cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of data fusion system for multiradar target detection

A robust Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) distributed detection system that operates in heavy clutter with unknown distribution is presented. The system is designed to provide CFARness under clutter power fluctuations and robustness under unknown clutter and noise distributions. The system is also designed to operate successfully under different-power sensors and exhibit fault-tolerance in the presence of sensor power fluctuations. The test statistic at each sensor is a robust CFAR t-statistic. In addition to the primary binary decisions, confidence levels are generated with each decision and used in the fusion logic to robustify the fusion performance and eliminate weaknesses of the Boolean fusion logic. The test statistic and the fusion logic are analyzed theoretically for Weibull and log-normal clutter. The theoretical performance is compared against Monte-Carlo simulations that verify that the system exhibits the desired characteristics of CFARness, robustness, insensitivity to power fluctuations and fault-tolerance. The system is tested with experimental target-in-clear and target-in-clutter data and its experimental performance agrees with the theoretically predicted behavior. >
Assessing Students’ Emotional Competence in Higher Education: Development and Validation of the Widener Emotional Learning Scale

This article reports the development and validation studies of the Widener Emotional Learning Scale (WELS), a self-report measure, for assessing students’ social and emotional competence in higher education. Conceptual specifications, item development, psychometric properties, and factor structure of the instrument are reported in the article. The resulting instrument consists of 33 items with 5 subscales: Awareness of Emotions in Self and Others, Tolerance of Difference or Conflict, Interpersonal Relationship Skills, Flexibility in Perspective-Taking and Behavior, and Self-Management Skills. A cross-validation study of the WELS with the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-On EQ-i) provides evidence that, although the WELS assesses some aspects of social and emotional competence also assessed by the Bar-On EQ-i, it makes a unique contribution in assessing flexibility in perspective taking and behavior. A cross-validation study of the WELS with the Mayer—Salovey—Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSC...
pqqA is not required for biosynthesis of pyrroloquinoline quinone in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1.

Summary: Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 is a facultative methylotroph that oxidizes methanol via the pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-linked enzyme methanol dehydrogenase. In M. extorquens AM1 and other PQQ-synthesizing bacteria, several genes are involved in the synthesis of PQQ and one of these, pqqA, has been proposed to encode a peptide precursor of PQQ. In other PQQ-synthesizing bacteria, pqqA is required for PQQ production. In this study, it is shown that both deletion and insertion mutants of pqqA in M. extorquens AM1 grow normally on methanol and produce PQQ. The level of PQQ production is reduced in the insertion mutant, but it is sufficient to allow normal growth on methanol. These results suggest either that a different peptide in M. extorquens AM1 can substitute for PqqA in pqqA mutants, or that PqqA-like peptides may not be obligatory precursors of PQQ. In addition, it is shown that the methanol oxidation transcriptional regulator gene, mxbM, is required for normal methanol induction of PQQ synthesis.
Preparation of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds

In this work, the sintering and grain growth of hydroxyapatite green bodies are analyzed in order to identify the optimum heat treatments for the preparation of porous hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Sintering in air at temperatures ranging between 1100 and 1200 °C yields dense materials with narrow grain-size distributions. The scaffolds are formed by the infiltration of polymer foams with hydroxyapatite slurries or by robocasting, a novel rapid-prototyping technique. Examples of the microstructures achieved with each approach are presented. It is observed that both techniques can be used to fabricate scaffolds with adequate pore size to promote bone ingrowth.
Striated muscle-specific β1D-integrin and FAK are involved in cardiac myocyte hypertrophic response pathway

Alterations in the extracellular matrix occur during the cardiac hypertrophic process. Because integrins mediate cell-matrix adhesion and β1D-integrin (β1D) is expressed exclusively in cardiac and ...
Recent Advances in Gas Electron Diffraction and Structural Studies by Join Quantum Mechanical and Experimental Procedures

Gas electron diffraction (GED) is a powerful tool of structural chemistry. This field is currently undergoing important change because of the recent development of multichannel real-time data acquisition procedures which are more versatile than the conventional photographic detection methods. Direct detection enables studies of transient species and time-resolved investigations using pulsed electron beams. It is a characteristic of GED that closely spaced bond distances and angles are not resolved by the data due to molecular disorder in gases. Therefore, ab initio geometries are useful in GED studies, because calculated differences between bond distances and angles can be used to constrain least squares GED data analyses. This area of structural chemistry, involving interactive quantum mechanical and experimental studies, is currently also undergoing an important development, because the accuracy of the calculated constraints can be tested in a novel way by MP2- gradient optimizations.
Long-term Stability of Mixed Perovskites

