cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Boundary spanning leadership among community-engaged faculty: An exploratory study of faculty participating in higher education community engagement

The purpose of this study was to explore faculty members’ perceptions of their roles as boundary spanners, the expectations they have for professional competencies related to boundary spanning, and how these faculty were prepared to successfully perform in their boundary-spanning leadership roles. In the context of higher education community engagement, boundary spanning refers to the work that is critical in overcoming the divide between the institution and the community (Weerts & Sandmann, 2010). This study revealed boundary-spanning faculty leaders’ perceptions of their roles, competencies for effective community-engaged teaching and scholarship, and ways in which institutions may cultivate and support boundary-spanning leadership among current and future scholars and educators.
Patient Selection and Appropriate Use Criteria

The American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and American Association for Thoracic Surgery, and other societies, developed and published appropriate use criteria (AUC) for coronary revascularization initially in 2009 [1, 2]. The AUC were updated in 2012, and more recently in 2017. The primary purpose of the AUC is to provide a framework to assess clinical practice patterns, expand physician decision-making, and improve the quality of care [1]. Since the publication of the AUC for coronary revascularization in 2009, the volume of nonacute PCI has significantly decreased [3, 4]. Moreover, the proportion of nonacute PCI’s classified as inappropriate has also declined [3].
Science Personality and STEM Ambassador

Dr. Amy Elliott has had unique opportunities to serve as a STEM role model through her various media production projects. Her debut on screen was as a competitor on an engineering reality show competition called “The Big Brain Theory,” aired by The Discovery Channel. Following this competition, Dr. Elliott served as an on-camera host for RoboNation’s water-based, annual collegiate competitions and for The Science Channel’s viral video show, “Outrageous Acts of Science.” Dr. Elliott also serves as volunteer pit-crew for Green Envy Racing, a woman-lead race team that seeks to set and speed records with electric motorcycles. Because of Dr. Elliott’s public exposure, she was selected as an IF/THEN Ambassador by the American Associate for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), a program that seeks to highlight women as STEM role models. Dr. Elliott’s work in 3D printing is frequently a source of inspiration for her.
Evolutionary history limits species' ability to match color sensitivity to available habitat light

The spectrum of light that an animal sees - from ultraviolet to far red light - is governed by the number and wavelength sensitivity of a family of retinal proteins called opsins. It has been hypothesized that the spectrum of light available in an environment influences the range of colors that a species has evolved to see. However, invertebrates and vertebrates use phylogenetically distinct opsins in their retinae, and it remains unclear whether these distinct opsins influence what animals see, or how they adapt to their light environments. Systematically utilizing published visual sensitivity data from across animal phyla, we found that terrestrial animals are more sensitive to shorter and longer wavelengths of light than aquatic animals, and that invertebrates are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than vertebrates. Controlling for phylogeny removes the effects of habitat and lineage on visual sensitivity. Closed and open habitat terrestrial species have similar spectral sensitivities when comparing across the Metazoa, and deep water animals are more sensitive to shorter wavelengths of light than shallow water animals. Our results suggest that animals do adapt to their light environment, however the invertebrate-vertebrate evolutionary divergence has limited the degree to which animals can perform visual tuning.
Evasion and interactions of the humoral innate immune response in pathogen invasion, autoimmune disease, and cancer

The humoral innate immune system is composed of three major branches, complement, coagulation, and natural antibodies. To persist in the host, pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancers must evade parts of the innate humoral immune system. Disruptions in the humoral innate immune system also play a role in the development of autoimmune diseases. This review will examine how Gram positive bacteria, viruses, cancer, and the autoimmune conditions systemic lupus erythematosus and anti-phospholipid syndrome, interact with these immune system components. Through examining evasion techniques it becomes clear that an interplay between these three systems exists. By exploring the interplay and the evasion/disruption of the humoral innate immune system, we can develop a better understanding of pathogenic infections, cancer, and autoimmune disease development.
ELECTRON CYCLOTRON HEATING ON THE ISX-B TOKAMAK•

One experiment on electron cyclotron heating on the Impurity Study Experiment (ISX-b) tokamak has been completed and a second experiment is in progress. In the first experiment, with a gyrotron producing 100 kW at 35 GHz, a heating efficiency greater than 60% was achieved. Unpolarized radiation was launched from the high field side of the tokamak, heating electrons at cyclotron resonance in the center of the plasma. From laser scattering and thermal emission at the second gyroharmonic, the electron temperature, initially 850 eV, increased to 1250 eV at the end of a 15-ms pulse. The second experiment is now in progress, with 180 kW at 28 GHz and a capability of 100-ms pulses. A comparison between polarized and unpolarized radiation, modification of the plasma current profile, and a critical comparison with theory are planned. In this paper, experiments on preionization at the upper hybrid resonance are reported. A plasma with an electron temperature of 10 eV was produced, which is not high enough to reduce impurity radiation. The resistive part of the loop voltage was reduced by preionization. Plans for an experiment to measure electric current induced by electron cyclotron heating are presented, along with a review of the theoreticalmore » basis of the current drive.« less
Bartonella: an Emerging Human Pathogen

