cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blocked Inhibitory Serine-Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3α/β Impairs In Vivo Neural Precursor Cell Proliferation

Background Adult neurogenesis augments neuronal plasticity, and deficient neurogenesis might contribute to mood disorders and schizophrenia and impede treatment responses. Because these diseases might be associated with inadequately controlled glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), we tested whether blocked inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3 impairs neurogenesis. Methods Neural precursor cell (NPC) proliferation was measured by dentate gyrus bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling in GSK3α/β21A/21A/9A/9A knockin mice with serine-to-alanine mutations to block inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of GSK3 while it remains within the physiological range, because GSK3 is not overexpressed. Results There was a drastic 40% impairment in neurogenesis in vivo in GSK3 knockin mice compared with wild-type mice. Impaired neurogenesis could be due to effects of GSK3 in NPCs or in surrounding cells that modulate NPCs. In vitro proliferation was equivalent for NPCs from GSK3 knockin and wild-type mice, suggesting an in vivo deficiency in GSK3 knockin mice of external support for NPC proliferation. Measurements of two neurotrophins that promote neurogenesis demonstrated less hippocampal vascular endothelial growth factor but not brain-derived growth factor in GSK3 knockin mice than wild-type mice, reinforcing the possibility that insufficient environmental support in GSK3 knockin mice might contribute to impaired neurogenesis. In vivo chronic co-administration of lithium and fluoxetine, which each increase inhibitory serine-phosphorylation of wild-type GSK3, increased NPC proliferation in wild-type but not GSK3 knockin mice. Conclusions Blocked inhibitory control of GSK3 impaired neurogenesis and the capacity of therapeutic drugs to stimulate neurogenesis, likely through deficient environmental factors that support neurogenesis, which might contribute to psychiatric diseases and responses to therapeutic drugs.
Clinical and biomarker predictors of side effects from tamoxifen

Tamoxifen decreases breast cancer recurrence, mortality, and breast cancer risk in high-risk women. Despite these proven benefits, tamoxifen use is often limited due to side effects. We identified predictors of tamoxifen-induced side effects based on clinical variables and serum tamoxifen metabolite biomarkers in a cross-sectional study of patients taking tamoxifen. We enrolled 241 women and collected data on demographics, tamoxifen use and side effects, as well as potential clinical and serum predictors. We used logistic regression models and adjusted for age, body mass index, ethnicity, education, prior post-menopausal hormone therapy (HT), tamoxifen duration, and endoxifen levels to identify factors associated with side effects. Common tamoxifen attributed side effects were hot flashes (64%), vaginal dryness (35%), sleep problems (36%), weight gain (6%), and depression, irritability or mood swings (6%). In multi-variate models, tamoxifen duration, age, prior post-menopausal HT, and endoxifen levels all predicted side effects. Women who had been on tamoxifen for >12 months were less likely to report side effects (OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04-0.58) or severe side effects (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.005-0.58) compared to women on tamoxifen for <12 months. Compared to women younger than 50, women who were age 60-70 and older than 70 were less likely to report side effects (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.03-1.35; OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.01-0.99; respectively). Women who previously took post-menopausal HT were more likely to report severe side effects. Women with higher endoxifen levels were more likely to report side effects (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.01-2.77 per standard deviation increase in endoxifen). Clinicians should consider closely monitoring adherence in women taking tamoxifen, especially in younger women, and women who previously took HT. The association between endoxifen levels and side effects is consistent with the data that suggest that endoxifen is the most highly active metabolite of tamoxifen.
Long‐term outcomes of injection laryngoplasty in patients with potentially recoverable vocal fold paralysis1

Objectives/Hypothesis: Injection laryngoplasty (IL) is a temporary intervention for unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). IL is often performed in patients with a potentially recoverable recurrent laryngeal nerve insult while awaiting spontaneous recovery, compensation, or definitive intervention. This study investigates the long-term outcomes of subjects treated with an IL. Study Design: Restrospective chart review. Methods: A single-institution, retrospective review was performed from January 2004 to July 2008; subjects with potentially recoverable UVFP who underwent an IL were included. Results: The following etiologies were noted for the 42 subjects included: idiopathic in 13 (31%), iatrogenic in 25 (60%), infectious in two (5%), traumatic in one (2%), and stroke in one (2%). Ten subjects (24%) had full recovery of their paralysis, four (10%) partially recovered movement with adequate recovery of voice, 16 (40%) had no recovery of motion but compensation with adequate recovery of voice, 12 (29%) required further definitive intervention in the form of laryngeal framework surgery. Voice-related quality of life scores improved for all patients surveyed after IL and improved more for those who ultimately recovered or compensated. Conclusions: The majority of subjects with potentially recoverable UVFP recover vocal fold motion and/or adequate voice after IL without permanent intervention. Laryngoscope, 2010
"You break it, you fix it.".

