cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unleashing the Crowd: Overcoming the Managerial Challenges

This chapter focuses on the major decisions that need to be made by the managers in organizations that sponsor crowds to solve the organization’s wicked problems. Fundamentally, leveraging unmindcuffed crowds requires solving a paradox: how to manage a crowd that prospers when unmanaged. We break this paradox into five specific challenges managers need to overcome to have a successful crowdsourcing event. We offer specific suggestions for overcoming each challenge.
Searching for the Golden Rule: A Case Study of Two White Novice Teachers’ Beliefs and Experiences of Respect in Urban Schools:

Student respect toward teachers is traditionally considered in terms of behavior or authority. Yet, because of cultural differences and historic oppression of marginalized students in schools, not ...
Empowering Patients in Integrated Behavioral Health-Care Settings: A Narrative Approach to Medical Family Therapy:

Integrated behavioral health care (IBHC) provides patient-centered care, which assures full considerations of patients’ needs and promotes patients having a voice in decisions about their own healt...
A Method for Crash Prediction and Avoidance Using Hidden Markov Models

In recent years, automotive technology has made a steady progress. In particular, Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) has enabled many safety features in commercial vehicles, for instance, pedestrian detection, lane keeping assist, emergency automatic braking, etc. Although these features provide drivers with a safer operational environment, crashes still happen occasionally due to the complex road conditions and the unpredictable movement of road users including vehicles, pedestrians, bicyclists, and non-motorized vehicles. In this paper, we aim at predicting the possibilities of crashes between vehicles on highway and implementing an appropriate active safety system to prevent the same. In particular, hidden Markov models are developed for the traffic lanes and speed change of vehicles on highway. Algorithms are developed for the prediction of crash probabilities. Simulation experiments are conducted using Matlab, the results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed research.
Aperture Taper Control of a High Efficiency Low Sidelobe Series-Fed Antenna Array

A new method of implementing an aperture taper of a series-fed microstrip antenna array is introduced whereby the amplitude coupling is controlled by varying the size of slots. A design example is presented for an 8×34 array designed for 20 GHz with the goal of producing a sidelobe level of −40 dB. To achieve this, a −40 dB Chebyshev taper is chosen, and this is implemented using the new method of slot coupling. From full-wave simulation, the amplitude distribution is found to closely match the desired aperture taper when choosing a distribution of slot sizes that follows an exponential function. Results show a realized gain of 20.9 dBi, a radiation efficiency of 90.2%, and the highest sidelobe at a level of −38 dB. Non-uniform element spacing was used to compensate for phase errors. Future work discussed includes the fabrication and testing of a prototype array and further study into deriving an analytical method for determining the slot sizes to implement an arbitrary aperture taper for a series-fed array.
Pearls in Conventional Imaging Methods for Brain Tumors

Conventional imaging methods for brain tumors are currently structural techniques, usually a combination of T1- and T2-weighted MRI sequences, both pre- and post-contrast. Basic MRI protocols are widely available and highly effective at localizing intracranial masses, generating initial differential diagnoses, and following patients over time. In the rare scenario of a contraindication to either MRI or gadolinium-based contrast agents, CT is an alternative modality that reveals similar structural information, albeit with lower soft tissue contrast resolution. Since other parts of this book will cover the specifics of advanced imaging methods and brain tumor diagnoses, this chapter on conventional imaging methods will be somewhat unconventional in that it will present five general recommendations (“pearls”) based on the authors’ five-plus decades of combined experience interpreting or reviewing brain tumor cases, as well as the inevitable mistakes that they have made or seen along the way.
HIV Fusion Peptide Penetrates, Disorders and Softens T-Cell Membrane Mimics

This work investigates the interaction of N-terminal gp41 fusion peptide (FP) of HIV-1 virus with model membranes in order to elucidate how FP leads to fusion of HIV and T-cell membranes. FP constructs were (i) wildtype FP23 (23 N-terminal amino acids of gp41), (ii) water soluble monomeric FP that adds six lysines on the C-terminus of FP23 (FPwsm) and (iii) the C-terminus covalently linked trimeric version (FPtri) of FPwsm. Model membranes were (i) LM3 (a T-cell mimic), (ii) DOPC, (iii) DOPC/30mole%cholesterol, (iv) diC22:1PC and (v) diC22:1PC/ 30mole%cholesterol. Diffuse synchrotron low-angle x-ray scattering (LAXS) from fully hydrated samples, supplemented by volumetric data, showed that FP23 and FPtri penetrate into the hydrocarbon region and cause membranes to thin. Depth of penetration appears to depend upon a complex combination of factors including bilayer thickness, presence of cholesterol and electrostatics. X-ray data showed an increase in curvature in hexagonal phase DOPE which further indicates that FP23 penetrates into the hydrocarbon region rather than residing in the interfacial headgroup region. LAXS data also yielded bending moduli KC, a measure of membrane stiffness, and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) yielded the Sxray orientational order parameter. Both FP23 and FPtri decreased KC and Sxray considerably, while the weak effect of FPwsm suggests that it did not partition strongly into LM3 model membranes. Our results are consistent with the HIV fusion peptide disordering and softening the T-cell membrane, thereby lowering the activation energy for viral membrane fusion. This research was supported by NIH Grant GM 44976 (STN,RC,JFN) and NIH AI 47153(WQ,DPW).
Producing Peanuts Using Conservation Tillage

