cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3He Transport and the Question of Nonstandard Solar Models

I consider phenomenological changes in the standard solar model with the goal of testing recent claims that the solar neutrino puzzle requires new particle physics. The assumption of a steady-state sun producing the correct luminosity and governed by standard microphysics appears to leave only one nonstandard solar model possibility open, slow mixing of the solar core on timescales characteristic of 3He equilibration. The conjecture of such mixing raises striking physics issues connected with the standard model 3He instability and the possibility that the 3He abundance gradient might allow the sun's early convective core to persist. While helioseismology might eventually rule out such a "model," contrary to one recent claim I will argue that the helioseismology of a mixed two-fluid sun is as yet far from clear. Finally, I conclude by stressing that 3He-driven slow mixing is not being proposed as a solution of the solar neutrino problem, but as an example of a possibility that has not been quantitatively modeled and yet could produce neutrino fluxes far closer to experiment than the standard solar model. Thus, despite the attractiveness of neutrino oscillation solutions, astrophysical explanations of the solar neutrino problem are not yet, in my view, ruled out definitively.
John F. Kennedy and the Race to the Moon

The assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, had, of course, many consequences. One of them was turning the U.S. space program, and particularly the lunar landing effort, into a memorial to the fallen president. There was essentially no chance that the new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, would modify the goal set by President Kennedy in 1961, a goal that Johnson had himself so strongly recommended. To reinforce his commitment to President Kennedy’s space legacy, less than a week after the assassination Johnson announced that Cape Canaveral would be renamed Cape Kennedy and that the space launch facilities located there would be called the John F. Kennedy Space Center.1
An artificial Neural Network model for wind energy estimation

Wind energy resources are ideally suited for distributed generation systems to provide electricity for residential use. This paper proposes a novel method for wind energy estimation in the state of Georgia. This method is based on Artificial Neural Network (ANN) using real data obtained from several weather station sites around the state. The proposed ANN model was trained and then tested using a local station located in Savannah. The ANN inputs are elevation, latitude, longitude, day, temperatures (min/max), and the output is the daily wind speed. The model was efficiently implemented in Simulink environment using closed-form algebraic equations which eliminated the need for repeated training. The ANN model was formulated with suitable numbers of layers/neurons which was trained and tested with excellent regression constant. Furthermore, the ANN model has the ability to interpolate between learning curves to generate wind speed estimates for different locations. It is anticipated that this model will be able to successfully select sites for wind turbine installations for residential applications in the state of Georgia.
Regularity of the free boundary for the porous medium equation

with r(m) = 1/(m 1). When u = 0, then f = 0 and both of the above equations become degenerate. This degeneracy results in the interesting phenomenon of the finite speed of propagation: If the initial data u? is compactly supported in 1ZTn, the solution u(., t) will remain compactly supported for all time t. In this work we will show that, under rather general assumptions on the initial data, the free boundary
Competition and medical groups. A survivor analysis.

Abstract This paper extends the survivor analysis of medical practice provided by Frech and Ginsburg (1974). Changes in the distribution of medical practice sizes are examined for the periods 1965–1969, 1969–1975, and 1975–1980. Through 1975, we find that, almost uniformly, all sizes of medical groups were found to be optimal. In particular, the optimality of large (100 or more physicians) multi-specialty groups was strongly confirmed. Later data, however, suggest that the equilibrium size distribution may have shifted. For the 1975–1980 period only large multi-specialty groups continue to be in the optimal size range. In addition, we find some evidence that suggests that solo practices may be optimal in some geographic regions.
Perceptions of Incapacitated Heterosexual Sexual Assault Influences of Relationship Status, Perpetrator Intoxication, and Post-Assault Sleeping Arrangements

This investigation explored college students' victim-blaming behaviors in perceptions of incapacitated rape. Participants received a vignette about a man who had sexual intercourse with a woman who had lost consciousness due to alcohol, with the conditions varied across the vignettes: the relationship between the parties, the alcohol use of the man, and the post-assault sleeping arrangements. Results revealed that when the man was a stranger, participants attributed less responsibility for the incident to him, but were more likely to label the incident as "rape." Neither the alcohol use of the man nor the post-assault sleeping arrangements significantly influenced participants' perceptions.
A web of knowledge: a conceptual-modeling perspective

The current web is a web of linked pages. Frustrated users search for facts by guessing which keywords or keyword phrases might lead them to pages where they can find facts. Can we make it possible for users to search directly for facts? Equivalently, can we turn the web into a web of facts (instead of a web of pages containing facts)? Ultimately, can the web be a knowledgebase--a web of knowledge--that can provide direct answers to factual questions and also provide the confidence necessary to make those answers believable? We answer these questions by showing how to superimpose a web of data over the web of pages, resulting in a web of knowledge. Our research group at Brigham Young University has been working on this challenge for more than a decade. Our solution, which is based on conceptual modeling, calls for turning raw symbols contained in web pages into knowledge and making this knowledge accessible via the web. The particulars of our solution show ways to overcome three impeding challenges: (1) automatic (or near automatic) creation of ontologies, (2) automatic (or near automatic) annotation of web pages with respect to these ontologies, and (3) simple but accurate query specification, usable without specialized training. Meeting these basic challenges can simplify knowledge-web content creation and access to the point that the vision of a web of knowledge can become a reality. Throughout, we show that conceptual modeling plays a key role in actualizing these ideas.
Exploring the drivers of port efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean

