cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Displays that facilitate performance of multifrequency ratios during motor-respiratory coordination

A large number of ratios between movement and breathing are possible, but only a small number have been performed during exercise. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate displays that might facilitate the performance of other ratios; and (2) to test predictions from the sine circle map and continued fractions in a model motor-respiratory task in which participants coordinated arm movement and breathing. Displays consisted of either real-time feedback or a template (non-feedback). The accuracy of ratio performance was significantly greater with the template in which the number and relative positioning of movements and breaths was depicted, compared to with real-time feedback. Across displays, the stability of ratio performance conformed to principles of the sine circle map and was significantly greater for ratios with longer continued fractions. Therefore, the motor-respiratory repertoire can be expanded by increasing participants' understanding of the pattern to be performed, but performance is constrained by general dynamical principles.
EARLY HOME INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE MOTHERING OF PREMATURES

Prematurity predisposes to mothering disorders expressed in poorer care of infants at risk for developmental disability. Most efforts have been focused on mothers prior to nursery discharge. To improve the quality of nurture after discharge, weekly home visits were made in the first half year by PHNs specially trained in therapeutic and supportive techniques for mothers. Close backup was provided by a team of pediatrician, psychologist and social worker. Specific aims were to enhance maternal: attachment bonds to infants (AB), independent coping with develonmental aberrations (IC) and collaboration with professional care. 53 intervention cases and 47 matched controls were assessed by video measures of home infant care (feeding, bathing, clothing and playing) following intervention at 6 mos. and again at 12. Intervention appeared to benefit mothers of high but not low socioeconomic status (SES). Thus, at both ages, higher SES was associated with higher AB scores (p<.005) in the intervention group but not in controls (p<.60). Regardless of SES, intervention benefited mothers of infants bom 2 or more mos. early (AB p<.10), especially when primiparous and beyond high school age (AB p<.02), (IC p<.10), but effects at 6 mos were not sustained at 12. In summary, the intervention did not benefit mothers of low SES and led to only transient benefits in mothers of very premature infants. Both are groups where infants are known to be at particular risk from later disability.
Experimental Investigations on Development of Rapid Die Wear Tests for Stamping of Advanced High Strength Steels

In a quest to achieve low-mass vehicles (i.e., higher fuel economy and lower emission), the automotive industry has been actively investigating the use of lightweight materials for a wide range of body panels and structural parts. Among the lightweight materials considered, Advanced and Ultra High Strength Steels (A/UHSS) hold promise as a prominent choice for the near future due to their relatively high formability and low cost compared to Aluminum and Magnesium alloys. However, due to their significantly higher strength than mild steel, in addition to the springback, blanking and joining issues, serious problems with the die wear are expected to arise during manufacturing. Although the die wear literature for the forming of conventional steels is prevalent, tribological issues of high strength steels have not been understood well yet. This study aims to develop a new, rapid and automated wear test for the die materials used in sheet metal forming operations of high strength steels (mainly DP and TRIP steels) and to investigate the wear, friction, and lubrication issues. With this test, the actual stamping conditions such as contact pressure, temperature, and sliding velocity can be represented well. Our preliminary tests on two different extreme contact conditions (soft-soft, hard-hard) indicate that this novel wear test method results in relatively reasonable wear rate estimations/measurements when compared to the results in the literature.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Management of epididymal cysts in childhood

Abstract Background A retrospective review was carried out to evaluate the clinical presentation of children with epididymal cysts (EC) and outcome of management at our institution. Methods There were 49 patients with EC in this series. The diagnosis of EC was made by physical examination and confirmed by ultrasound (US). Results The average age at presentation was 10.7years (2months–16years). Scrotal mass (n: 22) and pain (n: 21) were the most frequent symptoms. Seven patients were lost to follow-up. The cysts were solitary in 32 patients and multiple in 10 patients. The mean value of cysts was 6.7mm (2–20mm). The cyst localisations were 22 in left, 16 in right, and bilateral in 4 patients. Complete involution of cysts was detected in 14 children. The average involution time was 11.2months (1–37months). In 20 cases, a decrease in cyst size was found. Cyst excision was performed in 8 patients with persistent scrotal pain or no cyst involution observed during follow-up. Conclusion Conservative management of epididymal cysts is practical. However, surgical excision is recommended in patients with intractable scrotal pain or if the cyst size does not seem to involute.
Modeling charged defects inside density functional theory band gaps

