cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-Voltage D-C Measurements on Electrical Insulating Oils

1. Apparatus has been developed which is suitable for the measurement at low voltages of the d-c conductances of electrical insulating oils. 2. The change of d-c conductance with time of a highly refined oil has been found to substantiate the theory. that low-voltage methods do measure the true d-c conductance of electrical insulating oils. 3. The change in the conductance of this oil is shown to be a function of VXt, V being the applied voltage, and t the length of time of application. 4. D-c measurements have been compared with a-c measurements on a low-viscosity oil and low-voltage d-c measurements have been shown to account for all of the a-c loss in the oil thereby again leading to the conclusion that the low-voltage methods developed in this paper do measure the true d-c conductance of electrical insulating oils.
Permanent antibiotic impregnated intramedullary nail in diabetic limb salvage: a case report and literature review

Managing complications after attempted hind foot and ankle arthrodesis with intramedullary nail fixation is a challenge. This situation becomes more problematic in the patient with diabetes mellitus and multiple comorbidities. Infection and subsequent osteomyelitis can be a devastating, limb threatening complication associated with these procedures. The surgeon must manage both the infectious process and the skeletal instability concurrently. This article provides a literature review and detailed management strategies for a modified technique of employing antibiotic impregnated polymethylmethacrylate-coated intramedullary nailing. Keywords: Charcot neuroarthropathy; infection; amputation; intramedullary nail; diabetic neuropathy; diabetic limb salvage (Published: 1 February 2012) Citation: Diabetic Foot & Ankle 2012, 3 : 11908 - DOI: 10.3402/dfa.v3i0.11908
SIGNIFICANCE OF TOPOCHEMICAL FACTORS ON RATE OF REACTIONS BETWEEN SOLID SALTS

The factors determining the rate of reactions between solids are discussed. When the solid phases are internally in equilibrium and when equilibrium also is established at the phase boundaries, the kinetics are given by the geometric dimensions of the system, the free energy decrease, and the mobility of the diffusing particles in the reaction product. These conditions are not fulfilled in most practical cases, the reactions being strongly dependent on topochemical factors. Topochemical imperfections in crystals and their influence on the reaction velocity are described, but the mechanism of reactions influenced by topochemical factors can only be found empirically. The way of approach is outlined for the case of spinel formation from zinc oxide and iron oxide.
Control of a Snake-Like Robot in an Elastically Deformable Channel

Hyper-redundant (HR) (snake-like) robotic manipulators are particularly adept at navigating narrow, convoluted paths, but have traditionally been difficult to model and control. In this paper, we outline a nonmodel-based control methodology, which allows a five-joint HR robot to traverse a foam channel of unknown curvature using the robot actuators as sensors. The robot is fitted to a waveform which is demonstrated to move the robot along a deformable channel. The waveform parameters are variable, and are adjusted by the developed controller such that the robot is able to navigate unknown curving paths. This robot is demonstrated to be able to navigate a constricted, compliant channel in which the robot is in continuous contact with its surroundings. It is intended that this technology be applied to a multilink actuated endoscope.
Inversion of the cis geometry requirement for cytotoxicity in structurally novel platinum(II) complexes containing the bidentate N,O-donor pyridin-2-yl-acetate.

Water soluble platinum(II) complexes have been synthesized that contain the N,O-chelate pyridin-2-yl acetate (PyAc) as a novel structural motif in platinum antitumor complexes. The trans-platinum complex trans-[PtCl(PyAc-N,O)(NH3)] (2) (N-donors are trans) and its isomer cis-[PtCl(PyAc-N,O)(NH3)] (4) (N trans to Cl) were prepared from trans-[PtCl2((NH3)(PyAcH)]·H2O (1·H2O) and cis-[PtCl2(NH3)(PyAcMe) (3), respectively, employing the bidentate ligand as its methylester (PyAcMe). 2 and 4 are readily formed from the respective dichloro species, even at low pH and in the presence of extra chloride, indicating a high thermodynamic stability of the PyAc chelate ring. 1·H2O and 2−4 were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. The solid-state structure of 2 was determined: triclinic, P1 (no. 2), with a = 8.170(2) A, b = 9.274(3) A, c = 7.374(2) A, α = 108.68(2)°, β = 113.27(2)°, γ = 74.40(2)°, V = 479.7(6) A3, Z = 2. The six-membered metallacyclus in 2 adopts a “boat” form, allowing ...
Thermal Analysis of Some Subterrene Penetrators

