cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Having It All: Women, Work, Family, and the Academic Career

The gender gap in academic careers at colleges and universities has been persistent and resistant to change. While women have made significant progress as incoming faculty, their ascent in the academic hierarchy, their quest for pay equity, and their move into senior academic and administrative positions has been slow. To be certain, there has been ongoing attention to, and improvement of progress for, women in the workplace in all sectors and at all levels, yet challenges remain and they have been stubborn. The integration of faculty work and family life, particularly for female faculty in postsecondary institutions, has been and remains a major focus of faculty members, academic researchers, administrators, and institutions and plays a significant role for increased representation and equity for female faculty. The challenges facing women who yearn for an academic career, particularly a tenure-track one, can be associated with melding family and career. On the basis of insights from qualitative and quantitative research, it is clear that academic mothers face challenges at home and in the workplace when it comes to achieving greater parity and representation. Although faculty positions are flexible and enjoy great autonomy, tenure-track positions are time-consuming and can be difficult to manage. Structural impediments, workplace norms, and gender stereotypes can make the path for female faculty additionally review essay / note critique
Neurilemmoma of the facial nerve.

A twelfth case of facial nerve neurilemmoma presenting as a mass in the parotid region is reported. The mass also involves the facial canal in the descending portion and extends into the tympanic cavity and jugular foramen. Although the involvement of the jugular bulb and internal jugular vein was noted, no related symptoms have presented.
Health literacy and control in the medical encounter: a mixed-methods analysis.

Abstract Background Physician-patient communication can be described according to 4 prototypes of control—paternalism, mutuality, consumerism, or default. Patients with inadequate health literacy skills may be less-active participants in their care and more likely to have paternalistic encounters. Methods Two independent coders analyzed 31 transcribed outpatient medical visits between physicians and African American patients with diabetes according to the 4 prototypes of control. Differences in communication and the balance of power by level of patients’ health literacy were analyzed by quantitative and qualitative methods. Results Fourteen patients (45%) had inadequate health literacy, and most of them (N=8, 57%) had paternalistic encounters. Among patients with marginal or adequate health literacy skills, only 4 (23%) had paternalistic visits (p = .06), and encounters marked by mutuality were most common (N = 9, 53%). Conclusion Patients with inadequate health literacy appear more likely to have paternalistic interactions with their physicians.
Surface decomposition accompanying the perception of transparency.

At the retina, each location can have only one value of luminance or color. When transparency is perceived, however, different surface qualities can be redistributed to two or more apparently superimposed layers. The experiments described here explored the characteristics of this surface decomposition. It is shown that the surface decomposition occurs rapidly, it affects even early stages of visual processing, and it involves attributes such as texture and motion as well as color and brightness. In the first experiment, the recognition advantage for transparent overlapping digits demonstrated that the surface decomposition accompanying transparency occurs within 60 ms. In the second, the separation of overlying, orthogonal grids due to surface decomposition was found to influence the strength of the McCollough effect, an effect attributed to early cortical processing. Finally, when a transparent surface appears to extend over areas that are physically identical to the background, qualities of the transparent overlay such as texture and motion, as well as color or brightness (e.g., the neon color effect) appear to spread to the illusory overlay.
Anatomical background noise power spectrum in differential phase contrast breast images

In x-ray breast imaging, the anatomical noise background of the breast has a significant impact on the detection of lesions and other features of interest. This anatomical noise is typically characterized by a parameter, β, which describes a power law dependence of anatomical noise on spatial frequency (the shape of the anatomical noise power spectrum). Large values of β have been shown to reduce human detection performance, and in conventional mammography typical values of β are around 3.2. Recently, x-ray differential phase contrast (DPC) and the associated dark field imaging methods have received considerable attention as possible supplements to absorption imaging for breast cancer diagnosis. However, the impact of these additional contrast mechanisms on lesion detection is not yet well understood. In order to better understand the utility of these new methods, we measured the β indices for absorption, DPC, and dark field images in 15 cadaver breast specimens using a benchtop DPC imaging system. We found that the measured β value for absorption was consistent with the literature for mammographic acquisitions (β = 3.61±0.49), but that both DPC and dark field images had much lower values of β (β = 2.54±0.75 for DPC and β = 1.44±0.49 for dark field). In addition, visual inspection showed greatly reduced anatomical background in both DPC and dark field images. These promising results suggest that DPC and dark field imaging may help provide improved lesion detection in breast imaging, particularly for those patients with dense breasts, in whom anatomical noise is a major limiting factor in identifying malignancies.
Holocene sediment properties of the East Greenland and Iceland continental shelves bordering Denmark Strait (64–68°N), North Atlantic

