cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Uses of Wool in the Sicuani Region

This chapter describes the local uses of wool in the Sicuani region. Arequipa wool firms purchase the bulk of the wool output of the Sicuani region. They export most of it, although some is sent to textile factories in Lima and Arequipa. A certain portion of the wool remains in the area where it is made into several sorts of consumer goods. A textile mill, the Fabrica de Tejidos Marangani , produces woven goods. In a number of shops located in Sicuani, artisans known as peleteros or furriers, make rugs, hats, slippers, and toys from the pelts of infant alpacas. The rough homespun cloth known as bayeta is woven for market sale in considerable volume. The textile mill is one of the few units in the Sicuani region that does not fit neatly into any sector. An increase in local consumption of wool brings a decrease in exports. The local uses divert wool from export, reducing the volume of wool exported and altering the proportions of different grades.
The heterophoria of 3-5 year old children as a function of viewing distance and target type.

Purpose Heterophoria is the misalignment of the eyes in monocular viewing and represents the accuracy of vergence driven by all classical cues except disparity. It is challenging to assess restless children using clinical cover tests, and phoria in early childhood is poorly understood. Here we used eye tracking to assess phoria as a function of viewing distance and target in adults and young children, with comparison to clinical cover tests. Methods Purkinje image tracking (MCS PowerRefractor) was used to record eye alignment in adults (19–28 years, N = 24) and typically developing children (3–5 years, N = 24). Objective unilateral and alternating cover tests were performed using an infrared filter while participants viewed a pseudo-randomised sequence of Lea symbols (0.18 logMAR; Snellen: 20/30 or 6/9) and animated cartoon movies at distances of 40 cm, 1 m, and 6 m. For the unilateral cover test, a 10 s binocular period preceded and followed 30 s of occlusion of the right eye. For the alternating cover test, a 10 s binocular period preceded and followed alternate covering of right and left eyes for 3-s each. Phoria was derived from the difference in weighted average binocular and monocular alignment. A masked prism-neutralised clinical cover test was performed for each of the conditions for comparison. Results Closer viewing distance resulted in greater exophoria for both children and adults (p < 0.001). Phorias were similar for adults and children for each viewing distance and target, with mean differences of less than 2 prism dioptres (pd). Overall, the average PowerRefractor phorias (pooled across protocols) for adults were 1.3, 2.3 and 3.8 pd exophoria and for children were 0.1 pd esophoria, 0.94 and 3.8 pd exophoria for the 6 m, 1 m and 40 cm distances respectively. The corresponding clinical cover test values were 0.7, 1.9, and 4.1 pd exophoria for adults and 0, 1.5 and 3.3 pd exophoria for the children. Refractive states were also similar (≤0.5 D difference) for viewing the Lea symbols or movie for any protocol tested. Conclusions Phoria estimation can be challenging for a pre-school child. These data suggest that by 3–5 years of age objective eye-tracking measures in a typically developing group are adult-like at the range of distances tested, and that use of an animated movie produces similar average results to a small optotype (0.18 logMAR; Snellen 20/30 or 6/9).
Component-based synthesis for complex APIs

Component-based approaches to program synthesis assemble programs from a database of existing components, such as methods provided by an API. In this paper, we present a novel type-directed algorithm for component-based synthesis. The key novelty of our approach is the use of a compact Petri-net representation to model relationships between methods in an API. Given a target method signature S, our approach performs reachability analysis on the underlying Petri-net model to identify sequences of method calls that could be used to synthesize an implementation of S. The programs synthesized by our algorithm are guaranteed to type check and pass all test cases provided by the user. We have implemented this approach in a tool called SyPet, and used it to successfully synthesize real-world programming tasks extracted from on-line forums and existing code repositories. We also compare SyPet with two state-of-the-art synthesis tools, namely InSynth and CodeHint, and demonstrate that SyPet can synthesize more programs in less time. Finally, we compare our approach with an alternative solution based on hypergraphs and demonstrate its advantages.
Inactivation of E. coli using a novel TiO2 nanotube electrode

The performance of electrochemical processes highly depends on the properties of electrodes and development of cost-effective anode materials plays an important role in supporting future adoption of electrochemical technologies for environmental applications. In this study, novel TiO2 nanotube anodes were fabricated via a simple electrochemical method and tested for inactivation of a model microbial contaminant E. coli, using a filter-press type cell with stainless steel as the cathodes. Effects of current density applied (0.66–2.63 mA cm−2), electrolyte concentration (0.3–3 mM NaCl), and different electrolytes (NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2HPO4, NaNO3, and NaHCO3) on E. coli inactivation were investigated. Electrochemically generated oxidizing species were measured as free chlorine and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were examined using probe compounds. Reactive chlorine species were formed mainly via a ˙OH-mediated pathway and found to be the dominant species responsible for E. coli inactivation in the presence of Cl−. Higher E. coli reduction efficiency was obtained in inert electrolytes using TiO2 nanotube anodes compared with other electrodes reported in the literature, which can be ascribed to the formation of ROS such as ˙OH and H2O2 and possibly electrolyte-specific oxidants such as sulfate and phosphate radicals. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that the novel TiO2 nanotube anode can effectively achieve 5–7.5 log reduction of E. coli with low byproduct formation (e.g. ClO3−, THMs) and energy consumption (0.1–0.19 kW h m−3 for 4 log reduction) in real water matrices.
MECHANISM OF MYELOID-DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELL ACCUMULATION IN CANCER AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO REVERSAL BY SUNITINIB

