cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Uncertainty on Alternative Disaster Management Strategies

The work presented in this paper is an outgrowth of a multi—year study at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania on Managing Catastrophic Risks. We focus on the role of homeowners and insurance companies in managing the hazard from earthquake risk. Specifically, we consider alternative earthquake disaster management strategies for a typical homeowner and a small insurance company in the Oakland, California region. These strategies involve the adoption of mitigation measures and the purchase of earthquake insurance by the homeowner and the purchase of an indemnity contract (e.g., excess—of—loss reinsurance) by the insurer. We focus on how uncertainty impacts these disaster management strategies. Specifically, we illustrate the impact of structural mitigation and risk—transfer mechanisms on the insurer's performance when there is uncertainty in the company's risk profile. This risk profile is captured through a loss exceedance probability (EP) curve, representing the probability that a certain...
Assessing the spontaneous cage behavior of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

A Behavioral Activity Index for rapid assessment of spontaneous cage behavior of the squirrel monkey is described. Observing the behavior of six male squirrel monkeys, it was found that four readily identifiable behaviors accounted for 62% of the total activity during a 30 minutes observation period. The need for a technique to reliably assess changes in baseline behavior is discussed in relation to behavioral pharmacological investigations.
Numerical study for a model of tumor virotherapy

In this paper, we present a computational mathematical model to investigate the efficacy of tumor virotherapy using oncolytic viruses. A numerical algorithm, which is stable and second-order accurate, is developed to compute the growth of the tumor. Results from the numerical simulation have matched the experimental measurements, and validated the significance of the oncolytic viral therapy. Moreover, our numerical results suggest that this therapy can be further improved by increasing the burst size of viruses and using cyclophosphamide (CPA) treatments.
Insulin receptors in the brain: Structural and physiological characterization

The present study was conducted to characterize insulin receptors and to determine the effects of insulin in synaptosomes prepared from adult rat brains. Binding of125I-insulin to synaptosome insulin receptors was highly specific and time dependent: equilibrium binding was obtained within 60 minutes, and a t1/2 of dissociation of 26 minutes. Cross-linking of125I-insulin to its receptor followed by SDS-PAGE demonstrated that the apparent molecular weight of the alpha subunit of the receptor was 122,000 compared with 134,000 for the liver insulin receptor. In addition, insulin stimulated the dose-dependent phosphorylation of exogenous tyrosine containing substrate and a 95,000 MW plasma membrane associated protein, in a lectin-purified insulin receptor preparation. The membrane associated protein was determined to be the β subunit of the insulin receptor. Incubation of synaptosomes with insulin caused a dose-dependent inhibition of specific sodium-sensitive [3H]norepinephrine uptake. Insulin inhibition of [3H]norepinephrine uptake was mediated by a decrease in active uptake sites without any effects in theKm, and was specific for insulin since related and unrelated peptides influenced the uptake in proportion to their structural similarity with insulin. These observations indicate that synaptosomes prepared from the adult rat brain possess specific insulin receptors and insulin has inhibitory effects on norepinephrine uptake in the preparation.
Techniques for laparoscopic repair of major intraoperative vascular injury: case reports and review of literature.

Laparoscopic surgery has become increasing popular, and its use has been proven safe. However, major vascular injuries during laparoscopic procedures can have devastating effects, and there is a paucity of information regarding their intraoperative management. Here we report our experience with laparoscopic vascular injury repair and analyze the available literature on this topic. Two cases of iliac vessel injury during laparoscopic colectomy were reviewed from a single surgeon’s experience with of over 1,000 major laparoscopic procedures. The details of injury, techniques used, and outcomes were analyzed. A review of the literature was also conducted via PubMed. An injury to the left common iliac artery in a 75-year-old man and an injury to the left external iliac vein in a 39-year-old man during laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy are described, with successful laparoscopic vascular repair in both. Estimated blood loss was 300 and 250 ml, respectively. Patients were discharged home on postoperative days 4 and 3 without complications. A review of the literature yielded descriptions of a total of 704 major vascular injuries, with 6 case reports of vascular injuries involving the iliac vessels and inferior vena cava with successful laparoscopic repair. Laparoscopic repair of major vasculature is feasible if sound techniques are followed. We describe a stepwise technique for dealing with intraoperative laparoscopic vascular injury.
Estimation of Parameters in the Weibdl Distribution

A new method of estimation is used to obtain two simple estimators of the parameters in a Weibull distribution. These estimators are similar to the estimators given by Gumbel, Miller and Freund, and Menon. Some useful properties of these estimators are developed which make it practical to use Monte Carlo methods to determine the variances and biases of the estimators for various sample sizes. Comparisons of the estimators can be made and unbiasing factors calculated in some cases. The variances of the estimators are also compared to the Cramer-Rao lower bounds for regular unbiased estimators.
THE EFFECTS OF HOST-CELL REACTIVATION ON ASSAY OF U.V.-IRRADIATED HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TRANSFORMING DNA.