Long term stability of mixed perovskite compounds is one of the important concerns for prolonged viability and economical use of perovskite based solar cells. Degradation in perovskite films mainly occurs due to exposure to moisture. Hence, a controlled atmospheric condition and lower humidity is preferred for device fabrication and use. Many different strategies such as use of thin and wide band gap semiconductor layer, improvement in pour filling of metal oxide film, and utilization of AgTFSI have been attempted to improve device stability. However, for long term durability, there is an urgent need to increase stability of parent perovskite layer, apart from use of protective layers. In this study we examined water resistant additive, structural modifications, and stoichiometric modification for enhanced film durability. These strategies and preliminary results are discussed in this report.
Fluid spintronics: Cause a stir

The rotational motion of liquids can induce a flow of electron spins, and could enable ultra-small spin-hydrodynamic generators that operate with liquid metals.
A Dynamic Programming Algorithm for Computing N-gram Posteriors from Lattices

Efficient computation of n-gram posterior probabilities from lattices has applications in lattice-based minimum Bayes-risk decoding in statistical machine translation and the estimation of expected document frequencies from spoken corpora. In this paper, we present an algorithm for computing the posterior probabilities of all ngrams in a lattice and constructing a minimal deterministic weighted finite-state automaton associating each n-gram with its posterior for efficient storage and retrieval. Our algorithm builds upon the best known algorithm in literature for computing ngram posteriors from lattices and leverages the following observations to significantly improve the time and space requirements: i) then-grams for which the posteriors will be computed typically comprises all n-grams in the lattice up to a certain length, ii) posterior is equivalent to expected count for ann-gram that do not repeat on any path, iii) there are efficient algorithms for computing n-gram expected counts from lattices. We present experimental results comparing our algorithm with the best known algorithm in literature as well as a baseline algorithm based on weighted finite-state automata operations.
Lovastatin Induces Cytokinin Dependence in Tobacco Cultures

The mevalonate pathway participates in the formation of cytokinins, abscisic acid, gibberellins, ubiquinones, plastoquinones, dolichols, sterols, carotenoids, chlorophylls, and numerous other isoprenoids in plant cells. The first committed step in this pathway is the irreversible reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) to mevalonate, a reaction that is catalyzed by HMG CoA reductase. We have studied the effects of a potent HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (lovastatin) on growth of a cytokinin-independent Nicotiana tabacum cell line and found that growth inhibition at low concentrations of inhibitor is reversed by various cytokinins. However, cytokinin analogs with little or no cytokinin activity do not restore growth to lovastatin-treated cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that cytokinin biosynthesis is more sensitive to lovastatin than the biosynthesis of other essential isoprenoid compounds in tobacco cells.
Leonard L. LaPointe. Paul Broca and the Origins of Language in the Brain.

The book under review is the caring, wry, and bemused survey by a distinguished speech and hearing pathologist of all that concerns Pierre Paul Broca and his descriptions and theories of language a...
High-sensitivity moiré interferometry—A simplified approach

High-quality moire-interferometry patterns were obtained with the following conditions: specimen of graphite-polyimide composite material; reflective cross-line specimen grating of 600 l/mm (15,000 l/in.); virtual reference grating of 1200 l/mm (30,000 l/in); fringe-multiplication factor of 2; carrier pattern of 10 fringes/mm (250/in.); carrier eliminated by optical filtering. The phase-type specimen grating was cast onto the composite material with silicone rubber, using a ‘homemade’ mold. The virtual grating was formed with a plane mirror in a collimated field. Precision-quality optical elements are not required.
Comparison of Statistical BGK and DSMC Methods with Theoretical Solutions for Two Classical Fluid Flow Problems

This paper involves the study of the statistical solution of the BGK equation of two simple viscous uid o w problems: o w over a at plate and a planar Couette o w. Both of the problems have been studied using DSMC method and the statistical solution of the BGK and ES-BGK equations. The rst problem involves supersonic o w (M=3) of argon gas over a at plate assuming adiabatic and isothermal boundary conditions and the second problem of planar Couette o w problem involves a gas conned between two parallel plates moving relative to each other. These types of o ws are commonly found in microuidic applications. For both of the problems, the BGK and ES-BGK solutions are compared with the exact, well known DSMC method as well as theoretical solutions that include velocity slip and temperature jump boundary conditions. It was found that the solutions obtained by the statistical BGK and ES-BGK methods agree well with the theoretical and the benchmark DSMC solutions. In addition, the statistical BGK and ES-BGK methods are shown to be numerically more ecien t than the DSMC method. For both of the problems, the statistical ES-BGK solutions are shown to be in better agreement with the analytical and the benchmark DSMC solutions than the BGK ones. For the planar Couette o w problem, it will be shown that a theoretical solution for incompressible, argon, transitional o w (Knudsen number = 0.01) remains valid beyond the applicability ranges suggested in the original work.
Psychosocial interventions and posttraumatic growth: a meta-analysis.