Abstract We developed a technical efficiency analysis of container ports in Latin America and the Caribbean using an input-oriented stochastic frontier model. We employed a 10-year panel with data on container throughput, port terminal area, berth length, and number of available cranes in 63 ports. The model has three innovations with respect to the available literature: (i) we treated ship-to-shore gantry cranes and mobile cranes separately, in order to account for the higher productivity of the former; (ii) we introduced a binary variable for ports using ships’ cranes, treated as an additional source of port productivity; and (iii) we introduced a binary variable for ports operating as transshipment hubs. Their associated parameters are highly significant in the production function. The results show an improvement in the average technical efficiency of ports in the Latin American and Caribbean region from 52% to 64% between 1999 and 2009; the best performing port in 2009 achieved a technical efficiency of 88% with respect to the frontier. The paper also studies possible determinants of port technical efficiency, such as ownership, corruption and income per capita. The results revealed a positive and significant association between technical efficiency and private port operations.
Clinical versus Statistical Prediction

In clinical decision making, clinical (i.e., impressionistic) or statistical (i.e., mechanical) methods may be employed in making specific predictions. Since these methods will not always produce the same results, clinicians must implicitly or explicitly choose, when faced with any predictive task, whether to use their informal clinical judgment or a formal statistical process. Paul Meehl (1920–2003) notably explored this issue, comparing the relative strengths of the two methods and examining a modest sample of comparative studies. He concluded that statistical prediction tends to be more accurate and less costly than clinical prediction, and should therefore always be preferred by the clinician when it is available. These conclusions were controversial, sparking decades of debate and further research. Follow-up studies have generally provided strong support for Meehl's original findings, suggesting that statistical prediction is equal or greater in accuracy to clinical prediction across a range of qualitatively diverse domains. Keywords: individual differences; selection and assessment; assessment; clinician errors/biases; decision making; metadata; personnel selection
Cell-Cycle Regulators and Cell Death in Immunity

Various cell death mechanisms are integral to host defense in both plants and mammals. Plant defense against biotrophic pathogens is associated with programmed cell death (PCD) of the infected cell. This effector-triggered PCD is partly analogous to pyroptosis, an inflammatory host cell death process that plays a crucial role in defense against microbial infections in mammals. Plant effector-triggered PCD also shares with mammalian apoptosis the involvement of cell-cycle regulators as signaling components. Here we explore the similarities between these different cell death programs as they relate to host defense and their relationship to the cell cycle.
Pancreatic expression of keratinocyte growth factor leads to differentiation of islet hepatocytes and proliferation of duct cells.

Keratinocyte growth factor, (KGF), a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, is involved in wound healing. It also promotes the differentiation of many epithelial tissues and proliferation of epithelial cells as well as pancreatic duct cells. Additionally, many members of the highly homologous FGF family (including KGF), influence both growth and cellular morphology in the developing embryo. We have previously observed elevated levels of KGF in our interferon-γ transgenic mouse model of pancreatic regeneration. To understand the role of KGF in pancreatic differentiation, we generated insulin promoter-regulated KGF transgenic mice. Remarkably, we have found that ectopic KGF expression resulted in the emergence of hepatocytes within the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Additionally, significant intra-islet duct cell proliferation in the pancreata of transgenic KGF mice was observed. The unexpected appearance of hepatocytes and proliferation of intra-islet duct cells in the pancreata of these mice evidently stemmed directly from local exposure to KGF.
Are myocardial infarction and venous thromboembolism associated? Population-based case-control and cohort studies.

Introduction Because the association of myocardial infarction (MI) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is uncertain, we tested MI as a VTE risk factor and VTE as a predictor of MI.
The effect of voice amplification on occupational vocal dose in elementary school teachers

Two elementary school teachers, one with and one without a history of vocal complaints, wore a vocal dosimeter all day at school for a 3-week period. In the second week, each teacher wore a portable voice amplifier. Each teacher showed a reduction in vocal intensity during the week of amplification, with a larger effect for the teacher with vocal difficulties. This teacher also showed a decrease in hourly vocal fold distance dose as measured by the dosimeter despite incurring longer phonation times. Fundamental frequency and vocal fold cycle dose did not appear to be affected by the use of amplification during the teaching day. Both teachers showed evidence of a possible moderate effect of adjusting vocal intensity in the week after amplification, possibly as a means to recalibrate their perceived vocal loudness. This study demonstrates the usefulness of both vocal dosimetry and amplification in monitoring and modifying vocal dose in an occupational setting and reinforces previous data suggesting the effectiveness of amplification in reducing the vocal load in schoolteachers. Implications of the data for future research regarding prevention and treatment of occupational voice disorders are discussed.
A spin label study of human lens membranes

