cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1-Chlorofuro[3,2-e][2,1,3]benzoxatellurazole.

The title compound, C(8)H(4)ClNO(2)Te, represents the first reported example of a benzofuran-derived 2,1,3-benzoxatellurazole derivative. While it can be formally described as a nitrosoaryltellurium monochloride, its Te-O and Te-C bond lengths of 2.1421 (14) and 2.0374 (17) A, respectively, characterize it as a planar tricyclic aromatic containing a Te=C double bond. Its formation suggests that derivatives of 2-cyclohexenone oxime in general react with tellurium dioxide to form aryl-2,1,3-benzoxatellurazoles.
Structure and molecular mechanism of a functional form of pneumolysin: a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin from Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Abstract Oneof the key steps in understanding human disease arising from gram-positive bacteria lies in the mechanisms of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs). Pneumolysin (PLY), a CDC from Streptococcus pneumoniae, is of special importance due to the severe impacts of pneumococcal infections on mortality and morbidity worldwide. We have overexpressed, purified, and characterized PLY in its fully functional complex form with the enzyme bound to its receptor activator on target cells, cholesterol. The circular dichroism studies of PLY in solution with an excess of cholesterol show a change in the far UV spectrum consistent with a decrease in the β-sheet and an increase in the random coil structures of the enzyme. Pore formation in membranes leading to cell lysis is the functional target for this cytolysin. The sedimentation velocity and equilibrium analyses of the cholesterol-bound enzyme show hydrodynamic properties different from those of the cholesterol-free form. The soluble form of the cholesterol-free enzyme exists in solution as a mixture of monomers and dimers, whereas the cholesterol-bound form exists only as a monomer. A mechanism of formation of PLY pores in the lipid bilayer of the target cells is discussed.
Fox-Kemper and Willis receive Ocean Sciences Early Career Awards: Citation for Baylor Fox-Kemper

Baylor Fox-Kemper and Josh K. Willis each received the 2011 Ocean Sciences Early Career Award at the 2011 AGU Fall Meeting, held 5–9 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “significant contributions to and promise in the ocean sciences.”
Impact of standards for computer-based tests on practice: Consequences of the information gap

Abstract Existing guidelines for evaluating computer applications within psychology are not having a sufficient impact on professional practices. The chief reason for this unfortunate state of affairs is the gap between the information which is available to potential users and the information needed to make an informed decision about the appropriate application of a particular software package. This conclusion is supported by the range of responses received to requests the author sent to software vendors for information about their psychological software, and the results of a survey of 400 practicing psychologists. The implications of this information gap are discussed and recommendations are made for how test developers, users, reviewers, and others can help bridge this gap.
Photophysics of ANS. I. Protein-ANS complexes: Intestinal fatty acid binding protein and single-trp mutants

Abstract We continue investigations into the physical chemistry of intestinal fatty acid binding protein, I-FABP, and its interaction with ANS and other ligands [ cf references [Kirk, W., E. Kurian, and F. Prendergast. 1996. Characterization of the sources of protein-ligand affinity: 1-sulfonato-8-anilinonaphthalene binding to intestinal fatty acid binding protein. Biophys. J. 70: 69–83., Kurian, E., W. Kirk, and F. Prendergast. 1996. Affinity of fatty acid for rRat intestinal fatty acid binding protein: Further examination. Biochemistry. 35:3865–74]. The photophysics of the wt protein is compared with that in two mutants which lack respectively one or the other of two trp moieties, one of which, trp 82, is located near the binding region for the polar head group of ligands. These studies afford a look into how the fluorescence of the wt protein is established, that is, as an almost direct sum of the fluorescence of the two individual trp residues, and how this fluorescence is quenched upon binding to ANS. Though we have access to all the relevant spectroscopic and geometric information necessary to specify in detail the Foerster–Dexter energy transfer model, the quenching process is not explicable in terms of very-weak coupling, as is usually assumed in fluorescence studies in protein systems, but in terms of a stronger effect which goes beyond the simple very-weak dipole:dipole formalism. The quenching of trp emission by bound ANS is not as great as that anticipated by ordinary resonance energy transfer, neither is the quenching observed in the reduced lifetimes of the trp emission upon ANS binding as great as that observed in steady-state intensity. However the observed steady-state quenching is explicable in terms derived from the lifetime measurements, together with observed spectral band shifts, by the exciton coupling model we invoke here.
Theoretical predictions of radiative transfer in a homogenous cylindrical medium

Time-independent radiative transfer through circular cylindrical medium, using numerical methods
Sustainable Supply Chain and Transportation Networks

