cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Untangling research and practice: What Facebook’s “emotional contagion” study teaches us

Published in 2014, the Facebook “emotional contagion” study prompted widespread discussions about the ethics of manipulating social media content. By and large, researchers focused on the lack of corporate institutional review boards and informed consent procedures, missing the crux of what upset people about both the study and Facebook’s underlying practices. This essay examines the reactions that unfolded, arguing the public’s growing discomfort with “big data” fueled the anger. To address these concerns, we need to start imagining a socio-technical approach to ethics that does not differentiate between corporate and research practices.
SDP with Cloud Computing Features

With the development of new technology,the traditional service delivery platform(SDP) needs to support application delivery for Internet,mobile Internet,and Internet of Things.The service module and key technologies in cloud computing have sparked new ideas about SDP construction and service module.Based on the relationship between the PaaS and SDP solution,a new SDP solution with cloud computing features is proposed.The key technology in this solution is also studied.
Implement Circular Economy to Realize Sustainable Development in Chinaabstract

From nineties of the twentieth century,developing information economy and circular economy are very popular in the world.Nowadays developing countries are implementing circular economy to their countries in order to realize sustainable development.On the base of analyzing the background and meaning of circular economy,this paper indicates that implementing circular economy is not only the only way to realize sustainable development in china,but also the best development mode to get the win-win between the environment and the economy.At last this paper proposes what should to be done on developing circular economy in China.
Application of Information Network Technology in Safety Supervision Production Management System in Coal Mine

Some unfavorable factors to coal mine safety production can be effective controlled with the application of the information network technology on the safety supervision production management system.The quality of the coal mine safety production management is rapidly increased.A solid foundation is laid for the realization of "safety first,focus on prevention".The reliability of the entire computer safety supervision system depends on the security of the computer itself,therefore,for coal mine safety in production of the computer information network,the security management consciousness must be strengthened.
Renal Stem Cells in Recovery From Acute Kidney Injury

The kidney has a dramatic capacity to regenerate after injury. Whether stem cells are the source of the epithelial progenitors replacing injured and dying tubular epithelium is currently an area of intense investigation. Studies from our laboratory and others have supported a model whereby many surviving renal epithelial cells after injury become dedifferentiated and take on mesenchymal characteristics. These cells proliferate to restore the integrity of the denuded basement membrane, and subsequently redifferentiate into a functional epithelium. An alternative possibility is that a minority of surviving intratubular cells possess stem cell properties and selectively proliferate after damage to neighboring cells. Some evidence exists to support this hypothesis but it has not yet been rigorously evaluated. A third hypothesis is that extratubular cells contribute to repair of damaged epithelium. Bone marrow-derived stem cells have been proposed to contribute to this process but our work and work of others indicates that the vast majority of tubular cells derive from an intrarenal source. Recent evidence suggests that interstitial cells may represent another extratubular stem cell niche. The fundamental unanswered questions in this field include whether renal stem cells exist in the adult, and if they do where are they located (interstitium, tubule, cortex, medulla) and what markers can be relied upon for the isolation and purification of these putative renal stem cells. In this review we focus on our current understanding of the potential role of renal and extrarenal stem cells in repair of the adult kidney and highlight some of the controversies in this field.
Light/Dark-Regulation of C4-Photosynthesis Enzymes by Reversible Phosphorylation

This paper will present a brief overview of our ongoing research related to the light/dark-regulation of two maize mesophyll-cell enzymes by reversible covalent modification, chloroplastic pyruvate, Pi dikinase (PPDK) and cytoplasmic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC). The reversible light-activation of both of these key C4-photosynthesis enzymes is unique among the photoregulated carbon-fixation enzymes investigated in detail in that it involves the reversible phosphorylation of the two target proteins.
Flattening the Revenue Recognition Standard

On May 28, 2014, after years of planning, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued joint revenue recognition standards, ASU 2014-09 (Topic 606) and IFRS 15. Through the project the boards sought to “flatten” the revenue recognition standard, alongside an overall improvement in cross-border financial reporting and analysis. This paper cross examines both current and future standards under U.S. GAAP, and discusses key areas of the new standard that will dramatically impact the financial reporting and operations sectors of organizations.
Computational Investigation of Electronic and Steric Effects in Surface Reactions of Metalorganic Precursors on Functionalized Silicon Surfaces

Steric and electronic effects play a profound role in determining the mechanisms of surface reactions. In the case of reactions of metalorganic precursors on solid prefunctionalized surfaces, the contribution of these effects has to be considered both for the incoming metalorganic precursor molecule and for the functionalized surface itself. This study uses density functional theory calculations with simple cluster models to investigate the technologically important reactions of tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium (TDMAT) and trimethylaluminum (TMA) with silicon surfaces functionalized with preadsorbed amines. This approach provides an opportunity to compare the contribution of electronic effects in the process of transamination for TDMAT and in the process of aluminum deposition followed by methane desorption for TMA. Bulky dimethylamido substituents of TDMAT are shown to suppress the electronic effects of the surface-bound amines unless the very open surface-bound structures of −NH2 and −NHF are compared. A...
Programmed Emission Transformations: Negative-to-Positive Patterning Using the Decay-to-Recovery Behavior of Quantum Dots