A lipid spin label, 5-nitroxy-stearate, was used to probe the fluidity in human lens membranes and lipid extracts. ESR measurements indicated a higher degree of rigidity (order) in the lens membrane than in any membrane from higher cells which had previously been studied. In part this probably reflects the peculiar lipid composition in the lens, which includes a high proportion of cholesterol and saturated fatty acid chains. There is also evidence, however, that the lipid is appreciably immobilized by proteins in the membrane. In older lenses, no appreciable difference in fluidity was found between normal and cataractous lenses or between cortexes and nuclei. Cortexes from young lenses were, however, more fluid than samples from older lenses.
Attitude toward and use of induced abortion among Taiwanese women.

While the debate over abortion rages in Western societies, it is regarded as natural and treated as a way of life in other societies. The relationship between couple's education, occupation, income, wife's employment status, wife's age at first marriage, and religion and the use of abortion as a birth control method was examined among 742 married Chinese women in Taipei, Taiwan. The findings show that members of all social groups—differentiated by the couple's education, occupation, wife's employment status, wife's age at first marriage, and religion—practice abortion. For those in Taiwan who try to regulate their family size, abortion is as popular a measure for birth control as any other, despite being technically illegal.
Effect of interfacial phonon-plasmon modes on electrical transport in supported graphene

We have computed the dispersion and scattering rates for the IPP modes. Compared to the uncoupled SPP modes, their scattering rates are significantly lower as a result of dynamic screening which emerges from the plasmon-SPP coupling. At small/large Q, dynamic screening enhances/weakens electron-phonon interaction. Despite being a high-κ oxide, HfO 2 seems to show the most promise in terms of IPP scattering according to our conductivity and mobility calculations for SiO 2 , h-BN, HfO 2 and Al 2 O 3 .
One-step purification of mouse monoclonal antibodies from ascites fluid by hydroxylapatite chromatography

A single-step method for purification of mouse monoclonal antibodies directly from ascitic fluids using hydroxylapatite column chromatography is described. The procedure yields highly purified IgG or IgM antibodies. The purified immunoglobulin is essentially free of contaminating mouse albumin, transferrin, and other ascites proteins, as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Hydroxylapatite chromatography can also separate monoclonal IgG antibodies from contaminating IgG antibodies found in ascites fluid of animals that have been immunosuppressed prior to ascites induction. Furthermore, the evidence presented here suggests that some hybridomas of SP2/0 origin synthesize an extraneous light chain resulting in the secretion of hybrid antibody molecules.
170-nm gates fabricated by phase-shift mask and top antireflector process

N-channel field effect transistors (FETs) with poly linewidths as small as 170 nm have been fabricated with phase shift mask (PSM) lithography using a 0.45 NA I-line stepper. Narrow poly lines were defined using the edge of a (pi) shifter rectangle with superimposed chrome lines of variable width to produce a range of linewidths. Using a chrome-less phase edge, resist linewidths of 240 nm were obtained at nominal exposure, while + 25% overexposure yielded linewidths of 190 nm. Excellent linewidth control was obtained on the device wafers with 3 (sigma) variation of roughly 20 nm for the resist lines. The use of a top anti-reflector (TAR) process improved linewidth control by approximately 35% relative to a normal single layer resist process. Linewidths were also measured after poly etch and, in the final devices, Leff was measured by electrical testing. Devices fabricated using PSM showed significant improvement in lithographic process latitude over control devices fabricated using conventional chrome masks.
Clonal evolution in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia highlights functional role of B-cell receptor

The course of clonal evolution of 2 related clones in the blood of a patient with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) indicates the functional importance for the expression of the B-cell receptor for the survival of these malignant cells. Protein and nucleotide sequencing of the paraproteins' variable regions revealed 2 predominant Vλ and 2 VH sequences, each set comprised in the ratio 1:1.5. The 2 VH sequences and 2 Vλ sequences shared the same VDJ and VJ junctional sequences, respectively, indicating that 2 malignant clones had evolved from a common ancestor. This is the first report on intraclonal heterogeneity in WM. Comparison of the Vλ and VH sequences with the closest matching known germline genes showed that they contained approximately 10 somatic mutations each. The distribution and type of mutations demonstrate that mutations have continued to accumulate in the malignant clones and that selection has been operating to preserve immunoglobulin structure.
Dirhenium Compounds Supported by N,N′-Dimethylbenzamidinate: Formation of Linear Polymers via Axial Ligation