Bartonella species have become recognized as substantial human pathogens associated with a wide spectrum of diseases. Four members of the genus are known to cause human infection: Bartonella bacillifarmis, B. henselae, B. quintana, and B. elizabethae. Bacillary peliosis hepatis (BP) is a different vasculoproliferative histopathological entity that occurs in the liver and spleen and occasionally in lymph nodes. Patients with BP can develop thrombocytopenia or pancytopenia and elevated levels of hepatic enzymes, most commonly increased alkaline phosphatase. Bartonella can be isolated directly from the cutaneous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis (BA), but recovery is even more difficult and may require cultivation of biopsied tissue with endothelial cells for weeks. It is likely that cat scratch disease (CSD) is the most commonly recognized Bartonella infection of humans, affecting at least 22,000 people each year and costing more than $12 million annually for diagnosis and treatment in the United States alone. The identification of B. henselae as the agent of CSD and the ability to culture this organism and detect antibodies to it have better defined the spectrum of CSD infection. As with other Bartonella species, the transmission of these four Bartonella species among small mammals is presumed to occur via arthropod vectors. Infection in immunocompromised hosts is associated with an unusual stimulation of vascular proliferation (BA), while infection with the same species, B. hensetae, causes an entirely different histopathological response (CSD) in immunocompetent hosts.
Voice recognition for the IBM 7535 robot

The authors describe the development of a voice-recognition control system for the IBM 7535 industrial manufacturing robot. This voice-controlled robotic system is implemented using a VCS 1000 isolated-word recognition system as the input control device and an IBM PC/AT for the interface unit between the robot and the word recognition unit. QUICKBASIC computer programs were developed to accept words from the VCS 1000, interpret these work-commands, and transmit a real-time sequence of movements to the IBM 7535 robot. The following steps were accomplished: (1) IBM 7535 set-up for speech-recognition applications; (2) VSC 1000 system development; (3) command-set development for robotic application; and interface design between the IBM 7535 and the VCS 1000. >
Model to predict aerial dispersal of bacteria during environmental release

Risk assessment for genetically engineered bacteria sprayed onto crops includes determination of off-site dispersal and deposition. The ability to predict microbial dispersal patterns is essential to characterize the uncertainty (risk) associated with environmental release of recombinant organisms. Toward this end, a particle dispersal model was developed to predict recovery of bacteria on fallout plates at various distances and directions about a test site. The microcomputer simulation incorporates particle size distribution, wind speed and direction, turbulence, evaporation, sedimentation, and mortality, with a time step of 0.5 s. The model was tested against data reported from three field applications of nonrecombinant bacteria and two applications of recombinant bacteria. Simulated dispersal of 10(5) particles was compared with reported deposition measurements. The model may be useful in defining appropriate populations of organisms for release, methods of release or application, characteristics of a release site that influence containment or dispersal, and in developing an appropriate sampling methodology for monitoring the dispersal of organisms such as genetically engineered bacteria.
Theory of chronopotentiometry with cylindrical electrodes: II. Application of theoretical transition time relation in reduction of ferric iron and hydrogen ion

Abstract The theoretical equation (see ref. I) for the transition time, based on cylindrically symmetrical diffusion as the sole means of mass transfer, has been further verified by studying the reduction of +3 iron to the +2 state and the reduction of hydrogen ion to hydrogen at a platinum, wire electrode. Transition time data for ferric iron reduction agree excellently with the theoretical values over a wide range of current densities. Agreement between observed and theoretical transition times in the reduction of hydrogen ion has also been demonstrated, but, because of the extraordinarily large diffusion coefficient of hydrogen ion, an awkwardly large number of terms in the series expansion of the theoretical equation is necessary at relatively large transition times. Empirically it was found that iτ 1 2 /Cis very nearly a linear function of τ 1 2 , and this simple empirical relation is more convenient than the theoretical equation in practical applications of chronopotentiometry.
Outcomes with the "V" Implantation Technique vs. Standard Technique for Testosterone Pellet Therapy

