cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture

Patrick Manning refuses to divide the African diaspora into the experiences of separate regions and nations. Instead, he follows the multiple routes that brought Africans and people of African descent into contact with one another and with Europe, Asia, and the Americas. In weaving these stories together, Manning shows how the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Indian Ocean fueled dynamic interactions among black communities and cultures and how these patterns resembled those of a number of connected diasporas concurrently taking shaping across the globe. Manning begins in 1400 and traces five central themes: the connections that enabled Africans to mutually identify and hold together as a global community; discourses on race; changes in economic circumstance; the character of family life; and the evolution of popular culture. His approach reveals links among seemingly disparate worlds. In the mid-nineteenth century, for example, slavery came under attack in North America, South America, southern Africa, West Africa, the Ottoman Empire, and India, with former slaves rising to positions of political prominence. Yet at the beginning of the twentieth century, the near-elimination of slavery brought new forms of discrimination that removed almost all blacks from government for half a century. Manning underscores the profound influence that the African diaspora had on world history, demonstrating the inextricable link between black migration and the rise of modernity, especially in regards to the processes of industrialization and urbanization. A remarkably inclusive and far-reaching work, The African Diaspora proves that the advent of modernity cannot be imaginatively or comprehensively engaged without taking the African peoples and the African continent as a whole into account.
Effect of p ,p′-DDT, o ,p′-DDT and p ,p′-DDE on the Reproductive Performance of Caged White Leghorns

Abstract Nine groups of 20 caged White Leghorn pullets each were fed a standard breeder diet supplemented with 5, 25 or 50 p.p.m. p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT or p,p′-DDE in Experiment 1 (28 weeks); the 5 and 25 p.p.m. levels were increased to 150 and 300 p.p.m., respectively, in Experiment 2 (additional 12 weeks). A tenth group fed no pesticides served as the control in both experiments. Least squares analysis of variance indicated in Experiment 1 pesticide effects for body weight gains which showed a rank of decreasing order: p,p′-DDT > o,p′-DDT > p,p′-DDE. The three pesticides produced significantly heavier body weights than the control. The level X pesticide effects indicated that the 5 and 25 p.p.m. levels of p,p′-DDE increased body weight gains more than the 50 p.p.m. level and that the 5 and 50 p.p.m. levels of p,p′-DDT and o,p′-DDT, respectively, significantly reduced hatchability as compared with the other two levels within the pesticide. In Experiment 2, pesticide effects showed that the three pesticides significantly reduced egg production; no differences were noted between the pesticides for this trait. No significant differences due to pesticides, as compared with the control, were observed for mortality, fertility, hatchability and progeny growth in both experiments.
Definition of the Dirac isotopic current operator in Yang-Mills theory

Abstract The isotopic current operator for a Dirac field in the presence of an external Yang-Mills field is examined. The current is viewed as the limit of a well-defined operator where the points at which the Dirac fields are evaluated have been separated infinitesimally and appropriate line integrals inserted to maintain the correct gauge transformation properties. It is shown that the matrix elements of the current operator then obey the correct conservation law to arbitrary order in the Yang-Mills field as the separation between the Dirac field points limits to zero.
Complete elimination of metal catalysts from single wall carbon nanotubes

The complete removal of entrapped metallic impurities (i.e. Ni and Co) incorporated within single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been a long-standing issue. A sonication-mediated treatment of as-obtained SWNT soot in a 1:1 mixture of aqueous hydrofluoric and nitric acids resulted in the complete elimination of these impurities as shown by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Contact angle measurements indicated that the wetting of SWNTs is enhanced in the presence of HF. The presence of HNO3 and surfactant was found essential in removing the catalyst due to SWNT etching of end-caps/defects and providing better dispersion, respectively. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy indicated that the structural purity of the SWNTs is not compromised by the HF/HNO3 purification treatment.
Time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy using ≈20 meter flight paths to a nuclear device☆

Abstract Time-of-flight neutron spectroscopy is described using relatively short flight paths to nuclear explosives. Neutron fluxes have been determined from 235 U and 232 U fission with solid state detectors in the direct current mode. A demonstration gamma-ray production cross section experiment for 241 Am has yielded data over the neutron energy range 0.3–6.0 MeV.
Does Spirituality Make a Difference? Psychosocial and Health-Related Characteristics of Spiritual Well-Being.

Abstract This investigation examined the relationship among differing levels of spiritual well-being and 11 psychosocial and health-related characteristics. This study assessed the hypothesis that spiritual health is a powerful contributor to overall health. Participants were 462 college students at two separate colleges in the Pacific Northwest. Results revealed that those subjects scoring higher on the measure of spiritual health displayed better outcomes on psychosocial measures such as loneliness, self-esteem, and hopelessness. Alcohol and drug use were also significant discriminators between the high and the low spiritual well-being groups. Results of this study suggest that spiritual well-being interventions may be useful to address a variety of adverse health indicators in a college student population.
Effective Dispersal of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in the Midwest, U.S.A.

