cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of tryptamine on active sodium and chloride transport in the isolated bullfrog cornea.

Abstract The effects of the serotonin analogue, tryptamine, on the active transepithelial transport of Na + and Cl − in the in vitro bullfrog cornea were studied. Tryptamine, 1 mM, inhibited both the short-circuit current ( I sc ) and potential difference (PD) of corneas transporting either Na + alone or both Na + and Cl − . The electrical resistance, R , increased in all cases. Both unidirectional Na + and Cl − fluxes were decreased by tryptamine and these changes accounted for the inhibitory effects on the I sc . The effects of tryptamine were considered along with with those of 2 mM theophylline and 0.1 mM ouabain. Tryptamine inhibited the I sc and both undirectional Cl − fluxes which were previously stimulated by theophylline. Theophyline addition, after tryptamine preincubation, increased the Cl − undirectional fluxes but did not restore the inhibited I sc . The inhibitory effects of tryptamine on active Na + and Cl − transport were different from those of ouabain. While both drugs inhibited the forward Na + and Cl − fluxes, their backfluxes decreased with tryptamine and increased with ouabain. The addition to the bathing solution of tryptamine after ouabain preincubation reduced the ouabain-increased backward Cl − flux and further increased the electrical resistance. These results are analyzed in terms of an electrical model from which it appears that tryptamine's mechanism of action was to decrease cellular permeability to the transepithelial movement of Na + and Cl − .
Elemental characterization of coal ash and its leachates using sequential extraction techniques

Over 50 million tons of coal ash are produced annually in North America. Technological improvements in air pollution control have decreased stack emissions but have also increased contaminant concentrations in the ash of coal-fired boiler applications. The leaching of heavy metals and other elements during regulatory tests may cause coal ash ro be classified as hazardous waste, complicating land disposal. The hazardous nature of coal ash remains unclear because current toxicity tests fail to effectively characterize the elemental distribution and chemical solubility of trace metals in the landfill environment. Leaching characteristics of ash samples can be investigated with various laboratory extraction procedures in association with multi-elemental analytical techniques (e.g., neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy). Such methods provide more thorough analyses of coal ash leaching dynamics than the regulatory assessments can demonstrate. Regulatory elements including Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se were shown to remain in largely insoluble forms while elements such as B and S leached at higher levels. Experimental results may assist operators of coal-fired boiler industries in selecting coal types and disposal options to curtail the leaching of potentially toxic inorganic contaminants.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CELL DIVISION AND REPRODUCTIVE DIFFERENTIATION OF MALE PLANTS IN THE FLORIDEOPHYCEAE (RHODOPHYTA): CELL DIVISION IN POLYSIPHONIA1

Cell division in the marine red algae Polysiphonia harveyi Bailey and P. denudata (Dillwyn) Kutzing was studied with the electron microscope. Cells comprising the compact spermatangial branches of male plants were used exclusively because of their small size, large numbers and the ease with which the division planes can be predetermined. Some features characterizing mitosis in Polysiphonia confirm earlier electron microscope observations in Membranoptera, the only other florideophycean algae in which mitosis has been studied in detail. Common to both genera are a closed, fenestrated spindle, perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum, a typical metaphase plate arrangement of chromosomes, conspicuous, layered kinetochores, chromosomal and non-chromosomal microtubules, and nucleus associated organelles (NAOs) known as polar rings (PRs) located singly in large ribosome-free zones of exclusion at division poles in late prophase. However, other features, unreported in Membranoptera, were observed consistently in Polysiphonia. These include the presence of PR pairs in interphase-early prophase cells, the attachment of PRs to the nuclear envelope during all mitotic stages, the migration of a single PR to establish the division axis, a prominent, nuclear envelope protrusion (NEP) at both division poles at late prophase, the prometaphase splitting of PRs into proximal and distal portions, and the reformation of post-mitotic nuclei by the separation of an elongated interzonal nuclear midpiece at telophase. During cytokinesis, cleavage furrows impinge upon a central vacuolar region located between the two nuclei and eventually pit connections are formed in a manner basically similar to that reported for other red algae. Diagrammatic sequences of proposed PR behavior during mitosis are presented which can account for events known to occur during cell division in Polysiphonia. Mitosis is compared with that reported in several other lower plants and it is suggested that features of cell division are useful criteria to aid in the assessment of phylogenetic relationships of red algae.
IR challenges in the MSK system

As the capability of medical imaging equipment improves, and relatively new modalities such as cone beam CT with guidance becomes more widely available, the range and complexity of image guided orthopedic procedures continues to expand. Challenges include the predictable technical and anatomic issues, as well as the complex operational and political issues associated with moving and integrating an interventional radiology service into the traditional operating room environment.
THE U.S. CIRCUIT JUDGE NOMINATING COMMISSION

