cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public Forum 2.0

Social media have the potential to revolutionize discourse between American citizens and their governments. At present, however, the U.S. Supreme Court's public forum jurisprudence frustrates rather than fosters that potential. This article navigates the notoriously complex body of public forum doctrine to provide guidance for those who must develop or administer government-sponsored social media or adjudicate First Amendment questions concerning them. Next, the article marks out a new path for public forum doctrine that will allow it to realize the potential of Web 2.0 technologies to enhance democratic discourse between the governors and the governed. Along the way, this article diagnoses critical doctrinal and conceptual flaws that block this path. Relying on insights gleaned from communications theory, the article critiques the linear model underlying public forum jurisprudence and offers an alternative. This alternative model will enable courts to adapt First Amendment doctrines to social media forums in ways that further public discourse. Applying the model, the article contends that courts should presume government actors have created public forums whenever they establish interactive social media sites. Nevertheless, to encourage forum creation, governments must retain some power to filter their social media sites to remove profane, defamatory, or abusive speech targeted at private individuals. Although some will contend that ceding editorial control is no more necessary in social media than in physical forums, the characteristic "disorders" of online discourse, and particularly the prevalence of anonymous speech, justify taking this path.
The Civil Rights Movement and the Logic of Social Change

Social movements have wrought dramatic changes upon American society. This raises the question: Why do some movements succeed in their endeavors while others fail? Luders answers this question by introducing an analytical framework that begins with a shift in emphasis away from the characteristics of movements toward the targets of protests and affected bystanders and why they respond as they do. This shift brings into focus how targets and other interests assess both their exposure to movement disruptions as well as the costs of conceding to movement demands. From this point, diverse outcomes stem not only from a movement's capabilities for protest but also from differences among targets and others in their vulnerability to disruption and the substance of movement goals. Applied to the civil rights movement, this approach recasts conventional accounts of the movement's outcome in local struggles and national politics and clarifies the broader logic of social change.
The tax-spend debate: Time series evidence from state budgets*

This paper examines the temporal relationship between revenues and expenditures for the forty-eight contiguous states over an annual period 1942 to 1992. Using an error-correction model, we find that the tax-spend hypothesis is supported for twenty-four states. The spend-tax hypothesis is valid for eight states while the fiscal synchronization hypothesis is supported for eleven states. The remaining five states failed the diagnostic tests for error-correction modeling.
Statistics in the Social World

The Politics of Large Numbers A History of Statistical Reasoning. Alain Desrosieres translated by Camille Naish. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998. 380 pp. $45. ISBN 0-674-68932-1. Desrosieres's narrative relates the development of modern statistics to the knowledge and power of governments, portraying it as a synthesis of scientific and administrative practices.
International student rotation: comparing US and Philippine pharmacy education

Introduction: To introduce University of Florida (UF) students to pharmacy education in the Philippines, a one month advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) rotation was conducted out of country. Course Description: The objectives of all study abroad programmes at UF include global awareness and intercultural competency. The study abroad APPE rotation structure is a blended-learning format that combines independent study, reflection writing, student-led presentations, group discussions, and face-to-face instructions and interactions. Evaluation: While in country, the UF students were responsible for various activities. At the end of the APPE rotation, the students reported updates to assess their achievements in meeting their set goals and also reflected upon the differences between the United States (US) and Philippines’ pharmacy education. Future plans: The experience of exploring the pharmacy education and practice in the Philippines was eye-opening and informative for both the US students and the Philippine colleges of pharmacy. The Philippine colleges of pharmacy have future plans to amend their curriculum.
IFN-γ-Dependent and -Independent Initiation of Switch Recombination by NK Cells

We have examined the effect of IL-2-propagated NK or NK-T cells on each of the steps required for B cell switch recombination leading to IgG2a production. The results indicate that NK cells, on their own and in the absence of IFN-γ, can induce germline transcription in resting, IgG− B lymphocytes from the γ2a locus as well as mRNA for activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) via a process that requires cell-cell interactions. The results also show that, in contrast to induction by T cells, activation by NK cells does not involve CD40-CD40 ligand interactions and does not extend to the induction of Iγ1 transcription. Furthermore, in contrast to stimulation by LPS and IFN-γ or by T cells, the activation events initiated by NK cells do not result in significant synthesis of functional γ2a mRNA in resting B lymphocytes even in the presence of IFN-γ. Thus, induction of germline and AID transcripts are necessary but not sufficient events for functional switching to IgG2a. These experiments, showing that NK cells themselves cannot induce IgG2a production but can polyclonally program B lymphocytes so that they preferentially switch to this isotype may explain how activated NK cells can skew the Ag-specific immune response toward IgG2a. The findings also provide further demonstration of the definitive yet limited extent of how a non-Ag-specific component of the innate system can modulate the direction of the adaptive immune response.
2‐Trimethylsilyloxy‐1,3‐Butadiene as a Reactive Diene: Diethyl trans‐4‐Trimethylsilyloxy‐4‐Cyclohexene‐1,2‐Dicarboxylate

