cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of projectile mass on amorphization of CuTi

Abstract Various intermetallic compounds are shown to be amorphized by electron and ion irradiations below a critical temperature. The critical temperature for amorphization is higher for ion irradiation than for electron irradiation. In the present work, the effect of projectile mass is studied in amorphization of CuTi with electron, Ne + , Kr + and Xe + . The critical temperature was found to increase monotonically with projectile mass from 185K for electron to 543K for Kr + and Xe + . The kinetics of crystalline to amorphous transition was studied by measuring the integrated intensity of diffuse rings on electron diffraction patterns. The analysis of the results of this measurement by Gibbons model indicated that the direct amorphization occurs in a single damage zone with Kr + , while overlapping of three damage zones is required for amorphization with Ne + . In the light of these observations, the relation between the structure of irradiation damage and the crystalline to amorphous transition, and the projectile mass dependence of the critical temperature for irradiation-induced amorphization will be discussed.
Sexually and physically abused children.

Abstract Twenty-eight of 100 children consecutively admitted to a psychiatric unit had been definitely abused physically (N = 15) or sexually (N = 13). Comparison of these two groups reveals several differences, including significantly greater frequencies of psychotic symptoms, Major Depressive Disorder, and somatic complaints in children who were sexually abused and of Conduct Disorder among the physically abused. Clinical implications and future research needs are discussed.
Multicores from the Compiler's Perspective: A Blessing or a Curse?

With all major processor vendors building multiple processor cores on a single chip, multicores is the next tour-de-force in computer architecture. The ability to parallelize and execute applications on multiple cores provides an opportunity to get the processor performance back on track with the Moore's law. In this article the author analyzes the seismic changes in computer architecture that lead to multicores and their impact on compilation. Next, we review different facets of the multicore compiler problem using three case studies - coarse grain parallelism from the perspective of the SUIF parallelizing compiler, instruction level parallelism with the RAW ILP compiler, and language exposed parallelism using the StreamIt language and compiler. Finally, we attempt to answer the ultimate question: with multicores, can we finally realize the dream that has eluded us for so long?.
Determination of MK-852, a new fibrinogen receptor antagonist, in plasma and urine by radioimmunoassay

Abstract MK-852 is a novel fibrinogen receptor antagonist. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the determination of this drug candidate in plasma and urine. The immunogen was prepared by coupling to albumin via a dinitrophenylene bridge and the radioligand by reaction of the drug with the 125I-labelled Bolton—Hunter reagent. The method was specific and no immunoreactive material other than parent drug was detectable in plasma from dosed volunteers. The direct assay using 0.05 ml of plasma is sensitive to 0.2 ng ml−1 without matrix interference and has sufficient sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and selectivity for the analysis of clinical samples. The lower quantifiable limit in (diluted) urine is 50 ng ml−1.
Target resistance for long-rod penetration into semi-infinite targets

Abstract An important parameter in the one-dimensional modified-Bernoulli penetration theory of Tate is the target resistance R t . In the model, it is assumed that R t remains constant during the total penetration event. In this paper, a parametric study using the Tate model is used to show that the total depth of penetration is sensitive to the value of R 1 , Time-resolved depth-of-penetration experiments and numerical simulations are used to examine R t as a function of penetration depth for long-rod tungsten-alloy projectiles impacting semi-infinite targets of S-7 steel and a titanium alloy. It is found in these studies that R t changes considerably during penetration and that the values which are used in predicting penetration performance must be considered to be an average value over the entire penetration profile.
Leukocyte Subpopulations Which Amplify or Suppress Antigen-Induced Proliferation in Syrian Hamsters

Abstract The proliferative response of spleen cells, obtained from Syrian hamsters sensitized to hen egg albumin emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant, is lower in magnitude than the response of draining lymph node cells. In this study, the cellular regulatory mechanisms which may lead to splenic hyporesponsiveness were examined. Although unfractionated spleen cells were not suppressive, the addition of nylon wool nonadherent normal spleen cells to sensitized draining lymph node (target) cells markedly suppressed antigen- but not mitogen-induced proliferation. Suppressor cell activity was not detected in normal lymph nodes. Suppression could be overcome by culturing splenic suppressor plus target cell mixtures in the presence of large quantities of antigen. Suppressor cell activity was radioresistant. In addition to nonadherent suppressor cells, the hamster spleen also contains an adherent cell population(s) which amplified antigen-induced proliferation. Adherent cells with amplifying activity were also present in lymph nodes. The addition of adherent cells abrogated splenic suppression of proliferation. Collectively, these data indicate that the hamster spleen contains both suppressive and amplifying leukocyte subpopulations which may be involved in the regulation of the immune response to certain antigenic stimuli.
AN EFFICIENT, TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FFOWCS WILLIAMS AND HAWKINGS EQUATION

