cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Global burden of neuroendocrine tumors and changing incidence in Kentucky.

// Aman Chauhan 1, 2 , Qian Yu 1 , Neha Ray 3 , Zainab Farooqui 4 , Bin Huang 1, 5 , Eric B. Durbin 1, 2 , Thomas Tucker 1, 6 , Mark Evers 1, 7 , Susanne Arnold 1, 2 and Lowell B. Anthony 1, 2 1 Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 3 University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA 4 Kentucky College of Osteopathic Medicine, Pikeville, KY, USA 5 Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA 6 Kentucky Cancer Registry, Lexington, KY, USA 7 Department of Surgery University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA Correspondence to: Aman Chauhan, email: Amanchauhan@uky.edu Keywords: neuroendocrine tumor incidence; kentucky cancer registry; SEER Received: January 10, 2018 Accepted: March 15, 2018 Published: April 10, 2018 ABSTRACT Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) have a low incidence but relatively high prevalence. Over the last three decades, the incidence of NETs has risen 6-fold in the United States. We conducted an observational study to compare the incidence of NETs reported to the Kentucky Cancer Registry (KCR) versus that reported to Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). We also provide a systematic review of the state of neuroendocrine tumors worldwide, and compare the available global and local published data. Methods: KCR and SEER databases were queried for NET cases between 1995 and 2015. A detailed literature review of epidemiological data for various nations worldwide summarize epidemiological data from various countries. Results: KCR recorded 6179 individuals with newly diagnosed NETs between 1995 and 2015. Between 1995-2012, the incidence of NETs in KCR increased from 3.1 to 7.1 per 100,000 cases, while it increased from 3.96 to 6.61 in the SEER database. The incidence rates in both KCR and SEER databases were linear. 90.57% were Caucasians with 54.74% females. 27.67% of the Kentucky population was from the Appalachian region. Patients aged 50-64 years had the highest prevalence (38%). Lung NET (30.60%) formed the bulk of cases, followed by small intestine (16.82%), rectum/anus (11.35%) and colon (9.71%). Conclusions: NETs incidence between 1995 and 2015 show a linear increase in both KCR and SEER databases. Because of this increased incidence it is imperative for community oncologists to familiarize themselves with this entity, which until recently was under-studied and with few viable treatment options.
'Cheater!': The Central Moral Admonition of Legal Ethics, Games, Lusory Attitudes, Internal Perspectives, and Justice

Starting with the puzzle of why the moral admonition of "cheater" has gone missing from legal ethics courses, this article, with the help of a much expanded version of Bernard Suit's definition of "game," argues that the lusory attitude upon which this moral admonition depends should be the pedagogical goal of legal ethics. Instead, the argument continues - partly in a response to Arthur Applbaum - law students are taught an attitude quite at odds with it. This is, I argue, much to the detriment of the profession, those affected by it, and, finally, to an adequate understanding of the practice's relationship to justice.
Moral Leadership: Shared Accountability for Staff Growth & Development

This paper shows evidence that technology is threatening the viability of library staff positions in a real and fast moving manner. Considering the certainty of job insecurity and loss, how does a leader own her responsibility to engage staff in serious conversations regarding their current and future reskilling and employment options.
Quantifying the determinants of leakage multiplication for large uranium objects using Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract Leakage multiplication is a physical characteristic of fissionable uranium objects that can be assayed using active interrogation measurements. Assay of large, highly-multiplying uranium objects using coincidence and multiplicity counting is susceptible to biases stemming from the simplistic assumptions of point kinetics-based analysis methods. This work uses Monte Carlo simulations and nonlinear curve fitting to quantify the sensitivity of leakage multiplication to enrichment, mass, and geometry for a range of bare uranium metal spheres, cylinders, and annular castings up to 7 kg under active interrogation. An understanding of how sensitive leakage multiplication is to changes in the underlying physical characteristics of uranium allows for potential corrections to assay results or evaluation of assay uncertainty based on prior or inferred knowledge of one or more of these physical characteristics.
Daily Technology Interruptions and Emotional and Relational Well-Being.

Abstract The current abundance of technology in daily life creates opportunities for interruptions in couple interactions, termed technoference or phubbing. The current study examined reports from both partners in 173 romantic relationships who completed daily surveys on technoference and relational well-being measures across 14 days. By using daily diary data, we were able to examine within-person associations and more closely approximate everyday life. Utilizing multilevel modeling, we found that on days when participants rated more technoference than usual, they felt worse about their relationship, perceived more conflict over technology use, rated their face-to-face interactions as less positive, and experienced more negative mood. These relationships existed even after controlling for general feelings of relationship dissatisfaction, depression, and attachment anxiety, and there were no significant differences between women and men in these associations. This suggests that regardless of an individual's or a couple's current level of well-being, if individuals perceive technology use as interfering in their interactions with their partner, these perceptions may affect their daily assessments of their relationship and mood.
A bright red-emitting flavonoid for Al3+ detection in live cells without quenching ICT fluorescence.