The anti-angiogenic drug sunitinib is a receptor tyrosine-kinase (RTK) inhibitor with significant, yet not curative, therapeutic impacts in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Sunitinib is also an immunomodulator, potently reversing myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) accumulation and T-cell inhibition in the peripheral blood even of non-responder RCC patients. We observed that sunitinib similarly prevented massive MDSC accumulation and restored normal T-cell function in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice, even when sunitinib had negligible impacts upon tumor progression itself. Both monocytic and neutrophilic splenic MDSC were highly inhibitable by sunitinib. In contrast, MDSC in bone marrow and tumor proved highly resistant to sunitinib, and ambient T-cell function remained suppressed in these compartments. Proteomic analyses comparing tumor to peripheral compartments demonstrated that GM-CSF predicted sunitinib resistance, and recombinant GM-CSF could confer sunitinib resistance to MDSC in vitro. MDSC conditioning with GM-CSF inhibited STAT3 and promoted STAT5 activation, whereas other hematopoietic support factors preferentially preserved both STAT3 activation and sunitinib susceptibility. We conclude that compartmentaldependent GM-CSF exposure may account for sunitinib’s regionalized impact upon host MDSC modulation, and hypothesize that ancillary strategies to decrease such
Relation of Mitral Valve Surgery Volume to Repair Rate, Durability, and Survival

Abstract Background Degenerative mitral valve repair rates remain highly variable, despite established benefits of repair over replacement. The contribution of surgeon-specific factors is poorly defined. Objectives This study evaluated the influence of surgeon case volume on degenerative mitral valve repair rates and outcomes. Methods A mandatory New York State database was queried and 5,475 patients were identified with degenerative mitral disease who underwent mitral valve operations between 2002 and 2013. Mitral repair rates, mitral reoperations within 12 months of repair, and survival were analyzed using multivariable Cox modeling and restricted cubic spline function. Results Median annual surgeon volume of any mitral operations was 10 (range 1 to 230), with a mean repair rate of 55% (n = 20,797 of 38,128). In the subgroup of patients with degenerative disease, the mean repair rate was 67% (n = 3,660 of 5,475), with a range of 0% to 100%. Mean repair rates ranged from 48% (n = 179 of 370) for surgeons with total annual volumes of ≤10 mitral operations to 77% (n = 1,710 of 2,216) for surgeons with total annual volumes of >50 mitral operations (p 50 and degenerative mitral valve repair rates of >70%, compared with surgeons operating in the other institutions (51.3%; n = 580 of 1,130) (adjusted OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.60; p Conclusions This study suggests that individual surgeon volume is a determinant of not only mitral repair rates, but also freedom from reoperation, and survival. The data from this study support the guideline’s concept of reference referral to experienced mitral surgeons to improve outcomes in patients with degenerative mitral valve disease.
Network Thinking in Peace and Conflict Studies

Developments in mathematics and social theory and in techniques of communication and computation have brought network analysis to a state where it can be practically applied over a broad spectrum. Surprisingly, this mode of analysis has not been adopted by practitioners and scholars of peace and conflict studies to the extent that it ought to be. Examples of types of analysis that could have important applications are given, using network concepts such centrality, structural equivalence, and regular equivalence.
Sensitivity Analysis in Observational Research: Introducing the E-Value

Sensitivity analysis is useful in assessing how robust an association is to potential unmeasured or uncontrolled confounding. This article introduces a new measure called the "E-value," which is related to the evidence for causality in observational studies that are potentially subject to confounding. The E-value is defined as the minimum strength of association, on the risk ratio scale, that an unmeasured confounder would need to have with both the treatment and the outcome to fully explain away a specific treatment-outcome association, conditional on the measured covariates. A large E-value implies that considerable unmeasured confounding would be needed to explain away an effect estimate. A small E-value implies little unmeasured confounding would be needed to explain away an effect estimate. The authors propose that in all observational studies intended to produce evidence for causality, the E-value be reported or some other sensitivity analysis be used. They suggest calculating the E-value for both the observed association estimate (after adjustments for measured confounders) and the limit of the confidence interval closest to the null. If this were to become standard practice, the ability of the scientific community to assess evidence from observational studies would improve considerably, and ultimately, science would be strengthened.
Comparing Topical Treatments for Basal Cell Carcinoma

Superficial basal cell carcinoma is a type of keratinocyte carcinoma that has increasing incidence and substantial morbidity. Jansen et al. report on a randomized trial with 5 years of follow-up that found imiquimod to be more effective than 5-fluorouracil or methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy in preventing superficial basal cell carcinoma recurrence. However, the toxicity and cost of topical treatments, as well as patient preferences, need to be evaluated when making treatment decisions in clinical practice.
Tissue Damage Signaling Is a Prerequisite for Protective Neutrophil Recruitment to Microbial Infection in Zebrafish.

