cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Molecular evidence for an active endogenous microbiome beneath glacial ice

Geologic, chemical and isotopic evidence indicate that Earth has experienced numerous intervals of widespread glaciation throughout its history, with roughly 11% of present day Earth’s land surface covered in ice. Despite the pervasive nature of glacial ice both today and in Earth’s past and the potential contribution of these systems to global biogeochemical cycles, the composition and phylogenetic structure of an active microbial community in subglacial systems has yet to be described. Here, using RNA-based approaches, we demonstrate the presence of active and endogenous archaeal, bacterial and eukaryal assemblages in cold (0–1 °C) subglacial sediments sampled from Robertson Glacier, Alberta, Canada. Patterns in the phylogenetic structure and composition of subglacial sediment small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) assemblages indicate greater diversity and evenness than in glacial surface environments, possibly due to facilitative or competitive interactions among populations in the subglacial environment. The combination of phylogenetically more even and more diverse assemblages in the subglacial environment suggests minimal niche overlap and optimization to capture a wider spectrum of the limited nutrients and chemical energy made available from weathering of bedrock minerals. The prevalence of SSU rRNA affiliated with lithoautotrophic bacteria, autotrophic methane producing archaea and heterotrophic eukarya in the subglacial environment is consistent with this hypothesis and suggests an active contribution to the global carbon cycle. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that subglacial environments harbor endogenous active ecosystems that have the potential to impact global biogeochemical cycles over extended periods of time.
Minimum overlayer thickness for interface formation: An experimental study of the Cu/Ag/Cu(111) system

The evolution of the electronic properties of the boundary between a solid (Ag) and an overlayer (Cu) as a function of the overlayer thickness is examined to yield the characteristic overlayer thickness for interface formation. The boundary properties are probed by measuring the reflection phase shifts of valence electrons using a quantum-well geometry.
An integrated framework for optimizing automatic monitoring systems in large IT infrastructures

The competitive business climate and the complexity of IT environments dictate efficient and cost-effective service delivery and support of IT services. These are largely achieved by automating routine maintenance procedures, including problem detection, determination and resolution. System monitoring provides an effective and reliable means for problem detection. Coupled with automated ticket creation, it ensures that a degradation of the vital signs, defined by acceptable thresholds or monitoring conditions, is flagged as a problem candidate and sent to supporting personnel as an incident ticket. This paper describes an integrated framework for minimizing false positive tickets and maximizing the monitoring coverage for system faults. In particular, the integrated framework defines monitoring conditions and the optimal corresponding delay times based on an off-line analysis of historical alerts and incident tickets. Potential monitoring conditions are built on a set of predictive rules which are automatically generated by a rule-based learning algorithm with coverage, confidence and rule complexity criteria. These conditions and delay times are propagated as configurations into run-time monitoring systems. Moreover, a part of misconfigured monitoring conditions can be corrected according to false negative tickets that are discovered by another text classification algorithm in this framework. This paper also provides implementation details of a program product that uses this framework and shows some illustrative examples of successful results.
Leading-Edge Reaction Zones in Lifted-Jet Gas and Spray Flames

An investigation of the leading edge characteristics in lifted turbulent methane-air (gaseous) and ethanol-air (spray) diffusion flames is presented. Both combustion systems consist of a central nonpremixed fuel jet surrounded by low-speed air co-flow. Non-intrusive laser-based diagnostic techniques have been applied to each system to provide information regarding the behavior of the combustion structures and turbulent flow field in the regions of flame stabilization. Simultaneous sequential CH-PLIF/particle image velocimetry and CH-PLIF/Rayleigh scattering measurements are presented for the lifted gaseous flame. The CH-PLIF data for the lifted gas flame reveals the role that ``leading-edge'' combustion plays as the stabilization mechanism in gaseous diffusion flames. This phenomenon, characterized by a fuel-lean premixed flame branch protruding radially outward at the flame base, permits partially premixed flame propagation against the incoming flow field. In contrast, the leading edge of the ethanol spray flame, examined using single-shot OH-PLIF imaging and smoke-based flow visualization, does not exhibit the same variety of leading-edge combustion structure, but instead develops a dual reaction zone structure as the liftoff height increases. This dual structure is a result of the partial evaporation (hence partial premixing) of the polydisperse spray and the enhanced rate of air entrainment with increased liftoff height (due to co-flow). The flame stabilizes in a region of the spray, near the edge, occupied by small fuel droplets and characterized by intense mixing due to the presence of turbulent structures.
Behavioral responses to short-term social isolation in sheep and goats

Abstract Temporary isolation from social partners under modern husbandry practices is often accompanied by psychological distress. The effects of short-term social isolation were studied in forty 2.5-month-old domestic sheep and goats reared in intra- and inter-specific pairs. Goats vocalized and reared against the wall of the test arena more than sheep during the period of isolation. Subjects isolated in an unfamiliar environment elicited stronger responses than those tested in their home enclosure. The presence of the observer in the test enclosure resulted in a reduction of vocalizations and of time spent rearing against the wall, particularly for goats which spent more time in contact with the observer than did sheep. The effects of rearing experience were minimal. These results are discussed in terms of differences in the sociality of sheep and goats.
Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of Cr(II) aqua ions with benzoylpyridine N-oxide.

