cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of heptachlor on numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi in soil

Abstract Growth of many soil microorganisms was inhibited on culture media containing heptachlor. At a concentration of 25 mg/l., heptachlor killed 63 per cent of the bacteria transferred from soil dilution plates. Heptachlor, at 100 mg/1. in agar media used for isolating microorganisms from soil, prevented the development of 89 per cent of the bacteria, 81 per cent of the actinomycetes, and 50 per cent of the fungi that appeared on isolation plates without heptachlor. After heptachlor was added to soil, fungal populations declined and bacterial populations increased. Numbers of bacteria were related to amount of heptachlor added; higher concentrations of heptachlor in soil resulted in larger populations. A selective increase in numbers of fungi which would grow on media containing heptachlor at 100 mg/l. occurred in soils amended with heptachlor in amounts ordinarily used in field practices, but a similar increase of heptachlor-resistant bacteria occurred only in soils amended with higher amounts of heptachlor.
Ghost Dances and Identity: Prophetic Religion and American Indian Ethnogenesis in the Nineteenth Century – By Gregory E. Smoak

The author of this book, in his revised dissertation, has contributed to the field of Native American history in two ways. First, he provides an in‐depth history of two understudied tribes, the Sho...
Nucleation, growth and surface movement of a condensing sessile droplet

The near-equilibrium microscale transport processes in a system composed of a small condensing sessile drop subsequently removed by capillarity into a corner meniscus were studied. Experimental results on the following three stages for ethanol with a small contact angle on heat-treated fused quartz were analyzed: droplet nucleation, droplet growth and the transfer of the liquid from the drop to the corner meniscus. The dynamic character of the experiment allowed the heterogeneous condensation/removal cycle to be related to the chemical potential gradient, which is a function of the excess free energy (due to the liquid shape) and an excess temperature. The liquid thickness profile and contact angle were obtained using image analyzing interferometry in which the interference fringes were recorded using a video camera attached to a microscope. The capillary pressure, the polar and apolar components of the spreading coefficient, and the excess free energy were obtained from the equilibrium thickness profile data and the extended Young–Laplace equation. Using the derivative of the excess free energy per unit volume, flat film thicknesses in the film thickness range 0.6<δ<6.2 nm were found to be unstable. Transient profile data also gave the nucleation rate, the condensation heat flux and the liquid flow field on the substrate. The temperature field was related to the condensation flux and the pressure field using a Kelvin–Clapeyron (chemical potential) model for intefacial mass flux. Non-measurable interfacial temperature differences of the order of 10−4 K can generate easily measurable changes in the excess free energy. Extremely small interfacial temperature differences have a large effect on transport processes. We find that there are sufficient interfacial models and experimental measurement techniques available to describe the nucleation, growth, and surface removal of a condensing partially wetting sessile droplet.
Analytical and Computational Aspects of Collaborative Optimization for Multidisciplinary Design

Analytical features of multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) problem formulations have significant practical consequences for the ability of nonlinear programming algorithms to solve the resulting computational optimization problems reliably and efficiently. We explore this important but frequently overlooked fact using the notion of disciplinary autonomy. Disciplinary autonomy is a desirable goal in formulating and solving MDO problems; however, the resulting system optimization problems are frequently difficult to solve. We illustrate the implications of MDO problem formulation for the tractability of the resulting design optimization problem by examining a representative class of MDO problem formulations known as collaborative optimization. We also discuss an alternative problem formulation, distributed analysis optimization, that yields a more tractable computational optimization problem.
Bronchocentric Granulomatosis Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis

A 49-year-old woman with biopsy-proved bronchocentric granulomatosis (BCG) had repeated exacerbations of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis of the skin concurrent with BCG. To our knowledge, there have been no prior reports of this form of systemic involvement in BCG. While its pathogenesis remains obscure, this case, along with another recent report of eye involvement, suggests that BCG is part of a widespread immunologic response and is not a distinct entity.
Modified-Moments Method: Applications to Harmonic Solids

Appropriately chosen modified moments of the frequency distribution provide valuable information about harmonic solids. They contain the same information as exact power moments but much more efficiently. They stably determine quadrature formulas which have been shown to give thermal and dynamic properties of harmonic solids with great accuracy. They can be calculated either directly or from exact power moments when these are available. In this paper we give the motivation for a particularly suitable choice of modified moments for harmonic solids and show how the modified moments can be obtained from exact power moments for solids with finite-ranged forces. The modified moments can be stably transformed to power moments and to other choices of modified moments by methods which are described. We show how these transformations can be used to obtain the recursion coefficients of the orthogonal polynomials defined by the frequency distribution. We use the recursion coefficients to obtain the various Gaussian-quadrature formulas of use in the harmonic-solid problem. The transformation from modified moments to quadrature formulas is extremely stable, in striking contrast to the behavior encountered with power moments for which the transformation is exponentially ill conditioned. A particularly useful feature of the modified-moments method for harmonic solids is that additional information about the form of the spectral density function can be incorporated in order to improve the accuracy of averages of singular functions without loss of stability. We illustrate this feature of the method by presenting new results for singular averages such as inverse-power moments.
The Culture of Poverty Debate: Some Additional Data

