cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Folic Acid and Pteridines

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the physiological and biological properties of folic acid and pteridines. Nutritional studies with Lactobacillus casei and Streptococcus faecalis R resulted in the discovery of new growth factors, namely, norite eluate factor and folic acid, respectively. Assay methods using these two organisms were employed in the isolation of folic acid and related compounds from natural extracts. Folic acid was isolated in crystalline form from liver and from yeast, and its structure was established by degradation and synthesis. The presence of a pteridine nucleus in folic acid was suggested by early reports indicating a biological relationship between xanthopterin and folic acid as well as by a comparison of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of concentrates of folic acid with the spectra of xanthopterin and other pteridines. It is of interest that many of the reduced folic derivatives prepared as a result of chemical studies of growth factors have subsequently been found to serve directly as coenzymes in the transfer of single carbon units.
Quantitative and Qualitative Role of Antagonistic Heterogeneity in Genetics of Blood Lipids

Prevailing strategies in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) mostly rely on principles of medical genetics emphasizing one gene, one function, one phenotype concept. Here, we performed GWAS of blood lipids leveraging a new systemic concept emphasizing complexity of genetic predisposition to such phenotypes. We focused on total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterols, and triglycerides available for 29,902 individuals of European ancestry from seven independent studies, men and women combined. To implement the new concept, we leveraged the inherent heterogeneity in genetic predisposition to such complex phenotypes and emphasized a new counter intuitive phenomenon of antagonistic genetic heterogeneity, which is characterized by misalignment of the directions of genetic effects and the phenotype correlation. This analysis identified 37 loci associated with blood lipids but only one locus, FBXO33, was not reported in previous top GWAS. We, however, found strong effect of antagonistic heterogeneity that leaded to profound (quantitative and qualitative) changes in the associations with blood lipids in most, 25 of 37 or 68%, loci. These changes suggested new roles for some genes, which functions were considered as well established such as GCKR, SIK3 (APOA1 locus), LIPC, LIPG, among the others. The antagonistic heterogeneity highlighted a new class of genetic associations emphasizing beneficial and adverse trade-offs in predisposition to lipids. Our results argue that rigorous analyses dissecting heterogeneity in genetic predisposition to complex traits such as lipids beyond those implemented in current GWAS are required to facilitate translation of genetic discoveries into health care.
Sexual Violence Among Gender and Sexual Minority College Students: The Risk and Extent of Victimization and Related Health and Educational Outcomes:

A multisite survey conducted at eight campuses of a southwestern university system provides the data for the present study, total N = 17,039 with 1,869 gender and sexual minority (GSM) students. Se...
Question 8: What Is the Histological Type?

The small red area, the flat raised lesion, and the hematoma corresponded with the yellow, the blue, and the green arrows, respectively (Fig. 23.4a–f).
Perfluorochemical‐facilitated plasminogen activator delivery to the airways: A novel treatment for inhalational smoke‐induced acute lung injury

Background Effective clinical management of airway clot and fibrinous cast formation of severe inhalational smoke-induced acute lung injury (ISALI) is lacking. Aerosolized delivery of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is confounded by airway bleeding; single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) moderated this adverse effect and supported transient improvement in gas exchange and lung mechanics. However, neither aerosolized plasminogen activator (PA) yielded durable improvements in physiologic responses or reduction in cast burden. Here, we hypothesized that perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids would facilitate PA distribution and sustain improvements in physiologic outcomes in ISALI. Methods Spontaneously breathing adult sheep (n = 36) received anesthesia and analgesia and were instrumented, exposed to cotton smoke inhalation, and supported by mechanical ventilation for 48 h. Groups (n = 6/group) were studied without supplemental treatment, or, starting 4 h post injury, they received intratracheal low volume (8 mL) PFC liquid alone or a dose range of tPA/PFC or scuPA/PFC suspensions (4 or 8 mg in 8 mL PFC) every 8 h. Outcomes were evaluated by sequential measurements of cardiopulmonary parameters, lung histomorphology, and biochemical analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Results Dose-response and PA-type comparisons of outcomes demonstrated sustained superiority with low-volume PFC suspensions of scuPA over tPA or PFC alone, favoring the highest dose of scuPA/PFC suspension over lower doses, without airway bleeding. Conclusions We propose that this improved profile over previously reported aerosolized delivery is likely related to improved dose distribution. Sustained salutary responses to scuPA/PFC suspension delivery in this translational model are encouraging and support the possibility that the observed outcomes could be of clinical importance.
FLASH Irradiation Results in Reduced Severe Skin Toxicity Compared to Conventional-Dose-Rate Irradiation

