cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
young children discuss conflict

If there is one constant, uninvited guest in the typical public school classroom—or indeed in any setting in which children gather in numbers—it is conflict. The transcripts from which I draw in this reflection on how young children think together about conflict reflect two four-part sets of conversations with two second grades in a small school of roughly 300 students in a predominantly middle to upper middle class suburban town in a heavily populated metropolitan area in the northeastern U.S. Most of the examples of conflict which the second graders chose to offer were located in their lives with friends or acquaintances or siblings, or incidents among adults that they had witnessed. There seemed to be a level of tolerance, even expectation and affirmation of these small conflicts in their lives; they had already become relatively “natural” occurrences for them. Large sections from four of the transcripts are included here, with commentary. In the first, conflict is represented by the group as a competition, either between two people or two possibilities only one of which can be fulfilled (the “fork in the road”). There is disagreement as to whether interpersonal conflict can be avoided. The second section revolves around the reorganizational or reconstructive potential of conflict. The third section takes up the question of whether we can say that there is conflict within nature beyond just living things — i.e. whether conflict can be considered a metaphysical or at least ontological principle. Transcript and analysis of arguments are accompanied by reflections on the differing social atmospheres of the two classes, their possible relationships to the discussion styles of the two, and on the possibility of a form of pedagogy which allows for the self-organizing character of group life and the role of conflict in the dialectics of development.
Divergent abnormal muscle relaxation by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and nemaline myopathy mutant tropomyosins

Mutations in tropomyosin (Tm) have been linked to distinct inherited diseases of cardiac and skeletal muscle, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and nemaline myopathy (NM). How HCM and NM mutations...
An Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor in Human Serum: Increased Sensitivity of the Serum ACE Assay For Detecting Active Sarcoidosis

Measurement of serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is extremely useful as an aid in the diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of patients with sarcoidosis. We have detected a human serum ACE-inhibitor which affects the ACE level obtained by activity measurements. The effect of the inhibitor can be eliminated by a mere eight-fold dilution of the serum sample with physiologic saline. We recommend that serum ACE be performed with 1:8 dilutions of serum to eliminate the effect of the ACE inhibitor. The inhibitor has a MW above 50,000 dal tons, and reversibility of inhibition by dilution appears to be ion dependent. Dialysis of an inhibitor-containing serum sample against saline causes the inhibition to become irreversible, allowing the distinction between alinearity of the assay vs an inhibitor effect when a serum has ACE activity greater than 50 units/ml. The source of the serum ACE-inhibitor remains to be determined.
A novel test-data compression technique using application-aware bitmask and dictionary selection methods

Higher circuit densities in System-on-Chip (SOC) designs have led to enhancement in the test data volume. Larger test data size demands not only greater memory requirements, but also an increase in the testing time. Test data compression addresses this problem by reducing the test data volume without affecting the overall system performance. This paper proposes a novel test data compression technique using bitmasks which provides a significant enhancement in the compression efficiency without introducing any additional decompression penalty. The major contributions of this paper are as follows: i) it develops an efficient bitmask selection technique for test data in order to create maximum matching patterns; ii) it develops an efficient dictionary selection method which takes into account the speculated results of compressed codes and iii) it proposes a suitable code compression technique using dictionary and bitmask based code compression that can reduce the memory and time requirements. We have used our algorithm on various test data sets and compared our results with other existing test compression techniques. Our algorithm outperforms the best known existing compression technique up to 30%, giving a best possible compression of 92.2%.
Hypoglycemia in the Hospital: Systems-Based Approach to Recognition, Treatment, and Prevention

AbstractHypoglycemia causes immediate adverse reactions and is associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes and increased health care costs. It is also one of the barriers to optimization of inpatient glycemic control. Prioritizing quality improvement efforts to address hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients with diabetes is of critical importance. Acute illness, hospital routine, and gaps in quality care predispose patients to hypoglycemia. Many of these factors can be minimized when approached from a systems-based perspective. This requires creation of a multidisciplinary team to develop strategies to prevent hypoglycemic events by targeting many factors, such as systemic analysis of blood glucometrics, policies and protocols, coordination of nutrition and insulin administration, transitions of care, staff and patient education, and communication. This article reviews recommendations of the American Diabetes Association, the Endocrine Society, and the Society of Hospital Medicine, and highlights our ins...
Adipocytes with increased hexosamine flux exhibit insulin resistance, increased glucose uptake, and increased synthesis and storage of lipid

The hexosamine signaling pathway has been shown to serve a nutrient-sensing function. We have previously shown that overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme for hexosamine synthesis (glutamine-fr...
Long-term effects on medical costs of improving depression outcomes in patients with depression and diabetes.

