cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyberspace’s Dynamic Duo: Forging a Cybersecurity Public-Private Partnership

As of 2015, cyber threats have become more prevalent due to high-profile cases like the Target, JPMorgan Chase & Co., Home Depot, and Sony Entertainment breaches. In order to prevent what former Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta characterized as a “Cyber Pearl Harbor,” the US government has to engage the private sector in order to build a solid public-private partnership (PPP) for cybersecurity. For there to be a successful cybersecurity PPP between the US government and the private sector, there must be a PPP founded on a model composed of four essential elements: a high level of trust between the public and private entities that corresponds to a mutual belief in the positive gains of both partners; clear baseline guidance imposed from legislation, which should be reinforced with government training and financial incentives; a bottom-up structural approach for efficient operations that allows for more autonomy at lower levels on local needs and resources; and, gaining influential community involvement in the formation of PPPs from all levels of the participating organizations, as well as civil leadership and the general public. This article is available in Journal of Strategic Security: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol8/iss5/9
Region-based compilation: introduction, motivation, and initial experience

The most important task of a compiler designed to exploit instruction-level parallelism (ILP) is instruction scheduling. If higher levels of ILP are to be achieved, the compiler must use, as the unit of scheduling, regions consisting of multiple basic blocks—preferably those that frequently execute consecutively, and which capture cycles in the program’s execution. Traditionally, compilers have been built using the function as the unit of compilation. In this framework, function boundaries often act as barriers to the formation of the most suitable scheduling regions. Function inlining may be used to circumvent this problem by assembling strongly coupled functions into the same compilation unit, but at the cost of very large function bodies. Consequently, global optimizations whose compile time and space requirements are superlinear in the size of the compilation unit, may be rendered prohibitively expensive. This paper introduces a new approach, called region-based compilation, wherein the compiler, after inlining, repartitions the program into more desirable compilation units, termed regions. Region-based compilation allows the compiler to control problem size and complexity while exposing inter-procedural scheduling, optimization and code motion opportunities.
A System for the Hourly Assimilation of Surface Observations in Mountainous and Flat Terrain

Abstract An assimilation system is presented that was designed to provide timely, detailed, and coherent analyses of surface data, even when the data are collected in rough terrain where station elevations differ widely and observations are often subject to local effects. Analyses with improved spatial continuity are obtained from these data through careful choice of analysis method and variables. The analysis method has the ability to handle varying data density, and the analysis variables, when possible, were chosen in such a way as to cancel out the effects of elevation differences. In addition, the method accounts for physical blocking and channeling by mountainous terrain by incorporating elevation and potential temperature differences in its horizontal correlation functions. The correlation functions also enable the method to move accurately represent surface gradients. An hourly analysis cycle is used in which each analysis uses as a background the previous hourly analysis (a 1-h persistence foreca...
Optimization of composite box-beam structures including effects of subcomponent interactions

Minimum mass designs are obtained for a simple box beam structure subject to bending, torque and combined bending/torque load cases. These designs are obtained subject to point strain and linear buckling constraints. The present work differs from previous efforts in that special attention is payed to including the effects of subcomponent panel interaction in the optimal design process. Two different approaches are used to impose the buckling constraints. When the global approach is used, buckling constraints are imposed on the global structure via a linear eigenvalue analysis. This approach allows the subcomponent panels to interact in a realistic manner. The results obtained using this approach are compared to results obtained using a traditional, less expensive approach, called the local approach. When the local approach is used, in-plane loads are extracted from the global model and used to impose buckling constraints on each subcomponent panel individually. In the global cases, it is found that there can be significant interaction between skin, spar, and rib design variables. This coupling is weak or nonexistent in the local designs. It is determined that weight savings of up to 7% may be obtained by using the global approach instead of the local approach to design these structures. Several of the designs obtained using the linear buckling analysis are subjected to a geometrically nonlinear analysis. For the designs which were subjected to bending loads, the innermost rib panel begins to collapse at less than half the intended design load and in a mode different from that predicted by linear analysis. The discrepancy between the predicted linear and nonlinear responses is attributed to the effects of the nonlinear rib crushing load, and the parameter which controls this rib collapse failure mode is shown to be the rib thickness. The rib collapse failure mode may be avoided by increasing the rib thickness above the value obtained from the (linear analysis based) optimizer. It is concluded that it would be necessary to include geometric nonlinearities in the design optimization process if the true optimum in this case were to be found.
Intermediate filament proteins in the developing chick spinal cord.