Most crops can be successfully grown using conservation planting technology. There has been resistance in using conservation tillage planting methods for peanut as many specialists from past years promoted deep plowing to bury plant residue that might carry various disease organisms. This document will help guide growers who want to use conservation tillage in making that change.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag187
Chemical crosslinking enhances RNA immunoprecipitation for efficient identification of binding sites of proteins that photo-crosslink poorly with RNA.

In eukaryotic cells, proteins that associate with RNA regulate its activity to control cellular function. To fully illuminate the basis of RNA function, it is essential to identify such RNA associated proteins, their mode of action on RNA, and their preferred RNA targets and binding sites. By analyzing catalogs of human RNA associated proteins defined by ultraviolet light (UV)-dependent and independent approaches, we classify these proteins into two major groups: (1) the widely-recognized RNA binding proteins (RBPs), which bind RNA directly and UV crosslink efficiently to RNA, and (2) a new group of RBP-associated factors (RAFs), which bind RNA indirectly via RBPs and UV crosslink poorly to RNA. As the UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (CLIP-Seq) approach will be ill-suited to identify binding sites of RAFs, we show that formaldehyde crosslinking stabilizes RAFs within ribonucleoproteins to allow for their immunoprecipitation under stringent conditions. Using an RBP (CASC3) and an RAF (RNPS1) within the exon junction complex (EJC) as examples, we show that formaldehyde crosslinking combined with RNA immunoprecipitation in tandem followed by sequencing (xRIPiT-Seq) far exceeds CLIP-Seq to identify binding sites of RNPS1. xRIPiT-Seq reveals that RNPS1 occupancy is increased on exons immediately upstream of strong recursively spliced exons, which depend on EJC for their inclusion.
Supra-Versus Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Verification of VO2max in Males and Females.

This study was designed to determine the optimal intensity for verification phase testing (VP) in healthy, young adults. Thirty one young, active participants (16 females) completed a cycle ergometer graded exercise test (GXT) VO2max test and 4 VP tests at 80, 90, 100, and 105% of the maximum wattage achieved during the GXT. GXT and VP VO2max values showed a significant test x sex interaction (p = 0.02). The males elicited significantly higher VO2max values during the GXT, 80%, and 90% when compared to the 105%, (105 vs. GXT: p = 0.05; 105% vs. 80%: p 0.05); 80% of the males achieved their highest VP VO2max during a submaximal VP test compared to only 37.5% of the females. A secondary study conducted showed excellent reliability (ICCs > 0.90) and low variation (CVs < 3%) for the 90% VP. Our findings show that a submaximal verification phase intensity is ideal for young healthy males to elicit the highest VO2max during cycle ergometer testing. For females, a range of intensities (80-105%) produce similar VO2max values. However, the 80% VP yields an unnecessarily high time to exhaustion.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate from a Prosthetic Joint Infection

ABSTRACT Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strain 9120005127 was isolated from a wound infection. We describe the draft genome sequence and antibiotic susceptibility of this strain.
What Is Organizational Behavior

What is organizational behavior, and why should sport managers study it? This chapter introduces the foundations of organizational behavior as it relates to organizational success in the sports industry. Concepts discussed include positive organizational behavior, institutional theory, and resource dependency. The topics introduced in this chapter will receive substantial discussion throughout the remaining chapters of this book.
Sparse Autoencoded Long Short-Term Memory Network for State-of-Charge Estimations

This paper proposes the Sparse Autoencoded Long Short-Term Memory network (SAEL) for long-term State-of-Charge (SOC) estimations. SAEL addresses the challenge of estimating the SOC near the end-of-life after only running a few charge-discharge cycles. SAEL transforms the inputs (e.g., voltage) into a space of informative features for SOC estimations. SAEL then feeds the transformed features into an LSTM network to identify temporal trends that support long-term SOC estimation. In our experiments, SAEL outperformed benchmark models by over 63% when evaluated on three battery cells. SAEL showed an MAE of 2.6% for the last twenty cycles when trained only on the initial five charge-discharge cycles.
The eccentric disk and its eccentric behaviour

Example problems that can stimulate student's curiosity and build their intuition are always welcomed by educators. One concept that can be particularly challenging for undergraduate students to grasp, and often for educators to convey, is the relationship between frictional and normal forces in rolling motion. A system that may be a useful tool to exhibit the rich interplay amongst these forces is a rolling eccentric disk. As a result of having a center of mass not coincident with the geometric center, an eccentric disk has a non-constant normal force and four distinct phases of motion: oscillations about a stable equilibrium, roll without slip, roll with slip, and hop. This paper examines an eccentric disk rolling down an incline as a valuable teaching example and explores its peculiar behavior. The rolling system is analytically modeled using an augmented Lagrangian formulation, solved with numerical integration, and experimentally realized. The results are presented and discussed in detail.
A Frequency and Bandwidth Reconfigurable 3–6 GHz Cryogenic SiGe BiCMOS LNA with a Power Consumption of ≤ 2.9 mW

