cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aneuploidy in mouse embryos induced by diethylstilbestrol diphosphate.

To determine any cytogenetic effects induced by the use of diethylstilbestrol diphosphate (DESdp) during pregnancy Purdue University (1973) treated mouse embryos with a single ip injection of 1 .1 or .01 mcg of DESdp 6 24 or 48 hours prior to sacrifice at Day 8.5 of gestation. Chromosome counts from 10 metaphase plates from each of 307 embryos recovered from 45 experimental females were compared with counts from 103 embryos from 15 controls which had been injected with .85% saline. Controls displayed an aneuploidy rate of 1.26% in 1030 metaphase plates counted from 103 embryos; only 1 tetraploid cell was observed and the majority of the aneuploid cells contained only 39 chromosomes. Increase in either dose of DESdp or length of exposure was found to produce a rise in the aneuploidy rate and a variance analysis test on the major effects of dose time and the interaction between dose and time yielded highly significant values (p<.01) indicating that each variable produced an increase in aneuploidy. Performance of a Newman-Keuls sequential range test revealed that comparisons of all means were significantly different (p<.01) and suggested that all doses of DESdp produced an aneuploidy increase which grew significantly as dosage or length of exposure increasedy No embryonic malformations or deaths occurred and all decidua contained apparently healthy embryos when examined with a stereomicroscope. The DESdp-produced aneuploidy increase closely resembled the results of several in vitro studies (e.g. Kuchler-Grauer) which demonstrated that estrogens with hydroxyl units at Positions 3 and 17 produce unusual mitoses in cultured mammalian cells. These same hydroxyl groups are responsible for the estrogenic activity of these compounds. It might be hypothesized that aneuploidy is an incidental occurrence seen in dying or senescent cells due to an upset intracellular metabolism. A more direct effect may be the production of nondisjunction by partial inactivation of the spindle fibers approximating a colchicinelike effect.
Sampling constants for niacin content in standard reference material 1846 Infant Formula

Modern measurement systems for food components often require use of ever smaller sample sizes, down to mg for some new microtechniques, which puts a stronger demand on development of reference materials with defined homogeneity for subsampling. One approach to evaluate the homogeneity of materials is the characterization of sampling constants, defined as that amount of material that gives a 1% error for subsampling. This approach was developed for geological sampling and has been applied in a limited way for inorganic components in food/biological materials. We have extended this approach to the determination of the sampling constants for an organic component, niacin, in the SRM 1846 Infant Formula material. This material was produced by blending of a dry vitamin mix (5% weight) into the bulk spray dried powder, for long term stability purposes. By analyzing similar aliquots of a reconstituted homogeneous fluid solution of a large sample size, in comparison to smaller portions of dry powder, an estimate of the variation due to sampling can be separated from estimates of variation due to analysis. Using either the AOAC microbiological method or a newly developed HPLC method, sampling constants for the niacin content of SRM 1846 are in the range of 1–3 g; use of smaller sub-samples can introduce significant variation into determinations using this SRM.
Adapting calorimetric X-ray detectors for Compton scattering experiments performed at high energies

Abstract Motivated by the need for improved resolution in Compton scattering experiments performed with high energy X-rays, we have developed a high resolution spectrometer. We have adapted calorimetric X-ray detectors, produced at Goddard Space Flight Center for X-rays around 6 keV, to Compton scattering research using synchrotron radiation near 40 keV. Such a detector is operated below 0.1 K and determines X-ray energies by measuring the temperature increase which results from the absorption of a single X-ray photon. We have investigated a number of materials as candidates for the overlayer which is affixed to a device in order to absorb the X-rays and transfer their energy to phonons. Using Sn absorbers, we have achieved a resolution of 90 eV at 32 keV. The apparatus was brought to a wiggler beam line at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, where we were able to measure Compton profiles of Si for the (100) and (111) directions. The difference reproduced the previously measured anisotropy, but the measurement was limited by the low number of total counts and by a degradation in resolution experienced during operation at the synchrotron. This experiment illustrates the feasibility of using such a system for Compton scattering research. We expect that future improvements to the detectors and to the supporting apparatus will make higher resolution measurements possible.
A cupric bromide process for hydrometallurgical recovery of copper

Abstract Copper(II) bromide in aqueous sodium bromide solution is shown to be an effective leaching agent for copper sulfides and ore concentrates. Furthermore, a flowsheet based on cupric bromide leaching is suggested for recovering copper from sulfide concentrates and alloys. Purification and removal of a number of metals from the leachate solution can be accomplished by hydroxide addition and precipitation although other special provisions may be required for removal of solubilized silver and mercury. Electrolysis of the purified copper (I) bromide solution can be accomplished readily to recover metallic copper and regenerate the copper (II) leachate solution. Advantages and complications of the copper (II) bromide system are discussed in comparison with those of the copper (II) chloride system.
Phosphorylation of lens membrane: Identification of the catalytic subunit of Na+, K+-ATPase