Objective People commonly report growth after adversity. Can psychosocial intervention facilitate posttraumatic growth (PTG)? Method This meta-analysis assesses the relationship between intervention participation and PTG using published and unpublished reports located with the database PsycINFO. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (k = 12) that provided a psychosocial intervention to people who had experienced an identifiable hardship or trauma (N = 1,171). None of these interventions were specifically designed to promote PTG as a primary outcome. Results The overall controlled effect size (Hedges's g) of 0.36 (95% CI [0.23, 0.48]), using a fixed effects model, suggests that current interventions modestly increase PTG. Moderation analyses revealed little about the factors that increase interventions' effect on PTG, indicating only that interventions that administered the posttest soon after treatment tended to show larger effect sizes. Conclusions Overall, these estimates may be unreliable due to the small number of eligible studies and the varied types of interventions tested, but they suggest that active intervention can help people make the most of adversity.
KAQ Structure Analysis of Professional Talents in Higher Vocational Education

Nowadays,on the one hand high technical talents are in the shortage,on the other hand the employment rate of graduates trained by higher vocational education is low,who cannot satisfy the social demand.The key to solving this problem lies whether talents' knowledge,ability and quality structure(KAQ structure) can be regulated accurately or not.Technical talents' KAQ structure of higher vocational education mainly includes three aspects,compound knowledge,comprehensive ability and general quality,which is the basic precondition of professional course designing system.It is also the key whether technical talents can satisfy the demand of social economic development to realize the zero distance connection with enterprises and improve employment ability.
Stealth Engineering for In Vivo Drug Delivery Systems

In generic terms, a drug delivery substrate (DDS) can be described as a vehicle to transport drug to the point of interest. A DDS that would ideally have the capability to control drug dosage and achieve target specificity, localization, and higher therapeutic efficacy has been pursued as a holy grail in pharmaceutical research. Over the years, diverse classes, structures, and modifications of DDS have been proposed to achieve this aim. One of its major deterrents, however, is rapid elimination of drug by the immune system before intended functionality. Stealth engineering is broadly defined as a method of designing a drug carrier to minimize or delay opsonization until the encapsulated drug is delivered to the intended target. Stealth-engineered DDS has been successful in extending drug circulation lifetime from a few minutes to several days. Currently, this field of research has made much progress since its initiation in 1960s with liposomes to DNA boxes. Activity has also benefited several areas of medicine, where it has been applied in cancer, gene therapy, bone regrowth, and infection treatment. This review covers the progress of some types of DDS that have been published and indexed in major databases (including ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar) in the scientific literature.
Results of a near continuous glucose monitoring technology in surgical intensive care and trauma

Abstract Introduction Near-continuous glucose monitoring is expected to increase time in range (TIR) of 80–120 mg/dL and to avoid hypoglycemia without increasing workload. We investigated a near-continuous glucose monitor in surgical critically ill and trauma patients. Methods Patients were enrolled at a surgical intensive care unit associated with a level 1 trauma center. Glucose measurements were compared to the gold standard Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI). The technology withdraws 0.13 mL of blood every 15 min from a central venous line, centrifuges the sample, and uses mid-infrared spectroscopy to measure glucose. We plotted a Clarke Error Grid, calculated Mean Absolute Relative Deviation (MARD) to analyze trend accuracy, and we present a Bland Altman plot of device versus standard glucose measurements. Results 24 patients were enrolled. One patient was withdrawn due to poor blood return from central venous line. A total of 347 glucose measurements from 23 patients were compared to the gold standard. 94.8% of the data points were in zone A of the Clarke Error Grid and 5.2% in zone B. The MARD was 8.02%. The majority of data points achieved the benchmark for accuracy. The remaining 5.2% are clinically benign. The MARD was below 10%. The Bland Altman plot shows good agreement between the device and reference glucose measurements. There were no device related adverse events. Conclusion Our data suggests that near continuous monitoring via infrared spectroscopy is safe and accurate for use in critically ill surgical and trauma patients. A large scale multi-center study is underway to confirm these findings.
One-handed prostatic biopsy needle.