Abstract Dispersal is a significant life-history trait of vagile species that affects the distribution and genetic structure of populations. Natal dispersal in birds is the movement of an individual from its hatch site to a new location where its first reproductive effort occurs. To examine the ongoing recovery of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the upper Midwest, U.S.A., we assessed the influence of sex, hack-status (hacked or wild-fledged), and hatch site (cliff or human-made) on natal dispersal distance, and we evaluated directional trends of dispersal in the midwestern Peregrine Falcon subpopulation. We found that mean dispersal distance of female peregrines was >2 times farther than that of males. Dispersal distance did not differ between hacked females and wild-fledged females; however, hacked males dispersed significantly farther than wild-fledged males. Dispersal distance among urban-hatched females and cliff-hatched females did not differ, nor did dispersal distance of urban-hatched ma...
About singularities at angular points of a trailing edge under the Joukowskii-Kutta Condition

The linear problem for the velocity potential around a slightly curved thin finite wing is considered under the Joukowskii-Kutta hypothesis. The exponents of possible singularities of solutions at angular points on wing's trailing edge are expressed in terms of eigenvalues of mixed boundary value problems for the Beltrami-Laplace operator on the hemisphere and the semicircle. These singularities have a structure such that the circulation function turns out to be continuous in interior angular points of the trailing edge. In the case of trapezoidal shape of the wing ends there occur square-root singularities of the velocity field at the trailing edge endpoints and the same singularities, of course, are extended along the lateral sides of the wake behind the wing. It is proved that for any angular point on the trailing edge the exponents of all above-mentioned singularities form a countable set in the upper complex half-plane with the only accumulation point at infinity.
Gas-transport properties of sulfonated polystyrenes

Abstract A family of sulfonated polystyrenes was synthesized and the gas-transport properties of the resulting ionic polymers were investigated. The extent of sulfonation varied from 5 to 27 mol%. Gas-transport measurements were made on either free-standing or supported thin films of these various polymers. Measurements were made on films that contained Na + as the counterion for the sulfonate groups and on films that contained Mg 2+ as the charge-balancing counterion. Permeability coefficients for all gases investigated. (O 2 , N 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , H 2 decreased with increasing extent of sulfonation. Gas-transport selectivitiy coefficients increased with extent of sulfonation. Selectivity coefficients for the Mg 2+ -form polymers were higher than the Na + -form polymers. The best combination of selectivity and permeability was obtained for the Mg 2+ -form of the most highly-sulfonated polymer (27.50 mol%). This polymer showed an O 2 /N 2 selectivity coefficient of 11.7 with an O 2 permeability coefficient of 0.42 barrer.
HierarchyScan: A Hierarchical Algorithm for Similarity Search in Databases Consisting of Long Sequences

In this paper, a hierarchical algorithm, HierarchyScan, is proposed to efficiently locate one-dimensional subsequences within a collection of sequences with arbitrary length. The proposed algorithm performs correlation between the stored sequences and the template pattern in the transformed domain to identify subsequences in a scale- and phase-independent fashion. This is in contrast to those approaches based on the computation of Euclidean distance in the transformed domain. In the proposed hierarchical algorithm, the transformed domain representation of each original sequence is divided into multiple groups of coefficients. The matching is performed hierarchically from the group with the greatest filtering capability to the group with the lowest filtering capability. Only those subsequences whose maximum correlation value is higher than a predefined threshold will be selected for additional screening. This approach is compared to the sequential scanning and an order-of-magnitude speedup is observed.
Marketing the Business School: An Exploratory Investigation

Business schools across the country are faced with declining enrollment and shrinking budgets. One solution to this disturbing trend may be for business schools to become more marketing oriented. A...
Identification of a novel human MT5-MMP transcript variant in multipotent NT2 cells

Membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP) expression is ubiquitous in brain development while restricted to regions of neuroplasticity in adult. In the multipotent NT2 model of neurogenesis and differentiation, MT5-MMP is differentially expressed with significantly higher mRNA levels in the differentiated neuronal hNT cells. MT5-MMP cDNA cloned from NT2 cells unexpectedly revealed a novel sequence (MT5-MMPvar) characterized by a 162 bp deletion. Both transcripts were identified in NT2, hNT and adult human hippocampus. In vitro, MT5-MMPvar translated into a ∼55 kDa protein. It was also detected in NT2, hNT and adult human hippocampus. These results suggest more than one human MT5-MMP transcript may exist in the central nervous system.
Effects of chromosome 5sh from Gossypium barbadense L. on flower production in G. hirsutum L.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) yield is directly determined by mature bolls that developed from squares and flowers. The first four to six weeks of flowering accounts for the majority of lint yield in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) for most cultivated areas of the southern USA cotton belt. In this study, we evaluated 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines (CS-B) and their chromosome specific-F2 hybrids, TM-1, 3–79, and six cultivars for the number of flowers produced during the first four weeks of flowering. Results showed that CS-B05sh produced more flowers than TM-1 and 3–79 from 10 July to 5 August. The results suggest that when the short arm of chromosome 5 was substituted from 3–79 (G. barbadense L.) into TM-1 (G. hirsutum) a positive genetic association with flower numbers during this flowering period was exhibited. CS-B05sh had comparable flower numbers with three cultivars, Deltapine 90, Phytogen 355, and Stoneville 474 and more flowers than, Sure Grow 747, Sure Grow 125, and Deltapine 5415. Different patterns for additive and dominance effects on cumulative flowers were observed across weeks of flowering. Dominance effects were more apparent during the early part of the flowering period while additive effects were more apparent towards the end of the flowering period.
Magnetic phases in lunar fines: metallic Fe or ferric oxides?

The ferromagnetic resonance observed for the Apollo 11 and 12 lunar fines is characterized by an asymmetric lineshape with a narrower appearance on the high field side. This asymmetry together with an anisotropy energy which varies from +640 to +500 G over the temperature range of 80 to 298 K indicate that the ferromagnetic resonance arises from metallic Fe having the body-centered cubic structure and not from hematite, magnetite or other Fe(3+) ions in magnetite-like phases. The g-value, the lineshape asymmetry, and the temperature dependence of the linewidth for the Apollo 14 and 15 fines as reported by other workers are found to be essentially similar to those observed for the Apollo 11 and 12 fines.
Deficit financing, liquidity, and the government budget constraint

Abstract This article presents a macroeconomic model in which government deficits are bond financed and the stock of bonds may affect both expected income and liquidity. If either of these effects exists, then comparative statics analysis requires the government budget to be balanced. Temporary divergences from a balanced budget and changes in the maturity structure of the government debt may be analyzed in terms of changes in the stock of bonds. It is shown that traditional fiscal and monetary policies may have a perverse effect; that to ensure effective policy, deficit financing and open market operations should be avoided; and that only policies involving a balanced budget or the financing of deficits or surpluses through changes in the stock of money should be undertaken.
Optimal programming problems with a bounded state space.

A new set of necessary conditions are presented for solutions to optimal programming problems with a state variable inequality constraint (SVIC). On a constrained arc, the dimension of the state space is reduced, and the influence functions associated with this reduced state space are shown to be unique and continuous across junctures with unconstrained arcs. It is also shown that unconstrained arcs must satisfy certain "tangency" constraints at both ends of a constrained arc and that explicit use of this fact must be made if the SVIC is adjoined directly to the performance index. ^EVERAL investigators have discussed necessary condi^ tions for solutions to optimal programming problems with a state variable inequality constraint.1"5 Most of these investigators recognized that, at a point where the system enters onto a constrained arc (an "entry point"), all feasible unconstrained arcs passing through this point must satisfy certain tangency constraints, namely, these arcs must have zero values of the state variable constraint function and all of its time derivatives that do not involve the control variable (say p-1 of them). Since control of the constraint function is realized only by changing its pth time derivative, no finite control will keep the system on the constraint boundary if the path reaching the constraint boundary does not meet these tangency constraints. In this paper, we point out that the tangency constraints also apply to the unconstrained arc at a point where the system leaves a constrained arc (an "exit point"). These exitpoint tangency constraints are satisfied automatically if the necessary conditions of Ref. 3 are used. However, if one uses the "direct adjoining" approach of Ref. 4, we shall show that explicit use must be made of the tangency constraints at both ends.
Experimental study of upstream influence in the two‐dimensional flow of a stratified fluid over an obstacle†

An experimental investigation was made of the upstream influence in front of two‐dimensional obstacles when they were towed in a linearly stratified fluid. The experiments were performed in a plexiglas channel 30.5 feet long, 2 feet high and 14 inches wide filled with a linearly stratified salt solution. Velocity measurements and flow visualization were obtained by neutrally buoyant liquid droplets and dye lines. Density measurements were made by a salinity probe. The existence of unattenuated upstream influence in front of an obstacle was quantitatively documented for the first time. It occurred in the form of multiple unattenuated horizontal jets when there was a separated open wake behind the obstacle. These jets were identified to be the super‐position of “columnar disturbance modes”. The total number of columnar modes was determined solely by the Froude number of the flow and was equal to the number of lee‐wave modes excited. The drag due to upstream columnar modes was estimated and found to be lower...
Fibromodulin is expressed in leiomyoma and myometrium and regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue therapy and TGF-β through Smad and MAPK-mediated signalling

