cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental study of a newly developed dual-purpose solar thermal collector for heat and cold collection

Abstract A Flat Plate Solar Collector (FPSC) is a commonly used device to harvest solar energy. An FPSC is typically covered on top with a single-pane glass, known as a glazed FPSC. A conventional glazed FPSC is generally used only for heat collection. The purpose of this paper is to describe an innovative design of a dual purpose solar thermal collector that is able to utilize sustainable energy, i.e., solar heat and night sky cooling, to accomplish heat and cold collection. In this proposed collector, a double-pane “window” was used on the top of an FPSC to replace the conventional single-pane glass cover, which allows water or other liquid flowing in the space between the two panes to lose its heat to carry out cold collection through both long-wave radiation and convection. The measurement results obtained from a real-world experiment on a prototype collector indicate that the developed collector is not only able to retain the functionality of a conventional glazed FPSC for heat collection with the tested heating power of 505 ± 7.8 W/m2, but also to have an additional ability for cold collection with enhanced cooling power (321 ± 5.0 W/m2) and cost-effectiveness compared with conventional unglazed FPSCs, photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) collectors, or the devices using daytime radiative cooling materials.
Effects of Involvement, Visual Stimuli, and Verbal Imagery on Recall

Most forms of print advertising contain both verbal and non-verbal elements in the conveyed message. Considerable research has examined the use of nonverbal and verbal elements in print advertising and their impact upon consumer information processing. However, research has not yet examined the impact of the presence or absence of pictures and accompanying verbal information while accounting for differing levels of consumer involvement, even though previous research has demonstrated that involvement is an integral component of information processing.
Immersive visual modeling: potential use of virtual reality in teaching software design

It is difficult for students to learn to design object-oriented applications if they have an incomplete or incorrect understanding of object-oriented concepts and relationships. The usual classroom explanation of these concepts is often based upon UML (Unified Modeling Language) diagrams and the "donut" visualization of an object. Spatial visualization in a virtual world may be an aid to learning. This paper explores the prospective use of virtual worlds as three-dimensional models of object-oriented software. The virtual world building tool Adobe Atmosphere is described. The conclusion identifies three prospective significant benefits of immersive virtual modeling of software systems.
CLOSTRIDIUM RUBRUM SP. N. AND OTHER PECTINOLYTIC CLOSTRIDIA FROM SOIL

Ng, Henry (University of California, Davis) and Reese H. Vaughn. Clostridium rubrum sp. n. and other pectinolytic clostridia from soil. J. Bacteriol. 85:1104–1113. 1963.—Reports in the literature and results of experiments described herein suggest that pectinolytic anaerobes constitute a very heterogeneous group. The cultures isolated in this study all belonged to the genus Clostridium. The following species were identified: C. butyricum, C. fallax, C. multifermentans, and C. indolis. In addition, a species believed to be previously undescribed was named C. rubrum sp. n. The ability to ferment galacturonic acid was found to be adaptive. Some cultures fermented pectin and pectic acid to the same degree, whereas others fermented pectin only partially. The partial fermentation was attributed to the lack of a pectinesterase. On the basis of fermentation balances, it was concluded that the four strains of galacturonic acid fermenters selected for study yielded identical end products in approximately the same proportions. Per mole of galacturonic acid fermented, about 2 moles of CO2, 1.5 moles of H2, 1.5 moles of acetic acid, and 0.25 mole of butyric acid were produced.
Surrogate Endpoints in Cancer Clinical Trials

Cancer is a major public health problem in the United States and worldwide. In the U.S. in 1996, an estimated 1,360,000 new cases of cancer were diagnosed, and an estimated 555,000 cancer patients died of their disease [1]. The current estimated lifetime risk of developing an invasive cancer is one in three for woman and an amazing one in two for men. The disease “cancer” is a diverse set of diseases, with the common characteristics of invasion of normal tissues by cancer cells and the propensity of these cells to spread, or metastasize, beyond the site of origin. All cancers also share the potential to cause significant morbidity and death. However, the natural history, epidemiology, biology, prevention, detection, and treatment of cancer varies widely by the specific type of cancer. Among other things, these differences necessitate different approaches for each type of cancer in the design and analysis of cancer clinical trials.
Transforming Structural Breakdown into Sensory Perception of Texture

