cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High Power Density Dissipations by Spray Cooling

An experimental set up is developed to deliver monodisperse microdroplets at different volumetric flows over a hot surface. In-house built circuitry activates a Thermal Ink Jet (TIJ) atomizer to spray controlled amounts of deionized water to cool a small area of 5 mm by 3 mm on a copper block. The temperature history is monitored through K-type thermocouples and the dissipated power is calculated using Fourier’s law. Digital cameras are used to track the wetted area unveiling considerable changes in the wetted area present close to the CHF. The controlled flow delivery and small droplets (50 μm diameter) result in small wetted areas near the CHF. The wetted area is measured and used to compute the dissipated heat. Experimental results show dissipation of heat fluxes up to 4 kW/cm2 based on the best estimate of the wetted area.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Characterization of Weighted Quantile Sum Regression for Highly Correlated Data in a Risk Analysis Setting.

In risk evaluation, the effect of mixtures of environmental chemicals on a common adverse outcome is of interest. However, due to the high dimensionality and inherent correlations among chemicals that occur together, the traditional methods (e.g. ordinary or logistic regression) suffer from collinearity and variance inflation, and shrinkage methods have limitations in selecting among correlated components. We propose a weighted quantile sum (WQS) approach to estimating a body burden index, which identifies “bad actors” in a set of highly correlated environmental chemicals. We evaluate and characterize the accuracy of WQS regression in variable selection through extensive simulation studies through sensitivity and specificity (i.e., ability of the WQS method to select the bad actors correctly and not incorrect ones). We demonstrate the improvement in accuracy this method provides over traditional ordinary regression and shrinkage methods (lasso, adaptive lasso, and elastic net). Results from simulations demonstrate that WQS regression is accurate under some environmentally relevant conditions, but its accuracy decreases for a fixed correlation pattern as the association with a response variable diminishes. Nonzero weights (i.e., weights exceeding a selection threshold parameter) may be used to identify bad actors; however, components within a cluster of highly correlated active components tend to have lower weights, with the sum of their weights representative of the set.
Application of Community Ergonomics Theory to International Corporations

This paper reviews the application of Community Ergonomics (CE) theory to the development of principles of operation for corporations with international divisions. These principles derive from macroergonomic and behavioral cybernetic theories.
Sex-Role Expectations Changes by Fathers for Their Sons.

One hundred nineteen white father-son pairs served as subjects in an effort to examine the impact on sex-role redefinitions of boys' behavior as a result of shifting cultural attitudes toward androgyny. Two major questions were addressed: a) Do fathers' general sex-role beliefs influence their attitudes about sex roles they would like their sons to hold? and b) Do fathers' desires for the sex role attitudes they would like their sons to hold influence the attitudes their sons actually hold? A strong, positive relationship between fathers' and sons' sex-role beliefs and expectations emerged, especially among fathers of adolescent boys. The results are discussed in terms of the fathers' role in shaping their sons' beliefs.
Processes of alienation: Marx, Orff and Kodaly

Using Marx as a lens through which to interrogate music methodology, in particular those espoused by Orff and Kodaly, this article suggests that rather than the free play and creativity Orff and Kodaly intended, the implementation of these methods in a strict and unmindful manner, often alienates both teacher and student from musicking. Thus these methods have become more real than the music itself and as such, music making within them is abstracted from the use-value of musicking and consequently exchanged as a commodity. The article explains how methods become a form of production that serves to reproduce systems of domination as well as a very particular form of cultural capital. This lens also allows us to realise that, as we move farther away from the process of inquiry originally embedded in the conception and construction of these musical engagements, the educative process becomes more and more myopic. This, in turn, determines, delineates and narrows possibilities of and for meaningful learning.
Some transition metal thiocyanate 1,10-phenanthroline mixed ligand complexes

Abstract A series of uncharged complexes of the type [M(phen) 2 (NCS) 2 ], which includes the metal (II) ions of iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc, have been prepared, both from aqueous and non-aqueous systems. Their behaviour on treatment with acids has been examined to determine whether or not the thiocyanate ligands can be protonated yet remain co-ordinated to the metal ions.
Impulsivity and history of drug dependence

Abstract Impulsivity was contrasted between 32 subjects with a history of drug-dependence (DRUG+) and 26 subjects with no drug use history (DRUG−) using both behavioral and self-report measures. The hypothesis was that the DRUG+ group would be more impulsive than the DRUG− group. Subjects in the DRUG+ group self-reported more of a tendency toward impulsivity than the DRUG− group in the situations posed in questionnaires. In the behavioural paradigm involving a choice between a smaller intermediate reward and a larger but delayed reward, DRUG+ subjects selected the impulsive option more often, but these differences were not significant. The DRUG+ and DRUG− groups did differ on the mean delay interval for the larger reward, indicating less ability to tolerate longer delays for the larger reward. A frequency distribution of delay intervals for the larger reward indicated that DRUG+ subjects were more likely to maintain very short intervals and less likely to maintain longer intervals.
Living arrangements over an 8-13 year period and food group consumption by older adults