Various types of rock melting drills have been designed at Los Alamos. These have included density consolidating penetrators up to 90 mm in diameter of varying configurations. A number of these consolidators have been tested in loams, alluvium, and tuff. Extruders up to 87 mm in diameter designed for an improved advance rate have been used in alluvium and basalt. The results of thermal analyses of some of these existing penetrators under conditions of constant advance rate in tuff, alluvium, and basalt are presented. The basic finite element heat conduction code (AYER) used in the calculations is briefly reviewed along with the methods of including radiation, temperature dependent material properties, and power generation. The internal temperature distribution, power requirements, and possible advance rates are determined for various consolidating and extruding penetrators. The effects of rock properties, penetrator configuration, and thermal limitations on the advance rate are considered. Heater designs and the use of heat pipes in specific designs are discussed. A comparison with experimental test data is made where possible.
Lichen Planus-Like Drug Eruption Due to Para-Amino Salicylic Acid

Many favorable reports have been published following the administration of para-amino salicylic acid (PAS) in the treatment of visceral tuberculosis. Encouraging results have also been obtained in some cases of cutaneous tuberculosis. The toxic reactions of the drug are usually mild. They are manifested by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, gastralgia, fever, and alterations of the urinary tract.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MANUFACTURING AUTOMATION SYSTEM THROUGH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Abstract Innovative development methodologies, standards and tools for the structured design of complex automation systems are very important to configure interoperable, portable and scalable automation systems for next generation manufacturing systems. In the present work a development methodology is applied with particular reference to the automation system functional specification, which is based on emerging international standards and exploits object-oriented concepts. An application example is also addressed throughout the paper to highlight the benefits of the proposed framework. In particular, the development of automation functionalities for an highly innovative shoe manufacturing plant and regarding test is discussed.
The Political Science of Science: An Inquiry into the Possible Reconciliation of Mastery and Freedom*

My intention is to consider political science as a discipline and as a profession in relation to the impact of the physical and biological sciences and of engineering upon the life of man. I propose to inquire into the possible reconciliation of man's mastery over Nature with freedom, the overriding goal of policy in our body politic. In the interest of concreteness I shall have something to say about past and potential applications of science in three areas: armament, production, and evolution. It is trite to acknowledge that for years we have lived in the afterglow of a mushroom cloud and in the midst of an arms race of unprecedented gravity. Here I shall support a proposition that may at first evoke some incredulous exclamations. The proposition is that our intellectual tools have been sufficiently sharp to enable political scientists to make a largely correct appraisal of the consequences of unconventional weapons for world politics.
Between History and memory: creating a new subjectivity in David Trueba's Film "Soldados de Salamina"

Based on the novel of the same title by Javier Cercas, David Trueba's film version of Soldados de Salamina faithfully reflects the novel's plot and major events. 1 In both the filmic and literary t...
Gonadotropin Surge Induces Two Separate Increases in Messenger RNA for Progesterone Receptor in Bovine Preovulatory Follicles

In mice deficient in progesterone receptor (PR), follicles of ovulatory size develop but fail to ovulate, providing evidence for an essential role for progesterone and PR in ovulation in mice. However, little is known about the expression and regulation of PR mRNA in preovulatory follicles of ruminant species. One objective of this study was to determine whether and when PR mRNA is expressed in bovine follicular cells during the periovulatory period. Luteolysis and the LH/FSH surge were induced with prostaglandin F2a and a GnRH analogue, respectively, and the preovulatory follicle was obtained at 0, 3.5, 6, 12, 18, or 24 h after GnRH treatment. RNase protection assays revealed a transient increase in levels of PR mRNA, which peaked at 6 h after GnRH and declined to the time 0 value by 12 h and a second increase at 24 h. The second objective was to investigate the mechanisms that regulate PR mRNA expression through in vitro studies on follicular cells of preovulatory follicles obtained before the LH/FSH surge. Theca and granulosa cells were isolated and cultured with or without a luteinizing dose of LH or FSH, progesterone, LH 1 progesterone, or LH 1 antiprogestin (RU486). Levels of PR mRNA increased in a time-dependent manner in granulosa cells cultured with LH or FSH and in theca cells cultured with LH, peaking at 10 h of culture. In contrast, progesterone (200 ng/ml) did not upregulate mRNA for its own receptor, and neither progesterone nor RU486 affected LH-stimulated PR mRNA accumulation. Furthermore, RU486 completely blocked LH-stimulated expression of oxytocin mRNA, indicating that PR induced by LH in vitro is functional. These results show that the gonadotropin surge induces a rapid and transient increase in expression of PR mRNA in both theca and granulosa cells of bovine periovulatory follicles followed by a second rise close to the time of ovulation and that the first increase in PR mRNA can be mimicked in vitro by gonadotropins but not by progesterone. These results suggest multiple and time-dependent roles for progesterone and PR in the regulation of periovulatory events in cattle. follicular development, granulosa cells, ovary, progesterone receptor, theca cells
Global Model for High Power Microwave Breakdown at High Pressure

