cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convection and Diffusion in Charged Hydrated Soft Tissues: A Mixture Theory Approach

The extracellular matrix of cartilage is a charged porous fibrous material. Transport phenomena in such a medium are very complex. In this study, solute diffusive flux and convective flux in porous fibrous media were investigated using a continuum mixture theory approach. The intrinsic diffusion coefficient of solute in the mixture was defined and its relation to drag coefficients was presented. The effect of mechanical loading on solute diffusion in cartilage under unconfined compression with a frictionless boundary condition was analyzed numerically using the model developed. Both strain-dependent hydraulic permeability and diffusivity were considered. Analyses and results show that (1) In porous media, the convective velocity for each solute phase is different. (2) The solute convection in tissue is governed by the relative convective velocity (i.e., relative to solid velocity). (3) Under the assumption that all the frictional interactions among solutes are negligible, the relative convective velocity for α-solute phase is equal to the relative solvent velocity multiplied by its convective coefficient (H α) which is also known as the hindrance factor in the literature. The relationship between the convective coefficient and the relative diffusivity of solute is presented. (4) Solute concentration profile within the cartilage sample depends on the phase of dynamic compression.
Single and multiple input modules in regulatory networks

Interactions between transcription factors and target genes form regulatory networks that control target gene expression. Regulatory networks contain canonical motifs, including the feed forward loop (FFL), single input module (SIM), and multiple input module (MIM) (Fig. 1). A challenge for network analysis is to identify and enumerate the motifs, required to illuminate their biological significance. Although there is consensus about the definition of the FFL, published definitions of the SIM and MIM are unclear and often used inconsistently. Here, we provide, for the first time, a complete and consistent definition of SIM and MIM, and algorithms for enumerating SIMs and MIMs in any network. From the algorithmic point of view, enumeration of SIMs and MIMs is substantially harder than enumerating FFLs. We compare the distributions of motifs in the Yeast regulatory network under different physiological conditions, reported earlier by the landmark paper of Luscombe et al. (Nature 2004, 431: 308–312). Our reanalysis shows major differences in the number of motifs compared with the results of those authors, requiring significant revision of some of their conclusions. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Learning patterns in combinatorial protein libraries by Support Vector Machines

Recent advances such as directed evolution and high throughput experiments can generate recombinant protein libraries and screen them for properties of interest. However it is impractical to span the theoretical range of combinatorial library and hence predictive models using the limited experimental data are of invaluable use. In this work, we have developed a novel machine learning strategy using Support Vector Machine (SVM) to predict the folding nature of recombinant proteins from Cytochrome P450 family using available experimental data. The folding-status is determined by an empirical energy model based on pair-wise interactions. It is shown that applying similarity-kernel function to the SVM formulation enables inclusion of many body interaction terms without additional computational effort. This approach can be generalized to other recombinant families and different properties of interest. The inferences derived by analyzing the data using the new method are in agreement with published results.
Chloroplast division during leaf development of Xanthium pensylvanicum Wallr. (Compositae)

Division and growth of chloroplasts was studied during leaf development of Xanthium pensylvanicum at various stages of development represented by the leaf plastochron index.Between leaf plastochron indices -1.00 and 2.56 chloroplast division was observed with little enlargement. Between 2.50 and 5.00 chloroplasts enlarged in diameter with an average rate of 0.21 µm per day. At leaf plastochron index 5.00 chloroplasts attained their mature size of 6.12 µm. No chloroplast division was found after leaf plastochron index 2.50. A change in shape of plastids from spherical proplastids to discoidal accompanied their growth during stages 2.50 and 5.00.
Basic principles of electrolyte chemistry for microfluidic electrokinetics. Part II: Coupling between ion mobility, electrolysis, and acid–base equilibria

We present elements of electrolyte dynamics and electrochemistry relevant to microfluidic electrokinetics experiments. In Part I of this two-paper series, we presented a review and introduction to the fundamentals of acid–base chemistry. Here, we first summarize the coupling between acid–base equilibrium chemistry and electrophoretic mobilities of electrolytes, at both infinite and finite dilution. We then discuss the effects of electrode reactions on microfluidic electrokinetic experiments and derive a model for pH changes in microchip reservoirs during typical direct-current electrokinetic experiments. We present a model for the potential drop in typical microchip electrophoresis device. The latter includes finite element simulation to estimate the relative effects of channel and reservoir dimensions. Finally, we summarize effects of electrode and electrolyte characteristics on potential drop in microfluidic devices. As a whole, the discussions highlight the importance of the coupling between electromigration and electrophoresis, acid–base equilibria, and electrochemical reactions.
A fatality caused by accidental production of hydrogen sulfide.