A bright red-emitting flavonoid derivative was synthesized, which exhibited a large Stokes shift (Δλ > 150 nm) and high fluorescence quantum yields (ϕfl = 0.10–0.35). The probe could form a stable complex with Al3+ in 1 : 1 binding stoichiometry, generating a large bathochromic shift in both absorption and fluorescence (Δλ ≈ 70 nm) to enable ratiometric determination of cellular Al3+.
Challenging life cycles.

Long-term data on sockeye salmon in Alaska show how warmer temperatures during the juvenile freshwater stage of this species can drive shifts in later life history patterns.
Bayesian System Averaging: A Grand Theory Unifying Bayesian Forecasting System Method and Bayesian Model Averaging Method

There are two philosophically different approaches to address model uncertainty in forecasting practice. One is called Bayesian forecasting system (BFS) method. Another is called forecast combination method. Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method is a typical kind of the latter. After reviewing these two approaches and comparing their respective advantages and disadvantages, this paper proposes a new theoretical framework and data analysis method called Bayesian system averaging (BSA) that unifies BFS and BMA methods. Under BSA theoretical framework, multiple forecasting systems constructed in the BFS manner are allowed, forecaster’s degrees of uncertainty about different systems’ validities are quantified, and all the alternative systems are combined in the BMA manner to form a coupled forecasting system. The properties of this coupled forecasting system are examined.
Effects of high photon gas density and radiative efficiency on upper bounds of energy conversion efficiency in single-crystal solar cells

The strong dependence that open-circuit voltage has on photon recycling may be the key to push photovoltaic cells closer to their Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit. Photon recycling can be improved by the use of a highly reflective mirror at the back-surface. Therefore, it is important to maximize the mirror area while maintaining sufficient conductivity for carrier collection. In this work, efficiency limit calculations are used to model rear surface reflector effects on cell performance while varying reflectance and surface area of the rear reflector. The lateral and contact resistance due to the back-surface field layer and point contact geometry are then calculated. Finally, point contact size and coverage are optimized to maximize benefits from rear reflectance, while providing enough contact coverage to minimize resistive power loss. As a result, an optimized one-sun efficiency of 32.7% is calculated for GaAs solar cells with a practical, rather than idealized, back surface reflector structure. The optimum taking into account the competing effects of enhanced photon recycling vs. back contact series resistance occurs at less than 1% point contact coverage for 4 µm diameter contacts which can be achieved using standard photolithography and physical vapor deposition techniques.
Configurations of gentrification and displacement: chronic displacement as an effect of redevelopment in Seoul, South Korea

Over the past two decades, gentrification scholarship has expanded to include larger and more diverse processes. At the same time, definitions of residential displacement have expanded from direct ...
How to Develop a Training Program for Third-Space Endoscopic Procedures in Western Countries

We reviewed the literature in order to determine the best system to develop a training program for third space endoscopic procedures in the West. There has been a steady growth in the number and type of advanced endoscopic procedures over the past several decades, including the expansion of “third-space” or submucosal endoscopy. Most of our knowledge on training in third-space endoscopy stems from the East, with a lack of consensus regarding the optimal training model for Western endoscopists. We review the current literature and provide insight into a potential training algorithm that can be adopted in the West. A multipronged, stepwise training approach, involving self-directed learning, exposure courses, hands-on explant models, observation of experts, followed by performing cases with gradually increasing difficulty preferably under direct supervision, is the foundation for third-space endoscopy training in the West. Learning and performing third-space endoscopy in the West will continue to be facilitated by the ongoing development of dedicated devices and accessories and the establishment of training benchmarks.
An Agent-Based Model of Wealth Inequality with Overlapping Generations, Local Interactions, and Intergenerational Transfers

