cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alternative technique of right-sided outflow cannula insertion for right ventricular support

Right ventricular assist devices are an important part of the armamentarium of cardiac surgeons for the treatment of right-sided circulatory failure after cardiac transplantation or insertion of a left ventricular assist device. However, right ventricular assist device insertion can be technically challenging in the setting of pulmonary hypertension because of a number of concomitant anatomic and physiologic phenomena. We present a technique for the insertion of the right ventricular assist device outflow cannula that is easier and faster to insert, and safer to explant, especially if cardiopulmonary bypass is to be avoided.
Phase Transitions in Mesomorphic Benzylideneanilines

Abstract We have synthesized(1) 35 compounds of structural formula where n and m take on values from 1 to 7 and 4 to 8 respectively. (2) We have studied the phase behavior and identified many of the mesomorphic phases of these compounds by means of differential scanning calorimetry(3) (DSC) and thermal microscopy(4) (TM)
Activation and suppression of pp60c-src transforming ability by mutation of its primary sites of tyrosine phosphorylation

Abstract pp60 c-src is phosphorylated in vivo at tyrosine 527, a residue not present in pp60 v-src (its transforming homolog), and not at tyrosine 416, its site of in vitro autophosphorylation. To test the hypothesis that tyrosine phosphorylation regulates pp60 c-src biological activity, we constructed and studied pp60 c-src mutants in which Tyr 527 and Tyr 416 were separately or coordinately altered to phenylalanine. Tyr→Phe 527 mutation strongly activated pp60 c-src transforming and kinase activities, whereas the additional introduction of a Tyr→Phe 416 mutation suppressed these activities. Tyr→Phe 416 mutation of normal pp60 c-src eliminated its partial transforming activity, which suggests that transient or otherwise restricted phosphorylation of Tyr 416 is important for pp60 c-src function even though stable phosphorylation is not observed in vivo.
Innovation and efficiency: It is possible to have it all

A firm that simultaneously engages in a high degree of both innovation and efficiency follows an approach that is often referred to as an ambidextrous strategy. Surprisingly, relatively few firms are able to balance these two emphases. Internal battles for resources often tip the scales in favor of efficiency over innovation, or vice versa. Management gurus frequently warn that simultaneously pursuing both can set the firm up for mediocre performance, yet the turbulent nature of today’s markets and cut-throat competition create a renewed need for firms to reconsider this dual approach for longer-term success. Unfortunately, practical insights from empirical studies regarding performance benefits and implementation issues are still scant. Perhaps this is one reason why few firms are successful in both efficiency and innovation. In this article, we provide evidence—using a cross-industry survey of senior marketing managers in publicly-traded U.S. firms—that firms which successfully employ an ambidextrous strategy outperform those which overemphasize either efficiency or innovation. Furthermore, we highlight marketing’s role as an example of the often overlooked need for successful functional implementation. Finally, we provide useful methods for managers to answer three key questions: (1) Is my firm ambidextrous?; (2) Should my firm be ambidextrous?; and, if so (3) How can my firm become ambidextrous?
Artifacts in polarimetry and optical activity in meteorites.

Scattered light produces spurious optical rotations of up to 80 milli degrees in commercial polarimeters. Even larger "rotations," up to 180 milli-degrees, are observed when the sample simultaneously absorbs and scatters light.These effects may account for the optical activity reported in the Orgueil meteorite.
Gamete and immune cell recognition revisited

Fertilization is the result of a series of successful recognition and binding events mediated by gamete surface molecules. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of some of these recognition molecules provide extremely valuable information necessary to understand sperm-egg recognition and subsequent egg activation. We discuss these new data in the context of the model of gamete recognition first proposed by F.R. Lillie in the early part of the 20th century, and revisited periodically in the subsequent literature, which relates fertilization events to those of immune cell recognition and activation events. Here we discuss the principles underlying the molecular recognition and activation mechanisms of gametes and immune cells.
NWChem: scalable parallel computational chemistry

