cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the European Corn Borer in Relation to Its Management on Snap Beans

Egg masses or larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) were placed on snap beans to determine the effect of egg hatch at various days before harvest, On crop damage at harvest, and the length of time larvae feed externally on the plants before boring into stems and pods. When egg hatch occurred between 14 and 30 days before harvest, damaged stems and pods were found at harvest. Egg hatch at 7 and 35 days before harvest resulted in little crop damage. In laboratory and field studies of larval feeding behavior, larvae fed externally on the plants (primarily on the undersides of leaves) for 6 to 7 days and had completed the 1st or 2nd instar before they began to bore. Day degrees accumulations above 10°C were related to the interval between egg hatch and the onset of boring.
Chevalier Jackson Lecture 2006 Concepts and Culture of Innovation

It is my great honor to have the opportunity to deliver the Chevalier Jackson Lecture (see Figure). Successful innovation was one of Jackson’s deepest passions and greatest skills. First and foremost, he had a profound desire to educate and to create future management strategies for the fields that he cherished: broncho-esophagology2 and laryngeal surgery.3 He had a unique ability to identify key problems that required solutions, effectively solve those problems, disseminate new knowledge or discoveries, and institute new research initiatives predicated on the elements of past achievements. This resulted in a lifetime of accomplishments that not only led to invaluable advances in laryngeal surgery, but also established models of innovation for all surgeons. This recognition by other surgeons is evidenced by the Boston Surgical Society, which bestowed Jackson with the Bigelow Award and Medal in 1928,4 after William J. Mayo (first awardee, in 1921). This award has been given fewer than 30 times since its inception, and to no other otolaryngological surgeon. Jackson was keenly aware of the achievements of his predecessors and contemporaries. This eclectic philosophy helped him develop malleable paradigms with growth potential rather than becoming trapped within his own ideas, a common tendency of creative thinkers. The acknowledgment of others’ work is clearly illustrated in a majority of Jackson’s texts.2-6
Enterprise services

Examining the emerging field of Web Services and how it is integrated into existing enterprise infrastructures.
Thermodynamics of ion-exchanged and natural clinoptilolite

Natural clinoptilolite (Cpt: Na 0.085 K 0.037 Ca 0.010 Mg 0.020 Al 0.182 Si 0.818 O 2 ·0.528H 2 O) from Castle Creek, Idaho, and its cation-exchanged variants (Na-Cpt, NaK-Cpt, K-Cpt, and Ca-Cpt) were studied by high-temperature calorimetry. The hydration enthalpy for all the clinoptilolites is about −30 kJ/mol H 2 O (liquid water reference state) at 25 °C. The energetic stabilization effect of hydration on each clinoptilolite can be largely correlated to its hydration capacity. The higher the average ionic potential of the extra-framework cations, the larger the hydration capacity of the clinoptilolite. This trend may be attributed to the small size as well as the efficient water-cation packing of high field strength cations in the zeolite structure. The hydration properties of these clinoptilolites are compared with those previously reported in the literature. The dehydration conditions as well as the measurement direction (dehydration of the initially hydrated sample or rehydration of the dehydrated zeolites) are important factors to control to obtain consistent thermodynamic properties for hydration. The standard enthalpy for formation of the clinoptilolites from the constituent elements at 25 °C based on two framework O atoms was obtained from the calorimetric data: −1117.57 ± 0.95 kJ/mol Cpt, −1130.05 ± 1.00 kJ/mol Na-Cpt, −1109.49 ± 1.04 kJ/mol NaK-Cpt, −1094.21 ± 1.12 kJ/mol K-Cpt, and −1153.78 ± 1.07 kJ/mol Ca-Cpt. Their molar entropy was determined by a summation method based on the thermodynamic properties of the component oxides. Thus the standard free energy based on two framework O atoms was derived: −1034.01 ± 1.05 kJ/mol Cpt, −1044.19 ± 1.10 kJ/mol Na-Cpt, −1027.26 ± 1.13 kJ/mol NaK-Cpt, −1014.89 ± 1.21 kJ/mol K-Cpt, and −1064.95 ± 1.16 kJ/mol Ca-Cpt.
Increased Noradrenaline Content of Hypothalamic Nuclei in Association with Worsening of Hypertension after High Sodium Intake in the Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

1. High sodium intake results in an exacerbation of hypertension accompanied by evidence of increased peripheral sympathetic activity in the young spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) of the Okamoto strain. 2. To examine the hypothesis that high sodium intake increases peripheral sympathetic activity via an influence on central noradrenergic pathways involved in cardiovascular regulation, the effect of dietary sodium intake on noradrenaline stores of individual hypothalamic nuclei was examined in young SHR. 3. After 2 weeks of high sodium intake, the noradrenaline content of the anterior and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei of SHR was increased when compared with SHR receiving normal sodium intake. Increases in the noradrenaline content of anterior hypothalamic nucleus persisted at 4 weeks. No changes were seen in other regions examined. 4. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that sodium and the sympathetic nervous system have synergistic effects in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the SHR.
Modeling and Characterization of a Flexible Rotor Supported by AMB

