cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Princely states: administrative and economic structures

Among the slightly more than one hundred states that were ensconced in the British salute table, the antique, the successor and the rebel-warrior categories, as outlined in Chapter 2, all survived into the twentieth century. The internal evolution of these princely states as political and economic units has not been as extensively studied as their relationships with the British suzerain. The importance of the British renunciation of an aggressive policy of direct annexation can be overemphasised since some changes in territory continued. After 1858, however, the number of princely states and their boundaries remain relatively constant until 1947 and it is useful to observe their evolution over the longue duree, even though much of the scholarship on individual princely states is usually limited to a few decades or the reign of an individual prince. This chapter will focus on government structures within the princely states; their indigenous and ‘foreign’ administrators; the expanding bureaucratisation; and princely efforts to modernise their economies under the constraints of the ambivalent economic policies and restrictions of their imperial suzerain from the 1860s to the 1940s. GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE In most states rulers remained in power as long as they successfully manipulated alliances with external allies and internal supporters, mainly relatives, military entrepreneurs and land-controllers. Although relations with their external competitor, the East India Company and its successor the British Crown, involved continual negotiation, princes also confronted crucial challenges from internal co-partners. Coalitions of a clan, groups of clans, or military allies had created many states. Leaders of such ventures might initially differentiate themselves from their allies by seeking recognition from an outside power, as had the Tondaiman Kallars in Pudukkottai.
Using High-Throughput Sequencing of Red Blood Cells and Platelets to Identify Micrornas Associated with Hematopoiesis.

Abstract Abstract 2326 Human mature red blood cells (RBC) and platelets are both terminally differentiated cells lacking nuclei. However, these two cell types do possess a diverse and abundant set of microRNAs (miRNAs), a set of small, non-coding RNAs acting as post-transcriptional regulators. To identify novel microRNAs associated with differentiation of RBCs and platelets from common progenitors, we performed high-throughput sequencing of these differentiated cells types. In particular, these accessible cells may prove valuable to identify disease biomarkers. We identified an unbiased set of both known and novel microRNAs by preparing small RNA libraries for application to the Illumina GAII high-throughput sequencing platform. We used a modified version of the probabilistic modeling algorithm, miRDeep (Friedlander 2008), to identify many novel and known microRNAs. Genomic loci that overlapped with miRNAs described in miRBase were identified as known miRNAs. The remaining genomic loci were identified as encoding candidate novel miRNAs. In RBCs we identified 253 predicted miRNA precursor loci, with 226 miRNA precursor loci annotated in miRBase (known miRNAs), whereas the remaining 27 precursor loci were identified as novel miRNAs. In platelets we identified 566 predicted miRNA precursor loci, with 488 known miRNAs and 78 novel miRNAs. Other small RNAs that did not pass miRDeep criteria were also analyzed. One of the most abundant RNA sequences in the RBC sample consisted of a distinct fragment of Ro-associated Y4 RNA (hY4). Y RNAs have been shown to be involved in chromosomal DNA replication, and Y1 and Y4 have been shown to be present in mature erythrocytes (O’Brien 1990). These distinct non-coding RNAs may possess a unique role in erythroid cell expansion. In addition, we assessed dynamic changes in the expression level of several selected microRNAs during human erythropoiesis. We are currently investigating relevant targets and regulatory functions of these microRNAs during erythropoiesis and platelet development. This global analysis will enhance our understanding of events dictating red cell and platelet maintenance and development. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Weak Light Photoinhibition of PSII and its Light Dependent Recovery

Irradiation of leaves, chloroplasts or algal cells at high quantum fluxes causes photoinhibition of electron transport activities (reviewed in 1). Inactivation of the water-oxidizing complex (by NH2OH or Tris) prior to illumination increases the sensitivity of PSII reactions such that very weak light is sufficient for inhibition (2). Several lines of evidence lead to the assignment of the site of damage on the oxidizing side of PSII: a) DCMU insensitive silicomolybdate photoreduction remains inhibited (4), b) atrazine binding properties of QB are unaltered (4), c) neither F0 nor Fmax is affected, although the variable fluorescence rise-time increases (2), d) an artificial electron donor to PSII diminishes the variable fluorescence rise-time ~four-fold (2). Recovery (in leaf segments) from weak light photoinhibition requires light and 70S protein synthesis (2). Here we identify the chloroplast encoded protein whose synthesis is required for recovery from photoinhibition as D2 (3) and present a model which describes the inhibition process and its recovery.
The Physician’s Moral Responsibility