Abstract This study examines the association of dietary quality with the living arrangements of older Americans observed in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I, 1971–74) and in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS, 1982–1984). Three categories of living arrangements were defined: those who lived with a spouse at baseline, but alone at follow-up (n=382); those who lived with a spouse at both baseline but alone at follow-up (n=1849); and those who lived alone at both time periods (n=396). Food group consumption at the time of the NHEFS was compared to current dietary recommendations. Men who lived with a spouse at both times reported diets that were closer to the recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption than men who lived alone. Women who were still living with a spouse at the time of the second survey reported a greater consumption of protein foods than those who lived alone at both time periods. There was no evidence that men and women who changed to living alone consumed diets that were of lower quality than persons who lived alone at both times. A low proportion of older Americans in any of the three living arrangement categories met the currently recommended goals for fruit and vegetable consumption or for grain consumption. Nutrition education programs would benefit most older Americans, and might particularly improve the diets of persons living alone.
Fusion of classifiers: A subjective logic perspective

This work investigates decision level fusion by extending the framework of subjective logic to account for hidden observations. Bayes' rule might suggest that decision level fusion is simply calculated as the normalized product of the class likelihoods of the various classifiers. However, this product rule suffers from a veto issue. The problem with the classical Bayes formulation is that it does not account for uncertainties inherent in the likelihoods exclaimed by the classifiers. This paper uses subjective logic as a rigorous framework to incorporate uncertainty. First, a class appearance model is introduced that roughly accounts for the disparity between training and testing conditions. Then, the subjective logic framework is expanded to account for the fact that class appearances are not directly observed. Rather, a classifier only returns the likelihood for the class appearance. Finally, the paper uses simulations to compare the new subjective logic framework to traditional classifier fusion methods in terms of classification performance and the ability to estimate the parameters of the class appearance model.
Overlapping volcanoes: The origin of Hilo Ridge, Hawaii

The submarine Hilo Ridge has been interpreted as a part of Mauna Kea volcano, but is crossed at ∼1100 m depth by a submerged shoreline terrace composed of basalts that are isotopically distinct from those of Mauna Kea and similar to those of Kohala volcano. This terrace evidently is a product of Kohala instead of Mauna Kea. Almost all of Hilo Ridge below the terrace therefore must predate the principal growth of Mauna Kea, which has superficially isolated the ridge from its Kohala source by overlapping its proximal segment. The Mauna Kea section penetrated by the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project is predicted to be thinner than expected previously, owing to the overlap. Similar overlaps are suspected among other volcanoes and may cause significant changes in the understanding of Hawaiian volcanism.
A dielectrically consistent interaction site theory for solvent—electrolyte mixtures

Abstract A reformulation of reference interaction site model theory is proposed. The approach makes use of the formally correct asymptotic form of the correlations obtained from the one-center angular expansion technique. A modified closure, or equivalently, a modified propagation equation for site—site correlations is shown to incorporate the necessary information to allow dielectric consistency in finite-concentration salt solutions. Examples of the correlations and thermodynamics are given.
End of the Oldest Controversy in Medicine — Are We Ready to Conclude the Debate on Digitalis?

The role of digitalis in treating cardiovascular disease has been at the center of the oldest continuing controversy in the history of medicine. Ever since its clinical introduction by William With...
Safety and efficacy of TransCyte for the treatment of partial-thickness burns.

Standard treatment for extensive partial-thickness burns in the United States and in much of the world involves the application of topical antimicrobial agents and repetitive wound debridements and dressing changes. We evaluated a new biologic wound covering, TransCyte (Advanced Tissue Sciences, La Jolla, Calif, formerly marketed as Dermagraft-Transitional Covering), for the treatment of partial-thickness burns. This material is composed of human newborn fibroblasts which are then cultured on the nylon mesh of Biobrane (Dow B. Hickam, Inc, Sugarland, Tex); the thin silicone membrane bonded to the mesh provides a moisture vapor barrier for the wound. A prospective, randomized, comparison study of silver sulfadiazine and TransCyte was performed with the use of paired wound sites on 14 patients. Wounds treated with TransCyte healed more quickly (mean 11.14 days to 90% epithelialization vs 18.14 days, P = .002). A noncomparison evaluation was then done for an additional 18 patients, and it confirmed excellent wound healing and an absence of infections. There were no infections in the 32 wound sites treated with TransCyte. In the first study group, late wound evaluations (3, 6, and 12 months postburn) were performed with use of the Vancouver Scar Scale. The results indicated that wound sites treated with TransCyte healed with less hypertrophic scarring than sites treated with silver sulfadiazine (P < .001 at 3 and 6 months, P = .006 at 12 months).
A National Network in the Global Village: U.S. Policy Goals for an International Network

