cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variation among the Aureoid Senecios of North America: A geohistorical interpretation

The Aureoid group ofSenecio (Asteraceae) includes 59 species, most of which occur in western temperate North America. They share a syndrome of traits and have notably imprecise species boundaries. They are separable into three imperfectly marked subgroups, the Aurei, Lobati, and Tomentosi, each of which centers about one or two widespread and variable species. The Aurei have Arcto-Tertiary affinities and are regarded as primitive. Subsequent evolutionary diversification produced the Tomentosi in the cool, dry regions of the northern Cordillera and the Lobati in the warmer cordilleran regions of the Great Basin and Southwestern deserts. Certain Eastern outliers are regarded as relicts of migrations eastward at the front of a receding glacier, whereas others are relicts of migrations during the Post-glacial Hypsithermal period. The apparent combination of a pliable cytological structure, obligate outbreeding, and good seed dispersal has given the Aureoid senecios an ability to hybridize and presumably to introgress easily, although direct evidence is scant. Continual climatic change and subsequent migrations of plants have produced repeated meetings and introgressions among related Aureoid species, which in turn maintain the notably blurred species boundaries of the group.
If Cities are So Great, Why are People Leaving? A Comment

Tregarthen (1977) claims that an increase in agglomeration economies may be the cause of migration to smaller cities. In this comment I show that his analysis does not lead to this conclusion.
Russell's "Do Differences Differ?"

This paper examines one of Russell’s views, held about the turn of the century, found in a short, unpublished manuscript entitled “Do Diﬀerences Diﬀer?”. This work was one of Russell’s early attempts to focus solely on the issue of whether relations were universal or specific relations. Written before The Principles of Mathematics, the manuscript can serve as a step toward that work. To provide a framework for our discussion, we look at aspects of his yet earlier views on this matter. In discussion of the manuscript itself, the present paper divides “Do Diﬀerences Diﬀer?” into four distinct parts, discusses some issues and problems with its view, and ends with four distinct responses by Russell to its view.
Polycystic kidney disease in a raccoon (Procyon lotor)

During March 1988, a case of bilateral polycystic kidney disease (PKD) occurred in an aged raccoon (Procyon lotor) at a zoo in Wilmington, Delaware (USA). Prior to its death, the raccoon had no clinical signs. On necropsy there was bilateral enlargement of kidneys which, on cut sections, had many variable sized fluid-filled cystic cavities. Endometrial hyperplasia with presence of multiple variable-sized cysts were also seen in the uterus of this raccoon. Microscopical examinations were characteristic of an end-stage renal failure due to PKD. Neither PKD nor cystic endometerial hyperplasia appears to have been previously described in this species.
Immunoglobulin isotype switching in xid mice

Mice with the x-linked immunodeficiency mutation (xid) are unresponsive to polysaccharide antigens, lack a subset of B cells, and have low serum IgM (2–20% of normal) and IgG3 (3% of normal). Because of the disproportionate reduction of IgG3, the ability of B cells from xid mice to switch to γ3 was examined. Switching was indirectly measured by comparing IgG3 production and Cγ3 mRNA steady state levels of purified B cells activated to switch to IgG3 by LPS in bulk culture. Direct measurement of switching was achieved by enumerating on a percentage basis switched cells in a filter disk culture assay and by FACS analysis. In both bulk culture and the filter disk assay, switching to γ3 was equivalent between xid and non-xid B cells.
Diverse range of small peptides associated with high-density lipoprotein.

High-density lipoproteins (HDL) were examined as potential carriers of small peptides in plasma. HDL purified by density gradient centrifugation was delipidated and fractionated by size-exclusion chromatography under denaturing conditions. By hplc and mass spectrometry, more than 100 peptide components were found in the size range from 1,000 to 5,000 Da. By sequence analysis, peptides were identified as fragments of proteins such as apolipoproteins, fibrinogen, α1-proteinase inhibitor, and transthyretin. The results indicate that purified HDL bears a complex range of small peptides. It is unclear whether the peptides have any significant functional role as apolipopeptides, but they may represent a pathway for peptide delivery or scavenging and a significant reservoir of plasma peptides for diagnostic evaluation.
Emerging wine market in the Dominican Republic: Consumer market analysis

Abstract Existing wine literature focuses largely on developing wine producing countries, often, overlooking markets that are not wine producing regions. These markets, however, may comprise, lucrative markets for export. The current study seeks to gain insights into one such market. Specifically, the study focuses on wine consumer behavior and wine market analysis in the Dominican, Republic. Quantitative methodology incorporated a consumer survey conducted through supermarkets, and liquor stores intercepts in the Dominican Republic. Additionally, secondary data were used for market analysis.
Toxicity studies on polychlorinated biphenyls in the chick. 1. Toxicity and symptoms.