What sense of moral responsibility did the ancient physicians characteristically possess when granting or denying their patients’ requests for abortive remedies or lethal poisons? This is the question which we are now prepared to explore. The term “responsibility” is an exceedingly rich one containing several different senses. I intend to focus here on what H. L. A. Hart has called “role responsibility.” That is, I shall be inquiring into what duties or institutional constraints are borne by an individual in virtue of his or her working role in a given society.1 My purpose here is not to reconstruct an ancient scale by which to praise or blame the conduct of the Pre-Christian physician. Rather, I aim at identifying and weighing the moral force of some of the relevant craft and related institutional values that may have influenced the typical Greek or Roman doctor’s conduct when his medical assistance was sought by patients seeking to prevent or end life.
Genetic Epilepsy Modeling With Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Abstract The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their differentiation into neural cells have generated great interest for modeling genetic epilepsies. The study of genetic diseases using human cell models containing the patient-specific genetic background can provide important information on pathogenic mechanisms, particularly when animal models have not been faithful in recapitulating a specific disorder. In this chapter we discuss techniques for deriving iPSCs, differentiating the iPSCs into neurons in monolayer, as well as three-dimensional (3D) cultures, and various assays to study the iPSC-derived neurons. We also review the genetic epilepsies that have been modeled to date using iPSCs. Finally, we examine the potential for iPSC-based models to aid in the development of therapies for epilepsy.
Inhibition of PDE3 Potentiates Iloprost-induced Increases in cAMP in Rabbit Erythrocytes

ATP release from erythrocytes (RBCs) has been reported to require cAMP generation. cAMP levels are determined by synthesis via adenylyl cyclase (AC), and degradation by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). R...
Incitement on Trial: Prosecuting International Speech Crimes

International and national armed conflicts are usually preceded by a media campaign in which public figures foment ethnic, national, racial or religious hatred, inciting listeners to acts of violence. Incitement on Trial evaluates the efforts of international criminal tribunals to hold such inciters criminally responsible. This is an unsettled area of international criminal law, and prosecutors have often struggled to demonstrate a causal connection between speech acts and subsequent crimes. This book identifies 'revenge speech' as the type of rhetoric with the greatest effects on empathy and tolerance for violence. Wilson argues that inciting speech should be handled under the preventative doctrine of inchoate crimes, but that once international crimes have been committed, then ordering and complicity are the most appropriate forms of criminal liability. Based in extensive original research, this book proposes an evidence-based risk assessment model for monitoring political speech.
Global Approaches to the Analysis of Cocaine-Induced Gene Expression

Abstract RNA sequencing studies (RNA-Seq) have been expanding at a remarkable pace, soon to exceed 10,000 publications per year. RNA-Seq has been instrumental in highlighting changes in both mRNA expression levels and in levels of noncoding RNAs (such as miRNAs) resulting from cocaine use. RNA-Seq data, along with closely allied proteomics studies, emphasize the diverse nature of transcripts altered by cocaine use, including neurotransmitter synthesis and storage, neurotransmitter receptors, cytoskeletal proteins, extracellular matrix molecules, and many components of intracellular signaling pathways.
Radiation dose and antioxidant depletion in a HDPE geomembrane

Abstract The impact of α and β radiation on antioxidant depletion in smooth high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMs) is described. Smooth HDPE GMs having different thickness (0.04-mm, 0.1-mm, 0.2-mm) were created by mechanically pulverizing sections of 2-mm-thick smooth HDPE GM and extruding the polymer at different thicknesses using a film blowing machine. The 2-mm-thick smooth HDPE GM was also used in the experiments. HDPE GM specimens were exposed to sealed sources of 241Am and 99Tc for 1–50 h to simulate the impact of α and β radiation from U and 99Tc in low-level radioactive waste (LLW) leachate. Standard oxidative induction time (OIT) tests were conducted to determine antioxidant depletion. No change in OIT occurred in the 2-mm-thick HDPE GM after exposure to sealed sources of 241Am and 99Tc for 50 h. In much thinner GMs (e.g., 0.04 mm), however, significant antioxidant depletion occurred after exposure most likely due to penetration of α and β particles. Penetration depth of α and β particles and dose deposition in HDPE GMs were estimated with the GEometry ANd Tracking (GEANT4) program. Predictions from GEANT4 show that maximum dose deposition occurs at the surface of the HDPE GM and decreases with depth. A multilayer model is used to estimate antioxidant depletion in HDPE GMs for depth-dependent doses. These estimates suggest that radiation from LLW leachate has an insignificant effect on antioxidant depletion in HDPE GMs due to the low dose deposition (e.g., 2.42 Gy) expected over a 1000-yr service life, even if the level of activity in LLW leachate increases 10x to 100x the level typical of today.
Ion Migration in Hybrid Perovskites: Evolving Understanding of a Dynamic Phenomenon

Abstract Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) have emerged as an important class of materials because they exhibit many properties suitable for efficient energy conversion and storage. Although HOIPs have been the subject of many studies, the underlying origins of many of their properties remain a matter of debate. Ion transport is a case in point. Even though many in the HOIP research community accept ion transport as the cause of many of HOIPs observed properties, salient details such as the chemical identity of the migrating ion or ions and the mechanism of transport remain unclear. Complicating factors such as the possibility of multiple mobile ions, coupled electronic–ionic transport, instability, and unique organic–inorganic character have led to a range of conclusions and opinions about ion transport in HOIPs. An exponential increase in the number of publications and data in a very short time span have not led to convergence of opinions. In this chapter, we integrate key experimental and computational findings to highlight the fundamental results in the area of ion migration in HOIPs and our current understanding on the nature of ion migration in these materials.
Using text message reminders in health care services: A narrative literature review

