cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors: The Risk Calculator

Eye care providers can use calculators for determining the risk of developing glaucoma from ocular hypertension. Approximately 8% of adults over the age of 40 in the United States have ocular hypertension [1]. While ocular hypertension is a common finding, eye care providers do not know which patients to treat or which patients to monitor without treatment [2].
Using Digital Tags With Integrated Video and Inertial Sensors to Study Moving Morphology and Associated Function in Large Aquatic Vertebrates.

The anatomy of large cetaceans has been well documented, mostly through dissection of dead specimens. However, the difficulty of studying the world's largest animals in their natural environment means the functions of anatomical structures must be inferred. Recently, non-invasive tracking devices have been developed that measure body position and orientation, thereby enabling the detailed reconstruction of underwater trajectories. The addition of cameras to the whale-borne tags allows the sensor data to be matched with real-time observations of how whales use their morphological structures, such as flukes, flippers, feeding apparatuses, and blowholes for the physiological functions of locomotion, feeding, and breathing. Here, we describe a new tag design with integrated video and inertial sensors and how it can be used to provide insights to the function of whale anatomy. This technology has the potential to facilitate a wide range of discoveries and comparative studies, but many challenges remain to increase the resolution and applicability of the data. Anat Rec, 300:1935–1941, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social Imaginaries and Theatre

All theatre is political. This assertion is the best way I know into the complicated matter of theatre’s relationship with social change.
Exploiting LTE Signals for Navigation: Theory to Implementation

Exploiting cellular long-term evolution (LTE) downlink signals for navigation purposes is considered. First, the transmitted LTE signal model is presented and relevant positioning and timing information that can be extracted from these signals are identified. Second, a software-defined receiver (SDR) that is capable of acquiring, tracking, and producing pseudoranges from LTE signals is designed. Third, a threshold-based approach for detecting the first peak of the channel impulse response is proposed in which the threshold adapts to the environmental noise level. This method is demonstrated to be robust against noise and interference in the environment. Fourth, an approach for estimating pseudoranges of multiple base stations by tracking only one base station is proposed. Fifth, a navigation framework based on an extended Kalman filter is proposed to produce the navigation solution using the pseudorange measurements obtained by the proposed SDR. Finally, the proposed SDR is evaluated experimentally on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a ground vehicle. The root mean squared-error (RMSE) between the GPS navigation solution and LTE signals from three base stations produced by the proposed SDR for the UAV is shown to be 8.15 m with a standard deviation of 2.83 m. The RMSE between the GPS navigation solution and LTE signals from six base stations in a severe multipath environment for the ground vehicle is shown to be 5.80 m with a standard deviation of 3.02 m.
Survey research with gang and non-gang members in prison: operational lessons from the LoneStar Project

Prisons have been described as the final frontier for research on gangs and gang members. Criminological research in prisons is rare due to restricted access to facilities, concerns about harsh public scrutiny, and worries about security. There are added challenges for survey research involving prison gang members, as it is believed that gang norms inhibit reliable and valid responses and discourage participation in research. This article introduces the Study of Trajectories, Associations, and Reentry—the LoneStar Project—which involved interview-based surveys with 802 prison inmates in Texas, over 45% of whom were officially classified as gang members. We assess the prospect for conducting interview-based survey research with gang members in prison. We detail the planning and implementation phases of this study, assess whether gang members can be surveyed in prisons with fidelity, report descriptive statistics on gang and non-gang members, and identify five key operational lessons from this study. Our results revealed that gang members would not only participate in research, but that the methodological characteristics of their survey responses were indistinguishable statistically and substantively from those of non-gang prison inmates. We also determined that strong researcher-practitioner relationships, a nimble yet consistent research team, and a heavy emphasis on rapport building allowed this project to be carried out with few disruptions in a prison environment. These results are promising for future research in prisons, especially with gang members.
Using a Cadaveric Model to Map the Epigastric Arteries

Abstract Objective: Injury of the vessels of the anterior abdominal wall occurs in 0.2%–2% of laparoscopic surgeries, most commonly in the inferior epigastric artery (IEA). The objective of this st...
“The Rule Was the Rule”: new member socialization in rigidly structured totalistic organizations

ABSTRACTThis study examined member encounter in two organizations with rigid rule structures and great reach into members’ lives: the U.S. military and the Independent Fundamental Baptist Church. I...
Viral Labeling of the CNS Origins of the Sympathetic Nervous System Innervation of Brown Adipose Tissue: Implications for Torpor and Hibernation Responses

