cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spin-split states in aromatic molecules and superconductors

A state where spin currents exist in the absence of external fields has recently been proposed to describe the superconducting state of metals. It is proposed here that such a state also describes the ground state of aromatic molecules. It is argued that this point of view provides a more natural explanation for the large diamagnetic susceptibilities and NMR shifts observed in these molecules than the conventional viewpoint, and it provides a unified description of aromatic molecules and superconductors as sought by F. London. A six-atom ring model is solved by exact diagonalization and parameters in the model where a ground state spin current exists are found. We suggest that this physics plays a key role in biological matter.
Application of ultrasound to organic reactions: ultrasonic catalysis on hydrolysis of carboxylic acid esters

Abstract Irradiation with ultrasound was found to facilitate the two-phase basic hydrolysis of aromatic carboxylic acid esters.
Power and thermal characterization of a lithium-ion battery pack for hybrid-electric vehicles

Abstract A 1D electrochemical, lumped thermal model is used to explore pulse power limitations and thermal behavior of a 6 Ah, 72 cell, 276 V nominal Li-ion hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) battery pack. Depleted/saturated active material Li surface concentrations in the negative/positive electrodes consistently cause end of high-rate (∼25 C) pulse discharge at the 2.7 V cell−1 minimum limit, indicating solid-state diffusion is the limiting mechanism. The 3.9 V cell−1 maximum limit, meant to protect the negative electrode from lithium deposition side reaction during charge, is overly conservative for high-rate (∼15 C) pulse charges initiated from states-of-charge (SOCs) less than 100%. Two-second maximum pulse charge rate from the 50% SOC initial condition can be increased by as much as 50% without risk of lithium deposition. Controlled to minimum/maximum voltage limits, the pack meets partnership for next generation vehicles (PNGV) power assist mode pulse power goals (at operating temperatures >16 °C), but falls short of the available energy goal. In a vehicle simulation, the pack generates heat at a 320 W rate on a US06 driving cycle at 25 °C, with more heat generated at lower temperatures. Less aggressive FUDS and HWFET cycles generate 6–12 times less heat. Contact resistance ohmic heating dominates all other mechanisms, followed by electrolyte phase ohmic heating. Reaction and electronic phase ohmic heats are negligible. A convective heat transfer coefficient of h = 10.1 W m−2 K−1 maintains cell temperature at or below the 52 °C PNGV operating limit under aggressive US06 driving.
Autoradiographic localization of α-bungarotoxin binding sites in the suprachiasmatic region of rat brain

Abstract High affinity α-bungarotoxin (α-BTX) binding sites of the hypothalamus in and near the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) were mapped by in vitro macroautoradiographic analysis. Adult male rats were killed at specific circadian phases. Their brains were rapidly dissected out and frozen sections were made at a thickness of 16 μm. After having been mounted on slides, the sections were incubated with iodinated α-BTX (3 nM), washed and exposed to X-ray film. Analyses of binding were performed with the aid of a digital video densitometer system. Autoradiographic loci that bound α-BTX were traced and the image of the SCN histology from the adjacent section was superimposed. In this way the exact relationships of the topography of areas that bound α-BTX and those that contained SCN cell bodies (and other hypothalamic landmarks) could be observed. Non-specific binding was tested by incubation in the presence of 3 μM unlabelled α-BTX and was found to be very low and uniform throughout the sections. Hypothalamic areas that bound α-BTX included the SCN, supraoptic, periventricular, lateral and anterior hypothalamic nuclei. In the rostral SCN, α-BTX binding coincided with the nucleus proper. Caudally this relationship dissociated so that at mid-SCN α-BTX bound dorsally and laterally both within and outside the SCN and by the most caudal portion of the nucleus, α-BTX binding was entirely outside the SCN in a vertical band dorsal to the SCN. This topography suggests that α-BTX binding may be coincident with a major output pathway that courses dorsally and caudally from the SCN.
The involvement of inositol phosphoglycan mediators in the modulation of steroidogenesis by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I

We have investigated the mechanisms by which insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) regulate the synthesis of progesterone by swine ovary granulosa cells. Analysis of the cell density dependence of the effects of insulin and IGF-I showed that the induction of progesterone synthesis by these growth factors is consistent with an autocrine or paracrine model of action, which involves the insulin- and IGF-I-stimulated release of a soluble factor(s) into the culture medium. We have tested the hypothesis that this soluble factor(s) may be structurally related to inositol phosphoglycans, a class of putative second messengers of the action of insulin. Consistent with this hypothesis, we isolated an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) phosphatase from culture medium obtained from cells treated with insulin or IGF-I. Further analysis showed that specific antibodies raised against the inositol phosphoglycan anchor of the variant surface glycoprotein of Trypanosoma brucei blocked the activation of PDH phosphatase by the material isolated from the culture medium, suggesting a close structural relationship between this putative PDH phosphatase activator and inositol phosphaglycans. Pertussis toxin treatment, shown to inhibit the generation of inositol phosphoglycans in other systems, was found to inhibit the effects of insulin on progesterone synthesis in granulosa cells. Finally, the stimulatory effects of insulin and IGF-I on progesterone synthesis by intact granulosa cells were markedly inhibited by the addition of antiinositol phosphoglycan antibodies to the culture medium. Based on these observations, we propose that the release of inositol phosphoglycans into the extracellular medium plays an important role in the signaling mechanisms by which insulin and IGF-I regulate the synthesis of progesterone in swine ovary granulosa cells.
Formation of Dioctahedral Vermiculite in Virginia Soils1

