cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mode of action of endogenous opiate peptides.

AS THE culmination of a search for endogenous ligands of the opiate receptor1–4, the structures of two closely related pentapeptides, isolated from porcine (brain, with morphine-like properties in pharmacological tests, have been reported by Hughes et al.5 The amino acid sequences of the pentapeptides, termed methionine enkephalin and leucine enkephalin, are Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met (Met5-enkephalin) and Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu (Leu5-enkephalin), respectively. They behave as highly potent opiates in the mouse vas deferens and guinea pig ileum assays5. In addition, animals tolerant to morphine are also tolerant to enkephalin6. The action of the pentapeptides in the guinea pig ileum5 and when injected intracerebrally or intracerebroventricularly7–9 is very short lived, perhaps because of proteolytic degradation. A related peptide, with longer chain length has been shown to have a long duration of action10. Morphine and other narcotics have been shown to bind to the opiate receptor11–13 and inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates of neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells14,15, to inhibit cyclic AMP accumulation in intact hybrid cells15,16 and in rat brain homogenates17. We have tested the effects of Met5- and Leu5-enkephalin on NG108-15 adenylate cyclase activity, and show here that endogenous opiate peptides are potent, receptor-mediated, inhibitors of adenylate cyclase of neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cells.
Monotonicity and its analytic and geometric implications

In this expository article, we discuss various monotonicity formulas for parabolic and elliptic operators and explain how the analysis of function spaces and the geometry of the underlining spaces are intertwined. After briefly discussing some of the well-known analytical applications of monotonicity for parabolic operators, we turn to their elliptic counterparts, their geometric meaning, and some geometric consequences.
Successful use of undersized donors for orthotopic heart transplantation—with a caveat

Abstract Accepted clinical practice has been to require body weights to be within 20% as a criterion for matching donor to recipient for cardiac transplantation. From November 1989 through September 1993 we began accepting larger differences in body weight between donor and recipient with 80 orthotopic heart transplants performed. Twenty-eight of these transplants used undersized donors (donor-to-recipient body weight ratio [DRBW] of 0.6 to 0.8) with the remaining donors being either size matched (DRBW = 0.8 to 1.0) or oversized (DRBW > 1.0). Thirty-three of the 80 transplant recipients (41%) were classified preoperatively as United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status I and the remaining patients were classified as UNOS status II. Hospital survival for status I recipients was 9 of 14 (64%) for undersized mors, 7 of 8 (87.5%) for sized-matched donors, and 11 of 11 (100%) for oversized donors ( p
The effect of calcium on the thermotropic properties of bovine blood coagulation factors IX and X and their activation intermediates and products

Abstract The thermotropic properties of bovine blood coagulation Factors IX and X, as well as the activation intermediates and products of these proteins, have been investigated by differential scanning microcalorimetry in the presence and absence of Ca 2+ . Bovine Factor IX displays a single thermal-denaturation transition characterized by a temperature midpoint ( T M ) of 54.5 ± 0.5 °C and a calorimetric enthalpy (Δ H c ) of 105 ± 15 kcal/mol, in the absence of Ca 2+ . In the presence of Ca 2+ concentrations sufficient to saturate its sites on Factor IX, the T m value is increased to 57.0 ± 0.5 °C and the Δ H c is virtually unchanged. When the activation intermediate, Factor IXα, is similarly analyzed in the absence of Ca 2+ , a broad, diffuse thermogram was obtained which did not lend itself to calculation of thermodynamic parameters. In the presence of Ca 2+ , Factor IXα displayed thermograms characterized by a T M of 51.0 ± 0.5 °C and a Δ H c of 109 ± 10 kcal/mol. The activated product, Factor IXaα, in the absence of Ca 2+ (the values in the presence of saturating Ca 2+ are given in parentheses), undergoes thermal denaturation with a T M of 54.5 ± 0.5 °C (57.0 ± 0.5 °C) and a Δ H c of 158 ±10 kcal/mol (156 ± 10 kcal/mol). Similarly, the terminal-activation product, Factor IXaβ, displays a T M of 51.5 ± 0.5 °C (54.0 ± 0.5 °C) and a Δ H c of 85 ± 5 kcal/mol (126 ± 10 kcal/mol). Bovine blood coagulation Factor X has been analyzed in this same fashion, and shows very similar thermal properties to Factor IX. The thermal denaturation of Factor X is represented by a T M of 54.0 ± 0.5 °C (55.0 ± 0.5 °C) and a Δ H c of 102 ± 10 kcal/mol (118 ± 10 kcal/mol), whereas its activated form, Factor Xaβ, possesses a T M of 55.0 ± 0.5 °C (55.0 ± 0.5 °C) and a Δ H c of 92.0 ± 5 kcal/mol (136 ± 10 kcal/mol). These studies indicate that, for many of these proteins, Ca 2+ induces a conformational alteration to a more thermally stable form, which also requires the absorption of greater amounts of heat for thermal denaturation.
Remaking the Guatemalan Midwife: Health Care Reform and Midwifery Training Programs in Highland Guatemala

