cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using cover crops in headlands of organic grain farms: Effects on soil properties, weeds and crop yields

Abstract Organic producers often rely heavily on tillage for weed management, which can create compaction, especially in headlands, and favor weed growth. To address Illinois organic grain farmers’ concerns, we explored the effect of cover crops in headland areas of their farms on soil properties, weeds, and yields in a participatory on-farm approach. A split-plot arrangement with two replications at each of four Illinois locations was used in two consecutive years within field areas [FA: headlands – or turn-rows – HL; non-headlands NHL] randomly selected as main plots where four cover crop treatments were randomly assigned (CC: fallow control C; forage radish FR; mix of forage radish and buckwheat FRbw; and mix of forage radish with hairy vetch and cereal rye FRhvr). Collaborating farmers planted soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in 2012 and corn ( Zea mays L.) in 2013. Each fall and spring, we measured soil penetration resistance (PR), bulk density (BD), water aggregate stability (WAS), total carbon (TC), nitrate (N-NO 3 ), ammonium (N-NH 4 ), available phosphorus (P), and pH. Additionally, cover crop and weed growth, and cash crop yields were determined each year. Our results indicate HL areas had greater PR (+22%) and BD (+3%), as well as higher WAS (+4%), TC (+10%), P (+36%), and pH (+7%) in comparison to NHL areas on average through the fall and spring seasons. Though FRhvr significantly reduced spring weed biomass (−30%) compared to the controls, higher density of grass weeds (+44%) were present in HL areas through spring and summer regardless of CC treatments. Due to the resilient nature of these particular Illinois soils and extreme weather pattern observations, the cover crop treatments did not alleviate compaction nor influence soil properties for the duration of this project. However, there was a trend toward lower available P in the FRhvr treatments and reduced crop yields in those treatments within the NHL areas. Though the cover crop treatments chosen for this trial did not seem to provide clear benefits, our results point toward a beneficial feedback between the weed community and the soil properties within headland areas in these organic systems.
Hipotermia : una indicacion no renal para la dialisis peritoneal

Accidental hypothermia, a condition seldomly seen in Chile, is defined as a spontaneous core temperature reduction to less than 35 degrees C and is associated with great morbidity and mortality. We report a 16 years old female intoxicated with liquefied petroleum gas that was admitted in coma, hypothermic, with severe hemodynamic derangement, lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis and iliofemoral phlebothrombosis. Peritoneal dialysis with solutions at 27 degrees C was used as a quick and safe means to revert hypothermia and avoid its complications.
Response Rate as a Regulatory End Point in Single-Arm Studies of Advanced Solid Tumors

Importance Objective response rate (ORR) is an increasingly important end point for accelerated development of highly active anticancer therapies, yet its relationship to regulatory approval is not well characterized. Objective To identify circumstances in which a high ORR is associated with regulatory approval, and therefore might be an appropriate end point for definitive single-arm studies of anticancer therapies. Data Source A database of all oncology clinical trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov between October 1, 2007, and September 30, 2010. Study Selection Trials of palliative systemic therapies for 4 measurable solid tumor types, limited to those with trial arms of at least 20 patients reporting ORR per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Data Extraction and Synthesis A systematic search was used to identify the reported ORR for each eligible treatment arm that had been presented publicly. Main Outcomes and Measures For each treatment regimen, defined as a single-agent or unique combination of agents for 1 cancer type, the mean ORR and the maximum ORR statistically exceeded were calculated, and their association with regulatory approval was studied. A regimen was considered approved for a specific cancer type if it had received regulatory approval in any country for treatment of advanced cancer of that type. Results From 1800 trials, 874 eligible trial arms in 578 eligible trials were identified; 542 arms had ORR data available for 294 regimens. Maximum ORR and mean ORR were significantly associated with regulatory approval (τ = 0.27, P P = .01); this relationship was stronger for single-agent therapies (τ = 0.49; τ = 0.41) than for combination regimens (τ = 0.28; τ = 0.17). Evaluation of ORR thresholds between 20% and 60% as potential trial end points demonstrated that ORR statistically exceeding 30% with a single agent had 98% specificity and 89% positive predictive value for identifying regimens achieving regulatory approval. Conclusions and Relevance For single-agent regimens, high ORR was associated with regulatory approval; this relationship was less strong for combination regimens. Our data suggest that high ORR (eg, statistically exceeding an ORR of 30%) is an appropriate end point for single-arm trials aiming to demonstrate breakthrough activity of a single-agent anticancer therapy.
Googling or Garbling?: Should scientists spend regular amounts of time communicating their research findings to the public?