2-Trimethylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene as a reactive diene: diethyl trans-4-trimethylsilyloxy-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylate intermediate: 2-Trimethylsilyloxy-1,3-butadiene (1) product: Diethyl trans-4-trimethylsilyloxy-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylate (2) Keywords: annulation, carbocyclic-[6]; cyclization, cycloaddition; esterification, of dicarboxylic acids; etherification; chlorotrimethylsilane, drying of; methyl vinyl ketone; triethylamine; distillation, apparatus, Kugelrohr distillation oven
X-Ray Spectroscopy of Cosmic Sources

In June of 1962, the science of X-ray astronomy was born with the serendipitous discovery of the very bright celestial source, Scorpius X-1. The experiment was performed with a rocket payload designed for the express purpose of detecting the fluorescence of solar X rays from the Moon (Giacconi et al., 1962). By chance, at that time, the Moon’s orbit passed close to the position of Sco X-1, the brightest cosmic X-ray source in the sky, and a dramatic increase in flux was detected. Although X-ray emission from the Sun had been observed over 11 years earlier (Friedman et al., 1951), it was the discovery of Sco X-1 that ignited this field of research, since it indicated that X-ray observations could reveal new and exotic cosmic phenomena that are largely invisible to conventional optical and radio techniques.
A parametric analysis of the density of states and intraband energy gaps in an ordered nanopore array diode laser

We present a detailed analytical study of the effect of nanopore lattice geometry, material parameters, and temperature on the density of states and intraband energy gaps in an ordered nanopore array diode laser. An improved fabrication process is proposed to increase the peak gain achievable in the nanopore laser by a factor of 3 based on the simulation results.
Geophysical Advances Triggered by 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake

A little more than 50 years ago, on 27 March 1964, the Great Alaska earthquake and tsunami struck. At moment magnitude 9.2, this earthquake is notable as the largest in U.S. written history and as the second-largest ever recorded by instruments worldwide. But what resonates today are its impacts on the understanding of plate tectonics, tsunami generation, and earthquake history as well as on the development of national programs to reduce risk from earthquakes and tsunamis.
Magneto-mechanical investigation of spin dynamics in magnetic multilayers

The Einstein-de Haas effect is used to study experimentally the interfacial spin transport in a bilayer metallic system. Specifically, mechanical torque on a permalloy film interfaced with a non-magnetic metallic film (platinum or copper), deposited on a microcantilever, is measured. The torque is generated by the transfer of the spin angular momentum from the permalloy film to the mechanical angular momentum of the cantilever. Measurement of the cantilever deflection shows that the presence of a thin non-magnetic metallic layer with strong spin-orbit interaction (platinum) changes the interfacial spin transport and causes a dramatic reduction of the mechanical torque. The observed behavior of the cantilever is attributed to the increased effective damping of the domain wall motion in the permalloy layer.
Composite Fibrin Scaffolds Increase Mechanical Strength and Preserve Contractility of Tissue Engineered Blood Vessels

Objectives We recently demonstrated that fibrin-based tissue engineered blood vessels (TEV) exhibited vascular reactivity, matrix remodeling and sufficient strength for implantation into the veins of an ovine animal model, where they remained patent for 15 weeks. Here we present an approach to improve the mechanical properties of fibrin-based TEV and examine the relationship between mechanical strength and smooth muscle cell (SMC) function.
Touched by tragedy: Capital market lessons from the crash of Valujet Flight 592

Abstract This study presents an event—time analysis of the effects of the crash of ValueJet Flight 592, the mandated F.A.A. shutdown of ValuJet, and the subsequent restart of the airline on ValuJet shareholders and two portfolios composed of the stocks of major and “low cost” competitors. The results of the study document immense losses for ValuJet's shareholders, as well as large “contagion” losses for the holders of other “low cost” airlines, but statistically significant gains for the owners of major airline stocks. A cross-sectional analysis of the abnormal returns registered at the time of the crash and shutdown suggests that fleet age and “low cost” status, but not an airline's public safety record, were significant of the determinants changes in share prices for competitor firms.
Prostaglandin-Mediated, Angiotensin-Induced Vasoconstriction in Isolated Cat Arteries

The current study examines the prostaglandin contribution to angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction in isolated perfused cat arteries. Superior mesenteric arteries were the most sensitive to angioten
Membrane protein alterations in the neutrophil in response to chemotactic factors

Abstract The effect of chemotactic factors on surface membrane proteins of rabbit neutrophils was studied using lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Following external labeling, cells were dissociated with SDS and the soluble products analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioautography. The chemotactic factors N-formyl-methionyl-Ieucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) and C5a, at optimal doses for chemotaxis, induced the appearance of a new surface membrane associated protein band (mol. wt ∼ 54,000). When cells were stimulated for optimal degranulation with cytochalasin B(CB) in the presence of FMLP or C5a, or with the calcium ionophore A23187, the appearance of the new band was intensified. In addition, the disappearance of a membrane associated protein band (mol wt ∼ 44,000) was observed with cells stimulated for optimal degranulation. These protein bands appear to be associated with the cell surface membrane since: (1) the proteins could be removed by treatment of the cells with trypsin; and (2) most of the radioactivity was associated with purified cell membrane fractions. These results suggest that complex changes in surface membrane proteins occur in response to chemotactic and/or degranulating stimuli.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRIEDLANDER'S BACILLI OF DIFFERENT TYPES.

