cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep Quality in Residents of Assisted Living Facilities: Effect on Quality of Life, Functional Status, and Depression

Older people increasingly reside in assisted living facilities (ALFs) when they are unable to live independently but do not require nursing home (NH)-level care.1 The specific services offered at ALFs are somewhat variable but typically include congregate meals, housekeeping, and personal care assistance. ALFs typically provide private or semiprivate rooms. ALF residents typically function more independently than nursing home residents and have greater autonomy in their daily living. Estimates of the number of ALFs vary considerably based on how facilities are defined, ranging from 11,500 to 50,000 facilities nationwide. The reported number of ALF residents in the United States varies from 611,000 to more than 1 million.2,3 Evidence suggests that ALF residents are at a vulnerable period in their lives, with a high risk for further functional decline and subsequent nursing home placement;4,5 24% to 40% of ALF residents are discharged to a long-term care facility annually.6 A growing literature suggests that sleep disturbance is common in older people and is a significant risk factor for poor health, functional impairment, falls, depression, poor quality of life, and mortality in independently living and institutionalized older people.7–11 Although sleep impairment in the ALF setting has not been well studied, the few published studies have found that insomnia and daytime sleepiness have a significant negative effect on functioning.12,13 A cross-sectional pilot study found that ALF residents had more-fragmented nighttime sleep than home-dwelling older adults.14 In addition, the age and health status of ALF residents places them at high risk for sleepdisturbance and sleep disorders. Numerous studies demonstrate that longer sleep onset latency, more nighttime wakefulness, less deep sleep, earlier morning awakening, and more daytime napping are associated with advancing age15–19 and that most primary sleep disorders (e.g., sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome) increase in prevalence with age as well.20,21 A prospective, observational cohort study was performed in older people residing in ALFs in the Los Angeles area. The purpose of this study was to describe sleep patterns in older people residing in ALFs and to determine whether sleep disturbance is associated with a decline in quality of life, functional status, and depression over a 6month follow-up period. It was hypothesized that poor self-reported sleep quality, disrupted nighttime sleep, and excessive daytime sleeping (according to actigraphy) would be common in ALF residents; abnormal sleep–wake patterns at baseline (more daytime sleeping, less nighttime sleep) would be associated with worse quality of life, more functional impairment, and more depression at baseline; and sleep disturbance at baseline would be associated with quality of life, functional status, and depression at 3 and 6 months of follow-up.
IGORE: Interactive GRO/OSSE Reduction Environment

The interactive scientific data analysis system developed for the Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment onboard the Gamma Ray Observatory is described. The Interactive GRO/OSSE Reduction Environment, or IGORE, integrates a high-level, interactive programming language, analysis tools, specialized data structures, and a standard interface all into a command-driven environment. The basic system requirements and design are summarized, followed by a description of OSSE data analysis in IGORE.
Can sebum reduction predict acne outcome

Sebum excretion has generally been accepted as an important factor in the development of acne vulgaris. However, the relationship of sebum excretion and acne outcome has not yet been clearly demonstrated quantitatively. The objective of this analysis was to explore the correlation of sebum and acne by combining data from studies of various acne treatments that have demonstrated effects on both sebum excretion and acne outcome. Acne measures included total lesion count, inflammatory lesion count and acne severity grade. For each acne measure, data were pooled and analysed at the 3- and 4-month endpoints, when sebum reduction has generally equilibrated and efficacy in acne is approaching the maximum effect for most treatments. A linear model was used to describe the percentage reduction in each acne measure as a function of percentage reduction in sebum excretion. Slope values were similar for the three acne parameters and all were significantly different from zero (P < 0·025), suggesting a significant correlation of sebum and acne. The projected sebum reduction required to achieve 50% reduction in acne measures ranged from 30% to 50%. The results shown here suggest that the collective data across multiple studies may provide a useful generalization of the association of sebum reduction and acne outcome. As the relationship apparently remains consistent regardless of the treatment, it can be inferred that extrapolation to novel exploratory treatments may be valid.
Analysis of the deployment of transportable base stations in personal communication services networks with expanded user location features

The paper examines two location management procedures for a third-generation mobile communications network. The overlaying of macrocells on microcells and indoor picocells, proposed as a promising solution to achieve higher user capacity, requires new handover algorithms where accurate subscriber position information is important. An objective of such procedures is to minimize signaling overhead and delay on the radio link created when locating a roaming subscriber terminal. The accuracy of the described procedures rely on the optimal placement of the base stations or access points to realize temporal diversity, spatial diversity and area coverage sufficient to perform the position and tracking operations. Refinements to the algorithms include a multiple step paging strategy for mobile subscribers.
Quantitative morphological analysis of early mouse embryogenesis in vitro. I. Perfusion culture system, tissue preparation, sampling.