The oceanographic Polar Front separates the East Greenland and Iceland margins. Surface water temperatures across Denmark Strait vary by 8-12 °C and represent one of the steepest oceanographic gradients on earth. The EastGreenland margin is a polar environment, with extensive sea-ice cover and calving glacier margins; in contrast, the Iceland shelf is much more temperate, and freshwater run-off is a key component in land-ocean sediment transfers. Average sediment properties from these two contrasting climate and oceanographic continental shelf environments are compared in the spatial domain at 13 sites; the data represent the last 10 000 radiocarbon years of 'normal' marine sedimentation for the two regions. The two regions have similar average rates of sediment accumulation (around 43.5 cm kyr - 1 ), so that this key variable is factored out in explaining any differences in sediment properties. Dry sediment density, moisture content, hygroscopic moisture, total organic carbon and carbonate contents, mass magnetic susceptibility and the percentages of sand and silt are compared focusing on: (1) median values for sediment properties; and (2) downcore variability, measured by the coefficient of variation (CV). There are significant differences in all but one (hygroscopic moisture) of the sediment properties between Iceland and East Greenland; in four cases, the sense of the differences was not as predicted. In terms of downcore variation (CV), no difference was found between the two regions, nor between the 13 sites, whereas there are some significant differences between the variables. Carbonate and mass magnetic susceptibility have the largest spreads, and moisture content and dry sediment density are the least variable. Protocols are developed to identify the 'type core' in a regional series of sites. The results indicate a need to develop a regional perspective on sediment properties, both as inputs to models of sedimentary processes in different polar/arctic environments, and as an indication of which sediment properties might be best suited for palaeoenvironmental downcore time series.
Pigment-protein diversity in chlorosomes of green phototrophic bacteria

In order to compare and contrast the structure and function of the light-harvesting antennae (i.e. chlorosomes) of green bacteria, a procedure for isolating and characterizing them from green sulfur bacteria was developed. The chlorosomes from Chlorobium species with bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) c or e were isolated by a two step sucrose density centrifugation in the presence of 2% miranol, a mild detergent, and 2 M sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN). Purified chlorosomes from two green sulfur bacteria, Chlorobium phaeobacteroides and Chlorobium tepidum, and the filamentous green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus were analysed by spectrophotometry, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunological procedures. Isolated chlorosomes from both Chlorobium species contain only two electrophoretically separable protein components with approximate molecular masses of 5–7.5 and 34.5 kDa. In addition, they have a major light-harvesting antenna pigment (Bchl c or e), a minor Bchl a species, and carotenoids. Chloroflexus aurantiacus antisera for the three major chlorosome proteins (5.6, 11, and 18 kDa), and the reaction center proteins (24 and 24.5 kDa) did not cross react with any Chlorobium proteins analyzed in this study. Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum antisera against the 7.5 kDa chlorosome protein cross reacted strongly with the 5–7.5 kDa protein from Cb. tepidum, weakly with the Cb. phaeobacteroides protein, but not at all to the 5.6 kDa chlorosome protein from Cf. aurantiacus. These results provide further evidence for the evolutionary divergence of the chlorosomes from green phototrophic bacteria (e.g., Chlorobium-type and Chloroflexus-type).
Conformal invariance and Hamilton Jacobi theory for dissipative systems