Abstract INTRODUCTION POLYCHLORINATED biphenyls (PCBs) are a series of inert, chemically resistant plasticizers compatible with a wide variety of materials, such as paints, synthetic resins, varnishes and waxes and are used to improve such properties as chemical resistance, water resistance, adhesiveness and flexibility (Monsanto, 1968). Since PCBs appear extensively in the environment (Risebrough et al., 1968) and because of their chemical properties and widespread use, it appears important to study their potential effects on biological systems. Some work on the effects of PCBs on chickens has appeared in the literature. McCune et al. (1962) observed that an epoxy-resin paint caused symptoms of “chick edema” when chicks were placed in the battery before the paint had hardened. Subsequent investigation revealed that the amine hardener was the cause and that one of the components, a chlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1242 * ), seemed to be the problem compound. Levels of 100, 200, 400 and 800 p.p.m.…
INFLATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STUDIES IN THE MEXICAN EXPERIENCE

THE HYPOTHESIS THAT moderate inflation can be used as a tool for accelerating the rate of economic development of underdeveloped countries is widely held. The theoretical rationale for this point of view is that inflation promotes a rise in the share of national income going to profit receivers and hence increases the aggregate propensity to save. Moreover, by favorably affecting incentives, rising prices are presumed to enhance the rate of capital formation. The Mexican experience, 1935-55, is inconsistent with the above propositions; for, despite an average annual increase in prices of 10 per cent, which drastically redistributed national income in favor of profits, the private aggregate propensity to save did not increase. Rising prices and profits had little effect upon the pace of real private investment; indeed, for a number of years after 1948, real investment actually declined, while prices and profits continued to rise. The disparities between the theoretical expectations and the observed behavior in Mexico may be explained as follows: inflation redistributes income indiscriminately; it increases the relative share of unprogressive and unthrifty profit receivers, as well as that of the progressive and thrifty. Moreover, wealthy Mexicans, because of tradition and the influence of the higher material standards in the United States, are high spenders. Investment, especially in massmarket industries, has been discouraged because of the low purchasing power of the population at large; inflation has intensified this problem. Inflation in Mexico has probably reduced the rate of economic growth. It has encouraged investors to specialize in real property and inventory accumulation. The growing population has, therefore, been absorbed into the labor force at an unsatisfactory rate, and the aggregate increment to the capital stock required to produce a unit increase in national income has been raised.
Mitral Anular Calcification in Chronic Renal Failure

In order to determine the incidence and pathogenesis of mitral anular calcification (MAC) in chronic renal failure, echocardiographic data in 168 patients on long-term hemodialysis. Mitral anular calcification is more common in patients with chronic renal failure than in other patients of similar age. Its pathogenesis appears to be due to abnormal calcium-phosphorus homeostasis in the setting of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Hypertension did not appear to be an important etiologic factor in our patients. Meticulous control of hyperphosphatemia would appear to be the most important therapeutic measure in preventing this complication.
Thermally activated diffusion in reversibly associating polymers

Mass transport of a small molecule dye through dynamic polymer networks containing reversibly associating side-groups was directly compared to steady-shear viscosity measurements suggesting that viscous relaxation is limited more by the frequency of dissociation events while mass transport is determined primarily by the degree of association.
CO oxidation on anatase TiO2 nanotubes array and the effect of defects

The adsorption of O2 and the CO oxidation reaction has been studied, by TDS and surface titrations, on a TiO2 nanotubes (TiNTs) array which consist of a 80/20% mixture of the anatase/rutile polymorph. Molecular O2 adsorption, influenced by defects, as well as CO2 formation at low temperatures (∼100 K) were observed.
γδ T cells as immune effectors against high-grade gliomas

Almost all individuals diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) will die of their disease as no effective therapies exist. Clearly, novel approaches to this problem are needed. Unlike the adaptive alphabeta T cell-mediated immune response, which requires antigen processing and MHC-restricted peptide display by antigen-presenting cells, gammadelta T cells can broadly recognize and immediately respond to a variety of MHC-like stress-induced self antigens, many of which are expressed on human GBM cells. Until now, there has been little progress toward clinical application, although several investigators have recently published clinically approvable methods for large-scale ex vivo expansion of functional gammadelta T cells for therapeutic purposes. This review discusses the biology of gammadelta T cells with respect to innate immunotherapy of cancer with a focus on GBM, and explores graft engineering techniques in development for the therapeutic use of gammadelta T cells.
The Challenges of Information and Communications Technology Education in Sub-Saharan Africa