A major limiting factor in transmission of high power microwave radiation is dielectric window breakdown. Dielectric window breakdown from vacuum multipactor to collisional microwave discharge has been investigated using the PIC/MCC model for noble gases. The effect of a wide spectrum of reaction kinetics is very important in molecular gases like oxygen or air. However, it is not practical to investigate breakdown in molecular gases including detailed reaction kinetics using particle simulation due to the computational expense. Therefore, a fast volume-averaged global model was developed for the purpose of investigating the effect of reaction kinetics and plasma parameters for multiple species needed to model molecular gases. Since the global model is a fluid-based model, it requires specification of the electron energy distribution function (EEDF). Most global models assume a Maxwellian distribution for the electron energy distribution function. The electrons, however, are not in equilibrium in most discharges unless the electron-electron collision is dominant. The assumption of a Maxwellian EEDF produces inaccurate reaction rate coefficients for the plasma discharge and results in incorrect plasma parameters especially at high pressure. We examine the effect of the EEDF on the global model and develop a method to find the proper approximation of the EEDF to improve fidelity of the prediction of the high power microwave breakdown at high pressure. An application of the improved global model to oxygen and air breakdown is presented.
Associations of PER3 and RORA Circadian Gene Polymorphisms and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults

Background Depressive symptoms are common in older adults and associated with poor outcomes. Although circadian genes have been implicated in depression, the relationship between circadian genes and depressive symptoms in older adults is unclear. Methods A cross-sectional genetic association study of 529 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) representing 30 candidate circadian genes was performed in two population-based cohorts: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study (MrOS; N = 270, age: 76.58 ± 5.61 years) and the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) in women (N = 1740, 84.05 ± 3.53 years) and a meta-analysis was performed. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Geriatric Depression Scale categorizing participants as having none-few symptoms (0–2), some depressive symptoms (>2 to Results We found associations meeting multiple testing criteria for significance between the PER3 intronic SNP rs12137927 and decreased odds of reporting "some depressive symptoms" in the SOF sample (odds ratio [OR]: 0.61, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.48–0.78, df = 1, Wald χ 2 = −4.04, p = 0.000054) and the meta-analysis (OR: 0.61, CI: 0.48–0.78, z = –4.04, p = 0.000054) and between the PER3 intronic SNPs rs228644 (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.63–0.86, z = 3.82, p = 0.00013) and rs228682 (OR: 0.74, CI: 0.86–0.63, z = 3.81, p = 0.00014) and decreased odds of reporting "some depressive symptoms" in the meta-analysis compared to endorsing none–few depressive symptoms. The RORA intronic SNP rs11632098 was associated with greater odds of reporting "many depressive symptoms" (OR: 2.16, CI: 1.45–3.23, df = 1, Wald χ 2 = 3.76, p = 0.000168) in the men. In the meta-analysis the association was attenuated and nominally significant (OR: 1.63, CI: 1.24–2.16, z = 3.45, p = 0.00056). Conclusion PER3 and RORA may play important roles in the development of depressive symptoms in older adults.
Domain Specific Mapping for Solving Graph Problems on Reconfigurable Devices

Conventional mapping approaches to Reconfigurable Computing (RC) utilize CAD tools to perform the technology mapping of a high-level design. In comparison with the execution time on the hardware, extensive amount of time is spent for compilation by the CAD tools. However, the long compilation time is not always considered when evaluating the time performance of RC solutions. In this paper, we propose a domain specific mapping approach for solving graph problems. The key idea is to alleviate the intervention of the CAD tools at mapping time. High-level designs are synthesized with respect to the specific domain and are adapted to the input graph instance at run-time. The domain is defined by the algorithm and the reconfigurable target. The proposed approach leads to predictable RC solutions with superior time performance. The time performance metric includes both the mapping time and the execution time. For example, in the case of the single-source shortest path problem, the estimated run-time speed-up is 106 compared with the state-of-the-art. In comparison with software implementations, the estimated run-time speed-up is asymptotically 3.75 and can be improved by further optimization of the hardware design or improvement of the configuration time.
Multidimensional exercise for people with Parkinson's disease: a case report

The primary impairments associated with Parkinson's disease occur in combination with the secondary, preventable effects of immobility. A community-based fitness program may help increase activity and maintain function in people in the early or middle stages of the disease. This article describes a unique program designed to reduce fall risk and promote independent exercise for people with Parkinson's disease. Two 66-year-old males, both community ambulators and in early or middle stages of Parkinson's disease, participated in 3 months of various physical activities. Group balance classes were held twice weekly during the first month, participants joined a fitness center and self-directed their exercise program during the second month, and group Tai Chi classes were held twice weekly during the third month. At conclusion of the program, participants were given suggestions for continued physical fitness activities. After the 3-month program, improvements were noted for both individuals in functional reach, Timed Up and Go, and Berg Balance scores. Both participants continued to exercise regularly for at least 8 months following the program. Two individuals with Parkinson's disease demonstrated improvement in their balance test performance over a 3-month period. Perhaps most importantly, these participants independently continued exercising after completing this program.
Theoretical framework for transportation infrastructure asset management based on review of best practices

