cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Zebrafish Entrapment By Restriction Array (ZEBRA) device: a low-cost, agarose-free zebrafish mounting technique for automated imaging

The zebrafish has emerged as a useful model system for a variety of studies, including the investigation of inflammation and immunity. However, current zebrafish imaging techniques, such as agraose mounting, can be time-consuming and detrimental for long-term imaging. Alternatively, automated sorting and imaging systems can be costly and/or complicated to assemble. Here we describe the Zebrafish Entrapment by Restriction Array (ZEBRA) device, a microfluidic device that can be used to quickly and repeatably position zebrafish embryos in a predictable array using only a pipette. This technique is well suited for use with automated microscope stages leading to decreased imaging time and increased throughput compared to traditional methods. The addition of access ports above the embryo can be used to administer treatments, and potentially wounding or injections. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this device for a neutrophil migration screening application using larvae 3 days post fertilization (dpf) Tg(mpx:dendra2). Larvae were loaded into ZEBRA devices and treated with a neutrophil attractant (LTB4) or LTB4 with and without a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. Treatment with LY294002 impaired neutrophil motility into the fin induced by LTB4 treatment. The findings report the development of ZEBRA a device that can be used to screen for small molecules that affect leukocyte motility and inflammation using live zebrafish.
Epigenetic inactivation of inhibitor of differentiation 4 (Id4) correlates with prostate cancer

The inhibitor of DNA-binding (Id) proteins, Id1–4 are negative regulators of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. As key regulators of cell cycle and differentiation, expression of Id proteins are increasingly observed in many cancers and associated with aggressiveness of the disease. Of all the four Id proteins, the expression of Id1, Id2, and to a lesser extent, Id3 in prostate cancer and the underlying molecular mechanism is relatively well known. On the contrary, our previous results demonstrated that Id4 acts as a potential tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. In the present study, we extend these observations and demonstrate that Id4 is down-regulated in prostate cancer due to promoter hypermethylation. We used prostate cancer tissue microarrays to investigate Id4 expression. Methylation specific PCR on bisulfite treated DNA was used to determine methylation status of Id4 promoter in laser capture micro-dissected normal, stroma and prostate cancer regions. High Id4 expression was observed in the normal prostate epithelial cells. In prostate cancer, a stage-dependent decrease in Id4 expression was observed with majority of high grade cancers showing no Id4 expression. Furthermore, Id4 expression progressively decreased in prostate cancer cell line LNCaP and with no expression in androgen-insensitive LNCaP-C81 cell line. Conversely, Id4 promoter hypermethylation increased in LNCaP-C81 cells suggesting epigenetic silencing. In prostate cancer samples, loss of Id4 expression was also associated with promoter hypermethylation. Our results demonstrate loss of Id4 expression in prostate cancer due to promoter hypermethylation. The data strongly support the role of Id4 as a tumor suppressor.
A Convergence Speeding Algorithm with Applications to Numerical Integration

A new algorithm is presented for accelerating the convergence of sequences possessing an asymptotic expansion. This method is compared to methods already shown. Explicit error estimates are given and the algorithm is shown to be nearly optimal. The algorithm is applied to the problem of numerical integration, and is shown to give good results for real analytic integrands.
Development and refinement of a technique for short-term intravascular auricular vein catheter placement in mature sows

Intravenous drug administration in adult swine is difficult to perform due to inaccessible superficial veins and thick subcutaneous fat layers. However, successful intravenous drug administration i...
Crippling the Essential GTPase Der Causes Dependence on Ribosomal Protein L9

ABSTRACT Ribosomal protein L9 is a component of all eubacterial ribosomes, yet deletion strains display only subtle growth defects. Although L9 has been implicated in helping ribosomes maintain translation reading frame and in regulating translation bypass, no portion of the ribosome-bound protein seems capable of contacting either the peptidyltransferase center or the decoding center, so it is a mystery how L9 can influence these important processes. To reveal the physiological roles of L9 that have maintained it in evolution, we identified mutants of Escherichia coli that depend on L9 for fitness. In this report, we describe a class of L9-dependent mutants in the ribosome biogenesis GTPase Der (EngA/YphC). Purified mutant proteins were severely compromised in their GTPase activities, despite the fact that the mutations are not present in GTP hydrolysis sites. Moreover, although L9 and YihI complemented the slow-growth der phenotypes, neither factor could rescue the GTPase activities in vitro . Complementation studies revealed that the N-terminal domain of L9 is necessary and sufficient to improve the fitness of these Der mutants, suggesting that this domain may help stabilize compromised ribosomes that accumulate when Der is defective. Finally, we employed a targeted degradation system to rapidly deplete L9 from a highly compromised der mutant strain and show that the L9-dependent phenotype coincides with a cell division defect.
Leptin and colorectal cancer: An undefined link

Leptin is involved in many biological processes that implicate it in the development of colorectal cancer. This Viewpoint discusses the biological plausibility of a relationship between leptin and colorectal cancer, and the evidence available to support such a relationship.
Hand Placement and Risk Assessment by the LMM Model