The weathering of micas to form the dioctahedral analogue of vermiculite is a common process in acid soils. Laboratory weathering of the micaceous 5–2μ fraction of parent materials of certain Virginia soils resulted in a product similar in character (whether mixtures of vermiculite and regularly and randomly interstratified mica—vermiculite, or vermiculite only) to those formed by natural weathering processes. The formation of vermiculite rather than (or, in addition to) kaolinite is attributed to substitution of Na and other ions for K, other structural imperfections, and the small size of the original mica flakes. The low cation exchange capacity and stability, in contraction and expansion, of the 14A product is attributed partly to retention of hydroxy-Al and Fe groups in the interlayer spaces. The removal of these interlayers by natural or laboratory processes results in a product that contracts easily but may or may not expand to 18 A on glycerol solvation. This may be associated with the original charge of the mica as evidenced by its K and Na content.
Optimal span of control in CIM systems

Abstract A common representation of manufacturing planning and control in CIM systems is in the form of a hierarchy of controllers. An important issue in terms of data management and communication in such systems is the quantity and quality of information exchanged between the controllers. Just as in an organizational hierarchy, the span of control of each decisionmaker or controller has considerable influence on the quantity and quality of information exchanged. In this study, we determine the optimal span of control based on quantitative factors that shape the multilevel coordination in the CIM hierarchy. The control scope in the study is limited to the bottom two levels of such a hierarchical chain of control, namely, the workstation controller and the automation module (or device controller). These two levels are responsible for executing the production plans and schedules developed in the upper levels of the CIM hierarchy. The ability of the workstation controller to maintain bidirectional communicat...
Effective means for learning to manage cognitive load in second grade school writing: a case study

Abstract In recent years, many school writing studies have been carried out within the framework of metacognitive processes. Only a few studies have included cognitive load as a frame of analysis. In addition to components and processes, mental operations (identifying relevant knowledge or procedures, selecting them from long-term memory, and so on) contribute to cognitive overload. In the present study, we focus on spelling in text production, particularly in the translation process. The didactic sequences designed by both teachers and researchers for the second grade allow the learner to work on spelling while still maintaining the entire cognitive field of authentic learning to write in school. The spelling objectives are worked on primarily in complex composition tasks but are also consolidated in specific follow-up tasks linked to the former. The didactic sequences are analysed in terms of cognitive load, then observations of two second-grade learners are analysed in terms of cognitive resources management: how they use previously planned knowledge in writing, how they form a limited number of their own cognitive work-units in spelling among the potential units of the whole writing field, how children manage searching in reference documents, and how they acquire fluency in the writing translation process. Managing one's cognitive resources in learning to spell integrated in the authentic school setting, without detrimental overload, becomes possible under specific conditions that concern both learner resource management and structures of didactic situations.
Socioeconomic Returns to Migration Among Married Women

The aim of the present study is to (1) examine the effect of migration on changes in earnings among a cohort of older married women, and (2) assess whether "1returns" to migration vary systematically by the wife's educational and occupational resources in a manner consistent with the tenets of family resource theory. Using the older women cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey, we find that migration has a significant negative effect on earnings in the short-term, but that the longer-term effects are minimal. Contrary to our hypothesis, however, the negative effect of migration on married women's earnings is not diminished regardless of levels of educational and occupational resources. The implications of these results are discussed. A central tenet of sociological conceptualizations of migration is that it serves to loosen the ascriptive economic and social constraints of one's present location (Blau and Duncan; Lane). Migration allows individuals to take advantage of opportunities in other localities, thus serving as a mechanism for upward social mobility.I Indeed, this assumption underlies most cost-benefit or human capital models of geographic mobility. Economic models regard migration as an outcome of a rational assessment whereby individuals balance the benefits of migration against the costs or, alternatively, view migration as an investment expected to reap a socioeconomic "return" (Greenwood; Shaw). Utility-maximizing perspectives of migration decision-making have provided considerable impetus for research on
A Review of Marijuana Assessment Dilemmas: Time for Marijuana Specific Screening Methods?

