cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A single polymorphism disrupts the killer Ig-like receptor 2DL2/2DL3 D1 domain.

Genetic polymorphisms found in the killer Ig-like receptor ( KIR ), two domains, long cytoplasmic tail 2/3 ( KIR2DL2/3 ) locus are responsible for the differential binding of KIR2DL2/3 allelic products with their HLA-C ligands and have been associated with the resolution of hepatitis C infection. In our study, a KIR CD3ζ fusion-binding assay did not detect any interaction between the KIR2DL2 * 004 extracellular domain and several putative KIR2DL2/3 ligands. To determine the amino acid polymorphism(s) responsible for the KIR2DL2 * 004 phenotype, we mutated the polymorphic residues of full-length KIR and expressed them in human Jurkat cells. Flow cytometry analysis failed to detect the surface expression of receptors containing a threonine at position 41 (T41), a polymorphism specific to KIR2DL2 * 004 . Confocal microscopy showed that receptors containing T41 were retained inside the cell and had a perinuclear localization, possibly indicating that their extracellular domain was misfolded. Most KIR2DL2/3 alleles possess an arginine at position 41 (R41), and we predicted through molecular modeling and demonstrated by mutagenesis that R41 most likely interacts with the nearby residues Y77 and D47. Interaction between these residues would maintain C strand contact with the C′ and F strands of the D1 domain β-sheet. Furthermore, R41 and Y77 are conserved in the C and F strand amino acid alignments of Ig-like superfamily members, and may therefore be necessary for the structural integrity of other immune response proteins. Our data indicate that the extracellular T41 polymorphism encoded by the KIR2DL2 * 004 allele most likely results in misfolding of the D1 domain and complete intracellular retention of the receptor.
Serine 15 Phosphorylation of p53 Directs Its Interaction with B56γ and the Tumor Suppressor Activity of B56γ-Specific Protein Phosphatase 2A

Earlier studies have demonstrated a functional link between B56γ-specific protein phosphatase 2A (B56γ-PP2A) and p53 tumor suppressor activity. Upon DNA damage, a complex including B56γ-PP2A and p53 is formed which leads to Thr55 dephosphorylation of p53, induction of the p53 transcriptional target p21, and the inhibition of cell proliferation. Although an enhanced interaction between p53 and B56γ is observed after DNA damage, the underlying mechanism and its significance in PP2A tumor-suppressive function remain unclear. In this study, we show that the increased interaction between B56γ and p53 after DNA damage requires ATM-dependent phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15. In addition, we demonstrate that the B56γ3-induced inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell cycle arrest in G1, and blockage of anchorage-independent growth are also dependent on Ser15 phosphorylation of p53 and p53-B56γ interaction. Taken together, our results provide a mechanistic link between Ser15 phosphorylation-mediated p53-B56γ interaction and the modulation of p53 tumor suppressor activity by PP2A. We also show an important link between ATM activity and the tumor-suppressive function of B56γ-PP2A.
Probability of one or more M ≥7 earthquakes in southern California in 30 years

Eight earthquakes of magnitude greater than or equal to seven have occurred in southern California in the past 200 years. If one assumes that such events are the product of a Poisson process, the probability of one or more earthquakes of magnitude seven or larger in southern California within any 30 year interval is 67% ± 23% (95% confidence interval). Because five of the eight M ≥ 7 earthquakes in southern California in the last 200 years occurred off of the San Andreas fault system, the probability of one or more M ≥ 7 earthquakes in southern California but not on the San Andreas fault system occurring within 30 years is 52% ± 27% (95% confidence interval).
A Validation of Tachistoscopic Training for Clerical Workers

Summary This study was designed to validate the industrial use of tachistoscopic training. Twelve hours of training were administered to a group of clerical personnel on three jobs, and the training was validated against output on these jobs. Two of the three jobs failed to show any significant improvement, while the third job, a cross-checking activity, showed a significant gain in output as a result of the training. Other results of secondary interest are presented.
Game Theory in Supply Chain Analysis

Game theory (hereafter GT) is a powerful tool for analyzing situations in which the decisions of multiple agents affect each agent’s payoff. As such, GT deals with interactive optimization problems. While many economists in the past few centuries have worked on what can be considered game-theoretic models, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern are formally credited as the fathers of modern game theory. Their classic book “Theory of Games and Economic Behavior”, von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944), summarizes the basic concepts existing at that time. GT has since enjoyed an explosion of developments, including the concept of equilibrium by Nash (1950), games with imperfect information by Kuhn (1953), cooperative games by Aumann (1959) and Shubik (1962) and auctions by Vickrey (1961), to name just a few. Citing Shubik (2002), “In the 50s ... game theory was looked upon as a curiosum not to be taken seriously by any behavioral scientist. By the late 1980s, game theory in the new industrial organization has taken over ... game theory has proved its success in many disciplines.”
Convolutional codes using nonlinear generators for rate one-fourth and memory order four