This article examines the institution of the U.S. Circuit Judge Nominating Commission as a new actor in the recruitment process to the federal judiciary. The mandate and operation of the commission are examined and, through the utilization of mailed questionnaires, the research attempts to tap the decisional criteria employed by commission members. Criticisms of the commission and its operation are developed utilizing questionnaire responses as well as documents comprising the commission mandate. The implications of “merit” recruitment for both the district and appeals courts are examined.
Conceptual and methodological developments in occupational stress research: an introduction to state-of-the-art reviews. I

This article introduces the first special section of state-of-the-art reviews. The historical origins of occupational health psychology are briefly discussed to establish a context for the present contributions that focus on job strain, effort-reward imbalance, and methodological problems.
On the nature and implications of starburst-driven galactic superwinds

Optical spectroscopic data are presented on the ionized nebulae associated with 14 galaxies that are strong far-IR emitters. It is found that the data provide both qualitative and quantitative support for the 'superwind' model in which the kinetic energy provided by SNe and winds from massive stars in a central starburst drives a large-scale outflow that can shock heat and accelerate ambient interstellar and circumgalactic gas. Clear kinematic signatures of an outflow along the galaxy's minor axis are found for the three nearest far-IR galaxies (FIRGs). The FIRG nebulae are highly overpressured relative to the Galactic ISM, with the pressure dropping systematically with distance from the nucleus. Superwinds are energetically adequate to power both the observed optical and X-ray nebulae, and the relative emission-line intensities and their radial variations are consistent with ionization by wind-driven shocks, but not with photoionization by normal O stars or an AGN. The possible astrophysical implications of superwinds are discussed.
Permanency of Boric Acid used as a Fire Retardant in Cellulosic Insulation

Abstract The rate of loss of the chemical fire retardant, boric acid, from loose-fill cellulosic insulation due to sublimation has been determined. Apparent sublimation pressures for boric acid have been measured as a function of temperature and relative humidity using a flow system. A direct determination was also made of the rate of mass transfer of boric acid in cellulosic insulation to the air above the insulation. These data were used in a numerical model to show that the loss of boric acid from cellulosic insulation is insignificant at 70 °C and relative humidity near 100%. The redistribution of boric acid and borax in a commercial cellulosic insulation due to vibration was studied by analyzing specimens taken from the top and bottom of horizontally applied material. Long periods of vibration failed to result in statistically significant chemical redistribution.
Effects of Salt on the Lower Critical Solution Temperature of Poly (N-Isopropylacrylamide)

Classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the effects of salt on the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). PNIPAM is often studied as a protein proxy due to the presence of a peptide bond in its monomer unit. PNIPAM is a temperature sensitive polymer which exhibits hydrophobic−hydrophilic phase transition at its LCST. The presence of salt in the solution will shift its LCST, typically to a lower temperature. This LCST shift follows the so-called Hofmeister series. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of PNIPAM in 1 M of NaCl, NaBr, NaI, and KCl were carried out to elucidate the effects of different salt on LCST and protein stability. Our results suggest that direct interactions between the salt cations and the polymer play a critical role in the shift of LCST and subsequently on protein stability. Further, cations have a much stronger affinity with the polymer, whereas anions bind weakly with the polymer. Moreover, the cation−polym...
SPINOZA'S CONCEPT OF SUBSTANCE AND ATTRIBUTE: A READING OF THE SHORT TREATISE

The first part of this paper will solve a textual problem in Spinoza's early work Short Treatise on God, Man and His Well-Being. Several passages in this work treat substances and attributes as equ...
Foundry Green Sands as Hydraulic Barriers: Laboratory Study

A laboratory testing program was conducted to assess the use of foundry sands from gray iron foundries, typically called green sands, as hydraulic barrier materials. Foundry green sands are mixtures of fine uniform sand, bentonite, and other additives. Specimens of foundry sand were compacted in the laboratory at a variety of water contents and compactive efforts and then permeated in rigid-wall and flexible-wall permeameters to define relationships between hydraulic conductivity, compaction water content, and dry unit weight. Additional tests were conducted to assess how hydraulic conductivity of compacted foundry sand is affected by environmental stresses such as desiccation, freeze-thaw, and chemical permeation. Results of the tests show that the hydraulic conductivity of foundry sand is sensitive to the same variables that affect hydraulic conductivity of compacted clays (i.e., compaction water content, and compactive effort). However, hydraulic conductivities <10−7 cm/s can be obtained for many found...
Supercritical fluid extraction‐immunoassay for the rapid screening of cocaine in hair

