cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concept Maps and Nursing Theory: A Pedagogical Approach

Faculty seek to teach nursing students how to link clinical and theoretical knowledge with the intent of improving patient outcomes. The author discusses an innovative 9-week concept mapping activity as a pedagogical approach to teach nursing theory in a graduate theory course. Weekly concept map building increased student engagement and fostered theoretical thinking. Unexpectedly, this activity also benefited students through group work and its ability to enhance theory-practice knowledge. Teaching nursing theory is a challenge because of the abstractness of the content,1 traditional approaches used to teach it, and the students’ perception of its detachment from practice.2 Students often fail to understand what theory is or why it is important. Getting students to think theoretically and appreciate theory’s usefulness in practice has been a charge of nursing faculty for decades,3 and concept maps can be one creative way to teach nursing theory.4
Bilingual language learning: An ERP study relating early brain responses to speech, language input, and later word production

Research on the development of speech processing in bilingual children has typically implemented a cross-sectional design and relied on behavioral measures. The present study is the first to explore brain measures within a longitudinal study of this population. We report results from the first phase of data analysis in a longitudinal study exploring Spanish-English bilingual children and the relationships among (a) early brain measures of phonetic discrimination in both languages, (b) degree of exposure to each language in the home, and (c) children’s later bilingual word production abilities. Speech discrimination was assessed with event-related brain potentials (ERPs). A bilingual questionnaire was used to quantify the amount of language exposure from all adult speakers in the household, and subsequent word production was evaluated in both languages. Our results suggest that bilingual infants’ brain responses to speech differ from the pattern shown by monolingual infants. Bilingual infants did not show neural discrimination of either the Spanish or English contrast at 6–9 months. By 10–12 months of age, neural discrimination was observed for both contrasts. Bilingual infants showed continuous improvement in neural discrimination of the phonetic units from both languages with increasing age. Group differences in bilingual infants’ speech discrimination abilities are related to the amount of exposure to each of their native languages in the home. Finally, we show that infants’ later word production measures are significantly related to both their early neural discrimination skills and the amount exposure to the two languages early in development.
Factors influencing woodpecker predation on emerald ash borer.

ABSTRACT Woodpeckers are a significant source of mortality of emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), an Asian phloem-feeding insect first discovered in North America in 2002. However, factors that may influence woodpecker-EAB interactions have not been investigated. We collected data on woodpecker predation, EAB density and tree and site characteristics in southeastern Michigan, where EAB first became established. We tested statistical models to assess the ability of these variables to account for woodpecker predation levels. We observed foraging woodpeckers in the field to determine which species foraged on ash, and to compare the time spent foraging on ash vs. other tree species. Levels of woodpecker predation on EAB were variable, ranging from zero to 26.3 woodpecker attacks per m2 for green ash (n = 15 sites) and from 2.3 to 37.1 attacks per m2 for white ash (n = 7 sites). Woodpecker predation level was positively associated with the EAB density in a tree. White ash had higher pr...
The development, inheritance, and origin of the plastid in Euglena.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the development, inheritance, and origin of the plastid in Euglena . The nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondrion are cellular organelles having double membranes and the ability to divide. A significant proportion of the energy and small molecules required for plastid development comes from outside the chloroplast and some of it from the mitochondrion. The information for constructing plastid proteins originates in the plastid and nuclear DNAs. The translation of nuclear information occurs on cytoplasmic ribosomes while the translation of plastid information occurs on plastid ribosomes. Cytoplasmic contributions to plastid formation begin earlier than plastid contributions during light-induced chloroplast formation, and the lag period during the first 12 hours is devoted to cytoplasmic events preceding the developmental changes in the plastid. The plastid in Euglena is prokaryotic in structure and composition, and the plastid originated from the endosymbiotic invasion of an organism that is similar to a primitive blue-green alga or the contemporary proplastid.
Redress and the Salience of Economic Justice

