cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of splitting patterns from Stern-Gerlach magnetic deflection of supersonic molecular beams: application toM J -state-resolved deflection ofJ=2 atoms

Measurements ofM J -state resolved Stern-Gerlach deflection patterns for the3 P 2 states of noble gas metastable atoms in supersonic beams are analyzed using a modification of the method originally worked out by Otto Stern. Velocity distribution breadth and beam collimation required to resolve theM J states are explored, and the modeling is improved by including variation in the field gradient along the deflected atomic trajectories.
The B30 ganglioside is a cell surface marker for neural crest-derived neurons in the developing mouse.

Abstract We have previously reported the isolation of a monoclonal antibody, mAb B30, that recognizes two minor gangliosides specifically expressed in a small subset of neurons in the developing mouse central nervous system ( Stainier and Gilbert, 1989 ). B30 labels mesencephalic trigeminal neurons shortly after differentiation until about 2 weeks after birth. Postnatally, it also labels two specific monolayers of cerebellar neurons. In this study, we have characterized the B30 immunoreactivity in the developing peripheral nervous system of the mouse. We report that B30 is a marker for neural crest-derived neurons and have used it to follow the neuronal differentiation of neural crest cells in a serum-free chemically defined culture system. Within hours after plating, neural crest cells migrate away from the neural tube explant on a fibronectin or laminin substrate and by 24 hr, up to 15% of them have differentiated into morphologically identifiable neurons. In vitro as in vivo , undifferentiated mouse neural crest cells express the GD3 ganglioside which is recognized by mAb B33, and neural crest-derived neurons can be labeled by mAbs B33, B30, and also E1.9, a specific neuronal cytoskeletal marker. We also show the unique biochemical specificity of mAb B30 and provide experimental evidence for the role of the B30 ganglioside in the cellular adhesion process.
Environmentally Modified Organisms – Expanding Genetic Potential with Light

Light is a potent regulator of plant growth and development, impacting gene expression to global physiology and metabolism. Plants sense a broad range of wavelengths, from UV to far-red, through separate photoreceptors. These light sensors direct adaptive responses under changing environmental conditions and specifically activate precise downstream signaling pathways. Research studies in photobiology, mostly in Arabidopsis thaliana, have characterized light effects on many plant behaviors, along with the genetic mechanisms that control them. Transferring this knowledge to crops has opened a new field in plant science where variation in light quantity, quality, duration or combinations can be used to change plant growth, development or metabolism to influence a desired final product. With the potential of easily being introduced into production chains, and given its safety and relative low cost, this approach can be combined with, or used as an alternative to, breeding or genetic engineering. We review how...
Therapeutic advantage in preoperative single‐dose radiation combined with conservative and radical surgery in different‐size murine fibrosarcomas

The efficacy of surgery alone or combined with preoperative radiation was examined using isotransplants of the spontaneous fibrosarcoma (FSaII) growing in the right leg of syngeneic C3Hf/Sed mice and employing as end-points both local tumor control probability and normal tissue damage. Complete assays have been performed on small (4-5 mm) and large (8 mm) tumors. The TCD50s (the dose required to control half the irradiated tumors) for radiation alone were 63.2 and 82.7 Gy for small and large tumors, respectively. Surgery was performed 4 days after the radiation treatment. Surgical resections were performed under an 8 X dissecting microscope. In small tumors, radical (enbloc resection) and conservative (local resection) surgery alone achieved 69.8% (30/43) and 21.9% (7/32) tumor control. The corresponding figures for large tumor were 25% (8/32) and 6.1% (2/33), respectively. The combination of radiation and surgery increased tumor control frequency up to 100% with doses lower than TCD50 for radiation alone. The TGF is expressed as therapeutic gain factor for conservative and for radical surgery for 4-5-mm and for 8-mm tumors from analyses of dose response curves for tumor control and leg shortening. In small tumors, the TGFs at the 80% tumor control (TCD80) and leg shortening of 5 mm were 1.4 and 1.8 for radical and conservative resection, respectively. The TGFs at the TCD50 level for large tumors were 1.4 and 1.7 in respective resections. In this particular experimental system, conservative surgery yielded higher TGFs than radical surgery for both tumor sizes. No effect of preoperative treatment on the frequency of distant metastasis was observed.
Electric-dipole sum rule in correlated nuclear matter

Abstract The enhancement of the photonuclear Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn E1 sum rule due to exchange forces is studied in the large-A (nuclear matter) limit, neglecting retardation effects. Semi-realistic non-central models of the nucleon-nucleon interaction (Gammel-Christian-Thaler, Hamada-Johnston ν6 and Reid ν6 are employed, together with variational ground-state wave functions incorporating state-dependent correlations. The resulting theoretical estimates of the enhancement factor K are in generally good agreement with the value K = 0.75 ± 0.15 (essentially independent of A) implied by the recent Saclay measurements of photoneutron yields in heavy nuclei.
Two Views of the Cold Filament

