cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy

Hospitalized patients with hepatic insufficiency often suffer from severe catabolic states and are in urgent need of nutrition support during their acute illness. Protein intolerance, however, remains a significant problem with respect to the provision of adequate nutrition, either enterally or parenterally. The following report is an anecdotal series of 63 consecutive patients in a large urban hospital treated prospectively with nutrition support using a prototype high branched-chain amino acid solution (FO80) given by technique of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) by the subclavian or internal jugular route with hypertonic dextrose. Sixty-three patients, of which 42 had chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) with acute decompensation and 17 with acute hepatic injury and four with hepatorenal syndrome, are the subject of this report. All required IV nutrition support and were either intolerant to commercially available parenteral nutrition solutions or were in hepatic encephalopathy at the time they were initi...
Evaluating Investment in Inventory Policy: A Net Present Value Framework

ABSTRACT This paper provides a method for evaluating investment in inventory that is consistent with a wealth maximizing objective. Theoretical superiority and conceptual straightforwardness of the proposed approach arc demonstrated via development of the net present value maximizing models for various inventory systems. Some important financial implications of the study are also discussed.
A comparative evaluation of properties and clinical efficacy of the echinocandins.

With the increase in prevalence of fungal infections, newer antifungal agents are needed to effectively treat invasive disease, and at the same time minimize adverse effects from therapy. The echinocandins comprise a novel class of antifungals; their mechanism of action involves inhibiting 1,3-β-D-glucan synthase, which is essential in cell wall synthesis for certain fungi. All three echinocandins are US FDA-approved for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Caspofungin and anidulafungin are licensed for the treatment of candidemia, and other select forms of invasive candidiasis. Micafungin is at present the only echinocandin approved for prophylaxis of fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplants; whereas caspofungin is approved for empiric therapy of febrile neutropenia. Although all three echinocandins are active against Aspergillus, only caspofungin is presently approved for salvage therapy in invasive aspergillosis. Combination therapy with echinocandins plus other licensed antifungal ...
Undermining quality teaching and learning: A self-determination theory perspective on high-stakes testing

Using tests to compare nations, states, school districts, schools, teachers, and students has increasingly become a basis for educational reform around the globe. Although tests can be informative, high-stakes testing (HST) is an approach to reform that applies rewards and sanctions contingent on test outcomes. Results of HST reforms indicate a plethora of unintended negative consequences, leading some to suggest that HST corrupts educational practices in schools. Although there are many accounts of these negative results, SDT supplies the only systematic theory of motivation that explains these effects. In what follows we describe the motivational principles underlying the undermining effects of HST on teachers and learners alike.
Tax rate uncertainty, labor supply and saving in a nonexpected utility maximizing model

Abstract The effects of uncertainty in rate of return tax rate, wage income tax rate and a comprehensive tax rate which affects both return to saving and wage income are analyzed in a nonexpected utility maximizing framework of Selden (1978) . We consider a two period model where the agent works and saves. The effect of rate of return tax rate uncertainty on labor supply and saving critically depends on the magnitude of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution. A wage income tax rate uncertainty on the other hand unambiguously raises work effort while its effect on saving again depends on the magnitude of the intertemporal substitution elasticity. For empirically plausible magnitudes of the intertemporal substitution elasticity, saving responds positively to wage income tax rate risk. The effect of a comprehensive tax rate uncertainty on labor supply and saving, however, depends solely on the magnitude of the elasticity of intertemporal substitution.
On the normal modes of non-linear dual-mass systems

Abstract The motions of a class of non-linear dual-mass systems are investigated. A new characterization of non-linear normal modes in terms of solutions of initial value problems is developed that leads to interesting properties both on the existence of such non-linear normal modes and their continuous dependence upon the energies.
Evaluating feasibility, reach and potential impact of a text message family planning information service in Tanzania

Abstract Background The objective of this research was to evaluate the feasibility, reach and potential behavioral impact of providing automated family planning information via mobile phones to the general public in Tanzania. Study Design Data from users of the Mobile for Reproductive Health (m4RH) program were collected during the 10-month pilot period. First, contraceptive methods queried by each user were electronically logged by the mobile phone system. Second, four text questions assessing gender, age, promotion point and potential family planning impact were sent to every user. Results During the pilot period, 2870 unique users accessed m4RH in Tanzania, resulting in 4813 queries about specific contraceptive methods. Among those responding to text questions, 56% were female and approximately 60% were 29 or younger years in age. A variety of changes in family planning use were mentioned after using m4RH, with reported changes consistent with where users are in their reproductive life cycle. Conclusions Reaching younger people, women and men of reproductive age with family planning information delivered via mobile phone is recommended.
Applications of Filtered Bremsstrahlung Spectra in Radiologic Studies Part 1: Spectrum Properties and Optimal Energies

The spectral characteristics of a Bremsstrahlung radiation filtered by the K-edge absorption of an element is studied in respect to determination of material contents by x-ray transmission. A suitable model of the filtered spectrum is developed to investigate the measurement errors caused by the polyenergetic nonlinearity when such radiations are used as pseudo-monoenergetic sources. A performance criteria is established to determine the optimal energies for measurements in bone-water and iodine-water systems, when electronic noise is present and when data acquisition accuracy is limited.
The Relationship Between Hardiness, Supervisor Support, Group Cohesion, and Job Stress as Predictors of Job Satisfaction