ABSTRACT Introduction Standard technique (ST) for implantation of testosterone pellets involves making a single linear track in the subcutaneous tissue of the buttock from the incision. After our initial experience with this modality, we modified this surgical technique to our current "V" technique (VT). This involves two tracks both caudally directed and emanating from the same skin incision but angulated approximately 10–15 degrees apart. While this allows additional pellets to be inserted more easily, and increased space to place those pellets further from the skin incision, it minimally increases the surgical procedure. Aim We sought to examine the impact of this technical modification on therapeutic efficacy and surgical complication rates. Methods Retrospective chart review of all patients treated with testosterone pellets at our institution. Main Outcome Measure Complication rates for infection, extrusion, hematoma, and pain. Results One hundred sixty‐eight patients underwent 281 implantation procedures (40 via ST and 241 via VT). The mode number of pellets used with ST was 8 (range 6–8) and with VT was 10 (range 10–13). Incidence of pellet extrusion was 7.5% with ST and 0.8% with VT. Infection complicated ST in 5% of cases but only 1.2% with VT. No cases of hematoma were seen with ST but 1.2% of VT cases. Pain prompting discontinuation of therapy was seen in 7.5% with ST and 1.7% with VT. Significant pain without discontinuation was seen in 5% with ST and 1.2% with VT. Only in 1 of the 3 cases of hematoma was the individual on blood thinners. Fifty‐eight other insertions were performed on blood thinners without significant hematoma. None of the individuals who developed infection or bleeding required additional surgical therapy. Conclusion VT allows successful placement of larger number of pellets, with low rates of complications, especially extrusion, even in men on anticoagulants. Conners W, Flinn K, and Morgentaler A. Outcomes with the "V" implantation technique vs. standard technique for testosterone pellet therapy. J Sex Med **;**:**–**.
Timing in response-initiated fixed intervals

Different events can serve as time markers that initiate intervals in schedules of reinforcement. Pigeons were exposed to fixed-interval (FI) schedules in which the onset of the interval was signaled by the illumination of a key light or initiated by a peck to a lighted key. Food was delivered following the first response after the interval elapsed. In Experiment 1, three pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule. One component was a standard FI schedule: Key light illumination signaled the onset of the interval. The other component was a response-initiated fixed-interval (RIFI) schedule: The first key-peck response determined the onset of the interval. In Experiment 2, three pigeons were exposed to a multiple FI-RIFI schedule of reinforcement and on occasional trials food was not delivered (i.e. "no-food" or "peak trials"). A yoking procedure equated reinforcement rates between the schedule types in both experiments. Absolute response rates early in the intervals were higher in the RIFI schedules of both experiments. Normalized response-rate gradients, ogive fits of normalized response gradients, and breakpoints were not systematically different for the schedule types in Experiment 1, indicating similar patterns of responding between interval onset and food delivery. However, during peak trials in Experiment 2 the duration of responding at a high rate was longer for RIFI schedules than FI schedules. This suggests that timing precision was reduced in the RIFI schedules and that relative "distinctiveness" of a time marker may determine its efficacy.
The ill effects of “opium for the spirit”: a critical cultural analysis of China's Internet addiction moral panic

This article examines the crisis over Internet gaming and Internet addiction in China through the lens of moral panic theory. In addition to comparing the Chinese situation to other crises over youth and technology, the uniquely Chinese attributes of this crisis are discussed. As will be shown, the emphasis on moral culture in China provides particularly fertile breeding ground for panics of this sort. Furthermore, the rhetoric employed by the media references other distinct crises over youth, westernization and morality in China's past, thus situating these contemporary problems within an extended narrative about the struggle to establish a “civilized” but uniquely Chinese modern state. An analysis of the various actors involved in the creation and development of the crisis reveals power dynamics and class issues that lie hidden within the discourse. Finally, the impact of new media and the material consequences of the media-driven Internet addiction crisis are addressed.
Designing blood-stage vaccines against Babesia bovis and B. bigemina

The tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasites Babesia bovis and B. bigemina cause significant disease in cattle in many tropical and temperate areas of the world. These parasites present a challenge for vaccine development, and yet provide a system for studying the pathogenesis, mechanisms of protective immunity and regulation of host immune responses associated with intraerythrocytic protozoan parasites in a non-rodent species. In this article, Wendy Brown and Guy Palmer review strategies for identifying candidate vaccine antigens of B. bovis and B. bigemina and for priming immune responses to evoke strain crossprotective immunity.
The open-shell restricted Hartree—Fock singles and doubles coupled-cluster method including triple excitations CCSD (T): application to C+3

Abstract An open-shell restricted Hartree—Fock singles and doubles coupled-cluster method including perturbative triple excitations, CCSD (T), that does not include any spin contamination for the correlation energies, is computationally formulated and implemented. The new open-shell CCSD (T) program is applied in conjunction with large atomic natural-orbital basis sets to calculate the energy difference between the linear and bent isomers of C + 3 . With a [5s4p3d2f1g] basis set, the CCSD (T) method predicts the bent (cyclic) 2 B 2 state to lie 6.8 kcal/mol lower than the linear 2 Σ + u species. The importance of correlation effects included at the CCSD (T) level of theory is analyzed in connection to the existence of symmetry-broken Hartree—Fock solutions for this problem.
A search for interactive computer graphics lessons in numerical analysis

A search for interactive computer graphics lessons which could be used in numerical analysis courses at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln confirmed that few such Lessons exist and that even fewer can be transported from one site to another. Some Lessons were written on the three different host systems available locally. A list of suitable Lessons known to exist is included.
Antegrade bowel intussusception after remote Whipple and Puestow procedures for treatment of pancreas divisum

