cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Information encryption, transmission, and retrieval via chaotic modulation in a hybrid acousto-optic Bragg cell under profiled beam illumination

ABSTRACT In recent work, the propagation of a profiled optical beam through an open-loop acousto-optic Bragg cell was examined using a transfer function formalism. The device was also studied under closed-loop via intensity feedback, and shown to exhibit more extended chaotic band responses, thereby potentially increasing the dynamic range and parameter sensitivities of any applied signal and the device operation respectively. In this paper, simple low- to mid-RF signals (periodic waveforms and low BW audio) are transmitted through the closed-loop system and the resulting encryption and recovery at the receiver are examined especially from the perspective of overall r obustness of the system. Keywords : acousto-optics, Bragg regime, scattering, Gaussian, Klein-Cook, chaos, encryption, decryption, modulation. 1. INTRODUCTION Acousto-optic (A-O) devices can controllably diffract light beams, using the interaction of light and sound. An input light beam passes through a crystal in which acoustic vibrations are made with a piezoelectric device. These vibrations act as a diffraction grating, causing input beam defl ection. A-O cells are frequently used in signal processing applications, including laser beam deflection, modulation, f iltering, and encryption/decryption when used with feedback [1]. The characteristics of the deflection depend upon the light and sound frequencies and crystal properties. These variables are summarized by a unitless quantity known as the Klein-Cook parameter Q. In the Bragg mode of operation, Q is larger than 8 , and the cell produces only one diffracted order [2]. To create a closed-loop system from such a Bragg cell, the diffracted beam is collected by a photodetector, whose output is amplified, added to a dc offset, and fed back to the acoustic driver for the piezoelectric device. As a signal processing device, the input signal is applied to the dc offset, and the output signal is taken from the photodetector. The behavior of the resulting system exhibits nonlinear dynamics, including mono-, bi-, multistable and chaotic behavior [3-5]. These dynamic properties are useful for many signal processing applications including signal encryption and decryption [6]. Two techniques are used to characterize the chaotic behavior of such A-O systems: the Lyapunov exponent and bifurcation maps. The Lyapunov exponent quantifies whether the sy stem is chaotic or not, as a function of Q, the dc bias, feedback gain and input light intensity. Bifurcation maps are plots of photodetector output versus the optical phase shift or feedback gain, and they visually show the threshold between bistability and chaos [7]. When using either technique to study A-O feedback behavior, chaotic bands appear at unpredictable intervals over the parameter ranges. In order to use such passbands of chaos for encryption, it is critical to kn ow what combination of parameters produces chaos [8].
Operational energy conservation strategies in commercial aviation

During the past few years, the air transportation industry and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) have identified a number of optional operational strategies intended to save jet fuel. Currently, a number of these options are either fully or partially implemented. However, the implementation is generally based on relatively simple open-loop control approaches, and the application of more sophisticated real-time decision and closed-loop control techniques could offer additional fuel savings. In light of the escalating price of jet fuel, a careful reexamination of the cost/ benefits of operational strategies involving the application of real-time decision and control technology is considered to be mandatory. This paper examines 12 fuel conservation strategies applicable to commercial aviation operations and considered to be candidates for the application of real-time decision and control techniques. The information presented is based on a comprehensive review of the literature and on discussions with personnel associated with the fuel conservation efforts of airlines, aircraft manufacturers, research organizations, airline employee organizations, and government agencies. The total fuel savings potential of these strategies is estimated to be about 12 percent of current fuel usage. Savings already achieved through the partial implementation of these 12 strategies and other strategies, described in Reference 1, are shown to be about 5 percent. However, realization of the remaining savings potential will depend on the application of near-optimal, real-time decision and control techniques. Of the operational strategy categories identified and analyzed in Reference 1, the Improved Airline Flight Procedures, Improved Air Traffic Control (ATC) Procedures, and Improved Equipment Related Procedures are most amenable to the application of real-time decision and control techniques and are briefly described in the following paragraphs.
Highly sensitive optofluidic FRET lasers with genetically encoded fluorescent protein pairs

We achieved optofluidic FRET lasers using genetically encoded fluorescent protein pairs linked by length-tunable peptides. 10-fold enhancement in the FRET sensing signal was demonstrated with the optofluidic FRET laser compared to the conventional FRET detection.
Atomic spectra—Their rôle in astrophysics

Abstract This paper deals with the use of atomic spectra as a connecting link between stars and atoms, illustrated by the spectrum of the Sun, our nearest star. The importance of the multiplets found from the analyses of laboratory spectra, in the identification of solar lines is exemplified by selected lines of P i , S i , Si i , Mg i , and Fe i . Solar lines identified from predicted wavelengths, calculated from the energy levels, are found among these spectra. The elements represented in the Sun only in compounds or by only one atomic line are discussed in some detail. A second revision of Rowland's Table of Solar Spectrum Wavelengths, including measured equivalent widths and revised identifications, provides an excellent example of the role of atomic spectra in astrophysics.
Law's mapping of cyberspace: The shape of new social space