Between 2010 and 2011 there were more than 1,500 cases of whooping cough in San Diego, a life-threatening childhood disease that can be effectively prevented by vaccination. Before the panic of that epidemic becomes just another page in San Diego's history book, perhaps it is a good moment to draw some lessons for our future. Beyond the obvious need for things like public health awareness, effective communication, and robust vaccination campaigns, our frightening memories may reveal an even more fundamental problem. The truth is that, historically, we do have a robust vaccination campaign in this country. But, as most of us know, in the last 10 years many have become skeptical of vaccines, concerned that they cause autism, or that they are simply a scam, designed by Big Pharma to increase sales.
Cultural beliefs and physical activity among African-American adolescents.

Objective To examine the association of cultural beliefs with physical activity (PA) among African-American adolescents. Methods For a list of 42 leisure-time physical activities, adolescents (N = 116) indicated whether they believed the activity was 'Mostly a Black Thing', 'Equally a Black and White Thing', or 'Mostly a White Thing'. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was assessed using accelerometers. Results Participants scoring in the highest quartile of Mostly Black score engaged in more PA and were less likely to be overweight or obese compared to those in lower quartiles. However, these findings were not statistically significant. Conclusion Further research to validate the association of cultural beliefs with PA is needed to inform health-enhancing PA interventions for this population.
Abstract 965: Mechanistic studies of a dietary combination in cancer prevention: The effects of manganese superoxide dismutase on tumor suppressor gene activation

Mechanistic Studies of a Dietary Combination in Cancer Prevention: The Effects of MnSOD on Tumor Suppressor Gene Activation Reactive oxygen species can act as signaling transduction molecules modulating various pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt pathway. It is known that this pathway is constitutively activated in tumorigenesis contributing to protein synthesis, cell cycle progression, migration and survival. However, the PI3K/Akt pathway is negatively regulated by the major tumor suppressor protein PTEN. PTEN has dual specificity phosphatase activity regulating Akt phosphorylation as a lipid phosphatase; as well as, regulating cyclin D 1 expression as a protein phosphotase. However, these are the roles of cytoplasmic PTEN. Recently, the nuclear roles of PTEN have received significant attention. Nuclear PTEN plays a major role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and stability by contributing to chromosome stability, DNA repair and cell cycle arrest. Previous studies have shown that PTEN nuclear localization is mediated by oxidative stress and may play a role in p53 stabilization. Nevertheless, MnSOD is considered to be a novel tumor suppressor gene. MnSOD has been defined as a nuclear encoded primary antioxidant enzyme localized in the mitochondria. We have shown in previous studies that the dietary combination Protandim reduced tumor incidence and multiplicity via the synergistic induction of superoxide dismutase enzymes. It has been shown that overexpression of MnSOD in in vivo models can suppress tumor formation via modulation of AP-1 binding. Therefore, it is imperative to look at how MnSOD may affect the process of apoptosis and the activation of tumor suppressor genes involved (i.e. PTEN and p53). Using our in vivo models (wildtype, MnSOD knockout, non-transgenic and MnSOD transgenic mice), we investigated how modulation of MnSOD expression may affect PTEN-mediated p53 stabilization, and how this contributes to chemoprevention. In addition, we explored how mutations in p53 may affect the PTEN-p53 interaction and its effects on tumor promotion via a gene transfection approach. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 965.
State Assemblage of EV's Intelligent Integrated Station Considering the Grid Operating Status

As a regional active power station,electric vehicle intelligent charging-discharging-storage integrated station can provide auxiliary services for the grid by developing reasonable charging / discharging strategy considering the operating status of the grid. Generally, the grid operates in normal, alert, emergency, collapse, or restorative state, and correspondingly the intelligent integrated station may operate in normal,protective,or isolated state. The proposed standard operating procedures can be applied in different operating conditions. By considering the operating states of both the grid and the intelligent integrated station,we can combine the two systems together and make full use of the integrated station. In this way,the integrated station can provide services such as frequency regulation,reactive power compensation,and harmonic suppression for the grid. As a whole,the state assemblage of the integrated station is helpful to improve the power quality of the grid by considering the operation status of the grid.
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Combines with Reducing the Heart Preload to Treat the Severe Acute Left Heart Failure after Cardiovascular Operations

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this prospective study is to reduce the preload of the heart and the heart acting to promote the heart function restoration after cardiovascular operations by using continuous renal replacement therapy(CRRT) and mild hypothermia(34℃).METHODS Six patients with severe acute left heart failure after cardiovascular surgery were enrolled(LVEF30%,pulmonary artery wedge pressure(PAWP)20 mmHg).Four kinds of positive inotropic drugs can not maintain circulation stability.CRRT and mild hypothermia(34℃) were applied to reduce the preload of the heart.The PAWP was reduced from 23 to 11 mmHg,and the mean arterial pressure(MAP) was 60-70 mmHg.Sedation,controlled ventilation were applied to reduce the body oxygen consumption rate and the PAWP were maintained to 10-12 mmHg.RESULTS After 6-day of CRRT application,the left heart function of the patients was improved.Then the core temperature was rewarmed to 36.5℃,and the MAP were increased to80 mmHg.Five of the patients discharged from hospital after completely cured and one died of the rupture of residual aortic dissection.CONCLUSION The application of CRRT accompanied the therapeutic mild hypothermia can reduce the preload of the heart and improve the left heart function after cardiovascular operations.It is a new method for treatment the sereve left heart failure.
Analysis of the Seal Shell of Petroleum tubing casing Hydrostatic test unit Based on ANSYS

