cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High sensitive volumetric imaging of renal microcirculation in vivo using Ultrahigh Sensitive Optical Microangiography

We present a non-invasive, label-free imaging technique called Ultrahigh Sensitive Optical Microangiography (UHSOMAG) for high sensitive volumetric imaging of renal microcirculation. The UHS-OMAG imaging system is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), which uses a 47000 A-line scan rate CCD camera to perform an imaging speed of 150 frames per second that takes only ~7 seconds to acquire a 3D image. The technique, capable of measuring slow blood flow down to 4 um/s, is sensitive enough to image capillary networks, such as peritubular capillaries and glomerulus within renal cortex. We show superior performance of UHS-OMAG in providing depthresolved volumetric images of rich renal microcirculation. We monitored the dynamics of renal microvasculature during renal ischemia and reperfusion. Obvious reduction of renal microvascular density due to renal ischemia was visualized and quantitatively analyzed. This technique can be helpful for the assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) which relates to abnormal microvasculature.
Adverse events associated with neonatal exchange transfusion in the 1990s.

Abstract Objective To determine the rates of adverse events associated with neonatal exchange transfusions performed for hyperbilirubinemia. Study design Retrospective chart review of 55 neonates who underwent 66 exchange transfusions at two perinatal centers in Cleveland between 1992 and 2002. Demographic data, causes of jaundice, details of exchange method, and adverse events occurring within one week of exchange were recorded. At the time of exchange, 62% of infants had other neonatal morbidities. Outcomes were stratified according to gestational ages ≤32 weeks, 33 to 36 weeks, and ≥37 weeks. Results Overall, 74% of exchanges were associated with an adverse event. The most common events were thrombocytopenia (44%), hypocalcemia (29%), and metabolic acidosis (24%), of which 69%, 74%, and 44%, respectively, required treatment. There were two serious adverse events, both in infants with other serious neonatal morbidities: seizures in one infant and the death of a critically ill preterm infant (body weight 731 g, gestational age 25 weeks). There were no cases of sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, or cardiac arrest. Adverse events were more frequent in exchanges done on preterm infants: ≤32 weeks (87%), 33 to 36 weeks (78%), and ≥37 weeks (67%), and in infants with other neonatal morbidity (79% vs 57%; P =.08). Controlling for neonatal morbidity, we found the odds of an adverse event were significantly higher when both umbilical venous and arterial catheters were used compared with other methods of exchange (88% vs 58%; OR, 5.17; 95% CI, 1.1, 34.2; P =.03). Conclusions The majority of adverse events associated with exchange transfusion are laboratory abnormalities and are asymptomatic and treatable.
RNA editing of the serotonin 2C receptor and expression of Gαq protein: genetic mouse models do not support a role for regulation or compensation

The serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) receptor undergoes RNA editing at five bases in a region of the pre-mRNA encoding the second intracellular loop, generating many unique 5-HT2C receptor isoforms. Mechanisms regulating in vivo expression of different edited 5-HT2C receptor isoforms are poorly understood, as are the adaptive consequences of variation in editing profiles. Recent findings suggest a putative relationship between expression levels of Gαq/11 protein and the degree of editing of 5-HT2C receptor transcripts. To elucidate the potential regulatory or adaptive role of Gαq/11 protein levels, we quantified editing of 5-HT2C receptor RNA transcripts in Gαq null mice and protein levels of Gαq and Gα11 in transgenic male mice solely expressing either the non-edited (INI) or the fully edited (VGV) isoforms of the 5-HT2C receptor. Pyrosequencing of RNA isolated from amygdaloid cortex in Gαq null and wild-type mice revealed no significant differences in 5-HT2C receptor mRNA editing profiles. Cortical tissue from INI/y, VGV/y, and wild-type mice was assayed for expression of Gαq and Gα11 subunits by Western blotting. No differences in signal density between wild-type and INI/y or VGV/y groups were found, indicating equivalent levels of Gαq and Gα11 protein. Together, these data do not support a causal or compensatory relationship between 5-HT2C receptor RNA editing and Gq protein levels.
Whorl and pollen‐shed stage application of Beauveria bassiana for suppression of adult western corn rootworm

The corn rootworm complex is the most damaging insect pest of corn (Zea mays L.). This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of whorl and pollen-shed stage applications of a granular formulation of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin for control of adult western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte). The effect of application time (whorl-stage, pollen-shed) and plant surface exposed (leaves and leaf collars; silks; leaves, leaf collars, and silks) on level of beetle fungal infection were investigated. In addition, the number of colony forming units of B. bassiana in the corn leaf collar area was quantified. In the three years (1998-2000) of the study, application of B. bassiana at whorl-stage did not significantly increase beetle fungal infection. Beauveria bassiana applied to plants at pollen-shed in 1998 resulted in a significant increase in beetle infection with 51% of beetles from treated plants infected and 6.0% from control plants. Similar applications at pollen-shed in 1999 and 2000 resulted in very low infection levels. Beauveria bassiana application at pollen-shed stage significantly increased the number of colony forming units per leaf collar during all years of the study. Beetle infection with B. bassiana did not differ consistently among plant surface to which beetles were exposed for either application. Increased fungal load in leaf collars was not correlated with increased levels of adult infection. Increased rates of B. bassiana and application when beetles are present on the plants are likely needed to significantly increase infection rates.
Differential expression of the HMGN family of chromatin proteins during ocular development

