cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
17 Ionic fluids near critical points and at high temperatures

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses ionic fluids near critical points and at high temperatures. Studies on critical phenomena, however, have until recently mostly avoided the complications introduced by charged species, while traditional work on ionic fluids has avoided the complications that arise in the vicinity of the solvent's or mixture's critical point. Recently, there has been a concerted effort, both experimental and theoretical, to arrive at a better understanding of these issues. The chapter discusses some of this work and attempt to put it into perspective. From the standpoint of critical-phenomena theory, the behavior of thermodynamic and transport properties of pure fluids and their mixtures is known and understood in considerable detail. Serious questions exist; however, as to the applicability of the methodology when long-range Coulombic forces are present. These questions have recently generated substantial interest, controversy, and experimental and theoretical research, and some answers are beginning to emerge.
Market Underestimation of the Implications of R&D Increases for Future Earnings: The US Evidence

: This study shows that future abnormal returns to R&D increases are concentrated around subsequent earnings announcements. It further shows that market expectations, implied from stock prices, underestimate the future earnings benefits of increase in R&D. Finally, it documents that in their forecasts of future earnings, security analysts also underestimate the effect of increase in R&D spending. These results suggest that future abnormal returns following R&D increases are at least in part due to the market's underestimation of the earnings benefits of R&D increases. The finding in this study contributes to the longstanding debate in accounting on whether the US GAAP requirement to expense R&D costs when incurred causes investors to underestimate the benefits of R&D.
Effect of Body Mass Index on the sensitivity of Magnetogastrogram and Electrogastrogram.

AIM: Gastric disorders affect the gastric slow wave. The cutaneous electrogastrogram (EGG) evaluates the electrical potential of the slow wave but is limited by the volume conduction properties of the abdominal wall. The magnetogastrogram (MGG) evaluates the gastric magnetic field activity and is not affected as much by the volume conductor properties of the abdominal wall. We hypothesized that MGG would not be as sensitive to body mass index as EGG. METHODS: We simultaneously recorded gastric slow wave signals with mucosal electrodes, a Superconducting Quantum Interference Device magnetometer (SQUID) and cutaneous electrodes before and after a test meal. Data were recorded from representative pools of human volunteers. The sensitivity of EGG and MGG was compared to the body mass index and waist circumference of volunteers. RESULTS: The study population had good linear regression of their Waist circumference (Wc) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (regression coefficient, R=0.9). The mean BMI of the study population was 29.2±1.8 kgm-2 and mean Wc 35.7±1.4 inch. We found that while subjects with BMI≥25 showed significant reduction in post-prandial EGG sensitivity, only subjects with BMI≥30 showed similar reduction in post-prandial MGG sensitivity. Sensitivity of SOBI “EGG and MGG” was not affected by the anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to electrogastrogram, the sensitivity of the magnetogastrogram is less affected by changes in body mass index and waist circumference. The use of Second Order Blind Identification (SOBI) increased the sensitivity of EGG and MGG recordings and was not affected by BMI or waist circumference.
An experiment with hardware implementation of edge enhancement filter

The significance of experimenting with hardware and software applications in an undergraduate program must be emphasized given the job market need for system designers with a broad knowledge on the computer science field. Interesting applications can always be found in the field of computer vision. In such a field, a digital image is usually segmented into regions. This paper presents an algorithm used to perform the operation of segmenting an image into regions, more specifically edges, and an experiment with its hardware implementation. The selected algorithm is known as the Laplace algorithm. The experiment is conducted by implementing the algorithm in hardware, or more specifically a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), and then evaluating the required clock cycle required for execution of the algorithm.
The evolution of human fungal pathogens.

This chapter focuses primarily on the subset of human pathogenic fungi. Even among this relatively small subset of organisms, there is extensive variation in phylogenetic ancestry, pathogenic strategies, ecology, prevalence, and outcome of infection. The major fungal pathogens constitute a diverse group of organisms. With the exception of Candida spp. and Malassezia furfur, all other pathogenic fungi discussed in this chapter are saprophytic. Pathogens can be classified as generalists or specialists depending on their host range. The chapter also focuses on broad areas of the macroevolution of fungal pathogenesis. In fungi, the two important genetic changes that result in microevolution are genetic rearrangements and point mutations. Macroevolution in terms of speciation has led to the development of multiple pathogenic fungal species. The chapter proposes different hypotheses and supporting data on the evolution and development of fungal pathogenesis. Though the specific mechanisms of evolution and development of virulence factors have not been elucidated, there are clear data implicating soil amoebae as a natural predator that may maintain virulence in the fungal habitat. Given increasing interest in this area, future studies will shed additional light on the evolution of fungal pathogenesis.
Does the MBA Experience Support Diversity? Demographic Effects on Program Satisfaction*

