cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Mobile App for Assisting Users to Make Informed Selections in Security Settings for Protecting Personal Health Data: Development and Feasibility Study

Background: On many websites and mobile apps for personal health data collection and management, there are security features and privacy policies available for users. Users sometimes are given an opportunity to make selections in a security setting page; however, it is challenging to make informed selections in these settings for users who do not have much education in information security as they may not precisely know the meaning of certain terms mentioned in the privacy policy or understand the consequences of their selections in the security and privacy settings. Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate several commonly used security features such as encryption, user authentication, and access control in a mobile app and to determine whether this brief security education is effective in encouraging users to choose stronger security measures to protect their personal health data. Methods: A mobile app named SecSim (Security Simulator) was created to demonstrate the consequences of choosing different options in security settings. A group of study participants was recruited to conduct the study. These participants were asked to make selections in the security settings before and after they viewed the consequences of security features. At the end of the study, a brief interview was conducted to determine the reason for their selections in the security settings. Their selections before and after the security education were compared in order to determine the effectiveness of the security education. The usability of the app was also evaluated. Results: In total, 66 participants finished the study and provided their answers in the app and during a brief interview. The comparison between the pre- and postsecurity education selection in security settings indicated that 21% (14/66) to 32% (21/66) participants chose a stronger security measure in text encryption, access control, and image encryption; 0% (0/66) to 2% (1/66) participants chose a weaker measure in these 3 security features; and the remainder kept their original selections. Several demographic characteristics such as marital status, years of experience using mobile devices, income, employment, and health status showed an impact on the setting changes. The usability of the app was good. Conclusions: The study results indicate that a significant percentage of users (21%-32%) need guidance to make informed selection in security settings. If websites and mobile apps can provide embedded security education for users to understand the consequences of their security feature selection and the meaning of commonly used security features, it may help users to make the best choices in terms of security settings. Our mobile app, SecSim, offers a unique approach for mobile app users to understand commonly used security features. This app may be incorporated into other apps or be used before users make selections in their security settings.
Incidence and Significance of Hypermetabolic PET-CT Findings in Unilateral TVF Motion Impairment.

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence and significance of asymmetric hypermetabolic laryngeal findings on positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) in patients with unilateral true vo...
Time for a haircut: political regimes and sovereign debt restructurings

Conventional wisdom claims that reputation leads sovereign states to full debt repayment. However, defaults are recurrent, some debtor countries take a lot of time to end them, and some extract cos...
Study on inhibition effect of alkaloid monomers from Sophora alopecuroides on in vitro cultured lung cancer cells

Objective To investigate in vitro anti-tumor activity and the related mechanism of four alkaloid monomers from Sophora alopecuroides,and to evaluate their toxicity on normal cells,thereby to screen the drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity anti-tumor effects.Methods Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was employed to determine the effects of four alkaloid monomers on the proliferation activity of human lung cancer cells and hamster lung cells.Morphology of apoptotic lung cancer cell nucleus was observed by laser scanning confocal microscopy with Hochest33342 staining.Cell apoptosis and necrosis were measured by Annexin Ⅴ-FITC/PI double staining.Results The four alkaloid monomers showed different degree of proliferation inhibition on lung cancer cells with dose dependent manner.Oxysophoridine had the strongest inhibition effect on lung cancer cells and the minimun toxicity on normal lung cells.Hochest33342 staining and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that oxysophoridine could induce the apoptosis and necrosis of A549 cells.Conclusions All four alkaloid monomers have certain anti-tumor effect on lung cancer cells.Oxysophoridine is the most active one with high efficiency and low toxicity characteristics,which is suitable for use as anti-tumor drug candidate for further development. Key words: Alkaloid monoers; Lung cancer cells; Anti-tumor activity; Action mechanism
Localization Of Camkiiα mrnas to Dendritic Spines Visualized By High Resolution In Situ Hybridization

Observations that polyribosomes are localized near dendritic spines and beneath synapses has led to a hypothesis of synapse-specific gene expression in which local synthesis would provide a mechanism to influence synaptic structure and strength (l).The active transport of specific mRNAs into dendrites and spines may be a regulated mechanism to target synaptic and regulatory proteins to postsynaptic locations and influence synaptic activity. RNA granules labeled with the vital dye, SYT014, were observed to localize into developing neurites in response to the neurotrophin, NT-3 (2). Neurotrophins have been shown to enhance synaptic activity by a process which requires new protein synthesis (3). The identity and source of newly synthesized proteins which are required to enhance synaptic strength in response to NT-3 are unknown. CaMKIIαRNA localization into dendrites has been shown to occur during long term potentiation (4).
Anesthetic Concerns in the Elderly