The present work is devoted to the conception of a representative numeric model of an experimental test rig, which consists of a flexible rotor supported by two Active Magnetic Bearings. Based on this model, the analysis and synthesis of new control strategies, as well as other relevant studies can be properly performed. For this purpose, the study was divided in two parts. The first is dedicated to the elaboration of individual numerical models in order to represent the dynamic behavior of each one of the sub systems that compose the entire system, as based on their design characteristics. Thereafter, the models of the sub systems are assembled together so that a representative model of the entire system is obtained. The following step is the model correlation with experimental results for validation purposes, which will be presented in a further contribution.
Systems of Differential Equations and Their Use in Computer-Related Extrapolation Problems

In many computer science problems, it is necessary to extrapolate the partial knowledge. Different extrapolation methods lead to drastically different results, so, it is important to choose an appropriate extrapolation technique. In the previous lesson, we formulated the task of choosing the best extrapolation technique in precise mathematical terms. In this lesson, we show that this task can be reduced to a system of differential equations, and we explain how to solve such systems.
Black-boxing and cause-effect power

Reductionism assumes that causation in the physical world occurs at the micro level, excluding the emergence of macro-level causation. We challenge this reductionist assumption by employing a principled, well-defined measure of intrinsic cause-effect power–integrated information (Φ), and showing that, according to this measure, it is possible for a macro level to “beat” the micro level. Simple systems were evaluated for Φ across different spatial and temporal scales by systematically considering all possible black boxes. These are macro elements that consist of one or more micro elements over one or more micro updates. Cause-effect power was evaluated based on the inputs and outputs of the black boxes, ignoring the internal micro elements that support their input-output function. We show how black-box elements can have more common inputs and outputs than the corresponding micro elements, revealing the emergence of high-order mechanisms and joint constraints that are not apparent at the micro level. As a consequence, a macro, black-box system can have higher Φ than its micro constituents by having more mechanisms (higher composition) that are more interconnected (higher integration). We also show that, for a given micro system, one can identify local maxima of Φ across several spatiotemporal scales. The framework is demonstrated on a simple biological system, the Boolean network model of the fission-yeast cell-cycle, for which we identify stable local maxima during the course of its simulated biological function. These local maxima correspond to macro levels of organization at which emergent cause-effect properties of physical systems come into focus, and provide a natural vantage point for scientific inquiries.
Genetics of Von Hippel-Lindau Disease

VHL : Von Hippel Lindau pVHL : VHL protein HIF : hypoxia-inducible factor Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a rare, autosomal dominant syndrome that is associated with the development of tumors in a variety of organ systems, most commonly hemangioblastoma of the central nervous system and
New Identities or New Intimacies? Rethinking ‘Coming Out’ in Taiwan through Cross-Generational Ethnography:

In this article, the author analyzes the emergence of a ‘coming out’ discourse in Taiwan and the generational variation in its relevance for queer lives. Drawing from fieldwork with gender and sexu...
Implementation and evaluation of a peer review process for advanced practice nurses in a university hospital setting.

Background and purpose Over the past decade, implementation of the peer review process for the development of the advanced practice nurse (APN) has been emphasized. However, little exists in the literature regarding APN peer review. The peer review process is intended to help demonstrate competency of care, enhance quality improvement measures, and foster the professional growth of the APN. Methods APNs serving on a professional governance council within a university teaching hospital developed a model of peer review for APNs. Nine months after the tool was implemented, an anonymous follow-up survey was conducted. A follow-up request was sent 4 weeks later to increase the number of respondents. Likert scales were used to elicit subjective data regarding the process. Conclusions Of 81 APNs who participated in the survey, more than half (52%) felt that the process would directly improve their professional practice. Implications for practice Survey results show that the peer review process affected APN professional practice positively. Additional research might include pathways for remediation and education of staff, evaluation of alternate methods to improve application to clinical practice, and collection of outcome data. The models presented provide a foundation for future refinement to accommodate different APN practice settings.
The ontogeny of personality traits in the desert funnel‐web spider, Agelenopsis lisa (Araneae: Agelenidae)