Using data provided by graduates from 128 MBA programs, we examined the extent to which age, gender, and ethnicity predicted student perceptions of the MBA experience. We found that women and minorities were more likely to see program costs and the availability of financial support as significant factors in their program enrollment decisions than were Caucasian males. The most consistent predictor of students’ perceptions of their educational experience was whether the MBA program was full time or part time, with full-time programs generally perceived more favorably. Our findings suggest that because diversity measures of age, gender, and ethnicity were not consistent predictors across the different perception areas, at minimum, MBA programs presently do not consistently inhibit diversity. However, given the increasing percentage of women and minorities that comprise the undergraduate population, maintaining the present path in program accessibility may create enrollment problems for MBA programs perhaps in the very near future. Therefore, we conclude with a discussion of the changing demographics in higher education and their potential implications for MBA programs and suggestions for how MBA programs might respond.
Intracellular viscosity of lymphocytes determined by a 15N spin label probe

Abstract 15 N-Tempone was synthesized from (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 and phorone and was used as a spin label probe to study the protoplasmic viscosity of lymphocytes. The intracellular viscosity was determined to be approximately two times the viscosity of water. 14 N-Tempone yielded a similar result. The value of the hyperfine coupling constant for 15 N-Tempone in lymphocytes was slightly less than that in water. The EPR signal of the intracellular spin label was observed to decrease exponentially as a function of time with a decay constant of 0.25 ± 0.18 min −1 .
The kids' eating disorders survey (KEDS): Internal consistency, component analysis, and reliability

Abstract Although eating disorders occur in children, large epidemiologic studies in this age group are lacking. Numerous surveys have been designed for adolescents and adults, but are unsuitable for children. To solve this problem, the Kids' Eating Disorders Survey (KEDS), a 14-item self-report about eating disorders pathology, was developed. The KEDS was administered to 3,178 students in grades 5–8 and then readministered to 234 students within four months. Two major components, one reflecting weight dissatisfaction and another, purging behaviors, were identified via principal component analysis. The KEDS was found to be internally consistent (Chronbach's α = 0.73) and to have good test-retest reliability (r = 0.83). These results suggest the KEDS in an appropriate tool to administer to children in the screening and prevention of eating disorders.
Magnetic fields via polarimetry: progress on grain alignment theory

Most astrophysical systems, e.g. stellar winds, the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM), molecular clouds, are magnetized with magnetic fields that influence almost all of their properties. One of the most informative techniques of magnetic field studies is based on the use of starlight polarization and polarized emission arising from aligned dust. Grain alignment theory addresses the issue of how reliable the interpretation of the polarization maps in terms of magnetic fields is. Although grain alignment is a problem of half a century standing, recent progress achieved in the field makes us believe that we are approaching the solution of this mystery. I review basic physical processes involved in grain alignment and discuss the niches for different alignment mechanisms. I show why mechanisms that were favored for decades do not look so promising right now, while the radiative torque mechanism ignored for more than 20 years looks so attractive. I define the observational tests and outline the circumstances when grain alignment theory predicts that new yet untapped information of magnetic field structure is available through polarimetry. In particular, I touch upon mapping magnetic fields in circumstellar regions, interplanetary space, and comet comae.
Moment-generated radiative-transfer functions for relativistic Maxwellian electrons

Abstract Coupling the relativistic expressions for various momentum moments of Maxwellian electron distributions to an invariant representation of Compton photon scattering permits fast and accurate approximations of the effective transfer kernels appearing in the photon transport equation. The method is detailed, earlier approaches are discussed, and numerical results and comparisons are presented.
Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils.

A direct pathway from the retina to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has been demonstrated in both albino rats and Mongolian gerbils. Following intraocular injection of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB), a diffuse stream of CTB-positive, fine-caliber optic axons emerged from the optic tract at the level of the pretectum/anterior mesencephalon. In gerbils, CTB-positive axons descended ventromedially into the periaqueductal gray, moving caudally and arborizing extensively throughout the DRN. In rats, the retinal-DRN projection comprised fewer, but larger caliber, axons, which arborized in a relatively restricted region of the lateral and ventral DRN. Following injection of CTB into the lateral DRN, retrogradely labeled ganglion cells (GCs) were observed in whole-mount retinas of both species. In gerbils, CTB-positive GCs were distributed over the entire retina, and a nearest-neighbor analysis of CTB-positive GCs showed significant regularity (nonrandomness) in their distribution. The overall distribution of gerbil GC soma diameters ranged from 8 to 22 μm and was skewed slightly towards the larger soma diameters. Based on an adaptive mixtures model statistical analysis, two Gaussian distributions appeared to comprise the total GC distribution, with mean soma diameters of 13 (SEM ±1.7) μm, and 17 (SEM ±1.5) μm, respectively. In rats, many fewer CTB-positive GCs were labeled following CTB injections into the lateral DRN, and nearly all occurred in the inferior retina. The total distribution of rat GC soma diameters was similar to that in gerbils and also was skewed towards the larger soma diameters. Major differences observed in the extent and configuration of the retinal-DRN pathway may be related to the diurnal/crepuscular vs. nocturnal habits of these two species. J. Comp. Neurol. 414:469–484, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A controlled outcome study of phobias in mentally retarded adults

