cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The reduction of glutathione disulfide produced by t-butyl hydroperoxide in respiring mitochondria

Abstract Factors affecting the reduction of GSSG by rat liver mitochondria after a t-butyl hydroperoxide-induced (t-BOOH) oxidative stress were studied. The amounts of ADP and mitochondrial protein were adjusted to consume less than 50% of the available oxygen during the 8-min experimental period. A 4-min treatment of mitochondria with 24 nmol t-BOOH/mg protein (60 μM) oxidized 91% of total glutathione. In the presence of glutamate/malate, succinate or ascorbate/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) (state 4 respiration), 84, 84, and 28% of the GSSG formed during t-BOOH treatment was reduced after 4 min, respectively. A similar extent of reduction was seen during state 3 respiration (1.5 mM ADP) with glutamate/malate, but no reduction occurred during state 3 respiration with either succinate or ascorbate/TMPD. The succinate-supported reduction of GSSG was completely blocked by rotenone, antimycin A, carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphe-nylhydrazone (FCCP), or 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). In contrast, oligomycin potentiated GSSG reduction using either glutamate/malate or succinate as substrates. Rotenone partially blocked glutamate/ malate-supported GSSG reduction. NADPH levels were altered in direct proportion to the effects on GSSG reduction. The current data indicate that the reduction of GSSG in oxidatively- stressed isolated rat liver mitochondria occurs most efficiently during state 4 respiration and is independent of ATP synthesis. Both transhydrogenation and the transmembrane proton gradient appear to be important in NADPH regeneration and consequent GSSG reduction.
Action of a metabolite of S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine on poly-l-lysine, poly-l-arginine, and their soluble DNA complexes

Abstract The alkylating thiovinyl fragment released from S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)- l -[35S]-cysteine by a lyase reacted with about 12% of the amino acid residues in poly- l -lysine and about 6% in poly- l -arginine. The reaction of alkylating fragment with DNA was considerably reduced through complex formation of DNA with these polypeptides. When (alkylating fragment)-treated DNA interacted with either normal or (alkylating fragment)-treated polypeptides, the products had an abnormal biphasic melting profile. The first (lower) Tm is apparently due to (alkylating fragment)-substituted regions of DNA which are not complexed with polypeptide and have, like (alkylating fragment)-substituted DNA, a higher Tm than free, native DNA. A second, much higher Tm is due to (alkylating fragment)-substituted regions of DNA which are complexed with polypeptide. These complexes were, however, less stable and had lower Tm values than those prepared from normal, native DNA. The implications of complex formation with respect to susceptibility of tissues and species to toxic agents are discussed.
Detection of Cell‐CAM 105 in the pericanalicular domain of the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane

Cell-CAM 105 has been identified as a cell adhesion molecule based on the ability of anti-cell-CAM 105 monospecific Fab fragments to inhibit the reaggregation of rat hepatocytes. Because of its adhesive properties, it was expected that cell-CAM 105 would be present on the lateral cell surface where adhesive interactions predominate. Paradoxically, however, immunofluorescence analysis of frozen sections of rat liver using specific monoclonal antibodies indicated that cell-CAM 105 was present exclusively in the bile canalicular domain of the rat hepatocyte where there is no intercellular adhesion. To more precisely define the in situ localization of cell-CAM 105, immunoperoxidase labeling and electron microscopy were used to examine intact and mechanically dissociated liver tissue. Results showed that when accessibility was provided by mechanical dissociation of perfusion fixed liver tissue, cell-CAM 105 could be detected in the pericanalicular region of lateral membranes. In contrast, when hepatocytes were labeled after incubation in vitro under conditions used during adhesion assays to induce reaggregation, cell-CAM 105 rapidly redistributed to all areas of the plasma membrane. Immunofluorescence analysis of primary hepatocyte cultures further revealed that cell-CAM 105 and two other bile canalicular proteins relocalized to discrete domains reminiscent of bile canaliculi, whereas cell-CAM 105 was also present in areas of intercellular contact. Serial section electron microscopy analysis of well-defined, cross-sectional profiles of bile canaliculi suggested the presence of cell-CAM 105—positive membrane folds that extended along the length of the bile canalicular border. In sections from livers in which calcium-dependent adhesive contacts had been disrupted by treatment with ethylenediamine tetraacetate, intact bile canaliculi were found that remained attached only by these border folds. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to a possible role for cell-CAM 105 in bile canalicular formation. (HEPATOLOGY 1991; 13:47–56).
Thermoelectric power of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O and Pr-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O high Tc superconductors

