cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crowell problem solving procedure: a psychometric analysis of a laboratory measure of the caregiver–child relationship

Background Many decades of research demonstrates that the presence of and perceived quality of the parent–child bond can impact a child's health, mental health, and interpersonal trajectory for a lifetime (Weinfield, Sroufe, Egeland, & Carlson, 1999 Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: Guilford Press, 68; Lieberman, Infant Mental Health Journal, 25, 336, 2004). However, investigations regarding the utility of methods to evaluate the quality and nature of caregiver–child interactions are limited. Using clinical data from 151 caregiver–child dyads, this study examines the psychometric properties of the Crowell Problem Solving Procedure Rating Scale using exploratory factor analysis. Additionally, the predictive validity of the coding system was examined via comparisons with the Parent–Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIRGAS). Findings The child and adult scales were each psychometrically defined by a single factor that was internally consistent and well-defined conceptually by the representative items. High internal consistency for each scale provides support for the reliability of the rating scale, and suggests that the Crowell scores can be useful as two separate scales measuring a child's affective presentation and caregiver responsiveness, but also collectively as a total score assessing overall relational functioning. Aspects of the caregiver–child relationship were significantly related to PIRGAS scores on the child and adult domains. Conclusions The results of this study suggest the Crowell Problem Solving Procedure Rating Scale is a brief tool, with good internal consistency, that can assess a wide range of young children, in a clinical setting.
Gender Differences on Ultrasound Imaging of Lateral Abdominal Muscle Thickness in Asymptomatic Adults: A Pilot Study

Objective To describe gender and side-to-side differences in lateral abdominal wall muscle thickness at rest and during contraction in asymptomatic adults. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting Tertiary university outpatient musculoskeletal clinic. Patients Asymptomatic, healthy adults. Methods A single examiner with training in ultrasound (US) assessment evaluated all subjects and used a different hand to guide the US transducer on each side. Bilateral anteroposterior measurements of transversus abdominis (TrA) and internal oblique (IO) thickness were assessed at rest and during maximal contraction with the use of an abdominal draw-in maneuver (ADM). Three sets of data points were obtained on 12 subjects to determine intrarater reliability within a single session. Main Outcome Measurements Anteroposterior thickness of TrA and IO muscles (cm). Results A total of 20 subjects (mean age, 29.3 years; range, 23-46 years; 8 men and 12 women; mean body mass index, 24.4 kg/m 2 ; range, 18.9-34.9 kg/m 2 ) were examined. At rest, men had greater TrA and IO thickness compared with women (men, 0.55, and women, 0.35, P = .01; and men, 0.95, and women, 0.77, P = .04, respectively). At rest, there were no side-to-side differences of TrA or IO muscles for both genders. With an ADM, women demonstrated a significant percent change in thickness of their TrA muscle compared with men (women, 0.77, and men, 0.29, P = .001). No significant difference was found between men and women in the percent change of IO thickness with ADM (women, 0.20, and men, 0.12, P = .24). There was excellent intrarater reliability for measurements of the right abdominal muscles (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.92-0.95) and moderate-to-good intrarater reliability for measurements of the left abdominal muscles (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.62-0.92). Conclusions Asymptomatic men have greater TrA and IO thickness at rest compared with asymptomatic women; however, women demonstrated a greater percent change in TrA thickness with an ADM compared with men.
Threshold-Type Dose Response for Induction of Neoplastic Transformation by 1 GeV/nucleon Iron Ions

Abstract Elmore, E., Lao, X-Y., Kapadia, R. and Redpath, J. L. Threshold-Type Dose Response for Induction of Neoplastic Transformation by 1 GeV/nucleon Iron Ions. Radiat. Res. 171, 764ndash;770 (2009). Neoplastic transformation of HeLa × skin fibroblast human hybrid cells by doses of 1 GeV/nucleon iron ions in the range 1 cGy to 1 Gy to exposed cultures has been examined. The data indicate a threshold-type dose–response curve with no increase in transformation frequency until doses above 20 cGy. At doses <10 cGy, not all exposed cells receive a direct traversal of an iron-ion track core, but all exposed cells receive up to several mGy of low-LET radiation associated with the δ-ray penumbra. It is proposed that the threshold-type response seen is a consequence of an adaptive response associated with the δ-ray exposure. For comparison purposes, the dose response for 137Cs γ rays over the same dose range was examined using the same experimental procedure. As we have shown previously, the dose response for 13...
Performance of a Parallel Molecular Dynamics Program for Computation of Thermal Properties

The parallel performance of classical molecular dynamics simulations of the thermal properties of solid-state materials is evaluated. Computations are validated by predicting the bulk silicon thermal conductivity as a function of temperature. The performance of the computational algorithm and software are tested on three different architectures, including the IBM BlueGene, the IBM Power 4 +, and an Intel Xeon Linux cluster, corresponding to different combinations of processor speeds, communications bandwidth, and latency. Two popular three-body potentials used for silicon simulation are evaluated and compared. In addition, the popular Lennard-Jones potential is used to investigate to role of cutoff distance on parallel performance.
Archives and Society: David B. Gracy II and the Value of Archives