Microarray gene expression profiling revealed fibromodulin (FMOD) is among differentially expressed genes in leiomyoma (L) and myometrium. Using realtime PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry, we validated the expression of FMOD in paired leiomyoma and myometrium (N = 20) during the menstrual cycle, from women who received gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRHa) therapy (N = 7) and in leiomyoma and myometrial (M) smooth muscle cells (SMC) due to transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta and GnRHa treatment. The results indicated that FMOD is expressed at significantly higher levels in leiomyoma as compared to myometrium from proliferative phase (two- to three-folds; P < 0.05), but not the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, whereas GnRHa therapy reduced FMOD expression to levels detected in myometrium from proliferative phase (P = 0.05). By using western blotting and immunohistochemistry immunoreactive FMOD was detected in leiomyoma and myometrial tissue-extract and in LSMC and MSMC, connective tissue fibroblasts and arterial walls. In a time- and cell-dependent manner, TGF-beta1 (2.5 ng/ml) increased the expression of FMOD in MSMC, whereas GnRHa (0.1 microM) inhibited that in MSMC and LSMC (P < 0.05). The effect of TGF-beta and GnRHa on FMOD expression was reversed following pretreatment of LSMC and MSMC with Smad3 SiRNA and U0126 (MEK1/2 inhibitor), respectively. In summary, menstrual cycle-dependent expression of FMOD and suppression following GnRHa therapy in leiomyoma and myometrium, as well as differential regulation by TGF-beta and GnRHa in vitro suggests that FMOD, a key regulator of tissue organization, plays a critical role in leiomyoma fibrotic characteristics.
A Planetary Orbiting Relay Communication Link for Project Voyager

Beginning in the late 1960's Voyager spacecraft will be launched to Venus and Mars. These spacecraft may contain both orbiting and landing modules. One of the first questions which arises in such a system is whether to transmit the data originating in the lander directly back to earth or to relay through the orbiter. This paper discusses the theoretical, operational and environmental aspects of the problem and concludes that a relay link is definitely required for Venus and would be advantageous for Mars. A 100-mc carrier frequency for the relay link is recommended, and the results of comparisons of promising modulation and multiplexing techniques are presented.
The Gospel of Kindness

This article explores the psychological connections and ambiguities between kindness and desire. The negative effects of the tendency of Christian discourse to endorse charity and denigrate desire are explored, with particular emphasis on sexual desire. Examples are drawn from cases and research studies on homosexual desires and psychic impotence among married couples. The article continues with an appeal addressed specifically to Christians to address the divide between kindness and desire through concrete expressions of kindness that are reflective of real human desires and not, as is often the case, of its absence. It concludes with a specific appeal to pastoral theologians to embrace the kindness reflected in Jesus’ response to the implicit doubts reflected in John the Baptist’s query from prison, a response that recognized the validity of John’s own desires.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Altimeter Pulse Returns and Electromagnetic Bias

The electromagnetic bias is a critical error term in sea surface height estimation from satellite radar altimetry. While the electromagnetic bias has been studied extensively, most studies are based on low-order hydrodynamic and electromagnetic models. This paper proposes an alternate approach for electromagnetic bias studies by employing a Monte Carlo procedure with numerical non-linear hydrodynamic simulations coupled with numerical methods for electromagnetic scattering from the sea surface. A deterministic set of sea surface profiles and the corresponding altimeter pulse returns are produced in the simulation. The coupled electromagnetic/hydrodynamic methods can be chosen to tradeoff varying levels of physical fidelity with computational efficiency. The approach allows studies of the impact of various physical effects on the electromagnetic bias. Clear evidence of the electromagnetic bias can be observed in the simulated pulse returns in terms of a shift in the pulse return time.
A nanophotonic sensor for large electric current measurements

A non-contact and low-cost nanomaterial based fiber-optic sensor is developed for measuring large values of electric currents. The magnetic field, generated by the electric current, changes the refractive index of a liquid in which nanomaterial particles are suspended. The change of refractive index is converted to a change in the intensity of light transmitted in an evanescent field based fiber optic sensor. The change in the intensity is proportional to the magnitude of the electric current and thus the current can be measured by measuring the resultant change in the intensity of light.
Effects of packaging and appearance on childhood poisoning. Vacor rat poison

Over a 13-month period, 14 patients were hospitalized at Milwaukee Children's Hospital for rodenticide ingestions. Ten of the 14 patients ingested Vacor Rat Poison (N-3-pyridylmethyl N'-p-nitrophenyl urea). Small children could easily mistake Vacor, which resembles corn meal, for breakfast cereal. To intervene for safer packaging of toxic substances, pediatricians need to be aware of the health hazard posed to children by attractive packaging.
Photochemical hole burning by photoinduced electron transfer. Effects of sacrificially consumable molecules

