cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in state-wide EMS transports

There are gender differences in emergency medical services (EMS) transports and management based on diagnosis. Data were extracted from the EMS State Ambulance Transport database. This database exists because of a legal requirement that all EMS transports generated by 911 calls and all interhospital transports be reported to the State EMS Bureau. All ambulance transports reported to the State EMS Division during 1995 were evaluated. Cases were excluded if they were aborted, admission or discharge transports, outpatient transports, or cases listed as "other" without a diagnosis. Gender-related treatment differences were determined for problems for which EMTs have specific treatment options. These were cardiac arrest, chest pain, allergic reactions, and extremity fractures. Results were compared using a two-tailed Chi squared or Fischer's Exact with significance at P < .05. Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. There were a total of 164,595 ambulance transports reported to the State EMS Division. Of these 76,074 (46%) were men and 88,521 (54%) were women. Of these, 50,211 were excluded. This left 52,607 injury transport and 61,777 illnesses transport. Men were significantly more likely than women to have injuries related to all-terrain vehicle accidents, motorcycle accidents, RV accidents, burns, gunshot wounds, and stab wounds. Men were significantly more likely than women to have illnesses related to cardiac arrest, dead on arrivals (DOAs), drowning, and smoke inhalation. For cardiac arrest transports, significantly more male patients presented ventricular fibrillation, more males received defibrillation, lidocaine, and bicarbonate, but more women received atropine. Male chest pain patients were more likely to receive oxygen and morphine and less likely to receive nitroglycerin. Male allergic reaction patients were more likely to receive an i.v. and subcutaneous epinephrine. Male extremity fracture patients were more likely to get an i.v. line, but there was no difference in morphine use or splinting. There are numerous disease-specific gender differences in the demographics of illness and injury transported by EMS. The use of various medications and procedures may also be related to gender. Understanding these differences may help in preparing EMS professionals for patient management.
Intrusion Detection: Tools, Techniques and Strategies

Intrusion detection is an important aspect of modern cyber-enabled infrastructure in identifying threats to digital assets. Intrusion detection encompasses tools, techniques and strategies to recognize evolving threats thereby contributing to a secure and trustworthy computing framework. There are two primary intrusion detection paradigms, signature pattern matching and anomaly detection. The paradigm of signature pattern matching encompasses the identification of known threat sequences of causal events and matching it to incoming events. If the pattern of incoming events matches the signature of an attack there is a positive match which can be labeled for further processing of countermeasures. The paradigm of anomaly detection is based on the premise that an attack signature is unknown. Events can deviate from normal digital behavior or can inadvertently give out information in normal event processing. These stochastic events have to be evaluated by variety of techniques such as artificial intelligence, prediction models etc. before identifying potential threats to the digital assets in a cyber-enabled system. Once a pattern is identified in the evaluation process after excluding false positives and negative this pattern can be classified as a signature pattern. This paper highlights a setup in an educational environment to effectively flag threats to the digital assets in the system using an intrusion detection framework. Intrusion detection framework comes in two primary formats a network intrusion detection system and a host intrusion detection system. In this paper we identify different publicly available tools of intrusion detection and their effectiveness in a test environment. This paper also looks at the mix of tools that can be deployed to effectively flag threats as they evolve. The effect of encryption in such setup and threat identification with encryption is also studied.
Agent-based modelling environment for spatial decision support

The goal of Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS) is to assist decision-makers as they generate alternative solutions to a variety of semi-structured geographical problems, and to evaluate these solutions with the help of applicable data and analytical models. Most existing SDSS, however, support only a limited number of decision-making environments, and are not designed to utilize web-accessible repositories of spatial data and models. These limitations are overcome through the use of ‘software agents’ within an agent-oriented modelling framework, called ‘Distributed Intelligent Geographical Modelling Environment (DIGME)’. The utility of this framework is demonstrated through the development of an SDSS to evaluate the ecological and economic impacts of agricultural policy for the Cache River watershed of southern Illinois.
Normal Chest X-Ray

Ectopia cordis is a rare congenital lesion affecting between 5.5 and 7.9 children per one million live births. Depending on the location of the heart, the lesion can be classified as cervical, thoracic, thoracoabdominal, or abdominal. Ectopia cordis is often associated with other midline defects, including the constellation of defects know as the pentalogy of Cantrell. The components of pentalogy of Cantrell are ectopia cordis, sternal cleft, midline abdominal defect or omphalocele, a pericardial defect allowing communication between the pericardial and peritoneal cavities, …
Natriuretic peptides: A family of hormones