To facilitate a quantitative morphological analysis of early mouse development under controlled conditions, a perfusion culture system capable of supporting embryogenesis to blastocyst stage has been developed. The use of a mesh system allows identification of individual embryos by position, and control of their orientation during culture and preparation for light and electron microscopy. Quantitative evaluation of tissue-processing procedures has permitted selection of conditions which reduce changes in linear dimensions to −1·6 ± 1·8 % in two-cell embryos. Through the definition of a coordinate system based on mesh structure and the development of a special sectioning procedure, sections can be localized within the intact embryo and three-dimensional coordinates given to any element of embryo volume.
Single event effects testing of the Crystal CS5327 16-bit ADC

The importance and difficulty of acquiring analog-to-digital converter (ADC) dynamic data during heavy ion bombardment has been outlined. Testing of some modern-day ADCs is further complicated when they have their own on-board RAM, latches and/or microcontroller. ADC testing is no longer a matter of inputing a fixed analog voltage and monitoring the digital output for change. The Crystal CS5327 16-bit CMOS ADC described here is an example of one of these complex parts, requiring development of new testing techniques. The CS5327 ADC created some very interesting problems for SEE testing. In a conventional successive approximation register (SAR) or Flash ADC each single event upset (SEU) would affect only one sample at a time because these types of ADCs process only one sample at a time. However, the CS5327 is a delta-sigma modulator ADC, which includes a digital signal processor (DSP) to improve performance. The DSP compensates for input offset and provides digital filtering of the sampled input. In this type of device a single SEU can affect all subsequent data outputs if, for example the heavy ion strike occurs in the calibration RAM, or the state machine. This effect implies that the test conditions may have to be modified in real time during exposure to the beam.
Law and International Business Studies

A basic understanding of various legal rules and the legal environment of international business operations is required as part of the education of the international business executive. This should not be a mere repetition of a general business law course, but a tailor-made course for the international business major, on both the graduate and undergraduate levels.
Cumulative Score Quality Control Procedures for Process Variability

Combined Shewhart‐cumulative score (cuscore) quality control schemes are available for controlling the mean of a continuous production process. In many industrial applications, it is important to control the process variability as well. The proposed combined Shewhart‐cumulative‐score (cuscore) procedure for detecting shifts in process variability uses the procedures developed by Ncube and Woodall (1984) to monitor shifts in the process mean of continuous production processes. It is shown, in the one‐sided case, by average run length comparisons, that the proposed schemes perform significantly better than comparative Shewhart procedures and in some cases even better than cusum schemes when using some process variability quality characteristics.
Hyperglycemia: An Independent Marker of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Undiagnosed Diabetes

Admission hyperglycemia has been associated with increased hospital mortality in critically ill patients; however, it is not known whether hyperglycemia in patients admitted to general hospital wards is associated with poor outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of in-hospital hyperglycemia and determine the survival and functional outcome of patients with hyperglycemia with and without a history of diabetes. We reviewed the medical records of 2030 consecutive adult patients admitted to Georgia Baptist Medical Center, a community teaching hospital in downtown Atlanta, GA, from July 1, 1998, to October 20, 1998. New hyperglycemia was defined as an admission or in-hospital fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dl (7 mmol/liter) or more or a random blood glucose level of 200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/liter) or more on 2 or more determinations. Hyperglycemia was present in 38% of patients admitted to the hospital, of whom 26% had a known history of diabetes, and 12% had no history of diabetes before the admission. Newly discovered hyperglycemia was associated with higher in-hospital mortality rate (16%) compared with those patients with a prior history of diabetes (3%) and subjects with normoglycemia (1.7%; both P < 0.01). In addition, new hyperglycemic patients had a longer length of hospital stay, a higher admission rate to an intensive care unit, and were less likely to be discharged to home, frequently requiring transfer to a transitional care unit or nursing home facility. Our results indicate that in-hospital hyperglycemia is a common finding and represents an important marker of poor clinical outcome and mortality in patients with and without a history of diabetes. Patients with newly diagnosed hyperglycemia had a significantly higher mortality rate and a lower functional outcome than patients with a known history of diabetes or normoglycemia.
Equilibrium point damage prognosis models for structural health monitoring

Most structural dynamic systems are of high order; however, they often exhibit phenomena that can be dealt with effectively using low order models. This paper presents a method for describing certain kinds of damage evolution in mechanical systems. The method relies on a simple principle that as damage evolves in a structural dynamic system, the damage indicator (i.e., diagnostic feature) behaves like a stable quasi-stationary equilibrium point in a subsidiary non-linear bifurcating system within the so-called damage center manifold. It is shown that just as linear normal modes govern the behavior of linear structures with idealized damping, so too do non-linear normal forms govern the evolution of damage within structures in many instances. The method is justified with citations from the literature on certain types of mechanical failure and then applied in an experimental case involving reversible damage in a bolted fastener. Off-line experiments on a rotorcraft fuselage show that the evolution of damage is sensitive to both temporal and spatial bifurcation parameters. A diagnostic sensing strategy whereby output-only transmissibility features are used to decrease the order of high order structural dynamic measurements is also described.
PACS for chest radiology

