cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life and death.

NURSES ARE identified by the government as being at higher than average risk of suicide. Around 27 nurses kill themselves every year, or one a fortnight. That is fewer than in farming, 52 a year, but more than in the medical profession- 17 a year. In England 5,000 people kill themselves annually, many of them men under 35. Preferred methods are hanging and self-poisoning by psychotropic drugs or analgesics. If you are male, living alone, unemployed, misuse drugs or alcohol and have a history of mental illness, you score top marks for all major risk factors. In such circumstances, it is unlikely that you were much moved by the Department of Health's National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England, published earlier this year, and its plan to reduce suicide by at least 20 per cent by 2010.
Parametric model of servo-hydraulic actuator coupled with a nonlinear system: Experimental validation

Abstract Hydraulic actuators play a key role in experimental structural dynamics. In a previous study, a physics-based model for a servo-hydraulic actuator coupled with a nonlinear physical system was developed. Later, this dynamical model was transformed into controllable canonical form for position tracking control purposes. For this study, a nonlinear device is designed and fabricated to exhibit various nonlinear force-displacement profiles depending on the initial condition and the type of materials used as replaceable coupons. Using this nonlinear system, the controllable canonical dynamical model is experimentally validated for a servo-hydraulic actuator coupled with a nonlinear physical system.
Accuracy of outside radiologists' reports of computed tomography exams of emergently transferred patients.

Growing numbers of patient with advanced imaging being transferred to trauma centers has resulted in increased numbers of outside CT scans received at trauma centers. This study examines the degree of agreement between community radiologists’ interpretations of the CT scans of transferred patients and trauma center radiologists’ reinterpretation. All CT scans of emergency transfer patients received over a 1 month period were reviewed by an emergency radiologist. Patients were classified as trauma or non-trauma and exams as neuro or non-neuro. Interpretive discrepancies between the emergency radiologist and community radiologist were classified as minor, moderate, or major. Major discrepancies were confirmed by review of a second emergency radiologist. Discrepancy rates were calculated on a per-patient and per exam basis. Six hundred twenty-seven CT scans of 326 patients were reviewed. Major discrepancies were encountered in 52 (16.0%, 95% CI 12.2–20.5) patients and 53 exams (8.5%, 95% CI 6.5–10.5). These were discovered in 46 trauma patients (21.6%, 95% CI 16.4–27.9) compared to six non-trauma patients (5.3%, 95% CI 2.2–11.7) (P < 0.001). A significant difference in the major discrepancy rate was also found between non-neuro and neuro exams (12.4 vs 3.3%, respectively, P < 0.001), primarily due to discrepancies in trauma patients, rather than non-trauma patients. Potentially management-changing interpretive changes affected 16% of transferred patients and 8.5% of CT exams over a 1 month period. Trauma center reinterpretations of community hospital CT scans of transferred patients provide valuable additional information to the clinical services caring for critically ill patients.
Verification and Synthesis of Clock-Gated Circuits

To reduce dynamic power dissipation in digital circuits, a dependency graph (DG) is derived for a sequential circuit to accomplish verification and synthesis of clock-gated circuits. This is used recursively to derive sufficient conditions for a given bank of flops (flip-flops) to be legally clock gated (disabled.) These conditions are expressed with linear temporal logic (LTL)/past LTL (PLTL) properties, which can be used to create hardware monitors and justified by hardware model checkers. For sequential equivalence checking (SEC), LTL/PLTL properties are formulated to be proved on a clock-gated circuit ( R ) derived from a “golden” circuit ( G ). If these sufficient conditions can be proved on R , then the clock gating structures are proved redundant and can be removed. This creates a simplified circuit ( R’ ) and makes the SEC task easier. Experiments were performed on a set of benchmarks. It was observed that since the properties are expressed in terms of the control signals which only appear in the DG, they are quite easy to prove on R because the DG abstracts away complicated arithmetic logic. Similarly, the miter between G and R’ is usually proved easily by model-checking methods because of the increased similarity between G and R’ in sequential behaviors, compared to the changes between G and R . The proposed formulation is extended to provide a systematic and automatic method for sequential clock-gating synthesis. Experiments showed that the DG-based framework for synthesis gave encouraging results.
Nickel Based Printed Resistance Temperature Detector on Flexible Polyimide Substrate

A fully printed nickel (Ni) based resistance temperature detector (RTD) was successfully developed for temperature sensing applications in the automobile, agricultural and consumer electronic industries. The RTD was fabricated by depositing nickel (Ni) ink on a flexible polyimide (PI) substrate using screen printing process. The capability of the printed RTD was demonstrated by measuring its resistive response for temperatures varying from −60°C to 180 °C, in steps of 20°C and its sensing characteristics such as linearity, sensitivity and repeatability were analyzed. The printed RTD demonstrated a linear response with resistive changes as high as 109% at 180°C, when compared to its base resistance (9.6 k Ω) at −60°C. A temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) of 0.45%/°C, with a correlation coefficient of 0.94 was calculated for the printed RTD. In addition, the transient response of the printed RTD demonstrated a good repeatability towards dynamic heating and cooling cycles.
Transgenerational stress memory in seed and seedling vigor of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varies by genotype