Previous studies have shown a variety of hand placement locations employed by workers performing manual lifting tasks in industry. In this study, participants used four different hand placement locations to lift a box of variable weight and starting height. As they performed these lifts, the motions of their torso were captured using the lumbar motion monitor and these trunk kinematics were then input into the LMM low back injury risk assessment model. The results showed significant effects of all three independent variables with asymmetric hand placement locations generating the highest level of risk: 20% in the symmetric, 5kg condition as compared to a high of nearly 40% under the asymmetric, 10kg condition. These results indicate that hand placement is a relevant variable to consider when designing manual materials handling tasks.
Retractable carbon fibre targets for measuring beam profiles at the SLC collision point

Abstract Retractable targets of carbon fibres with nominal diameters of 30, 7 and 4.5 μm have been in use at the collision point of the SLC (the SLAC Linear Collider). The target mechanism is compatible with the Mark II detector now in place at the collision point. Beam profiles are measured in horizontal and vertical axes by using magnetic dipoles to scan the beams across the fibres. Two signal detection mechanisms are available. Electron emission from the fibres is measured with the help of charge-sensitive amplifiers. Bremsstrahlung from the fibres is detected by downstream counters. Examples of measurements are given, and limits on the use of the techniques are discussed.
Rural change and nature conservation in Africa: A case study from Swaziland

High population growth and deteriorating economic conditions imperil Africa's natural environment. Conservationists are trying to cope with the threat by working in rural communities. Yet it is unclear whether they can be effective when social and economic change in rural areas is so rapid. Northeast Swaziland provides a case study. The landscape has been transformed since the 1950s, and conservationists are the only people now giving nature conservation a high priority. Land uses incompatible with local nature reserves are supported because they provide jobs. Thus, conservationists find themselves facing a world where wildlife is increasingly devalued as the forces of change accelerate. This paper concludes: (1) conservationists must expand their influence into rural communities, (2) an integrated development and conservation plan is required for northeastern Swaziland, and (3) only the alleviation of poverty will secure the future of nature conservation in Swaziland as well as the rest of Africa.
Effect of natural convection on freezing of water around an isothermal, horizontal cylinder

Freezing of superheated water around an isothermal, horizontal cylinder has been studied experimentally. The shadowgraph technique was used to visualize the flow (plume) development in the water, and the contour of the ice layer around the heat sink was recorded photographically. Freezing of water was always accompanied by natural convection and produced nonuniform ice growth. Benard-Goertler instabilities resulted in secondary flows which produced waviness (nonuniform) ice growth along the axis of the cylinder. The number, location and magnitude of the ripples were found to depend on the initial water superheat and on the heat sink temperature.
Convergence rates of Markov chains for some self-assembly and non-saturated Ising models

Algorithms based on Markov chains are ubiquitous across scientific disciplines as they provide a method for extracting statistical information about large, complicated systems. For some self-assembly models, Markov chains can be used to predict both equilibrium and non-equilibrium dynamics. In fact, the efficiency of these self-assembly algorithms can be related to the rate at which simple chains converge to their stationary distribution. We give an overview of the theory of Markov chains and show how many natural chains, including some relevant in the context of self-assembly, undergo a phase transition as a parameter representing temperature is varied in the model. We illustrate this behavior for the non-saturated Ising model in which there are two types of tiles that prefer to be next to other tiles of the same type. Unlike the standard Ising model, we also allow empty spaces that are not occupied by either type of tile. We prove that for a local Markov chain that allows tiles to attach and detach from the lattice, the rate of convergence is fast at high temperature and slow at low temperature.
The Early Childhood Care and Education Workforce from 1990 through 2010: Changing Dynamics and Persistent Concerns

Abstract Historically, the early childhood care and education (ECCE) workforce has been characterized as a low-education, low-compensation, low-stability workforce. In recent years, considerable in...
Structural balance: a test of the completeness hypothesis.

The “completeness hypothesis,” advanced by Harary in 1959, constitutes the background for the investigations presented in this paper. Both a theoretical and an empirical examination of Harary's assumptions were made, the former showing them to be inconsistent with Heider's theory of balance, but the latter producing data consistent with Heider's theory. These findings suggest either that Harary's completeness hypothesis is false, or that it requires revision.
Ovipositional behavior ofbracon mellitor say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of boll weevil (anthonomus grandis Boh.)