Abstract Introduction Despite the extensive use of mHealth behavior change interventions, questions remain about the use of technology-based reminders in delivering health care services. Text messaging, or short message service (SMS), is one reminder method that has been extensively researched. Most SMS-reminder research is distributed across a range of health care outcomes. The aim of this article is to systematically review the aggregate impact of these reminders on overall health care outcomes. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted and yielded 2316 articles. Studies were included if they used SMS reminders to support patient health care outcomes. Study methodology was aligned with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Results Following screening, 162 articles met inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 93 investigated medical compliance reminders and 56 investigated appointment reminders. The review found that nearly all the SMS-reminder studies helped improve patient medical compliance and appointment reminders. Additionally, researchers reported numerous benefits from using SMS reminders, including ease of use, relative inexpensiveness, and rapid and automated message delivery. Minimal risks were reported and most participants found the reminders to be acceptable. Discussion Text messages appear to be an effective reminder mechanism to promote improved patient appointment and medical compliance. Reminders should continue to be evaluated and improved to determine the most effective timing and frequency of messages for improving outcomes.
Understanding Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen and Its Implication in Prostate Cancer

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a novel marker that represents an excellent ideal cell-surface-bound protein for targeted therapy of prostate cancer and vasculotoxic therapy of nonprostate solid cancers. Clinical trials using humanized version of PSMA-specific antibodies that target the external domain of PSMA with imaging or toxic agents have been encouraging. PSMA is expressed in the prostate and is found to be strongly upregulated in prostate cancer and it is the second highest upregulated gene in Gleason grade 4/5 prostate cancer compared to benign prostate hyperplasia. PSMA is negatively regulated by androgen and the PSMA promoter-enhancer has been analyzed in detail and has been used in gene therapy for selective expression of toxic genes in prostate. It appears that calcium might be involved in the signaling for this increased expression. PSMA has to be glycosylated and in a dimer state to be enzymatically active. PSMA has activity as a carboxypeptidase with the preferred substrates neuro-dipeptide NAAG and poly-γ-glutamated folate releasing glutamate upon hydrolysis of the substrate. The released glutamate might have a role in signaling. PSMA is internalized and exhibits a unique internalization motif, MXXXL. PSMA also interacts with actin-binding protein filamin A. Filamin A is also associated with transducing extracellular stress to internal signaling, and PSMA might modify that signaling process.
Primate Models, Behavioral–Immunological Interactions

Nonhuman primates serve as excellent models for investigating the complex relationships between behavior and immune regulation. This article covers, in brief, relationships between prenatal and early experiences, impacts of social relationships, individual differences, nonsocial environmental factors, and aging on immune regulation in nonhuman primates.
TREND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTARY THICKNESS DATA: THE PENNSYLVANIAN OF KANSAS, AN EXAMPLE

ABSTRACT Trend analysis of sedimentary thickness data in areas of flat-lying strata can give insight into regional variation and local changes of structure and structural development. An analysis of of the Pennsylvanian sequence in Kansas shows that the regional structure was influenced by development of tectonic elements outside the State and that local structure was a continued development of features controlled by an earlier imposed tectonic pattern. A “break” in structural pattern (albeit minor) was found between the Desmoinesian and Missourian. This change also is evident in the character of sediments and perhaps is a more important “break” than heretofore recognized.
Systems biology: new institute and applications.

The Yale Systems Biology Institute (YSBI) sponsored its first symposium at the university’s West Campus in October 2010. The symposium served to provide Yale’s scientific community with a glimpse into the wide range of research at the forefront of this interdisciplinary field. YSBI was conceived less than a year ago, and the event was the perfect forum for its debut, both at Yale and in the U.S. scientific community. This article includes a brief overview of the different topics presented at the symposium, followed by a discussion of the advantages and challenges of practical application of systems biology.
Buffer layers on silicon for growth of YBCO films

Pulsed laser deposition is a powerful technique for the epitaxial growth of superconducting oxide films on numerous oxide substrates. Until recently, epitaxy on silicon substrates was made impossible by the chemical reactivity and thermal expansion mismatch of silicon and superconducting oxides. By interleaving an epitaxial buffer layer of yttria-stabilized zirconia in a fully in-situ laser deposition process, we have addressed both of these problems to grow c-axis oriented, epitaxial Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ (YBCO) films on silicon. X-ray diffraction indicates an in-plane, epitaxial alignment within 2°. The films not only have high superconducting transition temperatures of 88 K but also have critical current densities of 2.2×10 6 A/cm 2 at 77 K. Transition widths are 1 K and normal state resistivities are 0.28 mOhm-cm at 300 K. Additional studies of YBCO on silicon-on-sapphire show that the limit on thickness of about 50 nm, set by thermal strain, for oxide films on bulk silicon can be overcome, and films with thicknesses far beyond this critical thickness have been grown. The surface resistance of these films at 4.2K and 11.8GHz is 72 μω cm and the critical current at 77 K is 4.6×10 6 A/cm 2 . The values of the above parameters are now high enough to enable the fabrication of micro-electronic devices with superior performance.
Interference patterns from post-collision interaction in below-threshold photoexcitation Auger processes