Comment on Libura et al, page [2124][1] Nonrandom chromosomal translocations are considered to be causal events leading to leukemic transformation. However, the mechanism(s) that cause these translocations are poorly understood. Libura and colleagues report exciting new findings on the mechanism(s
Evidence of electroconformational changes in membrane proteins: field-induced reductions in intra membrane nonlinear charge movement currents

Abstract Experimental results are presented to show that a pulsed, intensive membrane potential can reduce intra membrane, nonlinear charge movement currents, which are the voltage-sensors in the voltage-dependent membrane proteins and in the excitation–contraction coupling of skeletal muscle fibers. The results indicate a possible mechanism involved in electrical injury: dysfunctions of the voltage-dependent membrane proteins caused by electroconformational damages in their voltage-sensors.
Creating Your Reflection Map.

A systematic approach to encouraging reflection can help students get the most out of service-learning courses.
Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America.

Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America
Plasma pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea after intravenous and oral administration to mice and dogs.

Purpose: Chloroethylnitrosoureas are among the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of brain tumors. SarCNU (1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea) is an investigational nitrosourea analogue that has shown greater antitumor activity and a more favorable toxicity profile than 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea in preclinical studies. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the plasma pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of SarCNU in mice and dogs treated by intravenous infusion and gastric intubation. Methods: SarCNU was administered to mice by i.v. injection or orally at doses ranging from 10 to 100 mg/kg. Plasma samples were obtained from groups of five animals at each time-point at intervals ranging from 3 min to 2.5 h after dosing. A group of three male beagle dogs were treated with SarCNU 10 mg/kg given both by i.v. infusion and orally in a crossover design. The concentration of SarCNU in plasma was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: During the initial 90 min after i.v. injection to mice, SarCNU was eliminated from plasma in a monoexponential manner with a mean half-life of 9.8±0.8 min. The total plasma clearance was 47.3±8.7 ml/min per kg and the apparent volume of distribution was 0.7±0.1 l/kg. SarCNU exhibited linear pharmacokinetic behavior following both i.v. and oral administration of doses ranging from approximately 10 to 100 mg/kg. Peak plasma levels provided by a dose of 100 mg/kg given by the i.v. and oral routes were 142.4 µg/ml (0.5 min) and 27.8 µg/ml (9.8 min), respectively. The mean oral bioavailability of the drug was 57.3±12.6% in mice. In comparison, the disposition of SarCNU in dogs after rapid i.v. injection was biexponential, with half-lives of 5.4±8.4 min and 40.8±9.0 min for the initial and terminal disposition phases, respectively. Mean values of the total plasma clearance and apparent volume of distribution were 17.8±1.8 ml/min per kg and 1.1±0.3 l/kg, respectively. The Cmax was 18.5±6.5 µg/ml after i.v. injection and 8.5±0.4 µg/ml after oral administration of a 10 mg/kg dose. Oral bioavailability of the drug in dogs (71.7±21.2%) was greater than that observed in mice. Conclusions: SarCNU exhibited linear and consistent pharmacokinetics in mice and dogs with very good oral bioavailability in both species. These findings support the rationale for evaluating SarCNU given by the oral route of administration in phase I clinical trials.
Native son in prison: Rhetorical performance as restored behavior

This essay analyzes the courtroom speeches that inmates in a medium‐security prison wrote for the trial of Bigger Thomas, the main character in Richard Wright's novel Native Son. The essay describes the difficulties involved in asking incarcerated men to respond to a controversial literary work. It then uses a conceptual system adapted from Erving Goffman's Frame Analysis to describe the multiple constraints involved in preparing a literature‐based rhetorical performance, and it analyzes the roles that the men adopted and the persuasive strategies that they employed in their speeches. The essay concludes by considering the speeches in light of the theory of restored behavior that Richard Schechner advances in Between Theater and Anthropology. This analysis suggests that the speeches at one level are written for a re‐enactment of the Bigger Thomas trial but at another level are written for the re‐enactment of the inmates’ actual trials.
Adsorbed surface films of egg albumin

Abstract The surface tension of egg albumin solutions in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 as a function of time yields an inverse S-shaped curve, the maximum rate of change occurring at a film pressure of about 4 dyn/cm. The log of the surface tension after longer times is linear with respect to time and the apparent first order constants for surface tension decay decreased with increasing protein concentration reaching a constant level at about 0.02% protein. The plot of the 20-min film pressures as a function of protein concentration yields a 2-step curve. The first step, at lower protein concentrations, gives a plateau at about 12 dyn/cm followed by an increase in film pressure with protein concentration reaching a second plateau at about 25 dyn/cm and at about 0.02% protein, the film pressure-protein concentration curve is readily reversible with respect to decreasing protein concentration but not so easily reversible with respect to increasing protein concentration. The rates of desorption of protein from solution films transferred to clean ammonium sulfate solution is proportional to the amount of protein in the film minus 1.80 mg/m 2 . It is concluded that 1.80 mg/m 2 of protein is irreversibly adsorbed and likely surface denatured. The interpolation of the film pressure-protein concentration curve permits the plot of a force-area curve for the adsorbed film of egg albumin; the adsorbed film is significantly more compressed than is the corresponding spread film.
Pulmonary artery sarcoma--unusual pulmonary angiographic findings--a case report.