Abstract The resistance and the thermoelectric power of thallium based high T c superconductors Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O and Pr-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O have been measured in the temperature interval 77–300 K. The resistive behaviour of Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O is found to be metallic while that of Pr-Tl-Sr-Ca- Cu-O shows a mixed metallic and semiconductive behaviour. The thermoelectric power of both superconductors is positive throughout the temperature interval. The thermoelectric power of the Tl-Ca-Ba- Cu-O superconductor decreases linearly with increasing temperature above the superconducting transition temperature, T c , below which it is zero. The thermoelectric power of the Pr-Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu-O sample shows a maximum near 180 K. The temperature dependence of the thermoelectric power of these samples, above T c , is quite different than that observed for RBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x superconductors.
Use of Tritiated Substrates in the Study of Heterotrophy in Seawater

An improved method is described for the study of heterotrophic utilization of dissolved organic substances by marine microorganisms. The method is based on the use of 3H-labelled organic substrates of very high specific activity, rather than the conventionally used 14C-labelled substrates. Direct measurement of the rate of tracer uptake at near ambient concentration can thus be made instead of extrapolation using the Michaelis-Menten equation. The method also permits comparison between the rates of tracer uptake in sub-samples exposed to different physico-chemical conditions (temperature, light, pollutants, etc.) without the necessity of determining the ambient substrate concentration. The method was applied to the determination of D-glucose uptake by nearshore and pelagic natural microbial populations, and was found to be sensitive and convenient.
Wake interference behind two flat plates normal to the flow: A finite-element study

A finite-element model of the Navier-Stokes equations is used for numerical simulation of flow past two normal flat plates arranged side by side at Reynolds number 80 and 160. The results from this simulation indicate that when the gap between the plates is twice the width of a single plate, the individual wakes of the plates behave independently, with the antiphase vortex shedding being dominant. At smaller gap sizes, the in-phase vortex shedding, with strong wake interaction, is favored. The gap flow in those cases becomes biased, with one of the wakes engulfing the other. The direction of the biased flow was found to be switching at irregular intervals, with the time histories of the indicative flow parameters and their power spectra resembling those of a chaotic system.
1280 INFLUENCE OF PLACE OF BIRTH ON THE SURVIVAL OF THE VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANT

1280 INFLUENCE OF PLACE OF BIRTH ON THE SURVIVAL OF THE VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (VLBW) INFANT
Remediation at the community college: Student participation and outcomes

This chapter explores the characteristics and features of remedial education at community colleges, examines participation in these courses, and reviews findings on the effects of remediation on student decisions and outcomes.
Taking the measure of dissociation.

The anxious focus of those who care for dissociative clients and patients is necessarily on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the uncertain fu...
Treatment of advanced stages of hallux rigidus with cheilectomy and phalangeal osteotomy

Background: Surgical treatment of hallux rigidus has usually consisted of cheilectomy for mild to moderate disease and arthrodesis for more advanced disease. The reported failure rate for cheilectomy alone in patients with advanced disease is approximately 37.5%. We reported our results with the combination of cheilectomy and extension osteotomy at the proximal phalanx for the treatment of advanced hallux rigidus. Methods: Between 2000 and 2007, eighty-one patients with advanced hallux rigidus (classified as Hattrup and Johnson Grade III) underwent a unilateral cheilectomy and great toe proximal phalangeal extension osteotomy. Outcome assessment was determined by comparison of preoperative and postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society scores, radiographs, first metatarsophalangeal joint motion, and patient satisfaction. Sixty-four of the eighty-one patients had complete clinical and radiographic examinations at a minimum duration of follow-up of two years. Results: The mean duration of follow-up was 4.3 years. The mean dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint improved significantly (p < 0.05), by 27.0°, from 32.7° preoperatively to 59.7° postoperatively. The average American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society scores improved significantly (p < 0.05) from 67.2 points preoperatively to 88.7 points postoperatively. Radiographs of the interphalangeal joint made postoperatively showed no evidence of development of interphalangeal joint arthritis. Of the eighty-one patients, sixty-nine (85.2%) were satisfied with the results of treatment and four (4.9%) subsequently underwent arthrodesis to treat persistent symptoms at the first metatarsophalangeal joint. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this study is the first to support the use of a combination of cheilectomy and extension osteotomy of the great toe proximal phalanx as an alternative to first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis to manage patients with advanced hallux rigidus. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Intravascular ultrasound comparison of restenotic and de novo coronary artery narrowings

Abstract Quantitative and qualitative IVUS analysis does not support the presence of large amounts of myointimal tissue in restenotic lesions. Thus, chronic remodeling with a return to original arterial size and lesion geometry may play a proportionately greater role in restenosis than has previously been appreciated.
Evolution of novel abdominal appendages in a sepsid fly from histoblasts, not imaginal discs.

