cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Culture, Stigma, and Intersectionality: Toward Equitable Parent-Practitioner Relationships in Early Childhood Special Education

Parental involvement in the selection and implementation of children’s educational services is one of the most important tenets of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. However, parental involvement may be less welcome and less effectively supported in families from non-dominant groups (i.e., those with lower social status as a result of their race, ethnicity, social class, or immigrant status) compared to those with more resources. In this chapter, we explore several important conceptual tools related to diversity and stigmatization that support families’ equitable access to special education services for their young children. After reviewing how culture has typically been defined in the field of early childhood special education (ECSE), we introduce the critical sociocultural perspective and describe its clear implications for more effective parent-practitioner relations. We subsequently explore the notions of individual and institutional stigma, and show how early childhood practitioners can identify stigmatizing experiences that children with disabilities and their parents may have encountered. We then address the experience of families who are stigmatized for additional reasons other than the disability status of a family member, showing how children and families are located at the intersection of overlapping social identities rather than situated within a single homogenous racial, ethnic, or gender category. We conclude the chapter with specific suggestions for service providers to assist them in addressing stigmatization of individuals with autism, particularly those who are members of non-dominant groups, in the hope of moving the field of ECSE closer to its promise of a free, appropriate, public education for all.
Dynamic System-Optimal Route Choice and Congestion Pricing

In this chapter, we present several dynamic system-optimal (DSO) route choice models for a network with multiple origin-destination pairs. The constraint set for DSO route choice models can be much more comprehensive, including constraints such as the capacity and oversaturation spillback constraints. However, the more constraints we have, the more difficult will be the solution algorithm. Thus, for large-scale networks, we need to make a trade-off between the reality of formulations and the difficulty of the solution algorithm. The modeling complexity can be pursued as long as realistic traffic flows can be fully represented and reasonable computational times can be achieved.
Partnership duration and concurrent partnering: implications for models of HIV prevalence

Researchers and policy makers have argued that long-duration concurrent relationships promote the spread of HIV. The concurrency hypothesis proposes that concurrent partnering, particularly as manifested in formal and informal polygyny, is a primary contributor to the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. We investigate claims that agent-based models of concurrent partnering support this hypothesis. Specifically, we explore how assumptions about the duration and network structure of sexual partnerships affect the results of agent-based models of HIV propagation. We offer new support for the contention that long-duration concurrent partnering can be protective against HIV transmission rather than promoting it. Additionally, we argue that the focus on concurrency has misdirected attention away from the key role of exclusivity.
Amyloid Myopathy With and Without Systemic Amyloidosis (S54.006)

Objective: To identify the differences between amyloid myopathy with and without systemic amyloidosis. Background: Amyloid myopathy is an underdiagnosed myopathy, pathologically characterized by intramuscular, interstitial amyloid deposits. It often occurs in the setting of systemic amyloidosis. Recently, patients with anoctaminopathy-5 and dysferlinopathy were found to have amyloid deposits exclusively in skeletal muscle. Design/Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients with amyloid myopathy, who were evaluated at our institution between January 1998 and March 2012. Patients were classified as having systemic amyloidosis if amyloid deposits were observed outside skeletal muscle, if patient had monoclonal gammopathy with amyloid subtyping consistent with immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis, or if transthyretin mutations (ATTR) were identified. Clinical, pathological and laboratory data were collected. Results: We identified 29 patients, including 20 patients with systemic amyloidosis (18 AL and 2 ATTR) and 9 patients without systemic amyloidosis, or-so called isolated amyloid myopathy (4 anoctaminopathy-5, 1 dysferlinopathy, and 4 genetically-unknown). Patients with isolated amyloid myopathy had younger age of onset (median, 42 versus 64 years), more frequent calf atrophy (56% versus 0%), higher creatine kinase (CK) levels (median, 11 versus 0.5 times the upper limit of normal) than patients with systemic amyloidosis. CK levels of 2.5 times upper limit of normal or lower yield 92% sensitivity and 100% specificity in differentiating systemic amyloidosis involving skeletal muscles from isolated amyloid myopathy. Cardiomyopathy and peripheral neuropathy were identified in only systemic amyloidosis cohort (65% and 50%, respectively). Small endomysial collections of lymphocytes without autoaggressive features were observed in 2/3 of patients with isolated amyloid myopathy and in none of systemic amyloidosis patients. Conclusions: About 1/3 of amyloid myopathy patients have amyloid deposits exclusively in skeletal muscle. Molecular defects remain unknown in 45% of patients with isolated amyloid myopathy. Anoctaminopathy-5 accounts for 80% of genetically-diagnosed isolated amyloid myopathy. Clinical, laboratory and pathological features may help differentiate between amyloid myopathy with and without systemic amyloidosis. Disclosure: Dr. Liewluck has nothing to disclose. Dr. Milone has nothing to disclose.
Across the Pons and to the Milky Way: Where Are the Neuroradiology Publications?