Radiation therapy, along with surgery and chemotherapy, is one of the main treatments for cancer. While radiotherapy is highly effective in the treatment of localized tumors, its main limitation is its toxicity to normal tissue. Previous preclinical studies have reported that ultra-high dose-rate (FLASH) irradiation results in reduced toxicity to normal tissues while controlling tumor growth to a similar extent relative to conventional-dose-rate (CONV) irradiation. To our knowledge this is the first report of a dose-response study in mice comparing the effect of FLASH irradiation vs. CONV irradiation on skin toxicity. We found that FLASH irradiation results in both a lower incidence and lower severity of skin ulceration than CONV irradiation 8 weeks after single-fraction hemithoracic irradiation at high doses (30 and 40 Gy). Survival was also higher after FLASH hemithoracic irradiation (median survival >180 days at doses of 30 and 40 Gy) compared to CONV irradiation (median survival 100 and 52 days at 30 and 40 Gy, respectively). No ulceration was observed at doses 20 Gy or below in either FLASH or CONV. These results suggest a shifting of the dose-response curve for radiation-induced skin ulceration to the right for FLASH, compared to CONV irradiation, suggesting the potential for an enhanced therapeutic index for radiation therapy of cancer.
Youth Employment and Financial Well-being: Does Work in High School Build Financial Capability?

This study examines the effect of youth employment on financial well-being in young adulthood using a panel data set that follows teenagers into young adulthood. Those who work in their teenage years are more likely to use credit cards than their counterparts who did not select into working. Using an instrumental variables approach shows large estimates of work on financial well-being later in life. Young adults who worked while in high school are more likely to build a financial buffer through credit card use than those who did not work. Using a sibling fixed effects approach that leverages differences between siblings to control for time-invariant household-level heterogeneity shows similar results. Working in high school has some positive effects consistent with policies and programs that support youth who engage in work early in life.
A deep learning model to predict traumatic brain injury severity and outcome from MR images

For many neurological disorders, including traumatic brain injury (TBI), neuroimaging information plays a crucial role determining diagnosis and prognosis. TBI is a heterogeneous disorder that can result in lasting physical, emotional and cognitive impairments. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive technique that uses radio waves to reveal fine details of brain anatomy and pathology. Although MRIs are interpreted by radiologists, advances are being made in the use of deep learning for MRI interpretation. This work evaluates a deep learning model based on a residual learning convolutional neural network that predicts TBI severity from MR images. The model achieved a high sensitivity and specificity on the test sample of subjects with varying levels of TBI severity. Six outcome measures were available on TBI subjects at 6 and 12 months. Group comparisons of outcomes between subjects correctly classified by the model with subjects misclassified suggested that the neural network may be able to identify latent predictive information from the MR images not incorporated in the ground truth labels. The residual learning model shows promise in the classification of MR images from subjects with TBI.
Achieving Higher Throughput and Better Fairness in Multihop Wireless Networks Using Modified MAC 802.11 Protocol

Multihop Wireless Networks (MWNs) provide a fast and easy way for communication between multiple nodes. But they are susceptible to fading, noise, path loss and interference causing a grave degradation in their performance. The IEEE 802.11 MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol used in these networks plays an important role in their performance. The IEEE 802.11 MAC works well on single-hop networks but not on mutlihop networks. In overloaded MWNs, nodes far away from the destination experience further throughput decline, caused by increased collisions, along the way to the destination, thus resulting in more data loss. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ACK (Acknowledgment) packets are also prone to collisions just like data packets, causing unnecessary re-transmissions. Previous studies show that fragmentation threshold and buffer size at the MAC layer play an important role in enhancing aggregate throughput. However, not too much research considered the fairness problem. To mitigate the fairness problem, we suggest changing, besides the fragmentation and buffer thresholds, the nodes' transmission rate threshold. In this work, we introduce a new MAC algorithm; we named Adaptive Transmission Rate, Fragmentation and Buffer thresholds (ATFB). ATFB considers the location of nodes relative to their destination to compute the collision probability of both packets and ACKs. It then uses these values to estimate new transmission, fragmentation, and buffer thresholds for all nodes in the network. We show that ATFB significantly over-performs the default 802.11g MAC protocol in terms of individual nodes' throughput, end-to-end throughput, fairness, delay and response time.
The Arab Spring: Pathways of Repression and Reform

Introduction: The Third Arab Spring 1. Theorizing the Arab Spring 2. Lineages of Repression 3. Breakdowns and Crackdowns 5. Why Breakdowns Did Not Always Produce Transitions 6. Limits and Legacies of the Arab Spring
A Hypothesis Concerning the Effects of Macro-Porosity on Mechanical Properties of Concrete