Trait consistency over time is one of the cornerstones of animal personality. Behavioral syndromes are the result of correlations between behaviors. While repeatability in behavior is not a requirement for behavioral syndromes, the two concepts studied together provide a more comprehensive understanding of how behavior can change over ontogeny. The roles of ontogenetic processes in the emergence of personality and behavioral syndromes have received much individual attention. However, the characterization of both individual trait consistency and behavioral syndromes across both sexes, as in our study, has been relatively rare. Ontogeny refers to changes that occur from conception to maturation, and juveniles might be expected to undergo different selection pressures than sexually mature individuals and also will experience profound changes in hormones, morphology, and environment during this period. In this study, we test for behavioral trait consistency and behavioral syndromes across six time points during ontogenetic development in the desert funnel-web spider (Agelenopsis lisa). Our results indicate behavioral traits generally lack consistency (repeatability) within life stages and across ontogeny. However, penultimate males and mature females do exhibit noticeable mean-level changes, with greater aggressive responses toward prey, shorter latencies to explore their environment and in the exhibition of risk-averse responses to predatory cues. These traits also show high repeatability. Some trait correlations do exist as well. In particular, a strong correlation between aggressiveness toward prey and exploration factors is observed in mature males. However, because correlations among these factors are unstable across ontogeny and vary in strength over time, we conclude that behavioral syndromes do not exist in this species. Nevertheless, our results indicate that increased consistency, increasing average trait values, and varying correlations between traits may coincide with developmentally important changes associated with sexual maturation, albeit at different time points in males and females. This period of the life cycle merits systematic examination across taxa.
AN EXPERIENCE WITH SOLAR ENERGY IN DAVID, PANAMA: FROM FAILURE TO SUCCESS

ABSTRACT At the invitation of the American Embassy in Panama, Florida State University provided three solar energy devices for display at the 25th International Trade Fair in David, Panama, March 1980. The story of how the loss of a major item for display was overcome serves to illustrate what ingenuity and determination can do to turn failure into success.
Aspirin for Prophylaxis Against Venous Thromboembolism After Orthopaedic Oncologic Surgery.

Background:Patients who undergo orthopaedic oncologic surgical procedures are at increased risk of developing a venous thromboembolism (VTE). Guidelines from surgical societies are shifting to include aspirin as a postoperative VTE prophylactic agent. The purpose of this study was to review our expe
Pushing shadow banking into the light: reforming the US tri-party repo market

The U.S. tri‐party repo market is one of the most active and liquid in global capital markets. Even more specialized than traditional repo, tri‐party repo has often operated in the shadows of global finance. The U.S. Federal Reserve, however, has helped make this market more transparent and less volatile than it has operated in the past. The U.S. tri-party market has approximately US$1.6 trillion outstanding of repos executed between large financial institutions. It became apparent, however, that the repo market had huge systemic risks due to the domination of two large custodians in the market. This domination resulted in huge amounts of inter-market interdependence. Recognizing the need for systemic changes, the U.S. Federal Reserve as a prudential regulator exercised enormous amounts of pressure on these institutions to reform the market. This reform process could also help serve as an important model for future reforms to other areas of shadow banking.
Pharmacologic Management of the Pediatric Patient with Special Healthcare Needs

Despite exhaustive efforts in accommodating children with special healthcare needs into office-based dental settings or clinics, there remains a need to provide advanced anxiety and behavioral guidance through the use of pharmacological agents. When desensitization or behavioral support fails to provide safe and adequate dental treatment conditions, strategies involving pharmaceuticals in a variety of applications may be an appropriate treatment consideration. Limitations to using such pharmacologic modalities exist at the institutional and licensure/permitting levels, so caretakers, practitioners, and allied healthcare providers must be familiar with the availability, accessibility, and relative safety of various modes of pharmacologic therapies provided by various dental professionals. Additionally, providers involved in the care of the child with special healthcare needs should be familiar and be involved in a concerted decision-making process that includes a thorough discussion of risks and benefits of proposed pharmacologic management strategies. An exhaustive decision-making process and a clear understanding of agents used in various settings will help guide treatment options and goals that account for patient needs and the proposed dental or surgical treatment.
Antecedents and Potential Moderators of the Relationship Between Attitudes and Hiring Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation

A sample of 236 undergraduates (most of whom were White women) rated resumes in which gender, masculinity/femininity, and sexual orientation were manipulated while qualifications were kept constant. Overall, participants rated lesbian and gay male applicants less positively than heterosexual male applicants, but more positively than heterosexual women. Religiosity, beliefs in traditional gender roles, beliefs in the controllability of homosexuality, and previous contact with lesbians and gay men were related to attitudes toward lesbians and gay men, which was in turn related to beliefs about employing them. Several factors were hypothesized to moderate the relationship between beliefs about employing lesbians and gay men and discrimination, although the expected relationships were not found. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Safety of Thyroid Surgery in the Elderly: A Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study.

