cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Competition Model for a Seasonally Fluctuating Nutrient

A model of two species consuming a single, limited, periodically added resource is discussed. The model is based on chemostat-type equations, which differ from the classical models of Lotka and Volterra. The model incorporates nonlinear ‘functional response’ curves of the Holling or Michaelis-Menten type to describe the dependence of the resource-exploitation rate on the amount of resource. Coexistence of two species due to seasonal variation is indicated by numerical studies.
The Parasexual Cycle in Candida albicans Provides an Alternative Pathway to Meiosis for the Formation of Recombinant Strains

Candida albicans has an elaborate, yet efficient, mating system that promotes conjugation between diploid a and α strains. The product of mating is a tetraploid a/α cell that must undergo a reductional division to return to the diploid state. Despite the presence of several “meiosis-specific” genes in the C. albicans genome, a meiotic program has not been observed. Instead, tetraploid products of mating can be induced to undergo efficient, random chromosome loss, often producing strains that are diploid, or close to diploid, in ploidy. Using SNP and comparative genome hybridization arrays we have now analyzed the genotypes of products from the C. albicans parasexual cycle. We show that the parasexual cycle generates progeny strains with shuffled combinations of the eight C. albicans chromosomes. In addition, several isolates had undergone extensive genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes, including multiple gene conversion events. Progeny strains exhibited altered colony morphologies on laboratory media, demonstrating that the parasexual cycle generates phenotypic variants of C. albicans. In several fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the conserved Spo11 protein is integral to meiotic recombination, where it is required for the formation of DNA double-strand breaks. We show that deletion of SPO11 prevented genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes during the C. albicans parasexual cycle. These findings suggest that at least one meiosis-specific gene has been re-programmed to mediate genetic recombination during the alternative parasexual life cycle of C. albicans. We discuss, in light of the long association of C. albicans with warm-blooded animals, the potential advantages of a parasexual cycle over a conventional sexual cycle.
Dermal fistulas of dental origin in children.

Summary Four cases of dermal fistulas of dental origin have been presented to bring this entity more clearly to the attention of pediatricians. This subject is poorly documented in pediatric writings and may be relatively unfamiliar to many pediatricians. A dermal fistula in the submandibular region in children presents a different diagnostic problem, and the differential diagnosis is reviewed. Inability to eradicate the fistula completely is not uncommon and, in some cases, is due to lack of recognition of its origin in diseased dentition. It has been emphasized that permanent cure of a fistula originating from a periapical dental abscess can be obtained only by removal of the infected dentition.
Charge conservation and the transcapacitance element: an exposition

A simple gedanken experiment is presented to demonstrate the violation of charge (and energy) conservation, as predicted by D.E. Ward (1981), J.J. Paulos and D.A. Antoniadis (1983), and D. Root and B. Hughes (1988), in the two-parameter nonlinear modeling of capacitance. The paradoxes are resolved through examination of a complete physical model of the capacitor. The role of the transcapacitive element in reestablishing charge conservation is explored in this context. Discussion of the software implementation of transcapacitance and its dual, transinductance, is also included. >
Capitalizing on early project decision-making opportunities to improve facility design, construction, and life-cycle performance-POP, PM4D, and decision dashboard approaches

In this paper, we assess the requirements of architecture, engineering, construction (AEC) decision making and explain the limitations of state-of-the-art practice and theory in supporting informative formulation, clear and flexible evaluation, and quick re-formulation of AEC alternatives. We introduce the concept of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) through results from several case studies that utilized Product, Organization, and Process (POP) Modeling and the Product Model and the Fourth Dimensional (PM4D) approaches in supporting design, construction, and life-cycle performance decisions. While VDC applications contribute to more accurate, informative, and efficient formulation of AEC alternatives, we discuss the needs for research on a Decision Dashboard to formally represent, organize, and decouple various decision contents (i.e., options, alternatives, predictions, and criteria) to support better evaluation and re-formulation of AEC alternatives.
Acid strength variation due to spatial location of organosulfonic acid groups on mesoporous silica

Abstract Evaluation of acid strength was used to investigate the location of organosulfonic acid groups within mesoporous silica materials. Mesoporous silica functionalized with either propylsulfonic or arenesulfonic acid groups at different surface concentrations were synthesized via the co-condensation technique, and their resulting acid strength was determined in a methanol solution using potentiometric titration with the Gran Plot technique. A decrease in spatial distance between the sulfonic acid groups on the pore surface of the mesostructured materials was found to increase the acid strength of the resulting solid acid catalyst as result of acid site cooperativity. Comparison of these results with the catalytic performance of the organosulfonic acid-functionalized mesoporous silica materials in the methanol esterification of palmitic acid suggested that the reaction performance of these materials is not simply related to the effects induced by spatial location of the acidic sites on the acid solid catalyst. The results demonstrate the potential of intentionally designing the catalytic environments of the organic–inorganic hybrid mesoporous materials at the molecular level.
Clinician's Guide to the Updated ABCs of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention

To facilitate the guideline-based implementation of treatment recommendations in the ambulatory setting and to encourage participation in the multiple preventive health efforts that exist, we have organized several recent guideline updates into a simple ABCDEF approach. We would remind clinicians that evidence-based medicine is meant to inform recommendations but that synthesis of patient-specific data and use of appropriate clinical judgment in each individual situation is ultimately preferred.
594 ZINC (Zn) REPLACEMENT DOSAGES IN CHILDREN

Short children with constitutional growth delay were found to be Zn deficient, and we investigated two different dosages for replacement. Group 1 (9 children aged 11) received 50 mg elemental Zn (220 mg Zn SO4) daily for 2 months and then once each week. Group 2 (5 children aged 12) received 100 mg elemental Zn (440 mg Zn SO4) daily for 6 months. Their hair, serum, and urine Zn was determined at 0, 2 and 6 months. Apparently the 100 mg dose results in levels of Zn in serum and urine which are elevated by 2 months and still elevated at 6 months. Since prolonged high Zn intake may lead to deficiency in copper and possibly other metal ions, this dose is probably excessive.
Stress singularities at crack corners

In this paper the stress and displacement fields near an embedded crack corner in a linear elastic medium are analytically computed. The conical-spherical coordinate system is introduced to solve this problem. It is observed that the strength of the stress singularity depends on the angle of the crack corner. The singularity becomes weaker, varying from r-1 to r0, as the angle of the crack corner varies from 360° to 0°. Both symmetric and skew-symmetric loadings give the same variation of the behavior of the stress singularity. It is also found that the order of the singularity is independent of the Poisson's ratio, unlike the corner cracks at a free surface where Poisson's ratio affects the results.
Acute trismus associated with Foix-Marie-Chavany syndrome.

Foix–Marie–Chavany syndrome is a clinical disorder characterized by faciopharyngoglossomasticatory weakness and loss of voluntary control of facial movements with preserved automatic and emotional motility. It is classically associated with bilateral anterior opercular lesions. Trismus is defined as tonic contraction of the muscles of mastication and can be caused by neuroleptic-induced dystonia, tetanus, basal ganglia disorders, acute infection, idiopathic dystonia, neoplasm, or as a complication of radiation therapy. Though hand dystonia associated with bilateral opercular lesions has been reported,1 trismus associated with Foix–Marie–Chavany syndrome is atypical. We report a patient with trismus and automatic-voluntary dissociation of facial movements after bilateral opercular infarcts. A 41-year-old right-handed woman, with a history of tobacco use, past cocaine use (>10 years ago), and elevated cholesterol, experienced sudden onset dysarthria and left arm and leg numbness and weakness. Her medical history was notable for cryptogenic strokes in the left insula, left temporal-parietal, and right frontal territories 5 years prior to admission. …
The identification of trimethylsilylated dipeptides with chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Abstract The chemical ionization (CI) and electron impact (EI) mass spectra were compared for over 40 trimethylsilylated (Me 3 Si) dipeptides. The dipeptides chosen had all 20 common amino acids represented at amino and carboxyl positions. The CI mass spectra of Me 3 Si dipeptides typically contain three ions of high abundance used for dipeptide identification: a sequence-determining ion and two molecular weight-determining ions. The intensity of the molecular weight-determining ions relative to that of the ion that characterizes the N -terminal residue (β-cleavage ion) is greater in the CI mode than in the EI mode. Because the available intensity of the β-cleavage ion is similar in both modes, use of the CI mode will extend the lower limit for Me 3 Si dipeptide identification.
Chronic Hypersecretion of Luteinizing Hormone in Transgenic Mice Selectively Alters Responsiveness of the α-Subunit Gene to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Estrogens

Steroid hormones can act either at the level of the hypothalamus or the pituitary to regulate gonadotropin subunit gene expression. However, their exact site of action remains controversial. Using the bovine gonadotropin alpha-subunit promoter linked to an expression cassette encoding the beta-subunit of LH, we have developed a transgenic mouse model where hypersecretion of LH occurs despite the presence of elevated ovarian steroids. We used this model to determine how hypersecretion of LH could occur when steroid levels are pathological. During transition from the neonatal period to adulthood, the endogenous LHbeta subunit gene becomes completely silent in these mice, whereas the alpha-directed transgene and endogenous alpha-subunit gene remain active. Interestingly, gonadectomy stimulates expression of the endogenous alpha and LHbeta subunit genes as well as the transgene; however, only the endogenous LHbeta gene retains responsiveness to 17beta-estradiol and GnRH. In contrast, LH levels remain responsive to negative regulation by androgen. Thus, alpha-subunit gene expression, as reflected by both the transgene and the endogenous gene, has become independent of GnRH regulation and, as a result, unresponsive to estradiol-negative feedback. This process is accompanied by a decrease in estrogen receptor alpha gene expression as well as an increase in the expression of transcription factors known to regulate the alpha-subunit promoter, such as cJun and P-LIM. These studies provide in vivo evidence that estrogen-negative feedback on alpha and LHbeta subunit gene expression requires GnRH input, reflecting an indirect mechanism of action of the steroid. In contrast, androgen suppresses alpha-subunit expression in both transgenic and nontransgenic mice. This suggests that androgens must regulate alpha-subunit promoter activity independently of GnRH. In addition to allowing the assessment of site of action of sex steroids on alpha-subunit gene expression, these studies also indicate that chronic exposure of the pituitary to LH-dependent ovarian hyperstimulation leads to a heretofore-undescribed pathological condition, whereby normal regulation of alpha, but not LHbeta, subunit gene expression becomes compromised.
Dynamics of the retail driven higher end spot market in fresh food