— The host cell reactivation (HCR) mechanism in Haemophilus influenzae cells is inhibited by sub-microgram concentrations of acriflavine (as is already known to be true for Escherichia coli). Exposure of these cells to similar concentrations of the drug during bacterial transformation increases the apparent ultraviolet light (u.v.) sensitivity of previously irradiated transforming DNA, indicating a repair of this DNA after uptake by the cells under normal conditions. Repair is inhibited by applying acriflavine at any time up to one hour after competent cells contact the irradiated transforming DNA. The fraction of the u.v. damage repaired by HCR is very different for different genetic markers. Those markers which are most u.v. sensitive when assayed in the absence of acriflavine are most poorly repaired, suggesting that this is the reason for their higher sensitivity. For all markers the fraction of the damage repairable by in vitro photoreactivation is approximately constant, and strongly overlaps the damage repairable by HCR. The degree of HCR achieved can be altered by experimental treatment of the H. influenzae DNA prior to transformation. Thus treatment of irradiated DNA with an enzyme from Micrococcus lysodeikticus–known to attack u.v. damaged, but not undamaged DNA–prevents subsequent intracellular repair of the same u.v. lesions whose repair is inhibited by acriflavine. Similarly, partial replacement of the thymine in transforming DNA by 5-bromouracil (BU) strongly inhibits repair of subsequent u.v. damage. As in bacteriophage, the BU effect is relieved if the u.v. exposure occurs in the presence of cysteamine. It is clear that intracellular repair must be considered in interpreting experiments with u.v.-irradiated transforming DNA.
Adult Protection Service Laws: A Comparison of State Statutes from Definition to Case Closure

ABSTRACT While legislative efforts at the federal and state levels have represented a dramatic change in the last three decades, there is a great range and variations in the laws addressing elder abuse, leading to difficulty in generating comparison data, and coordinating program creation and implementation across state lines. This article examines the legislative variations on the topics of definitional issues, reporting statutes, investigative methods, temporary and permanent court interventions, and protective services provided under the laws of all fifty of the United States and the District of Columbia. Further, it examines the current elder abuse literature and makes suggestions toward legislation compatible with it. The bulk of the statutory data include those available in 1998 but many statutes which became effective in 1999 are also included. All jurisdictions are referred to as “states,” including the District of Columbia which is technically a federal district.
Delayed Sequelae of Neonatal Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Are Dependent on Cells of the Innate Immune System

Infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in neonatal mice leads to exacerbated disease if mice are reinfected with the same virus as adults. Both T cells and the host major histocompatibility complex genotype contribute to this phenomenon, but the part played by innate immunity has not been defined. Since macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells play key roles in regulating inflammation during RSV infection of adult mice, we studied the role of these cells in exacerbated inflammation following neonatal RSV sensitization/adult reinfection. Compared to mice undergoing primary infection as adults, neonatally sensitized mice showed enhanced airway fluid levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), alpha interferon (IFN-α), CXCL1 (keratinocyte chemoattractant/KC), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) at 12 to 24 h after reinfection and IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, and CCL11 (eotaxin) at day 4 after reinfection. Weight loss during reinfection was accompanied by an initial influx of NK cells and granulocytes into the airways and lungs, followed by T cells. NK cell depletion during reinfection attenuated weight loss but did not alter T cell responses. Depletion of alveolar macrophages with inhaled clodronate liposomes reduced both NK and T cell numbers and attenuated weight loss. These findings indicate a hitherto unappreciated role for the innate immune response in governing the pathogenic recall responses to RSV infection.
Optical transitions of Er3 + in lead-tellurium-germanate glasses

Abstract Optical-absorption, photoluminescence, and up-conversion luminescence were measured for Er 3 + in lead—tellurium— germanate glasses (63− x )GeO 2 · x TeO 2 · 27PbO · 10CaO with x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40. Each glass sample contains an extra 0.2 mol% Er 2 O 3 . Judd—Ofelt intensity parameters were determined and used to calculate the radiative transition rates and lifetimes of Er 3 + in glasses with different TeO 2 content. It has been found that the 4 S 3/2 → 4 I 15/2 radiative transition rate and the infrared (800 nm) to green (547 nm) up-conversion efficiency of Er 3 + increase with increasing TeO 2 content. Our results indicate that incorporating TeO 2 up to 40 mol% into a lead—germanate glass network increases the luminescence efficiency due to the increased refractive index and decreased maximum phonon energy of the host glass.
A novel approach to determine estrogenic hormones in swine lagoon wastewater using the QuEChERS method combined with solid phase extraction and LC/MS/MS analysis

A novel approach is reported to quantify estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (βE2), 17α-estradiol (αE2), estriol (E3), and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) in storm water runoff and swine lagoon wastewater samples. A considerable amount of residue was collected when lagoon wastewater samples were centrifuged therefore both resulting residues and aqueous portions were analyzed separately. A modified Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method was utilized to efficiently extract the target analytes in the residue. Aqueous portions were pre-concentrated using solid phase extraction (SPE). A simple liquid–liquid extraction in a test tube was carried out as a sample clean-up step after SPE. This approach is inexpensive and requires only 3 mL of organic solvent per analysis. The resulting extracts were further purified using a dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) technique (not required in storm water analyses). βE2 and E1 glucuronide and sulfate conjugates were also analyzed in the aqueous portions of the lagoon samples as well as in the storm water runoff samples. An enzymatic hydrolysis was performed prior to SPE to deconjugate conjugated estrogens. Samples were derivatized with dansyl chloride to enhance LC/MS/MS analytical sensitivity. Insignificant matrix effects (1–12%) were determined for the analyses of aqueous samples. Thus, matrix matched calibration curves were not required. Matrix effects for residue analyses ranged from 14 to 20%, requiring that matrix matched calibration curves be used for quantification. All developed methods gave 84–106% recoveries for free estrogens and 65–86% recoveries for estrogen conjugates. The LODs for lagoon wastewater and storm water analyses ranged from 0.9–2 ng L−1 and 0.3–0.5 ng L−1, respectively. The developed methods were validated by analyzing eighteen lagoon water samples and twenty six storm water samples in three replicates.
Analysis of interconnection of photovoltaic distributed generation

