cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ritonavir and epidural triamcinolone as a cause of iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome.

Abstract Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor (PI) frequently prescribed with highly active antiretroviral therapy. It functions to boost the effectiveness of other PIs as a result of blocking their breakdown by the cytochrome P450 (3A4) pathway. Through this same mechanism, ritonavir has been shown to cause iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome (ICS) in patients using inhaled fluticasone. In addition, a small number of recent cases suggest that ritonavir may also cause this disorder by prolonging the duration of injected corticosteroids, such as triamcinolone. This case report presents a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patient taking ritonavir with ICS and secondary adrenal insufficiency, presumably due to systemic absorption and decreased metabolism of an epidural triamcinolone injection. To the authors knowledge, there have only been 4 previously reported cases describing ritonavir-potentiating ICS after receiving a corticosteroid epidural. This provides further proof that caution should be taken with nonparenteral use of triamcinolone in HIV patients on PIs.
Enhancing recovery from peripheral nerve injury using treadmill training

Full functional recovery after traumatic peripheral nerve injury is rare. We postulate three reasons for the poor functional outcome measures observed. Axon regeneration is slow and not all axons participate. Significant misdirection of regenerating axons to reinnervate inappropriate targets occurs. Seemingly permanent changes in neural circuitry in the central nervous system are found to accompany axotomy of peripheral axons. Exercise in the form of modest daily treadmill training impacts all three of these areas. Compared to untrained controls, regenerating axons elongate considerably farther in treadmill trained animals and do so via an autocrine/paracrine neurotrophin signaling pathway. This enhancement of axon regeneration takes place without an increase in the amount of misdirection of regenerating axons found without training. The enhancement also occurs in a sex-dependent manner. Slow continuous training is effective only in males, while more intense interval training is effective only in females. In treadmill trained, but not untrained mice the extent of coverage of axotomized motoneurons is maintained, thus preserving important elements of the spinal circuitry.
A Paleoecological History of the Late Precolonial and Postcolonial Mesohaline Chesapeake Bay Food Web

Geochemical (total nitrogen, total organic carbon, total phosphorus, total sulfur, and carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes) and selected biotic (diatom, foraminifera, polychaete) indicators preserved in two estuarine sediment cores from the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay provide a history of alterations in the food web associated with land-use change. One core from the mouth of the Chester River (CR) (collected in 2000) represents a 1,000-year record. The second core (collected in 1999), from the Chesapeake Bay’s main stem opposite the Choptank River (MD), represents a 500-year record. As European settlers converted a primarily forested landscape to agriculture, sedimentation rates increased, water clarity decreased, salinity decreased in some areas, and the estuarine food web changed into a predominantly planktonic system. Representatives of the benthic macrofaunal community (foraminifera and the polychaetes Nereis spp.) were affected by local changes before there were widespread landscape alterations. Nitrogen stable isotope records indicated that land-use changes affected nitrogen cycling beginning in the early 1700s. Extreme changes were evident in the mid-nineteenth century following widespread deforestation and since the mid-twentieth century reflecting heightened eutrophication as development increased in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Results also demonstrate how paleoecological records vary due to the degree of terrestrial inputs of freshwater runoff and nutrients at core locations within the Chesapeake Bay.
The effect of neuroticism on the recall of persistent low-back pain and perceived activity interference.

Abstract The assessment of persistent pain often relies on recalling and then summarizing the entire pain experience using a single rating. Newer methodologies, such as the Original Pain Recall Assessment, ask people to recall the pain they experienced over a specific period of time by tracing a single line in a graph to represent their pain levels. One advantage of this approach is that one can compare recalled levels of pain with actual daily diary pain ratings. This methodology was used to investigate the effects of neuroticism on the recall of levels and patterns of persistent pain. The study involved 70 participants who completed a measure of neuroticism, depressive symptoms, and up to 15 daily diaries that asked for ratings of pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and activity interference due to pain. Following completion of the daily diary period, the participants were asked to recall the entire diary period using the Original Pain Recall Assessment methodology. The analyses revealed that higher levels of neuroticism were related to significantly better recall of the variability of pain unpleasantness over time. Furthermore, individuals who reported higher levels of depressive symptoms were less accurate in the recall of pain in general. Perspective Memory for pain is crucial in the assessment of pain, with little research devoted to the study of this topic. The current study demonstrates that people higher on neuroticism had better recall of pain unpleasantness, and people with higher levels of depressive symptoms had poorer recall of pain in general.
Ribosomal Protein L9: A Structure Determination by the Combined Use of X-ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract The structure of protein L9 from the Bacillus stearothermophilus ribosome has been determined at 2.5 A resolution by refinement against single crystal X-ray diffraction data with additional constraints provided by NMR data. This highly elongated protein consists of two domains separated by a nine-turn connecting helix. Conserved aromatic and positively charged amino acid residues on the surface of each domain are likely to be directly involved in binding 23 S ribosomal RNA. The shape of the protein, with its two widely spaced RNA-binding sites, suggests that it may serve as a “molecular strut”, most likely playing a role in ribosome assembly and/or maintaining the catalytically active conformation of the ribosomal RNA. The combined use of X-ray and NMR data in the refinement procedure was essential in defining the N-terminal domain of the protein, which was relatively poorly determined by the X-ray data alone. In addition to resolving the ambiguities in defining the hydrophobic core and side-chain conformations with the N-terminal domain, this combined NMR – X-ray analysis provides the first detailed and accurate view of the N-terminal RNA-binding site. NMR data also showed that the N-terminal domain is stable in solution, indicated by amide protons that are protected from solvent exchange. The lack of definition of the N-terminal domain in the X-ray structure is therefore likely due to packing disorder within the crystal rather than structural instability. This combined NMR – X-ray analysis provides a useful model as to how X-ray and NMR data can be practically and logically combined in the determination of the structure of a single protein molecule.
A New Species of Peromyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from Coahuila, Mexico

