cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An overview of herb and dietary supplement efficacy, safety and government regulations in the United States with suggested improvements. Part 1 of 5 series.

Abstract This is the first of five review articles investigating dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs) that now exceed over 50,000 in the Office of Dietary Supplement's “Dietary Supplement Label Database.” Four review articles follow summarizing published medical case reports of DS related to liver toxicity, kidney toxicity, heart toxicity, and cancer. The most popular DS were vitamin or mineral supplements (43%) followed by specialty supplements (20%), botanicals (20%; herbs), and sports supplements (16%). The 2013 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers revealed 1692 fatalities due to drugs, and zero deaths due to DS. Less than 1 percent of Americans experience adverse events related to DS, and the majority was classified as minor, with many of these related to caffeine, yohimbe, or other stimulant ingredients. The number one adulterant in DS is drugs, followed by New Dietary Ingredients (NDI) not submitted to the FDA - both are illegal and not DS, but rather “tainted products marketed as dietary supplements.” The three main categories of DS prone to medical problems are those for sexual enhancement, weight loss, and sports performance/body building. DS are regulated in the U.S. by several federal agencies with overlapping jurisdiction – the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC); enforced by the State Attorneys General Offices (AGO) and Department of Justice (DOJ); and monitored (not regulated) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The FDA can remove a DS from the market for phase IV post-marketing surveillance adverse event reports, adulteration (drugs, NDI, synthetic substances), contamination, misidentification, mislabeling or false claims, and not meeting good manufacturing practices (GMP). The FTC and state AGO can also enforce laws against deceptive marketing practices. Suggested improvements to current regulatory requirements are included along with online DS Toxic Tables in the series to forewarn consumers, clinicians, corporations, and governments of possible serious adverse events. They may also quicken the response rate during Phase IV post-marketing surveillance, in which governments could then exercise their regulatory powers.
South Asian women's coping strategies in the face of domestic violence in the United States

We conducted in-depth telephone interviews with a convenience sample of 20 South Asian women experiencing domestic violence in the United States. Utilizing the emotion-focused and problem-focused c...
Cellulose-based amorphous solid dispersions enhance rifapentine delivery characteristics in vitro

The efficacy of rifapentine, an oral antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis, may be reduced due to degradation at gastric pH and low solubility at intestinal pH. We hypothesized that delivery properties would be improved in vitro by incorporating rifapentine into pH-responsive amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) with cellulose derivatives including: hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate suberate (CASub), and 5-carboxypentyl hydroxypropyl cellulose (CHC). ASDs generally reduced rifapentine release at gastric pH, with CASub affording >31-fold decrease in area under the curve (AUC) compared to rifapentine alone. Critically, reduced gastric dissolution was accompanied by reduced degradation to 3-formylrifamycin. Certain ASDs also enhanced apparent solubility and stabilization of supersaturated solutions at intestinal pH, with HPMCAS providing nearly 4-fold increase in total AUC vs. rifapentine alone. These results suggest that rifapentine delivery via ASD with these cellulosic polymers may improve bioavailability in vivo.
Chloride influence on the formation of lanthanum hexaboride: An in-situ diffraction study

Author(s): Mattox, TM; Groome, C; Doran, A; Beavers, CM; Urban, JJ | Abstract: LaB6 has been a material of interest for decades due to its thermionic emission, plasmonic properties, and low work function, and researchers continue to discover new properties even now. In order to meet growing interest in customizing these properties, it is important to gain better control over the system and a better understanding of the fundamental mechanism of LaB6 crystal growth and formation. Traditional synthetic methods require very high temperatures, at which point crystallization happens too quickly to be readily studied. Our discovery that LaB6 may be made using lower temperatures has made it possible to slow down crystal formation enough for lattice growth to be observed. We report here an in situ diffraction study of the reaction between LaCl3 and NaBH4. In observing the evolution of the (1 1 1), (1 1 0), and (2 0 0) lattice planes of LaB6, we have discovered that the Cl of LaCl3 has a strong influence on crystal formation, and that excess Cl, temperature and heating rate may all be used as tools to control the LaB6 final product.
Introduction: Is the Western an Inherently Anti-feminist Genre?