Abstract The HMGN proteins are a group of non-histone nuclear proteins that associate with the core nucleosome and alter the structure of the chromatin fiber. We investigated the distribution of the three best characterized HMGN family members, HMGN1, HMGN2 and HMGN3 during mouse eye development. HMGN1 protein is evenly distributed in all ocular structures of 10.5 days post-coitum (dpc) mouse embryos however, by 13.5 dpc, relatively less HMGN1 is detected in the newly formed lens fiber cells compared to other cell types. In the adult, HMGN1 is detected throughout the retina and lens, although in the cornea, HMGN1 protein is predominately located in the epithelium. HMGN2 is also abundant in all ocular structures of mouse embryos, however, unlike HMGN1, intense immunolabeling is maintained in the lens fiber cells at 13.5 dpc. In the adult eye, HMGN2 protein is still found in all lens nuclei while in the cornea, HMGN2 protein is mostly restricted to the epithelium. In contrast, the first detection of HMGN3 in the eye is in the presumptive corneal epithelium and lens fiber cells at 13.5 dpc. In the lens, HMGN3 remained lens fiber cell preferred into adulthood. In the cornea, HMGN3 is transiently upregulated in the stroma and endothelium at birth while its expression is restricted to the corneal epithelium in adulthood. In the retina, HMGN3 upregulates around 2 weeks of age and is found at relatively high levels in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the adult retina. RT-PCR analysis determined that the predominant HMGN3 splice form found in ocular tissues is HMGN3b which lacks the chromatin unfolding domain although HMGN3a mRNA is also detected. These results demonstrate that the HMGN class of chromatin proteins has a dynamic expression pattern in the developing eye.
901-101 Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Nuclear Cardiology Training Program: Comparison of Trainees with Faculty

To evaluate the effectiveness of structured nuclear cardiology training. the reproducibility and accuracy of image interpretation by nuclear cardiology faculty and senior cardiology fellows were compared. The reproducibility and accuracy of 3 faculty and 3 trainees with 6 months training following Nuclear Regulatory Commission/American College of Cardiology guidelines were assessed using 138 exercise Tc-99 m Sestamibi SPECT studies. Studies were randomly selected and included patients with l 5% likelihood of CAD as well as patients with angiographically demonstrated single and multivessel disease. Studies were interpreted twice by each reader without knowledge of clinical or exercise data. Each reader classified perfusion as normal (N) or abnormal (AB). AB perfusion was further classified as fixed (F) or ischemic (I). Reproducibility was compared with respect to first order (N vs AB) and second order (N vs F vs I) intra and inter observer agreement and assessed using percent agreement (%) and Cohen's kappa. Accuracy was assessed using sensitivity and normalcy rate and compared using percent agreement and Cohen's kappa. Trainees Faculty % kappa % kappa Reproducibility First order Intra: 89 0.78 92 0.82 inter: 80 0.59 86 0.71 * Second order intra: 81 0.66 87 0.74 * inter: 69 0.46 82 0.64 * Accuracy Sensitivity 82 87 Normalcy Rate 85 89 % agreement/kappa 83 063 87 0.73 * * p l 0.05 compared with trainees Trainees had high reproducibility and accuracy. comparing favorably with faculty in all categories. Faculty had significantly higher results in several categories. Conclusion Structured training in nuclear cardiology following Nuclear Regulatory Commission/American College of Cardiology guidelines during clinical cardiology fellowship is very effective. resulting in high reproducibility and accuracy. Interpretive skills can be expected to further improve with experience.
Providing intelligent help across applications in dynamic user and environment contexts

The problem of providing help for complex application interfaces has been a source of interest for a number of researcher efforts. As the computational power of computers increases, typical applications not only increase in functionality but also in the degree of interaction with the computational environment in which they reside. This paper describes an ongoing project to design an Intelligent Help System (IHS) that provides context-sensitivity not only through its modeling of application states but also its modeling of the interaction between applications and between an application and the environment in which it resides.
Development of a hot-wire chemical vapor deposition n-type emitter on p-type crystalline Si-based solar cells