This paper examines the Information Technology programs at three African universities in three different countries (Rwanda, South Africa, and Kenya) along with an examination of the IT scene in each of the countries. The challenges faced in each of these countries are similar, but each one has its own unique issues. Much of Africa seems to be hedging a bet that ICT (information and communications technology - or technologies) will be the thing that leads their countries and economies into the 21st century. Many of the major computing tech companies are in Africa staking their claim. Each country's success in becoming the next Information and Communications technology hub will come down to how well they can train and retain the next generation of ICT specialists. Although, many consider Information Technology to be a component of ICT while others consider them to mean the same thing in terms of a broad definition. In this paper, the term ICT will be used as encompassing all areas of computing including computer science and information systems. IT will be used when referring to IT as defined in the ACM and IEEE Curriculum Guidelines.
Microvascular remodeling and wound healing: A role for pericytes

Physiologic wound healing is highly dependent on the coordinated functions of vascular and non-vascular cells. Resolution of tissue injury involves coagulation, inflammation, formation of granulation tissue, remodeling and scarring. Angiogenesis, the growth of microvessels the size of capillaries, is crucial for these processes, delivering blood-borne cells, nutrients and oxygen to actively remodeling areas. Central to angiogenic induction and regulation is microvascular remodeling, which is dependent upon capillary endothelial cell and pericyte interactions. Despite our growing knowledge of pericyte-endothelial cell crosstalk, it is unclear how the interplay among pericytes, inflammatory cells, glia and connective tissue elements shape microvascular injury response. Here, we consider the relationships that pericytes form with the cellular effectors of healing in normal and diabetic environments, including repair following injury and vascular complications of diabetes, such as diabetic macular edema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In addition, pericytes and stem cells possessing "pericyte-like" characteristics are gaining considerable attention in experimental and clinical efforts aimed at promoting healing or eradicating ocular vascular proliferative disorders. As the origin, identification and characterization of microvascular pericyte progenitor populations remains somewhat ambiguous, the molecular markers, structural and functional characteristics of pericytes will be briefly reviewed.
Bioavailability of hydrophobic organic compounds from nonaqueous‐phase liquids: The biodegradation of naphthalene from coal tar

The literature on microbial degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in soils and sediments shows that microbial biotreatment rates are highly variable. Although it is believed that these disparate results are somehow attributable to the bioavailability of PAH compounds, current understanding does not allow prediction of this phenomenon. This work evaluated relationships between coal tar composition and aqueous naphthalene concentration and between the rate of naphthalene mass transfer and microbial mineralization of naphthalene. The use of a dissolution-degradation framework for identifying rate-controlling phenomena in slurry biotreatment of coal tar is discussed. Experiments were performed in slurry systems with two coal tars for which naphthalene was the principal component. In slurry systems coal tar was present either as a single 0.7-ml globule or as coated onto 250-μm-diameter microporous silica beads. Independent tests were conducted with these systems to assess the rates of naphthalene mass transfer and rates of naphthalene biomineralization. The area-dependent mass transfer coefficient of naphthalene in the coal tar-silica beads system was three orders of magnitude greater than for the single coal tar globule. A coupled, solute-mass transfer biodegradation model was used to compare initial biomineralization rates with rates of naphthalene dissolution. Analysis of the results showed that the rate of biomineralization of naphthalene in the systems containing single coal tar globules was influenced by the rate of mass transfer of naphthalene.
Hydrodynamic response and free surface modes for two immiscible fluids

Abstract We consider a system consisting of two immiscible fluids and their interface. The equilibrium interface is assumed to be planar. The velocity fields in the fluids are described by the linearized Navier-Stokes equations with appropriate boundary conditions at the interface. Explicit expressions for the response of the system to arbitrary bulk and/or surface forces are derived. In particular, we consider the transmission and reflection of sound modes and conclude that ultrasonic techniques can be used to measure the coefficient of sliding friction between fluids. In addition, we obtain dispersion relations for the free surface modes.
Background Silver Concentrations in Illinois Precipitation and River Water

Abstract This work was undertaken to measure background silver in Illinois precipitation in the absence of any known seeding operations in on near Illinois. The rainfall-weighted mean concentration in samples from several stations was 73 ng l−1. This is somewhat higher than has been found in unseeded precipitation in other parts of North America, but not high enough to preclude wind-blown soil dust as a primary source.
Egg white-specific IgE level as a tolerance marker in the follow up of egg allergy

Forty patients with symptomatic immediate hypersensitvity to egg who did not have atopic dermatitis were evaluated to determine if they continued to remain clinically symptomatic. Each had specific IgE in vitro and positive prick-test to egg. All patients were on an egg elimination diet. During the follow-up an open egg rechallenge was performed along with a determination of egg white-specific IgE by CAP System. The egg white-specific IgE values were higher in the positive challenge group than in the negative one (p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney Test). There was a direct proportional relationship between the levels of egg white-specific IgE and the likelihood of positive challenge. Specific IgE values above 1.20 KUA/L could be adequate grounds for delaying the follow-up of egg challenge.
Sources of spermatozoa loss during collection and artificial insemination of horses.