Abstract Purpose. This study tested a conceptual model based on research supporting the relationship between the predictors of hardiness, supervisor support, and group cohesion and the criterions of job stress and job satisfaction and between the predictor of job stress and the criterion of job satisfaction. Design. The study employed a cross-sectional research design. Survey data were collected as part of the baseline measures assessed prior to an organizational hardiness intervention. Setting. Worksite of Dell Computer Corporation in Austin, Texas. Subjects. The subjects included 160 full-time Dell employees recruited from a convenience sample representing nine work groups (response rate = 90%). Measures. Hardiness was measured using the Dispositional Resilience Scale (DRS), job stress was measured using the Perceived Work Stress Scale (PWSS), and supervisor support, group cohesion, and job satisfaction were measured using a proprietary employee attitude survey. Results. In the proposed model, high hard...
The genetic basis of larval resistance to a host plant toxin in Drosophila sechellia.

The larvae of Drosophila sechellia are highly resistant to octanoic acid, a toxin found in D. sechellia's host plant, Morinda citrifolia. In contrast, close relatives of D. sechellia, D. simulans and D. melanogaster, are not resistant. In a series of interspecific backcrosses, 11 genetic markers were used to map factors affecting egg-to-adult ('larval') resistance in D. sechellia. The third chromosome harbours at least one partially dominant resistance factor. The second chromosome carries at least two mostly dominant resistance factors but no recessive factors. However, neither the X chromosome - which contains 20 % of D. sechellia's genome - nor the fourth chromosome appear to affect resistance. These data suggest that larval resistance to Morinda toxin may involve only a handful of genes. These results, when compared with a previous analysis of adult resistance to Morinda toxin in D. sechellia, suggest that larval resistance may involve a subset of the genes underlying adult resistance.
Cyclic affine planes of even order

Abstract In this paper, we prove the following theorem: Suppose there exists a cyclic affine plane of even order n. Then (a) either n=2 or n≡0 (mod4), and (b) for each prime divisor p of n, we have either ( p q )=1 for each prime q|n2−1or for some positive integer r (which depends on p), n+1|pr+1 and n−1|pr−1, according as expn2−1(p) is odd or even. For p=2, the former condition cannot hold and hence the latter one holds making expn+1(2) even. As a corollary, we prove that if there exists a cyclic affine plane of order n≡4 (mod8), then (i) n must be a square, (ii) n≡1 (mod3) and (iii) each prime divisor of n+1 is ≡1 (mod4). (For an integer a, if t is any integer with(t,a)=1, expa(t) would mean the smallest positive integer l such that tl≡1 (moda). Here ( p q ) is the Legendre symbol.
Thermophysical properties of conjugated soybean oil/corn stover biocomposites.

Abstract Novel “green composites” have been prepared using a conjugated soybean oil-based resin and corn stover as a natural fiber. Corn stover is the residue remaining after grain harvest and it is estimated that approximately 75 million tons are available annually in the United States. The effect of the amount of filler, the length of the fiber, and the amount of the crosslinker on the structure and thermal and mechanical properties of the composites has been determined using Soxhlet extraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile testing. Increasing the amount of corn stover and decreasing the length of the fiber results in significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the composites. The Young’s moduli and tensile strengths of the composites prepared range from 291 to 1398 MPa and 2.7 to 7.4 MPa, respectively. Water uptake data indicate that increasing the amount and fiber length of the corn stover results in significant increases in the absorption of water by the composites. The composites, containing 20 to 80 wt.% corn stover and a resin composed of 50 wt.% natural oil, contain 60 to 90 wt.% renewable materials and should find applications in the construction, automotive, and furniture industries.
Observation of X-ray interferences on thin films of amorphous silicon

Abstract Strong interferences have been obtained upon specular reflection of monochromatic X-rays at thin films of amorphous silicon on sapphire substrates under glancing angles slightly above the critical angle for total reflection. From the position of the interference extrema film thicknesses in the range from 1600 to 2400 A were determined with a precision of about 0.5%. Model computations of the reflected intensity are in good agreement with the experiment.
Flow and Heat Transfer in a Rotating Square Channel With 45 deg Angled Ribs by Reynolds Stress Turbulence Model

Numerical predictions of three-dimensional flow and heat transfer are presented for a rotating square channel with 45 deg angled ribs as tested by Johnson et al. (1994). The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio (e/D h ) is 0.1 and the rib pitch-to-height ratio (P/e) is 10. The cross section of the ribs has rounded edges and corners. The computation results are compared with the experimental data of Johnson et al. (1994) at a Reynolds number (Re) of 25,000, inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio (Δρ/ρ) of 0.13, and three rotation numbers (Ro) of 0.0, 0.12, and 0.24. A multiblock numerical method has been employed with a near-wall second-moment turbulence closure model. In the present method, the convective transport equations for momentum, energy, and turbulence quantities are solved in curvilinear, body-fitted coordinates using the finite-analytic method. Pressure is computed using a hybrid SIMPLER/PISO approach, which satisfies the continuity of mass and momentum simultaneously at every time step. The second-moment solutions show that the secondary flows induced by the angled ribs, rotating buoyancy, and Coriolis forces produced strong nonisotropic turbulent stresses and heat fluxes that significantly affected flow fields and surface heat transfer coefficients. The present near-wall second-moment closure model provided an improved flow and heat transfer prediction.
Comparative analysis of gene expression changes mediated by individual constituents of hemozoin.