In a study of the distribution of the specific types of Friedlander's bacillus, it is shown that: (1) Of 80 strains 52 per cent belong to Type A, 15 per cent to Type B, 9 per cent to Type C, and 24 per cent to Group X. (2) Type A contains for the most part strains derived from diseases of man and more than 70 per cent are associated with pneumonia in man. (3) Type B includes the greatest number of strains from animal sources, while the heterogeneous strains comprising Group X come from the greatest variety of diseases. It was demonstrated that in a patient suffering with pneumonia due to Friedlander's bacillus (Type A), a specific precipitin reaction of the urine occurred in the corresponding (Type A) immune serum. A study of the sugar fermentation reactions of Friedlander's bacillus shows that (1) there is no correlation between serological type and fermentative activity; (2) the fermentation reactions are variable and therefore not reliable for distinguishing Friedlander's bacillus from closely allied organisms; (3) the strains of Group X show the greatest variation in fermentation, and (4) of 15 strains unable to ferment lactose, 13 belong to Type A.
Multilevel DLC (Diamondlike Carbon) Capacitor Structure

The dielectric properties of DLC films formed by bias plasma enhanced CVD of methane are examined. Capacitors with nickel, copper, aluminum, silicon and carbon film electrodes to the PLC film were formed. Resistivity and dielectric strength were determined, in relation to substrate and plasma energy and bias. PLC films with breakdown over 10 Volts/cm a, d CF (Dissipation Factor) less than .01 were used in capacitor structures. Five layer structures were evaluated.
Common sense computing: an approach to community outreach with IT

This poster paper describes a series of 2-3 minute radio segments called "Common Sense Computing" designed to provide common sense explanations of computing technology. Computers and computing touch the daily lives of most everyone today. However, the world of computing can be frustratingly complicated and arcane. "Common Sense Computing" is dedicated to making computing more interesting and relevant to individuals through straightforward analogies to the physical world. The motivation for this work is the observation that a growing segment of our society relies on computing technologies an appreciation for the limitations and risks. I describe the format and topics that I have found most effective over the past year of producing segments and airing them on a local radio station.
Selective attention to words and colors

Ss made same/different judgments for pairs of words that were either color names or object names. The words of a pair were printed in either matching or different color print. Responses were directed either to print color or to the words or to both the print color and the words. Both print color and color names lengthened response time in several experimental conditions. A hypothesis was suggested that only the information necessary for judgments is processed initially; the words are read, and interference is produced only after color and/or letter-shape differences have been detected.
Lateral intermolecular forces in the physisorbed state: surface field polarization of benzene and n-hexane at the water/ and mercury/vapor interfaces.

The available experimental data on the dependence of the surface tensions of water and mercury on the adsorption of benzene and hexane from the vapor phase are critically analyzed and interpreted to obtain the two-dimensional second virial coefficients [B2(T)] for these adsorbed nonpolar molecules. Calculations based on the unperturbed Lennard-Jones (L-J) 12-6 formalism for benzene and the related 12-5 Salem formalism for long chains in two dimensions for hexane require that B2(T) should be negative for both adsorbates. On water, the experimental data indicate that B2(T) for both molecules is less negative than expected from the unperturbed L-J and Salem estimates, and on mercury the B2(T) values from experiment are positive. These findings are analyzed first in terms of a possible reduction in the attractive component of the potential of mean force between physisorbed molecules arising from their frequency-dependent interaction with their electrostatic images in the bulk phases, as described by McLachlan...
New high‐luminance 50‐ and 43‐in. ACPDPs with an improved panel structure

— New 50- and 43-in. ACPDPs, which have been developed and commercialized in 2001, show high luminance with improved cell structure and higher Xe-content gas. The specific features of the cell structure are “T”-shaped electrodes and waffle-structured ribs, which are same as those of the previous model. Both the cell structure and gas conditions have been optimized. New green and blue phosphors have also been adopted. As a result, the luminous efficacy has been improved up to 1.8 lm/W by using a black stripe. The peak luminance of the 50- and 43-in. PDPs have reached 900 and 1000 cd/m2, respectively, while the power consumption of the 50-in. PDP has been decreased to 380 W, which is 20% lower than that of our previous 50-in. PDP.
Tiebout choice and residential segregation by race in US metropolitan areas, 1980–2000

