cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lysophosphatidic Acid Inhibits C-Type Natriuretic Peptide Activation of Guanylyl Cyclase-B

C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), found in endothelial cells, chondrocytes, and neurons, binds its cognate transmembrane receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPR-B/GC-B), and stimulates the synthesis of the intracellular signaling molecule, cGMP. The known physiologic consequences of this binding event are vasorelaxation, inhibition of cell proliferation, and the stimulation of long bone growth. Here we report that 10% fetal bovine serum markedly reduced CNP-dependent cGMP elevations in NIH3T3 fibroblast. The purified serum components platelet-derived growth factor and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mimicked the effect of serum on CNP-dependent cGMP elevations, but the latter factor resulted in the most dramatic reductions. The LPA-dependent inhibition was rapid and dose dependent, having t(1/2) and IC(50) values of approximately 5 min and 3.0 micro M LPA, respectively. The decreased cGMP concentrations resulted from reduced CNP-dependent NPR-B guanylyl cyclase activity that did not require losses in receptor protein or activation of protein kinase C, indicating a previously undescribed desensitization pathway. These data suggest that NPR-B is repressed by LPA and that one mechanism by which LPA exerts its effects is through the heterologous desensitization of the CNP/NPR-B/cGMP pathway. We hypothesize that cross-talk between the LPA and CNP signaling pathway maximizes the response of fibroblasts in the wound-healing process.
Electron-ejection cross sections in electron- and ion impact ionization: ab initio and semiempirical calculations

Ab initio calculations of single and double differential cross sections for ionization by fast, charged particles within the framework of the Born approximation are presented. In addition, a semi-empirical method based on the asymptotic Bethe-Born expansion is also discussed. Both are applied to ionization of helium by electrons and protons in an effort to assess their accuracy and validity. Agreement with experiment is quite good. The implications for other targets is discussed.
Economic and environmental threats of alien plant, animal, and microbe invasions

Over 120,000 non-native species of plants, animals and microbes have invaded the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, India, and Brazil, and many have caused major economic losses in agriculture and forestry as well as negatively impacting ecological integrity. Some introduced species, like corn ( Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum spp.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), plantation forests, domestic chicken ( Gallus spp.), cattle (Bos taurus), and others, are beneficial and provide more than 98% of the world’s food supply. Precise economic costs associated with some of the most ecologically damaging alien species are not available. Cats (Felis cattus) and pigs (Sus scrofa), for example, are responsible for the extinction of various animal species, however, it is impossible to assign monetary values to species forced to extinction. The estimate is that non-native species invasions in the six nations are causing more than US$ 314 billion per year in damages. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Incorporating cost in power analysis for three-level cluster-randomized designs.

In experimental designs with nested structures, entire groups (such as schools) are often assigned to treatment conditions. Key aspects of the design in these cluster-randomized experiments involve knowledge of the intraclass correlation structure, the effect size, and the sample sizes necessary to achieve adequate power to detect the treatment effect. However, the units at each level of the hierarchy have a cost associated with them and thus researchers need to decide on sample sizes given a certain budget, when designing their studies. This article provides methods for computing power within an optimal design framework that incorporates costs of units in all three levels for three-level cluster-randomized balanced designs with two levels of nesting at the second and third level. The optimal sample sizes are a function of the variances at each level and the cost of each unit. Overall, larger effect sizes, smaller intraclass correlations at the second and third level, and lower cost of Level 3 and Level 2...
Nonclassical polynomials as a barrier to polynomial lower bounds

The problem of constructing explicit functions which cannot be approximated by low degree polynomials has been extensively studied in computational complexity, motivated by applications in circuit lower bounds, pseudo-randomness, constructions of Ramsey graphs and locally decodable codes. Still, most of the known lower bounds become trivial for polynomials of super-logarithmic degree. Here, we suggest a new barrier explaining this phenomenon. We show that many of the existing lower bound proof techniques extend to nonclassical polynomials, an extension of classical polynomials which arose in higher order Fourier analysis. Moreover, these techniques are tight for nonclassical polynomials of logarithmic degree.
THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD BANK

Book reviewed in this article: Devesh Kapur, John P. Lewis annd Richard Webb, "The World Bank: Its First Half Century" Copyright Royal Economic Society 2002
Discrete molecular dynamics

Discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) has emerged as a simplification of tradi- tional molecular dynamics (MD). DMD employs discrete step function potentials in place of the continuous potential used in traditional MD. As a result, the sim- ulation engine solves the ballistic equations of motion for only those particles participating in a collision, instead of solving Newton's equations of motion for every particle in the system. Because fewer calculations are performed per time step, the DMD technique allows for longer time and length scales to become accessible in the simulation of large biomolecules. The use of coarse-grained models extends the computational advantage of this method. Although some ac- curacy is sacrificed to speed, because of the usefulness of DMD to the simulation of many particles at longer timescales, the technique has seen application to di- verse molecular systems. C
Localization of Ringed Spaces

