cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyaluronan Breakdown Contributes to Immune Defense against Group A Streptococcus

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) commonly infects human skin and occasionally causes severe and life-threatening invasive diseases. The hyaluronan (HA) capsule of GAS has been proposed to protect GAS from host defense by mimicking endogenous HA, a large and abundant glycosaminoglycan in the skin. However, HA is degraded during tissue injury, and the functions of short-chain HA that is generated during infection have not been studied. To examine the impact of the molecular mass of HA on GAS infection, we established infection models in vitro and in vivo in which the size of HA was defined by enzymatic digestion or custom synthesis. We discovered that conversion of high molecular mass HA to low molecular mass HA facilitated GAS phagocytosis by macrophages and limited the severity of infection in mice. In contrast, native high molecular mass HA significantly impaired internalization by macrophages and increased GAS survival in murine blood. Thus, our data demonstrate that GAS virulence can be influenced by the size of HA derived from both the bacterium and host and suggest that high molecular mass HA facilitates GAS deep tissue infections, whereas the generation of short-chain HA can be protective.
Self‐administration of cocaine and the cocaine analog RTI‐113: Relationship to dopamine transporter occupancy determined by PET neuroimaging in rhesus monkeys

Dopaminergic mechanisms are thought to play a central role in the reinforcing effects of cocaine. The present study examined the reinforcing effects of 3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid phenyl ester (RTI-113), a long-acting, selective, high-affinity dopamine uptake inhibitor. Additionally, the effects of RTI-113 pretreatment on cocaine self-administration were determined. Monkeys were trained to respond under a second-order schedule for intravenous cocaine administration (0.10 or 0.17 mg/kg/infusion). When responding was stable, cocaine (0.0030-1.0 mg/kg/infusion) and RTI-113 (0.010-0.30 mg/kg/infusion) were substituted for the cocaine training dose. Cocaine and RTI-113 were equipotent for their reinforcing effects. However, cocaine maintained higher response rates in two of the three monkeys tested. When administered as a pretreatment, RTI-113 (0.10-0.30 mg/kg) dose-dependently reduced responding maintained by two doses of cocaine. Drug effects on behavior were related to dopamine transporter (DAT) occupancy in monkey striatum during neuroimaging with positron emission tomography. DAT occupancy was determined by displacement of 8-(2-[(18)F]fluroethyl)2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl)nortropane (FECNT). DAT occupancy was between 65-76% and 94-99% for doses of cocaine and RTI-113 that maintained maximum response rates, respectively. DAT occupancy did not differ markedly across RTI-113 pretreatment doses and ranged between 72-84%. The results suggest that the pharmacokinetic profile of RTI-113 (i.e., long-acting) may influence its ability to maintain self-administration, and therefore its abuse liability. Additionally, high DAT occupancy is required for RTI-113 to reduce cocaine-maintained responding.
Convective heat transfer in foams under laminar flow in pipes and tube bundles

The present study reports experimental data and scaling analysis for forced convection of foams and microfoams in laminar flow in circular and rectangular tubes as well as in tube bundles. Foams and microfoams are pseudoplastic (shear thinning) two-phase fluids consisting of tightly packed bubbles with diameters ranging from tens of microns to a few millimeters. They have found applications in separation processes, soil remediation, oil recovery, water treatment, food processes, as well as in fire fighting and in heat exchangers. First, aqueous solutions of surfactant Tween 20 with different concentrations were used to generate microfoams with various porosity, bubble size distribution, and rheological behavior. These different microfoams were flowed in uniformly heated circular tubes of different diameter instrumented with thermocouples. A wide range of heat fluxes and flow rates were explored. Experimental data were compared with analytical and semi-empirical expressions derived and validated for single-phase power-law fluids. These correlations were extended to two-phase foams by defining the Reynolds number based on the effective viscosity and density of microfoams. However, the local Nusselt and Prandtl numbers were defined based on the specific heat and thermal conductivity of water. Indeed, the heated wall was continuously in contact with a film of water controlling convective heat transfer to the microfoams. Overall, good agreement between experimental results and model predictions was obtained for all experimental conditions considered. Finally, the same approach was shown to be also valid for experimental data reported in the literature for laminar forced convection of microfoams in rectangular minichannels and of macrofoams across aligned and staggered tube bundles with constant wall heat flux.
Non-invasive cardiac output trending during exercise recovery on a bathroom-scale-based ballistocardiograph