Midwifery practice and identity in Guatemala is constantly being transformed because midwives must negotiate their practices in response to changing international and national health care agendas and processes. Recently, the Guatemalan government implemented the Sistema Integral de Atencion en Salud (SIAS). Framed by neoliberal processes and global reproductive health paradigms, SIAS is designed to attain the reproductive health goals outlined in the 1996 Peace Accords by reducing maternal and infant mortality rates. As the primary birthing specialists in rural areas, midwives are essential to this task. A central focus of SIAS is incorporating midwives into the national health care system through midwifery training programs. Drawing on observations of midwifery training programs and interviews with midwives in the municipality of San Martin Jilotepeque, I argue that the incorporation of midwives into SIAS is redefining the position by establishing a new model of recruitment to the role, education, and pr...
A NEW DOUBLY SALIENT PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR FOR ADJUSTABLE SPEED DRIVES

ABSTRACT A new type of doubly salient motor is presented in this paper in which the field excitation is provided by permanent magnets. This doubly salient Permanent Magnet (DSPM) motor is shown to be kindred to square waveform permanet magnet brushless dc (PM-BLDC) motors in principle. However, they are different from the latter in that they are capable of a considerable constant power range when properly designed. Finite Element Analysis and Transient Simulation studies are utilized to investigate the characteristics of this new type of PM motor. A prototype DSPM motor is designed and comparison is made between this new type of motor and other types of motor on the basis of performance of the entire drive. By fully exploiting the merits of modern high energy PM material and the doubly salient structure, the DSPM motor can offer higher performance expectation over many existing motors in terms of efficiency, torque density, torque-to-current ratio, torque-to-inertia ratio etc. with a relatively simple str...
The effect of inflation uncertainty on ‘crowding out’

Abstract It is widely recognized that expansionary fiscal policy can crowd out private investment. The degree of crowding out depends in part on the degree of substitutability between public and private securities. In this paper, we look at how inflation uncertainty affects this substitutability and the degree of crowding out. Depending on the covariance of the return of private securities with the rate of inflation, the degree of substitutability, and thus the level of crowding out, will diminish as inflation uncertainty increases. Indeed, an increase in government debt may actually decrease the real return required on private securities, leading to “negative” crowding out.
Isotopic exchange between 2,2-dimethylbutane and deuterium on rhodium/silica gel catalysts

Abstract Isotopic exchange between 2,2-dimethylbutane and deuterium has been investigated at 75°C on 10 rhodium on wide-pore silica gel catalysts with H(chemisorbed)/Rh (Dh) ranging from 11 to 108% and subjected to a variety of pretreatment conditions. Some catalysts were prepared by ion exchange with Rh(NH3)5(H2O)3+ and some by impregnation to incipient wetness with Rh4(CO)12 or Rh6(CO)16. The turnover frequency (Nt) is affected both by Dh and by conditions of pretreatment. The extreme variation was a factor of 330. Exchange into the ethyl group was about 10 times faster than into the t-butyl group. In general, the catalysts of largest Dh gave the largest Nt and the smallest degree of multiple exchange in the ethyl group. The pretreatment, H2,450° gave the largest Nt. Mere removal of H∗ from catalysts so treated by He,300° had little effect, but He,450° led to a substantial decrease in Nt except for 11-Rh/SiO2 . The various coupled values of Nt and selectivity resulting from variations in Dh and pretreatment require a minimum of eight different sites. Nt's and selectivities in the hydrogenolysis of methylcyclopropane on these same catalysts parallel those in the exchange of neohexane.
Roles for E coli DNA polymerases I, II, and III in DNA replication

Chain elongation during E. coli DNA replication proceeds in three distinct stages. Participatory roles of the three E. coli DNA polymerases in each of these stages has been determined.
Emergency Department Management of Patients Internally Contaminated with Radioactive Material

After a radiation emergency that involves the dispersal of radioactive material, patients can become externally and internally contaminated with 1 or more radionuclides. Internal contamination can lead to the delivery of harmful ionizing radiation doses to various organs and tissues or the whole body. The clinical consequences can range from acute radiation syndrome to the long-term development of cancer. Estimating the amount of radioactive material absorbed into the body can guide the management of patients. Treatment includes, in addition to supportive care and long term monitoring, certain medical countermeasures like Prussian blue, calcium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and zinc DTPA.
Tissue pO2 of orthotopic 9L and C6 gliomas and tumor-specific response to radiotherapy and hyperoxygenation.

