cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Natural distribution of cosmic-ray produced tritium. II

Abstract The measurement of the abundance of tritium in natural waters has been continued during the last eighteen months. The method used consists of the electrolytic concentration of the water samples, the measurement of the deuterium concentration in the final product from which the enrichment factor for any tritium present in the original sample can be calculated, followed by the determination of the tritium content of the concentrate by placing it as gaseous hydrogen in a Geiger counter. It is shown that the data are in agreement with an average cosmic-ray production rate of about 0·14 tritium atoms per cm 2 per second of the earth's surface, on the assumption that essentially all of this tritium passes into water without decaying into helium and the tritiated water is precipitated out and goes into the sea. The average tritium content of oceanic rain appears to be about 1 tritium atom per 10 18 hydrogen atoms, whereas the continental rains have higher assays. The great Mississippi Valley shows about 6. The western coast of Europe runs about 2·5. The ocean surface waters have about one-fifth the tritium content of ocean rain. This means that the ocean mixes to only an average depth of 100 metres in 18 years—the average life of tritium. Several hot springs have been tested and most found to be rain water. Tests on wells agreed with expectations. As yet there is no significant meteorological understanding of the erratic fluctuations in the tritium assays for rain in a given location. It probably is due to variation in air-mass trajectories, origins, and water contents.
Phylogeny of sharks of the family Triakidae (Carcharhiniformes) and its implications for the evolution of carcharhiniform placental viviparity.

Abstract We present a study of inter- and intra-familial relationships of the carcharhiniform shark family Triakidae aimed at testing existing hypotheses of relationships for this group and at improving understanding of the evolution of reproductive traits in elasmobranchs. Our analyses and conclusions are based on evidence from DNA sequences of four protein-coding genes (three from the mitochondrial genome and a single copy nuclear gene) from eight of the nine genera and 20 of the 39 species currently assigned to the Triakidae. The sequence data offer strong support for the following previously proposed triakid clades: Galeorhinini (Hypogaleus + Galeorhinus); a subset of the Iagini (Furgaleus + Hemitriakis but not Iago); and part of the Triakinae (Mustelus, Scylliogaleus and part of Triakis). Interestingly, the molecular data provide considerable evidence of paraphyly of the genera Triakis and Mustelus. Our results suggest that the subgenera Triakis and Cazon of Triakis represent two distinct lineages that are only distantly related and that the genus Mustelus as currently defined does not constitute a monophyletic assemblage unless S. quecketti and some species of Triakis (subgenus Cazon) are included in Mustelus. Within our sample of species of Mustelus (including Cazon and Scylliogaleus), the sequence data support two well-defined clades that can be diagnosed by mode of reproduction (placental vs. aplacental species). The phylogenetic framework presented here is used to infer key events in the evolution and loss of placental viviparity among carcharhiniform sharks.
Probing the in vivo biosynthesis of scytonemin, a cyanobacterial ultraviolet radiation sunscreen, through small scale stable isotope incubation studies and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

Scytonemin is a dimeric indole phenolic pigment found in the sheaths of many cyanobacteria. This pigment absorbs UV radiation protecting subtending cyanobacterial cells from harmful effects. Based on scytonemin's unique chemical structure, the pathway to its biosynthesis is uncertain, thus motivating the current investigation. Herein, we report the incorporation of both tyrosine and tryptophan into scytonemin, and provide in vivo data supporting the tryptophan origin of the ketone carbon involved in the condensation of the two biosynthetic precursors. This study also reports on the new use of a small-scale, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique to monitor the incorporation of isotopically labeled tyrosine during scytonemin biosynthesis.
China's petroleum reserves

Perhaps because of declining yields inland, the People's Republic of China has moved to its storm-ridden coast to develop additional petroleum reserves. During 1979 and 1980, 44 foreign oil-exploration companies engaged in what has been termed the world's record “seismic shoot” over 411,000 km2 extending from the Yellow Sea through the South China Sea, and including Beibu Wan (Gulf of Tonkin), the bay lying east of Hanoi and west of Hainan Island. These offshore oil reserves are estimated to be 40–100 billion barrels. The seas off the mainland are relatively shallow (most drilling has been done in less than 100 m) but they are stormy. According to a recent description, “Typhoons can … occur in the area at almost any time of the year, and the strong winds (160 km h−1 or more) which they generate frequently wreak havoc in the Philippines, Vietnam, China, and occasionally, Hong Kong. Typhoon Vera, which hit southern China in late July, did immense damage and claimed dozens of lives. The main implications for oil operation naturally relate to rig design and safety measures but onshore facilities will also have to be designed accordingly” (New Scientist, Sept. 8, 1983).
Equipment Acquisition Procedures

When the decision to replace equipment in a Radiology room is made, the process which follows is:© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Your company may unwittingly be conducting business with human traffickers: how can you prevent this?