Food structure research has historically focused on building and stabilizing specific structural elements. Precise execution of unit operations in food processing is required to ensure consistent structure formation, but does not explain why a particular structure is desirable. The pattern by which food structure breaks down during oral processing, generating texture, flavor and taste, determines the acceptability of a food. However, breakdown patterns and textural perception associated with desirable food qualities are not well understood. Food materials are classified based on their physical state (liquids, semisolids or solids) and interactions with surfaces (adhesive or nonadhesive). Physical and chemical processes during oral processing are used to further characterize each food category. Typical processes include particle reduction, dissolution, hydration, removal of food from oral surface and bolus formation. This review presents a framework for classifying food materials and material transformations during oral processing in order to identify their contributions to texture perception. Practical Applications There is a constant desire to reformulate or modify foods based on economic, sustainability, health and dietary considerations. One goal of a reformulated food is to change the composition but cause no significant changes in flavor, taste and textural properties associated with desirability. An alternative goal is to modulate a specific textural element to make the food more acceptable to a target population (e.g., those with compromised chewing ability). Both goals require an understanding of the fundamental elements that cause specific textural properties. This manuscript presents an overview of how the breakdown of food structure during oral processing generates the cognition of textural properties. Once textural properties are understood based on specific elements of structural transitions, this will allow for development of textures for specific market segments (e.g., vegan, gluten free or swallowing disorders) as well as the ability to control nutrient bioavailability and flavor release.
Isoproterenol potentiation of methyl mercury effects in vivo on cardiac ATPases and 3H-dopamine uptake.

Isoproterenol, a potent B-adrenergic receptor agonist, has been known to produce infarct-like myocardial lesions in rats characterized by swelling of endoplasmic reticulum. The swelling of this system is interpreted as an influx of large amount of extracellular fluid into myocardial cells by disturbances of the electrolyte metabolism. Isoproterenol is employed clinically as a bronchodilator in respiratory disorders and as a stimulant in heart block and cardiogenic shocks. In spite of its clinical use, possible drug-chemical interactions leading to adverse health effects are obvious when individuals on a regular isoproterenol treatment are exposed to an environmental contaminant such as methyl mercury. Consumption of fish and fish products is by far the most significant route of exposure to environmental mercury. In spite of such a possibility, little is know about isoproterenol-methyl mercury interaction. The present study forms the first of this kind to report such interactions and their effects on cardiac membrane bound enzymes such as Na/sup +/ -K/sup +/ and Ca/sup 2 +/-ATPases. Since Na/sup +/-K/sup +/ATPase has been implicated in uptake and release processes of catecholamines, the effects were also studied on /sup 3/H-dopamine uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum. As a prelude to these proposed long-term chronic studies with non-lethal dosesmore » in the present report only single and sub-lethal doses were used for a shorter (48h) duration.« less
A Mutation of Early Photoreceptor Development, mikre oko, Reveals Cell–Cell Interactions Involved in the Survival and Differentiation of Zebrafish Photoreceptors

To gain insight into mechanisms involved in photoreceptor development, we characterized a zebrafish mutation in the mikre oko locus that produces early loss of photoreceptor cells. mikre oko photoreceptors lose their elongated morphology at the time of wild-type outer segment formation and undergo cell death within a few days. To investigate whether this phenotype involves cell-cell interaction defects, we performed analysis of genetically mosaic animals. Interactions of mikre oko photoreceptors with wild-type cells rescue several aspects of the mutant phenotype. When placed in a wild-type environment, mikre oko photoreceptor cells retain elongated morphology and survive longer. Moreover, although mutant mikre oko photoreceptor outer segments develop only infrequently and are usually disorganized, mikre oko cone and rod cells in mosaic retinas develop robust outer segments that closely resemble the wild type. In contrast to the outer segments, the proximal regions of mikre oko photoreceptor cells, including their inner segments, the nuclear regions, and the synaptic termini, retain the mutant appearance. mikre oko outer segment rescue is not mediated by interactions with the retinal pigment epithelium. These studies demonstrate that the differentiation of outer segments is surprisingly independent from the more proximal photoreceptor cell features and that outer segment development includes retinal pigment epithelium-independent cell-cell interactions.
Intelligent tutoring systems: A survey

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the field of intelligent tutoring systems. It discusses the breakthroughs and barriers in the field, describing the accomplishments achieved so far and the future prospects of the field. The chapter discusses the state of education. Education is in trouble. The problems are great; it is not that intelligent tutoring systems will solve all the problems in education. But there are some fascinating opportunities provided by these new machines. The chapter discusses what these systems can do. It discusses some of the issues of building intelligent tutoring systems and presents a few start-up examples. The chapter also discusses some factors responsible for the development of intelligent tutoring systems, presents a few of the systems that have emerged in this field, reviews some key issues addressed by these systems, and then discusses many more systems.
When is a postoperative seizure equivalent to "epilepsy recurrence" after epilepsy surgery?

