cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoionization of atoms described by Fermi Molecular Dynamics: toward a firmer theoretical basis

The application of Fermi Molecular Dynamics (FMD) to the modeling of the photoionization of atoms by a short pulse of long wavelength laser radiation is examined in detail. Depression of the single ionization threshold to values of the electric field strength below the classical over-the-barrier threshold, a common occurrence in FMD, is shown to arise from the preexcitation of bound electrons into a continuum of unphysical low-lying excited states. A connection is made to analogous calculations performed with the quantum Hamilton-Jacobi equation, in which the time-dependent quantum potential (Q) plays a role similar to that played in FMD by the so-called Heisenberg potential (VH). Replacement of VH by Q in the FMD equations of motion results in a large reduction in the number of excitations to unphysical bound states, while producing no essential change in the photoionization probability.
Selection of Post Secondary Educational Institutions and Course Preferences of International Hospitality Students

The study surveyed 177 international students from Europe, Asia, and South America studying hospitality management in Switzerland. The focus of the study was to determine factors that influenced their choice of schools and the courses they preferred. Further, the study sought to identify if differences existed between European, Asian and South American students for the study variables. The results indicated that the reputation of an institution was the primary driver influencing student choice of schools and that international students put more emphasis on the technical aspects of hospitality education versus its business components.
Determination of sample size for selecting the smallest of k poisson population means

A procedure for selecting a Poisson population with smallest mean is considered using an indifference zone approach. The objective is to determine the smallest sample size n required from k ≥ 2 populations in order to attain the desired probability of correct selection. Since the means procedure is not consistent with respect to the difference or ratio alone, two distance measures are used simultaneously to overcome the difficulty in obtaining the smallest probability of correct selection that is greater than some specified limit. The constants required to determine n are computed and tabulated. The asymptotic results are derived using a normal approximation. A comparison with the exact results indicates that the proposed approximation works well. Only in the extreme cases small increases in n are observed. An example of industrial accident data is used to illustrate this procedure.
Building instruction labs at the University of Utah

Abstract Many libraries are working to add or redesign facilities in order to accomodate hands-on instruction This paper describes the construction of two handson computer labs for library instruction at the University of Utah 's Marriott Library It discusses flaws in existing training labs, and how those flaws were taken into consideration when building the new labs Costs associated with the project are covered, as well as specifications of furniture, computers, and projection equipment
The impacts of affordable lending efforts on homeownership rates

Abstract In this study, we develop and test a methodology to assess the impact of affordable lending efforts on homeownership rates. More narrowly, we examine the impact of using flexible underwriting guidelines, primarily changes in the down payment and housing burden requirements, on the affordability and homeownership propensities of targeted populations and geographic areas. The impacts of changing these underwriting guidelines are compared with those resulting from lower borrowing costs (interest rates). A variation of the methodology first proposed by Wachter et al. (1996) is used in the analysis. We use the 1995 American Housing Survey (AHS) national core in the analysis. The findings indicate that affordable lending efforts are likely to increase homeownership opportunities for underserved populations, but that impacts may not be felt equally by all groups. Under most affordable products, the impacts on all households, recent movers and central city households are smaller than for other households. The recently introduced affordable products which permit the 3% down payment to come from non-borrower sources, e.g., Freddie Mac’s Alt 97, has the largest impact on the homeownership propensities of all underserved groups, including a 27.1% increase in the relative probability of homeownership for young households, a 21.0% increase for blacks, and a 15.0% increase for central city residents. Consistently, changes in underwriting guidelines are found to have greater impacts than changes in the costs of borrowing for all groups.
Modified multipurpose catheter enhances clinical utility for cardiac catheterizations

The Multipurpose technique for coronary arteriography employs a single catheter. The benefits are a reduction in the cost of the procedure and a shorter procedural time by experienced operators. To enhance the performance of these catheters, a modification was made in the materials and tip design, and these modifications were clinically evaluated in a small study. Compared to the control group of patients (n = 41), patients catheterized with the Multipurpose-SM (n = 43) were shown to have a shorter procedural time as measured by a reduced fluoroscopy time (7.08 min vs. 9.52 min, P = .007). This difference is statistically significant at a 95% confidence level and resulted in less radiation exposure to the operator and cath lab staff. The procedural time was significantly reduced by fewer catheter exchanges (19% study vs. 46% control; P = .006), which were needed to successfully complete the procedure. The new Multipurpose-SM catheter also demonstrated enhanced flexibility for cannulating coronary arteries with superior or anterior takeoffs. This study concludes that the utilization of a modified Multipurpose-SM catheter is safe and effective in cannulating both the left and right coronary arteries, bypass grafts, and performing left ventriculography. The primary benefits of using this modified catheter are reduced fluoroscopy time and the need for fewer catheter exchanges.
Intervention booster: Adding a decision-making module to risk reduction and other health care programs for adolescents