Abstract Two views of the Cold Filament, first described by Weatherly and Kelley, are presented. The first is a local view near 40°N, 62°W. There its upslope edge is found to be a front which by benthic standards is large (its downslope edge was not sampled). What distinguishes this benthic front from others is that it is a permanent feature in the abyssal ocean. Above the Cold Filament, relatively murky detached bottom layers were observed and tracked to where they separated from the bottom at the benthic front. Apparently these detached layers entrain overlying water (a density jump at their base apparently restricts entrainment of underlying water) primarily during the detachment process with comparably less entrainment thereafter. The second view, a regional one, comes from examining historical hydrographic sections. These indicate that the Cold Filament extends from the Newfoundland Ridge westward then southward to 24°N and possibly to ∼20°N along the base of the continental rise. The Cold Filament i...
Multiple gestations: the importance of ultrasound

The use of ultrasound in the diagnosis of twins, its role of determining chorionicity, the management of unique twin complications, the value of cervical length determination in twins, the use of ultrasound in screening for aneuploidy in multiples, and the intrapartum role of ultrasound in twin gestations have been reviewed. The availability of high-resolution ultrasound has significantly im-proved the management of multiple gestations.
Synthesis and characterization of polyimides based on new fluorinated 3,3'-diaminobiphenyls

Two new fluorinated diamine monomers, 3,3'-diamino-5,5'-bis(trifluoro-methyl)biphenyl and 3,3'-diamino-6,6'-bis(trifluoromethoxy)biphenyl, as well as a known nonfluorinated analog, 3,3'-diaminobiphenyl, were synthesized. Reaction of these diamines with rigid, highly rod-like dianhydrides produced poly(amic acid)s and polyimides, which were spin coated and thermally treated to produce polyimide films for evaluation in electronics applications. It was hoped that these polyimide films would exhibit an ideal combination of low thermal expansion, reduced water absorption, and low dielectric constant but with improved elongation due to the crankshaft nature of the 3,3'-biphenyl unit. Unlike polyimide films from analogous 4,4 '-diaminobiphenyls, however, the 3,3 '-diaminobiphenyl-based polyimides did not yield low in-plane thermal expansion coefficient in spin-coated films. In some cases high elongation was achieved, but with high thermal expansion. These new diamines may nevertheless find utility in polyimides and polyaramides for membrane, fiber, and other applications. Additionally, they may be useful in modifying the properties of polymer backbones via copolymerization.
Aristotle and the Source of the Art-work

T HE EXACT genetic source of the work of art, the place from which the work is born, is hard to determine. Is the outer world, the so-called "real," public world outside us the source? Is the creative mind of the artist the source? Is a transcendent world, accessible to the artist, the source? Or is some fusion, or combination of the outer world and the artist's mind what we must look for? Artists, who have had the experience necessary to form a judgment on this matter, provide little assistance. The problem is buried so deep within them that they cannot see it clearly. While philosophers, who may have the terminology and critical acumen needed for articulating this problem, generally lack the experience to do so. Chiefly for these reasons, the source of the artwork has been little traced in systems of aesthetics. This neglect is regrettable, because it deflects attention from the similar, but broader problem of the relation of art to the world which art "represents." Whether that "represented" world be viewed as "outer" or "inner," or even as transcendent, it must become art, must be engendered, at some point in the artist's transaction with reality. The crucial and delicate point at which the world becomes art, in this sense, is precisely the source of the art-work. So if one ignores the question of the source of the art-work, he necessarily fails to grasp the general problem of how art is related to the world. While, on the contrary, once one has dealt seriously with the question of the source of art-works, he will have a double advantage: of immunity to facile statements about the relation of art to nature; and of authentic insight into the relation of art to nature. It is, as we shall try to show, of considerable importance to study Aristotle's view of the source of art-works. This is true partly because of the intrinsic significance of the question. One might wish that important aesthetic systems were more often passed through the fire of this test; in no other way can the hard-headedness and firmness of an aesthetic be better assessed. There is further incentive for studying Aristotle in these terms. In considering the source of art Aristotle adopts a complex and, historically speaking, significant transitional position. The complexity results from his uncertainty about the kind or degree of "externality" of the art-work. (As well as from his lack of direct concern with this
Land Surface Controls on Hydroclimatic Means and Variability

AbstractHydroclimatic means and variability are determined in large part by the control of soil moisture on surface moisture fluxes, particularly evapotranspiration and runoff. This control is examined here using a simple water balance model and multidecadal observations covering the conterminous United States. Under the assumption that the relevant soil moisture–evapotranspiration and soil moisture–runoff relationships are, to first order, universal, the simple model illustrates the degree to which they interact to determine spatial distributions of hydroclimatic means and variability. In the process, the simple model provides estimates for the underlying relationships that operate in nature. The hydroclimatic sensitivities established with the simple water balance model can be used to evaluate more complex land surface models and to guide their further development, as demonstrated herein with an example.
Depriving Civil Rights: An Exploration of 18 U.S.C. 242 Criminal Prosecutions 2001-2006