NWChem is a general purpose computational chemistry code specifically designed to run on distributed memory parallel computers. The core functionality of the code focuses on molecular dynamics, Hartree-Fock and density functional theory methods for both plane-wave basis sets as well as Gaussian basis sets, tensor contraction engine based coupled cluster capabilities and combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics descriptions. It was realized from the beginning that scalable implementations of these methods required a programming paradigm inherently different from what message passing approaches could offer. In response a global address space library, the Global Array Toolkit, was developed. The programming model it offers is based on using predominantly one-sided communication. This model underpins most of the functionality in NWChem and the power of it is exemplified by the fact that the code scales to tens of thousands of processors. In this paper the core capabilities of NWChem are described as well as their implementation to achieve an efficient computational chemistry code with high parallel scalability. NWChem is a modern, open source, computational chemistry code1 specifically designed for large scale parallel applications2. To meet the challenges of developing efficient, scalable and portable programs of this nature a particular code design was adopted. This codemore » design involved two main features. First of all, the code is build up in a modular fashion so that a large variety of functionality can be integrated easily. Secondly, to facilitate writing complex parallel algorithms the Global Array toolkit was developed. This toolkit allows one to write parallel applications in a shared memory like approach, but offers additional mechanisms to exploit data locality to lower communication overheads. This framework has proven to be very successful in computational chemistry but is applicable to any engineering domain. Within the context created by the features above NWChem has grown into a general purpose computational chemistry code that supports a wide variety of energy expressions and capabilities to calculate properties based there upon. The main energy expressions are classical mechanics force fields, Hartree-Fock and DFT both for finite systems and condensed phase systems, coupled cluster, as well as QM/MM. For most energy expressions single point calculations, geometry optimizations, excited states, and other properties are available. Below we briefly discuss each of the main energy expressions and the critical points involved in scalable implementations thereof.« less
pK Shift of functional group in mechanochemical coupling due to hydrophobic effect: Evidence for an apolar-polar repulsion free energy in water

In the sequential polypeptide poly[4(VPGVG),(VPGEG)] and its more hydrophobic analog poly[4(IPGVG),(IPGEG)] when the material is gamma-irradiation cross-linked to form an elastomeric matrix, mechanochemical coupling occurs on changing the pH, that is, motion and mechanical work are achieved by a change in proton chemical potential. The temperature dependence of aggregation at different pH values in phosphate buffered saline demonstrates the pK to be shifted approximately one pH unit higher for the more hydrophobic sequential polypeptide. The pH dependence of contraction or relaxation for each elastomer shows a similar shift. Data are reviewed and 2D-NMR data are presented which argue that the pK shift is not due to different conformations of the polypentapeptides. Specifically it is proposed that there exist a competition between carboxylates and hydrophobic side chains for mutually incompatible water structures; this results in an apolar-polar repulsion free energy in water with the difference in free energy reflecting the difference in the lle and Val hydrophobicities.
Identification of seismic events based on stochastic properties of the short-period records

Abstract Discrimination between underground nuclear explosions and natural earthquakes is considered based on a nonstationary stochastic model which incorporates a well-known deterministic formulation. Using the relevant parameters in the model a discriminating procedure is described and its application is illustrated using available P-wave records. A formal definition is presented for a geophysical feature known as ‘complexity’ and its relationship to the best linear discriminant function is pointed out. Considering the possibility of a two-dimensional discriminant, a second discriminating method based on seismic moments is considered and reasons for its appropriateness are presented. Using number of zero-crossings, a simple and computationally convenient estimator is introduced for the second discriminant. Some discussion concerning application of these techniques together with a detailed explanation concerning relationship between crossings of the original continuous records and their digitized version is also included.
Politics Makes Strange Webfellows

Several political commentary journals are among America's best-known print journals. This article analyzes their online editions to see how well they are making use of such elements as interactive discussion, rapid publication, and ancillary links. Political discourse has been a mainstay of journal publishing since Addison and Steele started the Spectator, the first periodical for a popular audience, in London in 1711. Some of the oldest American journals are those featuring political commentary. Such journals proliferated in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries when some of their writers and editors like William F. Buckley Jr. grew to be considered powerful political forces in their own right.
Development of an automated digestion and droplet deposition microfluidic chip for MALDI-TOF MS

An automated proteolytic digestion bioreactor and droplet deposition system was constructed with a plastic microfluidic device for off-line interfacing to matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The microfluidic chips were fabricated in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), using a micromilling machine and incorporated a bioreactor, which was 100 µm wide, 100 µm deep, and possessed a 4 cm effective channel length (400 nL volume). The chip was operated by pressure-driven flow and mounted on a robotic fraction collector system. The PMMA bioreactor contained surface immobilized trypsin, which was covalently attached to the UV-modified PMMA surface using coupling reagents N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS). The digested peptides were mixed with a MALDI matrix on-chip and deposited as discrete spots on MALDI targets. The bioreactor provided efficient digestion of a test protein, cytochrome c, at a flow rate of 1 µL/min, producing a reaction time of ∼24 s to give adequate sequence coverage for protein identification. Other proteins were also evaluated using this solid-phase bioreactor. The efficiency of digestion was evaluated by monitoring the sequence coverage, which was 64%, 35%, 58%, and 47% for cytochrome c, bovine serum albumin (BSA), myoglobin, and phosphorylase b, respectively.
Wide-area power system frequency measurement applications

Synchronized phasor measurements can reveal important insights about the health and stability of the power grid in near-real time. Unfortunately, the high cost associated with the installation of phasor measurement units (PMUs) has limited their adoption in the electric utility industry. The Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET) was created to provide low-cost, high-accuracy frequency and voltage phase angle measurements from the 120-V distribution level. Using widely-deployed Frequency Disturbance Recorders, FNET provides a system-wide view of the grid that is unavailable anywhere else. This paper describes the physical structure of the FNET system, as well applications that make use of its data.
On the origin of multiple mutations in human cancers.