OBJECTIVE —The purpose of this study was to examine the 5-year effects on total health care costs of the Pathways depression intervention program for patients with diabetes and comorbid depression compared with usual primary care. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —The Pathways Study was conducted in nine primary care practices of a large HMO and enrolled 329 patients with diabetes and comorbid major depression. The current study analyzed the differences in long-term medical costs between intervention and usual care patients. Participants were randomly assigned to a nurse depression intervention ( n = 164) or to usual primary care ( n = 165). The intervention included education about depression, behavioral activation, and a choice of either starting with support of antidepressant medication treatment by the primary care doctor or problem-solving therapy in primary care. Interventions were provided for up to 12 months, and the main outcome measures are health costs over a 5-year period. RESULTS —Patients in the intervention arm of the study had improved depression outcomes and trends for reduced 5-year mean total medical costs of −$3,907 (95% CI −$15,454 less to $7,640 more) compared with usual care patients. A sensitivity analysis found that these cost differences were largely explained by the patients with depression and the most severe medical comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS —The Pathways depression collaborative care program improved depression outcomes compared with usual care with no evidence of greater long-term costs and with trends for reduced costs among the more severely medically ill patients with diabetes.
A Graphical Framework for Spectrum Modeling and Decision Making in Cognitive Radio Networks

There are many key problems of decision making related to spectrum occupancies in cognitive radio networks. It is known that there exist correlations of spectrum occupancies in time, space and frequency, which facilitates the decision making problems. A uniform framework, utilizing graphical models and tools, is proposed to integrate the spectrum correlations and decision making problems. Bayesian networks are used to model the probabilistic dependencies of spectrum occupancies. The statistical inference over the Bayesian network is carried out for spectrum sensing. Influence diagrams are used for cross-layer decision makings by integrating the inference result of the Bayesian network model of spectrum and the QoS requirement from upper layers. A simulated scenario of primary user network is used to generate the spectrum activities, based on which the proposed graphical framework is demonstrated to improve the performance of cognitive radio networks.
A method to determine insulin responsiveness in synaptosomes isolated from frozen brain tissue

Abstract Background Studying the insulin signaling response at the synapse is an important approach to understand molecular mechanisms involved in disease-related neurodegenerative processes. New method We developed a method for studying the insulin responsiveness at the synaptic level by isolating functional synaptosomes from fresh or frozen tissue and exposing them to insulin in the presence of ATP (a critical step) to detect insulin receptor (IR) activation. Results We performed an ATP dose⿿response curve, insulin dose⿿response curve, and insulin response time course to optimize this method. We also demonstrated that our protocol reflects the degree of insulin responsiveness in vivo by using an animal model of known insulin resistance, AtENPP1-Tg mice. Comparison with existing method(s) This method is advantageous over other methods detecting IR in total brain homogenates due to the ability to detect IR response without confounding contributions from other cell areas and cell types also expressing IR. Furthermore, e x vivo insulin stimulation can be compared to baseline synaptosomes obtained from the same animal which improves reliability and statistical power while decreasing the number of animals required to perform individual experiments. Conclusions We have developed a reliable, efficient method to measure insulin-driven ex vivo phosphorylation of the synaptosomal insulin receptor that can reliably reflect the pre-existing insulin responsiveness status in the CNS of the animal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of stimulation of isolated synaptosomes with insulin and a promising new technique to study the synaptic CNS insulin responsiveness under physiological or disease conditions.
“Oriental Plague” in the Middle Eastern Landscape: A Cautionary Tale

As environmental history migrates to the Middle East there is natural excitement about new research methods such as molecular biology and soil science. But the Braudelian project of describing “man in his intimate relationship to the earth which bears and feeds him” may be complicated by echoes of the region's literary past.
Discussion on Interconnection of Solar Photovoltaic Power Station

Solar photovoltaic power station connects to the public power network to provide electric power.Interconnection of solar photovoltaic power station is the result of large-scale commercialized generation and solar photovoltaic generation.In this paper,the composition,kinds and generation characteristics of solar photovoltaic power station are introduced.Moreover,manner of interconnection solar photovoltaic power station and its influence on power grid are presented.At last,measures for its safe operation are proposed.
Electromyographic Study of Abdominal Muscular Activity during Exercise

Abstract Electromyographic records were obtained on the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles of 10 women during the performance of an exercise series. The exercises found most effective in strengthening abdominal musculature as revealed by the high magnitude of action potential are: V-sit, basket hang, side-lying trunk raise, backward trunk lean, and curl-ups. The exercises least effective in an exercise program are: full-waist circling, vertical reach, controlled leg extension, and hip roll.
Androgen responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone infusion among individual women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective To compare androgen responses during ACTH infusion among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy women. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) Women with PCOS (n = 13) and healthy controls (n = 15). Intervention(s) Blood samples were obtained frequently during a 6-hour dose-response ACTH infusion. Main Outcome Measure(s) Comparison of basal and stimulated levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androgens, and cortisol (F) during ACTH infusion with those after hCG injection within individual subjects. Result(s) In women with PCOS increased 17-OHP, androstenedione (A), and DHEA responses during ACTH infusion were comparable to those observed in healthy controls. The magnitude of responses was highly variable among women with PCOS. Within individual women with PCOS adrenal responses to ACTH and ovarian responses to hCG were significantly correlated. Cortisol responses to ACTH were similar in women with PCOS and healthy controls. Conclusion(s) Within individual women with PCOS, enhanced androgen responses to ACTH are accompanied by comparable androgen responsiveness to hCG. These findings suggest that dysregulated steroidogenesis leading to hyperandrogenemia in this disorder is likely present in both adrenal and ovarian tissues. Clinical Trial Registration Number NCT00747617.
Lessons from University-Based Medical Schools

