cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Signalling Pathway of Gh

GH has long been known as a regulator of body growth and metabolism, yet its mechanism of action at the cellular level has been elusive. We have recently shown that GH promotes the rapid association of GH receptor with the tyrosine kinase JAK2, activates JAK2, and promotes the tyrosyl phosphorylation of both JAK2 and GH receptor. This suggests that the initial signalling event in GH action is the activation of JAK2 which in turn phosphorylates tyrosines within JAK2 and GH receptor. We have identified a number of proteins that appear to bind to these phosphotyrosines in GH receptor/ JAK2 complexes. These proteins in turn become phosphorylated on tyrosines, resulting in their activation. These proteins include: 1) the signal transducers and activators of transcriptions (Stats) 1, 3 and 5 which have been implicated as regulators of transcription of a variety of genes; 2) the insulin receptor substrates (IRS) 1 and 2, which are believed to mediate some of the metabolic effects of GH; and 3) Shc proteins which lie upstream of Ras and the mitogen activator kinases (MAP) designated ERKs 1 and 2, proteins implicated in the regulation of cellular growth and/or differentiation. These various proteins work in concert with each other and with other signalling molecules to elicit the diverse effects of GH. Other hormones and growth factors also activate JAK kinases. Specificity in signalling was investigated by determining whether signalling pathways for particular ligands may be selectively inhibited by hormones or growth factors. Glucocorticoids were found to selectively decrease binding and cellular signalling in response to GH. This decrease appeared to be due to a decrease in the number of GH receptors in the plasma membrane. Using truncated and mutated GHR, two regions of the GH receptor were identified required for the inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids. Interestingly, they appeared to differ from the region required for GH-induced internalization. Hence, a large amount of insight into signalling by GH has been obtained during the 3 years since JAK2 was identified as a signalling molecule for GH and other ligands that bind to members of the cytokine receptor family. This new insight, and the insight that will continue to be gained in the next few years should enable the design of new and better therapeutic uses of GH and the other ligands that bind to JAK kinase-linked receptors.
Layered in situ copper/polyimide composite films

Incorporation of bis (trifluoroacetylacetonato) copper (II), Cu (TFA)2 into poly (amide acid) prior to imidization produces bi-and trilayered composite films upon curing. Choice of curing atmosphere and concentration of dopant control the formation of a particular layered structure. Dry air and 100% relative humidity are the curing atmospheres used. The trilayered films are typified by a zero-valent copper layer sandwiched between a thin polyimide overlayer and the bulk polyimide. Curing in 100% relative humidity produces the thinnest overlayer. By doubling the dopant concentration used to prepare the trilayered films, bilayered films will result upon curing. In this instance the lack of a polyimide overlayer affords the oxidation of copper at the surface to copper (II) oxide. In each case the formation of the copper layer results from the migration of all Cu (TFA)2 from a depth of approximately 2000 A to the surface where subsequent reactions take place. Several [Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM)] analytical techniques are used to characterize the physical and chemical nature of the films.
The effect of enzymes on prolongation of fertilizability of frog eggs

Abstract The fertilizability of Rana pipiens eggs after treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, ribonuclease, and hyaluronidase for different time periods was studied. Eggs were placed into 25 mg per cent trypsin, 25 mg per cent chymotrypsin, 0.5 mg per ml ribonuclease, 0.05 mg per ml hyaluronidase, and also into 0.1 full strength Holtfreter solution as a control for 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes before insemination. The proportion of eggs which cleaved, reached gastrulation, and which hatched were statistically analyzed. At cleavage the following was found: 1. 1. When all eggs inseminated after a given time in any solution were combined, every time interval was significantly different from every other interval. 2. 2. Chymotrypsin treatment resulted in a significantly lower per cent of cleavage than all other treatments and also lower than the control. 3. 3. Trypsin treatment gave significantly better development than did the control. 4. 4. Hyaluronidase and ribonuclease treatment seemed to have no significant measurable effect. At the time of gastrulation and also at hatching neither the time factor, the enzyme treatments, nor the interaction between them was found to differ significantly from cleavage. Thus all influence of the enzyme treatment and of the time in solution occurred prior to or at the time of cleavage, suggesting that the treatment primarily affected the fertilization reaction.
Methods to prefetch comparison images in image management and communication system

A high-level description of a system to pre-fetch comparison radiographs in an Image Management and Communication System (IMAC) is presented. This rule based system estimates the relevance of previous examinations for comparison to the current examination arid uses this determination to pre-fetch comparison studies. A machine learning module should allow the system to improve its skill in pre-fetching examinations for each individual radiologist. This system could be tailored to fit the desires of individual radiologists.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Active compression—decompression versus standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a porcine model: No improvement in outcome