Of the more than 100 million in- and out-patient procedures performed annually in the USA, 32–35% are for those aged 65 and older. As many of these procedures require anesthesia management, anesthesiologists must be familiar with the physiological effects of aging and how these changes influence the response to surgery and anesthesia. As patients age, there are fundamental changes in body composition and organ function that alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, including those used during the administration of anesthesia. The accumulation of comorbid conditions that is typical of advancing age also alters responses to drugs administered in the perioperative period. In this chapter we will review the effects of anesthesia on geriatric patients in both emergency and elective surgical procedures.
THE X-RAY TO MID-INFRARED RELATION OF AGNs AT HIGH LUMINOSITY

The X-ray and mid-IR emission from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are strongly correlated. However, while various published parameterizations of this correlation are consistent with the low-redshift, local Seyfert galaxy population, extrapolations of these relations to high luminosity differ by an order of magnitude at (6 μm) . Using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, we determine the mid-IR luminosities of the most luminous quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and present a revised formulation of the X-ray to mid-IR relation of AGNs which is appropriate from the Seyfert regime to the powerful quasar regime.
Creating a Transitions of Care Curriculum at a Federally Qualified Health Care Center- A QI project

Since 2002, the national organizations of the ACP (American College of Physicians), AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics) and the AAFP (American Academy of Family Practice) have joined together to author joint statements on the importance of successfully transitioning pediatric patients into adult care. Studies have shown that youth who do not have transitional support have more medical complications, increased ED visits, more medication non-compliance, and limited health and well being. Unfortunately, despite the data favoring good transitions, only 15% of youth with or without special needs receive transition planning and assistance. Our …
Identifying the most energetic electrons in a molecule: The highest occupied molecular orbital and the average local ionization energy

Abstract The site of the greatest electronic density of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is often taken to be the location of the most energetic electrons in a molecule, and thus the most likely site for reaction with an electrophile. However we show, by reference to the average local ionization energy on a molecular surface, that the HOMO alone often does not locate the most energetic electrons. This is because the HOMO, unlike the average local ionization energy, does not take explicit account of the fact that any molecular site has a significant probability of being occupied by electrons in lower-lying, less energetic molecular orbitals.
Spitting Rhymes 'til Mourning Comes: an Exploration of Hip-Hop, Suicidal Thoughts, and Spiritual Lament

This essay explores how the poetics of hip-hop—spitting rhymes—gives form to spiritual lament. Hip-hop is criticized, and rightfully so, for promoting misogyny, greed, violence, and nihilism—but does it do something else? Using hip-hop artist Biggie Smalls’s song “Suicidal Thoughts,” the author argues that spitting rhymes is a way that African Americans salvage lost aspects of the self, that is, parts of the self that have been silenced and, at times, terminated—by the self—because of trauma. He engages in an interdisciplinary study of African American history to discuss the ways in which the Sambo figure was constructed and utilized to deny the reality of Black suffering; sociologist Emile Durkheim’s On Suicide to delineate the various forms of suicide, some of which are the direct result of social regulation; biblical scholarship, for example, the work of Walter Brueggemann, to demonstrate that spiritual lament functions to protect a community from overwhelming despair; and psychoanalysis to address how the loss of ways to creatively confront our sorrow is harmful to the self.
Rapid Rotation and Nonradial Pulsations: κ-Mechanism Excitation of g-Modes in B Stars

Several classes of stars (most notably O and B main-sequence stars, as well as accreting white dwarfs and neutron stars) rotate quite rapidly, at spin frequencies greater than the typical g-mode frequencies. We discuss how rapid rotation modifies the κ-mechanism excitation and observability of g-mode oscillations. We find that, by affecting the timescale match between the mode period and the thermal time at the driving zone, rapid rotation stabilizes some of the g-modes that are excited in a nonrotating star and, conversely, excites g-modes that are damped in the absence of rotation. The fluid velocities and temperature perturbations are strongly concentrated near the equator for most g-modes in rapidly rotating stars, which means that a favorable viewing angle may be required to observe the pulsations. Moreover, the stability of modes of the same l but different m is affected differently by rotation. We illustrate this by considering g-modes in slowly pulsating B-type stars as a function of the rotation rate.
Computers in Flood Control Planning

Federal agencies are required to seek the optimum combination of structural and nonstructural measures for flood control. Most procedures for systematic evaluation of all alternative combinations of structural and nonstructural measures are not feasible under current financial and manpower limitations. The only solution for complete evaluation is by means of the digital computer. Two flood control planning computer programs have been developed which select the optimum combination of channel improvement, flood proofing, and land use management by location within the flood plain and by time. The second program adds detention storage to the list of available alternatives. Both incorporate the entire plannning process from the raw data to a selected optimum program of measure use in one run. The programs have been applied to several flood hazard areas in California and Kentucky.
Register allocation after classical SSA elimination is NP-Complete

