Permanent skin pigmentation for decorative and reconstructive purposes

Permanent pigmentation can be useful in dermatology to both highlight natural body structures and reconstruct defects. It is popular to add color to aging lips or provide enhancement of the eyes through permanent eyeliner. Permanent pigmentation is also finding its way into breast reconstruction to restore the appearance of an areola or to add beard stubble to a scarred face. This method of professional tattooing is becoming a part of the dermatologic armamentarium.
Epidermal growth factor enhances the malignant phenotype in canine mammary carcinoma cell lines

Canine mammary gland tumours (CMTs) are the most common malignancies in female dogs. The receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR (erbb1), a receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) and related factors, mediates multiple oncogenic functions in human epithelial neoplasms. While previous studies have demonstrated EGFR expression in canine tumours, its function has not been studied in canine cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the in vitro effects of EGF and vandetanib (ZD6474), a small molecule inhibitor of VEGFR-2, EGFR and RET tyrosine kinases, on proliferation, invasion, survival and chemosensitivity in CMT cells. In low serum, EGF enhanced proliferation and chemotaxis, attenuated apoptosis, and stimulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production. Vandetanib dose-dependently inhibited EGFR phosphorylation as well as PI3K/Akt activation, and inhibited all EGF-induced phenotypic effects. In conclusion, EGF stimulates multiple features promoting the malignant phenotype in CMT. Thus, CMT may be an important translational model for the investigation of novel EGFR-directed therapies.
Modeling of Shunt Current in Liquid Electrolyte Fuel Cells

A general electrolyte model for calculation of the liquid electrolyte transport in fuel cells is presented. A 2-D formulation is used to describe the transport in an alkaline fuel cell. Numerical results were obtained by using commercial CFD software, in conjunction with the user defined functions that calculate the source terms of the transport equations. An order of magnitude analysis is conducted of the energy transport in the separator and electrode regions. The numerical calculation also examines the local primary current at the anode and cathode electrodes. The calculated current flux showed a higher value near the separator entrance and it decreased along the stream-wise direction. The non-uniformity of the local primary current is caused mainly by the species transport resistance between the electrodes instead of the temperature difference. The effects of four different electrolytes were also studied. The results suggested that the cell voltage differences were due to the competing effects of electrolyte conductance and species diffusion. Numerical calculation also captured the presence of shunt current. A net shunt current as high as 0.1 A/cm2 is calculated at the separator inlet and exit. Provisions to reduce shunt currents seem to be warranted for AFC operated at a condition similar to that examined in this paper.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Assembly of a Ribonucleoprotein Catalyst by Tertiary Structure Capture

CBP2 is an RNA tertiary structure binding protein required for efficient splicing of a yeast mitochondrial group I intron. CBP2 must wait for folding of the two RNA domains that make up the catalytic core before it can bind. In a subsequent step, association of the 5' domain of the RNA is stabilized by additional interactions with the protein. Thus, CBP2 functions primarily to capture otherwise transient RNA tertiary structures. This simple one-RNA, one-protein system has revealed how the kinetic pathway of RNA folding can direct the assembly of a specific ribonucleoprotein complex. There are parallels to steps in the formation of a much more complex ribonucleoprotein, the 30S ribosomal subunit.
Self-assembly of designed antimicrobial peptides in solution and micelles