Active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a new innovative basic life-support technique during which the anterior chest wall is actively decompressed by a suction device. CPR techniques were studied in 36 swine to test the hypothesis that active compression-decompression CPR improves coronary perfusion pressure, myocardial blood flow during CPR, and 24-hour survival. After 30 seconds of untreated ventricular fibrillation, CPR was begun and continued for 12.5 minutes by one of the three following methods: (1) active compression-decompression CPR with a suction device modified to include a precision force transducer; (2) standard CPR performed with a force transducer device; and (3) standard manual CPR performed without a force transducer device. CPR-generated coronary perfusion pressure, myocardial blood flow, and the force of compression were measured at 3 and 10 minutes of resuscitation effort. Initial return of spontaneous circulation, 24-hour survival, and trauma scores were also evaluated. Active compression-decompression CPR produced consistently better results than did standard CPR performed with a force transducer, but not better than standard CPR performed manually without a force transducer. The use of a force-measuring device with standard CPR may compromise hemodynamic response and outcome.
Lingual vibrotactile sensation magnitudes: Stimulus frequency effect

The psychophysical method of magnitude production was used to obtain suprathreshold sensation magnitude functions at three frequencies (100 Hz, 250 Hz, 400 Hz) from the anterior midline portion of the tongue of 10 adult subjects. Results showed the slopes of the curves generated to be frequency dependent. The shallowest curve was obtained for the frequency of 250 Hz, with somewhat steeper curves being derived for the frequencies of 100 Hz and 400 Hz. An explanation of the frequency effect is attempted in terms of the possible neural receptor units involved in lingual suprathreshold vibrotactile stimulation.
A Measure of Product Sustainability Based on Triple Bottom Line

Sustainable societies require the use of sustainable products. Sustainability is generally expressed in terms of Triple Bottom Line (TBL) — people, planet, and profit. Products that are sustainable have positive effects and value for all the stakeholders. In this work, we propose different measures to assess sustainability of manufactured products with respect to TBL. The proposed measures should help designers to assess sustainability of design alternatives during the initial phase of design and point out ways to reduce the impact.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Concentrations of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate within the distal segment of squid photoreceptors.

Although inositol trisphosphate (InsP 3 ) is a key substance in phototransduction of invertebrate photoreceptors, its intracellular concentration remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to assay its concentration and the concentration of its precursor, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PtdInsP 2 ), within squid photoreceptors. Rhabdomeric membranes were purified and their PtdInsP 2 content measured with a phosphate assay after the extracted phospholipids were deacylated and separated by ion-exchange chromatography. At least 75% of the total PtdInsP 2 found in the retinal homogenate was associated with the plasma membranes of the rhabdomeric microvilli, where PtdInsP 2 was 3.1 ± 0.7% of the total phospholipids, a level comparable to values published for rat brain. In terms of rhodopsin, microvillar membranes contained 3.7 ± 0.9 mol PtdInsP 2 /mol rho. The InsP 3 content of living retinas was measured with a radioreceptor assay. The basal content of dark-adapted retinas was 0.15 ± 0.05 InsP 3 /rho, equivalent to 30 ± 9 nmol/g tissue that is about twice that of rat brains. Flash illumination (≈lms in duration) that photoactivated 1% of rhodopsin increased the level about fivefold to 0.68 ± 0.22 lnsP 3 /rho. Corresponding decrease in PtdInsP 2 was undetectable as it was within measurement errors. For PtdInsP 2 , the measured content corresponds to 5.6 ± 1.4 mM within the volume of rhabdomere. Maximal light-induced concentration of InsP 3 is calculated to be 1.2 ± 0.4 mM within the cytoplasm of the distal segment. Each photoactivated rhodopsin leads to the formation of 500 InsP 3 molecules when measured 15 s after the flash. Thus, high concentration of InsP 3 in these cells is primarily due to restricted intracellular volumes rather than to high amplification by the enzyme cascade. The InsP 3 concentration within squid photoreceptors is the highest yet reported for any transducing cell and may indicate the involvement of relatively low affinity receptors or channels during invertebrate phototransduction.
The effects of fabrication temperature on current-voltage characteristics and energy efficiencies of quantum dot sensitized ZnOH-GO hybrid solar cells

The effects of fabrication temperature are investigated on the performance of CdSe quantum dot (QD)-sensitized hybrid solar cells of the composite material of zinc (hydr)oxide (ZnOH-GO)with 2 wt. % graphite oxide. The current-voltage (I-V) and photo-current measurements show that higher fabrication temperatures yield greater photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies that essentially indicate more efficient solar cells. Two Photon Fluorescence images show the effects of temperature on the internal morphologies of the solar devices based on such materials. The CdSe-QD sensitized ZnOH-GO hybrid solar cells fabricated at 450 °C showing conversion of ∼10.60% under a tungsten lamp (12.1 mW/cm2) are reported here, while using potassium iodide as an electrolyte. The output photocurrent, I (μA) with input power, P (mW/cm2) is found to be superlinear, showing a relation of I = Pn, where n = 1.4.
Extracellular Dopamine, Norepinephrine, and Serotonin in the Nucleus Accumbens of Freely Moving Rats During Intracerebral Dialysis with Cocaine and Other Monoamine Uptake Blockers