Summary Purpose: Up to one-half of epilepsy surgery patients will have at least one seizure after surgery. We aim to characterize the prognosis following a first postoperative seizure, and provide criteria allowing early identification of recurrent refractory epilepsy. Methods: Analyzing 915 epilepsy surgery patients operated on between 1990 and 2007, we studied 276 who had ≥1 seizure beyond the immediate postoperative period. The probability of subsequent seizures was calculated using survival analysis. Patients were divided into seizure-free (no seizures for ≥1 year) and refractory (persistent seizures) and analyzed using multivariate regression analysis. Results: After a first seizure, 50% had a recurrence within 1 month and 77% within a year before the risk slowed down to additional 2–3% increments every two subsequent years. After a second seizure, 50% had a recurrence within 2 weeks, 78% within 2 months, and 83% within 6 months. Having both the first and second seizures within six postoperative months [odds ratio (OR) 4.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.05–8.40; p = 0.0001], an unprovoked initial recurrence (OR 3.92; 95% CI 2.13–7.30; p < 0.0001), and ipsilateral spikes on a 6-months postoperative electroencephalography (EEG) (OR 2.05; 95% CI 1.10–3.88; p = 0.025) predicted a poorer outcome, with 95% of patients who had all three risk factors becoming refractory. All patients with cryptogenic epilepsy and recurrent seizures developed refractoriness. Discussion: Seizures will recur in most patients who present with their first postoperative event, with one-third eventually regaining seizure-freedom. Etiology and early and unprovoked postoperative seizures with epileptiform activity on EEG at six postoperative months may predict recurrent medical refractoriness.
Evaluation of Recombinant Leishmania Polyprotein Plus Glucopyranosyl Lipid A Stable Emulsion Vaccines against Sand Fly-Transmitted Leishmania major in C57BL/6 Mice

Numerous experimental Leishmania vaccines have been developed to prevent the visceral and cutaneous forms of Leishmaniasis, which occur after exposure to the bite of an infected sand fly, yet only one is under evaluation in humans. KSAC and L110f, recombinant Leishmania polyproteins delivered in a stable emulsion (SE) with the TLR4 agonists monophosphoryl lipid A or glucopyranosyl lipid A (GLA) have shown protection in animal models. KSAC+GLA-SE protected against cutaneous disease following sand fly transmission of Leishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice. Similar polyprotein adjuvant combinations are the vaccine candidates most likely to see clinical evaluation. We assessed immunity generated by KSAC or L110f vaccination with GLA-SE following challenge with L. major by needle or infected sand fly bite in resistant C57BL/6 mice. Polyprotein-vaccinated mice had a 60-fold increase in CD4(+)IFN-γ(+) T cell numbers versus control animals at 2 wk post-needle inoculation of L. major, and this correlated with a 100-fold reduction in parasite load. Immunity did not, however, reach levels observed in mice with a healed primary infection. Following challenge by infected sand fly bite, polyprotein-vaccinated animals had comparable parasite loads, greater numbers of neutrophils at the challenge site, and reduced CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)/IL-17(+) ratios versus nonvaccinated controls. In contrast, healed animals had significantly reduced parasite loads and higher CD4(+)IFN-γ(+)/IL-17(+) ratios. These observations demonstrate that vaccine-induced protection against needle challenge does not necessarily translate to protection following challenge by infected sand fly bite.
Data Diffusion: Dynamic Resource Provision and Data-Aware Scheduling for Data Intensive Applications

Data intensive applications often involve the analysis of large datasets that require large amounts of compute and storage resources. While dedicated compute and/or storage farms offer good task/data throughput, they suffer low resource utilization problem under varying workloads conditions. If we instead move such data to distributed computing resources, then we incur expensive data transfer cost. In this paper, we propose a data diffusion approach that combines dynamic resource provisioning, on-demand data replication and caching, and data locality-aware scheduling to achieve improved resource efficiency under varying workloads. We define an abstract "data diffusion model" that takes into consideration the workload characteristics, data accessing cost, application throughput and resource utilization; we validate the model using a real-world large-scale astronomy application. Our results show that data diffusion can increase the performance index by as much as 34X, and improve application response time by over 506X, while achieving near-optimal throughputs and execution times.
Bromodomain and Extraterminal Proteins Suppress NF-E2–Related Factor 2–Mediated Antioxidant Gene Expression

Oxidative stress, a pathogenetic factor in many conditions including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) arises due to accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defective antioxidant defences in the lungs. The latter is due, at least in part, to impaired activation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor involved in the activation of antioxidant and cytoprotective genes. The bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) proteins, Brd2, Brd3, Brd4 and BrdT, bind to acetylated lysine residues on histone or non-histone proteins recruiting transcriptional regulators and thus activating or repressing gene transcription. We investigated whether BET proteins modulate the regulation of Nrf2-dependent gene expression in primary human airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) and the human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Inhibition of BET protein bromodomains using the inhibitor JQ1+, or attenuation of Brd2 and Brd4 expression using siRNA led to activation of Nrf2-dependent transcription and expression of the antioxidant proteins heme oxygenase (HO)-1, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). Also, JQ1+ prevented hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced intracellular ROS production. By co-immunoprecipitation, BET proteins were found to be complexed with Nrf2, whilst chromatin-immunoprecipitation studies indicated recruitment of Brd2 and Brd4 to Nrf2-binding sites on the promoters of HO-1 and NQO1. BET proteins, particularly Brd2 and Brd4, may play a key role in the regulation of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant gene transcription and are hence an important target for augmenting antioxidant responses in oxidative stress-mediated diseases.
Diffusion-controlled reference material for VOC emissions testing: proof of concept.

