cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergent Caregiving: Exploring Eldercare in Families of Children with Disabilities

This study explores eldercare in families of disabled children. Qualitative analysis of interviews with eight mothers simultaneously caring for elders and children with extended care needs suggests that (a) elders who need care may have previously been a critical source of support; (b) resources needed for one type of care may be depleted by the other; (c) family members may feel mothers are too burdened to care for elders; (d) the skills acquired in the process of parenting children with disabilities can transfer to eldercare; and (e) bonds between children with disabilities and elders may help mothers cope with convergent caregiving.
“No Longer the Messiah”: Us Federal Law Enforcement Views of Religion in Connection with the 1993 Siege of Mount Carmel Near Waco, Texas

At the request of the United States Department of Justice and Department of the Treasury, the author reviewed the actions of Federal law enforcement agencies in Waco, Texas during the 1993 siege of the Branch Davidian religious community led by David Koresh, during which dozens of people died, including both federal officers and civilians. This article analyzes the views of religion which predominate among Federal law enforcement agents and which came to light during his review of the Waco incident.
Hemolytic properties of hexachlorophene and related chlorinated bisphenols.

Abstract Although hexachlorophene (HCP) and other chlorinated bisphenols are not hemolytic in vivo , even when administered at lethal doses, incubation of these compounds with nucleated and non-nucleated erythrocytes in vitro produces hemolysis. Chlorinated bisphenols are effective hemolytic agents at concentrations of 2 × 10 −5 to 2 × 10 −4 M. The hemolytic effect of the chlorinated bisphenols is characteristic of the erythrocyte donor species rather than dependent on the presence or absence of nucleation in the red cells. Of all the species tested, fish erythrocytes are the most susceptible and turkey erythrocytes are the most resistant to hemolysis by HCP though both are nucleated. No correlation was found between the hemolytic activity of the chlorinated bisphenols and their lipophilic character or the degree of ionization (p K a). Whole plasma or solutions of human and bovine serum albumin, hemoglobin and other proteins protected the erythrocytes against hemolysis induced by chlorinated bisphenols. The protection varied somewhat with the chlorinated bisphenol in question and differed among proteins of the same type from different species.
A methodology for simulation of database systems

This paper presents a methodol ogy for performing database system simulations which is based on the Wisconsin Bench- marks. Use of this approach provides very realistic represen tations for transactions, hard ware, and software aspects of a target database environment. The flexibility built into the approach also facilitates exami nation of many different database environments with few changes to the basic model. The method described equips researchers with the first standard simulation approach which can be used on any database system. We describe the approach, its implementation using SLAM II, and then provide an overview of its use.
Evaluation of Modeled Stratocumulus-Capped Boundary Layer Turbulence with Shipborne Data

AbstractNumerically modeled turbulence simulated by the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW) is evaluated with turbulence measurements from NOAA’s high-resolution Doppler lidar on the NOAA Research Vessel Ronald H. Brown during the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study—Regional Experiment (VOCALS-Rex) field program. A nonprecipitating nocturnal marine stratocumulus case is examined, and a nudging technique is applied to allow turbulence to spin up and come into a statistically stationary state with the initial observed cloud field. This “stationary” state is then used as the initial condition for the subsequent free-running simulation. The comparison shows that the modeled turbulence is consistently weaker than that observed. For the same resolution, the turbulence becomes stronger, especially for the horizontal component, as the length of the horizontal domain increases from 6.4 to 25.6 km. Analysis of the power spectral density sh...
Social support in spouses of cancer patients: What do they get and to what end?

Using a retrospective design, the authors assessed several different aspects of social support (perceived, received, satisfaction with received, and support seeking) in 95 spouses of cancer survivors. The goals of the investigation were to (a) describe in detail the differences between husbands and wives on these support dimensions and (b) explore whether the relation between support and adjustment was different for husbands as compared to wives. While husbands and wives were generally similar-in their general perceptions of available support and in the amount of support they reported seeking, consistent with our hypothesis, compared to husbands of breast cancer victims, wives of prostate cancer victims reported receiving more support and being more satisfied with the support they received. Measures of social support predicted husbands’reports of marital satisfaction and adjustment, but not wives’reports. Partial correlation analyses indicated that sex differences in these support-adjustment links were not attributable to differences in age, or in the time between completing treatment and participating in the study. Sex differences observed in the present study are interpreted as highlighting the need for theory development to account for the complex mechanisms underlying links between supportive transactions and marital satisfaction and adjustment.
Impaired esophageal function in morbidly obese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: evaluation with multichannel intraluminal impedance

Background Morbid obesity is associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and both have an independent association with motility disorders. Impaired esophageal function is thought to play a role in the development of dysphagia after fundoplication and bariatric procedures (especially restrictive procedures). The authors aimed to define both the physiology and the underlying pathophysiology of swallowing using a novel technique, multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII), which can accurately determine the clearance of a swallowed bolus through the esophagus, in combination with traditional manometry, which can measure peristalsis.
Synthesis and conformation of 2-fluoro-3-ketoestrane derivatives