Cardiac ejection of blood into the aorta generates a reaction force on the body that can be measured externally via the ballistocardiogram (BCG). In this study, a commercial bathroom scale was modified to measure the BCGs of nine healthy subjects recovering from treadmill exercise. During the recovery, Doppler echocardiogram signals were obtained simultaneously from the left ventricular outflow tract of the heart. The percentage changes in root-mean-square (RMS) power of the BCG were strongly correlated with the percentage changes in cardiac output measured by Doppler echocardiography (R(2) = 0.85, n = 275 data points). The correlation coefficients for individually analyzed data ranged from 0.79 to 0.96. Using Bland-Altman methods for assessing agreement, the mean bias was found to be -0.5% (+/-24%) in estimating the percentage changes in cardiac output. In contrast to other non-invasive methods for trending cardiac output, the unobtrusive procedure presented here uses inexpensive equipment and could be performed without the aid of a medical professional.
Beyond Charitable Choice: The Diverse Service Delivery Approaches of Local Faith-Related Organizations

Charitable choice has focused policy attention on the oft-neglected universe of faith- related organizations but not necessarily on the corners of that universe that ought to matter most or the questions that are most important. We compare local welfare reform initiatives of eight faith-related organizations to suggest how the debate might be con- structively reframed. The evidence (a) argues for putting less focus on congregations as contractors and more attention to their role as sites and resources for church-based coali- tions and organizing networks; (b) contradicts a simplified understanding of faith- related organizations as agents for "instilling virtues and character in the poor," recog- nizing that many give equal or greater weight to convincing congregations to fulfill their social obligations; and (c) counters the view that the key challenges are legal or regula- tory, instead drawing attention to the difficult local work of integrating the resources of faith-related organizations with other public, private, and voluntary organizations. The advent of charitable choice 1 has focusedpolicy attention on the oft- neglecteduniverse of faith-relatedorganizations 2 but not necessarily on the corners of that universe that ought to matter most or the questions that are most important. Since welfare reform, the debate has been preoccupied with issues raisedby public funding of congregations or other small faith-related organizations whose service delivery activities emphasize moral suasion. Supporters claim that contracting with these organizations will increase the effectiveness of public social programs, because they offer "particularized care" and"are able to have a more powerful effect in shaping character and giving direction to lives than can institutions that must comply with a bureau- cratic rationality" (Glenn, 2000, p. 24). Detractors fear a coercive moralism that violates church-state separation andabrogates government responsibilities (Davis, 1996). Both sides in the debate portray contracting choices as a zero-sum game in which government andfaith-relatedorganizations represent alternatives rather
Patch diameter limits for tiered subaperture SAR image formation algorithms

Synthetic Aperture Radar image formation algorithms typically use transform techniques that often requires trading between image resolution, algorithm efficiency, and focussed image scene size limits. This is due to assumptions for the data such as simplified (often straight-line) flight paths, simplified imaging geometry, and simplified models for phase functions. Many errors in such assumptions are typically untreatable due to their dependence on both data domain positions and image domain positions. The result is that large scenes often require inefficient multiple image formation iterations, followed by a mosaicking operation of the focussed image patches. One class of image formation algorithms that performs favorably divides the spatial and frequency apertures into subapertures, and perhaps those subapertures into sub-subapertures, and so on, in a tiered subaperture fashion. This allows a gradual shift from data domain into image domain that allows correcting many types of errors that limit other image formation algorithms, even in a dynamic motion environment, thereby allowing larger focussed image patches without mosaicking. This paper presents and compares focussed patch diameter limits for tiered subaperture (TSA) image formation algorithms, for various numbers of tiers of subapertures. Examples are given that show orders-of-magnitude improvement in non-mosaicked focussed image patch size over traditional polar format processing, and that patch size limits increase with the number of tiers of subapertures, although with diminishing returns.
Development of a Transient Viscous Flow Solver Based on Conservation Element-Solution Element Framework.

In this paper, we report an extension of the Space-time Conservation Element-Solution Element (CE/SE) framework to model viscous flow problems. The formulation and boundary conditions (stationary and moving wall boundaries in particular) are presented and discussed. The capability of the developed solver to solve both compressible and laminar viscous flows is demonstrated through simulation of 2-D problems, such as laminar flow over a flat plate, driven cavity, and external flow over a circular cylinder. The numerical results and their comparison with analytical results and experimental results are presented. Possible future extensions of the model are also discussed.
Carbon pools and fluxes in small temperate forest landscapes: Variability and implications for sampling design

Assessing forest carbon storage and cycling over large areas is a growing challenge that is complicated by the inherent heterogeneity of forest systems. Field measurements must be conducted and analyzed appropriately to generate precise estimates at scales large enough for mapping or comparison with remote sensing data. In this study we examined spatial variability in three small temperate forest landscapes. Our objectives were (1) to quantify the magnitude and scale of variability in stand structure, carbon pools and carbon fluxes and (2) to assess how this variability influences both optimal sampling strategy and required sampling intensity. Stand structure was consistently less variable than carbon pools or fluxes, suggesting that measuring carbon dynamics may require more intense sampling than traditional forestry inventories. Likewise, the magnitude of variability differed substantially among response variables, implying that sampling efficiency can be enhanced by adopting a flexible sampling strategy that is optimized for each carbon pool. Our results indicate that plots dispersed across the study area are generally more effective than clustered plots for characterizing carbon dynamics. Published by Elsevier B.V.
The lift force on a bubble in a sheared suspension in a slightly inclined channel