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) has emerged as an important tool to probe microscopic behavior in materials. The fundamental band gap defines the energy scale for charge transition energy levels of point defects in ionic and covalent materials. The eigenvalue gap between occupied and unoccupied states in conventional DFT, the Kohn–Sham gap, is often half or less of the experimental band gap, seemingly precluding quantitative studies of charged defects. Applying explicit and rigorous control of charge boundary conditions in supercells, we find that calculations of defect energy levels derived from total energy differences give accurate predictions of charge transition energy levels in Si and GaAs, unhampered by a band gap problem. The GaAs system provides a good theoretical laboratory for investigating band gap effects in defect level calculations: depending on the functional and pseudopotential, the Kohn–Sham gap can be as large as 1.1 eV or as small as 0.1 eV. We find that the effective defect band gap, the computed range in defect levels, is mostly insensitive to the Kohn–Sham gap, demonstrating it is often possible to use conventional DFT for quantitative studies of defect chemistry governing interesting materials behavior in semiconductors and oxides despite a band gap problem.
Acute lung injury following cardiac surgery in children with unilateral pulmonary agenesis

Abstract Acute lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass is a well-known complication of cardiac surgery that contributes significantly toward postoperative morbidity and mortality. We present two cases of acute lung injury following cardiac surgery in children with unilateral pulmonary agenesis. Although these surgeries were successfully performed, the children experienced severe respiratory failure after cardiopulmonary bypass. One patient required prolonged ventilatory support with inhaled nitric oxide, whereas the other was supported postoperatively with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The acute lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass should be considered a serious complication in children with unilateral pulmonary agenesis.
Mixed mania associated with tricyclic antidepressant therapy in prepubertal delusional depression: three cases.

ABSTRACT This report describes the sudden appearance of mixed mania in three children with delusional depression soon after the commencement of tricyclic antidepressant therapy. The observation is consistent with reports linking psychomotor abnormalities and psychosis in severely depressed juveniles to an increased propensity for manic switching, as well as adult studies that report a greater risk of antidepressant-induced cycling in bipolar compared with unipolar affective illness. The cases described suggest the need for caution when considering tricyclic pharmacotherapy in juveniles with severe depressive disease.
Can Privacy and Social Networking Co-Exist?

Trepte, S., & Reinecke, L. (Eds.). (2011). Privacy online: Perspectives on privacy and self-disclosure in the social web. New York: Springer. 269 pp., $99 (Hbk). Privacy Online, edited by Sabine Tr...
Beyond Mead: The Societal Reaction to Deviance

I should say parenthetically that reading the essay left me spelled by the beauty of its words and niceties of expression, as well as overwhelmed by its sense of prophecy. It recalled me to an old auctorial ideal espoused by James Branch Cabell, namely that we should write beautifully of things as they are. But having had time to cast off Manning's spell, I conclude that sociologists sometimes write beautifully of things as they are not and that in striving for rhetorical symmetry their conclusions may go beyond what facts will support. In this case I must object that the allegations of its sadness and senility ignore the theoretical potential of deviance sociology, its continuing research output, its influence on the diversion movement in criminal justice, and its striking impact on younger, highly articulate sociologists in Britain. Granting the slow stain and constant erosion of all ideas, it seems to me that even with age deviance sociology still is "majestic in decay." But without further pause on the decadence issue, I would like to deal with what may cause some of the faithful to cry sacrilege, namely the deficiencies of G. H. Mead's conception of symbolic interaction and their implications for the study of deviance. My purpose is not to add to the theoretical confusion but to clear some of it away, and hopefully free up sociological energies to exploit in the measure it deserves its least worked area, namely the societal reaction. In order to maxi-
Development of a Tongue-Piercing Method for Use With Assistive Technology

Piercing the tongue for wearing jewelry is not infrequent among young adults.1,2 The procedure is not usually performed by medical personnel. A new assistive technology for people with tetraplegia, the Tongue Drive System (TDS), utilizes voluntary tongue movements for control.3 The operator uses a magnet attached to the tongue together with an externally mounted sensor array that detects changes in the magnetic field to drive powered wheelchairs and access computers.4 We hypothesized that a magnet-containing barbell would provide a semipermanent means of attaching the magnet to the tongue. Our aims were to design a medically appropriate tongue-piercing method and to confirm that using a magnet-containing tongue barbell works to control the TDS.
Head position and its effect on pulmonary function in tetraplegic patients.

To test the influence of head position on pulmonary function in tetraplegic individuals 15 subjects with chronic C4-C7 injuries participated in a one group pre-post test comparing the relationship between orthostatic position of the head (OPH) and standard pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Twelve subjects with habitual forward head posture and three with non-forward head posture performed PFTs in (1) their habitual posture, and (2) an experimental posture imposed by placement of thoracic and/or lumbar rolls behind their back. Results showed that changing head posture did not alter mid-forced expiratory flow or forced inspiratory vital capacity, but significantly affected forced vital capacity (7 = 2.83; P< 0.05) and 12 s maximum voluntary ventilation (7 = 2.07; P< 0.05). In cases where pulmonary function was altered by head position, the resulting performance was best in the subject's habitual posture, although no differences in resting pulmonary tests were observed between subjects with and without forward head position. These data show that temporary postural alterations affecting OPH, if not allowing sufficient time for muscular adaptation, adversely affect pulmonary function in tetraplegie patients.
Comparative Growth, Mortality and Efficiency of Pompano (Trachinotus Carolinus) Receiving a Diet of Ground Industrial fish with those receiving A Diet of trout chow1

High costs of commercially produced feeds coupled with high conversions of feed to fish flesh inflates the production cost of marine fish and shellfish and subsequently reduces the opportunity for profit to the potential mariculturist. This paper summarizes the results of tests conducted utilizing a diet of inexpensive ground industrial fish mixed with soybean meal and compares the growth, mortality and efficiency of fish receiving this diet to those receiving a diet of commercially produced trout chow. Discussed also are techniques used in capturing and rearing young pompano for the tests as well as actual cultural techniques.
Effects of the implantation of Ommaya reservoir in children with tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus: a preliminary study.