Abstract We have developed a p-type, crystalline Si-based solar cell using hot-wire chemical vapor deposition (HWCVD) n-type microcrystalline Si to form an n-p junction (emitter). The CVD process was rapid and a low substrate temperature was used. The p-type Czochralski (CZ) c-Si wafer has a thickness of 400 μm and has a thermally diffused Al back-field contact. Before forming the n-p junction, the front surface of the p-type c-Si was cleaned using a diluted HF solution to remove the native oxides. The n-type emitter was formed at 220 °C by depositing 50 A a-Si:H and then a 100 A μc-Si n-layer. The total deposition time to form the emitter was less than 1 min. The top contact of the device is a lithograph defined and isolated 1×1 cm 2 and 780 A indium tin oxides (ITO) with metal fingers on top. Our best solar cell conversion efficiency is 13.3% with V oc of 0.58 V, FF of 0.773, and J sc of 29.86 mA cm −2 under one-sun condition. Quantum efficiency (QE) measurement on this solar cell shows over 90% in the region between 540 and 780 nm, but poor response in the blue and deep red. We find that the ITO top contact that acts as an antireflection layer increases the QE in the middle region. To improve the device efficiency further, J sc needs to be increased. Better emitter and light trapping will be developed in future work. The cell shows no degradation after 1000 h of standard light soaking.
Restricting the means of exchange within organizations

Abstract This paper considers why firms often ban monetary exchange between their employees, while encouraging these trades through other means, such as through the reciprocation of favours or barter. Despite classical inefficiencies associated with non-monetary exchange, we illustrate two themes as to why non-monetary trade may be preferred to allowing money. First, the use of non-monetary trade may affect the allocation of rents in surplus-enhancing ways, as agents respond strategically to the existence of these rents. Second, non-monetary trade improves the ability of agents to impose sanctions on those who act dishonestly.
Self-disclosure in clinical social work

This article seeks to establish six guidelines for the use of selfdisclosure in clinical social work. It examines the relationship between self-disclosure and countertransference, the timing of self-disclosure over the course of the therapeutic relationship, types of self-disclosure, the connection between assessment of the client and self-disclosure, and how self-disclosure is related to reality-testing. Objections to self-disclosure are also examined and clinical examples are used throughout.
Early Steps Alphabet Braille Reading Program improves the ability of children with visual impairment to read high-frequency words1

What is the effect of teaching the Early Steps Alphabet Braille Reading Program on the ability of beginner braille readers to correctly read high-frequency words? 1 Abstracted from: Day, J. N., McD...
Circadian Periodicity in Susceptibility to Lidocaine Hydrochloride

Separate groups of mice standardized in an alternating 12-hour-light,12-hour-dark regimen were treated with lidocaine hydrochloride every 3 hours over a 24-hour period. The results indicate a quantitative circadian periodicity with maximal convulsant activity at 2100 hours which was approximately a fourteen fold increase over the values observed at 1500 hours.
Dose-dependent and independent temporal patterns of gene responses to ionizing radiation in normal and tumor cells and tumor xenografts

U87 cells derived from human malignant gliomas and growtharrested human embryonic lung (HEL) fibroblasts were examined with respect to their response to ionizing radiation by profiling their RNAs. In the first series of experiments, cells grown in vitro were harvested and the RNAs were extracted 5 h after exposure to 1, 3, or 10 Gy. In the second series of experiments the U87 tumors were implanted in nude mice and subjected to the same doses of irradiation. The xenografts were harvested at 1, 5, or 24 h after irradiation and subjected to the same analyses. We observed and report on (i) cell-type common and cell-type specific responses, (ii) genes induced at low levels of irradiation but not at higher doses, (iii) temporal patterns of gene response in U87 xenografts that varied depending on radiation dose and temporal patterns of response that were similar at all doses tested, (iv) significantly higher up-regulation of cells in xenografts than in in vitro cultures, and (v) genes highly up-regulated by radiation. The responding genes could be grouped into nine functional clusters. The representation of the nine clusters was to some extent dependent on dose and time after irradiation. The results suggest that clinical outcome of ionizing radiation treatment may benefit significantly by taking into account both cell-type and radiation-dose specificity of cellular responses.
Artificial Intelligence and Natural Resource Management

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in natural resource management began with the development of expert systems for problem-solving and decision-making. The use of expert systems in turn led to...
MAPK signaling contributes to rotaviral-induced cholangiocyte injury and viral replication

Background Biliary atresia is a disease of newborns that results in obliteration of the biliary tree. Infection of mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) results in a cholangiopathy mirroring human disease. The Mitogen Associated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway can be activated by viral binding to cell-surface receptors. We hypothesized that RRV infection of cholangiocytes results in activation of MAPK signaling. Methods Extrahepatic bile ducts from BALB/c pups or immortalized cholangiocytes subjected to RRV infection or control were analyzed, using Western blots, for phosphorylated members of the MAPK family: p38, ERK 1/2, JNK 1/2, and downstream transcription factors. Inhibitors of the MAPK were used to downregulate activity. Viral replication and cytolysis in cholangiocytes were evaluated post-MAPK inhibition. Results Phosphorylation of all MAPK increased in RRV-infected mice and cholangiocytes. Several downstream transcription factors had increased activity in vitro. Inhibition of p38 and ERK 1/2 resulted in decreased viral replication. ERK 1/2 inhibition decreased cytolysis without affecting viral entry or binding. Conclusions RRV infection of cholangiocytes resulted in increased MAPK signaling. Inhibition of p38 and ERK 1/2 influenced the ability of rotavirus to replicate. These novel findings provide insight into the signaling cascade involved in RRV-induced cholangiocyte injury.
Phytohemagglutinin induced proliferation by aged lymphocytes: reduced expression of high affinity interleukin-2 receptors and interleukin-2-secretion