Let X be a ringed space together with the data Μ of a set Μ of prime ideals of ΟΧx for each point x∈Χ . We introduce the localization of (X,M') , which is a locally ringed space Y and a map of ringed spaces Y→Χ enjoying a universal property similar to the localization of a ring at a prime ideal. We use this to prove that the category of locally ringed spaces has all inverse limits, to compare them to the inverse limit in ringed spaces, and to construct a very general Spec functor. We conclude with a discussion of relative schemes.
A survey of long‐term interplanetary magnetic field variations

Interplanetary magnetic field data from 10 IMP, AIMP, and HEOS spacecraft were merged into a composite data set spanning 1963 to 1974. A consideration of the mutual consistency of the individual data sets reveals agreement typically to within 0.2 gamma. Composite data set analysis reveals: (1) whereas the yearly averaged magnitudes of all field vectors show virtually no solar cycle variation, the yearly averaged magnitudes of positive- and negative-polarity field vectors show separate solar cycle variations, consistent with variations in the average azimuthal angles of positive- and negative-polarity field vectors, (2) there is no heliolatitude dependence of long time average field magnitudes, (3) field vectors parallel to the earth-sun line are on the average 1 gamma less in magnitude than field vectors perpendicular to this line, and (4) the heliolatitude-dependent dominant polarity effect exhibits a complex sign reversal in the 1968 to 1971 period and a measure of symmetry in 1972 to 1974 not found in earlier data.
Quantifying uniformity of mapped reads

Summary: We describe a tool for quantifying the uniformity of mapped reads in high-throughput sequencing experiments. Our statistic directly measures the uniformity of both read position and fragment length, and we explain how to compute a P-value that can be used to quantify biases arising from experimental protocols and mapping procedures. Our method is useful for comparing different protocols in experiments such as RNA-Seq. Availability and implementation: We provide a freely available and open source python script that can be used to analyze raw read data or reads mapped to transcripts in BAM format at http://www.math.miami.edu/~vhower/ReadSpy.html Contact: lpachter@math.berkeley.edu Supplementary Information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
An adaptive controller for a general class of switched reluctance motor models

In this paper, we utilize a general, nonlinear model of the switched reluctance (SR) motor to develop an adaptive controller for the full-order electromechanical model. The proposed controller requires measurement of the rotor position, rotor velocity, and stator current, does not exhibit any control singularities, achieves global asymptotic position/velocity tracking, and compensates for uncertain electromechanical parameters which are independent of the flux linkage model. To illustrate the generality of the approach, we show how the control can be designed to account for magnetic saturation associated with a proposed flux linkage model. Experimental results are also provided.
On behavioral complementarity and its implications

We study the behavioral definition of complementary goods: if the price of one good increases, demand for a complementary good must decrease. We obtain its full implications for observable demand behavior (its testable implications), and for the consumer's underlying preferences. We characterize those data sets which can be generated by rational preferences exhibiting complementarities. The class of preferences that generate demand complements has Leontief and Cobb–Douglas as its as extreme members.
The rational properties of scientific and common sense activities

When one says “John is a more rational person than Henry,” many meanings of the word “rational” can be distinguished. Some of these meanings are related to affairs of everyday life, some to affairs of scientific theorizing, and it is the scientific rationalities that writers on social organization and decision making commonly refer to as features of “rational choice.” It is here suggested that other meanings of rationality should be taken into account and treated as data in empirical research.
Tight bounds for mixing of the Swendsen–Wang algorithm at the Potts transition point

We study two widely used algorithms for the Potts model on rectangular subsets of the hypercubic lattice \({\mathbb{Z}^{d}}\)—heat bath dynamics and the Swendsen–Wang algorithm—and prove that, under certain circumstances, the mixing in these algorithms is torpid or slow. In particular, we show that for heat bath dynamics throughout the region of phase coexistence, and for the Swendsen–Wang algorithm at the transition point, the mixing time in a box of side length L with periodic boundary conditions has upper and lower bounds which are exponential in Ld-1. This work provides the first upper bound of this form for the Swendsen–Wang algorithm, and gives lower bounds for both algorithms which significantly improve the previous lower bounds that were exponential in L/(log L)2.
Evidence of Management Discrimination Among Analysts during Earnings Conference Calls