Hydrophobic interactions are responsible for stabilizing leucine zippers in peptides containing heptad repeats. The effects of substituting leucine by phenylalanine and alanine by glycine on the self-assembly of coiled-coils were examined in minimalist antimicrobial peptides designed to form amphipathic alpha-helices. The secondary structure of these peptides was monitored in solution and in diphosphocholine (DPC) micelles using circular dichroism spectroscopy. The leucine peptides (KLAKLAK)3 and (KLAKKLA)n (n = 3, 4) become alpha-helical with increasing concentrations of salt, peptide, and DPC. The aggregation state and equilibrium constant for self-association of the peptides were measured by sedimentation equilibrium. The glycine peptide (KLGKKLG)3 does not self-associate. The leucine peptides and phenylalanine peptides (KFAKFAK)3 and (KFAKKFA)n (n = 3, 4) are in a monomer-tetramer equilibrium in solution, with the phenylalanine zippers being 2-4 kcal/mol less stable than the equivalent leucine zippers. Thermodynamic parameters for the association reaction were calculated from the temperature dependence of the association constants. Leucine zipper formation has DeltaCp = 0, whereas phenylalanine zipper formation has a small negative DeltaCp, presumably due to the removal of the larger surface area of phenylalanine from water. Self-association of the peptides is coupled to formation of a hydrophobic core as detected using 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate fluorescence. Carboxyfluorescein-labeled peptides were used to determine the aggregation state of (KLAKKLA)3 and (KLGKKLG)3 in DPC micelles. (KLAKKLA)3 forms dimers, and (KLGKKLG)3 is a monomer. Aggregation appears to correlate with the cytotoxicity of these peptides.
Estimation of Time Rate of Settlement for Multilayered Clays Undergoing Radial Drainage

This paper demonstrates how the finite difference technique can be used to estimate the time rate of settlement for soft, compressible clayey soils treated with prefabricated vertical drains at sites where primary consolidation settlement is occurring in a multilayered system at varying rates. Semiempirical methods based on surface settlement monitoring have typically been used to estimate the progression of primary consolidation settlement. However, interpretation of such methods can be problematic for multilayered soil profiles. For such sites, it is crucial to obtain a reasonable characterization of the foundation soils' horizontal drainage properties and include these estimates in the time rate of settlement projections. Field monitoring of subsurface instrumentation is extremely valuable in providing additional information about the consolidation behavior of different layers. When subsurface field measurements are coupled with the proposed numerical method, far more reliable projections are obtained....
Above the Horizon Satellite Coverage with Dual-Altitude Band Constraints

The optimal satellite coverage problem traditionally refers to maximizing the visibility of targets against an Earth background. In this study, the focus shifts to satellite coverage of targets against a space background within a dualaltitude band defined by an upper and a lower target altitude. Furthermore, because objects against an Earth background are outside the region of interest, the coverage area to be maximized exists above the local horizon and, naturally, within a prespecified sensor range. The present analysis is restricted to satellites on circular orbits to simplify the mathematical development of the objective function. In the course of this development, geometrical arguments are employed to identify an analytical expression for the resulting coverage area. A graphical analysis tool, developed during the course of this study, is employed to develop new insight into how the coverage area is affected by changes in the mutual intersection of these reference surfaces. The result of the study is an objective function that can be employed in an optimization process in the search for optimal satellite constellations that maximize coverage of the area of interest.
Minimally altruistic wages and unemployment in a matching model with monopsony

Abstract A monopsony model with a symmetric equilibrium is developed where posting higher wages reduces employee departures. This monopsony implies that wage changes have small effects on profits so that employer altruism affects wages as well. Even selfish firms act altruistically if workers punish firms that fail to do so. If the marginal utility of income falls sharply with income, the model can explain modest responses of wages to shifts in labor demand. If there are fluctuations in the altruism required by workers, the low correlation of wages and employment and the sizes of the cyclical fluctuations in these two series can be rationalized.
Gated Migration: Neurons Migrate on but Not onto Substrates Containing S-Laminin

Abstract Components of the extracellular matrix influence migration of diverse cell types. Some, such as laminin, promote neuronal migration, whereas others are nonpermissive or inhibitory. Here, we demonstrate that a recombinant fragment of s-laminin, a homologue of the laminin B1 chain, is a barrier to neuronal migration. NSC-34 (motoneuron-like) and ciliary ganglion cells were plated on substrates coated with alternating stripes of laminin and a mixture of laminin plus s-laminin. On these patterned substrates, cells seldom crossed from s-laminin-free to s-laminin-containing regions. Mutation of the tripeptide LRE, an adhesive site in s-laminin, abolished s-laminin's ability to block border crossing. However, overall rates of migration were similar on the two substrates. This behavior contrasts with that of previously reported barrier molecules, which decrease rates of cell migration when mixed with permissive substrates. Instead, s-laminin appears to block cell migration through a "gating" mechanism that acts primarily at borders.
Respect for the developmentally disabled and forgoing life-sustaining treatment.