AbstractA dependable and disposable one-handed perineal prostatic biopsy needle has been developed. The needle makes it relatively easy to obtain Multiple, good cores of tissue from the desired areas of the prostate gland without contamination of the needle or field by the rectal finger or hand.
Potential Role Of RUNX1 In The Pathogenesis Of Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is an aggressive myeloproliferative neoplasm of young children. The only current curative treatment is bone marrow transplantation. Yet even with this aggressive therapy, ∼50% of children still die from their disease. Somatic mutations leading to constitutive activation of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 (also called PTPN11) or of RAS signaling occur in ∼90% cases of JMML. However, the transcription factors that act downstream of these aberrant signaling events have not been identified. We recently showed that RUNX1 is a direct interacting partner of Shp2 in megakaryocytic cells (Huang et al. 2012. Genes Dev 26: 1587-1601). Moreover, we showed that RUNX1 is normally negatively regulated by src-family kinase (SFK) mediated tyrosine phosphorylation in megakaryocytes and T-lymphocytes, and that Shp2 contributes to RUNX1 tyrosine dephosphorylation. We now show that overexpression of a mutant RUNX1 (RUNX1 Y260F, Y375F, Y378F, Y379F, Y386F , “RUNX1-5F”), which is expected to mimic constitutive dephosphorylation by Shp2 in murine Lin - Sca-1 + c-kit + (LSK) bone marrow cells is resistant to SFK-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and leads to a dramatic expansion of CFU-M/CFU-GM and Gr1 + Mac1 + cells in vitro and in vivo . In contrast, these effects are not seen when wild type RUNX1 or RUNX1 Y260D, Y375D, Y378D, Y379D, Y386D (“RUNX1-5D”; mimicking constitutive RUNX1 tyrosine phosphorylation) are overexpressed. The RUNX1-5F expressing cells also have increased replating activity in serial colony forming assays, increased proliferation (BrdU incorporation), decreased apoptosis, and reduced cytokine dependence. This partially phenocopies conditional knock-in mice that express JMML associated activating Shp2 mutations. Flow sorted Gr1 + Mac1 + cells from the RUNX1-5F transduced cultures expressed higher levels of the direct RUNX1 target gene PU.1 , which plays a role in myelomonocytic growth, and Cyclin D1 . To test whether RUNX1 is required for the myelomonocytic hyperproliferation in JMML, CD34+ peripheral blood cells from a patient with JMML and known activating Shp2 mutation (Shp2 E76G ) were lentivirally transduced with doxycycline-inducible RUNX1-5D or RUNX1-5F expression constructs and cultured under myeloid growth conditions. Upon doxycycline induction, the RUNX1-5D overexpressing cells (resistant to Shp2) exhibited at 32% reduction in BrdU incorporation. In contrast, the control RUNX1-5F expressing cells had no significant reduction in proliferation. These results are consistent with RUNX1 acting as an essential downstream target of activated Shp2 in JMML. As ERK mediated phosphorylation (downstream of RAS/MEK) is also known to increase RUNX1 activity, we propose that RUNX1 may be a common downstream transcriptional target of both activated Shp2 and RAS signaling in the pathogenesis of JMML. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Attempting to predict the plant-mediated trophic effects of soil salinity: A mechanistic approach to supplementing insufficient information

Abstract Excessive soil salinity is a global and growing problem for agroecosystems. Changing weather patterns, land use patterns, and the use of salinized irrigation water are all exacerbating the threat of soil salinity. High concentrations of salts in the soils are well known for their (usually detrimental) effects on plants. However, very little is known about how those changes in plants will go on to affect the rest of the food web that relies on that host plant. In this review, we focus on how soil salinity may be altering plants and creating indirect (knock-on) effects on herbivorous insects, particularly those in agroecosystems. Our goal is to encourage research in this area and to determine if there are any general predictions to be made based on what is already known. Since the literature of salinity effects on herbivores in terrestrial systems is fairly scarce, we take an additional mechanistic approach to look at how saline soils affect plants and try to use that information to make predictions for herbivores and salinity. Specifically, we look at direct effects on plants and plant-mediated indirect effects of drought stress and heavy metals. While we were not able to determine any simple, generalizable predictions, we do use our review to develop several questions that could not only help produce new, insightful research, but may also help begin developing patterns in a seemingly unpredictable system.
Ultrasound of the Knee

The knee is an accessible and relatively anatomically straightforward joint for ultrasonographic assessment. In this chapter, the nine standard anatomical views are discussed and demonstrated, along with tips to obtain and optimize these images. There follows a review of general pathologic findings with a focus on structures specific to the knee. Disease-specific findings at the knee, such as those of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, are discussed, as well as reliability of ultrasound, some of the scoring systems, and indications and use of ultrasound for knee injections.
Experimental Highlights: Heavy Quark Physics in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC

The discovery at RHIC of large high- p T suppression and flow of electrons from heavy quarks flavors have altered our view of the hot and dense matter formed in central Au + Au collisions at √ s NN = 200 GeV. These results suggest a large energy loss and flow of heavy quarks in the hot, dense matter. In recent years, the RHIC experiments upgraded the detectors; (1) PHENIX Collaboration installed silicon vertex tracker (VTX) at midrapidity region and forward silicon vertex tracker (FVTX) at the forward rapidity region, and (2) STAR Collaboration installed the heavy flavor tracker (HFT) and the muon telescope detector (MTD) both at the mid-rapidity region. The PHENIX experiments established measurements of ψ (1 S ) and ψ (2 S ) production as a function of system size, p + p , p + Al, p + Au, and 3 He + Au collisions at √ s NN = 200 GeV. In p/ 3 He + A collisions at forward rapidity, we observe no difference in the ψ (2 S )/ ψ (1 S ) ratio relative to p + p collisions. At backward rapidity, where the comoving particle density is higher, we find that the ψ (2 S ) is preferentially suppressed by a factor of two. STAR Collaboration presents the first J/ ψ measurements in the di-muon decay channel in Au + Au at √ s NN = 200 GeV at mid-rapidity. We observe a clear J/ψ R AA suppression and qualitatively well described by transport models, including dissociation and regeneration simultaneously.
STUDIES ON THE BIOCHEMISTRY AND FINE STRUCTURE OF SILICA SHELL FORMATION IN DIATOMS : I. The Structure of the Cell Wall of Cylindrotheca fusiformis Reimann and Lewin