Abstract A new concern is beginning to gain notoriety in society: human trafficking. This issue, which can result in slavery, should concern businesses. Almost 30 million slaves exist globally today. The fact that human trafficking is a $32 billion business indicates either indifference for human rights or an ignorance of the injustice occurring. Even though companies may be against the idea of human trafficking, they may not recognize that they could be contributing to this problem through their business operations and relationships. However, companies can exercise social responsibility by using their influence over suppliers and business partners to prohibit human trafficking. This article examines the extent to which companies are involved in combating human trafficking, and helps companies identify where they are at risk for involvement with human trafficking. Moreover, steps are suggested to prevent human trafficking from occurring within company operations and supply chains.
On the physical bounds of cloaking and invisibility

We discuss fundamental physical bounds on the possibility of achieving electromagnetic invisibility for a given object and a given bandwidth, based on the passivity, causality and linearity of the scattering system. By applying Bode-Fano theory to an equivalent circuit for the scattering coefficients, we derive limitations on bandwidth and scattering reduction uniquely determined by the object to be cloaked and valid for any passive cloaking scheme.
Distribution of the intensity of electricity use in commercial premises appears to be highly skewed

Abstract A survey of commercial premises in one electric utilily's service area indicates that the distribution of the intensity of electricity use in these premises is highly skewed. As a consequence, the preponderance of electricity consumption is in the more electricity-intersive floor area, with more than 50% occurring in the 20% of floor area that is most electricity-intensive. This result may be important for the design and conduct of energy conservation programs in the commercial sector.
Solar Dynamic Modules for Space Station Freedom: The Relationship Between Fine-Pointing Control and Thermal Loading of the Aperture Plate: Part I—Analysis

Dynamic simulations of Space Station Freedom (SSF) configured with solar dynamic (SD) power modules were performed. The structure was subjected to Space Shuttle docking disturbances, while being controlled with a 'natural' vibration and tracking control approach. Three control cases were investigated for the purpose of investigating the relationship between actuator effort, SD pointing, and thermal loading on the receiver aperture plate. Transient, one-dimensional heat transfer analyses were performed to conservatively predict temperatures of the multi-layered receiver aperture plate assembly and thermal stresses in its shield layer. Results indicate that the proposed aperture plate is tolerant of concentrated flux impingement during short-lived structural disturbances. Pointing requirements may be loosened and the requirement control torques lessened from that previously specified. Downsizing and simplifying the joint drive system should result in a considerable savings mass.
Time-gated topographic LIDAR scene simulation

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model has been developed at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT) for over a decade. The model is an established, first-principles based scene simulation tool that has been focused on passive multi- and hyper-spectral sensing from the visible to long wave infrared (0.4 to 14 μm). Leveraging photon mapping techniques utilized by the computer graphics community, a first-principles based elastic Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) model was incorporated into the passive radiometry framework so that the model calculates arbitrary, time-gated radiances reaching the sensor for both the atmospheric and topographic returns. The active LIDAR module handles a wide variety of complicated scene geometries, a diverse set of surface and participating media optical characteristics, multiple bounce and multiple scattering effects, and a flexible suite of sensor models. This paper will present the numerical approaches employed to predict sensor reaching radiances and comparisons with analytically predicted results. Representative data sets generated by the DIRSIG model for a topographical LIDAR will be shown. Additionally, the results from phenomenological case studies including standard terrain topography, forest canopy penetration, and camouflaged hard targets will be presented.
Introduction: The Strengths and Weaknesses of Public-Private Policy Partnerships

In theory, public-private partnerships in many policy sectors are expected to create synergistic dynamics that draw on the strengths and weaknesses of each partner. Evidence from the articles in this issue suggests that this is not always the case. Partnering may, at least in the short term, decrease costs, if cost and efficiency are defined narrowly and externalities are discounted. Despite this advantage, public-private policy partnerships have substantial problems. They do not exhibit superior performance in the criteria of equity, access, and democracy. Rather than reduce regulation, public-private policy partnerships appear to increase it. Regarding accountability, public partners are the providers of last resort, although this could change if private partners gain more experience and partnering moves beyond minimalist forms to more fully developed policy partnerships. In short, public-private policy partnerships are imperfect and in need of refinement and reform. Several articles in this issue provi...
Finger lengths, 2D:4D ratios, and their relation to gender-related personality traits and the Big Five

