cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Presentation 4: Intensive medical intervention and pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with advanced restrictive lung disease1

Abstract Objective: To examine the benefits of an inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program on patients with advanced interstitial lung disease (ILD). Design: Prospective cohort study. Repeated measures with experimental interventions and control group over a 2-year period. Setting: In- and outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program in a hospital-based academic center. Participants: A total of 80 patients with the diagnosis of advanced ILD—40 consecutive patients (mean age, 45.7y) admitted for inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation with the diagnosis of advanced ILD and 40 patients (mean age, 48.1y) with the diagnosis of advanced ILD who did not receive inpatient rehabilitation services. Intervention: Patients with advanced ILD were offered inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Patients admitted for inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation received services as defined by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Main Outcome Measures: Pulmonary vital capacity, diffusion capacity, FIM™ instrument, 6-minute walk, and St. George's Questionnaire. All measures were collected at the time of eligibility for admission to rehabilitation. Subsequent measures were collected in the inpatient program (experimental group) on discharge. The same measures were collected from patients (control group) who were not admitted for rehabilitation at the same time interval. Results: Analysis of covariance was used to test for group differences in mean change after adjusting for initial status. Improvements in all outcome measures were found in patients with ILD who received inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation services. These patients had improved vital capacity ( P ≤.001), FIM score ( P ≤.001), St. George's Questionnaire score ( P ≤.001), 6-minute walk score ( P ≤.001), and diffusion capacity ( P =.009). Conclusion: Pulmonary rehabilitation of patients with advanced ILD results in statistically significant improvement in pulmonary physiology, physical functioning, and quality of life.
Is This Why Tc Is So Low

As the temperature of a superconductor is lowered, the normal state makes a transition to a superconducting state. The temperature at which this happens should depend on the natural energy scales of the superconductor. In the copper oxide materials, however, one would expect a much higher transition temperature than is observed. Hence, the provocative question raised by researchers: Why is the transition temperature so low? In their Perspective, [Balatsky and Shen][1] discuss recent data on a number of high-transition temperature superconductors. One possible answer to the question is that the low transition temperature may be the result of charge carriers with unusually high effective mass. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/284/5417/1137
Design considerations of bandpass LC filters for RF applications

This paper presents different design considerations of active Q-enhanced LC bandpass filters. An architecture for implementing high order filters is proposed. It uses electric coupling to emulate the effect of the transformer, thus providing bandwidth tuning with small passband ripple.
Absolute plate velocities from seismic anisotropy: Importance of correlated errors

The errors in plate motion azimuths inferred from shear wave splitting beneath any one tectonic plate are shown to be correlated with the errors of other azimuths from the same plate. To account for these correlations, we adopt a two-tier analysis: First, find the pole of rotation and confidence limits for each plate individually. Second, solve for the best fit to these poles while constraining relative plate angular velocities to consistency with the MORVEL relative plate angular velocities. Our preferred set of angular velocities, SKS-MORVEL, is determined from the poles from eight plates weighted proportionally to the root-mean-square velocity of each plate. SKS-MORVEL indicates that eight plates (Amur, Antarctica, Caribbean, Eurasia, Lwandle, Somalia, Sundaland, and Yangtze) have angular velocities that differ insignificantly from zero. The net rotation of the lithosphere is 0.25 ± 0.11° Ma−1 (95% confidence limits) right handed about 57.1°S, 68.6°E. The within-plate dispersion of seismic anisotropy for oceanic lithosphere (σ = 19.2°) differs insignificantly from that for continental lithosphere (σ = 21.6°). The between-plate dispersion, however, is significantly smaller for oceanic lithosphere (σ = 7.4°) than for continental lithosphere (σ = 14.7°). Two of the slowest-moving plates, Antarctica (vRMS = 4 mm a−1, σ = 29°) and Eurasia (vRMS = 3 mm a−1, σ = 33°), have two of the largest within-plate dispersions, which may indicate that a plate must move faster than ≈ 5 mm a−1 to result in seismic anisotropy useful for estimating plate motion. The tendency of observed azimuths on the Arabia plate to be counterclockwise of plate motion may provide information about the direction and amplitude of superposed asthenospheric flow or about anisotropy in the lithospheric mantle.
Multiple importance sampling for first- and second-order PMD

We have demonstrated a simulation method that can efficiently generate not only large first- and second-order PMD, but also combinations where one of the two is large and the other is small. Furthermore, the use of importance sampling allows the accurate determination of the associated probability distribution, even for very rare events.
CbbR, the Master Regulator for Microbial Carbon Dioxide Fixation