FemaleBracon mellitor Say responded to the frass of dietreared boll weevil larvae by probing with the ovipositor. Similar responses were elicited by the hexane and chloroform-methanol fractions after differential extraction of boll weevil feces. The active component of the chloroform-methanol fraction was identified as methylp-hydroxybenzoate (methyl parasept). Because the methyl parasept is an artificial component of the diet, the results suggest that the parasitoid response may be associatively learned. The response to methyl parasept decreased with time in the absence of reinforcement. Results demonstrate that certain chemicals may release behavior normally evoked by kairomones, and may interfere with the isolation of natural kairomones.
Measurement of airborne mite antigen in homes of asthmatic children

The airborne concentration of major house dust mite antigen Der p1 was measured by low volume sampling (2 litres/min) in the homes of 68 allergic, asthmatic children. The presence of detectable airborne antigen was strongly associated with sensitivity to the mite, whereas there was no significant relation between sensitivity and the previously recommended threshold level of 2 micrograms Der p1 per g carpet dust. There was a significant association with lower threshold levels in carpet dust (0.5 microgram/g) but at no level was the association as strong as that with air measurements. Concentrations of airborne antigen were higher in rooms with wool carpets than in those with synthetic carpets or hard floors, but there was no significant difference between the dust levels of Der p1 in the two carpet types. Air sampling is a more appropriate method of assessing antigen exposure than dust sampling for asthmatic patients.
Model-Based Estimation of Turbocharger Requirements for Boosting an HCCI Engine

Turbocharged Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) has been modeled and has demonstrated the potential to extend the engine’s upper load limit. A commercially available engine simulation software (GT-Power®) coupled to the University of Michigan HCCI combustion and heat transfer correlations was used to model a single cylinder boosted HCCI engine including a phenomenological turbocharger model. The scope of this study is to explore the upper load limits of boosted HCCI operation and to identify turbocharger requirements for boosting the HCCI. The results of this study are consistent with the literature: Boosting helps increase the HCCI upper load limit, but matching of turbochargers is a problem. In addition, the low exhaust gas enthalpy resulting from HCCI combustion leads to high pressures in the exhaust manifold and increased pumping work. It is shown that loads as high as 17 bar NMEP can be reached at low engine speeds, when the intake pressure is 3 bar.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Kinetics of crack initiation and growth in organic-containing integrated structures

Organic materials are being introduced into solid-state devices to enhance performance, reduce cost, or add function. In such an integrated structure, creep in the organic material affects cracking in the adjacent inorganic material. This paper analyzes an idealized structure comprising, from top to bottom, an inorganic film, an organic underlayer, and a rigid substrate. The film is elastic, subject to a tensile stress, and susceptible to subcritical crack growth. The underlayer is viscoelastic and does not crack. A crack exists in the film. When the crack tip is stationary, as the underlayer creeps, the film stress relaxes in the crack wake, but intensifies around the crack tip, so that the crack may grow after a delay. When the crack tip moves, the underlayer creeps to a limited extent, and constrains the fresh crack opening. A nonequilibrium thermodynamic model evolves displacements, creep strains, and crack length simultaneously. Using the Laplace transform and the extended finite element method, we study delayed crack initiation, steady crack growth, and transient crack growth.
Zero-gyro control of the International Ultraviolet Explorer

The IUE was built for an anticipated lifespan of three years with a goal of five. It has been operating for over 15 years, even though it has had only two working gyros since August 17, 1985, through the use of a two-gyro attitude control system that uses information from IUE's fine sun sensor (FSS) and the two remaining gyros to provide three-axis control. A one-gyro control system that uses an additional axis of information from the FSS has been developed and tested on-orbit. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the work in progress towards the development of a zero-gyro control law for IUE. Motion about the sunline, which cannot be measured by the FSS, is measured and controlled in the zero-gyro system by applying a momentum bias perpendicular to the sunline and measuring the transfer of this momentum between the spacecraft reaction wheels, while the spacecraft is held in the other two axes using position and derived-rate information from the FSS.
Distribution and function of actin in the developing stomatal complex of winter rye (Secale cereale cv. Puma)

The dynamics of actin distribution during stomatal complex formation in leaves of winter rye was examined by means of immunofluorescence microscopy of epidermal sheets. This method results in actin localization patterns that are the same as those seen with rhodamine-phalloidin staining, but are more stable. During stomatal development MFs are extensively rearranged, and most of the time the orientation or placement of MFs is distinctly different from that of MTs, the exception being co-localization of MTs and MFs in phragmoplasts. Although MFs show an orientation similar to that of MTs in interphase guard mother cells, no banding of MFs into anything resembling the interphase MT band is observed. From prophase to telophase, a distinct, dense concentration of MFs is found in subsidiary cell mother cells (SMCs) between the nucleus and the region of the cell cortex facing the guard mother cell. Cytochalasin B treatment causes incorrect positioning of the SMC nucleus/daughter nuclei and abarrent placement and orientation of the new cell wall that forms the boundary of the subsidiary cell at cytokinesis. These results suggest that MFs are involved in maintaining the SMC nucleus in its correct position and the SMC spindle in the correct orientation relative to the division site previously delineated by the preprophase band. Because these MFs thus appear to assure that the SMC phragmoplast begins to form in the correct orientation near the division site to which it needs to grow, we suggest that MFs are involved in control of correct placement and orientation of the new cell wall of the subsidiary cell.
A map of human protein interactions derived from co-expression of human mRNAs and their orthologs

