cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental/Numerical Study of Multiple Rows of Confined Jet Impingement Normal to a Surface at Close Distances

Impingement cooling is used in a variety of applications ranging from industrial bakeries, paper processing, heat exchangers and specially gas turbine engines of all sizes to name a few. Convective impingement cooling has been studied numerous times in a variety of configurations. However little work has been conducted regarding impingement between two surfaces separated by less than one impingement jet hole diameter. This configuration is of special interest for gas turbine cooling applications such as in shrouds, combustor liners and airfoils cooling cavities where small holes are used to cool and purge cavities between two adjacent pieces of hardware. In this study, flow and temperature fields as well as heat transfer coefficients for confined jet impingement are being investigated for multiple rows of round jets impinging normal to a target surface less than one hole diameter from the jet origin. The experiments were conducted for five rows of jets with five jets on each row and steady-state liquid crystal thermography for heat transfer measurements were utilized. Numerical results were obtained from a three-dimensional unstructured computational fluid dynamics model with over 4 million hexahedral elements. For turbulence modeling, the realizable k–e was employed in combination with enhanced wall treatment approach for the near wall regions. Other available RANS turbulence models such as k–ω, v2f and large eddy simulation were tried for selected geometries and results are compared with those of k–e model. Nusselt numbers on the target areas and discharge coefficients for flow across the jet holes are reported for jet Reynolds numbers ranging from 10000 to 50000, pitch-to-diameter, P/d, values of 2,3 and 4, each for jet distance-to-diameter Z/d, values of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2 and 3. Comparisons are made between the test and numerically-obtained results in order to evaluate the employed turbulence models and validate the numerically obtained results. Results showed severe reduction in discharge coefficients as the jet holes were brought closer to each other and closer to the target wall. Heat transfer performance for the hole lateral spacing of P/d = 4 was found to be superior to that for P/d = 2 or P/d = 3.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Sense of Competence and Individual Managerial Performance

This study relates an individual's sense of competence to his actual performance in managerial settings. The sense of competence is the set of psychological feelings of confidence an individual has...
Effects of band weaving on fiber strength in filament-wound composite structures

Abstract Filament winding of composite structures generally causes fiber bands to weave or undulate throughout the structure in a non-periodic fashion, except for hoop-only winding. This causes the filament-wound fiber bands, made from multiple groups of filaments, called tows, to fail below the fiber strength of straight fibers. This fiber failure strength reduction is investigated by performing a finite element stress analysis and developing a strength-of-material type closedform solution for curved fibers. The stress analysis results from both methods are compared to actual test results conducted on single and double type weave patterns. The predicted failure stress from the analysis closely matches the experimental results. Application of this work to filament-wound composite pressure vessels is discussed.
Toxicity of Dieldrin for Dopaminergic Neurons in Mesencephalic Cultures

Abstract Dieldrin can be retained for decades in lipid-rich tissue and has been measured in some postmortem PD brains. Dieldrin has been reported to deplete brain monoamines in several species and has been shown to inhibit mitochondrial respiration. To further investigate the possibility that it may be involved in the pathogenesis of parkinsonism, its toxicity for dopaminergic (DA) neurons was assessed in a mesencephalic cell culture model. Primary neuronal cultures of mesencephalic neurons were prepared from fetal rats or fetal mice, grown for 1 week and incubated with Dieldrin (0.01–100 μM) for 24 or 48 h. Toxicity for DA neurons was determined by measuring density of surviving tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells. Toxicity for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons was determined by measuring survival of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-ir neurons. General, nonselective cytotoxicity was determined by counting cells visualized by phase contrast microscopy or by DAPI-stained cells with fluorescence microscopy. Dieldrin exposure for 24 h resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in survival of TH-IR cells (DA neurons) with a 50% decrease (EC 50 ) produced by 12 μM in rat mesencephalic cultures. Dieldrin also produced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in mouse DA-ergic and GABA-ergic neurons in mouse mesencephalic cultures. GABA-ergic neurons were less sensitive to the toxin compared to DA-ergic neurons. Cellular uptake of 3 H-DA was also affected by lower concentrations of Dieldrin (EC 50 = 7.98 μM) than uptake of 3 H-GABA (EC 50 = 43 μM). Thus, Dieldrin appears to be a relatively selective DA-ergic neurotoxin in mesencephalic cultures. Dieldrin, which may be ubiquitous in the environment, is proposed as an agent which can initiate and promote dopaminergic neurodegeneration in susceptible individuals.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor-mediated potentiation of adenovirus delivery to myocardium.