We focus on the post-collision interaction in Auger processes where the photoelectron energy is near or below the ionization threshold. Time-dependent quantum and classical calculations are performed. When the photoelectron is more deeply bound, interference patterns can be seen in the angular and photoelectron energy distributions. These interference patterns are visible in quantum calculations, but not in purely classical calculations. A semiclassical analysis using actions from two-path trajectories gives the relative locations of the interference maxima very close to those from the full quantum calculations.
A Support Group for Partners of Persons with AIDS

In the field and in the professional literature, profound concern exists about the multiple needs of persons with AIDS. Less attention has been focused on another vulnerable population: the gay par...
Meaning-making, suffering, and religion: a worldview conception

Park’s meaning-making model suggests that events such as the loss of a loved one may cause distress because people’s appraised meaning of the difficult event may challenge their global orienting sy...
Strategies of segregation: race, residence, and the struggle for educational equality, by David G. García; Making the unequal metropolis: school desegregation and its limits, by Ansley T. Erickson; Race and education in New Orleans: creating the segregated city, 1764–1960, by Walter Stern

Since being published in 2008, Jack Dougherty’s essay has helped shift the historiography of race, space, and educational inequality in the United States (‘Bridging the Gap between Urban, Suburban,...
Association of Initial Provider Type on Opioid Fills for Individuals With Neck Pain.

Abstract Objective To determine whether the initial care provider for neck pain was associated with opioid use for individuals with neck pain. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Marketscan research databases. Participants Patients (N=427,966) with new-onset neck pain from 2010-2014. Main Outcome Measures Opioid use was defined using retail pharmacy fills. We performed logistic regression analysis to assess the association between initial provider and opioid use. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using bootstrapping logistic models. We performed propensity score matching as a robustness check on our findings. Results Compared to patients with neck pain who saw a primary health care provider, patients with neck pain who initially saw a conservative therapist were 72%-91% less likely to fill an opioid prescription in the first 30 days, and between 41%-87% less likely to continue filling prescriptions for 1 year. People with neck pain who initially saw emergency medicine physicians had the highest odds of opioid use during the first 30 days (OR, 3.58; 95% CI, 3.47-3.69; P Conclusions A patient’s initial clinical contact for neck pain may be an important opportunity to influence subsequent opioid use. Understanding more about the roles that conservative therapists play in the treatment of neck pain may be key in unlocking new ways to lessen the burden of opioid use in the United States.
24th Collegium Ramazzini Statement: Prevention of Work-Related Infection in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background. Workers whose occupations put them in contact with infected persons and the public are at increased risk of COVID-19 infection. Recommendations. The Collegium Ramazzini calls on governments at all levels to protect worker health by strengthening public health systems; maintaining comprehensive social insurance systems; establishing policies that presume all COVID-19 infections in high-risk workers are work-related; enforcing all occupational health standards; and developing pandemic preparedness plans.The Collegium Ramazzini calls on all employers - large and small, public and private - to protect the health of all workers by developing disease preparedness plans; implementing basic infection control measures; establishing disease identification and isolation policies; reducing hazardous exposures; supporting personal protective equipment (PPE) programs; and restricting unnecessary travel. Conclusion. Governments and employers have legal obligations to protect worker health. They are not relieved of these duties during pandemics.
Considering Technology and Modern Citizenship

The skills necessary to be viable in the modern economy are changing. The demographics of the country and the conception of citizenship are in flux. Considering Technology and Modern Citizenship is a discussion of the role of computing education and research in ensuring a sustainable democratic society.
The Combinatorial Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Aerobic Exercise in the Treatment of Fibromyalgia

