cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental verification of the mathematical model for a continuous stirred-tank reactor

This paper reports the dynamic behavior of a particular continuous stirred-tank reactor system, which has been investigated in detail both experimentally and on an analog computer. The two sets of data were taken under comparable conditions to facilitate comparison. The reaction between formaldehyde and ammonia was chosen for study, because of its high heat of reaction and its significant reaction rate at room temperature. Agreement between the experimental data and the computer results was quite good, with most deviations being explainable as arising from the use of an approximate form for the kinetic rate expression. Le comportement dynamique d'un reacteur continu ave agitation, suite a l'etude detaillee tant experimentale qu mathematique a l'aide d'une calculatrice analogique, est presente. La comparaison est possible ear les donnees son prises sous des conditions similaires. On a choisi la rection entre la formaldehyde et l'ammoniac a cause de la fort chaleur de reaction et du taux de reaction substantiel a la temperature ambiante. Les resultats theoriques et experimentaux sont en accord et la majorite des devitations s'ex pliquent par l'utilisation d'une expression approximative du taux de reaction.
A Microstructure-Level Material Model for Simulating the Machining of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polymer Composites

A continuum-based microstructure-level material model for simulation of polycarbonate carbon nanotube (CNT) composite machining has been developed wherein polycarbonate and CNT phases are modeled separately. A parametrization scheme is developed to characterize the microstructure of composites having different loadings of carbon nanotubes. The Mulliken and Boyce constitutive model [2006, "Mechanics of the Rate Dependent Elastic Plastic Deformation of Glassy Polymers from Low to High Strair Rates," Int. J. Solids Struct., 43(5), pp. 1331-1356] for polycarbonate has been modified and implemented to capture thermal effects. The CNT phase is modeled as a linear elastic material. Dynamic mechanical analyzer tests are conducted on the polycarbonate phase to capture the changes in material behavior with temperature and strain rate. Compression tests are performed over a wide range of strain rates for model validation. The model predictions for yield stress are seen to be within 10% of the experimental results for all the materials tested. The model is used to study the effect of weight fraction, length, and orientation of CNTs on the mechanical behavior of the composites.
Electronically tunable plasmonic grating-gate terahertz detectors

Split grating-gate field effect transistors (FETs) detectors made from high mobility quantum well two-dimensional electron gas material have been shown to exhibit greatly improved tunable resonant photoresponse compared to single grating-gate detectors due to the formation of a 'diode-like' element by the split-gate structure. These detectors are relatively large for FETs (1mm x 1mm area or larger) to match typical focused THz beam spot sizes. In the case where the focused THz spot size is smaller than the detector area, we have found evidence, through positional scanning of the detector element, that only a small portion of the detector is active. To further investigate this situation, detectors with the same channel width (1mm), but various channel lengths, were fabricated and tested. The results indicate that indeed, only a small portion of the split grating gated FET is active. This finding opens up the possibility for further enhancement of detector sensitivity by increasing the active area.
The time scale logarithm

In this work, we develop a time scale logarithm that preserves certain desirable algebraic properties. In particular, a nonlinear operator is developed that acts as an inverse for the time scale exponential in a certain sense. The scalar case is treated first, with a treatment of the matrix case following.
The Strongest Brønsted Acid: Protonation of Alkanes by H(CHB11F11) at Room Temperature

What is the strongest acid? Can a simple Bronsted acid be prepared that can protonate an alkane at room temperature? Can that acid be free of the complicating effects of added Lewis acids that are typical of common, difficult-to-handle superacid mixtures? The carborane superacid H(CHB11 F11 ) is that acid. It is an extremely moisture-sensitive solid, prepared by treatment of anhydrous HCl with [Et3 SiHSiEt3 ][CHB11 F11 ]. It adds H2 O to form [H3 O][CHB11 F11 ] and benzene to form the benzenium ion salt [C6 H7 ][CHB11 F11 ]. It reacts with butane to form a crystalline tBu(+) salt and with n-hexane to form an isolable hexyl carbocation salt. Carbocations, which are thus no longer transient intermediates, react with NaH either by hydride addition to re-form an alkane or by deprotonation to form an alkene and H2 . By protonating alkanes at room temperature, the reactivity of H(CHB11 F11 ) opens up new opportunities for the easier study of acid-catalyzed hydrocarbon reforming.
Heat shock protects cardiac cells from doxorubicin-induced toxicity by activating p38 MAPK and phosphorylation of small heat shock protein 27.