In this paper we briefly review relevant research on the culture of poverty and set our findings within the general context of culture of poverty arguments. Data from a community survey in a Southwestern city are analyzed using Oscar Lewis' four major culture of poverty dimensions: 1) the individual, 2) the family, 3) the slum community, and 4) the community's relation to society. In our study a sample of 271 black respondents was divided into two groups, here termed the “poor” and the “non-poor.” In noting all the broad traits studied in all dimensions taken together, some support for Lewis' culture of poverty was found in less than half of the cases; and in several cases our findings were in direct opposition to culture of poverty predictions. In addition, we have suggested that the majority of those traits that did lend support to Lewis' argument might be better classified as situational conditions of poverty rather than as a part of a bonafide “culture” of poverty. The findings of this paper may call into question the use of the “culture of poverty” perspective as a basis for policy decisions.
DYNAMIC SURFACE CONTROL OF ENGINE EXHAUST HYDROCARBONS AND CATALYST TEMPERATURE FOR REDUCED COLDSTART EMISSIONS

Abstract Almost three quarters of the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions emitted by an automobile in a typical drive-cycle are produced during the first three minutes of its operation called the coldstart period. In this paper, we propose a way to decrease cold start emissions. A Model-Based paradigm is used to aid the generation of an efficient controller. The controller is built around a mean value engine model and a simplified catalyst model characterized by thermal dynamics, oxygen storage and static efficiency curves. It is shown that the control of engine-out exhaust gas temperature for faster catalyst light-off could be detrimental to the catalyst. A control scheme comprising engine-out hydrocarbon emissions control and catalyst temperature control through dynamic surface control is developed to reduce the tailpipe emissions. It is shown that reduced tailpipe emissions can be achieved without the risk of damaging the catalyst.
CONCERNING CONNECTED, PSEUDOCOMPACT ABELIAN GROUPS

Abstract It is known that if P is either the property ω-bounded or countably compact, then for every cardinal α ⩾ ω there is a P-group G such that wG = α and no proper, dense subgroup of G is a P-group. What happens when P is the property pseudocompact? The first-listed author and Robertson have shown that every zero-dimensional Abelian P-group G with wG >ω has a proper, dense, P-group. Turning to the case of connected P-groups, the present authors show the following results: Let G be a connected, pseudocompact, Abelian group with wG = α >ω. If any one of the following conditions holds, then G has a proper, dense (necessarily connected) pseudocompact subgroup: (a) wG ⩽ c ; (b) |G| ⩾ αω; (c) α is a strong limit cardinal and cf(α) >ω; (d) | tor G| > c (e) G is not divisible.
A non-invasive method for focusing ultrasound through the human skull

A technique for focusing ultrasound through the human skull is described and verified. The approach is based on a layered wavevector-frequency domain model, which propagates ultrasound from a hemisphere-shaped transducer through the skull using input from CT scans of the head. The algorithm calculates the driving phase of each transducer element in order to maximize the signal at the intended focus. This approach is tested on ten ex vivo human skulls using a 0.74 MHz, 320-element array. A stereotaxic reference frame is affixed to the skulls in order to provide accurate registration between the CT images and the transducer. The focal quality is assessed with a hydrophone placed inside the skull. In each trial the phase correction algorithm successfully restored the focus inside the skull at a location within 1 mm from the intended focal point. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using the method for completely non-invasive ultrasound brain surgery and therapy.
Acoustic Measurement of Aerosol Particles

Measurements of the motion of aerosol particles in an acoustic field were made on particles covering two orders of magnitude (0.3 μm–30 μm) in diameter and one order of magnitude in density. The measurements of both velocity magnitude and phase agree well with the theoretical model presented by Konig in 1891. As a result, the diameter and the density of spherical aerosol particles can be determined simultaneously from the measurement of the particle velocity. The phase and magnitude of the acoustic velocity can be determined by indirect methods, allowing particle sizing to be performed without the use of precision particles for calibration standards
Working memory, executive processes and the effects of alcohol on Go/No-Go learning: testing a model of behavioral regulation and impulsivity