In the new millennium's second decade, tribunals around the world work to foster justice for the victims of major civil and human rights abuses. In doing so, they also seek to repair continuing damage to the social fabric of affected polities. That so many special tribunals - prosecutorial and reconciliatory - are now grappling with historic injustices is salutary. Long-suffering groups are starting to find their voices; global communities are beginning to listen. And human rights organizations are writing rights to redress into their operating documents. According to observers, the communities of humankind are engaging an "Age of Reconciliation." Yet, the paths to social healing are rubble strewn. Redress initiatives for even fully acknowledged injustices face stiff opposition. Disagreements over culpability and reparative responsibility quickly arise. Even sympathetic governments plead financial incapacity. And traditional legal remedies are slow in coming and limited in reach. Moreover, the formal legal process falls far short of addressing the damage to culture, communities, education and economic and spiritual well-being - damage that persists over generations. This essay employs a multidisciplinary "human capability" approach to extend jurisprudential concepts in order to rethink a key aspect of reparatory justice. It addresses, during economic retrenchment, the salience of a country's promise of economic justice as a key aspect of its larger commitment to reconciliation, or social healing, for the persisting wounds of historic wrongs - wounds inflicted through systemic discrimination, denials of self-determination, violence or culture suppression. Through an examination of Peru' and South Africa's complex reconciliation initiatives, it engages the questions: What does economic justice as future capacity-building, as an integral part of a social healing initiative, look like practically on the ground - where things quickly get messy? And what happens to the mix of individual reparations and economic development when a government is threatened by financial instability? More particularly, what happens to bottom-up plans for economic justice when government and business fail to fund promised individual reparations? When plans for economic restructuring stall? When government cries of "no money" present real political obstacles to even well-conceived reconciliation plans? The essay concludes that in addition to public story-telling and allocation of responsibility, capacity-building for those most harmed through individual payments and economic restructuring and development - economic justice - may well be a key to a public sense of "reconciliation achieved".
Citizen Science on Social Media: One Medical Librarian’s Experience of Launching and Maintaining a Moderated Facebook Citizen Science Discussion Group (www.Facebook.com/groups/BiomeReconstitution)

ABSTRACTHealth information available on the World Wide Web varies in quality, and consumers are deluged with sources offering questionable health practices. This concern is not new to medical librarians. Consumers actively seeking health information for their medical conditions seem to be migrating to social media sites to gain knowledge. These sites appear to be a promising new platform for medical librarians to disseminate quality information.
Flow of Dispersions Near Close Packing

The flow of hard sphere-like suspensions near close packing is explored. The change in viscosity with stress and volume fraction shows that at volume fractions above 0.5 shear thickening occurs and that the characteristic shear rates for shear thinning and shear thickening decrease rapidly above this volume fraction. The creep compliance is well characterized by a stretched exponential relaxation time spectrum above volume fractions of 0.52. These results suggest that the limiting volume fraction where the zero shear rate viscosity diverges is determined by a liquid/glass phase transition very similar to that predicted for hard sphere liquids.
Development and application of integrated multi-parameter on-line monitoring system for power transformer

Based on plug and play concept,an integrated multiple parameter condition monitoring system for power transformer was developed.Additional monitoring equipment can be added into the system easily and the system has the expandability of monitoring multiple power transformers in different substations from different regions.Five parameters,namely radio frequency partial discharge(PD),ultra-high frequency partial discharge,dissolve gas in oil,core grounding current and top oil temperature,can be monitored by this system in operation.After applying this system to 330 kV power transformer,the on-line monitoring data shows that both partial discharge monitor and dissolved gas analysis can reflect the tendency of PD in transformer;ultra-high frequency PD monitor has high sensitivity of detecting PD;the values of core grounding current and top oil temperature are in normal range.The result of on-line monitoring shows that the system has the ability to reflect the insulation condition of power transformer in time and comprehensively.
Criteria for biopsy diagnosis of minimal volume prostatic adenocarcinoma: analytic comparison with nondiagnostic but suspicious atypical small acinar proliferation.

Abstract Context.—Minimal volume prostatic adenocarcinoma (defined as involving less than 5% of biopsy tissue) is diagnosed increasingly today because of successful cancer screening. We previously described the diagnostic category called atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP), suspicious for but not diagnostic of malignancy, present in about 2.5% of routine prostatic needle biopsy specimens. Objective.—To establish the criteria enabling a distinction between ASAP and cancer. Design.—We prospectively evaluated clinical and histologic findings from all 319 patients consecutively diagnosed as having ASAP or minimal cancer by prostatic needle biopsy in a consultation service. Seventeen histopathologic features were assessed. Results.—Fifty-six patients (18%) had ASAP, and 100 (31%) had minimal cancer; the remaining 163 (51%) had benign diagnoses, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or larger amounts of cancer. The mean age of patients with ASAP did not differ from that of patients with minimal...
A systematic review of concept mapping dissertations.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify, summarize, and synthesize all doctoral dissertations completed using Trochim’s concept mapping methodology between 1985 and 2014. A comprehensive search produced a set of 108 eligible dissertations; of which 104 were available as full-text or hard copy. The studies were coded on 77 variables, which were summarized in descriptive analyses. The dissertations were conducted in a wide variety of topic areas and completed at 35 different universities in the US and Canada. On comparable variables, the results were similar to two prior syntheses (Trochim, 1993; Rosas & Kane, 2012). The mean multidimensional scaling analysis stress value for 96 concept maps was 0.26 with a standard deviation of 0.05. Cumulative rates of dissertation completion and resulting citations of the dissertations and any resulting articles were plotted over the study period. Reliability and validity were considered in most studies but formally assessed in a minority of cases. The review concludes with a summary of findings and thoughts about future studies.
The effect of obesity on postural stability during a standardized lifting task

