cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The importance of pay in employee motivation: Discrepancies between what people say and what they do

A majority of human resources professionals appear to believe that employees are likely to overreport the importance of pay in employee surveys. However, research suggests the opposite is actually true. We review evidence showing the discrepancies between what people say and do with respect to pay. We then discuss why pay is likely to be such an important general motivator, as well as a variety of reasons why managers might underestimate its importance. We note that pay is not equally important in all situations or to all individuals, and identify circumstances under which pay is likely to be more (or less) important to employees. We close with recommendations for implementing research findings with respect to pay and suggestions for evaluating pay systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depression, War, SPSSI, and SSSP

SPSSI arose in the late 1930s and 1940s out of a clash between two contrasting tendencies in social psychology and in social science generally. One was concern for expanding the usefulness of critical findings to people. This is illustrated by the propaganda analysis movement. The other was scientistic mechanization and commercialization of research, such as that organized in the Research Branch of the Army during World War II. SPSSI and later SSSP, its sociological counterpart, grew out of struggles between those preoccupations of social scientists.
Evaluation of the Stagnation Point Region Overshoot

The purpose of this paper is to summarize the experimental evidence for the overshoot, to evaluate it analytically, and to determine the optimum radius of the inert central region. Stagnation point region overshoot is the augmentation of total heat transfer owing to the presence of insulation at the stagnation point region of an otherwise isothermal body. Evidence summarized by the present work indicates that this paradoxical event can be made to occur. The overshoot is due to the singularly high temperature gradient that is impressed upon the boundary layer just as it arrives at the leading edge of the heated surface after passing over the insulated central portion. The evidence comprises experimental results based on the mass-heat analog using sublimation of naphthalene and on theoretical boundary layer calculations using a method of local similarity. In the experiments, the insulated surfaces were simulated with inert wax, and isothermal regions with active naphthalene. The surfaces were circular disks facing uniform airstreams. The finding was that the total rate of mass transfer would be as much as 10 percent greater than that of a fully active disk if the radius of the central inert region were half the radius of the disk. Putmore » another way, if only the 30-percent annulus at the outer edge of the disk were active, it would transfer mass at the same rate as the completely active disk under the same circumstances of flow. Corresponding results are expected from analogically heated disks operating with Prandtl number near unity and disk Reynolds number ranging from 5,000 to 250,000.« less
Cooperative Distributed Demand Management for Community Charging of PHEV/PEVs Based on KKT Conditions and Consensus Networks

Efficient and reliable demand side management techniques for community charging of plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electrical vehicles (PEVs) are needed, as large numbers of these vehicles are being introduced to the power grid. To avoid overloads and maximize customer preferences in terms of time and cost of charging, a constrained nonlinear optimization problem can be formulated. In this paper, we have developed a novel cooperative distributed algorithm for charging control of PHEVs/PEVs that solves the constrained nonlinear optimization problem using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and consensus networks in a distributed fashion. In our design, the global optimal power allocation under all local and global constraints is reached through peer-to-peer coordination of charging stations. Therefore, the need for a central control unit is eliminated. In this way, single-node congestion is avoided when the size of the problem is increased and the system gains robustness against single-link/node failures. Furthermore, via Monte Carlo simulations, we have demonstrated that the proposed distributed method is scalable with the number of charging points and returns solutions, which are comparable to centralized optimization algorithms with a maximum of 2% sub-optimality. Thus, the main advantages of our approach are eliminating the need for a central energy management/coordination unit, gaining robustness against single-link/node failures, and being scalable in terms of single-node computations.
Big data exploration through visual analytics

SAS® Visual Analytics Explorer is an advanced data visualization and exploratory data analysis application that is a component of the SAS Visual Analytics solution. It excels at handling big data problems like the VAST challenge. With a wide range of visual analytics features and the ability to scale to massive datasets, SAS Visual Analytics Explorer enables analysts to find patt er n s and relationships quickly and easily, no matter the size of their data. In this summary paper, we explain how we used SAS Visual Analytics Explorer to solve the VAST Challenge 2012 minichallenge 1.
Long-Term PIT and T-Bar Anchor Tag Retention Rates in Adult Muskellunge

Abstract Mark–recapture studies require knowledge of tag retention rates specific to the tag types, fish species and size, and study duration. We determined the probability of tag loss for passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags implanted into dorsal musculature, T-bar anchor tags attached to dorsal pterygiophores, and both tags in relation to years posttagging for double-marked adult muskellunge Esox masquinongy over a 10-year period. We also used PIT tags as a benchmark to assess the interactive effects of fish length at tagging, sex, and years posttagging on T-bar anchor tag loss rates. Only five instances of PIT tag loss were identified; the calculated probability of a fish's losing its PIT tag was consistently less than 1.0% for up to 10 years posttagging. The probability of T-bar anchor tag loss by muskellunge was related to both the number of years posttagging and the total length (TL) of the fish at tagging. The T-bar anchor tag loss rate 1 year after tagging was 6.5%. Individuals of less than 7...
A Rare Case of Epithelial Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Nasaopharynx