Abstract Recent studies in plants and other organisms have suggested that ‘memories’ of stress events can be inherited from parent to offspring through a process known as transgenerational stress memory (TSM). However, TSM has not been adequately studied in many plant species, despite its potential role in stress adaptation. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of TSM on the development and vigor of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings of five genotypes. Seeds were collected from parents that received two water regimes representing contrasting TSM: 1) offspring from non-stressed parents and 2) offspring from stressed parents. Seed weight and vigor were tested using traditional methods, and both above- and belowground seedling vigor were analyzed using a rhizotron bioassay. There was a high variability between genotypes in how and when TSM was expressed, as illustrated by an interaction of offspring type and genotype in characteristics such as initial seed weight, germination, and rooting characteristics. These results contribute important documentation of the existence of TSM in plants and the need to further examine TSM capacity in plant adaptation to stress. Further, these results suggest that, for certain genotypes, water availability in the parent generation could be responsible for increased seed quality and vigor.
Dehydroalkylative Activation of CNN- and PNN-Pincer Ruthenium Catalysts for Ester Hydrogenation.

Ruthenium–pincer complexes bearing CNN- and PNN-pincer ligands with diethyl- or diisopropylamino side groups, which have previously been reported to be active precatalysts for ester hydrogenation, ...
Person Re-Identification Using Deep Modeling of Temporally Correlated Inertial Motion Patterns.

Person re-identification (re-ID) is among the essential components that play an integral role in constituting an automated surveillance environment. Majorly, the problem is tackled using data acquired from vision sensors using appearance-based features, which are strongly dependent on visual cues such as color, texture, etc., consequently limiting the precise re-identification of an individual. To overcome such strong dependence on visual features, many researchers have tackled the re-identification problem using human gait, which is believed to be unique and provide a distinctive biometric signature that is particularly suitable for re-ID in uncontrolled environments. However, image-based gait analysis often fails to extract quality measurements of an individual’s motion patterns owing to problems related to variations in viewpoint, illumination (daylight), clothing, worn accessories, etc. To this end, in contrast to relying on image-based motion measurement, this paper demonstrates the potential to re-identify an individual using inertial measurements units (IMU) based on two common sensors, namely gyroscope and accelerometer. The experiment was carried out over data acquired using smartphones and wearable IMUs from a total of 86 randomly selected individuals including 49 males and 37 females between the ages of 17 and 72 years. The data signals were first segmented into single steps and strides, which were separately fed to train a sequential deep recurrent neural network to capture implicit arbitrary long-term temporal dependencies. The experimental setup was devised in a fashion to train the network on all the subjects using data related to half of the step and stride sequences only while the inference was performed on the remaining half for the purpose of re-identification. The obtained experimental results demonstrate the potential to reliably and accurately re-identify an individual based on one’s inertial sensor data.
A novel metallothionein gene therapy approach for chemo-and radio-protection

Bone marrow toxicity induced by specific anticancer agents and/or ionizing radiation in the treatment of cancer remains a limitation in the clinical management of cancer. Hematopoietic growth factors have been employed but only partially alleviate and do not prevent the drug-induced toxicity [1] Gene therapy approaches have been attempted using a retrovirus encoding the MDR1 gene [2]. Other attempts to overcome the specific drug induced myelotoxicity observed in hematopoietic stem cells include utilizing the dihydrofolate reductase gene [3], and the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene [4].
Cancer-immune topology influences lung cancer evolution

The extent of lymphocyte infiltration controls cancer subclone divergence, and a single immune cold region can increase the risk of relapse.
Substance Use in the Life Cycle of a Disaster: A Research Agenda and Methodological Considerations

Considering the increasing frequency and magnitude of natural and human-made disasters, it is becoming more important to understand human responses to these events, including the ways they influenc...
Field Edge and Field-to-Field Ecotone-Type Influences on Two Cotton Herbivores: Cotton Fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae), and Verde Plant Bug, Creontiades signatus

In the United States, the average field size has roughly doubled from the 1980s to the mid-2000s, while average cropland has stayed the same. This will likely influence how semi-natural habitats and edges affect local patterns and processes such as natural pest control or pest densities. We hypothesized that densities of two cotton pests, cotton fleahopper (Pseudatomoscelis seriatus) and verde plant bug (Creontiades signatus) (Hemiptera: Miridae), and corresponding cotton injury in a cotton agroecosystem were affected by field edge, ecotone type (described by the neighboring habitat), and the influence of ecotone type on edge effects. Studies over 2 yr using transect and random point sampling indicated that densities of both insects declined significantly and in a linear fashion from the cotton field boundary (0 m) to field interior (200-300 m from field edge). The decline was influenced by ecotone type for cotton fleahopper. Pest densities in cotton at the interface with semi-natural habitat were higher but declined at a greater rate into the cotton field interior compared to densities seen at the interfaces with sorghum or another cotton field. These effects were also observed for verde plant bug and the cotton boll injury it causes. Regardless of the pest densities near the field edge and the rate of decline into the field interior, densities beyond 100 m into the field were up to 70% less than field edges for both insect species and for boll injury. Potential for land managers to improve sampling efficiency when scouting is apparent. For example, pest species may be at economic threshold in certain parts of the field but not others, leading to different management decisions in larger fields. Therefore, for cotton fleahopper and verde plant bug, edges should be the focus of initial pest detection and sampling, and interior field sampling may only be required when edges are above the economic threshold.
Mapping the Terrain of Isolation in Seamus Heaney’s “Act of Union”