As president of the Society of American Archivists (SAA) for 1983–84, David B. Gracy II initiated the Archives and Society program, which focused on the value of archives to all members of society. This program included an effort to redefine the term “archivist” in order to emphasize the relevance and significance of the archival profession, a social marketing investigation of “the image of archives and archivists” as held by organizational resource allocators, and other efforts to promote broader understanding of the archival profession. This essay examines the Archives and Society initiative, the leadership of David Gracy, and the ongoing legacy of his term as president of SAA.
Why was there mandatory retirement

Abstract Lazear argues that hours constraints and mandatory retirement form part of an efficient contract which inhibits worker shirking. He argues that initially workers earn less than their VMP and must work more than they want while later they earn more than their VMP and must work less. However, if bonding is costly, incentive compatibility requires that workers can never exceed the contracted hours. In addition, hours will be set so that VMP exceeds the disutility of employment. Consequently, being paid more than their VMP is only sufficient not necessary for workers to be constrained to work less than they wish.
Comment on ``Orientation, alignment, and hyperfine effects on dissociation of diatomic molecules to open shell atoms''

A recent paper in this journal [Y. B. Band et al., J. Chem. Phys. 84, 3762 (1986)] reported parameters describing orientation and alignment produced, in an axial recoil limit, by one photon dissociation of diatomic molecules. Reported also were values, applicable to the resonance transitions of the alkali atoms, for orientation and alignment depolarization coefficients. Most of the numerical values reported for the coefficients were incorrect, in some cases by as much as a factor of 2. We report a tabulation of correct depolarization coefficients applicable to the resonance transitions of common alkali isotopes. Further, the coefficients depend on measured hyperfine splittings and radiative lifetimes. Thus, uncertainties in the coefficients reflecting those in measured quantities are also presented. An application of our results to a recent Na2 photodissociation experiment [E. W. Rothe et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 22, 100 (1980)] is also made.
The effect of stimulus interval on the auditory evoked response during sleep in autistic children.

The averaged auditory evoked response to pairs of clicks separated by a 500 msec intrapair interval was measured in 10 autistic children, 8 boys and 2 girls, during Stage 2 and REM sleep. The long interval between paired clicks varied from 2 to 6.5 sec. Lengthening the interpair interval significantly increased amplitudes of responses to both clicks of each pair during Stage 2 and to the first during REM. With no effect during Stage 2, it significantly increased the response latency to the second click during REM. Such lengthening did not affect the amplitude recovery ratio during Stage 2 or REM, nor the latency recovery ratio in Stage 2, while increasing the latter during REM. It induced a significantly greater increase in latency ratio in autistic than age-matched normal children during REM. However, no difference was noted in recovery ratio between autistic and normal children at either interpair stimulus interval.
Effects of progesterone on endometrial prostaglandins in sheep

The effects of progesterone on endometrial levels of prostaglandins were investigated in intact and ovariectomized ewes. In the first experiment 17 ewes were ovariectomized bilaterally on day 4 of the estrous cycle. Eight ewes served as controls and 9 ewes received 10 mg progesterone on days 4 through 8. All ewes were killed on day 9. The concentration (ng/g) and content (ng/uterus) of PGF2α were lower (P<.05) in the progesterone-treated ewes (18 and 204, respectively) compared to the controls (64 and 575, respectively). In the second experiment, 20 intact ewes received 40 mg progesterone in corn oil and 20 intact ewes received corn oil only on days 0 and 1 of the estrous cycle. Ten ewes in each group were killed on day 5 and ten on day 9. A significant increase (P<.05) in PGF2α content, but not concentration, was detected due to progesterone treatment. PGF2α did not vary with day or the interaction of day with progesterone treatment. No differences in PGF1α content or concentration were detected in either experiment. The results suggest that progesterone, by itself, is not responsible for the previously reported increase in levels of prostaglandin in the endometrium of ewes at day 14 of the estrous cycle. The luteolytic effect of progesterone given early in the estrous cycle could result in part from increased levels of PGF2α.
Distribution of seven homology groups of mitochondrial plasmids in Neurospora: evidence for widespread mobility between species in nature.