Positive and negative photoluminescent photopattern contrasts arising from intrinsic modification of quantum dot (QD) emission (decay or recovery) upon exposure to light are reported. The ability to fabricate a variety of photo­pattern types using a single type of quantum dot is due to a two-step decay-to-recovery evolution upon light exposure. It is shown that high-contrast photopatterns spanning mm2 areas can be fabricated within seconds with a facile one-step process, representing a drastic reduction in the time required to develop an emissive pattern in a QD-polymer film (from hours to seconds). Furthermore, the controlled light exposure allows for a programmed transformation of the emissive pattern contrast, with a reversal of the bright/dark regions of the QD-polymer photopattern demonstrated. Finally, it is shown that the photopatterns can be stored over a period of time and then “recharged” using simple light exposure to partially recover the intensity and contrast of aged photopatterns. The outlined patterning strategies open up new pathways for facile, one-step parallel fabrication of anti-counterfeiting emitting labels and light sensors, as well as for gain-loss parity-time systems where an emission contrast is required but where physical patterning may not be appropriate.
Examining the Underrepresentation of Asian Americans in Special Education: New Trends from California School Districts

Despite decades of research on racial disproportionality in special education, the underrepresentation of Asian Americans in services tends to be overlooked in policy and practice. Underrepresentat...
The Role of Laparoscopic Peritoneal Lavage in the Operative Management of Hinchey III Diverticulitis

The role of laparoscopic peritoneal lavage in the operative management of sigmoid diverticulitis remains undefined. This technique challenges both the notion that sigmoidectomy is necessary in patients requiring emergency operative intervention, and that elective resection is really required in patients that do successfully navigate an initial nonresectional approach. This chapter aims to examine the evidence for or against laparoscopic peritoneal lavage.
The reaction of fluorescein mercuric acetate with sorbitol dehydrogenase.

Abstract Fluorescein mercuric acetate has been shown to be an irreversible inhibitor of calf liver sorbitol dehydrogenase. The interaction between dye and enzyme was followed by inhibition kinetics, absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and gel filtration. It was shown that the fluorescent dye reacts with an essential sulfhydryl group on the enzyme, and that the presence of the dye on the enzyme catalyzes a subtle conformational change not observed in the absence of the dye. At the same time, the apparent molecular size of the enzyme-dye complex is indistinguishable from that of the enzyme alone, indicating no major quaternary structural change in the dye-reacted enzyme.
A company without a memorandum of association: policy implications

This paper examines the policy bases underpinning changes to Zambia's company law in terms of which the Companies Act 1994, companies are no longer required to have a memorandum of association. In particular, the paper concentrates on the lack of statutory obligation in the Companies Act 1994 for companies to have an objects clause. Underscoring the views expressed, the argument that whereas under the English Companies Act 1985 the doctrine of ultra vires has been abolished, the position under the Zambian Companies Act 1994 is somewhat unclear. In the United Kingdom, company directors will bind the company in transactions with third-parties no matter how far removed the transaction is from the company's usual business. The directors will bind the company provided that they are dealing with a bona fide party who has no notice of limitations on their powers, and that party has given value. In Zambia, provisions of the 1921 Zambian Companies Act, the statute which preceded the 1994 Zambian Companies Act, required every company incorporated under the 1921 law to have a memorandum of association. The Companies Act 1994, which repeals and replaces the 1921 Companies Act, is silent on the issue of a memorandum of association. One view is that the Companies Act 1994 has abolished the statutory requirements for a memorandum of association. This view is discussed in the article.
The effect of endometriosis on implantation : results from the Yale University in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer program

Objective To investigate the effect of endometriosis on implantation. Design Case-control study from Yale University IVF-ET program. Patients Two hundred eighty-four consecutive IVF cycles were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with endometriosis only (n = 35; 89 cycles) were compared with an age-matched control group with tubal infertility (n = 70; 147 cycles) and also to a group with unexplained infertility (n = 15; 48 cycles). Data from the endometriosis group was analyzed further in subgroups of minimal-mild (43 cycles) and moderate-severe (46 cycles). Results No difference was found in the number and the quality of oocytes retrieved and fertilization rates between the endometriosis, the tubal infertility, and the unexplained infertility groups. The quality and the number of embryos transferred in each group were comparable. A trend toward reduced pregnancy rate per transfer (14.8%) in the endometriosis versus tubal or unexplained infertility groups (25.7% and 23.3%, respectively) was observed. Implantation rate (gestational sac per transferred embryo) was significantly lower in the endometriosis versus the tubal infertility group (3.9% versus 8.1%; unexplained infertility group, 7.2%). Analysis of first cycles only across all groups revealed that the implantation rate also was significantly lower in the endometriosis versus the tubal infertility group (3.1% versus 9%; unexplained infertility group, 6.7%). Within the endometriosis group, although the pregnancy rate per cycle and per transfer were similar in subgroups, patients with minimal-mild endometriosis had the lowest implantation rate. Conclusion We conclude that, in patients with endometriosis, implantation rate is low. Abnormal implantation, which may be secondary to endometrial dysfunction or embryotoxic environment, is a factor in endometriosis-associated subfertility.
Recent Advances in Cationic and Anionic Polysaccharides Fibers

