cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Vertical IS Standards: The Case of the US Home Mortgage Industry

Vertical IS standards prescribe data structures and definitions, document formats, and business processes for particular industries, in contrast to horizontal IT standards, which concern IT characteristics applicable to many industries. This paper explores the potential effects of vertical IS standards in the US home mortgage industry by examining technical implementation requirements. This paper makes two important contributions. First, as one of the first in-depth cases of the benefits of e-business standards in a particular industry, this paper can serve as a foundation for future theoretical development. Second, although other authors have noted that the initiators' benefits from adopting interorganizational standards like EDI dependent on how their partners implement the standards, we describe in depth the technical choices that lead to partners' suboptimal implementations and the business considerations that lead them to make those choices.
Treatment Compliance and Cultural Aspects: Hispanics

Psychiatry pays great attention to the process of establishing an accurate diagnosis and implementing an appropriate treatment in every clinical case dealt with in the field. However, without minimizing the importance of a competent evaluation and the need to arrive at the right diagnosis in every case, mental health practitioners must be sure that appropriate emphasis is also placed on the assessment of all of the factors that have a bearing on the treatment compliance for these cases. Needless to say, achieving treatment compliance is not an easy matter since in this process, a series of factors intervene, many of which have boundaries that go beyond the clinical setting itself, such as: the patient’s religious beliefs, the patient’s understanding of the etiology and/or nature of the illness in question, and the like. A thorough knowledge of these cultural factors will undoubtedly offer the clinician a unique understanding of the patient’s conceptualization of his illness, and therefore, will put him in a better position to improve the patient’s compliance with his treatment, and thus, increase his chances for cure.
Electrochemical Nanoparticle-Based Sensors

Electrochemical devices are extremely useful for delivering analytical information in a fast, simple, and low-cost fashion, and are thus uniquely qualified for meeting the demands of point-of-care diagnostics. In particular, nanoparticles offer elegant ways for interfacing biomolecular recognition events with electronic signal transduction, for dramatically amplifying the resulting electrical response, and for designing novel coding strategies. Nanoparticles, such as colloidal gold or inorganic nanocrystals, offer considerable promise as quantitation tags for biological assays owing to their unique amplification and coding capabilities.
Surface response of Fermi liquids

Abstract The response of a semi-infinite self-bound Fermi liquid to a surface field is calculated using the random phase approximation, with specific application to the nuclear surface. A separable approximation for the induced field is found to be quite accurate. There is a divergence in the isoscalar response at zero frequency associated with the translational degeneracy of the system, but quantities such as the energy-weighted strength, the surface tension, and the zero-point fluctuation of the surface density are well behaved. The theory is applied to the inelastic scattering of protons from nuclei, and it is found that the nuclear response is well reproduced by the semi-infinite theory.
Seasonal influences on sleep and executive function in the migratory White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii)

We have previously shown that the White-crowned Sparrow (WCS) decreases sleep by 60% during a period of migratory restlessness relative to a non-migratory period when housed in a 12 h light: 12 h dark cycle. Despite this sleep reduction, accuracy of operant performance was not impaired, and in fact rates of responding were elevated during the migratory period, effects opposite to those routinely observed following enforced sleep deprivation. To determine whether the previously observed increases in operant responding were due to improved performance or to the effects of migration on activity level, here we assessed operant performance using a task in which optimal performance depends on the bird's ability to withhold a response for a fixed interval of time (differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate-behavior, or DRL); elevated response rates ultimately impair performance by decreasing access to food reward. To determine the influence of seasonal changes in day length on sleep and behavioral patterns, we recorded sleep and assessed operant performance across 4 distinct seasons (winter, spring, summer and fall) under a changing photoperiod. Sleep amount changed in response to photoperiod in winter and summer, with longest sleep duration in the winter. Sleep duration in the spring and fall migratory periods were similar to what we previously reported, and were comparable to sleep duration observed in summer. The most striking difference in sleep during the migratory periods compared to non-migratory periods was the change from discrete day-night temporal organization to an almost complete temporal fragmentation of sleep. The birds' ability to perform on the DRL task was significantly impaired during both migratory periods, but optimal performance was sustained during the two non-migratory periods. Birds showed dramatic changes in sleep duration across seasons, related to day length and migratory status. Migration was associated with changes in sleep amount and diurnal distribution pattern, whereas duration of sleep in the non-migratory periods was largely influenced by the light-dark cycle. Elevated response rates on the DRL task were observed during migration but not during the short sleep duration of summer, suggesting that the migratory periods may be associated with decreased inhibition/increased impulsivity. Although their daily sleep amounts and patterns may vary by season, birds are susceptible to sleep loss throughout the year, as evidenced by decreased responding rates following enforced sleep deprivation.
Trends in patent renewals at the United States patent and trademark office

Abstract In many countries, the owner of a patent is required to make periodic renewal fee payments in order to maintain legal entitlement to the patented technology. Failure to make a renewal fee payment can result in the expiration of the patent prior to its statutory term. This paper presents the results of an analysis of renewal fee payments on patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) since 1982. Results show higher rates of renewal are associated with patents that have corporate owners, are of Japanese origin, and emphasize chemical and electrical classes of technology. A decline in renewal activity since 1990 is evident across most categories of patent ownership and country of patent origin.
Laparoscopic biopsy of abdominal retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy for the diagnosis of lymphoma.