Abstract A 55-year-old male Caucasian truck driver was dead at the scene after breathing hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) produced by an accidental transfer of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) from a tanker truck to a tank containing 4% sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and iron(II) sulfate (FeSO 4 ). Autopsy of the decedent’s body revealed pulmonary edema and passive congestion in lungs, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands. Postmortem biological samples were analyzed for carbon monoxide, cyanide, ethanol, and drugs. Since a potential exposure to H 2 S was involved, blood was also analyzed for sulfide (S 2− ). The analysis entailed isolating S 2− from blood as H 2 S using 0.5 M H 3 PO 4 , trapping the gas in 0.1 M NaOH, and determining the electromotive force using a sulfide ion specific electrode. Acetaminophen at a concentration of 14.3 μg/ml was found in blood, and metoprolol was detected in the blood, liver, and kidney samples. The blood S 2− level was determined to be 1.68 μg/ml. It is concluded that the cause of death was H 2 S poisoning associated with a hazardous material accident in an industrial situation.
Differential effects of reoxygenation on intracellular calcium and isometric tension

We used the bioluminescent Ca2+ indicator, aequorin to record intracellular calcium transients during reoxygenation of hypoxic ferret ventricular muscle in order to determine whether alterations in the amplitude and time course of isometric contraction are emdiated by changes in [Ca2+]i. Papillary muscles ≤1 mm in diameter were removed from the hearts of male ferrets and perfused with a bicarbonate-buffered physiologic salt solution at 30°C. Muscles were stimulated to contract isometrically at 0.33 Hz and were loaded with aequorin by a chemical procedure. Hypoxia was induced by changing the gas mixture bubbling the perfusate to 95% N2, 5% CO2; reoxygenation was accomplished by switching the gas mixture to 95% O2, 5% CO2. Hypoxia produced a decrease in peak Ca2+ and tension that was reversed by reoxygenation. However, the effects on tension of changes in oxygenation were greater than expected from the degree of change in [Ca2+]i. The time courses of the Ca2+ transient and isometric twitch moved in opposite directions and were respectively prolonged/abbreviated by hypoxia and abbreviated/prolonged by reoxygenation. These results indicate that changes in the amplitude and time course of the isometric twitch induced by hypoxia and reoxygenation cannot be attributed alone to changes in intracellular Ca2+ availability and are caused in part by a significant decrease in the calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus.
Clinical utility of targeted treatments in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is typically found in its advanced stages, where a combination of surgical debulking and platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy is recommended. Although over 70%–80% of patients achieve remission, a significant proportion develop recurrence of their disease. Additional cytotoxic chemotherapy, as well as surgery, is typically used to manage disease recurrence. Therapies that target specific pathways in cancer cells are rapidly developing in the laboratory and are increasingly being studied in patients with ovarian cancer. We review the current status of novel therapies in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer.
The Mediation Effect of Education on Self-Esteem and Wages

Research suggests a positive relationship between adolescent self-esteem and adult wages. Drawing data from the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, I refine the empirical relationship between self-esteem, wages, and education. The effect of self-esteem on wages is positive and significant when estimating models for the entire sample. This effect, however, becomes statistically insignificant when estimating models for subsamples sorted by educational level. In addition, mediation models suggest that roughly one-third of the total effect of self-esteem on wages is mediated by education. In total, these results indicate that there is a significantly less pronounced direct effect of self-esteem on wages than previously found in the literature. A substantial portion of the effect self-esteem has on wages occurs through its effect on educational attainment.
Watching for lions in the grass: the usefulness of scanning and its effects during hunts

. Scan rates of eight species of common ungulate prey of the African lion, Panthera leo, were measured in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, to examine the effect of predation risk on vigilance. Vigilance was measured both during lion hunts and when lions were not present. Risk of predation was expected to vary with herd size, prey species and density, available light and cover, predator presence and predator activity. Risk was expected to decline in large herds due to dilution. Over all prey species, vigilance declined with increasing group size for three measures of herd size: (1) total herd size, (2) numbers of conspecifics and (3) number of heterospecifics in a herd. Species that were at high predation risk (measured as hunts recorded per herd seen) had low vigilance. Risk was expected to be high near dense cover and when predators were most active. Wildebeests, Connochaetes taurinus , and zebras, Equus burchelli, scanned more when lions were most active. However, wart hogs, Phacocheroerus aithiopicus, and wildebeests scanned less where more cover was available for lions. These results suggest that scan rates vary not only with predation risk, but also with the utility of scanning. Lions did not appear to adjust their stalking behaviour according to the vigilance of the prey group.
Myeloma immunoglobulin interferes with serum thyroxine analysis by homogeneous enzyme immunoassay