The human protein interaction network will offer global insights into the molecular organization of cells and provide a framework for modeling human disease, but the network's large scale demands new approaches. We report a set of 7000 physical associations among human proteins inferred from indirect evidence: the comparison of human mRNA co-expression patterns with those of orthologous genes in five other eukaryotes, which we demonstrate identifies proteins in the same physical complexes. To evaluate the accuracy of the predicted physical associations, we apply quantitative mass spectrometry shotgun proteomics to measure elution profiles of 3013 human proteins during native biochemical fractionation, demonstrating systematically that putative interaction partners tend to co-sediment. We further validate uncharacterized proteins implicated by the associations in ribosome biogenesis, including WBSCR20C, associated with Williams-Beuren syndrome. This meta-analysis therefore exploits non-protein-based data, but successfully predicts associations, including 5589 novel human physical protein associations, with measured accuracies of 54+/-10%, comparable to direct large-scale interaction assays. The new associations' derivation from conserved in vivo phenomena argues strongly for their biological relevance.
A Set of Strain-Displacement Relations in Nonlinear Theories of Rods and Shells

ABSTRACT The direct approach of Reissner and of Simmonds and Danielson is used to derive polynomial approximations to the strain-displacement relations in nonlinear theories of rods and shells via the representation of the finite rotational displacement matrix in terms of the exponential of an antisymmetric matrix.
Reactivity of Organic Compounds Inside Micelles Embedded in Sol−Gel Glass. Kinetics of Isomerization of Azobenzene Inside CTAB and SDS Micelles Embedded in Silica Matrix

The sol−gel method allows preparation of composite materials consisting of surfactant micelles embedded in glasses. Moreover, this method allows doping of the embedded micelles with various compounds. In this study, the four dopants are pyrene, azobenzene, and 3,3‘-dimethyl and 3,3‘-diacetyl derivatives of azobenzene. The relative intensities of the fluorescence bands of pyrene proved that cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) form micelles inside silica glass and that SDS does not hydrolyze during its encapsulation within silica. We studied the interactions of silica with the positively charged CTAB micelles and with the negatively charged SDS micelles and the kinetics of thermal (cis-to-trans) isomerization of the three azo dopants within micelles embedded in glass. The three isomerization reactions within the CTAB micelles embedded in silica and with water as the external liquid are monophasic; their rate constants are similar to those determined for the micelles in the...
An ICP-excited ICP resonance monochromator and fluorescence spectrometer for the analysis of trace to major sample constituents

Abstract A 20 g l solution of the element of interest is aspirated into a 1500 W Ar ICP and the resulting emission is used to excite atomic and ionic fluorescence of a sample aspirated into a second ICP. Detection limits are comparable to ICP-AES. By aspirating the sample into the source ICP and measuring its emission using the second plasma as a resonance monochromator, linear dynamic ranges up to 5 × 107 can be achieved. Plasma emission background and spectral interferences are minimal compared to ICP-AES because of the selectivity of the fluorescence technique. The present system should be considered as a viable alternative to emission spectrometry in order to alleviate spectral interferences which may occur in complex sample matrices, without the need for an expensive, high resolution monochromator.
Molecular imaging will replace myocardial perfusion imaging.

“The order is rapidly fadin’. And the first one now will later be last ...” In 2008 myocardial perfusion imaging is the main-stay of nuclear cardiology. However, the lyrics of Dylan from the 1960s are applicable today, as we are in rapidly changing times in medicine. We are seeing a paradigm shift in disease detection and treatment from a focus on cardiovascular morphology, function, and pathophysiology to genetic and molecular events. Cardiovascular molecular imaging will be the vanguard of noninvasive imaging in this era. Nuclear cardiology is uniquely positioned to play a central role in both the clinical and research applications of cardiovascular molecular imaging. The question should not be whether myocardial perfusion imaging will remain the dominant clinical application but how does nuclear cardiology transition to embrace and foster cardiovascular molecular imaging. If we do not do this, there are several other imaging specialties that will be more than willing to fill this void.
Further studies on the reactivity of complexes of the type cis-Re2(μ-O2CR)2X2(μ-dppm)2. The structural characterization of cis-Re2(μ-O2CCH3)2(NCBH3)2(μ-dppm)2 and [Re2Cl3(μ-dppm)2(1,2-C6H4(CN)2)2]PF6