Evaluation of the patient with abdominal retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy is a common clinical situation encountered by general surgeons. If there is associated peripheral lymphadenopathy more accessible for biopsy, obtaining a tissue sample for pathologic diagnosis can be relatively straightforward. In these cases, either an incisional or excisional biopsy can be performed on these enlarged lymph nodes, usually under local anesthesia. If there is no palpable peripheral adenopathy present, diagnostic tissue may be more difficult to obtain. Accurate pathologic diagnosis of lymphoma requires that an adequate tissue specimen be biopsied for review. The amount of tissue must be sufficient for routine microscopic examination and flow cytometry, immunophenotyping, and gene rearrangement studies. The exact subclassification of the lymphoma is crucial because it will ultimately dictate the type of treatment the patient will receive. Image-guided core-needle biopsy is an accurate, minimally invasive means of obtaining a pathologic specimen from these enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes, and it represents the biopsy method of choice in the majority of patients. In some cases, core-needle biopsy yields an inadequate amount of tissue or tissue that has lost its normal architecture, making diagnosis impossible. Also, the proximity of enlarged abdominal retroperitoneal lymph nodes to structures such as major blood vessels, bowel, or other viscera makes percutaneous biopsy, even under skilled radiologic guidance, hazardous and technically challenging. Advances in laparoscopic techniques and equipment have made it possible to dissect and expose these retroperitoneal lymph nodes and to biopsy them under direct visualization. The laparoscopic approach is ideally suited for patients deemed poor candidates for core-needle biopsy or for those who have had nondiagnostic or inadequate specimens on previous core biopsy attempts. It allows tissue to be obtained in a minimally invasive manner while maintaining good diagnostic accuracy, adequate tissue retrieval, and low operative morbidity. The retroperitoneal location of the adenopathy may, on first glance, appear to be technically difficult and daunting to access using the laparoscope. But in most cases, these areas can be approached and biopsied in a straightforward manner. We describe our simplified approach to the laparoscopic biopsy of abdominal retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy and review our experience with this technique.
Temperature-Dependent Development of Otiorhynchus ovatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Pupae

Abstract Temperature-dependent development of strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.), pupae was studied in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. variety ‘Totem’). The development of pupae was investigated at constant temperatures from 3 to 33°C at 3°C intervals. The upper thermal lethal limit for strawberry root weevil pupae was between 30 and 33°C. Pupae did not eclose below 6°C. Pupal duration was 127 d at 6°C and 7 d at 30°C. Rate of development (1/d) was greatest at 30°C. We used the development of strawberry root weevil as a model system to suggest a modification on the traditional method of creating linear degree-day models. This method used weighted regression and was based on the assumption that the purpose of creating prediction models is to model the development of insects based on the temperatures to which they are exposed in the field. The predictive ability of this weighted model was compared with a traditional nonweighted linear degree-day model by relating predictions to the obser...
Determination of iron content and dispersity of intact ferritin by superconducting tunnel junction cryodetection mass spectrometry.

Ferritin is a common iron storage protein complex found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Although horse spleen holoferritin (HS-HoloFt) has been widely studied, this is the first report of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the intact form, likely because of its high molecular weight ∼850 kDa and broad iron-core mass distribution. The 24-subunit ferritin heteropolymer protein shell consists of light (L) and heavy (H) subunits and a ferrihydrite-like iron core. The H/L heterogeneity ratio of the horse spleen apoferritin (HS-ApoFt) shell was found to be ∼1:10 by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Superconducting tunneling junction (STJ) cryodetection matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS was utilized to determine the masses of intact HS-ApoFt, HS-HoloFt, and the HS-HoloFt dimer to be ∼505 kDa, ∼835 kDa, and ∼1.63 MDa, respectively. The structural integrity of HS-HoloFt and the proposed mineral adducts found for both purified L and H subunits...
Venous Hemangioma Presenting as a Mediastinal Cyst on CT

Mediastinal hemangiomas are extremely rare tumors that originate from vascular endothelial cells. It is well known that mediastinal hemangiomas appear on CT as solid masses with heterogeneous enhancement. We describe here a case of venous hemangioma, and the tumor was seen of the CT scan as a well-marginated cystic mass with a fluid-fluid level in the middle mediastinum; this mass mimicked a foregut cyst or cystic lymphangioma.
Effects of Chain Grafting Positions and Surface Coverage on Conformations of Model Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography Stationary Phases