To explore the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and environmental degradation, this essay reads Seamus Heaney’s “Act of Union” both inter- and intratextually, emphasising connections betw...
Non-Equilibrium Dynamics of Semiconductors and Nanostructures

SPIN EVOLUTION IN A HIGH-MOBILITY, TWO-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRON GAS Richard T. Harley Introduction Review of Theoretical Ideas on Spin-Dynamics in a 2DEG Experimental Investigation of Electron Spin-Dynamics in a 2DEG Conclusions References HIGH-AMPLITUDE, ULTRASHORT STRAIN SOLITONS IN SOLIDS Otto L. Muskens and Jaap I. Dijkhuis Introduction Theory of Strain Solitons Simulations Brillouin-Scattering Experiments Conclusions and Prospects Acknowledgments References NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL DIELECTRICS IN THE NANO-SCALE H. Grebel Preface Introduction Theoretical Considerations Experiments and Results Discussion Conclusions References OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF HEXAGONAL AND CUBIC GAN SELF-ASSEMBLED QUANTUM DOTS Yong-Hoon Cho and Le Si Dang Introduction Physical Properties of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots Growth of Hexagonal and Cubic GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots Optical Properties of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots Time- and Space-Resolved Optical Studies on GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots Prospects of GaN Self-Assembled Quantum Dots Conclusion Acknowledgments References ULTRAFAST NON-EQUILIBRIUM ELECTRON DYNAMICS IN METAL NANOPARTICLES Fabrice Vallee Introduction Optical Properties of Metal Nanoparticles Optical Creation of Non-Equilibrium Electrons Non-Equilibrium Electron Kinetics Electron-Electron Energy Exchanges Electron-Lattice Energy Exchanges Non-Equilibrium Electron-Lattice Energy Exchanges Conclusion Acknowledgments References GENERATION AND PROPAGATION OF MONOCHROMATIC ACOUSTIC PHONONS IN GALLIUM ARSENIDE Anthony J. Kent and Nicola M. Stanton Introduction and Background Basic Properties of Semiconductor Superlattices Experimental Details Experimental Results: Introduction Demonstrating Phonon Optics: Measuring the Mean Free Path of Terahertz (THz) Phonons Other Materials: Gallium Nitride and Its Alloys Summary and Outlook References OPTICAL STUDIES OF CARRIER DYNAMICS AND NON-EQUILIBRIUM OPTICAL PHONONS IN NITRIDE-BASED SEMICONDUCTORS K.T. Tsen Introduction Experimental Approach, Samples, and Experimental Technique Experimental Results Conclusion Acknowledgments References ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY IN SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM WELLS Mark C. Phillips and Hailin Wang Introduction Electromagnetically Induced Transparency: Theory Experimental Methods EIT via Intervalence Band Coherence EIT via Exciton Spin Coherence EIT via Biexcitonic Coherence Summary Acknowledgments References INDEX
Body Image and Gender

Body image refers to perceptions, thoughts, and feelings about physical appearance. The assessment of body image is based on either perceptual estimation or on affective reactions to self-evaluation, the latter of which is the best measure of body image. Although most people are relatively satisfied with their bodies, evaluative measures of body image indicate that many individuals, both men and women, from young to old, are dissatisfied and wish they could change some aspect of their bodies. On average, women are more dissatisfied with their bodies than men. The features most closely associated with body image change over the course of lifespan development and differ as a function of gender. Whereas women are most concerned about body weight and facial attractiveness, men are most concerned with height and physical strength. There is variability in the factors that influence body image, both across cultures and over time within cultures. This article reviews the measurement of body image, the factors that influence its development, and gender differences in which aspects of physical appearance are the strongest determinants of body image.
Autonomous hierarchical control of dc microgrids with constant-power loads

This paper discusses an autonomous controller to achieve current sharing of parallel connected buck converters in a dc micro-grid with constant power loads. A two stage controller is proposed, where current sharing is achieved with a primary/droop control that requires no communication between the converter modules. The output voltage in the main bus is drooped linearly with respect to the load current supplied by each of the converters. To compensate for the voltage deviations without affecting current sharing, the droop control is augmented by a secondary/voltage regulating control. Asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point with the proposed control input is examined using Lyapunov and conditions to ensure local asymptotic stability of the equilibrium points are derived. Simulations and experimental results are included to verify the analysis.
Altered skin vasomotion in hypertensive humans (677.1)