ABSTRACT This article explores how multiple cultural and clinical factors regarding marijuana complicate accurate clinical recognition, assessment and diagnosis of cannabis use disorders. These factors include: Widespread use of marijuana; culturally confusing messages about marijuana's acceptability or harmfulness; social policy debates over legalization and decriminalization; scientific debates about marijuana's risks or medical benefits; DSM-IV-TR assessment criterion shortcomings; and the inadequacy of current screening methods related to marijuana. These issues are described along with a potential remedy–the development of marijuana specific screening methods.
Reactor and reaction model for the hot-wire chemical vapor deposition of silicon from silane

A quantitative model of the deposition of silicon films by hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) is presented, and its predictions are compared with experiments. The model equations describe a vacuum reactor in which silane cracks over a series of heated tantalum wires, reacts further in the gas phase, and deposits in the form of silicon films on glass substrates. The model considers gas motion in the reactor and incorporates surface pyrolysis reactions on the hot wire, gas-phase reactions, and film-growth reactions on the substrate. The model predictions of silane conversion and silicon film growth rate are in good agreement with the experimental results over the range of conditions studied. This study shows that a critical ratio of atomic hydrogen flux relative to the total flux of growth precursors is required at the film surface for transition from amorphous to polycrystalline silicon films. The flux ratio of hydrogen radical to growth precursors is controlled by the pressure, filament temperatur...
An Approach for Revealed Consumer Preferences for Technology Products: A Case Study of Residential Solar Panels

Consumer preferences can serve as an effective basis for determining key product attributes necessary for market success, allowing firms to optimally allocate time and resources toward the development of these critical attributes. However, identification of consumer preferences can be challenging, particularly for technology-push products that are still early on in the technology diffusion S-curve, which need an additional push to appeal to the early majority. This paper presents a method for revealing preferences from actual market data and technical specifications. The approach is explored using three machine learning methods: Artificial Neural Networks, Random Forest decision trees, and Gradient Boosted regression applied on the residential photovoltaic panel industry in California, USA. Residential solar photovoltaic installation data over a period of 5 years from 20072011 obtained from the California Solar Initiative is analyzed, and 3 critical attributes are extracted from a pool of 34 technical attributes obtained from panel specification sheets. The work shows that machine learning methods, when used carefully, can be an inexpensive and effective method of revealing consumer preferences and guiding design priorities.
Coupled Zones of F-Actin and Microtubule Movement in Polarized Cells

Interactions between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons occur during cell polarization. Two papers in a recent issue of the Journal of Cell Biology use fluorescent speckle microscopy (FSM) to analyze the relationship between actin and microtubule movements in migrating epithelial cells and in polarizing neuronal growth cones.
Safety Considerations for Patients with Communication Disorders in Rehabilitation Medicine Settings

Communication barriers can pose a significant safety risk for patients. Individuals in a communication-vulnerable state are commonly seen in rehabilitation settings. These patients cannot adequately communicate their symptoms, wants, and needs to providers. Causes of communication barriers include neurologic impairments, such as stroke, cerebral palsy, and Parkinson disease, and language barriers. The ability of clinicians to adequately diagnose, treat, and monitor these patients is also hindered. This article identifies key communication barriers and strategies that clinicians can use to effectively communicate with these patients.
An unexpected binding mode for a Pol II CTD peptide phosphorylated at Ser7 in the active site of the CTD phosphatase Ssu72

Ssu72, an RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD) phospho-Ser5 (pSer5) phosphatase, was recently reported to have pSer7 phosphatase activity as well. We report here the crystal structure of a ternary complex of the N-terminal domain of human symplekin, human Ssu72, and a 10-mer pSer7 CTD peptide. Surprisingly, the peptide is bound in the Ssu72 active site with its backbone running in the opposite direction compared with a pSer5 peptide. The pSer7 phosphatase activity of Ssu72 is ∼4000-fold lower than its pSer5 phosphatase activity toward a peptide substrate, consistent with the structural observations.
Insulin Effect on Creatine Transport in Skeletal Muscle

SummaryInsulin is shown to directly enhance both the rate of transport and the uptake of creatine in vitro in isolated rat skeletal muscle. This action of the hormone on creatine transport is similar to that reported for the transport of some amino acids and sugars.
On the Road to Improved Performance

The rationale behind performance measurement requirements at all levels of government has to do with changing the way budget decisions are made. Supporters of performance measurement requirements argue that the use of performance measures will enhance, or even change, the way that budget discussions and subsequent decisions are made. This research addresses the following questions: How does the implementation and use of performance measures change the way that actors in the budget process communicate? Do performance measurement activities change traditional relations and communication patterns? Further, does communication with the public also change? This paper presents data from a recent national survey of state and local governments. Findings show that the implementation of performance measures and the use of performance data in the budget process change the perceptions and actual communication patterns of policymakers, budgeters, and agency and department staff, as well as the media and public. Compari...
Prolonged Spontaneous Remission in a Patient with Untreated Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is a relatively rare, diffuse lung disease for which whole lung bronchopulmonary lavage is an effective treatment. The possibility of spontaneous remission also exists, but few actual cases have been described. This report describes a 56-year-old woman in whom pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was diagnosed 18 years earlier and who had a prolonged spontaneous remission before presenting with disabling symptoms. The possibility of prolonged spontaneous remission, although unusual, needs to be kept in mind when therapeutic decisions are to be made in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
Who carries passengers in the back of pickup trucks