Based on ANSYS software,this article analyses and computes the seal shell of petroleum casing hydrostatic test unit by finite element method,finds out the dangerous region and the Von Mises Stess 374Mpa from the displacement and stress cloud images,which provides the representative theoretic guidance for seal shell design.
Damage Identification Technique of Oil Derrick Based on Support Vector Machine and Flexibility Matrix

Study indicates that flexibility matrix is a kind of powerful method of structure damage detection.Support vector machine(SVM) is a study machine developing from statical learning theory,which has splendid regression feature.This paper puts forth a set of damage identification technique based on SVM,making flexibility matrix as testing indexs and using SVM regression algorithm.Meanwhile,validation is carried by emulational calculation of JJ160/41-K derrick,and then the results indicate that this technique can identify damage degree and location effectively.
Cerebral Vascular Response to Hypertonic Fluid Resuscitation in Thermal Injury

The purpose of this project was to study the effects of various resuscitation fluid protocols in a systemically thermally injured rat sustaining 70% body surface area third degree burn using the pial window model in rats. The results show that there was a significant albumin leak in the cerebral vessels in both the experimental group which underwent no resuscitation fluid, as well as the experimental group that was resuscitated with Lactated Ringer’s solution using the Parkland formula. When this was compared to the control group, as well as to the experimental group which received hypertonic hyperosmotic saline (HMS) boluses every hour, there was little if any leakage seen.
Effects of Breed and Zeranol Implantation on Serum Insulin, Somatomedin-Like Activity and Fibroblast Proliferative Activity

Twenty-eight Suffolk-sired (Sx) and 28 Finnsheep-sired (Fx) lambs were implanted with either 0 or 12 mg zeranol. Zeranol significantly increased average daily gain over that of controls. Serum taken at biweekly intervals for 6 weeks was assayed for insulin, somatomedin-like activity (Sm) and fibroblast proliferative activity (FPA). Insulin appeared to increase with time, but there were no consistent time changes for FPA or Sm. Serum insulin concentration was higher (P less than .05) in implanted lambs than in controls (33.4 vs 25.6 microU/ml). Unlike insulin, serum Sm and FPA were not affected by zeranol implantation, and, thus, these serum factors appeared not to be involved in zeranol-stimulated growth. Sm was higher in the faster growing Sx lambs than in the slower growing Fx lambs. Thus, serum Sm activity may be involved in normal regulation of growth.
Progesterone and EGF inhibit mouse mammary gland prolactin receptor and beta-casein gene expression

Regulation of mouse mammary gland long-form prolactin receptor (PRL-RL) mRNA levels by progesterone and epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the relationship between PRL-RL and beta-casein gene expression were examined in vivo and in vitro. PRL-RL and beta-casein mRNA levels increased approximately 6- and 15-fold from the pregnant to the lactating period, respectively, when normalized to the level of beta-actin mRNA. Ovariectomy of pregnant mice rapidly reduced the serum concentration of progesterone and increased the level of PRL-RL and beta-casein mRNAs approximately three- and fourfold compared with sham-operated animals 24 h after the operation. Injection of progesterone, but not estrogen, inhibited the increase in both mRNA levels. PRL-RL and beta-casein mRNA levels in cultured mammary epithelium increased in response to insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin, whereas progesterone or EGF caused inhibition. The combination of EGF and progesterone produced a greater inhibition than either hormone alone. These results indicate that both progesterone and EGF serve as negative regulators of lactogenesis.
Imaging the recruitment and loss of proteins and lipids at single sites of calcium–triggered exocytosis