The 1959 Ford Foundation and Carnegie Foundation reports on business schools had a strikingly similar parallel in medical schools. In 1910, the same Carnegie Foundation released a scathing report on medical schools in the USA and Canada. By 1920, 45 % of the medical schools existing in 1910 had disappeared. The way university-based medical schools responded to this watershed event provides lessons for twenty-first century business schools.
Update on the Pathology of Pathological Myopia

Pathological myopia is a leading cause of blindness across the world. Pathological myopia has been defined in several different ways, but usually combines a high refractive error with degenerative changes. High myopia is usually associated with enlargement or elongation of the globe. The mechanical stretching forces associated with this enlargement can lead to several different types of fundus changes which can result in a variable amount of visual deterioration. There have been a number of research studies that have documented the most common histopathological findings in myopic eyes. These include the tigroid fundus, lacquer cracks, geographic atrophy of RPE and choroid, posterior staphyloma, choroidal neovascularization also known as Fuchs spot, myopic configuration of the optic nerve head including peripapillary changes, macular holes and retinal holes or detachments, and vitreous, cobblestone, and lattice degeneration.
Activity of ABL Kinase Inhibitors in Two Distinct Models of Imatinib Resistance.

Abstract The tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is effective in controlling BCR-ABL expressing leukemias but resistance occurs in a small subset of early stage patients and is very common in advanced stage patients. Resistance is associated with overexpression and/or mutations in the BCR-ABL gene but patients are also increasingly reported to fail imatinib therapy while retaining wild-type BCR-ABL expression. To circumvent or overcome resistance novel kinase inhibitors have been synthesized and tested clinically. However, while investigators have designed models to measure and predict activity of novel compounds in mutation-mediated imatinib resistance, other mechanisms of resistance have not been modeled or shown clinical relevance. In this report, the activity of four novel kinase inhibitors (norlotinib, dasatinib, SKI-606, ON012380) was compared in two distinct models of imatinib resistance. These models include cell lines established from natural resistant variant clones selected from imatinib sensitive cell lines and associated with a T315I BCR-ABL mutation (BV-173R) or overexpressed Lyn kinase (K562R). Kinase inhibitory activity in these models was compared to transfectant-based resistance models including BaF3 cells expressing the T315I mutant form of BCR-ABL and overexpression of Lyn kinase in K562 cells. K562R cells were completely resistant to imatinib and norlotinib but highly sensitive to Src/Abl inhibitors (dasatinib, SKI-606) but only partially sensitive to ON012380. Overexpression of Lyn in K562 cells reduced imatinib and norlotinib sensitivity (3-fold) but did not affect sensitivity to the other kinase inhibitors. BV-173R cells expressing the T315I mutant form of BCR-ABL were completely resistant to Abl-selective kinase inhibitors (imatinib, norlotinib) and ~100-fold less sensitive (IC50 ~ 2 microM) to Src/Abl-directed inhibitors (dasatinib, SKI-606) while the non-ATP competitive kinase inhibitor, ON012380, was equally effective against both BV-173 and BV-173R cells. Expression of the T315I mutant form of BCR-ABL in BaF3 cells completely blocked kinase inhibitory activity of all inhibitors except ON012380. IL-3 dependent BaF3 cells were not inhibited by imatinib, norlotinib or SKI-606 but were equally sensitive to ON012380 when compared to IL-3 independent BCR-ABL transfectants. Cellular sensitivity was associated with reduced phosphorylation of BCR-ABL, CrkL and Lyn kinase with all inhibitors except ON012380, which mediated apoptosis in the absence of alterations in tyrosine phosphorylation. Together, our results suggest that imatinib resistant cell models are useful in evaluating the activity of novel kinase inhibitors but need to be carefully interpreted and mechanistically tested. Additional mediators of imatinib resistance need to be defined and modeled so that an appropriate individualized therapy can be applied to most effectively overcome resistant disease.
Driving Point FRF Fixture Evaluation for Shock Testing