Current gene therapy models are limited by inadequate vector delivery. Increases in microvascular permeability have been shown to improve adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to ex vivo and in vivo models. We explored the intracellular mechanism underlying the permeabilizing effects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Using an ex vivo model of coronary perfusion in rabbits, we found a dose-response relationship between VEGF and the efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and guanylate cyclase prevented the VEGF effect, and analogues of nitric oxide and cGMP mimicked the effect. Co-administration of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and VEGF caused a synergistic increase in gene delivery. These results can be readily applied to existing models to further optimize vector delivery for gene therapy.
INFLUENCE OF FATTY ACIDS ON APPEARANCE OF BACTERIAL PHOSPHOLIPASE D IN INCUBATED PLASMA.

SummaryThe role of fatty acids in the elaboration of bacterial phospholipase D in incubations of fresh human plasma has been studied. An optimal amount of fatty acid could be specified, dependent on the amount and type of protein present. Enzyme activity was greater in the presence of cephalin (PE) than lecithin, oleic acid than palmitic acid, and globulin than albumin.
A micro-continuum model for the creep behavior of complex nanocrystalline materials

Abstract A nanocrystalline material which has an average grain size of less than 100 nm is characterized with a significant portion of atoms residing in the grain boundaries or in the grain-boundary affected zone (GBAZ), while nanocrystalline materials with a more complex structure may contain additional strengthening nanoparticles or nano pores. In this article we develop a micro-continuum model to capture the creep response of such a complex nanocrystalline system. We make use of the concept of a three-phase composite with the GBAZ serving as the matrix, and grain interiors and dispresed particles (or voids) as two distinct types of inclusions. Both the grain interior and the GB zone are capable of undergoing the rate-dependent plastic deformation, but the strengthening nanoparticles or pores are taken to deform only elastically. During deformation the porosity will continue to evolve; its evolution is also addressed. In addition, the effect of temperature on the overall creep response is also accounted for. Several important features of creep characteristics in light of grain size, and nanoparticle and nanopore concentrations, are illustrated, and it is also demonstrated that the calculated results are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data.
Proteasome inhibition up-regulates inflammatory gene transcription induced by an atypical pathway of NF-κB activation

Proteasome inhibition has become synonymous with inhibition of NF-κB activity. However, hyperactive NF-κB responses often accompany physiological conditions marked by proteasomal defects, i.e. advancing age, geriatric diseases, and bortezomib resistance. These paradoxical NF-κB responses are likely to be impervious to proteasomal defects because they stem from atypical NF-κB signaling induced by upstream mechanisms which are proteasome-independent. While this atypical pathway does not require proteasome for NF-κB nuclear translocation, a role for proteasome in regulating nuclear NF-κB remains unexplored. We now demonstrate that proteasome stringently controls transcription of inflammatory mediators regulated by this atypical NF-κB pathway. Proteolytic activity of the proteasome mediates the removal of the NF-κB subunit, p65/RelA, from inflammatory genes, thereby terminating atypical NF-κB-dependent transcriptional responses. For the first time, we demonstrate that both 19S and 20S components of the 26S proteasome complex are recruited to an inflammatory gene promoter; additionally, the 19S and 20S complexes appear to play distinct roles in the negative regulation of NF-κB-dependent transcription. By demonstrating that proteasome regulates the termination of atypical NF-κB-dependent transcriptional responses, these studies clearly indicate a novel, regulatory role for proteasome in atypical NF-κB signaling. Moreover, these results signal a potential interplay between lowered proteasomal function and increased inflammation and may explain why inflammation accompanies physiological conditions under which proteasomal function is compromised, such as during advancing age or following bortezomib treatment. Given this role for proteasome in inflammation resolution, restoration of proteasome function may constitute a novel mechanism for intervening in chronic inflammatory diseases.
Identification of O2-substituted pyrimidine adducts formed in reactions of 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)- 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and 4-(acetoxymethylnitros- amino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol with DNA.

Metabolic hydroxylation of the methyl group of the tobacco specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) results in the formation of intermediates that can alkylate DNA. Similarly, metabolic hydroxylation of the 2‘-position of the tobacco specific carcinogen N‘-nitrosonornicotine gives DNA alkylating intermediates. The resulting pyridyloxobutyl and pyridylhydroxybutyl adducts with dGuo have been characterized, but there are no reports of pyrimidine adducts. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the reactions of 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKCH2OAc) and 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNALCH2OAc) with DNA, dCyd, and dThd. NNKCH2OAc and NNALCH2OAc are stable precursors to the products formed upon metabolic methyl hydroxylation of NNK and NNAL. Analysis by LC-ESI-SIM of enzyme hydrolysates of DNA that had been allowed to react with NNKCH2OAc and NNALCH2OAc d...
Using β-Cell Growth Factors to Enhance Human Pancreatic Islet Transplantation*

