cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dental occlusion ties: A rapid, safe, and non-invasive maxillo-mandibular fixation technology.

Objectives For decades, Erich arch bars have been a standard in establishing maxillo-mandibular fixation (MMF). While reliable, the approach risks sharps injury, consumes operating room time, and inflicts gingival trauma. Newer technologies including screw-based techniques and “hybrid” techniques have improved MMF by reducing sharps injuries and operating room time, but risk injury to tooth roots, nerves, and gingiva. This study aims to establish the application, strengths, and limitations of dental occlusion ties as a novel alternative in maxillo-mandibular fixation. Study Design Prospective, non-blinded, human feasibility clinical trial. Materials and Methods An iterative prototyping process was used to invent dental occlusion ties (brand name: Minne Ties). Development included 3D printing, cadaver prototype testing, human apical embrasure measurement, and ultimately non-significant risk human clinical trial testing. In the IRB-approved feasibility clinical trial, the devices were applied to mandible and maxilla fracture candidates with fractures amenable to intra-operative MMF with open reduction with internal fixation. The ties were removed prior to extubation. Pre-teens, comminuted fracture patients, and patients requiring post-operative MMF were excluded. Results Manufactured, sterile prototypes secured MMF successfully in management of unilateral and bilateral mandible and maxilla fractures. All patients reported correction of pre-operative malocclusion. Application times were typically 12–15 minutes for a single surgeon to achieve MMF. Patients incurred negligible gingival trauma from the technology as the ties require no tissue penetration for application. Conclusions Dental occlusion ties offer a non-invasive solution featuring operating room efficiency, minimized sharps risk, and less bony and soft tissue trauma than current commercialized solutions. Level of Evidence Therapeutic, IV
An Empirical Study on the Driving Path of Optimizing the Resources Allocation of Foreign Trade Enterprises from the Perspective of Energy Supply-side Reform

From the perspective of energy supply-side reform, this paper, by conducting an empirical study on foreign trade enterprises, conducts a research on the cross-role effect of optimizing the resources allocation and enhancing the energy efficiency. Methodologically, this paper creatively introduces the HILE's probabilistic structured property into Granger causality test analysis, forming an HILE–Granger (H-G) model, so as to empirically estimate both the short-term and long-term causal relationship effects between the energy efficiency and resources allocation. Conclusion is drawn that optimization of resources allocation is positively proportional with the energy efficiency enhancement. This paper is to provide a decision-making reference for the supply side reform strategy of foreign trade enterprises under the background of green energy economy.
Abstract 16117: Critical Role of ADAMTS-4 in the Development of Sporadic Thoracic and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection

Introduction: ADAMTS-4 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4) levels are increased in human descending thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (dTAAD) samples. Hypothesi...
Depression During Pregnancy

Despite the common belief that there is a low incidence of psychiatric disorders during pregnancy (McGrath, Keita, Strickland, & Russo, 1990), we found in both our earlier and current works that the rate of depression during pregnancy was not significantly lower than the rate of depression during the puerperium (O’Hara et al., 1984); see chapter 4. Moreover, chapters 4 and 5 made it clear that childbearing women experience higher levels of depressive symptomatology and lower levels of social adjustment during pregnancy than nonchildbearing women. Interestingly, Elliott et al. (1983) found little evidence of significant mood changes during pregnancy; however, their comparisons were to the norms of the various instruments rather than to the responses of a sample of nonchildbearing women followed prospectively.
American-Style Football and Cardiovascular Health.

To achieve success, whatever the job we have, we must pay a price .—Vince Lombardi American‐style football (ASF) is the most popular organized team sport in the United States, with ≈1 million high school,[1][1] 70 000 collegiate,[2][2] and 2000 professional participants annually.[3][3], [
THE SYNTHESIS AND BIOCHEMICAL REACTIVITY OF BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT GENES AND GENE CONTROL REGIONS

Publisher Summary Recent developments in the recombinant DNA field have created a need for sequence-defined deoxyoligonucleotides. These compounds are being used as probes for isolating natural genes, for experiments involving site-directed mutagenesis, and for the synthesis of genes and gene control regions. However, until recently, the synthesis and isolation of deoxyoligonucleotides has been a difficult and time-consuming task. Chemical methods should be simple, rapid, versatile, and accessible to the non-chemist. This chapter outlines a synthetic methodology that satisfies all these criteria. The approach has been used successfully by non-chemists and by other research groups with limited background in nucleic acid chemistry. The general synthetic strategy involves adding mononucleotides sequentially to a nucleoside covalently attached to an insoluble polymer support. Reagents, starting materials, and side products are removed by filtration. After various additional chemical steps, the next mononucleotide is joined to the growing, polymer-supported deoxyoligonucleotide. At the end of the synthesis, deoxyoligonucleotide is chemically freed of blocking groups, hydrolyzed from the support, and purified to homogeneity by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Happiness in Navajos (Diné Ba’ Hózhó)