Abstract Because of concerns about indoor air quality, there is growing awareness of the need to reduce the rate at which indoor materials and products emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To meet consumer demand for low emitting products, manufacturers are increasingly submitting materials to independent laboratories for emissions testing. However, the same product tested by different laboratories can result in very different emissions profiles because of a general lack of test validation procedures. There is a need for a reference material that can be used as a known emissions source and that will have the same emission rate when tested by different laboratories under the same conditions. A reference material was created by loading toluene into a polymethyl pentene film. A fundamental emissions model was used to predict the toluene emissions profile. Measured VOC emissions profiles using small-chamber emissions tests compared reasonably well to the emissions profile predicted using the emissions model, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach to create a diffusion-controlled reference material. Practical Implications To calibrate emissions test chambers and improve the reproducibility of VOC emission measurements among different laboratories, a reference material has been created using a polymer film loaded with a representative VOC. Initial results show that the film’s VOC emission profile measured in a conventional test chamber compares well to predictions based on independently determined material/chemical properties and a fundamental emissions model. The use of such reference materials has the potential to build consensus and confidence in emissions testing as well as ‘level the playing field’ for product testing laboratories and manufacturers.
Studies on β-Galactoside Transport in a Proteus mirabilis Merodiploid Carrying an Escherichia coli Lactose Operon

Merodiploid derivatives bearing an F-linked lac operon ( i + , o + , z + , y + , a + ) from Escherichia coli were prepared from a Proteus mirabilis strain unable to utilize lactose and from a lac deletion strain of E. coli . A suitable growth medium was found in which the episomal element in the P. mirabilis derivative was sufficiently stable to allow induction of the episome-borne lac operon and thus to permit a comparison of the activities and properties of E. coli lac products in the intracellular environments of P. mirabilis and E. coli . In both derivatives the episomal lac operon was shown to be repressed in the absence of inducer. Kinetics of induction with gratuitous inducer (isopropyl-1-thio-β-d-galactoside) were similar for both β-galactosidase activity (β-d-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.4.1.23) and β-galactoside transport activity in both derivatives, although the ratio of galactoside transport to β-galactosidase activity was approximately 1.6-fold higher in the E. coli derivative. Comparison of β-galactosidase and M-protein ( lac y gene product)-specific activities indicated coordinate expression of the induced lac operon in both derivatives. Quantitatively, the maximal β-galactosidase specific activity was two or three times higher for the E. coli derivative. A significant sodium azide inhibition (65% inhibition by 10 mM sodium azide) of lactose permease-mediated transport of o -nitrophenyl-β-galactoside from an outside region of high concentration to an inside region of very low concentration (“downhill transport”) was observed for the P. mirabilis derivative. Identical conditions for the E. coli derivative yielded only about 15% inhibition. Active transport of thiomethyl-β-galactoside was similar for both derivatives, the major difference being that active transport was more sensitive to azide poisoning in the P. mirabilis derivative. Preliminary examination of the thiomethyl-β-galactoside derivatives following active transport did not demonstrate the accumulation of a phosphorylated product in either strain but did reveal an unidentified derivative present in the P. mirabilis merodiploid extract which was not detectable in the E. coli merodiploid. Images
Regulation of mitochondrial transcription during the stringent response in yeast

In yeast (S. cerevisiae) the stringent response is known to include rapid, selective, and severe transcriptional curtailment for genes specifying cytoplasmic rRNAs and r-proteins. We have shown that transcription of the mitochondrial 21S rRNA gene is also congruently and selectively curtailed during the yeast stringent response. Using an in vitro transcription assay with intact organelles from both ϱ+ and ϱ− strains, we show here that the mitochondrial stringent response includes not only transcription of the 21S and 16S rRNA genes, but also that of organellar genes specifying non-mitoribosome-related products. Stringent organellar transcriptional curtailment is identical when cells are starved for a required (marker) amino acid or when they are subjected to nutritional downshift, and the relative level of that transcriptional curtailment following either perturbation is the same in cells growing on fermentative (repressing) or purely respiratory carbon sources. These results confirm that the mechanism governing mitochondrial gene expression during a stringent response is specified outside the organelle, and they show that this transcriptional control mechanism is not immediately subject to glucose repression. In all strains examined, stringent organellar gene expression requires a mitochondrial promoter, suggesting that the regulatory mechanism which functions during the stringent response operates primarily at transcriptional initiation.
PHOTOREFRACTIVE MEDIA FOR OPTICAL INTERCONNECTIONS