Abstract This paper describes a two-dimensional formulation of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation in the frequency domain. By assuming subsonic rectilinear motion of all acoustic sources, an efficient and easily implemented form of the equation is developed. This method is capable of predicting the farfield noise from non-linear nearfield flow quantities. The ability to use non-linear input data is a clear advantage over Kirchhoff methods, that are only valid in regions where the linear wave equation accurately describes the flow. Several example problems are used to demonstrate that the new method performs well for problems with a mean flow, tonal and broadband noise signatures, and non-linear near fields. In most practical acoustic problems, three-dimensionality is important and should not be neglected. For these real-world applications, two-dimensional solutions can be used to guide and augment full three-dimensional calculations, but not replace them.
Nanomechanics of biocompatible TiO2 nanotubes by Interfacial Force Microscopy (IFM)

Abstract Titanium dioxide (TiO2) coatings exhibit desirable properties as biocompatible coatings. In this paper we report on mechanical properties and deformation behavior of (TiO2) nanotubes grown on pure titanium substrates through anodic oxidation. Characterization of the as-processed coatings was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nanoindentation, using Interfacial Force Microscopy (IFM), was employed to probe the Young’s modulus of the nanotubes. Using the IFM technique, the modulus of the nanotube coating may be measured with minimal contribution from the underlying Ti substrate. The modulus of the (TiO2) nanotube coating was estimated at 4–8 GPa. This technique was also used to study the inelastic deformation behavior of the nanotubes. (TiO2) nanotubes were found to inelastically deform by “tube crushing” in the immediate vicinity of indenter tip, increasing the local density. This increase in local density caused an increase in the Young’s modulus from roughly 4 GPa to 30 GPa in the first 30 nm of indentation. Densification and the resulting increase in elastic modulus are related to the total work of inelastic deformation, irrespective of the loading history.
An experimental partial occlusive device for vessels delivered by arterial catheter

Abstract A technique has been described in which experimental stenosis of vessels has been obtained in laboratory animals. A remote catheter technique has been utilized. The advantages of this approach over a direct surgical approach for creating vascular stenotic lesions are listed.
Parental and family well‐being in families of children with down syndrome: A comparative study

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a child with Down syndrome on the individual functioning of both parents, marital functioning, and family functioning. Thirty-four families of children with Down syndrome were compared to 41 families with nondisabled children. Mothers and fathers in both groups completed a series of self-report measures. No significant differences were obtained between the two groups of families on any of the measures of individual, marital, or family functioning. The results of this study support a competence model in which parents may respond to the challenges associated with parenting a child with Down syndrome with resilience and adaptive functioning.
Glutamate-immunoreactivity in the retina and optic tectum of goldfish.

Abstract Glutamate was immunohistochemically localized in the goldfish retina and tectum at the light and electron microscopic (E.M.) levels using double affinity purified antisera against glutaraldehyde conjugated l -glutamate. In retina, glutamate-immunoreactivity (Glu+) was observed in cone inner segments, cone pedicles, bipolar cells, a small number of amacrine cells and the majority of cells in the ganglion cell layer. The latter were shown to be ganglion cells by simltaneous retrograde labeling. Centrally, Glu+ was observed in axons in the optic nerve and tract, and in stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficialis (SFGS) of the tectum. The Glu+ in the optic pathway disappeared four days after optic denervation and was restored by regeneration without affecting the Glu+ of intrinsic tectal neurons. In tectum, Glu+ was also observed in torus longitudinalis granule cells, toral terminals in stratum marginale, some pyramidal neurons in periventricular neurons. Glu+ was also localized within unidentified puncta throughout the tectum and within radially oriented dendrites of periventricular neurons. At the E.M. level, a variety of Glu+ terminals were observed. Glu+ toral terminals formed axospinous synapses with dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons. Ultrastructurally identifiable Glu+ putative optic terminals formed synapses with either Glu+ or Glu-dendritic profiles, and with Glu- vesicle-containing profiles, presumed to be GABAergic. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a number of intrinsic and projection neurons in the goldfish retinotectal system, including most ganglion cells, may use glutamate as a neurotransmitter.
Is the ‘Finite Bias Anomaly’ in planar GaAs-superconductor junctions caused by point-contact-like structures?