Abstract During artificial insemination of horses, it is important to accurately estimate the number of spermatozoa in each insemination dose. However, little research exists regarding sources of spermatozoa loss during collection and artificial insemination. Therefore, spermatozoal losses were quantified in the dismount loss (187.6×10 6 ±62.5×10 6 spermatozoa), gel fraction (179.8×10 6 ±61.7×10 6 spermatozoa), and the collection receptacle (136.1×10 6 ±26.9×10 6 spermatozoa). Spermatozoal losses were examined in the centrifuge tube (25.8×10 6 ±2.1×10 6 spermatozoa), AI pipette during the air removal (90.9×10 6 ±8.5×10 6 spermatozoa), and spermatozoa remaining in the AI pipette after insemination (342.9×10 6 ±21.4×10 6 spermatozoa). The average cumulative loss was 14.2±2.9% of the total spermatozoa ejaculated with approximately half of the loss due to the process of semen collection and half due to the process of artificial insemination. Spermatozoa retained in the AI pipette, after insemination with extended semen, represented the greatest source of loss.
Interpenetrating polymer networks from polyurethanes and poly(methyl acrylate)

Simultaneous two-component interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyurethane (PU)-poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) were prepared, as well as the corresponding pseudo-IPNs. A comparison was made between the full IPNs, pseudo-IPNs, and the respective homopolymers. Their ultimate mechanical properties were obtained and the dynamic glass transition temperatures (T g 's) were found using a thermomechanical analyzer. At all compositions, a single T g (except 50-50 wt %) was found
Maximum likelihood estimation of the frequency of null alleles at microsatellite loci

We review three methods for estimating the frequency of null alleles at codominant loci (such as microsatellite loci) and present a new maximum likelihood approach. Computer simulations show that the maximum likelihood estimator has a smaller root mean squared error than previous estimators.
Cloning and expression of the cDNA encoding rat granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) acts on precursor hematopoietic cells to control the production and maintenance of neutrophils. Recombinant G-CSF (re-G-CSF)is used clinically to treat patients with neutropenia and has greatly reduced the infection risk associated with bone marrow transplantation. Cyclic hematopoiesis, a stem cell defect characterized by severe recurrent neutropenia, occurs in man and grey collie dogs, and can be treated by administration of re-G-CSF. Availability of the rat G-CSF cDNA would benefit the use of rats as models of gene therapy for the treatment of cyclic hematopoiesis. In preliminary rat experiments, retroviral-mediated expression of canine G-CSF caused neutralizing antibody formation which precluded long-term increases in neutrophil counts. To overcome this problem we cloned the rat G-CSF cDNA from RNA isolated from skin fibroblasts. The rat G-CSF sequence shared a high degree of identity in both the coding and non-coding regions with both the murine G-CSF (85%) and human G-CSF (74%). The signal peptides of murine and human G-CSF both contained 30 amino acids (aa), whereas the deduced signal sequence for rat G-CSF possessed 21 aa. A retrovirus encoding the rat G-CSF cDNA synthesized bioactive G-CSF from transduced vascular smooth muscle cells.
Stereochemical study of phosphonothioate cleavage by a metallomicelle.

The copper metallomicellar hydrolysis of O-methyl O-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphonothioate to O-methyl phenylphosphonothioic acid takes place with effectively complete inversion at phosphorus.
Optimally splitting cases for training and testing high dimensional classifiers

We consider the problem of designing a study to develop a predictive classifier from high dimensional data. A common study design is to split the sample into a training set and an independent test set, where the former is used to develop the classifier and the latter to evaluate its performance. In this paper we address the question of what proportion of the samples should be devoted to the training set. How does this proportion impact the mean squared error (MSE) of the prediction accuracy estimate? We develop a non-parametric algorithm for determining an optimal splitting proportion that can be applied with a specific dataset and classifier algorithm. We also perform a broad simulation study for the purpose of better understanding the factors that determine the best split proportions and to evaluate commonly used splitting strategies (1/2 training or 2/3 training) under a wide variety of conditions. These methods are based on a decomposition of the MSE into three intuitive component parts. By applying these approaches to a number of synthetic and real microarray datasets we show that for linear classifiers the optimal proportion depends on the overall number of samples available and the degree of differential expression between the classes. The optimal proportion was found to depend on the full dataset size (n) and classification accuracy - with higher accuracy and smaller n resulting in more assigned to the training set. The commonly used strategy of allocating 2/3rd of cases for training was close to optimal for reasonable sized datasets (n ≥ 100) with strong signals (i.e. 85% or greater full dataset accuracy). In general, we recommend use of our nonparametric resampling approach for determing the optimal split. This approach can be applied to any dataset, using any predictor development method, to determine the best split.
Host‐pathogen relationship of geographically diverse isolates of Septoria tritici and wheat cultivars

