cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-Balancing Position-Sensitive Detector (SBPSD)

Optical position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) are a non-contact method of tracking the location of a light spot. Silicon-based versions of such sensors are fabricated with standard CMOS technology, are inexpensive and provide a real-time, analog signal output corresponding to the position of the light spot. An innovative type of optical position sensor was developed using two back-to-back connected photodiodes. These so called self-balancing position-sensitive detectors (SBPSDs) eliminate the need for external readout circuitry entirely. Fabricated prototype devices demonstrate linear, symmetric coordinate characteristics and a spatial resolution of 200 μm for a 74 mm device. PSDs are commercially available only up to a length of 37 mm. Prototype devices were fabricated with various lengths up to 100 mm and can be scaled down to any size below that.
Estimating the Rate of Technology Adoption for Cockpit Weather Information Systems

In February 1997, President Clinton announced a national goal to reduce the weather related fatal accident rate for aviation by 80% in ten years. To support that goal, NASA established an Aviation Weather Information Distribution and Presentation Project to develop technologies that will provide timely and intuitive information to pilots, dispatchers, and air traffic controllers. This information should enable the detection and avoidance of atmospheric hazards and support an improvement in the fatal accident rate related to weather. A critical issue in the success of NASA's weather information program is the rate at which the market place will adopt this new weather information technology. This paper examines that question by developing estimated adoption curves for weather information systems in five critical aviation segments: commercial, commuter, business, general aviation, and rotorcraft. The paper begins with development of general product descriptions. Using this data, key adopters are surveyed and estimates of adoption rates are obtained. These estimates are regressed to develop adoption curves and equations for weather related information systems. The paper demonstrates the use of adoption rate curves in product development and research planning to improve managerial decision processes and resource allocation.
Rebeliones contra Tenochtitlan

Las ciudades-Estado conquistadas por el imperio azteca con frecuencia se rebelaron contra las autoridades imperiales. De manera astuta, muchas de esas ciudades-Estado aprovechaban los momentos de sucesion dinastica o las derrotas militares relevantes, cuando el imperio era mas debil, o buscaron aliados para terminar con su sumision ante los aztecas.
Ecoregions of the United States

Chapter 6 outlined the kinds of ecoregions that occur throughout the world. This chapter examines in greater detail the ecoregions of the United States at the domain and division levels. By applying the same classification and criteria, we obtain the picture shown in Figure 7.1. Subdivisions, called provinces, are delineated and described elsewhere (Bailey 1995).
Remarks: The Simple Virtues of The Cathedral

writings being analyzed. "Did I say thafi Did I really say that? Of course I didn't say that!" Or conversely, "Of course I said thatl Who could possibly think that I didn't? Obviously that idea was there. Anyone could tell it was there!" But who is to say whether it really was there in a meaningful sense? As a teacher of products liability, I guess I'm committed to the notion that once one creates a product, an artifact, that artifact must speak for itself, it must be taken with all that its users find in it, or find to be missing from it. And one can't completely exonerate oneself from the damage done by a plausible use of the product by saying, "I didn't mean for it to be used that way." Still, one is tempted to suggest how one's artifact should and should not be used, and so here I am. I'm very glad to see that Doug Melamed is also here; I wanted him to spring unexpected out of a cake?unfortunately there is no cake. But he is here, and you have had a chance to listen to him. I especially wanted him here because over the years many people have asked me, "Who was Melamed?" as if he didn't exist, as if he weren't one of the country's leading lawyers. Most of you, like me, are teachers and scholars, and we sometimes think of the world as one in which only scholarly achievements matter. We are, of course, quite wrong. There was a man named Nathan Young, who graduated from the Yale Law School in 1918. He founded the NAACP in Missouri, and later became the first African-American judge in Missouri. On the seventieth anniversary of his graduation, he came back to the law school and spoke at commencement. To place him among his classmates, I got a list of the people who had graduated with him in 1918. Among them was Karl Llewellyn. Naturally, I asked Young if he knew Llewellyn and he said, "Karl Llewellyn . . . of course I knew Karl, we wrote a paper together?bright fellow . . . What ever became of him?" So
Glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored Protein Deficiency as a Marker of Mutator Phenotypes in Cancer

Phosphatidylinositol glycan-A ( PIGA ) is a gene that encodes an element required for the first step in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor assembly. Because PIGA is X-located, a single mutation is sufficient to abolish cell surface GPI-anchored protein expression. In this study, we investigated whether mutation of the PIGA gene could be exploited to identify mutator ( Mut ) phenotypes in cancer. We examined eight Mut colon cancer lines and four non- Mut colon cancers as controls. In every case, flow cytometric analyses of cells sorted for low fluorescence after staining for GPI-linked CD59 and CD55 revealed negative peaks in the Mut lines but not in the controls. Single cell cloning of purged and sorted GPI-anchor− HCT116 cells and sequencing of the PIGA gene in each clone uniformly showed mutations. Pretreatment of the Mut lines with anti-CD55 or anti-CD59 antibodies and complement or with the GPI-anchor-reactive bacterial toxin aerolysin enriched for the GPI-anchor− populations. Expansion of purged GPI-anchor+ cells in the Mut lines and analyses using aerolysin in conjunction with flow cytometry yielded PIGA gene mutation frequencies of 10−5 to 10−4, values similar to the mutation frequencies of the hprt gene. This novel approach allows for the detection of as yet undescribed repair or replication defects and in addition to its considerably greater ease of use than existing techniques and in principle would not require the production of cell lines.
Professionalism in medical education, an American perspective: from evidence to accountability

