cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plant homeodomain proteins provide a mechanism for how leaves grow wide

The mechanisms whereby leaf anlagen undergo proliferative growth and expansion to form wide, flat leaves are unclear. The maize gene NARROWSHEATH1 (NS1) is a WUSCHEL-related homeobox3 (WOX3) homolog expressed at the margins of leaf primordia, and is required for mediolateral outgrowth. To investigate the mechanisms of NS1 function, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation and laser-microdissection RNA-seq of leaf primordial margins to identify gene targets bound and modulated by NS1. Microscopic analyses of cell division and gene expression in expanding leaves, and reverse genetic analyses of homologous NS1 target genes in Arabidopsis, reveal that NS1 controls mediolateral outgrowth by repression of a growth inhibitor and promotion of cell division at primordial leaf margins. Intriguingly, homologous WOX gene products are expressed in stem cell-organizing centers and traffic to adjoining cells to activate stem-cell identity non-autonomously. In contrast, WOX3/NS1 does not traffic, and stimulates cell divisions in the same cells in which it is transcribed.
Shannon + Friston = Content: Intentionality in predictive signaling systems

What is the content of a mental state? This question poses the problem of intentionality: to explain how mental states can be about other things, where being about them is understood as representing them. A framework that integrates predictive coding and signaling systems theories of cognitive processing offers a new perspective on intentionality. On this view, at least some mental states are evaluations, which differ in function, operation, and normativity from representations. A complete naturalistic theory of intentionality must account for both types of intentional state.
Radiative Models of Sagittarius A* and M87 from Relativistic MHD Simulations

Ongoing millimeter VLBI observations with the Event Horizon Telescope allow unprecedented study of the innermost portion of black hole accretion flows. Interpreting the observations requires relativistic, time-dependent physical modeling. We discuss the comparison of radiative transfer calculations from general relativistic MHD simulations of Sagittarius A* and M87 with current and future mm-VLBI observations. This comparison allows estimates of the viewing geometry and physical conditions of the Sgr A* accretion flow. The viewing geometry for M87 is already constrained from observations of its large-scale jet, but, unlike Sgr A*, there is no consensus for its millimeter emission geometry or electron population. Despite this uncertainty, as long as the emission region is compact, robust predictions for the size of its jet launching region can be made. For both sources, the black hole shadow may be detected with future observations including ALMA and/or the LMT, which would constitute the first direct evidence for a black hole event horizon.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Metabolites and Minerals in 6 Microgreen Species and the Influence of Maturity.

Background Microgreens are the young leafy greens of many vegetables, herbs, grains, and flowers with potential to promote human health and sustainably diversify the global food system. For successful further integration into the global food system and evaluation of their health impacts, it is critical to elucidate and optimize their nutritional quality. Objectives We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the metabolite and mineral contents of 6 microgreen species, and the influence of maturity on their contents. Methods Plant species evaluated were from the Brassicaceae (arugula, broccoli, and red cabbage), Amaranthaceae (red beet and red amaranth), and Fabaceae (pea) plant families. Nontargeted metabolomics and ionomics analyses were performed to examine the metabolites and minerals, respectively, in each microgreen species and its mature counterpart. Results Nontargeted metabolomics analysis detected 3321 compounds, 1263 of which were annotated and included nutrients and bioactive compounds. Ionomics analysis detected and quantified 26 minerals including macrominerals, trace minerals, ultratrace minerals, and other metals. Principal component analysis indicated that microgreens have distinct metabolite and mineral profiles compared with one another and with their mature counterparts. Several compounds were higher (P < 0.05; fold change ≥2) in microgreens compared with their mature counterparts, whereas some were not different or lower. In many cases, compounds that were higher in microgreens compared with the mature counterpart were also unique to that microgreen species. Conclusions These data provide evidence for the nutritional quality of microgreens, and can inform future research and development aimed at characterizing and optimizing microgreen nutritional quality and health impacts.
Ecological correlates of gene family size: the draft genome of the redheaded pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei

A central goal in evolutionary biology is to determine the predictability of adaptive genetic changes. Despite many documented cases of convergent evolution at individual loci, little is known about the repeatability of gene family expansions and contractions. To address this void, we examined gene family evolution in the redheaded pine sawfly Neodiprion lecontei, a non-eusocial hymenopteran and exemplar of a pine-specialized lineage evolved from angiosperm-feeding ancestors. After assembling and annotating a draft genome, we manually annotated multiple gene families with chemosensory, detoxification, or immunity functions and characterized their genomic distributions and evolutionary history. Our results suggest that expansions of bitter gustatory receptor (GR), clan 3 cytochrome P450 (CYP3), and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) subfamilies may have contributed to pine adaptation. By contrast, there was no evidence of recent gene family contraction via pseudogenization. Next, we compared the number of genes in these same families across insect taxa that vary in diet, dietary specialization, and social behavior. In Hymenoptera, herbivory was associated with large GR and small olfactory receptor (OR) families, eusociality was associated with large OR and small AMP families, and-- unlike investigations among more closely related taxa--ecological specialization was not related to gene family size. Overall, our results suggest that gene families that mediate ecological interactions may expand and contract predictably in response to particular selection pressures, however, the ecological drivers and temporal pace of gene gain and loss likely varies considerably across gene families.
Price Regulation and the Hope Standard