Abstract Twenty-four mentally retarded adults in the mild and moderate range based on American Association on Mental Deficiency criterion were assessed for excessive fear of participating in community based activities. Persons were matched into pairs on degree of fear and sex and then one member of each pair was randomly placed into one of two experimental conditions: no-treatment controls or those who received participant modeling for their fear. The latter condition consisted of having a trainer rehearse going into stores and related activities with the mentally retarded person at a sheltered workshop. In the next step of training, the therapist accompanied the subjects to a community grocery store where they performed the tasks of shopping through successive approximations. Treatment was conducted for a period of three months. Fear level of the mentally retarded persons was assessed on target behaviors prior to and at the conclusion of training. Follow-up assessment of treatment effects and the continued status of the control subjects was assessed four months after the conclusion of treatment. Participant modeling proved to be significantly more effective than no treatment.
Longitudinal Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life for Chronic Diseases: An Example in Hemophilia A

Patients with well-managed rare chronic diseases such as hemophilia maintain a stable health state and health-related quality of life (HrQoL) that may be affected by acute events. Longitudinal HrQoL assessments analyzed using multivariate multilevel (MVML) modelling can determine the impact of such events on individuals (within-person effect) and identify factors influencing within-population differences (between-person effect). To demonstrate the application of MVML modelling in a longitudinal study of HrQoL in hemophilia A. Using data on 136 adults and 125 children from a two-year observational cohort study of burden of illness in US hemophilia A patients, MVML modelling determined the effect of time-invariant (sociodemographic and clinical characteristics) and time-varying factors (bleeding frequency, emergency room visits, and missed work/school days) on within-person and between-person HrQoL changes. HrQoL was assessed using the SF-12 health survey (adults) and PedsQL inventory (children) at baseline, then every 6 months. In children, within-person (p < 0.0001) and between-person (p < 0.0001) psychosocial functioning was reduced by each additional bleed and missed day (within-person: p = 0.0089; between-person: p = 0.0060). Within-person physical functioning was reduced by each additional bleed (p < 0.0001), emergency room (ER) visit (p = 0.0284), and missed day (p = 0.0473). Between-persons, additional missed days (p < 0.0001) significantly decreased physical functioning. In adults, each additional missed day reduced SF-12 Health Survey mental (p = 0.0025) and physical (p = 0.0093) component summary scores. Each additional bleed also decreased physical component summary (PCS) significantly (p = 0.0093). This study demonstrated the applicability of MVML modelling in identifying time-invariant and time-varying factors influencing HrQoL in a rare chronic disease population. Small but significant within-person and between-person changes in HrQoL with each additional acute event experienced were identified, which if frequent, could have a large cumulative impact. The results suggest that MVML modelling may be applied to future studies of longitudinal change in HrQoL in other rare chronic disease populations.
SU-DD-A4-01: Quantifying Skin Effects After Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation Using Digital Infrared Imaging (DII): Preliminary Feasibility Data

Purpose: Accelerated partial‐breast irradiation (APBI) is an emerging radiation technique that challenges standard whole breast irradiation. The larger fraction sizes used in these hypofractionated schedules may increase the risk of late normal tissueeffects. Identification of the causes of variability in radiation sensitivity and normal tissue reactions could have important implications for breast cancer therapy. For this, a quantitative method of estimating early and late skineffects is needed. DII is recording instantaneous skin temperatures that are directly correlated with the skinblood flow, a parameter known to be an indicator of skin reaction. Material and Methods: An infrared digital camera IRSnapShot® was used to image breast cancer patients treated with APBI to a total dose of 3850 cGy over 10 fractions. The plans consisted of multiple external non‐coplanar photons +/− electron beams. The patients were imaged in a controlled temperature room before and after each fraction. They were also be imaged at regular intervals during their follow‐up. Two sets of orthogonal DII images were taken. The images were then transferred into Matlab where a GUI is being developed for image registration, thresholding and data analysis. Results: Five patients were imaged as described, three treated with photons only, and two with a combination of photons and electrons. The increase in maximum skin temperature from the baseline (pre treatment) to treatment completion is on average 2 to 4 degrees and depends on the techniques used, higher for plans including electrons, as expected due to their way of depositing dose.Conclusions: DII generated skin temperature information is a promising quantitative tool to estimate early and late effects in irradiated breast cancer patients. Our goal is to generate an “Index of Radiosensitivity” based on the early pattern of change in skin temperature that will allow individualization of radiotherapeutic prescription.
Growth and structural characterization of epitaxial Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 films deposited on REScO3(1 1 0) (RE=Dy, Gd) substrates using pulsed laser deposition

