cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sintering of Mixtures of Seeded Boehmite and Ultrafine α‐Alumina

α-Alumina was fabricated by dry pressing mixtures of seeded boehmite and fine α-alumina (i.e., 0.2 and 0.3 μm diameter) to reduce the large shrinkage of boehmite-derived α-alumina. The maximum green density was obtained with mixtures containing ∼70%α-alumina for both alumina powders. The ∼15% linear shrinkage and microstructures of these samples were comparable to 100% alumina powder samples. Samples with 0.2 μm alumina sintered to densities >95% at 1300°C whereas 1400°C was needed for samples with 0.3 μm alumina. These results indicate that boehmite can be used as a substitute for relatively expensive ultrafine α-alumina powders.
Becoming “effective” citizens? Change-oriented service in a teacher education program

The authors investigated the impact of 22 pre-service teachers’ participation in a change-oriented service-learning project on their conceptions of citizenship as civic actors and civic educators. The goal of this project was to push students toward adopting more critically conscious and activist conceptions of citizenship as aligned with the needs of a democratic society. Using Eyler and Giles’ (1999) typology of effective citizenship as an analytic framework, we describe how students’ participation in this project led to demonstrated growth along all five dimensions of effective citizenship. Yet, analysis revealed that, despite the project’s change-orientation, students’ conceptions of citizenship failed to move beyond personal responsibility to include enhanced social consciousness and the importance of collective action. Thus, we raise critical questions about what constitutes “effective citizenship” in a democratic society and the role of higher education in preparing teachers to embody and enact such a vision.
Synthesis and Cleavage- Secretion of Enzymatically Active Rabbit Angiotensin-converting Enzyme in Pichia pastoris

Many biologically important ectoproteins that are anchored in the plasma membrane via a hydrophobic domain undergo a proteolytic cleavage process, which releases the ectodomain to the extracellular milieu in a regulated fashion. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is one such protein that is secreted from human and mouse cells by its cleavage at one of two alternative sites in the ectodomain. Here, we report similar cleavage-secretion of ACE in the yeast Pichia pastoris. The cleavage site used in yeasts was identical to one of the two sites used in mouse cells. Moreover, as in mammalian cells, ACE secretion in yeast was inhibited by compound 3, a potent inhibitor of the metzincin family of metalloproteases. ACE proteins cleavage-secreted from yeast and from mammalian cells had identical enzymatic properties. These results demonstrate the existence of a secretase activity in yeast whose properties closely resemble those of the mammalian ACE secretase.
PENETRATION OF REFRACTORY METALS BY ALKALI METALS

Under certain conditions tantalum and niobium undergo rapid penetration by liquid alkali metals along grain boundaries and certain crystallographic planes. Penetration is observed only when oxygen dissolved in the refractory metal exceeds some threshold concentration. This concentration depends upon the refractory metal, the alkali metal, and the temperature. Penetration was first encountered in niobium and tantalum exposed to lithium, but has now also been found to occur when these metals are exposed to sodium, potassium, and the sodium-potassium eutectic. Oxygen levels required to effect penetration in niobium and tantalum by lithium, sodium, and potassium at 600°C are compared, and the rate of penetration is discussed in terms of a corrosion model.
The Gribov horizon

Properties of the Coulomb-gauge Gribov horizon are discussed. In a non-Abelian gauge model, transverse field amplitudes must lie in the region bounded by the horizon. Natural enforcement of this restriction is provided by the Coulomb energy associated with color-charge fluctuations. To isolate the most important color-charge terms at the horizon and investigate their influence on quantum eigenstates, a simple nonlinear transformation is introduced which removes the horizon to infinity. The results of some numerical calculations on the shape of the horizon are also reported.
When mechanistic models explain

Not all models are explanatory. Some models are data summaries. Some models sketch explanations but leave crucial details unspecified or hidden behind filler terms. Some models are used to conjecture a how-possibly explanation without regard to whether it is a how-actually explanation. I use the Hodgkin and Huxley model of the action potential to illustrate these ways that models can be useful without explaining. I then use the subsequent development of the explanation of the action potential to show what is required of an adequate mechanistic model. Mechanistic models are explanatory.
Mantle anisotropy beneath the Tibetan Plateau: evidence from long-period surface waves