Rationale: Impulsivity is associated with increased risk for alcoholism. Alcohol also may increase impulsive behavior, although little is known about the processes underlying this effect. Objectives: This study tested a model proposing that the executive processes of working memory (WM) and conditional associative learning (CAL) modulate behavioral inhibition. Subjects had either a positive (FHP) or a negative (FHN) family history of alcoholism. Hypotheses were that alcohol would increase Go/No-Go impulsive responding but only in subjects with low working memory capacity (low-WM), low-CAL ability, or FHP for alcoholism. The model also predicted that WM and CAL modulate inhibitory responses to contingency reversal on a Go/No-Go task. Methods: A Go/No-Go learning task with a midway contingency reversal was administered to 71 FHP and 78 FHN subjects when sober and after drinking one of two moderate doses of alcohol. WM (digits backward) and CAL (conditional spatial association task) were also assessed when sober. Results: Alcohol resulted in more false alarms but only in low-WM subjects. Both WM and CAL modulated learning to inhibit behavior after contingency reversal, suggesting separate modulation mechanisms for WM and CAL. Subjects with low- capacity WM and subjects with low-capacity CAL ability had more difficulty learning response inhibition after contingency reversal. FHPs and FHNs did not differ in their response to alcohol. Conclusions: The results support our model of the modulatory role of WM and CAL in the ongoing regulation of behavioral inhibitory systems. The results also suggest that individuals with low capacity WM are more susceptible to alcohol’s effect of increasing impulsive behavior, suggesting that alcohol reduces the capacity of working memory to modulate response inhibition.
Effect of Santoquin and oxidized fat on liver and intestinal glutathione in broilers

Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine effects of Santoquin (ethoxyquin) and oxidized fat on liver and intestinal reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, and pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) mortality. Male broilers were randomly assigned in a 2 x 2 factorial consisting of 3.5% normal (NF) or oxidized (OxF) fat with or without ethoxyquin (E). Body weights and feed intake were monitored weekly, and tissues obtained at 3 and 7 wk for GSH and GSSG analysis. Compared to the NF group, NF/E gained more weight during the starter (0 to 3 wk), but not the grower (4 to 7 wk) period. Birds fed NF/E or NF exhibited greater feed efficiency in the starter period and greater gains during the starter and grower periods than birds fed OxF or OxF/E. No differences in PHS mortality between treatments were observed. Birds fed OxF exhibited lower liver GSSG at 3 wk than the other groups, but there were no differences in liver GSH. Duodenal GSH was higher in birds fed OxF/E than in birds of NF group at 3 and 7 wk. Ileal GSH was higher at 3 wk in OxF/E birds than in OxF birds, but no differences were observed at 7 wk. All tissues exhibited higher GSH levels at 7 wk than at 3 wk. Birds fed ethoxyquin, regardless of fat source, exhibited higher duodenal GSH at 3 and 7 wk and higher ileal GSH at 3 wk than birds that did not receive ethoxyquin. Higher GSH would be beneficial by enhancing protection of intestinal cells to deleterious effects of toxins or other forms of oxidative stress.
Teaching the Formation of Questions: Lessons from New French

acterize spoken French.' They refer to "highly colloquial patterns like Oui vous allez? andJe comprends pas.. ." and say that since this level has its own grammar rules and slang, "it should be mastered at a later stage of learning" (p. 31). Not surprisingly, therefore, such patterns are not presented in Theme et Variations. Herschensohn, however, takes a different view. She establishes two fundamental criteria
Seasonal and interannual variability of energy fluxes over a broadleaved temperate deciduous forest in North America

The components of the surface energy balance were measured for 3 years over a broadleaved deciduous forest using the eddy covariance technique. Within years, the magnitude and distribution of fluxes was controlled by seasonal changes in solar radiation, drought, as well as leaf emergence and senescence. Evapotranspiration increased by a factor greater than five (from about 0.5 to 3 mm day 1 ) after leaves emerged in spring. Large decreases in sensible heat flux were observed over the same period (6 to 2 MJ day 1 ) despite increases in solar radiation. The most influential effect on annual fluxes was the occurrence and extent of drought, with lesser control exerted by differences in the timing of leaf expansion and leaf senescence. Average annual evapotranspiration over the period was 567 mm and ranged from 537 to 611 mm. The year with the lowest precipitation, soil moisture content and surface conductance also had the lowest evapotranspiration. Although evapotranspiration was quite sensitive to surface conductance and surface conductance was reduced substantially by drought, the correlation of low surface conductance and high humidity deficit reduced the effects of drought on evapotranspiration. Differences in net radiation among years were only a minor source of variability in evapotranspiration. In addition to surface conductance, other bulk parameters are calculated to describe the general exchange characteristics of this forest. ©2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Stability and instability of the Cauchy horizon for the spherically symmetric Einstein-Maxwell-scalar field equations