Chemical separations in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) are made possible by the detailed molecular-level interactions that take place between analyte molecules and the interface between the stationary and mobile phases. Changes in operational conditions lead to different retention times, suggesting that the structures of the stationary phase and the stationary/mobile phase interface are altered. However, the details of such alterations, and their relationship to separation performance, are not well understood. In this study, the conformations of model RPLC stationary phases were investigated with all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the detailed structural response of the stationary phase to different conditions. The model system consists of a quartz surface functionalized with dimethyloctadecylsilane immersed in H2O. Pressurization of the mobile phase did not affect the structure of the stationary phase, in agreement with previous studies. The choice of grafting positions on ...
Role of orbital angular momentum in femtomagnetism

In contrast to popular understanding, the total angular momentum conservation does not impose a limit on the spin momentum change in femtomagnetism. Theory predicts a similar sharp reduction of spin and orbit momenta upon excitation.
Factors Associated with Occupational Choice Among Minnesota Rural Youth

Al I grow up? That is one of the most frequently recurring preoccupations of the adolescent. Perhaps all youth dream at times of themselves occupying positions of power and prestige. With some people such dreams become obsessions leading them on to success or to the depths of despair upon failing to attain their goal. Other youth tend to have more easily attained ambitions which may lead to contentment or to the setting of a new and more lofty goal. In this study Minnesota rural youth were asked the question, "What is your occupational choice or preference, if any?"' It is probable that many interpreted the word choice as what one would like to do if he had the time and means to prepare for it, while other youths made a more practical interpretation and stated only a choice within reasonable possibility of attainment. An example of the former would be aviation, which seven listed as their occupational choice. Four of these admitted they would not be able to enter this occupation. Of the remaining three, two obviouslv would be unable to fulfill their ambitions because of lack of education. Only one who had reached the senior year in high school had stated this was his choice and that he felt he would be able to enter the occupation. Thus, only one out of seven who selected aviation had a chance of fulfilling his ambitions. An example of the latter (attainable choices) would be teaching which was more nearly within the realm of possibility of fulfillment for those making this selection. In Duluth (St. Louis County) and Alexandria (Douglas County) are normal training schools for teachers. Many of the rural elementary schools in the state use teachers who have had only one year's training in these schools. Thus the high school student in Duluth or Alexandria who says he intends to go into teaching stands a very good chance of being able to do it. However, this is a study of the occupational desires and ambitions of rural youth and should not be interpreted as indicative of the way in which they will be distributed eventually among the various occupational groupings.
Mechanism of enhancement of blood group antibody reactions in low ionic strength.

When the ionic strength of blood samples is reduced, blood group antibodies bind to red blood cells that lack the corresponding antigen. Upon normalization of the ionic strength, the antibodies elute into the supernatant fluid. We compared, in semiquantitative terms, this nonspecific and reversible binding of various blood group antibodies. Studies with anti-CD antibodies showed that the nonspecific binding increased when the ionic strength was progressively lowered. In 1/10 normal ionic strength, practically all of a high-titer anti-CD antibody bound to Rh(D)-negative RBC (phenotype ce). The majority of the other antibodies studied (anti-C, -c, -Fya, -Fyb, and -S) behaved similarly in 1/10 normal ionic strength, but the binding of some (anti-E, -s, and -Jka) was, at times, less complete. Most examples of anti-K antibodies, however, demonstrated very poor nonspecific binding to K-negative RBC in low ionic strength (LIS). The authors propose that the augmentation of specific blood group antibody reactions in LIS is the direct result of this nonspecific binding, and that the failure of these conditions to support the nonspecific binding of anti-K antibodies might explain the lack of augmentation (and, at times, even the impairment) of the reactions of anti-K with its antigen.
Uncomplicated cystitis--not so simple.

Most women have had at least one symptomatic urinary tract infection,1 and many have had multiple recurrences.2,3 In the United States, billions of dollars are spent annually and tens of millions of courses of antimicrobial therapy are prescribed for urinary tract infections.1 The majority of these infections are caused by bacteria that colonize and induce inflammation in the bladder. Although complications are rare, acute cystitis can be extremely uncomfortable and result in lost productivity. The voided midstream urine culture represents a convenient, noninvasively obtained specimen that can aid in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection. However, such cultures do . . .
Jet noise prediction of cold and hot subsonic jets using large-eddy simulation