Tissue damage and infection are deemed likewise triggers of innate immune responses. But whereas neutrophil responses to microbes are generally protective, neutrophil recruitment into damaged tissues without infection is deleterious. Why neutrophils respond to tissue damage and not just to microbes is unknown. Is it a flaw of the innate immune system that persists because evolution did not select against it, or does it provide a selective advantage? Here we dissect the contribution of tissue damage signaling to antimicrobial immune responses in a live vertebrate. By intravital imaging of zebrafish larvae, a powerful model for innate immunity, we show that prevention of tissue damage signaling upon microbial ear infection abrogates leukocyte chemotaxis and reduces animal survival, at least in part, through suppression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPla2), which integrates tissue damage- and microbe-derived cues. Thus, microbial cues are insufficient, and damage signaling is essential for antimicrobial neutrophil responses in zebrafish.
Sorting Metal Nanoparticles with Dynamic and Tunable Optical Driven Forces.

Precise sorting of colloidal nanoparticles is a challenging yet necessary task for size-specific applications of nanoparticles in nanophotonics and biochemistry. Here we present a new strategy for all-optical sorting of metal nanoparticles with dynamic and tunable optical driven forces generated by phase gradients of light. Size-dependent optical forces arising from the phase gradients of optical line traps can drive nanoparticles of different sizes with different velocities in solution, leading to their separation along the line traps. By using a sequential combination of optical lines to create differential trapping potentials, we realize precise sorting of silver and gold nanoparticles in the diameter range of 70–150 nm with a resolution down to 10 nm. Separation of the nanoparticles agrees with the analysis of optical forces acting on them and with simulations of their kinetic motions. The results provide new insights into all-optical nanoparticle manipulation and separation and reveal that there is s...
Teaching Women's Studies to Engineers: Male-Bashing Feminist or Concerned Mother?

The STEM disciplines (sciences, technology, engineering, mathematics) remain male-dominated fields of study and professional careers. Teaching at a university that specializes in these fields means to teach at a white male-dominated institution which did not add women’s and gender studies courses to its curriculum until the arrival of the author, a feminist anthropologist. Following the advice of Paulo Freire to construct teaching as a political process and to introduce knowledge meaningful to the student, the male-dominated women’s and gender studies classroom becomes an extraordinary space where it is not the oppressed majority which might collaborate with the instructor to access and create knowledge, but those (unwitting?) representatives of the powerful sex/gender and racial group.
Raman scattering in C60 and alkali-metal-doped C60 films.

The Raman-active modes of solid films of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{X}}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ (x\ensuremath{\sim}6; M=K, Rb, Cs) have been studied experimentally. The mode activity is dominated by intraball interactions, and the effect of the ${\mathit{M}}^{+}$ ions on the ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ spectrum is observed to be almost insensitive to the radius or mass of the alkali metal. Tangential modes of solid ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ are observed to soften in ${\mathit{M}}_{6}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ by \ensuremath{\sim}60 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which can be attributed to a charge-transfer-induced elongation of the intraball bond lengths, similar to that observed in graphite intercalation compounds. Conversely, the radial modes are found to upshift slightly, indicating that a competing mechanism counteracts the effect of the bond elongation.
Genetic Factors, Cardiovascular Reactivity and Blood Pressure Variability

The development of clinically overt coronary heart disease involves a complex series of pathophysiological processes. Not surprisingly, therefore, a wide variety of factors, both genetic and environmental, contribute to its evolution. One way in which genetic and environmental factors might interact is via cardiovascular reactivity: it has been suggested that individuals who show an exaggerated reactivity of blood pressure or heart rate in response to noxious stimuli may be at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease or hypertension1. Another related possibility is that blood pressure variability might itself be of pathogenic significance, independently of blood pressure level.
Fungal Laccase Efficiently Destains Coomassie Brilliant Blue-R-250 Stained Polyacrylamide Gels

Fungal laccase-mediated destaining of Coomassie Brilliant Blue-R-250 stained polyacrylamide electrophoretic gel is very sensitive and environment friendly. Fermenting of Cerrena sp. HYB07 yields a broth with laccase activity which when supplemented with distilled water and used as a destaining solution results in a clear gel background in 2 h at 37 °C. Also, separation of the laccase enzyme for efficient functioning is not required. The method utilizes gel destaining and process of decolorizing dye simultaneously with a detection sensitivity of up to 10 ng. This technique avoids the use of hazardous organic compounds, as the destaining solution and the destain solution could be discarded easily without any further treatment.
Enhanced gaze‐following behavior in Deaf infants of Deaf parents