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of obesity on postural stability during a standardized lifting task. Twelve young males, six obese and six non-obese, completed three replications of repeated six lifts (at a rate of six lifts per minutes) at two levels of loads (10% and 25% of capacity) crossed with two levels of orientation (0° and 45° from sagittal plane). Postural stability measures showed that center of pressure sway path and sway area were ∼21% and ∼53% lower with obesity, respectively. Additionally, frequency band of amplitude spectrum in the medial lateral direction at 0° lifting orientation was significantly lower with obesity. The results suggest that obesity, as measured by body mass index, does not impair balance control in healthy young males when lifting load is relative to the capacity.
Molecular Testing for Coagulopathies

Sudden and severe loss of blood can lead to shock and death. When blood vessels are damaged, Hemostasis (clot formation) will arrest bleeding. This proces is divided into primary and secondary hemostasis.
Why indoor climates change: A case study

Indoor climates and climate change are an integral – but to date poorly integrated – element of climate and climate-change research more generally. They have been examined chiefly through the study of human thermal comfort, about which two conflicting schools of thought have emerged. One sees thermal comfort as governed by a common and fixed human preference and confined to a narrow range of conditions. The other sees it as strongly influenced by habit and expectations, which can differ greatly from one person, place, or period to another. This paper examines, in the light of these theories and what they imply, an episode of major and rapid indoor climate change – a sharp rise in winter temperatures thatoccurred in the northern United States in the first half of the nineteenth century. It finds support for both points of view and suggests that each is valid under particular circumstances. The results, if borne out by more research, will help to inform projections of future demand for heating and cooling and for outdoor climatic amenities, both significant elements of the human dimensions of global climatic change.
Synaptotagmin-1- and Synaptotagmin-7-Dependent Fusion Mechanisms Target Synaptic Vesicles to Kinetically Distinct Endocytic Pathways

Synaptic vesicle recycling is essential for maintaining normal synaptic function. The coupling of exocytosis and endocytosis is assumed to be Ca2+ dependent, but the exact role of Ca2+ and its key effector synaptotagmin-1 (syt1) in regulation of endocytosis is poorly understood. Here, we probed the role of syt1 in single- as well as multi-vesicle endocytic events using high-resolution optical recordings. Our experiments showed that the slowed endocytosis phenotype previously reported after syt1 loss of function can also be triggered by other manipulations that promote asynchronous release such as Sr2+ substitution and complexin loss of function. The link between asynchronous release and slowed endocytosis was due to selective targeting of fused synaptic vesicles toward slow retrieval by the asynchronous release Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin-7. In contrast, after single synaptic vesicle fusion, syt1 acted as an essential determinant of synaptic vesicle endocytosis time course by delaying the kinetics of vesicle retrieval in response to increasing Ca2+ levels.
God’s Will:

This autoethnographic essay examines the complexity of reproductive storytelling. Framed around a pair of interwoven reproductive stories, and located within a reproductive justice framework, it as...
The Rainbow Isle and the City of Rain

Deleuze and Guattari’s conception of a minor literature—linguistically deterritorialised, thoroughly political, and collectively charged—can allow us to draw parallels between distant, diverse literatures; demographic and historical similarities, such as numerical ultra-smallness, do so as well. This essay compares literatures which are both minor and ultrasmall: ultraminor, as Bergur Moberg has recently coined. It looks at the ways in which attitudes towards diversity have shaped the representation of foreigners and “the foreign” in genre fiction. It argues that the emergence and popularity of the respective genres—romance in Mauritius and thriller in Norway—is tied to societal responses to demographic concerns. Focusing on two representative novels, Natacha Appanah’s Blue Bay Palace and Gunnar Staalesen’s We Shall Inherit the Wind , it further argues that Mauritians view the instability of diversity as an inescapable starting point, while Bergenseres view this instability as a frightening, however welcomed, resolution.
Plant Form In Relation To Root Spread

Abstract Four Juniperus chinensis cultivars, ‘Torulosa’, ‘Sylvestris’, ‘Pfitzeriana’ and ‘Hetzii’ had mean and maximum root spreads of 1.6m (4.8 ft) and 2.2 m (6.6 ft) resp, 12 months after planting. Despite large differences in plant form, root spread on all four cultivars was equal. The columnar cultivar ‘Torulosa’ had significantly less root length within the drip-line than the more spreading cultivars ‘Pfitzeriana’ and ‘Hetzii’. Percentage of total root length within the dripline was correlated (r= −.72) with the ratio of plant height to spread.
Disability models and attitudes among college students with and without disabilities.