Abstract Treatment of 3-methoxy-17β-acetoxyestra-2,5(10)-diene with perchloryl fluoride in aqueous dioxane or tetrahydrofuran yielded a 2-fluoro-3-ketosteroid with unusual properties. Unlike the known 2α-fluoro-19-nortestosterone, this fluoroketone possessing a 5(10) double bond easily lost hydrogen fluoride to form estradiol 17-acetate; aromatization took place on melting, on exposure to pyridine or acid or even during chromatography on silica gel or Florisil. Because of the Δ-5(10) structure and the absence of the C 19 Me group, it is difficult to infer the exact orientation of the 2-fluorine substituent from its effect on the NMR spectrum, CD or the CO absorption in the IR. However, the properties of certain derivatives suggested that the fluorine substituent was 2β. Treatment of the unsaturated fluorketone with peracid gave a mixture of epoxides which on basic hydrolysis furnished two 2-fluoro-10-hydroxy-17-acetoxyestr-4-en-3-ones epimeric at C 10 . The UV and NMR spectra of the 10α-hydroxy epimer indicated an equatorial 2β-orientation of fluorine, whereas the 10β-hydroxy epimer showed an axial 2β-fluorine substituent which could be isomerized by acid to the more stable equatorial 2α-configuration.
Localized pulmonary neutrophil influx induced by lung lavage in sheep.

The kinetics and distribution of neutrophil (PMN) influx into lung air spaces subsequent to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were studied in adult sheep. The concentration of PMNs in BAL fluid peaked at 6 h and remained elevated for 48 h after the initial lavage. The response was observed primarily in the lung segment originally lavaged although minor changes were seen in BAL from immediately adjacent regions. No response was observed in the contralateral lung. Except for a transient decrease in pulmonary alveolar macrophages and monocytes at 6 h, changes in mononuclear cell populations (pulmonary alveolar macrophages, monocytes and lymphocytes) were minimal.
Proliferative responses of quail aortic smooth muscle cells to benzo[a]pyrene: implications in PAH-induced atherogenesis.

Abstract Repeated exposure of avian and rodent species to benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) has been associated with the development of aortic lesions of atherosclerotic etiology. Because the occurence of these lesions may involve alterations in the regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) growth, the present studies were conducted to evaluate the proliferative responses of quail aortic SMCs to BaP treatment in vivo and in vitro. Measurements of [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell growth were conducted in cultured aortic SMCs isolated from male Japanese quail treated with 10 mg/kg BaP or vehicle weekly for 10 weeks or in naive aortic SMCs exposed in vitro to BaP (0.003–30 μM). Inhibition of DNA synthesis was observed in primary and early passage cultures of aortic SMCs isolated from BaP-treated quail relative to controls. Continued propagation of these cultures yielded a population of BaP cells which proliferated at faster rates than controls. The proliferative phenotype induced by BaP was first observed after the tenth passage and preserved in all subsequent passages tested. In vitro growth of SMCs from BaP-treated animals was serum- and anchorage-dependent. A 24-h exposure of cycling SMC cultures to BaP (0.003–30 μM) was associated with a dose-dependent decrease in DNA synthesis and significant delay in the progression of SMCs through the cell cycle. A time-course study revealed that maximal inhibition of DNA synthesis occurred 10 h after addition of 3 μM BaP to cycling cultures of SMCs. As seen in SMCs isolated from BaP-treated quail, serial subculture of SMCs exposed to 0.3 μM BaP in vitro for 24 h yielded a fast-growing population of cells. In these cultures, expression of the proliferative phenotype was observed after the fifth passage. These data suggest that BaP induces the expression of a proliferative phenotype in aortic SMCs characterized by enhanced serum responsiveness. This phenotypic modulation may contribute to the initiation and/or progression of vascular lesions of atherosclerotic etiology induced by BaP.
Transport phenomena and chemical reaction issues in OMVPE of compound semiconductors

Abstract The current understanding of transport phenomena and reactions underlying OMVPE is reviewed. The development of buoyancy driven flows superimposed on main flow is described for horizontal and vertical OMVPE reactors operating at atmospheric or reduced pressures. Finite element solutions of detailed two- and three-dimensional transport-reaction models are used to elucidate the nature and effect of these mixed convection flows on OMVPE processes. The model predictions demonstrate that in order to obtain uniform layers with sharp interfaces, the reactor has to be designed to provide a steady, eddy free, uniform flow to the deposition surface. This is most easily achieved by operating at low pressures which may require changes in the process chemistry. OMVPE chemical mechanisms and kinetics are reviewed with emphasis on GaAs depositions. A kinetic model for GaAs growth is used to interpret experimental observations and to discuss issues relevant to the development of reaction models. The potential advantage of using detailed reacting flow models to quantitatively predict the performance of OMVPE reactors is exemplified by silicon doping of GaAs from silane and disilane. Problems in realizing the large scale production potential of the OMVPE technique are discussed.
Hydrocarbons of antarctic midwater organisms