This chapter describes the methodology and thesis of the book and indicates that through a post-Althusserian analysis the study will show that elements of feminist ideology are present in cinematic and televisual Westerns from 1931 to the present.
Erlang Arrivals, Erlang Service (E2/E2/1)

This chapter pertains to a one-server system with finite capacity, and with Erlang 2-stage inter-arrival and service times. Could be a furniture store where, on each sale, the store has a stockman who fetches the item in the back storage area of the store, brings it to the customer’s vehicle and helps to load the item in the vehicle. In this situation, the stockman is the service facility. Matrix methods are used to compute the probability of n units in the system. The probabilities are used to calculate the performance measures. The chapter shows how to extend the matrix method for an infinite capacity system.
Connotative Meaning and Averaged Evoked Potentials

The effects of two kinds of experimental manipulation of semantic meaning were studied in Evoked Potentials (EPs), brain responses recorded from scalp monitors. Both kinds of semantic manipulation were based on Osgood’s rating analyses which described three primary dimensions of connotative meaning: Evaluation, Potency, and Activity (E, P, and A). One kind of experimental variable was the semantic class of the stimulus word (E+, E-, P+, P-, A+, A-). The other kind of experimental variable was the semantic dimension of the rating scale (E, P, A) which the subject used to make semantic judgments about the stimulus words. These variables were experimentally combined in that for each trial the subject used a designated semantic scale to judge a specified stimulus word while brain activity was recorded. Using multivariate procedures, both stimulus word class and scale dimension effects on the EPs were found. Individual subject analyses demonstrated the generality of the results by showing successful discrimination of word classes and scale dimensions for each of the ten subjects analyzed separately.
What Have We Learned About Market-based Instruments?

The use of market-based instruments in environmental policy regulation has a long history on the theoretical side and a short but rapidly growing one on the empirical side. Over 60 years ago, the British economist Pigou (1932) observed that environmental problems could be effectively addressed through a special tax based on the level of pollution generated. Ever since, economists have, to varying degrees, extolled the virtues of instruments such as taxes, subsidies, tradeable permits and others where the polluters have an economic incentive to reduce the level of pollution they are generating. In this paper, I will consider all such policies as market-based instruments (MBIs). In the early 1970s, Baumol and Oates (1972), Beckerman and Markandya (1974), Anderson et al (1977) and a number of other environmental economists stressed the advantages of MBIs. At the time, policy-makers did not seem to take notice; they believed that the problems could be addressed adequately using the forms of direct technology-based controls with which they were familiar. It was not until the regulatory authorities became aware of the considerable costs of direct controls, and of the little flexibility that they offered industry in responding to stricter environmental standards, that the attraction of MBIs became more apparent.
The Principles and Procedures of Ultrasound-guided Anesthesia Techniques

For inexperienced users, training with phantoms is an important part of training. Inexperienced users can teach themselves to gain significant procedural skills. Participating in training courses or practising with experts can enhance the outcomes. Inexperienced users need to understand the indications, clinical pearls, and pitfalls of each procedure to avoid potential complications. Inexperienced users can also train and teach themselves to become proficient in ultrasound techniques.
Perceptions of trained laypersons in end-of-life or advance care planning conversations: a qualitative meta-synthesis

Laypersons including volunteers, community health navigators, or peer educators provide important support to individuals with serious illnesses in community or healthcare settings. The experiences of laypersons in communication with seriously ill peers is unknown. We performed an ENTREQ-guided qualitative meta-synthesis. We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and AMED to include qualitative studies with data regarding communication and laypersons in advance care planning, palliative care, or end-of-life settings. Study quality was appraised using a standardized tool. The analysis identified key domains and associated themes relating specifically to laypersons’ perspectives on communication. Of 877 articles, nine studies provided layperson quotations related to layperson-to-peer communication associated with advance care planning (n = 4) or end-of-life conversations (n = 5). The studies were conducted in United Kingdom (n = 4) or United States settings (n = 5). The synthesis of layperson perspectives yielded five main domains: 1) layperson-to-peer communication, focusing on the experience of talking with peers, 2) layperson-to-peer interpersonal interactions, focusing on the entire interaction between the layperson and peers, excluding communication-related issues, 3) personal impact on the layperson, 4) layperson contributions, and 5) layperson training. Laypersons described using specific communication skills including the ability to build rapport, discuss sensitive issues, listen and allow silence, and respond to emotions. Published studies described experiences of trained laypersons in conversations with peers related to advance care planning or end-of-life situations. Based on these layperson perspectives related to communication, programs should next evaluate the potential impact of laypersons in meaningful conversations.
A Case of Metastatic Biliary Tract Cancer Diagnosed Through Identification of an IDH1 Mutation