Abstract Background Thyroid surgery is becoming more common in the elderly as elderly population continues to grow. We aim to evaluate the relative risk of morbidity from thyroidectomy in patients greater than 75 y of age. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for patients who were undergoing thyroidectomy between 2001 and 2018 in a multihospital network. A matched control group was selected with use of a propensity score, which was based on gender, ethnicity, type of surgery, insurance status, and comorbidities. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to quantify comorbidities. Total complications included both thyroid-specific and systemic complications. Results We identified 313 patients over the age of 75 y with a propensity score matched group of 313 patients. There was no difference between the percent female (73% versus 73%, P = 0.92), race composition (P = 0.91), insurance status (P = 0.99), percent undergoing total thyroidectomy (84% versus 84%, P = 0.91), and Charlson Index (2.6 versus 2.69, P = 0.70) of the two groups. Overall complications (4.8% versus 1.9%, P = 0.05) and thrombotic events (1.2 versus 0%, P = 0.04) were significantly higher but there was no statistically significant difference between postoperative emergency room visits (7% versus 6%, P = 0.61), readmissions (11.5% versus 8.6%, P = 0.18), cardiovascular (1.3 versus 0.6%, P = 0.61), pulmonary (3.2 versus 0.9%, P = 0.07), or neurologic complications (1.0 versus 0.3%, P = 0.34). No reoperations were noted in either group. Elder patients did have a longer length of stay (2.64 versus 1.29 d, P Conclusions Elderly patients did have a longer length of stay when compared to a matched younger population. Although there was a trend with higher complication rates in the elderly, those differences did not reach statistical significance.
Computational Network Modeling of Intranidal Hemodynamic Compartmentalization in a Theoretical Three-Dimensional Brain Arteriovenous Malformation

There are currently no in vivo techniques to accurately study dynamic equilibrium of blood flow within separate regions (compartments) of a large brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) nidus. A greater understanding of this AVM compartmentalization, even if theoretical, would be useful for optimal planning of endovascular and multimodal AVM therapies. We aimed to develop a biomathematical AVM model for theoretical investigations of intranidal regions of increased mean intravascular pressure (Pmean) and flow representing hemodynamic compartments, upon simulated AVM superselective angiography (SSA). We constructed an AVM model as a theoretical electrical circuit containing four arterial feeders (AF1-AF4) and a three-dimensional nidus of 97 interconnected plexiform and fistulous components. We simulated SSA by increases in Pmean in each AF (with and without occlusion of all other AFs), and then used network analysis to establish resulting increases in Pmean and flow within each nidus vessel. We analyzed shifts in hemodynamic compartments consequent to increasing AF injection pressures. SSA simulated by increases of 10 mm Hg in AF1, AF2, AF3, or AF4 resulted in dissipation of Pmean over 38, 66, 76, or 20% of the nidus, respectively, rising slightly with simultaneous occlusion of other AFs. We qualitatively analyzed shifting intranidal compartments consequent to varying injection pressures by mapping the hemodynamic changes onto the nidus network. Differences in extent of nidus filling upon SSA injections provide theoretical evidence that hemodynamic and angioarchitectural features help establish AVM nidus compartmentalization. This model based on a theoretical AVM will serve as a useful computational tool for further investigations of AVM embolotherapy strategies.
Missional Holiness in the Context of Work and Economics: A Biblical Perspective on Work and Economics for Mission in the Context of Global Poverty:

This paper intends to provide the church with a biblical perspective of work and economics in order for the church to missionally respond to global poverty. For this purpose, the Western Church’s a...
Corneal Light Scatter After Ultrathin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Versus Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Descemet Endothelial Thickness Comparison Trial: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE To compare the degree of corneal light scatter as measured by densitometry in ultrathin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (UT-DSAEK) and Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty (DMEK) in the Descemet endothelial thickness comparison trial. METHODS This was a prespecified secondary analysis of the Descemet endothelial thickness comparison trial, which was a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Subjects with isolated endothelial dysfunction were enrolled and were randomized to either UT-DSAEK or DMEK. Corneal opacity was quantitatively measured by Pentacam densitometry (OCULUS) at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS Fifty eyes of 38 patients were enrolled at the Casey Eye Institute at Oregon Health & Science University and the Byers Eye Institute at Stanford University. Corneal densitometry for the anterior and posterior layers improved in both UT-DSAEK and DMEK after surgery. The decrease was more pronounced in the posterior layer for both groups. However, there was no difference in the degree of corneal light scatter between UT-DSAEK and DMEK at postoperative month 12, and no difference in change in densitometry was observed between the 2 arms from baseline to month 12. CONCLUSIONS Both UT-DSAEK and DMEK experience an improvement in the degree of corneal light scatter after surgery. However, there was no difference in densitometry between the 2 groups at month 12. Therefore, other factors such as higher order aberrations in the posterior cornea rather than stromal-stromal interface haze mediate the superior visual outcomes in DMEK compared with UT-DSAEK.
HIV suppression by host restriction factors and viral immune evasion

Antiviral restriction factors are an integral part of the host innate immune system that protects cells from viral pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Studies of the interactions between restriction factors and HIV have greatly advanced our understanding of both the viral life cycle and basic cell biology, as well as provided new opportunities for therapeutic intervention of viral infection. Here we review the recent developments towards establishing the structural and biochemical bases of HIV inhibition by, and viral countermeasures of, the restriction factors TRIM5, MxB, APOBEC3, SAMHD1, and BST2/tetherin.
3 – Human Immunoglobulins