Abstract Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 films were deposited by pulsed laser deposition on orthorhombic REScO3(1 1 0) (RE=Dy, Gd) single-crystal substrates. Films were investigated for their growth mode, crystalline quality, and strain states. Substrates were treated prior to growth to produce atomically flat surfaces having wide terraces (≈200 nm) and clear unit-cell-high steps. Atomic force microscopy and reflection high-energy electron diffraction indicated that the films grew epitaxially in a two-dimensional (2D) layer-by-layer mode. X-ray diffraction showed that all films (200 nm thick and less) were coherently/orthorhombically strained to the substrate according to the epitaxial relationship: (0 0 1)film∥(1 1 0)substrate; [1 0 0]film∥[0 0 1]substrate (and [0 1 0]film∥[1 1¯ 0]substrate). (0 0 2) rocking curves were 17 and 20 arcsec wide for films grown on RE=Dy and Gd, respectively.These films have rocking curve widths and dislocation densities that are several orders of magnitude lower than a film grown on SrTiO3 (0 0 1).
Hrq1, a Homolog of the Human RecQ4 Helicase, Acts Catalytically and Structurally to Promote Genome Integrity

Human RecQ4 (hRecQ4) affects cancer and aging but is difficult to study because it is a fusion between a helicase and an essential replication factor. Budding yeast Hrq1 is homologous to the disease-linked helicase domain of RecQ4 and, like hRecQ4, is a robust 3'-5' helicase. Additionally, Hrq1 has the unusual property of forming heptameric rings. Cells lacking Hrq1 exhibited two DNA damage phenotypes: hypersensitivity to DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and telomere addition to DNA breaks. Both activities are rare; their coexistence in a single protein is unprecedented. Resistance to ICLs requires helicase activity, but suppression of telomere addition does not. Hrq1 also affects telomere length by a noncatalytic mechanism, as well as telomerase-independent telomere maintenance. Because Hrq1 binds telomeres in vivo, it probably affects them directly. Thus, the tumor-suppressing activity of RecQ4 could be due to a role in ICL repair and/or suppression of de novo telomere addition.
NEONATAL CARDIAC SURGERY: Anatomic, Physiologic, and Technical Considerations

Neonatal repair for all cardiac lesions is an attractive but as yet unattainable goal for the surgical team. We are obliged to consider both lesions that must be repaired in the absolute neonatal period, and those for which later repair is an option. This article serves as an update on some issues relating to neonatal heart surgery. The first section deals with selected general aspects of perioperative support. The second section discusses two representative lesions that illustrate many of the problems encountered in neonatal cardiac surgery: transposition of the great arteries and hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
Phase-Based Frequency Estimation: A Review

Abstract Fowler, M. L., Phase-Based Frequency Estimation: A Review, Digital Signal Processing12 (2002) 590–615 This paper provides a review of efficient frequency estimation methods that use only the phases of the signal samples. Such methods continue to attract attention in various applications such as radar, electronic warfare, and next-generation communication systems. We present the details of the basic phase-based method, including its theoretical basis and its performance characterization, and provide an integrated presentation of its threshold behavior. In addition, we review several improvements, implementations, and extensions of the basic method and give some new results and viewpoints. In particular, the paper shows that Kay's method is equivalent to Tretter's method together with a simple phase unwrapping algorithm (thus, Kay's method does not really avoid phase unwrapping errors). We also show that a phase-based method for estimating chirp parameters has an advantage when applied to sinusoids: improved threshold behavior. We present a method that, unlike most of the other phase-based methods, can start processing the signal before knowing the number of samples.
Examining the empirical relationship between prison crowding and inmate misconduct: A meta-analysis of conflicting research results

Incarceration rates in the United States dramatically increased over the past several decades. This trend has drawn significant academic attention to prison overcrowding and its potential effect on inmate misconduct. The empirical relationship between inmate misconduct and overcrowding, however, is less than clear. To be sure, studies indicating positive, negative, and null relationships can all be found in the literature. The current research subjects this body of literature to a meta-analysis in an effort to: (1) clarify the direction and strength of the relationship between overcrowding and rates of prison misconduct across all studies, and (2) to uncover the degree to which variation in research outcomes can be attributed to methodological differences across studies. Results indicate that prison crowding has little substantive impact on inmate misconduct. Implications of the findings are discussed in detail.
Sucrose density gradient analysis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 binding in human breast tumors.