Rapid growth of grid-connected photovoltaic distributed generation (PV-DG) provides many benefits such as clean energy, reduced emissions and creation of new green jobs. However, given its intermittent nature, large scale penetration of PV-DG may challenge the quality and reliability of the grid. This paper evaluates the impact of PV-DG on distribution system voltages. The paper describes the models used for the study, discusses the impacts of PV-DG, and presents the results of detailed simulations. The results show that PV-DG can cause both steady-state and transient overvoltages along the feeder, and may create additional tap operations of line voltage regulators. Finally, the paper proposes a mitigation strategy to eliminate overvoltages, reduce additional tap operations, and validates the proposed method with simulation results.
Fos-like immunoreactivity in catecholaminergic brain nuclei after territorial behavior in free-living song sparrows.

The catecholaminergic cell groups of the brainstem play an important role in the regulation of motivated behavior, including reproductive behavior. In songbirds, these cell groups project to telencephalic nuclei involved in singing and contain steroid hormone receptors, implicating them in the seasonal regulation of song. Whether these nuclei are involved in the activation of song on a short-term, moment-to-moment basis is unknown. In this study, free-living male song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) were subjected to simulated territorial intrusion (STI), which stimulates territorial singing. The resulting fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) was quantified in two HVc- and RA-projecting catecholaminergic regions of the brainstem: the area ventralis of Tsai (AVT) and the midbrain central gray (GCt). Males subjected to STI showed more FLI in both of these regions than control males. In addition, FLI in both nuclei was correlated positively with the number of songs sung in response to STI. The number of flights directed at the intruder was correlated with FLI in AVT but not GCt. These results suggest a role for AVT and GCt, and thus possibly catecholamines, in the regulation of territorial behavior in songbirds.
Processes of Faulting in Jointed Rocks of Canyonlands National Park, Utah

Detailed studies of 11 segmented normal faults from five grabens in the Needles District of Canyonlands National Park, Utah, demonstrate key processes in the growth, linkage, and evolution of grabens. Field observations and stereophotogrammetry reveal a ubiquitous asymmetry in cross-sectional geometry, based on distinct map patterns of graben-bounding faults, rollover anticlines with attendant joint dilation, footwall uplift with joint closure, and spoon-shaped graben floors. Master and antithetic faults across Devils Lane and several other grabens are defined quantitatively by the displacement distributions along the faults. Two-dimensional shape parameters that characterize the displacement profiles indicate that inelastic processes such as changes in fault frictional strength influence strain accumulation along the faults. The degree of graben asymmetry increases systematically with distance from the Colorado River; greater symmetry is associated with locally greater age and/or strain of grabens nearer the river. Scatter in plots of maximum displacement vs. fault length was attributed previously to linkage of fault segments alone but is here shown to correlate additionally with distance from the Colorado River and, therefore, to spatial strain gradients within the graben array. Extensional strain across the fault array, accumulating at rates of perhaps 1.5 to 2 cm/yr or 10−14 to 10−13 s−1, is accommodated at depth by salt flow and formation of reactive salt diapirs beneath the grabens and was probably initiated when the Colorado River had cut sufficiently deep into the section for active salt diapirism to commence.
Patterns of Fatty Acids Released from Milk Fat by Residual Lipase During Storage of Ultra-High Temperature Processed Milk

Abstract Patterns of fatty acids released from milk fat and types of residual lipase activity in UHT milk were investigated. Commercial UHT milk samples obtained immediately after processing were stored at 23 and 35°C and analyzed for both FFA and lipase activities. Results showed that concentrations of short-chain FFA, except lauric acid, changed little at 23°C during 12 wk of storage. At 35°C however, concentrations of all short-chain FFA showed steady increases, ranging from 9% for caprylic to 45% for lauric acids. Concentrations of long-chain FFA increased moderately (7 to 20%) at 23°C, but their increases were much higher (26 to 63%) at 35°C. Patterns of release of FA were similar at both temperatures. However, the ratios of the long-chain FA released in UHT milk were different from those of FA of milk fat. Residual lipase activities were detected in UHT milks as well as in their centrifugal fractions. Cream fractions showed the highest lipase activities, followed by aqueous supernatant and casein precipitates. Cream fractions preferentially hydrolyzed long-chain FA from milk fat, whereas aqueous supernatant fractions hydrolyzed both short-chain and long-chain FA.
A multilevel examination of the influence of trainee‐trainer gender dissimilarity and trainee‐classroom gender composition dissimilarity on trainee knowledge acquisition