Endothelium-dependent cutaneous vasodilation (VD) is attenuated in essential hypertensive (HTN) humans. Using spectral analysis (fast Fourier transformation) we aimed to characterize vasomotion in ...
Gender Issues in African Agriculture and Sustainable Development

Women Wielding the Hoe: Lessons from Rural Africa for Feminist Theory and Development Practice. Deborah Fahy Bryceson
Is there an association between passive smoking and breast cancer

Recent epidemiological studies have suggested passive smoking as possible risk factors in breast cancer etiology. However, the evidence is not conclusive. We conducted a meta-analysis of the risk of breast cancer associated with passive smoking. Eleven studies were identified through Medline, Cancer Abstracts and abstract presented at related scientific meetings. Combined estimates of relative risks (RR) were calculated using fixed and random effect models. Significant heterogeneity was detected among the studies (χ2 = 34.6, p < 0.01). The combined estimate of RR for ever exposure to passive smoking was 1.41 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–1.75). The combined estimate for published studies was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.10–1.85). Only two studies reported significant dose-response relation between level of passive smoking and premenopausal breast cancer. Our analysis suggests a possible weak association between passive smoking and breast cancer. More studies are needed to establish whether the observed association is causal.
Seoul virus infection increases aggressive behaviour in male Norway rats

Abstract In natural populations of rodents, males are more likely to engage in aggression and be infected with hantaviruses than females. Whether the relationship between hantavirus infection and aggression is due to host- or parasite-mediated mechanisms is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether hantavirus infection causes an increase in aggression in male rats and whether these behavioural changes are due to infection of the central nervous system or peripheral tissues. Male laboratory rats were infected with Seoul virus and tested for aggression in a resident–intruder paradigm 15 and 30 days postinoculation (p.i.). Males tested 30 days p.i. (i.e. during the persistent phase of infection) spent more time engaged in aggression than either uninfected males or males tested during the acute phase of infection (i.e. 15 days p.i.). Males that engaged in aggression for a longer duration had more virus present in lung, kidney and testis than males that spent less time engaged in aggression. Infected males shed virus in saliva, faeces, and urine; virus shedding, however, was not correlated with aggression and neither wounding nor transmission of virus to intruder males occurred during behavioural tests. Infection with Seoul virus did not alter either testosterone or corticosterone concentrations. Seoul virus antigens were not detected in the brains of infected rats. These data suggest that hantavirus infection leads to elevated aggression in infected males and may be a by-product of increased virus replication in peripheral tissues.
Trace element distribution and oil yield data from the parachute creek member of the green river formation, colorado

The determination of trace element concentrations in oil shale before mining and retorting is required for proper solid-waste management planning. Using routine Fischer assay oil yield data collected during resource characterization as indicators of potential trace element concentrations could lead to a standard method of identifying strata containing high trace element levels. In order to determine a correlation between trace element concentrations and oil yield, shale samples were selected from four statigraphic zones of the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation for analysis. All samples were analyzed for total elemental concentrations, mineralogy, and Fischer assay oil yield. The results of these analyses demonstrated that the Mahogany zone shales contain significantly greater trace element concentrations (antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, lithium, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, and vanadium) than the other three shale zones. These high trace element concentrations have been identified within well-defined interbedded tuff deposits in the Mahogany zone. In addition, all trace elements evaluated, except boron, show either increasing or decreasing concentrations as oil yield increases within all oil shale zones. With an increased number of analyses of existing oil shale cores, oil yield data will be correlated to specific stratigraphic units containing high trace element concentrations.
Diet of the Timber Rattlesnake, Crotalus horridus

WASSERSUG, R. J. 1976. Oral morphology of anuran larvae: terminology and general description. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 48:1-23. WASSERSUG, R. J., AND W. R. HEYER. 1988. A survey of internal oral features of leptodactyloid larvae (Amphibia: Anura). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 457:1-99. WEYGOLDT, P., AND 0. L. PEIXOTO. 1985. A new species of horned toad (Proceratophrys) from Espirito Santo, Brazil (Amphibia: Salientia: Leptodactylidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 66:1-8.
Atomic Contributions to the Optical Rotation Angle as a Quantitative Probe of Molecular Chirality

Chiral molecules are characterized by a specific rotation angle, the angle through which plane-polarized light is rotated on passing through an enantiomerically enriched solution. Recent developments in methodology allow computation of both the sign and the magnitude of these rotation angles. However, a general strategy for assigning the individual contributions that atoms and functional groups make to the optical rotation angle and, more generally, to the molecular chirality has remained elusive. Here, a method to determine the atomic contributions to the optical rotation angle is reported. This approach links chemical structure with optical rotation angle and provides a quantitative measure of molecular asymmetry propagation from a center, axis, or plane of chirality.
Treatment of Potential Organ Donors in the Emergency Department: A Review