This paper considers a trapped characteristic initial value problem for the spherically symmetric Einstein-Maxwell-scalar field equations. For an open set of initial data whose closure contains in particular Reissner-Nordstrdata, the future boundary of the maximal domain of development is found to be a light-like surface along which the curvature blows up, and yet the metric can be continuously extended beyond it. This result is related to the strong cosmic censorship conjecture of Roger Penrose. The principle of determinism in classical physics is expressed mathemat- ically by the uniqueness of solutions to the initial value problem for certain equations of evolution. Indeed, in the context of the Einstein equations of general relativity, where the unknown is the very structure of space and time, uniqueness is equivalent on a fundamental level to the validity of this principle. The question of uniqueness may thus be termed the issue of the predictability of the equation. The present paper explores the issue of predictability in general relativity. Since the work of Leray, it has been known that for the Einstein equations, contrary to common experience, uniqueness for the Cauchy problem in the large does not generally hold even within the class of smooth solutions. In other words, uniqueness may fail without any loss in regularity; such failure is thus a global phenomenon. The central question is whether this violation of predictability may occur in solutions representing actual physical processes. Physical phenomena and concepts related to the general theory of relativity, namely gravitational collapse, black holes, angular momentum, etc., must cer- tainly come into play in the study of this problem. Unfortunately, the math- ematical analysis of this exciting problem is very difficult, at present beyond reach for the vacuum Einstein equations in the physical dimension. Conse-
Understanding the Determinants of Retail Strategy: An Empirical Analysis ☆

Two powerful, highly effective strategic tools that retailers possess involve pricing and store format decisions. From the several strategic choices available for each decision, a retailer can choose any combination. We focus on two gaps in the literature. First, both decisions are specific to the consumers to whom the stores cater and the environments within which they operate, yet little academic research studies them jointly. Thus, it is important to determine the joint effects of considering pricing and format decisions in a single framework. Second, do retailers, privy to findings from rich prior literature pertaining to consumer store choices related to their pricing and format preferences, actually take such information into account when making strategic choices? In this descriptive rather than prescriptive study, we determine whether a retailer that makes an initial choice about which policy to implement complies with existing understanding about consumer preferences. Using a unique data set that covers all grocery retailers in three states, we apply a multinomial logit model to study the determinants of price, format, and combination strategies for retailers. Although some combinations are more similar than others, a consideration of the pricing or format strategy in isolation fails to depict a complete picture, and the strategic implications change significantly when we study price and format strategies in combination.
Ecological Effects and Human Use of Commercial Mosquito Insecticides in Aquatic Communities

Abstract In the case of contaminants that are commercially available and introduced by humans, understanding where and how often a product is used is critical in assessing its ecological impact. By contextualizing a product's ecotoxicological impact with details regarding its application, we can provide a more complete characterization of the product's environmental risk than is possible with ecotoxicological data alone. We conducted an ecotoxicology experiment to examine the interaction between predator-induced stress and one of three common mosquito insecticide formulations (Mosquito Dunks, Mosquito Bits, and Mosquito Torpedoes) on the performance of Gray Treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles and changes in aquatic communities in pond mesocosms. Then, to describe the extent to which each product was applied in the region surrounding our study area, we conducted a survey of mosquito insecticide practices by individuals who owned or managed property within U.S. Environmental Protection Agency region seven. ...
Mapping perception to action in piano practice: a longitudinal DC-EEG study

Background: Performing music requires fast auditory and motor processing. Regarding professional musicians, recent brain imaging studies have demonstrated that auditory stimulation produces a co-activation of motor areas, whereas silent tapping of musical phrases evokes a coactivation in auditory regions. Whether this is obtained via a specific cerebral relay station is unclear. Furthermore, the time course of plasticity has not yet been addressed. Results: Changes in cortical activation patterns (DC-EEG potentials) induced by short (20 minute) and long term (5 week) piano learning were investigated during auditory and motoric tasks. Two beginner groups were trained. The 'map' group was allowed to learn the standard piano key-topitch map. For the 'no-map' group, random assignment of keys to tones prevented such a map. Auditory-sensorimotor EEG co-activity occurred within only 20 minutes. The effect was enhanced after 5-week training, contributing elements of both perception and action to the mental representation of the instrument. The 'map' group demonstrated significant additional activity of right anterior regions. Conclusion: We conclude that musical training triggers instant plasticity in the cortex, and that right-hemispheric anterior areas provide an audio-motor interface for the mental representation of the keyboard.
Detached Eddy Simulation of a Supersonic Cavity Flow With and Without Passive Flow Control