Abstract The proliferation of communication and information technologies is creating new human spaces, virtual places. Like all places, virtual ones are composed of a variety of discourses, law being central to that domain. Different legal conceptualizations, regulations, actors, and practices are components of virtual spaces along with computers and communication lines. MUDs and MOOS (MUDs: Multi User Dungeons; MOOs: Object Oriented MUDs) are new social settings in cyberspace, and are subject to the constitutive forces of such legal paradigms as property, social control, rights, and due process. The shape these spaces take are the direct result of the conflation of differing ideologies and practices surrounding these paradigms. Social spaces are the products of particular ideologies and practices combined in a dynamic relationship that represent ascendant political, legal, and social power.
Hepatic energy state is regulated by glucagon receptor signaling in mice

The hepatic energy state, defined by adenine nucleotide levels, couples metabolic pathways with energy requirements. This coupling is fundamental in the adaptive response to many conditions and is impaired in metabolic disease. We have found that the hepatic energy state is substantially reduced following exercise, fasting, and exposure to other metabolic stressors in C57BL/6 mice. Glucagon receptor signaling was hypothesized to mediate this reduction because increased plasma levels of glucagon are characteristic of metabolic stress and because this hormone stimulates energy consumption linked to increased gluconeogenic flux through cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C) and associated pathways. We developed what we believe to be a novel hyperglucagonemic-euglycemic clamp to isolate an increment in glucagon levels while maintaining fasting glucose and insulin. Metabolic stress and a physiological rise in glucagon lowered the hepatic energy state and amplified AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in control mice, but these changes were abolished in glucagon receptor- null mice and mice with liver-specific PEPCK-C deletion. 129X1/Sv mice, which do not mount a glucagon response to hypoglycemia, displayed an increased hepatic energy state compared with C57BL/6 mice in which glucagon was elevated. Taken together, these data demonstrate in vivo that the hepatic energy state is sensitive to glucagon receptor activation and requires PEPCK-C, thus providing new insights into liver metabolism.
Atomic force microscopy of a hybrid high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit from a transgenic hexaploid wheat.

The high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of wheat gluten in their native form are incorporated into an intermolecularly disulfide-linked, polymeric system that gives rise to the elasticity of wheat flour doughs. These protein subunits range in molecular weight from about 70K-90K and are made up of small N-terminal and C-terminal domains and a large central domain that consists of repeating sequences rich in glutamine, proline, and glycine. The cysteines involved in forming intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds are found in, or close to, the N- and C-terminal domains. A model has been proposed in which the repeating sequence domain of the HMW-GS forms a rod-like -spiral with length near 50 nm and diameter near 2 nm. We have sought to examine this model by using noncontact atomic force microscopy (NCAFM) to image a hybrid HMW-GS in which the N-terminal domain of subunit Dy10 has replaced the N-terminal domain of subunit Dx5. This hybrid subunit, coded by a transgene overexpressed in transgenic wheat, has the unusual characteristic of forming, in vivo, not only polymeric forms, but also a monomer in which a single disulfide bond links the C-terminal domain to the N-terminal domain, replacing the two intermolecular disulfide bonds normally formed by the corresponding cysteine side chains. No such monomeric subunits have been observed in normal wheat lines, only polymeric forms. NCAFM of the native, unreduced 93K monomer showed fibrils of varying lengths but a length of about 110 nm was particularly noticeable whereas the reduced form showed rod-like structures with a length of about 300 nm or greater. The 110 nm fibrils may represent the length of the disulfide-linked monomer, in which case they would not be in accord with the -spiral model, but would favor a more extended conformation for the polypeptide chain, possibly polyproline II. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.* Biopolymers 78: 53- 61, 2005
On undercompressive shocks in constrained two-layer flows

We consider the countercurrent flow of two incompressible immiscible viscous fluids in an inclined channel. The lower fluid is denser than the upper fluid, making this configuration relevant to air-water systems. Flow is driven by an imposed pressure gradient and gravity. From a lubrication approximation based on the ratio of the channel height to the downstream disturbance wavelength, we derive a nonlinear system of evolution equations that govern the interfacial shape separating the two fluids and the leading-order pressure. This system includes the physical effects of advection, capillarity, inertia and hydrostatic pressure. Our interest is to compare the dynamics of the solutions under different flow constraints. In particular, we compare the dynamics when the liquid volumetric flow rate and the downstream pressure drop are held fixed to the case when the gas volumetric flow rate and the interfacial height at ends of the channel are held fixed. In both of these systems, Lax shocks, undercompressive shocks and rarefaction waves are investigated. Through a numerical verification, we find that the dynamics of both scenarios are different, resulting in unsteady interfacial profiles for flows driven by fixed liquid flow rate and pressure drop.
Mapping legislative socialisation