For certain dissipative systems, a comparison can be made between the Hamilton–Jacobi theory and the conformal invariance of action theory. The two concepts are not identical, but the conformal action theory covers the Hamilton–Jacobi theory.
Some Galois groups over number fields

Some conditions are stated which imply that certain finite groups are Galois groups over some number fields and related fields.
Innovations in computational type theory using Nuprl

Abstract For twenty years the Nuprl (“new pearl”) system has been used to develop software systems and formal theories of computational mathematics. It has also been used to explore and implement computational type theory (CTT)—a formal theory of computation closely related to Martin-Lof's intuitionistic type theory (ITT) and to the calculus of inductive constructions (CIC) implemented in the Coq prover. This article focuses on the theory and practice underpinning our use of Nuprl for much of the last decade. We discuss innovative elements of type theory, including new type constructors such as unions and dependent intersections, our theory of classes, and our theory of event structures. We also discuss the innovative architecture of Nuprl as a distributed system and as a transactional database of formal mathematics using the notion of abstract object identifiers. The database has led to an independent project called the Formal Digital Library, FDL, now used as a repository for Nuprl results as well as selected results from HOL, MetaPRL, and PVS. We discuss Howe's set theoretic semantics that is used to relate such disparate theories and systems as those represented by these provers.
Do specialized services exist for LGBT individuals seeking treatment for substance misuse? A study of available treatment programs.

Substance abuse research has demonstrated that client sexual orientation influences treatment outcomes. Consequently, many substance user treatment programs offer services for lesbian, gay, bisexua...
Regional and temporal patterns of natural recruitment in a California endemic oak and a possible ‘research reserve effect’

Author(s): Mclaughlin, BC; Zavaleta, ES | Abstract: Aim: The perceived absence of young cohorts in many long-lived trees, particularly Quercus species, has raised concerns about their long-term viability. While there is a robust body of literature on valley oak (Quercus lobata) planting experiments, conducted mainly on research reserves, an assessment of natural recruitment across a range of climate and land use types has been lacking. At a regional scale over time, we explored patterns of natural recruitment in this endemic California oak reported to be experiencing persistent recruitment failure. Location: California. Methods: We conducted a regional-scale study, including dendroecology and historical resurveys, field surveys and published planting experiments to elucidate the prevalence, timing, distribution and relation to environmental drivers of valley oak sapling recruitment. Results: We detected a substantial increase in the presence of recruitment over time at 10 sites originally surveyed between 20 and 40 years ago (sites with sapling recruitment increased from 10% to 70%), potentially related to a corresponding period of relatively wetter years. We found saplings recruiting from a range of years in a variety of land management regimes, and surprisingly, sites designated as research reserves had lower recruitment than other sites. Sapling recruitment did not appear to be synchronous or episodic. Main conclusions: Our results indicate that sapling recruitment failure is not a persistent condition across our sites, and long-term conservation prospects for the species may be better than previously reported. Research reserves had lower natural sapling recruitment and lower seedling survival in experimental controls than other sites, and our findings highlight the importance of field data from sites with a representative range of climate and land use regimes. © 2013 John Wiley a Sons Ltd.
Circadian Influence in Cardiovascular Disease (Part 1)

This department will offer stylized clinical presentations of current cardiovascular issues. Questions raised as a case history evolves highlight key elements that are elaborated upon in the discussions which follow.
Carboxylating enzyme activity and photosynthetic end products of phytoplankton in the shallow and deep chlorophyll layers of Castle Lake