The transportation agencies have historically focused on major building and expansion of roads, bridges, and other transportation infrastructure. However, the emphasis has drastically shifted from development of new infrastructure to intelligently maintaining the existing one. In recent years, budget tightening and increasing demands had also impacted the allocation of funds in transportation infrastructure. This situation has lead to emphasize the development of asset management systems. At its core, asset management is a business process that often changes the way of thinking in an organization and drives the decisions based on information. A strong asset management system provides a solid foundation that optimizes the performance and cost effectiveness of transportation facilities’ operations and maintenance. Keeping in mind, this paper provides an overview of transportation infrastructure asset management. It provides a review of the best practices adopted by different transportation infrastructure agencies internationally & United States. The review shows that the front runners in the asset management system internationally are Australia while Michigan takes the lead in US. Finally, based on the review of best practices, a theoretical framework for transportation infrastructure asset management has been proposed. The framework is focused on six important aspects of an asset management system i.e. asset management organization and concept, planning, contractual arrangement and mechanisms, monitoring and performance measurement, information systems and decision making.
The effects of imagery on the paired-associate learning of adjectives

Imagery (I) of adjectives was varied on the stimulus and response sides of paired-associate tasks in both mixed-list (ML) and unmixed-list (UL) paradigms. In the ML paradigm, high-I response terms were learned significantly better than low-I response terms. More correct responses were given to high-I stimuli in the ML paradigm than to low-I stimuli, although reliability was statistically demonstrated only for the first five trials. No significant effects of I were found in the UL paradigm. These results were compared with those obtained in research with the I variable using nouns.
Chemical arms race between predator and prey: a test of predator digestive countermeasures against chemical labeling by dietary cues of prey

Prey fishes use chemical cues in their predator's diet to cue the context and timing of antipredator behaviors that reduce the risk of predation. They also use dietary cues to learn to recognize and later detect the presence of a predator. Because dietary chemical information decreases hunting success of predators there should be selection on predators to mask or obliterate these cues through biochemical processes in their digestive tract. In this study, we compared response intensity of predator-naive fathead minnows to the signature odors of two novel predators that had been fed either a minnow diet or a non-minnow diet. Unprocessed minnow mash and dechlorinated blank water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. One predator was from a relatively ancestral fish group, the order esociformes, while the other predator was from a relatively derived group, the order perciformes. Naive minnows were able to detect the presence of minnows in the diet of the ancestral and derived predators wi...
Temperature-dependent Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) sensing dynamics: Modeling and inverse compensation

Ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) have intrinsic sensing capabilities. Like many other sensing materials, however, IPMC sensors demonstrate strong temperature-dependent behaviors. In this paper we present the first systematic studies on temperature-dependent IPMC sensing dynamics. A cantilevered IPMC beam, soaked in a water bath with controlled temperature, is excited mechanically at its tip at frequencies of 10–100 Hz. The empirical frequency response of the sensor, with the tip displacement as input and the short-circuit current as output, shows clear dependence on the bath temperature. The sensing dynamics is modeled with a transfer function with temperature-dependent coefficients. By fitting the values of the coefficients at a set of test temperatures, we capture the temperature-dependence of the coefficients with polynomial functions, which can be used to predict the sensing dynamics at other temperatures. We further investigate the inversion of the sensing dynamics, for extracting the mechanical signal given the sensor output. In particular, a stable but noncausal inversion algorithm is applied to deal with the unstable zeros of the original sensing dynamics. Experimental results with both harmonic stimuli and free vibrations have validated the effectiveness of the proposed modeling and inversion schemes for IPMC sensors under different temperatures.
Investigation of falsified documents via direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray mass spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy

Microscopy with direct analyte-probed nanoextraction coupled to nanospray ionization mass spectrometry (DAPNe-NSI-MS) is a direct extraction technique that extracts ultra-trace amounts of analyte. It has been proven to extract ink from documents with little to no physical or chemical footprint. In this study, DAPNe has been coupled to Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and NSI-MS to determine if an ink entry from a document was falsified. A handwritten number was altered using a different ink pen to test if the aforementioned techniques could discriminate the original number from the altered number, qualitatively and/or quantitatively. Chemical species from part of the original number, altered number, and a point at which both inks intersect were successfully differentiated by all techniques when using different pens. DAPNe coupled to fluorescence microscopy and Raman spectroscopy was not able to discriminate the forged ink entry when the exact same pen was used to modify the text (due to the same ink formula). However, DAPNe-NSI-MS successfully discerned that the pen was dispensed on different days by quantitating the oxidation process.
Electron uptake by iron-oxidizing phototrophic bacteria