Unfavorable attitudes or stigma toward people with disabilities are invisible barriers that contribute to social inequities such as disparities in higher education enrollment and degree completion. Additionally, disability models, or underlying beliefs about whether disability is a problem inherent
Variation in Mating Dynamics across Five Species of Leiobunine Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opliones).

The study of mating choices often focuses on correlates of traits to the overall outcome of a mating interaction. However, mating interactions can proceed through a series of stages, with opportunities for assessment at each stage. We compared whether male or female size predicted mating interaction outcome across several stages of mating in five species of North American leiobunine harvestmen (commonly known as daddy longlegs). Leiobunine harvestmen have been previously shown to exhibit incredible morphological diversity consistent with a spectrum of male–female antagonism. Across all of the species, we found a general progression of female size predicting the outcome (success and timing) of early stages of interactions, and male size or male size relative to female size predicting the outcome and timing of later stages of interactions. We also found that size was not a strong predictor of outcome in the two species on the lower end of the antagonism spectrum. The variation in how female and male size predicted outcomes across species and stages of mating suggests that multiple mechanisms may operate to shape mating dynamics within and across species. Given the close relatedness of the species studied, the patterns we uncovered suggest a rapid evolution of the traits and processes predicting the outcome of mating interactions.
Philosophical Foundations of the Special Theory of Relativity, and Their Bearing on Its History

Since the publication of Hans Reichenbach’s definitive books on the philosophy of the theory of relativity during the nineteen twenties,1 the literature on the philosophy and history of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (hereafter called STR) has been enlarged by contributions which call for critical evaluation. In this chapter, I shall give such an evaluation in the course of presenting: (a) an up-to-date analysis of the intertwined philosophical and empirical foundations of the kinematics of the STR, with attention to neglected issues and prevalent misconceptions, and (b) a demonstration that a rigorous grasp of the philosophical conceptions underlying the fully evolved STR and distinguishing it from its ancestors is decisively prerequisite to (1) the very posing of well-conceived, searching historical questions in regard to the STR, and hence to (2) the provision of a historically sound and illuminating account of its genesis.
Quark Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum in the Baryon

The spin and orbital angular momentum carried by different quark flavors in the nucleon are calculated in the SU(3) chiral quark model with symmetry-breaking. The model is extended to all octet and decuplet baryons. In this model, the reduction of the quark spin, due to the spin dilution in the chiral splitting processes, is transferred into the orbital motion of quarks and antiquarks. The orbital angular momentum for each quark flavor in the proton as function of the partition factor $\kappa$ and the chiral splitting probability $a$ is shown. Although the total amount of the quark spin reduction is canceled by the the equal amount increase of the quark orbital angular momentum, the cancellation does not apply to each quark flavor. Especially, the cancellation between the spin and orbital contributions in the baryon magnetic moment is discussed. Comparisons of our results with other models are also shown.
Coherent Control Schemes In Semiconductor Double Wells

We present a brief overview of some of our theoretical studies of coherent control schemes in semiconductor heterostructures within Boltzmann-Bloch equations. The latter are obtained from Dyson’s equation within the Keldysh nonequilibrium Green’s function approach and allow a microscopic analysis of coherent control schemes in semiconductors. Feasibility of coherent control of charge oscillations, optical absorption, and optical gain is predicted. Most recent studies also indicate that coherent control of longitudinal optical (LO) phonon emission rates can be achieved.
Endocrine and metabolic effects of experimental obesity in man.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the endocrine and metabolic effects of the experimental obesity in humans. All the changes witnessed in spontaneous obesity except for the increase in adipocyte number have been reproduced in experimental obesity. It has been found that endocrine and metabolic changes are associated with gain in weight. Normal subjects fattened by eating a mixed diet require more calories in relation to their body surface area for maintenance of the obese state than they require when at their natural weight and also more than the spontaneously obese generally require. There are marked differences in the ability of normal individuals to gain weight by taking calories in excess of those required for maintenance. When weight is gained by normal increase in the intake of fat alone, there is a higher proportion of weight gained to calories ingested, and the weight gained may be maintained by an intake that is no greater than that required to maintain the initial weight. The chapter also describes the hormonal and circulating factors that affect the resistance to insulin in experimental obesity. It also presents evidence for cellular factors in resistance to insulin in experimental obesity and their response to gain in weight and to dietary carbohydrate.
An Improved multivariate generalised likelihood ratio control chart for the monitoring of point clouds from 3D laser scanners

Statistical quality control techniques are crucial for manufacturing companies with tight tolerances but high-volume data generated from laser scanners has pushed the limits of traditional control ...
Red at heart: how Chinese Communists fell in love with the Russian Revolution, by Elizabeth McGuire

For many Chinese revolutionaries the Russian Revolution ignited dreams of a revolution that would change their world. Red at Heart, Elizabeth McGuire’s innovative study, examines those romantic dre...
Single Layer Graphene for Estimation of Axial Spatial Resolution in Confocal Raman Microscopy Depth Profiling.