We are developing a PACS module for thoracic radiology. The Chest PACS is composed of image acquisition subsystem, PACS seiver, display workstation, and communication network The system design is complicated by the clinicaldemandsfor high image quality on theprojectional images which implies a large amount ofdata to be transmitted, stored, and displayed. This paperpresents the details of the system design.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Costs and manpower for the Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron

Actual costs are presented for the Berkeley 88-inch cyclotron. Tables show occupational rates, cost summary, design costs, cost by major categories, detailed cost breakdown, and unit costs. Graphs show laboratory effort versus time.
Characterizing DSN System Frequency Stability with Spacecraft Tracking Data

This paper describes a recent effort in characterizing frequency stability performance of the ground system in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Deep Space Network (DSN). Unlike the traditional approach where performance is obtained from special calibration sessions that are time consuming and require manual setup, the new method taps into the daily spacecraft tracking data. This method significantly increases the amount of data available for analysis, roughly by two orders of magnitude; making itpossible to conduct trend analysis with reasonable confidence. To make it possible to process the continual stream of daily incoming data without much effort and to quickly understand the results, the processing needs to be automated and the data summarized at high level. Comparison of observed data against expected performance is also given.
New Polymer Structures

Abstract A number of new polymers have been studied. They include polymers obtained by chain reaction polymerization of olefins and epoxides with functional groups where the polymerizable group was separated from the functional group by an inert spacer group, the preparation of head-to-head polymers, and the preparation of optically active polymers based on the macromolecular asymmetry.
Practicing “sorority rush”: Mockery and the dramatistic rehearsing of organizational conversations

This study develops a dramatistic framework that combines Goffinan's social frame of rehearsal and Burke's guilt‐purification‐redemption cycle. The perspective is used to interpret how sororities rehearse the conversations to be performed during the recruitment activity of “rush.”; The study finds that sorority members use mockery in three forms of rehearsal, including demonstrations, question‐and‐answer sequences, and improvised conversations within “bump‐and‐float groups.”; In particular, mockery is used by sorority members to (1) transform or rekey the social frame of rush rehearsals to a “fun”; context, and (2) scapegoat the absent prospective sorority members (i.e., “rushees”) who will be encountered in the recruitment activity of “rush parties.”
A Latent Space Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) Model for Cancer Prognosis

Abstract Gene expression microarray analysis is a rapid, low cost method of analyzing gene expression profiles for cancer prognosis/diagnosis. Microarray data generated from oncological studies typically contain thousands of expression values with few cases. Traditional regression and classification methods require first reducing the number of dimensions via statistical or heuristic methods. Partial Least Squares (PLS) is a dimensionality reduction method that builds a least squares regression model in a reduced dimensional space. It is well known that Support Vector Machines (SVM) outperform least squares regression models. In this study, we replace the PLS least squares model with a SVM model in the PLS reduced dimensional space. To verify our method, we build upon our previous work with a publicly available data set from the Gene Expression Omnibus database containing gene expression levels, clinical data, and survival times for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. Using 5-fold cross validation, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis, we show a comparison of classifier performance between the traditional PLS model and the PLS/SVM hybrid. Our results show that replacing least squares regression with SVM, we increase the quality of the model as measured by the area under the ROC curve.
Performance of the pediatric index of mortality 2 (PIM-2) in cardiac and mixed intensive care units in a tertiary children’s referral hospital in Italy

Mortality rate of patients admitted to Intensive Care Units is a widely adopted outcome indicator. Because of large case-mix variability, comparisons of mortality rates must be adjusted for the severity of patient illness at admission. The Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM-2) has been widely adopted as a tool for adjusting mortality rate by patients’ case mix. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of PIM-2 in children admitted to intensive care units after cardiac surgery, other surgery, or for other reasons. This was a prospective cohort study, conducted in a 607 inpatient-bed tertiary-care pediatric hospital in Italy, with three pediatric intensive care Units (PICUs) and one cardiac Unit (CICU). In 2009–11, all consecutive admissions to PICUs/CICU of children aged 0–16 years were included in the study. Discrimination and calibration measures were computed to assess PIM-2 performance. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of patients’ main reason for intensive care admission (cardiac-surgical, other-surgical, medical), age, Unit and year with observed mortality, adjusting for PIM-2 score. PIM-2 data collection was completed for 91.2% of total PICUs/CICU patient admissions (2912), and for 94.8% of patients who died in PICUs/CICU (129). Overall observed mortality was 4.4% (95% CI, 3.7-5.2), compared to 6.4% (95% CI, 5.5-7.3) expected mortality. Standardised mortality ratio was 0.7 (95% CI: 0.6-0.8). PIM-2 discrimination was fair (area under the curve, 0.79; 95% CI: 0.75-0.83). Calibration was less satisfactory, mainly because of the over two-fold overprediction of deaths in the highest risk group (114.7 vs 53; p < 0.001), and particularly in cardiac-surgical patients. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that risk of death was significantly reduced in cardiac-surgical patients and in those aged 1 month to 12 years, independently from PIM-2. The children age distribution and the proportion of cardiac-surgical patients should be taken into account when interpreting SMRs estimated using the PIM-2 prediction model in different Units. A new calibration study of PIM-2 score might be needed, and more appropriate cardiac-focused risk-adjustment models should be developed. The role of age on risk of death needs to be further explored.
Sedimentary record of the 1872 earthquake and “Tsunami” at Owens Lake, southeast California