Performance of a convolutional code depends on the decoding algorithm and that code's distance properties. Performance bounds suggest constructing codes with the largest possible free distance. Published tables provide the feed forward encoding equations that are linear generator polynomials over a binary Galois field. This paper presents a new method for testing free distance of generators based on length k bounded synchronization codes. This paper also presents results for rate one-half, memory order four, convolutional codes with at least one feed forward encoding equation that is nonlinear over a binary Galois field.
Tensor Transformations and Failure Criteria for the Analysis of Fiber Composite Materials

Classical lamination theory for fiber composites is inherently limited to the 2-dimen sional conditions appropriate to thin shell configurations. A new derivation with ap propriate tensor transformations is given which provides a fully 3-dimensional lamination theory that is applicable to thick laminates involving "out-of-plane" stress terms. In con nection with this work a new failure criterion is derived for fiber composites, one which involves a minimum number of failure parameters, and offers insight into the modes of failure. The key to both derivations is the restriction of the five properties form of transversely isotropic media to a special form involving three independent properties. The reduced theoretical forms and the failure criterion are evaluated with respect to standard experimental data for fiber composites.
Multilayer routing algorithm for high performance MCMs

A new multilayer routing strategy for high performance multichip modules (MCMs) whose objective is to route all nets using the minimum number of layers and vias and to satisfy various design constraints is introduced. After pin redistribution, a mixed version of single layer routing and xy plane-pair routing techniques is proposed for signal distribution to establish a good tradeoff between them in order to favor circuit performance and/or design objective instead of overemphasizing the processing cost. The various strategies are compared, using practical MCM examples. >
Vasodilators (Other Agents and Drug Classes)

In addition to the angiotensin II receptor blockers, the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and the calcium channel blockers, which are discussed in other chapters, there are other peripheral vasodilators that include a wide variety of compounds with highly disparate mechanisms of action. These drugs also differ enormously in their effects on small and large arteries and in their differential vasodilatory actions on arterial and venous vessels. Several drugs have poorly defined pharmacologic profiles and many nonspecific agents have little clinical usefulness despite having been available for many years, but some drugs in this broad group have a valuable place in cardiovascular therapy.
Impurities and their effect on electron injection in liquid hexane

With recent development of the field-dependent emitter in liquids,1 many experiments and tests have been performed resulting in a variety of new liquid devices.2,3,4 Mobility measurements5 have shown the predominant charge carrier in hexane to be “ion-like” in nature, but true identification has yet to be accomplished. Among suggestions put forward as models for the carrier, some of the more well-known and documented ones are the formation of an oxygen ion,6 an electron hopping mechanism,7 and the charge-polarized complex or polaron model.8 Also, more recently, electron charge carriers have been observed in highly purified hexane,9 where a mobility at least 50 times those previously observed in hexane was recorded.
Abstract 3103: Overexpression of homeoprotein six1 activates non-canonical TGF-beta signaling to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human papillomavirus type 16-immortalized human keratinocytes.

Inappropriate expression of embryonic genes, particularly homeodomain transcription factors, contributes to tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The overexpression of Six1, a member of the Six family of homeodomain transcription factors, has been found in various human cancers, and is associated with increased tumor progression and metastasis. Previous studies in our laboratory discovered that the expression of Six1 mRNA and protein increased during in vitro progression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16)-immortalized human keratinocytes (HKc/HPV16) toward a differentiation-resistant (HKc/DR) phenotype. However, the precise mechanisms of how Six1 promotes tumor onset at early and late stages of HPV16-mediated transformation remain unknown. In this study, we found that HKc/HPV16 and HKc/DR overexpressing Six1 exhibited a more mesenchymal phenotype compared to vector controls, as characterized by a fibroblastic morphology, and increased migration and invasion. We utilized Whole Human Genome Microarrays (4x44K from Agilent Technologies) to explore the gene expression changes associated with Six1 overexpression in HKc/HPV16 and HKc/DR. We found that overexpression of Six1 down-regulated epithelial-related genes (ex., E-cadherin and occludin) and up-regulated mesenchymal-related genes (ex., N-cadherin, vimentin, and snail), which strongly suggests that Six1 overexpression induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Gene expression changes determined by microarray analysis were confirmed by real time PCR and western blotting. Increased expression of TGF-beta receptors in response to overexpression of Six1 in HKc/DR did not lead to increased Smad-dependent signaling but did activate the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, suggesting that MAPK non-Smad TGF-β signaling may be involved in Six1-mediated EMT. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Six1 overexpression induces EMT, possibly by activation of the MAPK non-canonical (non-Smad) TGF-β pathway, during HPV16-mediated transformation of human keratinocytes. Citation Format: Hanwen Xu, Lucia Pirisi, Kim E. Creek. Overexpression of homeoprotein six1 activates non-canonical TGF-beta signaling to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human papillomavirus type 16-immortalized human keratinocytes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3103. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3103
Modification of normal human myelopoiesis by 12-0 tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA).

The tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), induces macrophage characteristics in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. These same cells can be induced to develop mature myeloid characteristics with a variety of other stimuli. Since normal colony- forming units-culture (CFU C) also have the dual capability of developing colonies with myeloid or monocyte characteristics, the effect of TPA on normal human CFU-C development was studied. To carry out these studies, a method was developed to identify cells histochemically within agar cultures as containing either the myeloid marker, chloroacetate esterase (CAE), or the monocyte marker, nonspecific esterase (NSE). Cells from normal donors were placed into agar cultures with placenta conditioned medium (PCM), TPA in various concentrations, or combinations of PCM and TPA as stimulating materials, and examined after 7–14 days of incubation. TPA alone at concentrations of 5 x 10(-7) M to 10(-9) M stimulated cluster formation. With increasing concentrations of TPA, the percentage of clusters positive for NSE progressively increased, while CAE-positive clusters decreased. I contrast, when TPA at concentrations greater than 10(-9) M was added to PCM, the total number of clusters and colonies decreased. This resulted from a decrease in the number of clusters and colonies that contained the myeloid marker CAE, whereas the number positive for the monocyte marker NSE remained unchanged. These studies demonstrate two effects of TPA on normal CFU-C. In the absence of other sources of colony stimulating activity (CSA), TPA induces clusters. In the presence of PCM, it inhibits the production of myeloid colonies and clusters. Under both conditions, it favors the development of colonies and/or clusters containing predominantly monocytes.
Repeated Administrations of Cardiac Progenitor Cells Are Markedly More Effective Than a Single Administration: A New Paradigm in Cell Therapy

Rationale: The effects of c-kitPOS cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) (and adult cell therapy in general) on left ventricular (LV) function have been regarded as modest or inconsistent. Objective: To determine whether three CPC infusions have greater efficacy than one infusion. Methods and Results: Rats with a 30-day-old myocardial infarction received one or three CPC infusions into the LV cavity, 35 days apart. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, the single-dose group exhibited improved LV function after the 1st infusion (consisting of CPCs) but not after the 2nd and 3rd (vehicle). In contrast, in the multiple-dose group regional and global LV function improved by a similar degree after each CPC infusion, resulting in greater cumulative effects. For example, the total increase in LV ejection fraction was approximately triple in the multiple-dose group vs. the single-dose group (P<0.01). The multiple-dose group also exhibited more viable tissue and less scar, less collagen in the risk and noninfarcted regions, and greater myocyte density in the risk region. Conclusions: This is the first demonstration that repeated CPC administrations are markedly more effective than a single administration. The concept that the full effects of CPCs require repeated doses has significant implications for both preclinical and clinical studies; it suggests that the benefits of cell therapy may be underestimated or even overlooked if they are measured after a single dose, and that repeated administrations are necessary to properly evaluate the effectiveness of a cell product. In addition, we describe a new method that enables studies of repeated cell administrations in rodents.
Hash-Based TPM Signatures for the Quantum World

Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs) provide trust and attestation services to the platforms they reside on, using public key encryption and digital signatures among other cryptography operations. However, the current standards mandate primitives that will be insecure in the presence of quantum computers. In this paper, we study how to eliminate these insecure primitives. We replace RSA-based digital signatures with a hash-based scheme. We show that this scheme can be implemented using reasonable amounts of space on the TPM. We also show how to protect the TPM from rollback attacks against these state-sensitive signature operations.
CHAPTER 11 – Commercial Data Acquisition Products

This chapter discusses the commercial hardware and software data acquisition products for PCs. These commercial products are divided into two broad categories: hardware and software. Some software is included with most hardware products to assist the user. Sometimes hardware manufacturers recommend compatible software products with programming guidelines. A large number of manufacturers produce data acquisition hardware products for PCs. The largest market is for Microsoft Windows-based, PCI-bus, and ISA-bus computers running Intel or compatible processors. Most data acquisition hardware products are cards that plug into a PC's expansion bus. Apart from the plug-in cards, there are now data acquisition hardware modules that connect to a PC via a USB port. These plug-and-play devices are very easy to install, but are usually not high-performance products. Data communications interface cards are also an important piece of data acquisition system hardware. In this case, the PC is used as an intelligent controller. The availability of easy-to-use software is the strongest incentive to employ a PC as the platform for a data acquisition system. Software products vary from simple drivers. Software driver acts as an interface to a particular hardware device. It is used in conjunction with other software for controlling the program.
A Measure of College Student Persistence in the Sciences (PITS)

This paper validates and establishes the predictive ability of the Persistence in the Sciences, or PITS, survey to measure persistence in undergraduates participating in course-based research exper...
Fever in a Traveler Returning From Africa.