Finger lengths and the ratio of index finger to ring finger length (2D:4D) may be markers of gonadal hormone exposure. The current study investigated possible associations between absolute finger lengths, 2D:4D ratios, and gender-related personality traits in over 2000 participants. Regression analyses showed no associations between men's 2D:4D ratios and gender-related personality traits and weak associations between women's 2D:4D ratios and gender-related occupational preferences. Men's absolute finger lengths were weakly associated with self-ascribed masculinity, and women's absolute finger lengths were weakly associated with masculine occupational preferences. Big Five personality traits were assessed in a subsample of over 1000 participants. Analyses showed a weak positive association between 2D:4D and extraversion and a weak negative association between 2D:4D and openness to experience. Absolute finger lengths showed a weak negative association with agreeableness and a tendency to be associated with women's but not men's openness. Overall, associations between finger-length measures and personality were weak and inconsistent.
Design Guidelines and Conditions That Warrant Deployment of Fully Actuated Coordination

Most signal timing design documents focus on critical parameters such as cycle, offset, and splits but provide little guidance on other coordination parameters. The choice of settings for those parameters consequently is based on opinion more often than on quantitative results. The force-off mode (fixed or floating) and the use of fully actuated coordination (or early yield) are two such parameters. In this study, software-in-the-loop simulation was carried out to evaluate the impact of these two design parameters on coordinated system performance. Four alternative volume scenarios were simulated to explore a variety of conditions based on varying demand for the main street and side street movements. When side street volume approaches capacity, operational benefits arise for the associated phases, particularly when main street volumes are below capacity. Some modest improvements in individual movement average delays are observed even when the main street volumes are also near capacity. Fixed force-off and...
China and Policy of Russia in Respect to China Before 1894 in the Russian Press

The article is devoted to an analysis of the attitudes of the Russian society towards China as expressed in the Russian press – from the very first pieces of information published in the Russian press about China to the beginning of the Chinese-Japanese War. The Russian press of different political directions did not have definite and precise opinions concerning Russian policy towards China at the beginning and in the middle of the 19th century. Russian journalists, researchers and philosophers began to discuss different aspects of Chinese development and in their publications were expressed the attitudes of the ruling Russian elite, which began to express interest in an active Far Eastern Russian foreign policy.
Toilet Training Method Is Not Related to Dysfunctional Voiding

Background. Toilet training is an important marker of physical and psychosocial development, but the best strategy for implementing training is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to compare dysfunctional voiding outcomes for 2 common toilet training strategies: parent-oriented training and child-oriented training. Materials and methods. This study was completed using a case-control design, with participants between the ages of 4 and 12 years. All participants were asked to complete questionnaires related to demographics and toilet training method. Results were then analyzed between cases and controls. Results. In all, 215 patients with a mean age 7.76 years participated in this study. Cases and controls showed no significant difference for demographic measures and socioeconomic status. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in dysfunctional voiding between toilet training methods. Conclusion. Toilet training method does not seem to have any long-term effect on dysfunctional voiding. As ...
Racial Differences in Infant Mortality Rates: United States, 1969

Using multiple regression analyses, we measured the effects of demographic, health, and socioeconomic variables on race-specific neonatal and postneonatal infant mortality rates. The racial difference in rates in 1969 is due to (1) effects of mean differences in black and white population characteristics, (2) differences in the impact of independent variables, and (3) differences from other causes. Higher black than white infant mortality is the result of unfavorable black means on birthweight, age of mothers at birth, education, and marital stability. Black mortality is also higher because mothers' age at birth, marital stability, and education have more favorable impact on mortality for whites than blacks.
To Redeem Metal with Paper: David Hume's Philosophy of Money

David Hume's writings on political economy, and on money in particular, constitute only a small portion of his encyclopedic work.1 His stature in histories of economic thought appears correspondingly modest. In particular, Hume is credited by economic historians with having articulated an early version of the self-regulating mechanism of classical trade theory, and its relation to the quantity theory of money.2 This essay challenges the accepted view that money is a minor aspect of Hume's work. Instead, this essay argues that, by interpolating Hume's limited treatment of money into his wider philosophical concerns, money takes on a much wider significance for Hume's social thought than has been heretofore appreciated. Hume's analyses of the understanding and the passions do point to a central role for money in a Humean society. While such a role is only hinted at in Hume's actual discussion of money, his larger epistemological and moral doctrines imply that money transactions are the ideal units of social life. Money must become the mediator of social relations because a society actuated on Humean psychological principles would otherwise be an entropie one. This entropy is derivable both from Hume's doctrine of sensationalism and his formulation of utilitarian self-interest and sympathy in sensationalist terms. In short, implicit in Hume's thought is something like a Humean philosophy of money. This argument not only reintroduces money into Hume's other concerns, but highlights a triplet of reversals that are immanent in Humean social
Detection of Aspiration: Scintigraphic Techniques