Tumor progression is a multi-step process, proceeding by multiple alterations from a normal cell to a localized tumor, and finally to one that acquires the ability to invade and metastasize. Tumors are characterized by many mutations in the form of base substitutions, deletions, chromosomal translocations, and gene amplifications, and these mutations are found to accumulate as tumors progress. In contrast, spontaneous mutations are very rare events. Considering the high fidelity of DNA replication in normal cells, it seems improbable that spontaneous mutations could be the source of the large numbers of genetic alterations that are observable in cancer cells. The question of how multiple mutations accumulate in tumor cells is one of considerable interest, since understanding the source of these mutations may facilitate the detection of tumors and may provide new approaches to cancer prevention. We have proposed that the multiple mutations detectable in cancer cells result from a mutator phenotype, in which loss of a genome stability function occurs early during tumor development and predisposes the tumor cell to the accumulation of further mutations. We will first consider the evidence that cancer cells manifest a mutator phenotype, and subsequently discuss the possibility that a mutator phenotype can be selected and can be transient as tumors progress.
IMPACT-PARAMETER K-MATRIX APPROACH TO HIGH-ENERGY PERIPHERAL INTERACTIONS

An approximate dispersion-theoretic treatment of peripheral inelastic processes is introduced with the aid of a $K$-matrix formalism based on the impact-parameter representation of Blankenbecler and Goldberger. The method allows the use of one-meson exchange poles as a framework for constructing a multichannel scattering amplitude which satisfies unitarity in the high-energy region, allowing for an indefinitely large number of open channels. The reaction matrix is time-reversal symmetric and exhibits any other symmetries of the pole terms. Applications are numerically worked out for models of high-energy $\overline{K}p$ and $\mathrm{np}$ charge exchange, and in the former case satisfactory agreement with experiments is achieved. A qualitative discussion is given of peripheral isobar production models. The high-energy $\overline{p}p$ and $\overline{K}p$ diffraction scattering is examined, as well as the agreement of the small-momentum-transfer behavior with a simple model not involving Regge poles. The method sheds no light on the difference between $\overline{p}p$ and $\mathrm{pp}$ scattering at high energies.
Evaluation of inoculant efficiency in Al grain refining alloys

Abstract It has been shown that the DET can be used to produce powder samples of grain refining master alloys that contain isolated inoculant particles of variable catalytic potency, as shown in Figure 3. The effectiveness and subsequent identification of inoculant particles in terms of their ability to produce grain refinement in bulk Al casting can also be distinguished by combining the DET with an interrupted nucleation quenching treatment during DTA. This quenching treatment allows for identification of potent inoculants by preserving droplet solidification microstructures associated with the nucleation and growth of Al from the effective particle population, also shown in Figure 3. The ability to separate droplets containing potent inoculant species allows for examination and comparison of discrete inoculant characteristics such as intermetallic morphology. In addition, because this quenching treatment is performed at a known measured temperature, the potent inoculant population is characterized by a discrete heterogeneous nucleation response. The initial results of this study indicate that the DET used in conjunction with analytical x-ray and electron beam studies provides chemical and structural information about effective inoculant particles (14). Moreover, influential parameters which may hamper or accentuate the nucleation of grains by a statistical minority of inoculant particles can now be assessed in master alloy droplets and used to develop more effective catalyst particles.
A marginal note of mersenne concerning the “Galileian spiral”

Abstract M. Mersenne, first translator of Galileo's work into French, pointed out that Galileo's “time-squared law” was inconsistent with the assertion in his Dialogo that the path of a falling object is a semicircle, or nearly so. In Harmonie Universelle Mersenne gave numerical counterexamples to Galileo's assertion. However, his personal copy of this work contains a handwritten marginal note outlining a general proof. Here this note is translated and annotated, and a missing diagram, which causes difficulty in presenting a correct reading of the text, has been reconstructed by one of the authors (D.P.E.). Proofs of several statements based on Euclid's Elements are given The other author (M.H.G.) has worked from the manuscript of a copyist's text to establish correct readings for certain passages. Wherever possible, the note in the facsimile edition of the Harmonie Universelle has been used to clarify questionable material.
Brady-Tachy syndrome.

