cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric pitting corrosion of AA7075-T6 under evaporating droplets with and without inhibitors

Pitting corrosion of polished and etched AA7075-T6 in the presence of 3.5 wt% NaCl electrolyte was investigated both with standard full immersion testing, and under evaporating electrolyte droplets in a fixed humidity environment. The effects of chromate-, vanadate-, and cerous-based corrosion inhibiting salts were also examined. A scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) was used to investigate the corrosion potential behavior in the electrolyte droplets. During immersion testing, widespread pitting at intermetallic particles was observed in uninhibited solution. Similar but less severe attack was observed with additions of 0.03 mM vanadate and cerous ions. At higher concentration of vanadate, small numbers of very large pits were found, while higher concentrations of cerous ions provided very good inhibition. Chromate provided nearly complete inhibition of corrosion in all concentrations of immersion testing. In droplet testing, corrosion potentials measured by SKP were associated with metastable pitting, inhibition/passivation, and a form of corrosion attack in which pitting at the edge of the test droplet resulted in the formation of an adjacent, secondary droplet. A model is described for the formation of the secondary droplet and associated attack, by deliquescence of water vapor due to an excess of ions from the anode diffusing to the edge of the droplet.
Theoretical Models of Electrochromic and Environmental Effects on Bacterio-Chlorophylls and -Pheophytins in Reaction Centers

The primary charge separation in photosynthetic reaction centers (RC) is carried out by an array of (bacterio)chlorophylls arranged in close proximity. The recent x-ray structures of the RC complexes from Rhodopseudomonas viridis 1–3 and Rhodobacter sphaeroides 4,5 reveal two possible electron pathways for purple bacteria, only one of which is active.6 In order to determine the environmental factors most likely to affect the direction of electron flow in the nascent charge separation, we have calculated the effects of hydrogen bonding and chemical modification (enolization) by nearby residues upon the optical spectra, reduction potentials, unpaired spin density distributions and charge densities of bacterio-chlorophylls (BChl) and -pheophytins (BPh).
2 An analysis of stimulus class formation in animals

Publisher Summary The chapter presents an analysis of stimulus class formation in animals. A stimulus class can be broadly defined to include any case in which a common response is made to a set of discriminably different stimuli. The different classes discussed in the chapter are similarity-based classes and nonsimilarity-based classes. Similarity-based classes form automatically and depend on either confusion between the training and test stimuli or judged commonality of stimulus elements. The defining characteristic of nonsimilarity-based classes is that there is an imperfect correlation between the similarity of the test stimuli to the training stimuli and the strength of the response. Although the study of similarity-based classes has played an important role in the assessment of stimulus control, with the increased interest in the conceptual abilities of animals, the focus has shifted to the study of nonsimilarity-based classes. This chapter classifies the research on nonsimilarity-based classes according to the characteristics of the class members (predisposed classes, classes of natural stimuli, and arbitrary stimulus classes) and according to the method used to establish the class (e.g., many-to-one matching). Whether equivalence classes are, in fact, psychologically different from other functional classes is not clear and remains to be determined. Considerable progress in the study of stimulus class formation by animals has come from the integration of approaches developed in three disparate research areas: (1) animal behavior, (2) human cognition, and (3) traditional learning.
Antibody to the d-Alanine Carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis Does Not Cross-React with Other Penicillin-Binding Proteins

Abstract The fact that antibody to d-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis does not cross-react with other penicillin-binding proteins suggests that these proteins are not precursors or multimers of the enzyme.
Changes in out-of-pocket costs for hormonal IUDs after implementation of the Affordable Care Act: an analysis of insurance benefit inquiries.

Background The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires that privately insured women can obtain contraceptive services and supplies without cost sharing. This may substantially affect women who prefer an intrauterine device (IUD), a long-acting reversible contraceptive, because of high upfront costs that they would otherwise face. However, imperfect enforcement of and exceptions to this provision could limit its effect.
Social–Ecological Resilience and Adaptive Capacity in a Transboundary Ecosystem

Empirical research conducted in the transboundary Crown of the Continent Ecosystem on stakeholder perceived impacts of climate change reveal causes for concern and potential avenues for future success in developing social–ecological resilience and adaptive capacity. Utilizing a “bottom-up” research approach as part of a case-study methodology, three subregions spanning both sides of the Continental Divide and the international border were studied. Results indicate stakeholder concerns related to the capacity of natural resource management agencies to adequately respond to the impacts of climate change, while at the same time identifying the ecosystem's robust collaborative regime as a potential means to bridge the perceived gap in institutional capacity. Nevertheless, historical responses to novel climate change impacts may serve as an additional barrier to the future development of adaptive capacity.
Working in a difficult environment: GPR sensing on the railroads