Five years ago, we published an article in the American Journal of Neuroradiology that demonstrated that publications describing imaging features of various uncommon CNS diseases predominate in the clinical, rather than radiology, literature.[1][1] Short, simple, and purely an enumeration of journal
Water into Wine and Cheese: Implications of Substitution and Trade for California’s Perennial Water Woes

Water woes are growing globally as farmers and others struggle to develop infrastructure and institutions that allow the agricultural economy to thrive in the face of competing uses for water. While not new, these struggles are deeply important, and nowhere more so than to agriculture within arid regions. This chapter uses the California water context to trace through the simple economics of how irrigation water availability and price affect prices and quantities of tradeable food products. We highlight a few key relationships within the supply chains for wine and cheese using the simplest framework possible—fixed proportions and elastic input supplies at each stage of a multi-market chain. First, we consider irrigation water used to produce grapes that are transformed into wine and highlight the role of cost shares and final product demand elasticities. We show that irrigation water is a far more important driver of prices and quantities in the low-cost San Joaquin Valley region, which faces a more elastic demand for wine than in the high-cost (and price) North Coast region, which faces a less elastic demand. When we consider the irrigation water used to produce feed crops for dairy cows—which, in turn, produce milk that is transformed into cheese, we find that water has only a moderate cost share in forage production and that forage has a moderate share in milk output. Nevertheless, because California cheese faces an elastic demand in the global market, a rise in water costs could reduce California cheese production significantly.
Hypoxia-induced biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles in the living brain

While a large number of studies deal with biomedical applications of various types of nanoparticles synthesized using wet chemistry, we propose the concept of targeted biosynthesis of nanoparticles in the living brain. Here we demonstrate that the pathological biochemical process of accumulation of reduced pyridine nucleotides under deleterious conditions of brain hypoxia can be redirected to drive the biosynthesis of biocompatible Au nanoparticles from a precursor salt in situ in the immediate vicinity of the hypoxia site, thereby restoring the redox status of the brain.
Implementation of Evidence-Based Practices in Intergenerational Programming: A Scoping Review:

Evidence-based intergenerational practices are sought by practitioners interested in the potential value of intergenerational programs. These are often difficult to identify as intergenerational pr...
COVID-19 in US Youth Soccer Athletes During Summer 2020

CONTEXT: As sports reinitiate around the country, the incidence of COVID-19 among youth soccer athletes remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of COVID-19 among youth soccer athletes and the risk mitigation practices utilized by youth soccer organizations. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Youth soccer club directors throughout the United States. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Surveys were completed in late August 2020 regarding phase of return to soccer (individual only, group non-contact, group contact), date of reinitiation, number of players, cases of COVID-19, and risk reduction procedures being implemented. Case and incidence rates were compared to national pediatric data and county data from the prior 10 weeks. A negative binomial regression model was developed to predict club COVID-19 cases with local incidence rate and phase of return as covariates and the log of club player-days as an offset. RESULTS: 124 respondents had reinitiated soccer, representing 91,007 players with a median duration of 73 days (IQR: 53-83 days) since restarting. Of the 119 that had progressed to group activities, 218 cases of COVID-19 were reported among 85,861 players. Youth soccer players had a lower case rate and incidence rate than children in the US (254 v. 477 cases per 100,000; incidence rate ratio [IRR]=0.511, 95% CI = [0.40-0.57], p<0.001) and the general population from the counties where data was available (268 v. 864 cases per 100,000; IRR=0.202 [0.19-0.21], p<0.001). After adjusting for local COVID-19 incidence, there was no relationship between club COVID-19 incidence and phase of return (non-contact: b=0.35±0.67, p=0.61; contact: b=0.18±0.67, p=0.79). Soccer clubs reported utilizing a median of 8 (IQR: 6-10) risk reduction procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of COVID-19 among youth soccer athletes is relatively low when compared to the background incidence among children in the United States in summer of 2020. No relationship was identified between club COVID-19 incidence and phase of return to soccer.
Call and Response? Neighborhood Inequality and Political Voice:

Over the past 20 years, many cities across the United States have adopted a range of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to make it easier for residents to get informed, communicate t...
Testing a Middle -Range Theory of Heart Failure Self-Care.

A middle-range theory of heart failure self-care, derived from the self-care deficit theory of nursing, was tested among 175 Arab American older adults with heart failure. The middle-range theory a...
Cardiothoracic Surgery Training Program Director Awareness of Available Visiting Medical Student Clerkships for the Underrepresented in Medicine.