Human lymphocytes from elderly and young donors were cultured with phytohemagglutinin. Cultures from two groups of aged donors, recruited respectively from our ambulatory clinic and a nursing home, incorporated less tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) and secreted less interleukin-2 than did young donors. Furthermore, as determined for the first time by a radioligand binding receptor assay, the aged lymphoblasts possessed significantly fewer high affinity IL-2 receptors per cell. Despite a decrease in the number of high affinity receptor cells the dissociation constant (Kd) was comparable for the three groups. It was also shown that the amounts of soluble IL-2 receptors that were released into the supernatants by mitogen stimulated cells did not differ for the aged and young donors. These data suggest that defects in IL-2 production and high affinity IL-2 receptor generation may both be responsible for immune deficiency in the elderly.
Properties of evaporated target foils studied by computer simulation of ballistic aggregation

Abstract Target foils often show defects during evaporation, floating, or mounting. These defects depend in subtle ways on the evaporation conditions including: angle(s) of incidence of evaporant on substrate, residual gas pressure and composition, rate of evaporation, and temperature of substrate. Some progress has been made in understanding these effects using a computer program that simulates the buildup of such foils during evaporation. The program runs on a microcomputer and models simple ballistic aggregation of sticky atoms on a square lattice. Although real atoms move in three dimensions and presumably relax after collision to positions of minimum potential energy, two-dimensional simulations illustrate many of the properties of real aggregations. A striking behavior of such simulations is the columnar structure in the deposited film and the dependence of that structure upon the distribution of angles of incidence of the evaporant atoms. Atoms incident from a single direction produce foils having narrow fibrous structures, while atoms incident from several directions produce treelike patterns having lower average density and greater horizontal extent. Simulated deposited films show variations in density in the direction perpendicular to the substrate; these variations may be responsible for the tendency of some foils to curl or crumple while being floated.
Assessment of dissolved organic matter fluorescence PARAFAC components before and after coagulation-filtration in a full scale water treatment plant.

Abstract Fluorescence monitoring of the raw and treated water after coagulation–filtration in a drinking water treatment plant in Northeast Ohio was conducted during a period of 32 months. Principal fluorophore groups present in the dissolved organic matter (DOM) of the raw, treated, raw-treated combined water and differential fluorescence data sets comprising over 680 samples were determined through Parallel Factor (PARAFAC) analysis. Four components (two humic-like and two with protein nature) were identified in each model and their degree of similarity was evaluated using the Uncorrected Matrix Correlation (UMC), a measure of spectral overlapping. Results show that spectral characteristics of the components in the independent models are comparable (average UMC > 0.98), indicating that from a PARAFAC perspective, components in the raw water are not experiencing major transformations beyond removal through the treatment process and new fluorescent components are not being formed. Coagulation assessment based on PARAFAC application to the differential excitation-emission matrices (ΔEEM), representing the portion of fluorescence removed after treatment, is introduced in this paper along with the volumetric evaluation of the components present in a sample as an alternative approach to determine their relative contribution. Volumetric analysis revealed a predominance of humic components, constituting about 80% in the raw and treated water. Results of the ΔEEM model indicated that the most amenable component to be removed by coagulation (removal ∼50%) at full scale operation is a humic-like fluorophore with predominance in the raw water, while removal of the protein-like components was about 30%. Results also show that the PARAFAC sample loadings exhibit a higher association with the total EEM signal in the raw and treated water samples when compared with alternative analysis techniques. These results support the analysis of the PARAFAC components present in the raw and treated samples as a viable measure for assessment of the coagulation process in a drinking water treatment plant.
Laparoscopic retrieval of intraabdominal foreign bodies

The use of laparoscopy has been described as the means of removing intraabdominal foreign bodies, both intraperitoneal and intraluminal, from the stomach or bowel. An early report detailed the laparoscopic removal of translocated intrauterine devices from the peritoneal cavity [2]. Laparoscopic removal of a retained surgical sponge also has been reported [1]. For large ingested objects that cannot be retrieved by flexible endoscopy, laparoscopic gastrotomy and foreign body removal have been described [3] . The authors recently had three cases of laparoscopic foreign body retrieval. The first case involved a young man who had ingested latex gloves, causing gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic retrieval was unsuccessful. A laparoscopic gastrotomy was performed, with the retrieval of four gloves, followed by intracorporeal, sutured closure of the gastrotomy. The second case involved the laparoscopic removal of a Penrose drain around the distal esophagus. The patient had initially undergone a laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication, vagotomy, and gastrojejunostomy for the management of reflux and a duodenal stricture. He had persistent dysphagia after surgery, prompting takedown of the fundoplication several months later. When his dysphagia did not improve, a retained Penrose drain that had been placed around the distal esophagus at the initial operation was discovered on computed tomography. This was removed laparoscopically. At this writing, 18 months after the initial operation, the patient has complete resolution of dysphagia. The third case involved a duodenojejunal fistula caused by multiple ingested magnets that had eroded through the bowel wall. The fistula was divided laparoscopically, and 16 disk-shaped magnets were removed. The duodenum and jejunum were repaired with laparoscopic suturing and stapling. All three patients did well after surgery. Laparoscopy can be an excellent method for abdominal foreign body retrieval.
Boning up on telomerase.