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to exemplify, by means of a Belgian case study, the transition of multiple certification schemes currently employed in the food sector towards a single retail driven higher end spot market.Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained by means of focus group sessions, a survey, in depth interviews and a literature review. The theoretical framework builds upon institutional economics, the competitive forces as identified by Porter, and the theory of system innovations. The article illustrates the current institutional setting of certification, the drive towards a premium spot market and the consequences for the participants in the schemes.Findings – This paper illustrates that a shift towards a premium spot market is indeed apparent. The paper furthermore argues that the dynamics of certification schemes are characterized by processes of contraction (mergers) followed by relaxation (diversification). The paper concludes that the retail sector is the primary benefic...
Field Report: Promoting Evidence-Based Interventions: The Association for Science in Autism Treatment

This field report profiles the Association for Science in Autism Treatment, which is an organization that aims to help parents and providers to find treatments that have empirical support and steer clear of treatments that lack such support
Preparation and characterization of electrochemical supercapacitors based on SWNT/PPy nanocomposites

We report preparation and characterization of novel nanocomposite electrodes consisting of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and polypyrrole (PPy) for electrochemical supercapacitors. The electrodes in the form of papers and fibers were prepared by i) vacuum filtration of SWNT/PPy methanol dispersion and ii) wet-spinning of SWNT/PPy aqueous dispersion, respectively. Electrochemical properties of prepared nanocomposites were investigated using cyclic voltammetry method in aqueous NaCl and NaPF 6 electrolytes. The capacitance of the SWNT/PPy nanocomposite papers was about 5 times higher than that of pristine SWNT paper. The capacitance of SWNT/PPy fibers reached record 200 F/g values. Prospective applications of prepared materials range from supercapacitors to electrodes for batteries and electromechanical actuators.
In utero Brain Damage: Relationship of Gestational Age to Pathological Consequences

The authors examined the brains of two infants in whom episodes of fetal compromise could be accurately correlated with gestational age. A mother who had sustained hypotensive shock at 16 weeks gestation gave birth at 20 weeks to a stillborn infant whose brain showed cystic necrosis of the lenticular nuclei and multifocal polymicrogyria. The brain of a seven-month-old infant born at 33 weeks gestation to a mother who had experienced respiratory arrest during her 28th week showed thalamic and brainstem necrosis accompanied by diffuse white matter gliosis. Review of the literature yielded 10 similar cases. When the insults occurred before 24 weeks of gestation, bilateral pallidal necrosis was a constant feature. Between 26 and 34 weeks, the common finding was thalamic necrosis, often accompanied by brainstem necrosis. These observations should be of assistance in determining the timing of gestational insults, and therefore possible clinical correlations, in prenatal brain damage.
Copper Reduces Shoot Growth and Root Development of Creeping Bentgrass

Sand-based golf course putting greens have been observed to contain elevated Cu concentrations, based on standard soil tests. Little research has been conducted that relates Cu concentration in sand media to turfgrass performance. The objectives of this study were to determine the response of greenhouse-grown creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. Penncross') to treatments in rooting media that ranged from 0 to 600 mg Cu kg -1 and to provide an estimate of potentially toxic plant-available Cu levels by use of the diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-triethanolamine (DTPA-TEA) soil test. Calcareous and silica sands were mixed individually with reed sedge peat in a 9:1 (v/v) ratio. Penncross sod plugs were placed on the top of pots containing the premixed sand-peat media and allowed to grow for 12 wk. The silica sand medium pH decreased from 6.8 to 5.4, while the pH of the calcareous medium remained between 7.2 to 7.3 as cupric sulfate (CuSO 4 .5H 2 O) concentrations increased. The average dry weight of clippings for plants grown in silica sand decreased 16% as Cu treatments increased from 0 to 600 mg kg -1 . At 600 mg kg -1 Cu, dry root mass was 56 and 48% lower than the control treatments for plants grown in silica and calcareous sand, respectively. The DTPA-TEA soil test extracted, on average, 19% more Cu from the calcareous sand when compared to the silica sand. However, plant roots contained an average of 34% more Cu when grown in silica sand. These results indicate that the DTPA-TEA soil test was not a good predictor of potentially toxic plant-available Cu in sand-based media, and alternative soil test methods should be investigated.
Plankton communities of an acidic, polymictic, brown-water lake