A 3–6 GHz reconfigurable SiGe cryogenic low-noise amplifier has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The integrated circuit features a broadband input-stage followed by a pair of buffered reconfigurable second-order systems. When characterized at a physical temperature of 15K and configured for a broadband response (3–6 GHz), we find that it provides in excess of 35 dB of gain while achieving an average noise temperature of 4.3K from 3–6 GHz and dissipating 1.8mW. By changing the states of the digitally controllable second-order systems and on-chip digital-to-analog-converter-based bias generators, we show that the amplifier can be tuned in both bandwidth and center frequency while maintaining similar performance specifications to those achieved in the broadband mode of operation. In all cases, the power consumption of the amplifier is lower than 2.9mW. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first digitally programmable cryogenic low-noise amplifier reported to date.
Resisting Dictatorship: Repression and Protest in Southeast Asia

1. Introduction 2. Protest, repression and transition in Southeast Asia 3. Authoritarian attack and dictatorial rise 4. Protest in socialist Burma 5. New order repression and the Indonesian opposition 6. The Philippine new society and state repression 7. Repression and protest in comparative perspective 8. People power and insurgency in the Philippine transition 9. Protest and the underground in Burma 10. Indonesia's democracy protests 11. Democracy protest and state repression List of references Index.
Molecular Mechanisms in Acute Lung Injury

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the experience in the use of lung inflammatory models, which have provided information on the role of various inflammatory mediators and their sequence of engagement. This information has provided insights into potential interventional approaches for the suppression of inflammatory processes in humans. The use of animal models of lung inflammation has allowed for the probing of pathways of inflammation responsible for injury. Although the models do not necessarily extrapolate to lung inflammatory diseases in humans, they have permitted a detailed dissection of events that ultimately lead to damage of interstitial capillary endothelial cells and alveolar epithelial cells. In this chapter, models of inflammatory injury in rat lung are discussed: injury occurring after systemic activation of complement and injury developing after alveolar deposition of either IgG or IgA immune complexes. In each model, there are similarities but also distinctive differences that have provided insights into diverse pathways by which the inflammatory response causes tissue injury. This chapter also demonstrates how the in vitro use of endothelial cell monolayers has provided an approach to understanding the mechanisms by which activated neutrophils injure endothelial cells
A pilot study examining the use of the autism diagnostic observation schedule in community-based mental health clinics

Community-based mental health (CMH) services play an important, but relatively understudied role in the identification and treatment of youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who may be receiving care for other psychiatric conditions. Little is known about the role of standardized ASD assessment measures administered by providers working in generalist community-based mental health (CMH) settings. This pilot study extracted data from three CMH clinics to examine the use of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) by 17 CMH providers who received ASD assessment training with 62 youth (Mean = 10.69 years) referred for an ASD diagnostic evaluation. Results indicated that 57% of youths assessed ultimately received an ASD diagnosis. All cases given a final ASD diagnosis were classified as "Autism" or "ASD" on the ADOS. Seventy percent of youth who did not receive a final ASD diagnosis were classified as "Non-Spectrum" on the ADOS. In these false positive cases, report narratives indicated that social communication difficulties identified on the ADOS were explained by symptoms of other mental health conditions (e.g., ADHD, anxiety). Future research is needed to examine the utility of the ADOS when used by CMH providers to facilitate CMH capacity to identify ASD.
Government contract evaluation

The evaluation of proposals for compliance and merit in government contracts by its very nature must be structured in order to be fair. Because of this requirement to be absolutely fair, the process is usually laborious and, time-consuming. In December 1997, the United States Postal Service (USPS) approached Battelle to assist it in the evaluation of proposals submitted for the Midrange Computer Acquisition. The criteria were derailed yet subject to interpretation by the companies submitting proposed solutions to the mission requirements. Agreement and consensus of the evaluators were critical. Saving time was essential to reach the successful completion of the task before the Christmas holidays. The authors developed a methodology to produce the desired results for the meeting convener and evaluation committee. This paper presents the development and application of a methodology for evaluating government contracts using GroupSystems for Windows. The methodology has defined steps and is repeatable.
Systematic applications of gas-liquid chromatography in toxicology: III. The barbiturates

Abstract In this work are listed the relative retention times of 23 barbiturates obtained at 195 ° and 220 °C on a 3-foot glass column packed with 1% Hi-Eff-8B on 100 120 mesh silanized Gas Chrom P. Also recorded are the results of recoveries of twelve drugs of this group which were added in known quantities to blood, extracted by the acetone-ether method (2) and their recoveries determined gas chromatographically on the above column. Details of animal experiments show that in all cases the administered drugs could be detected in the bloods of the rats. This was also true in the majority of blood specimens received from patients who were given therapeutic levels of the commonly used barbiturates.
Methods for determining composition of the human body. With a note on the effect of diet on body composition.

