cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled study of encopresis and enuresis in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar-I disorder phenotype.

ABSTRACT Objective To examine the prevalence of encopresis/enuresis, relationship between maternal hostility and encopresis, parent-child concordance of reporting encopresis/enuresis, and familial aggregation of enuresis in subjects with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar-I disorder phenotype (PEA-BP), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and healthy controls (HC). Method There were 268 consecutively ascertained subjects (93 PEA-BP, 81 ADHD, and 94 HC). PEA-BP was defined as DSM-IV BP-I (manic or mixed phase) with elation and/or grandiosity. The WASH-U-KSADS and Psychosocial Schedule for School-Age Children-Revised were administered to parents about their children and separately to children about themselves. Results Encopresis was more prevalent in PEA-BP versus HC subjects (15.1% versus 3.2%, χ 2 = 6.4, p = .012). Enuresis was more common in PEA-BP versus HC (21.5% versus 6.4%, χ 2 = 7.8, p = .005) and ADHD versus HC (22.2% versus 6.4%, χ 2 = 6.1, p = .014) subjects. All enuresis onset in subjects not receiving lithium. Most encopresis (81.8%) and enuresis (75.0%) onset before mania. Familial aggregation of enuresis was more frequent in enuretics than nonenuretics (47.7% versus 5.4%, χ 2 = 41.2, p 2 = 8.3, p = .004). Parent-child concordance on reporting encopresis and enuresis was poor to fair. Conclusions Children with PEA-BP need to be evaluated for encopresis, enuresis, and mother-child relationships.
Heparin derivatives prepared by modification of the uronic acid carboxyl groups

Abstract Heparin derivatives in which the carboxyl groups of the uronic acid are modified, were synthesized by mild procedures whereby the sulfate groups remained intact. It was found that esterification of the carboxyl group resulted in complete loss of anticoagulant activity. However, heparinyl glycine and heparinyl aminomethanesulfonic acid which contain free acidic groups had considerable effects in prolonging blood clotting. Other bulkier units which may modify the conformation of heparin, or products in which there are no free carboxyl groups had little anti-coagulant effects.
Continuous penetration of the interplanetary electric field to the equatorial ionosphere over eight hours during intense geomagnetic storms

[1] The interplanetary electric field penetrates to the low-latitude ionosphere and has significant influence on the ionospheric electrodynamics during intense geomagnetic storms. It is critical to understand how much of the interplanetary electric field can penetrate to the ionosphere and how long penetration electric fields can exist. In this study, we present the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellite measurements of the equatorial ionospheric ion vertical velocity in the dusk sector during two intense geomagnetic storms. We find that the equatorial ionospheric electric field at dusk is approximately proportional to the interplanetary electric field for 8-10 hours during the storm main phase. The penetration efficiency is relatively constant over the entire interval and is 5% at dusk in one storm case. The long-lasting storm-time penetration electric field causes significant redistribution of the ionospheric plasma. This study reveals that penetration electric fields can last for 8-10 hours without effective shielding when the magnetic storm activity is strengthening during continuous southward interplanetary magnetic field. The result implies that the interplanetary electric field is linearly coupled with the dusk equatorial ionosphere during the entire main phase of intense magnetic storms, which is very important for understanding the storm-time ionospheric electric field and electrodynamics.
PET/CT: a new imaging technology in nuclear medicine

This review discusses the technical background of combined PET and CT and considers the clinical applications of PET/CT imaging. Questions addressed include: Is PET/CT superior to PET imaging alone? If so, in which patient populations and in what respect? Can PET/CT imaging affect patient management? Can PET/CT be practiced economically? While much work remains to be done, the available data clearly suggest that PET/CT decreases imaging time per patient and, even for the experienced reader, significantly reduces the number of equivocal PET interpretations. PET/CT also has the ability to improve accuracy of PET image interpretation and to affect clinical decision making, thereby improving patient management. The nuclear medicine community should approach this new technology with an open mind and focus on its clinical usefulness. The decision regarding whether PET/CT should be part of the equipment in a given nuclear medicine or radiology practice largely depends on the specific patient population. It is concluded that present skepticism concerning combined PET/CT will subside once critics of this new modality have had the opportunity to clearly see on images its many advantages compared with either PET alone or conventional image fusion approaches.
Effects of scopolamine and eserine on position discrimination learning with an exploratory incentive

Scopolamine injected rats performed significantly better than controls on original learning and after reversal of a T maze position discrimination motivated by the opportunity for exploration. They ran slower than controls early in training but showed speed increases as training progressed while the controls showed speed decreases. No effects were found with eserine. The data were interpreted as showing that scopolamine disrupts habituation to novelty.
Phytotoxic effects of insecticides on six varieties of grain sorghum.

