cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trends Affecting Recruitment and Retention of Social Work Staff in Human Services Agencies

THE SINGLE most important char acteristic of a human services agency is the quality of its personnel. Because the agency provides services through the medium of human inter action, the quality of this interaction determines the acceptability and effec tiveness of the organization's services (Austin, 1987). Human services agen cies, therefore, are highly dependent on the availability of qualified employees. Availability is frequently analyzed in terms of numbers of people entering or graduating from social work programs. Equally important is retention of work ers in specific agencies and the profes sion as a whole. Salary and working conditions are significant in retention, especially when there is competition for employees. Ultimately, retention affects recruitment when potential recruits learn of the success or failure of the profession or of specific agencies in re taining workers. Working conditions have two impor tant aspects: (1) assigned roles and tasks and (2) expectations that individuals bring to those tasks (Austin, 1987). An analysis of working conditions in cludes the extent to which there is a productive fit between the expectations of employers and the expectations of employees. To prepare for recruitment and reten tion of a qualified labor force, boards of directors, executives, and program planners must consider not only the trends likely to affect the number of available workers, but also worker char acteristics that are likely to determine the employees' expectations. Employers also must give thought to qualities of the work situation that are necessary to attract and retain the desired quality of workers. This article addresses factors related to the number of social workers likely to be available and trends likely to affect Patricia L. Ewalt
Singlet and triplet excitons and charge polarons in cycloparaphenylenes: a density functional theory study

The conformational structure and the electronic properties of various electronic excitations in cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) are calculated using hybrid density functional theory (DFT). The results demonstrate that wavefunctions of singlet and triplet excitons as well as the positive and negative polarons remain fully delocalized in CPPs. In contrast, these excitations in larger CPP molecules become localized on several phenyl rings, which are locally planarized, while the undeformed ground state geometry is preserved on the rest of the hoop. As evidenced by the measurements of bond-length alternation and dihedral angles, localized regions show stronger hybridization between neighboring bonds and thus enhanced electronic communication. This effect is even more significant in the smaller hoops, where phenyl rings have strong quinoid character in the ground state. Thus, upon excitation, electron–phonon coupling leads to the self-trapping of the electronic wavefunction and release of energy from fractions of an eV up to two eVs, depending on the type of excitation and the size of the hoop. The impact of such localization on electronic and optical properties of CPPs is systematically investigated and compared with the available experimental measurements.
Heteroskedasticity and Neglected Parameter Heterogeneity

The paper studies the consequences of neglecting parameter heterogeneity for the linear regression model and cross‐sectional data. Monte‐Carlo experiments are used to illustrate that neglected parameter heterogeneity typically leads to (a) regression coefficients that are economically meaningless and (b)significant test statistics for heteroskedasticity and, possibly non‐normality. The paper concludes that evidence for heteroskedasticity should not routinely lead to the use of White's well‐known heteroskedasticity‐consistent variance covariance matrix estimator. If heteroskedasticity is caused by neglected parameter heterogeneity or other causes of heteroskedasticity, such as wrong functional form, White's estimator will not serve any useful purpose.
Photoelectrochemical properties and interfacial charge transfer kinetics of BODIPY-sensitized TiO2 electrodes

We present studies of the photoelectrochemical characteristics and interfacial charge transfer dynamics of two (4,4′-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) BODIPY dyes (BODIPY-1 and 2) attached to nanostructured TiO2 electrodes. BODIPY-1 bears two carboxylic acid groups at its 2 and 6 positions and BODIPY-2 is modified with two cyanoacetic acid groups at these positions. Photoelectrochemistry measurements show that BODIPY-2 has better photostability and device short-circuit current density than BODIPY-1 because of its broader light absorption and efficient charge injection as shown by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and steady-state photoelectrochemical studies. The more efficient photocurrent generation by BODIPY-2 is also attributed to the improved redox reaction kinetics with its hole transport media, I−/I3−, in comparison with BODIPY-1.
Pressure Support Ventilation and Other Approaches to Overcome Imposed Work of Breathing