The lattice Boltzmann method was applied to simulate the free rise of monodisperse non-coalescing spherical bubbles in slightly inclined channels bound by solid walls. The Reynolds number based on the relative velocity between the bubbles and the fluid ranged from 4 to 16, the volume fraction from 5% to 10% and the inclination angle from 2° to 6°. The simulations revealed that the weak buoyancy component normal to the walls led to a layer of bubbles near the upper wall and a depleted layer near the bottom wall. These thin layers drove a nearly viscometric shear flow within the bulk of the channel that allowed an unambiguous determination of the lift force in a sheared homogeneous and freely evolving bubble suspension. The lift force coefficients calculated from our simulations were always higher than those for isolated spherical bubbles, suggesting that the lift force is enhanced by hydrodynamic interactions among the bubbles. Experimental measurements of the velocity gradient in 10% volume fraction bubble suspensions in glycerine–water–electrolyte mixtures in slightly inclined channels yielded lift coefficients in excess of those predicted for isolated bubbles and confirmed the qualitative predictions of the simulations.
Novel use of patient-derived vignettes to foster self-efficacy in an asthma self-management workbook.

This article describes the development of an interactive self-management workbook to increase asthma knowledge and self-efficacy. Its format encourages readers to write in their own personal experi...
Migration from full-head mask to "open-face" mask for immobilization of patients with head and neck cancer.

To provide an alternative device for immobilization of the head while easing claustrophobia and improving comfort, an "open-face" thermoplastic mask was evaluated using video-based optical surface imaging (OSI) and kilovoltage (kV) X-ray radiography. A three-point thermoplastic head mask with a precut opening and reinforced strips was developed. After molding, it provided sufficient visible facial area as the region of interest for OSI. Using real-time OSI, the head motion of ten volunteers in the new mask was evaluated during mask locking and 15minutes lying on the treatment couch. Using a nose mark with reference to room lasers, forced head movement in open-face and full-head masks (with a nose hole) was compared. Five patients with claustrophobia were immobilized with open-face masks, set up using OSI and kV, and treated in 121 fractions, in which 61 fractions were monitored during treatment using real-time OSI. With the open-face mask, head motion was found to be 1.0 ± 0.6 mm and 0.4° ± 0.2° in volunteers during the experiment, and 0.8 ± 0.3 mm and 0.4° ± 0.2° in patients during treatment. These agree with patient motion calculated from pre-/post-treatment OSI and kV data using different anatomical landmarks. In volunteers, the head shift induced by mask-locking was 2.3 ± 1.7 mm and 1.8° ± 0.6°, and the range of forced movements in the open-face and full-head masks were found to be similar. Most (80%) of the volunteers preferred the open-face mask to the full-head mask, while claustrophobic patients could only tolerate the open-face mask. The open-face mask is characterized for its immobilization capability and can immobilize patients sufficiently (< 2 mm) during radiotherapy. It provides a clinical solution to the immobilization of patients with head and neck (HN) cancer undergoing radiotherapy, and is particularly beneficial for claustrophobic patients. This new open-face mask is readily adopted in radiotherapy clinic as a superior alternative to the standard full-head mask.
Point-based rendering techniques

The increasing popularity of points as rendering primitives has led to a variety of different rendering algorithms, and the different implementations compare like apples to oranges. In this paper, we revisit and compare a number of recently developed point-based rendering implementations within a common testbed. Also we briefly summarize a few proposed hierarchical multiresolution point data structures and discuss their advantages. Based on a common view-dependent level-of-detail (LOD) rendering framework, we then examine different hardware accelerated point rendering algorithms. Experimental results are given with respect to performance timing and rendering quality for the different approaches. Additionally, we also compare the point-based rendering techniques to a basic triangle mesh approach.
Exchange coupling and magnetic blocking in dilanthanide complexes bridged by the multi-electron redox-active ligand 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl)pyrazine