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the general structural features and properties of the various classes of human immunoglobulin. Interchain disulfide bonds play a major role in maintaining the structural integrity of the immunoglobulins. In general, however, H and L chains do not separate upon cleavage of these bonds, which indicates that noncovalent interactions are also important. Bence Jones proteins occur as monomers or, more frequently, as dimers of L chains. In dimers the L chains are joined by noncovalent interactions and, in general, by an interchain S-S bond, which involves the same half-cystine that normally joins the L chain to an H chain in an immunoglobulin molecule. The enzymes papain and pepsin have been used most extensively in studies of the proteolysis of human IgG. When normal IgG, comprising all of the subclasses, is treated with papain, Fab and Fc fragments are liberated. Papain cleaves molecules of each subclass in the hinge region, on the N-terminal side of the inter-heavy chain disulfide bonds; for example, in IgG1 the principal site of attack is between positions 225 and 226.
Improving variant calling using population data and deep learning

Large-scale population variant data is often used to filter and aid interpretation of variant calls in a single sample. These approaches do not incorporate population information directly into the process of variant calling, and are often limited to filtering which trades recall for precision. In this study, we modify DeepVariant to add a new channel encoding population allele frequencies from the 1000 Genomes Project. We show that this model reduces variant calling errors, improving both precision and recall. We assess the impact of using population-specific or diverse reference panels. We achieve the greatest accuracy with diverse panels, suggesting that large, diverse panels are preferable to individual populations, even when the population matches sample ancestry. Finally, we show that this benefit generalizes to samples with different ancestry from the training data even when the ancestry is also excluded from the reference panel.
The Relationship Between Delta and r-Biserial

The negative relationship we have observed in earlier chapters between discrimination and difficulty is at the heart of the problems reported by item writers, namely, that hard items that are also discriminating “are difficult to write.” Naturally, it is important to have items of a wide range of difficulty. If the entire range of difficulty is not represented in the test, there will be problems in having the test scale properly because of ceiling effects. For example, there may not be sufficient data at the upper and lower extremes of the scale to determine the appropriate equating transformation that ensures that test scores are comparable among forms. (For a review of equating methodology see, e.g., Holland & Rubin, 1982; for an introduction see Hambleton & Swaminathan, 1985.) Similarly, to ensure that the same composite of abilities is being reflected in the total score, the contribution from each of the subtests to the overall test specifications should remain constant among forms. In short, having an understanding of the causes behind the apparent difficulties in writing items at a particular level of difficulty is essential to maintaining, and possibly improving, the psychometric characteristics of a test. In this chapter we will explore several explanations for the negative relationship between delta and r-biserial.
Afterword to “Anthropology and Human Rights in a New Key”: The Social Life of Human Rights

In this article, I argue for an ethnographic approach to human rights that recognizes the plural and fragmentary nature of the international rights regime and the ideological promiscuity of rights talk. Instead of determining in advance the social or political character of rights, anthropologists could profitably draw from the insights of early-20th-century “legal realists” and look closely at the underlying assumptions and hidden practices of political and legal processes. Studying the “social life of human rights” would involve focusing on, inter alia, the performative dimensions of human rights, the dynamics of social mobilization, and the attitudinal changes of elite and nonelite social actors towards formulations of “rights” and “justice,” both inside and outside the legal process. I conclude with a review of recent anthropological research on human rights epistemology and evaluate its implications for human rights policy.
Comparison of Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Urban Low-Income US Adults Receiving a Produce Voucher in 2 Cities.

Importance Fruit and vegetable vouchers have been implemented by cities and counties across the US to increase fruit and vegetable intake and thereby improve overall nutritional quality. Objective To determine whether and why use of fruit and vegetable vouchers are associated with varied nutritional intake across different populations and environments. Design, Setting, and Participants In a population-based pre-post cohort study of 671 adult participants with low income before and during (6 months after initiation) participation in a 6-month program, fruit and vegetable vouchers were distributed for redemption at local San Francisco and Los Angeles neighborhood grocery and corner stores between 2017 and 2019. A transportability analysis was performed to identify factors that may explain variation in voucher use between cities. Exposure Receipt of $20 per month in produce vouchers for 6 months from 2017 to 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Change in total fruits and vegetables (as defined by the US Department of Agriculture) consumed per person per day (change in cup-equivalents between month 6 and month 0). Results A total of 671 adults (median age, 54.9 years [interquartile range, 45.0-65.0 years]; 61.7% female; 30.9% Black; 19.7% Hispanic) were enrolled. An increase in fruit and vegetable intake of 0.22 cup-equivalents per day overall (95% CI, 0.14-0.31 cup-equivalents; P < .001) was observed. However, the observed increase was larger in Los Angeles compared with San Francisco (0.64 cup-equivalents per day; 95% CI, 0.41-0.88 cup-equivalents vs 0.10 cup-equivalents per day; 95% CI, 0.01-0.19 cup-equivalents). When the concurrently sampled San Francisco group (n = 157) was weighted in transportability analysis to demographically match the Los Angeles group (n = 155) in observed covariates, the weighted San Francisco group had an estimated increase of 0.53 fruit and vegetable cup-equivalents per day (95% CI, 0.27- 0.79 cup-equivalents, P = .03), with income being the variable needed to allow the 95% confidence intervals to overlap between the weighted San Francisco and unweighted Los Angeles populations. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, the use of fruit and vegetable vouchers appeared to be associated with greater benefit among those with lower incomes, suggesting that further investigation of flat-rate rather than income-scaled benefits is warranted.
Aeolian sand transport over a wet, sandy beach