A developmentally disabled person should be treated at all times as a unique individual and not as some anonymous "disabled person." The developmentally disabled should not be subjected to invasive medical treatment that is unduly burdensome or nonbeneficial, or be forced to endure a quality of life not meaningful to them as individuals. They have a right to refuse or accept treatment that a surrogate must exercise on behalf of each individual in a responsible and careful manner. Three cases and a preliminary approach to the ethical analysis of decisions to allow developmentally disabled persons to die by forgoing medical treatment are offered. The "best interests" of a developmentally disabled individual, properly understood, can serve as a useful and ethically defensible standard for determining the ethical propriety of surrogate decision making about forgoing life-sustaining medical treatment of the disabled.
Modeling Miscanthus in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to Simulate Its Water Quality Effects As a Bioenergy Crop

There is increasing interest in perennial grasses as a renewable source of bioenergy and feedstock for second-generation cellulosic biofuels. The primary objective of this study is to estimate the potential effects on riverine nitrate load of cultivating Miscanthus x giganteus in place of conventional crops. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to model miscanthus growth and streamwater quality in the Salt Creek watershed in Illinois. SWAT has a built-in crop growth component, but, as miscanthus is relatively new as a potentially commercial crop, data on the SWAT crop growth parameters for the crop are lacking. This leads to the second objective of this study, which is to estimate those parameters to facilitate the modeling of miscanthus in SWAT. Results show a decrease in nitrate load that depends on the percent land use change to miscanthus and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied to the miscanthus. Specifically, assuming a nitrogen fertilization rate for miscanthus of 9...
Structure and differentiation of the cell wall of Phytophthora palmivora: Cysts, hyphae and sporangia

Walls from cysts, hyphae and sporangia of Phytophthora palmivora consist chiefly (ca. 90% dry wt) of β-glucans with 1,3-, 1,4- and 1,6-links. The glucans are predominatly β-1,3-linked but there are significant differences in the relative proportion of 1,3-, 1,6- and 1,4-linked glucosyl residues among the three wall types. There are also differences in protein content, susceptibility to degradation by various β-glucanases, and surface texture. The isolated cyst wall consists solely of a thin fabric of long, tightly interwoven, randomly oriented microfibrils. Both inner and outer surfaces of the cyst wall are distinctly microfibrillar. The hyphal wall has two different textures; the internal surface is distinctly microfibrillar while the external surface is non-fibrillar. In a germinated cyst, there is a zone of demarcation where the microfibrils of the cyst wall disappear into the smooth outer texture of the germ tube wall. An exo-β-1,3-glucanase preferentially removed the amorphous material of the outer surface of the germ tube leaving exposed a continuous microfibrillar fabric from cyst to hyphal tube. Conceivably, the textural and structural differentiation of the cell wall may play a decisive role in cellular morphogenesis.
We've come a long way, maybe: College students' plans for work and family

Young men and women today face considerable choices as they plan for family and work. We explore college students' educational preparations, as well as their attitudes, orientations, and expectations for work and family. Although we find some changes toward a more gender-equal society, we also find potential conflicts which these individuals will have to face as they attempt to combine work and family roles. Women and men are doing equally well in college, both men and women have equal commitments to work roles, and both value family. However, both men and women expect that women will play a more prominent role in the family and men a stronger role in the workplace. The orientation and plans of these college students do not anticipate symmetrical relationships in which both men and women share household and work responsibilities.
Quantitative glomerular morphology of the normal and diabetic baboon kidney