Biological carbon dioxide fixation is an essential and crucial process catalyzed by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms to allow ubiquitous atmospheric CO2 to be reduced to usable forms of organic carbon. This process, especially the Calvin-Bassham-Benson (CBB) pathway of CO2 fixation, provides the bulk of organic carbon found on earth. The enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) performs the key and rate-limiting step whereby CO2 is reduced and incorporated into a precursor organic metabolite. This is a highly regulated process in diverse organisms, with the expression of genes that comprise the CBB pathway (the cbb genes), including RubisCO, specifically controlled by the master transcriptional regulator protein CbbR. Many organisms have two or more cbb operons that either are regulated by a single CbbR or employ a specific CbbR for each cbb operon. CbbR family members are versatile and accommodate and bind many different effector metabolites that influence CbbR's ability to control cbb transcription. Moreover, two members of the CbbR family are further posttranslationally modified via interactions with other transcriptional regulator proteins from two-component regulatory systems, thus augmenting CbbR-dependent control and optimizing expression of specific cbb operons. In addition to interactions with small effector metabolites and other regulator proteins, CbbR proteins may be selected that are constitutively active and, in some instances, elevate the level of cbb expression relative to wild-type CbbR. Optimizing CbbR-dependent control is an important consideration for potentially using microbes to convert CO2 to useful bioproducts.
Growth patterns during and after treatment in patients with pediatric ALL: A meta-analysis.

Background Survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have a significantly higher body mass index (BMI) than their peers. Understanding the critical time periods in which patients with pediatric ALL are vulnerable to unhealthy weight gain will lay the groundwork for developing effectively timed interventions. Procedure We determined the growth patterns of patients with pediatric ALL during and after treatment through the conduct of a systematic review and meta-analysis. A search of MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed from its inception through May 2014. Studies met the inclusion criteria if they included at least 10 patients of pediatric ALL, and longitudinally assessed BMI at diagnosis and at least one time point after diagnosis Results Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review and 16 were included in meta-analysis. The mean increase in BMI z-score during treatment in 1,514 patients with pediatric ALL was 0.81 (95% CI: 0.25–1.38). Specifically, patients experienced substantial weight gain in early treatment (Δ = 0.41, 95% CI: −0.34, 1.17) and again during maintenance (Δ = 0.34, 95% CI:−0.22, 0.90). The mean increase in BMI z-score ranged between 0.52 and 0.89 beyond treatment completion. Subgroup analyses found unhealthy weight gain occurred regardless of patients' receipt of cranial radiation therapy, sex, and, weight status at diagnosis. Conclusions Patients with pediatric ALL experience unhealthy weight gain early in treatment, and increases in weight are maintained beyond treatment completion. Preventing early onset of obesity is a priority for improving the care and outcomes for patients with pediatric ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1452–1460. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient Computation of the Maximum of the Sum of Two Sequences and Applications

Computing max{a 1 + b 1 , a 2 + b 2 , ... ,a n + b n } trivially takes n additions. We show that if we are given the ranking for the a's and the b's separately, then an algorithm exists which will compute the maximum in ≅2n additions on the average. This can be generalized to yield an efficient algorithm to compute max{h(a 1 ,b 1 ), h(a 2 ,b 2 ),..., h(a n , b n )} where h(x,y) is monotone increasing in x and y. Another generalization shows an efficient way of computing the maximum norm of a difference between two vectors. Applications are shown in pattern classification and computational geometry.
Counselor Active Rehabilitation Service and the Reduction of Hopelessness in Individuals with Substance Abuse Disorders

Abstract The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the effect of Counselor Active Rehabilitation Service (CARS), compared to standard rehabilitation counseling in reducing feelings of hopelessness in individuals with substance abuse disorders. This study involved 50 inner city participants with substance abuse disorders. As determined using the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the experimental intervention did show a significant difference in the reduction of the feeling of hopelessness.
Environmental pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticide exposures and sperm concentration.

Abstract Background There is growing concern that poisoning and other adverse health effects are increasing because organophosphorous (OP) insecticides are now being used in combination with pyrethroid (PYR) insecticides to enhance the toxic effects of PYR insecticides on target insects, especially those that have developed PYR resistance. Objectives We conducted a pilot biomonitoring study to determine whether men in our reproductive cohort study were being exposed to pesticides environmentally by virtue of frequenting an agricultural setting. Methods We screened 18 randomly selected urine samples collected from male participants of reproductive age for 24 parent compounds and metabolites of pesticides and examined the results in relation to sperm concentration. Results Results showed high prevalence of exposure to OP and PYR pesticides and our preliminary analyses provided some suggestion that the higher exposure group had lower sperm concentration. Conclusions The potential of OP/PYR mixtures to have enhanced human toxicity needs more research attention.
A high-pressure polarized 3He gas target for the High Intensity Gamma Source (HIγS) facility at Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory

Abstract A new polarized 3 He target has been developed for nuclear physics experiments utilizing the High Intensity Gamma Source (HI γ S) at the Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory (DFELL). This target is designed for a broad program of physics employing high intensity polarized photons and a polarized 3 He target as an effective polarized neutron target. We report the performance of this target based on the technique of spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). Due to the significantly larger photon beam size at the HI γ S facility than that of a typical electron beam at electron accelerator laboratories, the HI γ S 3 He target contains a larger number of 3 He nuclei than any polarized 3 He targets reported previously. A target polarization on the order of 33–46% has been achieved from both a regular 3 He–Rubidium (Rb) target and a hybrid target which contains a mixture of Rb and potassium. The target polarization has been determined within 3 % using both the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) technique and the NMR–AFP (Adiabatic Fast Passage) technique.
Two-Phase Microfluidics for Semiconductor Circuits and Fuel Cells (Keynote)