Time accurate numerical computations using a detached-eddy simulation approach were conducted to investigate the suppression mechanisms of supersonic cavity flow when controlled with a rod placed near the cavity leading edge and fully immersed inside the boundary layer. The rectangular cavity had a length-to-depth ratio of six and had a turbulent boundary layer at its leading edge. The diameter of the rod was 43% of the approaching boundary layer thickness and was placed with the top of the rod at the top of the boundary layer which was shown to be the most effective configuration in the accompanying wind tunnel experiments. It was observed that the rod leads to an initially thicker shear layer that spreads more rapidly because the turbulent structures in the wake of the rod interact with the cavity shear layer with time periodic excitation which lifts the shear layer near the cavity leading edge. The structures that reside within the shear layer are smaller and less organized. When coupled with the thicker shear layer, it is believed this leads to a lowered receptivity to the disturbances that are known to propagate upstream inside the cavity. The controlled cavity exhibits an altered aft wall impingement point which is due to the combined lifting and altered flapping nature of the shear layer. The upstream propagating disturbance emanating from the aft wall is thus weakened due in part to the lower speed flow impinging on the aft wall. These coupled events lead to drastically reduced tonal components (which are lowered near broadband levels) and notable lowering of the broadband levels of the fluctuating pressure measured on the cavity surfaces.
Temperature dependence of dynamic and DC characteristics of quantum-well and quantum-dot lasers: a comparative study

Dynamic and static characteristics of high-speed 1.55- and 1-/spl mu/m wavelength tunneling injection quantum-well lasers and 1-/spl mu/m wavelength self-organized quantum-dot lasers, have been measured as a function of temperature. While differential gain of the quantum-well lasers greatly increased with lowering of temperature (by a factor of 50), gain compression increased along with it, resulting in about the same intrinsic damping limit (K-factor) over a wide range of temperatures and only moderate increases in bandwidth (20-35 GHz). This suggests that increase in differential gain alone is not sufficient to improve modulation characteristics directly. Because of the mechanism of gain compression, lasers which are damping limited may not see a large improvement in modulation bandwidth simply by operating at lower temperature. In contrast, the modulation bandwidth of the quantum-dot lasers increased from 5-6 GHz at room temperature to larger than 20 GHz at 90 K. This behavior is explained by considering electron-hole scattering as the dominant mechanism-for electron capture in quantum-dots. The measured temperature dependence of the K-factor is analyzed with consideration of electron-hole scattering, and the value extracted for the electron intersubband spacing from this analysis, 60 meV, agrees with the theoretically calculated value of 56 meV.
From Robots to Design

This paper describes the evolution of the authors research focus from a single manufacturing technology, robots, to a broader and less technical focus on design processes. This evolution was not haphazard, but was prompted by technical and nontechnical lessons acquired while performing research and attempting to apply it in industrial settings. The inability of any one technology to solve a wide range of problems, and the inability of technology alone to impact the complexities of manufacturing are among the facts learned. What follows is a rather personal account of this evolution
Endocrine disruptors and estrogenic effects on male reproductive axis

Endocrine disruptors (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls [PCBs], dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane [DDT], dioxin, and some pesticides) are estrogen-like and anti-androgenic chemicals in the environment. They mimic natural hormones, inhibit the action of hormones, or alter the normal regulatory function of the endocrine system and have potential hazardous effects on male reproductive axis causing infertility. Although testicular and prostate cancers, abnormal sexual development, undescended testis, chronic inflammation, Sertoli-cell-only pattern, hypospadias, altered pituitary and thyroid gland functions are also observed, the available data are insufficient to deduce worldwide conclusions. The development of intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is beyond doubt the most important recent breakthrough in the treatment of male infertility, but it does not necessarily treat the cause and may inadvertently pass on adverse genetic consequences. Many well-controlled clinical studies and basic scientific discoveries in the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular and cellular biology of the male reproductive system have helped in the identification of greater numbers of men with male factor problems. Newer tools for the detection of Y-chromosome deletions have further strengthened the hypothesis that the decline in male reproductive health and fertility may be related to the presence of certain toxic chemicals in the environment. Thus the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of male factor infertility remain a real challenge. Clinicians should always attempt to identify the etiology of a possible testicular toxicity, assess the degree of risk to the patient being evaluated for infertility, and initiate a plan to control and prevent exposure to others once an association between occupation/toxicant and infertility has been established.
Letter by Greenberg regarding article, "Continuous aortic flow augmentation: not enough MOMENTUM".

To the Editor: I appreciate Dr Miller’s commentary regarding the Multicenter Trial of the Orqis Medical Cancion System for the Enhanced Treatment of Heart Failure Unresponsive to Medical Therapy (MOMENTUM) results.1,2 However, there are some inaccuracies in his editorial, and I respectfully disagree with a number of his points and conclusions. He indicates that the continuous aortic flow augmentation (CAFA) device generates cardiac output. In fact, the arterial-to-arterial flow loop used to produce CAFA does not directly generate cardiac output. Rather, the hemodynamic findings of this trial confirmed that increasing flow exclusively in the descending aorta progressively reduces systemic vascular resistance, presumably through an arterial signaling effect, thereby secondarily improving cardiac function, …
Morphology–activity correlation in hydrogen evolution catalyzed by cobalt sulfides

