cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Neutron Science TeraGrid Gateway: a TeraGrid science gateway to support the Spallation Neutron Source: Research Articles

The National Science Foundation's Extensible Terascale Facility (ETF), or TeraGrid (), is entering its operational phase. An example of an ETF science gateway effort is the Neutron Science TeraGrid Gateway (NSTG). The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) resource provider effort (ORNL-RP) now in operation is bridging the gap between a large-scale experimental community and the TeraGrid as a large-scale national cyberinfrastructure. Of particular importance here is the collaboration with the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at ORNL. The U.S. Department of Energy's SNS () at ORNL will be commissioned in the spring of 2006 as the world's brightest source of neutrons. Neutron science users can run experiments, generate datasets, perform data reduction, analysis, visualize results, collaborate with remotes users, and archive long-term data in repositories with curation services. The ORNL-RP and the SNS data analysis group have spent 18 months developing and exploring user requirements, including the creation of prototypical services such as a facility portal, data, and application execution services. We describe results from these efforts and discuss implications for science gateway creation. Finally, we show incorporation into implementation planning for the NSTG and SNS architectures. The plan is for a primarily portal-based user interaction supported by a service-oriented architecture for functional implementation. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the U.S.A.
The cardiovascular effects of sepsis.

Sepsis and septic shock are significant contributors to in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Use of a physiologic approach to the cardiovascular abnormalities that characterize the septic state is essential for optimal patient salvage. Administration of fluids, transfusion of blood products, respiratory assistance, and the use of cardiotonic agents should be titrated to specific end-points of peripheral oxygen supply and demand.
The CRISP system: an untapped resource for biomedical research project information.

CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a large database maintained and operated by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It contains comprehensive scientific and selected administrative data on research carried out by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) or supported by PHS grants and contracts. Developed originally to meet the needs of NIH, it is an excellent, largely untapped resource for health information professionals at large, revealing new trends, methods, and techniques, often before they appear in the published literature. CRISP uses its own controlled vocabulary, developed to permit indexing of new and active research areas. Queries can combine subject headings with a great variety of administrative data elements (e.g., research category or principal investigator's name). Output is available in a variety of formats and media. While information professionals cannot directly access the CRISP system, abridged CRISP records are merged into the FEDRIP (Federal Research in Progress) database, and FEDRIP is publicly accessible through DIALOG. CRISP records in toxicology are also furnished to the National Library of Medicine's TOXLINE database. This paper discusses the indexing, information retrieval, publication products, and search services of the CRISP system, and how users of medical information can benefit from it.
Disulfide Crosslinks and the Specificity of Protein Turnover in Plants

Studies of the protein metabolism of detached tomato leaves, hormonally induced to accumulate proteinase inhibitors, have indicated that the state of oxidation of protein-bound half-cystine residues may be a principal parameter affecting in vivo and in vitro stability of leaf proteins. Induced leaves exhibited a general specificity of intracellular protein degradation directed towards the preferential hydrolysis of proteins having free- sulfhydryl residues. Proteins having disulfide cross-linkages, including the proteinase inhibitors, were markedly stable to in vivo degradation, and as a result, accumulated. These results provide a precedence for a cellular protein selection process, resulting from a directed specificity of intracellular protein degradation, which is focused on a particular protein structural parameter.
Progress Report: Pasture Finishing of Beef Steers Using Contemporary Feedlot Protocols

Materials and Methods A comparison between feeding cattle in a feedlot environment, feeding the same ration in a pasture environment, or deferring the finishing phase of feeding until a later time was tested. Late summer-born steers of British and Continental influence were received the following spring at the farm. All cattle were treated for parasites using injectable ivermectin, implanted with Compudose growth promotant at arrival, and a Revalor implant 100 days prior to harvest. Cattle were assigned to treatment groups of seven head with four replications of each group and moved to the farm’s feedlot pens, or pastures. Cattle in the feedlot were divided into eight groups of seven and given a corn-based finishing ration that contained either molasses or condensed corn soluble (CCDS). Cattle on pasture were split into one of three groups of 28 head that received only pasture grasses in their ration, grass plus CCDS, or grass and the feedlot ration with the dry hay excluded. Cattle on pasture were maintained on the pasture until late summer when the grass was depleted and finished in the feedlot in pens of seven head. Cattle receiving the feedlot ration on pasture were continued in the pasture environment until finish. At the end of the time on feed, cattle were processed at Tyson Fresh Meats (Denison, IA) where carcass weight, ribeye area, back fat, KPH fat, quality grade, and yield grade were collected. Data will be evaluated fully at the completion of this trial. The first year’s results are reported.
Non-small-cell lung cancer homing peptide-labeled dendrimers selectively transfect lung cancer cells.