Industrial trends are presenting major challenges and opportunities for research on two-phase flows in microchannels. Semiconductor companies are developing 3D circuits, for which multilevel microfluidic cooling is important. Gas delivery microchannels are promising for PEM fuel cells in portable electronics. However, data and modeling are needed for flow regime stability, liquid entrainment/clogging, and bubble inception/departure in complex 2D and 3D geometries. This paper provides an overview of the Stanford two-phase microfluidics program, with a focus on recent experimental and theoretical progress. Microfabrication technologies are used to distribute heaters, thermometers, pressure sensors, and liquid injection ports along the flow path. Liquid PIV quantifies forces on bubbles and fluorescence imaging detects flow shapes and liquid volume fraction. Separated flow models account for conjugate conduction, liquid injection, evaporation, and a variety of flow regimes. This work benefits strongly from interactions with semiconductor and fuel cell companies, which are seeking validated models for product design.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Aeroallergen sensitization correlates with PC20 and exhaled nitric oxide in subjects with mild-to-moderate asthma

Background Aeroallergen sensitization in adult asthmatic patients from a wide geographic area has not been correlated with patients' characteristics, markers of airways inflammation, and lung function. Objective We assessed data obtained from the Asthma Clinical Research Network trials to determine the relationship of aeroallergen sensitization to age, sex, ethnicity, and markers of inflammation and airways function. Methods Skin testing (14 epicutaneous) was performed on 1338 subjects with objectively diagnosed mild-to-moderate asthma from 11 Asthma Clinical Research Network studies. Skin testing used identical techniques and a quality assurance program to ensure uniformity across centers. Results Ninety-five percent of the subjects had at least 1 positive skin test response. Of these, 14% had positive reactions to 1 or 2 allergens and 81% had positive reactions to 3 or more allergens, and 2% of subjects reacted only to seasonal allergens, 26% only to perennial allergens, and 67% to both. Increasing IgE and exhaled nitric oxide values, decreasing PC 20 values, and minority ethnicity significantly correlated with the number of positive skin test responses. Subjects with late-onset asthma were less likely to be sensitized; nonetheless, 89% of subjects older than 60 years had positive responses. Conclusion Ninety-five percent of patients with mild-to-moderate asthma might have an allergic component. Age does not significantly affect aeroallergen sensitization, but the pattern of allergic sensitization varies with ethnicity and geography. Measures used to characterize asthma, such as IgE, exhaled nitric oxide, and PC 20 values, are correlated with aeroallergen sensitization.
Fear of Crime as a Social Fact

Fear of crime has emerged as a significant issue. Much research has investigated the extent and distribution of fear across such social statuses as age, sex, class, and race. Our research takes a different direction: it treats fear as a social fact which varies across sites and situations-fear between cities and the structural characteristics of cities which influence it, such as crime rates, the proportion of crime which is interracial, racial composition (percent nonwhite and segregation), and population size. Using data from the National Crime Survey (NCS) and various other sources, we regress fear of crime on these structural characteristics for 26 cities. For whites the analysis suggests that fear is affected by property crime rates and the proportion of crime which is interracial, and that racial composition indirectly affects fear by strongly influencing the proportion of crime which is interracial. For nonwhites the analysis suggests that fear is also affected by racial composition, but not by crime rates or the proportion of crime which is interracial. The paper explores the meaning of these findings for a structural theory of the fear of crime. Over the last fifteen years fear of crime has emerged as an important research topic. Surveys-Harris, Gallop, National Opinion Research Center (NORC), and the National Crime Survey (NCS)-report that a very high percentage of the U.S. population fear criminal victimization (Baumer; Boggs; Braungart et al.; Clemente and Kleiman; Garofalo, a, b; Goldsmith and Tomas; Hartnagel; Shotland) and that this percentage may have increased substantially since the mid 1960s (Erskine). Some studies suggest that fear of crime may not be proportionate to the objective chances of being victimized. For example, since the 1960s fear of crime seems to have increased considerably faster than the crime rate (Garofalo); people fear personal more than property crime, although property crime rates are much *We would like to thank Mitchell Chamlin, William Baccaglini, James Garofalo, and Glenna Spitze for their helpful suggestions and comments on drafts of this paper. 01982 The University of North Carolina Press. 0037-7732/82/030760-70$01. 10
Effects of Pin Shape and Array Orientation on Heat Transfer and Pressure Loss in Pin Fin Arrays