A 35-year-old man presented to the emergency department with 4 days of fever (temperature up to 39°C), extreme weakness, fatigue, and 1 to 2 days of progressive confusion. He was born in the United States but had traveled to Sierra Leone for a period of 3 weeks and had returned 1 week prior to presentation. He did not take any form of malaria prophylaxis, nor did he use insect repellent while traveling. He previously received the yellow fever vaccine but not hepatitis A or typhoid vaccination.
Ethical Issues in Rural Programs for Behavior Analysis for Students with Disabilities.

Procedures derived from the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA) have extensive research support for use with students with disabilities, such as autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, and emotional and behavioral disorders. These procedures should be implemented within the parameters of professional and ethical guidelines to promote positive student outcomes. Issues concerning the ethical use of behavior analytic procedures may arise when programming for students with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) in rural, isolated, or remote areas. Key elements of ethical practice for rural professionals include cultural competence, understanding one’s limits of expertise, and effective training and supervision for direct implementers. The authors conducted a survey of 76 behavior analysts to determine ethical dilemmas in rural practice and how these issues were resolved. They found no significant differences between rural and metro areas. Suggestions for practitioners and further research ar...
Levitation of Core Flows

A simple model is proposed for a 2D horizontal core annular flow in which the effect of gravity due to the difference in the densities of the two fluids is the eccentricity of the core. We split the domain through the center of the core; we characterized each sub domain by means of local variables, for instance the holdup ratio. We found that the smallest global pressure drop is achieved if and only if the local holdup ratios are equal to the global holdup ratio (for a perfect core annular flow this only happens when the core is centered). We used this result in a direct simulation of spatially periodic 2D wavy core annular flows carried out under the assumption that the viscosity of the oil core is so large that it moves as a rigid solid which may nevertheless be deformed by pressure forces in the water. The waves that develop are asymmetric with steep slopes in the high pressure region at the front face of the wave crest and shallower slopes at the low pressure region at lee side of the crest, as Bai et al. describe (1996). However two new issues are confronted in our 2D simulation. First, the shape and length of the upper and lower waves are different. Second, the displaced 2D core can be thought to represent eccentricity. We conclude that a positive pressure force is required to levitate the core off the wall when the densities are not matched and that the difference in the upper and lower wave shapes restore the effect of the eccentricity by allowing the local holdup ratios to be equal to the global holdup ratio; thus the pressure drop is the smallest possible.
Evaluation of B4C as an Ablator Material for NIF Capsules

AbstractBoron carbide (B4C) is examined as a potential fuel container and ablator for implosion capsules on the National Ignition Facility (NIF). A capsule of pure B4C encasing a layer of solid DT implodes stably and ignites with anticipated NIF x-ray drives, producing 18 MJ of energy. Thin films of B4C were found to be resistant to oxidation and modestly transmitting in the infrared (IR), possibly enabling IR fuel characterization and enhancement for thin permeation barriers but not for full-thickness capsules. Polystyrene mandrels 0.5 mm in diameter were successfully coated with 0.15–2.0 µm of B4C. Thicknesses estimated from optical density agreed well with those measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The B4C microstructure was columnar but finer than for Be made at the same conditions. B4C is a very strong material, with a fiber tensile strength capable of holding NIF fill pressures at room temperature, but it is also very brittle, and microscopic flaws or grain structure may limit the noncryo...
Input Model Risk

Input model risk, which is also called “input uncertainty,” refers to the effect of not knowing the true, correct distributions of the basic stochastic processes that drive a computer simulation . Examples of input models include interarrival-time and service-time distributions in queueing models; bed occupancy and patient characteristic distributions in healthcare models; distributions for the values of underlying securities and assets in financial models; and time-to-failure and time-to-repair distributions in reliability models. When the input distributions are obtained by fitting to observed real-world data, then it is possible to quantify the input model risk, or to choose input models that hedge against this risk. In this chapter, we define input model risk and describe various proposals for addressing it that had their origins at the Winter Simulation Conference.
Case 5: A 7-year-old Autistic Boy with Altered Movements and Mental Status.