Chaitin proved that register allocation is equivalent to graph coloring and hence NP-complete. Recently, Bouchez, Brisk, and Hack have proved independently that the interference graph of a program in static single assignment (SSA) form is chordal and therefore colorable in linear time. Can we use the result of Bouchez et al. to do register allocation in polynomial time by first transforming the program to SSA form, then performing register allocation, and finally doing the classical SSA elimination that replaces φ-functions with copy instructions? In this paper we show that the answer is no, unless P = NP: register allocation after classical SSA elimination is NP-complete. Chaitin's proof technique does not work for programs after classical SSA elimination; instead we use a reduction from the graph coloring problem for circular arc graphs.
Demonstration of ferric L-parabactin-binding activity in the outer membrane of Paracoccus denitrificans.

Under low-iron conditions, Paracoccus denitrificans excretes a catecholamine siderophore, L-parabactin, to sequester and utilize iron. In this report, we demonstrate the presence of stereospecific high-affinity ferric L-parabactin-binding activity associated with P. denitrificans membranes grown in low-iron medium. Isolated outer membrane components were shown to be three to four times higher in specific activity for ferric L-parabactin. The same amount of binding activity existed whether or not the radiolabel was present in the metal (55Fe) or the ligand (3H) portion of ferric parabactin chelate, suggesting that binding was to the intact complex. Ion-exchange chromatography of a Triton X-100-solubilized outer membrane mixture on DEAE-cellulose resulted in a 10-fold increase in binding activity relative to that present in whole membranes. Polypeptide profiles by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the products of each stage of the purification showed that binding activity copurified with one or more of the low-iron-induced outer membrane proteins in the 80-kilodalton (kDa) region. Membrane proteins and [55Fe]ferric L-parabactin electrophoresed in nondenaturing gels demonstrated the presence of membrane component(s) which stereo-specifically bound ferric L-parabactin, thus providing independent confirmation of the binding assay results. Moreover, when the band labeled by [55Fe]ferric L-parabactin was excised and profiled by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 80-kDa polypeptides were the major components present. These results demonstrate the presence of a high-affinity ferric L-parabactin receptor in P. denitrificans membranes and suggest that one or more of the 80-kDa low-iron-induced polypeptides are components of the ferric L-parabactin receptor. Images
Financial deregulation and economic performance: An attempt to relate European financial history to current LDC issues

Abstract The McKinnon model of repressed capital and money markets is tested against concise accounts of the development of such markets in England, France, Germany and Italy. Differences of a national and institutional character are observed. It is concluded that the question is more complex than one of repressed vs. unrepressed capital markets, and that the explosive reactions in Latin America from recent deregulation may have originated not in inconsistencies in policies, wrong order of reform steps, or other current explanations so much as precipitousness which failed to give markets sufficient time to settle down between deregulation measures, getting asset prices right (rather than underpriced and overtraded) and permitting expectations time to settle in stable fashion.
A SELF-PUMPING VAPOR SYSTEM FOR HYBRID SPACE HEATING

This paper reports investigations of a passive system that transports heat from a solar collector downward. Refrigerant is evaporated in a collector and the vapor transports heat to one or more condensers located at an arbitrary elevation below the collector. The vapor pressure lifts the condensed liquid to an accumulator located near the top of the collector. The results of annual performance calculations are presented for a space heating application in which one or more condensers are located within passive thermal storage units that release heat directly to one or more zones of the building. Simple sizing rules for optimal energy yield are given.
Dimensionless parameters of reactive ion etching

The derivation and character of dimensionless parameters for the semiconductor manufacturing process of reactive ion etching (RIE) in generic form are discussed. Data from characterizations of a variety of films processed under a variety of etching regimes to establish the validity of derived parameters are presented. Fundamental realizations regarding the interrelationship of parameters in plasma-driven etching reactions are outlined, and the theory underlying the derivation itself is given. >
Structural Finger-Jointing Criteria and Performance

In January, 1962, the equipement for manufacturing finger-joints for structural glued laminated products was installed at the Weyerhaeuser Company laminating plant at Cottage Grove, Ore. A few months later the finger-jcint was certified by the American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC) Inspection Bureau as meeting the requirements of the then proposed Commercial Standard CS 253 (11) to become the first engineered use of finger-joints in structural glued laminated products on the North American continent. After more than six years’ experience in structural applications, it now (1968) seems appropriate to review finger-joint performance and to determine whether the criterion for qualification and use of finger-joints (as well as all end-joints) as set forth in Commercial Standard CS 253–63 is adequate.
DNA shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution

DNA shuffling is a powerful process for directed evolution, which generates diversity by recombination, combining useful mutations from individual genes. Libraries of chimaeric genes can be generated by random fragmentation of a pool of related genes, followed by reassembly of the fragments in a self-priming polymerase reaction. Template switching causes crossovers in areas of sequence homology. Our previous studies used single genes and random point mutations as the source of diversity. An alternative source of diversity is naturally occurring homologous genes, which provide 'functional diversity'. To evaluate whether natural diversity could accelerate the evolution process, we compared the efficiency of obtaining moxalactamase activity from four cephalosporinase genes evolved separately with that from a mixed pool of the four genes. A single cycle of shuffling yielded eightfold improvements from the four separately evolved genes, versus a 270- to 540-fold improvement from the four genes shuffled together, a 50-fold increase per cycle of shuffling. The best clone contained eight segments from three of the four genes as well as 33 amino-acid point mutations. Molecular breeding by shuffling can efficiently mix sequences from different species, unlike traditional breeding techniques. The power of family shuffling may arise from sparse sampling of a larger portion of sequence space.
Expanding the motivations for altruism: A philosophical perspective

Summary We argue that attempts to extrapolate moral motives for non-egoistic behavior in organizational behavior often interpret results empathically or deontically, while leaving other moral motivational frames, such as the utilitarian and virtue ethical, under-examined. We encourage the creation of experimental measures to distinguish various philosophical frames. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hyperbolic updating of LDU decompositions

Presents a new hyperbolic householder algorithm to efficiently update and downdate the LDU decomposition of covariance matrices. While useful in its own right, this is a powerful tool when combined with Sylvester's law of inertia, which equates the number of positive (negative) eigenvalues of a matrix with the number of positive (negative) numbers in the diagonal matrix of the LDU decomposition. This allows the hyperbolic LDU updating procedure to be used to track the eigenvalue structure of a set of data vectors. An example application is presented which tracks the number of sources present in a set of array data vectors using a block averaging technique. >
Large pure refractive nonlinearity of nanostructure silica aerogel at near infrared wavelength

The nonlinear refraction coefficient of the third-order susceptibility of silica aerogel was estimated to be /spl sim/-1.5/spl times/10/sup -15/ m/sup 2//W (/spl sim/-3.67/spl times/10/sup -9/ esu) by a signal-beam z-scan technique with /spl sim/1 ps Ti:sapphire lasers. The third-order nonlinear refraction coefficient of nanostructure silica aerogel is almost five orders larger than the nonlinear (/spl chi//sup 3/) refraction of bulk material. The large nonlinear refraction originates mainly from the direct excitation to the surface trapped states, and the one-photon resonance process.
Cosine response characteristics of some radiometric and photometric sensors

Abstract Global and diffuse irradiance and illuminance are measured with instruments that are assumed to have true cosine responses. From one refereed paper, some institutional reports, and by word-of-mouth, it is generally known that no instrument is perfect in this regard. This paper reports on measurements of cosine responses for several commercial instruments and on the cosine response of a multi-filter rotating shadowband radiometer. The measurements were made with an automated cosine response test bench using the same protocol for each instrument. The cosine bench measures with variable angular resolution as fine as 0.25°. The automated rotation is in one plane. A manual rotation allows measurements at other azimuths.
Nonlinear abstract differential equations with deviated argument

Abstract In this paper we consider the nonlinear differential equation with deviated argument u ′ ( t ) = A u ( t ) + f ( t , u ( t ) , u [ φ ( u ( t ) , t ) ] ) , t ∈ R + , in a Banach space ( X , ‖ ⋅ ‖ ) , where A is the infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup. Under suitable conditions on the functions f and φ, we prove a global existence and uniqueness result for the above equation.
Using hetero-11-mers composed of wild type and mutant subunits to study tryptophan binding to TRAP and its role in activating RNA binding.

Abstract Expression of genes involved in tryptophan metabolism in Bacillus subtilis is regulated by the TRAP protein in response to changes in l-tryptophan levels. TRAP binding to several RNA targets that contain between 9 and 11 (G/U)AG repeats regulates transcription and/or translation of these genes. TRAP consists of 11 identical subunits and is activated to bind RNA by binding up to 11 molecules of tryptophan. To investigate the mechanism by which tryptophan binding activates TRAP, we generated hetero-11-mers containing different proportions of subunits from wild type (WT) TRAP that bind tryptophan and from a mutant TRAP (Thr25 to Ala) defective in tryptophan binding. Studies of these hetero-11-mers show that tryptophan-binding sites created from active subunits bind tryptophan with similar affinity to those in WT homo-11-mers, whereas sites containing the T25A substitution do not bind tryptophan. Hetero-11-mers with very few (one or two) bound tryptophans show only 10-fold lower affinity than WT TRAP for an RNA with 11 GAG repeats, whereas TRAP with no bound tryptophan shows no detectable binding to this RNA. We also demonstrate that tryptophan binding induces a conformational change in TRAP in the vicinity of the RNA-binding site, suggesting a possible mechanism for activation of RNA binding.
Direct Sun-Driven Artificial Heliotropism for Solar Energy Harvesting Based on a Photo-Thermomechanical Liquid-Crystal Elastomer Nanocomposite