The superior incentive properties of price cap regulation (PCR) derive from breaking the link between revenues and costs which renders the regulated firm the residual claimant for its efficiency gains. Under the Hope standard, regulated firms are constitutionally protected against confiscatory rates. This is a two-edged sword. Regulated firms may be shielded against unduly low rates, but they are also exposed to various forms of regulatory opportunism that may be used to expropriate returns above the minimum required to satisfy Hope. To wit, regulators can employ entry accommodation to reestablish the linkage between the regulated firm’s revenues and costs so that it is no longer the residual claimant for its efficiency gains. In this setting, the conclusions of the literature are reversed: investment in cost-reducing effort and profits are both higher under PCR with earnings sharing than under pure PCR. In fact, under pure PCR the regulated firm’s expected investment in cost-reducing effort and profits are both zero.
The Influence of Residual Feed Intake and Cow Age on Beef Cattle Performance, Supplement Intake, Resource Use, and Grazing Behavior on Winter Mixed-Grass Rangelands.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of RFI and cow age on the supplement intake and grazing behavior of beef cattle. Average daily supplement intake (kg/cow/d) displayed an RFI × cow age interaction (p < 0.01), with a linear increase in average daily supplement intake with increasing RFI of 3-year-old cows (p < 0.01). Average daily supplement intake (g ∙ kg BW−1 ∙ d−1) displayed an RFI × cow age interaction (p < 0.01), with a quadratic effect on supplement intake of 3-year-old cows (p = 0.01). Cow age displayed a quadratic effect on variation of supplement intake (p < 0.01), where 1-year-old cows had a greater CV of supplement intake than all other cow ages (p < 0.01). Distance traveled displayed a cow age × RFI interaction (p = 0.02), where high-RFI 5-year-old cows traveled further per day than low 5-year-old RFI cows. The probability of grazing site selection was influenced by cow age (p ≤ 0.03). In summary, heifer post-weaning RFI had minimal effects on beef cattle performance, grazing behavior, or resource utilization; however, cow age impacted both grazing behavior and resource use.
Hemostatic Resuscitation of Pediatric Trauma Patients During Air Medical Transport: A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to examine an academic air ambulance service's experience with prehospital transfusion of plasma and red blood cells in pediatric trauma for evidence of efficacy on the treatment of shock and coagulopathy. Methods All trauma patients Results Seventeen cases met the inclusion criteria and were matched by age and Injury Severity Score to 17 control patients (mean age = 10.5 vs. 10.9 years; New Injury Severity Score, 37 vs. 40.7). No significant differences in vital signs, shock index, or mortality were observed. Cases received less in-flight crystalloid (4.3 mL/kg vs. 16.9 mL/kg, P = .004), had higher admission fibrinogen levels (238 vs. 148mg/dL, P = .007), and shorter time to normalization of the international normalized ratio (6.4 vs. 19.1 hours, P = .04). Conclusions In this small series, hemostatic resuscitation during air medical transport was associated with less crystalloid administration and better support of coagulation indices.
Comparison of 2 Invisalign tray generations using the Peer Assessment Rating index.

Introduction This study aimed to establish if there is a significant difference in effectiveness between 2 generations of Invisalign trays in terms of Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) score reduction for finished patients from a graduate orthodontic clinic. Methods Forty-five pretreatment and posttreatment patients treated with the previous Invisalign material and 49 pretreatment and posttreatment patients treated with SmartTrack material were scored using the Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) index. Both groups were controlled for initial weighted PAR score, age, gender, and treatment time. The 2 generations were compared in regard to absolute reduction, percent reduction, and great improvement in PAR score. Results The mean absolute reduction in weighted PAR score between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.526). The mean percent reduction in weighted PAR score between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.210). The proportion of great improvement between the groups was not significant (P = 0.526). Only 6 of the 8 components of occlusion had enough variation to be modeled. An absolute reduction in unweighted PAR score was not significantly different between the groups for maxillary anterior alignment, overjet, or mandibular anterior alignment (P = 0.996, 1.000, and 0.114, respectively). Percent reduction in unweighted PAR score was not significantly different between the 2 groups for an anteroposterior, overbite, or transverse (P = 1.000, 1.000, and 1.000, respectively) relationships. Conclusions Our study indicates that both generations of Invisalign aligners improved the malocclusion to a similar degree according to the PAR index. Patient-centric benefits of SmartTrack aligner should also be considered by the provider.
MRI-guided Biopsy in Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer.