Supercritical fluid extraction-radioimmunoassay (SFE-RIA) was evaluated as a rapid screening tool for the detection of cocaine residues in human hair. SFE was performed using carbon dioxide modified with triethylamine (TEA) and water, with off-line collection of extracted cocaine in methanol. Extracts were analyzed for the presence of cocaine using a commercially available solid-phase RIA kit. In order to develop a suitable RIA calibration method for reliable measurement of cocaine in SF extracts, calibration data was compared for methanolic standards both with and without the presence of the SF modifier. Methanol had only a minor impact on immunoassay performance, producing an 11% decrease in maximum binding counts. In contrast, the presence of TEA/H2O profoundly degraded assay performance, producing a 60% suppression in assay counts. To preserve RIA sensitivity, SF extracts were evaporated under nitrogen to remove the modifier and reconstituted in methanol for RIA analysis. Incorporation of the evaporation step permitted the use of modifier-free cocaine calibrators in methanol. Calibration data was at to a four-parameter logistic model. SFE-RIA analysis of a series of drug-free hair samples established an RIA cut-off value for distinguishing between a negative and presumptive positive cocaine sample at an SF extract concentration of 1.2 ng/mL, or a hair concentration of 0.07 ng/mg. The robustness of the SFE-RIA method was demonstrated by the analysis of a variety of hair samples from both drug users and non-users. The quantitative SFE-RIA findings correlated well with the values obtained by an acid incubation/GC-MS method. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The “Independent Variable” in Restorative Justice: Theory-Based Standards for Evaluating the Impact and Integrity of Victim Sensitive Process (Part II)

Abstract For almost two decades restorative justice practices have demonstrated positive impacts on crime victim satisfaction when compared to court and other adversarial processes. Although these practices have by no means addressed the myriad needs of crime victims, researchers and policy makers have puzzled about how to interpret these generally positive findings. We suggest that remaining difficulties in concluding that positive findings are a result of restorative process rather than some other factor (e.g., procedural justice) are due largely to (1) the lack of clear standards for gauging the integrity, or “restorativeness,” of interventions and (2) the failure to articulate logical mechanisms (i.e., intervention theories) that connect practices to immediate and intermediate outcomes, and these outcomes to long-term changes in the well-being of victims, offenders, and communities. In part 1 of a two-part discussion previously published in this journal, we described alternative definitions of restora...
Phosphorus export from an agricultural watershed: linking source and transport mechanisms.

Many source and transport factors control P loss from agricultural landscapes; however, little information is available on how these factors are linked at a watershed scale. Thus, we investigated mechanisms controlling P release from soil and stream sediments in relation to storm and baseflow P concentrations at four flumes and in the channel of an agricultural watershed. Baseflow dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations were greater at the watershed outflow (Flume 1; 0.042 mg L -1 ) than uppermost flume (Flume 4; 0.028 mg L -1 ). Conversely, DRP concentrations were greater at Flume 4 (0.304 mg L -1 ) than Flume 1 (0.128 mg L -1 ) during stormflow. Similar trends in total phosphorus (TP) concentration were also observed. During stormflow, stream P concentrations are controlled by overland flow-generated erosion from areas of the watershed coincident with high soil P. In-channel decreases in P concentration during stormflow were attributed to sediment deposition, resorption of P, and dilution. The increase in baseflow P concentrations downstream was controlled by channel sediments. Phosphorus sorption maximum of Flume 4 sediment (532 mg kg -1 ) was greater than at the outlet Flume 1 (227 mg kg -1 ). Indeed, the decrease in P desorption between Flumes 1 and 4 sediment (0.046 to 0.025 mg L -1 ) was similar to the difference in baseflow DRP between Flumes I and 4 (0.042 to 0.028 mg L -1 ). This study shows that erosion, soil P concentration, and channel sediment P sorption properties influence streamflow DRP and TP. A better understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of these processes and their connectivity over the landscape will aid targeting remedial practices.
A fuzzy-power factor correction (abstract only)

Power-factor correction usually means the practice of generating reactive power as close as possible to the load which requires it, rather than supplying it from a remote power station. Most industrial loads have lagging power-factors i.e. they absorb reactive power. The load current, therefore, tends to be larger than is required to supply the real power alone and the excess load current represents a waste to the consumer. Supply tariffs to industrial customers almost always penalize low-power loads; resulting in the extensive development of power-factor correction systems for industrial plants [1].This paper represents application of fuzzy algorithms [2] [3] to the power-factor correction of a synchronous motor. The synchronous motor is a constant speed electrical machine capable of absorbing or generating reactive power depending on the output mechanical power and the field current [4]. The objective of the fuzzy control is to operate the synchronous motor at unity power-factor, neither absorbing nor generating reactive power, regardless of the mechanical power delivered.The model has two major components, the fuzzy controller and the synchronous motor, that interact with each other. As shown in Figure 1, the controller comprises of the control algorithm, the input interface (which maps the controller inputs into their Universe of Discourse), and output interface (which defuzzifies the output of the controller. The controller has two inputs: change in the field current (xIf) and change in armature current (xIa). The single output is the change in thyristor's firing angle (xa) which controls the field voltage of the synchronous motor. To achieve the desired power-factor, the controller monitors the inputs at regular intervals and accordingly issues commands to the synchronous motor, which would result in new inputs to the controller. The decision rules were generated in linguistic rather than mathematical terms according to the experimentally-obtained “V” curves of the synchronous motor [4]. The control algorithm is based on a set of 14 rules that stipulates the nature and extent of control changes for all combination of inputs. The values, the input and output variables could take, were limited to the fuzzy subsets: positive big (PB), positive medium (PM), positive small (PS), positive zero (PZ), negative zero (NZ), negative small (NS), negative medium (NM), negative big (NB). Each rule is represented as follows:IF (xIf is NS) AND (xIa IS NM OR NB)THEN xa IS PMFor implementation, the Universe of Discourse is quantized to 14 levels. The outputs, given by the decision table, are computed using the MAX-MIN composition [3] [5]. Defuzzification is accomplished by using either the centre of area (COA) algorithm or mean of maxima (MOM) algorithm [5]. Initial results show that the firing angle of the thyristors adjusts the field current so that the desired unity power-factor is achieved.
An algorithm for finding Bell-type inequalities