The early nineteenth century witnessed the first concerted application of chemical techniques to the investigation of biologic materials. Milk was chemically analyzed, von Liebig discovered the chemical contrast between potassium-rich cells and sodium-rich tissue fluids, and Carl Schmidt analyzed blood serum in great detail. Soon these methods were applied to the study of the entire human body. The advent of isotopic dilution techniques in the 19309s and 19409s brought about a renewed interest in body composition. More recently these and other techniques have been used in an attempt to study the nutritional aspects of body composition. It is the purpose of this report to present the various methods now in use and to discuss the virtues and limitations of each. DIRECT CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Whole Body During the past century a number of human carcasses have been analyzed for water, fat, nitrogen, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus. These include the fetus, newborn, and adult. The few analyses done on children have included subjects suffering from conditions known to profoundly affect water and electrolyte metabolism. Data for total body content in the new-born and adult are presented in Table I, both on a fresh-weight and a fat-free fresh-weight basis. The latter basis for expressing values avoids discrepancies that arise because of alterations in fat content. It is evident that significant changes in body composition occur during growth. Water, sodium, and chloride contents decline, while contents of nitrogen, calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphorus all increase. In these data, body fat content is not strikingly different in the two age groups.
Simulation of Wave-Current Interaction Using Novel, Coupled Non-Phase and Phase Resolving Wave and Current Models

Abstract : The specific objectives of this project, which began less than six months ago, are to (1) Develop and test novel, fundamentally rotational phase-resolving wave-current systems which may have arbitrary order; (2) Code these theoretical systems and develop them into phase-resolving nearshore surf zone models; and (3) Couple with large scale wave/circulation models. For goal (1), more detailed objectives include combining aspects of Boussinesq and Green-Naghdi water wave theory to arrive at systems that retain the scaling and enhancement of properties through asymptotic rearrangement found in Boussinesq systems; and the fundamentally rotational behavior of Green-Naghdi systems. This will include linear and nonlinear properties such as dispersion, shoaling, and second harmonics. A second goal is to extend Boussinesq scaling to include dual irrotational-rotational scaling for arbitrary order. The system should have the general form of a Boussinesq-type system with mixed space-time derivatives. For goal (2) detailed objectives are to achieve at a high combination of accuracy and efficiency; to develop a code that may be used with complex geometries; and one that will eventually be easy to parallelize. Our objective is also to make as few approximations as possible. We will produce both 2D and 3D codes. For goal (3), our objective is to develop protocols to pass information back and forth with the large scale wave-circulation models, which will be SWAN/ADCIRC for the first development phase.
The IRSC Baccalaureate Transition Team: Leading Change in a Culture of Communication, Collaboration, and Creativity

No other Florida community college has successfully developed and launched nine baccalaureate degree programs at one time. Indian River State College accomplished this goal—and gained Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) Level II accreditation—in 12 months by establishing a college-wide Baccalaureate Transition Team within a culture of enhanced communication, collaboration, and creativity.
Why don't courts treat hospitals like tanks for liquefied gases? Some reflections on health care antitrust enforcement.

In this article, I use the Federal Trade Commission and the Department of Justice 2004 report Improving Health Care: A Dose of Competition as an occa- sion to comment on two specific issues that have arisen in health care antitrust: the recent string of losses by the enforcement agencies in hospital merger cases and an antitrust exemption for physicians to bargain collectively with health insurers. One of the more salient facts about health care antitrust enforcement is the notable recent lack of success of the enforcement agencies in hospital merger cases. This may be due to judges and juries holding views of hospital markets as being different from markets for other goods and services. My conclusion is that hospitals are an industry with unique attributes, but nothing about the specifics of the health care industry sug- gests that the unregulated use of market power in this industry is socially beneficial. As a consequence, the antitrust laws should be enforced here as in any other industry. Countervailing power is an issue that has come to the fore in health care antitrust. Physicians have explicitly asked for legislative exemption from the antitrust laws in order to bargain collectively with insurance companies, as a means of counteracting insurers' monopsony power. It is not clear that health insurers possess significant monopsony power. Even if they do, bestowing monopoly power on physicians will not necessarily improve matters. Active antitrust enforcement in insurance markets is the correct response, not blanket exemptions for providers.
Gentle organ manipulation during harvest as a key determinant of survival of fatty livers after transplantation in the rat.