Doxorubicin (DOX) and its derivatives are used as chemotherapeutic drugs to treat cancer patients. However, production of DOX-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by prolonged use of these drugs ...
Performance of the wavelet domain diversity method for image transmission over Rayleigh fading channels

A wavelet domain diversity combining method to combat errors during wireless image transmission has been presented recently. For images represented in the wavelet domain, diversity is used to obtain multiple data streams corresponding to the transmitted image at the receiver. These individual image data streams are combined to form a composite image with higher perceptual quality. The SPIHT (set partitioning in hierarchical trees) algorithm is used for image compression, and diversity combining methods for the compressed images exploit the characteristics of the wavelet transform. For these images, unequal error protection is employed in conjunction with diversity combining. Performance of this scheme over Rayleigh fading channels is evaluated in this paper. Simulation results demonstrate that the quality of the received image can be significantly improved.
Intra- and intersubject variability in acoustic measures of normal voice

Summary Twenty-four normal adult women read part of the Rainbow Passage and sustained vowels three trials each. Utterances were assessed for selected parameters measured by Visi-Pitch (average and SD of fundamental frequency ( F 0 ), average and SD of dBA, perturbation, and percent voiced/unvoiced/pause). Assessment of each parameter included measures of central tendency, dispersion, and distribution characteristics (skewness and kurtosis) of the data and of the ranges of values that would include 95% of the scores (95% fiduciary limits). Generally, differences for the group between the three trials were not significant. Intersubject variability for only a few parameters was less than 20% of the parameter's mean. For vowels, variability of jitter was 30–48% of the mean. Eight subjects provided performances 2 months later to obtain an estimate of intrasubject variability over time. There were desirable intrasubject correlations between performances for mean F 0 , jitter in reading and on vowels /i/ and /a/, and percent of voicing. Inter- and intrasubject variability seems restricted and the data appear to resemble a normally distributed function for mean F 0 on reading, jitter on /i/, and percent of voicing. Thus, these parameters may have statistical merit for use in vocal testing.
Oxygen-dependent inactivation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in crude extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum and establishment of a model inactivation system with purified enzyme.

Abstract Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPC/O) was inactivated in crude extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum under atmospheric levels of oxygen; no inactivation occurred under an atmosphere of argon. RuBP carboxylase activity did not decrease in dialyzed extracts, indicating that a dialyzable factor was required for inactivation. The inactivation was inhibited by catalase. Purified RuBPC/O is relatively oxygen stable, as no loss of activity was observed after 4 h under an oxygen atmosphere. The aerobic inactivation catalyzed by endogenous factors in crude extracts was mimicked by using a model system containing purified enzyme, ascorbate, and FeSO4 or FeCl3. Dithiothreitol was found to substitute for ascorbate in the model system. Preincubation of the purified enzyme with RuBP led to enhanced inactivation, whereas Mg2+ and HCO3- significantly protected against inactivation. Unlike the inactivation catalyzed by endogenous factors from extracts of R. rubrum, inactivation in the model system was not inhibited by catalase. It is proposed that ascorbate and iron, in the presence of oxygen, generate a reactive oxygen species which reacts with a residue at the activation site, rendering the enzyme inactive.
Recording brain activity wirelessly

The continuous monitoring of electrical brain activity with implanted depth electrodes is essential for understanding the neural substrates of many physiological and pathological brain functions, such as emotion and epilepsy. Existing instrumentation uses wires to power and record directly from the brain. This article describes the theory involved in every aspect of the design of an inductively powered system with emphasis on the trade-offs involved. A complete inductive powering system consists of two major parts - a drive coil and a pickup coil, and their associated impedance matching networks. The drive coil is designed to maximize the magnetic field within the desired enclosure at the drive frequency. Similarly, the pickup coil is designed to maximize the amount of magnetic flux density converted to power for the implant, while minimizing it's own dimensions. A specific real-world application of inductive powering is detailed, illustrating how many of the design decisions were made to develop a successful system for recording neural signals from awake and freely behaving animals.
Achieving graphical excellence: Suggestions and methods for creating high-quality visual displays of experimental data

Abstract Graphics are an important means of communicating experimental data and results. There is evidence, however, that many of the graphics printed in scientific journals contain errors, redundancies, and lack clarity. Perhaps more important, many graphics fail to portray data at an appropriate level of detail, presenting summary statistics rather than underlying distributions. We seek to aid investigators in the production of high-quality graphics that do their investigations justice by providing the reader with optimum access to the relevant aspects of the data. The depiction of by-subject data, the signification of pairing when present, and the use of symbolic dimensionality (graphing different symbols to identify relevant subgroups) and small multiples (the presentation of an array of similar graphics each depicting one group of subjects) to portray stratification are stressed. Step-by-step instructions for the construction of high-quality graphics are offered. We hope that authors will incorporate these suggestions when developing graphics to accompany their manuscripts and that this process will lead to improvements in the graphical literacy of scientific journals. We also hope that journal editors will keep these principles in mind when refereeing manuscripts submitted for peer review. [Schriger DL, Cooper RJ. Achieving graphical excellence: suggestions and methods for creating high-quality visual displays of experimental data. Ann Emerg Med. January 2001;37:75-87.]
Winning, losing, and reaching out