Pathogenic variability of 14 Septoria tritici isolates from different locations in the USA (California, Oregon, and Texas) was determined on seedlings of two sets of geographically diverse wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions. Significant isolate effects, cultivar effects, and isolate × cultivar interactions were found, and a substantial amount of variation was accounted for by the interaction terms compared with the main effects of isolate and cultivar. All isolates were pathogenic on the cultivars tested but the degree of virulence on the individual cultivars varied among isolates. Linear contrasts between all homologous combinations (isolate × cultivar combination of same geographic location) and all heterologous combinations (isolate × cultivar combination of different locations) indicated that homologous combinations produced significantly more disease than heterologous combinations. The results demonstrate location-specific adaptation of S. tritici. Implications of pathogenic variability and local adaptation in S. tritici are discussed.
Evaluation of selected chemotypes in coupled cellular and molecular target-based screens identifies novel HIV-1 zinc finger inhibitors.

Conservation of the Cys-Xaa2-Cys-Xaa4-His-Xaa4-Cys retroviral zinc finger sequences and their absolute requirement in both the early and late phases of retroviral replication make these chemically reactive structures prime antiviral targets. We recently reported that select 2,2‘-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs) chemically modify the zinc finger Cys residues, resulting in release of zinc from the fingers and inhibition of HIV replication. In the current study we surveyed 21 categories of disulfide-based compounds from the chemical repository of the National Cancer Institute for their capacity to act as retroviral zinc finger inhibitors. Aromatic disulfides that exerted anti-HIV activity tended to cluster in the substituted aminobenzene, benzoate, and benzenesulfonamide disulfide subclasses. Only one thiuram derivative exerted moderate anti-HIV activity, while a number of nonaromatic thiosulfones and miscellaneous disulfide congeners were moderately antiviral. Two compounds (NSC 20625 and NSC 4493) demonstrated ...
Comparative effects of physostigmine and neostigmine on acquisition and performance of a conditioned avoidance behavior in the rat

Abstract The actions of physostigmine (0.10 and 0.15 mg/kg) and neostigmine (0.12 mg/kg) given s.c. on acquisition and performance of conditioned pole jumping were studied in rats receiving either 0.9% saline, (−) hyoscyamine or atropine methylnitrate. As estimated by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, physostigmine but not neostigmine entered the rat brain. Even though neostigmine did not significantly alter brain AChE activity in equimolar doses to physostigmine, it depressed both the acquisition and performance of a behavioral task, suggesting a predominant peripheral action. Although physostigmine depressed behavior mainly via a central action, its peripheral actions also play a role in its behavioral effects.
Scientist, Historian, Educator and Humanist: Valery N. Soyfer at His 65th Anniversary

Abstract Dr. Valery N. Soyfer—distinguished scholar and humanitarian—has recently celebrated his jubilee. These personalia briefly present his remarkable biography. The author of these notes truly hopes that Soyfer's various talents and activities will continue to bring many benefits to science and mankind in the years to come.
Patterns of Metropolitan Service Dominance Central City and Central County Service Roles Compared

This study found that large central city service roles were dependent on state laws providing for greater functional responsibility, easy annexation procedures, and less restrictive property tax limitations and receipt of substantial state aid. When such factors were not present, a large central city service role was more likely where its population was socially and racially similar to its suburb(s) and the city contained an adequate supply of managerial and professional talent. On the other hand, large central county service roles were associated with substantial state and federal aid, less restrictive property tax limitations, greater county functional responsibility, and large urban populations.
Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification: the spectrum of clinical presentations.

Abstract Idiopathic infantile arterial calcification (IIAC) is a rare disorder characterized by extensive calcification of medium and large arteries. We report the case of a 32-week-old infant with hydrops fetalis and heart failure who died at 4 days of age. At autopsy the infant was found to have cardiomegaly, myocardial infarctions and multifocal calcifications of the aorta and arteries in the lungs, heart, thyroid, spleen, and testis. Calcification extended from the internal elastic lamina into the intima and media and was associated with a giant-cell reaction and smooth muscle proliferation. A search of the English language medical literature identified 161 IIAC case reports. Of these, 48% of cases presented in utero or at birth with hydrops fetalis, maternal hydramnios, heart failure, or respiratory distress and 52% present later, at a median age of 3 months, with sudden onset of fever, vomiting, irritability, or respiratory distress in a previously healthy infant. Significantly, 19 of 22 IIAC surviv...
Fluoride‐terminated hyperbranched poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s via nucleophilic aromatic substitution

A series of ABx-type triarylphosphine oxide monomers, bis-(4-fluorophenyl)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide (4a), bis-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)phosphine oxide (4b), and 4-hydroxyphenyl-bis-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)phosphine oxide (4c) were prepared, characterized, and polymerized under nucleophilic aromatic substitution conditions [N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), K2CO3] to provide the corresponding hyperbranched poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s with number-average molecular weights ranging from 9200 to 14,600 Da. NMR spectroscopic analysis indicated the presence of highly branched products with an approximate degree of branching of 0.57. The polymers were soluble in a variety of typical organic solvents and displayed excellent thermal stability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 1456–1467, 2002
The one-electron picture of the actinide heavy-fermion superconductors