The authors report unusual angiographic findings in a patient with pulmo nary artery sarcoma who presented with clinical features suggestive of recur rent pulmonary emboli. These angiographic findings have not been described previously in pulmonary artery sarcoma.
Realism and the Christian faith

My central thesis in this paper is that nonrealism, though rampant nowadays even among Christian theologians, is subversive of the Christian faith. But before I am in a position to argue for that, I must go through some preliminaries.
Multiparametric analysis of cellular and subcellular function using spectral imaging

Development of fluorescent probes which sense cellular constituents (metabolites, ions) has revolutionized studies of cell physiology. To take full advantage of these probes for physiological studies, techniques which simultaneously monitor signal from multiple probes with high temporal resolution are required. In addition,the response of unique cells within a population may be heterogeneous making spatial sampling important for specific applications.
Sleep spindles in the EEGs of hyperactive children.

Electroencephalograms (EEGs) of 11 boys, aged 3 to 11 yr., who had been diagnosed as Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity were compared with 11 controls matched for age and sex. The purpose was to determine whether there was any difference between the groups in the number of sleep spindles present during Stage 2 sleep. The EEGs of the subjects studied were typical of those performed in most clinical laboratories, with approximately 8 min. of daytime Stage 2 sleep recorded for each child. Most of the subjects in both groups were given Chloral Hydrate to induce sleep. The number of sleep spindles/sec. in Stage 2 sleep and the time spent in Stage 2 sleep were estimated for each subject, and means were obtained for both groups. Findings showed no statistically significant differences between hyperactive and control groups. The results cast doubt on the significance of sleep spindle activity in assessing hyperactivity or in resolving current theoretical issues relating to hyperactivity.
Structural study of Zr0.8Sn0.2TiO4

Abstract The crystal structure of Zr 0.8 Sn 0.2 TiO 4 has been investigated using extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spcctroscopy, neutron powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy techniques. It possesses an orthorhombic α-PbO 2 ; type structure [space group Pbcn ]. EXAFS spectroscopy reveals that its zirconium ions possess 8-fold coordination as noted in Zr 5 Ti 7 O 24 , while its tin ions possess 6-fold coordination. X-ray diffraction and EXAFS results indicate that Zr 0.8 Sn 0.2 TiO 4 exists in a structural state between that of high-temperature ZrTiO 4 and Zr 5 Ti 7 O 24 . Consistent with the EXAFS interpretation, an empirical analysis of the Raman spectra indicates that the tin ions prefer to be on titanium sites. A superstructure is observed in Zr 0.8 Sn 0.2 TiO 4 which is caused by the non-stoichiometric nature of the sample. A small concentration of tin ions are probably in the reduced Sn 2+ state, creating defects which undergo short-range ordering in the crystal.
Oxygen consumption and survival prediction in neonatal rats exposed to prenatal hypervitaminosis A

Fetal exposure to excess vitamin A results in a highly variable degree of lung pathology and high neonatal mortality in the Long–Evans rat. The present study evaluated O2 consumption in newborn of vitamin A-treated, vehicle-treated, and untreated pregnancies on five consecutive postnatal days beginning with the day of delivery (D0). Pregnant female rats were treated by gavage with 160,000 USP units of retinyl acetate dissolved in 0.5 ml corn oil on days 15 through 19 of gestation. Vehicle and undisturbed controls were run concurrently. All animals delivered spontaneously, and the pups were tattooed and individually tested in a closed system consisting of three chambers submerged within a thermostatically controlled water bath at 33°C. Vitamin A-exposed pups, as a group, have significantly lower QO2 (ml O2 consumed/min/kg body weight) values than controls through postnatal day 2 (p < 0.05). By days 3 and 4 of age, the mean QO2 values of surviving vitamin A-treated pups were similar to those of controls. A QO2 of 30 or greater on day 0 appears to be critical for early neonatal survival of vitamin A-exposed pups, as 87% of the pups with initial QO2 < 30 died prior to day 4. Oxygen consumption rates in teratogen-exposed pups exhibiting low QO2 on day 0 rarely reached normal levels. In contrast, the occasional control pup with such low initial levels were well within normal limits (X ± 1 SD) by the following day. These studies demonstrate a marked effect of prenatal insult on respiratory function and strongly suggest that the nonivasive determination of QO2, 2–6 hours after birth provides a means to identify both moderately and severely affected individuals thereby permitting sequential study of their ensuing development of atelectasis neonatorum and apparent hyalin membrane disease.
Estimation of NMR function accuracies from least-squares fitting