The expression of telomerase in bone marrow stromal cells brings cell-based bone tissue engineering one step closer to reality.
Culture of rabbit embryos and isolated blastomeres in hydrogel chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of intermediate mouse recipients

Chambers made from polymerized 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate were used for the in vivo culture of rabbit embryos or isolated blastomeres. In Experiment 1, culture of 119, one-cell embryos for 72 hr in saline-filled chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of male mice resulted in 72 morulae and 25 blastocysts. Transfer of these 97 embryos to recipient does resulted in the birth of 3 live offspring (3%). Culture of 119, one-cell embryos for 72 hr in saline-filled chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of female mice resulted in 23 morulae and 68 blastocysts. Transfer of these 91 embryos to recipient does resulted in the birth of 20 live offspring (22%). All of the 119 control, one-cell embryos had degenerated after 72 hr of in vitro culture in saline-filled chambers. In Experiment 2, culture of 80 blastomeres isolated from four-cell embryos for 72 hr in compartmentalized, medium-filled chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of female mice resulted in 21 morulae and 43 blastocysts. For both experiments, the recovery rate for embryos or isolated blastomeres after in vivo culture was 100%.
The Occurrence of Two Centric Diatoms New to the Great Lakes

New Great Lakes occurrence records of two diatom taxa, Terpsinoe musica and Biddulphia laevis, are presented for the southern basin of Lake Michigan.
Text and Simultext: Borrowing Claudian in Seventeenth‐Century Germany (A Case from the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft)

The Latin political pamphlet Aulaea Romana (Roman Tapestries), written by an anonymous member of the Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft in 1642, provides a unique textual model of what may be called ‘simultext’. This study belongs to a current trend in early modern German narrative theory to discover and investigate ‘intertextual’ strategies employed by early modern German writers. In simultexts, the referential technique differs from that in rhetorical texts, which are read as existing in a linear-chronological relationship (‘Nacheinander’). The simultext arrangement blurs traditional genre boundaries by setting texts in a vertical simultaneous relationship (‘Nebeneinander’), which causes them to be read in a manner ordinarily reserved for visual artifacts. Borrowings from Claudian – one of the most-quoted ancient authorities in the Renaissance – constitute the first level of reference throughout Aulaea Romana. His high visibility in this work from the Reformed court at Anhalt-Ko then suggests that German scholars (such as Caspar von Barth, editor of Claudian’s works) had been successful in their appropriation of the pagan Claudian as a new (Protestant) Christian authority for an age in crisis.
SHORT‐ AND LONG‐TERM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

THE SUPPLY OF NEW SECURITIES depends upon the amount of outside financing for new capital requirements. Only new capital requirements are given attention here, and the problems arising from the split between home and outside financing are omitted. Maintenance and repair expenditures are not considered since they are expended rather than capitalized. Replacement of capital is included because, by the very nature of the problem, replacements become an integral part of the process of capital formation. The treatment gives only scant attention to working capital requirements. Public construction is included because of the general nature of the problem, even though no private financing is required and the amount of public construction is no key to public financing. Principal attention is given to private, durable capital formation.
Characterizing radial undersampling artifacts for cardiac applications.

The undersampled radial acquisition has been widely employed for accelerated (by a factor R = N(r)/N(p)) cardiac imaging, but the resulting reduction in image quality has not been well characterized. This investigation presents a method of measuring these artifacts through synthetic undersampling of high SNR images (SNR > or = 30). After validating the method in phantoms, the method was applied to a study of short-axis, long-axis, and coronary MRI imaging in healthy subjects. For 60 projections (60 N(p)), the total artifact is approximately 10% for short and long-axis imaging (R = 2.1) and approximately 15% for coronary MRI (R = 3.7). For 60 N(p), the SD of artifact in the region of the heart is 2% for short- and long-axis imaging (R = 2.1) and 3.5% for coronary MRI (R = 3.7). The artifact content is less in the region of the heart than in the periphery. The artifact is very reproducible among subjects for standard views. A study of coronary MRI at progressively fewer projections (at constant scan time) showed that right coronary MRI images were acceptable if total artifact was 120, R = 2.1).
Effect of NO and O2 concentration on N2O formation during coal combustion in a fluidized-bed combustor: Modeling results