To date, antegrade intussusception involving a Roux-en-Y reconstruction has been reported only once. We report a case of acute bowel obstruction due to an intussusception involving two Roux-en-Y limbs in a 40-year-old woman with a history of chronic pancreatitis due to pancreas divisum. Four years preceding this event, the patient had undergone a Whipple procedure, and three years prior to that, a Puestow operation. The patient was successfully treated with bowel resection and a side-to-side anastomosis between the most distal aspect of the bowel and the most distal Roux-en-Y reconstruction, which preserved both Roux-en-Y reconstructions.
Batch checking with applications to linear functions

Abstract We introduce the model of batch checking, which allows one to check the result of a program on many inputs at once. We show that one can batch check programs for linear functions with very little overhead in the running time.
A representation of SFP

This chapter introduces a representation of the category of SFP domains. It uses structures similar to but more general than Scott’s information systems. Distilled from Gentzen’s sequent calculi, a basic structure called a sequent structure is produced. Sequent structures determine a major part of the axioms of information systems. A category of special kind of sequent structures called the strongly finite ones is shown to be equivalent to the category of SFP domains. Constructions like the Plotkin power domain and the function space are given, as well as a complete partial order of such structures to give solutions to recursively defined systems.
Language Study Abroad for High School Students: Indiana's Program for Proficiency and Recruitment.

This article examines the impact of Indiana University's twenty-year-old intensive program abroad on the second-language skills of advanced high school Spanish students. Using a pretest/posttest design, investigators tested 60 program participants in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Evidence indicated that resulting skill gains exceeded those which might be expected in one full year of high school language instruction. Another interesting finding which could have far-reaching implications for recruitment is that following high school graduation one-third of all program participants matriculated at the sponsoring institution, enrolling in upper level Spanish courses.
An exploratory study of finite difference grids for transonic unsteady aerodynamics

Unsteady aerodynamic forces are calculated by the XTRAN2L finite difference program which solves the complete two dimensional unsteady transonic small perturbation equation. The unsteady forces are obtained using a pulse transfer function technique which assumes the flow field behaves in a locally linear fashion about a mean condition. Forces are calculated for a linear flat plate using the default grids from the LTRAN2-NLR, LTRAN2-HI, and XTRAN3S programs. The forces are compared to the exact theoretical values for flat plate, and grid generated boundary and internal numerical reflections are observed to cause significant errors in the unsteady airloads. Grids are presented that alleviate the reflections while reducing computational time up to fifty-three percent and program size up to twenty-eight percent. Forces are presented for a six percent thick parabolic arc airfoil which demonstrate that the transform technique may be successfully applied to nonlinear transonic flows.
Pinning Down the Constitution: Interactively Teaching Congress's Power, Federalism, and Constitutional Interpretation

“Pin-the-Tail-on-the-Constitution” is an engaged-learning activity that has been conducted in 26 classes over the past four years. The activity teaches multiple themes commonly included in a variety of courses on American politics such as federalism, congressional powers, the role of the federal courts, and the relevance of the commerce clause. There are no complicated roles for students to adopt, and the activity can be completed in less than a full class session even if little preactivity preparation time is provided. This article (1) describes the simulation to allow immediate adoption by instructors teaching a variety of American politics courses, (2) explains the process of devising an engaged-learning activity, thus providing a narrative to help instructors devise their own, and (3) reports on student survey data that indicates a dramatic increase in student knowledge and understanding from participation in this activity.
Carotid endarterectomy for nonhemispheric symptoms: Predictors of success

Abstract Over a 4-year period 335 patients underwent 402 carotid endarterectomies: 227 (56%) for carotid territory symptoms, 107 (27%) for nonhemispheric symptoms, and 68 (17%) for asymptomatic lesions. In 317 four-vessel arteriograms, proximal subclavian and/or vertebral lesions were found more frequently in the nonhemispheric group (80 of 97, or 82%) than in the carotid territory group (110 of 220, or 50%; p 60% diameter reduction more often than in patients with smaller stenoses (77% vs. 36% asymptomatic at 24 months). Carotid endarterectomy appears justified in patients with nonhemispheric symptoms when classic vertebrobasilar insufficiency and/or hemodynamically significant carotid stenoses are present. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:339-45.)
Cassirer's normative philosophy