Objectives: To present a very rare case of epithelialmyoepithelial carcinoma (EMC) of the nasopharynx and review the literature. Study design: Case presentation and review of the English literature. Methods: PubMed literature search Results: A 62-year-old female presented with 6-months history of right nasal obstruction and intermittent epistaxis. She was found to have a posterior nasopharyngeal mass that was biopsied twice before EMC could be diagnosed. She was then taken for endoscopic tumor debulking with adjuvant radiation therapy. Discussion: EMC is a rare salivary gland tumor usually affecting the parotid but can occur in minor salivary glands. Only 8 cases of EMC of the sinonasal tract have been reported. Presentation usually involves nasal obstruction and intermittent epistaxis. The typical appearance on exam is a smooth mucosal swelling. The mean age at presentation is the 5th decade with a female predominance, which is consistent with EMCs of the major salivary glands. Radiology usually shows a well-defined mass with variable bony erosion. Diagnosis depends on the surgical pathologist’s ability to identify epithelial ductal structures and myoepithelial cells. EMC is usually treated with wide local excision (WLE) however, in the nasopharynx, obtaining clear margins is difficult, thus treatment was augmented with adjuvant radiation. Conclusion: EMC is a very rare salivary gland tumor and even more rare in the sinonasal tract. While this tumor is usually treated with excision, in the nasopharynx, clear margins are difficult to achieve, thus, adjuvant radiation therapy should be considered. A Rare Case of Epithelial Myoepithelial Carcinoma of the Nasaopharynx
A precision determination of the radial charge parameters and the quadrupole moment of 181Ta using muonic X-rays

Abstract We report the measurement of the energies of the 4f → 3d, 3d → 2p and 2p → 1s atomic transitions in muonic 181 Ta. Using transitions to and from the 1s and 2p levels, as well as the hyperfine splittings of the 2p and 3d states, we obtained the radial charge parameters assuming deformed Fermi distributions. We found the intrinsic static quadrupole moment Q 0 = 6.82 ± 0.06 e · b, in excellent agreement with Coulomb excitation results. We verified that the dynamic (corresponding to transitions to the first excited state) and the static (ground state) E2 moments were equal to within 1.1 %. The intrinsic hexadecapole moment was determined to be Π 0 = −0.12 ± 0.40 e · b 2 .
The morphology of cryptozoites and metacryptozoites of Plasmodium relictum and the relationship of these stages to parasitemia in canaries and pigeons.

P. gallinaceum is unique or fairly representative of other species in this phase of its life cycle. The following consists of studies on the morphology of P. relictum and, in addition, a further study of the interesting relationships between the ability of certain strains of this species to produce pre-erythrocytic stages in canaries and pigeons and their ability to produce parasitemia in these animals. A brief account of the latter relationships was recently given by Huff and Coulston (1946). Historical accounts of the litera-
Retrieval algorithm for atmospheric dust properties from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer data during global dust storm 2001A

Abstract We present a new parameter retrieval algorithm for Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. The algorithm uses Newtonian first-order sensitivity functions of the infrared spectrum in response to variations in physical parameters to fit a model spectrum to the data at 499, 1099, and 1301 cm −1 . The algorithm iteratively fits the model spectrum to data to simultaneously retrieve dust extinction optical depth, effective radius, and surface temperature. There are several sources of uncertainty in the results. The assumed dust vertical distribution can introduce errors in retrieved optical depth of a few tens of percent. The assumed dust optical constants can introduce errors in both optical depth and effective radius, although the systematic nature of these errors will not affect retrieval of trends in these parameters. The algorithm does not include the spectral signature of water ice, and hence data needs to be filtered against this parameter before the algorithm is applied. The algorithm also needs sufficient dust spectral signature, and hence surface-to-atmosphere temperature contrast, to successfully retrieve the parameters. After the application of data filters the algorithm is both relatively accurate and very fast, successfully retrieving parameters, as well as meaningful parameter variability and trends from tens of thousands of individual spectra on a global scale (Elteto, A., Toon, O.B. [2010]. Icarus, this issue). Our results for optical depth compare well with TES archive values when corrected by the single scattering albedo. Our results are on average 1–4 K higher in surface temperatures from the TES archive values, with greater differences at higher optical depths. Our retrieval of dust effective radii compare well with the retrievals of Wolff and Clancy (Wolff, M.J., Clancy, R.T. [2003]. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E9), 5097) for the corresponding data selections from the same orbits.
Direct effects of secretory products of immune cells on neurons and glia

