cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An integrated modeling approach for elucidating the effects of different management strategies on Chesapeake Bay oyster metapopulation dynamics

Abstract Eastern oyster abundance is at an all-time low, yet this species is a key component of many estuarine systems because it contributes to ecosystem function by providing habitat, improving water quality, stabilizing benthic and intertidal habitat, increasing landscape diversity and producing more oysters. Given the breadth of environmental benefits oysters provide, as well as their commercial and cultural importance, sustainable oyster production has become a priority in several regions, including the Chesapeake Bay. Current strategies include treating restored reefs as permanent sanctuaries, which provide long-term environmental benefits yet removes them from the fishery, or harvesting reefs on a rotational basis, which provides economic value yet decreases environmental benefits. The long term dynamics of these strategies is unknown. Oysters have a complex, biphasic life cycle (i.e., sessile adult and motile larval stages) and their viability is intimately tied to a suite of environmental factors including, but not limited to, flow regime, total suspended solids, temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. In order to determine how different oyster management strategies affect oyster dynamics, we developed a multi-model approach that integrates a 2-D hydrodynamic model, a larval transport model, and a spatially-explicit, agent-based population dynamics model to simulate long term oyster dynamics. We applied our model to a ten reef system in the Great Wicomico River in the Chesapeake Bay, and simulated six different combinations of sanctuary and/or harvest management scenarios over an 8-year period. We evaluated the environmental and commercial benefits of each strategy. Our results indicated that sanctuary reefs are beneficial, and that the spatial position of sanctuary reefs strongly affected source-sink dynamics and must be considered before implementing a harvest regime. Simulations that did not consider the source/sink dynamics of the reefs yielded larger numbers of oysters for harvest in the short-term, yet resulted in a complete fishery collapse in the long term. Selective, rotational harvest, resulted in lower annual yield, but the fishery persisted throughout the eight year simulation. This integrated modeling approach helped reduce uncertainty within the study system and can help natural resource managers understand ecosystem-level processes leading to more informed decision making across spatial and temporal scales.
An Interdisciplinary Conducting Curriculum: Selected Theater Games From Viola Spolin’s “Improvisation for the Theater”:

This article presents a series of theater games with clear connections to conducting and rehearsing music ensembles, explaining both how to play them and how young conductors will benefit from the ...
No rain No gain: How Reduced Rainfall Impacts on Children’s School Attendance in Uganda

The increasing frequency of negative rainfall shocks presents households with a challenge of whether to send their children to school or withdraw them, in order to provide shock-coping support in the household. We use high-resolution spatial rainfall data matched with geo-referenced Uganda National Panel Survey data to estimate the effect of negative rainfall shocks on children’s school attendance. We find that exposure to negative rainfall shocks reduces children’s school attendance by almost 10%. These results have important policy implications for improving children’s schooling in Uganda, particularly in geographical areas that receive highly erratic levels of rainfall.
Persistent Sputtering Yield Reduction in Plasma-Infused Foams

Aluminum microfoams are found to exhibit persistent sputtering yield reductions of 40%--80% compared to a flat aluminum surface under 100 to 300 eV argon plasma bombardment. An analytical model reveals a strong dependency of the yield on the foam geometry and plasma sheath. For foam pore sizes near or larger than the sheath thickness, the plasma infuses the foam and transitions the plasma-surface interactions from superficial to volumetric phenomena. By defining a plasma infusion parameter, the sputtering behavior of foams is shown to be separated into the plasma-facing and plasma-infused regimes. While plasma infusion leads to a larger effective sputtering area, geometric recapture of ejected particles facilitates an overall reduction in yield. For a given level of plasma infusion, the reductions in normalized yield are more pronounced at lower ion energies since angular sputtering effects enable more effective geometric recapture of sputterants.
Grape Polyphenols Attenuate Diet-Induced Obesity and Hepatic Steatosis in Mice in Association With Reduced Butyrate and Increased Markers of Intestinal Carbohydrate Oxidation