This chapter will discuss the recent advances on the cationic and anionic polysaccharides fiber and the effect on the paper properties.
JOURNAL CLUB: Redefining the Radiology Curriculum in Medical School: Vertical Integration and Global Accessibility.

OBJECTIVE. Radiology interconnects medical disciplines given that a working understanding of imaging is essential to clinicians of every specialty. Using online education, we created a globally accessible, web-based undergraduate medical radiology curriculum modeled after the National Medical Student Curriculum in Radiology program of the Alliance of Medical Student Educators in Radiology. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Seventy-four radiology faculty-mentored video modules were produced, 50 of which were integrated into the 1st-year anatomy course. We administered tests to medical students before and after students saw the videos to assess the effectiveness of the modules. We surveyed students on their interests in pursuing radiology as a career before and after participating in this curriculum. RESULTS. On the preexamination questions, the mean score was 58.0%, which increased to 83.6% on the pair-matched imaging-related questions on the actual examination. Before participating in the new curriculum, 88% of stude...
Haemorrhagic conversion of infectious myelitis in an immunocompromised patient

A 28-year-old man recently diagnosed with HIV (CD4 19 cells/mm3, viral load 3.6 million copies/mL, not on highly active antiretroviral therapy on initial diagnosis at outside hospital), disseminated histoplasmosis, shingles and syphilis presented with paraplegia developing over 3 days. Spine MRI demonstrated a longitudinally extensive cord lesion extending from C3 to the tip of the conus. Brain MRI was consistent with meningoencephalitis. Cerebrospinal fluid findings were notable for positive varicella zoster virus (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) PCRs as well as a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory titre of 1:2. Patient was started on treatment for VZV and CMV meningoencephalitis, neurosyphilis and high-dose steroids for infectious myelitis. Repeat spine MRI demonstrated subacute intramedullary haemorrhage of the cervical cord. He was ultimately discharged to a skilled nursing facility for long-term intravenous antiviral therapy and rehabilitation. After 59 days in the hospital, his neurological exam remained grossly unchanged, with flaccid paraplegia and lack of sensation to fine touch in his lower extremities.
Correction to: DIII-D Research to Prepare for Steady State Advanced Tokamak Power Plants

The article “DIII-D Research to Prepare for Steady State Advanced Tokamak Power Plants”, written by R. J. Buttery, B. Covele, J. Ferron, A. Garofalo, C. T. Holcomb, T. Leonard, J. M. Park, T. Petrie, C. Petty, G. Staebler, E. J. Strait, M. Van Zeeland, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s Internet portal ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s10894-018-0185-y ) on 3 September 2018 without open access.
The impedance method for monitoring total coliforms in wastewaters

This paper presents a brief review of the history of the use of conductance and impedance techniques for monitoring bacterial growth and activity. The paper also describes the development of an impedance methodology applicable to the estimation of numbers of total coliform bacteria in domestic sewage and other wastewaters.
Characterization of Critical Peak Current and General Model of Interconnect Systems Under Short Pulse-Width Conditions

We characterize the critical peak current which causes melting of various metals interconnects under short-pulse conditions. High-current with 100ps pulse width is achieved using an on-die pulse generator. A model incorporating the heating of the metal layer and heat diffusion through the insulator layer is supported by the experimental results. The model accurately describes the relationship between peak current and pulse width ( $20\boldsymbol{\mu} \mathbf{s}$ -100ps), and can be used to generate reliable guidelines for high-current applications.
Type 3 von Willebrand Disease in Pregnancy: A Systematic Literature Review.