The patterns of carbon assimilation of the Castle Lake phytoplankton were measured under various environmental conditions. The flow of carbon into polysaccharides and lipids plus low molecular weight metabolites was generally highest at low temperatures and low light (i.e, under-ice and deep-water populations). Enrichment with nitrogen to nitrogen-deficient algae did not significantly alter the patterns of carbon assimilation during time-series experiments. However, the relative rates of polysaccharide and protein synthesis were increased when the entire epilimnion of the lake was fertilized with nitrogen. On the average about 15% more carbon could potentially be fixed by the anaplerotic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) than the Calvin Cycle enzyme ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase). The parameter, RuBPCase : PEPCase/photon saturated in vivo photosynthesis (Pmax), was consistently >1.0 liter ·h‒1·µg‒1 C and showed significant differences between the 3-m and 20-m algal populations, indicating that they may be physiologically distinct with respect to carbon metabolism. The proportion of 14C incorporated into protein increased as the ratio of RuBPCase to PEPCase increased. The converse was true for the relative synthesis of lipid + low molecular weight (LMW) compounds while the proportion of 14C incorporated into polysaccharide varied little with RuBPCase : PEPCase. These findings and others from the literature do not corroborate existing simple biochemical models for this relationship, implying that other carboxylating enzymes may be important in the carbon metabolism of certain algae.
The anoxic curve for oxygen transport to tissue during hypoxia

Abstract A mathematical analysis of oxygen transport to tissue during hypoxia is presented. During reduced oxygen supply, a layer of tissue adjacent to each capillary may still receive adequate oxygen, but beyond this the tissue is anoxic. The boundary of this anoxic region is determined, and solutions for the oxygen concentration in the capillary and tissue are obtained.
Complex function estimation using a stochastic classification/regression framework: specific applications to image superresolution

A stochastic framework combining classification with nonlinear regression is proposed. The performance evaluation is tested in terms of a patch-based image superresolution problem. Assuming a multi-variate Gaussian mixture model for the distribution of all image content, unsupervised probabilistic clustering via expectation maximization allows segmentation of the domain. Subsequently, for the regression component of the algorithm, a modified support vector regression provides per class nonlinear regression while appropriately weighting the relevancy of training points during training. Relevancy is determined by probabilistic values from clustering. Support vector machines, an established convex optimization problem, provide the foundation for additional formulations of learning the kernel matrix via semi-definite programming problems and quadratically constrained quadratic programming problems.
Like blood in your mouth: Topographies of flamenco voice and pedagogy in Diaspora

Over the last century flamenco has crossed national, cultural, ethnic and linguistic borders, traveling from its indigenous space of Andalusia to varied performance contexts around the globe. These border crossings have catalyzed new music cultures and markets, transforming flamenco musicology, pedagogy, performance and consumption. Focusing on a small community of flamenco performers in Chicago, Illinois, this ethnographic study examines the “diaspora pedagogy” of Andalusian musician and teacher Tomas de Utrera. Facilitating the symbolic collapse of geographic space, Tomas recreates flamenco's originary musical context in Chicago. Focusing on the articulation of the flamenco voice, I posit diaspora as the principal exigency behind Tomas’ flamenco pedagogy, as well as an animating force behind his “voice of authority “ and the fledgling voices of his students.
Inadequate Conclusions from an Inadequate Assessment: What Can SAT-9 Scores Tell Us about the Impact of Proposition 227 in California?

Abstract Proponents of Proposition 227 in California have argued for the effectiveness of English-only instruction over bilingual programs based on the increase in SAT-9 scores in the years since its implementation. Based on analyses of SAT-9 scores from 1998 to 2000, this article argues that: scores increased for all students, not just for English-learning students; scores increased for most districts regardless of the types of programs implemented; increases could be attributed to a number of possible factors, but it is not possible to separate out the impact of Proposition 227; and SAT-9 is not an appropriate measure for assessing English-learning students.
The Mechanics of Terminal Lymph Flow

The effects of external pressure on the terminal lymphatic clearance rate are studied. Sulfur colloid tagged with 99mTc is injected into the subcutaneous tissue in the hind thigh of canines. The activity of the tracer is measured over the injection site for 90 min to determine the lymphatic clearance rate of the sulfur colloid. Several experiments are performed at different external pressures applied to the surface of the canine thigh. A two-compartment model is defined to determine both the terminal lymphatic flow rate per unit volume of tissue and the diffusion constant (sulfur colloid/interstitial fluid) from the raw data. Experimental results indicate that increases in the external pressure applied to the skin cause terminal lymphatic clearance rates to increase until the pressure reaches 60 mm Hg. At this level, some test results showed reduced levels of clearance. At 75 mm Hg, the lymphatic clearance of sulfur colloid from the subcutaneous tissue was stopped suggesting occlusion of the vessels resulting from vessel collapse.
Concepts and conceptual structure.