The phytotoxic effect of 6 insecticides applied to 6 varieties of grain sorghum was determined by visual ratings and seed yield in pounds per acre. Little or no leaf damage and no yield loss resulted from application of insecticides to varieties P-846 . NK222, RSG71, or RS625. Parathion and methyl parathion (0.5 and 1.0 AI/acre) caused greatest visual leaf damage and resulted in significant yield losses when applied to TE77. Methyl parathion (1.0 AI/acre) also reduced yields of RS626, Carbaryl, diazinon, carbophenothion, and ethion did not reduce grain yields.
Synchronized Generation of Directed Tests Using Satisfiability Solving

Directed test generation is important for the functional verification of complex system-on-chip designs. SAT based bounded model checking is promising for counterexample generation which can be used in directed testing. Existing research has explored two directions to accelerate the SAT solving process: learning during solving of one property with different bounds, or solving multiple properties with known bounds. This paper combines the advantages of both approaches by introducing a novel SAT-solving technique which exploits the similarities among SAT instances for multiple properties and bounds on the same design. The proposed technique ensures that the knowledge obtained in previous solving iterations be shared across different bounds as well as between different properties. Our experimental results demonstrate that our approach can significantly reduce overall test generation time (on average 10 times) compared to existing methods.
Evolution of the Dynamics in 1,4-Polyisoprene from a Nearly Constant Loss to a Johari−Goldstein β-Relaxation to the α-Relaxation

The Johari−Goldstein (JG) secondary relaxation, presumed to be universal, has never been seen in 1,4-polyisoprene (PI) by dielectric spectroscopy, despite very many measurements extending over the past half-century. By using a high-resolution capacitance bridge, we are able to show the existence of a secondary relaxation in PI that has the properties of the JG process. Measurements were also carried out at lower temperatures, which probe the dynamics of chain units “caged” by neighboring segments comprising the local structure. The caged dynamics precede by decades of time the JG relaxation and, from general physical principles, are also expected to be a property of all glass-forming materials. Collectively, the caged dynamics and JG relaxation serve as precursors to structural relaxation (i.e., the glass transition) and thus are of central importance to understanding vitrification. The present data show that the dynamics of caged PI repeat units are manifested as a nearly constant loss (NCL). This NCL ha...
The iterative calculation of several of the lowest or highest eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of very large symmetric matrices

The coordinate relaxation method for the iterative calculation of the lowest (or highest) root of a symmetric matrix, based on the minimization (or maximization) of the Rayleigh quotient, has been generalized to make it possible to obtain several of the lowest (or highest) roots in order without explicitly modifying the original matrix. The method is particularly suitable for very large matrices (even of order 104 or more), especially if they are sparse, such as those which occur in large-scale configuration interaction calculations. A modified δ2 extrapolation procedure has been found to accelerate convergence in the more difficult cases, such as those involving nearly degenerate roots.
Public sector productivity: the sensitivity of productivity indexes to alternative output measures and index number formulas

Focusing on a specific government agency, the Internal Revenue Service, and using publicly available data for the years 1956–1982, this article investigates two issues. First, because government agencies produce services which, in general, are not sold in markets, the appropriate measure and weighting of outputs is not obvious. Thus, it is of interest to know how sensitive an index of labor productivity is to the way in which output is measured. Second, in computing labor productivity, an index number formula must be selected. Dispersion among the index numbers is not uncommon, making the choice among formulas an important issue. Results indicate that the choice of both the output measure and index formula are important.
Age and Accent in a Second Language: A Reply to James Emil Flege

L'article est une reponse aux arguments portes contre l'hypothese de la periode critique par James Emil Flege dans A critical period for learning to pronounce foreign languages publie dans Applied Linguistics (8/2). Un examen de la litterature montre qu'il existe suffisamment de preuves pour supporter l'idee d'une limite d'âge dans la competence en langue seconde
Nuclear orientation of Tb156

Abstract Terbium-156 nuclei were oriented at low temperatures in an ethylsulphate lattice, and the anisotropies of several γ-rays in Gd156 were studied as functions of temperature, external magnetic field and magnetic environment. The results were explained using a five-term spin-Hamiltonian with two adjustable parameters, the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments, which were thereby determined. The spin of Tb156 was shown to be 3, with |μ156| = 1.45±0.18 nm and Q156 = 1.4±0.5 b. The spin assignments of several high-energy states in Gd156 were confirmed, and a new 3-state at 2091 keV in Gd156 was indicated. The electron-capture transitions to states at 1943 and 2091-keV in Gd156 are predominantly Gamow-Teller.
Mediastinal fibrosis simulating residual Hodgkin's disease