BRUPT CHANGES in the heart rate may be associated with a variety of symptoms. In the mid-eighteenth century, Morgagni,’ Adams,* and Stokes3 described a group of patients with intermittent slow or absent heart action and concomitant loss of consciousness, often culminating in death. Subsequent studies of this condition have identified a primary disturbance in atrioventricular conduction as a cause of the bradycardia, and the mechanism of syncope (Adams-Stokes syncope) may be either asystole or ventricular tachyarrhythmias complicating the heart block. Recently, a diverse group of patients with somewhat similar syncopal episodes but without atrioventricular block has been described in the medical literature. Disorders of sinus node function with atrial bradycardia and failure of subsidiary pacemakers to escape at a physiologic rate are the electrophysiologic abnormalities common to this group of patients. Descriptive terms such as sick sinus node,4-6 lazy sinus node, ’ inadequate sinus mechanism,8 sluggish sinus node,’ and sinoatrial syncope lo have been applied to the impaired sinus mechanism. An interesting and therapeutically challenging subgroup includes those patients with paroxysmal tachycardia complicating the atria1 bradycardia.“,” During the past 20 yr, more than 60 cases of
Early Platelet Transfusion Improves Platelet Activity and May Improve Outcomes After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

In patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), reduced platelet activity on admission predicts hemorrhage growth and poor outcomes. We tested the hypotheses that platelet transfusion improves measured platelet activity. Further, we hypothesized that earlier treatment in patients at high risk for hemorrhage growth and poor outcome would reduce follow-up hemorrhage size and poor clinical outcomes. We prospectively identified consecutive patients with ICH who had reduced platelet activity on admission and received a platelet transfusion. We defined high-risk patients as per a previous publication, reduced platelet activity, or known anti-platelet therapy (APT) and the diagnostic CT within 12 h of symptom onset. Platelet activity was measured with the VerifyNow-ASA (Accumetrics, CA), ICH volumes on CT with computerized quantitative techniques, and functional outcomes with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 3 months. Forty-five patients received a platelet transfusion with an increase in platelet activity from 472 ± 50 (consistent with an aspirin effect) to 561 ± 92 aspirin reaction units (consistent with no aspirin effect, P 12 h, was associated with smaller follow-up hemorrhage size (8.4 [3–17.4] vs. 13.8 [12.3–62.5] ml, P = 0.04) and increased odds of independence (mRS < 4) at 3 months (11 of 20 vs. 0 of 7, P = 0.01). There were similar results for patients with known APT. In patients at high risk for hemorrhage growth and poor outcome, early platelet transfusion improved platelet activity assay results and was associated with smaller final hemorrhage size and more independence at 3 months.
Understanding the Proper and Improper Usage of the Comparative Research Framework

The comparative research framework, contrasting distinct groups by statistical significance tests, is examined for major epistemological and practical problems inherent in its usage with African-European (Black-White) groups. Three axioms are given regarding the proper and improper usage of this approach in the context of epistemological soundness. Published examples of proper and improper usage are presented. Three kinds of proper usage are identified. And, the intricacy in determining whether a given implementation of this research framework is proper or improper is discussed.
Reporter genes: too much of a good thing?

Advances in viral vector design and identification of new reporter genes have allowed the development of novel delivery systems. In the presence of reporter genes, cellular transduction frequency, expression of the gene of interest and phenotypic effects in cells expressing the gene under study can now be easily monitored both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the presence of unique cell markers allows for the enrichment of transduced cells for research studies or patient infusion. The ideal reporter gene product should be biologically inert and not influence the cell population under investigation. Recent reports suggest that reporter gene products may not be biologically benign. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do certain groups of children profit from a grade retention

As more children are being held back a grade as a result of tougher academic standards, the practice of retention and its effects was studied in two Utah school districts. Retention was not found to benefit the children academically or in personal or social adjustment. The purpose of this article is to further analyze the data in order to study retention effects for subgroups of children commonly believed to profit from being retained. In this reanalysis, three independent variables were added in order to address the following questions: (a) Is retention beneficial for children if supplementary academic instruction is provided? (b) Is retention beneficial if the children are average or above in intelligence? (c) Also, is retention beneficial if it occurs in kindergarten or 1st grade? Retention was not found to benefit these subgroups of children.
A Bloody Mess: Dendritic Cells Use Hemophagocytosis to Regulate Viral Inflammation

Previous studies have highlighted the immune-dampening effects of apoptotic cell uptake by phagocytes. Ohyagi et al. (2013) expose a unique mechanism of immune regulation during viral infection, which is mediated through phagocytosis of apoptotic red cells by dendritic cells.
Prediction of retention times of peptide nucleic acids during reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are synthetic biopolymers consisting of nucleobase side chains attached to an amino ethyl glycine backbone. At present this family of compounds enjoys a well deserved popularity in biomedical research, due to a number of favorable biological and chemical properties of PNAs compared to conventional oligonucleotides. PNAs are basically peptides, and are synthesized, purified and analyzed by traditional peptide chemistry, chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques. In the current report, we analyzed factors that influence the elution behavior of 29 PNAs on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a water-acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid gradient elution system on C18 columns. We found that increasing the temperature from 25 degrees C to 55 degrees C resulted in improved peak shape and resolution. The retention times of the PNA analogs were dependent upon the length of the polymers with longer PNAs eluting later. Mixtures of PNAs with length, originating from inefficient monomer coupling during the polymer assembly, could be separated by single chromatographic runs. The retention time also depended upon the cytosine, thymine, adenine and guanine contact of the polymers. These differences in the contribution to the retention times could be explained by simple hydrophobicity features of the monomer side chains at pH 1.8. Based on all data, a linear equation was generated which predicted the retention time of any synthetic PNA based on composition and length. Comparison of the predicted and observed retention times showed a remarkable reliability of the algorithm.
Limit theorems for path-functionals of regenerative processes