This paper considers the potential for public information disclosures to complement the existing private information of financial analysts. In such a setting, analysts allowed to participate during earnings conference calls by asking questions receive public signals that can facilitate the generation of new and valuable private information for the asking analyst. Realizing these public signals are valuable for the asking analyst, managers can use their discretion to discriminate among analysts by granting more participation to more favorable analysts. I use post–Regulation Fair Disclosure conference call transcripts to document that the probability of an analyst asking a question during an earnings conference call is increasing in the favorableness of the analyst's outstanding stock recommendation. I also find that downgrades are associated with decreases in access to management during the conference call relative to other recommendation change activity. Analyst prestige moderates these effects. Favorable and prestigious analysts have higher participation probabilities than favorable and unprestigious analysts. Further, downgrades result in participation decreases only for unprestigious analysts. These findings are consistent with practitioner and regulatory concerns that managers discriminate among analysts by allowing more management access to more favorable analysts.
Identification and estimation in a correlated random coefficients binary response model

We study a linear index binary response model with random coefficients BB allowed to be correlated with regressors X. We identify the mean of the distribution of B and show how the mean can be interpreted as a vector of expected relative effects. We use instruments and a control vector V to make X independent of B given V. This leads to a localize-then-average approach to both identification and estimation. We develop a √n-consistent and asymptotically normal estimator of a trimmed mean of the distribution of BB, explore its small sample performance through simulations, and present an application.
Tracking facial features using mixture of point distribution models

We present a generic framework to track shapes across large variations by learning non-linear shape manifold as overlapping, piecewise linear subspaces. We use landmark based shape analysis to train a Gaussian mixture model over the aligned shapes and learn a Point Distribution Model(PDM) for each of the mixture components. The target shape is searched by first maximizing the mixture probability density for the local feature intensity profiles along the normal followed by constraining the global shape using the most probable PDM cluster. The feature shapes are robustly tracked across multiple frames by dynamically switching between the PDMs. Our contribution is to apply ASM to the task of tracking shapes involving wide aspect changes and generic movements. This is achieved by incorporating shape priors that are learned over non-linear shape space and using them to learn the plausible shape space. We demonstrate the results on tracking facial features and provide several empirical results to validate our approach. Our framework runs close to real time at 25 frames per second and can be extended to predict pose angles using Mixture of Experts.
Predicting organizational identification at the CEO level

To develop further insight into antecedents of the CEO's psychological orientation toward the firm, we investigate what might lead CEOs to identify with their firms. Although research suggests that CEO organizational identification can be quite consequential for the firm, little research attention has been paid to its determinants. To predict how the special context of the CEO position might lead to identification, we consider a set of motives that members have for identifying with their organizations and consider how unique features of the CEO position might be relevant to those motives. Our theory and supportive findings help explain how the context of the CEO position, including variables often conceptualized as control mechanisms in agency theory research, can have important effects on subsequent CEO organizational identification.
An idealized short-period comet model - Surface insolation, H2O flux, dust flux, and mantle evolution

The present cometary activity model integrates feedback processes that involve the transport of heat, gas, and dust, as well as dust mantle development, and includes the effects of latitude, rotation, and spin axis orientation. Attention is given to the development, structural change, and distribution of dust mantles and their mutual interaction with ice surface temperature and gas and dust production. The results obtained suggest that an initially homogeneous, short period comet with a cosmic dust-to-water ice ratio, as well as typical orbit, rotation rate, and grain size distribution, would develop only a thin, less than 1 mm cyclic mantle at all points on the nucleus. Most H2O dust histories deduced from brightness data are noted to be in reasonable agreement with the model, allowing for uncertainty in radius and albedo. The exceptional case of Comet Encke is discussed.
STUDY OF PHOTON--PHOTON INTERACTIONS VIA ELECTRON--ELECTRON AND ELECTRON- POSITRON COLLIDING BEAMS.

Some techniques are presented for studying the virtual photon-photon interaction available through electron-electron and electron-positron colliding beams. The two-photon processes are analyzed with the helicity methods presented before by Muzinich, Wang, and Wang, and with invariant amplitudes in the special case of forward elastic photon-photon scattering. A discussion of the high-energy behavior of some particular hadron production amplitudes as determined by Regge theory is given. In particular, we emphasize the possibility of measuring the real photon-photon hadron production cross sections. If only the final lepton momenta are measured and one attempts to isolate the total real photon-photon cross section into hadrons, there are electromagnetic background effects that may make this measurement difficult.
Indeterminacy, aggregate demand, and the real business cycle ☆

Abstract We show that under indeterminacy aggregate demand shocks are able to explain not only aspects of actual fluctuations that standard RBC models predict fairly well, but also aspects of actual fluctuations that standard RBC models cannot explain, such as the hump-shaped, trend reverting impulse responses to transitory shocks found in US output (Cogley and Nason, Am. Econom. Rev. 85 (1995) 492); the large forecastable movements and comovements of output, consumption and hours (Rotemberg and Woodford, Am. Econom. Rev. 86 (1996) 71); and the fact that consumption appears to lead output and investment over the business cycle. Indeterminacy arises in our model due to capacity utilization and mild increasing returns to scale.
Algebra endomorphisms and derivations of some localized down-up algebras