Single layer graphene (SLG), with its angstrom-scale thickness and strong Raman scattering cross section, was adapted for measurement of the axial (Z-direction) probe beam profile in confocal Raman microscopy depth-profiling experiments. SLG adsorbed to a glass microscope coverslip (SLG/SiO2) served as a platform for the estimation of axial spatial resolution. Profiles were measured by stepping the confocal probe volume through the SLG/SiO2 interface while measuring Raman scattering from the sample. Using a high numerical aperture (1.4 NA) oil immersion objective, axial profiles were derived from the graphene 2D vibrational mode and fit to a Lorentzian instrument response function (IRF). Subsequently, the Z-direction spatial resolution in depth-profiling studies of polymer interfaces was estimated through convolution of the Lorentzian IRF with a step function representing the ideal junction separating the phases of interest. In the study of a bipolar polymer membrane, confocal Raman depth profiles of the ...
Psychological threat avoidance as a barrier to HIV testing in gay/bisexual men

The present study examined how three psychosocial barriers-anticipated HIV stigma, HIV infectiousness-reduction beliefs, and optimism about available HIV treatments-related to HIV testing history and acceptance of an at-home HIV test among men who have sex with men. We also examined the mediating role of a variable that affects medical screening for other health conditions but has not yet been investigated in HIV contexts: the tendency to avoid psychologically threatening information. Volunteers completed a paper and pencil survey and were offered a free at-home HIV test during the 2015 Atlanta Pride Festival in Atlanta, GA. Anticipated HIV stigma, infectiousness beliefs, and treatment optimism were inconsistently related to HIV testing history and acceptance of an at-home HIV test, but all had direct effects on the desire to avoid HIV information. In a mediation model, each of these psychosocial barriers had indirect effects on both HIV testing outcomes via information avoidance. These findings suggest that information avoidance is an important proximal HIV testing barrier, thus providing a novel target for interventions and information campaigns.
miR-29c regulates neurogliogenesis in the mammalian retina through REST.

In the developing central nervous system, including its simple and accessible model retina, neurogenesis is followed by gliogenesis. However, the mechanism underlying the neurogliogenic switch remains poorly understood despite the identification of several regulatory genes, associated with the lineage identity and transition. The mechanism may involve cross talks between regulatory genes, facilitated through microRNAs. Here, we posit miR-29c as one of the regulatory miRNAs that may influence neuronal versus glial differentiation. We observed that the temporal patterns of miR-29c expression corresponded with late retinal histogenesis, the stage in the developing retina when neurogliogenic decision predominantly occurs. Examination of the effects of miR-29c on neurogliogenesis by the perturbation of function approach revealed that miR-29c preferentially facilitated differentiation of late RPCs into rod photoreceptors and bipolar cells, the late-born neurons, at the expense of Muller glia, the sole glia generated by retinal progenitor cells. We further observed that miR-29c facilitated neurogenesis and inhibited gliogenesis by regulating the expression of RE-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which encodes a transcriptional repressor of cell cycle regulators and neuronal genes. Thus, miR-29c may influence neurogliogenic decision in the developing retina by regulating the instructive out put of a molecular axis helmed by REST.
Computers and School Psychology Training.

The unique uses of computers in training school psychologists including their potential role in simulated and actual assessment, case disposition, report formulation, record keeping and research ar...
Temporalities of [No] Harm: Navigating Trauma through Research with Minoritized Populations in Higher Education.

In this paper, four scholars with minoritized identities explore the impact of harm and/or trauma when engaging in research alongside minoritized student populations. Using collaborative autoethnog...
Synthesis of Biopolymers from a Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1 Using Unprocessed Corn Stover

A lignocellulolytic and thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp. WSUCF1 was investigated for its production of biopolymers (exopolysaccharides, EPSs) using agricultural waste corn stover. The maximum...
Open questions on the biological roles of first-row transition metals

First-row transition metals play several roles in biological processes and in medicine, but can be toxic in high concentrations. Here the authors comment on the sensitive biochemistry and speciation chemistry of the first-row transition metals, and outline some of the remaining questions that have yet to be answered. First-row transition metals play several roles in biological processes and in medicine, but can be toxic in high concentrations. Here the authors comment on the sensitive biochemistry and speciation chemistry of the first-row transition metals, and outline some of the remaining questions that have yet to be answered.
Decoding the Protein Composition of Whole Nucleosomes with Nuc-MS