Objective The role of Ommaya reservoir implantation in children with tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus (TBMH) has been seldomly reported. Therefore, we performed this study to determine the role of the Ommaya reservoir in the treatment of children with TBMH.
Low complexity resilient consensus in networked multi-agent systems with adversaries

Recently, many applications have arisen in distributed control that require consensus protocols. Concurrently, we have seen a proliferation of malicious attacks on large-scale distributed systems. Hence, there is a need for (i) consensus problems that take into consideration the presence of adversaries and specify correct behavior through appropriate conditions on agreement and safety, and (ii) algorithms for distributed control applications that solve such consensus problems resiliently despite breaches in security. This paper addresses these issues by (i) defining the adversarial asymptotic agreement problem, which requires that the uncompromised agents asymptotically align their states while satisfying an invariant condition in the presence of adversaries, and (ii) by designing a low complexity consensus protocol, the Adversarial Robust Consensus Protocol (ARC-P), which combines ideas from distributed computing and cooperative control. Two types of omniscient adversaries are considered: (i) Byzantine agents can convey different state trajectories to different neighbors in the network, and (ii) malicious agents must convey the same information to each neighbor. For each type of adversary, sufficient conditions are provided that ensure ARC-P guarantees the agreement and safety conditions in static and switching network topologies, whenever the number of adversaries in the network is bounded by a constant. The conservativeness of the conditions is examined, and the conditions are compared to results in the literature.
Use of Orally Administered Opioids for Cancer-Related Pain

Objective To summarize the important principles of opioid analgesia for cancer-related pain. Design We reviewed our personal experience and reports in the literature to characterize commonly prescribed high-potency opioids and their relative efficacy. Material and Methods The pharmacologic features of various opioids, selection of appropriate agents, titration of doses, routes of administration, conversions between drugs, and management of side effects are discussed. Results In general, the oral route is preferred because of ease of administration and good oral bioavailability of most opioids. In addition to the scheduled dosage of an opioid, extra "rescue" doses (5 to 10% of the total daily opioid dosage) should be available to the patient for breakthrough pain. Morphine is the prototype strong opioid against which other drugs are compared. Common adverse effects of opioids are sedation, nausea, constipation, respiratory depression, and myoclonus. Although no "standard" dose of opioid exists, the goals are to achieve adequate control of pain and to avoid major, unmanageable toxic effects. Conclusion Pain is commonly associated with all stages of malignant disease. Despite its widespread occurrence, cancer pain is often inadequately managed because of poor assessment of pain and physicians' misconceptions about use of opioids. The cause of the pain should be carefully sought because it may yield important information about the underlying malignant disease. In most patients with moderate to severe cancer-related pain, oral administration of the appropriate opioid will achieve effective analgesia.
Chitosan Nasal Packing For Recalcitrant Epistaxis

All 30 patients included in this study had failed standard nasal packs. 16 patients (53%) were packed with Rapid-Rhino® pack, and 14 (47%) with Pope Merocel® pack. Chitosan-coated packing resulted in effective and rapid hemostasis in 28 out of 30 (93%) patients, and was kept in the nasal cavity for a duration of 48 hours. The two patients who could not be controlled with the chitosanwrapped nasal packing were taking the following 3 blood-thinners simultaneously: Aspirin, Plavix and Coumadin. One patient was treated successfully with a double pack of chitosan wrapped nasal plugs, and the other patient had to undergo endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery. There were no side effects related to the use of the chitosan wrapped nasal pack.
Exploiting Orthogonally Reactive Functionality: Synthesis and Stereochemical Assignment of (−)-Ushikulide A

In spite of the tremendous advances in modern spectroscopic methods, organic synthesis continues to play a pivotal role in elucidating the full structures of complex natural products. This method has the advantage that, even in the absence of a firm structural assignment, a combination of logic and spectroscopic comparison can arrive at the correct structure. Herein, we report execution of this strategy with respect to ushikulide A, a newly isolated and previously stereochemically undefined member of the oligomycin−rutamycin family. To maximize synthetic efficiency, we envisioned chemoselective manipulation of orthogonally reactive functional groups, notably alkenes and alkynes as surrogates for certain carbonyl and hydroxyl functionalities. This approach has the dual effect of minimizing the number of steps and protecting groups required for our synthetic route. This strategy culminated in the efficient synthesis and stereochemical assignment of ushikulide A.
Cardiorespiratory fitness in breast cancer survivors.

Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) has been used to assess risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and low VO2max has recently been associated with increased mortality from breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of breast cancer survivors with 2 or more risk factors for CVD exhibiting a low VO2max and to determine whether sub-maximal endpoints which could be applied more readily to intervention research would correlate with the maximal treadmill test. We performed a single VO2max test on a treadmill with 30 breast cancer survivors age 30–60 (mean age 50.5 ± 5.6 years) who had 2 or more cardiac risk factors for CVD not related to treatment and who had received systemic therapy and or left chest radiation. Submaximal VO2 endpoints were assessed during the VO2max treadmill test and on an Arc trainer. Resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was also assessed by echocardiogram (ECHO) or multi-gated acquisition scan (MUGA). A majority (23/30) of women had a VO2max below the 20th percentile based on their predicted normal values. The group mean resting LVEF was 60.5 ± 5.0%. Submaximal VO2 measures were strongly correlated with the maximal test including; 1) 85% age predicted maximum heart rate VO2 on treadmill, (r = .89; p < 0.001), 2) treadmill VO2 at anaerobic threshold (AT), (r = .83; p < 0.001), and 3) Arc VO2 at AT, (r = .80; p < 0.001). Breast cancer survivors with 2 or more CVD risk factors but normal LVEF had a low cardiorespiratory fitness level compared to normative values in the healthy population placing them at increased risk for breast cancer and cardiovascular mortality. Submaximal VO2 exercise testing endpoints showed a strong correlation with the VO2max test in breast cancer survivors and is a good candidate for testing interventions to improve cardiorespiratory fitness.
Review : The Parasitic Diseases of Childhood With Emphasis on the Newer Diagnostic Methods

The ubiquitousness of certain protozoan and helminth parasites and the increasing geographic mobility of individuals point up the need for an awareness of the role of parasitic infections in pediatric prac tice.This paper (a) surveys the advances in diagnosis and clinical understanding of those parasitic diseases of children which are the most common in Northern tem perate climates—amebiasis, giardiasis, pin worm infestation, visceral larva migrans, toxoplasmosis, pneumocystosis—and (b) surveys the usefulness, specificity, and limitations of the newer serologic tests in the diagnosis and management of these diseases. Therapy is not stressed.Because of the recent recognition of the significance of Pneumocystis carinii infection, this is considered in somewhat greater detail than its rarity might other wise warrant.
Real-time blood analysis using Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering

We demonstrate a real-time method of blood analysis. Using a novel coherent Raman technique we record the vibrational spectrum from picoliters of whole blood in milliseconds. This method will allow real-time, in vivo, blood monitoring.
Optimization of THz absorption in thin films

In this paper, we report on experimentally verified models, which assist in the design and fabrication of either thin metal films, with high broad-band absorption in the 3–5 THz spectral region, or thin metatamaterial structures of nearly 100% absorption at a specific, resonant, THz frequency. The THz absorption properties of the structures were modeled using COMSOL finite element modeling software. Optimized thin metal films and thin metamaterial structures were fabricated using standard microfabrication processes on Si substrates. The THz spectral characteristics of the structures were probed using FTIR spectrometer in the reflection mode. The measured THz reflection, from thin film of both broad-band and resonant metamaterial structures, exhibit excellent agreement with their respective models. Both types of absorbers can be incorporated in the fabrication of MEMS-based THz thermal sensors operating in active mode with quantum cascade laser (QCL) sources.
Assessment of particulate absorption properties in the southeastern Bering Sea from in-situ and remote sensing data

Particulate absorption (aP()) including phytoplankton (aPHY()) and non-algal particles (NAP) (aNAP()) were measured in southeastern Bering Sea during a cruise in July 2008. This study analyzes the aP() properties through in-situ and quasi analytical algorithm (QAA) derived ocean color satellite Medium Resolution Imaging spectrometer (MERIS) and Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations. We found that the aP() and aPHY() correlated well with chlorophyll-a and were lower as a function of chlorophyll-a as compared to low latitudes. The specific phytoplankton absorption (a*PHY()) showed more variability in the blue as compared to the red part of the spectrum indicating pigment packaging and/or change in pigment composition. The remote sensing reflectance (Rrs()) showed significant variability in spectral shape and magnitude which was consistent with the variable total absorption minus pure water absorption (aT-W()) spectra observed in the study area. Simple satellite retrieved Rrs() ratios were related to in-situ aPHY() and aDG() by applying an inverse power fit; Rrs(490)/Rrs(510) gave the best results for aPHY(443) and aDG(443) (R2 - 0.80 and 0.75) respectively. The match-ups of in-situ and MERIS retrieved aPHY() and NAP plus colored dissolved organic matter (aDG()) using QAA after log-transformation showed reasonable agreement with R2 of 0.71 and 0.61 and RMSE of 0.316 and 0.391 at 443 nm, respectively. Although the QAA derived aPHY() and aDG() from MERIS overestimated and underestimated, respectively the in-situ measurements at all wavelengths, the match-up analysis was encouraging.
A distributed simulation model of air traffic in the national airspace system

