cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a passive safety system for a nuclear thermal rocket

Abstract Long-term high payload missions necessitate the need for nuclear space propulsion. Several nuclear reactor types were investigated by the Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) program of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Study of planned/unplanned transients and their impact on nuclear thermal rockets is important due to the need for long-term missions. It has been determined that a loss-of-flow-accident (LOFA) is the most serious design basis accident that will affect nuclear thermal rockets. A safety system is needed to respond to a LOFA and to prevent the core from melting. In this paper, a special secondary loop has been designed that utilizes the existing components of the Pewee I reactor. In particular, the tie rod tubes are connected to a secondary loop with radiator tubes. A check valve is also present in the circuit to help facilitate natural circulation in one direction in the absence of gravity. The radiator tube heat transfer surface area was increased to the following specifications: (i) 2 times the heat transfer surface area (HTSA) of the tie rod tubes, (ii) 4 times the HTSA of the tie rod tubes, (iii) 6 times the HTSA of the tie rod tubes, (iv) 8 times the HTSA of the tie rod tubes, and (v) 10 times the HTSA of the tie rod tubes. The following expected results were achieved: (i) during both steady-state operation and post-LOFA decay heat removal, temperature of the tie rod can be kept below the material melting point; (ii) during both steady-state operation and post-LOFA decay heat removal, natural circulation can be facilitated with a decent flow rate; (iii) during post-LOFA decay heat removal, the coolant temperatures in the tie rod tubes decreases and the mass flow rate increases; and (iv) in the secondary system, the heat sinks are able to remove the heat generated by the heat sources, during both steady-state and transient operation. As far as minimum radiator HTSA is concerned, the radiator tubes need to have a HTSA of approximately twice of that of the tie rod tubes. This ensures the tie rod tubes won’t melt and there is a decent natural circulation flow rate.
The Human Consequences of Crowding: Where we Stand, Where we should be Going

It is quite a privilege to have been asked to give the keynote address to a conference on the human consequences of crowding, especially since even a few years ago such a meeting would have been impossible. When I started my own work, this was a lonely field. Very few people were doing research on crowding and not many seemed to be interested in what we were doing. The situation has certainly changed. Now everyone is concerned with the population explosion, there are about one billion more people on earth, and at times you would think that a large percentage of them are studying crowding. When I started my research, we could hardly fill my small living room with people doing research on crowding; now a large group of us are gathered here in Turkey in this auditorium, and we represent only a fraction of those working on this issue.
Perioperative nutrition status of radical cystectomy patients.

517Background: Radical cystectomy patients are a vulnerable population, with up to 65% suffering complications and 26% readmitted within 90 days. Patients with aggressive bladder cancer are at high...
Dwelling in the Global: Rhetorical Education, Transnational Rhetorical Ecologies, and the Locations of the Global

This chapter develops an argument for situating globally engaged rhetorical education within transnational rhetorical ecologies. The chapter argues that rhetorical education provides a richer understanding of the global for students by orienting them toward an understanding of their local experiences as significantly shaped by the information, texts, arguments, and media that flow through transnational networks. Bringing work on rhetorical ecologies together with work on transnational networks, this chapter challenges rhetorical educators to invest students in the exploration of the local as global topos. The chapter presents an extended discussion of an advanced composition course that explored Birmingham, Alabama, as a local context shaped by transnational networks, or as a space of transnational rhetorical ecologies.
Forms in Motion: A Personal View of Object Relations

Seligman presents personal imagery and theoretical resonances about “internal object relations.” Listening to patients, he is often imagining presences in motion, in choreography, spatialization, and sometimes pictorialization of bodies experiencing and acting with people, places, things, and other environmental features. Emotions are typically engaged. He describes “shapey, blobby forms” that might organize into more specific images or narratives, which may be quite fantastical, quite realistic, or in varied blends of these and other modes. These experiences are linked to Freudian and Kleinian conceptions of phantasy and contemporary relational theories of implicit schemas, representations of relationships, and the like. Case illustrations are offered.
Abstract 20371: Non-Cardiomyocyte MicroRNA-34a Mediates Dysregulation of Angiogenesis in RV Failure