Oxidation-reduction reactions underlie energy generation in nearly all life forms. Although most organisms use soluble oxidants and reductants, some microbes can access solid-phase materials as electron-acceptors or -donors via extracellular electron transfer. Many studies have focused on the reduction of solid-phase oxidants. Far less is known about electron uptake via microbial extracellular electron transfer, and almost nothing is known about the associated mechanisms. Here we show that the iron-oxidizing photoautotroph Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 accepts electrons from a poised electrode, with carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source/electron acceptor. Both electron uptake and ruBisCo form I expression are stimulated by light. Electron uptake also occurs in the dark, uncoupled from photosynthesis. Notably, the pioABC operon, which encodes a protein system essential for photoautotrophic growth by ferrous iron oxidation, influences electron uptake. These data reveal a previously unknown metabolic versatility of photoferrotrophs to use extracellular electron transfer for electron uptake.
A Study on False Channel Condition Reporting Attacks in Wireless Networks

Wireless networking protocols are increasingly being designed to exploit a user's measured channel condition; we call such protocols channel-aware . Each user reports the measured channel condition to a manager of wireless resources and a channel-aware protocol uses these reports to determine how resources are allocated to users. In a channel-aware protocol, each user's reported channel condition affects the performance of every other user. The deployment of channel-aware protocols increases the risks posed by false channel-condition feedback. In this paper, we study what happens in the presence of an attacker that falsely reports its channel condition. We perform case studies on channel-aware network protocols to understand how an attack can use false feedback and how much the attack can affect network performance. The results of the case studies show that we need a secure channel condition estimation algorithm to fundamentally defend against the channel-condition misreporting attack. We design such an algorithm and evaluate our algorithm through analysis and simulation. Our evaluation quantifies the effect of our algorithm on system performance as well as the security and the performance of our algorithm.
Penny-Wise, Pound-Foolish? Highmark Medicare Services' Proposal for Anticoagulation Clinic Reimbursement

Warfarin is prescribed to millions of Americans for the management of thromboembolism and is a common cause of adverse events. Optimizing warfarin therapy has been the focus of national quality improvement initiatives. Anticoagulation clinics have been demonstrated to result in better outcomes than usual care. Nevertheless, Highmark Medicare Services recently issued a provider bulletin on anticoagulation clinic visit reimbursement that we believe will adversely affect the care for patients on anticoagulation. In this commentary, we review the potential unintended consequences of this proposal and offer alternatives that we believe will increase the efficiency and quality of anticoagulation management.
Relation between swelling, surface area and b dimension of Na-montmorillonites

From swelling and surface area measurements, it was found that the swelling of a montmorillonite depends linearly on the fraction of its layers that fully expand in water and that this fraction, in turn, depends linearly on the b dimension of the unit cell. Therefore, swelling is a linear function of the b dimension. However, the specific surface area of a montmorillonite is a linear function of its b dimension only if no partially expanded layers exist. It was also found that the distance between fully expanded layers at a given applied pressure is the same for all montmorillonites.
Viral lymphomagenesis: from pathophysiology to the rationale for novel therapies

The association between viruses and lymphomas has long been recognized; however, the pathophysiological phenomena behind this relationship are unclear, and have been the object of intense research. Although our understanding of such mechanisms is slowly improving, much is still left to learn. With the recent advances in cancer biology, a diversity of biological pathways and novel targets and agents have been described in patients with haematological malignancies and successfully put into clinical practice. Clear examples are rituximab and brentuximab vedotin in patients with B cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma respectively. The main purpose of this review is not only to succinctly summarize what we know regarding the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of virally induced lymphomas and to describe the current practices in terms of diagnosis of treatment of such lymphomas, but also to provide a scientific rationale for the use of novel therapies that are likely to improve the outcomes of patients with these conditions.
Design of a Main-Bus Switching Regulator with Low RF Interference for the Radio Astronomy Explorer Satellite

This paper describes a variable ratio dc transformer regulator used in a voltage boost configuration to process the main vehicle power from a solar array battery power system in the Radio Astronomy Explorer (RAE) spacecraft. The selection of the design approach for the switching regulator is presented, together with an analysis of its operation and definition of its characteristics, functional performance, and test results. The regulator transforms a variable voltage input to a constant average voltage by constant-frequency pulse width modulation. Two major advantages are high efficiency and essentially constant thermal dissipation over a wide range of input power. The boost configuration employs a power transformer and transistor switches to handle only boost power. This method significantly reduces the RF interference generated in switching as compared to other series-switching regulation techniques, for voltage step-up, or step-down. The RF interference (RFI) inherent in the use of a switching regulator presented a major problem. The circuit elements, mode of regulation, and packaging arrangement were all developed to minimize RFI with the least sacrifice of performance.
longitudinal analysis of levels of immunoglobulins against BK virus capsid proteins in kidney transplant recipients.