Aim Lung cancer gene therapies require reagents to selectively transfect lung tumors after systemic administration. Materials & methods We created a reagent called NSCLC-NP by attaching a peptide with binding affinity for lung cancer to polyamidoamine dendrimers. The positively charged dendrimers electrostatically bind negatively charged nucleic acids, inhibit endogenous nucleases and transfect cells targeted by the attached peptide. Results In vitro, NSCLC-NP complexed to DNA plasmids bound and transfected three human lung cancer cell lines producing protein expression of the plasmid's gene. In vivo, systemically administered NSCLC-NP selectively transfected lung cancer cells growing in RAG1KO mice. Conclusion The capability of NSCLC-NP to selectively transfect lung cancer allows its future use as a vehicle to implement human lung cancer gene therapy strategies.
Defining Difference in Media

All medial objects, like works of art, are generally purely intentional objects. Nevertheless, different classes of such objects – film versus painting, literature versus radio – have ontological peculiarities that must be tracked. These peculiarities can be portrayed as variable forms of mediation. Mediation of reality is already effected through the eye and ear, which becomes a prototype of mediation in general. A first thought of mediation in terms of what Arnheim called Materialtheorie, a way of acknowledging how a material alters similar contents (a prefiguring of his idea of the “representational concept”). The best way to track medial difference is through “determinacy” (Ingarden) or “accident” (Arnheim). This refers technically to the number of real world determinacies that have been projected into the work. Classes of technologies considered today as “reproductive arts” are interesting because they routinely package and reproduce sets of determinacies. Determinacies are schematic guidelines for how media in general and individual medial works, in particular, may be interpreted.
The effect of exercise and time on the height and width of the medial longitudinal arch following the modified reverse-6 and the modified augmented low-dye taping procedures.

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND No evidence exits regarding the magnitude of the change in foot posture following the "modified reverse-6" (MR6) taping procedure, either alone or in combination with the "low-dye" (LD) taping technique. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in the height and width of the midfoot after application of the MR6 and the MR6 plus the LD (MR6+LD) taping technique and determine how long those changes last. METHODS Eleven individuals (2 female and 9 male) were recruited for this study and were tested under each of two experimental conditions, the MR6 and the MR6+LD taping technique. The order of testing for the two conditions was randomly determined. For each condition, the height and width of the midfoot at 50% of each subject's foot length was initially measured and then again immediately following the application of the tape. These measurements were repeated four hours later immediately prior to running two miles on a treadmill, again immediately after running, and finally after another four hours. RESULTS The dorsal arch height increased significantly with both the MR6 and MR6+LD taping, but only the MR6+LD remained statistically greater after four hours, a bout of exercise and again at the end of the day. The mean width of the midfoot significantly decreased with both taping procedures. The change in the width of the midfoot remained significantly decreased in both taping conditions after exercise and throughout the day. CONCLUSIONS Both taping procedures are able to significantly change the height and width of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, but the change lasted longer when the two taping procedures were combined. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Level 3, Prospective Cohort Study.
Addition of Adductor Canal Block to Periarticular Injection for Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Trial

Background:Periarticular injection is a popular method to control postoperative pain after total knee replacement. An adductor canal block is a sensory block that can also help to alleviate pain after total knee replacement. We hypothesized that the combination of adductor canal block and periarticu
SCF and IL-5 Synergize with FIP1L1/PDGFRα To Induce Mastocytosis in a Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia Murine Model.

FIP1L1/PDGFRα (F/P) fusion protein has been identified as a cause of chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL)/hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). Our group has previously described a murine CEL/HES model based on the expression of both F/P and T-cell-dependent overexpression of IL-5 (Yamada Y et al., Blood 2006), which develops a full hypereosinophilic syndrome with eosinophil infiltration into multiple organs similar to that observed in patients with CEL/HES (CEL-like mouse). Patients with F/P+ HES/CEL also display mastocytosis. Since mast cell (MC) development largely depends on c-kit signaling induced by its ligand SCF, we aimed to determine if SCF collaborates with the F/P fusion protein and IL-5 to enhance MC development. The CEL-like mice showed higher levels of MC infiltration in small intestine compared to transplanted mice with IL-5 transgenic HSC/P (control, Table 1). Interestingly, the intestinal MC infiltration of CEL-like mice was primarily associated with MC residing in the lamina propria and intraepithelial locations associated with villi; whereas MC in control mice were primarily in the crypt areas (47-fold higher mast cell levels in villi compared to those of control mice). In addition to the small intestine, skin MC infiltration was also significantly increased in CEL-like mice (Table 1). Notably, F/P+ BM hematopoietic stem cell/progenitor (HSC/P) showed proliferation and MC differentiation in vitro in the absence of cytokines (2.3-fold cell expansion, 54% c-kit+/FceRIα+ cells) while empty vector (EGFP alone)-transduced (control) HSC/P did not survive in this culture condition. Such an expansion became even higher (36-fold expansion, 90% c-kit+/FceRIα+ cells and 2,000-fold higher than control HSC/P) in the presence of low-concentration of SCF (10 ng/ml) for 3 weeks in culture. In contrast, culture with no cytokines or low-dose of SCF did not induce any MC development from control HSC/P. Unlike low-concentration of SCF, IL-3 (100 ng/ml), which induces a rapid and significant MC expansion in control cells, impaired MC development of F/P+ HSC/P (129-fold lower expansion at 3 weeks of culture), suggesting that MC proliferation induced by F/P expression may trigger different signaling pathways than during normal MC differentiation induced by IL-3. In summary, the F/P fusion protein induces murine mastocytosis via SCF/c-kit signaling, which is synergistically enhanced by IL-5 overexpression. | | Control (IL-5 overexpressing) mice | CEL-like mice | |:------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------- | | *p<0.05 compared to control; n=4, per group | | Small Intestine | 144 ± 70.2 | 964 ± 316.5* | | Skin | 129 ± 33.2 | 208 ± 42.8* | Table 1. Tissue Mast Cell Infiltration (Mast Cells/mm2)
Systemic and mucosal levels of lactoferrin in very low birth weight infants supplemented with bovine lactoferrin