A Western Diet (WD) low in fiber but high in fats and sugars contributes to obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Supplementation with grape polyphenols (GPs) rich in B-type proanthocyanidins (PACs) can attenuate symptoms of cardiometabolic disease and alter the gut microbiota and its metabolites. We hypothesized that GP-mediated metabolic improvements would correlate with altered microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). To more closely mimic a WD, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a low-fiber diet high in sucrose and butterfat along with 20% sucrose water to represent sugary beverages. This WD was supplemented with 1% GPs (WD-GP) to investigate the impact of GPs on energy balance, SCFA profile, and intestinal metabolism. Compared to WD-fed mice, the WD-GP group had higher lean mass along with lower fat mass, body weight, and hepatic steatosis despite consuming more calories from sucrose water. Indirect and direct calorimetry revealed that reduced adiposity in GP-supplemented mice was likely due to their greater energy expenditure, which resulted in lower energy efficiency compared to WD-fed mice. GP-supplemented mice had higher abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, a gut microbe reported to increase energy expenditure. Short chain fatty acid measurements in colon content revealed that GP-supplemented mice had lower concentrations of butyrate, a major energy substrate of the distal intestine, and reduced valerate, a putrefactive SCFA. GP-supplementation also resulted in a lower acetate:propionate ratio suggesting reduced hepatic lipogenesis. Considering the higher sucrose consumption and reduced butyrate levels in GP-supplemented mice, we hypothesized that enterocytes would metabolize glucose and fructose as a replacement energy source. Ileal mRNA levels of glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2, SLC2A2) were increased indicating higher glucose and fructose uptake. Expression of ketohexokinase (KHK) was increased in ileum tissue suggesting increased fructolysis. A GP-induced increase in intestinal carbohydrate oxidation was supported by: (1) increased gene expression of duodenal pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), (2) a decreased ratio of lactate dehydrogenase a (LDHa): LDHb in jejunum and colon tissues, and (3) decreased duodenal and colonic lactate concentrations. These data indicate that GPs protect against WD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis by diminishing portal delivery of lipogenic butyrate and sugars due to their increased intestinal utilization.
Use of a modified tracheal tube in a child with traumatic bronchial rupture: A case report and review of literature.

Use of a modified tracheal tube in a child with traumatic bronchial rupture: A case report and review of literature
The ω meson

The ω meson was first observed by Maglic et al. (1961) as a three-pion correlation in antiproton-proton annihilation in the reaction $$ \bar p + p \to {\pi ^ + } + {\pi ^ - } + {\pi ^0} + {\pi ^ + } + {\pi ^ - }. $$ (15.1)
Strategies Perceived as Effective by Entrepreneurial Service Marketers: Illustrations from the Travel Industry

Marketers of services are increasingly facing environments which are turbulent and uncertain. To survive, greater emphasis may be placed on more proactive patterns of strategies. One such industry is travel. With recent dramatic growth and deregulation (airlines in 1978 and travel agencies in 1985), the industry is changing markedly. This paper reports on a survey of travel agents in the northeastern and midwest U.S. Explored are questions related to the existence of strategic patterns in the industry and especially those related patterns showing a correlation with the more entrepreneurial mentality.
AN EMPIRICAL STATIONARY EQUILIBRIUM SEARCH MODEL OF THE HOUSING MARKET

This article specifies and estimates a computationally tractable stationary equilibrium model of the housing market. The model is rich and incorporates many of its unique features: buyers’ and sellers’ simultaneous search behavior, heterogeneity in their motivation to trade, transaction costs, a trading mechanism with posting prices and bargaining, and the availability of an exogenous advertising technology that induces endogenous matching. Estimation uses Maximum Likelihood methods and Multiple Listing Services data. The estimated model is used to simulate housing market outcomes when (a) the amount of information displayed on housing listings increases and (b) real estate agent’s commission rates change.
Nucleon scattering from light nuclei: (I). The targets 6Li and 7Li☆

Abstract New data for the elastic and inelastic scattering of 24.4 MeV protons from 6, 7Li are presented and a summary of all the available data for the elastic, inelastic, and charge exchange scattering of 24–50 MeV protons from these same targets is given. The cross-section data for Ep ≅25 and 50 MeV are examined theoretically within the framework of the microscopic folding model and the distorted-wave approximation. Standard p-shell wave functions, supplemented by renormalization factors deduced from electromagnetic and β-decay data, are used to describe the target nuclei in these calculations. Results obtained using a phenomenological 1 fm range Yukawa interaction illustrate the information on proton-neutron differences contained in the data for quadrupole transitions in 7Li and differences in the energy dependence of the spin-flip and non-spin-flip isovector central components of the effective interaction contained in the data for the (p, n) reaction on this same target. Results obtained with the more realistic G-matrix interaction of Bertsch et al. give a reasonable description of the overall features of the experimental data after 20–60 % reductions in the strengths of its varous components are made. The calculations fail to provide a consistent picture of the energy dependence of the optical potential and the quadrupole transition potentials. Some difficulties are also encountered in describing the cross sections for scattering to the 0+, T = 1 level in the mass-6 systems.
Craniotomy under local anesthesia and monitored conscious sedation for the resection of tumors involving eloquent cortex.