This is a particularly exciting time in the field of pancreatic islet growth, development, and survival. The recent publication of a study demonstrating that human pancreatic islet transplantation is both technically and immunologically feasible has highlighted the need for large supplies of pancreatic islets or pancreatic β cells for larger-scale islet transplantation in patients with diabetes. This, together with a rapid expansion in the past several years of the understanding of mechanisms of islet growth, development, and survival, has accelerated and invigorated efforts to therapeutically harness the cellular mechanisms responsible for pancreatic β-cell proliferation, survival, and development and to take advantage of this new knowledge to enhance the availability, survival, and function of pancreatic β cells in human islet transplantation for diabetes mellitus. Here, we briefly review the confluence of events that have provided optimism and energy to the islet transplant field, and we focus on pepti...
Sampling strategies for the arts: A hypernetwork approach☆

Abstract This paper briefly describes some methods that can be used to generate and analyze data on arts-related phenomena. It begins with a brief summary of the advantages of probability samples for the study of the arts, and then describes the hypernetwork sampling method for generating data on entities for which no sampling frame exists. The paper then discusses some examples of the analysis of hypernetwork data, and concludes with some sensitizing questions that could be addressed.
Immune markers of disease severity and treatment response in pediatric acquired aplastic anemia

Background To investigate the immune status among pediatric patients with aplastic anemia (AA) and explore PNH-status, T-regulatory and NK-cell frequency as potential markers of clinical response. Methods Data were retrospectively analyzed from twenty-six patients diagnosed with AA. PNH populations, T- and NK-subsets were determined via flow cytometry. Results At diagnosis, 9/23 patients with severe AA (SAA) versus 1/3 with moderate AA (MAA) were PNHpos. Among PNHpos patients treated with ATG based immunosuppression, 2/6 had a complete response (CR), while 4/6 had a partial response (PR), similarly 2/6 PNHneg patients had a CR and 4/6 had a PR. Lymphocyte subset immunophenotyping revealed that T-regulatory cells represented 7.2% of total lymphocytes at diagnosis. Their frequency varied with disease severity (5.5% for SAA and 14.1% for MAA) and response (8.9% for CR and 1.5% for PR), generally increasing following therapy with IST (14.6%). The NK cell frequency was not substantially different based on disease severity or response. Conclusions Neither PNH cell populations, nor NK cell frequency corresponded with disease severity or response. T-regulatory cell frequency, although not statistically significant given the small sample size, corresponded with both severity and response, indicating potential utility as a prognostic tool. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 455–460. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comment on "Decade rate multiplier"

The referenced letter suggests a method of achieving a decade rate multiplier with evenly spaced output pulses. Here it is shown that the proposed technique can be implemented in a straightforward manner using integrated-circuit divide-by-N counters.
Identification of specific small molecule ligands for stem loop 3 ribonucleic acid of the packaging signal Ψ of human immunodeficiency virus-1

We have screened the NCI diversity set library for molecules that bind specifically to stem loop 3 (SL3) RNA of the packaging element Psi of HIV-1 using the docking programs DOCK and AutoDock, followed by MD simulations. The association of the predicted ligands with SL3 RNA was characterized using fluorescence, ITC, UV-melting, CD, and footprinting techniques. Nine ligands for SL3 RNA have been identified, four of which bind with higher affinity to SL3 RNA than to either single- or double-stranded RNA motifs. The most selective ligands, 9 (NSC252359) and 5 (NSC123111), bind SL3 RNA with dissociation constants of 11 microM and 98 microM, respectively. Compound 9 binds with 4-7-fold higher affinity to SL3 RNA than to the other tetraloops found in Psi-RNA, SL2 and SL4 RNAs. The results suggest that both 9 and 5 bind to the stem region of SL3 RNA without large distortions of the SL3 RNA.
Local mass media operations in disasters in the USA

Summarizes, under 12 general propositions, the findings from a series of field studies by the Disaster Research Center about the operations of the local mass media in disasters in the USA. The topics covered range from the disaster planning undertaken by mass media organizations, to the content of the news reported, and about differences among the electronic and print media involved, to the input of citizens into stories about disasters. Additionally, raises questions about the extent to which the findings can be extrapolated to other than US society.
Effects of progesterone and estrogen on the histology of the oviduct of the garter snake, Thamnophis elegans

Abstract Silastic capsules packed with estradiol and/or progesterone were implanted in ovariectomized viviparous garter snakes ( Thamnophis elegans ) in order to define the role of these steroids in inducing histological recrudescence in the uterine segment of the oviduct. During the preovulatory period, the uterine tubuloalveolar glands and tall columnar, luminal epithelium of intact snakes were exceedingly well-developed and possessed numerous PAS-positive granules. Plasma estrogen concentrations were quite high (1833 ± 167 pg/ml) at this time and progesterone levels were variable (3.3 ± 2.3 ng/ml). Ovariectomy significantly reduced plasma levels of estrogen (79 ± 48 pg) and progesterone (1.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml) as well as the height and secretory condition of the luminal and glandular epithelium of the uterus. Administration of estradiol to ovariectomized garter snakes for 10 days elevated plasma estrogen levels to 758 ± 351 pg/ml and partially restored epithelial cell height and glandular activity. Administration of progesterone elevated plasma levels to physiological concentrations (4.3 ± 2.6 ng/ml) but had little or no stimulatory effect on uterine histology. Simultaneous administration of estradiol and progesterone for 10 days failed to induce additional stimulatory effects on uterine histology over and above those produced by estradiol alone. Results of this study indicate that estradiol is the most important ovarian hormone in regulating development of the uterus. However, additional hormones, other than progesterone, may possibly be required for full restoration of the garter snake uterus to the preovulatory condition.
Myth, gender, and musical meaning: The magic flute, Beethoven, and 19th‐century sonata form revisited