The reaction between Re2(DMBA)4Cl2 and NaN(CN)2 resulted in Re2(DMBA)4(N(CN)2)2 (1a), where DMBA is N,N′-dimethylbenzamidinate. Molecular compounds Re2(DMBA)4(ReO4)2 (1b) and Re2(DMBA)4(OP(O)(OH)Ph)2 (1c) were obtained through the reactions between Re2(DMBA)4(NO3)2 and the respective monoanion. The dirhenium(III) coordination polymers [Re2(DMBA)4(μ-O,O′-WO4)·2H2O]∞ (2a), [Re2(DMBA)4(μ-O,O′-MoO4)·2H2O]∞ (2b), and [Re2(DMBA)4(μ-O,O′-1,4-(O2C)2C6H4)·2H2O]∞ (2c) were similarly prepared through slow diffusion of Re2(DMBA)4(NO3)2 in acetonitrile into aqueous solution containing the respective dianion. All new compounds were characterized with single crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed the retention of the essential structural features of Re2(DMBA)4 unit upon the formation of coordination polymers.
An analytical model of the diffusive scattering of low-energy electrons in electron-beam resists

An analytical model is developed for predicting the electron penetration profile created by the low-energy exposure of electron-beam sensitive resists. The model uses a multiple forward-scattering scheme adapted by the modified age diffusion approximation to the Boltzmann transport equation to produce a computationally efficient model. Model validation is performed using the literature and experimental results. The model is used to predict low-energy electron penetration profiles formed by a micro-mechanical prototyping device.
Structure and function of desmosomal proteins and their role in development and disease.

Desmosomes represent major intercellular adhesive junctions at basolateral membranes of epithelial cells and in other tissues. They mediate direct cell-cell contacts and provide anchorage sites for intermediate filaments important for the maintenance of tissue architecture. There is increasing evidence now that desmosomes in addition to a simple structural function have new roles in tissue morphogenesis and differentiation. Transmembrane glycoproteins of the cadherin superfamily of Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules which mediate direct intercellular interactions in desmosomes appear to be of central importance in this respect. The complex network of proteins forming the desmosomal plaque associated with the cytoplasmic domain of the desmosomal cadherins, however, is also involved in junction assembly and regulation of adhesive strength. This re-view summarizes the structural features of these desmosomal proteins, their function during desmosome assembly and maintenance, and their role in development and disease.
Analysis of the proximity-induced Josephson effect in superconducting-normal contacts.

Several investigators have observed microwave-induced steps and other Josephson-like features in the {ital I}-{ital V} characteristics of point contacts between a conventional superconductor ({ital S}) and a normal metal ({ital N}). Recently, S. Han {ital et} {ital al}. have interpreted these results in terms of a model of a proximity-induced Josephson effect (PIJE) in an {ital SN} contact and have used this model to infer the existence of {ital p}-wave pairing in superconducting UBe{sub 13}. We show that their model is incorrect on fundamental grounds, and that their PIJE analysis is in direct conflict with long-standing theoretical and experimental studies of the pair-field susceptibility in {ital SN} tunnel junctions. In addition, we outline a possible alternative explanation for the experimental observations of Han {ital et} {ital al}. based on a model of a phase-slip center near the tip of the {ital S} point in an {ital SN} contact.
The impact of inductor selection on a 12-1 V GaN POL converter with over 94% peak efficiency and higher load optimization

The overall power system can generally be divided into three stages: front end, middle stage and point-of-load (POL). The overall efficiency of the power supply chain is dependent on the multiplicity effect which means each stage should be taken into account. Increases in efficiency of the POL converter have the benefit of reducing extra heat generation near the load, reducing overall power dissipation, and reducing the cooling requirement. A 12-1 V buck converter with 94% peak efficiency is presented that takes into account the many factors contributing to the losses in efficiency such as switching losses and conductance losses. All of these factors should be considered for an optimal design that maximizes efficiency. The switching losses have been reduced leaving the inductor as the dominant source of loss. Therefore, the choice of the inductor is dependent on whether the design is for peak efficiency at light loads or optimization of efficiency at higher loads.
Method for analysis of superconducting fluctuation effects by superposition of the longitudinal and Hall conductivities.

The terms describing the effects of the Maki-Thompson process on the superconducting fluctuations above ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$ have the same temperature dependence in the longitudinal and Hall conductivities. Thus, by an appropriate superposition of these quantities, we define a new quantity, in which the effect of the Maki-Thompson process is canceled, thereby isolating the Aslamazov-Larkin terms. This method can be applied to ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ if one assumes that the Cu-O chains are strictly one-dimensional conductors. Proceeding in this way, we obtain results in good agreement with the Aslamazov-Larkin term. Further analysis indicates, however, disagreement with the Maki-Thompson term.
Increased myocardial perfusion and sympathoadrenal activation during mild core hypothermia in awake humans