Here, we argue that behavioral ecologists can do even more than we have done to facilitate new, interdisciplinary collaborations. Our argument is a general one, but we focus on how to do this with winner and loser effects. We develop a new, general model of winner and loser effects as the outcome of flexible decisions about how much to invest in competition and discuss the model’s implications for overall levels of conflict within a species. Finally, we argue that winner and loser effects is a topic ripe for fostering collaborations with researchers in cultural anthropology and sports psychology. We would be rude and remiss if we did not start off with the appropriate salutation on an occasion such as this: Happy 25th anniversary, dear Behavioral Ecology! Perhaps it sounds overly emotional, but both of us love being behavioral ecologists, and we think Behavioral Ecology is a wonderful representative of our cherished discipline. The field of behavioral ecology, which seeks no less than to understand how ecology sets the stage on which natural selection acts on behavior, has grown by leaps and bounds since this journal was initiated. One of the many ways this has happened is by behavioral ecologists reaching out to those in related, and sometimes seemingly unrelated, disciplines—cognitive psychology, biological anthropology, mathematics, economics, and political science, to name just a few—and fostering collaborations, with the long-term goal of a deeper understanding of the roots of behavior. Not surprisingly, when such links are first established, each side can be reluctant to take the perspective of the other; but in time, openminded scientists, after heated discussions, sort through all that. We applaud this aggressive, interdisciplinary, collaborative approach and we try to take it ourselves—indeed, it is one of the many reasons we are behavioral ecologists. In this article, we simply want to make the case that behavioral ecologists can, and should, do even more to facilitate new, interdisciplinary collaborations. Our argument is a general one, but as a case in point, we focus on the winner and loser effects that behavioral ecologists have been studying from both proximate and ultimate perspectives, expand this work by developing a new, general model of winner and loser effects and their implications and argue that this topic is ripe for fostering collaborations with researchers in cultural anthropology and sports psychology. Winner and Loser e ffects and d ominance Hierarc H ies
THE RELATION OF THE SPLEEN TO BLOOD DESTRUCTION AND REGENERATION AND TO HEMOLYTIC JAUNDICE : XI. THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPLEEN ON IRON METABOLISM.

Our studies give evidence of increase in the iron elimination in three of five dogs during a period of two weeks following splenectomy, but not in two other dogs. The occasional increased output of iron may have some relation to the anemia which occurs in the early weeks after splenectomy and which varies in degree in different animals. No evidence was secured of an increase in the iron output at 1, 9, and 20 months after splenectomy. From our own studies and from examination of the literature of the subject, we conclude that the spleen does not exercise a constant and important influence upon the iron metabolism of the body.
The Politics of Everyday Life: Mexican Hoosiers and Ethnic Belonging at the Crossroads of America

As state-based legislative measures continue to target undocumented immigrants in an all too familiar politics of belonging, the narratives of immigrants themselves remain marginalized. The following argues for the recuperation of voices elided by popular discourse and provides a space to explore the manifestations of belonging for Mexican residents. This type of belonging, what I am terming ethnic belonging, reconciles U.S. nationalism with ethnic solidarity and transnational networks. Ethnic belonging specifically refers to the uncoordinated ways individuals articulate an ethnic sense of belonging that can later impact community activism. I suggest that personal interaction in the workplace, in the classroom, and even at sporting events lay the foundational consciousness of ethnic belonging that critique dominant narratives of exclusion. Importantly, this project highlights the experiences of Mexicans in a small Midwestern town; thus, illustrating how collective resistance through ethnic belonging is critical for contemporary immigrants who settle in “new,” and perhaps unwelcoming, communities.
Compensation as a Tort Norm

The possibility that tort law can be justified by an abstract norm of compensation has been summarily dismissed by tort scholars. A compensatory norm would seem to justify the award of compensatory damages in all cases of harm, a form of liability that is obviously at odds with the default rule of negligence liability. A rigorous specification of a compensatory tort right shows otherwise. The correlative compensatory duty can be justified by the principle of liberal egalitarianism for reasons illustrated by the conception of equality articulated by Ronald Dworkin. The compensatory dutyholder is not obligated to pay compensatory damages in all cases of harm, because the exercise of reasonable care distributes risk in a manner that satisfies the compensatory tort right. In addition to justifying the default rule of negligence liability, compensation is a defensible norm of corrective justice that can persuasively explain the other important doctrines of tort law, despite the limited availability of the compensatory damages remedy.
Equations of state of the high-pressure phases of a natural peridotite and implications for the Earth's lower mantle

Abstract To help determine the chemical composition of the Earth's mantle, we characterised the high-pressure mineral assemblage of an undepleted natural peridotite—thought to be representative of the Earth's upper-mantle—to 107 GPa using high-resolution X-ray diffraction. At lower-mantle conditions, the peridotite transforms to the assemblage 76 (±2)% (Mg0.88Fe0.052+Fe0.013+Al0.12Si0.94)O3 orthorhombic perovskite by volume (at zero pressure), 17 (±2)% (Mg0.80Fe0.20)O magnesiowustite and 7 (±1)% CaSiO3 perovskite. The measured room-temperature bulk properties of this high-pressure assemblage, together with a range of estimates of thermal properties of the constituent minerals, appear to be inconsistent with seismological constraints on the density and bulk modulus of the lower mantle. Our results suggest that the lower mantle differs in bulk composition (e.g., richer in iron, Mg#∼0.85) from current estimates for the upper mantle, requiring some amount of segregation between the upper and lower mantle over geological history.
Scalable Fault-Tolerant Distributed Shared Memory

