cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pask integrates hormonal signaling with histone modification via Wdr5 phosphorylation to drive myogenesis

PAS domain containing protein kinase (Pask) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase implicated in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation across eukaryotic species. We now describe an unexpected role of Pask in promoting the differentiation of myogenic progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells and adipogenic progenitor cells. This function of Pask is dependent upon its ability to phosphorylate Wdr5, a member of several protein complexes including those that catalyze histone H3 Lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) during transcriptional activation. Our findings suggest that, during myoblast differentiation, Pask stimulates the conversion of repressive H3K4me1 to activating H3K4me3 marks on the promoter of the differentiation gene myogenin (Myog) via Wdr5 phosphorylation. This enhances accessibility of the MyoD transcription factor and enables transcriptional activation of the Myog promoter to initiate muscle differentiation. Thus, as an upstream kinase of Wdr5, Pask integrates signaling cues with the transcriptional network to regulate the differentiation of progenitor cells.
Role of fiber in the diet of the elderly.

The most common description of dietary fiber uses this term to refer to remnants of plant cells that are not digested by the enzymes of the human alimentary tract (Trowell, 1974). This is a convenient but somewhat misleading description. The term dietary fiber encompasses a variety of substances of different chemical composition and diverse physiological function. In the strictest definition, dietary fiber can be divided into three categories: cellulose, the principal fibrillar component of the plant cell wall; noncellulosic polysaccharides, including pectic substances and hemicelluloses, which form the cell wall matrix; and lignin, an encrusting substance present in the mature plant wall. However, the definition of fiber has been broadened to include plant gums such as guar or tragacanth, agar, and some chemically modified materials such as methylcellulose. All of these substances except lignin are carbohydrate in nature, and all except lignin are degradable (partially or totally) by colonic microflora. The degradation products include hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and short-chain fatty acids—acetic, propionic, and butyric.
America’s First Culinary Revolution, or How a Girl from Gopher Prairie Came to Dine on Eggs Fooyung

According to culinary scholars, American food retained a strongly British character through most of its history. Chinese food was the exception. Beginning in the early-twentieth century, Chinese restaurants began appearing outside of Chinatowns and the cuisine entered the cultural mainstream. This paper is an effort to explain why only the Chinese were able to take their ethnic food outside their enclaves to the larger American public. It begins with the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which forced the transnational Chinese community to devise new institutions to continue its migration and maintain connections between those in the United States and their families back home. Paradoxically, the new institutions that emerged from the crisis broke traditional family bonds and replaced them with individual relationships in the guise of “paper families.” These new institutions were smaller, more profit-oriented, and better funded than earlier ones. They allowed the Chinese to move out of the low-skilled wage work that had been their primary employment and into self-employment. The first industry they chose was laundry, a competitive industry with low capital requirements that effectively offered a subsistence wage to a seemingly unlimited number of people (viewed from the perspective of Chinese immigrant flows) who were willing to work long hours in remote locations. When Americans became interested in exotic food, the Chinese were perfectly situated to respond. No other ethnic group had developed the same kinds of transnational, business-oriented institutions that allowed them to funnel exotic ingredients and young, eager, hardworking, and loyal workers to America and oversee their deployment across communities around the country. Their singular history provided the Chinese with both the motivation and the capacity to carry out America’s first culinary revolution.
Camouflaged Collectives: Managing Stigma and Identity at Gun Events

Gun violence persists in the United States, claiming lives and escalating healthcare costs. This article seeks to contribute to social justice work on the “gun problem” by studying gun collectives. To understand gun culture and to identify gun violence reduction strategies, we study places where gun owners organize – legal (and sometimes illegal) settings that facilitate dialogue about gun issues. Based on participant observation and collaborative event ethnography at gun shows and a private shooting party, this analysis presents findings about the practices gun collective members use to manage stigma. We conclude that when participants in gun events attempt to subvert core stigma through everyday stigma management practices, they effectively facilitate the unfettered exchange of potentially dangerous goods, promote the invisibility of oppressive structures, and normalize violence.
Energy consumption evaluation model of cogeneration units based on the reduced exergy and its application

A calculation model based on reduced exergy is established in this work to evaluate the energy consumption of the cogeneration unit, on this basis a 600MW cogeneration unit is taken as an example to make calculation and analysis. According to the calculation results, the reduced exergy efficiency of the cogeneration unit is found to be about 55%, which is more reasonable than the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency. Whilst the reduced exergy efficiency can reflect the impact of the heating steam flow rate, the flow efficiency of the turbine and the heating parameter correctly.
Modern Human Immunodeficiency Virus Therapy: Progress and Prospects