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is intimately involved in cold exposure- and overeating-induced thermogenesis. BAT receives a dense innervation by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and this innervation plays an important role in BAT thermogenic responses. The BAT pad receiving the most attention is interscapular BAT (IBAT) because of its size, accessibility and clear SNS innervation. Although the first neuroanatomical demonstration of IBAT sympathetic innervation was done using histofluorescence to visualize their catecholaminergic phenotype more than 35 years ago, the central nervous system (CNS) origins of this innervation were not identified neuroanatomically until recently in our laboratory. This was accomplished using a highly specific, transneuronal viral tract tracer — the Bartha’s K strain of the pseudorabies virus (PRV). PRV was injected into IBAT of Siberian hamsters and the infected neurons were visualized by immunocytochemistry. PRV-infected neurons were found in the spinal cord (intermediolateral cell group, central autonomic nucleus), brainstem (reticular area [lateral, intermediate, parvocellular, medullary and gigantocellular reticular nuclei], caudal raphe area [raphe pallidus and raphe obscurus nuclei], C1 adrenaline cells and rostroventrolateral medullary regions, nucleus of the solitary tract, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus and the raphe magnus), midbrain (central gray, dorsal raphe) and forebrain (suprachiasmatic nucleus [SCN], retrochiasmatic area, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus [PVN], medial preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus, dorsal hypothalamic area, zona incerta, arcuate nucleus, lateral septal region, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis — almost no infected neurons were seen in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus). Possible roles of three of these virally labeled origins of SNS outflow from brain to BAT (SCN,PVN and raphe pallidus) were discussed in terms of possible roles in thermogenesis in general, and in torpor/hibernation, specifically.
How Did Nike Get the Swoosh into Skateboarding? A Study of Authenticity and Nike SB

Skateboarding is widely regarded as a subculture that is highly resistant to any type of integration or co-option from large, mainstream companies. In 2002 Nike entered the skateboarding market with its Nike SB line of shoes, and since 2004 has experienced tremendous success within the skateboarding culture. During its early years Nike experienced a great deal of backlash from the skateboarding community, but has recently gained wider acceptance as a legitimate company within this culture. The purpose of this study is to examine the specific aspects of authenticity Nike was able achieve in order to successfully integrate into skateboarding. In order to investigate the case of Nike SB specifically, the concept of company authenticity within skateboarding must first be clarified as well. This study involved an electronic survey of skateboarders. This survey examined the various aspects of authenticity that are most important for skateboard companies, as well as skateboarders’ attitudes about Nike SB as a skate shoe company. Through this research, a better overall understanding of the concept of authenticity within the skateboard culture was developed. How Did Nike Get the Swoosh into Skateboarding? A Study of Authenticity and Nike SB By Brandon Gomez B.S. Indiana University of Pennsylvania, 2009 M.A. Candidate, Syracuse University, 2012
Amalthaea and Histos: MultiAgent Systems for WWW Sites and Reputation Recommendations

As stated in the previous chapters, recommender systems have long been a favorite application area for agent and multiagent systems researchers. The recommender systems space has traditionally been divided into systems that try to analyse the contents of documents and system that use methods other than content analysis. Content-based filtering systems are using techniques like weighed keyword vectors and SVD, while collaborative filtering and pair-wise ratings are used in the second systems category. In this chapter we will introduce two systems: Amalthaea, that falls in the former category and uses weighed keyword vectors as its representation and Histos, a pair-wise rating system that falls in the latter category.
The p-rank strata of the moduli space of hyperelliptic curves

Abstract We prove results about the intersection of the p -rank strata and the boundary of the moduli space of hyperelliptic curves in characteristic p ⩾ 3 . This yields a strong technique that allows us to analyze the stratum H g f of hyperelliptic curves of genus g and p -rank f . Using this, we prove that the endomorphism ring of the Jacobian of a generic hyperelliptic curve of genus g and p -rank f is isomorphic to Z if g ⩾ 4 . Furthermore, we prove that the Z / l -monodromy of every irreducible component of H g f is the symplectic group Sp 2 g ( Z / l ) if g ⩾ 3 , and l ≠ p is an odd prime (with mild hypotheses on l when f = 0 ). These results yield numerous applications about the generic behavior of hyperelliptic curves of given genus and p -rank over finite fields, including applications about Newton polygons, absolutely simple Jacobians, class groups and zeta functions.
Introduction to Immunology, Epidemiology, and Immunoepidemiology

In this chapter, we discuss the definitions, history, and major concepts of immunology, epidemiology, and the newly emerging field of immunoepidemiology. Definitions of the central topics in this chapter are as follows: Immunology is the study of that combination of cells and compounds that protect individual multicellular organisms against foreign entities. Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related events, states, and processes in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such processes, as well as the application of this knowledge to control relevant health problems. Immunoepidemiology is the study of the immune response of populations. Immunoepidemiology uses both immunological and epidemiologic tools to better understand how select populations are protected from microbial infection, malignancy, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmunity. Immunoepidemiologists study genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors to explain the diversity of the immune response.
An optimal algorithm for dynamic heterogeneous team restructuring in budget constrained domains

In the dynamic team restructuring problem, a team of heterogeneous agents dynamically reorganize themselves to effectively function in an online heterogeneous task domain where the heterogeneity of the tasks is dynamic as well. In this paper, we extend an optimal team design algorithm designed for specific static task environments to function in generic, dynamic task environments. Our dynamic team restructuring algorithm is constrained by a finite budget. Preliminary results show that this algorithm performs well in dynamic environments.
Anticoagulation Strategies for the Orthopaedic Surgeon: Reversal and Timelines.