A 28-year-old male with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease and massive mediastinal adenopathy was treated with combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Following 1,300 rads and six cycles of chemotherapy the patient was felt, on the basis of chest x-ray and CT scan, to have extensive residual mediastinal and intrapericardial involvement with tumor. At thoracotomy he was found to have markedly enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes with the normal tissue being replaced by dense sclerotic material without tumor. In Hodgkin's disease, CT scanning has proved to be an extremely valuable tool in assisting in staging and treatment planning. This case emphasizes, however, that one must be cautious in the interpretation of persistent abnormalities following curative therapy. Carefully selected patient information obtained from exploratory thoracotomy continues to be helpful in defining disease status.
High-Resolution Autoradiography of Intracellular Plutonium

Intracellular incorporation of polymeric plutonium injected into mice was demonstrated in liver and spleen by electron-microscopic auto-radiography. The observations are not inconsistent with other evidence indicating the association of plutonium with lysosomal components. Early results with a quantitative electron-microscopic technique may lead to microdosimetry of cells and cellular components.
Relationship of depression and diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and preventive care.

OBJECTIVE —We assessed whether diabetes self-care, medication adherence, and use of preventive services were associated with depressive illness. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In a large health maintenance organization, 4,463 patients with diabetes completed a questionnaire assessing self-care, diabetes monitoring, and depression. Automated diagnostic, laboratory, and pharmacy data were used to assess glycemic control, medication adherence, and preventive services. RESULTS —This predominantly type 2 diabetic population had a mean HbA1c level of 7.8 ± 1.6%. Three-quarters of the patients received hypoglycemic agents (oral or insulin) and reported at least weekly self-monitoring of glucose and foot checks. The mean number of HbA1c tests was 2.2 ± 1.3 per year and was only slightly higher among patients with poorly controlled diabetes. Almost one-half (48.9%) had a BMI >30 kg/m2, and 47.8% of patients exercised once a week or less. Pharmacy refill data showed a 19.5% nonadherence rate to oral hypoglycemic medicines (mean 67.4 ± 74.1 days) in the prior year. Major depression was associated with less physical activity, unhealthy diet, and lower adherence to oral hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering medications. In contrast, preventive care of diabetes, including home-glucose tests, foot checks, screening for microalbuminuria, and retinopathy was similar among depressed and nondepressed patients. CONCLUSIONS —In a primary care population, diabetes self-care was suboptimal across a continuum from home-based activities, such as healthy eating, exercise, and medication adherence, to use of preventive care. Major depression was mainly associated with patient-initiated behaviors that are difficult to maintain (e.g., exercise, diet, medication adherence) but not with preventive services for diabetes.
Vegetative incompatibility between intraspecific dikaryotic pairings of Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae

Intraspecific pairings of dikaryons of Ganoderma lucidum and G. tsugae were conducted on 2% malt extract agar (MEA) and on wood blocks of Quercus hypoleucoides and Abies concolor. Intraspecific pairings of dikaryons from different trees formed interaction zones regardless of geographical distribution. Self-crosses of dikaryons were compatible. Antagonistic reactions on MEA after 10 wk were sparsely colonized, clear zones between opposing cultures. Four types of zone lines developed on the wood blocks after 20 wk: (1) discolored zones of undecayed wood on oak blocks; (2) nondiscolored zones of undecayed wood on white fir blocks; (3) hyphal interaction zones in surface mycelium and within wood of both wood types; and (4) noninteraction zone lines in surface mycelium of both wood types. Evidently, characters of the host wood influenced formation of the interaction zones. Antagonistic hyphal interactions on MEA and wood blocks consisted ofhyphae with swellings and abnormal branching where hyphal fusion occurred. Hyphal noninteraction lines appeared randomly on the surface of the wood blocks where densely packed, pigmented cuticular cells were formed. No self-pairings of dikaryons showed interaction zones and hyphae anastomosed freely. Homokaryons from different G. lucidum dikaryons were interfertile. Homogenicity between dikaryotic isolates of both species apparently allows plasmogamy to occur. Vegetative incompatibility delimits individuals of different genotypes in natural populations of G. lucidum and G. tsugae.
Nontraditional Students and Institutions of Higher Education: A Conceptual Framework

This article provides a conceptual base for pedagogy that embraces and incorporates the assets of nontraditional students in higher education and advocates for practice that honors and builds on students' cultural and social capital. It describes the challenges and opportunities faced by nontraditional students within institutions of higher education, focusing specifically on early childhood teacher preparation programs. The article proposes the use of narrative/storytelling practice as a way to generate inclusive and transformative learning that expands upon the wisdom of students' lived experiences. A set of recommendations is offered for incorporating this type of pedagogy in order to provide nontraditional students with meaningful learning and an environment that supports the social networks they require to be successful.
Voltage sag and recovery influence for modeling motor loads

This report assesses the influence of voltage sag and recovery on typical motor loads so that reasonable estimations of load response can be made in system planning studies. The Load Composition Model (Kosterev) divides motor loads into four classes; this report breaks down each class into categories of motor type and provides an overview of protection response for each motor type. This report also discusses the effect of the point on wave where the voltage sag begins.
Song rates of dark-eyed juncos do not increase when females are fertile