The photorefractive effect and its applications in optical interconnections are described. The fundamental limit, the dynamics of grating formation, and the two-wave mixing (TWM) process are discussed. Reconfigurable interconnections for parallel optical computing is demonstrated using photorefractive holograms. Neural network interconnections with photorefractive media are also presented.
Earthquakes, Sin and John Shower

The article is about the earthquake of September 8, 1692, that hit the southeastern counties of England and parts of the Continent. It focuses on the contemporary account of John Shower in his "Practical Reflections on the Late Earthquakes in Jamaica, England, Sicily, Malta, &c. Anno 1692. With a Particular, Historical Account of Those, and Divers Other Earthquakes" (1693). It represent a preacher's view of a natural disaster that moderates between religion and the new scientific spirit.
Evaluation of the annexins as potential mediators of membrane fusion in exocytosis.

Membrane fusion is a central event in the process of exocytosis. It occurs between secretory vesicle membranes and the plasma membrane and also among secretory vesicle membranes themselves during compound exocytosis. In many cells the fusion event is regulated by calcium. Since the relevant membranes do not undergo fusion in vitro when highly purified, much attention has been paid to possible protein mediators of these calcium-dependent fusion events. The annexins comprise a group of calcium-dependent membrane-aggregating proteins, of which synexin is the prototype, which can initiate contacts between secretory vesicle membranes which will then fuse if the membranes are further perturbed by the addition of exogenous free fatty acids. This review discusses the secretory pathway and the evidence obtained fromin vitro studies that suggests the annexins may be mediators or regulators of membrane fusion in exocytosis.
Comment on spinor anomalies

Abstract The structure of gauge anomalies for the fermion field coupled to general external fields is analyzed by a direct perturbative calculation in four dimensions. The anomalies associated with the nonabelian tensor fields are shown to cancel identically leaving only the pure gauge field anomalies.
Boundary Lubricant Film Properties versus Molecular Polarity of Perfluoropolyethers Containing a Pendant Chain

The thin film properties of some novel branched perfluoropolyether (PFPE) boundary lubricants are investigated as a function of molecular polarity and end-group bonding to the underlying carbon film. The PFPE main chain, comprised of n-perfluoroethylene oxide monomer units, is stiffer than the Fomblin Z main chain that is a copolymer of perfluoro-methylene oxide and -ethylene oxide monomer units. Terraced flow and bonding kinetics show decreased lubricant mobility compared to PFPEs based on a Fomblin Z main chain. Lubricant pick-up is reduced for the tetraol adduct due to the larger Hamaker constant and increased intermolecular cohesion.
Studies on biogenic amines and metabolites in nervous tissue and hemolymph of male cabbage looper moths—III. Fate of injected octopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine

Abstract Adult male cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni, were injected with two dosages of octopamine, or 5-hydroxytryptamine, or dopamine. The dosages were 1 and 10 μg, the latter a dosage that was previously shown to induce changes in nocturnal locomotor activity (5-hydroxytryptamine) and sensitivity to sex pheromone (octopamine). Injections were made into the hemolymph in the head capsule dorsal to the supraesophageal ganglion. Males were injected 1 hr prior to the onset of scotophase, and then brains + optic lobes, thoracic ganglia and hemolymph were analyzed at five time intervals over the following 6 hr. Levels of the three amines and their N-acetylated metabolites were quantified using HPLC with electrochemical detection. With the 1 μg dosage of the three amines, there was a significant increase in hemolymph values, but no changes in levels in the nervous system. With the 10 μg dosage, significant increases in each amine were found in the hemolymph, thoracic ganglia and brain + optic lobes. Levels of injected amines then rapidly decreased from hemolymph and nervous tissue. Within 2.5 hr following injections, levels of octopamine and dopamine in the brain + optic lobes and thoracic ganglia stabilized at twice the level in saline injected controls, 5-hydroxytryptamine levels were below control levels and hemolymph levels of each amine were not significantly different from controls. Decreases in amine levels were accompanied by significant increases in the N-acetylated form of each amine. In no instance did we observe a measurable peak for metabolites that would suggest the presence of MAO activity.
Evolution of Clinical Ethics Teaching at the University of Pittsburgh.