Gaze following plays a role in parent-infant communication and is a key mechanism by which infants acquire information about the world from social input. Gaze following in Deaf infants has been understudied. Twelve Deaf infants of Deaf parents (DoD) who had native exposure to American Sign Language (ASL) were gender-matched and age-matched (±7 days) to 60 spoken-language hearing control infants. Results showed that the DoD infants had significantly higher gaze-following scores than the hearing infants. We hypothesize that in the absence of auditory input, and with support from ASL-fluent Deaf parents, infants become attuned to visual-communicative signals from other people, which engenders increased gaze following. These findings underscore the need to revise the 'deficit model' of deafness. Deaf infants immersed in natural sign language from birth are better at understanding the signals and identifying the referential meaning of adults' gaze behavior compared to hearing infants not exposed to sign language. Broader implications for theories of social-cognitive development are discussed. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/QXCDK_CUmAI.
Museum Scavenger Hunts to Teach Research Skills and Support Problem-Based Learning Activities

Museum scavenger hunts are not a new idea, but they can be adapted to many different majors--not just art or art history. As a criminology instructor leading a study abroad program in Central Europe I had students do a museum scavenger hunt to "trace" looted Nazi artwork and consider how to restitute the art to museums or (e.g.) the heirs of Jewish families. My poster will graphically depict what goes into a museum scavenger hunt and how it can be submitted for credit. This would include a pre-visit to see the artwork (or other objects) on display, selections of background reading, development of clues, questionnaire that students have to answer for credit, and a final paper prompt. If this idea is adaptable to a criminology program, it would certainly be adaptable to a science classroom, for instance.
Catalytic Mismatching of CuInSe2 and Ni3Al Demonstrates Selective Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction to Methanol

Photoelectrochemical catalysts are often plagued by ineffective interfacial charge transfer or nonideal optical conversion properties. To overcome this challenge, strategically pairing a catalytica...
Further Exploration of Treatment Response in Latinos with Comorbid Asthma and Panic Disorder: A Brief Report of HRV and ETCO2 as Potential Mediators of Treatment Response

Heart rate variability (HRV) and end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) in relation to treatment response have not been studied in Latino populations or in comorbid asthma and panic disorder (PD). An extension of previously published research, the current study explored psychophysiological variables as possible mediators of treatment response. Latino treatment completers (N = 32) in the Bronx with asthma-PD received either Cognitive-Behavioral Psychophysiological Therapy (CBPT) or Music Relaxation Therapy (MRT). CBPT included HRV-biofeedback (HRVB); in-the-moment heart rate data to help an individual learn to influence his/her own heart rate. The sample was primarily female (93.8%) and Puerto Rican (81.25%). Treatment groups did not differ on demographics, except for less education in CBPT. The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) and Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) assessed changes in symptoms. HRV and ETCO2 were measured at four of eight therapy sessions. Baseline ETCO2 and changes in HRV from first to last of psychophysiology sessions were investigated as mediators of change on ACQ and PDSS. Mixed model analyses indicated in the CPBT group, changes in both asthma control and PD severity were not mediated by changes in HRV. In the CBPT and MRT groups combined, changes in PD severity were not mediated by baseline ETCO2. These findings may be due to the brevity of HRVB in CBPT, multiple treatment components, ETCO2 not directly targeted, and/or unique physiological pathways in Latinos with asthma-PD.
A Hypergame‐Based Defense Strategy Toward Cyber Deception in Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT)

In this chapter, we develop a defense strategy to secure Internet of Battlefield Things (IoBT) based on a hypergame employing deceptive techniques. The hypergame is played multiple rounds. At each round, the adversary updates its perception of the attack graph and chooses the next node to compromise. The defender updates its perceived list of compromised nodes and actively feeds false signals to the adversary to create deception. The hypergame developed in this chapter provides an important theoretical framework for us to model how a cyberattack spreads on a network and the interaction between the adversary and the defender. It also provides quantitative metrics such as the time it takes the adversary to explore the network and compromise the target nodes. Based on these metrics, the defender can reboot the network devices and reset the network topology in time to clean up all potentially compromised devices and to protect the critical nodes. The hypergame provides useful guidance on how to create cyber deceptions so that the adversary cannot obtain information about the correct network topology and can be deterred from reaching the target critical nodes on a military network while it is in service.
The Geometry of the SU(2) × G 2 -model