In order to shed light on the patterns of economic development characterized by sustained growth and persistent wealth inequality, we develop an agent-based model in which generations overlap and parents leave bequests to offspring. The model shows how neighborhood effects influence the long-run trajectory of human capital investments and wealth distribution. The analyses proceed in three steps. First, we implement the agent-based version of an overlapping generations model, enabling validation of our baseline simulations. Second, we introduce direct, local interactions to demonstrate how human capital investments and inequality respond to neighborhood effects. As far as we know, our study is among the first to explore the impact of local interactions on wealth inequality in an agent-based model with intergenerational transfers. Finally, we show how local interactions can influence the efficacy of policies that aim to generate an equitable distribution of wealth. The main results indicate that human capital is highest when local interactions are moderate, that is, neither too weak nor too strong. At the optimal level, either higher- or lower-intensity interactions would reduce aggregate human capital and therefore output. The distributional impact exhibits a similar pattern albeit with very different ramifications. Specifically, the moderate interactions that maximize output also generate the most unequal distribution of wealth. An exogenous shock leading to a more cohesive community lowers output but produces a more equitable distribution. By contrast, weak interactions precipitate a mild output contraction and, at the same time, significantly lower wealth inequality. The agent-based simulations thus suggest diametrically opposed responses of output and equity to changes in the intensity of local interactions. The agent-based model developed for this study offers the potential to improve our understanding of the complex interplay between human capital, intergenerational transfers, and neighborhood effects.
Active learning strategies with positive effects on students’ achievements in undergraduate mathematics education

The paper describes active learning strategies used in undergraduate college algebra and business calculus courses. There are a variety of active learning strategies described in the literature. We...
Bilingualism in Schools and Society: Language, Identity, and Policy (2nd ed.), by Shin, S. J.: (2018). New York, NY: Routledge. 292 pp. $57.95 (Paperback). ISBN: 978-1138691292.

The ideology that views English learners (ELs) who are already proficient in languages other than English as problems to be solved rather than linguistic and cultural resources to be valued and uti...
Prevalence of lifetime nonmedical opioid use among U.S. Health Center Patients aged 45 years and older with psychiatric disorders.

Despite recent concerns over the increase in opioid misuse among aging adults, little is known about the prevalence of lifetime nonmedical opioid use in underserved, vulnerable middle-aged and olde...
Consideration of Both Discriminated and Generalized Responding When Teaching Children with Autism Abduction Prevention Skills

We taught three children with autism how to respond to abduction lures presented by strangers. We then tested undesirable generalization of the safety response to matched instructions to leave by a familiar adult. Following training, all three participants engaged in the safety response across both strangers and familiar adults. Thus, we evaluated a set of procedures for establishing discriminated responding. Appropriate responding to instructions to leave by strangers versus familiar adults was achieved only after discrimination training. Discriminated responding occurred across a novel setting and maintained across 3 months; however, performance during stimulus generalization probes within community settings was variable.
Gender diversity in hospitality and tourism top management teams: A systematic review of the last 10 years

Abstract Due to women still accounting for less than a quarter of hospitality and tourism executive-level positions, the purpose of this paper was to identify antecedents to and outcomes of gender diverse hospitality and tourism top management teams, describe potential mediators and moderators to these relationships, and provide directions for future research. A systematic review of gender diversity in hospitality and tourism top management teams (TMTs) was conducted between the years 2010 and 2020, resulting in 26 articles used for the thematic analysis. Antecedents, outcomes, mediators, and moderators of gender diverse hospitality and tourism TMTs were identified. The results indicated female role models, organizational structure, and organizational support as antecedents, while financial performance, business growth, and human resource outcomes were consequences. The resource advantage theory is proposed as an explanation for each of these relationships. This study fills a gap in previous literature by conducting a review of gender diversity, identifying critical gaps, and proposing an overarching theory.
Rape Appraisals: Class Mobility, Social Geography, and Sexual Morality Tales in Ghana, South Africa, and Rwanda

Interdisciplinary scholarship in violence and trauma studies suggest that a person’s interpretation of stressful events contours how the person will respond. It is through the two-part appraisal pr...
Notes on the Cultural origins and functions of Sub-Floor pits

A review of the current literature demonstrates that sub-floor and sub-surface “cellars” occur in many cultural, chronological, and functional contexts, and that many uses may produce pit features reminiscent of the hearth-front slave root cellars documented at Kingsmill Plantation. Recent site documentation at a 19th-century Virginia farmstead indicates that among some groups one original function might be as borrow for hearth fill or chimney mortar. Such pits might then be adapted for use as sub-floor storage. The review leads to several conclusions. First, the presence of a sub-floor pit should not be taken as prima facie evidence of root storage, storage of valuables, or of African-American occupation; instead, the assigning of ethnicity and site function must rely on a broad view of assemblage attributes. Second, the potential importance of sub-surface pits is such that Phase I testing strategies should add larger test units to the more typical shovel test research design. Third, problem-oriented research is needed to provide an objective basis for cultural and behavioral interpretations, and to identify the modifying influences of taphonomic factors on abandoned sub-floor pits.
Semianalytic Analysis of Primordial Black Hole Formation During a First-order QCD Phase Transition