The plankton of an acidic, polymictic, brown-water lake was investigated over a one-year period. The phytoplankton community was dominated by Chlamydomonas sp., Melosira varians and Peridinium pusillum during different times of the year. Densities were abnormally low, with a maximum of only 13,781 individuals per liter during the March bloom. The water column was nearly void of phytoplankton during the fall. These low densities were attributed to several of the physical and chemical characteristics of the water, including low pH, low levels of nutrients and light limitation. The latter factor was important because of low light transmission into the highly colored water, shading from macrophytes and the nearly continuous transport of the phytoplankton into the aphotic zone due to mixing of the water column by sea breezes.
Vertebral Osteomyelitis Mimicking Chronic Pancreatitis

Vertebral osteomyelitis rarely mimics pancreatitis. However, the potential consequences of longstanding unrecognized disease, including neurological impairment and bony deformity, should make it an item in the differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. In the evaluation of our patient, four items were of particular importance: awareness of his previously documentedS. aureus bacteremia, a markedly elevated ESR, an abnormal chest radiograph, and the positive bone scan.
Simultaneous HPLC analysis of palm carotenoids and tocopherols using a C-30 column and photodiode array detector.

An HPLC method for simultaneous identification and quantitation of tocopherols and carotenoids in red palm oil was developed. A C-30 column was used in a HPLC equipped with a photodiode detector and with methyl tertiary-butyl ether/methanol/water as the mobile phase. Tocopherols and carotenoids were monitored at 295 nm and 450 nm, respectively. Gradient elution resulted in complete separation of five tocopherols such as α-, δ-, γ-tocopherols and tocotrienols in palm oil in less than 10 minutes. Several (13) carotenoids were also detected and quantitated in red palm oil within 45 minutes.
Hemoglobin Switching Protocols in Thalassemia: Experience with Sodium Phenylbutyrate and Hydroxyureaa

Abstract: Homozygous β thalassemia affects thousands of people around the world. Current management of this condition includes regular transfusion of red cells, which leads to transfusional iron overload requiring chelation therapy: increasing hemoglobin levels while decreasing or eliminating iron overload is therefore a major therapeutic goal in the treatment of thalassemia. Bone marrow transplantation may achieve this goal, but it is not an option for most patients. This study reports on efforts to increase γ-globin transcription and HbF production using sodium phenylbutyrate (SPB) and hydroxyurea (HU). It was found that 36% (4/11) of all patients or 50% (4/8) of non-transfused patients responded to SPB (increase in Hb levels of 1g/dL). A positive correlation between baseline serum erythropoietin level and likelihood of response to SPB was observed. Since HU may also increase HbF production, evaluation of combination therapy with these drugs is underway and preliminary results are reported.
Mechanical behaviour of MgO-partially stabilized ZrO2 ceramics at elevated temperatures

Transformation toughened partially stabilized zirconia ceramics containing magnesia exhibit quite high fracture toughness (Klc ⩾ 8 MPa m1/2) at temperatures of up to 500° C. The observed temperature dependences of the toughness and the fracture strength are consistent with that of the transformation behaviour. The high toughness of these materials results in a significant reduction in the sensitivity of the flexure strength to crack size increases. Exposure of these materials at 1000° C for prolonged periods results in flexure strength changes associated with the generation of the monoclinic phase by tetragonal precipitate destabilization and eutectoid decomposition. However, when exposed at 500° C, neither the phase contents nor the flexure strength are altered for exposures of up to 1000 h.
A Differentiated Model of Role Identity Acquisition

The differentiated model builds on Burke's control system model by emphasizing the importance of multidimensionality and how role usage variation affects identity formation. In a study of 146 entering university students, differentiating the college student role into multiple meaning dimensions results in significant variation in degree of role identification improvement. This model ties differences in role use in interaction to identity formation by specifying that the self-referent feedback necessary for role/identity discrepancy reduction must come from members of a specific referent group who consider the role “real” based on its usefulness as a resource for accomplishing group goals.
Positive attitude change toward psychiatry in pharmacy students following an active learning psychopharmacology course.

Objective Psychiatric care in many rural communities has been demonstrated to be less adequate compared with urban environments partially because of attitudes and stigmatization issues. Educated pharmacists with professional attitudes can have a major impact in helping mental health patients receive more accurate diagnostic assessments and safe and effective treatment. This report demonstrates the effects of a specialized elective course in psychopharmacology on doctor of pharmacy students’ attitudes toward psychiatric disorders and their treatment.
Optical properties of metal nanowires

Optical properties of metal nanowires and nanowire composite materials are studied experimentally and theoretically. We suggest that a nanowire composite, constructed from parallel pairs of nanowires has both effective magnetic permeability and dielectric permittivity negative in the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges due to resonant excitation of surface plasmon polaritons. Experimental results confirm excitation of surface plasmons polaritons in periodical array of nanowires.
Hybrid Systems state estimation applied to power transformers fault diagnosis