Abstract In 1872, a magnitude 7.5–7.7 earthquake vertically offset the Owens Valley fault by more than a meter. An eyewitness reported a large wave on the surface of Owens Lake, presumably initiated by the earthquake. Physical evidence of this event is found in cores and trenches from Owens Lake, including soft-sediment deformation and fault offsets. A graded pebbly sand truncates these features, possibly over most of the lake floor, reflecting the “tsunami” wave. Confirmation of the timing of the event is provided by abnormally high lead concentrations in the sediment immediately above and below these proposed earthquake deposits derived from lead-smelting plants that operated near the eastern lake margin from 1869–1876. The bottom velocity in the deepest part of the lake needed to transport the coarsest grain sizes in the graded pebbly sand provides an estimate of the minimum initial “tsunami” wave height at 37 cm. This is less than the wave height calculated from long-wave numerical models (about 55 cm) using average fault displacement during the earthquake. Two other graded sand deposits associated with soft-sediment deformation in the Owens Lake record are less than 3000 years old, and are interpreted as evidence of older earthquake and tsunami events. Offsets of the Owens Valley fault elsewhere in the valley indicate that at least two additional large earthquakes occurred during the Holocene, which is consistent with our observations in this lacustrine record.
Laser photolysis shock tube for combustion kinetics studies

An excimer laser photolysis method has been developed for shock tube kinetics studies of elementary combustion reactions. The excimer laser provides a high intensity source of UV photons well suited to the rapid production of reactive radicals, while shock wave heating provides a convenient means of varying the reaction environment over a wide temperature range. An ArF excimer (193.3 nm) was used to photolyze H 2 O behind reflected shock waves to produce H and OH radicals. The temporal variation of the OH concentration was monitored using a cw, narrow-linewidth laser absorption diagnostic, and the rate coefficient of the dominant reaction after photolysis, H+H 2 O→OH+H 2 , was determined. The measured rate coefficient, k =2.4(±.25)×10 14 exp (−10750 (±500)/T,K) cm 3 mole −1 s −1 , T=1600–2500 K, is in good agreement with other recent studies of this reaction in both the forward and reverse directions.
Random force correlation function for a charged particle in an electrolyte solution

Abstract The equations governing the motion of a charged particle and of the electrolytic ions in its neighborhood are formulated. The equations are linearized with respect to the disturbance caused by the motion of the particle, and an approximation is introduced which excludes the consideration of a particle radius that is large compared to the thickness of the diffuse double layer. The coupling between the hydrodynamic and the electrostatic aspects of the problem is accounted for in first approximation only. The result is applicable to a high frequency oscillation such as may be caused by an ultrasonic field. The frequency range discussed in particular is that which is relevant to the rapidly changing velocity in Brownian motion. It is found that in this range of frequencies the electrostatic force on the particle may, in extreme cases, be about 20% of the hydrodynamic resistance, but in most cases the effect will be of the order of only a few percent.
Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of attitudes toward product categories

A bidimensional (hedonic/utilitarian) approach to understanding consumer attitudes was recently introduced by Batra and Ahtola (1991); they reported three construct validation studies and proposed a set of items to measure the construct(s). In the present paper, the Batra and Ahtola (1991) scales are applied to a wide variety of product categories. Results of the present series of measure validation studies suggest that there are hedonic and utilitarian elements comprising attitudes toward product categories and that, although problematic, the Batra and Ahtola (1991) scale items are a useful first step in measuring these components.
Activity of protein kinase C is important for 3α,5α-THP's actions at dopamine type 1-like and/or GABAA receptors in the ventral tegmental area for lordosis of rats