Despite the widespread attention generated by the United States' plans to build a National Information Infrastructure (NII), there has been relatively little discussion of the issues that will be raised by the construction of an internationally interconnected public-access network. This study, a pilot in an ongoing project, uses content analysis to determine the key international issues, goals, and priorities being articulated by stakeholders in the NII process; examining those issues within the context of emerging U.S. international telecommunications and information policy directions. The study finds that among stakeholders who have addressed the need for an internationally interconnected NII, economic issues are a paramount importance, with the network's potential for public use and benefit being secondary. This economic emphasis, combined with emerging U.S. policy directions and the complexity of conflicting cultural norms of media and information use, may ultimately result in greater restrictions on ...
An empirical study of visual security cues to prevent the SSLstripping attack

One of the latest attacks on secure socket layer (SSL), called the SSLstripping attack, was reported at the Blackhat conference in 2009. As a type of man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack, it has the potential to affect tens of millions of users of popular online social networking and financial websites protected by SSL. Interestingly, the attack exploits users' browsing habits, rather than a technical flaw in the protocol, to defeat the SSL security. In this paper we present a novel approach to addressing this attack by using visually augmented security. Specifically, motivated by typical traffic lights, we introduce a set of visual cues aimed at thwarting the attack. The visual cues, called security status light (SSLight), can be used to help users make better, more informed decisions when their sensitive information need to be submitted to the websites. A user study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of our scheme, and its results show that our approach is more promising than the traditional pop-up method adopted by major web browsers.
STRESSED-BIASED ACTUATORS: LATERAL STRESS AND LOADING EFFECTS

ABSTRACT The dielectric, impedance, and displacement characteristics for stress-biased ThunderTM actuators with varying degrees of lateral stress were measured under applied load. The steady-state displacement was larger for devices with higher lateral stress and devices under low external loading, than devices with less applied stress. Devices with higher lateral stress had significantly lower initial displacement due to stress induced domain pinning. Displacement resonances were shifted to lower applied masses for devices with higher internal stress. The impedance showed a sharp increase at low loading for ThundersTM, indicating an increased absorption of input energy under applied load, though the dielectric constant decreased.
Early Paleozoic ophiolite complexes of Newfoundland: Isotopic ages of zircons

Early Paleozoic ophiolite complexes crop out in three main northeast-trending belts in Newfoundland. Zircons separated from trondhjemite that occurs as a late-stage differentiate within ophiolite yielded nearly concordant ages; this indicated formation of the Bay of Islands belt about 508 m.y. ago (Late Cambrian time) and the Betts Cove belt about 463 m.y. ago (Middle Ordovician time). The difference in age supports the idea that each ophiolite belt is the product of a separate spreading episode in independent, narrow, newly rifted ocean basins, marginal basins, or rifts.
The SDR as a Means of Payment: A Comment on Coats

To MAKE THE SDR a more important reserve asset, it must be I made a more attractive asset for official holders. Progress has been made in this direction, but excessive attention has been paid to attributes of the SDR that bear upon its role as a store of value and too little attention paid to those that bear upon its role as a means of payment. Warren Coats sets out to rectify this error by offering a plan to make the private SDR an efficient means of payment.1 He is on the right track. But he does not stress sufficiently the most important contribution of his own proposal, and his scheme is unnecessarily radical. If the official SDR were used to clear private payments, small but tricky differences in private SDRs would begin to disapppear. The official SDR would gradually become the standard SDR. This standardization must take place if the SDR is to be used eventually in foreign exchange trading, and that has to happen before the SDR can be used for official intervention. More important, use of the official SDR to clear private payments would link it directly to the private SDR, and this linkage must take place to make the official SDR a useful reserve asset. Governments that borrow in SDRs should be able to add
Evaluation and optimization of pelletized LiAl/NaAlCl4/ MoCl5 electrochemical cells

Abstract A proposed, low temperature molten salt thermally activated reserve battery (thermal battery) was investigated using single cell testing techniques. Th
LexA and λ Cl repressors as enzymes: Specific cleavage in an intermolecular reaction

Abstract During the SOS response, LexA repressor is inactivated by specific cleavage. Although cleavage requires RecA protein in vivo, RecA acts indirectly as a coprotease by stimulating an inherent self-cleavage activity of LexA. In λ lysogens, cleavage of λ Cl repressor in a similar but far slower reaction results in prophage induction. We describe an intermolecular cleavage reaction in which the C-terminal fragment of LexA acted as an enzyme to cleave other molecules of LexA. The C-terminal fragment of λ repressor cleaved the LexA substrates about as efficiently as did the LexA enzyme, suggesting that the slow rate of Cl self-cleavage results from a weak interaction between its cleavage site and the active site.
Caregiving Issues for Grandmothers Raising Their Grandchildren