Abstract Due to its convoluted story, The Magic Flute is rightly seen as one of the most problematic works in the standard repertory, particularly when the moral ambiguities and inexplicable twists in that story seem to imply misogynist and racist views on the part of Schikaneder and, by implication, Mozart. Analysis of the plot in terms of Jungian symbols and archetypes, however, allows all the characters to be seen as aspects of a single personality, and the peripeties of the story to be interpreted as standard stages in the process of male psychological and spritual self‐actualization. Such a reading, in turn, is relevant to the current controversy over gendered interpretation of tonal form in music, which is also usually argued in external (extraverted), rather than psychological (introverted) terms. The plot archetype presented in Mozart's opera sheds considerable light on the more inward‐looking implications of sonata form, particularly as it has been handled by Beethoven and his successors. Interpr...
Theophylline blood-brain barrier transfer kinetics in dogs

A simple diffusion-based pharmacokinetic model is proposed relating blood-brain barrier transfer kinetics of theophylline to the difference in the free concentrations of the drug in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The model predicts that the CSF drug level is proportional to the serum drug level convoluted by exp(-kt), where k is the blood-brain barrier diffusion rate constant. An excellent agreement was found by nonlinear regression analysis between serum and CSF theophylline data in eight dogs and the proposed model for the blood-brain barrier transfer kinetics of theophylline. The ratio of the free fractions of theophylline in serum and CSF predicted from the model also agrees with the value determined experimentally.
Measuring gene expression by quantitative proteome analysis

Proteome analysis is most commonly accomplished by the combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis for protein separation, visualization, and quantification and mass spectrometry for protein identification. Over the past year, exceptional progress has been made towards developing a new technology base for the precise quantification and identification of proteins in complex mixtures, that is, quantitative proteomics.
Asthma outcomes: pulmonary physiology.

Background Outcomes of pulmonary physiology have a central place in asthma clinical research. Objective At the request of National Institutes of Health (NIH) institutes and other federal agencies, an expert group was convened to provide recommendations on the use of pulmonary function measures as asthma outcomes that should be assessed in a standardized fashion in future asthma clinical trials and studies to allow for cross-study comparisons. Methods Our subcommittee conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed to identify studies that focused on the validation of various airway response tests used in asthma clinical research. The subcommittee classified the instruments as core (to be required in future studies), supplemental (to be used according to study aims and in a standardized fashion), or emerging (requiring validation and standardization). This work was discussed at an NIH-organized workshop in March 2010 and finalized in September 2011. Results A list of pulmonary physiology outcomes that applies to both adults and children older than 6 years was created. These outcomes were then categorized into core, supplemental, and emerging. Spirometric outcomes (FEV 1 , forced vital capacity, and FEV 1 /forced vital capacity ratio) are proposed as core outcomes for study population characterization, for observational studies, and for prospective clinical trials. Bronchodilator reversibility and prebronchodilator and postbronchodilator FEV 1 also are core outcomes for study population characterization and observational studies. Conclusions The subcommittee considers pulmonary physiology outcomes of central importance in asthma and proposes spirometric outcomes as core outcomes for all future NIH-initiated asthma clinical research.
Morphological variation at the [NiFe(CN)6]2--derivatized nickel electrode: a technique for the evaluation of alkali cation containing solutions.

Sensitive and analytically useful detection of alkali cations is possible by cyclic voltametry using a (NiFe(CN)/sub 6/)/sup 2-/-/ derivatized nickel working electrode. The mechanism of detection is based on microstructure variations in the (NiFe(CN)/sub 6/)/sup 2-/-/ lattice. As such this derivatized electrode system represents a new mechanism of electrochemical detection, allowing for the voltametric detection of species which are not electroactive. Thus, the indicated approach is novel in that it provides a mechanism for identifying different alkali cations by cyclic voltametry. The capabilities of this system are illustrated by using electrolytes containing sodium and cesium cations. For this case it is found that as little as 10/sup -8/ M CsNO/sub 3/ can be analytically detected in the presence of 1 M NaNO/sub 3/.
Cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins on poly(aspartic acid)—silica