The natriuretic peptides are a family of structurally related peptides, products of at least three genes, which share a common, 17-membered, internal disulfide ring. Three major subtypes (A-, B-, and C-type natriuretic peptides) exist, and each is present in various tissues in multiple N- and C-terminally extended or shortened forms. The recent description of the C-type peptide CNP, the major brain-derived peptide, has suggested that original studies examining the endocrine actions of the natriuretic peptides using A-type (ANP) or B-type (BNP) isoforms might have underestimated some of the biopotency of the natriuretic peptides or even failed to detect the full spectrum of the family's bioactivity. The identification of multiple, often species-specific, subtypes of the natriuretic peptides, together with the characterization of at least two classes of receptors for these hormones, indicates a variety of potential avenues for the development of therapeutic strategies for the use of these factors. Importantly, the description of protease inhibitors that prolong and enhance the actions of the natriuretic peptides in humans suggests potential for the recruitment of the natriuretic peptides in the treatment of endocrine as well as cardiovascular disease.
Revision of the Food Guide Pyramid for Endurance Athletes Based on Carbohydrate Counting

Abstract Most of the information available for endurance athletes recommends the consumption of a predetermined gram amount of carbohydrate per kilogram of body weight usually in the range of 6-12 g / kg body weight. Thus the total amount of carbohydrate recommended per day ranges from 300-1000 g as determined for individuals with body weights ranging from 50-90 kg training daily from 1 to more than 4 hours at intensities approximating 70%VO2 max or greater. This data is based on research relating carbohydrate intake to maintenance of adequate glycogen stores to sustain competitive intensity exercise for extended periods of time. The nutrition education of endurance athletes often includes the following: reference to the total amount of suggested carbohydrate; lists of foods with gram amounts of carbohydrate; and suggestions to follow the Food Guide Pyramid. However, the Food Guide Pyramid provides only approximately 300 g of carbohydrate if maximal servings are followed. This amount is inadequate for most endurance athletes. Currently there is not a simplified system to allow athletes to plan and consume diets with an adequate amount of carbohydrate. Thus, a simplified method to allow athletes to plan and consume diets of a specified gram amount of carbohydrate will be presented. This method modifies the suggested number of servings of the Food Guide Pyramid while utilizing "carbohydrate counting"principles. Several variations of the Food Guide Pyramid will be presented to accommodate diets requiring 400g, 500g, Or 600g of carbohydrate. "Carbohydrate counting" is utilized to simplify the Choices at meals and snacks throughout the day with a minimum number from Each group. Nutrition education would include determination of the appropriate amount of carbohydrate needed per day; determination of the total number of "carbohydrate choices"; serving sizes within each carbohydrate containing group; maintenance of the variety of the Food Guide Pyramid; reading labels.
The EPR linewidth of triplet excitons in single‐crystal anthracene: A re‐examination

The magnetic resonance linewidths of triplet excitions in single-crystal anthracene are measured in room temperature experiments performed at 24 GHz. The motivations for this study are the recent appearance of Reineker's linewidth theory, which is based on an extension of the Haken-Strobl model of exciton transport, and the inability of this theory to account satisfactorily for earlier published results on anthracene. The data presented here, which differ distinctly from the previous work, are fit in both magnitude and angular dependence by the theory. This supports the theoretical assumption that hopping between differently oriented molecules in the unit cell is the dominant spin relaxation mechanism for triplet excitons in molecular crystals similar to anthracene. Die magnetischen Resonanzlinienbreiten der Triplettexzitonen in Anthrazen-Einkristallen werden bei Zimmertemperatur mit 24 GHz gemessen. Der Anlas fur diese Untersuchung ist die Veroffentlichung der Linienbreitentheorie von Reineker, die von dem Haken-Strobl-Modell des Exzitonentransportes ausgeht, und die Unfahigkeit dieser Theorie, die fruher gemessenen Resultate an Anthrazen wiederzugeben. Die heir berichteten Daten, welche sich klar von fruheren Arbeiten unterscheiden, werden in ihrer Grose und Winkelabhangigkeit von dieser Theorie beschrieben. Dies stutzt die theoretische Annahme, das ein Hupfprozes zwischen unterschiedlich orientierten Molekulen in der Einheitszelle der dominante Spinrelaxationsmechanismus fur Triplettexzitonen in anthrazenahnlichen Kristallen ist.
A quantitative study of Phosphorous implantation damage on the thick gate oxide of the 28 nm node

Abstract The tilted Phosphorous implantation has for a long time been adopted to form the lightly doped drain (LDD). For the first time, we report the implantation damage due to this on the thick gate oxide of the NMOSFET devices for 28 nm technology. During the Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) test, the breakdown time of the thick gate oxide of NMOSFET was found to be a function of implantation energy and dose. In this work, an empirical model was established to characterize the implantation induced gate oxide lifetime reduction, which was correlated to the effective oxide thickness reduction. Our results showed that a careful implantation scheme needs to be chosen to balance the reliability requirements and the device performance for the scaled 28 nm process and beyond.
ANALYTICAL APPROXIMATE SOLUTIONS OF CERTAIN GAS-SOLID REACTION MODELS IN PELLETS