Abstract This article examines the link between local government fragmentation, or “Tiebout choice,” and segregation between black and white residents. As suggested by Tiebout [Tiebout, C., 1956. A pure theory of local public expenditures. Journal of Political Economy 64, 416–424.], fragmented local governance structures may encourage households to vote with their feet and sort into communities based on their willingness to pay for local public services. This outcome has been well documented. The nuance explored here is that, if the demand for local public services varies by race or if households have preferences for neighbors with specific racial characteristics, local government fragmentation may foster an increase in residential segregation by race across neighborhoods and jurisdictions. Results from metropolitan-level regressions suggest that increased Tiebout choice is associated with increases in black–white residential segregation within US metropolitan areas. Comparable results are obtained from household-level estimates, where the black racial composition of a household's census tract of residence is regressed on household-level controls and racially stratified measures of Tiebout choice. Results from both approaches suggest that a 10% increase in Tiebout choice would increase neighborhood segregation by no more than 1%, while segregation across jurisdictions would increase by between 4% and 7%.
Safety and efficacy of intravenous colistin in children

To observe the safety and efficacy of Colistimethate sodium in children infected with gram-negative bacteria, susceptible only to colistimethate sodium. This prospective observational study done over 2 years observed children who received colistin for >48 h, for renal failure as defined by p-RIFLE criteria. Out of 68 children, 52 (76.5%) survived. There were three children with evidence of acute kidney injury and none had neurotoxicity. Serum creatinine significantly decreased at 48 h and at end of treatment, from that at beginning of therapy (P=0.007). Colistimethate sodium is effective against carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, and is safe in children.
Grape Seed Extract Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells

One approach to control colorectal cancer (CRC) is its preventive intervention by dietary agents or those consumed as supplements. However, because most of these products are often consumed by patients as an complementary and alternative medicine practice, a scientific base such as efficacy, mechanism, and standardized preparation needs to be developed. Grape seed extract (GSE) is one such supplement widely consumed by humans for its several health benefits. We reported recently that GSE inhibits CRC cell HT29 growth in culture and nude mice xenograft. Because GSE is available commercially through different vendors, here we assessed whether GSE from 2 different manufacturers produces comparable biological effects in a panel of human CRC cell lines. Our results show that irrespective of source, GSE strongly inhibits LoVo, HT29, and SW480 cell growth, with a G1 arrest in LoVo and HT29 cells but an S and/or G2/M arrest in SW480 cell cycle progression. GSE also induced Cip/p21 levels in all 3 cell lines. Furthermore, an induction of apoptosis was observed in all 3 cell lines by GSE. Taken together, our findings suggest that GSE could be an effective CAM agent against CRC possibly due to its strong growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects.
Response to playback of nestling begging in the red-winged blackbird,Agelaius phoeniceus

Abstract Nestling birds may honestly signal their need for food to provisioning adults, or begging might be a manipulative attempt to coerce additional food from providers, but in either case, providers respond to an increase in begging with an increase in feeding. We used playback of begging calls recorded from nestlings to determine whether male and female red-winged blackbirds increase their feeding rates in response to an apparent increase in begging. Both females and males fed broods at significantly higher rates after 5-min begging call playbacks than before, although only eight of 30 males were observed to feed nestlings in this study. In contrast, using the same playback design, neither females nor males altered their feeding rates significantly in response to broadcasts of noise. These results and others suggest that begging vocalizations are a basis for short-term adjustments in the rate at which nestling birds are provisioned. These results are also compared with those of a similar study of the same species, in which playback had no significant effect on rates of provisioning.
Surface Modification of Silica- and Cellulose-Based Microfiltration Membranes with Functional Polyamino Acids for Heavy Metal Sorption

Functionalized membranes represent a field with multiple applications. Examination of specific metal-macromolecule interactions on these surfaces presents an excellent method for characterization of these materials. These interactions may also be exploited for heavy metal sorption from drinking and industrial water sources. Various low-capacity, silica-based ion-exchange and chelating sorbents (about 0.5 mmol of metal/g or resin) are available for treatment of such waters. Cellulosic membrane-based sorbents, functionalized with polyamino acids, present an excellent approach for high-capacity (3--14 mmol of metal/g or sorbent) metal sorption. Silica-based membrane sorbents posses metal sorption capacities approaching those of cellulosic-based membranes, with the added benefits of excellent acid and solvent resistance. Metal sorption capacities of silica-based membrane sorbents possess metal sorption capacities approaching those of cellulosic-based membranes, with the added benefits of excellent acid and solvent resistance. Metal sorption capacities of silica-based membrane sorbents with various polyamino acids range from 0.6 mmol to 1.4 mmol of metal/g of sorbent. Ion exchange, chelation, and electrostatic interactions form the basis of metal sorption. Electrostatic interactions are greatly magnified in membrane-based sorbents, and are partly responsible for their high capacities. Regeneration of these sorbents has also been shown, including the possibility for selective desorption of metals.
Optimal time-of-use pricing for residential load control