The role of next-generation sequencing from either circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue to identify therapeutically targetable genomic alterations has been well established. Genomic profiling may also have untapped potential as a diagnostic tool in cases in which traditional immunohistochemistry assays cannot establish a clear histologic diagnosis. Expanding the number of histologies with unique genomic signatures or alterations is critical in this setting. Here we describe a case of a 73-year-old man who presented with a duodenal mass extending to the liver and peritoneal carcinomatosis, initially thought to be metastatic duodenal adenocarcinoma. Subsequent genomic profiling of ctDNA and FFPE tissue revealed an IDH1 mutation, which is rare in duodenal adenocarcinoma but common in biliary tract cancers (BTCs). This finding prompted a second biopsy, which revealed pancreaticobiliary adenocarcinoma. The clinical significance of IDH mutations in terms of their molecular specificity to certain histologies is reviewed. Recent and ongoing investigations into IDH inhibitors for advanced and metastatic BTCs are also discussed. KEY POINTS: This case demonstrates a novel use of next-generation sequencing as a diagnostic tool to modify a primary cancer diagnosis, leading to important changes in therapy.Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations are rare in solid organ malignancies and are highly specific for biliary tract cancers (BTCs) within the gastrointestinal malignancies.IDH inhibition is an active area of investigation in metastatic BTCs; early results have been promising.
Regulation of UCP1 and Mitochondrial Metabolism in Brown Adipose Tissue by Reversible Succinylation.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is rich in mitochondria and plays important roles in energy expenditure, thermogenesis, and glucose homeostasis. We find that levels of mitochondrial protein succinylation and malonylation are high in BAT and subject to physiological and genetic regulation. BAT-specific deletion of Sirt5, a mitochondrial desuccinylase and demalonylase, results in dramatic increases in global protein succinylation and malonylation. Mass spectrometry-based quantification of succinylation reveals that Sirt5 regulates the key thermogenic protein in BAT, UCP1. Mutation of the two succinylated lysines in UCP1 to acyl-mimetic glutamine and glutamic acid significantly decreases its stability and activity. The reduced function of UCP1 and other proteins in Sirt5KO BAT results in impaired mitochondria respiration, defective mitophagy, and metabolic inflexibility. Thus, succinylation of UCP1 and other mitochondrial proteins plays an important role in BAT and in regulation of energy homeostasis.
Short-Term Outcomes for the Biologic Treatment of Bone Marrow Edema of the Knee Using Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate and Injectable Demineralized Bone Matrix

Purpose To evaluate short-term outcomes for the biologic treatment of bone marrow edema (BME) of the knee using bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and injectable demineralized bone matrix (iDBM). Methods We performed a review of prospectively collected data from patients who underwent treatment for bone marrow lesions (BMLs) of the knee using BMAC and iDBM (IntraOsseous BioPlasty; Arthrex, Naples, FL) between May 2017 and December 2018. Inclusion criteria included patients aged 18 to 65 years with the presence of BME on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the subchondral weightbearing region of the tibia or femoral condyle, with pain corresponding to the same compartment. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), pain visual analog scale (VAS), and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) scores were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. Results We evaluated 20 patients who were treated at a single academic medical institution over a mean 14.5-month follow-up (median, 14 months; range, 6-25 months). The average patient age was 51.7 years (range 38-62 years). Compared with preoperative values, the visual analog scale decreased from 7.0 to 1.3 (P = .008). The mean International Knee Documentation Committee scores improved from 29.2 to 66.1 (P = .063). Both the Physical and Mental Component Scores of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey also showed improvement (Physical Component Score, P = .438; Mental Component Score, P = .563). Based on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, 75% (3 of 4) of the BMLs demonstrated complete healing. The survival rate was 93% at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion Biologic treatment of BME of the knee using BMAC and iDBM is an effective adjunct to arthroscopy that provides short-term pain relief for BMLs associated with degenerative conditions of the knee. This procedure is associated with clinically significant improvements in knee pain and function at a short-term follow-up. Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Parenteral Nutrition in Moderately Preterm, Otherwise Healthy Neonates Is Not Associated With Improved Short-Term Growth Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Parenteral nutrition (PN) serves a crucial role in providing nutrition to extremely premature infants who are at high risk for malnutrition. However, little is known about the impact of PN on short-term growth outcomes in moderately preterm infants. METHODS In this retrospective cohort analysis, patients were included in the study if they were born at ≥32 but <34 weeks gestational age and had no major comorbidities. The primary outcome of this study was to determine whether initiation of early PN for these patients has any effect on daily weight gain compared with standard dextrose-containing fluids (DCFs). Secondary outcomes were to evaluate the differences in time to regain birth weight, length of stay, and change in weight, length, and head circumference percentiles from birth to discharge. Incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, antibiotic usage, or supplemental oxygen utilization was also evaluated. RESULTS There were 89 patients in the PN group and 35 patients in the DCF group. The mean daily weight gain was not different between PN and DCF groups when calculated from birth to discharge (11.8 vs 10 g/kg/d, respectively; P = .09). There were also no differences when weight gain was calculated from nadir to discharge: 16.8 vs 15.2 g/kg/d, respectively (P = .1). Lack of differences persisted even when propensity matching was performed. CONCLUSION Based on the study findings, neonates born ≥32 weeks of gestational age without any major comorbidities are unlikely to benefit from PN supplementation.
Effet indésirable d'un traitement de la sclérose en plaques non basé sur l’évidence