We devise a data-fusion method based on the concept of Hybrid Systems that use oil-in-gas measurements from collected insulating oil samples and acoustic emission monitoring data to increase the knowledge of the operating conditions of power transformers. The resulting failure mode probabilities portray not only the past history of the transformer, but also its present. Results based on simulation models developed using literature data confirm the method's potential.
Measuring Anti-Americanism in Editorial Cartoons

Objective- Anti-Americanism has been subjected to minimal statistical analysis. Further, scant attention is paid to what constitutes anti-Americanism for Americans. The objective of this article is to measure Americans' perceptions of anti-Americanism. Methods- Using a range of quantitative methods, including Pearson's correlation coefficient, Shannon's entropy measure, and Cohen's d statistics, we measure students' evaluations of editorial cartoons after 9/11. Twin measures of message and equity, along with participant and cartoon variables, are used to calibrate anti-Americanism in Spanish and U.S. editorial cartoons. Results- Our results indicate that message ratings, that is, anti- or pro-American, were more dependent on the nature of the cartoons than of the participants. White males rated these editorial cartoons as more equitable than other participants. The study shows that Spanish cartoons were rated significantly more anti-American. Conclusion- The article concludes that the use of U.S. icons is key to seeing anti-Americanism, along with gender, race, and origin of cartoon.
Absolute evaporation rates for some polar and nonpolar liquids

A method was developed for providing continuously wiped and, therefore, clean liquid surfaces in vacuo. By means of a mass spectrometer detector, the absolute evaporation flux from such clean surfaces was measured for diethylene glycol, glycerine, dibutyl phthalate, and oleic acid. The molecular flux from equilibrium vapor was also measured by the same detector. The ratio of the former to the latter, the evaporation coefficient, was found in each case to be close to unity and independent of the temperature.
Some electrical properties of the membrane of the barnacle muscle fibers under internal perfusion.

Intracellular perfusion technique has been applied to the muscle fibers of the barnacle species,Balanus nubilus. In these fibers, generation and the form of the calcium spike was governed by the frequency of stimulation and intra- and extracellular calcium concentrations. Voltage-clamp experiments showed that the magnitude of the potassium outward current was controlled by the intracellular calcium concentration whose increase, nearly 103-fold, raised the resting membrane conductance and the outward potassium current. On the other hand, application of 10mm zinc ions inside the muscle fiber had no effect on either the resting potential or the outward potassium current but suppressed the early inward calcium current. Similarly, the inward calcium current was decreased by low concentration of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid only when its ionic strength was made low by substituting sucrose for the sodium salt. Measurement of outward current with the muscle fiber in calcium-free ASW solution and intracellularly perfused with several cationic solutions established the selectivity sequence TEA<Cs<Li<Tris<Rb<Na<K for the potassium channel.
Why is small mammal diversity higher in riparian areas than in uplands

Abstract Riparian areas are valued in arid regions for supporting wildlife diversity. We examined relationships between small mammal diversity and riparian areas and mechanisms facilitating higher small mammal diversity in riparian areas. Riparian areas were identifiable from uplands by higher plant cover and supported higher small mammal abundance. Small mammal abundance was related to plant cover and decreased away from riparian habitat. Riparian and upland habitats supported different species, contributing to higher gamma diversity via species turnover between habitats. Differences in plant δ 13 C between riparian and upland habitats were used to track assimilation of riparian resources by small mammals. Voles and shrews derived significant portions of their carbon from riparian vegetation. Sagebrush vole and woodrat hair was relatively low in δ 13 C, likely the result of assimilating forbs and annual grasses in upland habitat. Deer and harvest mice were abundant in riparian habitat but assimilated little riparian vegetation indicating that the riparian corridor provided resources other than food. In addition to food resources, plant cover likely provided protection from predators and a moderate microclimate. To our knowledge this is first use of δ 13 C to trace riparian resources into a vertebrate community and show δ 13 C as a good proxy for riparian vegetation assimilation.
Generalization of the Wittrick-Williams Formula for Counting Modes of Flexible Structures

A recent (1971) result due to Wittrick-Williams relating the number of modes of a flexible structure to the zeros of a matrix function is generalized and an independent proof given. It is applied to Timoshenko models of a class of interconnected beamlike lattice structures and an interpretation of the zeros given as pinned modes of the structure. N determining modes of continuum models of flexible structures, particularly when the mode density is high, it is often necessary to make sure that no modes have been missed. Here, a result due to Wittrick and Williams1 (which is at once an algorithm and often referred to as such) may be used to determine the total number of modes in any given interval of frequency. In the words of the authors, it is an algorithm in the sense that it "enables one to calculate how many natural frequencies lie below any chosen frequency, without determining them and hence to converge to any required natural frequency to any specified accuracy." References 2-5 are illustrative of the actual use of this algorithm for determining modes of beamlike structures. Our concern in this paper is in the formula itself rather than its use as a computational tool for finding modes of structures. Indeed, it can be regarded as a generalization of Foster's theorem for onedimensional loss-less impedances, familiar in classical electrical circuit theory; see Ref. 6. Also, the proof given by the authors in Ref. 6 leans heavily on a classical theorem of Lord Rayleigh7 and many arguments peculiar to mechanics of structures. Here we formulate the problem in the generality of an abstract wave equation in a Hilbert space and at the same time present an entirely independent mathematical proof. We show, in addition, how it can be applied to Timoshenko models of interconnected beamlike lattice structures.
IMPERIAL CHINTZ: DOMESTICITY AND EMPIRE