Frequency of singing by birds may vary with reproductive stage in ways that reflect variation in the functions of song in intersexual and intrasexual communication. In dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) high-amplitude song is produced only by males. To investigate the function of this song, we tested whether fertility of females affected singing by their mates or by neighboring males. Using focal observations, song censuses, and radiotracking data, we determined whether song production varied between and among periods when females were fertile and non-fertile. Our findings show that males do not increase song production when their mates are fertile, nor do they increase song production when neighboring females are fertile. These results suggest that male juncos do not signal their intent to defend territories (or mates) more when females are fertile and that they do not use song to advertise to specific potential participants in extra-pair fertilizations.
INCREASED PHYSICIAN EFFICIENCY IN THE INTENSIVE CARE NURSERY WITH A SINGLE ENTRY OF DATA AND COMPUTERIZED PRODUCTION OF FORMS, SUMMARIES AND LETTERS

As the concern for the high-risk infant increases and the disease states multiply, so do the demands for adequate documentation and communication and correspondence to parents, physicians and allied health agencies regarding that infant's status. In order to provide accurate recording and distribution of this information, i.e., transport note, letters, State forms, discharge summary, etc., while preventing an unnecessary duplication of physician paperwork, the following project ensued. A comprehensive four page form for the recording of all available historical and pertinent data about the infant has been devised and repeatedly streamlined. An on-line computer system using COBOL Language and direct entry with light pen has evolved after the initial punch card entry system proved financially feasible and successful. Unconstrained data, e.g., exact temperature, weight and dose rather than group categories are recorded. The test of this system has been willing physician compliance and acceptance by the agencies and departments requesting data about the infant. The reduction of paperwork by > 50% has provided incentive with > 95% physician participation and acceptance. There is immediate availability of data on discharge.
Osmotic demyelination syndrome associated with hypophosphataemia: 2 cases and a review of literature

Aim Central and extrapontine myelinolysis are collectively known as osmotic demyelination syndrome. This encephalopathic illness has been well documented in the adult literature, occurring most commonly in the context of chronic alcoholism, correction of hyponatraemia and liver transplantation. Aetiology and outcome in the paediatric population are less well understood. Methods Two cases of osmotic demyelination syndrome occurring in children with transient severe hypophosphataemia during the course of their illness are presented. Both had very different neurological outcomes, but the changes of central and extrapontine myelinolysis were apparent on neuroimaging. Sixty-one cases in the paediatric literature were then reviewed. Results We summarize aetiology and outcome in paediatric cases of osmotic demyelination syndrome and postulate a role for hypophosphataemia as a contributing factor in the development of these sometimes devastating conditions. Conclusion Hypophosphataemia may contribute to the risk of developing osmotic demyelination syndrome in at-risk paediatric patients and further study of this association should be undertaken.
Creating pedagogical programming environments

A popular way to introduce program design concepts to beginning programming students is to discuss the solution of familiar, easily decomposed problems involving ordinary situations, such as washing a car or cleaning a room. Extensible languages, such as Smalltalk, make it easy to create pedagogical programming systems on which the solutions of such problems can be implemented.
Biosequestration via cooperative binding of copper by Ralstonia pickettii

Ralstonia pickettii isolated from copper‐contaminated lake sediment are adapted to high levels of copper after 100 years of selective pressure. Two R. pickettii strains (12D and 12J) were selected for the studies reported herein due to their distinct differences in genomic structure, different metal resistance patterns and carriage of a filamentous phage. Copper sequestration studies revealed that these strains could bind up to 27.44 (12D) and 38.19 (12J) mg copper per g dry weight of cells and that viable cells sequestered more copper than heat‐killed cells. Viable cells and heat‐killed cells had significantly different saturation binding curves, indicating that one or more unique copper sequestration mechanism(s) was involved in binding by viable cells. Electron microscopy showed alteration of cell outer envelope after cells were grown in the presence of copper, suggesting that the accumulation of copper was membrane associated. X‐ray Absorption Near Edge Structure and Extended X‐ray Absorption Fine Str...
The Teacher as Bag Lady: Images and Metaphors of Teaching.