Abstract Estimation of parameter accuracies in nonlinear least-squares problems is reviewed and the results are applied to some typical NMR functions.
L12 to do19 structural ordering during the fcc to hcp transformation in a CoCrTa alloy

In solid state phase transformations, the evolution of one state into another is realized through the motion of atoms. Such atomic motion may be either diffusional or displacive in nature. Phase transformation are often considered to involve only one type of atomic motion, but there has been mounting experimental evidence and implications above the interplay or the combination of both kinds. In principle, combined diffusional and displacive atomic motion is possible when a phase transformation involves a rearrangement of the crystal lattice as well as the reconfiguration of atoms such as decomposition or atomic ordering. Recently, the authors have conducted an experimental study of a phase transformation of this class (decomposition of a hyper-eutectoid CuBe alloy) and have substantiated diffusional and displacive atomic motion in conjunction with the formation of polytwin precipitate plates. In the present work, they examine the possibility of the transformation between the L1[sub 2] and the DO[sub 19] phase states (ordered derivatives of fcc and of hcp, respectively) through the combination of displacive and diffusional atomic motion. The particular situation they are considering is when the stability of the L1[sub 2] precipitate phase is perturbed by the shear deformation that is responsible for the transformation ofmore » the matrix fcc to hcp. In what follows, they will first introduced experimental findings from recent TEM study of a CoCrTa ternary alloy. They then discuss the implications of these finding by examining the transformation crystallography of the L1[sub 2] ordered structure.« less
Cryptogam communities on fallen logs in the Duke Forest, North Carolina

Abstract. I studied cryptogam (i.e. bryophyte and lichen) communities on fallen logs in the Duke Forest, Durham and Orange Counties, North Carolina, USA, to determine the relationship of log characteristics and microsite to community composition. Species composition and abundance were estimated for 111 randomly selected fallen logs. Interior wood samples were used to identify the tree species. I determined physical and chemical characteristics for each log, and described the log microsite. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) detected a clear gradient in cryptogam species composition which is correlated with the species of log and the presence of bark. Communities on hardwood bark, hardwood wood, and pine substrates were the most distinct. CCA also revealed that the microsite is not as closely related to species composition as are substrate pH and density. The majority of the cryptogam species encountered on the fallen logs are commonly reported from other substrates in the forest. However, within the habitat type of fallen logs, several species were apparently restricted to certain substrate types.
Online Information Search, Market Fundamentals and Apartment Real Estate

We examine the association between online apartment rental searches and fundamental real estate market variables namely, vacancy rates, rental rates and real estate asset price returns. We find that consumer real estate searches are significantly associated with the market fundamentals after controlling for known determinants of these variables. In particular, we show that apartment rental-related online searches are endogenously and contemporaneously associated with reduced vacancy rate. However, the association between the searches and rental rates is not significant. The searches are also contemporaneously associated with positive returns on the appraised values of multifamily assets. There is some evidence that the searches are fundamentally associated with REIT returns in the short run and that REIT investors watch the online search trends to inform their stock pricing decisions.
Adaptive stabilization of sampled systems

Abstract A simple discrete adaptive control scheme is proposed for stabilizing minimum phase continuous time systems under fast sampling. Even though the sampled system is not necessarily minimum phase, information about the pole-zero locations of the sampled system can be incorporated to complete the proof of stability.
Specsim: a Fortran-77 program for conditional spectral simulation in 3D

Abstract A Fortran 77 program, specsim , is presented for conditional spectral simulation in 3D domains. The traditional Fourier integral method allows generating random fields with a given covariance spectrum. Conditioning to local data is achieved by an iterative identification of the conditional phase information. A flowchart of the program is given to illustrate the implementation procedures of the program. A 3D case study is presented to demonstrate application of the program. A comparison with the traditional sequential Gaussian simulation algorithm emphasizes the advantages and drawbacks of the proposed algorithm.
Selection of Models in Contingency Tables: A Reexamination.

Qualitative data often need analysis using log-linear models, as pointed out by Liu and Sanders. In this article, references to the state-of-the-art literature and software packages for analyzing such data are presented. We also illustrate the two types of log-linear models and present procedures for investigating both types.
Solar-thermal dissociation of methane in a fluid-wall aerosol flow reactor

Abstract A fluid-wall aerosol flow reactor has been used to thermally dissociate methane to carbon black and hydrogen. The reactor was heated to temperatures in excess of 2000 K by concentrated sunlight. Approximately 90% conversion of methane to hydrogen has been obtained at a reactor wall temperature of 2133 K and an average residence time of 0.01 s . The carbon black produced by reaction is ash free, amorphous, and has primary particle sizes of 20– 40 nm . The results of an energy balance as well as conclusions from studies designed to evaluate the effect of co-feeding carbon black particles into the reactor are discussed.
The dependence of streamflow on antecedent subsurface moisture in an arid climate.