Article Highlights: 1) This article provides a full anticoagulant reference for the practicing orthopaedic surgeon which can be used in any clinical scenario, whether urgent or elective surgical intervention is required 2) A comprehensive list of anticoagulant reversal agents and drugs with short half-lives (for bridging) are described with the intention to provide the data needed to safely manage a patient peri-operatively during urgent orthopaedic surgical care (i.e. fracture or infection) 3) Half-life and method of excretion for all drugs are included with the intention to accurately guide decisions regarding the appropriate timing of scheduling elective orthopaedic surgical care with regards to anticoagulant metabolism and effect 4) The practicing orthopaedic surgeon using this guide should always consider medical co-management of these complex patients as their medical co-morbidities may not be amenable to anticoagulant reversal or peri-operative cessation of therapy, even for a short period 5) The data contained in this article stands to serve as a foundation upon which institution-specific guidelines regarding the peri-operative management of orthopedic patients on long-term anticoagulation can be developed
Addressing the Perceived Duality of Represented and Unrepresented Patients: Legal Findings in a Moral Context

Berger (2020) thoughtfully outlines the moral assumptions of relatedness underlying decision-making processes for both represented and unrepresented patients. Although his recommendations for surro...
Learning to Teach Multicultural Science: What Do New Teachers Bring?

While important theoretical work has helped define the goals of teacher professional development in multicultural science education (MSE), less is known about how beginning elementary teachers’ str...
Epithelial layer unjamming shifts energy metabolism toward glycolysis

In development of an embryo, healing of a wound, or progression of a carcinoma, a requisite event is collective epithelial cellular migration. For example, cells at the advancing front of a wound edge tend to migrate collectively, elongate substantially, and exert tractions more forcefully compared with cells many ranks behind. With regards to energy metabolism, striking spatial gradients have recently been reported in the wounded epithelium, as well as in the tumor, but within the wounded cell layer little is known about the link between mechanical events and underlying energy metabolism. Using the advancing confluent monolayer of MDCKII cells as a model system, here we report at single cell resolution the evolving spatiotemporal fields of cell migration speeds, cell shapes, and traction forces measured simultaneously with fields of multiple indices of cellular energy metabolism. Compared with the epithelial layer that is unwounded, which is non-migratory, solid-like, and jammed, the leading edge of the advancing cell layer is shown to become progressively more migratory, fluid-like, and unjammed. In doing so the cytoplasmic redox ratio becomes progressively smaller, the NADH lifetime becomes progressively shorter, and the mitochondrial membrane potential and glucose uptake become progressively larger. These observations indicate that a metabolic shift toward glycolysis accompanies collective cellular migration but show, further, that this shift occurs throughout the cell layer, even in regions where associated changes in cell shapes, traction forces, and migration velocities have yet to penetrate. In characterizing the wound healing process these morphological, mechanical, and metabolic observations, taken on a cell-by-cell basis, comprise the most comprehensive set of biophysical data yet reported. Together, these data suggest the novel hypothesis that the unjammed phase evolved to accommodate fluid-like migratory dynamics during episodes of tissue wound healing, development, and plasticity, but is more energetically expensive compared with the jammed phase, which evolved to maintain a solid-like non-migratory state that is more energetically economical.
Inequality and Multiracial Gatekeeping

Theoretical propositions linking power and status relations are deeply rooted in classical sociological thought. Building on that tradition, this paper investigates the impact of racial status on a...
Left Ventricular Dysfunction Correlates With Mortality in Pulmonary Embolism.

Abstract Background Risk stratification of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) is essential to guide advanced interventional management and proper disposition. Objectives In this study, we sought to assess individual echocardiographic markers of right ventricular (RV) strain and left ventricular (LV) function in patients with high-risk PE and identify their association with the need for advanced intervention (such as thrombolysis) and 30-day mortality. Methods This was a retrospective study of ED patients with PE who were subject to a pulmonary embolism response team activation over a 5-year period. Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound studies were performed as part of patient care and later assessed for septal bowing, RV hypokinesis, McConnell sign, RV enlargement, tricuspid annular place systolic excursion, and LV systolic dysfunction. Outcome variables included need for advanced intervention and 30-day mortality. Results The pulmonary embolism response team was activated in 893 patients, of which 718 had a confirmed PE. Of these, 90 had adequate cardiac point-of-care ultrasound images available for review. Patients who needed an advanced intervention were more likely to have septal bowing (odds ratio [OR] 8.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.37–31.86), RV enlargement (OR 4.02, 95% CI 1.43–11.34), and a McConnell sign (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.09–7.13). LV dysfunction was the only statistically significant predictor of 30-day mortality (OR 9.63, 95% CI 1.74–53.32). Conclusion In patients with PE in the ED, sonographic findings of RV strain that are more commonly associated with advanced intervention included septal bowing, McConnell sign, and RV enlargement. LV dysfunction was associated with a higher 30-day mortality. These findings can help inform decisions about ED management and disposition of patients with PE.
Parsimonious time series modeling for high frequency climate data