Legislative socialisation has long been an important force for political deradicalisation in capitalist democracies worldwide. It remains barely explored, however, in large part because it is a process very difficult to track by conventional observational or survey methods. We circumvent these problems by taking advantage of an unusually propitious vote on televising the proceedings of the British House of Commons to chart the institutional deradicalisation of its Labour members. Socialisation effects are shown to be non-linear and, while the difference is not statistically significant, to be marginally stronger among Members of Parliament (MPs) with frontbench experience. The somewhat greater conservatism of frontbenchers, however, cannot be explained by anticipatory socialisation. Rather, it seems to be a function of doing well under ‘rules of the parliamentary game’ threatened by proposals for institutional reform.
Anandamide Biosynthesis Catalyzed by the Phosphodiesterase GDE1 and Detection of Glycerophospho-N-acyl Ethanolamine Precursors in Mouse Brain

Anandamide (AEA) is an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid receptors and a well characterized mediator of many physiological processes including inflammation, pain, and appetite. The biosynthetic pathway(s) for anandamide and its N-acyl ethanolamine (NAE) congeners remain enigmatic. Previously, we proposed an enzymatic route for producing NAEs that involves the double-O-deacylation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines (NAPEs) by α/β-hydrolase 4 (ABDH4 or Abh4) to form glycerophospho (GP)-NAEs, followed by conversion of these intermediates to NAEs by an unidentified phosphodiesterase. Here, we report the detection and measurement of GP-NAEs, including the anandamide precursor glycerophospho-N-arachidonoylethanolamine (GP-NArE), as endogenous constituents of mouse brain tissue. Inhibition of the phosphodiesterase-mediated degradation of GP-NAEs ex vivo resulted in a striking accumulation of these lipids in brain extracts, suggesting a rapid endogenous flux through this pathway. Furthermore, we identify the glycerophosphodiesterase GDE1, also known as MIR16, as a broadly expressed membrane enzyme with robust GP-NAE phosphodiesterase activity. Together, these data provide evidence for a multistep pathway for the production of anandamide in the nervous system by the sequential actions of Abh4 and GDE1.
An improved geometry-aware curvature discretization for level set methods: application to tumor growth

An advantage of using level set methods for moving boundary problems is that geometric quantities such as curvature can be readily calculated from the level set function. However, in topologically challenging cases (e.g., when two interfaces are in close contact), level set functions develop singularities that yield inaccurate curvatures when using traditional discretizations. In this note, we give an improved discretization of curvature for use near level set singularities. Where level set irregularities are detected, we use a local polynomial approximation of the interface to construct the level set function on a local subgrid, where we can accurately calculate the curvature using the standard 9-point discretization. We demonstrate that this new algorithm is capable of calculating the curvature accurately in a variety of situations where the traditional algorithm fails and provide numerical evidence that the method is second-order accurate. Examples are drawn from modified Hele-Shaw flows and a model of solid tumor growth.
Blood Coagulation Changes in Rats Fed High Fat Diets

High fat diets were given ad libitum or force-fed to rats. The incidence of thrombosis in animals fed a cow butter diet was higher than in those fed a cocoa butter diet. No thrombosis was found in rats fed a diet containing peanut oil. Coagulation studies performed at weekly intervals on blood samples obtained from a tail vein of rats fed the diets ad libitum showed that there was a gradual but marked increase in the levels of Factors II, VII, and X of animals fed a diet containing cow or cocoa butter, but not one containing peanut oil. Several weeks prior to death, however, the level of all coagulation factors, including Factors I and V, fell. A significant prolongation of the values for the partial thromboplastin time was found in animals killed at the time when levels of plasma coagulation factors decreased. The pattern of changes in concentration of plasma coagulation factors was similar in the groups of animals dying with proven thrombosis and in those in which thrombosis was not found. All rats force-fed the above two diets died within two weeks, showing a marked fall in all coagulation factors and no thrombosis. Weight loss was more pronounced in the groups of animals fed the diet containing cow butter and cocoa butter than in animals fed Purina chow. Autopsy findings were: intra-ventricular thrombi with myocardial infarction, lung hemorrhage, pneumonia, and rarely jaundice. No cause of death other than inanition was discernible in some of the animals. Marked fatty infiltration of the liver was a feature of all animals autopsied.
Social causality and responsibility: modeling and evaluation

Intelligent virtual agents are typically embedded in a social environment and must reason about social cause and effect. Social causal reasoning is qualitatively different from physical causal reasoning that underlies most current intelligent systems. Besides physical causality, the assessments of social cause emphasize epistemic variables including intentions, foreknowledge and perceived coercion. Modeling the process and inferences of social causality can enrich the believability and the cognitive capabilities of social intelligent agents. In this paper, we present a general computational model of social causality and responsibility, and empirically evaluate and compare the model with several other approaches.
Social functioning in urban, predominantly African American, socially disadvantaged patients with first-episode nonaffective psychosis