A survey of mitochondrial DNAs from over 225 Neurospora and related fungal isolates from around the world uncovered three new homology groups of mitochondrial plasmids, two divergent subgroups of the Fiji plasmid family, and extended previous data about plasmid distribution patterns. Newly-discovered circular plasmids, Java and MB1, and the linear Moorea plasmids, were found in relatively-few isolates. A large proportion of isolates (51%) were found to have these or previously-discovered plasmids in the Varkud, kalilo, LaBelle, or Fiji families. Plasmids in most families were found in isolates world-wide and distributed nearly randomly with respect to species. As many as three types of plasmids were found in single isolates, and plasmids typically were found alone or in pairs in a random, independent pattern. The regional clustering of some plasmids was independent of species. providing a strong argument that horizontal transfer of plasmids occurs frequently in nature. Some plasmid families were much more diverse than others. The Fiji plasmids are a superfamily composed of distinct subgroups defined by degrees of cross-hybridization. Between some subgroups there were large regions of non-homology.
Memory for the dimensions of requests

Speech act theory suggests that the form of requests conveys pragmatically important information about the social status of speaker and addressee. It was hypothesized that requests that violate conversational conventions governing the use of polite and direct requests by high- and low-status speakers would be accurately remembered. Multidimensional scaling was used to scale different forms of requests on two dimensions: politeness and directness. In a study of verbatim memory for requests, subjects accurately recalled polite requests by high-status speakers but not polite requests by low-status speakers. In contrast, subjects recalled impolite requests by low-status speakers while forgetting or distorting impolite requests by high-status speakers. These results confirm the prediction that requests which violate conversational conventions are more memorable than requests that conform to the rules.
Hyperbolic construction of Cantor sets

In this paper we present a new construction of the ternary Cantor set within the context of Gromov hyperbolic geometry. Unlike the standard construction, where one proceeds by removing middle-third intervals, our construction uses the collection of the removed intervals. More precisely, we first hyperbolize (in the sense of Gromov) the collection of the removed middle-third open intervals, then we define a visual metric on its boundary at infinity and then we show that the resulting metric space is isometric to the Cantor set. 1. The ternary Cantor set The ternary Cantor set C is one of the most familiar fractals in mathematics. Recall its standard construction, which is based on the Euclidean notion of length. Begin with the closed unit interval C0DT0; 1U R, then remove the open middle-third interval, constructing C1D 0; 1 [ 2 ; 1 . We then remove the middle-third of
Mechanisms for complement-free procurement

We study procurement auctions when the buyer has complement-free (subadditive) objectives in the budget feasibility model (Singer 2010). For general subadditive functions we give a randomized universally truthful mechanism which is an O(log2 n) approximation, and an O(log3 n) deterministic truthful approximation mechanism; both mechanisms are in the demand oracle model. For cut functions, an interesting case of nonincreasing objectives, we give both randomized and deterministic truthful and budget feasible approximation mechanisms that achieve a constant approximation factor.
Mechanistische Aspekte der Olefin‐Metathese

In diesem Aufsatz werden Anschauungen uber die Art des Ubergangszustands bei der Olefin-Metathese diskutiert. Die fruher angenommene paarweise Umordnung ist kurzlich angezweifelt worden. Metathese-Studien sowohl an acyclischen als auch an cyclischen Olefinen legen einen Kettenmechanismus nahe, bei dem die Umwandlung eines Carbens in einen Metallocyclus fur die Umalkylidenierung verantwortlich sein konnte. Einige Katalysator-Systeme, die bei terminalen Olefinen nur eine niedrige Metathese-Aktivitat zeigen, fuhren in Mischungen von terminalen Olefinen und Olefinen mit innenstandiger Doppelbindung dagegen selektiv zu gekreuzten Produkten. Kritische Experimente zeigen, das terminale Olefine bevorzugt einer schnellen regenerativen Metathese unterliegen. Einige Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, das die strengsten sterischen Anforderungen an das β-C-Atom gestellt werden; einleuchtende Grunde fur diese sterische Forderung gibt es jedoch nicht.
Effect of Helicobacter pylori on marginal ulcer and stomal stenosis after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

Abstract Background Conflicting data have been published regarding whether Helicobacter pylori (HP) positivity is associated with increased complication rates in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods We retrospectively examined the rate of complications in patients undergoing RYGB according to preoperative HP positivity and persistent post-treatment positivity to determine whether a correlation exists. Results A total of 228 patients underwent RYGB during a 2-year period (2009–2011). No patient had evidence of active ulcer disease on preoperative endoscopy. Of the 228 patients, 68 tested positive for HP on serum antigen screening and were treated with omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxillin. After treatment, 24 patients were persistently positive on repeat endoscopic biopsy. Of the 228 patients, 12 experienced a total of 13 complications (stomal stenosis in 8, marginal ulcer in 5, and none with anastomotic leak or gastrointestinal bleeding). Of the 68 patients with HP positivity preoperatively, 1 complication (2.3%) developed in the 44 patients who had responded to triple therapy, and no complications occurred in the 24 patients who had remained positive after treatment ( P = 1.00), showing no difference. Also, no significant difference was found in the rate of complications ( P = .11) between patients who were HP negative preoperatively (11 of 160, 6.9%) and those who were positive preoperatively (1 of 68, 1.5%). Conclusion HP status, whether positive preoperatively or persistently positive after treatment, had no effect on the marginal ulcer or stomal stenosis rates in patients undergoing RYGB in the present study.
S-phase entry upon ectopic expression of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases in the absence of retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation

Abstract In mammalian cells, the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is thought to negatively regulate progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle by its association with the transcription factor E2F [1–3]. Rb–E2F complexes suppress transcription of genes required for DNA synthesis ([4], reviewed in [3,5]), and the prevailing view is that phosphorylation of Rb by complexes of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) and their regulatory cyclin subunits, and the subsequent release of active E2F, is required for S-phase entry [1–3]. This view is based, in part, on the fact that ectopic expression of cyclin–Cdks leads to Rb phosphorylation and that this modification correlates with S-phase entry [6–8]. In Drosophila , however, cyclin E expression can bypass a requirement for E2F, suggesting that cyclins may activate replication independently of the Rb/E2F pathway [9]. We sought to examine whether Rb phosphorylation is a prerequisite for S-phase entry in Rb-deficient SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells, using a commonly used cotransfection assay [6–8,10]. We find that a G1 arrest in SAOS-2 cells mediated by an Rb mutant lacking all 14 consensus Cdk phosphorylation sites is bypassed by coexpressing G1-specific E-type or D-type cyclin–Cdk complexes, and that injection of purified cyclin–Cdks during G1 accelerates S-phase entry. Our results indicate that Rb phosphorylation is not essential for S-phase entry when G1 cyclin–Cdks are overexpressed, and that other substrates of these kinases can be rate-limiting for the G1 to S-phase transition. These data also reveal that the SAOS-2 cotransfection assay is complicated by Rb-independent effects of the coexpressed Cdks.
Circuit Debug using Time Resolved Emission (TRE) Prober - A Case Study

Time resolved emission microscopy (TRE) is a revolutionary tool used in advanced microprocessors silicon debug. Unlike other debug tools, the interpretation of TRE data may not be straightforward and can sometimes be misleading. In this paper we show through a case study why this is true. Interpretation of TRE data should be done carefully with good knowledge on device emission physics, circuit behavior and creative fault analysis.
LXRα functions as a cAMP-responsive transcriptional regulator of gene expression

LXRα is a member of a nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates transcription. LXRα forms a heterodimer with RXRα, another member of this family, to regulate the expression of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase by means of binding to the DR4-type cis-element. Here, we describe a function for LXRα as a cAMP-responsive regulator of renin and c-myc gene transcriptions by the interaction with a specific cis-acting DNA element, CNRE (an overlapping cAMP response element and a negative response element). Our previous studies showed that renin gene expression is regulated by cAMP, at least partly, through the CNRE sequence in its 5′-flanking region. This sequence is also found in c-myc and several other genes. Based on our cloning results using the yeast one-hybrid system, we discovered that the mouse homologue of human LXRα binds to the CNRE and demonstrated that it binds as a monomer. To define the function of LXRα on gene expression, we transfected the renin-producing renal As4.1 cells with LXRα expression plasmid. Overexpression of LXRα in As4.1 cells confers cAMP inducibility to reporter constructs containing the renin CNRE. After stable transfection of LXRα, As4.1 cells show a cAMP-inducible up-regulation of renin mRNA expression. In parallel experiments, we demonstrated that LXRα can also bind to the homologous CNRE in the c-myc promoter. cAMP promotes transcription through c-myc/CNRE:LXRα interaction in LXRα transiently transfected cells and increases c-myc mRNA expression in stably transfected cells. Identification of LXRα as a cAMP-responsive nuclear modulator of renin and c-myc expression not only has cardiovascular significance but may have generalized implication in the regulation of gene transcription.
Pressure distributions of gaseous slip flow in straight and uniform rectangular microchannels

This paper presents analytical derivations of the pressure distribution in straight and uniform rectangular microchannels in the slip flow regime and new experimental data in those channels. The flow is to be steady state, two-dimensional, isothermal, and to have negligible transverse velocities with a first order slip boundary condition. The measured pressure distributions of airflows are compared with newly derived analytical results. There is close agreement between the measurements and calculation by the slip flow formula. The dimensionless location of the maximum deviation from the linear pressure distribution is found analytically and compared with the measurements. This dimensionless location of the maximum deviation increases with the increasing pressure ratios in the slip flow regime. The effect of several parameters such as the channel aspect ratio and the Knudsen number on the locations of maximum deviation from linearity are investigated. The nonlinearity of the pressure distribution is also discussed.
Mechanism of laser ablation in an absorbing fluid field