Aqueous chromium(II) ions, Craq2+, react with benzoylpyridine oxide (BPO) much more rapidly than with other pyridine N-oxides previously explored. The kinetics were studied under pseudo-first order conditions with either reagent in excess. Under both sets of conditions, the major kinetic term exhibits first order dependence on limiting reagent, and second order dependence on excess reagent, i.e.kCr = k2Cr[BPO][Craq2+]2 (excess Craq2+), and kBPO = k2BPO[Craq2+][BPO]2 (excess BPO), where k2Cr = (6.90 ± 0.27) × 104 M−2 s−1 and k2BPO = (3.32 ± 0.28) × 105 M−2 s−1 in 0.10 M HClO4. The rate constant k2Cr contains terms corresponding to [H+]-independent and [H+]-catalyzed paths. In the proposed mechanism, the initially formed Craq(BPO)2+ engages in parallel oxidation of Craq2+ and reduction of BPO. The latter reaction provides the basis for a convenient new preparative route for the BPO complex of Cr(III).
Expression of activation markers on basophils in a controlled model of anaphylaxis.

Background Anaphylaxis has variable clinical presentations and lacks reliable biomarkers. Expression of activation markers on basophils has been useful in assessing sensitization in IgE-mediated diseases but has not been examined in vivo in anaphylaxis. Objective The study's goals were to assess the baseline expression of activation markers on basophils in individuals with a sting reaction history, the degree of change in expression of these markers after intentional sting challenge, and the relationship between in vitro and in vivo activation marker expression. Methods Patients allergic to insect venom were enrolled and grouped by clinical category defined by a history of a systemic or large local reaction and use of venom immunotherapy. Blood was collected before and after sting challenge. Enriched basophils were analyzed for activation marker expression. In select subjects, basophils were examined after in vitro stimulation with insect venom for activation marker expression and histamine release. Results Of 35 sting-challenge participants, 21 provided adequate samples for analysis. Pre-sting basophil CD63 expression was significantly higher in systemic reactors on immunotherapy. Following sting challenge, the rise in basophil CD69 expression and CD203c was significantly higher in systemic reactors on immunotherapy. Levels of activation markers on basophils were greater after in vitro venom stimulation than after in vivo challenge. Conclusion Broader shifts in expression of basophil activation markers after in vivo challenge occurred among subjects with a history of in vivo systemic anaphylaxis despite venom immunotherapy. Clinical implications Basophil activation markers may be potential biomarkers for anaphylaxis.
E-Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: Helpful or Harmful?

Nicotine cessation medication, combined with behavioral support, is considered the “gold standard” treatment for tobacco cessation, but it is only successful in 20% to 30% of patients. New and alte...
The sites of deep vascular schizogony in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei in mice

Abstract 4 mice were infected with chloroquine-resistant P. berghei . 5–7 days later tail blood and crushes of the organs were stained with Giemsa. The stage of development (trophozoite or schizont) and parasitaemia were determined for each slide. The schizonts concentrated in the liver, spleen and bone marrow and not in the heart, brain, lung and kidney. This organ distribution overlaps with that of P. coatneyi except for the paucity of schizonts in the heart of mice infected with chloroquine-resistant P. berghei .
MODELING INTERNATIONAL CONSUMPTION PATTERNS

This article addresses a number of key problems commonly confronted in the literature on international demand analysis. These include data issues and requirements, multistage budgeting, outliers, group heteroskedasticity, and model selection. A two-stage demand system is fit to International Comparison Programme data for 114 countries for nine aggregate categories and eight food sub-categories of goods. Outliers are identified and omitted from the sample. Parameter estimates for the two stages are obtained with a maximum-likelihood procedure that corrects for group heteroskedasticity. Country-specific income and own-price elasticities are calculated and indicate that poor countries are more responsive to changes in income and prices than rich countries. We also find evidence for the strong version of Engel's law; when income doubles, the budget share of food declines by approximately 0.10.
"Your report is Completely Wrong!" (aapkii report ek dum galat hai!): Locating Spaces inside ngOs for Feedback and Dissemination

This paper explores separate, but similar, confrontations that occurred at the end of two research studies conducted with two different Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Rajasthan, India. Although our goals included explaining our questions and methods during the research period, when we returned to the field for feedback and dissemination, in both cases, the research participants were upset by our findings. The similarity of the experiences caused us to reflect on: (1) power and its spaces inside NGOs and (2) the possibilities for social change through the process of feedback and dissemination. The tensions between NGOs’ interests in controlling project narratives of success and counter-narratives was revealed through researcher-led feedback and dissemination. Drawing on feminist ethnography and organizational theory, we find that dissemination becomes a counter-narrative among the many narratives of an organization. Dissemination highlights already existing narratives and the tensions they produce, besides enabling dialogue that enables new narratives to emerge. We conclude by suggesting that tensions need not be resolved for dissemination to be considered successful—enabling spaces for dialogue leads to insights for both researcher and researched.
Hardware performance counter-based problem diagnosis for e-commerce systems