Abstract The distribution of different intermediate filament (IF) proteins in the embryonic chick spinal cord was examined at several stages of development using immunohistochemical techniques, analytic gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. We have found that: (1) the fibroblast-type IF protein (vimentin) is present in virtually all of the replicating neuroepithelial cells of the early neural tube, as well as in radial glia, astrocytes, and Schwann cells in later stages of development; (2) the fibroblast-type IF protein is not detectable in definitive neurons; (3) the neurofilament proteins are first detectable in postmitotic neuroblasts at about the time of initial axon formation and they are restricted to neurons; (4) the astrocyte-type IF protein (glial fibrillary acidic protein) is in definitive astrocytes, but not in radial glia; (5) the prekeratin proteins are restricted to cells of the leptomeninges; and (6) the muscle-type IF protein (desmin) is restricted to vascular tissue in and around the developing spinal cord. These findings suggest that the fibroblast-type IF protein is the only IF protein in the early neuroepithelial cells and that the progeny of these cells will follow one of three different patterns of IF protein expression: (1) continued expression of only the fibroblast-type IF protein (radial glia); (2) expression of both the fibroblast-type IF protein and the astrocyte-type IF protein (astrocytes); or (3) expression of only the neurofilament proteins (neurons).
Modeling deuterium exchange behavior of ERK2 using pepsin mapping to probe secondary structure.

Recently, mass spectrometry has been applied to studies of hydrogen exchange of backbone amides, allowing analysis of large proteins at physiological concentrations. Low resolution spatial information is obtained by digesting proteins after exchange into D2O, using electrospray ionization liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (ESI-LC/MS) to measure deuteration by mass increases of resulting peptides. This study develops modeling paradigms to increase resolution, using the signal transduction kinase ERK2 as a prototype for larger, less stable proteins. In-exchange data for peptides were analyzed by nonlinear least squares and a maximum entropy method, distinguishing amides into fast, intermediate, slow, and nonexchanging classes. Analysis of completely nonexchanging or in-exchanging peptides and peptides with sequence overlaps showed that nonexchanging amides were generally hydrogen bonded and sterically constrained or buried ≥2.2 A from the protein surface, while fast exchanging hydrogens were generally exposed at the protein surface. In order to more fully understand the intermediate and slow exchanging classes, an empirical model was developed by analyzing published exchange rates in cytochrome c. The model correlated protection factors with a combined dependency on surface accessibility, hydrogen bond length, and position of residues from alpha helix ends. Together with analysis of partial proteolytic products, the derived rules for exchange allowed modeling of exchange behavior of peptides. Substantial deviation from the predicted rates in some cases suggested a role for conformational freedom in regulating fast and intermediate exchanging amides.
Chronic hazards and risk perception - an overview

The Co-Editors of this Special Issue think the revisitation of this topic as shown in the following papers contributes positively to the literature. They: (a) summarize useful concepts from epidemiology and statistics that are used in risk assessment (RA) and risk management (RM); (b) illustrate the advantages and limitations of RA/RM as they currently are applied by United States regulatory agencies to certain chronic hazards; and (c) discuss how public perceptions of risk affects, and effects changes in regulatory outcomes and public policy
The relationship between an endangered North American tree and an endophytic fungus.

Abstract Background: The Florida torreya ( Torreya taxifolia ) began a catastrophic decline in the late 1950s and is now, the rarest tree in North America for which a full species designation has been established. The trees have common plant disease symptoms, but the reason for the decline has never been identified. T. taxifolia's imminent extinction gains special poignancy through its close relationship to the pacific yew ( Taxus brevifolia ), which produces the potent anticancer agent, taxol. Results: An examination of the endophytic fungal communities of wild torreyas consistently found a filamentous fungus, Pestalotiopsis microspora , associated with diseased trees and also with most symptomless trees. P. microspora can be cultured in the laboratory, and when it is introduced into greenhouse-grown torreyas, it causes disease symptoms similar to those seen in the field. The fungus can then be reisolated from these deliberately infected trees. The phytotoxins pestalopyrone, hydroxypestalopyrone and pestaloside have been isolated and characterized from axenic fungal cultures, and both pestalopyrone and hydroxypestalopyrone can be isolated from artificially infected torreyas. In addition, pestaloside has antifungal activity against other fungal endophytes of T. taxifolia . Conclusions: The filamentous fungus, P. microspora , has an endophytic-pathologic relationship with T. taxifolia . The fungus resides in the inner bark of symptomless trees, and physiological or environmental factors could trigger its pathological activity. P. microspora produces the phytotoxins pestalopyrone, hydroxypestalopyrone, and pestaloside which give rise to the disease. Pestaloside, which also has antifungal activity, could reduce competition from other fungal endophytes within the host.
Genetic markers in inbred clones of cultivated diploid potatoes