Subsurface moisture was simulated across two important river basins in the arid southwestern United States with the goal of assessing the importance of antecedent subsurface moisture to variability in seasonal streamflow. A standardized moisture index and other modeled hydrologic data were used in regression analyses to assess the relationship between antecedent subsurface moisture and streamflow. The relationship was found to be strongest during late spring and early summer, or the annual period of greatest runoff. During the warm runoff season of mid-summer through early fall it is the relationship between streamflow and monthly basin net water (the total of rain and snowmelt minus potential evaporation summed for the whole basin) that is strongest. The addition of subsurface moisture indices as independent regression variables increased the explained variance in streamflow by 30% for the more productive basin and by 14% for the other basin. Incorporation of the subsurface moisture indices in streamflow forecasts at lead times of two to five months increased the explained variance by 3% (5-month lead) to 19% (2-month lead).
A rationally engineered misacylating aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.

Information transfer from nucleic acid to protein is mediated by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, which catalyze the specific pairings of amino acids with transfer RNAs. Despite copious sequence and structural information on the 22 tRNA synthetase families, little is known of the enzyme signatures that specify amino acid selectivities. Here, we show that transplanting a conserved arginine residue from glutamyl-tRNA synthetase (GluRS) to glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase (GlnRS) improves the KM of GlnRS for noncognate glutamate. Two crystal structures of this C229R GlnRS mutant reveal that a conserved twin-arginine GluRS amino acid identity signature cannot be incorporated into GlnRS without disrupting surrounding protein structural elements that interact with the tRNA. Consistent with these findings, we show that cumulative replacement of other primary binding site residues in GlnRS, with those of GluRS, only slightly improves the ability of the GlnRS active site to accommodate glutamate. However, introduction of 22 amino acid replacements and one deletion, including substitution of the entire primary binding site and two surface loops adjacent to the region disrupted in C229R, improves the capacity of Escherichia coli GlnRS to synthesize misacylated Glu-tRNAGln by 16,000-fold. This hybrid enzyme recapitulates the function of misacylating GluRS enzymes found in organisms that synthesize Gln-tRNAGln by an alternative pathway. These findings implicate the RNA component of the contemporary GlnRS–tRNAGln complex in mediating amino acid specificity. This role for tRNA may persist as a relic of primordial cells in which the evolution of the genetic code was driven by RNA-catalyzed amino acid–RNA pairing.
Farnesol Is Not the Nonsterol Regulator Mediating Degradation of HMG-CoA Reductase in Rat Liver

Abstract A recent report, in which cultured tumor cells were used, identified farnesol as the nonsterol mevalonate-derived metabolite required for the accelerated degradation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase (C. C. Correll, L. Ng, and P. A. Edwards, 1994,J. Biol. Chem.269, 17390–17393). We examined this proposed linkage in animals by measuring hepatic farnesol levels and rates of HMG-CoA reductase degradation under conditions previously shown to alter the stability of the reductase. In normal rats, the hepatic farnesol level, quantified by high-pressure liquid chromatography, was 0.10 ± 0.08 μg/g and the half-life of HMG-CoA reductase was 2.5 h. Administration of mevalonolactone at 1 g/kg body wt to provide all nonsterol metabolites in addition to cholesterol increased farnesol levels 6-fold without significantly affecting the half-life of the reductase. Treatment of rats with zaragozic acid A, an inhibitor of squalene synthase, raised hepatic farnesol levels 10-fold and decreased the half-life of HMG-CoA reductase to 0.25 h. However, feeding lovastatin to rats did not lower hepatic farnesol levels despite a marked stabilization of HMG-CoA reductase protein. Moreover, intubation of rats with 500 mg/kg body wt of farnesol failed to decrease the half-life of HMG-CoA reductase protein, alter the levels of enzyme activity, or change of the levels of immunoreactive protein despite an increase of 1000-fold in hepatic farnesol levels. These observations indicate that farnesol per se does not induce accelerated degradation of HMG-CoA reductase in rat liver.
Effects of Rank, Tenure, Length of Service, and Institution on Faculty Attitudes Toward Research and Teaching: The Case of Regional State Universities

Abstract In this study, the authors examined the effects of rank, tenure, length of service, and institution on faculty members' attitudes toward research and teaching in a sample of 233 professors from six regional state universities in Tennessee. Results revealed that the length of service had a significant effect on faculty perceptions regarding research orientation and how rewards influence teaching, whereas rank and tenure did not. Faculty members with 20 or more years of service had the lowest research orientation; those with ranks lower than full professor showed the strongest belief that rewards influence teaching. The authors discuss these and other results in light of faculty development, mentoring, and the socialization process.
Paul A. Samuelson (1915–2009)