Increasing numbers of middle aged and older adults are raising their grandchildren as a result of complex family problems, and a majority of these caregivers are women. Precipitating problems such as drug abuse, child neglect or parental incarceration are difficult social problems that cause unique caregiving problems for grandparents who step in to stabilize a chaotic family situation. In-depth interviews were conducted with 37 women who were raising grandchildren. Results indicate that grandmothers who raise their grandchildren experience both burdens and benefits from their roles as family caregivers. Increased understanding about the special needs and problems of this group of family caregivers will enhance practice effectiveness with these multi-generational families.
Effective temperature jump length and influence of axial conduction for thermal transport in superhydrophobic channels

Abstract This paper presents a numerical investigation of thermal transport in a parallel-plate channel comprised of superhydrophobic walls. The scenario analyzed is laminar, fully developed, steady flow with constant properties. The superhydrophobic walls considered here have alternating micro-ribs and cavities aligned perpendicular to the flow direction and are made of a highly conductive material. The cavities are assumed to be non-wetting and contain air whereas the bulk liquid is water. The thermal transport through the ribs is considered to have a constant heat flux while the thermal transport through the air/liquid interface over the cavity is considered to be negligible. Numerical results have been obtained for a range a Peclet numbers, cavity fractions, and relative channel widths. A limited number of results were also obtained where the rib was maintained at a constant temperature condition for comparison. In general, the thermal transport is a strong function of all the parameters explored. By comparison to previous analytical work, the influence of axial conduction is found to be significant and is most pronounced at large relative channel widths, low Peclet numbers, and large cavity fractions. Lastly, the ratio of temperature jump length to hydrodynamic slip length is presented in terms of the varied parameters and is compared to previous results where axial conduction is neglected and other work where diffusion is assumed dominant.
Sildenafil, a type-5 CGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, specifically amplifies endogenous cGMP-dependent relaxation in rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in vitro.

AbstractPurpose: The primary mechanism for relaxation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle (CCSM) and penile erection depends upon nitric oxide (NO)-induced elevation of myoplasmic cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Agents that enhance the NO-cGMP signal transduction pathway may prove beneficial in treating erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil, a selective type-5 cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, was investigated to determine the specific mechanism(s) involved in the therapeutic use of this compound to treat impotence.Materials and Methods: Isolated strips of rabbit corpus cavernosum were stimulated isometrically with phenylephrine. Graded relaxations were induced using various concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) alone and in combination with sildenafil. At fixed times, the tissues were rapidly frozen and processed for myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation using isoelectric focusing with Western blot analysis, and cGMP content using radioimmunoassay techniques.Results: Sildenafil alone reduced s...
“Scholarship of Impact” framework in engineering education research: Learnings from the institute for scholarship on engineering education

This paper will introduce a "Scholarship of Impact" framework for engineering education research. The "Scholarship of Impact" framework promotes the idea that engineering education research projects should consider impact goals early on in the design process (by focusing on key networks, collaborations, and local needs) to build scholarship around what it means to use research to inform education practice. The "Scholarship of Impact" framework will expand on the concepts of impact (evidence of change) and impact potential (capacity to cause change). Learnings from the NSF-sponsored Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education Institute for Scholarship of engineering education and an example "impact study" will be discussed.
A visit to Mansoura Urology & Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt.

I was delighted to have been accepted to visit and work in the urology unit at Mansoura. Professor Ahmed Shokeir, a true gentleman, confirmed my visit details, and made me feel very welcome and part of the team. This was not my first fellowship; I had previously worked in St. Augustine, in the robotic unit at Bordeaux, with Richard Gaston and Thierry Piechaud, and had visited Professor Gill’s department in Los Angeles on a
Central nervous system neurocytoma and neuroblastoma in adults-report of eight cases

The clinical features, pathologic findings and treatment courses of eight adults with central nervous system small-cell neuronal tumors were reviewed. Five patients had central neurocytomas, two patients central nervous system neuroblastomas, and one patient a neurocytoma-like spinal cord tumor. The neurocytomas were intraventricular, moderately cellular tumors with bland nuclei and perinuclear halos. Patients with neurocytoma were treated with surgery, radiation therapy, and/or chemotherapy, and have followed favorable clinical courses. The neuroblastomas were intraparenchymal, hypercellular tumors with necrosis and frequent mitoses. Patients with neuroblastomas were treated with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, with some clinical response, but overall poor survival. One of the two patients developed extracranial metastasis. The spinal cord tumor had histologic features of neurocytoma, and responded well to biopsy and radiation therapy. The cases are compared with the varieties of small-celled neuronal tumors described in the literature, and pathologic, histogenetic and treatment implications are discussed.
A convenient large scale preparation of the EE isozyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase.