The study of air transportation systems is a prime opportunity for the application of simulation modeling. The complexity and highly interdependent nature of the national air transportation system makes it difficult to study, even through simulation. As a result, models of this system are typically large and require long run times. This paper reports on a model designed to apply the emerging technology of parallel/distributed computing to facilitate the rapid analysis of national-scope air transportation systems. The model makes extensive use of the SPEEDES distributed simulation support software developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory by Dr. Jeff Steinman.
Orientation selective operators for ridge, valley, edge, and line detection in imagery

We investigate the use of two orientation analysis techniques, the rotating kernel min-max transform (RKMT) proposed by Lee and Rhodes (1990) and steerable filters proposed by Freeman and Adelson (1990, 1992) for the detection and enhancement of oriented structures such as lines, edges, ridges, and valleys in imagery. The paper introduces a new data-adaptive morphological operator for linear feature enhancement which is based on a preprocessing orientation analysis stage. It also proposes a new interpretation of quadrature pairs of the steerable filters allowing for high resolution detection of lines and edges that also allows the user to distinguish between lines, right rising edges, and left rising edges. >
Amino acid digestibility in low-fat distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs

The objective of this experiment was to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 3 sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with different concentrations of fat. Twelve growing barrows (initial body weight: 76.1 6.2 kg) were randomly allotted to a replicated 6 × 4 Youden square design with 6 diets and 4 periods. The fat content of the 3 sources of DDGS were 11.5, 7.5, and 6.9% respectively. Diets contained 60% DDGS and fat concentration of the diets were 7.5, 5.2, and 5.2%, respectively. Two additional diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with 7.5 and 6.9% fat were also formulated, and corn oil was added to these diets to increase the concentration of fat in the diets to levels that were calculated to be similar to the diet containing conventional DDGS with 11.5% fat. A N-free diet was also formulated to calculate endogenous losses of crude protein (CP) and AA from the pigs. Pigs were fed experimental diets during four 7-d periods. The first 5 d of each period were an adaptation period and ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each period. The apparent ileal digestibililty (AID) and SID of CP and all indispensable AA, except AID Pro and SID of Trp, were greater (P < 0.01) in conventional DDGS than in the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat. Adding oil to the diets containing the 2 sources of DDGS with reduced fat did not consistently increase SID of AA. In conclusion, conventional DDGS has greater SID values for most AA compared with DDGS that contains less fat and inclusion of additional oil to diets containing low-fat DDGS does not increase AID or SID of AA. The lower AA digestibility in low-fat DDGS could not be overcome by the inclusion of additional fat to the diets.
Calculation of dipole moments for diatomic molecules with multiple-scattering Xα wave functions

The dipole moments for LiH, BH, and CH are calculated with the multiple-scattering-Xα (MS-Xα) wave functions. The integral over the intersphere region is reduced to a one-dimensional integral by use of prolate spheroidal coordinates. The results show that it is adequate to use the MS-Xα wave functions for such calculations and that there is an improvement over the use of the muffin-tin charge density approximation.
Ranibizumab in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration is one of the most common irreversible causes of visual loss. It has been well established from both animal and human studies that vascular endothelial growth factor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this process. Ranibizumab is a monoclonal antibody fragment directed towards human vascular endothelial growth factor that was developed to halt the progression of wet age-related macular degeneration. The antibody fragment has a molecular weight of 48 kDa and is produced by an Escherichia coli expression system. Ranibizumab received approval in the USA in July 2006 and the European Union in January 2007. It is introduced into the eye by injection into the vitreous cavity. Conjunctival hemorrhage, vitreous floaters, intraocular inflammation, increased intraocular pressure and eye pain were the most common ocular complaints of patients receiving ranibizumab injections over sham treatments. The rates of retinal detachment, cataract and endophthalmitis do not exceed ...
Optimizing the Neutral Molecular Receptor Properties of Water Soluble Cyclophanes

It is now well established that some water soluble cyclophanes can bind to neutral organic molecules in aqueous solutions. Benzenoid, naphthalenoid, and larger aromatic molecules will form inclusion complexes with properly constructed cyclophanes [3]. The phenomenon is important because such host-guest systems might provide a foundation for constructing selective water soluble catalysts, selective reagents, or new separation methods [4].
Toxic Portraits: Resisting Multiple Invisibilities in the Environmental Justice Movement

This essay conceptualizes “toxic portraits,” close-up, in situ photographs of people in toxically assaulted places. Toxic portraits articulate the multiple invisibilities attending environmental injustice through a series of visible indexical signs. As a result, toxic portraits enable spectators to see the precariousness of life as dramatized in human relationships to the environments in which we live. Drawing on the “subjunctive voice of the visual” as a rhetorical heuristic, I conceptualize the productive space created by toxic portraits and ultimately argue that these images invite an ethically inflected response to the dangers of living in a polluted world.
Cancer and non-cancer health effects from food contaminant exposures for children and adults in California: a risk assessment