Monoamine-uptake blockers were applied focally (0.1-1,000 microM) through a dialysis probe in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving rats, and the extracellular concentrations of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin were measured. The selective dopamine-uptake blocker GBR 12935 increased dopamine preferentially with only a small effect on norepinephrine, whereas the selective serotonin-uptake blocker fluoxetine increased serotonin output preferentially. In contrast, the selective norepinephrine-uptake blockers desipramine and nisoxetine enhanced not only norepinephrine, but also serotonin and dopamine appreciably. Cocaine increased all three amines with the greatest effects on dopamine and serotonin. As in our previous study on the ventral tegmental area, there was a positive association between dopamine and norepinephrine output when all blocker data were taken together. The present results suggest a contribution of the increase in norepinephrine, but not serotonin, to the enhancement of dopamine after cocaine applied focally in the nucleus accumbens.
Access and equity: international standards and assisted reproductive technologies

Abstract Countries around the world have responded to the emergence of assisted reproductive technologies in a variety of ways. Some countries prohibit certain treatments, others support them through health insurance, while other countries permit them but do not help pay for them. Because of these differences, not all people have the same degree of access to assisted reproduction treatments or are treated alike when it comes to their use. Against this backdrop, it is becoming important to work towards global standards regarding access and equity. The United Nations Declaration on Universal Human Rights points in this direction when it emphasizes the right to found a family. Moreover, the idea of moral progress – defined as increases in humaneness and humanity – also favours the extension of assisted reproductive technologies to couples seeking children, in order to lift the burdens of childlessness for parents and the burdens of disorders and disease for children themselves. At the very least, working toward global standards will help minimize the differences in access to assisted reproduction treatments that are rooted in economic disadvantages. While the Council of Europe's 1997 Oviedo Convention began the kind of work necessary to help frame transnational standards in bioethics, it ultimately avoided key questions of assisted conception. Ultimately, global standards will help people get past cultural barriers as they look for help in having children.
Measuring decision weights in recognition experiments with multiple response alternatives: Comparing the correlation and multinomial-logistic-regression methods

Psychophysical “reverse-correlation” methods allow researchers to gain insight into the perceptual representations and decision weighting strategies of individual subjects in perceptual tasks. Although these methods have gained momentum, until recently their development was limited to experiments involving only two response categories. Recently, two approaches for estimating decision weights in m-alternative experiments have been put forward. One approach extends the two-category correlation method to m > 2 alternatives; the second uses multinomial logistic regression (MLR). In this article, the relative merits of the two methods are discussed, and the issues of convergence and statistical efficiency of the methods are evaluated quantitatively using Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that, for a range of values of the number of trials, the estimated weighting patterns are closer to their asymptotic values for the correlation method than for the MLR method. Moreover, for the MLR method, weight estimates for different stimulus components can exhibit strong correlations, making the analysis and interpretation of measured weighting patterns less straightforward than for the correlation method. These and other advantages of the correlation method, which include computational simplicity and a close relationship to other well-established psychophysical reverse-correlation methods, make it an attractive tool to uncover decision strategies in m-alternative experiments.
Diagnosis and management of pseudomembranous colitis and clostridium difficile- associated disease

Abstract Clostridium difficile-associated disease results in a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild diarrhea to colitis, with or without pseudomembrane formation, to toxic megacolon, intestinal perforation, and death. This disease is considered primarily a nosocomial infection that is transmitted in an oral-fecal manner. Colonization with this anaerobic bacteria is often asymptomatic, but disease can result in those patients whose normal colonic flora has been altered by either antibiotics or antineoplastic agents. C difficile is responsible for virtually all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and 15–20% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea without colitis. The treatment of choice for the majority of cases is oral metronidazole. Relapses occur and may require additional courses of oral antibiotics and other medications. Rapid diagnosis with either laboratory studies or endoscopy is necessary to avoid progression to life-threatening complications. Prevention is of utmost importance in order to curb the spread of this largely nosocomial pathogen and involves hygienic policies as well as antibiotic control programs.
Effect of Thermal Characteristics of Electronic Enclosures on Dynamic Data Center Performance

Data centers are the facilities that house large number of computer servers that dissipate high power. Considering the dynamics of the data centers, their efficient thermal management is a big challenge that needs to be addressed. Computational analysis using a CFD code is very useful technique that helps the engineer to understand and solve the data center cooling problem. Several ongoing numerical modeling research efforts assume the computer room air conditioning (CRAC) units as fixed flow devices with constant temperature boundary condition. In reality, CRAC supply temperature is governed by the thermal characteristic curve, as specified by vendor. In this paper, study is presented by incorporating the CRAC thermal characteristic curve in the numerical model. Case studies are presented to show how the segregated high and low powered clusters in a data center may affect the supply temperatures from the CRAC in their vicinity. Another concern that is crucial in analyzing data centers performance precisely is the effect of buoyancy and thermal mass on the facility environment. In some cases, the effect of thermal mass and buoyancy may cause unexpected behaviors such as temperature overshoot or rapid variations in temperature. Non-dimensional parameters are used to demonstrate the effects of thermal mass and buoyancy.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The Primary Process in the Photolysis of CH3CCl3