In the US alone, the chronic pain condition of fibromyalgia affects approximately 10 million people. Current treatment protocols focus heavily on pharmacological interventions; however, such treatments are unfavorable due to debilitating side effects and a lack of effectiveness in 2/3 of patients. Two non-pharmacological interventions which have been shown to produce meaningful pain relief are Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Aerobic Exercise. However, the combinatorial effects of these treatments have never been fully explored and it is unknown if these treatments interact in an additive manner or if the benefits of one negate the benefits of the other. In this work we conducted a literature review using the databases of Pubmed, OVID MEDLINE, PsychInfo, and Embase from 1995 to May 2020 to determine if the combinatorial effects of these two treatments on pain relief and pain interference are significantly greater than that of aerobic exercise alone. We reviewed over 200 potential articles for relevance. Seven papers were found to directly address our target question, two from the US and five from Europe with sample sizes ranging from 34 to 442. One paper showed improvement in pain intensity and two papers showed improvement in pain interference due to combinatorial treatment over aerobic exercise alone. When evaluating our results, we weighted these papers based on sample size, length of treatment and observation, method of CBT administration, and surveys chosen for data collection. We were unable to definitively show that CBT in combination with aerobic exercise is more effective than aerobic exercise alone at decreasing pain intensity and/or interference in patients with fibromyalgia. However, most of these papers identified several psychological and design based confounding factors that could influence their results. We recommend that more research be conducted in this area to further ascertain the effectiveness of this specific combinatorial treatment for fibromyalgia.
'Rechtstaat' Aspirations Versus Accomplishments: Rethinking Recent Rule of Law Efforts In Iraq

This article will: Discuss the historical challenge to define, let alone achieve, rule of law or "rechtstaat," in general or to accomplish it in Iraq in particular; Examine Iraq's rule of law heritage, or lack thereof, and the constitutional, legislative, judicial and executive organs which must be supported to achieve the rule of law in Iraq; Discuss the evolution, rather than resolution, of rule of law challenges post 2003 in Iraq; and Propose criteria for Iraqi "rechtstaat" status - a baseline of security and order in Iraqi society, harmony if not unity of effort towards accomplishing identified rule of law objectives, and continuity of effort in the way ahead.
Full-thickness oral mucoperiosteal defects: challenges and opportunities.

Regenerative engineering strategies for the oral mucoperiosteum, as may be needed following surgeries such as cleft palate repair and tumor resection, are under-developed compared to those for maxillofacial bone. However, critical size tissue defects left to heal by secondary intention can lead to complications such as infection, fistula formation, scarring, and midface hypoplasia. This review describes current clinical practice for replacing mucoperiosteal tissue, including autografts and allografts. Potentially paradigm-shifting experimental regenerative engineering strategies for mucoperiosteal wound healing, such as hybrid grafts and engineered matrices, are also discussed. Throughout the review, the advantages and disadvantages of each replacement or regeneration strategy are outlined in the context of clinical outcomes, quality of life for the patient, availability of materials, and cost of care. Finally, future directions for research and development in the area of mucoperiosteum repair are proposed, with an emphasis on identifying globally available and affordable solutions for promoting mucoperiosteal regeneration.
Framing the Affordable Healthcare Act: Examining Alternative and Mainstream Media Approaches:

In recent times few issues have been as contentious as the Affordable Healthcare Act. This study analyzed media frames between the New York Times and The Alternet.Org (N = 1772), one mainstream new...
Dynamic Evaluation Frequency of Boltzmann Equation Solver in the KGMF

Global models are widely used to describe macroscopic phenomena in various discharge systems, while including as many microscopic processes as possible1. The developed Kinetic Global Model framework (KGMf) is a volume-averaged simulation tool used to explore complicated chemistry in multi-species systems with a goal to obtain a set of influential reactions2, The reduced reaction set can then be used as a part of input parameters in a fluid or a particle simulation code (e.g., PIC). The electron energy distribution function (EEDF) has direct impact on the rate coefficient of electron impact reactions and further on the plasma properties. Coupling a Boltzmann equation solver (BOLOS3) with the KGMf can capture the EEDF changes in time, which makes the simulation results more physically reasonable but simulation times longer. To balance between model complexity and computational efficiency, reducing the evaluation frequency of the EEDF is necessary. This is can be achieved by predefining the EEDF evaluation frequency, which requires detailed knowledge of the simulated system that is usually unknown.
Experimental Horizontal Wavenumber Spectra and Implications for Full Field Processing

Acoustic pressure levels were recorded from a multifrequency source towed at mid-depth on three legs, both towards and away from a 24-element vertical hydrophone array. Horizontal wavenumber spectra were estimated using a synthetic aperture Hankel transform technique. Plots of modal amplitude as a function of depth and wavenumber reveal details of the propagation which are not readily apparent in plots of transmission loss. Two compressional speed profiles beneath the ocean bottom were derived for different legs from the modal wavenumbers at 50 Hz. Comparisons between the experimental data and SAFARI modelling using these profiles give excellent agreement both in amplitude and phase. KRAKEN and IFD/PE modelling using profiles based on nearby borehole data also give excellent agreement. Some aspects of the modal plots can be explained by lateral variability along with a double-ducted sound channel in the sediment below a depth of 75 meters. The multifrequency experimental acoustic data, measured sound speed profiles, and derived geoacoustic bottom profiles were used with variable success in matched field processing to obtain source localization. The high quality of this experimental data set makes it particularly useful for the testing of full field inversion techniques.
Peatland responses to varying interannual moisture conditions as measured by automatic CO2 chambers

