cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 100-Year Review: Microbiology and safety of milk handling

Microbes that may be present in milk can include pathogens, spoilage organisms, organisms that may be conditionally beneficial (e.g., lactic acid bacteria), and those that have not been linked to either beneficial or detrimental effects on product quality or human health. Although milk can contain a full range of organisms classified as microbes (i.e., bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans), with few exceptions (e.g., phages that affect fermentations, fungal spoilage organisms, and, to a lesser extent, the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Giardia) dairy microbiology to date has focused predominantly on bacteria. Between 1917 and 2017, our understanding of the microbes present in milk and the tools available for studying those microbes have changed dramatically. Improved microbiological tools have enabled enhanced detection of known microbes in milk and dairy products and have facilitated better identification of pathogens and spoilage organisms that were not known or well recognized in the early 20th century. Starting before 1917, gradual introduction and refinement of pasteurization methods throughout the United States and many other parts of the world have improved the safety and quality of milk and dairy products. In parallel to pasteurization, others strategies for reducing microbial contamination throughout the dairy chain (e.g., improved dairy herd health, raw milk tests, clean-in-place technologies) also played an important role in improving microbial milk quality and safety. Despite tremendous advances in reducing microbial food safety hazards and spoilage issues, the dairy industry still faces important challenges, including but not limited to the need for improved science-based strategies for safety of raw milk cheeses, control of postprocessing contamination, and control of sporeforming pathogens and spoilage organisms.
Privatization: Not the Answer for Social Security Reform

Introduction As Social Security faces financial difficulties, few would argue that the program is not in need of change.1 However, there is much less consensus about the manner and degree of change required.2 Most proposals that have emerged in the Social Security reform debate involve three basic concepts: pre-funding, investment diversification, and privatization.3 Although these concepts are frequently considered interdependent, they are actually separate and distinct. Pre-funding refers to the requirement that there be sufficient assets accumulated in the trust fiend in advance to pay for future retirement costs.4 Diversification describes an investment strategy that allocates Social Security reserve funds among different investment alternatives.5 Privatization pertains to the creation of individual accounts owned and managed by workers, very much like the accounts of 401 (k) defined contribution plans.6 Privatization proposals generally are based on either a "carve out" or "add on" approach.7 The add on approach funds the individual accounts with new Social Security contributions, whereas the carve out approach diverts portions of current contributions to fund the individual accounts.8 Pre-funding and diversification could be implemented under the existing structure of Social Security; however, privatization radically changes boththe structure and character of the existing program. Furthermore, the carve out model of privatization presents a questionable trade-off.9 On the one hand, workers will have greater investment freedom in a privatized system; on the other, they will be exposed to significantly greater risks. Thus, Social Security privatization has potentially serious implications for retirement income security to the extent that it relies on current contributions.10 For this reason, privatization is the focus of much of the Social Security reform debate and is the subject of this Article. Specifically, this Article analyzes the impact of privatization on the existing Social Security program. Part I describes the structure and status of the current Social Security program. Part 11 describes the principal elements of Social Security reform proposals. Part III critiques the private retirement system and its reliance on individual accounts as primary retirement savings vehicles, and demonstrates why this model is inappropriate as a replacement for the existing Social Security program. Part IV explores the impact of privatization on the public welfare function of Social Security and examines some of the weaknesses in many of the privatization proposals. The Article concludes that privatization is a questionable solution for the Social Security debate. Therefore, as policymakers take steps toward implementing a privatized system, they should be mindful of the primary objectives of the existing Social Security program and the relationship of these goals to present societal conditions. …
Minimal shrinkage for noisy data recovery using Schatten- p norm objective

Noisy data recovery is an important problem in machine learning field, which has widely applications for collaborative prediction, recommendation systems, etc. One popular model is to use trace norm model for noisy data recovery. However, it is ignored that the reconstructed data could be shrank i.e., singular values could be greatly suppressed. In this paper, we present novel noisy data recovery models, which replaces the standard rank constraint i.e., trace norm using Schatten-p Norm. The proposed model is attractive due to its suppression on the shrinkage of singular values at smaller parameter p. We analyze the optimal solution of proposed models, and characterize the rank of optimal solution. Efficient algorithms are presented, the convergences of which are rigorously proved. Extensive experiment results on 6 noisy datasets demonstrate the good performance of proposed minimum shrinkage models.
Assessment of red cell sodium transport in essential hypertension