The syntheses and magnetic properties of six new compounds featuring the radical-bridged dilanthanide complexes [(Cp*2Ln)2(μ-tppz˙)]+ (Ln = Gd, 1; Tb, 2; Dy, 3; tppz = 2,3,5,6-tetra(2-pyridyl)pyrazine) and [(Cp*2Ln)2(μ-tppz˙)]− (Ln = Gd, 4; Tb, 5, Dy, 6) are reported. Cyclic voltammograms for compounds 1–3 reveal that the tppz ligand can reversibly undergo multiple redox changes. Hence, in the two sets of compounds isolated, 1–3 and 4–6, the redox-active ligand tppz exists in the monoanionic (tppz˙−) and trianionic (tppz˙3−) forms, respectively. Substantial LnIII–tppz˙− exchange coupling is found for the cationic tppz˙− radical-bridged species of 1–3, as suggested by a rise in χMT at low temperatures. For the Gd compound 1, fits to the data yielded a coupling constant of J = −6.91(4) cm−1, revealing antiferromagnetic coupling to give an S = 13/2 ground state. Both of the TbIII and DyIII-containing compounds 2 and 3 exhibit single-molecule magnet behavior under zero applied dc field. Importantly, the Dy congener shows a divergence of the field-cooled and zero-field-cooled dc susceptibility data at 2.8 K and magnetic hysteresis below 3.25 K. Interestingly, the coupling constant of J = −6.29(3) cm−1 determined for the trianionic tppz˙3− radical-bridged Gd compound 4 is of similar magnitude to that of the tppz˙−-bridged analogue 1. However, the anionic tppz˙3−-bridged species containing TbIII and DyIII centers, compounds 5 and 6, do not exhibit slow magnetization dynamics under zero and applied dc fields. Computational results indicate a doublet ground state for the bridging tppz˙3− unit, with a different distribution for the spin density orientation towards the LnIII centers. These results have important implications for the future design of molecule-based magnets incorporating exchange-coupled lanthanide-radical species.
DNA methylation dynamics during in vivo differentiation of blood and skin stem cells.

SUMMARY DNA methylation is a mechanism of epigenetic regulation that is common to all vertebrates. Functional studies underscore its relevance for tissue homeostasis, but the global dynamics of DNA methylation during in vivo differentiation remain underexplored. Here we report high-resolution DNA methylation maps of adult stem cell differentiation in mouse, focusing on 19 purified cell populations of the blood and skin lineages. DNA methylation changes were locus specific and relatively modest in magnitude. They frequently overlapped with lineage-associated transcription factors andtheir binding sites, suggesting that DNA methylation may protect cells from aberrant transcription factor activation. DNA methylation and gene expression provided complementary information, and combining the two enabled us to infer the cellular differentiation hierarchy of the blood lineage directly from genome-scale data. In summary, these results demonstrate that in vivo differentiation of adult stem cells is associated with small but informative changes in the genomic distribution of DNA methylation.
Intelligent Agents in Design

In this paper we argue that learning or adaptation ability should be included in the basic set of features characterizing an intelligent agent in design. We propose a collection of attributes describing agents, which are grouped into several categories. Next, we present the results of a detailed study of all agents for design, which were discussed during the First International Workshop on Agents in Design at MIT in August of 2002. A statistical analysis of their attributes has been conducted and its results are reported to suggest future evolution of agents in design. Finally, we briefly overview the topic of Directed Evolution and use its paradigms to predict further development of agents in design. The paper also provides our initial conclusions and suggests further research.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The Optimal Choice of Health and Mortality

In this chapter we use micro economic models of individual behavior in a dynamic context to describe how an individual chooses the optimal level of investment in healthiness and implicitly length of life. This establishes a foundation for the estimation of structural parameters related to health demands for older adult men in Section 2.4 and for the hazard mortality estimates that we present in Chapters 4 and 5. While choice regarding health may be considered commonplace for economists, characterizing the length of life as a choice may seem crude and unreasonable to some. There are, however, numerous examples of people making this choice directly, e.g., suicides, living wills that mandate against extraordinary medical care, the refusal by Christian Scientists of potentially life-preserving medical care, and the shortfall of deaths before personally significant dates with a subsequent spike in death rates afterwards.4 Moreover, people have cut back on cigarette smoking since the Surgeon General’s 1964 report on the morbidity and mortality implications of smoking. They also have to be paid more to work at jobs at which more deaths occur (see Thaler and Rosen, 1975). More to the point, by constantly making choices that affect their health and thus the probability that their health falls irreversibly below some threshold leading to death, individuals constantly are affecting their expected duration of survival — whether or not they characterize these choices as proximate causes of survival.
NTCT-02A COMMON AND LONG-LASTING PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY IS ASSOCIATED WITH BRENTUXIMAB VEDOTIN TREATMENT OF MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES AND SÉZARY SYNDROME