Hydrocarbons have been isolated from most major biomass species of zooplankton and fish in an Antarctic mesopelagic community. Unlike the odd-carbon preference of aliphatic hydrocarbons which typifies terrestrial plants and temperate marine organisms, even carbon chain-length paraffins predominate in 80% of the Antarctic species analyzed. Although the ultimate source of these even carbon n-alkanes cannot be determined from our study, the dominance of these compounds suggests an unusual biochemical pathway may be responsible for their synthesis in this ecosystem.
The diagnostic accuracy of bedside ocular ultrasonography for the diagnosis of retinal detachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The diagnostic accuracy of emergency department (ED) ocular ultrasonography may be sufficient for diagnosing retinal detachment. We systematically reviewed the literature to determine the diagnostic accuracy of ED ocular ultrasonography for the diagnosis of retinal detachment. This review conformed to the recommendations from the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement. An experienced medical librarian searched the following databases from their inception, without language restrictions: Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Emergency Medical Abstracts, and Google Scholar. Content experts were contacted and bibliographies of relevant studies were reviewed to identify additional references. Evidence quality was independently assessed by 2 investigators using the revised Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2). Discrepancies were resolved by consensus or adjudication by a third reviewer. Diagnostic test characteristics were summarized and reported with 95% confidence intervals. Of 7,771 unique citations identified, 78 were selected for full-text review, resulting in 4 trials assessed for quality. Agreement between authors' QUADAS-2 scoring was good (κ=0.63). Three trials were deemed to have a low risk of bias. They enrolled ED-based patients (N=201) and evaluated clinician-performed bedside ocular ultrasonography, using either a 7.5- or 10-MHz linear-array probe. Two trials included patients who had retinal detachment from trauma. The prevalence of retinal detachment ranged from 15% to 38%. Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 97% to 100% and 83% to 100%, respectively. The results of the bedside ocular ultrasonography were compared with the reference standard of an ophthalmologic evaluation; one trial also included orbital computed tomography findings suggestive of retinal detachment. Bedside ocular ultrasonography has a high degree of accuracy in identifying retinal detachment, according to 3 small prospective investigations. Larger prospective validation of these findings would be valuable.
The effects of video on cognitive load and social presence in multimedia-learning

Two studies examined the use of video in multimedia learning environments. In Study 1, participants (N=26) viewed one of two versions of a computer-based multimedia presentation: video, which included a video of a lecture with synchronized slides, or no video, which included the slides but only an audio narration of the lecture. Learning, cognitive load and social presence were assessed, but a significant difference was found only for cognitive load, with video experiencing greater cognitive load, t (24)=2.45, p<.05. In Study 2, students (N=25) were randomly assigned to either video or no video condition. Background knowledge and visual/verbal learning preference were assessed before viewing the presentation, and learning, cognitive load, and social presence were assessed after viewing. No significant differences were found for learning or social presence. However, a significant visual/verbal learning preference by condition interaction was found for cognitive load, F (1,21)=4.51, p<.05: low visual-preference students experienced greater cognitive load in the video condition, while high visual-preference students experienced greater cognitive load in the no video condition.
Passive avoidance in rats and gerbils as a function of species-specific exploratory tendencies.

Rats were found superior to gerbils in acquisition of step-down passive avoidance in each of three experiments. In Experiment 1 size of the safe platform was varied and rats showed comparable passive avoidance on both large and small platforms while gerbils were reliably superior in passive avoidance on the large platform relative to the small. Experiment 2 revealed that gerbils took significantly longer than rats to reach a 180-sec passive avoidance criterion, although the two species did not differ in the number of shocks received prior to reaching criterion. Finally, Experiment 3 showed that platform confinement prior to training retarded passive avoidance acquisition in gerbils while having no effect on rat performance. The results of all three experiments were interpreted in terms of species differences in exploratory activity in aversive situations. Specifically, observed species differences in passive avoidance were attributed to a stronger exploratory tendency in gerbils relative to rats.
Verbal knowledge of results as redundant information for learning an anticipation timing skill

Abstract Two opposing views of the role of verbal knowledge of results (KR) during learning argue that KR adds essential information to sensory feedback that aids skill learning or that KR is redundant with visual feedback and is therefore not essential for learning this skill. These views were compared in four experiments that involved learning a coincidence-anticipation timing skill requiring a striking action for one stimulus speed (experiments 1 and 2) or three randomly presented stimulus speeds (experiments 3 and 4). Two learning test situations involved either a no-KR retention test (experiments 1 and 3) or a novel stimulus speeds transfer test (experiments 2 and 4). In each experiment, five KR withdrawal conditions were distinguished on the basis of the number of the 75 practice trials on which verbal KR, as timing accuracy information, was available. Results of all four experiments were consistent in showing no differences among the KR withdrawal conditions during retention or transfer tests. Thus, visual feedback provided sufficient information to the learner to enable performance improvement during practice, maintain the acquired level of performance over a 24-hour period, and generalize performance to novel stimulus speed conditions.
Quantification of bacterial cells based on autofluorescence on a microfluidic platform.

