cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-velocity flexural impact response of fiber-reinforced aerated concrete

Abstract Impact response of fiber-reinforced aerated concrete was investigated under a three-point bending configuration based on free-fall of an instrumented impact device. Two types of aerated concrete: plain autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) and polymeric fiber-reinforced aerated concrete (FRAC) were tested. Comparisons were made in terms of stiffness, flexural strength, deformation capacity and energy absorption capacity. The effect of impact energy on the mechanical properties was investigated for various drop heights and different specimen sizes. It was observed that dynamic flexural strength under impact was more than 1.5 times higher than the static flexural strength. Both materials showed similar flexural load carrying capacity under impact, however, use of 0.5% volume fraction of polypropylene fibers resulted in more than three times higher flexural toughness. The performed instrumented impact test was found to be a good method for quantifying the impact resistance of cement-based materials such as aerated concrete masonry products.
Cytokine sensitivity of human NK cells during immunosenescence. 2. IL2-induced Interferon gamma secretion

Abstract A majority of natural killer (NK) cells constitutively express intermediate affinity IL2 receptors made of βγ chains and respond by way of enhanced cytokine secretion. However, alterations in cytokine sensitivity of purified NK cells with respect to cytokine secretion during immunosenescence have not been examined before. In view of the major immunomodulatory role of IL2 and the anti-tumor effects of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), we have investigated the recombinant human IL2-induced NK cell secretion of IFN-γ in vitro. After an 18-h activation period, the secretion of IFN-γ by the peripheral blood NK cells from the elderly was severely impaired at 80 U/ml of IL2 and above. At an optimal dose of IL2 (960 U/ml), NK cells from young and elderly showed a mean 11- and 3-fold increase in secretion, respectively. Under similar conditions, purified T cells did not respond to IL2. However, the sensitivity of NK cells to the same inductive ligand, IL2, towards a different function i.e., cytotoxic activity, was not significantly impaired in the aged. It is possible that the cytokine secretory of senescent NK cells might be an additional mechanism which could favor the establishment of tumors and viral infections in the elderly. However, as discussed here, our findings do offer alternate explanations and a potential target for experimental immunotherapy.
N.m.r. characterization of functional groups: 5—on the nature of olefinic end groups in polyisobutylenes

Proton n.m.r. signals for two types of olefinic end groups, -CH2C(CH3)CH2 (δ4.68 and δ4.87) and -CHC(CH3)2 (δ5.21), have been observed in high molecular weight polyisobutylenes. Comparable amounts of both these end groups exist in commercial and laboratory prepared samples of polyisobutylenes contrary to previous reports that the former group is by far predominant. That different catalysts produce different relative concentrations of these end groups is demonstrated. Evidence for the presence of a third type of unsaturation from the -CH2C(CH2)CH2- structure is discussed.
The Mere-Ownership Effect: ‘More There Than Meets Their Eyes’ or ‘Less There Than They Would Have Us Believe’?

Our earlier results (Barone, Shimp, & Sprott, this issue) prompted us to question the robustness of the mere-ownership effect examined by Beggan (1992). In this article, we challenge the criticisms raised in Beggan and Allison's (this issue) response. After a careful analysis of their concerns, we maintain our position that the mere-ownership effect is, at best, a tricky critter to capture. We offer suggestions for future research that may provide insight into the empirical irregularity observed in the prior research.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. XXXI. A new synthesis of thieno[3,2-b]pyridine and studies on direct substitution into its thiophene ring†

Thieno[3,2-b]pyridine (1) is synthesized in 65% overall yield for two steps which consist of addition of toluene-α-thiol to 2-ethynylpyridine plus vacuum pyrolysis of the addend (7). Cis and trans forms of 7 are described. Compound 1 undergoes (a) electrophilic substitution at C-3 to give chloro, bromo, and iodo derivatives (44–57% yields) and (b) lithiation at C-2 (to give 1a). Intermediate 1a is converted into derivatives of 1 with halo (19–48%), formyl (54%), acetyl, and hydroxymethyl (40%) substituents at C-2. Also described are 2-cyano and 2,3-dibromo derivatives of 1. Structural assignments are based on chemical transformations plus 1H and 13C nmr spectral data. The substitution pattern of 1 is compared with predictions made on the bases of analogous ring systems and molecular orbital calculations.
Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease

In multicellular organisms, homeostasis is maintained through a balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Although much is known about the control of cell proliferation, less is known about the control of cell death. Physiologic cell death occurs primarily through an evolutionarily conserved form of cell suicide termed apoptosis. The decision of a cell to undergo apoptosis can be influenced by a wide variety of regulatory stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.
Experimental eosinophilia: local tissue reaction to Ascaris extracts.