Summary Phosphorylation of lens membrane in the presence [γ-P 32 ]ATP resulted in the radiolabeling of a protein doublet with an approximate molecular weight of 90,000. A doublet of the same relative mobility was radiolabeled after similar treatment of Na + , K + -ATPase from brain, and the phosphorylation of both doublets was inhibited in the presence of K + . Verification that the radiolabeled lens doublet was the catalytic subunit of Na + , K + -ATPase was obtained by comparison of their phosphopeptides with these from Na + , K + -ATPase from brain.
Greenbug Control on Grain Sorghum and the Effects of Tested Insecticides on Other Insects

A new biotype of Schizaphis gramimun (Rondani) caused severe and widespread damage to sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, in the summer of 1968. Screening tests and refinement of application rate studies were conducted in 1968 and 1969 to determine if compounds used in greeubug control on wheat could be used effectively also against this biotype. The most feasible chemicals, considering both insecticidal and nonphytotoxic properties, were disulfoton, parathion, diazinon, demeton, and ULV malathion. Carbophenothion, although somewhat slower acting, was also usually very effective. Supracide® ( S -((2-methoxy-5-oxo-∆2-l,3,4-thiacliazolin-4-yl) methyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorodithioate), while not very effective in the 1968 studies, significantly reduced greeubug populations in the 1969 tests. Most of the insecticides were found to give reductions also in populations of the corn leaf aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Fall armyworm, Spodoplera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and flea beetle population differences following insecticidal treatments were not significant. Of the beneficial insects monitored, the primary species present were the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, and various parasitic Hymenoptera. In general the more effective the insecticide in controlling the greenbug, the greater its suppressive effect Avas on beneficial insect populations. However, demeton applied at 0.5 lb active ingredient per acre gave satisfactory greenbug control and spared much of the beneficial insect population.
Distribution and behaviour of passerines around Peregrine Falco peregrinus eyries in western Greenland

This paper describes the distribution and behaviour of passerine birds within 1 km of Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus eyries in western Greenland. Passerine populations were censused in 1983 around six cliffs occupied by nesting Peregrines and at six sites on the open tundra, and in 1984 at two unoccupied sites suitable for Peregrine nesting. Four passerine species accounted for over 90% of birds seen. Within 400 m of Peregrine occupied cliffs, three species, Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus. Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe, and Common Redpoll Carduelisflammea, were found in lower than average abundance while the fourth, Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis, was found in increased abundance. Our indirect tests suggest that Peregrine presence, rather than direct predation, was responsible for the distributions of the first three species. The Snow Bunting, however, behaviourally adapts to Peregrine presence in order to exploit nesting habitat available at the cliff base. These results contrast strongly with those reported by other Arctic workers, where increased abundances of potential prey were observed in close proximity to nesting Peregrines.
Port-A-Cath infections in children with cancer

Implanted subcutaneous (s.c.) central venous port accesses including Port-A-Cath (PAC) facilitate the administration of chemotherapy or blood products and are frequently used in children with cancer. The incidence of PAC-related infections was determined in 155 consecutive paediatric cancer patients with PAC followed for a total of 134,773 days (median, 738; range, 25-2080). Overall, 48 bloodstream infections occurred in 26 patients. 12 (25%) of these infections and 3 local infections at the insertion site were treatment-resistant and demanded removal of the PAC. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were involved in 12 of these 15 episodes. The rate of clearly PAC-related infections in this so far largest reported series was 0.11 episodes per 1000 PAC days, one of the lowest in the literature. Although catheter-related infections demanded PAC removal in 8% of our patients, the long periods PAC were in use and their benefits argue for continued PAC use in the paediatric cancer population.
The power of alternatives or the limits to negotiation

People faced with upcoming negouauons often seek advice. Invariably, many if not most of their questions have a tactical slant: How much should I find out about the other side's psyche and past? Should I make the first contact? By phone, in person, by mail, or through a third party? Wear a dark suit and meet in an expensive restaurant near my office? Order them strong drinks? Sit with my back to the wall and the sun in their eyes? Make the first offer? Start high? Concede slowly? Settle the easy issues first? Act concili­ atory, tough, threatening, or as a joint problem-solver? Arrange for a "hard­ hearted" partner? Look for self-serving rationales or objective principles? And so forth. Such tactical concerns have often occupied the attention of negotiation analysts and practitioners. Yet practical and theoretical responses to these concerns often share an important implicit premise. By attempting to influence or predict the outcome of a negotiation within a given range of possible agreements, the responses generally take this range as unchanging. By contrast, in this article we investigate a complementary set of questions about the factors and moves that determine and may alter the range of possible agreements. If one characterizes negotiation as an interactive process by which two or more people seek jointly or cooperatively to do better than they could otherwise, then the "otherwise" becomes crucial. The parties' best alterna­ tives without agreement imply the limits to any agreement. For each side, the basic test of any proposed joint agreement is whether it offers higher subjective worth than that side's best course of action absent agreement. Thus, moves "away from the table" to shape the parties' alternatives to agreement may be as or more important than tactics employed "at the table." Actions of the first type delimit the range of possible agreements; those of the second type influence which point in the range may be chosen. The strategic arsenal from which moves of the second type are drawn includes actions that improve alternatives to the negotiation at hand: for example, searching for a better price or another supplier, cultivating a friendly merger partner in response to hostile takeover negotiations, or pre­ paring an invasion should talks fail to yield a preferable outcome.
Temperature effect and strain differences in the nest-building behavior of inbred mice.