Dans le cadre des debats sur la normativite de la philosophie de Cassirer, l'A. suggere que le sens des normes ne devrait pas entrainer un code ou une theorie ethique, tels que le code utilitariste ou la theorie de la loi naturelle. La philosophie normative requiert, en effet, une vision de l'humanite globale
Prognostic significance of phosphorylated P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and HER-2 expression in lymph node-positive breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation reportedly leads to increased apoptosis in breast carcinoma cells. The goals of the current study were to assess the incidence of activated phosphorylated p38 MAPK (P-p38) expression in invasive breast carcinoma, correlate expression of P-p38 MAPK with HER-2, and estimate the prognostic value of this marker in patients with lymph node-positive breast carcinoma treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS P-p38, HER-2, and Ki-67 were measured using immunohistochemistry (peroxidase method) in 96 patients with lymph node-positive breast carcinoma treated with adjuvant fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy. All markers were measured in the primary tumors, before the initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy. The median follow-up period was 11 years after initial cancer surgery. P-p38 MAPK expression was scored visually and quantified using an image analyzer. RESULTS The rate of P-p38 MAPK expression ranged from 19–24%, depending on the scoring system used. There was a trend toward shorter progression-free survival (PFS) for patients whose tumors expressed high levels of P-p38 MAPK, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.39). PFS was shorter in patients whose tumors overexpressed P-p38 MAPK and had a high level of Ki-67 (P = 0.04). In HER-2–negative patients, P-p38 MAPK overexpression was associated with a shorter PFS (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS P38 MAPK phosphorylation occurred in 20% of primary breast carcinomas and may be associated with poor outcome in patients with lymph node-positive breast carcinoma. Further studies are needed to define the interaction between P-p38 MAPK and HER-2 expression in breast carcinoma. Cancer 2004. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Fingerprinting petroporphyrin structures with vibrational spectroscopy. Part 5. Structural influences of the porphyrin 13-alkyl substituent on resonance Raman scattering from nickel(II) cycloalkanoporphyrins

Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy is exploited in the structural identification of geochemically important nickel(II) complexes of six and seven membered ring cycloalkanoporphyrins (CAPs). The CAP6s and CAP7s of interest contain variable porphyrin 13-alkyl substituents (H, Me and Et) that are commonly found in crude oil and tar balls. Multiple polarized RR experiments of variable laser excitation combining near resonant porphyrin Soret (406.7 nm) and Q (530.9 and 568.2 nm) electronic bands exposed nearly all of the Raman active vibrations in the fingerprint region (150–1700 cm−1). Many of these vibrations conform to classical porphyrin skeletal CβCβ and CαCm pyrrole stretching, alkyl CH2 rocking, C–C exocyclic ring stretching and Cβ–C1 bending/metal–pyrrole breathing modes which show striking sensitivity in the RR spectra to small conformational changes in the porphyrin. This report becomes of particular interest in the study of the origin of petroleum and is potentially useful in oil exploration where the porphyrins may serve as markers of different crude oils.
Computerized versus traditional administration of the multidimensional aptitude battery-verbal scale: An examination of reliability and validity

Abstract This study compared the effects of a computerized administration procedure on the reliability and validity of the Verbal scale of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery (MAB-V), and objective item measure of intelligence, to the standard paper-pencil administration procedure. Using a counterbalanced repeated-measures design, the MAB-V was administered to 80 undergraduates, along with a pretest anxiety measure and a posttest evaluation of attitudes toward the assessment format. Results indicated no significant differences in mean MAB-V subtest and Verbal IQ scores between the two modes of administration. Mean Verbal IQs obtained on the second testing were significantly higher than initial scores across all groups. However, retest IQs fell within the 95% confidence interval for predicted retest scores in 91% of the cases, reducing the psychometric significance of this result. The MAB-V demonstrated good test-retest reliability and subtest internal consistency across both administration modes. No differences in anxiety were obtained across administration format or time, but participants indicated some preference for the computerized procedure, rating it less difficult, more useful, and as commanding greater attentiveness. Findings indicate computer-specific factors have no appreciable effect on MAB-V scores and that normative and validity data available for the standard MAB-V are applicable to the computerized version when administered to population samples of average or higher intellectual ability.
Immunoreactivity for calretinin and calbindin in the vestibular nuclear complex of the monkey

Immunoreactivity to calcium-binding proteins has been a useful extension to cytoarchitectonics in defining the organization of many central nervous system regions. Previously we found subdivisions of the cat medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) defined by immunoreactivity to the calcium-binding proteins, calretinin and calbindin. Here we report similar subdivisions in both the squirrel and the macaque monkey. Calretinin immunoreactivity reveals a small area of cells and processes located dorsally in the MVe. In the anterior–posterior direction these cells extend over less than half of the nucleus. This area is not distinct in Nissl-stained sections. Elsewhere in the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC) and in the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PrH) there are scattered labeled cells. Immunoreactivity for calbindin shows a small patch of dense fiber label at the border of MVe and PrH, and a patchy distribution in the rest of the VNC that changes at different anterior–posterior levels. There are also calbindin-labeled cells in the underlying reticular formation over a very restricted anterior–posterior extent in both squirrel and macaque monkey. The dendrites of some of these cells can be followed into PrH, and data from other studies suggests that they may contribute to vestibular–oculomotor function. Scattered cells in the VNC are densely outlined by calbindin-labeled terminals, suggesting a major drive from the calbindin-labeled fiber input. These findings, along with observations from rodents and cats, suggest that there are subdivisions of the MVe defined by calcium-binding proteins that are homologous across rodents, cats, and New World and Old World monkeys.
Internalizing economics: sustainability between matter and meaning