Abstract Nuc-MS characterizes histone modifications and variants directly from intact endogenous nucleosomes. Preserving whole nucleosome particles enables precise interrogation of their protein content, as for H3.3-containing nucleosomes which had 6-fold co-enrichment of variant H2A.Z over bulk chromatin. Nuc-MS, validated by ChIP-seq, showed co-occurrence of oncogenic H3.3K27M with euchromatic marks (e.g., H4K16ac and >15-fold enrichment of H3K79me2). By capturing the entire epigenetic landscape, Nuc-MS provides a new, quantitative readout of nucleosome-level biology.
Hemodialysis (HD) dose and ultrafiltration rate are associated with survival in pediatric and adolescent patients on chronic HD—a large observational study with follow-up to young adult age

Hemodialysis (HD) dose targets and ultrafiltration rate (UFR) limits for pediatric patients on chronic HD are not known and are derived from adults (spKt/V>1.4 and 1.6 (Kaplan–Meier analysis), (II) secondary analyses: UFR and alternative dialysis adequacy measures [eKt/V, body-surface normalized Kt/BSA] on continuous scale (Weibull regression model). A total of 1780 patients were included (age at the start of HD: 0–12y: n=321, >12–18y: n=1459; median spKt/V=1.55, eKt/V=1.31, Kt/BSA=31.2 L/m2, UFR=10.6 mL/kg/h). (I) spKt/V 1.4–1.6 (P 1.6 (P 18 mL/kg/h. Associations did not alter significantly following adjustment for demographic characteristics (age, etiology of kidney disease, and ethnicity). Our results suggest usefulness of targeting Kt/BSA>30 L/m2 for best long-term outcomes, corresponding to spKt/V>1.4 (>12 years) and >1.6 (<12 years). In contrast to adults, higher UFR of 10–18 ml/kg/h was not associated with greater mortality in this population.
Internationalizing U.S. Universities through Health for All—2000

The aim of this chapter is to call attention to a critical problem facing today’s universities—the necessity to internationalize curricula, teaching, and research. The discussion points to the symbolic significance of the World Health Organization as an international institution challenging universities to consider international health as an organizing theme for institutional development. The chapter suggests how universities might think about “Health for All—2000” as an educational model to strengthen and focus international programs within the university.
Characterization and acid‐mobilization study of iron‐containing mineral dust source materials

Processes that solubilize the iron in mineral dust aerosols may increase the amount of iron supplied to ocean surface waters, and thereby stimulate phytoplankton productivity. It was recently proposed that mixing of mineral dusts with SO2 and HNO3 produces extremely acidic environments that favor the formation of bioavailable Fe(II). Here, four authentic mineral dust source materials (Saudi Beach sand (SB), Inland Saudi sand (IS), Saharan Sand (SS) and China Loess (CL)) and one commercial reference material (Arizona Test Dust (AZTD)) were spectroscopically characterized, and their dissolution at pH 1 was examined in aqueous batch systems. Spectroscopic analyses indicated that the bulk and near-surface region of all samples possessed similar elemental compositions and that iron was unevenly distributed among dust 10 particles. Mossbauer spectroscopy revealed Fe(III) in all samples, although SB, CL and AZTD also contained appreciable Fe(II). Both Fe(II) and Fe(III) were primarily substituted into aluminosilicates, although CL, AZTD and IS also contained Fe(III) oxides. Total iron solubility (defined as the summed concentration of dissolved Fe(II) and Fe(III) measured after 24 h) ranged 14 between 4-12% of the source materials’ iron content, but did not scale with either the surface area or the iron content of the samples. This suggestsmore » that other factors such as iron speciation and mineralogy may play a key role in iron solubility. Also, the elevated nitrate concentrations encountered from nitric acid at pH 1 suppressed dissolution of Fe(II) from AZTD, CL and SB particles, which we propose results from the surface-mediated, non-photochemical reduction of nitrate by Fe(II).« less
Determinants of business success under “hypocapitalism”

Abstract This study examined the strategies adopted by selected firms in the posttransformation economy in Russia. The aim was to determine (1) if there were substantial commonalities among the strategies employed and (2) if so, was it likely that a theory of the firm could be found which persuasively explained and predicted success under the unusual characteristics of the present Russian economy. This question was pursued through an analysis of the strategies followed by “successful” firms, a term that will be defined below. Almost always present in successful firms was some form of diversification, and a variant of network capitalism (NC) was prevalent among market share leaders. First is a description of the economy, which resulted from the political and economic changes the Russian Federation experienced between 1991 and 1998. This economic state is referred to as “hypocapitalism.”
The interaction of ionizing radiation and food pyrolysis products in producing oncogenic transformation in vitro