Dynamic scintigraphy of a milk/technetium-99m sulphur colloid mixture or other radionuclidelabeled meal is a simple technique for demonstrating gastroesophageal reflux and/or aspiration. Since gastroesophageal reflux occurs intermittently and often is not associated with aspiration, the ability to monitor patients for long periods of time is a distinct advantage of the radionuclide technique. The technique is noninvasive, and no maneuvers are employed in an attempt to reduce reflux and/or aspiration. Therefore, the radionuclide method should be viewed as being physiologic. In pediatric populations, radionuclide studies performed in patients undergoing evaluation for pulmonary aspiration occurring both during swallowing (antegrade) or at the time of gastroesophageal reflux (retrograde) are well documented. Results, however, vary greatly from one institution to another, and the clinical utility of the examination in some pediatric populations has been questioned. Although favorable, only more preliminary results on both antegrade and retrograde aspiration in adult populations have been reported.
Major vascular injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy An institutional review of experience with 2589 procedures and literature review

Background: Since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, major vascular injury has been a rare but very serious complication of the procedure.
A frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain formulation for general dispersive media

A weakness of the finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method is that dispersion of the dielectric properties of the scattering/absorbing body is often ignored and frequency-independent properties are generally taken. While this is not a disadvantage for CW or narrowband irradiation, the results thus obtained may be highly erroneous for short pulses where ultrawide bandwidths are involved. In some recent publications, procedures based on a convolution integral describing D(t) in terms of E(t) are given for media for which the complex permittivity in *( omega ) may be described by a single-order Debye relaxation equation or a modified version thereof. Procedures are, however, needed for general dispersive media for which in *( omega ) and mu *( omega ) may be expressible in terms of rational functions, or for human tissues for which multiterm Debye relaxation equations must generally be used. The authors describe a new differential equation approach, which can be used for general dispersive media. In this method D(t) in terms of E(t) by means of a differential equation involving E, and their time derivatives. The method is illustrated for several examples. >
Hospital quality management: a shape-shifting cornerstone in the foundation for high-quality health care.

A century ago, hospital quality management was almost non-existent. Quality committees were primarily chroniclers. One excerpt from a hospital quality committee report at an American academic center might represent the best of hospital quality management practice then: ‘Autoclave did not rise >212°. Interns had to carry patients to and from the operating rooms owing to lack of orderlies. Rubber gloves were scarce on wards. Fly screens were removed without authorization. Physicians were often not notified of admissions or deaths’ [1]. While quality problems were documented (and some will seem surprisingly familiar to readers today), rarely did the notes specify action plans to improve quality. Of course, hospitals were relatively small, simple organizations. Accreditation (at least in the USA) was still a decade or more in the future. Fast forward to today's …
Effects of the Noncommutative Standard Model in WW Scattering

We examine W pair production in the Noncommutative Standard Model constructed with the Seiberg-Witten map. Consideration of partial wave unitarity in the reactions WW {yields} WW and e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} WW shows that the latter process is more sensitive and that tree-level unitarity is violated when scattering energies are of order a TeV and the noncommutative scale is below about a TeV. We find that WW production at the LHC is not sensitive to scales above the unitarity bounds. WW production in e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation, however, provides a good probe of such effects with noncommutative scales below 300-400 GeV being excluded at LEP-II, and the ILC being sensitive to scales up to 10-20 TeV. In addition, we find that the ability to measure the helicity states of the final state W bosons at the ILC provides a diagnostic tool to determine and disentangle the different possible noncommutative contributions.
In vitro evidence that hyperglycemia stimulates tumor necrosis factor-α release in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are often insulin resistant and have chronic low-level inflammation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of hyperglycemia in vitro on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha release from mononuclear cells (MNC) in PCOS. Twelve reproductive-age women with PCOS (six lean, six obese) and 12 age-matched controls (six lean, six obese) were studied. Insulin sensitivity (IS(HOMA)) was estimated from fasting levels of glucose and insulin and percent truncal fat was determined by dual energy absorptiometry (DEXA). TNFalpha release was measured from MNC cultured under euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. IS(HOMA) was higher in obese women with PCOS than in lean women with PCOS (student's t-test; 73.7 +/- 14.8 vs 43.1 +/- 8.6, P < 0.05), but similar to that of obese controls. IS(HOMA) was positively correlated with percent truncal fat (r=0.57, P < 0.04). Obese women with PCOS exhibited an increase in the percent change in TNFalpha release from MNC in response to hyperglycemia compared with obese controls (10 mM, 649 +/- 208% vs 133 +/- 30%, P < 0.003; 15 mM, 799 +/- 347% vs 183 +/- 59%, P < 0.04). The TNFalpha response directly correlated with percent truncal fat (r=0.45, P < 0.03) and IS(HOMA) (r=0.40, P < 0.05) for the combined groups, and with plasma testosterone (r=0.60, P < 0.05) for women with PCOS. MNC of obese women with PCOS exhibit an increased TNFalpha response to in vitro physiologic hyperglycemia. MNC-derived TNFalpha release may contribute to insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, particularly when the combination of PCOS and increased adiposity is present.
The Road Map to the Manual