A modified method suitable for the preparation of large amounts of very pure EE isozyme of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase is described. The enzyme was purified from fresh horse livers by ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel-filtration chromatography. The method has been used for large as well as small-scale purifications: a 5-g yield of pure EE isozyme is possible from 14 kg of fresh liver at 140% of the specific activity previously reported. Isoelectric focusing revealed a single band stained with Coomassie blue, and there was essentially no activity using an assay for steroid-active subunits. If stored under sterile conditions the purified enzyme is stable for 6 months and should be particularly suitable for investigations of potential site heterogeneity of the enzyme, an area of current controversy.
NMR of Layered Silicates in Argonne Coals and Geochemical Implications

High-resolution 27Al and 29Si NMR were employed to characterize layered silicates in the suite of eight Argonne Premium coals. Analyses were performed on native coals directly, or fractions isolated by sink−float techniques. Mineral phases of kaolinite, quartz, and illite−montmorillinite clays could readily be distinguished nonquantitatively by 29Si NMR techniques using direct detection or cross polarization. 27Al NMR was used to determine quantitatively the amounts of tetrahedral and octahedral aluminum forms present. The 27Al NMR results were consistent with mineralogical analyses by XRD, showing that increases in tetrahedral content paralleled illitization of the clay minerals. A remarkably good relationship also was found between the total amount of tetrahedral aluminum associated with the mineral matter and degree of maturation of the organic matter in the coal. The data suggest that illitization of the clays can be used as a mineralogical thermal maturity indicator for Type II kerogens, as demonstra...
Adaptation of marine bacteria to growth in media lacking sodium chloride.

THE adaptation of marine bacteria to the ability to grow on ordinary nutrient media prepared with distilled water instead of sea water has been observed in stock cultures; but, paradoxically, procedures designed to acclimatize these forms have not been successful1,2. The techniques previously reported have involved successive cultivation of the organisms in media progressively diluted with distilled water. A possible reason for the failure of these trials seems to be the complex nature of the adaptive changes required to allow for the simultaneous reduction or omission of all the components of sea water. Accordingly, the possibility of adapting marine bacteria to growing on media prepared with a synthetic sea water lacking only sodium chloride has been tested.
Platelet-derived growth factor and double-stranded ribonucleic acids stimulate expression of the same genes in 3T3 cells

Abstract Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates expression of a "competence" gene family in Balb/c-3T3 cells. The competence family contains the c- myc and c- fos genes together with several functionally uncharacterized genes (JE, KC, and r- fos ) that have been isolated as cDNA clones. We show that double-stranded ribonucleic acid is a potent inducer of the competence gene family. Infection with vesicular stomatitis virus also induces expression of this gene family. Conversely, PDGF stimulates expression of genes hitherto characterized as responsive to double-stranded ribonucleic acids, including the beta-fibroblast interferon and (2′–5′)-oligoadenylate synthetase genes. These PDGF-inducible genes could conceivably function in a feedback loop to control 3T3 cell growth. Some of the genes, such as c- fos and c- myc , are induced quickly by PDGF and may initiate a round of cell division. Others, such a beta-fibroblast interferon and (2′–5′)-oligoadenylate synthetase, are induced more slowly and may function as feedback inhibitors of the growth response to PDGF.
Workshop on algorithmic human-robot interaction

Intelligent behavior in robots is implemented through algorithms. Historically, much of algorithmic robotics research strives to compute outputs that achieve mathematically rigid conditions, such as minimizing path length. But today’s robots are increasingly being used to empower the daily lives of people, and experience shows that traditional algorithmic approaches are poorly suited for the unpredictable, idiosyncratic, and adaptive nature of human-robot interaction. This raises a need for entirely new computational, mathematical, and technical approaches for robots to better understand and react to humans. The humanfriendly robots of the future will need new algorithms, informed from the ground up by HRI research, to generate interpretable, ethical, socially-acceptable behavior, ensure safety around humans, and execute tasks of value to society. Categories and Subject Descriptors I.2.9 [ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE]: Robotics – operator interfaces. General Terms Algorithms, Human Factors, Theory.
Roper resonance and the short-range structure of the deuteron

Abstract The structure of the nucleon is used to describe the high-momentum region of the deuteron. In particular, the reaction pp → d π + at threshold is analyzed in terms of a nucleon and a Roper-resonance pole.
Electromagnetic exposure safety of the Carstens Aerticulograph AG100

Extremely strong magnetic fields at the frequencies used in an electromagnetic articulometer (EMA) system may pose a risk to the health of a subject. To avoid such risks, the field strengths produced by any EMA system should be measured, and compared to published permissible exposure standards. This Letter reports measurements of the 2–50 kHz magnetic field strength of the Carstens Articulograph AG100. The measured field strength (35 μT at a distance of 7.5 cm) is permissible under local standards in Austria, Germany, the UK, and the USA (except Massachusetts), but may be impermissible under the 1995 European Community Prestandard, and in Canada.
CHAMPIONS OF CHANGE AND STRATEGIC SHIFTS: THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGE ADVOCATES*