The photolysis of CH3CCl3 has been investigated in the presence of I2 at room temperature. The results indicate that the reaction products CH3CCl2I and CH2CCl2 originate from two different excited states CH3CCl3* is produced mainly at λ > 2200 A, CH3CCl3** predominantly at λ < 2200 A. The results are compared with primary processes observed in the photolysis of chlorinated ethylenes and other chlorinated ethanes. Die Photolyse von CH3CCl3 wurde bei Zimmertemperatur in der Gegenwart von J2 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, das die Reaktionsprodukte CH3CH2J und CH2CCl2 aus zwei verschiedenen angeregten Zustanden entstehen. CH3CCl3* wird hauptsachlich durch Licht von λ > 2200 A, CH3CCl3** durch Licht von λ < 2200 A produziert. Die Resultaten werden verglichen mit primaren Prozessen, die bei der Photolyse von chlorierten Athenen und Athanen beobachtet werden.
Business services 1982–1992: Growth, industry characteristics, financial performance

Abstract A cross-sectional examination of 11 segments of the business service sector indicates all these segments exceeded Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, and four grew at least twice as fast as GDP in the 10-year period 1982–1992. Further analysis of this sector suggests that three distinct groupings can be identified-industries that “rent” highly paid personnel for relatively high fees, industries that receive relatively high rents for equipment while employing modestly paid and/or part-time employees, and industries that utilize relatively low paid or part-time employees in relatively standardized service offerings. A single regression was found to explain revenue/employee versus pay/employee across the 10, labor-intensive services studied. Profitability, on the other hand, varied by nearly an order of magnitude between most- and least-profitable segments.
Does Inflation in China Affect the United States and Japan

With China's share in global trade increasing rapidly, some argued in 2002-2003 that China was exporting deflation to other countries as it was dumping cheap goods in mature markets. Later, others argued that China was sucking in commodities and thus causing sharp increases in global prices. The theoretical literature so far has provided mixed conclusions regarding the strength of international transmission of inflation. This paper uses a number of econometric techniques to assess the extent of the link between inflation rates between China and the United States and Japan. It finds only limited empirical evidence at the aggregate level for consumer price inflation in China leading to price changes in the United States and Japan. However, it finds some evidence that inflation in the United States has an impact on Chinese inflation, consistent with the literature that argues that inflation is propagated from the reserve currency economy to other economies. In either case, the impact is short lived. At a more disaggregate level, there appears to be stronger sector-specific linkages between prices in China and in the United States and Japan, both for food and at the household level for manufactured goods.
Spatial Frequency Modulation Imaging of Absorption and Fluorescent Objects using a Single Element Detector

We present an imaging technique that acquires one-dimensional cross-section through a sample by imposing a chirped spatial frequency amplitude modulation on the probing beam. The spatial distribution of the sample is directly mapped to modulation frequency components of the spatially-integrated temporal signal from a singleelement detector. The electronic time-domain signals are the auto-correlation of the spatial frequency distribution of an image. The method is demonstrated by imaging both absorptive and florescent objects.
New algorithm for protein design.

We apply a new approach to the reverse protein folding problem. Our method uses a minimization function in the design process which is different from the energy function used for folding. For a lattice model, we show that this new approach produces sequences that are likely to fold into desired structures. Our method is a significant improvement over previous attempts which used the energy function for designing sequences.
Situationist Social Psychology and J. S. Mill's Conception of Character

The situationist challenge to global character traits claims that on the basis of findings in social psychology, we should only accept at most the existence of local or context-sensitive traits. In this article I explore a neglected area of J. S. Mill's work to outline an account of context-sensitive traits. This account of traits, coupled with a sophisticated consequentialist ethical framework, suggests an interesting view on which persons govern the circumstances of their actions (to the extent possible) in order to best promote overall well-being.
Blow-up rates for parabolic systems

Let Ω ⊂ ℝ n be a bounded domain andB R be a ball in ℝ n of radiusR. We consider two parabolic systems: ut=Δu +f(υ), υi=Δυ +g(u) in Ω × (0,T) withu=v=0 on δΩ × (0,T) andu t =Δu, v t =Δv inB r × (0,T) withδe/δv=f (v), δe/δv=g(u) onδB R × (0,T). Whenf(v) andg(u) are power law or exponential functions, we establish estimates on the blow-up rates for nonnegative solutions of the systems.
A simple method of factor analysis