A hypothetical mechanism is offered for the observation that the porosity has a greater effect on the compressive strength of a concrete than on its flexural strength which effect is again greater than that on pulse velocity. The explanation is based on Griffith’s theory of fracture of brittle materials which states that even uniaxial loadings, such as uniaxial compression, produce not only a uniaxial stress field but also tensile stress concentrations around the pore tips in the brittle material. These, in turn, crack the material progressively until it fails. The greater the magnitude of the uniform stress field, the greater the stress concentrations, thus the greater the damage caused by the pores. This is why, say, 1% increase in porosity causes greater reduction in the compressive strength of a concrete than in its flexural strength or in other mechanical properties. A quantitative form of this mechanism is also presented.
Asymmetry in the angular distribution of inclusive ∧ baryons from e+e− annihilations at s=29 GeV

Abstract A forward-backward asymmetry A, consistent with that expected from the γ−Z0 interference term in the process e + e − → q q , is observed in the laboratory production angular distribution of high-momentum ∧ baryons. The data were collected with the High Resolution Spectrometer at PEP. The asymmetry for ∧ baryons with fractional energy z= 2E s greater than 0.3 is A = (−23± 8plusmn; 2)%.
Object-Oriented Analysis and Top-Down Software Development

In this paper, we address the issue of how to provide an analyst that uses the object-oriented paradigm with a top-down approach. An analyst gets this approach for free when working within the structured paradigm. Ensembles are introduced that differ from objects in that they connote entities with internal parallelism. Preliminary experimentation suggests that ensembles allow for information hiding.
Sport for refugee youth in a new society : the role of acculturation in sport for development and peace programming

With the growing recognition of sport as a vehicle for development and peace, there has been a considerable increase in the use of sport for development programs and initiatives targeting underprivileged youth in the most at-risk areas of the world (refugee youth in this study). Little evidence and information, however, is available on how sport can be utilised as a tool for refugee youth when they move to a host/or new society. As relocation projects for refugee youth continue to increase around the world, it is critical for stakeholders of the Sport for Development and Peace (SFDP) movement to understand the initial value of their programs for integrating refugee youth in a new society. Given that relocation of refugee youth is strongly associated with the process of acculturation, this article attempts to explain the construct of acculturation within the framework of the SFDP movement and how SFDP programs can be utilised as a vehicle for refugee youth in acculturating into a host country. Based on the acculturation literature, recommendations for SFDP programs for refugee youth in a new country are provided.
Longterm safety, efficacy, and radiographic outcome with etanercept treatment in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate safety, efficacy, and radiographic progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) undergoing longterm treatment with etanercept. METHODS: Patients with early RA (disease duration of 3 years or less) who had completed a 2-year efficacy study comparing etanercept and methotrexate (MTX) were followed in an extension where they received 25 mg etanercept twice weekly. Safety was summarized descriptively and compared with data from the efficacy study. Efficacy and radiographic progression were assessed using American College of Rheumatology response criteria, disease activity scores, and Total Sharp Score (TSS). RESULTS: Rates of serious adverse events and serious infections did not increase with longterm exposure to etanercept, and were similar to rates reported for the blinded portion of the efficacy study. Efficacy was sustained in patients who completed 5 years of etanercept treatment at the time of this report (N = 201), even in those who decreased or discontinued use of MTX or corticosteroids. No radiographic progression (change in TSS < or = 0) was seen in 55% of patients with 5-year radiographs; negative change (TSS < 0) was seen in 11%. CONCLUSION: Etanercept treatment in patients with early RA was generally well tolerated for up to 5 years. The results indicate sustained efficacy and decreased rate of radiographic progression. The rate of radiographic progression was low compared with other studies, emphasizing the benefit gained in patients with early aggressive RA who undergo longterm treatment with etanercept.
Autonomy-facilitation or autonomy-promotion? The case of sex education

This article offers a critique of Harry Brighouse’s ‘autonomy-facilitating education’, which aims to enable students to reflect critically on their lives and society without disposing them to do so. Because it is ‘character-neutral’, this kind of education purportedly avoids some of the controversy surrounding autonomy-promotion. At the same time, it allegedly equips students to withstand common pressures and influences which jeopardize their prospective autonomy. Yet, as I argue here, autonomy-facilitating education cannot live up to the promises Brighouse makes for it. As the case of sex education exemplifies, students need more than a toolbox of rational skills to overcome persistent threats to their autonomy. They need access to an autonomy-promoting education that attends to their cognitive and psychosocial development.
Low temperature overpressurization protection system setpoint analysis using RETRAN for Salem