We examined the extent to which a trainee's gender interacts with the gender of the trainer, as well as the gender composition of the classroom, to influence the trainee's knowledge acquisition. Hypotheses based on asymmetrical relational demography arguments were tested with a multilevel model on data collected from 1,515 predominantly Hispanic adult trainees in 115 classrooms taught by a total of 22 different trainers. Results supported an asymmetrical relational demography effect for the relationship between trainee-trainer gender dissimilarity and knowledge acquisition, such that trainer-trainee dissimilarity was related to knowledge acquisition for female trainees, but not for male trainees. No effects on trainee knowledge acquisition were observed for the trainee gender and classroom gender composition interaction. Exploratory analyses suggested that the racial diversity of the classroom was related to the knowledge acquisition of female trainees, but not male trainees.
Acute Abdominal Pain after Intercourse: Adrenal Hemorrhage as the First Sign of Metastatic Lung Cancer

Although the adrenal glands are a common site of cancer metastases, they are often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on CT scan or autopsy. Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage associated with metastatic lung cancer is an exceedingly rare phenomenon, and diagnosis can be difficult due to its nonspecific symptoms and ability to mimic other intra-abdominal pathologies. We report a case of a 65-year-old man with a history of right upper lobectomy seven months earlier for stage IB non-small cell lung cancer who presented with acute abdominal pain after intercourse. CT scan revealed a new right adrenal mass with surrounding hemorrhage, and subsequent FDG-PET scan confirmed new metabolic adrenal metastases. The patient’s presentation of abdominal pain and adrenal hemorrhage immediately after sexual intercourse suggests that exertion, straining, or increased intra-abdominal pressure might be risk factors for precipitation of hemorrhage in patients with adrenal metastases. Management includes pain control and supportive treatment in mild cases, with arterial embolization or adrenalectomy being reserved for cases of severe hemorrhage.
Sex-related growth differences are present but not enhanced in in vitro fertilization pregnancies.

Objective To determine whether IVF modifies the effect of fetal sex on growth. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary care center and related facilities. Patient(s) Singleton live births without fetal/maternal comorbidities from fertile women who conceived without the use of assisted reproductive technologies and infertile women who conceived with IVF. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome was birth weight (BW). Secondary outcomes were fetal crown-rump length (CRL) in the first trimester, biparietal diameter (BPD), and estimated fetal weight (EFW) in the second trimester. Result(s) There were no differences in baseline characteristics between women carrying male fetuses and those carrying female fetuses in either mode of conception. In unadjusted analyses, the male-female differentials in fetal BPD and BW were more pronounced in the IVF cohort than in the unassisted cohort. In multivariable regression analysis, male BPD exceeded female BPD by 0.12 cm, male EFW exceeded female EFW by 12 g, and male BW exceeded female BW by 172 g. IVF did not have a significant effect on BPD but was associated with a 52 g increase in EFW in the midgestation. IVF was associated with an 81-g reduction in BW. IVF did not modify the magnitude of size differences between the sexes in the midgestation or at birth. Conclusion(s) Comparable sex-dependent differential growth occurs in unassisted and IVF pregnancies.
Targeted PPARγ deficiency in alveolar macrophages disrupts surfactant catabolism

Surfactant accumulates in alveolar macrophages of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) knockout (KO) mice and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) patients with a functional loss of GM-CSF resulting from neutralizing anti–GM-CSF antibody. Alveolar macrophages from PAP patients and GM-CSF KO mice are de­ficient in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) lipid transporter ABCG1. Previous studies have demonstrated that GM-CSF induces PPARγ. We therefore hypothesized that PPARγ promotes surfactant catabolism through regulation of ABCG1. To address this hypothesis, macrophage-specific PPARγ (MacPPARγ) knockout mice were utilized. MacPPARγ KO mice develop foamy, lipid-engorged Oil Red O positive alveolar macrophages. Lipid analyses revealed significant increases in the cholesterol and phospholipid contents of MacPPARγ KO alveolar macrophages and extracellular bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)–derived fluids. MacPPARγ KO alveolar macrophages showed decreased expression of ABCG1 and a deficiency in ABCG1-mediated cholesterol efflux to HDL. Lipid metabolism may also be regulated by liver X receptor (LXR)–ABCA1 pathways. Interestingly, ABCA1 and LXRβ expression were elevated, indicating that this pathway is not sufficient to prevent surfactant accumulation in alveolar macrophages. These results suggest that PPARγ mediates a critical role in surfactant homeostasis through the regulation of ABCG1.
Influence of the Chelate Ligand Structure on the Amide Methanolysis Reactivity of Mononuclear Zinc Complexes

Zinc complexes of three new amide-appended ligands have been prepared and isolated. These complexes, [(dpppa)Zn](ClO4)2 (4(ClO4)2; dpppa = N-((N,N-diethylamino)ethyl)-N-((6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine), [(bdppa)Zn](ClO4)2 (6(ClO4)2; bdppa = N,N-bis((N,N-diethylamino)ethyl)-N-((6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl)amine), and [(epppa)Zn](ClO4)2 (8(ClO4)2; epppa = N-((2-ethylthio)ethyl)-N-((6-pivaloylamido-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N-((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine), have been characterized by X-ray crystallography (4(ClO4)2 and 8(ClO4)2), 1H and 13C NMR, IR, and elemental analysis. Treatment of 4(ClO4)2 or 8(ClO4)2 with 1 equiv of Me4NOH·5H2O in methanol−acetonitrile (5:3) results in amide methanolysis, as determined by the recovery of primary amine-appended forms of the chelate ligand following removal of the zinc ion. These reactions proceed via the initial formation of a deprotonated amide intermediate ([(dpppa-)Zn]ClO4 (5) and [(epppa-)Zn]ClO4 (9)) which in each case has been isolated and c...
Filtre cave temporaire chez le traumatisé : le taux d'ablation peut-il être amélioré ?

