cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Primer Discussion on NPEs: From the Points of Antitrust Challenges

NPEs (Non Practicing Entities) and their patent trading deals are relatively new phenomena. Antitrust cases involving NPEs and related patent deals from EU and US set clear statement that NPEs and their patent trading behavior do fall under antitrust scrutiny. Due to the complexity and hard-to-trace nature of NPEs as well as the difficulty to define the effects brought to competition in related markets by NPEs' patent trading practice, antitrust investigation authorities face great challenges when dealing with NPEs. Innovative application is needed while current regulations and antitrust related laws are to be applied. Potential acts include a clear and extended definition of entities to be investigated, a combined ex-ante and ex-post investigation mechanism, and a platform established to provide extensive information related to patents and NPEs so that the information asymmetry problem can be mitigated.
Novel approaches towards the LTD4/E4 antagonist, LY290154

Several novel approaches have been investigated for the synthesis of the LTD4/E-4 antagonist LY290154. Significant improvements to the discovery route were first made by using an indoline nucleophile instead of an indolyl anion in the key substitution step. An alternative approach, introducing the 7-chloroquinoline moiety in the latest stages of the synthesis was then demonstrated. Interestingly, the pivotal intermediate of this latter route was also obtained in a one-pot process following a Katritzky methodology. Finally, an asymmetric synthesis offering significant advantages over the enantioselective route reported by McKillop was demonstrated.
Against Judicial Review

This essay, prepared for a conference, "Is the Constitution Obsolete?," to be held at Baruch College, City University of New York, and to be paired with an essay favoring judicial review, outlines the case against judicial review, which, it argues, contains a positive and a negative component.The positive component is this: As a general matter democracy requires almost definitionally that a polity's citizens be allowed to select their polity's policies (including policies respecting rights) either directly, as in referenda, or through mechanisms of representation that give them indirect but relatively proximate control over policy choice and that allow the people to substitute one policy for another without extraordinary political effort. Embedded in that sentence are a number of important qualifications, but one that is missing is something that reconciles democracy with constitutionalism understood as a set of political arrangements that ensures political stability by limiting the people's ability to alter some policy choices - those understood within the polity as basic - too easily.The negative component is simultaneously simpler to state and more difficult to establish. Proponents of judicial review agree that it should not be justified on the basis of arguments that would authorize courts to displace policy choice across the entire range of policy, and yet they have been unable to devise justifications that satisfy that criterion. The difficulty with the negative component is that the opponent of judicial review can work through existing justifications to show that they do not satisfy the "no universal scope" criterion but cannot eliminate the possibility that some new theory - with Ptolemaic epicycles added to existing theories, for example - might do so.The essay concludes with some observations on the implication of the fact that citizens in democracies around the world appear to accept judicial review, which raises questions for the democrat skeptic about judicial review.
Predicting binding affinities of host-guest systems in the SAMPL3 blind challenge: the performance of relative free energy calculations

Relative free energy calculations based on molecular dynamics simulations are combined with available experimental binding free energies to predict unknown binding affinities of acyclic Cucurbituril complexes in the blind SAMPL3 competition. The predictions yield root mean square errors between 2.6 and 3.2 kcal/mol for seven host-guest systems. Those deviations are comparable to results for solvation free energies of small organic molecules. However, the standard deviations found in our simulations range from 0.4 to 2.4 kcal/mol, which indicates the need for better sampling. Three different approaches are compared. Bennett's Acceptance Ratio Method and thermodynamic integration based on the trapezoidal rule with 12 λ-points exhibit a root mean square error of 2.6 kcal/mol, while thermodynamic integration with Simpson's rule and 11 λ-points leads to a root mean square error of 3.2 kcal/mol. In terms of absolute median errors, Bennett's Acceptance Ratio Method performs better than thermodynamic integration with the trapezoidal rule (1.7 vs. 2.9 kcal/mol). Simulations of the deprotonated forms of the guest molecules exhibit a poorer correspondence to experimental results with a root mean square error of 5.2 kcal/mol. In addition, a decrease of the buffer concentration by approximately 20 mM in the simulations raises the root mean square error to 3.8 kcal/mol.
An anteromedial internal jugular vein successfully cannulated using the assistance of ultrasonography

The internal jugular vein usually is found either lateral or anterolateral to the carotid artery when it is cannulated for central vein access using external anatomical landmarks. We report a case in which the carotid artery was inadvertently punctured, but the right internal jugular vein could not be found. We used ultrasonic guidance to determine that the right internal jugular vein was anteromedial to the carotid artery. A figure showing the ultrasound of this rare anatomical variation is provided. The advantages and utility of ultrasound when used for the placement of internal jugular central vein catheters are reviewed.
Modeling Emotion and Learning of Norms in Social Interactions