Abstract We investigate long-period surface waves (T > 100 s) propagating across the Tibetan Plateau, based on the seismic records from a PASSCAL portable array and nearby Chinese Digital Seismic Network (CDSN) stations. Significant quasi-Love waveform anomalies, associated with fundamental Rayleigh-Love coupling, are consistently observed, suggesting that strong lateral gradients in azimuthal anisotropy exist beneath the plateau. More intense surface-wave scattering is observed at intermediate periods (T ≈ 50 s), which suggests that the cause of the long-period quasi-Love waves lies in the upper mantle, not the thickened crust of the plateau. A detailed analysis of the data indicates that the long-period waveform anomalies are generated beneath the central Tibetan Plateau, where the structural trend implies deep deformations induced by continental collision. The absence of quasi-Love anomalies at the westernmost station of the Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL) array suggests that the east-west extent of this mantle deformation is limited. Some, but not all, of the quasi-Love observations are consistent with SKS splitting observations. Both sets of observations predict a strong gradient in anisotropic properties in central Tibet. However, the quasi-Love waveforms are absent from records collected in the northern plateau for northerly propagation paths, which is not consistent with a gradient at the northern edge of the plateau, as suggested by SKS studies. This discrepancy indicates that the simple models used to interpret both body- and surface-wave data may be inadequate. Either significant P-wave anisotropy exists under the plateau, or the S-wave anisotropy does not possess a uniformly horizontal symmetry axis, or strong east-west gradients in anisotropy bias our data-synthetic comparison.
GPUmotif: an ultra-fast and energy-efficient motif analysis program using graphics processing units.

Computational detection of TF binding patterns has become an indispensable tool in functional genomics research. With the rapid advance of new sequencing technologies, large amounts of protein-DNA interaction data have been produced. Analyzing this data can provide substantial insight into the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation. However, the massive amount of sequence data presents daunting challenges. In our previous work, we have developed a novel algorithm called Hybrid Motif Sampler (HMS) that enables more scalable and accurate motif analysis. Despite much improvement, HMS is still time-consuming due to the requirement to calculate matching probabilities position-by-position. Using the NVIDIA CUDA toolkit, we developed a graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated motif analysis program named GPUmotif. We proposed a ‘‘fragmentation’’ technique to hide data transfer time between memories. Performance comparison studies showed that commonly-used model-based motif scan and de novo motif finding procedures such as HMS can be dramatically accelerated when running GPUmotif on NVIDIA graphics cards. As a result, energy consumption can also be greatly reduced when running motif analysis using GPUmotif. The GPUmotif program is freely available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/ gpumotif/
Rcast: A Randomized Communication Scheme for Improving Energy Efficiency in MANETs

In a typical wireless mobile ad hoc network (MANET) using a shared communication medium, every node receives or overhears every data transmission occurring in its vicinity. However, this technique is not applicable when a power saving mechanism (PSM) such as the one specified in IEEE 802.11 is employed, where a packet advertisement period is separated from the actual data transmission period. When a node receives an advertised packet that is not destined to itself, it switches to a low-power state during the data transmission period, and thus, conserves power. However, since some MANET routing protocols such as dynamic source routing (DSR) collect route information via overhearing, they would suffer if they were used with the IEEE 802.11 PSM. Allowing no overhearing may critically deteriorate the performance of the underlying routing protocol, while unconditional overhearing may offset the advantage of using PSM. This paper proposes a new communication mechanism, called RandomCast or Rcast, via which a sender can specify the desired level of overhearing in addition to the intended receiver. Therefore, it is possible that only a random set of nodes overhear and collect route information for future use. Rcast improves not only the energy efficiency, but also the energy balance among the nodes, without significantly affecting the routing efficiency. Extensive simulation using the ns-2 network simulator shows that Rcast is highly energy-efficient compared to the original IEEE 802.11 PSM and On-demand power management (ODPM) protocol in terms of total energy consumption (157% to 236% less than PSM and 28% to 131% less than ODPM) and energy balance (four times less variance than ODPM) among the nodes
Imatinib Treatment in PDGFRA-Negative Childhood Hypereosinophilic Syndrome

We report a 4-year-old female who presented with severe hypereosinophilia (215.7 K/μl) and end-organ dysfunction. Extensive evaluation including whole exome sequencing was performed, revealing no causative mutation. Initial treatment with corticosteroids, leukapheresis, and hydroxyurea decreased her absolute eosinophil count (AEC), although it remained elevated. Despite the absence of a PDGFRA mutation, an imatinib trial resulted in normalization of her AEC. Imatinib was discontinued after sustained normal counts for 1 month. AECs have remained normal for more than 1 year off therapy. This provides support for consideration of imatinib in the treatment of hypereosinophilia even in the absence of a known tyrosine kinase mutation.
Relationships of Heart Disease Risk Factors to Exercise Quantity and Intensity