Objective von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a hereditary bleeding disorder. Type 3 VWD is the most severe and rare phenotype that presents many challenges for management of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to review the maternal characteristics and complications in pregnant women with Type 3 VWD. Study Design A systematic literature search was performed to include all publications that address Type 3 VWD in pregnancy. Results Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria. There were 28 pregnancies with Type 3 VWD in 17 women. All were diagnosed with Type 3 VWD prior to pregnancy. Concentrate treatment was administered before delivery for 19 pregnancies and postpartum for 26 pregnancies. Eight pregnancies required blood products postpartum. Primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) was reported in 48% (10/21) and secondary PPH was reported in 56% (5/9). Secondary PPH occurred between 7 and 22 days. No study reported hysterectomies, intensive care unit admissions, or maternal mortality. All 28 pregnancies resulted in 28 live births at term. Conclusion Our review highlights the maternal outcomes in patients with Type 3 VWD and the different approaches in management during pregnancy and delivery. Despite prior knowledge of this bleeding disorder, PPH was still a significant complication.
Awake percutaneous transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with expandable cage and robotic-assisted navigation and instrumentation: Case report and review of literature

Abstract Awake surgeries are commonly performed in many specialties through the use of local or regional anesthesia. These methods avoid the risks associated with general endotracheal anesthesia and allow faster recovery times. In neurosurgery, awake surgeries are typically reserved for craniotomies involving tumor or lesion resection near eloquent tissue. Only recently has awake spine fusion surgery been performed, and only in very limited capacity. Here, we describe the first reported case of awake percutaneous transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with robotic navigation and instrumentation under spinal anesthesia.
Relational Objectivity as Responsibility in Management Research

This chapter is located in social science research that conceives social life, especially inquiry, as a fundamentally relational activity. A relational perspective facilitates greater receptivity to meaningful stakeholder involvement in scientific inquiry. It also questions the traditional conception of objectivity grounded in researcher separation and independence. Drawing on a relational perspective and to a considerable extent on the scholarship of American philosopher Lisa Heldke, we address this issue and assert that a transformed understanding of the role of objectivity in inquiry is required for researchers to conduct responsible research in business and management. After a brief discussion of the traditional conception of objectivity, we develop a relational conception of objectivity as responsibility and illuminate its relevance for inquiry within management research. We draw on Heldke’s (in Engendering rationalities: 81–97, SUNY Press, Albany, 2001; Heldke and Kellert in Metaphilosophy 26:360–378, 1995) notions of responsibility to and responsibility for, two central implications of conceiving relational objectivity as responsibility, and connect and elaborate them with published examples in management research. The existence of models and practices emphasizing the importance of mutual relationships in research gives us hope that it is possible to move management research more toward the ideal Heldke elaborates.
Conformal/Poincaré Coset, cosmology, and descendants of Lovelock terms

We calculate six invariant terms of a gravitational field theory that nonlinearly realizes the conformal/Poincar\'e quotient and reduce to the known conformal Galileons in the limit when only the conformal mode is kept. Five of the six terms are regular coset terms, while the sixth is a Wess-Zumino (WZ) term that gives the well-known gravitational action for the trace anomaly. The obtained terms can be embedded in a quantum effective field theory (EFT) without spoiling their key features, although at a cost of certain fine-tunings. The additional massive modes that appear in the EFT would have been troublesome, however, for sub-Planckian curvatures their masses are (super)-Planckian, and therefore the respective states are outside of the EFT regime. We discuss certain novel cosmological solution of this theory and their validity within the EFT. Furthermore, we show that the obtained 4D terms, except the WZ term, can also be derived from higher dimensional Lovelock terms by reducing the latter to the genuinely four-dimensional terms according to a well-defined algorithm.
Torque Ripple Reduction of Interior Permanent Magnet Machines using Asymmetric Q-axis Rotor

A torque-ripple reduction method using an asymmetric q-axis rotor for Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machines is presented. The design methodology for the asymmetric q-axis motor is presented based on an analytical equation that is validated through a 2-D Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The results showed that it could reduce the torque ripple by more than 70% at the expense of 3-4% average torque reduction compared to an optimized base model. The performances of the proposed method are compared with those of a base model and a stepskewed model to show the superiority of the asymmetric q-axis method. Additionally, the method does not require any extra manufacturing step and does not require any computationally extensive optimization technique as well. The proposed concept is also effective in reducing cogging torque substantially.
Race and SES Differences in Psychosocial Resources: Implications for Social Stress Theory:

Social stress theory predicts that psychosocial resources shape health inequalities but is less clear about the ways in which the availability of resources differs across racial and socioeconomic g...
Productive knowledge, economic sophistication, and labor share

Abstract We present economic sophistication, the ability to produce complex products, as a potential determinant of labor share. Economic sophistication requires specific skills and tacit knowledge embedded in labor. It increases the bargaining power of workers, resulting in a higher labor share. We are the first to present economic sophistication as a potential determinant of labor share. We employ a fixed-effect model using panel data from 98 countries observed from 1970–2015 to find that economic sophistication has a positive and statistically significant effect on labor share. This positive effect applies to both OECD and non-OECD countries. A one standard deviation increase in economic sophistication increases labor share by about 3 percent, which corresponds to about 1.6 percentage points increase relative to the mean. Further, we show that economic sophistication and human capital have a substantial interaction effect that varies across OECD and non-OECD countries.
Gender and Attorney Negotiation Ethics