A new species of Peromyscus occurring in central Coahuila, Mexico, is named and described. Characters of the skull, skin, phallus, and karyotype are discordant regarding its relationship within the genus. Grayish coloration, long tail, large auditory bullae, and small phallus are distinctive.
Catalytic hydrodesulfurization by supported bimetallic sulfide cluster catalysts

Abstract The synthesis, characterization, and thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activities of novel organometallic sulfide cluster catalysts are presented. The catalysts are composed of H 2 SRu 3 (CO) 9 , HSRu 2 Co(CO) 9 , SRuCo 2 (CO) 9 , and [(CO 3 S 2 (CO) 7 ] 2 supported on carbon and -γAl 2 O 3 . Although the clusters decompose at industrial HDS temperatures, the catalytic properties of the cluster catalysts at lower temperatures depend on the ratio of ruthenium and cobalt. Temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD) of the supported clusters in flowing hydrogen was monitored using FT-IR and mass spectrometry (MS). Temperatures of decomposition (as determined by the maximum rate of CO evolution) follow the order H 2 SRu 3 (CO) 9 ⪢HSRu 2 Co(CO) 9 ⪢SRuCo 2 (CO) 9 ⪢[Co 3 S 2 (CO) 7 ] 2 . Significant amounts of H 2 O are detected as products of cluster decomposition on alumina. TPD/MS data of H 2 SRu 3 (CO) 9 labeled with C 18 O indicate that the H 2 O evolved is mostly formed from the alumina surface and not from cluster-bound carbonyls. Kinetics measurements at 150 °C show that the mixed-metal cluster catalysts are more active for thiophene desulfurization than catalysts containing only one metal component. This trend is reversed at higher temperatures and for catalysts sulfided at 400 °C; that is, the mixed-metal catalysts are less active for thiophene desulfurization than catalysts containing only one metal component. The carbon-supported cluster catalysts are more active for thiophene hydrodesulfurization and more selective for butane formation than catalysts supported on γ-Al 2 O 3 .
Fertility of Bull Spermatozoa Frozen in Whole Milk Extender with Trehalose, Taurine, or Blood Serum

Fertility of bull semen processed in heated whole milk-glycerol control semen extender with various additives was compared in six field trials. The additive in field trials 1 and 2 was 25.6 g of trehalose/L of the glycerol fraction of whole milk. Whole milk was heated to 95 degrees C for 10 min, cooled, and filtered 1 d before use (trial 1) or 3 d before use (trial 2). In field trial 3, 3.0 g/L of taurine were added to the glycerol fraction of whole milk. In field trial 4, specially prepared bovine serum (15% vol/vol) was included in the glycerol fraction of whole milk. Field trials 5 and 6 were larger fertility studies with trehalose in extenders prepared the day before use (trial 5) and 1 and 3 d before use (trial 6). Control and treated semen were coded and distributed randomly over a large group of professional inseminators. The 59-d nonreturn rates for control and treated semen, respectively, were as follows: trial 1, 74.1 and 73.7%; trial 2, 71.3 and 73.1%; trial 3, 74.9 and 70.9%; and trial 4, 75.1 and 71.6%. No significant differences resulted in trials 1 to 3, but bovine serum decreased the non-return rate in trial 4. Trials 5 and 6 resulted in nonsignificant improvement in fertility with added trehalose. Thus, these additives, useful as cryopreservatives or membrane protectors in other systems, did not enhance the fertility of sperm frozen in whole milk.
Parametric sensitivity in tubular polymerization reactors