Context Professionalism is central to sustaining the public's trust in the medical profession; it is the essence of the doctor−patient relationship. Evidence exists that public trust is waning and that doctors are facing powerful contemporary threats to their professional values. The role of medical education is paramount in preparing future doctors to recognise and overcome these threats; to do so will require substantial change in the culture and environment of medical education. Objectives The aims of this paper are to provide a definition and framework for professionalism in the context of medical education, describe current threats to medical professionalism, and detail the role medical schools and academic medical centres can play in preparing tomorrow's doctors to recognise and resist these threats. Additionally, the paper reviews established and potential methods for measuring professionalism and thus assuring public accountability. Finally, specific recommendations are offered for medical schools and teaching hospitals to nurture and sustain professionalism. Discussion The progressive intrusion of commercialism into the realm of medicine is threatening to replace the ethics of professionalism with the irreconcilable ethics of the marketplace. Academic medicine must assume greater responsibility and accountability for strengthening the resolve of future doctors to sustain their commitment to the ethics of professionalism. It can do so by improving the medical school admission process, enhancing both formal and experiential teaching of professionalism, and purging the educational environment of unprofessional practices. Ten approaches that academic medicine might adopt to achieve these goals are provided.
Correlations of the PAD Emotion Scales with self-reported satisfaction in marriage and work.

The PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) Emotion Model was used to summarize existing data and to investigate emotional correlates of satisfaction-dissatisfaction at work and in marriage. Ages of the married and employed participants were as follows: Study 1: M = 35.7, SD = 10.5; Study 2: M = 36.6, SD = 9.6. For all participants in both studies, Work Satisfaction (WSS) was correlated positively (p < .05) with pleasure, r(289) = .60; arousal, r(289) = .45; and dominance, r(289) = .51. Similarly, across both studies, Marital Satisfaction (MSS) was correlated positively (p < .05) with pleasure, r(289) = .72; and arousal, r(289) = .45; but was not significantly related to dominance, r(289) = .11. The relation of dominance to satisfaction at work but not in marriage was interpreted in terms of the greater likelihood of adversarial and competitive relationships at work versus greater prevalence of shared values and goals in marriage. WSS/MSS correlations were positive and significant in both studies: Study 1, r(148) = .28; Study 2, r(139) = .30. Similarities of the emotional correlates of satisfaction-dissatisfaction in marriage and work could have accounted for part of the carryover of satisfaction from marriage to work and vice versa.
Role of actin polymerization and actin cables in actin-patch movement in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Role of actin polymerization and actin cables in actin-patch movement in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Optically interconnected data center using software-defined networking technology

An OFDM-based all-optical intra-data center network architecture without optical or electrical switches is described. It offers large capacity any-to-any switching with flexible fine granular bandwidth sharing, low power, low cost, and software-defined centralized control.
Denying Rape but Endorsing Forceful Intercourse: Exploring Differences Among Responders

Abstract Sexual assault is a problem on many college campuses, and many researchers have conducted studies assessing the prevalence of sexual assault perpetration and intentions to be coercive. Behaviorally descriptive survey items (i.e., “Have you ever coerced somebody to intercourse by holding them down?”) versus labeling survey items (i.e., “Have you ever raped somebody?”) will yield different responses, in that more men will admit to sexually coercive behaviors and more women will self-report victimization when behavioral descriptions are used (Koss 1998) instead of labels. Indeed, some men will endorse items asking whether they have used force to obtain intercourse, but will deny having raped a woman. There has been little research on differences between individuals to endorse a behaviorally descriptive item versus a labeling item. The present study uses discriminant function analysis to separate men who do not report intentions to be sexually coercive, those who endorse behaviorally descriptive inte...
[1.1.1]PROPELLANE

[1.1.1]Propellane intermediate: 1,1-Dibromo-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)cyclopropane product: [1.1.1]Propellane product: bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl phenyl sulfide product: bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl sulfide Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[3]; annulation, carbocyclic-[3]; annulation, carbocyclic-[M,N]; cyclization, free radical-carbenoid/nitrenoid; cyclization, reductive cyclization; cyclopropanation; elimination, miscellaneous; ring opening reactions
Measured aerosol light scattering coefficients compared with values calculated from EAA and optical particle counter measurements: Improving the utility of the comparison