Both in situ organ manipulation during harvest and steatosis reduce survival after liver transplantation via mechanisms involving Kupffer cells; thus, their effect on survival was compared here. Moderate steatosis was induced by a single dose of ethanol to Lewis rats, while long-term administration of ethanol yielded severe steatosis in donor animals. After minimal dissection during the first 12 min, livers were either manipulated gently or left alone for 13 min subsequently. Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed after 1 h of cold storage in UW solution. Ethanol increased hepatic lipid content to a level of moderate or severe steatosis that reduced survival after transplantation from 100 % to approximately 70 % (P < 0.05). However, gentle manipulation decreased survival to approximately 30 % (P < 0.05) in livers from normal, saline-treated rats and in livers from rats fed a high-fat control diet. Moreover, after short- or long-term ethanol administration, manipulation of fatty livers decreased survival from 70 % to approximately 13 % (P < 0.05). Further, manipulation elevated serum transaminases, total bilirubin, and necrosis significantly about 2- to 20-fold in fatty grafts after transplantation. At the end of harvest, trypan blue distribution time and hypoxia assessed from 2-nitroimidazole binding were elevated significantly about two- to fourfold by manipulation of fatty grafts. Gadolinium chloride, a Kupffer cell toxicant, blocked the detrimental effects of manipulation. These data demonstrate for the first time that, while steatosis is detrimental for survival, organ manipulation plays a much greater role than fat in mechanisms of primary nonfunction.
Comments on “force on a small inclusion in a standing acoustic wave”

Abstract It is noted that several investigators have treated this topic previously and have obtained slightly different results from those of Dysthe. It is shown that the results of the previous investigations reduce to those of Dysthe when the density of the inclusion is approximately equal to the density of the homogeneous medium supporting the sound field.
Use of osmotically active agents to alter optical properties of tissue: Influence on the detected fluorescence signal from a subsurface target

In this study, we used a technique that alters the optical properties of tissue to study the effects of tissue scattering on the detected fluorescence from a target placed under the tissue sample. By using hyper-osmotic solutions of glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide, scattering in tissue samples was reduced substantially. A fluorescent film was placed underneath in vitro and in vivo samples of hamster skin. Excitation of the fluorescent film was achieved through the tissue and the fluorescent signal from the film monitored over time as an osmotically active agent was added to the tissue. The film had an absorption peak at 542 nm and an emission peak at 585 nm. The reduction in tissue scattering caused by the optical clearing agents led to an increase in the detected fluorescent signal (up to double the original signal). The increase was greater for 14 M dimethyl sulfoxide than for 13 M glycerol, and greater for in vivo skin than for in vitro skin. The study serves as a demonstration of the benefits of optical tissue clearing by osmotically active agents to the detected signal in an optical application. Temporary reduction of scattering in tissue will be useful in therapeutic and diagnostic applications that can benefit from an increase in the penetration depth of light.
Concise synthesis of Bacillus anthracis exosporium tetrasaccharide via two-stage activation of allyl glycosyl donor strategy

A highly efficient glycosylation protocol recently developed in our laboratory has been utilized in the short synthesis of the tetrasaccharide 1, an antigen important to the development of carbohydrate-based diagnostic tools and vaccines against anthrax. The protocol employs allyl glycosides as building blocks and improves the overall synthetic efficiency.
Vasectomy serum assays and coronary heart disease symptoms and risk factors.

We compared three serum assays (two antisperm antibody assays and one assay for circulating immune complexes) and a number of CHD-related variables in 69 vasectomized (V) and 126 non-vasectomized (NV) participants in the Portland Center for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Significant differences between the V and NV men were found in sperm agglutination (SA) and sperm immobilization (SI) titers, as well as in several CHD risk factors, symptoms, and treatments; men in the V group had higher titers for SA and SI, smoked more, and had lower diastolic and systolic blood pressure than men in the NV group. Differences between V and NV in SA and SI activity remained even after we controlled for any effects that CHD risk factors, symptoms, and treatments may have had on the serum assays. Antibody development tended to decrease with age-at-vasectomy and increase with time-post-vasectomy. In the case of SA the antibodies clearly increased with time-post-vasectomy.
Sea urchin egg cortical granule exocytosis is followed by a burst of membrane retrieval via uptake into coated vesicles

Abstract Using improved fixation procedures we have found that extensive endocytotic activity is turned on at fertilization in eggs of three species of sea urchins. Beginning after completion of cortical granule exocytosis and after exocytotic pits have completely smoothed over, the entire activated egg surface engages in a limited period of extensive removal of membrane via uptake into coated vesicles. This “burst phase” lasts about 3–5 min after which the number of invaginating coated vesicles decreases rapidly. At the end of this burst phase all the patches of cortical granule membranes have disappeared, and the egg surface is left uniformly covered by microvilli. For the remainder of the first cell cycle coated pits continue to form at a slower but steady rate. Endocytotic activity continues past the time of first cleavage. There is distinct overlap in onset and duration of the burst phase of endocytosis with the period of medium acidification during normal development. However, activation of eggs in choline sea water, which inhibits acid secretion, results in an endocytic burst whose timing and duration are similar to those in normal eggs. The endocytic burst is, therefore, independent of cytoplasmic alkalinization. These results suggest, in accord with the two-step model of egg activation (D. Epel, R. A. Steinhardt, and R. A. Humphreys, 1974; Dev. Biol. 40, 245–255 ; D. Epel, 1978, Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 12, 185–246) that initiation of endocytosis is most likely a Ca2+-dependent event.
Effects of post-hepatectomized rat sera on cultured cells.