Abstract A recent technique for studying the parametric sensitivity of chemical reactors is applied to tubular chain homopolymerization reactors. The sensitivities of the temperature maxima with respect to various parameters of the model are computed. Using conditions typically encountered for high-pressure polyethylene systems, it is found that the temperature sensitivities with respect to all the nine parameters have their maxima at approximately the same value of the feed initiator concentration, thus leading to a generalized sensitivity-based constraint for design. It is also found that, under usual conditions of operation, no significant design constraints on the feed temperature are indicated. Detailed sensitivity plots are presented, which could be used to obtain “safe” operating conditions. The effects of changing the most important parameters, the dimensionless heat of reaction and the dimensionless activation energy (ϵ), on the sensitivity envelope are also investigated. Our studies reveal that better estimates of ϵ than are available presently are required. Sensitivities of the number-average chain length maxima with respect to the same nine parameters are also computed. Under conditions where the steady-state hypothesis applies, estimates of these sensitivities can be obtained analytically. However, for the usual values of the parameters, and close to “sensitive” values of the feed initiator concentration, this hypothesis does not apply, and the chain length sensitivities need to be obtained numerically. In the absence of the gel effect, chain length sensitivities do not usually provide design constraints because of the very low monomer conversions encountered.
A model for type checking: with an application to ALGOL 60

Most current programming languages treat computation over different classes of objects (e.g. numbers, strings, labels and functions). For correct compilation and execution, the following question then arises: is a program properly constructed so that its operations and operands are compatible? The activity of answering this question is usually called type checking.This paper attempts to isolate the notion of type checking and presents a partial solution to the type checking problem based on the notions of abstraction and application of functions. In particular, a program is mapped into an expression within a decideable subset of the l-calculus, which characterizes the type relations within the program and eliminates all other information. The determination of the type-wise correctness or incorrectness of the program is resolved by reducing its corresponding l-calculus expression to one of two normal forms, the constant “correct” for a type-wise correct program or the constant “error.”An application to type checking in Algol 60 is made, and the attendant problems faced for any notion of type checking are discussed.
Decision Theory Applied to an Instrumental Variables Model

This paper applies some general concepts in decision theory to a simple instrumental variables model. There are two endogenous variables linked by a single structural equation; k of the exogenous variables are excluded from this structural equation and provide the instrumental variables (IV). The reduced-form distribution of the endogenous variables conditional on the exogenous variables corresponds to independent draws from a bivariate normal distribution with linear regression functions and a known co-variance matrix. A canonical form of the model has parameter vector (p, (o, w), where O is the parameter of interest and is normalized to be a point on the unit circle. The reduced-form coefficients on the instrumental variables are split into a scalar parameter p and a parameter vector ω, which is normalized to be a point on the (k - 1)-dimensional unit sphere; p measures the strength of the association between the endogenous variables and the instrumental variables, and w is a measure of direction. A prior distribution is introduced for the IV model. The parameters O, p, and ω are treated as independent random variables. The distribution for O is uniform on the unit circle; the distribution for w is uniform on the unit sphere with dimension k - 1. These choices arise from the solution of a minimax problem. The prior for p is left general. It turns out that given any positive value for p, the Bayes estimator of O does not depend on p; it equals the maximum-likelihood estimator. This Bayes estimator has constant risk; because it minimizes average risk with respect to a proper prior, it is minimax. The same general concepts are applied to obtain confidence intervals. The prior distribution is used in two ways. The first way is to integrate out the nuisance parameter w in the IV model. This gives an integrated likelihood function with two scalar parameters, O and p. Inverting a likelihood ratio test, based on the integrated likelihood function, provides a confidence interval for O. This lacks finite sample optimality, but invariance arguments show that the risk function depends only on p and not on O or w. The second approach to confidence sets aims for finite sample optimality by setting up a loss function that trades off coverage against the length of the interval. The automatic uniform priors are used for O and ω, but a prior is also needed for the scalar p, and no guidance is offered on this choice. The Bayes rule is a highest posterior density set. Invariance arguments show that the risk function depends only on p and not on O or ω. The optimality result combines average risk and maximum risk. The confidence set minimizes the average-with respect to the prior distribution for p-of the maximum risk, where the maximization is with respect to O andω.
Models for the analysis of alternative sources of growth in correlated stochastic variables

An approach to the analysis of multivariate time series is presented in which linear structural relationships among multiple stochastic variables are investigated. A number of alternative structural models are considered for the case of two stochastic variables. Each model represents a possible hypothesis concerning the relationship of growth in one variable to growth in the second. Both symmetric and asymmetric models are considered. Extensions of two of the models to three variables are illustrated by means of a numerical example. Implications of the models for the problem of detecting change in multivariate time series are discussed.
Diffusive and bulk flow transport in polymers