BACKGROUND: Brentuximab vedotin (BV) is an antibody-drug conjugate with a CD30 antibody linked to the microtubule inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E. The use of BV is being explored in Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS). In studies of BV treatment in other lymphomas, peripheral neuropathy was reported in 36% and 52% of patients, with resolution or improvement in 63% and 54%, respectively. METHODS: Patients were adults with good performance status in a phase II study of BV for MF/SS. A neurologist evaluated the patients at pre-defined intervals, and we employed the Total Neuropathy Score - clinical (TNSc) in a subset of the patients. Spearman's coefficient was used to measure correlations between CTCAE grade and TNSc scores. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between neuropathy grade and baseline neuropathy risk factors along with BV dose. RESULTS: Twenty-one (66%) of 32 patients developed worsening neuropathy, 9 (28%) CTCAE grade 1, 11 (34%) grade 2, and 1 (3%) grade 4. Seven (58%) of the patients with grades 2 or 4 progressed after the last dose of BV. Thirteen (62%) of patients showed improvement or resolution of the neuropathy. Risk factors of age, diabetes, alcoholism, and prior chemotherapy did not predict neuropathy. Total dose of BV predicted neuropathy (p < 0.0001). CTCAE grade correlated with TNSc (ρ = 0.75, p < 0.001), and grade 2 neuropathy occurred around a TNSc of 6 to 8. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reveals that a larger proportion of MF/SS patients treated with BV developed a long-lasting neuropathy than expected. The neuropathy has the pattern of a large fiber, sensory predominant syndrome, with generally negative symptoms. The TNSc provides a reliable measure of neuropathy with greater granularity. The ability to more clearly and objectively monitor such side effects is of paramount importance in the MF/SS population, given the chronic nature of their diagnosis.
MODULATION OF THE ADRENOCORTICAL STRESS RESPONSE IN NEOTROPICAL MIGRANTS DURING AUTUMN MIGRATION

easonal changes in corticosterone metabolism have been implicated in the migratory physiology of passerines. To investigate how this hormone might relate to migra- tory condition in free-living birds, we compared plasma levels of corticosterone in response to capture and handling stress in premigratory and migrating Gray Catbirds (Dumetella car- olinensis). Lean, premigratory catbirds exhibited stress responses typical of other nonlipogenic, nonhyperphagic bird species sampled on the breeding or wintering grounds (i.e. low levels of corticosterone at capture followed by significant increases over I h). In contrast, fat, migratory catbirds sampled later in the season showed significantly higher baseline levels of corticosterone at capture and no significant increase in hormone levels with handling time. We also sampled a group of migrating Yellow-rumped Warblers (Dendroica coronata) at a stopover site. Like catbirds, migrating warblers exhibited an absence of a stress response, with no significant change in corticosterone levels with capture and handling stress. Unlike birds sampled on the breeding grounds, there was no relationship between corticosterone levels at capture and fat scores in premigratory and migratory catbirds, or in the migratory warblers. These results support our Migration-Modulation Hypothesis regarding seasonal changes in corticosterone levels, viz.: (1) an absence of a relationship between fat deposition and baseline corticosterone levels illustrates the permissive nature of the hormone, which remains elevated throughout the migratory period to facilitate hyperphagia and lipogenesis independent of short-term changes in energetic condition; and (2) further elevation of cor- ticosterone in response to acute stress is suppressed during migration to protect skeletal muscle needed for flight. Received 25 April 1995, accepted 14 July 1995.
Preparing Teachers for Language Assessment: A Practice‐Based Approach

As the number of English language learners in mainstream classrooms increases, so too does the need for teachers skilled in classroom-based language assessment (CBLA). All teachers must be able to monitor, evaluate, and support the English language development of their students. With a paucity of research on how to prepare teachers to enact ongoing, meaningful assessment of language development, this article describes how teacher candidates’ learning of CBLA was embedded into practice, responding to the question: How can teacher educators embed candidates’ professional learning of CBLA into practice across different course settings? The authors discuss the key elements of a practice-based approach and describe how these elements were applied to the teaching of CBLA in both a controlled and a designed setting. The article concludes with teacher candidates’ reactions to this approach and recommendations for situating teacher learning of CBLA into practice.
Does the Exit of a Woman from the Firm Increase or Decrease Her Female Colleagues’ Earnings?

The departure of a highly paid individual from an organization likely has important ramifications for career outcomes of the colleagues that he or she leaves behind. However, scholars studying the ...
Hepatic Drug Metabolism in Ten Strains of Norway Rat Before and After Pretreatment with Phenobarbital

SummaryTwo- to three-fold differences in the metabolism of ethylmorphine and aniline have been described in the 9000g liver supernatant from 10 strains of Norway rat. In the 9000g supernatant wild ...
Reflection and enlightenment on West African Ebola epidemic

This paper provides an overview of 2014 West African Ebola epidemic situation and its characteristics,and in-depth analyzes the cause of large-scale outbreak of epidemic,as well as adverse consequences. Through reviewing and analyzing the literature published in the journals and other media,this paper also gives a serious reflect on emergency response and measures of the epidemic related countries in West Africa and international community in the whole process of this epidemic( the occurrence,spread,and emergency disposal),from which we can draw lessons,get beneficial enlightenment,and actively respond to effectively deal with regional and international major public health emergencies.
EMERGING STRATEGIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER

Purpose/objectives To review advances in understanding the biology of cancer that will lead to new prognostic indicators and approaches for treating cancer and its metastases and to explore the implications of these developments for oncology nurses. Data sources Published papers, abstracts, research result, package inserts, books, and personal experience. Data synthesis Understanding is evolving that cancer is a genetic disease that occurs when a single cell and its progeny are remarkably changed by a series of genetic mutations. A new paradigm for managing cancer is emerging that is based on new prognostic indicators, intracellular and intercellular communication, and biologic control. Potential new therapeutic strategies include gene-directed therapy, control of cellular proliferation, exploitation of cell death, inhibition of metastasis, and reversal of multidrug resistance. Many of these therapies are only beginning to enter phase I/II clinical trials. Conclusions With continued progress, doctors will be able to identify patients with the highest likelihood of experiencing recurrent or progressive disease and formulate therapeutic strategies specific for their disease and even for their individual genetic makeup. Implications for nursing practice To remain abreast of these new and increasingly sophisticated treatments, oncology nurses must be knowledgeable about cell and cancer biology, human genetics, the immune system, a how advances in these fields are forming the foundation for new therapies. Nurses with creativity and drive will continue to lead the way in developing management strategies for patients receiving these new therapies.
Secondary Tumors of the Prostate

The significance and clinical implications of secondary neoplasms of the prostate are discussed. These neoplasms are rare except for those that involve the gland by direct extension from adjacent structures. We report on 185 such cases found on a review of almost 6,000 male autopsies during the last 25 years.
Rail Surface Measurement and Multi-Scale Modeling of Wheel-Rail Contact

The primary purpose of this study is to use a nano-scale optical surface profilometer to assess the feasibility of such instruments in measuring localized friction coefficient on railways, beyond what can be commonly measured by tribometers used by the railroad industry. One of the important aspects of moving freight and passengers on railways is the ability to manage and control the friction between the rails and wheels. Creating a general friction model is a challenging task because friction is influenced by various factors such as surface metrology, properties of materials in contact, surface contamination, flash temperature, normal load, sliding velocity, surface deformation, inter-surface adhesion, etc. With an increase in the number of influencing factors, the complexity of the friction model also increases. Therefore, reliable prediction of the friction, both theoretically and empirically, is sensitive to how the model parameters are measured. In this study, the surface characteristics of four rail sections are measured at 20 microns over a rectangular area using a portable Nanovea JR25 optical surface profilometer and the results were studied using various statistical procedures and Fractal theory. Furthermore, a 2D rectangular area was measured in this study because 1D height profile doesn’t capture all the necessary statistical properties of the surface. For surface roughness characterization, the 3D parameters such as root-mean-square (RMS) height, skewness, kurtosis and other important parameters are obtained according to ISO 25178 standard. To verify the statistical results and fractal analysis, a British Pendulum Skid Resistance Tester is used to measure the average sliding coefficients of friction based on several experiments over a 5 cm contact length for the four rail sections selected for the tests. The results indicate that rail surfaces with lower fractal dimension number have a lower friction. The larger fractal dimension number appears to be directly proportional to larger microtexture features, which potentially increase friction.Copyright © 2016 by ASME
Graphical Planning Envelopes for Estimating the Surface Footprint of CO2 Plumes during CO2 Injection into Saline Aquifers

This article presents research regarding the storage or sequestration of carbon dioxide in deep, saline aquifers. Building upon existing research and supplementing it with new numerical modeling simulations, a set of graphical planning curves was developed. Each graphical planning curve plots the value of Ω or the normalized surface footprint per kilogram of CO2 injected versus the aquifer anisotropy ratio. The planning curves present one planning envelope that is subdivided into two parts. One portion of the envelope governs the planning for active injection operations of geologic storage projects typically lasting less than 100 years. The second portion of the envelope governs the planning for long-term monitoring of the carbon dioxide plume as it evolves from mostly free-phase or highly concentrated aqueous-phase carbon dioxide to entirely dilute aqueous-phase carbon dioxide. This approach is innovative and useful for practitioners since it provides a simple way to estimate the CO2 surface footprint regardless of the aquifer anisotropy. Previous approaches for estimating the footprint usually assumed an isotropic and homogeneous aquifer storage zone.
Experimental realization of color hologram using pancharatnam-berry phase manipulating metasurface

We design and fabricate a Pancharatnam-Berry phase manipulating metasurface to experimentally demonstrate a three-color RGB pattern. The color pattern is produced by illuminating a nanostructured silver metasurface hologram with a white light source.
Curriculum Integration Positions and Practices in Art Education