Modern high-performance gas turbine engines operate at high turbine inlet temperatures and require internal convection cooling of many of the components exposed to the hot gas flow. Cooling air is supplied from the engine compressor at a cost to cycle performance and a design goal is to provide necessary cooling with the minimum required cooling air flow. In conjunction with this objective, two families of pin fin array geometries which have potential for improving airfoil internal cooling performance were studied experimentally. One family utilizes pins of a circular cross section with various orientations of the array with respect to the mean flow direction. The second family utilizes pins with an oblong cross section with various pin orientations with respect to the mean flow direction. Both heat transfer and pressure loss characteristics are presented. The results indicate that the use of circular pins with array orientation between staggered and inline can in some cases increase heat transfer while decreasing pressure loss. The use of elongated pins increases heat transfer, but at a high cost of increased pressure loss. In conjunction with the present measurements, previously published results were reexamined in order to estimate the magnitude of heat transfer coefficients on the pin surfaces relative to those of the endwall surfaces. The estimate indicates that the pin surface coefficients are approximately double the endwall values.
Spatial and temporal patterns in Arctic river ice breakup observed with MODIS and AVHRR time series

Abstract The timing of spring river-ice breakup, a major annual event for physical, biological, and human systems on Arctic rivers, has been used to infer regional climate variations over the past century or more. Most observations of ice breakup are recorded as point data taken from selected ground-based stations. It is unknown whether these point observations are fully representative of breakup patterns elsewhere along the course of a river. Here, daily time series of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite images are used to remotely sense spatial and temporal patterns in ice breakup along 1600–3300 km lengths of the Lena, Ob', Yenisey, and Mackenzie Rivers. The first day of predominantly ice-free water is visually identified and mapped for ten years (1992–1993, 1995–1998, and 2000–2003), with a mean precision of ±1.75 days. The derived breakup dates show high correlation with ground-based observations, although a slight trend towards earlier satellite-derived dates can be traced to differences in the way ice breakup date is defined. Large ice jams are often observed, particularly at confluences, although smaller ice jams may not be visible due to the limited spatial resolution of the imagery used. At the watershed scale, spatial patterns in breakup seem to be primarily governed by latitude, timing of the spring flood wave, and location of confluences with major tributaries. Interestingly, channel-scale factors such as slope, width, and radius of curvature, which are known to influence ice breakup at the reach scale, do not appear to be major factors at the scale observed here. The degree of similarity between interannual trends in breakup date at distant points along a river is generally high, which supports the use of point-scale data to infer regional climate variations. This similarity does not hold true for the Mackenzie River, where substantial spatial differences in breakup trends are observed. A new variable, spatially integrated breakup date ( d i ), uses weighted spatial averaging to provide a more encompassing measure of breakup timing. The Ob' and Yenisey Rivers show similar trends in spatially integrated breakup date from year to year. In contrast, the Mackenzie and Lena show a remarkably consistent negative correlation, here attributed to sea surface temperature anomalies associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index.
On a partition identity

Abstract Two proofs are given, one combinatorial, the other by character theory, for the identity, ∏λa1! a2! … an! = ∏λ1a12a2 … nan, where λ ranges over all partitions λ = (1a12a2 … nan) of n. The two demonstrations yield a simple proof of the known formula, det2T(n) = [∏λ1a12a2 … nan]2, where T(n) is the matrix formed by the character table of Sn. Finally a sufficient condition is given so that the permanent of T(n) is zero.
Hemorrhage Associated with Dacryocystorhinostomy and the Adjunctive Use of Desmopressin in Selected Patients

Abstract Of 150 consecutive patients who underwent dacryocystorhinostomy, postoperative hemorrhage requiring treatment occurred in 2 patients, both of whom had endogenous platelet dysfunction without thrombocytopenia. The first patient had macroglobulinemia, and the second patient had congenital platelet hypofunction. Prophylactic 1-deamino-8- d -arginine vasopressin (desmopressin; DDAVP) was used successfully to decrease intraoperative bleeding in the second patient. Of the 15 patients with exogenous platelet dysfunction secondary to the use of aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents within 1 week of operation, none had hemorrhaging. Dacryocystorhinostomy should be undertaken cautiously and with hematologic consultation in patients with blood dyscrasias.
The computational complexity of basic decision problems in 3-dimensional topology

We study the computational complexity of basic decision problems of 3-dimensional topology, such as to determine whether a triangulated 3-manifold is irreducible, prime, ∂-irreducible, or homeomorphic to a given 3-manifold M. For example, we prove that the problem to recognize whether a triangulated 3-manifold is homeomorphic to a 3-sphere, or to a 2-sphere bundle over a circle, or to a real projective 3-space, or to a handlebody of genus g, is decidable in nondeterministic polynomial time (NP) of size of the triangulation. We also show that the problem to determine whether a triangulated orientable 3-manifold is irreducible (or prime) is in PSPACE and whether it is ∂-irreducible is in coNP. The proofs improve and extend arguments of prior author’s article on the recognition problem for the 3-sphere.
The chemical histology and cytology of the pineal body and neurohypophysis.