Abstract Regenerative processes were defined and investigated by Smith [12]. These processes have limiting distributions under very mild regularity conditions. In certain applications, such as shot-noise processes and some queueing problems, it is of interest to consider path-functionals of regenerative processes. We seek to extend the nice asymptotic properties of regenerative processes to path-functionals of regenerative processes. We show that these more general processes converge to a “steady-state” process in a certain weak sense. This is applied to show convergence of shot-noise processes. We also present a Blackwell theorem for path-functionals of regenerative processes.
Programmable optical buffering using fiber Bragg gratings combined with a widely-tunable wavelength converter

A 40 Gbps RZ all-optical buffering method, implemented by FBG and tunable wavelength converter, is presented. Preliminary results of time-delay up to 7 /spl mu/s and pulse broadening were measured. System measurements at 10 Gbps show the desired delay programmability.
PROGRESSIVE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE CHANGES OF DIVIDING CELLS WITHIN THE APICAL MERISTEM OF ANACHARIS DENSA

ALTHOUGH SOME work has previously been done on shape changes during cell division in the epidermis of the shoot apex and of the root, there is no complete record, step by step, of the configurational changes of cells in a tissue during cell division. Moreover, there are no data whatever of this sort on the internal cells within the apical meristem. Accordingly comparisons were made between four hundred interphase cells, not in contact with dividing cells, and four hundred cells in the various stages of division within the apical meristem of the shoot apex of Anacharis densa. The conclusions drawn should be generally applicable to dividing cells in tissues, and they should serve as a basis for comparisons with non-dividing cells, not merely in meristems but elsewhere. Furthermore, the way in which the number of faces of dividing cells is altered becomes of particular import. One of the basic ways in which cells differ from the units of inorganic systems is in their origin, by division, from pre-existing cells. Consequently the data in the present study should throw light on the differences and the similarities between the component parts of organic cellular systems, and those of inorganic systems of different origins, such as bubbles in foams, compressed lead shot, and grains in metal alloys. LITERATURE REVIEW.-Since the pioneer work of Lewis in 1923, careful studies have been conducted on the three-dimensional shapes of cells in diverse tissues. It is now known that in cells which are morphologically essentially undifferentiated, within a tissue, the average number of faces is close to fourteen; furthermore no one configurational type is achieved. The tissues which have been investigated from this standpoint, and the authors, are summarized in table 1. The 1500 cells listed there had an average of 13.89 faces. If to these are added the 400 interphase cells in the apical meristem of Anacharis densa previously reported (Matzke and Duffy, 1955), the average for the 1550 cells. excluding those of Lewis, becomes 13.86, while the average for the 1900 cells, including the 350 of Lewis, is 13.88. All the above data serve first to establish three-dimensional cellular interrelationships in diverse tissues, and secondly to furnish a basis for developmental investigations and comparative studies. In analyzing some of the factors responsible for cell shape determination, experiments were per-
Settlement behavior of Chthamalus anisopoma larvae largely determines the adult distribution

In the northern Gulf of California the adult distribution of the intertidal barnacle species, Chthamalus anisopoma, on exposed shores is approximately between 0.0 and 2.0 m above mean low water (MLW). The species is typically absent in protected (from wave splash) areas. In this study, I examined a series of alternative hypotheses relating to the factors that could be responsible for limiting the distribution. Post-settlement factors appear to be unimportant because settlement was largely restricted to areas within the adult distribution. Two processes could account for the high correlation between settlement and adult distributions. First, hydrodynamic factors could restrict deposition of larvae to sites that coincidently were in areas in which individuals could survive to maturity. Second, larvae may choose to settle only on sites where they can survive to maturity. Of the two, the later was supported as settlement could be induced on surfaces outside the adult distribution using transplanted adult conspecifics as cues. Thus, competent larvae were present outside the adult distribution of Chthamalus zone but did not settle under normal conditions. Also, there was no evidence that pre-emption of space by other sessile species, by itself, restricted the distribution of Chthamalus. Settlement within the existing adult distribution may be an evolutionary response to increased mortality for individuals settling outside the adult distribution compared to those settling within it.
A nonlocal continuum damage mechanics approach to simulation of creep fracture in ice sheets