[1] Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured from June 2000 through October 2001 by 10 automatic chambers at a peatland in southeastern New Hampshire. The high temporal frequency of this sampling method permitted detailed examination of NEE as it varied daily and seasonally. Summer of 2001 was significantly drier than the 30-year average, while summer of 2000 was wetter than normal. Although NEE varied spatially across the peatland with differences in plant species composition and biomass, maximum CO2 uptake was 30–40% larger in the drier summer in evergreen and deciduous shrub communities but the same or lower in sedge sites. Ecosystem respiration rates were 13–84% larger in the drier summer depending on plant growth form with water table and temperature as strong predictors. Ecosystem respiration was also correlated with maximum ecosystem productivity and foliar biomass suggesting that plant processes, water table, and temperature are tightly linked in their control of respiratory losses. The ratio between maximum productivity and respiration declined for evergreen shrub and sedge sites between the wet and dry summer, but increased in deciduous shrub sites. A drier climate may reduce the CO2 sink function of peatlands for some growth forms and increase it for others, suggesting that ecosystem carbon and climate models should account for differences in growth form responses to climate change. It also implies that plant functional types respond on short timescales to changes in moisture, and that the transition from sedges to shrubs could occur rapidly in peatlands under a drier and warmer climate.
Reshaping Recusal Procedures: Eliminating Decision Maker Bias and Promoting Public Confidence

The combination of the substantive standards and the current procedures used in disqualification disputes in all federal and most state courts, introduces the risk of systemic error because the process requires the challenged jurist to be unbiased about his own biases, a task that is virtually impossible due to the Bias Blind Spot.However, there is little consensus on the substantive standard for many disqualifying interests or biases. This lack of agreement reflects differing perspectives on judges and judging — with some members of the legal community and larger society holding the view that jurists are entitled to a strong presumption of impartiality and others questioning that tradition based upon advances in cognitive and other social sciences. With no end to the debate in sight, it appears that the best way to address the problem of the Bias Blind Spot in judicial disqualification is to reshape the procedures used to decide such disputes.Given how the Bias Blind Spot operates, those reforms must include: (1) either eliminating the challenged jurist from the decision making process or, at a minimum, providing for prompt de novo review of the challenged jurist’s determination; (2) requiring meaningful disclosure by the jurist and the litigants; and (3) mandating that any order denying disqualification include reasons for the decision, be in writing, and be accessible to the public.These procedural reforms will further the primary goal of disqualification by insuring the litigants’ fundamental rights are protected from jurists who are actually or probably biased. Also, reshaping recusal procedures will promote the appearance of impartiality that is so critical to public confidence in the judiciary by creating disqualification procedures that are, or at least appear to be, impartial.
Effect of nitric oxide donors on oxygen-dependent cytotoxic responses mediated by neutrophils.

We analyzed the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on oxygen-dependent cytotoxic responses mediated by neutrophils against unopsonized erythrocytes using three NO donors: S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Neutrophils were treated with these compounds for 1-2 min at 37 degrees C and cytotoxicity was then triggered in the presence of NO donors by precipitating immune complexes, aggregated IgG, the chemotactic peptide FMLP, or opsonized zymosan. GSNO induced, in all cases, a marked increase in cytotoxic responses, while SNAP moderately increased cytotoxicity triggered by immune complexes, aggregated IgG, or Z, opsonized zymosen, without modifying those responses induced by FMLP. By contrast, SNP dramatically suppressed cytotoxicity triggered by all of the stimuli assessed. The enhancing effects mediated by GSNO and SNAP did not depend on the stimulation of guanylyl cyclase and were prevented by the NO scavengers hemoglobin and PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide). The inhibitory activity of SNP, on the other hand, was not prevented by NO scavengers, suggesting that it cannot be ascribed to the release of NO. In another set of experiments, neutrophils were pretreated with GSNO or SNAP for different times. Then cells were washed to remove NO donors from the culture medium, and cytotoxicity was triggered by different stimuli. It was found that neutrophils must be pretreated with NO donors for at least 4 h to increase cytotoxic responses, and pretreatment for longer periods (i.e., 8 or 18 h) further increased cytotoxicity. Not only cytotoxic responses, but also the production of O2- and H2O2, and the release of myeloperoxidase were increased under these conditions.
NOBLE GOALS AND CHALLENGING TERRAIN: ORGANIC AND FAIR TRADE COFFEE MOVEMENTS IN THE GLOBAL MARKETPLACE