The transport properties of polymer membranes in various forms which have a wide variety of practical applications, such as ultrafiltration, dialysis and blood oxygenation, depend upon the structure (homogeneous or heterogeneous) and the transport characteristics of the membrane material. Among many possible driving forces of transport, the pressure gradient and the concentration gradient are considered to be the most general forces encountered in practical use of polymer membranes. The transport of various permeants (gas, dissolved gas, liquid solvent, and solute) through porous and homogeneous (nonporous) polymer membranes under these driving forces is discussed. In the absence of a pressure gradient, the transport of permeants can be described as diffusion, regardless of the permeant phase and the membrane structure. In the presence of a pressure gradient, the transport of permeants may occur by diffusion and/or bulk flow of the permeants, depending upon the membrane structure and the nature of the permeant. In homogeneous membranes, many noninteracting permeants such as gases and nonsolvent vapors permeate by diffusion under applied pressure gradient: however, solvent in homogeneously swollen membranes moves by bulk flow and the diffusion depending on the degree of swelling of the membrane. In heterogeneous membranes under applied pressure, most permeants move by bulk flow.
Raman magnetic resonance

A method for continuous coherence transfer in magnetic resonance is proposed and demonstrated with real-time detection of a double-quantum NMR coherence. The technique, which has implications for a broad range of magnetic resonance experiments, is related to effects observed in the study of coherent optical transients.
A Comparison of Acoustic Reflex and Loudness Growth in Normal and Pathological Ears

This study compares acoustic reflex growth and loudness growth at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz. Two groups of 10 subjects each were tested: a group with normal hearing, and a group with a unilateral hear...
Induction of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Expression by Anaerobes Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common disorder characterized by increased levels of anaerobic bacteria in the genital tract. BV has been associated with an increased rate of sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The effects of BV-associated anaerobic bacteria on HIV expression in monocytoid cells and T cells were examined. Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus and Prevotella bivia stimulated HIV expression in monocytoid cells, whereas Bacteroides ureolyticus, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Lactobacillus acidophilus did not enhance HIV expression. P. asaccharolyticus also enhanced HIV expression in T cells and activated HIV long-terminal-repeat transcription in U38 cells. This report suggests a mechanism by which disturbances in vaginal flora could lead to a higher rate of sexual transmission of HIV. Furthermore, this study supports the idea that treatment of BV might serve as a preventive measure to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.
Systolic architecture for solving NP-hard combinatorial problems of logic design and related areas

A new approach to solving various NP-hard problems in logic synthesis, logic programming, graph theory, and related areas is presented. A problem to be solved is reduced to solving one or several generic combinatorial problems; this is called generalized propositional formula (GPF) minimization. A special massively parallel computer architecture for GPF minimization is discussed. The architecture is composed of a host computer and a data-flow tree of processors (Boolean product processor, or BPP). Each BPP consists of a product management unit and a sorting and absorbing architecture. >
Analysis of vertical distributions and effective flight layers of insects: three-dimensional simulation of flying insects and catch at trap heights.

ABSTRACT The mean height and standard deviation (SD) of flight is estimated for over 100 insect species from their catches on several trap heights reported in the literature. The iterative equations for calculating mean height and SD are presented. The mean flight height for 95% of the studies varied from 0.17 to 5.40 m, and the SD from 0.12 to 3.83 m. The relationship between SD and mean flight height (X) was SD = 0.711X-0.7849, n = 123, R 2 = 0.63. In addition, the vertical trap catches were fit to normal distributions and analyzed for skew and kurtosis. The SD was used to calculate an effective flight layer used in transforming the spherical effective attraction radius (EAR) of pheromone-baited traps into a circular EARc for use in two-dimensional encounter rate models of mass trapping and mating disruption using semiochemicals. The EAR/EARc also serves to reveal the attractive strength and efficacy of putative pheromone blends. To determine the reliability of mean flight height and SD calculations fro...
A Note on Luffing in Sails

An approximate theory is presented that accurately predicts the threshold of stability in a simple sail.
Intermodulation Distortion in Epitaxial Y-Ba-Cu-O Thick Films and Multilayers