Abstract A method to obtain analytical approximate solutions of a certain class of non-catalytic gas-solid reaction models in pellets is presented. Analytical estimates of the error are given based on upper and lower bounds of the exact solutions. The method is illustrated by application to different models of gas-solid reactions. Good results are obtained for both linear and non-linear gas kinetics when moderate values of the Thick- Modulus are used.
Allocating observations in a test for the ratio of scales of independent gamma variates

Consider two independent gamma populations with common shape parameter α. Let ρ denote the ratio of their scale parameters, and consider the problem of testing the null hypothesis ρ = 1 against the alternative ρ = 1 + r , where r >0 . A procedure, not depending on α , that maximizes the exact slope at this alternative is proposed.
Viscous tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5% for topical anesthesia in cataract surgery

For the past decade, lidocaine 2% gel has been one of the more commonly used agents for topical anesthesia in cataract surgery, particularly in the USA. Given its prolonged contact time with the ocular surface by nature of its viscosity, it has been found to provide superior anesthesia relative to anesthetic drops. A downside to this inexpensive and efficacious agent is that it was never intended to be used for ophthalmic surgery and, as a result, is packaged in a tube rendering it somewhat messy to apply. TetraVisc™ is a high-viscosity formulation of tetracaine hydrochloride 0.5% that is packaged in a sterile ophthalmic dropper bottle. A single report in the literature suggests that it is of equal efficacy to lidocaine 2% gel as a topical anesthetic for routine cataract surgery.
Diffusion in colloidal media

When the molecules of a solute diffuse through a medium containing large colloidal particles, which absorb the diffusing molecules, the latter are transported in the diffusion flow not as free molecules, but as absorbtion compounds: solute+colloid. When the colloidal particle is much larger than the molecule of the solute, and has therefore a much smaller mobility, this results in a reduction of the apparent diffusion coefficient for the solute. The biological implications of this are discussed.
Research at Xerox PARC

The Xerox Palo Alto Research Center maintains a small, theoretically oriented natural language research program. The principal investigators are Ronald M. Kaplan (Cognitive and Instructional Sciences Group) and Martin Kay (Computer Science Laboratory). For the last several years, we have focussed on linguistic, psycholinguistic, and computational aspects of syntax and morphology.
Daytime Sleep Accelerates Cardiovascular Recovery after Psychological Stress

Sleep restriction and poor sleep quality is linked with cardiovascular morbidity. The present study aimed to explore the influence of daytime sleep supplementation on cardiovascular reactivity. Participants (N = 85) were generally healthy young adults and were randomized to a 60-min polysomnographically-monitored sleep condition or to a no-sleep condition. Participants then completed a standard three-phase mental stress reactivity task. Significantly lower mean arterial pressure means were found in the recovery phase of the stress reactivity task among participants that accrued more than 45 min of daytime sleep. These findings suggest daytime sleep may offer cardiovascular benefit in the form of greater cardiovascular recovery from psychological stress. Further research should assess daytime sleep characteristics (time of day, length, and architecture) on cardiovascular response, in an effort to better understand its role as a possible recuperative agent against suboptimal nocturnal sleep patterns.
PFG NMR Investigations of Heated Tetrapropylammonium−Silica Mixtures

Pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR studies of tetrapropylammonium (TPA)−silica mixtures subjected to hydrothermal treatment are presented. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) results show that the silica nanoparticles grow via a ripening mechanism during the first 48 h of heating and the rate of growth is temperature dependent. 1H NMR of the mixtures shows line narrowing and increasing line intensity of TPA during heating at 90 and 100 °C, indicating an increase in the TPA mobility. PFG NMR shows a systematic increase in the self-diffusion coefficient of TPA with heating time. These results point to the desorption of TPA from the nanoparticles being a kinetically controlled process. A two-site model is used to describe the exchange between TPA adsorbed on the nanoparticles and TPA in solution. The apparent desorption rate constants were calculated from fitting the desorbed amount of TPA with time via a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. This analysis shows that the activation energy for TPA desorption under the s...
Public Roles in Developing the Health Travel Sector

The much-publicized emergence of international health tourism and medical travel (the term ‘health travel’ is adopted herein) often appeals to governments seeking new ways to stimulate economic development and relieve pressure on public budgets for the delivery of health care. With this expansion of activity come questions regarding effective steps governments can take to develop health travel in the national interest. Considerations for public development of health travel are described, with the focus on planning challenges specific to the sub-sector. These include overcoming deficiencies in external market information (Type I challenges) and developing health travel in ways that improve local health care capabilities and benefit local patients (Type 2 challenges). A hierarchy of goals and their interrelationships are described, and a continuum of roles governments that can adopt in supporting the development of health travel are presented. The experiences of select countries are reviewed that assess pro...
MEASUREMENT OF β-ENDORPHIN IN HUMAN PLASMA

