cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Static compression of single chondrocytes catabolically modifies single-cell gene expression.

Previous work has established that mechanical forces can lead to quantifiable alterations in cell function. However, how forces change gene expression in a single cell and the mechanisms of force transmission to the nucleus are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the gene expression of proteins related to the extracellular matrix in single articular chondrocytes is modified by compressive forces in a dosage-dependent manner. Increasing force exposure catabolically shifts single-cell mRNA levels of aggrecan, collagen IIa, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Cytohistochemistry reveals that the majority of strain experienced by the cell is also experienced by the nucleus, resulting in considerable changes in nuclear volume and structure. Transforming growth factor-β1 and insulin-like growth factor-I offer mechanoprotection and recovery of gene expression of aggrecan and metalloproteinase-1. These results suggest that forces directly influence gene transcription and may do so by changing chromatin conformation.
Energy tariffs in a small open economy

Abstract Tariffs on imported energy alter production and redistribute income. The present paper examines a small open economy producing two traded goods with capital, labor, and imported energy. A tariff reduces import and domestic factor income but payment to one domestic factor rises. Energy intensive output falls but the other output may rise in the general equilibrium. Political opinions on the tariff would differ. Revenue is concave in the tariff suggesting that the government might set the tariff to maximize revenue. A simulation illustrates these general equilibrium properties across a range of tariffs.
The world health organisation needs to reconsider its definition of health

The World Health Organisation's definition of health seems to work against its effective functioning. When the WHO was established nearly half a century ago the text of its constitution defined health as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”1 This by now classical definition of health, conceived in the aftermath of the second world war, when peace and health were seen as inseparable,2 had one merit lasting long beyond the circumstances of origin: it made explicit that disease and infirmity, when isolated from subjective experience, are inadequate to qualify health. Widening health to the psychological and the social dimension was a major advance, but although it was conceptually important, it had no direct operational value. As one commentator put it, “This [definition] is a fine and inspiring concept and its pursuit guarantees health professionals unlimited opportunities for work in the future, …
Liar's domination in graphs

Assume that each vertex of a graph G is the possible location for an ''intruder'' such as a thief, or a saboteur, a fire in a facility or some possible processor fault in a computer network. A device at a vertex v is assumed to be able to detect the intruder at any vertex in its closed neighborhood N[v]and to identify at which vertex inN[v] the intruder is located. One must then have a dominating set S@?V(G), a set with @?"v"@?"SN[v]=V(G), to be able to identify any intruder's location. If any one device can fail to detect the intruder, then one needs a double-dominating set. This paper considers liar's dominating sets, sets that can identify an intruder's location even when any one device in the neighborhood of the intruder vertex can lie, that is, any one device in the neighborhood of the intruder vertex can misidentify any vertex in its closed neighborhood as the intruder location. Liar's dominating sets lie between double dominating sets and triple dominating sets because every triple dominating set is a liar's dominating set, and every liar's dominating set must double dominate.
The Boston Qualitative Scoring System for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure.

(2000). TEST REVIEW The Boston Qualitative Scoring System for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 430-432.
Monitoring technologies for bridge management

Monitoring technologies for bridge management, edited by Baidar Bakht, Aftab Mufti and Leon Wegner, Essex, Multi-Science Publishing Co., 2011, 536 pp., US$152 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-90-713227-8) O...
Search for discontinuities in the brightness of the twilight sky

Grandmontagne and later Vaucouleurs have observed discontinuities in the slope of the zenith-sky brightness curve during twilight at solar depressions of about 6°, 9°, 10°, and 12°, which are explained to be due to separate diffusing and luminescent layers in the upper atmosphere. No such evidence is, however, found by Koomen and co-workers in their recent photoelectric measurements in the United States.The effect of a possible discontinuity could be enhanced by observing the difference in radiance of two similar patches of the zenith sky in the sun’s meridian, this being more susceptible to changes accompanying the crossing of a layer by the earth’s shadow. Observations on very clear days with a photoelectric differential twilight photometer recording this difference through three narrow-band interference filters have not disclosed any evidence of the discontinuities, the recorded curves running perfectly smooth till the end of astronomical twilight. From estimates of the least radiant energy which the photometer could detect, the possibility of detecting a layer of scattering material at the heights of the reported discontinuities is discussed.
Laser-Assisted Low Temperature Processing of PZT Thin Films

A novel method for lowering processing temperature of ferroelectric Pb(Zr1-xTix)O3 (PZT) thin films was developed utilizing a laser-assisted two-step process. In the first step, perovskite phase was initiated in the PZT films by subjecting the films to a fornace anneal at low temperatures in the range of 470 °C to 550 °C depending on the Zr/Ti ratio. Later, the films were laser-annealed (using krF excimer laser) at room temperature to grow the perovskite phase, and to improve microstructure and ferroelectric properties. It was found that this two-step process was very effective in producing excellent quality ferroelectric PZT films at low temperatures. It should be noted that although laser annealing of amorphous and/or pyrochlore films directly (one-step process) produces perovskite phase, the ferroelectric properties of these films, irrespective of the composition, were rather unattractive. Some possible reasons for the ineffectiveness of the one-step process were discussed.
Combined extended x-ray-absorption fine structure and diffraction study of Kr adsorbed on graphite