Myeloma immunoglobulin paraproteins interfere with a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) for serum thyroxine. The EMIT assay failed to detect any hormone in three hyperproteinemic sera from multiple myeloma patients, although thyroxine in these sera was accurately measured by our competitive protein-binding radio-assay on small, re-usable Sephadex columns. The interference was due to turbidity of the paraproteins in the EMIT reaction mixture, resulting in an increased absorbance and a marked underestimation of hormone concentration. Thyroxine was detected (82 to 107% recovery) by the EMIT assay in ethanol extracts of myeloma sera. With 82 other sera there was an excellent correlation (r = 0.985, slope = 0.912, Y intercept (EMIT) = 6.8) of the EMIT assay with our competitive radioassay. Thus, although the EMIT thyroxine assay possesses many desirable features and it is an attractive alternative method to competitive radioassays, its susceptibility to interferences by immunoglobulin paraproteins is a troublesome liability.
Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in Depressed Patients with Single and Multiple Suicide Attempts

Research has shown both childhood physical and sexual abuse to be associated with later suicide attempts, although some studies have not supported these findings. However, few studies have investigated differences in physical and sexual abuse histories among single and multiple suicide attempters. The goals of the current study were two-fold: (a) to replicate previous findings of associations between childhood sexual and physical abuse and suicide attempts, and (b) to explore differences in reports of childhood physical and sexual abuse among single and multiple suicide attempters. While our results supported the findings that individuals with a history of suicide attempts are more likely to report histories of childhood physical and sexual abuse, we did not find a difference in reported abuse between single and multiple suicide attempters. Implications of these findings, as well as implications for future research, are discussed.
Simple repeat array in Epstein-Barr virus DNA encodes part of the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen

The size of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen (EBNA) in cells infected with different EBV isolates varies directly with the size of the EBV triplet repeat array, IR3. The isolate with the largest IR3 fragment has approximately 170 more codons than the isolates with the smallest IR3 fragment; it encodes an EBNA which is approximately 17,000 daltons larger than the smallest EBNA. The EBV IR3 encodes part of a 2-kilobase exon of a latently infected cell messenger RNA which must be translated into a repetitive amino acid domain of EBNA.
STEPWISE ELUTION CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION ON CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE OF S-ZONE PROTEINS FROM GLUTEN.

Abstract A simple method for the chemical preparation of enriched gluten is presented. The S-zone and Base proteins in gluten have been isolated in pure form and good yield by a combination of chemical fractionation with subsequent stepwise elution chromatography on CMC. The optimum experimental CMC chromatographic conditions were determined and found to be: stepwise elution; 300 ml eluent for each step; column size, 6.5 × 15 cm; sample loading, 2 gm; 0.005 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 3.5; 1 M dimethylformamide; flow rate, 250 ml/hr . Gradient elution experiments were conducted to determine the concentration of NaCl required to elute each protein class, and from this information the stepwise elution schedule was established. About 95% of the protein that was applied to the column was recovered. The chemically prepared enriched gluten contained at least 70% of S-zone proteins, and 14% Base proteins. The spread zone proteins were further fractionated into three distinct groups (S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 ). These three groups were also observed as separate SGUE bands. The S 1 component is predominant, constituting 58% of the enriched gluten. The S 1 component was further fractionated into four components (S 1.1 , S 1.2 , S 1.3 , and S 1.4 ). These component bands were separated by SGUE. Although the four components of the S 1 group were separated by SGUE, their absorbance peaks on CMC chromatography did overlap. These four S 1 component proteins are quite similar, perhaps differing slightly in net charge. It is considered that they represent reversibly associating species. The bands observed for the S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 protein groups were designated in the decreasing order of their mobility (net charge) as S 1.1 , S 1.2 , S 1.3 , S 1.4 , S 2.1 , S 2.2 , S 3.1 , and S 3.2 . The dye-binding capacity of the S 3 proteins is weak resulting in faint SGUE bands.
Relationship between tolerance and resistance to pepper mottle virus in a cross between Capsicum annuum L. × Capsicum chinense Jacq.