AbstractPurpose:The underlying premise of prostate cancer Active Surveillance (AS) is that cancers likely to metastasize will be recognized and eliminated before cancer-related disease can ensue. O...
The Cambridge Introduction to Nathaniel Hawthorne

As the author of The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne has been established as a major writer of the nineteenth century and the most prominent chronicler of New England and its colonial history. This introductory book for students coming to Hawthorne for the first time outlines his life and writings in a clear and accessible style. Leland S. Person also explains some of the significant cultural and social movements that influenced Hawthorne's most important writings: Puritanism, Transcendentalism and Feminism. The major works, including The Scarlet Letter, The House of the Seven Gables and The Blithedale Romance, as well as Hawthorne's important short stories and non-fiction, are analysed in detail. The book also includes a brief history and survey of Hawthorne scholarship, with special emphasis on recent studies. Students of nineteenth-century American literature will find this a rewarding and engaging introduction to this remarkable writer.
Femoral Pseudoaneurysm as a Complication of Infective Endocarditis.

A 65-year-old man with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) presented with 8 months of fatigue and weight loss, and 2 weeks of right groin discomfort. Examination revealed a tender pulsatile right groin mass with a faint bruit. A CT angiogram revealed a pseudoaneurysm arising from the right proximal deep femoral artery (Figs. 1 and 2). The patient recalled no recent trauma, catheterization, infection, or surgery, but reported a dental extraction 10 months prior. An echocardiogram showed a mitral valve vegetation with severe mitral regurgitation, and blood cultures grew penicillin-sensitive Lactobacillus. A diagnosis of subacute infective endocarditis with mycotic pseudoaneurysm was made. The patient underwent surgical repair of the pseudoaneurysm and mitral valve, and received parenteral antibiotic therapy. CLL is associated with immunodeficiency, and infection remains the most common cause of death in these patients. Routine antimicrobial prophylaxis for the prevention of endocarditis is no longer recommended for all patients undergoing dental procedures, although this may be associated with a rise in the rates of endocarditis. The patient likely developed subacute endocarditis after the dental procedure, with septic emboli leading to vascular wall infection. Extracranial mycotic aneurysms usually present as pseudoaneurysms, and treatment consists of antibiotic and aggressive surgical therapy, including vascular reconstruction as needed. Acknowledgments: All authors have had access to all data in the study, and have read and approved submission of the manuscript. The findings have not been presented previously in any conference or published in print or electronic format.
Chapter 20 – Fast Compilation Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter explores many techniques to accelerate field-programmable gate array (FPGA) placement and routing like FPGA scaling, hardware prototyping and logic emulation systems, instance-specific designs, and runtime netlist compilation. All of them have restrictions, benefits, and drawbacks, which means that the applications, architectures, and design constraints must dictate which methodologies can and should be used. Several of the approaches do not provide acceptable runtime given problem constraints, while some may not offer sufficient implementation quality. Some techniques may not scale adequately to address the issues, while others do not have the necessary information to use. Although classical block-level simulated annealing techniques have been the cornerstone of FPGA CAD tools for decades, these methodologies must eventually be replaced. Hierarchical and macro-based techniques seem to scale much more gracefully while preserving the large-scale characteristics of high-quality simulated annealing. Hardware prototyping and logic emulation systems benefit greatly from incremental mapping techniques. They still require fast place and route algorithms when compilation needs to be performed from scratch. Hardware-assisted placement seems an obvious choice that can take full advantage of the multichip arrays present in these large devices. Furthermore, since optimal critical-path timing is not essential and application source code is generally available to provide hierarchical information, datapath and macro-based approaches can be very effective.
Cooling of the Earth: A parameterized convection study of whole versus layered models

[1] Compositionally layered mantle models have often been invoked in order to explain the geochemistry observed at the Earth's surface, specifically the discrepancy between ocean island basalt and mid-ocean ridge basalt compositions. One disadvantage of layered models is the reduction in cooling efficiency compared to whole-mantle convection as a direct result of the insulating nature of the thermal boundary layer that develops between the two convecting layers. This may pose a significant problem for layered models in which the bottom layer is enriched in heat-producing radioactive elements with respect to the top layer. One may expect that the bottom layer would become superheated over the lifetime of the Earth. We perform this study in order to test whether layered models are thermally feasible. We are interested in discovering whether it was possible, within Earth-like constraints, to produce a bottom layer temperature that remains below the solidus without simultaneously producing a top layer that is too cool. We use parameterized convection to explore a wide parameter range of input values for several layering configurations. We study both a whole mantle convection model and the recently proposed layered convection model, which places the boundary between the layers at 1600-km depth [Kellogg et al., 1999]. We use the present-day heat flow and mantle viscosity as primary constraints and use the resulting average temperature as a test for the feasibility of the models. Our results reveal that for whole mantle convection, a wide parameter range produces results that satisfy our constraints. This is in contrast to the layered convection model in which we find that the parameter range that satisfies constraints is significantly reduced or perhaps, nonexistent.
Types of planetary tori