Building on the authors' prior study of attorney negotiation ethics, this paper looks at the data through the lens of gender. The literature examining gender and ethics, both for attorneys and non-attorneys, finds either that women act more ethically than men or that there is no difference between the sexes. The findings in this study are more nuanced: while there was no difference in responses of men and women when asked to engage in a fraudulent negotiation strategy, there was a difference in response to a follow-up request to employ a more subtle form of the fraudulent negotiation strategy, a pure omission. Unexpectedly, the men performed better than women. Additionally, the men performed better than women when asked whether the client’s initial request constituted a misrepresentation and whether a key fact was protected from disclosure by the Rules of Professional Conduct. Some of this difference correlated with the amount of respondent professional experience, but that does not explain the entire difference in the results. The survey instrument was not designed to investigate and uncover the factors that lead to the differences, thus it is not entirely clear why these gender differences exist. The article hypothesizes what these other factors may be, such as differences in the manner in which women and men organize information when making decisions, differences in how men and women respond in ambiguous ethical situations, and differences in how men and women advocate for others.
Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. Report of a case.

Abstract Consultation with the Periodontology, Prosthetics, and Surgery Departments failed to produce a better treatment plan for this patient. Subsequently, the patient is now wearing the transitional dentures. He appears to be getting along quite well, and his prognosis is good.
Chronic alcohol exposure alters gene expression in HepG2 cells.

Background: The liver is the primary site of alcohol metabolism and is highly vulnerable to injuries due to chronic alcohol abuse. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress and altered cellular metabolism, have been implicated in the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease. We sought to gain further insight into the molecular pathogenesis by studying the effects of ethanol exposure on the global gene expression in HepG2 cells. Methods: HepG2 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of 75 mM ethanol for 9 days, with fresh media daily. Global gene expression changes were studied using Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Exon 1.0 ST Arrays. Gene expression differences were validated for 13 genes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. To identify biological pathways affected by ethanol treatment, differentially expressed genes were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Results: Long-term ethanol exposure altered the expression of 1,093 genes (false discovery rate ≤ 3%); many of these changes were modest. Long-term ethanol exposure affected several pathways, including acute phase response, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Conclusions: Global measurements of gene expression show that a large number of genes are affected by chronic ethanol, although most show modest effect. These data provide insight into the molecular pathology resulting from extended alcohol exposure.
OI‐A‐3

BACKGROUND Leukocytes are important in initiation of cardiovascular disease (CVD), in part, through secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Statins may reduce MMP concentrations in hypercholesterolemia. No study has examined the effect of statins on MMP production from leukocytes in patients without overt dyslipidemia. METHODS Normocholesterolemic adults without CVD were eligible if not using lipid-lowering or anti-inflammatory medications. After a two-week run-in control period, subjects received atorvastatin 80 mg daily. Leukocyte cultures were prepared at baseline and after 4 weeks of therapy from subjects' buffy coat samples. After 24 hours, culture media were collected, and MMP-8 and MMP-9 were assayed in duplicate by flow-based immunofluorescence. Analyses were by paired t-test with significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS Ten subjects were studied with average age, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides of 28±10 years, 187±41 mg/dl, 100±36 mg/dl, 65±20 mg/dl, and 109±51 mg/dl, respectively. Atorvastatin reduced MMP-8 by 38% from 5767 pg/ml to 3548 pg/ml (p=0.02). MMP-9 was reduced by 9% from 26,636 pg/ml to 24,257 pg/ml (p=0.1). CONCLUSIONS Atorvastatin significantly reduced leukocyte production of MMP-8 in individuals without dyslipidemia or manifest CVD after four weeks. There was a non-significant reduction in MMP-9 concentrations. These data suggest a potential benefit of atorvastatin in individuals without high-risk for CVD and should be studied further. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 79, P2–P2; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2005.12.004
Some considerations for a simplified orbiting general relativity experiment.

The synthesis of a simplified orbiting experiment to test the validity of general relativity theory is examined. The original concept, suggested by L. I. Schiff, involved measurement of the relativistic precession of a torque free gyroscope located inside a satellite that was orbiting in a gravitational field. This paper considers a highly simplified system in which the satellite is itself the precise orbiting gyroscope. The primary problem areas are reduction of the nonrelativistic precessions such that the 7 sec arc/yr relativity precession is a principal effect and measurement of the gyroscope precession. The effect of classical atmospheric, electromagnetic, gravitational, and micrometeorite impact drag torques upon the gyroscope precession is evaluated. By optimizing the orbit parameters and the unshielded gyroscope characteristics, the nonrelativistic precessions can be minimized. The total precession is measured by rigidly attaching the proper resolving power lens and folded optics to the inside of the gyroscope. The apparent trace of a stellar reference as viewed by this system and recorded on a photographic plate placed behind the lens is equal exactly to the precession of the gyroscope.
Regulation of food intake in ruminants. 8. Caloric density of diets for young growing lambs.