Short term cultures of golden hamster embryo cells were exposed to X-irradiation and/or to 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3,-b]indole (Trp-P-2), a pyrolysis product of GL-tryptophan. Oncogenic transformation was scored following treatment with radiation and the pyrolysate, alone or in combination. Pre-treatment of the cells with 50 rad or 150 rad and subsequent exposure to 0.5 microgram/ml Trp-P-2, resulted in a higher transformation frequency as compared to that observed following exposure to the single agents. The enhanced frequency was related to the absorbed dose of radiation. The data suggest a synergistic interaction between X-rays and the pyrolysis product in their oncogenic action.
The relationship between coding sequences and function in haemoglobin

Gilbert has suggested that the presence of intervening sequences in DNA, called introns, can speed evolution by allowing novel proteins to be constructed from the pieces of existing ones1. This hypothesis further suggests that the coding sequences, called exons, correspond to functional parts of the protein. The most striking example so far is the case of the immunoglobulin γ heavy chain, where the four polypeptide sequences corresponding to the four coding sequences form structurally and functionally distinct parts of the molecule1,2. The relation between the three coding sequences of the β globin gene and structure or function is not as obvious, but the central coding sequence does code for the part of the globin chain which forms the haem crevice3,4. To further test the idea that coding sequences correspond to functional units of proteins we consider the relationship between the coding sequences of α and β globin genes and the corresponding parts of the complete, tetrameric haemoglobin molecule.
Contextualizing the trauma experience of women immigrants from Central America, South America, and Mexico

Trauma has been understudied among Latina immigrants from Central and South America. This study examined the types and context of trauma exposure experienced by immigrant women from Central America, South America, and Mexico living in the United States. Twenty-eight women seeking care in primary care or social service settings completed life history interviews. The majority of the women reported some type of trauma exposure in their countries of origin, during immigration, and/or in the United States. In the interviews, we identified types of trauma important to the experience of these immigrants that are not queried by trauma assessments typically used in the United States. We also identified factors that are likely to amplify the impact of trauma exposure. The study highlights the importance of utilizing a contextualized approach when assessing trauma exposure among immigrant women.
Effect of stress ratio on fatigue-crack growth in 7075-T6 aluminum-alloy sheet

Abstract Axial-load fatigue-crack-propagation tests were conducted on 12 in. (305 mm) wide sheet specimens made of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. These tests were made at stress ratios R (ratio of the minimum stress to the maximum stress) ranging from −1.0 to 0.8 and at maximum stress levels ranging from 5 to 50 ksi (34–340 MN / m 2 ) to study the effects of stress ratio on fatigue-crack growth. The fatigue-crack-propagation data were analyzed using Paris' stress-intensity analysis. The data from tests at negative R values fell into a relatively narrow scatterband along with the results from the R = 0 tests on a plot of rate against stressintensity range. Apparently, the compression portion of the loading cycle did not significantly affect crack growth in these tests. The data from tests at different positive stress ratios fell into discrete bands on these plots. These bands varied systematically with R , that is, the higher the stress ratio at a given value of ΔK , the higher the rate of fatigue-crack growth. This spread in rates was small at the lower stress-intensity range, but became progressively larger as the stress-intensity range was increased. Semiempirical equations developed by Forman et al ., by Broek and Schijve, and by Paris were fitted to the data from this investigation using a least squares fit. Forman's equation gave the best fit to the data. The fracture surfaces of the specimens changed from the normal mode to a shear mode within a reasonably narrow range of crack growth rates for all R values. The stress-intensity range at transition was approximately a constant for tests at negative stress ratios. Forman's equation adequately represented the variation between the stress ratio and the stress-intensity range at positive stress ratios.
In vitro manipulation of 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate levels in acid-citrate-dextrose blood with steroids

Abstract Erythrocyte 2, 3-DPG content has a marked effect on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and is known to decrease in ACD stored blood. This study revealed the effect of various steroids on the level of 2, 3-DPG. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate and methylprednisolone sodium succinate were found to increase the levels of 2, 3-DPG in 3, 10, and 13 day old ACD stored blood during incubation. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate was more effective than methylprednisolone sodium succinate in increasing the level of 2, 3-DPG. In three day old blood the increased 2, 3-DPG approached the lower limits of normal values.
On the multiple-minima problem in the conformational analysis of polypeptides. V. Application of the self-consistent electrostatic field and the electrostatically driven Monte Carlo methods to bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.