A simple cation-exchange material for high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins was developed. Poly(succinimide) reacted rapidly with aminopropyl-silica and the product was hydrolyzed to poly(aspartic acid)-silica. Reaction conditions were optimized to yield a material with an ion-exchange capacity of 430 mg hemoglobin/g material. High-performance liquid chromatographic columns of the material featured excellent performance in terms of capacity, selectivity, recovery of enzyme activity, peak shape and durability. Protein standards and clinical hemoglobin samples were well resolved in minutes. Poly(succinimide)-silica was readily derivatized to give products other than poly(aspartic acid)-silica, and several such materials were prepared. Such materials could be useful for affinity chromatography or enzyme immobilization.
Strain Determination On Curved Surfaces Using Far-Field Objective Laser Speckles

Most of the laser speckle methods utilize subjective speckles in that speckles are recorded through a lens whose aperture determines the admitted spatial frequencies. Objective speckles are those intrinsically formed by the scattering wavelets. In this paper we propose the use of far-field objective speckles generated from a ground glass to measure surface displacement and strain. The object's surface is coated with a photosensitive material and placed inside the speckle field. Double exposure is made on the photosenstive coating before and after the application of load. Young's fringes are generated by probing the surface coating with a narrow laser beam. Surface strain can then be calculated from these fringes. The method can be applied to doubly-curved surfaces and opaque materials.
Atomic-scale structure of η-phase Mn3N2(010) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and first-principles theory

Abstract The (0 1 0) surface of η-phase Mn3N2 grown on MgO(0 0 1) by molecular beam epitaxy is studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. The images show that the surface is composed of rows with spacing of 6.07 A. Two types of domains with their c-planes perpendicular are observed in which the domain boundary is oriented at ∼45° to the c-planes. In other cases, the angle between the c-planes of the two domains is closer to 87°, consistent with a twin model in which the two domains meet along a (1 0 1) plane. Atomic resolution images vary with the sample bias. At lower sample bias, primarily Mn1 atoms are observed. At higher sample bias, both Mn1 and Mn2 atoms can be resolved. The dependence of the atomic resolution image on sample bias is explained by the ratio of the integrated local density of states of Mn1 to that of Mn2, which are based on first-principles theory. Simulations of the STM atomic-scale height profiles using the integrated local densities of states vs. sample bias voltage are in excellent agreement with the experimental line profiles.
Photon splitting in a plane-wave field.

An experiment has recently been proposed to measure the splitting of a photon into two photons in an intense plane-wave field. Coherent adsorption and emission of several plane-wave photons may play an important role at these high intensities. We make an approximate calculation of these nonlinear effects which shows that they become important at intensities of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ V/cm, about twice the intensity in the proposed experiment.
Study of the trachea after teflon injection

RATIONALE: The reported incidence of tracheobronchomalacia(TBM) in patients undergoing broncoscopy is 12-44%.Teflon has been successfully used in Vocal cord dysphonias to stiffen the paralyzed cord.We evaluated the effect of Teflon injection on histopathology of pig’s trachea with the intention to assess whether Teflon injection induces fibrosis for potential treatment of TBM. METHODS: Seven Yucatan Pigs were studied.Six animals were assigned to the treatment arm,and one to the control arm.The duration of study was twelve weeks.Under general anesthesia animals were intubated.0.3-0.5ml of sterile Teflon paste in 50% glycerin was injected into the Posterior tracheal wall.The control pig received an equivalent amount of Glycerin.One animal was euthanized weekly from weeks 1-4,8 and 12.After euthanasia,trachea was immediately excised and placed in formalin solution.The tissue was stained with H&E. RSSULTS: Tissue reaction was seen in all specimens from the experimental arm.Most prominent reaction was observed after 4 weeks of Teflon injection.The tracheal wall showed an intense fibro-histiocytic and chronic inflammatory reaction to teflon particles.This resulted in collogen production by fibroblasts as thin pink bands running horizontally across.The control tracheal wall showed only a few red blood cells outside small vessels and iron containing hemosiderin granules in macrophages.In all sections,the cartilage was normal and there was no granulation inside the trachea.C ONCLUSIONS: TBM can produce dynamic outflow obstruction with symptoms of dyspnea, and intractable cough.Treatment is complicated with significant morbidity and mortality.The proposed study may shed light into an alternative method in treatment of TBM.
Urey-Bradley potential constants in nitrosyl and nitryl halides

Abstract The Urey-Bradley force field has been used to calculate the vibrational force constants in NOF, NOCl, NOBr, NO 2 F and NO 2 Cl. Refined force constants using harmonic frequencies of NOCl and NO 2 molecules containing isotopic nitrogen atoms have also been evaluated. The transfer of Urey-Bradley force constants from N 2 O 4 and NOX to NO 2 X yielded reasonably good results except for the N-F stretching mode in NO 2 F. For the nitryl fluoride a possible change in assignment is suggested from the present calculations.
Microsecond Explicit Solvent Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Protein Folding

Explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of protein folding offer information on the protein folding process with tremendous temporal and spatial resolution. Long timescale protein folding trajectories can aid in interpretation of experimentally observed protein folding kinetics, and in the design of new fast-folding mutants. At the same time, protein folding simulations offer a demanding test for MD force fields to assess their accuracy in describing long-timescale conformational transitions in proteins. Until recently, however, little overlap existed between the timescales accessible to simulations and the time required for small proteins to fold. Recent experimental advances have lead to the discovery and characterization of a variety of proteins which fold on the 1-10 microsecond timescale; at the same time, increased computational power has made multiple microsecond timescales accessible for explicit solvent MD simulations.We performed multiple-microsecond folding simulations of two well-characterized fast-folding proteins, namely the villin headpiece subdomain and Pin1 WW domain. The villin headpiece folds to a native state after ∼6 microseconds of molecular dynamics simulation. Furthermore, a common folding mechanism is observed in multiple simulations from different starting conditions, where all secondary structure elements form over 1-2 microseconds after an initial hydrophobic collapse, but the native structure is only obtained after a complete dissociation and rearrangement of the secondary structure elements relative to each other. In the case of the WW domain, the protein misfolds in all simulated folding attempts. Conformational free energy calculations indicate that the WW domain's native state, a three-stranded beta sheet, is significantly higher (∼ 9 kcal/mol) in free energy for the force field (CHARMM22/CMAP) used than several misfolded helical structures obtained from folding simulations. Our results agree with several other recent studies in suggesting a bias toward helical secondary structure in modern MD force fields.
A Case Study in the Participatory Evaluation of an Elementary Classroom Workstation

Using the PCs for Families project as a case study, this paper discusses design issues for shared computer workstations in the classroom. Information was elicited from students, parents, and teachers using participatory methods, with participants developing low-tech prototypes and usage scenarios for shared student workstations. The participatory sessions identified important differences between students, parents, and teachers, both with respect to their concerns and their designs. Children were interested in gaining greater control over the workstation, both in terms of individual technology and adjustability of furniture. Parents, however, focused on improving the richness of an individual student's workspace and de-emphasized collaborative work. Teacher opinions diverged more than other groups and reflected their underlying pedagogic differences.
A theoretical study of phytoplankton growth and nutrient distribution in the Pacific Ocean off the northwestern U.S. coast

Abstract A numerical two-dimensional (time and depth) model of primary production is used to identify and quantify the physical and biological processes that govern the spring and summer variations in the vertical distribution of phytoplankton and nutrients in the offshore zone. The study focuses on the subsurface chlorophyll maximum. The model consists of coupled integro-partial differential equations expressing conservation of chlorophyll a , nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonium-nitrogen. The dominant vertical transport process is assumed to be turbulent mixing (and also sinking in the case of algal cells). Biological processes considered are gross algal production, algal respiration, zooplankton, and selective uptake and regeneration of nitrogen. The long-term simulation over spring and summer represents the main features of the biological and chemical data. According to the model, the development and subsequent deepening of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum is attributable to in situ production and differential sinking associated with nutrient depletion. The vertical distribution of nutrients in summer is a consequence of biological processes. The rate of development of the subsurface chlorophyll maximum is determined in part by zooplankton grazing.
Theoretical modeling of monazite growth in a low-Ca metapelite

Monazite growth and composition has been modeled in the system K2O–Na2O–CaO–MnO–MgO–FeO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–Y2O3–Ce2O3–P2O5–F and a pseudosection is presented that is contoured for monazite modal amount and YPO4 composition, garnet amount and YAG composition, and xenotime amount. Monazite amount and composition is strongly controlled by the presence of xenotime and when xenotime is absent, by the growth or consumption of garnet. Monazite grows continuously in the subsolidus region over most reasonable metamorphic P–T paths with YPO4 content generally increasing with increasing temperature, especially where xenotime is present. When melt is present, monazite is consumed with increasing melting and, in the absence of xenotime, decreases in YPO4 content. Two prograde forward models are presented to illustrate the effect of garnet fractional crystallization on the results. When xenotime is present and the modal amount of garnet is low (e.g., at low pressure), fractional crystallization has little effect on phase amount or composition. Where xenotime is absent and garnet is more abundant (e.g., at intermediate to high pressure), garnet fractionation dominates both monazite growth history and composition. In particular, YPO4 content of monazite drops to nearly zero at intermediate grades in a rock in which garnet has sequestered the Y as YAG component. This Y may be released by diffusion at higher temperature and promote monazite growth with a higher YPO4. Therefore, the growth history of monazite as inferred from YPO4 zoning may be quite complex and reflect different reactions and processes, even in a simple bulk composition.
Apoptosis: a possible tactic of Haemophilus somnus for evasion of killing by bovine neutrophils?