Safe and effective lifelong treatment to control human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is one of the greatest scientific and public health achievements of the past century. The majority of infected individuals able to maintain a daily oral regimen now have a normal or near-normal life expectancy. More than 30 approved drugs and dozens of formulations have produced thousands of possible drug combinations used clinically in the past, but today most patients receive only a handful of high priority and rigorously tested regimens. Unique features of antiretroviral therapy include the need for lifelong treatment to control virus replication and the possibility of rapid emergence of permanent drug resistance if these agents are not properly used. Although three-drug combination oral regimens have radically altered the course of this epidemic, the future will include long-acting injectable and implantable drugs and devices to treat and prevent infection.
Perfect Food: Perspectives on Consumer Perceptions of Fresh Produce Quality

Over the past century, the global food system has largely shifted from a localized, decentralized agricultural model to more centralized, industrial food production system. Corresponding with this shift was a change in consumer preferences, an expectation for “perfect” fruits and vegetables that has contributed to a significant problem with wasted food. An alternative food system, aimed at providing locally-grown, sustainable produce has countered this model and has sought to reconnect consumers and producers. At the same time, this alternative model still exists within a larger agricultural system dominated by industrial production and standardization. This paper examines how the changes in the ways consumers look at fresh produce quality has affected the practices of retailers and drives food waste at the supply chain using in-depth interviews conducted in a variety of settings in Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA. An analysis of these interview findings reveals that even in alternative food buying locations, consumers have a general expectation of perfection but that as consumers build relationships with the people who grow their food, these perceptions, and our food waste practices, might be changed.
Testing the Level of Support for Police Militarization in a Sample of Police Officers, Police Executives, and Members of the U.S. Congress

This chapter addresses the second research question, whether significant differences exist in the level of support for PM among policymakers and practitioners. To assess if there was any significant variation in support for PM among the key stakeholders, a series of chi-square tests, ANOVAs, and the PSM quasi-experimental analytical technique were conducted to assess the relationship between participants’ professional positions and their support for PM.
Psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index in cancer survivors

Objective Insomnia is commonly associated with cancer treatment. Cancer treatments increase risk for numerous psychological and medical late effects, thus making cancer survivors psychologically and medically vulnerable. Prior research examined psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) with various populations, including the French version of the ISI, with participants undergoing active cancer treatment. However, no prior studies examined insomnia exclusively with cancer survivors, using the English version of the ISI. Methods This study examined internal consistency and factor structure of an English version of the ISI in 100 cancer survivors (Mage = 51.1; SD = 14.92). This final analytic sample was composed of participants from three different insomnia interventions. Survivors ranged from less than 1 year off treatment (17%) to 21+ years off treatment (6%), with most participants off treatment for 1 to 2 years (24%). Results The mean ISI score for the total sample was 16.69 (SD = 4.47), indicating clinical insomnia, with moderate severity. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) indicated two factors (five items loading on Factor I and two items loading on Factor II) and acceptable reliability (α = .73). Item-total correlations ranged from .15 to .63. Conclusions Findings support the reliability of the ISI in cancer survivors. However, its factor structure warrants additional research with larger samples of cancer survivors. Results suggest inconsistency across participant responses and that ISI items may be functioning differently with this unique population of cancer survivors. Findings indicate that sleep maintenance problems are central to the experience of insomnia in our survivor sample.
Infrared-pump electronic-probe of methylammonium lead iodide reveals electronically decoupled organic and inorganic sublattices

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites such as methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3) are game-changing semiconductors for solar cells and light-emitting devices owing to their defect tolerance and exceptionally long carrier lifetimes and diffusion lengths. Determining whether the dynamically disordered organic cations with large dipole moment benefit the optoelectronic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 has been an outstanding challenge. Herein, via transient absorption measurements employing an infrared pump pulse tuned to a methylammonium vibration, we observe slow, nanosecond-long thermal dissipation from the selectively excited organic mode to the inorganic sublattice. The resulting transient electronic signatures, during the period of thermal-nonequilibrium when the induced thermal motions are mostly concentrated on the organic sublattice, reveal that the induced atomic motions of the organic cations do not alter the absorption or the photoluminescence response of CH3NH3PbI3, beyond thermal effects. Our results suggest that the attractive optoelectronic properties of CH3NH3PbI3 mainly derive from the inorganic lead-halide framework. It has been challenging to probe whether dynamically disordered organic cations affect optical properties of CH3NH3PbI3. Here, Guo et al. employ infrared-pump electronic-probe spectroscopy and show that pump-induced atomic motions of the organic cations do not substantially alter optoelectronic properties.
The Sustained Reduction-by-Half of Home Advantage in the NHL, 1991-1992 to 2000-2001:

In the last decade of the 20th century, home advantage in the National Hockey League (NHL) fell by half, from 60% wins (or higher prior to 1991) to 55% wins, and has remained there until the presen...
Upcycling of Spent Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathodes from Discarded Lithium-Ion Batteries as Solid Lubricant Additive