The results of four large-eddy simulations of heated and unheated subsonic jets are presented. The computations were performed using one million grid points on jets at operating conditions originally investigated by Tanna in the late 1970s [Tanna, H. K., iAn Experimental Study of Jet Noise Part I: Turbulent Mixing Noise,i J. Sound Vib., Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 405n428, 1977]. Two acoustic Mach numbers are investigated (U j=a1= 0:5 and 0:9) at cold (constant stagnation temperature) and heated conditions (T j=T1= 1:8 and T j=T1= 2:7). Changes in the jet mean elds with temperature and Mach number are found to be in agreement with published data. The far-eld overall sound pressure levels are shown to be consistent with experimental data and spectral comparisons indicate that the simulation sound elds are in agreement with measurements. The limited resolution of the computations is shown to impact the radiated sound by yielding e ectively low-pass lter ed versions of the experimental spectra.
Right critical methods should be taken in the Study of All Men Are Brothers

This paper goes into the critical methods in the study of All Men Are Brothers and emphasizes the importance of the right critical methods.The author is strongly against the overelaborate research,mixing academic study with politics,and the unrealistic methods,and then presents the view that the western theories shouldn't be used indiscriminately.
A low-power dynamic divider for approximate applications

In this work, a low-power, low-error divider design is proposed that can achieve significant power and area savings, while introducing insignificant inaccuracies to the output. The design of our divider is highly scalable, offering a wide range of power and inaccuracy trade-offs based on the application requirements. Furthermore, the proposed divider has a lower delay compared to the accurate design, enabling its use on the critical path. We theoretically analyze the error of our design as a function of its configuration, and we thoroughly evaluate the error and power characteristics of our divider in a standalone case and demonstrate that the proposed design can achieve up to 70% in power savings, while introducing an mean average absolute error of only 3.08%. We also implement three image-processing applications in hardware using our divider and conclude that use of the proposed divider will not perceptibly impact their quality-of-service while achieving power benefits of up to 75%.
The reticular paradigm of cortical memory

INTRODUCTION Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience oblige us to change radically the traditional model of representation of memory in the cerebral cortex. The old -modular- model postulates a separate area for each form of memory (working memory, episodic memory, visual memory, auditory memory, tactile memory, etc.). In the new -reticular- paradigm, memories and items of knowledge are made of widely distributed networks of neuron populations synaptically connected by experience. DEVELOPMENT Memory networks overlap and interact profusely; a neuron or group of neurons can be part of many networks, thus many memories or items of knowledge. After birth and throughout life, each new experience is etched in the form of those networks or cognits by synaptic associative processes that course from area to area along phylogenetic, ontogenetic, and connective gradients, from sensory and motor areas into associative areas. By self-organization, new cognits distribute themselves within two cortical hierarchies with a sensory and motor base, respectively. The perceptual hierarchy, in posterior cortex, houses cognits defined by sensory parameters in sensory areas and perceptual memories in associative areas. The executive hierarchy, on the other hand, represents concrete movements in frontal motor areas and more complex actions (e.g., plans) in prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS The reticular memory paradigm has important implications with regard to the cognitive development of the individual, cortical clinical syndromes, and cognitive rehabilitation.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO With Re-Pyridyl-NHCs: Proton Source Influence on Rates and Product Selectivities

A series of four electron-deficient-substituted Re(I) pyridyl N-heterocyclic carbene (pyNHC) complexes have been synthesized, and their electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 has been evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis experiments. All of the catalysts were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry under inert atmosphere and under CO2 and compared to the known benchmark catalyst Re(bpy)(CO)3Br. Among the four Re-NHC catalysts, Re(pyNHC-PhCF3)(CO)3Br (2) demonstrated the highest catalytic rate (icat/ip)2 at the first and second reduction events with a value of 4 at the second reduction potential (TOF = 0.8 s–1). The rate of catalysis was enhanced through the addition of proton sources (PhOH, TFE, and H2O; TOF up to 100 s–1; (icat/ip)2 = 700). Controlled potential electrolysis shows Faradaic efficiencies (FE) for CO production and accumulated charge for the Re(pyNHC-PhCF3)(CO)3Br catalyst exceed those of the benchmark catalyst in the presence of 2 M H2O (92%, 13 C at 1 h versus 61%, 3 C ...
The Misrepresentation Game: How to win at negotiation while seeming like a nice guy

Recently, interest has grown in agents that negotiate with people: to teach negotiation, to negotiate on behalf of people, and as a challenge problem to advance artificial social intelligence. Humans negotiate differently from algorithmic approaches to negotiation: people are not purely self-interested but place considerable weight on norms like fairness; people exchange information about their mental state and use this to judge the fairness of a social exchange; and people lie. Here, we focus on lying. We present an analysis of how people (or agents interacting with people) might optimally lie (maximally benefit themselves) while maintaining the illusion of fairness towards the other party. In doing so, we build on concepts from game theory and the preference-elicitation literature, but apply these to human, not rational, behavior. Our findings demonstrate clear benefits to lying and provide empirical support for a heuristic -- the "fixed-pie lie" -- that substantially enhances the efficiency of such deceptive algorithms. We conclude with implications and potential defenses against such manipulative techniques.
Prevalence of hypertension in the Gambia and Sierra Leone, western Africa: a cross-sectional study.