Lactoferrin supplementation may help prevent infections in preterm infants, but the efficacy has varied with different doses and products. We assessed the absorption and excretion of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) in 31 infants receiving 100, 200, or 300 mg·kg-1·day-1 of enteral bLF for 30 days. bLF and human lactoferrin (hLF) in infant saliva, blood, urine, and stool, as well as expressed (EBM) or donor breast milk (DBM) that were collected (i) before the treatment was initiated, (ii) at study day 22, and (iii) one week after treatment cessation, were measured using ELISA. During treatment, bLF was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and detected in plasma, saliva, and urine, as well as excreted in stool. Levels of bLF in the saliva and stool began to decline within 12 h after dosing, and bLF was undetectable in all samples one week after treatment. The concentrations of hLF exceeded those of bLF across sample types and time-points. Infants receiving EBM demonstrated higher levels of hLF in the saliva and stool than those receiving DBM. Neither bLF nor hLF levels varied by patient characteristics, bLF dosage, or infection status. This is the first study demonstrating bLF absorption into the bloodstream and distribution to saliva and urine in preterm infants. Future studies should further explore LF pharmacokinetics because higher and more frequent dosing may improve the clinical benefit of LF supplementation.
Mechanobiological Interactions between Dynamic Compressive Loading and Viscoelasticity on Chondrocytes in Hydrazone Covalent Adaptable Networks for Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Mechanobiological cues influence chondrocyte biosynthesis and are often used in tissue engineering applications to improve the repair of articular cartilage in load-bearing joints. In this work, the biophysical effects of an applied dynamic compression on chondrocytes encapsulated in viscoelastic hydrazone covalent adaptable networks (CANs) is explored. Here, hydrazone CANs exhibit viscoelastic loss tangents ranging from (9.03 ± 0.01) 10-4 to (1.67 ± 0.09) 10-3 based on the molar percentages of alkyl-hydrazone and benzyl-hydrazone crosslinks. Notably, viscoelastic alkyl-hydrazone crosslinks improve articular cartilage specific gene expression showing higher SOX9 expression in free swelling hydrogels and dynamic compression reduces hypertrophic chondrocyte markers (COL10A1, MMP13) in hydrazone CANs. Interestingly, dynamic compression also improves matrix biosynthesis in elastic benzyl-hydrazone controls but reduces biosynthesis in viscoelastic alkyl-hydrazone CANs. Additionally, intermediate levels of viscoelastic adaptability demonstrate the highest levels of matrix biosynthesis in hydrazone CANs, demonstrating on average 70 ± 4 µg of sulfated glycosaminoglycans per day and 31 ± 3 µg of collagen per day over one month in dynamic compression bioreactors. Collectively, the results herein demonstrate the role of matrix adaptability and viscoelasticity on chondrocytes in hydrazone CANs during dynamic compression, which may prove useful for tissue engineering applications in load-bearing joints.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: an uncommon cause of esophageal stricture

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) encompasses a wide spectrum of rare diseases with a common genetic origin transmitted in an autosomal recessive fashion. Mild forms of non-inflammatory EBA are characterized by skin lesions and have gained great relevance in the literature. However, resistant inflammatory EBA with widespread mucosal involvement remains a rare entity given its low prevalence. It commonly represents a great burden for the patient's quality of life with most cases being resistant to different therapeutic modalities. We present a case of resistant inflammatory EBA with esophageal strictures that improved after therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab.
Que língua os materiais didáticos de português como língua estrangeira ensinam