Abstract The reaction in the blood and subcutaneous tissues of the guinea pig to implanted Ascaris polysaccharide and Ascaris protein has been studied. Soluble polysaccharide produced a brisk eosinophilia of the blood with minimal response in the tissues. The insoluble protein produced erratic minimal changes in the blood eosinophils but stimulated a well-marked tissue reaction of the foreign body granuloma type in which eosinophils were prominent. The observed sequence of histologic events yields valuable clues to the parts played by the individual cell types and to the essential nature and purpose of the tissue reaction. The true nature of eosinophil function and its pathologic significance are tentatively discussed.
Preparation and partial fractionation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins from human diploid fibroblasts

Abstract A method is presented for the isolation of nonhistone chromosomal proteins from chromatin of human diploid WI-38 fibroblasts which involves dissociation of total chromosomal protein from DNA followed by separation into a histone and a nonhistone fraction. Loss of nonhistone protein is minimized at each step, and the only substantial loss, during chromatin dissociation, is shown to be random. Finally, the nonhistone chromosomal protein fraction is separated into five major fractions by column chromatography on QAE Sephadex.
Response to Pearson: Parasites, pregnancy, prolactin and pandemics?

We appreciate the comments of Pearson (in this issue of Trends in Parasitology) concerning our article [1] about immunological findings in malaria–HIV-1 co-infection during pregnancy. In our article, we referenced work by Bouyou-Akotet et al. [2] that showed elevated levels of cortisol and decreased levels of prolactin in primigravid women compared with multigravidae at delivery. This, in conjunction with findings by Vleugels et al. [3,4], was used to assert that hormonal changes might partly mediate the increased susceptibility of pregnant women to malaria.
The Perception of Outcome-Effort Covariation in Younger and Older Men.

The subjects, 21 younger (average CA = 18.95, SD = 1.13) and 21 older (average CA = 68.62, SD = 4.75) men, participated in a bogus convergent‐thinking task in which they rated their effort expenditure after experiencing varying degrees of success. It was proposed that younger, but not older men would exhibit outcome‐effort covariation. As predicted, results indicated that younger, but not older men perceived that they tried harder when they succeeded relative to when they failed. The findings imply that the older men's lack of outcome‐effort covariation has inimical consequences for their learning in contexts where initial failure experiences are likely. “Attribution retraining” was suggested as a potential intervention strategy. Research with older adults is advocated to examine whether causal ascription of failure to lack of effort is related to persistence at the task.
Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Dietary Role of Potato Polyphenols. A Review

Potatoes and other plant foods accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids, as a protection against adverse effects of mechanical bruising, light, and injury by predators including beetles, fungi, and insects. Since these phytochemicals are consumed by insects, animals, and humans as part of their normal diet, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds in both the plant and the diet. To contribute to this effort, this multidisciplinary overview describes analytical and compositional aspects of phenolic compounds in potatoes; their biosynthesis, molecular genetics, and role in host-plant resistance relationships; bruising-, ferrous ion-, and heat-induced discolorations such as after-cooking blackening and blackspot formation, which affect appearance and sensory properties of potatoes; polyphenol-oxidase-catalyzed enzymatic browning reactions and their prevention by chemical and plant m...
ICU Director Data: Using Data to Assess Value, Inform Local Change, and Relate to the External World

Improving value within critical care remains a priority because it represents a significant portion of health-care spending, faces high rates of adverse events, and inconsistently delivers evidence-based practices. ICU directors are increasingly required to understand all aspects of the value provided by their units to inform local improvement efforts and relate effectively to external parties. A clear understanding of the overall process of measuring quality and value as well as the strengths, limitations, and potential application of individual metrics is critical to supporting this charge. In this review, we provide a conceptual framework for understanding value metrics, describe an approach to developing a value measurement program, and summarize common metrics to characterize ICU value. We first summarize how ICU value can be represented as a function of outcomes and costs. We expand this equation and relate it to both the classic structure-process-outcome framework for quality assessment and the Institute of Medicine's six aims of health care. We then describe how ICU leaders can develop their own value measurement process by identifying target areas, selecting appropriate measures, acquiring the necessary data, analyzing the data, and disseminating the findings. Within this measurement process, we summarize common metrics that can be used to characterize ICU value. As health care, in general, and critical care, in particular, changes and data become more available, it is increasingly important for ICU leaders to understand how to effectively acquire, evaluate, and apply data to improve the value of care provided to patients.
ABNORMAL RECTAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN PATTERN IN HIRSCHSPRUNG'S DISEASE

The immunoglobulin content of rectal biopsy tissue and secretions from twelve neonates in whom Hirschsprung's disease was suspected was determined by an organ-culture technique and radioimmunoassay. The immunoreactive IgG content of explanted rectal tissue and its secretions in those six children who proved to have Hirschsprung's disease was much higher than in those with other types of obstructive lower-intestinal disease. Increased amounts of IgG may represent maternally derived antibody associated with neonatal gut neural elements. This seems to be the first report of an immunological abnormality in Hirschsprung's disease.
A map of the cat brain for regions producing self-stimulation and unilateral inattention