Social norms are shared expectations about appropriate behavior for a specific context and have been extensively studied in social psychology. Classic experiments demonstrate that we are motivated to behave consistently with “descriptive norms,” that is, what we believe most people would do,
Two-photon imaging of collagen remodeling in RAFT tissue cultures

Tissue remodeling is associated with both normal and abnormal processes including wound healing, fibrosis and cancer. In skin, abnormal remodeling causes permanent structural changes that can lead to hypertropic scarring and keloid formation. Normal remodeling, although fast and efficient in skin, is still imperfect, and a connective tissue scar remains at the wound site1. As a result, methods are needed to optimize tissue remodeling in vivo in all cases of wound repair. Since fibroblast-mediated contraction of engineered 3-D collagen based tissues (RAFTs) represents an in vitro model of the tissue contraction and collagen remodeling that occurs in vivo, RAFT tissue contraction studies combined with two-photon microscopy (TPM) studies are used to provide information on ways to improve tissue remodeling in vivo. In the RAFT models discussed here, tissue contraction is modulated either by application of exogenous growth factors or photodynamic therapy. During tissue contraction, TPM is used to image changes in Collagen Type I fibers in the RAFT skin models. Tissues are imaged at depth at day 15 after modulation. TPM signal analysis shows that RAFT tissues having the highest collagen density have the fastest rate of decay of fluorescent signal with depth.
Telomerase as a tumor-associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy.

Telomerase reverse transcriptase hTERT is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy given its broad expression in human tumors and its demonstrated immunogenicity. Human and murine model systems demonstrate that CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD4+ helper T-lymphocytes can recognize dominant epitopes derived from TERT. CTL kill TERT-positive tumor cells of multiple histologies, although there is some disagreement regarding the level of processing and presentation of certain TERT peptides within the context of MHC class I molecules. CTL recognizing modified, low-affinity cryptic TERT epitopes have also been generated that protect against tumor challenge in a murine model. Several phase I clinical trials testing hTERT as a cancer vaccine target have shown the induction of T-cell immune responses but minimal toxicities, including bone marrow toxicity, in patients with multiple types of cancer. Several studies report some patients experiencing clinical benefit, including partial tumor regression, providing further encouragement for hTERT as broadly applicable target for cancer immunotherapy.
The MammoSite breast brachytherapy applicator: a review of technique and outcomes.

Abstract The MammoSite™ breast brachytherapy device was designed to overcome the potential scheduling problems associated with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and the technical difficulties of multi-catheter-based interstitial brachytherapy. The device consists of a silicone balloon connected to a catheter which contains an inflation channel and a port for passage of a high-dose-rate brachytherapy source. The American Brachytherapy Society and American Society of Breast Surgeons have published partial breast irradiation (PBI) patient selection guidelines. The MammoSite™ applicator has been shown in two dosimetric studies to treat a comparable volume to multicatheter-based interstitial implants. The MammoSite™ catheter can be placed at the time of lumpectomy or in a separate procedure using ultrasound guidance. Four optimization methods have been described: the single point method, the six prescription point method (RUSH Technique), the University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center Method, and the Surface Optimization Technique. An excellent or good cosmetic outcome has been reported in 80% to 93% of patients at 1 year in most studies. Cosmetic results appear highly related to skin spacing. The MammoSite™ applicator has been associated with early side effects comparable with traditional breast conserving therapy. A NSABP trial will randomize patients to either whole breast irradiation or PBI consisting of interstitial brachytherapy, MammoSite™ brachytherapy, or 3D conformal radiation.
Utilization of membrane-produced oilseed isolates in soft-serve frozen desserts.

Consumption of frozen desserts in the United States has increased steadily in recent years. However, rising costs of milk solids-not-fat (MSNF) used in dessert formulas may cause manufactures to consider less-expensive nondairy protein sources as an alternative with the resulting products labeled “nondairy”. Use of soy protein isolates and concentrates as food ingredients is rapidly gaining acceptance in the United States. Glandless cottonseed and peanut protein isolates are expected to become available in the next few years. A membrane isolation process which employs ultrafiltration membranes to produce protein isolates directly from oilseed flour extracts has now been developed. Performance of these isolates in frozen desserts was assessed. Taste panel scores of dessert samples for color, odor, textures, flavor and overall acceptability were statistically analyzed. Results showed MIP soy isolate could replace MSNF (a) at the 80% level without flavor or texture loss, (b) at the 60% level without loss in overall acceptability and (c) at the 40% level without quality loss in color and odor. MIP peanut isolate replaced MSNF (a) at the 80% level without textural change, (b) at the 60% level without loss in overall acceptability or desirable flavor and odor and (c) at the 40% level without color loss. MIP cottonseed SP isolate was used to replace MSNF (a) at the 60% level without flavor loss, (b) at the 40% level with no textural changes and (c) at the 20% level without loss in overall acceptability. Based on these results, MIP oilseed isolates (especially soy and peanut) are a possible alternate source of protein for use in soft-serve frozen desserts to the replacement levels stipulated.
IMPROVED MODELING OF A DYNAMIC MIRROR WITH ANTAGONISTIC PIEZOELECTRIC STACK ACTUATION