This paper shows how a state-of-the-art software distributed shared-memory (DSM) protocol can be efficiently extended to tolerate single-node failures. In particular, we extend a home-based lazy release consistency (HLRC) DSM system with independent checkpointing and logging to volatile memory, targeting shared-memory computing on very large LAN-based clusters. In these environments, where global coordination may be expensive, independent checkpointing becomes critical to scalability. However, independent checkpointing is only practical if we can control the size of the log and checkpoints in the absence of global coordination. In this paper we describe the design of our fault-tolerant DSM system and present our solutions to the problems of checkpoint and log management. We also present experimental results showing that our fault tolerance support is light-weight, adding only low messaging, logging and checkpointng overheads, and that our management algorithms can be expected to effectively bound the size of the checkpoints and logs for real applications.
Accelerating phase unwrapping and affine transformations for optical quadrature microscopy using CUDA

Optical Quadrature Microscopy (OQM) is a process which uses phase data to capture information about the sample being studied. OQM is part of an imaging framework developed by the Optical Science Laboratory at Northeastern University. In one particular application of interest, the framework is used to extract phase information from the image of an embryo to determine embryo viability.Phase Unwrapping is the process of reconstructing the real phase shift (propagation delay) of a sample from the measured "wrapped" representation which is between -π and +π. Unwrapping can be done using the Minimum LP Norm Phase Unwrap algorithm. Images are first preprocessed using an Affine Transform before they are unwrapped. Both of these steps are time consuming and would benefit greatly from parallelization and acceleration. Faster processing would lower many research barriers (in terms of throughput and performance) present when using OQM.In this paper we report on accelerating Phase Unwrapping and Affine Transformations using NVIDIA's CUDA programming model. We also run elementary noise removal on the GPU using NVIDIA's CUBLAS (CUDA Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms) library. We integrate GPU execution into a Matlab environment to seamlessly interface to the pre-existing image acquisition system. By mapping the unwrap and noise removal to a GPU, and by also reducing the amount of I/O overhead, we are able to accelerate the end-to-end process by more than 7.3x. This enables our imaging framework to perform high speed image acquisition and visualization at near real-time rates.
The “Axi-Fuge”—A Novel Compressor

Modifying a simple-cycle gas turbine to include heat exchangers can improve its thermal efficiency significantly (as much as 20%). Advanced regenerative and intercooled regenerative gas turbines for marine application have recently been the subjects of numerous studies, most of which have shown that lower fuel comsumption can be achieved by adding heat exchangers to existing simple-cycle gas turbines. Additional improvements in thermal efficiency are available by increasing the efficiency of the turbomachinery itself, particularly that of the gas turbine’s air compressor. Studies by Caterpillar Tractor Company and Solar Turbines Incorporated on a recuperated, variable-geometry gas turbine indicate an additional 8 to 10% improvement in thermal efficiency is possible when an improved higher efficiency compressor is included in the gas turbine modification. During these studies a novel (Axi-Fuge) compressor was devised. This paper discusses the Axi-Fuge concept, its origin, design criteria and approach, and some test results.Copyright © 1986 by ASME
Biocompatibility and immune acceptance of adult porcine islets transplanted intraperitoneally in diabetic NOD mice in calcium alginate poly-L-lysine microcapsules versus barium alginate microcapsules without poly-L-lysine.

Background:If alginate microcapsules are to be used clinically for therapeutic cell transplants, capsule formulations must be designed to enhance optimal biocompatibility and immune acceptance.Meth...
Timothy Snyder's Bloodlands

In the middle of the twentieth century, state-sponsored mass killing took place in Europe on a scale unknown before or since. Although the figures are contentious, around six million civilians are estimated to have been deliberately killed under Stalin; around eleven million under Hitler (p. xiii). What makes this phenomenon all the more striking is that not only was it severely circumscribed in time – it came to an end by the early 1950s – but it was also highly localised. Eastern Europe – in particular Poland, the Baltic states, Belarus and the Ukraine – was the epicentre, and its inhabitants among the chief victims. It is the story of these lands – the ‘Bloodlands'– that Timothy Snyder, one of our leading historians of eastern Europe, has singled out. If we are to see this extraordinary spate of murderousness as the central event of the century (as Snyder argues), then we need a much clearer view than we presently have of what happened in the Bloodlands. In particular, we need to jettison the view that modern mass murder took place chiefly in concentration camps – much of the killing happened through starvation or the shooting squad – and we need to appreciate the extent to which it happened as a consequence of the intimate relationship between the regimes of Hitler and Stalin. This, in a nutshell, is the rationale for this book.
Users' perceptions of usability and aesthetics as criteria of pre- and post-use preferences