Abstract We correlate transmission electron microscope (TEM) pictures of superconducting In contacts to an AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction with differential conductance spectroscopy performed on the same heterojunction. Metals deposited onto a (100) AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure do not form planar contacts, but, during thermal annealing, grow down into the heterostructure along crystallographic planes in pyramid-like ‘point contacts’. Random surface nucleation and growth gives rise to a different interface transmission for each superconducting point contact. Samples annealed for different times, and therefore having different contact geometry, show variations in dI / dV characteristics of ballistic transport of Cooper pairs, wave interference between different point emitters, and different types of weak localization corrections to Giaever tunneling. We give a possible mechanism whereby the ‘finite bias anomaly’ of Poirier et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 2105 (1997)], also observed in these samples, can arise by adding the conductance of independent superconducting point emitters in parallel.
ENHANCED INHIBITORY EFFECT OF POLYMERIC STAR BURST FORMED YIGSR PEPTIDE ON NEWLY ESTABLISHED NUDE-MOUSE SPONTANEOUS ADENOCARCINOMA METASTATIC MODEL

A highly metastatic nude mouse adenocarcinoma cell line, XK-4, was established, and the inhibitory effect of the polymeric star burst YIGSR peptide on XK-4 metastasis was examined. XK-4 adenocarcinoma arose spontaneously in a nude mouse after the subucutaneous transplantation of a human colon cancer. XK-4 cells were first cultured in February, 1990 after serial transplantation of the tumor in nude mice since October, 1985. The XK-4 cell line produces blood borne lung or liver metastasis 2 weeks after injection into the tail vein or anterior mesenteric vein, respectively. Chromosomal analysis of the XK-4 cell line revealed only murine chromosomes, and isozyme analysis showed a murine pattern. Transplantation of XK-4 cells into a thymus-intact litter mate was rejected. These results suggest that the XK-4 adenocarcinoma grew spontaneously in the nude mouse due to some kind of human cancer stimulation. A peptide consisting of the active domain of laminin, YIGSR, was chemically synthesized as a polymer with a star burst pattern. The inhibitory effect of polymeric star burst YIGSR on XK-4 metastasis was enhanced, compared with monomeric YIGSR. These effects appear to be due to the prolonged half-life of polymeric star burst YIGSR in vivo, and increased binding of polymeric star burst YIGSR to the YIGSR receptor. In this study we established a new metastatic model, and confirmed the enhanced metastatic inhibitory effect of a polymeric form of the star burst YIGSR peptide.
Ultra-broadband second-harmonic generation in slant-stripetype periodically-poled RbTiOPO 4

We show that the retracing behavior based in slant-stripe-type periodically-poled RbTiOPO 4 can be used to efficiently achieve second-harmonic generation within an ultra-wide spectral range of 1.7–4.0 µm.
Model for the three‐dimensional structure of vitronectin: Predictions for the multi‐domain protein from threading and docking

The structure of vitronectin, an adhesive protein that circulates in high concentrations in human plasma, was predicted through a combination of computational methods and experimental approaches. Fold recognition and sequence-structure alignment were performed using the threading program PROSPECT for each of three structural domains, i.e., the N-terminal somatomedin B domain (residues 1-53), the central region that folds into a four-bladed beta-propeller domain (residues 131-342), and the C-terminal heparin-binding domain (residues 347-459). The atomic structure of each domain was generated using MODELLER, based on the alignment obtained from threading. Docking experiments between the central and C-terminal domains were conducted using the program GRAMM, with limits on the degrees of freedom from a known inter-domain disulfide bridge. The docked structure has a large inter-domain contact surface and defines a putative heparin-binding groove at the inter-domain interface. We also docked heparin together with the combined structure of the central and C-terminal domains, using GRAMM. The predictions from the threading and docking experiments are consistent with experimental data on purified plasma vitronectin pertaining to protease sensitivity, ligand-binding sites, and buried cysteines.
Process pad: a low-cost multi-touch platform to facilitate multimodal documentation of complex learning

This paper introduces Process Pad, an interactive, low-cost multi-touch tabletop platform designed to capture students' thought process and facilitate their explanations. Process Pad is designed to help students improve their thinking skills and meta-cognition in various subjects. The system is intended to dynamically externalize how a student arrives at the final answer. Process Pad enables the documentation of students' think-aloud narratives that would otherwise be tacit. Our focus is on identifying and understanding key themes in creating opportunities for students to externalize and represent their thought process using multimodal data. From our user observations, we gleaned four design perspectives as essential criteria based upon which we form our design decisions: flexibility, tangibility, collaboration and affordability. Our initial results show that for many users explaining their reasoning or problem-solving procedure is a challenging activity in itself, and for learners to be able to deepen their understanding by narrating or re-enacting a process there would be many intervening steps. To address these challenges we designed scaffolding activities, which made use of the system's affordances to improve students' explanation skills.
Real-time computation of disparity for hand-pair gesture recognition using a stereo webcam