We study elliptic fibrations that geometrically engineer an SU(2) ×G2 gauge theory realized by a Weierstrass model for the collision III + I 0 * ns . We find all the distinct crepant resolutions of such a model and the flops connecting them. We compute the generating function for the Euler characteristic of the SU(2) ×G2-model. In the case of a Calabi-Yau threefold, we consider the compactification of M-theory and F-theory on an SU(2) × G2-model to a five and six-dimensional supergravity theory with eight super-charges. By matching each crepant resolution with each Coulomb chamber of the five-dimensional theory, we determine the number of multiplets and compute the prepotential in each Coulomb chamber. In particular, we discuss the counting numbers of hypermultiplets in the presence of singularities. We discuss in detail the cancellation of anomalies of the six-dimensional theory.
Direct laser acceleration of electrons in the plasma bubble by tightly focused laser pulses

We present an analytical theory that reveals the importance of the longitudinal laser electric field in the course of the resonant acceleration of relativistic electrons by a tightly confined laser beam. It is shown that this laser field component always counteracts the transverse one and effectively decreases the final energy gain of electrons via the direct laser acceleration (DLA) mechanism. This effect is demonstrated by carrying out particle-in-cell simulations of the DLA of the electrons injected into the accelerating phase of the plasma wake. It is shown that the electron energy gain from the wakefield is substantially compensated by the quasiresonant energy loss to the longitudinal laser field component. The analytically obtained scalings and estimates are in good agreement with the results of the numerical simulations.
The Einstein Field Equations for Cosmology

Cosmology seeks to answer the rather grandiose question “What is the universe?” After about half a century of being mainly a theoretical and mathematical subject cosmology entered the mainstream of physics only in the last half of the twentieth century thanks to a viable theoretical structure provided by general relativity and diverse observations of distant galaxies and measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. In this chapter we begin our study of cosmology by applying general relativity to the entire universe, in which the source of gravity is taken to be a cosmic fluid. The gravitational field equations naturally allow for one component of the fluid to be the “dark energy” that has been found by observation to be the dominant component.
COVID-19 Chest X-Ray Image Classification Using Deep Learning

The rise of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made it necessary to improve existing medical screening and clinical management of this disease. While COVID-19 patients are known to exhibit a variety of symptoms, the major symptoms include fever, cough, and fatigue. Since these symptoms also appear in pneumonia patients, this creates complications in COVID-19 detection especially during the flu season. Early studies identified abnormalities in chest X-ray images of COVID-19 infected patients that could be beneficial for disease diagnosis. Therefore, chest X-ray image-based disease classification has emerged as an alternative to aid medical diagnosis. However, manual detection of COVID-19 from a set of chest X-ray images comprising both COVID-19 and pneumonia cases is cumbersome and prone to human error. Thus, artificial intelligence techniques powered by deep learning algorithms, which learn from radiography images and predict presence of COVID-19 have potential to enhance current diagnosis process. Towards this purpose, here we implemented a set of deep learning pre-trained models such as ResNet, VGG, Inception and EfficientNet in conjunction with developing a computer vision AI system based on our own convolutional neural network (CNN) model: Deep Learning in Healthcare (DLH)-COVID. All these CNN models cater to image classification exercise. We used publicly available resources of 6,432 images and further strengthened our model by tuning hyperparameters to provide better generalization during the model validation phase. Our final DLH-COVID model yielded the highest accuracy of 96% in detection of COVID-19 from chest X-ray images when compared to images of both pneumonia-affected and healthy individuals. Given the practicality of acquiring chest X-ray images by patients, we also developed a web application (link: https://toad.li/xray) based on our model to directly enable users to upload chest X-ray images and detect the presence of COVID-19 within a few seconds. Taken together, here we introduce a state-of-the-art artificial intelligence-based system for efficient COVID-19 detection and a user-friendly application that has the capacity to become a rapid COVID-19 diagnosis method in the near future.
A longitudinal study of gender-specific characteristics of children’s vowels

Cisgender adult men and women’s vocal tracts differ in length, but the vocal tracts of children assigned male at birth (AMAB) and assigned female at birth (AFAB) do not. Despite this, a growing body of literature has shown that naive listeners robustly rate AMAB and AFAB children’s speech to sound different from one another. Recently, Munson et al. (2019) found that this was true for children as young as 2.5 years old. However, it is unclear what gender-specific phonetic features exist in children’s speech, and how children acquire them. The current study investigates the vowel-space size and shape for the 55 AMAB and 55 AFAB children examined in a longitudinal study by Munson et al. at two time-points: 2.5 to 3.5 years old, and 4.5 to 5.5 years old. We aim to assess whether the AMAB and AFAB children’s vowel spaces differ in size and shape, and to determine whether these predict the ratings collected by Munson et al. As women’s vowel spaces are typically more expanded than men’s (Bradlow et al., 1996), we expect to find larger vowel spaces in AFAB children than AMAB children. Data analysis is ongoing. [Funded by NIH R01 DC002932.]
Roman Eloquence: Rhetoric in Society and Literature