We report the results of a combined extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and x-ray diffraction study of Kr adsorbed on a ZYX graphite substrate. The data are consistent with simple models for atomic fluctuations, which are found to be surprisingly large. Thermal fluctuations weaken the Kr-Kr EXAFS signal, so that the average number of Kr neighbors and the EXAFS Debye-Waller factor cannot be determined independently. The disordered phase at the commensurate-incommensurate transition appears to have substantial local order in the Kr-C signal, consistent with the domain-wall description of that phase.
Linear analog coding of general multivariate Gaussian sources

In this paper we study the performance of linear analog coding of multivariate Gaussian sources and compare it to the theoretical limits. A general performance analysis is presented for both random and optimal linear encoders. Simulation results show the agreement between the theoretical analysis and the practical implementation.
An efficient order recursive algorithm with a lattice structure for estimating continuous-time AR process parameters

Abstract An order recursive algorithm is proposed to solve the normal equation in estimating continuous-time AR process parameters. The new algorithm requires O( M 2 ) computations, where M is the order of the AR process, and therefore is computationally efficient. This is similar to the Levinson-type algorithm of Pham and Le Breton. However, the proposed algorithm has a new associated lattice structure, and as a consequence a new stability test for continuous-time systems, not just AR processes, by checking the ‘reflection coefficients’ of the lattice. This can be viewed as a continuous-time analogy that is recursive-in-order of the well-known discrete-time version. Its discrete-time approximation, when sampled-data are given, and connections with other algorithms are also discussed.
The reaction of the methylbenzylmagnesium halides with carbon dioxide

Abstract Contrary to previous literature reports, it has been found that Grignard reagents prepared from pure methylbenzyl halides yield only the expected normal acids upon carbonation. Thus, m- and p-methylbenzylmagnesium bromides, upon carbonation, yield only m- and p-tolylacetic acids respectively when the starting methylbenzyl halides are prepared by N-bromosuccinimide treatment of the corresponding xylene. The dimethylbenzoic acids reported as “abnormal” products from these reactions arise from contamination of the methylbenzyl halides with dimethylbromobenzenes.
Type I Interferon Modulation of Cellular Responses to Cytokines and Infectious Pathogens: Potential Role in SLE Pathogenesis

Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A key aspect of type I IFN biology is that previous exposure to type I IFNs alters subsequent cellular responses to extracellular stimuli. Type I IFNs may either prime cells for stronger responses to viruses, bacterial pathogens and cytokines such as IL-6 and IFNγ, or may suppress cellular responses to LPS and TNFα. Herein, we review type I IFN signal transduction via the Jak-STAT pathway, and mechanisms by which type I IFNs prime or suppress responses to environmental factors. We develop a hypothesis that type I IFN-dependent priming/enhancement of cellular responses to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and IL-6 contributes to pathogenesis of SLE. In addition, cross-regulation between type I IFNs and TNFα and its potential role in SLE pathogenesis is discussed.
Neutron-Proton and Proton-Proton Scattering at High Energies

The tensor force has been taken into account in calculating the neutron-proton and proton-proton scattering at energies in the range from 100 to 200 Mev. Most of the calculations are performed in the Born approximation using a square well potential and the exchange models of Rarita and Schwinger. The rigorous scattering theory has also been applied to the neutron-proton scattering with the symmetrical force model at 100 and 200 Mev. The results show that the Born approximation is inaccurate at 100 Mev but not bad at 200 Mev. Comparison with the experimental neutron-proton scattering at 90 Mev shows that the theoretical cross section for symmetrical forces is too large by a factor of about 1.6.
The state of Ukraine's armed forces and military reform

This article discusses the socio‐economic crisis facing Ukraine's armed forces. It argues that real military reform, defined to include Ukraine's parallel ‘shadow’ armies, is impossible if the current competition for scarce resources between Military of Defense (MOD) forces and non‐MOD security forces is allowed to continue, and that without reform the armed forces will continue to slip deeper into chaos. The harsh realities facing the Ukrainian armed forces are examined, and Defense Minister Kuzmuk's current course of military reform is discussed, highlighting recent accomplishments and key deficiencies. Finally, prospects for future reform are considered, and recommendations offered for US policy towards Ukraine.
UV radiation ocular exposure dosimetry.