Purpose Tumor hypoxia is a well-known therapeutic problem; however, a lack of methods for repeated measurements of glioma partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) limits the ability to optimize the therapeutic approaches. We report the effects of 9.3 Gy of radiation and carbogen inhalation on orthotopic 9L and C6 gliomas and on the contralateral brain pO 2 in rats using a new and potentially widely useful method, multisite in vivo electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry. Methods and Materials Intracerebral 9L and C6 tumors were established in the left hemisphere of syngeneic rats, and electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry was successfully used for repeated tissue pO 2 measurements after 9.3 Gy of radiation and during carbogen breathing for 5 consecutive days. Results Intracerebral 9L gliomas had a pO 2 of 30–32 mm Hg and C6 gliomas were relatively hypoxic, with a pO 2 of 12–14 mm Hg ( p 2 of the contralateral brain was 40–45 mm Hg in rats with either 9L or C6 gliomas. Irradiation resulted in a significant increase in pO 2 of the 9L gliomas only. A significant increase in the pO 2 of the 9L and C6 gliomas was observed in rats breathing carbogen, but this effect decreased during 5 days of repeated experiments in the 9L gliomas. Conclusion These results highlight the tumor-specific effect of radiation (9.3.Gy) on tissue pO 2 and the different responses to carbogen inhalation. The ability of electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry to provide direct repeated measurements of tissue pO 2 could have a vital role in understanding the dynamics of hypoxia during therapy that could then be optimized by scheduling doses at times of improved tumor oxygenation.
Pesticide usage in California and the United States

Abstract In recent years, pesticide usage in the United States has increased markedly. As measured in 1980 for the U.S.A., there were: (1) more than 45 000 individually products registered; (2) more than 1500 active ingredients involved; and (3) about 2.5 billion pounds of active ingredients used annually. Pesticide usage in agriculture has probably peaked and will probably level off and may even decrease in the 1980's because of public health concerns, environmental concerns, lower dose levels of newer pesticides, and the introduction and use of integrated pest management programs and bio-control programs.
Dual frequency organically packaged antenna arrays at 57 and 80 GHz

This paper presents a combination of two broadband dipole antenna arrays packaged in multilayer organic (MLO) substrates at 57 and 80 GHz. The two arrays are fed via a Tee-junction, in a 45 degree configuration. It is shown that simultaneously integrating antennas at these frequencies is possible. Good performance and isolation was obtained for both antennas, with greater than 10% bandwidth. When simultaneously excited, the 57 GHz design yielded close to 9.3 dBi gain, while the 80 GHz design peaked around 10 dBi. Measured results agreed well with simulations.
Predictors of Metabolic Control among Adolescents with Diabetes: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study

Objective To employ a risk and resistance framework to examine changes in metabolic control over early to middle adolescence. Methods We interviewed 70 girls and 62 boys (mean age 12 years) annually for 4 years. Risk and resistance factors, including demographics, disease-related variables, self-care behavior, and psychosocial variables were assessed. Hemoglobin A1c was obtained from medical records. Results Multilevel modeling showed metabolic control deteriorated with age. Self-care behavior interacted with age to predict the decline, such that self-care was more strongly related to poor metabolic control for older adolescents. Eating disturbances, depression, and peer relations were related to poor metabolic control, whereas good family relations were related to better metabolic control for girls. Conclusions Independent risk factors for poor metabolic control included poor self-care, disturbed eating behavior, depression, and peer relations; parental support was an independent resistance factor for girls. Future research should examine mechanisms by which these relations emerge.
Shifting paradigms: Emerging issues for educational policy and practice

Abstract Within the current national context of educational reform, educators are generating a new paradigm about teaching and learning. This shift is occurring as a consequence of rethinking nearly all aspects of schooling. The new paradigm is competing with, an older one. Time will tell whether or not the new one will replace the old one, but clearly they cannot coexist because they are so fundamentally different. The new paradigm is based on the latest research on cognitive developmental and constructivist theory, and the old paradigm is based on reductionist principles and behavioral theory. This article creates a framework for understanding the paradigm shift, describes how the shift applies to instructional practices, synthesizes several principles and indicators that can guide the observation of teaching, and discusses issues yet to be resolved.
A simple iterative algorithm for the towers of Hanoi problem

The towers of Hanoi game is well known. The basic version, a favorite example for many authors, is often used in introductory textbooks on computer programming to demonstrate the elegance of writing recursive code. Here, a simple iterative optimal algorithm for the towers of Hanoi problem is presented.
Effect of Electrical Stress on Josephson Tunneling Characteristics of ${\rm Nb/Al/AlO}_{x}/{\rm Nb}$ Junctions

Fabrication-induced variations in the critical currents of Josephson junctions significantly affect the performance and yield of complex superconducting integrated circuits. Electrical stress that may develop during plasma processing steps in the fabrication process was initially suggested as a possible cause of these variations. The effect on the Josephson and quasiparticle tunneling properties of Nb/Al/AlOx/Nb junctions with ultrathin AlOx barriers by the application of dc electrical stress was investigated. Current ramps with increasing amplitude corresponding to voltages across the barrier up to ~ 0.65 V were used to apply electrical stress. Junction conductance and current-voltage (I-V) characteristics were measured after each stress application at room temperature. As the stressing progresses, a dramatic increase in subgap conductance of the junctions, the appearance of subharmonic current steps, and a gradual increase in both the critical and the excess currents as well as a decrease in the normal-state resistance have been observed. A model is proposed wherein a progressively increasing number of defects and associated additional conduction channels (superconducting quantum point contacts (SQPCs)) are induced by the applied electric field in the tunnel barrier. The dependence of the stress effect on the polarity is also investigated and the results are presented. It is found that the magnitude of stress current needed for junction breakdown is unlikely to be supplied during plasma processing and as such, potential differences that can develop during plasma processing appear to be an unlikely cause of fabrication-induced, circuit pattern-dependent variations of Josephson junctions' critical currents in superconductor integrated circuits.
Modeling intra-tumor protein expression heterogeneity in tissue microarray experiments