Progenies of a cross between pepper cultivar Delray Bell (Capsicum annuum L.) tolerant to pepper mottle virus (PeMoV) and P.I. 159236 (Capsicum chinense Jacq.), resistant to PeMoV were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. The F1 generation was susceptible to PeMoV, whereas the backeross generations to both parents and the F2 segregated in a ratio of 1:1. This indicates that PeMoV resistance is controlled at the same locus in both parents or at two closely linked loci. Each parent is homozygous for one locus and the homozygous condition of either allele results in failure to support virus; in heterozygous condition as observed in the F1 generation, the effect of a single allele is insufficient even when one allele of each type is present, resulting in systemic infection.
Movement disorders in musicians

The focus of this article is to review the epidemiology, phenomenology, pathophysiology, genetics, and treatment of movement disorders, particularly task-specific dystonia, in musicians. The goal is to draw attention to this group of neurological disorders among musicians, music teachers, and healthcare professionals and to highlight the importance of early diagnosis, therapeutic options, and preventive measures. To increase professional and public awareness and to facilitate the recognition of music-related neurological problems, we suggest that "medical problems of musicians" be included in curriculum of music schools and medical schools.
Surface Areas and Morphologies of CaO Produced by Decomposition of Large CaCO3 Crystals in Vacuum

The CaO formed by complete isothermal decomposition of calcite single crystals in vacuum has surface areas that range from 127/plus or minus/10 m/sup 2/g at 650/degree/C to 60/plus or minus/20 m/sup 2//g at 900/degree/C. Surface areas are not significantly reduced by annealing at 900/degree/C in vacuum. Scanning electron microscope observations and other available data show that CaO particles, which are first formed in an aggregate with relatively uniform pores, rearrange when the CaO layer thickness exceeds /approximately equals/10 to 50 /mu/m. 15 refs.
An alternative map of the United States based on an n-dimensional model of geographic space

Geographic features have traditionally been visualized with fairly high amount of geometric detail, while relationships among these features in attribute space have been represented at a much coarser resolution. This limits our ability to understand complex high-dimensional relationships and structures existing in attribute space. In this paper, we present an alternative approach aimed at creating a high-resolution representation of geographic features with the help of a self-organizing map (SOM) consisting of a large number of neurons. In a proof-of-concept implementation, we spatialize 200,000+ U.S. Census block groups using a SOM consisting of 250,000 neurons. The geographic attributes considered in this study reflect a more holistic representation of geographic reality than in previous studies. The study includes 69 attributes regarding population statistics, land use/land cover, climate, geology, topography, and soils. This diversity of attributes is informed by our desire to build a comprehensive two-dimensional base map of n-dimensional geographic space. The paper discusses how standard GIS methods and neural network processing are combined towards the creation of an alternative map of the United States.
Existence of Absorption Bands at 730-740 and 750-760 Millimicrons in Algae of Different Divisions.

Absorption studies, made on suspensions of Anacystis nidulans, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, and Porphyridium cruentum by means of an integrating spectrophotometer, suggest the existence of pigments absorbing "extreme red" light in the 720- to 800-mµ region. In the bluegreen alga Anacystis, one pigment of this type exists, which produces a relatively strong absorption band at 750 mµ. In the green alga Chlorella and the red alga phyridium, two considerably weaker absorption bands appear, at 730 to 740 mµ and 750 to 760 mµ, which may be due to one or two pigments. These pigments must be responsible for the photoinhibition of photosynthesis observed in these algae in the same spectral region; as yet, no photoinhibition has been observed in Anacystis.
Effect of the exchange potential and of the cut-off radii on the energy bands of α-quartz

An analysis of the effect of different forms of the exchange potential and values of the cut-off radii in the mixed-basis calculation of the band structure of α-quartz is presented. An optimal choice is made and the corresponding bands are computed and discussed.
Photo-Fries reaction in water made selective with a capsule.

The water soluble capsule formed by a deep cavity cavitand with eight carboxylic acid groups controls product distribution during photo-Fries rearrangement of naphthyl esters in water by restricting the mobility of primary singletradical pair.
Polymerization and copolymerization of β‐butyrolactone and benzyl‐β‐malolactonate by aluminoxane catalysts

High molecular weight poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly (β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-benzyl malate) [P (HBBM)], were prepared by ring-opening polymerization reactions of racemic β-butyrolactone (BL) and racemic β-benzyl malolactonate (BM) using two types of oligomeric aluminoxane catalysts prepared by the reaction of water with either triethyl-aluminum (EAO) or triisobutylaluminum (IBAO). The stereoregularities, crystallinities, and molecular weights were determined for both the PHB homopolymers and the P (HBBM) copolymers by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). All homopolymers and copolymers obtained could be separated into acetone-soluble and acetone-insoluble fractions. In every case the latter had higher degrees of crystallinity, higher molecular weights and higher degrees of stereoregularity (84–87% isotactic dyads) than the former. Hence all of the polymers obtained from both types of catalysts apparently had stereoblock isotactic structures. Copolymer compositions and monomer dyad sequence distributions were determined by NMR spectroscopy.
Arginase I: a limiting factor for nitric oxide and polyamine synthesis by activated macrophages?