How and when the dozens of molecules that control exocytosis assemble in living cells to regulate the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane is unknown. Here we image with two-color total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy the local changes of 27 proteins at single dense-core vesicles undergoing calcium-triggered fusion. We identify two broad dynamic behaviors of exocytic molecules. First, proteins enriched at exocytic sites are associated with DCVs long before exocytosis, and near the time of membrane fusion, they diffuse away. These proteins include Rab3 and Rab27, rabphilin3a, munc18a, tomosyn, and CAPS. Second, we observe a group of classical endocytic proteins and lipids, including dynamins, amphiphysin, syndapin, endophilin, and PIP2, which are rapidly and transiently recruited to the exocytic site near the time of membrane fusion. Dynamin mutants unable to bind amphiphysin were not recruited, indicating that amphiphysin is involved in localizing dynamin to the fusion site. Expression of mutant dynamins and knockdown of endogenous dynamin altered the rate of cargo release from single vesicles. Our data reveal the dynamics of many key proteins involved in exocytosis and identify a rapidly recruited dynamin/PIP2/BAR assembly that regulates the exocytic fusion pore of dense-core vesicles in cultured endocrine beta cells.
Interventions Aimed at Reducing Use of Low-Value Health Services: A Systematic Review:

The effectiveness of different types of interventions to reduce low-value care has been insufficiently summarized to allow for translation to practice. This article systematically reviews the literature on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce low-value care and the quality of those studies. We found that multicomponent interventions addressing both patient and clinician roles in overuse have the greatest potential to reduce low-value care. Clinical decision support and performance feedback are promising strategies with a solid evidence base, and provider education yields changes by itself and when paired with other strategies. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of pay-for-performance, insurer restrictions, and risk-sharing contracts to reduce use of low-value care. While the literature reveals important evidence on strategies used to reduce low-value care, meaningful gaps persist. More experimentation, paired with rigorous evaluation and publication, is needed.
Crossed-field electron guns with tapered gaps

It has been shown previously [1] that a crossed-field electron gun consisting of plane-paral1 el cathode and plate gives a space-charge limited current which is independent of cathode length (along the direction in which the beam emerges) over a very wide range. The value of the current may be predicted by the assumption of laminar ( ‘Brillouin*) flow; the emission from the cathode is highly non-uniform. When such guns are used in crossed-field backward wave oscillators, their performance is critically dependent on cathode temperature, being best near temperature limitation, when the emission ismostnearly uniform. A simple extension of the laminar flow result which ensures uniform emission under space charge limited conditions, leads to a theoretical taper for the cathode.-plate space. When such guns are used in backward wave oscillators, their performance is improved, and is no longer critically dependent on cathode temperature once space charge limitation is established. The gun taper derived may be shown to be similar to that obtained by Kino [2] by somewhat different reasoning.
Correlation Function Profile Analysis in Laser Light Scattering II. A Hybrid Photon Correlation Spectrometer

We present a 256-channel single-clipped, dual delay time correlator. The PDP 11/35 computer acts as an accumulator for the time correlation function, essentially without limit. Software control allows synchronous start and stop of the correlator front-end, selective delay-time accumulation, and automatic intensity and time correlation measurements as a function of scattering angle. A specific comparison of percent relative error of linewidths and amplitudes of a double exponential time correlation function using single and dual delay times are presented.
Optimization of GaN-based ultra-low power boost converter in far-field energy harvesting

This paper presents a method of optimizing low power boost converters for use in far-field wireless energy harvesting systems. This method uses a database of manufacturer-provided device characteristics of both Silicon and GaN FETs to construct Figures of Merit (FOMs) used for evaluating device technologies for power loss based on boost converter parameters. A loss model is constructed for predicting device power losses and system efficiency over a wide range of operating points. Using the analysis framework, an asynchronous boost converter is constructed and experimentally verified with operation as low as 10 μW with a peak efficiency of 74% at an input power of 300 μW.
Maximizing Cardiac Repair: Should We Focus on the Cells or on the Matrix?

A major characteristic of stem cells is their ability to respond to their environment and differentiate accordingly; yet, in the context of cardiac repair, where stem or progenitor cells are delivered into injured myocardium, the local cell environment is often ignored. Damaged myocardium lacks the 3-dimensional complexity, fiber orientation, vascularity, and biochemistry of native heart. When cell therapy shows reparative effects, the changes are often seen at the scar border, where matrix thickness, stiffness, and fiber orientation are more nearly normal. Augmenting the mechanical, biochemical, and vascular milieu of damaged myocardium through tissue engineering could both increase cell delivery and potentially restore native cues for cell behavior to enhance the effectiveness of cell-based cardiac repair. An accepted dogma regarding stem cells is their capacity to differentiate in response to environmental cues. Cardiovascular cell–based therapy is founded on the assumptions that stem/progenitor cells are present in adult tissues; that cells can be harvested and delivered (or mobilized) to an injury site; and that once they are present, cells can promote repair. Yet, in dozens of clinical studies examining a variety of clinical outcomes, conducted with different cell types, delivery methods, and times after injury, the functional benefits of cardiac cell therapy have been minimal. In ischemic heart disease, the observed functional effects are usually localized to the infarct border zone,1 and because the cells themselves do not persist, the effects are attributed to paracrine factors. For the sake of this article, tissue engineering is defined as the use of a structural material (eg, scaffold)—used alone or in combination with molecules, microRNAs, genes, or cells—to improve or replace the biological function of injured cardiac tissue. We consider the question, “Could engineered tissue that recapitulates the characteristics of native healthy myocardium provide a cell delivery or recruitment system that increases cell retention, …
Online Appendix for the Trouble with Instruments: Re-Examining Shock-Based IV Designs