Abstract The aerosol light scattering coefficient measured with a nephelometer, bsp, was compared with βsp, the aerosol light scattering coefficient calculated from size distributions measured with an electrical aerosol analyzer (EAA) and optical particle counters (OPC). Laboratory measurements were made on aerosols of known refractive index. For DOP (dioctylphthalate) and NaCl aerosols, the ratio β sp b sp increased from an average of 0.58 to an average of 0.85 when the optical counter was calibrated for the refractive index of the aerosol and the EAA data were replaced by OPC data in the 0.316–0.562 μm range. These corrections increased the calculated scattering in that size range by factors ranging from two to four. In field studies, bsp is often compared with βsp to determine if a particular optical model is consistent with measured properties. Two examples show that accurately measured physical size distributions can help in testing models of the optical properties of the aerosol. However, errors of the magnitude seen in the 0.316–0.562 EAA range and caused by incorrect OPC calibrations reduce the value of the comparisons.
General power relationships for positive and negative nonlinear resistive elements

The method developed by Manley and Rowe for the treatment of nonlinear reactive elements is extended to include nonlinear resistors. General power relationships are derived which yield modulation efficiency, efficiency of harmonic generation, and stability criterion.
Aspergillus terreus as a cause of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

A 70-year-old woman with nodular, poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma is the third reported patient with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus terreus. This case differs from the two previously reported in that neither neutropenia nor broad spectrum antibiotics preceded the infection. A terreus should not be dismissed as a laboratory contaminant in pulmonary specimens, especially those from immunosuppressed patients. (Chest 1988; 94:889-91)
Effects of intra-striatal GDNF on motor coordination and striatal electrophysiology in aged F344 rats☆

The purpose of this study was to examine whether improvement in motor function could be demonstrated in old rats, and to see if GDNF affected post-synaptic DA function. Aged (20 month old) versus young rats were tested following GDNF treatment for postural control by using an inclined balance beam and a wire grip strength test. Rats were also examined electrophysiologically for spontaneous striatal cell firing rate alone and in the presence of DA receptor agonists, and histologically for the intensity of striatal TH staining, and number of DA containing nigral cells. Behavior was significantly improved in the aged animals who received central GDNF infusions, although the extent of improvement was less than what has been observed in 16-month-old rats. There was no effect of GDNF treatment in the aged animals on spontaneous firing rate in the striatum, or on the post synaptic response to locally applied D1 and D2 receptor family agonists. However, there was an effect of age alone on firing rate, and on the response to locally applied SKF 38393 and quinpirole. By using unbiased cell counting we observed no age-related decline in the number of TH positive cells in the substantia nigra. There was no effect of GDNF on the number of TH positive cells in the substantia nigra in either young or aged rats, although there were morphological improvements in DA neurons of the GDNF treated aged rats. These results replicate earlier studies showing an effect of age on striatal firing rate and dopamine receptor function, and suggest that the GDNF mediated improvement in behavior may be located other than post synaptically within the striatum.
Monolithic integration of optical waveguide and fluidic channel structures in a thiol-ene/methacrylate photopolymer

We present a thiol-ene/methacrylate-based photopolymer capable of creating coplanar physical features (e.g. micro-fluidic channels) and optical index features (e.g. waveguides) using standard mask-based lithography techniques. This new photopolymer consists of two monomer species that polymerize at different rates. By selectively exposing different areas of a device for various amounts of time, we can select the state of the polymer (i.e. liquid, rubbery, or glassy) to create fluid channels or optical index structures such as waveguides. Using only three exposure steps and two masks, we demonstrate an integrated refractometer with a 90° channel-waveguide crossing to illustrate the fabrication process and the ability to create lithographically aligned waveguides across a gap.
Rigid Polyurethane Foams Extended with Partially Delactosed Whey Powder

Abstract Partially dalactosed whey powder was incorporated as an extender in rigid polyurethane foam formulations. Amounts of delactosed whey powder from 0 to 60.0% partially replaced six types of polyether polyols (OH No. 410 to 768). Polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate was the polyisocyanate and water was the blowing agent. Physical properties of the resultant products indicated acceptable textured, usable foams with good density control and dimensional stability for all whey powder additions. Increasing delactosed powder decreased compressive strength and increased open cells. Cost and property requirements would determine the amount of delactosed powder to add to foam systems.
Mapping joint hurricane wind and surge hazards for Charleston, South Carolina