Because arginase hydrolyzes arginine to produce ornithine and urea, it has the potential to regulate nitric oxide (NO) and polyamine synthesis. We tested whether expression of the cytosolic isoform...
Testing CVC and CKM Unitarity via Superallowed Nuclear Beta Decay

Currently, the most restrictive test of the unitarity of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) ma- trix is anchored by nuclear beta decay. Precise measurements of the ft -values for superallowed beta transitions between analog 0 + states are used to determine GV, the vector coupling constant; this, in turn, yields Vud ,t he up-down quark-mixing element of the CKM matrix. The determination of a transition's ft -value requires the measurement of three quantities: its Q value, branching ratio and parent half-life. To achieve 0.1% precision on the final result, each of these quantities must be measured to substantially better precision, for which spe- cial techniques have had to be developed. A new survey and analysis of world data reveals that there are now fourteen such transitions with ft -values known to ∼ 0.1% precision or better, and that they span a wide range of nuclear masses, from 10 C, the lightest parent, to 74 Rb, the heaviest. Of particular interest is the recent com- pletion of the first mirror pair of 0 + → 0 + transitions, 38 Ca → 38m Ka nd 38m K → 38 Ar, which provides a valuable constraint on the calculated isospin-symmetry-breaking corrections needed to derive GV from the experimental data. As anticipated by the Conserved Vector Current hypothesis, CVC, all fourteen transitions yield consistent values for GV .T he value ofVud derived from their average makes it by far the most precisely known element of the CKM matrix, which, when combined with the other top-row elements, Vus and Vub, leads to the most demanding test available of the unitarity of that matrix. Since CKM unitarity is a key pillar of the Electroweak Standard Model, this test is of fundamental significance.
Variable geometric-phase polarization rotators for the visible

We present the principles of variable pure polarization rotators based on the accumulation of a geometric phase that is obtained by coiling a beam of light via discrete reflections. They consist of two pseudo rotators in series. By changing the angle between the pseudo rotators the geometric phase acquired by the light is varied. We describe in detail two important examples: the variable-angle Porro rotator, which uses four linear-polarization preserving reflectors to work at a predetermined wavelength range, and the variable compensating phase-shift rotator, which uses eight reflections to compensate the overall s- and p-polarization phase shifts, and thus is achromatic.
Comparison of RZ Versus NRZ Pulse Shapes for Optical Duobinary Transmission

This paper presents an experimental study and comparison of return-to-zero (RZ) versus nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) pulse shapes for optical duobinary systems. Surprisingly, and contrary to the case of on-off keying, we find the NRZ pulse shape to be superior, compared with RZ, for duobinary transmission in all the cases that were studied, including systems that are limited by amplified-spontaneous-emission noise, fiber chromatic dispersion, and self-phase modulation.
Evaluation of urban surface parameterizations in the WRF model using measurements during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006 field campaign

Abstract. The performance of different urban surface parameterizations in the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) in simulating urban boundary layer (UBL) was investigated using extensive measurements during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006 field campaign. The extensive field measurements collected on surface (meteorological, wind profiler, energy balance flux) sites, a research aircraft, and a research vessel characterized 3-dimensional atmospheric boundary layer structures over the Houston-Galveston Bay area, providing a unique opportunity for the evaluation of the physical parameterizations. The model simulations were performed over the Houston metropolitan area for a summertime period (12–17 August) using a bulk urban parameterization in the Noah land surface model (original LSM), a modified LSM, and a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM). The UCM simulation compared quite well with the observations over the Houston urban areas, reducing the systematic model biases in the original LSM simulation by 1–2 °C in near-surface air temperature and by 200–400 m in UBL height, on average. A more realistic turbulent (sensible and latent heat) energy partitioning contributed to the improvements in the UCM simulation. The original LSM significantly overestimated the sensible heat flux (~200 W m−2) over the urban areas, resulting in warmer and higher UBL. The modified LSM slightly reduced warm and high biases in near-surface air temperature (0.5–1 °C) and UBL height (~100 m) as a result of the effects of urban vegetation. The relatively strong thermal contrast between the Houston area and the water bodies (Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico) in the LSM simulations enhanced the sea/bay breezes, but the model performance in predicting local wind fields was similar among the simulations in terms of statistical evaluations. These results suggest that a proper surface representation (e.g. urban vegetation, surface morphology) and explicit parameterizations of urban physical processes are required for accurate urban atmospheric numerical modeling.
Use of classification models based on usage data for the selection of infobutton resources.