ABSTRACT In this paper, we show how sustainable supply chains can be transformed into and studied as transportation networks. Specifically, we develop a new supply chain model in which the manufacturers can produce the homogeneous product in different manufacturing plants with associated distinct environmental emissions. We assume that the manufacturers, the retailers with which they transact, as well as the consumers at the demand markets for the product are multicriteria decision-makers with the environmental criteria weighted distinctly by the different decision-makers. We derive the optimality conditions and the equilibrium conditions, which are then shown to satisfy a variational inequality problem. We prove that the supply chain model with environmental concerns can be reformulated and solved as an elastic demand transportation network equilibrium problem. Numerical supply chain examples are presented for illustration purposes. This paper, hence, begins the construction of a bridge between sustainab...
Reduction of catechin, rutin, and quercetin levels by interaction with food-related microorganisms in a resting state

Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites abundant in foods and beverages of plant origin. These compounds are free radical scavengers and their consumption is linked to reduced incidence of coronary heart disease. In this study, two wine-related microorganisms and one probiotic bifidobacteria strain were examined for their ability to absorb and/or transform the common flavonoids: quercetin, rutin, and catechin. Flavonoid absorption and/or transformation was determined using a resting cell assay (RCA) combined with high-performance liquid chromatographic detection of the flavonoid losses. RCAs with Pediococcus pentosaceus ATCC 25745, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 36026, and Bifidobacterium longum DJO10A resulted in losses of rutin and quercetin. Further analysis of cell pellets indicated that, unlike rutin and catechin, most of the quercetin present in the assay was transported/adsorbed only into metabolically active cells. In 24 h the net quercetin loss from the resting cells of P. pentosaceus, S. cerevisiae, and B. longum was 21.3%, 27.1%, and 63.4%, respectively. These results suggest that these microorganisms, which are frequently present or added to food products, can decrease the overall concentration of quercetin, either through absorption or transport into the cell. The implications for the overall bioavailability of quercetin in humans remain to be determined. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Detection and predictive modeling of chaos in finite hydrological time series

Abstract. The ability to detect the chaotic signal from a finite time series observation of hydrologic systems is addressed in this paper. The presence of random and seasonal components in hydrological time series, like rainfall or runoff, makes the detection process challenging. Tests with simulated data demonstrate the presence of thresholds, in terms of noise to chaotic-signal and seasonality to chaotic-signal ratios, beyond which the set of currently available tools is not able to detect the chaotic component. The investigations also indicate that the decomposition of a simulated time series into the corresponding random, seasonal and chaotic components is possible from finite data. Real streamflow data from the Arkansas and Colorado rivers are used to validate these results. Neither of the raw time series exhibits chaos. While a chaotic component can be extracted from the Arkansas data, such a component is either not present or can not be extracted from the Colorado data. This indicates that real hydrologic data may or may not have a detectable chaotic component. The strengths and limitations of the existing set of tools for the detection and modeling of chaos are also studied.
Proposed multi-modality network to support image acquisition at remote sites

Abstract There is a growing tendency for planners to permit non-radiologists to install isolated radiographic facilities with fluoroscopy in clinical specialty areas. These dedicated facilities are thereby frequently removed from support by radiology. Examples include endoscopy, urology, pulmonology, cardiology, surgery, intensive care, and orthopedics. A multi-modality network tying these remote sites to radiology can restore radiological support. Radiologists can participate in image acquisition procedures even though the procedures are no longer performed in the radiology department. A network also provides the isolated facility with technical support (laser printing, mass storage, etc.) that cannot be economically duplicated for each separate specialty site. A clinical model emphasizing the role of electronic networks in supporting image acquisition (in addition to image display) is undergoing the first phase of implementation at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Durham, North Carolina. The planned multi-modality network uses endoscopy as the acquisition model. Both the VAMC network and its extension to the sophisticated endoscopy suite at nearby Duke University Medical Center will be described.
Watch the GAP: Emerging Roles for IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Proteins IQGAPs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

IQ motif-containing GTPase-activating proteins IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 are highly homologous multidomain scaffolding proteins. Their major function consists of integration of Rho GTPase and Ca2+/calmodulin signals with cell adhesive and cytoskeletal reorganizational events. Recent studies showed that they play an important role in carcinogenesis. There is growing evidence that IQGAP2 is a novel tumor suppressor counteracting the effects of IQGAP1, an oncogene, in several cancers, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While HCC is highly prevalent and one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, the signaling pathways involved are not fully understood and treatment of advanced disease still represents an area of high unmet medical need. This paper compiles various findings from studies in mouse models, cell lines, and patient samples that support future development of IQGAPs into new therapeutic targets. It also discusses distinct features of IQGAP2 in an attempt to provide insight into the mechanism of the seemingly paradoxical opposing roles of the two very similar IQGAP proteins in carcinogenesis.
Solid State Reaction of Al and Zr in Al/Zr Multilayers: A Calorimetry Study