Research and theory on categorization and conceptual structure have recently undergone two major shifts. The first shift is from the assumption that concepts have defining properties (the classical view) to the idea that concept representations may be based on properties that are only characteristic or typical of category examples (the probabilistic view). Both the probabilistic view and the classical view assume that categorization is driven by similarity relations. A major problem with describing cat- egory structure in terms of similarity is that the notion of similarity is too unconstrained to give an account of con- ceptual coherence. The second major shift is from the idea that concepts are organized by similarity to the idea that concepts are organized around theories. In this article, the evidence and rationale associated with these shifts are described, and one means of integrating similarity-based and theory-driven categorization is outlined. What good are categories? Categorization involves treat- ing two or more distinct entities as in some way equivalent
Selection of representative volume elements for pore-scale analysis of transport in fuel cell materials

Abstract Pore-scale modeling has become a quite popular tool for evaluating the impact of material structure on fuel cell performance. However, the computational complexity of these models often limits simulations to analyze only a small volume of material, which is typically selected randomly from a much larger microstructure dataset. When considering the heterogeneous internal structure of fuel cell materials, it is highly unlikely that such a randomly selected volume (i.e., model domain) would adequately reflect the salient features of the material structure. The objective of this work is to utilize the recent advances in microstructure quantification to select small representative volume elements (RVEs) that accurately reflect the overall microstructure and transport properties of fuel cell materials. The micro-porous layer (MPL) in polymer electrolyte fuel cells is chosen for initial demonstration of the approach. Dual-beam focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy is utilized to obtain a 3-D structural dataset of the selected MPL sample. The RVEs are selected using the new approach of weighted sets of optimally selected statistical volume elements, and the key structure and transport metrics are evaluated using advanced microstructure algorithms developed in-house. Metric comparisons between the RVEs and the full dataset indicate that the RVEs selected by this approach offer a very good representation of the full dataset, albeit in a volume that is significantly smaller in spatial extent, therefore providing a computationally efficient and reliable model domain for pore-scale analyses.
Heatline visualization of forced convection in porous media

Abstract The patterns of heatlines reported in this paper illustrate for the first time the true path of convective heat transfer through a saturated porous medium. Heatline patterns are reported for the following fundamental configurations: the boundary layer near an isothermal wall, the boundary layer near a wall with uniform heat flux, and the two-dimensional porous layer confined by two parallel plates. Emphasis is placed on the convection features that are being visualized for the first time by the heatline method, i.e., not by traditional methods such as the use of isotherms. It is shown that the heatlines of a flow in which the wall serves as heat sink are unlike the heatlines of the same flow with a wall that serves as heat source. The seepage flow with slip at the boundary is visualized by heatlines that leave a hot wall at an angle. The wall heat-flux distribution is visualized by the density of the heatlines that intersect the wall. The heatline pattern in fully developed flow of a pure fluid through a parallel-plate channel is also reported in order to emphasize that the pure-fluid pattern is not exactly the same as the pattern in the corresponding two-dimensional space filled with seepage flow through a porous medium.
Effects of preoperative and postoperative epiretinal membranes on macular hole closure and visual restoration