Summary A technic has been developed which permits the electrical stimulation (or recording) of over 200 points in the brain of an awake cat. The stimulation can be carried out with the same precision as if the animal were confined in a stereotaxic instrument. Using this technic, over 4000 points have been tested for their ability to produce reward when stimulated. The rewarding areas form a continuous mass extending posteriorly as far as P6 in the medulla and as far anteriorly as A27 with lateral and superior extensions. The structures found to be rewarding include the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain; diencephalic extensions of that system, such as the hypothalamus, the subthalamus, and the unspecific thalamic nuclei; the intrinsic thalamic nuclei; many basilar telencephalic structures; and the amygdala, the hippocampus, the fornix, and most of the limbic lobe. The rewarding regions do not extend posteriorly to P9 nor do they extend anteriorly to A30. Upon cessation of the stimulus to some rewarding points, the cat sought only on the side contralateral to the point in the brain which had been stimulated. In other rewarding areas, and these include all the rewarding points in the forebrain, the cat sought only on the side ipsilateral to the point in the brain being tested. The cat was relatively hyporesponsive on the side on which he did not seek.
The concept of evidence

We construct an explicatum of the evidence concept, evidence logic (EL), which is conceptually antecedent to classical logic (CL), having applications in knowledge representation and knowledge processing areas of artificial intelligence (AI), and satisfying Quinean concerns by not going beyond the simplicity (viz. Boolean algebraic structure) of CL, while implementing two requirements often present in AI domains: (1) that “absence of evidence” may well not be “evidence of absence” and (2) evidence gradations. For each integer n≥2, let size n−1 evidence space be linear order En={i/(n−1): i=1,…,n−1}. For each n≥2 and each logical similarity type τ, evidence logic ELn, τ is equipped with both confirmatory and refutatory predicate symbols Rc and Rr for each τ(i)-ary predicate, as well as evidence space En of evidence annotations for atomic formulas, while added to a usual set of logical axioms are axioms which assure that “stronger evidence strictly entails weaker evidence”; models of ELn, τ are similarly equipped, providing annotated confirmatory and refutatory relations interpreting each τ(i)-ary predicate. Trivializing all refutatory predicates in ELn, τ yields CELn, τ, confirmatory evidence logic; also EL2, τ is viewed as absolute evidence logic AELτ, while CEL2, τ is both confirmatory and absolute and is exactly classical logic CLτ. Let μ be monadic, stipulating p propositions, k constants, and u unary predicates; let μ′ be functional, obtained by adding to μ the stipulation of one unary function; and let ν be undecidable, stipulating a finite number of predicates and functions including at least one predicate or function which is at least binary or at least two unary functions. For theory T, let BSA(T) be the Boolean sentence algebra of T, let BA(σ) be the Boolean algebra with ordered basis of order type σ, and let ≅ denote “recursive isomorphism.” Consequences of previous work yield the characterization of EL: (1)BSA(ELn, μ)≅BA(ω⋅n2p⋅∑ski⋅n2ui) and BSA(CELn, μ)≅BA(ω⋅np⋅∑ski⋅nui), where ∑τi=1 if k=0, and ski are Stirling numbers of the second kind; (2)BSA(ELn, μ′)≅BA((ωω⋅η0+η0)⋅η0) and BSA(CELn, μ′)≅BA((ωω⋅η0+η0)⋅η0); (3)BSA(ELn, ν)≅BSA(CL〈2〉) and BSA(CELn, ν)≅BSA(CL〈2〉). ©2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiple layered method of terminal slot contention resolution for the Integrated Waveform (DAMA UHF SATCOM)

The Integrated Waveform, specified in MIL-STD-188-181C/182B/183B/185A, defines a TDMA communication system in an attempt to improve satellite bandwidth utilization over conventional SATCOM waveforms. To overcome some of the limitations of statically defined user communications (UCOM) services in MIL-STD-188-183A, the flexibility to assign services nearly anywhere within a frame was introduced in MIL-STD-188-183B. Although this feature has the ability to greatly improve satellite bandwidth utilization, the enhanced flexibility also has a tendency to complicate the issue of slot contention. Consequently, one technique utilized by the IW Network Management System, to mitigate the increase in slot contention, is to allow to allocation of numerous Uplink and Downlink support services in order to accommodate the diverse array of UCOM service placements. Unfortunately, this technique largely transfers the burden of detecting and resolving slot contention, between one or more desired UCOM services, and the services essential to maintaining Uplink and Downlink acquisition, onto the terminal systems. This paper will discuss a method for detecting terminal slot contention, within an IW communications system, by employing a multilayered strategy in order to avoid, or at least minimize, disruption of ongoing user communications with a desired UCOM service while maintaining both Downlink and Uplink acquisition.
Group-oriented (t, n) threshold digital signature scheme and digital multisignature