Introduction: The right ventricle (RV) is uniquely at risk in patients with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) involving right-sided obstructive lesions. In the left ventricle (LV) angiogenesis is a key adaptation to pressure overload, induced during adaptive hypertrophy via Hif-1α and VEGF, and declining with LV failure. In contrast, early capillary rarefaction occurs in RV hypertrophy (RVH), the mechanism of which is unknown. We hypothesize that microRNA (miR) 34a is responsible for the attenuated angiogenic response in RVH and RV failure (RVF). Methods: Adult, male FVB mice were subject to pulmonary artery banding (PAB) to induce RVH and RVF and compared to sham-operated controls. In vitro miR overexpression studies using lipofectamine miR-34a and in vivo miR inhibition studies using LNA-antimiR-34a (25mg/kg IP) were performed. RNA and protein expression was evaluated from the RV free wall. Student’s t test was used for two group comparisons and Kaplan Meier for survival analysis. Data are presented as mean±SEM (*p Results: miR-34a is upregulated (6.5 fold) in RVH/RVF and is associated with capillary rarefaction (1.5±0.1 vs. 1.2±0.1*) and decreased VEGF signaling. miR-34a originates from fibroblasts and endothelial cells in RVH/RVF. miR-34a overexpression in endothelial cells induces cell senescence (10±1 vs. 30±4%*) by suppressing SIRT1 expression (1.8±0.5 vs. 0.8±0.1*), decreases proliferation (0.5±0.04 vs. 0.3±0.01*) and decreases tube formation by 50% via suppression of Hif-1α (0.9±0.1 vs. 0.5±0.02*), VEGF A (0.7±0.2 vs. 0.5±0.03*), VEGF B (0.4±0.1 vs. 0.1±0.01*) and VEGFR2. AntimiR-34a suppresses miR-34a in PAB, reverses the decrease in capillarity and VEGF, and improves survival half-time by 44%*. miR-34a is also increased in children with RVF (2-fold) and capillarity is decreased compared to those with RVH. Conclusions: Capillary rarefaction is a feature of RVH/RVF in murine models of CHD and children with CHD. Capillary rarefaction is due to the uncoupling of HIF-1α and VEGF signaling which maybe mediated by non-cardiomyocyte miR-34a. Inhibition of miR-34a rescues capillarity and delays the onset of heart failure thereby raising its potential for therapeutic manipulation and translation into clinical practice.
Priapism: A Refined Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment

The recent introduction of intracorporeal injections of papaverine and phentolamine for the diagnosis and treatment of impotence has resulted in an increased incidence of iatrogenic priapism. Based on our research into penile hemodynamics we propose a refined approach to all types of priapism. Intracorporeal blood gas and pressure monitoring should be used to differentiate ischemic (low flow) from nonischemic (high flow) types. Most cases of papaverine-induced or phentolamine-induced priapism will respond to aspiration alone or in combination with intracorporeal instillation of a diluted alpha-adrenergic agent. In spontaneous priapism alpha-adrenergic agents can be tried first if patients have only mild or no ischemia. In patients with severe ischemia stagnant blood should be evacuated and a shunt procedure should be performed to allow metabolic replenishment of tissue. Intracorporeal pressure monitoring will help to determine the size and number of shunts needed to re-establish corporeal circulation.
Orientation and mobility for students with visual impairments: Priorities for research

Abstract This chapter broadly reviews the development of the field of orientation and mobility (O&M) and its application to children and then looks more closely at several current areas of research in O&M. Research studies on the topics of quiet cars, complex intersections and the built environment, electronic travel aids, long canes, children with multiple disabilities, and instructional techniques in general are reviewed and synthesized. Future directions of research in the field such as cross-disciplinary cooperation, providing people in developing countries access to independent travel, and technology trends are discussed. The summary point is that the field of O&M needs to use research to build and validate its knowledge base, expand its partnerships with other fields, and build capacity in the field.
Design of Experiments

The data from which performance models are identified may originate either from planned experiments or from non-intrusive (or observational) data gathered while the system is in normal operation. A large body of well accepted practices is available for the former which falls under the general terminology of “Design of Experiments” (DOE). This is the process of defining the structural framework, i.e., prescribing the exact manner in which samples for testing need to be selected, and the conditions and sequence under which the testing needs to be performed. This would provide the “richness” in the data set necessary for statistically sound performance models to be identified between the response variable and the several categorical factors. Experimental design methods, which allow extending hypothesis testing to multiple variables as well as identifying sound performance models, are presented. Selected experimental design methods are discussed such as randomized block, Latin Squares and 2k factorial designs. The parallel between model building in a DOE framework and linear multiple regression is illustrated. Finally, this chapter addresses response surface methods (RSM) which allow accelerating the search towards optimizing a process or towards finding the conditions under which a desirable behavior of a product is optimized. RSM is a sequential approach where one starts with test conditions in a plausible area of the search space, analyzes test results to determine the optimal direction to move, performs a second set of test conditions, and so on till the required optimum is reached.
Solubility of Noble Gases in the Atmosphere

This chapter presents tabular information on the standard air saturation concentration (moist air at 1 atm) for helium, neon, krypton, and xenon gas in terms of nmol/kg and Bunsen coefficients (L real gas/(L atm)) for 0–40°C and freshwater and marine conditions (0–40 g/kg). Using the equations presented in Chapter 1, air saturation concentrations (at local barometric pressure) and solubility of arbitrary gas composition mixtures can be computed. Sample problems are included for representative examples.
Composition of native american fruits in the Pacific Northwest.