Selfing 24-chromosome hybrids derived by crossing groups Phureja and Stenotomum with the group Tuberosum haploid US-W 4 has produced progenies segregating for many traits. Monogenic segregation ratios of previously described marker genes were confirmed and the inheritance of two new trats was determined. The previously reported linkage between factors for tuber shape and tuber pigmentation was confirmed. The genotypes for several marker genes have been established on the basis of progeny tests for 31 self-compatible diploid clones. These cultivated diploid stocks with known genotypes for marker genes have great potential value for future genetic investigations in potatoes.
Direct synthesis of zeolite Y with large particle size

Abstract Large zeolite Y particles have been synthesized directly from gels (4.76Na2O: 1.0Al2O3: xSiO2: 454H2O: 5TEA, x=5.25–8.75) aged at ∼293 K before static heating at 368 K. Product purity, size, and Si/Al ratio of zeolite Y depended on the gel composition and aging time. Two-day aging of gels (x=5.25 and 7.0) resulted in nearly pure zeolite Y (
Establishment of Early Successional Plant Populations on Forest and Prairie Soil

Seed germination and plant community development on adjacent forest and prairie soils (Typic Hapludalf and Typic Halplaquoll) were studied to elucidate the causes of variation in plant community composition during the first growing season after crop harvest. The number of plant individuals in July on the forest soil was three times larger than on the prairie soil. Abutilon theophrasti, Chenopodium album, Polygonum pensylvanicum, and Setaria faberii occurred in large numbers on the forest soil but were considerably less important on the prairie soil. Ipomoea hederacea predominated on the prairie soil. The seed load after abandonment on the forest soil was larger than on the prairie soil both before and after overwintering. Total numbers of plants that reached maturity were significantly higher (at the 5% level) on the forest soil than on the prairie soil. Population levels were generally constant throughout the growing season. Diversity peaked in June and was higher on the prairie soil than on the forest soil throughout the growing season. Germination of Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Lactuca scariola, and Polygonum was enhanced by moist soil conditions, whereas germination of Amaranthus hybridus was higher under dry soil conditions. Lactuca and Polygonum were the most sensitive to water stress and Abutilon and Setaria the most tolerant. It appears that the kinds and numbers of plants that become established in an abandoned field are a function of the number of germinable seeds present in the soil and the seed—soil water relationships. Of the soil parameters that may control seed germination, there is strong evidence to suggest that soil moisture the extreme upper portion of the profile is the major factor.
A high-frequency polymorphism of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase in African-Americans

NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) is a member of a flavoenzyme family of dehydrogenases-electron transferases that participates in the transfer of electrons from the NADH generated in glycolysis to cytochrome b5. b5R is involved in the steady-state reduction of methemoglobin to hemoglobin in erythrocytes and is also involved in lipid metabolism in other cell types. In a search for mutations of the b5R gene in two unrelated African-American families, a high-frequency polymorphism was detected in the propositi from both families, as well as unrelated normal controls, consisting of a C-to-G transversion in exon 5 that changes threonine to serine at codon 116 (T116S). This is the first polymorphism found in the b5R gene. Using allele-specific PCR on the two propositi, their family members, and unselected populations of African-American, Caucasian, Asian, Indo-Aryan, and Arabic individuals, the C/G polymorphism was found in 26 of 112 African-American chromosomes (allele frequency = 0.23), but not in 108 Caucasian, 46 Asian, 44 Indo-Aryan, or 14 Arabic chromosomes. In preliminary studies, this polymorphism did not correlate with b5R enzyme activity or cause any disease phenotype. It remains to be determined whether this African-specific polymorphism that apparently originated recently in human evolution provides any special survival advantage.
Meridional Heat Transport in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract The heat transported meridionally in the Pacific Ocean is calculated from the surface heat budgets of Clark and Weare and others; both budgets were based on Bunker's method with different radiation formulas. The meridional heat transport is also calculated from the surface heat budget of Esbensen and Kushnir, who used Budyko's method. The heat transport is southward at most latitudes if the numbers of Clark and of Weare are used. It is northward in the North Pacific and southward in the South Pacific if Eshensen and Kushnir's numbers are used. Systematic errors in both calculations appear to be so large that confident determination of even the sign of the heat transport in the North Pacific is not possible. The amount of heat transported poleward by all oceans is obtained from the Pacific Ocean calculation and transports in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans based on Bunker's surface heat fluxes.
DISTINCT PATTERNS OF ENTRY OF TWO NONMETABOLIZABLE AMINO ACIDS INTO BRAIN AND OTHER ORGANS OF INFANT GUINEA PIGS1,2