Combined effects of hurricane wind and surge can pose significant threats to coastal cities. Although current design codes consider the joint occurrence of wind and surge, information on site-specific joint distributions of hurricane wind and surge along the US Coast is still sparse and limited. In this study, joint hazard maps for combined hurricane wind and surge for Charleston, South Carolina (SC), were developed. A stochastic Markov chain hurricane simulation program was utilized to generate 50,000 years of full-track hurricane events. The surface wind speeds and surge heights from individual hurricanes were computed using the Georgiou’s wind field model and the Sea, Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes (SLOSH) model, respectively. To validate the accuracy of the SLOSH model, the simulated surge levels were compared to the surge levels calculated by another state-of-the-art storm surge model, ADCIRC (Advanced Circulation), and the actual observed water elevations from historical hurricane events. Good agreements were found between the simulated and observed water elevations. The model surface wind speeds were also compared with the design wind speeds in ASCE 7-10 and were found to agree well with the design values. Using the peak wind speeds and maximum surge heights, the joint hazard surfaces and the joint hazard maps for Charleston, SC, were developed. As part of this study, an interactive computer program, which can be used to obtain the joint wind speed and surge height distributions for any location in terms of latitude and longitude in Charleston area, was created. These joint hazard surfaces and hazard maps can be used in a multi-hazard design or risk assessment framework to consider the combined effects of hurricane wind and surge.
Fos expression induced by cocaine-conditioned cues in male and female rats

Previous studies have shown that female rats exhibit different patterns of drug seeking during multiple phases of cocaine addiction when compared with males. However, the underlying mechanisms for these sex differences remain largely unknown. Here, we used a cocaine self-administration/reinstatement model to examine neuronal activation, as determined by Fos expression, following cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in male and female rats. Fos expression revealed both similarities between sexes in some brain regions, as well as selective sexually dimorphic patterns. As compared to no cue control subjects, conditioned cues induced higher Fos expression in the Cg1 region of the anterior cingulate cortex, but lower expression in the nucleus accumbens in both males and females. Females exhibited higher Fos expression than males in multiple brain regions, including the agranular insular cortex, dorsal medial caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens shell, ventral tegmental area, dorsal subiculum, and ventral CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Notably, only Fos expression in the prelimbic cortex, nucleus accumbens shell, basolateral amygdala, and ventral subiculum correlated positively with lever responding in response to conditioned cues across males and females. These findings indicate that while sexually dimorphic Fos activation does occur, the relationship between cue-induced cocaine seeking and neuronal activation may be similar for males and females in key brain regions of the relapse circuit.
A topological model of limitations in design for manufacturing

Design for manufacturing (DFM) is a methodology that requires the use of specific manufacturing information at all stages of design. The method relies on a collection of informal and often controversial principles that seem to have eluded the benefits of formal analysis. The transition from design to manufacturing can be modeled as a mathematical mapping, and it has been previously shown how the discontinuity of this mapping formally captures the folklore that “small design changes can lead to significantly increased manufacturing cost”. We study the properties of the transition map in the presence of design and manufacturing variations, and show that its continuity is closely related to the structure of design and manufacturing topological spaces. The main result of this paper establishes conditions on these spaces under which design for manufacturing cannot be described by any continuous transition map. In practical terms, our study reveals the limitations of many DFM systems and approaches in their ability to relate design and manufacturing knowledge, and explains these limitations in terms of a basic incompatibility between the underlying design and manufacturing representations. We discuss how our model applies to DFM relative to traditional manufacturing methods (such as casting and stamping) and we speculate what changes might occur for alternative manufacturing technologies (such as electrical discharge machining (EDM), stereolithography, laser machining, and particle deposition).
Alternating between masculine and feminine pronouns : Does essay topic affect readers' perceptions?

Authors are routinely advised to avoid using masculine pronouns to refer to both men and women. Some style guides recommend alternating between masculine and feminine pronouns instead. Unfortunately, previous research with gender-neutral text indicates that readers perceive alternating pronouns to be biased in favor of women. We tested readers' perceptions of alternating pronouns in an essay on a traditionally feminine topic, on a traditionally masculine topic, and on a gender-neutral topic. There were four versions of each essay. One version alternated between masculine and feminine pronouns, a second version used paired masculine and feminine pronouns throughout the passage (e.g., ‘he or she’), and the remaining two versions used exclusively masculine pronouns or feminine pronouns. Readers overestimated the frequency of feminine pronouns in alternating text except when they occurred in an essay on a traditionally feminine topic. Readers also thought alternating pronouns were gender-biased and low in overall quality.
Alcohol's influence on plasma lipoproteins: A nonhuman primate model