Objective: To assess the relationships of exercise amount and exercise intensity to coronary heart disease risk factors measured cross-sectionally in runners. Methods Physician-supplied medical data were compared with subjects' reported average running amount (kilometers run per week) and running intensity during their best recent 10-km race (kilometers per hour) in 7059 male and 1837 female recreational runners. Ten-kilometer race velocity (kilometers per hour) is known to be related to exercise intensity during training. Results Men and women who ran faster (ie, at greater intensity) had lower blood pressures; triglyceride levels; ratios of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; body mass indexes (calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters); and circumferences of the waist, hips, and chest when adjusted for weekly running distance, age, consumption of alcohol, and diet. Relative to the effect of running distance, running velocity had a 13.3 times greater calculated effect on systolic blood pressure, a 2.8 times greater calculated effect on diastolic blood pressure, and a 4.7 times greater calculated effect on waist circumference in men, and a 5.7 times greater calculated effect on systolic blood pressure in women when adjusted. In contrast, running distance had a more than 6-fold greater calculated effect on adjusted plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than running velocity in both sexes. Conclusions Exercising more intensely could improve coronary heart disease risk factor level beyond that achieved by exercise amount alone; however, proof of causality remains to be determined from clinical trials. Exercise intensity and amount may target specific coronary heart disease risk factors.
Induction of NF-κB by the Akt/PKB kinase

The serine/threonine kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B, PKB) is activated by numerous growth-factor and immune receptors through lipid products of phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. Akt can couple to pathways that regulate glucose metabolism or cell survival [1]. Akt can also regulate several transcription factors, including E2F, CREB, and the Forkhead family member Daf-16 [2] [3] [4]. Here, we show that Akt can regulate signaling pathways that lead to induction of the NF-kappaB family of transcription factors in the Jurkat T-cell line. This induction occurs, at least in part, at the level of degradation of the NF-kappaB inhibitor IkappaB, and is specific for NF-kappaB, as other inducible transcription factors are not affected by Akt overexpression. Furthermore, the effect requires the kinase activity and pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of Akt. Also, Akt does not act alone to induce cytokine promoters and NF-kappaB reporters, because signals from other pathways are required to observe the effect. These studies uncover a previously unappreciated connection between Akt and NF-kappaB induction that could have implications for the control of T-cell growth and survival.
Applications of a new simulation model for media noise limited magnetic recording channels

A new model for the signal dependent transition noise and partial erasure which occur in the readback signal from thin film recording media is reviewed. This model, which is referred to as the microtrack model, has its basis in physics and can be entirely specified by three parameters of the media. It is used both as a simulation tool and for analytical calculation. Through simulation, the effect of various amounts of media noise on a PR4 channel is shown. Analytically, the amount of jitter and widening effects of the noise produced by the model are examined. Also, the autocorrelation of this noise and the effect of partial erasure on it is examined.
Illustrating Optimal Control Applications with Discrete and Continuous Features

In this paper, we present the basic idea of optimal control of models with discrete and continuous features. We first consider ordinary differential equation (ODE) models where we emphasize problems which are linear in the control and have discrete values for the optimal control. Three examples with ODEs illustrate how the bang-bang and singular controls could be handled. The first example utilizes a simple model with one ODE. The next two examples use systems of ODEs. One example comes from a mobile robot with one or more steerable drive wheels that steer together. The other example models species augmentation where two populations of the same species are modeled with a target/endangered population and a reserve population. Then we present an extension to an integrodifference model that is discrete in time and continuous in space. This optimal pest control problem is modeled by integrodifference equations and we illustrate how to construct the necessary conditions.
Structural and functional features and significance of the physical linkage between ER and mitochondria

The role of mitochondria in cell metabolism and survival is controlled by calcium signals that are commonly transmitted at the close associations between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the physical linkage of the ER–mitochondria interface and its relevance for cell function remains elusive. We show by electron tomography that ER and mitochondria are adjoined by tethers that are ∼10 nm at the smooth ER and ∼25 nm at the rough ER. Limited proteolysis separates ER from mitochondria, whereas expression of a short “synthetic linker” (<5 nm) leads to tightening of the associations. Although normal connections are necessary and sufficient for proper propagation of ER-derived calcium signals to the mitochondria, tightened connections, synthetic or naturally observed under apoptosis-inducing conditions, make mitochondria prone to Ca2+ overloading and ensuing permeability transition. These results reveal an unexpected dependence of cell function and survival on the maintenance of proper spacing between the ER and mitochondria.
Wearable Physiological Status Monitors for Measuring and Evaluating Workers' Physical Strain: Preliminary Validation