A diversity gap exists within cardiothoracic (CT) surgery that might be addressed with currently available medical student pipeline programs. We sought to assess CT surgery residency/fellowship program directors' (PD) awareness of and participation in underrepresented in medicine visiting medical student clerkship programs (UIM-VMSCPs). We reviewed the ACGME program finder database and medical school websites to identify thoracic surgery training programs that: (1) offer visiting student clerkships (VSCs), (2) are affiliated with an institution offering a UIM-VMSCP, (3) are at an institution where the existing UIM-VMSCP specifically offers rotations in CT surgery. The PDs in the second group were surveyed via e-mail, assessing their level of awareness of UIM-VMSCPs at their institution, participation in UIM-VMSCPs over the past 3 years, and desire to participate in a UIM-VMSCP in the future. All (n = 76) ACGME CT surgery training programs were affiliated with institutions that offered VSCs in multiple disciplines. Over half, 55.3%, of the programs offered access to visiting students and 61.8% were at institutions with existing UIM-VMSCPs. Our response rate for the 47 PDs from institutions with UIM-VMSCPs was 38.2%. Of the respondents, 61.1% were aware of the UIM-VMSCP at their institution and 44.4% participated in the past 3 years. Most, 88.9% were interested in participating in their institution's UIM-VMSCP in the future. Only half of CT surgery training programs offer VSCs and even fewer are at institutions with an existing UIM-VMSCP that offers a CT surgery clerkship. This is a lost opportunity to broaden exposure to the specialty and increase diversity within the CT surgery workforce.
Does Power “Spread”? Foucault on the Generalization of Power:

This essay critically analyzes a common metaphor in political theory, which figures the growth of power as a process of “spreading” or “diffusion.” It argues that narratives that cast the generaliz...
Customer/producer interaction in industrial product development: an interorganizational exchange perspective

Most research on product development focuses on the producing firm exclusively. Customers are typically assumed to be indifferent to the process, providing stimulus input to the manufacturer when requested to do so through arms-length market research techniques. In contrast, this work explores customer involvement in the product development process, viz. interactive exchange between customer firms and producer firms in a technology-intensive business-to-business new product setting. The research takes an inter-organizational orientation by examining customers' self-motivated interaction with multiple producer functional areas during manufacturer-active product development. Its scope is limited to close interaction during product co-specification, prototype testing, contractual verification (e.g. "beta") testing, and commercialization/rollout of product projects in software development firms. Various contributors in the area have contended that product development involvement should be studied as an interactive process between organizations and that a combined innovator-adopter viewpoint should be taken. However, dyadic research has not been done, and the impact of interorganizational factors on customer/producer interaction has not been highlighted. This research has done both by using a combination of field investigations and surveys to study 163 customer/producer dyads associated with twelve development projects in four firms. The study is carried out in two phases: (1) four projects in a pilot firm and (2) eight projects in a three firm replication. Our primary finding is that interorganizational factors--relationship experience and interdependence--have powerful effects on subsequent development process interaction and its outcomes. Customers tend to be involved as either 'development partners' or 'commercialization influencers'. The former are typified by co-dependence, relationship history, and involvement motivation consensus with the producer. These existing customers embrace the changes in their operations brought on by development involvement. Their interaction tends to be early, intense, and impactful. Often, they are utilized as a business expansion resource by "bridging" the producer to new product markets. In contrast, the latter are involved to accelerate sales, promote the product, or attend to their immediate need for the product's functionality, but tend to be associated with less beneficial involvement outcomes and greater adoption difficulty.
A macrophage receptor that recognizes oxidized low density lipoprotein but not acetylated low density lipoprotein.

Abstract The formation of cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cells in arterial tissue may occur by the uptake of modified lipoproteins via the scavenger receptor pathway. The macrophage scavenger receptor, also called the acetylated low density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) receptor, has been reported to recognize Ac-LDL as well as oxidized LDL species such as endothelial cell-modified LDL (EC-LDL). We now report that there is another class of macrophage receptors that recognizes EC-LDL but not Ac-LDL. We performed assays of 0 degrees C binding and 37 degrees C degradation of 125I-Ac-LDL and 125I-EC-LDL by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Competition studies showed that unlabeled Ac-LDL could compete for only 25% of the binding and only 50% of the degradation of 125I-EC-LDL. Unlabeled EC-LDL, however, competed for greater than 90% of 125I-EC-LDL binding and degradation. Unlabeled Ac-LDL was greater than 90% effective against 125I-Ac-LDL; EC-LDL competed for about 80% of 125I-Ac-LDL binding and degradation. Copper-oxidized LDL behaved the same as EC-LDL in all the competition studies. Copper-mediated oxidation of Ac-LDL produced a superior competitor which could now displace 90% of 125I-EC-LDL binding. After 5 h at 37 degrees C in the presence of ligand, macrophages accumulated six times more cell-associated radioactivity from 125I-EC-LDL than from 125I-Ac-LDL, despite approximately equal amounts of degradation to trichloroacetic acid-soluble products, which may imply different intracellular processing of the two lipoproteins. Our results suggest that 1) there is more than one macrophage "scavenger receptor" for modified lipoproteins; and 2) oxidized LDL and Ac-LDL are not identical ligands with respect to macrophage recognition and uptake.
Perceptions of disability among parents of children with disabilities in Nicaragua: Implications for future opportunities and health care access