An enhanced model of a dynamic mirror actuator (DMA) for laser beam steering is presented. The DMA is driven by an antagonistic pair of piezoelectric stack actuators (PESA). The proposed model of the DMA employs explicit PESA charging dynamics and an adjustable PESA shunt circuit to address the frequency-dependent effective mechanical compliance term in several previous models from literature. The proposed DMA model with shunt circuit accurately predicts the first damped natural frequency of the DMA with a shunt circuit across each PESA. Simulation and experimental data are presented. Good agreement is shown betweenthepredicted andmeasured damped first natural frequencies.
Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: Changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence

Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate changes in molecular form and surface charge of black carbon (BC) due to long-term natural oxidation and to examine how climatic and soil factors affect BC oxidation. Black C was collected from 11 historical charcoal blast furnace sites with a geographic distribution from Quebec, Canada, to Georgia, USA, and compared to BC that was newly produced (new BC) using rebuilt historical kilns. The results showed that the historical BC samples were substantially oxidized after 130 years in soils as compared to new BC or BC incubated for one year. The major alterations by natural oxidation of BC included: (1) changes in elemental composition with increases in oxygen (O) from 7.2% in new BC to 24.8% in historical BC and decreases in C from 90.8% to 70.5%; (2) formation of oxygen-containing functional groups, particularly carboxylic and phenolic functional groups, and (3) disappearance of surface positive charge and evolution of surface negative charge after 12 months of incubation. Although time of exposure significantly increased natural oxidation of BC, a significant positive relationship between mean annual temperature (MAT) and BC oxidation (O/C ratio with r = 0.83; P
Finite Hermitian alternatives to the Dyson Hamiltonian.

It is pointed out that the nonunitary generalized Dyson mapping, which does not preserve Hermitian conjugation, is not necessary in order to obtain finite images of shell-model operators. Unitary mappings, which do preserve Hermitian conjugation, have long been available but largely overlooked.
Sparse linear regression with beta process priors

A Bayesian approximation to finding the minimum l 0 norm solution for an underdetermined linear system is proposed that is based on the beta process prior. The beta process linear regression (BP-LR) model finds sparse solutions to the underdetermined model y = Φx + ɛ, by modeling the vector x as an element-wise product of a non-sparse weight vector, w, and a sparse binary vector, z, that is drawn from the beta process prior. The hierarchical model is fully conjugate and therefore is amenable to fast inference methods. We demonstrate the model on a compressive sensing problem and on a correlated-feature problem, where we show the ability of the BP-LR to selectively remove the irrelevant features, while preserving the relevant groups of correlated features.
Mode of cleavage of the eggs of Hydroides norvegica in the Mediterranean.

IN a recent paper1, it was pointed out that the eggs of the marine polychaete Hydroides norvegica may have different cleavage patterns in the North Sea and in the Mediterranean. Whereas at the Kristineberg Zoological Station (near Fiskebackskil), on the west coast of Sweden, Wolsky found the early cleavage to be spiral and equal, an earlier observer, Soulier2, working at Cette (Sete), on the Mediterranean coast of France, found it orthoradial and unequal. It was suggested that this difference may be a sign of differentiation of two distinct physiological races within the species, and it was thought desirable to check the correctness of this suggestion. A short visit to Naples in April 1954 and the hospitality of the Stazione Zoologica, for which I am greatly indebted, made it possible to carry out such a check on Mediterranean material.
An evaluation of energy growth and use trends as a potential upper limit in metropolitan development