Navajos are members of the Navajo Nation, a territory of Native American jurisdiction covering 67,000 km2 in northeastern Arizona, southeastern Utah and northwestern New Mexico. They have the largest number of members of the 565 federally recognized tribes in the U.S. today. This fact demonstrates astonishing resilience in the face of the assimilation policies of the U.S. Government wherein tribal nations were forced to convert to Christianity, thereby attempting to eliminate their indigenous belief systems. Traditional Navajo values, beliefs, philosophies, practices and behavior persist, and even thrive, today. Happiness (Hozho) among Navajos is embedded in their lived practice of walking in happiness or walking in beauty which reflects their cultural value of the significance in the completion of a harmony-lived normative old age life cycle into immortality. For Navajos, to attain harmony, balance, beauty and order with oneself, one’s loved ones, one’s community and social relations, the natural world, and the universe, results in profound happiness and positive wellbeing.
Analog-to-Digital Conversion With Reconfigurable Function Mapping for Neural Networks Activation Function Acceleration

Hardware acceleration of deep neural networks (DNNs) using non-volatile memory arrays has the potential to achieve orders of magnitude power and performance benefits versus digital von-Neumann architectures by implementing the critical multiply-accumulate operations at the location of the weight data. However, realizing these system-level improvements requires careful consideration of the circuit design tradeoffs involved. For instance, neuron circuitry at the periphery, in addition to accumulating current and having mechanisms for routing, must also implement a non-linear activation function (for forward propagate) or a derivative (for reverse propagate). While it is possible to do this with analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) followed by digital arithmetic circuitry, this approach is power-hungry, suffers from undersampling, and could occupy a large area footprint. These large circuit blocks may therefore need to be time-multiplexed across multiple neurons, reducing the overall parallelism and diminishing the performance benefits. In this paper, we propose a new function mapping ADC that directly implements non-linear functions as a part of the process of conversion into the digital domain. The design is applicable to both inference and training, since it is capable of implementing both the activation function and its derivative using the same hardware. It is capable of fast and parallel conversion across all neuron values, while also being flexible and reconfigurable. We describe the design, followed by detailed circuit-level simulations demonstrating the viability and flexibility of the approach and quantifying the power and performance numbers. The simulation results show a total conversion time of 207 ns for 512 neurons in parallel, while the total energy consumption is found to be 9.95 nJ, which corresponds to 19.4 pJ per neuron.
The Relationship Between Social Communication and Social Functioning in Pediatric TBI: A Pilot Study

Objective: Social communication presents a significant difficulty for children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although several measures are used to examine social communication, there is no gold-standard assessment tool. The present pilot study examined the ability of the Social Communication Disorders Checklist (SCDC) to detect social communication difficulties in pediatric TBI. Further, we examined the relationship between social communication and social functioning as assessed by parental ratings of behavior and objective measures of social cognition. Methods: Sixteen children with pediatric TBI and 20 age, education and sex matched healthy controls (HCs) participated. All participants participated in a neuropsychological evaluation and parents filled out questionnaires. Parents rated their children's social communication abilities using the SCDC, as well as the Behavior Assessment System for Children, Second Edition (BASC-2). The pediatric subjects completed a task of social cognition, specifically Theory of Mind (ToM). Results: The pediatric TBI group had significantly lower scores on the SCDC compared to the HCs (p = 0.001). In the pediatric group, SCDC scores correlated significantly with scores on the BASC-2, as well as performance on the ToM task, indicating that children with lower parent-rated social communication abilities also had lower scores on the objective measure of social cognition. Conclusions: These data provide preliminary evidence that children with TBI have difficulties with social communication, as evidenced by lower scores on the SCDC, and that SCDC scores correlate with subjective and objective measures of social cognition and behavior in pediatric TBI.
Exploring Language Ideologies and Preparing Preservice Teachers for Multilingual and Multicultural Classrooms

This study explores the language ideologies of preservice teachers (PTs) in undergraduate English for Speakers of Other Languages courses. In particular, it examines 200 PTs’ written reflections to...
Health Behaviors and Outcomes Associated With Personal and Family History of Criminal Justice System Involvement, New York City, 2017.

Objectives. To quantify the association between personal and family history of criminal justice system (CJS) involvement (PHJI and FHJI, respectively), health outcomes, and health-related behaviors...
Not Another ACS Rule Out.