Notes on contributors, Preface, Abbreviations, Part 1. Theories, Transitions and Tensions, 1. Introduction: The Roman Suada, Gualtiero Calboli and William J. Dominik, 2. Ciceronian Rhetoric: Theory and Practice, John T. Kirby, 3. Caecilius, the 'Canons' of Writers, and the Origins of Atticism, Neil O'Sullivan, 4. The Style is the Man: Seneca, Tacitus and Quintilian's Canon, William J. Dominik, Part 2. Rhetoric and Society, 5. Field and Forum: Culture and Agriculture in Roman Rhetoric, Catherine Connors, 6. Gender and Rhetoric: Producing Manhood in the Schools, Amy Richlin, 7. The Context and Occasions of Roman Public Rhetoric, Elaine Fantham, Part 3. Rhetoric and Genre, 8. Towards a Rhetoric of (Roman?) Epic, Joseph Farrell, 9. Declamation and Contestation in Satire, Susanna Morton Braund, 10. Melpomene's Declamation (Rhetoric and Tragedy), Sander M. Goldberg, 11. Inter Tribunal et Scaenam: Comedy and Rhetoric in Rome, Joseph J. Hughes, 12. Eros and Eloquence: Modes of Amatory Persuasion in Ovid's, Ars Amatoria and Peter Toohey, 13. Persuasive History: Roman Rhetoric and Historiography, Robert W. Cape, Jnr, 14. Substructural Elements of Architectonic Rhetoric and Philosophical Thought in Fronto's Epistles, Michele Valerie Ronnick, Bibliography, General Index, Index Locorum
Nasal delivery of progestational steroids in ovariectomized rabbits: I. progesterone — comparison of pharmacokinetics with intravenous and oral administration

Abstract Transnasal delivery of progesterone was studied in rabbits employing a nasal spray and a specially designed controlled delivery nasal device. The device is cylindrically shaped for better insertion into the nasal cavity, and is walled with a microporous membrane to permit controlled delivery of progesterone from a suspension formulation to the nasal mucosa. Ovariectomized New Zealand white rabbits were chosen as the animal model after preliminary studies which indicated that ovary-intact rabbits have significant fluctuations in endogenous progesterone levels. The pharmacokinetics of progesterone were evaluated in a cross-over study comparing i.v., oral, nasal device and nasal spray treatments. Using i.v. data as the reference, the systemic bioavailability of progesterone delivered by nasal device and nasal spray was calculated to be 72.4% and 82.5%, respectively. This was substantially greater than the oral bioavailability of 7.9%. The nasal device was observed to achieve a more prolonged and elevated plasma level of progesterone than the other routes of administration. The nasal spray and nasal delivery device will be employed as tools to study and to compare the effect of immediate and controlled drug release on nasal bioavailability of drugs.
The Rules-Discretion Cycle in Monetary and Fiscal Policy

This lecture starts with a review of historical trends in the balance between rules and discretion: first toward more discretionary policies in the 1960s and 1970s; second toward more rules-based policies in the 1980s and 1990s; and third back again toward discretion in recent years. In each of these swings, monetary policy and fiscal policy moved in the same direction. These swings are correlated with economic performance—unemployment, inflation, economic and financial stability, the frequency and depths of recessions, the length and strength of recoveries. The lecture then provides evidence that the correlation is causal with the moves toward more rules-based policies improving economic performance.
INFANTILE AMAUROTIC FAMILY IDIOCY Occurrence, Genetic Considerations and Pathophysiology in the Non-Jewish Infant

The clinical, biochemical and pathologic findings regarding two Negro infants with infantile amaurotic family idiocy have been See image in the PDF file
End-stage renal disease and African American race are independent predictors of mild liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection.

Recipients of hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease have a higher prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection relative to the general U.S. population. However, the natural course of HCV infection in patients with renal failure, including African-Americans and Caucasian-Americans, is not well known. We compared the degree of liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with HCV infection, with and without end-stage renal disease. This was a cross-sectional study of 156 HCV patients with end stage renal disease (130 African Americans and 26 Caucasian Americans) with a liver biopsy between 1992 and 2005. The control group consisted of 138 patients (50 African Americans) with HCV infections and a serum creatinine less than 1.5 mg/dL with a liver biopsy between 1995 and 1998. Specimens were graded for inflammation and fibrosis using Knodell Histological Activity Index. Compared to patients without renal impairment, HCV patients with renal failure were older and more likely to be African American. Patients with renal impairment had lower mean serum transaminases, a higher mean serum alkaline phosphatase levels (all p 4; p<0.0001). There were no racial differences in serum liver chemistry and histology scores among patients with renal failure. In a multivariate analysis, younger age, end stage renal disease, African American race, and a lower serum alkaline phosphatase were associated with lower odds for advanced liver fibrosis. Thus HCV patients with end stage renal disease had a lower degree of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis compared to those without renal disease, independent of race.
Queer Feminism: Cultivating Ethical Practices of Freedom

Occupying an eccentric position with respect to critical theories, Foucault prefigures a queer critical thought and practice. In this paper I make a case for the continuing importance of Foucault for rethinking feminism within the context of neoliberal governmentality despite continuing skepticism about the value of his ethical writings. I draw not only upon the work of Foucault, but also that of queer feminist Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick.
Robustness of Discrete-Time Systems Against Unstructured Uncertainty