Background : Hypertension (HTN) is one of the causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Africa, and may be associated with lower socio-economic status (SES). The prevalence of HTN is not well established in the Gambia or in Sierra Leone. Methods : A cross-sectional, population-based study of adults was conducted in the Gambia in 2000 and in Sierra Leone from 2001 to 2003 and in 2009. The study was conducted as part of the annual visit to countries in western Africa sponsored by a medical delegation from California. People from the Gambia and Sierra Leone were examined by the medical delegation and blood pressures were measured. Results : A total of 2 615 adults were examined: 1 400 females and 1 215 males. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the females was 134.3 ± 29.7 mmHg, mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 84.5 ± 17.5 mmHg, and 46.2% were hypertensive. The mean SBP of the males was 132.8 ± 28.5 mmHg, mean DBP was 82.8 ± 16.2 mmHg, and 43.2% were hypertensive. Overall prevalence of HTN in the subjects was 44.8%. Mean SBP, mean DBP and HTN prevalence increased with age decade, both in males and females. In addition, after age adjustment (known age), females had higher mean SBP (p = 0.042), mean DBP (p = 0.001) and rate of occurrence of HTN (p = 0.016) when compared with males. Conclusions : Prevalence rates of HTN in the Gambia and Sierra Leone were higher than 40% in males and females, and may be a major contributor to CVD in both countries. Due to the association of HTN with low SES, improvements in educational, public health, economic, non-governmental and governmental efforts in the Gambia and Sierra Leone may lead to a lower prevalence of HTN. The cause of the higher prevalence in women may be due to post-menopausal hormonal changes.
Real-time in cyberspace: effective, live synchronous e-learning

Using live, synchronous time effectively in an instructor-led e-learning course requires a clear understanding of the dynamics of real-time, live interactivity. Synchronous interactivity enables live learning, demonstrations, collaborations, lab simulations, human-driven simulations, desktop simulations, live multi-data-stream events, and plenty of valuable learning and training. These may include webinars, online conventions, chat sessions, interactive television, and interactive lectures in [career and technical education] CTE. These synchronous events may be non-human-facilitated or human-facilitated. To maximize synchronous time requires pedagogical preparation and the training of participants, setting the pace, troubleshooting technological challenges, and striving to create accessibility pre-, during- and post-event. This chapter will address some strategies for using live sessions in CTE to optimize the synergies of real-time.
Quantitation and Data Analysis in Hybrid PET/MRI Systems

The aim of this chapter is to investigate quantitation and data analysis issues, in the context of a SWOT analysis applied to hybrid brain imaging. In particular, the strengths (S), weaknesses (W), opportunities (O) and threats (T) of PET/MRI with respect to PET/CT are considered. Strengths are found in (a) the high soft tissue contrast typical of MR imaging, allowing an improvement in PET quantitation by using MRI to guide PET reconstruction, to guide correction for partial volume effect and to non-invasively generate accurate input functions and (b) the amount of information on brain functioning and brain disease which can be obtained by PET/MRI multimodal and multi-parametric imaging. Weaknesses are recognized in the complexity of MRI (with respect to CT), making attenuation correction of PET data difficult and requiring long acquisition times and complex workflows. Main opportunity is found in the possibility to combine multimodal and multi-parametric data with advanced image processing methods for the identification and quantitation of biomarkers. Finally, as for PET/MRI technology, threats are the high costs, niche markets and slow translation from research to clinical application.
Leadership in Conflict

For most of us, conflict is one of the banes of the leader’s existence. For many healthcare workers, this can be one of the most, if not the most, emotionally distressing elements in their workplace. Conflict cannot be distracting and time consuming but it can also bring on multiple kinds of stresses including negative emotional, intellectual, and somatic consequences. This chapter will discuss how to prevent conflict and how to handle it when it happens anyway. While starting a fight is rarely a smart move elsewhere in life and is usually particularly foolish in our knowledge institutions in healthcare, understanding how to lead when you are plunged into a conflict will help you not only with the fight itself, but with your other leadership tasks. Successfully handling conflict will improve your stature as a leader and give you new insights into your opponents and the institution.
The Role of the Anesthesiologist in the Response to Mass Casualty Catastrophic Events