UNLABELLED "Infobuttons" are information retrieval tools that predict the questions and the on-line information resources that a clinician may need in a particular context. The goal of this study was to employ infobutton usage data to produce classification models that predict the information resource that is most likely to be selected by a user in a given context. METHODS Data mining techniques were applied to a dataset with 13 attributes and 7,968 infobutton sessions conducted in a six-month period. Five classification models were generated and compared in terms of prediction performance. RESULTS All classification models performed statistically better than the implementation currently in use at our institution. Two to five attributes were sufficient for the models to achieve their best performance. CONCLUSION The application of data mining tools over infobutton usage data is a promising strategy to further improve the prediction capability of infobuttons.
S-Substituted cysteine derivatives and thiosulfinate formation in Petiveria alliacea-part II.

Three cysteine derivatives, (R)-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine, together with (RSRC)- and (SSRC)-S-(2-hydroxyethyl)cysteine sulfoxides, have been isolated from the roots of Petiveria alliacea.Furthermore, three additional amino acids, S-methyl-, S-ethyl-, and S-propylcysteine derivatives, were detected.They were present only in trace amounts ( <3 m gg � 1 fr.wt), precluding determination of their absolute configurations and oxidation states.In addition, four thiosulfinates, S-(2-hydroxyethyl) (2-hydroxyethane)-, S-(2-hydroxyethyl) phenylmethane-, S-benzyl (2-hydroxyethane)- and S-benzyl phenylmethanethiosulfinates, have been found in a homogenate of the roots.The formation pathways of various benzyl/phenyl-containing compounds previously found in the plant were also discussed. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.
Energy-Aware Adaptations for End-to-End Videostreaming to Mobile Handheld Devices

Optimizing user experience for streaming video applications on handheld devices is a significant research challenge. In this chapter, we propose an integrated end-to-end power management approach that unifies low level architectural optimizations (CPU, memory, registers), OS power-saving mechanisms(dynamic voltage scaling) and adaptive middleware techniques(admission control, transcoding, network traffic regulation). Specifically, we identify interaction parameters between the different levels and optimize them to reduce power consumption. With knowledge of device configurations, dynamic device parameters and changing system conditions, the middleware layer selects an appropriate video quality and fine tunes the architecture for optimized delivery of video. Performance results indicate that architectural optimizations that are cognizant of user level parameters (e.g. transcoded video quality) can provide energy gains as high as 57.5% for the CPU and memory, when compared to the baseline case that does not employ any energy optimization. Middleware adaptations to changing network noise levels can save as much as 70% of energy consumed by the wireless network interface. Our approach to multiple-level and end-to-end management of power/performance has been implemented in a framework, called FORGE. We show how FORGE can substantially enhance the user experience in a mobile multimedia application.
A Study for the Effect of the PCB Motion on the Dynamics of MEMS Devices Under Mechanical Shock

We present a theoretical and experimental investigation into the effect of the motion of a printed circuit board (PCB) on the response of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices to shock loading. For the theoretical part, a 2-DOF model is used, where the first degree of freedom accounts for the PCB. The second degree of freedom represents the motion of the MEMS microstructure. Low-g acceleration pulses are applied to the MEMS-PCB assembly base to simulate shock pulses generated from a drop-table test. Simulation data are presented to show the effects of the natural frequency of the PCB, the natural frequency of the microstructure, and the shock pulse duration. Universal 3-D spectra representing the effect of these parameters are presented. It is found that neglecting the PCB effect on the design of MEMS devices under shock loads can lead to undesirable motion of their microstructures. The effects of electrostatic force and squeeze film damping are investigated. It is found that the amplification of motion due to the PCB can cause early pull-in instability for MEMS devices implementing electrostatic forces. The effect of higher order modes of a microbeam is studied through a continuous beam model coupled with a lumped model of the PCB. The limitations of the 2-DOF model are discussed. An experimental investigation is conducted to verify the theoretical results using a capacitive accelerometer. Experimental data for the response of the accelerometer while it is mounted on two representative PCBs due to different low-g shock conditions are shown.
The hue and cry in medieval English towns

In the middle ages the hue and cry played a significant role in maintaining peace. Although it has been studied within the rural sphere, it is under-examined within the urban context. This article seeks to fill this void using the Norwich leet rolls. It considers the laws governing the hue, the circumstances in which it could be raised, the people who utilized it, and changes in usage over time. It concludes that the hue was subject to similar constraints in both city and country and postulates that it became increasingly feminized over the course of the fourteenth century.
Facile synthesis and super capacitive behavior of SWNT/MnO2 hybrid films