The authors explain that several years of effort, by many faculty from a variety of disciplines, were required to expand medical ethics teaching at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine beyond the preclinical years. Since 1986, faculty associated with the school's Center for Medical Ethics have begun a comprehensive ethics teaching program for all four years and the residency period; they also are attempting to develop an ethics consultation service. The authors describe the program, its promise and plans, and the significant difficulties involved in establishing and maintaining it, not only problems of long-term funding but of the uninformed and negative attitudes of some students and faculty toward ethics teaching, especially in the clinical setting. Also discussed are the pros and cons of using cases in ethics teaching and the program's approaches to evaluation and to training clinical faculty in clinical ethics issues.
Insulin crystallization in the presence of basic proteins and peptides.

Abstract The range of conditions under which tetragonal P41212 insulin-salmine crystals can be grown has been studied extensively and the required minimal salmine/insulin ratio established. Crystals grown in the presence of m-iodophenol show significant X-ray intensity differences from those observed when m-cresol is used. The results of tests for biological activity are reported for a preparation of insulin-salmine crystals of different composition from that of commercial Lilly NPH insulin. The phenomenon of isophane precipitation has been demonstrated between insulin and (a) ribonuclease, (b) a high-molecular-weight polyarginine (approx. 21 900) and (c) a low-molecular-weight polylysine (approx. 3000). With these materials crystals were grown above, at and below the appropriate isophane ratios. With one exception, all the crystals prepared were normal monoclinic insulin.
Modeling wave runup with depth-integrated equations

Abstract In this paper, a moving boundary technique is developed to investigate wave runup and rundown with depth-integrated equations. Highly nonlinear and weakly dispersive equations are solved using a high-order finite difference scheme. An eddy viscosity model is adopted for wave breaking so as to investigate breaking wave runup. The moving boundary technique utilizes linear extrapolation through the wet–dry boundary and into the dry region. Nonbreaking and breaking solitary wave runup is accurately predicted by the proposed model, yielding a validation of both the wave breaking parameterization and the moving boundary technique. Two-dimensional wave runup in a parabolic basin and around a conical island is investigated, and agreement with published data is excellent. Finally, the propagation and runup of a solitary wave in a trapezoidal channel is examined.
The wear of enamel opposing shaded ceramic restorative materials: an in vitro study.

Abstract The wear rate of intact human enamel opposed by Olympia porcelain gold, Dicor, Ceramco porcelain, and externally shaded Dicor and Ceramco was investigated with an artificial oral environment. The enamel-material couples were subjected to 300,000 masticatory cycles at a maximal occlusal force of 13.4 N while they were continuously bathed with 37 ° C deionized water. Both the enamel and material surfaces were analyzed by use of a three-dimensional surface monitoring computer program, AnSur, to record the removal of the material and the maximal loss of vertical height. The enamel opposing the externally shaded materials abraded two to five times more than that opposing the unshaded materials and 10 to 15 times more than enamel opposing gold. The wear rates for enamel opposing the gold and unshaded Dicor were similar both in the removal of material and in the loss in vertical height.
Determination of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with ophthalaldehyde derivatization and fluorometric detection

Abstract The development of a high-performance liquid chromatography system for the analysis of l -buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) in human plasma is described. oPhthalaldehyde derivatization and fluorescence detection were used. The R- and S-BSO peaks wer partially separated from each other and completely separated from the matrix components. The limit of detection for BSO was 2μg/ml plasma.
Green's function for the ∂ operator on genus-2 surfaces

We explicitly evaluate the Green function for the ∂ operator acting on the quadratic differentials on genus-2 hyperelliptic surfaces. As a consequence we express the second-order null vector equations for the conformal blocks of the minimal conformal models in terms of coordinates that naturally exist on the hyperelliptic surfaces.
Peptides Produced by Selected Lactose-Positive and Lactose-Negative Lactococci in a Model Cheese Ripening System ~

Abstract Pasteurized skim milk was placed in a dilution bottle with buffer (pH 5.1±.1) that had been immobilized in agar. Rennet and lactococci (10 9 /ml) were added. Microbial growth was inhibited with penicillin, natamycin, and nalidixic acid. Following incubation at 25°C for 12 d, proteinase activities were quantified by the o -phthaldialdehyde assay and peptides produced were determined by reversed-phase HPLC. Four lactose-negative mutants were among the 14 strains tested. Lactose-negative mutants were significantly less proteolytic than lactose-positive strains with one exception, but all strains were proteolytic. Three of the lactose-positive strains were two to five times more proteolytic than the other seven. Peptide profiles from reversed-phase HPLC were separated by cluster analysis into four groups with similarities greater than .64. The most proteolytic strains, which were lactose-positive, produced numerous hydrophilic peptides with chromatographic retention times of 5 to 25min, whereas the lactose-negative strains produced numerous hydrophobic peptides with retention times greater than 50min.
Computational models in systems biology

While much of molecular biology research has led to a wealth of knowledge about individual cellular components and their functions, it has become increasingly clear that most cellular functions are carried out by complex networks of interconnected components, and that the characterization of isolated cellular components is not sufficient to understand the cell's complexity. In recent years, the development of high-throughput technologies has provided the scientific community with exciting new opportunities for systematically studying biological networks on a whole-genome scale. One of the great challenges currently confronting scientists in systems biology research is how to computationally model and elucidate the function and the mechanisms of the complex biological networks from these high-throughput biological data sets. In this talk, I will discuss some machine learning methods recently developed in my group for uncovering genes involved in the same pathways and for predicting protein-protein interactions and protein functions.
Variable effects of chronic subcutaneous administration of rotenone on striatal histology.