Improved testing and modeling capability has provided more accurate environments definition for environmental testing. When those efforts expand the shock testing performance envelope at a production test lab, legacy testing processes may need to be updated to ensure efficient testing and accurate environment reproduction. If new specifications contain reduced shock pulse durations or resonant fixture-type tests, legacy fixtures and legacy fixture designs may no longer be adequate. Failure to properly evaluate legacy fixture designs may lead to increased setup times and dramatically increased testing costs if those designs are carried over into shorter-duration shock tests. This work will examine approaches for fixture evaluation, attempt to evaluate different fixture designs, and investigate the effect of shock machine choice on fixture performance.
Non-linear vibration and dynamic instability of internally-thickness-tapered composite plates under parametric excitation

Abstract Internally-tapered composite plates are formed by terminating or dropping-off some of the plies in the laminates at pre-determined locations, which is an important method for stiffness tailoring and weight saving in these structures. In the present work, the dynamic instability of internally-thickness-tapered laminated composite plates subjected to harmonic in-plane loading is studied based on non-linear vibration analysis. The non-linear von Karman strains associated with large deflections and curvatures are considered. The in-plane displacements are determined from the two in-plane force-equilibrium equations of motion of non-linear large deflection tapered plate. Consequently, the in-plane force-resultants can be obtained from the in-plane displacements and further applying the boundary conditions. Then the general Galerkin method is used for the moment-equilibrium equation of motion to satisfy spatial dependence in the partial differential equation of motion to produce a set of non-linear Mathieu-Hill equations. These equations are ordinary differential equations, with time-dependency. By applying the Bolotin’s method to these equations, the dynamically-unstable regions, stable-, and unstable-solutions amplitudes of the steady-state vibrations are obtained. The non-linear dynamic stability characteristics of symmetric cross-ply laminates with different taper configurations are examined. A comprehensive parametric study is carried out to examine and compare the effects of the taper angles, magnitudes of both tensile and compressive in-plane loads, aspect ratios of the tapered plate including length-to-width and length-to-average-thickness ratios on the instability regions and the parametric resonance particularly the steady-state vibrations amplitude. For linear vibrations, the present results show good agreement with that available in the literature which were obtained based on linear analysis.
The contribution of rising adiposity to the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the United States

Abstract Objective We assessed the contribution of increasing adiposity to the rising prevalence of diabetes in the United States over the period 1988–2014. Research design and methods Data from NHANES III (1988–1994) and continuous waves (1999–2014) were pooled for the current study. Diabetes status was assessed using data on Hemoglobin A1c. We estimated a multivariable logistic regression model that predicted the odds of having diabetes as a function of age, sex, racial/ethnic group, educational attainment, and period of observation. At a second stage, we introduced measures of general and abdominal adiposity into the model. Changes in coefficients pertaining to period of observation between the first and second models were interpreted as indicating the extent to which adiposity can account for trends in the prevalence of diabetes. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to investigate how alternative definitions of adiposity and diabetes status would affect results. Results The predicted prevalence of diabetes rose by 2.59%/yr between 1988 and 2014 after adjusting for changes in population composition. Increasing adiposity explained 72% of the rise in diabetes. Results were consistent for men and women. Conclusions Rising levels of adiposity explained the large majority of the rise in diabetes prevalence between 1988 and 2014.
Utility of Echocardiography in Detecting Silent Complications After Pediatric Catheter Ablations

Although transcatheter arrhythmia ablation (TCA) has been performed in children for over two decades, guidelines for routine use of post-ablation transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) are absent. We sought to determine the efficacy of TTE after apparently uneventful TCA procedures in detecting adverse findings and identify predisposing factors. A retrospective review of clinical and procedural data on patients who underwent TCA for supraventricular arrhythmias from 2000 to 2015 was performed. Pre- and post-ablation TTE data were reviewed. All patients were followed at 1 week, 6 and 12 months post-TCA. A repeat TTE was performed at 12 months on patients in whom post-TCA abnormalities were found. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and without adverse TTE findings and comparative analysis between variables was performed. Data on 252 patients, 52% males, mean age 14 ± 3 years were analyzed. New onset or worsening atrioventricular valve regurgitation occurred in 17 (6.7%), a small pericardial effusion in 3 (1.2%) and worsened ventricular function in 2 patients (0.8%). Patients in the complication group had higher mean number of ablations (22.6 ± 15.3 vs. 16.8 ± 9.2, p 0.001) and required longer duration of ablation (sec) (254.6 ± 256.4 vs. 180.9 ± 158.9, p < 0.001). TCA location (including coronary sinus), energy source, arrhythmia substrate, and a trans-septal approach were noncontributory to any adverse findings. Routine post-ablation TTE uncovers asymptomatic self-resolving abnormalities that typically do not require any intervention.
Linking preconditioning to extreme ENSO events and reduced ensemble spread