A generic adolescent intervention booster of the decision-making module, "Choices for Tomorrow: Decision Making as a Life Tool," is described for patient education. The intent of the intervention booster is refinement of adolescent decision-making skills by teaching a life tool for making lifestyle decisions (such as smoking and alcohol use) and other health-related decisions. An overview of the module is presented. The module includes a curriculum, a 17-minute life-action videocassette, a participant's workbook, and two instruments to measure outcomes. The theoretical framework is based on the health/choice model, the Janis and Mann conflict model of decision making, and the Piagetian cognitive framework related to adolescent development. The decision-making module can be used alone or as a "booster" to supplement the content of new or existing intervention programs that are aimed at health promotion and maintenance during adolescence. Because the module was originally developed for adolescents who have survived cancer, a population that often experiences cognitive impairment from treatment, it includes cognitive remediation strategies (such as memory aids). The decision-making module can also be used in other learning situations with healthy or chronically ill adolescents and/or their parents.
Slow waves in linear and nonlinear photonic crystal waveguides: Figures of merit

Performance of the optical delay lines and nonlinear devices based on slow wave propagation in photonic crystal waveguides in the presence of higher order dispersion is analyzed and compared with other slow light schemes.
Role of Glutamate Autoreceptors at Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses

Presynaptic autoreceptors modulate transmitter release at many synapses. At the mossy fiber to CA3 pyramidal cell (mf-CA3) synapse, two types of glutamatergic autoreceptors have been identified: transmitter release is reportedly suppressed by metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and augmented by kainate receptors (KARs). However, the net effect of these autoreceptors when activated by endogenous glutamate is unknown. Here, we show that during low-frequency mossy fiber stimulation, glutamate acting through presynaptic mGluRs substantially suppresses transmitter release. However, using similar recording conditions, we find that presynaptic KARs are insufficient to facilitate transmitter release over a wide range of mossy fiber stimulus frequencies, indicating that the uniquely robust mf-CA3 short-term plasticity is KAR independent. Furthermore, we report that actions generally attributed to presynaptic KARs are likely due to activation of recurrent CA3 network activity. Thus, negative feedback via presynaptic mGluRs is the dominant mode of glutamatergic autoregulation at the mf-CA3 synapse.
School Psychology and State Divisions of Special Education: A Suggestion for Change.

Abstract Significant disadvantages of a jurisdictional relationship for school psychology with Divisions of Special Education are discussed. The major defect in continued affiliation is seen as an inappropriate circumscription of functioning. Under such jurisdiction the major portion of professional time is spent on the evaluation and placement of exceptional children rather than on wider problems affecting the total school. A possible solution to the problem is offered.
J integrals for some crack and notch geometries

Numerical values are obtained for the path independent integrals, crack opening displacements, and energies of some common crack geometries exhibiting incompressible elastic-power hardening material behavior. Displacement as well as stress formulations of the finite element method are used to discretize the problems and the solutions are obtained through nonlinear optimization. The J integral as well as its dual I are evaluated by energy differencing. The results are also applicable to steady-state creep.
Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history

Is the quality of early relationships linked to later emotional development? Children with secure attachments at twelve and eighteen months of age are more empathic and prosocial toward others.
Meta-analysis of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Factor Structure.

A meta-analysis (N = 17,620; k = 26) of factor analyses of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was conducted. Analysis of the 12 items from Overall et al.'s (J. E. Overall, L. E. Hollister, & P. Pichot, 1974) 4 subscales found support for his 4 subscales. Analysis of all 18 BPRS items found 4 components similar to those of Overall et al. In a 5-component solution, a 5th activation component emerged but was best supported among samples of schizophrenic patients. The first 4 components appear to form the core of the BPRS factor structure. Results of the meta-analysis suggest 5 subscales (with items in parentheses): Affect (anxiety, guilt, depression, somatic); Positive Symptoms (thought content, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, grandiosity); Negative Symptoms (blunted affect, emotional withdrawal, motor retardation); Resistance (hostility, uncooperativeness, suspiciousness); and Activation (excitement, tension, mannerisms-posturing).
Seismic and seafloor evidence for free gas, gas hydrates, and fluid seeps on the transform margin offshore Cape Mendocino