Selecting antenna systems for ground penetrating radar along railroad tracks is a challenge. The antennas must provide sufficient depth of investigation (roughly 2 m), and yet have sufficient resolution to detect and map changes in ballast gravel and the ponding of centimeter thicknesses of water. They must operate in high cross winds during high speed rail travel, with at least 20 centimetres of ground clearance. They must also tolerate the high EMI/RFI environment from railroad communications and automation, and the high clutter environment from metallic objects, and yet provide an adequate field of view to see sub-meter scale variations in subsurface properties along and across the track and between the ties, as well as the condition of the ties themselves. The antenna mounting must be flexible to fit on a variety of rail vehicles and be easily reconfigurable to accommodate frequent track changes. Frequency, antenna type, mounting, position, orientation, and polarization of the antennas are important. Field experiments have proven the utility and effectiveness of one configuration of antennas utilizing 1 GHz air launched horns with one orientation and polarization between the rails and another outside the rails beyond the end of ties. Antenna and radar system calibrations are required to turn the data into true cross sectional images and to model for water content in the subsurface, and such calibrations are challenging.
Cell intrinsic defects in cytokine responsiveness of STAT5-deficient hematopoietic stem cells

Secreted growth factors are integral components of the bone marrow (BM) niche and can regulate survival, proliferation, and differentiation of committed hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, downstream genes activated in HSCs by early-acting cytokines are not well characterized. To better define intracellular cytokine signaling in HSC function, we have analyzed mice lacking expression of both signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (STAT5a) and STAT5b (STAT5ab−/−). These studies specifically avoided possible autoimmune and/or splenomegaly disease-mediated indirect effects on HSC function by using 2 independent approaches: (1) by crossing onto the C57Bl/6 RAG2−/− background, and (2) by generation of wild-type chimeric mice reconstituted with transplanted STAT5ab−/− BM cells. These experiments demonstrated that STAT5-deficient HSCs have cell autonomous defects in competitive long-term repopulating activity. Furthermore, in the chimeric mice, injected wild-type BM cells showed a progressive multilineage competitive repopulating advantage in vivo, demonstrating that steady-state hematopoiesis was also highly STAT5-dependent. Consistent with the in vivo repopulating deficiency, when Sca-1+c-kit+lin− (KLS) cells were isolated and stimulated with growth factors in vitro, up to a 13-fold reduced expansion of total nucleated cells was observed in response to cocktails containing interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-6, stem cell factor (SCF), Flt3 ligand, and thrombopoietin. Notably, a 10-fold reduction in expansion was observed with IL-3 and SCF. However, STAT5 activation was not required for regeneration of the KLS pool in vivo following transplant or for secondary repopulating ability. These studies support a major role for STAT5 activation as a cellular determinant of cytokine-mediated HSC repopulating potential but not self-renewal capacity.
A Critical Review of the Diametral Compression Method for Determining the Tensile Strength of Spherical Aggregates

The validity of diametral compression as an effective means of determining the tensile strength of spherical ceramic bodies has often been questioned. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the original work, as well as alternative studies that suggest shortcomings of the original method, is made. For comparative purposes, data recently collected via diametral compression on aluminosilicate aggregates is presented in the context of these latter works and compared with the original methodology. Overall, results indicate that the diametral compression test can indeed provide an accurate measure of tensile strength when several important test criteria are met.
A UWB transmit-only based scheme for multi-tag support in a millimeter accuracy localization system

Ultra Wideband (UWB) wireless positioning systems have many advantages for tracking and locating items in indoor environments. Surgical navigation and industrial process control are potential applications for high accuracy UWB localization systems with millimeter accuracy. Several experimental systems have achieved very high accuracy, but have generally neglected significant system features like multi-tag access. This paper outlines a UWB localization system, which addresses both multi-tag performance and localization accuracy using UWB transmit-only digital communication and time difference of arrival (TDOA). The scheme takes advantage of a digital sampling circuit that can be used for both sub-sampling and data reception. Preliminary 1-D experimental results using this system resulted in a total system update rate of 889 Hz and localization accuracy of 3.25mm.
GETTING TO THE POINT

![Figure][1] Life is tough for water fleas. In addition to the usual troubles faced by every organism, Daphnia have to worry about being eaten by many types of predators. To make them less vulnerable, some Daphnia species grow large helmets or protective spines on their heads and tails. But
Silicon monolithic MEMS + photonic systems

Opto-mechanical systems offer one of the most sensitive methods for detecting mechanical motion using shifts in the optical resonance frequency of the optomechanical resonator. Presently, these systems are used for measuring mechanical thermal noise displacement or mechanical motion actuated by optical forces. Meanwhile, electrostatic capacitive actuation and detection is the main transduction scheme used in RF MEMS resonators. The use of electrostatics is convenient as it allows direct integration with electronics used for processing the RF signals.
'Deep phenotyping': characterizing populations in the era of genomics and systems biology.