We study algebra endomorphisms and derivations of some localized down-up algebras A&#x1d54a;(r + s, -rs). First, we determine all the algebra endomorphisms of A&#x1d54a;(r + s, -rs) under some conditions on r and s. We show that each algebra endomorphism of A&#x1d54a;(r + s, -rs) is an algebra automorphism if rmsn = 1 implies m = n = 0. When r = s-1 = q is not a root of unity, we give a criterion for an algebra endomorphism of A&#x1d54a;(r + s, -rs) to be an algebra automorphism. In either case, we are able to determine the algebra automorphism group for A&#x1d54a;(r + s, -rs). We also show that each surjective algebra endomorphism of the down-up algebra A(r + s, -rs) is an algebra automorphism in either case. Second, we determine all the derivations of A&#x1d54a;(r + s, -rs) and calculate its first degree Hochschild cohomology group.
Virtual Knot Theory

This paper is an introduction to the theory of virtual knots. It is dedicated to the memory of Francois Jaeger.
Software reuse: issues and research directions

Software reuse has been considered as a means to help solve the software development crisis. The authors survey recent work based on the broad framework of software reusability research, and suggest directions for future research. They address general, technical, and non-technical issues of software reuse, and conclude that reuse needs to be viewed in the context of a total systems approach. They also envision a software system or reuse support system (RSS) that helps document and elucidate existing application systems so that the ideas and design decisions involved in their creation can be reused either in the contest of maintenance or when building new systems. >
Effect of Wettability on Adverse-Mobility Immiscible Floods

Many immiscible displacements in reservoirs occur at adverse mobility. Effect of wettability on these displacements is not well understood and often ignored in reservoir simulation. Recent macroscopic theories of viscous fingering treat adverse immiscible flows similar to miscible flows, the mixing in the fingered region being controlled by a Todd-Longstaff-type functional form. The wettability of the medium is taken into account only through the use of appropriate relative permeabilities. The goal of this paper is to understand the macroscopic bypassing in adverse mobility immiscible floods. Immiscible displacements are conducted in a quarter 5-spot model in both drainage and imbibition modes at similar effective mobility ratios and viscous-to-gravity numbers. The level of bypassing and gravity override is visualized and measured. Tertiary water-alternating-gas (WAG) displacements are also conducted at various WAG ratios and viscosity ratios. Fractional flow analysis and numerical simulation are used to understand these displacements. Experiments show that macroscopic viscous fingering is present in adverse viscosity immiscible displacements where no saturation shock is expected from 1-D fractional flow theory. Bypassing due to both fingering and gravity override is higher in the drainage mode than in the imbibition mode, with other key parameters being the same. Optimum WAG ratio in water-wetmore » rock is a function of oil/solvent viscosity ratio. The macroscopic flow theory needs to include capillarity and viscous fingering to match these experimental findings.« less
An Identification Algorithm That Is Insensitive to Initial Parameter Estimates

This paper is concerned with the estimation of parameters in a constant coefficient, linear system using measurements of the system input and output. Two general methods can be used to estimate these parameters: the equation error method and the output error method. The equation error method is characterized by a single step solution that does not require a prior estimate. Unbiased noise in the output, however, causes a bias in the estimated parameters. The output error method is characterized by iterative solution techniques that require a prior estimate of the unknown parameters. This method provides an unbiased estimate. In this paper, a single estimation procedure is presented that uses the best features of both methods. It does not require a prior estimate of the unknown parameters and unbiased noise in the output will not cause a bias in the final estimate. The method is applied to simulated and flight data.
Charged-Particle Motion in Electromagnetic Fields Having at Least One Ignorable Spatial Coordinate

We give a rigorous derivation of a theorem showing that charged particles in an arbitrary electromagnetic field with at least one ignorable spatial coordinate remain forever tied to a given magnetic field line. Such a situation contrasts with the significant motions normal to the magnetic field that are expected in most real three-dimensional systems. It is pointed out that while the significance of the theorem has not been widely appreciated, it has important consequences for a number of problems and is of particular relevance for the acceleration of cosmic rays by shocks.
Toward a Historicized Sociology: Theorizing Events, Processes, and Emergence

AbstractSince the 1970s, historical sociology in the United States has been constituted by a configuration of substantive questions, a theoretical vocabulary anchored in concepts of economic interest and rationalization, and a methodological commitment to comparison. More recently, this configuration has been destabilized along each dimension: the increasing autonomy of comparative-historical methods from specific historical puzzles, the shift from the analysis of covariation to theories of historical process, and new substantive questions through which new kinds of arguments have been elaborated. Although the dominant responses have centered on methodological elaboration and epistemological debate, greater attention to historical process also informs new strategies for defining cases and framing puzzles, thereby highlighting different categories of empirical questions: social caging, group formation, and multiple orders. The most striking shift is from the imagery of systems-and-crises, which highlighted...
A nonstandard approach to the logical omniscience problem