Construction activities are usually physically demanding and performed in ubiquitous, highly variable, and, often harsh environments. Excessive physical strain affects productivity, inattentiveness, and accidents. Therefore, a monitoring system able to assess workers’ physical strain may be an important step towards better safety and productivity management. Previous efforts to assess construction workers’ physical demand relied on instrumentation that hindered workers’ activities. However, worker’s physical strain can now be monitored by recently-introduced, non-intrusive Physiological Status Monitors (PSMs). We have investigated three PSMs to assess if they can effectively monitor a person during activities similar to construction workforce’s dynamic activities. Comparing PSMs’ and standard laboratory instruments’ measurements, we found that two of the selected PSMs are mostly reliable and accurate. These preliminary results demonstrate the PSMs’ effectiveness in monitoring subjects during dynamic activities and show promise that they can be successfully implemented to monitor construction workers’ physical strain.
Association of a Rainforest Palm and Seed‐Eating Beetles in Puerto Rico

The scolytid beetle Cocotrypes carpophagus may attack as many as 100% of the seeds of the common Puerto Rican rainforest palm Euterpe globosa by the end of the fruiting season when the population densities of the beetle are their maximum. At the beginning of fruit fall, the percentage attack is extremely small. It is hypothesized that the build—up of this seed predator on the crop each year is the selective force producing the strong inter—tree fruiting synchrony displayed by E. globosa. Further, this synchrony appears to prevent the beetle from depressing the palm population density to the low level characteristic of most tropical trees. It is also hypothesized that such a beetle—palm interaction could not occur on the mainland of Central America owing to the difficulty of satiating the large mainland community of vertebrates and insects that prey on palm seeds. See full-text article at JSTOR
Ultrawideband temperature-dependent dielectric properties of animal liver tissue in the microwave frequency range

The development of ultrawideband (UWB) microwave diagnostic and therapeutic technologies, such as UWB microwave breast cancer detection and hyperthermia treatment, is facilitated by accurate knowledge of the temperature- and frequency-dependent dielectric properties of biological tissues. To this end, we characterize the temperature-dependent dielectric properties of a representative tissue type—animal liver—from 0.5 to 20 GHz. Since discrete-frequency linear temperature coefficients are impractical and inappropriate for applications spanning wide frequency and temperature ranges, we propose a novel and compact data representation technique. A single-pole Cole–Cole model is used to fit the dielectric properties data as a function of frequency, and a second-order polynomial is used to fit the Cole–Cole parameters as a function of temperature. This approach permits rapid estimation of tissue dielectric properties at any temperature and frequency.
Evolutionary Psychology: New Perspectives on Cognition and Motivation

Evolutionary psychology is the second wave of the cognitive revolution. The first wave focused on computational processes that generate knowledge about the world: perception, attention, categorization, reasoning, learning, and memory. The second wave views the brain as composed of evolved computational systems, engineered by natural selection to use information to adaptively regulate physiology and behavior. This shift in focus—from knowledge acquisition to the adaptive regulation of behavior—provides new ways of thinking about every topic in psychology. It suggests a mind populated by a large number of adaptive specializations, each equipped with content-rich representations, concepts, inference systems, and regulatory variables, which are functionally organized to solve the complex problems of survival and reproduction encountered by the ancestral hunter-gatherers from whom we are descended. We present recent empirical examples that illustrate how this approach has been used to discover new features of attention, categorization, reasoning, learning, emotion, and motivation.
A neighboring optimum feedback control scheme based on estimated time-to-go with application to re-entry flight paths

Neighboring optimum feedback control scheme based on estimated time-to-go applied to reentry flight paths
New Mode of Possible Excitation of Characteristic Line Spectra in Diffuse Cosmic X-rays

OBSERVATIONS of the diffuse cosmic X-ray spectrum in the 0.25 to 5 keV energy region1–5 show excess intensities over the extrapolated higher energy power law flux and spectrum. I propose that these excess intensities may be explained by characteristic X-ray emission by the atoms of elements present in the interstellar and/or intergalactic regions, where these lines may be excited by the interaction of charged cosmic ray particles with those atoms. I suggest that if these excess intensities of cosmic X-rays are due to characteristic X-rays of the elements, then their observation would serve as a powerful tool to study the abundances of the various elements in the interstellar region and in gaseous nebulae.
Discussion of ''economic analysis of accountants' ethical standards: the case of audit opinion shopping''

In his paper, Cushing (Cushing, B.E., (1999). Economics analysis of accountants’ ethical standards: The case of audit opinion shopping. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 18 (4/5)) argues for an increasing role of ‘‘laissez-faire’’ approaches to professional accounting ethics. To formally present his argument, Cushing (1999) employs a classic auditor‐client dispute over a financial reporting issue; the dispute’s resolution is framed within a prisoner’s dilemma game. Three increasingly sophisticated models are used to examine both strict (explicit rules and monitoring) and laissez-faire (moral training and leadership) approaches to induce ethical auditor play within the prisoner’s dilemma game. My comments are an eAort to consider if Cushing’s (1999) arguments for a laissezfaire approach are practicable. To do this I first relate Cushing’s (1999) arguments to the theoretical attributes of a profession. Second, I extend his arguments to include ethical disposition. Two bases of ethical disposition are discussed, moral reasoning theory and the persona of individuals. I conclude that a movement toward a laissez-faire approach to ethics is a strategy the profession should not ignore. ” 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
Constrained iterative deconvolution applied to SeaMARC I sidescan sonar imagery