This paper deals with the calculation of all the necessary and sufficient conditions for the classical characterization of the probabilities of some events. It shows how a scarcely known method devised by Boole is particularly useful to the solution of this problem. Based on this method, a general and simple algorithm is found that enables the deduction of the inequalities that, like Bell inequalities, express the conditions for classical characterization. The results of the application of the algorithm to some open problems are reported.
The Shiva laser-fusion facility

The 10 kJ Shiva laser irradiation facility is a major laser experimental facility devoted to inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research. It consists of: 1) a 20-beam Nd:glass laser amplifier system in which each beam has a final clear aperture of 20 cm diameter, 2) optical and alignment systems to focus the 20 beams simultaneously onto microscopic fusion targets, and 3) target diagnostics systems to measure the response of the targets to the irradiating beams. Since its activation in early 1978, Shiva has operated continuously, providing up to 28 terawatts (TW) of 1.064 μm optical power to targets. The evolution of Shiva into a reliable experimental facility required the development of engineering technology based on solid-state laser concepts first introduced in the 1960's and early 1970's.
Why Do Women Wait? Matching, Wage Inequality, and the Incentives for Fertility Delay☆

Abstract This paper explores the interaction between wage inequality and the marriage and fertility decisions of young women. We develop an equilibrium search model of marriage, divorce, and investment in children that allows for differential timing of fertility. We show how patterns of fertility timing in U.S. data can be explained by the incentives for fertility delay implied by marriage and labor markets. We find that these incentives help explain both the cross-sectional relationship between women's wages and fertility timing and the changes over the past 40 years in married women's fertility timing and labor supply. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J12, J13.
Shear measurements of viscoelastic damping materials embedded in composite plates

Embedding viscoelastic damping materials into graphite/epoxy composites can greatly increase the damping of composite structures. Cocuring the damping material with the composite, however, has been shown to increase the modulus and lower the damping in many viscoelastic materials because epoxy penetrates many damping materials (especially acrylics). In this paper, the changes in shear modulus were measured using double lap shear tests. Also presented are shear moduli comparisons of samples cured with three different barrier film layers, KaptonR, TedlarR,and polyester, which are used to prevent the epoxy penetration. Lastly, samples with an embedded loosely woven scrim cloth placed between two damping material layers are tested to measure how the scrim affects the shear modulus.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Submicron Fluorescence, Topology, and Compliance Measurements of Phase-Separated Lipid Monolayers Using Tapping-Mode Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy

Tapping-mode near-field scanning optical microscopy (TM-NSOM) is used to probe the structure and compliance properties of phase separated l-α-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipid monolayers doped with 1,1‘-dioctadecyl-3,3,3‘,3‘-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (diIC18) fluorescent dye. Near-field fluorescence images of monolayers deposited in the solid condensed/liquid condensed coexistence region reveal a threadlike network of liquid condensed lipid connecting the larger liquid condensed domains. Simultaneously collected TM-NSOM topology images of the lipid monolayer show small height differences of 5 A between the two lipid phases. Sample compliance measurements taken by monitoring the phase of the TM-NSOM tip resonance show that the two lipid phases exhibit distinctly different mechanical properties. Comparison of the near-field fluorescence, topography, and compliance measurements on DPPC monolayers reveals structures suggestive of the presence of lipid microdomains.
Visual stimulus characteristics for initial approach response in chicks (Gallus domesticus)