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Delineate some of the patient-ventilator interactions that occur during synchronized mechanical ventilation. 2. List the factors that influence the work of breathing. 3. Describe various triggering mechanisms and their advantages and disadvantages. 4. List the modalities employed to reduce the added work of breathing during mechanical ventilation. The availability of an amazing number of ventilator modes, techniques, and devices characterizes the state of the art in neonatal ventilatory support at the outset of the 21st century. Unfortunately, the engineering advances in developing devices with complex capabilities have outpaced our understanding of how and when to use them optimally. One important aspect of mechanical respiratory support that has received limited attention is the added work of breathing imposed by mechanical ventilators. Respiratory support with mechanical ventilation requires the use of endotracheal tubes, and synchronization of ventilation requires triggering devices, both of which impose additional work of breathing on the infant, who already is in respiratory failure. Thus, careful consideration of patient-ventilator interactions during synchronized ventilation and the factors that influence the work of breathing is essential. Work of breathing consists of the work required to overcome the elastic forces and resistance to gas flow. Elastic work is determined by lung compliance and is highly variable. Optimization of lung volume and surfactant replacement therapy are the two major interventions available to improve lung compliance and decrease the elastic work of breathing. Resistance can be divided into airway resistance and the added resistance of the ventilator circuit, triggering mechanism, and endotracheal tube. Airway resistance varies and may be high in infants who have meconium aspiration or chronic lung disease. In this article, we focus on the imposed work of breathing by the ventilator and endotracheal tube. The consequences of high endotracheal tube resistance include risk of air-trapping, …
D1 dopamine receptors in the mouse prefrontal cortex: Immunocytochemical and cognitive neuropharmacological analyses.

Dopamine D1 receptors have critical neuromodulatory influences on the working memory functions of the prefrontal cortex, a brain region affected in many neuropsychiatric disorders. When D1 receptor agents are administered to rats or monkeys performing working memory tasks, an "inverted U" dose/response function is typically observed, whereby either too little or too much D1 receptor stimulation impairs working memory. There are two subtypes of D1 receptors, the D1A and the D1B (also known as the D1 and D5, respectively), but the relative contributions of these subtypes to prefrontal cortical function are not known, as there are no pharmacological agents that can distinguish between these receptors. Thus, genetically altered mice are needed to address this question. However, it is not known whether the mouse prefrontal cortex contains both D1A and D1B receptor subtypes, nor is it known whether mice will exhibit responses to D1 receptor agonists similar to those seen in rats and monkeys. The current study examined these issues by immunostaining the mouse brain with specific antibodies directed at the D1A and D1B receptor subtypes and by assessing the effects of increasing doses of a D1 receptor agonist, SKF81297, on spatial working memory performance in mice. Results indicate that mice are generally similar to monkeys and rats, expressing both D1A and D1B receptors in the prefrontal cortex and exhibiting an inverted "U" dose/response curve when administered SKF81297.
Presenting Scientific Theories Within Risk Assessments

ABSTRACT We propose a structure for presenting risk assessments with the purpose of enhancing the transparency of the selection process of scientific theories and models derived from them. The structure has two stages, with 7 steps, where the stages involve two types of theories: core and auxiliary, which need to be identified in order to explain and evaluate observations and predictions. Core theories are those that are “fundamental” to the phenomena being observed, whereas auxiliary theories are those that describe or explain the actual observation process of the phenomena. The formulation of a scientific theory involves three constitutive components or types of judgments: explanative, evaluative, and regulative or aesthetic, driven by reason. Two perspectives guided us in developing the proposed structure: (1) In a risk assessment explanations based on notions of causality can be used as a tool for developing models and predictions of possible events outside the range of direct experience. The use of c...
Product recalls and organizational learning: ConAgra's responses to the peanut butter and pot pie crises

Abstract This study focused on ConAgra's communication strategies utilized during its peanut butter and pot pie product recalls. A content analysis revealed that ConAgra handled each recall differently, with little evidence of organizational learning. The use of strategic ambiguity during the peanut butter recall enabled ConAgra to respond more successfully to consumers than during the pot pie recall.
Schedule-induction of nicotine self-administration

Nicotine, although assumed to be an important factor in maintaining the use of tobacco products, has produced equivocal results when tested in drug self-administration studies using standard procedures with laboratory animals. Several recent studies however, have demonstrated nicotine self-administration using a procedure of schedule-induction. Schedule-induced behaviors occur as an adjunct to behavior controlled by an intermittent schedule of reinforcement and are thus not under control of the scheduled contingencies. Using schedule-induction procedures; oral, intravenous and inhaled self-administration of nicotine has been shown in rats, both rats and rhesus monkeys, and humans respectively. Although the self-administration of some doses of nicotine occurred without a concurrent schedule of intermittent reinforcement, schedule-induction results in responding maintained by lower doses of the drug and much more rapid initiation of self-administration. The result of such studies suggest an interaction between environmental factors, such as an intermittent schedule of other reinforcers, and nicotine's pharmacological effects. This interaction may be important in understanding the etiology and maintenance of human tobacco use.
Electron affinities and ionization energies in Si and Ge nanocrystals