This paper presents an algorithm for the real-time computation of disparity using video stereo images captured by a stereo webcam. This algorithm is designed to provide both real-time throughput and robust disparity estimation for real-world applications where computation is limited to a pre-defined region-of-interest (ROI). More specifically, this algorithm is used as part of a hand-pair gesture recognition application where the disparity is computed for two ROI around a hand-pair identified by the segmentation component of the recognition application. The developed algorithm provides the required relative difference in disparity with background at high frame rates for the hand-pair gesture recognition application. The results obtained with an inexpensive commercial VGA stereo webcam show a robust disparity computation of 20 ms/frame enabling real-time hand-pair gesture recognition at 25 fps with >90% recognition rate for a maximum hand speed of 40 cm/s and for hand distances between 30 and 150 cm away from the camera.
DIEL AND SEASONAL CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO STIMULI: A PLAGUE AND A PROMISE FOR MARICULTURE

This paper reviews some recent findings on the importance of the time of day that fish and other animals receive specific stimuli, i.e., medication, gonadotropin injections, disturbance, temperature change, and feeding. Significant differences are elicited in growth, fattening, reproductive indexes and mortality depending on the time of day when fish are stimulated. Such differences cause difficulty in analysis of results and demand a more complex experimental design, but hold considerable promise for increased control of cultured species.
Whitney Award Lecture—1986: Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Hot Corrosion of Metals

Abstract Metals and alloys may experience accelerated oxidation when their surfaces are coated by a thin film of fused salt in an oxidizing gas. This mode of attack is called hot corrosion, and the most usual or dominant salt involved is sodium sulfate because of its high thermodynamic stability. The corrosive oxyanion fused salts exhibit an acid-base chemistry and are usually ionically conducting electrolytes, so that the corrosion attack must exhibit an electrochemical mechanism with certain characteristics analogous to aqueous atmospheric corrosion. Hot corrosion may involve fluxing of the protective oxides as either acidic or basic solutes in the fused salt. The thermodynamic phase stability can be described by high-temperature Pourbaix-type diagrams, and these can be used to interpret the basicity-dependent solubilities. Measured solubilities for NiO, Co3O4, Al2O3, Fe oxides, SiO2, and Cr2O3 in fused Na2SO4 at 1200 K exhibit remarkable agreement with the expected behavior and permit the calculation o...
Crystal chemistry in the system MSbO3

Abstract Cubic, disordered phases of the compounds MSbO 3 (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Tl, and Ag) have been investigated. KSbO 3 is readily synthesized in the disordered, cubic structure at high pressure, and the other isomorphic compounds were obtained by ion exchange. The structures of NaSbO 3 and AgSbO 3 , which have space group Im 3, were solved by X-ray single-crystal analysis. The structures contain an essentially rigid SbO 3 subarray consisting of pairs of edge-shared octahedra sharing common corners. Within this subarray, face-shared octahedra form 〈111〉 tunnels that intersect at the origin and body center of the unit cell, and the M + ions are randomly distributed over two positions within these tunnels. Ordered, cubic phases have the primitive-cubic space group Pn 3. The two M positions are different for Na + and for Ag + ions. At one of the Ag + -ion positions, the AgO bond length is only 2.26 A, consistent with the gray-black color of AgSbO 3 . Deformation of the 4 d 10 Ag + -ion core by 4 d -5 s hybridization appears to be induced by AgO covalent bonding. This conclusion is compatible with the observation that ion exchange is reversible for all compounds but AgSbO 3 . Several properties of these compounds are compared with the super ionic conductors M 2 O·11Al 2 O 3 β-alumina.
PSYCHIATRIC PICTURE IN PONTINE TUMORS

Cushing (1927) first drew attention to the possibility of intracranial tumors in children. Bailey. et aI. (1939) also have laid stress upon their occurrence. Ford (1955) stated that "as a result of the slow growth of most brain tumors. the onset is usually insidious and the course slowly progressive." The usual symptoms of headache. vomiting. diplopia. reduction of vision. vertigo and unsteadiness of gait. and in most cases focal symptoms. are typical. and the diagnosis is usually made if it is thought of at all. Although a mention is made of "behavior disorders" as being a part of the differential diagnosis of brain tumors. reports of predominantly psychological symptomatology are not common. Tumors of the fourth ventricle are notoriously difficult to diagnose; they may manifest the clinical picture of encephalitis or gastrointestinal disease and present symptoms of neurological note only late in the course of the disease. In a recent year. we have seen two male children under four years of age who presented the symptoms of vomiting and anorexia which seemed directly related to psychological problems. These children were referred to us by pediatricians because of the
An emerging question about putative cancer stem cells in established cell lines—are they true stem cells or a fluctuating cell phenotype?