This review summarizes recent research contributions by Dr. Robert Lisak in collaboration with Dr. Joyce Benjamins on direct effects of secretory products of immune cells on neurons and glia. Highlights from studies analyzing cytokine-induced changes in early gene expression in mixed CNS glial cultures focus on comparison of potential damaging effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines versus protective effects of downregulatory cytokines. The three categories of changes examined include (a) immune-related molecules, (b) neurotrophins, growth factors and structural proteins, and (c) molecules associated with metabolism, signaling and regulation. Subsequent studies in CNS neuronal cultures showed that early responses of neurons to cytokines were fewer in number and lower in magnitude than in glia, consistent with the idea that microglia and astroglia serve as "first responders" to inflammatory signals. To explore the hypothesis that B cells of patients with multiple sclerosis secrete soluble products damaging to oligodendroglia (OL), in collaboration with Dr. Bar-Or at Montreal Neurologic Institute, we compared secretory products of cultured B cells from relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients and healthy controls. In support of the hypothesis, 7 supernatants from RRMS B cells induced death of rat OL in vitro, while 3 of 4 control samples did not.
Design of Long-Endurance Systems With Inherent Robustness to Partial Failures During Operations

This article presents an integrated multistate method for the early-phase design of inherently robust systems; namely, those capable, as a prima facie quality, of maintaining adequate performance in the face of probabilistic system events or failures. The methodology merges integrated multidisciplinary analysis techniques for system design with behavioral-Markov analysis methods used to define probabilistic metrics such as reliability and availability. The result is a multistate approach that concurrently manipulates design variables and component failure rates to better identify key features for an inherently robust system. This methodology is demonstrated on the design of a long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle for a three-month ice surveillance mission over Antarctica. The vehicle is designed using the multistate methodology and then compared to a baseline design created for the best performance under nominal conditions. Results demonstrated an improvement of 10–11% in system availability over this period with minimal impacts on cost or performance.
PION COLLECTIVITY IN RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS

Abstract The inelastic nucleon-nucleon cross section may be enhanced in the nuclear medium by pion collectivity. Empirical hamiltonians are on the borderline of strongly collective behavior, and the predicted enhancement factors range from 1–5 for various hamiltonians from the literature. An enhancement would have a substantial effect on the sideward flow in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. If this effect is present, the equation of state could be softer than in previous analyses.
Coincidence Observations of Strong Correlations between Bound- and Continuum-State Electron Capture by Fast, Highly Ionized Ions in Gases

Comparative rates for simultaneous capture of zero, one, two, and three electrons into bound states measured in coincidence with an electron capture to continuum states, have been determined for 7-9-a.u. velocity ${\mathrm{C}}^{6+}$ and ${\mathrm{O}}^{8+}$ ions in Ar. Estimates based on the high correlations observed lead to the conclusion that traditionally measured cross sections for single and multiple bound-state capture have often been inappropriately compared with pure bound-state capture theories, tacitly ignoring an important unseen channel.
BRAF copy number gains in thyroid tumors detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

Point mutation of the BRAF gene is a common genetic event in papillary thyroid carcinomas. More recently, it has been found that BRAF can also participate in chromosomal rearrangement. In this study, we explore yet another possible mechanism of BRAF alteration, which involves copy number gain. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization with BRAF specific and chromosome 7 centromeric probes, we studied 62 follicular thyroid tumors and 32 papillary carcinomas. We found that numerical changes in BRAF copy number were rare in papillary thyroid carcinomas, while they occurred in 16-45% of follicular tumors of conventional and oncocytic (Hurthle cell) types. They were due to amplification of the gene or gain of one or more copies of chromosome 7. Tetrasomy for chromosome 7 was overall the most common finding. The changes in BRAF copy number did not overlap with RAS mutations in follicular tumors. In a group of follicular carcinomas, tumors with BRAF copy number gain were significantly more often widely invasive (67%) compared to tumors with no copy number change (18%). By Western blotting, the tumors carrying four copies of the gene revealed higher expression of BRAF protein, suggesting that copy number gain may represent another mechanism of BRAF activation in thyroid tumors.
Emergence of symmetric, modular, and reciprocal connections in recurrent networks with Hebbian learning.