The paper presents group-oriented (t,n) threshold digital signature schemes based on the difficulty of solving the discrete logarithm problem. By employing these schemes, any t out of n users in a group can represent this group to sign the group signature. The size of the group signature and the verification time of the group signature are equivalent to that of an individual digital signature. In other words, the (t, n) threshold signature scheme has the following five properties: (i) any group signature is mutually generated by at least t group members; (ii) the size of the group signature is equivalent to the size of an individual signature; (iii) the signature verification process is simplified because there is only one group public key required; (iv) the group signature can be verified by any outsider; and (v) the group holds the responsibility to the signed message. In addition to the above properties, two of the schemes proposed do not require the assistance of a mutually trusted party. Each member selects its own secret key and the group public key is determined by all group members. Each group member signs a message separately and sends the individual signature to a designated clerk. The clerk validates each individual signature and then combines all individual signatures into a group signature. The (n, n) threshold signature scheme can be easily extended to become a digital multisignature scheme.< >
Production of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes by an electromagnetic pulse from a lightning return stroke

[1] Recent observations of terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) (Smith et al., 2005) suggest the need for a new mechanism of TGF production. Consideration of relativistic runaway electron (RRE) avalanche driven by electromagnetic impulses (EMP) radiated by rapidly moving lightning return strokes indicates that TGFs can be produced by discharges with peak return stroke currents I p > 450-700 kA with velocities v rs /c = 0.99-0.995.
Exploring the Role of Catholicism in Filipino American Community Volunteerism and Participation

Filipino Americans are increasingly playing an important part in the demographic transformation of American Catholicism. However, little is known about the relationship(s) of Catholicism to Filipino American civic life. Drawing on survey analysis of the Social Capital Community Benchmark survey (SCCB), the present study explores the linkages between Catholicism, religiosity, and Filipino American community involvement. Findings suggest that being Catholic and religiously active can facilitate Filipino American community involvement. Significant differences were also found in the influence of religion on volunteering versus community participation indicating that part of the gap between Asian American Protestant and Catholic volunteering in previous studies may be due to methodological issues.
Parotid gland enlargement and xerostomia associated with labial sialadenitis in HIV-infected patients.

Abstract Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be associated with enlargement of the major salivary glands or symptoms of dry mouth. We term this condition HIV-associated salivary gland disease (HIV-SGD). In this report we describe 12 patients with HIV-SGD. Nine patients (one child, eight adults) had enlargement of the parotid glands, and three had xerostomia alone. Symptoms of dry mouth, dry eyes or arthralgia occurred in 11, five and five patients, respectively. Salivary flow rates were normal or slightly reduced in seven patients and severely.reduced in five. Labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsy specimens from patients contained lymphocytic ilfiltrates in focal and other patterns, whereas specimens from three HIV-infected patients without salivary gland symptoms did not. The inflammatory infiltrates in LSG specimens showed a preponderance of T8-positive cells and a tissue T4/T8 average ratio of 0.66. The mean T4/T8 ratio of peripheral blood lymphocytes was 0.4. Serum antinuclear antibodies were present in one patient, but rheumatoid factor, SS-A, and SS-B antibodies were absent in all. Search for Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in the LSG tissue of the six patients tested did not reveal evidence of antigens or DNA. HIV-SGD patients show a number of similarities to and differences from patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The similarities include the oral and salivary features, histopathology and possibly changes in other organs. The differences include the lower salivary gland T4/T8 ratio and the absence of autoantibodies in serum. The causes of HIV-SGD as well as of Sjogren's syndrome are unknown.
Invariant NKT cell activation induces neutrophil accumulation and hepatitis: opposite regulation by IL-4 and IFN-γ

Alpha-Galactosylceramide (α-Galcer), a specific agonist for invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of viral hepatitis and liver cancer. However, the results from α-Galcer treatment are mixed, partially because of the variety of cytokines produced by activated iNKT cells that have an unknown synergistic effect on the progression of liver disease. It is well documented that injection of α-Galcer induces mild hepatitis with a rapid elevation in the levels of interleukin (IL)−4 and a delayed elevation in the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and both of these cytokines are thought to mediate many functions of iNKT cells. Surprisingly, genetic deletion of both IL-4 and IFN-γ aggravated, rather than abolished, α-Galcer-induced iNKT hepatitis. Moreover, genetic ablation of IL-4, the IL-4 receptor, or its downstream signaling molecule signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)6 ameliorated α-Galcer-induced neutrophil infiltration, liver injury, and hepatitis. In contrast, genetic deletion of IFN-γ, the IFN-γ receptor, or its downstream signaling molecule STAT1 enhanced liver neutrophil accumulation, thereby exacerbating liver injury and hepatitis. Moreover, depletion of neutrophils eradicated α-Galcer-induced liver injury in wild-type, STAT1 knockout, and IFN-γ knockout mice. Conclusion: Our results propose a model in which activated iNKT cells rapidly release IL-4, which promotes neutrophil survival and hepatitis but also sequentially produce IFN-γ, which acts in a negative feedback loop to ameliorate iNKT hepatitis by inducing neutrophil apoptosis. Thus, modification of iNKT production of IL-4 and IFN-γ may have the potential to improve the efficacy of α-Galcer in the treatment of liver disease. (Hepatology 2013;58:1474–1485)
Size segregation in gas–solid fluidized beds with continuous size distributions