The object of this investigation was to detect the type and number of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]-binding proteins present in breast tumor tissue and thus to assess, by using sucrose density gradient analysis, the significance of the presence of 1,25-(OH)2D3 binding in breast tumors. Cytosol fractions from 25 tumors (24 malignant breast tumors and 1 benign breast mass) were analyzed for the binding of vitamin D3 metabolites by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Cytosol fractions from 13 breast tumors exhibited binding of 1,25-(OH)2D3 to a 4.1S macromolecule. Only 5 of the tumors (20%) showed a specific binding protein for 1,25-(OH)2D3, which had a sedimentation coefficient of 3.2–3.4S, similar to that of the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor protein found in intestinal cytosol. However, levels below 8 fmol/mg protein were observed for the positive malignant tumors compared to receptor concentrations of 286–563 fmol/mg protein which have been reported for the adult mammalian intestine. No correl...
Length Dependent Helix–Coil Transition Kinetics of Nine Alanine-Based Peptides

It is well-known that end caps and the peptide length can dramatically influence the thermodynamics of the helix−coil transition. However, their roles in determining the kinetics of the helix−coil ...
Staying at Home or Working for Pay? Attachment to Modern Mothering Identities

In a context where the pressures of intensive mothering are all-consuming, mothers who work for pay, or mother-workers, face difficult challenges as they attempt to execute the tasks of both parenthood and employment in effective ways. In contrast, stay-at-home mothers, or mother-caregivers, receive reinforcing messages from intensive mothering ideology that they should remain solely focused on meeting their children's everyday needs. Using random sample survey data collected from 3,327 women in mothers’ organizations, I find that while only 18.5% of all mothers have such beliefs regarding whether working for pay is best for children or not, no single mothering identity (mother-worker or mother-caregiver) had a statistically significant relationship with holding such beliefs. However, among the small set of women expressing such beliefs on the value of maternal employment, full-time mother-workers were less likely than mother-caregivers to be able to align their current employment statuses with their pref...
The origin of oldhamite in unequilibrated enstatite chondrites

Abstract We report the results of an ion probe study of rare earth elements (REEs) in six unequilibrated enstatite chondrites. Oldhamite is confirmed as the major but not the only REE carrier in these meteorites. Data are also provided for other minerals (enstatite, niningerite, and alabandite) that carry detectable amounts of REEs. Although the variety of REE patterns in oldhamite is not as extreme as in hibonite, there are seven distinct REE patterns (four of which form a continuum) that characterize most oldhamite grains from E chondrites. Two of these patterns (F and G) were each found in only one weathered grain. There is no correlation between REE pattern and oldhamite petrologic setting. Our trace element data are used to evaluate earlier work and a number of elements (Zr, Y, Sc, REEs, Sr, Se, and probably Sb and Cs), including both refractory and volatile species under oxidizing conditions, are found enriched in oldhamite. A comparison of REE patterns with the results of equilibrium condensation calculations indicates that nebular processes were important in determining the composition of the oldhamite precursors, whereas metamorphic processes also affected oldhamite compositions. Enrichments of chalcophiles are not necessarily due to interaction of oldhamite with nebular gas at low temperatures, as previously suggested. Oldhamite, like hibonite, was formed from melts whose trace element compositions were determined by high temperature transient events in the solar nebula.
Fracture toughness of mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) food plants.

Mountain gorillas, the largest extant primates, subsist almost entirely on plant matter. Moreover, their diet includes a substantial amount of structural material, such as bark and stems, which other primates tend to avoid. Accordingly, the robust masticatory apparatus of gorillas may be adaptive to this presumably tough diet; however, quantitative information on this subject is lacking. In this study the fracture toughness of mountain gorilla foods was examined for the first time. Samples of 44 food plants from Bwindi-Impenetrable National Park (BINP) and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (MGNP) were tested. These parks are inhabited by two gorilla populations that regarded by some as being distinct at the subspecific taxonomic level. Although food toughness did not differ between the two populations, both diets contained tough items. Tree barks were the toughest food items (varying from 0.23 to 8.2 kJ/m2), followed by shrub barks, pith, and stems. The toughness of leaves and fruit was negligible compared to that of bark. The toughness of bamboo was low in comparison to the toughest food items. Accordingly, the prominent toughness of bark, pith, and stems may be key factors in the evolution of orofacial robusticity in mountain gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 62:275–285, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-Energy Neutrino Experiments and the Nature of Charm

Neutrino experiments at high energy will distinguish between alternative schemes of charm (quartet versus three-triplet).
Cell surface N-glycans influence the level of functional E-cadherin at the cell-cell border.

E-cadherin is crucial for adhesion of cells to each other and thereby development and maintenance of tissue. While it is has been established that N-glycans inside the cell impact the level of E-cadherin at the cell surface of epithelial-derived cells, it is unclear whether N-glycans outside the cell control the clustering of E-cadherin at the cell–cell border. Here, we demonstrate reduction of N-glycans at the cell surface weakened the recruitment and retention of E-cadherin at the cell–cell border, and consequently reduced the strength of cell–cell interactions. We conclude that N-glycans at the cell surface are tightly linked to the placement of E-cadherin at the cell–cell border and thereby control E-cadherin mediated cell–cell adhesion.
Ozone-nitrogen dioxide-NPAH heterogeneous soot particle reactions and modeling NPAH in the atmosphere