Proximate composition and calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and ascorbic acid contents were determined for 13 fruits consumed by American Indians.
Regulation of Histidine Biosynthesis in Salmonella Typhimurium

Publisher Summary Regulation of histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium has been the subject of intensive investigation in a number of laboratories. These studies have brought to light some of the basic phenomena of molecular biology. The pathway for histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium consists of a series of 10 reactions, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme. The rate at which these enzymes convert adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) into the amino acid, histidine, is regulated by feedback inhibition: the activity of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway is inhibited by the end product, histidine. The structural genes for the 10 enzymes of histidine biosynthesis, together with an operator gene, are clustered on the Salmonella chromosome in the region known as the histidine operon. The rate at which the information encoded in the operon is utilized for synthesis of the enzymes is under repression control. The operon functions as a unit in response to the level of histidine available to the organism. Under the conditions in which ample histidine is available, as in the wild-type organism, the operon is utilized at a low rate, maintaining a basal intracellular level of the histidine enzymes; when the availability of histidine limits the growth rate of the organism, the operon is utilized at a higher rate, causing an increase in the intracellular concentrations of the enzymes, up to a level approximately 20-fold higher than the basal level.
Proprotein-Convertase Subtilisin-Kexin Type 9 and Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Genotype Distribution and Statin Association in Filipino American Women

Abstract Filipino American women (FAW) have high incidence of coronary heart disease and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The distribution of rs11206510 proprotein-convertase subti...
Communication Matters: A Long-Term Follow-up Study of Child Savings Account Program Participation.

Abstract As they are a long-term policy instrument, the results of many child savings account (CSA) programs take decades to realize. Because of this, important questions regarding the long-term impacts of the programs, as well as participants' perceptions regarding the programs' long-term impacts, are unanswered. In this study, we present findings from a qualitatively driven complex mixed methods follow-up of the first large CSA demonstration project, the quasi-experimental Michigan Saving for Education, Entrepreneurship, and Downpayment (SEED) program. We asked SEED account-holding and non-account-holding families how they communicated about college, saving for college, and future educational attainment, nearly ten years after the CSA demonstration project ended. In a novel approach, we conducted separate semi-structured interviews with dyads of parents and children, combining that information with survey data and account balance monitoring data, ultimately gaining a multidimensional picture of how families with and without SEED accounts were approaching planning for post-secondary education right before the transition to adulthood. We found that: (1) the vast majority of account-holding families did not make withdrawals from their SEED accounts, (2) recent family communication about the SEED accounts was related to the specificity of a child's post-secondary plans, (3) there were tensions between college aspirations and the concrete steps needed to get there, and (4) families voiced concerns regarding the substantial barriers to post-secondary education. These findings point to both the promises and challenges of CSAs that newly developed programs might want to consider.
RATE OF AORTIC DILATION IN TURNER SYNDROME

Turner Syndrome (TS) is associated with an increased risk of aortic aneurysms and dissection (at median age 29-35 years). Additional risk factors include bicuspid aortic valve (BAV), coarctation and hypertension. Experts suggest optimizing medical therapy for rapid growth, but the rate of growth and
Two-dimensional ultrasound-computed tomography image registration for monitoring percutaneous hepatic intervention.

Purpose Deformable registration of ultrasound (US) and contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) images are essential for quantitative comparison of ablation boundaries and dimensions determined using these modalities. This comparison is essential as stiffness-based imaging using US has become popular and offers a nonionizing and cost-effective imaging modality for monitoring minimally invasive microwave ablation procedures. A sensible manual registration method is presented that performs the required CT-US image registration. Methods The two-dimensional (2D) virtual CT image plane that corresponds to the clinical US B-mode was obtained by "virtually slicing" the 3D CT volume along the plane containing non-anatomical landmarks, namely points along the microwave ablation antenna. The initial slice plane was generated using the vector acquired by rotating the normal vector of the transverse (i.e., xz) plane along the angle subtended by the antenna. This plane was then further rotated along the ablation antenna and shifted along with the direction of normal vector to obtain similar anatomical structures, such as the liver surface and vasculature that is visualized on both the CT virtual slice and US B-mode images on 20 patients. Finally, an affine transformation was estimated using anatomic and non-anatomic landmarks to account for distortion between the colocated CT virtual slice and US B-mode image resulting in a final registered CT virtual slice. Registration accuracy was measured by estimating the Euclidean distance between corresponding registered points on CT and US B-mode images. Results Mean and SD of the affine transformed registration error was 1.85 ± 2.14 (mm), computed from 20 coregistered data sets. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the ability to obtain 2D virtual CT slices that are registered to clinical US B-mode images. The use of both anatomical and non-anatomical landmarks result in accurate registration useful for validating ablative margins and comparison to electrode displacement elastography based images.
Purity, Pollution, and Space: Barriers to Latrine Adoption in Post-disaster India.