It has been proposed that established cell lines contain populations of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are responsible for expansion of these cell lines and their metastatic potential. To address this issue better, we employed a human ovarian cancer cell line, A2780, and sorted cells according to the postulated highly mestatatic cancer stem cell phenotype, CD24 C CD44 � , and the less-metastatic CD24 � CD44 C and CD24 � CD44 � phenotypes. These cells were employed in chemotaxis assays in vitro to migrate in response to conditioned media harvested from bone marrow or liver cells damaged by irradiation and in in vivo assays to grow tumors after injection into immunodeficient mice. We also sorted single cells expressing all three phenotypes by FACS and expanded them to grow clones. We found that the CD24 C CD44 � cells are a highly migratory population compared with CD24 � CD44 C and CD24 � CD44 � cells and were seeded in higher numbers in murine bone marrow and liver after intravenous injection. Most importantly, we observed that singly sorted cells efficiently expanded ex vivo into cell populations that represented all phenotypes of the parental cell line. Thus, our data indicate that cells expressing a certain set of markers, e.g., CD24, have at any given moment a higher potential to migrate and metastasize. However, cells that are CD24-negative, if expanded from a singly sorted cell, may give rise to cells containing all of the markers, including CD24. Based on this finding, we propose that the CSC phenotype in cell lines fluctuates with cell expansion.
Tandem aminoxylation-allylation reactions: a rapid, asymmetric conversion of aldehydes to mono-substituted 1,2-diols.

A facile and rapid synthesis of enantiopure mono-substituted 1,2-diols was achieved by the tandem aminoxylation–allylation reactions of aldehydes.
α-Helix to random coil transitions of two-chain coiled coils: Experiments on the thermal denaturation of ββ tropomyosin cross-linked selectively at C36

Current ideas on unfolding equilibria in two-chain, coiled-coil proteins are examined by studies of a species of beta beta tropomyosin that is sulfhydryl blocked at C190 and disulfide cross-linked at C36 (.beta-beta.). The desired species is produced by a seven-step process: (1) Rabbit skeletal muscle, comprising predominantly alpha alpha and alpha beta species, is oxidized with ferricyanide, cross-linking both species at C190. (2) The product is carbamylated at C36 of beta chains, using cyanate in denaturing medium at pH 6. (3) All C190 cross-links are reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT). (4) All C190 sulfhydryls are permanently blocked by carboxyamidomethylation. (5) Chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose in denaturing medium is used to separate C190-blocked alpha chains from C190-blocked, C36-carbamylated beta chains. (6) The latter are decarbamylated in denaturing medium by raising the pH to 8.0. (7) The C190-blocked beta chains are renatured and cross-linked at C36 by ferricyanide. The procedure and the quality of the final product are judged by NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, titration of free sulfhydryls, and electrophoretic analysis of trypsin digestion products. Thermal unfolding curves are reported for the resulting pure .beta-beta. species and for its DTT-reduction product. The latter (.beta beta.) show equilibrium thermal unfolding curves that are very similar to those of the parent beta beta noncross-linked species. The .beta-beta. cross-linked species unfolds in a single-phase, cooperative transition with a melting temperature intermediate between the pretransition and posttransition shown by its cross-linked counterpart, the C190 cross-linked, C36-blocked species (.beta-beta.), which was studied earlier. These transitions are compared with one another and with that of the doubly cross-linked species, beta-(-)beta, in the light of two extant physical models for such transitions. The all-or-none segments model successfully rationalizes the data qualitatively for the .beta-beta. and .beta-beta. species if the usual postulates of greater inherent stability of the amino vs the carboxyl end of the molecule and of strain at each cross-link are accepted. However, the same model then requires that the beta-(-)beta species be the least stable of the three, whereas experiment shows the opposite, thus falsifying the all-or-none segments model. The continuum-of-states model is also qualitatively in accord with data on the .beta-beta. and .beta-beta. species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Potato spindle tuber viroid: the simplicity paradox resolved?

SUMMARY Taxonomy: Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) is the type species of the genus Posipiviroid , family Pospiviroidae . An absence of hammerhead ribozymes and the presence of a ‘central conserved region’ distinguish PSTVd and related viroids from members of a second viroid family, the Avsunviroidae . Physical properties: Viroids are small, unencapsidated, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules which replicate autonomously when inoculated into host plants. Because viroids are non-proteincoding RNAs, designation of the more abundant, highly infectious polarity strand as the positive strand is arbitrary. PSTVd assumes a rod-like, highly structured conformation that is resistant to nuclease degradation in vitro . Naturally occurring sequence variants of PSTVd range in size from 356 to 361 nt. Hosts and symptoms: The natural host range of PSTVd— cultivated potato, certain other Solanum spp., and avocado— appears to be quite limited. Foliar symptoms in potato are often obscure, and the severity of tuber symptoms (elongation with the appearance of prominent bud scales/eyebrows and growth cracks) depends on both temperature and length of infection. PSTVd has a broad experimental host range, especially among solanaceous species, and strains are classified as mild, intermediate or severe based upon the symptoms observed in sensitive tomato cultivars. These symptoms include shortening of internodes, petioles and mid-ribs, severe epinasty and wrinkling of the leaves, and necrosis of mid-ribs, petioles and stems.
Conflict and Cooperation in Diverse Workgroups