Black-box instrumentation can support problem diagnosis in distributed systems without the need to modify the application code or to understand its semantics. We explore a novel, low-overhead black-box instrumentation source—CPU/hardware performance counters—for problem diagnosis. Based on our hypothesis that performance problems manifest as observable, anomalous changes in CPU performance counter-values collected across the nodes of a distributed system, we develop a diagnosis approach that is able to detect and localize performance problems injected into RUBiS, a three-tier e-commerce system.
On the within-sibship variance

An approximate formula for the expected within-sibship genotypic variance of a polygenic, diallelic, additive character is obtained for arbitrary recombination between the loci affecting the character. The formula is exact. when there is no recombination, or when the recombination is free. It is also shown that, if the value of f V, (one-half of the parental genotypic variance) is assigned to the withinsibship genotypic variance, as in the model of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (1976, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 1689-1692), it implies the assumptions of random mating and of the perfect linkage. If, on the other hand, the value of fk”’ (one-half of the linkage equilibrium genotypic variance) is assigned to the within-sibship variance, as in the model of Rice, Cloninger, and Reich (1978, Amer. J. Hum. Genet. 30, 6 1 G-643), it implies the assumptions of random mating and either of the free recombination, or of the linkage equilibrium, if the recombination is not free.
Medical management of three asymptomatic infants with severe valvar aortic stenosis.

We report on the clinical course and serial hemodynamic studies of three patients with severe valvar aortic stenosis diagnosed in the neonatal period. None of the children were symptomatic in the first year of life. In each case, a conservative initial management approach was adopted. Between the time of initial study (mean age, 1.8 months) and the follow-up at 12–27 months of age (mean, 14.3 months), mean left ventricular systolic pressure decreased from 151 to 125 mmHg, the mean peak systolic pressure gradient across the aortic valve decreased from 61 to 33 mmHg, and the mean calculated aortic valve area index increased from 0.24 to 0.60 cm2/m2. One patient was operated on for symptoms that appeared at 14 months of age. The patient followed longest is now 5 years old, is growing well, has a normal electrocardiogram and an echo-predicted left ventricular systolic pressure of 128 mmHg. This experience suggests that not all asymptomatic neonates with severe valvar aortic stenosis require surgical intervention early in life. In some, the aortic valve orifice may increase in size with somatic growth and obviate the need for surgery in infancy or early childhood.
Doppler catheter tip localization using color enhancement

The objective of this research was to determine if the ultrasound emissions of the Doppler catheter can be used to locate its position in 3 dimensions by conventional echocardiography. A Doppler catheter has previously been shown to permit nonfluoroscopic retrograde catheterization of the aortic root and left ventricular chamber by using velocity waveform polarity for directional guidance. A significant difficulty in providing ultrasound catheter guidance, however, has been the inability to recognize the Doppler catheter tip, because each point at which a flexible catheter crosses the image plane can be misinterpreted as the catheter tip. Initial in vitro water bath trials were performed using the Doppler catheter attached to a standard velocimeter. Using a 5 MHz imaging transducer and color Doppler methods, the presence or absence of a banded color pattern which could demarcate the Doppler catheter tip was recorded at various angles in and out of the scanning plane. Using Doppler retrograde guidance and transesophageal echocardiography, color Doppler banded patterns, which could identify the Doppler catheter tip, were investigated in the dog aorta. In order to understand the physical mechanisms involved, a series of water bath trials were then conducted using the Doppler catheter attached to a velocimeter which was synchronized to the echo machine. Initial nonsynchronized water bath trials revealed distinct banded color patterns demarcating the Doppler catheter tip when it pointed in any direction within the beam width, except for a 40° blind cone directly away from the imaging transducer. In vivo trials resulted in tracking of the Doppler catheter in the aorta and placement in the aortic root. The synchronized water bath trial revealed that the banded color pattern was a result of periodic direct sound transmission from the Doppler catheter to the imaging transducer. These studies have demonstrated that the ultrasonic emissions from the Doppler catheter allow its localization in three dimensions, and these properties may be useful in invasive ultrasonic diagnostic and therapeutic technology. © 1994 Wiley-Liss,Inc..
Kinematic Motion Constraints of the Protein Molecule Chains