We present calculations for electron affinities, ionization potentials, and quasiparticle gaps for hydrogenated silicon and germanium nanocrystals (quantum dots) with radii up to 14 A or about 800 atoms using real-spaceab initio pseudopotentials constructed within the local-density approximation. We show that electron affinities and ionization energies exhibit a strong size dependence characteristic of quantum confinement, and remain significantly different from corresponding bulk values even for the largest nanocrystals studied. Both Si and Ge nanocrystals have very close values of ionization and affinity energies, while quasiparticle and single-particle gaps for silicon dots are slightly larger (∼0.2 eV) than those computed for germanium nanocrystals. Our calculated affinities and ionization potentials scale with radius R of the nanocrystal as R - 1 , where l=1.1 ′0.2, in contrast to the scaling factor l=2 predicted by simple effective-mass models.
Identification of ethyl centralite-nitrogen tetroxide reaction products☆

Abstract A two-dimensional thin-layer chromatographic method for the separation and identification of the numerous products produced in the nitration of ethyl centralite is described. The method is applied to the analysis of ethyl centralite-nitrogen tetroxide reaction products. Two spray reagents used in conjunction with the silica gel G/Zn plate offer a sensitive detection method for each of the compounds.
Flash gas bypass for improving the performance of transcritical R744 systems that use microchannel evaporators

The performance of transcritical R744 systems with direct expansion (DX) can be significantly improved by implementing a Flash Gas Bypass (FGB). The idea behind the concept is to bypass refrigerant vapor, created during the isenthalpic expansion process, around the evaporator. By feeding the evaporator with liquid refrigerant, pressure drop is reduced and refrigerant distribution is improved. With R744 as the working fluid, increased refrigerant-side heat transfer coefficients are expected as well. In addition, the FGB concept proves to be beneficial in terms of system design, in particular for combined air-conditioning and heat pumping applications. An experimental comparison to a conventional DX-system reveals that FGB increases the cooling capacity and COP at the same time by up to 9 and 7%, respectively. Even larger improvements are possible in case a variable speed compressor is utilized to match the performance of the conventional DX-system. A simulation model helps to separate the individual improvement mechanisms. It was found that the reduction of refrigerant-side pressure drop is the dominant improvement mechanism of FGB.
Pulsar test of a variation of the speed of light with frequency.

The sharply defined optical and radio pulses from pulsars make possible a test of the variation of the speed of light with frequency, and of the possible existence of a photon mass. The data indicate that the mass of a real photon is less than 10-44 gram. Detection of extragalactic pulsars could allow a substantial improvement of this limit.
Displacement analyses of 4R1G five-link spatial mechanisms using exact solutions of four-link spatial mechanisms

Abstract This paper deals with the displacement analysis of 4R1G five-link spatial mechanisms, the RRGRR, the RGRRR and the RRRGR. The method to be used is a simple numerical scheme using a computer based on the direction cosine matrix method developed in previous papers. The analysis starts by converting a five-link mechanism into a four-link spatial mechanism, substituting one joint for another, and by assuming an input angle to the converted mechanism. Thus, the five-link spatial mechanisms will be merely an extension of four-link mechanisms and knowledge gained from the displacement analysis of the four-link mechanisms can be fully applied. Two types of coordinates, the global and the local coordinates, are employed for the analysis. A simple numerical scheme using the computer to check the constraint condition at the replaced joint is used.
P-3-BSA, but not P-11-BSA, implants in the VTA rapidly facilitate receptivity in hamsters after progesterone priming to the VMH

Recent evidence suggests that progesterone (P) may have behaviorally relevant actions on neuronal membranes in the ventral midbrain. In the present experiments, we exploited the rapid time course predicted for non-genomic actions of steroid hormones. Ovariectomized hamsters were implanted with chronic guide cannulae, one aimed above the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and the other over the contralateral ventral tegmental area (VTA). The following week animals were estrogen-primed (10 micrograms estradiol benzoate) and pre-tested for sexual receptivity 2 h after a P or P conjugated to the macromolecule bovine serum albumin (P-3-BSA) containing tube was applied to the VMH. P-3-BSA binds well to neuronal membranes, but does not penetrate them because of the large size of the BSA molecule. After the pre-test, the opposite hormone-containing insert was applied to the VTA and hamsters were tested again for sexual receptivity 5 min after this implantation. The following week, the contents of the tubes were reversed. Receptivity only occurred when P was applied to the VMH and 2 h later P-3-BSA was applied to the VTA; the reverse treatment was ineffective. These data indicate that P is capable of rapidly facilitating receptivity by actions on cell membranes in the VTA if P has been applied to the hypothalamus 2 h earlier. Progesterone conjugated to BSA at carbon 11 (P-11-BSA) was ineffective compared to P-3-BSA using the same paradigm. This suggests that the mechanism which responds to P in the ventral midbrain may require the 11 region.
Development of a repairable IR composite window

Infrared (IR) imaging systems are a critical component of military aircraft operations for navigation, surveillance, and target acquisition. A limiting feature in the readiness and life-cycle costs for such IR systems is the durability of the exposed optical window in the harsh land and sea environments associated with military operations. The Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials Directorate, has been conducting a program to develop a high durability, repairable JR window to both extend the operation life-cycle of the transparencies and to permit the reuse of the optical materials for significant cost reductions. The development effort is focused on a composite JR window composed of a highly JR transparent base material with a removable durable bonded cladding for erosion and abrasion protection. The development activities have included evaluation and selection of the optical materials, assessment of high durability coatings, refinement of the optical adhesive and bonding process, as well as laboratory and flight testing.
Use of Thiazolidinediones in HIV-Infected Patients: What Have We Learned?

HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy often develop changes in fat distribution with loss of abdominal and peripheral subcutaneous fat, including increased visceral adiposity in some patients, and metabolic perturbations including insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) stimulate glucose transport into muscle and simultaneously increase adipogenesis through effects on transcription of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y. TZDs might therefore be a potentially useful treatment strategy for HIV-infected patients with loss of subcutaneous fat and insulin resistance. Several studies have
THE STRATEGIC CONTINGENCIES THEORY OF POWER: MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVES

The strategic contingencies theory of power proposed by Hickson et al. (1971) has been tested and compared to an alternative perspective. In the alternative perspective, the theory has been modified to include control of strategic contingencies as a moderating variable in the relationships between power and its determinants. A field study, using questionnaire and interview responses of 54 administrators at five universities, partially supports the modified theory.
Imaging soft samples with the atomic force microscope: gelatin in water and propanol

We have imaged mica coated with thin gelatin films in water, propanol, and mixtures of these two liquids by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The elastic modulus (Young's modulus) can be tuned from 20 kPa to more than 0.1 GPa depending on the ratio of propanol to water. The resolution is best in pure propanol, on the order of 20 nm, and becomes worse for the softer samples. The degradation in resolution can be understood by considering the elastic indentation of the gelatin caused by the AFM tip. This indentation becomes larger and thus the contact area becomes larger the softer the sample is. Therefore this study may be used to estimate the resolution to be expected with an AFM on other soft samples, such as cells. Nondestructive imaging was possible only by imaging at forces
Poisoning effect of thiophene on the catalytic activity of molybdenum carbide during tri-methyl pentane reforming for hydrogen generation

Abstract An investigation of the effect of sulfur on the activity of a bulk molybdenum carbide catalyst for the steam and oxidative-steam reforming of tri-methyl pentane, has been undertaken. Using thiophene as a model sulfur compound at concentrations as high as 1000 ppmw, the degree of deactivation was found to be dependent on the sulfur concentration but was minimal at concentrations below 100 ppmw. While deactivation was completely reversible in the case of steam reforming, spent catalysts from oxidative-steam reforming could only be partially reactivated. Characterization of spent catalysts by XRD and XPS leads to the conclusion that deactivation during steam reforming is due to surface oxidation of the carbide, apparently as a result of sulfur inhibition of carburizing kinetics. On the other hand, deactivation during oxidative steam reforming appears to be due to coking, attributed to increased surface acidity resulting from SOx species.
Exploring the joint dynamics of intercity internet and corporate networks: a stochastic actor‐based modelling approach

In this article, I show one possible solution to synthesis dynamics in multiple intercity networks. I adopt a stochastic actor-based modelling approach to explore the co-evolution of an intercity corporate network of 57 globalized advanced producer service firms across 93 cities, and another intercity internet network between these 93 cities, for the period 2004–2010. Stochastic actor-based models (SABMs) help to connect interactions among cities and firms on the local scale with empirically observed networks on the global scale. My analysis accounts for the co-evolution/interdependence among multiple world city networks (WCNs) and associated network changes in individual WCNs with exogenous city-related covariates and endogenous local network structures.
Clan Genomics and the Complex Architecture of Human Disease

Human diseases are caused by alleles that encompass the full range of variant types, from single-nucleotide changes to copy-number variants, and these variations span a broad frequency spectrum, from the very rare to the common. The picture emerging from analysis of whole-genome sequences, the 1000 Genomes Project pilot studies, and targeted genomic sequencing derived from very large sample sizes reveals an abundance of rare and private variants. One implication of this realization is that recent mutation may have a greater influence on disease susceptibility or protection than is conferred by variations that arose in distant ancestors.
An ultrastructure study of the in vitro effects of L-leucine methyl ester and ammonium chloride on Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes.

Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes were subjected to the lysosomotropic agents L-leucine methyl ester and ammonium chloride to determine their effects on the ultrastructure of the parasite. The lysosomotropic agents applied to epimastigotes caused a time-dependent alteration in the morphology of the cells marked by a 5-fold increase in the number of lysosomes. Continued exposure to ammonium chloride caused slight disruption of the reservosomes. The amino acid ester, however, while causing the parasite to swell after prolonged exposure (e.g., 24 h), had little effect on the reservosomes, the kinetoplast, or even the mitochondrion. A specific inhibitor of cysteine proteinases provided some protection for lysosomes from the effects of the amino acid ester. Although it is agreed that reservosomes are similar to endosomes, no lysosomal fusion with the reservosomes was observed. Acid phosphatase activity was observed only in lysosomes.
Selective amplitude histograms: a statistical approach to EEG-single unit relationships in generalized epilepsy.