This article reviews research examining the influence of diversity on conflict and cooperation within the context of the workplace. In particular, we describe how heterogeneity in surface characteristics, such as race and gender, as well as deeper characteristics, such as affect, experience, and knowledge, relate to key workgroup processes and outcomes. Of particular interest is the disparate strength and directionality of the effects reported in the literature. In an effort to provide clarity to the confusion, we emphasize the roles of group longevity and the type of diversity being examined. In addition, we recommend greater specificity with respect to the particular group processes and outcomes being examined.
Factors influencing fungal degradation of lignin in a representative lignocellulosic, thermomechanical pulp

This research examined culture parameters influencing the rate of degradation of lignin in lignocellulosic substrates by the Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chryosoprorium. Thermomechanical pulps prepared from western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and red alder (Alnus rubra) were chosen as model substrates. Degradation of lignin in shallow, liquid-phase, stationary cultures was 10 times as rapid as in agitated cultures. Lignin degradation was at least 50% more rapid in cultures under 100% O/sub 2/ than in those under air. Addition of 0.12% nutrient N (dry pulp basis ) increased the rate of lignin degradation two- to fivefold; 1.2% added N at first suppressed, then stimulated, lignin degradation. Lignin in the alder pulp was degraded over five times as rapidly as in the hemlock pulp. Addition of glucose (35% of dry pulp) to the pulps containing 0.12% added N completely suppressed polysaccharide depletion during two weeks, but did not infleunce lignin degradation. The maximum rate of lignin degradation was 3%/day over a two-week incubation, or approximately 2.9 mg/mg fungal cell protein/day. The influence of the examined parameters was in complete accord with those found earlier for synthetic /sup 14/C-lignin metabolism by P. chrysosporium.
Screening for chlamydial infection: an evidence update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

This evidence update supports the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendations on screening for chlamydial infection.
Introduction to the OR Forum Article: “A POMDP Approach to Personalize Mammography Screening Decisions” by Turgay Ayer, Oguzhan Alagoz, and Natasha K. Stout

Comment on “A POMDP Approach to Personalize Mammography Screening Decisions” by Turgay Ayer, Oguzhan Alagoz, and Natasha K. Stout.
Resistance to a Novel Antichlamydial Compound Is Mediated through Mutations in Chlamydia trachomatis secY

A novel and quantitative high-throughput screening approach was explored as a tool for the identification of novel compounds that inhibit chlamydial growth in mammalian cells. The assay is based on accumulation of a fluorescent marker by intracellular chlamydiae. Its utility was demonstrated by screening 42,000 chemically defined compounds against Chlamydia caviae GPIC. This analysis led to the identification of 40 primary-hit compounds. Five of these compounds were nontoxic to host cells and had similar activities against both C. caviae GPIC and Chlamydia trachomatis. The inhibitory activity of one of the compounds, (3-methoxyphenyl)-(4,4,7-trimethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-[1,2]dithiolo[3,4-C]quinolin-1-ylidene)amine (MDQA), was chlamydia specific and was selected for further study. Selection for resistance to MDQA led to the generation of three independent resistant clones of C. trachomatis. Amino acid changes in SecY, a protein involved in Sec-dependent secretion in Gram-negative bacteria, were associated with the resistance phenotype. The amino acids changed in each of the resistant mutants are located in the predicted central channel of a SecY crystal structure, based on the known structure of Thermus thermophilus SecY. These experiments model a process that can be used for the discovery of antichlamydial, anti-intracellular, or antibacterial compounds and has led to the identification of compounds that may have utility in both antibiotic discovery and furthering our understanding of chlamydial biology.
Neurons Differentially Activate the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Immediate-Early Gene ICP0 and ICP27 Promoters in Transgenic Mice

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) immediate-early (IE) proteins are required for the expression of viral early and late proteins. It has been hypothesized that host neuronal proteins regulate expression of HSV-1 IE genes that in turn control viral latency and reactivation. We investigated the ability of neuronal proteins in vivo to activate HSV-1 IE gene promoters (ICP0 and ICP27) and a late gene promoter (gC). Transgenic mice containing IE (ICP0 and ICP27) and late (gC) gene promoters of HSV-1 fused to the Escherichia coli β-galactosidase coding sequence were generated. Expression of the ICP0 and ICP27 reporter transgenes was present in anatomically distinct subsets of neurons in the absence of viral proteins. The anatomic locations of β-galactosidase-positive neurons in the brains of ICP0 and ICP27 reporter transgenic mice were similar and included cerebral cortex, lateral septal nucleus, cingulum, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, and vestibular nucleus. Trigeminal ganglion neurons were positive for β-galactosidase in adult ICP0 and ICP27 reporter transgenic mice. The ICP0 reporter transgene was differentially regulated in trigeminal ganglion neurons depending upon age. β-Galactosidase-labeled cells in trigeminal ganglia and cerebral cortex of ICP0 and ICP27 reporter transgenic mice were confirmed as neurons by double labeling with antineurofilament antibody. Nearly all nonneuronal cells in ICP0 and ICP27 reporter transgenic mice and all neuronal and nonneuronal cells in gC reporter transgenic mice were negative for β-galactosidase labeling in the absence of HSV-1. We conclude that factors in neurons are able to differentially regulate the HSV-1 IE gene promoters (ICP0 and ICP27) in transgenic mice in the absence of viral proteins. These findings are important for understanding the regulation of the latent and reactivated stages of HSV-1 infection in neurons.
Gender and Technology Use in Developing Countries: Evidence from Firms in Kenya