L'interruption prophylactique de la veine cave inferieure (VCI) peut etre indiquee chez les malades traumatises a risque d'embolie pulmonaire chez lesquels l'anticoagulation est contre-indiquee. Le filtre Recovery est approuve pour une ablation dans les 180 jours suivant son insertion. Des taux eleves d'ablation du filtre doivent etre obtenus avant que nous puissions abaisser le seuil d'insertion prophylactique de ces filtres. Le but de cette etude etait d'evaluer le taux d'ablation du filtre Recovery dans cette population de malades et comment il a influence notre pratique. Il s'agit d'une etude retrospective au cours de laquelle 122 malades traumatises consecutifs ont eu l'insertion d'un filtre Recovery entre Octobre 2003 et Octobre 2005. Les malades ayant la nouvelle generation de ce filtre ont ete exclus. Tous ces filtres ont ete mis en place avec l'intention de les retirer. Nous avons tente de contacter tous les malades a trois mois. Les facteurs techniques associes a l'echec de l'ablation du filtre ont ete etudies. Il n'y a pas eu de complication liee a la mise en place du filtre. En dehors de 6 malades (4,9%) qui sont decedes de causes sans rapport avec la mise en place du filtre, 20 malades n'ont pu etre contactes (17,3%) et 21 malades ont refuse l'ablation (18,1%). Les filtres ont ete consideres comme permanents chez 18 malades (15,5%) qui n'etaient pas ambulatoires ou qui ont fait une occlusion de la VCI. Une occlusion de la VCI a ete diagnostiquee chez quatre malades (5,5%). Soixante-treize (62,9%) malades se sont presentes pour le suivi et ont eu une echographie-Doppler veineuse en couleur. Nous avons tente de recuperer les filtres chez 52 malades et avons reussi chez 45 (86,5%). Cependant, le taux global de recuperation a ete de 40,5%. Tous les echecs de recuperation ont ete en rapport avec la bascule du filtre ou la plicature des branches. Il n'y a pas eu de complication en rapport avec la procedure d'ablation du filtre. L'insertion et l'ablation du filtre cave inferieur Recovery sont sures. Malgre un suivi precis et un taux de succes satisfaisant d'ablation des filtres, le taux global d'ablation dans cette population de malades reste faible. Cela doit etre fortement pris en consideration lors de l'insertion. Des facteurs multiples ont ete trouves contributifs. L'attention aux details pour la selection des malades et le suivi ainsi que les modifications de technique pourraient ameliorer le taux de recuperation.
Localization of antigen in tissue cells. VI. The fate of injected foreign proteins in the mouse

The fate of three proteins, crystalline hen's egg albumin, crystalline bovine plasma albumin, and human plasma gamma-globulin, was traced after intravenous injection into mice. This was done by preparing frozen sections of quick-frozen tissue, allowing what foreign protein might be present in the section to react with homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein, and examining the section under the fluorescence microscope. By this means, which employs the serological specificity of the protein as a natural "marker," all three of these proteins were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the connective tissue, the vascular endothelium, the lymphocytes of spleen and lymph node, and the epithelium of the kidney tubules, the liver, and in very small amounts in the adrenal. The central nervous system was not studied. All three persisted longest in the reticulo-endothelial system and the connective tissue, and in the doses employed egg white (10 mg.) was no longer detectable after 1 day, bovine albumin (10 mg.) after 2 days, and human gamma-globulin (4 mg.) after 6 days, although in a somewhat higher dose (10 mg.) human gamma-globulin persisted longer than 8 days. Egg albumin differed from the others in not being detectable in the cells of the renal glomerulus. It was found that each of the three proteins was present in the nuclei of each cell type enumerated above, often in higher concentration than in the cytoplasm. Further, some of the nuclei not only contained antigen, soon after injection, but were also surrounded by a bright ring associated with the nuclear membrane. By means of photographic records under the fluorescence microscope of sections stained for antigen, and direct observation under the light microscope of the same field subsequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin, it could be determined that the antigen was not adsorbed to chromatin or nucleoli, but was apparently in solution in the nuclear sap.
Discharges in neurons that innervate specific groups of tactile receptors in mice.