Selection of a laser source for intravascular applications has frequently been predicated upon assumptions involving transmissibility in blood of the wavelength of light emitted by a given laser. Standard absorption curves for ultraviolet radiation in blood and infrared radiation in water would suggest that transmission of ultraviolet radiation through a blood field and infrared radiation through any aqueous fluid field would be insufficient for tissue ablation. The present series of experiments was undertaken to determine whether these theoretical predictions would in fact obviate the use of these wavelengths in a blood field. Specimens of normal human myocardium and/or polyvinylchloride were submerged under blood and water and irradiated with ultraviolet radiation (351 nm) delivered as a focused beam and via an optical fiber and infrared radiation (10,600 nm) delivered as a focused beam. Ablation of myocardium was successfully accomplished with a focused beam of both ultraviolet and infrared radiation under as much as 5 mm of blood and with ultraviolet radiation via an optical fiber with the fiber tip up to 3 mm distant from the tissue specimen. High-speed cine recordings of ablation carried out using a focused beam of laser radiation demonstrated that formation of a dynamic optical cavity ismore » the basis for successful pulsed ultraviolet and infrared laser transanguineous tissue ablation. These results thus demonstrate that prediction of wavelength transmission through fluid media based on optical properties of a static fluid does not predict ability to accomplish ablation under dynamic circumstances of laser irradiation.« less
Electronic structure of silver nanowires on Cu(1 1 0)

Abstract Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy acquired at the CAMD 3 m NIM beamline/Scienta 200 endstation has been used to probe the reduced-dimensional electronic structure of self-assembled silver nanowires on Cu(1 1 0). Prior STM results show that the Ag(1 1 0) nanowires grown on Cu(1 1 0) orientate with the long axis parallel to the [ 1 1 ¯ 0 ] substrate direction. In accordance, angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) results reveal that the valence bands within the Ag nanowire are strongly anisotropic with clear-band dispersion in the along-wire direction, but no dispersion in the across-wire direction. This strongly suggests that the valence electrons of Ag behave one dimensionally in the lateral plane (along the wire) and have little interaction with the lattice perpendicular to the nanowire.
Anatomy of the entrepreneurial university

This article analyzes the evolution of the entrepreneurial university from a narrow focus on capturing the commercializable results of the ‘meandering stream of basic research’ to a broader interes...
Optimal stopping in a fuzzy environment

Abstract The problem under consideration is that of optimally controlling and stopping either a deterministic or a stochastic system in a fuzzy environment. The optimal decision is the sequence of controls that maximizes the membership function of the intersection of the fuzzy constraints and a fuzzy goal. The fuzzy goal is a fuzzy set in the cartesian product of the state space with the set of possible stopping times. Dynamic programming is applied to yield a numerical solution. This approach yields an algorithm that corrects a result of Kacprzyk.
Estrogen Effects on Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I)–Induced Cell Proliferation and IGF-I Expression in Native and Allograft Vessels

Background Estrogen protects against cardiovascular disease in both patients and animal models and regulates insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), an important cell-cycle progression factor. Methods and Results Smooth muscle cells and tissues were harvested from male recipient rabbits that 6 weeks earlier had received a cardiac allograft transplant consisting of a donor heart and ascending aorta. Segments of the ascending aorta from the native and allograft hearts from 9 placebo-treated and 8 estradiol-treated recipients were compared by using IGF-I–stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation. The responses of the native vessel segments were similar (175.3±32% and 166.9±41%, respectively; P>.05) whether or not the recipients had been treated for 6 weeks with estradiol. In the grafts, however, estradiol markedly inhibited vascular cell thymidine incorporation (328.04±56% compared with 67.3±11%; P<.02). Smooth muscle cells were derived from the native aorta of the placebo-treated rabbits to study the effect of e...
Topology of the pyroxenes as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition as determined from the procrystal electron density

The distribution of bonds associated with the M2 sites in various well-ordered pyroxene minerals is determined using a topological analysis of electron density in the manner proposed by Bader (1998). Each M2 atom is bonded to 2 O1 and to 2 O2 atoms, and to zero, one, two, or four bridging O3 atoms. Each of the symmetries displayed by pyroxenes have their own bonding systematics, and each pyroxene-to-pyroxene phase transition involves a change in bonding to M2. As a function of temperature or pressure, the bonding changes appear as a well-defined sequence of steps that can be related to the degree of distortion from the ideal closest packing of anions. It is proposed that the condition at which an individual phase transition occurs is related to M2-Si repulsion through a shared edge. The bonding analysis should provide a qualitative means to interpret the behavior of all pyroxene structures over T , P , and x , and may guide the interpretation of the changes in properties observed by techniques other than X-ray diffraction, such as Raman spectroscopy.
Effects of continuous passive motion on the edematous hands of two persons with flaccid hemiplegia.