Abstract Photochemical hole burning by photoinduced electron transfer was studied with emphasis on the effects of sacrificially consumable molecules. A backward electron-transfer process reduces the total efficiency of electron transfer. In order to enhance the effective electron transfer and to suppress the backward electron transfer, sacrificially consumable molecules were introduced to the donor—acceptor electron-transfer systems. In the presence of sacrificially consumable molecules, the efficiency of hole formation increased remarkably. The two-color enhancement of hole formation was also observed for a suitable acceptor.
Improvement to whole-body counting procedures at nuclear power plants

A whole-body counter (WBC) is a device employed in nuclear power plants (NPPs) to identify radionuclides and measure the content of radioactivity in humans. In this study, several experiments were conducted to suggest an optimal and practical method to improve the accuracy of in vivo measurements using WBCs at NPPs. First, countings from the front and back using a phantom were carried out to set up a discrimination programme between internal and external radioactive contamination in NPPs. Second, experiments were performed to select the optimal geometry of the WBC and to locate the contaminated area of radionuclides.
Dancing with desire: cultural embodiment in Tijuana's Nor-tec music and dance

Nor-tec music was created at the Tijuana-San Diego border as a hybrid that incorporates the sounds of traditional music from the North of Mexico to computer-based styles of dance music. Through a distinct process of do-it-yourself distribution, Nor-tec quickly became a worldwide phenomenon in the underground electronic music scene. Based on extensive ethnographic work in Tijuana, Los Angeles and Chicago, this article compares different Nor-tec scenes in an attempt to identify how different transnational communities appropriate this music in order to imagine and conciliate notions of identity, modernity and tradition according to their specific social context. I focus on the relationship between discourses about Latinidad and Latino bodies, and their influence on the way different Latino communities dance and move to the Nor-tec beats.
A High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Chlorogenic Acid Determination in Sunflower Seeds

A new high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for chlorogenic acid determination in sunflower seeds is described. This method offers a relatively rapid and highly selective way to separate chlorogenic acid from caffeic acid and other polyphenolic compounds in sunflower seeds. The HPLC method results are compared with those of the spectrophotometric method and no significant difference is shown between methods using confectionery seeds but significant differences are shown with the oilseed varieties.
Taste-quality recognition and forced-choice response.

The Collings (1974) procedure for measuring taste-quality recognition thresholds controls adequately for bias caused by variation in the willingness of subjects to report perceiving a taste quality. However, it fails to control for bias due to the preference of subjects for one response over another. In the present study, preferential selection among the response alternatives was reflected in the disproportionate occurrence of the four taste-quality names among incorrect responses. Response preferences were idiosyncratic and grew stronger with repeated testing. They were not eliminated by informing subjects of the correctness of their responses. Use of this procedure for measuring recognition thresholds is discouraged.
The reciprocal ternary system Na-NaOH-Na2O-NaH

Abstract The reaction has been experimentally characterized to occur at 412 ± 2 °C. An equilibrium phase diagram that includes this reaction has been constructed.
Formulation and Efficacy Studies of New Topical Anesthetic Creams

AbstractLocal anesthetics (lidocaine or tetracaine) spontaneously melted at 25°C when mixed with thymol and aqueous isopropyl alcohol solution (IPA) at proper ratios and formed novel two-phase melt systems (TMS). The TMS consisted of a homogeneous oil phase containing primarily a local anesthetic agent (lidocaine or tetracaine) and thymol, and a homogeneous aqueous phase containing primarily IPA and pH 9.2 buffer. The relationship between melting of the solid components and system composition was determined from the phase diagram obtained by a titration method. A select TMS of a local anesthetic agent (lidocaine or tetracaine) was directly emulsified to prepare an O/W cream and tested for the anesthetic efficacy on intact human skin. While both lidocaine (6%) and tetracaine (4%) creams were highly effective for dermal anesthesia with a similar onset time, the tetracaine cream exhibited a significantly longer duration of action than the lidocaine cream. An accelerated stability study indicated that lidocai...
Sulfur compounds volatilized from soils at different moisture contents

Abstract Releases of volatile sulfur-containing compounds from a tidal marsh soil, an agricultural soil, and a forest soil at four moisture contents and under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions were measured. A dynamic, cryogenic collection procedure with subsequent separation and detection by glass-capillary gas chromatography was used. The largest emission fluxes, predominantly hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide, were from the tidal marsh soil samples dried to moisture contents typical of a well-drained aerobic soil. Smaller amounts of carbonyl sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethylsulfide, and dimethyldisulfide were also detected. The only significant S emissions from the agricultural soil were dimethylsulfide and carbon disulfide from water-saturated samples. No gaseous S compounds were detected from the forest soil.
Credit Load as a Moderator of the Intent-Turnover Relation Among Community College Students