Cataractogenesis by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has been shown convincingly by a host of different laboratory studies. However, crucial epidemiological evidence linking chronic UVR exposure to age-related cataract appears to be lacking, since different environmental studies have led to apparently conflicting results. This paper explores a possible explanation for these conflicting results: errors in dosimetry. Any epidemiological study depends upon good dosimetry of the subjects' exposures. A careful examination of the biophysical, physiological and behavioral factors which determine the level of UVR exposure of the lens reveals a number of surprises which should explain the apparently conflicting epidemiological results. It is shown that geometrical and behavioral factors related to sunlight are so important, that by overlooking these factors, past epidemiological studies of UVR and cataract could readily be expected to produce conflicting results.
Multilocus DNA fingerprint analysis of cellbanks: Stability studies and culture identification in human B-lymphoblastoid and mammalian cell lines

The technique of multilocus DNA fingerprinting has great potential for the authentication of animal cell cultures and in identification of cross-contamination. The Alec Jeffreys probes 33.6 and 33.15 were used as multilocus probes to demonstrate the consistent DNA fingerprint profiles in human peripheral blood and its derivative Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed B-lymphoblastoid cultures maintained by repeated subculture for six months. However, fingerprint analysis of EBV transformed cultures generated from small numbers of cells showed that the majority (seven of eight cultures) had anomalous profiles. Some of these altered profiles shared common features not seen in the peripheral blood pattern. Analysis of seven murine hybridoma clones from a single fusion experiment revealed only two clones which could not be distinguished using probe 33.15. Further studies of master and distribution cell banks for eleven cell lines demonstrated consistent fingerprint profiles in all cases except one (U937). However, this cell line showed only minor differences in the master and distribution bank profiles. These data indicate that, while changes in fingerprint profile may be identified in exceptional instances, the multilocus fingerprinting method using probes 33.6 and 33.15 is a powerful and reliable tool in the quality control of animal cell cultures.
Zero-Field Nuclear Spin Relaxation and Resonance Absorption in Superconducting Aluminum

Several field-cycling spin-relaxation experiments have been carried out on ${\mathrm{Al}}^{27}$ nuclei in normal and superconducting aluminum metal. Information has been obtained on magnetic-field motion during transition from the normal to the superconducting state. Audio-frequency nuclear resonance absorption at zero external dc field was observed in the superconducting state from 0.56 to 1.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The dependence of this absorption upon the amplitude and duration of the audio-frequency field indicates that the major absorption occurs in the London penetration region. The resonance absorption signal decreases in proportion to $\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ in the superconducting state, compared to ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ in the normal state, where the absorption parameter $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is a function of audio-frequency field intensity, frequency, and time of application. The magnitude of the absorption indicates that the nuclear spin order is concentrated in a sheath of thickness ${a}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}5} \mathrm{to} {10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ cm near the surface of the sample, and is created during the normal-to-superconducting phase change initiated by reducing the external magnetic field from above the critical value to zero. Nuclear order in the bulk of the sample is lost because of the rapid Meissner-effect flux expulsion during the demagnetization. The ordered sheath is a consequence of nearly adiabatic field variation during surface nucleation of the superconducting phase. The temperature variation of ${a}_{0}$ was measured. An apparent decrease in ${a}_{0}$ near the transition temperature is tentatively attributed to additional audio-frequency nuclear absorption in regions of trapped flux.
Kappa Opioid Receptors Regulate Stress-Induced Cocaine Seeking and Synaptic Plasticity

Summary Stress facilitates reinstatement of addictive drug seeking in animals and promotes relapse in humans. Acute stress has marked and long-lasting effects on plasticity at both inhibitory and excitatory synapses on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), a key region necessary for drug reinforcement. Stress blocks long-term potentiation at GABAergic synapses on dopamine neurons in the VTA (LTP GABA ), potentially removing a normal brake on activity. Here we show that blocking kappa opioid receptors (KORs) prior to forced-swim stress rescues LTP GABA . In contrast, blocking KORs does not prevent stress-induced potentiation of excitatory synapses nor morphine-induced block of LTP GABA . Using a kappa receptor antagonist as a selective tool to test the role of LTP GABA in vivo, we find that blocking KORs within the VTA prior to forced-swim stress prevents reinstatement of cocaine seeking. These results suggest that KORs may represent a useful therapeutic target for treatment of stress-triggered relapse in substance abuse.
Vagal afferents innervating the gastrointestinal tract and CCKA‐receptor immunoreactivity