While learning and development are well characterized in feedforward networks, these features are more diAcult to analyze in recurrent networks due to the increased complexity of dual dynamics - the rapid dynamics arising from activation states and the slow dynamics arising from learning or developmental plas- ticity. We present analytical and numerical results that consider dual dynamics in a recurrent network under- going Hebbian learning with either constant weight decay or weight normalization. Starting from initially random connections, the recurrent network develops symmetric or near-symmetric connections through Hebbian learning. Reciprocity and modularity arise naturally through correlations in the activation states. Additionally, weight normalization may be better than constant weight decay for the development of multiple attractor states that allow a diverse representation of the inputs. These results suggest a natural mechanism by which synaptic plasticity in recurrent networks such as cortical and brainstem premotor circuits could enhance neural computation and the generation of motor programs.
CONTRASTING QUATERNARY HISTORIES IN AN ECOLOGICALLY DIVERGENT SISTER PAIR OF LOW‐DISPERSING INTERTIDAL FISH (XIPHISTER) REVEALED BY MULTILOCUS DNA ANALYSIS

Recurrent glacial advances have shaped community histories across the planet. While biogeographic re- sponses to glaciations likely varied with latitude, the consequences for temperate marine communities histories are less clear. By coalescent analyses of multiloci DNA sequence data (mitochondrial DNA control region, a-enolase intron, and a-tropomyosin intron) collected from a low-dispersing sister pair of rocky intertidal fishes commonly found from southeastern Alaska to California (Xiphister atropurpureusand X. mucosus), we uncover two very different responses to historical glaciations. A variety of methods that include a simulation analysis, coestimates of migration and divergence times, and estimates of minimum ages of populations sampled up and down the North American Pacific coast all strongly revealed a history of range persistence in X. atropurpureus and extreme range contraction and expansion from a southern refugium in X. mucosus. Furthermore, these conclusions are not sensitive to the independent estimates of the DNA substitution rates we obtain. While gene flow and dispersal are low in both species, the widely different histories are rather likely to have arisen from ecological differences such as diet breadth, generation time, and habitat specificity.
The combined effects of risk and time on choice: Does uncertainty eliminate the immediacy effect? Does delay eliminate the certainty effect?

Researchers have noted parallels between decisions under uncertainty and over time. Three experiments evaluated the theory that uncertainty and time affect choice via a common underlying dimension, such that delaying an outcome is equivalent to making it uncertain. To test this account we asked whether adding uncertainty to outcomes would eliminate the immediacy effect bias. We also asked whether adding time delay to outcomes would eliminate the certainty effect bias. The answer to both questions was yes, provided the prospects were presented singly rather than jointly. In single evaluation uncertainly eliminated the immediacy effect and delay eliminated one form of the certainty effect, while in joint evaluation, these effects did not occur. These findings suggest that at least in some contexts decision makers may equate risk and delay. Other explanations are possible, however, demonstrating that the interaction between risk and delay is complex and not easily understood.
The Conversion of d-Glucose-6-14C to Cell Wall Polysaccharide Material in Zea mays in Presence of High Endogenous Levels of Myoinositol

When corn (Zea mays) roots are supplied with high concentrations of unlabeled myoinositol, the conversion of d-glucose-6-14C to cell wall galacturonic acid is significantly reduced compared to controls, although its incorporation into cell wall glucosyl units remains unchanged. This suggests that, in order to be converted to uronic acid, radiolabel from glucose must first pass through the internal myoinositol pool of the roots.
Using joint probability distribution functions to evaluate simulations of precipitation, cloud fraction and insolation in the North America Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP)

This study evaluates model fidelity in simulating relationships between seasonally averaged precipitation, cloud fraction and surface insolation from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Project (NARCCAP) hindcast using observational data from ground stations and satellites. Model fidelity is measured in terms of the temporal correlation coefficients between these three variables and the similarity between the observed and simulated joint probability distribution functions (JPDFs) in 14 subregions over the conterminous United States. Observations exhibit strong negative correlations between precipitation/cloud fraction and surface insolation for all seasons, whereas the relationship between precipitation and cloud fraction varies according to regions and seasons. The skill in capturing these observed relationships varies widely among the NARCCAP regional climate models, especially in the Midwest and Southeast coast regions where observations show weak (or even negative) correlations between precipitation and cloud fraction in winter due to frequent non-precipitating stratiform clouds. Quantitative comparison of univariate and JPDFs indicates that model performance varies markedly between regions as well as seasons. This study also shows that comparison of JPDFs is useful for summarizing the performance of and highlighting problems with some models in simulating cloud fraction and surface insolation. Our quantitative metric may be useful in improving climate models by highlighting shortcomings in the formulations related with the physical processes involved in precipitation, clouds and radiation or other multivariate processes in the climate system.
Effect of Electron-Electron Interactions on Photoemission in Simple Metals

Recently interest has arisen in the possibility of significant deviations of the optical properties of metals from their random-phase-approximation (RPA) values. Starting with the approximation that the crystal pseudopotential can be regarded as weak, we have carried out calculations beyond RPA of the optical absorption and primary photoelectron kinetic-energy distribution. Dynamic screening (as opposed to the usual RPA static screening) results in corrections of great importance to the phonon (or disorder) contribution to the optical absorption and makes qualitative changes in the phonon-induced photoelectron distribution for photons having energies above ${w}_{p}$. A new feature is a marked peak in the phonon contribution to the photoelectron distribution at the Fermi energy for photons having energies in the region of plasmon energies. The supposition of a weak crystal potential prevents quantitative application of these results except to Na and K, but the qualitative effect of dynamic screening should be the same in more complicated systems. The possibility of the experimental existence of photoemission features inexplicable in RPA has been recently discussed by Phillips.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Relative Weight and Self-Reported Weight Loss Activities.