Abstract We introduce a new approach to dealing with the well-known logical omniscience problem in epistemic logic. Instead of taking possible worlds where each world is a model of classical propositional logic, we take possible worlds which are models of a nonstandard propositional logic we call NPL, which is somewhat related to relevance logic . This approach gives new insights into the logic of implicit and explicit belief considered by Levesque and Lakemeyer. In particular, we show that in a precise sense agents in the structures considered by Levesque and Lakemeyer are perfect reasoners in NPL.
On the stability of Riemannian manifold with parallel spinors

Inspired by the recent work [HHM03], we prove two stability results for compact Riemannian manifolds with nonzero parallel spinors. Our first result says that Ricci flat metrics which also admit nonzero parallel spinors are stable (in the direction of changes in conformal structures) as the critical points of the total scalar curvature functional. Our second result, which is a local version of the first one, shows that any metric of positive scalar curvature cannot lie too close to a metric with nonzero parallel spinor. We also prove a rigidity result for special holonomy metrics. In the case of SU(m) holonomy, the rigidity result implies that scalar flat deformations of Calabi-Yau metric must be Calabi-Yau. Finally we explore the connection with a positive mass theorem of [D03], which presents another approach to proving these stability and rigidity results.
Comparison of EUS-guided tissue acquisition using two different 19-gauge core biopsy needles: a multicenter, prospective, randomized, and blinded study

Background and study aims: The optimal core biopsy needle for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is unknown. The principle aim of this study is to compare outcomes of EUS-fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) with a new 19-gauge EUS histology needle (ProCore, Cook Medical Inc., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States) to a conventional 19-gauge Tru-Cut biopsy (EUS-TCB) needle (19G, Quick-Core, Cook Medical Inc.). Patients and methods: Patients referred for EUS who require possible histologic biopsy were prospectively randomized to EUS-FNB or EUS-TCB. With the initial needle, ≤ 3 biopsies were obtained until either technical failure or an adequate core was obtained. Patients with suspected inadequate biopsies were crossed over to the other needle and similarly ≤ 3 passes were obtained until adequate cores or technical failure occurred. Technical success, diagnostic histology, accuracy and complication rates were evaluated. Results: Eighty-five patients (mean 58 years; 43 male) were randomized to FNB (n = 44) and TCB (n = 41) with seven patients excluded. Procedure indication, biopsy site, mass size, number of passes, puncture site, overall technical success and adverse events were similar between the two groups. FNB specimens had a higher prevalence of diagnostic histology (85 % vs. 57 %; P = 0.006), accuracy (88 % vs. 62 %; P = 0.02), mean total length (19.4 vs. 4.3 mm; P = 0.001), mean complete portal triads from liver biopsies (10.4 vs. 1.3; P = 0.0004) and required fewer crossover biopsies compared to those of TCB (2 % vs. 65 %; P = 0.0001). Overall technical success and complication rates were comparable. Conclusion: EUS-FNB using a 19-gauge FNB needle is superior to 19-gauge EUS-TCB needle.
Executable visual software modeling---the ZOOM approach

In this paper, we introduce a new executable visual software modeling approach called ZOOM (Z-Based Object Oriented Modeling). ZOOM extends a subset of UML-2 notations by providing UI modeling notations and a formal integration mechanism. ZOOM allows software modeling using both graphical and textual views for its structural, behavioral and UI models. Through a pre-defined event model, ZOOM integrates these models, and provides the runtime execution semantics for both code generation and software animation.
An infinity Laplace equation with gradient term and mixed boundary conditions

We obtain existence, uniqueness, and stability results for the modified 1-homogeneous infinity Laplace equation ―Δ ∞ u ― β|Du| = f, subject to Dirichlet or mixed Dirichlet-Neumann boundary conditions. Our arguments rely on comparing solutions of the PDE to subsolutions and super-solutions of a certain finite difference approximation.
Scientific Paper Summarization Using Citation Summary Networks

Quickly moving to a new area of research is painful for researchers due to the vast amount of scientific literature in each field of study. One possible way to overcome this problem is to summarize a scientific topic. In this paper, we propose a model of summarizing a single article, which can be further used to summarize an entire topic. Our model is based on analyzing others' viewpoint of the target article's contributions and the study of its citation summary network using a clustering approach.
Closure properties of GapP and #P

We classify the relativizable closure properties of GapP, solving a problem posed by (Hertrampf et al., 1995). We also give a simple proof of their classification of functions that are relativizable closure properties of #P.
LHC coverage of RPV MSSM with light stops