Abstract The Low Temperature Overpressurization Protection System (LTOPS) is designed to protect the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) from brittle failure during startup and cooldown maneuvers in Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactors. For the Public Service Electric and Gas Company Salem power plants, the Power-Operated Relief Valves (PORVs) mitigate pressure increases above a setpoint where an operational startup transient may put the RPV in the embrittlement fracture zone. The 10 CFR 50 Appendix-G limit, given by the Salem Technical Specifications, conservatively bounds the maximum pressure allowed during those transients where the RPV can suffer brittle fracture (usually below 350°F). The Appendix-G limit is a pressure versus temperature curve that is more restrictive at lower RPV temperatures, and allows for higher pressures as the temperature approaches the upper bounding fracture temperature. Salem currently uses a very restrictive constant LTOPS setpoint pressure. Since there is only about 50 pounds per square inch between the minimum pressure to start and run a Reactor Coolant Pump (RCP) and the current PORV setpoint, it is difficult to start an RCP without actuating LTOPS, which is a reportable licensing event. A new methodology is presented for determining an LTOPS pressure setpoint that is less restrictive than the current setpoint, but still conservative enought to protect the RPV from any credible pressurization transient. This new setpoint has the potential to decrease the number of LTOPS actuations by providing more operating margin during startup and cooldown maneuvers.
Widows in Retirement Communities: The Social Context of Subjective Well-being

This study focuses on why some widows were satisfied in retirement communities and some were not. Satisfied widows were more socially active and were the majority in the community. Widows and married differed in social interactions contingent on which group was in the majority. The ratio of marrieds to widows in a community may lead to different social interaction in the two groups which, in turn, may influence widows' satisfaction.
Carpal Tunnel Expansion by Palmarly Directed Forces to the Transverse Carpal Ligament

This study investigated the expansion of the carpal tunnel resulting from the application of palmarly directed forces to the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) from inside the carpal tunnel. Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric hands were dissected to evacuate the carpal tunnel, and thus to expose the TCL. A custom lever device was built to apply forces, ranging from 10 N to 200 N, to the TCL. Without force application, the carpal tunnel area was 148.4+/-36.8 mm2. The force application caused the TCL to form arches with an increase in cross-sectional areas of 33.3+/-5.6 mm2 at 10 N and 48.7+/-11.4 mm2 at 200 N, representing respective increases of 22.4% and 32.8% relative to the initial carpal tunnel area. The TCL length remained constant under the applied forces. It was found that the TCL arch formation was due to the narrowing of the arch width, which resulted from the migration of the bony insertion sites of the TCL. A geometrical model of the carpal tunnel was then developed to elucidate the relationships among the arch width, TCL length, arch height, and arch area. The model illustrated the effectiveness of carpal tunnel expansion by TCL elongation or arch width narrowing.
Time-resolved imaging of material response during laser-induced bulk damage in SiO2

We report on time resolved imaging of the dynamic events taking place during laser-induced damage in the bulk of fused silica samples with nanosecond temporal resolution and one micron spatial resolution. These events include: shock/pressure wave formation and propagation, transient absorption, crack propagation and formation of residual stress fields. The work has been performed using a time-resolved microscope system that utilizes a probe pulse to acquire images at delay times covering the entire timeline of a damage event. Image information is enhanced using polarized illumination and simultaneously recording the two orthogonal polarization image components. For the case of fused silica, an electronic excitation is first observed accompanied by the onset of a pressure wave generation and propagation. Cracks are seen to form early in the process and reach their final size at about 25 ns into the damage event. In addition, changes that in part are attributed to transient absorption in the modified material are observed for delays up to about 200 microseconds.
myo-inositol action on gerbil intestine: alterations in alkaline phosphatase activity upon phosphatidylinositol depletion and repletion in vivo.

Abstract The influence of phosphatidylinositol (PI) on intestinal alkaline phosphatse activity was studied in myo -inositol deficient gerbils. A reduction of membrane PI in intestinal mucosa to 30–40% of the control was produced by feeding female gerbils a myo -inositol-deficient diet containing coconut oil for 2 weeks. As expected, the animals developed typical intestinal lipodystrophy with abnormal fat accumulation. In the PI-depleted animal, intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was reduced to 20–30% of the control group. The levels of both membranous and soluble enzymes in intestinal mucosa were affected, but there were no changes in liver, kidney and plasma levels. When the lipodystrophic gerbils were given dietary myo -inositol, the complete repletion of intestinal membrane PI to the control level occurred 36 h later, whereas membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase activity in intestine was not restored to the control level until 72 h later. Administration of cycloheximide or actinomycin D did not block this enzyme induction. Lymphatic output of triacylglycerol into the bloodstream was stimulated 10-fold at 18 h of myo -inositol repletion, but there was no parallel increase in the activity of alkaline phosphatase in plasma during this early phase of intestinal recovery. Thus, these data suggest a possible regulatory role of PI in the processing and/or turnover of alkaline phosphatase in vivo, but a negative role of alkaline phosphatase in lipid transport across gerbil intestine.
The Stability of Personality: Observations and Evaluations

In this brief passage, Emerson an ticipated modern findings about the stability of personality and pointed out an illusion to which both layper sons and psychologists are prone. He was also perhaps the first to de cry personality stability as the enemy of freedom, creativity, and growth, objecting that "temperament puts all divinity to rout." In this article, we summarize evidence in support of Emerson's observations but offer ar guments against his evaluation of them.2
The effect of non-coherency on the intensity of resonantly scattered sunlight in a planetary atmosphere