This study sought to evaluate serology and PCR as tools for measuring BK virus (BKV) replication. Levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA against BKV capsids were measured at five time points for 535 serial samples from 107 patients by using a virus-like particle-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Viral DNA in urine and plasma samples was quantitated. The seroconversion rate was 87.5% (14/16); 78.6% (11/14) and 14.3% (2/14) of patients who seroconverted developed viruria and viremia, respectively. Transient seroreversion was observed in 18.7% of patients at 17.4 ± 11.9 weeks posttransplant and was not attributable to loss of antigenic stimulation, changes in immunosuppression, or antiviral treatment. Titers for anti-BK IgG, IgA, and IgM were higher in patients with BKV replication than in those without BKV replication. A rise in the optical density (OD) of anti-BK IgA (0.19), IgM (0.04), or IgG (0.38) had a sensitivity of 76.6 to 88.0% and a specificity of 71.7 to 76.1% for detection of viruria. An anti-BK IgG- and IgA-positive phenotype at week 1 was less frequent in patients who subsequently developed viremia (14.3%) than in those who subsequently developed viruria (42.2%) (P = 0.04). Anti-BK IgG OD at week 1 showed a weak negative correlation with peak urine viral load (r = −0.25; P = 0.05). In summary, serial measurements of anti-BKV immunoglobulin class (i) detect onset of viral replication, (ii) document episodes of seroreversion, and (iii) can potentially provide prognostic information.
P6D-3 3-D Ultrasound Guidance of Surgical Robotics: Autonomous Guidance and Catheter Transducers

In 2006 our laboratory showed that a matrix array endoscope capable of real-time 3D (RT3D) scanning could be used to guide a surgical robot with an rms error of less than 2 mm. In this study, we examine two new topics in robotic guidance: (1) the feasibility of using a real-time 3D (RT3D) ultrasound scanner with a transthoracic array to guide an autonomous surgical robot by using a fiducial transducer mark and thresholding to achieve image segmentation. (2) using intra-cardiac and intravascular 3D catheters with the 3D scanner measurement package. We tested the accuracy of using the scanner to automatically direct a robot arm which touched two needle tips together within a water tank and a vascular graft and performed simulated needle biopsies of a cyst-like lesion in a tissue phantom.
Injuries to Children

Trauma is the leading killer of children after the first year of life. Unlike trauma in the adult world, where penetrating injuries (mainly a result of firearms) predominate, pediatric trauma deaths are most commonly caused by blunt force injury (Table 1). Traumatic injuries and deaths do occur in children younger than 1 yr, however, congenital disease and prematurity claim more lives in that group and unintentional injuries are up to 15 times more common than injuries caused by abuse, although they tend to be less severe (1). As will be demonstrated in this chapter, it is highly likely that an infant with the combination of a lower extremity fracture and virtually any other injury has been intentionally injured.
Choosing a Nursing Home: What Do Consumers Want to Know, and Do Preferences Vary across Race/Ethnicity?

Objective To identify what consumers want to know about nursing homes (NHs) before choosing one and to determine whether information preferences vary across race/ethnicity. Data Sources/Study Setting Primary data were collected in Greater Boston (January 2013–February 2014) from community-dwelling, white, black, and Latino adults aged 65+ and 40–64 years, who had personal/familial experience with a NH admission or concerns about one. Study Design Eleven focus groups and 30 interviews were conducted separately by race/ethnicity and age group. Principal Findings Participants wanted detailed information on the facility, policies, staff, and residents, such as location, staff treatment of residents, and resident conditions. They wanted a sense of the NH gestalt and were interested in feedback/reviews from residents/families. Black and Latino participants were especially interested in resident and staff racial/ethnic concordance and facility cultural sensitivity. Latino participants wanted information on staff and resident language concordance. Conclusions Consumers want more information about NHs than what is currently available from resources like Nursing Home Compare. Report card makers can use these results to enhance their websites, and they should consider the distinct needs of different racial/ethnic groups. Future research should test methods for collecting and reporting resident and family feedback/reviews.
SOI-Based Integrated Gate Driver Circuit for High-Temperature Applications

The growing demand for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) has increased the need for high-temperature electronics that can operate at the temperatures that exist under the hood of these vehicles. In many cases this requires the use of thermal management systems to allow for the use of components not designed to operate at the ambient temperatures found in the engine compartment of an HEV. These systems add weight and complexity, which can increase the overall cost and reduce the efficiency of the vehicle. The alternative is to develop circuits and systems capable of operating with reduced or no thermal management. To this end, the latest version of our high-temperature gate driver integrated circuit (IC) has been developed. Designed and implemented on a 0.8-micron bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process, this gate driver chip is intended to drive silicon carbide (SiC) and other wide-bandgap (WBG) power field-effect transistors (FETs) for DC-DC converters and traction drives in HEVs. To ...
Abstract 4843: Inhibition of autophagy for the treatment of lung cancer