At the end of what Walker Percy (1983) calls the "Century of the Self," we are painfully aware of a diminishment, what Wesley Kort has called the "shriven self and Christopher Lasch has called the "minimal self."1 The dominant emotion of such a being is dis appointment. For Percy, we are "lost in the Cosmos" because of our fundamental predicament as self-conscious sign-mak ers who are unintelligible to ourselves. He writes, "The self of the sign-user can never be grasped, because, once the self locates itself at the dead center of its world, there is no signified to which a signifier can be joined to make a sign. The self has no sign of itself. No signifier applies. All signifiers apply equally" (107). Indeed, in a postmodern world, there may not even be any self left?only an empty self to be filled by the endless con sumption of the products of the culture industry. Accordingly, we occupy "sub ject positions" rather than maintain a coherent self. In some discourses, we are described as "linguistically constituted and disseminated human subjects." Is that reassuring? I am not sure. In any event, here are one lost and homeless teacher's meditations upon teaching and learning, a quester for helpful images or metaphors for teaching in a time of bewilderment and challenge. Joyful melancholy indeed!
Inhibition of microglial cell activation by cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced in response to stress. This glucocorticoid can be toxic to neurons, and thus may be important in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease. Activated microglia produce molecules including nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) which can also be toxic to neurons. The current study was designed to determine the effect of cortisol upon the activation of primary cultured microglia and transformed N9 microglial cells. The studies indicate that cortisol represses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induction of nitric oxide production in these microglial cells. The hormone acts by inhibiting the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which catalyses the synthesis of NO. Cortisol likely acts by blocking transcription of iNOS gene expression since the hormone represses LPS induction of iNOS RNA levels in these cells. Activated microglia produce increased TNF-alpha, in addition to increased NO. The current studies demonstrate that cortisol inhibits release of TNF-alpha from LPS-treated microglial cells. Collectively, these data suggest that although cortisol may be directly toxic to neurons, the hormone may indirectly protect neurons by blocking the production of cytotoxic molecules by microglia.
Improved Optical Design of Nontracking Concentrators

Optical designs based on a two reflections or less criterion have been developed for one and two-facet trapezoidal concentrators. Collector designs resulting from this criterion have been evaluated with the aid of a ray-trace computer simulation which includes the effects of nonideal reflectors. Results indicate a marked increase in performance, particularly for the one-facet designs, as compared to the collectors previously designed with the one reflection or less criterion. A significant result is that when a proper accounting is made for the actual acceptance angle for the concentrators, the performances of the optimal one and two-facet designs become nearly identical, indicating that the previously held contention that improved performance could be achieved with multifaceted reflectors (geometrically approaching the compound parabolic shape) may be incorrect.
Intravitreal triamcinolone and bevacizumab combination therapy for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion refractory to either treatment alone.

A review of the literature showed no published cases using a combination of intravitreal triamcinolone and anti-VEGF agents for macular edema due to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). We present a case refractory to each treatment modality separately but which responded to their combination.
Terrifying Beauty: Interplay of the Sanskritic and Vernacular Rituals of Siddhilakṣmī

This essay explores the interplay of Sanskritic and vernacular traditions prevalent in the formation of a larger Hindu culture through a focus upon the Siddhilaksmi1 tradition of the Kathmandu Valley. This case study, with an emphasis upon the ritual dimension, demonstrates the fluidity of Tantric culture vibrating within the socio political sphere, regenerating cultural components that bind distinct traditions within the periphery of an all-embracing central power. The exchange occurring between the vernacular and Sanskritic cultures, as demonstrated here, is not based on dominance and subjugation but is an organic process of cultural vitality. In this sense, "Sanskrit" here represents the unchanging cultural core which once was as fluid as its vernacular rituals that are now found in the periphery in uncanonized form. Furthermore, the dynamics of "center" and "periphery" are explored from a sociological perspective: a center is that which possesses the power to replicate itself
Minimal conditions for the perception of rotary motion.

.— The necessity of simultaneous length and direction changes for the perception of rotary motion in depth was studied using patterns of one to four segments of a horizontal line. The patterns changed in length only, according to one of four waveforms: A sinusoidal waveform, with both the left and right half of the pattern changing at the same rate (simulating a parallel projection of rotary motion); a sinusoidal waveform, with asymmetric left-right changes (simulating a polar projection of rotary motion); a linear waveform, the same for both the left and right halves (a simple expansion and contraction); and a linear waveform on which the asymmetries of a polar projection were superimposed. Most reports described rotary motion in depth. Both the linearity and the right-left symmetry of the waveforms affected the proportion of rotary motion responses, with the proportions greater for the sinusoidal waveforms and for the asymmetrical waveforms.
Patient compliance with antihypertensive medication.

Self-reported medication taking compliance behavior of 132 high blood pressure patients was analyzed using an expanded version of the health belief model. Subjects were selected through random sampling procedures from regular hypertension program sessions at a large urban hospital. A questionnaire was constructed to measure the model components, and interviews were conducted with each patient. Bivariate analysis showed that control over health matters, dependence on providers, perceived barriers, duration of treatment, and others' nonconfirming experience were significantly related to compliance (p < .05). Log-linear multivariate analysis revealed that three of these five variables--control over health matters, perceived barriers, and duration of treatment--contributed independently to patient compliance. Self-reported medication taking was significantly related to blood pressure control (p < .02). These data provide the basis for developing interventions for providers to facilitate the medication taking behavior of clinic patients.
Latent Variable Modeling of Longitudinal and Multilevel Data