Objective. Resection or even biopsy of an intra-axial mass lesion in close relationship to eloquent cortex carries a major risk of neurological deficit. We have assessed the safety and effectiveness of craniotomy under local anesthesia and monitored conscious sedation for the resection of tumors involving eloquent cortex. Methods. We have performed a retrospective review of a consecutive series of 157 adult patients who underwent craniotomy under local anesthesia by one surgeon (P.M.B.) at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston. All patients had tumors in close proximity to eloquent cortex, including speech, motor, primary sensory, or visual cortex. In most cases the lesion was considered inoperable by the referring surgeon. All resection was verified by post-operative imaging approximately one month after surgery and all cases were reviewed by an independent neurosurgeon (A.D.). Results. In 122 cases, brain mapping was performed to identify eloquent cortex and in the remainder neurological monitoring was maintained during the procedure. Radiological gross total resection was achieved in 57% of patients and greater than 80% resection was achieved in 23%. Thus 4 out of 5 of patients had major resection despite the close relationship of tumor to eloquent cortex. In 13%, resection could be done but less than 80% of tumor was removed because of danger of neurological deficit. In 7% of patients, only a biopsy could be done because of infiltration into eloquent cortex that could only be assessed at surgery. In 76 patients with pre-operative neurological deficits, there was complete resolution of these deficits in 33%, improvement in 32%, no change in 28%, and long-term worsening in 8%. Among 81 patients with no pre-operative neurological deficit, 1 patient suffered a major permanent neurological deficit, and 2 developed minor deficits. There was a transient post-operative deficit in one-third of cases, but this had resolved at one month in all but three patients. Monitored conscious sedation was performed without anesthetic complications using midazolam, sufentanyl and fentanyl with or without propofol. Only one case needed to be converted to general anesthesia. Patient satisfaction with the procedure has been good. Operating time and hospital stay were lower than the mean for brain tumor craniotomy at this hospital. Conclusions. Tumor surgery with conscious sedation is a safe technique that allows maximal resection of lesions in close anatomical relationship to eloquent cortex, with a low risk of new neurological deficit. Only 7% of intrinsic cortical tumors were ineligible for partial or complete resection with this technique.
Judicial Federalism and the Future of Federal Environmental Regulation

This article assesses the current and likely impact of the Supreme Court's federalism cases on federal environmental regulation. As a result of this assessment, the article seeks to make four points: (1) Thus far, the Supreme Court's federalism cases have had a limited impact on federal regulation, as federal courts have not used these cases as a basis for limiting the reach of federal regulatory authority. (2) Notwithstanding this limited impact, the underlying logic of the Supreme Court's cases does pose a challenge for federal regulation, particularly in the Commerce Clause context. (3) The thrust of the federalism cases makes it likely that the Supreme Court will revisit the constitutional limitations on the Spending Clause, and this could have a substantial impact on federal environmental regulation, as some federal environmental provisions exceed even the highly deferential Spending Clause standard outlined in South Dakota v. Dole. (4) Judicially enforced limitations on federal regulatory authority do not necessarily translate into limitations on environmental protection. The federal government will retain substantial - although not unlimited - authority to advance environmental protection. Where federal authority is constrained, state and local governments and non-governmental entities will retrain their ability to address many environmental concerns.
Pathological evidence of pancreatitis in 43 horses (1986-2011).

Summary Reasons for performing study Definitive ante mortem diagnosis of pancreatitis in horses is difficult. Reports summarising the most common clinical signs, clinicopathological features and concurrent disorders in horses with a definitive diagnosis of pancreatitis that may aid in the recognition of disease are lacking. Objectives To describe case details, clinical signs, clinicopathological data and necropsy findings in horses with a definitive diagnosis of pancreatitis. Methods This was a retrospective study (1986–2011) and inclusion criteria consisted of horses with a definitive diagnosis of pancreatitis. A medical records database search was performed and data extracted included case details, clinical signs, clinical laboratory data and post mortem findings. Pancreatitis was defined as acute, active chronic or chronic and presumed primary or secondary, based on post mortem findings. Results Pancreatitis was diagnosed in 43 horses (acute pancreatitis in 34, active chronic in 4 and chronic in 5). A presumed diagnosis of primary pancreatitis was made in 6 horses. Pancreatitis was associated with gastrointestinal disorders in 28 horses (14 large colon, 10 small intestine and 4 gastric ruptures) and primary hepatic disease in 3 horses. Six horses had pancreatitis associated with other disorders: multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (one horse), strychnine toxicosis (one horse) and compromised immune system (4 horses). Conclusion Pancreatitis is an uncommon disorder that can occur as a primary problem or secondary to gastrointestinal, hepatic or immunocompromising disorders, and when it occurs it affects adult horses more commonly. Potential relevance Unexplained abdominal pain, gastric dilation or rupture, peritonitis and/or the presence of white fibrinous plaques and fat necrosis in the peritoneum and mesentery or mass-like structures in the root of the mesentery during an exploratory celiotomy should raise a suspicious of pancreatitis.
Grounding the mirror system hypothesis for the evolution of the language-ready brain

What was the evolutionary path whereby humans came to have brains so well-suited for language? There has been much debate as to whether language evolved by the modification of systems present in non-human primates, or by some more radical, discontinuous evolutionary change. Noam Chomsky, perhaps the most influential linguist of the 20th century, has often suggested that there is nothing remotely resembling human language anywhere in the animal repertoire but that our genetic constitution includes a Universal Grammar — the basic ground plan for the grammar of all possible human languages. Certainly, the human brain and body evolved in such a way that we have hands, larynx, facial mobility and the brain mechanisms needed to produce and rapidly perceive and generate sequences of gestures that can be used in language. However, rather than accept Chomsky’s hypothesis, Arbib (2001) offers the counter-hypothesis that the human brain and body are language-ready in the sense that the first Homo sapiens used a form of vocal communication which was but a pale approximation of the richness of current languages, and that these languages evolved culturally as a more or less cumulative set of “inventions”.
Dyssegmental dysplasia, Silverman-Handmaker type, is caused by functional null mutations of the perlecan gene.