1. Saba Fatima, MD* 2. Nicolas Mottola, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA A 7-year-old boy with autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder transfers from an outside hospital adult emergency department to our inpatient unit for concerns of change in mental status for the past 2 days. His initial symptoms include sluggishness and disorientation, slowly progressing to drooling with forced jaw opening, gait abnormalities, left-sided truncal deviation, stiffness in extremities, broken speech, and body tremors. No history of fever, trauma, or ingestion of an unknown substance is identified on questioning. At baseline, the child is energetic, outspoken, and talkative. He was transitioned from an outpatient psychiatric partial hospitalization program to his regular school on the day of onset of symptoms. His home medications include lisdexamphetamine, clonidine, and aripiprazole. On his way to the adult emergency department, the child complains to emergency medical services of back and neck pain, so a cervical collar is placed. On arrival, the child has stable vital signs and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 14 (of a total possible score of 15). Physical examination reveals an awake child, drooling with a protruding tongue, with varying levels of alertness and visible tremors in his extremities. He …
Becoming science learners: A study of newcomers' identity work in elementary school science

This study investigates how two newcomer students, Elena and Martin, identified with and in science within the context of a classroom utilizing a reform-based science curriculum where instruction occurred only in English. Using ethnographic case study methods, we drew from anthropological theories on identity development and sociocultural perspectives on language development to argue that as English language proficiency mediated the newcomers’ access to academic content, the viability of the newcomers’ authored science-related identities in practice were contingent on the dynamics generated within their small groups. We conceptualized the small groups as microfigured worlds and show how these spaces, in particular the kinds of patterned activities and practices that emerged in relation to the use of language brokering and/or code switching, mediated the kinds of identities in practices that the newcomers were able to author. We end the article by interpreting our results in relation to how Ms. Hall, the teacher, structured her classroom and discuss the relevance of race/ethnicity and gender. We conclude with suggestions about how focusing on group, or peer networks, might inform both theory and practice around how newcomers, and emergent bilinguals more broadly, engage in science.
Psychometric Properties of Bully, Fighting, and Victimization Scales Among Clinically Referred Youth

Bullying involvement is a multidimensional issue and a significant concern for school-aged youth. However, research on bullying involvement within clinical samples is limited. The present study exa...
NATIONAL TRENDS IN LENGTH OF STAY AND DISCHARGE DISPOSITION IN BUNDLED PAYMENT FOR CABG AND AMI/PCI PATIENTS: A NATIONAL INPATIENT SAMPLE ANALYSIS

Medicare has proposed bundled payment for coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) and acute myocardial infarction with or without percutaneous coronary intervention (AMI/PCI). The 90 day bundled payment window encompasses home health and rehabilitation, and may lead to financial challenges for health
The Ideen and Neo-Kantianism

This chapter examines the criticism of Husserl’s Ideen articulated by the Neo-Kantians Rickert and Natorp. Both lament that Husserl’s method of eidetic seeing is an intuitionistic shortcut that does not justify the knowledge it claims to provide. Natorp also raises doubts about the appropriateness of the eidetic method and phenomenological reflection for the investigation of subjectivity. Its answer this criticism distinguishing between intuition of an essence and knowledge of that essence and by insisting on the necessity of an eidetic investigation of consciousness, and concludes with a discussion of phenomenology’s claim to be the foundational science for philosophy.
Hadrons and the Weak Interaction

The main topic discussed in this chapter is the geometric structure of the Glashow-Illiopoulos-Maiani model, which is an extension of the electroweak theory to quarks, and through them, to hadrons. Additional complexities involved in such an extension include the phenomenon of weak mixing of quark flavors, the extent of which is characterized by an angular parameter introduced by Cabibbo and later generalized by Kobayashi and Maskawa.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Acetabular Retroversion With Acetabuloplasty and Subspine Decompression: A Matched Comparison With Patients Undergoing Arthroscopic Treatment for Focal Pincer-Type Femoroacetabular Impingement.

Background:Global acetabular retroversion is classically treated with open reverse periacetabular osteotomy. Given the low morbidity and recent success associated with the arthroscopic treatment of...
Primate Visual Cortex

Few regions in the brain have received as much attention and scrutiny as the visual cortex, whose structural and functional organization provides an ideal model for understanding cerebral cortex in general. Binocularity in the visual system further permits experimental manipulations of a single eye input with the other eye serving as a useful internal reference point. In the last century, the visual cortex has consistently been used as a fertile testing ground for virtually every new neurobiological technique and innovation. As a result, much of its anatomical, neurochemical, and functional organizations have been examined. Of special significance is the discovery by Hubel and Wiesel (1968) of ocular dominance columns, orientation columns, and the exquisite system of functional modules in the primate striate cortex. Our understanding of the visual system has reached new heights over the last decade, with new techniques based on brain metabolism, enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, voltage-sensitive dyes, and brain imaging having been applied rigorously to the study of the visual cortex (e.g., Kennedy et al., 1976; Wong-Riley, 1979b; Horton and Hubel, 1981; Hendrickson et al., 1981; Tootell et al., 1982, 1988a–e; Hockfield et al., 1983; Horton, 1984; Carroll and Wong-Riley, 1984; Wong-Riley and Carroll, 1984a,b; Livingstone and Hubel, 1984a; Hendry and Jones, 1986; Blasdel and Salama, 1986; Wong-Riley et al., 1989a,b; Ts’o et al., 1990; Beaulieu et al., 1992). In this chapter, I will concentrate on cytochrome oxidase, and review what this endogenous metabolic marker has revealed about the primate visual cortex. The species on which most of the studies are based is the macaque monkey, but other primate species including man will be described when appropriate. A comparative study with other mammalian species has been reported previously (Wong-Riley, 1988).
“Ther was the revel and the melodye”: The Playful Cloak of Language in The Miller’s Tale