Case A 50 year old African-American woman with diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia presented with progressively worsening retro-sternal chest pain, exacerbated by activity and relieved by rest. She also endorsed a thirty-pound unintentional weight loss, and dysphagia. She was dysarthric with left-sided Bell's Palsy and a palpable left axillary lymph node. She had been evaluated at several hospitals in the previous months for similar typical chest pain. Her troponin values were normal, and an EKG showed T-wave inversions in leads I and aVL. On echocardiography, her ejection fraction was 45 percent with anterolateral hypokinesis. She was treated for NSTEMI, and an angiogram showed 95 percent stenosis of the right coronary artery. A modified barium swallow study revealed weakened swallowing with aspiration of thin liquids. An MRI Brain demonstrated scattered T2/ FLAIR hyper-intense foci in the subcortical white matter and focal meningeal thickening. ANA, dsDNA, ANCA, and Lyme antibodies were all negative, and a chest CT showed hilar lymphadenopathy. Cardiac MRI demonstrated scattered foci of delayed enhancement in the mid-myocardium and sub-epicardium without infarction. An endobronchial biopsy of hilar lymph nodes showed two small epithelioid granulomas, consistent with Sarcoidosis. She was started on high-dose corticosteroids with rapid improvement. A repeat modified barium swallow study was normal and a repeat echocardiogram demonstrated recovered ejection fraction of 55 percent with improved wall motion in the septum and apex. Additionally, her left-sided Bell's Palsy and dysarthria improved after several days of therapy. Discussion To our knowledge, this report is the third case of multi-organ Sarcoidosis presenting as ACS. This case depicts the simultaneous presentation of neurologic, pharyngeal, pulmonary, and cardiac Sarcoidosis. Myocardial involvement in Sarcoidosis is rare and usually presents as conduction abnormalities with arrhythmia rather than ACS. Though her symptoms were consistent with Sarcoidosis, she had multiple risk factors for coronary atherosclerosis including diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. This case highlights the importance of including Sarcoidosis in the differential diagnosis for patients with recurrent typical chest pain of uncertain etiology.
Parallel Receive Beamforming Improves the Performance of Focused Transmit-Based Single-Track Location Shear Wave Elastography

Single-track location shear wave elastography (STL-SWEI) is robust against speckle-induced noise in shear wave speed (SWS) estimates; however, it is not immune to other incoherent sources of noise (such as electronic noise) that increases the variance in SWS estimates. Although estimation averaging enabled by parallel receive beamforming adequately suppresses these noise sources, these beamforming techniques often rely on broad transmit beams (plane or diverging). While broad beam approaches, such as plane-wave imaging, are becoming ubiquitous in research ultrasound systems, clinical systems usually employ focused transmit beams due to compatibility with hardware beamforming and deeper penetration. Consequently, improving the noise robustness of focused transmit-based STL-SWEI may enable easier translation to clinical scenarios. In this article, we experimentally evaluated the performance of parallel beamforming for STL-SWEI using fixed or multiple transmit focus. By imaging tissue-mimicking phantoms, we found that parallel beamforming improved the focal zone elastographic signal-to-noise ratio (SNR e ) by 40.9%. For a receive line spacing equivalent to transducer pitch, averaging estimates from three parallel lines produced peak SNR e at the focal zone (25 mm), while, at the shallower regions ( 7) were needed. Increasing the beamforming line density by a factor of 8 increased the focal zone SNR e only by 13.2%. When SWS quantification was desirable at a fixed depth (such as within the push focal depth), using a deeper tracking focal zone enabled higher parallel line count and improved the peak SNR e by 33%. The multifocusing strategy produced a lower SNR e than the single-focus configurations. For a fixed tracking focal zone, a depth-dependent averaging based on the simulated transmit intensity adequately accounted for the transmit beamwidth. The results in this work demonstrated that STL-SWEI can be implemented using focused transmit beams with robust noise-suppression capability.
Early life stress dysregulates kappa opioid receptor signaling within the lateral habenula