Plasmodium protozoa, the source of malarial infections, catabolize large quantities of hemoglobin during an intraerythrocytic phase. During this process, free heme is detoxified through biomineralization into an insoluble heme aggregate, hemozoin (Hz). In its native state, Hz is associated with a variety of lipid peroxidation products including 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). In the present study, gene expression profiles were used to compare responses to two of the individual components of Hz in a model macrophage cell line. LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to HNE and the synthetic form of Hz, β-hematin (BH), for 6 or 24 h. Microarray analysis identified alterations in gene expression induced by exposure to HNE and opsonized BH (fold change, ≥1.8; p value, ≤0.01). Patterns of gene expression were compared to changes induced by an opsonized control latex bead challenge in LPS-stimulated cells and revealed that the BH response was predominantly phagocytic. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis demonstrated that...
Strategic planning in IBM

Abstract This paper presents an overview of the corporate planning system which has evolved for a large multi-national corporation in the information processing business. An integrated planning system is described which relates, through a cyclic process, the objectives, strategies and action plans of the company in response to dynamic markets in environments of intense competition and technological change. Of particular interest is the combination of periodic planning events with time variable elements, which gives the system necessary flexibility. Additionally, a brief discussion of the increasing significance of management science to strategic planning is included. The computer tool and advanced quantitative techniques have greatly enhanced the value of a formal planning system. The planning process has in fact become an integral part of the management system at IBM, acting as a vehicle for decision making and delegation of responsibility. In this role, the planning system has had to be an adaptive organism, responsive to variations in management style and sensitive to the lessons of prior experience.
Interfacial properties of amphiphilic systems

The standard Landau theory of interfacial properties is reviewed and seen to be inadequate to describe the wetting properties of amphiphilic systems. A simple extension of it is introduced and shown to provide a good description of recent experimental results. The origin of ideal middle phase behavior is shown to be a complete unbinding transition of surfactant sheets. This middle phase is an excellent solubilizer, and produces a zero interfacial tension between coexisting oil and water phases
Composite lymphoid neoplasm of B-cell and T-cell origins: a pathologic study of 14 cases ☆ ☆☆ ★

We retrospectively analyzed 14 composite lymphoma/lymphoid neoplasms (CL) of B-cell/T-cell origins. These consisted of a spectrum of T-cell neoplasms in combination with different B-cell lymphomas/leukemias, with peripheral T-cell lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma encountered most frequently for each respective neoplastic lineage. Histopathologic evaluation demonstrated 6 patterns of neoplastic distribution, including zone, inverted zone, diffuse mixed, regional/nodular mixed, compartmental, and segmental distributions. Four of 9 cases studied were positive for Epstein-Barr virus, all with a mixed pattern, suggesting that this pattern may predict an Epstein-Barr virus association. None of 14 cases was considered CL at the initial histologic evaluation. Only 6 (46.2%) of 13 cases had coexisting B-cell/T-cell neoplasms highlighted by immunohistochemistry, and the other 7 (53.8%) cases had 1 or both of the neoplastic components hidden. Flow cytometry detected both neoplastic lineages in 4 (44%) but failed to detect a clonal B-cell population in 4 (44%) and missed neoplastic T cells in 1 (11.1%) of 9 cases. Molecular testing detected clonal rearrangement of IGH/K gene in 11 (84.6%) of 13 cases, and clonal rearrangement of the TCRG/B gene in 13 (92.9%) of 14 cases, including 8 with identical amplicons detected in separate samples. CLs of B-cell/T-cell origin are heterogeneous in subtype combination and topographic pattern, often with one of the components histologically occult. A multidisciplinary approach is emphasized to establish a definitive diagnosis in these challenging cases.
Observable Contracts as Commitments: Interdependent Contracts and Moral Hazard

A large literature examines the use of observable and unrenegotiable agency contracts as commitments. These analyses generally impose an ad hoc restriction that contracts cannot be contingent on one another. I relax this restriction and obtain a folk theorem. Unlike earlier folk theorems in this area, the present result applies to agency relationships that have hidden-action problems. Using an example, I also demonstrate that there are settings in which interdependent contracts support a strictly larger set of equilibrium outcomes than do independent contracts. The result highlights the critical need for careful thought about restrictions placed on the set of feasible contracts.
The Transformation of the American Office: Changes in Employment and Technology