This study focuses on a better understanding of user preferences based on perceived usability and perceived aesthetics. For this, previous studies on the relationships among perceived usability, perceived aesthetics, user performance and user preference are reviewed with the consideration of occurrence of actual use, and their findings are summarised and analysed in terms of relationships of interest, variable measurements, experimental domains, participant types, usability/aesthetics manipulations, and performance measures. The study also considers possible reasons of conflicting findings for the relationship between perceived usability and perceived aesthetics after actual use. A conceptual model for user preferences is constructed to show the processes of users’ preference-making before and during/after actual use and to emphasise mutual influences and feedback loops in user experience. Finally, several suggestions for future research are made to confirm or clarify existing findings by considering various influential factors.
Acidosis following aortic cross-clamping: is it the acid or carbon dioxide?

VARIOUS SURGICAL procedures, such as the repair of an aortic aneurysm or correction of an interrupted aortic arch, require cross-clamping of the aorta. With cessation or impairment of peripheral blood flow, oxygen delivery may decrease below a critical point, resulting in anaerobic metabolism with the production of organic acids, including lactic acid. Historically the acidosis that results after removal of the crossclamp has been thought to be primarily the result of the accumulation of lactic acid and other organic by-products of anaerobic metabolism.1-3 The resultant decrease in blood flow not only results in inadequate delivery of nutrients such as oxygen to the tissue with the pursuant anaerobic metabolism, but also the inability of tissues to rid themselves of metabolic byproducts, including carbon dioxide (CO2). Various investigators have shown an abrupt onset of hypercarbia after the release of a lower extremity tourniquet4,5 and have suggested that this problem should be treated by increasing the minute ventilation.6 To date, there are no reports that measure tissue CO2 distal to the area of cross-clamping. If the acidosis is a mixed acidosis, resulting from increases in organic acids and increases in tissue PCO2, treatment should be directed at the primary problem with an increase in minute ventilation to treat hypercarbia and the administration of sodium bicarbonate only if the acidosis is primarily metabolic.7 The possibility of a mixed acidosis from increases in organic acids and PCO2 led the authors to investigate changes in acid-base status, PCO2, and transcutaneous CO2 (TC-CO2) during procedures involving aortic cross-clamping.
Two-species cold atomic beam

We generate a bright atomic beam containing laser-cooled rubidium and cesium, and we use this beam to load a mixed-species ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) magneto-optical trap. We have characterized our two-species atomic beam over a range of operating conditions, and we obtain similar atom fluxes for each species. Within the UHV trap, interspecies inelastic collisions are observed in the form of enhanced decay rates of a given species in the presence of a second trapped species. We analyze the trap decays to obtain a loss rate due to heteronuclear cold collisions, and we compare our result to similar measurements in vapor-cell traps Phys. Rev. A 63 , 033406 (2001).
63-year-old male with gastric outlet obstruction.

We describe a case of a 63-year-old male with complicated Bouveret’s syndrome, both in its presentation and in its management. Bouveret’s syndrome is a rare cause of gastric outlet obstruction resulting from mechanical obstruction from gallstones at the pyloroduodenal segment. As Bouveret’s syndrome can be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for clinicians, we aim to identify clinical and radiologic pearls that can lower the threshold for the diagnosis of Bouveret’s syndrome.
Differentiating market strategies for disruptive technologies

The literature is full of anecdotes that show new small firms attacking existing markets with innovations based upon disruptive technologies and achieving phenomenal success. Because of this, some theorists argue that disruptive technologies are best commercialized by new small firms. If this is true, can a logical rationale be developed that explains this unique capacity of new firms? If so, can empirical research of new and established firms in an industry fraught with a disruptive technology identify the advantages that new firms have over established firms in the commercialization process? The purpose of this paper is to examine the different roles of established and new firms in disruptive technology commercialization. The authors begin by developing a model of the innovation process beginning with technology creation and ending with user adoption and application. From this model they develop propositions for testing. The authors use survey data collected from 72 micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) manufacturing firms. Their results from the MEMS industry show that established firms rarely commercialize disruptive technologies and then prefer to use market-pull strategies to accomplish this. New firms select primarily disruptive technologies and choose either market-pull or technology-push strategies for commercialization. Perhaps more important, time to market for new firms is one-fourth that for established firms. These results suggest that new firms have two advantages in commercialization of disruptive technologies-flexibility in marketing strategy and much shorter times to market.
National outcomes of kidney transplantation from deceased diabetic donors