The function of protein molecules is defined by their 3-D geometry, as well as their internal mobility, which is heavily influenced by the internal hydrogen bonds. The correct identification of these hydrogen bonds and the prediction of their effect on the mobility of protein molecules can provide an invaluable mechanism to understand protein behavior. Applications of this study ranges from nano-engineering to new drug design. We are extending our recent approach from identifying main-chain main-chain hydrogen bonds to all types of hydrogen bonds that occur in protein structures, such as α-helices and β-sheets. We use the Grubler-Kutzbach kinematic mobility criterion to determine the degrees of freedom of all closed loops (rigid loops as well as closed loops of one or more degrees of freedom) formed by Hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, we systematically develop constraint equations for non-rigid closed loops. Several examples of protein molecules from PDB are used to show that these additions both improve the accuracy of mobility analysis and enable us to study a broader range of the motion of protein molecules. This approach offers theoretical insight as well as extensive numerical efficiencies in protein simulations.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Graedel named to AIP Board

Thomas E. Graedel, an atmospheric scientist at ATT AGU General Secretary Peter M. Bell of the Norton Company, Worcester, Mass.; AGU Executive Director A. F. Spilhaus, Jr.; and Martin Walt, a geophysicist with the Lockheed Corporation in Palo Alto, Calif. All AGU members receive the benefits of membership in AIP, including the monthly magazine Physics Today. Other AIP services available to AGU members include access to an employment service, AIP's electronic network Pi-NET, and an insurance program. AGU members can also subscribe to journals published by the American Physical Society, another AIP member society, at discounted rates.—WWM
Complementing mutant alleles define three loci involved in mannosylation of Man5-GlcNAc2-P-P-dolichol in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Dolichol-linked oligosaccharides consisting of twoN-acetylglucosamine, nine mannose, and three glucose residues (Glc3Man9GlcNAc2) are transferred to proteins that contain the consensus sequence Asn-X-Ser/Thr. This transfer occurs upon protein import into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. An intermediate in the biosynthesis of the Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 lipid-linked oligosaccharide contains two GlcNAc and five mannose residues. This intermediate serves as a substrate for further mannosylation and glucosylation before transfer to protein. The addition of the sixth mannose residue to this intermediate requires the enzyme mannosyltransferase VI and the mannose donor, mannose-P-dolichol. Several different CHO cell line mutants that fail to efficiently catalyze this transfer have been described. In this report, we examine seven independent mutant cell lines with various biochemical phenotypes and demonstrate that all can be assigned to one of three genetic complementation groups. One mutation affects mannose-P-dolichol biosynthesis (Lec15), three affect dolichol phosphate biosynthesis (Lec9), and three appear to affect the functional orientation of enzyme substrates (PIR).
Enumeration of human lymphocyte subpopulations by immunofluorescence: a comparative study using automated flow microfluorometry and fluorescence microscopy.

Abstract These studies reveal that the enumeration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells by fluorescence microscopy and automated flow microfluorometry show a high degree of correlation whether the cells came from normals, individuals with common variable immunodeficiency, chronic lymphocytic leukemia of B cell origin or chronic lymphocytic leukemia of T cell origin. There was excellent agreement between these two methods when counting positive cells stained by the pan-T monoclonal antibodies OKT3 and Leu-1, the helper T reagents OKT4 and Leu-3a, and the suppressor T antibodies OKT8 and Leu-2a. The values obtained for B cells using a pan-B (HB-2) cell antibody analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and automated flow microfluorometry gave a correlation coefficient of 0.86. The percentage of cells identified 3y antibodies with reactivities toward peripheral blood monocytes (MMA or Leu-M1), the HLA-DR determinant, and HNK-1 (Leu-7) positive cells gave correlation coefficients of 0.90, 0.90, and 0.80 respectively when compared by the 2 methods mentioned above. These data suggest that comparable values for lymphocyte subpopulations in human blood samples can be obtained using the most convenient and available technology.
Priority-Consistent Graphs

Abstract We introduce the notion of minimum size graphs in which stated priorities are reflected by shortest-path distances. We present initial results giving some general properties of such graphs and an efficient algorithm to determine whether a graph consistent with given priorities is a tree.
Simulation-optimization approaches for water pump scheduling and pipe replacement problems

Abstract Network operation and rehabilitation are major concerns for water utilities due to their impact on providing a reliable and efficient service. Solving the optimization problems that arise in water networks is challenging mainly due to the nonlinearities inherent in the physics and the often binary nature of decisions. In this paper, we consider the operational problem of pump scheduling and the design problem of leaky pipe replacement. New approaches for these problems based on simulation-optimization are proposed as solution methodologies. For the pump scheduling problem, a novel decomposition technique uses solutions from a simulation-based sub-problem to guide the search. For the leaky pipe replacement problem a knapsack-based heuristic is applied. The proposed solution algorithms are tested and detailed results for two networks from the literature are provided.
Validation of bioassays for assessing the contamination of marine environments