Between 1870 and 1930 production methods in American offices changed substantially as mechanical devices were introduced and work was subdivided and routinized. This paper explores connections between these technological advances and changes in clerical emplyment, particularly the employment of women in offices. A close correspondence is found between the timing of changes in the sex composition of clerical employment and the adoption of new techniques. It is argued that the new technology led to increased hiring of female clerical workers by reducing the form-specific skill requirements for clerical jobs.
Are Registered Dietitians Following the food Guide Pyramid

Abstract From a pool of 1020 active registered dietitians in a Mid-Western state4n the US, 120 ELD (RDs who had been practicing in dietetics for 3yrs or less) and 200 NELD (RDs who had been practicing in dietetics longer than 3yrs) were randomly selected and mailed a 57-item food frequency questionnaire that included portions sizes used in the Food Guide Pyramid. Of the 320 questionnaires mailed, responses were usable only from 55 ELD and 120 NELD. There was no significant difference in compliance between ELD and NELD in the bread, meat, milk and fruit groups. In the bread group, more ELD (82.1%) then NELD (79.3%) met the recommended servings. Compliance in the meat group between ELD and NELD was 71.4% and 74.4%. In the milk group, the ELD were slightly more compliant (71.4%) then NELD (63.3%). Mean intake in the milk group, for ELD (2.32 servings/d) and NELD(2.23 scrvings/d), showed both groups met the recommended servings of the FGP. More NELD (71.1%) than ELD (69.9%) were in compliance with the FGP in the fruit group. The vegetable group had relatively low compliance with NELD (45.5%) having a higher compliance compared to ELD (33.9%). Greater than 80% of ELD and NELD indicated moderate (
Two-bottle discrimination of equimolar NaCl and LiCl solutions by rats

In Experiment 1, rats received experience in a two-bottle situation that involved successive discriminations, first between LiCl and sucrose and then between LiCl and distilled water. Following this experience, the rats displayed an immediate discrimination between .15 M LiCl and .15 M NaCl. When rats in Experiment 2 were given no prior LiCl experience, discrimination between .15 M LiCl and .15 M NaCl was not immediate but developed with repeated presentations. With gradual reductions in the molar concentration, it was found that the discrimination between equimolar NaCl and LiCl solutions was lost between .007 and .008 M. Further tests suggested that the discrimination between low concentrations of NaCl and LiCl was based on sensory (oral) rather than on postingestional cues. The exact oral cue used by the rats to discriminate NaCl from LiCl was not an obvious taste factor: Masking of .08 M NaCl and .08 M LiCl with the four basic tastes (sweet, salty, sour, and bitter), either alone or together, failed to disrupt the discrimination. It was concluded that rats could discriminate reliably and efficiently between equimolar NaCl and LiCl solutions throughout a broad range of concentrations. The possible sensory basis of this discrimination is discussed.
Systolic contraction within aneurysmal rabbit myocardium following transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts.

Objective Transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts (SKMB) into infarcted heart (or cellular cardiomyoplasty, CCM) augments myocardial performance in animal models of myocardial infarction. However, the effect of CCM in the setting of ventricular aneurysm has not been evaluated. This study analyzes the effects of transplanted SKMB on regional wall motion in a rabbit model of postinfarct ventricular aneurysm. We hypothesize that CCM, performed early after myocardial infarction, prevents the progression of dyskinetic wall motion. Methods Twenty-six rabbits underwent apical left ventricular cryoinfarction and soleus muscle biopsy for in vitro isolation of skeletal myoblasts. At 2 weeks postinfarct, the presence of ventricular aneurysm was detected in 23/26 animals by sonomicrometry and micromanometry. Seventeen of 23 animals were randomized to receive either 108 autologous myoblasts (CCM) or vehicle. Regional stroke work, percent systolic shortening, and synchronicity of regional wall motion were determined prior to, and four weeks following, injection (CCM; n = 9; vehicle, n = 8). Wall motion was evaluated under baseline and stress (dobutamine, 10 (g/kg/min) conditions. Six animals did not undergo randomization, but their hearts were used to measure the size of infarction. Results Four weeks following treatment of animals with ventricular aneurysm, systolic contractile activity was present in most animals treated with myoblasts but in none treated with vehicle (5/7 versus 0/6, respectively, P Conclusions This study demonstrates a high incidence of systolic contractile activity in a previously aneurysmal region of myocardium following CCM and may represent a novel therapy for the prevention and treatment of postinfarct aneurysm.
Quinoline binding mode as a function of oxidation state in aryloxide-supported tantalum complexes: Models for hydrodenitrogenation catalysis