Use of deceased diabetic donor kidneys has increased over recent decades. However, scarce patient and allograft survival data are available taking into account recipient diabetes status. Here we performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the United Network of Organ Sharing in patients transplanted from 1994 through 2013. Multivariable Cox regression assessed recipient outcomes of 9074 diabetic vs. 152,555 nondiabetic donor kidneys. Recipients of diabetic donor kidneys had elevated rates of all-cause allograft failure (hazard ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.16–1.26) and death (1.19, 1.13–1.24) compared to recipients of kidneys from nondiabetic donors. Younger recipients of diabetic donor kidneys had worse allograft survival than older recipients of nondiabetic donor kidneys. There was significant interaction between donor and recipient diabetes status. To minimize the effect of unmeasured confounders, we used paired analyses of recipients of mate-kidneys from the same donor, with one diabetic recipient and the other nondiabetic. Among discordant recipient pairs of diabetic donor kidneys, diabetic recipients had significantly higher risk of allograft failure (1.27, 1.05–1.53) and death (1.53, 1.22–1.93) than nondiabetic recipients. After stratifying by Kidney Donor Profile Index risk category, diabetic recipients of diabetic donor kidneys continued to have worse allograft survival compared to all other patients. Thus, risks are associated with the use of diabetic donor kidneys. Understanding these risks will enable clinicians to better educate potential recipients.
Longevity: Characteristics of a Well-Functioning, Long-Lasting Total Knee Arthroplasty

A variety of factors contribute to a well-functioning, long-lasting total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Survivorship with contemporary designs now approaches 90 % at 20 years postoperatively. However, satisfaction remains a concern, and patients are demanding higher function from their TKA. In response, new techniques including kinematic alignment, minimally invasive TKAs, mobile-bearing TKAs, and soft-tissue strategies have been attempted. Despite the promise, long-term survivorship and greater patient satisfaction have yet to be determined with these innovations. Surgical technique, patient selection, and management of patient expectations remain essential to achieving an optimal outcome.
An investigation of the effects of the intrauterine contraceptive device based on a longitudinal study of a self-selected sample of Barbadian women.

The results of a longitudinal study of a self-selected sample of 1,790 Barbadian women who accepted the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) as their method of contraception are reported. The accumulated experience of 44,000 woman months of IUD use is presented. The demographic, medical, and obstetric data on admission for 2,797 IUD acceptors and 4,296 nonacceptors are contrasted. The reproductive experience of the two groups prior to the insertion of an IUD with respect to live births, stillbirths, and miscarriages is similar while the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is shown to be different. The association between the IUD and the incidence of tubal pregnancy is evaluated, and the literature dealing with this topic is reviewed. Estimates of the relative risk of an ectopic pregnancy in a woman with an IUD in utero are given.
Quasiparticle interference of the Fermi arcs and surface-bulk connectivity of a Weyl semimetal.

Weyl semimetals host topologically protected surface states, with arced Fermi surface contours that are predicted to propagate through the bulk when their momentum matches that of the surface projections of the bulk’s Weyl nodes. We used spectroscopic mapping with a scanning tunneling microscope to visualize quasiparticle scattering and interference at the surface of the Weyl semimetal TaAs. Our measurements reveal 10 different scattering wave vectors, which can be understood and precisely reproduced with a theory that takes into account the shape, spin texture, and momentum-dependent propagation of the Fermi arc surface states into the bulk. Our findings provide evidence that Weyl nodes act as sinks for electron transport on the surface of these materials.
In-situ Measurement of Actuation in Thin Films of Conducting Polymers

Conducting polymer materials can be developed as muscle-like actuators for applications in robotics, micro-electro mechanical systems, drug delivery systems etc. These materials are available in a large number of different varieties that can be synthesized and processed in different ways. However, their applications as actuators are limited due to the inability to create conducting polymer materials with robust mechanical properties. Currently most of the dynamic mechanical analysis technologies require the polymer created to be free standing and able to withstand large stresses. This severely limits the development of new materials with potential actuator applications. In this study, a technique to measure the actuation of polymers in the electrochemical deposition environment is described. This allows testing of an electrochemically grown conducting polymer sample on the surface of the deposition electrode itself. Thin polypyrrole films (2 to 20 microns thick) doped with tetraethylammonium hexaflourophosphate were grown on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. These films were then tested on the surface of the glassy carbon using a custom built electrochemical dynamic mechanical analyzer. A square wave potential (+/- 0.8 V) is applied to the films that results in the actuation of the films. The films are able to generate a changing force of 3 mN of force against a 0.1 N sensor preloaded at 5 mN. The resulting magnitude of the measured force is a function of the film thickness while the change in force due to actuation is approximately constant.
Transposable elements: Microbiomes in the genomes.