We consider the stability robustness problem for nominally stable linear discrete-time systems. Using time-domain analysis methods and Lyapunov theory, bounds on the norms of time-varying (non)linear perturbations are given to maintain the asymptotic stability of these systems in the presence of such perturbations.
Chapter 15 GPI Proteins in Biogenesis and Structure of Yeast Cell Walls

I. Abstract Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins have an uncommon function in yeasts and other ascomycete fungi: some of them are covalently incorporated into cell walls. Wall‐anchored GPI proteins include adhesins, cell wall structural proteins, and enzymes active in cell wall biogenesis and assembly, as well as nutrient acquisition. The wall cross‐linking is a result of cleavage of the GPI glycan between the glucosamine residue and the first mannose residue, followed by a transglycosylation reaction that links the reducing end of the GPI glycan remnant to the cell wall β1,6 glucan. Specific sequences in GPI proteins specify whether a GPI protein remains in the membrane, or is further processed and incorporated into the wall. Some GPI proteins are themselves transglycosidases active in wall assembly. GPI‐dependent cell wall anchorage is being exploited for surface display of exogenous peptides and proteins with great stability and high surface density. Such yeast surface displays include single‐chain antibodies and antigenic peptides, glycosidases for digestion of polysaccharides including cellulose, and lipases for both hydrolytic and synthetic reactions. Isolated walls with attached enzymes may be used as nonreproductive sources of enzymes or other proteins for bioremediation. Thus, the unique ability of yeasts to cross‐link GPI‐anchored proteins to the cell wall results from a unique metabolism, and has consequences for both fungal life‐styles and for use as a surface display platform. “Oh sweet and lovely wall …” [ 1 ]
A protocol to improve the state scalability of source specific multicast

Source specific multicast (SSM) is a viable solution for current multicast applications, since the driving applications to date are one to many, including Internet TV, distance learning, file distribution, streaming media, etc. It brings many benefits in billing, address allocation, and security. However, SSM still confronts the serious state scalability problem when there are a large number of simultaneous on-going multicast groups in the network. We propose a protocol to improve the state scalability of source specific multicast, which is called aggregated source specific multicast (ASSM). We design the detailed ASSM protocol and show that our solution can obtain significant multicast state and tree management overhead reduction while achieving transparency to end-users, compatibility with existing multicast technologies and low overhead.
U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service testing for Salmonella in selected raw meat and poultry products in the United States, 1998 through 2003 : An establishment-level analysis

The U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) pathogen reduction–hazard analysis critical control point systems final rule, published in 1996, established Salmonella performance standards for broiler chicken, cow and bull, market hog, and steer and heifer carcasses and for ground beef, chicken, and turkey meat. In 1998, the FSIS began testing to verify that establishments are meeting performance standards. Samples are collected in sets in which the number of samples is defined but varies according to product class. A sample set fails when the number of positive Salmonella samples exceeds the maximum number of positive samples allowed under the performance standard. Salmonella sample sets collected at 1,584 establishments from 1998 through 2003 were examined to identify factors associated with failure of one or more sets. Overall, 1,282 (80.9%) of establishments never had failed sets. In establishments that did experience set failure(s), generally the failed sets were collected early in the establishm...
Effect of an orally active COX-2 inhibitor on the development of gallbladder carcinoma in BK5.erbB2 mice.

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 5547 Gallbladder carcinoma (GBCa) has proven challenging to treat and manage due to its poor sensitivity to conventional therapies and the inability to detect early tumor formation. We have developed transgenic mice where expression of a rat erbB2 cDNA is targeted to the basal layer of epithelial tissues by the bovine keratin 5 (BK5) promoter (BK5.erbB2 mice). Adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder develops in approximately 70% of these transgenic mice by 2 months of age. We found that the expression pattern of signal transduction molecules such as erbB2, phospho-erbB2, phospho-EGFR, Akt, COX-2 and MUC4 in GBCa in BK5.erbB2 mice was very similar to that in human biliary tract cancer (BTC). Recently, we have reported that orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were very potent therapeutic agents in this model (Kiguchi, K. et al Clin Cancer Res 11:5572–80). In this study, we examined the ability of CS-706, an orally active COX-2 inhibitor, to block the progression to GBCa in these mice. Transgenic mice bearing gallbladder tumors were identified by ultrasound imaging and received 100 ppm CS-706 dietary supplementation or control diet. Treatment began at 2 months of age and continued for 4 weeks. Tumor size was monitored weekly via ultrasound imaging. Imaging and histological analyses revealed that 78% (7 out of 9) of the mice on control diet progressed to GBCa. In contrast only 12% (4 out of 19) mice treated with CS-706 showed signs of progression. Additionally, 9 out of 19 tumors treated with CS-706 partially regressed. Future studies will address the efficacy of combination TKI and CS-706 inhibitor therapy. Based on these results, COX-2 inhibition could potentially serve as an effective adjunct therapy for GBCa.
A peak-load reduction computing tool sensitive to commercial building environmental preferences