It has recently been suggested that cosmologically significant numbers of black holes could form during a first-order QCD phase transition. Further, it has been asserted that these black holes would have masses corresponding naturally to the inferred mass ($\sim 1 M_{\odot}$) of the MACHOs responsible for the observed gravitational microlensing events. In this model, the underlying spectrum of primordial density perturbations provides the fluctuations that give rise to black holes at the epoch of the QCD transition. We employ a simplified model to estimate the reduction in the critical overdensity of a horizon-sized primordial perturbation required for collapse to a black hole. We find that a first-order QCD transition does indeed produce a sharp peak in the black hole mass spectrum, but that this peak corresponds to the horizon mass at an epoch somewhat earlier than the cosmological transition itself. Assuming a COBE normalized primordial density perturbation spectrum with constant spectral index, for the black holes so produced to be cosmologically significant would require an extremely finely tuned ``blue'' primordial density perturbation spectrum. Specifically, in the context of our simplified model, a spectral index in the range $n=1.37-1.42$ corresponds to the range $\Omega \sim 10^{-5}-10^3$ of the black hole contribution to the present-day density parameter.
LARRI: A Language-Based Maintenance and Repair Assistant

LARRI (Language-based Agent for Retrieval of Repair Information) is a dialo- gue-based system for support of maintenance and repair domains, characterized by large amounts of documentation and procedural information. LARRI is based on an architecture developed by Carnegie Mellon University for the DARPA Communicator programme and is integrated with a wearable computer system developed by the Wearable Computing Group at CMU. The system adapts an architecture developed and optimised for a telephone-based problem solving task (travel planning), and applies it to a very different domain — aircraft mainteance. Following two field trials in which LARRI was used by professional aircraft mechanics, we found that our architecture extended readily to a multimodal and multi-media framework. At the same time we found that assumptions that were reasonable in a services domain turn out to be inappropriate for a maintenance domain. Apart from the need to manage integration between input modes and output modalities, we found that the system needed to support multiple categories of tasks and that a different balance between user and system goals was required. A significant problem in the maintenance domain is the need to assimilate and make available for language processing appropriate domain information.
The Five Commitments: A Philosophical Framework Manifested Through Dance

ABSTRACT The philosophical framework known as the Five Commitments was recently approved by the Governing Board of the Brigham Young University–Public School Partnership. The Five Commitments consist of: Civic Preparation and Engagement; Engaged Learning Through Nurturing Pedagogy; Equitable Access to Academic Knowledge and Achievement; Stewardship in School and Community; and Simultaneous Renewal. Dance education models these best practices in direct and sophisticated ways. This article outlines how to recognize the components of dance education that support The Five Commitments and align with the State Education Resource Center's Best Practices of Education. Particularly, this article seeks to identify and make apparent those components for administrators, stakeholders, students in teacher preparation programs, and colleagues in other disciplines. The detailed exploration of The Five Commitments delves into how large institutions can collaborate to impact the realm of K–12 education and how dance is ade...
Income Statement and Balance Sheet Effects of Variation in Misstatement Quantification

We investigate two sets of concerns raised by securities regulators regarding auditors’ materiality decisions surrounding misstatements identified during an audit. Using misstatements disclosed under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 108 (SAB 108), we first examine whether SAB 108 misstatements are consistent with auditors waiving correction of qualitatively material misstatements that increase the odds of meeting or beating earnings targets. Second, we examine whether the level of post-audit misstatement varies between firms whose auditors use different methodologies to quantify misstatements. We find no evidence that SAB 108 firms are more likely to meet qualitatively material earnings targets than firms disclosing no effect at SAB 108. In addition, we identify significant differences in the post-audit level of misstatement between SAB 108 firms that under-stated earnings in prior periods and firms disclosing no effect at SAB 108 adoption, but no corresponding difference between SAB 108 firms that over-stated prior period earnings and other firms. These asymmetric findings are consistent with auditors’ incentives to apply greater scrutiny to misstatements that over-state earnings than misstatements that under-state earnings due to litigation and reputational concerns. Overall, our findings suggest support for the SEC’s regulatory intervention to standardize audit methodology in practice due to significant differences in the post-audit level of balance sheet misstatements across firms and auditors’ asymmetric scrutiny of income over-statements vs. under-statements.
One Size Doesn't Fit All: Improving Network QoS Through Preference-driven Web Caching

In order to combat Internet congestion Web caches use replacement policies that attempt to keep the objects in a cache that are most likely to get requested in the future. We adopt the economic perspective that the objects with the greatest value to the users should be in a cache. Using trace driven simulations we implement an incentive compatible market-based Web cache for servers to push content into a cache. This system decentralizes the caching process as servers provide information in the form of bids for space in the cache. Truthful information from the server on valuations of objects and predictions of hit rates is obtained. This information is used in filling the cache, which can provide increased aggregate value and differential quality of service to servers when compared to LFU and LRU.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia Caused By Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

