cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a highly reproducible three-dimensional organotypic model of the oral mucosa

In this report we describe the development of a standardized three-dimensional (3D) system of the human oral mucosa based on an immortalized human oral keratinocyte cell line (OKF6/TERT-2). The procedure takes approximately 2-3 weeks to complete and includes three main stages: preparation of collagen-embedded fibroblasts, addition of the mucosal component and airlifting of cultures to ensure adequate differentiation/stratification. This procedure results in a multilayer epithelial structure in which layers are organized similarly to the cells in native oral mucosa. Specifically, this model system consists of a stratum basale, having one layer of columnar to round cells, a relatively flattened stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum, and a non-keratinizing stratum corneum. This 3D system resembles the commercially available system based on the cell line TR146 (SkinEthic), with the exception that our model system does not contain dyskeratotic changes and has a submucosal component, and thus better represents the normal human mucosa and submucosa.
Angiotensin receptors and norepinephrine neuromodulation : implications of functional coupling

Abstract The objective of this review is to examine the role of neuronal angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors in vitro. Two types of G protein-coupled Ang II receptors have been identified in cardiovascularly relevant areas of the brain: the AT 1 and the AT 2 . We have utilized neurons in culture to study the signaling mechanisms of AT 1 and AT 2 receptors. Neuronal AT 1 receptors are involved in norepinephrine (NE) neuromodulation. NE neuromodulation can be either evoked or enhanced . Evoked NE neuromodulation involves AT 1 receptor-mediated, losartan-dependent, rapid NE release, inhibition of K + channels and stimulation of Ca 2+ channels. AT 1 receptor-mediated enhanced NE neuromodulation involves the Ras-Raf-MAP kinase cascade and ultimately leads to an increase in NE transporter, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase mRNA transcription. Neuronal AT 2 receptors signal via a G i protein and are coupled to activation of PP2A and PLA 2 and stimulation of K + channels. Finally, putative cross-talk pathways between AT 1 and AT 2 receptors will be discussed.
Dose perturbations at interfaces in photon beams.

A model based on an approximation called the partial fluence approximation is presented for the calculation of dose distributions in the vicinity of medium interfaces in photon beams. The predictions of the model are compared with dose distributions measured in layered phantoms consisting of aluminum and polystyrene, for photon beams ranging in energy from /sup 60/Co to 24 MV.
The Fundamental Role of Workplace Fun in Applicant Attraction

The present study extended previous research on fun in the workplace by examining the influence of workplace fun in the context of applicant attraction. Specifically, this research examined the imp...
Unconditioned taste aversion to quinine induced by injections of NaCl and LiCl: dissociation of aversion from cellular dehydration.

Abstract Injection of hypertonic NaCl intraperitoneally into rats 24 hr water deprived, increased intake of water (compared to a deprived, mock-injection group) and decreased intake of a 0.01% QHCl solution, a finding which has been attributed previously to the action of cellular dehydration. This interpretation was questioned since the induced aversion to QHCl was not produced by prolonged water deprivation, which should produce marked cellular dehydration and was caused by LiCl injections which produced no cellular dehydration, as determined by measurements of hematocrit, plasma osmolality and protein. Combined NaCl and PG injections into water-deprived rats increased water intakes, but produced QHCl aversion even though the physiological effects of the dual injection should resemble water deprivation (i.e. cellular dehydration plus hypovolemia). These findings suggest that altering the internal state of the animal by manipulations, which may produce illness, produces unconditioned aversion to a novel stimulus.
Bumblebee ecology in relation to the pollination of alfalfa and red clover

The ecology of bumblebees has been discussed under two major headings: (1) floral hosts and (2) populations. An understanding of the environmental factors that (1) affect the behavior of bumblebees in visiting flowers and (2) influence the production of a worker field force are basic to the utilisation of bumblebees in a practical way for the increased pollination, or more consistent pollination of alfalfa and red clover seed crops. Information is presented about the host plants in their seasonal succession, and the attractiveness of various flowers during the period of worker activity. Certain species of bumblebees are shown to differ in their preference of red clover and alfalfa. The initiation of colonies, the proper development of the brood, and the production of the workers have been related with ecological factors having major influence. Optimum conditions will be required for the culmination of a colony in a maximum force of worker bees at peak availability for pollination. Worker populations vary widely between species and among colonies of the same species. An elucidations of the reasons for the fluctuations will require additional biological and ecological research.
A colorimetric procedure for the determination of aspartic acid.