We present a Lagrangian finite element formulation aimed at modeling creep fracture in ice-sheets using nonlocal continuum damage mechanics. The proposed formulation is based on a thermo-viscoelastic constitutive model and a creep damage model for polycrystalline ice with different behavior in tension and compression. In this paper, mainly, we detail the nonlocal numerical implementation of the constitutive damage model into commercial finite element codes (e.g. Abaqus), wherein a procedure to handle the abrupt failure (rupture) of ice under tension is proposed. Then, we present numerical examples of creep fracture under four-point bending, uniaxial tension, and biaxial tension in order to illustrate the viability of the current approach. Finally, we present simulations of creep crack propagation in idealized rectangular ice slabs so as to estimate calving rates at low deformation rates. The examples presented demonstrate the mesh size and mesh directionality independence of the proposed nonlocal implementation.
Tyrosine kinase gene rearrangements in epithelial malignancies

In this Review, the authors examine the aetiological, pathogenic and clinical features that are associated with cancers harbouring oncogenic fusion kinases, the clinical outcomes with targeted therapies, and strategies to discover additional kinases that are activated by chromosomal rearrangements in solid tumours. Chromosomal rearrangements that lead to oncogenic kinase activation are observed in many epithelial cancers. These cancers express activated fusion kinases that drive the initiation and progression of malignancy, and often have a considerable response to small-molecule kinase inhibitors, which validates these fusion kinases as 'druggable' targets. In this Review, we examine the aetiologic, pathogenic and clinical features that are associated with cancers harbouring oncogenic fusion kinases, including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), ROS1 and RET. We discuss the clinical outcomes with targeted therapies and explore strategies to discover additional kinases that are activated by chromosomal rearrangements in solid tumours.
Early Exposure to People with Physical and Sensory Disabilities and Later Attitudes toward Social Interactions and Inclusion.

This study assessed the relationship between exposure to classmates with visible impairments in primary and secondary schools with later attitudes toward people with disabilities. Fifty college students (mean age = 20.28 years; 76% female) completed measures assessing the extent and quality of recalled exposure to classmates with disabilities in elementary and secondary school. Attitudes toward social inclusion and toward a hypothetical social interaction were also measured. Participants reported generally high levels and quality of exposure, with significantly more exposure at the secondary level. Quality of exposure at both the elementary and secondary levels was significantly (p < .01) correlated with more positive cognitions (i.e., thoughts) during a hypothetical social interaction. Cognitions were not significantly correlated with emotions or behaviors, and amount of elementary exposure was negatively correlated with attitudes to social inclusion (p < .05). These results suggest a possible relation between positive early experiences and later friendship intentions that should be further explored.
Size and condition of wild and Hatchery pink salmon juveniles in Prince William Sound, Alaska

Abstract Declining wild stocks and reduced body size of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Prince William Sound have led to the hypothesis that the carrying capacity of the sound, and possibly that of the Gulf of Alaska, for salmon has been reached. We compared the length, weight, and energetic content of juvenile pink salmon (1) among different stations, (2) between one hatchery group and wild pink salmon from several stations, and (3) among several hatchery release groups and wild pink salmon from two stations in the sound using analysis of variance. There were significant differences in the lengths of fish among stations but no geographic pattern. Pink salmon at two nearby stations in southwestern Prince William Sound were the smallest (71.5 mm in Whale Bay) and largest (92.4 mm in Bainbridge Passage) of the six stations sampled. There were also differences in size among the hatchery and wild groups. Wild fish were consistently larger than the most abundant hatchery group (Cannery Creek). Within cen...
Defining the social phenotype in Williams syndrome: a model for linking gene, the brain, and behavior.

Research into phenotype–genotype correlations in neurodevelopmental disorders has greatly elucidated the contribution of genetic and neurobiological factors to variations in typical and atypical development. Etiologically relatively homogeneousdisorders,suchas Williams syndrome(WS), provideuniqueopportunitiesforelucidatinggene–brain–behavior relationships. WS is a neurogenetic disordercaused bya hemizygous deletion of approximately 25 genes on chromosome 7q11.23. This results in a cascade of physical, cognitive–behavioral, affective, and neurobiological aberrations. WS is associated with a markedly uneven neurocognitive profile, and the mature state cognitive profile of WS is relatively well developed.Althoughanecdotally,individualswithWShavebeenfrequentlydescribedasunusuallyfriendlyandsociable, personality remains aconsiderably lesswell studiedarea. Thispaper investigates geneticinfluences,cognitive–behavioral characteristics, aberrations in brain structure and function, and environmental and biological variables that influence the social outcomes of individuals with WS. We bring togethera series of findings across multiple levels of scientific enquiry to examine the social phenotype in WS, reflecting the journey from gene to the brain to behavior. Understanding the complex multilevel scientific perspective in WS has implications for understanding typical social development by identifying important developmental events and markers, as well as helping to define the boundaries of psychopathology.
Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal 1903-1979