Abstract The lateral habenula (LHb) is an epithalamic brain region associated with value-based decision making and stress evasion through its modulation of dopamine (DA)-mediated reward circuitry. Specifically, increased activity of the LHb is associated with drug addiction, schizophrenia and stress-related disorders such as depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder. Dynorphin (Dyn)/Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) signaling is a mediator of stress response in reward circuitry. Previously, we have shown that maternal deprivation (MD), a severe early life stress, increases LHb intrinsic excitability while blunting the response of LHb neurons to extra hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling, another stress mediator. CRF pathways also interact with Dyn/KOR signaling. Surprisingly, there has been little study of direct KOR regulation of the LHb despite its distinct role in stress, reward and aversion processing. To test the functional role of Dyn-KOR signaling in the LHb, we utilized ex-vivo electrophysiology combined with pharmacological tools in rat LHb slices. We show that activation of KORs by a KOR agonist (U50,488) exerts differential effects on the excitability of two distinct subpopulations of LHb neurons that differ in their expression of hyperpolarization-activated cation currents (HCN, Ih). Specifically, KOR stimulation increases neuronal excitability in LHb neurons with large Ih currents (Ih+) while decreases neuronal excitability in small/negative Ih (Ih-) neurons. Additionally, we found that an intact fast-synaptic transmission is required for the effects of U50,488 on the excitability of both Ih- and Ih+ LHb neuronal subpopulations. Consistently, KOR activation also altered both glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. While stimulation of presynaptic KORs uniformly suppressed glutamate release onto LHb neurons, we found that U50, 488 either increased or decreased GABA release. We also found that MD significantly increased immunolabeled Dyn (the endogenous KOR agonist) labeling in neuronal fibers in LHb while significantly decreased mRNA levels of KORs in LHb tissues compared to those from non-maternally deprived (non-MD) control rats. While total p38 MAPK (a downstream signaling pathway driven by KOR activation) expression was elevated in the LHb of MD rats compared to non-MD controls, we found that application of KOR-specific agonist, U50,488, onto LHb slices was still able to alter phosphorylated p38 MAPK (ph-p38) expression in MD rats similar to non-MD controls. Moreover, we found that the U50,488-mediated increase in LHb neuronal firing observed in non-MD rats was absent following MD. Altogether, this is the first demonstration of the existence of the functional Dyn/KOR signaling in the LHb that can be modulated in response to severe early life stressors such as MD.
Qualified Immunity's Boldest Lie

Qualified immunity shields government officials from damages liability—even if they have violated plaintiffs’ constitutional rights—if they have not violated clearly established law. The Court has explained that watershed cases describing legal requirements—like Graham v. Connor and Garner v. Tennessee—are insufficient to clearly establish the law. Instead, the plaintiff must find prior cases applying Graham and Garner to cases with virtually identical facts, explaining that such factually analogous cases are necessary to put officers on notice of the illegality of their conduct. But do officers actually know about the facts and holdings of these cases, and rely on them when taking action? Courts and commentators have been skeptical of this assumption, but it has never been tested. This Article reports the findings of a study, the first of its kind, examining the role that circuit decisions applying Graham and Garner play in police officers’ policies and trainings. Having viewed hundreds of police policies, training outlines, and other educational materials provided to California law enforcement officers, I describe unequivocal proof that officers are not notified of the facts and holdings of cases that clearly establish the law for qualified immunity purposes. Instead, officers are taught the general principles of Graham and Garner and then are told to apply those principles in the widely varying circumstances that come their way. Moreover, even if law enforcement made more of an effort to educate their officers about court decisions analyzing the constitutional limits of force, the expectations of notice and reliance baked into qualified immunity doctrine would be obviously unrealistic. There could never be sufficient time to train officers about all the court cases that might clearly establish the law. And even if officers were trained about the facts and holdings of some portion of these cases, there is no reason to believe that officers would analogize or distinguish situations rapidly unfolding before them to the court decisions they once studied. There is a growing consensus among courts, scholars, and advocates across the ideological spectrum that qualified immunity doctrine is legally unsound, unnecessary to shield government officials from the costs and burdens of litigation, and destructive to police accountability efforts. This Article reveals another reason to reconsider the doctrine and, especially, its requirement that plaintiffs find “clearly established law.”
Online Resources in Blindness and Disability: An International Overview.

For professionals conducting research in the fields of blindness and disability, searching the literature by computer offers speedy access to existing data and facilitates the efficient exchange of...
Design of a Portable Solar Desalination System

Despite the ocean covering more than half of the planet, many places directly next to the sea lack drinkable water. This is due to the salt content found in the water. Desalination is the process of removing salt from the ocean water and making it pure enough for general use by people, whether for cooking, cleaning, or other purposes. The process of desalinating water can be very energy intensive and take up large amounts of space. Certain coastal regions are not capable of sustaining the costs or do not have the space to install such a system. To fix this problem, this work proposes a design for a portable solar desalination system. This system will be powered using a linear Fresnel lens focused onto a heat sink in thermal contact with the water. Once the water is evaporated, it will be pumped into a coiled cooling pipe. The condensed water will then be deposited into a collection tank with a nozzle for easy access. The system will be small enough to fit on the bed of a pickup truck in order for it to be transported to locations near the ocean in need of water. Calculations were conducted and it was seen that in an ideal case, the system was capable of producing 16.4 liters of water a day, which would be capable of sustaining 8 people drinking 2 liters per day. Experiments were designed to test the essential stages of the process and to gather data to design the system. From the experiments conducted, it was seen that the process can generate steam to condense into portable water. The experiments conducted lacks the accuracy that the planned experiments offer due to the lack of materials. From the experiments conducted, errors were found to be improved upon in future works. Simulations were conducted to determine the output of the Stirling engine and the storage system. The Stirling engine was seen to produce 36W of power with an efficiency of 10.53%. A Li-Ion battery storage system was shown to be capable of storing the energy generated.
Radiation Safety for Yttrium-90-polymer Composites (RadioGel™) in Therapy of Solid Tumors