Discrete-particle simulations of a gas–solid fluidized bed are used to investigate the species segregation (de-mixing) behavior of systems with continuous particle size distributions. Both Gaussian and lognormal distributions are investigated over a range of distribution widths, restitution and friction coefficients, and gas velocities. The results indicate that: (i) the average particle diameter decreases as the height within the bed increases, (ii) the level of segregation increases with an increase in the width of the particle size distribution, and (iii) segregation is attenuated as bubbling becomes more vigorous. Furthermore, the shape of the local size distribution (i.e., Gaussian or lognormal) is found to mimic that of the overall size distribution in most regions of the fluidized bed.
Soil microbial biomass estimates using 2450-MHz microwave irradiation

The effect of microwave irradiation on two soils of different carbon content was evaluated with the intent of investigating the potential of using this treatment to estimate of soil biomass. After irradiation for various time intervals, the soil was incubated at 25±0.1°C for 10 days. The amount of CO2−C produced with the two different soils remained constant, and little or no difference was observed for microwave treatment ranging from 1–20 min (4.2×104−8.5×105J). When the CO2−C results of this study were used to calculate biomass-C estimates, the Sierra and Garden soils were 29.5±3.0 and 26.9±3.9 mgC 100g−1 dry soil, respectively. This compared with values of 35.8±0.7 and 28.8±1.2 mgC 100g−1 dry soil obtained by chloroform fumigation. These results indicate that, for the soils tested, a sufficient number of microorganisms survived microwave irradiation to metabolize nutrients released from killed cells during the controlled heating process. This approach appears to provide biomass estimates comparable to chloroform procedure without the use of fumigants.
APT characterization of irradiated high nickel RPV steels

Abstract Samples of the welds from the Midland and Palisades reactors in the unirradiated condition and after neutron irradiation to a high fluence of up to 3.4 × 1023 m−2 (E > 1 MeV) have been characterized with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s local electrode atom probe. High number densities, ∼5 and ∼7 × 1023 m−3, respectively, of ∼2-nm-diameter copper-, nickel-, manganese- and silicon-enriched precipitates were observed after neutron irradiation. These copper-enriched precipitates were observed both in the matrix of the steel and also preferentially located along the dislocations. No appreciable differences were observed in the sizes or the compositions of the precipitates in the matrix and on the dislocations. The average interparticle distance along the dislocations was 11 ± 3 nm. Phosphorus segregation was also evident along the dislocations in both welds. No other nanoscale intragranular phases were observed in these neutron irradiated welds.
A laboratory investigation on combined in-furnace sorbent injection and hot flue-gas filtration to simultaneously capture SO2, NOx, HCl, and particulate emissions

The effectiveness of a novel integrated technique for removing pollutants generated during the combustion of fuels in furnaces is investigated in this experimental and theoretical study. Sorbents, ...
Taekwondo Instructional and Assessment Strategies in Authentic Settings

Martial arts, including taekwondo, have become popular in the United States and are being taught in some physical education programs. Unfortunately, martial arts skills in physical education are li...
Decreased protein synthesis by polysomes, tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases isolated from senescent rat liver.

Abstract A cell-free in vitro protein-synthesizing system isolated from adult (10–13 month) and senescent (24–30 month) female Wistar rat liver is described. Optimal concentrations of polysomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, tRNA, Mg2+, K+, and labeled amino acids are reported for this in vitro system. Both the rate and extent of protein synthesis are lower with the system from senescent liver compared to that from adult liver. Senescent polysomes, tRNA synthetases, and tRNA all contribute to this decrease. Free adult or senescent polysomes support protein synthesis to the same extent. However, compared to adult polysomes, senescent membrane-bound polysomes support less protein synthesis and account for an increased proportion of the total polysome fraction. Ribonuclease and protease activities are low in the adult and the senescent in vitro systems and do not account for the decreased protein synthesis with the latter.
Normal ovulatory women with polycystic ovaries have hyperandrogenic pituitary-ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone-agonist testing.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism and frequently have abnormalities in their lipid profiles and insulin/insulin-like growth factor axis that increase their lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease. Normal ovulatory women may have polycystic ovaries on ultrasonography and yet lack the clinical features of PCOS. To further explore whether ovulatory women without clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism but with polycystic appearing ovaries (ov-PAO) have subclinical features of PCOS, we prospectively characterized 26 ov-PAO women and matched them by age and body mass index to 25 ovulatory women with normal appearing ovaries (ov-NAO) and to 22 women with PCOS. After an overnight fast, all women had baseline endocrine and metabolic assessments. In addition, a subset of each group of women underwent GnRH-agonist (leuprolide acetate 1 mg sc) testing, ACTH stimulation, and an insulin tolerance test (ITT). At baseline, ov-PAO and ov-NAO women had similar endocri...
Merging bioactivity with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based chemometrics to identify minor immunomodulatory compounds from a Micronesian adaptogen, Phaleria nisidai