The present paper gives an account of some cytological and histochemical features of the pineal body and neurohypophysis of the rhesus monkey. It concerns observations on the presence and distribution of nucleoproteins, lipids, glycogen, collagen, nerve fibers and alkaline phosphatase, explored by a variety of methods. It contains brief observations also in regard to autofluorescence and birefringence in these areas. Brief notes are also included on several cytological features of the neighboring adenohypophysis. Material and methods The material consisted of the hypophyses and pineal bodies removed from 10 young, freshly killed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The animals Avere between 1 and 3 years of age. Four of these monkeys were normal, whereas the others had previously been experimentally infected with malaria; the latter, however, showed no lesions of which we became aware in either the hypophysis or pineal body, the only noticeable abnormal feature being, in several, the presenc,
Sublobular distribution of transferases and hydrolases associated with glucuronide, sulfate and glutathione conjugation in human liver

Activities of glucuronosyltransferase, sulfotransferase, glutathione S-transferase, beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase were determined in microdissected samples of periportal and pericentral sublobular regions from four human livers obtained at immediate autopsy. New methods are presented for the microdetermination of sulfotransferase and sulfatase activities in microdissected samples weighing 0.1 to 4 micrograms dry weight using umbelliferone and 4-methylumbelliferone sulfate as substrates. The three transferases were distributed heterogeneously across the liver lobule. Glucuronosyltransferase and glutathione S-transferase were localized predominantly in pericentral regions. In contrast, sulfotransferase activity was greater in periportal than pericentral regions. Average activities for glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase were 23, and 50 mumoles X gm dry wt-1 X hr-1, respectively, in periportal regions, and 34 and 38 mumoles X gm dry st-1 X hr-1, respectively, in pericentral regions. Activities of glutathione S-transferase were considerably higher than those of the other transferases and were 8.3 mmoles X gm dry wt-1 X hr-1 in periportal areas and 12.2 mmoles X gm dry wt-1 hr-1 in pericentral areas. The two hydrolases studied, beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, were evenly distributed across the liver lobule. The presence of significant hydrolase and transferase activities in both zones of the liver lobule supports the idea that net production of both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates may be influenced by futile cycling of conjugation-deconjugation reactions in both zones of the liver. Based on enhanced formation of sulfate but not glucuronide conjugates in homogenates of human liver treated with inhibitors of the hydrolases, it is suggested that futile cycling is more pertinent to the regulation of sulfation than glucuronidation.
Mutual interactions between flavonoids and enzymatic and transporter elements responsible for flavonoid disposition via phase II metabolic pathways

Flavonoids, existing mainly as glycosides in nature, have multiple “claimed” beneficial effects in humans. Flavonoids are extensively metabolized in enterocytes and hepatocytes by phase II enzymes such as UGTs and SULTs to form glucuronides and sulfates, respectively. These glucuronides and sulfates are subsequently excreted via ABC transporters (e.g., MRP2 or BCRP). Therefore, it is the interplay between phase II enzymes and efflux transporters that affects the disposition of flavonoids and leads to the low bioavailability of flavonoid aglycones. Flavonoids can also serve as chemical regulators that affect the activity or expression levels of phase II enzymes including UGTs, SULTs and GSTs, and transporters including P-gp, MRP2, BCRP, OATP and OAT. In general, flavonoids may exert the inhibitory or inductive effects on the phase II enzymes and transporters via multiple mechanisms that may involve different nuclear receptors. Since flavonoids may affect the metabolic pathways shared by many important clinical drugs, drug–flavonoid interaction is becoming an increasingly important concern. This review article focuses on the disposition of flavonoids and effects of flavonoids on relevant enzymes (e.g. UGTs and SULTs) and transporters (e.g. MRP2 and BCRP) involved in the interplay between phase II enzymes and efflux transporters. The effects of flavonoids on other metabolic enzymes (e.g. GSTs) or transporters (e.g. P-gp, OATP and OAT) are also addressed but that is not the emphasis of this review.
Correlation of Mass, Energy, and Angle in MeV-Neutron-Induced Fission of U 235 and U 238

Mass-energy distributions were measured for fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ induced by thermal and by 0.12-, 0.5-, and 6.0-MeV neutrons, and fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{238}$ induced by 1.5- and 5.6-MeV neutrons. Concurrent measurements were made at 7\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the incident neutron beam. No dependence of the anisotropy on mass was observed, nor did the average mass values, the average total kinetic energies, or the widths of the distributions show any angular dependence. The average single-fragment energies and provisional masses are consistent with the assumption that in 6.0-MeV-neutron-induced fission of ${\mathrm{U}}^{235}$ the additional fission neutrons come predominantly from the light fragment.
Initial Effects of Volcanic Ash from Mount St. Helens on Peromyscus maniculatus and Microtus montanus

A la suite de l'eruption du 18 mai 1980 on a pu quantifier les effets des retombees de cendres sur ces deux especes. Les yeux sont le plus frequemment atteints ce qui rend les animaux beaucoup plus vulnerables aux predateurs
Alignment dynamics in a laser-produced plasma