The expanding role of emergency medicine in the care of potential organ donors presents unique ethical challenges. This article introduces emergency providers to the ethical challenges of organ donation, including issues of patient autonomy and consent, public perception and trust, goals of care, and the determination of death.
The Fir Waveguide Laser - A Practical Source

The far infrared (FIR) optically pumped waveguide laser is a compact, practical, coherent source. Operation of this laser within the spectral region of 40 μm < X< 2 mm with various gases is described. A theoretical description is presented and compared with the experimental performance.© (1975) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
NF-κB-to-AP-1 Switch: A Mechanism Regulating Transition From Endothelial Barrier Injury to Repair in Endotoxemic Mice

Endothelial barrier disruption is a hallmark of multiple organ injury (MOI). However, mechanisms governing the restoration of endothelial barrier function are poorly understood. Here, we uncovered an NF-κB-to-AP-1 switch that regulates the transition from barrier injury to repair following endotoxemic MOI. Endothelial NF-κB mediates barrier repair by inhibiting endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis. Blockade of endothelial NF-κB pathway activated the activator protein (AP)-1 pathway (NF-κB-to-AP-1 switch), which compensated for the anti-apoptotic and barrier-repair functions of NF-κB. The NF-κB-to-AP-1 switch occurred at 24 hours (injury to repair transition phase), but not at 48 hours (repair phase) post-LPS, and required an inflammatory signal within the endothelium. In the absence of an inflammatory signal, the NF-κB-to-AP-1 switch failed, resulting in enhanced EC apoptosis, augmented endothelial permeability, and impeded transition from barrier injury to recovery. The NF-κB-to-AP-1 switch is a protective mechanism to ensure timely transition from endothelial barrier injury to repair, accelerating barrier restoration following MOI.
Cycling and the Built Environment, a US Perspective

Abstract This disaggregate cross-sectional study uses primary data on the cycling behavior of 608 randomly sampled respondents in urbanized King County, Washington, and objective parcel-level GIS measures of land use and infrastructure conditions. Binary logit model findings provide new insights on who bicycles, and on perceived and actual built environmental conditions associated with the likelihood of cycling in neighborhoods, controlling for socio-demographic variables. A high 21% of the respondents report cycling at least once a week in their neighborhood, more often for recreation or exercise than for transportation. Cycling is more popular among male, younger adults, transit users, and those who are physically active and in good health. Both perceived and objective environmental conditions contribute to the likelihood of cycling. Proximity to trails and the presence of agglomerations of offices, clinics/hospitals, and fast food restaurants, measured objectively, are significant environmental variables. Previously researched correlates of cycling, such as the presence of bicycle lanes, traffic speed and volume, slope, block size, and the presence of parks, are found insignificant when objectively measured. A non-linear relationship is found between the odds of cycling and the perception of traffic problems and automobile-oriented facilities. Overall, cycling is only moderately associated with the neighborhood environment. It appears to be an individual choice that is independent from environmental support. This finding likely reflects the limited bicycle infrastructure in the sample frame—an unfortunate condition found in most US metropolitan regions. Policy and intervention programs could increase cycling by improving both actual and perceived environmental conditions.
Long-range disorder and the Staebler-Wronski effect in N -type amorphous silicon

Experimental measurements of the Q function (a comparison of the dark conductivity and thermopower activation energies) as a function of light exposure are reported for a variety of n-type-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon films. The samples studied represent a wide range of deposition conditions, including variations of the deposition temperature, the rf power during deposition, and the doping ratio of phosphorus to silicon. The Q function of these films is measured before and after light-induced defect creation. No significant change in the Q function was observed after light-induced defect creation for any of these samples, consistent with no light-induced change in the long-range disorder at the conduction-band mobility edge. Measurements of the non-Gaussian statistics which characterize the conductance fluctuations $(1/f$ noise) are also found to remain unchanged following light exposure.
A general zone theory of color and brightness vision. I. Basic formulation

A general theory of color and brightness vision, developed from basic principles of the Helmholtz and Hering points-of-view on color vision is presented in a general mathematical form suitable for quantitative analysis. Visual sensation is described by a vector expressed in terms of Hering-like elements for color and brightness which underlie in their spatial-temporal variations the perceptions of form and change. The photic stimulus of vision is recognized to act first and only through photoabsorption producing a Helmholtz-like vector of quantum absorptions. The physiological transformation of the Helmholtz photochemical excitations into the Hering sensation responses is represented as a vector of general operators. The result is a mathematical framework encompassing traditional psychophysical and sensory scaling experiments. The theory is utilized to demonstrate that for many traditional (Class A) physchophysical observations, the physiological operator reduces to a linear (matrix) transformation. For static, uniform, focal stimulation, this reduction is seen to be the basis for earlier specific linear models of color vision. We also illustrate that static intensity-level effects (Bezold-Brucke hue shifts, unique hue invariance) can be modeled from the theory by power, but not logarithmic, intensity-level dependence for the sensation elements.
On the hydrodynamic behavior of supercooled water drops interacting with columnar ice crystals