ABSTRACT Yttrium-90 (90Y)-polymer composite (RadioGel™) is a new cancer therapeutic agent for treating solid tumors by direct interstitial injection. The 90Y-composite comprises insoluble, microscopic yttrium-phosphate particles carried by a sterile, injectable water-polymer (hydrogel) solution that can be placed directly by needle injection into solid tumors. The yttrium-90-RadioGel™ agent was designed to provide a safe, effective, localized, high-dose beta radiation for treating solid tumors. The properties of 90Y-RadioGel™ also make it a relatively safe agent for health care personnel who prepare, handle, and administer the material. The purpose of this work was to demonstrate and characterize radiation safety of the injectable 90Y-RadioGel™ therapeutic agent. Safety in the patient is defined by its ability to target precisely and remain confined within tumor tissue so that radiation doses are imparted to the tumor and not to normal organs and tissues. Radiation safety for health care personnel is defined by the low radiation doses received by persons who prepare and administer the agent. These safety features were demonstrated during experiments, first involving laboratory rabbits and second in cat and dog animal patients that were treated clinically for sarcoma tumors. This paper focuses mainly on the rabbit tissue biodistribution study; follow-on clinical application in cat and dog subjects confirmed the rabbit results. Implanted VX2 liver tumors in the hind limbs of 26 New Zealand White rabbits were treated using tracer amounts of either (a) 90Y-RadioGel™ or (b) 90Y-microparticles in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without the gel carrier. Tumor and margin injections were interstitial. Rabbits were euthanized at 48 h or 10 d following injection. Blood and tissues (tumor or tumor margins, liver, lymph nodes, rib bone, kidney, spleen) were collected for liquid scintillation counting using wet-ash procedures. Biodistribution was also analyzed at 10 d post-injection using micro-computed tomography. Thirteen cat and dog subjects were also treated clinically for sarcomas. Liquid scintillation counting at 48 h post-injection of tumors or margins with 90Y-RadioGel™ showed that significant radioactivity was measurable only at the site of administration and that radioactivity above detector background was not found in blood or peripheral organs and tissues. At 10 d post-injection, microCT showed that yttrium phosphate microparticles were confined to the injection site. Yttrium-90 remained where placed and did not migrate away in significant amounts from the injection site. Radiation doses were confined mainly to tumors and margin tissues. During preparation and administration, radiation doses to hands and body of study personnel were negligible. This work showed that 90Y-RadioGel™ can be safely prepared and administered and that radiation doses to cancer patients are confined to tumor and margin tissues rather than to critical normal organs and tissues.
Inside RRAS: Remote Access Solutions for Windows NT?

This text offers advice on how to optimize RAS and represents a collection of proven techniques and detailed information about the system. Case studies help explain why some deployments are better than others. Hardware, software, and networking aspects of RAS are treated in depth from the perspective of performance-tuning an organization's communications capabilities.
Cyclic Acetals of Ketoses

Publisher Summary Cyclic acetals of ketoses are used as intermediates in the synthesis of numerous, useful sugar derivatives and as substrates for studies of conformational principles in fused-ring, heterocyclic systems. The name acetal applies to compounds formed when two hydroxyl groups condense with a molecule of an aldehyde or ketone; to obtain a cyclic acetal, these two hydroxyl groups must be in the same molecule. The chapter focuses on cyclic acetals of the aldoses and aldosides. Cyclic acetals of ketoses are prepared most commonly from acetone or benzaldehyde; formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and butanone. The chapter provides a description of the pertinent original work, optimal laboratory preparations, properties, and applications of the cyclic acetals of ketoses. Protein magnetic resonance spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy techniques used to determine the configuration of the cyclic acetals of ketoses are also discussed in the chapter. Various methods for the separation of acetals from the parent hydroxylated compounds such as paper, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography are also described. Known theoretical aspects of their formation, rearrangement, and hydrolysis are summarized in the chapter.
Mycobacterium bovis Spinal Epidural Abscess in a 6-Year-Old Boy With Leukemia

Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is an uncommon and often serious infection in childhood. Rapid diagnosis with early surgical and medical treatment is extremely important to prevent permanent neurologic sequelae. Diagnosing SEA in pediatric patients can be difficult due to the infrequent occurrence, inadequate verbalization of symptoms, and variability of presentation.1-3 The most common cause of SEA is Staphylococcus aureus but other Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods, and anaerobes have been reported.1 Tuberculous SEA has been described in adults and children, but it almost invariably occurs with osteomyelitis of the surrounding bony structures (Pott9s disease).4,5 The only known pediatric case of SEA caused by Mycobacterium bovis (presented in brief as part of a large series of M bovis infections in San Diego)6 is presented here.
Cultural and Social Processes of Language Brokering among Arab, Asian, and Latin Immigrants.