Transition metal chalcogenides such as cobalt sulfides (CoS) have recently attracted significant interest in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In addition to the constituent elements and hence intrinsic activity, the morphology, porosity, and specific surface area of a nanostructured catalyst would substantially impact its overall electrocatalytic performance. In this paper, we report a facile and rapid two-step microwave-assisted anion-exchange route to prepare nanostructured CoS. By simply controlling the microwave sulfurization time, CoS of various morphologies such as hollow prisms, broken prisms, and nanoparticles could be obtained. Importantly, the correlation between morphology and HER activity of CoS in neutral water was systematically studied through a set of material characterization and electrochemical techniques. It's revealed that the morphology of CoS changed from hollow nanoprisms to 3D nanoparticles when increasing the microwave sulfurization time from 5 to 60 min. The results demonstrated that CoS with 3D nanoparticle morphology, prepared by microwave sulfurization of 30 min, possessed the largest specific surface area and electrochemically active surface area. These nanostructured features resulted in the promoted accessibility of active sites, enhanced mass/charge transport and easier release of hydrogen bubbles, rendering its highest HER activity and excellent stability and showing small overpotentials of 233, 314, and 364 mV to achieve current densities of 10, 50, and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, in neutral water.
Innovative Methods for Low-Temperature Contact Formation For Photovoltaics Applications

Interest in silicon heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer and newly proposed wider bandgap carrier selective contact solar cells in recent years motivates the investigation of low temperature contact formation in order to preserve the order of electronic quality of these layers as well as the chemical surface passivation provided by hydrogenated passivation layers. The realization of low temperature contacts may also broaden solar cell and other optoelectronic devices opportunities, e.g. to use thermally sensitive materials, such as flexible polymer substrates, while at the same time reducing the thermal budget expended on device fabrication. In this work, two methods for low-temperature ohmic contact formation are investigated. The first is a rapid localized annealing technique using electromagnetic induction and the second a deposition method using inkjet printing of reactive silver inks. These techniques are evaluated for use in solar cell devices (not only silicon-based) by comparing demonstrated properties to those targeted for front contacts to solar cells, i.e. finger width, aspect ratio, resistivity, specific contact resistance, and apparent adhesion.
Terrorist on trial: the context of political crime

When political terrorists stand trial for their violent acts, the political context inevitably plays a major role. This article describes the trial of an Abu Nidal terrorist tried in federal court for skyjacking an Egyptian airliner. The defense portrayed the traumas of the Palestinian people and of the defendant at the hands of the Israelis, offering a not guilty by reason of insanity defense on the basis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Making sense to the jury of how a sane individual could carry out a violent act in which more than 50 innocent men, women, and children died was the task of the author, who served as expert for the U.S. Department of Justice. The paper describes how the subject was socialized to violence in the refugee camps, where he was inspired to be a soldier in the revolution in order to reclaim his family lands. Nationalist-separatist terrorism is particularly intractable because of the generational transmission of hatred and revenge.
Holy Dung: Comic Signs of Consubstantiality in Martin Luther Films

One problem with the religious sub-genre of Hagiographic films is that they frequently romanticize, sentimentalize, or idealize the lives of saints. Our purpose is to excavate three major film biopics on the life of Protestant reformer Martin Luther and demonstrate where the use of excremental humor humanizes him. Such coarse embodied humor invites a consubstantial identity of a holy man with his secular audience. Where laughter is present, saints are not elevated to being “more spiritual than God.” The use of excremental humor gives weight, or the gravity of earth, to the transcendent, bringing the holy down into the everyday. We argue that it is the comedy in the life of Luther that makes him more authentic, showing how film can communicate the presence of God in earthen vessels.
Introductory Address: Justice for Clarence Thomas: An Intellectual History of Justice Thomas’s Twenty Years on the Supreme Court

This article was the Introductory Address for a law review symposium about Justice Clarence Thomas's twenty years on the U.S. Supreme Court. The article focuses on the academic and media reaction to Justice Thomas over the years and suggests that the law professoriate is much more fair minded about the Court's most controversial justice than it initially was but that, unfortunately, the mainstream media still tends to default to superficial and inappropriate ad hominem attacks.
Changing Pedagogy: Faculty Adoption of Service-Learning: Motivations, Barriers, and Strategies Among Service-Learning Faculty at a Public Research Institution

This study conducted inductive analyses on faculty motivations, barriers, and strategies for service-learning (SL) adoption in a major public research university in the Southeast United States. Dat...
Inhibitory-action of human epidermis on melanin formation.

SummaryAqueous extracts of human epidermis contain substances inhibiting melanin formation in the tyrosine-tyrosinase system. Iodoacetamide interferes with this inhibition. A new hypothesis of the mechanism of postinflammatory pigmentation is presented.
Further studies on modification of sensitivity to X-rays by cysteine.