Change advocates who participate in the process of strategy-making can play an important role in enabling organizational adaptation. To examine the nature of this role, this article investigates the influence on strategic shifts of two such participants - new members of the top management team and management consultants. Empirical findings suggest that managers see these two types of change agents as having two different kinds of influence on strategic shifts. Specifically, the change agent role of management consultants is viewed as one that creates pressure for change by helping to shape new managerial perspectives of the environment. In contrast, the change agent role of new members of the top management team is viewed as one that counteracts inertial forces that may block the implementation of change. These results suggest that management consultants may be much more useful in stimulating changes in the ways executives think about their environment than they are in implementing radical strategic changes. To overcome institutional resistance to extreme strategic shifts, organizations may need to resort to stronger political and symbolic actions, such as promoting or hiring new top executives in key leadership roles.
Market-seeking MNEs in an emerging market: How parent–subsidiary links shape overseas success

This study extends research on parent–subsidiary links, applying new theoretical perspectives – those of resource dependence and dynamic capability – to the new empirical setting of an emerging market. We suggest that parent–subsidiary links help to mitigate emerging market threats by reducing external dependence, and help to capitalize on emerging market opportunities by enhancing local responsiveness. We identify four dimensions (resource commitment, information flow, local responsiveness and control flexibility) to parent–subsidiary links, and examine environmental effects in moderating the contribution of these dimensions. The analysis of 196 Multi National Enterprise (MNE) subsidiaries in China shows that a parent firm's control flexibility, resource commitment and local responsiveness exert a strong and positive influences on subsidiary performance. These influences are weaker when regulatory interference is higher, but stronger when industrial opportunity is richer.
An upper bound on the error in approximate eigenfunctions

Abstract An expression has been derived for the upper bound on the error in approximate eigenfunctions. The expression can be conveniently used for numerical calculations with the Hartree-Fock wavefunctions.
Rapid writing of fine lines in Langmuir-Blodgett films using electron beams☆

Abstract We report on the writing of lines with resolution of the order of tens of nanometers in Langmuir-Blodgett films using a high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope. The films were layers of manganese stearate deposited by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique onto thin substrates of amorphous carbon. The lines were drawn by an intense electron beam whose diameter was about 1 nm and were observed simultaneously by a low intensity scanning beam. Lines of lighter contrast appeared immediately in the bright field image where the intense electron beam was scanned across the film. It was observed that lines of width 10 nm or less with separations of about 20 nm could be drawn. The charge impinging on the lines was about 5 × 10−3 C cm−2, which is relatively low compared with that used in other methods that produce comparable resolution. Where lines crossed there was very little rounding of the intersections. By a shadowing technique the lines were shown to be deep channels at least 50 nm deep in films which were about 200 nm in thickness. Some possible applications of small structures made in Langmuir-Blodgett films will be mentioned.
Charge transfer and electron-vibron coupling in dense solid hydrogen

Abstract We examine the role of charge transfer (CT) interactions in dense molecular hydrogen in relation to recently observed spectroscopic properties at megabar pressures. Specifically, we consider virtual H 2 + H 2 − states in which an electron is transferred to a neighbor. The Mulliken CT integral t admixes H 2 + H 2 − fluctuations of overlapping molecules. The amplitude of the charge fluctuations is the ionicity γ, which is found in H 2 dimers and lattices with nonoverlapping valence and conduction bands for t small compared to the CT excitation energy ω CT . Vibronic coupling within a dimer is found using a Herzberg-Teller expansion and gives explicit expressions for vibron shifts in Raman and IR spectra and for IR oscillator strength due to electron-vibron coupling. We estimate linear electron-vibron coupling constants and other parameters required to interpret the vibrational data at and above the 150-GPa transition of dense hydrogen within a CT model. We discuss important structural implications of equal IR and Raman shifts at the transition and relate anisotropic CT processes to the orientational state of the dense molecular solid.
Time to Kill: The Impact of Election Timing on Postconflict Stability

Elections constitute a fundamental element of postconflict peacebuilding efforts in the post–cold war era and are often held soon after conflicts end. Yet, the impact of early elections on postconflict stability is the subject of sharp debate. While some argue that early elections facilitate peace agreements, hasten democratization, and ensure postconflict stability, others suggest that they undermine genuine democracy and spark a renewal in fighting. In this study, we argue that holding elections soon after a civil war ends generally increases the likelihood of renewed fighting, but that favorable conditions, including decisive victories, demobilization, peacekeeping, power sharing, and strong political, administrative and judicial institutions, can mitigate this risk. We attempt to reconcile the extant qualitative debate on postconflict elections through a quantitative analysis of all civil wars ending in the post–World War II period.
Analysis of the LAGLIDADG interface of the monomeric homing endonuclease I‐DmoI