This study examines how language and culture brokering (translating and interpreting language and culture for others) influences the acculturative experiences and self-perceptions of young adults from immigrant Arab, Asian, and Latino American backgrounds. Semi-structured interviews with 10 participants suggest that mediating information for members of different cultural and linguistic groups strengthens awareness of linguistic, cultural, and social processes. This cultivated awareness, in turn, is leveraged for social and cultural processes as identity formation and transcultural competencies. Experiences both prior to immigration and in the new immigrant context also differently shape the experiences of brokers from different ethnic groups.
The integrated science investigation of the sun (isis): Energetic particle measurements for the solar probe plus mission

One of the major goals of NASA's Solar Probe Plus (SPP) mission is to determine the mechanisms that accelerate and transport high-energy particles from the solar atmosphere out into the heliosphere. Processes such as coronal mass ejections and solar flares, which peak roughly every 11 years around solar maximum, release huge quantities of energized matter, magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation into space. The high-energy particles, known as solar energetic particles or SEPs, present a serious radiation threat to human explorers living and working outside low-Earth orbit and to technological assets such as communications and scientific satellites in space. This talk describes the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun (ISIS) - Energetic Particle Instrument suite. ISIS measures key properties such as intensities, energy spectra, composition, and angular distributions of the low-energy suprathermal source populations, as well as the more hazardous, higher energy particles ejected from the Sun. By making the first-ever direct measurements of the near-Sun regions where the acceleration takes place, ISIS will provide the critical measurements that, when integrated with other SPP instruments and with solar and interplanetary observations, will lead to a revolutionary new understanding of the Sun and major drivers of solar system space weather.
Speech Synthesis, Perception and Comprehension of

This article reviews an extensive body of perceptual/behavioral research showing that synthetic speech is more difficult to perceive and comprehend than natural speech. It details how listeners may improve their perception of synthetic speech by drawing upon their knowledge of higher-level linguistic structures, additional cognitive resources, and prosodic information in the speech signal. This article also documents how alternative populations of listeners may process synthetic speech differently than normal-hearing, young adults and how the perception of synthetic speech tends to improve with experience. It concludes with suggestions for future research on the perception of synthetic speech.
Fashioning and Transforming: The Power of Imagination in Religious Education

“The heart of teaching,” writes Maria Harris, “is imagination” (1987, 3). In this forum article I discuss the role of imagination in religious education by reflecting on my experiences as a teacher...
DNA microarrays and animal models of learning and memory.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the use of DNA microarray applied to dissect, and analyze the pathophysiology of learning and memory in the mammalian brain. Inhibitors of transcription or translation interfere with long-term memory (LTM) formation, indicating the requirement of de novo gene expression. A DNA microarray is a grid of DNA spots, called probes, each containing a unique DNA sequence. Microarray analysis results in large amounts of data that are difficult to interpret without computational methods. Cluster analysis is a commonly used method to investigate and interpret gene expression data sets. By grouping together, genes that have similar expression profiles, cluster analysis can be used for the extraction of regulatory motifs, inference of functional annotation, and classification of cell types or tissue samples. The chapter focuses on the use of DNA microarray technology to dissect, and analyze the pathophysiology of learning and memory in the mammalian brain, and present the experiments performed in different behavioral paradigms to study the physiology of learning and memory, and describe an animal model of cognition disorders.
Sex Chromosomes and Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

It can be argued that the sex chromosomes are the most important pair of chromosomes given their role in determining gender and, therefore, allowing for reproduction and procreation. Considered together, sex chromosome aneuploidies are the most common chromosome abnormalities seen in liveborn infants, children, and adults. Physicians in many specialties, including pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, endocrinology, internal medicine, and surgery, commonly encounter individuals with sex chromosome abnormalities. There has been a great deal of misinformation in the past regarding outcomes and developmental profiles of these patients, leading to bias and discrimination. This chapter attempts to provide a summary of information regarding the sex chromosomes, sex chromosome abnormalities, and disorders of sexual development with normal chromosomes.
Convergence of Data, Sound, and Video

Data convergence brings together several representational forms into single locations and presentations. This combination of text, sound, images, and video create new kinds of messages that are facilitated by the development of new digital technologies. This convergence has emerged out of ongoing histories of several media as well as diverse technologies. The social and aesthetic consequences of the new multimedia forms are still unclear, but they carry with them both the long waves of historical trends as well as new developments in using media for diverse purposes. Keywords: convergence; media history; multimedia; social effects; technology history; textuality
Concepts of Genetic and Hormonal Induction of Vertebrate Sexual Differentiation in the Twentieth Century, with Special Reference to the Brain