Perlecan is a large heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan present in all basement membranes and in some other tissues such as cartilage1,2, and is implicated in cell growth and differentiation3,4,5. Mice lacking the perlecan gene6,7 (Hspg2) have a severe chondrodysplasia with dyssegmental ossification of the spine and show radiographic, clinical and chondro-osseous morphology similar to a lethal autosomal recessive disorder in humans termed dyssegmental dysplasia, Silverman-Handmaker type (DDSH; MIM 224410). Here we report a homozygous, 89-bp duplication in exon 34 of HSPG2 in a pair of siblings with DDSH born to consanguineous parents, and heterozygous point mutations in the 5′ donor site of intron 52 and in the middle of exon 73 in a third, unrelated patient, causing skipping of the entire exons 52 and 73 of the HSPG2 transcript, respectively. These mutations are predicted to cause a frameshift, resulting in a truncated protein core. The cartilage matrix from these patients stained poorly with antibody specific for perlecan, but there was staining of intracellular inclusion bodies. Biochemically, truncated perlecan was not secreted by the patient fibroblasts, but was degraded to smaller fragments within the cells. Thus, DDSH is caused by a functional null mutation of HSPG2. Our findings demonstrate the critical role of perlecan in cartilage development.
Access to Justice in Post-Mao China: Assessing the Politics of Criminal and Administrative Law

Since the upheaval of the Cultural Revolution decade (1966-1976), post-Mao China has witnessed a sustained period of unprecedented legal reform. Criminal prosecutions and citizen lawsuits against the government, because they pit individual litigants against the authoritarian Chinese state, are two politically significant areas of law. We examine and critically assess the sociolegal scholarship on criminal and administrative legal reform as it has developed over the past few decades, with special attention to shifts in the conventional wisdom regarding legal reform and political liberalism in China and elsewhere. Additionally, we offer both theoretical and empirical suggestions for enhancing the explanatory power of sociolegal research in China.
Osteogenesis imperfecta. Review of the medical and dental literature and report of a case

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare congenital bone disease affecting the mesenchyme and some of its derivatives resulting in three basic clinical entities--fragility of bones, blue sclera, and otosclerosis. The medical and dental literature pertaining to osteogenesis imperfecta is reviewed, and a specific dental case is discussed.
American and Japanese Control-Display Stereotypes: Possible Implications for Design of Space Station Systems

This study examined the stimulus-response stereotypes of American (United States citizens) and Japanese (Japanese citizens) subjects on the issue of control-display arrangements. Three questions were investigated. First, do Japanese and Americans operators adhere to the same compatibility principles, e.g., clockwise-for-increase, for certain configurations? Second, do the operators show similar or different responses to certain configurations? Third, are there arrangements in which both populations show strong or weak stimulus-response stereotypes? A paper and pencil test that contained 24 different control-display configurations was administered to 58 American subjects and 58 Japanese subjects, all of whom were right-handed. Out of the 24 configurations, only one elicited similar and statistically significant response stereotypes from American and Japanese subjects. The arrangement that did so emphasized that three compatibility principles (clockwise-for-increase, nearness of control-cursor relation, and...
Thymidylate Synthesis and Aminopterin Resistance in Bacillus subtilis

Wilson, Melba Carr (Brown University, Providence, R.I.), James L. Farmer, and Frank Rothman. Thymidylate synthesis and aminopterin resistance in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 92:186–196. 1966.—The thymine-requirement of Bacillus subtilis 168 thy results from mutation in two unlinked genes (i.e., genetic loci) designated thyA and thyB. The thyB gene is located between the met and ile markers. Both thyA+thyB and thyA thyB+ strains are phenotypically thy+. ThyA+thyB strains resemble the wild type in their sensitivity to aminopterin, poor incorporation of exogenous thymine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and high level of thymidylate synthetase activity in crude extracts. ThyA thyB+ strains are resistant to aminopterin in the presence of thymine, incorporate exogenous thymine into DNA, and have no detectable thymidylate synthetase activity. Experiments designed to elucidate the role of the thyB gene indicate that it specifies an alternate pathway of thymidylate synthesis, similar to thymidylate synthetase but requiring a cofactor other than tetrahydrofolate. The mechanism of selection of thymine-requiring mutants by aminopterin is revealed by these results.
Regulation of B lymphocyte responses to Toll-like receptor ligand binding during diabetes prevention in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice

Background Interactions between genetic risk factors and the environment drive type 1 diabetes (T1D). The system of Toll-like receptors (TLR) detects these environmental triggers; however, the target cell that intermediates these interactions to drive T1D remains unknown. Methods We investigated the effect of TLR pathway activation (myeloid differentiation primary response 88 [MyD88] vs TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β [TRIF]) on B cell subsets via flow cytometry, including their activation, survival, proliferation, and cytoskeletal mobilization. The effect of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) on diabetes development was addressed, including the B cell-dependent activation of diabetes-protective DX5+ cells, using genetic models and adoptive transfer. Results B lymphocytes from non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice expressed enhanced levels of TLR-responsive proteins. Ex vivo analysis of B lymphocyte subsets demonstrated that TLR3 stimulation via TRIF deletes cells exhibiting a marginal zone phenotype, whereas MyD88-dependent ligands enhance their survival. In vivo, marginal zone B cells were activated by poly(I:C) and were unexpectedly retained in the spleen of NOD mice, in contrast with the mobilization of these cells in non-autoimmune mice, a phenotype we traced to defective actin cytoskeletal dynamics. These activated B cells mediated TLR3-induced diabetes protection. Conclusions Immunotherapies must account for both B cell location and activation, and these properties may differ in autoimmune and healthy settings.
A microfluidic device for kinetic optimization of protein crystallization and in situ structure determination.

The unprecedented economies of scale and unique mass transport properties of microfluidic devices made them viable nano-volume protein crystallization screening platforms. However, realizing the full potential of microfluidic crystallization requires complementary technologies for crystal optimization and harvesting. In this paper, we report a microfluidic device which provides a link between chip-based nanoliter volume crystallization screening and structure analysis through “kinetic optimization” of crystallization reactions and in situ structure determination. Kinetic optimization through systematic variation of reactor geometry and actuation of micromechanical valves is used to screen a large ensemble of kinetic trajectories that are not practical with conventional techniques. Using this device, we demonstrate control over crystal quality, reliable scale-up from nanoliter volume reactions, facile harvesting and cryoprotectant screening, and protein structure determination at atomic resolution from dat...
The dextran acceptor reaction of dextransucrase from Streptococcus mutans K1-R

Abstract Soluble dextransucrase activity(ies) was eluted with a solution of clinical dextran from the insoluble dextran-cell complex produced by Streptococcus mutans K1-R grown in the presence of sucrose. Studies of the dextran acceptor-reaction of the soluble enzyme-preparation indicate that it is highly specific for dextran of high molecular weight. Increased dextran synthesis in the presence of dextran acceptor and the apparent inhibition of this stimulation by higher concentrations of dextran result from product modification rather than a direct effect on the level of enzyme activity. The results demonstrate that the potentially water-insoluble structure synthesized by dextransucrase on exogenous, soluble dextran acts as a more-efficient acceptor than the soluble dextran. The role of the acceptor reaction in the biosynthesis of complex dextrans is discussed.
Construction of a Reactive Diblock Copolymer, Polyphosphoester-block-Poly(L-lactide), as a Versatile Framework for Functional Materials that are Capable of Full Degradation and Nanoscopic Assembly Formation.

The development of a diblock copolymer, polyphosphoester-block-poly(l-lactide), which has potential for being fully degradable and biocompatible, was achieved by one-pot sequential ring-opening polymerizations (ROPs) of two cyclic monomers: alkyne-functionalized phospholane and l-lactide (LLA). A kinetic study of the polymerization in each step was investigated in a detailed manner by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), revealing living/controlled characteristics with narrow molecular weight distributions and a linear increase of molecular weights vs monomer conversion and time. Subsequently, photoinduced thiol-yne “click” reactions with small-molecule thiols bearing either carboxylic acid or amino groups afforded amphiphilic diblock copolymers with carboxylate or amino side-chain functionalities along the polyphosphoester segment of the diblock copolymer backbone. Finally, direct dissolution of the two different types of amphiphilic diblock copolymers in...
Gentrification and Grassroots Resistance in San Francisco's Tenderloin:

Since World War II, San Francisco has been transformed by the high-rise postindustrial restructuring of central cities and by corresponding gentrification pressures. In one low-income inner-city di...
Sport-related Performance Anxiety in Young Female Athletes