Potential mechanismsof cold-induced myocardial ischaemia are sympathetically mediated coronary vasoconstriction and/or catecholamine-induced increases in cardiac work. To examine these parameters, 11 human volunteers were each studied on one day with, and on another day without, β-adrenoceptor blockade. On each day, warm (37 ◦ C) saline (control) and cold (4 ◦ C) saline (hypothermia) were given intravenously. Myocardial perfusion was assessed by positron emission tomography using H2 15 O, and coronary vascular resistance was calculated. Plasma catecholamines were measured to assess sympathoadrenal activation. The core temperature decreased by 1.0 + 0.2 ◦ Cw ith the cold saline, and was unchanged with warm saline. Myocardial perfusion increased by 20% (P =0.01) and the rate–pressure product by 33% (P =0.0004) with cold saline compared with warm saline. β-Blockade eliminated these increases. Coronary vascular resistance was similar with warm and cold saline, and was unaffected by β-blockade. Plasma adrenaline increased by 120% and noradrenaline by 251% during cold saline, but were unchanged during warm saline. In conclusion, core hypothermia triggers β-adrenoceptor-mediated increased
A new approach to evaluating inter-laboratory testing precision

Abstract A new approach to the evaluation of inter-laboratory testing precision has been developed based upon the analysis of a large inter-laboratory testing program on Mooney viscosity. The new approach (based on demonstrated non-random or ‘biased’ inter-laboratory test differences) consists of : (1) the adoption of newly proposed ‘between-lab’ and ‘within-lab’ statistical parameters, h and k, as developed by ASTM Standard E-691 (a standard practice for evaluating precision) and (2) a number of special graphical analysis techniques that allow for an identification of the good, the intermediate and the poor laboratories on the basis of both their between-lab (precision), reproducibility, R, and their within-lab (precision), repeatability, r. The h parameter indicates how the deviation d, of an individual laboratory test result from a reference value (the overall average measured property), compares to the range of deviations for all laboratories and the k parameter is a ratio of the within-lab variation of any laboratory to the overall level of variation of all laboratories. The deviation values may be used to prepare Deviation Profiles that show how the various laboratories rank; negative to zero to positive ‘biases’ or deviations compared to the reference value. Analysis of the relationships of: (1) h and the standard deviation of h across all the test materials, (2) k and the standard deviation of k across the materials and (3) average h and average k for all materials, provide valuable information for the diagnosis of laboratory testing behavior. The INTERCAL concept, a procedure for using independently obtained calibration curves to correct for the biased between-lab differences, gives a substantial reduction in the between-lab reproducibility, R; provided that: (1) all laboratories have good within-lab precision or small r and (2) that testing proficiency is maintained in a stable condition over a period of time. A global Quality Testing concept has been proposed based on the ability of this new approach to classify laboratories into one of three grades: Grade A, laboratories that have good inherent agreement with each other and to reference values; Grade B, laboratories that may be corrected by INTERCAL to the same level of agreement as Grade A, and Grade C, laboratories that cannot be corrected by INTERCAL because of poor within-lab control and resulting high within-lab variation.
Hypothesis: The pathogenesis of pseudotumor cerebri

In susceptible individuals, one of a variety of known or unknown precipitants affects the arachnoid villi so as to produce a large increase in CSF outflow resistance, Ra. This increase in Ra raises CSF pressure (CSFP), which rise provokes a redistribution of arteriovenous pressures across the cerebrovascular bed. The end result is a measurable increase in cerebral blood volume, compression of the ventricular system and compromise of the convexity subarachnoid space, which further increases CSF outflow resistance. Ultimately, a new steady state CSFP is attained.
SU-GG-T-464: Multi-Criteria Treatment Planning for IMPT

Purpose: To describe three components of a new multi‐criteria intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) system. The components are: an optimization solver, a Pareto database generation procedure, and a visualization‐based Pareto surface navigation technique Method and Materials: We develop an IMPT solver based on the technique of projection onto convex sets (POCS). This method is fast, capitalizing on the structure of the IMPT optimization problem, and has almost no memory overhead — the only memory needed is the memory needed to store the dose‐influence matrix. The database generation strategy is based on varying dosimetric constraints, since the solver works via constraints and not weighted objective sums. It can be used to generate plans in parallel, so can take advantage of multi‐processors. The navigation method is based on a 2D view of the high‐dimensional tradeoff space, with the user choice of which two objectives to currently view while allowing the constraints of the other objective values to be dynamically varied. Results: Computational results are shown for the solver. Compared to general purpose industry standard algorithms, the POCS algorithm applied to IMPT is orders of magnitude faster and more memory efficient. We demonstrate the database generation procedure and the navigation method on clinical data sets.Conclusion: The three modules constitute the core treatment planningoptimization method for a new planning system in development. The speed and minimal memory requirements of the solver will allow us to incorporate robustness by considering multiple instances of patient set‐ups and proton ranges. The navigation style allows for a visualization of the dose tradeoffs inherent to radiation therapytreatment.
Commentary: one small step.