SUMMARY Abdominal appendages in male sepsid flies are a complex novel structure of unknown developmental and evolutionary origin. Although these abdominal appendages superficially resemble serially homologous insect appendages, they do not develop from imaginal discs like other dipteran appendages. Cauterization of the genital disc and ventral abdominal histoblasts in Themira biloba (Sepsidae, Diptera) revealed that these abdominal appendages develop from the ventral histoblast nests of the fourth abdominal segment. Cell counts of the histoblasts in males and females revealed that the ventral histoblast nests on the fourth abdominal segment in males were significantly larger than other histoblast nests, indicating that the specification of that segment as the location of the abdominal appendages occurs before the last larval instar. The recruitment of histoblasts to produce appendages has not been documented before, and implies a developmental and evolutionary potential for histoblasts that was previously unknown.
Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of anti‐inflammatory 9, 10‐dihydro‐9‐oxo‐2‐acridine‐alkanoic acids and 4‐(2‐carboxyphenyl)aminobenzenealkanoic acids

Eighteen test compounds, in three chemical series, were prepared as potential anti-inflammatory agents and evaluated by the rat hindpaw carrageenan-induced edema assay. The compounds, isosteric with known anti-inflammatory and antiallergic cyclo-oxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors, are 10-methyl-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxo-2-acridinealkanoic acids, 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxo-2-acridinealkanoic acids, and 4-(2-carboxyphenyl)aminobenzenealkanoic acids. Compounds within each of these series differ in the structure of the alkanoic acid side chain. Compounds containing the acetic acid and the branched 2-propionic acid side chain showed inhibition of carrageenan-induced edema. The activity of compounds with these side chains and the inactivity of those with carboxy, oxyacetic, thioacetic, and 3-propionic acid side chains is in accordance with the proposed template model of Appleton and Brown for the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, rather than with the alternative active site model proposed by Gund and Shen. One compound, (±)-2-[N-(2-carboxyphenyl)-4-aminophenyl]propionic acid (3c), showed edema inhibition at 50 mg/kg po, comparable to that of an equivalent dose level of (+)-naproxen. Compounds 4a and 5a, which contain a carboxylic acid side chain, exhibited inhibition of soybean 12-lipoxygenase with IC50 values of 17.2 and 8.4 μM, respectively. The inhibition observed for the control drug, naproxen, was 24 μM.
Catalysis of Kumada–Tamao–Corriu coupling by a (POCOP)Rh pincer complex

A pincer-based (POCOP)Rh catalyst is demonstrated to be an active and well-defined catalyst for the coupling of select aryl and alkyl Grignards with aryl iodides. The proposed intermediacy of oxidative addition of aryl halides to (POCOP)RhI is supported by the isolation of the oxidative addition product.
Design and application of multimodal power gating structures

Designing a power-gating structure with high performance in the active mode and low leakage and short wakeup time during standby mode is an important and challenging task. This paper presents a tri-modal switch cell that enables implementation of multimodal power gating, including active, data-retentive drowsy, and deep sleep modes. A circuit realization and design methodology are presented that allow one to take advantage of the ultra low leakage deep sleep mode, low leakage, but very fast wakeup, drowsy mode, and an additional low leakage data-retentive mode. Experimental results demonstrate the benefits of this new switch and corresponding power gating technique.
Visual field tunneling in aviators induced by memory demands.

Abstract Aviators are required rapidly and accurately to process enormous amounts of visual information located foveally and peripherally. The present study, expanding upon an earlier study (Williams, 1988), required young aviators to process within the framework of a single eye fixation a briefly displayed foveally presented memory load while simultaneously trying to identify common peripheral targets presented on the same display at locations up to 4.5° of visual angle from the fixation point. This task, as well as a character classification task (Williams, 1985, 1988), has been shown to be very difficult for nonaviators: It results in a tendency toward tunnel vision. Limited preliminary measurements of peripheral accuracy suggested that aviators might be less susceptible than nonaviators to this visual tunneling. The present study demonstrated moderate susceptibility to cognitively induced tunneling in aviators when the foveal task was sufficiently difficult and reaction time was the principal dependen...
Cocaine Intoxication and Thyroid Storm: Similarity in Presentation and Implications for Treatment.

Introduction. Cocaine, a widely used sympathomimetic drug, causes thermoregulatory and cardiac manifestations that can mimic a life-threatening thyroid storm. Case. A man presented to the emergency department requesting only cocaine detoxification. He reported symptoms over the last few years including weight loss and diarrhea, which he attributed to ongoing cocaine use. On presentation he had an elevated temperature of 39.4°C and a heart rate up to 130 beats per minute. Examination revealed the presence of an enlarged, nontender goiter with bilateral continuous bruits. He was found to have thyrotoxicosis by labs and was treated for thyroid storm and cocaine intoxication concurrently. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with Graves’ disease and treated with iodine-131 therapy. Conclusion. Cocaine use should be considered a possible trigger for thyroid storm. Recognition of thyroid storm is critical because of the necessity for targeted therapy and the significant mortality associated with the condition if left untreated.
Increases in Leach Rate due to Possible Cracking in Silicate Glasses