The purposes of this study were to explore caregiver perceptions of the origin of their children's disabilities, aspirations for their children's future, and the frequency with which they sought health care and rehabilitation services for their children with disabilities. A qualitative descriptive design using face-to-face semi-structured interviews of 13 caregivers of children with disabilities was employed. Caregivers cited biomedical explanations, as well as beliefs in superstitious, traditional, and religious-based causes of disability. Respondents reported limited access to medical care and rehabilitation services. Nevertheless, caregivers have hope for their children's futures. Increased global medical volunteer involvement has the potential to improve access to care and rehabilitation services.
Dimensionless Erosion Laws for Cohesive Sediment

AbstractA method of achieving a dimensionless collapse of erosion-rate data for cohesive sediments is proposed and shown to work well for data collected in flume-erosion tests on mixtures of sand and mud (silt plus clay sized particles) for a wide range of mud fraction. The data collapse corresponds to a dimensional erosion law of the form E∼(τ−τc)m, where E is erosion rate, τ is shear stress, τc is the threshold shear stress for erosion to occur, and m≈7/4. This result contrasts with the commonly assumed linear erosion law E=kd(τ−τc), where kd is a measure of how easily sediment is eroded. The data collapse prompts a re-examination of the way that results of the hole-erosion test (HET) and jet-erosion test (JET) are customarily analyzed, and also calls into question the meaningfulness not only of proposed empirical relationships between kd and τc, but also of the erodibility parameter kd itself. Fuller comparison of flume-erosion data with hole-erosion and jet-erosion data will require revised analyses o...
The use of indigenous knowledge in animal and crop pest management in Benue State, Nigeria

No Abstract. Indilinga: African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IAJIKS) Vol. 4(1) 2005: 243-248
Chemical Analyses with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO)

The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is a European Space Agency (ESA) mission to be launched in the early 1990’s. It will be able to carry out astronomical observations at wavelengths ranging from 3 µm to 200 µm. A complement of instruments permitting imaging photometry, spectrophotometry, spectrophotometric polarimetry as well as spectrometry both at high and at low resolving power, should provide an observer a wide variety of options for the study of chemical species and chemical processes. Proposals to carry out observations with this instrument will be solicited from the astronomical community in ESA member states, and from U.S.astronomers through the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). No decision has yet been made on wider solicitation.
Obstetric and gynecologic considerations of dwarfism

Abstract Shortness of stature is a symptom, not a disease. In recent years the ability to assay HGH and similar substances has led to the ability to classify more precisely the disease entity behind the symptoms. Dwarfs are either proportionate or disproportionate and the condition may be heritable or acquired. Thirty-five females whose heights are less than 4 feet, 10 inches have been reviewed. All had a normal menarche. Menstrual irregularities and fibroids were frequent. Of the 20 who were married, 11 had conceived. Early abortion and stillbirth were increased. Early delivery was predicted in some instances on increasing maternal respiratory distress. Cesarean section was performed for delivery in all cases of disproportionate dwarfism. Birth weights in all instances approach those of normal infants for that period of gestation when delivery took place. Formerly prevented from reproduction, today's dwarfs are extremely conscious of sexual inadequacy based upon their individual skeletal abnormalities. Psychosexual counseling has become an integral part of the genetic counseling given to these individuals.
Travel-related behaviors, opinions, and concerns of U.S. adult drivers by race/ethnicity, 2010

Abstract Introduction The U.S. population is shifting to become both older and more racially and ethnically diverse. Our current understanding of U.S. drivers' travel-related needs and concerns by race/ethnicity is limited. Methods Data from the 2010 HealthStyles survey, an annual, cross-sectional, national mail-panel survey of persons ages 18 years or older living in the United States, were used to calculate weighted percentages of travel-related behaviors, opinions, and concerns by race/ethnicity. Logistic regression was used to explore associations between race/ethnicity and specific travel-related concerns, while adjusting for other demographic characteristics. Results Adequate transportation alternatives to driving were reported by a greater percentage of persons in certain minority groups compared to whites (Hispanic: 34.7%; white: 23.4%). Concern for the availability of alternatives to driving in the future was greater among minority groups (black: 57.7%; Hispanic: 47.3%; other: 50.9%) compared to whites (37.5%). Additionally, among persons with a household income of $25,000 +, minorities were generally more likely than whites to report concern about having alternative transportation options to driving, whereas concern was consistently high among all racial/ethnic groups for those earning less than $25,000 annually. In each racial/ethnic group, more than 10% of persons reported not knowing how they would get around if they could no longer drive. Conclusions Important variations by race/ethnicity in both travel behaviors and concerns for adequate alternatives to driving were found, revealing the need for further research to better understand reasons for these differences and to identify ways to meet the transportation needs of the changing U.S. population demographics. Impact on Industry Further research on adequate alternatives to driving and transportation needs is needed.
Effects of acute adult and early-in-life bladder inflammation on bladder neuropeptides in adult female rats.