isotopes of carbonates, which are similar to those recovered from other hydrate-bearing regions. The BSR reflection coefficient of � 0.13 ± 0.04 and interval velocities as low as 1.38 km/s indicate that free gas is present beneath the BSR. Local shallowing of the BSR toward the north facing Gorda Escarpment and beneath a channel near the crest suggests fluid flow toward the seafloor. Integrating these various observations, we suggest a scenario in which methane is formed in thick Miocene and Pliocene deposits of organicrich sediments that fill the marginal basin south of the transform fault. Dissolved and free gas migrates toward the escarpment along stratigraphic horizons, resulting in hydrate formation and in channels, slumps and chemosynthetic communities on the face of the escarpment. We conclude that the BSR appears where hydrate-bearing sediments are uplifted because of current triple junction tectonics. INDEX TERMS: 0930 Exploration Geophysics: Oceanic structures; 1040 Geochemistry: Isotopic composition/chemistry; 3025 Marine Geology and Geophysics: Marine seismics (0935); 3045 Marine Geology and Geophysics: Seafloor morphology and bottom photography; 8150 Tectonophysics: Plate boundary—general (3040); KEYWORDS: Mendocino transform fault, gas hydrates, seismic imaging
Models for synthetic biology

Synthetic biological engineering is emerging from biology as a distinct discipline based on quantification. The technologies propelling synthetic biology are not new, nor is the concept of designing novel biological molecules. What is new is the emphasis on system behavior.
Reverse regression for latent-variable models

Abstract Under joint normality of all regressors, the errors-in-variables bounds for linear regression may be extended to probit and related models of censorship and truncation.
Catecholamines of the allantoic fluid in the developing chick embryo.

ADRENERGIC tissue appears at an early stage in the development of the embryo1 and, in the adult animal, this tissue is the primary source of the catecholamines2. It would be reasonable to inquire whether, during embryogenesis, the activities of developing organs might be influenced by the presence of catecholamines. Finding Catecholamines in the allantoic fluid would suggest their presence in the circulatory system and provide indirect evidence of the beginnings of both synthetic and secretory activity of the adrenergic tissues.
The linearization and adjoint of radiation transfer processes in the NMC spectral model part I: Solar radiative transfer

Linearization and adjoint-model derivation for the solar radiation transfer codes in the NMC spectral model have been carried out. Verification of the validity of resulting tangent linear model and the correctness of the corresponding adjoint have been performed. Applications of derived adjoint model are considered, including parameter estimation for inputs to solar radiation codes with aid of the physics (i.e., the solar radiation codes) and a sensitivity study of the downward solar radiation flux at the earth surface with respect to water vapor amount at various heights.
The coherence theory of empirical knowledge

In a paper written for a commemorative symposium on the philosophy of C. I. Lewis, Roderick Firth remarks that Lewis liked to confront his Harvard epistemology students with a fundamental choice between a foundation theory of knowledge based on 'the given', like that advocated so ably in Lewis's own books, and "a coherence theory like that of Bosanquet" .' As Firth notes, there are many different philosophical views which have been called 'coherence theories', including theories of truth and of meaning; but what Lewis seems to have had primarily in mind is a coherence theory of epistemic justification: the view that the epistemic warrant or authority of empirical statements derives entirely from coherence and not at all from any sort of 'foundation'.2 Since Lewis's strong version of foundationism is by now everywhere in eclipse, it seems appropriate to examine the Bosanquetian alternative. The purpose of this paper is to explore, and tentatively defend, a view of the Bosanquetian sort, which I shall call "the coherence theory of empirical knowledge" (hereafter CTEK). As discussed here, the CTEK is not to be identified with any specific historical view, though it has obvious affinities with some. It is intended rather as an idealized reconstruction of a relatively pure coherence theory, one which avoids all versions of foundationism.3 Views like the CTEK, though often employed as dialectical bogeymen, have rarely been treated as serious epistemological alternatives, since they have been thought to be subject to obvious and overwhelming objections. Thus the essential first step in a defense of such a view is to provide a sketch of its overall shape and rationale and show on this basis that these supposedly fatal objections can be answered. Such a preliminary defense of the CTEK, aimed at establishing its epistemological viability, is the goal of this paper.
The Contextual Factors that Foster and Hinder the Process of Recovery for Alcohol Dependent Women

Alcoholism is a chronic, progressive, potentially fatal disease that crosses gender, race, ethnicity, age, and socioeconomic strata. Much of what is known about the disease of alcoholism has been u...
Isolated dizziness in vertebrobasilar insufficiency: Clinical features, angiography, and follow-up

Dizziness is the most common manifestation of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) and may occur as an isolated symptom in some patients. In order to determine if there is a characteristic pattern of vascular occlusion associated with this symptom, we reviewed the cerebral angiograms of seven patients (average age, 62 years) who presented with isolated episodes of dizziness. Six of seven had atherosclerotic occlusion of the vertebrobasilar junction between the takeoff of the posterior and anterior inferior cerebellar arteries. The other patient had basilar dolichoectasia without luminal narrowing. Our data suggest that isolated episodes of dizziness with VBI probably result from transient ischemia in territories supplied by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Anticoagulation stopped the attacks in six of seven patients who had recurrent symptoms despite aspirin therapy. Overall the prognosis was good.
Carpal and Cubital Tunnel Syndrome: Who Gets Surgery?