We report an infant with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia due to pyruvate kinase deficiency. The initial approach involved rapid evaluation, phototherapy, and close monitoring of serum bilirubin levels. Follow-up included maintenance on folic acid, monitoring blood counts, and educating the parents about the course of pyruvate kinase deficiency, especially aplastic crisis. We suggest that the informed family practitioner can manage neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and pyruvate kinase deficiency with referrals at critical times to pediatric or surgical specialists. The practitioner must be able to recognize quickly the need for exchange transfusion for severe jaundice and for blood transfusions or splenectomy when significant anemia or aplastic crisis occurs.
Near-best basis selection algorithms with non-additive information cost functions

Search algorithms for finding signal decompositions called near-best bases using decision criteria called non-additive information costs are proposed for selecting bases in wavelet packet transforms. These new methods are compared with the best bases and additive information costs of Coifman and Wickerhauser (see IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.38, p.713-18, 1992). All near-best and best bases were also compared with the matching pursuit decomposition of Mallat and Zhang (see IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.41, p.3397-3415, 1993). Preliminary experiments suggest that for the application of time-frequency analysis, a wide variety of results can be obtained with the different methods, and that for the application of data compression, the near-best basis selected with non-additive costs may outperform the best basis selected with additive costs. >
Integrated Design of Hierarchical QAM Modulation and Retransmission Diversity for Multimedia Wireless Networks

The current and future wireless systems need to support a multitude of services with a wide range of data rates and reliability requirements. The limited battery resource at the mobile terminals coupled with the hostile multipath fading channel makes the problem of providing reliable multimedia services challenging. In this article, we develop a novel method to mechanize a prioritized unicast transmission at the physical layer in response to the disparate quality of service requirements for multimedia traffic (imposed by upper layers) and investigate how the unequal bit error protection offered by multiresolution modulation is capitalized at the data link layer to yield a substantial throughput gain and minimize the packet loss probability of the "more important" packets in an integrated voice/data and delay-sensitive applications (especially in poor and moderate channel conditiom). However, there exists a slight throughput penalty in the high signal-to-noise ratio regime due to competitive nature of the "optimal reliable signaling rate" in an unknown time-varying channel.
Fast atom bombardment and high performance tandem mass spectrometry of platinum(II) oligodeoxyribonucleotide fragments

Abstract The antitumor drug cisplatin [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II),cis-DDP] exerts its biological activity by binding to cellular DNA. In order to evaluate the utility of mass spectrometry as a possible new approach to investigate the number and type of Pt-DNA adducts in both mechanistic and clinical studies, a systematic survey of the fast atom bombardment (FAB) and high performance tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) spectra of a series of well-defined adducts has been carried out. Included in the set of compounds were adducts between cisplatin or its trans isomer and oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing two to six bases, selected to represent all the known binding modes of cisplatin to DNA, and stable isotope-labeled (15N, 195Pt) complexes. In both positive- and negative-ion FAB mass spectra, all compounds yield ions corresponding to the singly-charged intact cluster, and to fragments that arise by loss of one or two ammine groups. The isotope ratio patterns of the clusters indicate that mixed species containing varying numbers of hydrogens are present. MS—MS spectra obtained after high energy (1–7keV) collisionally-induced dissociation (CID) have more extensive fragmentation. Two sets of product ions indicative of the Pt- binding site are consistently present; these correspond to Pt(NH3)0–2 (Bx or y) and Pt(NH3)0–2 (Bx By), where Bx and By are the nucleobasis linked to Pt in the adduct. CID mass spectra recorded at 1 keV have additional product ions related to the nucleotide sequence.
Computer-assisted proposal submission systems

As institutions and observatories are required to handle more tasks with fewer resources, the need to automate processing becomes crucial. One of the easiest tasks to partially automate is the front-end process of requesting to use a service, e.g. a telescope. Automation can include making the proposal forms available, and allowing them to be submitted, electronically. By providing a standard proposal form, the necessary information contained in the proposal can be extracted and partially processed by software including tracking and low-level error detection. The need to have people in the loop is still necessary, but may of the mundane, repetitive tasks can be given to software, while the mentally difficult tasks can be handled by people. This paper discuses tools available for automating a proposal submission process. It will also discuss a system which was implemented in two months to partially automate Phase I submissions for using the Hubble Space Telescope. This system was used for the most current call for proposals and will continue to be used for upcoming cycles.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Reevaluating the Generality of an Empirical Model for Light-Limited Primary Production in the San Francisco Estuary