While satellite tori are morphologically similar, they divide into dynamically distinct groups whose global balances of ions and neutrals are presently modeled in order to determine how a torus behaves as a consequence of whether it generates itself and whether it disperses or recombines in place. Six possible types of behavior result; attention is given to the equilibrium and stability of each type. The behavior of a perturbation is characterized by a trajectory in the two-dimensional space formed by the ion density and neutral density perturbations. The equilibrium is stable if a perturbation follows its trajectory toward the origin, but is unstable if the motion is away from it. An attempt is made to classify the Jupiter and Saturn tori in this light.
The AWE wall: A smart reconfigurable robotic surface

In this paper, we introduce a new robot "wall" surface, featuring a multiple folding panel structure. The wall forms part of AWE, a novel 'Animated Work Environment", which seeks to introduce robotics at the architectural scale to modify environments in real time to the changing needs and moods of their occupants. The panels of the AWE wall will feature embedded IT and adapt to the current movements and tasks of the user. We describe the overall AWE concept and detail the design and construction of the robot surface. Motion planning and control issues are discussed.
An American on Paris: Extent of aqueous alteration of a CM chondrite and the petrography of its refractory and amoeboid olivine inclusions

Paris is the least aqueously altered CM chondrite identified to date, classified as subtype 2.7; however, literature data indicate that some regions of this apparently brecciated meteorite may be subtype 2.9. The suite of CAIs in Paris includes 19% spinel–pyroxene inclusions, 19% spinel inclusions, 8% spinel–pyroxene–olivine inclusions, 43% pyroxene inclusions, 8% pyroxene–olivine inclusions, and 3% hibonite-bearing inclusions. Both simple and complex inclusions are present; some have nodular, banded, or distended structures. No melilite was identified in any of the inclusions in the present suite, but other recent studies have found a few rare occurrences of melilite in Paris CAIs. Because melilite is highly susceptible to aqueous alteration, it is likely that it was mostly destroyed during early-stage parent-body alteration. Two of the CAIs in this study are part of compound CAI–chondrule objects. Their presence suggests that there were transient heating events (probably associated with chondrule formation) in the nebula after chondrules and CAIs were admixed. Also present in Paris are a few amoeboid olivine inclusions (AOI) consisting of relatively coarse forsterite rims surrounding fine-grained, porous zones containing diopside and anorthite. The interior regions of the AOIs may represent fine-grained rimless CAIs that were incorporated into highly porous forsterite-rich dustballs. These assemblages were heated by an energy pulse that collapsed and coarsened their rims, but failed to melt their interiors.
A 1.5V 1mA 80dB passive /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ ADC in 0.13/spl mu/m digital CMOS process

A passive switched-capacitor /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ ADC consisting of only switches, capacitors and a comparator, is implemented in a 0.13/spl mu/m digital CMOS process. This high-speed low-voltage architecture is used in a zero-IF GSM transceiver and has a measured peak SNDR of 67dB over a bandwidth of 100kHz with a SFDR of 75dB and a dynamic range of 72dB. The ADC consumes 1mA from a 1.5V power supply at a clock rate of 104MHz.
Associative Learning in Response to Color in the Parasitoid Wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

A parasitoid that can learn cues associated with the host microenvironment should have an increased chance of future host location and thereby increase its reproductive success. This study examines associative learning in response to simultaneous exposure to the colors yellow and blue in mated females of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Preference was measured as the proportion of time spent on a color. When trained with one color rewarded with hosts and honey and the other unrewarded, females showed an increase in preference for the rewarded color with increasing number of training days (1, 3, and 7 days). Hosts and honey together produced a slightly greater preference toward the rewarded color than just hosts, which produced a greater preference than just honey. When trained with a variable reward on one color and a constant reward on the other, females preferred the color associated with the variable reward when it was yellow, but not when it was blue. Thus, relative to no reward, the presence of a variable reward decreased the strength of preference toward the constantly rewarded color. Finally, females trained with regular hosts on one color and used hosts on the other preferred the color associated with the regular hosts when that color was blue but showed no preference in the reverse situation. The presence of used hosts instead of no reward did not increase the strength of preference for the color associated with the regular hosts.
Intimate Partner Violence Education for Health Care Providers