: Data from the 1990 North Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were used to examine adolescents' perceptions of relative weight and the relationship of these perceptions to physical activity levels, efforts to lose weight, and time spent viewing television. A total of 3,437 ninth and 12th grade respondents to the May 1990 survey were included in the analysis. Of this sample, 25% perceived themselves as “too fat.” Of that group, 68% were trying to lose weight. Females made up 75% of those reporting they were “too fat” and were trying to lose weight. White females were more likely to think of themselves as overweight and were more likely to be trying to lose weight than black females. Adolescents who perceived themselves as “too fat” reported fewer days of strenuous activity, fewer hours of strenuous exercise in physical education classes, and more hours spent viewing television on school days.
Dietary Compliance as a Predictor of Low Density Lipoprotein Outcome in Subjects Treated with Lovastatin for Hyperlipidemia

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To define medical nutrition therapy practice guidelines for individuals taking lovastatin for hyperlipidemia. When medical nutrition therapy fails to adequately control blood cholesterol levels and drug therapy is initiated, maintenance of a heart healthy diet is often perceived to be of little importance. In order to develop practice guidelines, more information is needed regarding the impact of dietary intake on low density lipoprotein (LDL) in those who do require hypolipemic agents. Data was analyzed from 78 subjects (baseline mean LDL=213mg/dl) who participated in a clinical trial to assess the efficacy of the Step One diet and lovastatin in reducing LDL-cholesterol. This subset of subjects failed to achieve their LDL goal of ≤ 160mg/dl or ≤130mg/dl (based upon low or high risk for coronary heart disease, respectively) after receiving nutrition counseling on the Step One by a registered dietitian. They were started on 20mg lovastatin and returned every 6 weeks, for a total of 48 weeks, to obtain a fasting lipid profile and dosage adjustment to attain LDL goals. At each visit, 2-day food records were completed and analyzed using Dine software. A multiple logistic regression model was used to control for the average weekly dosage of lovastatin and nutrient intake was determined by averaging the values obtained from food record analysis during the medication phase. The results indicated that saturated fat in synergy with total fat intake was predictive of the subject's success in meeting their LDL goal. As the intake of saturated fat decreased (p=0.02) and was replaced with unsaturated sources (p=0.01), the subjects were more likely to meet their LDL goal. Thus, dietary compliance to a low saturated fat diet, with emphasis on unsaturated fats, is recommended for individuals prescribed this medication. In typical practice settings, nutrition intervention by a registered dietitian is beneficial, even if patients cannot attain LDL goals with diet alone. An unrestricted diet may necessitate a higher dosage of lovastatin which increases the risk of potentially serious side effects and has significant economic impact.
Search Behavior on Multi-Choice Hiding Tasks: Evidence for an Objective Conception of Space in Infancy:

Nineto 10-month old infants were presented with a series of visible displacement hiding trials at a first location (A), and, subsequently, at a second location (B). Infants had to choose among 3, 5, or 6 salient alternative search locations on each trial. Infants seldom searched perseveratively during B-hiding trials, regardless of the number of alternative search locations presented. Instead, infant search attempts tended to cluster around the currently correct location during Aand B-hiding trials on all apparatuses. These findings suggest that infants do not err on visible displacement tasks because they (a) link objects with previous action-locations, (b) rely upon egocentric spatial reference systems, or (c) confuse different hiding locations as a result of a specific form of retrieval competition from the previous hiding location. The results are discussed as evidence for a memory explanation of infant search behavior which contends that infants comprehend the objective nature of spatial relationship...
Fatigue: A Prevalent Symptom in Gastroparesis

Background Fatigue is seen in many medical conditions. Patients with gastroparesis may complain of fatigue.
The effects of linkage and linkage disequilibrium on the covariances of noninbred relatives

The effects of linkage and linkage disequilibrium on the genetic variances and covariances of noninbred relatives are formulated for quantitative traits with additive and dominance effects but without epistasis. Assortative mating is excluded. Linkage disequilibrium between two loci introduces a covariance between their additive effects and between their dominance effects. The usual coefficients of additive and dominance variances found by counting paths through common ancestors suffice to express the covariances of relatives, which now include the additive and dominance covariances. The linkage parameter, or recombination fraction, comes into play only when relating the additive or dominance covariances from one generation to another.
Purification and Characterization of Isoperoxidases Elicited by Aspergillus flavus in Cotton Ovule Cultures.