This work provides an alternative solution to the challenge of battery recycling via the upcycling of spent lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) as a new promising solid lubricant additive. An advanced solid lubricant mixture of graphene, Aremco binder, and recycled LCO was formulated into a spray with the use of excess volatile organic solvent. Numerous flat steel disks were spray-coated with the new lubricant formulation and naturally dried followed by curing at 180 °C. When tested on a ball-on-disk up to 230 m in distance, the composite new solid lubricant reduced the coefficient of friction (COF) by 85% between two steel surfaces compared to unlubricated surfaces under a constant 1 GPa Hertzian pressure in an ambient environment. The tribofilm composition, particle size, and type of contact are identified as important parameters in the improvement of the COF. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study its morphology, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to analyze the composition of pristine and tested tribofilms. Upcycled spent low value LCO powder was used as a lubricant additive in tribology for the first time with exceptional lubricious properties.
Black Women in Politics: Demanding Citizenship, Challenging Power, and Seeking Justice

SUNY Series in New Political ScienceBlack Women in Politics is an important edited collection, assembled by Julia S. Jordan-Zachary and Nikol G. Alexander-Floyd. In it, the editors present a divers...
Corrigendum to “Asteroid Photometry” [Asteroids IV (2015) (P. Michel et al., eds.), pp. 129–150]

Abstract In this short note we provide corrections to two typographical errors in the “Asteroid Photometry” chapter in Asteroids IV [Li et al., 2015, Asteroids IV, pp. 129–150]. The errors are in the equation of normal albedo for the Lambert model, and in the equation of disk-integrated phase function for the Lunar-Lambert model.
Percutaneous Intratumor Laser Ablation for Fetal Sacrococcygeal Teratoma.

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of percutaneous intratumor laser ablation for fetal solid sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT). Subjects and methods We carried out percutaneous ultrasound-guided intratumor laser ablation through a 17-gauge needle using an output of 40 W in 7 fetuses with large solid SCT and reviewed the literature for minimally invasive therapy for this condition. Results Laser ablation was carried out at a median gestational age of 20 (range 19-23) weeks, and in all cases there was elimination of obvious vascularization within the tumor and improvement in cardiac function. Three (43%) babies survived and had surgical excision of the tumor within 2 days of birth, 3 liveborn babies died within 5 days of birth and before surgery, and 1 fetus died within 2 weeks after the procedure. In previous series of various percutaneous interventions for predominantly solid SCT the survival rate was 33% (2/6) (95% CI 9.7-70%) for endoscopic laser to superficial vessels, 57% (4/7) (95% CI 25-84%) for intratumor laser, 67% (8/12) (95% CI 39-86%) for intratumor radiofrequency ablation, and 20% (1/5) (95% CI 3.6-62%) for intratumor injection of alcohol. Conclusions In solid SCT, the reported survival from intratumor laser or radiofrequency ablation is about 50%, but survival does not mean success, and it remains uncertain whether such interventions are beneficial or not because the number of fetuses is small and there were no controls that were managed expectantly.
New species of Bannoa described from the tropics and the first report of the genus in South America

The genus Bannoa consists of four described species associated with dead leaves in southwestern Japan. In this study, we describe three new species, Bannoa guamensis, B. rosea, and B. tropicalis, from the South Pacific island of Guam and Guyana in South America. Isolates were obtained from surfaces of diseased and healthy leaves of plants in the Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae, and Poaceae. DNA sequences from four gene regions, including nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), D1-D2 domains of nuc 28S rDNA (28S), nuc 18S rDNA (18S), and a portion of tef1, which encodes translation elongation factor 1-alpha, were produced for phylogenetic analysis. Intercompatibility tests were performed, and subsequent development of clamp connections and basidia were documented for B. tropicalis. Potential life history strategies and association with diseased leaves, including rust-infected leaves, were evaluated across the genus. This is the first report of a species of Bannoa from South America.
Alterations of the gut microbiota with antibiotics protects dopamine neuron loss and improve motor deficits in a pharmacological rodent model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating condition resulting in motor and non-motor symptoms affecting approximately 10 million people worldwide. Currently, there are no pharmacological treatments that can cure the condition or effectively halt its progression. The focus of PD research has been primarily on the neurobiological basis and consequences of dopamine (DA) neuron degeneration given that the loss of DA neurons projecting from the substantia nigra to the dorsal striatum results in the development of cardinal PD motor symptoms. Alternatively, gastrointestinal dysfunction is well recognized in PD patients, and often occurs prior to the development of motor symptoms. The gut microbiota, which contains thousands of bacterial species, play important roles in intestinal barrier integrity and function, metabolism, immunity and brain function. Pre-clinical and clinical studies suggest an important link between alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota and psychiatric and neurological conditions, including PD. Several reports have documented gut dysbiosis and alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota in PD patients. Therefore, the goal of this study was to explore the contribution of the gut microbiota to the behavioral and neurochemical alterations in a rodent toxin model of DA depletion that reproduces the motor symptoms associated with PD. We observed that chronic treatment of adult rats with non-absorbable antibiotics ameliorates the neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in a unilateral lesion model. Specifically, immunohistochemistry against the dopaminergic neuron marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) showed an attenuation of the degree of 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuron loss in antibiotic treated animals compared to control animals. In addition, we observed a reduction in the expression of pro-inflammatory markers in the striatum of antibiotic-treated animals. The degree of motor dysfunction after 6-OHDA was also attenuated in antibiotic-treated animals as measured by paw-rearing measurements in the cylinder test, forepaw stepping test, and ipsilateral rotations observed in the amphetamine-induced rotation test. These results implicate the gut microbiota as a potential contributor to pathology in the development of PD. Further studies are necessary to understand the specific mechanisms involved in transducing alterations in the gut microbiota to changes in dopaminergic neuron loss and motor dysfunction.
A Single Test to Study Social Behavior and Repetitive Self-grooming in Mice