Abstract We have determined the electronic structure of the heavy fermion systems UBe13 and UPt3. These two systems in which the UU distances are very large do not exhibit local moment magnetism. That they are superconducting is also unusual for such large actinide separations. The electronic structure of UBe13 was calculated using the semi-relativistic LAPW method (spin-orbit included by solving the Dirac equation on the final interaction). The UPt3 electronic system was determined using the semi-relativistic LMTO method. The electronic structure of both systems was determined Self-consistently for the observed crystal structure at zero pressure. In both systems the electronic structure effectively separates into non-uranium bands and uranium bands. The uranium states near EF are dominated by the f bands pinned at EF. The calculated densities of states at EF, N(0), are at least one or two orders of magnitude lower than those inferred from experimental data.
The Spectrum of Behavioral Outcomes after Extreme Prematurity: Regulatory, Attention, Social, and Adaptive Dimensions

Advances in obstetrics and neonatology have increased the survival rates of premature infants with very preterm (
1.55 Å-resolution structure of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase and exploration of general acid function by site-directed mutagenesis

Abstract Background The diterpene cyclase ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CPS) catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of gibberellins. The previously reported 2.25 A resolution crystal structure of CPS complexed with (S)-15-aza-14,15-dihydrogeranylgeranyl thiolodiphosphate (1) established the αβγ domain architecture, but ambiguities regarding substrate analog binding remained. Method Use of crystallization additives yielded CPS crystals diffracting to 1.55 A resolution. Additionally, active site residues that hydrogen bond with D379, either directly or through hydrogen bonded water molecules, were probed by mutagenesis. Results This work clarifies structure–function relationships that were ambiguous in the lower resolution structure. Well-defined positions for the diphosphate group and tertiary ammonium cation of 1, as well as extensive solvent structure, are observed. Conclusions Two channels involving hydrogen bonded solvent and protein residues lead to the active site, forming hydrogen bonded “proton wires” that link general acid D379 with bulk solvent. These proton wires may facilitate proton transfer with the general acid during catalysis. Activity measurements made with mutant enzymes indicate that N425, which donates a hydrogen bond directly to D379, and T421, which hydrogen bonds with D379 through an intervening solvent molecule, help orient D379 for catalysis. Residues involved in hydrogen bonds with the proton wire, R340 and D503, are also important. Finally, conserved residue E211, which is located near the diphosphate group of 1, is proposed to be a ligand to Mg2 + required for optimal catalytic activity. General significance This work establishes structure–function relationships for class II terpenoid cyclases.
Submicron-size particles of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene produced via nonsolvent and temperature-induced crystallization.

Submicrometer size particles of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) were produced by crystallization from dilute (0.1–1.0 wt % of UHMWPE) solvent/nonsolvent emulsions. The procedure consisted of mixing a hot solution of UHMWPE in decalin or decane with a nonsolvent (tetraglyme) at ≈160°C, followed by rapid cooling of the mixture to zero or subzero temperatures. The rapid cooling causes microphase separation between the two liquids, resulting in the formation of an emulsion, which consists of microdroplets of the supercooled UHMWPE solution dispersed in tetraglyme. The consequent crystallization of the polymer in the microdroplets produces a suspension of fine crystals of UHMWPE, which can easily be isolated. The particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. Their degree of crystallinity is between that of GUR 1050 original (powder) and processed (molded) polymer. By changing the polymer concentration, solvent to nonsolvent ratio, and temperature, the size (from 0.1–1.0 μm) and shape (spheroids or rods) of the particles can be controlled. These particles may be used for immunochemical investigations and the study of the influence of UHMWPE wear debris on cell response. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 53: 152–160, 2000
International risk-sharing and non-traded goods

Abstract The high correlation between savings and investment, the low cross-country correlation between consumption growth rates and the home bias in investment portfolios have been interpreted as evidence that international financial markets are insufficient for complete risk-sharing. This paper demonstrates that these facts are consistent with complete financial markets when agents face stochastic fluctuations in the output of non-traded goods. Consumer preferences over traded and non-traded goods and over the intertemporal allocation of consumption may skew portfolios toward claims on domestic output. A dynamic version of the model calibrated to estimates of the parameters describing preferences and technology replicates the main features of savings, investment, consumption and output.
Reactive vapor deposition of metal oxide coatings