We observe the time evolution of ground-state ion alignment in a laser-produced plasma. Krypton ions produced in a strong, linearly polarized optical laser field $({10}^{14}--{10}^{15}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{W}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2})$ are aligned along the field polarization axis. Using microfocused, tunable x rays from Argonne's Advanced Photon Source, we measure orbital alignment as a function of time. For plasma densities of the order of ${10}^{14}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, the alignment decays within a few nanoseconds. A quantitative model explains the decay in terms of electron-ion collisions in the plasma. By applying an external magnetic field, we are able to suppress the disalignment and induce coherent spin precession of the Kr ions, thus providing an in situ monitor of magnetic fields in a plasma.
Considerations in differential diagnosis of adverse reactions to local anesthetic: report of case

A 62-year-old woman with reported allergies to procaine and lidocaine requested dental care. Consultation with the patient, the patient's physicians, and the patient's dentists did not identify the causes of the adverse reactions had occurred only when anesthetic was administered without vasoconstrictor. There were no reactions when vasoconstrictor was used. Skin testing by an allergist disclosed no evidence of true allergic reaction to any of the 'caine drugs. In addition, no evidence of reaction to preservatives was found during patch testing. The adverse reactions were determined to be caused by an idiosyncratic low threshold to toxic side effects of 'caine drugs. The use of vasoconstrictor (epinephrine) apparently promoted the retention of the anesthetic locally and prevented systemic absorption sufficient to cause the toxic reaction. Practitioners must be aware that adverse reactions to dental anesthetic may be a result of true allergy, psychogenic reaction (syncope), normal toxic overdose, or idiosyncratic toxic overdose.
Conformational effects on optical charge transfer in the emeraldine base form of polyaniline from electroabsorption measurements and semiempirical calculations

The electroabsorption (Stark) spectrum of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline (EB) in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix at room temperature is presented. For the lowest-energy (1.98 eV) band, the absolute value of the change in dipole moment on excitation (|Δμ|) is 6.1 D and the trace of the change in polarizability (Tr Δα⇊) is 200 A3. Similar values were obtained for the corresponding electronic transition of a five-ring oligomer of EB that is symmetrically terminated with phenyl rings, also in a PMMA matrix. In order to understand the origin of the substantial value of |Δμ| measured for these nominally symmetric species, a series of calculations were performed in which the geometries of model oligomers were varied in a systematic fashion and resulting effects on the values of |Δμ| were determined. Numerous low-energy conformers were identified by this method having substantial values of |Δμ|, suggesting that the large |Δμ| measured experimentally results from conformational heterogeneity....
Measurement of phenols on a loop-supported liquid film by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and direct UV detection.

This paper describes a direct measurement of phenolic substances in the gas phase at levels relevant to occupational health by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) using direct ultraviolet detection. A small circular loop (2 mm O.D.) is formed with 100 mm Pt-wire at the sampling end of a fused-silica capillary. The capillary tip of the sampling end is present at the center of the loop and in the same plane. A thin film of 0.50 mM NaOH is formed on the loop by immersion and withdrawal. The film is in fluid communication with the capillary and acts as an absorber for gaseous phenols. Gas sampling is performed by transferring the film-bearing loop into a chamber through which air is aspirated for a preset time at a preselected flow-rate (typically 1 min at 100 cm3/min). A part of the film content is then introduced into the capillary by gravity injection and then MEKC is performed. A total of twelve chloro- and nitrophenols were selected for this study. Under the above sampling conditions, limits of detection (LODs) for various phenols range from high-single-digit to low-double-digit ppbv levels. The effect of several critical parameters, such as the composition of the liquid film and the MEKC running electrolyte, sampling period and film evaporation on the collection efficiency, separation efficiency and calibration behaviour are described.
Red Song: Social Democratic Music and Radicalism at the End of the Weimar Republic

Germany's interwar Social Democratic movement was anything but the monolithic structure often presented in the literature. Indeed, the standard teleology—which portrays the movement as conservative and petit bourgeois, doing its best to fend off Nazism, but ultimately not up to the task—obscures more than it illuminates. It imposes a top-down frame on the Social Democratic Party (SPD), that characterizes it and its affiliates as an undifferentiated mass, making a nuanced analysis difficult. As is true of most political movements, interwar German Social Democracy presented multiple faces to the world. While its core was a political party that worked to win elections, the SPD also formed the heart of an alternative culture, one that allowed its largely working-class membership to take part in cultural and social functions, as well as in political meetings to express class solidarity.
Q-factors of quartz oscillator modes as a probe of submonolayer-film dynamics.