The degradation of particle-associated nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAH) with ozone (O3) and O3 + nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was investigated. Deuterated and native NPAH coated on diesel so...
A brief assessment tool for body image in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may adversely affect body image in multitude ways. Development and validation of a brief and valid SLE specific body image tool were undertaken. Eleven items were identified on interview of 21 SLE patients for the Body Image Lupus Scale (BILS v1.0). The tool was administered to 70 SLE patients. Based on analysis, feedback, and refinement of items, the final iteration BILS v1.2 with five items was administered to 233 SLE patients along with validated body image measures (Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria and Body Image Quality of Life Inventory) and health-related quality of life measures for a subsample. The BILS scores’ had an internal consistency reliability of .94. It correlated with both the referent body image measures, and with health-related quality of life. It differentiated participants by health status and disease activity. Test–retest reliability estimates exceeded .90. These results support the psychometric properties of BILS.
Selective inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase pathway in rat pulmonary alveolar macrophages by cigarette smoking

Abstract Pulmonary alveolar macrophages from sham or cigarette-smoke-exposed rats were examined for their ability to transform exogenously added arachidonate to metabolites of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase pathways. Synthesis of 5-HETE and leukotriene B 4 was selectively inhibited by cigarette smoke exposure, whereas the formation of prostaglandin E 2 , and thromboxane B 2 remained unchanged. Selective inhibition of the lipoxygenase pathway was further reflected by the reduced content of leukotriene B 4 in bronchoalveolar fluid of smoke-exposed rats. These results suggest that lipoxygenase-derived products may play a unique role in smoking-induced pulmonary diseases.
Manufacture of Colby and Brick Cheeses from Ultrafiltered Milk

Abstract Skim milk was fractionated to attain a 50% volume reduction by ultrafiltration, standardized with cream, and used in the manufacture of brick and Colby cheeses. The traditional curd washing step was eliminated from the manufacturing procedures. Brick cheese made from creamed skim milk retentate exhibited a lower pH and higher whey-fat loss than control cheese. It was more firm and mealy, possessed a greater acid flavor and less intense cheese flavor, and ranked lower in overall preference than control cheese in evaluation by expert graders. Higher whey-fat losses but similar pH were obtained with Colby cheese prepared from creamed skim milk retentate as compared to control cheese. Evaluation by a sensory analysis panel indicated no differences in overall preference between experimental cheese at an age of 3 mo as compared to commercial Cheddar and Colby cheeses of similar age. Reductions in cooking temperature and milk-clotting enzyme and elimination of curd-washing were achieved.
Marriage And Mental Health

Abstract Evidence linking psychiatric impairment with divorced marital status and the presence of marital discord is reviewed. Various theoretical models to explain these relationships are considered. Divorced marital status and marital discord are related to psychiatric impairment and mental health service utilization. Available evidence suggests that part of the impairment in these populations is secondary to factors involved in the breakdown of marital relationships and not completely explainable by premarital disability hypotheses. This has implications for mental health administrators.
Amphiphile-mediated activation of soluble adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis

Abstract The adenylate cyclase activity of Bordetella pertussis culture supernatants is activated 3- to 10-fold by various amphiphiles including many classes of phospholipids and nonionic detergents. Gangliosides are inhibitory. The stimulation affects the Vmax and not the Km. Neither the nature of the polar head group, the length of the fatty acid chains, nor the hydrophile-lipophile balance (in the Triton X series) are major determinants for activation. Short-chain lecithins activate as monomers, whereas long-chain lecithins activate only above the critical micelle concentrations, suggesting high-affinity hydrophobic binding sites. Judged by EGTA inhibition, the amphiphile-mediated activation requires Ca2+ in the absence of calmodulin. In addition, amphiphiles sensitize the adenylate cyclase to Ca2+/calmodulin and are also synergistic with calmodulin for maximal stimulation.
United States department of agriculture's requirements for markers

Abstract The U.S. Department of Agriculture's regulation of food and food ingredients is essentially limited to meat and poultry products. Within this area, there do not appear to be any overriding general problems associated with the concept of the use of adherence markers that are deemed to be both safe and effective. Although present regulations do not specifically authorize such a practice, they could be amended through utilization of standard rule-making procedures. There also appears to be sufficient basis, under current regulation, for some controlled, experimental evaluation of the concept. The Department's inspection and label approval systems for meat and poultry products may serve to facilitate such an approach, while providing a relatively high level of regulatory control. Practical problems, in areas such as the scope and applicability of inspection coverage and appropriate labeling, can and should be identified and resolved at a relatively early stage of the project, if the introduction of these substances into meat and poultry products is deemed to be a viable option.
Women's Economic Advancement in the Twentieth-Century United States