Abstract The heterocyclic complexes [η 1 ( N )-QUIN]Ta(OAr) 3 Cl 2 ( 1 ) and [η 1 ( N )-6MQ] Ta(OAr) 3 Cl 2 ( 2 ) (where Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, QUIN = quinoline, and 6MQ = 6-methylquinoline) are prepared from Ta(OAr) 3 Cl 2 (OEt 2 ) and QUIN or 6MQ in pentane. [η 1 ( N )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 2 Cl 3 ( 4 ) is prepared similarly from Ta(OAr) 2 Cl 3 (OEt 2 ). Upon rapid, two-electron reduction of these complexes, an η 1 ( N ) → η 2 ( N,C ) bonding rearrangement is effected and the thermally sensitive, d 2 species [η 2 ( N,C )-QUIN]Ta(OAr) 3 ( 5 ), [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 3 ( 6 ), and [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 2 Cl(OEt 2 ) ( 9 ) can be isolated. Alternatively, [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 2 Cl(OEt 2 ) ( 9 ) can be prepared in higher yield from (η 6 -C 6 Me 6 )Ta(OAr) 2 Cl and 6MQ. The trimethylphosphine adducts [η 2 ( N,C )-QUIN] Ta(OAr) 3 (PMe 3 ) ( 7 ) and [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 3 (PMe 3 ) ( 8 ) can be prepared by simple coordination of PMe 3 to the base-free compounds 5 and 6 . When Ta(OAr) 2 Cl 3 (OEt 2 ) is reduced by one electron in the presence of QUIN, 6MQ, or pyridine, the d 1 bis(ligand) complexes [η 1 ( N )-QUIN] 2 Ta(OAr) 2 Cl 2 ( 10 ), [η 1 ( N )-6MQ] 2 Ta(OAr) 2 Cl 2 ( 11 ), and [η 1 ( N )-py] 2 Ta(OAr) 2 Cl 2 ( 12 ) can be isolated. Complexes 10 and 11 are not readily converted to the η 2 ( N,C ) analogues 5 and 6 by further reduction. Under mild hydrogenation conditions, the only heterocyclic ligands which are hydrogenated are those bound in the η 2 ( N,C ) mode to a d 2 metal. Structural studies on [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 3 (PMe 3 ) ( 8 ) and [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 2 Cl(OEt 2 ) ( 9 ) have been undertaken. [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 3 (PMe 3 ) ( 8 ) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 2 1 / c (No. 15), with a = 32.849 (3) A, b = 19.579 (2) A, c = 23.822 (2) A, β = 135.69 (49)°, and V = 10702 (2) A 3 with Z = 8 and ρ caled = 1.16 g cm −3 . [η 2 ( N,C )-6MQ]Ta(OAr) 2 Cl(OEt 2 ) ( 9 ) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n (No. 14) with a = 12.059 (9) A, b = 17.975 (14) A, c = 17.949 (13) A, β = 100.29 (3)°, and V = 3828 (9) A 3 with Z = 4 and ρ caled = 1.37 g cm −3 . Both structures indicate an interruption of aromaticity to the heterocyclic ring only when bound in this fashion, consistent with the observation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline as the principal hydrogenation product of [η 2 ( N,C )-QUIN]Ta(OAr) 3 ( 5 ) with no decahydroquinoline being observed.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Vasoplegic Versus Tissue Dysoxic Septic Shock

Background—The current consensus definition of septic shock requires hypotension after adequate fluid challenge or vasopressor requirement. Some patients with septic shock present with hypotension and hyperlactatemia >2mM/L (tissue dysoxic shock), while others have hypotension alone with normal lactate (vasoplegic shock). Objective—To determine differences in outcomes of patients with tissue dysoxic versus vasoplegic septic shock. Methods—Pre-planned secondary analysis of a large, multi-center randomized control trial. Inclusion criteria were suspected infection, 2 or more systemic inflammatory response criteria, and systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg after a fluid bolus. Patients were categorized by presence of vasoplegic or tissue dysoxic shock. Demographics and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores were evaluated between the groups. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Results—A total of 247 patients were included, 90 patients with vasoplegic shock and 157 with tissue dysoxic shock. There were no significant differences in age, race, or gender between the vasoplegic and tissue dysoxic shock groups. The group with vasoplegic shock had a lower initial SOFA score than did the group with tissue dysoxic shock (5.5 vs. 7.0 points, p=0.0002). The primary outcome of in-hospital mortality occurred in 8/90 (9%) of patients with vasoplegic shock compared to 41/157 (26%) in the group with tissue dysoxic shock (proportion difference 17%, 95% CI 7–26%, p<0.0001; log rank test p = 0.02). After adjusting for confounders, tissue dysoxic shock remained an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. Conclusion—In this analysis of patients with septic shock we found a significant difference in in-hospital mortality between patients with vasoplegic versus tissue dysoxic septic shock. These findings suggest a need to consider these differences when designing future studies of septic shock therapies.
An empirical analysis of net interest cost, the probability of default and the credit risk premium: a case study using the Commonwealth of Virginia

Explains the rating system for US municipal bonds and its effect on borrowing costs, reviews relevant research and provides a study of the factors affecting grading by rating agencies in Virginia using 1995 data. Explains the methodology and presents the results, which identify five significant determinants of favourable ratings. Shows that net interest costs are lower when other rates of interest are low, real estate taxes are high (though not excessive), total municipal debt levels are low and credit risks are low. Confirms that bond ratings capture additional information and that a drop in ratings will raise net interest costs substantially. Considers consistency with other research and the implications of the findings for participants in the municipal bond market.
Crystal chemistry of the hydrates of sodium trimetaphosphate