Two anionic isoperoxidases were isolated from media of Aspergillus flavus-inoculated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ovule cultures and purified about 150-fold to apparent homogeneity by treatment with Cell Debris Remover and ion exchange chromatography on Accell QMA medium. These isoperoxidases were present in noninoculated cotton ovule cultures at low levels. The major activity peak (B) represented 90% of the recovered peroxidase activity and was electrophoretically homogeneous. The minor activity peak (A) was about 95% pure. Isoelectric focusing analysis showed that B was greater than 95% pure with respect to other peroxidase isozymes, while the enzyme in A was about 90% isozymically pure. Each isoperoxidase displayed a molecular mass of 56 kilodaltons by interpolation from denaturing gel electrophoresis. The B isozyme displayed a molecular mass of 55 kilodaltons by gel filtration chromatography. The pH optima for the cotton ovule isoperoxidases were similar, 5.0 for isozyme A and 6.0 for isozyme B. The isoelectric points for isozymes A and B were 4.2 and 4.4, respectively. Eugenol, guaiacol, and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine were good electron donor substrates, whereas 4-aminoantipyrine was a poor substrate. The absorption spectrum of the material in B revealed a major peak at 400 nanometers and a minor peak at 280 nanometers. The molar extinction coefficient at 400 nanometers (pH 7.0) was calculated to be 1.07 × 105 per square centimeter per mole. Amino acid analysis of isozyme B confirmed the acidic nature of this protein and identified a number of similarities to the anionic peroxidases from tobacco and potato. This glycoprotein was found to contain 12 to 14% sugar (by weight), mainly in the form of galactose and mannose.
NFAT1 promotes intratumoral neutrophil infiltration by regulating IL8 expression in breast cancer.

Abstract NFAT transcription factors are key regulators of gene expression in immune cells. In addition, NFAT1-induced genes play diverse roles in mediating the progression of various solid tumors. Here we show that NFAT1 induces the expression of the IL8 gene by binding to its promoter and leading to IL8 secretion. Thapsigargin stimulation of breast cancer cells induces IL8 expression in an NFAT-dependent manner. Moreover, we show that NFAT1-mediated IL8 production promotes the migration of primary human neutrophils in vitro and also promotes neutrophil infiltration in tumor xenografts. Furthermore, expression of active NFAT1 effectively suppresses the growth of nascent and established tumors by a non cell-autonomous mechanism. Evaluation of breast tumor tissue reveals that while the levels of NFAT1 are similar in tumor cells and normal breast epithelium, cells in the tumor stroma express higher levels of NFAT1 compared to normal stroma. Elevated levels of NFAT1 also correlate with increased neutrophil infiltrate in breast tumors. These data point to a mechanism by which NFAT1 orchestrates the communication between breast cancer cells and host neutrophils during breast cancer progression.
The Estates of Normandy and the Revolts in the Towns at the Beginning of the Reign of Charles VI

THE reign of Charles V seems to the modern historian a period of triumph for the French monarchy in the dark early stages of the Hundred Years' War: unlike his father and grandfather, Charles was not hampered by lack of money; unlike his son, he kept the royal court under his control; and even on the battlefield, French armies did better than they were to do again before Joan of Arc. Under the leadership of Bertrand du Guesclin, the royal armies were able to contain the advance of the English. Charles' brothers, whose disputes were to tear the country apart after his death, were for the time satisfied with the generous places he assigned them in his court. And perhaps most important, regular taxes had been established, and thus the king was spared from having to treat continually with troublesome and recalcitrant assemblies. While Charles' ability to choose and handle men does much to explain the stability of his regime at the highest levels, it does not account for the responsiveness of the provinces to his wishes. The co-operation of the important men of the provinces was essential if the crown was not to be thwarted in every undertaking or hamstrung by lack of money, and while he was still dauphin Charles moved to assure himself of their continued support for his government. The regular collection of taxes and the docility of those assemblies that did meet are the most important signs of the mutual confidence that existed between the king and the notables of the countryside and the towns. Normandy is a prime example of how effective this policy was. The Norman estates since the time of Philip the Fair had been unyielding in their defense of the liberties of the duchy. Even when there was danger of an invasion by the English, the estates had refused to grant taxes for defense until the king had dealt with their grievances. But this changed dramatically after 1360, and while Charles V ruled both regular taxes and special levies for local defense were collected without interference from the estates. Sometimes the king consulted them, as he did when he raised money for the siege of Saint-Sauveur, and sometimes he did not, as in 1378 when he gathered an army to move against the strongholds of Charles of Navarre, but it made no difference. When the estates were called, they were co-operative; when they were not called, no one protested, and the taxes were collected anyway.' The death of Charles V on 16 September 1380 ended this peaceful period. On his deathbed the king cancelled the hearth tax which had run, with one brief
Plasma jet ignition in a lean-burn CFR engine