Background Social functioning impairments develop and accumulate even prior to initial treatment-seeking for first-episode psychosis. This study, the first to examine social functioning in low-income, urban, predominantly African American first-episode patients: (1) assesses the internal consistency of Social Functioning Scale (SFS) subscales in this relatively unique sample; (2) identifies demographic and clinical variables that may be predictive of poor social functioning in this particular population; and (3) assesses changes in SFS scores in a subsample re-assessed six months after initial hospitalization.
Gradient algorithms for designing predictive vector quantizers

A predictive vector quantizer (PVQ) is a vector extension of a predictive quantizer. It consists of two parts: a conventional memoryless vector quantizer (VQ) and a vector predictor. Two gradient algorithms for designing a PVQ are developed in this paper: the steepest descent (SD) algorithm and the stochastic gradient (SG) algorithm. Both have the property of improving the quantizer and the predictor in the sense of minimizing the distortion as measured by the average mean-squared error. The differences between the two design approaches are the period and the step size used in each iteration to update the codebook and predictor. The SG algorithm updates once for each input training vector and uses a small step size, while the SD updates only once for a long period, possibly one pass over the entire training sequence, and uses a relatively large step size. Code designs and tests are simulated for both Gauss-Markov sources and for sampled speech waveforms, and the results are compared to codes designed using techniques that attempt to optimize only the quantizer for the predictor and not vice versa.
MCRT: Multichannel Real-Time Communications in Wireless Sensor Networks

As many radio chips used in today’s sensor mote hardware can work at different frequencies, several multichannel communication protocols have recently been proposed to improve network throughput and reduce packet loss for wireless sensor networks. However, existing work cannot utilize multiple channels to provide explicit guarantees for application-specified end-to-end communication delays, which are critical to many real-time applications such as surveillance and disaster response. In this article, we propose MCRT, a multichannel real-time communication protocol that features a flow-based channel allocation strategy. Because of the small number of orthogonal channels available in current mote hardware, MCRT allocates channels to network partitions formed based on many-to-one data flows. To achieve bounded end-to-end communication delay for every data flow, the channel allocation problem has been formulated as a constrained optimization problem and proven to be NP-complete. We then present the design of MCRT, which includes a channel allocation algorithm and a real-time packet forwarding strategy. Extensive simulation results based on a realistic radio model and empirical results on a real hardware testbed of Tmote nodes both demonstrate that MCRT can effectively utilize multiple channels to reduce the number of deadlines missed in end-to-end communications. Our results also show that MCRT outperforms a state-of-the-art real-time protocol and two baseline multichannel communication schemes.
Using Theory to Enhance Technology Transfer and Diffusion of Innovations

In our article and presentation, we explore how communication science uses empirical testing to evaluate theories and illustrate how testable theories can be of value to technical communication practitioners and researchers. We then illustrate key concepts using Rogers' research on diffusion of innovations and technology transfer. We discuss how technical communication practitioners can use communication theories to guide the development of communication plans and produce communication messages. We close by discussing how technical communication researchers can use theory to guide their research and illustrate the need to advance communication theories.
New Species of Hedruris (Nematoda: Hedruridae), Anuracanthorhynchus lutzi (Hamann, 1891) n. comb. and other Helminths in Lithobates warszewitschii (Anura: Ranidae) from Costa Rica

Abstract. Hedruris heyeri n. sp. (Nematoda: Hedruridae) from the stomach of Lithobates warszewitschii from Costa Rica is described and illustrated. Hedruris heyeri n. sp. represents the 22nd species assigned to the genus and is distinguished from other species by the distribution pattern of caudal papillae of the male: 9 pairs posterior papillae (2 pairs precloacal, 1 pair adcloacal and 6 pairs postcloacal). Acanthocephalus lutzi (Hamann, 1891) is reassigned as Anuracanthorhynchus lutzi (Hamann, 1891) n. comb. Other helminths found include three species of Digenea (Gorgoderina diaster, Gorgoderina megacetabularis, and Mesocoelium monas), one species of Cestoda (represented by proteocephalid plerocercoids), and nine species of Nematoda (Aplectana incerta, Aplectana itzocanensis, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Falcaustra costaricae, Oswaldocruzia costaricensis, Porrocaecum sp., Raillietnema lynchi, and Rhabdias savagei).
Une nouvelle conception de générateur de vapeur à économiseur axial

De nouveaux generateurs de vapeur ont ete concus par Framatome pour ameliorer leur efficacite thermique. Les centrales de Chooz et de Civaux en sont equipees et le nouveau reacteur europeen EPR en sera egalement pourvu. Ces nouveaux types de GV ont beneficie d'un support important de R&D, caracterise en particulier par le programme d'essais consequent realise sur la boucle MEGEVE.
Smith and Scammon: Early Chicago Bankers