The contribution of the subsurface precursor, defined as the buildup of heat content in the equatorial subsurface prior to El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, to ENSO amplitude and predictability has been unclear for some time. To address the issue, this study implements a careful experimental design to construct three March-initialized precursor ensembles using CCSM4, one ensemble with ENSO-neutral initial conditions, one with a warm precursor in the subsurface, and one with a cold precursor. The initial precursors within each respective ensemble, although generated via identical wind forcing, differ slightly due to intrinsic sources of “noise” in the ocean and atmosphere. The ensembles are then integrated fully-coupled to produce a distribution of outcomes per each type of initial condition. Results show that a precursor is not essential to produce moderate El Nino and the full range of La Nina events, whereas a warm precursor is a necessary condition to generate extreme El Nino. The findings imply that extreme El Nino and the coldest La Nina events are fundamentally different. Presence of a warm (cold) precursor in the initial condition results in a warm (cold) shift and narrowing of the distribution of outcomes, suggesting increased predictability of El Nino (La Nina). Although the cold precursor is not necessary to produce La Nina, its presence in the initial condition reduces La Nina spread more than the warm precursor reduces El Nino spread. Despite the smaller ensemble spread for La Nina, signal-to-noise ratios indicate that El Nino may be more predictable than La Nina.
Fungal Lactamases: Their Occurrence and Function.

Fungi are absorptive feeders and thus must colonize and ramify through their substrate to survive. In so doing they are in competition, particularly in the soil, with myriad microbes. These microbes use xenobiotic compounds as offensive weapons to compete for nutrition, and fungi must be sufficiently resistant to these xenobiotics. One prominent mechanism of xenobiotic resistance is through production of corresponding degrading enzymes. As typical examples, bacterial β-lactamases are well known for their ability to degrade and consequently confer resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, a serious emerging problem in health care. We have identified many fungal genes that putatively encode proteins exhibiting a high degree of similarity to β-lactamases. However, fungal cell walls are structurally different from the bacterial peptidoglycan target of β-lactams. This raises the question, why do fungi have lactamases and what are their functions? Previously, we identified and characterized one Fusarium verticillioides lactamase encoding gene (FVEG_08291) that confers resistance to the benzoxazinoid phytoanticipins produced by maize and several other grain crop species. Since benzoxazinoids are γ-lactams with five-membered rings rather than the four-membered β-lactams, we refer to the predicted enzymes simply as lactamases, rather than β-lactamases. An overview of fungal genomes suggests a strong positive correlation between environmental niche complexity and the number of fungal lactamase encoding genes, with soil-borne fungi showing dramatic amplification of lactamase encoding genes compared to those fungi found in less biologically complex environments. Remarkably, Fusarium species frequently possess large (>40) numbers of these genes. We hypothesize that many fungal hydrolytic lactamases are responsible for the degradation of plant or microbial xenobiotic lactam compounds. Alignment of protein sequences revealed two conserved patterns resembling bacterial β-lactamases, specifically those possessing PFAM domains PF00753 or PF00144. Structural predictions of F. verticillioides lactamases also suggested similar catalytic mechanisms to those of their bacterial counterparts. Overall, we present the first in-depth analysis of lactamases in fungi, and discuss their potential relevance to fitness and resistance to antimicrobials in the environment.
Comparative Efficiency of Mechanized and Non-Mechanized Farms in Oyo State of Nigeria: A Stochastic Frontier Approach

This paper examined the technical efficiency of mechanized and non-mechanized maize farmers in Oyo State using stochastic frontier model to access the potentials in maize farms in Nigeria. The mean...
Imagining the cultural landscapes of Paleoindians

Abstract Archaeologists commonly use the geographic patterning of sourced artifacts to understand how prehistoric cultures used their landscapes, yet exactly what this patterning indicates remains unclear. The Paleoindian literature reflects a tendency to assume that toolstone conveyance reflects direct acquisition (i.e., mobility) motivated by subsistence and technological concerns, rather than acquisition (i.e., exchange) motivated by social concerns. This tendency demonstrates a willingness on the part of many archaeologists to imagine Paleoindians organized on a physical landscape defined by the location of important material resources (e.g., food, water, stone), but a hesitancy to imagine Paleoindians organized on a social landscape defined by the location of other people. Yet the challenge of actually distinguishing between mobility and exchange persists. Here, I offer some ideas that might help us make headway on the linkage problem we confront when attempting to infer mode of acquisition from patterns of toolstone conveyance, focusing on the North American Great Basin. I imagine a Paleoindian cultural landscape defined, not just by the distribution of food and non-food resources, but also other people, to propose that mobility and exchange both contributed to the patterns of toolstone conveyance we see, perhaps operating at different scales in relation to subsistence, technological, and social motivations.
Hannah Arendt, James Baldwin, and the Politics of Love:

Does love have a place in the inherently conflictual realm of democratic politics, particularly in a racialized democracy? This article engages the question of love’s politics by way of Hannah Aren...
Investigating the “Taíno” ancestry of the Jamaican Maroons: a new genetic (DNA), historical, and multidisciplinary analysis and case study of the Accompong Town Maroons