Abnormal erythrocyte Na+ transport has been reported in patients with essential hypertension and some first-degree relatives. The two major techniques now employed for estimating Na+ transport--Na+/Li+ countertransport and Na+/K+ cotransport--are rather intricate and time consuming. Furthermore, the precise nature of the transport processes being measured is not clear. We have developed a simpler, more direct technique based on measurement of 22Na+ accumulation by erythrocytes. 22Na+ uptake by red cells from patients with essential hypertension averages twice normal. Indeed, of 21 patients with essential hypertension, only 2 patients had values within the upper end of the normal range. In 12 patients with secondary hypertension and no family history of essential hypertension, erythrocyte 22Na+ accumulation was within normal limits. Control experiments indicate that our technique for estimating red cell 22Na+ uptake is highly reproducible and shows little day-to-day variation. This procedure for the assessment of erythrocyte Na+ transport should be useful in differential diagnosis and the presymptomatic identification of individuals genetically prone to essential hypertension.
Automated Optimization of Weighted Non-functional Objectives in Self-adaptive Systems

A self-adaptive system (SAS) can reconfigure at run time in response to adverse combinations of system and environmental conditions in order to continuously satisfy its requirements. Moreover, SASs are subject to cross-cutting non-functional requirements (NFRs), such as performance, security, and usability, that collectively characterize how functional requirements (FRs) are to be satisfied. In many cases, the trigger for adapting an SAS may be due to a violation of one or more NFRs. For a given NFR, different combinations of hierarchically-organized FRs may yield varying degrees of satisfaction (i.e., satisficement). This paper presents Providentia, a search-based technique to optimize NFR satisficement when subjected to various sources of uncertainty (e.g., environment, interactions between system elements, etc.). Providentia searches for optimal combinations of FRs that, when considered with different subgoal decompositions and/or differential weights, provide optimal satisficement of NFR objectives. Experimental results suggest that using an SAS goal model enhanced with search-based optimization significantly improves system performance when compared with manually- and randomly-generated weights and subgoals.
Intracranial pressure monitoring in normal dogs using subdural and intraparenchymal miniature strain-gauge transducers.

Author(s): Sturges, Beverly K; Dickinson, Peter J; Tripp, Linda D; Udaltsova, Irina; LeCouteur, Richard A | Abstract: BackgroundMonitoring of intracranial pressure (ICP) is a critical component in the management of intracranial hypertension. Safety, efficacy, and optimal location of microsensor devices have not been defined in dogs.Hypothesis/objectiveAssessment of ICP using a microsensor transducer is feasible in anesthetized and conscious animals and is independent of transducer location. Intraparenchymal transducer placement is associated with more adverse effects.AnimalsSeven adult, bred-for-research dogs.MethodsIn a prospective investigational study, microsensor ICP transducers were inserted into subdural and intraparenchymal locations at defined rostral or caudal locations within the rostrotentorial compartment under general anesthesia. Mean arterial pressure and ICP were measured continuously during physiological maneuvers, and for 20 hours after anesthesia.ResultsBaseline mean ± SD values for ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure were 7.2 ± 2.3 and 78.9 ± 7.6 mm Hg, respectively. Catheter position did not have a significant effect on ICP measurements. There was significant variation from baseline ICP accompanying physiological maneuvers (P l .001) and with normal activities, especially with changes in head position (P l .001). Pathological sequelae were more evident after intraparenchymal versus subdural placement.Conclusions and clinical importanceUse of a microsensor ICP transducer was technically straightforward and provided ICP measurements within previously reported reference ranges. Results support the use of an accessible dorsal location and subdural positioning. Transient fluctuations in ICP are normal events in conscious dogs and large variations associated with head position should be accounted for when evaluating animals with intracranial hypertension.
Lethal methemoglobinemia in the invasive brown treesnake after acetaminophen ingestion

The invasive brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis) has extirpated much of Guam’s native birdlife and poses significant threats to other parts of the western Pacific. Acetaminophen (APAP) is a proven lethal oral toxicant in reptiles but the physiological mechanism is unknown. The effects of a lethal APAP oral dose on methemoglobin (MetHb, non-oxygen carrying form) levels and other blood parameters were examined in brown treesnakes. Co-oximetry was used to measure MetHb (%) and other hemoglobin species. Assessment of red blood cell integrity, white blood cell differential counts, and plasma biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate tissue damage, stress, and liver function. Changes in oxygen carrying capacity were noted in APAP-treated snakes indicated by a 50–60% increase in methemoglobin levels and a 40% decrease in oxyhemoglobin (oxygen-carrying form) levels compared to controls. APAP-treated snakes had decreased lymphocyte and increased monocyte counts while also having increased levels of blood analytes associate with impaired liver function and muscle damage. The proximate cause of death in APAP-treated snakes was likely acute methemoglobinemia and respiratory failure due to severe hypoxia with no observed signs of distress or pain. An orally-ingested lethal dose of APAP appears to be a humane method for lethal control of this species.
Chapter 92 – Other Leukemias

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on a group of leukemias, which includes various incompletely described cases and some specific entities, such as the adult T-cell leukemias caused by the human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus I. These leukemias are diverse in cellular origin, in clinical features, and presumably in etiology. This miscellaneous group of leukemias is twice as common among men as among women, and as a group, these malignancies appear to be less common among residents of Los Angeles County than among populations in other parts of the country. The malignancies occur with equal frequency among the members of all racial/ethnicity groups and all social classes. Cases in the county as a whole have occurred with roughly constant frequency over time, although residents of high-risk census tracts seem to have experienced higher incidence in the 1970s. The reason for the higher incidence among men is unknown, although it is characteristic of most leukemias and lymphomas. No systematic pattern of geographical occurrence is apparent, and therefore no local source of causation is proposed.
Two Is Greater Than One: Binocular Visual Experience Drives Cortical Orientation Map Alignment.