An overview is given of modeling of longitudinal and multilevel data using a latent variable framework. Particular emphasis is placed on growth modeling. A latent variable model is presented for three-level data, where the modeling of the longitudinal part of the data imposes both a covariance and a mean structure. Examples are discussed where repeated observations are made on students sampled within classrooms and schools.
Possible involvement of nitric oxide in NMDA-induced glutamate release in the rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study

Abstract The involvement of nitric oxide (NO) production in the release of striatal glutamate induced by local infusion of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) was investigated using microdialysis in freely moving rats. At concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mM NMDA induced concentration-dependent increases in striatal glutamate release. This effect of NMDA (0.5 mM) was significantly inhibited by tetrodotoxin (10 μ M), by striatal perfusion with Ca 2+ -free medium containing EGTA (5 mM), or by the putative antagonist of intracellular Ca 2+ , 8-( N , N -diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) (1, 10 or 100 μ M). Local infusion of the competitive inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS), N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester ( l -NAME) or N G -monomethyl- l -arginine ( l -NMMA) (both at concentrations 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 or 1 mM) caused the concentration-dependent inhibition of the glutamate response to 0.5 mM NMDA. This effect of NOS inhibition was stereospecific, inasmuch as N G -nitro- d -arginine methyl ester ( d -NAME) (0.5 or 1 mM) failed to affect NMDA-induced glutamate release. These findings suggest that increased NO production following NMDA receptor activation mediates the increase in release of neurotransmitter glutamate triggered by activation of striatal NMDA receptors.
LAND DEVELOPMENT‐VALUE PROBLEMS AND THE TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING ACT OF 1947*

s of Doctoral Dissertations 519 perience shows that much land with possibilities of development remains undeveloped. If each parcel of land were handled separately and its development value paid in full, every owner would claim his land would have been chosen for development and payment would be made to many whose development values would never have been
A new representative of the γ-pu structure type: The crystal structure of β(Hgo.80in0.20)

The structure of β(Hg0.80In0.20) has been determined from powder patterns as orthorhombic, Fddd, γ-Pu type, with a0 = 10.872A, b0 = 4.847 A and c0 = 3.522 A at 78 K. There are eight random Hg0.80In0.20 atoms in position 8(a). β(Hg0.80In0.20) is the only known intermetallic phase which is isotypic with γ-Pu; the atomic coordination and occurrence of these two phases are discussed.
Policy, job practices, and personal values in decisionmaking by court officers

Abstract Research on criminal justice practitioners has highlighted the role of discretion in decisionmaking. Often discretion is guided by official policy statements. However, organizational research has found that informal norms also play a role in determining the behavior of individuals. In addition, the personal values of individuals have some influence on their decisions. This study tested the hypothesis that errors in decisionmaking reflect conflicts among official norms, informal norms, and personal values. Ninety-two court officers responded to decisionmaking situations depicted in narratives of the kind used in civil service tests of practical judgement. For each situation three answers were provided—a decision based on official policy, a decision based on common job practices, and a decision based on personal values. For most situations answers reflected conflicts among these three norms. Errors in terms of official policy were related to choices based on common job practices or personal values. The most common errors were failures to depart from routine roles or procedures in emergency situations. The data of this study suggest that errors in decisionmaking are more a matter of organizational forces than individual mistakes. Hence, an adequate response to poor decisionmaking may have to go beyond fixing individual responsibility to reexamining the formal and informal norms of the organization.
Expression of c-kit (CD117) in Spitz nevus and malignant melanoma.

Background: CD117, the receptor for kit-ligand, which is a growth factor for melanocyte migration and proliferation, has shown differential staining in various benign and malignant melanocytic lesions. The purpose of this study is to compare CD117 immunohistological staining in Spitz nevus versus malignant melanoma, to determine whether CD117 can aid in the diagnosis of these two lesions. Methods: CD-117 immunohistological staining was performed in 22 clinically and pathologically diagnosed pigmented lesions including 9 cases of Spitz nevus, 10 cases of primary MM and 3 cases of metastatic melanoma. Results: There was no significant difference in CD117 staining in either epidermis or dermis between Spitz nevi and primary melanomas. However staining of metastatic melanomas is less than dermal staining of primary MM and Spitz nevus. Conclusions: CD117 is unlikely a useful diagnostic tool in differentiating Spitz nevus from primary MM. On the other hand, CD 117 may be useful in differentiating metastatic melanoma from primary melanoma in patients who had a history of melanoma and who present with new dermal lesions.
Steinernema glaseriSurface Coat Protein Suppresses the Immune Response ofPopillia japonica(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Larvae

Abstract The host immune response is a key obstacle to entomopathogenic nematodes in making the transition from the free-living state to parasitism. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri has evolved mechanisms to evade immune encapsulation in larvae of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica. Host intrahemocoelic injection tests show that live axenic nematodes of S. glaseri not only avoid host melanotic encapsulation but also protect dead nematodes injected after the live ones. This result indicates that the nematodes release anti-immune factor(s). We extracted the nematode surface coat proteins and found that at least one protein (SCP3a) from the S. glaseri surface coat can suppress the host immune system. This suppression protects unrelated nematode species from encapsulation and latex beads from phagocytosis. We conclude that S. glaseri uses an anti-immune protein to defeat the host immune system, thereby protecting itself from encapsulation. Presumably its symbiotic bacteria are similarly protected from phagocytosis.
The Effects of a Brushing Procedure on Stereotypical Behavior.