An electron microscope study on the cell wall of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis was carried out using stereoscopic and sectioning techniques. Material prepared by an enzyme treatment or by a mechanical method showed that the wall consists of two major components: a silica shell and organic material. Vapor of hydrofluoric acid was employed to remove the silica and thereby reveal the arrangement of the organic material. An attempt was made to increase the contrast of the organic component by "staining." Uranylacetate not only increased the electron opacity of the organic material but also apparently decreased the electron opacity of the silica shell. In ultrathin sections of complete cells, the structure as revealed by stereoscopy could be confirmed and extended. Every part of the silica shell is tightly enclosed by organic material. In the valve region the silica enclosed in this way is located between other layers of organic material. The whole cell wall is surrounded by a mucilaginous substance which stains with ruthenium red.
Roux-en-Y Biliary-Enteric Bypass

Roux-en-Y biliary bypass is performed for common duct injuries or common duct obstruction not amenable to stenting. It is also performed as part of other operations (e.g., it is part of the reconstructive phase of a Whipple resection). This chapter describes techniques and pitfalls.
Amended Backfills: Their Cost and Effect on Transplant Growth and Survival

Amendment of backfill soil at planting with peat moss, fired montmorrilonite clay or a “superabsorbent” gel had no significant positive influence on growth and establishment of container grown Liquidambar styraciflua L., sweet gum, plants placed in well-drained Arredondo fine sand soil. A cost estimate indicated the addition of amendments to backfill soil would increase installation costs 27 to 30% over those for control plants.
Modulation of p53 by DUSP4 Serves a Novel Therapeutic Strategy in the Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease via Promoting Angiogenesis

After an ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury, reestablishing blood flow to the infarct region can salvage myocardium by clearing apoptotic cells, removing scar tissue, stimulating angiogenesis, and recruiting progenitor cells for tissue regeneration. Stimulating the growth of new microcirculation in the infarct area can help revive cardiac function. Angiogenesis is a process of developing new blood vessels from the existing vessels. Our previous work on Dual specificity phosphatase 4 (DUSP4) demonstrated that DUSP4-/- hearts sustain a larger infarct and have poor functional recovery, when isolated hearts were subjected to I/R. Uncontrolled p38 activation is the main effectors for this functional alteration. In this study, DUSP4 overexpression in endothelial cells was used to investigate the role of DUSP4 in the development of vascular function, and its role against oxidant stress. DUSP4 overexpression promotes angiogenesis and tube formation (increased by 57.3% ± 6.2% versus control; p
Safety and Reliability of Bedside, Single Burr Hole Technique for Intracranial Multimodality Monitoring in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

We aimed to provide a systematic description of our 2-year experience using a standardized bedside, single burr hole approach to intracranial multimodality monitoring (MMM) in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI), focusing on safety and probe reliability. We performed this observational cohort study at a university-affiliated, Level I trauma center with dedicated 20-bed neuroscience intensive care unit. We included 43 consecutive sTBI patients who required MMM to guide clinical care based on institutional protocol and had a four-lumen bolt placed to measure intracranial pressure, brain tissue oxygen, regional cerebral blood flow, brain temperature, and intracranial electroencephalography. sTBI patients were aged 41.6 ± 17.5 years (mean ± SD) and 84% were men. MMM devices were placed at a median of 12.5 h (interquartile range [IQR] 9.0–21.4 h) after injury and in non-dominant frontal lobe in 72.1% of cases. Monitoring was conducted for a median of 97.1 h (IQR 46.9–124.6 h) per patient. While minor hemorrhage, pneumocephalus, or small bone chips were common, only one (2.4%) patient experienced significant hemorrhage related to device placement. Radiographically, device malpositioning was noted in 13.9% of patients. Inadvertent device discontinuation occurred for at least one device in 58% of patients and was significantly associated with the frequency of travel for procedures or imaging. Devices remained in place for > 80% of the total monitoring period and generated usable data > 50% of that time. A standardized, bedside single burr hole approach to MMM was safe. Despite some probe-specific recording limitations, MMM provided real-time measurements of intracranial pressure, oxygenation, regional cerebral blood flow, brain temperature, and function.
Henry Gannett: The unknown father of American timberline research

Although Henry Gannett is best known as “the father of American map-making,” he made noteworthy contributions to timberline research in the late 1800s. Gannett’s studies attempted to identify a standard isotherm for alpine timberline in the USA, explained the mass elevation effect on timberline altitude in the Rocky Mountains, and recognized the importance of geology and geomorphology as controlling factors. Despite these contributions, Gannett’s timberline work remains in obscurity. As technology enhances our ability to find and cite older literature, the contributions of Gannett, and other unknown scholars, may provide us with insight and useful data that have lain dormant for decades or centuries.
Au-Induced Faceting of Si(5 5 12)