To date, very little empirical work has been conducted that examines the Department of Justice's (DOJ) prosecutions of criminal civil rights violations under federal criminal code 18 U.S.C. 242. Th...
The effects of extrusion conditions on the nutritional value of soybean meal for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract Feed ingredients and complete feeds are exposed to varying degrees of heating during manufacturing and processing. Heat treatment of soybeans is necessary to de-nature endogenous trypsin inhibitors and maximize nutritional value, but overheating can damage protein and reduce nutritional value. This study was conducted to determine the effects of extrusion cooking, the primary method of aquafeed production, on the nutritional value of fish meal and soybean meal based diets. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial treatment design was used with pre-cooking (+ or −), time in extruder barrel (18 or 37 s), and extruder temperature (93 or 127 °C) as the fixed factors. These conditions were selected to achieve both under and overcooking of the soy protein, given the limitations of the equipment. A twin-screw cooking extruder (Buhler, DNDL-44) was used to produce the eight experimental diets and each was fed to triplicate groups of 40 g trout for 84 days. Trypsin inhibitor levels (TIU), protein dispersibility index (PDI), nitrogen solubility index (NSI), and apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of protein, organic matter, lipid, energy and carbohydrate were measured for each diet. Commercially purchased, solvent extracted SBM contained 5100 TIU/g, and after pre-cooking through the extruder with barrel temperatures of 127 °C for 17 s, contained 2300 TIU/g. The diets contained less than the detectable limit of 2000 TIU/g, probably due to a combination of dilution and processing effects. PDI values of the diets suggest that pre-cooking SE-SBM decreased protein value, however, neither PDI nor NSI values were correlated to weight gain. There was no significant effect of pre-cooking or extruder temperature on feed intake or weight gain, but time in the extruder barrel significantly affected feed intake and weight gain; longer extrusion time significantly decreased feed intake and weight gain. Higher temperature in the extruder barrel significantly improved FCR. Pre-cooking SE-SBM before inclusion in the diet significantly improved the ADC for organic matter, energy, and carbohydrates. These results demonstrate the importance of extruder processing conditions on fish performance, and indicate high temperature (127 °C) and short time in the extruder barrel results in the greatest weight gain of rainbow trout.
The effect of norepinephrine versus epinephrine on myocardial hemodynamics during CPR.

Alpha-adrenergic agonists improve myocardial blood flow during CPR by increasing aortic diastolic pressure. Adrenergic agonists with beta-2 properties may enhance peripheral vasodilation and may prove less beneficial during CPR. The purpose of this study was to compare epinephrine (E), an alpha-1,2; beta-1,2 agonist, versus norepinephrine, an alpha-1,2; beta-1 agonist, on myocardial hemodynamics during CPR. Twenty swine were instrumented for pressure, arterial and coronary sinus oxygen content (CAO 2 and CCSO 2 , respectively), and myocardial blood flow measurements using tracer microspheres. CAO 2 , CCSO 2 , myocardial blood flow, myocardial oxygen delivery (MDO 2 ) and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ), extraction ratio, and aortic diastolic pressure were determined during normal sinus rhythm and during CPR following a ten-minute arrest. After three minutes of CPR, the animals were allocated to receive either norepinephrine 0.08 mg/kg (n = 5), norepinephrine 0.12 mg/kg (n = 5), norepinephrine 0.16 mg/kg (n = 5), or epinephrine 0.20 mg/kg (n = 5). One minute after drug administration, all hemodynamic parameters were again determined. Three and one half minutes after drug administration defibrillation was attempted. A Newman-Keuls multiple comparison procedure was used to compare differences following drug administration. During CPR, aortic diastolic pressure averaged less than 13 mm Hg, and myocardial blood flow averaged less than 6 mL/min/100 g. All doses of norepinephrine and epinephrine improved all hemodynamic parameters over those seen during CPR. The two highest doses of norepinephrine significantly improved extraction ratio compared with norepinephrine 0.08 mg/kg ( P = .04). Epinephrine 0.20 mg/kg, norepinephrine 0.12 mg/kg, and 0.16 mg/kg significantly improved aortic diastolic pressure ( P = .007) and coronary perfusion pressure ( P = .012) compared with norepinephrine 0.08 mg/kg. With the two largest doses of norepinephrine, myocardial blood flow averaged 94 to 101 mL/min/100 g; average myocardial blood flow with epinephrine 0.20 mg/kg was 69 mL/min/100 g, and myocardial blood flow with norepinephrine 0.08 mg/kg was 35 mL/min/100 g. All the animals were defibrillated successfully with norepinephrine 0.12 and 0.16 mg/kg, 80% with epinephrine, and 40% with norepinephrine 0.08 mg/kg. Although equipressor doses of epinephrine 0.20 mg/kg and norepinephrine 0.16 mg/kg produced statistically similar hemodynamics, a trend toward improved myocardial blood flow and successful defibrillation rates was noted with norepinephrine 0.16 mg/kg. This trend also was noted with norepinephrine 0.12 mg/kg. Thus, alpha-adrenergic agonists such as norepinephrine, which lack beta-2 agonist properties, may be hemodynamically more beneficial during CPR than alpha-adrenergic agonists such as epinephrine with beta-2 activity.
SAM-systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet post-surgical mitral valve repair.