Abstract Quantifying aeolian transport within the intertidal zone is critical to understanding feedbacks between aeolian and nearshore processes in coastal environments. Here, we report a field study of aeolian transport over a wet bed in the intertidal zone. Predominate winds and beach orientation were aligned during all field observations. Mean grain size of bed samples were 0.18 mm and moisture content ranged from 16 to 17%. Velocity profiles were measured with a vertical array of cup anemometers. Sustained wind velocities were 9.5 m/s at 93 cm above the bed with gusts reaching 13.5 m/s. Five saltation traps captured particles in transport from the bed to a height of 15 cm. Particles in transport were wet and the highest moisture content of trapped sediments was found in the lowest saltation trap. Vertical flux profiles show a higher concentration of flux closer to the bed (81 to 89% below 5 cm) than those measured over dry beds. Power and exponential decay functions were fit to our vertical flux profiles; the exponential decay function best fit flux profiles with larger β coefficients and smaller α estimates than those fit to dry bed profiles. Total flux models predict transport below Belly’s (1964) fluid threshold of motion for moist beds and model performance improves when using a threshold for dry sand. Our results suggest transport over wet beds is fundamentally different from transport over dry beds. However, more research is needed to discern the mechanics driving deviations in flux profiles over wet beds in field environments.
Predictors of households at risk for food insecurity in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective: To examine associations between sociodemographic and mental health characteristics with household risk for food insecurity during the COVID-19 outbreak. Design: Cross-sectional online survey analysed using univariable tests and a multivariable logistic regression model. Setting: The United States during the week of 30 March 2020. Participants: A convenience sample of 1965 American adults using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform. Participants reporting household food insecurity prior to the pandemic were excluded from analyses. Results: One thousand two hundred and fifty participants reported household food security before the COVID-19 outbreak. Among this subset, 41 % were identified as at risk for food insecurity after COVID-19, 55 % were women and 73 % were white. On a multivariable analysis, race, income, relationship status, living situation, anxiety and depression were significantly associated with an incident risk for food insecurity. Black, Asian and Hispanic/Latino respondents, respondents with an annual income <$100 000 and those living with children or others were significantly more likely to be newly at risk for food insecurity. Individuals at risk for food insecurity were 2·60 (95 % CI 1·91, 3·55) times more likely to screen positively for anxiety and 1·71 (95 % CI 1·21, 2·42) times more likely to screen positively for depression. Conclusions: An increased risk for food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic is common, and certain populations are particularly vulnerable. There are strong associations between being at risk for food insecurity and anxiety/depression. Interventions to increase access to healthful foods, especially among minority and low-income individuals, and ease the socioemotional effects of the outbreak are crucial to relieving the economic stress of this pandemic.
Body fatness and breast cancer risk in relation to phosphorylated mTOR expression in a sample of predominately Black women.

BACKGROUND The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway promoted by positive energy imbalance and insulin-like growth factors can be a mechanism by which obesity influences breast cancer risk. We evaluated the associations of body fatness with the risk of breast cancer varied with phosphorylated (p)-mTOR protein expression, an indication of the pathway activation. METHODS Women with newly diagnosed breast cancer (n = 715; 574 [80%] Black and 141 [20%] White) and non-cancer controls (n = 1983; 1280 [64%] Black and 713 [36%] White) were selected from the Women's Circle of Health Study. Surgical tumor samples among the cases were immunostained for p-mTOR (Ser2448) and classified as p-mTOR-overexpressed, if the expression level ≥ 75th percentile, or p-mTOR-negative/low otherwise. Anthropometrics were measured by trained staff, and body composition was determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Odds ratios (ORs) of p-mTOR-overexpressed tumors and p-mTOR-negative/low tumors compared to controls were estimated using polytomous logistic regression. The differences in the associations by the p-mTOR expression status were assessed by tests for heterogeneity. RESULTS Cases with p-mTOR-overexpressed tumors, but not cases with p-mTOR-negative/low tumors, compared to controls were more likely to have higher body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, and fat mass index (P-heterogeneity < 0.05), although the OR estimates were not significant. For the measurement of central adiposity, cases with p-mTOR overexpressed tumors had a higher odds of being at the Q3 (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.46 to 4.34) and Q4 (OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.12 to 3.50) of waist circumference (WC) compared to controls. Similarly, cases with p-mTOR overexpressed tumors had a higher odds of being at the Q3 (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.98) and Q4 (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.11 to 2.98) of WHR compared to controls. These associations of WC and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) did not differ by tumor p-mTOR status (P-heterogeneity = 0.27 and 0.48, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that in this population composed of predominately Black women, body fatness is associated with breast cancer differently for p-mTOR overexpression and p-mTOR negative/low expression. Whether mTOR plays a role in the obesity and breast cancer association warrants confirmation by prospective studies.
Migrant youths’ creation of visual counternarratives to expand the boundaries of civic belonging