This is the first of four chapters on the fabliaux in Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales. Gust begins his examination of these tales by focusing on The Miller’s Tale, which he analyzes and presents as an initial test case for the possible meaning and implications of his theory of Chaucerotics. Through a careful close reading of the poem’s sexualized “cloak of language,” The Miller’s Tale is said to represent an explosively “anti-chivalric” story that challenges the courtesy and piety of the Knight, if not courtly society more broadly. As the second tale in the pilgrimage storytelling contest, The Miller’s Tale is shown to offer a playful erotic model against which subsequent sexual intrigues from The Canterbury Tales may be compared and assessed.
Supreme Court Usage and the Making of an 'Is'

This survey examines use of the phrases “United States is” and “United States are” in opinions of the United States Supreme Court from 1790 to 1919. The familiar claim, popularized by Shelby Foote in the Ken Burns Civil War documentary, is that the Civil War marked a shift in usage from plural to singular. This survey demonstrates that in the Supreme Court this account of the timing of the change is not accurate. Although patterns of usage changed abruptly in the 1860s, justices continued to use the plural form through the end of the nineteenth century. Indeed, the plural usage was the predominant usage in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. Only in the beginning of the twentieth century did the singular usage achieve preeminence and the plural usage disappear almost entirely.
Risk Assessment for Suicide and Violence

Risk assessment and management is an essential skill for any healthcare provider. This article outlines the principles of general risk assessment and management as it relates to the risk of harm to self or others, and reviews the current risk assessment tools. The article concludes by addressing the important legal considerations.
Single-Use Bag Valve Masks: Evaluation of Device Design and Residual Bioburden Analytical Methods.

Background: A recent survey of in-hospital reprocessing in Tanzanian hospitals identified bag-valve masks (BVM) as a commonly reused single-use device. In low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), in-hospital reprocessing supports neonatal resuscitation strategies by helping to maintain adequate supplies of BVM. However, there is a need for device-specific protocols defining reprocessing procedures and inspection criteria to overcome variations in reprocessing practices between hospitals. The purposes of this study were: 1) to complete a comprehensive design review and identify challenges to reprocessing BVMs; and 2) to investigate three different residual bioburden analysis methods for assessing the efficacy of decontaminating a disposable BVM. Methods: New, unused bag-valve-masks were contaminated with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Artificial Mucus Soil to simulate the worst case soiling conditions. Devices underwent one of five disinfection protocols, including one currently used in a LMIC hospital. Three analytical (two quantitative and one qualitative) methods were selected to evaluate residual bioburden on the device following decontamination. Results: Of all protocols tested, only the positive control and the Soap and Bleach protocols met disinfection targets. Most cleaning outcomes were consistent from trial to trial for each protocol. However, cleaning outcomes varied greatly for the Alcohol Wipe protocol. For the residual bioburden analyses, the two quantitative methods produced similar results, but the qualitative measurement exhibited increased variability. Conclusion: While this study revealed positive disinfection outcomes for the Tanzanian hospital decontamination protocol, more studies are required to support these findings. Design features of the BVM mask presented challenges to cleaning and drying during different decontamination protocols, as seen in the variability in the Alcohol Wipe protocol performance. These findings support the case for a device-specific protocol for the BVM. Given proper hospital personnel training and available resources, in-hospital reprocessing could support neonatal resuscitation strategies and other demands for manual resuscitation by helping to maintain adequate supplies of BVM.
The effect of large sample sizes on ecological niche models: Analysis using a North American rodent, Peromyscus maniculatus

Abstract Correlative ecological niche models (ENMs) aim to approximate the environmentally suitable areas for a species. Recently, studies have explored the minimum number of occurrence records needed to implement ENMs; however, cosmopolitan species with many occurrence records have their own challenges and the effects of larger sample sizes on ENM performance have yet to be determined. To address this issue, we focused on a New World rodent, Peromyscus maniculatus. We obtained locality data from GBIF (13,199 unique records), and spatially filtered the localities. We then modeled suitable area for the species using Maxent, two different environmental datasets (at different spatial resolutions) and different numbers of occurrence records (with 25 replicates per sample size). We evaluated the models with k-fold cross-validation, AUC, and two omission rates. Further, we calculated the variability among predictions within and between datasets to indicate variation in geography. Generally, the AUC and omission rate both decreased as sample size increased. Lastly, as sample size increased, similarities in geography increased within and between datasets. For P. maniculatus, we get similar performing models, both in terms of geographic predictions and evaluation statistics, with as few as 10%–20% of the maximum number of localities for each environmental dataset. Using a large number of occurrence records may not be necessary for ENMs, and in fact may hinder model performance.
A population-based study of incidence and survival trends of 1,261 thymic malignancies (TM): Results from the California Cancer Registry (CCR).