Abstract The case of energy use and distribution as forecast from a composite of authoritative United States sources is used as the basis for a prediction of regional energy concentration. These regional energy concentration trends are related to a complex pattern of natural growth, national policy, public taste and economic interplay. Present trends in prime mover development have tended to reduce the emphasis on efficiency relative to economic forces with the result that the potential exists for development of energy-release concentrations in amounts which may be contrary to the pollution management policies thought desirable. Although incremental costs of environmental control appear reasonable, the related increases in energy release projected on the same geometric basis as power demands appears to need closer examination. Examinations of total energy release suggest direct relationship in weather modification of metropolitan areas such that mean temperatures are increasing, cloudiness is increased and total precipitation markedly increased. Thermal energy releases appear as a stabilizing element in decreasing the ventilation of pollutants from large cities. Forecasts of total energy release in metropolitan areas as large as the Boston-Washington megalopolis and greater Los Angeles indicate heat fluxes of 30 to 40% of the incident solar energy by the year 2000 A.D. Such releases have been forecast to cause temperature increases of the order to 6°C which in turn can be expected to affect stream temperatures and the power demands for air-conditioning. The situation suggests a close examination of the trends in the mix of fossil and nuclear facilities, the general use of energy in metropolitan areas and related practices in prime mover design and development. The relationship of power economics, building codes and public taste appears so intricately related as to indicate serious difficulty in the development of a national and international policy. Tentative solutions appear to include emphasis on metropolitan deconcentration, increased prime mover and ultimate user efficiency, re-examination of the incentives for more research in building technology and supporting equipment and ultimately, the potential for national and international cooperation in the long range accomodation of increased energy consumption by wide scale resort to redistribution of energy release points as a basis for metropolitan resettlement.
Investigation of the active sites of rhodium sulfide for hydrogen evolution/oxidation using carbon monoxide as a probe.

Carbon monoxide (CO) was observed to decrease the activity for hydrogen evolution, hydrogen oxidation, and H2–D2 exchange on rhodium sulfide, platinum, and rhodium metal. The temperature at which the CO was desorbed from the catalyst surface (detected by recovery in the H2–D2 exchange activity of the catalyst) was used as a descriptor for the CO binding energy to the active site. The differences in the CO desorption temperature between the different catalysts showed that the rhodium sulfide active site is not metallic rhodium. Using density functional theory, the binding energy of CO to the Rh sites in rhodium sulfide is found comparable to the binding energy on Pt. Coupled with experiment this supports the proposition that rhodium rather than sulfur atoms in the rhodium sulfide are the active site for the hydrogen reaction. This would indicate the active sites for hydrogen evolution/oxidation as well as oxygen reduction (determined by other groups using X-ray absorption spectroscopy) may be the same.
On the steady state solutions of chemically reacting systems-I. Applications to single species surface reactions

Abstract The application of singularity theory to the static bifurcation analysis of single species gas-solid catalytic reaction systems is shown to determine completely their steady state behaviour. The reactor residence time, inlet pressure of the reactant and catalyst surface area are used bifurcation parameters. Adsorbate-adsorbate interactions are quantified by a linear increase of the activation energy for desorption with coverage. The surface reaction is assumed to require either a single site or an additional empty site. In the former case, up to three steady states are possible, whereas in the latter, five steady states can appear for certain values of the parameters. The singularity theory analysis of these single species surface reactions shows new cases of qualitative behaviour, when the system is confined on the boundaries of the physical domain. Finally, the results are discussed within the context of realistic values of model parameters.
Controversy on how to teach CS 1: a discussion on the SIGCSE-members mailing list

A discussion took place on the SIGCSE mailing list in late March of 2004 that raised important issues on how to teach introductory courses using Java. This article attempts to summarize several of the important points raised during this discussion, among them whether or how objects should be taught early or late in a CS 1 course, or indeed, whether object-oriented languages should be postponed until a second course.
Better software reliability by getting the requirements right

For too long software has been produced using processes that result in a product that is completed late, over-budget, and below the quality expectations of end users. Over the last 25 years a great many incremental, evolutionary, and iterative software development process models have been introduced with the intention of improving software development; yet a recent study by the Standish Group reported that fewer than 28% of software projects are completed on schedule within budget and with most of the originally required features. We believe that getting the requirements right is the key to building successful and reliable software products. In the requirements process the product features are defined, the users are identified, and the user interactions with the system are designed. In addition, usage profiles are developed and estimates of the anticipated software reliability based on those profiles and on formal models of the system are obtained. Thus, reliability becomes an integral part of the requirement development process rather than an after thought of testing at the end of the development process. Although, defining the requirements may be an iterative process, a complete and correct set of requirements must be completed before starting to build the product
Preparation of latex carriers for controlled release by concentrated emulsion polymerization

Spherical latexes of submicron diameter containing a model hydrophobic herbicide, namely, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-propionic acid, were prepared by the concentrated emulsion polymerization method. A mixture of styrene, herbicide, and initiator was dispersed into a small amount of water (6% by volume based on the entire emulsion) containing surfactant, at room temperature. The heating at 40°C of the foam like gel thus obtained led to the formation of latexes containing the herbicide. It was found that the model herbicide dispersed in the polymer latex was released to water over a period of serveral weeks and that the amount released was strongly dependent upon temperature and latex concentration in water.
Normal Forces between Cellulose Surfaces Measured with Colloidal Probe Microscopy.