Abstract Various biomarkers were used to determine the exposure of fish (Arius felis and Micropogon undulatus) from Galveston Bay (GB), Texas, USA to organic contaminants. Sediment levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in GB ranged from 81 to >1000 ng/g and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were <20 ng/g at all stations. No significant differences in hepatic concentrations of contaminants and ethoxyresorufin O–deethylase (EROD) activity, CYPIA mRNA levels, and DNA adducts were found in A. felis from GB. However, significant differences in biliary concentrations of naphthalene, phenanthrene, and benzo[a]pyrene metabolites were observed. Induced EROD activities and elevated levels of biliary PAH metabolites were measured in M. undulatus from the two most contaminated sites in GB. Induction toxic equivalents (I-TEQs), derived from dosing rat hepatoma H4IIE cells with hepatic extracts of A. felis, were correlated with tissue levels of ≥4–ring PAHs.
Photoelectron spectrum of chlorine monofluoride

Abstract The photoelectron spectrum of CIF was taken with the helium I (21.22 eV) resonance line. Adiabatic ionization potentials were obtained and assignments made to the three observed bands. Spin-orbit splitting in the first band was found to be in good agreement with theory.
Prediction of submicron junction temperatures in microelectronics using IR techniques

Infrared (IR) techniques can accurately measure temperatures with high spatial resolution, on the order of a few microns resolution. In microelectronics, however, a device’s hot spot, the junction temperature, is a small fraction of a micron. Accurate prediction of junction temperature is critical for reliability and thermal management. This paper presents an accurate closed form model for the junction temperature as a function of device geometry. Based on knowledge of the temperature profile it is possible to reverse the averaging inherent in the IR measurement and obtain the junction temperature accurately based on IR microscopy. This paper illustrates this approach for the case of field effect transistors (FETs) and applies it to several actual measurements.
Resting and post exercise arterial-ventricular coupling in endurance-trained men and women.

The relationship between effective arterial elastance (EA) and left ventricular end-systolic elastance (ELV) is a determinant of cardiac performance, known as arterial–ventricular coupling (AVC). The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of high-intensity interval (HI) and low-intensity steady state (SS) exercise on AVC. Twenty-three (13 men, 10 women) young (26 years), endurance-trained individuals completed a VO2 peak test followed by an acute SS and HI exercise bout on separate visits. Before (Pre) and 30- and 60-min after each bout, measures of aortic end-systolic pressure (ESP), left ventricular end-systolic volume and stroke volume were obtained. Across both conditions (HI and SS) and both sexes, at 30 and 60 min post exercise, ESP and ELV were reduced from Pre 30 and 60-min exercise (ESP: 86±7, 77±8 and 73±8 mm Hg; ELV: 4.93±1.53, 4.19±1.38 and 4.10±1.53 mm Hg ml−1 m−2). EA was only reduced at 60 min post exercise (1.90±0.36, 1.78±0.50 and 1.57±0.36). Both EA and ELV were reduced following acute SS and HI exercise. This is likely because of similar reductions in total peripheral resistance following both exercise bouts. These results suggest that endurance-trained individuals are able to match peripheral vascular changes with changes in left ventricular function following dynamic exercise of different intensities.
Application of intravenous helium-neon (He-Ne) laser therapy to patients with respiratory insufficiency: introductory report

In this paper the authors present an unconventional method of intravenous laser therapy applied to nine patients treated in ICU for acute respiratory insufficiency. The laser therapy treatment was applied twice in 24 hours by introducing a quartz light pipe into a peripheral vein of the forearm connected to the He-Ne laser produced by Amber, Poland. In order to irradiate the whole circulating blood the procedure lasted twenty minutes. The initial observation showed the improvement of the respiratory parameters and the decrease of leucocytosis. During the intravenous laser therapy the ARDS was not observed in the patients, despite the existence of risk factors.
Computer simulation of effects on Atlantic menhaden yield of changes in growth, mortality, and reproduction

A self-regenerating dynamic pool model fitted to the Atlantic menhaden population was applied to simulate yield as a function of the parameters for growth, reproduction, and mortality. A random variable was applied to simulate random environmental fluctuations. For each combination of parameters the yield for 50 replicates of 50 generations was calculated Under normal conditions considerable fluctuation in yield from the menhaden population can be expected. Decrease in the growth parameter produced the largest decrease in yield and an increase in adult mortality produced the smallest decrease in yield. The combined effects of simultaneous changes in more than one parameter were approximately additive.
Diagnosis and management of suicidal behavior.