1584 Background: TMs are rare with sparse population-based epidemiologic literature. Methods: We used data from the CCR, a comprehensive population-based state registry to examine TM incidence and ...
Blessing the Rains: Fieldwork Meditations on ‘Africa’ by Toto: Fieldwork Meditations on ‘Africa’ by Toto

As an anthropologist who works in West Africa, I have ambivalent feelings towards the 1982 song ‘Africa’ by Toto. It is a song that lyrically does not make sense, although powerfully draws its audience into a romanticized mental imagery of the continent with “drums echoing,” “wild dogs crying,” and “old men” with “long forgotten words or ancient melodies.” Despite my annoyance at and critique of the lyrics and music video, I often found myself humming the lyrics “I bless the rains down in Africa” during my fifteen months fieldwork in the small town in south-eastern Ghana. This paper explores how the song came to signify for me a plea for disconnection from the relations I had worked to develop and a celebration when that disconnection was momentarily achieved during the downpours in the rainy seasons. Fieldwork, participant observation, culture shock, West Africa
Professional Nursing Values in Men: An NPVS-R Instrument Validation Study.

Background and purpose Although the Nurses Professional Values Scale-Revised (NPVS-R) has been validated in predominantly female samples, this instrument has not been validated with adequate samples of men. The purpose of the study was to assess the reliability and validity of the NPVS-R in a sample of male nurses and nursing students. Methods Psychometric testing was performed, using principal component analysis (PCA), on a convenience sample of 329 men in nursing from the United States. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Results Participants rated the values in the NPVS-R as important, although undergraduate students significantly less so than graduate students or nurses. Factor labels of caring, professionalism, and activism were similar to those in previous studies. Variations across responses to particular items may reflect cultural variations. Conclusions Although further testing is needed, results from the current study indicate that the NPVS-R is a valid and reliable scale when administered to a sample of male nurses and nursing students.
OSTEOSARCOMA IN PAGET DISEASE OF BONE

Background Paget disease of bone (PDB) is a disorder of bone metabolism that involves osteoclasts. Osteosarcoma arising in Paget disease is a rare complication of PDB occurring in less than 1% of all osteosarcomas. The aim of this case report is to describe different imaging features of osteosarcomas arising in PDB and its progression. Clinical and Radiographic Findings A 72-year-old female with known arthritis and PDB presented to the emergency room with a 1-week headache and right temporal/parietal skull swelling. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum alkaline phosphatase (ALK) were elevated. Planar radiographs of the skull exhibited mixed sclerotic and radiolucent lesions throughout, giving a cottonwool appearance. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) of the head showed peripheral enhancement, a partially calcified right temporal region mass, and expansion of the underlying calvarium with a periosteal reaction. Intracranial extension was clear on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Furthermore, positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) revealed increased fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) avidity in the solitary right temporal/parietal lesion. Biopsy revealed osteosarcoma with chondroblastic features arising in PDB. The patient underwent right craniectomy and resection of the tumor. Six weeks later, gross recurrent disease at the resection site was found on a head MDCT that demonstrated soft tissue density underlying the cranioplasty with a significant amount of vasogenic edema involving the temporal/frontal lobe. The patient underwent right decompressive and epidural tumor resection. A day later, she was pronounced brain dead. Discussion/Conclusions PDB is often diagnosed through incidental findings in a regular blood chemistry panel, particularly ALK, or through imaging done for another reason. The planar radiograph gives the best clue to the presence of PDB. The MDCT is mandatory for better outcomes in treatment of osteosarcoma, whereas MRI is best for depicting local intracranial extension. PET identifies the region of a tumor through FDG increase. Lastly, biopsy is necessary for confirming the tumor.
mOS for HPC

This chapter describes the design and implementation of the mOS multi-kernel project at Intel Corp. The multi-Operating System (mOS) for High-Performance Computing (HPC) combines a Linux and a lightweight kernel (LWK) to provide the required Linux functionality, and the scalability and performance of an LWK. In this chapter, we explain the thought process that led to the current design of mOS. We highlight the difficulties of running two kernels on the compute nodes of a supercomputer, while maintaining Linux compatibility, and tracking recent Linux kernel developments. And, we show how analyzing these sometimes conflicting goals helped us make design and implementation decisions.
Veratridine: A Janus-Faced Modulator of Voltage-Gated Sodium Ion Channels.

Voltage-gated sodium ion channels (NaVs) are integral to both neuronal and muscular signaling and are a primary target for a number of proteinaceous and small molecule toxins. Included among these ...
Diabetes and COVID-19: Moving From News to Knowledge and a Glucose Hypothesis.