The nest-building behavior of four strains of inbred male mice was studied under three levels of temperature. The amount of cotton used in nest building was found to be a negative function of temperature. Although this relation was observed in all four strains, there were strain differences in the absolute level of nest-building behavior and in the degree of sensitivity to temperature changes.
Evolution of nonlinear waves on vertically falling films—a normal form analysis

Abstract The evolution of well-developed, finite-amplitude waves on a vertically falling film is investigated beyond the linear inception region. Solitary and spatially-periodic travelling wave solutions to the long-wave equation derived by Benney, Lin and Nakaya are analytically constructed. General correlations among universally renormalized variables which relate the celerity, amplitude and wavelength of these waves are then derived. These correlations are favourably compared to literature data. Our analysis explains the lower bound on wavelength, or the upper bound on the forcing frequency, of naturally and artificially excited interfacial patterns. It also quantifies the growth of doubly-periodic waves with long modulation periods and front-running ripples. The nonlinear analysis is based on the normal form technique of dynamic singularity theory which constructs solutions, such as limit-cycles, tori, homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits, to the pertinent dynamic equations.
Thermal Stress Failures in Electronics and Photonics: Physics, Modeling, Prevention

Reliability physics underlying thermal stress failures in electronic, optoelectronic and photonic structures is discussed, with an emphasis on the roles of predictive modeling and failure-oriented-accelerated testing (FOAT). The following major topics are addressed: 1) Bi-material and die-substrate assemblies; 2) Analytical modeling vs. finite-element analysis (FEA); 3) Thermal stress failures in solder joints; 4) Global and local thermal mismatch stresses; 4) Thermal stress in assemblies bonded at the ends; 5) Thermal stress relief in assemblies with low modulus adhesives at the ends; 6) Design recommendations for reducing thermal stresses; 7) Thermally matched assemblies; 8) Thermal stress in thin films; 9) Thermal stress in plastic packages of IC devices; 10) Bow-free assemblies; 11) Probabilistic approach; 12) Thermal stress in optical fibers; 13) Thermal stress in nano-systems. It is concluded that physically meaningful and easy-to-use modeling, and especially analytical modeling, is an important too...
Special Collections in Academic Libraries: Introduction

Like all areas of librarianship, Special Collections continue to evolve. When this editor became a librarian four decades ago, the rare books and archives departments of many academic libraries wer...
Wrinkling. analysis in shrink flanging

Flanging is a commonly used sheet forming operation to increase the stiffness of a sheet panel and/or to create the mating surface for subsequent assemblies. This paper presents an energy approach to predict the onset of wrinkling during a shrink flanging operation. A curved sheet model is established to obtain the critical buckling stress in terms of stress state, geometry properties and material properties. The predictions of wave number agree well with the experimental results. The results indicate that the sensitivity of wave number on the plan view radius (PVR) increases as PVR decreases, and the wave number decreases with the increase of flange length. The critical flange length is significantly influenced by PVR, sheet thickness and material work-hardening, and is not sensitive to material strength and anisotropy.
Trapping and surface permeation of deuterium in helium-implanted stainless steel

Abstract Austenitic stainless steel was ion-implanted with deuterium (D) and He and then heated, with the depth distribution of D being monitored via the nuclear reaction 2D(3He, p)4He. Analysis using diffusion theory indicated that D is bound to He-associated traps with an enthalpy of 0.42 ± 0.08 eV referenced to a solution site. The trapping entities are believed to be ~1 nm He bubbles observed by transmission electron microscopy, with D being bound to the bubble walls by a mechanism similar to chemisorption. Irradiation-defect traps, probably vacancies, exhibited a strength of only 0.22 ± 0.08 eV. Trapping behavior was essentially the same for types 304 and 310 stainless steel, indicating little dependence upon the stability of the austenitic (fcc) phase. The rate of D release at the surface was determined in the temperature range 425–575 K for two kinds of surface, one oxidized by electropolishing and air exposure, the other sputtered with Fe ions. Release was proportional to the square of solution concentration in both cases, but the recombination coefficient was ≳100 times greater for the sputtered surface.
Protein kinase signaling in synaptic plasticity and memory