A large body of evidence derived from electrophysiological recording and pharmacological/behavioral experiments suggests the presence of CCKA-receptors on vagal primary afferent fibers innervating the gastrointestinal tract. With the availability of antibodies specific for the CCKA-receptor, we wanted to demonstrate its presence and distribution on identified vagal afferent fibers and different types of terminals in the mucosa, myenteric plexus, and external muscle layers of the stomach and duodenum. In the duodenal mucosa, neither a C-terminal (Ab-1) nor an N-terminal (Ab-2) specific antibody produced any specific staining; in the myenteric plexus, non-vagal enteric neurons and their processes, but not vagal intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs), exhibited CCKAR-immunoreactivity. Similarly, in the gastric myenteric plexus, a population of enteric neurons and their processes, but not identified vagal IGLEs, were labeled by both antibodies. In both external muscle layers of the stomach, CCKAR-immunoreactive axons were in close register with labeled vagal afferent intramuscular arrays, but the two labels were not contained in the same varicosities. Ab-1 immunoreactivity was found in the cell membrane of vagal afferent perikarya in the nodose ganglia and in pancreatic acinar cells. The failure to detect CCKAR-immunoreactivity in peripheral vagal afferent terminals cannot be due to methodological problems because it was present in enteric neurons in the same sections, and because it did not stain structures resembling IGLEs in material without the potentially masking vagal afferent label. We conclude that CCKA-receptors on vagal afferent terminals: 1) are below the immunohistochemical detection threshold, 2) exhibit a conformation or affinity state inaccessible to the two antibodies, or 3) are not transported to the peripheral terminals.
Adaptive point estimation in signal-dependent noise

A number of adaptive estimators to restore images degraded by signal-dependent film grain noise have been derived. These estimators are characterized by their ability to adapt to the nonstationary properties of the image signal distribution. This adaptability results in restored images with better contrast and noise suppression properties when compared with nonadaptive estimators. Lookup tables were extensively used in order to reduce the computation time. In addition to the optimal Bayesian estimators, two suboptimal estimators were presented. Results of computer simulations conducted to evaluate the performances of the estimators using various image quality measures were also presented.
In-Vivo Bone Strain Telemetry in Monkeys (M. Nemestrina)

A new method for collecting in-vivo bone strain data in monkeys has been developed and tested. The method includes a system which consists of a new design of implantable strain transducer and its companion telemetry package. The transducer fits into a hole drilled in a monkey tibia and is threaded for subsequent bone ingrowth. The transducers and telemetry package are biocompatible for over 503 days. The telemetry package uses Pulse Interval Ratio Modulation (PIRM) to transmit strain information to receiving equipment located outside the animal housing cage.
100 GHz active electronic probe for on-wafer S-parameter measurements

We report the development of an active electronic probe for 100 GHz on-wafer S-parameter measurements. Integrated on the substrate of this wafer probe were a quintupler for 100 GHz stimulus signal generation, two directional couplers for incident and reflected signals sampling, and two newly developed harmonic mixers to down-convert these 100 GHz signals to 20 MHz. We have also demonstrated all-electronic on-wafer 75-100 GHz two-port S-parameter measurements using these probes.
Hemostatic analysis of a patient undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery with argatroban anticoagulation.

eparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is adisorder defined by a decrease in platelet countshortly after administering heparin, which re-solves after stopping heparin and has no other dis-cernible cause. HIT occurs in 3%–5% of patients ad-ministered unfractionated heparin, resulting inthrombotic complications in 30%–80% of cases (1–3).HIT may be mild in nature, occurring within 4 days ofstarting heparin as the result of a direct effect of hep-arin on platelets that are not immune-mediated (HIT I)(4). Immune HIT (HIT II) is associated with a 30%–50% decrease in platelet count and an onset within4 days after reexposure to heparin (4–6). HIT II is alsoassociated with thromboembolic complications, a nor-malization of platelet count within 10 days after ces-sation of heparin, and the presence of an immunoglob-ulin (Ig)G antibody to the heparin-platelet factor 4complex detected via serotonin-release, aggregation,or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (4–6). Thediagnosis of HIT II is primarily based on clinical find-ings because the aforementioned
F-SEFI: A Fine-Grained Soft Error Fault Injection Tool for Profiling Application Vulnerability

As the high performance computing (HPC) community continues to push towards exascale computing, resilience remains a serious challenge. With the expected decrease of both feature size and operating voltage, we expect a significant increase in hardware soft errors. HPC applications of today are only affected by soft errors to a small degree but we expect that this will become a more serious issue as HPC systems grow. We propose F-SEFI, a Fine-grained Soft Error Fault Injector, as a tool for profiling software robustness against soft errors. In this paper we utilize soft error injection to mimic the impact of errors on logic circuit behavior. Leveraging the open source virtual machine hypervisor QEMU, F-SEFI enables users to modify emulated machine instructions to introduce soft errors. F-SEFI can control what application, which sub-function, when and how to inject soft errors with different granularities, without interference to other applications that share the same environment. F-SEFI does this without requiring revisions to the application source code, compilers or operating systems. We discuss the design constraints for F-SEFI and the specifics of our implementation. We demonstrate use cases of F-SEFI on several benchmark applications to show how data corruption can propagate to incorrect results.
Solvent effects on the PMR spectrum of lithium tetramethylaluminate