β-endorphin has been identified in human plasma by means of gel filtration and a sensitive radioimmunoassay for human β-endorphin (βh-endorphin). Mean baseline plasma βh-endorphin concentration in 5 individuals was 21±7.3 (SD) pg/ml (6.2 ± 2.2 (SD) fmole/ml). Following metyrapone stimulation mean plasma concentration increased to 55.4 ± 10.1 (SD) pg/ml (16.3 ± 3.1 (SD) fmole/ml). The molar ratio of human 3-lipotropin (βh-LPH) to βh-endorphin was 2.2 in baseline plasma and 2.4 after metyrapone stimulation.
Inhibition of bronchoconstriction by pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP 1-27) in guinea-pigs in vivo

1. We studied the inhibitory effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP 1-27) on the increase in total pulmonary resistance (RL) caused either by allergen or histamine in anaesthetized, ventilated guinea-pigs. 2. PACAP 1-27 given via i.v. infusion (0.045-4.5 nmol kg-1 min-1) dose-dependently reduced the increase in RL caused by inhaled ovalbumin and histamine. At the highest dose, PACAP 1-27 prevented the increase in RL caused by ovalbumin and histamine completely. Infusion of PACAP 1-27 and the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist, salbutamol (0.045-4.5 nmol kg-1 min-1) inhibited the increase in RL similarly, but salbutamol increased the heart rate more than PACAP 1-27. 3. PACAP 1-27 and salbutamol given via inhaled aerosol (0.1 mM, 20 breaths) significantly reduced the increase in RL caused by histamine infused i.v., whereas aerosolised sterile saline did not. Both PACAP 1-27 and salbutamol caused bronchodilator effects within 1 min of drug inhalation and these effects remained throughout the 20 min of study. 4. Because PACAP 1-27 produced significant bronchodilatation and rapid onset of sustained action in vivo and without pronounced cardiovascular side effects, we conclude that this peptide may have therapeutic potential as a bronchodilator.
Investigation of the Montmorillonite clay-catalyzed [1,3] shift reaction of 3-methyl-2-butenyl phenyl ether

The [1,3] shift reaction of 3-methyl-2-butenyl phenyl ether was catalyzed more effectively by Montmorillonite K10 clay than Montmorillonite KSF clay, and proceeded with greatest ortho-selectivity in carbon tetrachloride at room temperature.
Development of CO oxidation catalysts for the Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (LAWS)

Available commercial catalysts have been studied both in a laser and under simulated closed-cycle laser conditions. The results demonstrate that long-term decay of catalytic efficiency persists in currently available catalysts. In one recently developed catalyst, however, the decay in efficiency is significantly lower than in previously available catalysts while the catalyst operates quite well under ambient temperature conditions. Synthesis and mechanistic details in the development of the new catalyst composition are discussed.
The binding of α-ketoglutarate in a binary complex and in a ternary complex with NADP+ by l-glutamate dehydrogenase

l-Glutamate dehydrogenase (l-glutamate: NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (deaminating EC 1.4.1.3)), cooperatively binds NADP+ and α-ketoglutarate in a highly stable dead-end complex exhibiting a near ultraviolet difference spectrum characteristic of red shifts of tryptophan and oxidized nicotinamide absorbance. The requirements of an intact amide on the micotinamide moiety and two carboxyl groups on the substrate for a 200-fold heterotropic cooperativity in binding are demonstrated by the use of coenzyme and substrate analogs. The agreement of the binary complex dissociation constants calculated from the concentration dependence of the formation of the abortive complex with those determined directly shows that both coenzyme and α-ketoglutarate are bound at the same site in the binary and ternary complexes. By analogy it is inferred that NADP+ and l-glutamate bind to the enzyme to form the active complex with a cooperativity similar to that demonstrated for the dead-end complex. The ability of the enzyme to form the NADP+ -α-ketoglutarate dead-end complex and other stable complexes is pertinent to the catalytic mechanisms proposed for glutamate dehydrogenase. This ability also provides a mechanism through which both the in vivo direction and rate of catalysis can be selectively and sensitively controlled by the cooperative binding of the reactants and products themselves.
A Dual-Weighted Approach to Order Reduction in 4DVAR Data Assimilation

Abstract Strategies to achieve order reduction in four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) search for an optimal low-rank state subspace for the analysis update. A common feature of the reduction methods proposed in atmospheric and oceanographic studies is that the identification of the basis functions relies on the model dynamics only, without properly accounting for the specific details of the data assimilation system (DAS). In this study a general framework of the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is considered and a cost-effective approach is proposed to incorporate DAS information into the order-reduction procedure. The sensitivities of the cost functional in 4DVAR data assimilation with respect to the time-varying model state are obtained from a backward integration of the adjoint model. This information is further used to define appropriate weights and to implement a dual-weighted proper orthogonal decomposition (DWPOD) method for order reduction. The use of a weighted ense...
Henry Stimson's opposition to American Jews and Zionism

Henry Stimson, American Secretary of War during the Second World War, though not a rabid antisemite, strenuously opposed allowing Jewish war refugees into the US and objected strongly to American recognition of the Jewish right to a state in Palestine.
Enhanced superplasticity through friction stir processing in continuous cast AA5083 aluminum

AA5083 aluminum is a material of choice for superplastic automotive and aerospace aluminum panels. The cost of superplastic grade aluminum sheet, despite some reductions in recent years, remains relatively high. Continuous strip casting holds promise for low cost superplastic sheet. A continuously cast AA5083 aluminum sheet was friction stir processed and cold rolled in order to compare the properties with the as-cast and rolled material. It was found that the inclusion of the FSP step refined the recrystallized grain size, increased the elongations, and lowered the flow stresses.
Signal detection and the "cardiac arousal cycle".