The Second Edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology represents a major departure from the First Edition, as well as from the Eighth and Ninth Editions of the Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, in that the organization of content follows a phylogenetic framework, based on analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the ribosomal small subunit RNA, rather than a phenotypic structure. The Eighth and Ninth Editions of the Determinative Manual and the First Edition of the Systematic Manual were organized in a non-hierarchical scheme because information about higher taxa was insufficient for construction of a formal hierarchical classification, such as those used in all the previous editions. Instead, the genera were organized into phenotypic groupings, e.g., the Gram-positive cocci, and these groupings were called Parts, Sections, or Groups. By the Ninth Edition of the Determinative Manual, which was based on the information included in the Systematic Manual, there were 35 separate phenotypic groupings.
Job Characteristics and Internal Motivation: The Moderating Effect of Interpersonal and Individual Variables

This research examined: (a) the relationship between the internal work motivation of employees and their job performance; and (b) the moderating effect of individual growth need strength, co-worker satisfaction, and supervisory satisfaction on the relationships between several job characteristics and internal motivation. Results showed positive, significant relationships between the measure of internal motivation and employees' rated work quality, quantity, and effort. In addition, significant relationships between the job characteristics and internal motivation were obtained for employees who were desirous of growth satisfactions and who experienced high satisfaction with their supervisors and co-workers. Implications of the results for future research on job design were discussed.
Stuttering as an Expression of Inefficient Language Development

In the beginning there was the Word, and shortly after this beginning came the stuttered word. If we seek an answer as to the genesis of stuttering, we are probably only a little better informed today than we were in the biblical days. Then, for reasons known only to God, Moses spoke in a manner that may be described as dysfluent and very likely as stuttering.
Two Critical Issues of American Public Administration Reflections of a Sympathetic Participant

American public administration has been described as a field that lacks a coherent theoretical foundation. Many believe that this theoretical paucity has left the field vulnerable to public misconceptions and attacks. To confront this dilemma it is necessary, as a preliminary step, to examine two crucial points central to public administration: (1) the role of managerialism, and (2) the relationship of public administration to the state. This article discusses these two issues and addresses how public administration needs to formulate a new linkage to the meaning of "the public."
A DSP Approach for Finding the Codon Bias in DNA Sequences

The detection of different forms of periodicities in DNA sequences has been an active area of research in recent years. Most of the signal processing based methods have primarily focussed on assigning numerical values to the symbolic DNA sequence and then applying spectral analysis tools such as the short-time discrete Fourier transform (ST-DFT) to locate these repeats. A key application of DNA periodicity finding has been in the identification of the protein coding regions in DNA sequences by tracking the so-called period-3 component using the DNA spectrum. The main problem with this gene detection approach is that it is successful for certain genes but does not work for others. An interesting open research problem is to therefore determine the underlying reasons behind this disparity in performance. This requires, in turn, a solid understanding of the working principles of the period-3 component and the DNA spectrum. In this paper, we present a DSP-based approach that provides a complete analysis of this phenomenon. Specifically, we derive a new DSP based model that 1) clearly explains the underlying mechanism of the period-3 component, 2) directly relates the identification of the period-3 component to the detection of nucleotide bias in the codon structure, and 3) completely characterizes the DNA spectrum by a set of numerical sequences termed the filtered polyphase sequences. Furthermore, by adhering to the specific structure of the derived model, we can show that standard signal processing tools such as digital filtering can substantially enhance the detection of the codon bias. Several performance measures of DNA periodicity detection are also proposed and experimental results are provided to illustrate the key findings of our work.
An assessment of substitution scores for protein profile–profile comparison

Motivation: Pairwise protein sequence alignments are generally evaluated using scores defined as the sum of substitution scores for aligning amino acids to one another, and gap scores for aligning runs of amino acids in one sequence to null characters inserted into the other. Protein profiles may be abstracted from multiple alignments of protein sequences, and substitution and gap scores have been generalized to the alignment of such profiles either to single sequences or to other profiles. Although there is widespread agreement on the general form substitution scores should take for profile-sequence alignment, little consensus has been reached on how best to construct profile–profile substitution scores, and a large number of these scoring systems have been proposed. Here, we assess a variety of such substitution scores. For this evaluation, given a gold standard set of multiple alignments, we calculate the probability that a profile column yields a higher substitution score when aligned to a related than to an unrelated column. We also generalize this measure to sets of two or three adjacent columns. This simple approach has the advantages that it does not depend primarily upon the gold-standard alignment columns with the weakest empirical support, and that it does not need to fit gap and offset costs for use with each substitution score studied. Results: A simple symmetrization of mean profile-sequence scores usually performed the best. These were followed closely by several specific scoring systems constructed using a variety of rationales. Contact: altschul@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Optimal face reconstruction using training