Demand response (DR) can be defined as change in electric usage by end-use customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to change in the price of electricity over time. Demand Response also refers to incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices. Time-of-use (TOU) power pricing has been shown to have a significant influence on ensuring a stable and optimal operation of a power system. This paper presents a novel algorithm for finding an optimum time-of-use electricity pricing in monopoly utility markets; definitions and the relations between supply and demand as well as different cost components are also presented. Further, the optimal pricing strategy is developed to maximize the benefit of society while implementing a demand response strategy. Finally, the effect of demand response in electricity prices is demonstrated using a simulated case study.
Hydroxyethylstarch sedimentation by gravity ex vivo for red cell reduction of granulocyte apheresis components.

BACKGROUND: When selecting only leukocyte compatible donors, the requirement of ABO compatibility limits the investigation and application of granulocyte transfusion therapy by reducing the pool of potential donors. Ex vivo hetastarch (HES) sedimentation was evaluated as a method of red blood cell (RBC) reduction of granulocyte components. The objective was to determine if this procedure consistently resulted in reduction of component packed RBC (PRBC) volume to 5 ml PRBC. The mean PRBC volume (ml) of the RCP and RCR fractions were 6.3 and 16.4, respectively (P =.06). The mean number of RBC (x10 11 ) in the RCP and the RCR fractions were.41 and 1.73, respectively (P =.03). The average proportion of cells in the manipulated components lost to the RCR fraction was 19.2% of granulocytes and 18.6% of platelets. CONCLUSION: Ex vivo HES sedimentation, as performed, significantly reduced the number of RBCs from granulocyte components, but did not consistently result in PRBC volumes in the RCP fraction within the range acceptable for infusion of ABO incompatible blood components based on the AABB guidelines. Moreover, significant numbers of granulocytes were lost to the RCR fraction.
Profile Hidden Markov Models for the Detection of Viruses within Metagenomic Sequence Data

Rapid, sensitive, and specific virus detection is an important component of clinical diagnostics. Massively parallel sequencing enables new diagnostic opportunities that complement traditional serological and PCR based techniques. While massively parallel sequencing promises the benefits of being more comprehensive and less biased than traditional approaches, it presents new analytical challenges, especially with respect to detection of pathogen sequences in metagenomic contexts. To a first approximation, the initial detection of viruses can be achieved simply through alignment of sequence reads or assembled contigs to a reference database of pathogen genomes with tools such as BLAST. However, recognition of highly divergent viral sequences is problematic, and may be further complicated by the inherently high mutation rates of some viral types, especially RNA viruses. In these cases, increased sensitivity may be achieved by leveraging position-specific information during the alignment process. Here, we constructed HMMER3-compatible profile hidden Markov models (profile HMMs) from all the virally annotated proteins in RefSeq in an automated fashion using a custom-built bioinformatic pipeline. We then tested the ability of these viral profile HMMs (“vFams”) to accurately classify sequences as viral or non-viral. Cross-validation experiments with full-length gene sequences showed that the vFams were able to recall 91% of left-out viral test sequences without erroneously classifying any non-viral sequences into viral protein clusters. Thorough reanalysis of previously published metagenomic datasets with a set of the best-performing vFams showed that they were more sensitive than BLAST for detecting sequences originating from more distant relatives of known viruses. To facilitate the use of the vFams for rapid detection of remote viral homologs in metagenomic data, we provide two sets of vFams, comprising more than 4,000 vFams each, in the HMMER3 format. We also provide the software necessary to build custom profile HMMs or update the vFams as more viruses are discovered (http://derisilab.ucsf.edu/software/vFam).
Effects of lead on viability and intracellular metal content of C6 rat glioma cells

Cultured C6 rat glioma cells were exposed to lead (Pb) acetate (0, 1, 10, or 100 μM) for 3–4 d. Cells were analyzed for changes in viability and intracellular lead, iron, and copper concentrations after Pb treatment was discontinued. The results were compared with previous findings on astroglia and oligodendroglia in culture in order to evaluate C6 cultures as a model for Pb toxicity in glia. Viability was measured by three methods on the day Pb was removed from the cells (designated d 0), and 2 and 9 d after Pb treatment was discontinued (designated d 2 and 9). The methods used were trypan blue dye exclusion, total cell counts, and incorporation of [3H]‐L‐leucine into proteins. Small, dose‐dependent reductions were observed on d 2 in the percentages of cells excluding dye. Decreased cell numbers were seen at all three Pb doses only on d 0. With respect to these two viability measurements, C6 cells responded like astroglia in culture to Pb, but not like oligodendroglia, which are more Pb‐sensitive. We exp...
Thrombin-platelet interactions: an assessment of the roles of saturable and nonsaturable binding in platelet activation.