This online appendix contains additional results for Atanasov and Black, 2016, The Trouble with Instruments: Re-Examining Shock-Based IV Designs (AB-2016). Part 1 of the Appendix contains further tests of Duchin, Ran, John Matsusaka, and Oguzhan Ozbas, 2010, When Are Outside Directors Effective? Journal of Financial Economics, 95, 195-214 in response to Duchin, Ran, John Matsusaka, and Oguzhan Ozbas, 2015, Comments on “The Trouble with Instruments: Re-examining Shock-Based IV Designs” by Atanasov and Black, available here:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2697098.Part 2 contains brief discussions of selected shock-based IV papers that are identified in AB-2016 but not re-examined in detail. The underlying article is available here: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2417689.
Early applications of the R-matrix SAMMY code for charged-particle induced reactions and related covariances

The SAMMY code system is mainly used in nuclear data evaluations for incident neutrons in the resolved resonance region (RRR), however, built-in capabilities also allow the code to describe the resonance structure produced by other incident particles, including charged particles. (α,n) data provide fundamental information that underpins nuclear modeling and simulation software, such as ORIGEN and SOURCES4C, used for the analysis of neutron emission and definition of source emission processes. The goal of this work is to carry out evaluations of charged-particle-induced reaction cross sections in the RRR. The SAMMY code was recently used in this regard to generate a Reich-Moore parameterization of the available 17,18 O(α,n) experimental cross sections in order to estimate the uncertainty in the neutron generation rates for uranium oxide fuel types. This paper provides a brief description of the SAMMY evaluation procedure for the treatment of 17,18 O(α,n) reaction cross sections. The results are used to generate neutron source rates for a plutonium oxide matrix.
Coronary heart disease risk associated with the dyslipidaemia of chronic kidney disease.

Objective This study sought to characterise the main dyslipidaemic phenotypes present in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their association with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Methods Analyses included 6612 individuals in the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis free of CHD at baseline. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 15 to Results CHD developed in 303 individuals (5%) with eGFR ≥60 and in 72 individuals (12%) with CKD (p for difference Conclusion In individuals with mainly stage 3 CKD, a dominant lipid phenotype consisting of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and other closely correlated lipoproteins is strongly associated with CHD risk. Future studies should investigate whether modification of the components of this phenotype leads to a reduction in the CHD burden in individuals with CKD.
Neuroleptic-psychosocial interactions and prediction of outcome

Over the past 3 decades, controlled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of psychotropic medications for most psychiatric disorders. Still for many patients and their families, the outcome is disappointing. A critical issue is how to increase the effectiveness of “effective” medication. In no other disorder is the challenge greater than in combining psychosocial interventions to improve neuroleptic treatment outcome for schizophrenia.
Communication with Shared Song Themes in Tufted Titmice

ABsTaACT.--Individual Tufted Titmice (Parus bicolor) sing 8-12 song themes. Most or all themes in an individual's repertoire are shared with neighbors, although slight but consistent differences often separate neighbors' performances of a particular theme. Birds first begin to sing recognizable themes while still juveniles on their parents' territory. Established territorial residents can modify their themes slightly from year to year to achieve a closer similarity to neighbors' themes. Neighbors matched themes during concurrent singing more often than would be expected at random. Furthermore, titmouse tended to begin singing in response to a neighbor, particularly if it could match the theme. Playbacks of recorded song also evoked matched singing in response. Playbacks of strangers' songs, recorded 3 km away, evoked a less intense response than did playbacks of neighbor's songs, but an attempt to demonstrate individual recognition of a neighbor's shared themes failed. Evidently, the advantages of coordinated singing by opponents with shared themes outweigh any advantages of individual recognition of neighbors with distinctive songs. Received 12 April 1982, accepted 15 October 1982.
X-ray Phase Shifting Masks