Purpose of review Large-scale genomic studies establish genotype-phenotype associations, but they use phenotypes that represent current views of disease. There is an opportunity to enhance our understanding of genotype-phenotype associations by extending phenotypes into much greater detail ('deep phenotyping'). Recent findings We should engage in deep phenotyping for the following reasons. First, the current emphasis on clinical outcomes, although necessary for the advancement of clinical medicine, is not sufficient. Second, analytical and biological variance embedded in traditional phenotypes dilutes statistical power and strength of association. Finally, even relatively precise phenotypes may vary in terms of underlying pathophysiology across an individual's life history. Deep phenotyping focuses on the biological relevance of pathways and metabolic flux, increasing the 'granularity' of phenotypes. Summary Focus on medical phenotypes is critical, but long-term interests require additional studies that illuminate underlying biology. Deep phenotyping is less likely to yield dramatic changes in current medical practice but it offers an opportunity to gain scientific insight in an incremental manner and to make progress in redefining clinical outcomes with greater precision. It is expensive, and debate is needed to determine when and how it should be applied.
On the viscous-inviscid flow interaction in the vicinity of a laminar separation bubble

An incompressible, two-dimensional, thin separation bubble is treated as an obstacle to the potential flow that perturbs and adjusts the original inviscid flow. The knowledge of the perturbed velocity allows a complete flow description in vicinity of the bubble. Suitable differential equations and boundary conditions are developed for three distinct regions, namely, a potential region, a parabolic viscous layer, and a viscous, slow recirculating region. With modified boundary conditions the boundary layer equations are regularly integrated through the separation region. Conclusions are also made on the wall stress and the position of zero velocity and zero vorticity lines.
Antiapoptotic effect of nicorandil mediated by mitochondrial atp-sensitive potassium channels in cultured cardiac myocytes ☆

Abstract Objectives We examined whether nicorandil, a clinically useful drug for the treatment of ischemic syndromes, inhibits myocardial apoptosis. Background Nicorandil has been reported to have a cardioprotective action through activation of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoK ATP ) channels. Based on our recent observation that mitoK ATP channel activation has a remarkable antiapoptotic effect in cultured cardiac cells, we hypothesized that the protective effects of nicorandil may be at least partially due to an antiapoptotic effect. Methods Cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were exposed to hydrogen peroxide to induce apoptosis. Effects of nicorandil were evaluated using a number of apoptotic markers. Results Exposure to 100 μM hydrogen peroxide resulted in apoptotic cell death as shown by TUNEL positivity, cytochrome c translocation, caspase-3 activation and dissipation of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ m ). Nicorandil (100 μM) suppressed all of these markers of apoptosis. Notably, nicorandil prevented ΔΨ m depolarization in a concentration-dependent manner (EC 50 ∼ 40 μM, with saturation by 100 μM), as shown by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of cells stained with a fluorescent ΔΨ m -indicator, tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE). Time-lapse confocal microscopy of individual cells loaded with TMRE shows that nicorandil suppresses ΔΨ m loss. Subcellular calcein localization revealed inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition by nicorandil. These protective effects of nicorandil were blocked by the mitoK ATP channel antagonist 5-hydroxydecanoate. Conclusions Our findings identify nicorandil as an inhibitor of apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes, and confirm the critical role of mitoK ATP channels in inhibiting apoptosis.
Stabilisation of external optical feedback phase in a semiconductor laser

The linewidth of a semiconductor laser was reduced and held to much less than 1 MHz using a simple DC scheme for the stabilisation of the phase of external optical feedback. This scheme was based on the antisymmetric response to feedback phase at the two laser facets.
Bactericidal activity of nitrogen-doped metal oxide nanocatalysts and the influence of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS)

Abstract The antibacterial effect of nitrogen-doped TiO2 and ZrO2 were tested on Escherichia coli and biofilm heterotrophic bacteria under solar light illumination. The rates of photocatalytic inactivation for biofilm bacteria with soluble extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) stripped off and E. coli bacteria were found to be higher than those of the biofilm bacteria with intact EPS. Measurements of both bacterial count and cellular components (carbohydrate and protein) revealed that EPS play an important role in controlling the kinetics of solar-induced photocatalysis. TiO2−xNx and ZrO2−xNx doped with ethylenediamine as the nitrogen source showed improved photoactivity compared with TiO2−xNx using ethanolamine as the nitrogen source.
Excitatory afferents to CA3 pyramidal cells display differential sensitivity to CB1 dependent inhibition of synaptic transmission