Purpose: The purpose of this systematic literature review is to (1) present research on current IPV screening prevalence within the medical community, (2) emphasize the importance of IPV screening for physical therapists,(3) identify barriers that exist to IPV screening, (4) examine current teaching methods for IPV within healthcare curriculums and (5) identify valid and reliable IPV screening tools for clinical application.Description: A comprehensive systematic literature search on six different databases was completed from September 2012 to March 2013. Search terms included intimate partner violence (IPV), domestic violence, health providers and IPV screening tools. Randomized control trials were included if they evaluated at least one IPV screening tool utilized in the study. Three independent reviewers screened 5664 results and identified 55 relevant research studies. These studies were evaluated utilizing a modified PEDro scale.Summary of Use: Methodological quality ranged from 6 to 13/14. Five studies were excluded due to poor quality research data or design. Despite the established importance of IPV screening by healthcare professionals, the research has demonstrated that healthcare professionals are not providing universal screening for all patients. Only 8% of physical therapists routinely screen for IPV. Challenges exist in the healthcare field in the screening of patients for IPV: including (1) differing cultural perspectives on IPV, (2) time constraints, (3) language barriers, (4) lack of knowledge and (5) healthcare practitioners negative perceptions.The most frequent provider-related barriers included “lack of provider education regarding IPV, lack of time, and lack of effective interventions. PREMIS (Physician Readiness to Manage Intimate Partner Violence Survey) is a 15 minute survey that Short et al. found to have good internal consistency and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.65). PREMIS is more current and comprehensive than previous standardized IPV assessment tools and can easily be utilized by physical therapists.Importance to Members: IPV is a major public health concern with a healthcare cost of nearly $4.1 billion and affects nearly 1/3 of women during their lifetime. Three recommendations can be made for physical therapists based on various models for IPV education. 1) Experiential learning, 2) Utilize APTA’s Blueprint for Teaching Cultural Competence applying it to IPV screening, and 3) Utilization of the PREMIS tool by physical therapists to assess IPV.The prevalence of IPV and the lack of physical therapist IPV screening, calls for an evaluation of the requirements and screening tools available for physical therapists in the clinic. By improving education for IPV screening, new clinicians can be better prepared for detecting and reporting IPV once they are practicing physical therapists. Research is limited concerning the methods by which physical therapists are instructed in IPV screening.
Using Cue Words to Investigate the Distribution of Autobiographical Memories in Childhood

The cue-word technique is frequently used with adults to examine the distribution of autobiographical memories across the life span. Such studies demonstrate childhood amnesia: a paucity of memories of events from the first 3 1/2 years of life, and a gradually increasing number of memories from age 3 to age 7. The pattern is remarkable in light of findings of autobiographical competence among children in the period of life eventually obscured by this amnesia. In the present study, we modified the cue-word task for use with school-age children. Seven-to 10-year-olds successfully generated and dated memories of past events. Girls provided more complete narratives than boys. Across the sample, the resulting distribution of memories was better fit by an exponential than by a power function, implying that early memories may not consolidate and instead remain vulnerable to interference. Implications for explanations of childhood amnesia are discussed.
Effect of dibutyryl cyclic-AMP on adrenal catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes in repeatedly immobilized hypophysectomized rats.

In hypophysectomized rats, the administration of dibutyryl cyclic-AMP or ACTH results in marked increases in adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) and in a small but significant increase in phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) levels that parallels the increase in adrenal weight. In repeatedly immobilized hypophysectomized rats, treatment with dibutyryl cyclic-AMP or ACTH results in a marked increase in adrenal DBH and a small but significant increase in adrenal PNMT levels that again parallels the increase in adrenal weight. Levels of adrenal TH in immobilized hypophysectomized rats treated with dibutyryl cyclic-AMP, however, are not greater than levels found in untreated immobilized hypophysectomized rats. ACTH treatment, however, results in restoration of the elevated levels of TH produced by immobilization in normal rats. Dibutyryl cyclic-AMP appears to increase adrenal TH levels through a mechanism similar to that of immobilization (increased splanchnic nerve ac...
Human Cathelicidin (LL-37), a Multifunctional Peptide, is Expressed by Ocular Surface Epithelia and has Potent Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity

Purpose: This study determined whether LL-37 (cathelicidin) is expressed by conjunctival and corneal epithelia as part of ocular host defense. The antimicrobial activity of LL-37 was also assessed ...
Identification of variables needed to risk adjust outcomes of coronary interventions: evidence-based guidelines for efficient data collection.