Abstract Statistical analysis techniques that permit detection and quantification of EEG-single unit correlations were employed in a study of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat. Single unit activity was recorded in cerebral and cerebellar cortices and compared to the locally recorded EEG. It was found that during generalized paroxysmal activity the background EEG was significantly related to the time of occurence of unit discharge. The degree of synchrony of various units differed but tended to increase as the duration and extent of paroxysmal activity increased. These relationships were usually not evident upon visual inspection of the original unprocessed data but were consistently detected by the analysis techniques described here. The results demonstrate the usefulness of a statistical approach to the analysis of single unit data and suggest that, not only is there a significant relationship between paroxysmal events and neuronal activity in generalized penicillin epilepsy, but also an overall trend to closer synchronization of EEG and single unit discharges during non-paroxysmal periods.
Gestational low protein diet selectively induces the amino acid response pathway target genes in the liver of offspring rats through transcription factor binding and histone modifications.

Abstract The amino acid response (AAR) pathway detects a deficiency of dietary amino acid or protein. To investigate the impact of gestational protein restriction on the AAR pathway in offspring, pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a control (C) or low protein (LP) diet during gestation. Livers of female offspring were collected on postnatal d 38. The mRNA amount of Atf3 in LP offspring increased significantly compared with C offspring, while Asns did not differ between the two groups. ATF4 and p-eIF2α were both induced in LP offspring, whereas p-ERK was significantly decreased. Additionally, amino acid limitation (− AA) in HepG2 cells increased p-ERK and AAR pathway-related genes, while U0126 decreased p-ERK but did not completely reverse the activation of AAR pathway-related genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated an increased association of both RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and ATF4 at the Atf3 promoter in LP offspring, while acetylated histone H4, tri-methyl histone H3 at lysine 9, ATF4, ATF3, C/EBPβ, and CHOP, but not Pol II, were all increased at the Asns promoter in LP offspring. In − AA HepG2 cells, C/EBPβ siRNA treatment did not prevent the activation of either ATF3 or ASNS in response to −AA, while ATF4 siRNA prevented the activation of ASNS but not ATF3. Our data demonstrates that a maternal LP diet programs the AAR pathway in the liver of offspring rats. The differential priming of the downstream target genes of the AAR pathway in response to maternal LP diet presents a novel regulatory mechanism related to nutrient–gene interactions.
Analytical and numerical calculations of interatomic forces and stresses

Atomistic simulation methods such as molecular dynamics require an efficient calculation of interatomic forces and stresses from pre–defined interatomic potentials. Both analytical and numerical approaches can be used to do this. Analytical approach directly calculates forces and stresses using analytical formulae, and can therefore yield accurate results. However, the force and stress expressions may become extremely complicated as the complexity level of the potential increases, resulting in a prolonged development cycle to implement new potentials. Numerical approach uses finite difference method to evaluate forces and stresses through simple calculation of energies at selected perturbations of crystal configurations. The method can be quickly implemented and tested for any potentials. However, it may result in significant numerical errors. We have compared analytical and numerical calculations of interatomic forces and stresses in molecular dynamics, and identified the conditions where numerical metho...
Notes on Kolassa’s Method for Estimating the Power of Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney Test

The Kolassa method implemented in the nQuery Advisor software has been widely used for approximating the power of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (WMW) test for ordered categorical data, in which Edgeworth approximation is used to estimate the power of an unconditional test based on the WMW U statistic. When the sample size is small or when the sizes in the two groups are unequal, Kolassa’s method may yield quite poor approximation to the power of the conditional WMW test that is commonly implemented in statistical packages. Two modifications of Kolassa’s formula are proposed and assessed by simulation studies.
Smart Growth in a Changing World

Jonathan Barnett (Ed.), Chicago, Chicago University Press, 2007, £26.00 (pbk), 148 pp., ISBN 10: 1932364366; ISBN 13: 978 1932364361 One of President Barack Obama's signature projects in his Econom...
Experimental Impedance of Single Liner Elements with Bias Flow

An experimental investigation was conducted to generate a high quality database, from which the effects of a mean bias flow on the acoustic impedance of lumped-element single-degree-of-freedom liners was determined. Acoustic impedance measurements were made using the standard two-microphone method in the NASA Langley Normal Incidence Tube. Each liner consisted of a perforated sheet with a constant-area cavity. Liner resistance was shown to increase and to become less frequency and sound pressure level dependent as the bias flow was increased. The resistance was also consistently lower for a negative bias flow (suction) than for a positive bias flow (blowing) of equal magnitude. The slope of the liner reactance decreased with increased flow.
Studies on host selection and host specificity of the aphid hyperparasite Charips victrix (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). 3. Host suitability studies.