Resumo Neste artigo, analisa-se que modelo de lingua, dentro do continuum entre fala e escrita, e apresentado nos livros didaticos de portugues como lingua estrangeira (PLE). Selecionamos cinco livros didaticos e observamos como eles apresentam os seguintes temas: pronomes obliquos, pronomes demonstrativos, pronomes pessoais retos, pronuncia do verbo estar e preposicao para. Observou-­se que a maioria dos materiais adota a norma padrao como parâmetro para os conteudos. Variantes mais informais da lingua sao negligenciadas, mesmo quando os exercicios simulam conversas informais. A situacao de comunicacao em que os falantes se encontram tambem nao e considerada. Questiona-se se a lingua padrao e o parâmetro de ensino mais adequado para promover o letramento de alunos de PLE e sua insercao em um ambiente informal no Brasil. Apresentam-se, tambem, sugestoes de topicos de lingua falada que podem ser incorporados ao ensino de PLE.
Evolution of Esophageal Motility Testing: From Kronecker to Clouse:

Esophageal motility, the science of quantifying the mechanical function of the esophagus, was initiated by Hugo Kronecker in Germany in 1882. Little progress was made until after World War II, when...
Social Disparities in Thoracic Surgery Database Research: Implications and Impact

A complex relationship exists between health care disparities and large databases among the thoracic surgical patient population. Using the example of thoracic malignancies, the ability of investigations leveraging large databases and novel analytical approaches to highlight disparate access to care and discordant outcomes following treatment is illustrated. Large, widely used databases may not be representative of the thoracic surgical patient population as a whole, and caution must be used when interpreting and generalizing results gleaned from such database analyses. Ensuring appropriate representation of all relevant patient subgroups in research databases will improve external generalizability and scientific validity of future investigations.
The Vitamins Conspiracies

The vitamins cartels were remarkably complicated. There were wheels within wheels. At least 18 manufacturers joined one or more of the eight conspiratorial groups that met to agree on prices and to enforce those agreements.1 Price fixing was arranged for at least 13 products, 11 vitamins and two carotenoids (or provitamins). There were six groups of conspirators that carried out price fixing for 11 of the 13 vitamins. In these six groups, each of which deserves to be called a cartel, Roche, BASF, or Rhone-Poulenc took the lead in initiating the conspiracy; the six cartels began and ended their illegal activities on a unique pair of dates; and membership in the six groups was comprised of unique combinations of companies. Some of the companies belonged to only one cartel, while others joined up to five of the cartels. However, two more vitamin cartels were unique groups of companies that virtually did not overlap with the membership of any of the other conspiratorial groups. The members of the B3 cartel were exclusively members of that cartel and no other. The same can be said for the vitamin B4 cartel. These two cartels operated independently from the other six cartels.
Modeling and control of material removal and defectivity in chemical mechanical planarization

Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) is a necessary step in semi conductor manufacturing. Since its introduction it has been able to provide better local and global planarization. CMP has found applications in emerging technologies such as shallow trench isolation, damascene technologies. As device size shrinks CMP has become increasingly prominent. CMP process has been analyzed at different length scales such as particle, feature and wafer scales. Models have been developed for each scale. The models initially have been deterministic, accounting for material removal by a single isolated particle. These models predicted the quality control parameters such as material removal rate and planarization at global scales. Recently, probabilistic models have been developed to describe material removal rate from particle scale. However there do not exist models which capture the interaction between parameters at different length scales. The focus of this thesis is to develop a multi-scale model that considers the interaction between parameters at different length scales. The interaction between macroscale property pH of the slurry on the micro-scale phenomenon such as particle agglomeration has been studied. Interaction between pad asperity distribution and particle diameter distribution has also been studied. In the existing probabilistic models the effect of asperities on the material removal has been studied assuming that the pad asperities are supported on a rigid base. In this thesis the pad cellular structure under the asperities is considered to predict scratch performance and material removal rate.
The Activation of Papain and the Inhibition of the Active Enzyme by Carbonyl Reagents