Background In the absence of current cumulative dietary exposure assessments, this analysis was conducted to estimate exposure to multiple dietary contaminants for children, who are more vulnerable to toxic exposure than adults.
Characterization of X-ray radiation damage in Si/SiO/sub 2/ structures using second-harmonic generation

We report the first application of second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurements for the characterization of X-ray radiation damage in Si/SiO/sub 2/ structures. The main advantage of this experimental technique is that it is noninvasive, contactless, and sensitive to the electric field at the interface. Interaction of intense 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses with Si/SiO/sub 2/ structures results in electron-hole pair creation in the Si, multiphoton carrier injection and second-harmonic generation. The time-dependent second-harmonic (doubled frequency) signal is a measure of the dynamic electric field at the interface. This dynamic field is created and altered by unequal electron-hole injection into the oxide, trapping/detrapping of charges, and carrier recombination processes. We find that the SHG response from Si/SiO/sub 2/ samples before and after X-ray irradiation is significantly different. Thus, SHG is a promising technique for the characterization of radiation damage in Si/SiO/sub 2/ structures. In particular, SHG is especially useful in characterizing damage in ultrathin oxide layers, for which conventional electrical measurements may not be sufficiently sensitive to the kinds of defects observable via optical methods.
Autonomic nervous cardiovascular regulation in borderline hypertension.

Abstract Borderline hypertension attracts investigative interest since it is an early predictor of established hypertension and its sequelae. This condition offers the opportunity of studying arterial hypertension at its inception, before the development of secondary pressure-related changes. A number of abnormalities of the circulation have been described in borderline hypertension. The peripheral resistance is either elevated or inappropriately adjusted to the prevailing increased cardiac output and blood flow. Cardiac output, heart rate and stroke volume are elevated in a proportion of patients. Decreased plasma volume, enhanced pressor responsiveness and elevated plasma renin activity have also been noted. All these changes could hypothetically be explained by a neurogenic mechanism. Although the experimental evidence supporting a neurogenic origin of borderline hypertension is incomplete and often indirect, most findings point toward an abnormal autonomic control of the circulation in this disorder. It is postulated that in a subgroup of patients with borderline hypertension a neurogenic mechanism is in fact operative. There is a need for further characterization of this category of borderline hypertension and for description of its natural history, particularly in relation to the possible subsequent development of essential hypertension.
Harmonic space-time threat propagation for graph detection

This paper addresses threat propagation on space-time graphs, defined to be a time-sampled graph. The application considered is geographical sites connected by tracks, though such graphs arise in many fields. Several new concepts and efficient algorithms are introduced, specifically, the space-time adjacency matrix and harmonic threat propagation. The cued threat propagation problem is shown to be equivalent to the harmonic solution to Laplace's equation on the graph. Alternately, the Perron-Frobenius theorem is applied to a modified space-time adjacency matrix to derive a concept of eigen-threat on space-time graphs. Both approaches yield fast, scalable algorithms for space-time threat propagation applicable to both very small and very large graphs. Algorithms are motivated by a continuous time stochastic process model. Detection performance is shown using a simulated insurgent network data for which harmonic space-time threat propagation achieves an 84% probability of detection with a 4% false alarm probability over the entire graph.
THE EFFECTS OF SOME KNOWN SOURCES OF READING DIFFICULTY ON METACOMPREHENSION AND COMPREHENSION

This study represents an exploration into the relationship between com- prehension and metacomprehension. The effects of variables known to be sources of reading difficulty were compared on a measure of reading comprehension and one of metacomprehension. One hundred and twenty seventh grade students each read four versions of thirty-six passages which differed in level of familiarity, goodness of structure, and vocabulary difficulty. Then students either rated the comprehensibility of each passage or responded to ten comprehension probes for each of the passages. Both comprehensibility judgments and comprehension performance were positively related to topic familiarity and good story structure. Vocabulary difficulty was negatively related to performance on the comprehension measure only. Implications for research are discussed. Research involving reading comprehension has currently begun to distinguish between the ability to understand (e.g., recall and recognize information) and the ability to monitor one's understanding (e.g., judge the level of one's understanding). The former has been the focus of reading research for the past several decades, with investigations into various factors as each influences text comprehension (e.g., Anderson & Freebody, 1979; Bransford & Johnson, 1973; Rothkopf, 1966). The latter has recently emerged as an area of concern to reading researchers based on general work in metacognition (e.g., Flavell & Wellman, 1977) and specifically, work in metacomprehension (e.g., Brown, 1981; Canney & Winograd, 1979; Raphael & Pear- son, in press). The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects of variables at the word, discourse, and knowledge levels on a measure of comprehen-
Egyptian men working abroad: Labour supply responses by the women left behind