Tissue microarrays (TMAs) measure tumor-specific protein expression via high-density immunohistochemical staining assays. They provide a proteomic platform for validating cancer biomarkers emerging from large-scale DNA microarray studies. Repeated observations within each tumor result in substantial biological and experimental variability. This variability is usually ignored when associating the TMA expression data with patient survival outcome. It generates biased estimates of hazard ratio in proportional hazards models. We propose a Latent Expression Index (LEI) as a surrogate protein expression estimate in a two-stage analysis. Several estimators of LEI are compared: an empirical Bayes, a full Bayes, and a varying replicate number estimator. In addition, we jointly model survival and TMA expression data via a shared random effects model. Bayesian estimation is carried out using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Simulation studies were conducted to compare the two-stage methods and the joint analysis in estimating the Cox regression coefficient. We show that the two-stage methods reduce bias relative to the naive approach, but still lead to under-estimated hazard ratios. The joint model consistently outperforms the two-stage methods in terms of both bias and coverage property in various simulation scenarios. In case studies using prostate cancer TMA data sets, the two-stage methods yield a good approximation in one data set whereas an insufficient one in the other. A general advice is to use the joint model inference whenever results differ between the two-stage methods and the joint analysis.
Ioneneomeric Liquid Crystals

A new class of liquid crystals based on salts of the 1,1-dialkyl–4,4’-bipyridinium core are reported. Mesophase transition temperatures and stability ranges depend on both the nature of the anion and the length of the alkyl chain. Polymeric versions of these mesogens can be synthesized which retain electrochronic properties.
Determining the corrosive potential of CO2 transport pipeline in high pCO2-water environments

Abstract The corrosive potential of carbon steel was evaluated under high pressure CO2–water systems to simulate the condition of CO2 transportation pipeline in the CO2 capture and storage (CCS) applications. To understand the thermodynamic properties of CO2–water systems related to the corrosion phenomena, thermodynamic modeling were conducted to determine the mutual solubilities of CO2 and water in the two coexisting phases, and to calculate the concentrations of corrosive species in the free water at various pressures and temperatures. Carbon steel samples were exposed to water-saturated CO2, and CO2-saturated water in the CO2 pressure range of 40–80 bar at 50 °C. The corrosion rate of samples was determined by weight loss measurements. The surface morphology and the composition of the corrosion product layers were analyzed by using surface analytical techniques (SEM and EDS).
Can MRI screen for CSF biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease

Objective: Alzheimer disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) may have overlapping clinical presentations despite distinct underlying neuropathologies, thus making in vivo diagnosis challenging. In this study, we evaluate the utility of MRI as a noninvasive screening procedure for the differential diagnosis of AD and FTLD. Methods: We recruited 185 patients with a clinically diagnosed neurodegenerative disease consistent with AD or FTLD who had a lumbar puncture and a volumetric MRI. A subset of 32 patients had genetic or autopsy-confirmed AD or FTLD. We used singular value decomposition to decompose MRI volumes and linear regression and cross-validation to predict CSF total tau (tt) and β-amyloid (Aβ 1-42 ) ratio (tt/Aβ) in patients with AD and patients with FTLD. We then evaluated accuracy of MRI-based predicted tt/Aβ using 4 converging sources including neuroanatomic visualization and categorization of a subset of patients with genetic or autopsy-confirmed AD or FTLD. Results: Regression analyses showed that MRI-predicted tt/Aβ is highly related to actual CSF tt/Aβ. In each group, both predicted and actual CSF tt/Aβ have extensively overlapping neuroanatomic correlates: low tt/Aβ consistent with FTLD is related to ventromedial prefrontal regions while high tt/Aβ consistent with AD is related to posterior cortical regions. MRI-predicted tt/Aβ is 75% accurate at identifying underlying diagnosis in patients with known pathology and in clinically diagnosed patients with known CSF tt/Aβ levels. Conclusion: MRI may serve as a noninvasive procedure that can screen for AD and FTLD pathology as a surrogate for CSF biomarkers.
Tonotopic organization in the depth of human inferior colliculus.