Abstract The activation of papain with four different activators is not accompanied by the binding of any of them to the protein. These experiments, taken together with previously reported results, show that the inactive form of papain prepared by the method of Kimmel and Smith (J. Biol. Chem., 207, 575 (1954)) is a mixed disulfide formed between the active site sulfhydryl group of the protein and free cysteine. The known inhibition of the activated enzyme by reagents having affinity for carbonyl groups has been investigated in order to determine whether an aldehyde residue which is intimately connected with the activation process is present on the enzyme, or if the observed inactivation of the protein by this class of reagents can be accounted for in some other manner. The following relevant observations were made. (a) Phenylhydrazine inactivates and binds to cyanide-activated papain but neither inactivates nor binds to cysteine- or borohydride-activated papain in the presence of excess activator. (b) The cysteine-activated enzyme is also inhibited by phenylhydrazine when the cysteine to papain ratio is low. (c) This inhibition in the presence of cyanide or low concentrations of cysteine is readily reversible with excess cysteine which also releases the bound phenylhydrazine from the protein. (d) Treatment of the enzyme with either phenylhydrazine or hydrogen peroxide in the presence of 14CN- results in the binding of one cyanide group per active site on the enzyme. Carboxamidomethylation of the sulfhydryl group at the active site prevents this reaction. (e) Semicarbazide and hydroxylamine, other reagents having high affinity for the carbonyl group, are much less effective inhibitors of papain. (f) Reactivation of cyanide-activated, peroxide-inactivated papain by cysteine yields 2-iminothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Model studies show that phenylhydrazine, but not semicarbazide or hydroxylamine, is capable of oxidizing cysteine to cystine during 1 hour of incubation with 30 mm reagent. Phenylhydrazine does not bind to cyanate-inactivated papain. Activator-free papain is irreversibly inhibited by phenylhydrazine, without concomitant binding of the reagent. These and other experiments show that the inhibition of cyanide-activated papain by carbonyl reagents is not due to the affinity of these compounds for a carbonyl group on the enzyme, but rather to an oxidative coupling of cyanide to the enzyme resulting in the conversion of the cysteine residue at the active site to β-thiocyanatoalanine. Reactivation can be effected by excess cysteine, whereby the cyanide moiety is transferred from the enzyme to the free sulfhydryl group of the cysteine residue.
A thiol proteinase highly elevated in and around the plaques of multiple sclerosis. Some biochemical parameters of plaque activity and progression.

— A thiol dependent proteolytic enzyme (tentatively identified as carboxypeptidase B) which liberates phenylalanine from CBZ-glutamyl-phenylalanine at pH 5.3 was shown, by a sensitive micromethod, to be greatly increased in activity in and around MS plaques. These increases exceeded those of other hydrolases previously measured. Plaque tissue, on the basis of lipid-free dry weight, is up to 3-fold richer in this enzyme than control white matter, and most samples of apparently uninvolved MS white matter already show elevated activities. The enzyme is highly dependent on the presence of dithiothreitol. It is unaffected by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and pepstatin, but inhibited by iodoacetate and leupeptin. Macrophages or lymphocytic infiltrations in the tissue do not appear to be the main source of the enzyme. In conjunction with measurements of DNA, reflecting gliosis, invasion by hematogenom cells and proliferation of phagocytes as well as oligodendrocyte loss, and acid lipase-esterase, indicative of the survival or degeneration of oligodendrocytes, these results are interpreted as probably reflecting predominantly the activity of astrocytes. The incidental finding that most samples of unaffected white matter from MS patients contain more DNA per unit lipid free dry weight than average control white matter is considered significant in pointing to more widespread tissue changes independent of or preceding plaque formation.
A New Generation of Potent Complement Inhibitors of the Compstatin Family

Compstatin family peptides are potent inhibitors of the complement system and promising drug candidates against diseases involving under-regulated complement activation. Compstatin is a 13-residue cyclized peptide that inhibits cleavage of complement protein C3, preventing downstream complement activation. We present three new compstatin variants, characterized by tryptophan replacement at positions 1 and/or 13. Peptide design was based on physicochemical reasoning and was inspired by earlier work which identified tryptophan substitutions at positions 1 and 13 in peptides with predicted C3c binding abilities (Bellows, M. L.; Fung, H. K.; Taylor, M. S.; Floudas, C. A.; Lopez de Victoria, A.; Morikis, D. (2010) Biophys J 98: 2337–2346). The new variants preserve distinct polar and nonpolar surfaces of compstatin, but have altered local interaction capabilities with C3. All three peptides exhibited potent C3 binding by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and potent complement inhibition by ELISAs. We also present ELISA data and detailed SPR kinetic data of three peptides from previous computational design.
Ferromagnetic resonance in polycrystalline ferrites with large anisotropy—I General theory and application to cubic materials with a negative anisotropy constant

Abstract If the anistropy field is much larger than the single-crystal line width and the saturation magnetization, the shape of the resonance line is essentially determined by the spreading of resonance frequencies for different grains due to crystalline anisotropy. More precisely, if w ( H ) dH is proportional to the number of grains that have their resonance in the range of applied d.c. field between H and ( H ) dH , the absorption versus field curve should be a smeared-out image of the distribution function w ( H ). The distribution function has characteristic singularities arising from the stationary points of the resonance field versus orientation surface. The behavior of w ( H ) in the vicinity of the singularities is calculated for first-order cubic anisotropy, and w ( H ) is obtained by interpolation. For small anisotropy fields, the calculated line shape has a single peak which corresponds to grains in which a [110] direction is aligned with the d.c. field. For larger anisotropy fields (γH a /lΩ> 0.5) , a secondary peak occurs. It corresponds to grains in which an easy axis is aligned with the d.c. field. The theory accounts for secondary resonance peaks at low fields observed in ferrimagnetics near the compensation point.
QCD resummation and heavy quark cross sections