These experiments suggest that serum obtained subsequent to partial hepatectomy of rats is capable of stimulating the growth of and enhancing the final population and cell viability achieved in antibiotic-free suspension cultures of L929 cells. Preliminary enzymatic inhibition of post-hepatectomy serum suggests that one of the humoral factors involved may be RNA.
A method for estimation of the relative antigenic potencies of preparations containing common new antigens derived from a precursor protein (β-lactoglobulin)

Abstract The Schultz-Dale technique has been adapted to the determination of the relative antigenic potencies of the common new antigens in the dialysate fractions (D1–D6), respectively obtained by six successive, 8-min, pepsin hydrolyses of β-lactoglobulin. The dialysate fractions, with a molecular weight of 12,000 or less, amounted to approximately 90% of the starting β-lactoglobulin. Fraction D2, obtained in the highest yield, was used as reference standard in determining the relative antigenic potencies of the other dialysate fractions. Using guinea pigs uniformly sensitized with D2, the relative antigenic potencies were: D1, 0.75; D3, 2.5; D4, 8.0; D5, 3.0; D6, 6.0. Using guinea pigs individually sensitized with the other dialysate fractions, the relative antigenic potencies were: D1, 0.19; D3–D6, 3.0. The precision of the method was ±33%. The new antigens in D1–D6 are essentially as potent as ovalbumin because the minimum amount of new antigen nitrogen which produced a response in the uterine strip of sensitized guinea pig was 0.015 μg as compared with 0.008 to 0.0008 μg of ovalbumin nitrogen.
On the Asymmetric Structure of the Tropical Cyclone Outflow Layer

Abstract ATS-III satellite data and conventional aerological data are used to construct detailed wind analyses of the outflow layer for four hurricanes and one tropical storm. Harmonic analysis of these data, and of the data for a mean Atlantic hurricane and a mean Pacific typhoon, shows that wave numbers 1 and 2 around the circumference of the storm account for most of the variance of momentum and kinetic energy. Subtraction of the symmetric part of the vortex circulation from the total flow to yield the “asymmetric wind” reveals two eddies located in preferred quadrants of the storm. An anticyclonic eddy is found to the right and a cyclonic eddy to the left of the storm motion. These eddies transport absolute vorticity inward, opposing the outward transport by the mean circulation. They also transport a significant amount of negative relative angular momentum outward. The presence of inertial (or dynamic) instability is investigated. Although substantial areas of negative absolute vorticity and anomalou...
Tuberculosis Testing: Physician Attitudes and Practice

Objective: To assess physician agreement with and adoption of American Academy of Pediatrics' (AAP) recommendations on tuberculosis screening in children. Design and Participants: Survey of a random sample of 1272 community pediatricians and family physicians (excluding academic institutions) in 4 mid-Atlantic states and the District of Columbia. Results: The response rate was 66%. Seventy-five percent of the respondents were aware of the 1994 AAP screening recommendations. Most (64%) test children at low risk periodically (at age 1 year, preschool age, and adolescent age), and 81% test children at high risk annually. Eighty-one percent of the respondents estimated that 10% or less of their patients were at high risk for tuberculosis. Most use patient-specific factors, geographic or community prevalence, or both as principal criteria to determine risk. Eighty-seven percent used multiple-puncture tests in 1993; this declined to 55% in 1994. Multiple-puncture tests are still used exclusively by 29% of the respondents. Ninety-one percent of those using multiple-puncture tests and 19% of those using the Mantoux test allow parents to read the test reaction. Forty-six percent of the respondents believed that if a return visit was required for reading the test reaction, 50% or less of their patients would return. Only 22% of the respondents adhere to the 1994 AAP recommendations regarding frequency, testing method, and reading the test reaction. Factors associated with adherence to AAP recommendations included physician and practice characteristics and knowledge of AAP recommendations. Conclusions: Physician practice of tuberculosis testing varies widely; most do not adhere to the 1994 AAP recommendations. Most physicians vary the frequency and testing method based on a patient's risk status. The use of multiple-puncture tests has declined, although they are still widely used. Accurate reading of screening tests remains a major concern. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996;150:682-685
Women's power and fertility transition: The cases of Africa and the West Indies

Over the last three decades, fertility has fallen dramatically throughout the West Indies (close to or below replacement-level on some islands). With few exceptions, fertility has risen or has remained at high levels in Africa. The difference is that Caribbean women have been empowered to pursue goals independently of their childbearing capacity, and African women have not. African fertility can be expected to decline, as it appears it may have begun in a small number of countries, where, when, and to the extent that African women come to enjoy economic mobility opportunities like those which have been available to their Caribbean peers.
Fitting in by Race/Ethnicity: The Social and Academic Integration of Diverse Students at a Large Predominantly White University