This study was designed to compare pickup truck drivers who carried passengers in the back with those who did not, with respect to driving behaviors, sociodemographic features, and issues related to use of the pickup truck. A computerized assisted telephone survey was conducted in Riverside County, California. One thousand ten motor vehicle drivers were interviewed with respect to demographics, restraint use, driving behaviors, and variables related to vehicle use. Thirty-six percent (364) of the households had a pickup truck driver. Pickup drivers were grouped into those who stated that they had carried occupants in the back (n = 119) and those who had not (n = 245). A higher proportion of 16- to 24-year-old and 35- to 44-year-old pickup truck drivers carried passengers in the back of pickup trucks. Those who carried occupants in the back were significantly more likely to be Hispanic, to be students, and to live in a household that included teenagers. They also had a larger mean household size. They were less likely to own the pickup and less likely to be the principal wage earners. They were more likely to report four high-risk driving behaviors. They also used the pickup truck for multiple purposes, i.e. recreation, work, school transportation, and daily transportation. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of teenagers in the household, three high-risk driving behaviors, and three indicators of pickup truck use were independently related to carrying passengers in the back of a pickup. Those who allowed passengers in the back were significantly less likely to agree with statements suggesting restriction of travel in the back. Finally, only 9% of the respondents who carried passengers in the back of a pickup reported that the pickup truck was the only vehicle available in the household.
Graph Connectivity After Path Removal

Let G be a graph and u, v be two distinct vertices of G. A u—v path P is called nonseparating if G—V(P) is connected. The purpose of this paper is to study the number of nonseparating u—v path for two arbitrary vertices u and v of a given graph. For a positive integer k, we will show that there is a minimum integer α(k) so that if G is an α(k)-connected graph and u and v are two arbitrary vertices in G, then there exist k vertex disjoint paths P1[u,v], P2[u,v], . . ., Pk[u,v], such that G—V (Pi[u,v]) is connected for every i (i = 1, 2, ..., k). In fact, we will prove that α(k) ≤ 22k+2. It is known that α(1) = 3.. A result of Tutte showed that α(2) = 3. We show that α(3) = 6. In addition, we prove that if G is a 5-connected graph, then for every pair of vertices u and v there exists a path P[u, v] such that G—V(P[u, v]) is 2-connected.
Specificity of Plasma Membrane Targeting by the Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Protein

Budding of C-type retroviruses begins when the viral Gag polyprotein is directed to the plasma membrane by an N-terminal membrane-binding (M) domain. While dispersed basic amino acids within the M domain are critical for stable membrane association and consequent particle assembly, additional residues or motifs may be required for specific plasma membrane targeting and binding. We have identified an assembly-defective Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) Gag mutant that retains significant membrane affinity despite having a deletion of the fourth alpha-helix of the M domain. Examination of the mutant protein's subcellular distribution revealed that it was not localized to the plasma membrane but instead was mistargeted to intracytoplasmic membranes. Specific plasma membrane targeting was restored by the addition of myristate plus a single basic residue, by multiple basic residues, or by the heterologous hydrophobic membrane-binding domain from the cellular Fyn protein. These results suggest that the fourth alpha-helix of the RSV M domain promotes specific targeting of Gag to the plasma membrane, either through a direct interaction with plasma membrane phospholipids or a membrane-associated cellular factor or by maintaining the conformation of Gag to expose specific plasma membrane targeting sequences.
Environmental aspects of Middle Ordovician limestones in the central Appalachians

Abstract Black River and Trenton limestones of the outcrop belts in West Virginia and Maryland were deposited on a gentle carbonate ramp that sloped eastward into a deep-water shale basin. The overwhelming sediment type on the ramp was lime mud, laid down below wave base. Water turbidity and circulation fluctuated, which precluded many epifauna. Burrowing infauna, however, were common. The consistency of the mud was generally soft, but hardgrounds developed locally. Another common sediment type, fossiliferous lime mud, represents muddy substrate patches more abundantly inhabited by organisms. These communities, dominated by echinoderms, trilobites, and brachiopods, had both low densities and diversities. Such patches were initially established by large, flat brachiopod pioneers but did not greatly expand because of the high physiological stress and the soft consistency of adjacent substrate. Occasionally, bioclastic sands were produced by storms reworking skeletal grains of the patches. These storm deposits cut into underlying sediments, and the bioclastic debris was clearly locally derived. Other skeletal sands, containing abundant calcareous algae and Tetradium corals as well as peloids and intraclasts, were deposited above wave base on shallower portions of the ramp. Rare cross-laminated peloid sands were confined to small lenses and channels at various depths, and intermittent storm currents were probably responsible for their deposition. Into progressively deeper water on the ramp, skeletal sediments decreased in abundance, storm- and current-laid sediments also decreased, and shale increased. Carbonate sedimentation eventually ended when the ramp facies were overstepped by basinal shales.
An Empirical Examination of the Procyclicality of R&D Investment and Innovation