This study presents a strategy based on repeatable reversed-phase LC-TOF-MS methods and chemometric statistical tools, including untargeted PCA and supervised OPLS-DA models, to identify low-yielding compounds with potent immunostimulant activity in Phaleria nisidai (Thymelaeaceae), a plant with a history of use as an adaptogen on the islands of Palau in Micronesia. IFNγ ELISA assays were used to classify chromatographic fractions according to imunomodulatory activity prior to LC-TOF-MS chemometric analysis to target and identify compounds likely to contribute to observed activity. Simplexin, a daphnane diterpene ester, was identified for the first time from this genus and caused an increase in the production of cytokines (IFNγ, IL1β, IL6, and IL13) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Five other daphnane diterpene esters were tentatively identified for the first time from this plant based on mass spectral data and are marker metabolites distinguishing active from inactive fractions. This analytical approach increased the efficiency of bioactivity-guided fractionation and has the potential to minimize redundant isolation and identify minor constituents with potent activity from a complex matrix.
Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus in extracts and resuspensions of swine manure and cattle manure

Animal manure can be a valuable resource of P for plant growth. Organic phosphates (Po) are considered bioavailable if they can be hydrolyzed to inorganic P (Pi). Therefore, investigation of the susceptibility of manure Po to hydrolysis may increase our understanding of manure Po bioavailability. In this study, we demonstrate that three orthophosphate-releasing enzymes, acid phosphatase from wheat germ, alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa, and fungal phytase from Aspergillus ficcum, were able to hydrolyze certain amounts of Po in animal manure. A scheme of sequential enzymatic release of Po in manure was developed and then used to investigate changes in swine and cattle manure P distribution after storage at −20°C, 4°C or 22°C for about a year. Assuming that the P distribution in manure maintained at −20°C remained unchanged (i.e., similar to fresh manure), bioavailable P (Pi and enzyme-hydrolysable Po) in swine manure remained relatively constant [72.8–76.3% of total P (Pt)]. Soluble but enzymatically unhydrolysable Po (Pue) increased from 7.2% to 32.1% of Pt during storage at 4°C. In cattle manure, bioavailable P decreased from 71.6% to 62.9% of Pt, and Pue increased from 21.7% to 37.2% of Pt during storage at 22°C. These data indicated that the major change during the storage of animal manure for a year was the increase in Pue, so manure P solubility may increase with storage, but the increase would not produce more bioavailable P in the manure. The effects of storage on the bioavailability of manure P should be further investigated to develop an efficient manure-P management strategy.
Evaluation using dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus before kidney and/or pancreas transplantation.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of dobutamine stress echocardiography to stratify patients with juvenile onset, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus who are being considered for kidney and/or pancreas transplantation, into high- or low-risk groups for future cardiac events. Fifty-three such patients underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography before kidney and/or pancreas transplantation. Cardiac events, including cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, pulmonary edema, and need for coronary revascularization, occurring between the time of the dobutamine stress echocardiogram and the last patient follow-up contact were retrospectively identified. Twenty patients (38%) had an abnormal dobutamine stress echocardiogram. Eleven patients had 15 cardiac events over a mean (± SD) follow-up period of 418 ± 269 days. Event rates were 45% among those with an abnormal, versus 6% among those with a normal dobutamine stress echocardiogram (p = 0.002). The result of the dobutamine stress test independently predicted prognosis in a multivariate analysis (p = 0.003, odds ratio = 12.7). We conclude that dobutamine stress echocardiography accurately stratifies patients with juvenile onset, insulin-dependent diabetes being considered for kidney and/or pancreas transplantation for risk of futurecardiac events.
Indentation size effects in the nano- and micro-hardness of fcc single crystal metals

Abstract This paper presents the results of the experimental study of nano- and micro-indentation size effect on selected (0 0 1) oriented face-centered cubic (fcc) crystals (Ni, Au and Ag). Following a detailed description of experimental techniques and correction factors, indentation size effects in (0 0 1) oriented Au, Ag and Ni single crystals are elucidated. Material pile-up phenomena are discussed before analyzing the results within the context of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity (SGP) theories. Microstructure length scales are calculated based on the analysis. These are shown to vary with indentation size. A bi-linear behavior is shown to describe the indentation size effects between the micro- and nano-scales. This is rationalized by considering the limiting cases of plastic deformation by source-limited and established dislocation substructures. A multi-scale framework is proposed for modeling small contacts.
The bioavailability of copper in wastewater to Lemna minor with biological and electrochemical measures of complexation