Abstract Three frequency redistribution functions have been used in Monte Carlo calculations of the intensities due to resonance scattering of sunlight in an inhomogeneous atmosphere. The three functions used to describe the frequency change on scattering are (1) complete frequency redistribution (CFR), in which the scattered frequency is assumed independent of the initial frequency and has the same probability distribution as the absorption coefficient; (2) monochromatic radiative equilibrium (MRE), in which there is assumed to be no frequency shift in the frame of the observer; and (3) partial frequency redistribution (PFR), which is more precise than CFR or MRE since it is exact for an average scattering angle. The results apply mainly to the cores of saturated lines where Doppler broadening dominates over natural broadening. They confirm that in the core CFR yields results in very good agreement with those obtained with PFR. They also indicate that MRE yields reflected intensities only a few per cent high and intensities internal to the atmosphere no more than 30 per cent in error.
Autoradiographic and electron microscopic studies of minced cardiac muscle regeneration in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens

The regenerative response of minced cardiac muscle grafts in the adult newt was studied using autoradiography and electron microscopy. One-sixteenth to one-eighth of the newt ventricle was amputated, minced, and returned to the wounded ventricle. At five days after grafting, no reorganization of graft msucle pieces was apparent and there was degeneration of much of the muscle graft. Another, smaller population of 5-day myocytes had euchromatic nuclei and intact sarcolemmae. In 10- and 16-day grafts, continuity between ventricular and graft lumina was established and coalescence of graft pieces was apparent. Ultrastructurally, 10- and 16-day graft myocytes appeared to have fewer myofibrillae and increased amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, Golig complexes, and dense bodies when compared to uninjured ventricular myocytes. The peak of proliferative activity of graft cells was observed at 16 days. Electron microscopic autoradiography revealed breadkdown of myofibrillar structure in labeled myocytes, whereas in myocytes in the later stages of mitosis only scattered myofilaments and no Z bands were present. By 30 days, grafts appeared as an integrated structure composed primarily of cardiac muscle. Myocytes of 30-day grafts were observed in various stages of myofibrillogenesis and contained numberous 10-nm filaments. Seventy-day graft mycoytes had numberous well organized myofibrillae and intercellular junctions similar to those seen in uninjured ventricular myocytes.
Use of structural equation modeling to test the construct validity of a case definition of Gulf War syndrome: Invariance over developmental and validation samples, service branches and publicity

Abstract To attempt to replicate the syndrome-like structure identified by exploratory factor analysis of symptom reports from 249 Gulf War veterans of a Naval reserve battalion (the developmental sample), we administered Haley's original symptom questionnaire to 335 Gulf War veterans who served primarily in active-duty US Army units living in North Texas (the validation sample). On the basis of recently validated goodness-of-fit criteria (SRMR≤0.08, RMSEA≤0.06, and CFI≥0.95), a structural equation model (Model 1) with four symptom scales loading on each of three first-order latent syndrome factors fit both the developmental and validation samples well and was invariant across both samples. Additional models validated a higher-order latent factor (a single Gulf War syndrome) explaining the variances and covariances of the first-order factors, four additional symptom scales loading on the higher-order factor, and four possible secondary factor loadings that also fit the data well. All structural models were invariant across cohorts of the validation sample surveyed before and after intense publicity following publication of the case definition. These findings suggest that the apparent syndrome structure of a single Gulf War syndrome with three variants may be found widely and justify a confirmatory sample survey of Gulf War-era veterans.
Lustration, Transitional Justice, and Social Trust in Post-Communist Countries. Repairing or Wresting the Ties that Bind?

Interpersonal trust in post-communist societies is particularly low, and is often cited as an impediment to democratic consolidation. One way in which countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have tried to build trust is through transitional justice measures, particularly lustration or vetting policies. There is a direct relationship postulated between lustration, transitional justice, and social trust building. This paper tests this assumption by examining the impact of both targeted lustration and broader transitional justice programmes on social trust. The study finds there is a divergent impact of lustration on trust, both building particularised trust in social institutions and undermining generalised interpersonal trust.
DEVELOPMENT OF A DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENT FOR EVALUATING TENNIS SERVING PERFORMANCE