The ability to recognize and interact with members of the same species is essential for social communication. Investigating the neural substrates of social interest and recognition may offer insights into the behavioral differences present in disorders affecting social behavior. Assays used to study social interest in rodents include the 3-chamber test, a partition test, and a social interaction test. Here, we present a single protocol that can be used to quantify the level of social interest displayed by mice, the ability to distinguish between different individual mice (social recognition), and the level of repetitive self-grooming displayed. In the first part of the protocol, a social habituation/dishabituation test, the time spent by a test mouse sniffing a stimulus mouse is quantified over 9 trials. In the first 8 interactions, the same stimulus mouse is used repeatedly; on the ninth trial, a novel stimulus mouse is presented. Intact social recognition is indicated by a progressive decrease in the investigation time over trials 1-8, and an increase in trial 9. The interval between each social trial is used to quantify self-grooming, a stereotyped repetitive behavior in mice. We also present a method for randomized, blinded analysis of these behaviors to increase rigor and reproducibility of results. Therefore, this single behavioral test enables ready assessment of phenotypes of both social and repetitive behaviors in an integrated manner in the same animals. This feature can be advantageous in understanding interactions between these behaviors and phenotypes in mouse models with genetic variants associated with autism and other neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often characterized by these behavioral differences.
An a3-Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery to p3-Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Bypass With Thrombectomy and Trapping of an Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video

In situ bypasses to the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) are unusual because, with only one artery in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA), no natural intracranial donors parallel its course. In rare cases, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) may have the tortuosity or redundancy to be mobilized to the AICA to serve as a donor. This video demonstrates this p3 PICA-to-a3 AICA in situ side-to-side bypass. A 75-yr-old woman presented with ataxia and hemiparesis from a large thrombotic right AICA aneurysm compressing the brainstem. Strategy consisted of bypass, trapping, and brainstem decompression. Written informed consent for surgery was obtained from the patient. A hockey-stick incision was made to harvest the occipital artery as a backup donor, but its diminutive caliber precluded its use. The bypass was performed through an extended retrosigmoid craniotomy. The aneurysm was trapped completely and thrombectomized to relieve the pontine mass effect. Indocyanine green videoangiography confirmed patency of the bypass, retrograde filling of the AICA to supply pontine perforators, and no residual aneurysmal filling. This unusual in situ bypass is possible when redundancy of the AICA and PICA allow their approximation in the CPA. The anastomosis is performed lateral to the lower cranial nerves in a relatively open and superficial plane. The extended retrosigmoid approach provides adequate exposure for both the bypass and aneurysm trapping. In situ AICA-PICA bypass enables anterograde and retrograde AICA revascularization with side-to-side anastomosis. The occipital artery-to-AICA bypass and the V3 vertebral artery-to-AICA interpositional bypass are alternatives when intracranial anatomy is unfavorable for this in situ bypass.1-6 Used with permission from Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona.
Tibia and Fibula

The purpose of this chapter is to review the pertinent evaluation and management of traumatic fractures of the tibial and fibular diaphyseal (shaft) and proximal fibula as they relate to sports. High-impact or high-speed sports such as soccer, rugby, and skiing have the highest incidence of these injuries. Male athletes are more commonly affected than females. Although a majority of these fractures can be managed conservatively, surgical management can be warranted. Open fractures, neurovascular compromise, and suspicion for compartment syndrome may require emergent surgical intervention. Tibial diaphyseal fractures are the most common reason for developing compartment syndrome. Fibular fractures rarely result in lateral compartment syndrome. Malunion, nonunion, and refracture rates are low, but inappropriate management such as early return to sports may result in these complications.
A neural system for encoding odor valence which influences approach behaviors