This paper addresses the issue of understanding the NO and N2O formation kinetics during char combustion in a fluidized-bed combustor. A single-particle numerical model that simulates the combined internal diffusion and reaction equations is developed. Kinetic parameters for the char oxidation, CO and CO2 formation, NO formation and destruction both by char and by a char-catalyzed CO reaction, and N2O formation and destruction reactions have been estimated using fractional order kinetics. Modeling results have been compared with the experimental data. Primarily, N2O is formed by the reaction of NO with char nitrogen in the presence of O2. Formation of N2O increases with increases in the bulk NO concentration. N2O, however, is not formed in the absence of oxygen, as oxygen is required to release the char nitrogen bound in aromatic rings. A higher O2 concentration in the feed gas gives higher concentrations of NO and N2O. The instantaneous conversion of char nitrogen to N2O increases, whereas the conversion to NO decreases, with increases in bulk O2 concentration. The char-catalyzed NO/CO reaction at low temperatures and high O2 concentrations is the dominant destruction mechanism for NO. At high temperature, NO is destroyed mainly by its heterogeneous reaction with char.
Anaerobic oxidation of methane and the stoichiometry of remineralization processes in continental margin sediments

In many coastal and continental margin sediments, pore-water property–property plots yield values of rC:S, the stoichiometric ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) produced to sulfate reduced, that are lower than the commonly assumed value of 2. Remineralization of organic matter more reduced than CH2O can cause such observations, as can DIC loss due to authigenic carbonate precipitation. However, through studies of Santa Monica Basin sediments, we have observed that these observations could also be related to the occurrence of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in sediments. Specifically, using a reactive transport sediment model, we have shown that AOM driven by an ‘‘external’’ methane source (e.g., an upward flux from ancient gas hydrates) can lead to values of rC:S , 2. This contrasts with what is observed when AOM is driven by methane produced during in situ methanogenesis, resulting from the deposition of reactive organic matter to the sediment surface. This situation does not lead to deviations in the value of rC:S from that seen solely for the occurrence of organic matter remineralization by sulfate reduction. With real pore-water data, if carbonate precipitation is adequately accounted for, observed deviations in values of rC:S from predicted end-member values for organic matter remineralization and AOM can provide information about the occurrence of AOM and upward methane fluxes in sediments. In many anoxic sediments, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) production is coupled to bacterial sulfate reduction, and diffusion is the predominant pore-water solute transport process. Neglecting for now any possible carbonate precipitation or dissolution (which is discussed below in further detail), a property–property plot of the sediment pore-water DIC concentration vs. sulfate concentration (or a plot of their concentration changes with respect to bottom water values) will have a slope given by,
Comparison of the analeptic potency of TRH, ACTH 4-10, LHRH, and related peptides.

Abstract Various peptide hormones appear to exert behavioral and pharmacologic effects apart from their classical endocrine actions. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), for example, antagonizes the sedation and hypothermia produced by barbiturate and other depressant drugs and de Wied has shown that ACTH 4–10, TRH, LHRH and certain related substances show some activity in inhibition of extinction of a pole-jumping avoidance response in the rat. These data provided the impetus for screening ACTH 4–10, LHRH, and related peptides for analeptic activity. ACTH 4–10 and ACTH 4-7 were inactive in antagonizing pentobarbital whether administered peripherally or centrally. ACTH 4-7 amide and 4-Met(O 2 ),8-D-Lys,9-Phe-ACTH 4–9 were active regardless of route of administration LHRH and two tripeptide fragments (Glu-His-Trp-NH 2 and p Glu-His-Phe-NH 2 ) showed analeptic activity only after intracisternal administration. Thus, sme peptide fragments related to ACTH 4–10 and LHRH were shown to share were shown to share to some degree the analeptic properties previously demonstrated for TRH.
Purification of p53/55 kinase from nuclear ribonucleoproteins of Namalwa cells

A nuclear p53/55 protein kinase has been isolated from nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles from human tumor cells. The enzyme was purified approximately 2200-fold from cell nuclei by sequential ribonuclease digestion of the RNP particles, DEAE cellulose and phosphocellulose chromatography. The kinase which was CAMP independent, catalyzed the phosphorylation of rabbit muscle glycogen synthase in the amino terminal domain, and conversion of the I to D form. The D synthase had a phosphorylation stoichiometry of 8 moles 32P, per mole of synthase subunit with maximal specificity for ATP as phosphate donor; its Km was 30 μM. An antinucleolar antibody inhibited enzyme activity by 80%. Substrates for most other kinases were inactive. The kinase was essentially unaffected by the Walsh inhibitor, EGTA, regulatory subunits of protein kinase, calmodulin, trifluoperazine or heparin. Its activity was lost at 1 mM polyamine, but was enhanced 3-fold by MnC12 and 4- to 9-fold by deoxymononucleotides.
11.7 A 240mW 16b 3.2GS/s DAC in 65nm CMOS with <-80dBc IM3 up to 600MHz

Advanced wireless cellular infrastructure systems require DACs with high spectral purity over a wide bandwidth and which are fit for integration of multiple transmit channels with DSP. This calls for IM3 linearity better than -80dBc up to high frequencies and low power dissipation. In this paper, a high-speed current-steering DAC is reported that combines low power and high linearity, enabled by a 3-dimensional sort-and-combine (3D-SC) calibration technique, CML switch-driving circuitry, and switch cascoding. It achieves similar linearity at significantly reduced power compared to a state-of-the-art high-linearity DAC [1] while its IM3 performance is more than 10dB better than the multi-GS/s low-power DAC in [2]. The 16b 3.2GS/s DAC is implemented in a 65nm CMOS process and achieves -80dBc IM3 up to 600MHz while dissipating 240mW from 1.2V and 3.3V supplies.
Estrogen receptors in ovary and uterus of immature hamster and rat: effects of estrogens.