Un patient atteint de sclerose en plaques a ete adresse a l’hopital en raison d’une hypercalcemie symptomatique et d’une insuffisance renale suite a la prise durant plusieurs mois de vitamine D a une dose de 100 000 UI/j.
Goals-of-Care Consultations Are Associated with Lower Costs and Less Acute Care Use among Propensity-Matched Cohorts of African Americans and Whites with Serious Illness

Background: African Americans receive more aggressive end-of-life care than Whites. Little is known about how palliative care consultation to discuss goals-of-care (“PCC”) is associated with acute ...
Origins and functions of climate-related relocation: An analytical review:

Planned, state-led population relocation is advanced as an adaptation to climate change. Concerned that climate hazards will threaten settlement viability and provoke widespread, unplanned migratio...
Social Support Among College Students With Disabilities: Structural Patterns and Satisfaction

The current study explores the structural and functional features of social support among college students with disabilities. Findings indicated that parents and friends were critical sources of su...
Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Surgery Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation

Abstract Objectives This study sought to determine the indications, characteristics, and outcomes of cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) surgery in patients with LVAD. Background Many patients with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) will require implantable cardioverter defibrillator generator change or device revision or are candidates for de novo implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation following LVAD implantation. Methods We performed an observational retrospective study of all LVAD recipients who subsequently underwent CIED surgery at Duke University Hospital from 2009 to 2019. Results A total of 159 patients underwent CIED surgery following LVAD implantation, including generator change (n = 93), device revision (n = 38), and de novo implant (n = 28). The median (interquartile range) time from LVAD implantation to CIED surgery was 18.1 (5.5 to 35.1) months. Preoperative risk for infection was elevated in the overall cohort with a median (interquartile range) Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial (PADIT) score of 7.0 (5.0 to 9.0). Pocket hematoma occurred in 21 patients (13.2%) following CIED surgery. Antimicrobial envelops were used in 43 patients (27%). Device infection due to CIED surgery occurred in 5 (3.1%) patients and occurred only in patients who developed post-operative pocket hematoma (p Conclusions CIED surgery following LVAD implantation is associated with an increased risk for pocket hematoma and CIED infection. Further studies are needed to determine the risk-benefit ratio of CIED surgery in patients with LVADs.
The prevalence of work-related suicides varies by reporting source from the National Violent Death Reporting System.

INTRODUCTION Both suicides overall and work-related suicides are increasing in the United States, and efforts to reduce suicide risk will require an understanding of the frequency and role of work in suicides. This study examines the incidence of occupational suicides using the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), which identified the role of work in suicides using the traditional death certificate as well as from death investigations. METHODS NVDRS suicides among those aged 16 through 65 from 2013 through 2017 were examined to determine if the death certificate identified the death as work-related, if the death investigation identified a job problem as a suicide circumstance, and if the death investigation indicated that the job problem was a crisis at the time of the suicide. RESULTS Overall, 1.13% of death certificates identified the suicides as work-related, 2.34% of suicides included a job crisis, and 11.2% a job problem, and proportions did not vary over the years of the study. Overlap between the death certificate and death investigation was very low, with only 0.21% of suicides identified as related to work by both sources. Identification of work-relatedness varied by source for demographic characteristics, mechanism of suicide, and occupation. For example, the death certificate identified 2.1% of suicides among those working in protective services as work-related, but death investigations identified 15.2% as having a job problem. CONCLUSION Work-related factors may be associated with a far higher proportion of suicides than previously documented.
Parenting Stress, Parenting, and Adolescent Externalizing Problems

Although the association between parenting stress and child behavioral outcomes is well established, there is limited research with families of adolescents. Due to multiple transitions occurring and adolescents seeking independence, this developmental period may be especially difficult for families compared to earlier stages of child development. Exploring the influence of parenting stress on adolescent externalizing problems and how parenting can explain this link can inform parenting of adolescents, reduce the risk of adolescent deviant behaviors, and promote a smoother transition into adulthood. Thus, this study examined associations between parenting stress and externalizing problems (i.e., oppositional behaviors, proactive aggression, and reactive aggression), considering whether parenting behaviors (i.e., acceptance, psychological control, and lax control) served as mediators among 282 biological mothers (ages 28–61; M = 40.29; SD = 6.6) with 12- to 17-year-old adolescents (M = 14.19; SD = 1.84; 50.7% males). As expected, parenting stress was positively associated with all forms of adolescent externalizing problems. Additionally, parental acceptance mediated the association between parenting stress and all adolescent outcomes. Psychological control only mediated the association between parenting stress and oppositional behaviors and reactive aggression. Lax control only mediated the link between parenting stress and proactive aggression. The findings suggest that examining parenting dimensions and adolescent externalizing problems separately provided specificity that can inform future research and clinical interventions. Clinicians may benefit from assessing for and treating parenting stress among families with adolescents and targeting increasing parental acceptance and decreasing parental lax and psychological control during parenting interventions.
Right-sizing Proactive Chat Reference Service Using Trigger Time