Abstract Ethanol (EtOH) is a common component of the American diet which can contribute 5–18% of the total calories consumed by nonalcoholics and 35–50% of the total energy intake of alcoholics. Moderate alcohol consumption may protect against coronary heart disease (CHD) while excessive drinking has adverse cardiovascular effects. The underlying basis of the alcohol-heart disease relationship may involve the ability of this drug to modify the level of circulating lipoproteins, particularly atherogenic low density lipoproteins (LDL) and antiatherogenic high density lipoproteins (HDL). In an effort to overcome a number of dietary-lifestyle variables and intake reporting errors associated with human studies, an animal model (atherosclerosis-susceptible male squirrel monkeys) was developed which enabled investigators to deliver quantitative doses of EtOH (vodka) (substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate) to monkeys as part of a chemically defined liquid diet. The first part of this review describes experiments which evaluate the effect of alcohol dose (low, moderate, high), drinking period (acute vs. chronic), and drinking pattern (regular vs. binge) on lipoprotein composition, while the second part discusses the enzymatic/metabolic basis for the observed lipoprotein alterations. The concluding section proposes that high dose (24% calories) alcohol may induce alterations in liver membrane and/or lipoprotein receptors/binding sites which may slow the clearance of lipoproteins from the circulation and thus initiate a sequence of metabolic changes leading to elevations in LDL and HDL lipid and protein components. Enhanced de novo synthesis in response to high EtOH intake may further increase the plasma HDL concentration. An extended residence time in circulation of HDL particles may be beneficial in sequestering peripheral cholesterol for eventual excretion via the reverse cholesterol transport pathway given that HDL hepatic lipid degradation and sterol/bile acid excretion remain active in animals fed the high alcohol regimen. On the other hand, a sustained elevation in plasma LDL would promote the progression of atherosclerosis. The close similarity between humans and squirrels monkeys in their lipoprotein response to alcohol emphasizes the pathophysiological relevance of this animal model, and the valuable role they may play in providing a greater understanding of the relationship between ethanol, lipoprotein, and CHD.
Metal control of non-polar binding shape selectivity

Abstract Ligand 1 forms a hydrophobic cavity upon binding to metals, the shape of which depends on the metal. A reversal in binding preference for naphthalene or biphenyl groups is found when the metal is changed from zinc to copper, with a selectivity change of 260 fold.
A Partition of Unity Method with Penalty for Fourth Order Problems

A partition of unity method for fourth order problems is proposed. As a model problem, we focus on the biharmonic problem with either clamped or simply supported boundary conditions when the domain is a bounded polygon. The algorithm is presented, error estimates are made, and numerical results are shown to verify the error estimates.
Heart matters: Gender and racial differences cardiovascular disease risk factor control among veterans.

Abstract Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality for U.S. women. Racial minorities are a particularly vulnerable population. The increasing female veteran population has an higher prevalence of certain cardiovascular risk factors compared with non-veteran women; however, little is known about gender and racial differences in cardiovascular risk factor control among veterans. Methods We used analysis of variance, adjusting for age, to compare gender and racial differences in three risk factors that predispose to CVD (diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia) in a cohort of high-risk veterans eligible for enrollment in a clinical trial, including 23,955 men and 1,010 women. Findings Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) values were higher in women veterans than men with age-adjusted estimated mean values of 111.7 versus 97.6 mg/dL ( p p p Conclusions Female veterans have higher LDL cholesterol levels than male veterans and African-American veterans have higher BP, LDL cholesterol, and A1c levels than Whites after adjusting for age. Further examination of CVD gender and racial disparities in this population may help to develop targeted treatments and strategies applicable to the general population.
Fracture Resistance of Nanocrystalline Ni

Atomic level simulations are used to study crack propagation mechanisms in nanocrystalline Ni. Digital samples with a mean grain size of 5 and 8 nm containing 125 grains were used. For both grain sizes, the mechanism of crack propagation involves the formation of nanocracks along grain boundaries in the vicinity of the main crack. Crack resistance curves for the two grain sizes indicate that the smaller grain sizes are more ductile, requiring higher stress intensities for crack propagation. This result is consistent with softer behavior for smaller grain sizes in the inverse Hall–Petch regime, where deformation is accommodated by grain boundary mechanisms. The present simulations specifically show that grain boundary sliding also plays an important role in crack blunting observed in these materials. In many cases, the crack is arrested as it encounters grain boundaries in its path, showing increased resistance to propagation. Increased ductility for smaller grain sizes in this regime indicates that there is a minimum in ductility as a function of grain size in these materials, located around the 10- to 12-nm grain size.
Anticipating California Levee Failure: The State of the Delta Levees and Government Preparation and Response Strategies for Protecting Natural Resources from Freshwater Oil Spills

ABSTRACT Seismic activity and other natural and human forces significantly threaten the structural integrity of Delta levee systems. Breached levees appreciably impact fresh water resources, damage crops and livestock, destroy homes, schools, public works, businesses and wild species habitat, among other vital, sensitive areas. Levee failure often leads to oil and petroleum contamination of freshwater resources, particularly in dense residential, agricultural and commercial areas protected by levee systems that depend upon such water resources for drinking, irrigation and industrial uses. San Joaquin Delta to illustrate selected impacts to a freshwater region jeopardized by levee failure, this paper will: 1) discuss the current state of the Delta levee systems and detail the fragility of the system and the potential consequences of major impacts - earthquakes and floods likely to jeopardize this system; 2) review issues concerning levee breach preparedness, including practices to maintain levee structure ...
Neuroinflammation and virus replication in the spinal cord of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques.