This is a study of quantitative glomerular morphology in 14 normal and 6l ong-term diabetic female baboons between 3 and 25 years of age. In the normal female baboon, peripheral glomerular capillary basement membrane thickness increased until around 10 years of age, reached a plateau between 10 and 20 years of age, and possibly decreased at 25 years of age. Mean values for young (3 to 7 years of age) and older (10 to 25 years of age) controls were 266 nm and 329 nm respectively. Fractional volumes of mesangial matrix (8.9%) and mesangial cells (6.8%) were not affected by age. Glomerular basement membrane thickness and the volume of mesangial matrix increased progressively in female baboons with poorly controlled pancreatectomy-induced diabetes, while the volume of mesangial cells remained unchanged. After 106 to 145 months of diabetes, glomerular basement membrane thickness and the volume of mesangial matrix were 558 nm and 18.7% respectively. These values were significantly greater than those of the age-matched controls (p = < 0.05). By light and electron microscopy, the normal baboon glomerular morphology, morphometric measurements and changes with age were similar to those in man. The renal changes in diabetic baboons were also similar in morphology and rate of development to those of mild to moderate diffuse diabetic glomerulosclerosis in humans, indicating that the baboon is an ideal model for the long-term study of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. The presence of considerable interanimal variability in the degree of glomerulosclerosis attained after prolonged diabetes suggested that glomerulosclerosis progressed at different rates in these models. The reason for this was not apparent.
A note on point process analysis of Chinese earthquake data

In the analysis of Chinese earthquake history byLee andBrillinger (1979), the autointensity function of the earthquake sequence is estimated, based on a parametric model for the catalog inclusion probabilities. We show that an estimate of the autointensity function with essentially the same features can be obtained by smoothing the data to yield a nonparametric estimate of the inclusion probabilities. In addition, however, we illustrate that a somewhat less smooth estimate would lead to an autointensity function with little structure. The shape of the estimated autointensity function is hence dependent on the assumed smoothness of the inclusion probabilities. This is an issue which cannot be resolved statistically.
Analytical strategies for the global quantification of intact proteins

The quantification of intact proteins is a relatively recent development in proteomics. In eukaryotic organisms, proteins are present as multiple isoforms as the result of variations in genetic code, alternative splicing, post-translational modification and other processing events. Understanding the identities and biological functions of these isoforms and how their concentrations vary across different states is the central goal of proteomics. To date, the bulk of proteomics research utilizes a “bottom-up” approach, digesting proteins into their more manageable constitutive peptides, but sacrificing information about the specific isoform and combinations of post-translational modifications present on the protein. Very specific strategies for protein quantification such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot are commonplace in laboratories and clinics, but impractical for the study of global biological changes. Herein, we describe strategies for the quantification of intact proteins, their distinct advantages, and challenges to their employment. Techniques contained in this review include the more traditional and widely employed methodology of differential gel electrophoresis and more recently developed mass spectrometry-based techniques including metabolic labeling, chemical labeling, and label-free methodologies.
Fluoride activated stereoinformation transfer from a CSi bond of a chiral benzyl silane to CC bonds

Abstract Reactions of ( S )- N , N -diisopropyl- o -(1′-trimethylsilyl)ethyl benzamide ( 1 ) with benzaldehyde, p -anisaldehyde, and acetophenone activated by fluoride provide diastereomers of N , N -diisopropyl- o -(2′-alkyl-2′-aryl-2′-hydroxy)ethyl benzamides 2, 3 , and 4 with retention of configuration at the benzylic position in enantiomeric ratios of up to 90:10. Reactions of 1 with allyl bromide and allyl iodide in the presence of fluoride provides ( R )- N , N -diisopropyl- o -(1′-methyl)but-3′-enylbenzamide ( 5 ) with modest enantiomeric ratios. The results are interpreted as involving collapse of a siliconate complex.
Managing level of detail through head-tracked peripheral degradation: a model and resulting design principles

Previous work has demonstrated the utility of reductions in the level of detail (LOD) in the periphery of head-tracked, large field of view displays. This paper provides a psychophysically based model, centered around an eye/head movement tradeoff, that explains the effectiveness of peripheral degradation and suggests how peripherally degraded displays should be designed. An experiment evaluating the effect on search performance of the shape and area of the high detail central area (inset) in peripherally degraded displays was performed, results indicated that inset shape is not a significant factor in performance. Inset area, however, was significant: performance with displays subtending at least 30 degrees of horizontal and vertical angle was not significantly different from performance with an undegraded display. These results agreed with the proposed model.
Diversification, hedging, and “pacification”