Experiments in animal models indicate that inferior colliculus (IC), the primary auditory midbrain structure, represents sound frequency in a particular spatial organization, a tonotopy, that proceeds from dorsal and superficial to ventral and deeper tissue. Experiments are presented that use high-resolution, sparse-sampling functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3T to determine if tonotopic gradients can be reliably measured in human IC using high-resolution fMRI. Stimuli were sequences of band-pass filtered noise with different center frequencies, presented sequentially while fMRI data were collected. Four subjects performed an adaptive frequency-discrimination task throughout the experiment. Results show statistically significant tonotopic gradients within both ICs of all subjects. Frequency gradients as a function of depth were measured using surface-based analysis methods that make virtual penetrations into the IC tissue. This organization was evident over substantial portions of the IC, at locations that are consistent with the expected location of the central nucleus of IC. The results confirm a laminar tonotopy in the human IC at 3T, but with a heterogeneous, patchy character. The success of these surface-based analysis methods will enable more detailed non-invasive explorations of the functional architecture of other subcortical human auditory structures that have complex, laminar organization
A comparison of Latino and White citizen satisfaction with police

Latinos represent the fastest growing racial/ethnic population in the United States, yet paradoxically, are one of the least studied groups in the field of criminal justice (Schuck, Lersch, & Verrill, 2004). This study aimed to fill this gap by comparing citizen satisfaction with police among Latinos and Whites in the majority-minority city of San Antonio, Texas. Drawing upon prior research as a guide, the study modeled citizen satisfaction with police from a sample of 592 survey respondents that were contacted by telephone in the fall of 2005. Models across the two groups indicated that neighborhood disorder strongly influenced satisfaction and Latinos had slightly higher satisfaction levels when compared with Whites. Implications for future research are discussed regarding the enhancement of knowledge about ethnic differences in perceptions of police and the larger criminal justice system.
Collecting distributed garbage cycles by back tracing

Systems that store objects at a large number of sites require fault-tolerant and timely garbage collection. A popular technique is to trace each site independently using inter-site references as roots. However, this fails to collect cyclic garbage spread across sites. We present an algorithm that collects cyclic garbage by involving only the sites containing it. Our algorithm is based on findingobjects highly likely to be cyclic garbage and tracing backward from them to check if they are reachable from any root. We present efficient techniques that make conducting such traces practical. The algorithm collects all distributed cyclic garbage, is safe in the presence of concurrent mutations, and has low space and time overhead.
Toxicity of cotton phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi

The sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins desoxyhemigossypol, desoxymethoxyhemigossypol, and hemigossypolone formed in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) stem xylem infected with Verticillium dahliae were shown to be highly toxic to zoopathogenic fungi. This appears to be the first study of the toxicity of terpenoid phytoalexins to zoopathogenic fungi. The toxicities of the phytoalexins expressed as MIC (micrograms ml-1) values were 8 to 128 against four isolates of Candida albicans and one isolate of Cryptococcus neoformans. These highly toxic compounds or their derivatives may prove useful for the treatment of animal mycoses.
Bounding delay on a multifarious token ring network

Interest in integrating voice and data on local computer networks has been building in recent years. Subsequently, much research has been devoted to various techniques that are implementable on existing networks using current standards. This exposition discusses the design issues in implementing a document retrieval system on a token ring network.
Positive behavioral and electrophysiological changes following neurofeedback training in children with autism

Abstract Two electrophysiological studies tested the hypothesis that operant conditioning of mu rhythms via neurofeedback training can renormalize mu suppression, an index of mirror neuron activity, and improve behavior in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In Study 1, eight high-functioning ASD participants were assigned to placebo or experimental groups before 10 weeks of training of the mu frequency band (8–13 Hz). Following training, experimental participants showed decreased mu power and coherence, increased sustained attention ability, and improved scores on subscales of the ATEC compared to the placebo group. Both groups showed improvement in imitation ability. In Study 2, 19 high-functioning ASD children underwent a similar procedure with verified diagnoses, a modified double-blind protocol, and training of the high mu band (10–13 Hz). The results showed decreases in amplitude but increases in phase coherence in mu rhythms and normalization of mu rhythm suppression in experimental participants compared to placebo. Furthermore, like Study 1, participants showed improvements in sustained attention and in ATEC scores but no improvements in imitation following training. This suggests that training of the mu rhythm can be effective in producing changes in EEG and behavior in high-functioning ASD children, but does not affect imitation behavior per se .
Alternative Literacies in School and Beyond: Multiple Literacies of Speaking and Writing

Literacy is an activity of social groups, and a necessary feature of some kinds of social organization. Like every other human activity or product, it embeds social relations within it. And these relations always include conflict as well as cooperation. Like language itself, literacy is an exchange between classes, races, the sexes and so on. [1985:685] Ohman's view suggests that, if we are to continue to use a socially productive notion of literacy, we must assume that alternative uses and definitions of literacy are always possible. To focus on alternatives is not to turn away from the idea of a shared community of discourse. Rather it is to introduce an awareness of the situated specificity of the production of talk and writing into any discussion. We join talk to writing in this theme issue because of a growing appreciation that the spoken and written word are dialectically related in literacy interactions. This understanding has become critical to any discussion of alternative literacies since the speech-writing matrix varies depending on the community in which it is embedded. In the public life of language, the moment-to-moment production of talk has always had a different intellectual status from the products of pen and printing press. Any traditional definition of literacy has stressed the essential difference that occurs when ideas generated in talk are transposed or reconstituted in written form. In contemporary society, talk is interaction; written language is solidified by institutional arrangements of social relations necessary for its production. Literacy has always had at its center a conflict between oral and written rhetorical traditions. In an earlier period of cultural history, the differences between the two codes assumed less importance because the
Endothelin B Receptor Antagonists Attenuate Subarachnoid Hemorrhage–Induced Cerebral Vasospasm