The relay of extracellular signals into changes in cellular physiology involves a Byzantine array of intracellular signaling pathways, of which cytoplasmic protein kinases are a crucial component. In the nervous system, a great deal of effort has focused on understanding the conversion of patterns of synaptic activity into long-lasting changes in synaptic efficacy that are thought to underlie memory. The goal is both to understand synaptic plasticity mechanisms, such as long-term potentiation, at a molecular level and to understand the relationship of these synaptic mechanisms to behavioral memory. Although both involve the activation of multiple signaling pathways, recent studies are beginning to define discrete roles and mechanisms for individual kinases in the different temporal phases of both synaptic and behavioral plasticity.
Distribution and metabolism of 20α-hydroxylated progestins in the female rat

Abstract The C21 steroids, progesterone and 20α-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20α-DHP) play pivotal roles in the initiation, timing and maintenance of ovulatory function and pregnancy in female mammals. They also have growth factor and central nervous system (CNS) effects; some of these are non-genomic effects mediated through 5α-reduced and 3α-hydroxylated derivatives. These studies examined the in vivo uptake and conversion of 20α-DHP in selected CNS sites and peripheral tissues after injection of [3H]-20α-DHP. The effects of steroid mass, time after injection, and ovariectomy, adrenalectomy and estradiol treatment were assessed in the pineal gland, preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA), medial basal hypothalamus (MBH), midbrain, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, anterior pituitary (AP), uterus and skeletal muscle. Tissue extracts were analyzed by scintillation counting and chromatography to quantify and localize 20α-DHP and its 5α-reduced derivatives. Injection of increasing mass of [3H]-20α-DHP to ovariectomized/adrenalectomized (ovx/adx) rats results in a linear increase in 3H-steroid 10 min post injection in all tissues. 3H-steroid content increases with time over 1 h post injection in the pineal, AP and uterus. Tissue differences in 3H-steroid level are observed with higher levels in pineal, MBH, POA, AP and midbrain than in cerebral cortex and cerebellum, and in uterus, ovary and adrenal than in muscle. Ovariectomy, adrenalectomy and estradiol treatment affect 3H-steroid levels in a tissue dependent manner, and the metabolites of 20α-DHP in MBH and AP differ between groups. The findings demonstrate that target tissues, including areas of the CNS, are able to selectively take up and retain 20α-DHP, and also support a physiological role for this progestin and its metabolites in modulation of CNS and reproductive functions.
A state transition approach to understanding users' interactions

Understanding users' interactions is considered as one of the important research topics in visual analytics. Although numerous empirical user studies have been performed to understand a user's interaction, a limited study has been successful in connecting the user's interaction to his/her reasoning. In this paper, we present an approach of understanding experts' interactive analysis by connecting their interactions to conclusions (i.e. findings) through a state transition approach.
Biosynthesis of a P1-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyl P2-polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate by calf pancreas microsomes.

Abstract Incubation of UDP-[14C]- N -acetylglucosamine with calf pancreas microsomes in the presence of Mn++ and potassium thiocyanate gave a labeled glycolipid, tentatively identified as P 1-2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucosyl P 2-dolichyl pyrophosphate on the basis of cochromatography with synthetic P 1-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- D -glucopyranosyl P 2-dolichyl pyrophosphate, similar chemical and enzymic hydrolyses of the biosynthetic and synthetic compounds, and stimulation of the biosynthesis by addition to the incubation mixture o dolichyl phosphate or a crude lipid fraction extracted from microsomes.
Mutation of cysteine-88 in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD6 protein abolishes its ubiquitin-conjugating activity and its various biological functions

The RAD6 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for DNA repair, DNA damage-induced mutagenesis, and sporulation. RAD6 protein is a ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) that has been shown to attach multiple molecules of ubiquitin to histones H2A and H2B. We have now examined whether the E2 activity of RAD6 is involved in its various biological functions. Since the formation of a thioester adduct between E2 and ubiquitin is necessary for E2 activity, the single cysteine residue (Cys-88) present in RAD6 was changed to alanine or valine. The mutant proteins were overproduced in yeast cells and purified to near homogeneity. We show that the rad6 Ala-88 and rad6 Val-88 mutant proteins lack the capacity for thioester formation with ubiquitin and, as a consequence, are totally devoid of any E2 activity. The rad6 Ala-88 and rad6 Val-88 mutations confer a defect in DNA repair, mutagenesis, and sporulation equivalent to that in the rad6 null allele. We suggest that the biological functions of RAD6 require its E2 activity.
Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomatology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes.

Objective The authors compared collegiate athletes and nonathletes to see whether there were significant differences in the perceived levels of social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression and if an interaction among the variables of athlete status, gender, GPA, BMI, and levels of weekly exercise and sleep were associated with depression symptomatology. Participants Participants were 227 college students. Method The authors surveyed students using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Social Connectedness Scale-Revised. Results Athletes had significantly greater levels of self-esteem and social connectedness, as well as significantly lower levels of depression, than did nonathletes. However, the statistically strongest predictors of depression in this cohort were the variables of gender, self-esteem, social connectedness, and sleep. Conclusion This study adds to the limited and inconsistent research in the empirical knowledge base regarding depression among collegiate athletes.
Propofol in office-based plastic surgery.