Studies of neurologic diseases induced by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in Asian macaques have contributed greatly to the current understanding of human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Detailed investigations into SIV-induced alterations in the spinal cord, a critical sensorimotor relay point between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, have yet to be reported. In this study, lumbar spinal cords from SIV-infected pigtailed macaques were examined to quantify SIV replication and associated neuroinflammation. In untreated SIV-infected animals, there was a strong correlation between amount of SIV RNA in the spinal cord and expression of the macrophage marker CD68 and the key proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor and CCL2 . We also found a significant correlation between SIV-induced alterations in the spinal cord and the degree of distal epidermal nerve fiber loss among untreated animals. Spinal cord changes (including elevated glial fibrillary acidic protein immunostaining and enhanced CCL2 gene expression) also were present in SIV-infected antiretroviral drug–treated animals despite SIV suppression. A fuller understanding of the complex virus and host factor dynamics in the spinal cord during human immunodeficiency virus infection will be critical in the development of new treatments for human immunodeficiency virus–associated sensory neuropathies and studies aimed at eradicating the virus from the central nervous system.
Adventures in ozoneland: down the rabbit-hole

In this perspective we describe a 15 year pursuit of the Stabilized Criegee Intermediate (SCI). We have conducted several complementary experiments to measure the pressure dependence of product yields—including OH radical and ozonides—on sequences of alkene + ozone systems. In so doing we have been able to bring into gradual focus a succession of weakly bound intermediates, starting with the primary ozonide, then the SCI, and finally a vinyl hydroperoxide (VHP) product of SCI rearrangement. We have narrowed the phase space in our hunt for direct SCI observations to a range of alkene carbon numbers and system pressures, but the system continues to deliver surprises. One surprise is strong evidence that the VHP is a significant bottleneck along the reaction coordinate. These findings support the search for the SCI, build our fundamental understanding of collisional energy transfer in highly excited, multiple-well, chemically activated systems, and finally directly inform atmospheric chemistry on topics including HOx radical formation and reactions associated with secondary organic aerosol formation.
Retention of phospholipid acyl groups is not characteristic of neoplastic cells in culture

Abstract Phospholipid acyl group retention of normal and mouse sarcoma virus transformed cell lines has been examined. The cells were fed [1-14C]oleate for 24 h and then grown in non-radioactive medium for 4 days. Both the transformed rat and mouse cell lines continued to release 14C-labeled fatty acids and phospholipids into the culture medium similarly to the uninfected cells, and showed shifts in 14C between phospholipid subclasses. Thus, the phospholipid acyl group stability reported for L cells is not characteristic of oncogenic cells in culture.
Is the Electronic Structure of Liquid Metals Free‐Electron‐Like or Bloch‐Electron‐Like?

The electronic density of states (EDS) are calculated for liquid Na, Hg, Ga, Pb, Sn, and Bi. Calculations are performed using two formalisms: (i) second-order perturbationtheory and (ii) the Green function theory. The EDS plots resulting from these two sets of calculations reveal that the perturbation calculations give consistently more structure than the Green function calculations. However, the general features of the two sets of calculations are the same and agree within their respective theoretical limitations and basic approximations. It is concluded that the electronic structure of liquid metals is neither free-electron-like nor Bloch-electron-like. Die elektronische Zustandsdichte (EDS) wird fur flussiges Na, Hg, Ga, Pb, Sn und Bi berechnet. Die Rechnungen werden mittels zweier Formalismen durchgefuhrt: 1) Storungstheorie zweiter Ordnung und 2) Theorie Greenscher Funktionen. Die sich aus diesen beiden Rechnungsmethoden ergebenden EDS-Kurven zeigen, das die Storungsrechnungen konsistent mehr Strukturen als die Rechnungen mit Greenschen Funktionen ergeben. Jedoch ist der allgemeine Verlauf mit beiden Rechenmethoden derselbe und stimmt mit den entsprechenden theoretischen Grenzen und Grundnaherungen uberein. Es wird angenommen, das die elektrische Struktur der flussigen Metalle weder der freier Elektronen noch der des Bloch-Elektrons ahnlich ist.
Developmental programming: Prenatal testosterone excess disrupts anti-Müllerian hormone expression in preantral and antral follicles

Objective To investigate the impact of prenatal T excess on the expression of key ovarian regulators implicated in follicular recruitment and persistence using a large animal model of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Design Interventional, animal model study. Setting Academic research unit. Animal(s) A total of 25 female fetuses, 14 prepubertal female, and 24 adult female Suffolk sheep. Intervention(s) Prenatal T treatment. Main Outcome Measure(s) Immunohistochemical determination of expression of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), kit ligand, and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) in fetal, prepubertal, and adult ovarian tissues. Result(s) Prenatal T treatment reduced the AMH protein expression in granulosa cells (GC) of preantral follicles and increased its expression in antral follicles compared with age-matched adult controls. These differences were not evident in prepubertal animals. Protein expression of GDF9 and kit ligand was not altered at any of the developmental time points studied. Conclusion(s) Prenatal T exposure is associated with changes in AMH expression in preantral and antral follicles in adult ovaries, similar to findings in women with PCOS. These findings indicate that abnormal folliculogenesis in PCOS may be at least in part mediated by changes in AMH expression.
RMS: a platform for managing cross-disciplinary and multi-institutional research project collaboration