A simple method for extracting correlated factors simultaneously is described. The method is based on the idea that the centroid pattern coefficients for the sections of unit rank of the complete matrix may be interpreted as structure values for the entire matrix. Only the routine centroid average process is required.
Primary cultures of fetal hepatocytes from the genetically obese Zucker rat: Characterization and total lipogenesis

Primary fetal hepatocyte cultures derived from Zucker rats and with expectedfa-gene frequencies of 0.0 and 0.75 have been established and can be used to detect early effects of thefa gene on hepatocellular metabolism. Proliferative capacity is similar in both types of culture. Changes of the growth media significantly decrease total lipogenesis in both 0.0 and 0.75fa-gene culture grown in arginine-free DME medium. Paired incubation experiments demonstrate that total lipogenesis in 0.75fa gene cultures is significantly less than in 0.0fa-gene cultures under basal conditions. Stimulation of total lipogenesis by pharmacological doses of insulin and excess substrate (glucose) is significantly less in the 0.75fa gene than in the 0.0fa-gene cultures. These data suggest that the development of obesity in the Zucker rat cannot be attributed to elevated hepatic lipogenesis in the fetus.
Is Time Spent With the Physician Associated With Parent Dissatisfaction Due to Long Waiting Times

The objectives of this study were to assess the relationship between wait time and parent satisfaction and determine whether time with the physician potentially moderated any observed negative effects of long wait time. Data were collected from parents in a pediatric outpatient clinic. Parent satisfaction with the clinic visit was significantly negatively related to wait times. More time spent with the physician was positively related to satisfaction independent of wait times. Furthermore, among clinic visits with long wait times, more time with the physician showed a relatively strong positive relationship with parent satisfaction. Therefore, although long wait times was related to decreased parent satisfaction with pediatric clinic visits, increased time with the physician tended to moderate this relationship.
A cast dowel-core technique for multirooted teeth with divergent canals.

Abstract A simplified, direct technique for the fabrication of a cast dowel and core for multirooted teeth with divergent canals has been described.
The Effects of Irradiation, High Hydrostatic Pressure, and Temperature during Pressurization on the Characteristics of Cooked-reheated Salmon and Catfish Fillets

: Fully-cooked salmon and catfish fillets were treated by ionizing radiation (0, 3, or 6 kGy), high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) (0, 414, or 690 MPa), 2 different temperatures during pressurization (ambient-HHP approximately equal to 21 °C, or heated-HHP = 70 °C), and combinations of the treatments. Kramer shear values increased for salmon and catfish fillets treated by HHP, heated-HHP, and a combination treatment. Tenderness and juiciness scores of salmon and catfish fillets were lower with HHP, heated-HHP, and a combination treatment. Irradiation decreased CIE a* values of salmon, and CIE b* values of salmon and catfish. Irradiation increased tenderness and juiciness scores of salmon and increased flavor intensity of catfish.
Elastic Buckling of Laminated Plates Under Varying Axial Stresses

The elastic buckling load of simply supported rectangular composite plates subjected to a second degree parabolic variation of axial stresses in the longitudinal direction is calculated using analytical methods. The variation of axial stresses is equilibrated by nonuniform shear stresses along the plate edges and transverse normal stresses. Numerical results are reported for three different cases: (1) orthotropic plates, (2) symmetrically laminated plates with multiple generally orthotropic layers exhibiting coupling between normal moments and twist, and twisting moment and normal curvatures, and (3) unsymmetrically laminated plates. Rayleigh-Ritz method is used to calculate the buckling load. An approximate solution using "reduced bending stiffness" is adopted for unsymmetrically laminated plates. The influence of the aspect ratio is examined, and the results are compared with plates subjected to uniform axial stresses.
90 Fungal Exit Site Infections (ESI) and Fungal Peritonitis (P) Over a 30 Year Period with and without Exit Site Prophylaxis

INTRATHECAL METHOTREXATE NEPHROTOXICITY Vince Faridani, Jim Mertz University of Missiouri – Kansas City, Kanas City, Missouri, USA We are repor ng a pa ent who presented with acute renal failure secondary to intrathecal methotrexate administra on for treatment of acute lymphoblas c leukemia (ALL). A 47 year-old Hispanic gentleman presented to our hospital complaining of generalized fa gue and lower extremity rash. Laboratory data disclosed a complete blood cell count with a WBC of 1.6, PLT < 61,000, HCT 40.9%, HGB 14.4 g/dl. Serum urea was 14 mg/dl, crea nine .9 mg/dL. Bone marrow biopsy showed a hypercellular bone marrow (90%) and with increased blast cells (nearly 100%) compa ble with ALL. Pa ent received cyclophosphamide, vincris ne, doxorubicin and dexamethasone and intrathecal methotrexate with hydra on and aklaliniza on. The following day, crea nine increased to 2.5mg/dl, serum uric acid level was 10.6 mg/dL, methotrexate level was 23.56 μM, confirming tumor lysis syndrome. He was further treated with intravenous hydra on, alkaliniza on of the urine, and suppor ve therapy with intensive leucovorin for 12 days. This is the 2nd known case report that illustrates a previously unrecognized poten al complica on of intrathecal methotrexate -acute tumor lysis syndrome. If not treated early and aggressively, methotrexate can damage normal cells leading to cell death and resul ng in renal, hepa c, and central nervous system toxicity. As this case illustrates, even with intrathecal methotrexate toxicity, treatment with pharmacologically guided leucovorin rescue along with con nua on of hydra on and alkaliniza on will facilitate restora on of renal func on and decrease the risk of impending systemic toxicity.
Community-Based Participatory Research as a Social Work Research and Intervention Approach