The death of Paul A. Samuelson last month signals the end of an era in economics in two separate but related ways. First, as a precocious undergraduate at the University of Chicago and then as a graduate student and Junior Fellow at Harvard University, he found economics to be a discursive, almost ruminative, discipline, even though its basic observables—prices and amounts of goods and services—were obviously ripe for systematic quantification. To his delight, he found that reformulation in standard mathematical terms led not only to great gains in clarity and transparency, but also to new analytical results, a broader scope for the discipline, and the uncovering of unifying principles that both simplified and deepened it. His work transformed the method, content, and whole atmosphere of economic research.
Interoceptive awareness in eating disorders: Distinguishing lack of clarity from non-acceptance of internal experience

Poor interoceptive awareness is often cited as a key feature of eating disorders, yet the precise nature of the deficits and their relationship to eating pathology remains unclear. Interoceptive awareness includes both acceptance of affective experience and clarity regarding emotional responses. The aim of the current study was to parse these components and examine the association between these deficits and two representative eating disorder symptoms: dietary restraint and binge eating. Participants were 50 eating disorder patients who completed a medical examination, clinical interview and symptom self-report measures. Results of regression analyses controlling for BMI and illness duration indicated that non-acceptance, not lack of clarity, was significantly associated with dietary restraint. Neither predicted binge eating. Findings suggest that negative reactions to emotional responses may contribute to the development or maintenance of dietary restraint. Results highlight the need to investigate the ex...
The income elasticity of demand for single-family owner-occupied housing: An empirical reconciliation

Abstract Past studies estimate the permanent income elasticity of demand for single-family owner-occupied housing to range from 0.14 to 1.5, a range much too broad to be of any use for solving policy questions. Data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used herein to test the sensitivity of this income elasticity to several factors. The results suggest that differences in sample population with respect to duration of housing tenure explain a large portion of the variation in the estimates of this elasticity. The paper concludes that for short-run applications the probable value of this elasticity is approximately 0.70 and for long-run applications the probable value of this elasticity might best be taken as approximately 1.00.
Changes in membrane lipid and free fatty acid composition during low temperature preconditioning against SO2 injury in coleus

Abstract The effects of a low temperature (13 °C) treatment known to provide protection against sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) injury were assessed on leaf lipid composition in two cultivars of Coleus blumei Benth, found previously to differ in sensitivity to SO 2 and other environmental stresses. After 5 days growth at 13 °C, there were significant differences in membrane lipid fatty acid composition as well as in free fatty acid (FFA) levels between SO 2 -sensitive ‘Buckley Supreme’ (‘BS’) and SO 2 -insensitive ‘Marty’ (‘M’). Molecular species of chloroplast galactolipids in ‘M’ contained increased levels of linolenic acid (18:3). In the leaf FFA pools, the saturated components, palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids, were predominant at 20 °C. After temperature hardening at 13 °C, the total amount of FFAs decreased in ‘M’ but increased in ‘BS.’ These modifications in lipid composition suggest an additional mechanism for cultivar differences in tolerance to SO 2 and other stressors in coleus.
A community pseudo-outbreak of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection

Outbreaks of invasive infection caused by methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus occur in hospitals, long term care institutions, and in patients discharged from these settings. In contrast, epidemic S. aureus infection has not been reported in well persons in the community. Here, we describe a group of healthy young adults who resided in the same neighborhood and participated together in school sports, and who developed serious S. aureus infections within 3 weeks of each other, suggesting a true community outbreak. Timely use of molecular epidemiological tools, however, demonstrated that their illnesses were caused by unrelated bacterial strains.
A high-throughput LC-MS/MS method suitable for population biomonitoring measures five serum folate vitamers and one oxidation product.

Small specimen volume and high sample throughput are key features needed for routine methods used for population biomonitoring. We modified our routine eight-probe solid phase extraction (SPE) LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of five folate vitamers [5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-methylTHF), folic acid (FA), plus three minor forms: THF, 5-formylTHF, 5,10-methenylTHF] and one oxidation product of 5-methylTHF (MeFox) to require less serum volume (150 μL instead of 275 μL) by using 96-well SPE plates with 50 mg instead of 100 mg phenyl sorbent and to provide faster throughput by using a 96-probe SPE system. Total imprecision (10 days, two replicates/day) for three serum quality control pools was 2.8–3.6 % for 5-methylTHF (19.5–51.1 nmol/L), 6.6–8.7 % for FA (0.72–11.4 nmol/L), and ≤11.4 % for the minor folate forms (<1–5 nmol/L). The mean (±SE) recoveries of folates spiked into serum (3 days, four levels, two replicates/level) were: 5-methylTHF, 99.4 ± 3.6 %; FA, 100 ± 1.8 %; minor folates, 91.7–108 %. SPE extraction efficiencies were ≥85 %, except for THF (78 %). Limits of detection were ≤0.3 nmol/L. The new method correlated well with our routine method [n = 150, r = 0.99 for 5-methylTHF, FA, and total folate (tFOL, sum of folate forms)] and produced slightly higher tFOL (5.6 %) and 5-methylTHF (7.3 %) concentrations, likely due to the faster 96-probe SPE process (1 vs. 5 h), resulting in improved SPE efficiency and recovery compared to the eight-probe SPE method. With this improved LC-MS/MS method, 96 samples can be processed in ∼2 h, and all relevant folate forms can be accurately measured using a small serum volume.
Direct design of robustly asymptotically stabilizing hybrid feedback