Social relations associated with conventional agricultural exports find their origins in long term associations based on business, family, and class alliances. Working outside these boundaries presents a host of challenges, especially where small producers with little economic or political power are concerned. Yet, in many developing countries, alternative trade organizations (ATOs) based on philosophies of social justice and/or environmental well-being are carving out spaces alongside traditional agricultural export sectors by establishing new channels of trade and marketing. Coffee provides a case in point, with the fair trade and certified organic movements making inroads into the market place. In their own ways, these movements represent a type of economic and social restructuring from below, drawing upon and developing linkages beyond the traditional boundaries of how coffee is produced and traded. An examination of the philosophies of the fair trade and organic coffee movements reveal that the philosophical underpinnings of both certified organic and fair-trade coffee run counter to the historical concerns of coffee production and trade. Associations of small producers involved in these coffees face stiff challenges – both internal and external to their groups. More work, especially in situ fieldwork aimed at uncovering the challenges, benefits, tensions, and successes, is needed to understand better the ways these networks operate in the dynamic agro-food complex.
GEOID90: A high-resolution geoid for the United States

Recently, geodesy has witnessed a renaissance in geoid computation. The advances over the past decade have taken place at all wavelengths, and have brought forth major improvements in accuracy. An example of a long-wavelength global gravitation model is the GEM-T2 (Goddard Earth Model) solution of Marsh et al. [1989], which is complete to degree and order 36, and incomplete to degree 50. Rapp and Pavlis [1990] have computed a pair of solutions, 0SU89A and 0SU89B (Ohio State University), which are spherical harmonic models of the Earth's geopotential complete to degree and order 360. Although termed high degree global models, these solutions provide the geoid to what we may now consider a medium length scale–about 50-km resolution. High-resolution geoid height modeling has shown the greatest advances in accuracy. Forsberg [1990] computed a geoid model for the Nordic area on a 5-km grid, and obtained 3–7 cm standard deviations when compared to Global Positioning System (GPS) and leveling in local networks of 50–100 km in extent.
Hallucinogens: A Reader

Hallucinogens:. Reader. Edited by Charles S. Grob. M.D. 2002. NewYork: Jeremy P.Tarcher/ Putnam. 298 pages. $16.95 (paperback). ISBN 1-58542-166-9
Adaptability at the protein-DNA interface is an important aspect of sequence recognition by bZIP proteins.

Abstract The related AP-1 and ATF/CREB families of transcriptional regulatory proteins bind as dimers to overlapping or adjacent DNA half-sites by using a bZIP structural motif. Using genetic selections, we isolated derivatives of yeast GCN4 that affect DNA-binding specificity at particular positions of the AP-1 target sequence. In general, altered DNA-binding specificity results from the substitution of larger hydrophobic amino acids for GCN4 residues that contact base pairs. However, in several cases, DNA binding by the mutant proteins cannot be simply explained in terms of the GCN4-AP-1 structure; movement of the protein and/or DNA structural changes are required to accommodate the amino acid substitutions. The quintet of GCN4 residues that make base-pair contacts do not entirely determine DNA-binding specificity because these residues are highly conserved in the bZIP family, yet many of the bZIP proteins bind to distinct DNA sites. The alpha-helical fork between the GCN4 DNA-binding and dimerization surfaces is important for half-site spacing preferences, because mutations in the fork alter the relative affinity for AP-1 and ATF/CREB sites. The basic region in the protein-DNA complex is a long isolated alpha-helix, with no constraints from other parts of a folded domain. From all of these considerations, we suggest that small shifts in position and orientation or local deformations in the alpha-helical backbone distinguish one bZIP complex from another.
Numerical simulation of incompressible flows within simple boundaries: accuracy

Galerkin (spectral) methods for numerical simulation of incompressible flows within simple boundaries are shown to possess many advantages over existing finite-difference methods. In this paper, the accuracy of Galerkin approximations obtained from truncated Fourier expansions is explored. Accuracy of simulation is tested empirically using a simple scalar-convection test problem and the Taylor–Green vortex-decay problem. It is demonstrated empirically that the Galerkin (Fourier) equations involving Np degrees of freedom, where p is the number of space dimensions, give simulations at least as accurate as finite-difference simulations involving (2N)p degrees of freedom. The theoretical basis for the improved accuracy of the Galerkin (Fourier) method is explained. In particular, the nature of aliasing errors is examined in detail. It is shown that ‘aliasing’ errors need not be errors at all, but that aliasing should be avoided in flow simulations. An eigenvalue analysis of schemes for simulation of passive scalar convection supplies the mathematical basis for the improved accuracy of the Galerkin (Fourier) method. A comparison is made of the computational efficiency of Galerkin and finite-difference simulations, and a survey is given of those problems where Galerkin methods are likely to be applied most usefully. We conclude that numerical simulation of many of the flows of current interest is done most efficiently and accurately using the spectral methods advocated here.
Potential Biomarker of L-type Amino Acid Transporter 1 in Breast Cancer Progression