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that the twentieth century has witnessed a revolution in the understanding of sexually dimorphic development in vertebrates, especially in mammals. From the outset, the forces that cause sexual differentiation of tissues were separated into two classes: mgenetic factors present at the time of formation of the zygote and hormonal factors that are secreted by the gonads later in development. This framing of the problem had its origins in the earliest years of the century, when major concepts in genetics and endocrinology were established. With regard to the brain, testosterone and its metabolites are the dominant masculinizing factors. The experiments that show the potent effects of steroids could be interpreted to demonstrate that the genetic sex of an animal is irrelevant to the process of sexual differentiation of somatic tissues.
Neurosurgery for schizophrenia: an update on pathophysiology and a novel therapeutic target

The main objectives of this review were to provide an update on the progress made in understanding specific circuit abnormalities leading to psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and to propose rational targets for therapeutic deep brain stimulation (DBS). Refractory schizophrenia remains a major unsolved clinical problem, with 10%-30% of patients not responding to standard treatment options. Progress made over the last decade was analyzed through reviewing structural and functional neuroimaging studies in humans, along with studies of animal models of schizophrenia. The authors reviewed theories implicating dysfunction in dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling in the pathophysiology of the disorder, paying particular attention to neurosurgically relevant nodes in the circuit. In this context, the authors focused on an important pathological circuit involving the associative striatum, anterior hippocampus, and ventral striatum, and discuss the possibility of targeting these nodes for therapeutic neuromodulation with DBS. Finally, the authors examined ethical considerations in the treatment of these vulnerable patients. The functional anatomy of neural circuits relevant to schizophrenia remains of great interest to neurosurgeons and psychiatrists and lends itself to the development of specific targets for neuromodulation. Ongoing progress in the understanding of these structures will be critical to the development of potential neurosurgical treatments of schizophrenia.
Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropotogy

Colonial Subjects: Essays on the Practical History of Anthropotogy. Peter Pels and Oscar Salemink. eds. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 364 pp.
Linkers and Loaders

From the Publisher: Whatever your programming language, whatever your platform, you probably tap into linker and loader functions all the time. But do you know how to use them to their greatest possible advantage? Only now, with the publication of Linkers & Loaders, is there an authoritative book devoted entirely to these deep-seated compile-time and run-time processes. The book begins with a detailed and comparative account of linking and loading that illustrates the differences among various compilers and operating systems. On top of this foundation, the author presents clear practical advice to help you create faster, cleaner code. Youll learn to avoid the pitfalls associated with Windows DLLs, take advantage of the space-saving, performance-improving techniques supported by many modern linkers, make the best use of the UNIX ELF library scheme, and much more. If youre serious about programming, youll devour this unique guide to one of the fields least understood topics. Linkers & Loaders is also an ideal supplementary text for compiler and operating systems courses. Features Includes a linker construction project written in Perl, with project files available for download. Covers dynamic linking in Windows, UNIX, Linux, BeOS, and other operating systems. Explains the Java linking model and how it figures in network applets and extensible Java code. Helps you write more elegant and effective code, and build applications that compile, load, and run more efficiently. About the Authors John Levine is the author or co-author of many books, including lex & yac (O'Reilly), Programming for Graphics Files in C and C++ (Wiley), and The Internet for Dummies (IDG). He is also publisher emeritus of the Journal of C Language Translation, long-time moderator of the comp.compilers newsgroup, and the creator of one of the first commercial Fortran 77 compilers. He holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science from Yale University.
Factors affecting CO2 fixation by chloroplasts.

Abstract The low rate of CO 2 uptake by spinach chloroplasts may be due to the loss of photosynthetic pyridine nucleotide reductase during isolation of the particle. The addition of orthophosphate, ADP and Mg 2+ accelerates TPN reduction, which may account for an earlier observation that small amounts of phosphate stimulate CO 2 reduction by chloroplasts. Aging destroys the ability of chloroplasts to assimilate CO 2 but does not affect TPN reduction.
The political life of dairy cows: The history of French agricultural policy and its legacy for AOC cheeses in Normandy