Abstract The reactions of cis-Re2(O2CC2H5)2Cl2(dppm)2 (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) with the nitriles RCN (R = CH3 or C2H5) in the presence of HBF4·Et2O or HPF6 (aq.) afford salts of the cis-[Re2Cl2(dppm)2(NCR)4]2+ cations. Studies on the reactivity of cis- [Re2Cl2(dppm)2(NCC2H5)4](PF6)2 with CO in acetone show that the mixed carbonyl-nitrile complexes [Re2Cl3(dppm)2(CO)2(NCC2H5)]PF6 and Re2Cl3(dppm)2(CO)2(NCC2H5) are the major products; these reactions involve the displacement of nitrile by CO and the uptake of Cl− through the sacrifice of a portion of the starting dirhenium complex. Attempts to grow crystals of cis-[Re2Cl2(dppm)2(NCC2H5)4](PF6)2 led to its conversion to [Re2Cl3(dppm)2(NCC2H5)2]PF6. The related complex [Re2Cl3(dppm)2(1,2- C6H4(CN)2)2]PF6 has been prepared by the reaction of Re2Cl4(dppm)2 with 1,2-C6H4(CN)2 and KPF6 in acetone, and its structure established by X-ray crystallography. The crystallographic data are as follows: orthorhombic space group P212121, a = 18.242(6), b = 19.197(6), c = 19.789(6) A, V = 6929(7) A3 and Z = 4. The structure was refined to R = 0.081 (Rw = 0.098) for 3511 data with I> 3.0σ(I). The structure, which can be represented as [Cl2Re(μ-dppm)2ReCl(1,2-C6H4(CN)2)2]PF6, contains monodentate 1,2 -C6H4(CN)2 ligands and possesses a staggered rotational geometry. The Re—Re bond length is 2.265(1) A. The reaction of cis-Re2(O2CCH3)2Cl2(dppm)2 with NaBH3CN in THF gives cis-Re2(O2CCH3)2(NCBH3)2(dppm)2, in which the structure of the parent complex is retained but with N-bound cyanotrihydroborato ligands in place of the axially bound chlorides. The crystallographic data for cis-Re2(O2CCH3)2(NCBH3)2(dppm)2·CH2Cl2 are as follows: orthorhombic space group Pbca, a = 18.072(2), b = 19.982(2), c = 31.795(6) A, V= 11481(5) A3 and Z = 8. The structure was refined to R = 0.035 (Rw = 0.045) for 4613 data with I > 3.0σ(I). The Re—Re bond distance in this complex is 2.2938(7) A.
Validation and Results of a Pseudo-Multi-Zone Combustion Trajectory Prediction Model for Capturing Soot and NOx Formation on a Medium Duty Diesel Engine

A pseudo-multi-zone phenomenological model has been created with the ultimate goal of supporting efforts to enable broader commercialization of low temperature combustion modes in diesel engines. The benefits of low temperature combustion are the simultaneous reduction in soot and nitric oxide emissions and increased engine efficiency if combustion is properly controlled. Determining what qualifies as low temperature combustion for any given engine can be difficult without expensive emissions analysis equipment. This determination can be made off-line using computer models or through factory calibration procedures. This process could potentially be simplified if a real-time prediction model could be implemented to run for any engine platform — this is the motivation for this study.The major benefit of this model is the ability for it to predict the combustion trajectory, i.e. local temperature and equivalence ratio in the burning zones. The model successfully captures all the expected trends based on the experimental data and even highlights an opportunity for simply using the average reaction temperature and equivalence ratio as an indicator of emissions levels alone — without solving formation sub-models.This general type of modeling effort is not new, but a major effort was made to minimize the calculation duration to enable implementation as an input to real-time next-cycle engine controller Instead of simply using the predicted engine out soot and NOx levels, control decisions could be made based on the trajectory. This has the potential to save large amounts of calibration time because with minor tuning (the model has only one automatically determined constant) it is hoped that the control algorithm would be generally applicable.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Ultraviolet Laser Ablation of Organic Polymer Films

When a pulse (~ 14 nsec half-width) of laser radiation of 193 nm wavelength with a fluence above a threshold value falls on a polymer film, the material at the irradiation site is spontaneously etched away to a depth of 1000 A or more.[1,2] This process has been called Ablative Photo Decomposition’ [3]. The excimer laser which is the source of the 193 nm radiation is capable of providing radiation at other wavelengths such as 249 nm, 308 nm, and 351 nm. Spontaneous etching of the polymer films by the laser beam has been observed at all of these wavelengths [4–7].But there are quantitative differences in the etching process at different wavelengths and with different polymers.
Uncertainties and optimal control approach to feedback control problems

The relevance of the optimal control approach to the solution of automatic feedback control problems is investigated. Some inadequacies of the approach and their causes are presented both analytically and numerically. A formulation of the basic control problem is offered in order to circumvent these difficulties.
p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-independent Induction of gadd45 Expression in Nerve Growth Factor-induced Apoptosis in Medulloblastomas

Abstract We describe a novel nerve growth factor (NGF)-signaling pathway leading to gadd45 induction that is independent of JNK and p38 MAPK. We used cDNA arrays representing 588 genes to investigate the role of differential gene expression in NGF-mediated pleiotropic responses. We compared the gene expression profiles obtained from MED283-TrkA cells undergoing NGF-induced apoptosis to PC12 cells undergoing NGF-induced differentiation. An early and specific transcriptional target of NGF in MED283-TrkA cells was the DNA-damage-inducible gene gadd45. Its magnitude of induction directly correlated with the magnitude of apoptosis in MED283 clones transfected with mutant TrkA receptors. Although gadd45 has been implicated in stress response signaling, in vitro kinase assays indicated that NGF neither activated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) nor p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Furthermore, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (20 μm) failed to prevent NGF-induced apoptosis and NGF-induced gadd45 expression. These results suggest that differential regulation of gadd45expression possibly through BRCA1 may be a potential mechanism whereby NGF regulates pleiotropic responses.
Nonfatal Injuries in Adolescents: United States, 1988