The suitable hosts for Charips victrix (Westwood) in alfalfa were found to be certain species of the subfamily Aphidiinae which are in turn parasitic on aphids. All other parasites of the pea aphid and the spotted alfalfa aphid were unsuitable for the development of C. victrix progeny for various reasons. Two types of inactivation of C. victrix eggs occurred in certain hosts. Encapsulation of C. victrix eggs was found in Praon exsoletum Nees, while eggs were suppressed but not encapsulated in 2 species of the genus Aphelinus (Aphelinidae). Two species of potential hosts were not attacked (Ephedrus californicus Baker and Aphelinus howardii Dalla Torre) and for this reason their biological suitability was not ascertained. Other species (both suitable and unsuitable) were attacked only infrequently. Additional observations on aphid behaviour that bear on the matter of host suitability also are reported.
Advances in auditory neuroscience

We are pleased to serve as guest editors for this special issue of the International Journal of Psychophysiology that highlights exciting new advances in auditory neuroscience. Highly distinguished scientists have contributed reports of their work in the areas of development, pathology, auditory scene analysis, and the animal models that help clarify underlying neural mechanisms of sound perception. The compiled papers provide new insights into normal and aberrant sound processing occurring during development and in adulthood.
Drug Cognitive Structures and Strategies: With Special Reference to Drug Education Programs.

In this paper I argue that we need much more research than is now presently available about the cognitive structures guiding drug takers, that is to say, about the maps which help them decide what are drugs to be used for their effects, about which drugs to use together or separately, and what are the factors influencing those effects. In the absence of this type of knowledge, I believe, we run the risk of bypassing basic first premises and projecting our own preconceptions upon the drug takers in drug education programs and in drug research samples. After a series of concrete demonstrations of what I take to be problematical research resulting from neglecting cognitive structure, I list some further assumptions of drug education programs and conclude with some suggested hypothetical cognitive strategies.
Microcomputers in Evaluation

Summary The electronic transfer of information is one of the most exciting and at the same time most frustrating uses of microcomputers because there are potentially nine components that must all work together. These are: o (1) the sending computer and its operating system, (2) the communication software compatible with the sending computer, (3) the hardware for transferring information out of this computer (e.g., communication port), (4) a modem or other device for converting the signal into one transferable over telephone lines or network, (5) the physical link between computers (e.g., cable, telephone line), (6) the modem or other device on the other end of the line to convert the signal to one the receiving computer can understand, (7) the hardware for transferring information into the receiving computer, (8) the communication software compatible with the receiving computer, and (9) the receiving computer and its operating system. Getting all of these components to work together is a challenge. It takes time, patience, and often some help from experts. It is hoped that this installment of Microcomputers In Evaluation has given you the basic information and insights needed to decide which form of communication is right to meet your need for linking computers.
Certification, Partnership, and Morality in an Organic Shrimp Network: Rethinking Transnational Alternative Agrifood Networks

Summary Transnational alternative agrifood networks (TAAFNs) seek to make food production and trade practices more socially just and environmentally sustainable, and empower producers in the global South. Drawing on fieldwork in Indonesia examining an organic shrimp network, this paper challenges the viability of TAAFNs as an alternative development and trade model. Specifically, I question the extent to which TAAFNs are based on (1) objective and effective governance, (2) partnership, and (3) democracy and morality. This article concludes that producers and consumers need to develop closer and more substantial relations, if TAAFNs are to generate meaningful and lasting development.
Casting health messages in terms of responsibility for dietary change: increasing fruit and vegetable consumption.

Abstract Objective To compare the effectiveness of messages emphasizing the importance of either personal or social responsibility for dietary behavior change in increasing fruit and vegetable intake. Design/Setting Randomly assigned individually or socially oriented messages were delivered at baseline, 1 week, and 2 and 3 months later. Telephone surveys were conducted at baseline and 1 and 4 months later. Participants 528 callers to a cancer information hotline who were not meeting the "5 A Day" dietary recommendation. Interventions A brief telephone-delivered message and 3 mailings of pamphlets and promotional items encouraging fruit and vegetable intake that emphasized either personal or social responsibility. Main Outcome Measures Fruit and vegetable intake 1 and 4 months postbaseline. Analysis Chi-square, t tests, and analyses of variance and covariance. Results Both types of messages increased intake substantially ( P = .01). To some extent, the social responsibility message continued to motivate increased intake over time compared with the personal responsibility message. Conclusions and Implications These minimal interventions had a substantial impact on fruit and vegetable intake. Health messages might be more effective over the longer term if they are designed to emphasize the importance of social responsibility, although further study is needed to confirm the robustness of these findings.
Comparison of the Salinity Structure of the Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware Bay and Long Island Sound Using a Linearly Tapered Advection-Dispersion Model