Climate data often provides a periodically stationary time series, due to seasonal variations in the mean and covariance structure. Periodic ARMA models, where the parameters vary with the season, capture the nonstationary behavior. High frequency data collected weekly or daily results in a large number of model parameters. In this article, we apply discrete Fourier transforms to the parameter vectors, and develop a test for the statistically significant harmonics. An example of daily high temperatures illustrates the method, whereby a periodic autoregressive model with 1095 parameters is reduced to a parsimonious 12 parameter version without any apparent loss of fidelity.
How Energy Access Impacts Primary Healthcare: Evidence from India

Background: Basic primary healthcare provides a critical safety net for the poor, but it is not always accessible. Unfortunately, primary health systems worldwide suffer from major gaps in infrastructure and human resources. One key infrastructure gap is access to reliable electricity, absence of which can significantly affect the quantity and quality of healthcare services being delivered at rural primary health facilities. However, absence of granular empirical evidence is a barrier for quantitatively understanding the significance of energy access as one of the determinants of access to reliable primary healthcare. Methods: We study the linkages between energy access and primary health services in extra-urban parts of India by focusing on the Primary Health Centers (PHCs), which are the main points of comprehensive primary care in the Indian public health system. Using data from District Level Household and Facility Survey, we develop zero-inflated negative binomial models with state-level fixed effects to estimate the relationship between levels of electricity access and the quantity of basic health services delivered at the PHCs. Findings: We find that lack of electricity access is associated with a significant and large decrease in the number of deliveries (64 percent), number of in-patients (43 percent), and number of out-patients (40 percent). We further find that lower level of energy access at primary health centers disproportionately affects women’s access to safe and quality healthcare. Interpretation: The evidence presented makes a strong case for rural health system policies to pay much more attention to understanding and integrating reliable energy access as an enabler of more equitable access to primary healthcare.
Aerobic, Resistance, and Combination Training on Health-Related Quality of Life: The STRRIDE-AT/RT Randomized Trial

Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to determine the differential effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), and a combination of aerobic and resistance training (AT/RT) on changes in self-rated HrQoL measures, including the Short-Form 36 (SF-36) survey and Satisfaction with Physical Function and Appearance survey. We also sought to determine if combination training (AT/RT) has a more or less additive effect compared to AT or RT alone on self-rated HrQoL measures. Materials and Methods: Participants (n = 137) completed one of three 8-month exercise interventions: (1) AT: 14 kcal exercise expenditure per kg of body weight per week (KKW; equivalent to roughly 12 miles/week) at 65-80% of peak oxygen consumption; (2) RT: 3 days per week, 8 exercises, 3 sets per exercise, 8-12 repetitions per set; (3) AT/RT: full combination of the AT and RT interventions. The SF-36 survey, Satisfaction with Physical Function and Appearance survey, physical fitness, and anthropometrics were assessed at baseline and post-intervention. Paired t-tests determined significant pre- vs. post-intervention scores within groups (p < 0.05). Analyses of covariance determined differences in change scores among groups (p < 0.05). Results: On average, participants were 49.0 ± 10.6 years old, obese (BMI: 30.6 ± 3.2 kg/m2), female (57.7%), and Caucasian (84.7%). Following the 8-month intervention, exercise groups improved peak VO2 (all groups), strength (RT and AT/RT), and anthropometric measures (AT and AT/RT). For the SF-36, RT (p = 0.03) and AT/RT (p < 0.001) significantly improved their physical component score; only AT/RT (p < 0.001) significantly improved their mental component score. Notably, all groups significantly improved both their satisfaction with physical function and appearance scores (All Groups: p < 0.001 for both outcomes). Conclusions: We found that aerobic, resistance, or combination exercise training improves several components of self-rated HrQoL, including physical function, appearance, and mental well-being. Clinical Trial Registration: No. NCT00275145.
Measuring signatures of fuel irradiation in large particle samples