Inspired by heliotropism in nature, artificial heliotropic devices that can follow the sun for increased light interception are realized. The mechanism of the artificial heliotropism is realized via direct actuation by the sunlight, eliminating the need for additional mechatronic components and resultant energy consumption. For this purpose, a novel reversible photo-thermomechanical liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE) nanocomposite is developed that can be directly driven by natural sunlight and possesses strong actuation capability. Using the LCE nanocomposite actuators, the artificial heliotropic devices show full-range heliotropism in both laboratory and in-field tests. As a result, significant increase in the photocurrent output from the solar cells in the artificial heliotropic devices is observed.
Chemical potential of bound ligand, an important parameter for free energy transduction.

Abstract The chemical potential (μL,b) of a ligand L bound to a protein or enzyme can be rigorously defined, and this paper describes some of its properties in relation to other thermodynamic parameters, with emphasis on thermodynamic parameters that may be used in the elucidation of the mechanism of biological free energy transduction. Free energy transduction involves the transfer of free energy from one molecule to another, and the actual transfer may often occur while both molecules are bound to the transducer enzyme, which means that μL,b for one bound ligand increases at the expense of μL,b for the other. The free energy change for the overall reaction may be very small, and it is not possible to express the phenomenon of transfer, in thermodynamic terms, without the explicit use of μL,b as a parameter.
Ethnophysiology and contraceptive use among low-income women in urban Brazil.

Distrust and dissatisfaction with contraceptive methods among low-income Brazilian women contributes to incorrect contraceptive use, harmful health risks, and an extensive reliance on surgical sterilization. Data from ethnographic fieldwork in a low-income neighborhood in urban Brazil illustrate that women's concerns regarding contraception make sense in the context of their general health and illness beliefs and their understanding of reproductive physiology. Women interpret and experience biomedical concepts and contraceptive methods (such as “hormones” and oral contraceptives, respectively) according to an ethnophysiology of fecundity, menstruation, and conception. These popular representations of reproduction embody social relations and local experience and therefore persist despite the influence of biomedical models. Recognition of this ethnophysiology and greater emphasis on culturally appropriate counseling and education among health care professionals will improve women's experience and effective ...
A General Superelement Model on a Moving Reference Frame for Planar Multibody System Dynamics

A group of constrained elements, forming a single degree-of-freedom with respect to some reference frame, is represented by one element. The configuration of a typical superelement is determined with respect to the reference frame using one parameter only. An inverse dynamics approach is used to obtain the functions associated with a superelement. The differential equations of motion of a system consisting of one reference frame and several superelements are derived
Function algebra invariants and the conformal structure of planar domains

Let A(S) be the sup-normed Banach algebra of analytic functions with continuous boundary values on the compact bordered Riemann surface S. For (ƒ) in A(S)−1exp(A(S)), the colength of (ƒ) is defined by ∥(ƒ)∥ = 12log inf{∥ g ∥ ∥ g−1 ∥; g ϵ (ƒ)}. Colength is shown to induce a norm on the cohomology group H1(S,R) dual to the norm induced on the homology group H1(S,R) by harmonic length, or, equivalently, dual to the norm on Re A(S)⊥. The existence and uniqueness of extremal functions for the colength functional is demonstrated. The aforementioned norms are shown to determine the conformal structure of S (up to reflection) and to be related to the mapping properties of S.
Taking laetrile: Conversion to medical deviance

For members of the CCS, laetrile use occurs in a self-help social context where users derive substantial social and emotional support from fellow members. We are convinced that much of the appeal of laetrile results from this social context in which it is frequently used. The CCS and the extensive network of similar organizations are fulfilling unmet needs in cancer patients and those fearful of cancer. Until conventional cancer therapy deals more successfully with the social and psychological needs of cancer patients, promoters of laetrile will till fertile ground.
Thermal Inactivation as a Means of Inhibiting the Serum-Associated Deamination of 9-β-d-Arabinofuranosyladenine in Tissue Culture Media

9-β-d-Arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) was deaminated to 9-β-d-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine by adenosine deaminase present in fetal bovine serum, newborn calf serum, and calf serum used to supplement tissue culture media. Heating newborn calf serum or calf serum for 12 h at 56 C completely eliminated the enzymatic deamination of ara-A. The deaminase activity associated with fetal bovine serum was more refractory to heating, requiring 24 h for complete inactivation. The nutritive value of heat-inactivated calf serum did not differ significantly from that of unheated serum based on considerations of population doubling times, deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, and relative cloning efficiencies of KB cells.
Patron Valuation of a Farmer Cooperative under Alternative Finance Policies