COMMENTARY ON: Conway J, Tomkins CC, Haig AJ. Walking assessment in people with lumbar spinal stenosis: capacity, performance, and self-report measures. Spine J 2011;11:816–23 ( in this issue ).
Not a Partnership in Pepper, Coffee, Callico, or Tobacco: Edmund Burke and the Vicissitudes of Colonial Capitalism

This essay examines the tensions between liberalism and capitalism through an analysis of Edmund Burke's works on eighteenth-century liberal political economy and, specifically, the challenges posed by colonial capitalism. When criticizing the East India Company, Burke attempted to fortify “commercial” principles, on which British self-image rested, against the “rapacious” policies of British imperialism in India, which threatened this liberal self-image. His denunciation of the Company thus can be construed as an index to broader contradictions between the liberal self-image of capitalism and the coercive processes of colonial displacement and extraction that were an integral part of capitalism's emergence. The article, in its conclusion, outlines some theoretical and methodological issues that arise from situating Burke's writings in their colonial and capitalist contexts.
Relationship between bacterial seed inoculum density and rhizosphere colonization of spring wheat

Abstract A field experiment was established with a rhizosphere-competent Xanthomonas maltophilia isolate used as a wheat seed inoculant at six different inoculum rates. The isolate used was resistant to erythromycin and streptomycin which facilitated field monitoring. Inoculum densities ranged from log10 3.6 to log10 7.4 cfu (colony forming units) per seed. Roots were assayed four times before anthesis to determine the number of introduced bacteria colonizing roots for each inoculum rate treatment. No significant differences in root-colonization values were observed among the inoculum rates at any plant growth stage. A subsequent experiment utilized the X. maltophilia isolate plus a rhizosphere-competent Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate resistant to erythromycin and rifampicin. Although significant differences in root-colonization values were observed for X. maltophilia for the first root assay, these differences in root-colonization values were not maintained for the subsequent root assays. Overall, initial seed inoculum densities differed by at least log10 3.2 cfu per seed but the differences in root-colonization densities averaged only log10 0.7 cfu mg−1 (dry weight) roots plus rhizosphere soil. The results demonstrated that bacterial root-colonization densities were largely independent of the initial inoculum densities on the seed.
Volume of white matter hyperintensities in healthy adults: contribution of age, vascular risk factors, and inflammation-related genetic variants.

Abstract Aging is associated with appearance of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) on MRI scans. Vascular risk and inflammation, which increase with age, may contribute to white matter deterioration and proliferation of WMH. We investigated whether circulating biomarkers and genetic variants associated with elevated vascular risk and inflammation are associated with WMH volume in healthy adults (144 volunteers, 44–77 years of age). We examined association of WMH volume with age, sex, hypertension, circulating levels of total plasma homocysteine (tHcy), cholesterol (low-density lipoprotein), and C-reactive protein (CRP), and four polymorphisms related to vascular risk and inflammation: Apolipoprotein e ( ApoE e2,3,4), Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme insertion/deletion ( ACE I/D), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) C677T, C-reactive protein ( CRP )-286C>A>T, and interleukin-1β ( IL-1β ) C-511T. We found that larger WMH volume was associated with advanced age, hypertension, and elevated levels of homocysteine and CRP but not with low-density lipoprotein levels. Homozygotes for IL-1β -511T allele and carriers of CRP -286T allele that are associated with increased inflammatory response had larger WMH than the other allelic combinations. Carriers of the APOE e2 allele had larger frontal WMH than e3 homozygotes and e4 carriers did. Thus, in healthy adults, who are free of neurological and vascular disease, genetic variants that promote inflammation and elevated levels of vascular risk biomarkers can contribute to brain abnormalities. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Imaging Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative disease.
Emergence patterns in male butterflies: A hypothesis and a test

Abstract A game theoretical model is advanced to explain the emergence time schedule of male butterflies under temporal “apostatic” selection, so that males emerging on different days enjoy equal fitness in evolutionary equilibrium. The model predicts not only the position of the peak date but also the shape of the male emergence curve for any given female emergence schedule. Where the female emergence curve is smooth with one peak, a flight season can be divided into an earlier phase, when some males emerge every day, and a later phase in which no male emerges. The male emergence curve is truncated at the boundary of the phases. The position of the truncation point is determined by the difference between pre- and postemergence mortality. Preemergence mortality also determines the rate coefficient of the decrease in sex ratio through the season. The model is applied to a well-studied population of the butterfly Euphydryas editha. The male presence curve fits well, but no clear truncation exists in male emergence, and some males emerge earlier than predicted. Reasons for deviations are discussed.
Sb-based HEMTs with InAlSb/InAs heterojunction

Antimonide-based HEMTs with a 0.35 µm gate length have been fabricated with an InAlSb/InAs heterojunction. The new Te-doped MBE material, which does not contain highly-reactive AlSb, exhibits a Hall mobility of 23,500 cm2/V-s and a sheet density of 1.7×1012 cm−2. The devices have a DC transconductance of 1000 mS/mm and an fTLg product of 32 GHz-µm at VDS=0.35 V.
NADH dehydrogenase activity of higher plant nitrate reductase (NADH)