Science makes civilization possible. New observations provoke theories as to what they mean. Theories (hypotheses) are tested by systematically gathering and analyzing further information. Support for a theory by these methods (experiments) can lead to a plan of action. Other observations from this process (research) may pose further questions, leading to more experiments. In the past, actionable knowledge accumulated slowly, but digital technology has accelerated everything. Novel observations appear as “news” distributed by electronic, broadcast, and print media. Floods of reports, all apparently equal in significance, compete for attention. The media have insatiable appetites—they demand new material daily. Delivery of news is driven by its power to elicit emotional reactions, and we are all somewhat addicted. But news does not teach us what to do. Some items are valid and reproducible, others confusing, some misleading. Each can be placed in context, verified, and converted into useful knowledge using the scientific method, but this takes time. Experience with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its implications for people with diabetes illustrates this process. Diabetes Care has welcomed early reports on COVID-19, even when the first data sets were unavoidably limited. Special collections of articles appeared in the July and August issues, but most were available online earlier (1). These and articles published elsewhere confirmed the alarming news that people with diabetes are up to three times more likely than others to become severely ill or die of COVID-19. They showed that older age, obesity, and other medical conditions often associated with diabetes are also associated with increased risk. These reports highlighted the need for people with diabetes to take precautions to avoid infection, but they did not provide much guidance on how to treat these patients if they did fall ill. Articles by expert clinicians, based on the evidence and …
Differentially Private Adversarial Robustness Through Randomized Perturbations.

Deep Neural Networks, despite their great success in diverse domains, are provably sensitive to small perturbations on correctly classified examples and lead to erroneous predictions. Recently, it was proposed that this behavior can be combatted by optimizing the worst case loss function over all possible substitutions of training examples. However, this can be prone to weighing unlikely substitutions higher, limiting the accuracy gain. In this paper, we study adversarial robustness through randomized perturbations, which has two immediate advantages: (1) by ensuring that substitution likelihood is weighted by the proximity to the original word, we circumvent optimizing the worst case guarantees and achieve performance gains; and (2) the calibrated randomness imparts differentially-private model training, which additionally improves robustness against adversarial attacks on the model outputs. Our approach uses a novel density-based mechanism based on truncated Gumbel noise, which ensures training on substitutions of both rare and dense words in the vocabulary while maintaining semantic similarity for model robustness.
Magnetic Double-J-Stent Removal Without General Anaesthesia in Children.

ABSTRACT Objectives To show the feasibility of magnetic double-J-stent (mDJS) removal without general anaesthesia in infants and children. Methods A retrospective analysis of mDJS removals was conducted between February 2018 and July 2020 in a cohort of 32 consecutive paediatric patients. Only patients with unilateral ureteric stenting were included. Stent retrieval was performed in an outpatient setting. In males the junction of the retrieval-catheter and the mDJS was confirmed by transabdominal ultrasound. All patients were followed-up for 4-12 weeks after stent removal. Results Thirty-two patients (54% males) were included. Median age was 3.8 years (range 1 month - 15 years). Ureteral stents remained in place for a median of 67.5 days (range 2 days - 6 months). General anaesthesia was necessary in one single patient due to expressed patient's and caregiver's wish. Thirty-one patients had stent removal without need for general anaesthesia. Thereof, nitrous oxide was used in 12 patients (37.5%), fentanyl in 3 patients (9.4%), midazolam in 3 patients (9.4%), and 17 patients (53.1%) did not need sedation at all. Seven patients (21.9%) being 8 months or younger had received peroral saccharosis. No complications occurred during stent removal. Retrieval was successful at first catheterization in 30 patients (93.8%). Two male patients needed a second catheterization (6.3%). Conclusion The use of magnetic DJS is safe in the paediatric population and spares general anaesthesia during removal in almost all patients.
Abstract 16130: Plasma Proteomic Analysis of Association Between Atrial Fibrillation, Coronary Microvascular Disease and Heart Failure

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) commonly occurs in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Recent studies showed a high prevalence of coronary microvascular dys...
Adam Smith's Unmerited Censure: An Esoteric Reading of a 1764 Pamphlet on Slavery

We explore the 1764 pamphlet, In Vindication of the Continental Colonies of America, from A Censure of Mr Adam Smith, in his Theory of Moral Sentiments. With some Reflections on Slavery in General. Authorship has been attributed to Arthur Lee. We doubt that attribution and here simply treat the identity of the author as unknown. We suggest that this pamphlet has often been misunderstood by modern scholars. On the surface the pamphlet purports to rebut Adam Smith for his having censured American colonists as base wretches and as the refuse of the jails of Europe. We argue that the true intent of the pamphlet was to promote Smith’s rebuke of the slave trade and slavery generally, and to join Smith in the cause against slavery.