Abstract Odors may elicit strong emotional and behavioral responses which are known to be strengthened through learning. Presumably subserving this, olfactory structures are well-known for their experience-dependent plasticity, yet the specific cellular systems involved and the actual influence of these systems on behavior are less understood. Here we investigated the transformation of odor information throughout the association of odors with learned-rewarded outcomes and also sought to link those neural systems with displays of reinforcement-based approach behaviors. First, we investigated the representation of odor-reward associations, also known as valence, within two areas recipient of dense olfactory bulb input, the posterior piriform cortex (pPCX) and olfactory tubercle (OT), using simultaneous multi-site electrophysiological recordings from mice engaged in a reward-based olfactory learning task. As expected, neurons in both regions represented the reward-associated valence of odors, yet both the proportion of neurons recruited by conditioned rewarded odors and the magnitudes of their recruitment were distinctly pronounced in the OT. Using fiber photometry we found that odor valence coding in the OT occurs among D1- but not D2-type dopamine receptor expressing neurons. In both the recordings and imaging, statistically meaningful changes in activity occurred prior to instrumental behavior responses. Finally, using optogenetics we show that OT D1-receptor expressing neurons strongly influence reward-motivated approach behavior. Together our results contribute to a model whereby OT D1 neurons support olfactory valence and ultimately hedonic-based behavioral responses.
Carbon photochemistry at Mars: Updates with recent data

Abstract We provide a comprehensive characterization of the photochemistry behind atomic carbon in the Mars atmosphere. Using a one-dimensional photochemical model, with an extensive reaction list incorporating new high-resolution photodissociation cross-sections ( Heays et al., 2017 ) and the recently experimentally confirmed CO 2 + h ν → C + O 2 ( Lu et al., 2014 ), we investigate the dominant channels for the production and loss of atomic carbon, against a subsolar background atmosphere based on MAVEN Deep Dip 2 observations. We confirm the results from previous studies that CO photodissociation and CO + dissociative recombination are important contributors to atomic C production, and that reaction with O 2 to form CO is the main loss channel. However, we also find significant contributions from CO 2 + h ν → C + O 2 , HCO + + e → C + OH and charge exchange of C + with CO 2 . These additional production channels give rise to significantly higher C densities than have been previously reported, with a peak at 4 × 1 0 5 cm−3 at a CO 2 density of 1 . 7 × 1 0 10 cm−3 ( ∼ 146 km altitude). We find the C densities to vary with H 2 O densities over a Martian year, with the wetter perihelion season having 13% lower C column densities. Contrary to Anbar et al. (1993) , we find C densities to be relatively insensitive to the temperature-dependence of cross-sections for CO 2 and CO photodissociation. A good understanding of carbon photochemistry in the present-day Martian atmosphere provides the essential foundational framework for determining the fate of atmospheric carbon in the study of Mars’ climate evolution.
Disruption Through Reimagining Training of Professionals Working in Child Abuse and Neglect

Actually ending the abuse and neglect of children will require doing something other than continuing the current approaches to child protection. This commentary addresses suggestios made in 3 papers submitted as part of a competition to garner proposals for disrupting the current system for better outcomes. Three papers were submitted suggesting changes to the current training of child protection professionals. A fourth paper was submitted directly to the journal addressing preparation of social work students in the area of prevention. While each paper proposs doing business differently in training, the question arises "Can training lead to enough disruption to move us toward ending child maltreatment in our lifetimes.
Schematherapeutische Gruppentherapie mit Kindern/Jugendlichen

In diesem Kapitel wird eine prototypische Schematherapiegruppe mit Jugendlichen vorgestellt. Dabei wird der von Jeffrey E. Young entwickelte Ansatz der Schematherapie, als Weiterentwicklung der klassischen kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie, auf die Gruppenarbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen adaptiert – dies stellt eine Premiere dar, da es bisher noch keine Konzepte fur die schematherapeutische Arbeitsweise mit Kinder-/Jugendlichengruppen gibt. Das Kapitel geht dabei auf folgende Aspekte ein: Was ist Schematherapie und was sind die Vorteile? Wer sind die Patienten und wer ist der Therapeut? Wie ist die Gruppentherapie aufgebaut und welche Module beinhaltet sie? Welche Interventionen sind in den jeweiligen Phasen moglich? Wie ist der Umgang mit den unterschiedlichen Modi und was sind Ziele der Modusarbeit? Wie kann das erste Konzept der Schematherapiegruppe mit Kindern und Jugendlichen bewertet werden und was ist fur die zukunftige Arbeit in diesem Setting wichtig?
High Q SiC microresonators