This study examined the influence of racial/ethnic dynamics on the process of social and academic integration. Students of diverse racial/ethnic and academic backgrounds were interviewed throughout their first-year and again at the beginning of their sophomore year about their pre-college and in-college experiences. Results yielded a qualitative description of the process of integration and indicated the importance of peer culture and institutional environment. Racial/ethnic accountability, the pervasiveness of White culture, and the pursuit of a color-blind society led to differences in integration by race/ethnicity. These dynamics, in addition to differences in pre-college learning opportunities, challenged the social and academic integration of minority students, particularly African-American and Latino/a students, into campus life.
Laser Pulse Shaping On Multiple Rotational Lines

We have performed analysis and experiments to demonstrate the feasibility of laser pulse shaping, based on the coherent synthesis of waveforms by phase locked oscillators. The approach is to control the frequency, amplitude and phase of a number of waveguide CO2 lasers and to synthesize pulses consistent with Fourier analysis. The laser frequency and phase are controlled with a crossover servo which drives a piezo-electric length tuner and an electro-optical crystal modulator. This approach has been demonstrated with a five-laser array producing pulses of a nominal 1.6 ns duration.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Sulfite stimulation of chloroplast coupling factor ATPase

The latent ATPase of spinach chloroplasts is activated by the thylakoid high-energy state, plus reduction of the disulfide bond on the γ subunit. If the high-energy state decays, activity disappears. We find that ATPase activity can be restored not only by a second illumination, but also by inorganic sulfite in the dark. With sufficient sulfite present, high concentrations of uncoupler no longer inhibit ATP hydrolysis. However, sulfite does not replace light in permitting rapidreduction of the disulfide bond on the γ subunit by dithioerythreitol. Sulfite together with saturating levels of the uncouplers, NH 4 Cl and gramicidin, stimulates very high rates of Mg 2+ -dependent ATPase. Using thylakoids treated with trypsin following reduction in the light, the consequent rates of ATPase can be as high as 3000 μmol/mg chlorophyll per h, or5-times faster than any previously reported. The system follows hyperbolic kinetics with respect to sulfite, and extensive kinetic characterization of thylakoid-bound ATPase became possible. Kinetic analyses indicated competitive relationships between ADP and both ATP and sulfite, and between azide (a high-affinity inhibitor in this system) and sulfite. There was a mutual interdependence of kinetic constants for ATP and for sulfite: as the concentration of one of these decreased, the values for both K m and V m of the other decreased.
Icons in surgery.

• This company of surgeons, the Pacific Coast Surgical Association, has honored me greatly, and I am grateful. In a turbulent, changing world, as physicians, you are among the most important people on earth. More important, by far, than any technologic aspect of your craft, is your character. As the pen is mightier than the sword, your beliefs and values are the sustaining force that will guide you in troubled times. Icons are Everyman's "pointers of the way" in meeting the challenges of tomorrow. (Arch Surg. 1992;127:1012-1018)
Simulation and modelling of photonic and plasmonic crystal back reflectors for efficient light trapping

We design photonic crystal back reflectors for thin film a-Si:H solar cells that maximize the absorption of photons within the absorber layer. Rigorous scattering matrix (S-matrix) simulation approaches are used where Maxwell's equations are rigorously solved for the layered solar cell structure. Metallic photonic crystals consisting of hole arrays as well as metallic pyramidal arrays are considered. Simulations predict an optimum lattice spacing between 700 and 750 nm and an increase in absorption of ~10%. The metallic photonic crystals strongly diffract light within the absorber layer, and are very effective in harvesting weakly absorbing photons with energies just above the band edge.
Capillary electrophoretic study of individual exocytotic events in single mast cells

In this work we have demonstrated the application of on-column dynamic release of serotonin from individual granules within rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs). These granules are approximately 0.25 fl in volume and represent some of the smallest entities studied by capillary electrophoresis (CE). With the coupling of high-speed CE and laser-induced native fluorescence, a time resolution of 0.002 min and a detection limit of 0.9 amol (S/N=3, rms) were achieved. By using a secretagogue as the running buffer for CE, we resolved the peak profile of individual degranulation events released due to exocytosis. The average amount of serotonin released for five RPMCs analyzed was 33 amol ±16%.
BAND AID: First steps toward an ICAI system

BANDAID is an intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI) system designed for students learning to program in BASIC. The major thesis is that beginning students need a friendly environment, that is, one in which information about the language and the system are immediately available. The system accepts most commands without switching levels: BASIC lines are parsed on input with very specific error messages. An editor allows corrections of BASIC lines. The program can be traced while running, and an indefinite number of HELP comments can be written for the system. Without leaving the BASIC environment, the user can interact with the CMS monitor of the main machine running the program. Although no English language comments or questions are allowed, the system is modular so that additions of restrictive dialogue interaction and guided tutoring are possible. Illustrations are presented showing the capabilities of the system. The paper also presents some of the implementation details of BANDAID. A flexible system requires implementation in LISP, so examples of how the system programmer interacts with LISP during debugging are given. Although still incomplete, the system runs satisfactorily and can be used easily by beginning students and by psychologists interested in how people learn complex subjects.
SU-FF-T-204: Evaluation of 3-D Cluster Formation in Inhomogeneous Dose Distributions