Abstract Cell dimensions and the method of preparation are reported for Na 3 P 3 O 9 , Na 3 P 3 O 9 .H 2 O, Na 3 P 3 O 9 .1·5H 2 O, Na 3 P 3 O 8 .3H 2 O and Na 3 P 3 O 9 .6H 2 O. The existence of neither Na 3 P 3 O 9 .0·5H 2 O nor polymorphic forms of Na 3 P 3 O 9 and Na 3 P 3 O 9 .H 2 O previously reported by others could be verified.
Emerging Science and Research Opportunities for Metals and Metallic Nanostructures

During the next decade, fundamental research on metals and metallic nanostructures (MMNs) has the potential to continue transforming metals science into innovative materials, devices, and systems. A workshop to identify emerging and potentially transformative research areas in MMNs was held June 13 and 14, 2012, at the University of California Santa Barbara. There were 47 attendees at the workshop (listed in the Acknowledgements section), representing a broad range of academic institutions, industry, and government laboratories. The metals and metallic nanostructures (MMNs) workshop aimed to identify significant research trends, scientific fundamentals, and recent breakthroughs that can enable new or enhanced MMN performance, either alone or in a more complex materials system, for a wide range of applications. Additionally, the role that MMN research can play in high-priority research and development (R&D) areas such as the U.S. Materials Genome Initiative, the National Nanotechnology Initiative, the Advanced Manufacturing Initiative, and other similar initiatives that exist internationally was assessed. The workshop also addressed critical issues related to materials research instrumentation and the cyberinfrastructure for materials science research and education, as well as science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) workforce development, with emphasis on the United States but with an appreciation that similar challenges and opportunities for the materials community exist internationally. A central theme of the workshop was that research in MMNs has provided and will continue to provide societal benefits through the integration of experiment, theory, and simulation to link atomistic, nanoscale, microscale, and mesoscale phenomena across time scales for an ever-widening range of applications. Within this overarching theme, the workshop participants identified emerging research opportunities that are categorized and described in more detail in the following sections in terms of the following: three-dimensional (3-D) and four-dimensional (4-D) materials science. Structure evolution and the challenge of heterogeneous and multicomponent systems. The science base for property prediction across the length scales. Nanoscale phenomena at surfaces—experiment, theory, and simulation. Prediction and control of the morphology, microstructure, and properties of “bulk” nanostructured metals. Functionality and control of materials far from equilibrium. Hybrid and multifunctional materials assemblies. Materials discovery and design: enhancing the theory-simulation-experiment loop. Following an introduction, these emerging research opportunities are discussed in detail, along with challenges and opportunities for the materials community in the areas of instrumentation, cyberinfrastructure, education, and workforce development.
Adolescent fears as predictors of depression.

Abstract Background: Recent studies raise questions on the relationship between adolescent fears and risk for major depression. Methods: An epidemiologic sample of 776 young people received psychiatric assessments in 1983, 1985–1986, and 1992. Prospective associations were examined between fears in adolescence and future episodes of major depression. Results: Both overall level of fears and specific fear of dark in adolescence predicted future risk for major depression. Conclusions: Relatively high levels of fear in adolescence represent a risk factor for later episodes of major depression.
Energy efficient radio tomographic imaging

In this paper, our goal is to develop approaches to reduce the energy consumption in Radio Tomographic Imaging (RTI)-based methods for device free localization without giving up localization accuracy. Our key idea is to only measure those links that are near the current location of the moving object being tracked. We propose two approaches to find the most effective links near the tracked object. In our first approach, we only consider links that are in an ellipse around the current velocity vector of the moving object. In our second approach, we only consider links that cross through a circle with radius r from the current position of the moving object. Thus, rather than creating an attenuation image of the whole area in RTI, we only create the attenuation image for effective links in a small area close to the current location of the moving object. We also develop an adaptive algorithm for determining r. We evaluate the proposed approaches in terms of energy consumption and localization error in three different test areas. Our experimental results show that using our approach, we are able to save 50% to 80% of energy. Interestingly, we find that our radius-based approach actually increases the accuracy of localization.
Serial ASCII Instrumentation Loop for Marine Research Application

SAIL is the acronym for a proposed standard for the marine research community, entitled "Serial ASCII Instrumentation Loop." This standard has other instrumentation applications, but it has been proposed as one candidate specifically for intravessel digital data communications from sensors that monitor vessel parameters (position, speed, heading, etc.). Standard design criteria generally do not exist in the marine research community. Simply stated, standards are the root words to a language for technical information transfer. Until standards can be developed, disseminated, and accepted throughout the community, common and frustrating difficulties will remain formidable and impede cooperative research efforts. The prime benefit of an implemented data communications standard is to enable scientific parties to have ready access to vessel parameters which complement the data from the research program. Such a data-access technique is contained in the SAIL standard, and pertinent features of the standard are briefly described along with some hardware implementation.
Comment on "Inflation and flat directions in modular invariant superstring effective theories" ∗

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Size disproportionation in vesicular dispersions