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the roles of diversification, hedging, and a third risk‐reduction process – “pacification” – in risk finance.Design/methodology/approach – After briefly reviewing the concepts of diversification and hedging, a simple mathematical model is offered for reducing the standard deviation of a portfolio of traditional “insurance” and/or other financial risks.Findings – The findings show that: neither diversification nor hedging, by itself, can guarantee a reduction of a portfolio's standard deviation; diversification and hedging, taken together, are still insufficient to guarantee a reduction of a portfolio's standard deviation; but either diversification or hedging, taken together with pacification, is sufficient to guarantee a reduction of a portfolio's standard deviation.Originality/value – The paper provides a simple mathematical model for diversification and hedging, and also quantifies a further risk‐reduction process (pacification).
Branched-chain amino acid interactions with reference to amino acid requirements in adult men: valine metabolism at different leucine intakes

We explored whether the oxidation of valine and by implication the physiological requirement for this amino acid are affected by changes in leucine intake over a physiological range. Six young adult men received, in random order, four L-amino acid-based diets for 5 d supplying either 20 or 10 mg valine.kg body wt-1.d-1, each in combination with 80 or 40 mg leucine.kg-1.d-1. On day 6 subjects were studied with an 8-h continuous intravenous infusion of [1-13C]valine (and [2H3]leucine) to determine valine oxidation in the fasted state (first 3 h) and fed state (last 5 h). Valine oxidation in the fasted state was similar among all diets but was lower (P less than 0.05) in the fed state for the 10 vs 20 mg valine.kg-1.d-1 intake. Leucine intake did not affect valine oxidation. Mean daily valine balance approximated +1.3 mg.kg-1.d-1 for the 20-mg intake and -1.6 mg.kg-1.d-1 for the 10-mg intake. These findings support our previously suggested mean valine requirement estimate of approximately 20 mg.kg-1.d-1.
Range and mean distribution frequency of individual tooth width of the maxillary anterior dentition

UNLABELLED Proper diagnosis of tooth size for each patient is critical in treatment planning for aesthetic restorative dentistry. The goal of this study was to determine the clinically relevant range and mean distribution frequency of individual tooth width of the maxillary anterior dentition within a given population of patients. Mean values for restoration of tooth size were not interchangeable for the different group size of patients or respective tooth groups. The results of this study suggest that there exists a range value of maxillary anterior tooth width for both males and females. Gender differences are a critical factor in restoring an aesthetically pleasing smile. LEARNING OBJECTIVES This article will discuss the clinical significance of tooth biometry and distribution frequency, in which size for tooth restoration may vary among patients of different age, race, or sex. Upon reading this article, the reader should: Become more familiar with the range of individual tooth width of the maxillary anterior dentition and their mean distribution frequencies. Understand that gender differences may exist affecting the width of maxillary anterior teeth.
Pentafluorophenyl Diphenylphosphinate (FDPP)

[138687-69-1] C18H10F5PO2 (MW 384.25) InChI = 1S/C18H10F5O2P/c19-13-14(20)16(22)18(17(23)15(13)21)25-26(24,11-7-3-1-4-8-11)12-9-5-2-6-10-12/h1-10H InChIKey = OOWSDKUFKGVADH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as carboxyl activating group and coupling agent in a wide variety of amide bond formations) Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: white powder and chunks. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: decomposition occurs upon prolonged exposure to moisture in air. Storage in a cool dry place extends the life of the reagent. The toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated; however, hazardous combustion products may include, but are not limited to, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and phosphorus oxides. FDPP is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Physical Data: mp 47–50 °C Purification: silica gel chromatography (short column to minimize decomposition) eluting with 20% ethyl acetate in petroleum ether followed by drying under reduced pressure for 2 days over phosphorus pentoxide. Preparative Methods: FDPP can be conveniently prepared by mixing equimolar amounts of diphenylphosphinic chloride, pentafluorophenol, and imidazole in anhydrous CH2Cl2 at room temperature (eq 1).1 There are slight procedural variations in the literature as to order of addition and reaction duration.2, 3 It has been found that using an excess of the diphenylphosphinic chloride (1.5–2 equiv) to drive the reaction to completion simplifies the purification, as the residual hydrolyzed reagent adheres tightly to the silica gel column and is, therefore, easier to separate than residual pentafluorophenol.4 (1)
Achieving relevance in IS research via the DAGS framework