In the ventral tegmental area, progestogens facilitate sexual receptivity of rodents via actions at dopamine type 1-like and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and activation of downstream signal transduction molecules. In the present study, we investigated whether effects of progesterone's metabolite, 3alpha,5alpha-THP, to enhance lordosis via actions at these receptors in the ventral tegmental area requires phospholipase C-dependent protein kinase C. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that: if progestogens' actions through dopamine type 1-like and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in the ventral tegmental area for lordosis require protein kinase C, then inhibiting protein kinase C in the ventral tegmental area should reduce 3alpha,5alpha-THP-facilitated lordosis and its enhancement by dopamine type 1-like or gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonists. Ovariectomized, estradiol (E(2); 10 microg s.c. at h 0)-primed rats were tested for their baseline lordosis responses and then received a series of three infusions to the ventral tegmental area: first, bisindolylmaleimide (75 nM/side) or vehicle; second, SKF38393 (100 ng/side), muscimol (100 ng/side), or vehicle; third, 3alpha,5alpha-THP (100, 200 ng/side) or vehicle. Rats were pre-tested for lordosis and motor behavior and then tested for lordosis after each infusion and 10 and 60 min after the last infusion. Rats were tested for motor behavior following their last lordosis test. As has been previously demonstrated, 3alpha,5alpha-THP infusions to the ventral tegmental area increased lordosis and effects were further enhanced by infusions of SKF38393 and muscimol. Infusions of bisindolylmaleimide to the ventral tegmental area attenuated 3alpha,5alpha-THP-, SKF38393-, and/or muscimol-facilitated lordosis. Effects on lordosis were not solely due to changes in general motor behavior. Thus, 3alpha,5alpha-THP's actions in the ventral tegmental area through membrane receptors may require activity of protein kinase C.
Observation of amplification of light by Langmuir waves and its saturation on the electron kinetic timescale

Experiments demonstrate the ~77× amplification of 0.5 to 3.5-ps pulses of seed light by interaction with Langmuir waves in a low density (1.2 × 1019 cm−3) plasma produced by a 1-ns, 230-J, 1054-nm pump beam with 1.2 × 1014 W/cm2 intensity. The waves are strongly damped (kλD = 0.38, Te = 244 eV) and grow over a ~ 1 mm length, similar to what is experienced by scattered light when it interacts with crossing beams as it exits an ignition target. The amplification reduces when the seed intensity increases above ~1 × 1011 W/cm2, indicating that saturation of the plasma waves on the electron kinetic time scale (<0.5 ps) limits the scatter to ~1% of the available pump energy. The observations are in agreement with 2D PIC simulations in this case.
Competition and Growth of Eight Shoreline Restoration Species in Changing Water Level Environments

The restoration of plant communities in littoral zones often fails. Because littoral habitats around the world often are subject to changing water regimes and potentially changing future climates, a better understanding of species competitive interactions under such conditions is needed for restoration plant selection. To represent shoreline plant communities, we grew eight freshwater species used in shoreline restoration projects in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA, in outdoor basins and manipulated water levels to determine the effect on above ground biomass. Biomass production of some species in the competing environment was related to the proximity to water or inundation depth and frequency. Bolboschoenus fluviatilis had biomass differences related to inundation under dry, fluctuating, and normal water manipulations and Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani had biomass differences related to inundation under wet and fluctuating water manipulations, while Carex comosa and Carex lacustris had biomass differences related to placement location under only the wettest water manipulation and Sparganium eurycarpum had biomass differences related to placement location under only the driest water manipulation. Spartina pectinata , Carex vulpinoidea , and Juncus effusus appeared to not have biomass differences related to placement location under any of the water manipulations used. Sparganium eurycarpum and Bolboschoenus fluviatilis dominated the total biomass in all water manipulations. Carex vulpinoidea and Carex lacustris had the least total biomass production in all but one water manipulation. These findings allow for better design of plant community composition and better vegetative erosion control under a variety of water conditions.
Attractive and repellent host odours guide ticksto their respective feeding sites

We have studied on-host behaviour of adults of the brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann, 1901) and the red-legged tick (R. evertsi Neumann, 1897), which prefer to feed mainly inside the ears and the anal regions of bovids respectively. Both species were found to be relatively successful in orienting toward and locating their respective feeding sites from different parts of the host body. Our observations suggested the operation of both avoidance (closer to the feeding site of the other) and attraction (closer to its own feeding site) responses of the ticks. In the laboratory, odour trapped from cattle ears attracted R. appendiculatus but repelled R. evertsi, whereas that from the anal region had an opposite effect. This odour-based ‘push-pull’ pair of stimuli may largely account for efficient orientation behaviour of the two tick species to their respective feeding sites. We propose that such concurrent deployment of repulsive and attractive cues may be quite widespread among arthropods and related organisms that specialise on specific hosts or microenvironments in the performance of their biological functions.
Different methods, different places: feminist geography and new directions in US western history

Abstract Feminist geography offers methods essential for creating new directions in the historical scholarship of the US West. Western historians, generally ignoring broader scholarly trends, continue to engage—consciously or not—in a place vs. process debate that obscures other types of spatial analysis in their work. The work of feminist geographers provides important insights into how western historians analyze, construct, understand and write about the places and experiences they study. US western history, as a field, can draw on feminist geography's more complicated understandings of scale and place to create narratives that better capture western history's myriad complications.
Sharing Authoring with Algorithms: Procedural Generation of Satellite Sentences in Text-based Interactive Stories