Systolic anterior motion (SAM) is a postoperative complication experienced by patients undergoing mitral valve repair. The incidence of SAM after mitral valve repair ranges from 5 to 10%. Early recognition of the signs and symptoms of SAM is imperative to the management of these patients. This article presents the pathopysiology of mitral valve dysfunction to give the practitioner a clear understanding of the dynamics of SAM. This article's main focus is the detection and management of SAM and the most current treatment modalities. A case study is used to illustrate the complex management necessary for the patient with SAM.
Small penalty control of the end temperature in a long rod

The problem considered is that of maintaining the end temperature of a long rod near a prescribed level over a fixed time interval. Control is achieved via the heat flux at the near end, and it is optimal in the sense that it minimizes a given performance index of quadratic form. The performance index contains a penalty parameter associated with the magnitude of the control. Particular attention is given to the determination of the optimal control when the penalty parameter is small (i.e., cheap control). This gives rise to a singularly perturbed integral equation, which is solved asymptotically by a methodology which has recently been developed for a related class of problems.
Headspace solvent microextraction.

A hanging microliter drop of 1-octanol is shown to be an excellent preconcentration medium for headspace analysis of volatile compounds in an aqueous matrix by gas chromatography (GC) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Model compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX) are conveniently and rapidly preconcentrated in the microdrop. An internal standard, decane, is present in the organic extracting solvent, and linear calibration curves of relative peak area versus aqueous concentration are obtained for the four model compounds. Detailed kinetic studies reveal that the overall rate of mass transfer is limited by both the aqueous-phase stirring rate and the degree of convection within the organic phase. The very low vapor pressure of 1-octanol results in minimal evaporation of the microdrop during the extraction time. This system represents an inexpensive, convenient, and precise sample cleanup and preconcentration method for the determination of volatile organic compounds at t...
Heuristics in medical and non-medical decision-making.

Pairs of hypothetical medical and non-medical problems were given to 44 pediatric residents at three levels of hospital training. Each problem was designed to detect a specific heuristic-based bias in making diagnoses. Discounting, disregarding base rate, and over-confidence in contextually embedded redundant information were more evident on medical than on non-medical problems. In particular, a greater number of third-year residents disregarded base-rate information than did first- and second-year residents on medical but not on non-medical problems. On medical problems, a greater number of first-year residents expressed greater confidence in redundant information that was contextually embedded than in information that was presented in a listed format. Over one-third of the residents confused prospective and retrospective probabilities; three-fourths showed evidence of augmentation; virtually all residents expressed greater confidence in a diagnosis based on redundant rather than on non-redundant listed ...
Cochlear Findings in VIIIth Nerve Tumors

We have been particularly concerned with the large number of patients with confirmed retrocochlear lesions who have demonstrated cochlear test results on audiological evaluation. The literature is replete with information suggesting that the patient with a tumor of the VIIIth nerve will demonstrate the classical signs of significant reduction in auditory speech discrimination, abnormal tone decay, lack of loudness recruitment, negative SISI scored and Bekesy tracings classifiable as either type III or type IV. We feel it is safe to say that one rarely encounters such a clearcut picture.In this paper we discuss the audiologic data for a series of patients recently evaluated in our department. All these patients demonstrated only cochlear findings on audiological evaluation, yet all patients had surgically confirmed VIIIth nerve tumors.
Launch Vehicle Fractionation for Communication Spacecrafts

Communication satellite models are developed so as to indicate the proper number of spacecraft per launch vehicle and the proper spacecraft weight fraction which should be assigned to spacecraft housekeeping.
New Small-Ring Cyclogermanes: Syntheses and X-ray Crystal Structures

Reaction of GeCl2·dioxane with 2 equiv of Li(THF)2.5Ge(SiMe3)3 in hexane afforded moderate yields of two cyclopolygermanes. A cyclotrigermane, (Ge(SiMe3)2)3, was characterized by NMR spectra, elemental analyses, and an X-ray crystal structure determination. It crystallized from pentane in the R3c space group (rhombohedral) with a = 19.294(3) A, α = 31.89(1)°, V = 1781 A3, and Z = 2. The Ge3 core consisted of an equilateral triangle with a Ge−Ge distance of 2.460(1) A, the shortest so far measured in cyclotrigermanes. The second product was tentatively identified by its NMR spectra as a cyclotetragermane, ((Me3Si)3GeGeCl)4, and this was confirmed by elemental analyses and an X-ray structure determination on the yellow crystals formed from pentane. The product was found to crystallize as a complex with two molecules of Ge(SiMe3)4 in the F23 (cubic) space group with a = 22.7731(3) A, V = 11 810.5 A3, and Z = 8. The Ge4 core consisted of a nonplanar four-membered ring (fold angle = 18.7°) disordered over thr...
Abstract A78:Sgt1heterozygous mutation suppresses phenotypes ofp53‐null mice