Images collected by any sidescan sonar system represent the convolution of the acoustic beam pattern of the instrument with the true echo amplitude distribution over the seafloor. At typical low speeds, the 1.7 degrees beam width of SeaMARC I (seafloor mapping and remote characterization) results in multiple insonification of individual targets, particularly at the outside of the swath. A nonlinearly constrained iterative deconvolution technique developed for radar applications can be applied to SeaMARC I imagery to reduce the effect of the beam pattern and equalize the spectral content of the image across the swath. Since the deconvolution is implemented in the along-track direction, the registration of individual scan lines must be precisely corrected before the operator is applied. The deconvolution operator must be modeled to account for beam shape, vehicle speed, swath width, slant range, and ping rate. The method is numerically stable and increases the effective resolution of the image, but results in some loss of dynamic range. The technique is applied to target recognition and imagery from volcanic terrains of the central Juan de Fuca Ridge. >
Incorporating analog integrated circuits in the undergraduate curriculum

The authors describe an approach taken to incorporate analog ICs into the senior undergraduate electronics design course at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. This course is the final requirement in the three-course EE electronics design sequence. The Academy's broad core curriculum requires efficient use of each electrical engineering courses taken by EE majors. To achieve this efficiency, lab exercises and design projects are carefully combined with the instruction in each course. This provides the student with reinforcement of the material on several different levels. Additionally, theory and practice are united since the course and lab are taught by the same instructor. >
A Novel Versatile Process for the Production of Polymer Foams

Porous polymeric media are used in several applications such as solid supports for separations and catalysis, as well as biomedical applications such as vascular grafts and wound dressings. We have developed a novel versatile process to produce polymeric cellular solids. This process which is based on a phase extraction-co-polymer precipitation is applicable to a wide range of polymer systems including water soluble polymers. It is capable of yielding polymer foams of high porosity (> 90%) and excellent mechanical characteristics in a very short time (less than 2 hours) without limitations in foam thickness. Polymer foam with such characteristics have great utility in tissue engineering applications. We have successfully explored polymer foams of biocompatible polymers produced by the presented approach for bone and cartilage engineering using bone marrow stromal cells.
Proteome-wide Light/Dark Modulation of Thiol Oxidation in Cyanobacteria Revealed by Quantitative Site-specific Redox Proteomics

Reversible protein thiol oxidation is an essential regulatory mechanism of photosynthesis, metabolism, and gene expression in photosynthetic organisms. Herein, we present proteome-wide quantitative and site-specific profiling of in vivo thiol oxidation modulated by light/dark in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, an oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote, using a resin-assisted thiol enrichment approach. Our proteomic approach integrates resin-assisted enrichment with isobaric tandem mass tag labeling to enable site-specific and quantitative measurements of reversibly oxidized thiols. The redox dynamics of ∼2,100 Cys-sites from 1,060 proteins under light, dark, and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (a photosystem II inhibitor) conditions were quantified. In addition to relative quantification, the stoichiometry or percentage of oxidation (reversibly oxidized/total thiols) for ∼1,350 Cys-sites was also quantified. The overall results revealed broad changes in thiol oxidation in many key biological processes, including photosynthetic electron transport, carbon fixation, and glycolysis. Moreover, the redox sensitivity along with the stoichiometric data enabled prediction of potential functional Cys-sites for proteins of interest. The functional significance of redox-sensitive Cys-sites in NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, peroxiredoxin (AhpC/TSA family protein Sll1621), and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was further confirmed with site-specific mutagenesis and biochemical studies. Together, our findings provide significant insights into the broad redox regulation of photosynthetic organisms.
Eight Byzantine Shipwrecks from the Theodosian Harbour Excavations at Yenikapı in Istanbul, Turkey: an introduction

Excavations at Yenikapi in Istanbul, Turkey, related to the Marmaray Project, have unearthed remains of Constantinople's Theodosian Harbour, including 37 Byzantine shipwrecks of 5th- to 11th-century date. Eight of these shipwrecks, six round ships and two of the first long ships, or galleys, to be excavated from the Byzantine period, were studied by archaeologists from the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. These well-preserved shipwrecks are an important new source of information on the maritime commerce of Constantinople and the gradual shift from shell-based to skeleton-based shipbuilding in the Mediterranean during the second half of the first millennium AD.
Visuospatial Ability, Accuracy of Size Estimation, and Bulimic Disturbance in a Noneating-Disordered College Sample: A Neuropsychological Analysis:

The relationship between visuospatial ability and size accuracy in perception was assessed in 69 normal college females. In general, correlations indicated small associations between visuospatial defects and size overestimation and little relationship between visuospatial ability and level of bulimic disturbance. Implications for research on the size overestimation of body image are addressed.
Christianity, American Indians, and the Doctrine of Discovery

The European countries that explored and colonized North America utilized the international law Doctrine of Discovery to claim the sovereign, property, and human rights of Indigenous peoples. Discovery was developed primarily in the fifteenth century by Spain, Portugal, England, and the Church and was designed to control the acquisition of non-European lands. The assumed superiority of European religions and civilizations played a major role in justifying Discovery. Starting with the fifteenth century papal bulls and the later English Royal charters, the primary goals of colonization were alleged to be "propagating Christian Religion" and bringing "human civility" to the "pagan," "heathen," "Infidels and Savages" who "yet live[d] in Darkness and miserable ignorance of the true Knowledge and Worship of God." The United States Supreme Court expressly adopted the Doctrine of Discovery in 1823 in Johnson v. M'Intosh and expressly relied on Christian religion and Euro-American civilization to justify its decision. The goals of, and the justifications for, Discovery continued to be part of United States Indian policy and Manifest Destiny until nearly the end of the twentieth century.
Complementary and Alternate Medicine Approaches

Chronic diseases, especially autoimmune diseases with unknown cause and limited treatment options, pose a dilemma for the treating practitioner. Patients often perceive the need to search on their own for alternatives in order to relieve their pain, suffering and stop further progression. For this reason, an increasing number of patients are turning to alternative, complementary, integrative, and holistic medicine. While these terms appear to be different, they have been evolving from an approach to disease that is outside of mainstream evidence-based medicine (Table 51.1) toward an integration that can complement and ideally work together with mainstream evidence-based medicine.
Sex Differences in Risk Factors and Natural History of Oral Human Papillomavirus Infection

UNLABELLED Oral human papillomavirus genotype 16 (HPV16) infection causes oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the prevalence of oropharyngeal SCC is higher among men than women in the United States. In a cohort study of oral HPV infection among 409 individuals aged 18-25 years, the risk among men but not among women significantly increased as the number of recent (ie, within the prior 3 months) oral sex partners increased (Pinteraction = .05). In contrast, the risk among women but not among men significantly decreased as the lifetime number of vaginal sex partners increased (Pinteraction = .037). Men were also significantly less likely than women to clear oral HPV infection. Our data contribute to understanding sex differences in risk for HPV-positive oropharyngeal SCC. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT00994019.
Stress Development in Low Dielectric Constant Silica Films During Drying and Heating Process

Low dielectric constant silica films are made using a surfactant templated sol-gel process (K∼2.5) or an ambient temperature and pressure aerogel process (K∼1.5). This paper will present the in-situ measurement and analysis of stress development during the making of these films, from the onset of drying till the end of heating. The drying stress is measured by a cantilever beam technique; the thermal stress is measured by monitoring the wafer curvature using a laser deflection method. During the course of drying, the surfactant templated films experience a low drying stress due to the influence of the surfactant on surface tension and extent of siloxane condensation. The aerogel films first develop a biaxial tensile stress due to solidification and initial drying. At the final stage of drying where the drying stress vanishes, dilation of the film recreates the porosity of the wet gel state, reducing the residual stress to zero. For the surfactant templated films, very small residual tensile stress remains after the heat treatment is finished (∼30MPa). Aerogel film has almost no measurable stress developed in the calcination process. In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis during drying and heating, and TGA/DTA are all used to help understand the stress development.
WSN node power consumption weighted state machine based on cluster head cycle-switching scheme

Node power consumption is a key factor affecting the life cycle of wireless sensor networks(WSN).Since in largescale farmland applications the continuous collection and uploading of the sensor data were not required,a node power consumption state machine was provided on the basis of the cluster head cycle-switching scheme.Considering the power consumption of a single node,function modules controlled by processor module converted among the different working conditions according to the different node energy states.Due to the low-power state of some modules,the node energy consumption can be minimized.
Perceptions of Pediatric Clinical Research Among African American and Caucasian Parents