Understanding the operating history of a nuclear facility is one of the key goals in nuclear safeguards, enabling the verification of declared activities. This is accomplished via a number of mechanisms, including the analysis of samples collected at the facility. The best metrics for understanding and verifying the history of nuclear fuel are (1) actinide isotopic content and (2) actinide inter-element ratios. While techniques have long existed for measuring these values with high accuracy and precision in bulk samples, as samples become smaller – such as may be collected in environmental collection – new methods are required both for clean processing of pure samples, and for analysis of these small samples. This study describes a new extraction chromatography technique for recovering U, Pu, and Am from single small aliquots, and advanced mass spectrometry methods for high-precision and high-accuracy analysis of trace and ultra-trace levels of actinides. These techniques are applied to particle samples cut from fuel from a historic nuclear reactor. Ages calculated from Pu–Am chronometry of particles are in excellent agreement with the known operating history of the reactor.
The (Voluntary!) Slave Owner

Coercive slavery is an abomination. It is despicable. It constitutes theft of labor. It is kidnapping on a vast scale; that is, for life (unless there is manumission on the part of the slave owner). Perhaps second to mass murder, it is just about the worst thing that human beings can do to one another. It ought to be banned forever, and salt sowed where once it stood.
Plant Growth Promotion Diversity in Switchgrass-Colonizing, Diazotrophic Endophytes

Endophytic nitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria are essential members of the microbiome of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), considered to be an important commodity crop in bioenergy production. While endophytic diazotrophs are known to provide fixed atmospheric nitrogen to their host plant, there are many other plant growth-promoting (PGP) capabilities these organisms demonstrate. The diversity of PGP traits across different taxa of switchgrass-colonizing endophytes is understudied, yet critical for understanding endophytic function and improving cultivation methods of important commodity crops. Here, we present the isolation and characterization of three diazotrophic endophytes: Azospirillum lipoferum R1C, Klebsiella variicola F10Cl, and Raoultella terrigena R1Gly. Strains R1C and F10Cl were isolated from switchgrass and strain R1Gly, while isolated from tobacco, is demonstrated herein to colonize switchgrass. Each strain exhibited highly diverse genomic and phenotypic PGP capabilities. Strain F10Cl and R1Gly demonstrated the highest functional similarity, suggesting that, while endophyte community structure may vary widely based on host species, differences in functional diversity are not a clearly delineated. The results of this study advance our understanding of diazotrophic endophyte diversity, which will allow us to design robust strategies to improve cultivation methods of many economically important commodity crops.
Distinguishing between recruitment and spread of silent chromatin structures in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The formation of heterochromatin at HML, HMR, and telomeres in Saccharomyces cerevisiae involves two main steps: Recruitment of Sir proteins to silencers and their spread throughout the silenced domain. We developed a method to study these two processes at single base-pair resolution. Using a fusion protein between the heterochromatin protein Sir3 and the non-site-specific bacterial adenine methyltransferase M.EcoGII, we mapped sites of Sir3-chromatin interactions genome-wide using long-read Nanopore sequencing to detect adenines methylated by the fusion protein. A silencing-deficient mutant of Sir3 lacking its Bromo-Adjacent Homology (BAH) domain, sir3-bah{Delta}, was still recruited to HML, HMR, and telomeres. However, in the absence of the BAH domain, it was unable to spread away from those recruitment sites. Overexpression of Sir3 did not lead to further spreading at HML, HMR, and most telomeres. A few exceptional telomeres, like 6R, exhibited a small amount of Sir3 spreading, suggesting that boundaries at telomeres responded variably to Sir3 overexpression. Finally, by using a temperature-sensitive allele of SIR3 fused to M.ECOGII, we tracked the positions first methylated after induction and found that repression of genes at HML and HMR began before Sir3 occupied the entire locus.
Zeno’s Republic, Plato’s Laws, and the Early Development of Stoic Natural Law Theory

Recent scholarship on Stoic political thought has sought to explain the relationship between Zeno’s Republic and the concept of a natural law regulating a cosmic city of gods and human beings that is attributed to later Stoics. This paper provides a reassessment of this relationship by exploring the underappreciated influence of Plato’s Laws on Zeno’s Republic and, through Zeno, on the subsequent Stoic tradition. Zeno’s attempt to remove perceived inconsistencies in Plato’s treatment of ‘law’ and ‘nature’ established a philosophical framework that overturned the republicanism of Plato and Aristotle; this same framework established the preconditions for the cosmic city of gods and human beings regulated by natural law. Thus, the early Stoic tradition on the topic of natural law is characterized by continuity rather than by discontinuity.
Identifying high-affinity aptamer ligands with defined cross-reactivity using high-throughput guided systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment

Oligonucleotide aptamers represent a novel platform for creating ligands with desired specificity, and they offer many potentially significant advantages over monoclonal antibodies in terms of feasibility, cost, and clinical applicability. However, the isolation of high-affinity aptamer ligands from random oligonucleotide pools has been challenging. Although high-throughput sequencing (HTS) promises to significantly facilitate systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) analysis, the enormous datasets generated in the process pose new challenges for identifying those rare, high-affinity aptamers present in a given pool. We show that emulsion PCR preserves library diversity, preventing the loss of rare high-affinity aptamers that are difficult to amplify. We also demonstrate the importance of using reference targets to eliminate binding candidates with reduced specificity. Using a combination of bioinformatics and functional analyses, we show that the rate of amplification is more predictive than prevalence with respect to binding affinity and that the mutational landscape within a cluster of related aptamers can guide the identification of high-affinity aptamer ligands. Finally, we demonstrate the power of this selection process for identifying cross-species aptamers that can bind human receptors and cross-react with their murine orthologs.
Globalization and Resistance in the United States and Mexico: The Global Potemkin Village

This paper explores resistance to globalizationthrough an analysis of three movements in whichuniversity students played pivotal roles: thestudent strike at the National AutonomousUniversity of Mexico (UNAM), global tradeprotests, and the graduate student unionmovement in the U.S. Of special interest arethe effects of globalization on highereducation and the relevance of the neoliberalcritique offered by critical theorists andglobalization protesters. The author revealshow anti-globalization rhetoric deriving fromthe three movements seeks to counter thehegemony of corporate globalism. Previousliterature on globalization and socialmovements is called upon to inform the study.
Observing Young Children's Rough-and-Tumble Play

This research investigated the rough-and-tumble play of 17 five-year-old children in two early childhood settings. The study resulted in an increased understanding of the forms of rough-and-tumble play displayed by young children. This study demonstrates that both boys and girls are engaged in a variety of rough-and-tumble play behaviours. Twenty-seven distinct rough-and-tumble play behaviours were exhibited during the observation period. They included eight components identified as rough-and-tumble play in previous research and also 19 behaviours not previously identified as elements of such. These elements indicate pre-operational forms of rough-and-tumble play. The results of this study have implications for the understanding of child development. It suggests that rough-and-tumble play evolves as children age; that children move into more complex play behaviours as they mature.
Open OODB: Architecture and Query Processing Overview

This paper covers two main aspects of the Open Object-Oriented Database (Open OODB) system. First, it presents an overview of its architecture which consists of an extensible collection of services including address space management, translation, communications, name and type management, persistence, distribution, transaction management, index management, query processing, and versioning. Second, it describes in more detail the query processing service of the Open OODB system. This service includes an SQL-based object query language called OQL[C++], an extensible object query optimizer, and a data model-independent query execution engine. We conclude with a discussion of the development status and future research plans of the Open OODB project.
An Assessment of the Effectiveness of the Hertzian Indentation Technique for Determining the Fracture Toughness of Brittle Materials

Ring crack initiation loads on glass using a spherical WC indenter were measured, and the methodology proposed by Warren and Hills and Warren was used to estimate glass toughness (KIC). The values obtained were overestimates of KIC, primarily because the methodology does not account for friction correctly. Corrected results that show that the stress-intensity factor at the surface crack tip is extremely sensitive to the friction coefficient, μ and to Poisson's ratio, ν of the substrate are presented. This sensitivity and an inability to obtain the minimum load for crack initiation despite numerous experimental trials, cast doubt on the utility of the technique to measure KIC.
Ionospheric Focusing for an Antenna in the Presence of the Geomagnetic Field

A geometrical optics treatment of ionospheric focusing is presented which is exact within the assumptions of horizontal stratification of the ionosphere and of the collision-free Appleton-Hartree equation. In addition to effects of ray refraction, the expression derived for gain distribution in the beam outside the ionosphere includes in a natural manner the directional characteristics of the antenna in the plasma. These involve both the antenna geometry and the characteristic polarizations of the incident waves. The factors in the gain expression which are dependent only on the plasma charac­ teristics are expressed in closed form. Evaluation of the remaining factors, in general, requires knowl­ edge of the current distribution on the antenna. For the case of an electrically short dipole, this evalua­ tion is carried out and the gain distribution expressed in closed form, apart from a normalizing factor that can only be determined by numerical integration. The properties of the gain distribution are illustrated by contour plots.
STUDYING RNA―RNA AND RNA―PROTEIN INTERACTIONS BY ISOTHERMAL TITRATION CALORIMETRY

Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) provides a sensitive and accurate means by which to study the thermodynamics of RNA folding, RNA binding to small molecules, and RNA–protein interactions. The advent of extremely sensitive instrumentation and the increasing availability of ITC in shared facilities have made it increasingly valuable as a tool for RNA biochemistry. As an isothermal measurement, it allows analysis at a defined temperature, distinguishing it from thermal melting approaches (UV melting and differential scanning calorimetry, for instance) that provide thermodynamic information specific to the melting temperature. Residual structures at low temperature in the unfolded state and heat capacity changes lead to potential differences between thermodynamic values measured by ITC and those derived from melting studies. This article describes how ITC can be put to use in the study of RNA biochemistry.
Efficient allocation and unanimous consent with incomplete demand disclosures