Objectives. This study evaluated the effect ojthe use oj a continuous passive motion device Jar the edematous hands ojtwo persons with jlaccid hemzplegia. Method. The subjects were both 1 month post­ cerebrovascular accident with leji-sided hemiplegia. Each subject's routine therapy program was main­ tained throughout this ABA design study. During the Jirst week. baseline data were gathered, during the second week the intervention was provided (2 hr oj continuous passive motion device use), and during the third week data were gathered with treatment withdrawn. Edema was measured with a hand /Jolu­ meter andfinger Circumference. Results. The continuous passive rnotion device had an effect in reducing edema in the hands 0/ the two subjects. Conclusion. The continuous passive motion device is a readiZy available tool that could enhance the treatment ofedematous hands ofpersons with flaccid hemiplegia by offering a contribution to already es­ tablished treatment protocols Further research is needed, however, 10 establish gUidelines for use
RANTES Modulates TLR4-Induced Cytokine Secretion in Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes

Monocytes are the key regulators of joint inflammation and destruction in rheumatoid arthritis; hence, suppression of their recruitment into the joint may be therapeutically beneficial. Chemokines, including RANTES, are highly expressed in the joints of patient with rheumatoid arthritis, and they promote leukocyte trafficking into the synovial tissue. Because endogenous TLR4 ligands are expressed in the rheumatoid joint, the TLR4 ligand LPS was used to characterize the effects of RANTES on the TLR4-mediated induction of TNF-α and IL-6. Using peripheral blood (PB) monocytes, RANTES decreased LPS-induced IL-6 transcriptionally, whereas TNF-α was suppressed at the posttranscriptional level. RANTES signaled through p38 MAPK, and this signaling was further enhanced by LPS stimulation in PB monocytes, resulting in the earlier and increased secretion of IL-10. Inhibition of p38 by short-interfering RNA or a chemical inhibitor, as well as neutralization of IL-10, reversed the RANTES-mediated suppression of LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α. Further, when rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid was added to PB monocytes, the neutralization of RANTES in fluid reduced the LPS-induced IL-10 and increased TNF-α. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that RANTES down-regulates TLR4 ligation-induced IL-6 and TNF-α secretion by enhancing IL-10 production in PB monocytes. These observations suggest that the therapeutic neutralization of RANTES, in addition to decreasing the trafficking of leukocytes, may have a proinflammatory effect at the site of established chronic inflammation.
A primer in cartilage repair

Hyaline articular cartilage has been known to be a troublesome tissue to repair once damaged. Since the introduction of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in 1994, a renewed interest in the field of cartilage repair with new repair techniques and the hope for products that are regenerative have blossomed. This article reviews the basic science structure and function of articular cartilage, and techniques that are presently available to effect repair and their expected outcomes.
Robust estimation of crop residue cover via ulti/hyperspectral sensing

Agricultural crop residues have a significant role in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, and soil erosion. In the Midwestern United States, residue cover is strongly related to tillage practices. Estimates of residue cover have been obtained from various multispectral and hyperspectral indices. Methods based on hyperspectral data yield superior results and are more robust to variation in soils and vegetation cover, but are limited by availability of data. Approaches that utilize multispectral data require local field data to calibrate models and have limited generalization over extended areas. The goal of this study is to investigate approaches to exploit the superior discrimination capability of hyperspectral data to improve results derived from multispectral data over extended areas and reduce dependence on local field based measurements. A classification based approach which utilizes the CAI hyperspectral index to identify labeled data associated with residue cover classes corresponding to intensity of tillage, and a regression modeling approach which relates CAI and NDTI, are evaluated to estimate residue coverage in soybean and corn fields in typical agricultural lands in central Indiana, U.S.A.
Overview: The HMO Environment in the Eighties and Related Issues in Health Education

Solid, though unspectacular, growth of the HMO concept and its concomitant health education components is noted in the 1970s. This trend is expected to continue through the 80s. The overarching priority concern in this decade is cost containment. Two strategies for containment, competition and regulation, are examined for their health education implications. The growth of IPA's brings forth problems in the delivery of health education services within that type of HMO. Other implications and issues within health education practice are identified. These include multiple definitions of health education, the interactive behavioral model, incongruent values among professionals, the relationship of patient education to the quality of care, the marginality of health education, financing, and consumer rights. Realistic, immediate expectations coupled with strong vision of the future potential for health education is urged.
Clinic Consortia Media Advocacy Capacity: Partnering with the Media and Increasing Policymaker Awareness

Media advocacy is a popular means of crafting and disseminating messages broadly and has been used by advocates to increase policymaker and public awareness of key health policy issues, such as the...
The Complexity of Destruction in Darfur: Historical Processes and Regional Dynamics