When infused in rats, rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, induces alterations that resemble the histological changes of Parkinson's disease, particularly degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. However, the specificity of rotenone effects has been challenged recently. We have re-examined the alterations caused by rotenone in the substantia nigra and the striatum of rats after infusion of rotenone (2 mg/kg per day s.c.) for 21 days. Three patterns of striatal tyrosine-hydroxylase immunoreactivity (TH-IR) were observed: 46% of animals showed no reduction, and 46% of animals showed diffuse reduction in TH-IR, whereas one animal presented a focal loss of TH-IR in the striatum. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) was decreased in parallel with TH-IR, strongly suggesting a loss of striatal DA nerve terminals in animals with diffuse or central TH-IR loss. However, no significant loss of TH-IR neurons was observed in the substantia nigra. Analysis of NeuN and DARPP-32 immunoreactivity, and Nissl staining, in the striatum showed no striatal neuronal loss in animals with either preserved TH-IR or diffuse TH-IR reduction. However, in the animal with focal TH-IR loss, severe neuronal loss was evident in the center and the periphery of the striatum, together with microglial activation detected by OX-6 and OX-42 staining. Thus, in most cases, chronic subcutaneous infusion of low doses of rotenone does not induce significant striatal neuronal loss, despite TH-IR and VMAT-IR reduction in a subset of animals, supporting the use of rotenone as a model of Parkinson's disease under carefully controlled experimental conditions. J. Comp. Neurol. 478:418–426, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of the opiate alkaloid-selective μ3 receptor in mammalian microglia, astrocytes and Kupffer cells

Abstract Evidence is presented for occurrence of opiate alkaloid-selective, opioid-peptide-insensitive receptor binding sites, labeled with [3H]morphine, in primary cultures of cat microglia and of cat astrocytes, as well as on highly purified preparations of rat Kupffer cells. These receptors have been designated μ3 on the basis of their close similarity to receptors first found to be present on human peripheral blood monocytes. Exposure of the microglia to morphine and etorphine cause marked quantifiable changes in cellular morphology, including assumption of a more rounded shape and retraction of cytoplasmic processes; in contrast, several opioid peptides were without effect on morphology. The effects of morphine on microglial morphology were blocked by the opiate antagonist naloxone. These effects of drugs on morphology were as predicted for action via the μ3 receptor. Opiate alkaloid binding sites previously detected on the rat C6 glioma cell line were also characterized here as of the μ3 receptor subtype. It is proposed that μ3 receptors have broad distribution in different macrophage cell types of bone marrow lineage, including microglia and Kupffer cells. Furthermore, these receptors are not restricted to cells of bone marrow lineage, since they are also present on astrocytes.
Evolving strategies for the use of combination therapy in hypertension

Two thirds of patients with hypertension require more than one drug to achieve goal blood pressure. Rational antihypertensive drug combinations are based on their ability to produce additive blood pressure reduction and reduce the incidence of dose-dependent side effects. Some combinations exhibit side-effect neutralization in which side effects associated with one drug are neutralized by a second agent. Fixed-dose combinations improve adherence by reducing the number of pills and simplifying the treatment regimen. Because volume overload is common, low-dose diuretics are often included in drug combinations. Combinations of diuretics with potassium-sparing diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and s-blockers are useful in treating large segments of the hypertensive population. Combinations of calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors are also effective and reduce the incidence of calcium blocker-related edema. Combinations of agents affecting the reninangiotensin system by different mechanisms are currently the subject of active investigation.
A decision procedure for optimal polyhedron partitioning

In two dimensions, the problem has the intriguing property of being solvable in polynomial time, yet of being NP-hard, if ho/es are allowed into the polygons [6]. In three dimensions, because of the possibly large size of the output, the problem has a quadra‘tic lower bound on its complexity [2]; furthermore it has been shown to be NP-hard [6]. It is unknown, however, whether the problem is in NP, and actually the absence of trivial enumerative procedures raises the issue of decidability altogether. We prove in this paper that the problem is indeed decidable (as intuition reasonably suggests), by using a combinatorial argument based on Tar-
Management History Thought