The vagaries of French and European agricultural policy have slowly but inexorably drawn French agriculture to be increasingly productive, efficient, and technologically advanced. But for dairy farmers and cheesemakers engaged in the production of AOC Camembert de Normandie, Livarot, and Pont-L’Eveque cheeses, all this pressure for progress has ended up at cross-purposes with making produits de terroir. As INAO, the French national agency that oversees AOCs, puts pressure on Norman AOC unions to solidify their links to the terroir, the farmers themselves are caught between two arms of policy—one rewarding highly efficient Holstein cows consuming subsidized corn silage, and more ephemeral demands to revert to the local Normande breed and grass-feed, to the detriment of milk yields and at the sacrifice of subsidies. Although this story reveals the ironies and agonies of place-named foods on the global market, it also reveals a legacy of conflicting agricultural policy and political and ideological divisions that stretch back a century in France and which were transferred into European agricultural policy as it has developed. A year of anthropological research in the Norman AOC industry and with French and European administrators has shown the historical context for the debate between two breeds and two feeds as the international fate of name-controlled foods continues to hang in the balance. The findings of the study are a solemn reminder to those of us concerned about food and agriculture that, if we ignore agricultural policy, we do so at our own peril.
Effects of phase separation on crack growth in borosilicate glass

Abstract The effect of phase separation on crack propagation was determined in a soda-borosilicate glass. Crack velocity - K I curves in the velocity range of 10 −9 to 10 −4 m/s were shifted to lower K I with increasing heat-treatment time. A velocity plateau of 10 −4 m/s occurred, independent of heat treatment conditions. It is shown that the compositional changes in the SiO 2 rich phase formed during heat treatment controls crack growth rates. Results are discussed in terms of glass corrosion mechanisms.
On the tensile failure of 3D woven composites

Abstract Tensile tests are reported for some graphite/epoxy composites with three-dimensional woven interlock reinforcement. Composite failure consists of the accumulation of discrete tow rupture events distributed over a band of damage typically 10–20 mm wide. Load—displacement data for gauges spanning the band indicate work of fracture values ranging from 0.4 to 1.1 MJ m −2 . Most of these unusually high vales derives from the ability of the composite to sustain loads near peak load (≈1 GPa) for displacements significantly beyond those at which tows have all failed. The key mechanism is very strong friction or lockup that couples sliding, broken tows to the surrounding composite. Lockup is the product of the geometrical irregularity of nominally straight tows and clamping compressive stresses generated by the through-thickness reinforcement. Lesser contributions to the work of fracture arise from plastic straightening of tows prior to their rupture and the relatively easy but prolonged pull-out of tows following failure of the lockup mechanism.
Strategy Training and Semantic Encoding in Mildly Retarded Children.

Two experiments were performed with mildly retarded children. In the first experiment, three groups of mildly retarded pre-adolescents were matched on the basis of their performance on a free recall test. The groups were then given instruction in the use of a semantic encoding strategy, acoustic encoding strategy, or repetitive rehearsal strategy and practice using the memory strategy on two different lists of unblocked categorized items. Performance was uniformly higher for subjects using the semantic encoding strategy on both training lists and on unprompted tests up to seven days later. On a test seven months later, however, there were no differences in recall performance for the three groups until the appropriate strategy was prompted on the second trial; then, the semantic condition showed greater improvement than the other groups. Clustering data were also analyzed and were superior for the semantic condition on all tests except the first trial of the seven month delayed test. In the second experiment an incidental learning task was used with three different orienting questions. Enhanced performance with semantic processing was found in a group of 13-year olds but not in a group of 10-year olds. Implications for theory are discussed.
Bacterial communities of disease vectors sampled across time, space, and species.

A common strategy of pathogenic bacteria is to form close associations with parasitic insects that feed on animals and to use these insects as vectors for their own transmission. Pathogens interact closely with other coexisting bacteria within the insect, and interactions between co-occurring bacteria may influence the vector competency of the parasite. Interactions between particular lineages can be explored through measures of α-diversity. Furthermore, general patterns of bacterial community assembly can be explored through measures of β-diversity. Here, we use pyrosequencing (n=115 924 16S rRNA gene sequences) to describe the bacterial communities of 230 prairie dog fleas sampled across space and time. We use these communinty characterizations to assess interactions between dominant community members and to explore general patterns of bacterial community assembly in fleas. An analysis of co-occurrence patterns suggests non-neutral negative interactions between dominant community members (P<0.001). Furthermore, bacterial communities of fleas shift dramatically across years (phylotype-based: R=0.829, P<0.001; phylogenetic-based: R=0.612–0.753, P<0.001), but they also significantly differ across space (phylotype-based: R=0.418, P<0.001; phylogenetic-based: R=0.290–0.328, P<0.001) and between flea species (phylotype-based: R=0.160, P=0.011; phylogenetic-based: not significant). Collectively, our results show that flea-associated bacterial communities are not random assemblages; rather, an individual flea's bacterial community is governed by interactions between bacterial lineages and by the flea's place in space and time.
Centers of n-fold tensor products of graphs

Formulas for vertex eccentricity and radius for the n-fold tensor product G = ⊗n i=1 Gi of n arbitrary simple graphs Gi are derived. The center of G is characterized as the union of n + 1 vertex sets of form V1 × V2 × · · · × Vn, with Vi ⊆ V (Gi).