All things considered George Smith and J. Young Scammon were the two outstanding bankers in Chicago history from 1836, when the city's first bank (a branch of the State Bank) was opened, to the turn of the century. Both men became actively identified with the life of the pioneer community in their twenties. One was a Scottish banker of extraordinary ability, the other was a public-spirited lawyer with strong leanings toward banking throughout his life. One saw in legal restraints on banking only unfortunate restrictions to a successful banker, the other strove for laws to prescribe bank practice.
Amorphization of Garnet by Ion Implantation

Amorphization by ion implantation has been investigated in films of (SmYGdTm)3Ga0.4Fe4.6O12 garnet by transmission electron microscopy, incorporating a special cross-sectioning technique. These films were produced by liquid phase epitaxy on (111) garnet substrates and subsequently implanted with ions of deuterium at 60 keV and doses ranging from 0.50 to 4.5×1016 $${\rm{D}}_2^ + /{\rm{c}}{{\rm{m}}^2}$$ and ions of oxygen at 110 keV and doses ranging from 0.95 to 8.6×1014O+/cm2. The amorphization process proceeds in separate stages involving the formation of isolated amorphous regions, merging of these regions into a continuous band and subsequent propagation of the amorphous band toward the implanted surface. Details of these processes are interpreted in terms of various atomic displacement mechanisms.
Regularized discriminant analysis for multi-sensor decision fusion and damage detection with Lamb waves

In this study we propose a regularized linear discriminant analysis approach for damage detection which does not require an intermediate feature extraction step and therefore more efficient in handling data with high-dimensionality. A robust discriminant model is obtained by shrinking of the covariance matrix to a diagonal matrix and thresholding redundant predictors without hurting the predictive power of the model. The shrinking and threshold parameters of the discriminant function (decision boundary) are estimated to minimize the classification error. Furthermore, it is shown how the damage classification achieved by the proposed method can be extended to multiple sensors by following a Bayesian decision-fusion formulation. The detection probability of each sensor is used as a prior condition to estimate the posterior detection probability of the entire network and the posterior detection probability is used as a quantitative basis to make the final decision about the damage.
Adapting For-Profit Branding Models to Small Nonprofit Organizations: A Theoretical Discussion and Model Proposition

The purpose of this manuscript is to advance theoretical underpinnings that can assist small NPOs with planning, executing, and evaluating brand strategies that can be used to better position them in the marketplace. Small NPOs, because of organizational and capacity issues, are dissimilar to larger, more affluent national/international NPOs and require their own tools for strategic planning and brand management. Thus, the current manuscript suggests a customized branding model to assist small NPOs to achieve their objectives of enhancing awareness, improving image in the community, managing limited resources, increasing funding, and ultimately enhancing the long-term health of the organization. The proposed model is derived from three, existing models that cover the tasks of planning, executing, and evaluating a branding strategy. The objective is to adapt the existing models to better address the needs of small NPOs. Although our discussion does not address details of individual branding activities such as logo design, event planning, and survey creation, we will provide an overall framework customized to the needs of NPOs with less than $1 million annual income.
Applied study of functional MRI and DTI in cerebral gliomas

Objective:To evaluate the usefulness of ADC and FA value in differentiating solid tumor,necrotic region,edema region and in grading the malignancy of cerebral gliomas,and try to evaluate the combined use of fMRI and DTI in presurgical planning and surgical navigation.Methods:Eighteen patients with glioma were imaged at 1.5T using T1-weighted,T2-weighted,contrast T1-weighted,fMRI and DTI sequences.The ADC and FA value were measured in solid tumor,necrotic region and edema region.Brain activity was measured with SPM software,and the functional MRI images were integrated into the T1-weighted and FA maps and transferred to MRI-based neuronavigational system.Results:The ADC values of the solid portion of high-grade gliomas were significantly lower than those of low-grade gliomas.The ADC threshold between low grade and high grade gliomas was 1.21×10-3mm2/s.The FA values of the solid portion of high-grade gliomas were significantly high-er than those of low-grade gliomas.The FA threshold between low grade and high-grade gliomas was 0.17.Combined fMRI and DTI can establish spatial relationships between eloquent white matter,motor and vision functional area and the tumor borders,and provide a better estimation of the proximity of tumor borders to eloquent brain systems.Conclusion:DTI can distinguish between high-grade and low-grade gliomas,combined fMRI and DTI can provide information essential to preopera-tive planning,avoiding injury to the brain functional area and pyramidal tract.
Development of Advanced Imaging Criteria for the Endoscopic Identification of Inflammatory Polyps.