X-ray Lithography has demonstrated the capabilities for patterning 0.25 μm features in production. Both theoretical and experimental studies have demonstrated that the inherent resolution of the X-ray can be achieved when the exposure system is designed correctly. This includes, in particular, a careful engineering of the mask design and of the illumination conditions. The large number of orders present in the diffraction from 0.25 μm features, when illuminated with 1 nm or less radiation creates an image which is rich in modulation. In order to obtain a smooth image where the linewidth obtained by clipping is not affected over much by a change in the illumination (clipping level), it is necessary to remove the highest spatial frequencies in the final image. This can be achieved in several ways. First, one can use the reduced degree of spatial coherence to introduce a blurring effect in the diffraction process that effectively washes out the higher orders. This is achieved by generating a distribution of incoherent sources so that the slight shift in image position results in an effective blur. In the X-rays, this can be achieved by using suitable mirrors for illumination. Another component of the “blur” can be found in the imperfections that exist at the edges of the features in the mask itself. Because of the processing steps taken in patterning the absorber, it is essentially impossible to obtain vertical smooth walls. Some amount of roughness and sloping in the walls always exists. Prom the point of view of propagation of X-rays, this can be divided into two terms. The first, a smooth sloping wall introduces a variable thickness in the absorber that is a roundoff in the transmission cutoff function. The second introduces a random variation in the amount of scattered light. Both of them have the capability of modifying the mask transmission function and reducing the high orders.
Gaining Control over Program Output

This chapter discusses techniques for supplementing the list-directed output formats used in the previous chapters with formats that provide a wide range of options for controlling the appearance of displayed output from your programs.
Web-Based Interactive Video Activities for Undergraduate Advanced Laboratories

Web-based resources have been developed that provide a window into real advanced laboratory experiments. These resources facilitate user interactions with video from upper-level, undergraduate physics laboratory experiments and are designed to provide a stimulus for learning, creativity, and further engagement in the lab. Advanced laboratory interactive video activities have been developed for three topic areas that are the foundation to a variety of student projects: (1) compressible fluid mechanics, (2) AMO physics, and (3) plasmonics and nano-optics. These activities provide a means for immersing the student into the complexities of the advanced lab in a systematic, guided fashion, providing the student with preparation and an increased level of confidence for effective undergraduate engagement in the lab. An assessment carried out in classrooms and workshops shows that the activities are pedagogically useful. The interactive video activities produced in this project were created using software and techniques developed in the LivePhoto Interactive Video Vignettes project. They will be openly available at ComPADRE.org/ALIV to instructors and students engaged in the advanced laboratory. The Vignette Studio software used to construct the activities can be downloaded for free at the same site with complete documentation, so other instructors can create their own activities.
Contributions of default mode network stability and deactivation to adolescent task engagement

Out of the several intrinsic brain networks discovered through resting-state functional analyses in the past decade, the default mode network (DMN) has been the subject of intense interest and study. In particular, the DMN shows marked suppression during task engagement, and has led to hypothesized roles in internally-directed cognition that need to be down-regulated in order to perform goal-directed behaviors. Previous work has largely focused on univariate deactivation as the mechanism of DMN suppression. However, given the transient nature of DMN down-regulation during task, an important question arises: Does the DMN need to be strongly, or more stably suppressed to promote successful task learning? In order to explore this question, 65 adolescents (Mage = 13.32; 21 females) completed a risky decision-making task during an fMRI scan. We tested our primary question by examining individual differences in absolute level of deactivation against the stability of activation across time in predicting levels of feedback learning on the task. To measure stability, we utilized a model-based functional connectivity approach that estimates the stability of activation across time within a region. In line with our hypothesis, the stability of activation in default mode regions predicted task engagement over and above the absolute level of DMN deactivation, revealing a new mechanism by which the brain can suppress the influence of brain networks on behavior. These results also highlight the importance of adopting model-based network approaches to understand the functional dynamics of the brain.
Assessing the accuracy of neuromuscular ultrasound for inclusion body myositis

Introduction Inclusion body myositis (IBM) can have clinical and electrodiagnostic features similar to other neuromuscular diseases, making it a diagnostic challenge. This prospective study was designed to determine the accuracy of forearm ultrasound for IBM. Methods Sixty adults were recruited (15 with IBM, 15 with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS], 15 with other myopathies, and 15 healthy controls), and each underwent ultrasound of the bilateral forearms (imaging the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles). Three clinicians with varying ultrasound expertise assigned a diagnosis of IBM, ALS, other myopathy, or control, based on images alone. Results Intrarater reliability was moderately strong. Interrater reliability varied based on clinician experience. Sensitivity was 73.33% and 66.67% for the expert raters. Specificity was strong for all 3 clinicians (93.33%, 84.44%, and 91.11%). Discussion Neuromuscular ultrasound of the forearm is reliable and accurate for the diagnosis of IBM, although sensitivity was higher among experienced clinicians. Muscle Nerve 59:478-481, 2019.
Impact of oral administration of yeast derived complex dietary-polysaccharide on gut inflammation, microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid production