Abstract Vesicular dispersions of the synthetic surfactant sodium 4-(1′-heptylnonyl) benzenesulfonate (SHBS) formed by sonication change with time. Reported here are electrical conductivity and turbidity data that support the hypothesis that this dispersion ages by a process involving the diffusion of monomer from small vesicles to large ones that is akin to Ostwald ripening. Much of the change in the vesicle population immediately after sonication is due to the relaxation of a supersaturation of surfactant caused by sonication. The vesicles do not aggregate or fuse. In addition, the solubility of pure SHBS in water at 25°C is found to be 0.22 wt%, a value three times higher than that previously reported.
Is Defense or Offense More Important for Professional Football Teams? A Replication Study Using Data from the 1998–1999 Regular Football Season:

The purpose of the present investigation was to replicate Onwuegbuzie's 1999 study by identifying which variables best predict a team's winning percentage in the 1998-1999 regular professional football season. Findings gave a model containing five variables: (1) turnover differential (which explained 54.4% of the variance), (2) total number of rushing yards conceded by the defense (which explained 21.3% of the variance), (3) total number of passing first downs attained by the offense (which explained 9.4% of the variance), (4) percentage of third-down plays that produce a first down (which explained 4.1% of the variance), and (5) total number of penalties conceded by the opponents' defense resulting in a first down (which explained 4.1% of the variance). These variables combined to explain 93.3% of the total variance in winning percentage for the 1998-1999 season. That the first two variables, which explained more than 75% of the variance, were characteristics of the defense supports Onwuegbuzie's conclusion that defensive gains are better predictors of success than are offensive gains.
Angular distribution of electrons elastically scattered from CH4

Differential elastic (vibrationally) scattering cross sections of CH4 by electron impact have been measured using a modulated crossed-beam method. The energy and angular range covered were from 5 to 50 eV and from 12 to 156 deg, respectively. The integrated and momentum transfer cross sections were obtained from the differential cross sections. The present results are compared with earlier data. Some discrepancies were found in the measurements and theoretical results.
The Role of Innervation in the Development of Taste Buds: Insights from Studies of Amphibian Embryosa

: Amphibian embryos have long been model organisms for studies of development because of their hardiness and large size, as well as the ease with which they can be experimentally manipulated. These particular advantages have allowed us recently to test the role of innervation in the development of vertebrate taste buds using embryos of an aquatic salamander, the axolotl. The predominant model of taste bud genesis has been one of neural induction, in which ingrowing sensory neurites induce taste bud differentiation in the epithelium that lines the mouth and pharynx. However, when we prevented embryonic sensory neurons from contacting the oropharyngeal epithelium by using transplantation or tissue culture techniques, we found that taste bud differentiation was independent of nerve contact. Additionally, using similar types of experimental manipulations, we have recently shown that taste bud differentiation is not a result of interactions of the oropharyngeal epithelium with craniofacial mesenchyme. Surprisingly, we found that although taste bud genesis occurs very late in embryonic development, it is an intrinsic feature of the presumptive oropharyngeal epithelium extremely early, in fact as early as the completion of gastrulation. These data have prompted us to propose a new model for the development of amphibian taste buds: (i) The presumptive oropharyngeal epithelium is specified by the time gastrulation is complete; (ii) Subsequently, a distributed population of taste bud progenitors is set up within this epithelium via local cell-cell interactions. These progenitor cells give rise to taste buds, which are distributed throughout the mouth and pharynx. How widely applicable this model might be for the genesis of taste buds in other vertebrates remains to be seen. However, since it is likely that the taste system of axolotls more closely resembles the ancestral state from which both the amphibian and mammalian taste systems have evolved, it is possible that many of the same developmental mechanisms that give rise to amphibian taste buds are also used to generate these receptor organs in mammals.
Risk assessment as a guide to thrombosis prophylaxis.

Purpose of reviewThis review discusses the current status of individual thrombosis risk assessment as an alternative to applying prophylaxis to broad groups in an attempt to simplify the process. Complete assessment is necessary in order to provide the proper type, duration, and intensity of prophyl
Security applications: lessons of real-world deployment

Game theory has played an important role in security decisions. Recent work using Stackelberg games [Fudenberg and Tirole 1991] to model security domains has been particularly influential [Basilico et al. 2009; Kiekintveld et al. 2009; Paruchuri et al. 2008; Pita et al. 2008; Pita et al. 2009]. In a Stackelberg game, a leader (in this case the defender) acts first and commits to a randomized security policy. The follower (attacker) optimizes its reward considering the strategy chosen by the leader. These games are well-suited to representing the problem security forces face in allocating limited resources, such as officers, canine units, and checkpoints. In particular, the fact that the attacker is able to observe the policy reflects the way real terrorist organizations plan attacks using extensive surveillance and long planning cycles.
The Ability to Pun May be Retained in Alzheimer Disease

Although the deficits and difficulties of the patient with Alzheimer disease (AD) are well documented and discussed, less attention is paid to describing some of the interesting and unusual abilities that these patients can possess. This case report describes an 81-year-old female with moderately severe Alzheimer disease who, in spite of some severe cognitive deficits, is able to express impressive humor through the extensive use of puns. Acknowledging and focusing on the remaining positive attributes of a person with AD can be helpful to both family members and professionals.
Observed Ecological Assets in Families, Schools, and Neighborhoods: Conceptualization, Measurement, and Relations With Positive and Negative Developmental Outcomes