Abstract Bacterial counts provide important information during the processes such as pathogen detection and hygiene inspection and these processes are critical for public health and food/pharmaceutical production. In this study, we demonstrate the quantification of the number of bacterial cells based on the autofluorescence from the cell lysate on a microfluidic chip. We tested three model pathogenic bacteria ( Listeria monocytogenes F4244, Salmonella Enteritidis PT1 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 EDL 933). In the experiment, a plug of ∼150 pL containing lysate from 240 to 4100 cells was injected into a microfluidic channel with downstream laser-induced fluorescence detection under electrophoresis conditions. We found that the autofluorescence intensity increased with the number of cells almost linearly for all three bacteria. The autofluorescence remained a single peak when the cell lysate contained a mixture of different bacterial species. We also demonstrate a simple microfluidic device that integrates entrapment and electrical lysis of bacterial cells with fluorescence detection. Such a device can carry out the quantification of bacterial cells based on lysate autofluorescence without off-chip procedures. This study offers a simple and fast solution to on-chip quantification of bacterial cells without labeling. We believe that the method can be extended to other bacterial species.
Mass spectrometric analysis of phosphate from β,γ-[18O]ATP hydrolyzed by Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase: Direct evidence for PγOPβ bond cleavage

Abstract Nitrogenase catalyzes reduction-dependent hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate. It has been generally assumed that the catalytic process involves attack of a nucleophile at the Pγ of ATP by analogy with conventional ATPases, but no direct evidence verifying this assumption has been available. To determine which anhydride PO bond is cleaved by the enzyme, β,γ-[18O]ATP (75.4% specific enrichment; nonspecific enrichments of 6.0% nonbridging Pγ18O, 4.0% nonbridging Pβ18O, and 2.0% Pβ18OPα) was incubated with purified nitrogenase proteins from Azotobacter vinelandii under turnover conditions. The phosphate produced was isolated, derivatized to trimethyl phosphate, and analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. The C 3 H 9 O 4 P C 3 H 9 O 3 18 OP mass ( 140 142 ) ratio found in the product phosphate derivative was 14.0 ± 2.0 (SE, n = 3). The calculated values for PγOPβ and PγOPβ bond breaking based on the known distribution of 18O in the substrate were 15 and 0.23, respectively. The results establish nitrogenase hydrolysis of the ATP PγOPβ linkage.
Discussion of “uncertainty, investment and managerial incentives” by Glover and Levine

Abstract Glover and Levine provide an elegant framework to quantify the investment distortions created by managerial compensation. My discussion focuses on how one should model managers, on the potential endogeneity of managerial compensation, and on the macroeconomic relevance of the mechanism.
INTELLIGENT VEHICLES: CLOSING THE LOOP WITH THE HIGHWAY

Abstract Vehicle intelligence has been advocated as a potential way of improving safety, driver comfort, traffic flow characteristics and efficiency in general. Despite considerable research efforts in vehicle technologies, vehicles continue to be treated as passive users of the traffic network while highway traffic operates as an open loop dynamical system most of the time. The purpose of this paper is to present and analyse vehicle technologies which could help close the loop with the highway system. Vehicle to road communication would allow vehicles to act as sensors and actuators by having the vehicles communicate to the roadway their speed, location, origin/destination and status and respond to the roadway by obeying speed limits and ramp metering lights. This communication technology together with a traffic management and control system could lead to a new generation of highway system which could be effectively controlled to operate as close to capacity as possible. In this paper we describe the structure of the proposed controlled highway system and present some preliminary results.
Non-selective beta-blockers are not associated with serious infections in veterans with cirrhosis

Summary Background Studies evaluating outcomes associated with non-selective beta-blockers (NSBB) in cirrhosis have yielded mixed results. A major cause of death in decompensated cirrhosis is infection. Aim To determine the effect of NSBB use on serious infections (requiring hospitalisation) in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Methods Using data from the US Veterans Health Administration from 2001–2009, we identified two cohorts: compensated cirrhotics (n = 12 656) and decompensated cirrhotics (n = 4834). From each cohort, we identified new NSBB users and propensity-matched them 1:1 to non-users (n = 1836 each in compensated users/non-users and n = 1462 each in decompensated users/non-users). They were followed up for serious infections (median time: 3.1 years), death and transplant. We estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from Cox regression models. Results Death or transplantation occurred in 0.7% compensated and 2.7% of decompensated patients. Among decompensated cirrhotics, death (P = 0.0061) and transplantation (P = 0.0086) occurred earlier in NSBB users compared with non-users. Serious infections were observed in 4.8% of compensated cirrhotics and in 13.7% of decompensated cirrhotics. There was no difference in the rate of serious infection development in new NSBB users compared with non-users in the compensated (adjusted HR: 0.90, CI: 0.59–1.36) or in the decompensated group (adjusted HR: 1.10, CI: 0.96–1.25). Conclusion The use of non-selective beta-blockers in U.S. veterans is not associated with an increased rate of serious infections in compensated or decompensated cirrhosis.
Incorporation of mouse zona pellucida proteins into the envelope of Xenopus laevis oocytes.