Abstract This study examined visual stimulus conditions which elicit the initial approach response in newly-hatched chicks. Chicks kept in dark isolation prior to testing at 18 ± 4 hr posthatching, were presented stimuli of varying sizes in an open field. The following results were obtained: (a) initially, chicks moved toward approaching objects rather than followed retreating ones; and (b) both response latency and proportion responding revealed the existence of a stimulus size range preference from 10 to 20 cm in diameter. The first result is contrary to certain assumptions derived from stimulus intensity theory. Although the second result is not contrary to stimulus intensity theory, the failure to observe withdrawal responses permits the alternative interpretation of stimulus generalization about an optimal stimulus. The second result also poses problems for stimulus conspicuousness hypotheses since the optimal stimulus range was found to correspond to the size of biologically appropriate social objects.
Electrophoretic patterns of glucose metabolizing enzymes and acid phosphatase in mouse and human neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract The electrophoretic patterns of glucose metabolizing enzymes and acid phosphatase in mouse and human neuroblastoma cells were investigated. Mouse neuroblastoma cells had one band of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and two bands of acid phosphatase, whereas human neuroblastoma cells had five bands of LDH and one band of acid phosphatase. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) were expressed as a single band in both mouse and human neuroblastoma cells. The electrophoretic pattern of LDH was similar in mouse neuroblastoma cells grown in culture or in vivo. The electrophoretic band of G-6-PD in mouse neuroblastoma cells grown in vivo appeared to be less dense than that observed in cells grown in culture; however, the reverse was true for 6-PGD. Among all enzymes examined, only the electrophoretic pattern of G-6-PD in cAMP-induced “differentiated” mouse neuroblastoma was different in comparison to control cells.
Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 α-Fucosidases Are Active on Fucosylated Human Milk Oligosaccharides

Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 utilizes several small-mass neutral human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), several of which are fucosylated. Whereas previous studies focused on endpoint consumption, a temporal glycan consumption profile revealed a time-dependent effect. Specifically, among preferred HMOs, tetraose was favored early in fermentation, with other oligosaccharides consumed slightly later. In order to utilize fucosylated oligosaccharides, ATCC 15697 possesses several fucosidases, implicating GH29 and GH95 α-L-fucosidases in a gene cluster dedicated to HMO metabolism. Evaluation of the biochemical kinetics demonstrated that ATCC 15697 expresses three fucosidases with a high turnover rate. Moreover, several ATCC 15697 fucosidases are active on the linkages inherent to the HMO molecule. Finally, the HMO cluster GH29 α-L-fucosidase possesses a crystal structure that is similar to previously characterized fucosidases.
A Genetic Murine Model of Endolymphatic Hydrops: The Phex Mouse.

Animal models of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) provide critical insight into the pathophysiology of Meniere’s disease (MD). A new genetic murine model, called the Phex mouse, circumvents prior need for a time and cost-intensive surgical procedure to create ELH. The Phex mouse model of ELH, which also has X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, creates a postnatal, spontaneous, and progressive ELH whose phenotype has a predictable decline of vestibular and hearing function reminiscent of human MD. The Phex mouse enables real-time histopathologic analysis to assess diagnostic and therapeutic interventions as well as further our understanding of ELH’s adverse effects. Already the model has validated electrocochleography and cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential as useful diagnostic tools. New data on caspase activity in apoptosis of the spiral ganglion neurons may help target future therapeutic interventions. This paper highlights the development of the Phex mouse model and highlights its role in characterizing ELH.
A Review on Residence Time Distribution (RTD) in Food Extruders and Study on the Potential of Neural Networks in RTD Modeling

ABSTRACT: Residence time distribution and mean residence time depend on process variables, namely feed rate, screw speed, feed moisture content, barrel temperature, die temperature and die diameter. Flow in an extruder has been modeled by simulating residence time distribution, assuming the extruder to be a series of continuous-stirred-tank or plug-flow reactors. Others have developed relationships for mean residence time as functions of process variables. Better models can be developed using neural networks. As an example, data from the literature were used to model mean residence time as a function of process variables using statistical regression and neural networks. Neural network models performed better than regression models.
Applicability of Large Databases in Outcomes Research

Outcomes research serves as a mechanism to assess the quality of care, cost effectiveness of treatment, and other aspects of health care. The use of administrative databases in outcomes research is increasing in all medical specialties, including hand surgery. However, the real value of databases can be maximized with a thorough understanding of their contents, advantages, and limitations. We performed a literature review pertaining to databases in medical, surgical, and epidemiologic research, with special emphasis on orthopedic and hand surgery. This article provides an overview of the available database resources for outcomes research, their potential value to hand surgeons, and suggestions to improve their effective use.
A Software Tool for Teaching Reading Based on Text-to-Speech Letter-to-Phoneme Rules

Native speakers of English who are good readers can "sound out" words or names from printed text, even if they have never seen them before, although they may not be conscious of the strategies they use. No tools are available today that can convey that knowledge to learners, showing them the rules that apply in English text. We have adapted the letter-to-phoneme component of a text-to-speech synthesizer to a web-based software system that can teach word decoding to non-native speakers of English, English-speaking children, and adult learners.
Comment on 'Laser-assisted formation of antihydrogen'