Background and Purpose —While it has been widely reported that the vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is prevented/reversed by endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists selective for the ETA receptor and by nonselective ET receptor antagonists, ie, antagonists of both the ETA and ETB receptors, there are no reports on the possible attenuation of the spasm by selective ETB receptor antagonists. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether (1) ETB receptor antagonists prevent and reverse SAH-induced spasm and (2) attenuation of the spasm results from blockade of smooth muscle ETB (ETB2) receptor–mediated constriction and/or endothelial ETB (ETB1) receptor– mediated ET-1–induced ET-1 release. Methods —SAH-induced spasm of the rabbit basilar artery was induced with the use of a double hemorrhage model. In vivo effects of agents on the spasm were determined by angiography after their intracisternal infusion (10 μL/h) by mini osmotic pump. In situ effects of agents on the spasm were determined by direct measurement of vessel diameter after their suffusion in a cranial window. Results —SAH constricted the basilar artery by 30%. Intracisternal infusion with 10 μmol/L BQ788, an ETB1/B2 receptor antagonist, reduced the spasm to 10%. To investigate whether BQ788 prevented the spasm by blockade of ETB1 receptor–mediated ET-1–induced ET-1 release, as opposed to ETB2 receptor–mediated constriction, we tested whether ETB1 receptor blockade also prevented the spasm. Indeed, intracisternal infusion with 10 μmol/L RES-701-1, a selective ETB1 receptor antagonist, reduced the spasm to 10%. Similarly, in situ superfusion with 1 μmol/L BQ788 reversed the spasm by 40%, and 1 μmol/L RES-701-1 reversed the spasm by 50%. However, both BQ788 and RES-701-1 enhanced by 40% to 50% the 3 nmol/L ET-1–induced constriction elicited in spastic vessels previously relaxed with 0.1 mmol/L phosphoramidon, an ET-converting enzyme inhibitor. Conclusions —These results demonstrate that ETB receptor antagonists prevent and reverse SAH-induced cerebral vasospasm in an animal model. The likely mechanism underlying the attenuation of the spasm is blockade of ETB1 receptor–mediated ET-1–induced ET-1 release of newly synthesized ET-1. These studies provide rationale for the therapeutic use of ETB1 receptor antagonists to relieve the vasospasm following SAH, as well as other pathophysiological conditions involving possible ET-1–induced ET-1 release.
Kinetics of nutrient uptake by roots: responses to global change

There is a growing recognition that accurate predictions of plant and ecosystem responses to global change require a better understanding of the mechanisms that control acquisition of growth-limiting resources. One such key mechanism is root physiological capacity to acquire nutrients. Changes in kinetics of root nitrogen (N) uptake might influence the extent to which terrestrial ecosystems will be able to sequester excesses in carbon (C) and N loads. Despite its significant role in determining plant and ecosystem cycling of C and N, there is little information on whether, or how, root nutrient uptake responds to global change. In this review various components of global change, namely increased CO2 concentration, increased soil temperature and increased atmospheric N deposition and their effects on kinetics of root nutrient uptake are examined. The response of root nutrient uptake kinetics to high CO2 is highly variable. Most of this variability might be attributable to differences in experimental protocols, but more recent evidence suggests that kinetic responses to high CO2 are also species-specific. This raises the possibility that elevated CO2 might alter community composition by shifting the competitive interaction of co-occurring species. Uptake of NH4+ and NO3− seem to be differentially sensitive to high CO2, which could influence ecosystem trajectory toward N saturation. Increased soil temperature might increase N and P uptake capacity to a greater extent in species from warm and fluctuating soil habitats than in species from cold and stable soil environments. The few available data also indicate that increased soil temperature elicits a differential effect on uptake of NH4+ versus NO3−. Root uptake kinetics are generally down-regulated in response to long-term exposure to atmospheric N deposition. The extent of this down-regulation might, however, vary among species, stages of succession, land-use history and plant demand. Nonetheless, it is suggested that root N uptake kinetics might be an accurate biological indicator of the ecosystem capacity to retain N. The results reviewed here clearly highlight the scanty nature of the literature in the area of root nutrient absorption responses to global change. It is also clear that effects of one component of global change on root nutrient absorption capacity might be counterbalanced by another. Therefore, the generalizations offered here must be viewed with caution and more effort should be directed to rigorously test these initial observations in future research.
Matching Interest Points Using Affine Invariant Concentric Circles