AbstractDespite marked changes in the composition of the population of higher education over the past 20 years, few researchers have tested hypotheses pertaining to predictors of turnover among nontraditional college students. In the present study, we controlled several variables and tested to see whether credit load moderates the effects of intent on turnover at a community college. The results of a stepwise logistic regression model generated from data collected during the spring and fall of 1987 indicated a significant (p < .01) joint effect of credit load and intent. As predicted, intent was more strongly related to turnover among students carrying 13 or more credit hours as compared with students carrying 1–6 and 7–12 credit hours.
Poly-L-Lysine-Induced Morphology Changes in Mixed Anionic/Zwitterionic and Neat Zwitterionic-Supported Phospholipid Bilayers

Poly-L-lysine-induced morphological changes in liquid phase supported bilayers consisting of mixed anionic/zwitterionic and neat zwitterionic headgroup phospholipids were studied with atomic force microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy. Results obtained from these studies indicate that poly-L-lysine can induce domains, defects, and aggregate structures on both mixed bilayers and strictly zwitterionic bilayers. The structures formed on liquid phase supported bilayers were observed to be immobile from a timescale of 50 ms to several minutes. We propose that poly-L-lysine of sufficient length interacts with the mica substrate and phospholipids to create the stationary structures noted.
Treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension with 23.4% saline

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of intravenous bolus administration of 23.4% saline (8008 mOsm/L) on refractory intracranial hypertension (RIH) in patients with diverse intracranial diseases.DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingA neurosciences intensive care unit in a university hospital.Patients
Role of palliative surgery in ovarian cancer

Abstract The most common indication for palliative surgery in recurrent ovary cancer is malignant bowel obstruction. After careful diagnosis of bowel obstruction, conservative management should be employed. If resolution of obstruction does not occur, the decision to perform surgery must be made. Several authors have reported on outcomes in patients undergoing surgery. Operative morbidity and mortality is 7–64% and 4–32%, respectively, and median survival is 5–33 weeks in these reports. Surgery should be considered in select patients after a thorough discussion with the patient regarding the likely outcome following the procedure, including the potential for morbidity and mortality. The surgery should be aimed at relieving the symptoms and improving quality of life.
CAI in the principles course: a second look

Abstract The economics literature is replete with articles that discuss the role of computers in teaching economics. Some articles describe software packages[1,2]. Some articles discuss how computers can be used to attain various educational goals[3]. Other articles critique software and offer guidance for the selection of the best packages[4]. Each of these articles promotes computers as a pedagogical tool to enhance students' learning. In this paper, findings from the second part of a two-part experiment in the use of computers in Principles of Economics course sequence are presented. Contrary to expectations, these empirical results demonstrate that student use of this particular software package resulted in no significant difference in student performance in the Principles of Microeconomics course. This paper consists of three sections. A brief discussion of the role of computer assisted instruction in teaching economics and a survey of the literature begins Section 1, which concludes with a description of the experiment. Section 2 presents empirical findings. Concluding remarks follow in Section 3.
Comparison of osmotic swelling influences on meniscal fibrocartilage and articular cartilage tissue mechanics in compression and shear.

Although the contribution of the circumferential collagen bundles to the anisotropic tensile stiffness of meniscal tissue has been well described, the implications of interactions between tissue components for other mechanical properties have not been as widely examined. This study compared the effects of the proteoglycan-associated osmotic swelling stress on meniscal fibrocartilage and articular cartilage (AC) mechanics by manipulating the osmotic environment and tissue compressive offset. Cylindrical samples were obtained from the menisci and AC of bovine stifles, equilibrated in phosphate-buffered saline solutions ranging from 0.1× to 10×, and tested in oscillatory torsional shear and unconfined compression. Biochemical analysis indicated that treatments and testing did not substantially alter tissue composition. Mechanical testing revealed tissue-specific responses to both increasing compressive offset and decreasing bath salinity. Most notably, reduced salinity dramatically increased the shear modulus of both axially and circumferentially oriented meniscal tissue explants to a much greater extent than for cartilage samples. Combined with previous studies, these findings suggest that meniscal proteoglycans have a distinct structural role, stabilizing, and stiffening the matrix surrounding the primary circumferential collagen bundles. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:95–102, 2012
Modeling the temporal architecture of rat sleep-wake behavior

The fine architecture of sleep-wake behavior shows a distinct dynamic structure with distributions of rat sleep and wake bout durations displaying qualitatively different profiles. Wake bout durations follow a power-law relation whereas sleep bout durations are exponentially distributed. We show that a physiologically-based sleep-wake regulatory network model with an underlying deterministic structure governing neuronal interactions can generate realistic rat sleep-wake behavior as assessed by both standard summary statistics and survival analysis of bout distributions. Obtaining appropriate bout duration distributions depended on stochastic elements included in the model, the existence of multiple mechanisms for state transitions, and specific relationships among time constants governing state maintenance. This model provides a novel framework for exploring the disruptions of sleep-wake architecture associated with pharmacological, genetic, and disease states.
Transport and barrier function in the chorioallantoic placenta of the bat, Myotis lucifugus.