The parameters controlling plasma jet ignition are explored in a lean burn CFR engine. The effects of plasma energy and its duration, the plasma cavity size and the plasma medium are investigated. Premixed charge of methane air is used throughout. With the engine running at 800 RPM and at an equivalence ratio of 0.7, increased plasma energy and reduced energy deposition time result in improved performance. Tests with several sizes of plasma cavity reveal that for a given plasma energy and duration, an optimum size for best performance can be determined. When the plasma medium is the fuel itself, it was found that both degradation and improvement could be obtained depending on the plasma cavity size. For the range of designs used here, it was found that the best performance could beobtained when the plasma cavity is 150 mm3 with the plasma medium being the same as the engine charge. In this case a constant specific fuel consumption of 0.12 gm/Kw-s at equivalence ratios of 0.65–0.80 was obtained. Emissions data on CO, HC and NOx show consistent trends and confirm the superiority of the 150 mm3 plasma unit.
Mapping the extracellular topography of the α-chain in free and in membrane-bound acetylcholine receptor by antibodies against overlapping peptides spanning the entire extracellular parts of the chain

The extracellular surface of theα-chain ofTorpedo california acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was mapped for regions that are accessible to binding with antibodies against a panel of synthetic overlapping peptides which encompassed the entire extracellular parts of the chain. The binding of the antipeptide antibodies to membrane-bound AChR (mbAChR) and to isolated, soluble AChR. was determined. The specificity of each antiserum was narrowed down by determining the extent of its cross-reaction with the two adjacent peptides that overlap the immunizing peptide. With mbAChR, high antibody reactivity was obtained with antisera against peptidesα1–16,α89–104,α158–174,α262–276, andα388–408. Lower, but significant, levels of reactivity were obtained with antibodies against peptidesα67–82,α78–93,α100–115, andα111–126. On the other hand, free AChR bound high levels of antibodies against peptidesα34–49,α78–93,α134–150,α170–186, andα194–210. It also bound moderate levels of antibodies against peptidesα262–276 andα388–408. Low, yet significant, levels of binding were exhibited by antibodies against peptidesα45–60,α111–126, andα122–138. These binding studies, which enabled a comparison of the accessible regions in mbAChR and free AChR, revealed that the receptor undergoes considerable changes in conformation upon removal from the cell membrane. The exposed regions found here are discussed in relation to the functional sites of AChR (i.e., the acetylcholine binding site, the regions that are recognized by anti-AChR antibodies, T-cells and autoimmune responses and the regions that bind short and long neurotoxins).
Program analysis techniques for transforming programs for parallel execution

Abstract In a multiple processor system, computer programs have to be redesigned to efficiently use the parallel processors and deliver higher performance. One major approach is automatic detection of parallelism, in which existing conventional sequential programs are translated into parallel programs, in order to benefit from the presence of multiple processors. Optimizing compilers rely upon program analysis techniques to detect data dependences between program statements. The results of the analysis enable the compiler to identify code fragments that can be executed in parallel. The proposed dependence analysis techniques fall into two different categories: either efficient and approximate tests or exact but exponential. In this paper, we show that exact data dependence information can be computed efficiently in practice. The Banerjee inequality and the GCD test are the two tests traditionally used to determine statement data dependence in automatic parallelization of loops. These tests are approximate in the sense that they are necessary but not sufficient conditions for data dependence. In an earlier work we formally studied the accuracy of the Banerjee and GCD tests and derived a set of conditions that can be tested along with the Banerjee inequality and the GCD test to obtain exact data dependence information. In this work, we perform an empirical study to explain and demonstrate the accuracy of the Banerjee and GCD tests in actual practice. Our experiments indicate that exact data dependence information can be computed in linear time in practice.
A new method for predicting thermal flow stability: application to a heated rotating disk

In this paper, an approximate analytical formulation is used to develop criteria for predicting thermal flow stability of a heated rotating disk reactor. For fluid flow directed vertically onto a heated horizontal rotating disk, gravitationally induced thermal recirculation results if the density difference between the disk and the incoming gas stream overcomes the stabilizing influence of the viscous forces. From both a fundamental and a practical standpoint, one would like a simple rule that predicts the flow regimes that are free of thermal recirculations. The new stability criteria are based on a variable property similarity transform that makes it possible to obtain approximate analytical solutions to the flow-governing equations. Stability criteria are developed by integrating and combining various terms of the resulting approximate equations. The new stability criteria developed herein are compared to existing criteria as well as to experimental results.
Density-functional theory for the freezing of water.