Recent advances in immunohistochemical techniques have, contrary to earlier reports, positively identified CB1 receptors on glutamatergic terminals in the hippocampus. Further work has implicated these receptors in modulation of susceptibility to kainic acid induced seizures. Based on these results, the current study was designed to test the hypothesis that both exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids can selectively modulate glutamatergic afferents to CA3 pyramidal cells, and that such modulation is mediated by cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. Towards that end we employed either conventional or two-photon guided minimal stimulation techniques to isolate mossy fiber and/or associational/commissural (A/C) inputs to CA3 pyramidal cells. We report that bath application of WIN55,212-2 selectively inhibits minimally evoked A/C inputs to CA3 pyramidal cells, without significantly altering simultaneously recorded mossy fiber inputs. Further, we find that WIN55,212-2 mediated inhibition of A/C inputs is completely blocked by the CB1 selective antagonist AM-251 and absent in CB1−/− animals, suggesting a dependence on CB1 receptors. Finally, we demonstrate that depolarization of CA3 pyramidal cells leads to calcium dependent release of endogenous cannabinoids that transiently inhibit A/C mediated responses, and that this effect is also sensitive to both AM-251 and the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist atropine. To our knowledge this represents the first demonstration of depolarization induced suppression of excitation in area CA3 of the hippocampus. Collectively, these results provide new information relevant to developing a thorough understanding of how ECs modulate excitatory transmission in an area that is both essential for the acquisition of new memories and intimately involved in epileptogenesis.
Mid-depth circulation of the subpolar north atlantic during the last glacial maximum.

Holocene and glacial carbon isotope data of benthic foraminifera from shallow to mid-depth cores from the northeastern subpolar Atlantic show that this region was strongly stratified, with carbon-13—enriched glacial North Atlantic intermediate water (GNAIW) overlying carbon-13—depleted Southern Ocean water (SOW). The data suggest that GNAIW originated north of the polar front and define GNAIW end-member carbon isotope values for studies of water-mass mixing in the open Atlantic. Identical carbon isotope values in the core of GNAIW and below the subtropical thermocline are consistent with rapid cycling of GNAIW through the northern Atlantic. The high carbon isotope values below the thermocline indicate that enhanced nutrient leakage in response to increased ventilation may have extended into intermediate waters. Geochemical box models show that the atmospheric carbon dioxide response to nutrient leakage that results from an increase in ventilation rate may be greater than the response to nutrient redistribution by conversion of North Atlantic deep water into GNAIW. These results underscore the potential rule of Atlantic Ocean circulation changes in influencing past atmospheric carbon dioxide values.
Carbon nanotube-based microstrip antenna gas sensor

Carbon nanotubes have been widely studied for their applications in sensors due to their promising physical and chemical properties. In this paper, we explore the potential of applying carbon nanotubes to gas sensing equipment. The sensor uses an antenna to detect change in return loss from normal operating frequency on exposure to different polar and non-polar gases. Carbon nanotubes help amplify this shift to improve the gas sensitivity. The presented study shows that carbon nanotubes can provide a frequency shift in return loss that can identify various gases. Simulation results from A SYS High Frequency Simulation Software provide proof of the concept while experimental results from three gases have shown repeatable frequency shifts.
Attitude stability of a symmetric satellite at the equilibrium points in the restricted three-body problem

A problem of attitude motion of the smallest body for the restricted three-body problem is analyzed. Axial symmetry is assumed for the body, and attention is focused on the case in which the symmetry axis is normal to the orbit plane. For libration point satellites, results are similar to those for a satellite in orbit about a single body. However, for orbit equilibrium points lying on the line joining the two larger bodies, attitude stability results depart markedly from those for the two-body problem.
Cooperativity and equilibrium with FOXA1 define the androgen receptor transcriptional program

The pioneering factor FOXA1 opens chromatin to facilitate androgen receptor (AR) binding to prostate-specific genes. How FOXA1 controls the AR cistrome, however, is incompletely understood. Here we show that AR directly binds chromatin through the androgen response elements (AREs). FOXA1 is not required for AR-chromatin interaction, but instrumental in recruiting AR to low-affinity half-AREs by opening local chromatin around adjacent FKHD sites. Too much FOXA1 creates excessive open chromatin regions, which serve as reservoirs that retain AR via abundant half-AREs, thereby reducing its availability for specific sites. FOXA1 downregulation, by contrast, relinquishes AR to permissively bind AREs across the genome, resulting in substantial AR-binding events and AR target gene expression even in the absence of androgen. Taken together, our data illustrate the mechanistic details by which cooperativity and equilibrium with FOXA1 define AR cistrome and reveal a previously unknown function of FOXA1 in inhibiting AR signalling and castration-resistant prostate cancer growth.
H-Y antigen in the study of sex determination and control of sex ratio