A direct construction of a stabilizing hybrid feedback that is robust to general measure- ment error is given for a general nonlinear control system that is asymptotically controllable to a compact set. Mathematics Subject Classification. 93D15, 49J53, 93B35
Conservative Protestantism and the Parental Use of Corporal Punishment

Les AA. s'efforcent d'etudier le lien entre d'une part conservatisme protestant et interpretation conservatrice de la Bible, et d'autre part la frequence de la pratique des châtiments corporels a l'encontre des enfants de 1 a 11 ans. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etats-Unis entre 1987 et 1988. Ils montrent que les parents qui adherent a des croyances conservatrices quant a l'interpretation de l'Ecriture sont plus souvent amenes a infliger des châtiments corporels a leurs enfants que ceux qui ont des croyances moins conservatrices
The Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays

The search for the origin of cosmic rays with energies above 1018 eV has made considerable progress during the past few years. With new data from the High Resolution Fly's Eye experiment in Utah and the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, a suppression of the cosmic ray flux above 5 × 1019 eV consistent with the predicted suppression arising from interaction with the cosmic microwave background (the so-called GZK suppression) has been observed. Recent results from Auger seem to indicate that the arrival direction distribution of cosmic rays with energies above the GZK suppression is not isotropic. Progress toward a better understanding of the chemical composition of the cosmic rays is under way. A new generation of detectors is providing data of unprecedented quality and quantity. In this article, we review these recent developments and briefly outline how our view of the highest-energy cosmic rays has evolved over the past several years.
Gamma-ray spectra of 124Te, 164Dy, 178Hf and 183W from the radiative capture of neutrons at resonances

Abstract Gamma-ray spectra of 124 Te, 164 Dy, 178 Hf and 183 W following radiative capture of neutrons at resonances in the energy region from 1 to 5 eV were obtained with NaI scintillation detectors using the sum-coincidence method and γ-γ coincidences. The spectra are interpreted as representing triple cascades to the ground state of 124 Te and double cascades to the ground or first excited states of 164 Dy, 178 Hf and 183 W.
Recruiting and Retaining Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Teachers in Special Education: Models for Successful Personnel Preparation

There has been considerable discussion concerning the recruitment and retention of underrepresented groups to the field of Special Education. This dialogue has deepened given the changes in student demographics and the dire shortages of qualified instructional personnel. This article examines specific issues related to recruitment and retention of students who are culturally and linguistically diverse to special education personnel preparation programs. Particular emphasis is placed on strategies that support the successful completion of such programs, which have been reported in the literature, at conference presentations or through research by the authors. Findings suggest that there are promising recruitment and retention strategies which need to be shared more broadly. Major factors underlying successful implementation of such programs consist of the development of a comprehensive recruitment and retention philosophy and plan and securing institution-wide commitments to such initiatives. “On campus th...
Conversion of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band to robot-assisted laparoscopic biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch.

Background: We recently cared for a 33 year old female with previous placement of a laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB). She lost 33% of her excess weight and then reached a plateau. She still had a BMI of 42 kg/m and was on an insulin ump for management of her diabetes. She wished for better ontrol of her diabetes and requested conversion to a biliopancretic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS). ethods: The robot-assisted laparoscopic BPD/DS has seven key teps. The procedure begins with an appendectomy, followed by reation of the ileo-ileostomy anastomosis with a 100 cm common hannel and 150 cm biliopancreatic limb. A cholecystectomy is hen completed. Mobilization of the stomach then takes place in reparation for the sleeve gastrectomy. In our patient, the prior AGB was removed prior to stapling off the stomach. The duoeno-ileal anastomosis was then created after bringing up the Roux imb in a retrocolic manner. This step was completed using a obot-assisted hand-sewn anastomosis due to superior visualizaion and range of motion. All mesenteric defects were then closed o prevent the formation of internal hernias. Finally, a methylene lue leak test was completed to ensure the anastomosis was patent nd secure. esults: Our patient tolerated her procedure well without any omplications from surgery. She has lost 30% of her excess weight n the past month following surgery. Her comorbidities have also mproved significantly. onclusion: This is the first LAGB converted to a robot-assisted aparoscopic BPD/DS to be reported in the literature. We propose hat BPD/DS is suitable for patients who have failed prior gastric and placement; conversion to the more restrictive and malabsorpive procedure can be completed safely and efficaciously.
Examination of Apparel Maintenance Skills and Practices: Implications for Sustainable Clothing Consumption