Depth-integrated primary production (ΣP, in grams of carbon per square meter per day) was measured using 14C in the northern San Francisco Estuary (SFE) from March through August of 2006 and 2007. Determinations of ΣP were then used to calibrate a published light-utilization model that relates ΣP to a composite parameter of chlorophyll, solar irradiance, and photic zone depth. The resultant calibration coefficient, Ψ, varied by a factor of nearly two between 2006 and 2007 and was lower than determined in previous calibrations for the estuary. The now chronically low chlorophyll concentrations in the SFE have resulted in lower predictive power of the light-utilization model. The variation in Ψ was likely the result of interannual variation in phytoplankton assimilation number. These results suggest that using a single Ψ may yield large errors in estimated estuarine production when applied overbroad spatial and temporal scales. Given the food-limited condition of the SFE, it appears that direct measurements of primary production are necessary for accurately characterizing the base of the estuarine food web.
X-ray telescope onboard Astro-E: optical design and fabrication of thin foil mirrors.

X-ray telescopes (XRT’s) of nested thin foil mirrors are developed for Astro-E, the fifth Japanese x-ray astronomy satellite. Although the launch was not successful, the design concept, fabrication, and alignment procedure are summarized. The main purpose of the Astro-E XRT is to collect hard x rays up to 10 keV with high efficiency and to provide medium spatial resolution in limited weight and volume. Compared with the previous mission, Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics (ASCA), a slightly longer focal length of 4.5–4.75 m and a larger diameter of 40 cm yields an effective area of 1750 cm2 at 8 keV with five telescopes. The image quality is also improved to 2-arc min half-power diameter by introduction of a replication process. Platinum is used instead of gold for the reflectors of one of the five telescopes to enhance the high-energy response. The fabrication and alignment procedure is also summarized. Several methods for improvement are suggested for the reflight Astro-E II mission and for other future missions. Preflight calibration results will be described in a forthcoming second paper, and a detailed study of images will be presented in a third paper.
Scan statistics on graphs

Scan statistics are used in spatial statistics and image analysis to detect regions of unusual or anomalous activity. A scan statistic is a maximum (or minimum) of a local statistic—one computed on a local region of the data. This is sometimes called ‘moving window analysis’; in the Engineering literature. The idea is to ‘slide’ a window around the image (or map or whatever spatial structure the data have), compute a statistic within each window, and look for outliers—anomalously high (or low) statistics. We discuss extending this idea to graphs, in which case the local region is defined in terms of the connectivity of the graph—the neighborhoods of vertices. WIREs Comput Stat 2012 doi: 10.1002/wics.1217 This article is a U.S. Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Parasocial Interaction With Liked, Neutral, and Disliked Characters on a Popular TV Series

In this study, 174 respondents completed an online questionnaire measuring their responses to a liked, neutral, or disliked character from the ABC drama Lost. Specifically, they reported their perceived similarity, identification while viewing, and parasocial interaction with the character, as well as the extent to which they had tried to change aspects of themselves to be more like the character (“change/influence”). Across the whole sample, perceived similarity was a significant positive predictor of both identification and parasocial interaction, and identification was associated with higher levels of parasocial interaction. Parasocial interaction, but not identification, was a significant positive predictor of reported change/influence. When the three types of characters were examined separately, all four responses were higher for liked and neutral characters than for disliked characters, and parasocial interaction was higher for liked than for neutral characters. Interpretations of the findings, and ...
Measurement of particle phase stresses in fast fluidized beds

Despite concentrated research efforts devoted to the study of the two-phase fluid mechanics of fast fluidized beds (FFBs), the particle phase stresses in FFBs are not well-characterized. To address this problem, measurements were made of the local time-averaged solid pressure in a FFB riser for a wide range of flow conditions and bed locations. The solid-pressure values, which were several orders of magnitude smaller than the gas pressure, were found to vary primarily with the local time-averaged solid concentration. Using constitutive relations from the kinetic theory of particulate flow, values of local time-averaged solid-phase shear viscosity were calculated from the measured solid pressure and solid fraction. The calculated viscosity values were found to be intermediate within the rather wide range of estimated values previously used in various two-fluid models for dilute vertical gas-particle flow.
Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Atherosclerosis at the Aortic Root Identified in an Intercross between DBA2J and 129S6 Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice

Apolipoprotein E-null mice on a DBA/2J genetic background (DBA-apoE) are highly susceptible to atherosclerosis in the aortic root area compared with those on a 129S6 background (129-apoE). To explore atherosclerosis-responsible genetic regions, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis using 172 male and 137 female F2 derived from an intercross between DBA-apoE and 129-apoE mice. A genome-wide scan identified two significant QTL for the size of lesions at the root: one is Ath44 on Chromosome (Chr) 1 at 158 Mb, and the other Ath45 on Chr 2 at 162 Mb. Ath44 co-localizes with but appears to be independent of a previously reported QTL, Ath1, while Ath45 is a novel QTL. DBA alleles of both Ath44 and Ath45 confer atherosclerosis-susceptibility. In addition, a QTL on Chr 14 at 73 Mb was found significant only in males, and 129 allele conferring susceptibility. Further analysis detected female-specific interactions between a second QTL on Chr 1 at 73 Mb and a QTL on Chr 3 at 21 Mb, and between Chr 7 at 84 Mb and Chr 12 at 77 Mb. These loci for the root atherosclerosis were independent of QTLs for plasma total cholesterol and QTLs for triglycerides, but a QTL for HDL (Chr 1 at 126 Mb) overlapped with the Ath44. Notably, haplotype analysis among 129S6, DBA/2J and C57BL/6 genomes and their gene expression data narrowed the candidate regions for Ath44 and Ath45 to less than 5 Mb intervals where multiple genome wide associations with cardiovascular phenotypes have also been reported in humans. SNPs in or near Fmo3, Sele and Selp for Ath44, and Lbp and Pkig for Ath45 were suggested for further investigation as potential candidates underlying the atherosclerosis susceptibility.
A Novel Dietary Triterpene Lupeol Induces Fas-Mediated Apoptotic Death of Androgen-Sensitive Prostate Cancer Cells and Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Xenograft Model

In prostate cancer, a fine balance between cell proliferation and apoptotic death is lost, resulting in increased cellular mass and tumor progression. One approach to redress this imbalance and control this malignancy is its preventive intervention through the use of dietary natural agents. Here, we investigated the growth-inhibitory effect and associated mechanisms of Lupeol, a triterpene present in fruits and vegetables, in androgen-sensitive human prostate cancer cells. Lupeol treatment resulted in significant inhibition of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and caused apoptotic death of prostate cancer cells. Lupeol was found to induce the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase protein and degradation of acinus protein with a significant increase in the expression of FADD protein. Among all death receptor targets examined, Lupeol specifically caused a significant increase in the expression of Fas receptor. The small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of the Fas gene and inhibition of caspase-6, caspase-8, and caspase-9 by their specific inhibitors confirmed that Lupeol specifically activates the Fas receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells. The treatment of cells with a combination of anti-Fas monoclonal antibody and Lupeol resulted in higher cell death compared with the additive effect of the two compounds alone, suggesting a synergistic effect. Lupeol treatment resulted in a significant inhibition in growth of tumors with concomitant reduction in prostate-specific antigen secretion in athymic nude mice implanted with CWR22Rnu1 cells. Because early clinical prostate cancer growth is an androgen-dependent response, the results of the present study suggest that Lupeol may have a potential to be an effective agent against prostate cancer.
Real frogs in imaginary gardens: Facts and fantasies in psychoanalysis

(1988). Real frogs in imaginary gardens: Facts and fantasies in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 8, The Intrapsychic and Interpersonal Dimensions: An Unresolved Dilemma, pp. 552-567.
The Ability of the International Criminal Court to Deter Violations of International Criminal Law: A Theoretical Assessment

Many actors within the field of international criminal justice, including those who work for the Court itself, have heralded the deterrent power of the court and its ability to remove impunity for violations of international criminal law. Practitioners and scholars routinely assume a probability at best, to an assumption of sureness, of a powerful deterrent effect. Given the ongoing crimes against humanity that have occurred in the Twenty-First Century, such claims can only be seen as hopeful proclamations. This article examines the potential inhibitory effects that the Court may have on violations of international criminal law, especially international humanitarian law, grounded in criminological insights and explanatory power. To do so, we lay out the current state of thinking in deterrence theory and critically explore how it can, or fails to, generate the effects which so many international public actors, including the court itself, claim.
Characteristics associated with smoking in a Hispanic sample

Although general smoking prevalence has declined, similar declines have not been observed in some underserved populations. For example, groups such as ethnic minorities, individuals with psychiatric diagnoses, those with a history of substance use, and weight concerned smokers have not shown comparable reductions. The goal of this study is to create a profile of Hispanic smokers in the El Paso/Juarez area and identify predictors of smoking. In this cross-sectional study, these variables were assessed in 160 English-speaking Hispanic volunteers. Participants completed measures of tobacco use, nicotine dependence, weekly alcohol consumption, acculturation, depressive symptomatology, weight concern, and drug use. Expired carbon monoxide and body composition were also assessed. Participants were light smokers with low levels of nicotine dependence and expired carbon monoxide, a significant number of past quit attempts, and limited use of cessation aids. Significant characteristics associated with smoking included male gender, use of mental health services, increasing number of drinks per week, and lifetime use of illicit drugs. These findings suggest substance use and psychiatric comorbidity are associated with smoking in this population and may be barriers to quitting. These factors should be considered in developing culturally-sensitive tobacco cessation interventions for Hispanic smokers, particularly those residing on the U.S./Mexico border.
Surgery in Rural America