We report intermodulation distortion (IMD) in high-quality epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) thick films and multilayers prepared by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) using multiple targets. Two sets of films were prepared: single-layer and multilayer YBCO films in which a 20-nm-thick CeO2 inter layer is inserted between every 100-nm-thick YBCO layer. With increasing YBCO thickness from 200 nm to 1200 nm, single-layer films exhibited improvement of IMD, whereas multilayer films showed degradation of IMD. Similarly, YBCO crystalline quality in single-layer films was improved with increasing the thickness, while that in multi-layers films degraded. These results suggest that there is a strong correlation between crystalline quality and IMD for YBCO films. The comparison of experimental data with the theory of IMD suggests that improving crystalline quality is essential for YBCO films with thickness greater than 1 mum to achieve an intrinsic nonlinear behavior. PLD using multiple targets is a very useful method to grow thick YBCO films with high crystalline quality and low IMD.
Surgical and endovascular intervention for infrainguinal vein graft stenosis.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stenosis-free patency of open repair (vein-patch angioplasty, interposition, jump grafting) and percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) of 144 vein graft stenoses that were detected during duplex scan surveillance after infrainguinal vein bypass grafting. Methods: Patients who underwent revision of an infrainguinal vein bypass graft were analyzed for type of vein conduit, vascular laboratory findings leading to revision, repair techniques, assisted graft patency rate, procedure mortality rate, and restenosis of the repair site. Results: The time of postoperative revision ranged from 1 day to 133 months (mean, 13 months). One hundred eighteen primary and 26 recurrent stenoses (peak systolic velocity, >300 cm/s) in 52 tibial and 35 popliteal vein bypass grafts were identified by means of duplex scanning. The repairs consisted of 77 open procedures (vein-patch angioplasty, 28; vein interposition, 33; jump graft, 9; primary repair, 3) and 67 PTAs. No patient died as a result of intervention. Cumulative assisted graft patency rate (life-table analysis) was 91% at 1 year and 80% at 3 years. At 2 years, cumulative assisted graft patency rate was comparable for saphenous vein grafts (reversed, 94%; in situ, 88%; nonreversed, 63%) and alternative vein grafts (89%). Stenosis-free patency rate at 2 years was identical ( P = .55) for surgical intervention (63%) and endovascular intervention (63%) but varied with type of surgical revision ( P = .04) and time of intervention ( 4 months, 71%; P = .006). The use of duplex scan–monitored PTA to treat focal stenoses ( 3 months) was associated with a stenosis-free patency rate that was 89% at 1 year. After intervention, the alternative vein bypass grafts necessitated twice the reinterventions per month of graft survival ( P = .01). Bypass graft to the popliteal versus infrageniculate arteries, site of graft stenosis (vein conduit, anastomotic region), and repair of a primary versus a recurrent stenosis did not influence the outcome after intervention. Conclusion: The revision of duplex scan–detected vein graft stenosis with surgical or endovascular techniques was associated with an excellent patency rate, including when intervention on alternative vein conduits or treatment of restenosis was necessary. When PTA was selected on the basis of clinical and duplex scan selection criteria, the endovascular treatment of focal vein graft stenosis was effective, durable, and comparable with the surgical revision of more extensive lesions. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:60-71.)
The efficient computation of ownership sets in HPF

Ownership sets are fundamental to the partitioning of program computations across processors by the owner-computes rule. These sets arise due to the mapping of arrays onto processors. In this paper, we focus on how ownership sets can be efficiently determined in the context of the HPF language and show how the structure of these sets can be symbolically characterized in the presence of arbitrary array alignment and array distribution directives. Our starting point is a system of equalities and inequalities due to Ancourt et al. (1995) that captures the array mapping problem in HPF. We arrive at a refined system that enables us to efficiently solve for the ownership set using the Fourier-Motzkin Elimination technique and that requires the course vector as the only auxiliary vector. The formulation makes it possible to enumerate the elements of the ownership set exactly once, a feature that is very beneficial when such sets are applied to handle DO loops qualified by HPF's INDEPENDENT directive. We develop important and general properties pertaining to HPF alignments and distributions and show how they can be used to eliminate redundant communication due to array replication. Polynomial-time schemes that determine whether the ownership set of a particular processor, with respect to some array, is the empty set or whether the ownership set of every processor, with respect to some array, is the empty set, are presented. We show how distribution directives with unspecified processor meshes can be efficiently handled at compile time. We also show how to avoid the generation of communication code when pairs of array references are ultimately mapped onto the same processors. Experimental data demonstrating the improved code performance that the latter optimization enables is presented and discussed.
Domain structure of epitaxial PbTiO3 films grown on vicinal(001) SrTiO3.

Epitaxial PbTiO3 films have been grown on vicinal (001) SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. Vicinal SrTiO3 substrates with misorientations up to 9° from (001) were used, and the influence of the direction of misorientation on the resulting domain structure was studied. 4-circle x-ray diffraction analysis indicates that thin (40 nm) PbTiO3 films are completely c-axis oriented [rocking curve full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 0.25° for the 002 reflection] and that thicker films (∼ 200 nm) contain mixed a-axis and c-axis PbTiO3 domains due to twinning along {011} planes. The [100] axis of the a-axis domains is misoriented by 2.1° to 3.3° toward 〈100〉 substrate directions with respect to the substrate normal. In contrast to growth on well-oriented (001) SrTiO3 surfaces where the four equivalent tilts of the [100] axis of the a-axis domains are equally likely, on vicinal SrTiO3 the a-axis domains are preferentially oriented in an uphill direction with respect to the crystallographic miscut.
Apoptosis Detection for Non-adherent Cells in Time-lapse Phase Contrast Microscopy