Colloidal probe microscopy was employed to study interactions between cellulose surfaces in aqueous solutions. Hydrodynamic forces must be accounted for in data analysis. Long-range interactions betweeen cellulose surfaces are governed by double-layer forces and, once surfaces contact, by osmotic repulsive forces and viscoelasticity. Increasing the ionic strength decreases surface potentials and increases adhesive forces. Polyelectrolytes cause strong steric repulsion at high surface coverage, where interactions are sensitive to probe velocity. Polymer bridging occurs at low coverage. The conformation of adsorbed polyelectrolytes depends on the polymer concentration.
4-Methyleneglutamic acid and 4-methyleneglutamine: isolation from extracts of peanut seedlings and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography.

Abstract The non-protein amino acids, 4-methyleneglutamic acid and 4-methyleneglutamine, are isolated from aqueous extracts of peanut seedlings in good yield and high purity using a simple HCl-gradient elution from a column of cation-exchange resin followed, in some instances, by a gradient elution with acetic acid from a column of an anion-exchange resin. All of the 4-substituted glutamic acids commonly found in legume species are resolved by a combination of these two systems. For analytical purposes, resolution of the acidic amino acids as their phenylthiocarbamoyl derivatives is achieved by HPLC but not by conventional ion-exchange amino acid analysis. Although 4-methyleneglutamine undergoes cylic deamidation in acidic medium at a slower rate than glutamine, this reaction occurs to a significant extent at 22°C but not at 4°C during the cation-exchange chromatographic fractionation.
Long term lung clearance and cellular retention of cadmium in rats and monkeys

Results of both experimental animal studies and of epidemiologieal studies have shown that chronically inhaled cadmium compounds can have deleterious effects. Lung emphysema, lung fibrosis, chronic bronchitis, lung tumors and also renal dysfunction have been described (Friberg et al, 1974; Holden, 1980; Takenaka et al, 1983; Thun et al, 1985). Most of the experimental animal studies have been performed in rats, and the cadmium compound used was mostly CdCI 9. A more relevant compound for occupational human exposure, however, is Cd0. Thus,'when attempting to extrapolate results from rat inhalation studies with CdCI 9 to humans the question of the validity of such attempts arises. For example, we%ave found that CdCI 9 inhaled at low concentrations induces primary lung tumors in rats (Takenaka et ~i, 1983) yet epidemiological evidence in Cd exposed human workers seems to indicate a lower sensitivity of humans towards the pulmonary carcinogenic effect of inhaled Cd.
The amino terminus of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium sigma(54) is required for interactions with an enhancer-binding protein and binding to fork junction DNA.

Transcription initiation by the ς54-RNA polymerase holoenzyme requires an enhancer-binding protein that is thought to contact ς54 to activate transcription. To identify potential enhancer-binding protein contact sites in ς54, we compared the abilities of wild-type and truncated forms of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ς54 to interact with the enhancer-binding protein DctD in a chemical cross-linking assay. Removal of two regions in the amino-terminal portion of ς54, residues 57 to 105 and residues 144 to 179, prevented cross-linking, but removal of either region alone did not. In addition, deletion of 56 amino-terminal residues of ς54 (region I) reduced the affinity of the protein for a fork junction DNA probe.
Expectations and Judgments Regarding Bystanders' and Victims' Responses to Peer Aggression among Early Adolescents.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate early adolescents' thinking about peer behaviors when associates engage in acts of aggression. The participants (n=195), 4th, 6th, and 8th graders, received two sets of questions. One set pertained to evaluations of bystanders' expected and prescribed behavioral responses when the relationship of the bystander to the perpetrator and to the victim was manipulated. That is, the perpetrator and the victim were either good friends or acquaintances of the bystander. A second set pertained to evaluations of victims' expected and prescribed behavioral responses when the perpetrator was either a good friend or an acquaintance. The overall findings suggest that evaluation of behavioral responses on the part of bystanders and victims is influenced by the relationship among the parties involved. Grade differences are noted.
Classifying by learning disabled and nondisabled children: Use of overall similarity versus dimensional relations

Previous research indicates that learning disabled (LD) children perceive more holistically than do their nondisabled (nonLD) peers. The present study investigated whether or not the holistic perception of LD children is structured by the principle of overall similarity. LD and nonLD children in the second and fourth grades performed a restricted classification task (RCT) with four types of materials. The RCT allows classifications based on overall similarity or dimensional structure. The fourth-grade LD children were more likely than the fourth-grade nonLD children to use overall similarity in making their choices and were less likely than the fourth-grade nonLD children to use the component dimensions of the stimuli. Second-grade LD and nonLD children did not differ. The nonLD children shifted away from similarity choices toward dimensional choices with increasing age, whereas the LD children did not. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for school performance, selective attention, and category generalization.
“Danger in the Smallest Dose”: Richard Neutra's Design Theory