IS research should be both theoretically based and relevant to practice. We challenge the information systems community to develop and utilize new research methods and paradigms that help us improve not only IS theories, but also the contribution of IS research to business practice. To accomplish this dual goal of contributing to both theory and practice, which can at least in part be realized by more emphasis on the use of engineering and architecture as reference disciplines, we propose a new framework, the DAGS framework, which advocates the use of design science (D), action research (A), grounded theory (G), and systems development (S) in combination - a multi-methodological approach - as research methodologies.
Mutations in PAX3 that cause Waardenburg syndrome type I: ten new mutations and review of the literature

Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, dystopia canthorum, and pigmentary disturbances, and it represents the most common form of inherited deafness in infants. WS type I is characterized by the presence of dystopia canthorum, while individuals with WS type II have normally-located canthi. WS type III is similar to WS type I but is also characterized by musculoskeletal abnormalities. Defects in the PAX3 gene, a transcription factor expressed during embryonic development, have been shown to cause WS types I and III in several families. In contrast, mutations in PAX3 do not cause WS type II, and linkage of the disease to other chromosomal regions has been demonstrated. We describe 10 additional mutations in the PAX3 gene in families with WS type I. Eight of these mutations are in the region of PAX3, where only one mutation has been previously described. These mutations, together with those previously reported, cover essentially the entire PAX3 gene and represent a wide spectrum of mutations that can cause WS type I. Thus far, all but one of the mutations are private; only one mutation has been reported in two apparently unrelated families. Our analysis thus far demonstrates little correlation between genotype and phenotype; deletions of the entire PAX3 gene result in phenotypes indistinguishable from those associated with single-base substitutions in the paired domain or homeodomain of PAX3. Moreover, two similar mutations in close proximity can result in significantly different phenotypes, WS type I in one family and WS type III in another.
Designing a coprocessor for recurrent computations

We present the design of an application-specific coprocessor for algorithms that can be modeled as uniform recurrences or "uniformized" affine recurrences. The coprocessor has a regular array of processors connected to an access-unit for intermediate storage of data. The distinguishing feature of our approach is that we assume the coprocessor to be interfaced to a standard, slow (single-ported) memory with low bandwidth. Hence, good performance is achieved by effectively exploiting data locality in the applications by the compiler, and the final architecture is chosen by a tradeoff analysis driven by the mapping process. Preliminary results indicate that the coprocessor has significantly lower clock rates or higher performance than that of existing RISC processors and is cost-effective for executing loop computations. >
The use of self‐reports on sensitive behaviors in health program evaluation

The use of sensitive self-report data in the evaluation of contemporary health programs raises issues not addressed by textbooks.
Diffuse Liver Disease: Strategies for Hepatic CT and MR Imaging

The liver plays several complex but essential roles in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as synthesis of proteins. The basic pathophysiology of diffuse parenchymal hepatic diseases usually represents a failure in one of these metabolic pathways. Specific parenchymal diseases can be categorized as storage, vascular, and inflammatory diseases. Cross-sectional hepatic imaging techniques, specifically multidetector computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, have roles in evaluation of diffuse liver disease. The prominent role of multidetector CT is primarily defined by its excellent morphologic visualization capabilities, in particular of diffuse or focal intrahepatic lesions as well as of anatomic relationships between the liver and adjacent organs. The variety of available multidetector CT scanners covers a huge spectrum of detector configurations ranging from equally sized and equally spaced detector arrays to asymmetric detector configurations, resulting in imaging protocols with unique parameters for almost each multidetector CT system. In addition to 64-detector row imaging, hepatic multidetector CT can be performed with emerging techniques such as dual-energy CT. Hepatic MR imaging has been proved to be a comprehensive modality for assessing the morphology and functional characteristics of the liver. Concurrent technical improvements as well as implementation of advanced imaging sequence designs permit high-quality examination of the liver with T1-, T2-, and diffusion-weighted pulse sequences. Three basic demands remain if MR imaging is chosen for hepatic imaging: to improve parenchymal contrast, to suppress respiratory motion, and to ensure complete anatomic coverage. Supplemental material available at http://radiographics.rsna.org/content/29/6/1591/suppl/DC1.
Structural and mutational studies of organophosphorus hydrolase reveal a cryptic and functional allosteric-binding site ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Organophosphorus hydrolase detoxifies a broad range of organophosphate pesticides and the chemical warfare agents (CWAs) sarin and VX. Previously, rational genetic engineering produced OPH variants with 30-fold enhancements in the hydrolysis of CWA and their analogs. One interesting variant (H254R) in which the histidine at position 254 was changed to an arginine showed a 4-fold increase in the hydrolysis of demetonS (VX analog), a 14-fold decrease with paraoxon (an insecticide), and a 183-fold decrease with DFP (sarin analog). The three-dimensional structure of this enzyme at 1.9 A resolution with the inhibitor, diethyl 4-methylbenzylphosphonate (EBP), revealed that the inhibitor did not bind at the active site, but bound exclusively into a well-defined surface pocket 12 A away from the active site. This structural feature was accompanied by non-competitive inhibition of paraoxon hydrolysis by EBP with H254R, in contrast to the native enzyme, which showed competitive inhibition. These parallel structure–function characteristics identify a functional, allosteric site on the surface of this enzyme.
Fluorocarbon Aerosol Propellants XII: Correlation of Blood Levels of Trichloromonofluoromethane to Cardiovascular and Respiratory Responses in Anesthetized Dogs