Lemna minor (duckweed) was grown in treated domestic wastewater containing added Cu to study the relationship between complexation and bioavailability. Growth was not inhibited until total Cu exceeded 0.079–0.119 mg/l or internal Cu exceeded 81 to 235 μ/g. Cu2+ was detectable in the wastewater when total Cu measured ≥ 0.378 mg/l. There was a significant (P < 0.05) relationship between Cu bioconcentration and total Cu in wastewater that was attributed, in part, to heterotrophy of duckweed. Results indicated that, in addition to the bioavailable Cu2+ species, some complexes of Cu formed with ligands in wastewater may also be bioavailable. Measurement of the Cu Complexing Capacity (CC) of the wastewater by Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) gave values of 0.26 to 0.29 mg/l and indicated the presence of ligands with a continuum of binding strengths which eliminated two of three commonly used methods for calculating CC. The biologically-measured CuCC based on growth was 0.077–0.125 mg/l when calculated by two out of three measures of Effective Concentration (EC) and was two to three times more sensitive than the ISE method for measurement of CC. ECs based on tissue concentration of Cu rather than solution concentration were 81–471 μ/g and have been proposed as an alternative for work in complex solutions like wastewater.
CCl4 chemistry on the magnetite selvedge of single-crystal hematite: competitive surface reactions

Abstract Temperature programmed reaction/desorption (TPR/D) studies were undertaken to characterize the surface chemistry which occurs between CCl4 and the Fe3O4 (1 1 1) selvedge of single crystal α-Fe2O3 (0 0 0 1). Six separate desorption events are clearly observed and four desorbing species are identified: CCl4, OCCl2, C2Cl4 and FeCl2. It is proposed that OCCl2, CCl4 and C2Cl4 are produced in reactions involving the same precursor, CCl2. Three reaction paths compete for the CCl2 precursor: oxygen atom abstraction (for OCCl2), molecular recombinative desorption (for CCl4) and associative desorption (for C2Cl4). During the TPR/D temperature ramp, the branching ratio is observed to depend upon temperature and the availability of reactive sites. The data are consistent with a rich site-dependent chemistry.
THE INNER RESONANCE RING OF NGC 3081. II. STAR FORMATION, BAR STRENGTH, DISK SURFACE MASS DENSITY, AND MASS-TO-LIGHT RATIO

We complement our Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of the inner ring of the galaxy NGC 3081 using an analytical approach and n-body simulations. We find that a gas cloud inner (r) ring forms under a rotating bar perturbation with very strong azimuthal cloud crowding where the ring crosses the bar major axis. Thus, star formation results near to and "downstream" of the major axis. From the dust distribution and radial velocities, the disk rotates counterclockwise (CCW) on the sky like the bar pattern speed. We explain the observed CCW color asymmetry crossing the major axis as due to the increasing age of stellar associations inside the r ring major axis. These move faster than the pattern speed. The exterior point of the r ring at the bar major axis has an orbital rate equal to the pattern speed. We show how the perturbation strength can be estimated from the ring shapes and relative spacing over the inner through outer ring regions. The bar strength (maximum tangential/radial force) appears to be constant from 6 to 15 kpc. We derive how the perturbation, the fractional long wavelength m = 2 intensity, and the rotation curve can be used to calculate the disk surface mass density versus radius. The disk surface density at 7 kpc is 13 M⊙ pc-2 rising to 19 at 13 kpc. The latter is insufficient by a factor of seven to generate the observed rotation curve, implying halo domination. The surface density may have been reduced at 7 kpc due to inner ring gas cloud scattering. The surface density plus the observed surface brightness gives a disk mass-to-light (M/L) ratio which increases from 7 kpc through 13 kpc, contradicting the usual assumption in bar strength calculations. The simulation ring lifetime of several billion years is consistent with our ~400 Myr HST estimates. With a sufficiently high gas cloud surface mass density, our simulations form gas cloud "associations" near the ends of the bar as observed. Too high a density destroys the ring.
Evaluation of the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis in terms of synoptic‐scale phenomena: a case study from the Midwestern USA

We evaluate the ability of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)–National Center for Atmosphere Research (NCAR) reanalysis to represent the synoptic-scale climate of the Midwestern USA relative to radiosonde data. Independent, automated synoptic classifications, based on rotated principal component analysis (PCA) of 500 hPa geopotential heights, 850 hPa air temperatures, and 200 hPa wind speeds and a two-step clustering algorithm, result in a 15-type NCEP–NCAR synoptic classification and a 14-type radiosonde classification. The classifications are examined in terms of similarities and differences in the modes of variance manifest in the PCA solutions, the spatial patterns and variability of input variables within each weather type, and the temporal variability of the occurrence of each weather type. The classifications are then compared in terms of these characteristics and the degree of mutual class occupancy. Although the classifications identify a number of the same weather types (in terms of the input data, PCA solution, and mutual occupancy), the correspondence is imperfect. To assess whether the differences in the classifications are due to errant assignment of data to clusters or to differences in the fundamental modes present in the data sets as represented by the PC loadings and scores, a third targeted classification is undertaken that categorizes the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data according to the radiosonde PCA solution. This classification exhibits a higher degree of similarity to that derived using the radiosonde data (in terms of both interpretability and mutual class occupancy), but the solutions still exhibit considerable differences. It is probable that the discrepancies are partly a function of the differing data structures and densities, but they may also reflect differences in the intensity of synoptic-scale phenomena as manifest in the data sets. Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of body weight on rates of change in bone density of the spine, hip, and radius in postmenopausal women.