Long records of monthly salinity observations along the axis of Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and Long Island Sound are used to test a simple advection–dispersion model of the salt distribution in linearly tapered estuaries developed in a previous paper. We subdivide each estuary into three to five segments, each with linear taper allowing a distributed input of fresh water, and evaluate the dispersion in each segment. While Delaware Bay has weak dispersion and a classical sigmoidal salinity structure, Long Island Sound and Chesapeake Bay are more dispersive and have relatively small gradients in the central stretches. Long Island Sound is distinguished by having a net volume and salt flux out of its low-salinity end resulting in a smaller range of salinity and increasing axial gradients at its head rather than the usual asymptotic approach to zero salinity. Estimates of residence times based on model transport coefficients show that Long Island Sound has the most rapid response to fresh-water flux variations. It also has the largest amplitude cycle in river discharge fluctuation. In combination, these cause the large seasonal variation in the salinity structure relative to interannual variability in Long Island Sound as compared with Chesapeake Bay and Delaware Bay.
Use of (Glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane as a Binder in Colloidal Silica Coatings

Colloidal silica coatings were produced from suspensions of silica modified with (glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPS). Coating dispersions were prepared by adding GPS to a silica colloid (12 nm) suspension. Adsorption of hydrolyzed GPS species on silica surfaces was monitored by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The addition of GPS to a basic silica suspension (pH 9.5) favored condensation among hydrolyzed GPS species over adsorption. By contrast, more adsorption on the silica colloids occurred in acidic suspensions (pH 4) and condensation among hydrolyzed GPS species was slower. The interaction between GPS and colloidal silica was also reflected in the aggregation and gelation behavior of the suspensions and the coating microstructure. Suspensions prepared by addition of GPS at low pH resulted in coatings that were less prone to cracking. In addition, polyamine could be added to these suspensions in order to cure the coatings. Compared with unmodified silica coatings...
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5, four and a half lim-2, and a disintegrin and metalloprotease-9 expression in osteoblasts

The roles of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in regulating growth and their modulation by six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) are well established. IGFBP-5, the most abundant IGFBP stored in bone, is an important regulator of bone formation via IGF-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Two new proteins, four and a half lim (FHL)-2, a transcription modulator that interacts with IGFBP-5, and a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)-9, an IGFBP-5 protease, have been identified as potential regulators of IGFBP-5 action in bone. We tested the hypothesis that agents which modulate bone formation by regulating IGFBP-5 expression would also regulate FHL-2 and ADAM-9 expression in a coordinated manner. We evaluated the expression of IGFBP-5, FHL-2, and ADAM-9 by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR during differentiation of mouse bone marrow stromal cells into osteoblasts and in response to treatment with bone formation modulators in the LSaOS human osteosarcoma cell line. IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 increased 4.3- and 3.0-fold (P ≤ 0.01), respectively, during osteoblast differentiation. Dexamethasone (Dex), an inhibitor of bone formation, decreased IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 and increased ADAM-9 in LSaOS cells (P ≤ 0.05). Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-7, a stimulator of bone formation, increased IGFBP-5 and decreased ADAM-9 (P < 0.01). To determine if BMP-7 would eliminate Dex inhibition of IGFBP-5, cells were treated with Dex + BMP-7. The BMP-7-induced increase in IGFBP-5 was reduced, but not eliminated, in the presence of Dex (P ≤ 0.01), indicating that BMP-7 and Dex may regulate IGFBP-5 via different mechanisms. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, a stimulator of bone formation, increased IGFBP-5 and FHL-2 expression (P ≤ 0.01). IGF-I and TNF-α decreased expression of ADAM-9 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that FHL-2 and ADAM-9 are important modulators of IGFBP-5 actions and are, in part, regulated in a coordinated manner in bone.
Realization of the Hadamard Multiplex Advantage Using a Programmable Optical Mask in a Dispersive Flat-Field Near-Infrared Spectrometer:

Spectrometry and hyperspectral imaging are finding numerous applications for micro-optoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS). A type of MOEMS device in the form of a digital micromirror array (DMA) has been made commercially available by Texas Instruments USA for projector display applications. We use this device as a spatial light modulator (SLM) in a new type of flat-field, near-infrared dispersive spectrometer (NIRDMAS). Attributes of the DMA used in this manner are presented for discussion. Features that make a DMA attractive for spectrometry and imaging are described. A brief introduction to Hadamard transform (HT) techniques is presented to show that the DMA may be the best Hadamard encoding mask yet developed. A comparison of a conventional raster scanning (CRS) scan and a Hadamard transform spectrometry (HTS) scan with respect to the Hadamard multiplex advantage using a nonphoton noise-limited, single-element detector is presented. A signal-to-noise ratio comparison using four spectral lines from a mercury-argon calibration lamp demonstrates that the theoretical noise reduction is approached for the HTS scan compared to the CRS scan. Some future applications of MOEMS in spectrometry and hyperspectral imaging are suggested.
Isotopic enrichment of water in the “woody” tissues of plants: Implications for plant water source, water uptake, and other studies which use the stable isotopic composition of cellulose