We demonstrate photonic devices based on standard 3C SiC epitaxially grown on silicon. We achieve high optical confinement by taking advantage of the high stiffness of SiC and undercutting the underlying silicon substrate. We demonstrate a 20 μm radius suspended microring resonator with Q=14,100 fabricated on commercially available SiC-on-silicon substrates.
High-throughput phenotyping with temporal sequences

Objective High-throughput electronic phenotyping algorithms can accelerate translational research using data from electronic health record (EHR) systems. The temporal information buried in EHRs is often underutilized in developing computational phenotypic definitions. This study aims to develop a high-throughput phenotyping method, leveraging temporal sequential patterns from EHRs. Materials and methods We develop a representation mining algorithm to extract 5 classes of representations from EHR diagnosis and medication records: the aggregated vector of the records (aggregated vector representation), the standard sequential patterns (sequential pattern mining), the transitive sequential patterns (transitive sequential pattern mining), and 2 hybrid classes. Using EHR data on 10 phenotypes from the Mass General Brigham Biobank, we train and validate phenotyping algorithms. Results Phenotyping with temporal sequences resulted in a superior classification performance across all 10 phenotypes compared with the standard representations in electronic phenotyping. The high-throughput algorithm's classification performance was superior or similar to the performance of previously published electronic phenotyping algorithms. We characterize and evaluate the top transitive sequences of diagnosis records paired with the records of risk factors, symptoms, complications, medications, or vaccinations. Discussion The proposed high-throughput phenotyping approach enables seamless discovery of sequential record combinations that may be difficult to assume from raw EHR data. Transitive sequences offer more accurate characterization of the phenotype, compared with its individual components, and reflect the actual lived experiences of the patients with that particular disease. Conclusion Sequential data representations provide a precise mechanism for incorporating raw EHR records into downstream machine learning. Our approach starts with user interpretability and works backward to the technology.
The Semantic Thesis in Legal Positivism

For positivists, law ultimately depends solely on social facts about a community’s legal practices. This is a metaphysical thesis about the nature of law. But most positivists — including Scott Shapiro, Joseph Raz, and H.L.A. Hart — reject a semantic thesis, according to which statements about the law are solely descriptions of those social facts. The semantic thesis, they argue, is unable to account for those legal statements, commonly using normative language, that Hart calls “internal.” Some argue that internal legal statements are not (or not solely) descriptions of social facts because they express one’s acceptance of conformity with legal practices. In response to difficulties with this expressivist approach (including the so-called Frege-Geach problem), Raz offers a detailed alternative, according to which they describe moral facts that would exist from the legal point of view, that is, on the assumption that there are always moral reasons for conformity to legal practices. Raz’s approach, although avoiding the Frege-Geach problem, has its own difficulties. I argue for a much simpler reason for positivists to reject the semantic thesis. Most positivists are assignment positivists, not reduction positivists. Reduction positivists believe that a legal system and its laws are reducible to social facts about a community’s legal practices, the way a traffic jam is reducible to facts about its constituent cars. For assignment positivists, by contrast, a legal system and its laws are abstract objects, not social entities. But these philosophers remain positivist, for they think that the grounds for assigning certain of these objects to a community — such that they are the legal system and laws of that community — are ultimately solely social facts about the community’s legal practices. Consider the following analogy. Many philosophers consider a language to be an abstract object. The fact that “Le chat est sur le tapis” means that the cat is on the mat in French is not a social fact concerning French linguistic practices but is instead a necessary truth concerning the abstract object that is French. Nevertheless, these philosophers believe that the grounds for assigning that abstract object to the French community are solely social facts about that community. It is a contingent fact that the French speak French rather than, say, Esperanto. That they speak French depends solely upon social facts concerning French linguistic practices. By analogy, assignment positivists should reject the semantic thesis for the simple reason that internal legal statements describe necessary truths about the abstract objects that are a legal system and its laws. This approach, which was probably the one adopted by Hart himself, overcomes the problems with expressivism — in particular, the Frege-Geach problem — while avoiding the difficulties with Raz’s approach.
High resolution infrared spectroscopy of (HCl)2 and (DCl)2 isolated in solid parahydrogen: Interchange-tunneling in a quantum solid