This paper proposes a vision-based method for detecting apoptosis (programmed cell death), which is essential for non-perturbative monitoring of cell expansion. Our method targets non-adherent cells, which float or are suspended freely in the culture medium—in contrast to adherent cells, which are attached to a petri dish. The method first detects cell regions and tracks them over time, resulting in the construction of cell tracklets. For each of the tracklets, visual properties of the cell are then examined to know whether and when the tracklet shows a transition from a live cell to a dead cell, in order to determine the occurrence and timing of a cell death event. For the validation, a transductive learning framework is adopted to utilize unlabeled data in addition to labeled data. Our method achieved promising performance in the experiments with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) populations, which are currently in clinical use for rescuing hematopoietic function during bone marrow transplants.
How emotion shapes religious cultures: A synthesis of cognitive theories of religion and emotion theory

This paper proposes that the transmission of common religious concepts—such as witches, hostile spirits, benevolent gods, and ancestors—is facilitated by the trajectory of the human emotional response. Because these religious concepts become associated with existentially relevant components of emotional themes they are likely to be internalized, recalled, transmitted, and institutionalized. Emotion is here treated as an evolved, and universally inherited, social heuristic that modulates interpersonal perception and action. Benevolent and malevolent religious entities and associated practices are posited as supernatural extensions of an imagined social world that is partially predicated on, and made meaningful by, the interpretive and motivational functions of emotion. While cultural psychology tends to focus on how culture shapes psychology, this paper begins to construct a theoretical framework that views culture and psychology as mutually constitutive.
Out of Place Racial Stereotypes and the Ecology of Frisks and Searches Following Traffic Stops

Objectives:Test hypotheses drawn from Smith and Alpert’s social conditioning theory that explains biased policing as the result of implicit racial stereotypes. Distinguishing between frisks and searches, we hypothesize that (1) Black drivers are more likely than White drivers to be frisked and searched; (2) racial disparity is greater in frisks than searches; (3) racial disparity in frisks, but not searches, is conditional upon the racial composition of the community; and (4) that drivers’ race is not related to the productivity of searches.Methods:Data are all traffic stops made by the Rhode Island State Police in 2006, exclusive of those in which a search was mandatory. Multinomial and binary logistic regressions are employed to estimate models of frisks, searches, search productivity, and to test the conditional effect of community context.Results:Each of the four hypotheses is supported.Conclusion:Biased policing is largely the product of implicit stereotypes that are activated in contexts in which Bl...
Method for characterization of hysteresis in two dimensions

This paper deals with the problem of identifying the Preisach and threshold functions characterizing a mathematical model of hysteresis based on bistable relays in two dimensions. The main task in this identification problem is to find the set of experiments that provide sufficient information for the computation of these functions. It is shown that measurements of the aggregate magnetization made after partial reversals at zero value of the magnetic field provide the required information.
Abdominal temperature changes during male sexual arousal.

The present study explored the feasibility of using temperature measurement from a non-genital location to assess sexual arousal. Based upon analyses conducted with thermographic techniques, it was hypothesized that abdominal skin cooling would occur during sexual arousal. In 2 sessions, 6 male subjects were shown low, moderate, and high arousing erotic films. Simultaneous measures of abdominal temperature, penile circumference, and subjective arousal were taken. Results indicate that while decreases in skin temperature were seen during arousal, thermister data did not correlate well with tumescence or subjective arousal ratings. It would appear that thermography and temperature measurement might be most fruitfully employed to explore basic physiological processes involved in sexual arousal, since continuous temperature measures do not appear sensitive enough for use in typical sex research paradigms.
Landscape genetics of high mountain frog metapopulations.