A numerical evaluation of the complete Navier-Stokes equations of motion for steady-state, incompressible flow past an infinite circular cylinder is given in terms of the stream function, vorticity, and pressure distribution past such bodies. A method is described which allows use of these flow characteristics: (1) to approximate the characteristics of air flow past hexagonal columnar ice crystals falling under gravity at terminal velocity in air, (2) to compute the trajectory of supercooled cloud drops relative to such ice crystals, and (3) to determine the efficiency with which short columnar ice crystals and needle shaped ice crystals collide with supercooled cloud drops. It is found that for all columnar type ice crystals riming is negligible if the cloud drop size is less than 5∼ μm, and that for riming to commence short columnar crystals must have diameters larger than ∼50 μm, while needle crystals must have diameters larger than ∼40 μm. It is further shown that the collision efficiency cut-offs at the small drop radius and at the large drop radius end of the collision efficiency diagram can be explained on the basis of the cloud drop trajectories for these drop size ranges.
Ecological Architecture: A Critical History ‐ Edited by James Steele

(2007). Ecological Architecture: A Critical History - Edited by James Steele. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 62-63.
A retrospective analysis of anesthetic experience in 2917 patients posted for cleft lip and palate repair.

Context: Anaesthesia during cleft lip and palate surgery carries a high risk and difficult airway management in children. Aim: to study the perioperative anesthetic complications in poor children with cleft abnormalities. Settings and Design: Retrospective analysis. Materials and Methods: This retrospective audit was conducted on 2917 patients of smile train project under going general anesthesia for cleft lip and palate from January 2007 to December 2010. Demographic, pre-anesthetic status, anesthetic management and anesthesia complications were recorded. Chi-square test was used to assess the relation between patient factors and occurrence of complications. Results: Of the 3044, we were able to procure complete data of 2917 patients. Most of children presented with anemia 251 (35%), 202 (29%) had eosinophilia while 184 (26%) had upper respiratory tract infection. The incidence of perioperative complications was 8.19% of which 33.7% critical incidents occurred during the induction time. The most common complication was laryngospasm 77 (40.9%) followed by difficult intubation 64 (30.9%). There was no mortality. Conclusion: Since these procedures do not characterize an emergency, most of the perioperative complications can be prevented by following the routine installed by the institute and smile train protocols.
Deviation between the chemistry of Ce(IV) and Pu(IV) and routes to ordered and disordered heterobimetallic 4f/5f and 5f/5f phosphonates.

The heterobimetallic actinide compound UO2Ce(H2O)[C6H4(PO3H)2]2·H2O was prepared via the hydrothermal reaction of U(VI) and Ce(IV) in the presence of 1,2-phenylenediphosphonic acid. We demonstrate that this is a kinetic product that is not stable with respect to decomposition to the monometallic compounds. Similar reactions have been explored with U(VI) and Ce(III), resulting in the oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV) and the formation of the Ce(IV) phosphonate, Ce[C6H4(PO3H)(PO3H2)][C6H4(PO3H)(PO3)]·2H2O, UO2Ce(H2O)[C6H4(PO3H)2]2·H2O, and UO2[C6H4(PO3H)2](H2O)·H2O. In comparison, the reaction of U(VI) with Np(VI) only yields Np[C6H4(PO3H)2]2·2H2O and aqueous U(VI), whereas the reaction of U(VI) with Pu(VI) yields the disordered U(VI)/Pu(VI) compound, (U0.9Pu0.1)O2[C6H4(PO3H)2](H2O)·H2O, and the Pu(IV) phosphonate, Pu[C6H4(PO3H)(PO3H2)][C6H4(PO3H)(PO3)]·2H2O. The reactions of Ce(IV) with Np(VI) yield disordered heterobimetallic phosphonates with both M[C6H4(PO3H)(PO3H2)][C6H4(PO3H)(PO3)]·2H2O (M = Ce, Np) and ...
Three new mutants in Aedes mascarensis: currant-eye, small-antenna and yellow.

A formal genetics has been initiated for Aedes mascarensis . Three morphological mutations have been isolated and shown to have a simple genetic basis. These are as follows: currant-eye ( cu ), a sex-linked recessive; small-antenna ( sma ), and yellow ( y ), both of which are autosomal recessive. In addition, observations were made on mesonotal scaling pattern variations in A. mascarensis . Comments on the desirability of fostering a comparative genetics of aedine mosquitoes are given.
Photodissociation spectroscopy of Zn+-methanol

We report on studies of the photodissociation spectroscopy of Zn + -methanol complexes in the near-UV region. We observe two absorption bands assigned to Zn + -based 4p ← 4s transitions in a C s Zn + -OHCH 3 association complex. The 2 2 A'(4pπ) ← 1 2 A'(4sσ) band shows a significant vibronic resonance structure that can be assigned to a combination of both inter- and intramolecular vibrational modes of the complex. The experimental vibrational frequencies are in excellent agreement with the theoretical model predictions. The higher-energy 2 2 A"(4pπ) ← 1 2 A'(4sσ) band is strongly coupled to a lower lying charge-transfer state and appears as a structureless continuum. We observe very little reactive branching; rather, charge transfer to CH 3 OH + + Zn products dominates the dissociation. These results are compared with previous studies of other main-group- and transition-metal-ion-methanol complexes.
Diabeteslike proliferative retinal changes in galactose-fed dogs