Purpose: To describe the incidence and impact of nonfatal injuries in a national sample of adolescents. Methods: Data were obtained from the 1988 Child Health Supplement of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). The NHIS is a continuous multistage probability sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Adolescents 10–17 years old ( N = 7,470) of the total number of 17,110 children under 18 years of age in the survey were studied. Incidence rates (I) were calculated for accidents, injuries, and poisonings (AlPs) requiring medical attention in the previous 12 months and recalled by the adult household interviewee. Information on sociodemographic factors and impairment were reported. Sample weights were used to derive population estimates. Results: In 1988, 4,505,000 adolescents 10–17 years old were estimated to have experienced AlPs in the previous 12 months (I = 16.1/100), resulting in 3.2 mean number days of bed rest, 4.1 mean number of days absent from school, and 20% with limited activity due to AIPs. AIPs were most frequent in older adolescents 14–17 years of age (I = 18.2/100), males (I = 20.3/100), whites (19.5/100), and Midwest U.S. residents (I = 18.1/100). The most frequent AIPs were cuts (I = 59.6/1000), sprains (I = 51.3/1,000), and broken bones (I = 43.1/1,000). AIPs most limiting to adolescents' activity were broken bones (62.6%), head injuries (58.3%), and sprains (55.7%). Conclusions: Although injury is the leading cause of death in adolescence, it also plays an important role in adolescent morbidity. Further national studies with better documentation of nonfatal injuries are needed to eliminate potential recall bias associated with an interview survey.
The efficiency of small gas absorbers.

Abstract The factors affecting the efficiency of sampling for vapors by means of bubblers and absorbing solutions are discussed. A mathematical presentation of the theoretical calculations of efficiency, and formulae for practical application of calculations of efficiency are presented.
Culture of Zostera marina L. in the laboratory

Abstract It is possible to culture the seagrass Zostera marina L. in a closed-system aquarium. The conditions chosen proved to be sufficient for vegetative growth as well as flowering.
Expression of a cut-related homeobox gene in developing and polycystic mouse kidney

Expression of a cut-related homeobox gene in developing and polycystic mouse kidney. cut is a diverged homeobox gene that is essential for normal development of the Malpighian tubules in Drosophila melanogaster . Homologues of Drosophila cut that encode transcriptional repressors have been identified in several mammalian species and cell lineages. We examined the expression of a murine cut homologue (named Cux-1 ) in the developing mouse using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization. At 12.5 d.p.c. and 13.5 d.p.c, Cux-1 was highly expressed in a subset of embryonic tissues, including the developing metanephros. Within the metanephros, Cux-1 was expressed in the nephrogenic zone including both mesenchymal cells (uninduced and condensed mesenchyme) and epithelial cells (ureteric buds, renal vesicles, S -shaped bodies). During later stages of nephrogenesis, Cux-1 was down-regulated such that there was minimal expression in mature glomeruli and tubules. In addition, Cux-1 was detected in the mesonephros, mesonephric duct, and bladder. Expression of Cux-1 was also examined in polycystic kidneys from C57BL/6J- cpk/ cpk mice. At 21 days of age, Cux-1 was highly expressed in cyst epithelium of polycystic kidneys but was minimally expressed in kidneys from phenotypically normal littermates. These results demonstrate that a cut -related homeobox gene is expressed in the developing kidney and urinary tract of the mouse. Expression of Cux-1 in the kidney is inversely related to degree of cellular differentiation. Cux-1 may encode a transcriptional repressor that inhibits terminally differentiated gene expression during early stages of nephrogenesis.
The master of software engineering (MSE) program at Seattle University

Abstract The term “software engineering” has been in use for over twenty years. Yet, it lacks a precise, generally acceptable interpretation. This situation has made it especially difficult to define and implement educational programs in this relatively new discipline. This paper discusses the experience and results of one of the first successful graduate programs in the field, the Seattle University Master of Software Engineering (MSE) program. This program was established in 1979, and the results of its first several years of operationare reviewed in this article.
Generalized phase change model for melting and solidification with internal heat generation

Melting and solidification of materials with internal heat generation are investigated. Solutions to several problems by an enthalpy method have been obtained and presented. The solutions reveal the existence of a mushy zone in which liquid and solid coexist. This distinct mushy zone, which is not allowed for in the classical phase change model, is located between the pure liquid zone on one side and the pure solid zone on the other. It exhibits unique characteristics and plays a significant role in phase change analysis. Results confirm that a generalized phase change model should consist of three possible zones: the liquid, mushy, and solid. Nomenclature b = arbitrary length c = specific heat i = enthalpy k = conductivity n = unit vector r = mass melting rate per unit mixture volume q = internal heat generation rate per unit mixture volume s1! ,s2 = first and second interfaces t = time t = dimensionless time T = temperature V = volume x = physical coordinate normal to wall a. = thermal diffusivity e = liquid volume fraction B = dimensionless enthalpy X = latent heat of fusion per unit mass p = density T = dimensionless distance TP = dimensionless interface location p = density 0 = dimensionless temperature Subscripts
Perceptions of illness stigma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome

Purpose To compare the experiences of perceived stigma (PS) in both patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and examine its relationship to patient-reported outcomes in both patient populations.
The effect of increasing isocenter density in acoustic neuroma radiosurgery on dosimetry and clinical outcome

Materials/Methods: We analyzed the effect of the number of isocenter density in patients with previously untreated unilateral acoustic neuromas who underwent Gamma knife radiosurgery between Feb 1991 and Feb 2001 with marginal tumor doses of 12–13 Gy (median 13 Gy) and treatment volumes of 0.04–21.4 cc (median 1.1 cc). The median number of isocenters was 6 (range: 1–15) and isocenter density was 5.22 (range: 0.58–112.5). Median follow-up was 24 MO (max. 115 MO, 36 patients with 60 MO). We then analyzed treatment plans in a new set of 21 patients and then made repeat plans with fewer isocenters.
The vacuole system in stomatal cells ofAllium. vacuole movements and changes in morphology in differentiating cells as revealed by epifluorescence, video and electron microscopy

The development of autofluorescent vacuoles in the stomatal cells ofAllium cepa andA. vineale was investigated using fluorescence microscopy of live cells, low light level television, cytochemistry and electron microscopy. During cell differentiation, the vacuole undergoes two major changes in morphology. In an intermediate form, it consists of a reticulum or network of interlinked tubules and small chambers. The network is formed from globular cisternae in very young GMCs and is maintained as a reticulum until it is transformed back into a globular form later in the differentiation of guard cells. The network thus remains intact through the course of one cell division. During its existence, the reticulum undergoes complex movements and rearrangements. The significance of these changes in the vacuole is discussed in terms of vacuole ontogeny and function and the mechanisms that control motility in plant cells.
Personal, temporal and spatial characteristics of seriously injured crash-involved seat belt non-users in Hawaii

The characteristics of crash-involved seat belt non-users in a high use state (Hawaii) are examined in order to better design enforcement and education programs. Using police crash report data over a 10-year period (1986-1995), we compare belted and unbelted drivers and front seat occupants, who were seriously injured in crashes, in terms of personal (age, gender, alcohol involvement, etc.) and crash characteristics (time, location, roadway factors, etc.). A logistic regression model combined with the spline method is used to analyze and categorize the salient differences between users and non-users. We find that unbelted occupants are more likely to be male, younger, unlicensed, intoxicated and driving pickup trucks versus other vehicles. Moreover, non-users are more likely than users to be involved in speed-related crashes in rural areas during the nighttime. Passengers are 70 times more likely to be unbelted if the driver is also unbelted than passengers of vehicles with belted drivers. While our general findings are similar to other seat belt studies, the contribution of this paper is in terms of a deeper understanding of the relative importance of various factors associated with non-use among seriously injured occupants as well as demonstrating a powerful methodology for analyzing safety problems entailing the categorization of various groups. While the former has implication for seat belt enforcement and education programs, the latter is relevant to a host of other research questions.
Evaporation of ammonium nitrate particles containing ammonium sulfate

Abstract Single solid particles with initial composition about 80% NH4NO3 by number, 20% (NH4)2SO4 are levitated in an electric quadrupole trap at T = 25°C. Particle mass is measured continually over periods of up to 8 h as NH3 and HNO3 evaporate and are removed. For particles in vacuum the HNO3 effective pressure αP(Torr), where a is the sticking coefficient, is measured to be log ( αP) = ⩞ n 3 = −1 a n x n , where x is the NH4NO3 mole fraction and a−1 = −3.48 × 10−3, a0 = −7.17, a1 = 1.28, a2 = −1.67 and a3 = 2.60 with an estimated uncertainty in αP of 40% of this value. At x = 1 this gives, by extrapolation, P = (1.09 ±0.44) × 10−5 Torr α = 1, in good agreement with that calculated from thermodynamics, P = 9.46 × 10−6 Torr. For particles in water vapor, at humidities below the lowest deliquescence point at 62%, the evaporation rate increases. No mass increase is detected when the water vapor is introduced. For r.h. > 40% the evaporation rate is independent of NH4NO3 mole fraction until that falls below about 0.2. The results suggest that NH4+ and NO3− ions are solvated in an absorbed water layer with the solvation controlling evaporation. In a warm atmosphere without NH3 and HNO3 solid mixed NO3−-SO42− particles would lose most of their NO3− in 1-h, according to our results.
Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol stimulates adipocytic differentiation of porcine mesenchymal stem cells