As both a fiction writer and a computer scientist, I want the interactive stories I create to be meaningfully interactive: choices should matter. To avoid laborious hand-authoring of variations, procedural content generation (PCG) seems appealing; but PCG has been less successful in producing compelling narrative text than in other realms. To address this problem, I consider the minimum amount of PCG that might make a human-authored story computationally interesting but still authorially sound. The resulting research prototype generates "satellite" sentences (which moderate pacing and reestablish context within dialogue scenes) within otherwise hand-authored scenes in a complete interactive story.
Beyond “pathways” and “unidirectionality”: on the discontinuity of language transmission and the counterability of grammaticalization

L'A. critique la theorie de la grammaticalisation qui pose ce processus comme continu et unidirectionnel. Il montre, au contraire, que celui-ci presente une certaine gradualite et une discontinuite dans la transmission du langage a travers les generations. Dans un second temps, l'A. met l'accent sur les facteurs sociolinguistiques et montre qu'ils jouent un role crucial dans tout changement linguistique. Ainsi, il explique l'importance de se focaliser sur la perspective du locuteur. Cela amene l'A. a se poser la question de l'unidirectionnalite de la grammaticalisation et de son caractere irreversible. Dans une perspective epistemologique, il remet en question le statut theorique independant de la grammaticalisation et cherche a definir sa valeur explicative
Listening As Translation: Reflections On Professional Development Work In A Cross-Cultural Setting

As part of a campus-wide response by the University of Pennsylvania to the large-scale disaster caused by the earthquake and tsunami in South Asia, a team of teacher educators and graduate students worked with teachers, teacher educators, and administrators in Banda Aceh, Indonesia during July of 2005 and 2006. Working in Indonesia highlighted for us the inadequacy of literal translation; it also highlighted the related role of deep listening in teaching and learning. This article uses vignettes from workshops in Banda Aceh to illustrate how untranslated (and untranslatable) words, concepts, contexts, gestures and silences sometimes made it difficult to develop the relationships that are central to teaching. It also explores the interconnections between translation and listening, demonstrating how listening only to the literal meanings of words in a classroom limits a teacher’s ability to connect, to respond, and to engage students in thoughtful and meaningful learning.
T Cells and B Cells in Lupus Nephritis

T and B lymphocytes play diverse roles at multiple stages in the development and progression of lupus nephritis. Disruption of T- and B-cell regulatory functions by environmental and genetic influences permits pathogenic effectors to emerge in disease. New insights into the biology of these multifunctional cells offer novel targets for intervention in lupus nephritis and systemic autoimmunity.
Thermal Fatigue Experience in French Piping: Influence of Surface Condition and Weld Local Geometry

In May 1998, a leak occurred in the reactor heat removal system (RHRS) of the French Civaux 1 nuclear power plant. A 180-mm through-wall crack was found on an elbow in the mixing area of high and low temperature fluids. After metallurgical examinations of austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304L) components and an analytical damage evaluation, the major root cause for cracking was identified as high cycle thermal fatigue. The cracks were found in the tee and at the root of welds in mixing areas. The links between the damage and manufacturing parameters are surface condition (roughness), high residual stresses, high level of mean stress and geometrical discontinuities (weld root and counterbore). Decision was taken to suppress welds or locate them away from mixing areas and to improve the surface condition (remove the weld root singularity, avoid striations due to machining, reduce residual stresses).
Synchrotron X-Ray Topographic Studies of Recombination Activated Shockley Partial Dislocations in 4H-Silicon Carbide Epitaxial Layers

Electron-hole recombination activated Shockley partial dislocations bounding expanding stacking faults and their interactions with threading dislocations have been studied in 4H-SiC epitaxial layers using synchrotron x-ray topography. The bounding partials appear as white stripes or narrow dark lines in back-reflection X-ray topographs recorded using the basal plane reflections. Such contrast variations are attributable to the defocusing/focusing of the diffracted X-rays due to the edge component of the partial dislocations, which creates a convex/concave distortion of the basal planes. Simulation results based on the ray-tracing principle confirm our argument. The sign of the partial dislocations can be subsequently determined.
Lesser alkaloids of cocaine-bearing plants II. 3-Oxo-substituted tropane esters: detection and mass spectral characterization of minor alkaloids found in South American Erythroxylum coca var. coca

Abstract Alkaloid extracts from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca var. coca , grown in South America, were subjected to ion-pair chromatography and then to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analyses. Eight previously unreported trace level alkaloids were detected and characterized via comparison to synthesized standards, including 3α-benzoyloxytropane, 3α-phenylacetoxytropane, 3 β - cis - and 3 β - trans -cinnamoyloxytropane, 3 β -2′-hydroxybenzoyloxytropane, 3 α -3′,4′ 5′-tri-methoxybenzoyloxythropane, 3 α - and 3 β -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy- trans -cinnamoyloxytropane. Two additional alkaloids 3α- and 3 β -3′,4′,5′-trimethoxy- cis -cinnamoyloxytropane, were also tentatively identified.
Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on S100A8/A9 inhibition of peripheral neutrophils oxidative metabolism