This paper analyzes the complex historical and regional factors that contribute to the escalation of destruction from 2003 on in Darfur. Darfur is not an isolated case that suddenly erupted in violence. It is the most recent case in a long history of repeated violations by the Sudanese state against its citizens. From the use of proxy militias (the Janjaweed) to signing peace agreements that fragment and weaken the opposition, destruction in Darfur continues government strategies of divide and rule. At the same time, complex regional dynamics especially between Sudan, Chad and the Central African Republic add to violence and instability within states and across borders. The paper emphasizes the speed with which during 2003–2005 over 2.4 million were uprooted from their homes and the ongoing vulnerability of internally displaced persons to attacks, disease and malnutrition. This restructuring of the population in Darfur is part of a strategy to control the populace and redistribute land and other resources. The multicausal origin of the conflict and its increasing complexity points to the difficulty of providing security for the people in Darfur and resolving the conflict.
Heat transfer with stratified gas-liquid flow

This article presents a method for predicting local Nusselt numbers for heat transfer to a stratified gas-liquid flow for turbulent liquid/turbulent gas conditions. A mathematical model based on the analogy between momentum transfer and heat transfer is developed and tested, using heat transfer and fluid mechanics data taken for air/water flow in a 63.5 mm I.D. tube. The fluid mechanics parameters required for the prediction of the heat transfer characteristics are obtained in the manner outlined elsewhere. Liquid phase Nusselt numbers predicted by the analogy are shown to be in agreement with experimental results for large and small amplitude wavy interfacial conditions. The circumferential average gas phase Nusselt numbers are in rough agreement with the Dittus-Boelter equation for single phase flow based on flow through a conduit of irregular shape. There is a tendency for the average gas phase Nusselt numbers to scatter about predicted values because of the effects of splashing and droplet deposition on the tube wall in the vicinity of the gas-liquid interface.
Oxidative Damage to Plasma Proteins in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome

There is evidence that patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome are under severe oxidative stress that leads to molecular damage. Oxidative stress appears to be inherent in the disease process as well as an unfortunate complication of essential treatment with oxygen. Eight critically ill patients with an established diagnosis of adult respiratory distress syndrome requiring high inspired oxygen concentrations administered by ultra high frequency jet ventilation, were studied. Three patients survived (38%). For the group as a whole, there was evidence of increased protein damage, measured on serial plasma samples as an increase in protein carbonyls (meansM, 1.41 ±0.09 nmol/mg protein), compared with Intensive Care Unit (ICU) controls (1.24 ±0.09 nmol/mg protein), and normal healthy controls (0.940 ±0.04 nmol/mg protein). Protein thiol groups were decreased in the ARDS group (4.56 ± 0.50 nmol/mg protein) compared with ICU controls (5.5 ±0.27 nmol/mg protein), and the normal healthy controls (6.55 ±...
The microRNA miR-7 regulates Tramtrack69 in a developmental switch in Drosophila follicle cells

Development in multicellular organisms includes both small incremental changes and major switches of cell differentiation and proliferation status. During Drosophila oogenesis, the follicular epithelial cells undergo two major developmental switches that cause global changes in the cell-cycle program. One, the switch from the endoreplication cycle to a gene-amplification phase, during which special genomic regions undergo repeated site-specific replication, is attributed to Notch downregulation, ecdysone signaling activation and upregulation of the zinc-finger protein Tramtrack69 (Ttk69). Here, we report that the microRNA miR-7 exerts an additional layer of regulation in this developmental switch by regulating Ttk69 transcripts. miR-7 recognizes the 3' UTR of ttk69 transcripts and regulates Ttk69 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of miR-7 effectively blocks the switch from the endocycle to gene amplification through its regulation of ttk69. miR-7 and Ttk69 also coordinate other cell differentiation events, such as vitelline membrane protein expression, that lead to the formation of the mature egg. Our studies reveal the important role miR-7 plays in developmental decision-making in association with signal-transduction pathways.
"Healthy avenues of the mind": psychological theory building and the influence of religion during the era of moral treatment.

OBJECTIVE: This article delineates the main psychological interventions used by American asylum superintendents practicing moral treatment between 1815 and 1875. Further, it explores the impact of Protestant religious ideas on specific aspects of moral treatment's theory and practice. METHOD: Asylum annual reports written by superintendents (physicians dedicated to the treatment of the mentally ill) were studied along with volumes of the American Journal of Insanity from its premier issue in 1844 through the 1890s. The writings of two laymen, Thomas Gallaudet and Horace Mann, both committed advocates of moral treatment, were also examined. RESULTS: The superintendents espoused complex theories about individual psychology and the nature of the self based on their observations. Protestant religious thought was a major influence, helping to catalyze original psychological propositions. Interesting resonances can be found between the superintendents' concept of a central agency, a governing “I” accounting for...
What Do They Need? Intrinsic Motivation and Online Leadership Learning