Comparative studies of two multi-component silicate glasses have confirmed the observation that glasses with a relatively low SiO{sub 2} + AlO{sub 3/2} content may exhibit temporary increases in leach rate during the initial stages of their exposure to water. SEM studies of the leached glass surfaces strongly support the assumption that this phenomenon is due to cracking of the leached glass and a consequent increase of the exposed surface area.
Got Support? The Impact of Supportive Work Practices on the Perceptions, Motivation, and Behavior of Customer-Contact Employees

While scholars know a great deal about the operational challenges faced by customer-contact employees in the hospitality industry, there is much to be learned about the factors associated with the ...
Terror and Guerrilla Warfare in Latin America, 1956–1970

Most of the extraordinary waves of terror which have swept many Latin American societies since 1970 have occurred in guerrilla-based insurgencies or even civil wars. Because of the massive body counts produced during these confrontations between revolutionaries and counterrevolutionaries based in or linked with a government, human rights organizations have issued a long series of reports about terror—especially that which has been carried out by incumbent regimes and death squads—and which has been supplemented by the exposes of the guerrillas themselves. Amnesty International, the Human Rights group in the Organization of American States (OAS), and Americas Watch have been the major international actors documenting the wave of terror. Many independent national groups, such as El Salvador's “Socorro Juridico” and other human rights organizations linked with church bodies have undertaken that more perilous task at home.
What makes and keeps radiation risks associated with CT a hot topic

AJR:204, March 2015 some professionals continuing to propagate estimations and others opposing these figures as lacking a sound scientific basis. Unfortunately, rather than both groups being willing to publish joint position statements, there have been strong efforts to use professional organizations of medical physics to propagate the idea that risk estimations are not reliable [7]. Sadly, these position statements have not involved well-established radiation effects experts, such as radiation biologists and radiation epidemiologists. Achieving consensus involves huge amounts of resources and time, as the experience of many international organizations that are well versed in consensus documents shows. In addition to the debate about cancer risks associated with CT, the last decade has also brought forth a situation that never existed before. Unlike in the past, there are now thousands of patients for whom the individual patient dose received through diagnostic imaging has exceeded an effective dose of 100 mSv, which makes the outcome of this debate all the more urgent. There have been a number of outcomes in the last decade as a result of the focus on cancer risks associated with CT, including the establishment of the Image Gently, Image Wisely, and Choosing Wisely campaigns; momentum in the United States on handling overutilization of CT; momentum by the industry on developing lower-dose CT scanners with the target of achieving submillisievert CT for the head and chest or abdomen; attention to the multiple CT scans a single patient undergoes and tracking of all exposures; the continued appearance of several articles in the peer-reviewed literature almost every week on radiation dose management in CT; and a number of national and international organizations providing guidance on their websites on the appropriateness and safety in CT to ease fears on What Makes and Keeps Radiation Risks Associated With CT a Hot Topic?
Cultural Differences in Pictorial Destination Images Russia through the Camera Lenses of American and Korean Tourists

Destination photography communicates images that shape and reshape destination perceptions of past and potential tourists and, consequently, influence their decision-making process. Using theoretical underpinnings provided in works on culture, this exploratory study examines whether destination photographs taken by tourists and posted on social-network websites are reflective of culture to which those tourists belong. Content analysis of American and Korean photographs of Russia posted on Flickr and in Korean travel blogs, respectively, was followed by chi-square and co-occurrence analyses of destination attributes, as well as geospatial analysis of image locations using ARC GIS software. Although the core of Russia’s destination image—urban, contemporary, architecturally interesting, and spacious—is similar for both cultural groups, the study found differences in the way that American and Korean tourists represent Russia as a destination. These differences are discussed from the perspective of tourists’ ...
Scaling of Askaryan Pulses

The theory of the Askaryan process, impulsive RF emission from particle showers, is reviewed. The radiated electric field may be calculated at all angles and frequencies from just two phenomonological functions related to the longitudinal and transverse profiles of the shower. A prescription is given for extracting the relevant profiles from shower Monte Carlo calculations. Results obtained for one shower may be scaled to other energies and environments. A two parameter analytic model for shower profiles is proposed.
The learning curve of in vivo probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy for prediction of colorectal neoplasia