Propofol is the nearly ideal agent for office-based plastic surgery. Among all anesthetic agents, only propofol has the ability to elicit happiness in this special group of patients. Cosmetic surgery patients will tolerate discomfort in preference to postoperative nausea and vomiting. Propofol is a powerful antiemetic agent. Patient safety will not be optimized unless the person responsible for the administration of propofol has airway management skills. Dedicated anesthesia providers are highly skilled in airway management. Although the short half-life of propofol is seductive for a fast-acting, rapid emerging anesthetic, interindividual differences in propofol response make measurement of the target organ (i.e., the brain) with a bispectral index (BIS) monitor very important. BIS levels 1 hour are associated with increased 1-year anesthesia mortality thought to be associated with an inflammatory response. The only currently available way to avoid overmedicating with propofol is to monitor with a level of consciousness monitor like BIS.
Pre-clinical evaluation of a novel nanoemulsion-based hepatitis B mucosal vaccine.

Background Hepatitis B virus infection remains an important global health concern despite the availability of safe and effective prophylactic vaccines. Limitations to these vaccines include requirement for refrigeration and three immunizations thereby restricting use in the developing world. A new nasal hepatitis B vaccine composed of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in a novel nanoemulsion (NE) adjuvant (HBsAg-NE) could be effective with fewer administrations. Methodology and Principal Findings Physical characterization indicated that HBsAg-NE consists of uniform lipid droplets (349+/−17 nm) associated with HBsAg through electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Immunogenicity of HBsAg-NE vaccine was evaluated in mice, rats and guinea pigs. Animals immunized intranasally developed robust and sustained systemic IgG, mucosal IgA and strong antigen-specific cellular immune responses. Serum IgG reached ≥106 titers and was comparable to intramuscular vaccination with alum-adjuvanted vaccine (HBsAg-Alu). Normalization showed that HBsAg-NE vaccination correlates with a protective immunity equivalent or greater than 1000 IU/ml. Th1 polarized immune response was indicated by IFN-γ and TNF-α cytokine production and elevated levels of IgG2 subclass of HBsAg-specific antibodies. The vaccine retains full immunogenicity for a year at 4°C, 6 months at 25°C and 6 weeks at 40°C. Comprehensive pre-clinical toxicology evaluation demonstrated that HBsAg-NE vaccine is safe and well tolerated in multiple animal models. Conclusions Our results suggest that needle-free nasal immunization with HBsAg-NE could be a safe and effective hepatitis B vaccine, or provide an alternative booster administration for the parenteral hepatitis B vaccines. This vaccine induces a Th1 associated cellular immunity and also may provide therapeutic benefit to patients with chronic hepatitis B infection who lack cellular immune responses to adequately control viral replication. Long-term stability of this vaccine formulation at elevated temperatures suggests a direct advantage in the field, since potential excursions from cold chain maintenance could be tolerated without a loss in therapeutic efficacy.
Management of trichomonas vaginalis in women with suspected metronidazole hypersensitivity.

Background/Objective Standard treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis is metronidazole or tinidazole. Hypersensitivity to these drugs has been documented but is poorly understood. Desensitization is an option described in limited reports of women with hypersensitivity to nitroimidazoles. The purpose of this analysis is to improve documentation of management for trichomonas infections among women with metronidazole hypersensitivity. Study Design Clinicians who consulted Centers for Disease Control and Prevention concerning patients with suspected hypersensitivity to metronidazole were provided with treatment options and asked to report outcomes. Results From September 2003-September 2006, complete information was obtained for 59 women. The most common reactions were urticaria (47%) and facial edema (11%). Fifteen of these women (25.4%) were treated with metronidazole desensitization and all had eradication of their infection. Seventeen women (28.8%) were treated with alternative intravaginal drugs, which were less successful; 5 of 17 infections (29.4%) were eradicated. Conclusion Metronidazole desensitization was effective in the management of women with nitroimidazole hypersensitivity.
Effects of Three Resistance Training Programs on Muscular Strength And Absolute and Relative Endurance

Abstract The effects of three resistance training programs on muscular strength and on absolute and relative muscular endurance were investigated. Forty-three male college students were randomly assigned to the training protocols. The high resistance-low repetition group (n = 15) performed three sets of 6–8 RM (repetition maximum) per session. The medium resistance-medium repetition subjects (n = 16) trained by doing two sets of 30–40 RM per session, while the low resistance-high repetition group (n = 12) used a single set of 100–150 RM. All subjects trained with the bench press exercise three times per week for nine weeks. Tests of strength (1-RM), absolute and relative endurance were administered before and after training. Statistical analyses revealed that the 20% improvement in maximum strength by the high resistance-low repetition group was greater than the 8 and 5% gains reported for the medium resistance-medium repetition and low resistance-high repetition groups, respectively. Relative to absolute...
Treatment of Depressed Mothers of Depressed Children: Pilot Study of Feasibility.