Abstract Anesthetized mongrel dogs were exposed to various concentrations of trichloromonofluoromethane. Before, during, and after the inhalation, arterial and venous blood samples were obtained for fluorocarbon analysis. After the cessation of fluorocarbon inhalation, a multiexponential decline from the blood was observed. This finding was similar to that of a previous study in which the fluorocarbon was administered intravenously to unanesthetized dogs. The half-life calculated from the terminal phase was about 280 min, and the pseudodistribution equilibrium was reached about 100 min after dosing. Study of the relationship between blood fluorocarbon levels and effects on the respiration rate and arterial blood pressure indicates that the sites of these pharmacological activities are located in the blood or central compartment rather than in the peripheral compartment. The effect on the heart rate
Characterization of 25+ year survivors of cardiac transplantation.

t matter r 2013 International Society for Heart and Lung 16/j.healun.2013.01.1053 We conducted a single-center retrospective analysis of 20 consecutive patients at the University of Minnesota who survived at least 25 years after cardiac transplantation. Information regarding transplant recipients and donors was collected retrospectively from paper and electronic records after approval by the Institutional Review Board. For echocardiographic analysis, available echocardiograms were reanalyzed by an independent cardiologist. For right ventricular function, a score of 1 was normal, 2 was mildto-moderate dysfunction, and 3 was moderate-to-severe
Loss of Homeostatic Tension Induces Apoptosis in Tendon Cells: An In Vitro Study

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) has been identified as a histopathologic feature of tendinopathy. While the precise mechanism(s) that triggers the apoptotic cascade in tendon cells has not been identified, it has been theorized that loss of cellular homeostatic tension following microscopic damage to individual tendon fibrils could be the stimulus for initiating the pathologic events associated with tendinopathy. To determine if loss of homeostatic tension following stress deprivation could induce apoptosis in tendon cells, rat tail tendons were stress-deprived or cyclically loaded (3% strain at 0.17 Hz) for 24 hours under tissue culture conditions. Caspase-3 (an upstream mediator of apoptosis) mRNA expression was evaluated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and caspase-3 protein synthesis was identified using immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic cells were identified histologically using an antibody for single-stranded DNA. Stress deprivation for 24 hours resulted in an increase in caspase-3 mRNA expression when compared to fresh controls or cyclically loaded tendons. Stress deprivation also increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (10.59% ± 2.80) compared to controls (1.87% ± 1.07) or cyclically loaded tendons (3.73% ± 0.87). These data suggest loss of homeostatic tension following stress deprivation induces apoptosis in rat tail tendon cells.
Turning automata theory into a hands-on course