In the context of heightened worldwide migration, emotion-based discourses portraying migrants as fearsome and dangerous continue to regulate nation-state boundaries. This paper reports on a critic...
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines for Perioperative Spine: Preoperative Pulmonary Evaluation and Optimization.

BACKGROUND There are no current recommendations for preoperative pulmonary evaluation and management of patients undergoing elective spine surgery. OBJECTIVE The aim of this guideline is to determine preoperative risk factors for perioperative and postoperative pulmonary adverse events and to determine the optimal preoperative evaluation and management of at-risk patients. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was performed using the National Library of Medicine PubMed database and the Cochrane Library for studies relevant to postoperative pulmonary adverse events in patients undergoing spine surgery. Clinical studies evaluating preoperative patient risk factors and preoperative diagnostic and treatment interventions were selected for review. RESULTS The literature search yielded 152 abstracts relevant to the PICO (patient/population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes) questions included in this chapter. The task force selected 65 articles for full-text review, and 24 were selected for inclusion in this systematic review. Twenty-three articles addressed preoperative patient risk factors. One article addressed preoperative diagnostic studies of pulmonary function. There were no studies meeting the inclusion criteria for preoperative pulmonary treatment. CONCLUSION There is substantial evidence for multiple preoperative patient factors that predict an increased risk of a postoperative pulmonary adverse event. Individuals with these risk factors (functional dependence, advanced age [≥65 yr], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, weight loss, and obstructive sleep apnea) who are undergoing spine surgery should be counseled regarding the potential increased risk of a perioperative and postoperative pulmonary adverse events. There is insufficient evidence to support any specific preoperative diagnostic test for predicting the risk of postoperative pulmonary adverse events or any treatment intervention that reduces risk. It is suggested, however, to consider appropriate preoperative pulmonary diagnostic testing and treatment to address active pulmonary symptoms of existing or suspected disease.The full guidelines can be accessed at https://www.cns.org/guidelines/browse-guidelines-detail/5-preoperative-pulmonary-evaluation-optimization.
FROM CRIME FIGHTING TO COUNTERINSURGENCY: The Transformation of London’s Special Patrol Group in the 1970s

The Special Patrol Group (SPG) of the London Metropolitan Police was formed as a crime-fighting unit in 1965. Beginning in the early 1970s, however, it underwent a transformation of ‘colonial count...
What Are Some of the Commonalties of the School Shootings

The focus of this portion of the book is on the commonalities that were evident in the school shootings. Some of the most frequent commonalities include the shooter breaking up with a girlfriend, coming from a difficult home situation, and receiving a bad grade at school. Other frequent commonalities including obvious warning signs on which almost no one in authority took action, and the shooters being people who lacked love, character, and compassion. Half the shooters were mentally ill, many played bloody video games, and others had an obsession with guns. A number of shooters found the practice and reality of evil very attractive. The author notes that by pointing out the commonalities, one can begin to determine the most efficacious solutions.
Key Performance Indicators for Quality Imaging Practice: Why, What, and How

A common trend across health care organizations is the development of key performance indicators (KPIs) for characterizing quality, identifying areas in need of change, and quantifying the impact of change. This article outlines a list of KPIs that can be used to quantify, target, and optimize value and value delivery in medical imaging practice. Of particular focus here is the aspect of practice that should be overseen and informed by the work of medical physicists, along the trajectory and expectations of a Medical Physics 3.0 model. The authors offer a framework for developing site-specific KPIs and several demonstrative clinical examples.
Extenal Calibration of Polarimetric Radars Using Point and Distributed Targets