The growth of Au on the stable, high-index Si(5 5 12) surface has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). At very low coverages and moderate annealing temperatures (≤0.1 ML, 400–500°C), Au appears to decorate the underlying Si rows and form an array of rows that maintains the underlying (5 5 12) periodicity of 5.4 nm. For higher annealing temperatures and coverages, however, Au causes faceting to a number of nearby planes. The two primary facets formed at lower (∼0.15 ML) and higher (0.5–2 ML) coverages are the (337) and (225) planes, which are tilted 0.7° down [towards (111)] and 1.1° up from (5 5 12), respectively. Both orientations are in fact subunits of the (5 5 12) unit cell, so their presence is not surprising. In addition to these facets, two types of sawtooth morphologies composed of planes oriented further from (5 5 12) are found at very high annealing temperatures (800–900°C). These include (113)+(7 7 15) planes at very low coverage (0.05 ml) and (113)+(5 5 11) planes at higher coverage (∼1 ML), where (113) is tilted up by 5.3° and (7 7 15) and (5 5 11) are tilted down by 2.9° and 2.2°, respectively. Au adsorption on Si(5 5 12) therefore results in the formation of five possible facet planes: (113), (225), (337), (5 5 11), and (7 7 15).
A Qualitative Examination of VA Chaplains' Understandings and Interventions Related to Moral Injury in Military Veterans.

This study examines VA chaplains’ understandings of moral injury (MI) and preferred intervention strategies. Drawing qualitative responses with a nationally-representative sample, content analyses indicated that chaplains’ definitions of MI comprised three higher order clusters: (1) MI events, (2) mechanisms in development of MI, and (3) warning signs of MI. Similarly, chaplains’ intervention foci could be grouped into three categories: (1) pastoral/therapeutic presence, (2) implementing specific interventions, and (3) therapeutic processes to promote moral repair. Findings are discussed related to emerging conceptualizations of MI, efforts to adapt existing evidence-based interventions to better address MI, and the potential benefits of better integrating chaplains into VA mental health service delivery.
Correlating Structure and Function of Battery Interphases at Atomic Resolution Using Cryoelectron Microscopy

Summary Battery decay and failure depend strongly on the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), a surface corrosion layer that forms on the surface of all battery electrodes. Recently, we revealed the atomic structure of these reactive and sensitive battery materials and their SEIs using cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM). However, the SEI nanostructure's fundamental role and effect on battery performance remain unclear. Here, we use cryo-EM to discover the function of two distinct SEI nanostructures (i.e., mosaic and multilayer) and correlate their stark effects with Li metal battery performance. We identify fluctuations in crystalline grain distribution within the SEI as the critical feature differentiating the mosaic SEI from the multilayer SEI, resulting in their distinct electrochemical stripping mechanisms. Whereas localized Li dissolution occurs quickly through regions of high crystallinity in the mosaic SEI, uniform Li stripping is observed for the more ordered multilayer SEIs, which reduces Li loss during battery cycling by a factor of three. This dramatic performance enhancement from a subtle change in SEI nanostructure highlights the importance of cryo-EM studies in revealing crucial failure modes of high-energy batteries at the nanoscale.
A Phenomenological Analysis of the Experience of Stuttering.

Purpose Stuttering behaviors and moments of stuttering are typically defined by what a listener perceives. This study evaluated participants' perceptions of their own experience of moments of stutt...
The impact of hypocalcemia on full scale IQ in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

Hypocalcemia has been reported in ~50% of patients 22q11.2DS and calcium regulation is known to play a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. Because calcium ions play a role in neuronal function and development, we hypothesized that hypocalcemia would be associated with adverse effects on full scale IQ index (FSIQ) in patients with 22q11.2DS. A retrospective chart review cataloguing the presence or absence of hypocalcemia in 1073 subjects with a laboratory confirmed chromosome 22q11.2 deletion evaluated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia was conducted. 852/1073 patients had an endocrinology evaluation with laboratory confirmed calcium levels. 466/852 (54.7%) had a diagnosis of hypocalcemia. 265/1073 subjects ranging from 0 to 51 years of age had both calcium levels measured and a neuropsychological evaluation yielding a FSIQ. The mean FSIQ for 146/265 patients with hypocalcemia was 77.09 (SD = 13.56) and the mean FSIQ for 119/265 patients with normocalcemia was 77.27 (SD = 14.25). The distribution of patients with intellectual disability (ID) (FSIQ 80) between the hypocalcemic and normocalcemic groups was not statistically significant (χ2 = 0.2676, p = 0.8748). Neonatal hypocalcemic seizures were not found to be associated with ID. We found no difference in FSIQ between the hypocalcemic and non-hypocalcemic patients with 22q11.2DS. As our findings differ from a previous report in adult subjects, we speculate that this may reflect a potential benefit from early treatment of hypocalcemia and may support early 22q11.2 deletion detection in order to offer prompt diagnosis and subsequent treatment of hypocalcemia.
Diversity, stigma, and social integration among older adults with HIV.