Abstract Squash nitrate reductase (NADH) was purified on blue-Sepharose and used to study the NADH dehydrogenase activity. In the presence of nitrate reductase. NADH will reduce: nitrate, ferricyanide, methylene blue, benzoquinone and menadione. Coenzyme Q10 and plastiquinone were not reduced. Reduction of nitrate and menadione were shown to require EDTA. Yeast glutathione reductase and lipoamide dehydrogenase differed in their ability to transfer electrons to menadione. The comparison of these three enzymes and other NAD(P)H dehydrogenases with respect to electron acceptor specificity and requirement for activators or protectors has led to the suggestion of two classes of NAD(P)H flavodehydrogenases: (1) soluble; (2) membrane bound or complexed. While glutathione reductase is a class 1 type, lipoamide dehydrogenase and nitrate reductase share the properties of class 2 types.
Literacy LABELS: emergent literacy application design for children with autism

We introduce the design and development of the iPad application, Literacy LABELS, which aims to help children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) develop the early literacy skills necessary to bridge toward reading and writing. There is a common thread among children with ASD to use decoding skills to read. This ability can even occur before they develop functional verbal communication. Yet, these children struggle with reading for meaning and lack the ability to comprehend text. (Randi, Newman, and Grigorenko 2010) This application is our effort on improving this situation. Labeling is used in many typical development preschool and kindergarten classrooms to help non-readers connect the orthography and the meaning of the word by placing a label on the actual object. Literacy LABELS was designed for the iPad to help children with ASD develop the skills necessary to read for meaning by using this emergent literacy skill.
Effect of aldonic acids on the uptake of ascorbic acid by 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and human T lymphoma cells.

Abstract 1. 1. Previously, we reported that calcium l -threonate caused a dose-related increase in uptake of ascorbic acid (AA) by human T-lymphoma cells. Preincubation of mouse fibroblasts with calcium l -threonate also resulted in a dose-related augmentation in uptake of AA as compared to non-treated controls. 2. 2. Potassium l -lyxonate increased AA uptake by lymphoma cells, but did not significantly affect uptake by fibroblasts. Tartaric acid decreased uptake of AA by both cell lines. 3. 3. Ouabain and dinitrophenol had no effect on AA uptake nor on the ability of threonate to augment AA uptake by fibroblasts. However, in T-lymphoma cells ouabain and dinitrophenol reduced AA uptake and prevented augmentation of AA uptake by calcium l -threonate.
Single amino acid substitution altering antigen-binding specificity

S107, a phosphocholine-binding myeloma protein, has been cloned in soft agar, and an antigen-binding variant has been isolated and characterized. The variant does not bind phosphocholine attached to carrier or as free hapten in solution but does retain antigenic determinants (idiotypes) of the parent. Chain recombination experiments suggest that the defect in binding is entirely in the heavy chain. Amino acid sequence analysis showed a single substitution--glutamic acid to alanine at position 35--in the first hypervariable or complementarity-determining region. In terms of the three-dimensional model of the phosphocholine-binding site, glutamic acid-35 provides a hydrogen bond to tyrosine-94 of the light chain that appears to be critical for stability of this portion of the binding site. The removal of this bond and the presence of the smaller alanine side chain is thus consistent with the loss in binding activity. These results suggest that small numbers of substitutions in antibodies, such as those presumably introduced by somatic mutation, may in some situations be effective in altering antigen-binding specificity.
Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture by Bruce Lenthall

Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture Bruce Lenthall. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. The old debates about the constraining effect of mass mediated culture and how individuals respond with strategies to minimize or overcome those constraints is at the core of Bruce Lenthall's Radio's America (only 1930s' radio in the United States is considered). The medium is largely the message here. This is well-furrowed ground to be sure, and while Lenthall can add no new troughs to the field, he manages to find some interesting undulations therein. The book consists of six chapters plus an introduction and conclusion, with each chapter subdivided into between three and five labeled sections. The divisions prove useful, as Lenthall's strategy is to detail various cases and then summarize and unite them, demonstrating their deeper similarities at the level of cultural phenomena. This is not to say that there are no overlapping references throughout, as the chapter sections often make reference to each other. There are no illustrations, and while readers not familiar with some of the persons Lenthall discusses at length might have found it advantageous to have a few images, their absence is not crucial. This may have been intentional, considering that even those with fame beyond radio are only addressed for their radio personas and work. But even in the time frame dealt with, the public would have seen the subjects in magazines and motion picture newsreels. Images taken from radio magazines would seem to have been appropriate and welcome inclusions in the text, but again, not essential. The index follows the now common practice of only listing a few of the broad subjects most relevant to the text, with the bulk consisting of persons' names, a few companies, and radio show titles. Major figures are developed with useful sub-listings, and the index is adequate. Notes and citations appear at the end of the text. The book opens up with what might seem a radio cliche, an account of Orson Welles' notorious War of the Worlds broadcast of 1938. But Lenthall uses his account to set up his underlying contention that radio's power, and by extension much of mass media's, comes from an odd dichotomy of a mass public system and its products being dealt with largely on an individual and private basis. Radio's intimacy was a tool for people to come to terms with the distancing stresses (personal and cultural) that modernization was creating, with radio itself a prime example of a technological and social instrument of modernization. …
Rotational Analysis of Bands in the High-Resolution Infrared Spectra of cis,cis- and trans,trans-1,4-difluorobutadiene-2-d1