Polarimetric radar calibration algorithms using a combination of point targets and reciprocal distributed targets are developed. From distributed target reciprocity, a matrix equation is derived which can be converted into an equivalent point target response, and can also be utilized to make a polarimetric radar reciprocal. The equivalent point target corresponds physically to a 90-degree polarization rotator which is nonreciprocal and rotation-invariant. Due to this equivalent-point-target interpretation, the cases of polarimetric calibration using two point targets and one distributed target then reduce to those using three point targets, which have been solved in previous research. Regarding the calibration using one point target and one reciprocal distributed target, two cases are analyzed with the point target being a sphere (trihedral reflector) or a polarimetric active radar calibrator (PARC). For both cases, the general solutions of system distortion matrices are written as a product of a particul...
Impact of child care arrangements on Australian children's cognitive outcome: moderation effects of parental factors

This study examines the effects of child care arrangements on children's cognitive outcomes. It is a secondary analysis, using data on 5107 children born in 2004 and their families from Growing Up in Australia: The Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Data were collected in 2004 (Wave One), in 2006 (Wave Two) and in 2008 (Wave Three). This study asks (i) Do children receiving non-parental child care have different cognitive developmental outcomes at ages 4–5, compared with those who never had non-parental child care during the first 3 years of life? Do parental factors affect these associations?; and (ii) among children with non-parental child care, do child care characteristics such as types of care, quantity, entry age and stability of child care affect child outcomes? Do parental factors affect child outcomes? The study's findings suggest that children in non-parental child care had higher Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores at age 5. Among children in non-parental child care arrangements, quantity and entry age of non-parental child care affected children's cognitive developmental outcomes. Along with child care arrangements, parental mental health was associated with children's cognitive outcomes.
Infrared Spectroscopy of Late Type Stars

The uses of infrared spectroscopy in the study of late-type stars are introduced. Topics include instrumentation, observing procedures, characteristics of the infrared stellar spectrum, and applications of low and high resolution spectroscopy.
Multicolor flow cytometric analysis in SIV-infected rhesus macaque.

Publisher Summary Flow cytometry has been a cornerstone of analysis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pathogenesis and immunity since recognition of the disease. Flow cytometric analysis has proven to be equally important to investigators using the SIV/nonhuman primate (NHP) model of AIDS that recapitulates the key features of HIV infection and disease, and offers the best available animal model for fundamental studies of the pathogenesis and immunity of AIDS-causing viruses. This chapter describes the evaluation of disease pathogenesis and antigen-specific immunity in SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RM). The analytical strategies capable of more quantification of NHP lymphocyte, particularly T-cell, differentiation and function would allow investigation of differences in such precisely defined populations correlate with SIV infection course. The advent of polychromatic (six or more fluorescence parameter) flow cytometers offers new opportunities for high-resolution immunological analysis, potentially allowing unprecedented phenotypic and functional dissection of complex immunocyte populations. The enormous information content of polychromatic (10-color) flow cytometric analysis offers an opportunity to address fundamental questions in SIV pathobiology and immunity and to more accurately evaluate new therapeutic and vaccine strategies. The chapter discusses SIV immunopathogenesis analysis and quantitative dissection of SIV-specific T-cell responses. With routine application of these assays, correlation with clinical outcome will eventually provide insight into the nature of protective cellular immune responses.
Mutating the “primer grip” of p66 HIV-1 reverse transcriptase implicates tryptophan-229 in template-primer utilization

Abstract "BcgI cassette" mutagenesis was used to prepare variants of p66 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase with amino acid substitutions between residues Glu224 and Trp229. Mutant polypeptides were reconstituted in vitro with wild type p51 to generate the "selectively mutated" heterodimer series p66(224A)/p51-p66(229A)/p51. Purified enzymes were characterized with respect to dimerization, DNA polymerase, RNase H, and tRNA(Lys-3) binding. The combined analyses indicate that while alteration of p66 residues Glu224-Leu228 has minimal consequences, the DNA polymerase activities of mutant p66(229A)/p51 are impaired. DNase I footprinting illustrates that this mutant does not form a stable replication complex with a model template-primer. In vivo studies indicate that the equivalent mutation eliminates viral infectivity, suggesting a contribution of Trp229 toward architecture of the p66 primer grip.
On the Coupling of Modal Waves in a Plasma‐Filled Parallel‐Plate Waveguide

Modal wave solutions of isotropic plasma-filled parallel-plate waveguide examined, using cold and warm plasma models without collision
Fatigue and Creep in Solder Joints

With the advent of surface mount components, many packaging engineers have been trying to determine the critical performance parameters for the technology. From first principals, the shear strain on a joint will be decreased if the distance between the components is increased. A simple way to do this is to increase the solder volume of the connection then fatigue cycle the parts to failure. The above experiment was performed with four different chip capacitors and six different solder volumes. The tests data confirmed a very consistent and predictable increase in fatigue life with solder joint height. Another item of interest to a package design engineer is how failures are initiated in a surface mount package. The usual assumption is that the only cause for failure is due to fatigue from dissimilar expansion coefficients of the components. Experiments have been performed the show solder cracking will occur in the solder due to the difference in expansion coefficients between the solder and component. No external loading is necessary. The size of the joint may have to be considered to minimize the problem.