The exothermic, solid state reaction of Al and Zr has been studied in thick Al/Zr multilayers using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The multilayer samples were magnetron sputter deposited into highly textured alternate layers of Al and Zr with nominal composition Al{sub 3}Zr. The samples used in this study were 47{mu}m thick with a 427{Angstrom} period. When samples were isochronally scanned from 25 to 725C, a large exotherm at {approximately}350C was followed by one or two smaller exotherms at {approximately}650C. The first exotherm is dominated by a diffusion based reaction of Al and Zr that produces two phases in isochronal scans: amorphous Al-Zr and cubic Al{sub 3}Zr, and two additional phases in isothermal anneals: Al{sub 2}Zr and tetragonal Al{sub 3}Zr. The exothermic heat from this multi-phase reaction is measured using isochronal scans and isothermal anneals, and the heat flow is analyzed using a 1-D diffusion based model. An average activation energy and a diffusion constant are determined. In the isothermal scans, the total exothermic heat increases linearly with {radical}time, and layer thicknesses vary linearly with heat.
Reorganization energy of the initial electron-transfer step in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers.

Abstract The reorganization energy ( λ ) for electron transfer from the primary electron donor (P*) to the adjacent bacteriochlorophyll (B) in photosynthetic bacterial reaction centers is explored by molecular-dynamics simulations. Relatively long (40ps) molecular-dynamics trajectories are used, rather than free energy perturbation techniques. When the surroundings of the reaction center are modeled as a membrane, λ for P*B → P + B − is found to be ∼1.6 kcal/mol. The results are not sensitive to the treatment of the protein's ionizable groups, but surrounding the reaction center with water gives higher values of λ (∼6.5 kcal/mol). In light of the evidence that P + B − lies slightly below P* in energy, the small λ obtained with the membrane model is consistent with the speed and temperature independence of photochemical charge separation. The calculated reorganization energy is smaller than would be expected if the molecular dynamics trajectories had sampled the full conformational space of the system. Because the system does not relax completely on the time scale of electron transfer, the λ obtained here probably is more pertinent than the larger value that would be obtained for a fully equilibrated system.
Suicide and alcohol-related disorders in the U.S. Arctic: boosting research to address a primary determinant of health disparities

Objectives. To review the existing epidemiological literature on suicide and alcohol-related disorders and their social determinants in the U.S. Arctic, as it relates to U.S. government research and evaluation efforts, and to offer recommendations to boost research capacity in the U.S. Arctic and collaborations across the circumpolar Arctic as part of global health initiatives. Study design. Synthetic literature review. Methods. Published literature; federal and state reports on suicide and alcohol-related disorders; and federal databases on research and program evaluation in the U.S Arctic were reviewed, with a focus on epidemiological trends over the past 50 years. Results. Suicide and alcohol-related disorders play a significant role in health disparities in the U.S. Arctic, with evidence of a disturbing prevalence trend over the past 50 years. Important variations exist in suicide rates across different regions of Alaska with different majority populations of Alaska Native cultural groups – and, in selected key instances, within these regions – with immense implications for guiding effective prevention efforts. Consequences of alcohol abuse are severe and particularly significant in their impact upon Alaska Native people. Health-related conditions associated with alcohol abuse are among the leading causes of mortality. Conclusions. Recommendations to boost research capacity in behavioural health in the U.S. Arctic are offered, specifically on strategies and methods of inquiry and analysis; distinctions between populations and communities in rural circumpolar contexts; and future epidemiological and implementation research. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2011; 70(5):473-487) Keywords: Arctic, Alaska, Alaska Native, suicide, alcohol, U.S. Arctic research, research infrastructure
Hyper-heterogeneity of the N-terminus of recombinant BSF-2/IL-6 produced in CHO and NIH3T3 cells.

Recombinant human BSF-2 (B cell stimulatory factor 2/Interleukin 6; IL-6) proteins were purified from CHO and NIH3T3 cell cultures and characterized. The lectin binding patterns suggested that the proteins have N-linked oligosaccharide(s) with tri-antennary structure of bisecting GlcNAc. Their N-termini were highly heterogeneous; at least five closely related N-termini were detercted. This N-terminal heterogeneity was not generated in the cell culture because no processing activity was found in the culture medium.
Design as a Tool for Environmental Therapy in the Fight against Lifestyle Diseases

The environment in which we live and quality of internal spaces affects the quality of life, which impacts our vitality, life strategy, and thus the overall health of the society. Consequently, there is a need for an environmental design as a tool for prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases. The genesis of these diseases is caused by several risk factors, including some problematic space negatives. By their identification and suggestion to optimize the internal environment, interior design can significantly contribute to the development of healthy interior and body conscious design. From this point of view, the interior design becomes veritable resource for environmental therapy in the fight against lifestyle diseases.
Simulation model decomposition by factor analysis