SummaryA procedure is described for the determination of aspartic acid in quantities of 0.5 mg or above in the sample. The amino acid is converted to fumaric acid and this is measured colorimetrically.
Thermoelectric figure of merit of strongly correlated superlattice semiconductors

The Anderson lattice Hamiltonian was solved using the slave-boson mean-field approximation to get the energy bands of a strongly correlated semiconductor. The transport properties were calculated in the relaxation-time approximation, and the thermoelectric figure of merit was obtained for the strongly correlated semiconductor and a variety of superlattice structures. We found that at room temperature the dimensionless quantity ZT, thermoelectric figure of merit multiplied by temperature, can reach nearly 1.4 for a quantum wire lattice structure. We believe that it may be possible to find high values of the figure of merit for strongly correlated superlattice semiconductors. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Progressive Ratcheting of Environmental Laws: Impact on Public Management

One of the problem-making tendencies in environmental policymaking has been an incremental approach to regulation and control. Either because the full dimensions of an environmental problem are not perceived or because political resistance compels step-by-step action, environmental controls tend to be applied progressively, beginning with nominal, largely ineffectual, retroactive declarations. Failing to meet objectives, laws are toughened and extended year by year until the severty of sanctions begins to defeat their intended effects. The fractionized state of environmental law, focusing on specific problems of pollution and subject to changes in interpretation, makes observance and enforcement difficult. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 could have facilitated the unification of environmental policy; unfortunately presidents and congresses have not chosen to use it for this purpose. Meanwhile, because environmental protection per se is relatively new to public law and policy and has few roots in the common law, private citizens aggrieved by political obstruction of their expectations have appealed to the courts for relief and compensation. Conservative courts have granted this relief under the “taking” clause of the Constitution. Extraordinary measures in constitutional law may be necessary to resolve an impasse in public policy resulting from conflict between public interests and private rights as interpreted by the judiciary.
Neuroprotection in brain and spinal cord trauma.

Purpose of review Traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries continue to be a public health problem. These types of injuries often occur in early adulthood and have a major impact for society. This review discusses strategies and therapeutic agents for perioperative neuroprotection in the management of brain and spinal cord trauma. Recent findings There are no definitive drugs or strategies that can be utilized to provide perioperative neuroprotection in brain and spinal cord trauma patients. Phase III trials of several pharmacologic agents, including inhibitors of oxidative and excitotoxic injury, have been unable to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Although experimental animal data for hypothermia have been promising over the years, clinical application of therapeutic hypothermia cannot be recommended for routine use in neurotrauma patients. Administration of methylprednisolone, which has become common practice in acute spinal cord injury, has come under close scrutiny. Various experimental animal investigations suggest that potential therapeutic agents include estrogen, progesterone, minocycline, erythropoietin, and magnesium. Summary The main priority in the initial treatment of brain and spinal cord trauma is to maintain oxygenation and perfusion in order to avoid aggravating secondary injury. Future progress will depend on the translation of neuroprotective strategies into well designed clinical trials with promising outcomes.
Comprehensive foot examination and risk assessment.

Ten years have elapsed since the last American Diabetes Association (ADA) technical review on preventive foot care was published (1), which was followed by an ADA position statement on preventive foot care in diabetes (2). Numerous published studies have proposed a range of tests that might usefully identify patients at risk for foot ulceration, creating confusion among practitioners about which screening tests should be adopted in clinical practice. Therefore, a task force was assembled by the ADA to review and provide a concise summary of the recent literature in this area and then recommend what factors should be included in the comprehensive foot examination for adult patients with diabetes. The committee was cochaired by the immediate past and current chairs of the ADA Foot Care Interest Group (A.J.M.B. and D.G.A.), with other panel members representing primary care, orthopedic and vascular surgery, physical therapy, podiatric medicine and surgery, and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists.
Contaminant mobility in diked containment areas

Abstract Nine dredged material land containment areas, located at upland, lowland, and island sites, were monitored during hydraulic dredging operations in fresh and brackish-water riverine, lake, and estuarine environments. Influent/effluent sampling at the diked disposal areas showed that, with proper retention of suspended solids, most chemical constituents could be removed to near background water levels. Most heavy metals, oil and grease, chlorinated pesticides, and PCBs were almost totally associated with solids in both the influent and effluent samples. The parameters that appear to have the greatest potential impact as a result of land disposal of dredged material are ammonia, soluble manganese, total mercury, and dissolved oxygen; soluble iron, zinc, and copper may occasionally exceed criteria or background levels.v However, none of these should present serious problems after dillution of the effluent discharge in the receiving waters. Actively growing vegetation in disposal areas appeared to be efficient in removing ammonium nitrogen to low levels and also for filtering out suspended solids. Dissolved oxygen in effluents ranged from 0.6 to 12.5 ppm. Geochemical phase partitioning of influent and effluent solids indicated that carbonate solids of several heavy metals tended to form during dredged slurry containment, promoted by high alkalinity and increased pH in site waters. Metal adsorption onto effluent suspended particles (exchangeable phase) increased slightly, along with a significant increase in cation exchange capacity.
Parametric oscillation via dispersion-compensation in high-Q microspheres

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that parametric oscillation via phase-matched four-wave mixing can be achieved in silica microspheres by suitable choice of size and pump power.
Care of the renal transplant recipient: a field guide for the generalist.