This study examines the adoption of latrines provided as part of reconstruction efforts after the 2004 tsunami in India. Primary data from 274 households encompassing 1154 individuals were collected from 14 villages. GLM and GLMM tests indicate that sex (more females adopted than males) is a statistically significant factor in latrine adoption (p = 0.046 and p = 0.005, respectively), while income, education, and male age cohorts were significant only in the GLM model. Regression analyses show that six social and demographic variables are somewhat predictive of latrine usage (R2 = 0.123). Thus, while quantitative methods provided a contextual summation, qualitative methods ultimately explained why individuals chose to adopt or abandon the latrines. Interviews (n = 76) and focus group discussions (n = 14) revealed that latrine adoption is influenced by cultural conceptualizations of purity, pollution, and space. For example, conceptualizations of purity and pollution led some households to deem latrines as profane and thus a barrier to the entry of gods, while spatial constraints forced others to convert latrine space to other beneficial uses (e.g., puja room and storage area). Finally, the cost of pumping septic tanks and shared infrastructure arose as barriers to latrine adoption. These barriers underscore the importance of economics as well as community demand, capacity, and cohesion in latrine adoption.
Bilirubin formation in the liver from nonhemoglobin sources. Experiments with isolated, perfused rat liver.

Rapid formation of C14-bilirubin from glycine-2-C14 or δ-aminolevulinic acid-4-C14 has been demonstrated in isolated, perfused rat liver. The kinetics of labeled bilirubin production in vitro were similar to those of the "early labeling" pigment fraction observed in intact rats. The magnitude of bile pigment formation from C14-ALA by isolated liver was comparable to that in intact animals. Derivation of the C14-bilirubin from hepatic degradation of labeled hemoglobin was excluded by perfusion of the liver with blood poor in reticulocytes, or with plasma. The findings identify the liver as an important source of the "early-labeling" pigment fraction.
Gone with the Wind: Declines in Property Values as Harmful Algal Blooms Are Blown Towards the Shore

Florida’s Gulf Coast is known as a retirement hotspot, with property values along the coast rising faster than almost anywhere else in the country. However, the coastal amenities that help boost prices, quickly turn to dis-amenities when there is a prolonged red tide bloom in the Gulf. Using a difference in differences hedonic valuation model, we examine six Southwestern Florida counties heavily impacted by four major algal bloom in the past 20 years. We find that affected properties within 1 mile of the coast sell for up to 30% less compared to similar homes sold during the same month in an unaffected county. With red tide predicted to increase in frequency and severity, mitigation of the effects must be paramount for these counties. Losses occur in almost all sectors of the economy, and for a state that relies so much on the health of the environment, declines in property values are a sign that action must be taken against these blooms.
CHAPTER 16 – Design and Conduct of Observational Studies and Clinical Trials

Publisher Summary Epidemiologic studies may be purely observational, in which no true intervention occurs, or interventional, in which an educational or preventive effort, treatment, or diagnostic strategy is applied. The study designs are rich and diverse, spanning studies involving single patients observed at the bedside to those conducted on a population-wide, national, or international basis. It is important to recognize that even “unobtrusive” observation can still have a significant impact. Epidemiologic studies may also be controlled or uncontrolled, with controls most often being utilized in experimental studies testing one treatment against standard therapy or placebo. It is useful to consider these studies as a hierarchy from simpler to more complex designs. This chapter provides an overview of the main types of epidemiologic studies, their design and conduct. They are divided into descriptive studies, mainly providing information that characterizes an individual or population, and analytic studies, which are primarily aimed at answering questions about the relationships of study participant characteristics and disease outcomes. A well-written study protocol is the key ingredient in conducting a good epidemiologic study or clinical trial. A protocol describing the key elements of the study, a manual of operations containing full and detailed documentation of all operational procedures, assessment protocols, and data management procedures, are critical in ensuring a high-quality study
Epicatechin and the comorbidities of obesity

Obesity has major adverse consequences on human health contributing to the development of, among others, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, altered behavior and cognition, and cancer. Changes in dietary habits and lifestyle could contribute to mitigate the development and/or progression of these pathologies. This review will discuss current evidence on the beneficial actions of the flavan-3-ol (-)-epicatechin (EC) on obesity-associated comorbidities. These benefits can be in part explained through EC's capacity to mitigate several common events underlying the development of these pathologies, including: i) high circulating levels of glucose, lipids and endotoxins; ii) chronic systemic inflammation; iii) tissue endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress; iv) insulin resistance; v) mitochondria dysfunction and vi) dysbiosis. The currently known underlying mechanisms and cellular targets of EC's beneficial effects are discussed. While, there is limited evidence from human studies supplementing with pure EC, other studies involving cocoa supplementation in humans, pure EC in rodents and in vitro studies, support a potential beneficial action of EC on obesity-associated comorbidities. This evidence also stresses the need of further research in the field, which would contribute to the development of human dietary strategies to mitigate the adverse consequences of obesity.
Adverse Events and Bundled Costs after Cranial Neurosurgical Procedures: Validation of the LACE Index Across 40,431 Admissions and Development of the LACE-Cranial Index.