All vertebrate eggs have extracellular matrices, referred to as the zona pellucida in Mus musculus and the vitelline envelope in Xenopus laevis. The mouse zona, composed of three sulfated glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3), is critical for fertilization and early development, and mice lacking a zona pellucida produce no live offspring. The primary structures of mouse ZP1 (623 amino acids), ZP2 (713 amino acids) and ZP3 (424 amino acids) have been deduced from full-length cDNAs, but posttranslational modifications result in mature zona proteins with molecular masses of 200–180 kDa, 140–120 kDa, and 83 kDa, respectively. The vitelline envelope forms a similar structure around Xenopus eggs and contains three glycoproteins that are structurally related (39–48% amino acid similarity) to the three mouse zona proteins. To investigate whether the structural semblances are sufficient to allow incorporation of the mouse zona proteins into the Xenopus vitelline envelope, capped synthetic mRNAs encoding ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3 proteins were injected into the cytoplasm of stage VI Xenopus oocytes. After 20 h of incubation the oocytes were harvested, and posttranslationally modified zona proteins were detected with monoclonal antibodies specific to mouse ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3. The oocytes were imaged with confocal microscopy to detect individual zona proteins in the extracellular matrix of the oocytes, and this localization was confirmed biochemically. Thus the mouse zona proteins appear to have been sufficiently conserved through 350 million years of evolution to be incorporated into the extracellular envelope surrounding Xenopus eggs.
Simulation studies of a Fair and Effective Queueing algorithm for WiMAX resource allocation

Worldwide Interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) system has emerged as a strong candidate for providing mobile broadband wireless service to users. Resource allocation in media access control (MAC) layer is crucial for ensuring quality of service (QoS) in WiMAX. However, WiMAX standard does not define the scheduling algorithm in MAC layer. We analyze two representative WiMAX scheduling algorithms, and propose a Fair and Effective Queueing (FEQ) algorithm for WiMAX scheduling with a novel queueing analysis model. In this paper we conduct simulation studies for the FEQ algorithm to verify its effectiveness and the correctness of the queueing analysis model. We also compare FEQ algorithmpsilas performance with two other representative WiMAX scheduling algorithms under Poisson and bursty traffic. Our simulation results show that FEQ algorithm has good performance in terms of fairness and packet drop rate, with the benefit of low algorithm complexity.
Ultrasonic response of dilute AlFe alloys irradiated with 2.5-MeV electrons.

Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity measurements were made as a function of polarization, temperature, frequency, and annealing before and after 2.5-MeV electron irradiation of dilute AlFe alloys. In addition to the relaxation peaks observed in earlier low-frequency internal-friction measurements, two new relaxation peaks were found. One of these has all the properties predicted by a size-effect model. The peak structure observed is very different from that found for AlMn, suggesting that theories based only on impurity size require extension. 20 references, 12 figures, 3 tables.
Prevalence of nonfatal coronary heart disease among American adults

Abstract Background Few national estimates of the prevalence of coronary heart disease in the United States are available. Methods By using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988 to 1994), we estimated prevalence of angina pectoris by questionnaire, self-reported myocardial infarction, and electrocardiographically (ECG)-defined myocardial infarction. Results Among participants aged ≥ 40 years who attended the medical examination, the age-adjusted prevalence of angina pectoris, self-reported myocardial infarction, and ECG-defined myocardial infarction were 5.8% of 9255, 6.7% of 9250, and 3.0% of 8206 participants, respectively. Among participants aged ≥65 years compared with those aged 40 to 64 years, the prevalence of a self-reported myocardial infarction was more than 3 times higher and that of ECG-defined myocardial infarction more than 4 times higher. The prevolences of self-reported myocardial infarction and ECG-defined myocardial infarction, but not angina pectoris, were higher among men than women. Among women, prevalence of angina pectoris and self-reported myocardial infarction were highest among blacks; among men, these coronary heart diseases were somewhat higher among whites. Prevalence of ECG-defined myocardial infarction were similar for all 3 race or ethnicity groups in either sex. The age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease defined by the presence of any of these conditions was 13.9% among men and 10.1% among women. Conclusions Although the management of coronary heart disease has improved during the past 2 decades, it remains an important prevalent disease burden among adults.
On context-free programmed grammars

Abstract We develop a definition of a deterministic and decidable class of context-free programmed grammars, the SPG class. A table-driven parsing algorithm that operates in quadratic time and an algorithm to produce the parsing table from a given grammar are included.
Glucose and proline transport in kinetoplastids