Background The purpose of the present study was to determine how acute adult and/or prior early-in life (EIL; P14-P16) exposure to bladder inflammation affects bladder content of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP). Estrous cycle influences were also studied in the adult-treatment conditions.
Application of prosthodontic techniques in private practice

Abstract A survey of 150 LSUSD alumni from the 1977 to 1981 classes was conducted. The questions dealt with type of practice and complete denture techniques. Results of the survey showed significant differences between the prosthodontic techniques the students were taught and the ones they used in practice. An analysis of the responses was made, and the type of prosthodontic procedures taught and practiced as well as the function of the prosthodontic instruction were discussed.
Efficacy of school reentry programs

Evaluation of school reentry programs are rarely reported, and statements of the value of reentry programs are usually based on anecdotal information. No known reports of empiric data support claims of positive benefit for burned children. This article reports a multifaceted effort to evaluate the effectiveness of one reentry program involving three approaches: (1) questionnaire answered by the school contact person after reentry program, (2) interviews with a random sample of patients (n = 58) and parents (n = 44) 1 to 5 years after burn, and (3) assessment of patients' behavior problems by teachers on a standardized behavior checklist comparing 10 patients who had a school reentry program involving videos to introduce them to their classmates with 10 patients who were matched for age, sex, and total body surface area burned and had no reentry program beyond phone contact. Results indicate that school reentry programs are popular with teachers and parents. This pilot effort involving empiric data failed to demonstrate a positive effect on the adjustment of the child.
Low temperature nitridation of transition metals with hydrazine

Abstract Transition metal nitride films have been formed by low temperature (400 °C) nitridation with hydrazine. The process uses low temperature cracking of hydrazine to form nitrogen radicals that react with the substrates to form nitride films. Auger electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used for chemical analysis of the films. The results show that nitride films with an oxide impurity were made with Co, Cr, Fe, Mo, Si, Ta, Ti, V, and W. The most likely sources of oxygen contamination were incomplete oxide removal during pre-cleaning, water impurities in the hydrazine, and oxygen and water contamination of the films after completion of the nitridation process. Experiments with oxidized tantalum, iron, aluminum, and silicon show the effects of oxides on the hydrazine nitridation reaction. Preliminary electrochemical corrosion tests demonstrate the corrosion protection of iron provided by the iron nitride film.
An ultrastructural study of the mature chromoplasts of the tangerine tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. "golden jubilee").

The ultrastructure of somewhat immature and mature chromoplasts of a tangerine tomato variety, Golden Jubilee, has been studied after glutaraldehydeosmium and potassium permanganate fixation. Chromolipid inclusions occurring in these chromoplasts include droplets, tablet- and rod-shaped crystals, and a heretofore undescribed spheroidal inclusion. Except for the droplets, all of these inclusions have a myelin figure substructure or framework. Some myelin figures apparently become only partially pigmented. Aggregations of droplets appear early in plastid maturation and remain until plastid senescence, whereas the crystals and spheroidal structures characterize only the more mature stages. Several types of vesicles are found in immature plastids. One is spherical in section and closely associated with the lamellar system of the plastid, e.g., stacked lamellae and grana-like lamellae. Another is a large irregular vesicle that is confluent with small pinocytotic-like vesicles around its periphery.
Differential particulate air pollution induced oxidant stress in human granulocytes, monocytes and alveolar macrophages

It has been proposed that oxidant stress of cells in the lung is one of the underlying mechanisms of particulate pollution-induced exacerbation of lung disease. Individuals who are considered most sensitive to particulate pollution are those with pre-existing airways inflammation, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung infection or asthma. These diseases are characterized by a presence of inflammatory cells in the airways including neutrophils (PMN), eosinophils and monocytes (Mo), and increased numbers of alveolar macrophages (AM). These cells have a high capacity for production of oxygen radicals, as compared to other cell types of the lung. To assess the oxidative response of these various cell types to pollution particles of various sources, luminol-dependent chemiluminescence was employed. Particles including transition metal-rich residual oil fly ashes (ROFAs), coal fly ashes, diesel, SiO2, TiO2 and fugitive dusts were co-cultured with AM, Mo and PMN in a dose range of 10-100 microg/2 x 10(5) cells and chemiluminescence determined following a 20-min interaction. A strong oxidant response of AM was restricted to oil fly ashes, while the PMN were most reactive to the dusts containing aluminium silicate. In general, the Mo response was less vigorous, but overlapped both AM- and PMN-stimulating dusts. However, in response to SiO2 and volcanic ash the Mo chemiluminescence exceeded that of the other cell types. Oxygen radicals generated in response to ROFA by the AM were likely to be dependent on mitochondrial processes, while the response in PMN involved the membrane NADPH oxidase complex, as determined by targeting inhibitors. The response of AM to SiO2 of various sizes and TiO2 in the fine size range obtained from different commercial sources, was highly variable, implying that composition rather than size was responsible for the oxidant response. A strong chemiluminescence response was not consistently associated with cytotoxicity in the responsive cell. Taken together, these results suggest that oxidant activation by various sources of particulate matter is cell specific. Therefore, the inflamed lung is likely to be more susceptible to harm of ambient air particulates because of the oxidant stress posed by a broader range of particles.
Structural transitions of an electrorheological and magnetorheological fluid