Objective Anticipating postdischarge complications after neurosurgery remains difficult. The LACE index, based on 4 hospitalization descriptors, stratifies patients by risk of 30-day postdischarge adverse events but has not been validated in a procedure-specific manner in neurosurgery. Our study sought to explore the usefulness of the LACE index in a population undergoing cranial neurosurgery and to develop an enhanced model, LACE-Cranial. Methods The OptumClinformatics Database was used to identify cranial neurosurgery admissions (2004–2017). Procedures were grouped as trauma/hematoma/intracranial pressure, open vascular, functional/pain, skull base, tumor, or endovascular. Adverse events were defined as postdischarge death/readmission. LACE-Cranial was developed using a logistic regression framework incorporating an expanded feature set in addition to the original LACE components. Results A total of 40,431 admissions were included. Predictions of 30-day readmissions was best for skull base (area under the curve [AUC], 0.636) and tumor (AUC, 0.63) admissions but was generally poor. Predictive ability of 30-day mortality was best for functional/pain admissions (AUC, 0.957) and poorest for trauma/hematoma/intracranial pressure admissions (AUC, 0.613). Across procedure types except for functional/pain, a high-risk LACE score was associated with higher postdischarge bundled payment costs. Incorporating features identified to contribute independent predictive value, the LACE-Cranial model achieved procedure-specific 30-day mortality AUCs ranging from 0.904 to 0.98. Prediction of 30-day and 90-day readmissions was also improved, with tumor and skull base cases achieving 90-day readmission AUCs of 0.718 and 0.717, respectively. Conclusions Although the unmodified LACE index shows inconsistent classification performance, the enhanced LACE-Cranial model offers excellent prediction of short-term postdischarge mortality across procedure groups and significantly improved anticipation of short-term postdischarge readmissions.
How Washington Okumu Became the Mediator Who Saved the 1994 South African Elections

Washington Okumu (1936–2016) went to South Africa in April 1994 as part of the Kissinger–Carrington team charged to mediate Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP)-African National Party (ANC)/National Party (...
How To Deal with Kidney Retransplantation - Second, Third, Fourth and Beyond.

Kidney transplantation is the best health option for patients with end-stage kidney disease. Ideally, a kidney transplant would last for the lifetime of each recipient. However, depending on the age of the recipient and details of the kidney transplant, there may be a need for a second, third, fourth or even more kidney transplants. In this overview the outcome of multiple kidney transplants for an individual is presented. Key issues include surgical approach and immunologic concerns. Included in the surgical approach is an analysis of transplant nephrectomy, with indications, timing and immunologic impact. Allograft thrombosis, whether related to donor or recipient factors merits investigation to prevent it from happening again. Other post-transplant events such as rejection, viral illness (BK Virus), recurrent disease (FSGS), and PTLD may lead to the need for retransplantation. The pediatric recipient is especially likely to need a subsequent kidney transplant. Finally, noncompliance/nonadherence can affect both adults and children. Innovative approaches may reduce the need for retransplantation in the future.
A General Stability Index for Flow Near Plane Boundaries

SINCE THE TIME of Osborne Reynolds, the stability problem in fluid mechanics has consistently withstood every effort toward a general solution. The mathematical method of superposing a periodic disturbance upon a parallel flow has, to be sure, yielded qualitative results in specific cases, and experimental studies have supplied quantitative information in terms of characteristic Reynolds Numbers wherever required. However, a general criterion for stability is not yet at hand (as evidenced by the wide numerical range of critical Reynolds Numbers even for related types of flow), nor have existing analyses provided a physical picture of the controlling factors which is within the grasp of the average engineer. The stability index proposed in this paper does not have the justification of rigorous mathematical derivation, nor has it evolved from extensive laboratory study. Yet it does stem from logical and almost self-evident dimensional and physical concepts, and its general significance is indicated by experimental data already at hand for several basically different types of fluid motion.
Protein synthesis and the onset of intracellular bacteriophage growth: II. Stabilization to 32P decay of the genome of a secondary phage

Experiments have been carried out to test for the “individually specific” nature of the protein which T2 bacteriophages synthesize at the outset of their intracellular growth and which is necessary for attaining the 32P decay refractory state of the vegetative phage. For this purpose, bacteria were infected with non-labeled T2h+r7r+1m+ and intracellular growth allowed to proceed for 11 min before protein synthesis was arrested by addition to the culture of 300 μg/ml. chloramphenicol. At this time, the already infected bacteria were superinfected with a highly 32P-labeled stock of the complementary T2hr7+r1m genotype and the culture incubated further in the presence of the antibiotic. Portions of the culture were frozen and stored after various additional incubation periods and the survival in the superinfected complexes of the three distantly linked secondary loci h, r7+ and r1 followed as a function of radioactive decay. It was found in this way that the genetic markers of the secondary parent do not become refractory to decay inactivation during incubation of the superinfected complexes in chloramphenicol. Hence the protein synthesized during the initial growth of the primary phage cannot serve for the subsequent radiostabilization of the secondary phage, which must be allowed to induce the formation of its own protein in order to attain the decay refractory state. Some component of the “early” protein must, therefore, be “individually specific.”
Vibration Frequencies of Buried Pipelines