Abstract More than 60,000 kidney transplant recipients currently live in the United States. It is not uncommon for these persons to receive medical care through a primary care physician. The widely held belief that only physicians and surgeons with ‘special knowledge’ can care for these patients is clearly not the case. In addition to considering the immediate posttransplantation problems, this section attempts to demystify the care of kidney transplant recipients beyond the first few months of recovery after surgery. It also serves as a guide to help determine which problems can be handled by a primary care physician and which indicate referral back to the transplant center. Common infectious problems, both bacterial and viral, are discussed. This section also considers metabolic abnormalities such as hypertension, increased lipids, gout, calcium/bone diseases, and hematologic issues. Common conditions that cause real or perceived decreases in function but are not related to graft rejection are also explained.
Advanced volume rendering algorithm for real-time 3D ultrasound: integrating pre-integration into shear-image order algorithm

Volume rendering in 3D ultrasound is a challenging task due to the large amount of computation required for real-time rendering. The shear-warp algorithm has been traditionally used for 3D ultrasound rendering for its effectiveness in lowering computing cost. However, this lowered computing cost does come at the price of reduced image quality due to (a) the presence of final warp interpolation, which smoothes out fine details and (b) sampling only at discrete slice locations, which introduces aliasing, e.g., staircase artifacts. For 3D ultrasound, we have merged pre-integration with the shear-image-order algorithm to overcome both limitations of shear-warp while still enjoying the computational savings. Pre-integration overcomes the aliasing artifacts while shear-image-order preserves details. We have also developed a technique to integrate shading coefficient into pre-integrated rendering. This pre-integrated shear-image-order algorithm, with slightly higher computation than what is required to support the shear-warp algorithm, improves the quality of the rendered image significantly. In this paper, we discuss the pre-integrated shear-image-order algorithm and present the results of subjective quality evaluation on several data sets. We have also analyzed how this algorithm can be implemented on an advanced digital signal processor (DSP) to achieve real-time performance.
Earth-to-satellite microwave power transmission

A new space power concept incorporating Earth-to-satellite microwave power transmission coupled to onboard regenerative electrochemical energy storage is proposed for energizing defensive satellite constellations. The system addresses housekeeping, orbital maneuvering, and burst-mode power requirements, and offers an attractive alternative to the nuclear space power systems currently being considered for this application. This energy-conversion system incorporates six steps: 1) generate primary dc power at surface stations along the satellite ground track, 2) convert to microwave (rf) frequencies, 3) transmit in a narrow beam to spacecraft using phased-array antennas that track and lock on to satellite receivers as they pass in range during a fraction of their orbit, 4) receive the energy and convert to dc in space using lightweight and inexpensive rectennas, 5) store the energy onboard as chemical energy by electrolysis of water to oxygen and hydrogen, and 6) recover free energy onboard the spacecraft during the balance of the orbit continuously or on demand as pulsed power with a high power-density fuel cell. Component and overall systems considerations of this scheme are discussed, outstanding research problems are defined, and preliminary analyses are described.
The new programming discipline

Recently there has been substantial interest in promoting ‘Structured Programming’ as a means of writing more nearly error free programs. However since the chief advocates of structured programming use ALGOL or PASCAL, and disdain FORTRAN, there is a difficulty in communication. Since it is my perception that structured programming and the lessons to be learned from proofs of correctness can be applied in any language, including FORTRAN, I feel that these ideas should be promulgated to applied scientific programmers. Hence this paper will commence with a summary of the whole complex of ideas and practices that are subsumed under the term ‘Structured Programming’. Then some simple examples of top down design and programming will be given. Finally I will return to a discussion of some of the problems which are likely to be encountered in the use and promulgation of structured programming.
Inhibition of JNK Mitochondrial Localization and Signaling Is Protective against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

To build upon recent findings that mitochondrial JNK signaling is inhibited by selectively blocking the interaction between JNK and Sab, we utilized a cell-permeable peptide to demonstrate that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury could be protected in vivo and that JNK mitochondrial signaling was the mechanism by which reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cardiomyocyte cell death occur. We also demonstrated that 5 mg/kg SR-3306 (a selective JNK inhibitor) was able to protect against I/R injury, reducing infarct volume by 34% (p Background: Little is known about the role of JNK mitochondrial signaling in cardiomyocyte cell death. Results: Global and mitochondrial inhibition of JNK protects against I/R injury thus reducing infarct volume. Conclusion: Blocking JNK mitochondrial translocation or JNK inhibition may be an effective treatment for I/R-induced cardiomyocyte death. Significance: These findings suggest a new molecular target for JNK inhibition.
Introduction: the role of exercise in the diagnosis and management of chronic disease in children and youth.