In previous work Muresan and Parks (see ICIP 2001, Greece, 2001) considered the problem of image interpolation from an adaptive optimal recovery point of view. They showed how a training set S determines a quadratic signal class and how to use this signal class to perform image interpolation. In that work the training set S was taken from the low resolution version of the image they were interpolating. In this paper we continue our discussion of the method presented previously by looking more closely at the training set S. In particular, we show how a training set of high resolution images can give very good interpolation results through the use of the method.
A Graph-Based Approach for Multi-folder Email Classification

This paper presents a novel framework for multi-folder email classification using graph mining as the underlying technique. Although several techniques exist (e.g., SVM, TF-IDF, n-gram) for addressing this problem in a delimited context, they heavily rely on extracting high-frequency keywords, thus ignoring the inherent structural aspects of an email (or document in general) which can play a critical role in classification. Some of the models (e.g., n-gram) consider only the words without taking into consideration where in the structure these words appear together. This paper presents a supervised learning model that leverages graph mining techniques for multi-folder email classification. A ranking formula is presented for ordering the representative - common and recurring - substructures generated from pre-classified emails. These ranked representative substructures are then used for categorizing incoming emails. This approach is based on a global ranking model that incorporates several relevant parameters for email classification and overcomes numerous problems faced by extant approaches used for multi-folder classification. A number of parameters which influence the generation of representative substructures are analyzed, reexamined, and adapted to multiple folders. The effect of graph representations has been analyzed. The effectiveness of the proposed approach has been validated experimentally.
Hair cortisol as a predictor of pubertal timing.

The relation of stress scores with cortisol and sAA under the curve (AUC) values from the injured children was examined using Spearman correlations controlling for age. Cortisol AUC was not related to stress scores for either group. The relation of sAA AUC differed significantly between the TBI and EI groups for the total, avoidance, and arousal scores (ps < .03). Higher stress scores were significantly associated with lower sAA AUC levels for TBI andwith higher AUC for participants with EI. TBIwas associatedwithelevated sAAaswell as an increased cortisol stress response in younger participants. Additional research is needed toexaminedivergent relationsof sAAwith stress symptoms in youth with TBI and EI.
Implications of the World Bank's privatization policy for South Africa

Providing potable water is a central issue for all nations and is of particular concern in developing countries where universal coverage does not exist. This paper eveluates the implications of the World Bank's privatisation policy for the water sector in developing countries using South Africa as an example. The authors conclude that regardless of private investment, cost accounting reform is needed both to provide universal services and to practice environmental stewardship. Based on theory and emperical evidence, concessions appear to be the optimal form of water sector privatisation. The structure of the water sector in South Africa favors the use of concessions if a privatisation strategy is persued. The South African case shows that the success of attempts to privatise a monopolistic water sector depends on developing adequate regulatory and administrative capacity. This conclusion aligns closely with the current World Bank privatisation policy. However, the authors argue that the Bank policy does not explicitly address several issues that are necessary to maximise the benefits of privatisation. In addition, the authors agree with other analysts who suggest that the World Bank would benefit from a new paradigm for infrastructure privatisation that is more transparent and includes a coalition of stakeholders with community involvement.
An Analysis of Adjustments Made by Local Livestock Marketing Agencies to Packers-and-Stockyards Regulation Prohibiting Service Charges

HE impact of regulatory activities is difficult to assess because policies usually evolve rather slowly and once established may not be changed for long periods. In some cases, firms' reactions to regulatory activities may also be of an evolutionary character. Only rarely do basic and abrupt changes in regulations present the opportunity to examine clearcut adjustments made by firms on a before-and-after basis. This study examines the effect of a recent regulation promulgated by the Packers and Stockyards Division of USDA on conduct and performance of local livestock-marketing agencies.' Effective March 25, 1963, section 201.98 of Regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture Promulgated under the Packers and Stockyards Act, 1921, provided that "no packer or dealer shall, in connection with the purchase of livestock in commerce, charge, demand, or collect from the seller of the livestock any compensation in the form of commission, yardage, or other service charge." Prior to the effective date of this regulation, service charges of varying amounts were collected from sellers of livestock in many local livestock-dealer markets and some packer buying stations (hereinafter referred to as dealers and packers). The intent of the regulation prohibiting service charges and the results envisioned by various interested parties are difficult to document. A USDA press release dated December 26, 1962, explained that "a packer or livestock dealer who maintains his own yardage facilities to conduct buying operations does so for his own benefit, not for the benefit of producers. Charging a fee for such unperformed service is therefore an unfair practice in violation of the P & S Act." It also referred to comments received alleging that such charges were detrimental to the financial inter-
Further Observations on Gold Hemagglutinin Activity in Encephalomyocarditis, M.M., Mengo Encephalomyelitis and Columbia—SK Immune Sera