Abstract The PMR spectrum of LiAl(CH 3 ) 4 has been investigated in a series of different solvents as a function of concentrations and temperature. These studies suggest that in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) the compound is highly dissociated while in nonpolar solvents it is sparingly soluble and strongly associated. In tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution, which has intermediate solvating ability, the PMR spectrum is highly dependent upon both concentration and temperature. This is interpreted in terms of a solvent separated-contact ion pair equilibrium and the quadrupolar effects of the 27 Al nucleus. LiAl(CH 3 ) 4 has also been shown to form a stable 1/1 complex with DME. When this adduct is dissolved in benzene solution the [LiDME] +1 complex becomes associated with a benzene molecule as indicated by the PMR spectrum of the complexed DME which exhibits magnetic shielding from the benzene ring
Race (black-white) and gender divergences in the relationship of childhood cardiovascular risk factors to carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood : The Bogalusa Heart Study

It has been established that childhood cardiovascular (CV) risk factors are predictive of adulthood vascular changes as measured by carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). However, whether this relationship is race- and gender-specific is not known. This aspect was examined in a black-white cohort of 868 adults (29% blacks, 42% males) aged 25-44 years who were examined at least twice in childhood for traditional CV risk factors with an average follow-up period of 26.4 years. The average value of the two earliest childhood measurements was used as the childhood value, standardized to age, race, and gender-specific z-score. Carotid IMT was measured by B-mode ultrasonography. The mean of the maximum carotid IMT readings of three right and three left far walls for common, bulb and internal segments was used. In univariate analysis, significant correlates of adulthood carotid IMT (standardized to age-, race- and gender-specific z-score) were, in the order of decreasing magnitude, triglyceride and LDL cholesterol in white males; systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and body mass index (BMI) in white females; systolic blood pressure in black males; BMI and systolic blood pressure in black females. In multivariate regression analysis, significant predictors of carotid IMT were triglycerides and LDL cholesterol in white males; systolic blood pressure and LDL cholesterol in white females; systolic blood pressure in black males; and BMI and LDL cholesterol in black females. In conclusion, the predictability of childhood CV risk factors for increased carotid IMT in adulthood varies by race and gender. The prevention implications of these findings need further investigation.
Classification of AD, MCI and controls using large-scale network analysis

INTRODUCTION There has been great interest in developing objective biologically based markers that can be used to predict risk, diagnose, stage, or track the course and treatment of dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional state between normal aging and dementia, and is often considered a risk factor for AD. In this study, we employed resting-state MRI connectivity methods and the large-scale network analyses to discriminate between AD, MCI and healthy control subjects.
Explaining State Variation in Interparty Ideological Differences

This article uses two measures of state party ideology—a 1994 survey of state party committee members and a content analysis of state party platforms between 1990 and 1996—to determine variation between states in interparty ideological differences. These interparty ideological differ ences are compared to David Mayhew's scale measuring the historical presence of traditional party organizations in the American states. As hy pothesized, there is a strong tendency for states with histories of tradi tional party organization to have less ideologically polarized parties than those states without such traditions. This association holds up when we control for state-level measures of education, income, mass polarization, electoral competition, and party control. State environments that histori cally encouraged or discouraged the formation of traditional party orga nizations help explain variation in patterns of party activism in the contemporary era.
Number of terms required in the Fourier expansion of the reflection function for optically thick atmospheres.

Computational results are presented for the separate terms in the Fourier expansion of the phase function and the reflection function of a semiinfinite, conservatively scattering atmosphere composed of cloud particles. The calculations involve successive applications of invariant imbedding, doubling, and asymptotic fitting methods to cover the range from very thin to very thick atmospheres. From the results, the ratio of the total reflection function to the first-order reflection function is determined as well as the number of terms required to describe the reflection function to an accuracy of 0.1 percent. The number of terms required depends strongly on the zenith angles of incidence and reflection as well as on details of the phase function. These results are compared with similar results obtained for a Henyey-Greenstein phase function having the same asymmetry factor as in the cloud model.
Anabolic steroid users’ attitudes towards physicians

Aims To assess anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users’ trust in the knowledge and advice of physicians. Design Interviews of AAS users and non-users. Setting Research offices. Participants Eighty weight-lifters (43 AAS users, 37 non-users) recruited by advertisement in Massachusetts and Florida, USA. Measurements Personal interviews and questionnaire responses, including subjects’ ratings of physicians’ knowledge regarding various health- and drug-related topics. AAS users also rated their level of trust in various sources of information about AAS. Findings Both groups of subjects gave physicians high ratings on knowledge about general health, cigarette smoking, alcohol, and conventional illicit drugs, but gave physicians markedly and significantly lower ratings on knowledge about AAS. When rating sources of information on AAS, users scored physicians as no more reliable than their friends, Internet sites, or the person(s) who sold them the steroids. Forty percent of users trusted information on AAS from their drug dealers at least as much as information from any physician that they had seen, and 56% had never revealed their AAS use to any physician. Conclusion AAS users show little trust in physicians’ knowledge about AAS, and often do not disclose their AAS use to physicians. These attitudes compromise physicians’ ability to educate or treat AAS users. Physicians can respond to these problems by learning more about AAS and by maintaining a high index of suspicion when evaluating athletic male patients.
The Aging Lower Urinary Tract