We examine the sensitivity of recent LHC searches to signatures of supersymmetry with R-parity violation (RPV). Motivated by naturalness of the Higgs potential, which would favor light third-generation squarks, and the stringent LHC bounds on spectra in which the gluino or rst and second generation squarks are light, we focus on scenarios dominated by the pair production of light stops. We consider the various possible direct and cascade decays of the stop that involve the trilinear RPV operators. We nd that in many cases, the existing searches exclude stops in the natural mass range and beyond. However, typically there is little or no sensitivity to cases dominated by UDD operators or LQD operators involving taus. We propose several ideas for searches which could address the existing gaps in experimental coverage of these signals.
Analysis of the Electron and Ion Fluxes to the Wall of a Hot-Filament Discharge Device

Summary form only given. The current densities of ions and electrons to the wall of a hot-filament discharge device are examined both experimentally and theoretically. The ion current to the wall as a function of neutral gas pressure is found theoretically from a model of the sheath and presheath that includes charge-exchange collisions of the ions with neutrals. The electron current is found from a model based upon the energy distributions of secondary-electrons from ionization of the neutral gas and of secondary electrons from the wall. In a hot-filament discharge device with argon plasma (density 0.2-4.5times109 cm-3, electron temperature 0.14-0.21 eV, pressure 0.3-12 mtorr), a gridded energy analyzer is placed behind a slit in the wall and the current collected is recorded as a function of the retarding potential. The dependence of the collector current on the grid bias potential identifies the electrons in the 10-65 eV range as being mostly secondaries from ionization and those in the 0-10 eV range as being mostly secondaries from the wall. Ions are collected at the most negative grid bias voltages. The measured ion currents are within about 40% of values calculated from a model with charge exchange collisions of ions, and at the highest pressure differ by about a factor of three from the collisionless value, indicating that the Bohm ion current should be corrected for collisions when the charge exchange mean free path is less than about 0.2 of the plasma radius.
Single-well acoustic imaging in anisotropic formations

The effect of formation anisotropy on single-well acoustic imaging was analyzed to provide a simple and effective correction method for the imaging application. We used analytical and synthetic modeling to analyze acoustic reflection moveout in a transversely isotropic (TI) formation for borehole configuration. Far-borehole reflections from a bed generally have small reflection angles to the bed. Thus the reflection moveout away from the borehole is controlled largely by the velocity along the TI-symmetry axis. Consequently, reflection imaging using measured velocity along the borehole can cause errors in the imaged reflector position. By correcting the anisotropy effect in the velocity, reflectors can be imaged correctly. A simple correction is to use the velocity along the TI-symmetry axis, which effectively maps the bed reflector to its correct position. Application of the correction method to synthetic and field-data examples demonstrate the anisotropy effect on reflector imaging and the effectiveness of the method.
Spindle Shape Changes as an Indicator of Force Production in Crane-Fly Spermatocytes

SUMMARY Changes in spindle shape during the first and second meiotic divisions in living Nephrotoma svturalis spermatocytes have been studied and recorded cinematographically with phase-contrast, Nomarski differential interference, and polarization microscopy. With the Nomarski system 2 classes of discrete spindle filaments (new terminology) have been observed: continuous filaments that extend between the poles and appear to form a cage-like framework within which the chromosomes move, and kinetochore filaments which are attached to the chromosomes at their kinetochores and converge toward the poles. Spindle deformation occurs in a manner consistent with the hypothesis that whatever tensile forces are transmitted by the kinetochore filaments are balanced by compressive forces acting on the cage-like framework of continuous filaments causing them to become splayed. Just when these forces would be expected to reach a maximum, kinetochore filaments undergo a noticeable increase in contrast. It has not been determined whether this change represents a crowding of linear elements or addition of dry mass to a constant number of linear elements.
Dynamics Underlying the Gaussian Distribution of the Classical Harmonic Oscillator in Zero-Point Radiation

Stochastic electrodynamics (SED) predicts a Gaussian probability distribution for a classical harmonic oscillator in the vacuum field. This probability distribution is identical to that of the ground state quantum harmonic oscillator. Thus, the Heisenberg minimum uncertainty relation is recovered in SED. To understand the dynamics that give rise to the uncertainty relation and the Gaussian probability distribution, we perform a numerical simulation and follow the motion of the oscillator. The dynamical information obtained through the simulation provides insight to the connection between the classic double-peak probability distribution and the Gaussian probability distribution. A main objective for SED research is to establish to what extent the results of quantum mechanics can be obtained. The present simulation method can be applied to other physical systems, and it may assist in evaluating the validity range of SED.
The C7N aminocyclitol family of natural products.