Kenyan firms rely on technology to overcome obstacles associated with excessive regulations, poor infrastructure and widespread corruption. This study shows that reliance on technologies such as email, website and the internet for communication purposes has significant positive impacts on productivity for firms with one or more female owners. Using a representative sample of industries, the exogenous component of technology use is isolated by using information on the presence of schools from colonial Kenya as well as a geographical indicator measuring rainfall shocks. These instruments pass a series of checks on strength and relevance, and satisfy the exclusion restriction. Results indicate that for firms with female owners, a 10 percent increase in technology use results in a 1.69 percentage point increase in value-added per worker. For male-owned firms, a positive effect is evident but significantly more muted.
Surface Self-Diffusion, Capillarity, and Surface Steps

A brief description of surface self-diffusion at crystal surfaces is presented. Surface fluxes are defined as excess quantities and possible mechanisms of diffusion are discussed involving surface point defects. The connection between macroscopic capillarity treatments of surface shape development by diffusion and the dynamics of evolution of surface atomic step arrays is discussed.
Dynamic execution of temporal plans with sensing actions and bounded risk

This thesis focuses on the problem of temporal planning under uncertainty with explicit safety guarantees, which are enforced by means of chance constraints. We aim at elevating the level in which operators interact with autonomous agents and specify their desired behavior, while retaining a keen sensitivity to risk. Instead of relying on unconditional sequences, our goal is to allow contingent plans to be dynamically scheduled and conditioned on observations of the world while remaining safe. Contingencies add flexibility by allowing goals to be achieved through different methods, while observations allow the agent to adapt to the environment. We demonstrate the usefulness of our chance-constrained temporal planning approaches in real-world applications, such as partially observable power supply restoration and collaborative human-robot manufacturing.
The Empirical and the New Empiricisms

The premise of this article is that social science researchers often rush to application, to empirical method and methodology, before studying the history, philosophy, and politics of various empir...
A new species of Catenaria parasitic in midge eggs.

Catenaria spinosa parasitic in eggs of a Chironomus sp. is illustrated and described. This species is characterized by globose zoosporangia that lack discharge tubes, rounded resistant sporangia wh...
Incorporation of acetate and fatty acids into lipids of rat platelets.

SummaryThe incorporation of acetate and fatty acids into rat platelet lipids was studied by incubating washed platelets with acetate-1-14C or albumin-bound fatty acids-1-14C (palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid) in an artificial medium without addition of cofactors. Acetate was incorporated primarily into PC, TG, CEM, FFA, and PE which accounted for three-fourths of its total incorporation into lipids. Palmitate incorporation into platelet lipids was twice as high as that of each of the unsaturated fatty acids. A distinctive pattern of distribution of palmitate or of the unsaturated fatty acids among the various lipid classes was observed as well as differences in the relative abundance of the fatty acids incorporated into each PL group. Rat platelets are therefore capable of (i) incorporation of fatty acids from the suspending medium, and (ii) de novo synthesis of fatty acids, Pattern of fatty acid incorporation and rate of de novo synthesis appear to be different from those in human platelets.
Selective Responses of Wild Drosophilidae to Natural and Artificial Attrahents

For the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of several natural (naturally occurring fungi) and artificial (ingredients formulated in the laboratory) baits in attracting forest inhabiting species of insects, a series of continuous trapping trials were initiated at the beginning of the surrrrer of 1952 and were conducted without interruption until the end of the summer of 1954. Each trapping year was divided into two seasons, summer (April through October), and winter (November through March). The present paper is concerned with flies of the family DrosophiUdae, principally of the genus Drosophila, which came to the traps.
National Differences in Personality and Predictability of Gender From Personal Names

This article reports a test of the hypothesis that national differences in personality traits are expressed by national differences in how accurately the final letter of the personal name designate...
Everybody Was in the French Resistance … Now!: American Representations of the French Resistance:

An examination of American representations of the Resistance since World War II in American press and film reveals that they have evolved according to French−American relations and American attitudes towards France and the French people. Admired during the war for forms of civilian resistance absent in recent American history, resisters re-emerged for American New Left readers of existentialism as models of engagement. However, in the ensuing conservative, gallophobic period in the United States, the French Resistance lost this iconic status and is treated ironically or rendered absent.
Studying microbiology with Glenn F. Webb.