Difficulty in recruiting African American adults for clinical trials is well documented, but there is no consensus on African American children. Responses of a survey completed by 90 African American and Caucasian parents from December 2004 to April 2005 were analyzed to determine if racial disparities exist in research participation interest in an academic pediatric dermatology clinic. The majority of questions (32 of 38) were answered similarly by subjects of both races. However, when compared to African Americans, Caucasians were slightly more trusting (84% vs 65%) in regard to either total or moderate trust (p = .03). African Americans were 3 times as likely to feel that their child might be ‘treated like a guinea pig’ if the child was a research subject (p = .03). Nearly a third more Caucasians than African Americans would be more inclined to enroll their healthy child in a research study if they had an established relationship with the health care provider informing them of the study (p = .0001). Caucasians had more exposure to research (p = .03). Nevertheless, there was no racial difference in the willingness to theoretically allow their child to participate in research studies. Accordingly, the possible lack of trust should not be used as the only reason racially representative recruitment goals are not accomplished.
The use of dynamic computational models of neural circuitry to streamline new drug development

We propose a relatively novel use of dynamic models of neural circuitry in the process of new drug development for neurological disorders. A neural circuit model of depressive disorder was developed. Differences in synaptic activation represented variations in drug binding affinity strength for ten putative molecules. Circuit dynamics led to changes in firing rates compared to normal and depressed baselines. Differing abilities to affect circuitry dynamics not linearly related to binding affinity were appreciated, allowing molecules to be prioritized earlier for future study. Animal and human trial planning can use this information to streamline drug development, conserving cost and time.
Interleukin-2 inhibits graft-versus-host disease-promoting activity of CD4+ cells while preserving CD4- and CD8-mediated graft-versus-leukemia effects

We have recently shown that a short course of high-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) can markedly inhibit the graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-promoting activity of donor CD4+ T cells. The difficulty in dissociating GVHD-promoting from graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effects of alloreactive donor T cells currently prevents clinical bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from fulfilling its full potential. To test the capacity of IL-2 treatment to promote such a dissociation, we have developed a new murine transplantable acute myelogenous leukemia model using a class II major histocompatibility complex-positive BALB/c Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced promonocytic leukemia, 2B-4-2. BALB/c mice receiving 2.5 x 10(5) 2B-4-2 cells intravenously 1 week before irradiation and syngeneic BMT died from leukemia within 2 to 4 weeks after BMT. Administration of syngeneic spleen cells and/or a 2.5-day course of IL-2 treatment alone did not inhibit leukemic mortality. In contrast, administration of non-T-cell-depleted fully allogeneic B10 (H-2b) spleen cells and T-cell-depleted B10 marrow led to a significant delay in leukemic mortality in IL-2-treated mice. In these animals GVHD was inhibited by IL-2 treatment. GVL effects were mediated entirely by donor CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Remarkably, IL-2 administration did not diminish the magnitude of the GVL effect of either T-cell subset. This was surprising, because CD4-mediated GVHD was inhibited in the same animals in which CD4-mediated GVL effects were not reduced by IL-2 treatment. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which GVHD and GVL effects of a single unprimed alloreactive T-cell subset can be dissociated; different CD4 activities promote GVHD and GVL effects, and the former, but not the latter activities are inhibited by treatment with IL-2.
Health Planning for the Elderly: Computer Assisted Planning

Growth in the number of old people by the year 2000 in many countries poses a major challenge to policy officials and health planners. The number of people with chronic conditions will increase, utilization of health services, especially hospital and institutional lone; term care facilities, will increase markedly, and expenditures to provide adequate care for the elderly will soar.
Modeling nurses' acceptance of bar coded medication administration technology at a pediatric hospital.

Objective To identify predictors of nurses' acceptance of bar coded medication administration (BCMA). Design Cross-sectional survey of registered nurses (N=83) at an academic pediatric hospital that recently implemented BCMA. Methods Surveys assessed seven BCMA-related perceptions: ease of use; usefulness for the job; social influence from non-specific others to use BCMA; training; technical support; usefulness for patient care; and social influence from patients/families. An all possible subset regression procedure with five goodness-of-fit indicators was used to identify which set of perceptions best predicted BCMA acceptance (intention to use, satisfaction). Results Nurses reported a moderate perceived ease of use and low perceived usefulness of BCMA. Nurses perceived moderate-or-higher social influence to use BCMA and had moderately positive perceptions of BCMA-related training and technical support. Behavioral intention to use BCMA was high, but satisfaction was low. Behavioral intention to use was best predicted by perceived ease of use, perceived social influence from non-specific others, and perceived usefulness for patient care (56% of variance explained). Satisfaction was best predicted by perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness for patient care, and perceived social influence from patients/families (76% of variance explained). Discussion Variation in and low scores on ease of use and usefulness are concerning, especially as these variables often correlate with acceptance, as found in this study. Predicting acceptance benefited from using a broad set of perceptions and adapting variables to the healthcare context. Conclusion Success with BCMA and other technologies can benefit from assessing end-user acceptance and elucidating the factors promoting acceptance and use.
Molecular basis for the human erythrocyte glycophorin specifying the Miltenberger class I (MiI) phenotype.