Covering: 1970–July 2002 This review covers microbial secondary metabolites classified in the family of C7N aminocyclitols, a relatively new class of natural products that is increasingly gaining recognition due to their significant biomedical and agricultural uses. Their discovery and structure determinations, their biosynthetic origin, biological properties, chemical synthesis, as well as their further development for pharmaceutical uses are described. The literature from 1970 to July 2002 is reviewed, with 269 references cited.
Spectra of monadic second-order formulas with one unary function

We establish the eventual periodicity of the spectrum of any monadic second-order formula where: (i) all relation symbols, except equality, are unary, and (ii) there is only one function symbol and that symbol is unary.
Why only some industries unionize: insights from reciprocity theory

This paper argues that the degree to which a given industry's labor contracts are complete or incomplete is the major factor determining whether its workforce will be unionized. For instance, assembly line industries feature complete labor contracts because of the nature of the production technology: Either a worker keeps up with the line, or he does not. In such a situation, there is no chance for a reciprocal gift exchange under which firms offer high wages in exchange for high effort levels. The result is low wages that make workers prone to unionization. By contrast, jobs that feature incomplete contracts (lawyers, computer programmers, economists) already have reciprocity and gift exchange in place. Such benefits guarantee to workers that their better interests will be looked after by a management that wishes to maintain a positive and productive labor–management interaction.
Embedded Star Formation in the Eagle Nebula

M16 (=NGC 6611), the Eagle Nebula, is a well-studied region of star formation and the source of a widely recognized Hubble Space Telescope (HST) image. High spatial resolution infrared observations with the Near-Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) on HST reveal the detailed morphology of two embedded star formation regions that are heavily obscured at optical wavelengths. It is striking that only limited portions of the visually obscured areas are opaque at 2.2 μm. Although the optical images imply substantial columns of material, the infrared images show only isolated clumps of dense gas and dust. Rather than being an active factory of star production, only a few regions are capable of sustaining current star formation. Most of the volume in the columns may be molecular gas and dust, protected by capstones of dense dust. Two active regions of star formation are located at the tips of the optical northern and central large "elephant trunk" features shown in the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) images. They are embedded in two capstones of infrared opaque material that contains and trails behind the sources. Although the presence of these sources was evident in previous observations at the same and longer wavelengths, the NICMOS images provide a high-resolution picture of their morphology. Two bright stars appear at the tip of the southern column and may be the result of recent star formation at the top of that column. These observations suggest that the epoch of star formation in M16 may be near its endpoint.
CREATING A LEAN SYSTEM OF INNOVATION: THE CASE OF ROCKWELL COLLINS

Lean and Innovation have both been touted as transformational strategies that are essential to long term survival of organizations. The question of whether the two constructs can be used simultaneously remains unanswered. This paper is the first step at deriving a theory of lean systems of innovation that combines the notions of lean transformation with that of innovation. The descriptive understanding of Rockwell Collins developed in this paper, draws on publicly available material to support the identifications of the key elements of a strategic system of innovation. Our analysis highlighted the successful use of technology scanning, internal R&D, and open innovation at Rockwell Collins. These approaches were supported by the existence of a shared value proposition, a strong organizational culture that recognized and rewarded innovation, and the requisite organizational infrastructure.
Lincoln's Populist Sovereignty: Public Finance Of, By, and For the People

In recent months, there has been a resurgence of interest in the presidency of Abraham Lincoln, in no small part because a new president, also from Illinois, has openly and repeatedly identified with and invoked Lincoln.1 Academic interest in Lincoln has mostly focused on the darker side of wartime presidential powers, such as the suspension of civil liberties and overstepping lines of constitutional authority. Far less attention has been given to Lincoln as the activist executive who set a new standard for mobilizing public finance in a crisis, pursuant to express Congressional authority under the Legal Tender Acts, presidential authority at its zenith.2 There is a modern tendency to dismiss any lessons from the past, to believe that we have little to learn from earlier ages and that our age is superior to all that has come before.3 This is particularly so in the world of finance. Perhaps the great financial crash of 2008 and its grim economic aftermath may allow scholars to approach with some humility Lincoln’s monetary experiment in issuing greenbacks directly into circulation. Lincoln, after all, did mobilize public
Maltese Front variability from satellite observations based on automated detection