Purpose: Age related changes in continence and the GU system, and how they affect the management of LUT dysfunction are discussed. Guidelines are offered regarding the diagnosis and management of incontinence in the elderly population.Materials and Methods: Published literature and current treatment practice specific to elderly patients with LUT dysfunction were reviewed.Results: LUT symptoms in the elderly population are affected by the high prevalence of comorbidity and polypharmacy. In addition, the GU system undergoes age related changes that increase the risk of LUT dysfunction.Conclusions: Incontinence in older persons is almost always caused by multiple factors, of which not all are directly related to the GU system. Issues such as polypharmacy, comorbidity, and the increased risk of medication side effects must be considered in planning treatment. The primary care physician and urologist or gynecologist should establish a partnership to co-manage the broad spectrum of factors affecting continence ...
Linking Communities and Campuses Through Distance Learning

The former speaker of the U.S. House, Thomas P. O'Neil, remarked “all politics is local”. We would elaborate upon these wise words by adding “all innovative teaching is local”. As instructors who use interactive distance learning, we stress that successful teaching results when links are established between campuses and local communmities. These partnerships, assisted by modern technology, create advantages for all individuals who participate in projects such as the ones discussed in this article.
Newly diagnosed adult-onset Still disease in pregnancy.

Abstract Background Adult-onset Still disease is a rare febrile disorder that can present for the first time during pregnancy. It is a diagnosis of exclusion with nonspecific laboratory results. Good maternal and fetal outcomes can be expected after initial diagnosis and treatment. Cases A 21-year-old (gravida 2, para 1) at 20 weeks’ gestation presented with fever, malaise, arthralgias, and cough. She had an extensive evaluation that led to the diagnosis of adult-onset Still disease. She was treated with prednisone and had immediate improvement. She delivered a viable infant at 34 weeks after suspected intrauterine growth restriction and continued to have recurrent symptoms postpartum. The second woman, 38 years old and gravida 3, para 1, aborta 1, presented at 22 weeks’ gestation with similar symptoms and also had a similar diagnostic evaluation. She was diagnosed with adult-onset Still disease and started on prednisone, with immediate improvement, delivering a viable infant at 41 weeks’ gestation. Conclusion Adult-onset Still disease in pregnancy can be confused with many other diseases, but its diagnosis, after exclusion of other infectious, malignant, and rheumatic conditions, can portend good maternal and fetal outcomes.
Urinary retention and episodic paresthesias.

A36-year-oldmanpresentedwith2weeksof episodicnumbnessandparesthesias inboth feet,with symptom-free intervalsbetweenepisodes.Episodesprogressed in frequencyand duration, occurring several times daily and lasting for hours. His symptoms were prominentafteractivityandreliably triggeredbystrainingwith urinationandterminatedby lyingsupine.Thepatientalso reported a 1-weekhistory of urinary retention requiring intermittent self-catheterization. Neurological examinations both during and between episodes revealed symmetric patellar and Achilles hyperreflexia with bilateral crossed adductor response, but otherwise the resultswere normal. A thoracic spine magnetic resonance imaging scan with fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) sequences was obtained (Figure). A dynamic computed tomographic myelogram demonstrated a lesion compressing the dorsal spinal cord at the T7 level (Video). Video at jamasurgery.com
A psychological laboratory based on a PDP-11/10 with graphics

This article describes a laboratory computer system that uses a PDP-11/10 CPU and a graphics processor to simulate a multifield tachistoscope and to run a great number of psychological experiments. The potential of the hardware is discussed, and two useful programs are presented.
Developer refinement of runtime architectural structure

Runtime architecture is important because it helps reason about quality attributes such as performance and security. We conducted an on-site field study to help us understand how developers understand object relationships, and what tool features a developer might need to convey their mental model of object relationships.The subject of our study was an experienced, professional programmer. We asked the developer questions to check if he understood which tiers objects belonged to, and whether certain objects were conceptually part of other objects. We also took an initial runtime architecture and refined it to convey his intent. The developer's mental model seemed to agree with the one supported by the current, batch-oriented approach for extracting architectures.This indicates that an interactive tool that allows making an object conceptually part of another, and abstracting away a low-level object would be useful to iteratively refine an initial object model.
Is social attachment an addictive disorder

There is a considerable literature on the neurobiology of reward, based largely on studies of addiction or substance abuse. This review considers the possibility that the neural circuits that mediate reward evolved for ethologically relevant cues, such as social attachment. Specifically, mesocorticolimbic dopamine appears important for maternal behavior in rats and pair bonding in monogamous voles. It is not yet clear that dopamine in this pathway mediates the hedonic properties of social bond formation or whether dopamine's role is more relevant to developing associative networks or assigning salience to social stimuli. The neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) appear to be critical for linking social signals to the mesocorticolimbic circuit.
On estimating the distribution of data envelopment analysis efficiency scores: an application to nursing homes’ care planning process