An electrorheological and magnetorheological fluid has small spherical particles in a space where a uniform electric field is perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field. When the ratio between the electric field and magnetic field varies, structural transitions occur. If the electric (or magnetic) field is dominant, the ideal structure of the system is a body-centered tetragonal lattice with its fourfold rotational axis in the electric (or magnetic) field direction. When the electric field and magnetic field are compatible, under the dipolar approximation, the system may have a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. However, because the energy difference between the hcp structure and face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice is small and compatible with the thermal energy at room temperature, the system may develop into a hcp-fcc mixed structure when the electric field and magnetic field are compatible.
Radical chlorination of substituted t-butylbenzenes

Abstract A series of substituted t-butylbenzenes has been treated with sulfuryl chloride in the presence of benzoyl peroxide at 70°. For six of these compounds, the favored reaction was formation of a substituted neophy radical. While a correlation of data is obtained by application of the Hammett equation, the results may be better described by a field effect approach using a modified Kirkwood-Westheimer treatment.
Cultured Renal Epithelial Cells From Birds and Mice: Enhanced Resistance of Avian Cells to Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage

Current mechanistic theories of aging would predict that many species of birds, given their unusually high metabolic rates, body temperatures, and blood sugar levels, should age more rapidly than mammals of comparable size. On the contrary, many avian species display unusually long life spans. This finding suggests that cells and tissues from some avian species may enjoy unusually robust and/or unique protective mechanisms against fundamental aging processes, including a relatively high resistance to oxidative stress. We therefore compared the sensitivities of presumptively homologous epithelial somatic cells derived from bird and mouse kidneys to various forms of oxidative stress. When compared to murine cells, we found enhanced resistance of avian cells from three species (budgerigars, starlings, canaries) to 95% oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, and gamma-radiation. Differential resistance to 95% oxygen was demonstrated with both replicating and quiescent cultures. Hydrogen peroxide was shown to induce DNA single-strand breaks. There were fewer breaks in avian cells than in mouse cells when similarly challenged.
The color measurement and color formulation of plastic surfaces that differ in specular reflectance

In the real world of color measurement and control, the sample to be matched is not always of the same physical characteristics as needed for the final product. Although the color may be near to what is required, the gloss of the sample may not. New color measurement and matching software now accommodateds differences in specular reflection between sample, batch and pigment data files.
Conditions and consequences of maintenance rehearsal.

The present experiments investigated the idea that the anticipated delay to initial recall governs whether a subject will rely on elaborative or maintenance rehearsal. In agreement with earlier research, the results suggested that maintenance rehearsal is used only when words can be rehearsed up to the moment of recall. A novel finding concerned the accessibility of the items processed in that way. When subjects were explicitly asked to recall those items first in final free recall, they were as likely to be recalled as items that had been processed elaboratively. This finding suggests that even rote rehearsal creates an accessible memory trace, albeit one that is most efficiently accessed by contextual rather than semantic cues. Following the introduction of the levels of processing framework, one prominent line of research investigated the effects of various orienting tasks on delayed memory performance (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Craik & Tulving, 1975). The typical finding from this literature was that tasks involving semantic analysis lead to better recall of words than tasks involving structural or phonemic analyses (Lewandowsky & Hockley, 1987). A second line of research fostered by the levels of processing framework investigated the conditions under which subjects will naturally rely on different levels of processing when they are attempting to memorize a list of words. The central question addressed in this literature is whether subjects choose to devote semantic (or elaborative) rehearsal to some words and simple rote (or maintenance) rehearsal to others. Indeed, as described below, dynamic shifts in rehearsal strategy appear to be the norm. The experiments described herein were intended to further advance this line of inquiry, with particular emphasis on the conditions giving rise to and the enduring consequences of maintenance rehearsal. Most of the research on the issue of rehearsal strategy is consistent with the idea that subjects use some form of elaborative rehearsal unless it is clear that the items being rehearsed can be maintained indefinitely (i.e., up to the moment of recall). When that condition obtains, elaborative strategies are essentially superfluous and may be abandoned in favor of simple maintenance rehearsal (Gotz & Jacoby, 1974; Jacoby & Bartz, 1972; Meunier, Ritz, & Meunier, 1972; Roenker, 1974; Watkins & Watkins, 1974). In a standard list memory procedure, the initial items of a list cannot be rehearsed indefinitely because of the incoming stream of subsequent items. Thus, the initial items would seem to be the most likely candidates for elaborative rehearsal. The last few items of a list, on the other hand, can be rehearsed unencumbered until the recall period begins just a few moments later. As a result, these items would seem to be the most likely candidates for
Vitamin A deficiency and caries susceptibility of rat molars