The chorioallantoic placenta of the bat (Myotis lucifugus) is hemodichorial and has an ectoplasmic layer and an intrasyncytial lamina interposed between the maternal blood space and the underlying endoplasmic portion of the syncytial trophoblast. The barrier and/or transport function of the trophoblast of this species was investigated. When Thorotrast was injected into the maternal vascular system, only small amounts appeared in the trophoblast, and it could not be demonstrated deep to the syncytial trophoblast. Injected peroxidase and ferritin were both rapidly taken up by the trophoblast, these tracers being found in coated vesicles and tubules, in multivesicular bodies, and in dense bodies. Peroxidase was transported across the trophoblast and could be found in macrophages in the fetal connective tissue and in vesicles in the fetal endothelium. Since ferritin is present in the cytotrophoblast, macrophages and fetal endothelium in uninjected as well as injected animals, the exogenous material could not be followed beyond the syncytium. In addition to demonstrating the cytological pathway by which absorbed proteins cross the trophoblast of the chorioallantoic placenta of the bat, the results of this study suggest that the labyrinth in this species should be considered a possible route for passage of endogenous proteins to the fetus.
Minitrack: HCI Issues in Healthcare IT

In order to comply with changing regulations and to improve support for office staff, clinicians, and patients, healthcare organizations worldwide are currently undertaking massive transformations and additions to their IT infrastructure. History suggests that the success of the healthcare applications that emerge from this process will depend to a large degree on the ability of people to use them effectively and efficiently. Human-computer interaction (HCI) research can provide valuable guidance to improve the usability of healthcare IT. Potential exists for HCI researchers to apply existing knowledge to improving healthcare IT as well as to formulate new theories and practices specific to the healthcare context. Our goal in initiating this minitrack is to provide a focused outlet at HICSS for HCI researchers in healthcare domains to share and discuss the results of their work.
Behavioral and hormonal correlates of alternative reproductive strategies in a polygynous lizard: tests of the relative plasticity and challenge hypotheses.

Species with alternative reproductive tactics are good models to investigate the poorly understood question of whether individual variation within sexes results from the same physiological mechanisms that control variation between sexes. We have shown previously that adult male tree lizards, Urosaurus ornatus, of different throat color morphs express different levels of aggression in the laboratory. Further field results support the suggestion that the two morphs practice alternative reproductive tactics because the two morphs express different levels of aggressive behavior under field conditions and exhibit dramatic and opposite responses to aggressive challenges. However, despite these behavioral differences, the two morphs do not differ in levels of testosterone or corticosterone either in undisturbed situations or following aggressive challenge. These results are consistent with the relative plasticity hypothesis which proposes that organizational, rather than activational, actions of steroid hormones will be more important in morph differentiation when morphs are fixed in adult life, as they are in tree lizards. These results also support the hypothesis that steroid hormonal levels are insensitive to social modulation in males of species such as U. ornatus without paternal care.
Spherically Symmetric Solutions of the Equations of Gas Dynamics

The method developed by the author is adapted to the case of spherically symmetric gas motions. The pressure, density and velocity of the gas are shown to involve one arbitrary function $\phi $; if $\phi $ = f(t) w(rt$^{-\alpha}$), where f and w are arbitrary functions, explicit formulae for the pressure, density and velocity are worked out. Amongst motions of this kind, those in which the velocity is proportional to r, are selected for detailed investigation. Cases in which the gas motion is adiabatic are determined; in one type w is a known function of rt$^{-\alpha}$, while f is the solution of a certain differential equation; in a second type, f is known but w remains arbitrary. Boundary conditions are then applied, first, on the assumption that the boundary is approximately a contact surface and that the motion is of the first type; secondly, when the boundary is a true shock surface and the motion has a special character and is common to both types. Primakoff's solution is obtained in the second case. The author's method is contrasted with the conventional ones.
Functional Decline in Aging and Disease: A Role for Apoptosis