Abstract Thrombin binds to platelets and induces platelet activation, but the relationship of binding to activation is not clear. To better define this relationship, we have analyzed parameters of binding and activation by α-thrombin and by three analogous proteases that activate platelets somewhat differently. The proteases were nitro-α-thrombin, a derivative with nitrated tyrosine, γ-thrombin, a product of partial proteolysis of αthrombin, and trypsin, a homologous protease. Nitro-α-thrombin and native α-thrombin activated platelets similarly, whereas γ-thrombin and trypsin activated to a slightly lesser extent than α-thrombin and only after a distinctive delay. α-Thrombin and nitroα-thrombin bound to platelets to about the same extent, but only α-thrombin showed evidence of saturable binding. Hirudin, a thrombin inhibitor, blocked both platelet activation and saturable binding by α-thrombin. With nitro-α-thrombin, hirudin blocked platelet activation, but it had no effect on binding. γ-Thrombin and trypsin bound less than α-thrombin and with no evidence of saturable binding. There were identical relationships between the total amount bound and the extent of platelet activation for the four proteases (some show no saturable binding) but distinct differences in the relationships of total amount bound and the rate of activation; similar rates of activation required the binding of three to five times more γ-thrombin or trypsin than α-thrombin. That is, without saturable binding, activation was slower. These data thus show a correlation between total amount bound and extent of activation but no correlation between amount saturably bound and the extent of platelet activation. Conversely, the rate of activation is more closely correlated with saturable binding than with total binding. We conclude that high-affinity saturable binding is not essential for thrombininduced platelet activation but that it may accelerate the reaction.
YBa2Cu3O7-δ films deposited by a novel ion beam sputtering technique

Superconducting films of YBa2Cu3O7−δ have been synthesized in a novel ion beam sputter deposition system which features a rotating target holder with BaO2, CuO, and Y2O3 as the sputtering targets. The dwell time of the ion beam on each oxide target is determined by a computer‐controlled feedback loop using the signal from a programmable quartz crystal resonator. The sputtered fluxes of all film components originate from the same spatial location, ensuring homogeneous film composition. The results presented demonstrate for the first time an automated ion beam sputter deposition system with the capability of producing high Tc superconducting films by controlled sputtering of either elemental metallic components or oxide precursors. The concept may be extended to include processes such as patterning, production of layered structures (junctions), and film encapsulation necessary for microcircuit manufacturing based on high Tc superconducting films.
Isopiestic solubility of hydrogen in vanadium alloys at low temperatures

The effect of substitutional solutes on the solution of hydrogen gas has been studied by means of hydrogen pressure-composition isotherms in vanadium alloyed with niobium, chromium, or titanium. An isopiestic solubility technique was employed to measure the hydrogen equilibrium pressures for the vanadium alloys from 223 to 473 K. In all the alloys studied, the reaction of hydrogen with the metal phase was exothermic and hydrogen followed Sieverts' law over a considerable range of hydrogen concentration. Additions of titanium to vanadium dramatically enhanced the isopiestic solubility of hydrogen, chromium significantly reduced the solubility, and niobium moderately in-creased the solubility. Sieverts' law behavior for hydrogen in the vanadium alloys showed that substitutional atoms did not act as local, deep traps for hydrogen.
Role of properdin, O degree factor, polyinosinic acid, and thrombin in the haemolysis of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria erythrocytes.

ABSORPTION of serum at 15° C with zymosan renders the serum deficient in properdin and destroys the capacity of such RP serum to haemolyse paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria erythrocytes (PNHE)1. Absorption of serum with zymosan at 0° C does not remove properdin, but does remove a zymosan specific fraction (‘0° factor’), so that on incubation with fresh zymosan at 15° C properdin is no longer affected2. Recent work in this laboratory has defined the PNHE haemolytic system as one dependent on fluid phase complement (C′) activation resulting in red cell membrane destruction as a result of direct attack by C′3 sub-components3. C′l esterase or C′l activators have been shown to enhance PNHE lysis and in addition certain C′l activators such as polyinosinic acid (poly I) may initiate the haemolysis of normal human erythrocytes (NHE), presumably by similar fluid phase complement reactions4. Thrombin has also been shown to enhance PNHE lysis, but the mechanism of this enhancement has been the subject of considerable controversy. The observations shown in Table 1 were designed to assess the relative role of properdin and ‘0° factor’ in native and poly I enhanced PNHE lysis, and to compare the stimulating effect of poly I on PNHE haemolysis with the ability of thrombin (‘Thrombin’, bovine, Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, Mich.), both absorbed with NHE and unabsorbed, to enhance PNHE lysis.
Multiple isoferritins in mouse liver: Demonstration by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract Unfractionated pure ferritin isolated from the livers of female or male mice forms five narrow protein-positive bands on standard 5% polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis (pH 9.0). Since all of these sub-bands also contain iron, they are interpreted as being isoferritins. The multiple sub-bands are very unlikely to be artifactually generated by the analytical procedure used since they are not found in horse spleen ferritin when this is coelectrophoresed with female mouse liver ferritin. The present results provide an independent indication that many isoferritins indeed can be found within a single organ.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chiral Separations with β‐Cyclodextrin Stationary Phase: II. Effect of Temperature and Pressure