Abstract Female labour force participation has remained low in Egypt. This paper examines whether male international migration provides a leeway for women to enter the labour market and/or to increase their labour supply. In line with previous studies, we find a decrease in wage work particularly in urban areas. However, women living in rural areas and affected by migration are much more likely to be employed in non-wage activities (i.e. unpaid family work) and subsistence work compared to women in non-migrant households. Furthermore, we find evidence that this labour supply response is driven by the household's need to replace the migrant's labour rather than by a loosening of a financing constraint on family enterprises made possible by the flow of remittances.
Dehardening Kinetics, Bud Development, and Dehydrin Metabolism in Blueberry Cultivars during Deacclimation at Constant, Warm Temperatures

Loss of freeze tolerance, or deacclimation, is an integral part of winter survival in woody perennials because untimely mid-winter or spring thaws followed by a hard freeze can cause severe injury to dehardened tissues. This study was undertaken to investigate deacclimation kinetics, particularly the timing and speed, of fi ve blueberry (Vaccinium L.) cultivars (ʻBluecropʼ, ʻWeymouthʼ, ʻOzarkblueʼ, ʻTifblueʼ, and ʻLegacyʼ), with different germplasm compositions and mid-winter bud hardiness levels, in response to an environmentally controlled temperature regime. Based upon bud cold hardiness evaluations in 2000 and 2001, ʻTifblueʼ, a Vaccinium ashei Reade cultivar, was one of the least hardy and the fastest to deacclimate; ʻBluecropʼ, a predominantly V. corymbosum L. cultivar, was the most hardy and the slowest to deacclimate; and ʻOzarkblueʼ, a predominantly V. corymbosum cultivar but including southern species V. darrowi Camp. and V. ashei, was intermediate in speed of deacclimation. ʻWeymouthʼ (predominantly V. corymbosum) and ʻLegacyʼ (73.4% V. corymbosum and 25% V. darrowi) were slow to intermediate deacclimators. Deacclimation rates did not correlate strictly with mid-winter bud hardiness. Data suggest that the southern germplasm component V. ashei may be responsible for the observed faster deacclimation whereas both southern species, V. darrowi and V. ashei, may contribute genes for cold sensitivity. Strong positive correlations between stage of bud opening and bud cold hardiness existed in both years (r = 0.90 and 0.82 in 2000 and 2001 study, respectively). Previously identifi ed major blueberry dehydrins, 65-, 60-, and 14-kDa, progressively decreased in their abundance during incremental dehardening in ʻBluecropʼ, ʻWeymouthʼ, and ʻTifblueʼ. However, down-regulation of the 14-kDa dehydrin most closely mirrored the loss in cold hardiness during deacclimation, and, therefore, may be involved in regulation of bud dehardening. Because differences in deacclimation rate were clearly evident among the genotypes studied, rate of deacclimation of the fl ower buds of blueberry should be an important consideration in breeding to improve winter survival.
Steric stabilization of nanoparticles with grafted low molecular weight ligands in highly concentrated brines including divalent ions

Whereas numerous studies of stabilization of nanoparticles (NPs) in electrolytes have examined biological fluids, the interest has grown recently in media with much higher ionic strengths including seawater and brines relevant to environmental science and subsurface oil and gas reservoirs. Given that electrostatic repulsion is limited at extremely high ionic strengths due to charge screening, we have identified ligands that are well solvated in concentrated brine containing divalent cations and thus provide steric stabilization of silica nanoparticles. Specifically, the hydrodynamic diameter of silica nanoparticles with grafted low molecular weight ligands, a diol ether, [3-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)propyl]-trimethoxysilane, and a zwitterionic sulfobetaine, 3-([dimethyl(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonio)propane-1-sulfonate, is shown with dynamic light scattering to remain essentially constant, indicating lack of aggregation, at room temperature and up to 80 °C for over 30 days. An extended DLVO model signifies that steric stabilization is strongly dominant against van der Waals attraction for ∼10 nm particles given that these ligands are well solvated even in highly concentrated brine. In contrast, polyethylene glycol oligomers do not provide steric stabilization at elevated temperatures, even at conditions where the ligands are soluble, indicating complicating factors including bridging of the ether oxygens by divalent cations.
A prognostic scoring system for arm exercise stress testing