Sgt1 is an Hsp90 co‐chaperone that is highly conserved among species, from yeast to humans. In vitro studies using siRNA and small‐molecule inhibitors have indicated that Sgt1 is required for kinetochore assembly, proper localization of the spindle checkpoint proteins during mitosis, and genomic stability in humans. In vivo studies using knockout (KO) mice have revealed that kinetochore and spindle checkpoint genes are related to tumorigenesis. To examine the in vivo functions of Sgt1 gene in mammals, especially in tumorigenesis, we generated and analyzed Sgt1 KO mice by using a gene‐trap line. No Sgt1 homozygous KO mice were obtained from heterozygous intercrosses, even in E8.5 embryos, suggesting that Sgt1 homozygous mice are early embryonic lethal. In contrast, Sgt1 heterozygous mutants grew normally and did not exhibit any obvious phenotypes. We are now monitoring carcinogen‐induced and spontaneous tumorigenesis in Sgt1 heterozygous mutants. We generated Sgt1 p53 double mutants in order to enhance the phenotypes associated with tumorigenesis. p53 is a major tumor suppressor gene, and p53 −/− KO mice usually die when they are approximately 20 weeks old, mainly because of lymphoma. Interestingly, Sgt1 +/− p53 −/− double mutants, especially females, survive significantly longer than p53 −/− single mutants, suggesting that the Sgt1 heterozygous mutation suppresses p53 −/− ‐induced tumorigenesis. In addition to the survival phenotype, the unequal gender ratio (more males than females) in p53 −/− mutants was also overcome by the Sgt1 heterozygous mutation. These results suggest that the Sgt1 heterozygous mutation suppresses the p53 KO phenotypes not only in tumorigenesis but also in embryonic development defects of females. We are currently examining whether the female infertility in p53 −/− is also suppressed by the Sgt1 mutation. We will discuss how Sgt1 suppresses the p53 phenotypes at the meeting. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A78.
The Outcome of Sequential Repeated Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy Performed in 2-Stage Revision Arthroplasty for Infected Total Knee Arthroplasty

Thirteen patients with infected total knee arthroplasty treated by 2-stage revision requiring tibial tubercle osteotomy in both stages for extensile exposure were retrospectively analyzed. The preoperative mean range of knee motion improved from 60° (range, 30°-90°) to 94° (range, 70°-120°) at latest follow-up. The Knee Society knee scores and function scores were 39 and 18 preoperatively and 78 and 67 at latest follow-up, respectively. Although proximal migration occurred in 3 cases and a partial proximal avulsion fracture of the osteotomy segment occurred in 1 case after the second-stage reimplantation, radiographic bony union was observed in all cases. Sequential repeated tibial tubercle osteotomy can be a useful extensile surgical approach in staged revision for infected total knee arthroplasty with satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes.
Delimiting shades of gray: phylogeography of the Northern Fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis

The Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) is a common tube-nosed seabird with a disjunct Holarctic range. Taxonomic divisions within the Northern Fulmar have historically been muddled by geographical variation notably including highly polymorphic plumage. Recent molecular analyses (i.e., DNA barcoding) have suggested that genetic divergence between Atlantic and Pacific populations could be on par with those typically observed between species. We employ a multigene phylogenetic analysis to better explore the level of genetic divergence between these populations and to test an old hypothesis on the origin of the modern distribution of color morphs across their range. Additionally, we test whether mutations in the melanocortin-1 receptor gene (MC1R) are associated with dark plumage in the Northern Fulmar. We confirmed that mitochondrial lineages in the Atlantic and Pacific populations are highly divergent, but nuclear markers revealed incomplete lineage sorting. Genetic divergence between these populations is consistent with that observed between many species of Procellariiformes and we recommend elevating these two forms to separate species. We also find that MC1R variation is not associated with color morph but rather is better explained by geographical divergence.
Corticotropin-releasing factor and systemic capsaicin-sensitive afferents are involved in abdominal surgery-induced Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

Abstract We previously reported that abdominal surgery induces Fos expression in specific hypothalamic and medullary nuclei and also causes gastric stasis. The gastric ileus is reduced by systemic capsaicin and abolished by central injection of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antagonist. We studied the influence of systemic capsaicin and intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of the CRF antagonist, α -helical CRF 9–41 , on Fos expression in the brain 1 h after abdominal surgery in conscious rats using immunocytochemical detection. In control groups (vehicle s.c. or i.c.v.), abdominal surgery (laparotomy with cecal manipulation) performed under 7–8 min of enflurane anesthesia induced Fos staining in neurons of the spinal trigeminal, C1/A1 group, ventrolateral medulla, central amygdala, parabrachial nucleus, cuneate nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS), paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). Capsaicin (125 mg/kg s.c., 2 weeks before) or α -helical CRF 9–41 (50 μ g i.c.v., before surgery) reduced the number of Fos-positive cells by 50% in the PVN while not modifying the number of Fos-labelled cells in the other nuclei. These results indicate that capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents and brain CRF receptors are part of the pathways and biochemical coding through which abdominal surgery activates PVN neurons 1 h post surgery.
Computed model of gadolinium enhanced MRI of breast disease