Abstract In this study we analyzed the effects of a brushing protocol on stereotyped behavior of a young boy with autism. First, a functional analysis was conducted which showed that the participant's stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. Next, the Wilbarger Protocol, a brushing intervention, was implemented. An ABA design was implemented in which the participant was observed during four phases: (a) baseline, prior to the administration of the brushing protocol; (b) week 3 of implementation of the brushing protocol; (c) week 5 of implementation; and (d) 6 months after the discontinuation of the brushing protocol. Findings suggest that the brushing protocol had no marked affect on levels of stereotypy.
High-Risk Sexual Behavior Among Students of a Minority-Serving University in a Community With a High HIV/AIDS Prevalence

Objective: The authors used a stratified cluster sampling design to inform campus sexually transmitted diseases prevention programs. Participants and Methods: They conducted a cross-sectional study of students (N = 1,130) at a large, urban, minority-serving university in South Florida using the 2004 National College Health Assessment Survey instrument. Results: Of the 1,130 participants, 14.0% reported risky sexual behavior (having more than 1 sexual partner in 1 year and not using a condom the last time they had vaginal intercourse), and 11.9% reported consistent risky sexual behavior (having more than 1 partner in 1 year and not using condoms most or all of the time during the past 30 days). In multivariable analysis, past-month alcohol use had the strongest independent association with both risky and consistent risky sexual behavior. Illicit drug use was marginally significant in both models. Conclusions: Administrators should address the use of alcohol and other drugs on campus in planning interventio...
The resonating valence bond state and high-Tc superconductivity — A mean field theory

Abstract A mean field type theory is developed for the insulating RVB state and high temperature superconductivity in doped La2CuO4 and other high-Tc oxides. The Tc as a function of the doping parameter δ drops sharply around t U ≈ δ . The zero temperature gap versus Tc relation depends sensitively on the choice of the parameters. Gutzwiller projection, suppression of Tc by phase fluctuations for small δ and screening effects are briefly discussed.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) pathogenesis, familial GIST, and animal models

Once a poorly understood pathologic entity, gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) has emerged in recent years as a distinct oncologic–molecular paradigm that is now a leading model for kinase-targeted therapies in Oncology. Most GISTs are KIT-expressing and KIT-signaling driven mesenchymal tumors, many of which have KIT -activating mutations. A small subset of GIST show activating mutations in PDGFRA , encoding for a related member of the type III receptor tyrosine kinase family. The revelation of KIT expression as a diagnostic signature of GIST has not only revolutionized the pathologic criteria in classifying GIST, but also shed light onto the histogenesis of these tumors. The similarities in KIT immunoreactivity and ultrastructural appearance between GISTs and the intestinal pacemaker, the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), suggested that GISTs derive from or differentiate toward the ICC lineage. KIT plays a significant role in proliferation, survival, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells, mast cells, melanocytes, and interstitial cells of Cajal; and activating KIT mutations have been identified in tumors affecting most of these cell lineages. The observation that KIT mutations may be inherited, as seen in familial GIST syndrome, was used to develop murine models harboring a germline gain-of-function mutation, as a model for studying of KIT oncogenic mechanisms. These murine models of human GIST promise to become powerful preclinical tools in elucidating oncogenic signaling mechanisms by using genetic approaches and targeted pharmacological intervention. As true animal models of human cancer, they provide superior information compared with the more commonly used xenografts and transgenic mouse models. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on the central role of KIT oncogenic activation and subsequent signal transduction in the pathogenesis of GIST. In addition, we provide an updated discussion on familial GIST syndrome in relationship to genotype–phenotype characteristics. A succinct description of the available murine models of human GIST is presented and their applicability in further understanding of the KIT oncogenic signaling, drug screening, and mechanisms of drug resistance is discussed.
Ehrlichial Diseases of Humans: Emerging Tick-Borne Infections