The reactive deposition of metal oxide coatings has been achieved using an electron beam directed vapor deposition (DVD) approach. In this approach, a transonic helium carrier gas jet has been combined with electron beam evaporation to create and efficiently transport metal vapor to a substrate. Metal oxide coatings were then produced by adding oxygen to the carrier gas. The synthesis of multi-component oxide coatings could be achieved using either an alloy source or by simultaneous evaporation of metals from two or more sources. In the latter, the reactive carrier gas jet was used to facilitate vapor phase mixing of the evaporated fluxes. The preferred approach was found to be dependent on the vapor pressures of the individual source components. When large differences between the component vapor pressures exist, multi-source evaporation is preferred. Results are reported for the reactive deposition of zirconia from a single metal source and reactive deposition of yttria stabilized zirconia from two metal sources (Y and Zr). The phase and morphology are similar to those found in similar coating compositions created by the evaporation of a pre-compounded oxide. Very good compositional uniformity in the binary metal oxide films has been observed. Vapor transport modeling is used to explore the origin of the composition uniformity.
Identification of mNET1 as a Candidate Ligand for the First PDZ Domain of MAGI-1

Abstract This paper reports the identification of a Rho family nucleotide exchange factor termed mNET1 as a candidate-interacting partner for the first PDZ domain of MAGI-1, a membrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted arrangement of protein–protein interacting modules. mNET1 was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen and has a consensus tripeptide for PDZ domain binding at its extreme carboxy-terminus. In addition to this sequence, a cluster of basic residues located near the carboxy terminus is essential for the binding. The interaction of the first PDZ domain of MAGI-1with mNET1 was documented using a variety of biochemical methods.
Long‐Term Asset Allocation under Dynamic Interaction of Earnings and Interest Rates

The interaction of interest rates and corporate earnings over the economic cycle generates stock price movements. These movements are captured in the present valuation context. Superior returns are observed when long-term asset allocation techniques are applied to the model.
Experimental Transonic Centrifugal Compressor Investigation: Loading Effects on Deterministic Diffuser Velocity Fields

The future of small gas turbines relies on higher-efficiency and higher-pressure-ratio centrifugal compressors for lighter, more efficient, and reliable designs. An efficient diffuser is essential to the performance, durability, and operability of a modern compressor stage. The diffuser entry flow in a high-speed centrifugal compressor is highly unsteady and complex, featuring shocks, boundary-layer/shock interactions, and large incidence variations imposed on the diffuser vanes. The observedflow structures are not only unsteady, but they are also strongly dependent on the steady compressor-stage loading. To characterize the variation in diffuser flow at different operating points of a modern transonic centrifugal compressor, particle image velocimetry experiments are conducted in the Purdue University high-speed centrifugal compressor facility. The data at all loading conditions demonstrated that the flowfield in the diffuser is characterized by a much more complicated structure than that associated with steady uniform diffusion. The semivaneless-space acceleration region’s size is shown to be weakly dependent on loading, whereas the diffuser throat structures are strong functions of the loading condition.
A critical analysis of N. Bohr's reply to the EPR argument revisited

Abstract It is shown that Koc's argument does not claim an inconsistency with the wave packet reduction in Bohr's reply to the EPR paper, as claimed by Madsen. Therefore, Madsen's criticism is irrelevant to Koc's argument.
Local Sodium, Global Reach: Filling the Gap Between Salt and Hypertension

See related article, pages 1030–1038 The plasma membrane (PM) Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) in vascular smooth muscle is an unique link between the trans-PM Na+ electrochemical gradient and intracellular Ca2+ and, therefore, between Na+ ions and Ca2+ signaling, vascular tone and blood pressure.1 The mechanisms by which Na+ normally enters the myocytes and influences the Na+ gradient and NCX activity are, however, incompletely understood. Our view of how Na+ ions help regulate sarco-/endoplasmic reticulum (S/ER) Ca2+ stores and contractility in arteries has now been signally enhanced by Poburko and colleagues.2 Using CoroNa green, a Na+-sensitive fluorochrome, they observed local Na+ concentration transient increases (“LNats”) in cultured arterial myocytes. The LNats were generated by Na+ entry through cation-selective TRPC6 channels, a member of the TRP (transient receptor potential) channel family.2 This is direct, dynamic evidence for a predicted sub-PM compartment with greatly restricted Na+ diffusion3,4 in which the local rise in Na+ concentration should drive Ca2+ into the myocytes via NCX. The present study has broad implications for Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling. Earlier vascular smooth muscle studies indicated that other members of the TRP channel family might also admit Na+ to sub-PM domains.3,5 Indirect evidence,6 as well as an electron microprobe study, indicate that cardiomyocytes, too, can exhibit elevated local sub-PM Na+ concentrations ([Na+]SPM).7 Moreover, comparable diffusion-restricted, sub-PM cytosolic compartments may also be present in other types of cells (e.g., astrocytes8). To explain how S/ER Ca2+ stores in smooth muscles could refill from the extracellular fluid without inducing contractions,9,10 van Breeman and colleagues postulated a “privileged pathway” (the Ca2+ “buffer …
A neurologist's view of Alzheimer's disease and dementia