Explaining functional connectivity among occupied habitats is crucial for understanding metapopulation dynamics and species ecology. Landscape genetics has primarily focused on elucidating how ecological features between observations influence gene flow. Functional connectivity, however, may be the result of both these between-site (landscape resistance) landscape characteristics and at-site (patch quality) landscape processes that can be captured using network based models. We test hypotheses of functional connectivity that include both between-site and at-site landscape processes in metapopulations of Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) by employing a novel justification of gravity models for landscape genetics (eight microsatellite loci, 37 sites, n = 441). Primarily used in transportation and economic geography, gravity models are a unique approach as flow (e.g. gene flow) is explained as a function of three basic components: distance between sites, production/attraction (e.g. at-site landscape process) and resistance (e.g. between-site landscape process). The study system contains a network of nutrient poor high mountain lakes where we hypothesized a short growing season and complex topography between sites limit R. luteiventris gene flow. In addition, we hypothesized production of offspring is limited by breeding site characteristics such as the introduction of predatory fish and inherent site productivity. We found that R. luteiventris connectivity was negatively correlated with distance between sites, presence of predatory fish (at-site) and topographic complexity (between-site). Conversely, site productivity (as measured by heat load index, at-site) and growing season (as measured by frost-free period between-sites) were positively correlated with gene flow. The negative effect of predation and positive effect of site productivity, in concert with bottleneck tests, support the presence of source–sink dynamics. In conclusion, gravity models provide a powerful new modelling approach for examining a wide range of both basic and applied questions in landscape genetics.
Central nervous system chemokine expression during Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus is an endemic murine pathogen that induces a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in susceptible mouse strains. The disease is characterized by central nervous system mononuclear cell infiltration and presents as chronic, progressive paralysis. The expression of CC and C-x-C chemokines in the central nervous system of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-infected mice was examined throughout the disease course by ELISA and RT-PCR analysis. Centralnervous system expression of MCP-1 and MIP-la protein was evident by day 11post Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of SJL mice andcontinued throughout disease progression. MIP-la, RANTES, MCP-1, C10, IP-10, and MIP-lD mRNA was specifically expressed in the central nervous systemand not the periphery following Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virusinfection. This was associated with development of clinical disease. These datasuggest that the expression of multiple chemokines at particula...
Developing asymmetry identified on mammography: Correlation with imaging outcome and pathologic findings

OBJECTIVE. Developing asymmetry on mammography is a focal asymmetric deposit that has appeared or increased in size or conspicuity since a previous examination. We examined the frequency, imaging outcome, and pathologic significance of developing asymmetry.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study was performed in a retrospective cohort manner. We searched for all cases of developing asymmetry consecutively entered in our mammography database from April 1985 to April 2005. We examined radiology records to determine whether sonography and MRI were used as adjunctive diagnostic tools and examined pathology records to determine tissue diagnosis.RESULTS. Developing asymmetry was present in 292 (0.16%) of 180,801 consecutive screening examinations and 32 (0.11%) of 27,330 consecutive diagnostic examinations. After exclusion for absent data, the study consisted of 281 screening and 30 diagnostic cases. In the 281 cases of screening-detected developing asymmetry, biopsy was recommended and was performed in 84 (29.9%) of...
A distributed approach to taming peak demand

A significant portion of all energy capacity is wasted in over-provisioning to meet peak demand. The current state-of-the-art in reducing peak demand requires central authorities to limit device usage directly, and are generally reactive. We apply techniques drawn from established distributed computing principles to propose a novel and proactive solution to decentralize management of demand and to provide a more scalable and resilient approach to reducing overall peak demand. We demonstrate that such a system approaches the performance of an ideal centralized control authority, and experimentally demonstrate a 10–25% reduction in peak energy demand under conservative assumptions. Under worst-case demand scenarios, our approach has the potential to reduce peak demand by 65–85%.
Materials for semiconductor devices that can bend, fold, twist, and stretch

New methods for the synthesis and deterministic assembly of advanced classes of nanomaterials enable integration of high-performence semiconductors with elastomeric substrates. These capabilities provide the foundations for a high-performance electronic and optoelectronic technology that can offer linear elastic mechanical responses to large strain deformations. The results create new opportunities in materials and device engineering, with important consequences in fields ranging from biomedicine to machine vision. This article summarizes the key materials science concepts and presents illustrative examples of their recent use in injectable, cellularscale optoelectronic devices and in hemispherical compound eye cameras.
To ATP or not to ATP: this is the question.

Volume 131, No. 2, February 4, 2008. Pages [105–108][1]. The original version of this commentary contained citation errors. Citations of Bennetts et al., 2001, should have been Bennetts et al., 2007, with the exception of page 106, right column, line 30. The full Bennetts et al., 2007, reference
Online Development of Assistive Robot Behaviors for Collaborative Manipulation and Human-Robot Teamwork

Collaborative robots that operate in the same immediate environment as human workers have the potential to improve their co-workers' efficiency and quality of work. In this paper we present a taxonomy of assistive behavior types alongside methods that enable a robot to learn assistive behaviors from interactions with a human collaborator during live activity completion. We begin with a brief survey of the state of the art in human-robot collaboration. We proceed to focus on the challenges and issues surrounding the online development of assistive robot behaviors. Finally, we describe approaches for learning when and how to apply these behaviors, as well as for integrating them into a full end-to-end system utilizing techniques derived from the learning from demonstration, policy iteration, and task network communities.
Selecting, Planning, and Deploying SME Broadband-based Information Services, Applications, and Technologies