Background Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) is an emerging tool for in vivo imaging of the GI tract that requires the endoscopist to interpret microscopic images. The learning curve for interpretation of pCLE images is unknown. Objective To examine the learning curve of correctly identifying benign and neoplastic colorectal lesions by using pCLE and to evaluate the learning curve of obtaining high-quality images. Design Prospective, double-blind review of pCLE images of 76 colorectal lesions by using corresponding polypectomies as the reference standard. A training set of 20 images with known histology was first reviewed to standardize image interpretation, followed by blinded review of 76 unknown images. Setting Eleven endoscopists from 3 different endoscopy centers evaluated the images obtained by 1 endoscopist using the high-definition confocal probe. Patients Patients undergoing screening and surveillance colonoscopies. Intervention Intravenous fluorescein pCLE imaging of colorectal lesions followed by polypectomies. Main Outcome Measurements Accuracy of image interpretation with constructing learning curve for pCLE image interpretation and acquisition. Results Of the 76 colorectal lesions, 51 (67%) were neoplastic and 25 (33%) were benign, based on histopathology. Accuracy for the overall group was 63% for lesions 1 to 20, 64% for lesions 21 to 40, 79% for lesions 41 to 60, and 86% for lesions 61 to 76. The ability to obtain high-quality images was stable over the 76 cases. Limitations Small sample size and use of offline video sequences. Conclusions Accurate interpretation of pCLE images for predicting neoplastic lesions can be learned rapidly by a wide range of GI specialists. Furthermore, the ability to acquire high-quality pCLE images is also quickly learned.
High-Frequency Tsunami Signals of the Great Indonesian Earthquakes of 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005

Tsunamis generated by the great Indonesian earthquakes of 26 December 2004 ( M w 9.3) and 28 March 2005 ( M w 8.6) produced high-frequency (>5 mHz) dispersed signals recorded by hydrophone stations offshore from Diego Garcia and Cape Leeuwin, Australia, and by many seismic stations in the Indian Ocean and on the coast of Antarctica. For the first and greater earthquake, the dispersed energy is commonly observed to 30 mHz and, in one case, to 60 mHz. The high-frequency signals are consistent with being generated at pointlike sources. The earliest arriving tsunami signals originate from a point near 4.3° N, 93.8° E, determined using event- to-station distances estimated by matching predicted dispersion to observations. The location is further constrained with azimuth estimates from an array of hydrophones. Fine structure in the tsunami signal indicates a second high-frequency source just south of Great Nicobar Island near 6.5° N, 93.6° E. The point sources are located close to the maximum slip area determined in several other seismic and tsunami studies. The dispersion of much later-arriving energy is consistent with travel over longer paths, and matches predictions for reflections of the tsunami from bathymetric features in the Indian Ocean basin. For the 28 March 2005 tsunami, the high- frequency dispersion is observed at the Diego Garcia hydrophone station and the AIS seismic station, and tsunami signals without apparent dispersion are seen at four other seismic stations. Phase velocities estimated at hydroacoustic stations agree with linear dispersion theory at frequencies above 12 mHz.
A teaching aid for visualizing the direction of electrical forces of the heart in space.

Abstract 1. 1. A model useful in visualizing the spatial vectors of the heart is described. 2. 2. Its usefulness is illustrated by a tracing of a posterior myocardial infarction.
VIS keynote address

Visualization of all types of data is a highly effective tool used by researchers to gain insight into natural phenomena and to communicate their findings. It is also an increasingly popular means of presenting large scientific datasets to the general public in informal educational settings such as museums and planetaria. Visualization has appeared in many forms and in many cultures throughout digital history and contributes to the evolving visual language of science.
Jejunal Interposition after Failed Esophageal Atresia Repair

Background The early outcomes of using jejunal interpositions to establish esophageal continuity in patients who have had a failed repair of esophageal atresia (EA) were determined. Study Design This was a retrospective review of all patients treated at our institution with a jejunal interposition after a failed EA repair from 2010 to 2015. Demographics, anatomy encountered, operative techniques, requirement for microvascular support, and length of stay were analyzed. Outcomes measures included conduit survival, as well as feeding status at last follow-up. Results Ten patients were reviewed. Median age at time of interposition operation was 48 months (range 8 to 276 months) and median weight was 14.2 kg (range 7.2 to 49.7 kg). Preoperative anatomy, operative techniques, and outcomes are presented. Four patients had microvascular "supercharging" for a long jejunal graft. Median follow-up was 1.5 years (range 0.5 to 5 years) with no long-term loss of graft or deaths. Six patients are eating by mouth completely, 1 by mouth primarily with supplemental night-time feeds, 1 is transitioning from tube to oral feeds, and 2 with functional grafts are fed mostly enterally due to severe oral aversion in 1 and aspiration in 1. Conclusions Jejunal interpositions have been used for the past 5 years to establish esophageal continuity after a failed EA repair. All jejunal conduits survived and were joined to the upper esophageal segment. For shorter gaps with a longer upper esophageal pouch, a thoracic esophageal anastomosis was possible without additional vascular support. For longer interpositions into the neck, upper conduit survival might benefit from additional vascular anastomoses (ie, supercharging). To provide adequate space in the mediastinum, the first rib can be removed, as well as a portion of the manubrium to enlarge the pathway into the neck.
The Color of Structures