Recent studies indicate that autophagy plays an important role in cancer pathogenesis, and therefore may be a good target for cancer therapies. However, the role of autophagy is complex and it is possible that early in pathogenesis autophagy plays a role in tumor suppression while in later stages it may play a role in tumor progression. One hypothesis is that cancer cells use autophagy as a protective mechanism to overcome stress induced by chemotherapy. While there has been some success in enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy treatment by targeting autophagy in some cancer types, very little is known about the potential benefits of autophagy targeting drugs in the treatment of lung cancer. In order to determine the efficacy of autophagy inhibition in the treatment of lung cancer, the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine was used in combination with several standard chemotherapy agents to treat a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lines. Drug response to chloroquine alone, as well as in combination with cisplatin, erlotinib, or paclitaxel was determined using a five day MTS assay performed in 96 well microtiter plates. Synergy, additivity, or antagonism was determined by calculating the combination index for combined chloroquine (using both 1 and 10 uM) plus chemotherapy or EGFR targeted treatments. In tests of chloroquine as a single agent in 50 NSCLC lines (representing the complete spectrum of oncogenotypes such as KRAS, EGFR, STK11/LKB1, PTEN, and p53 mutations) IC50 values ranged from 9 to 125uM. Autophagosome formation can be observed with immunoblotting by monitoring the conversion of the protein LC3 to its membrane bound phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) conjugated form. Western blotting experiments were performed to demonstrate that in every case NSCLCs treated with 1uM chloroquine showed inhibition of the degradation of autophagosomes, thereby preventing autophagic flux. Of the NSCLCs tested with combined chloroquine + chemotherapy, only a few showed sensitization to cisplatin (2/12) or to erlotinib (3/8, two with EGFR mutations), while no sensitization was found to paclitaxel. Liquid colony formation assays verified the results found by mass culture MTS assay, except in one case where sensitization to cisplatin was not seen with chloroquine addition, but was seen by MTS assay. In all cases the sensitization was Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4843.
Comparison of Four Eddy-Viscosity SGS Models in Large-Eddy Simulation of Flows Over Rough Walls

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) has become an increasingly attractive option for turbulence modeling due to the rise in computing power and the improvement in sub-grid scale (SGS) parameterizations. This study tests the improvements in simulations of wall-bounded flows over heterogeneous surfaces attained by the implementation of three improvements in the eddy-viscosity SGS closure: the dynamic model by Germano et al. [1], the Lagrangian model by Meneveau et al. [2], and the scale-dependent approach by Porte-Agel et al. [3]. The dynamic model consists of using the resolved scales to ‘measure’ the model coefficient during the simulation; therefore, no a-priori knowledge of the coefficient or the flow physics is needed. The traditional dynamic approach averages the coefficient over statistically homogeneous directions to numerically stabilize the simulations. The Lagrangian model relaxes the need for homogeneous directions by averaging the coefficient over pathlines, hence allowing local determination of the coefficient and facilitating applications to complex-geometry flows. The scale-dependent approach uses the dynamic formulation but does not assume that the SGS coefficients are scale-invariant, as is the case in traditional dynamic formulations. The deficiencies of the traditional Smagorinsky model are confirmed. Implementation of a dynamic model treats some of these deficiencies but is found to be under-dissipative close to the wall in high Reynolds number LES that does not resolve the viscous layer. The sensitivity of the model coefficient to the wall roughness is demonstrated thus confirming the need for a local SGS model such as the Lagrangian model used here. Finally, when the Lagrangian-dynamic model is implemented with the scale-dependent formulation, the results improve significantly.
Risk Factors and the Duration of Homelessness among Drug-Using Arrestees: Evidence from 30 American Counties:

We examined risk factors influencing length of homelessness among a sample of drug-using adults booked into jails in 30 American counties during the years 2002–2003. Interviews were conducted with ...
Tetraspanin CD81, a modulator of immune suppression in cancer and metastasis

Cancer cells can escape the antitumor immune response by recruiting immune suppressor cells. However, although innate myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and T regulatory (Treg) cells accumulate normally in tumor-bearing CD81-deficient mice, both populations are impaired in their ability to suppress the antitumor immune response.
Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment.