Proactive chat service actively invites users to engage with a librarian via a pop-up chat box. While research shows that introducing proactive service in academic libraries increases the volume an...
Food Ethics: The Basics

Introduction 1. Food Systems 2. Food Security and the Ethics of Assistance 3. Should We Eat Animals? 4. Bioengineering 5. Food and health 6. Food and culture Bibliography
Imaging Intracellular Elemental Distribution and Ion Fluxes in Cryofractured, Freeze-Dried Cultured Cells Using Ion Microscopy

Elements play an important role in intracellular regulatory events. Cells grown in cultures provide an excellent model for studying the distribution and transport of ions under normal and pathological conditions. The unique ability of the ion microscope to provide ion images with cell morphology is ideally suited to such studies. However, analysis of cultured cells at the subcellular level has been problematic in ion microscopy (1,2,3). Due to the highly diffusible nature of physiologically important elements (Na, K, Ca, etc.), cryo-techniques are the only acceptable means of sample preparation. Using a cryo-fracture technique, we have been able to study subcellular elemental distribution in several cell lines.
Yes: Yes protein-tyrosin kinase (vertehrates) (p62c-ves)

The c-YES gene was originally identified as the cellular homologue of a viral oncogene present in an acutely transforming retrovirus. In normal tissues, YES transcripts accumulate in a variety of cell types, yielding a monomorphic protein of 62-kDa apparent molecular weight. Overall, Yes is a typical Src family PTK. Although association with some other proteins has been reported, no definitive function has been established for Yes. In domain structure, myristoylation is presumed to occur at the N-terminal glycine. The domain structure characteristic of all Src family kinases is present: An N-terminal unique domain is followed by SH3, SH2, and kinase domains. The prevalence and nature of post-translational modifications have not been established. Yes is assayed in immunoprecipitates by autophosphorylation or phosphorylation of denatured enolase.
The Biological Control of Weeds by Introduced Natural Enemies

Man’s activities on this planet have given rise to a variety of problems— not the least of which stem from his intentional or accidental spread of plants which subsequently become “weeds.” In the United States the losses caused by alien and native weeds are believed to equal the combined losses from insects and diseases and to rank second only to those caused by soil erosion (Saunders et al., in King, 1966). For the decade ending in 1960, this meant an annual loss of $5.1 billion (U.S. Dept. of Agr., 1965). Cultural and chemical control practices currently are the main approaches to weed control. Both methods are aimed at removing unwanted plants and reducing real and suspected damage as quickly as possible, a short term approach requiring considerable annual expenditures of resources and energies, yet affording only temporary relief, not lasting weed control. The ever-increasing recognition given to weeds as pests and the concomittant increases in expenditures for their control, have focused attention on the need for effective, low-cost, and long-lasting alternative control methods. Biological control provides one such alternative. Although the natural mortality factors in the environment of a weed have long been considered of prime importance in limiting such a plant’s distribution and abundance, their practical use has not been exploited. Many of our introduced weeds are probably as abundant as they are primarily because the natural enemies that attack them in their native lands are not found in their new home areas. Thus, these natural control factors can be augmented through the classic biological control method of importing the enemies of such weeds. This approach has received little serious consideration by those currently charged with developing and instituting weed control programs.
Mach Stem Characterization in MBAR Designs Using RSR Powder

The experimental studies used in this investigation are based in part on the mach stem lens formation work by C. E. Morris, R. G. McQueen and S. P. Marsh1. One of the fortuitous aspects of the cylindrical explosion design is its suitability as a screening tool with its very high success rate of recovery. The designs allow the experimenter in one shot to observe a wide variety of pressure and strain variables. The authors2 have shown the effectiveness of this technique using solid specimens of 304 stainless steel. The effect on powder studies here is more complex, and it will be shown that the mach stem melt zone size and location is a function of several additional variables. The unique microstructure of the Rapid Solidification Rate (RSR) powder was chosen to help characterize and deliniate the effects. It should be emphasized that the powder was selected to help in the modeling of the formation of the mach stem zone and that this technique is not particularly used or recommended to compact RSR powder. In addition, the conditions explored here are in excess of those normally used to compact metallic powders.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY IN SPAWNING HABITAT SELECTION BY CHINOOK SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA) IN A WILDERNESS RIVER