Background Despite the prevalence of carpal and cubital tunnel syndrome, and relief of symptoms following timely surgical release, it is unclear how nonclinical patient characteristics affect disease management.
Explaining Traditions: Folk Behavior in Modern Culture

Simon J. Bronner, Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 2011, 544 pp. $40.00 (pbk), ISBN 978-0-813-13406-2 Janus-like, contemporary life looks insistently forward, just as it is wedded to t...
Purple benzene: permanganate oxidations using quaternary ammonium ions

In Gegenwart der quartaren Ammoniumsalze (I)-(V) bzw. des Phosphoniumsalzes (VI) last sich Kaliumpermanganat aus wasrigen Losungen bis zu 96% mit Benzol extrahieren.
Solid-state NMR investigation of phosphorus in aluminoborosilicate glasses

Abstract Simulants of vitrified low-level radioactive waste forms, with the approximate composition yP2O5-(0.034)SO3-(1.098)B2O3-(8.030)SiO2-Al2O3-(2.741)Na2O (where 0.071 ≤ y ≤ 0.581), have been studied by 31P magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine the dominant modes of phosphorus incorporation in these materials, both inside and outside the glass network. Several distinct environments have been identified, with some of the nearest neighbor cations of phosphorus sites inferred by manipulating the 11B, 27Al, or 23Na resonances together with the 31P resonance in double resonance NMR experiments. Combined with numerical deconvolution of the 31P MAS NMR spectra, the concentrations of the various phosphorus-containing species have been estimated from these results, and the partitioning of phosphorus in the glass is deduced. These experiments and others also reveal the existence and identities of separate ortho- and pyrophosphate phases in the glass.
The application of structure-activity relationships (SARs) in the aquatic toxicity evaluation of discrete organic chemicals.

The Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) routinely uses structure-activity relationships (SAR) for the aquatic hazard assessment of new chemicals submitted under Section 5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). With 15 years of experience and the general acceptance of toxicity predictions based on SARs, OPPT has expanded the use and application of the methodology to include existing chemicals used in printing, dry cleaning, and paint stripping. SAR analysis has also been used in the hazard evaluation of the U.S. and EU/OECD high production volume (HPV) chemicals. This paper describes the assumptions, limitations, and methodology for the use of SARs to evaluate large sets of discrete organic chemicals.
Use of a vibrating plate to enhance natural convection cooling of a discrete heat source in a vertical channel

Abstract A numerical investigation was conducted into an alternative method of natural convection enhancement by the transverse oscillations of a thin short plate, strategically positioned in close proximity to a rectangular heat source. The heat source is attached to a mounting board in a vertical channel. Two-dimensional laminar flow finite element studies were carried out with the oscillation parameters, the oscillating plate-heat source mean clearance spacing, and the oscillating plate position varied. Significant cooling was found for displacement amplitudes of at least one-third of the mean clearance together with frequencies ( Re / Gr ) of over 2π with the displacement being more critical to the cooling level. For the parameters investigated, up to a 52% increase in the local heat transfer coefficient relative to standard natural convection was obtained. The results indicate that this method can serve as a feasible, simpler, more energy and space efficient alternative to common methods of cooling for low power dissipating devices operating at conditions just beyond the reach of pure natural convection.
A randomized trial of behavioral management for continence with older rural women

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a commonly underreported and underdiagnosed condition. The purpose of this trial was to implement and evaluate behavioral management for continence (BMC), an intervention to manage symptoms of UI with older rural women in their homes. Participants were randomized into BMC or a control group, and 178 were followed for between 6 and 24 months. The intervention involved self-monitoring, bladder training, and pelvic muscle exercise with biofeedback. The primary outcome variable—severity of urine loss—was evaluated by pad test. Secondary variables were episodes of urine loss, micturition frequency, voiding interval, quality of life, and subjective report of severity. Urine loss severity at baseline evaluation was not significantly different in the two groups. But using the generalized linear mixed model analysis, at the four follow-ups, severity of urine loss, episodes of urine loss, quality of life, and subjective report of severity were significantly different. At 2 years the BMC group UI severity decreased by 61%; the control group severity increased by 184%. Self-monitoring and bladder training accounted for most of the improvement. The results support the use of simple strategies based on bladder diaries before implementing more complex treatments. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Res Nurs Health 25:3–13, 2002.
Better, Faster, More Secure: Who’s in charge of the Internet’s future?