Importance Clinical decision making regarding the appropriate use of aspirin for the primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events is complex, and requires an individualized benefit to risk assessment. Objective To review advances in the individualized assessment for ASCVD and bleeding risk, and to provide an update of the randomized clinical trial evidence that examined the use of aspirin for primary prevention (primarily for ASCVD, and secondarily for colorectal cancer). The recently released 2016 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations are discussed, as well as the role of ASCVD risk, age, sex, and aspirin dose/formulation in clinical decision making. Evidence Review We performed a detailed review of peer-reviewed publications that were identified through searches of MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database through 2016 using the literature search terms “aspirin,” “primary prevention,” “cardiovascular disease,” “mortality,” “cancer.” Bibliographies from these references as well as meta-analyses of these randomized clinical trials were also reviewed. Findings Evidence from a total of 11 trials involving more than 118 000 patients is available to guide clinical decision making for aspirin use in the primary prevention of ASCVD. Clinicians should balance the benefit to risk ratio and the individual’s preferences, calculating the 10-year ASCVD risk and evaluating risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding, to facilitate a safer and more personalized approach to appropriate selection of candidates for low-dose aspirin (75 to 81 mg/d) for the primary prevention of ASCVD, with secondary considerations for reducing colorectal cancer risk when taken for longer periods (>10 years). Both the net ASCVD benefit and the bleeding risk of aspirin therapy increased as the absolute ASCVD risk increased, but the net benefits generally exceeded the risks at higher baseline ASCVD risk (≥10% ASCVD 10-year risk). The Aspirin-Guide is a clinical decision making support tool (app for mobile devices) with internal risk calculators to help clinicians with this dual assessment by calculating the ASCVD risk and the bleeding risk in the individual patient, and incorporating age- and sex-specific guidance based on randomized trial results. Conclusions and Relevance Balancing the benefit of ASCVD reduction with the risk of bleeding from low-dose aspirin is difficult but essential for informed decision making and achieving a net clinical benefit from aspirin for primary prevention. This is facilitated by a free and readily available evidence-based clinical decision support tool.
Animal Health: Tuberculosis

Abstract Bovine tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis , primarily affecting cattle but also has the capacity to infect other mammals, including a variety of wildlife species and humans. The disease results in significant agricultural losses and it is considered one of the most important cattle diseases globally. Although the disease has been controlled successfully in some developed countries, infection remains a challenge when the bacterium is transmitted between cattle and wildlife and when efficient control programs are missing. Research on vaccines and more accurate diagnostic tools is active and the development of new molecular technologies is in progress. The unique characteristics of the Mycobacterium genus make the disease a challenging issue for agriculture today.
Causality-based Sensemaking of Network Traffic for Android Application Security

Malicious Android applications pose serious threats to mobile security. They threaten the data confidentiality and system integrity on Android devices. Monitoring runtime activities serves as an important technique for analyzing dynamic app behaviors. We design a triggering relation model for dynamically analyzing network traffic on Android devices. Our model enables one to infer the dependency of outbound network requests from the device. We describe a new machine learning approach for discovering the dependency of network requests. These request-level dependence relations are used to detect stealthy malware activities. Malicious requests are identified due to the lack of dependency with legitimate triggers. Our prototype is evaluated on 14GB network traffic data and system logs collected from an Android tablet. Experimental results show that our solution achieves a high accuracy (99.1%) in detecting malicious requests sent from new malicious apps.
Impact of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Relapsing After T Cell Depleted Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (SCT)

Abstract 2762 Although SCT is now uncommon treatment for CML, many patients transplanted for CML have become long term survivors and some continue to relapse late post transplant. It is therefore important to evaluate the management of relapse in CML transplant survivors in the era of TKI treatment. We studied 112 patients with Ph+ CML who underwent HLA identical sibling SCT between 1993 to 2008. The mean age was 36 years (range 13–69). Eighty (71%) were in chronic phase, 17 in accelerated phase, 5 in second chronic phase and 10 in blastic phase. Ninety-nine (88%) received myeloablative conditioning regimen with cyclophosphamide +/− fludarabine and total body irradiation and 13 received a non-myeloablative regimen. GVHD prophylaxis was with cyclosporine. Bone marrow or G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood stem cells from the donor were manipulated to achieve 4-log CD3+ cell reduction ex vivo. Peripheral blood BCR-ABL p210 product was regularly monitored by either double nested PCR (until 2003) or real time PCR (2003 to present). For molecular relapse, patients received donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) with or without imatinib 400–600mg/day. Patients with hematological relapse received a variety of treatments including second SCT. At a median follow up of 6.2 years, 10 year-relapse free survival and overall survival were 34% and 57% respectively. Overall 49 (43.8%) patients relapsed, 28 with molecular and 22 with hematological relapse. Median time to relapse from HSCT was 379 days (range 16–3718 days). Overall survival was not significantly different between relapsed patients and non-relapsed patients. (10-year OS: 59 % vs 55%, P=0.385). Thirty-five relapsed patients (71.4%) were treated with TKI based therapy. Overall survival after relapse was significantly better after TKI based therapy compared to non-TKI based therapy. (5-year survival after relapse: 78% vs 36%, P=0.004 respectively). The benefit of TKI was greater in hematological relapse (median survival after hematological relapse 1182 days in TKI based vs 72 days in others P=0.025). At 7 years median follow up after relapse, 27 (96.4%) patients with molecular relapse are alive in major molecular remission and 20 (71%) no longer receive TKI. These results show that the outlook for relapse after SCT for CML is favorable in the TKI treatment era and that combination of TKI and DLI can achieve long-term disease free survival post relapse. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.