Disasters are catastrophic events that overwhelm a community’s emergency response capacity, threatening public health and the environment [1]. Although disaster medicine is rapidly developing as a distinct discipline, it lacks a commonly accepted definition. Initially, the focus of disaster medicine was centered on the response to a catastrophic event with the intent to provide the greatest good for the greatest number [2, 3]. Traditionally, disasters have been thought of as natural in cause. Disaster physicians then must be prepared to fulfill a number of critical professional roles – rapid assessment of the health needs of affected populations, logistic and communication concerns, prioritization of airlifted medical resources, and patient triage and medical care – and have the political skills necessary to successfully work with a variety of local, state, federal, and international relief agencies [4].
FourD: do developers discuss design? revisited

Software repositories contain a variety of information that can be mined and utilized to enhance software engineering processes. Patterns stored in software repository meta-data can provide useful and informative information about different aspects of a project, particularly those that may not be obvious for developers. One such aspect is the role of software design in a project. The messages connected to each commit in the repository note not only what changes have been made to project files, but potentially if those changes have somehow manipulated the design of the software.In this paper, a sample of commit messages from a random sample of projects on GitHub and SourceForge are manually classified as "design" or "non-design" based on a survey. The resulting data is then used to train multiple machine learning algorithms in order to determine if it is possible to predict whether or not a single commit is discussing software design. Our results show the Random Forest classifier performed best on our combined data set with a G-mean of 75.01.
Outcomes among patients with isolated myeloid sarcoma: A SEER database analysis.

7075 Background: Myeloid sarcoma (MS) is a rare extramedullary presentation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which can involve a number of primary locations. MS can exist concurrently with marrow i...
Como criar e manter interações de qualidade em cursos online

Frequentemente em cursos online, os alunos participam em discussoes que ocorrem em sistemas virtuais. Estas discussoes online sao muitas vezes atividades obrigatorias que contam para a nota final do curso. Mesmo que, em muitas ocasioes, os alunos considerem improdutiva a exigencia de participar nestas discussoes, eles participam na mesma por causa do peso que tem na avaliacao final. Discussoes online sem significado e de pouca qualidade sao muitas vezes o resultado desta atividade. Um estudo de caso foi realizado com uma disciplina online de pos-graduacao em tecnologia educativa em universidade nos Estados Unidos. Este curso oferece duas estrategias inovadoras para superar os desafios colocados pelas discussoes online: (1) moderacao de discussoes facilitadas pelos colegas; (2) curadoria de conteudos digitais. Este estudo de caso evidencia a eficacia destas estrategias e a possibilidade de as reusar, transferir para diferentes ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem e implementar em diferentes sistemas. Palavras-chave: Discussoes online, Facilitacao pelos colegas, Curadoria de conteudos digitais. How to create and sustain high quality interactions in online courses? – The potential of peers’ moderation and digital curation Abstract Participation in online discussions are often required from students while taking online classes. These are often mandatory activities that count towards the course final grade. Therefore, even though in many occasions online students find this requirement unproductive, they still participate with fear of lowering their grades. The results are often meaningless and superficial online conversations. A case study has been conducted with a postgraduate educational technology online course at a large university in the United States. This course offers two innovative strategies to overcome this issue: (1) peer facilitation, and (2) digital content curation. This case study offers evidence of these strategies effectiveness. This case study demonstrates the effectiveness of these strategies and the possibility of reusing them, transferring them to different virtual learning environments and implementing them in different systems. Keywords: Online discussions, Peer facilitation, Digital content curation.
Evaluating a distance education program

In higher education, distance learning initiatives are very linked to the overall institution's educational mission. For such an initiative to succeed, a carefully designed distance education evaluation plan is necessary. This chapter describes key distance education program evaluation variables, using the Temple University's OnLine Learning Program as an example. In addition to describing the purpose of conducting a distance program evaluation and illustrating evaluation methods, the results from surveys and focus groups regarding students' satisfaction with their distance learning experiences are shared. We consider that a good distance education program evaluation plan should also impact the institution's general education policies and procedures.
Decision-making under surprise and uncertainty: Arsenic contamination of water supplies

Abstract With ignorance and potential surprise dominating decision making in water resources, a framework for dealing with such uncertainty is a critical need in hydrology. We operationalize the ‘potential surprise’ criterion proposed by Shackle, Vickers, and Katzner (SVK) to derive decision rules to manage water resources under uncertainty and ignorance. We apply this framework to managing water supply systems in Bangladesh that face severe, naturally occurring arsenic contamination. The uncertainty involved with arsenic in water supplies makes the application of conventional analysis of decision-making ineffective. Given the uncertainty and surprise involved in such cases, we find that optimal decisions tend to favor actions that avoid irreversible outcomes instead of conventional cost-effective actions. We observe that a diversification of the water supply system also emerges as a robust strategy to avert unintended outcomes of water contamination. Shallow wells had a slight higher optimal level (36%) compare to deep wells and surface treatment which had allocation levels of roughly 32% under each. The approach can be applied in a variety of other cases that involve decision making under uncertainty and surprise, a frequent situation in natural resources management.
The Measurement of Wake and Gap Flows of the Generic Conventional Truck Model (GCM) using Three-Component PIV

Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were acquired in the wake of the trailer and in the gap between the tractor and trailer of the Generic Conventional Model (GCM) truck for the US Department of Energy. The data will be used both for validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes and for understanding the flow physics. The GCM is a 1/8th-scale, moderate-fidelity model of a full-scale truck. The test was performed in the Army/NASA 7 × 10 wind tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. Surface pressure and force measurements were made prior to the PIV measurements. PIV measurements were made at two yaw angles and at three horizontal planes for three model configurations, each at a free-stream velocity of 52 m/s (Mach 0.15), which corresponds to a Reynolds number of 1 × 106, based on the width of the tractor. This paper discusses the PIV system, samples of flow data and some of the observed features that may have contributed to the measured drag.
Future Trends of Gas Insulated Substations

Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) technology has been undergoing continual development since its first introduction in the 1960’s, and whilst some may consider this technology as mature, there is an ever increasing rate of change in GIS design, manufacture, test and operation technologies and practices. Some of the developments taking place are general to switchgear, some are specific to GIS and some of the general developments have particular implications on GIS.
An Elementary Proof of Roichman’s Rule for Irreducible Characters of Iwahori-Hecke Algebras of Type A

The purpose of this note is to give an elementary proof of a recent formula of Y. Roichman [Ro] which describes the irreducible characters of the Iwahori-Hecke algebras of type A. Roichman’s original proof is via a detailed analysis of the action of certain elements in the Iwahori-Hecke algebra in the terms of the Kazhdan-Lusztig basis of each irreducible representation. Here we shall show that the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth insertion algorithm can be used to show that Roichman’s rule is equivalent to the “Frobenius formula” for the characters of the Iwahori-Hecke algebras [Ra].
Rapid dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for small animals at 7T using 3D ultra-short echo time and golden-angle radial sparse parallel MRI.

Purpose To develop a rapid dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI method with high spatial and temporal resolution for small-animal imaging at 7 Tesla. Methods An ultra-short echo time (UTE) pulse sequence using a 3D golden-angle radial sampling was implemented to achieve isotropic spatial resolution with flexible temporal resolution. Continuously acquired radial spokes were grouped into subsets for image reconstruction using a multicoil compressed sensing approach (Golden-angle RAdial Sparse Parallel; GRASP). The proposed 3D-UTE-GRASP method with high temporal and spatial resolutions was tested using 7 mice with GL261 intracranial glioma models. Results Iterative reconstruction with different temporal resolutions and regularization factors λ showed that, in all cases, the cost function decreased to less than 2.5% of its starting value within 20 iterations. The difference between the time-intensity curves of 3D-UTE-GRASP and nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) images was minimal when λ was 1% of the maximum signal intensity of the initial NUFFT images. The 3D isotropic images were used to generate pharmacokinetic parameter maps to show the detailed images of the tumor characteristics in 3D and also to show longitudinal changes during tumor growth. Conclusion This feasibility study demonstrated that the proposed 3D-UTE-GRASP method can be used for effective measurement of the 3D spatial heterogeneity of tumor pharmacokinetic parameters.
Clavicle Fracture Malunion Treated with an Osteotomy Guided by a Three-Dimensional-Printed Model: A Case Report.

CASE This case report describes the management of a chronic and symptomatic clavicle malunion with use of a 3-dimensional (3D)-printed model during the preoperative surgical planning. CONCLUSION The use of 3D printing has many applications in the medical field. Constant improvement in the quality of 3D printing has contributed to its increased use in a variety of surgeries. In our patient, 3D printing was used to generate a surface model of the clavicle fracture malunion and the "mirrored" contralateral healthy clavicle to plan an intraoperative osteotomy, which optimized the relative position of the osteotomy segments and hardware fixation.
COVID-19 Confirmed Cases and Fatalities in 883 U.S. Counties with a Population of 50,000 or More: Predictions Based on Social, Economic, Demographic Factors and Shutdown Days

ABSTRACT The spread of the COVID-19 virus is highly variable among U.S. counties. Seventeen factors known or thought to be related to spread of the COVID-19 virus were studied by Poisson regression analysis of confirmed cases and deaths in 883 U.S. counties with a population of 50,000 or more as of May 31, 2020. With little exception, each factor was predictive of incidence and mortality. The regression equation can be used to identify priority locations for preventive efforts and preparation for medical care caseloads when prevention is unsuccessful. Based on the correlation of cases and deaths to days since stay-at-home orders were issued, the orders reduced the cases about 48 percent and deaths about 50 percent. Focusing preventive efforts on the more vulnerable counties may be more effective and less economically damaging than statewide shutdowns.
Integrative Health Interventions for the Vulnerable and Underserved