The following hypothesis about behavior in collective economic decisions is proposed. Individuals disclose latent demands accurately provided that doing so results in no appreciable loss of opportunity for material gain. On the foundation of this behavioral hypothesis, the following procedure is suggested. A collective good intermediary (CGI) solicits reports about latent demand schedules from a sample whose replies will not appreciably affect their own cost-shares. The CGI uses their reports to estimate the statically efficient program size and tax-shares adequate to finance it. The CGI then presents a proposal to the entire pertinent population on a this-or-nothing basis. If approved nearly uanimously, the proposal is adopted. It is concluded that if a program is worth adopting, i.e., generates a positive, aggregate net benefit, complete disclosure by all will not be needed to finance it. Most participants may, therefore, not need to estimate, even for themselves, their maximum personal benefit. The task of setting cost-shares to attain nearly unanimous consent will be easier the greater the aggregate gain from the efficient choice.
Stem cells: good, bad and reformable.

The ability of stem cells to continuously supply vast numbers of cells is magnificent, but it can be devastating if it runs amok, as in some tumours. So what makes a normal stem cell turn bad, and can it be redeemed?
Deglycosylated Products of Endogenous Digoxin-like Immunoreactive Factor in Mammalian Tissue (∗)

Abstract Digoxin-like immunoreactive factor (DLIF) from adrenal cortex is an endogenous molecule with structural features remarkably similar to those of digoxin, a plant-derived cardiac glycoside (Shaikh, I. M., Lau, B. W. C., Siegfried, B. A., and Valdes, R., Jr.(1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 13672-13678). Two characteristic structural and functional features of digoxin are a lactone ring and three digitoxose sugars attached to a steroid nucleus. Digoxin is known to undergo deglycosylation during metabolism in humans. We now demonstrate the existence of several naturally occurring deglycosylated components of DLIF in human serum. The components are identified as DLIF-genin, DLIF-mono, and DLIF-bis, corresponding to the aglycone, and the aglycone with one and two sugars, respectively. Similar components are produced by acid-induced deglycosylation of DLIF isolated from bovine adrenal cortex. The elution pattern and sequence of DLIF-deglycosylation was identical to that of digoxin suggesting identical sugar stoichiometry. However, analysis of these newly discovered congeners by reverse-phase chromatography, spectrophotometry, antibody reactivity, and kinetics of deglycosylation, demonstrates that subtle structural and physical differences do exist when compared to digoxin. DLIF was chromatographically distinct from digoxin, and interestingly, the mobility of the DLIF-genin was shifted toward increased polarity relative to digoxigenin. DLIF and DLIF-bis, -mono, and -genin congeners have absorbance maxima at 216 nm, whereas digoxin and its congeners absorb at 220 nm. Reaction with specific antibodies directed at the lactone portion of these molecules shows DLIF and its deglycosylated congeners to be 103-fold less reactive than digoxin. Kinetics of sugar removal suggests that DLIF is 8-fold more susceptible to deglycosylation than is digoxin. Two less polar DLIF components produced from the DLIF-genin have at 196 nm and are 4-fold less immunoreactive than DLIF. Our data suggest that subtle structural differences exist between DLIF and digoxin at or near the lactone ring as well as in the nature of the sugars. The presence of deglycosylated congeners of DLIF in human serum, including the less polar components, suggests in vivo deglycosylation of these factors. This is the first demonstration of the existence of naturally occurring deglycosylated derivatives of DLIF and establishes the likelihood of active metabolism of DLIF in mammals.
Infant Formula Preparation, Handling, and Related Practices in the United States

Abstract Objective To describe practices related to infant formula feeding: diluting and concentrating formula, mixing formula with warm tap water, sterilizing, storing prepared formula, heating in a microwave oven, putting the baby to bed with a bottle, and adding cereal and sweeteners to formula; to analyze characteristics related to compliance with recommended practices; and to examine the relation between formula handling and infant diarrhea. Subjects/design Subjects were mothers who fed their infants formula (more than 1,000 subjects at each infant age). Data are from the US Food and Drug Administration's Infant Feeding Practices Study (IFPS), a national longitudinal survey with a nonprobability sample. Data were collected by mail, and formula practices were included at infant ages 2, 5, and 7 months. Statistical analyses performed Logistic regression was conducted and percentages and odds ratios were calculated, adjusting for instruction in preparing formula from a health care professional, education, income, age, parity, work status, and breast-feeding practices. Results Failure to comply with recommendations was high for several practices with clear health implications; 33% of mothers mixed formula with warm tap water and up to 48% heated bottles in a microwave oven. Mothers of 2-month-old infants who received instruction from a health care professional and who breast-fed showed increased compliance, but few demographic characteristics, such as education, were related. Diarrhea increased with ambient holding of formula for older infants. Application Advice from a health care professional can improve formula-handling behaviors. Dietitians and other health care professionals should provide information on proper preparation and handling of infant formula to all infant caregivers. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:1234–1240 .
DEWATERING SCREEN DESIGN FOR HYDRAULIC SETTLING OF SOLIDS IN SWINE MANURE.