Abstract The identification of specific groups of tactile receptors in the integument depends on orientation supplied by the systematics of key forms of innervated epidermal appendages (principal hairs and dermatoglyphic pads). Multiple lines of physiologic and anatomic evidence are used in this study to identify bend-, whip- and touch-type neurons that are stimulated by 3 forms of principal hairs (tylotrichs, bristles and guards). Each type of neuron responds to a distinct set of stimuli and emits a distinct pattern of discharges. Bend- and touch-type neurons produce long trains of impulses, but whip-type neurons produce brief bursts of impulses. Bend- and touch-type neurons discharge impulses while a hair is deflected slowly or held steadily, whereas whip-type neurons discharge when the hair is moved quickly. Bend-type neurons respond to hair deflection in any direction, touch-type neurons respond to hair deflection in a caudal direction and whip-type neurons respond to hair deflection in one or more directions. A single bend-type neuron emits impulses when force is applied to the epidermis cephalic to the hair over the nerve cylinder, a single touch-type neuron emits impulses when force is applied to the centre of the disk-shaped dermatoglyphic pad caudal to the hair, and several whip-type neurons emit impulses when force is applied to the integument at various locations around the hair.
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION ASSOCIATED WITH POOR OUTCOME AFTER ACUTE BRAIN INJURY

We studied intensive care unit (ICU) records of 42 children with Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 7 to better define the relation between high blood pressure (BP) and poor neurologic outcome following acute brain injury. Diagnoses included Reyes Syndrome (10), head trauma (16), anoxia (13) and CNS infection (3) and excluded those dying of circulatory failure. Corrected peak BP (in mmHg): BPc=(peak systolic BP)-(systolic BP 95%ile for age), was recorded in each 6 hour interval. Persistence of high BP was defined as BP >95%ile in 2 successive 6 hour intervals. Outcome was classified as good (mild or no deficit) or poor (death or severe neurologic deficit making patient dependent on special care). All patients' highest BP exceeded 95%ile. Highest BPc was: 1-20 in 8/42 (19%), 21-40 in 19/42 (45%), and >40 in 15/42 (36%). In those with highest BPc >20, poor outcome occurred in 19/34 (56%) while in those with highest BPc ≤ 20, poor outcome occurred in only 1/8 (13%)(p = .0316). Of those with high BP persisting until ICU discharge, 14/19 (74%) had poor outcome, while those with BP normalizing prior to ICU discharge had poor outcome in only 6/23 (26%) (p =.0026). Mean BPc in those with poor outcome tended to exceed mean BPc in patients with good outcome in each time interval from day 4 onward, with the difference reaching p<.05 on days 7,9 and 10. Severity as well as persistence of high BP identify patients with poor outcome after acute brain injury. This finding justifies further attempts to test the benefit of controlling high BP in the brain injured patient.
Possible Tests of the TCP Theorem in Proton-Antiproton Scattering

Some experiments in elastic proton-antiproton scattering are suggested in order to test the $\mathrm{TCP}$ theorem, as well as the validities of the separate $T$, $C$, and $P$ invariances. Also, a theorem has been proved that the total scattering cross section of two particles is equal to that of antiparticles, provided that the $\mathrm{TCP}$ theorem is valid.
Resampling from stochastic simulations

To model the uncertainty of an estimate of a global property, the estimation process is repeated on multiple simulated fields, with the same sampling strategy and estimation algorithm. As opposed to conventional bootstrap, this resampling scheme allows for spatially correlated data and the common situation of preferential and biased sampling. The practice of this technique is developed on a large data set where the reference sampling distributions are available. Comparison of the resampled distributions to that reference shows the probability intervals obtained by resampling to be reasonably accurate and conservative, provided the original and actual sample has been corrected for the major biases induced by preferential sampling.
Engineering Evaluation of a Pelleted Catalyst for Propylene Nitrilation to Acrylonitrile

Abstract Despite extensive writings in the catalytic sciences, only a comparatively modest literature applies to the engineering and the trauma of reaching commercilization. The present paper will describe some engineering aspects applying particularly to catalyst testing during the development of a process whose commercial reactor performance is also briefly described. As for the drama, the initiated can imagine it readily enough.
Improvements in DNA sequencing by capillary electrophoresis at elevated temperature using poly (ethylene oxide) as a sieving matrix

DNA sequencing in poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix by capillary electrophoresis was demonstrated at high temperature. The optimal separation temperature is around 40 degrees C. The effects of polymer concentration and types of buffers on the separation performance were investigated. A new buffer system consisting of Tris-Taps-His-EDTA works well with PEO. High-speed separation and good resolution can be fulfilled by using a single-MW PEO polymer. It offers similar separation performance as before for the small DNA fragments, but better performance for large DNA fragments.
An estimate of the juvenile sulfur content of basalt

Sulfur analyses by X-ray fluorescence give an average content of 107 ppm for 9 samples of fresh subaerially-erupted oceanic basalt and 680 ppm for 38 samples of submarine erupted basalt. This difference is the result of retention of sulfur in basalt quenched on the sea floor and loss of sulfur in basalt by degassing at the surface. The outer glassy part of submarine erupted basalt contains 800±150 ppm sulfur, and this amount is regarded as an estimate of the juvenile sulfur content of the basalt melt from the mantle. The slower cooled interiors of basalt pillows are depleted relative to the rims owing to degassing and escape through surface fractures. Available samples of deep-sea basalts do not indicate a difference in original sulfur content between low-K tholeiite, Hawaiian tholeiite, and alkali basalt.
Stroke Rehabilitation Enhancement With DVD-Guided Visualization