Despite its now widespread use, the concept of sustainability remains ambiguous. Its varying definitions carry the marks of the disciplines defining it. Sustainability as defined in economics is commonly conceptualized as economic development constrained by considerations of environmental sustainability. This concept follows familiar notions of internalizing the externalities of economic activity into the framework of economics. In contrast to this common notion, this paper argues that sustainability cannot be achieved unless economics is internalized into the social and environmental context within which all economic activity takes place. Internalizing economics into contextual, material reality can also be described as the need to preserve three types of services: technological services; relational services; and ecosystem services. Much attention has been given to sustaining and expanding the first to the neglect and destruction of the latter two. This makes evident the fact that internalizing economics requires more than an awareness of physical context. It requires also an awareness of the ethical context which supports or undermines the sustaining of essential caring and ecosystems services. To illustrate this point the implications of utilitarian ethics for sustainability are contrasted with those of the ethics of care.
Child abuse potential: Correlates with child maltreatment rates and structural measures of neighborhoods

Abstract This community-based research investigates differential child maltreatment rates per 1000 same-age population within communities, and compares the rates to survey data that capture the potential for child abuse by a random sample of individuals in the same community in order to evaluate the impact of neighborhood conditions (e.g., maltreatment rates, child care burden, poverty) and individual factors (e.g., demographic and network support) on parents' potential for abuse. This study used a National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect dataset comparing 20 census tracks and 400 cases of substantiated maltreatment claims. Data were analyzed with hierarchical linear models to account for the nested sampling design. The relationship between substantiated maltreatment in a given community and the potential to abuse was significant, and parents' potential for abuse increased when they were men, lived in impoverished communities, or were burdened by child care demands; abuse potential decreased when they were married (vs. single), working full time (vs. not working), had at least a high school diploma (vs. no diploma), enjoyed a higher income and when they had support from families and friends. Findings suggest that policymakers focus attention on increasing financial resources, educational opportunities, and relieving child care demands for families at risk of abuse.
Circulating phytosterols in normal females, lactating mothers and breast cancer patients.

ABSTRACT Plasma and tissue phytosterols were measured in 11 normal females, 7 lactating mothers and 14 patients with breast cancer. No significant differences in the mean plasma concentration of campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were observed among the 3 patient groups. Stigmasteryl acetate was not detected in any plasma or tissue. Breast cancer, normal breast and nonmammary adipose tissues were found to contain comparable amounts of phytosterols. Three hypercalcemic breast cancer patients had plasma phytosterol concentrations similar to eucalcemic individuals. The phytosterol levels of one breast cancer patient were noted to decrease during a hypercalcemic period characterized by anorexia. Extirpation of the cancer tissue in another patient resulted in no change in circulating phytosterol levels. In all groups, the mean plasma phytosterol concentrations reflected the relative predominance of these sterols in common foods. The data suggest that plasma phytosterol accumulation is not characteristi...
Polymeric Dye Retarders for Acrylic Fibers

This paper describes a new approach to dye retardation wherein fibers containing ionic dye sites are treated with polyelectrolytes of opposite charge. The polymeric material coats the fiber and reduces the rate of dye uptake. Experi mental data obtained with a continuous dye-bath analyzer are presented to clarify the mechanism of polyelectrolyte retardation of cationically dyeable acrylics, and extend the concept to anionically dyeable fibers. Practical applica tions are described using a polycationic retarder to give level dyeing, union dyeings, or tone-on-tone effects with several types of acrylic fibers. A special advantage of these retarder systems over conventional retarders is that they do not interfere with development of crimp in bicomponent fiber and thus do not alter fabric aesthetics.
Posttraumatic stress and tendency to panic in the aftermath of the chlorine gas disaster in Graniteville, South Carolina

Purpose Relatively little is known about psychological effects of environmental hazard disasters. This study examines the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and tendency to limited panic attack after a large chlorine spill in a community.
Application of a surface renewal model to the prediction of heat transfer in an impinging jet

Abstract The concept of surface renewal is applied to an impinging heated planar jet to predict the local heat transfer coefficient distribution near impingement. The modeling concept is based on a zonal approach which identifies an outer flow and an impingement region. The outer region flow is determined by using the standard κ-e model. The impingement region is modeled using the surface renewal concept. In the application of the surface renewal model the solution is sensitive to the zonal matching and initial conditions imposed. Results show very good agreement with experimental data when the jet centerline conditions are used to scale the initial velocity and temperature renewal process. The renewal frequency for momentum is derived from experimental data. The thermal energy renewal is modeled based on a renewal frequency developed from the consideration of a displaced temperature spectrum which is consistent with experimental results. Overall, the use of the surface renewal model in the impingement region is shown to be an attractive alternative approach in the prediction of the surface interactions.
An Evaluation of Immersive Displays for Virtual Human Experiences