SummaryCold hemagglutination studies were undertaken to explore the possibilities of this method for neurotropic viral analysis. Preliminary experiments had indicated that such an approach might provide additional differential criteria for the viruses of the encephalomyocarditis family. The observations reported here suggest that while M.M., EMC, and Columbia—SK viruses instigate increased cold hemagglutinin production in rabbits, Mengo encephalomyelitis virus is without such effect. Further work is indicated using larger numbers of animals of more uniform age and genetic constitution.
Interfacial load transfer in polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites with a nanohybrid shish kebab modification.

Interfacial properties are known to have a critical effect on the mechanical properties of a nanocomposite material system. Here, the interfacial load transfer in a carbon nanotube (CNT)/nylon-11 composite was studied with a CNT/nylon-11 nanohybrid shish kebab (NHSK) structure modification using Raman spectroscopy. Characterization of the polymer crystal in the NHSK using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for the first time indicates that the NHSK structure formed a more perfect crystal structure than the bulk polymer. On the basis of transmission electron microscopy and DSC results, a new growth model for the NHSK crystal is hypothesized, indicating the formation of an initial uniform crystal layer on the CNT prior to the crystallization of the kebabs. Characterization of the nanocomposites using Raman spectroscopy, with the samples heated to introduce interfacial shear stress caused by thermal expansion mismatch, found that the D* band of the CNT in the NHSK/nylon-11 composite displayed a more pro...
Seasonal Changes in Chironomid Fauna and Rainfall Reducing Chironomids in Urban Flood Control Channels

Seasonal population changes in chironomid fauna of an urban concrete-lined flood control channel system were studied from Aug., 1974–Sept., 1976. Benthic samples from 9 stations along a 20-km stretch of the channel system were collected biweekly and air and water temperatures and rainfall were also recorded. Midge larvae of 7 genera were taken. Cricotopus spp., Dicrotendipes sp., and Chironomus spp., in that order, were of quantitative importance; the other 4 genera collectively formed 0–7% of the total monthly-collected larvae. Cricotopus spp. were present year-round, forming >86% of the total midges collected and 65–99% of the monthly totals. Dicrotendipes sp. (densest May–Nov.) were also present throughout the year, but their monthly populations ranged from <1–34% of the total. Chironomus spp. occurred from July–Nov., their density reaching up to 28% of the total midges taken then. The numerical increase in midges during the spring and summer coincided with warmer air and water during these periods. Two to 3 cm or more of rainfall in the area in a 24-h period drastically reduced larval populations, but within 2–4 wk, after a period of rainfall, they greatly increased.
A Practical Approach to Establishing and Maintaining a Values-Based Conflicts of Interest Compliance System

Any efforts at government ethics reform are doomed to failure, unless one first understands the purpose, principles, and structure of ethics and conflicts of interest laws. This papers set forth, from an international perspective, a comprehensive ethics compliance system, including a model law.
Prostate Cancer and Spinal Cord Compression

Prostate cancer metastasis to the spine is an extremely difficult clinical problem to treat. However, it occurs commonly, and all clinicians--not only oncologists--should undertake to understand its pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical presentation, and current treatment options. This review emphasizes the surgical treatment of prostate cancer metastasis to the spine. The goals of this article are to (1) present an overview of the pathophysiology of this disease, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of metastasis and invasion, (2) provide a general overview of the clinical presentation and diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma, and (3) discuss currently available treatment options. Such options include best medical management, nonsurgical treatments (radiation, chemotherapy), and surgical treatment of newly diagnosed and previously irradiated metastatic prostate carcinoma to the spine. Algorithms for the treatment of this disease are presented.
Convective uphill transport of NaCl from ascending thin limb of loop of Henle.