Background: Cross-institutional cross-disciplinary collaboration has become a trend as researchers move toward building more productive and innovative teams for scientific research. Research collaboration is significantly changing the organizational structure and strategies used in the clinical and translational science domain. However, due to the obstacles of diverse administrative structures, differences in area of expertise, and communication barriers, establishing and managing a cross-institutional research project is still a challenging task. We address these challenges by creating an integrated informatics platform to reduce the barriers to biomedical research collaboration. Results: The Request Management System (RMS) is an informatics infrastructure designed to transform a patchwork of expertise and resources into an integrated support network. The RMS facilitates investigators’ initiation of new collaborative projects and supports the management of the collaboration process. In RMS, experts and their knowledge areas are categorized and managed structurally to provide consistent service. A role-based collaborative workflow is tightly integrated with domain experts and services to streamline and monitor the life-cycle of a research project. The RMS has so far tracked over 1,500 investigators with over 4,800 tasks. The research network based on the data collected in RMS illustrated that the investigators’ collaborative projects increased close to 3 times from 2009 to 2012. Our experience with RMS indicates that the platform reduces barriers for cross-institutional collaboration of biomedical research projects. Conclusion: Building a new generation of infrastructure to enhance cross-disciplinary and multi-institutional collaboration has become an important yet challenging task. In this paper, we share the experience of developing and utilizing a collaborative project management system. The results of this study demonstrate that a web-based integrated informatics platform can facilitate and increase research interactions among investigators.
Identifying immunoglobulin isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes by a hemolytic assay in gel.

We developed a hemolytic radial immunodiffusion assay for identifying immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes, allotypes and idiotypes by using gels containing erythrocytes coated with anti-Ig antibody or erythrocytes coated with Staphylococcal protein A. These indicator cells lysed specifically when treated sequentially with Ig antigen, the appropriate anti-Ig antiserum (developer) and complement. To identify these Ig subpopulations, we used monospecific indicator cells, e.g. erythrocytes coated with antibody specific for an Ig isotype, and developers with broader specificities ('multispecific'), e.g. antiserum to Fab. Alternatively, we used 'multispecific' indicator cells, e.g. erythrocytes coated with antibody to Fab and monospecific developers, e.g. antiserum to Ig idiotype. To identify Ig subpopulations specifically, either the indicator cells or the developer need to be monospecific. When both the indicator cells and the developer were monospecific, e.g. to allotype and to isotype, the specificity was determined by both reagents and ultimately restricted by the reagent with the narrower specificity, that is, reacting with the smallest Ig subpopulation. This sensitive hemolytic assay may be used to quantitate subpopulations of Ig molecules and may be modified into a reverse plaque forming cell assay to count lymphocytes secreting a given Ig class, type, allotype and idiotype.
Transmission Scheduling in Sensor Networks via Directed Edge Coloring

This paper presents a transmission scheduling scheme in sensor networks. Each node is assigned a list of time slots to use for unicast and broadcast communication. The algorithm employs edge coloring on a directed graph for transmission scheduling. It is different from previous works that use vertex coloring of a graph for node scheduling, or those that use edge coloring of undirected graphs for link scheduling. The proposed algorithm uses the least number of time slots compared to its counterparts and it avoids both the hidden terminal problem and the exposed terminal problem in both unicast and broadcast communication.
Response of dermal melanophores to epinephrine after removal of the epidermal barrier

Abstract 1. 1. Comparison of methods for selectively removing epidermis from goldfish integument demonstrated that the use of EDTA provided efficient epidermis removal, excellent melanophore viability and good dermal cell preservation. 2. 2. Photometric measurement of melanophore response to epinephrine and to goldfish melanophore Ringer solution permitted quantitation of the degree of melanosome dispersion. 3. 3. Removal of the epidermis produced a tenfold increase in melanophore sensitivity to epinephrine and decreased post-treatment recovery rate. Thus, the epidermis is a diffusion barrier of considerable magnitude. 4. 4. Lipophores (xanthophores) and iridophores were unresponsive to epinephrine treatment (10 μg/ml) indicating that epinephrine is not involved in the normal hormonal control of these pigment cells.
Commutative Algebras of Unbounded Operators