Farmer cooperatives have grown and prospered in recent years. This growth has resulted in larger individual cooperatives and, in some cases, increased market shares held by cooperatives. This expansion has attracted greater public interest in cooperatives, and critics have attacked both the unique tax treatment and antitrust exemptions accorded agricultural cooperatives (Business Week, p. 102). There has been growing pressure on various regulatory agencies and legislators to redefine the rules governing cooperatives. A number of the proposed changes would affect the capital structure of cooperatives. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect that changes in capital structure have on the financial value of a cooperative to its member patrons. While this analysis introduces no additions to the theory of cooperative finance, it does contribute to the understanding of the nature and importance of the unique relationships that exist between an owner-patron and his cooperative, as contrasted to the relationship found between a corporation and its owners. Three policy options are analyzed: (a) payment of a required return on all forms of member-contributed capital; (b) changes in the minimum cash proportion of the patronage refund; and, (c) limited length of revolving fund cycle. Cooperative corporations are primarily distinguishable from other business firms because they operate on a cost-of-doing business basis. In effect, the cooperative does business with a prior commitment to return any revenues above costs and capital needs to its patrons. The amount of the return (patronage refund) is a function of patronage volume rather than the amount of capital invested. In addition, cooperatives are characterized by limited returns on capital and member control through one-man-one-vote. These characteristics substantially reduce the attractiveness of cooperative investment to nonpatrons and compel the organization to rely on member patrons for a major portion of investment capital. Unlike the normal corporate organization, the financial returns generated by cooperative patronage represent a combination of earnings. They may be attributable to extending the patrons' farm business to another level of the commodity system as well as to the capital invested at that level. The flow of funds to the patron is quite clearly a function of his business volume with the cooperative, the extent of value added by the organization, and the capital structure of the cooperative. It is vital that the simultaneity of the owner-customer relationship be included in any analysis of patron benefits. The authors contend that the analysis of policies affecting the capital structure of cooperatives must be in terms of the flow of funds to member patrons over the relevant patronage horizon. Further, the evaluation of the flow of funds must reflect the
The Influence of Mental Workload on Trunk Stability and Neuromuscular Control

Low back disorders are both very prevalent and detrimental, affecting 15-20% of the population every year (Rubin, 2007). Because of this, researchers have addressed a wide variety of risk factors and interactions of low back disorders, including personal, psychosocial, and work-related physical exposures and their effects on this common disability. Investigating these risk factors has suggested that mental and physical workloads interact; a result the current study intends to further explore in the field of postural stability. To that end, the current study has two goals: first, to develop a data-rich protocol to capture physical and mental workload data; second, to use that protocol to understand the effects of mental workload on trunk stability and how that affects those with low back disorders. The results of this study will inform both the theories behind neuromuscular control and postural stability and the designers and evaluators of workplaces.
Congenital spigelian hernia with cryptorchidism

Congenital spigelian hernia (SH) is a rarity. The authors present two cases of congenital SH with undescended testis, and examine the significance of the concurrence of these events.
P02.03. Decreased medication use and cost savings in inpatient oncology through a yoga-based integrative medicine approach

Purpose The Urban Zen (UZ) Initiative at Beth Israel Medical Center was a pilot project evaluating the impact of a multi-faceted “optimal healing environment” intervention on quality of life and cost outcomes for inpatients on a medical oncology floor. Little research exists on the question of potential cost savings. This poster presents a summary of our findings on cost outcomes from this Initiative.
Hostility changes following antidepressant treatment: Relationship to stress and negative thinking

It is unclear whether changes in hostility following treatment are primarily related to improvement in depressive symptoms or are also closely associated with reductions in negative thinking or perceived stress. We evaluated 94 outpatients with major depression before and after eight weeks of fluoxetine treatment by administering the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ) Hostility Scale, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Cognitions Questionnaire (CQ) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). We observed significant elevations in scores on these questionnaires in depressed patients as compared to normal controls. Following treatment with fluoxetine, there was a statistically significant reduction in scores on all four questionnaires. We observed that changes in SQ Hostility were significantly positively related to changes in both depression severity and perceived stress, with these relationships remaining significant after adjusting for gender and baseline SQ Hostility. The relationship between SQ Hostility changes and reductions in negative thinking became significant only after adjusting for gender and baseline SQ hostility. Our results suggest that the marked decrease in hostility following antidepressant treatment is related to a reduction in depressive symptoms, stress levels and negative thinking.
SU‐FF‐T‐617: Configuration and Validation of a Single Gaussian Dose Model for Scanning Proton Beams