Infrared spectroscopic studies of weakly bound clusters isolated in solid parahydrogen (pH2) that exhibit large-amplitude tunneling motions are needed to probe how quantum solvation perturbs these types of coherent dynamics. We report high resolution Fourier transform infrared absorption spectra of (HCl)2, HCl–DCl, and (DCl)2 isolated in solid pH2 in the 2.4–4.8 K temperature range. The (HCl)2 spectra show a remarkable amount of fine structures that can be rigorously assigned to vibration–rotation–tunneling transitions of (HCl)2 trapped in double substitution sites in the pH2 matrix where end-over-end rotation of the cluster is quenched. The spectra are assigned using a combination of isotopically (H/D and 35Cl/37Cl) enriched samples, polarized IR absorption measurements, and four-line combination differences. The interchange-tunneling (IT) splitting in the ground vibrational state for in-plane and out-of-plane H35Cl–H37Cl dimers is 6.026(1) and 6.950(1) cm−1, respectively, which are factors of 2.565 and 2.224 smaller than in the gas phase dimer. In contrast, the (DCl)2 results show larger perturbations where the ground vibrational state IT splitting in D35Cl–D37Cl is 1.141(1) cm−1, which is a factor of 5.223 smaller than in the gas phase, and the tunneling motion is quenched in excited intramolecular vibrational states. The results are compared to similar measurements on (HCl)2 made in liquid helium nanodroplets to illustrate the similarities and differences in how both these quantum solvents interact with large amplitude tunneling motions of an embedded chromophore.
Apolar chemical environments compact unfolded RNAs and can promote folding

Abstract It is well documented that the structure, and thus function, of nucleic acids depends on the chemical environment surrounding them, which often includes potential proteinaceous binding partners. The nonpolar amino acid side chains of these proteins will invariably alter the polarity of the local chemical environment around the nucleic acid. However, we are only beginning to understand how environmental polarity generally influences the structural and energetic properties of RNA folding. Here, we use a series of aqueous-organic cosolvent mixtures to systematically modulate the solvent polarity around two different RNA folding constructs that can form either secondary or tertiary structural elements. Using single-molecule Forster resonance energy transfer spectroscopy to simultaneously monitor the structural and energetic properties of these RNAs, we show that the unfolded conformations of both model RNAs become more compact in apolar environments characterized by dielectric constants less than that of pure water. In the case of tertiary structure formation, this compaction also gives rise to more energetically favorable folding. We propose that these physical changes arise from an enhanced accumulation of counterions in the low dielectric environment surrounding the unfolded RNA.
Pilot Evaluation of a Facebook Group Self-Care Intervention for Primary Caregivers of Children with Developmental Disabilities

The current exploratory study sought to develop and pilot a Facebook-delivered health-promoting self-care intervention for caregivers of children with developmental disabilities (DD). Survey and focus group methods were used to gain information about the participation of caregivers of children with DD in existing Facebook support groups and their experiences related to stress, self-care, and social support that would aid in intervention development. Results were used in concert with existing guidance to determine the content and targets of the intervention. Caregivers were recruited to participate in a Facebook group-delivered intervention focused on broad areas of self-care including physical health, psychological health, social health, and work health. The Facebook group-delivered intervention, designed to target these identified areas using social support, was piloted over an 8-week period with caregivers of children with DD. Across all variables, differences from pretest to posttest were statistically significant, with small to large effect sizes.
“Are We an Advisory Board or a Decision Making Entity?”: Teachers’ Involvement in Decision Making in Instructional Leadership Teams

This study explored teachers’ involvement in decision making processes in instructional leadership teams (ILTs) in three high-poverty high schools. Two factors influenced the extent of teachers’ in...
International students and the neoliberal marketplace of higher education: the lived experiences of graduate students from sub-Saharan countries in Africa of a U.S. university’s internationalization policy

Prior to the pandemic, approxiately 42,000 students from countries in sub-Saharan countries in Africa enrolled in U.S. universities (IIE 2021). Despite this strong and growing presence, little research exists focusing on their experiences of education in the U.S. Through a small-scale study of the experiences of graduate students from sub-Saharan African countries, we see evidence of material and discursive representations of race that produce material inequalities that are then used to legitimize racial formations. We couple these experiences to the background of campus internationalization policies and the university’s responses to argue that the policies reproduce and reinforce cultural and social racism that positions white Americans as the norm and unproblematically contributes to Western supremacist positionality in the academy and beyond for economic benefit. In this paper, we demonstrate ways in which the implementation of campus internationalization programs is part of the larger discourse of racism on both the national and international arenas, perpetuating white superiority and implementing policies that reproduce the inequities that reify and legitimize neoracism.
Central Mechanisms of Foveal Vision in the Monkey

This work began about seven years ago as an examination of the orientation specificity of color cells in the fovea! striate cortex (area 17) of the Rhesus monkey. At that time I joined PETER GOURAS, who was studying the color specificity of the cells in this region, using quantitative methods adapted from his earlier studies in the retina (1–3). To obtain careful measurements of orientation specificity, we had the shop build us an automated device that would generate moving visual stimuli whose length, width, orientation, velocity, direction of movement and color could be varied independently and under precise control (4).
ELECTRODEPOSITION OF NANOSTRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES ON HIGHLY ORIENTED PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE (HOPG)