Abstract The stable hydrogen isotopic ratio (δD) of stem water is shown to deviate from source water values in young, nonsuberized woody stems, reflecting an isotopic enrichment associated with cuticular water loss and/or transpiration. The extent of this enrichment was greater in trees which produce a new set of leaves annually (e.g., deciduous-leaved species) than in trees which retain their leaves for two or more years (e.g., coniferous or evergreen-leaved species). Stem-water enrichment was also greater in rapidly growing stem tissues than in mature, fully suberized or lignified stems which had ceased growing and showed little or no isotopic enrichment. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for studies which use xylem-sap δD values to evaluate plant water sources and uptake. We also discuss our findings in the context of long-term investigations that use cellulose or cellulose nitrate δD values for climatic reconstruction or to infer past water-use or distributional patterns in woody vegetation.
Daily time allocation among adult and immature yellow-eyed juncos over the breeding season

Abstract Daily time-budgets of adult and immature yellow-eyed juncos, Junco phaeonotus , were examined over the course of the breeding season to compare the relative severity of time constraints among breeding adults and between breeding adults and their offspring. No significant differences in time allocation between males and females were found at any stage of the breeding cycle. Adults feeding nestlings spent substantially more time foraging and flying than females engaged in incubation and the males paired to such females. The allocation of time to foraging peaked after the young left the nest and, among adults, parents caring for recently fledged young faced the most severe time constraints. The allocation of time to foraging and flying among dependent juncos gradually increased over the fledgling period. Of all the age classes and reproductive stages examined here, the recently independent juveniles faced the most severe time constraints, spending almost all of the daylight hours foraging. Older independent juneniles spent less time foraging and more time flying than recently independent juncos. The first few weeks of independence provides a strong opportunity for selection on the efficient allocation of time to competing activities among yellow-eyed juncos.
Electrocrystallization and Characterization of Polymorphic Forms of Barium Metaplumbate

The conducting oxide of BaPbO3 crystallized in KOH melt at various pH2O and voltage Ev values are systematically studied by the electrochemical method. For crystals prepared in a low pH2O environment, the electrolysis product displays the Pb3O4 phase, whereas the single phase of BaPbO3 can be produced under high pH2O condition. The grown phases are found to depend on the concentration of superoxide [O2−] and peroxide [O22−] intermediates in the melt. By adjusting the concentration of [O2−]/[O22−] intermediates via careful control of the pH2O and atmosphere of the electrochemical cell, the formation temperature of BaPbO3 can be reduced to as low as 200 °C, which is significantly lower than the temperature used in other synthetic techniques. The BaPbO3 crystals with cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic structures are grown at 450, 340, and 260 °C, respectively. The symmetry of crystalline BaPbO3 structure prepared under these temperatures can be sustained at ambient conditions to allow a detailed study of th...
Acetylation of the Adenovirus-transforming Protein E1A Determines Nuclear Localization by Disrupting Association with Importin-α

Posttranslational modifications may alter the biochemical functions of a protein by modifying associations with other macromolecules, allosterically altering intrinsic catalytic activities, or determining subcellular localization. The adenovirus-transforming protein E1A is acetylated by its cellular targets, the co-activators CREB-binding protein, p300, and p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor in vitro and also in vivo at a single lysine residue (Lys(239)) within a multifunctional carboxyl-terminal domain necessary for both nuclear localization and interaction with the transcriptional co-repressor carboxyl-terminal binding protein (CtBP). In contrast to a previous report, we demonstrate that acetylation of Lys(239) does not disrupt CtBP binding and that 12 S E1A-mediated repression of CREB-binding protein-dependent transcription does not require recruitment of CtBP. Instead we find that the cytoplasmic fraction of E1-transformed 293 cells is enriched for acetylated E1A with relative exclusion from the nuclear compartment. Whereas wild type 12 S E1A binds importin-alpha 3, binding affinity was markedly reduced both by single amino acid substitution mutations and acetylation at Lys(239). This is the first demonstration that acetylation may alter nuclear partitioning by direct interference with nuclear import receptor recognition. The finding that the cytoplasmic fraction of E1A is acetylated indicates that E1A may exert its pleiotropic effects on cellular transformation in part by affecting cytoplasmic processes.