Abstract In this paper, facile and scalable single-walled carbon nanotubes with manganese oxide (SWNT/MnO 2 ) hybrid films are presented and systematically studied. The hybrid films are synthesized by a modified chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, followed by one-step simple precipitation process and then characterized in 1 M tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF 4 )/propylene carbonate (PC) organic electrolyte. The electrochemical behavior of the SWNT/MnO 2 hybrid films is discussed with regards to specific capacitance, energy density, power capability and cycle life, by means of cyclic voltammetry measurements, electrochemical impedance analysis and galvanostatic charge/discharge analysis. The SWNT/MnO 2 hybrid electrode delivers highest specific capacitance of 150 F g −1 , energy density of 70 Wh kg −1 , and power density of 79 kW kg −1 . It exhibits excellent stability of 98.5% retention at current densities of 50 A g −1 and 2 A g −1 , after 15,000 cycles and 1000 cycles, respectively. It also shows ultra-high frequency response with a knee frequency of 2043 Hz. The hybrid films are binder-free, robust, with pre-formed electrical pathways and excellent electrode structures for supercapacitor applications.
Factors Influencing Laboratory Animal Spontaneous Tumor Profiles

In chemical carcinogenicity and drug-safety testing, a cacinogen is defined as an agent that when administered by an appropriate route causes an increased incidence of tumors in experimental animals as compared to unexposed control animals. Although a carcinogen may cause the appearance of tumors in organs where tumors do not usually occur in a given strain, the usual response is to increase the types of tumors seen spontaneously and to shorten the period of latency. The use of cacinogenesis experiments for research and safety assessment requires properly designed and well-conducted experiments and a knowledge of background data and variations in tumor incidences of control animals. Many factors can influence the reported incidences of spontaneous tumors. These include species, strain, sex, age, and source of the experimental test animal; study duration; extent of the pathology examination; dietary and environmental conditions; qualifications and experience of the study pathologist; diagnostic criteria an...
Hybridization between a rare, native tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense) and its introduced congener

Exotic species threaten native biodiversity through predation, competition, and habitat alteration, but also by hybridizing with native species. A lack of reproductive isolation between exotic and native species can lead to genetic swamping, loss of native genetic diversity, and, in rare or endangered species, extirpation or extinction. We examined hybridization between a declining native salamander, the California tiger salamander, Am- bystoma californiense, and an introduced congener, A. tigrinum. Ambystoma californiense is restricted to central California where A. tigrinum has been deliberately introduced as fish bait. In the Salinas Valley, we sampled salamanders from four artificial ponds and two natural vernal pools. Based on mitochondrial DNA and two nuclear loci, we found that hybrids were present in all six ponds, and that these hybrids were viable and fertile. No potentially pure A. californiense were present in three of the six ponds, and only one pond had more than 8% possibly pure native animals. Despite a relatively ancient split and wide genetic divergence between these taxa, they are interbreeding and threatening the genetic purity of the native species. Our data also suggest that the extent of the genetic mixing depends on the breeding habitat. There is little evidence of barriers to gene exchange in the four artificial breeding ponds. However in the two vernal pools, we found significantly fewer larvae with hybrid genotypes and significantly more with pure parental genotypes than expected. Linkage disequilibria revealed positive associations between native alleles and genotypes, and neg- ative associations between native and introduced alleles and genotypes in these two ponds. Despite rampant hybridization, these data provide evidence of some constraints on hy- bridization in the native breeding habitats. Our results suggest that habitat characteristics of native species should be exploited in management strategies to limit hybridization with exotics.
A Hopelessness Model of Depressive Symptoms in Youth with Epilepsy

Objective To test the cognitive diathesis-stress and mediational components of the theory of learned hopelessness in youth with epilepsy. Methods Seventy-seven participants ages 9-17 (35 girls, 42 boys) completed measures of depressive symptoms, hopelessness, self-efficacy for seizure management, and attitude toward epilepsy. Caregivers provided information on seizure activity. Diagnostic and treatment information was obtained via medical record review. Results Regression analyses revealed that hopelessness mediated the attitude towards epilepsy-depressive symptom relationship. While attitude toward epilepsy and self-efficacy were independent predictors of depressive symptoms, the relationship of attitudes toward epilepsy and depressive symptoms was not enhanced with low self-efficacy for seizure management. Conclusions Findings support the mediation component of the learned hopelessness theory in youth with epilepsy, suggesting the importance of interventions that assist youth in identifying epilepsy-related aspects of functioning over which they can realistically exercise control and challenging negative thoughts about situations they cannot control.
Nutrition and pharmacology: general principles and implications for HIV