Abstract Exact timing of vitamin A deficiency to coincide with critical periods of tooth development is essential for evaluating the pre-eruptive ettect on caries or this nutritional deficiency. Rat dams were made vitamin A deficient (A − ) at parturition. Pups born and nursed by A − dams had virtually no vitamin A in their livers at weaning. Following weaning, both A − and vitamin A adequate (A + ) groups of pups were orally infected with Streptococcus mutans 6715 and fed a vitamin A adequate caries-promoting diet for 3 weeks. The A − pups had significantly higher caries scores than those in the A + group for buccal, sulcal and approximal deep dentinal areas. Salivary glands from A − pups were normal in histologic appearance at weaning as were their molars and incisors. Thus, experimental induction of vitamin A deficiency for a limited time before tooth eruption increased susceptibility of rat molars to caries but did not alter morphology of the salivary glands. Thus vitamin A deficiency alters rat tooth formation, particularly dentine, making it more susceptible to caries.
Comparing the Personality Disorder Interview for DSM–IV (PDI–IV) and SCID–II Borderline Personality Disorder Scales: An Item–Response Theory Analysis

One-hundred sixty-nine psychiatric outpatients and 171 undergraduate students were assessed with the Personality Disorder Interview-IV (PDI-IV; Widiger, Mangine, Corbitt, Ellis, & Thomas, 1995) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II; First, Gibbon, Spitzer, Williams, & Benjamin, 1997) for borderline personality disorder (BPD). Eighty individuals met PDI-IV BPD criteria, whereas 34 met SCID-II BPD criteria. Dimensional ratings of both measures were highly intercorrelated (rs = .78, .75), and item-level interrater reliability fell in the good to excellent range. An item-response theory analysis was performed to investigate whether properties of the items from each interview could help understand these differences. The limited agreement seemed to be explained by differences in the response options across the two interviews. We found that suicidal behavior was among the most discriminating criteria on both instruments, whereas dissociation and difficulty controlling anger had the 2 lowest alpha parameter values. Finally, those meeting BPD criteria on both interviews had higher levels of anxiety, depression, and more impairments in object relations than those meeting criteria on just the PDI-IV. These findings suggest that the choice of measure has a notable effect on the obtained diagnostic prevalence and the level of BPD severity that is detected.
Photoabsorption spectrum of radicals produced by a pulsed discharge of trace H2O in Ar

Abstract The absorption spectrum of radicals produced by a pulsed discharge of few mTorr H 2 O in 3 Torr Ar has been measured in the 1200–1370 A region. The radicals are mainly OH in low vibrational levels of the ground state. The observed spectrum is consistent with previous report that OH has a high absorption cross section in the 1223 A region and a small one at 1216 A. The spectrum is tentatively interpreted with the OH potential curves preliminarily calculated by van Dishoeck. Langhoff, Wetmore, and Dalgarno.
Effect of Vertical Modulation on the Onset of Filtration Convection

The present paper examines the effect of vertical harmonic vibration on the onset of convection in an infinite horizontal layer of fluid saturating a porous medium. A constant temperature distribution is assigned on the rigid boundaries, so that there exists a vertical temperature gradient. The mathematical model is described by equations of filtration convection in the Darcy–Oberbeck–Boussinesq approximation. The linear stability analysis for the quasi-equilibrium solution is performed using Floquet theory. Employment of the method of continued fractions allows derivation of the dispersion equation for the Floquet exponent σ in an explicit form. The neutral curves of the Rayleigh number Ra versus horizontal wave number α for the synchronous and subharmonic resonant modes are constructed for different values of frequency Ω and amplitude A of vibration. Asymptotic formulas for these curves are derived for large values of Ω using the method of averaging, and, for small values of Ω, using the WKB method. It is shown that, at some finite frequencies of vibration, there exist regions of parametric instability. Investigations carried out in the paper demonstrate that, depending on the governing parameters of the problem, vertical vibration can significantly affect the stability of the system by increasing or decreasing its susceptibility to convection.
Science Education and Students with Learning Disabilities

Students with learning disabilities (LD) are increasingly expected to master content in the general education curriculum, making the need for effective instructional supports more important than ever before. Science is a part of the curriculum that can be particularly challenging to students with LD because of the diverse demands it places on cognitive performance. In this summary we review a number of strategies that have been validated for learners with LD. The strategies include supports for (a) verbal learning of declarative information, (b) processing information in texts, (c) activities-based instruction/experiential learning, (d) scientific thinking and reasoning, and (e) differentiated instruction. We also summarize the research regarding the impact of teacher behavior on achievement for students with LD in science education. The strategies reviewed yield tangible and positive effect sizes that suggest that their application to the target domain will substantially improve outcomes for students with LD in science education.
The effect of temperature, photoperiod and molt on the energy requirements of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus

Abstract 1. 1. The weight of house sparrows was significantly higher at 3°C than at 22°C and 32°C and there was an inverse relationship between metabolized energy and temperature. 2. 2. Photoperiodic regime and temperature affected the initiation of molt and the date at which molt began but not the dates of peak molt or the end of molt. 3. 3. The regression of weight and metabolized energy on the number of growing feathers was positive and linear and independent of temperature and photoperiodic regime. 4. 4. Differences in insulation effectiveness, duration of molt, and molt intensity affected the total energy expenditure for the molting process.
Manganese in photosynthetic oxygen evolution. I. Electron paramagnetic resonance study of the environment of manganese in Tris-washed chloroplasts.