To aid the research on seismic vulnerability, behavior and design of underground piping system, this paper develops and provides the basic fundamentals of dynamics of buried pipelines. The dynamic fundamental frequencies of continuously elastic-supported straight pipelines subjected to axial, torsional and flexural motions. Various boundary conditions, which can represent the actual construction, have been considered. Using a finite element and consistent mass approach, the matrix formulation of buried pipeline is developed.
Conservativity for Logics of Justified Belief

In [1], Fitting showed that the standard hierarchy of logics of justified knowledge is conservative (e.g. a logic with positive introspection operator ! is conservative over the logic without !). We do the same with most logics of justified belief, but taking a semantic approach rather than Fitting's syntactic one. A brief example shows that conservativity does not hold for logics of justified consistent belief.
A multiple-derivative and multiple-delay paradigm for decentralized controller design: Introduction using the canonical double-integrator network

We are engaged in a major effort to design decentralized controllers for modern networks, that is fundamentally based on 1) applying feedback of multiple derivatives of local observations and 2) implementing these derivative feedbacks using multiple-delay controllers. Here, we fully motivate and introduce the design paradigm in the context of a canonical sensing-network model, namely a network of saturating double integrators with general sensing topology that is subject to measurement delays. In this context, we illustrate that our design paradigm yields practical high-performance (in particular, group pole-placement) decentralized controllers that exploit the network topology while distributing the complexity and actuation requirements among the agents.
Coarse-grained parallel matrix-free solution of a three- dimensional elliptic prototype problem

The finite difference discretization of the Poisson equation in three dimensions results in a large, sparse, and highly structured system of linear equations. This prototype problem is used to analyze the performance of the parallel linear solver on coarse-grained clusters of workstations. The conjugate gradient method with a matrix-free implementation of the matrix-vector product with the system matrix is shown to be optimal with respect to memory usage and runtime performance. Parallel performance studies confirm that speedup can be obtained. When only an ethernet interconnect is available, best performance is limited to up to 4 processors, since the conjugate gradient method involves several communications per iteration. Using a high performance Myrinet interconnect, excellent speedup is possible for at least up to 32 processors. These results justify the use of this linear solver as the computational kernel for the time-stepping in a system of reaction-diffusion equations.
INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR EMPLOYMENT-RELATED LITIGATION: CONNECTICUT LAW

Connecticut, perhaps as much as any other state in the nation,l has experienced a spectacular rise in employment-related litiga­ tion.2 This increased litigation can be explained by examining the confluence of two recent phenomena-one economic, one legal. The first phenomenon is the dramatic downturn of the Con­ necticut economy, resulting in devastating job 10sses.3 Recent cuts in the defense industry and corporate downsizing of the insurance industry have dislocated tens of thousands of skilled Connecticut workers.4 During 1994 alone, the Connecticut labor force lost
Polarization instability and mode partition noise in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We present, for the first time, a study of polarization instability induced RIN (relative intensity noise) enhancement in VCSELs. Devices under study are nominally single-mode top-emitting GaAs/AlGaAs VCSELs with an operating wavelength of 850 nm. Current confinement and gain guiding are obtained by double proton implantation. Detailed results of bit error rate measurement on free-space optical links with polarization-unstable VCSELs and a rate-equation based model of the polarization instability are presented.
Sympathetic Nervous System Physiology and Pathophysiology in Coping with the Environment

The sections in this article are: 1 Homeostatic Systems and Principles of Their Operation 1.1 Negative Feedback 1.2 Multiple Effectors and Effector Sharing 1.3 Resetting 2 Physiology of the Sympathetic Nervous System 2.1 Sympathetic Nerve Function 3 Sympathetic Nervous System Responses in Coping with the External and Internal Environment 3.1 Ontogeny 3.2 Changes in Sympathetic Function with Normal Aging 3.3 Circadian Rhythms 3.4 Orthostasis and Weightlessness 3.5 Exercise 3.6 Mental Challenge or Active Attention 3.7 Metabolism and Energy Balance 4 Sympathetic Function in Disease States 4.1 Sympathetic Neurocirculatory Dysfunction or Failure 4.2 Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction 4.3 Congestive Heart Failure 4.4 Other Conditions 5 Conclusion
Outpatient echocardiography in the evaluation of innocent murmurs in children: utilisation benchmarking.