Color is the subjective response to the objective stimulus of radiant energy of particular wavelength and intensity. Wavelengths determine hue; intensity determines brightness. Color is identified by three methods: (1) verbal description; (2) sample comparison; and (3) physical measurement. The Munsell method of notation accurately describes color in three terms of hue, value (lightness), and chroma (saturation or vividness). The ASTM Standards provide methods for precise identification of color by the Munsell system. The National Bureau of Standards has adopted a standard color terminology used by many industries. Psychological research has provided useful data on color preference and a rational method for color selection. From the behavioral sciences has come the developing technology of psychophysics, which permits measurement of color differences and establishes color tolerances for stated levels of consumer acceptance.
Fluorine-Free Oil Absorbents Made from Cellulose Nanofibril Aerogels

Aerogels based on cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been of great interest as absorbents due to their high absorption capacity, low density, biodegradability, and large surface area. Hydrophobic aerogels have been designed to give excellent oil absorption tendency from water. Herein, we present an in situ method for CNF surface modification and hydrophobic aerogel preparation. Neither solvent exchange nor fluorine chemical is used in aerogel preparations. The as-prepared hydrophobic aerogels exhibit low density (23.2 mg/cm–3), high porosity (98.5%), good flexibility, and solvent-induced shape recovery property. Successful surface modification was confirmed through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and water contact angle measurements. The hydrophobic aerogels show high absorption capacities for various oils, depending on liquid density, up to 47× their original weight but with low water uptake (<0.5 g/g a...
Flag Desecration, Religion and Patriotism

Although the United States flag has never been the target of widespread desecration, Congress has, on several occasions, been only a few votes short of sending a constitutional amendment to protect the flag to the states for ratification. The flag protection movement calls for abandoning of core free expression principles. This phenomenon is best understood by appreciating that the American flag is akin to a sacred religious icon, comparable to Christianity's crucifix, Judaism's Torah and the Koran of Islam. No court has designated patriotism as a religion, but in key respects it operates as a religion in American culture. Like traditional religions, patriotism inspires both noble deeds and appalling violence towards people who do not adhere to its commands. This effect is more acute in the age of terrorism. Amid noisy rhetorical claims and counterclaims, patriotism is conflated with support for the government's favored anti-terrorism policies. There are troubling legal and societal implications. Patriotism undergirds deeply flawed justifications for amending the Bill of Rights for the first time since its adoption in 1789. In the name of patriotism some instigate social opprobrium and intimidation. By mandating belief they offend First Amendment principles. In addition, forced patriotism, and in particular the flag protection movement, divides the nation into 'us,' those who would criminalize flag desecration and 'them,' those who would dishonor the flag.
Magnetoluminescence Studies in Ordered InGap2

Photouminescence measurements on ordered InGap{sub 2} were studied as a function of temperature, laser power density, and magnetic field. The temperature varied between 1.4 and 300 K, the laser power densities ranged from 10 nW/cm{sup 2} to 20 W/cm{sup 2}, and the maximum magnetic field was 13.6 T. The data show both excitonic and band-to-band behavior, depending upon the incident laser power density. A consistent interpretation of all data leads to a type-II valence-band offset between the ordered domains. Finally, a charge transfer model between domains which provides an explanation for intensity dependent energy shifts is discussed.
Compulsory Job Security and Unemployment

This paper explores the hypothesis that replacing the employment at will doctrine with job security legislation will increase unemployment. It begins by discussing the casual correlations that can be found between nations with aggressive job security legislation and nations that face chronic unemployment problems. In Europe, for example, employer surveys suggest that restrictions on employment termination are most severe in Italy and Spain, moderately severe in France and Germany, and relatively moderate in the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Ireland. Unemployment rates track these categories fairly closely. The paper then explores the theoretical linkage between job security legislation and unemployment. It is clear that job security laws can operate as a tax on employment, as it may lead to shirking, to administrative costs of bureaucratizing the workforce, and to litigation costs. The theoretical challenge, however, is to explain why this tax on employment should result in a reduction in employment as opposed to simply a drop in wage rates. The paper offers two explanations for this, one based on efficiency wage theory and one based on insider-outsider theories of unemployment. Under efficiency wage theory, the average quality of labor declines as the wage rate declines. If this effect is large enough, firms may find it unprofitable to lower wages to pick up the labor efforts of the unemployed. There are adverse selection and moral hazard reasons for the efficiency wage effect. The adverse selection problem is that employees may have private knowledge about their own productivity or proclivity for shirking, and employers fear that low-wage policies will attract lemon employees. Job security legislation exacerbates this problem, as firms who realize they will have a tough time firing poor employees must be especially careful about whom they hire up front, leading to larger wage premiums. The moral hazard problem is that employees may lose their incentive to act in the principal's interest if they are not paid a premium over the market wage. Job security legislation exacerbates this problem because when employees realize their chances of being fired upon shirking have decreased, the wage premium they will forfeit by shirking and being fired must be made larger than before to work as an incentive. The insider-outsider theory posits that unemployment is brought about by the ability of incumbent employees to exploit the transaction costs of changing employees. Job security legislation directly enhances the transaction cost of changing employees, thus making it easier for incumbent employees, whether individually, through an actual union, or through a threat to unionize, to raise their wages. Job security legislation also makes it easier for employees to carry out strategies that are designed to increase the employer's cost of changing employees, such as harassing or refusing to cooperate with new employees in training, as employees pursuing such strategies will be less likely to be fired.
Teacher training for moral education