Abstract It has been proposed, on the basis of widespread phylogenetic conservation, that H-Y antigen is the inducer of primary sex, causing the undifferentiated XY gonad to become a testis in male heterogametic species such as the human and bovine. That proposition has withstood extensive testing in vivo and in vitro. Freemartin gonads are H-Y+, for example, and masculinization of the freemartin gonad has been attributed to soluble H-Y, borne and transmitted in the serum of the bull twin, and bound in ovarian receptors of the female. We have applied monoclonal H-Y antibodies to the identification of gender in embryos of the bovine. Our preliminary results imply presence of H-Y in bovine embryos of the morula and blastocyst stages recovered at about 6–12 days of gestation. Assignment of H-Y phenotype -- positive in males and negative in females -- allows selective implantation of male and female during embryo transfer. Thus in an early study, we correctly identified gender in 6 of 7 calves born healthy at term, after transfer of 8 blastocysts.
LITE engineering model-I: operation and performance of the communications and beam-control subsystems

The communications, laser-control, beam-steering, boresighting, spatial acquisition, tracking, point-ahead, and control functions of the LITE Engineering Model are described. The hardware is described in a companion article.
Anthropologists, anthropology, fieldwork, and development

Schwimmer, Brian E. and D. Michael Warren, eds. Anthropology and the Peace Corps: Case Studies in Career Preparation. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1993. xvi + 255 pp. including bibliography and list of contributors. $32.95 cloth. Devereux, Stephen and John Hoddinott, eds. Fieldwork in Developing Countries. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993. xvi + 229 pp. including references and index. $45.00 cloth, $18.00 paper.
Marginalized transition models for longitudinal binary data with ignorable and non‐ignorable drop‐out

We extend the marginalized transition model of Heagerty to accommodate non-ignorable monotone drop-out. Using a selection model, weakly identified drop-out parameters are held constant and their effects evaluated through sensitivity analysis. For data missing at random (MAR), efficiency of inverse probability of censoring weighted generalized estimating equations (IPCW-GEE) is as low as 40 per cent compared to a likelihood-based marginalized transition model (MTM) with comparable modelling burden. MTM and IPCW-GEE regression parameters both display misspecification bias for MAR and non-ignorable missing data, and both reduce bias noticeably by improving model fit.
Chemical mechanism of an important cleavage reaction in the fungal degradation of lignin

Abstract Previous research established that lignin substructure model compounds of the non-phenolic β-1 type (R-C α HOH-C β HR′-C γ H 2 OH, in which R,R′ = O-alkyl) are cleaved between C α and C β by Phanerochaete chrysosporium . The C β -derived product is a racemic phenylglycol (R′-CHOH-CH 2 OH) in which the benzyl hydroxyl oxygen atom is derived from molecular oxygen. Investigations described here have established, through the use of an isotope-trapping technique and the same organism, that the C α -derived product is the aromatic aldehyde (R-C α HO); this aldehyde is rapidly reduced in cultures to the corresponding alcohol. A β-1 substrate without the C γ H 2 OH moiety is also cleaved, showing that the C γ -group is not required. A β-1 substrate with a C α -carbonyl group is only slowly degraded (to polar products), probably not via C α -C β cleavage. Mass spectrometric analysis of the products formed from deuterated β-1 substrates established that hydrogen (deuterium) atoms at C α and at C β are not lost during C α -C β cleavage. These results establish that neither C α -oxidation, C β -hydroxylation nor formation of a C α -C β double bond occurs prior to C α -C β cleavage, and that cleavage does not involve C γ . A concerted mechanism is indicated, in which C β -hydroxylation, with a hydroxyl derived from O 2 , occurs simultaneously with, or after, C α -C β cleavage.
Use of All Relatives in Intraherd Prediction of Breeding Values and Producing Abilities

Abstract Commonly used cow evaluation methods apply principles of the selection index to herdmate deviations on the cow and close relatives. In contrast, best linear unbiased prediction adjusts records by best linear unbiased estimates of all fixed effects in the model and simultaneously weights those adjusted records by selection index principles. It would be advantageous to utilize all known relationships among animals in the herd in the latter method, but computations have been too laborious, requiring the inverse of the numerator relationship matrix. By a method of writing this inverse rapidly without computing the relationship matrix itself all relationships can now be used in intraherd cow evaluation. Further, tests of progeny by artificial insemination on sires used in the herd can be incorporated.
Angular distributions of electrons of energy greater than 0.06 MeV in the Jovian magnetosphere

Measurements of the angular distribution of electron intensity in the Jupiter magnetosphere were made by the University of Iowa experiment on Pioneer 10. The data were from three directional particle detectors with effective integral threshold of 0.06, 0.55 and 0.5 MeV respectively. It was discovered that the central core of the magnetosphere for radial distances less than 12 Jovian radii is dominated by pitch angle distributions strongly peaked at alpha = 90 degrees, while the region of radial distances 12-25 Jovian radii shows bidirectional and approximately equal maxima at alpha = 0 and 180 degrees. Substantial field-aligned streaming was detected on two occasions, each of about 1 hour duration. No distinctive effects on angular distributions were observed near the L shells of satellites.
A Modeling Approach for Predicting the Abrasive Particle Motion During Chemical Mechanical Polishing

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is a manufacturing process in which a wafer surface is polished by pressing it against a rotating pad that is flooded with slurry. The slurry itself is a fluid containing abrasive particles. Past experimentation has shown that the distribution of suspended particles in the slurry is significantly related to the distribution of material removal on the wafer during CMP. Therefore, this study involves the development and simulation of a model that predicts the kinematics and trajectory of the abrasive particles. The simulation results compare well to data from shear cell experiments data conducted by other researchers.
Activation of glycine by ATP, a divalent cation, and proteinoid microspheres.