— Entry of [3-14C] α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) and [1-14C] 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (cycloleucine) into the brain and other organs of the infant guinea pig has been investigated in vivo. The entry of [14C]AIB into brain was markedly restricted in comparison to its entry into other organs. The mean distribution ratio (14C in tissue water/14C in plasma water) achieved in brain at 45 min after administration of a pulse of [14C]AIB was 0.3. All other organs studied concentrated [14C]AIB from the blood stream, with the greatest uptake occurring in liver and kidney, in which distribution ratios reached values of 5–10. In contrast to AIB, [14C]cycloleucine entered the brain at a rate approximately the same as that into other organs. Distribution ratios for [14C]cycloleucine ranged between 0.5 and 2.0 for all organs. During the first few days of postnatal life, there was a sharp increase of concentrative uptake of [14C]AIB into liver and kidney. The entry of [14C]AIB into brain remained unchanged during this period. There was a small (35 percent) decrease in the rate of entry of [14C]cycloleucine into brain during the first 3 days of postnatal life. Since [14C]AIB is known to be concentrated from the surrounding medium by brain slices in vitro, we concluded that the locus of restriction of the entry of [14C]AIB into the brain in vivo is at the blood-brain barrier. We hypothesize that this property of the barrier is important in preventing concentrative uptake of pharmacologically active and potentially harmful amino acids by brain tissue.
In Situ Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions by Dynamic Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements

The use of dynamic magnetic susceptibility measurements is reported to study nanoparticle–protein interactions in situ. The technique consists of measuring the rotational diffusivity of thermally blocked magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in protein solutions. To illustrate the technique, the effect of nanoparticle zeta potential in carboxymethyl-dextran-coated MNPs and their interaction with model anionic and cationic proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), fi brinogen (FIBR), apo-transferrin (TRANS), lysozyme (LYZ), and histone (HIS), in a range of protein concentrations is studied. Experiments indicate that interactions between the negatively charged particles and the negatively charged proteins BSA, IgG, FIBR, and TRANS are negligible. However, positively charged proteins LYZ and HIS readily absorb onto the nanoparticles, as evidenced by an increase in size and eventual aggregation of the particles. Onset of this effect seems to happen at a lower concentration of HIS compared with LYZ. The technique could be applied to other particle surface coatings and to particles in complex protein mixtures, such as whole blood and serum, allowing systematic in situ studies of nanoparticle–protein interactions.
Note on Rett syndrome symposium

Along with all the other participants, I want to express my deepest appreciation to Professor Rett for inviting me to this fascinating meeting. The characteristics of disorders of movement are difficult to capture in writing: The visit here, and the opportunity to see these children provides absolutely convincing evidence that we are dealing with a specific phenotype. This is important for several reasons. First, those of us concerned with care and diagnOSis of mentally retarded people wish to diminish the excessively large "non-specific" category. We must learn how to define specific entities and diagnostic categories. Only in this way can we learn about cause, mechanism, prevention and treatment. Second, the Rett syndrome, along with the Lesch-Nyhan represents a specific behavioral phenotype that must have a bjological basis. This is of very great interest indeed. Without de-emphasizing environmental and social determinants of behavior, there clearly is need to examine the neurological basis of disorders of language, learning and behavior. The Lesch-Nyhan and Rett syndromes represent unique opportunities to examine these relationships. It is of great interest to examine the behavioral and biological similarities between these syndromes, as well as their differences. Both involve young children, both involve the hands, the behavior has an element of compulsion (it increases when restraints are released), both are associated with progressive dementia and extrapyramidal disturbances. Yet there also are crucial differences: Patients with Rett
Relationship of surface heat flux to microscale temperature variations: Application to boreas

The surface heat flux is normally parameterized in terms of the difference between the air temperature and the surface radiative temperature, or equivalently, the temperature computed from the surface energy balance. In this note, the relationship between the heat flux and the air-surface temperature difference is shown to be sensitive to the microscale variability of the surface radiation temperature caused by differences between the well-ventilated tree tops and less ventilated ground surface. This conclusion is based on surface and aircraft data collected during the Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). For this case, the heat flux cannot be predicted by adjusting the thermal roughness height. As an alternative, the aerodynamic temperature can be related to a weighted average of the surface radtation temperature analogous to application of a simple canopy model. Here, the total heat flux is the sum of the heat fluxes from each individual surface type weighted by the area-fractional coverage.
Two-mode elliptical-core fiber sensors for measurement of strain and temperature

ABSTRACT We propose two temperature-compensated strain sensing methods that combine the properties ofa two-mode, elliptical-core (e-core) fiber sensor and (i) a bimetallic strip, or, (ii) refractive-indexchanges in a liquid-filled hollow-core fiber. The output from a conventional two-mode, e-corefiber sensor is (i) projected upon a multimode fiber attached to a bimetallic strip, or, (ii) projectedfrom an angular endface on a multimode fiber. The multimode fiber acts as a spatial filter and picksup part of the two-lobe pattern incident upon its core. A measurement of the differential phasevariation gives an indication of the strain. The modulation depth of the output signal is shown tobe a faithful indication of the temperature in both cases. Strain sensitivities typical of two-modefiber sensors (0.033°phase shift per tstrain-cm, minimum detectable strains of 0. 17 pm/rn for onemeter sensing length) have been obtained with a temperature compensation accuracy of 1'C overa 75 cc range.
Assessment and management of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes.