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the importance of teacher education in the effort to improve school instruction in any field. Learning opportunities for pupils are affected by their teachers' academic knowledge, understanding of contemporary society, ability to capture and take advantage of the intellectual curiosity of children and youth, and skill in conveying complex ideas in a form understandable to immature minds. Developing nations are rarely able to invest greatly in teacher education. Primary schoolteachers often receive only a few years of schooling beyond elementary school themselves. A major concern is helping primary school teachers acquire the knowledge they require to teach reading, writing, and mathematics. Teachers also require skills in role-playing and role-taking. Unless teachers are taught to think of themselves as performing roles, they are likely to imagine that they are merely individuals doing a task as best they can. Role-taking is also an important skill for teachers. Growth in moral development requires the capacity for empathy, to see the world through the eyes of another.
Implementation and Verification of RKPM in the Sierra/SolidMechanics Analysis Code

The reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM) is a meshfree method for computational solid mechanics that can be tailored for an arbitrary order of completeness and smoothness. The primary advantage of RKPM relative to standard finite-element (FE) approaches is its capacity to model large deformations, material damage, and fracture. Additionally, the use of a meshfree approach offers great flexibility in the domain discretization process and reduces the complexity of mesh modifications such as adaptive refinement.We present an overview of the RKPM implementation in the Sierra/SolidMechanics analysis code, with a focus on verification, validation, and software engineering for massively parallel computation. Key details include the processing of meshfree discretizations within a FE code, RKPM solution approximation and domain integration, stress update and calculation of internal force, and contact modeling. The accuracy and performance of RKPM are evaluated using a set of benchmark problems. Solution verification, mesh convergence, and parallel scalability are demonstrated using a simulation of wave propagation along the length of a bar. Initial model validation is achieved through simulation of a Taylor bar impact test. The RKPM approach is shown to be a viable alternative to standard FE techniques that provides additional flexibility to the analyst community.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Geometric Interpretation of the Implicit Function Theorem

(1963). Geometric Interpretation of the Implicit Function Theorem. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 64-65.
Idiopathic osteo-arthritis of the hip. Comparison of the results of treatment by Austin Moore prosthesis and mold arthroplasty.

The results of 157 consecutive Vitallium mold arthroplasties and 107 consecutive prosthetic replacements performed for osteo-arthritis of the hip were analyzed and compared. The conclusions drawn from this study were: 1. Relief of pain in osteo-arthritis of the hip was greater and more lasting after mold arthroplasty than after insertion of a prosthesis. 2. When a prosthesis was used, the incidence of good and excellent results was 11 per cent higher in the group in which the acetabulum was remodeled and reamed than in the patients in whom the acetabulum was not reamed. 3. The best long-term results were obtained when a Vitallium mold was inserted after removal of hard sclerotic bone from both the head and the acetabulum.
Las mal ubicadas: intervenciones en la modernidad en la prosa de Alfonsina Storni y Gabriela Mistral

Gabriela Mistral and Alfonsina Storni were fully aware that they were living in a time of transition, marked by great economic, political and social transformations. The essays and chronicles they publish in newspapers and magazines between the end of 1910 and 1930 give testimony to their particular point of view about these processes of modernization as well as to their attempts to intervene and destabilize the hegemonic discourses about them. The purpose of this paper is to reflect upon the relationship between Mistral and Storni with certain aspects of modernization, based on their journalistic prose. What does it mean for them, as women, writers and workers, to live in a time of transition? What is their particular vision of a period of radical transformation for women and other disempowered people?
Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber Syndrome: Gastrointestinal Features

Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber syndrome is a congenital condition characterized by a failure of blood or lymph vessels to form properly. There is ongoing discussion about the classification of this disease as it has clinical overlap with several other diseases.
Effectiveness of statin in inducing apoptosis and cell growth arrest via inactivating RhoA in prostate cancer cell lines.