Abstract Objectives. Our objectives were to identify and define a minimum set of variables for interventional cardiology that carried the most statistical weight for predicting adverse outcomes. Though “gaming” cannot be completely avoided, variables were to be as objective as possible and reproducible and had to be predictive of outcome in current databases. Background. Outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions depend on patient risk characteristics and disease severity and acuity. Comparing results of interventions has been difficult because definitions of similar variables differ in databases, and variables are not uniformly tracked. Identifying the best predictor variables and standardizing their definitions are a first step in developing a universal stratification instrument. Methods. A list of empirically derived variables was first tested in eight cardiac databases (158,273 cases). Three end points (in-hospital death, in-hospital coronary artery bypass graft surgery, Q wave myocardial infarction) were chosen for analysis. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to quantify the predictive value of the variable in each database. The variables were then defined by consensus by a panel of experts. Results. In all databases patient demographics were similar, but disease severity varied greatly. The most powerful predictors of adverse outcome were measures of hemodynamic instability, disease severity, demographics and comorbid conditions in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions. Our analysis identified 29 variables that have the strongest statistical association with adverse outcomes after coronary interventions. These variables were also objectively defined. Incorporation of these variables into every cardiac dataset will provide uniform standards for data collected. Comparisons of outcomes among physicians, institutions and databases will therefore be more meaningful.
Automatic target detection in forward-looking infrared imagery via probabilistic neural networks

This paper presents a technique for automatic detection of the targets in forward-looking infrared (FLIR) imagery. Mathematical morphology is applied for the preliminary selection of possible regions of interest (ROI). An efficient clutter rejecter module based on probabilistic neural network is proposed, which is trained by using both target and background features to ensure excellent classification performance by moving the ROI in several directions with respect to the center of the detected target patch. Experimental results using real-life FLIR imagery confirm the excellent performance of the detector and the effectiveness of the proposed clutter rejecter module.
Charge and substituent effects on affinity and metabolism of benzbromarone-based CYP2C19 inhibitors.

Human cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 is one of the most important CYP2C family members responsible for metabolizing commonly prescribed drugs. This research describes synthetic modifications to benzbromarone (Bzbr) to create the most potent CYP2C19 inhibitor ever reported. The most important features enabling analogues of Bzbr to bind to CYP2C19 with high affinity are low acidity (high pKa or nonionizability) and hydrophobic substituents adjacent to the phenol moiety. Though CYP2C19 was known to prefer neutral substrates, the extent was perhaps not realized until the anionic, parent compound Bzbr (Ki = 3.7 μM) was compared to a less acidic dimethyl analogue (Ki = 0.033 μM). However, differences in affinity for anionic and neutral Bzbr analogues did not appear to affect the regiospecificity of their metabolism by CYP's 2C19 and 2C9. In addition, some Bzbr analogues were metabolized both on the phenol and benzofuran rings. By using a substrate with a methyl ether in place of the Bzbr phenol, it was shown that s...
Investigations of temperature fluctuation history records of gas-solid fluidized beds

An experimental technique has been developed to delineate the different hydrodynamic regimes of a gas-solid fluidized bed, each regime signifying a characteristic type of fluidization. The technique involves the measurement and statistical analysis of temperature-history records of an element of the heat-transfer surface immersed in a fluidized bed in which different regimes are brought about by changing gas velocity. The experiments were conducted in a 0.153-m square fluidized bed of 2093-μm average diameter spherical glass beads at ambient conditions. The statistical functions computed at each gas velocity were the standard deviation, probability density function, autocorrelation function, and power spectral density function. The standard deviation and the major frequency defined from the power spectral density function were found to represent characteristically the bubbling, transitional and turbulent hydrodynamic regimes. The bed voidage and the local heat-transfer coefficient were also measured as functions of gas velocity. Their appropriateness to represent the quality of bed fluidization has been examined.
Accommodation and Satisfaction: Women and Men Lawyers and the Balance of Work and Family

This study of graduates of the University of Michigan Law School from the late 1970s reports on the differing ways that women and men have responded to the conflicting claims of work and family. It finds that women with children who have entered the profession have indeed continued to bear the principal responsibilities for the care of children, but it also finds that these women, with all their burdens, are more satisfied with their careers and with the balance of their family and professional lives than other women and than men.
Cost-Benefit Analysis of Local Land Use Allocation Decisions

This paper presents standard microeconomic models that are designed to be used in the cost-benefit analysis of local land use decisions. The models connect these allocation decisions to outcomes in the urban land and labor markets so that costs and benefits can be measured. Benefits to the local jurisdiction of allocating land to industrial use exist if unemployed workers are employed, land values increase, or local tax revenues increase beyond the amount needed to provide the additional public services required.
Neutron Cross Section of Xenon-135 as a Function of Energy