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a deterministic econometric model for calculating efficiency by using data from an observed set of decision-making units (DMUs). We propose a method for calculating the distribution of efficiency scores. Our framework relies on estimating data from an unobserved set of DMUs. The model provides posterior predictive data for the unobserved DMUs to augment the frontier in the DEA that provides a posterior predictive distribution for the efficiency scores. We explore the method on a multiple-input and multiple-output DEA model. The data for the example are from a comprehensive examination of how nursing homes complete a standardized mandatory assessment of residents.
Exact aggregation as a corollary of Richmond's theorem

Abstract This letter shows that some recent results in aggregation may be derived as special cases of a general aggregation theorem due to Richmond. It suggests that Richmond's approach, largely overlooked in the literature, provides a powerful tool for the analysis of aggregation problems.
Calculation of excitation profiles from the vibronic theory of raman scattering

Abstract A set of equations are presented for the calculation of excitation profiles of Raman lines. The equations are derived from third order perturbation theory using an improved basis set but may equally well be obtained by including both Herzberg-Teller and non-adiabatic vibronic coupling in the standard equation for the Raman scattering tensor. A number of sample calculations are made of Raman excitation profiles which show the effects of the different types of coupling between states.
Acrylate coated optical fibers for up to 200°C application temperatures

Optical fibers with specialty acrylate coatings (single and dual coat designs) were tested at temperatures up to 200°C in normal atmosphere to define fiber properties stability and maximum operating temperatures.
Moiré Gauging of In-Plane Displacement Using Double Aperture Imaging

An easily implemented method of measuring in-plane surface displacement by photographing an object through two laterally displaced apertures is described and the experimental results are presented. The displacement is displayed as a pattern of moire fringes over the image. No previously constructed grids or rulings are required as in normal moire devices. The method is noncontacting and requires no special surface preparation. The sensitivity is easily adjusted and is shown to be equivalent to that obtained using double-exposure holography or speckle pattern interferometry techniques. The method has potential application in mechanically unstable environments or where the conditions are such that grids or strain gauges cannot be attached to the object.
Stable isotopic characterization of organic carbon accumulation on the Amazon continental shelf

Abstract The stable carbon isotopic ratio (13C:12C) of organic matter in the water column and sediments has been used to examine the distribution and accumulation of organic carbon on the Amazon continental shelf. Near the river mouth, in 0 × 10−3 salinity surface waters, particulate organic carbon (POC) is isotopically light (−27.3 per mil). Isotopic values of POC in continental shelf waters north and east of the river mouth range from −19.5 to −25.7 per mil. The isotopic variations in water column POC can be related to productivity, turbidity, and water density. The isotopic character of water column POC is controlled, therefore, by the dynamic mixing and northwestward migration of riverine and marine shelf waters. Terrestrial organic carbon dominates the isotopic signal in surface sediments (upper 10 cm) from the river mouth to areas 400 km to the northwest. Only on the outermost and northern parts of the shelf is marine organic carbon dominant in surface sediments. A sharp boundary between terrestrial and marine isotopic values is present in continental shelf sediments at the outer edge of the prograding mud delta. This boundary is associated with an abrupt decrease in sediment accumulation rate and a change in stratigraphic setting from topset and foreset regions to bottomset regions. The average TOC content of Amazon continental shelf sediments is 0.66 ± 0.20%. Based on the average TOC of Amazon shelf sediments and current estimates of sediment accumulation rates, approximately 4.5 × 1012 g-TOC y−1 is accumulating in Amazon shelf sediments. Using δ13C-POC values at salinities of 0 and 35 × 10−3 as end-members to isotopically resolve the contribution of terrestrial and marine carbon sources, approximately 3.1 × 1012 g-TOC y−1 or 69% of the organic carbon accumulating in Amazon shelf surface sediments is from terrestrial sources. This represents 6% of current estimates for Amazon riverine carbon discharge.
Crossing numbers of random graphs

The crossing number of G is the minimum number of crossing points in any drawing of G. We consider the following two other parameters. The rectilinear crossing number is the minimum number of crossing points in any drawing of G, with straight line segments as edges. The pairwise crossing number of G is the minimum number of pairs of crossing edges over all drawings of G. We prove several results on the expected values of these parameters of a random graph.
A knowledge-based approach to analog IC design

A design methodology of expert-system-assisted analog IC design is presented. The expert system provides advice on how to improve the design and the circuit simulator gives quantitative evaluation of the resultant circuit performance. The whole cycle repeats until the desired design goal has been achieved. To explore this design methodology, an expert system has been developed to assist the design of a CMOS operational amplifier. The implementation of the expert system and the associated experimental results are presented. >
Self-induced gaps and optical bistability in semiconductor superlattices.