Abstract A manganese electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal not present in untreated chloroplasts is observed in chloroplasts treated by washing in Tris buffer (0.8 M, pH 8.0) for 15 min. Centrifugation indicates that the Mn responsible for the EPR signal is localized in the chloroplasts, not free in the supernatant liquid. Atomic absorption analysis demonstrates that less than 10% of total chloroplast Mn is lost upon Tris treatment. Tris treatment converts 60% of the total chloroplast Mn pool to an EPR-detectable state. Sonication causes the Mn EPR signal to be divided proportionately between the chloroplast pellet and the supernatant liquid. The EPR spectrum of Mn in Tris-washed chloroplasts is identical with that of a divalent aqueous Mn spectrum in g factor, hyperfine splitting, and linewidth temperature dependence. It is concluded that upon Tris treatment, Mn is released into the interior space of the thylakoid membrane. Transport of Mn and anionic chelating agents across the thylakoid membrane was investigated using EPR. The rate of Mn diffusion through the thylakoid membrane is slow, with a t 1 2 of 2.5 h. The rate of transfer of chelating agents such as EDTA is much faster, with t 1 2 of 750 ms. Tris washing also destroys a weak Mn-binding site on the exterior of the thylakoid membrane.
Fecal shedding of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by dairy cows

Between 1982 and 2000, fecal samples were obtained from 786 cows that were shedding Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map). These cows were resident on 93 Pennsylvania dairies (mean herd size, 64 milk cows) that had no or minimal previous testing for Map. Feces were cultured on four tubes of Herrold's egg yolk medium and the distribution of mean Map colony forming units (CFU) was evaluated. Most cows were light ( 50 CFU/tube, 30.8%) fecal shedders with fewer cows in the moderate category (10-50 CFU/tube). Of the 786 cows, 192 (24.4%) had colonies in only one of four tubes. In the multivariable negative binomial model, there were significant associations between mean CFU/tube and prevalence, herd size, and season and an interaction between herd size and season. The linear mixed model of continuous tube counts with a random herd effect yielded similar findings with associations with herd size as a continuous variable, season, and an interaction between categorized prevalence and continuous herd size. Variability in CFU/tube was greatest among cows in the same herd, intermediate for replicate tubes from the same cow, and smallest among cows in different herds. Reduction in the number of replicate tubes from four would have reduced the sensitivity of fecal culture for Map by approximately 6% (for three tubes) to 12% (for two tubes).
Why does light have a finite speed

The author takes up the oft repeated question, 'Why does light travel at speed c?'. He dispels the widespread qualitative notion that the speed of light results from time delays in the interaction of the electric and magnetic fields, and then presents a picture which will hopefully prompt readers to work on their own qualitative insights concerning the speed of light.
Cu1−xPdx/CeO2-impregnated cermet anodes for direct oxidation of methane in LaGaO3-electrolyte solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract A series of ceramic–metal composite anodes containing 1.0 wt.% Cu1−xPdx alloys (where x = 0, 0.15, 0.25, 0.4, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) were prepared by impregnation of the respective metal salts and 5.0 wt.% CeO2 into a porous La0.4Ce0.6O2−σ anode skeleton. The performance of these anodes was evaluated in both dry H2 and CH4 in the temperature range of 700–800 °C using the 300-μm thick La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.83Mg0.17O3−σ (LSGM) electrolyte-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The addition of Pd to Cu significantly increased the performance of the single cells in dry CH4, with the cell maximum power density changed from 66 mW cm−2 for Cu1.0Pd0.0 to 345 mW cm−2 for Cu0.0Pd1.0 at 800 °C. In H2, however, the performance improvement was not as significant compared to that in CH4. In addition, carbon formation was greatly suppressed in the Cu–Pd alloy-impregnated anodes compared to that with pure Pd after exposure to dry CH4 at 800 °C, which led to different performance stability behaviors for these cells operating with dry CH4.
A new look at incentive effects and golf tournaments

Abstract This paper uses data from the 1992 Professional Golf Association Tour to analyze the incentive effects offered by tournaments. The results suggest that the level of the total prize money has an insignificant effect on the total score (output) of the players (workers). This conclusion contradicts the findings of an earlier paper by Ehrenberg and Bognanno ( Journal of Political Economy , 1990, 98, 1307–1324).