Abstract The Schumpeterian opportunity cost hypothesis predicts that firms concentrate innovative activities in recessions. However, empirical evidence suggests that innovative activities are procyclical. Theory proposes that firms shift R&D investments and innovation from recessions to booms to maximize returns by capturing high-demand periods before imitators compete away rents. This paper provides the first empirical test of these predictions. Results indicate that R&D spending is more procyclical in industries with faster obsolescence, where matching invention to demand is more valuable, and innovation is more procyclical in industries with weaker IP protection, where imitation poses a greater threat.
Thermolysis of alkyl sulfoxides and derivatives: a comparison of experiment and theory.

Gas-phase activation data were obtained for model sulfoxide elimination reactions. The activation enthalpy for methyl 3-phenylpropyl sulfoxide is 32.9 ± 0.9 kcal/mol. Elimination by methyl vinyl sulfoxide to form acetylene has an enthalpic barrier of 41.6 ± 0.8 kcal/mol and that of 3-phenylpropyl methanesulfinate to form hydrocinnamaldehyde is 34.6 ± 0.6 kcal/mol. Calculations at the MP2/6-311+G(3df,2p)//MP2/6-31G(d,p) level for simplified models of these reactions provide barriers of 32.3, 40.3, and 32.7 kcal/mol, respectively. A series of other compounds are examined computationally, and it is shown that the substituent effects on the sulfoxide elimination reaction are much more straightforward to interpret if ΔH data are available in addition to the usually determined ΔH⧧. The activation enthalpy of the reverse addition reaction is also subject to structural variation and can usually be rationalized on the basis of nucleophilicity of the sulfur or polarity matching between the sulfenic acid and olefin ...
N-dimension geometrical approach to the design of an automatic feature extraction scheme in a noniterative neural network

To continue the study we reported last year in this conference, we would like to present here the theoretical origin of our design of this super-fast learning, neural network pattern recognition system. As we published in the last few years, a one-layered, hard-limited perceptron can be used to classify analog pattern vectors if the latter satisfy the PLI condition. For most pattern recognition applications, this condition should be satisfied. When this condition is satisfied, then an automatic feature extraction scheme can be derived using some N-dimension Euclidean geometry theories. This automatic scheme will automatically extract the most distinguished parts of the N-vectors used in the training. It selects the feature vectors automatically according to the descending order of the volumes of the parallelepiped spanned by these sub-vectors. Theoretical derivation and numerical examples revealing the physical nature of this process and its effect in optimizing the robustness of this novel pattern recognition system will be reported in detail.
Curved slickenfibers: a new brittle shear sense indicator with application to a sheared serpentinite

Abstract Brittle fault zones are commonly characterized by penetrative fracturing of the rock to form an aggregate of blocks, so that the rock becomes, in essence, like a granular material composed of rigid ‘grains’. The surfaces of the blocks, or ‘grains’, have a wide distribution of orientations, and shearing of the blocks past one another on these planes accommodates the large-scale motion, i.e. the macromotion, in the fault zone. During a macromotion that is a non-coaxial deformation, the rigid blocks and their surfaces may undergo a progressive rigid rotation that is distinct from the macromotion and is described by the microspin. If a macroscopic non-coaxial deformation has monoclinic symmetry, this symmetry should be reflected in the sense of rigid rotation of the blocks and their surfaces. On the surfaces of the blocks, which are local shear planes, the history of displacement may be recorded by mineral fibers that grow progessively with displacement. Because of the rigid rotation of the local shear planes, slickenfiber lineations commonly are curved. The sense of curvature from the youngest to the oldest part of the fiber, looking down the normal to the local shear plane, is different for those planes whose normals are on opposite sides of the unique monoclinic symmetry plane for the macroscopic shearing. The intersection of the symmetry plane with the plane of the fault zone defines the macroscopic slip direction, and the sense of rigid rotation of the local shear planes determined from the lineations defines the shear sense. Application of this technique to the disrupted and sheared margins of the Feather River Peridotite in the northern Sierra Nevada of California indicates that late deformation involved dextral-normal oblique slip along the Melones fault zone.
The Rehabilitation of Violence and the Violence of Rehabilitation: Fanon and Colonialism