Abstract In this study, a series of coumarin‐based compounds is separated using a β‐cyclodextrin stationary phase with a polar‐organic mobile phase. Temperature and pressure are varied in order to observe the effects and determine important thermodynamic and kinetic parameters. Increasing the temperature decreases the retention and chiral selectivity, but increases the mass transfer rates for all chiral compounds. Increasing the pressure decreases the retention, but does not significantly affect the chiral selectivity. Van't Hoff plots of the natural logarithm of retention factor versus inverse temperature are linear with positive slopes, indicating an enthalpically favorable transfer from mobile to stationary phase. The second eluted enantiomer has a more negative change in molar enthalpy than the first, suggesting an enthalpically more favorable transfer. For all compounds, both the differential change in molar enthalpy and the differential change in molar entropy between the two enantiomers are negativ...
InCl3: an Airstable and Water-Tolerant Catalyst for the Selective Synthesis of 5-Aryl Tetrazole

5-Phenyl-1-H tetrazole was synthesized by catalytic [3+2] cycloaddition with benzonitrile and sodium azide. Indium trichloride was used as an efficient catalyst.
placeMap: building community through active context mapping

placeMap is a web application that builds a community through an understanding of a user's context in an active spatial landscape. Beginning with the traditional campus map, placeMap reimagines what a map should be by placing the user's community life at the center of the map.
Left Hemisphere Visual Processes in a Case of Right Hemisphere Symptomatology: Implications for Theories of Cerebral Lateralization

• A patient with a visuospatial disturbance characteristic of posterior right hemisphere disease was examined under different conditions of stimulus presentation. The visuospatial defect, which was shown by the failure to perceive abnormalities concerning the left side of objects and the misperception of spatial relations, was present under conditions of unrestricted visual exposure. However, when the stimulus material was briefly exposed in the right visual field, performance improved substantially. These data suggest that the visuospatial defect seen after right hemisphere disease is attributable to factors other than the incapacity of the left hemisphere to process visuospatial information. Our observations, together with other evidence, lead us to question those theories of cerebral lateralization based on the notion that visuospatial processing is special to the right hemisphere.
Ground‐Surface Delineation of Fractures Over Mined‐Out Openings Using Carbon Dioxide Emissions

The Bunker Hill Mine, located near Kellogg, Idaho, is situated within highly fractured metasediments comprised of quartzites and argillites. Fractures, faults, and joints are the preferentially permeable pathways for ground-water flow. Identifying and grouting such features in an attempt to control ground-water recharge to the mine is a potential method for acid production abatement. In order to implement an effective grouting program, preferential pathways for ground-water recharge must be identified, delineated, and evaluated. Other researchers have identified the major flow paths and acid mine drainage producing zones within the mine. The objective of this project is to investigate the occurrence of minor structural features (fractures) that may constitute recharge pathways from unsaturated mountain slopes to underlying acid-producing rocks in or adjacent to mined-out areas. To accomplish this objective, a soil-gas measuring technique was employed to measure gaseous emissions that are hypothesized to be produced by chemical reactions between the acid mine drainage and carbonate-bearing rocks located within the mine. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was selected as a tracer for recharge pathways from mined-out openings to the ground surface; CO2 was measured using the probe extracted static grab sample/onsite analysis method. The method was tested over an observable fault. Three surficially unobservable fractures were identified within the study area. We hypothesize that these discontinuities are capable of transmitting water to the mine during recharge events.
Journal of Dairy Science 2004 Editorial Report

Greetings from the University of Georgia in Athens! I am once again pleased to report that the Journal of Dairy Science (JDS) continues to serve as a leading medium for professional dairy scientists, and ranks second in the category of agricultural, dairy, and animal science journals, with an impact factor of 2.14 according to the most recent (September 13, 2004) Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) ratings. We are outranked only by Domestic Animal Endocrinology. The ISI has approximately 200 disciplines and categories, and ranks more than 7500 various peer-reviewed scientific journals. Thus, we still rank among the top 1% of all science and technology journals. This is certainly a great tribute to our editors, reviewers, authors, Journal Management Committee (JMC), and especially to our production staff and Interim Managing Editor, Amy Kemp, for the superlative job they have done to maintain the scientific quality and timeliness of our Journal. We also want to thank Jean Rice, who served as Managing Editor from December 1998 through July 2004, for her dedicated service to JDS and our Association. She is now Managing Editor of the journal published by CHEST, the American College of Chest Physicians, and we wish her the best of luck in her new position in Chicago. Jean was relentless, and always on the lookout for novel technologies to keep JDS in the forefront of all scientific and technology journals. Jean saw us through Manuscript Central, which streamlined the manuscript submission and tracking process, and she was instrumental in moving us to HighWire Press, which now hosts the online version of JDS. In addition, Jean convinced us to become a signatory to the “DC Principles,” which advocates a balance of numerous models of mixed sources of reve-
Laser diode to single-mode fiber ball lens coupling efficiency: full-wave calculation and measurements