Senile dementia was the third most common admission diagnosis for New York psychiatric hospitals at the start of the twentieth century and the distinction between vascular and senile dementia was understood by psychiatrists even then. The term Alzheimer's disease (AD) was originally introduced to distinguish a pre-senile dementia from the common general paresis, but Alzheimer raised the possibility that pre-senile AD might not be distinguishable in clinical or histological terms from senile dementia. By the late 1970s it had become clear that the most common disorder producing dementia in elderly people was clinically and pathologically identical to pre-senile AD. AD is malignant, reducing remaining life expectancy by almost half and raising the risk of death over five years threefold (cancer raises it fourfold). Synapse loss associated with beta amyloid oligomers is a strong determinant of cognitive decline in patients with AD. Tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles usefully track disease severity. Unmodifiable risk factors include mutations in three genes which affect the production or metabolism of beta amyloid, the risk factor gene for Apolipoprotein [see symol in text]4 and female gender. The overriding risk factor is age, the prevalence of AD doubling with every five years of age until 90. Low education, head injury and low folate levels are examples of potentially modifiable risk factors. Since a delay of onset of five years would halve the number of patients with the disease, clinical trials for such putative protective factors as estrogens, folic acid, vitamin E, statins, and NSAIDs have begun. Cognitive and leisure activity may be protective against the development of AD but any protective function can only be confirmed by clinical trials.
Ultrasonic investigation of solid dl-camphene, cyclohexane and cyclohexanol☆

Abstract The velocity of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves has been measured in polycrystalline samples of dl-camphene, cyclohexane and cyclohexanol over extended temperature ranges that encompass both the rotational and the nonrotational forms of these solids. In the case of cyclohexane and cyclohexanol the velocity of longitudinal waves near the melting point is practically the same for the liquid and for the rotational solid; it is therefore striking that the longitudinal velocity jumps by 30–50 percent in going from the rotational to the nonrotational form at the transition point. Values of the elastic constants for the rotational forms of camphene and cyclohexane are deduced from the velocities and the mean adiabatic compressibilites are calculated. The results for camphene are in agreement with the independently measured isothermal compressibility. Debye temperatures are calculated from the velocities at different temperatures for rotational and non-rotational forms of all three substances. The Debye temperatures for the rotational forms of camphene and cyclohexane are low and lie in the neighborhood of 50°K; those for the rotational and non-rotational forms of cyclohexanol are in agreement with previously published values obtained from the specific heats. Incidental to this work, the densities of the three substances in both rotational and nonrotational forms were measured over large temperature ranges.
Fusion of multi-modality volumetric medical imagery

Ongoing efforts at our laboratory have targeted the development of techniques for fusing medical imagery of various modalities (i.e. MRI, CT, PET, SPECT, etc.) into single image products. Past results have demonstrated the potential for user performance improvements and workload reduction. While these are positive results, a need exists to address the three-dimensional nature of most medical image data sets. In particular, image fusion of three-dimensional imagery (e.g. MRI slices) must account for information content not only within a given slice but also across adjacent slices. In this paper, we describe extensions made to our 2D image fusion system that utilize 3D convolution kernels to determine locally relevant fusion parameters., Representative examples are presented for fusion of MRI and SPECT imagery. We also present these examples in the context of a GUI platform under development aimed at improving user-computer interaction for exploration and mining of medical data.
Community Controversy Over a Proposed Limestone Quarry

Controversies over natural resource use often reflect differences in how urban inmigrants and established residents view the natural environment. One such disagreement took place in Haines Township, PA, over a proposed limestone quarry. The quarry dispute revealed an internal division between newcomers and oldtimers of the community. Some newcomers were concerned that operation of the quarry would deteriorate the quality of life in the community, and organized to stop it. At the same time, a small group supported the quarry. The majority of residents did not get involved in the issue. This study presents a qualitative account of the quarry dispute in Haines Township. Findings are consistent with the notion that rural newcomers of urban origin differ from established residents in their attitudes toward natural resource use.
Thermal Stability of the World Ocean Thermoclines

Abstract Because of the strong variation with temperature of the thermal expansion coefficient of seawater, both horizontal and vertical mixing that perturb the gradients produce changes of volume, usually a decrease, that shift mass relative to the earth's gravitational field resulting in significant changes of gravitational potential energy (GPE). For sufficiently large temperature gradients, these changes may serve as energy sources to supplement the tidal, internal wave, and other processes that mix the ocean waters and limit the gradient magnitudes. The hypothesis examined here is that for overall stable ocean stratifications of temperature and salinity, the GPE conversions must be positive with respect to local perturbations by diffusion, mixing, or other disturbances. Thus, for the long-term steady state of the oceans to exist, the GPE structure must be stable, including the nonlinear effects. A dynamical description of the conversion process for GPE changes to kinetic energy for mixing has not yet...