In OCTOBER 1856, the wife of the Governor General of India noted her satisfaction with recent changes at Government House in Calcutta: "I believe it would look rather nice even as an English country-house, so marvelously is it improved by 450 yards of rose chintz, a great many arm-chairs, small round tables, drawings etc., and flowerpots in number" (Allen 34). Having arrived in Calcutta in February of that year, Lady Charlotte Canning wasted no time in transporting Victorian upper-class domestic style to a key spot on Britain's nineteenth-century imperial map. As several recent examinations of the role of Victorian women in the work of empire have shown us, although Lady Canning's lavish transformation of colonized space into something resembling a Derbyshire drawing-room could not be matched by lower-ranked Englishwomen who accompanied their military and civilian husbands to outposts of empire ? 450 yards is a lot of chintz and the Queen had personally despatched some Royal family portraits to Calcutta to assist Lady Canning in her interior decoration ? they too did their English domesticating bit. Among other things, these women grew pansies in Simla, served afternoon tea in Ceylon, and arranged croquet parties in Jamaica. They were also faced with less pleasant tasks, as one learns from the memoirs of Harriet Tytler, who accompanied her husband on various military postings in India during the 1840s and 50s. Tytler buried several children, dead of non treatable illnesses, endured the killing climate of Dacca, and survived the siege of Delhi in 1857. Whatever their situation, however, all these women participated in the making of the imperial nation, and in the sense that to domesticate means to tame, they were seen as bringing under control the uncivilized wilderness of colonized territory. In addition, the cultural allocation to women in the home country of duties outside the house ? charity work, moral and religion instruction, volunteer nursing, for example ? found expression in a kind of imperial social work that took them into mission schools in Africa and secluded women's quarters in India. One might argue, of course, that these efforts on behalf of the colonized were conducted with the self-serving aim of constructing an image of selfless Victorian womanhood. But this position requires complication. Vic torian domesticity transplanted to the empire certainly served its hegemonic, didactic purpose in exhibiting the supposed superiority of a colonizing culture, but the women who arranged the domestic exhibition, so to speak, were not entirely passive agents of patriar chal imperialism.
Stem cell transplantation into the central nervous system and the control of differentiation.

Recent advances in stem cell biology, including methods of cell amplification and control of differentiation in vitro, provide us with new and powerful tools with which to explore the cellular, molecular, and genetic factors affecting cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and differentiation potential. Mitigating this vein of enthusiasm are the results of stem cell transplantation studies, which highlight our inability to control the fate of stem cell populations following transplantation to the central nervous system (CNS). Differentiation of transplanted cells is strongly influenced by the environmental signals and cellular deficiencies operating at the site of implantation, over which we can exert little or no control. Where stem cell transplantation-mediated repair of the injured CNS has been demonstrated most successfully, the transplant environments have invariably been simplistic, and transplantation into the complex and reactive environment of a CNS injury site generally results in migration from the site of implantation followed by glial cell differentiation. Together, these findings suggest that the most significant advances for the stem cell transplantation field will come from research strategies that include predifferentiation of stem cells prior to transplant and studies that further our understanding of the factors affecting stem cell differentiation in the complex environment of the CNS in vivo.
Origin of thermally stimulated currents in sodium silicate glasses

Abstract Thermally stimulated polarization and depolarization currents have been measured for silicate glasses containing from 4 to 14.8 mol% Na2O. Insulating electrodes and the microstructure of these phase separated glasses affect the observed current peaks which are attributed to dipole orientation polarization or interfacial polarization.
A class of {\Sigma _{3}^{0}} modular lattices embeddable as principal filters in {\mathcal{L}^{\ast }(V_{\infty })}