The general structural fold of the LAGLIDADG endonuclease family consists of two similar alpha/beta domains (alphabetabetaalphabetabetaalpha) that assemble either as homodimers or monomers with the domains related by pseudo-two-fold symmetry. At the center of this symmetry is the closely packed LAGLIDADG two-helix bundle that forms the main inter- or intra-molecular contact region between the domains of single- or double-motif proteins, respectively. In this work, we further examine the role of the LAGLIDADG residues involved in the helix-helix interaction. The interchangeability of the LAGLIDADG helix interaction was explored by grafting interfacial residues from the homodimeric I-CreI into the corresponding positions in the monomeric I-DmoI. The resulting LAGLIDADG exchange mutant is partially active, preferring to nick dsDNA rather than making the customary double-strand break. A series of partial revertants within the mutated LAGLIDADG region are shown to restore cleavage activity to varying degrees resulting in one I-DmoI mutant that is more active than wild-type I-DmoI. The phenotype of some of these mutants was reconciled on the basis of similarity to the GxxxG helix interaction found in transmembrane proteins. Additionally, a split variant of I-DmoI was created, demonstrating that the LAGLIDADG helices of I-DmoI are capable of forming and maintaining the protein-protein interface in trans to create an active heterodimer.
Impact of Industrialization on Employee Income Distribution in Rural Texas Communities

A basis of concern for rural development has been lagging economic growth in rural communities. Many rural areas have long been faced with the dilemma of low income, inadequate or expensive community services, net out-migration and high dependency rates. Numerous programs have been enacted over the years to alleviate these problems. A recent program, the Rural Development Act of 1972, interprets the main objective of rural development as encouraging and speeding economic growth in rural areas providing for jobs, improving quality of rural life, and doing so on a self-earned, self-sustaining basis. One chief component of all these programs has been promoting industry location in rural communities.
Dietary composition influences short-term endurance training-induced adaptations of substrate partitioning during exercise.

The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of dietary composition on short-term endurance training–induced adaptations of substrate partitioning and time trial exercise performance. Eight untrained males cycled for 90 min at ~54% aerobic capacity while being infused with [6,62H]glucose before and after two 10-d experimental phases separated by a 2-week washout period. Time trial performance was measured after the 90-min exercise trials before and after the 2nd experimental phase. During the first 10-d phase, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a high carbohydrate or high fat diet while remaining inactive (CHO or FAT). During the second 10-d phase, subjects consumed the opposite diet, and both groups performed identical daily supervised endurance training (CHO+T or FAT+T). CHO and CHO+T did not affect exercise metabolism. FAT reduced glucose flux at the end of exercise, while FAT+T substantially increased whole body lipid oxidation during exercise and reduced glucose flux a...
Local axonal protection by WldS as revealed by conditional regulation of protein stability.

The expression of the mutant Wallerian degeneration slow (WldS) protein significantly delays axonal degeneration from various nerve injuries and in multiple species; however, the mechanism for its axonal protective property remains unclear. Although WldS is localized predominantly in the nucleus, it also is present in a smaller axonal pool, leading to conflicting models to account for the WldS fraction necessary for axonal protection. To identify where WldS activity is required to delay axonal degeneration, we adopted a method to alter the temporal expression of WldS protein in neurons by chemically regulating its protein stability. We demonstrate that continuous WldS activity in the axonal compartment is both necessary and sufficient to delay axonal degeneration. Furthermore, by specifically increasing axonal WldS expression postaxotomy, we reveal a critical period of 4–5 h postinjury during which the course of Wallerian axonal degeneration can be halted. Finally, we show that NAD+, the metabolite of WldS/nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase enzymatic activity, is sufficient and specific to confer WldS-like axon protection and is a likely molecular mediator of WldS axon protection. The results delineate a therapeutic window in which the course of Wallerian degeneration can be delayed even after injures have occurred and help narrow the molecular targets of WldS activity to events within the axonal compartment.
Epidural vs patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain after pectus excavatum repair: a prospective, randomized trial.