One hallmark of the mature visual cortex is binocularly matched orientation maps. In this issue of Neuron, Chang et al. (2020) show that three different maps exist at vision onset and that binocular visual experience aligns them into a single unified representation.
Is Tubular Dysfunction a Risk Factor for AKI

Tubular functions are critical for homeostasis maintenance. However, tubular function markers are not typically assessed in routine clinical care. Recent research by our group has revealed that tubular dysfunction at baseline is a risk factor for subsequent acute kidney injury (AKI), independent of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria. Here, we describe the underlying hypotheses and biological insights and contrast the changes in tubule function versus injury both before and after an AKI episode.
Factors Contributing to Delay in Specialist Care After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis in Kentucky.

Abstract Background Abundant studies have associated colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment delay with advanced diagnosis and worse mortality. Delay in seeking specialist is a contributor to CRC treatment delay. The goal of this study is to investigate contributing factors to 14-d delay from diagnosis of CRC on colonoscopy to the first specialist visit in the state of Kentucky. Methods The Kentucky Cancer Registry (KCR) database linked with health administrative claims data was queried to include adult patients diagnosed with stage I-IV CRC from January 2007 to December 2012. The dates of the last colonoscopy and the first specialist visit were identified through the claims. Bivariate and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with delay to CRC specialist visit. Results A total of 3927 patients from 100 hospitals in Kentucky were included. Approximately, 19% of patients with CRC visited a specialist more than 14 d after CRC detection on colonoscopy. Delay to specialist (DTS) was found more likely in patients with Medicaid insurance (OR 3.1, P Conclusions We identified Medicaid insurance, low education attainment, and early stage CRC diagnosis as independent risk factors associated with 14-d delay in seeking specialist care after CRC detection on colonoscopy.
Experimental Investigation of Additive Manufacturing of Continuous Carbon Fiber Composites with Multifunctional Electro-Tensile Properties

Manufacturing processes for monofunctional and multifunctional materials vary depending on the design optimization. Multifunctional continuous carbon fiber composites provide great potential in achieving coupled structural and electrical properties for their applications in aircraft, unmanned aircraft systems, and spacecraft. Proper optimization of tensile and electrical properties offers benefits early in the design and continuous operational safety phases to obtain coupled multifunctional properties. In this paper, fused filament fabrication additive manufacturing (AM) technique was used to fabricate continuous carbon fiber solid laminated composites test coupons. The proposed new method characterizes the electrical conductivity’s coupled effects on the tensile properties, including the failure loads and modes. This paper addresses a novel way of integrating electrical function into the composites that significantly reduce weight, potentially replacing the bulky electrical wires. Tensile and electrical conductivity tests were concurrently conducted on coupons, and the results were plotted and tabulated. The results showed the multifunctional properties of the maximum ultimate tensile strength of 392 MPa with the maximum tensile load of 8907 N, and resistance of 37.5 G·Ω. The average values for ultimate tensile strength and maximum load were 371 MPa and 8459 N, respectively.
New spin-resolved thermal radiation laws for nonreciprocal bianisotropic media

We discovered generalized versions of spin-resolved Kirchhoff’s laws of thermal radiation applicable to multilayered or composite planar slabs of reciprocal and nonreciprocal bianisotropic material classes. No such laws were known for nonreciprocal media till date. (e-mail: ckhandek@stanford.edu).
Summary: Theoretical Viewpoint

Rather than give a comprehensive review, I want to concentrate on a few areas where I was particularly impressed by the theoretical results discussed at this meeting.
Superficial temporal artery: the “C” shape half-buttonhole configuration as it courses over the zygomatic arch

To describe the course and configuration of the superficial temporal artery (STA) around the zygomatic arch. Volume rendered 3D reconstructions of computed tomography angiography of 25 healthy patients were performed and analyzed at Duke University Hospitals. The STA coursed over the zygomatic arch or over the condylar process of the mandible in all cases (25/25 pts, 100 %). The STA courses over the posterior zygomatic arch in 23/25 pts (92 %), creating a characteristic “C” shape half-buttonhole configuration as it embraces the arch. When the STA travels posterior to the zygomatic arch, there is no C shape configuration (2/25 pts, 8 %). The STA bifurcates distal to the zygomatic arch in 24/25 pts (96 %). The “C” shape half-buttonhole configuration is a useful identifying characteristic of the most common course of the STA—over the posterior zygomatic arch before it bifurcates.
Review Silviculture in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests

Because tropical dry forests have been disturbed by humans more than wetter tropical forests, there is an urgent need for conservation of the remaining tropical dry forests, and thus a large amount of research has also been directed toward their restoration. The development of cost-efficient silvicultural treatments will be critical to achieve sustained use of forest products from the remaining natural dry forests, as well as for restoration efforts. Tropical dry forests present special problems for silviculturists because prolonged dry seasons reduce growth rates and can cause significant tree mortality, especially for seedlings. Coppice systems are particularly important in the regeneration of these forests. Management of both timber and nontimber products is confined largely to managing their extraction, with relatively little application of silviculture. Although reduced-impact logging operations are increasingly applied in tropical forests, postharvest silvicultural treatments have not been integrated in the management of tropical forests, particularly in dry forests. Management in any form is often complex in areas where dry forests have been fragmented and harvested for subsistence products, such as firewood, and are affected by the damaging effects of livestock grazing and wildfire.
Prestige Case Forms and the Comp-trace Effect

. Case in English is “dormant”—not valued or resolved in the syntax—unless it is “activated” by the EPP feature of T. Case-activated DPs move to Spec,TP for Case valuation. Further extraction (e.g., wh-movement) of subjects requires “phase-early” Case resolution, guaranteeing that the uninterpretable Case feature of a subject is resolved early, in Spec,TP, in compliance with the Earliness Principle. An inability to resolve an active Case feature early results in the C-t effect. The dormant “object” case form is determined at PF either by a rule of default case (accusative) or by one of a set of rules assigning a prestige (usually nominative) case. This system correctly predicts a variety of details of the C-t effect and the possible occurrence and distribution of prestige case forms (It is I or between you and I ) where Case is dormant. The C-t effect in Spanish, Russian, and Polish are also briefly considered.
Regulation of feeding behavior and plasma testosterone in response to central neuropeptide Y administration in a songbird

In mammalian and avian model species, neuropeptide Y (NPY) simultaneously promotes feeding behavior and suppresses the secretion of reproductive hormones, thereby modulating the resource allocation trade-off between investing in essential somatic processes or in the reproductive system.InvestigationsintothisdualroleofNPYinbirdshavefocusedondomesticatedspeciesand, to our knowledge, no study has examined this role in songbirds. We determined whether NPY treatment acutely regulates feeding behavior and activity of the reproductive system in a male songbird, the Abert's Towhee, Melozone aberti. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of NPYpromoted behaviors associated withfeeding (decreasedlatency to initiatepecking in the food bowl, increased number of feeding bouts following treatment, and increased number of pecks into the food bowl during each feeding bout), and it stimulated hopping and drinking behavior. By contrast, we found no effect of NPY treatment on plasma testosterone secretion 60min after treatment. These results suggest that in male Abert's Towhees NPY stimulates feeding behavior, but provide no evidence that this peptide concurrently influences testosterone secretion. J. Exp. Zool. 9999A: 1-10, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Emergence of the Territorial Principality of Flanders, 750–1050

The historiography of the early territorial principality of Flanders rests on two foundation layers. The first layer establishes a narrative for the Baldwinid dynasty (r. 864–1119) of Flemish counts, who cobbled together a strong principality across what is now the southern Netherlands, Belgium and northeastern France. The narrative in turn rests on a conceptual layer associated with political historiography about France, represented by scholars such as Francois-Louis Ganshof and Jan Dhondt. This school posits a decline in the authority of the West Frankish kings as a result of usurpations by magnates. While the basic narrative of the principality's origins has remained essentially unchanged since the 1940s, the conceptual ground has shifted underneath it. This article surveys the conceptual framework and challenges to the francophone school, then outlines the narrative historiography of early Flanders. It argues there is a pressing need for a reassessment of the Flemish principality's emergence in light of new theories of Carolingian royal power.
Fine‐scale movements and habitat use of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma in an estuarine seascape

Habitat use of juvenile southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma was examined within a shallow estuarine seascape during June and July 2011 using acoustic telemetry. Fine-scale movement and habitat use of P. lethostigma was investigated with an acoustic positioning system placed in a seascape that varied in habitat type, physicochemical conditions and bathymetry. The use of different habitat types was examined with Euclidean distance-based analyses, and generalized additive models were used to determine the relative importance of habitat type relative to physicochemical conditions and bathymetry. Tracks of P. lethostigma ranged in distance between 1477 and 8582 m and speed was 4·2 ± 1·1 m min ―1 (mean ± S.E.) for all P. lethostigma combined. Depth, slope and habitat type had the most influence on P. lethostigma occurrence and deep sandy areas with shallow slopes were used most frequently. In addition, depth use by P. lethostigma was influenced by tidal cycles, indicating habitat use varies temporally and is dynamic. Finally, temperatures <30·5° C were used more than warmer waters within the study area. The results successfully identify movements by juvenile P. lethostigma, and indicate that definitions of essential habitats need to account for dynamics in habitat use.
Embedded CMOS SRAM for an ASIC implementation of a satellite communication transmultiplexer