Publisher Summary The chapter emphasizes on metal deposition. Dissolution of the membrane material exposes arrays of cylinders that are attached at one end to a conductive electrode. Template synthesis is the most popular method for preparing nanostructures of various materials using electrodeposition. The developed methods are based on electrodeposition onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrodes (HOPG). HOPG basal plane surfaces are coordinately saturated and have a low surface free energy. Volmer–Weber growth involves the prompt appearance of three-dimensional islands on a graphite surface. VW growth can be contrasted with Frank–Van der Merwe growth, which involves the atomic layer-by-layer deposition of a material. The observation of size heterogeneity for electrodeposited micro- or nanostructures can be attributed to progressive nucleation. It is a scenario in which individual particles start growing at different times, and therefore grow for a range of different durations. Instantaneous nucleation is essential for preparing dimensionally uniform nanoparticles on an electrode surface. The reason behind that is the growth rates of individual particles which can be inversely related to their proximity to other particles on the electrode surface.
Analysis of an African Burial Ground in Nineteenth-Century Jamaica

This article analyzes a nineteenth-century cemetery of African-heritage individuals on a coffee plantation in Jamaica. While subsurface archaeological excavations were not undertaken, a survey of the site's surface was conducted for mortuary patterns, which revealed information on the burial practices of African-descended people in nineteenth-century Jamaica. The analysis focused on documentary records, oral accounts, and especially contemporary local interpretations of the materials and plants used to create the gravescape, which provided clues as to the meanings they likely conveyed for the people who created them. The resulting burial-ground landscape and oral traditions provide insights into the relationship between the living and the dead. In addition to the use of specific material artifacts, the deliberate selection of plants also provides evidence of the importance of plants in Jamaican belief systems. Thus, the cemetery served as a site of convergence for the cultural and natural landscapes.
Is Injustice Relevant? Narrative and Blameworthiness in Protester Trials

This Article examines application of the doctrine of relevance to exclude evidence of the motivations underlying the actions of civilly disobedient criminal defendants. While not constitutionally protected, civil disobedience plays an important role in the political, social and legal history of the United States. Though acts of civil disobedience involve violations of law, actions of protest differ from actions of non-protest crime in a number of important respects. Civilly disobedient protesters undertake their action openly, motivated by the desire to call public attention to an injustice. Their motivation is distinct from that of non-protester criminal defendants who seek to promote individual goals. Despite the importance of protester motivation in distinguishing the civilly disobedient defendant, courts routinely exclude evidence of protester motivations as not relevant in criminal proceedings. Applied broadly in many contexts, the doctrine of relevance is applied narrowly in the context of motivations of protesters. The constrained application utilized in protester trials overlooks evolving understandings of evidentiary relevance. The most important of these evolving concepts are narrative relevance and blameworthiness. Evidence of underlying motivation provides an essential piece of a cohesive narrative explaining a protester’s actions and intentions. The evidence also permits a fact finder to conduct the evaluation of blameworthiness required for a determination of criminal culpability. Ultimately, the article concludes that courts should recognize the admissibility of protester motivation within criminal trials of civilly disobedient protesters.
Determining the Value of Non-Marketed Goods: Economic, Psychological, and Policy Relevant Aspects of Contingent Valuation Methods

1. Editors' Introduction N. Schwarz, R. Kopp. Background and Theory. 2. Contingent Valuation: Economics, Law and Politics R.J. Kopp, K.A. Pease. 3. Measuring the Non-Use Values: Theory and Application R. Bishop, et al. 4. Economics and the Psychology of Valuing Risk Reductions W.K. Viscusi. Methodological Issues in Contingent Valuation. 5. Constructing Measures of Economic Value R.J. Kopp, V.K. Smith. 6. Contingent Valuation Surveys and Tests of Insensitivity to Scope R.T. Carson. 7. Cognition, Communication, and Survey Measurement: Implications for Contingent Valuation Surveys N. Schwarz. 8. What Do Psychologists Want? Contingent Valuation as a Special Case of Asking Questions B. Fischhoff. 9. The Effect of Giving Respondents 'Time-to-Think' on Tests of Scope D. Whittington, et al. 10. Practical Problems in Contingent Valuation B. Krstrom. Applying Contingent Valuation. 11. Communication Devices in Contingent Valuation Surveys - Experiments with Video S. Navrud. 12. Limits to the Applicability of the CV Approach? A Case Study W.W. PommerehneDAGGER, A. Hart. Subject Index.
Source and Data Systems

As human beings, we are able to distinguish ourselves from our environment. Our immediate awareness of the environment is a result of our perception. We have also the ability to store, process, and utilize information received from the environment, and this, in turn, reinforces our perception. These abilities are fundamental for our survival and well-being. They allow us to make decisions and act appropriately.