Social workers are now often expected to base their practice on solid empirical findings, but research can vary in terms of its usefulness and relevance to practice. Some social workers have criticized traditional research approaches, suggesting that they are not consistent with the profession's mission to serve vulnerable and disadvantaged populations (e.g., Finn, 1994). Community-based participatory action research may be an appropriate alternative that is participatory, empowering, and committed to social justice (Minkler & Wallerstein, 2008). This article explores the connection between social work and CBPR, illustrating how CBPR can contribute significantly to achieving the field's goals.
Rational approach to surgical management of complex forms of double outlet right ventricle with modified Fontan operation.

Objective. Surgical alternatives to biventricular repair of complex forms of double outlet right ventricle (DORV) remain controversial. The available knowledge of the Fontan operation (FO) for children with this anomaly is limited. The aim of this report is to analyze the results and risk factors of the FO performed as an alternative to the biventricular repair of complex DORV. Methods. Between 1980 and 2007, 47 patients with complex forms of DORV underwent a modified FO. Concomitant defects included noncommitted, subpulmonary or multiple ventricular septal defects, anomalies of atrioventricular valves and/or caval veins, and ventricular hypoplasia. Thirty-five of 45 patients (77%) have undergone a hemi-Fontan and 35 patients (77%; 10 children without previous hemi-Fontan) have had a completion FO without mortality or Fontan takedown. Risk factors for adverse outcomes were determined by multivariate analyses. Results. There were no early but six late deaths. The follow-up period ranged from 1 year to 25 years (mean 10.0 ± 6.5). The actuarial survival was 93% at 1 year, 87% at 10, 15, and 25 years. Multivariate analysis identified preoperative left or common atrioventricular valve insufficiency (P = .001) and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction ( 4.0 Woods units/m2) (P = .005). Conclusion. FO provides good early- and mid-term results in the treatment of complex forms of DORV. The increased preoperative pulmonary vascular resistance was a significant negative risk factor for adverse outcome in this patient population.
From subsistence to market: A case study of the mbuti net hunters

This article describes the recent transition from subsistence to market hunting of some net-hunting Mbuti, a nomadic society of the Ituri Forest of Zaire. The history of this development dates to the late 1950s, as the Mbuti began to have increasing contact with commercial meat traders, called bachuuzi, from outside markets. Before this, the Mbuti had a long history of contact with local swidden agriculturalists, called bakbala, a relationship that continues today. It is sanctioned by religious beliefs, but material exchanges are also important. The Mbuti provide bakbala with meat and other forest resources and receive in return iron implements, tobacco, and cultivated food. The Mbuti view such items now as necessities; however, this does not allow the bakbala to subjugate or control them. Most exchanges take place in the bakbala's village at the Mbuti's discretion, and exchange rates are not fixed. Finally it appears that such trade does not undermine the resource base of either group. The Mbuti's commercial exchanges contrast with this subsistence-oriented system. Unlike the bakbala, the bachuuzi traders establish themselves in the Mbuti's forest camps, where they can promote intensified net hunting and monopolize trade of meat. The Mbuti tolerate the alien traders in camp because they are often a convenient source of food and other desired material goods; however, they do not share the traders' commercial motives. The Mbuti freely manipulate credit to their own advantage and they are often able to evade the traders' efforts at economic control. The future of market hunting is uncertain. Mbuti material needs are changing and the antelope fauna (Cephalophinae) upon which commercial trade depends is being reduced in some areas.
Theoretical Collision Efficiencies of Cloud Droplets at Small Reynolds Numbers

Abstract An outline is presented of a new solution of the hydrodynamic equations for the motion of two spherical drops falling in a viscous fluid at small but non-zero Reynolds numbers. In this solution the flow of the medium is assumed to be governed by a modified form of the Oseen equations, and the boundary conditions at the two drops are simultaneously satisfied approximately. Although the equations allow partially for the effects of fluid inertia, a factor omitted in previous analyses based upon Stokesian hydrodynamics, the method of solution requires use of approximations to a larger extent than Stokesian solutions used by Davis and Sartor and by Hocking and Jonas. Collision efficiencies are presented for larger drops in the range 10–70μ radius. The new results tend to be larger than most previous theoretical computations, especially for drops of comparable size. For small size ratios, for which the coalescence efficiency should he close to unity, the present results appear to be consistent with col...
Test of parenting skills.