This paper offers a solution to the simulation model decomposition problem discussed briefly in Overstreet and Nance [1] and elaborated in detail in Overstreet [2]. The solution scheme involves the use of principal components analysis. We offer an example of the technique on a simple directed graph and then demonstrate the method on a small model given in Overstreet [2].
Lower Methylation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Promoter 1F in Peripheral Blood of Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Abstract Background Enhanced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) sensitivity is present in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the molecular mechanisms of GR sensitivity are not understood. Epigenetic factors have emerged as one potential mechanism that account for how trauma exposure leads to sustained PTSD symptoms given that PTSD develops in only a subset of trauma survivors. Methods Cytosine methylation of a relevant promoter of the GR gene ( NR3C1 -1 F promoter) and three functional neuroendocrine markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function were examined in a sample of 122 combat veterans. Results Lower NR3C1 -1 F promoter methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was observed in combat veterans with PTSD compared with combat-exposed veterans who did not develop PTSD. NR3C1 -1 F promoter methylation was also associated with three functional measures of glucocorticoid activity that have been associated with PTSD in combat veterans: PBMCs' lysozyme inhibition on the lysozyme suppression test, plasma cortisol decline on the low-dose (.50 mg) dexamethasone suppression test, and 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion. Finally, NR3C1 -1 F promoter methylation was inversely correlated with clinical markers and symptoms associated with PTSD. Conclusions Alterations in NR3C1 -1 F promoter methylation may reflect enduring changes resulting from combat exposure that lead to functional neuroendocrine alterations. Because epigenetic measures are thought to reflect enduring effects of environmental exposures, they may be useful in distinguishing combat-exposed veterans who do or do not develop PTSD.
Cell enlargement and growth-induced water potentials

Understanding the origin and role of growth-induced water potentials helps to explain how cell enlargement is inhibited without a decrease in turgor when water is depleted in the soil or more rapidly lost by transpiration. In many cases, changes in growth-induced water potentials probably cause the inhibition initially, but eventually the cell walls lose extensibility and specific proteins accumulate so that metabolic changes in the walls probably limit later growth.
Analysis of anaerobic biofilms

Abstract Biofilms from anaerobic fixed film reactors (anaerobic filter, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, and anaerobic fluidized bed) developed under identical experimental conditions, were characterized in terms of chemical, microbiological, and morphological composition. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the nature of the biofilms are described. Factor 420 analysis showed the fluidized bed to have the highest level of the coenzyme. However, factor 420 levels were not related to COD removal or gas production. Large amounts of inorganic matter were found in each of the biofilms.
Graphical problem solving and visual communication in the beginning computer graphics course

The beginning computer graphics course can teach much more than just computer graphics. It can also provide an excellent introduction to graphical problem solving and visual communication, and in so doing can be an excellent complement to other computer science courses that teach more analytical problem solving. This paper describes the graphical problem-solving and visual communication contexts and discusses how they can be supported by the beginning computer graphics course.
Self-report measures of antiretroviral therapy adherence: A review with recommendations for HIV research and clinical management.

A review of 77 studies employing self-report measures of antiretroviral adherence published 1/1996 through 8/2004 revealed great variety in adherence assessment item content, format, and response options. Recall periods ranged from 2 to 365 days (mode=7 days). The most common cutoff for optimal adherence was 100% (21/48 studies, or 44%). In 27 of 34 recall periods (79%), self-reported adherence was associated with adherence as assessed with other indirect measures. Data from 57 of 67 recall periods (84%) indicated self-reported adherence was significantly associated with HIV-1 RNA viral load; in 16 of 26 (62%), it was associated with CD4 count. Clearly, the field would benefit from item standardization and a priori definitions and operationalizations of adherence. We conclude that even brief self-report measures of antiretroviral adherence can be robust, and recommend items and strategies for HIV research and clinical management.
POLYOL DEHYDROGENASES OF AZOTOBACTER AGILIS

Marcus, Leon (University of California, Davis), and Allen G. Marr. Polyol dehydrogenases of Azotobacter agilis. J. Bacteriol. 82:224-232. 1961.-Two soluble diphosphopyridine-linked polyol dehydrogenases are formed by Azotobacter agilis (A. vinelandii). The first, d-mannitol dehydrogenase is induced by d-mannitol and all of the pentitols except l-arabitol. Ribitol is an excellent inducer of mannitol dehydrogenase although it is not metabolized, nor does the enzyme act upon it. This allows study of the gratuitous induction of mannitol dehydrogenase. Of the polyols tested, mannitol dehydrogenase oxidizes d-mannitol, d-arabitol, d-rhamnitol, and perseitol, demonstrating its requirement for substrates bearing the d-manno configuration. The corresponding 2-ketoses, d-fructose, d-xylulose, and presumably d-rhamnulose, and perseulose are reduced. The second enzyme, l-iditol dehydrogenase is induced only by polyols containing the d-xylo configuration, i.e., sorbitol and xylitol. l-Iditol dehydrogenase oxidizes d-xylo polyols seven times faster than it does d-ribo polyols. Substrates oxidized include l-iditol, sorbitol, xylitol, and ribitol. The corresponding 2-ketoses, l-sorbose, d-fructose, d-xylulose, and d-ribulose, are reduced. The two polyol dehydrogenases have been separated and purified by chromatography on a modified cellulose ion exchanger.
Myosin light chain phosphorylation and pulmonary endothelial cell hyperpermeability in burns