Summary.-A learning-sequence ratlng Lorm for the slice tennis serve was developed and validated. Six skill components were identified and served as the basis for evaluation. Movement characteristics for observable learning stages were also described. The videotaped serving actions of 81 tennis players of different ability were then evaluated independently by trained raters using the rating form developed. A measure of the rating form's reliability was obtained using the intraclass correlation method (R) described by Baumgartner and Jackson in 1987. Content-related evidence for validity was also obtained. Intraclass reliability coefficients ranged from .70 to .96 across the six skill components identified in the final rating form. The tennis serve rating form provides researchers and coaches a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating cennis serving performance at various stages of learning. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a diagnostic instrument which could be used by researchers and/or coaches to evaluate tennis serving performance at various stages in the learning process. While Roberton and colleagues (Roberton, 1977, 1978; Roberton & Halverson, 1977) have developed diagnostic instruments designed to evaluate the various learning stages observed in a variety of fundamental motor skills, no validated instruments exist for the evaluation of more complex motor skills such as the tennis serve. The first step in the development of such an instrument involved the identification of the major slull components underlying the tennis-serve action. A review of contemporary tennis publications (e.g., Groppel, 1984; Groppel, Loehr, Melville, & Quinn, 1989) and discussion with several tennis coaches resulted in the division of the serving action into six major skill components. These included body position, ball toss, backward swing, forward swing, trunk and hip action, and footwork. Each skill component was then divided into performance levels according to identifiable movement characteristics. The skill components of starting body position and footwork were subsequently divided into two levels, the ball toss and trunk and hip action into three levels and the two remaining components of arm backswing and forward swing were divided into four identifiable performance levels. Descriptions of the movement characteristics comprising each respective performance level within each identified skill-component category are presented in the Tennis Serve Rating Form in Table 1.
Facebook: examining the information presented and its impact on stakeholders

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the content of for‐profit organizations' Facebook pages and how the communication strategy employed impacts stakeholders' perceptions of the organization‐public relationship, corporate social responsibility, attitudes, and purchase intent.Design/methodology/approach – For Study 1, a content analysis examined the types of information on for‐profit organizations' Facebook pages. Facebook pages were coded for organizational disclosure and information dissemination, corporate social responsibility information, and interactivity. Pages were also coded for using a corporate ability, corporate social responsibility, or hybrid communication strategy. Three organizations were then selected based on the content analysis results to serve as exemplars in the two‐phase experiment. Participants filled out measures of initial attitudes, perceptions of the organization‐public relationship, corporate social responsibility, and purchase intent. A week later, participants in...
Logistics for Designing a Recharging Grid for the Hybrid Vehicle System: Part II

As the number of hybrid vehicles on the road increases, there is an imminent need for an infrastructural support to make these new acquisitions practicable. This project details the infrastructural design using fuel cell energy from the Technology Park of Kettering University for setting up 10 pilot recharging outlets at the parking lot for the experimental fleet all year round. The Technology Park houses a hydrogen refueling station for a fleet of five buses, fuel cell and solar energy laboratories and various incubators for various alternative energy companies. The current resources at the Center include a 2 kW high temperature HT-PEM produced by GEI, LLC and a GREENLIGHT Test station. The use of solar energy-electrolyzer and fuel cell during the day is also considered for a public parking lot with a capacity of 30 vehicles. The applicable codes and standards regarding such installations are reviewed.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
An evaluation of the factors determining the effectiveness of water quality buffer zones

Abstract This study examines the relative role of slope length, slope gradient, surface roughness, and soil hydrologic properties on determining the pollution control effectiveness of vegetated buffer zones. Two models describing buffer conveyance capacity are introduced. The first assumes that pollutant transport through the buffer depends on the energy of overland flow and is based on Bagnold's stream power concept. The second assumes that the buffer effectiveness is a function of total contact time of both surface runoff and throughflow and is based on Darcy's law and the Manning equation. The hydraulic and detention models, respectively, are applied to the problem of estuarine shoreline buffer zone delineation in Carteret County, North Carolina. Results show that where solid-phase pollutants transported as suspended or bedload in overland flow are the major concern, slope gradient is the most critical factor, followed by soil hydraulic conductivity. Where dissolved pollutants that are transported by both surface and subsurface flow are of concern, buffer width is by far the most important factor, with soil moisture storage capacity also playing a role. Methods developed here may be applied to any water quality buffer delineation problem to determine the relative influence of soil properties, geomorphology, and surface conditions.
Effect of ovarian steroids on footshock avoidance learning and retention in female mice.

Mice were trained to avoid footshock in a T-maze, with retention tested one week later. Adult male CD-1 mice made their first avoidance during acquisition after fewer trials than random cycling females and with less variability. Female mice in diestrus, when plasma levels of progesterone are low, learned to avoid footshock faster than females in estrus. Ovariectomized (OVX) mice learned in fewer trials than intact random cycling mice. Similar differences, though of a smaller magnitude, were found on the retention tests (i.e. males had better retention than females, mice in diestrus showed better retention 8 days later when in the same part of the estrous cycle than those in estrus, and OVX mice had better retention than cycling females). OVX mice with estrogen implants learned faster than those with progesterone implants or progesterone plus estrogen implants. Hormonal status did not affect sensitivity to acoustic or footshock stimuli as measured by a startle reflex, nor did it affect activity. Pretraining administration of amphetamine, picrotoxin and strychnine attenuated the impairing effect of progesterone on acquisition. The possibility that progesterone may impair learning and to some extent, retention by facilitating the GABAergic activity and thereby reducing arousal level is discussed.
Two-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet: A quantum Monte Carlo study.