B230 Statins are a class of low molecular weight drugs that inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Clinically, statins have been approved and effectively used to control hypercholesterolemia. Recent data, however, showed their anti-tumor activity and may be used in preventing and treating human cancers. We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of statins on prostate cancer and to understand the molecular mechanism of their action. Our data showed that lovastatin and simvastatin effectively decreased cell viability in three prostate cancer cell lines by inducing apoptosis and cell growth arrest at G1 phase. Specifically, lovastatin and simvastatin induced activation of caspase 8 and 3 and to a lesser extent, caspase 9. Lovastatin and simvastatin suppressed expression of Rb, phosphorylated Rb, cyclin D1, cyclin D3, CDK4 and CDK6, but induced p21 and p27 expression in these prostate cancer cells. Molecularly, lovastatin and simvastatin suppressed RhoA activation and then c-JUN expression, but not cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. The results of the study demonstrated that the antitumor activity of statins is due to induction of apoptosis and cell growth arrest, and that the underlying molecular mechanism is inactivation of RhoA, which in turn induces caspase enzymatic activity and/or G1 cell cycle arrest. In future studies statin and other apoptosis-inducing drugs (e.g., COX-2 inhibitors or curcumin) should be examined together to assess the efficacy of statins in prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.
Character Focalization Selection and Development

This chapter focuses on the selection of focalizations and the principles by which these focalizations develop in the ten target novels. The chapter examines the ways individual characters are selected as prominent hearers, seers, emoters, and thinkers (i.e., focalizers). It discusses the principles by which these focalizations develop, by continuation, augmentation, reconfiguration, and emergence, principles all derived from extensive functional analyses of focalizations in the target novels. The selection and development of Jess Aarons’ focalization in BTT, an illustrative case, and the selection of focalizing characters in all ten target novels are examined. The chapter samples selected focalized (i.e., the people and things perceived in patterned ways) and includes problem and goal statements for all ten focalizations.
Sensitivity Analysis of Neutron Multiplicity Counting Statistics Using First-Order Perturbation Theory and Application to a Subcritical Plutonium Metal Benchmark

It is frequently important to estimate the uncertainty and sensitivity of measured and computed detector responses in subcritical experiments and simulations. These uncertainties arise from the phy...
Close Friendship Strength and Broader Peer Group Desirability as Differential Predictors of Adult Mental Health

Middle adolescents' close friendship strength and the degree to which their broader peer group expressed a preference to affiliate with them were examined as predictors of relative change in depressive symptoms, self-worth, and social anxiety symptoms from ages 15 to 25 using multimethod, longitudinal data from 169 adolescents. Close friendship strength in midadolescence predicted relative increases in self-worth and decreases in anxiety and depressive symptoms by early adulthood. Affiliation preference by the broader peer group, in contrast, predicted higher social anxiety by early adulthood. Results are interpreted as suggesting that adolescents who prioritize forming close friendships are better situated to manage key social developmental tasks going forward than adolescents who prioritize attaining preference with many others in their peer milieu.
Adaptive cluster ensemble selection

Cluster ensembles generate a large number of different clustering solutions and combine them into a more robust and accurate consensus clustering. On forming the ensembles, the literature has suggested that higher diversity among ensemble members produces higher performance gain. In contrast, some studies also indicated that medium diversity leads to the best performing ensembles. Such contradicting observations suggest that different data, with varying characteristics, may require different treatments. We empirically investigate this issue by examining the behavior of cluster ensembles on benchmark data sets. This leads to a novel framework that selects ensemble members for each data set based on its own characteristics. Our framework first generates a diverse set of solutions and combines them into a consensus partition P*. Based on the diversity between the ensemble members and P*, a subset of ensemble members is selected and combined to obtain the final output. We evaluate the proposed method on benchmark data sets and the results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the clustering performance, often by a substantial margin. In some cases, we were able to produce final solutions that significantly outperform even the best ensemble members.
Social Media Use and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Cluster Analysis.

Objectives Individuals use social media with varying quantity, emotional, and behavioral at- tachment that may have differential associations with mental health outcomes. In this study, we sought to identify distinct patterns of social media use (SMU) and to assess associations between those patterns and depression and anxiety symptoms. Methods In October 2014, a nationally-representative sample of 1730 US adults ages 19 to 32 completed an online survey. Cluster analysis was used to identify patterns of SMU. Depression and anxiety were measured using respective 4-item Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) scales. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between clus- ter membership and depression and anxiety. Results Cluster analysis yielded a 5-cluster solu- tion. Participants were characterized as "Wired," "Connected," "Diffuse Dabblers," "Concentrated Dabblers," and "Unplugged." Membership in 2 clusters - "Wired" and "Connected" - increased the odds of elevated depression and anxiety symptoms (AOR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.5-4.7; AOR = 3.7, 95% CI = 2.1-6.5, respectively, and AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.2; AOR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.3-3.1, respectively). Conclusions SMU pattern characterization of a large population suggests 2 pat- terns are associated with risk for depression and anxiety. Developing educational interventions that address use patterns rather than single aspects of SMU (eg, quantity) would likely be useful.