In this paper we describe a mathematical model of the renal inner medulla based on a previously proposed model [A.S. Wexler, R.E. Kalaba, and D.J. Marsh. Am. J. Physiol. 260 (Renal Fluid Electrolyte Physiol. 29): F368–F383, 1991] in which in the inner medullary ascending thin limb of Henle's loop (ATL) and collecting duct (CD) exchange with a local capillary node with the reabsorbed water and solutes flowing radially toward a central vascular bundle. Our model differs in that ascending and descending vasa recta and surrounding interstitial space are replaced by a central core. Our analysis of the coupled ATL-CD system shows that it is theoretically capable of transporting NaCl out of the ATL into the central vascular space (approximated by the central core) against a concentration gradient, which in the absence of radial diffusion can be arbitrarily large. By numerical solution of the model with the radial diffusion coefficient (D(r)) for NaCl of 0, we find that the ATL can be more than 100 mosmol/l hypot...
Domestic violence victims support mandatory reporting : For others

Five states now have mandatory reporting laws when a victim of domestic violence is identified in a clinical setting, and many other states are considering such legislation. Advocates for battered women have frequently warned that abused women may not wish mandatory reporting laws. Published data derived from the opinions, wishes, and beliefs of women victims of domestic violence have been noticeably lacking. This study presents a preliminary study of 45 abused women. Results indicate that women victims overwhelmingly support mandatory reporting laws. In an apparent paradox, however, they were much less certain that mandatory reporting would have been helpful to them in their specific case.
Carlyle and the Romantic Poets

What chance did the Romantic poets have in comparison to Shakespeare and Carlylean standards? There is one section in the essay on Shakespeare in which Carlyle actually compares him to Goethe. That Shakespeare did not suffer in this comparison is remarkable, for Goethe was the star to which Carlyle compared others. Needless to add, the Romantics did not do well in this exercise. In his study of Western philosophy Bertrand Russell reminds us that Carlyle, at one time, considered Byron ‘the noblest spirit in Europe’ and felt that, on his death, he had ‘lost a brother’. He came afterwards to prefer Goethe, but we must remember, says Russell, that ‘Byron was in his blood, whereas Goethe remained an aspiration’.1 Perhaps that is too great a claim for Byron in terms of the impression he made on Carlyle, but the relationship of these two is indeed an interesting and complex one. On the one hand, as the editors of Carlyle’s letters suggest, ‘Close thy Byron; open thy Goethe’ is too simple a formula; on the other, Carlyle, as Russell suggests, after an early attraction consistently rejected the notion of Byron as an important poetic or moral force, the two standing for the same thing in Carlyle’s terms. In a letter to Jane in 1823, for instance, he talks of Goethe as a ‘man of true culture and universal genius’.
Precision Doppler-broadened and Sub-Doppler Absorption Spectroscopy using Optical Frequency Comb Generators

We report recent progress towards precision spectroscopy using optical frequency comb generators, including the first demonstration of multiplexed saturated absorption comb spectroscopy. Hyperfine splittings in the D1 electronic transition of 39K were observed with sub-Doppler resolution.
Birt–Hogg–Dubé Syndrome

Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by a triad of fibrofolliculomas, trichodiscomas, and acrochordons. Since the first description in 1977, many conditions have been described in association with its clinical triad. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a significant association between the occurrence of lesions in the fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma category with renal neoplasms and pneumothoracies. The BHD protein folliculin had recently been identified. The histological findings of the clinical lesions are distinctive. We report a patient with a history of melanoma who presented for routine surveillance. Facial lesions in the fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma category were identified. Diagnostic work-up revealed concomitant multinodular goiter, pulmonary cyst, and renal mass. The patient later developed pneumothorax. Clinical manifestations, histological findings, associations, management, and a review of the Birt-Hogg-Dube Syndrome are discussed.
Deconstructed Analogues of Bupropion Reveal Structural Requirements for Transporter Inhibition versus Substrate-Induced Neurotransmitter Release

Bupropion (1), an α-aminophenone uptake inhibitor at plasma membrane transporters for dopamine (DAT) and norepinephrine (NET), is a widely prescribed antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. Cathinone (2), a structurally simpler α-aminophenone, is a substrate-type releasing agent at the same transporters and a recognized drug of abuse. Our goal was to identify the structural features of α-aminophenones that govern the mechanistic transition from uptake inhibition to substrate-induced release. Deconstructed analogues of 1 were synthesized and compared for their ability to interact with DAT, NET, and the serotonin transporter (SERT) using in vitro assay methods. Bulky amine substituents resulted in compounds that function as DAT uptake inhibitors but not release agents, whereas smaller amine substituents result in relatively nonselective releasing agents at DAT and NET. Our findings add to empirical evidence supporting distinct molecular determinants for α-aminophenone- (i.e., cathinone-) related agents ac...
International Student Recruitment: Trends and Challenges.

This paper provides a review of current trends in international student recruitment. Focusing specifically on recruitment of Chinese students, important aspects of China’s educational system relevant to recruitment are presented. Barriers to Chinese student recruitment are then discussed. Successful, employed, international graduates validate domestic institutional value to prospective foreign students and their parents. In that regard, guidance is then offered for domestic universities to use to assist international students to achieve their desired outcomes as an integral part of the institution’s international student recruitment strategy.