Abstract We consider algebras U of unbounded operators defined on a common, invariant, dense domain D in a Hilbert space H. We assume that U is generated by a finite number of operators S1,…, Sd satisfying the inequality, ∑ x ∑ β 〈S β X x |S x X β 〉⩾0 for all finite sets of vectors xα indexed by α = (α1,…, αd), αi = 0,1,…, 1⩽ i ⩽ d, where S α = S α 1 1 …S α d d , and >·¦·> denotes the inner product in H. We show that every such algebra dilates to a commutative algebra in a, generally bigger, Hilbert space. The latter algebra is generated by commuting, formally normal, extension operators, N1,…, Nd such that, Sjx = Njx, x ϵ D, 1 ⩽ j ⩽d. Moreover, the adjoint operators N ∗ j are represented as multiplication operators on a quotient of the space of D-valued polynomials in complex variables (z1,…,zd)∈ C d (N j ∗ )(z j ,…, z d ) = z j u(z j ,…, z d ) . If it is further assumed that D contains a dense space of vectors, analytic for each of the operators Sj, then we prove that the Nj's are essentially normal, and there is a spectral measure E on the product of the spectrum of the closed normal operators N j such that N i = f λ, dE λ , and Sjx = ∝ λjdEλx for x ϵ D. As an application, we consider representations of the canonical commutation relations in d degrees of freedom. If P1,…, Pd, Q1,…, Qd, denote the momentum (resp. position operators), and Sj = Pj + iQj, we show that S1,…, Sd, admits a representation as above. We also show, using our analytic vector theorem, that the corresponding extension operators N 1 ,…, N d , are commuting and normal for the Schrodinger representation. Finally, we calculate the spectral representation for the operators N j and prove absolute continuity, and uniform multiplicity equal infinity. The exposition of the paper begins with the case d = 1. This is the unbounded version of the subnormal operators which have been studied extensively in the past in the case of bounded operators. We stress the differences between the theory for the bounded, and the unbounded case. Even in the case d = 1, the applications of the unbounded theory are surprising.
Diacetylene's weak bonding to acetylene clusters

An interaction potential previously developed for the acetylene–polyyne dimer was used to explore the interaction potential surfaces for clusters containing a diacetylene molecule and two or more acetylene molecules. Ab initio calculations were performed on the smallest clusters in order to assess the energetic and structural features predicted by the model potential. The preferred arrangements of the monomers in the clusters maximize the favorable quadrupole–quadrupole interactions between the monomers.
Analysis of the retrogradation of low starch concentration gels using differential scanning calorimetry, rheology, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

The retrogradation of 5, 10, 15, and 25% corn starch gels was measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), rheology, and an array of NMR spectroscopy techniques. During the initial (<24 ...
Ephemeral formation of perennial sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the middle Eocene

Arctic sea ice is a key component of the modern climate system. Marine sediment analyses suggest that perennial sea ice in the Arctic Ocean first formed—transiently—about 44 million years ago.
Interaction of nominally soluble proteins with phospholipid monolayers at the air-water interface.

Abstract The interactions of carbonmonoxyhemoglobin (HbCO), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and polyhistidine with phospholipid monolayers at the air–water interface were studied at physiological pH and ionic strength. HbCO and GAPDH both interact more strongly with monolayers containing negatively charged lipids. The interaction of HbCO and GAPDH with lipid monolayers decreases with increasing pH. Both the HbCO–monolayer and the GAPDH–monolayer interactions can be modeled as diffusion-limited processes, with kinetic data fit to a stretched exponential equation. The significance of these kinetics are discussed. Polyhistidine interacts only with monolayers containing lipids with negatively charged headgroups. In total, the results presented are consistent with an HbCO–lipid interaction with a large electrostatic component, a GAPDH–lipid interaction with comparable electrostatic and hydrophobic components, and a polyhistidine–lipid interaction that is solely electrostatic.
Theoretical and Empirical Considerations Regarding Space in Hedonic Housing Price Model Applications

Recent advances in spatial data analysis are making their way into a variety of applied research settings. Once purely the domain of specialists, increased availability of both spatial data and the software with which to handle them, spatial analysis techniques are diffusing into other areas of research. This article first details the rationale and need for spatial considerations in hedonic price models and focuses on the link between the context of the housing market and the statistical considerations necessary when dealing with spatial data. These issues are then explored via an application to the housing market of Cuyahoga County, Ohio. It was found, first, that explicit modeling of space is not always warranted. One of our two models shows no substantial signs of spatial misspecification. However, in the second model, where diagnostic tests call for the explicit modeling of space, some drastic differences were found between the space-neglected model and the more correctly specified spatial hedonic model. This highlights the need to include spatial diagnostics as part of the standard model-fitting procedure for hedonic house price applications.
T-lymphocyte function in Alzheimer's disease

T-lymphocyte function in Alzheimer's disease (AS) was evaluated by means of delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) and mitogen responsiveness using concanavalin A (Con A) and BCG vaccine as stimulators. DTH and the response to Con A was significantly lower in AD than in normal aging. The Con A response included one group in which the thymidine uptake was lower than the minimum normal response while another group was within the normal range. This subset could account for the inconsistency in previous reports of T-cell function in AD.