PURPOSE Erectile dysfunction occurs earlier in men with diabetes than in the general population, affecting over 50% of male patients by age 60. This article summarizes the etiologies and presents methods of patient assessment and treatment options for erectile dysfunction. METHODS Assessments of neurologic and vascular complications related to diabetes should be included in a sexual function history. The assessment must be holistic and focus on organic as well as psychogenic causes. Diabetes educators must be prepared to discuss the various pharmacologic treatment options. RESULTS Sildenafil currently is the only oral medication available for erectile dysfunction. Injectable treatments have proven successful but with limited long-term use and poor patient acceptance. Implantable devices carry surgical risk and increased rates of infection. CONCLUSIONS All men with diabetes should be screened for erectile dysfunction. The availability of a new oral medication provides a patient-acceptable treatment option.
High- velocity ionic projectiles interacting with metals: Models and measurements of secondary-electron yields from gold and aluminum targets struck by 13.5–31.5 MeV 7Li and 9–63 MeV 12C

Abstract This study examines the fate of high-velocity, high- z ionic projectiles that impact metal targets, with the resulting secondary-electron yields being of particular interest. Three models are constructed for the evolution of the electron clouds of the projectiles as they pass through the first few tens of A of target material, and the secondary-electron yields predicted from these models are then compared with yields measured at a Van de Graaff facility for 7 Li and 12 C ions of selected charge states and energies striking thick targets of gold and oxidized aluminum. These measurements provide a first look at the secondaries produced by impacts of z > 1 projectiles travelling with velocities above the Bohr speed (2.18 × 10 8 cm/s), thus allowing tests of the kinetic theory for secondary-electron emission to be made in a new regime. When the secondary-electron yields are high, it is found that measured yields are less than those predicted by theory, most probably because (1) the number of scatterable electrons along the pojectiles's path through the target material is limited (electron-depletion effects) and (2) the probability that scattered target electrons can reach the target's surface is lessened owing to large electrostatic potentials that are set up in the charge trail behind the projectile. It is found that secondary-electron yields for high- z ions are influenced by the attachment and stripping of electrons in the very shallow secondary-electron-escape layers (tens of A).
Experimental Verification Of The K Distribution Family For Scattering

Experimental verification of theK distribution family for scatteringArthur R. WeeksandRonald L. PhillipsThe University of Central FloridaThe Center for Research in Electro- Opticsand Lasers (CREOL)P.O. Box 25000, Orlando, Florida 32816ABSTRACTThe intensity statistics for a laser beam propagating through a random phasescreen was compared to the H -K distribution. Since the H -K distribution was derivedfrom the conditionalization of the Rician distribution with the Gamma distribution,experimental intensity data was collected to verify these distributions. Theintensity data was first lowpass filtered to yield statistical moments that werefound to be in agreement with those of the gamma distribution. Next, the intensitydata was segmented into small time Intervals, in which all time segments withapproximately the same variance were grouped together. The statistical moments forthese new time series were then compared against the moments for the Riciandistribution. The moments for the segmented time series matched the moments for theRician distribution extremely well.1. INTRODUCTIONAs a laser beam propagates through a time varying random phase screen, itexperiences random fluctuations in phase. These time varying random phasefluctuations will manifest themselves as time variations in the intensity of thepropagating laser beam. If a point detector is used to detect this laser beam,variations in the output of the detector will be seen. The purpose of this paper isto verify the statistics of these fluctuations.A propane flame placed a distance below the center of a collimated laser beamwas used to generate these time varying phase fluctuations. The propane flameheated the air above the burner developing thermal mixing of the hot and cold air.This thermal mixing resulted in temperature variations across the laser beam's path.These variations in temperature caused the index of refraction of the air tofluctuate. Since the wave number of the electromagnetic wave from the laserbeam is proportional to the index of refraction, these fluctuations in therefractive index lead to variations in the laser beam's amplitude and phase.Predicting the fluctuations in the amplitude and phase requires the use ofprobability theory
The Pluto of International Organizations: Micro-Agendas, IO Theory, and Dismissing the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

This article investigates the peculiarities of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Unlike many more famous international organizations (IOs), the SCO is dominated by micro-agendas that seem to run counter to most of the theoretical literature applicable to IOs. This analysis examines these internal machinations and divergent interests through the theoretical lens, breathing new relevance into the institutional skepticism of Mearsheimer. Consequently, the SCO should not be considered a legitimate IO as traditionally framed. As such, it might be the “Pluto” of IOs that needs renaming and removal from the classification of IOs.
A Review of Northern Pike Population Genetics Research andIts Implications for Management