This symposium addresses the role of exercise testing and training in the diagnosis and/or management of chronic disease in children and youth. Four different diseases or disorders will be addressed including cardiovascular, pulmonary, neuromuscular disease, and obesity. The purpose of this symposium is to enable the exercise professional to recognize the importance of the use of exercise in the diagnosis and/or management of these chronic diseases. The papers give a brief description of the pathophysiology of the disease, and the resultant effects upon the child's response to acute exercise and to training. Each author has summarized as well as contributed original research specific to the understanding and improved care of children with these conditions. Also included are practical suggestions for the implementation of exercise testing and exercise training to enhance the care and well-being of these children. Where applicable, the authors have indicated research questions and similar recommendations for future research efforts. The purpose of this symposium, therefore, is to educate medical and exercise professionals concerning the importance of exercise testing and training in the overall care of children with chronic disease.
Volatile C1C8 organic compounds in sediments from the Peru upwelling region

Abstract Volatile C1C8 organic compounds were analyzed in seven cores recovered from a transect across the Peru Shelf Upwelling Region. Compounds detected in ng/g dry weight quantities included methane, ethane, propane and other C4C7 alkanes as well as functionalized compounds including alkenes, furans and aldehydes. Strong correlations were observed between some groups of compounds with similar structures. Maxima in two groups of compounds were observed: (1) C1, C2, C3, furans, and butanals (plus sporadic alkanes) as nitrate levels decreased below about 2–4 μM in the subsurface, and (2) C4C6 alkenes together with predominantly branched and cycloalkanes at the sediment-water interface in cores recovered from oxygenated bottom waters. The levels of C1C7 alkanes in these sediments are comparable to levels found in DSDP cores buried to depths of less than 600 m (or not exposed to geothermal temperatures exceeding about 30°C).
Optical Biasing Effects on Multijunction Solar Cells

We analyze and demonstrate the electrical and optical characterization techniques for multijunction solar cells to explain and quantify measurement artifacts commonly encountered under practical test conditions.
Shiga Toxin 2-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Minimized by Activated Protein C but Does Not Correlate with Lethal Kidney Injury

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli produce ribotoxic Shiga toxins (Stx), which are responsible for kidney injury and development of hemolytic uremic syndrome. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response is hypothesized to induce apoptosis contributing to organ injury; however, this process has been described only in vitro. ER stress marker transcripts of spliced XBP1 (1.78-fold), HSP40 (4.45-fold) and CHOP (7.69-fold) were up-regulated early in kidneys of Stx2 challenged mice compared to saline controls. Anti-apoptotic Bcl2 decreased (−2.41-fold vs. saline) and pro-apoptotic DR5 increased (6.38-fold vs. saline) at later time points. Cytoprotective activated protein C (APC) reduced early CHOP expression (−3.3-fold vs. untreated), increased later Bcl2 expression (5.8-fold vs. untreated), and had early effects on survival but did not alter DR5 expression. Changes in kidney ER stress and apoptotic marker transcripts were observed in Stx2-producing C. rodentium challenged mice compared to mice infected with a non-toxigenic control strain. CHOP (4.14-fold) and DR5 (2.81-fold) were increased and Bcl2 (−1.65-fold) was decreased. APC reduced CHOP expression and increased Bcl2 expression, but did not alter mortality. These data indicate that Stx2 induces renal ER stress and apoptosis in murine models of Stx2-induced kidney injury, but decreasing these processes alone was not sufficient to alter survival outcome.
Actin, tubulin and H4 histone genes in three species of hypotrichous ciliated protozoa.

Abstract In hypotrichous ciliated protozoa, genes are transcribed in the macronucleus where the genome consists of ‘gene-sized’ linear DNA molecules. We have isolated clones of actin, tubulin and H4 histone macronuclear genes from Oxytricha nova, Stylonychia lemnae and Euplotes crassus in an effort to determine if they possess molecules of similar size for a given coding function, and also to determine the size range of non-coding DNA present on these molecules. Our results indicate that while the length of their non-coding DNA can vary slightly, both between different hypotrichs and within the gene family of a single organism, actin and tubulin macronuclear molecules are similarly sized. The sizes observed for these molecules support the hypothesis that each macronuclear molecule encodes a single gene. However, the H4 histone macronuclear molecules show a much wider size range and generally are much longer than necessary to encode the H4 histone. We therefore sequenced a 1700-bp H4 histone macronuclear molecule from O. nova to determine if it might possibly encode additional gene products. Sequence data reveals the presence of nine open reading frames (ORFs) greater than 100 bp in length; however, Northern hybridization analysis of the products of this DNA molecule reveals only a single transcript.
Remarkably large remote-stereocenter-induced chromatographic differences: azulenyl 1,5-diols