Numerous studies have shown that depression is highly familial and impairing and that a history of depression in a parent is the strongest risk factor for depression in a child. Many of the parents in these studies have never received sustained treatment despite histories of recurrent depression. None of the studies have examined the effects of maternal symptom remission on offspring symptom or functioning. We sought to determine the feasibility of treating depressed mothers who brought an offspring for the treatment of depression and to examine the relationship between improved maternal depression and symptomatic improvement and social functioning in their offspring. Nine mothers bringing their offspring for treatment of depression, and who were evaluated and found to be currently depressed, completed a 12-week open trial of interpersonal psychotherapy. Mothers and their depressed offspring were assessed by independent evaluators at weeks 0, 6, and 12 for depressive symptomatology and social functioning. Although the rates of depression were high among the mothers, few eligible mothers agreed to participate. Of the 12 who entered treatment, 9 (75%) completed it. Mothers and offspring improved with regard to depressive symptomatology and global functioning over the course of the trial. Improvement in maternal depression was significantly associated with improvement in offspring functioning but not symptom reduction. Improvement of maternal depression may be associated with improved outcomes in depressed offspring. However, it is difficult to engage depressed mothers in treatment for themselves if they come to the clinic to bring their child for treatment of depression. It may be more feasible to study the effect of improved maternal depression on offspring by sampling depressed mothers coming for their own treatment and then assessing their children over the course of maternal treatment.
Learning and transposition of an extended sameness-difference concept by slow and fast learning capuchin monkeys

Capuchin monkeys were trained on a series of learning-set problems which required discrimination between stimulus arrays having ABA and BBA configurations. Transposition was later tested by presenting training configurations with CCC or ABC configurations. Considerable negative transposition and a small amount of positive transposition occurred, a result suggesting that the original learning set was based at least partly on perceived differences in the homogeneity of the ABA and BBA configurations. Fast-learning subjects manifested more persistent random responding and less position responding than did slow-learning subjects. This difference suggests that random responding during the initial stages of learning may be used as an index of attention.
Effects of gloves on maximum force and the rate of force development in pinch, wrist flexion and grip

Abstract Gloves are used in many industrial tasks and among the most common of those tasks are finger/thumb pinch, grip, and torque production with wrist flexion. The objective of this study was to investigate these tasks by creating force development profiles and by finding the effect of gloves on maximum force and the rate of force development. The results showed that – in the particular experimental task – wearing leather gloves did not affect pinching performance despite having to overcome the pliability of the gloves and loss of tactile information. Grip force was negatively affected by gloves, both in its maximum value, and in the rate of its development (especially in the late phases of exertion). The highest rate of force development occurred in the period of 30–70% of maximum force. There was no effect of gloves on maximum torque production (contradicting findings from other studies) or the rate of its development. Relevance to industry Gloves are widely used in industry and affect the mechanics of force and torque production. Understanding the mechanics of gripping, pinching and wrist flexion is necessary in order to reduce the incidence of cumulative trauma disorders (CTD).
Reserve regulation and recourse as a source of risk premia in the federal funds market

Abstract In this paper we demonstrate that there is a pronounced and persistent daily pattern of returns in the federal funds market, centered on Wednesday. We present evidence that explains this phenomenon as a reflection of the optimal behavior of banks operating in an environment in which there are effective reserve requirements and a penalty cost for recourse to discount borrowing. In particular, we report empirical evidence that shows there was a significant upward shift in the amplitude of this pattern of daily returns that resulted from (1) the increase in uncertainty associated with the change in Federal Reserve operating procedures during the 1979–1982 period, and (2) the imposition of a surcharge on discount borrowing instituted by the Federal Reserve. Our results demonstrate that what otherwise might be regarded as anomalous interest-rate behavior is consistent with the optimal response of banks to the regulatory environment within which they operate.
Equations of Motion of the Ocean and Atmosphere

The density of the air in the atmosphere, or of the water in the ocean, is a function of altitude or depth. Linear equations for the motion of such stratified fluids have been derived by many authors. Many have introduced simplifying assumptions into their derivations, with the result that it is difficult to compare one paper with another. The present review is a collection of the major systems of equations, in a uniform notation. The derivations given are those which bring out the interrelations of the various systems, and are sometimes quite different from those of the original papers. The solution of the equations is not discussed, so that the relative merits of the various systems cannot be evaluated.
Meeting the need: Delivering quality child‐care education on the web