The parasitic protozoa belonging to the kinetoplastids can use both sugars and amino acids as carbon and energy sources. In this review, Benno ter Kuile discusses nutrient acquisition and utilization and how the metabolic strategies reflect the environment encountered in host and vector. Recent genetic and physiological evidence suggests that facilitated diffusion may be the primary uptake mechanism for glucose, and possibly for proline as well, even though there is biochemical and genetic evidence suggesting that active transport occurs, if not across the plasma membrane, then across the membranes of organelles. Trypanosoma brucei seems to have a metabolic strategy that strives for maximum energy efficiency, making no storage materials and thereby limiting the control over its internal conditions. On the other hand, Leishmania donovani does create a storage buffer, entrapping glucose in the cell. In this manner, it maintains constant internal conditions at the expense of energy, enabling it to survive more adverse conditions in the macrophage and in its vector.
Effects of Dietary Energy and Protein on Performance, Egg Composition, Egg Solids, Egg Quality and Profits of Hy-Line W-36 Hens During Phase 3

A 4×3 factorial experiment with four added dietary energy (fat) levels (0 (0.0), 24 (0.5), 48 (1.0), and 72 (1.5)kcal ME/kg (%fat)) and three protein levels (14.9, 15.5, and 16.1%) was conducted to determine the influence of dietary energy on performance, egg composition, egg solids, egg quality, and profits of Hy-line W-36 hens at different protein levels. The basal diets of the 16.1, 15.5, and 14.9% protein contained 2,784, 2,800, and 2,815kcal ME/kg, respectively. This experiment lasted 12 weeks. Hy-line W-36 hens (n=1440) in phase 3 (55 weeks of age) were randomly divided into 12 treatments (8 replicates of 15 birds per treatment). There was no interaction on performance, egg components, egg solids, and egg quality between protein and dietary energy. As protein level increased from 14.9 to 16.1%, percent yolk and yolk/albumen ratio linearly decreased and percent albumen linearly increased. Yolk color linearly increased as protein level decreased. Increasing dietary energy by the addition of poultry oil had no significant effect on performance, egg composition, egg solids, and egg quality. An ideal dietary energy level for optimal performance could not be determined for Hy-line W-36 hens during phase 3. Because feed ingredient prices and egg price vary, there can be no fixed ideal dietary energy level for optimal profits during phase 3.
Psychological Assessment Procedures in Sex Offending

While keeping in mind current psychological guidelines and legal criteria for psychological assessment activities, the author presents a 6-part framework for organizing and approaching the questions commonly asked in assessments related to sex offending: general psychological characteristics, deviant sexual interests, risk of reoffense, amenability to treatment, self-serving misrepresentation, and fit with specific formal criteria. Specialized instruments for sex offender assessments have little demonstrated empirical validity, although several active research programs related to risk assessment show promise. Recent proposals for the use of multistep and decisionmaking models also hold promise for increasing the quality of assessment procedures. Psychologists who are called upon to conduct assessments related to sex offending often have a need for a structure that delineates the relevant issues and provides some basic knowledge about appropriate assessment procedures. The need for such assessments can arise in several different contexts: a person with possible sexual deviance presents to a general psychological practitioner for either or both evaluation or treatment; an attorney inquires about sex offender assessment for a client; a sex offender treatment program inquires about routine assessments; or an opportunity arises to accept court referrals before sentencing or before release to address specific questions such as recidivism risk and amenability to treatment. The task of conducting assessments related to sex offending would be facilitated and made more meaningful by the availability of an agreed-upon conceptual framework or model within which to understand this area. Elsewhere, I have reviewed the applicability of frameworks such as psychoanalytic, physiological, and behavioral ones (Lanyon, 1991). The conclusions drawn at that time were that advances in the field were being driven by empirical data and not theory, that the causes of sex offending were multiple, and that there was some utility in considering a very general model involving predispositions and triggering factors. In my view, this analysis is still applicable, and it suggests that at least for now, approaches to assessment are best guided by practical needs. A detailed examination of the common assessment situations listed above suggests six underlying questions, which might be stated as follows. (a) What kind of a person is this—what are the person's general psychological characteristics? (b) What kind of an offender is this—what are the person's deviant sexual interests? (c) What is the risk of reoffense—how dangerous is the person? (d) What is the person's amenability to treatment? (e) To what extent is the person engaging in self-serving misrepresentation during the evaluation? (f) In regard to forensic contexts, how well does the person fit specific formal criteria, either legal or other, such as “sexually violent person” or “pedophile?”
Structural organization of a gene encoding a novel calmodulin-binding kinesin-like protein from Arabidopsis.