Abstract Conserving genetic diversity within and among populations of northern pike Esox lucius is important for maintaining their short-term fitness and long-term evolutionary potential. Northern pike have consistently shown low within-population variation, as detected by allozymes, mitochondrial DNA, and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA. Microsatellite DNA loci reveal considerably greater variation in northern pike, yet microsatellite variation tends to be less than that in other fish species. Low genetic variation within populations may result from compounding factors of low effective population size and bottlenecks. Allozyme, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, and microsatellite markers have revealed significant differentiation of populations located in different continents and major drainages, but only microsatellites have differentiated populations on finer geographic scales. Within the north-central United States, analyses with microsatellites have detected genetic differences among most populat...
Tne Solar Maximum Mission Repair - Lessons Learned

The on-orbit repair sequence of the Solar Maximum Mission in April 1984 is described, and important lessons learned concerning orbital debris are summarized. Scientific results pertaining to a solar flare which occurred just before the repair are reviewed. The implications of the repair experience for serviceability in the design of future spacecraft and instruments are illustrated by the case of the Hubble Space Telescope and its second generation spectrograph.
Pattern poses: embodied geometry with tangibles and computer visualization

This paper describes a digital learning tool that engages math teachers and students with geometry through physical movement, tangible controls, and computer visualization. It was developed through iterative prototype testing in actual grade 6--10 math classes. Students actively create geometries using their own movements which are captured by a simple web camera. A tangible interface allows them to transform the captured images and create complex patterns through mathematical relationships. We evaluated the collaborative and kinesthetic participation promoted by the tool and the way teachers and students reacted to using it. Pattern Poses was deployed at a learning workshop with a group of 35 students of grade 5 and grade 8 and their parents in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Conformational selectivity in the diels-alder cycloaddition: predictions for reactions of s-trans-1,3-butadiene

Diels−Alder cycloaddition of s-trans-1,3-butadiene (1) should yield trans-cyclohexene (7), just as reaction of the s-cis conformer gives cis-cyclohexene (9). Investigation of this long-overlooked p...
Conserved electrostatic fields at the Ras-effector interface measured through vibrational Stark effect spectroscopy explain the difference in tilt angle in the Ras binding domains of Raf and RalGDS

Vibrational Stark effect (VSE) spectroscopy was used to measure the electrostatic fields present at the interface of the human guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Ras docked with the Ras binding domain (RBD) of the protein kinase Raf. Nine amino acids located on the surface of Raf were selected for labeling with a nitrile vibrational probe. Eight of the probe locations were situated along the interface of Ras and Raf, and one probe was 2 nm away on the opposite side of Raf. Vibrational frequencies of the nine Raf nitrile probes were compared both in the monomeric, solvated protein and when docked with wild-type (WT) Ras to construct a comprehensive VSE map of the Ras–Raf interface. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations employing an umbrella sampling strategy were used to generate a Boltzmann-weighted ensemble of nitrile positions in both the monomeric and docked complexes to determine the effect that docking has on probe location and orientation and to aid in the interpretation of VSE results. These results were compared to an identical study that was previously conducted on nine nitrile probes on the RBD of Ral guanidine dissociation stimulator (RalGDS) to make comparisons between the docked complexes formed when either of the two effectors bind to WT Ras. This comparison finds that there are three regions of conserved electrostatic fields that are formed upon docking of WT Ras with both downstream effectors. Conservation of this pattern in the docked complex then results in different binding orientations observed in otherwise structurally similar proteins. This work supports an electrostatic cause of the known binding tilt angle between the Ras–Raf and Ras–RalGDS complexes.
Psychosocial Distress in Patients with Thyroid Cancer

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to evaluate levels of psychosocial distress in thyroid cancer patients. An analysis of factors contributing to levels of distress is included.Study DesignIndividual retrospective cohort study.SettingHead and neck cancer clinic at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.Subjects and MethodsA total of 118 newly diagnosed thyroid cancer patients were included in the study. Univariate and multivariate analyses evaluated levels of and factors contributing to distress.ResultsAlmost half (43.3%) of patients had significant distress. Those with self-reported psychiatric history, use of antidepressant medication, and history of radiation treatment had higher levels of distress. On multivariate analysis, patient endorsement of emotional issues predicted a higher distress level.ConclusionsThyroid cancer patients have high distress levels. Identification of thyroid cancer patients with high distress levels is important to offer additional support during cancer therapy.
A three-component mixing model for ridge-crest hydrothermal fluids