Abstract Objective: Investigation has shown that the most useful MRI finding for the detection of breast cancer is enhancement following intravenous contrast. However, many widely different imaging protocols have been used. The purpose of this study is to explicate factors that affect the signal intensity of breast lesions after intravenous gadolinium. Methods and materials: A computer model was developed using equations based on published data. The effect of gadolinium on breast tissues was calculated using the model with appropriate values for baseline tissue relaxation times, relaxivity of gadolinium at the given field strength and concentration of gadolinium based on published data, for the TR, TE, flip angle and field strength of several published sequences used for enhanced breast MRI. Results: The computer model allows comparison of the performance of different sequences, which can be displayed graphically. These vary in their performance, largely dependent on T1 weighting. Enhancement is also affected by the baseline of the T1 of the lesion and sensitivity of the sequence to gadolinium. Malignant lesions demonstrate greater observed enhancement than predicted when assuming symmetric distribution of contrast, indicating there is greater accumulation of gadolinium, accounting for the differential enhancement between benign and malignant lesions. Conclusions: MRI sequences vary greatly in their demonstration of enhancement after intravenous gadolinium contrast. Numerical diagnostic criteria such as % signal intensity change must be interpreted with care when using a different sequence than that on which the criterion was developed. There is preferentially greater accumulation of contrast in malignant lesions, whether due to angiogenesis or altered permeability.
Some organic acids attenuate the effects of furosemide on the endocochlear potential

A series of organic acid transport inhibitors significantly reduced the endocochlear potential (EP) decline produced by furosemide in the chinchilla. Probenecid, sodium salicylate and penicillin G were much more effective than novobiocin, meclofenamate or diatrizoate. Inhibitors of organic base transport, choline and N-methyl nicotinamide, had no effect on the furosemide-induced drop of the EP. These findings suggest that at least part of furosemide ototoxicity may be mediated by organic acid transport.
Computer Uses in Marketing Research: A Proposal

The need for a clearinghouse on computer applications in marketing research is developed and a solution proposed. A possible format for such a forum in JMR is outlined.
Dexamethasone increases neutral sphingomyelinase activity and sphingosine levels in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts

The activity of neutral sphingomyelinase (EC 3.1.4.12) in a plasma membrane enriched fraction was found to be increased in dexamethasone treated cells. The elevation of sphingomyelinase activity was blocked by cycloheximide indicating that protein synthesis was required for the steroid action. Ceramidase (EC3.5.1.23) activity was unaffected by the dexamethasone treatment. Levels of sphingosine in 3T3-L1 Cells were also increased after treatment with 10(-7) M dexamethasone for 2 and 4 hours.
The Federal Income Tax and Reform of College Athletics: A Response to Professor Colombo and an Independent Critique

Large athletics programs bring a lot of attention to themselves and the universities of which they are a part. Once, that attention came only from success on the field or court. Now it also comes from how much money these programs spend, and on what, and its source. Calls to use the federal tax code to rein in athletics spending are, we believe, ill-advised. The IRS has limited resources and a lot to do. Its staff members know tax law, not the ins and outs of college athletics. Because universities are adept at “zeroing out” revenues and expenses, it is unlikely that new tax rules and added IRS oversight would do much to curtail spending. They could, however, impose significant compliance costs on universities. The result could be the worst of all worlds: considerable expense on universities to comply; little or no spending reform achieved; and an IRS diverted from core responsibilities.
Stator field oriented control of doubly-excited induction machine in wind power generating system

Optimal operation of a wind power generating system is featured by the variable-speed constant-frequency mode in which maximum-power capturing from the wind turbine and constant-frequency interfacing with the power system are the primary concerns. A slip power recovery system with a doubly excited wound rotor induction machine is attractive in this situation. Field orientation control for doubly excited induction machines is studied. Since the operational condition and control objectives of the variable-speed constant-frequency generating system are significantly different from those of a variable-speed drive system, the implementation strategy of field orientation control of induction machines must be reexamined. A stator field orientation control method suitable for the doubly excited induction machine in a wind power generating system is developed. Digital simulation was carried out showing that the doubly excited induction generator with the proposed control strategy can track the optimal torque-speed profile of a wind turbine very well. In addition, flexible reactive power control was also accomplished. >
A meta-analysis revealed insights into the sources, conservation and impact of microRNA 5′-isoforms in four model species

MicroRNA (miRNA) 5 0 -isoforms, or 5 0 -isomiRs, are small-RNA species that originate from the same genomic loci as the major miRNAs with their 5 0 ends shifted from the 5 0 ends of the miRNAs by a few nucleotides. Although 5 0 -isomiRs have been reported, their origins, properties and potential functions remain to be examined. We systematically studied 5 0 -isomiRs in human, mouse, fruitfly and worm by analysing a large collection of small non-coding RNA and mRNA profiling data. The results revealed a broad existence of 5 0 -isomiRs in the four species, many of which were conserved and could arise from genomic loci of canonical and non-canonical miRNAs. The well-conserved 5 0 -isomiRs have several features, including a preference of the 3p over the 5p arms of hairpins of conserved mammalian miRNAs, altered 5 0 -isomiRs across species and across tissues, and
“I Must Be Good If I Can Teach!” — Peer Tutoring with Aggressive and Withdrawn Children