Abstract A series of four new azulene-1,5-diol diastereomers were prepared and found to exhibit large differences (Δ R f 0.22–0.46) in silica TLC mobilities despite having stereocenters four bonds apart. The stereoisomers were identified by X-ray crystallography, and in all cases the RR/SS diastereomers were less strongly retained than the RS/SR diastereomers. The crystal structures suggested that this is due to a conformational preference for the CF 3 groups to be nearly perpendicular to the plane of the azulene ring, which caused the dihedral angle between the OH groups to be larger (in the RR/SS diastereomers) or smaller (in the RS/SR diastereomers). The smaller dihedral angles allow the RS/SR diastereomers to simultaneously bind to a silica surface and thus be more strongly retained. Two similar benzene derivatives and several cycloalkanediols with more proximate stereocenters showed little or no difference in mobilities between diastereomers, though the NMR differences were greater. Thus, the azulene ring is an important factor in enforcing the conformational preferences, either through steric interactions with the 4/8 substituents (H or methyl) or its significant dipole moment, or both.
Hyperuricemia and hypertriglyceridemia: Metabolic basis for the association

Hypertriglyceridemia has been reported frequently in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. The current studies have evaluated this relationship. To examine whether hypertriglyceridemia leads to hyperuricemia, IV intralipid was given to three gouty patients. Triglycerides increased from 169 to 700 mg/dl for three hours but caused no change in serum urate level or urine uric acid and oxypurine excretion. We next examined whether high carbohydrate intake increases serum urate and triglyceride levels. Four obese patients were placed on a 2000 kcal/d sucrose diet for seven days. The serum urate increased from 6.3 +/- 1.7 to 7.9 +/- 2.0 mg/dL. The percent uric acid clearance to creatinine clearance decreased from 5.9 +/- 1.3 to the lowest mean value of 3.7 +/- 1.2, while serum triglycerides increased from 106 +/- 33 to 252 +/- 57 mg/dL and blood lactate from 607 +/- 227 to 1167 +/- 381 mumol/L. A 3000 kcal/d glucose diet in four other obese subjects produced no change in serum urate levels but increased lactate and triglyceride levels. During an isocaloric sucrose diet in two normal men, the serum urate level increased from 5.3 and 4.0 to peak values of 9.5 and 7.4 mg/dL. The percent uric acid to creatinine clearance decreased from 5.6 and 6.6 to 2.9 and 3.3. The uric acid turnover did not increase. In three gouty patients the mean serum urate increased from 8.5 +/- 1.5 to 10.6 +/- 1.4 mg/dL following an isocaloric sucrose diet. The urine uric acid excretion increased from 0.30 and 0.25 to 0.37 and 0.38 mg/mg creatinine in two patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Natural course of ocular function in pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy.

Purpose To estimate mean rates of change of ocular function in patients with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy (PPRCA). Design Retrospective observational case series. Methods Fifteen patients aged 8 to 67 years with PPRCA were followed for 3 to 35 years (average follow-up time, 13 years) with measures of visual acuity, visual field area, and full-field electroretinogram amplitude. Mean annual exponential rates of change were quantified by repeated measures longitudinal regression. Results Estimated mean annual rates of change were −2.0% for visual acuity, +0.3% for visual field area, and −3.4% and −6.7% for 0.5 Hz and 30 Hz electroretinogram amplitudes, respectively. Conclusion Patients with PPRCA have a slowly progressive disease with respect to the loss of peripheral vision.
A Call to Define Stereotactic Radiosurgery

Stereotactic radiosurgery IS the single-session, precise delivery of a therapeutically effective radiation dose to an imaging-defined target. Conceived and developed during the pass 5 decades, stereotactic radiosurgery has involved significant advances, which have improved patient outcomes and made it a critical component of modern neurosurgical practice and training. In this article, a short history of stereotactic surgery and radiosurgery are presented, and radiosurgery is contrasted to radiation therapy. Adherence to accepted, descriptive terms in defining stereotactic radiosurgery and radiation therapy permits a clear distinction among the results of the different radiation delivery techniques for patients, physicians, and other interested parties.
Site-1 Protease Is Essential to Growth Plate Maintenance and Is a Critical Regulator of Chondrocyte Hypertrophic Differentiation in Postnatal Mice

Site-1 protease (S1P) is a proprotein convertase with essential functions in lipid homeostasis and unfolded protein response pathways. We previously studied a mouse model of cartilage-specific knock-out of S1P in chondroprogenitor cells. These mice exhibited a defective cartilage matrix devoid of type II collagen protein (Col II) and displayed chondrodysplasia with no endochondral bone formation even though the molecular program for endochondral bone development appeared intact. To gain insights into S1P function, we generated and studied a mouse model in which S1P is ablated in postnatal chondrocytes. Postnatal ablation of S1P results in chondrodysplasia. However, unlike early embryonic ablations, the growth plates of these mice exhibit a lack of Ihh, PTHrP-R, and Col10 expression indicating a loss of chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation and thus disruption of the molecular program required for endochondral bone development. S1P ablation results in rapid growth plate disruption due to intracellular Col II entrapment concomitant with loss of chondrocyte hypertrophy suggesting that these two processes are related. Entrapment of Col II in the chondrocytes of the prospective secondary ossification center precludes its development. Trabecular bone formation is dramatically diminished in the primary spongiosa and is eventually lost. The primary growth plate is eradicated by apoptosis but is gradually replaced by a fully functional new growth plate from progenitor stem cells capable of supporting new bone growth. Our study thus demonstrates that S1P has fundamental roles in the preservation of postnatal growth plate through chondrocyte differentiation and Col II deposition and functions to couple growth plate maturation to trabecular bone development in growing mice.
DEVELOPING FACULTY THROUGH A UNIVERSITY/COMMUNITY NURSING SERVICE PARTNERSHIP