The population of people with HIV is aging globally as access to anti-retroviral therapy becomes more widely available. The diversity of older population with HIV has an impact on their experiences of stigma. HIV stigma may be enacted or felt. Enacted stigma is the prejudice, discrimination, and mistreatment that individuals and societies use to sanction people with HIV. Felt stigma refers to the internalized feelings of shame, guilt, and fear that arise from enacted stigma. Nondisclosure is rooted in the fear of negative consequences of revealing one’s HIV status, such as losing a job, or being rejected by one’s social network. Stigma may also affect social integration through self-protective withdrawal to avoid anticipated stigma. In addition to facing HIV stigma, people with HIV may possess multiple discredited identities due to their race, ethnicity, gender identity, etc., which is described as intersectionality. Older age represents an additional intersectional identity that affects people with HIV through the experience of ageism. Stigma and discrimination from HIV or any discredited identity are linked to poorer physical and mental health outcomes. Given the pervasiveness of stigma, it is not surprising that many older adults with HIV are socially isolated and report greater self-perceived stigma compared to those who are more socially integrated. While there is evidence that HIV stigma has declined compared to previous eras, more research is needed on HIV stigma among older adults in low- and middle-income countries to design policies and programs to combat HIV stigma globally.
Postprofessional Learners' Reflections After a Standardized Patient Encounter and Debriefing Session

Context Simulations are commonly used in medical education to facilitate instructional and assessment experiences for learners. Standardized patients (SPs) are a form of simulation with actors trai...
Reintegration, Community Building, and Revitalization: An Examination of the Community Arts and Reintegration Project:

The Community Arts and Reintegration Project in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, is a community and restorative justice–based mural arts program. The program currently utilizes youth probationers...
Process Measures in Quality: MBSAQIP

In the last decade, the need for transparency in improving quality and patient safety outcomes has grown tremendously across the nation. However, in most recent years since the Institute of Medicine (IOM) published “To Err Is Human and Crossing the Quality Chasm” to shine a light on quality and patient safety as measurements of care, many healthcare organizations promote improvement in specific outcome metrics and provide ongoing monitoring of clinical outcomes. Obtaining quality outcomes relies heavily on the use of evidence-based research and best practice models of care. Specific quality measures are used to assess surgical quality, and the mechanisms that account for variation in care should be understood. In the late 1980s, Donabedian created a conceptual framework for assessing surgical quality. The key components of this model are structure, process of care, and outcomes used by many healthcare institutions and programs to understand the requirements, monitor, and evaluate institutional progress throughout the process. For example, in efforts to demonstrate improvement in clinical outcomes in bariatric surgery and decrease variation in care and management of the metabolic and bariatric surgery patients, the American Society Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) in conjunction with the American College of Surgeons (ACS) developed quality indicators from evidence-based research, consensus guidelines, and experts’ opinion to assess and improve program outcomes in bariatric surgery. Collaboratively, the societies developed Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) as a platform for assessing quality in bariatric surgery. In the MBSAQIP data registry, distinct metrics are identified that must be met or exceeded indicating high-quality outcomes. The principles of Donabedian conceptual framework are sound and reliable and are used in this chapter as scientific evidence guiding the processes of care measures to MBSAQIP accreditation.
Functional characterization and reclassification of an enzyme previously proposed to be a limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase.

Background A major problem in the orange industry is 'delayed' bitterness, which is caused by limonin, a bitter compound developing from its non-bitter precursor limonoate A-ring lactone (LARL) during and after extraction of orange juice. The glucosidation of LARL by limonoid UDP-glucosyltransferase (LGT) to form non-bitter glycosyl-limonin during orange maturation has been demonstrated as a natural way to debitter by preventing the formation of limonin. Result Here, the debittering potential of heterogeneously expressed glucosyltransferase, maltose-binding protein (MBP) fused to cuGT from Citrus unishiu Marc (MBP-cuGT), which was previously regarded as LGT, was evaluated. A liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was established to determine the concentration of limonin and its derivatives. The protocols to obtain its potential substrates, LARL and limonoate (limonin with both A and D ring open), were also developed. Surprisingly, MBP-cuGT did not exhibit any detectable effect on limonin degradation when Navel orange juice was used as the substrate; MBP-cuGT was unable to biotransform either LARL or limonoate as purified substrates. However, it was found that MBP-cuGT displayed a broad activity spectrum towards flavonoids, confirming that the enzyme produced was active under the conditions evaluated in vitro. Conclusion Our results based on LC-MS demonstrated that cuGT functionality was incorrectly identified. Its active substrates, including various flavonoids but not limonoids, highlight the need for further efforts to identify the enzyme responsible for LGT activity to develop biotechnology-based approaches for producing orange juice from varietals that traditionally have a delayed bitterness. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Imaging Modalities and Differential Diagnosis

The pelvis is a common location for primary and metastatic tumors; however, patients often present with a variable clinical picture. During the workup of these tumors, various forms of imaging are used to better define and characterize the masses. The purpose of the current chapter is to review the use of these imaging modalities to diagnose some of the common benign and malignant tumors of the pelvis. If the diagnosis cannot be narrowed, a biopsy is recommended to ultimately make the final diagnosis.
Genetic and Phenotypic Factors Associated with Persistent Shedding of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli by Beef Cattle.