Issues of school reform regarding teaching for understanding and knowledge fragmentation have influenced teachers, including art teachers, to work across curriculum divisions. This paper examines art education practices using interpretations of curriculum integration positions from the field of education. Discourse analysis1 was used as the research method to contextually situate and analyze four art curricular paradigms: using the arts as resources for other disciplines; enlarging organizing centers through the arts; interpreting subjects, ideas, or themes through the arts; and understanding life-centered issues through meaningful educational experiences.
Review: The Urbanism of Frank Lloyd Wright, by Neil Levine

Neil Levine The Urbanism of Frank Lloyd Wright Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2016, 446 pp., 203 color and 179 b/w illus. $65 (cloth), ISBN 9780691167534 Given the universal understanding of Frank Lloyd Wright's ideas on the design of cities as having been definitively embodied in his antiurbanist and pro-ruralist design for Broadacre City of 1929–35, which Wright published as “the disappearing city,” Neil Levine notes in the very first sentence of his introduction that this book's title, The Urbanism of Frank Lloyd Wright, “might strike many as an oxymoron” (xiv). The extent of Levine's new book (matching his 1996 work The Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright ) and the wide range of designs he examines from across Wright's career are deployed to construct an alternate view of Wright as an architect who, both before and after Broadacre City, was continually engaged in making projects that contribute to the field of urban design.1 Levine has chosen to present a series of Wright's projects, prefacing each with a compact but comprehensive summary of both the preceding and parallel developments in the larger discipline of urban design as well as discussion of the character and history of the physical context. The first section of the book comprises four chapters on Wright's early urban designs for the streetcar suburbs of Chicago, employing what Wright called his Quadruple Block Plan. Levine indicates how, from the start of Wright's independent career, he endeavored to weave his designs into the square grid that organized the western territories of the United States after 1785, and on which the rapidly expanding western suburbs of Chicago were grounded. Levine notes the generative nature of the square grid and the pinwheel plan in the formation of both Wright's Quadruple Block Plan, where they are used to order the houses on the urban block, and the Prairie House, where they are used to order the rooms within the house. Initially developed in 1896 as a means …
Survival after Autologous Transplantation to Treat Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma with a History of CNS Involvement, Bone Marrow Involvement, or Histologic Transformation.

Background: Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who present with extra-nodal involvement or histologic transformation from low-grade disease have lower rates of survival after conventional-dose therapy. The impact of these features on outcomes after high-dose therapy with autologous transplantation was investigated. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 64 consecutive patients receiving autologous transplantation from 1995 to 2003 for the treatment of DLBCL. Variables considered were age, gender, histologic transformation, history of bone marrow involvement, history of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, time from diagnosis to transplant, number of pre-transplant regimens, chemosensitivity prior to transplant, conditioning regimen, year of transplant, and the use of peripheral blood or bone marrow stem cells. Survivals were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to test the significance of factors on survival. Univariate association between variables and survival were tested by the log-rank test. Correlation between variables was tested with Spearman’s rank coefficient. Results: The median age at transplant among 64 patients was 53.5 years (17–74). The median overall survival was 3.3 years. Among these patients, 12 had a history of CNS involvement, 10 had a history of bone marrow involvement, and 12 had transformed from low-grade lymphoma. A Cox regression model suggested age ² = 0.42, p=0.001) and more prior chemotherapy regimens (R ² =0.24, p=0.054). A history of extranodal involvement, including prior CNS involvement (p=0.842) or bone marrow involvement (p=0.518), was not associated with lower survival by univariate analysis. No significant association was found between survival and a history of transformation (p=0.484). Conclusions: A history of CNS involvement, bone marrow involvement, or histologic transformation is not associated with lower rates of survival among patients undergoing autologous transplantation for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma at our institution. Patients who present with such histories remain candidates for autologous transplantation.
Software Development Using Object-First Approach: a New Learning Strategy

Software Engineering approach deals with the Software Development (SD) that is aligned with design and development of software applications. The Software Development may be implemented in a variety of techniques but its implementation using a procedural paradigm and an imperative language seem to be more effective and efficient for the design and implementation of software applications. The procedural approach for Software Development offers advantages as this it may be used to teach some basic features of programming languages. The object of this paper is to introduce the software development and associated object-first approach for the design of software project application using top-down method. This approach defines functions and modules as basic units for the design and implementation and also for offering hands-on experiences with the basics of programming languages of sequences, selections, iterations structures. These structures will be used to define various modules with programming language constructs for of software development process. The software Development process is one of the very crucial processes of software engineering.
Road map to recovery: An expressive arts therapy intervention

ABSTRACTA major task for mental health professionals and group leaders that frequently work with clients working through sobriety and recovery is to develop new and creative ways to engage their clients with the same relevant information. Substance use recovery treatment standards are highlighted and expressive arts therapy is explored. By combining treatment standards with expressive arts therapy, the road map to recovery intervention is outlined. This tool is used to process recovery, identify triggers, develop coping strategies, and to further instill hope for a future of sobriety.
Abstract P200: Neighborhood Disadvantage and Poor Social Conditions Influence Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in African American Adults: A Prospective Analysis in the Jackson Heart Study

Introduction: Racial residential segregation results in increased exposure to adverse neighborhood environments in African Americans; however the impact of economic and social neighborhood conditio...
My Trust in Government Is Implicit: Automatic Trust in Government and System Support

How distrustful are people of government? Although large majorities of Americans express distrust in government, we propose that most of these same individuals also possess an implicit, gut-level t...
The influence of political ideology and trust on willingness to vaccinate.