L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is essential for the transport of large neutral amino acids. However, its role in breast cancer growth remains largely unknown. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether LAT1 is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. LAT1 mRNA and protein levels in breast cancer cell lines and tissues were analyzed. In addition, the effects of targeting LAT1 for the inhibition of breast cancer cell tumorigenesis were assessed with soft agar assay. The imaging of xenograft with anti-1-amino-3-[18F]fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-[18F]FACBC) PET was assessed for its diagnostic biomarker potential. Normal breast tissue or low malignant cell lines expressed low levels of LAT1 mRNA and protein, while highly malignant cancer cell lines and high-grade breast cancer tissue expressed high levels of LAT1. In addition, higher expression levels of LAT1 in breast cancer tissues were consistent with advanced-stage breast cancer. Furthermore, the blockade of LAT1 with its inhibitor, 2-amino-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), or the knockdown of LAT1 with siRNA, inhibited proliferation and tumorigenesis of breast cancer cells. A leucine analog, anti-[18F]FACBC, has been demonstrated to be an excellent PET tracer for the non-invasive imaging of malignant breast cancer using an orthotopic animal model. The overexpression of LAT1 is required for the progression of breast cancer. LAT1 represents a potential biomarker for therapy and diagnosis of breast cancer. Anti-[18F]FACBC that correlates with LAT1 function is a potential PET tracer for malignant breast tumor imaging.
Nutrition and management of replacement cattle

Healthy, productive herd replacements are the result of good management before the calves are conceived and continue to the time when they enter the milking herd. Accurate records must be kept so a sound breeding program can be followed. The total process ensures that genetically superior animals will enter the herd. Once calves are born, the manager must make sure they will have a healthy environment with proper facilities, water, high quality feeds, daily observations, and health care. This kind of attention should extend beyond the baby calves. A carefully managed, well planned facility enables dairy farmers to efficiently use their time and labor while rearing healthy replacements that freshen at 24 months of age.
Transverse ferroacoustic resonance

Experimental results on the transverse ferroacoustic resonance in yttrium iron garnet and in gallium substituted yttrium iron garnets are reported. A detailed comparison with theory is made. The occurrence of the resonance for different geometries is discussed and the magnitude of the resonance magnetic field is quantitatively understood. In a similar way as in ferromagnetic resonance, one can deduce the anisotropy constant from the change of the resonance field with temperature. From the line shape of the resonance, only in a few cases are we able so far to get a relaxation time out of it, mostly because of disturbing line broadening effects.
Magnetically Tailored Arc and Glow Discharge Plasmas for Atomic Spectroscopy

Three magnetic field-plasma configurations are used to study the interaction of external magnetic fields with analytically useful plasma devices. First, a magnetic field oscillating at 60 Hz and normal to the electric field in a 12-A direct current arc plasma is used to obtain an ĒxB drift motion of the arc current channel. This causes a periodic vertical displacement of the channel. Second, a cw magnetic field is used to alter the structure and radiative properties of a demountable glow discharge lamp that uses a center-post cathode. The magnetic field axis is parallel to the cathode axis, and the lamp is operated in a pseudo-magnetron mode. Third, a damped, oscillatory magnetic field produced by discharging a capacitor through a coil is used to alter the radiative characteristics of several commercial hollow cathode lamps. The magnetic field is parallel to the cathode axis, and again the lamps operate in a pseudo-magnetron mode. In all three systems, the presence of the magnetic field drastically alters the radiative properties of the plasmas.
Simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of tocotrienols in human plasma

A simple high-performance liquid chromatographic method using fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of vitamin E especially delta-, gamma- and alpha-tocotrienols in human plasma. The method entailed direct injection of plasma sample after deproteinization using a 3:2 mixture of acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran. The mobile phase comprised 0.5% (v/v) of distilled water in methanol. Analyses were run at a flow-rate of 1.5 ml/min with the detector operating at an excitation wavelength of 296 nm and emission wavelength of 330 nm. This method is specific and sensitive, with a quantification limit of approximately 40, 34 and 16 ng/ml for alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol, respectively. The mean absolute recovery values were about 98% while the within-day and between-day relative standard deviation and percent error values of the assay method were all less than 12.0% for alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol. The calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of 40-2500, 30-4000 and 16-1000 ng/ml for alpha-, gamma- and delta-tocotrienol, respectively. Application of the method in a bioavailability study for determination of the above compounds was also demonstrated.
Why don't L2 learners end up with uniform and perfect linguistic competence?

Children in a given linguistic environment all uniformly acquire their target language, but adult learners of L2 do not. UG accounts for children's uniform linguistic behavior, but it cannot serve a similar role in accounting for adult learners' linguistic behavior. I argue that Epstein etal.'s study does not answer the question of why L2 learners end up with nonuniform and imperfect linguistic competence in learning a second language.
Orienting planar graphs

It is shown that every maximal planar graph (triangulation) can be contracted at an arbitrary point (by identifying it with an adjacent point) so that triangularity is preserved. This is used as a lemma to prove that every triangulation can be (a) oriented so that with three exceptions every point has indegree three, the exceptions having indegrees 0, 1 and 2, and (b) decomposed into three edge-disjoint trees of equal order. The lemma also provides an elementary proof of a theorem of Wagner that every triangulation can be represented by a straight-line drawing.