Objective: Arm exercise stress testing may be an equivalent or better predictor of mortality outcome than pharmacological stress imaging for the ≥50% for patients unable to perform leg exercise. Thus, our objective was to develop an arm exercise ECG stress test scoring system, analogous to the Duke Treadmill Score, for predicting outcome in these individuals. Methods: In this retrospective observational cohort study, arm exercise ECG stress tests were performed in 443 consecutive veterans aged 64.1 (11.1) years. (mean (SD)) between 1997 and 2002. From multivariate Cox models, arm exercise scores were developed for prediction of 5-year and 12-year allcause and cardiovascular mortality and 5-year cardiovascular mortality or myocardial infarction (MI). Results: Arm exercise capacity in resting metabolic equivalents (METs), 1 min heart rate recovery (HRR) and ST segment depression ≥1 mm were the stress test variables independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by step-wise Cox analysis (all p<0.01). A score based on the relation HRR (bpm) +7.3×METs−10.5×ST depression (0=no; 1=yes) prognosticated 5-year cardiovascular mortality with a C-statistic of 0.81 before and 0.88 after adjustment for significant demographic and clinical covariates. Arm exercise scores for the other outcome end points yielded C-statistic values of 0.77–0.79 before and 0.82–0.86 after adjustment for significant covariates versus 0.64–0.72 for best fit pharmacological myocardial perfusion imaging models in a cohort of 1730 veterans who were evaluated over the same time period. Conclusions: Arm exercise scores, analogous to the Duke Treadmill Score, have good power for prediction of mortality or MI in patients who cannot perform leg exercise.
RESONANT REFRACTION BY ROUND ISLANDS

Wave trapping by refraction can give rise to resonance of a kind unfamiliar in oceanography. Trapping over realistic seabed topographies is incomplete, but conversely, possesses a mechanism for direct, harmonic excitation from the open sea that is unknown in classical resonance. These phenomena have been studied for the simplest example of an axisymmetric island of typical shape with small seabed slope. Asymptotic analysis has led to simple formulae for resonant frequencies, energy leakage rates and resonant response coefficients. Resonances of extraordinarily large but narrow response have been found.
Comparison of the rate of claw horn growth and wear and sole thickness in dairy cattle housed in a free stall barn with concrete and rubber flooring

Background. Thin soles and resulting lameness in cows are often due to abrasive walking surfaces that cause increased wear. The aim of this project was to compare horn growth and wear and sole thickness in cows kept on rubber mats versus concrete in a free-stall barn. Methods. To examine horn growth and wear and sole thickness, we examined two groups (Group 1 kept on concrete [control] and Group 2 on rubber mats) of 12 cows each at 2-week intervals over a 12-week period. The 12 cows in each group were selected to achieve equal parity in each group, as follows: four cows, parity 1; four cows, parity 2; two cows, parity 3; and two cows, parity 4. The four cows from the parity 1 group had the most days in milk in the herd irrespective of milk production. The remaining eight cows had the fewest days in milk (most recently calved) irrespective of milk production. Results. Cows in the control group had a significant increase in claw horn growth over the study period, compared to the control group. Most of this difference in horn growth occurred during the first 2 weeks of the study. There was no significant difference in claw horn wear and sole thickness at 2 weeks or at the end of the study. There was, however, a non-significant difference in wear between cows in the 2 groups at the end of the study, with cows in the control group showing most wear. Cows in the experimental group exhibited significant increases in all parameters (claw length, wear, and growth; sole thickness) when measured at the beginning and end of the trial, whereas cows in the control group showed a significant increase in claw length and sole thickness.Discussion. These findings suggest that there was a compensatory increase in horn production in response to accelerated claw horn wear in the control group. Statistical significance in wear might have been attained between groups at the end of the study if the study had continued over a longer period.
Treatment of pernicious anemia: Historical aspects

Highlights in the history of the development of successful and specific treatment for pernicious and other megaloblastic anemias are reviewed. The evolution of knowledge concerning the clinical and physiological basis for their separation into those due to vitamin B12 and to folic acid deficiencies, respectively, is discussed, and the consequent biochemical abnormalities related to megaloblastic erythropoiesis are briefly presented. The importance of informed collaboration between the medical profession and the pharmaceutical industry for the future initiation, development, and appraisal of new drugs is emphasized.
“A pesar de todo” (Despite Everything): The Persistence of Latina Graduate Engineering Students at a Hispanic‐Serving Institution

This chapter discusses a mixed-methods study of personal and programmatic factors that affected persistence of Latina graduate engineering students at a Hispanic-serving institution (HSI). The study's findings enabled us to share recommendations that may be useful to HSIs and other colleges and universities.
Religion Challenged by Modern Thought

When religion began is a difficult question to answer. Roughly speaking, we may say that we can trace religion’s origin back to the time when the human being came to exist. Since then, throughout human history, hardly anyone has doubted the necessity of religion for human beings. But in the past few centuries, doubts about religion itself have arisen. Questions such as ‘Is religion truly indispensable to man?’ and ‘Cannot human being live his or her life without religion?’ and ‘Is religion not, perhaps, an obstacle to human progress?’ have been raised. It may be said that it was sometime during the nineteenth century that these doubts developed into a radical questioning of the necessity of religion itself. Of course criticism of a particular religion had been made since ancient times. But the fundamental significance of religion as such for man had not always been questioned. In the West, some questions about religion were brought out during the Age of Enlightenment. But religion at that time was not questioned in the same way as it is now. People in the time of the Enlightenment criticized religion for its world-view and its understanding of nature. But, even then they probably did not doubt the significance of religion for the human soul.