Summasy.-The present discussion examines a number of elements which seem to be involved in suicidal behavior. Despite the various situational and personality determinants which may contribute to suicidal behavior, it was noted that many clinicians attribute this self-destructive pattern to depression and often administer the prescribed treatment, i.e., antidepressant medications and psychotherapy. It was suggested that because suicidal behavior is so maladaptive and because such action represents a conspicuous dislocation with reality, i.e., a circumscribed thought disorder in which the danger of irreversible injury is ignored, treating the unmanageable part of the personality with antipsychotic medications might help control the behavior and reduce the likelihood of potential lethality. Once the psychotic component is sufficiently arrested and suicidal behavior has been controlled, the patient may be more amenable to intensive diagnostic assessment and eventually to psychotherapy. Of the numerous challenges in outpatient psychotherapeutic treaunent none is perhaps greater than diagnosing and managing suicidal behavior (Farberow, 1974). Unlike inpatient treaunent in which maximum environmental control can be accomplished through a combination of medication, physical restraint, and other life-saving measures, outpatient management of suicidal behavior may be hazardous to patient and therapist alike (Kirstein, et al., 1975; Paykel, et al., 1974). Dangers to the patient seem somewhat unambiguous, yet unexpected risks to the therapist including civil liability in cases of demonstrable misconduct may also exist (Corey, Corey, & Callahan, 1979). Germane to effective management of suicidal behavior is assuring, by whatever means may be necessary, the survival of the patient. Since outpatient treatment seems to have a number of inherent limitations with regard to dealing with suicidal behavior and since many psychotherapists confront protecting patients' lives against inadvertent and calculated attempts at self-destruction, a systematic appraisal and methodical treatment strategy might help reduce the likelihood of both.
Torsional oscillator for internal friction data at 100 kHz

We describe a method for measuring the internal friction of solids at low temperatures. Our design uses a composite oscillator vibrating in torsion at 100 kHz. The oscillator makes good thermal contact to the cryostat while maintaining a low background loss of Q−1≂2×10−6 at 2 K. The usefulness of the design is demonstrated by data for BaF2 and a‐SiO2 from 2 to 300 K.
Collagen involvement in branching morphogenesis of embryonic lung and salivary gland

The possibility that extracellular collagen is involved in branching morphogenesis of mouse embryo lung and salivary glands has been explored duringin vitro organ culture. Control cultures of both rudiment types contain abundant collagen in extracellular spaces between mesenchymal cells and in the epithelial-mesenchymal interface. Branching morphogenesis of lungs and salivary glands is not perturbed by the presence of β-aminopropionitrile, implying that extracellular collagen cross-linking is not required, but is perturbed by α,α′-dipyridyl orl-azetidine-2-car☐ylic acid (LACA), agents reported to interfere with collagen synthesis and secretion. Analysis of the structural and biosynthetic effects of LACA revealed a severe inhibition of collagen synthesis, as monitored by hydroxyproline synthesis, and extracellular collagen accumulation. Cell and tissue integrity was not affected, but a slight inhibition of general protein synthesis, protein accumulation, and epithelial expansion was observed. The strong correlations between collagen biosynthesis, extracellular collagen presence, and branching morphogenesis are consistent with an integral role for collagen in embryonic lung and salivary gland morphogenesis.
Synthesis and characterization of a new mixed-metal oxide framework material composed of vanadium oxide clusters: X-ray crystal structure of (N2H5)2[Zn3VIV12VV6O42(SO4)(H2O)12]·24H2O

The reaction of a slurry of V2O5 with LiOH·H2O and hydrazinium sulfate gives a dark colored solution that upon treatment with ZnSO4·7H2O yields the novel framework material (N2H5)2[Zn3VIV12VV6O42(SO4)(H2O)12]·24H2O, composed of three-dimensional arrays of the mixed-valence {V18O42(SO4)} clusters interlinked via {Zn(H2O)4} bridging groups, containing tunnels occupied by exchangeable cations and water molecules.
REDUCED PREDATION AT INTERIOR NESTS IN CLUSTERED ALL-PURPOSE TERRITORIES OF LEAST FLYCATCHERS (EMPIDONAX MINIMUS)

Abstract Predator deterrence has been widely studied as a potential advantage of colonial breeding. We extend the predator-deterrence hypothesis to the Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), a noncolonial species that clusters its all-purpose territories, leaving apparently suitable habitat unoccupied. Under the hypothesis that Least Flycatchers' alarm calls deter some predators from hunting inside their nesting clusters, we predicted that the rate of nest predation would be lower for interior nests than for those on the periphery. In 1995 and 1996 in north-central Minnesota, we monitored 157 Least Flycatcher nests from nine nesting clusters, with locations ranging from directly on the edge to 170 m in from the edge. Using proportional hazards regression, we assessed the effect of distance to cluster edge on nest success. The models best supported by the data all indicated higher success for interior nests, with 34–38% lower predation hazard. This result is the first evidence of reduced predation within ne...
A temperature‐dependent kinetics study of the reaction of O(3PJ) with (CH3)2SO