Stroke is a disorder that affects over 700,000 of people each year, with nearly 500,000 will be left with some sort of long-term disability. While the underlying cause is neurological disability in the region of the brain where the stroke occurred, the functional problem is most often physical disability. Many stroke patients can no longer use their extremities. Lower extremity deficit causes problems with walking and balance, while upper extremity deficit represents significant challenges with common activities of daily living (1). Stoke is considered one of the leading causes of disability in adults (2)! It can also have a tremendous impact on activities of daily living, and may result in dependence on a caregiver. Treatment for stroke has improved, and early detection and treatment can often mitigate the effects and prevent the sequelae of a stroke. Still nearly half a million stroke patients experience some level of physical dysfunction each year. Clearly physical dysfunction due to stroke is an enormous medical problem, and research to improve prevention, treatment and rehabilitation related to stroke is very important.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Collagen-induced platelet aggregation and release. II Critical size and structural requirements of collagen.

It has been suggested that polymerization of collagen molecules possessing an intact tertiary structure is a prerequisite for collagen to induce platelet aggregation and release. In the present study the critical size and structural requirements of collagen polymers for collagen-platelet interaction were determined. The effects of fibrous-long-spacing and short periodicity collagen polymers on platelet aggregation and release of serotonin were found to be the same as that of native-type collagen fibers, whereas segment-long-spacing as well as amorphous collagen did not induce platelet aggregation and release of serotonin. These results suggest that a regular arrangement of the collagen monomers in a staggered, repetitive structure may be essential for interaction with blood platelets. To correlate the length of collagen polymer with the parameters associated with platelet aggregation and release, soluble collagen polymers were prepared from monomeric collagen by dialysis against distilled water at 1, 3 and 4 h intervals or against 0.001 M acetate buffers (pH 3.6, 4.2, 4.4 and 5.0). The latter gave a less polydisperse solution than the former as determined by viscometry and flow birefringence. The length distributions were from 4500 A to 18 000 A. Results indicate that monomeric collagen solution (molecular length 3000 A) at a final concentration of 8 μg/ml failed to induce either platelet aggregation or serotonin release whereas polymeric collagen solution at the same concentration behaved differently. At pH 4.4 the molecular length distribution of collagen was 7−4.5·103 A and it induced a platelet shape change and a slight degree of aggregation. When the length distribution was 10−7· 103 A at pH 5.0, the collagen became active and caused an immediate platelet shape change and complete aggregation. These data suggest that a collagen polymer possessing a particle size of about three molecular lengths (9000 A) is the minimum length required. Furthermore, lateral aggregation of collagen monomers are inactive in inducing platelet aggregation and release.
Speeding up dynamic transitive closure for bounded degree graphs

In this paper we present an algorithm for solving two problems in dynamically maintaining the transitive closure of a digraph: In the first problem a sequence of edge insertions is performed on an initially empty graph, interspersed withp transitive closure queries of the form: "is there a path froma tob in the graph". Our algorithm solves this problem in timeO (dm *+p), whered is the maximum outdegree of the resulting graphG andm * is the number of edges in the transitive closure ofG. In the second problem, a sequence of edge deletions is performed on anacyclic graph, interspersed withp transitive closure queries. Once again we solve this problem in timeO (dm *+p), whered is the maximum outdegree of the initial graphG andm * is the number of edges in the transitive closure ofG. For bounded degree graphs, this improves upon previous results. Our algorithms also work when insertions and deletions to the graph are intermixed. Finally, we show how to implement the operation findpath (x, y) which retrieves some path fromx toy in time proportional to the length of the path.
Nonlinear outcoupling mechanism in a cylindrical dielectric microcavity supporting stimulated Raman scattering.

We describe a previously unreported nonlinear scattering effect that occurs in cylindrical liquid jets irradiated by an intense laser pulse. The spatial characteristics of this feature are quite striking: light emanating from a thin (≤5 μm) circumferential ring near the cylinder surface. This ring can, depending on the pump intensity, be continuous or periodic in ϕ. We have observed rings in several liquids (ethanol, water, and carbon disulfide) and, for the case of ethanol, in cylinders ranging from ~14 to ~76 μm in radius. We conclude that the rings are composed of plasma generated by the intense stimulated Raman scattering fields in the cylinder.
In-Flight Parity Vector Compensation for FDI

The performance of a failure detection and isolation (FDI) algorithm applied to a redundant strapdown inertial measurement unit (IMU) is limited by sensor errors such as input axis misalignment, scale factor errors, and biases. A techique is presented for improving the performance of FDI algorithms applied to redundant strapdown IMUs. A Kalman filter provides estimates of those linear combinations of sensor errors that affect the parity vector. These estimates are used to form a compensated parity vector which does not include the effects of sensor errors. The compensated parity vector is then used in place of the uncompensated parity vector to make FDI decisions. Simulation results are presented in which the algorithm is tested in a realistic flight environment that includes vehicle maneuvers, the effects of turbulence, and sensor failures. The results show that the algorithm can significantly improve FDI performance, especially during vehicle maneuvers.
Particle density inferred from simultaneous optical and aerodynamic diameters sorted by composition