Since I started a stint as chair of the IETF in March 2005, I have frequently been asked, “What’s coming next?” but I have usually declined to answer. Nobody is in charge of the Internet, which is a good thing, but it makes predictions difficult. The reason the lack of central control is a good thing is that it has allowed the Internet to be a laboratory for innovation throughout its life—and it’s a rare thing for a major operational system to serve as its own development lab. As the old metaphor goes, we frequently change some of the Internet’s engines in flight.
Emetic potential of daily oral etoposide.

Background Chemotherapeutic agents are classified by their degree of emetogenicity. Highly and moderately emetogenic agents require antiemetic prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Intravenous etoposide is listed as having low emetic potential. However, oral etoposide is categorized as having moderate emetogenicity. Daily oral etoposide is used in refractory germ cell cancer patients. We prospectively evaluated the emetic potential of oral etoposide in this patient population.
Greater variety of fruit served in a four-course snack increases fruit consumption.

Abstract Greater variety of energy-dense foods increases intake in meals composed of several courses. Little research has examined the effect of variety in low-energy-dense foods (i.e., fruits and vegetables). This study examined the effect of fruit variety on fruit intake during a four-course snack. Twenty unrestrained eaters (50% female, 100% White and Non-Hispanic, aged 26.5 ± 8.1 years, with a body mass index [BMI] of 22.9 ± 3.0 kg/m) completed two, counter-balanced sessions, VARIETY and NON-VARIETY. In VARIETY, participants received four highly-liked fruits over 4, 7-min courses, while in NON-VARIETY participants received their most highly-liked fruit (fruit 1) for each of the four courses, to consume ad libitum. Intake, grams and energy, in each course was measured. Changes in pleasantness for each of the four fruits, with measures taken prior to course 1 and at the completion of course 4, were calculated. Greater intake (grams and energy) occurred in course 4 in VARIETY as compared to NON-VARIETY. Changes in pleasantness for fruit 1 were significantly different between the sessions, with NON-VARIETY decreasing more so than VARIETY. These results indicate that greater fruit variety increased fruit consumption in the last course, which may be due to differential changes in fruit pleasantness.
Oxidation of amines at absorber conditions for CO2 capture from flue gas

Abstract Eleven amines that are suitable for CO2 capture by an amine scrubbing system have been evaluated for their stability in the presence of oxygen. Six amines produced measureable quantities of ammonia in the order: 1, 2-diamino-propane (DAP) > monoethanolamine (MEA) > ethylene diamine (EDA) > 3-methylamino-1-propylamine (MAPA) > potassium glycinate (GLY) > potassium taurinate (TAU). Five other amines produced no detectable ammonia (
GaN films annealed under high pressure

Abstract We present in this manuscript the results of a comparison study between MOCVD-grown GaN films annealed in a novel high-pressure annealing furnace and those annealed in a conventional tube furnace under flowing argon gas at similar temperatures for similar times. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence were used to investigate the affects of the high-pressure anneals in comparison to those which were annealed with the more conventional method. We demonstrate that high pressure annealing has successfully prevented the degradation of GaN films at high temperatures.
Elemental composition of liver and kidney tissues of rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis).

Abstract On December 14, 1997, 62 rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) stranded on Cape San Blas, on the Florida coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately 30 animals died either on the beach or in rehabilitation facilities. Two were successfully rehabilitated and released. Liver, kidney, blubber, and muscle tissues were collected from 15 animals that died on the beach. Portions of the liver and kidney from each dolphin were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine mass fractions of 37 elements. Levels of several electrolytes (Na, Cl, K, Br, Rb, I, Cs) and of the essential trace elements Fe, Cu, and Zn in both tissues were similar to those found in other Odontoceti. Mass fractions of Ca ranged from 60 mg/kg to 1,200 mg/kg (wet mass basis), indicating significant inhomogeneity in the kidney tissues of several animals. Necropsy reports noted that the kidneys of many of these animals contained fibrous nodules. The measured Ca inhomogeneity may be due to mineralization of the fibrous kidney tissue. Hepatic levels of Hg and Se were at the high end of the ranges generally found in livers of other Odontoceti and were slightly higher in animals with fibrous kidneys than in the others. Mass fractions of Se, Ag, and Hg in liver tissues increased with the size and age of the animals indicating accumulation of these elements in the liver with age. Results also indicate that Se and Hg accumulate in rough-toothed dolphin kidney. Accumulation of these elements with age has been reported commonly for marine mammals and other species.
Genaration of a η6- arene/Cr(co)3-complexed diazonium ion; homolytic and heterolytic dediazoniation via metallic π-bonded aryl radicals and cations

The reaction of NO+ with o-toluidinechromium tricarbonyl has been studied. Diazotization (attack on N) competes with NO+ attack on the metal and decarbonylation. The Cr(CO)3-complexed diazonium ion is unstable and dediazoniates even at low temperature. The dediazoniation mechanism is predominantly homolytic. Competing heterolytic dediazoniation is observed in highly ionizing, low nucleophilicity solvents such as CF3SO3H (TfOH), FSO3H and CF3CH2OH (TFE).
SOLAR C II RESONANCE LINE PROFILES.