Neutrophils are endowed with a highly active oxidative metabolism that is crucial for their antimicrobial functions but can produce oxidative conditions disruptive to the host. Opportunistic infections associated with HIV disease and ex vivo studies of neutrophils from HIV patients suggest that neutrophil dysfunctions significantly contribute to HIV disease. The calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9 are abundant cytosolic constituents of human neutrophils. Our previous work has shown that S100A8 and S100A9 inhibit neutrophil oxidative metabolism. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that neutrophils from HIV infected subjects respond differently to S100A8 and S100A9 when compared to neutrophils isolated from control HIV naive subjects. Neutrophils, freshly isolated from whole blood, were tested in a 96-well plate assay for their ability to oxidize the DCFH-DA probe. The neutrophils from HIV+ and HIV- subjects were stimulated with LPS and inhibited with recombinant S100A8 and S100A9. Our data indicate that when compared to neutrophils isolated from HIV- subjects, neutrophils from HIV+ subjects display an exaggerated response to LPS and a diminished response to S100A8 and S100A9 inhibition. Our data support our hypothesis and signify that, in HIV disease, dysregulated neutrophil responses to endotoxins stimulation and S100A8/A9 inhibition may contribute to a higher risk for oxidative stress associated ailments. The mechanism for the observed differences in neutrophil response and their biological significance in the course of HIV disease should be addressed in further studies.
Nitrogen dynamics in tropical soils of Mali, West Africa

Soil samples were collected from a loamy sand and a clayey soil near Cinzana, Mali, for the purpose of documenting the seasonal dynamics of soil inorganic N after 9 years under five crop-management systems. The cropping systems were: continuous grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) or millet (Pennisetum glaucum) without residue return, continuous grain with stalk residue returned to the field every second year, grain in rotation with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and grain in rotation with the green manure crops, sesbania (Sesbania rostrata) and dolichos (Dolichos lablab). A sharp increase in soil N was observed early in the rainy season in both soils. Extractable N concentration in loamy sand and clayey soils, respectively, peaked between 15–22 kg and 33–51 kg N ha−1 in the upper 10 cm of soil. In the clayey soil, the higher soil N concentrations associated with the early season flush lasted 8 weeks after the onset of rain. Nitrogen addition through rotational crops and crop residue was low. Significant improvement of cereal grain yield may not be possible solely by rotation with sesbania and dolichos green manure or cowpea without additional nutrient input. Earlier cereal planting, where feasible, is recommended to improve synchrony of soil N mineralization and crop demand.
Research Ethics II: Mentoring, Collaboration, Peer Review, and Data Management and Ownership

Purpose In this series of articles—Research Ethics I, Research Ethics II, and Research Ethics III—the authors provide a comprehensive review of the 9 core domains for the responsible conduct of research (RCR) as articulated by the Office of Research Integrity. In Research Ethics II, the authors review the RCR domains of mentoring, collaboration, peer review, and data management and ownership. Method They relied on authoritative documents, both historical and contemporary, insightful commentary, and empirical research in order to identify current issues and controversies of potential interest to both faculty and students. Conclusions The authors close by urging readers to stay abreast of the manifold ethics issues facing today’s community of scientists, policymakers, and research institutions, and to adhere to best practices as they evolve.
Nuclear DNA content in Sinningia (Gesneriaceae); intraspecific genome size variation and genome characterization in S. speciosa

The Gesneriaceae (Lamiales) is a family of flowering plants comprising >3000 species of mainly tropical origin, the most familiar of which is the cultivated African violet (Saintpaulia spp.). Species of Gesneriaceae are poorly repre- sented in the lists of taxa sampled for genome size estimation; measurements are available for three species of Ramonda and one each of Haberlea, Saintpaulia, and Streptocarpus, all species of Old World origin. We report here nuclear genome size estimates for 10 species of Sinningia, a neotropical genus largely restricted to Brazil. Flow cytometry of leaf cell nu- clei showed that holoploid genome size in Sinningia is very small (approximately two times the size of the Arabidopsis genome), and is small compared to the other six species of Gesneriaceae with genome size estimates. We also documented intraspecific genome size variation of 21%-26% within a group of wild Sinningia speciosa (Lodd.) Hiern collections. In addition, we analyzed 1210 genome survey sequences from S. speciosa to characterize basic features of the nuclear ge- nome such as guanine-cytosine content, types of repetitive elements, numbers of protein-coding sequences, and sequences unique to S. speciosa. We included several other angiosperm species as genome size standards, one of which was the snap- dragon (Antirrhinum majus L.; Veronicaceae, Lamiales). Multiple measurements on three accessions indicated that the ge- nome size of A. majus is *633 10 6 base pairs, which is approximately 40% of the previously published estimate.
The Transition to E-Commerce: A Case Study of a Rural-Based Travel Agency

ABSTRACT When the Internet started to establish itself in the corporate world, some observers foresaw a diminishing role for, if not the end to, many intermediary functions. Consequently it has been argued that suppliers will need to use the Internet and related technologies to cut costs and establish closer links with consumers by bypassing organizations that currently play an intermediary role in the traditional transaction system. The objective of this case study is to enhance the understanding of the process of transition from a traditional business model to an e-commerce model. It focuses on a very small business that has successfully navigated the transition to e-commerce.
Outcomes from burn injury-should decreasing mortality continue to be our compass?