Abstract Haemophilus somnusis an important veterinary pathogen that causes respiratory disease, arthritis, septicaemia and abortion in cattle and sheep. In the present study we investigated the possibility thatH. somnusresists killing by bovine neutrophils, by causing the latter to undergo morphological changes consistent with apoptosis. Both serum-sensitive and serum-resistant strains ofH. somnusenhanced bovine neutrophil chromatin condensation and shape change (i.e. zeiosis)in vitro, suggesting that the cells were undergoing apoptosis. Heat-killed or formalin-killedH. somnushad less effect than viableH. somnus.Chromatin margination of neutrophils was greater whenH. somnuswas opsonized with adult bovine serum, which facilitates phagocytosis of the bacteria.H. somnusculture filtrates did not cause bovine neutrophil chromatin condensation. These findings suggest that direct contact withH. somnusis required for the maximal effect on bovine neutrophils. Apoptosis was confirmed by flow cytometry, using propidium iodide staining to detect DNA fragmentation. These findings suggest thatH. somnuscan evade killing by bovine neutrophils, in part, by inducing these cells to undergo apoptosis.
Marketing to Ethnic Minority Consumers: A Historical Journey (1932-1997)

This study provides a historical survey of the research on ethnic minority consumers and related marketing issues and includes more than two hundred articles and books dated from 1932 to 1997. Quantitative analyses of longitudinal data reveal several historical transitions and the amount of research activities in various subject areas, thus providing an overview of the history and recent development in this area. Content analyses identify the key research topics, theoretical propositions, and empirical findings. It further explores directions for future research and provides suggestions for marketing educators, researchers, and practitioners.
Partially frustrated Ising models in two dimensions

We examine ordered, periodic, Ising models on a $\mathrm{sq}$ lattice at varying levels $x$ of frustration. The thermodynamic singularity of the fully frustrated model $(x=1)$ is at $T=0$ while those of partially frustrated lattices $(0lxl~1)$ occur at finite ${T}_{c}.$ The critical indices in the partially frustrated lattices that we consider---including the logarithmic specific heat---are all identical to those in the ferromagnet $(x=0.)$ We display exact values of ${T}_{c}$ and of ground-state energy and entropy ${E}_{o}$ and ${\mathit{S}}_{o},$ at $x=1,$ 2/3, 1/2, 2/5,\dots{},0.
X-ray scattering from liquids with nearly spherical molecules☆

For fluids with molecules in which the electron density can be represented by a rapidly converging expansion in spherical harmonics, the intensity of the X-ray scattering can be obtained from a theory by Steele and Pecora. We have re-expanded their result using a different reference frame. This allows us to give a more intuitive physical interpretation of the coefficients of the expansion of the binary correlation function. For any type of molecules, the small angle scattering is given by the compressibility term plus pure orientational contributions. For molecules that are closely spherical, the orientational contribution is of second order in the coefficients of the higher spherical form factors, and therefore small. We have calculated the form factors for NH3, HF, and H2O. In all of these molecules, the coefficient of the spherical part is much larger than all the others. This simplifies the interpretation of the experimental data since only three parameters are needed, instead of the six necessary if the orientational part were important.
Asset Building in Rural Communities: The Experience of Individual Development Accounts.

This study examines the unique experiences of low-income rural participants in an asset building program-the Individual Development Account. Using data from the American Dream Demonstration, this study addresses three main questions: (1) What are the individual characteristics associated with saving outcomes among rural IDA participants? (2) What are the program characteristics associated with savings among rural participants? (3) What are the policy implications for supporting asset building in rural areas? To answer these questions we conduct an Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis. The results suggest that low-income rural participants have the ability and willingness to save toward the accumulation of assets in IDAs. Looking at individual characteristics, home ownership appears to be an important predictor of savings. In addition, this study suggests that program characteristics (financial education, peer group meetings, match rate, direct deposit, and monthly saving target), not merely individual characteristics, are important in explaining saving performance for this group.
Effects of Fluorides on in vitro Acid Production by Dental Plaque

A method that holds human dental plaque on a glass micro-electrode has been used to measure the pH depressions in plaque samples exposed to different concentrations of fluoride from sodium fluoride or sodium monofluorophosphate. Fluoride from both sources gave some inhibition of sucrose-induced acid formation at levels as low as 10 ppm and parallel results at other test concentrations of up to 200 ppm F. Repeated exposures of plaque to fluoride solutions did not interfere with its subsequent ability to ferment sucrose.
Cerberus regulates left–right asymmetry of the embryonic head and heart