In this dissertation a detailed analysis of heavy quark production is given with an emphasis on the resummation of soft gluon corrections. First we calculate the production cross sections for top quark production at the Fermilab Tevatron and for bottom quark production at fixed-target $pp$ experiments, and in particular HERA-B. We consider both the order $\alpha_s^3$ cross sections and the resummation of soft gluon corrections in all orders of QCD perturbation theory. Then we calculate the inclusive transverse momentum and rapidity distributions for top quark production at the Fermilab Tevatron and bottom quark production at HERA-B. We give both $\alpha_s^3$ and resummed results. Finally, we discuss the resummation of distributions that are singular at the elastic limit of partonic phase space (partonic threshold) in QCD hard-scattering cross sections, such as heavy quark production. We show how nonleading soft logarithms exponentiate in a manner that depends on the color structure within the underlying hard scattering. This result generalizes the resummation of threshold singularities for the Drell-Yan process, in which the hard scattering proceeds through color-singlet annihilation. We illustrate our results for the case of heavy quark production by light quark annihilation and gluon fusion, and also for light quark production through gluon fusion.
Newton-Type Methods on Generalized Banach Spaces and Applications in Fractional Calculus

We present a semilocal convergence study of Newton-type methods on a generalized Banach space setting to approximate a locally unique zero of an operator. Earlier studies require that the operator involved is Frechet differentiable. In the present study we assume that the operator is only continuous. This way we extend the applicability of Newton-type methods to include fractional calculus and problems from other areas. Moreover, under the same or weaker conditions, we obtain weaker sufficient convergence criteria, tighter error bounds on the distances involved and an at least as precise information on the location of the solution. Special cases are provided where the old convergence criteria cannot apply but the new criteria can apply to locate zeros of operators. Some applications include fractional calculus involving the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and the Caputo fractional derivative. Fractional calculus is very important for its applications in many applied sciences.
Intuitive Counterexamples for Constructive Fallacies

Formal countermodels may be used to justify the unprovability of formulae in the Heyting calculus (the best accepted formal system for constructive reasoning), on the grounds that unprovable formulae are not constructively valid. We argue that the intuitive impact of such countermodels becomes more transparent and convincing as we move from Kripke/Beth models based on possible worlds, to Lauchli realizability models. We introduce a new semantics for constructive reasoning, called relational realizability, which strengthens further the intuitive impact of Lauchli realizability. But, none of these model theories provides countermodels with the compelling impact of classical truth-table countermodels for classically unprovable formulae.
Minimally invasive surgery for atrial fibrillation: toward a totally endoscopic, beating heart approach.

In the last several years, a number of procedures have been conceived that have attempted to treat atrial fibrillation (AF) by creating a limited set of lesions modeled after those of the Maze operation. These lesions have been created by a variety of means, including the traditional cut-and-sew method, but also by nonincisional techniques. These have included cryoablation as well as several thermal techniques, using radiofrequency, microwave, laser, and focused ultrasound energy. One reason for the development of these nonincisional techniques has been the desire to develop less invasive operations for the treatment of AF. The specific goal of our center has been to utilize these energy sources as well as other minimally invasive tools, such as surgical robots, to develop a closed chest, off-pump procedure for AF. The development of such a procedure is outlined in this article. (J Card Surg 2004;19:216-220)
A Review of “Scales of Justice: Reimagining Political Space in a Globalizing World”

In recent decades, globalization has emerged as a key motif in human geography and other social science disciplines. Theoretical and empirical research on globalization has thoroughly analyzed the ...
ATP stimulates calcium-dependent glutamate release from cultured astrocytes.

ATP caused a dose-dependent, receptor-mediated increase in the release of glutamate and aspartate from cultured astrocytes. Using calcium imaging in combination HPLC we found that the increase in intracellular calcium coincided with an increase in glutamate and aspartate release. Competitive antagonists of P2 receptors blocked the response to ATP. The increase in intracellular calcium and release of glutamate evoked by ATP were not abolished in low Ca2+-EGTA saline, suggesting the involvement of intracellular calcium stores. Pre-treatment of glial cultures with an intracellular Ca2+ chelator abolished the stimulatory effects of ATP. Thapsigargin (1 µm), an inhibitor of Ca2+-ATPase from the Ca2+ pump of internal stores, significantly reduced the calcium transients and the release of aspartate and glutamate evoked by ATP. U73122 (10 µm), a phospholipase C inhibitor, attenuated the ATP-stimulatory effect on calcium transients and blocked ATP-evoked glutamate release in astrocytes. Replacement of extracellular sodium with choline failed to influence ATP-induced glutamate release. Furthermore, inhibition of the glutamate transporters p-chloromercuri-phenylsulfonic acid and ltrans-pyrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate failed to impair the ability of ATP to stimulate glutamate release from astrocytes. However, an anion transport inhibitor, furosemide, and a potent Cl− channel blocker, 5-nitro-2(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate, reduced ATP-induced glutamate release. These results suggest that ATP stimulates excitatory amino acid release from astrocytes via a calcium-dependent anion-transport sensitive mechanism.
Maturation of oral feeding skills in preterm infants.