The proposed all-digital transmultiplexer organized for 800 voice channels is defined as a filter module followed by an FFT module; it operates at a 36 MHz data rate. The functional organization and timing of the Polyphase Filter is described. Design of a subunit, the Data Stage Module, as a single chip was done as an example of ASIC implementation; it includes two 800/spl times/8 SRAMs, one 800/spl times/8 ROM, and two 8-bit multipliers. The SRAMs are custom designs; the others are standard library cells. Four modem techniques are incorporated into the RAM design. Three of them including the look-ahead bit-line equalizing and precharging method, the divided-word-line method, and the sense amplifier output and data bus equalizing method are used to gain speed and reduce power dissipation. A write enable transition detecting method is used to allow consecutive read and write operations at the same address; this tailors the design to this specific application. >
New Salmonella Serotype: Salmonella enteritidis ser. Ordonez

The antigenic formula of a new serotype, Salmonella enteritidis serotype Ordonez, was characterized as (1),13,23,37:y:l,w.
The Impact of Goal-Performance Discrepancies, Self-Efficacy, and Goal Orientation on Upward Goal Revision1

The present study examined the role of positive goal-performance discrepancies (GPDs), self-efficacy beliefs, and dispositional goal orientation on goal revision processes following performance feedback in a sample of 129 Icelandic job applicants. The results indicated that goal revision was primarily a function of the positive GPD encountered by individuals. However, this relationship was moderated by self-efficacy, performance goal orientation, and learning goal orientation. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Identification of a unique Marek's disease virus gene which encodes a 38-kilodalton phosphoprotein and is expressed in both lytically infected cells and latently infected lymphoblastoid tumor cells.

Abstract The identification of unique Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV) antigens expressed not only in lytically infected cells but also in latently infected MD lymphoblastoid tumor cell lines is important in understanding the molecular mechanisms of latency and transformation by MDV, an oncogenic lymphotropic herpesvirus of chickens. Through cDNA and nucleotide sequence analysis, an open reading frame (designated the pp38 ORF) which encodes a predicted polypeptide of 290 amino acids was identified in BamHI-H. Demonstration that the pp38 ORF spans the junction of the MDV long unique and long internal repeat regions (MDV has an alphaherpesvirus genome structure) precludes the presence of the gene encoding the B-antigen complex (gp100, gp60, and gp49) in the same region of BamHI-H, where it was originally thought to exist. Duplication of the complete pp38 ORF was not observed in BamHI-D, but part of it (encoding 45 amino acids) was found in the long terminal repeat region of the fragment. By use of trpE-pp38 fusion proteins, antisera against pp38 were prepared. By immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a predominant virus-specific 38,000-dalton polypeptide (designated pp38) and a minor 24,000-dalton polypeptide (designated p24) were found. No precursor-product relationship was found between pp38 and p24 by pulse-chase analysis, and only pp38 was detected by Western blot (immunoblot) analysis with antiserum to pp38. pp38 was found to be phosphorylated and present in oncogenic serotype 1-but not nononcogenic serotype 3-infected cells. Expression of the gene encoding pp38 was relatively insensitive to phosphonoacetic acid inhibition, suggesting that pp38 may belong to one of the early classes of herpesvirus proteins. pp38 was also detected in the latently infected MSB-1 lymphoblastoid tumor cell line. The detection of antibody against pp38 in immune chicken sera indicates that pp38 is an immunogen in birds with MD. Most of the properties described here for a protein detected by methods based on finding the ORF first are identical to those of a 38-kDa phosphoprotein reported by others, suggesting that they are the same. Collectively, the data reported here provide (i) more definitive information on the complete ORF of another MDV gene and the protein that it encodes, (ii) clarification of the gene content within a specific region of the MDV genome, and (iii) the molecular means to conduct further studies to determine whether pp38 plays a role in MDV latency and transformation.
Macro Finite Element for Analysis of Textile Composites

The analysis of textile composites is complicated by the complex micro-structure. It is not practical to account for this microstructure directly using traditional finite elements. A new type of finite element was developed to efficiently account for microstructure within a single element. These new elements, which are referred to herein as macro elements, performed well in initial tests.
Conditional sequencing for land, space and sea