It is generally admitted that in the specific case of self-defense involving persons or nations, recourse to violence is a legitimate choice. Outside such cases of self-defense, only the state has the legitimate power to use violence, it being assumed that the monopoly of violence by the state is precisely how individuals give up their own right to violence and agree to come under a political authority. However, theories, such as Marxism, have also approved violence as a legitimate expression of revolutionary movements. They identify violence as a midwife of history whereby emerging higher social demands overthrow outdated and reactionary social systems. Frantz Fanon provided us with a new legitimation of violence issuing from the specific case of colonial oppression. Arguing that colonialism is qualitatively different from previous forms of conquest and subjugation, Fanon recommended violence for reasons surpassing the necessity of self-defense or the removal of a rotten social system. He sees violence as a necessary therapy for a cultural disease brought about by colonial subjugation. The mere departure of the colonizer is not enough; liberation and dignity cannot be recovered unless the colonized get involved in violent performances. This article first examines the reasons and experiences that led Fanon to endow violence with a curative effect and then evaluates the consistency of his interpretation.
Pemetrexed (Alimta) and gemcitabine in breast cancer patients previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes.

Abstract Gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine) is a pyrimidine antimetabolite with broad activity in a variety of solid tumors including breast cancer. Pemetrexed (Alimta®) is a novel, multitargeted antifolate that inhibits 3 folatedependent enzymes, and is also broadly active in a wide variety of solid tumors. In breast cancer, pemetrexed has activity in patients previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes, and pemetrexed demonstrates preclinical and clinical cytotoxic synergy with gemcitabine. This drug combination is being evaluated in a phase II study for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients who have previously received a taxane and an anthracycline.
Plyometrics and vibration: no clear winner on efficacy

Corresponding author: Jerrold S. Petrofsky Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, 11234 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA Tel: 1-909-558-7274 Fax: 1-909-558-0481 E-mail: jpetrofsky@llu.edu This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licens es/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © 2014 Korean Academy of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science http://dx.doi.org/10.14474/ptrs.2014.3.2.86 Phys Ther Rehabil Sci pISSN 2287-7576 2014, 3 (2), 86-92 eISSN 2287-7584 www.jptrs.org
Neurons inflict self-harm.

In several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson disease, specific neurons are vulnerable to death whereas others are spared. It now appears that the neurotransmitter dopamine may damage parkin, a neuroprotective protein, in susceptible neurons and contribute to their demise (pages 1214–1221).
Data fusion as a means of sensor evaluation in archaeological applications

Criteria for selecting the appropriate combination of sensors when searching for cultural features within anarchaeological site are poorly developed and sorely needed for the economic application of remote sensing inarchaeology. The Hollywood Mounds, a late prehistoric ceremonial center in the lower Mississippi alluvial valley of the southeastern United State, has been the subject of a large number of remote sensing experiments using a widevariety of both digital airborne and geophysical sensors. In addition, two seasons of ground truth excavations havebeen carried out at the site. Multivariate statistical analyses, beginning with a map of the known locations of house and mound remnants, allow us to derive quantitative measures of the relative value of the various instruments in thisspecific but fairly typical context. Keywords: archaeology, data fusion, remote sensing, geophysics, Mississippian archaeology, discriminant function analysis
Coarsening following a morphological instability in the one-sided model.

We study the coarsening of the interfacial pattern separating two coexisting phases after the pattern becomes morphologically unstable. Shortly after the instability, the scale of the structure is given by the most unstable wave number in the linear regime. At later times, nonlinear interactions cause the structure to coarsen. Coarsening is studied by monitoring the time dependence of the two-dimensional power spectrum of the pattern, especially for wave vectors transverse to the direction of growth. Characteristic length scales of the pattern obtained from moments of the power spectrum are asymptotically linear in time. Furthermore, the power spectrum is seen to satisfy a scaling relation, in agreement with previous studies. A normal-velocity autocorrelation function is calculated and found to decay substantially over length scales that are of the order of the scale of the pattern. The issue of spatial anisotropy in the correlation functions is also discussed.
Histologic grading scheme for pancreas allograft rejection: application in the differential diagnosis from other pathologic entities.

THE success of solid organ transplantation has been dependent on the ability to distinguish rejection from non-immunologic causes for graft dysfunction through the examination of tissue samples. Pancreas allograft biopsies are now obtained routinely percutaneously and constitute a significant guide for treatment and prognosis. We have previously proposed a scheme for grading pancreas allograft rejection in needle biopsies that is predictive of the graft outcome. This scheme is based in the proportionally increasing inflammation in specific tissue components. In this study, we evaluated the reproducibility of the grading system and the potential diagnostic problems between the various grades of rejection and other nonimmune related processes.
Increasing oxygenation and radiation sensitivity following photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in the RIF-1 tumor