SummaryCysteine greatly reduces the sensitivity of rats and mice to lethal amounts of x-rays delivered at either high or low dose rates provided that the amino acid is given before the exposure. Rather comparable protection is obtained when cysteine is injected intravenously in rats immediately or 1 hour before irradiation with 800 r (90% reduction in the 28-day mortality). Injection immediately after exposure or 6 or 24 hours before is without influence. Cysteine also improves survival significantly when it is given orally 30 to 60 minutes prior to the irradiation. Glutathione (I.V. but not oral) can also diminish radiation toxicity. Cystine, methionine, ascorbic acid, and sodium sulfide do not alter survival of the irradiated animal. Results with colloidal sulfur are equivocal. The possible significance of these observations is discussed.
Proton‐Exchange Rates on Hydroxide Bridges of Mineral‐Like Metal‐Hydroxide Clusters

Soluble metal-hydroxide clusters of Group 13 metals are popular in both materials chemistry and geochemistry. In geochemistry these clusters are used as experimental models for clay-like minerals. In materials chemistry these clusters are the precursors for useful thin films. However, little is known about the formation mechanisms and solution dynamics of these species or how they compare to monomer ions. In this study we use 1H-NMR spectroscopy to estimate the exchange rates of protons on sites in the Ga13(μ3-OH)6(μ2-OH)18(H2O)24(NO3)15 (Ga13) and Ga7In6(μ3-OH)6(μ2-OH)18(H2O)24(NO3)15 (Ga7In6) cluster species. To date, these clusters provide the best molecular-scale models for the surface chemistry of thin films and layered minerals. Trivalent metal-hydroxide minerals are environmentally important, because of the rich acid-base chemistry that exists in the pH regions of most soils. Our data suggest millisecond timescales for the exchange of protons on the μ2-OH bridges with bulk water in Group 13 metal-hydroxide minerals, such as tsumgallite and diaspore.
The Teacher and Mentor I Almost Had

This book is full of reminiscences from the myriad students, disciples, and collaborators Manuel Cardona had through his long career. Unfortunately, I cannot count myself among them. I never did any scientific work for or with him—although, I came close to it, twice.
Exploring a Proposed Time Use/Commitment Classification Model: a Taxonomy and Methodology Extension to the Far East

This article deals with a replication and extension of the time study methodology proposed by Lindquist and Lane (1990). It is replicated in that the time log, focus group approach is used to study time use/commitment, and extended to students who had recently arrived from Japan, Malaysia and Thailand. The objectives were to further verify the potential applicability of the proposed time use/commitment taxonomy, and the research methodology associated with it, into international marketing arena. It was found to be understandable, practical and usable by the participants and the results parallel closely those of the previous study, in these new and culturally different populations. The preliminary conclusion from the research is that the taxonomy and the methodology proposed by Lane and Lindquist (1988) appear to have direct application into the Far East.
Evidence for a functional kit receptor in melanoma, breast, and lung carcinoma cells.

Abstract We sought to determine the functional significance of the c-kit receptor (Kit) in melanoma, breast carcinoma, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To explore these issues, we first screened cell lines of each type for c-kit mRNA expression using a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. We found that WM-39 melanoma cells, HTB-22 breast carcinoma cells, and A549 NSCLC cells all expressed c-kit mRNA. Of interest, all of these cells expressed the c-kit ligand, Steel factor (SF). We then assessed the functional significance of c-kit and SF expression by disrupting the gene's expression with antisense (AS) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) targeted to c-kit mRNA codons 1-6 and SF mRNA codons 2-7, respectively. Nonhybridizing sequences [sense (5) and scrambled (SCR)] were also employed as controls. WM-39, HTB-22, and A549 cells were exposed to ODN (approximately 25 microM) for 5-7 days. Downregulation of c-kit and SF mRNA, and c-kit protein was demonstrated in cells treated with AS ODN. Effects on viable cell growth were demonstrated by the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) or 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4 -sulfophenyl)- 2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. In fact, c-kit antisense ODN inhibited the viable cell growth of A549 cells 66% and 79% compared to sense and untreated controls (P = .0003; P < .0001). Additionally, WM-39 cell growth was inhibited 48% and 21% (P < .0001, P < .03) and HTB-22 cell growth was inhibited 50% (P < .001) compared to sense and untreated controls. Viable cell growth was also significantly inhibited by SF AS ODN compared to S and SCR controls in all cell lines. These results demonstrate that WM-39, HTB-22, and A549 NSCLC cells all express the c-kit and SF protooncogenes and suggest that the encoded receptor and ligand are important for cell growth. By finding the presence, and functional importance, of both the receptor and ligand in these cells, this study suggests the existence of an autocrine loop growth mechanism worthy of further study.
Individual differences in drug response.