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) survival during early life stages depends largely on spawning habitat selection by adults, which has been linked to biophysical stream variables (e.g. stream flow, velocity and substrate composition) as well as hyporheic exchange associated with riffle/pool and run/pool transitions. To examine how physical habitat variables influenced spawning habitat choice in one central Idaho (USA) wilderness stream, we used remote sensing techniques to classify and quantify the total amount of each aquatic habitat type present to assess how habitat quantity changed as stream order increased. Additionally, we measured physical habitat variables at each redd throughout the entire stream length for one spawning season to assess whether Chinook salmon selected for the same habitat parameters at varying spatial scales. Run, riffle and pool habitat types contributed similar proportions to the total area in both the upper and lower basins. However, ‘transitional zones’ (i.e. pool-riffle and pool-run transitions) accounted for 16% of the total area in the upper basin and only 4% in the lower. Redds were built in multiple habitat types in each of the three primary spawning locations, but transitional zones were chosen most frequently only in the upper basin. Significant differences in habitat variables were seen between spawning groups, with stream wetted width and velocity accounting for the majority of the variation. The techniques described here could be used to locate features that serve as indicators of potential spawning habitat, although caution should be exercised when extrapolating spawning habitat needs over large spatial extents. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A largest common d-dimensional subsequence of two d-dimensional strings

We introduce a definition for a largest common d-dimensional subsequence of two d-dimensional strings for d ≥ 1. Our purpose is to generalize the well-known definition of a longest common subsequence of linear strings for dimensions higher than one. We prove that computing a largest common two-dimensional subsequence of two given twodimensional strings is NP-complete. We present an algorithm for the case of the problem when the definition is weakened.
Statistical Properties of IRAS Galaxies

Statistical approaches to the study of galaxies seen by IRAS are reviewed, stressing the contrast between infrared complete and optically complete samples. A statistical overview is given of the Cataloged Galaxies and Quasars Observed in the IRAS Survey. The bi-variate distribution of ESO/U galaxies as a function of 60 µm flux and optical size is used to predict the size of an infrared complete sample from the optically complete sample. To within the uncertainties, both samples are found to belong to the same population, leaving little room for a fundamentally new class of extragalactic objects, besides infrared bright galaxies like Arp220.
Design of an Information Technology Undergraduate Program to Produce IT Versatilists

This paper attempts to present a model for designing an IT undergraduate program that is based on the recommendations of the Association for Computer Machinery/ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers – Information Technology (ACM/IEEE – IT) Curriculum Model. The main intent is to use the ACM/IEEE – IT Curriculum Model’s recommendations as a guide to design an IT curriculum that includes the IT knowledge core, general requirements beyond the IT knowledge core, and advanced courses. In addition, the recommendations are used to ensure quality standards of the curriculum. In the process, the model takes advantage of ACM/IEEE – IT Curriculum Model’s recommendations to design an undergraduate IT program that produces IT versatilists. Morello (2005) stated that IT professionals are no longer referred to as specialists or generalists. In today’s business world, these professionals are IT versatilists. They not only have technical abilities, but they also possess expertise in multiple domains within organizations. Versatility of IT professionals plays an important role in today’s organizations for achieving competitive tasks. The model consists of two phases. Phase I encompasses the design of the framework for the IT program. It includes four components: formulating program mission, considering program accreditation, establishing program career goals, and establishing program competencies. Phase II focuses on the design of specific courses in the curriculum and includes the designing the IT foundational courses and the designing the advanced IT courses. It supports the foundational work of Phase I. Phase II takes advantage of putting together a curriculum that produces IT versatilists. It includes the body of knowledge and the general requirements. It also includes advanced courses within and beyond the IT domain to provide strength to the curriculum. This paper begins with introductory remarks that include an explanation of IT versatilists and the purpose of the paper. A review of the literature about the IT curriculum is presented following a brief discussion of the ACM/IEEE - IT Curriculum Model 2008. Next, the model is presented. It describes the design of an undergraduate IT program based on the ACM/IEEE - IT Curriculum Model’s recommendations. The model uses the undergraduate IT program at Macon States’ School of Information Technology as an example. Conclusion and recommendations complete the paper.
Placing Animals in the Neolithic: Social Zooarchaeology of Prehistoric Farming Communities

Placing Animals in the Neolithic: Social Zooarchaeology of Prehistoric Farming Communities. Arkadiusz Marciniak. Portland: Cavendish Publishing, 2005. 279 pp.
Territorial defense and lek behavior of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes

1. The mating system of the black swallowtail butterfly, Papilio polyxenes, was studied near Brooktondale, Tompkins County, New York, USA. Butterflies were marked individually during 8 broods from 1972 through 1976. 2. Males perched within restricted areas of approximately 75 m2 and aggressively chased conspecific males that approached the area. These areas constitute territories since males maintained exclusive use of the areas 95% of the time through these encounters. 3. Males defended areas of high relative elevation and topographic distinctness, but did not defend resources such as sites for oviposition, feeding, or roosting. 4. Success in defending a territory depended on the number of competitors and the male's previous success but not on the size of the male. Males that emerged early in the brood were more likely to defend a preferred territory. 5. The clumped distribution of territories produced lek-like male assembly areas. Females released at a distance flew to these areas and circled until they encountered a male. 6. The most desirable territory, as measured by frequency of occupancy or male-male encounter rate, had the highest female visitation rate. Territorial defense reduced interference from conspecific males during courtship. Nearly 80% of the successful courtship flights were confined to a male's territory or nearby undefended areas.
Highly Collimated Jets and Wide-Angle Outflows in HH 46/47: New Evidence from Spitzer Infrared Images

We present new details of the structure and morphology of the jets and outflows in HH 46/47 as seen in Spitzer infrared images from IRAC and MIPS, reprocessed using the 'HiRes' deconvolution technique. HiRes improves the visualization of spatial morphology by enhancing resolution (to subarcsecond levels in IRAC bands) and removing the contaminating side lobes from bright sources. In addition to sharper views of previously reported bow shocks, we have detected (1) the sharply delineated cavity walls of the wide-angle biconical outflow, seen in scattered light on both sides of the protostar, (2) several very narrow jet features at distances approximately 400 AU to approximately 0.1 pc from the star, and (3) compact emissions at MIPS 24 m with the jet heads, tracing the hottest atomic/ionic gas in the bow shocks. Together the IRAC and MIPS images provide a more complete picture of the bow shocks, tracing both the molecular and atomic/ionic gases, respectively. The narrow width and alignment of all jet-related features indicate a high degree of jet collimation and low divergence (width of approximately 400 AU increasing by only a factor of 2.3 over 0.2 pc). The morphology of this jet, bow shocks, wide-angle outflows, and the fact that the jet is nonprecessing and episodic, constrain the mechanisms for producing the jet's entrained molecular gas, and origins of the fast jet, and slower wide-angle outflow.
Centrality dependence of the thermal excitation-energy deposition in 8-15 GeV/c hadron-Au reactions

The excitation energy per residue nucleon (E*/A) and fast and thermal light particle multiplicities are studied as a function of centrality defined as the number of grey tracks emitted N{sub grey} and by the mean number of primary hadron-nucleon scatterings ( ) and the mean impact parameter () extracted from it. The value of E*/A and the multiplicities show an increase with centrality for all systems, 14.6 GeV p-Au and 8.0 GeV {pi}-Au and p-Au collisions, and the excitation energy per residue nucleon exhibits a uniform dependence on N{sub grey}.
On the modality of velocity histograms in the plane of symmetry of a wing-body juncture

The presence of a region of multi-modal velocity histograms in the plane of symmetry of a wing-body juncture have been reported. This region not only contains bi-modal histograms but also tri-modal distributions. LDV measurements supplemented by detailed analysis of the flow-visualization results has been used to propose that the reason for this behavior is the dynamic character of the juncture-vortex system and not turbulent intermittency as reported earlier.
L p -IMPROVING PROPERTIES OF AVERAGES ON POLYNOMIAL CURVES AND RELATED INTEGRAL ESTIMATES

In the combinatorial method proving of Lp-improving estimates for averages along curves pioneered by Christ (8), it is desirable to estimate the average modulus (with respect to some uniform measure on a set) of a polynomial-like function from below using only the value of the function or its derivatives at some prescribed point. In this paper, it is shown that there is always a relatively large set of points (independent of the particular function to be integrated) for which such estimates are possible. Inequalities of this type are then applied to extend the results of Tao and Wright (29) to obtain endpoint restricted weak-type estimates for averages over curves given by polynomials.
The derivation of the relativistic hamiltonian for molecules

Schrodinger equations for relativistic atoms and molecules are derived from first principles with the aid of quantum electrodynamics. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Micro-Macro or Link-Integrated Micro-Actuator Manipulation: A Kinematics and Dynamics Perspective