More people are surviving to old age, which places increasing demands on the health care system and accentuates the importance of developing alternate methods of meeting the unique health care needs of older adults. A university/ community partnership, such as the one described in this article is one example of an innovative, alternate community nursing service. The program provides home health services; gerontological teaching, research, and practice opportunities for faculty; and expanded gerontological clinical experiences for nursing students. Critical elements of program development are discussed and recommendations for similar programs are given.
Comparing Multi‐response Design Methods with Mixed Responses

The multi-response optimization process is commonly applied to engineering design problems involving more than one quality characteristic of interest. Define quality characteristics as output responses that fall into three general categories: larger-the-better (LTB), smaller-the-better (STB), and nominal-the-best (NTB). In the multi-response optimization process, the objective is to define a set of input factors that, when combined, provide the optimal overall response. This paper investigates the relationship between response types when they are mixed (i.e. LTB, and/or STB, and/or NTB) and the choice of approach. The paper demonstrates that the mix of response types impacts the choice of final input parameters and response levels. In addition, the choice of an additive versus a multiplicative approach may adversely impact the response relationship. That is, it may produce two optimal combinations of factor settings or drive responses away from their target values and toward their extreme values. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the Etiology and Management of HIV-Associated Peripheral Neuropathy

HIV may cause several forms of peripheral neuropathy, the most common of which is distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) characterized by pain and sensory deficits in a stocking-glove distribution. The pathophysiology of DSP remains largely unknown but is thought to be related both to the neurotoxicity of HIV—through indirect immunomodulatory mechanisms—and to the neurotoxic effects of anti-retroviral therapies, most notably the dideoxynucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors or so-called d-drugs. Determining whether symptoms arise from the virus or the treatment poses a challenge to the clinician who must decide if a patient’s HAART regimen should be altered. Treatment of symptoms related to HIV-DSP is a difficult task and there is no evidence that the traditional agents used in chronic neuropathic pain are efficacious in the HIV-DSP population. Indeed few pharmacologic agents have proven efficacy in HIV-DSP – these include cannabis and the capsaicin 8 % dermal patch. As such, alternative, non-pharmacologic therapies are being investigated. More research is needed to further elucidate the complex pathophysiology of HIV-DSP which may yield additional therapies for these patients.
Butyrate increases catalase activity and protects rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells against hyperoxia.

Abstract A protective effect of butyrate against hyperoxia was found with adult rat pulmonry artery smooth muscle cells. Butyrate (5mM) when added just prior to the hyperoxic exposure (95%) markedly decreased lactate dehydrogenase release from cells during 68 hours of exposure (22% release with butyrate versus 98% without). The uptake and reduction of a tetrazolium compound as another index of cell viability also showed similar improvement with butyrate. Butyrate was associated with a striking increase of catalase to three times the control in the air exposed group while GSH content and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were not significantly changed. In the groups exposed to hyperoxia alone, both enzyme activities were decreased compared to the air exposed controls. When butyrate was present with hyperoxia, the superoxide dismutase was maintained closer to the air exposed control values and the catalase activity remained nearly twice as high as the air exposed control cells. These results suggest that butyrate protects rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from hyperoxia by increasing catalase activity which may help to preserve superoxide dismutase activity. This may be a good model to determine the biological significance of catalase and its interrelationships with other antioxidant systems within the cell.
A theoretical study of the acidification of the rhinovirus capsid.

Electrostatic calculations for human rhinovirus 14 indicate that histidine-base residue pairs in the region of a β-strand interaction between pentamers may be involved in a pH-induced process that leads to the release of viral RNA. Other picornavirus sequences are examined for these residue pairs, a subset of which is present in enteroviruses. Foot and mouth disease virus possesses one of the residue pairs, and cardioviruses, which undergo a separate pH and halide ion-induced capsid dissociation, possess none.
Reconstructive memory: A computer model*

This study presents a process model of very long-term episodic memory. The process presented is a reconstructive process. The process involves application of three kinds of reconstructive strategies—component-to-context instantiation strategies, component-instantiation strategies, and context-to-context instantiation strategies. The first is used to direct search to appropriate conceptual categories in memory. The other two are used to direct search within the chosen conceptual category. A fourth type of strategy, called executive search strategies, guide search for concepts related to the one targeted for retrieval. A conceptual memory organization implied by human reconstructive memory is presented along with examples which motivate it. A basic retrieval algorithm is presented for traversing that stucture. Retrieval strategies arise from failures in that algorithm. The memory organization and retrieval processes are implemented in a computer program called CYRUS which stores events in the lives of former Secretaries of State Cyrus Vance and Edmund Muskie and answers questions posed in English concerning that information. Examples which motivate the process model are drawn from protocols of human memory search. Examples of CYRUS'S behavior demonstrate the implemented process model. Conclusions are drawn concerning retrieval failures and the relationship of episodic and semantic memory.
Evidence for Long-range Hydrogen Motion in a-Si:H under Room-temperature Illumination Using Raman Scattering of Amorphous Tungsten Oxide Overlayer