A laser flash photolysis–resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to investigate the kinetics of the reaction of ground state oxygen atoms, O(3PJ), with (CH3)2SO (dimethylsulfoxide) as a function of temperature (266–383 K) and pressure (20–100 Torr N2). The rate coefficient (kR1) for the O(3PJ) + (CH3)2SO reaction is found to be independent of pressure and to increase with decreasing temperature. The following Arrhenius expression adequately describes the observed temperature dependence: kR1(T) = (1.68 ± 0.76) × 10−12 exp[(445 ± 141)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1, where the uncertainties in Arrhenius parameters are 2σ and represent precision only. The absolute accuracy of each measured rate coefficient is estimated to be ±30%, and is limited predominantly by the uncertainties in measured (CH3)2SO concentrations. The observed temperature and pressure dependencies suggest that, as in the case of O(3PJ) reactions with CH3SH and (CH3)2S, reaction occurs by addition of O(3PJ) to the sulfur atom followed by rapid fragmentation of the energized adduct to products. The O(3PJ) + (CH3)2SO reaction is fast enough so that it could be a useful laboratory source of the CH3SO2 radical if this species is produced in significant yield. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 156–161, 2002; DOI 10.1002/kin.10040
Generalizations of the projection methods with application to SOR theory for Hermitian positive semidefinite linear systems

Ann×n complex matrixB is calledparacontracting if ‖B‖2≦1 and 0≠x∈[N(I-B)]⊥⇒‖Bx‖2<‖x‖2. We show that a productB=BkBk−1...B1 ofk paracontracting matrices is semiconvergent and give upper bounds on the subdominant eigenvalue ofB in terms of the subdominant singular values of theBi's and in terms of the angles between certain subspaces. Our results here extend earlier results due to Halperin and due to Smith, Solomon and Wagner. We also determine necessary and sufficient conditions forn numbers in the interval [0, 1] to form the spectrum of a product of two orthogonal projections and hence characterize the subdominant eigenvalue of such a product. In the final part of the paper we apply the upper bounds mentioned earlier to provide an estimate on the subdominant eigenvalue of the SOR iteration matrix ℒω associated with ann×n hermitian positive semidefinite matrixA none of whose diagonal entries vanish.
Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy

There is no consensus definition of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Commonly used definitions include an increase in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or a 25% increase above baseline within 48 h of contrast.
Entropy: Thermodynamic definition and quantum expression

Numerous expressions exist in the scientific literature purporting to represent entropy. Are they all acceptable? To answer this question, we review the thermodynamic definition of entropy, and establish eight criteria that must be satisfied by it. The definition and criteria are obtained by using solely the general, nonstatistical statements of the first and second laws presented in Thermodynamics: Foundations and Applications [Elias P. Gyftopoulos and Gian Paolo Beretta (Macmillan, New York, 1991)]. We apply the eight criteria to each of the entropy expressions proposed in the literature and find that only the relation S=-kTr\ensuremath{\rho}ln \ensuremath{\rho} satisfies all the criteria, provided that the density operator \ensuremath{\rho} corresponds to a homogeneous ensemble of identical systems, identically prepared. Homogeneous ensemble means that every member of the ensemble is described by the same density operator \ensuremath{\rho} as any other member, that is, the ensemble is not a statistical mixture of projectors (wave functions).
Sandwich Plates Actuated by a Kagome Planar Truss

Kagome truss plates have properties that suggest they should be uniquely effective as an actuation plane for sandwich plates: a Kagome truss plate has in-plane isotropy, optimal stiffness and strength, and its truss members can be actuated with minimal internal resistance. In this paper, sandwich plates are studied that are comprised of one solid face sheet and one actuated Kagome face sheet joined by a pyramidal truss core. Various aspects of the actuation behavior of these plates are investigated, including internal resistance and strains resulting from actuation and efficiency of actuation. Single and double curvature actuation modes are investigated. Contact is made with analytic results for actuation modes with long wavelength.
Online measurements of crystallinity using Raman spectroscopy during blown film extrusion of a linear low-density polyethylene

Real-time, Raman spectroscopic measurements of crystallinity during the blown film extrusion of a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) are reported. The take-up ratio (TUR), inflation air pressure, and cooling conditions were varied, and their effect on the development of crystallinity was studied. The results indicate that the crystallization process starts at the freeze line, increases along the film line, and finally plateaus. It was observed that with changing processing conditions, the differences in the profiles for crystallinity were evident when plotted as a function of time rather than distance along the machine direction. The influence of take-up ratio and bubble inflation air pressure on the development of crystallinity clearly established the role of flow-induced crystallization during film extrusion. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1484–1490, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolism in field collected fish from the Gila River, Arizona, USA – Levels, possible sources, and patterns

Abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in fish collected from the Gila River, Arizona, a tributary of the Colorado River in the lower part of the Colorado River Basin. Fish samples were collected at sites on the Gila River downstream from Hayden, Phoenix, and Arlington, Arizona in late summer 2003. The Gila River is ephemeral upstream of the Phoenix urban area due to dams and irrigation projects and has limited perennial flow downstream of Phoenix due to wastewater and irrigation return flows. Fifty PBDE congeners were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry using labeled surrogate standards in composite samples of male and female common carp ( Cyrpinus carpio ), largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) and channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ). The predominant PBDE congeners detected and quantified were 47, 100, 153, 49, 28, and 17. Concentrations of total PBDEs in these fish ranged from 1.4 to 12700 ng g −1 wet weight, which are some of the highest concentrations reported in fish from the United States. Differences in metabolism of several PBDE congeners by carp is clear at the Phoenix site; congeners with at least one ring of 2,4,5-substitution are preferentially metabolized as are congeners with 2,3,4-substitution.
Sustainable Bioethics: Extending Care to an Aging Planet