We show that the coupling efficiency from a laser diode (LD) to an optical fiber through a ball lens can be calculated accurately using the exact solution to Maxwell’s equations for the scattering of a beam from a dielectric sphere. Our calculated results agree closely with coupling measurements from an asymmetric LD for two different ball lenses.
Synthesis and characterization of polyamides containing unnatural amino acids

We describe the synthesis of several polyamides that retain the secondary structure of proteins and contain derivatizable side chains. The derivatizable side chain allows for further reaction of the polymer chain (e.g., chain cross-linking or addition of pendant groups). Polymers of α-amino acids containing a terminal unsaturated bond on the side chain have been synthesized. Poly-L-pentenyl glycine, poly-L-propargyl glycine, and poly-L-allyl glycine were synthesized chemically via Leuchs' anhydrides and enzymatically using subtilisin Carlsberg. Poly-L-propargyl glycine and poly-D,L-allyl glycine folded into the β-sheet configuration whereas poly-L-pentenyl glycine assumed a helical conformation. The secondary structure of poly-L-allyl glycine and poly-D,L-pentenylglycine could not be determined conclusively. Comparison of properties between the polymers obtained chemically and enzymatically is provided. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Worm chromosomes call for recognition

Many organisms face a dilemma rooted in the unequal numbers of X chromosomes carried by the two sexes and the need to maintain equivalent expression of X-linked genes. Several strategies have arisen to cope with this problem. All rely on accurately targeting epigenetic modifications to entire chromosomes. Targeting results from the action of recognition elements that attract modification and may rely on spreading of modification in cis along the affected chromosome. A recent report describing the first X chromosome recognition element from C. elegans opens the way to defining the relative contributions of these factors to the compensation of X-linked gene expression in worms.1 Extrachromosomal arrays composed of a C. elegans recognition element attract proteins that modify the C. elegans X chromosomes and interact genetically with mutations disrupting compensation. Moreover, examination of X:A translocations provides the first evidence for spreading of modification along C. elegans X chromosomes. BioEssays 26:707–710, 2004. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Exercise on Body Composition and Functional Capacity of the Elderly

The capacity of older men and women to adapt to regularly performed exercise has been demonstrated by many laboratories. Aerobic exercise results in improvements in functional capacity and reduced risk of developing type II diabetes in the elderly. High-intensity resistance training (above 60% of the 1 repetition maximum) has been demonstrated to cause large increases in strength in the elderly. In addition, resistance training results in significant increases in muscle size in elderly men and women. Resistance training has also been shown to significantly increase energy requirements and insulin action of the elderly. We have recently demonstrated that resistance training has a positive effect on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in previously sedentary post-menopausal women. Since the sedentary lifestyle of a long-term care facility may exacerbate losses of muscle function, we have applied this same training program to frail, institutionalized elderly men and women. In a population of 100 nursing home residents, a randomly assigned high-intensity strength training program resulted in significant gains in strength and functional status. In addition, spontaneous activity, measured by activity monitors, increased significantly in those participating in the exercise program, while there was no change in the sedentary control group. The fact that significant muscle hypertrophy was seen in this population indicates that age does not decrease the capacity to adapt to a progressive resistance training program. Therefore, exercise may minimize or reverse the syndrome of physical frailty which is so prevalent among the oldest old.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evaluation of glucocorticoid sensitivity in 697 pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells after overexpression or silencing of MAP kinase phosphatase-1

To determine the effect of modulating MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression levels on cell death induced by glucocorticoid (GC) or hydroxyurea (HU) treatment in the human pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line 697. Stable MKP-1 overexpressing transformants of the 697 pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line were created and tested for sensitivity to the GC triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and HU, and compared to a control 697 cell line containing normal MKP-1 expression levels. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were designed to inhibit MKP-1 expression and evaluated for their effect on GC-mediated cell death. MKP-1 overexpression caused a phenotype of partial resistance to HU-induced apoptosis but not to GC-induced apoptosis. Electroporation of siRNAs effectively silenced MKP-1 expression, and increased sensitivity to TA by 9.6±1.9%. Because MKP-1 protects certain tumor cells from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, its inhibition is being considered as a possible strategy for combination cancer therapy. However, this study suggests that while MKP-1 inhibition may improve the efficacy of DNA damaging agents, it may have only limited utility in combination with glucocorticoids.