Patient survival continues to be the standard measure of outcomes after burn injury. The current mortality following thermal injury, however, is very low, around 5% to 6%, and has changed little in almost 30 years. This article uses the National Burn Repository to assess the factors that affect mortality and discusses the need for other outcome measures. Although improving survival is a lofty goal and should not be abandoned, aspects such as quality of life and return to baseline activity should be taken into account in the assessment of patient outcome after burn injury. Language: en
Rational design of ligands targeting triplet repeating transcripts that cause RNA dominant disease: Application to myotonic muscular dystrophy type 1 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3

Herein, we describe the design of high affinity ligands that bind expanded rCUG and rCAG repeat RNAs expressed in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. These ligands also inhibit, with nanomolar IC50 values, the formation of RNA−protein complexes that are implicated in both disorders. The expanded rCUG and rCAG repeats form stable RNA hairpins with regularly repeating internal loops in the stem and have deleterious effects on cell function. The ligands that bind the repeats display a derivative of the bisbenzimidazole Hoechst 33258, which was identified by searching known RNA−ligand interactions for ligands that bind the internal loop displayed in these hairpins. A series of 13 modularly assembled ligands with defined valencies and distances between ligand modules was synthesized to target multiple motifs in these RNAs simultaneously. The most avid binder, a pentamer, binds the rCUG repeat hairpin with a Kd of 13 nM. When compared to a series of related RNAs, the pentamer bind...
Metal ion binding to daunorubicin and quinizarin

Abstract The anthracycline containing antibiotic daunorubicin binds metal ions with stabilities similar to those of quinizarin (1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone). In both ligands phenolic ionizations occur with pK a values near 10.0 and 13.7 as determined spectrophotometrically. Combined spectrophotometric and potentiometric analysis was used to work out the complete microconstant deprotonation scheme for daunorubicin. In daunorubicin the ammonium group deprotonates with pK a = 8.6 and is not involved directly in metal ion binding. Spectrophotometric analysis were used to calculate stability constants. For metal ion binding to daunorubicin the order of decreasing stability constants (with stability constant logarithm in parentheses) is given by Fe 3+ (11.0) > Th 4+ (10.3) > Tb 3+ (7.2) > Zn 2+ (4.5) > Mg 2+ (3.7) > Ca 2+ (3.3). The identical order and similar constants were found for quinizarin. For both ligands the stability constant logarithms are approximately half the literature values for tiron. Both quinizarin and daunorubicin may bind a second metal ion. One phenolic proton is displaced for each metal ion bound. Because it is partially stacked in aqueous solutions, the binding of a second daunorubicin ligand to a metal ion is more favorable than the binding of the first.
Specific Taxes and the Control of Pollution: A General Equilibrium Analysis

I. Introduction, 503. — II. The model, 505. — III. Decentralized equilibrium with effluent charges, 512. — IV. Two classical welfare theorems for an economy containing pollution, 516. — V. Concluding comments, 522.
ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERCALATION OF SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES WITH LITHIUM

Abstract Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) synthesized by laser ablation were electrochemically intercalated with lithium. As-grown SWNTs showed a reversible saturation composition of Li 1.2 C 6 (450 mAh g −1 ). After removing the impurity phases by filtration, the reversible saturation composition increased to Li 1.6 C 6 (600 mAh g −1 ), significantly higher than the ideal value of LiC 6 (372 mAh g −1 ) for graphite. All the SWNT materials showed large irreversible capacities and voltage hysteresis. Upon processing the nanotubes by ball-milling, the reversible Li capacity increased to 1000 mAh g −1 (Li 2.7 C 6 ) while the irreversible capacity decreased to 650 mAh g −1 .
daf-2, an Insulin Receptor-Like Gene That Regulates Longevity and Diapause in Caenorhabditis elegans

A C. elegans neurosecretory signaling system regulates whether animals enter the reproductive life cycle or arrest development at the long-lived dauer diapause stage. daf-2, a key gene in the genetic pathway that mediates this endocrine signaling, encodes an insulin receptor family member. Decreases in DAF-2 signaling induce metabolic and developmental changes, as in mammalian metabolic control by the insulin receptor. Decreased DAF-2 signaling also causes an increase in life-span. Life-span regulation by insulin-like metabolic control is analogous to mammalian longevity enhancement induced by caloric restriction, suggesting a general link between metabolism, diapause, and longevity.