Development of Advanced Imaging Criteria for the Endoscopic Identification of Inflammatory Polyps
Characterization of the effects of histamine in porcine tracheobronchial lymph vessels

We characterized the responses of lymphatic vascular smooth muscle to histaminergic-receptor stimulation and blockade and explored the mechanisms underlying the histamine-stimulated release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). Fresh porcine tracheobronchial lymph vessel rings mounted in organ baths were stimulated by the cumulative addition of histamine or H1, H2, and H3 receptor-specific agonists in the presence or absence of receptor-specific antagonists. Histamine had a contractile effect on lymphatic vascular smooth muscle that was H1 receptor mediated. No important effects were elicited by H2- or H3-receptor stimulation. Histamine also caused the release of EDRF as demonstrated by an increase in smooth muscle tone in the absence of endothelium and after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. This effect was strong at high concentrations of histamine and was mediated by H1-receptor stimulation. The results suggest that histamine may contribute to the regulation of lymphatic vascular smooth muscle tone under pathological conditions, an effect that may be controlled through modification of H1-receptor activity.
Demand and Supply in Higher Education

In this chapter, we explain how demand and supply can be applied to higher education markets. We begin by providing some background on the economic concepts of markets, demand, and supply, and review historical data on college enrollments and key determinants of demand. We then build on the college choice model from Chap. 3 to identify the demand for higher education. In this section, we distinguish between individual and market demand, and then turn to the supply side of higher education markets. In the next section, we show how supply and demand are combined to find the market clearing price for higher education services, and the corresponding enrollment level. Following this section, we tackle the notion of elasticity and the various ways in which economists apply elasticity to higher education. In the Extensions to the model section, we briefly look at alternative measures of demand and how economists can use quasi-experimental methods to better measure price sensitivity of demand. Finally, the Policy Focus section discusses state broad-based financial aid programs and the growth of the for-profit industry within higher education.
Factors that influence Catholic priests’ beliefs of how U.S. bishops value priests

ABSTRACTRandomly sampled Catholic priests in the United States were asked to consider how their specific bishop valued them as people and their unique ministerial abilities. Respondents rated bishops moderately in qualities associated with respectful leadership and approachability, and thought that their bishop placed moderate value on their worth. Further, they were unlikely to rate favorably the use of power and control by their bishop in particular and other bishops in general. In a backward multiple regression analysis (Adjusted R 2 = .631, F = 40. 117, p < .001), six predictor variables were significant contributors to the model. These included my bishop’s use of power, ease of making an accusation against a priest, knowledge of professional boundaries, knowledge of situations which require notification of the chancery, most bishops engage in respectful leadership, and the concern of most bishops for power and control. The dependent variable “my bishop values priests” was negatively correlated with t...
Hydrocarbon Aromaticity and w/o Microemulsions Stabilized by Nonionic Surfactants

The aromatic character of hydrocarbons has a pronounced influence on the temperature-dependent behavior of microemulsions stabilized by non-ionic surfactants that have a polyethylene gylol alkyl ether structure.
Distributed economic model predictive control for large-scale building temperature regulation

Although recent research has suggested model predictive control as a promising solution for minimizing energy costs of commercial buildings, advanced control systems have not been widely deployed in practice. Large-scale implementations, including industrial complexes and university campuses, may contain thousands of air handler regions each with tens of zones. A single centralized control system for these applications is not desirable. In this paper, we propose a distributed control system to economically optimize temperature regulation for large-scale commercial building applications. Since there is no clear time-scale separation, we propose a decomposition strategy that considers the complexities of thermal energy storage, zone interactions, and chiller plant equipment while remaining computationally tractable. One of the primary benefits of the proposed formulation is that the low-level airside problem can be decoupled and solved in a distributed manner; hence, it can be easily extended to handle large applications. Peak demand charges, a major source of coupling, are included. Iterations and communication between the low-level subsystems are not required. Since the time scale of regulatory controllers is significant, their dynamics are modeled. The interactions of the airside system with the waterside system are also considered, including discrete decisions, such as turning chillers on and off. Previously, heuristics have been used to make these decisions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this control system architecture via a simulation study. In the presence of sufficient active thermal energy storage, we provide a simplification of the proposed control strategy that remains economically optimal.
A systematic review of yoga interventions as integrative treatment in breast cancer

Breast cancer is a significant public health problem all over the world. The treatment of breast cancer has many side effects. Yoga has been suggested as an integrative form of therapy for breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to systematically review yoga interventions for breast cancer and determine the efficacy of these interventions as integrative modalities of treatment in altering various outcomes related to breast cancer. Studies were included if (1) exclusively targeted breast cancer patients; (2) published between 2013 and May 2016; (3) written in the English language; (4) published in a peer-reviewed journals indexed in MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, ERIC and Alt Health Watch; (5) they used any type of yoga as a part of or the whole intervention; and (6) utilized a quantitative design for evaluation. A total of 23 interventions met the inclusion criteria. Majority of the studies had been done in USA (n = 9), followed by Germany (n = 3), India (n = 3) and Turkey (n = 2). One study each was from Australia, Canada, Iran, Taiwan, Poland, and UK. Twenty-two of the 23 interventions had statistically significant changes in studied outcome measures. Despite the limitations of wide variabilities in sample size, lack of standardized approach in conducting yoga, multiplicity of outcome measures, varying durations of interventions and lack of using behavioral theories, yoga as an integrative form of therapy for breast cancer is a promising approach. More interventions utilizing yoga need to be tested.
Beef Heifer and Cow Estrous Synchronization Programs