Online and hybrid classes have become common in the fields of leadership education. The pressure to implement these delivery models comes from both students and institutions. It is essential to ensure that these models meet student learning needs as well as the increased demand. This action research study uses survey data from three sections of students (two hybrid, one face-to-face) in an educational leadership program to evaluate their levels of intrinsic motivation as it relates to the delivery model of classes. Key findings include the need to provide students with choice about the delivery model, the need to establish a sense of community within all delivery models, and the fact that instructors and administrators must acknowledge the increased pressure and tension that may be factors in the learning of students experiencing new paradigms of learning.
Perceptual reversals during binocular rivalry: ERP components and their concomitant source differences

We used an intermittent stimulus presentation to investigate event-related potential (ERP) components associated with perceptual reversals during binocular rivalry. The combination of spatiotemporal ERP analysis with source imaging and statistical parametric mapping of the concomitant source differences yielded differences in three time windows: reversals showed increased activity in early visual (∼120 ms) and in inferior frontal and anterior temporal areas (∼400-600 ms) and decreased activity in the ventral stream (∼250-350 ms). The combination of source imaging and statistical parametric mapping suggests that these differences were due to differences in generator strength and not generator configuration, unlike the initiation of reversals in right inferior parietal areas. These results are discussed within the context of the extensive network of brain areas that has been implicated in the initiation, implementation, and appraisal of bistable perceptual reversals.
A simple algorithm for broadband detection and sorting

A discussion is presented of an approach for automating the detection and sorting of multiple contacts in a multibeam, broadband detection system. The algorithm uses an ambiguity surface that is generated by integrating the existing broadband detection outputs according to predefined hypotheses of potential contact bearing and bearing rate. Thresholding the surface and grouping points above the threshold identifies the contacts. The sorting algorithm eliminates multiple detections of the same contact and generates a track history based on the centroid bearing and the bearing rate of the detected contacts. >
Taking the Law into Their Own Hands: Do Local Anti-Immigrant Ordinances Increase Gun Sales?

In recent years, more than 24 Pennsylvania communities have proposed restrictionist immigration ordinances. These policies include fines for employers and landlords of undocumented immigrants, and English-only declarations. Using fixed effects regression, I find that the proposal of these policies was associated with a 6 percent increase in handgun sales in the Pennsylvania counties in which these ordinances were formally considered. I use ethnographic and newspaper data from Pennsylvania to uncover the mechanisms that link these laws with increased gun purchases. I find that as public leaders made the case for these policies, they increasingly linked immigrants with crime and social disorder. These menacing portrayals of immigrants intensified social anxiety, which led to an increase in gun purchases. These results are replicated using concealed gun permits data from South Carolina. This article contributes to the symbolic politics literature by showing the social consequences of politicians’ use of threatening symbols to portray immigrants, as well as to the gun-ownership literature by providing evidence for the role of social and political factors in influencing gun acquisition. The proliferation of gun ownership could have worrisome public health consequences in communities experiencing rapid demographic changes.
Adaptive Control of the NASA Generic Transport Model Using Retrospective Cost Optimization

We provide a detailed description of retrospective-cost based adaptive control, which is a discrete-time adaptive control law for stabilization, command following, and disturbance rejection that is effective for systems that are unstable, MIMO, and/or nonminimum phase. The adaptive control algorithm includes guidelines concerning the modeling information needed for implementation. This information includes the sign of the high-frequency gain as well as the nonminimum-phase zeros. Except when the plant has nonminimum-phase zeros whose absolute value is less than the plant’s spectral radius, the required information can be approximated by a sufficient number of Markov parameters. No additional information about the poles or zeros need be known, and no matching conditions are required. We apply this adaptive control technique to NASA’s Generic Transport Model to illustrate disturbance rejection under unknown, reduced controller authority.
Enhanced multimode fiber link performance using a spatially resolved receiver

In this letter, we demonstrate a new spatially resolved photodetection and equalization technique that compensates for differential modal delay in multimode fiber (MMF) links. We experimentally demonstrate in excess of a two-fold bandwidth increase using a simple two-segment photodetector that retains all of the advantages associated with multimode fiber including alignment tolerance. Furthermore, we characterize the MMF output in the far-field demonstrating that the temporal response depends upon spatial coordinate and allowing numerical optimization of the technique.
Developments in molecular genetic techniques in fisheries

The use of molecular genetic techniques in fisheries research has increased dramatically over the past several years, largely due to the increased availability of techniques and an increased awareness of the value of genetic data. Today, the boundaries of fisheriesrelated molecular genetic research encompass topics from the identification of markers for stock discrimination (Park et al., 1993) to the genetics of pathogenic organisms of commercially important species (Meyers et al., 1992) to the expression of growth factors during maturation (Duguay et al., 1992). We cannot hope to cover all of these applications in the space of this review but we would like to at least acknowledge the breadth of research that is being conducted. With that said, we shall focus primarily on molecular methods as they relate to population genetic/evolutionary questions, because most data (in terms of volume and diversity) exist for these applications, and this is our area of research. Research in this area generally involves the characterization of molecular genetic variants that can be used as genetic markers.