Human glycophorin Mil (HGpMil) is a structural variant of the MNSs blood group system that specifies the Miltenberger class I phenotype. We report here the molecular basis of the HGpMil gene identified in a white family in which the first homozygote was encountered. Immunoblotting analysis showed the expression of HGpMil and HGpB but the absence of HGpA on the homozygous Mil erythrocytes. Southern blot analysis detected no gross alterations in gene structure or band intensity. Genomic sequences encompassing exons II and III of the HGpMil gene were amplified by single-copy polymerase chain reaction. Restriction digestion and direct DNA sequence analysis showed that HGpMil gene is derived from an alpha N allele of HGpA and differs from the latter in the third exon by a single nucleotide change. In HGpMil, the presence of a deoxythymidine at the second position of codon 28 (ATG) not only resulted in a methionine substitution but also altered the consensus sequence for N-glycosylation from Asn-Asp-Thr to Asn-Asp- Met. These data are consistent with the occurrence of Mil on the red blood cell membrane as a variant deficient in the asparagine-linked carbohydrate unit. Significantly, this particular point mutation lies in between the two half-sites of a direct repeat that has been implicated to facilitate the recombination events leading to several other glycophorin genes of the Miltenberger series. Based on this relatedness, we propose an untemplated nucleotide replacement resulting from a gene conversion event as the molecular basis for the origin of HGpMil gene.
Where will Knowledge Management Take Us

This chapter proposes a framework for an integrated, holistic knowledge system approach and stresses how IT and AI can help enable aspects of this approach and how IT and AI developments can be guided by needs of the knowledge system.
Lévy Process-Based Stochastic Modeling for Machine Performance Degradation Prognosis

Accurate and robust monitoring, tracking and prognosis of machine performance degradation provides the technical basis for realizing predictive maintenance scheduling and improved operational reliability. To cope with nonlinearity and non-homogeneity that are typically seen in performance degradation., this paper presents a prognostic modeling technique based on the Levy process, which expresses the variation of machine performance as an accumulation of successive and jump increments. Specifically, the proposed Levy model is divided into two terms to address two types of degradations: a linear Brownian motion (LBM) model to describe gradual deterioration with time-varying rates, and a non-homogenous compound Poisson process (CPP) model to describe transient performance changes due to abrupt fault occurrence. The time-varying deterioration rate is captured in LBM by a stochastic drifting coefficient that is assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution, besides a diffusion term that accounts for temporal uncertainties and degradation-to-degradation variations. The nonhomogeneous occurrence rate of transient changes is captured in CPP by a Poisson distribution with a time-varying jump intensity, with the sizes of transient changes assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution. By calculating the moments of the characteristic function of the proposed Levy model, explicit expressions for the probability distributions of predicted degradation and remaining useful life (RUL) have been derived. To estimate the time-varying parameters in the Levy model, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) as a batch estimation technique has been investigated. The proposed prognostic modeling technique is evaluated using rolling bearing run-to-failure tests.
Deep Similarity-Enhanced K Nearest Neighbors

The k Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm has been widely applied in various supervised learning tasks due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, the quality of KNN decision making is directly affected by the quality of the neighborhoods in the modeling space. Efforts have been made to map data to a better feature space either implicitly with kernel functions, or explicitly through learning linear or nonlinear transformations. However, all these methods use pre-determined distance or similarity functions, which may limit their learning capacity. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning architecture, which is called the Deep Similarity-Enhanced K Nearest Neighbors (DSE-KNN), to learn an optimized similarity function of the data directly towards the goal of optimizing the KNN decision making. In other words, the type of similarity function that is used in our method is not pre-determined but rather learned to map data to a high-dimensional feature space where the accuracy of the KNN decision making is maximized. Experimental results show that DSE-KNN outperforms other common machine learning methods on classifying different types of disease datasets and predicting daily price direction of different stock ETFs.
Bounded rationality, scissors, crowbars, and pragmatism: reflections on Herbert Simon

The paper locates, appreciates, and extends several dimensions of Simon’s work in the direction of more recent contributions by people such as Gigerenzer and Dennett. The author’s “crowbar model of method” is compared to Simon’s scissors metaphor. Against an evolutionary background, both support a pragmatic rather than strong realist approach to theoretically deep and complex problems. The importance of implicit knowledge (knowhow) is emphasized, for humans (including scientists working forward at research frontiers), as well as nonhuman animals. Although Simon was a realist in some respects, his work on bounded rationality, satisficing, problem solving, heuristics, models, and scientific discovery mark him as a pragmatist. Indeed, he should be regarded as one of the great American pragmatists, alongside Peirce, James, Dewey, and a few others.