In a recent paper, Whitehead, McCann, and Shimamura [Phys. Rev. A 64, 023401 (2001)] presented classical-trajectory Monte Carlo (CTMC) calculations of the effects of laser fields on the cross section for antihydrogen formation in collisions of antiprotons with positronium. They also use the same method to calculate the photoionization rate of isolated positronium in a strong field. The purpose of this Comment is to point out (i) the criteria for validity of the quasiclassical approximation are not satisfied for all the conditions used; (ii) some of their numerical results do not agree with the values obtained with a corroborated code; (iii) the ambiguity of a cross section when the target can ionize even before the projectile arrives; and (iv) the essential effect of quantum-mechanical tunneling on the strong-field ionization rate. A recently published method allowing tunneling in a CTMC calculation [J. S. Cohen, Phys. Rev. A 64, 043412 (2001)] is used for (iv). It is concluded that the laser effect on formation of antihydrogen may be much greater than that found by Whitehead et al., but the pulse must be better characterized for quantitative predictions.
HPLC-ECD procedure for the measurement of 0-methylation of catechol estrogens by vascular tissue

Abstract A precolumn extraction procedure combined with high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) has been developed for the identification and quantitation of catechol estrogens, their immediate precursors (estrogens), and their 0-methylated metabolites. These compounds were isolated from Krebs solutions and from perchloric acid tissue extracts or whole tissues by simple solvent extraction prior to quantitation. The optimal conditions for detection by HPLC-ECD were those employing a radial compression module, a C18 Bondapak cartridge, and an isocratic mobile phase of ammonium phosphate (pH 3.0) combined with 30–70% acetonitrile. A biological application of this procedure includes the investigation of the 0-methylation of catechol estrogens by vascular tissue. In the present study, the 0-methylation of 2-hydroxyestradiol by rabbit aorta has been examined. The 0-methylation in segments of thoracic aorta was significantly less than that in abdominal aortic segments, but was reproducible along the length of the thoracic aorta.
The grace of learning: visions, education and Rupert of Deutz's view of twelfth-century intellectual culture

This article aims to resolve a long-standing tension within scholarship on Rupert of Deutz, who has been characterised as both a book-learned theologian who exemplified traditional, pious use of the liberal arts and, conversely, as a visionary mystic who attributed all of his knowledge to a series of ecstatic visions. It traces the source of this tension to Rupert's own writings, in which he revised the narrative of his intellectual formation midway through his career, disclaiming his education in the arts and representing himself as an inspired visionary. By reconstructing the circumstances that led to this change, it is contended that Rupert's ideas about teaching and education were the primary context for his interest in visionary piety and that the nature of his transformation reveals a new perspective on twelfth-century intellectual culture, one based on the integration of schooling, both monastic and scholastic, and spirituality into a broadly unified intellectual culture.
A comparison of fibromyalgia symptoms in patients with Healthy versus Depressive, Low and Reactive affect balance styles

Background and aims: Affect balance reflects relative levels of negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) and includes four styles: Healthy (low NA/high PA), Depressive (high NA/low PA), Reactive (high NA/high PA) and Low (low NA/low PA). These affect balance styles may have important associations with clinical outcomes in patients with fibromyalgia. Herein, we evaluated the severity of core fibromyalgia symptom domains as described by the Outcomes Research in Rheumatology-Fibromyalgia working group in the context of the four affect balance styles. Methods: Data from 735 patients with fibromyalgia who completed the Brief Pain Inventory, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, Profile of Mood States, Medical Outcomes Sleep Scale, Multiple Ability Self-Report Questionnaire, Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were included in this analysis. Results: The majority (51.8%) of patients in our sample had a Depressive affect balance style; compared to patients with a Healthy affect balance style, they scored significantly worse in all fibromyalgia symptom domains including pain, fatigue, sleep disturbance, dyscognition, depression, anxiety, stiffness, and functional status (P = <.001 to .004). Overall, patients with a Healthy affect balance style had the lowest level of symptoms, while symptom levels of those with Reactive and Low affect balance styles were distributed in between those of the Depressive and Healthy groups. Conclusions and implications: The results of our cross-sectional study suggest that having a Healthy affect balance style is associated with better physical and psychological symptom profiles in fibromyalgia. Futures studies evaluating these associations longitudinally could provide rationale for evaluating the effect of psychological interventions on affect balance and clinical outcomes in fibromyalgia.
Recent Southern Political Thought

Regional literature, including political literature, is prolific in the South. But to survey those political writings by themselves would place southern theory out of perspective. After all, it is more important to know that southern thought is in the general political current of American thought than it is to know what are the peculiarities of southern political thought. Comparably, it is more important to know that political thought in the United States is a part of the general current of thought of western civilization than it is to know what are the distinctive currents of American thought. This last statement as to the general content of American thought will doubtless not be acceptable to Col. R. R. McCormick and the Chicago Tribune. Equally, the statement as to southern thought will probably not be acceptable to those who lay greatest emphasis upon the southern tradition, such as those of the authors of I'll Take My Stand,' who, like Allen Tate, still emphasize the uniqueness as well as the continuity of the southern tradition. The position taken herein is that of Francis W. Coker when he asked the question, "Are There Distinctive Political Traditions for the South?" 2 The answer is, yesthere are distinctive traditions but these are not unique. In support of the idea that southern political theory is not unique, I have stated elsewhere 3 that there are four main currents of southern thought. First there is the liberal tradition of Thomas Jefferson. This tradition emphasizes government policies which will be broadly beneficial to the people; and a government controlled by the people. It is the liberal and democratic tradition. This policy was originally associated with states' rights, but in the Jeffersonian tradition states' rights are but the means to an end. Subsequently, at the end of the nineteenth and
Perspectives on basaltic magma crystallization and differentiation: Lava-lake blocks erupted at Mauna Loa volcano summit, Hawaii