An item pool was developed to assess basic parenting skills in the areas of attachment, emotional capacity, judgment, knowledge of child development, and safety. Initially, 200 items were generated and completed by a sample of 15 parents. Item scores correlated with scores on a social desirability scale or having low variance were edited or eliminated. A sample of 56 parents completed the revised scale, a social desirability scale, and the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory. The reliabilities of the final subscales of the Test of Parenting Skills were modest, ranging from .56 to .77. Scores on the subscales were also correlated with those subscales from the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory. With the exception of the Judgment scores being correlated with the use of harsh discipline, the significant correlations suggested concurrent validity. The individual subscales require additional refinement to achieve adequate internal consistency, but they have potential for measuring competency in core parenting skills.
(99m)Tc-pyrophosphate scintigraphy for differentiating light-chain cardiac amyloidosis from the transthyretin-related familial and senile cardiac amyloidoses.

Background— Differentiating immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) from transthyretin-related cardiac amyloidoses (ATTR) is imperative given implications for prognosis, therapy, and genetic counseling. We validated the discriminatory ability of 99mTc-pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) scintigraphy in AL versus ATTR. Methods and Results— Forty-five subjects (12 AL, 16 ATTR wild type, and 17 ATTR mutants) underwent 99mTc-PYP planar and single-photon positive emission computed tomography cardiac imaging. Scans were performed by experienced nuclear cardiologists blinded to the subjects’ cohort assignment. Cardiac retention was assessed with both a semiquantitative visual score (range, 0; no uptake to 3, diffuse uptake) and by quantitative analysis by drawing a region of interest over the heart corrected for contralateral counts and calculating a heart-to-contralateral ratio. Subjects with ATTR cardiac amyloid had a significantly higher semiquantitative cardiac visual score than the AL cohort (2.9±0.06 versus 0.8±0.27; P 1.5 consistent with intensely diffuse myocardial tracer retention had a 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity with area under the curve 0.992, P <0.0001 for identifying ATTR cardiac amyloidosis. Conclusions— 99mTc-PYP cardiac imaging distinguishes AL from ATTR cardiac amyloidosis and may be a simple, widely available method for identifying subjects with ATTR cardiac amyloidosis, which should be studied in a larger prospective manner.
Outcome of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and prevalence of band revision and explantation at academic centers: 2007-2009.

Abstract Background Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding is gaining in popularity in the United States. Our objective was to examine the outcomes of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding and the prevalence of band revision and explantation at academic medical centers. Methods Using the "International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision," diagnosis and procedure codes, data were obtained from the University Health System Consortium Clinical Database for all laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedures performed from 2006 to 2009. The outcome measures included demographics, length of hospital stay, perioperative morbidity, mortality, and the prevalence of band revision and explantation. Results A total of 10,151 laparoscopic gastric banding procedures were performed from January 2007 to December 2009. The mean length of stay was 1.2 days. The perioperative morbidity rate was 3.0%, and the in-hospital mortality rate was .03%. The prevalence of band revision was .76% and of band explantation was .87%. Compared with the outcome of primary gastric banding, gastric band revision or explantation was associated with a longer length of hospital stay, greater perioperative morbidity, and greater cost. Conclusion Within the context of the 3-year period of analysis, laparoscopic gastric banding was associated with low perioperative morbidity and mortality and a low prevalence of band revision and explantation.
Larval habitat choice in still water and flume flows by the opportunistic bivalve Mulinia lateralis

Abstract Competent pediveligers of the coot clam Mulinia lateralis (Say) clearly preferred an organically-rich mud over abiotic glass beads in 24-h flume experiments, and often demonstrated the same choice in still-water experiments. We hypothesize that peediveligers with characteristic helical swimming paths above the bottom can exercise habitat choice in both still water nad flow, but that the limited swimming ambits of physiologically older periveligers require near-bottom flows to move the larvae between sediment patches so that they can exercise habitat choice. Although M. lateralis larvae are planktotrophic, their ability to delay metamorphosis in the absence of a preferred sediment cue is limited to about five days, a shorter time than the lecithotrophi larvae of the opportunistic polychaete species, Capitella spp. I and II. Field distributions of all three opportunistic species may result, at least in part, from active habitat selection for high-organic sediments by settling larvae.
(S,S)-trans-Cyclopentane-Constrained Peptide Nucleic Acids. A General Backbone Modification that Improves Binding Affinity and Sequence Specificity

Replacing the ethylenediamine portion of aminoethylglycine peptide nucleic acids (aegPNAs) with one or more (S,S)-trans-cyclopentane diamine units significantly increases binding affinity and sequence specificity to complementary DNA, making these modified PNAs ideal for use as nucleic acid probes in genomic analysis. The synthesis and study of this new class of PNAs (tcypPNAs) is described in which trans-cyclopentane diamine has been incorporated into several positions, and in varying number, within PNA backbones of mixed-base sequences.
Evaluations of three insecticides against colonized and field-collected larvae of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

In laboratory tests of insecticides against colonized (Sonora strain) and field-collected (Colorado) larvae of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillet), the LC50s (ppb) were, respectively: chlorpyrifos, 4.309 and 2.810; fenthion, 26.021 and 13.307; and temephos, 170.235 and 78.691.
Representing whole objects: temporal neurons learn to play their parts.