We demonstrate that one can detect minuscule amounts of hydrogen diffusion out of a-Si:H under illumination at room temperature, by monitoring the changes in the Raman spectrum of amorphous tungsten oxide as a function of illumination. The Staebler-Wronski effect, the light-induce creation of metastable defects in hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), has been one of the major problems that has limited the performance of such devices as solar cells. Recently, Branz suggested the hydrogen collision model that can explain many aspects of the Staebler-Wronski effect. One of the main predictions of this model is that the photogenerated mobile hydrogen atoms can move a long distance at room temperature. However, light-induced hydrogen motion in a-Si:H has not been experimentally observed at room temperature. We utilized the high sensitivity of the Raman spectrum of electrochromic a-WO 3 to hydrogen insertion to probe the long-range motion of hydrogen at room temperature. We deposited a thin (200 nm) layer of a-WO 3 on top of a-Si:H, and under illumination, a change in the Raman spectrum was detected. By comparing the Raman signal changes with those for control experiments where hydrogen is electrochemically inserted into a-WO 3 , we can estimate semiquantitatively the amount of hydrogen that diffuses out of the a-Si:H layer.
Crystallization of recA protein from Proteus mirabilis

The recA protein from Proteus mirabilis, which is homologous to the Escherichia coli protein, forms crystals in the orthorhombic space group P212121. There are two 38,000 molecular weight subunits in the asymmetric unit and the unit cell dimensions are a = 57.5, b = 127.0 and c = 157.0 A.
High-dose tigecycline use in severe infections

The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of ICU patients receiving tigecycline (TGC) and to evaluate the potential benefits of TGC higher doses.
Hemolymph proteins of Trichoplusia ni during the course of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection

Abstract Hemolymph proteins of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni, were investigated during the course of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus infection. The concentration of hemolymph protein in diseased larvae was found to be lower than in healthy larvae throughout the course of the disease. While protein in healthy larvae increased rapidly during the fifth instar, that in diseased larvae increased only slightly until the 3rd day and dropped sharply on the 4th day during late stages of the disease. Disc electrophoresis of the hemolymph on 7% acrylamide gels showed this decrease in protein concentration to be due primarily to several major protein fractions of high molecular weight which in healthy larvae increased in concentration during the fifth instar. Selective staining techniques revealed that these were primarily conjugates of glycoprotein and lipoprotein. An additional band of lipoprotein also was present late in the course of the disease which migrated very little in the small pore gels. An investigation of enzyme activity in hemolymph showed two bands of alkaline phosphatase in diseased larvae but only one band in healthy larvae. No differences could be detected in the patterns of esterases, leucine aminopeptidase, or malic dehydrogenase.
An Improved Synthesis and Isolation of Tribenzylbismuth

A much improved synthesis and isolation of tribenzylbismuth (Bn3Bi where Bn = CH 2 C 6 H 5 ) compared to the previous literature preparation is presented. Using the described method, a ≥ 3-fold increase in yield of analytically pure compound is obtained, providing Bn 3 Bi in synthetically useful quantities. Additionally, full spectral characterization has been achieved ( 1 H and 13 C NMR, IR) for the first time. Thermal analysis was performed via condensed phase pyrolysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC data was used to estimate Δ H f (Bn 3 Bi) liquid .
Autologous Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Transplantation for Transformed Diffuse Large-Cell Lymphoma

The outcome of patients with transformed diffuse large-cell lymphoma is poor. High-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with relapsed nontransformed diffuse large-cell lymphoma. The role of transplantation for transformed lymphoma is poorly studied. We retrospectively reviewed 118 consecutive diffuse large-cell lymphoma patients undergoing autologous PBPC transplantation from 1994 through 1999 and compared 18 transformed diffuse large-cell lymphoma patients with 100 nontransformed patients. The transformed patients were more likely to be older (median age, 52 years vs. 45 years, P = 0.03), had a longer time from diagnosis to transplant (median, 35 months vs. 10 months; P < 0.0001), were more likely to have bone marrow involvement at diagnosis (61% vs. 15%, P = 0.0001), and were more likely to have had 2 or more courses of prior chemotherapy (94% vs. 71%, P = 0.04) than were nontransformed patients. Ninety-nine percent of patients received high-dose busulfan/cyclophosphamide/etoposide as the transplant preparative regimen. Event-free survival and overall survival were similar in the two treatment groups. Four-year overall survival was 53% in the nontransformed group versus 61% in the transformed group; 4-year event-free survival was 37% in the nontransformed group versus 38% in the transformed group. We concluded that autologous PBPC transplantation is a viable and potentially effective treatment option for patients who have transformed diffuse large-cell lymphoma.
Review of mathStatica (v.1): an add‐on to Mathematica