ABSTRACT β-Glucans, a group of complex non-digestible polysaccharides, are considered to have beneficial health effects due to their immune modulatory properties and are being widely used as dietary supplements. Prebiotic properties of these polysaccharides in promoting intestinal health are also being recognized. Therefore, we assessed the impact of oral administration of high-pure yeast β-glucan (YBG) on the susceptibility to colitis, gut immune function, composition of gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production. We show that prolonged pre-treatment with YBG diminishes the severity of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. YBG consumption, compared to untreated controls, results in increased regulatory T cell (Treg) frequencies in the gut mucosa, a shift in the abundance of gut microbiota towards polysaccharide-fermenting bacterial phyla, and higher production of SCFA. Depletion of gut microbiota in YBG-fed mice using broad spectrum antibiotics not only eliminated SCFA production and increased Treg frequencies, but also profoundly enhanced the pro-inflammatory response in the colon and susceptibility to colitis. Overall, our study demonstrates that oral consumption of high-pure BG promotes a healthy gut, immune regulation, minimizes susceptibility to colitis in a microbiota- and SCFA-dependent manner. On the contrary, YBG-consumption when the gut mucosa and microbiota are compromised can reverse this protection and increase the susceptibility to gut inflammation and disease.
Uncertainty quantification of planetary entry technologies

Abstract The analysis, design, and development of planetary entry technologies rely heavily on computational modeling due to limited ground and flight test data, which simulate the extreme environments encountered by spacecraft during atmospheric entry. In general, these computational models possess uncertainties that may affect the prediction accuracy of the simulations. This makes uncertainty quantification a necessary tool for assessing the accuracy of model predictions and improving the robustness and reliability of entry systems. The objectives of this paper are twofold: to review uncertainty quantification studies applied to the modeling and simulation of planetary entry systems and to demonstrate an efficient uncertainty quantification approach based on stochastic expansions on the multidisciplinary analysis of a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator configuration for Mars entry. The review of uncertainty quantification studies focuses on flight mechanics, guidance and navigation simulations, aerothermal modeling and prediction, fluid-structure interaction simulations, and thermal protection system response modeling of planetary entry technologies.
Extensor Tendon Transfers for Treatment of Foot Drop in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A Biomechanical Evaluation

Background:In Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, selective weakness of the tibialis anterior muscle often leads to recruitment of the long toe extensors as secondary dorsiflexors, with subsequent c...
An Anti-sniffing Protocol for Location-based Services in Wireless Networks

In Wi-Fi networks, a user’s location can be determined through the access points (APs) in the network. These kinds of location-based services, LBS, use a calculation of trilateration from the distance away from three routers. This distance is most often determined with received signal strength indication, RSSI. Wi-Fi communications are broadcasted, and RSSI is contained in the header of a packet. As a consequence, simple packet sniffing attacks make it relatively easy for malicious users to track a user’s location. In order to increase the security of using LBS, this paper proposes a new algorithm for channel hopping of the routers. In this work, the algorithm is tested for its effectiveness at increasing the difficulty for the malicious user to determine the location of the LBS user. The simulation results support the hypothesis that channel hopping significantly increases the effort needed for the malicious user to track the user, at an acceptable cost of LBS efficiency.
Gaussian Beam Propagation Through Turbulent Atmosphere using Second-Order Split-Step Algorithm

In this work, we will be using the numerical method called Second-Order Split-Step Algorithm (SSM) to study the propagation of Gaussian beam through turbulent atmosphere. Both two-dimensional and the there-dimensional shape of Gaussian profile is investigated under different atmosphere fluctuation conditions. The Modified Von-Karman power spectrum model is used to characterize the atmosphere turbulence conditions. We found the FWHM of Gaussian profile dropped to about 30% of the maximum intensity when the turbulence strength moves from weak and approaches moderate turbulence regime for L ≥ 500m propagating a distance. Then, we started to examine the propagated beam as the atmosphere turbulence increases to strong regime, and we found that the profile starts to lose the Gaussian shape as the fluctuation increases.
15.15 – Nuclear Spectroscopy