The combination of verteporfin-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) wiht radiaiton therapy from an orthovoltage device has been examiend in the radiation induced fibrosarcoma tumor model. PDT with verteporfin using a 3 hour delay between injection and the time of optical irradiation has been shown to cause a significant rise in overlal tumor oxygenation. It was huypothesized that this mechanism arises from the reduced oxygen consumption from cells where the PDT has targeted the mitochondria and shut down cellular respiration. Tumor blood flow was measured and found to be still be patent immediately following therapy. This increasing oxygenation was thought to provide an opportunity to increase the radiation sensitivity of the tumor immediately following PDT. When this type of treatment was combined with radiation therapy, a delay in the tumor regrowth time demonstrated that the combined effect was greater than additive. Further study of this phenomenon will provide a more complete mechanistic understanding of the effect and possibly provide a viable pre-treatment for radiation therapy of tumore that increases the therapeutic ratio. This effect could be used to either increase the radiaton dose without increasing the side effects or decrease the dose needed for the same effect on the tumor.
The secondary spectral component of solar microwave bursts

The multicomponent characteristics of bursts are discussed, with emphasis on the relationship between their primary and secondary components. It is shown that microwave bursts with complex spectra, consisting of two or more spectral components, can be divided into two classes. One class may result from bursts in which the microwave radiation is generated in two different gyrosynchrotron sources that evolve differently in time. The second class is characterized by a common temporal evolution of the spectral components, the similarity of the circular polarization of both components, and the commonality in the ratio of primary to secondary peak frequencies from event to event. These properties suggest that the two components originate in a common source or from individual sources that are strongly coupled. An additionally observed event of this class also suggests that the primary and secondary components have a similar location, but that the surface area of the secondary component is larger.
Partial characterization of histidine decarboxylase in hamster and rat brain employing a new method

Histidine decarboxylase activity in hamster and rat brains were studied using a newly developed sensitive, direct radioenzymatic microassay. For our assay conditions, we determined aK m forl-histidine of 320 μM and aV max for histidine decarboxylase of 110 pmol histamine/hr/mg protein in rat hypothalamus. The regional distributions of both histidine decarboxylase and histamine levels were similar in the hamster and rat with the most activity in hypothalamus. Most of the histidine decarboxylase activity in rat hypothalamus was in the cytosol fraction. The developmental pattern of histidine decarboxylase in the fetal rat did not reveal a prenatal spike in activity. Histidine decarboxylase activity in rat brain reached adult levels by four weeks. Alpha-fluoromethylhistidine inhibited histidine decarboxylase activity almost totally in vitro at 10 μM and about 80% in vivo after six days of infusion (100mg/kg/day) in all brain regions except the cerebellum. Likewise, histamine levels were depleted about 75% in all brain regions except the cerebellum.
Regions of β4·β2 subunit chimeras that contribute to the agonist selectivity of neuronal nicotinic receptors

Fifteen chimeric nicotinic receptors β subunits were constructed consisting of N-terminal neuronal β4 sequences and C-terminal β2 sequences. Responses to cytisine, nicotine, or tetramethylammonium were compared to acetylcholine responses for these subunits expressed in Xenopus oocytes with α3 subunits. The results show that (i) two residues in the extracellular domain of chimeric β4·β2 subunits (108β2F/β4V, 110β2S/β4T) account for much of the relative cytisine sensitivity; and (ii) four extracellular residues of chimeric β4·β2 subunits (112β2A/β4V, 113β2V/β4I and 115β2S/β4R, 116β2Y/β4S) account for most of the relative tetramethylammonium sensitivity. The data did not permit localization of nicotine sensitivity to any particular region.
Evaluating the World Wide Web: A Global Study of Commercial Sites

While commercial applications of the Internet proliferate, particularly in the form of business sites on the World Wide Web, on-line business is still relatively insignificant. One reason is that truly compelling applications have yet to be devised to penetrate the mass market. To help identify approaches that may eventually be successful, one must address the question of what value is being created on the Web. As a first step, this paper proposes a framework to evaluate Web sites from a customer's perspective of value-added. A global study covering 1,800 sites, with representative samples from diverse industries and localities worldwide, is conducted to give a profile of commercial use of the World Wide Web in 1996.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Questionnaire and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI): Implications for parent child relationships ☆

Although Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are linked to increased health problems and risk behaviors in adulthood, there are no studies on the association between ACEs and adults' states of mind regarding their early childhood attachments, loss, and trauma experiences. To validate the ACEs questions, we analyzed the association between ACEs and emotional support indicators and Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) classifications in terms of unresolved mourning regarding past loss or trauma and discordant states of mind in cannot classify (U/CC) interviews. Seventy-five urban women (41 clinical and 34 community) completed a questionnaire on ACEs, which included 10 categories of abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, in addition to emotional support. Internal psychological processes or states of mind concerning attachment were assessed using the AAI. ACE responses were internally consistent (Cronbach's α=.88). In the clinical sample, 84% reported≥4 ACEs compared to 27% among the community sample. AAIs judged U/CC occurred in 76% of the clinical sample compared to 9% in the community sample. When ACEs were≥4, 65% of AAIs were classified U/CC. Absence of emotional support in the ACEs questionnaire was associated with 72% of AAIs being classified U/CC. As the number of ACEs and the lack of emotional support increases so too does the probability of AAIs being classified as U/CC. Findings provide rationale for including ACEs questions in pediatric screening protocols to identify and offer treatment reducing the intergenerational transmission of risk associated with problematic parenting.
Laparoscopic-assisted total colectomy with pouch reconstruction.