Abstract This investigation describes the initial attempts to deliver a self‐paced online program to prepare child‐care providers to receive Child Development Associate (CDA) certificates through the Child Care Learning (CCL) organization program. The program made use of several strategies attempting to promote a sense of community of the students, while allowing all students to progress at their own pace through the five‐course program. This paper discusses the experiences for the students in the program, identifying the efficacy of an established mentoring process within this online learning framework. Finally, several suggestions for providing effective high‐quality training to child‐care providers through Internet learning are offered, and a basic model for delivering quality child‐care training is proposed.
Dynamic polarization of protons and deuterons in solid deuterium hydride

Abstract Dynamic polarization of protons and deuterons in radiation-damaged solid deuterium hydride containing a small oxygen impurity and the parameters relating to this process have been investigated. The apparatus for preparing a sample from a gas mixture, for retaining it at liquid-helium temperature, for inflicting radiation damage, for observing its EPR and NMR spectra, and for measuring its nuclear- and electron-resonance relaxation times is described. The EPR spectra for atoms and radicals induced by radiation damage are displayed. The relaxation times of the H-atom resonances are shown to be greatly reduced when oxygen is added to the HD gas and a broad resonance appears, which is not present in purer samples and is ascribed to the radical Ȯ2D. The following data are presented for the most successful HD sample: (1) spin-lattice relaxation times for the proton, deuteron, and electron systems; (2) enhancement of proton polarization as a function of microwave power and magnetic field for microwave frequencies of 23.93 GHz and 35.68 GHz at temperatures of 4.2 K and ≈ 1.2 K; and (3) enhancement of deuteron polarization as a function of magnetic field for 23.93 GHz at 4.2 K and 1.3 K. A proton polarization of ≈ 3 3 4 % and a deuteron polarization of 0.3-0.4% have been obtained. Proton polarizations of more than 15% might be obtained if the field is raised to 25 kG and both H-atom resonances are used to drive transitions.
Riemannian curvature in the differential geometry of quantum computation

In recent developments in the differential geometry of quantum computation, the quantum evolution is described in terms of the special unitary group SU(2 n ) of n-qubit unitary operators with unit determinant. To elaborate on one aspect of the methodology, the Riemann curvature and sectional curvature are explicitly derived using the Lie algebra su(2"). This is germane to investigations of the global characteristics of geodesic paths and minimal complexity quantum circuits.
Optimal range assignment in solar powered active wireless sensor networks

Energy harvesting in a sensor network is essential in situations where it is either difficult or not cost effective to access the network's nodes to replace the batteries. In this paper, we investigate the problems involved in controlling an active wireless sensor network that is powered both by rechargeable batteries and solar energy. The objective of this control is to maximize the network's quality of coverage (QoC), defined as the minimum number of targets that must be covered over a 24-hour period. Assuming a time varying solar profile, the problem is to optimally control the sensing range of each sensor so as to maximize the QoC. Implicit in the solution is the dynamic allocation of solar energy during the day to sensing tasks and to recharging the battery so that minimum coverage is guaranteed even during the night, when only the batteries can supply energy to the sensors. The problem turns out to be a nonlinear optimal control problem of high complexity. Exploiting the specific structure of the problem, we present a method to solve it as a series of quasiconvex (unimodal) optimization problems. The runtime of the proposed solution is 60X less than a naive method that is based on dynamic programming, while its worst-case error is less than 8%. Unlike the dynamic programming method, the proposed method is scalable to large networks consisting of hundreds of sensors and targets. This paper also offers several insights in the design of energy-harvesting networks, which result in minimum network setup cost through the determination of the optimal configuration of the number of sensors and the sampling time.
Social Harmony Paradigms and Natural Selection: Darwin, Kropotkin, and the Metatheory of Mutual Aid

This article proposes the mutual aid theory of Charles Darwin and Peter Kropotkin as an engendering metatheory for social harmony paradigms within public relations, including communitarianism, excellence theory, and fully functioning society theory. It extends current research in public relations beyond Darwin's Origin of Species to include that author's later Descent of Man as well as the neglected works of Russian evolutionary biologist Peter Kropotkin. Drawing upon the research of those authors, the article presents evidence that the evolutionary processes of natural selection created the social instinct that provides both positive and normative status for the social harmony paradigms within public relations.
Structure and thermodynamic properties of hafnia–silica glasses with low hafnia content

Abstract Using density functional calculations we study structural, elastic, vibrational and thermo-chemical properties of hafnia–silica glasses with low hafnia content (≤ 10 mol%). Melt-quench-generated models show a preference for Hf–O–Hf linkages and early formation of HfO x -clusters. We compute an enthalpy of mixing of HfO 2 in SiO 2 of (0.8 ± 0.3) eV/HfO 2 , and estimate a solubility of HfO 2 in SiO 2 of 1.9 [− 0.3/+ 11.6] mol% at 1873 K. Elastic moduli of hafnia–silica glasses are comparable to those of pure silica for the range of compositions addressed here. Heat capacities of mixed glasses follow a simple rule of mixture. Addition of hafnia to silica glass shifts high-frequency modes to lower wave numbers. Our data suggests that Hf atoms and small HfO x -clusters pin floppy modes in silica glass, visible in a depletion of low-frequency vibrational modes.
The ubiquitous yybP-ykoY riboswitch is a manganese-responsive regulatory element.