Abstract This study extended observations on diet dilution made earlier with older lambs (energy demand 206 kcal/W kg .75 ) to younger lambs with a higher energy demand (266kcal). A basal diet was diluted 20, 30, 40, and 50% with sawdust. Each of the four diluted diets was fed ad libitum to two replicate pens of four lambs each. Digestibility data were obtained with eight similar lambs. Lambs were accustomed to pelleted sawdust-containing diets prior to weaning and were placed on experiment after weaning at an average age of 75 days and a body weight of about 25kg. Digestible energy of the diets decreased from 2.9 to 1.9 kcal/g or from 4.2 to 2.6 kcal/ml while digestible energy intake decreased from 266 to 125 kcal/W kg .75 as sawdust increased 20 to 50%. Average daily gains for the penned lambs were lower on the 40 and 50% dilutions (.16 and .14kg) than for the 20 and 30% dilutions (.25 and .24kg). Applicability of a previously developed model for relating caloric density (kcal/ml) of the diet to energy intake is discussed. Pelleted diets must contain at least 4.03 kcal/ml to allow young lambs to meet an energy demand of 266kcal/W kg .75 whereas a diet containing at least 3.5kcal/ml will allow older lambs to meet an energy demand of 213kcal/W kg .75 .
The impact of implied facilities cost of money subsidies on capital expenditures and the cost of debt in the defense industry

Abstract We examine the public policy effects of a cash flow subsidy unique to the government contracting industry, on defense contractors’ capital expenditures and cost of debt over a relatively long time-period, 1978–2009. Because the Department of Defense found evidence of a shrinking defense industrial base in the early 1970s, it wanted to encourage capital spending by defense firms. The result was a cost accounting standard that reimbursed contractors for an imputed facilities capital cost of money (FCCOM) that has remained in effect, virtually unchanged, for almost 30 years, despite structural changes in the defense industry. Our results, using a sample of 628 defense firms, suggest that the standard met its intended objective of increased capital spending within 10 years of its promulgation. However, we also find that the FCCOM subsidy may have contributed to a decreased cost of debt within the defense sector over the long-term. Finally, further analyses indicate that the long-term persistence of this subsidy may have encouraged defense contractors to overinvest in capital goods. Our findings suggest that public policy makers should consider both direct and indirect effects of regulation embedded in accounting standards.
2013 IRPS tutorial program [27 abstracts of IRPS tutorials]

Presents 27 abstracts for the tutorials at IRPS 2013. The complete presentations were not made available for publication as part of the conference proceedings.
Directions in human/computer interaction

In 1981 a workshop was held in Atlanta, GA to review, consider and exchange ideas on research in the area of interactive system design and information processing. The ten papers in this book (as are so many publications in this field) are a result of that workshop. The following paragraphs form a descriptive review of this new contribution to the literature on Human/Computer Interaction.
Synthesis of new ordered aromatic polyester copolymers

Aromatic polyesters of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-diisopropyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid were prepared. The polymers were found to be high-melting but largely insoluble in organic solvents. The polymer based on 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzoic acid was not degraded to monomer by sulfuric acid. A number of new aromatic polyesters were also prepared. Several new monomers for aromatic polyesters were synthesized, including bis(2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-carbophenoxyphenyl)terephthalate, m- and p-phenylene bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate), bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-chlorocarboxyphenyl)terephthalate, and m-phenylene bis(3,5-diisopropyl-4-hydroxybenzoate). An aromatic polyester prepared from bis(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-chlorocarboxyphenyl) terephthalate and resorcinol had a ηinh (trichloroethylene) of 1.05 (0.5%, 30°C) and a possible melting point of 330°C (DSC). Tough, creasable films could be cast from trichloroethylene solution of this polymer. Attempts to observe or to trap the keto-ketene that might result when 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoyl chloride is treated with base were unsuccessful.
Assay of superoxide dismutase: cautions relevant to the use of cytochrome c, a sulfonated tetrazolium, and cyanide.