Objectives We sought to benchmark the utilisation of echocardiography in the outpatient evaluation of heart murmurs by evaluating two large paediatric cardiology centres. Background Although criteria exist for appropriate use of echocardiography, there are no benchmarking data demonstrating its utilisation. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of outpatients aged between 0 and 18 years at the Sibley Heart Center Cardiology and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Cardiology, given a sole diagnosis of “innocent murmur” from 1 July, 2007 to 31 October, 2010. Using internal claims data, we compared the utilisation of echocardiography according to centre, patient age, and physician years of service. Results Of 23,114 eligible patients (Sibley Heart Center Cardiology: 12,815, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Cardiology: 10,299), 43.1% (Sibley Heart Center Cardiology: 45.2%, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Division of Cardiology: 40.4%; p 1–5 years had the lowest utilisation (32.7%). Conclusions In two large paediatric cardiology practices, the overall utilisation of echocardiography by physicians with a sole diagnosis of innocent murmur was similar. There was significant and similar variability in utilisation by provider at both centres. Although these data serve as initial benchmarking, the variability in utilisation highlights the importance of appropriate use criteria.
Impact of surface conditioning of large area electrodes on the dielectric strength of water

Experimental results are presented on the impact electrode material and surface treatment has on the dielectric strength of water. A 4 mm water gap was tested under pulsed conditions with pulse widths greater than 1 /spl mu/s, peak electric fields over 2 MV/cm and peak currents over 15 kA. 304 stainless steel electrodes machined with a Bruce profile and an effective area of 5 cm/sup 2/ were tested with surface roughnesses ranging from .34 /spl mu/m to 1.41 /spl mu/m. Results comparing electrodes that have additionally been electropolished are compared to those without an additional treatment. These various surface treatments remove microprotrusions from the electrode's surface which reduce field enhancements across the electrode surface. It is believed that this technique will minimize the number of breakdown initiation points thereby increasing the dielectric strength. Results are given on the degree to which each finish improves the dielectric strength of water.
The nature of the game

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies and electronic collections on a limited budget and with limited personnel.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses real world experiences and data to report on collection development decisions as they relate to electronic journals in an era of shrinking budgets and changing user expectations.Findings – Efficient and ubiquitous access to information has altered user expectations and needs, which in turn have altered the methods and means by which libraries provide services to users. Yet many academic libraries continue to use outmoded models and suffer as a consequence.Originality/value – This paper examines the cost and usage of an individual journal title and the disparities between return on investment for the electronic and printed form of that journal. The author employs real‐world cost and usage statistics to make a case for shifting the focus of collection development from print...
Direct simulation of turbulent flow in a square duct: Reynolds-stress budgets

The data base from a direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow in a square duct is used to calculate all the terms in the Reynolds stress transport equations. The simulation of this complex turbulent flow was performed at a Reynolds number of 600 based on the friction velocity and the duct width. The distributions of the Reynolds stress budget terms along the wall bisector show similar dynamics to wall‐bounded turbulent flows with one inhomogeneous direction. Budget terms in the vicinity of the corner demonstrate how transport and redistribution of energy and shear stresses between the Reynolds stress components takes place, promoting the turbulence characteristics of secondary flows of the second kind. The redistribution of energy by pressure velocity correlations can be explained by the low pressures at the cores of streamwise vortices. The data base is also used to evaluate a nonlinear turbulence model in its ability to accommodate the anisotropy of the Reynolds stress tensor in this flow. This anisotropy is known to be entirely responsible for the formation of the secondary flow in noncircular ducts and cannot be captured by linear models.
Two applications of separating systems to nonadaptive procedures

Abstract Let [n] denote {1, 2, …, n}. A set system σ on [n] is called a separating system on [n] if for each pair of distinct elements in [n], there is an M ∈ σ that contains exactly one member of that pair. A separating system τ on [n] is called totally separating if for each pair of distinct elements j, j′ in [n], there are disjoint M, M′ ∈ τ with j ϵ M and j′ ∈ M′. In this paper, we discuss two applications of separating systems. In the first application, we give an easy method of constructing a class of single error-correcting double error-detecting codes over an Abelian group alphabet. In the second application, we construct a class of 3 -separable matrices. Separable matrices are important notions in the theories of nonadaptive group testing and binary superimposed codes.
The ultrastructure of the pyrenoids of algae, exclusive of the green algae

The ultrastructure of the pyrenoid of 9 species of algae belonging to 6 divisions is described. In all the species studied, the pyrenoid is a region of the chloroplast containing a characteristic dense matrix material. Variations were observed in the nature of the lamellar structures which penetrate the pyrenoid region. In the Rhodophyta, the pyrenoid is traversed by single discs. In the Euglenophyta, two-disc bands cross the pyrenoid. In the pyrenoids of the Chrysophyta, a variety of lamellar structures are present. In the one species of Pyrrophyta studied, the pyrenoid is traversed by three-disc bands. Lamellar structures are absent in the bridge pyrenoid of the Cryptophyta and the stalked pyrenoid of the Phaeophyta. When discs are present in the pyrenoid region, they are characteristically wider than the chloroplast discs and are often greatly swollen. Variations were also observed in the nature and location of the storage product which is usually present surrounding the pyrenoid.
Effect of instantons on the heavy-quark potential