Abstract Pure samples of cis,cis - and trans,trans -1,4-difluorobutadiene-2- d 1 have been synthesized, and high-resolution (0.0015 cm −1 ) infrared spectra have been recorded for these nonpolar molecules in the gas phase. For the cis,cis isomer, the rotational structure in two C-type bands at 775 and 666 cm −1 and one A-type band at 866 cm −1 has been analyzed to yield a combined set of 2020 ground state combination differences (GSCDs). Ground state rotational constants fit to these GSCDs are A 0 = 0.4195790(4), B 0 = 0.0536508(8), and C 0 = 0.0475802(9) cm −1 . For the trans,trans isomer, three C-type bands at 856, 839, and 709 cm −1 have been investigated to give a combined set of 1624 GSCDs. Resulting ground state rotational constants for this isomer are A 0 = 0.9390117(8), B 0 = 0.0389225(4), and C 0 = 0.0373778(3) cm −1 . Small inertial defects confirm the planarity of both isomers in the ground state. Upper state rotational constants have been determined for most of the transitions. The ground state rotational constants for the two isotopologues will contribute to the data set needed for determining semiexperimental equilibrium structures for the nonpolar isomers of 1,4-difluorobutadiene.
Tris(2,2′-bipyrimidine)cobalt(III, II, I). A cobalt polyazine electrochemical system with large storage capabilities

Abstract The preparation of [Co(bpym) 3 ](ClO 4 ) 2 where bpym = 2,2′-bipyrimidine, is described. This complex does not undergo the same Co(II) to Co(III) oxidation with H 2 O 2 as the 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) analogs. Comparison of the electrochemistry of the bpym, bpy, and phen complexes shows that the Co(II)/Co(III) oxidation is 0.7 volts more positive for the bpym complex. This large difference in potential, along with an increase in the Co(III)/Co(II) to Co(II)/Co(I) separation for the bpym complex, are discussed in terms of potential for use in a storage battery.
Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and drinking-game participation

Abstract Few studies have investigated factors contributing to college student participation in drinking games. The extent to which drinking games contribute to negative alcohol-related consequences is uncertain. The current study attempted to (a) clarify the risks posed by drinking-game participation, (b) identify characteristics of heavy drinkers who play frequently and those who seldom play, and (c) determine if students participated in drinking games to reduce anxiety in social situations. Tension reduction alcohol expectancies were examined as a potential moderator variable for the relationship between social anxiety and frequency of play. Drinking games accounted for high proportions of all negative alcohol-related consequences and appeared to be strongly associated with instances of sexual victimization. Contrary to predictions based on the tension reduction hypothesis, greater frequency of play was associated with lower social anxiety, and no moderating effect was found for tension reduction expectancies. Frequent players also had more environmental exposure to drinking games. In men, heavy-drinking players may resemble Clonninger’s Type 1 alcoholic, whereas heavy-drinking nonplayers resemble the Type 2 pattern. A full understanding of college student drinking behavior may not be possible without greater understanding of drinking games.
Computer-assisted neurosurgery system: Wayne state university hardware and software configuration

Abstract Computer-assisted neurosurgery uses the latest technological advancements in imaging, computers, mechanics, and electronics to improve the accuracy and reduce the invasiveness and risk of neurosurgical procedures. We describe the Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, computer-assisted neurosurgical system with the emphasis on software and discuss the theory guiding the development of this system and its application in realtime position tracking systems. Our system consists of the Neurological Surgery Planning System (NSPS) software which we developed at our medical center and three types of position tracking systems: the Zamorano-Dujovny (Z-D) arc digitizer for lrrame-based procedures, an articulated arm, and an infrared-based digitizer for frameless procedures. The NSPS software is designed to offer neurosurgeons a safe and accurate method to approach intracranial lesions by preoperatively planning a surgical trajectory. Software consisting of the most advanced technologies in computer vision, computer imaging/graphics, and stereotactic numeric analysis forms the core of the system. Capabilities for correlating data from imaging studies to facilitate image reconstruction, image mapping, and three-dimensional (3D) visualization of target volumes enable the neurosurgeon to simulate surgical procedures into a preoperative protocol to be used during surgery, both to follow the preplanned trajectory and to track the position of surgical instruments in real-time on the computer monitor. The tracking systems position and orient the surgical instruments relative to the patient's head. With these devices, the display of the surgical instruments together with the virtual images create an excellent intraoperative tool.