That frequency shifts by quartz crystals oscillating in the transverse shear mode can be used to determine adsorption isotherms for monolayer and submonolayer adsorbed films is well understood. Here, the nature of the dynamical information contained in the quality factors of such modes is theoretically discussed.
Is endometrial thickness on day of transfer a predictor of pregnancy rate in IVF

by endometrial thickness for any group. Adjusting for lead follicle diameter, women in the unexplained group who became pregnant tended to have thinner endometrial measurements than non-pregnant women from the other groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Thin endometrium is more common among women with unexplained infertility undergoing letrozole/IUI therapy than women with other primary diagnoses. However, endometrial thickness is not a significant predictor of pregnancy outcomes, and women with unexplained infertility and thin endometrial measurements may show improved outcomes compared to other women with similar follicular profiles.
Studies on genetic variation in major urinary protein synthesis in mouse liver.

A two- to fourfold difference in the relative rate of total major urinary protein (MUP) synthesis between C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ female mice has been analyzed at the genetic and molecular levels. The C57BL/6J phenotype is dominant in F1 female progeny of a cross between the two strains. Quantitation of MUP mRNA levels indicates that the rate of synthesis variation does not reflect a change in the concentration of total MUP mRNA. In recombinant inbred strains derived from C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ progenitors, the rate of synthesis difference segregates as a single genetic determinant that is not linked to theMup-a locus on chromosome 4. The results suggest an unlinked locus that acts to alter total MUP synthesis without altering total MUP mRNA levels. Two models are proposed to describe the action of this locus, both of which imply some sort of posttranscriptional control of MUP synthesis.
Multiply Doped Nanostructured Silicate Sol-Gel Thin Films: Spatial Segregation of Dopants, Energy Transfer, and Distance Measurements

Physical and chemical strategies that place designed molecules in spatially separated regions of surfactant-templated mesostructured silicate thin films are used to prepare films containing rhodamine 6G (R6G), lanthanide complexes, and both simultaneously. Fluorescence and photoexcitation spectra of R6G in amorphous and structured thin films show that it is located inside the surfactant micelles of structured thin films. A silylated ligand that binds lanthanides condenses to form part of the silica framework and causes the lanthanide to localize in the silica. Luminescence and photoexcitation spectra show that energy transfer from the metal complex to R6G occurs in the films. R6G quenches Tb emission in a concentration-dependent manner. Energy transfer efficiency is calculated using the Tb luminescence lifetime, and this quantity is used to calculate the distance between Tb and R6G with the aid of Forster theory.
The Value of Radiosurgery in Oculoplastics

Purpose: To present the value of radiosurgery in oculoplastic procedures. Methods: My experience of 3 years and approximately 1000 oculoplastic procedures using radiosurgery was synthesized. The radiosurgical techniques that I have found useful are presented. Conclusions: Radiosurgery is an excellent surgical tool for performing oculoplastic procedures because it coagulates blood vessels as it cuts through tissue. This allows less bleeding during surgery, which translates in better visualization of the tissue planes and a more rapid procedure.
Development of the avian accessory optic system: effects of embryonic optic lesions.

Abstract Representative cross-sections of the nuclei ectomammillaris (EM) from both normal and optically lesioned chick embryos (45 h of incubation, stage 12), were analyzed and compared on days 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 of incubation. An identifiable EM is clearly present at 8 days, in both normal and lesioned embryos, and increases in cell number and area up to embryonic day 12. However, embryos with partial or complete unilateral optic ablations demonstrate an apparent acceleration in cell death rate when compared with normals, from days 12–16, when a relatively mature and stable form of EM is apparently reached. Thus, early optic lesions do not affect the morphology of EM until day 12. These data also indicate that embryonic ipsilateral pathways to EM may persist and even expand when one eye primordium is removed or partially lesioned.
Quantitative in situ TEM tensile testing of an individual nickel nanowire

In this paper, we have demonstrated the usage of a novel micro-mechanical device (MMD) to perform quantitative in situ tensile tests on individual metallic nanowires inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Our preliminary experiment on a 360 nm diameter nickel nanowire showed that the sample fractured at an engineering stress of ~ 1.2 GPa and an engineering strain of ~ 4%, which is consistent with earlier experiments performed inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM). With in situ high resolution TEM imaging and diffraction capabilities, this novel experimental set-up could provide unique opportunities to reveal the underlying deformation and damage mechanisms for metals at the nanoscale.
Caustic surface and the Coddington equations

The caustic surface, which is the locus of the sagittal and tangential focal points for general skew rays, is shown to be given by the Coddington equations for the special case of meridional rays reflected or refracted by a spherical surface.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION OF VITAMIN E ON FROZEN STORAGE STABILITY OF PRECOOKED BEEF CRUMBLES

Holstein steers supplemented for 122 days with 0, 300 or 1300 IU/day vitamin E (EO, E300, E1300) provided semimembranosus muscle for manufacturing crumbles processed with 1.5% salt and possessing either 10 or 20% fat. They were precooked, packaged (nonvacuum), frozen at -29C and stored at -18C. Following storage for 2, 90 or 180 days, lipid oxidation was measured by TBA and a trained flavor panel. TBA values at 2 days were higher (P < 0.01) for EO than E300 and E1300 crumbles. These values at 180 days for E1300 crumbles were similar to EO and E300 samples at 90 days. Lower TBA values were obtained for 10% vs 20% fat crumbles at 90 days for both E300 and E1300 treatments. Intensity ratings for rancid flavor at 90 days were highest for EO and lowest for E1300 (P < 0.001). Vitamin E exhibited antioxidant properties but additional protection is needed for this product.
Noncontact Modeling of Structures Using Close-Range Digital Photogrammetry