The hypothesis was tested that different phases of the cardiac cycle would be associated with differences in either sensory capacity or response bias, as estimated by signal detection analyses. Each of 10 subjects was given 800 signal (SN) and 800 non-signal (N) trials randomly distributed throughout the cardiac cycle. The signal was a 35 msec duration, 1000 Hz tone, which was preceded by a 1 sec warning light. Electrocardiograph (EKG) cycles were subsequently divided into four phases, and the phase during which the SN or N trial fell was determined. Signal detection analyses performed on auditory sensitivity (d.) and estimate of response bias (Criterion Location) showed no measurable effect of EKG phase on either parameter. Results are discussed in terms of recent neurophysiological findings of cardiac rhythmic input to the nucleus tractus solitarius (which can inhibit cortical arousal), but little cardiac rhythm in the observed output. These considerations imply that “cardiac cycle arousal effects” are likely to be minute or nonexistent.
CD laser optical data links for workstations and midrange computers

The Optical Link Card (OLC) is a high speed fiber optic data link developed for low cost computer interconnect applications. Several versions of this OLC family are now in volume production. They incorporate a short-wavelength, CD-type laser source, high-density surface mount (SMT) packaging, and a novel technique to comply with worldwide laser safety regulations. The current cards, operating at 220 Mb/s and 266 Mb/s over 2 km of multimode optical fiber, provide compatibility with the emerging ANSI standard called Fiber Channel. Future extensions, especially to higher data rates, are being developed to meet the computer user's growing demand for higher bandwidth networking solutions. >
Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with ultrasonic backfat depth in a segregating Meishan × White Composite population,

Multiple genomic scans have identified QTL for backfat deposition across the porcine genome. The objective of this study was to detect SNP and geno- mic regions associated with ultrasonic backfat. A total of 74 SNP across 5 chromosomes (SSC 1, 3, 7, 8, and 10) were selected based on their proximity to backfat QTL or to QTL for other traits of interest in the experi- mental population. Gilts were also genotyped for a SNP thought to influence backfat in the thyroxine-binding globulin gene (TBG) on SSC X. Genotypic data were collected on 298 gilts, divided between the F8 and F10 generations of the US Meat Animal Research Center Meishan resource population(composition, one-quarter Meishan). Backfat depths were recorded by ultrasound from 3 locations along the back at approximately 210 and 235 d of age in the F8 and F10 generations, respec- tively. Ultrasound measures were averaged for associa- tion analyses. Regressors for additive, dominant, and parent-of-origin effects of each SNP were calculated using genotypic probabilities computed by allelic peel- ing algorithms in GenoProb. The association model in- cluded the fixed effects of scan date and TBG genotype, the covariates of weight and SNP regressors, and ran- dom additive polygenic effects to account for genetic similarities between animals not explained by known genotypes. Variance components for polygenic effects and error were estimated using MTDFREML. Initially, each SNP was fitted (once with and once without par- ent-of-origin effects) separately due to potential multi- collinearity between regressions of closely linked mark- ers. To form a final model, all significant SNP across chromosomes were included in a common model and were individually removed in successive iterations based on their significance. Across all analyses, TBG wassignificant,withanadditiveeffectofapproximately 1.2 to 1.6 mm of backfat. Three SNP on SSC3 remained in the final model even though few studies have identi- fied QTL for backfat on this chromosome. Two of these SNP exhibited irregular parent-of-origin effects and may not have been detected in other genome scans. One significant SNP on SSC7 remained in the final, backward-selected model; the estimated effect of this marker was similar in magnitude and direction to pre- viously identified QTL. This SNP can potentially be used to introgress the leaner Meishan allele into com- mercial swine populations.
Current Status of Marriage and Family Therapy Education in Uzbekistan A Pilot Investigation