The profiles of the solar Cii resonance doublet λ1334.6 A are presented. Possible broadening mechanisms are discussed.
Qualitative methods in arthritis research: Sampling and data analysis

Qualitative research presents unique opportunities for understanding arthritis from the perspective of those affected by the condition, as well as for critically evaluating many of the associations of traditional psychosocial variables that have emerged from decades of quantitative research. Its growing acceptance and popularity in the health sciences is reflected in the number of program announcements and other research requests that stress the need to understand health and disease in the context of human diversity. At the same time, it is important that qualitative research be done well and be critically evaluated in the same manner as quantitative research. Many of the same cautions (e.g., garbage in, garbage out) and principles (e.g., standardization of data collection and analysis steps, documentation of research activities) apply in all types of scientific inquiry. By maintaining high standards for qualitative research, those conducting and evaluating qualitative research can ensure its continued acceptance as a valid and powerful mode of research.
Integrating Learning Theory with Instructional Design.

This paper examines the need for integrating assumptions about learning processes with the decisions typically made when designing instructional systems. Our concern is that the decisions made explicit in each of the commonly accepted components of instructional systems depend to varying degrees on implicit assumptions about the process by which people learn. Consequently, when instructional systems are designed without regard to learning theory, these decisions within components are often inconsistent, resulting in varying degrees of incompatibility among the components. The relationships between learning theory and instructional design are discussed, and suggestions are offered for improving the design process.
A Study of Combined Braking and Cornering Performance of a Transit Bus Using Validated Computer Simulation

In this paper, results from actual braking tests of a low-floor, two-axle transit bus are used to validate a dynamic model of the bus. The model, developed using the commercial multibody dynamic system simulation software ADAMS, is an 18 DOF full-bus model of a transit bus equipped with air suspension and pneumatic brakes with Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). An ABS algorithm was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and linked to the ADAMS full-bus model using co-simulations. The validated full-bus model was then used to study lateral and roll stability of a transit bus during combined braking and cornering maneuvers on various road surface conditions. Numerical experiments were also conducted to study the effects of variations in total load on the dynamics of the bus during braking while cornering. The results indicate the danger of yaw-instability on slippery surfaces. Increasing the total load reduced the lateral acceleration of the bus with a less pronounced effect on the roll angle.© 2004 ASME
Oligonucleotide conjugates based on acyclonucleosides and their use in DNA hybridization assays

Synthesis of two oligonucleotide building blocks based on acyclonucleosides (10, 11) which enable the introduction of several nonluminescent and luminescent lanthanide(III) chelates to the oligonucleotide structure is described. They were used in an instrument-assisted DNA synthesis in a standard manner. A modified deprotection procedure was used to ensure metal complexation. Also the applicability of these oligonucleotide conjugates to DNA hybridization assays is demonstrated.
Optimizing NIR FT-Raman for quality control applications

NIR FT-Raman spectroscopy offers rapid measurements with very convenient sampling, especially for solids. However, for quality control applications an even more important consideration is the repeatability of the measurements. In this paper we examine how varying the measurement conditions can affect repeatability. Problems arise because the Raman spectrum is usually obtained from a fairly small volume of material. For solids such as pharmaceutical tablets both the homogeneity of the sample and its positioning in the instrument may affect the appearance of the spectrum. The spectrum is usually recorded from a small volume in order to maximize the collection angle and hence the signal-to-noise ratio in the spectra. Our results show that inhomogeneity can be the largest source of variation in the spectra of tablets. In this situation it is better to measure a larger volume, the increase in noise being offset by the more representative sampling.
Engineering Model for Self-Pressurizing Saturated-N2O-Propellant Feed Systems

Self-pressurizing propellant feed systems, due to their overall simplicity, offer attractive options for propulsion system designers. These systems inherently exhibit transient properties as the tank-fluid mass bleeds down, and modeling the two-phase blow-down or evacuation process using first-principle physics is an extremely complex and time-intensive problem. As an alternative, a simple engineering model is developed for self-pressurized saturated-propellant feed systems. The model assumes an adiabatic expansion for which, during evacuation, the current tank-fluid entropy and the fluid entropy that has escaped through the feed system equate to the initial tank-fluid entropy. Mass flow through the outlet orifice is modeled as a two-phase nonhomogeneous nonequilibrium process. The evacuated entropy is subtracted from the total entropy at the state of the fluid leaving the tank, then the new state with the existing mass and entropy is calculated using two-phase thermodynamic property tables. In this manner, the tank-fluid state is calculated continuously during the evacuation. This propellant feed-system evacuation model is developed using saturation fluid properties for nitrous oxide, but it is readily extensible to other saturated propellants. Model results are compared with data derived from cold-flow tests conducted on a small-scale hybrid rocket motor. The comparisons show excellent agreement.
The New National Environmental Education Act: A Renewal of Commitment

(1991). The New National Environmental Education Act: A Renewal of Commitment. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 7-10.
Effect of loss of balance on biomechanics platform measures of sway: influence of stance and a method for adjustment.