Conditional sequencing is a software technology for robust control of autonomous vehicles. It has been applied to terrestrial vehicles, and is currently being developed for use in spacecraft. Although it has not yet been applied to subsurface vehicles, we believe that the technology may prove useful under water as well as on land and in space. Conditional sequencing is a framework for implementing autonomous control algorithms that respond intelligently to unexpected contingencies. Because of the potential complexity of such algorithms, a key part of the technology is the use of high-level languages to express these algorithms. We are currently using Firby's RAPs language (1989), which was designed for mobile robots, and are developing a second language, CSL, whose design is tailored more towards spacecraft. The differences between RAPs and CSL are a reflection of the differences in the underlying structure of the problem in the terrestrial and space domains. For mobile robots, most of the contingencies arise from unexpected interactions between the robot and its environment. On spacecraft, most contingencies arise from hardware failures. We describe how RAPs and CSL meet the unique demands of their respective domains, and speculate on how the approach could be adapted for use under water.
How obliquity cycles powered early Pleistocene global ice-volume variability

Milankovitch theory proposes that the magnitude of high-latitude summer insolation dictates the continental ice-volume response by controlling summer snow melt, thus anticipating a substantial ice-volume contribution from the strong summer insolation signal of precession. Yet almost all of the early Pleistocene δ18O records' signal strength resides at the frequency of obliquity. Here we explore this discrepancy using a climate-vegetation-ice sheet model to simulate climate-ice sheet response to transient orbits of varying obliquity and precession. Spectral analysis of our results shows that despite contributing significantly less to the summer insolation signal, almost 60% of the ice-volume power exists at the frequency of obliquity due to a combination of albedo feedbacks, seasonal offsets, and orbital cycle duration differences. Including eccentricity modulation of the precession ice-volume component and assuming a small Antarctic ice response to orbital forcing produce a signal that agrees with the δ18O ice-volume proxy records.
Complaining about a compliment: Evaluating attributions of positive outcomes to discrimination: Attributing success to discrimination

People evaluate stigmatized group members negatively when they attribute negative personal outcomes to discrimination, even when discrimination is the likely cause. The present studies examined whether similar interpersonal costs exist for attributing a positive personal outcome to discrimination in the context of positive stereotypes. In Study 1, 129 participants read an excerpt written by an Asian student who attributed an unexpectedly high essay grade to discrimination, writing quality, or easy grading. Participants evaluated the student least favourably when he attributed the positive outcome to discrimination. In Study 2, 140 participants evaluated a successful Asian job applicant less favourably than a successful, white applicant, although both applicants attributed the positive outcome to group membership. The implications for how stigmatized group members perceive and respond to prejudice and discrimination are discussed.
Electroplegia: an alternative to blood cardioplegia for arresting the heart during conventional (on-pump) cardiac operation.

Abstract Background . Aortic cross-clamping is contraindicated in patients with severe atherosclerosis of the ascending aorta, and administration of chemical cardioplegia may be cumbersome in these patients. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative method of achieving cardioplegia by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. Methods . In anesthetized canines, the left anterior descending coronary artery was reversibly ligated for 90 minutes, followed by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and randomization to three groups (n = 8 each): (1) BCP group: 1 hour of intermittent hypothermic (4°C) blood cardioplegia infusion; (2) CPB group: 1 hour of CPB alone; (3) EP group (group receiving electroplegia): 1 hour of intermittent vagal stimulation (total of 60 20-second electrical stimuli at 40 Hz, 6 to 10 V) with adjunctive pyridostigmine (0.5 mg/kg), verapamil (50 μg/kg), and propranolol (80 μg/kg) to potentiate hyperpolarization and suppress ectopic escape beats. Results . The EP group achieved consistent intervals of arrest with 3.8 ± 1.2 escape beats per 20-second stimulation period. After 2 hours of reperfusion off CPB, the left anterior descending coronary artery segmental shortening was reduced from baseline in all groups, but the segmental shortening recovered to a greater extent in the EP group than in either the CPB or BCP group (2.4% ± 1.4% versus −1.3% ± 1.3% versus −4.0% ± 0.8%, p p p = 0.15) and the CPB group (93.8% ± 6.6% versus 93.3% ± 6.6%). Conclusions . Electroplegia achieves elective intermittent cardiac arrest, avoids hypothermia, chemical cardioplegia, and aortic cross-clamping, with physiological outcomes comparable to blood cardioplegia.
Setting the stage for development of a program for adolescent heart transplant recipients to transition to adult providers: An integrative review of the literature

Purpose This integrative review of the literature was undertaken to determine if there was a body of knowledge to support a transition program in an adolescent heart transplant population. Conclusions No studies were found involving a heart transplant transition program for adolescents. A literature review for transition in other chronic illness areas was undertaken. Youth with chronic illness are inadequately prepared to transfer to adult providers. Transition programs should be developed. These programs should be tailored to suit individual needs. They should teach disease knowledge and encourage participation in self-management skills. Participation in a transition program improved patients' quality of life and improved their knowledge about their disease. Practice Implications Nurses are in a unique position with chronically ill adolescents to promote positive behaviors at every interaction. Encouraging self-management behaviors will support these youth as they prepare to become adults.
TECHNIQUES FOR GEOLOGICAL DATING OF MINERALS BY CHEMICAL ETCHING OF FISSION FRAGMENT TRACKS.