Major cutaneous burns result in not only localized tissue damage but broad systemic inflammation causing organ system damage distal to the burn site. It is well recognized that many problems result...
L1 glossing and strategy training for improving L2 reading comprehension: a meta-analysis

Extensive research on the effects of interventions to improve L2 reading has been conducted yet the results are often not conclusive. The present research synthesis intends to provide a more accurate measurement of studies that have attempted to improve L2 reading comprehension. It includes 62 studies conducted on either explicit reading strategy training (ERST) or native language (L1) glosses. Besides updating past meta-analyses conducted on ERST and L1 glossing, it concludes that reading comprehension can be more effective (g = .64) whether through glossing or ERST. Moderating variables were identified and analysed, including type of intervention, learning context, test task and learning level.
Identification of malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy: poor performance of weight‐for‐height centiles

This study aims to evaluate the use of the United States National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) weight-for-height centiles (WHC) in screening children with cerebral palsy (CP) for depleted body fat and to identify an alternate screening method. Growth data from 276 children aged from 3 to 12 years with CP were analyzed retrospectively. Height or a proxy for height, mid-upper arm circumference, weight, and skinfold thicknesses were recorded. Mid-upper arm fat area was calculated for each participant. The sensitivities and specificities of WHC and a number of alternative anthropometric screening methods for identifying participants with severely depleted fat stores were determined. WHC <10th centile failed to identify 45% of children with severely depleted fat stores. Triceps skinfold thickness <10th centile identified 96% of malnourished children. WHC standards lack adequate sensitivity for identification of severely depleted fat stores in children with CP. Use of triceps skinfold thickness, using cut-off value of <10th centile for age and sex, is recommended to screen for suboptimal fat stores in children with CP.
Secalonic acid D-induced changes in palatal cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in developing mice.

Secalonic acid D (SAD) induces cleft palate in the developing mouse by an unknown mechanism. To investigate possible roles of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) in the teratogenesis of SAD, cAMP and cGMP levels were measured in the extracts of fetal palates of gestational age 13(0) through 16(12) (days(hours]. Fetuses were obtained from pregnant CD-1 mice treated on day 11(0) of gestation, with either 5% (wt./vol.) sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, control) or 30 mg/kg of SAD in 5% NaHCO3, intraperitoneally (i.p.). Radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate cyclic nucleotide levels. Cyclic AMP levels peaked on day 14(12) of gestation in controls. In the SAD group there was a significant decrease in cAMP levels on days 13(12) and 14(0) of gestation and a decrease of 30% in total cAMP on days 13(0) through 14(0) of gestation, with little or no change at the peak on day 14(12). On day 15(12), however, the SAD group had a 68% increase in palatal cAMP level over the control. Control levels of cGMP appeared to follow a diurnal pattern reaching maximal levels at the end of the dark cycle. In contrast, SAD decreased the cGMP level by 31% on day 13(12) (P less than 0.05) and increased it 100% above that of the control level on day 15(0) (P less than 0.01). Total cGMP during days 15(0) through 16(12) of gestation was 33% higher than control (P less than 0.01). The number of clefts in the SAD group was significantly higher at all points following palate closure in the control fetuses (14(0) through 16(12] with values ranging from 20% to 34% versus 0% in the control (P less than 0.01-0.005). Morphological changes on days 13(0) through 15(0) indicated a failure of shelf elevation in middle and posterior palatal regions of SAD-treated fetuses. These results suggest that the induction of cleft palate by SAD is associated with dynamic changes (initial decrease followed by later increase), in vivo, in established cyclic nucleotide patterns and support a mechanistic role for cyclic nucleotide-mediated cellular processes in normal as well as abnormal palate development.
On coding in multi-track, multi-head, disk recording systems

In narrow-track digital magnetic recording systems, codes for improving noise immunity should be used to compensate for the signal-to-noise-ratio loss incurred by track narrowing. Existence of inter-track interference (ITI), in addition to inter-symbol interference (ISI), in these systems requires that the codes be able to combat interference in both spatial dimensions. We show that certain conditions imposed on the ITI parameters make existing codes, designed for improving noise immunity in single-track systems, applicable in the multi-track, multi-head case. >
Mass balance of East Antarctic glaciers and ice shelves from satellite data