Shape-selective neurons in inferotemporal cortex could carry information about either component parts or whole objects. A new paper now reports that whole-object shape selectivity is increased for stimuli that monkeys have learned to recognize in a discrimination task.
Lymphokine induction of rat microglia multinucleated giant cell formation

Multinucleated giant cell formation (MNGC) occurs in central nervous system AIDS. The mechanism of fusion of microglia in these cases is unknown. We investigated the ability of lymphokines to induce fusion and found that interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4 (IL-4), gamma interferon (gamma-IFN), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induced MNGC formation in cultures of rat microglia in vitro. The diacylglycerol analogue phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) also induced MNGC. Interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) failed to induce fusion. Preincubation of the IL-3 treated cultures with anti-IL-3, anti-leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) alpha-chain (CD11a), and anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) inhibited cell fusion. Antibody to polymorphic Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) determinants also inhibited MNGCs. Cell surface LFA-1 was predominantly observed on MNGC, suggesting that LFA-1 expression is involved in microglia fusion. We thus propose that MNGC formation of microglia result from the effects of T cell-derived cytokines probably through the induction of cell surface adhesion molecules.
Coulometric titration of gold with electrogenerated chloro-cuprous ion

Abstract A method for the coulometric titration of +3 gold to the metallic state with clectrolytically generated chloro cuprous ion is described Quantities of gold from as little as I mg to 100 mg or more were titrated in a volume of 100 ml with an average error of ± 0.3%. The titration is applicable to the determination of gold in the presence of large amounts of copper, silver, mercury, lead, and most of the elements with which gold commonly is associated. Small amounts of +4 platinium (less than half the amount of gold) are innocuous, but larger quantities of platinum produce a large positive error
Mechanism of Ion Transport in Amorphous Poly(ethylene oxide)/LiTFSI from Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The mechanisms of lithium cation (Li+) and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide anion (TFSI-) transport in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO, Mw = 2380) melts were examined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations over a wide range of salt concentrations and temperatures. MD simulations using a quantum-chemistry-based many-body polarizable force field yielded ion self-diffusion coefficients, electrolyte conductivity, ion aggregation, and the coordination environment of Li+ in good agreement with experiment. Lithium transport was found to arise from a combination of the subdiffusive Li+ motion along PEO chains, motion together with PEO segments and intersegmental Li+ hops from one PEO segment to another. The rate of intersegmental hops was found to correlate well with times at which Li+ motion crosses over from subdiffusive to diffusive behavior. The contribution of Li+ motion along PEO chains to the total Li+ transport was found to be approximately equal to the contribution from Li+ moving together with PEO segments...
Comparison of local vs global approaches to 2D object recognition

Abstract This paper compares global and local approaches to object recognition in 2D images. In the global approach the network is trained on atomic images which contain only one object in selected positions of the whole image. These can be viewed as transparencies, each containing a single object in a selected position. The network is then tested on images that are generated by overlaying these transparencies to produce composite images, i.e. images containing several objects. The local approach utilizes a “flying window”, or a window that is passed over the input image in a raster scan manner. The network looks only at what is in the window as the window passes over the whole image. It is trained on a set of atomic images the size of the window. The recognition rates for the two methods are shown, and the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods are discussed.
The flow past a spinning sphere in a slowly rotating fluid at small reynolds number

Abstract The axisymmetric flow due to a uniform stream at infinity past a slowly rotating sphere in a viscous incompressible rotating fluid is studied and the results are presented mostly in the form of graphs of the streamlines. A region of reversed flow and vortex formation is found to occur near the front or rear stagnation points under certain conditions depending upon the speed of the uniform stream at infinity, the radius of the sphere and the angular velocity of the sphere. The fluid may rotate in the same or opposite directions.
Oblique and skew ionizing shock waves with non-unique structure

Within the range in which both electric field parameters are free, ionizing shock waves have a unique structure for each pair of chosen parameter values. In a relatively small shock speed range, however, conditions may exist for which at least one irtermediate equilibrium region is imbedded within the overall transition. Non-unique structures consisting of different transitions between the same upstream and downstream equilibrium states may then occur. Steady trans-Alfvenic magnetohydrodynamic transitions (which are unacceptable in the pre-ionized case) may occur as part of an ionizing shock structure, because neighboring steady solutions always exist. This is due to the existence of skew ionizing shocks which are able to absorb rotational disturbances. (auth)