Recent estrous synchronization research has aimed to develop reliable protocols that: 1) rely solely on fixed-timed artificial insemination (TAI); 2) require a maximum of three animal handlings; and 3) are successful in estrous-cycling and non-cycling females. In cows, insertion of an intravaginal progesterone insert during the seven-day interval between the initial gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) and prostaglandin injections of the CO-Synch protocol enhanced pregnancy rates by 9 to 10%. Recent research has shown that TAI protocols yield pregnancy rates similar to a protocol involving detection of estrus plus a fixed-time cleanup AI for females not detected in estrus. Initiation of estrous cycles in· non-cycling cows is likely the primary manner in which beef producers may improve fertility in response to estrus synchronization and TAI protocols. Treatment of non-cycling females with progesterone and GnRH increases the percentage of cycling females and improves fertility to a TAI, but inducing cyclicity with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) fails to enhance fertility in TAI protocols. Supplementing progesterone after TAI fails to increase pregnancy rates in beef cattle. In contrast, administration ofhCG seven days after TAI induced an accessory corpus luteum, increased progesterone, and tended to enhance pregnancy rates. Use of TAI protocols reduces the hassle factors associated with ovulation synchronization and AI, and provides cattle producers efficient and effective tools for capturing selective genetic traits of economic consequences. Location variables, however, such as differences in pasture and diet, breed composition, body condition, postpartum interval, climate, and geographic location, affect the success of TAI protocols.
Comprehensive genomic profiling of rare tumors in a dedicated community clinic.

6540 Comprehensive genomic profiling of rare tumors in a dedicated community clinic W. Jeffery Edenfield1, Ryan Fields1, Siraj M. Ali2, W. Larry Gluck1, Julian Chmielecki2, Jeffrey S. Ross2, Philli...
STANDARD VERSUS LOW-DOSE HEPARIN USE ON ACCESS-RELATED COMPLICATIONS AFTER CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY THROUGH RADIAL ACCESS: A META-ANALYSIS OF RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS

Background: Transradial access (TRA), compared to femoral access, is preferred for coronary procedures due to reduced access-related bleeding and mortality. Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is a known complication of TRA, and precludes its use as a future access site, conduit for CABG or for
Enhancing appropriate and variable responding in young children with autism spectrum disorder.

ABSTRACTObjective: The present study utilized lag schedules of reinforcement, in conjunction with training multiple exemplars and provision of prompts, to promote appropriate variability of social skills. Methods: Participants included in three children between the ages of 5 and 7 with ASD. Participants attended a social skills training program twice per week for eight weeks. A multiple probe design across target social skills was used to assess the effects of intervention. Results: Findings indicate that training multiple exemplars alone did not appreciably increase appropriate and variable responding, whereas the addition of lag schedules of reinforcement and prompting to training multiple exemplars resulted in appropriate and variable responding that exceeded baseline levels. Conclusion: Use of lag schedule of reinforcement in conjunction with prompts was more effective than multiple exemplar training in isolation for increasing appropriate variability of social skills.
Use of SMS-Based Surveys in the Rapid Response to the Ebola Outbreak in Liberia: Opening Community Dialogue

During an emerging health crisis like the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, communicating with communities to learn from them and to provide timely information can be a challenge. Insight into community thinking, however, is crucial for developing appropriate communication content and strategies and for monitoring the progress of the emergency response. In November 2014, the Health Communication Capacity Collaborative partnered with GeoPoll to implement a Short Message Service (SMS)–based survey that could create a link with affected communities and help guide the communication response to Ebola. The ideation metatheory of communication and behavior change guided the design of the survey questionnaire, which produced critical insights into trusted sources of information, knowledge of transmission modes, and perceived risks—all factors relevant to the design of an effective communication response that further catalyzed ongoing community actions. The use of GeoPoll’s infrastructure for data collection pro...
Autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis impairment contribute to age-dependent liver injury in experimental sepsis: dysregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase pathway