Thevelocityandmassdischarge of ninemajorEast Antarcticglaciersnot draining into the Ross or Filchner^Ronne Ice Shelves is investigated using interferometric syntheticapertureradar(InSAR)datafromtheEuropeanRemote-sensingSatellite1and2 (ERS-1/2)andRADARSAT-1.Theglaciersare:David,Ninnis,Mertz,Totten,Scott,Denman, Lambert,ShiraseandStancomb-Wills.InSARisusedtolocatetheirgroundinglinewithpre- cision. Ice velocity is measured with either InSAR or a speckle-tracking technique. Ice thickness is deduced from prior-determined ice-shelf elevation assuming hydrostatic equi- librium. Mass fluxes are calculated both at the grounding line and at a flux gate located downstream.The grounding-line flux is compared to a mass input calculated from snow accumulation to deduce the glacier mass balance.The calculation is repeated at the flux gate downstream of the grounding line to estimate the average bottom melt rate of the ice shelf under steady-state conditions. The main results are: (1) Grounding lines are found several tens of km upstream of prior-identified positions, not because of a recent ice-sheet retreatbutbecause of the inadequacy of prior-determined grounding-line positions. (2) No gross imbalance between outflow and inflow is detected on the nine glaciersbeing investi- gated, with anuncertainty of 10^20%. Prior-determined, largely positive mass imbalances wereduetoanincorrectlocalizationofthegroundingline.(3)Highratesofbottommelting (24§7 micea ^1 ) are inferred neargrounding zones, where ice reaches the deepestdraft. A few glaciers exhibit lower bottom melt rates (4 §7 micea ^1 ). Bottom melting, however, appearsto be a major source of mass loss on Antarctic ice shelves.
Transmission line clock driver

Clock distribution is an important issue in digital design. Engineers want to distribute a square-wave with low skew and fast transition times across very wide chips and they want to do so, wasting as little power as possible. This paper describes a new clock distribution technique utilizing resonant transmission lines that not only reduces clock skew and transition times, but also reduces power consumption by up to an order of magnitude over standard clock drivers.
A Hybrid Model of Moral Panics: Synthesizing the Theory and Practice of Moral Panic Research

We seek to address criticisms of the concept of moral panics (MPs) by offering a hybrid model of MPs that synthesizes theory and practice of MPs research. A review of the literature on MPs from sociology, media studies and related fields shows a wide variety of usage and lack of conceptual clarity of the term ‘moral panic’. Yet there are few articles explaining how to analyze MPs. We present a theoretical clarification of MPs by addressing elements of scope, intensity and reception, to create distinction from other related theoretical concepts. To develop a working method for researching MPs, one must have an understanding of social conditions that give rise to, sustain and result in the success or failure of MPs, as well as possible lasting effects. We synthesize Cohen’s process-oriented model of MPs and Goode & Ben-Yehuda’s attribution-oriented model of MPs, creating a critical hybrid model of MPs that integrates processes and attributes. We then utilize the hybrid model to offer practical suggestions for researching and analyzing the conditions, processes and effects of MPs, in the hopes of encouraging a more rigorous research agenda for scholars of MPs.
Undulatory swimming in non-Newtonian fluids

We numerically investigate the effects of non-Newtonian fluid properties, including shear thinning and elasticity, on the locomotion of Taylor’s swimming sheet with arbitrary amplitude. Our results show that elasticity hinders the swimming speed, but a shear-thinning viscosity in the absence of elasticity enhances the speed. The combination of the two effects, modelled using a Giesekus constitutive equation, hinders the swimming speed. We find that the swimming speed of an infinitely long waving sheet in an inelastic shear-thinning fluid has a maximum, whose value depends on the sheet undulation amplitude and the fluid rheological properties. The power consumption, on the other hand, follows a universal scaling law.
The role of proton motive force in expression of the Staphylococcus aureus cid and lrg operons

The Staphylococcus aureus cidABC and lrgAB operons have been shown to play a key role in the regulation of murein hydrolase activity and cell death in a manner thought to be analogous to bacteriophage-encoded holins and anti-holins respectively. Because of these functions, it has been proposed that the regulation of these operons is tightly controlled and responsive to key metabolic signals. The current study revealed the presence of two overlapping regulatory pathways controlling cidABC and lrgAB expression, one dependent on acetic acid and the other dependent on proton motive force (PMF). The latter pathway was analysed using agents that affect various aspects of the PMF. Gramicidin and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), antimicrobial agents that dissipate the DeltapH and membrane potential (DeltaPsi), both enhanced lrgAB expression. Restoration of the PMF by incubation of the bacteria in the presence of glucose restored lrgAB expression back to the uninduced state. In addition, valinomycin, which specifically collapses the DeltaPsi, also induced lrgAB expression. In contrast, nigericin, which dissipates the DeltapH component of the PMF, was found to have a minimal effect on DeltaPsi and lrgAB transcription. Finally, the DeltaPsi-inducible expression of lrgAB was shown to be dependent on the previously characterized LytSR two-component regulatory system that is involved in the regulation of autolysis. The results of this study support a model in which the LytSR regulatory system responds to a collapse in DeltaPsi by inducing the transcription of the lrgAB operon.
Recent results from the National Spherical Torus Experiment

The National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) is a low aspect-ratio fusion research facility whose research goal is to make a determination of the attractiveness of the spherical torus concept in the areas of high-β stability, confinement, current drive, and divertor physics. Remarkable progress was made in extending the operational regime of the device in FY 2002. In brief, βt of 34% and βN of 6.5 were achieved. H-mode became the main operational regime, and energy confinement exceeded conventional aspect-ratio tokamak scalings. Heating was demonstrated with the radiofrequency antenna, and signatures of current drive were observed. Current initiation with coaxial helicity injection produced discharges of 400 kA, and first measurements of divertor heat flux profiles in H-mode were made.
COPII proteins are required for Golgi fusion but not for endoplasmic reticulum budding of the pre-chylomicron transport vesicle.