Explosive eruptions at Mauna Loa summit ejected coarse-grained blocks (free of lava coatings) from Moku'aweoweo caldera. Most are gabbronorites and gabbros that have 0–26 vol.% olivine and 1–29 vol.% oikocrystic orthopyroxene. Some blocks are ferrogabbros and diorites with micrographic matrices, and diorite veins (≤ 2 cm) cross-cut some gabbronorites and gabbros. One block is an open-textured dunite. The MgO of the gabbronorites and gabbros ranges ∼ 7–21 wt.%. Those with MgO > 10 wt.% have some incompatible-element abundances (Zr, Y, REE; positive Eu anomalies) lower than those in Mauna Loa lavas of comparable MgO; gabbros (MgO < 10 wt.%) generally overlap lava compositions. Olivines range Fo83–58, clinopyroxenes have Mg#s ∼ 83–62, and orthopyroxene Mg#s are 84–63 — all evolved beyond the mineral-Mg#s of Mauna Loa lavas. Plagioclase is An75–50. Ferrogabbro and diorite blocks have ∼ 3–5 wt.% MgO (TiO2 3.2–5.4%; K2O 0.8–1.3%; La 16–27 ppm), and a diorite vein is the most evolved (SiO2 59%, K2O 1.5%, La 38 ppm). They have clinopyroxene Mg#s 67–46, and plagioclase An57–40. The open-textured dunite has olivine ∼ Fo83.5. Seven isotope ratios are 87Sr/86Sr 0.70394–0.70374 and 143Nd/144Nd 0.51293–0.51286, and identify the suite as belonging to the Mauna Loa system. Gabbronorites and gabbros originated in solidification zones of Moku'aweoweo lava lakes where they acquired orthocumulate textures and incompatible-element depletions. These features suggest deeper and slower cooling lakes than the lava lake paradigm, Kilauea Iki, which is basalt and picrite. Clinopyroxene geobarometry suggests crystallization at < 1 kbar P. Highly evolved mineral Mg#s, < 75, are largely explained by cumulus phases exposed to evolving intercumulus liquids causing compositional ‘shifts.’ Ferrogabbro and diorite represent segregation veins from differentiated intercumulus liquids filter pressed into rigid zones of cooling lakes. Clinopyroxene geobarometry suggests < 300 bar P. Open-textured dunite represents olivine-melt mush, precursor to vertical olivine-rich bodies (as in Kilauea Iki). Its Fo83.5 identifies the most primitive lake magma as ∼ 8.3 wt.% MgO. Mass balancing and MELTS show that such a magma could have yielded both ferrogabbro and diorite by ≥ 50% fractional crystallization, but under different fO2: < FMQ (250 bar) led to diorite, and FMQ (250 bar) yielded ferrogabbro. These segregation veins, documented as similar to those of Kilauea, testify to appreciable volumes of ‘rhyolitic’ liquid forming in oceanic environments. Namely, SiO2-rich veins are intrinsic to all shields that reached caldera stage to accommodate various-sized cooling, differentiating lava lakes.
Genetic and metabolic engineering

Recent advances in molecular biology techniques, analytical methods and mathematical tools have led to a growing interest in using metabolic engineering to redirect metabolic fluxes for industrial and medical purposes. Metabolic engineering is referred to as the directed improvement of cellular properties through the modification of specific biochemical reactions or the introduction of new ones, with the use of recombinant DNA technology ( Stephanopoulos, 1999 ). This multidisciplinary field draws principles from chemical engineering, biochemistry, molecular and cell biology, and computational sciences. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the various strategies and tools available for metabolic engineers and to review some of the recent work that has been conducted in our laboratories in the metabolic engineering area.
Inclusive neutrino neutral current pion production in gauge-theoretic models☆

The description of the distribution of pions produced in the current fragmentation region in inclusive reactions such as e + N → e + πi + … and ν + N → μ− + πi + … in terms of a set of fragmentation functions Dπiq (z) is now well established. We use these functions, following Sehgal, and make predictions for π+π−, π0π± ratios in the neutral current reactions ν + N → ν + πi + …. Predictions are given for the four-quark Weinberg-Salam model, the six-quark vector model, and the so-called hard-fact model, for both proton and isoscalar targets, with special reference to Fermilab experiments.
Synthesis of a Separate Surface Wing Leveler