Purpose: One shortcoming of using dose volume histogram (DVH) to evaluate a radiotherapytreatment plan is that the spatial distribution of the high dose voxels is not accounted. Cluster models, on the other hand, address not only the volumes but also their spatial location. This study is to evaluate cluster formation in clinical volume or organ at risk (OAR) receiving an inhomogeneous dose distribution. Method and Materials: In this study, upper five‐centimeter esophagus in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck was used as the OAR. The patients were treated using IMRT. An in‐house program has been developed to analyze the Pinnacle dose grid, and to perform cluster searching. We studied one‐ and two‐connectivity of cluster formation. Results: The characteristics of cluster formation are very different under different fractional density. The size of the largest cluster shows a distribution with a peak and also some extent of spread. The cluster size can vary in a large range and cannot be accurately predicted. Therefore, the clinical outcome of the same DVH could be potentially different. The relationship between the mean size of the largest cluster (MSLC) and fractional density is non‐linear. Above a specific fractional density there is a dramatic increase in the MSLC, which possibly also represents an increase of the chance of percolation. At a certain high fractional density, MSLC increases linearly with fractional density, and additional voxels just increase the size of the existing largest cluster instead of forming new independent short clusters. Comparing one‐connectivity with two‐connectivity, two‐connectivity presents a steeper slope in the exponential increase area on the MSLC v.s. fractional density curve. Conclusion:Our investigation on the superior section of esophagus disclosed some interesting charasteristics. In the future, it may also be possible to incorporate these new NTCP models in the dose optimization algorithm.
Evaluation of heavy metal uptake in micropterus salmoides (Largemouth Bass) of Lake Austin, TX by neutron activation analysis

Neutron activation analysis was used to investigate and quantify the level of heavy metal uptake in the marine environment of Lake Austin in Austin, TX. Specifically, the samples studied were largemouth bass, or micropterus salmoides. The presence of heavy metals in the food chain presents multiple hazards, mostly as a food hazard for those species that ingest the fish, namely humans. To measure the concentrations of heavy metals in various fish samples, the nuclear analytical technique of neutron activation analysis (NAA) was used. Both epithermal and thermal irradiations were conducted for the NAA to look for short and long-lived radioisotopes, respectively. The samples themselves consisted of liver and tissue samples for each of the fish caught. Each sample was freeze-dried and homogenized before irradiation and spectrum acquisition. The results showed that all levels of heavy metals were not sufficient enough to make the fish unsafe for eating, with the highest levels being found for iron and zinc. Gold was found to be at much higher concentrations in the younger fish and virtually non-existent in the larger of the samples.
Composition of the volatile Oil from Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Stump Heartwood

Abstract The oil contained approximately 5% d ‐α‐pinene, 3% d ‐limonene, p ‐cymene (trace), 3% terpinolene, 0.5% d ‐camphor, 6% l ‐α‐fenchyl alcohol, 2.3% d ‐bornyl acetate, 11% d ‐borneol, 27.5% d ‐α‐terpineol, 4% l ‐citronellol, 3.5% l ‐citronellyl acetate, 4% l ‐bisabolene, white solid m. p. 129.7–131.0° (trace), 7% tricyclic sesquiterpene, 15% d ‐candene (6), white solid m. p. 134.5–135.5° (trace), 4% l ‐cadinol, and 0.5% l ‐cadinyl acetate.
Diagnosis of suspicious breast lesions using an empirical mathematical model for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.

The purpose of this study was to test whether an empirical mathematical model (EMM) of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can distinguish between benign and malignant breast lesions. A modified clinical protocol was used to improve the sampling of contrast medium uptake and washout. T1-weighted DCE magnetic resonance images were acquired at 1.5 T for 22 patients before and after injection of Gd-DTPA. Contrast medium concentration as a function of time was calculated over a small region of interest containing the most rapidly enhancing pixels. Then the curves were fitted with the EMM, which accurately described contrast agent uptake and washout. Results demonstrate that benign lesions had uptake (P<2.0×10−5) and washout (P<.01) rates of contrast agent significantly slower than those of malignant lesions. In addition, secondary diagnostic parameters, such as time to peak of enhancement, enhancement slope at the peak and curvature at the peak of enhancement, were derived mathematically from the EMM and expressed in terms of primary parameters. These diagnostic parameters also effectively differentiated benign from malignant lesions (P<.03). Conventional analysis of contrast medium dynamics, using a subjective classification of contrast medium kinetics in lesions as ‘washout,’ ‘plateau’ or ‘persistent’ (sensitivity=83%, specificity=50% and diagnostic accuracy=72%), was less effective than the EMM (sensitivity=100%, specificity=83% and diagnostic accuracy=94%) for the separation of benign and malignant lesions. In summary, the present research suggests that the EMM is a promising alternative method for evaluating DCE-MRI data with improved diagnostic accuracy.