Interrelationships between percent of ideal body weight (%IBW), serum estrogen levels, and change in bone mineral density (ΔBMD) and bone mineral content (ΔBMC) were studied in 288 postmenopausal women aged 41–71 years who participated in a 2-year calcium supplement trial. The spine (L2–L4) and femoral neck were measured by dualphoton absorptiometry, and the radius was measured by single-photon absorptiometry. Years since menopause, calcium intake, and initial BMD or BMC were included as independent variables in two-phase regressions of ΔBMD and ΔBMC on %IBW. Increased %IBW protected against loss of spine BMD [regression slope estimate=0.05, 95% C.I.: (0.03, 0.26)] and BMC in women up through about 106 %IBW but not in heavier women. Increased %IBW was not significantly related to ΔBMD or ΔBMC at the femoral neck or radius. Women above 106%IBW had significant gains in spine and femoral neck area (P< 0.05). Serum estrone and estradiol were positively correlated with ΔBMD and ΔBMC at the femoral neck only.
QUALITY OF AREPAS MADE FROM COMMERCIAL FLOURS OR HOMEMADE MASA

Arepas made from midwestern-grown corn or two commercially packaged flours (Flours 1 and 2) obtained from South America were compared for selected quality attributes. Physical characteristics of the packaged flours were similar. Arepas made from Flour 2 were harder (P<0.01) after frozen storage and reheating according to Instron values. Crust teture was more tender (P<0.05) in arepas made from Flour 1 as determined by a sensory panel, but no differences were found in crumb texture. Homemade masa had lower L- and a-values and a higher b-value when compared to commercial flours and their respective doughs (P<0.01). Arepas prepared from homemade masa had darkest crust color; their interiors reflected less light, were redder, and more yellow than interiors of arepas prepared from commercial flours as determined instrumentally and by a sensory panel (P<0.001). Corn flavor was more intense (P<0.001) for arepas made from homemade masa than for those made from the degermed commercial flours.
Information antecedents of personalisation and customisation in business-to-business service markets

Interactive marketing (IM) is an organisationally-held process that uses customer information to customise products and to personalise marketing communications and offers to create relevant dialogues with customers. The ‘engine’ behind IM is the development and management of a customer database as an organisational capability. This paper uses the extant literature relating to the learning organisation, marketing and information technology, supplemented by field interviews with marketing executives, to develop and operationalise constructs for the IM processes of personalisation and customisation and their customer information management antecedents. The paper develops measures for each construct, tests the validity of these measures statistically and empirically examines the association between these variables. Results indicate that amassing customer ‘touchpoint’ information is not associated with personalisation and customisation. Customisation activity is associated with the collection of sales force information, personalisation capability with overall data quality, marketing information and the ability to disseminate information throughout the firm.
Characterization of a tryptophan hydroxylating enzyme from malignant mouse mast cell

Abstract An enzyme has been partially purified from malignant mouse mast cells which catalyzes the hydroxylation of tryptophan and phenylalanine. This enzyme exhibits a marked dependency on ferrous ion and a tetrahydropteridine at an early stage of purification. The properties of this hydroxylase have been examined and the enzyme found to be distinct from liver phenylalanine hydroxylase. Catechol compounds and p-chlorophenylalanine are inhibitors of this enzyme. The discovery of potent inhibitors of this rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis is of obvious importance.
Slider-disk interactions during the load-unload process

The issue of slider-disk contact during the loading process is investigated. The effects of initial altitude, pitch, and roll are studied by using the LDV (laser Doppler vibrometer). The relative displacement of the slider with respect to the disk and the change of pitch and roll during the loading process are obtained for the 3380-type slider and the thin-film disk. The effect of the loading location of the disk is studied. LDV and AE (acoustic emission) measurements are carried out to detect possible slider-disk contacts during the loading process. The AE signal shows some bursts which have the slider ringing-frequency components. But by comparing the AE signal with the LDV results before and after lubricating the gap between the pivot and suspension, the sources of the AE bursts are found to be the normal contact and slip between the pivot and suspension. It is therefore concluded that carrying out the load-unload process of the positive pressure slider using a mechanism which actuates the middle part of the suspension is a suitable solution to high stiction and friction problems that can develop in the contact-start-stop process. >