Demand Response (DR) as an option for electric utility peak load management has gained significant attention in the recent past as it helps to avoid stress conditions and possibly defer or avoid construction of new power generation, transmission and distribution infrastructures. DR in commercial buildings can play a major role in reducing peak load and mitigate network overloading conditions. Small and medium-sized commercial buildings have not historically played much role as a DR resource both due to lack of hardware and software tools and awareness. This paper presents a peak load reduction computing tool for commercial building DR applications. The proposed tool provides optimal control of building’s cooling set points with the aim to reduce building’s peak load, while maintaining occupant comfort measured by the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index. This is unlike other studies which use global cooling set point adjustment resulting in an uneven distribution of occupant satisfaction across the building. The approach is validated by experimentation conducted on a simulated medium-sized office building, which reflects an existing commercial building in Virginia, USA. Research findings indicate that the proposed methodology can effectively reduce the simulated building’s peak load and energy consumption during a DR event, while maintaining occupant comfort requirements. The paper also addresses the issue of rebound peaks following a DR event, and offers a means to help avoid this situation.
Herpestes auropunctatus (Indian mongoose)

The karyotypes were prepared from skin biopsies of one male and one female specimen and were kindly donated by Dr. M. M. Cohen, University of Buffalo, New York, USA. The X chromosomes were identified by radioautography, but the Y chromosome has not been identified. There is no marker chromosome. The taxonomie identification of animals studied by some authors is somewhat dubious (see ref. 6).
Kinetic model of molybdenum metabolism developed from dual stable isotope excretion in men consuming a low molybdenum diet

The aim of this study was to develop a compartmental model of molybdenum metabolism based on stable isotope excretion patterns. Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential trace element in humans, with an estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) of 75-250 micrograms Mo/d. Four adult men were fed low molybdenum diets, 22 micrograms Mo/d for a period of 102 d. 97Mo+ and 100Mo stable isotopes, in intravenous and oral doses, respectively, were administered at selected intervals. The resulting 6-d cumulative urinary and fecal isotope excretion data were used to model molybdenum metabolism using SAAM/CONSAM software. A kinetic model, including gastrointestinal (GI), plasma, slow-turnover tissue and fast-turn-over tissue compartments, accurately simulated the observed pattern of urinary and fecal excretion for both stable isotopes in all four subjects. Residence time for molybdenum in the GI tract was estimated at 1.7 +/- 0.4 d. Predicted residence time for plasma molybdenum was 22 +/- 4 min, whereas slow-turnover tissue (possible hepatic) retention averaged 58 +/- 16 d. The model thus permitted estimation of kinetic parameters for molybdenum metabolism in tissues not readily accessible or measurable in humans.
A multi-agent system for supporting the electronic contracting of food grains

With increasing competition and better transportation facilities, the relationships between supply chain actors are getting more complex and individual profit margins are shrinking. Decisions at different levels of the supply chain can no longer be considered independent, since they may influence profitability across the supply chain. Information technology based solution frameworks offer a way to more effectively integrate decision-making by enabling better knowledge sharing and facilitating more transparent economic transactions. This paper proposes the use of a multi-agent system to represent and integrate the decision-making processes of various actors within the food grain supply chain. Within the context of such a system, it presents an internet-based combinatorial auction framework as a technique for implementing electronic contracting (e-contracting) of food grains. The discussion focuses on the relationship between producers and millers, and presents preliminary simulation results that demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of software agents within the proposed auction environment.
Supervision Topics as Perceived by Supervisors and Supervisees

Abstract The purpose of the study was to discover which supervision topics were chosen by supervisors and their supervisees as the most important topics they discussed during the course of 10 supervision sessions. Data from 78 doctoral degree student supervisors and 112 master's degree student supervisees over a 10-week period showed significant agreement among supervisors and supervisees. The two topics most often identified as important and agreed upon by both supervisees and supervisors were Personal Issues and Skills and Techniques.
New feature extraction method for classification of agricultural products from x-ray images

Classification of real-time x-ray images of randomly oriented touching pistachio nuts is discussed. The ultimate objective is the development of a system for automated non- invasive detection of defective product items on a conveyor belt. We discuss the extraction of new features that allow better discrimination between damaged and clean items. This feature extraction and classification stage is the new aspect of this paper; our new maximum representation and discrimination between damaged and clean items. This feature extraction and classification stage is the new aspect of this paper; our new maximum representation and discriminating feature (MRDF) extraction method computes nonlinear features that are used as inputs to a new modified k nearest neighbor classifier. In this work the MRDF is applied to standard features. The MRDF is robust to various probability distributions of the input class and is shown to provide good classification and new ROC data.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.