ABSTRACTOver forty years Richard Neutra elaborated a complex design theory to support his architectural practice. At the root of his concerns was the capacity of design elements to both advance and destroy human sensory life. This essay explores the shift that occurs from Neutra's early ideals—centered on notions of open planning, user interactivity and design plasticity—to his later commitment to a psychoanalytically informed architecture. Neutra's postwar structures aimed to recreate the protective sensation of the womb as well as the traumatic experience of birth. Despite a clear shift in aesthetic and rhetoric from interaction to therapy, his basic intentions never changed. Underlying both phases was an emphatic interest in shaping the life of those who inhabited his structures through the use of materials that produced effects independent of artistic agency.
Measuring effects of naming-rights sponsorships on college football fans’ purchasing intentions

Abstract Corporate sponsorship is now commonplace across the college athletic landscape; however, the introduction of naming-rights sponsorships for college football stadiums has been a significantly slower process. Although there are several Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) programs that have secured naming-rights partners (i.e. University of Minnesota), this practice is still the exception rather than the norm, which is also true in many other global sport contexts. In order to better understand this phenomenon, the goal of this study was to investigate fans’ attitudes related to sponsorship, tradition, and commercialism in college football. The results indicated fans that had more positive attitudes toward sponsorship had more positive behavioral intentions toward both the football program and a potential naming rights partner. On the other hand, those who had more positive perceptions of the institution's football tradition and venue had more negative behavioral intentions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as well as suggestions for future research.
Several hypothalamic peptides stimulate thyrotropin and growth hormone secretion by adult turtle pituitary glands

Abstract 1. 1. Pituitary glands from adults of two species of emydid turtles, Chrysemys picta bellii and Trachemys (Pseudemys) scripta elegans , were superfused with several neuropeptides to study thyrotropin (TSH) and growth hormone (GH) secretory regulation. 2. 2. Secretion of both TSH and GH by hemipituitaries from female C. picta belli were stimulated by increasing doses (from 0.1 to 1000 nM) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), ovine corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH) or rat growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). 3. 3. Similar results were obtained using whole pituitary glands from male and female T. scripta elegans . 4. 4. These findings show that several neuropeptides, which can stimulate TSH and GH secretion by hatching turtle pituitaries, are also active in adults. Thus, this plasticity in responsiveness to neuropeptides is not restricted to the undifferentiated, immature animal.
The Viscoelastic Fiber Composite with Nonlinear Interface

Effective viscoelastic response of a unidirectional fiber composite with interfaces that may separate or slip according to uniform Needleman-type cohesive zones is analyzed. Previous work on the solitary elastic composite cylinder problem leads to a formulation for the mean response consisting of a stress-strain relation depending on the interface separation/slip discontinuity together with an algebraic equation governing its evolution. Results for the fiber composite follow from the composite cylinders representation of a representative volume element (RVE) together with variational bounding. Here, the theory is extended to account for viscoelastic matrix response. For a solitary elastic fiber embedded in a cylindrical matrix which is an nth-order generalized Maxwell model in shear relaxation, a pair of nonlinear nth-order differential equations is obtained which governs the relaxation response through the time dependent stress and interface separation/slip magnitude. When the matrix is an nth-order generalized Kelvin model in shear creep, a pair of nonlinear nth-order differential equations is obtained governing the creep response through the time dependent strain and interface separation/slip magnitude. We appeal to the uniqueness of the Laplace transform and its inverse to show that these equations also apply to an RVE with the composite cylinders microstructure. For a matrix, which is a standard linear solid (n=2), the governing equations are analyzed in detail paying particular attention to issues of bifurcation of response. Results are obtained for transverse bulk response and antiplane shear response, while axial tension with related lateral Poisson contraction and transverse shear are discussed briefly. The paper concludes with an application of the theory to the analysis of stress relaxation in the pure torsion of a circular cylinder containing unidirectional fibers aligned parallel to the cylinder axis. For this problem, the redistribution of shear stress and interface slip throughout the cross section, and the movement of singular surfaces, are investigated for an interface model that allows for interface failure in shear mode.
Phenolic composition and antimicrobial and antiquorum sensing activity of an ethanolic extract of peels from the apple cultivar Annurca.

Abstract This study investigated the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of an ethanolic extract from the peel of the Annurca (Malus domestica var. Annurca), which is widespread in the Campania region of southern Italy. The antimicrobial effect of the extract on different pathogens was also examined. The potential antiquorum sensing activity of the extract was tested by using the microorganism Chromobacterium violaceum. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography revealed that rutin, epicatechin, dicaffeoylquinic acid, and caffeic acid were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extract; these compounds constituted 27.43%, 24.93%, 16.14%, and 15.3% of the total phenols, respectively. The test for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl free radical–scavenging activity showed that the extract possessed an impressive antioxidant capacity (50% effective concentration of 2.50 μg/g of product). Furthermore, the extract clearly exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus (11- to 14-mm diameter of...
The Feldenkrais Method®: A Dynamic Approach to Changing Motor Behavior