ABSTRACT IN a laboratory study, a sawdust mixed liquor was used to determine the effect of geometric screen opening on flow capacity and solids removal capacity. Results indicated that slots up to 180 mm long were superior to 6 mm round holes for maintaining flow capacity, but quality of screen effluent was not significantly affected. A follow-up field study showed that polyethylene slotted screens removed 74% more swine manure solids, were more resilient, were more corrosion resistant and were easier to maintain than metal slotted screens with zinc, polyurethane, epoxy, or conventional rust resistant paint coatings.
Susceptibility to two strains of friend leukemia virus in mice.

A mutant strain of the Friend leukemia virus is described. The parental virus strain, passaged through ICR/Ha mice, shows no or very little activity by the spleen-focus assay in BALB/c mice (by comparison with highly susceptible DBA/2 and ICR/Ha mice) and produces typical Friend disease in these mice only exceptionally; susceptibility to this strain of virus is recessive in the (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F(1). By contrast, the mutant virus strain is as active in BALB/c mice as in DBA/2 or ICR/Ha mice; susceptibility to the mutant virus strain is dominant in the (C57BL/6 x DBA/2) F(1).
Formation of projectile fragments by statistical decay in high-energy heavy-ion reactions

Abstract Cross sections for the removal of 1–4 nucleons from projectiles between 12 C and 56 Fe in collision with a hydrogen target are calculated and compared with experimental values. The calculation assumes that fragments are formed as a result of nucleon-nucleon collisions followed by sequential decay.
Reduced Work Tolerance Associated with Wearing Protective Clothing and Respirators

This study examined worker tolerance and physiological responses to two levels of work while subjects wore various types of protective clothing and respirators. Nine healthy men (mean age =24.8 years, weight =75.3 kg, max mL/kg/min), experienced with the use of respirators, each performed a randomized series of eight experimental tests, each test scheduled to last 180 min. Work was performed on a motor-driven treadmill at a set walking speed and elevation indicative of either 30% (low work intensity) or 60% (high work intensity) of maximum work capacity for each individual. Four protective clothing ensembles were examined: light work clothing (LIGHT), light work clothing with SCBA (SCBA), firefighter's turnout gear with SCBA (FF) and chemical protective clothing with SCBA (CHEM). Physiological measurements included heart rate, skin and rectal temperature, and minute ventilation. Measurements were obtained every 2.5 min until test termination (tolerance time). If less than 180 min, tolerance time was defi...
Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: temporal factors.

Two investigations of the relationship between “worry” (W) and “emotionality” (E), components of test anxiety, and performance expectancy are reported. Undergraduate and graduate students responded...
Kalman filter mixture model for spike sorting of non-stationary data

Nonstationarity in extracellular recordings can present a major problem during in vivo experiments. In this paper we present automatic methods for tracking time-varying spike shapes. Our algorithm is based on a computationally efficient Kalman filter model; the recursive nature of this model allows for on-line implementation of the method. The model parameters can be estimated using a standard expectation-maximization approach. In addition, refractory effects may be incorporated via closely related hidden Markov model techniques. We present an analysis of the algorithm's performance on both simulated and real data.
Phosphorus nutrition of white lupine grown on a Calciaquoll

Abstract White lupine (Lupinus albus L.) and navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are legumes with and without the proteoid root characteristic, respectively. The influence of P (0, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg of NaH2PO4‐P) and source of nitrogen (N) [inoculation with Bradyrhizobium lupini or Rhizobium phaseoli vs. NH4NO3] on phosphorus (P) uptake by navy bean and white lupine grown on a Calciaquoll low in available P and N was studied under greenhouse conditions. Both species responded to P fertilizer, but P accumulation in navy bean tops was much greater than in white lupine. Inoculated white lupine plants accumulated more P than their NH4NO3‐treated counterparts. Growth and P uptake of 17‐day‐old flax (Linum usitatissium L.) plants grown in pots previously planted to white lupine, but not in their navy bean counterparts, was severely retarded. White lupine did not enhance the availability of soil P in the calcareous soil.
Note on Relativistic Röntgen L-Doublets and the "Screening Constant"

Screening constant in the relativity formula for x-ray L-doublet separations has been computed from the wave-lengths for elements of atomic number 74 to 92, in two ways, (1) using the complete formula, and (2) using only the first three terms (Sommerfeld's formula). The second calculation is found to give values more nearly independent of the atomic number than the complete formula, and is therefore to be preferred. This result is shown to be in agreement with a recent development of Bohr's correspondence principle, a suggestion by him that in such a series no term should be included which is smaller than the energy radiated by an electron per revolution, as calculated on the classical theory. The wave-length measurements, however, are not yet accurate enough to decide the question definitely.