Purpose: To configure and validate an improved dose model of a treatment planning system (TPS) for scanning proton beams (SPBs) with a double‐Gaussian function for the in‐air lateral profiles. Methods: The double‐Gaussian dose model implemented in the TPS requires two additional parameters: the relative weight and the width of the second Gaussian. The weight is a constant for all energies and the width can vary with energy. These parameters are unsatisfactorily derived by the TPS and therefore must be obtained empirically. The relative weight was first determined by comparing measured and calculated doses in water as a function of field size for the lowest, intermediate, and highest energies. The width of the second Gaussian was then determined by fitting the field size dependence of the measured doses. This procedure was performed for approximately every 10 MeV at two different depths, at 2 cm and near the Bragg peak. To validate the dose model, we compared calculations and measurements for depth doses for spread out Bragg peak (SOBP), lateral dose profiles, doses at the center of SOBPs as a function of field size, range and SOBP Results: Calculated and measured depth doses and lateral profiles of rectangular target volumes agree very well. The measured dose dependence on field size can be accurately predicted by calculation within ±1.5%. For fixed field size, the measured dose at the center of SOBP as a function of range and SOBP also agrees with calculation within ±2%. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that the double‐Gaussian model has improved significantly compared with the single‐Gaussian model in prediction of the PTCH SPBs. However, our results suggest that the halo dose may not be correctly modeled. Further investigation is needed to understand the limitations of the double‐Gaussian model. Nevertheless, the current implementation of the double‐Gaussian model is clinically acceptable.
Endogenous inhibitor of GABA binding in mammalian brain.

Abstract Binding of radioactive gamma-aminobutyric acid to homogenates of mammalian brain was detected by a centrifugation assay. The binding capacity of the tissue was maximal and stable with time only if the tissue was thoroughly washed to remove an endogenous inhibitor of binding. With such washed tissue, binding to total rat or cow brain appeared to involve two populations of sites in the absence of sodium ions, the major site having a dissociation constant of 150 nM and saturating at 80 pmol/g brain, and a minor site with a K D of 20 nM and saturating at 20 pmol/g wet tissue. This sodium-independent GABA binding as a whole was localized in the crude mitochondrial, microsomal, and synaptosomal membrane fractions.
Grinding and Scratching Crystalline Surfaces

It is well known that the orientations with respect to the crystalline axes of the facets of the etch figures on a basal plane of quartz can be used to locate the a axis of the quartz. De Gramont1 has described a convenient method by which this may be done. A face of the specimen parallel to the etched surface is polished and a point source of light is viewed through the specimen normally to the etched surface. A pattern, consisting of spots of light, is formed, due to refraction at the facets of the etch figures, and the orientation of these facets, relative to the crystal lattice, may be found from the positions of the spots of light.
The Preservative Treatment of Various Species for Poles and Crossarms

THE heavy drain that the war has imposed on the forests of America, the backlog of pole requirements that has been built up over the war period, and the present labor shortage have made it impracticable to obtain a sufficient number of poles of the species formerly used.
A Lesson from the Mammography Issue

Excerpt In the United States, breast cancer is a major neoplastic disease that accounted for almost 90 000 new cases in 1977 and 38 000 deaths. One of every 14 women will develop breast cancer in h...
Making the most of a professional meeting.

The Director's Forum series is designed to guide pharmacy leaders in establishing patient-centered services in hospitals and health systems. During the early winter months, pharmacists will converg...
Towards an extended theory of face action: Analyzing dialogue in E.M. Forster's A Passage to India

Abstract Brown and Levinson's politeness model provides a basis for understanding how the notion of face-threatening act (FTA) constrains linguistic choices made in conversation. The model raises important questions of how FTAs and politeness strategies interact sequentially with other acts in large segments of extended discourse. In a discourse analysis of selected dialogue between non-intimate characters of unequal power relation in E.M. Forster's A Passage to India , I examine the interaction of Brown and Levinson's social principle of face action with speech acts, the cooperative principle, and with general principles of conversational exchange structure. I conclude that the notions of face act and speech act must be kept distinct, and that a social principle of face action not only directs and constrains the linguistic choices made at the level of the sentence but also explains how and why linguistic utterances cohere in large units of extended discourse.
Transactions section: Gas-filled-cable research and experience

RESEARCH and engineering studies of gas-filled cable were started about 2 years ago by the company with which the writer is associated and this development work has been carried on coninuously since then. Useful results in the form of practical cable designs have resulted and more will follow in the futures our knowledge of the basic principles off this type of cable increases. The present paper will be in the form of a progress report summarizing results obtained since the first two papers1,2 on this subject were presented before the IEEE in 1939 and 1942. The same methds of test and analysis of test data described in the previous papers will be allowed and, although an attempt will be made to have the present paper complete in itself, it will be necessary to refer to the older papers frequently to avoid copetition.
Combustion of reactive solutions impregnated into a cellulose carrier: Modeling of two combustion fronts