The article reviews several books related to management, including “The History of Management Thought,” by Claude George, “The Evolution of Management Thought,” by Daniel A. Wren, and “An Analysis of the Development of Management Thought in Europe and the United States,” by Brian Corbishley.
Pedicled tram flap: Reconstruction of the skin-sparing mastectomy

Since Hartrampf's original description of the pedicled TRAM flap, this procedure has become the single most important modality for breast reconstruction in the United States today. The advent of skin-sparing mastectomy is arguably the single most important advance in breast cancer surgery in recent years. The pedicled TRAM flap lends itself admirably to the reconstruction of this defect, producing results that have been almost unattainable to this point. The use of the skin-sparing mastectomy with TRAM flap reconstruction comes close to providing the appearance of an almost scarless reconstruction with the bulk of the breast scarring being concealed within the areola reconstruction. Considerable controversy surrounds the use of pedicled versus free TRAM flap reconstruction. A majority of breast surgeons in this country still favor pedicled reconstruction over free-tissue transfer owing to concerns about potential total flap loss in microsurgical reconstruction. Although I perform microsurgical transfers for high risk patients, I still favor the pedicled TRAM for routine breast reconstructions. This article attempts to highlight the key steps in this procedure, which may contribute to successful aesthetic outcomes in pedicled TRAM flap reconstruction of the skin-sparing mastectomy.
Sentence perception in listening conditions having similar speech intelligibility indices.

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to examine the relation between bandwidth and speech perception in normally hearing adults and children at a single value of the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII). Design: The SII of meaningful and nonsense sentences were held constant for each of three bandwidths to test the hypothesis that perception would be equivalent in each condition. The sentences were filtered to produce three bandwidth conditions (low-pass cut-off frequency: 0.8, 1.25, 2.5 kHz) and the sensation level within each bandwidth was adjusted to produce a similar SII (0.43–0.48). Sentences were presented in broadband noise to facilitate equivalent audibility across subjects in each bandwidth condition. Study sample: Participants were 20 adults between the ages of 19 and 47 years and 20 eight-year-old children. All participants had normal hearing. Results and conclusion: Contrary to the hypothesis, performance of both groups increased significantly as bandwidth increased. Significant ma...
Cyclobenzaprine: some pharmacological cardiac actions.

Abstract The effects of cyclobenzaprine (CBZ) on isolated spontaneously beating rabbit atria were studied to investigate some of its pharmacological actions. At concentrations (equal to or less than 9 × 10 −7 M) which are not cardiotoxic, CBZ blocks muscarinic cholinergic receptors, augments the activity of exogenously administered norepinephrine (at higher concentrations it probably also releases endogenous catecholamines) and acts as an antihistaminic. CBZ appears to be very similar in action to other tricyclic compounds, particularly the antidepressants amitriptyline and imipramine.
Motion planning and control of UVMS: a unified dynamics-based approach

In this paper, we present a new unified motion planning algorithm for autonomous Underwater Vehicle-Manipulator Systems (UVMS) that considers the variability in dynamics bandwidth of such a complex system and generates both kinematically admissible and dynamically feasible reference trajectories. Additionally, this motion planning algorithm exploits the inherent kinematic redundancy of the system and provides reference trajectories that can accommodate thruster and actuator faults and saturation, and minimizes hydrodynamic drag. This unified algorithm is verified by extensive computer simulations and the results are presented here.
Defending against strategic manipulation in uninorm-based multi-agent decision making

Abstract We consider the problem of multi-agent group decision making. We describe the possible use of the uninorm aggregation operator as a way of combining individual agents' preference functions to obtain a group preference function. We then discuss the possibility of an agent using a type of strategic manipulation of the preference information it provides in order to get the group to select its most preferred alternative. A mechanism is then suggested for modifying the construction of the group decision function to defend against this type of strategic manipulation. In addition to considering the case where the preference information is provided numerically we consider the case of ordinal preference information.
Information Scanning Patterns and Retrieval Strategies of Well-Trained Documentation Users

The documentation retrieval strategies and search patterns of well-trained users were compared to those of an expert. All participants were asked to solve a series of simulated “real-world” problems using a source document that contained a variety of reference aids. The results indicated that although the users were able to solve the problems as accurately as the expert, there were qualitative differences in their respective retrieval strategies.
Alpha-synuclein immunohistochemistry in two cases of co-occurring idiopathic Parkinson's disease and motor neuron disease

We report on two cases of sporadic idiopathic Parkinson's disease with motor neuron disease co-occurring in the same individuals. Pathological analysis revealed the presence of Lewy bodies in brainstem nuclei and basal forebrain consistent with Lewy body disease (LBD), as well as motor neuron degeneration and argyrophilic grain disease. We compared our two cases to all previously published pathological cases of combined LBD and motor neuron degeneration.