The prevalence of anxiety disorders in adolescents range from 6% to 20%, and it is much higher for anxiety symptoms not meeting criteria for a specific anxiety disorder. The prevalence is much higher in females. Athletes participating in sports experience different levels of stress from competitive sports. For most young athletes (generally 13 to 24 years old, i.e., high-school and college age group) sport participation is reported to be no more stressful than many other activities of daily student or work life in general where competition is involved and performance is measured. Some level of sport related performance anxiety is considered to be normal and healthy; however, extreme anxiety in athletes can be detrimental in these performance situations. A number of factors may contribute to the development, severity, and persistence of performance anxiety related to sport participation. This article reviews the definitions, theories, clinical presentation, evaluation, and management principles of performance anxiety symptoms in young athletes.
Climate model tests of the anthropogenic influence on greenhouse-induced climate change: the role of early human agriculture, industrialization, and vegetation feedbacks

Abstract We test the early anthropogenic hypothesis that greenhouse-gas emissions produced by early agricultural activities in recent millennia kept the climate warmer than its natural level and offset an incipient glaciation. We use versions of the NCAR's Community Climate System Model to investigate the natural climate that might exist today if CO2 and CH4 concentrations had fallen to their average levels reached during previous interglaciations (while ignoring the effects of aerosol changes). The model is run in a coupled atmosphere–slab ocean configuration with fixed land cover in one experiment and interactive vegetation changes in the other. With lowered greenhouse-gas concentrations, global-mean temperature falls by 2.75 K under fixed land cover and by 3.0 K with vegetation feedbacks included. Of the total global cooling with fixed land cover, 38% (62%) is attributable to early agricultural activities (industrialization), while early agriculture accounts for approximately half of the expanded permanent snow cover area. The large-scale cooling is amplified in polar regions, where mean-annual temperatures fall by up to 9 K and sea-ice area more than doubles in the Southern Hemisphere. In high latitudes, boreal forest is replaced by tundra and tundra by polar desert, causing a higher surface albedo that amplifies regional Arctic cooling by up to 2 K annually and 5 K during spring. The greenhouse cooling in our simulations triggers widespread glacial inception in the Northern Hemisphere, where permanent snow cover expands by 80% (206%) without (with) vegetation feedbacks. The regional pattern of incipient glaciation is strongly influenced by both vegetation feedbacks and atmospheric circulation changes. While these results are fully consistent with the early anthropogenic hypothesis, further simulations with a dynamical ocean, higher spatial resolution, and other models are still needed to investigate the origin of human influence on global climate.
Development of a multiple gas analyzer using cavity ringdown spectroscopy for use in advanced fire detection.

A portable cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) apparatus was used to detect effluents from small test fires in the Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator (FE/DE) and a small room in the Building Fire and Research Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The output from two lasers is combined to detect four combustion gases, CO, CO2, HCN, and C2H2, near simultaneously using CRDS. The goal of this work was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a CRDS sensor as a fire detector. Fire effluents were extracted from several test facilities and measurements of CO, CO2, HCN, and C2H2 were obtained every 25-30 s. In the FE/DE test, peak concentrations of the gases from smoldering paper were 420 parts in 106 (ppm) CO, 1600 ppmCO2, 530 parts in 109 (ppb) HCN, and 440 ppbC2H2. Peak gas concentrations from the small room were 270 ppm CO, 2100 ppmCO2, and 310 ppbC2H2.
The Efficacy of a Standalone Protective Behavioral Strategies Intervention for Students Accessing Mental Health Services

Students with poor mental health are at increased risk for problematic alcohol use. These students also tend to underutilize alcohol-related protective behavioral strategies (PBS). Cross-sectional studies indicate that PBS use may be particularly useful for students with mental health challenges; however, it is unclear whether training these students to use PBS is an effective approach for reducing alcohol use and consequences. The current study evaluated the efficacy of a standalone PBS skills training and personalized feedback (PBS-STPF) intervention among students accessing mental health services. Participants (N = 251) were randomly assigned to either an individual facilitator-led PBS-STPF intervention or a health-related control condition. Participants completed online follow-up surveys 1 and 6 months post-intervention which included measures of alcohol use, negative consequences, and a composite measure of PBS use. Relative to control participants, students in the PBS-STPF condition reported significantly greater PBS use but no differences in alcohol use or consequences. Participants in both conditions reported decreases in drinking outcomes over time. Tests of mediation indicated that the intervention indirectly led to reduction in drinking outcomes at 6 months through increased PBS use. Although the intervention resulted in changes in PBS use that were maintained for up to 6 months post-intervention, the effects of the intervention on drinking and consequences were limited. A brief standalone PBS training may need augmentation in order to promote effective use of PBS for substantial decreases in alcohol consequences.
Mixing Methods in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs): Validation, Contextualization, Triangulation, and Control.

In this paper we described how we mixed research approaches in a Randomized Control Trial (RCT) of a school principal professional development program. Using examples from our study we illustrate how combining qualitative and quantitative data can address some key challenges from validating instruments and measures of mediator variables to examining how contextual factors interact with the treatment. Describing how we transformed our qualitative and quantitative data, we consider how mixing methods enabled us to deal with the two core RCT challenges of random assignment and treatment control critical. Our account offers insights into ways of maximizing the potential of mixing research methods in RCTs.
The performance of albino mice in the maze situation utilizing gravitation and the vestibular sense as motivation.