Whether in adults or children, benign diseases of the colon are ideally suited for laparoscopic-assisted resection. In children, the most frequent diseases leading to colectomy and pull-through include Hirschsprung's disease, ulcerative colitis, and familial polyposis. Laparoscopic proctocolectomy with J-pouch reconstruction is an ideal approach for children and adolescents who are generally stable but suffer from unremitting symptoms of ulcerative colitis. An early experience with this technique at the Children's Hospital in Alabama is described for children with ulcerative colitis.
MR Evaluation of Rectal Cancer: Current Concepts

Magnetic resonance imaging has become more frequently utilized for staging, preoperative planning, and post-neoadjuvant evaluation of rectal cancer. It offers detailed resolution of the layers of the rectal wall, visualization of the mesorectal fascia, and identification of locoregional nodal involvement. Many advances have been made since the original protocols and include the use of phased-array coils, orthogonally obtained images and 3-dimensional sequences, the use of diffusion-weighted and perfusion protocols to better evaluate the tumor before and after neoadjuvant therapy, and the development of techniques to better evaluate metastatic nodes. Magnetic resonance imaging shows similar accuracy to endorectal ultrasound when staging and offers a less invasive technique that is not limited by patient discomfort or decreased luminal size. This article is meant to provide an update on the recent advances in rectal cancer imaging while addressing the controversial issues that exist in staging, technique, and imaging protocol.
RNAi-mediated inhibition of cyclin D1 decreases colon cancer cell proliferation and MMP protein expression

Abstract Introduction: Cyclin D1, a downstream protein of the PI3K/GSK-3 pathway, regulates cell cycle progression and proliferation. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is associated with a poor prognosis in various human cancers (eg, colorectal cancers). The purpose of this study was to determine whether targeted inhibition of cyclin D1, using small interfering RNA (siRNA), alters proliferation and expression of the matrix metalloproteinase proteins (MMPs) in the colon cancer cell line KM20. Methods: KM20 cells were treated with cyclin D1 siRNA or scrambled sequences (control); cell proliferation and viability was assessed. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression was measured by ELISA. Western blots were performed to determine expression of cyclin D1, PI3K subunits p85alpha and p110 and GSK-3alpha/beta (upstream regulators of cyclin D1), and MMP-2 and MMP-9 (tumor invasion proteins regulated by cyclin D1). Results: Cyclin D1 expression was effectively blocked by siRNA treatment. Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was decreased in KM20 cells by cyclin D1 inhibition; PI3K subunit and GSK-3 expression was not affected. Compared to control, decreased KM20 cell proliferation and PCNA translocation was noted with cyclin D1 siRNA treatment; no significant changes were noted in apoptosis. Conclusions: We show that selective inhibition of cyclin D1 inhibits MMP expression and KM20 cell proliferation, most likely due to cell cycle arrest. Selective targeting of cyclin D1 may enhance the effects of standard chemotherapeutic agents and provide novel adjunct treatment for selected colorectal cancers.
MWIR computed-tomography imaging spectrometer: calibration and imaging experiments

We report results of experimentation with a MWIR non-scanning, high speed imaging spectrometer capable of simultaneously recording spatial and spectral data from a rapidly varying target scene. High speed spectral imaging was demonstrated by collecting spectral and spatial snapshots of filtered blackbodies, combustion products and a coffee cup. The instrument is based on computed tomography concepts and operates in a mid-wave infrared band of 3.0 to 4.6 micrometer. Raw images were recorded at a video frame rate of 30 fps using a 160 X 120 InSb focal plane array. Reconstructions of simple objects are presented.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Using back-propagation networks to assess several image representation schemes for object recognition

Summary form only given, as follows. Two chapters of research are presented. The first constitutes a demonstration that backpropagation networks can be used as a content addressable memory for visual objects represented within digitized real-world images. For networks encoding two or three classes of traffic signs, classification generalization is demonstrated for objects at new positions on the image frame and also for new instances of a trained class of object. The new instance may even be a somewhat degraded representation. Given this optimistic introduction, the work evolves into a second, more comparative chapter. In this further probe, packpropagation networks are used as content addressable memories with which to determine the relative value of several different visual object representation schemes. These representation schemes are tested along multiple parameters to deduce the efficacy of the scheme itself, and the influence of network parameter changes on the learning and categorization of objects. >