Dihydroxy-cholecalciferol [1,25(OH)2D3] has been shown to have pleiotropic effects on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) based on species and culture conditions. We have examined the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the differentiation of porcine MSC under culture conditions designed to promote proliferation in order to attempt to mimic the conditions in young, rapidly growing animals. The MSC were isolated from bone marrow of a young pig and grown in basal media (BM) containing DMEM+10% fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. Cells received either BM, BM+10(-8) M 1,25(OH)2D3 or BM+10(-7) M 1,25(OH)2D3 with complete media changes every 3 days for a total of 12 days of culture. On days 3, 6, 9 and 12, viable cell numbers were determined, and samples were collected for gene expression analysis and cytochemical staining. There was a treatment-based reduction in cell numbers on 6, 9 and 12 days (P<.05). The concentrations of mRNAs encoding peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, lipoprotein lipase, and adipocyte-binding protein 2 were increased (P<.05) in a manner indicative of adipocytic differentiation by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 in a dose-dependent manner. However, the mRNA levels of osteocalcin, a late stage marker of osteoblastic differentiation, was also increased (P<.05) by treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3. An increased percentage of lipid filling, based on Oil Red O staining, and decreased alkaline phosphatase activity, was also seen with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. These data suggest that 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) stimulates the differentiation of porcine MSC towards an adipocytic phenotype.
Using indicators to identify regions with critical maternal health conditions

Objetivos. El Ministerio de Salud y Prevision Social de Bolivia convoco a principios de 2000 a varios expertos para que, a partir de la informacion disponible, elaboraran un metodo que permitiera identificar territorios criticos en un tema de por si prioritario --la salud materna y neonatal-- y crear un mapa de la situacion y de la capacidad instalada en las 112 provincias nacionales. En este estudio se describe el metodo utilizado. Metodos. Se crearon indices de la situacion de salud y de la capacidad instalada. Los pasos seguidos en este proceso fueron los siguientes: 1) identificacion de las variables incluidas en cada indice; 2) ponderacion de las variables de cada indice; creacion de una formula para cada indice; 4) elaboracion de una planilla con los datos de cada provincia correspondientes a las variables elegidas y al valor porcentual provincial de cada indice, obtenido mediante la aplicacion de la respectiva formula; 5) identificacion de tres categorias continuas para cada indice, y 6) definicion de la taxonomia. Resultados. De este modo, se obtuvo un mapa nacional de la situacion de salud materna y de la capacidad instalada en cada una de las 112 provincias bolivianas, lo cual permitio seleccionar un numero minimo de provincias para realizar intervenciones conjuntas entre el Ministerio de Salud y Prevision Social y otras instituciones. Las 9 provincias seleccionadas tienen un total de 26 municipios que implican a 17 distritos sanitarios y concentran el 29% de la poblacion del pais, el 33% de las muertes maternas y el 35% de las defunciones neonatales tempranas estimadas. Conclusiones. Basandose en informacion disponible, el metodo utilizado proporciono un mapa de la situacion global, en este caso de la salud materna, de las 112 provincias de los 9 departamentos bolivianos que permite identificar territorios criticos para las intervenciones en materia de salud.
A Qualitative Study of Victim Offender Mediation: Implications for Social Work

Restorative justice has grown extensively in recent years. However, existing research data indicate a lack of information regarding its process. This qualitative study aimed at providing an understanding of the experiences of participants in the delivery process. In addition to observation, 34 face-to-face interviews were conducted with 37 individuals. Analyses yielded important insights into multiple layers of participants' experiences. Though the participants indicated having had positive experiences, some insensitive approaches toward victims were also pointed out. This article discusses the implications in moving toward victim-sensitive restorative justice and for the social work profession.
An empirical analysis of the organizational commitment of information systems executives

Abstract Information systems (IS), in recent times, have moved away from their traditional role as back office support to a new role in which they are recognized as key organizational resources. This new role, and the introduction of new technologies, have led to new ways for organizations to restructure and manage their IS function. These changes have considerably altered the IS executive's work environment, creating the potential to significantly impact on the executive's commitment to, and motivation to stay with, the organization. IS professionals have historically displayed a very high rate of turnover. While prior research has established a theoretical, causal link between individual/job/organizational characteristics, commitment and personnel turnover, empirical studies in the IS area have focused only on individual and job characteristics as antecedents of organizational commitment. The present study extends this line of research to explore the significance of organizational variables as antecedents to commitment. Discriminant analysis is used to analyze the empirical data from a questionnaire survey of IS executives. Implications of the results for organizations are discussed.
Computing in Planning: Professional and Institutional Requirements:

This paper represents an attempt to show how computation might be improved and reorganized to deal better with the imperatives of the planning profession and to improve its organizational setting, I will first sketch three underlying sets of circumstances: the state of urban development, focussing mainly on the USA; the structure and imperatives of planning capable of dealing with these conditions; and some organizational factors which generally stand in the way of such planning, The key to this part of the discussion is the identification of three major activities in planning: analysis or modeling, invention or design, and guiding public participation. I will then describe the hypothetical functioning of a well-tempered planning program, showing the critical importance of computing in relation to the three major planning activities; then with a generalized examination of the computing issues I arrive at an optimistic evaluation of the possible achievement of this program.