While scholars like Henry Louis Gates, Jr., have popularized the use of genetic data (DNA) as a source of African American history and ancestry, similar studies are lacking for other peoples of Afr...
Virus und Krebs

Ein Virus als Ursache menschlicher Krebserkrankungen konnte bisher zwar noch nicht nachgewiesen werden, aber es ware unlogisch anzunehmen, das die Species Mensch innerhalb der Natur eine derartige Sonderstellung einnimmt, das bei ihr keine virusinduzierten Tumoren auftreten konnten. Es gibt eine Reihe von Grunden fur die Annahme einer Virusatiologie zumindest einiger Arten menschlicher Tumoren: 1. Zahlreiche klinische, pathologische und epidemiologische Ahnlichkeiten zwischen menschlichen Tumoren und jenen niederer Tiere, von denen nachgewiesen werden konnte, das sie durch Viren verursacht werden; 2. die unbezweifelbare Bedeutung zahlreicher ublicher tierischer Viren, einschlieslich der Adenoviren des Menschen, fur die Ausbildung von Krebs im Tierexperiment; 3. die biophysikalischen, biochemischen und antigenen Ahnlichkeiten zwischen tierischen Tumorviren und Viren des Menschen.
Medical Referral Patterns and Etiologies for Children With Mild-to-Severe Hearing Loss

Objectives To (1) identify the etiologies and risk factors of the patient cohort and determine the degree to which they reflected the incidence for children with hearing loss and (2) quantify practice management patterns in three catchment areas of the United States with available centers of excellence in pediatric hearing loss. Design Medical information for 307 children with bilateral, mild-to-severe hearing loss was examined retrospectively. Children were participants in the Outcomes of Children with Hearing Loss (OCHL) study, a 5-year longitudinal study that recruited subjects at three different sites. Children aged 6 months to 7 years at time of OCHL enrollment were participants in this study. Children with cochlear implants, children with severe or profound hearing loss, and children with significant cognitive or motor delays were excluded from the OCHL study and, by extension, from this analysis. Medical information was gathered using medical records and participant intake forms, the latter reflecting a caregiver's report. A comparison group included 134 children with normal hearing. A Chi-square test on two-way tables was used to assess for differences in referral patterns by site for the children who are hard of hearing (CHH). Linear regression was performed on gestational age and birth weight as continuous variables. Risk factors were assessed using t tests. The alpha value was set at p Results Neonatal intensive care unit stay, mechanical ventilation, oxygen requirement, aminoglycoside exposure, and family history were correlated with hearing loss. For this study cohort, congenital cytomegalovirus, strep positivity, bacterial meningitis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and loop diuretic exposure were not associated with hearing loss. Less than 50% of children underwent imaging, although 34.2% of those scanned had abnormalities identified. No single imaging modality was preferred. Differences in referral rates were apparent for neurology, radiology, genetics, and ophthalmology. Conclusions The OCHL cohort reflects known etiologies of CHH. Despite available guidelines, centers of excellence, and high-yield rates for imaging, the medical workup for children with hearing loss remains inconsistently implemented and widely variable. There remains limited awareness as to what constitutes appropriate medical assessment for CHH.
Surgical Techniques: Subaxial Cervical—Modified Subaxial Paramedian Transpedicular Approach and Reconstruction

Ventrally located cervical spinal tumors present barriers to safe and efficacious surgical resection. The modified paramedian transpedicular approach with reconstruction was originally developed for ventral and ventrolaterally located intradural tumors spanning several segments in the cervical and cervicothoracic spine. Thus, in the subaxial cervical spine, this approach allows for a direct tumor visualization via a wide exposure secondary to bony removal with minimal spinal cord manipulation.
Postoperative pulmonary complications in contemporary cohort of patients with pulmonary hypertension

Patients with pulmonary hypertension are at increased risk for postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). Herein, we review PPCs in pulmonary hypertension patients undergoing non-cardiac procedures under general anesthesia. The medical records of pulmonary hypertension patients who underwent surgery with general anesthesia between 2010 and 2017 were reviewed for PPCs. In addition we reviewed nursing-documented respiratory depressive episodes in the post-anesthesia care unit to assess the associations between these episodes and later PPCs. There were 20 PPCs among 128 patients who underwent 197 procedures (10.2 per 100 surgeries) [95% CI 6.7–15.2]. Of these, 5 occurred during anesthesia recovery and 15 following anesthesia recovery. Three-quarters of the PPCs occurred within 24 postoperative hours. All the PPCs were severe. The frequency of PPCs was significantly higher in those who experienced respiratory depression during anesthesia recovery vs. in those who did not (5/17, 29% vs. 10/175, 6%; odds ratio 5.15, 95% CI 1.58–16.81, p = 0.007). Increased PPC rates were observed among patients who were current/previous smokers and who routinely use benzodiazepines, and among those undergoing emergent surgery. With treatment, all PPCs resolved. The rate of PPCs in the population of contemporary surgical pulmonary hypertension patients was 10.2%, and three-quarters occurred during first 24 postoperative hours. Patients who had respiratory depression during anesthesia recovery were 5-fold more likely to experience later PPCs.
Surgical Informatics: Defining the Role of Informatics in the Current Surgical Training Paradigm