• Retinal vessel changes were experimentally investigated by a combination of color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and histologic studies in beagles that were fed a 30% galactose diet for up to 66 months. Previously, we have described the appearance of pericyte ghosts, microaneurysms, acellular capillaries, and intraretinal hemorrhages in dogs fed a galactose diet for up to 36 months. These disorders were similar to those observed in humans with background diabetic retinopathy. We report herein that dogs fed galactose for 48 to 60 months experience retinal changes associated with the chronic occlusion of capillary beds and subsequent ischemia of the retina. These changes included the appearance of broad areas of nonperfusion, soft exudates (cytoid bodies), intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, occluded arterioles, preretinal and intravitreal hemorrhages, and apparent new vessel growth around the optic disc. The present study clearly demonstrates that the galactose-fed dog is an animal model in which advanced retinal changes develop, and these changes are similar to those associated with preproliferative human diabetic retinopathy.
THE RELATION OF AGE TO REACTIVITY IN THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF THE RAT1,2

THE WORK of Smith (1926, 1927) and Smith and Engle (1927a, b) brought out the fact that in, male and female rats and mice below weaning age more pituitary implants were necessary to produce precocious development of the reproductive system than in older rats. This suggested that the gonads might be unable to give a maximal response to such stimulation until they had reached a certain degree of development or maturity. Since that time, many studies have been made on the response of embryonic, immature and mature gonads and accessory reproductive organs to gonadotropic and sex hormones. It is definitely established that age and sex of the animal are related to the degree of reactivity to hormone stimulation as determined by changes in organ weights and histology and in behavior responses.
Onset of whipping in the melt blowing process

Abstract Melt blowing is a common process for the production of polymer fibers, but its effectiveness can be greatly influenced by the occurrence of fiber whipping. This paper reports the results of a systematic parametric study aimed at elucidating the factors that determine the onset of whipping in the melt blowing process. A quasi-one-dimensional model developed by Yarin and co-workers [J. Appl. Phys. 108 (2010) 034913] is analyzed in detail and extended to consider the influence of different constitutive models. It is found that whipping requires sufficiently large levels of inertia in the fiber and air, as well as a strong inlet perturbation. Strong longitudinal stresses along the jet axis are required too, although elasticity is not necessary. Also essential are a drag force that varies along the fiber length, and an air velocity that decreases in magnitude away from the fiber centerline. Comparison of results from several different constitutive models suggests that melt inertia rather than melt rheology is the more dominant factor in controlling fiber shapes. The results of the present work are expected to be helpful for the development of more quantitatively accurate models of the melt blowing process.
Temperature sensitivity and recruitment dynamics of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) in northern Mongolia’s boreal forest

This study sought to clarify the recruitment dynamics and growth of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) in relation to changing temperatures in northern Mongolia. These tree species are the primary forest species found in the closed-canopy boreal forest of north-central Mongolia. Mongolia’s boreal forests exist along the southern terminus of the Siberian boreal system in both pure and mixed species stands. I collected tree cores and cross-sections as well as site and tree stature parameters from 118 forest plots in the Darhad valley of north-central Mongolia. Principle components analysis of 130 L. sibirica tree ring series informed the construction of two composite chronologies for this species. A chronology for P. obovata was developed using 24 tree ring series. Correlation analysis between tree ring indices and temperature data showed two distinct growth signals: a positive response to growing season temperatures was exhibited by one L. sibirica chronology and a negative response to spring temperatures was exhibited by a second L. sibirica chronology. The P. obovata chronology exhibited strong negative correlations with mean monthly and mean maximum monthly growing season temperatures. Multiple analyses of variance (MANOVA) indicated that tree stature (dbh, height) and site parameters (latitude, longitude, slope, aspect, elevation) did not significantly predict growth response or species. Forest recruitment events appear episodic for both species. Synchronous establishment of saplings, based on approximate root collar age, suggests an initial floristic model for mixed composition stands likely due to supra-annual variations of fire, land-use and climate. Forest management activities in the region should consider the diverging growth response to temperature shown here by prioritizing protection forests and the various ecosystem services provided by forests in arid ecosystems. In addition, promoting selection harvests over clear-felling would maximize future alternatives under conditions of rapidly changing climate. Care should be taken in new forest management planning activities until adequate information exists on the likely trajectory of this system due to climate-induced forest change.
Two-dimensional radiative transfer. I - Planar geometry