Abstract This paper describes a method for adjusting biomechanics platform measures of sway for loss of balance. Area and velocity measures of sway were determined in forty-seven elderly women, in double and single leg stance, first with their eyes open, then closed. Subjects were rarely able to complete 10 s trials during single leg stances. Therefore, a method was developed for eliminating data associated with loss of balance. Monitoring changes in vertical force and velocity by computer, those points exceeding trial specific thresholds associated with loss of balance were truncated. In double leg stances, loss of balance increased area measures by 0–3%, but did not effect velocity measures. In contrast, the loss of balance experienced by most subjects in single leg stance exaggerated area measures by 16–38%, and velocity measures by up to 10%. In double leg stances the correlations between unadjusted area measures and area measures adjusted for loss of balance ranged from 0.98 to 1.00. In single leg stances, the correlations for the area measures ranged from 0.69 to 0.89. The correlations between adjusted and unadjusted velocity measures were 1.00 and 0.93 for the double and single leg stances respectively. Although the question of which sway measure is best remains unanswered, this study provides useful data for future research. First, it demonstrates a method for modifying area representations of the center of pressure excursions for the effects of loss of balance. Second, it quantifies the effects of loss of balance in different stances; for the population studied the effects are minimal in double leg stances, but may be substantial when sway is measured in single leg stances.
Temporal integration of vibrotactile patterns.

Three experiments were conducted to measure the temporal integration of vibrotactile patterns presented to the fingertip. In Experiment 1, letters were divided in half and the time between the onsets of the first half of the letter and second half of the letter, stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), was varied. The recognizability of the letters declined as the SOA was increased from 9 to 100 msec. In Experiment 2, the time between two patterns constituting a masking stimulus was varied and the stimulus effectiveness in interfering with letter recognition was determined. The amount of masking increased as the SOA increased from 9 to 50 msec. In Experiment 3, the SOA between a letter and its complement (the portions of the tactile array not activated by the letter) was varied. Increasing SOA from 9 to approximately 50 msec led to increasingly accurate letter recognition. The results of the three experiments suggest that the skin is capable of complete temporal integration over a time period of less than 10 msec, and that the temporal integration function becomes asymptotic in 50 to 100 msec. The results also suggest that the onset of a vibrotactile pattern is critical for generating contours. The implications of the results for modes of generating tactile patterns and for temporal masking functions are discussed.
Intense plasma waves at and near the solar wind termination shock

On 30 August 2007 Voyager 2 began to cross the termination shock, a boundary produced by the inter-action of the Sun with the rest of the Galaxy, where the supersonic solar wind abruptly slows as it presses outward against the surrounding interstellar matter. Five Letters in this issue present the data that the probe sent back. The Voyager 2 crossings occurred about 1.5 billion kilometres closer to the Sun than those of Voyager 1, illustrating the asymmetry of the heliosphere. The results from the plasma experiment, low-energy particle, cosmic ray, magnetic field and plasma-wave detectors reveal a complex and dynamic shock, reforming itself in hours rather than days. The cover graphic of Voayer 2 on the brink of entering interstellar space is by Henry Kline of JPL. It may be decades before another probe crosses the termination shock but remote observations can now bridge the gap — as shown by Wang et al. who report measurements of energetic neutral atoms in the heliosheath from the STEREO A and B spacecraft that complement the Voyager in situ observations made at the same time. In News & Views, J R Jokipii puts the Voyager findings into context. For more on the on Voyager odyssey, see page 24, and the Author page, and go to the movie on http://www.nature.com/nature/videoarchive/voyager . Plasma waves are a characteristic feature of shocks in plasmas, and the electric fields of these waves play a key role in dissipating energy in the shock and driving the particle distributions back toward thermal equilibrium. Starting on 31 August 2007 and ending on 1 September 2007, a series of intense bursts of broadband electrostatic waves signalled a series of crossings of the termination shock at a heliocentric radial distance of 83.7 au. Plasma waves are a characteristic feature of shocks in plasmas, and are produced by non-thermal particle distributions that develop in the shock transition layer. The electric fields of these waves have a key role in dissipating energy in the shock and driving the particle distributions back towards thermal equilibrium1. Here we report the detection of intense plasma-wave electric fields at the solar wind termination shock. The observations were obtained from the plasma-wave instrument on the Voyager 2 spacecraft2. The first evidence of the approach to the shock was the detection of upstream electron plasma oscillations on 1 August 2007 at a heliocentric radial distance of 83.4 au (1 au is the Earth–Sun distance). These narrowband oscillations continued intermittently for about a month until, starting on 31 August 2007 and ending on 1 September 2007, a series of intense bursts of broadband electrostatic waves signalled a series of crossings of the termination shock at a heliocentric radial distance of 83.7 au. The spectrum of these waves is quantitatively similar to those observed at bow shocks upstream of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
ANALYSIS and PREDICTION OF ABNORMALLY COLD SPELLS IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