Transposons are a major component of many plant genomes. A comparison of two related species differing in genome size and transposon content provides an opportunity to study how transposons contribute to shaping the genome and epigenome.
Anion exchange of metal complexes—IV[1]: The cobalt-thiocyanate system

Abstract Using 60 Co, distribution isotherms between a strongly basic anion exchangers, Dowex 1 × 8, and solutions of ammonium, lithium, potassium, and sodium thiocyanate have been determined. No effects attributable to polynucleation were observed with concentrations of Co 2+ up to 8·48 × 10 −8 M. The thiocyanate solutions employed covered the concentration range between 0·05 and 5·0 M. Above 3·25 M, the distribution of the tracer metal as it was influenced by the non-exchange cation of the thiocyanate salt was in the order: K + > NH 4 + > Li + > Na + . These distributions, when corrected for resin invasion and ligand activity, gave distributions as a function of the ligand activity from which the overall complexity parameters related to the neutral complex were evaluated as: k +2 = 1·60×10 −2 ; k +1 = 5·32; k 0 = 1 (by definition); k −1 = 1·44 × 10 2 ; and k −2 = 1·38 × 10 2 . These values seem to be valid up to Co 2+ concentrations of 0·025 M. Resin sorption is estimated to effect ∼ 3000-fold stabilization of the neutral species over the aqueous phase.
Beyond Correlations: Toward a Causal Theory of War

The modern scientific study of war relies primarily on correlational studies aimed to uncover the recurring patterns of actions, events, and conditions associated with interstate conflict. The goal is an explanatory theory of war grounded in reproducible evidence, free of the subjective biases that have plagued traditional analysis. But to date the myriad findings within the correlational project remain unintegrated and the promise of a scientific breakthrough unfulfilled. This article suggests that the problem of nonintegration in the study of war is rooted at least partly in an overly restrictive epistemology that cannot ground causal theory. The argument summarizes an understanding of integrative causal reasoning drawn from some of the natural sciences, and suggests that future research into the question of war be aimed to develop such causal theory. Without some such vision of integrative reasoning, this analysis implies, the correlational project is unlikely to transcend its current state of empirical fragmentation.
Precipitation of Krypton in an Amorphous Ti-Cr Alloyc.

Results of a TEM investigation of the microstructural changes produced by the room temperature implantation of energetic Kr+ ions into a glassy Ti-Cr thin film are reported. As in other metals, the Kr precipitates as solid crystallites. The precipitation of crystalline Kr is accompanied by ultrafine crystallization of the metal host around each Kr crystal. With increasing fluence, the Kr precipitates grow to a critical size at which they melt, and the adjacent fine metal crystals disappear. A new TEM imaging technique is described briefly which utilizes the small angle electron scattering fine structure and which in principle is capable of revealing all fine particles simultaneously.
Parallel induction of epithelial surface-associated chemokine and proteoglycan by cellular hypoxia: implications for neutrophil activation.

Neutrophil-induced damage to the pro- tective epithelium has been implicated in mucosal disorders associated with hypoxia, and such dam- age may be initiated by epithelial-derived chemo- kines. Because chemokines can bind to membrane proteoglycans, we hypothesized that chemokines may associate with epithelial surfaces and activate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). Epithelial hypoxia (pO 2 20 torr) resulted in a time-dependent induction of interleukin-8 (IL-8) mRNA, soluble protein, as well as surface protein. Such surface IL-8 expression was demonstrated to be dependent on heparinase III expression, and extensions of these experiments indicated that hypoxia induces epithelial perlecan expression in parallel with IL-8. Finally, co-incubation of post-hypoxic epithelia with human PMN induced IL-8-dependent expres- sion of the PMN b 2-integrin CD11b/18. These data indicate that chemokines liberated from epithelia may exist in a surface-bound, bioactive form and that hypoxia may regulate proteoglycan expression. J. Leukoc. Biol. 68: 251-259; 2000.
Analysis on thevenin equivalent parameters based on local measurement information

Based on a power system model simplified by Thevenin equivalent,the voltage changing trends at load points can be quickly analyzed.However,the local measurement information based on calculation of equivalent parameters is difficult to obtain.The local measurement information based Thevenin equivalent method was analyzed with voltage phase changing considered in this paper.In calculation of initial values,the phasor of equivalent electric potential was used as phase reference axis,complying with the logic of Thevenin equivalent.In the parameters correction,the relationship between load changes and the changes of the load bus voltage phasor or equivalent parameters were considered,The modified Thevenin equivalent system can clearly reflect the actual voltage-load characteristics on load side and obtain the equivalent parameters.Examples analysis results showed that the equivalent system is with high reasonableness and accuracy.
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Surgical Complications following Cochlear Implantation in Canal Wall Down Mastoid Cavities:

ObjectiveWe sought to assess the complication rates following cochlear implantation in canal wall down mastoid cavities in adults and children.Data SourcesA systematic review of English articles fr...
Social and clinical dimensions of citizenship from the mental health-care provider perspective.