The neutron cross section of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{135}$ as a function of energy was measured, using as velocity selector a focusing-type single-crystal spectrometer designed for transmission measurements of very small samples. The total cross section in the energy interval from 0.015 ev to 0.20 ev was measured. The samples, produced from neutron irradiated uranium metal, were in the form of Pd${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$ and were contained in sealed Pyrex capillary tubing. The largest initial strength of the samples was 10 curies of ${\mathrm{I}}^{135}$ activity, corresponding to 12\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ atoms of ${\mathrm{I}}^{135}$. The daughter ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{135}$ grew from the ${\mathrm{I}}^{135}$ as a known function of time, reaching a maximum value of about 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ atoms of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{135}$ 11.3 hours after the ${\mathrm{I}}^{135}$ begins to decay. In the absolute assay of sample strengths, absolute $\ensuremath{\beta}$ counting of pure ${\mathrm{I}}^{135}$ samples, and $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coincidence counting of pure ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{135}$ samples served as primary standards. Hard gamma rays from ${\mathrm{I}}^{135}$ served as a secondary standard. The total cross section of one entire sample of Xe was of the order of 1.5 square millimeters. The transmission of the sample was measured during the period of growth and decay of the Xe. The radioactive sample was placed inside the shield of the ORNL graphite reactor. A thermal beam of neutrons from the reactor was allowed to pass longitudinally through the sample along the axis of the capillary tube onto the quartz crystal spectrometer. The desired energies were selected by use of the Bragg reflection law, $\ensuremath{\lambda}=2dsin\ensuremath{\theta}$. A resonance in the cross section of ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{135}$ was discovered at 0.085 ev. The total cross section measurements were fitted to the single-level Breit-Wigner formula equally well with the following two sets of parameters: $g=\frac{3}{8}$, ${E}_{0}=0.0851\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0011$ ev, ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}^{0}=0.0305\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0008$ ev, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=0.0828\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0031$ ev; $g=\frac{5}{8}$, ${E}_{0}=0.0849\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0010$ ev, ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}^{0}=0.0182\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0005$ ev, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=0.0942\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0032$ ev. ${E}_{0}$ is the resonance energy, ${{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{n}}^{0}$ is the neutron width at resonance, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ is the gamma ray width of the level, and $g$ is the statistical weight factor. The factor $g$ has two possible values because the spin of the compound state is not known. The capture cross section at resonance for state with $g=\frac{5}{8}$ is 55% of the theoretical maximum possible, and the corresponding capture cross section for the state with $g=\frac{3}{8}$ is 80% of the theoretical maximum value.
Polymerization of vinylpyridinium salts. X. Copolymerization studies of cationicanionic monomer pairs

The mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization of vinylpyridinium salts in aqueous and acidic solution has been actively investigated in recent years. Recent reports have suggested that these reactions are free radical in nature. In order to investigate the involvement of free radical initiation in the spontaneous polymerization reactions, an investigation of ion pair copolymers between the cationic 4-vinylpyridinium moiety and the anionic vinylsulfonate, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpro-panesulfonate, and p-styrenesulfonate has been undertaken. The results of spontaneous polymerization suggest that for 4-vinylpyridinium vinylsulfonate, only the cationic moiety is polymerized, whereas for 4-vinylpyridinium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate, two homopolymers or a block copolymer apparently result, and for 4-vinylpyridinium p-styrenesulfonate, an alternating copolymer appears to be obtained.
Saphenous vein patch rupture after carotid endarterectomy.

Abstract From January 1983 to September 1990, 2731 carotid endarterectomies were performed at The Cleveland Clinic. Patch angioplasty with autogenous saphenous vein was used for arteriotomy closure during 1691 (62%) of these procedures and was associated with eight postoperative ruptures (0.5%) of the central portion of the patch in seven patients. This complication occurred in three men and in four women (mean age, 69 years), all of whom were hypertensive and all but one were smokers. Two patients (29%) had diabetes. In each case of patch rupture the vein had been harvested from the leg distal to the knee. Although the harvest site could not be determined retrospectively for every patient in this series, no patch ruptures were encountered among 370 procedures for which it could be documented that the saphenous veins had been obtained from the groin. All ruptures occurred within 5 days of the primary operations (including four during the first 24 hours) and were urgently corrected by primary, closure of the original arteriotomy in two cases and by replacement of the ruptured patch in the remaining six. Two (29%) of the seven patients either died or sustained a permanent neurologic deficit. Central rupture of a saphenous vein patch is a rare but devastating complication after carotid endarterectomy. Since vein harvested from the lower leg or ankle may be marginally more likely to rupture than proximal vein from the thigh or groin, it should not be used indiscriminately for carotid patch angioplasty. (J Vasc Surg 1992;15:504–9.)
Auxiliary Locking System for the Advanced LIGO Gravitational Wave Interferometer

The advanced LIGO gravitational wave interferometer requires an auxiliary locking system to prepare its main optical cavities for operation in a controlled deterministic way. This presentation will discuss research and development of that system.
Implications of the parent-into-F1 model for human lupus pathogenesis: roles for cytotoxic T lymphocytes and viral pathogens.