The risk of departures of daily minimum temperatures at some prescribed level below the daily average can be estimated by the use of a combined deterministic/stochastic model. From a regional perspective the coefficients and parameters of the model are point observations containing information pertaining to both regional trends and local environmental conditions. Trend surface analyses, using latitude, longitude, and elevation, provide a means of identifying the relative importance of regional and local effects on cold spell risks. The derived surfaces indicate that the deterministic components filter out the regional characteristics and that the parameters of the stochastic model are more sensitive to local changes in elevation. The efficacy of the technique is illustrated by the prediction of cold spell risks at six test sites. Le risque d'ecarts des temperatures journalieres mini-males par rapport a un niveau predetermine se situant en-dessous de la moyenne journaliere peut se mesurer au moyen d'un modele a la fois deterministe et stochas-tique. Au plan regional, les coefficients et les parametres du modele sont des observ ations ponctuelles qui renfer-ment des informations se rapportant a la fois a des tendances regionales et a des conditions locales de I'envi-ronnement. Les analyses de tendance en surface, au moyen de latitude, longitude et altitude, constitutent une facon d'identifier l'importance relative des effets re-gionaux et locaux sur les risques de vagues de froid. Les surfaces qui en derivent revelent que les composantes deterministes font ressortir les particolarites regionales et que les parametres du modele stochastique sont davan-tage sensibles aux changements locaux d'elevation. Des previsions du risque de vague de froid, testees en six endroits, montrent I'efficacite de la technique.
Multiple Reversible Episodes of Subcortical Ischemia Following Postcoital Middle Cerebral Artery Dissection

Background Subcortical transient ischemic attacks are usually seen in individuals with small-vessel disease. They are often refractory to medical treatment and progress to infarction in many cases. Patient We describe a young man with an unusual and protracted case of recurrent capsular ischemia due to postcoital middle cerebral artery dissection. Conclusion Spontaneous middle cerebral artery dissection should be considered in young patients presenting with subcortical transient ischemic attacks.
The Core Information Technology Course at AACSB-Accredited Schools: Consistency or Chaos?

Abstract Business school deans have identified the lack of consistency in the core information technology (IT) course as a critical issue. In this integrative study, we employed a content analysis of course syllabi (n = 84) and a survey on the importance of topics covered (n = 36) to compare the core IT course at AACSB-accredited schools. Results may be useful as a benchmarking tool for individuals who teach IT courses and for those responsible for IT curricula or involved in AACSB accreditation efforts.
Educating for the Future of Emergency Medical Services Systems

A bachelor's degree in EMS management was the initial course of studies in an academic program designed to prepare people to work in a variety of occupations in EMS.This paper includes a brief history of that program, its purposes, goals and curriculum and the first data on follow up of its graduates.In the United States of America, the Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) act of 1973 stimulated people from a variety of fields and backgrounds to work together to develop and manage emergency systems of care; it also raised the question of how to prepare people to meet the future needs of the system. At that time, and with few exceptions, there was little or no academic involvement directed to the concept of the system of EMS and there was a dearth of persons with predictable knowledge and skills in this area. The apparent need for preparing leadership personnel for EMS became the focus of thinking by the Maryland Institute of Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS) and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC).
Adaptive multiscale solution of dynamical systems in chemical processes using wavelets

Abstract Most chemical processes occur at different spatial and temporal scales such as turbulence or chromatographic separations. Irregular features, singularities and steep changes emerge, which require solution procedures that can resolve these varying scales in the most efficient manner. Wavelets with their multiresolution analysis properties have the potential to express the solution from the coarsest to the finest scale with minimal effort. In this paper, a dynamically adaptive algorithm for solving PDEs in simple geometry using Wavelet–Galerkin (WG) discretization is presented. The algorithm is applied to a convection-diffusion problem and a reverse flow reactor. Using the residual and/or the absolute value of the wavelet coefficients as a measure of error, the algorithm could track the moving fronts and irregularities and sequentially refine the solution in the partial domain of interest. Also, it enables solving a coupled set of PDEs at different resolutions, exploiting the differences in differential operator stiffness. Issues regarding stability of multiresolution analysis for high Peclet number and the treatment of non-linearities are discussed.