Aim: Safe and successful oral feeding requires proper maturation of sucking, swallowing and respiration. We hypothesized that oral feeding difficulties result from different temporal development of the musculatures implicated in these functions. Methods: Sixteen medically stable preterm infants (26 to 29 weeks gestation, GA) were recruited. Specific feeding skills were monitored as indirect markers for the maturational process of oral feeding musculatures: rate of milk intake (mL/min); percent milk leakage (lip seal); sucking stage, rate (#/s) and suction/expression ratio; suction amplitude (mmHg), rate and slope (mmHg/s); sucking/swallowing ratio; percent occurrence of swallows at specific phases of respiration. Coefficients of variation (COV) were used as indices of functional stability. Infants, born at 26/27- and 28/29-week GA, were at similar postmenstrual ages (PMA) when taking 1–2 and 6–8 oral feedings per day. Results: Over time, feeding efficiency and several skills improved, some decreased and others remained unchanged. Differences in COVs between the two GA groups demonstrated that, despite similar oral feeding outcomes, maturation levels of certain skills differed. Conclusions: Components of sucking, swallowing, respiration and their coordinated activity matured at different times and rates. Differences in functional stability of particular outcomes confirm that maturation levels depend on infants' gestational rather than PMA.
Compression of cerebral vessels by intracranial hypertension. I. Dural sinus pressures.

In the monkey, sagittal sinus pressure is a complex function of cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure; jugular vein pressure is a qualitative measure of cerebral blood flow. In the presence of intracranial hypertension, the response of anterior sagittal sinus pressure to blood flow changes is greatly exaggerated, but there is minimal communication of these large fluctuations in pressure to the transverse sinus and jugular vein. On the basis of these observations, we postulated compression of the sagittal sinus in response to increased intracranial pressure, and evidence is presented to localize maximum compression to the region of the interaural line. Reduction in diameter of cerebral vessels proximal to the sinus also appears to occur with intracranial hypertension, and ultimately, the dynamic interaction of these two factors is responsible for sagittal sinus pressure. In the end stage of cerebral decompensation, when intracranial and arterial tensions are equal, anterior sagittal sinus pressure also approaches the diastolic pressure, indicating nearly total collapse of the sinus.
Tidal changes in a heavily modified coastal wetland

Abstract Changes in tidal regime in the heavily modified Venice Lagoon, Italy, are investigated using long-term observations and numerical modelling. The amplitudes of the major tidal constituents exhibit a significant increase over the last century. Analysis of tide gauge data in the adjacent Adriatic Sea reveals that these changes could be only partially attributed to the rise of the mean sea level. Numerical experiments confirm that natural and anthropogenic morphological changes are responsible for the alteration of tidal regime inside the lagoon. Temporal and spatial changes in tidal asymmetry highlight the complex impacts of human interventions on tidal changes and long-term morphodynamics. Our results suggest that over time the lagoon became more and more an ebb-dominant system. Moreover, in Venice the tidal modulations are significantly impacting the frequency with which high water level thresholds are exceeded. Occurrence of flooding events is therefore influenced by sea level rise and secondarily by the increase in amplitude of principal tidal waves.
Link‐enabled cited references

Cited references form an integral part of scholarly articles. They are included in the digital versions of course, but they do not necessarily provide any extra functionality. The most essential digital feature is to make the cited references hot‐linked. This article looks at the implementation of cited references in full‐text databases offered directly by the publishers (or their digital facilitators) and some of the largest commercial aggregators.
Phase transformation kinetics and the assessment of equilibrium and metastable states

The general characteristics of phase transformation kinetics during cooling and heating are introduced. It is demonstrated that the cooling process always depresses the phase boundaries away from equilibrium and towards lower temperatures; similarly, the heating process always shifts the phase boundaries to higher temperatures. Moreover, the larger the cooling or heating rate, the larger the discrepancy. According to this observation, the reliability of cooling and heating data (irrespective of the methods used to determine them: electrical resistance, dilatometry, etc.) for phase diagram assessments is discussed. The principle for correct assessment of metastable phase information is also briefly introduced. It is pointed out that each kind of metastable phase has its own transformation-start temperature, Ts (Ms, etc.), during cooling. More specifically, each kind of martensite has its own Ms. Examples are shown for Fe-Ni, Fe-Mn, and Ti-Cr alloys.
Toddler Peers: From Nonverbal Coordinated Action to Verbal Discourse

Twenty-four toddlers (24 months of age) interacted with an adult play partner who experimentally created two different nonverbal interactive contexts surrounding her speech to the toddlers. One, a nonverbal imitation game, mimicked that hypothesized to facilitate toddlers’ discourse with one another. The second mimicked another frequent form of toddler peer interaction, parallel play. After establishing the nonverbal context, the adult verbally described her own or the child’s nonverbal action. Being engaged in nonverbal imitation games facilitated toddlers (1) responding verbally to the adult’s speech in a topically well-connected way and (2) maintaining topically-connected responses over successive turns. Using nonverbal imitative acts, toddlers appear to nonverbally negotiate a topic for their interactions that facilitates their skill in verbal discourse.
Enabling Localization in WSNs with Solar-Powered End Devices