We present a new method to perform reliable matching between different images. This method finds complete region correspondences between concentric circles and the corresponding projected ellipses centered on interest points. It matches interest points exploiting all the available luminance information in the regions under affine transformation. Experiments have been conducted on many different data sets to compare our approach to two SIFT-based local descriptors. The results show the new method is more effective in natural scenes without distinctive texture patterns. It also offers increased robustness to partial visibility, object rotation in depth, and viewpoint angle change.
South Africa and American Jazz: Towards a Polyphonic Historiography

This article provides an overview of issues pertaining to the creation of a global jazz historiography, with particular focus on the South African case study. It outlines challenges inherent in thinking globally about jazz; reflects on these issues in relation to the South Africa case; provides an overview of the state of South African jazz research and scholarship; and concludes with a discussion of a democratic and globally imagined agenda for South African historiography.
Factorial Structure of Differences in Teaching Behavior Related to Adult/Pre-Adult Student Age Status.

In an earlier study, a diverse sample of teachers who taught both adults and pre-adults reported specific differences in how they taught younger and older students. Using the same data base, the present inquiry sought to determine if these differences exhibited a conceptually meaningful underlying structure and, if so, whether or not this structure was similar for school teachers and college instructors. Principal components analysis yielded two orthogonal factors labelled "responsiveness" and "control." The factor structure was similar for school teachers and their college-level counterparts, although discipline was less salient for the latter group. The results resemble the teacher-centered and learner-centered factors identified by prior researchers as well as Knowles's concepts of andragogy and pedagogy. The analysis provided qualified support for the earlier study's conclusion that teachers tend to emphasize learner-centered or responsive behaviors when teaching adults. Future research needs to exami...
Reputation management framework and its use as currency in large-scale peer-to-peer networks

We propose a reputation management framework for large-scale peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, wherein all nodes are assumed to behave selfishly. The proposed framework has several advantages. It enables a form of virtual currency, such that the reputation of nodes is a measure of their wealth. The framework is scalable and provides protection against attacks by malicious nodes. The above features are achieved by developing trusted communities of nodes whose members trust each other and cooperate to deal with the problem of nodes' selfishness and possible maliciousness.
Perspectives on the geographic stability and mobility of people in cities

A class of questions in the human environment sciences focuses on the relationship between individual or household behavior and local geographic context. Central to these questions is the nature of people's geographic mobility as well as the duration of their locational stability at varying spatial and temporal scales. The problem for researchers is that the processes of mobility/stability are temporally and spatially dynamic and therefore difficult to measure. Whereas time and space are continuous, analysts must select levels of aggregation for both length of time in place and spatial scale of place that fit with the problem in question. Previous work has emphasized mobility and suppressed stability as an analytic category. I focus here on stability and show how analyzing individuals' stability requires also analyzing their mobility. Through an empirical example centered on the relationship between entrepreneurship and place, I demonstrate how a spotlight on stability illuminates a resolution to the measurement problem by highlighting the interdependence between the time and space dimensions of stability/mobility.
Developing a dissemination plan

Each proposal to the National Science Foundation (NSF) seeking support for improving engineering education must include a plan for disseminating the innovations and results that a funded project will generate. Authors may select from a variety of tactics: papers published in archival journals, conference papers, workshops, web sites, multimedia CD-ROMs, books, conference exhibits, etc. Despite the wide variety of available tactics, dissemination plans often fail to account for the behavior of the faculty members that dissemination plans are designed to reach. Faculty members, like all people, make changes in stages instead of moving from pre-awareness to action in one giant step. Various models with different numbers of stages and a diverse selection of names and characteristics of the various stages have been offered. Despite the assortment of individual change models, the kernel truth that faculty members change in stages and that effective dissemination plans are designed to facilitate transitions one stage at a time should not be overlooked. The paper presents a six-stage model for individual change that has been employed in several industrial marketing plans: pre-awareness, awareness, interest, search, decision, and action. Characteristics of an individual at each stage in the change model are presented. Once the nature of an individual at each stage is better understood, then appropriate dissemination tools that can help an individual move from one stage to the next are explored. Exploration of tools will emphasize the observation that tools that are appropriate at one stage may be ineffective for individuals at a different stage. Hopefully, the individual change model and exploration of appropriate dissemination tools will help faculty members develop more effective dissemination plans.
Neuropilin-1 is required for vascular development and is a mediator of VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in zebrafish

Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a cell-surface receptor for both vascular endothelial growth factor165 (VEGF165) and class 3 semaphorins that is expressed by neurons and endothelial cells. NRP1 is required for normal developmental angiogenesis in mice. The zebrafish is an excellent system for analyzing vascular development. Zebrafish intersegmental vessels correspond to mammalian capillary sprouts, whereas the axial vessels correspond to larger blood vessels, such as arteries. The zebrafish NRP1 gene (znrp1) was isolated and when overexpressed in cells, zNRP1 protein was a functional receptor for human VEGF165. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that transcripts for znrp1 during embryonic and early larval development were detected mainly in neuronal and vascular tissues. Morpholino-mediated knockdown of zNRP1 in embryos resulted in vascular defects, most notably impaired circulation in the intersegmental vessels. Circulation via trunk axial vessels was not affected. Embryos treated with VEGF receptor-2 kinase inhibitor had a similar intersegmental vessel defect suggesting that knockdown of zNRP1 reduces VEGF activity. To determine whether NRP1 and VEGF activities were interdependent in vivo, zNRP1 and VEGF morpholinos were coinjected into embryos at concentrations that individually did not significantly inhibit blood vessel development. The result was a potent inhibition of blood cell circulation via both intersegmental and axial vessels demonstrating that VEGF and NRP1 act synergistically to promote a functional circulatory system. These results provide the first physiological demonstration that NRP1 regulates angiogenesis through a VEGF-dependent pathway.
Effect of Titanium Dioxide Supports on the Activity of Pt-Ru toward Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol

TiO 2 and Nb-TiO 2 were investigated as stable supports for Pt-Ru electrocatalysts towards methanol oxidation. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) data for all these TiO 2 -based supports show oxidation states of Ti 4+ , with no Ti 3+ , suggesting low electronic conductivity. However, the deposition of metal nanoparticles onto the supports at loadings of 60 wt% metal dramatically increased conductivity, making these electrodes (metal particles + support) suitable for electrochemistry even though the supports have low conductivity. For some of these TiO 2 -based supports, the activity of Pt-Ru towards methanol oxidation was excellent, even surpassing the activity of the same electrocatalysts supported on carbon. The activity of the electrocatalyst depended on TiO 2 crystalline structure, the addition of Nb into the support and the weight loading of metal. For example, using anatase Nb-TiO 2 as a support increased the electrochemical activity of Pt-Ru by 83% compared to the same electrocatalysts supported on either carbon Vulcan XC-72R or rutile Nb-TiO 2 . This electrode was also 64% more active than the one that had anatase TiO 2 as the support with no Nb. Finally, increasing the weight loading of metal from 5 to 60% increased the conductivity by 5 orders of magnitude and the activity by a factor of 20.
HOW CAN WE KNOW ABOUT TOURISM

The present short essay review not only explores the conceptual dichotomies of tourism applied research, but also distinguishes the difference between tourism, as a mere business and touring which exhibits the needs of discoverying other places. The main thesis of this work is that ideology sorts people to different classes for the circulation and accumulation of capital. Tourism is one of the apparatuses that organize this class-sorting function. Again, from surface appearance, the main classes involved with tourism are the owners of the tourism firms, the capitalists, the workers in the tourism industry, the tourist proletariat, and the tourists, who appear as consumers of the tourist product. Setting aside the tourism capitalist for the moment, examine the tourism workers and the tourists more carefully. The tourism workers seem unexceptional. They are much like workers in any other mainly service industry.
Analysis of faulted induction motor fed with PWM inverter

The performance analysis of a faulted induction motor fed with a natural sampled pulse-width modulation (PWM) inverter is presented. Faults in both delta and star connections of the stator windings considered include open phase and backward phase connections. The influence of the zero-sequence current on the motor performance is taken into consideration. The average and pulsating torque components and the phase currents are predicted based on the fundamental component of the invertor output voltage. Current waveforms, etc., showing the influence of the harmonic-rich inverter output are also simulated. >
Delegated Portfolio Management and Agency

This paper investigates the effectiveness of linear compensation schemes in inducing portfolio managers to acquire precise information. The standard compensation schemes used in money management industry, the so-called fulcrum fees and fraction of funds fees are all linear schedules. However, previous research has argued that linear rules are irrelevant in giving incentives to the portfolio manager to acquire precise information. We revisit this issue in an equilibrium model, where the portfolio manager is a large trader and the equilibrium asset price partially reveals the manager's information to uninformed parties. In that setting, contrary to previous work, linear rules do give the portfolio manager incentives to acquire better information. The irrelevance result holds only when equilibrium asset price is completely independent from manager's information.
Slowing down the Grand Touring Prototype speed of cancer cells.

Enzymes involved in de novo production of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) have recently been revealed as integral components of melanoma progression through modulation of the activity of small GTPases. Here, we discuss the biology and therapeutic implications of these findings.
Effect of diethyldithiocarbamate on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunosuppressed rats.

Diethyldithiocarbamate was the only immune modulator of 7 evaluated to show activity against Cryptosporidium parvum in immunosuppressed rats. The model was then used to assess the drug's activity further. When administered prophy- lactically, oral doses ?-75 mg/kg/day significantly (P _ 0.05) reduced the severity of ileal infection and doses -300 mg/kg/day significantly (P - 0.05) inhibited infection of the biliary tract. When administered to rats with established infection, the drug significantly (P _ 0.05) reduced the parasite burden in the ileum but was ineffective against biliary tract infection. The data suggest that diethyldithiocarbamate is effective for treating cryptosporidiosis of the small intestine but is probably ineffective