The hydrothermal fluid chemistry data set for sediment starved ridge axes is used to estimate endmember compositions and to constrain a three-component mixing model based on that of Von Damm, using numerical methods to estimate the endmember compositions. The data set includes Fe, Cl, H2S, Na, K, Ca, and Sr, at 11–13°N and 21°N East Pacific Rise, North and South Cleft Segment (Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge), TAG, and MARK. Q-mode factor analysis shows that the data can be explained (99.9%) by 3 factors. A constrained optimization of a weighted least-squares algorithm, assuming conservative mixing and with the constraints that all endmember concentrations and contributions are non-negative and that fractional contributions sum to one, is used to partition the data set into endmembers. Mixing of the calculated endmembers-consistently found to be phase-separated brine, vapor, and hydrothermally altered seawater -reproduces the composition of the vent fluids. The model is consistent with the presence of a convecting brine layer in the primary reaction zone at depth, as suggested by Bischoff and Rosenbauer, that transfers properties to the overlying circulating seawater by release of a “vapor” and by diffusion. We suggest that future experimental work examine solubility controls in conjunction with and subsequent to phase separation, and work with a wider range of fluid salinities.
Protein degradability and forage quality in maturing alfalfa, red clover, and birdsfoot trefoil

Choice of forage species and harvest management may influence protein degradability in cattle diets. We measured forage yield, undegradable intake protein (UIP), and forage quality at three maturities in two cuttings (spring, regrowth) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in the seeding and two subsequent years. At equivalent harvest stage, trefoil and clover were usually lower in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) than alfalfa. Crude protein (CP) was lower in red clover than trefoil or alfalfa for three of six cuttings, but red dover was equal to or higher in UIP than alfalfa or trefoil in all cuttings, Trefoil never had higher UIP concentrations than alfalfa. Trefoil tannin concentrations increased with maturity and were positively correlated with UIP concentration. For all species, UIP was positively correlated with NDF and ADF and negatively correlated with in situ dry matter disappearance (ISDMD). In alfalfa and trefoil, UIP was negatively correlated with CP. In all legumes, dry matter yield (DMY), NDF, and ADF increased with maturity, while CP and ISDMD decreased. Changes in NDF, ADF, CP, and ISDMD with maturity were usually most rapid in trefoil. The proportion of UIP increased with maturity for all species in all cuttings, but it never comprised more than 240 g kg -1 CP. Small increases in UIP as legumes matured were gained at the expense of other forage quality measures.
916 FAMILIAL PARTIAL TRISOMY OF THE LONG ARM OF CHROMOSOME 16

A 2 year old Mexican girl with psychomotor retardation, short stature, recurrent pneumonia and purulent otitis media, submucous cleft palate, unilateral choanal stenosis, bifid uvula, and short 5th fingers was evaluated cytogenetically. Trypsin-Giemsa banding revealed 46,XX,12p+, the additional material on chromosome 12 consisting of a dark and light band. Her normal mother and a sister each carry a 12p+ chromosome similar to that of the proband and one chromosome 16 deficient for the segment q22qter, indicating a balanced translocation: 46,XX,t(12;16)(p13;q22). The proband inherited the maternal 12p+ chromosome and normal chromosome 16. Her karyotype is 46,XX,der12,t(12;16)(p13;q22)mat. She is trisomic for the segment of 16q2216qter and may be monosomic for the segment 12p13. Although she has had recurrent infections, all immunologic studies including tonsillar biopsy have been normal. Her father and another sister have normal karyotypes. A male half sibling with dysmorphic features died in infancy of pneumonia.
Organic-inorganic hybrid coatings prepared from glycidyl carbamate resin, 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and tetraethoxyorthosilicate

Hybrid sol–gel coatings were formulated from glycidyl carbamate (GC) resins, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxy silane (APTMS) and tetraethoxyorthosilicate (TEOS) as the inorganic network former. GC and silane-modified GC resins were synthesized and then characterized using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The resins were crosslinked with amine crosslinkers such as p-aminocyclohexyl methane (PACM), Ancamide 2050, Ancamide 2353 and Epikure 3164 at 1:1 equivalent ratio of the epoxy groups in the synthesized resin and amine crosslinker. The TEOS content in the coatings were varied to understand its effect on the coating properties. The hybrid coatings were cured at room temperature and humidity for more than 20 days as well as oven cured at 80 °C for 1 h. The thermal properties of the post-cured hybrid materials were evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mechanical property evaluation such as Konig pendulum hardness measurement, impact resistance and crosshatch adhesion tests of the post-cured samples were carried out. MEK double rub resistance and water contact angle of the coatings were also evaluated. All of the coatings had good adhesion to aluminum 2024-T3 and had good MEK double rub resistance, indicating good crosslinking. Properties such as Tg, hardness and flexibility varied with the amine crosslinker used with Epikure 3164 yielding the lowest Tg, highest flexibility, and lower hardness coatings. Increasing the amount of TEOS modification in the formulations increased the hardness, the Tg, and the thermal stability. The flexibility – determined using reverse impact measurements – also increased with increasing TEOS content.
Dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons by catalytic steam reforming