This paper compares a large-screen display to a non-stereo head-mounted display (HMD) for a virtual human (VH) experience. As VH experiences are increasingly being applied to training, it is important to understand the effect of immersive displays on user interaction with VHs. Results are reported from a user study (n=27) of 10 minute human-VH interactions in a VH experience which allows medical students to practice communication skills with VH patients. Results showed that student self-ratings of empathy, a critical doctor-patient communication skill, were significantly higher in the HMD; however, when compared to observations of student behavior, students using the large-screen display were able to more accurately reflect on their use of empathy. More work is necessary to understand why the HMD inhibits students' ability to self-reflect on their use of empathy.
School-level intraclass correlation for physical activity in sixth grade girls.

ABSTRACTPurpose:The Trial for Activity in Adolescent Girls (TAAG) is a group-randomized trial (GRT) to reduce the usual decline in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among middle school girls. We report the school-level intraclass correlation (ICC) for MVPA from the TAAG baseline survey o
Digital Image-Based Model for Concrete Fracturing Process Analysis

Concrete is a heterogeneous composite material. The heterogeneity consists of the distribution and shape of aggregate, interfacial transition zone (ITZ) and the inhomogeneity of each component materials. The key in numerical models for simulating the fracture behaviors is how to describe the heterogeneity actually. In this paper, at meso-scale level general-purposed digital image processing technologies are utilized to characterize the heterogeneity resulting from the shape and distribution of aggregates and ITZ, and at micro-scale level, a statistical method (e.g. Weibull distribution) is used to describe the heterogeneity of each phase. And then a multi-scale numerical model based on digital image is proposed to simulate fracturing process of concrete under loading condition. The proposed model can take the actual distribution and shape of aggregate into account. The fracturing process of concrete in uniaxial compressive tests is simulated by using the model. The results show that the shape of aggregates plays an important role in stress distributions to influence the damage evolution during loading. The proposed model is capable of capturing the complete failure process of concrete materials that includes the initiation, propagation and coalescence of microcracks as well as cracking pattern associated with different loading stages, which is a new tool to study the fracturing behaviors of concrete in more detail. Key words: digital image; heterogeneity characterization; fracturing process; concrete
SCoP: an interactive simulation control program for micro- and minicomputers.

A nes software system is described for building simulation programs on micro- and minicomputers. Model equations are written as C subroutines, compiled and linked to the SCoP package to produce a menu-driven, interactive program. The system maintains a database of names, values, and units for all model parameters and variables. Run-time options include several methods for interactive parameter modification and both graphic and tabular outputs, with output values presented as they are calculated. Simulation output values can be compared with experimental data graphically and a companion program SCoPFit is provided for formal optimization of parameter values.
Reference wavelengths for strong lines of atomic hydrogen and deuterium.

Wavelengths of the individual fine-structure components of the n = 1–2 (Lyα), n = 1–3 (Lyβ), n = 1–4 (Lyγ), n = 1–5 (Lyδ), n = 1–6 (Lye), n = 1–7 (Lyζ), n = 2–3 (Hα), n = 2–4 (Hβ), n = 2–5 (Hγ), n = 2–6 (Hδ), and n = 2–7 (He) transitions of H and D are determined from theoretical values for the binding energies. Theoretical line strengths are used to obtain recommended values for the peaks of unresolved blends of these components as likely to be observed with discharge light sources and spectrometers with low to moderate resolution.
Wavelength dependence of GaAs directional couplers and electrooptic switches.

The characteristics of GaAs directional couplers and electrooptic switches have been studied at 0.92 μm, 1.06 μm, and 1.15 μm. The devices were formed from pairs of closely spaced low-loss (α ~ 1 cm−1 at 1.06 μm) single-mode p+n−n+ channel-stop strip guides. It was found that the coupling length Lc varies faster than inversely with wavelength, especially near 0.92 μm, and that for each guide width and spacing, Lc increases as the guide thickness is increased. Modeling the couplers to first order as coupled slab waveguides, the wavelength-dependent results can be explained by a variation with wavelength of the effective guide index. This model also predicts a minimum in Lc as a function of the difference in effective index between the guides and their surrounding regions and is in agreement with the experimental increase of Lc with increasing guide thickness (i.e., decreasing confinement). Switching performance at each wavelength was evaluated using devices cleaved to their 1.06-μm coupling length. The zero-bias power isolation obtained at 1.06 μm was 17 dB. At optimum switching bias, i.e., power confined to the input guide, power isolation of 16 dB at 1.15 μm, 17 dB at 1.06 μm, and 18dB at 0.92 μm was obtained. Total power output is constant to ≤0.2 dB between zero bias and the switching bias at 1.06 μm and 1.15 μm. At 0.92 μm, a power decrease of 1.7 dB at the switching bias was observed. This effect could be attributable to electroabsorption effects.
Synthesis, structural, and optical properties of stable ZnS:Cu,Cl nanocrystals.