Maltese Front location statistics are obtained from multichannel sea-surface temperature (MCSST) images, derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) observations of the Mediterranean Sea during March 3 through September 27, 1993. The statistics are based on semiautomated determinations of the Front's sea-surface temperature surface expression. Expert analyses from the Naval Oceanographic Office give an accuracy check. Expert techniques are largely manual, labor-intensive, subjective, and skill-dependent; therefore, automation could be beneficial. A mathematical morphology-based method successfully delineates the Front. It finds the temperature gradients most likely to be the Front's and presents the corresponding segmentations to the operator. The method was developed to find stars in astronomical images, and has successfully analyzed solar magnetograms and satellite Gulf Stream images. Rings, fronts, and sunspots are not star-like, but simple preprocessing adapts the technique to these problem domains. This work constitutes another successful application. The success in "moving" the technique is encouraging. The Maltese Front's thermal gradients are 5-10 times weaker than the Gulf Stream North Wall's, yet the method produces useful results, and it may work in other regions.
GALAXY SIZE PROBLEM AT z = 3: SIMULATED GALAXIES ARE TOO SMALL

Using state-of-the-art adaptive mesh refinement cosmological hydrodynamic simulations with a spatial resolution of proper 0.21h –1 73 kpc in refined subregions embedded within a comoving cosmological volume (27.4h –1 73 Mpc)3, we investigate the sizes of galaxies at z = 3 in the standard cold dark matter model. Our simulated galaxies are found to be significantly smaller than the observed ones: while more than one half of the galaxies observed by Hubble Space Telescope and Very Large Telescope ranging from rest-frame UV to optical bands with stellar masses larger than 2 × 1010 M ☉ have half-light radii larger than ~2h –1 73 kpc, none of the simulated massive galaxies in the same mass range have half-light radii larger than ~2h –1 73 kpc, after taking into account dust extinction. Corroborative evidence is provided by the rotation curves of the simulated galaxies with total masses of 1011-1012 M ☉, which display values (300-1000 km s–1) at small radii (~0.5h –1 73 kpc) due to high stellar concentration in the central regions that are larger than those of any well observed galaxies. Possible physical mechanisms to resolve this serious problem include: (1) an early reionization at zri 6 to suppress gas condensation and hence star formation, (2) a strong, internal energetic feedback from stars or central black holes to reduce the overall star formation efficiency, or (3) a substantial small-scale cutoff in the matter power spectrum.
Checkmate: Exploring Backward Induction among Chess Players

It is difficult to overstate the profound impact that game theory has had on the economic approach and on the sciences more generally. For that reason, understanding how closely the assumptions that underpin game theoretic analysis conform to actual human decision making is a question of first-order importance to economists. In this spirit, backward induction represents one of the most basic concepts in game theory. Backward induction played a prominent role in Reinhard Selten’s (1965) development of perfect equilibrium, and it has helped to shape the modern refinement literature. Although backward induction is a cornerstone of game theory, existing empirical evidence suggests that economic agents engage in backward induction less frequently than theorists might hope. Backward induction has fared especially poorly in the centipede game, which was introduced by Robert W. Rosenthal (1981) and has since been extensively analyzed (Ken Binmore 1987; Robert J. Aumann 1988; Philip J. Reny 1988; David M. Kreps 1990; Geir B. Asheim and Martin Dufwenberg 2003). The original centipede game is a two-player, finite-move game in which the subjects alternate choosing whether to end the game or to pass to the other player. The subject’s payoff to ending the game at a particular node is greater than the payoff he receives if the other player ends the game at the next node, but less than the payoff earned if the other player elects not to end the game. The player making the final choice gets paid more from stopping than from passing, and thus would be expected to stop. If the opponent will stop at the last node, then, conditional on reaching the penultimate node, the player maximizes his earnings by stopping at that node. Following this logic further, backward induction leads to the unique subgame perfect equilibrium: the game is stopped at the first node. As pointed out in prior research
Capacity bounds for two-hop interference networks

This paper considers a two-hop interference network, where two users transmit independent messages to their respective receivers with the help of two relay nodes. The transmitters do not have direct links to the receivers; instead, two relay nodes serve as intermediaries between the transmitters and receivers. Each hop, one from the transmitters to the relays and the other from the relays to the receivers, is modeled as a Gaussian interference channel, thus the network is essentially a cascade of two interference channels. For this network, achievable symmetric rates for different parameter regimes under decode-and-forward relaying and amplify-and-forward relaying are proposed and the corresponding coding schemes are carefully studied. Numerical results are also provided.
A cognitive account of collective emergence in design

Design in many settings is an inherently collective and creative undertaking, with phenomena of emergence at the heart of the activity. Cognitive accounts of emergence in the context of design have not taken its collective nature into account. At the same time, accounts of collective emergence do not recognise certain salient attributes of design, including the importance of visual thinking and various media for external representation. With reference to two distinct theories of emergence, Oxman's account of design emergence in terms of visual cognition, and Sawyer's account of collaborative emergence in conversation and performance, this paper reports results from a study of a high-performing, technologically mediated concurrent design practice. On-site observation, interviews, and video interaction analysis were used to render the creative process of engineering design in fine-grained detail. The resulting insights support aspects of both theories in that creative activity appears to proceed substantial...