We consider a semiconductor superlattice built of quasi-two-dimensional layers of narrow-band-gap material sandwiched by barriers of wide-band-gap material. We show that when the electromagnetic wave with frequency below the band gap of the superlattice propagates along the superlattice axis, it induces intensity-dependent gaps in the spectrum. The connection between these unusual gaps and spatial chaos is explored. The possibility of bistable devices is discussed.
A simple and accurate method for mounting models in orthognathic surgery.

Traditionally, a facebow device is used to register the 3-dimensional relationship of the maxillary dental arch to the Frankfort horizontal plane (FHP) using either the patient’s external meati or the condylar heads (depending on the requirements of the facebow) as the posterior reference. Auxiliary components can be attached to the facebow to aid in the anterior alignment using nasion or infraorbitale. This facebow registration is transferred to the articulator to position and mount the maxillary dental model. The mandibular dental model is then mounted with an interocclusal registration. Unfortunately, this facebow registration method often creates inaccuracies in the mounted maxillary model position, thus presenting the models in a significantly different orientation compared with the actual relationship of the patient’s jaws to the cranial base structures. 2-5 The predetermined surgical movements derived from the patient evaluation and prediction tracing, when performed on malaligned dental models, may result in significant malpositioning of the jaw structures at the actual surgery, producing compromised functional and esthetic outcomes for patients. There are reasons for inaccuracies in the traditional facebow mounting of dental models: 1) the vertical, anteroposterior (A-P), and/or mediolateral position of the patient’s external meati or condyles (depending on the reference for the facebow) may be asymmetric from side to side compared with the fixed symmetric position of the facebow mounting rods on the articulator; 2) due to anatomical variances, the patient’s FHP as determined by the facebow may be significantly different than the fixed FHP of the articulator; 3) the facebow may be improperly positioned on the patient, or facebow components could shift when tightening the bolts, nuts, and/or screws during the registration procedure; 4) cranial base and jaw aberrations may be present that are not reproducible on the articulator; 5) anatomical structures may be absent (ie, hemifacial microsomia), rendering the facebow mounting totally arbitrary; and 6) shifting of the facebow components can occur with inadequate tightening of the bolts, nuts, and/or screws at registration acquisition or with rough handling during the mounting of the maxillary model. The purpose of this article is to describe a simple and accurate method for mounting dental models using the SAM Occlusal Plane Indicator (OPI) device (Figs 1, 2) for the SAM articulator (SAM-Prazisionstechnik, Munchen, Germany: US distributor: Great Lakes Orthodontics, LTD, Tonawanda, NY). The OPI
REVERSAL OF ADVANCED RENAL FAILURE WITH CONTROL OF MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION

Recovery from advanced renal failure associated with malignant hypertersion is rare. We report a 17 y.o. girl with N.S. and hypocomplementemic MPGN (Type I) who on two occasions developed advanced renal failure associated with malignant hypertension and recovered adequate renal function to remain off dialysis when the hypertension was controlled. Four years after onset, her serum creatinine was stable between 4-4.8 mg/dl. She then developed malignant hypertension with BP 170/120 and grade IV retinopathy and a s.creat of 9.6 mg/dl. Plasma renin was 0.4 ng/ml/hr. Removal of 5 kg of fluid by dialysis and aggressive antihypertensive therapy resulted in normalization of BP. This was followed by a gradual decrease of s creat over a period of 4 mos to the former mean of 4.5 mg/dl. Nine mos later, after failing to take meds, she had a second episode of malignant hypertension with BP 180/115 and s creat 12.9 mg/dl. Dialysis resulted in the loss of 7 kg excess fluid but BP continued abnormally high until vigorous antihypertensive therapy consisting of propranolol 720 mg, prazosin 20 mg, furosemide 160 mg and metolazone 10 mg daily was used. The s creat then dropped to 8.0 mg/dl. Over the next 6 mos s creat stabilized at 4.7 mg/dl and the BP has remained normal. Our experience indicates that some patients with severe hypertension and advanced renal failure require at least 4 weeks of observation with normal BP to determine whether chronic dialysis should be initiated.
Changes in thermospheric composition inferred from twilight O+(2P) emission

Abstract Measurements of the twilight enhancement of airglow emission from O+(2P) near 7325 A reveal major changes which accompany geomagnetic activity, no significant distance between evening and morning and an increase in brightness paralleling the approach to solar maximum. The principal source for O+(2P) is direct photoionization from O(3P) but at low solar activity there appears to be a contribution from another source in early twilight which may be local photoelectron ionization into O+(2P). The geomagnetic and solar effects appear to reflect changes in the O and N2 density in the thermosphere; ground based twilight measurements of O+ emissions thus provide a simple means for monitoring thermospheric structure from 300 km to ∼ 500 km at solar minimum and to ∼600 km at solar maximum.