Abstract Two commonly used assays for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity have been compared, one using cytochrome c and the other using XTT (2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) as the indicating scavenger of superoxide. The use of cyanide to selectively suppress Cu,Zn–SOD and thus to allow assay of both Cu,Zn–SOD and Mn–SOD in mixtures of the two was also explored, as was the influence of pH. The XTT assay became more sensitive at elevated pH, because the rate of the superoxide/XTT reaction declines with increasing pH. This was clearly seen with the Cu,Zn–SOD but barely with Mn–SOD because the former retains full activity from pH 5 to 10 while the latter does not. Cyanide reacted with cytochrome c, but not XTT, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and thus diminished its reduceability by superoxide. Cytochromes endogenous to tissue fractions were reduced by the xanthine oxidase reaction and this caused a decrease in absorbance 470 nm which interfered with the XTT assay. The alkalinizing effect of cyanide salts and the problems encountered in neutralizing cyanide stock solutions are discussed.
Special Feature Zork: A Computerized Fantasy Simulation Game

Is magic real? Do swords glow if the enemy is nearby? In the demonic world of Zork, a simulated universe entices the player into a new form of problem solving.
AKT Signaling Pathway in the Nucleus Accumbens Mediates Excessive Alcohol Drinking Behaviors

Background Neuroadaptations within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been implicated in molecular mechanisms underlying the development and/or maintenance of alcohol abuse disorders. We recently reported that the activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in the NAc of rodents, after exposure to alcohol, contributes to alcohol drinking behaviors. The kinase AKT is a main upstream activator of the mTORC1 pathway. We therefore hypothesized that the activation of AKT in the NAc in response to alcohol exposure plays an important role in mechanisms that underlie excessive alcohol consumption. Methods Western blot analysis was used to assess the phosphorylation levels of enzymes. Acute exposure of mice to alcohol was achieved by the administration of 2 g/kg alcohol intraperitoneally (IP). Two-bottle choice and operant self-administration procedures were used to assess drinking behaviors in rats. Results We found that acute systemic administration of alcohol and recurring cycles of excessive voluntary consumption of alcohol and withdrawal result in the activation of AKT signaling in the NAc of rodents. We show that inhibition of AKT or its upstream activator, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), within the NAc of rats attenuates binge drinking as well as alcohol but not sucrose operant self-administration. Conclusions Our results suggest that the activation of the AKT pathway in the NAc in response to alcohol exposure is an important contributor to the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-drinking behaviors. AKT signaling pathway inhibitors are therefore potential candidates for drug development for the treatment of alcohol use and abuse disorders.
Heart rate response to breath holding at 18.6 ATA

The heart rate (HR) responses to breath-holding (BH) with the without face immersion (FI) in 31 or 27 degrees C water was studied in 1 ATA air and hyperbaric He-O2 environments in 4 male subjects during a dry saturation dive to simulated depth of 580 ft (18.6 ATA). When a 60 sec BH or FI was performed while leaning forward, there was a significant linear correlation between the maximal bradycardial response (delta HRmax) and ambient pressure for simple BH (r-0.08, P less than 0.05) and 31 degrees C FI (r = 0.91, P less than 0.01), but not for 27 degrees C FI. A similar trend was seen during 30 sec BH's while seated erect. The facial cold-dependent component of the FI bradycardia was not significantly altered by pressure. In general, there were significant correlations between the initial HR and the initial thoracic conductive volume (TCV; measured by the four-electrode Minnesota impedance cardiograph), and between the initial TCV and delta HRmax observed during seated erect BH's. Since the TCV was generally higher at depth, it is suggested that a mechanical effect due to increased TCV at depth, possibly related to increased gas density, is at least partly responsible for the pressure dependence of BH bradycardia.
The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly: Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older Americans imposes a huge burden in mortality, morbidity, disability, functional decline, and health care costs. In light of the projected growth of the population of older adults over the next several decades, the societal burden attributable to CVD will continue to rise. There is thus an enormous opportunity to foster successful aging and to increase functional life years through expanded efforts aimed at CVD prevention. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology of CVD in older adults, including an assessment of the impact of CVD on mortality, morbidity, and health care costs.
Introduction of spatial smoothness constraints via linear diffusion for optimization‐based hyperspectral coastal ocean remote‐sensing inversion

[1] An optimization-based, shallow water remote-sensing inversion algorithm was recently developed by Lee et al. (1999) that simultaneously derives bottom depth and water column inherent optical properties. Only measured remote-sensing reflectance is required as input, which is a noted advantage; however, the algorithm is sensitive to noise. Given the observation that bottom depth and optical properties generally change slowly over the spatial domain, we applied a smoothness assumption by modifying the Lee algorithm to accommodate a spatial smoothness constraint. Spatial constraints were introduced through a linear diffusion process. The new spatial constraint model retrievals were compared with those from the original Lee model, as well as from the original model plus smoothing performed as postprocessing. Synthetic and real field data experiments were performed. For the synthetic experiments the Lee method was the most sensitive to noise and posted the largest absolute and standard errors. For the field experiments, Portable Hyperspectral Imager for Low Light Spectroscopy Sensor (PHILLS) imagery was acquired over optically shallow water. An in situ acoustic sensor mounted on a towed Hyperspectral Tethered Spectral Radiometer Buoy (HTSRB) provided measured bottom depth transects, and remote-sensing reflectance was HTSRB derived. Bathymetry estimates were validated in this research. Lee method bottom depth retrievals were more erratic than those generated via the other methods. Unlike postsmoothing the spatial constraint method corrected large deviations of the Lee method spanning several transect points. Overall, our spatial constraint method yielded the most accurate estimates and represents a significant improvement upon the Lee method. Mean absolute estimation errors for the Lee, postprocessing, and spatial constraint methods were 0.412, 0.389, and 0.335 m, respectively.
Tipping: an Incentive/Reward for Service?