Abstract The activation of glycine to yield glycyl hydroxamate has been studied in the absence of enzymes. Activation with ATP in aqueous solution requires only a divalent metal cation. ATP is far more active than other nucleoside triphosphates; AMP and pyrophosphate are inactive. The pH optimum is 4 to 5; activation at pH 7 is most enhanced in the presence of proteinoid microspheres.
Properties of Higher Plant Mitochondria. III. Effects of Respiratory Inhibitors.

The effects of representative respiratory inhibitors were investigated on the coupled respiration of mung bean mitochondria using succinate and l-malate as substrates. The inhibitors studied were: (I) malonate, (II) amytal and rotenone, (III) antimycin A and 2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (NOQNO), and (IV) cyanide and azide.Malonate inhibition of succinate oxidation follows a classical type of competitive inhibition with an inhibitor dissociation constant of 0.13 mm. There is no inhibition detectable when malate is used as substrate. In contrast to animal mitochondria, amytal is capable of inhibiting 20 to 40% of succinate oxidation and 90 to 100% of malate oxidation, but inhibition due to rotenone amounts to only 0 to 20% of succinate oxidation and 40 to 50% of malate oxidation. The half-maximal inhibition caused by amytal occurs at 2 to 2.5 mm and that by rotenone at 3 mmumoles/mg protein.The maximal inhibition caused by either antimycin A or NOQNO is 70 to 80% of the state 3 respiration. Very little inhibition was observed on the state 4 respiration, and both inhibitors were capable of titrating stoichiometrically with mitochondrial protein with identical titers, 0.22 mmumoles/mg protein for half-maximal inhibition. They differ, however, in that NOQNO does uncouple oxidative phosphorylation in mung bean mitochondria, but antimycin A does not do so. Both cyanide and azide inhibit the state 3 rate 65 to 80%. Inhibition of state 4 respiration can be up to 50% by cyanide, while almost none by azide. Uncoupling action was noted with cyanide, but very little with azide.It is concluded that the second state 3 rate of succinate oxidation includes 80% succinoxidase, the remaining 20% being contributed by the NADH pathway. Malate oxidation apparently does not involve succinoxidase. Malate oxidation is completely sensitive to amytal, but only 50% inhibited by rotenone. A difference between animal and plant mitochondria appears to be in the flavoproteins associated with NADH oxidation.From the observations that antimycin A, NOQNO, cyanide, and azide do not cause complete inhibition, it is suggested that a leakage of electrons to oxygen exists before the site of inhibition of antimycin A or NOQNO.
Withdrawal of “The caveolin triad: caveolae biogenesis, cholesterol trafficking, and signal transduction” [Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews 12(1) (2001) 41–51]

The Publisher regrets that this review article must be withdrawn owing to an issue of multiple publication. The manuscript was submitted in nearly identical form to three journals (Frontiers in Bioscience, Journal of Cellular Physiology and Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews) and was accepted and published by all three. As the article was accepted and published in Frontiers in Bioscience first, the copyright belongs to that journal. The bibliographic details of the original review article published in Frontiers in Bioscience are:
Selective role of Mediator tail module in the transcription of highly regulated genes in yeast

The tail module subunits of Mediator complex are targets of activators both in yeast and metazoans. Here we discuss recent evidence from studies in yeast for tail module specificity for SAGA-dependent, TATA-containing genes including highly regulated stress response genes, and for independent recruitment and function of the tail module.
Edge-coloring almost bipartite multigraphs

Bipartite multigraphs have chromatic index equal to the largest degree d. We consider multigraphs obtained by inserting k vertices in edges of a connected bipartite multigraph, and show that the chromatic index may increase to at most d+1. We further show that (1) the chromatic index always increases if k=1 when the original bipartite multigraph is regular, but does not increase for k=1 if the bipartite multigraph is not regular; (2) the chromatic index does not increase if k=2 (regular or not); (3) the chromatic index may increase if k=3 when the original bipartite multigraph is regular, but does not increase for k=3 if the bipartite multigraph is not regular; (4) the chromatic index does not increase if k=4 (regular or not); (5) the chromatic index increases for infinitely many 3-regular bipartite graphs and each k>=3 odd, and (6) the chromatic index does not increase for infinitely many 3-regular bipartite graphs and each k>=3 (even or odd). We finally study the list chromatic index of such multigraphs and show that it does not increase past d+1 either, in fact in some sense it stays almost d. All the results presented here render polynomial-time algorithms, since the proofs are based on bipartite graph matching and stable marriage.
Impaired clearance and organ localization of Candida albicans in obstructive jaundice.