Abstract Recent experiments on mica and natural glasses have shown that the number of irradiation damage tracks created by spontaneous fission of uranium atoms in these materials is a useful measure of geological time. In order to be able to extend this technique to other minerals it is necessary to be able to observe and identify fission tracks. Suitable chemical etching treatments are described for revealing such tracks in a variety of minerals, and rules are given for distinguishing fission tracks from dislocation and other defects. Dating results are given for two hornblendes and an apatite as examples of the procedures. Track studies also give a sensitive measure of the present and past distribution of uranium atoms in minerals.
Crystal Structures of Two New Complexes Produced by Reaction of Copper(I) Cyanide with Thioacetamide. In Situ Formation of the Thiosulfate Anion.

An attempt to synthesize a complex between copper(I) cyanide and thioacetamide (ta) by a direct combination in aqueous solution, surprisingly, produced instead Cu4(S2O3)2(ta)10·ta (1), a complex lacking cyanide but including thiosulfate. We know of no precedent for the production of thiosulfate from an aqueous solution of ta. Using a new synthetic approach, a complex of CuCN and ta was subsequently prepared(CuCN)(ta), 2. In the new method, which has been found to be widely applicable to water-soluble ligands, CuCN is made “available” for coordination by dissolving it in aqueous sodium thiosulfate. Complex 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 (No. 2) with unit cell dimensions a = 10.139(3) A, b = 12.230(4) A, c = 12.665(4) A, α = 85.20(2)°, β = 67.32(2)°, γ = 68.47(2)°, V = 1345(2) A3, and Z = 2. Complex 2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pna21 (No. 33) with unit cell dimensions a = 6.993(9) A, b = 8.744(3) A, c = 9.372(6) A, V = 573(1) A3, and Z = 4. Some possible pathways for the p...
Transcription Factors Involved in Pancreatic Islet Development

The endocrine pancreas is an organ of enormous importance, since its dysfunction causes diabetes, one of the most common human diseases in the world. Regulation of pancreatic endocrine cell determination and differentiation requires a unique set of transcription factors, including basic helix-loop-helix and homeodomain-containing proteins. The physiological role of individual transcription factor has been characterized by gene disruption in the mouse. The results indicate that these genes are not only involved in tissue-specific activation of downstream target genes for islet-specific hormones, but also critical for the proper islet morphogenesis. Future elucidation of the genetic relationship of these genes will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling endocrine pancreas formation and will contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches to diabetes.
DFT investigation of hydroperoxide decomposition over copper and cobalt sites within metal-organic frameworks

Abstract Experimental results in the literature show that two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing copper and cobalt nodes are active for hydroperoxide decomposition, which is an important reaction in auto-oxidation processes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reported here for these systems suggest that the metal sites in the interior of these MOFs are not the active sites for this type of reaction due to the steric effects of the adjacent linkers. This implies that the experimental catalysis observed may occur on the exterior surface of the MOF crystals. Additional calculations with a copper paddlewheel node show that, despite being able to form complexes with hydroperoxides, the metal sites in copper paddlewheels do not catalyze hydroperoxide decomposition. Preliminary calculations involving undercoordinated metal atoms as a model for metal sites on the MOF exterior crystal surface suggest that these sites could be catalytically active.
Characterization of the Product-inhibited Complex in Catalysis by Human Manganese Superoxide Dismutase

The reduction with excess H(2)O(2) of human Mn(III) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the active-site mutant Y34F Mn(III)SOD was measured by scanning stopped-flow spectrophotometry and revealed the presence of an intermediate in the reduction of the manganese. The visible absorption spectrum of this intermediate closely resembled that of the enzyme in the inhibited, zero-order phase of the catalyzed disproportionation of superoxide. The decay of the visible spectrum of this intermediate was 2-fold faster for the wild-type compared with the mutant Y34F Mn-SOD. This correlates with the enhanced product inhibition of Y34F during the catalysis of O-(2) dismutation. The visible spectrum of the product-inhibited complex resembles that of the azide-Mn-SOD complex, suggesting that the inhibited complex has expanded geometry about the metal to octahedral. This study shows that the inhibited complex responsible for the zero-order phase in the catalysis by Mn-SOD of superoxide dismutation can be reached through both the forward (O-(2)) and reverse (H(2)O(2)) reactions, supporting a mechanism in which the zero-order phase results from product inhibition.
Management of Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect.