(1955). The Performance of Albino Mice in the Maze Situation Utilizing Gravitation and the Vestibular Sense as Motivation. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 207-213.
Differential changes in junctional complex proteins suggest the ependymal lining as the main source of leukocyte infiltration into ventricles in murine neurocysticercosis.

Abstract The blood brain barrier (BBB) and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) limit the influx of immune mediators and bloodstream compounds into the central nervous system (CNS). Upon injury or infection, the integrity of these barriers is compromised and leukocyte infiltration occurs. The BCB is located in the choroid plexuses (CPs) found within ventricles of the brain, and it is considered one of the main routes of cellular infiltration into the CNS into healthy individuals. Our group recently showed that in a murine model of neurocysticercosis (NCC), there is a moderate increase in infiltration of leukocytes into ventricles, but the BCB is hardly compromised. To elucidate the role played by CPs and surrounding ependyma in leukocyte infiltration at ventricular sites, we analyzed changes in the expression of junctional complex proteins in animals intracranially infected with Mesocestoides corti . The results indicate that infection does not change the expression pattern of junctional complex proteins in CPs, but structural alterations and disappearance of these proteins were evident in ependyma adjacent to the internal leptomeninges. The kinetics and magnitude of these changes directly correlated with the extent of leukocyte infiltration through ependyma and with the expression and activity of MMPs. The results of this study indicate that the anatomical elements of the BCB are minimally disrupted during the course of murine NCC. Thus, most of the leukocytes infiltrating ventricles appear to extravasate through pial vessels located in the internal leptomeninges juxtaposed to the ependyma layer and then traverse the ependyma cells. In addition, MMP activity seems to be involved in this process. These results provide evidence for a previously undescribed entry route for leukocytes into the CNS.
A novel mechanism for the control of circadian clock period by light.

The free-running period expressed by circadian clocks in constant environmental conditions is history dependent, and one effect of entrainment of circadian clocks by light cycles is to cause long-lasting changes in the free running period that are termed aftereffects. It has been suggested that aftereffects are a consequence of the particular phase relationships among constituent oscillators of the circadian system that are established by the entrainment. In a test of this hypothesis, it is shown that aftereffects of entrainment of the free-running rhythm of nerve impulse activity from the eye of Bulla gouldiana are completely unaffected by treatment with 12-, 24-, or 48-h pulses of the translation inhibitor cycloheximide or with 24-h pulses of the transcription inhibitor DRB (5.6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside). These treatments reset the phase of circadian oscillators generally and those in the eye of B. gouldiana specifically. The absence of any effect of the treatments indicates that aftereffects are ...
An Examination of Gender Differences in Adolescent Adjustment: The Effect of Competence on Gender Role Differences in Symptoms of Psychopathology

Numerous studies have documented gender differences in psychopathology; girls generally report more internalizing symptoms and boys generally report more externalizing symptoms. These gender differences are partially accounted for by the gender-typed personality characteristics of boys and girls. This study was designed to investigate how gender roles influence symptoms of psychopathology by examining the mediating effects of self- and peer-rated competencies. Using a multiple regression approach to path analysis with a sample of primarily White, middle-class high school students, gender roles significantly predicted symptoms of psychopathology and mediated the gender differences in those symptoms. In addition, the adolescents' self- and peer-rated competence in various domains helped to explain the effect of gender roles on symptoms of psychopathology. Specifically, self-rated social attractiveness and global self-worth fully mediated the relation between instrumentality (i.e., masculinity) and internalizing symptoms. Global self-worth and both self- and peer-rated achievement/conduct partially mediated the relation between expressivity (i.e., femininity) and externalizing symptoms. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Measurement-based care for unipolar depression.

This article outlines the role of measurement-based care in the management of antidepressant treatment for patients with unipolar depression. Using measurement-based care, clinicians and researchers have the opportunity to optimize individual treatment and obtain maximum antidepressant treatment response. Measurement-based care breaks down to several simple components: antidepressant dosage, depressive symptom severity, medication tolerability, adherence to treatment, and safety. Quick and easy-to-use, empirically validated assessments are available to monitor these areas of treatment. Utilizing measurement-based care has several steps—screening and antidepressant selection based upon treatment history, followed by assessment-based medication management and ongoing care. Electronic measurement-based care systems have been developed and implemented, further reducing the burden on patients and clinicians. As more treatment providers adopt electronic health care management systems, compatible measurement-based care antidepressant treatment delivery and monitoring systems may become increasingly utilized.
Clozapine blocks disruptive and discriminative stimulus effects of quipazine