The budding of vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that contains nascent proteins is regulated by COPII proteins. The mechanisms that regulate lipid-carrying pre-chylomicron transport vesicles (PCTVs) budding from the ER are unknown. To study the dependence of PCTV-ER budding on COPII proteins we examined protein and PCTV budding by using ER prepared from rat small intestinal mucosal cells prelabeled with 3 H-oleate or 14 C-oleate and 3 H-leucine. Budded 3 H-oleate-containing PCTVs were separated by sucrose density centrifugation and were revealed by electron microscopy as 142-500 nm vesicles. Our results showed the following: (1) Proteinase K treatment did not degrade the PCTV cargo protein, apolipoprotein B-48, unless Triton X-100 was added. (2) PCTV budding was dependent on cytosol and ATP. (3) The COPII proteins Sar1, Sec24 and Sec13/31 and the membrane proteins syntaxin 5 and rBet1 were associated with PCTVs. (4) Isolated PCTVs were able to fuse with intestinal Golgi. (5) Antibodies to Sar1 completely inhibited protein vesicle budding but increased the generation of PCTV; these changes were reversed by the addition of recombinant Sar1. (6) PCTVs formed in the absence of Sar1 did not contain the COPII proteins Sar1, Sec24 or Sec31 and did not fuse with the Golgi complex. Together, these findings suggest that COPII proteins may not be required for the exit of membrane-bound chylomicrons from the ER but that they or other proteins may be necessary for PCTV fusion with the Golgi.
Reduced expression of NFAT-associated genes in UCB versus adult CD4+ T lymphocytes during primary stimulation

The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the blunted allo-responsiveness of umbilical cord blood (UCB) T cells have not been fully elucidated. Protein expression of NFATc2 (nuclear factor of activated T cells c2), a critical transcription factor necessary for up-regulation of multiple cytokines known to amplify T-cell allogeneic responses, is reduced in UCB T cells. Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays were used to compare gene expression of primary purified CD4+ UCB T cells to adult peripheral blood CD4+ T cells (AB) at baseline, 6, and 16 hours of primary stimulation. NFAT-regulated genes exhibited lower expression in UCB CD4+ T cells including the following: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα; CD25), CD40L, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 α (MIP-1α). Transcription factors involved in the NFAT pathway including C/EBPβ, JunB, and Fosl1 (Fra-1), as well as Th1- and Th2-related transcription factors STAT4 (signal transducers and activators of transcription 4), T-bet, and c-maf showed reduced expression in UCB compared with AB during primary stimulation. Reduced cytokine, chemokine, and receptor expression was also found in UCB. Gene array data were confirmed using RNase protection assays, flow cytometry, and quantitative multiplexed cytokine measurements. Reduced global expression of NFAT-associated genes, as well as cytokines and chemokines, in UCB CD4+ T cells may contribute to the decreased graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) observed after UCB transplantation. (Blood. 2003;102:4608-4617)
Negative and Positive Caregiving Experiences: A Closer Look at the Intersection of Gender and Relationship

Using data from the 2004 wave of the National Long-Term Care Survey, we examined how negative and positive caregiving experiences differ by caregivers' gender and relationship to care recipients. We further considered how their caregiving experiences are affected by caregivers' demographic characteristics, care recipients' problem behavior and dependency, caregivers' involvement, reciprocal help from care recipients, and social support available for caregivers. We found that female and adult-child caregivers, in general, reported having had more negative experiences than male and spouse caregivers, respectively. Wife caregivers were least likely to report positive experiences. We also found different risk factors for negative and positive caregiving experiences, and these factors varied depending on caregivers' gender and relationship to the care recipient. The findings underscore the heterogeneity of caregiving experiences. To sustain informal care, state and local agencies need to tailor services to wife, husband, daughter, and son caregivers' unique needs.
Design of birefringent filter for high-power dye lasers

A birefringent filter which is suitable for tuning dye lasers having high gain is described. Transmission and tuning characteristics for the filter are calculated. Several appropriate designs having small sidebands, a minimum number of elements, and narrow passbands are discussed.
CONC/11: a computer program for calculating the performance of dish-type solar thermal collectors and power systems