Cytosolic and nuclear estrogen receptors in the ovary and uterus of immature rats and hamsters were determined to evaluate why exogenous estrogens were ineffective in stimulating follicular maturation in the hamster compared to the rat. Animals were injected sc with oil or single injection of 1mg estradiol cyclopentylpropionate (ECP) on Day 23 or a daily injection of 2mg diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Days 23-25 and killed on Day 26.Total binding sites for estrogen in ovarian cytosol of control hamsters were half the number in the rat ovary (28 fmole/mg protein) and about 50% of the receptors were occupied in the hamster. The apparent affinity of the estrogen-cytosol receptor complex was also lower in the hamster (Kd; 1.41 nM) than in the rat (Kd; 0.52nM). After ECP treatment, there was a tendency for translocation in all4tissues examined even though some differences were not statistically significant. However, after DES treatment both cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptors decreased in both species. This discrepancy may be due to the difference in the time course of the nuclear translocation, the difference in metabolism and difference in the binding potencies of ECP and DES.DES. The lack of ovarian responsiveness to estrogen in the hamster thus appears to be due to the reduced number of cytosol receptor sites which have a low affinity for estrogen and are already partially occupied.
A lunar-based analytical laboratory and contamination problems in analysis of Moon and Mars samples

A summary follows of our experiences and techniques used in the analysis of samples from Apollo Missions 11 to 17. The studies were conducted at the Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, the University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, and the University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 1969 - 1974. Our search was directed to water-extractable compounds with emphasis on amino acids. Gas chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography and gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry were used for the analysis. It is our conclusion that amino acids are not present in the lunar regolith above the background levels of our investigation (ca. 1 - 3 ng/g). The scientific debate has become heated that primitive life existed on Mars 3.6 billion years ago as reported by the NASA-Stanford team led to David McKay. Mars is destined to receive humans early in the 21st Century, preceded by many international missions to Space Station Freedom and robotic missions to the Moon and Mars. First, we must `learn to live in space'. The Moon presents a base that provides the opportunities and challenges to assemble the international interdisciplinary intellectual scientific teams and partners with many disciplines to make the next step before human exploration of Mars and the search for evidence in Martian soil and samples returned to Earth laboratories. Our experiences learned in Moon analysis will be useful in Mars exploration and returned sample study. Sensitivity at the nanogram/gram level and selectivity of analysis are highly essential. As these figures show contamination of samples is a most serious problem. However with the use of ultraclean techniques in a 100 clean room contamination can be avoided. Our speck of dust, a tiny fragment of cigarette smoke, a particle of dandruff, a droplet of saliva, all can make your results questionable. In addition, the extraction of life molecules as amino acids from the Lunar samples was a difficult process and I am sure the same difficulties exist with handling and removing the very low levels of amino acids from Mars meteorites and returned samples.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Computational fluid dynamics as a tool to understand the motility of microorganisms

Abstract In this work we demonstrate the utility of a new computational algorithm, based on the finite volume method, for simulating the motility of microorganisms. The approach is adopted from our work on discrete particle modeling. The shape of a swimming cell is reconstructed as a contiguous sequence of spherical particles at discrete locations on the surface of the cell head and flagella, and the motion of each sphere is prescribed from experimentally observed motions. The spherical particles contribute to the fluid’s momentum as point forces. By computing the hydrodynamic interaction of the prescribed motion, we can calculate a propulsive velocity. We extensively validate our model with analytical results and other established numerical methods. Both qualitative and quantitative agreement are demonstrated across a wide range of low Reynolds number phenomena. Since it is implemented as an add-on module to computational fluid dynamics solvers such as FLUENT or OpenFOAM, it has the potential for broad utility in the viscous regime.
The in-line cryotron