One way to achieve greater sustainability in clothing consumption is through clothing repair and changes in laundry practices. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of consumer characteristics, including sewing skills, on clothing maintenance activities among a sample of U.S. households. Household production theory provided the underlying theoretical framework. Ordinary least squares regressions for five different maintenance skills were estimated. Logistic regressions for three types of maintenance changes were estimated. The most interesting results indicated that baby boomers and Gen X consumers had statistically significant higher maintenance skills scores than Gen Y consumers. Also, skills had an important influence on changes in behavior toward more sustainable clothing practices. These results suggest the need for greater clothing maintenance related education, particularly among younger consumers, in the efforts toward more sustainable clothing consumption.
Response of indeterminate two-span beam to spatially varying seismic excitation

In order to examine the effect of the spatial variation of ground motion on the response of an indeterminate structure, the stochastic responses of a two-span beam to spatially varying support excitations are analysed. A space-time earthquake ground motion model that accounts for both coherency decay and seismic wave propagation is used to specify the support motions, and the results are compared with those for various simplified excitations that are commonly used in practice. The response is computed through a linear random vibration approach with the structure being modelled by finite elements. The results of the study indicate that, even for moderate lengths, the effect of the spatial variation of ground motion can be significant. The assumption of fully coherent support motions (same excitations at all supports or delayed excitations allowing only for wave propagation) may be overconservative for some beams and unconservative for others.
Analysis Of Binarized Hartley Phase-Only-Filter Performance With Respect To Stochastic Noise

Binary phase-only filters (BPOFs) are a viable candidate for the replacement of matched filters in real-time image processing and pattern recognition applications. The original BPOFs were binarized versions of the real or imaginary parts of the Fourier transform. Recently, a filter has been proposed that is the binarized Hartley transform. In this paper, the noise performance of the binarized Hartley phase-only filter is analyzed and compared with other BPOFs as well as with the phase-only and matched filters. It is well known that the matched filter optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio. Further, it can be shown that the matched filter phase is the optimum phase-only filter. A bound on the BPOF signal-to-noise ratio relative to that of the phase-only filter is derived. Finally, the analysis is applied to the generalized form of the binarized Hartley transform.
Design challenges and enablement for 28nm and 20nm technology nodes

This paper presents technology and design challenges at 28nm and 20nm technology nodes, and provides solutions as key enablement for designers to effectively overcome those challenges.
Monolith froth reactor: Development of a novel three‐phase catalytic system

The monolith froth reactor, involving two-phase flow and a monolith catalyst, is developed. The flow within monolith channels, consisting of trains of gas bubbles and liquid slugs, is produced by forming a two-phase froth in a chamber immediately below the bottom of the monolith. The froth then flows upward into the monolith channels through pressure forces, which differs from previous methods since it may be carried out for a commercial-scale reactor. Because the liquid film which develops between the gas phase and the surface of the catalyst is extremely thin, two-phase flow within a monolith can provide reaction rates which are near their intrinsic values. Catalytic oxidation of aqueous phenol over copper oxide supported on [gamma]-Al[sub 2]O[sub 3] is used as a model reaction for investigating reactor performance. Generation of a froth is confirmed by visual inspection; the average bubble size is approximately that predicted by a force balance. The effect of externally controllable process variables (liquid and gas flow rates, temperature, and pressure) on the rate of phenol oxidation was investigated. Reaction rate increases with temperature or pressure increase and decreases with gas flow rate increase, achieving a maximum with respect to liquid flow rate. The activation energy calculatedmore » from the apparent reaction rate measured in the monolith froth reactor is similar to that of intrinsic value, suggesting minimal mass-transfer limitations.« less
L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, as a potential countermeasure to post-suspension hypotension in rats

A large number of astronauts returning from spaceflight experience orthostatic hypotension. This hypotension may be due to overproduction of vasodilatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandins. To evaluate the role of the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) as a countermeasure against the post-suspension reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP), we assessed the cardiovascular responses and vascular reactivity to 7-day 30 degrees tail-suspension and a subsequent 6 hr post-suspension period in conscious rats. After a pre-suspension reading, direct MAP and heart rate (HR) were measured daily and every 2 hrs post-suspension. The NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (20 mg/kg, i.v.), or saline, were administered after the 7th day reading prior to release from suspension and at 2 and 4 hrs post-suspension. At 6 hrs post-suspension, vascular reactivity was assessed. While MAP did not change during the suspension period, it was reduced post-suspension. Heart rate was not significantly altered. L-NAME administration reversed the post-suspension reduction in MAP. In addition, the baroreflex sensitivity for heart rate was modified by L-NAME. Thus, the post-suspension reduction in MAP may be due to overproduction of NO and altered baroreflex activity.
Structures of Human Character and Thought

Based on what has been investigated in the previous two chapters, this chapter is devoted to the study of the systemic structure of human character, thought, desire, and enthusiasm on a unified theoretical foundation (the systemic yoyo model and its figurative analysis) in order to establish tangible results that can be potentially useful in practice. Here, both desire and enthusiasm are two extremely important driving forces behind each and every personal and professional success ever recorded in history.