On the same atmospheric particles, we have measured the aerodynamic diameter, the height of the scattered light pulse to estimate the optical diameter, and the composition with a laser ionization mass spectrometer. Different types of particles, as determined by the mass spectra, have distinct relationships between optical and aerodynamic diameters. The relative densities of organic and sulfate particles inferred from the aerodynamic and optical diameters are consistent with the composition inferred from the mass spectra.
Enzyme modulator mediated immunoassay (EMMIA)

Abstract 1. 1. Enzyme modulator mediated immunoassay (EMMIA) is a separation-free (homogeneous) enzyme amplified immunoassay. 2. 2. The assay is based on the ability of an analyte labeled enzyme modulator to modify the activity of an indicator enzyme and on ability of an anti-analyte antibody to abrogate the modifying action of the analyte-labeled enzyme modulator upon its binding to anti-analyte antibody. 3. 3. The principle of EMMIA is elaborated in detail. The stages in the development of an EMMIA are described. 4. 4. Criteria in selecting enzymes and modulators suitable for EMMIA are discussed. 5. 5. Examples of EMMIA's using different kinds of modulators for different classes of analytes are presented.
Alkoxy- and Aryloxyboratabenzene Complexes of Zirconium

Addition of primary and secondary alcohols to C5H5B−PMe3 (2) affords 1-alkoxyboracyclohexa-2,4-dienes in high yields. Deprotonation of these boracyclohexadienes, using NaH or lithium diisopropylami...
Metabolism of azo dyes derived from benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine and 3,3' -dimethoxybenzidine to potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines by intestinal bacteria

The metabolism of a benzidine-based dye, Direct Black 38, a 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine-based dye, Direct Red 2 and a 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine-based dye, Direct Blue 15 has been studied both in pure cultures of anaerobic bacteria and in bacterial suspensions derived from the intestinal contents of the rat. All of the pure cultures and the rat intestinal bacteria were able to reduce the azo linkages of Direct Black 38, Direct Red 2 and Direct Blue 15 with the subsequent formation of benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine and 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine, respectively. The metabolites of Direct Black 38, Direct Red 2 and Direct Blue 15 were isolated and identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and had similar chromatographic and mass spectral properties with those of authentic standards. Results from this study indicate that in vitro anaerobic incubations of rat intestinal microorganisms were able to reduce and cleave the azo bonds of dyes derived from benzidine, 3,3'-dimethylbenzidine and 3,3'-dimethoxybenzidine to form potentially carcinogenic aromatic amines.
Quality of life issues: parenteral nutrition to small bowel transplantation–a review

Parenteral nutrition (PN) has given life to patients with chronic intestinal failure who would otherwise have died. Home parenteral nutrition has improved the quality of life for many children. However, morbidity from this therapy remains significant with complications of line sepsis, lack of venous access, hepatic dysfunction, and pulmonary embolism. These complications are common in younger children. Detailed discussion must take place with the family regarding risks and benefits of PN. In those children developing complications of PN, intestinal transplantation is a logical extension of treatment. Early referral of patients for assessment is vital because significant mortality occurs when liver disease is established. Time is needed to counsel families on the potential benefits and risks of this treatment, including the physical and emotional demands made on the child and family. Overall worldwide survival for isolated small bowel transplantation is currently 50% and for combined small bowel and liver transplantation 40%. Significant complications are rejection, sepsis, and lymphoproliferative disease. Postoperative management can be complex and prolonged; child and parents require a great deal of physical and emotional support. The burden of care for parents decreases significantly after the first year. Small bowel transplantation offers a realistic alternative to PN. The choice of treatments is influenced by expected quality of life, which is just beginning to be evaluated.
Interactions of tumor-associated fetal antigens with rat histocompatibility antigens.

Abstract The physical interactions of fetal antigens (tumor-associated fetal antigens; TAFA-I, TAFA-II, and TAFA-III) with rat histocompatibility antigens were studied. TAFA-I and TAFA-III are present on syngeneic (NBR) and allogeneic (Fisher F344, Wistar Furth, and White Buffalo) rat embryo fibroblasts and on tumor cells. TAFA-II was found only on NBR (syngeneic) rat embryo fibroblasts and on NBR tumor cells. Antibody-blocking experiments were used to examine the fetal and histocompatibility antigen topography on cell membranes of tumor cells transformed by chemical and viral carcinogens. Precoating the tumor cells with alloantisera inhibited the subsequent adsorption of anti-NBR embryo, anti-TAFA-I, and anti-TAFA-III sera, but not anti-TAFA-II serum. Immunofluorescent cocapping experiments indicated that TAFA-I and TAFA-III, as well as other fetal antigens found on cells from 14-day gestation NBR embryos cocap with histocompatibility antigens when tested on syngeneic embryo fibroblasts and on sarcoma cells. TAFA-I cocapped with White Buffalo (Buf) strain rat histocompatibility antigens on herpes simplex Type II virus-transformed cells. The specificity of the TAFA-histocompatibility interactions was confirmed by demonstrating that the different anti-TAFA sera did not have contaminating antiviral antigen specificity; and also that these interactions did not occur on normal adult fibroblasts or spleen cells.