Integrative health and medicine utilize the best most efficacious and least invasive approaches for supporting health and wellness in individuals and populations. People may choose complementary alternative integrative health (CAIH) modalities to complement the conventional medical care they receive. Primarily concerned about safety and possible lack of compliance with conventional care, early research sought to determine who used these approaches, reasons for use, and communication with physicians. Statistics show CAIH approaches are used predominantly by white educated middle-class women. Understanding usage patterns is more complex. This chapter focuses on CAIH use by vulnerable and underserved racial and ethnic groups. Yoga and meditation exemplify beneficial approaches for health promotion. Barriers due to structural racism must be considered when interpreting CAIH use and when planning for interventions to support health and well-being of the vulnerable and underserved. This chapter describes intervention categories, defines vulnerable and underserved populations, describes barriers to utilization, explores reasons for nonuse and nondisclosure, identifies interventions used by vulnerable and underserved populations including use for specific health problems, reviews research on two modalities with specific populations, describes an organization that promotes health in underserved and vulnerable populations, recommends approaches for increasing CAIH access and utilization, and suggests nursing’s role.
Gaps in Serologic Immunity against Contemporary Swine-Origin Influenza A Viruses among Healthy Individuals in the United States.

Influenza A Viruses (IAV) in domestic swine (IAV-S) are associated with sporadic zoonotic transmission at the human–animal interface. Previous pandemic IAVs originated from animals, which emphasizes the importance of characterizing human immunity against the increasingly diverse IAV-S. We analyzed serum samples from healthy human donors (n = 153) using hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) assay to assess existing serologic protection against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolated from swine in the United States (n = 11). Age-specific seroprotection rates (SPR), which are the proportion of individuals with HAI ≥ 1:40, corresponded with lower or moderate pandemic risk classifications for the multiple IAV-S examined (one H1-δ1, one H1-δ2, three H3-IVA, one H3-IVB, one H3-IVF). Individuals born between 2004 and 2013 had SPRs of 0% for the five classified H3 subtype IAV-S, indicating youth may be particularly predisposed to infection with these viruses. Expansion of existing immunologic gaps over time could increase likelihood of future IAV-S spillover to humans and facilitate subsequent sustained human-to-human transmission resulting in disease outbreaks with pandemic potential.
Autophagy in stromal fibroblasts promotes tumor desmoplasia and mammary tumorigenesis

Autophagy inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of diverse cancers, largely due to their ability to impede tumor cell survival and metabolic adaptation. More recently, there is growing interest in whether and how modulating autophagy in the host stroma influences tumorigenesis. Fibroblasts play prominent roles in cancer initiation and progression, including depositing type 1 collagen and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components, thereby stiffening the surrounding tissue to enhance tumor cell proliferation and survival, as well as secreting cytokines that modulate angiogenesis and the immune microenvironment. This constellation of phenotypes, pathologically termed desmoplasia, heralds poor prognosis and reduces patient survival. Using mouse mammary cancer models and syngeneic transplantation assays, we demonstrate that genetic ablation of stromal fibroblast autophagy significantly impedes fundamental elements of the stromal desmoplastic response, including collagen and proinflammatory cytokine secretion, extracellular matrix stiffening, and neoangiogenesis. As a result, autophagy in stromal fibroblasts is required for mammary tumor growth in vivo, even when the cancer cells themselves remain autophagy-competent . We propose the efficacy of autophagy inhibition is shaped by this ability of host stromal fibroblast autophagy to support tumor desmoplasia.
Research in Communist Countries

A series of memoirs by scholars who conducted research in communist countries before 1989-1990 reveals lessons learned, both expected and unexpected, through exposure to conditions of everyday life in the Soviet bloc.
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Light-Insensitive Silver(I) Cyanoximates

The reaction between AgNO3 and ML [M = K+, Na+; L = anion of the deprotonated cyanoxime – 39 of these anions are known, but only twelve form light-stable silver(I) complexes] at room temperature in aqueous solutions leads to sparingly soluble, colored AgL in high yield. All twelve of the known Ag complexes were characterized by using a variety of spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray analysis, which revealed the formation of coordination polymers of various complexities. The silver(I) compounds demonstrate a very significant (for multiple years!) stability towards visible light. There are three areas of potential practical applications of these unusual complexes: (1) detectors of UV radiation that do not require electric feed, (2) non-electrical indicators for gases of industrial importance, (3) antimicrobial additives to light-curable acrylate polymeric glues, fillers, and adhesives used during the introduction of indwelling medical devices. The chemical, structural, technological, and biological aspects of the application of coordination polymers based on AgI cyanoximates are reviewed.