In connection with the accompanying paper to test various models for the hydration of polypeptides, we have explored a limited portion of the conformational energy hyperspace of the small protein bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) with the aid of two search methods developed in this laboratory. A series of low-energy conformations was obtained as a result of this study. These conformations constitute a set of local minima in the conformational energy space of the molecule as described by the ECEPP/2 (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides) potential energy function, without the inclusion of hydration. Five different initial conformations were used in this exploration: the first corresponds to an energy-refined structure based on the crystallographic coordinates (4PTI) provided by Deisenhofer and Steigemann25 and reported previously by Meirovitch and Scheraga.3 The remaining four initial conformations were obtained by using a Variable-Target-Function procedure, applied to the experimental Cartesian coordinates (5PTI) reported by Wlodawer et al.26 The self-consistent electrostatic field (SCEF) and the electrostatically driven Monte Carlo (EDMC) methods were used to search the conformational space. The SCEF and EDMC methodologies assume that a polypeptide or protein molecule is driven toward the native structure mainly by the action of the electrostatic interactions. Application of these methodologies led to a set of conformations (up to 50 kcal/mol lower than the starting ones) with ECEPP/2 energies lower than any of those that we had previously found. Application of both methods to the initial conformation generated from 4PTI led to a series of low-energy conformations exhibiting similar rms deviations with respect to the experimental data (4PTI) as did the starting conformation. However, statistical analysis of the runs that had started from the conformations generated by using the variable-target-function procedure (and applying the EDMC method) indicated that the rms deviations of the atomic positions of the new low-energy conformations tended to increase as the energy improved, when compared with the X-ray data from which the starting conformations had been generated. The structures with the lowest energies also had radii of gyration smaller than the experimentally observed one. These results indicated a need to include hydration in the potential function, and provided the conformations used in the accompanying paper to test various hydration models.
SOLUBILITY OF POLLEN EXINES

A B S T R A C T The sporopollenin of pollen exines of Ambrosia trifida is soluble in fused potassium hydroxide, in strong oxidizing solutions, and in certain organic bases. It is insoluble in other organic and inorganic acids and bases, in lipid solvents, and in detergents. The outer exine layer of gymnosperm and angiosperm pollen dissolves in 2-aminoethanol. The inner exine layer, as well as the exine of pteridophyte spores, is insoluble. The exine dissolution process in 2aminoethanol involves swelling and disintegration of exine structures, leaving some residual globules. Sporopollenin shares some solubility properties with lignin and cutin but appears
Expert system quality control

A consultation quality control model (CQCM) has been developed for an environment of an expert system (ES), integrating both ES performance measures and end-user judgment values. The CQCM will continuously provide an assessment of ES resources. Unfavorable assessment information will trigger immediate correction of suspected ES deficiencies. Simple decision theory concepts were employed to design the CQCM. End-users belong to different categories characterized by the ES resources they require, their multi-attribute utility functions and the weights they assign to ES consultation attributes.
Establishment of a long-term fire salvage study in an interior ponderosa pine forest

An experiment designed to evaluate the treatment effects of salvaging merchantable fire-killed trees on surface fuels and regeneration was established after a wildfire in northeastern California. The study was then monitored for 10 years. Surface fuel accumulations were rapid, corresponding with a high rate of snag decay and subsequent breakage or windthrow. Pine snags retained exhibited the fastest rates of breakage and transition to surface fuels, while white fir and incense-cedar were much more stable for the duration of this study. Natural regeneration observed following salvage was scarce and did not appear to be related to treatment. Similarly, artificial regeneration, although highly variable between treatment units, both in terms of growth and survival, was not related to salvage treatment.
Semileptonic baryon decays with a heavy quark.

The semileptonic decay of spin-\textonehalf{} baryons is examined in the spectator-quark model, with special attention given to ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{c}e\ensuremath{\nu}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{b}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{c}e\ensuremath{\nu}$. The polarization of the virtual $W$ and of the daughter baryon is also considered, along with the joint angular distribution between the charged lepton and the daughter-baryon polarization vector. The ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}_{b}$ decays with about equal mixtures of transverse to longitudinal $W$ polarization while the ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{b}$ decays with predominately longitudinal $W$ polarization. These reactions are representative of two qualitatively different classes: decays involving baryons whose spectators are spin singlets and those whose spectators are spin triplets.
Cardioprotective and vasomotor effects of HO activity during acute and chronic hypoxia

Prolonged hypoxia leads to the development of pulmonary hypertension. Recent reports have suggested enhancement of heme oxygenase (HO), the major source of intracellular carbon monoxide (CO), preve...
LEUCOANTHOCYANIDIN OXIDATION IN PECAN KERNELS: RELATION TO DISCOLORATION AND KERNEL QUALITY

The red-brown discoloration in the testa of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] kernels appears to be caused by the oxidation of endogenous leucoanthocyanidins to phlobaphenes, cyanidin and delphinidin. Oxidation was progressive in kernels of the Stuart and Schley varieties during storage for 16 wk at 32°C, 50% RH. The levels of leucoanthocyanidins in the two varieties differed significantly, however, rates of transformation were not different. Correlations between weekly increases in these compounds and peroxides formed in the pecan oils were low. Changes in peroxide values and Hunter values correlated well; thus, total color change of the testa may be a useful index of lipid quality. Differences between varieties in quantities of phenols suggest the influence of these compounds on the stability of pecan kernels.