Objective Clinical Informatics is a large part of the current surgical practice, yet, there is no formal curriculum to teach residents about informatics. The purpose of this article is to describe the field of clinical informatics, describe the potential of informatics to improve surgical care, and propose a framework to train surgical informaticians. Design This is a perspective summarizing the role of clinical informatics in current surgical training. Conclusions The manuscript concisely discusses the potential impact of novel technologies and information systems on surgical care delivery. We demonstrate the importance of informatics training for surgeons and describe the relatively new fellowship program as well as the various pathways to obtain board certification in clinical informatics.
Sedation During Endoscopy in Patients with Cirrhosis: Safety and Predictors of Adverse Events.

Sedation during endoscopy in cirrhotic patients is typically via moderate sedation, most commonly using a combination of a benzodiazepine (i.e., midazolam) and narcotic (i.e., fentanyl) or with propofol using monitored anesthesia care (MAC). Here, we examined the safety of moderate sedation and MAC in patients with cirrhosis. This retrospective cohort study of cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopy from a large academic medical center between 2010 and 2014 examined extensive clinical data including the following: past history, physical findings, laboratory results, and procedural adverse events. Adverse events were defined a priori and included hypoxia, hypotension, bleeding, and death. We identified 2618 patients with cirrhosis who underwent endoscopic procedures; the mean age was 56 years, 36% were female, the mean Child–Pugh score was 9.3 (IQR: 8, 11), and Charlson Comorbidity Index score was 3.2 (IQR: 1, 4); 1157 had MAC; and 1461 had moderate sedation. There was no difference in the frequency of adverse events in MAC and moderate sedation groups, with a total of 15 adverse events (7/1157 MAC and 8/1461 moderate sedation). The most common procedure performed was esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD, n = 1667) and was associated with 10 adverse events. Overall, adverse events included bradycardia (1), hypoxia (7), bleeding (5), laryngospasm (1), and perforation (1). The frequency was similar for EGD, ERCP, and colonoscopy—each at a rate of 0.6%. Adverse events in cirrhotic patients undergoing endoscopy appeared to be similar with moderate sedation or MAC, and the frequency was the same for different types of procedures.
Globalisation and National Policy Initiatives in Human Rights Education in Schools

The chapter presents an overview of human rights education and the policy guidelines for national plans of action developed by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Further, there is a focus on comprehensive national initiatives within the decade that are being undertaken in Japan, Austria, and the United States, with particular attention to the implementation of human rights education in formal secondary school settings.
Rapid flood inundation mapping by differencing water indices from pre- and post-flood Landsat images

Following flooding disasters, satellite images provide valuable information required for generating flood inundation maps. Multispectral or optical imagery can be used for generating flood maps when the inundated areas are not covered by clouds. We propose a rapid mapping method for identifying inundated areas based on the increase in the water index value between the pre- and post-flood satellite images. Values of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Modified NDWI (MNDWI) will be higher in the post-flood image for flooded areas compared to the pre-flood image. Based on a threshold value, pixels corresponding to the flooded areas can be separated from non-flooded areas. Inundation maps derived from differencing MNDWI values accurately captured the flooded areas. However the output image will be influenced by the choice of the pre-flood image, hence analysts have to avoid selecting pre-flood images acquired in drought or earlier flood years. Also the inundation maps generated using this method have to be overlaid on the post-flood satellite image in order to orient personnel to landscape features. Advantages of the proposed technique are that flood impacted areas can be identified rapidly, and that the pre-existing water bodies can be excluded from the inundation maps. Using pairs of other satellite data, several maps can be generated within a single flood which would enable emergency response agencies to focus on newly flooded areas.
Living the trivial and immediacy in the digital territory

In this paper we describe the main characteristics of the use of interactive technologies of communication, and we analyze them from the perspective of nihilism. In particular, we wonder if the abundance of trivial content immediately shared without filters, which promptly disappear, is an expression of a new form of nihilism, or if, on the contrary, it is the expression of an existential resistance of the subject to the threat of dissolution that comes from the indifference of others. This approach will allow us to discuss the type of existence of the contemporary subject that emerges from the fusion between the real world and the digital one and, also, to point out some patterns about the mediations that act in the configuration of his identity.
SMART Perovskite Growth: Enabling a Larger Range of Process Conditions