Abstract Background: Most of the molecules known to regulate left–right asymmetry in vertebrate embryos are expressed on the left side of the future trunk region of the embryo. Members of the protein family comprising Cerberus and the putative tumour suppressor Dan have not before been implicated in left–right asymmetry. In Xenopus , these proteins have been shown to antagonise members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and Wnt families of signalling proteins. Results: Chick Cerberus (cCer) was found to be expressed in the left head mesenchyme and in the left flank of the embryo. Expression on the left side of the head was controlled by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) acting through the TGF-β family member Nodal; in the flank, cCer was also regulated by Shh, but independently of Nodal. Surprisingly, although no known targets of Cerberus are expressed asymmetrically on the right side of the embryo at these stages, misexpression of cCer on this side of the embryo led to upregulation of the transcription factor Pitx2 and reversal of the direction of heart and head turning, apparently as independent events. Consistent with the possibility that cCer may be acting on bilaterally expressed TGF-β family members such as the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), this result was mimicked by right-sided misexpression of the BMP antagonist, Noggin. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that cCer maintains a delicate balance of different TGF-β family members involved in laterality decisions, and reveal the existence of partially overlapping molecular pathways regulating left–right asymmetry in the head and trunk of the embryo.
Chlordecone poisoning: a case study in approaches for detoxification of humans exposed to environmental chemicals.

(1982). Chlordecone Poisoning: A Case Study in Approaches for Detoxification of Humans Exposed to Environmental Chemicals. Drug Metabolism Reviews: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 663-679.
Wicksell's Social Philosophy and his Unanimity Rule

Abstract Wicksell saw economics as a way to effect social change. In addition to academic writings, he produced a steady stream of pamphlets, newspaper editorials, and public lectures that brought theoretical economics to bear on social policy. In this paper, consideration is given to this wider variety of Wicksell's writings, and his unanimity rule for public goods decision making is examined within the context of his social philosophy. We argue that the unanimity rule, rather than being narrowly focused on efficiency concerns, operated as a practical mechanism to achieve Wicksell's larger goal of social justice. This stands in contrast to the interpretation of Wicksell commonly presented in the public choice literature.
Developing Family Planning Nurse Practitioner Protocols

This article focuses on the process of development of protocols for family planning nurse practitioners. A rationale for the use of protocols, a definition of the types and examples, and the pros and cons of practice with protocols are presented. A how-to description for the development process follows, including methods and a suggested tool for critique and evaluation. The aim of the article is to assist nurse practitioners in developing protocols for their practice.
SEXUAL SELF-IDENTIFICATION AS REFLECTED IN CHILDREN'S DRAWINGS WHEN ASKED TO "DRAW-A-PERSON"

Summary.-When asked to "draw-a-person" 366 children from the age 5 yr. through age 11 yr. (170 girls and 196 boys) responded. It was assumed that the point of reference for the drawings of "a person" would be the self and would, therefore, reflect the same sex as the drawer. Girls drew female figures 88% of the time. Boys drew male figures 94% of the time. Since early in the 20th century children's figure drawings have been evaluated in terms of sexual identification. A review of the literature has shown that some investigators felt that the early renditions of the human figure were projections of the child's own body image (Luquet, 1923, pp. 225-228). Machover (1949, p. 5) wrote that figures beyond the self are too varied in their physical attributes to lend themselves spontaneously to an objective representation of a person. There must be some process of selection involving identification based upon projection and introjection. The child's own body, or the self, is the most intimate point of reference for the activity. Weider and Noller (1950, pp. 319-325; 1953, pp. 20-23) found that 70% of elementary school boys and 90% of elementary school girls drew their own sex first. Jolles (1952, pp. 113-1 18) found that, when asked to "draw a person," 80% of the children 5 yr. to 8 yr. drew their own sex first. He also found that after age 8, the percentage of girls drawing females fell and the percentage of boys drawing males rose. Harris (1963, p. 53) maintained that the majority of children drew their own sex first when asked to "draw a person." Girls tended to draw a male figure more frequently as they grew older. DiLeo (1970, p. 16) felt that, since the person shown in the drawings of pre-school children was almost always an adult, it seemed more likely that the child might be drawing a parent. This study was based upon the assumption that, when a child is asked to "draw a person," he draws from some source which is the "self." The drawings made by the children were examined to determine whether or not the figures drawn were of the same sex as the children who drew them. They were also examined to see whether or not girls drew more males as they grew older and boys drew more males as they grew older. The significant differences between percentages of same sex figure drawings made by the girls and boys was also studied. h&ll40~
Selection of A UAV orbit to keep multiple targets in the camera field of view

Unmanned air vehicles (UAV's) are seeing increased use in many applications. One common problem is keeping a target or region in the view of a camera mounted on an UAV. Keeping multiple targets in view compounds the problem. For a fixed wing UAV, this is further complicated by the forward velocity constraints of the system. This paper presents an initial investigation into such to solve this problem with motion planning algorithms. We propose to search through the space of elliptical orbits that to find one that best keeps multiple targets in view. The search is performed using rapidly expanding trees in the space of possible ellipses. The choice of ellipse is predicated on a pair of cost functions based on the mean and variance of the targets' locations in the camera image. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the ability successfully find an ellipse.