Despite recent increased attention to ailing health-care systems in rural America, policy makers have paid relatively little attention to the status of rural surgery. This paucity of attention is rooted in a combination of poor communication and incomplete knowledge. Unfortunately, the scarce dialogue between advocates of rural surgery and policy makers has been driven largely by anecdotes and generalizations. What is needed as a foundation for productive discourse is evidence-based objective observations regarding important issues and concerns related to rural surgical practice. This article reviews our current understanding of several of these issues; namely, the adequacy of the current and future surgical workforce, preparation for rural practice, professional isolation, rural surgical quality, and the critical interplay between rural surgeons and local systems of care in which they function. The intent of this article is to stimulate further inquiry that will create a foundation for meaningful dialogue between rural surgeons, surgical leaders, and health-care policy makers.
The Effect of Aortocoronary Bypass Grafts on Myocardial Blood Flow Reserve and Treadmill Exercise Tolerance

Twenty-five patients had myocardial blood flow reserve determinations (percentage increase in myocardial blood flow with stress), treadmill exercise tests and coronary and bypass cineangiography pre- and postaortocoronary bypass surgery. Twenty of the patients had the postoperative studies performed three months after operation, three at two months and two at five and six months, respectively. Eleven of the 25 patients had all significant coronary artery obstructions (75% or greater) bypassed and all grafts were open at the time of restudy. Preoperatively, blood flow reserve had been abnormal in nine and all had positive treadmill tests. Postoperatively, all eleven patients had normal myocardial blood flow response to stress and treadmill tests were negative in ten (one patient was not restudied on the treadmill). In six patients, no patent grafts could be demonstrated. These patients continued to show abnormal blood flow reserve and positive treadmill studies. Eight of the 25 patients had partial revascu...
The effect of the timing of scleral flap suture release on the safety and long-term success of phacotrabeculectomy.

Purpose To investigate the effect of the timing of the scleral flap suture release on the safety and long-term success of phacotrabeculectomy. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized chart review. Methods We studied 173 eyes of 173 consecutive patients who underwent primary phacotrabeculectomy, with or without intraoperative mitomycin-C, and subsequent scleral flap suture release. Results Early suture release ( 3 weeks), with an average follow-up period of 44.8 months. Patients who used mitomycin-C had statistically later suture release than did patients without mitomycin-C. There were nine cases of hypotony, for which independent risk factors were early suture release and the use of mitomycin-C. Conclusions Greater long-term success with minimal complications was achieved when scleral flap suture release was performed three weeks after phacotrabeculectomy. Suture release within three weeks after surgery was associated with an increased risk of filtration failure and a higher risk of postoperative complications.
The “New Endocrinology”: Its Scope and Its Impact

An overview of the field of biology of chemical mediation is presented, emphasizing that “classical” endocrinology is a major and still vital segment of the field. The “new” endocrinology recognizes the importance of autocrine and paracrine mechanisms,the indistinct boundary between hormones and growth factors, and the existence of chemical mediation between organisms of the same and different species (pheromones and allelochemics). All these phenomena involve the same basic language: a specific agent activates a specific receptor, resulting in an action. The continuing need for organismal (integrative) endocrinology in interpreting and evaluating the contributions of molecular endocrinology is illustrated by a consideration of transgenic fish (bearing additional growth hormone genes) and of the presence of hormones in eggs and their implication for developmental biology
A suggested structure for delsoline

The alkaloid delsoline (C25H41O7N) was oxidized by acid permanganate mostly to dehydrooxodelsoline, and by neutral permanganate to anhydrohydroxydelsoline. Oxidation of the alkaloid with mercuric acetate produced anhydrohydroxy-N-de-ethyldelsoline which could be re-ethylated with ethyl iodide, thus showing the presence of an N-ethyl group in delsoline. Anhydrohydroxydelsoline was also obtained from O-acetyldelsoline perchlorate by oxidation to an anhydronium salt followed by hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide, and this method of preparation provides evidence of its carbinolamine structure. O-Acetyloxodelsoline, obtained from acetyldelsoline, is cleaved by lead tetra-acetate to a secodiketone that loses the elements of methanol on recrystallization. Hence the base contains two vicinal tertiary hydroxyls, one of which is β to a methoxyl group. Dehydrooxodelsoline is also cleaved by lead tetra-acetate and the product undergoes an internal aldol rearrangement. These results are interpreted in the light of a structure that is tentatively suggested for delsoline.