THE purpose of this synoptic is to present a method for sizing and for synthesizing a separate surface wing leveler for general aviation aircraft. The method can be readily extended to more general separate surface automatic flight control systems. Unlike large airplanes which use electromechanical or hydraulic devices to drive the control surfaces, light plane control surfaces are driven mechanically by the pilot alone. Thus any attempt to drive these surfaces automatically results in feedback directly to the pilot's controls. To overcome this problem a separate surface stability augmentation (SSSA) concept has been evolved: see Fig. 1 for a general arrangement. A small control surface is devoted to automatic controls while the pilot controls a larger, similar surface. When properly designed, such a system would not feed back to the pilot and, if the system failed, the pilot could still fly the airplane. No redundancy being needed, the system is also a low cost system. The feasibility of such systems was first discussed in detail in Ref. 1.
A Tale of Two Journals: Fifty Years of Environmental History—And Its Predecessors

AbstractIn 1996 Forest & Conservation History and Environmental History Review merged to form Environmental History. As a continuation of these earlier journals, in 2007 Environmental History celeb...
The simultaneous consideration of between‐participants and within‐participants analyses in research on predictors of behaviours: The issue of dependence

Although there is wide acceptance among personality and social psychologists of the importance of performing both between-participants and within-participants analyses to obtain a more complete picture of the phenomena under investigation, such analyses are rare (Mishela, 1990). Research on the predictors of behaviour, particularly concerning variables such as attitude, subjective norm, affect, cognition, and intention provides an exception, where the results from within-participants analyses are sometimes compared to the results from between-participants analyses. These comparisons raise the issue of whether the two types of analyses are independent of each other (and whether they can be validly compared), which is the topic of the present paper. Although we show that there is dependence, which suggests that it is a bad idea to compare both kinds of analyses, we also show that the degree of dependence approaches zero as the number of participants and items increase. Thus, with a sufficiently large design, the degree of dependence is unimportant, and therefore is no obstacle to the simultaneous consideration of both within-participants and between-participants analyses. How large is large enough? A set of computer simulations suggests that 15 participants and 15 items is sufficient, though we provide data from which researchers can designate their own criteria. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The moment method as a tool for the study of chemical exchange by NMR

Abstract The truncated second moments of exchange-broadened NMR lines, defined by S T = ∫ 0 ω T ω 2 I(ω)dω ∫ 0 ω T I(ω)dω , where ωT is the frequency at which the spectral intensity I(ω) has fallen to T% of its maximum value, can be used to determine exchange rates. In the equal-population, two-site case in the absence of spin-spin coupling and with linewidths, 1 T 2 , equal to zero in the absence of exchange, the average lifetime is given by τ = 1 Δ × 11.69 S 10 − 11.24 S 10 2 + 9.60 S 10 3 1.00 + 11.37 S 10 + 13.81 S 10 2 where τ is the average exchange lifetime, and Δ is the chemical shift in the absence of exchange. The extension of the method to cover unequal populations, finite linewidths in the absence of exchange, and spin-spin coupling of the exchanging nuclei is also discussed.
Influence of helium injection schedule and prior thermomechanical treatment on the microstructure of type 316 SS

Abstract The influence of different helium injection schedules on microstructure development in Ni + ion-irradiated 316 SS at 625°C is discussed. Injection schedules were chosen to either approximate the MFR condition or mimic the mixed-spectrum reactor condition. Dual-ion irradiation to 25 dpa produced strongly bimodal cavity size distributions in solution annealed and solution annealed and aged samples, whereas single-ion irradiation followed by dual-ion irradiation to the same dose produced a cavity size distribution with a substantial component of intermediate-size cavities. Dual-ion irradiation produced only very small cavities in 20% CW material, while single-ion followed by dual-ion irradiation produced some intermediate size cavities and greater swelling.
Reduction in the aciduric properties of the oral bacterium Streptococcus mutans GS-5 by fluoride.

Abstract Plaque bacteria tend to be aciduric; they can carry out glycolysis even when the environmental pH is low. These bacteria expend energy to maintain their cytoplasm at pH values above that of their environment, commonly by proton extrusion and subsequent proton exclusion by the cell membrane. Any reagent that would compromise the insulating capacity of the membrane would decrease net proton extrusion and thereby may enhance acid sensitivity. Recent studies have indicated that bacterial fluoride uptake is dependent on pH and the concentration of HF rather than F− so the molecular species taken up, then, is probably HF. Therefore, fluoride uptake is probably accompanied by proton uptake as well. In this study, weak acids and ionophores were used to test the hypothesis that a reduction in net proton extrusion would enhance the acid sensitivity of streptococcal glycolysis and discharge a transmembrane proton gradient. Lightly buffered Streptococcus mutans cells were incubated with glucose and the pH was monitored over a 4 h period to assess the rate and extent of metabolic acid production. Transmembrane pH gradients were estimated from the ratio of intracellular to extracellular concentrations of radiolabelled acetate. Fluoride appeared to have an action on Strep. mutans similar to that of weak acids or proton conductors in that it reduced the aciduric property of glycolysis and discharged a pH gradient across the bacterial cell membrane.