Abstract Past research in this laboratory on catalytic steam reforming of chlorinated hydrocarbons demonstrated extremely high levels of destruction (0.99999+) at 600–750 °C, with GHSVs as high as 2.5 × 105 h−1. Feasible operation was demonstrated with chlorinated alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and PCBs using Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. The major mechanism for deactivation with trichloroethylene was sintering of the γ-Al2O3 support and encapsulation of Pt crystallites. Evidence is presented here that ZrO2 is a superior support for steam reforming of trichloroethylene (TCE), due to its low acidity and ability to store oxygen. Formulations of 0.8 wt.% Pt/ZrO2 tested at a GHSV of 20,000 h−1 and a H2O/C ratio of 20 operated for 42 days at 750 °C, with only slight carbon deposits in the first 15% of the catalyst bed. No pyrolysis was found, and the product CO/CO2 ratio was at equilibrium, indicating high water gas shift activity with very low CO concentrations. Kinetic measurements revealed a pseudo-first order rate equation, sintering of the support and Pt was much less than with γ-Al2O3 supports, and no encapsulation was detected. Slow deactivation occurred due to deposition of catalytic carbon. This carbon was removed by combustion with air, and the rate of deactivation indicated the 42-day run would have lasted seven months.
Do benzodiazepine receptors mediate the anticonflict action of pentobarbital

Abstract The effects of the benzodiazepine antagonist CGS 8216 (2-phenylpyrazolo [4, 3-c] quinoline-3(5H)-one) were examined in a thirsty rat conflict test in the presence and absence of pentobarbital. CGS 8216 (2.5−10 mg/kg i.p.) did not affect nonpunished responding, but doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg significantly reduced the rate of punished responding (i.e., the number of 3 second drinking episodes in a “shock” contingency). However, a dose of CGS 8216 which did not significantly alter punished responding (2.5 mg/kg) antagonized the anticonflict actions of pentobarbital. These observations suggest that while high doses of CGS 8216 may elicit an “anxiogenic” response in rodents, lower doses of CGS 8216 antagonize the anticonflict actions of a compound which has been shown to enhance benzodiazepine affinity in vitro . These data imply that the anticonflict actions of pentobarbital may be mediated through benzodiazepine receptors.
CREB-binding protein is a transcriptional coactivator for hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 and enhances apolipoprotein gene expression.

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 (HNF-4) is a liver-enriched transcription factor that is crucial in the regulation of a large number of genes involved in glucose, cholesterol, and fatty acid metabolism and in determining the hepatic phenotype. We have previously shown that HNF-4 contains transcription activation functions at the N terminus (AF-1) and the C terminus (AF-2) which work synergistically to confer full HNF-4 activity. Here, we show that HNF-4 recruits the CREB-binding protein (CBP) coactivator on promoters of genes that contain functional HNF-4 sites. HNF-4 interacts with the N-terminal region of CBP (amino acids 1–771) and the C-terminal region of CBP (amino acids 1812–2441). The two activating functions of HNF-4, AF-1 and AF-2, interact with the N terminus and the N and C terminus of CBP, respectively. In addition, we show that in contrast to the other nuclear hormone receptors the interaction between HNF-4 and CBP is ligand-independent. Recruitment of CBP by HNF-4 results in an enhancement of the transcriptional activity of the latter. CBP does not activate gene expression in the absence of HNF-4, and dominant negative forms of HNF-4 prevent transcriptional activation by CBP, suggesting that the mere recruitment of CBP by HNF-4 is not sufficient for enhancement of gene expression. These findings demonstrate that CBP acts as a transcriptional coactivator for HNF-4 and provide new insights into the regulatory function of HNF-4.
Frozen spin-wave structure on the NiO(100) surface observed by metastable He 2(3)S scattering.

Elastic scattering of metastable 2[sup 3][ital S] He has been used for the first time to determine the long-range spin ordering on the surface of an antiferromagnetic insulator. The diffraction pattern obtained from a NiO(100) surface is interpreted as a frozen spin-wave structure in the [l angle]10[r angle] direction with a period of 6[times][ital a]. The diffraction arises from a spatial variation of the beam attenuation due to scattering from the periodic local spin ordering on the surface and is [ital not] caused by a spin-spin interaction. The results have been modeled with a modified version of the eikonal approximation using a dissipative, hard, corrugated wall.
Gram-negative bacilli in human milk feedings: quantitation and clinical consequences for premature infants.

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