Let I 0 be a a computable basis of the fully effective vector space V ∞ over the computable field F. Let I be a quasimaximal subset of I 0 that is the intersection of n maximal subsets of the same 1-degree up to *. We prove that the principal filter $${\mathcal{L}^{\ast}(V,\uparrow )}$$ of V = cl(I) is isomorphic to the lattice $${\mathcal{L}(n, \overline{F})}$$ of subspaces of an n-dimensional space over $${\overline{F}}$$ , a $${\Sigma _{3}^{0}}$$ extension of F. As a corollary of this and the main result of Dimitrov (Math Log 43:415–424, 2004) we prove that any finite product of the lattices $${(\mathcal{L}(n_{i}, \overline{F }_{i}))_{i=1}^{k}}$$ is isomorphic to a principal filter of $${\mathcal{ L}^{\ast}(V_{\infty})}$$ . We thus answer Question 5.3 “What are the principal filters of $${\mathcal{L}^{\ast}(V_{\infty}) ?}$$ ” posed by Downey and Remmel (Computable algebras and closure systems: coding properties, handbook of recursive mathematics, vol 2, pp 977–1039, Stud Log Found Math, vol 139, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1998) for spaces that are closures of quasimaximal sets.
Sensitive intracavity absorption at reduced pressures

Abstract A broadband continuous-wave dye laser has been enclosed to eliminate interfering atmospheric absorption, and has been run at pressures as low as 50 Torr of various gases. Detection of peak absorption coefficients as small as 10 -8 cm -1 has been verified, and lines spaced by 0.1 cm -1 have been resolved.
The Use of Open-Ended Problem-Based Learning Scenarios in an Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Class: Evaluation of a Problem-Based Learning Course Across Three Years

Use of open-ended Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in biology classrooms has been limited by the difficulty in designing problem scenarios such that the content learned in a course can be predicted and controlled, the lack of familiarity of this method of instruction by faculty, and the difficulty in assessment. Here we present the results of a study in which we developed a team-based interdisciplinary course that combined the fields of biology and civil engineering across three years. We used PBL scenarios as the only learning tool, wrote the problem scenarios, and developed the means to assess these courses and the results of that assessment. Our data indicates that PBL changed students’ perception of their learning in content knowledge and promoted a change in students’ learning styles. Although no statistically significant improvement in problem-solving skills and critical thinking skills was observed, students reported substantial changes in their problem-based learning strategies and critical thinking skills.
Condensation of cytidylic acid in the presence of polyphosphoric acid

Abstract 1. Cytidine 2′(3′)-phosphate can be condensed in the presence of polyphosphoric acid. 2. The product was found to contain polyphosphate end groups which, however, could be removed by treatment with Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1). 3. A single 2′(3′)-P-terminal end group was found per chain. 4. With the exception of the free P-terminal end group, there was found to be one internally bound phosphate for every cytidine residue. 5. Although resistant linkages were detected, recovery of starting material from mild alkaline hydrolysis indicated that the linkages were predominantly 2′(3′)-phosphodiester in nature. 6. The presence of 3′-phosphodiester linkages was demonstrated by hydrolysis with bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (EC 2.7.7.16). 7. The presence of a large proportion of 5′-phosphodiester linkages was demonstrated by hydrolysis with venom phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.1).
Lack of correlation between exercise capacity and indexes of resting left ventricular performance in heart failure

Symptoms of congestive heart failure occur most commonly during exercise, but cardiac performance is usually quantitated at rest. The relation between exercise capacity and measurements of cardiac performance at rest is little known. Treadmill exercise was performed in 21 patients with heart failure due to cardiomyopathy. Exercise duration averaged 9.1 +/- 0.7 (standard error of the mean) minutes (normal value 12 or more minutes) and did not correlate with resting ejection fraction of 26.4 +/- 2.7 percent (r = -0.06). Left ventricular diastolic dimension of 6.6 +/0 0.2 cm, mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and ratio of preejection period to left ventricular ejection time did not correlate with treadmill time (r = -0.03). Repeat studies after treatment of heart failure also failed to show correlations between changes in exercise capacity and changes in left ventricular performance at rest. Thus, measures of left ventricular performance obtained at rest do not accurately reflect exercise tolerance and symptomatic status of patients with congestive heart failure.
Microstructural Evaluation of LENS™ Deposited Nb-Ti-Si-Cr Alloys

Nb-Ti-Si “in-situ” metal ceramic composites consist of Nb3Si and Nb5Si3 intermetallic phases in a body centered cubic Nb solid solution, and show promising potential for elevated temperature structural applications. The addition of Cr has also been shown to increase the oxidation resistance at high temperatures. In this study, the LENS™ (Laser Engineered Net Shaping) process is being implemented to construct the Nb-Ti-Cr alloy system from elemental powder blends. Advantages of the LENS™ process include the ability to produce near net shaped components with graded compositions as well as a more uniform microstructure resulting from the negative enthalpy of mixing associated with the silicide phases. This study focuses on characterization of the microstructure of the Nb-27Ti-5Si-10Cr (at%) system using SEM and TEM analysis.
Prisons, Pipelines and Pedagogy: Diary of the Birth of a Behind-Bars College Program, Part 1