Tipping is an interesting, pervasive, and under researched form of consumer behavior. Tips are supposed to be an incentive/reward for good service. However, tipping is a complex behavior motivated ...
Data analysis with multiple detectors: plans and prospects for coordinated international analysis of interferometric detector data

The advent of kilometer-scale interferometers, such as those in LIGO, makes detection of gravitational waves from astrophysical sources a realistic goal in the near-term. Data collected simultaneously from the LIGO and GEO interferometers has started to flow during dedicated engineering runs and is being anlyzed by working groups of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. This paper presents a short review of the data analysis techniques that have been developed and are now being used in the effort to detect gravitational waves. In particular, enhancements of the basic methods to improve efficiency and to handle non-Gaussian noise are emphasized.
INORGANIC NITROGEN ASSIMILATION OF DITYLUM BRIGHTWELLII, A MARINE PLANKTON DIATOM1,2

SUMMARY Apparent Km values for nitrite reductase, glutamic dehydrogenase, and nitrate reductase are of the order 10−4 molar for nitrite, ammonia, and nitrate, respectively while half-saturation constants for the corresponding uptake mechanisms approximate 10−6 molar. Ammonium and nitrate are accumulated in the vacuolated cells of the diatom (about 10 and 40 mmoles/liter cell volume, respectively) and these intracellular pools serve as substrate for the assimilatory enzymes. Nitrite is either not accumulated or is concentrated, in a very small cellular compartment. Ammonium and nitrate in the external medium exert modifying effects on uptake and assimilatory mechanisms which can be distinguished from effects of the ions accumulated within the cells. Several of these effects are described and fitted into a general scheme of nitrogen assimilation by D. brightwellii.
Impairment after burns: a two-center, prospective report

Impairment rating is regularly reported for trauma and other conditions but rarely for burns. The purposes of this study were: (1) to report impairment collected prospectively at our burn center, (2) to relate this impairment to measures of psychosocial and functional outcome, and (3) to compare these data to similar data from another burn center to verify that rating impairment is standardized and that the impairments are similar. We studied 139 patients from the University of Washington (UW) Burn Center and 100 patients from the University of Texas (UT) Southwestern Burn Center. The average whole person impairment (WPI) ratings at the University of Washington were 17% and this correlated with total body surface area burned and days off work. It did not correlate with Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ). Average whole person impairment ratings at UT Southwestern were similar at 19%. Several components of the impairment rating, however, differed at the two institutions. To minimize this variation, we recommend: (1) use the skin impairment definitions of the fifth edition of the Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (or the most recent published versions of the Guide), and (2) include sensory impairment in healed burns and skin grafts in the skin impairment.
Optimal experiments with seismic sensors for the localization of buried landmines

In this paper, we consider the problem of detecting and locating buried land mines and subsurface objects by using seismic waves. We demonstrate an adaptive seismic system that maneuvers an array of receivers, according to an optimal positioning algorithm based on the theory of optimal experiments, to minimize the number of distinct measurements to localize the mine. The adaptive localization algorithm is tested using numerical model data as well as laboratory measurements performed in a facility at Georgia Tech. Cases with one and two targets are presented. It is envisioned that future systems should be able to incorporate this new method into portable mobile mine-location systems.
Genetic correlations in resistance to morpholine and piperidine fungicides in Pyrenophora teres populations.

Highly significant genetic variation (P 0.05). This result is consistent with the hypothesis that many of the same genes, or genes in gametic disequilibrium, control resistance to more than one fungicide in most populations ofP. teres and that these fungicides comprise a single cross resistance group. Three of 36 (8%) correlation coefficients were not significantly different from 0 (P>0.05) indicating that, in these populations, independent genes controlled resistance to these fungicides. The results of this study indicate that although most of the same genes control resistance to morpholine and piperidine fungicides inP. teres, differences in frequencies of these genes among populations can result in different cross resistance relationships from one population to another.
Quantitative decarboxylation of [14C]amino acids using automatic amino acid analyzer

Abstract To determine the radioactivity in the carboxyl group of amino acids, the automatic amino acid analyzer was used in conjunction with a scintillation counter. The radioactivity in each amino acid was determined using a flow cell in the scintillation counter before the ninhydrin reaction and discrete samples were collected in a fraction collector after the ninhydrin reaction. The loss in radioactivity from before to after the ninhydrin reaction was shown to have been due to decarboxylation. The information was used to study amino acid biosynthesis in the spirochete Leptospira.