Spin-1/2 nearest-neighbor Heisenberg antiferromagnet on a square lattice is studied via a large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulation. We developed a fast and efficient multispin coding algorithm on a parallel supercomputer, based on the Suzuki-Trotter transformation. We performed high-statistics simulations on lattices as large as 128\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}128 spins, in the temperature range from 0.25J to 2.5J. We calculated energy, specific heat, uniform and staggered susceptibility, and staggered correlation function, from which we deduce the correlation length. For temperatures higher than J, the results are in excellent agreement with high-temperature series expansion. At low temperatures the long-wavelength behavior is essentially classical. Our data show that the correlation length and staggered susceptibility are quantitatively well described by the renormalized classical picture at the two-loop level of approximation. From the divergence of correlation length, we deduce the value of quantum-renormalized spin stiffness, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$/J=0.199(2). We give evidence that the correlation function is of Ornstein-Zernike type. By comparing the largest measured correlation lengths with neutron scattering experiments on ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$, we deduce the value of effective exchange coupling J=1450\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}30 K.
Silicon-embedded toroidal inductors with magnetic cores: Design methodology and experimental validation

An approach to the ultimate integration and miniaturization of MEMS-based 3-D magnetic components involves embedding the volume of the magnetic structures within the volume of the silicon wafer itself, exploiting microfabricated windings to create current paths, and utilizing embedded magnetic cores within the limited footprint of these components to boost the magnetic performance. However, this embedding approach imposes volumetric and microfabrication constraints that require an unusual magnetic component optimization methodology compared to wire-wound inductors and PCB inductors. These constraints dictate embedded toroidal inductors with non-overlapping windings and thin magnetic cores, and impose additional limitations on inductor design parameters such as pattern resolution, the number of winding turns and winding thickness; these constraints complicate the trade-offs to be made in designing core-integrated inductors. A design methodology encompassing these constraints is therefore needed. For a targeted inductance value within a given footprint, our design methodology addresses an inductor with a maximized quality factor based on the trade-offs between copper loss and core loss. To illustrate this methodology, silicon-embedded inductors with iron powder cores are designed and fabricated; a quality factor of 24 is achieved at 30 MHz.
Borepin and Its Analogues: Planar and Nonplanar Compounds

Density-functional calculations are used to study methylated borepins and aminoborepins, dibenzoborepins, and tribenzoborepin. Steric hindrance and attenuated aromatic character produce significant...
Derivatization of (±) dihydrotetrabenazine for copper-64 labeling towards long-lived radiotracers for PET imaging of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2

Dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) derivatized from (+) Tetrabenazine (TBZ) has been used for imaging the expression of VMAT2 when labeled with (11)C (t1/2=20.3 min) or (18)F (t1/2=110 min) in neurodegenerative diseases or pancreatic beta-cell. Because (11)C or (18)F radiolabels are only available in the proximity of a biomedical cyclotron facility, here we report our work of derivatizing (+) and (-) DTBZ using a (64)Cu-specific bifunctional chelator scaffold ((64)Cu: t1/2=12.7 h) for the preparation of long-lived VMAT2 targeted radiotracers, (64)Cu-CB-TE2A-(+)-DTBZ and (64)Cu-CB-TE2A-(-)-DTBZ. The specific VMAT2 binding affinity of (64)Cu-CB-TE2A-(+)-DTBZ measured using rat brain homogenate or porcine islets was not compromised by our chemical modifications while that of its (-) counterpart remained low as in (11)C or (18)F labeled (±) DTBZ.
Nucleotide sequence of the three major early promoters of bacteriophage T7.

I have determined the nucleotide sequences of the three major early promoters of bacteriophage T7 (A1, A2, A3). The sequences confirm the two main homologies found between other known promoters for E. coli RNA polymerase (nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyl transferase, E.C. 2. 7. 7. 6). In particular, all three T7 promoters show a very good match with the -35 region homology; the A2 and A3 promoters share a 17 basepair sequence in this region. On the other hand, the match with the Pribnow Box homology is much less pronounced and different for each T7 promoter.
Achieving supply chain agility through IT integration and flexibility

Abstract Being responsive is an increasingly important skill for firms in today's global economy; thus firms must be agile. Naturally, it follows that an organization's agility depends on its supply chain being agile. However, achieving supply chain agility is a function of other abilities within the organization, specifically supply chain flexibility and information technology (IT) integration. Using empirical data, we find a domino effect among IT integration, supply chain flexibility, supply chain agility, and competitive business performance. Results from this study indicate that IT integration enables a firm to tap its supply chain flexibility which in turn results in higher supply chain agility and ultimately higher competitive business performance. While these results indicate that firms should invest first in IT for integrating information before investing in flexible processes, additional research is needed.
Survival of nodular versus diffuse pattern lymphocytic poorly differentiated lymphoma.