The CONC/11 computer program designed for calculating the performance of dish-type solar thermal collectors and power systems is discussed. This program is intended to aid the system or collector designer in evaluating the performance to be expected with possible design alternatives. From design or test data on the characteristics of the various subsystems, CONC/11 calculates the efficiencies of the collector and the overall power system as functions of the receiver temperature for a specified insolation. If desired, CONC/11 will also determine the receiver aperture and the receiver temperature that will provide the highest efficiencies at a given insolation. The program handles both simple and compound concentrators. The CONC/11 is written in Athena Extended FORTRAN (similar to FORTRAN 77) to operate primarily in an interactive mode on a Sperry 1100/81 computer. It could also be used on many small computers. A user's manual is also provided for this program.
Host Selection by Bark Beetles in the Mixed-Conifer Forests of California

The capacity for bark beetles to discriminate between living host (Pinus ponderosa), dead host, and non-host trees(Abies concolor, Libocedrus decurrens), and between resistant and susceptible host trees prior to landing on the bole, was examined by measuring the landing rates of Dendroctonus brevicomis and D. ponderosae over month-long periods. Sticky traps were placed on the bole near the first living branches. Ponderosa pine exhibiting advanced symptoms of photochemical oxidant injury and root infection by Verticicladiella wagnerii were selected as the susceptible host trees. Some of these were screened over most of the bole to prevent initiation of boring activity and subsequent pheromone production and mass attack. Severe water stress was induced in another series of ponderosa pines by freezing, and injection of the herbicide, cacodylic acid. No significant differences in the landing rates of these bark beetle species were observed among the six classes of trees studied.
Enacting a Socioscientific Issues Classroom: Transformative Transformations

Sociomoral discourse, argumentation, and debate are necessary elements in a socioscientific issues-centered classroom. While these factors are fundamental in realizing a socioscientific issues (SSI) curriculum, related pedagogical factors, such as a commitment to inquiry, enacting opportunities for the cultivation of character, and conceptualizing the role of the nature of science (NOS) are consistent with progressive views of science teaching and scientific literacy (Sadler & Zeidler, 2009; Zeidler & Sadler, 2010). Further, classroom research has demonstrated that a fully enacted SSI approach to science education becomes a transformative process for participating students and their teacher. Successful transformation occurs when the teacher-centered approach shifts to a student-centered classroom and the science curriculum becomes issues-driven. Further, the results of this shift may be said to be transformative when students’ discovery of scientific concepts emerges out of socioscientific issues.
Manufacturer Lease Pricing and Adverse Selection

This paper examines how car manufacturers use buyback prices in lease contracts to address problems of adverse selection in the secondary market. While theoretical work on adverse selection and leasing has largely focused on the automotive industry, empirical work has been limited to other industries (Gilligan, 2004). This paper builds on work from Desai and Purohit (1998, 1999), Hendel and Lizzeri (2002) and Johnson and Waldman (2003) to dissect the multiple considerations of the manufacturer in lease pricing. Using a rich dataset of 1 million new car transactions, I isolate the adverse selection effect through the contract relationship between the money factor, the residual value, and the monthly payment. This relationship allows the calculation of subsidization and buyback price adjustments jointly determining the contracted residual value. I then link this buyback adjustment to vehicle quality uncertainty, one of the primary determinants of adverse selection. This relationship is further identified through the use of vehicle warranties, which reduce adverse selection risk. I find evidence consistent with adverse selection considerations being an important part of vehicle lease pricing. This finding is unique in its examination of manufacturer behavior as consistent with predicted leasing responses to the adverse selection problem.
Rent-Extraction, Liberalism, and Economic Development

This paper argues that liberalism helped the West escape from their long-standing rent-extracting regimes and created institutional sources of comparative advantage in trade and economic development. It does so by providing connections between three different literatures: the constitutional political economy literature, the rent-seeking literature, and the economic development literature. The rent-extraction model of the state predicts that mercantilist policies will be adopted, rather than free trade. The rent-extraction model of the state also implies that the politics of economic liberalization tends to be problematic. This allows liberalization, once adopted, to be a nearly permanent source of comparative advantage that affects long-run trade flows and patterns of international development. Export-led growth, however, is an area of reform that can be politically feasible within rent-extracting regimes, which makes it the most likely first step in economic and political liberalization.
Sports- and Work-Related Outcomes After Shoulder Hemiarthroplasty:

Background:With an active aging population, more patients expect to return to previous activities and work after surgery.Purpose:To determine the rate and timing to return of sports and employment after shoulder hemiarthroplasty.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:This was a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent shoulder hemiarthroplasty from 2007 to 2013. Follow-up consisted of a patient-reported questionnaire regarding physical fitness, sporting activities, and work status.Results:From 105 patients screened, 79 were available for follow-up. The average follow-up time was 63.1 months, and the average age at follow-up was 69 years. Scores on the visual analog scale for pain improved from 6.2 to 2.1 (P < .001) postoperatively, and those on the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder assessment improved from 34.6 to 71.3 (P < .001). Patients older than 65 years had significantly lower absolute postoperative ASES scores (P = .041) but experienced similar i...