A novel remote localization system utilizing renewable solar energy to power and trigger communication between end devices and a wireless network is presented. The novelty of the system is the unique node design that allows for battery less operation using ambient solar energy. Hardware and software design considerations involved in making the localization system operational inspite of the limitations of solar power are outlined. The final functioning localization system results as an end application are presented. A remote localization system with very good accuracy utilizing this end node communicating with a WSN is showcased as an end application with tremendous potential
Surgical management of bronchopleural fistula in pediatric empyema and necrotizing pneumonia: efficacy of the serratus anterior muscle digitation flap

Abstract Purpose Surgical management of bronchopleural (B-P) fistula associated with thoracic empyema and necrotizing pneumonia is challenging. We evaluated the treatment and outcome of early surgical intervention with limited decortication and insertion of a serratus anterior muscle digitation flap. Methods A retrospective review during a 10-year period of children with empyema and B-P fistula secondary to necrotizing pneumonia was performed. During this period, 335 children with empyema were admitted, of which 20 developed a B-P fistula. All underwent a thoracotomy with insertion of a serratus anterior muscle digitation flap. Results Prethoracotomy chest computed tomographic scan was performed to define the pathologic characteristic. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified by pus culture (n = 6) and by polymerase chain reaction (n = 4). The median postoperative time with pyrexia after surgical intervention was 2 days (range, 1-3 days). The median period of thoracostomy drain was 7 days (range, 5-15 days). Length of hospital stay was 21 days (range, 7-43 days). This parenchyma-preserving technique was able to control the B-P fistula successfully in all cases. No reintervention was necessary in any case. Respiratory symptoms and radiology improved in all children on follow-up, except for 3 who required oral antibiotics for subsequent chest infections. Conclusion Early surgical intervention with insertion of a serratus anterior muscle digitation flap is effective and safe and avoids morbidity associated with conservative management and necrotic lung resection surgery.
Reproductive seasonality in the female scimitar-horned oryx ( Oryx dammah )

Faecal oestrogen and progestin analyses were used to assess ovarian activity in non-pregnant scimitar-horned oryx (Oryx dammah) during a 13-month interval. Mean (± SE) luteal phase, interluteal phase and oestrous cycle duration were 18.8 (± 0.5), 5.1 (± 0.2) and 23.8 (± 1.3) days, respectively. All females exhibited a synchronized anovulatory period that ranged from 36‐95 days during spring. Short ovarian cycles (10.6 (± 0.8) days) were observed intermittently throughout the year and before the spontaneous resumption of oestrous cyclicity. Periovulatory peaks in oestrogen concentrations were detected for 42.5% (31/73) of ovarian cycles. A parallel analysis of reproductive data from the North American studbook (1985‐1994) revealed that captive-held scimitar-horned oryx gave birth throughout the year. Sex ratio at birth was male-biased (54.4%), and 19.1% of all calves failed to survive to 6 months of age (220 out of 1149 births). Only 0.7% of births resulted in twins. Median interbirth interval was 277 days, and 75% of these intervals were less than 332 days. Interbirth interval was extended (P < 0.05) if parturition occurred from January through May. In summary, the scimitar-horned oryx is a seasonally polyoestrous species that experiences a distinct anovulatory period during spring in north-east America.
Evaluation of a temporary arteriovenous shunt to establish neovascularization in a musculocutaneous flap: An experimental study†

On the dorsum of adult Sprague-Dawley rats, 3 × 7 cm pedicle flaps were raised and a temporary arteriovenous shunt (AVS) from anastomosis of the tail artery and vein was placed beneath. Fourteen, 21 and 28 days later, the pedicle flaps were converted to island flaps leaving only the AVS attachment. The degree of subsequent flap viability was directly related to the amount of time before flap conversion. At 14, 21 and 28 day intervals, there was 33.4%, 73.5% and 98% flap viability, respectively. Long-term AVS patency was found not to be required for flap survival. Normal hair growth, quantity and quality, occurred in only the 28 day delay group. Microangiography and histologic examination revealed extensive neovascularization from both the AVS artery and vein extending into the muscle, subcutaneous tissue and skin layers of each island flap. In summary, neovascularization of a large random pattern musculocutaneous island flap is possible using a temporary arteriovenous shunt. Flap survival is directly related to the length of time between AVS placement and cutaneous pedicle division, although long-term AVS patency is not required for continued flap viability. Hair growth may directly reflect the degree of underlying neovascular maturation. This AVS neovascularization technique could be applied to create new donor sites for free tissue transfer. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.