A systematic large-mass expansion of the quark-antiquark effective Hamiltonian due to instantons is developed. The $O({m}^{\ensuremath{-}2})$ spin-spin and spin-orbit contributions are evaluated in the dilute-gas approximation. These can be expressed in terms of differential operators acting on the spin-independent potential. The three-quark effective Hamiltonian (in a color-singlet state) is shown to be a sum of quark-antiquark Hamiltonians. The structure and numerical value of the effective Hamiltonian is discussed.
Preparative HPLC. Part 2. Purification of β-lactam derivatives using laboratory-assembled equipment

The capabilities of a preparative chromatograph assembled at moderate cost from commercially available components are examined in relation to the purification of β-lactam derivatives. It is shown that high efficiency separations can be achieved rapidly, economically, and on a scale sufficient to provide adequate quantities of material for spectroscopic identification and biological testing. In the synthesis of a large batch of aminopropyl silica for preparative HPLC purification of an impure sample of cephacetrile, three different grades of silica were investigated. The material giving the best performance was prepared on a 100 g scale and baseline separations for 0.5 g loadings of the impure cephacetrile were obtained on a 30 cm × 2.2 cm i.d. column. The pure cephalosporin was recovered in high yield by freeze drying of the eluate.
Epstein-Barr virus-infected B lymphoblastoid cell lines: Dynamics of interferon and 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase activity

Levels of 2t-5t-oligoadenylate synthetase (2t-5tOAS) activity measured in cell-free extracts of 23 Epstein—Barr virus transformed β lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) were measured. Enzyme activity was low during stationary or log phase growth, and rapidly rose to peak values during log phase. Peak levels of 2t-5tOAS activity were characteristic for each LCL, and were significantly higher (P<0.05) in lines derived from patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM) than in lines from healthy individuals. Peak 2t-5tOAS activity correlated with maximal titers of endogenous human interferon-α (HuIFN-α); (r = 0.80). Enzyme activity levels could be increased by treating LCLs with exogenous HuIFN-α, or decreased by neutralization of endogenous interferon with antibody to HuIFN-α. 2t-5tOAS activity always peaked during log-phase growth, even in cultures depleted of interferon by antibody and in cultures which did not produce interferon. Thus, although peak levels of 2t-5tOAS activity in a given LCL correlated with maximal interferon titers, the growth phase associated variations in enzyme activity were independent of interferon. We conclude that regulation of constitutive levels of 2t-5tOAS in LCLs is partially independent of interferon.
Reconnaissance Interface - The Near Real Time is Now

Reconnaissance interface products over the past ten years have focused on the interface between the aircraft, including its cockpit, and the peculiar interfaces required to control and annotate information in tactical reconnaissance sensors. Compared to older systems like those in the RF-4 which contains multiple boxes and analog interfaces, today's reconnaissance interface is much simpler in a single, highly reliable unit, controlled by its own programmable microprocessor. Furthermore, recent engineering development systems have demonstrated how this single, programmable unit can be adapted to a variety of sensors, including the recent mix and match requirement for electro optics and/or film type of sensors. This presentation provides a sampling of some of the many reconnaissance interface functions this unit can and does perform.
Differential neurochemical effects of chronic exposure of cerebral cortical cell culture to valproic acid, diazepam, or ethosuximide

We have assessed the relative neurochemical effects of valproic acid, ethosuximide, and diazepam on dissociated cultures of mouse cerebral cortex. Cultures were exposed chronically (11 days) to each antiepileptic drug and assayed for number of neurons, total protein, tetanus toxin fixation, high-affinity uptake of γ -aminobutyric acid and β -alanine, choline acetyltransferase activity, and specific and donazepam-displaceable benzodiazepine binding. Ethosuximideexposed cultures did not evidence neuronal toxicity; exposure to valproic acid and diazepam resulted in modest neuronal toxicity. However, exposure to each of these drugs resulted in a marked reduction in benzodiazepine binding. This effect may relate to a common mechanism of action of drugs used to treat absence seizures.
Effects of maltreatment on school-age children's socioemotional development: Assessments in a day-camp setting.

Etude de l'influence de differentes formes de mauvais traitement sur le developpement social et emotionnel de 70 enfants maltraites compares a 67 enfants d'un groupe controle et âges de 5 a 11 ans
Improvements on computer simulation of electrochemical phenomena involving hydrodynamics: The rotating disk and the dropping mercury electrode*

Abstract The previously described method for computer simulation of the rotating disk electrode (RDE) [1] and the dropping mercury electrode (DME) [2] involved a rather cumbersome algorithm to describe the hydrodynamic aspect of the transport of material toward the electrode surface. I present here simplified algorithms which are faster, more accurate (with no fudge factors) and intuitively more appealing in their correspondence to the differential equations describing the systems. Furthermore, they retain the simplicity and conveniences of the explicit finite-difference equations, thus facilitating introduction of both heterogeneous and homogeneous kinetic modifications.