Purpose of review The central role of CD4 T cells in lupus pathogenesis is well recognized; however, the of mechanism by which CD4 T cells lose tolerance and promote humoral autoimmunity remains unclear. This review examines mechanisms elucidated in the parent-into-F1 model of lupus and their possible parallels in human lupus pathogenesis. Recent findings In the parent-into-F1 model, lupus results from the transfer of normal, foreign reactive CD4 T cells targeted to intrinsically normal F1 B cells. Transfer of normal CD8 T cells prevents lupus, whereas transfer of CD8 T cells with killing defects does not but is correctable with additional in-vivo enhancement of CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) function. The parent-into-F1 model has two major similarities to Epstein-Barr virus infection: CD4 T-cell-driven polyclonal B-cell hyperactivity and a critical dependence on CD8 CTL for elimination of activated B cells. These similarities are discussed in relation to human lupus pathogenesis. Summary Work in the parent-into-F1 model supports the idea that lupus may result from defective CD8 T-cell function and that therapeutic enhancement of CD8 effectors with selective targeting to autoreactive B cells may be beneficial. Despite strong evidence linking Epstein-Barr virus infection with human lupus, the exact nature of this link requires further study.
WNK kinases regulate sodium chloride and potassium transport by the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron.

With-No-Lysine [K] (WNKs) are a recently discovered family of serine/threonine protein kinases that contain a uniquely structured catalytic domain. Mutations in the genes encoding two family members, WNK1 and WNK4, cause a chloride-dependent, thiazide-sensitive inherited syndrome of hypertension and hyperkalemia. Over the past 5 years, physiologic studies have demonstrated that these proteins regulate transcellular and paracellular epithelial ion flux. In this mini review, we discuss WNK1 and WNK4 gene products and their regulatory effects on sodium chloride and potassium handling in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. Experimental observations regarding the effects of these proteins on transport processes mediated by the thiazide-sensitive Na–Cl co-transporter, the epithelial sodium channel, the renal outer medullary potassium channel, and the paracellular pathway integrate into a model that suggests an essential role for WNKs in coordinating renal Na–Cl reabsorption and K + secretion.
Transform-Ratio Ternary Phase-Amplitude Filter Formulations For Character Recognition

Five types of discrete-valued correlation filters, including binary phase-only and ternary phase-amplitude types, were tested in simulations addressing specific character recognition problems. The filters were evaluated for classification accuracy and correlation efficiency. Transform-ratio filter ternary phase-amplitude filters provided the best classification performance but also the lowest correlation efficiency.
Combustion modifications for the control of NOx emissions

Abstract A theoretical evaluation of combustion modification techniques for the control of nitric oxide emissions from radiant dominated industrial and utility
Two flash forms in the bioluminescent dinoflagellate,Pyrocystis fusiformis

1. A method was developed for studying bioluminescent activity in single cells of the dinoflagellate,Pyrocystis fusiformis. Individuals were isolated in holding tubes in day phase and held without stimulation until bioluminescence was maximally excitable, between circadian time (CT) 14 and CT 22, where CT 0 designates daybreak. Mechanical stimulation, via a pulse generator controlled solenoid, was applied to individual cells that had received no prior excitation in the night phase tested. 2. Two different flash forms were recorded. The first flash (FF) in response to a mechanical stimulus was very bright and had a rise time of 10 ms, and a biphasic decay that was 90% complete approximately 200 ms from flash onset. The form of subsequent flashes in response to further stimuli differed radically from the FF. They were dimmer and longer lasting than the FF with approximately 150 ms rise times and a monotonic decay that was 90% complete as long as 500 ms from flash onset. 3. Cells responded with one flash per mechanical stimulus and recordings were made until the response was exhausted. Total mechanically stimulated luminescence (TMSL) was measured with a digital integrator. TMSL and the integral of the FF were functions of cell size. 4. The degree of potentiation and number of flashes per cell were functions of stimulus frequency. At higher stimulus frequencies cells produced fewer flashes and more light per flash. The effects of potentiation were long lasting, persisting for stimulus intervals of up to one minute. 5. At slow stimulus frequencies (one pulse per 48 s) bioluminescent activity was not totally exhausted during the 8 h night phase test period. With prolonged stimulation a fatigued flash form developed that combined elements of the FF and subsequent flashes. 6. Cells that were stimulated to exhaustion recovered some bioluminescent capacity once stimulation ceased. Initial recovery was rapid and cells stimulated after only a 15 min recovery period produced as many flashes in the second stimulus series as in the first even though their TMSL was reduced 82%. Therefore, the number of flashes a cell produced was not simply proportional to the amount of bioluminescent material available. 7. The unique FF kinetics recovered with time, requiring 30–60 min in unfatigued cells and more than 6 h in fatigued cells. With a 24 h recovery period FF kinetics were more dependent on the cell receiving a normal 12 h day phase than was TMSL recovery. 8. Mechanically triggered bioluminescence inPyrocystisfusiformis appeared to be the result of at least two temporally distinct processes, one of which was dependent on a precharging period.