Although the practice of marriage and family therapy in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) has been gaining popularity since the late 1990s, the establishment of formal marriage and family therapy education in Uzbekistan has proceeded much slower than the other regions of the former USSR. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the quality and quantity of marriage and family therapy education in Uzbekistan by studying a sample of current practitioners. This article provides (a) an overview of Uzbekistan’s culture and family dynamics, (b) the status of current psychotherapeutic services provided, and (c) the availability and quality of education in psychotherapy and marriage and family therapy in that country. Implications for curriculum development and training are included.
Cholecystokinin: An Excitatory Modulator of Mitral/Tufted Cells in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is widely distributed in the brain as a sulfated octapeptide (CCK-8S). In the olfactory bulb, CCK-8S is concentrated in two laminae: an infraglomerular band in the external plexiform layer, and an inframitral band in the internal plexiform layer (IPL), corresponding to somata and terminals of superficial tufted cells with intrabulbar projections linking duplicate glomerular maps of olfactory receptors. The physiological role of CCK in this circuit is unknown. We made patch clamp recordings of CCK effects on mitral cell spike activity in mouse olfactory bulb slices, and applied immunohistochemistry to localize CCKB receptors. In cell-attached recordings, mitral cells responded to 300 nM –1 µM CCK-8S by spike excitation, suppression, or mixed excitation-suppression. Antagonists of GABAA and ionotropic glutamate receptors blocked suppression, but excitation persisted. Whole-cell recordings revealed that excitation was mediated by a slow inward current, and suppression by spike inactivation or inhibitory synaptic input. Similar responses were elicited by the CCKB receptor-selective agonist CCK-4 (1 µM). Excitation was less frequent but still occurred when CCKB receptors were blocked by LY225910, or disrupted in CCKB knockout mice, and was also observed in CCKA knockouts. CCKB receptor immunoreactivity was detected on mitral and superficial tufted cells, colocalized with Tbx21, and was absent from granule cells and the IPL. Our data indicate that CCK excites mitral cells postsynaptically, via both CCKA and CCKB receptors. We hypothesize that extrasynaptic CCK released from tufted cell terminals in the IPL may diffuse to and directly excite mitral cell bodies, creating a positive feedback loop that can amplify output from pairs of glomeruli receiving sensory inputs encoded by the same olfactory receptor. Dynamic plasticity of intrabulbar projections suggests that this could be an experience-dependent amplification mechanism for tuning and optimizing olfactory bulb signal processing in different odor environments.
Investigation of the Mechanism of Binding between Internalin B and Heparin Using Surface Plasmon Resonance

Listeria monocytogenes, a food-borne pathogen that infects immunocompromised patients, enters and proliferates within mammalian cells by taking advantage of host cell machinery. While entry into macrophages and other phagocytic cells occurs constitutively, intracellular invasion of nonphagocytic cells, such as epithelial and endothelial cells, occurs through induced phagocytosis. Invasion of these nonphagocytic cell types is under the control of the secreted L. monocytogenes protein internalin B (InlB), which directly associates with and activates the receptor tyrosine kinase Met. Activation of Met by InlB has previously been shown to be potentiated by binding of glycosaminoglycans to the GW domains of this protein. We studied the interaction between heparin and full-length InlB as well as a truncated, functional form of InlB to understand the mode of interaction between these two molecules. InlB preferred long-chain (≥dp14) heparin oligosaccharides, and the interaction with heparin fit a complicated bind...
In pursuit of experience: The postindustrial gentrification of the rural American West:

Contemporary rural gentrification — the colonization of rural communities and small-towns by members of the ex-urban middle class — is a nationwide phenomenon that contradicts nearly two centuries ...
tRNA thiolation links translation to stress responses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Although tRNA modifications have been well catalogued, the precise functions of many modifications and their roles in mediating gene expression are still being elucidated. Whereas tRNA modifications were long assumed to be constitutive, it is now apparent that the modification status of tRNAs changes in response to different environmental conditions. The URM1 pathway is required for thiolation of the cytoplasmic tRNAs tGluUUC, tGlnUUG, and tLysUUU in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrate that URM1 pathway mutants have impaired translation, which results in increased basal activation of the Hsf1-mediated heat shock response; we also find that tRNA thiolation levels in wild-type cells decrease when cells are grown at elevated temperature. We show that defects in tRNA thiolation can be conditionally advantageous, conferring resistance to endoplasmic reticulum stress. URM1 pathway proteins are unstable and hence are more sensitive to changes in the translational capacity of cells, which is decreased in cells experiencing stresses. We propose a model in which a stress-induced decrease in translation results in decreased levels of URM1 pathway components, which results in decreased tRNA thiolation levels, which further serves to decrease translation. This mechanism ensures that tRNA thiolation and translation are tightly coupled and coregulated according to need.
Model-based spacecraft and mission design for the evaluation of technology