This study tested the hypothesis that both aggressive and withdrawn children would benefit from participating in brief daily learning sessions with peers having similar behavioral problems. In particular the study looked for gains in self-concept and in the children's behavioral difficulties. Sixty children from a Buffalo public school were randomly placed into three groups: tutors, tutees, and control subjects. After random assignments were made, I met with the tutors for two training sessions in which they learned how to correct and reinforce their students in an easygoing, nonhostile manner. Tutors were given freedom to manipulate content materials of each session and were allowed to meet with their tutees as often as they wanted. After the five weeks of peer tutoring, almost all children who actively participated in the program showed higher gains than the control subjects. They had higher self-concepts and made greater behavioral improvements. In addition they demonstrated a renewed interest in schoo...
TRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES FOR 1507 NEARBY MID-TO-LATE M DWARFS

The MEarth survey is a search for small rocky planets around the smallest, nearest stars to the Sun as identified by high proper motion with red colors. We augmented our planetary search time series with lower cadence astrometric imaging and obtained two million images of approximately 1800 stars suspected to be mid-to-late M dwarfs. We fit an astrometric model to MEarth's images for 1507 stars and obtained trigonometric distance measurements to each star with an average precision of 5 mas. Our measurements, combined with the Two Micron All Sky Survey photometry, allowed us to obtain an absolute K{sub s} magnitude for each star. In turn, this allows us to better estimate the stellar parameters than those obtained with photometric estimates alone and to better prioritize the targets chosen to monitor at high cadence for planetary transits. The MEarth sample is mostly complete out to a distance of 25 pc for stars of type M5.5V and earlier, and mostly complete for later type stars out to 20 pc. We find eight stars that are within 10 pc of the Sun for which there did not exist a published trigonometric parallax distance estimate. We release with this work a catalog of themore » trigonometric parallax measurements for 1507 mid-to-late M dwarfs, as well as new estimates of their masses and radii.« less
Left-Slip Evolution of the North Owl Creek Fault System, Wyoming, During Laramide Shortening

This paper decribes a study that is part of an ongoing investigation of the kinematics of major faults in the western Owl Creek Mountains, central Wyoming.
Assessing the role of information-processing strategies in learning from local news media about sources of social capital

This study examines the mediating effects of information-processing strategies on the relationship between use of local news media, informational use of the Internet, and sources of social capital: interpersonal trust, reciprocity, and associational membership. Analyses of a telephone survey data (n = 546) of American adults show that even though local news media were influential, information-processing strategies were more powerful than attention in explaining learning from local news media about social norms at the individual level. These findings support the usefulness of the cognitive mediation model of information-processing behaviors in examining learning from local news media about social norms. Of the two strategies, elaborative processing played a more important role than active reflection in the mediating process. Informational use of the Internet had a significant and independent effect on associational membership, after demographic, structural anchoring, local media use, and information-proces...
Regulatory Considerations for Campylobacter Vaccine Development

The high, worldwide incidence of Campylobacter jejuni-associated diarrheal disease has recently prompted the development of anti-Campylobacter vaccines. However, the association of C. jejuni infections with subsequent development of Guillain-Barre syndrome has increased concerns from a pathogenesis standpoint and from a vaccine development and regulation standpoint. This brief overview describes the purpose and process of Food and Drug Administration review of vaccine products and highlights some important considerations pertinent to Campylobacter vaccine development.
Electrophysiologic testing in the evaluation of patients with syncope of undetermined origin

Thirty-two patients were prospectively evaluated for syncope (recurrent in 26 patients) with conventional neurologic and cardiovascular testing without elucidation of a cause. All patients underwent invasive electrophysiologic studies to assess sinus nodal function, atrioventricular conduction, and the inducibility of supraventricular and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Eleven patients (34%) were found to have laboratory-induced VT, 5 patients (15%) had evidence of sinus nodal dysfunction, 1 patient (3%) had infra-His atrioventricular block during atrial pacing, and 1 patient (3%) had probable quinidine-related VT. The remaining 14 patients had no detectable abnormalities during electrophysiologic study. After a mean follow-up period of 21.3 +/- 1.2 months, 10 of the 11 patients with inducible VT were asymptomatic while receiving laboratory-directed antiarrhythmic therapy, and 1 patient died from ventricular fibrillation after discontinuing the chosen antiarrhythmic regimen. Five of the remaining 7 patients with an electrophysiologic abnormality were asymptomatic after implantation of a permanent pacemaker or alteration of previous drug therapy, or both. The 14 patients with a normal electrophysiologic study were treated empirically, with recurrent syncope occurring in 4 of these patients during the follow-up period. Invasive electrophysiologic studies provided a presumptive diagnosis in 56% of patients with syncope of undetermined origin. Previously unsuspected VT accounted for 61% (11 of 18) of the detected abnormalities. Therapy specific for the electrophysiologic abnormality was usually successful in preventing recurrent syncope.
Content Analysis of the Journal of Career Assessment