Nuclear spectroscopy involves the measurement of gamma rays, charged particles, and neutrons emitted from atomic nuclei excited by nuclear reactions or following radioactive decay. Techniques using nuclear spectroscopic methods occupy a major role in the fundamental sciences, energy, medicine, and analytical chemistry. The physics of nuclear reactions, radioactive decay, irradiation sources, interactions between radiation and matter, and radiation measurement are described in this chapter. As one of the most important applications of nuclear spectroscopy, trace-element analysis by activation analysis is explained in detail while mentioning some of the applications in the fields of geochemistry, cosmochemistry, archaeology, and environmental science. Other common applications for nuclear spectroscopy include measurement of radiations used in nuclear medicine, monitoring radiation for health physics, analysis of evidence for forensic science, and detection of nuclear materials for homeland security.
Congenital heart disease in adults (when kids grow up) pediatric geriatric anesthesia.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review focuses on the new development of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients in the areas of imaging, percutaneous interventions, ventricular assist devices and transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS Since the last ACHD publication in the journal, several advances have been made in the evaluation and treatment of these patients. As CHD patients' longevity increases pregnancy, comorbities and acquired heart disease become a concern. Recent data show that the incidence of complications in low-risk CHD is not higher that the regular population. In addition, breakthrough research in percutaneous valve implantation has been published showing good outcomes but needing intensive care recovery in a significant number of patients. In the ACHD heart failure population, assist device and transplant fields mounting evidence shows that these therapies should not be the last resort since low-risk ACHD patient may have similar outcomes to those with acquired heart disease. Finally risk stratification is important in ACHD to define better ways to recover from surgery and anesthesia. SUMMARY The field of anesthesia for ACHD is growing with new indications for diagnostic, interventional and surgical procedures. Tailoring cardiac and noncardiac care to the different risk profile in ACHD patients will be defined in the next few years. VIDEO ABSTRACT Motta summary clip: http://links.lww.com/COAN/A65.
Simultaneous Nanoscale Imaging of Chemical and Architectural Heterogeneity on Yeast Cell Wall Particles

Particles extracted from yeast cell walls are naturally occurring immunomodulators with significant therapeutic applications. Their biological function has been thought to be a consequence of the overall chemical composition. In contrast, here we achieve direct nanoscale visualization of the compositional and structural heterogeneity of yeast cell wall particles and demonstrate that such nanoscale heterogeneity directly influences the receptor function of immune cells. By combining peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, we achieve simultaneous chemical, topographical, and mechanical mapping of cell wall particles extracted from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae with ≈6 nm resolution. We show that polysaccharides (β-glucan and chitin) and proteins are organized in specific nonuniform structures, and their heterogeneous spatial organization leads to heterogeneous recruitment of receptors on immune cell membranes. Our findings indicate that the biological function of yeast cell wall particles depends on not only their overall composition but also the nanoscale distribution of the different cell wall components.
Therapeutic options for chronic kidney disease-associated pulmonary hypertension.

Purpose of review Pulmonary hypertension is a common and devastating complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Traditionally considered a consequence of volume overload, recent findings now expand this paradigm. These novel mechanisms herald new treatment options. This review summarizes the current evidence to provide a theoretical model of the contributing factors for CKD-associated pulmonary hypertension. Along this framework, we highlight current and emerging therapeutic strategies for each putative factor. Recent findings A series of retrospective studies of right heart catheterization data provide insights into the potential hemodynamic profile of CKD-associated pulmonary hypertension. These studies suggest that elevated pulmonary vascular resistance may commonly contribute to pulmonary hypertension. In addition, preclinical models implicate an increasing array of CKD-associated factors which influence pulmonary vascular biology. Many of these factors also adversely affect kidney function and CKD progression. Clinical trial and other prospective data for treatments of CKD-associated pulmonary hypertension remain limited. Summary Volume overload and left-ventricular dysfunction are the predominant focus of CKD-associated pulmonary hypertension treatment for most patients. However, new findings suggest that treatments targeting pulmonary vascular vasoconstriction and remodeling may be promising treatment options for select patients. Clinical trials are needed for all therapeutic strategies for CKD-associated pulmonary hypertension.
Neurologic Clinical Manifestations of Fahr Syndrome and Hypoparathyroidism.

A 41-year-old female with a history of chronic hypoparathyroidism with Fahr syndrome presented with complaints of weakness and muscle spasticity. Brain imaging demonstrated diffuse intracranial calcifications. In addition, cervical spine imaging revealed extensive calcification along the anterior and posterior cervical vertebral bodies causing multilevel stenosis and cord compression. The patient underwent a multilevel posterior cervical decompression and fusion. Postoperatively, the patient had noted improvement in her upper and lower extremity strength and spasticity. This illustrative case demonstrates rare clinical and radiographic neurologic sequelae of long-standing hypoparathyroidism.
Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Maintain ESC Stemness by Activating FAK.

Summary It is critical that epiblast cells within blastocyst-stage embryos receive the necessary regulatory cues to remain pluripotent until the appropriate time when they are stimulated to undergo differentiation, ultimately to give rise to an entire organism. Here, we show that exposure of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which are the in vitro equivalents of epiblasts, to ESC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) helps to maintain their stem cell properties even under culture conditions that would otherwise induce differentiation. EV-treated ESCs continued to express stemness genes, preserving their pluripotency and ability to generate chimeric mice. These effects were triggered by fibronectin bound to the surfaces of EVs, enabling them to interact with ESC-associated integrins and activate FAK more effectively than fibronectin alone. Overall, these findings highlight a potential regulatory mechanism whereby epiblast cells, via their shed EVs, create an environment within the blastocyst that prevents their premature differentiation and maintains their pluripotent state.