The ehrlichioses are emerging zoonotic infections that are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria in the genus Ehrlichia. Two human ehrlichioses occur in the United States: monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), which is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis that infects mononuclear phagocytes in blood and tissues, and granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), an infection of granulocytes that is due to a phylogenetically distinct organism. Both infections cause undifferentiated fever with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevations in serum aminotransferase levels. Rash is an infrequent sign, and vasculitis is exceedingly rare. Severe or fatal ehrlichiosis is associated with secondary or opportunistic infections and delayed therapy. Ticks are the likely vectors, and deer are the likely reservoirs. HGE is associated with Ixodes species ticks and Lyme disease, a finding suggesting concurrent infection. In cases of HME, ehrlichial inclusions (morulae) are rarely detected; however, they are often seen in neutrophils of patients with HGE. A clinical diagnosis is confirmed with use of the polymerase chain reaction during the infection or by serology during convalescence. Therapy with doxycycline is highly efficacious.
Freezing Low Volume Aqueous Solutions to Preserve Ammonia and Nitrate plus Nitrite

Analysis of N and P in leachate is important in studying the fate of fertilizers after they are applied to turfgrass and landscape plants. Depending on environmental factors, in situ leachate samples collected from the field are often less than 20 mL. Due to the time and resource commitment of N and P analysis, it is desirable for many samples to be collected before analysis is conducted. In addition, past research has documented that acid preserva- tion of low volume samples for N analysis can lead to inaccurate P measurements. Two experi- ments conducted in June 2007 and August 2008 compared ammonia-nitrogen (NH 3 -N) and nitrite-nitrogen plus nitrate-nitrogen (NO 2 -N + NO 3 -N) concentrations within low volume samples preserved by freezing to other com- monly used preservation techniques, including the accepted USEPA method. All preservation methods, including storage at less than -20°C, resulted in NH 3 and NO 2 + NO 3 concentrations similar to concentrations measured in imme- diately analyzed aliquots. Freezing low volume leachate water samples for later N analysis is an adequate method of preservation. N. Menchyk, and D. Park, School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences, Clemson Univ., Clemson, SC, 29634; P.H. Moon, and J.B. Unruh, West Florida Research and Education Center, Univ. of Florida, Jay, FL 32565; and L.E. Trenholm, Environmental Horticulture Dep., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611. Received 4 Dec. 2013. *Corresponding author (
Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization for decision-making in building automation

Smart buildings are becoming a trend of next-generation's commercial buildings, which facilitate intelligent control of the building to fulfill occupants' needs. The primary issue of building control is that the energy consumption and the comfort value in a building environment are inevitably conflicting with each other. To study the relation between energy consumption and occupants' comfort, a multi-agent based control framework is proposed for energy and comfort management in smart building. The energy consumption and the comfort value has been considered as two control objectives and utilize Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) to generate the Pareto front which is formed by Pareto Optimal solutions for the multiple objective problem. The tradeoff solutions are valuable in decision-making for building energy and comfort management.
Delayed disposition of cocaine in sweat patches and in skin blister: cocaine may migrate from plasma to sweat patches via interstitial fluid

Sweat patch analysis is extensively used for drug abuse monitoring. The present study investigates how cocaine migrates to sweat patches. In the cumulative collection model, the drug absorption rate in patches should be proportional to the drug concentration in the preceding disposition compartment if drug back-transfer is negligible. Therefore, we measured the slopes of cocaine concentration curves in patches as a marker for absorption rate (into patches) after a single dose of cocaine-d5 (1mg/kg over 60 min) in healthy cocaine users (n=5). Patches were placed on the back of subjects prior to drug administration and removed at 0–72 hr postdose. Blood and interstitial fluid (skin blister fluid) were collected up to 72 hr. Patch cocaine levels showed semi-cumulative collection with peaks between 8 and 48 hr. Cocaine levels in plasma and interstitial fluid peaked at 1.0±0 and 5.3±0.6 hours postdose, respectively, suggesting a delayed cocaine disposition in the interstitial fluid. Similarly, patch cocaine absorption was delayed with rate peaks at 4.3±2.9 hr postdose. Tmax for plasma benzoylecgonine (BE) was 5.0±2.4 hr. BE also showed a delayed peak in the interstitial fluid at 11.3±11.0 hr post, and the highest BE absorption in patches was observed in a similar time range of 12.4±4.9 hr. Cocaine and its metabolite migrate into patches in a time period that coincides with Tmax in interstitial fluid. Cocaine seems to travel from plasma to sweat patches via interstitial fluid. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P44–P44; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.163
Layered media multicast control (LMMC): rate allocation and partitioning

The objective of layering techniques of distributing multimedia traffic over multicast IP networks is to effectively cope with the challenges in continuous media applications. The challenges include heterogeneity, fairness, real-time constraints, and quality of service. We study the problem of rate allocation and receiver partitioning in layered and replicated media systems. We formulate an optimization problem aimed at maximizing a close approximation of the so-called max-min fairness metric subject to loss and bandwidth constraints. Our optimal layered media multicast control (LMMC) solution to the problem analytically determines the layer rates and the corresponding partitioning of the receivers. Our simulation results show the effectiveness of our proposed solution in realistic scenarios.