In order to meet the future vision of robotic missions, engineers will face intricate mission concepts, new operational approaches, and technologies that have yet to be developed. The concept of smaller, model driven projects helps this transition by including life-cycle cost as part of the decision making process. For example, since planetary exploration missions have cost ceilings and short development periods, heritage flight hardware is utilized. However, conceptual designs that rely solely on heritage technology will result in estimates that may not be truly representative of the actual mission being designed and built. The Laboratory for Spacecraft and Mission Design (LSMD) at the California Institute of Technology is developing integrated concurrent models for mass and cost estimations. The purpose of this project is to quantify the infusion of specific technologies where the data would be useful in guiding technology developments leading up to a mission. This paper introduces the design-to-cost model to determine the implications of various technologies on the spacecraft system in a collaborative engineering environment. In addition, comparisons of the benefits of new or advanced technologies for future deep space missions are examined.
Meson Photoproduction Experiments with CLAS

A large part of the experimental program in Hall B of the Je erson Lab is dedicated to light baryon spectroscopy. Meson photoprodcution experiments are essential part of this program. CEBAF Large Acceptance Spectrometer (CLAS) and availability of circularly and linearly polarized tagged photon beams and frozen spin polarized targets provide unique conditions for this type of experiments. This combination of experimen- tal tools gives a remarkable opportunity to measure double polarization observables for di erent pseudo-scalar meson photoproduction processes. For the first time, a complete or nearly complete measurement became possible and will facilitate model independent extraction of the reaction amplitude. An overview of the experimental program and its current status together with recent results on double polarization measurements in + pho- toproduction are presented.
The role of targeted climate research at the IRI

Advances in our fundamental understanding of the physical climate system provided the necessary scientific underpinnings for the routine production of reliable seasonal climate forecasts and ultimately, the birth of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI). While recognizing that the successful adoption of climate information into various decision-making settings requires an iterative approach between the developers and users of that information, since its inception the IRI has also recognized the critical role of basic climate research in generating new climate knowledge. Given its mission, such basic research targets specific regions and questions that are framed by practical considerations of how climate variations are impacting, or may impact, various sectors of society. Analogous to its role in underpinning the development of seasonal forecasts, an enhanced understanding of relevant aspects of the physical climate is viewed as a critical input to the larger process of developing effective strategies for the management of climate-related risks. Here, four examples of targeted climate research undertaken at the IRI are presented covering a range of time scales, from sub-seasonal variability to long-term climate trends. A diverse set of geographic locations is considered, which includes the Sahel, southeastern South America, the Philippines and Indonesia. These four examples were selected to indicate the broad range of use-inspired basic research questions that have been addressed in regions where the IRI is engaged in a broader set of activities to develop actionable climate information. While many institutions are engaged in basic climate research, having the expertise and capacity to do so within the IRI provides it with the necessary flexibility to target its work towards specific climate-related questions in specific regions of the world.
Learning of fuzzy rules by mountain clustering

The paper deals with a new approach to the learning of fuzzy rules. It suggests a solution to one of the problems of crucial importance for the learning of fuzzy rules by back propagation- -the issue of estimation of the initial values of the unknown parameters. We introduce the method of clustering via the mountain function to identify the most important rules. Those are the rules that are associated with higher values of the peaks of the mountain function. From the centers of the clusters that are obtained by the mountain function method are determined the initial estimates of the parameters of the reference antecedent and consequent fuzzy sets of the rules. In the next step the method of back propagation is used for more precise identification of those parameters.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Influencing visual judgment through affective priming

Recent research suggests that individual personality differences can influence performance with visualizations. In addition to stable personality traits, research in psychology has found that temporary changes in affect (emotion) can also significantly impact performance during cognitive tasks. In this paper, we show that affective priming also influences user performance on visual judgment tasks through an experiment that combines affective priming with longstanding graphical perception experiments. Our results suggest that affective priming can influence accuracy in common graphical perception tasks. We discuss possible explanations for these findings, and describe how these findings can be applied to design visualizations that are less (or more) susceptible to error in common visualization contexts.
Introduction: Problems in Environmental Monitoring and Assessment

The need for innovative statistical methods for modern environmental assessment is undisputed. The case studies in this book are a sampling of the broad sweep of statistical applications available in the environmental sciences, targeted to environmental monitoring and assessment. A unique feature of the applications presented here is that they are not isolated projects but were, instead, fostered under a long-term collaborative association between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Institute of Statistical Sciences (NISS). This institutional support resulted in a strong interdisciplinary component to the research, and common threads of statistical methodology and data analysis principles are seen across all of the projects. The case studies necessarily are detailed and technical and so this introductory chapter will give an overview of what follows and emphasize common themes that tie the projects together. Research, by its very nature, does not follow a direct path and depends on past results for the next step. This process is enriched through the collaboration of statisticians with other scientists.
The Autism Sequencing Consortium: Large-Scale, High-Throughput Sequencing in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Research during the past decade has seen significant progress in the understanding of the genetic architecture of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), with gene discovery accelerating as the characterization of genomic variation has become increasingly comprehensive. At the same time, this research has highlighted ongoing challenges. Here we address the enormous impact of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on ASD gene discovery, outline a consensus view for leveraging this technology, and describe a large multisite collaboration developed to accomplish these goals. Similar approaches could prove effective for severe neurodevelopmental disorders more broadly.
Transitions, Risks, and Actions in Coronary Events—Center for Outcomes Research and Education (TRACE-CORE) Design and Rationale