Abstract This tutorial describes the Feldenkrais Method and points to parallels with a dynamic systems theory (DST) approach to motor behavior. Feldenkrais is an educational system designed to use movement and perception to foster individualized improvement in function. Moshe Feldenkrais, its originator, believed his method enhanced peoples ability to discover flexible and adaptable behavior and that behaviors are self-organized. Similarly, DST explains that a human-environment system is continually adapting to changing conditions and assembling behaviors accordingly. Despite little research, Feldenkrais is being used with people of widely ranging ages and abilities in varied settings. We propose that DST provides an integrated foundation for research on the Feldenkrais Method, suggest research questions, and encourage researchers to test the fundamental tenets of Feldenkrais.
Cutting’s Technique of Unilateral Cleft Lip Repair

The extended Mohler repair is an evolution of the classic Millard repair. Although the Millard procedure is the most commonly performed cleft lip repair internationally, we and many others believe the extended Mohler repair has many distinct advantages over the Millard’s classic rotation-advancement repair. The advantages, as well as additional modifications to the extended Mohler repair as practiced by the authors, will also be described.
FAK inhibition decreases cell invasion, migration and metastasis in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma, the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, is responsible for over 15 % of pediatric cancer deaths. We have shown that neuroblastoma cell lines overexpress focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that controls a number of tumorigenic pathways. In this study, we hypothesized that inhibition of FAK would result in decreased cellular migration and invasion in neuroblastoma cell lines, and decrease metastasis in a murine model. We utilized non-isogenic and isogenic MYCN human neuroblastoma cell lines and parallel methods of FAK inhibition. Cell viability, migration, and invasion assays were employed to assess the effects of FAK inhibition in vitro. A nude mouse model was utilized to determine the effects of FAK inhibition on in vivo liver metastasis. FAK knockdown with siRNA resulted in decreased invasion and migration in neuroblastoma cell lines, and the effects of siRNA-induced FAK inhibition were more pronounced in MYCN amplified cell lines. In addition, abrogation of FAK with a small molecule inhibitors resulted in decreased cell survival, migration and invasion in neuroblastoma cell lines, again most pronounced in cell lines with MYCN amplification. Finally, small molecule FAK inhibition in a nude mouse model resulted in a significant decrease in metastatic tumor burden in SK-N-BE(2) injected animals. We believe that FAK plays an important role in maintaining and propagating the metastatic phenotype of neuroblastoma cells, and this driver role is exaggerated in cell lines that overexpress MYCN. FAK inhibition warrants further investigation as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of aggressive neuroblastoma.
From attraction to distraction: the Panoram machine and emerging modes of multi-sited screen consumption

This article maps the dominant discourses that surrounded the circulation of the Panoram, a 1940s film jukebox by charting how this film-vending technology was ‘imagined’ or marketed in early trade and industrial accounts and its own films. The emergence of this novelty filmic-musical apparatus draws attention to new practices and spaces for film exhibition, evidencing various and at times conflicting modes of user engagements with new media technologies. As a vending machine, the Panoram initially was marketed for its features of automation and convenience. As a new entertainment technology, it moved away from its vending machine status and instead was framed as both a film and music machine, as something totally innovative in cinematic projection but also not so different from the more common musical jukebox. Through the blurring of traditional media categories of film and music, the Panoram's discourses and representations evidence a 1940s media culture acclimating to new screen presences in various pu...
On the mechanism of stress-corrosion cracking of a titanium-6% aluminum-4% vanadium alloy in anhydrous methanol

Abstract Electron fractographic and high resolution electron diffraction studies of the fracture surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy specimens, tensile tested at 1.7× 10 −5 sec −1 in anhydrous methanol, respectively reveal a hard, second phase on the fracture surface and show it to be TiH 2 associated with the presence of Ti 3 Al. The crystallographic relationships of α, β, Ti 3 Al and TiH 2 were determined from the electron diffraction pattern, and they were in agreement with the expected relationships reported in the literature. The results support the conclusions made by Scully that stress-corrosion cracking in high-aluminum-containing titanium alloys is a form of hydrogen embrittlement.
A mutation that depresses cGMP phosphodiesterase activity in Dictyostelium affects cell motility through an altered chemotactic signal.