A review of the content of the Journal of Career Assessment was conducted from the journal’s inception (i.e., 1993) through 2011. A total of 545 articles were analyzed for this content analysis. Th...
Psoriatic Patient Presenting With Perioral Herpetiform Lesions

To the Editor.— Disseminated histoplasmosis is increasingly recognized in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We describe a patient with longstanding psoriasis who presented to our clinic with unusual-appearing herpetiform lesions that, after biopsy, showed cutaneous histoplasmosis. A subsequent test for the presence of AIDS proved to be positive. The patient repeatedly denied any risk factors. Report of a Case.— The patient was a 38-year-old white man with a 42-month history of widespread psoriasis and severe psoriatic arthritis. The severity of the joint involvement had resulted in the patient being confined to a wheelchair. Methotrexate had been employed by his rheumatologist (total received dose of 2205 mg). He presented to our dermatology clinic with complaints of malaise, fever, and odynophagia for 3 weeks, along with a 2-day history of a mucosal and perioral eruption. Examination revealed multiple partly grouped vesicles and pustules in the perioral area (Fig 1), along with
Dopaminergic Responses in the Fischer 344 Rat Heart:Preserved Chronotropic and Dromotropic Responses With Aging

BACKGROUND Marked decreases in cardiac responses to beta-adrenergic stimuli have been found in cellular, animal, and human models of physiologic aging. As another probe of receptor-regulated cardiovascular changes with aging, responses to dopamine were studied. Responses were studied with and without depletion of myocardial catecholamines to eliminate effects secondary to myocardial catecholamine release. METHODS Responses of heart rate (A-A intervals), atrioventricular conduction (AV intervals and AV Wenckebach block cycle length) to 0-50 microM dopamine were studied in Langendorff perfused hearts from 10 mature (6.2 +/- 0.8 mo, mean +/- SD) and 9 senescent (23.6 +/- 0.7 mo) Fischer 344 rats and in hearts from 10 mature (5.3 +/- 0.4 mo) and 8 senescent (23.9 +/- 0.8) Fischer 344 rats after myocardial catecholamine depletion by reserpine (0.25 mg/kg i.p. x 5 days). RESULTS Dopamine decreased A-A (p < .0001) and AV conduction intervals (p < .0001) and increased peak developed pressure (p < .0001) and dP/dt (p < .001) in hearts from nonreserpine treated mature and senescent rats. Greater decreases in A-A intervals and AV conduction were seen in senescent compared to mature hearts (p < .0001). Contractile responses were greater in mature hearts (p < .001). After reserpine, A-A interval and paced AV conduction dose vs response relationships shifted rightward (p < .0001), but peak responses and age-related differences in responses were not significantly affected. In contrast, increases in peak developed pressure were greatly reduced in mature hearts (p < .0001) and age-related differences in contractile responses to dopamine were eliminated in hearts from reserpine-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS (a) A-A interval and AV conduction responses to dopamine were greater in senescent hearts even after catecholamine depletion, suggesting age-related differences in sinus and AV nodal responses to direct dopaminergic stimuli exist. (b) Age-related differences in contractile responses to dopamine were eliminated by reserpine suggesting basal age-related differences in response were secondary to age-related differences in responses to myocardial catecholamine release.
Changes in ryanodine receptor-mediated calcium release during skeletal muscle differentiation.

We have observed a disparity between the actions of caffeine and ryanodine, two agents known to affect the same site of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) release in muscle. The site of intracellular Ca2+ release, the ryanodine receptor (RyR), is established as the route of Ca2+ movement from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to the cytosol during excitation-contraction coupling. We measured Ca2+ release fluorimetrically in both saponin-permeabilized and intact L6 cells, in response to known modulators (i.e., caffeine and ryanodine), during differentiation in vitro. The undifferentiated L6 cells showed little response to caffeine. However, a substantial caffeine-induced calcium release (caffCR) was evident by Day 3 of differentiation, and was nearly maximal by Day 7 of differentiation. By contrast, ryanodine failed to stimulate Ca2+ release until Day 4, lagging behind the caffeine response. Ryanodine-stimulated Ca2+ release was also maximal by Day 7. Higher concentrations of ryanodine, known to inhibit Ca2+ release, only began to affect caffCR at Day 4, indicating that cells were insensitive to both ryanodine stimulation and ryanodine inhibition prior to this time. Most of the results could be obtained both in permeabilized and intact cells. Using intact cells, we measured the time course of K+ -dependent (i.e., depolarization-induced) Ca2+ release. This time course matched caffeine and not ryanodine-induced Ca2+ release suggesting the action of caffeine was not due to Ca2+ release unrelated to excitation-contraction coupling. These findings suggest that ryanodine binding sites on the RyR may not be functional at early stages of muscle development, that ryanodine sensitivity is a poor indicator of Ca2+ flux through the RyR, or that other proteins are involved in Ca2+ release under certain circumstances.