Background—Cardiovascular disease continues to cause significant morbidity, mortality, and impaired quality of life, with unrealized health gains from the underuse of available evidence. The Transitions, Risks, and Actions in Coronary Events Center for Outcomes Research and Education (TRACE-CORE) aims to advance the science of acute coronary syndromes by examining the determinants and outcomes of the quality of transition from hospital to community and by quantifying the impact of potentially modifiable characteristics associated with decreased quality of life, rehospitalization, and mortality. Methods and Results—TRACE-CORE comprises a longitudinal multiracial cohort of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes, 2 research projects, and development of a nucleus of early stage investigators. We are currently enrolling 2500 adults hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes at 6 hospitals in the northeastern and southeastern United States. We will follow these patients for 24 months after hospitali...
A physically-based abrasive wear model for composite materials

A simple physically-based model for the abrasive wear of composite materials is presented based on the mechanics and mechanisms associated with sliding wear in soft (ductile) matrix composites containing hard (brittle) reinforcement particles. The model is based on the assumption that any portion of the reinforcement that is removed as wear debris cannot contribute to the wear resistance of the matrix material. The size of this non-contributing portion of the reinforcement is estimated by modeling the three primary wear mechanisms, specifically plowing, interfacial cracking and particle removal. Critical variables describing the role of the reinforcement, such as its relative size and the nature of the matrix/reinforcement interface, are characterized by a single contribution coefficient, C. Predictions are compared with the results of experimental two-body (pin-on drum) abrasive wear tests performed on a model aluminum particulate-reinforced epoxy matrix composite material.
Optical metrology solutions for 10nm films process control challenges

ABSTRACT Controlling thickness and composition of gate stack layers in logic and memory devices is critical to ensure transistor performance meets requirements, especially at 10nm node due to the 3-d geometry of devices and tight process budget. It has become necessary to measure and control each layer in the gate stack before and after dielectric and metal gate deposition sequences. A typical gate stack can have 5-7 layers including the interfacial layer, high-k dielectric, metal gate stack, work function layers, and cap layers. Similarly, PMOS channel strain is controlled using a graded Si x Ge 1-x stack grown epitaxially over fins in the source/drain regions. This graded stack can have 2-4 layers of different thicknesses and Ge concentrations. This paper discusses the benefit of using spectroscopic ellipsometry with multiple angles of incidence to accurately and preci sely determine the thickness of individual layers in critical gate layer stacks at various process steps on planar and grating surfaces. We will also show the benefit of using an advanced laser-based ellipsometer, for ultra-precise measurement of the gate interfacial layer oxides. Keywords: Thickness, in-line metrology, Ellipsometry , multi-channel, FinFET, Films on grating.
Effects of posterior hypothalamic stimulation on reticulocyte release and bone marrow microcirculation.

SummaryPosterior hypothalamic stimulation in rabbits was found to produce a significant increase in blood reticulocytes as well as a slight increase in hematocrit. The increase in reticulocytes and hematocrit following hypothalamic stimulation were not seen during the control or sham-operated periods. Atropine was found to block the reticulocyte response to hypothalamic stimulation.During 24 hr continuous posterior hypothalamic stimulation vasoconstriction and a reduced number of vessels with blood flow in the bone marrow microvasculature were seen during the first hour of stimulation, while by 24 hr vasodilatation and an increase in the number of vessels with blood flow was observed. These changes in the bone marrow circulation were associated with a significant increase in blood reticulocytes during hypothalamic stimulation. These studies suggest the existence of a neurovascular mechanism for the rapid release of stored reticulocytes from marrow sinusoids of the bone marrow.
Laser Damage Resistant Ta2O5/HfO2/SiO2 Multilayer Mirrors by Ion Beam Sputtering

We show the threshold fluence for damage of Ta2O5/SiO2 multilayer interference coatings measured using 0.19 ns and 4 ns pulses with λ=1.03 µm can be increased by 2x when modifying the coating’s top layer design.
Free, Bound and Total Moisture, and Shear Values of Roasted Turkeys

Abstract ESSARY et al. (1967) reported that the percent free, bound and total moisture of the major pectoralis and biceps femoris muscles in broilers were affected by the starting temperature of water in which birds were placed for cooking. It was also shown that cooking the meat on the bones instead of being free of the bones during cooking also effected the percent free, bound and total moisture as well as shear value of these muscles. Ritchey (1965) found that the degree of dryness and hardness in beef tissue was influenced by the cooking temperature. This study was designed to determine the effect of roasting three different size turkeys on free, bound and total moisture of the meat, on the shear values of the major pectoralis and biceps femoris muscles, and to determine the correlation coefficients among these different measurements. PROCEDURE Three groups of 18 dressed turkeys weighing from 3.45 to . . .