About 1970, Van Rensselaer Potter coined the term bioethics to bring under one heading broad questions of human survival, environment, and biology. In 1971, Potter outlined a statement of principles that linked the ethics of the biological sciences with the ethics of environmental concern. Regrettably, the field that adopted his rubric bioethics immediately diverged from Potter’s interests. Bioethics has become for the most part identified with medical ethics or health care ethics and in so doing has developed few ethical principles and analyses in relationship to environmental ethics. Similarly, environmental ethics seldom touches on clinical or health care issues, even though the field of environmental health has grown greatly in recent decades. It is the purpose of this article to indicate briefly some of the topics that could be treated effectively as part of a project to reconnect medical ethics and environmental ethics into what may be called sustainable bioethics.
Comparative Dynamics and Risk Premia in an Overlapping Generations Model: A Note

It is demonstrated that the risk premia on stock in an overlapping generations model with risk-averse agents are bounded above zero.
Effects of the expressive voice on phonetic symbolism

College students guessed the meanings of Japanese words in antonym pairs with the word-matching technique under three conditions. When Ss heard the Japanese words pronounced with an expressive voice, their guessing was significantly better than when they heard the words pronounced with a monotone voice, or when they read the printed words. The Ss guessed better in all three conditions than if the choices were made randomly. The proportions of Ss who made the correct choice to each pair of antonyms under the three conditions are presented.
Semantic Determinants of Preferred Adjective Order.

Syntactic attempts to account for preferred adjective order are shown to be inadequate. Data showing the relationship between preferred adjective order and nonsyntactic dimensions are presented. Two hypotheses concerning the antecedents of adjective order are proposed. In these hypotheses, semantic and syntactic aspects of the phenomenon are integrated in a psycholinguistic framework. In both views, the ordered output of the semantic component is seen as providing an ordered input to the syntactic component, which is seen as resulting in the ordering of adjective production.
The growth of thin films of zinc tin phosphide

Abstract Thin films of ZnSnP2 were grown by annealing a tin oxide thin film in a PH 3 Zn-metal containing ambient. The growth conditions are described and X-ray diffraction data, verifying film composition, are presented. Results of optical adsorption measurements are also given.
Spirochaeta caldaria sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium that enhances cellulose degradation by Clostridium thermocellum

Two strains of obligately anaerobic, thermophilic spirochetes were isolated from cyanobacterial mat samples collected at freshwater hot springs in Oregon and Utah, USA. The isolates grew optimally between 48° and 52°C, and did not grow at 25° or 60°C. Both strains fermented various pentoses, hexoses, and disaccharides. Amino acids or cellulose did not serve as fermentable substrates for growth. H2, CO2, acetate, and lactate were end products of d-glucose fermentation. On the basis of physiological characteristics, guanine + cytosine content of DNA, and comparisons of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, it was concluded that the two isolates were representatives of a novel species of Spirochaeta for which the name Spirochaeta caldaria is proposed. One of the two strains was grown in coculture with a thermophilic cellulolytic bacterium (Clostridium thermocellum) in a medium containing cellulose as the only fermentable substrate. In the coculture cellulose was broken down at a faster rate than in the clostridial monoculture. The results are consistent with the suggestion that interactions between cellulolytic bacteria and non-cellulolytic spirochetes enhance cellulose breakdown in natural environments in which cellulose-containing plant material is biodegraded.
Social theory and peasant revolution in Vietnam and Guatemala

Gourou. Gourou's classic The Peasants of the Tonkin Delta remains the starting point for all later writing about peasant revolution in Vietnam, but the long American involvement produced what James Scott has called a "boomlet" in the study of peasant revolution in Vietnam and elsewhere. 1 As the United States increases its military involvement in Central America it seems appropriate to inquire whether any of the scholarly theories developed in the earlier experience in Vietnam might generalize to fit still another peasant revolution half a world away. Neither sound foreign policy nor good social theory can be based on "explanations" which in fact apply only to one time and place. Consideration of the Central American revolution and the case of Guatemala in particular should provide information about both. The goal of this article, however, is principally theoretical; to test theories developed to explain one case, Vietnam, in a second and largely independent case, Guatemala. Scholarly analysis of the problem of peasant revolution in Vietnam has led to three different sets of theories, all of which make somewhat different predictions about the causes of peasant revolution in Vietnam and elsewhere and are, furthermore, at least in large part, mutually exclusive. The three theoretical perspectives might be called moral economy, political economy, and class conflict. The first two terms were used by Samuel Popkin in his book The Rational Peasant to distinguish his own perspective on Vietnam, which he calls "political economy," from the perspective he calls "moral economy,"