Differential-equation methods for solving the transfer equation in two-dimensional planar geometries are developed. One method, which uses a Hermitian integration formula on ray segments through grid points, proves to be extremely well suited to velocity-dependent problems. An efficient elimination scheme is developed for which the computing time scales linearly with the number of angles and frequencies; problems with large velocity amplitudes can thus be treated accurately. A very accurate and efficient method for performing a formal solution is also presented. A discussion is given of several examples of periodic media and free-standing slabs, both in static cases and with velocity fields. For the free-standing slabs, two-dimensional transport effects are significant near boundaries, but no important effects were found in any of the periodic cases studied.
Pyrrolidonecarboxylyl peptidase: Stabilization and purification

Abstract Pyrrolidonecarboxylyl peptidase, an enzyme which specifically hydrolyzes aminoterminal pyrrolidonecarboxylyl residues from peptides, has been stabilized and purified. The enzymatic activity, derived from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens, was protected during purification by the addition of 2-pyrrolidone to all solutions. The final preparation exhibited two close bands on acrylamide gel and was 200 times more active than the crude material. The enzyme demonstrated the ability to specifically remove pyrrolidonecarboxylyl groups from a high molecular weight protein.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR DISTRIBUTION FACILITY MAP

Abstract In this paper, we propose a recognition technique of electric poles and wires which are drawn on a power distribution facility map. The map represents power supply facilities. Proposed technique is based on circularity and connectivity, and consists of four phases. At first, we extract a power distribution facility area from input image using threshold value. Secondly, we apply a thinning. At the third step, we extract candidate poles based on circularity. Finally, after electric wires between two branch points is recognized based on connectivity, candidate poles with at least a wire are confirmed to electric poles.
Characterization of 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide binding to serotonin receptors in rat frontal cortex

125I-Lysergic acid diethylamide (125I-LSD) is the first 125I-labeled ligand for serotonin receptor studies. Its binding to rat frontal cortex membranes is saturable, reversible, and stereospecific. Specific binding is linearly dependent on tissue concentration and represents 70-80% of the total binding. Scatchard plots of the binding data are linear with a KD of 1.5 nM, a Bmax of 12.4 fmol/mg wet weight tissue, and a Hill slope of 1.02. The binding kinetics are highly temperature-dependent. At 37 degrees C the bimolecular association rate constant is 1.28 X 10(8) min-1 M-1 and the dissociation rate constant is 0.087 min-1 (t 1/2 = 8.0 min). At 0 degrees C less than 4% dissociation occurs over 40 min and the association rate is similarly depressed. Inhibition of 125I-LSD binding by a variety of serotonergic, dopaminergic, and adrenergic ligands reveals a 5-hydroxytryptamine2 (5-HT2) serotonergic profile for this binding site. Regional distribution studies of 125I-LSD binding in rat brain show that areas with the highest levels of binding include the cortex and striatum. Iodinated radioligands can be synthesized with specific activities exceeding 2,000 Ci/mmol, which makes them approximately 75-fold more sensitive than tritiated radioligands. This high specific activity, coupled with the selectivity of 125I-LSD for 5-HT2 sites, makes this ligand a sensitive new probe for 5-HT2 serotonin receptors.
The influence of a planar interface on the energy minimization principle

Abstract A stable dislocation configuration in a homogeneous medium with a free surface boundary satisfies two principles, namely that the total energy associated with the configuration is mininum and that the sum of the Burgers vectors of all the dislocations vanishes. The continuity conditions imposed at the interface in a two-phase medium modify the two principles. A surface dislocation description of the two-phase interface is provided in order to express the continuity conditions at the interface. A set of constitutive energy equations is obtained so that the energy minimization procedure coupled with discrete dislocation analysis can be used to determine the elastic field associated with the two-phase medium. The formulation of the total strain energy of the two-phase medium from the tractions and displacements at the interface is illustrated for either a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional two-phase medium. The application of these ideas to semiconductor processing is discussed.
Investigating how service-learning alumni construct their engineering selves

Prior research has demonstrated that traditional academic pathways tend to provide engineering students with a predominantly technical sense of professional identity. We respond to this research by investigating how a non-traditional pathway, marked by a large service-learning program, engenders a sense of engineering identity. We approach this investigation using a thematic analysis and are currently developing themes related to how alumni/ae of this program construct their engineering selves. We are currently in the early stages of analysis and will present the elaborated themes at the conference.
Fifty Years of Progress in Dairy Plant Engineering

Dairy plant engineering in the year 1905 was simple as compared to 1955. The industry in this country was characterized by having many small plants located in buildings that often were not much better than sheds, although there were some rather large butter centralizer plants, which . . . . . . . . . . . . were well organized and finely built. The processing equipment in all plants was rather simple and most of the operations were controlled by hand. The refrigeration systems and coldstorage rooms were the most expensive mechanical parts of the plant. There were ve ry few m i l k p l a n t s a n d ice cream plants. The emA. W. FarraU phasis was on bu t te r and cheese making and to a certain extent on evaporated milk manufacture. The comfort of the operator and sanitation for the product were given relatively little attention, by present-day standards. During the period inunediately after World War I and for the next 15 years tremendous progress was made in both building construction and machinery, leading to the beautiful and efficiently designed plants and equipment that are found in the industry today.