Abstract Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants with cholestatic jaundice. This may be attributed to altered host defense mechanisms. Fungal infection frequently occurs in immunocompromised patients. This study evaluates the effect of biliary obstruction on blood clearance and organ localization of radiolabeled viable Candida albicans . Male Sprague-Dawley rats (140 to 150 g) were placed in 2 groups. Group I (n = 30) were sham-operated controls. Group II (n = 90) underwent ligation and division of the distal common bile duct (CDL). At 1,2, and 3 weeks following CDL, 10 7 cells/mL radiolabeled viable C albicans were injected via the tail vein. The final distribution of the organisms was calculated and expressed as the mean percent of radiolabeled organisms per gram and per total organ. Blood clearance of C albicans was similarly rapid in both groups. However, there was a significant decrease in the trapping of fungi by the rat liver Kupffer cells (20.3% ± 7.9% v control 42.5% ± 15%; P > .001), and increased pulmonary localization of bacteria 3 weeks following CDL (53.6% ± 13.2% v control 41.4% ± 6.4%). The significant decrease in liver trapping and increased lung localization of C albicans in CDL rats, may result in systemic reemergence of fungi and play a role in the susceptibility to fungal infection in jaundiced subjects.
A method for computing vertical-plane coverage diagrams for frequency agile pulse radar systems

A method for obtaining computer plots of vertical-plane coverage diagrams (i.e., range-height-angle charts) for frequency agile pulse radar systems is presented. The approach is based on well known monochromatic radar detection calculations which are here extended to cover the frequency agile case.
The salpêtrière in the age of Charcot: an institutional perspective on medical history in the late nineteenth century.

Thirty years ago, the history of medicine was conceived largely as a history of medical ideas. To this older view of the field, scholars in recent decades have added a social and cultural history of medicine, which takes as its natural domain the particular animating contexts of place and time in which these ideas were applied by doctors to patients on a routine basis. In the case of psychology and psychiatry, to examine these ideas in situ means to write a history of the hospital and asylum. Curiously enough, the history of these medical establishments in continental Europe remains very inadequately explored, although several bodies of literature have dealt, either directly or by implication, with this area of inquiry. The bulk of French medical historiography through the years has been trapped in the commemorative mould. The 'histoire hospitaliere', as it is called, consists mainly of sketches of famous doctors and their discoveries, lists of material reforms and accounts of prominent buildings. These writings are very inward-looking in their treatment of the subject and, as might be expected, 'Whig' interpretations predominate. According to this well-known perspective, medical history provides the story of crude and abusive practices rooted in ignorance and superstition, superseded by humane and rational medical activities, selflessly exercised by licensed practitioners and based on an ever-expanding body of scientific knowledge. The hospital serves as the central institutional setting
The important role of change management in environmental management system implementation

Purpose – There is increasing concern about the environmental aspects of business and production processes, and many companies have chosen to implement environmental management systems (EMSs). The purpose of this paper is to examine whether change management efforts improve the perceived success of EMS implementation.Design/methodology/approach – The paper analyzes empirical survey data using hierarchical regression analyses with a sample of mid‐level engineers and managers in manufacturing facilities.Findings – Change management efforts appear to enhance the perceived environmental performance of manufacturing establishments, primarily driven by top management support for EMS implementation and efforts to institutionalize the EMS.Research limitations/implications – Results are generalizable to large manufacturing facilities implementing EMSs. Results should be replicated with a larger sample and using measures of actual environmental performance.Practical implications – Change management techniques can e...
Corona Detection Experience in Commercial Production of Power Cables with Extruded Insulation

On the basis of extensive corona detection experience on full reel testing of cables it is proposed that, in addition to corona level, a characteristic designated as "corona factor" be determined on each reel length of high-voltage cable with extruded conductor and insulation shields. The corona factor establishes the relationship between discharges in the cable and voltage stress over a stress range up to several times the operating level. In addition, it is proposed that full reel power factor measurements be made to provide a check on the resistivity of the extruded shields. The use of a novel continuous corona discharge detector in the laboratory to locate defects in the cable core, with insulation semiconducting shield in place, is described.
Blockade of ATP binding site of P2 purinoceptors in rat parotid acinar cells by isothiocyanate compounds.