In light of the increasing refusal of some parents to vaccinate children, public health strategies have focused on increasing knowledge and awareness based on a “knowledge-deficit” approach. However, decisions about vaccination are based on more than mere knowledge of risks, costs, and benefits. Individual decision making about vaccinating involves many other factors including those related to emotion, culture, religion, and socio-political context. In this paper, we use a nationally representative internet survey in the U.S. to investigate socio-political characteristics to assess attitudes about vaccination. In particular, we consider how political ideology and trust affect opinions about vaccinations for flu, pertussis, and measles. Our findings demonstrate that ideology has a direct effect on vaccine attitudes. In particular, conservative respondents are less likely to express pro-vaccination beliefs than other individuals. Furthermore, ideology also has an indirect effect on immunization propensity. The ideology variable predicts an indicator capturing trust in government medical experts, which in turn helps to explain individual-level variation with regards to attitudes about vaccine choice.
The Target Cells in Vascularized Bone Allografts

Immediate vascularization of bone allografts by microsurgical anatomoses of donor and host arteries and veins is a theoretically appealing way to avoid problems of prolonged nonviability inherent in massive bone transplantation [1, 22, 24]. This includes nonunion, sepsis, and fatigue fracture [14–16, 18–20, 23, 25] until the grafts are revascularized by host vessels and repopulated by host osteocytes. In order to study the immunological consequences and sequelae of the primary vascularization of bone, transplanted as an organ, a genetically defined heterotopic rat model has been developed. The question was whether the immunologic events and target tissues are different in transplantation across strong and weak barriers, and whether transplantation across a weak genetic barrier would result in a less intense host response. To examine these, we carried out a histologic and histochemical analysis of the acute rejection process in vascularized bone allografts transplanted across both strong and weak histocompatibility barriers.
Child Care Providers' Organizational Commitment: A Test of the Investment Model

This study uses the investment model to predict organizational commitment in center- and home-based child care providers. The investment model posits that organizational commitment develops from a careful balance of job rewards, costs, investments, and alternatives. Eighty-six child care providers (40 center providers and 46 home providers) completed surveys at two time points separated by six months. In general, our test of the investment model was modestly confirmed; regression analyses indicated that providers' Time 2 organizational commitment was predicted by child care setting, higher levels of child care income and work satisfaction, less educational attainment, and greater perceptions of investment at Time 1. Results are discussed in terms of child care provider retention and current workforce development initiatives.
Dietary Palmitoleic Acid Attenuates Atherosclerosis Progression and Hyperlipidemia in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice.

SCOPE Palmitoleic acid (palmitoleate; C16:1 n-7), an omega-7 monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) found in plants and marine sources, has been shown to favorably modulate lipid and glucose metabolism. However, its impact on atherosclerosis has not been examined in detail. METHODS AND RESULTS LDL receptor knock out (LDLR-KO) mice are fed a Western diet supplemented with 5% (w/w) palmitoleate concentrate, oleic-rich olive oil, or none (control) for 12 weeks. Dietary palmitoleate increases hepatic C16:1 levels, improves plasma and hepatic lipid/lipoprotein profiles (≈40% decrease in triglycerides), and reduces the atherosclerotic plaque area by ≈45% compared with control or olive oil group (p < 0.05). These favorable changes are accompanied by the downregulation of key genes, such as Srebp1c, Scd1, Il-1β, and Tnfα. ApoB-depleted plasma from mice fed palmitoleate has increased cholesterol efflux capacity by 20% from ABCA1-expressing cells (p < 0.05). A beneficial effect of palmitoleate on glucose metabolism (54% decreased in HOMA-IR, p < 0.05) is also observed. CONCLUSIONS Dietary-supplemented palmitoleate reduces atherosclerosis development in LDLR-KO mice, and is associated with improvement of lipid and glucose metabolism and favorable changes in regulatory genes involved in lipogenesis and inflammation. These findings imply the potential role of dietary palmitoleate in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and diet-induced metabolic disorders.
Torquoselective 6pi-electron electrocyclic ring closure of 1-azatrienes containing acyclic chirality at the C-terminus.

Torquoselective pericyclic ring closures of 1-azatrienes that contain acyclic chirality at the C-terminus are described herein.