We present a hands-on approach to problem solving in the formal languages and automata theory course. Using the tool JFLAP, students can solve a wide range of problems that are tedious to solve using pencil and paper. In combination with the more traditional theory problems, students study a wider-range of problems on a topic. Thus, students explore the formal languages and automata concepts computationally and visually with JFLAP, and theoretically without JFLAP. In addition, we present a new feature in JFLAP, Turing machine building blocks. One can now build complex Turing machines by using other Turing machines as components or building blocks.
PLANT CELL MORPHOGENESIS: Plasma Membrane Interactions with the Cytoskeleton and Cell Wall

Because plants are composed of immobile cells, plant morphogenesis requires mechanisms allowing precise control of cell expansion and cell division patterns. Cortical domains, localized in response to directional cues, are of central importance in establishing cell polarity, orienting cell division, and determining daughter cell fates in a wide variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Such domains consist of localized macromolecular complexes that, in plant cells, provide spatial control of cell expansion and cell division functions. The role of the cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and targeted secretion to the cell wall in the spatial regulation of cell morphogenesis in plants is discussed in light of recent results from model organisms, including brown algal zygotes (e.g. Fucus). A general model, emphasizing the importance of cortical sites and targeted secretion, is proposed for morphogenesis in higher plant cells based on current knowledge and principles derived from analysis of the establishment of a stable cortical asymmetry in Fucus. The model illustrates mechanisms to direct the orientation of an asymmetric division resulting in daughter cells with different fates.
Robust H2 Synthesis for Dual-stage Multi-sensing Track-following Servo Systems in HDDs

This paper presents a robust H2 synthesis technique for designing a track-following servo system for a hard disk drive (HDD) product line. The goal is to design a single robust controller that minimizes the worst case H2 performance of an entire disk drive product line, assuming that dynamic variations in the product line (i.e. variations from one unit to another) are accurately characterized by affine variations in several of the actuator's model parameters, such as variations in the resonance frequency or damping ratio of a resonance mode. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method are discussed and an illustrative realistic example is presented
Stray light suppression in InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II FPA

Stray light in focal plane array (FPA) deteriorates the accuracy of hyper spectral imaging. Multiple reflections between FPA window and peripheral region of a sensor chip are considered to be the major sources of stray light. One idea for suppressing the stray light is to shield the incident light on the peripheral region of the sensor chip by narrowing the FPA window. However, it is limited by the tolerance of assembly. In this study we have examined an epoxy coating on the peripheral region such as ROIC contact pad area, AlN substrate and bonding wire. Sensor chip with InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II quantum well structures, which has the cut-off wavelength of 2.35 μm, 320×256 pixels were bonded to ROIC through indium bumps, assembled to AlN substrate and to a four stage TEC. To avoid the degradation by the stress to the chip and bonding wire, low elastic modulus epoxy was selected. Stray light suppression was confirmed by the sensor signal output of epoxy coated samples, 3% contrast improvement was achieved. Further, reliability test of 10,000 heat cycles between -75°C and 25°C was carried out. No degradations were found in sensor characteristics of the epoxy coated sample. These results suggest that the epoxy coating in SWIR FPA is effective in suppressing the stray light and suitable for hyper spectral imaging.
Examining moisture pathways and extreme precipitation in the U.S. Intermountain West using self-organizing maps.

Self-organizing maps (SOMs) were used to explore relationships between large-scale synoptic conditions, especially vertically integrated water vapor transport (IVT), and extreme precipitation events in the U.S. Intermountain West (IMW). By examining spatial patterns in the IVT, pathways are identified where moisture can penetrate into the IMW. A substantial number of extreme precipitation events in the IMW are associated with infrequently occurring synoptic patterns. The transition frequency between each of the SOM nodes, which indicate temporal relationships between the patterns, identified two synoptic settings associated with extreme precipitation in the IMW: (1) a landfalling, zonally propagating trough that results in a concentrated IVT band that moves southward as the system moves inland and (2) a southwesterly storm track associated with strong ridging over the coast that results in persistent IVT transport into the Pacific Northwest that can last for several days.
Space-filling designs for computer experiments: A review

[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] Improving the quality of a product/process using a computer simulator is a much less expensive option than the real physical testing. However, simulation using computationally intensive computer models ..
Keyboarding Printed Programs

I have read with much interest the article by Ibrahim and Trpis, pp. 253–255, the Bulletin, Vol. 32(4) and feel the need to comment briefly.