Abstract Purpose Management of postoperative pain is a challenge after the minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum. Pain is usually managed by either a thoracic epidural or patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous narcotics. We conducted a prospective, randomized trial to evaluate the relative merits of these 2 pain management strategies. Methods After obtaining permission/assent (Institutional Review Board no. 06 08 128), patients were randomized to either epidural or patient-controlled analgesia with fixed protocols for each arm. The primary outcome variable was length of stay with a power of .8 and α of .05. Results One hundred ten patients were enrolled. There was no difference in length of stay between the 2 arms. A longer operative time, more calls to anesthesia, and greater hospital charges were found in the epidural group. Pain scores favored epidural for the few days and favored patient-controlled analgesia thereafter. The epidural catheter could not be placed or was removed within 24 hours in 12 patients (22%). Conclusions There is longer operating room time, increase in calls to anesthesia, and greater hospital charges with epidural analgesia after repair of pectus excavatum. Pain scores favor the epidural approach early in the postoperative course and patient-controlled analgesia later.
Alcohol Hangover and Managerial Effectiveness

Twenty-one male managers who normally drink moderate amounts of alcohol participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over experiment. Subjects consumed either placebo or alcoholic drinks to attain a breath alcohol level of 0.10 during the evening before participation in Strategic Management Simulations. By the time of arrival at the simultaion laboratory on the following morning, breath alcohol levels were measured at 0.00. Questionnaire responses indicated considerable hangover discomfort. Responses to semantic differential evaluative scales suggested that research participants evaluated their own managerial performance in the simulation setting as impaired. However, multiple (validated) measures of decision-making performance obtained in the simulation task did not show any deterioration of functioning. Previous research had shown considerable performance decrements in the same task setting, while blood/breath alcohol levels ranged from 0.05 through 0.10%. Apparently, complex decision-making competence by persons who normally consume moderate amounts of alcohol may not be impaired by hangover caused by intoxication during the previous evening that remains at or below a blood alcohol level of 0.10.
HADACIDIN POTENTIATION OF LETHAL ACTION OF IONIZING IRRADIATION. I. EFFECT OF MAMMALIAN TUMOR CELLS IN CULTURE.

SummaryThe lethal effects of ionizing irradiation (X-ray) on Ca755, KB, and HeLa (S-3) cells were potentiated by hada-cidin. Under similar experimental conditions, no potentiation of the lethal effect was seen with Sal 80 cells and the results with H. Ep-2 cells were inconsistent and equivocal. With Ca7SS, KB, and HeLa (S-3) cells, the degree of potentiation was related to the dose of both X-ray and hadacidin.
On the analysis and interpretation of outcome measures in stroke clinical trials: lessons from the SAINT I study of NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke.

Background and Purpose— A variety of primary end points have been used in acute stroke trials. We focus on the modified Rankin Scale, a reliable and valid ordinal outcome measure that assesses disability on a 7-point scale. Methods— We provide an abbreviated discussion of analytical methods for ordinal scales, and related effect size measures; we illustrate these methods and their interpretation with outcome data from the SAINT I study of NXY-059 in acute ischemic stroke. Results— The nonparametric Mann-Whitney statistic provides a straightforward method for analysis of the modified Rankin Scale, and incorporates associated measures of effect size. These measures are directly related to the concepts of Number Needed to Treat and Number Needed to Harm. Conclusions— Our re-examination of the outcome data from the SAINT I study provides little evidence for the purported efficacy of NXY-059. More broadly, analysis and interpretation of ordinal outcome scales based on ascribed numerical values to the steps of ...
Prospective Analysis of Prostate-Specific Markers in Pelvic Lymph Nodes of Patients With High-Risk Prostate Cancer

Background: Pathologic evidence of pelvic lymph node involvement is obtained in 12%‐20% of patients with localized prostate cancer that exhibits high-risk features (defined on the basis of tumor size, serum prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level, or Gleason score). The rate of systemic failure (i.e., relapse) in patients with this type of prostate cancer and no pathologic evidence of regional lymph node involvement is 55%‐92% within 5 years of definitive local therapy. Since reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) methods are likely to be more sensitive than routine pathologic examination in detecting metastatic tumor cells, we compared the ability of the two approaches to detect prostate cells in the pelvic lymph nodes of patients with localized, high-risk disease. Methods: Fifty-eight lymph node specimens isolated from 33 patients before definitive local therapy were examined. Expression of PSA and prostatespecific membrane antigen (PSM) messenger RNAs in the specimens was assessed by means of nested RT‐PCR. Results: Pathologic examination identified tumor cells in the lymph nodes of four (12%) of the 33 patients, and PSA and/ or PSM expression was positive in specimens from 27 (82%) of the patients (two-sided P<.0001). The four patients with positive pathologic findings also had positive RT‐PCR results. Among the 29 patients with no pathologic evidence of lymph node involvement, 23 (79%) tested positive by means of RT‐PCR. In these 23 patients, PSM expression was detected more frequently than PSA expression; however, in two patients, only PSA expression was detected. Conclusions: Expression of prostate-specific markers in the pelvic lymph nodes of patients with localized, high-risk prostate cancer may indicate the presence of metastatic tumor cells. Such cells may be responsible for the high rate of systemic failure seen in these patients. Additional studies are required to determine the prognostic relevance of our findings. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:1498‐1504]