Age is an independent risk factor of multiple organ failure in patients with sepsis. However, the age-related mechanisms of injury are not known. AMPK is a crucial regulator of energy homeostasis, which controls mitochondrial biogenesis by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-α (PGC-1α) and disposal of defective organelles by autophagy. We investigated whether AMPK dysregulation might contribute to age-dependent liver injury in young (2-3 mo) and mature male mice (11-13 mo) subjected to sepsis. Liver damage was higher in mature mice than in young mice and was associated with impairment of hepatocyte mitochondrial function, structure, and biogenesis and reduced autophagy. At molecular analysis, there was a time-dependent nuclear translocation of the active phosphorylated catalytic subunits AMPKα1/α2 and PGC-1α in young, but not in mature, mice after sepsis. Treatment with the AMPK activator 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) improved liver mitochondrial structure in both age groups compared with vehicle. In loss-of-function studies, young knockout mice with systemic deficiency of AMPKα1 exhibited greater liver injury than did wild-type mice after sepsis. Our study suggests that AMPK is important for liver metabolic recovery during sepsis. Although its function may diminish with age, pharmacological activation of AMPK may be of therapeutic benefit.-Inata, Y., Kikuchi, S., Samraj, R. S., Hake, P. W., O'Connor, M., Ledford, J. R., O'Connor, J., Lahni, P., Wolfe, V., Piraino, G., Zingarelli, B. Autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis impairment contribute to age-dependent liver injury in experimental sepsis: dysregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase pathway.
A direct synthesis algorithm having a broad range of validity for electromagnetic design

Given an initial design of an electromagnetic structure, we develop a direct synthesis algorithm to find the performance of the structure in a broad range of design space. This method only requires the field solutions at the initial design point for a small number of right hand sides, thus avoiding system solutions at other design points. Unlike a derivative-based method whose range of validity is local, no matter how high the order of the derivative is, the proposed method has a wide range of validity far beyond the initial design point in the design space. In addition, it is suitable for the co-design of multiple design parameters. Numerical experiments have demonstrated its effectiveness.
MET-targeting antibody (emibetuzumab) and kinase inhibitor (merestinib) as single agent or in combination in a cancer model bearing MET exon 14 skipping

Purpose Approximately 3% of lung cancer bears mutations leading to MET exon 14 skipping, an oncogenic driver which is further evidenced by case reports of patient response to MET kinase inhibitor treatment. Approximately 15% of tumors harboring MET exon14 skipping have concurrent MET amplification. Experimental Design Merestinib is a type II MET kinase inhibitor. Emibetuzumab, a bivalent anti-MET antibody, internalizes MET receptor. Each single agent and the combination were evaluated in the Hs746t gastric cancer line bearing MET exon14 skipping and MET amplification. Results Merestinib inhibited Hs746t cell proliferation (IC50=34 nM) and totally eliminated pMET at 100nM. Emibetuzumab showed little anti-proliferative activity against Hs746t cells (IC50>100nM), did not reduce pMET, and slightly reduced cell surface MET. In the Hs746t xenograft model, dose dependent differences in durability of response were seen with merestinib including durable tumor regression (91.8%) at 12 mg/kg qd. Emibetuzumab treatment (10mg/kg qw) provided transient tumor regression (37.7%), but tumors re-grew while on treatment. Concurrent combination of merestinib (6 mg/kg qd) and emibetuzumab resulted in 85% tumor regression, while a sequential combination (initiating merestinib first) resulted in longer duration of treatment response. Conclusions Data in this study support a clinical evaluation of merestinib in patients with MET exon 14 skipping (NCT02920996). As a type II MET kinase inhibitor, merestinib may provide a therapeutic option to treatment naive patients or to patients who progress on type I MET inhibitor treatment. Data also support clinical evaluation of the sequential combination of merestinib with emibetuzumab when patients progress on single agent merestinib.
Spectral contrast effects produced by competing speech contexts.

The long-term spectrum of a preceding sentence can alter the perception of a following speech sound in a contrastive manner. This speech context effect contributes to our ability to extract reliable spectral characteristics of the surrounding acoustic environment and to compensate for the voice characteristics of different speakers or spectral colorations in different listening environments to maintain perceptual constancy. The extent to which such effects are mediated by low-level "automatic" processes, or require directed attention, remains unknown. This study investigated spectral context effects by measuring the effects of two competing sentences on the phoneme category boundary between /i/ and /e/ in a following target word, while directing listeners' attention to one or the other context sentence. Spatial separation of the context sentences was achieved either by presenting them to different ears, or by presenting them to both ears but imposing an interaural time difference (ITD) between the ears. The results confirmed large context effects based on ear of presentation. Smaller effects were observed based on either ITD or attention. The results, combined with predictions from a two-stage model, suggest that ear-specific factors dominate speech context effects but that the effects can be modulated by higher-level features, such as perceived location, and by attention. (PsycINFO Database Record
Grassroots Associations and Collective Identity: Unity in a Midwestern Inland Lake Sailing Club

This article provides the theoretical basis for applying the concept of collective identity to the study of leisure groups. Although the concept of collective identity has been most thoroughly deve...
Distal flows of non abelian groups with finite codimension

Obstructions to groups admitting a free equicontinuous action or distal action are defined and characterized. Some results which relate the order of solvability of a solvable group to the codimension of the flow and the height of a Furstenberg tower for the flow are given.
Instructional Leadership in Practice: Fostering Meaningful Exchange.

The educational literature of recent years speaks to teachers and principals differently. However, a need exists to connect the perspectives of teachers with the administrative structuring of the w...