Response and survival were analyzed in 97 patients with NLPD (Nodular Lymphocytic Poorly Differentiated Lymphoma) and 77 with DLPD (Diffuse Lymphocytic Poorly Differentiated) treated by intensive versus moderate chemotherapy regimens. The complete and overall response rate in NLPD of 47% and 81% was significantly superior to 25% and 59% obtained in DLPD. The estimated two year survival of 83% in NLPD was also significantly superior to 47% two year survivorship of DLPD (p less than .001). The chemotherapy responsiveness had a significantly favorable effect on DLPD survivorship with two year survivals of 84% for CR, 58% for PR and 17% for PD. In NLPD the effect of chemotherapy responsiveness on survival was less striking (CR 91%, PR 85%, and PD 72% surviving two years). The data, in our opinion, confirm the rationale for the use of aggressive multiple agent chemotherapy regimens in DLPD where achievement of compelte response appears to be the single most important factor in improving survivorship. On the other hand NLPD, with excellent survival rates which appear to be only partially dependent on chemotherapy responsiveness might serve as an ideal model for moderate intensity or single agent chemotherapy trials.
Spatial statistics for predicting fluid flow through a single rock fracture

Steady-state laminar flow through single rock fractures is predicted in terms of spatial statistics computed from the arrangement of voids and contact areas within the fracture. Within the voids, aperture is assumed to be constant. One statistic measures how often pixels alternate from void to contact area in the rows parallel to the flow direction. Two others measure the dispersion of voids in the rows and columns of the pattern. Fractures with complexity typical of observed data are simulated. Flow through patterns with 80% voids is predicted in terms of a linear combination of the three statistics. Using an extended model involving one of the three statistics, flow through patterns with other void fractions is predicted.
Primary productivity and trace-metal contamination measurements from a clean rosette system versus ultra-clean Go-Flo bottles

Abstract Primary productivity rates, measured during the 1992 United States Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (U.S. JGOFS) Equatorial Pacific (EqPac) process study with a new Trace-Metal clean rosette system (TM rosette) designed to be trace-metal clean, agreed within 5% with those determined using ultra-clean procedures that were previously shown to be trace-metal clean. The TM rosette system did not inhibit phytoplankton primary productivity rates. Using the TM rosette system, there was no contamination of Co, Ni, Cu, Cd or Pb, and only slight contamination of Fe and Zn, relative to ultra-clean collection. However, the slight contaminations were below levels that affect primary productivity rates. Therefore, systematic phytoplankton inhibition by trace-metal contamination appears to have been successfully eliminated with water collected using the TM rosette system.
Nima Naghibi. Rethinking Global Sisterhood: Western Feminism and Iran. Mineapolis: London, 2007

Coming out at a critical period for world history, particularly after 9/11 and U.S. involvement in the Middle East, Nima Naghibi's book not only bears historical resonance with its focus on Western...
Parent–Child Interaction Therapy for the Treatment of Asperger’s Disorder in Early Childhood A Case Study

Almost half of all children diagnosed with Asperger’s disorder (ASP) present with comorbid behavioral difficulties associated with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorders. Children with ASP often are noncompliant, aggressive, and difficult for parents to manage, which may prevent these children from participating in school and community activities, thus contributing to reduced opportunities for development of important skills. Finding effective interventions to treat these behavioral issues remains a clinical priority to improve overall outcomes for these children. This case study presents the treatment of a 5-year-old boy with ASP and severe behavior problems using Parent–Child Interaction Therapy, an empirically supported behavioral parenting intervention developed for young children with disruptive behavior disorders. Findings from this case report documented (a) an improvement in behavio...
Determination of barbiturates in urine containing salicylate

A procedure is described in which urine pigments, salicylate, and other chromogenic materials which preclude spectrophotometric evaluation of barbiturate by virtue of their strong absorption in the ultraviolet region are removed from a chloroform solution by selective adsorption.
General conditions for the existence of maximal elements via the uncovered set

Abstract This paper disentangles the topological assumptions of classical results (e.g., Walker, 1977 on the existence of maximal elements from rationality conditions. It is known from the social choice literature that under the standard topological conditions—with no rationality assumptions on preferences—there is an element such that the upper section of strict preference at that element is minimal in terms of set inclusion, i.e., the uncovered set is nonempty. Assuming the finite subordination property, a condition that weakens known acyclicity and convexity assumptions, each such uncovered alternative is in fact maximal. Implications are a generalization of a result of Yannelis and Prabhakar (1983) on semi-convexity, an extension of Fan’s (1961) lemma on KKM correspondences, and the existence of fixed points for subordinate convex correspondences generalizing the work of Browder (1968) .