I began working with Glenn F. Webb in 1997. At that time, I was on the faculty of Vanderbilt University, in the School of Medicine, in the Department of Medicine, in its Division of Infectious Diseases. As with mathematics, modern medicine has its different disciplines (e.g. Surgery and Internal Medicine), and then further subdivisions (e.g. Cardiology and Infectious Diseases). Within Internal Medicine, most of the divisions are based on the treatment of conditions that relate to a single organ or group of organs -- the heart, the lungs, the kidneys, the digestive system. But the discipline of Infectious Diseases was based on a different concept: the war between humans and microbes. For more information please click the “Full Text” above.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Formation Flight via a Hierarchical Cooperative Control Approach

Cooperative control is crucial for networked dynamical systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicles in a formation, to respond more quickly and to be capable of working in a cluttered environment. In this paper, a divide-and-conquer hierarchical approach is proposed in three levels to handle the design challenges associated with the mission consensus, different constraints, and precise feedback tracking. In the top level, the algorithm aims to guarantee the macro cooperative behaviors, such as formation consensus of multiple agents under simplified double-integrator dynamics and obstacles. In the middle level, the virtual motion camouflage based algorithm is employed in each individual vehicle to compute the near optimal trajectory considering realistic constraints that the top-level algorithm has to neglect. To enhance the robustness of the trajectory control, a nonlinear feedback controller is used in the bottom level for each vehicle to precisely track the desired trajectory commanded by the middle level. Simulation results demonstrate the formation control capabilities of the hierarchical control strategy under obstacle-laden environments and constraints.
A survey of neurointerventionalists on thrombectomy practices for emergent large vessel occlusions

Background The effect of the five positive randomized controlled trials on thrombectomy practices and procedural volume has yet to be defined. Further, few studies have attempted to define modern thrombectomy practices in terms of selection criteria and devices used. Methods A 21 question survey of Society of Neurointerventional Surgery (SNIS) physicians was administered using the SurveyMonkey website, addressing current practices as well as changes from before January 1, 2015 to the months after this date. Results A total of 78 responses were obtained (approximately 10% of SNIS membership). Prior to January 2015, two-thirds of respondents reported performing 1–5 thrombectomies per month (67%), with 31% performing more than 5 per month. Following January 2015, 62% of respondents reported performing more than 5 thrombectomies per month; 45% of respondents reported a higher number of thrombectomies after trial publication. 73% and 80% of respondents indicated that inpatient consultations and hospital to hospital transfers for thrombectomy have increased, respectively. A plurality of respondents reported using A Direct Aspiration First Pass Technique (40%) as the first strategy for revascularization. Most commonly, neurointerventionalists reported using conscious sedation (56%) for anesthesia. 74% of respondents indicated being successful with their primary technique in at least 70% of cases. Conclusions This survey of predominantly academic SNIS physicians indicates that inpatient consultations, hospital to hospital transfers, and thrombectomy procedural volumes have increased modestly since the publication of the five major stroke trials this year. In addition, many respondents indicated an increase in aggressiveness in pursuing thrombectomy based on selection criteria.
Propeptide recognition by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase in early processing of prothrombin and factor X

Precursors of vitamin K-dependent proteins are synthesized with a propeptide that is believed to target these proteins for gamma-carboxylation by the vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. In this study synthetic propeptides were used to investigate gamma-carboxylation of the prothrombin and factor X precursors in rat liver microsomes. The extent of prothrombin processing by the carboxylase was also investigated. Antisera raised against the human prothrombin and factor X propeptides only recognized precursors with the respective propeptide regions. The data demonstrate structural differences in the propeptide region of the prothrombin and the factor X carboxylase substrates which raises questions about the hypothesis of a common propeptide binding site on the carboxylase for all precursors of vitamin K-dependent proteins. The hypothesis of separate binding sites is supported by data which demonstrate differences in binding of the prothrombin and factor X precursors to membrane fragments from rough and smooth microsomes. gamma-Carboxylation of the prothrombin precursors in vitro was investigated with conformational specific antibodies raised against a portion of the Gla (gamma-carboxyglutamic acid) region extending from residue 15 to 24. The synthetic peptide used as antigen contains three of the ten potential Gla sites in prothrombin. It is shown that these antibodies do not recognize mature prothrombin but recognize the decarboxylated protein. It is also demonstrated that the epitope is Ca2(+)-dependent. The antibodies were used to assess gamma-carboxylation of the prothrombin precursor in membrane fragments from microsomal membranes. The results suggest that microsomal gamma-carboxylation does not involve Glu residues 16, 19 and 20 of the Gla region.