OBJECTIVE Citizenship is a theoretical framework regarding social inclusion and community participation of people with mental illnesses. It is defined by a person's connection to rights, responsibilities, roles, resources, and relationships. The application of this framework in public mental health settings is in its early stages. This study was an exploration of mental health providers' views of the potential contribution of this framework. METHOD Eight focus groups were conducted with 77 providers on teams in a large mental health center. A 12-item brief version of a 46-item measure of citizenship was a starting point for discussion of the relevance of the framework and citizenship supports in public mental health care. RESULTS Two themes were presented: social, including relatedness, stigma, and meaningful choices, and clinical, including client empowerment and barriers to citizenship work in clinical settings. These themes are discussed in relation to the introduction of citizenship-oriented practices in mental health care. Participant comments reflect openness to the concept of citizenship and the need for greater access to normative community life for clients, but also skepticism regarding the ability of providers and mental health centers to incorporate citizenship approaches in current care models. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Findings suggest there are challenges to developing and implementing citizenship supports in public mental health settings based on social and clinical factors and limitations. However, it is also noted that efforts to address challenges through consultation and education of providers can support the goal of a life in the community for persons with mental illness. (PsycINFO Database Record
TH‐AB‐207A‐01: Contrast‐Enhanced CT: Correlation of Radiation Dose and Biological Effect

Purpose: The potential risk from CT is generally characterized in terms of radiation dose. The presence of iodinated-contrast medium increases radiation dose. However, it is unclear how much of this increase is biologically relevant. The purpose of this study was to establish the contribution of dose increase from iodine to biological effect. Methods: Radiation organ dose was estimated in 58 human (XCAT) phantoms “undergoing” chest CT examination (120 kVp, 9 mGy CTDI) on a simulated CT system (Definition Flash, Siemens) with and without iodinated-contrast agent (62.5 mL of iodine per subject). The dose without and with the presence of iodine was compared to the increase in foci per cell (a surrogate of DNA damage) measured before and after similar CT exams without and with contrast agent (Piechowiak et al. 2015). The data were analyzed to ascertain how the enhancement in biological effect in contrast-enhanced CTs correlated with the increase in dose due to the presence of iodine. Results: The presence of iodinated-contrast in CT increased the organ doses by 2% to 50% on average. Typical values were heart (50%±7%), kidney (19%±7%), and liver (2%±3%). The corresponding increase in the average foci per cell was 107%±19%, indicating biological effect of iodine was greater than what would be anticipated from the iodine-initiated increase in radiation dose alone. Conclusion: Mean foci per cell and organ dose both increase in the presence of contrast agent. The former, however, is at least twice as large as the latter, indicating that iodine contributes to an increase in the probability of DNA damage not only as a consequence of increased x-ray energy deposition but also from other mechanisms. Hence iodine radiation dose, while relevant to be included in estimating the risk associated with contrast-enhanced CT, still can underestimate the biological effects.
Ulfrafast hole burning studies of molecular interactions in solution

Transient hole burning has been used to measure the solvation dynamics of nonpolar electronic states. In a variety of systems, a subpicosecond component of the solvation is associated with phonon-modulated interactions with the liquid. Experintents spanning the glass transition show that the phonon-modulated interactions of the solid extend continuously into the liquid phase.
Perspectives on …: The ‘graying’ of librarianship: Implications for academic library managers

Certain demographic trends in the nation's workforce are likelu to impact on academic libraries in the near future
Neuronal Rap1 Regulates Energy Balance, Glucose Homeostasis, and Leptin Actions.

The CNS contributes to obesity and metabolic disease; however, the underlying neurobiological pathways remain to be fully established. Here, we show that the small GTPase Rap1 is expressed in multiple hypothalamic nuclei that control whole-body metabolism and is activated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Genetic ablation of CNS Rap1 protects mice from dietary obesity, glucose imbalance, and insulin resistance in the periphery and from HFD-induced neuropathological changes in the hypothalamus, including diminished cellular leptin sensitivity and increased endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of CNS Rap1 signaling normalizes hypothalamic ER stress and inflammation, improves cellular leptin sensitivity, and reduces body weight in mice with dietary obesity. We also demonstrate that Rap1 mediates leptin resistance via interplay with ER stress. Thus, neuronal Rap1 critically regulates leptin sensitivity and mediates HFD-induced obesity and hypothalamic pathology and may represent a potential therapeutic target for obesity treatment.
Short-Term Memory as a Single Cell Phenomenon

Although there has been considerable progress in understanding how long-term memories might be stored in nerve networks, there has been little attention to the problem of short term memory.
Keratoprosthesis. Results, complications, and management.

Abstract Thirty-one cases of keratoprosthesis were followed for periods of from 1 to 84 months (average 35 months). The Cardona throughand-through device was implanted, covered with periosteum, and exteriorized through an opening in the upper lid. Visual results varied from 20/20 (1 of 31 cases) to counting fingers (5 of 31 cases). While 12 of the 31 cases achieved 20/40 or better at some point in the postoperative course, only 5 of 31 maintained this level of acuity over a long-term period. Severe complications included retroprosthetic membrane (18 out of 31), vitreitis (7 out of 31), dislocation (5 out of 31), extrusion (3 out of 31), and endophthalmitis (5 out of 31). Fifteen of the 31 patients required subsequent surgical revision. Despite the frequency and severity of complications, 17 out of 31 patients achieved sufficient improvement in visual acuity to enable them to function without assistance for periods of 1 to 7 years.