Food and nutrition play an intimate and inextricable role in all aspects of drug metabolism, safety, and effectiveness. Antiretroviral therapies (ART) have assumed a preeminent position in the prevention, care, and treatment of HIV and its comorbidities. The interaction between food, nutrition, and ART has become an expanding area of interest both in terms of clinical standards of care and as a target for research. Since the original review of this topic by the WHO in 2005, much has been learned (8). This article contains a review of what is known about the general relationships between nutrition and pharmacology, as well as issues specific to ART, with particular attention to their use in low- and middle-resource settings. The importance of food and nutrition on the bioavailability of drugs and vice versa has been an area of historical interest. However, much has been learned about the importance of nutritional status on drug metabolism, distribution, and effectiveness. The impact of traditional therapies (herbal/botanical) is highlighted as an area of clinical concern and one in need of further research. Additional attention is focused on the impact of individual micronutrients on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Finally, attention is given to the nutritional implications of the metabolic consequences of ART, which include the potential impact of "colliding epidemics" of infection (eg, HIV, tuberculosis) and noncommunicable diseases. Much has been learned, but much remains to be accomplished to ensure the effective integration of nutritional considerations into the effective and safe use of ART.
The Perceived Barriers to Research in College Recreational Sports

Research is an essential component of university recreational sports (URS) because it is needed to scientifically test interventions, defend departmental existence, and to align for further departm...
Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Cost-Effectiveness Research

The evidence is in and high quality simulation activities can provide an effective alternative to traditional clinical experiences (Hayden, Smiley, Alexander, KardongEdgren, & Jeffries, 2014). Research in nursing and health science education overwhelmingly supports the use of simulation for improving a variety of student and patient outcomes. However, few studies include costeffectiveness or cost-benefit analyses of simulation activities (Zendejas, Wang, Brydges, Hamstra, & Cook, 2013). The question remains, ‘‘Do the effects of clinical simulation outweigh the costs?’’ To answer this simple yet challenging question, simulation researchers need to adopt new methods for assessing the effectiveness and the costs associated with simulation (Zendejas, Wang, Brydges, Hamstra, & Cook, 2013). Previously, in Making Sense of Methods and Measurement ,w e underscored the importance of conducting, ‘‘rigorous research that produces valid and reliable data about the effectiveness of clinical simulation’’ (Prion & Adamson, 2012, p. e193). It is equally important to produce evidence describing the costs associated with clinical simulation. Accurately demonstrating both sides of this costeffectiveness equation is the only way nurse educators will be able to provide maximum effectiveness with limited resources. Although cost-effectiveness research is a specialty of its own and the intricacies of the calculations involved are beyond the scope of this column, we hope to inspire readers with a brief explanation and a few resources for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses as a part of their own research. The basic idea behind cost-effectiveness research involves (a) calculating the costs associated with the intervention (simulation), (b) calculating the effectiveness of the intervention, and then (c) comparing the costs and effectiveness to draw conclusions about the value of the intervention. Figure illustrates an example of this comparison.
SOME BRIEF ASPECTS OF YIELD PHYSIOLOGY RESEARCH IN SOYBEAN IN USA

The paper reviews the advance of study on factors and mechanisms involved in the regulation of seed growth, roles of source-sink relationship in yield formation and effects of climate change and canopy photosynthesis on growth and yield of soybean in U.S.A
Epstein-Barr viral microRNAs target caspase 3

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that transforms B cells and causes several malignancies including Burkitt’s lymphoma. EBV differentially expresses at least 49 mature microRNAs (miRNAs) during latency in various infected epithelial and B cells. Recent high-throughput studies and functional assays have begun to reveal the function of the EBV miRNAs suggesting roles in latency, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. In particular, the central executioner of apoptosis, Caspase 3 (CASP3), was proposed as a target of select EBV miRNAs. However, whether CASP3 is truly a target of EBV miRNAs, and if so, which specific miRNAs target CASP3 is still under debate. Based on previously published high-throughput biochemical data and a bioinformatic analysis of the entire CASP3 3′-UTR, we identified 12 EBV miRNAs that have one or more seed binding sites in the CASP3 3′-UTR. We individually tested all 12 miRNAs for repression of CASP3 in luciferase reporter assays, and nine showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) repression of a full-length CASP3 reporter. Further, three EBV miRNAs, including BART22, exhibited repression of endogenous CASP3 protein. These data confirm that CASP3 is a direct target of specific EBV BART miRNAs.
Revision of the African silky lacewing genus Zygophlebius Navas (Neuroptera: Psychopsidae)

The southern African psychopsid genus Zygophlebius Navas is revised. Three species are recognized: Z. pseudosilveira sp. n., Z. zebra (Brauer) and Z. leoninus Navas. Lectotypes are designated for Psychopsis felina Navas and Psychopsis zebra var. weelina Navas, both of which are junior synonyms of Z. leoninus.