Cost-effective, high-throughput industrial applications of metal-halide perovskites require a highly tolerant method (i.e., wide process window) that produces high-quality materials with a short an...
Hippokleides, the ‘Dance’, and the Panathenaia

The dance scene in Herodotus (6.126-130) is fictitious and reflects Alcmeonid propaganda against Philaid Hippocleides, intended to embarrass a prominent enemy who may have been founder of the Greater Panathenaia.
Men’s Attitudes Towards Contraception in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper examines male attitudes towards family planning in Sub-Saharan Africa. Studying attitudes is ideal as they can be calculated for all men, at any point in their lives, regardless of marital status, sexual activity, or fertility desires. We find that positive attitudes towards family planning have increased across Sub-Saharan Africa in the last two decades. We analyze both the association of positive attitudes with a variety of demographic characteristics (age, marital status, education, and religion) and the relationships with multiple forms of discussion about family planning (radio, television, friends, and partners). We find higher approval at older ages and higher levels of education, and lower levels of approval among Muslims compared to Christians. Interactions between characteristics and discussion of family planning. demonstrate that hearing or talking about contraception has different associations for different groups. This paper offers a new way to explore fertility and reproductive health in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Innovative solutions to enable smaller substrate bump pad size for flip chip technology

Semiconductor technology is marching towards miniature size, but in contrast requires higher I/Os, which leads to growth in package size and die size for performance enhancement. Therefore the package designer needs to break the conventional design rule and innovate a way to fit more I/Os into the same package/die size, One of the key design rules that fits such criteria is substrate solder resist opening (SRO) design. It is the key element driving the die size and substrate size growth. By optimizing the solder resist opening dimension, the die size can reduce significantly to 15% less. However, when technology pushes the envelop to meet the criteria, a side effect surfaced, which relates to quality and reliability issues. The issues were found at silicon and package integration level. Various options and evaluations were carried out to enable the smaller SRO technology. The success of this project has brought the company significant cost savings for current and future products.
Constructing Membership Identity through Language and Social Interaction: The Case of African American Children at Faith Missionary Baptist Church

In this article, the author explores how African American children in a Black church Sunday school community in northern California developed positive membership identity. Focal participants were Sunday school children ages 9 to 12 and their Sunday school teachers. Drawn from a two-year ethnographic study, data showed that adults prepared children for membership through an interactive framework of instruction, which also formed the base for communicative competence in the setting. The author describes this framework and offers new insight into conditions that give rise to African American student success. [African American children, church, identity, communicative competence]
Reconciling Cost Theory with Cost Accounting Practices

Despite its critical importance in the theory of the firm, marginal cost is unobservable in most production settings. Most cost accounting practices substitute average cost estimates for the unobservable marginal cost; moreover, some cost accounting measures include fixed costs as a component of unit cost whereas others do not. Because of the critical role that marginal cost plays in the theory of the firm, it is essential that economics instructors be aware not only of various cost accounting practices, but how these practices may bias the short-run pricing and output decisions of firms.
Clocking In: The Organization of Work Time and Health in the United States

This article assesses the health implications of emerging patterns in the organization of work time. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we examine general mental and physical health (SF-12 scores), psychological distress (CESD score), clinical levels of obesity, and the presence of medical conditions, at age 40. Overall, we find that health varies more across work hours than across types of shifts, and part-time workers report worse physical and emotional health than full-time workers. However, controlling for individual, family and job characteristics explains the poorer health observed among part-time workers. Those who are satisfied with their jobs, have more education, or have an employed spouse, report better health, while women and those with a prior health limitation report worse health. After taking these factors into account, we find a curvilinear relationship between work hours and health, with those working between 40 and 59 hours per week reporting worse mental and physical health than those working 40 hours per week. We also find that obesity differs from current health problems in its relationship to work time. Those who work part-time or fixed-hour schedules are less likely to be obese, suggesting that long-term health risks operating through obesity, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, are affected by time availability.
Hormonal regulation of the type III isoform of C-kinase in porcine ovarian tissues.

Abstract C-kinase activity is notably increased in corpora lutea (CL) compared to preovulatory follicles of porcine ovaries. Our purpose was to identify the C-kinase isoform(s) involved in this increase and to examine the expression of C-kinase in ovarian tissues at different stages. The major component of C-kinase activity in the CL was isoform III, with a molecular weight (Mr) of 80,000. Minor activities were attributed to the type II isoform (Mr = 80,000) and an unidentified C-kinase activity (Mr = 77,000). C-kinase was not partitioned differently in preovulatory follicles and CL as demonstrated by tissue homogenization in the presence of a detergent and increased chelators. A 3-fold increase in immunoreactive C-kinase was detected in postovulatory follicles relative to preovulatory. A second, nearly 3-fold increase in C-kinase was detected in mature CL relative to postovulatory follicles. These increases are examined in the context of the complex hormonal regulation of the porcine CL.