Abstract Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein (KCBP) is a recently identified microtubule motor protein that appears to be unique to plants. Here we report isolation and sequence analysis of a gene encoding Arabidopsis KCBP. KCBP gene contains 21 exons and 20 introns. All exons except exon 3 are short (94–272 nt). Exons 1–9 code for the globular tail region whereas the coiled-coil region is coded by exons 10–15. The conserved motor domain is coded by exons 16–20. Calmodulin-binding domain that is present in the C-terminal region of the protein and unique to KCBP is coded by the last exon. The size of introns ranged from 71 (intron 17) to 320 (intron 19) nucleotides. As in most plant introns, the content of AT is very high in all introns (up to 76%). Phylogenetic analysis of KCBP using motor domain sequence grouped KCBP with other known C-terminal microtubule motor proteins. However, Arabidopsis KCBP together with its homologs from potato and tobacco constitute a distinct group within the C-terminal subfamily of motors which is consistent with structural and functional features of KCBP.
Determination of aqueous plutonium oxidation states by solvent extraction

The reliability of two solvent extraction techniques for the determination of Pu oxidation states in solution was tested with low-ionic-strength solutions and with high-Na and high-Mg brines that contained Pu concentrations sufficient for spectrophotometric analysis. One procedure only differentiates between reduced Pu [Pu(III) and Pu(IV)] and oxidized Pu [Pu(V) and Pu(VI)], whereas the second procedure was designed to differentiate between Pu(IV), Pu(V), and Pu(VI) in solution. Both procedures successfully differentiated between oxidized and reduced Pu in both dilute solutions and brines when tested with samples that contained only the Pu(IV), Pu(V), or Pu(VI) oxidation states. However, when the second solvent extraction procedure, which differentiates between Pu(V) and Pu(VI), was employed for solutions that did not contain a strong oxidant to maintain the Pu(VI) oxidation state, significant quantities of Pu(VI) were reduced to Pu(V) during extraction, indicating that accurate quantification of Pu(V) and Pu(VI) is not possible with this procedure.
Ionization of Type IA Supernovae: Electron Impact, Photon Impact, or Charge Transfer?

The ionization structure of the nebular Type Ia supernova iron core is determined by treating important atomic processes with the best available evaluated atomic data and by assuming both Chandrasekhar-mass and sub-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf explosion models. The electron impact ionization rates are calculated by analyzing the energetic electron energy deposition processes. Charge transfer processes between neutral and ionized iron-group elements are included in the calculations using the recently available rate coefficients. The effect of photoionization due to the recombination photons is critically evaluated by carrying out a detailed cascade calculation using the recently improved state-specific rate coefficients of radiative recombination and cross sections of photoionization of iron. It is concluded that the ionization structure is mainly controlled by a combination of the energetic electron impact ionization and charge transfer, while the photoionization plays only a minor role and its effect on the synthetic spectra is small.
Energetics of metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster

We measured the energetic cost of metamorphosis in the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster. Metabolic rates decreased rapidly in the first 24h and remained low until shortly before eclosion, when the rates increased rapidly, thus creating a U-shaped metabolic curve. The primary fuel used during metamorphosis was lipid, which accounted for >80% of total metabolism. The total energy consumed during metamorphosis was lowest at 25°C, compared to 18 and 29°C, due to differences in metabolic rates and the length of pupal development. Temperature differentially affected metabolic rates during different stages of metamorphosis. Prepupal and late pupal stages exhibited typical increases in metabolic rate at high temperatures, whereas metabolic rates were independent of temperature during the first 2/3 of pupal development. We tested two hypotheses for the underlying cause of the U-shaped metabolic curve. The first hypothesis was that pupae become oxygen restricted as a result of remodeling of the larval tracheal system. We tested this hypothesis by exposing pupae to hypoxic and hyperoxic atmospheres, and by measuring lactic acid production during normoxic development. No evidence for oxygen limitation was observed. We also tested the hypothesis that the U-shaped metabolic curve follows changes in metabolically active tissue, such that the early decrease in metabolic rates reflects the histolysis of larval tissues, and the later increase in metabolic rates is associated with organogenesis and terminal differentiation of adult tissues. We assayed the activity of a mitochondrial indicator enzyme, citrate synthase, and correlated it with tissue-specific developmental events during metamorphosis. Citrate synthase activity exhibited a U-shaped curve, suggesting that the pattern of metabolic activity is related to changes in the amount of potentially active aerobic tissue.
distributed cooperation and adversity: complexity trade-offs

The problem of cooperatively performing a collection of tasks in a decentralized setting where the computing medium is subject to adversarial perturbations is one of the fundamental problems in distributed computing. Such perturbations can be caused by processor failures, unpredictable delays, and communication breakdowns.(i)~failure-sensitive bounds for distributed cooperation problems for synchronous processors subject to crash failures.These research results are motivated by the earlier work of the third author with Paris C. Kanellakis at Brown University.
Urban growth and cultural evolution from a Oaxacan perspective

Blanton, Richard E., with contributions by William O. Autry, Stephen A. Kowalewski, Carl Kuttruff, Elsa Redmond, and Charles Spencer. Monte Alban: Settlement Patterns at the Ancient Zapotec Capital. New York: Academic Press, 1978. xxvi + 451 pp. including illustrations, loose map, and bibliography. $49.00 cloth. Blanton, Richard E., Stephen A. Kowalewski, Gary Feinman, and Jill Appel. Ancient Meso‐america:A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. x + 300 pp. including illustrations and bibliography. $11.50 paper.
Intermediate-band solar cells employing quantum dots embedded in an energy fence barrier.