The process of aging and senescence is associated with a decline in several organ functions and ultimately takes away independence and reduces quality of life. The precariously marginal functional reserves of the immune, pulmonary, and cardiovascular systems are among the most important causes of increased hospitalization in the older population. When complicated by chronic diseases, as is often the case, the problem is magnified. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a process that goes on continuously throughout life. It is involved in embryogenesis for proper organ and tissue development. After birth and through adulthood, it helps eliminate unneeded and damaged cells. There is evidence that advanced age is associated with dysregulation of apoptosis. Several studies have shown age-related changes in the levels of proteins and factors that regulate apoptosis. This could explain the age-associated increased prevalence of cancers, certain autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders in older people. More studies are needed to further elucidate the process of apoptosis. With this knowledge, the use of gene therapy and apoptosis modulators may someday have therapeutic value in preventing the functional decline we see in the older population.
A Study on Adaptive Time Token Priority-Based Queuing Scheme

Several famous priority-based queuing schemes operated in a gateway to support differentiated services among internet traffic. Examining packet forwarding operations in these queueing schemes, they only support a priority-based service either in a packet enqueuing process or in a packet dequeuing process. If a queuing scheme can support priority-based services in both packet enqueuing/dequeuing processes; it would enhance differentiated service performance for internet traffic. This study proposes a priority-based queuing scheme with an adaptive time token allotment measure to support a differentiated packet forwarding process for different types of IP traffic both in packet enqueuing/dequeuing processes. Depending on packet sizes and packet forwarding priorities of IP traffic, the proposed queuing scheme assigns fix and adaptive time token thresholds dynamically to logical queuing buffers separately. With assigned time tokens, logical queuing buffers allow arrival IP packets to be enqueued in a differentiated way. Moreover, the proposed queuing scheme uses a transferred WRR dequeuing measure to enhance a differentiated packet forwarding process. The simulation results show that the proposed queuing scheme supports a differentiated packet forwarding process for different types of IP traffic. The differentiated packet forwarding performance supported by the proposed scheme is close to the IETF DiffServ scheme; this result shows that the proposed scheme can support differentiated packet forwarding performance for different types of IP traffic with a lower operation cost.
Preparing and Socializing New Faculty Members

This review provides an overview on three books that offer advice to graduate students and new faculty members. The goal of these publications is to supplement and support graduate students and new faculty members with details and reinforcement that may broaden their professional and academic socialization. These books were selected for review because of their broad audience appeal and because they represent the most current and comprehensive professional guides for advanced graduate students and new faculty members.
What do fish make of mirror images

Fish act aggressively towards their mirror image suggesting that they consider it another individual, whereas in some mammals behavioural response to mirrors may be an evidence of self-recognition. Since fish cannot self-recognize, we asked whether they could distinguish between fighting a mirror image and fighting a real fish. We compared molecular, physiological and behavioural responses in each condition and found large differences in brain gene expression levels. Although neither levels of aggressive behaviour nor circulating androgens differed between these conditions, males fighting a mirror image had higher immediate early gene (IEG) expression in brain areas homologous to the amygdala and hippocampus than controls. Since amygdalar responses are associated with fear and fear conditioning in other species, higher levels of brain activation when fighting a mirror suggest fish experience fear in response to fights with a mirror image. Clearly, the fish recognize something unusual about the mirror image and the differential brain response may reflect a cognitive distinction.
Evaluation of infectious bronchitis virus Arkansas-type vaccine failure in commercial broilers.

SUMMARY Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an upper respiratory tract disease in chickens and is highly contagious. Many different types of the virus exist, but only a few types are used as attenuated live vaccines in the commercial poultry industry. Of the vaccine types used, the Arkansas (Ark)–type virus is most frequently reisolated from vaccinated broilers. Previous research has suggested that incomplete clearance of Ark-type vaccine virus plays a role in the inadequate protection observed when vaccinated broilers are challenged with pathogenic Ark virus. In this study, we examine routes of vaccine administration using multiple IBV types including Ark in an effort to understand why Ark vaccines do not provide good protection and persist in commercial broilers. We found that interference between different types of IBV vaccines was not occurring when combined and administered using a commercial hatchery spray cabinet. Also, Ark vaccine virus was not efficacious in 1-day-old broilers when sprayed u...
Continuous Measurement of Shock and Contact Discontinuities Velocity

An experimental method applying microwave techniques to obtain continuous measurement of both the shock and contact discontinuities bounding an air plasma generated in a cylindrical hypersonic shock tube is developed. X-band microwave signals excited in the TE11 mode reflect from the moving shock and contact surfaces. The resulting FM interference pattern is demodulated, yielding continuous velocity versus time data. Results depicting subtle detail of velocity behavior, particularly of the shock front, were obtained over a shock Mach number range of 9 to 13.
Unilateral hypertrophy of tensor fascia lata: a soft tissue tumor simulator.

Objective: To describe the imaging findings in eight cases of unilateral tensor fascia lata (TFL) hypertrophy presenting as soft tissue masses.