Preface and acknowledgments Part I. Prelude: 1826-1904: 1. The quest for an American canal, 1826-1903 2. 'I took the isthmus', 1903-4 Part II. Beginnings: 1904-29: 3. The zone regime 4. The labour force 5. The Commissary 6. The protectorate 7. Canal defence Part III. Transitions: 1930-55: 8. The zone regime 9. The labour force 10. The commissary 11. Partnership politics 12. Canal defence Part IV. Recessional: 1956-79: 13. 'Mandate from civilization'?, Map of the Canal Zone Appendices Bibliography.
Tinnitus: How you can help yourself!

Many tinnitus sufferers are told they need to learn to live with it. In some areas there may be no local services that provide competent counseling and sound therapy. In other cases, a sufferer might simply choose to help himself or herself. We provide a detailed example of a program to facilitate a self-help approach to tinnitus. This includes: 1) a description of tinnitus; 2) comments about what causes tinnitus; 3) a description of treatments available; 4) a discussion about things tinnitus sufferers can do to help themselves; 5) advice on seeking professional help; 6) strategies for assessing claims of new treatments; and 7) a positive discussion of hopeful future directions and approaches.
On Generalized Log-Logistic Model for Censored Survival Data

In the analysis of survival data with parametric models, it is well known that the Weibull model is not suitable for modeling cases where the hazard rate is non-monotonic. For such cases, log-logistic model is frequently used. However, due to the symmetric property of the log-logistic model, it may be poor for the cases where the hazard rate is skewed or heavily tailed. In this paper, we suggest a generalization of the log-logistic model by introducing a shape parameter. This generalized model is then applied to fit the lung cancer data of Prentice (1973). The results seem to improve over those obtained by using the log-logistic model.
Children's understanding of belief as a normative concept

Abstract The variety of accounts of theory of mind development, arising from distinct theoretical perspectives, have focused on children's causal-explanatory views on the mind and have not developed accounts of children's normative judgments of the mental domain. This review maintains that such a focus is unfortunate and leaves our understanding of belief as a concept incomplete. First, by presenting an alternative framework that treats belief as a normative concept, this account discusses the central importance of children's understanding of epistemic justification and their appreciation of the normative significance of others’ reasons for belief. Next, this review of the relevant theory of mind literature proposes a new way of thinking about the findings of various domains in this field and gives particular attention to prior work on false belief, origins or sources of belief, and the distinctions between fantastical and epistemic states. On the basis of this review, it is concluded that in order to accurately assess the development of the concept of belief, further research is required on children's views of how beliefs ought to be formed, their evaluation of justified and unjustified believers, and the notions of duty or responsibility they associate with epistemic agents.
B-Vitamins and Exercise: Does Exercise Alter Requirements?

The B-vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6) are necessary in the energy-producing pathways of the body, while folate and vitamin B-12 are required for the synthesis of new cells, such as the red blood cells, and for the repair of damaged cells. Active individuals with poor or marginal nutritional status for a B-vitamin may have decreased ability to perform exercise at high intensities. This review focuses on the B-vitamins and their role in energy metabolism and cell regeneration. For each vitamin, function related to physical activity, requirement, and status measures are given. Research examining dietary intakes and nutritional status in active individuals is also presented. Current research suggests that exercise may increase the requirements for riboflavin and vitamin B-6, while data for folate and vitamin B-12 are limited. Athletes who have poor diets, especially those restricting energy intakes or eliminating food groups from the diet, should consider supplementing with a multivitamin/mineral supplement.
Santorio Sanctorius (1561–1636) – Founding Father of Metabolic Balance Studies

The intellectual renaissance of the closing decades of the sixteenth century provided the fertile ground in which the budding spirit of scientific inquiry emerged in the seventeenth century. Direct ob
Infrared Absorption by Granular Metals

The infrared properties of granular metals and superconductors are qualitatively in accord with effective medium ideas, with insulating behavior below a percolation transition and metallic response above. An exception is the far-infrared absorption at low metallic concentrations, which is much stronger than theoretical predictions. Measurements of superconductors and of normal metals in different hosts suggest that this absorption is predominately electric dipole rather than the magnetic dipole (eddy current) absorption which is expected to be the dominant low-frequency loss in highly conducting particles. Measurements of clustered and non-clustered samples suggest that the strong far-infrared absorption does not arise from the clustering together of the individual metallic particles, although clustering does lead to about a tenfold increase in absorption.
Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by GB virus C infection through increases in RANTES, MlP-lα, MIP-1β, and SDF-1