Power efficiencies >60% have been predicted for idealized quantum dot (QD) intermediate band solar cells. This goal has not yet been realized, due in part to nonidealities that result in charge trapping followed by recombination of photocarriers in the QDs, and the lack of an optimal materials combination. To eliminate charge trapping, a p+−i−n+ cell employing QDs buried within a high band gap barrier layer is proposed and analyzed. The maximum solar power conversion efficiency under AM1.5 spectral radiation of an example GaAs-based photovoltaic cell employing 10−20 layers of InAs QDs surrounded by AlxGa1-xAs barriers in the junction built-in depletion region can be as high as 45%. Higher efficiencies are anticipated for InP-based cells. This represents a significant improvement over GaAs homojunction cells with maximum efficiencies of <25%.
Functional Cues in the Development of Osseous Tooth Support in the Pig, Sus scrofa

Alveolar bone supports teeth during chewing through a ligamentous interface with tooth roots. Although tooth loads are presumed to direct the development and adaptation of these tissues, strain distribution in the alveolar bone at different stages of tooth eruption and periodontal development is unknown. This study investigates the biomechanical effects of tooth loading on developing alveolar bone as a tooth erupts into occlusion. Mandibular segments from miniature pigs, Sus scrofa, containing M(1) either erupting or in functional occlusion, were loaded in compression. Simultaneous recordings were made from rosette strain gages affixed to the lingual alveolar bone and the M(2) crypt. Overall, specimens with erupting M(1)s were more deformable than specimens with occluding M(1)s (mean stiffness of 246 vs. 944 MPa, respectively, p=0.004). The major difference in alveolar strain between the two stages was in orientation. The vertically applied compressive loads were more directly reflected in the alveolar bone strains of erupting M(1)s, than those of occluding M(1)s, presumably because of the mediation of a more mature periodontal ligament (PDL) in the latter. The PDL interface between occluding teeth and alveolar bone is likely to stiffen the system, allowing transmission of occlusal loads. Alveolar strains may provide a stimulus for bone growth in the alveolar process and crest.
A sulfated nanofibrous mesh supporting the osteogenic differentiation of periosteum-derived cells

The periosteum is a thin fibrous membrane covering the surface of long bone and is known to play a critical role in bone development and adult bone fracture healing. Loss or damage of the periosteum tissue during traumatic long bone injuries can lead to retarded healing of bone graft-mediated repair. The regenerative potential of periosteum-derived progenitor cells (PDCs) has inspired their use as an alternative to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to augment scaffold-assisted bone repair. In this study, we first demonstrated that PDCs isolated from adult rat long bone exhibited innate advantages over bone marrow-derived MSCs in terms of faster proliferation and more potent osteogenic differentiation upon induction in plastic-adherent culture. Further, we examined the potential of two electrospun nanofibrous meshes, an uncharged regenerated cellulose mesh and a sulfated mesh, to support the attachment and osteogenic differentiation of PDCs. We showed that both nanofibrous meshes were able to support the attachment and proliferation of PDCs and MSCs alike, with the sulfated mesh enabling significantly higher seeding efficiency than the cellulose mesh. Both meshes were also able to support the osteogenic differentiation of adherent PDCs upon induction by osteogenic media, with the sulfated mesh facilitating more potent mineral deposition by adherent PDCs. Our study supports the sulfated nanofibrous mesh as a promising synthetic periosteal membrane for the delivery of exogenous PDCs to augment bone healing.
Lymphoma resembling hodgkin disease after posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in a liver transplant recipient

Background. Posttransplant Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are B-cell derived tumors of polymorphic to monomor- phic histologic type. Hodgkin disease (HD) is not consid- ered part of this spectrum and rarely occurs in the post- transplant population. A liver allograft recipient is re- ported who had a PTLD develop that resolved after a reduction of immunosuppression. Several years later, the patient had a separate lymphoid tumor develop that resembled HD. The relationship between the two prolifer- ations is analyzed. Methods. Specimens were analyzed for T- and B-cell rearrangements and EBV status by Southern blot hybrid- ization. Immunoperoxidase studies were performed to determine the phenotypic status of the lesions. In situ hybridization for EBV early RNA (EBER) was done to de- termine the distribution of virus-positive cells in tissue sections. Results. Unique clonal rearrangements of immuno- globulin genes and EBV were seen in each instance. No evidence of T-cell receptor rearrangement was observed. EBER positivity was widespread in the PTLD and largely, but not exclusively, limited to the anaplastic cell in the HD-like tumor. The phenotype of these anaplastic cells was similar to that described for Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. Conclusion. The two tumors are unique B-cell growths associated with separate clones of lymphocytes carrying episomal EBV. Patients with PTLD may be at risk for the continued development of EBV-associated