AbstractRecent years have seen a vast change in measurement technology. Data that were once extremely difficult and possibly dangerous to collect can now be collected and processed using only a digital camera and off-the-shelf software. Currently, digital close-range photogrammetry has made it possible to efficiently model a variety of structures in a budget-friendly manner. In this paper, a range of different types of structures were modeled. The viability of using this type of measurement is studied for different structure types, and the feasibility of using this method in conjunction with or as a replacement of other means is discussed.
Before and after the deluge: rain-on-snow flooding effects on aquatic invertebrate communities of small streams in the Sierra Nevada, California

Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of rain-on-snow events in the winter and spring in mountain streams. Flooding caused by such events can drastically alter stream geomorphology, but much less is known about how such floods affect aquatic life. A record flood in early January 1997 afforded an opportunity to carry out a case study of benthic invertebrate community responses to this flood in 14 eastern Sierra streams sampled in the summers before and after the event. All sites were exposed to the flood. Study sites included 8 exposed to livestock grazing disturbance (test) and 6 where grazing was absent or minimal (reference). Reference sites had more riffle habitat, coarser substrata (cobbles), and greater relative abundances of many Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) genera, whereas test sites had higher alkalinity, more pool habitats and fine substrata, lower diversity of EPT taxa, and higher densities of chironomid genera and elmid beetles. From 1996 to 1997 (before vs after the flood), the densities of total invertebrates and many taxa increased in most sites, and significantly (103) more at test than reference sites. At all sites, bank stability and riparian vegetation coverage decreased and roots were exposed on the stream banks. At many sites, fine sediments decreased and average substrate sizes increased. Examination of 1996 to 1997 vectors in nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) space indicated differences in responses at reference vs test sites. Macroinvertebrate assemblages at reference sites changed relatively little, whereas the relative abundances of certain midges and Hydropsyche increased at test sites. Densities of filterers and small gatherers of fine particulate organic matter increased at test sites, and densities of filterers decreased at reference sites. Changes from 1996 to 1997 suggested that the winter rain-on-snow event had little effect in reference streams but increased the densities of small collector invertebrates at disturbed sites where fine sediments were flushed out and particulate organic resources increased. Given the predicted effects of climate change on mountain stream hydrology, these results indicate that benthic invertebrate communities in small pristine streams might be resilient to the effects of large rain-on-snow floods, but that small, mobile collector invertebrates in some degraded streams might increase in response to sediment flushing and increases in particulate organic matter.
Kinetic analysis of cAMP-activated Na+ current in the molluscan neuron. A diffusion-reaction model

cAMP-activated Na+ current (INa,cAMP) was studied in voltage-clamped neurons of the seaslug Pleurobranchaea californica. The current response to injected cAMP varied in both time course and amplitude as the tip of an intracellular injection electrode was moved from the periphery to the center of the neuron soma. The latency from injection to peak response was dependent on the amount of cAMP injected unless the electrode was centered within the cell. Decay of the INa,cAMP response was slowed by phosphodiesterase inhibition. These observations suggest that the kinetics of the INa,cAMP response are governed by cAMP diffusion and degradation. Phosphodiesterase inhibition induced a persistent inward current. At lower concentrations of inhibitor, INa,cAMP response amplitude increased as expected for decreased hydrolysis rate of injected cAMP. Higher inhibitor concentrations decreased INa,cAMP response amplitude, suggesting that inhibitor-induced increase in native cAMP increased basal INa,cAMP and thus caused partial saturation of the current. The Hill coefficient estimated from the plot of injected cAMP to INa,cAMP response amplitude was close to 1.0. An equation modeling INa,cAMP incorporated terms for diffusion and degradation. In it, the first-order rate constant of phosphodiesterase activity was taken as the rate constant of the exponential decay of the INa,cAMP response. The stoichiometry of INa,cAMP activation was inferred from the Hill coefficient as 1 cAMP/channel. The equation closely fitted the INa,cAMP response and simulated changes in the waveform of the response induced by phosphodiesterase inhibition. With modifications to accommodate asymmetric INa,cAMP activation, the equation also simulated effects of eccentric electrode position. The simple reaction-diffusion model of the kinetics of INa,cAMP may provide a useful conceptual framework within which to investigate the modulation of INa,cAMP by neuromodulators, intracellular regulatory factors, and pharmacological agents.
Numerical calculation of almost incompressible flow

A new method is presented for the numerical solution of time-dependent problems in several space dimensions. The technique is applicable to low-speed (incompressible) flows, to high-speed (supersonic) flows, and to all flow speeds in between, thereby bridging the gap through the almost-incompressible regime in which previously-described techniques break down.