The streamer F (StmF) mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum is defective in cGMP-phosphodiesterase activity. In early aggregation territories, when individual cells chemotax toward aggregation centers prior to streaming, the average periodicity of surging of StmF cells is half that of wild-type cells. In addition, in the period between surges, which has been interpreted to include the peak and back of the wave, StmF cells abnormally remain nonmotile and retain their elongate shape. In contrast, in the period between surges wild-type cells form pseudopods randomly around their cell perimeter and take on an amorphous shape. Using a newly developed protocol for vitally staining and tracking individual mutant cells in unstained wild-type aggregation territories and individual wild-type cells in unstained StmF aggregation territories, we have found that mutant cells behave normally (i.e., like their predominant wild-type neighbors) in the deduced back of waves generated by wild-type cells. Conversely, wild-type cells behave aberrantly (i.e., like their predominant StmF neighbors) in the deduced back of waves generated by mutant cells. These results suggest that the defective behavior of StmF cells in early StmF aggregation territories is not due to a single cell defect in responsiveness, but, rather, is due either to the genesis of an aberrant cAMP wave or to the accumulation of a molecule which interferes with normal behavior in the back of the wave.
Sexual dimorphism of canine teeth of small dogs.

Abstract Sex-associated morphological characteristics were shown in the permanent canine teeth of dogs. Crowns and roots were respectively about 23 per cent and 40 per cent longer, and about 26 per cent and 50 per cent wider in males. The smaller crown: root ratio in males together with the greater root width indicate a dimorphism in the tooth anchorage mechanism. Ratios of widths of various regions of the teeth showed that the canine teeth of male dogs were not only larger but, because of their expanded midroot width, were of different contour to those of females. The differences in tooth size and contour far exceeded the general statural difference of about 6 per cent expected between the sexes. Evidence from other sources suggests that these differences may be due to a direct effect of circulating sex hormones on tooth development.
Structural Determinants of the Packing and Electrostatic Behavior of Unsaturated Phosphoglycerides

Docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphoglycerides accumulate preferentially in membranes of the retina, brain, and spermatozoa, but the functional significance of this largely remains to be determined. Previously we compared the physical properties of homogeneous monolayers of these and other phosphoglyceride species to obtain insights into their physiological roles. Particularly noteworthy were the unusually low dipole moments of species having sn-2-docosahexaenoyl chains. In this study, we have investigated the electrostatic and lateral packing properties of related phosphoglycerides and found that: 1), The dipole moment-lowering effect of the docosahexaenoyl group arises from its having a Z double bond at chain position n-3. 2), The large dipole moment-lowering effects at sn-1 of an ether bond to an alkyl or a 1Z alkenyl chain and that of a sn-2-esterified n-3 fatty acid are additive. 3), The 1Z double bond in an alkenyl chain lowers the molecular area of a phosphoglyceride and, concomitantly, makes it less compressible. 4), Ethanolamine-containing phosphoglycerides are generally less compressible than their corresponding choline analogs. Our data showing that relatively small lipid structural changes markedly alter lipid physical properties in fluid phases underscores the need to study the function of peripheral and integral membrane proteins in the presence of appropriate lipid species.
An objective measure to identify pediatric liver transplant recipients at risk for late allograft rejection related to non-adherence

Non-adherence to a prescribed immunosuppressive regimen increases risk for late allograft rejection (LAR). We implemented a protocol for immunosuppression management which decreased variation in calcineurin inhibitor blood levels in pediatric liver transplant recipients by controlling for confounders such as physician practice variability. We hypothesized that patients with increased variation in tacrolimus blood levels despite implementation of the immunosuppression management protocol were at increased risk for LAR. We conducted a single center retrospective cohort study of 101 pediatric liver transplant recipients who were at least one year post liver transplantation and receiving tacrolimus for immunosuppression. The primary outcome variable was biopsy proven allograft rejection. Primary candidate predictor variables were the standard deviation (SD) of tacrolimus blood levels (a marker of drug level variability), mean tacrolimus blood level, age, and insurance type. SD of tacrolimus blood levels was determined for each patient from a minimum of four outpatient levels during the study period. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models were used to determine the prognostic value of candidate predictors. The median and interquartile range of the SD of tacrolimus blood levels was 1.6 (1.1, 2.1). Eleven episodes of LAR occurred during the study period. Ten of the 11 episodes occurred in patients with tacrolimus blood level SD > 2. Insurance type, mean tacrolimus blood level and SD of tacrolimus blood levels were significantly related to LAR in the unadjusted analyses (p<0.05). A multivariable model including age, insurance type, mean and SD of tacrolimus blood levels was significantly associated with LAR (validated C-statistic = 0.88, p = 0.012). The adjusted odds of rejection for a one unit increase in the SD of tacrolimus blood level was 3.49 (95% CI 1.31 to 9.29). Effects of age and insurance status on LAR did not provide independent prognostic value after controlling for SD. Variation in tacrolimus blood levels is associated with an increased risk of LAR in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Despite standardized management of tacrolimus levels to control for confounders, some patients were found to have significant variability of tacrolimus blood levels. This may be due to non-adherence and amenable to targeted psychosocial and behavioral interventions to prevent LAR.