Clozapine was tested in two serotonin-dependent behavioral measures. One group of rats was trained to discriminate the serotonin agonist, quipazine, from saline in a two-lever operant choice task. Pretreatment with clozapine completely blocked the discrimination of quipazine. Another group of rats was trained to bar press for milk on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. Quipazine decreased the response rate in these animals and pretreatment with clozapine completely reversed this effect. Thus, clozapine acted as a serotonin antagonist in both measures of serotonin function.
Neonatal macular hemorrhage

Retinal hemorrhages occur with increased frequency in neonates following prolonged or difficult labor, especially if associated with primipara, surgical or mechanical intervention, low Apgar scores, perinatal hypoxia, low birth weight or coagulopathy. When involvement occurs peripheral to the arcades resolution occurs generally without sequelae. Hemorrhages involving the macula are much more serious since resolution in these cases may result in degenerative changes or an exudative or glial scar, resulting in amblyopia and possible strabismus. Early examination is warranted in high-risk infants in order to facilitate intervention and the prevention of more serious visual sequelae.
Biomechanical effects of laminoplasty versus laminectomy: stenosis and stability.

STUDY DESIGN In vitro human cadaveric study simultaneously quantifying sagittal plane flexibility and spinal canal stenosis. OBJECTIVE To compare biomechanical stability and the change in cross-sectional area during flexion and extension after laminectomy and open-door laminoplasty. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Spinal canal stenosis has been quantified in vitro but has not been quantified in studies of laminectomy or laminoplasty. METHODS Cadaveric specimens were loaded in physiologic-range flexion and extension using nonconstraining pure moments while recording segmental angles optoelectronically. Custom flexible tubing was placed within the spinal canal, and water was continuously pumped through the tubing while measuring upstream pressure. Spinal canal cross-sectional area correlated to water pressure, allowing continuous monitoring of the smallest cross-sectional area of the canal. Specimens were tested (1) normal, (2) after modeling stenosis by inserting hemispherical wooden beads in the spinal canal at 3 levels, (3) after open-door laminoplasty at 5 levels, and (4) after expanding laminoplasty to laminectomy. RESULTS Range of motion (ROM) in the normal, stenotic, and laminoplasty conditions did not differ significantly. However, laminectomy increased ROM significantly more than other conditions. ROM after laminectomy was 13% greater than after laminoplasty. After modeling stenosis, the cross-sectional area decreased to 52% +/- 12% of normal. Laminoplasty restored the cross-sectional area to 70% +/- 12% of normal whereas laminectomy restored cross-sectional area to 101% +/- 4% of normal. Among all conditions, areas differed significantly except normal versus laminectomy. CONCLUSION Laminoplasty leaves the spine in a significantly more stable condition than laminectomy. However, laminoplasty failed to relieve stenosis completely. In this study, stenosis was modeled as about 50% occlusion of the spinal canal. The degree of stenosis should be considered in clinical decisions of whether laminectomy or laminoplasty is more appropriate.
Reducing global health inequities through tobacco control

The World Health Organization’s (WHO) constitution states that enjoyment of the ‘‘highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being...’’. There is ample evidence that not everyone enjoys the highest standards and that there are inequities in health worldwide. Income, gender, race, ethnicity, and social status may affect whether an individual is born and grows up healthy, or has access to good health care [1]. Whether described in terms of health equity, healthcare inequality, health disparities, or social justice, we know that, in the simplest and most stark terms, vast numbers of children, women, and men across the globe do not enjoy the basic human right of good health care. There have been considerable scientific, medical, and policy analyses of the causes of these inequities and their potential solutions. Because, however, many of these causes, and solutions, are society-wide issues, e.g., poverty and its reduction, healthcare system barriers and reforms, expansion of health literacy, etc., there is a great need for both political will and solutions which are concrete, manageable, and, above all, can lead to measurable success in removing barriers to good health across populations. Tobacco control as a potential solution
Molecular Coupling in the Human ether-a-go-go-related gene-1 (hERG1) K+ Channel Inactivation Pathway

Emerging evidence suggests that K+ channel inactivation involves coupling between residues in adjacent regions of the channel. Human ether-a-go-go-related gene-1 (hERG1) K+ channels undergo a fast inactivation gating process that is crucial for maintaining electrical stability in the heart. The molecular mechanisms that drive inactivation in hERG1 channels are unknown. Using alanine scanning mutagenesis, we show that a pore helix residue (Thr-618) that points toward the S5 segment is critical for normal inactivation gating. Amino acid substitutions at position 618 modulate the free energy of inactivation gating, causing enhanced or reduced inactivation. Mutation of an S5 residue that is predicted to be adjacent to Thr-618 (W568L) abolishes inactivation and alters ion selectivity. The introduction of the Thr-618-equivalent residue in Kv1.5 enhances inactivation. Molecular dynamic simulations of the Kv1.2 tetramer reveal van der Waals coupling between hERG1 618- and 568-equivalent residues and a significant increase in interaction energies when threonine is introduced at the 618-equivalent position. We propose that coupling between the S5 segment and pore helix may participate in the inactivation process in hERG1 channels.