Abstract We develop and solve a novel model for the combustion of reactive solutions impregnated into a cellulose carrier. This procedure has been shown to be effective in the synthesis of metallic oxides with a nanoscale microstructure, which are suitable for catalyst applications. The model involves three reactions, (i) combustion of the carrier matrix, (ii) an endothermic reaction related to the decomposition or gasification of the synthesis reaction precursors and (iii) the exothermic oxide synthesis reaction. This model is shown to provide qualitative agreement with experimental observations. A parametric study of the model demonstrates that increasing the heat released via the leading cellulose burning reaction (i) is most favorable in terms of increasing the reaction yield and providing conditions for smaller size of the synthesized material.
Remission Status and Cortical Thickness in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Abstract Objective Few studies have examined prediction of schizophrenia outcome in relation to brain magnetic resonance imaging measures. In this study, remission status at the time of discharge was examined in relation to admission cortical thickness for childhood-onset schizophrenia probands. We hypothesized that total, frontal, temporal, and parietal gray matter thickness would be greater in patients who subsequently remit. Method The relation between admission cortical brain thickness on magnetic resonance imaging and remission status at the time of discharge an average of 3 months later was examined for 56 individuals (32 males) ages 6 to 19 diagnosed with childhood-onset schizophrenia. Cortical thickness was measured across the cerebral hemispheres at admission. Discharge remission criteria were adapted from the 2005 Remission in Schizophrenia Working Group criteria. Results Patients remitted at discharge ( n = 16 [29%]) had thicker regional cortex in left orbitofrontal, left superior, and middle temporal gyri and bilateral postcentral and angular gyri ( p ≤ .008). Conclusions Our results provide neuroanatomic correlates of clinical remission in schizophrenia and evidence that response to treatment may be mediated by these cortical brain regions. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2008;47(10):1133–1140.
Vasculitis and systemic infections.

Purpose of reviewIn recent years, many investigators have focused on potential associations between infections and vascular inflammation. We review the principal pathogenic mechanisms that have been implicated for possible roles in the vascular inflammation initiated by infectious agents. We also su
Characterization of the Darwin Direct Implicit Particle-in-Cell Method and Resulting Guidelines for Operation

We investigate the linear dispersion and other properties of the Darwin Direct Implicit Particle-in-cell (DADIPIC) method in order to deduce guidelines for its use in the simulation of long time-scale, kinetic phenomena in plasmas. The Darwin part of this algorithm eliminates the Courant constraint for light propagation across a grid cell in a time step and divides the field solution into several elliptic equations. The direct implicit method is only applied to the electrostatic field relieving the need to resolve plasma oscillations. Linear theory and simulations verifying the theory are used to generate the desired guidelines as well as show the utility of DADIPIC for a wide range of low frequency, electromagnetic phenomena. We find that separation of the fields has made the task of predicting algorithm behavior easier and produced a robust method without restrictive constraints.
Mental Health of the Elderly: Use of Health and Mental Health Services

The utilization of services by older patients with mental morbidity is examined in this paper. The population is drawn from a large, multi-site study, the Epidemiological Catchment Area studies, and reports on the findings from the Baltimore, Maryland, site, The Eastern Baltimore Mental Health Survey. The fact that older individuals with mental disorders are less likely to be seen and treated for these disorders than are younger individuals was substantiated by data from this study. Of those under age 65, 8.7 per cent have made a visit to a specialty or primary care provider for mental health care; for those age 65 to 74, the rate is 4.2 per cent, and of those 75 and over, only 1.4 per cent have had such care. In this last group, 75 and over, not a single person saw a specialty mental health provider. The likeliest source of care for older individuals for emotional or psychiatric problems is their primary care providers within the context of a visit made for physical medical problems. Past work and these data suggest that the factors that influence this low level of care can be found in the characteristics of the population as well as in the characteristics of the health care system. The implications of these findings are discussed.
ROCK-II-induced membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation require actin cytoskeleton.

Abstract Ectopic expression of ROCK II (Rho kinase II or ROKα), an effector of Rho GTPase, induces membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation. ROCK II can induce membrane blebbing in the presence of the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk or in caspase-3-deficient MCF-7 cells, indicating that the activation of caspases is not required. ROCK-II-induced membrane blebbing, however, is reversed by the myosin light chain kinase inhibitor ML-7 or cytochalasin D. In addition, the expression of a constitutively activated form of cofilin (S3A-cofilin) suppresses both membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation in ROCK II expressing cells. These findings suggest that the activation of actin–myosin contractility is responsible for membrane blebbing and chromatin condensation and implicate ROCK II as a potential mediator of the morphological changes associated with apoptosis.