The integration of women into formal labor markets was one of the most salient changes of the twentieth century. The “female century,” in the words of The Economist, witnessed an extraordinary transformation of women's opportunities and outcomes both in and outside the household. My dissertation explores both the causes and the consequences of women's move from home to market in the United States during three episodes of rapid change. It begins by documenting demand-side shifts during the 1940s that increased the earnings and occupational choices of African-American women; then demonstrates the impact of contraceptive technology on the extent and intensity of women's participation in the formal labor market after 1960; and, finally, estimates the consequences of shifts in women's labor supply for the growth of earnings inequality in the United States during the 1980s.
Numerical method for a model of inhomogeneous muscle fibers

The numerical solution of a nonlinear and nonlocal system of integro-differential equations that models the contraction of a single heterogeneous muscle fiber is studied. The method proposed is a form of the finite difference method of characteristics. Optimal error bounds are established for the resulting approximation. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparing Gifted and Nongifted African American and Euro-American Students on Cognitive and Academic Variables Using Local Norms

A total of 47 gifted and nongifted African American and Euro-American elementary students were rated by their teachers on a multidimensional instrument developed to minimize language considerations...
No Promoter Left Behind: Global Circadian Gene Expression in Cyanobacteria

Prokaryotic cyanobacteria express robust circadian (daily) rhythms under the control of a clock system that appears to be similar to those of eukaryotes in many ways. On the other hand, the KaiABC-based core cyanobacterial clockwork is clearly different from the transcription-translation feedback loop model of eukaryotic clocks in that the cyanobacterial clock system regulates gene expression patterns globally, and specific clock gene promoters are not essential in mediating the circadian feedback loop. A novel model, the oscilloid model, proposes that the KaiABC oscillator ultimately mediates rhythmic changes in the status of the cyanobacterial chromosome, and these topological changes underlie the global rhythms of transcription. The authors suggest that this model represents one of several possible modes of regulating gene expression by circadian clocks, even those of eukaryotes.
Surgical complications of urinary diversion

We comprehensively reviewed the published literature on urinary diversion, specifically examining the surgical complications associated with conduit, continent cutaneous diversion and orthotopic urinary diversion. Appropriate patient selection and adherence to proper surgical technique are of paramount importance in preventing surgical complications of urinary diversion. Complications can be broadly divided into those related to bowel, conduit or reservoir, stoma and ureterointestinal anastomosis. Each type of urinary diversion has unique characteristics predisposing to certain surgical complications as well as similarities related to intestinal surgery. With conduit urinary diversions, problems related to the stoma such as stomal stenosis and parastomal hernia present not uncommonly. With continent cutaneous diversion, complications include difficulties with catheterizing of the efferent limb, formation of pouch stones and urinary leakage. With orthotopic neobladder formation, voiding dysfunction manifesting as incontinence or hypercontinence may present unique challenges in patient management. Increased surgical experience and technical refinements have led to decreasing surgical complication rates for all types of diversion in contemporary series.
Effects of Dietary Lactose on Incidence and Levels of Salmonellae on Carcasses of Broiler Chickens Grown to Market Age

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of lactose in the diet of broilers grown to market weights on incidence and levels of salmonellae on the carcass. Lactose was substituted for sand in otherwise nutritionally complete diets at levels of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5% and fed from day-old to 49 days of age. Birds were reared on used (Trial 1) or new (Trial 2) litter and inoculated via the drinking water on Days 2, 7, and 14 with 10(8) cfu/mL Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 14028). At 50 days, 12 (Trial 1) or 24 (Trial 2) birds per treatment were processed and prechill carcasses were evaluated for salmonellae incidence and level by the most probable number (MPN) method. Body weight of male broilers was significantly reduced by feeding diets containing up to 7.5% lactose. Feed intake of broilers fed diets containing lactose was significantly reduced and feed utilization improved, suggesting that lactose provided some metabolizable energy. The degree of litter caking was significantly increased, and cecal pH was significantly decreased as dietary lactose increased. Prechill carcases of broilers fed diets with 7.5% lactose had significantly higher levels of salmonellae than did prechill carcasses of broilers fed 0% lactose. The results of the present study suggest that supplementing poultry diets with lactose is not a viable means in itself of reducing or eliminating salmonellae incidence or levels on processed broiler carcasses.
An area detector data acquisition system for X-ray crystallographic studies of macromolecules and other X-ray diffraction experiments

Abstract A data acquisition system, incorporating a flat multi-wire proportional chamber, is currently being developed at SSRL in collaboration with research groups at UCSD and LBL [1]. It will be primarily used to rapidly measure X-ray crystallographic data at multiple wavelengths for the investigation of anomalous scattering techniques in the field of protein crystallography. This system, which is in the final stages of development, is controlled by a PDP11/34 computer and incorporates the MWPC area detector, a Huber 5-circle single-crystal goniometer, an alignment carriage, an incident-beam intensity monitor and a fast television display system. An outline of the complete system and the proposed method of data collection will be presented.
Toward quantum processing in molecules: a THz-bandwidth coherent memory for light.