Correspondence: Baz Dreisinger, Email: bdreisinger@jjay.cuny.edu (Accepted: 12 May 2014) ISSN: 2387-2306 http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/jper.v2i1.611 Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. One semester down. One thing I do differently since starting P2CP (Prison to College Pipeline program): I told myself that I was going to finish things that I start. And since then, just about everything I start, whether it be a book, some homework, an essay or a class, I finish. I just can’t read any kind of book anymore. Our humanity will always shine through when placed in intellectual environments. I am able to be myself without having to be a convict. College is a chance to live, this experience confirmed that. My view of release is hopeful and vibrant. It’s been a while since I took part in getting an education and being a part of this experience further proved that I got what it takes to make it through college. I always thought that college was not fun, that learning is not for me. But again I was wrong. College is everything and I can’t wait till I’m in John Jay on the outside. My view on release is now all about education! (last word bolded and underlined) I’ve learned that I have much more to offer mentally than I give myself credit for. I’m always observing and listening so much that I tend to deprive myself and others fruitful knowledge...my fellow peers take college so seriously...I am usually influenced by the positive energy around me. -Incarcerated students’ written reflections after the first semester After participation in college, prisoners and former prisoners were far more likely to offer advocacy, social supports, and services to other prisoners, their children, and families. The credential itself mattered far less than the process of learning to revise: experiences of reading, interpreting, analyzing, and writing; participating intellectual conversations; being a mentor to others; meeting new kinds of friends; learning how to question social arrangements and researching social situations; cultivating the skills to assess choices and see options individually and collectively; appreciating the ability to revise; and developing persistence in the face of obstacles. –Fine and Torre, Bar None ...Like you, I was tremendously disappointed with my denial of release, but I refuse to become discouraged or lose hope. This educational opportunity has allowed me to intellectualize as well as internalize my life....please continue to have faith as I have it. I am not leaving school but plan to accomplish all that I can while I’m here so there will be less to do when I get out. –Theron’s1 letter to me, after being denied parole. He has served 16 years.
A novel mutation of HOXA13 in a family with hand-foot-genital syndrome and the role of polyalanine expansions in the spectrum of Müllerian fusion anomalies.

Objective To report a novel mutation found in a family with hand-foot-genital syndrome (HFGS). To characterize the genetic basis of true HFGS versus presence of non-HFGS-related uterovaginal septa. Design Case-control study. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s) The HFGS patients and family members; women with uterine or uterovaginal septa without other sequelae of HFGS. Intervention(s) Sequence analysis of HOXA13 in members of a family with HFGS (3 affected, 1 unaffected); sequence analysis of HOXA13 in biopsy samples obtained from 17 non-HFGS patients with idiopathic uterine or uterovaginal septa and in 11 normal controls. Main Outcome Measure(s) Presence or absence of mutations of HOXA13. Result(s) Affected members of a family with HFGS showed a novel expansion of the third polyalanine tract of HOXA13, inserting 10 alanines in-frame. None of the patients with idiopathic uterovaginal septa displayed mutations of HOXA13. Conclusion(s) The cause of uterovaginal septa without hand and foot symptoms differs from true HFGS. When patients present with septa, it is not necessary to subject them to roentgenograms of the distal limbs or to sequence analysis of HOXA13 unless they show clear signs of the other sequelae characteristic of true HFGS.
Method and applications of oscilloscope waveform de-embedding

At multi-Gbps data rates, the electrical impact of test and measurement structures can distort the intended signals to be measured. Many specifications, such as PCI-Express, define a compliance point at which the electrical performance of a component must be validated. To practically perform the measurement, test fixtures on the PCB and cables to measurement equipment are often a necessary part of the measurement setup. This paper discusses a methodology for de-embedding the effects of the text fixtures and cables to recover the time domain waveform at the compliance point. De-embedding formulations are given and validated by time-domain waveform simulations. The methodology is then applied to a practical design to solve a real-world problem.
Payment switches for open networks

We describe the first operational Internet payment switch that provides real-time authorization suitable for direct use by merchant servers. A payment switch is a server that creates digital representations of conventional financial instruments and forwards authentic payment orders on these instruments to their corresponding conventional financial networks and institutions. Our payment switch provides support for time-based and item-based pricing, implements switch based authorization and settlement aggregation for micro-payments, and includes an extensive customer support system in order to provide a high level of customer confidence in electronic commerce. Fraud control is based on a transaction-specific multi-level security model that accommodates existing Internet browsers. Multiple authentication technologies are applied to every transaction.
Bioterrorism event detection based on the Markov switching model: A simulated anthrax outbreak study

The threat of infectious disease outbreaks and bioterrorism attacks has stimulated the development of syndromic surveillance systems, which focus on using pre-diagnostic data such as emergency department chief complaints and over-the-counter (OTC) drug sales to detect bioterrorism events in a timely manner. A key function of syndromic surveillance systems is detecting possible bioterrorism events from time series data. In this paper, we propose a novel temporal outbreak detection method based on the Markov switching model, a special case of hidden Markov models. The model is motivated to address several computational problems with existing detection schemes concerning the inconsistency in parameter estimation and the resulting undesired detection performance. Preliminary evaluation using simulated outbreaks injected on authentic time series shows that our method outperforms benchmark methods in terms of outbreak detection speed and detection sensitivity at given levels of false alarm rates.