This paper describes a new type of planar thin-film cryotron namely, an in-line cryotron, and compares its advantages to the crossed-film cryotron. This cryotron has its gate and control elements superimposed and parallel, or in-line, whereas the crossed-film device has its gate and control elements crossed at right angles. The gain curve for the in-line cryotron has a region where incremental gains of one to ten may be obtained without a change in the gate-to-control width ratio Wg/Wc whereas large gains are not possible for the crossed-film cryotron without altering the width ratio. Larger gate resistances are possible within the in-line cryotron and calculations are given to show it is feasible to properly terminate low impedance strip transmission lines with characteristic impedances in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 ohms. It is necessary to properly terminate the strip transmission lines commonly used in superconducting circuit fabrication in order to achieve the maximum circuit switching speeds. Other advantages and the disadvantages of the in-line cryton are also discussed.
Common variants in ABCB1, ABCC2 and ABCG2 genes and clinical outcomes among women with advanced stage ovarian cancer treated with platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Abstract Purpose Efflux transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family are major determinants of chemoresistance in tumor cells. This study examined associations between functional variants in ABCB1 , ABCC2 and ABCG2 genes and clinical outcomes in patients with epithelial ovarian/primary peritoneal cancer (EOC/PPC) following platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy. Methods Sequenom iPLEXTMGOLD Assay and MALDI-TOF platform were used to genotype the non-synonymous G2677T/A (rs2032582; encoding Ala893Ser/Thr) and synonymous C3435T (rs1045642; encoding Ile1145Ile) variants in ABCB1 , the non-synonymous G1249A variant in ABCC2 (rs2273697; encoding Val417Ile), and the non-synonymous C421A variant in ABCG2 (rs2231142; encoding Q141K, Gln141Lys) in normal DNA from up to 511 women in Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) phase III trials, GOG-172 or GOG-182. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed in relation to genetic polymorphisms using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards model. Results The C421A variant (CA+AA versus CC) in ABCG2 was associated with a 6-month longer median PFS (22.7 versus 16.8months, p=0.041). In multivariate analysis, patients with variant genotypes were at a reduced risk of disease progression (hazard ratio [HR]=0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.59-0.96, p=0.022). The association between C421A and OS was not statistically significant (HR=0.88, 95% CI=0.67-1.15, p=0.356). None of the other variants measured in either ABCB1 or ABCC2 was associated with PFS or OS. Conclusion The C421A variant in ABCG2 , previously shown to be associated with enhanced protein degradation and drug sensitivity, was associated with longer PFS in advanced stage EOC/PPC patents treated with platinum+taxane-based chemotherapy. This finding requires further validation.
Context-Independence of Items Designed to Measure the Ability to Derive the Meanings of Words from their Context

Items designed to measure the ability to derive the meanings of words from context (vocabulary-in-context items) were drawn from seven published reading tests. The items were administered to junior-and senior-high school students without the context. The percentage of students who marked the individual items correctly varied from zero to 91. In response to the average item 14% more students marked it correctly than would be expected to do so on the basis of random guessing alone. Only one published test had vocabulary-in-context items that were consistently context-dependent.
Nutritional outcome and growth of children after intestinal transplantation.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine nutritional outcome and growth in children after successful intestinal transplantation. Methods: Case-record review was conducted of all children who underwent intestinal transplantation at a single center and retained their grafts for at least 1 year. Supplementary data were obtained from outpatient charts and computerized database. Results: Forty-seven intestinal transplants were carried out in 46 children. There were 19 isolated small bowel and 29 combined liver[ndash ]small bowel transplant procedures. Median age at transplantation was 3.7 years (range, 0.4 to 16.6 years), and median graft survival time was 1,084 days (range, 368 to 3308 days). Nine patients died, and there were 11 graft losses, including those of the nonsurvivors. All survivors with functioning grafts receive all of their calories via the enteral route. There was significant inhibition of linear growth at the time of transplant in the majority of recipients. After successful transplantation, pretransplant growth velocity appeared to be maintained, but there was no evidence of catch-up growth. Conclusions: Intestinal transplantation allows an opportunity for full enteral feedings to be established. There is evidence of severe inhibition of linear growth at the time of transplantation with no evidence of catch-up after transplantation.
On 2-switches and isomorphism classes

A 2-switch is an edge addition/deletion operation that changes adjacencies in the graph while preserving the degree of each vertex. A well known result states that graphs with the same degree sequence may be changed into each other via sequences of 2-switches. We show that if a 2-switch changes the isomorphism class of a graph, then it must take place in one of four congurations. We also present a sucient condition for a 2-switch to change the isomorphism class of a graph. As consequences, we give a new characterization of matrogenic graphs and determine the largest hereditary graph family whose members are all the unique realizations (up to isomorphism) of their respective degree sequences.
Interurban differences in the innovative nature of production

Abstract Several authors have suggested that large cities concentrate on innovative commodities and allow the production of more standardized goods to filter down to lower wage smaller cities. This paper provides an empirical test of this hypothesis. The innovativeness of production within a given SMSA is measured by the proportion of professional, technical and kindred workers. Evidence for specific two-digit manufacturing industries indicates that such innovation workers are generally more prevalent in larger cities. Substantial improvements in transportation and communications in recent years have not greatly altered the tendency for professionals to be concentrated in large urban areas.
The Rhetorical Plasticity of the Dead in Museum Displays: A Biocritique of Missing Intercultural Awareness

Using rhetorical analysis in the form of an autoethnographically informed biocritique, this study applies and expands the concept of rhetorical plasticity to examine the popular museum exhibit Bodies: The Exhibition, which is arguably the most controversial of a series of contemporary museum exhibits that feature deceased human bodies that have been plasticized and entertainingly displayed for public viewing in museums in cities worldwide. We investigate how rhetorical tropes, such as biological and health discourses that pleasantly effuse reason, and fun action poses, operate synergistically to invite audiences into a forgetting of cultural awareness and personal biography in exhibits that display unknown Chinese bodies to Western audiences.