The relations among observed ecological assets in youth’s families, schools, and neighborhoods with positive and negative developmental outcomes were assessed with a sample of 646 fifth-grade youth. The majority of participants were Latino (37.5%) or European American (35.5%) and lived in 2-parent families. Ecological asset indicators were categorized into 4 dimensions: human, physical or institutional, collective activity, and accessibility and were measured equivalently across the three contexts. Different dimensions of the family, school, and neighborhood settings had the most comprehensive impact on the different developmental outcomes, specifically collective activity in the family, accessibility in school, and human resources in the neighborhood. This research establishes a baseline for the empirical inquiry into the impact of observed resources present within families, school, and neighborhoods. Contemporary developmental science recognizes that human development is a bidirectional, individual ↔ context relational process (Lerner, 2006). Just as there are multiple levels of organization within the individual (e.g., genes, motivation, and cognitive abilities) that influence one’s developmental course, so too are there different levels of organization within the social ecology (e.g., families, schools, and neighborhoods) that contribute to development. In this article, we focus on the multilevel social context. We propose a framework for conceptualizing and measuring different, observed aspects of the social ecology that can be simultaneously applied to multiple settings to examine the unique and combined effects of the ecology on positive and negative developmental outcomes.
Change of bone conduction thresholds by total footplate stapedectomy in relation to age.

Introduction: The influence of age on threshold changes of bone conduction after stapedectomy has not been thoroughly studied. Improvement of the Carhart notch by stapes surgery might be related to age as well as an increase in cochlear sensitivity to surgical trauma. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study on the outcome of stapedectomy was undertaken. The results of surgery performed on 387 ears in 315 patients for otosclerosis between 1962 and 1989 were obtained. Stapedectomy, performed by a single surgeon, consisted of total stapedectomy, seal of the oval window with tragal perichondrium, and insertion of a free tragal cartilage graft. Results: Analysis of bone conduction changes with stapedectomy shows an average improvement of 5 to 6 dB at 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz with best improvement at 2 kHz. At 4 kHz a mean decrease of 4 dB is recognized. The improvement of bone conduction at 2 kHz is 12 dB in patients younger than 30 years compared with 4 dB in patients older than 60 years (P < .05). The youngest group was improved by 2 dB at 4 kHz, whereas the oldest group deteriorated by 5 dB (P < .05). Age relationship was apparent in all 4 frequencies. Concluslons: With increasing age there is less improvement in bone conduction at 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz with correction of the Carhart notch and more deterioration at 4 kHz. The cochlear sensitivity to surgical trauma increases with age. In younger patients the preoperative bone conduction levels do not reflect the true cochlear reserve. Patients younger than 40 years of age might profit more from a partial or total footplate removal in stapedectomy, as this better corrects the Carhart notch. Patients older than 40 years of age might profit more from a stapedotomy as this better preserves high frequencies.
Proteinase Inhibitor Gene Families: Tissue Specificity and Regulation

Proteinase inhibtors are a multifamily group of proteins that are ubiquitous in nature (Laskowski, Jr. and Kato, 1984). Inhibitor proteins have been isolated that specifically inhibit each of the four known mechanistic classes of proteolytic enzymes, i. e. serine, thiol, aspartyl and metalloproteinases. Overall, the serine proteinase inhibitors comprise over ten unrelated protein families (Laskowski, Jr., 1986) that are found within the animal and plant kingdoms (Table 1). The functional role of these inhibitor proteins appears to be either to protect tissues or fluids from proteolysis by foreign proteases or to regulate the levels of proteases that are metabolically active in the tissues or fluids that they are associated with. The majority of proteinase inhibitor proteins that have been purified from plants have been inhibitors of serine endopeptidases such as the animal digestive enzymes trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase or the bacterial proteinase subtilisin. In plants, the inhibitor proteins usually account for from 1 – 15 % or more of the proteins of various storage organs such as seeds and tubers (Ryan, 1974) and in some plant species, in leaves, in fruit, or in both (see below).
A Construct Validity Analysis of Scores on Measures of Distributive Justice and Pay Satisfaction

Using a multidimensional measure of pay satisfaction (the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire; PSQ), this study assessed the discriminant validity between scores on a measure of distributive justice and the PSQ using confirmatory factor analysis. Data collected from a diverse sample of employees indicated that the items from both the pay satisfaction scale and the distributive justice scale loaded on the hypothesized dimensions. Various goodness-of-fit measures confirmed the discriminant validity of the two constructs.
COMMENT ON THE NON-RENORMALIZATION THEOREM IN FOUR-DIMENSIONAL STRING THEORY AND VANISHING β-FUNCTION FOR NEWTON’S CONSTANT

Three-point one-loop amplitude for the graviton is considered in the string theory compactified on orbifolds with N=1 supersymmetry. We show that the amplitude leads to the vanishing correction to the Newton’s constant.