Summary Background People coinfected with HIV and GB virus C (GBV-C) have lower mortality than HIV-positive individuals without GBV-C infection. HIV uses either of the chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 for entry into CD4-positive cells. Longer survival in HIV-positive individuals is associated with high serum concentrations of ligands for CCR5 (RANTES [regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted] and macrophage inflammatory proteins [MIP] 1� and 1� ) and CXCR4 (stromal-derived factor [SDF-1]), and with decreased expression of CCR5 on lymphocytes. Methods Peripheral-blood mononuclear cells were coinfected with GBV-C and HIV, and HIV replication was monitored by measuring infectivity and HIV p24 antigen production. Chemokine secretion was measured by ELISA, chemokinereceptor expression by flow cytometry, and cellular chemokine mRNA expression by differential hybridisation. Findings GBV-C infection of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells resulted in decreased replication of both clinical and laboratory HIV strains that use either CCR5 or CXCR4 as their coreceptor. Inhibition was related to the dose and timing of the GBV-C infection. Expression of mRNA for RANTES, MIP1� , MIP-1� , and SDF-1 and secretion of the chemokines into culture supernatants were higher in GBV-C-infected cells than in mock-infected cells. The inhibitory effect of GBV-C on HIV replication was blocked by incubation with neutralising antibodies against the relevant chemokines, and surface expression of CCR5 was significantly lower in GBV-C-infected cells than in mock-infected cells. Interpretation GBV-C induces HIV-inhibitory chemokines and reduces expression of the HIV coreceptor CCR5 in vitro. This study provides insight into the epidemiological association between GBV-C infection and longer survival in HIV-infected individuals.
Intracoronary Ultrasound in Assessing Efficacy of Cardiovascular Drugs

Despite substantial advances in our approach to prevent cardiovascular disease, there is an ongoing need to develop new therapeutic strategies to achieve more effective reduction in cardiovascular risk. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of the coronary arteries has been increasingly employed in clinical trials to evaluate the impact of medical therapies on the progression of atherosclerosis. In addition to the ability to assess whether novel agents can slow disease progression, these studies have provided a number of important insights into the factors that underlie the natural history of disease progression.
Radio wave propagation measurements for land-mobile satellite systems at 2.33 GHz

The performance of a mobile satellite communications link is dominated by roadside attenuation due to vegetation or manmade structures. Previous measurement campaigns characterized land-mobile satellite channels at UHF and L bands. In 1997, the FCC allocated S-band spectrum to the Digital Audio Radio Satellite (DARS) service to provide nationwide radio services to the North American continent via satellite. This article describes a propagation measurement campaign at 2.33 GHz for DARS systems. Measurements were taken in various propagation environments and typical values of propagation constants for standard models are presented.
Expression Differences by Continent of Origin Point to the Immortalization Process

Analysis of recently available microarray expression data sets obtained from immortalized cell lines of the individuals represented in the HapMap project have led to inconclusive comparisons across cohorts with different ancestral continent of origin (ACOO). To address this apparent inconsistency, we applied a novel approach to accentuate population-specific gene expression signatures for the CEU [homogeneous US residents with northern and western European ancestry (HapMap samples)] and YRI [homogenous Yoruba people of Ibadan, Nigeria (HapMap samples)] trios. In this report, we describe how four independent data sets point to the differential expression across ACOO of gene networks implicated in transforming the normal lymphoblast into immortalized lymphoblastoid cells. In particular, Werner syndrome helicase and related genes are differentially expressed between the YRI and CEU cohorts. We further demonstrate that these differences correlate with viral titer and that both the titer and expression differences are associated with ACOO. We use the 14 genes most differentially expressed to construct an ACOO-specific ‘immortalization network’ comprised of 40 genes, one of which show significant correlation with genomic variation (eQTL). The extent to which these measured group differences are due to differences in the immortalization procedures used for each group or reflect ACOO-specific biological differences remains to be determined. That the ACOO group differences in gene expression patterns may depend strongly on the process of transforming cells to establish immortalized lines should be considered in such comparisons.
Motivational Distortion of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire by Persons in Job Applicants' Roles

The study investigated motivational distortion on five factors (A, C, E, H, and O) of the 16 PF by 50 undergraduates in job applicants' roles. Ss were able to distort significantly in their favor these factors and five additional ones (G, L, Q2, Q3 and Q4). The results suggest caution in using the 16 PF in personnel selection.
Phase changes and convection in the Earth’s mantle

A phase change may hinder or enhance convection, depending on its characteristics. Univariant transformations such as may occur in the mantle constitute a barrier to convection unless the motion starts at some distance above or below the transition level; an initial temperature gradient in excess of the adiabatic value is also required. Multivariant transformations only require, in the transformation zone, an initial gradient slightly greater than the adiabatic value for a homogeneous layer. The effect on convection of transformation rates is not likely to be serious.