The existing and emerging information technologies discussed in Chap. 4 demonstrate how information technologies can be used to provide a competitive advantage and add value to SME businesses. This chapter describes what SMEs should consider and what they need to know once they decide to use information technologies. It is not a “how to” step-by-step manual, but a guide to what questions SMEs should ask and which decisions they need to make as they first select the right information technologies for their business and then plan and deploy them.
Impact of Natural Enemies on the Blackmargined Pecan Aphid, Monellia caryella (Homoptera: Aphidae)

Populations of the blackmargined pecan aphid, Monellia caryella (Fitch), were studied in the field, using sleeve cages to manipulate aphid populations and their natural enemies. Each cage enclosed 10 compound pecan leaves. M. caryella populations were observed to increase rapidly within closed cages from 1 aphid per leaf to 50 aphids per leaf at any time throughout the summer. Opening sleeve cages to allow natural enemies access to the increasing aphid populations always resulted in the decline of aphid numbers compared to their activity in adjacent closed cages. Release of 1 chrysopid or 1 coccinellid larvae per 10 leaves when aphid populations were increasing in closed cages always resulted in the prevention of an aphid outbreak. Laboratory feeding studies of selected chrysopid and coccinellid predators showed average feeding rates of between 25 and 60 aphids per day. Results indicate that natural enemies, particularly predators, play an important role in maintaining M. caryella populations at low levels in the field.
Building Air Service Sustainability: Analytical Approach to Documenting Air Carrier Incentive Programs in Airport Sustainability Plans:

Airport operators occupy the complex space between managing a major economic generator for their region and operating a piece of municipal infrastructure that generates significant environmental emissions. Airport operators document airport environmental impacts and economic vitality and development, as well as study initiatives to improve in these areas in airport sustainability plans. However, neither airport sustainability planning guidance nor plans in practice document the economic or environmental impacts of air carrier incentive programs, which are municipal and airport-funded programs to waive fees for airlines launching new routes. As air carrier incentive programs (or airline incentive programs) are a mechanism through which airports and cities invest in growth and economic development while contributing to the environmental impacts of their airport, these programs are a natural fit for study within the structure of airport sustainability plans. This study presents a methodology for estimating t...
Cannabinoid 1 receptor knockout mice display cold allodynia, but enhanced recovery from spared-nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity

BackgroundThe function of the Cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) in the development of neuropathic pain is not clear. Mounting evidence suggest that CB1R expression and activation may contribute to pain...
Increase in specific opsonic activity in bovine milk following experimental Escherichia coli mastitis.

An infection in a single bovine mammary quarter with a capsulated Escherichia coli stimulated a long lasting opsonic activity for the phagocytosis and killing of the homologous strain by polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The induced activity was associated with increases in the IgM fraction and an appearance of activity in the IgG2, fraction. The capsular polysaccharide was the major inducing antigen, with the immune whey showing opsonic activity for other strains of E coli with antigenically similar capsules.
Factors that impact choice of antidepressant treatment in medically complex patients.

In medically complex patients with multiple comorbid illnesses who require concomitant medications, selecting the optimal antidepressant (ie, low risk of adverse effects and/or pharmacokinetic interactions) for an individual patient is critical for positive long-term patient outcomes. The serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are increasingly being used as first-line treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD) and may prove beneficial for treatment of medically complex patients. Thus, it is key for clinicians to evaluate the differences in the pharmacokinetic and tolerability profiles of the SNRI class of antidepressants, evaluating differences both within the class and compared with other antidepressants used to treat MDD.
Compliance-Gaining and Power in Persuasion

(1983). Compliance-Gaining and Power in Persuasion. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 7, Communication Yearbook 7, pp. 105-145.
Novel Power Delivery Noise Mitigation Scheme Using Negatively Coupled Inductors

Noise coupling between different circuits powered by a single voltage regulator needs to be mitigated for functionality and performance targets like speed and jitter. This paper presents the idea of using negatively coupled inductors to suppress noise coupled between loads. Mathematical description of a simple two load case is used to illustrate efficacy and derive design guidelines. Circuit topologies with principles to generate minimal realizations for arbitrary number of loads are explained. Transient and frequency domain simulation results validate the theory presented showing up to 75% coupled noise mitigation and 30% overall noise reduction. Passive structures for realization on standard printed circuit board and substrate technology are included along with sample 3D-extraction results to establish their applicability.
Dual null steering and limited beam peak steering using a triple mode microstrip patch antenna

A triple mode microstrip patch antenna has been studied for more than one null steering and limited beam peak steering purposes. The antenna consists of circular microstrip patch, and two concentrating annular rings around it. The circular patch supports TM11 mode while the rings operates in TM21 and TM31 modes, respectively. By controlling the radiating mode's amplitude and phase ratios, far field radiation pattern of this antenna can be reconfigured. Simulation studies show that the radiation pattern has two nulls which can be steered independently and is highly desired feature for an antijamming antenna. Full hemispherical null steering along with limited beam peak steering has been observed.