We employ a density-functional theory designed to treat polyatomic systems, and use it in an approximate form to describe the freezing of water.
On Being Professional in the 21st Century: An Empirically Informed Essay

SUMMARY: The purpose of this article is to reflect on the ongoing transformation of the Big 8/6/5/4 public accounting firms, with the intent of helping primarily doctoral students and junior faculty engaged in developing their own research programs. Drawing on a variety of theoretical research traditions that we have employed in our field research spanning over 30 years, we will briefly reconsider three “moments” through which the phenomenon of the multi-discipline (or, as termed in the sociology of professions literature, the “entrepreneurial”) professional service firm has shaped both accounting firms and accountants: Moment I, in which administrative partners implemented centrally orchestrated control systems to better direct the actions of audit team members, and the response of the latter to resist, deflect, and transform such efforts; Moment II, in which the profession attempted to rebrand itself as a professional service delivery system that could offer “higher platforms of service” to a global bus...
Epidemiology of multiple childhood traumatic events: child abuse, parental psychopathology, and other family-level stressors

Multiple family-level childhood stressors are common and are correlated. It is unknown if clusters of commonly co-occurring stressors are identifiable. The study was designed to explore family-level stressor clustering in the general population, to estimate the prevalence of exposure classes, and to examine the correlation of sociodemographic characteristics with class prevalence. Data were collected from an epidemiological sample and analyzed using latent class regression. A six-class solution was identified. Classes were characterized by low risk (prevalence=23%), universal high risk (7 %), family conflict (11 %), household substance problems (22 %), non-nuclear family structure (24 %), parent’s mental illness (13 %). Class prevalence varied with race and welfare status, not gender. Interventions for childhood stressors are person-focused; the analytic approach may uniquely inform resource allocation.
Understanding affect in the workplace via social media

We investigate the landscape of affective expression of employees at a large Fortune 500 software corporation via an internal microblogging tool. We present three analyses of emotional expression among employees, based on literature in organizational behavior: its relationship to (1) exogenous/lifestyle and endogenous workplace factors, (2) geography and (3) organizational structure. We find that employees tend to make significant accommodations in affect expression when interacting with others over the organizational hierarchy. We also find that positive affect is expressed through interpersonal communications that connect disparate geographic regions. Our findings have implications for enabling emotional reflection of employees and for management in that they can help uncover emotional patterns associated with episodes of high and low productivity, allowing organizations to improve employee engagement and promote positive attitudes.
Effect of glutathione and some of its components on the response of Escherichia coli to penicillin.

Glutathione (GSH) has little effect on the growth of Escherichia coli ATCC 6522 in the chemically defined medium that was used, but when penicillin also is present favors the early onset of action of the antibiotic. Of the component moieties of GSH, in the absence of penicillin, glutamic acid appreciably stimulates and glycine slightly stimulates early growth, while cysteine markedly prolongs the lag phase. Glutamic acid nullifies the depressing effect of cysteine, but glycine does not. In the presence of penicillin, glutamic acid and glycine, singly or together, seem to favor earlier evidence of the growth-depressing effect of the antibiotic than is produced by penicillin alone. The effect of cysteine on the reaction of the organisms to penicillin is difficult to interpret, but there was no evidence for inhibition of penicillin, such as might have been expected from some of the reports in the literature. In the presence of penicillin, organisms respond quite differently to GSH and to an equivalent (concentrationwise) mixture of the component moieties of GSH.
The mass spectra of styryl sulfoxides and sulfones

A variety of rearrangement reactions have been documented in the gas phase ion chemistry of styryl sulfoxides and sulfones. The styryl group rearranges from sulfur to oxygen as evidenced by loss of SCH3 from methyl styryl sulfoxide and loss of SOCH3 from the corresponding sulfone. The resulting m/e 119 ion loses carbon monoxide in one fragmentation route and alternatively loses a hydrogen atom from the aromatic nucleus to produce the benzofuran molecule ion via an electrophilic aromatic ring closure reaction. Styryl sulfoxides lose both carbon monoxide and formyl radicals directly from their molecule ions, but the corresponding sulfones do not fragment in this manner. The mechanisms of the above reactions, as well as others, were investigated using substituent and deuterium labeling. The styryl group has been shown to migrate in preference to a phenyl or substituted phenyl group by investigation of the mass spectra of appropriate aryl styryl sulfoxides and sulfones.
On using the streamwise traveling waves for variance suppression in channel flows

We assess the efficacy of using a zero-net-mass- flux blowing and suction in the form of an upstream traveling wave for transition control in channel flows. Our study is motivated by a recent paper by Min et at. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 558) where it was shown that this type of surface actuation yields a sustained sub-laminar drag in a fully developed channel flow. We develop models that govern the dynamics of velocity fluctuations in the presence of stochastic outside disturbances (such as free-stream turbulence and acoustic waves) and show how changes in control parameters affect the fluctuations' kinetic energy density. Effectively, we establish that properly designed streamwise traveling waves can be used to suppress variance of both the streamwise streaks and the Tollmien- Schlichting waves in transitional channel flows.