In mainstream psychology, it is not yet quite proper to hypothesize that genetics may contribute something to behavior . It does not seem to be illegal to do so, merely indecent . This remnant of radical behaviorism is still with us and still influential . However, the constraints on thought of considering only environmental causation are being loosened, and some of us can admit, even in public, that we are behavioral geneticists by trade.
Dietary practices of persons with diabetes during insulin pump therapy.

Eating behaviors and diet composition were investigated in 15 individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes treated by continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Glycemic control was significantly improved and was near normal during pump treatment. Patients were interviewed with the use of a structured questionnaire composed of multiple question formats to document dietary practices and to identify changes from conventional therapy. Mealtimes were varied considerably on both conventional and pump therapy (as much as 110 ± 19 and 126 ±20 minutes, respectively), but mealtime delays were reported to be more manageable while the patients were using the pump. The practices of eating larger meals or additional snacks compensated for by extra insulin significantly increased during CSII therapy. Partly as a consequence of such practices, patients experienced a significant weight gain of 7.2 ±2 lb during pump treatment (p
Summary, Conclusions, and Future Developments

The overall theme of the book is reviewed and the continuing importance of metabolic studies in light of the new, emerging, risk assessment paradigms is stressed.
Cooperative activity: The importance of audiences

Abstract This study of performances by three groups of musicians (of different genre) takes audiences into account and employs Couch’s (1986) formulation of cooperation as the analytical framework. Couch and others using his formulation restricted their focus to the core cooperating group without attending to their audiences. Data for this study, however, showed that a lot of the musicians’ behavior had no particular musical value but was directed toward the audiences instead. The authors examine these data and integrate audiences into Couch’s formulation for cooperation. The authors will discuss the issues surrounding our core question: “How do cooperating groups of musicians integrate audiences into their thinking about cooperation and group performance?”
The Psychosocial Impact Of The Diagnosis And Treatment Of Laryngeal Cancer

The diagnosis and treatment of laryngeal cancer involves psychosocial stress for most patients because the disease can be life threatening and treatment is potentially disfiguring. Loss of voice, appearance changes, and functional limitations all pose threats to self image and identity. Since voice is essential to psychological identity, laryngectomy may pose significant short- and long-term adjustment problems. Risk for psychological disturbance and problems at the initiation of treatment and adaptation following treatment can be predicted based on certain patient information. The integration of a multidisciplinary team at the outset of treatment planning is crucial in helping patients adjust to the impact of laryngeal cancer.
Assessment of HER2 Status of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma on Cell Block Preparations of Fine Needle Aspirates is Unreliable

Objectives: HER2 status of breast carcinoma is a powerful prognostic and predictive biomarker-particularly in the metastatic setting. Limited data is available regarding assessment of HER2 on cell block preparations (CBP). The primary objective of this study was to assess correlation between HER2 results obtained via immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) in cases of metastatic breast carcinoma (MBC) on CBP. Secondary objectives included study of inter-observer variability in interpretation of HER2 on IHC, and concordance between HER2 results on CBP and formalin-fixed paraffin embedded material (FFPEM). Materials and Methods: Cases of MBC diagnosed on fine needle aspirates (FNA) with HER2 testing performed via IHC and FISH on CBP over 5 years (2010-2015) were reviewed. CBP material was fixed in an ethanol-based fixative (CytoRich Red Fixative system, BD). HER2 IHC was performed using polyclonal antibodies against Cerb-2 (Dako 0485). HER2 FISH testing was performed using the LSI HER2/neu/CEP17 probes (Vysis/Abbott Molecular Inc., Des Plaines, IL). Results: Seventeen cases (all female, median age: 59) were analyzed. 41% of CBP were products of bone FNA (7/17). Other sites included lymph node (3), lung (2), pleural fluid (2), liver (1), skeletal muscle (1) and mesentery (1). Median interval between diagnosis of primary carcinoma and FNA of metastasis was 5 years (range: 10 months-32 years). FISH was inconclusive due to suboptimal specimen quality in 2 cases. Correlation between IHC and FISH results was as follows: IHC 0/1+ (0/2; 0% amplification), IHC 2+ (2/12; 16.7% amplification) and IHC 3+ (0/1; 0% amplification). Inter-observer agreement of IHC scoring between 2 pathologists who independently reviewed IHC slides was fair (66.7% agreement, κ = 0.31). Comparison of HER2 results on CBP with FFPEM (primary carcinoma or metastasis) showed a high discordance and slight agreement (discordance rate = 37.5%; κ = 0.02). Conclusions: In this study, (a) 16.7% of MBC cases that scored 2+ on IHC showed amplification on FISH, (b) there was poor inter-observer agreement in HER2 scoring of IHC on CBP, and (c) there was high discordance between HER2 results obtained on CBP and FFPEM. Our results indicate that HER2 testing of MBC on CBP may be unreliable.