The unusual features of quantum mechanics are enabling the development of technologies not possible with classical physics. These devices utilize nonclassical phenomena in the states of atoms, ions, and solid-state media as the basis for many prototypes. Here we investigate molecular states as a distinct alternative. We demonstrate a memory for light based on storing photons in the vibrations of hydrogen molecules. The THz-bandwidth molecular memory is used to store 100-fs pulses for durations up to $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{ns}$, enabling $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{4}$ operational time bins. The results demonstrate the promise of molecules for constructing compact ultrafast quantum photonic technologies.
Photolithographic Fabrication of Microapertures with Well-Defined, Three-Dimensional Geometries for Suspended Lipid Membrane Studies

Robust and high-density biosensors incorporating suspended lipid membranes require microfabricated apertures that can be readily integrated into complex analysis systems. Apertures with well-defined, three-dimensional geometries enable the formation of suspended lipid membranes and facilitate reduced aperture size compared to vertical-walled apertures. Unfortunately, existing methods of producing apertures with well-defined, three-dimensional geometries are based on complex and expensive fabrication procedures, some of which yield apertures in excessively fragile thin-film materials. Here, we describe a microfabrication method utilizing incline and rotate lithography that achieves sloped-wall microapertures in SU-8 polymer substrates with precision control of the aperture diameter, substrate thickness, and wall angle. This approach is simple, is of low cost, and is readily scaled up to allow highly reproducible parallel fabrication. The effect of the incident angle of UV exposure and the size of photomask...
Efficient cache design for solid-state drives

Solid-State Drives (SSDs) are data storage devices that use solid-state memory to store persistent data. Flash memory is the de facto nonvolatile technology used in most SSDs. It is well known that the writing performance of flash-based SSDs is much lower than the reading performance due to the fact that a flash page can be written only after it is erased. In this work, we present an SSD cache architecture designed to provide a balanced read/write performance for flash memory. An efficient automatic updating technique is proposed to provide a more responsive SSD architecture by writing back stable but dirty flash pages according to a predetermined set of policies during the SSD device idle time. Those automatic updating policies are also tested and compared. Simulation results demonstrate that both reading and writing performance are improved significantly by incorporating the proposed cache with automatic updating feature into SSDs.
Reinterpretation of Late Quaternary Sediment Chronology of Lake Biwa, Japan, from Correlation with Marine Glacial-Interglacial Cycles

A review of published stratigraphic records of pollen, sediment grain size, diatoms, and organic matter composition from Lake Biwa, Japan, identifies four pre-Holocene episodes of milder climate, increased surface runoff, and enhanced aquatic productivity, indicating intervals of warmer and wetter conditions which are interpreted as being interglacial. Correlation of these episodes to times of marine interglacial periods revises the age scale of the Lake Biwa sediment sequence which has been based on fission-track dating. The revised chronostratigraphic scale proposes an age of ca. 430,000 yr B.P. for the base of the 250-m-thick T Bed instead of the former age of ca. 700,000 yr B.P.
A Space-Efficient List Structure Tracing Algorithm

An algorithm for tracing during garbage collection of list structure is presented. It requires only one bit for each level of doubly branching structure traced. Compared to existing trace algorithms, it generally requires less storage?often, substantially less.
Quantifying “normalized” regional left ventricular contractile function in ischemic coronary artery disease

Abstract Objective When significant coronary lesions are identified by angiography, regional left ventricular (LV) contractile function often plays a role in determining candidacy for revascularization. To improve on current subjective and nonquantitative metrics of regional LV function, we tested a z-score "normalization" of regional strain information quantified from clinically acquired high-resolution LV geometric datasets. Methods Test subjects (n = 120) underwent cardiac MRI with multiple 3-dimensional strain parameters calculated from tissue tag-plane displacement data. Sixty healthy volunteers contributed strain parameter data at each of 15,300 LV grid points, to form a normal human strain database. Point-specific database comparisons were made in 60 patients who had documented coronary artery disease (CAD), by angiography. Patient-specific, color-coded 3-dimensional LV maps of z-score–normalized contractile function were generated. Results Blinded clinical review indicated that 55% (33 of 60) of the patients with CAD had significant regional contractile abnormalities by 1 of 3 "gold-standard" criteria: (1) Q waves on electrocardiography (ECG); (2) infarct on radionuclide single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); or (3) akinesia or dyskinesia on echocardiography. Consistency among all gold-standard metrics was found for only 19% (6 of 31) of patients with CAD who had ≥2 available metrics. Blinded MRI-based, multiparametric, strain z-score localization of contractile abnormalities was accurate in 89% (ECG), 97% (SPECT), and 95% (echocardiography). Conclusions Nonsubjective normalization of regional LV contractile function by z-score calculation from a normal human strain database can localize and quantitatively display regional wall motion abnormalities in patients with CAD. This high-resolution localization of regional wall motion abnormalities may help improve the accuracy of therapeutic intervention in patients who have CAD.