It has been nearly 40 years since Kirklin, at the Mayo Clinic in 1964, performed the first surgical repair of pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect using a nonvalved extracardiac conduit, which he created out of the patient’s pericardium, and this patient continues to do well. In the subsequent four decades, great advances have been made in the diagnosis, with regard to the often very complex anatomy of pulmonary blood supply that this extremely heterogeneous group of patients manifest, and their subsequent surgical management. Unifocalization procedures have permitted eventual complete correction in patients with nonconfluent pulmonary artery segments, and advances in infant surgery have enabled most patients to achieve correction in the early childhood years. Although the ideal extracardiac conduit has yet to be developed, necessitating periodic conduit replacement in corrected patients, the late results in this group of patients are generally excellent, with many now achieving survival well into the adulthood years with good quality of life. Continued advances in surgery and interventional catheterization techniques hold great promise for ever-improving outcomes in children being born with this complex congenital cardiovascular malformation.
Distribution and integration of databases across law enforcement agencies

One of the biggest issues facing the law enforcement community today is the integration of multiple disparate legacy systems with new systems and Commercial-Off-the-Shelf (COTS) products. It is an inherent characteristic of the law enforcement process that multiple agencies and multiple systems are involved in the processing of a single individual from the time of booking to final incarceration, and eventual release. A standard life cycle could be described as follows: arrest/booking, court arraignment, court trial and/or warrant generation, jail/probation, and release/parole. The processing associated with each of these events is often the responsibility of different agencies using different systems but they all must maintain the same information about the individual and the arrest (including photographs, fingerprints, data about the individual, and data about the arrest). Today's difficult is that in many jurisdictions, the same data must be captured multiple times, as the individual passes through different agencies and phases. This replication of the data entry process introduces inaccuracies and inconsistencies into the databases, as well as, increases the manual labor associated with the processing of an individual through the criminal justice system. The challenge for the future is to capture this data once and disseminate this data to all `interested' parties. Interested parties could be other applications within the same agency, local court systems, local prosection systems, state systems, and Federal systems. The other challenge is to architect a solution where multiple disparate legacy systems, newly developed systems, and COTS systems can be integrated together into an architecture which will provide the ability to easily incorporate new technologies or new systems as they become available. This paper will present the integrated solution developed by SAIC where digital photographs, fingerprints, and identification and booking data are collected during the arrest/booking process and passed to other interested parties as the individual travels through the criminal justice process.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Building the Northeast Asian Community

Asia is one of the most socio-politically divided regions in the world. Without regional cooperation, it faces difficulty in the world market, sometimes receiving unfair treatment. Asia contains more than half of the world’s population, but Asian countries have a relatively small share of international organizations. Given these facts, it is meaningful to explore the need and legal basis for a Northeast Asian Community (NEAC), which would be an economically integrated regional trade association composed of Korea, China, and Japan. Within the last decade, the possibility of an East Asian regional trade agreement (RTA) or a much broader Asia-Pacific integration has been debated exten-
Control of iron chlorosis in apple trees with injections of ferrous sulfate and ferric citrate and with soil‐applied iron‐sul

Abstract Chlorotic ‘Red Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees located in Utah County, Utah, were treated for iron deficiency through pressure injection and soil treatment in September, 1981. Injection treatments were either ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 · 7H2O) or ferric citrate (FeC6H5O7 · H2O) at rates of 100 ml of 1% solution per year of tree age. The soil treatment was surface‐broadcast acidified iron‐rich mining residue (iron‐sul) at approximately 1 kg per year of tree age. Chlorotic conditions were completely eliminated by the spring of 1982 by ferrous sulfate injection. Ferric citrate injection decreased, but did not completely eliminate iron chlorosis. Visual observations were similar in 1983. The iron‐sul treatment gave no apparent improvement of the chlorotic condition in the first season after treatment, and only slight improvement the second year. The improvement in chlorotic conditions gave correspondingly heavier fruit set, higher chlorophyll levels and greater shoot growth for trees injec...
Determination of the photon emission rates of the NBS long-lived mixed-radionuclide standard

Abstract A mixture of 125 Sb, 154 Eu, and 155 Eu has been used to prepare gamma-ray emission-rate standards with a functional life of over 10 years and with useful photon emissions at over 18 energies between 25 and 1600 keV. The standards are useful for the calibration of the efficiency of germanium gamma-ray detectors in this energy range. Correlated summing corrections are moderate, compared to many radionuclides which provide multiple calibration points. Photon-emission rates for the major radiations have been measured, for sources quantitatively related to the standards, with four germanium spectrometer systems especially calibrated for the purpose. For two coaxial detectors, efficiency values were established at 28 energies between 88 and 2800 keV, with an average total uncertainty, estimated at a level corresponding to a standard deviation of the mean, of about 0.6%. At lower energies, the most reliable calibration points were given by X- or gamma-rays directly measured with defined-geometry NaI(Tl) systems. Calculated efficiency curves were used for interpolation between these points. Significant efficiency changes of the coaxial detectors with time were monitored and accounted for. The emission rates of selected X-rays and gamma-rays from the standards are specified with total uncertainties of from 0.6% to 1.3%, estimated to correspond to one standard deviation of the mean.