mathStatica is an add-on package for Mathematica. I used Version 1.0 in conjunction with Version 4.2 of Mathematica for Windows. The latter sells for $1880, (academic $895, student $135) at www.wolfram.com. mathStatica comes with a nicely produced book, Rose and Smith (2002), which sells for about $80 and includes two CDs inside the back cover. The first contains a trial version of Mathematica (which needs a password), and the second contains mathStatica. A gold version of mathStatica sells for an additional $89 (if you own the book) or $159 (if you do not). The software can be ordered on-line at: www.mathstatica.com. Support is available by E-mail. Both Mathematica and mathStatica are license protected with their own independent licenses. The attraction of this software for econometricians is that it makes it fun to learn and relearn some conceptually relevant and important but analytically tedious results from mathematical statistics. No other software offers anything even close. For example, it is fun to get moments from characteristic functions of economically realistic densities such as Pareto, or for transformed versions of known densities. One can invert the characteristic function to uniquely determine the density or its quantiles by simple commands, either numerically or analytically. As it develops further, this software promises to make seemingly esoteric econometrics and finance easier to understand and use. We hope that the authors strive to make these tools user-friendly and provide additional econometrics examples. A second attraction is its ability to achieve a near perfect numerical accuracy. However, since mathStatica does not generally provide pre-programmed routines for numerical results, it is not intended to be a substitute for packages like GAUSS or S-Plus.
Rats gain excess weight after developmental exposure to the organophosphorothionate pesticide, chlorpyrifos

Pesticides that target molecules with critical roles in brain function deserve careful scrutiny for potential developmental neurotoxicity. In this study, time-pregnant rats were dosed daily by gavage with chlorpyrifos (2.5 mg/kg) from gestational day 7 through the end of lactation on postnatal day 21 (PND 21), and offspring were weighed regularly from birth until brain harvest at PND 22 or young adulthood (PND 95-101). The chlorpyrifos exposure caused excess weight gain in males beginning at PND 45 and reaching levels 10.5% above control by PND 72, while volumetric measurements showed that the exposed males were also 12% larger than controls. The body weight response showed an inverted U-shaped relation to chlorpyrifos dose. These data suggest delayed disturbances in body weight and density as previously unsuspected adverse consequences of developmental exposure to an environmental pesticide. Although we do not regard our findings as definitive evidence that chlorpyrifos exposure is a risk factor for obesity, the potential implications nonetheless deserve serious consideration.
The Effectiveness of Pit and Fissure Sealants

This review addresses two major issues related to the use of pit and fissure sealants. First, the epidemiology of occlusal caries for children and adults is examined to determine if there is a basis for administering sealant programs to different age groups. Second, the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealants in fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities is compared. Changes in effectiveness of sealant over time are evaluated in terms of percent effectiveness, complete retention, caries incidence, and reapplication rates. Based on epidemiologic evidence, sealant programs can be justified for children and young adults, but not for older age groups. Based on the literature reviewed, following one application of autopolymerized or visible-light-cured sealant, the median percent effectiveness declines from 83 percent after one year to 55 percent after seven years. Similarly, the median complete retention declines from 92 percent after one year to 66 percent after seven years. Conversely, the median percent of sealed first molars becoming carious and/or restored increases from 4 percent after one year to 31 percent after seven years. Large differences in sealant effectiveness are not apparent between studies performed in fluoridated and fluoride-deficient communities.
Nuclear data sheets for A = 171*

Abstract The experimental data for nuclei in the mass chain A = 171 have been examined, and the results summarized. The compilers have deviated somewhat from standard Nuclear Data Sheet practices. They have done so 1) by excluding some symbols normally included in drawings (e.g., coincidence dots) 2) by minimizing the effort devoted to the data per se , and concentrating on only that data needed to summarize the present status of the physics involved. Of the ten nuclei identified thus far in this mass chain, the data yield considerable information pertaining to the low—lying structure of 171 Yb and 171 Lu. For these nuclei, many of the expected Nilsson states (and rotational bands) have been established. The probable decay of 171 Ta (supposedly 7/2 + [404]) to members of the 1/2 − [521] band in 171 Hf is somewhat puzzling. It is hoped that the present compilation might serve as a basis for choosing definitive experiments that would augment our knowledge of nuclei in this mass chain.
Simulation of a Single-Element Lean-Direct Injection Combustor Using Arbitrary Polyhedral Mesh

This paper summarizes procedures of generating the arbitrary polyhedral mesh as well as presents sample results from its application to the numerical solution of a single-element LDI combustor using a preliminary version of the new OpenNCC.