Stable water-suspendable Cu+-doped ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesized with mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as a capping molecule. The nanocrystals have been characterized using a combination of experimental techniques including UV−vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The UV−vis electronic absorption spectrum shows an excitonic peak at 310 nm, characteristic of quantum-confined ZnS NCs. This excitonic peak does not change noticeably with Cu+ doping. XRD confirms the formation of ZnS nanocrystals, and the average size of the NCs has been determined to be around 6 nm by TEM. The incorporation of Cu+ into the ZnS is manifested as a substantial red-shift of the emission band in the PL spectra upon addition of Cu2+ that was reduced into Cu+ during the synthesis reaction. EXAFS data were obtained to confirm copper doping as well as determine the l...
Deactivation of vibrationally excited ozone by O(3P) atoms

Abstract Using laser-induced fluorescence of ozone (to measure the rate of disappearance of O 3 † ) and NO 2 titration (to determine O atom concentrations), we have determined bimolecular rate constants for the deactivation by O( 3 P atoms) of ozone in excited stretching and bending modes. These experiments do not distinguish between deactivation by (a) the exchange of vibrational and translational energy or (b) the chemical reaction O 3 + O → 2O 2 . If the non-reactive pathway (a) is assumed to dominate, then O( 3 P) is 150 times more effective than O 2 in deactivating O † 3 . If chemical reaction (b) is dominant, the bimolecular rate constant for O † 3 + O( 3 P) is larger by a factor of 150–1500 than that for ground-state ozone.
Effects of oxatomide compared with chlorpheniramine in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis

Oxatomide is an H1 receptor antagonist, which also inhibits antigen-induced mediator release from sensitized mast cells and basophils. The effects of ingested oxatomide (30 mg/capsule) were compared with those of chlorpheniramine (5 mg/capsule) in a double-blind non-crossover study in two groups of twenty-five subjects with ragweed pollen-induced hay fever during the pollen season. Oxatomide or chlorpheniramine was started when symptoms became troublesome and was used in a dose of two to four capsules daily according to severity. Other medications were added, in a standardized way, if hay fever symptoms were not controlled by the test capsules. Forty-one subjects completed the study; nineteen received oxatomide and twenty-two chlorpheniramine. Mean symptom scores, number of test capsules and number of doses of additional medication were not significantly different between the two groups. Drowsiness was reported by subjects in both groups but was worse in the chlorpheniramine group (P less than 0.05). We conclude that, in the studied doses, oxatomide is as effective for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis as chlorpheniramine and produces less drowsiness.
Limitations of color constancy

Theories of adaptation, such as those based on the proportionality law of von Kries, provide detailed predictions concerning perception of object colors when illuminant spectral power distribution is changed. Since these predictions depart from the simple ideal of color constancy, a question arises of the relationships among data, theories, and the ideal of constancy. Projecting the data of a constancy experiment into an opponent-color system indicates that constancy tends to hold well for illuminant shifts in the blue–yellow direction but less well for shifts in the red–green direction. This observation is consistent with a theory based on von Kries adaptation.
A Framework for Engineering Dissection Exercise Creation and Implementation

Hands-on product dissection and reverse engineering exercises have been shown to have a positive impact on engineering education, and many universities have incorporated such exercises in their curriculum. The CIBER-U project seeks to examine the potential to utilize cyberinfrastructure to enhance these active-learning exercises. We have formulated a framework for product dissection and reverse engineering activity creation to support a more rigorous approach to assessing other exercises for satisfaction of the CIBER-U project goals and adapting the best practices. This framework is driven by the fulfillment of learning outcomes and considers the maturity of students at different levels. Prototype exercises developed with the framework are presented. The approach is sufficiently general that it can be applied to the consideration and adaption of other types of exercises while ensuring satisfaction of the established goals.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Inhibition of inosinic acid dehydrogenase by 6-chloropurine nucleotide.

Abstract The inactivation of IMP dehydrogenase of sarcoma 180 ascites tumor cells by 6-chloroinosine 5'-phosphate (ClIMP) has been examined. In the absence of substrates the inhibition of enzymatic activity by this purine nucleotide analog is progressive with time and is not reversed by dialysis. IMP, XMP and GMP protect the enzyme from inactivation by ClIMP, while NAD+, NADH and glutathione do not protect. The data are quantitatively consistent with the hypothesis that ClIMP forms a reversible complex with the active site of the enzyme, with an apparent inhibition constant of 2 × 10−4 M (compared to a Km for IMP of 2 × 10−5 M); this reversible EI complex then slowly decays to form an irreversibly inactivated enzyme.