Smart (active) materials based actuators, hereinafter called micro-actuators, have been shown to be well suited for the elimination of high harmonics in joint and/or end-effector motions of robot manipulators and in the reduction of actuator dynamic response requirements. Low harmonic joint and end-effector motions, as well as low actuator dynamic response requirements, are essential for a robot manipulator to achieve high operating speed and precision with minimal vibration and control problems. Micro-actuators may be positioned at the end-effector to obtain a micro- and macro-robot manipulation configuration. Alternatively, micro-actuators may be integrated into the structure of the links to vary their kinematics parameters, such as their lengths during the motion. In this paper, the kinematics and dynamics consequences of each of the aforementioned alternative are studied for manipulators with serial and closed-loop chains. It is shown that for robot manipulators constructed with closed-loop chains, the high harmonic components of all joint motions can be eliminated only when micro-actuators are integrated into the structure of the closed-loop chain links. The latter configuration is also shown to have dynamics advantage over micro- and macromanipulator configuration by reducing the potential vibration and control problems at high operating speeds. The conclusions reached in this study also apply to closed-loop chains of parallel and cooperating robot manipulators.
Spectroscopic Study of the Ion−Radical H-Bond in H4O2+†

The primary event in the ionization of water involves rapid proton transfer, leading to charge localization on H(3)O(+) and the creation of a hydroxyl radical. We trap the nascent [H(3)O(+).(*)OH] exit channel intermediate in the bimolecular reaction by Ar-mediated ionization of the neutral water dimer and characterize the nature of this ion-radical complex using vibrational predissociation spectroscopy of the Ar-tagged species. The resulting bands involving the displacement of the bridging proton are broad and appear as a strong triplet centered around 2000 cm(-1). The observed band pattern is analyzed with theoretical calculations to identify the origin of the anhamonic effects evident in the spectrum. In the course of this work, expressions were derived for treating the coupling terms within a sinc-DVR. Although this level of treatment did not reveal the assignment of the triplet structure, its characteristic approximately 100 cm(-1) spacing suggests activity involving the frustrated rotation of the hydroxyl radical upon excitation of the bridging-proton vibration parallel to the heavy atom axis. The behavior of this system is considered in the context of that reported previously for the related H(5)O(2)(+), H(3)O(2)(-), and F(-).H(2)O complexes.
Protein kinase C: biochemical characteristics and role in melanocyte biology.

Abstract The protein kinase C (PKC) family of proteins, consisting of at least ten isoforms, has been shown to regulate major cellular functions, including the growth and differentiation in many cell types. Use of PKC activators and inhibitors in combination with molecular biology techniques, has permitted detailed exploration of their specific intracellular actions. Recently, studies have implicated PKC specifically in the regulation of growth and differentiated function in melanocytes. In particular, the β-isoform of PKC was shown to regulate human melanogenesis through activation of tyrosinase, the rate limiting enzyme in melanogenesis. This article reviews the role of PKC in melanocyte biology.
Giant ossifying malignant thymoma in a child

We present the first reported case of an ossifying pediatric thymoma. Our patient was diagnosed with a massive thymoma replacing the whole of the left thoracic cavity. Percutaneous biopsy was attempted 3 times followed by an open incisional biopsy and adjuvant chemotherapy. Complete resection required a median sternotomy and a "trap door" thoracotomy after the tumor failed to respond to chemotherapy. Histology confirmed World Health Organization type B1 lymphocyte-rich thymoma, Masaoka stage I, with extensive osseous metaplasia.
Can obesity explain the racial difference in stage of breast cancer at diagnosis between black and white women

Objective: Black women are more likely to be diagnosed at a more advanced stage of breast cancer than are white women. Traditionally, this has been attributed in part to social or cultural factors. Given that black women are more likely to be obese than white women and that being obese is associated with a more advanced stage at diagnosis, this study aims to assess to what extent the racial difference in stage at diagnosis can be explained by racial differences in obesity. Methods: Incident cases of breast cancer between 1991 and 1997 (white, n = 585; black, n = 381) were identified from hospitals in the Baltimore metropolitan area. Information, including age, race, weight, height, and pathology reports, was obtained from hospital medical records. Results: Black women were more likely than white women to be diagnosed with breast cancer at tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage II or greater (age-adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-1.99). Further, black women were more likely than...
Reliability of the Physical Performance Test in People with Dementia

ABSTRACTPurpose. Approximately 30% of older adults have dementia. Disease progression has been found to be the largest predictor of function, and dementia has been found to influence fall risk. In order to identify individuals with dementia who may benefit from interventions to increase function and decrease fall risk, assessment tools for these domains that are validated in this population are necessary. The 7-item Physical Performance Test (PPT) is a valid measure of balance and function in older adults; however, its reliability has not been established in those with dementia. The purpose of this study was to establish intra-tester, inter-tester, and test–retest reliability of the 7-item PPT in people with dementia. Methods. Thirty-three subjects with a diagnosis of dementia and a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score between 10 and 24 were tested with the PPT on two separate days with performance on the second day videotaped. One tester scored the videotaped performance on two separate occasions a...