The highly structured, cis-encoded RNA elements known as riboswitches modify gene expression upon binding a wide range of molecules. The yybP-ykoY motif was one of the most broadly distributed and numerous bacterial riboswitches for which the cognate ligand was unknown. Using a combination of in vivo reporter and in vitro expression assays, equilibrium dialysis, and northern analysis, we show that the yybP-ykoY motif responds directly to manganese ions in both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The identification of the yybP-ykoY motif as a manganese ion sensor suggests that the genes that are preceded by this motif and encode a diverse set of poorly characterized membrane proteins have roles in metal homeostasis.
Energy and exergy analysis of new refrigerant mixtures in an Organic Rankine Cycle for low temperature power generation

SYNOPSIS This paper presents and discusses the performance of environmentally-friendly refrigerant mixtures in an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for power generation. The performance has been compared at low and medium waste heat temperatures to other organic and non-organic fluids. The refrigerant mixtures boil at extremely low temperatures and are capable of efficiently capturing waste heat at temperatures less than 27°C (80°F). The quaternary mixtures are fully HFCs and their compositions can be varied to best recover heat at temperatures up to 482°C (900°F). In this paper, energy and exergy analysis have been presented for the behaviour of the quaternary refrigerant mixtures and compared to other commonly used fluids. Results showed that at this range of heat source temperatures the refrigerant mixtures efficiently recover waste heat and produce power at efficiencies significantly higher than with other working fluids. The results also showed that other low temperature applications are possible and econo...
Sensitivity of a Bayesian analysis to the prior distribution

Consider the problem of eliciting and specifying a prior probability distribution for a Bayesian analysis. There will generally be some uncertainty in the choice of prior, especially when there is little information from which to construct such a distribution, or when there are several priors elicited, say, from different experts. It is of interest, then, to characterize the sensitivity of a posterior distribution (or posterior mean) to prior. We characterize this sensitivity in terms of bounds on the difference between posterior distributions corresponding to different priors. Further, we illustrate the results on two distinct problems: a) determining least-informative (vague) priors and b) estimating statistical quantiles for a problem in analyzing projectile accuracy. >
Pericardio-diaphragmatic rupture: five new cases and literature review

This report adds five new cases to the world literature on pericardio-diaphragmatic rupture (PDR). Five of 48 (10.4%) consecutive cases of traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR) seen by a single surgeon over a 22-year period were PDR. These rare cases include a case associated with air bag deployment, a case of double rupture involving both the pericardium and left diaphragm, and a case resulting from penetrating trauma. This series suggests that PDR may be under-reported as a percentage of TDR. Only 65 cases of PDR have been reported previously. Review of the world literature on PDR is included. Anatomic factors, mechanisms of injury, differential diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, and treatment considerations for PDR are discussed.
An Intercomparison Study of NEXRAD Precipitation Estimates

Systematic biases in WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar–1988 Doppler) hourly precipitation accumulation estimates are characterized from analyses of more than 1 year of WSR-88D data and rain gage data from the southern plains. Biases are examined in three contexts: (1) biases that arise from the range-dependent sampling of the WSR-88D, (2) systematic differences in radar rainfall estimates from two radars observing the same area, and (3) systematic differences between radar and rain gage estimates of rainfall. Range-dependent biases affect hourly rainfall accumulations products over much of the area covered by the WSR-88D. Significant underestimation of rainfall occurs within 40 km range of the radar due to bias in reflectivity observations at the higher elevation angles used for rainfall estimation close to the radar. Bright band and anomalous propagation (AP) lead to systematic overestimation of rainfall at intermediate range. Beyond 150 km in spring-summer and beyond 100 km in winter-fall, underestimation of precipitation is pronounced due to incomplete beam filling and overshooting of precipitation. Radar-radar intercomparison studies suggest that radar calibration is a significant problem at some sites. Anomalous propagation during clear-air conditions, a major problem with previous National Weather Service network radars, has been largely eliminated by the WSR-88D processing. AP remains a problem for cases in which AP returns are embedded in rain. Radar–rain gage intercomparison analyses indicate systematic underestimation by the WSR-88D relative to rain gages for paired gage-radar rainfall estimates. Analyses of spatial coverage of heavy rainfall, however, illustrate fundamental advantages of radar over rain gage networks for rainfall estimation.
On equivalencies between design-based and regression-based variance estimators for randomized experiments

Abstract This paper demonstrates that the randomization-based “Neyman” and constant-effects estimators for the variance of estimated average treatment effects are equivalent to a variant of the White “heteroskedasticity-robust” estimator and the homoskedastic ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator, respectively.