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a leading cause of foodborne infections. Cattle are an important STEC reservoir, although little is known about specific pathogen traits that impact persistence in the farm environment. Hence, we sought to evaluate STEC isolates recovered from beef cattle in a single herd in Michigan. To do this, we collected fecal grabs from 26 cattle and resampled 13 of these animals at 3 additional visits over a 3-month period. In all, 66 STEC isolates were recovered for genomics and biofilm quantification using crystal violet assays. The STEC population was diverse, representing seven serotypes, including O157:H7, O26:H11, and O103:H2, which are commonly associated with human infections. Although a core genome analysis of 2,933 genes grouped isolates into clusters based on serogroups, some isolates within each cluster had variable biofilm levels and virulence gene profiles. Most (77.8%; n = 49) isolates harbored stx2a, while 38 (57.5%) isolates formed strong biofilms. Isolates belonging to the predominant serogroup O6 (n = 36; 54.5%) were more likely to form strong biofilms, persistently colonize multiple cattle, and be acquired over time. A high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of 33 O6 isolates detected between 0 and 13 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) differences between strains, indicating that highly similar strain types were persisting in this herd. Similar findings were observed for other persistent serogroups, although key genes were found to differ among strong and weak biofilm producers. Together, these data highlight the diversity and persistent nature of some STEC types in this important food animal reservoir. IMPORTANCE Food animal reservoirs contribute to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) evolution via the acquisition of horizontally acquired elements like Shiga toxin bacteriophages that enhance pathogenicity. In cattle, persistent fecal shedding of STEC contributes to contamination of beef and dairy products and to crops being exposed to contaminated water systems. Hence, identifying factors important for STEC persistence is critical. This longitudinal study enhances our understanding of the genetic diversity of STEC types circulating in a cattle herd and identifies genotypic and phenotypic traits associated with persistence. Key findings demonstrate that multiple STEC types readily persist in and are transmitted across cattle in a shared environment. These dynamics also enhance the persistence of virulence genes that can be transferred between bacterial hosts, resulting in the emergence of novel STEC strain types. Understanding how pathogens persist and diversify in reservoirs is important for guiding new preharvest prevention strategies aimed at reducing foodborne transmission to humans.
Real-time clinical note monitoring to detect conditions for rapid follow-up: A case study of clinical trial enrollment in drug-induced torsades de pointes and Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Identifying acute events as they occur is challenging in large hospital systems. Here, we describe an automated method to detect 2 rare adverse drug events (ADEs), drug-induced torsades de pointes and Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, in near real time for participant recruitment into prospective clinical studies. A text processing system searched clinical notes from the electronic health record (EHR) for relevant keywords and alerted study personnel via email of potential patients for chart review or in-person evaluation. Between 2016 and 2018, the automated recruitment system resulted in capture of 138 true cases of drug-induced rare events, improving recall from 43% to 93%. Our focused electronic alert system maintained 2-year enrollment, including across an EHR migration from a bespoke system to Epic. Real-time monitoring of EHR notes may accelerate research for certain conditions less amenable to conventional study recruitment paradigms.
Deep Learning-based Ligand Design using Shared Latent Implicit Fingerprints from Collaborative Filtering

In their previous work , Srinivas et al have shown that implicit fingerprints capture ligands and proteins in a shared latent space, typically for the purposes of virtual screening with collaborative filtering models applied on known bioactivity data. In this work, we extend these implicit fingerprints/descriptors using deep learning techniques to translate latent descriptors into discrete representations of molecules (SMILES), without explicitly optimizing for chemical properties . This allows the design of new compounds based upon the latent representation of nearby proteins, thereby encoding drug-like properties including binding affinities to known proteins. The implicit descriptor method does not require any fingerprint similarity search, which makes the method free of any bias arising from the empirical nature of the fingerprint models \cite{srinivas2018implicit}. We evaluate the properties of the novel drugs generated by our approach using physical properties of drug-like molecules and chemical complexity. Additionally, we analyze the reliability of the biological activity of the new compounds generated using this method by employing models of protein ligand interaction, which assists in assessing the potential binding affinity of the designed compounds. We find that the generated compounds exhibit properties of chemically feasible compounds and are likely to be excellent binders to known proteins. Furthermore, we also analyze the diversity of compounds created using the Tanimoto distance and conclude that there is a wide diversity in the generated compounds.