Abstract Extracellular ATP activates a P 2z -type purinergic receptor (purinoceptor) in rat parotid acinar cells that increases the intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration via the entry of extracellular Ca 2+ through an ATP-sensitive cation channel (Soltoff et al., Am J Physiol 262: C934–C940,1992). To learn more about the ATP binding site of the purinoceptor, we examined the effects of several stilbene isothiocyanate analogs of DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), which block the binding of [ 32 PIATP to intact parotid cells (McMillian et al., Biochem J 255: 291–300,1988) and blocked the activation of the P 2z purinoceptor. The ATP-stimulated 45 Ca 2+ uptake was blocked by DIDS, H 2 DIDS (dihydro-DIDS; 4,4'-diisothiocyanatodihydrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), and SITS (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid), but not by DNDS (4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), a stilbene disulfonate compound lacking isothiocyanate (SCN-) groups, or by KSCN. The potency of the stilbene disulfonates was related to the number of isothiocyanate groups on each compound. Under the experimental conditions, the ic 50 value of DIDS (∼35 μM), which has two SCN-groups, was much lower than that of SITS (∼ 125 μM), which has only one SCN- group. The inhibitory effects of DIDS appeared to be much more potent than those of SITS due to the kinetics of their binding to the purinoceptors. Eosin-5-isothiocyanate (EITC) and fluoroscein-5-isothiocyanate (FITC), non-stilbene isothiocyanate compounds with single SCN-groups, also blocked the response to ATP and were less potent than DIDS. Trinitrophenyl-ATP (TNP-ATP), an ATP derivative that is not an effective agonist of the parotid P 2z receptor, blocked the covalent binding of DIDS to the plasma membrane, suggesting that ATP and DIDS bind to the same site. Reactive Blue 2 (Cibacron Blue 3GA), an anthraquinone-sulfonic acid derivative that is a noncovalent purinergic antagonist, also blocked the covalent binding of DIDS to the plasma membrane. These results suggest that isothiocyanate compounds interact with the ATP binding site of this P 2 purinoceptor, and that isothiocyanate groups make an important contribution in determining the effectiveness of the stilbene disulfonate compounds in blocking the binding of nucleotide agonists to this purinoceptor.
Using an Apple II microcomputer for real-time control in a behavioral laboratory

This report describes the hardware and software developed to implement an Apple II (48 KB) as a real-time control device for operant experiments. The hardware has a straightforward design, so that it is readily understandable and can be built by individuals with only minimal experience in the use of integrated circuits and other electronic components. The software routines listed below represent an approach to controlling and handling the data generated by an operant experiment. Using these routines, we are able to record each response and experimental event, the time of the occurrence, and the conditions at that time.
Pitch angle distributions of energetic particles near the heliospheric termination shock

[1] The period of Voyager observations of energetic particles during its approach to the solar wind termination shock in 2004 provides a wealth of information about the site where the particles are accelerated. A new anisotropic particle transport model, based on an expansion of a focused transport equation in Legendre polynomials, is used here as a tool to analyze the pitch angle distributions of 1 MeV protons observed by Voyager 1 upstream of the shock. Daily average data from the seven sectors of the LECP instrument are represented in the form of an expansion in spherical harmonics up to second order in the coordinate frame aligned with the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field, permitting a direct comparison with our model results. It is found that the observed pitch angle distributions are consistent with the model predictions for particle population accelerated at a highly oblique shock wave. We derive the obliquity angle of the termination shock from analysis of first order anisotropies. It is demonstrated that the second-order anisotropy is important for correctly interpreting the data. Many of the observed distributions are shown to possess an abnormally large second moment, which may indicate the presence of dual oppositely propagating beams in regions multiply connected to the termination shock by the interplanetary magnetic field lines.
Risk of colorectal cancer among long-term cervical cancer survivors.

Because advances in therapy have increased long-term survival for women with cervical cancer, it is important to study the risk of secondary primary malignancies in high-dose organ areas. From the 1973–2009 National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, we studied the risk of developing cancer of the colon and rectum in 64,507 cervical cancer patients over 35 years after initial radiation treatment. We also assessed change in risk over time. Kaplan–Meier estimator for survival curve and Cox proportional hazards models was used. More than half (52.6 %) of the cervical cancer patients received radiation treatment. In the analyses adjusted for race/ethnicity, age, marital status, surgery status, stage and grade, the risk of colon cancer between those both with and without XRT diverged beginning at approximately 8 years. After 8 years, the hazard ratio for developing colon cancer was 2.00 (95 % CI 1.43–2.80) for women with radiation versus those without radiation treatment. The risk of rectal cancer diverged after 15 years of follow-up (HR 4.04, 95 % CI 2.08–7.86). After 35 years of follow-up, the absolute risk of developing colon cancer was 6.5 % for those who received radiation versus 2.5 % for those without, and 3.7 versus 0.8 % for rectum. The risk of colon and rectum cancer over 20 years of follow-up after radiation remained the same across three eras (1973–1980, 1981–1990, and 1991–2000). Radiation-induced second cancers of the colon and rectum may occur 8 years after radiation treatment for cervical cancer.