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of epiretinal membranes (ERMs) on macular hole surgical results and postoperative visual restoration. Design A subgroup analysis arising from a multicenter, controlled, randomized clinical trial. Participants Ninety-one phakic eyes with an idiopathic macular hole that underwent standard vitrectomy for macular hole repair with or without ERM peeling. Methods Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data of macular status, ERM status, and visual function status were recorded, and their relationships were analyzed. Main outcome measures Visual acuity and clinical features of macular hole and ERM on baseline examination and scheduled follow-ups. Results ERM peeling was associated with greater anatomic hole closure success rates (67% of the ERM peeled vs. 35% of nonpeeled, P = 0.03) but not associated with visual improvement in eyes with anatomic hole closure (2.9 lines improvement vs. 3.6 lines improvement, P > 0.5). Macular hole reopening was associated with excessive ERM growth ( P = 0.005). Postoperative ERMs were more common in the eyes that underwent cataract surgery after vitrectomy (77% in aphakic and 36% in phakic eyes, P = 0.02). Macular hole edge approximation or hole appearance after initial vitrectomy for hole repair was stable over the average 18-month period in 89% of the eyes; only approximately 10% of the eyes underwent changes in their hole appearance. The hole edge approximation or hole appearance was associated with preoperative hole size and postoperative visual acuity. Preoperative hole size was found to be the major predictor of postoperative visual acuity ( P Conclusions Surgical ERM peeling increases the anatomic hole closure rate. The presence of postoperative ERMs was not associated with postoperative visual acuity; however, excessive ERM growth contributed to hole reopening. Preoperative hole size was the most sensitive predictor for postoperative visual acuity. Surgical intervention during the early stages of macular hole before ERM formation is strongly recommended.
Statistical Recalibration of GCM Forecasts over Southern Africa Using Model Output Statistics

A technique for producing regional rainfall forecasts for southern Africa is developed that statistically maps or ‘‘recalibrates’’ large-scale circulation features produced by the ECHAM3.6 general circulation model (GCM) to observed regional rainfall for the December‐February (DJF) season. The recalibration technique, model output statistics (MOS), relates archived records of GCM fields to observed DJF rainfall through a set of canonical correlation analysis (CCA) equations. After screening several potential predictor fields, the 850-hPa geopotential height field is selected as the single predictor field in the CCA equations that is subsequently used to produce MOS-recalibrated rainfall patterns. The recalibrated forecasts outscore area-averaged GCM-simulated rainfall anomalies, as well as forecasts produced using a simple linear forecast model. The MOS recalibration is applied to two sets of GCM experiments: for the ‘‘simulation’’ experiment, simultaneous observed sea surface temperature (SST) serves as the lower boundary forcing; for the ‘‘hindcast’’ experiment, the prescribed SSTs are obtained by persisting the previous month’s SST anomaly through the forecast period. Pattern analyses performed on the predictor‐predictand pairs confirm a robust relationship between the GCM 850-hPa height fields and the rainfall fields. The structure and variability of the large-scale circulation is well characterized by the GCM in both simulation and hindcast mode. Measures of retroactive skill for a 9-yr independent period (1991/92‐1999/2000) using the hindcast MOS are obtained for both deterministic and probabilistic forecasts, suggesting that a probabilistic representation of MOS forecasts is potentially more valuable. Finally, MOS is employed to investigate its potential to downscale the GCM large-scale circulation to more specific forecasts of land surface characteristics such as streamflow.
The siderophore mediated release of iron and magnesium from Mt St. Helens' ash and silicate rock standards

Substantial amounts of iron and magnesium were observed to be released from ash from Mt St. Helens' and US Geological Survey Silicate Rock Standards by the siderophore rhodotorulic acid.
Use of a polysulfone membrane support for immunochemical analysid of a glycilipid from Mycobacterium leprae

Polysulfone membranes have been used as a solid support for chromatography and immunoblotting of phenolic glycolipid I from Mycobacterium leprae. These membranes have an advantage over other supports such as nitrocellulose and silica gel in that very little non-specific background binding of antibodies occurs and assays can readily be carried out with IgM antibodies from human sera. An example of use of the polysulfone chromatography system for detection of phenolic glycolipid I in sera from leprosy patients is described.
Resisting imagination and confabulation: Effects of metacognitive training

Abstract False memory rejection is enhanced when individuals rely on memorability-based inferences (e.g., “I should remember this event well; if I don’t, it must not have happened”). The present study investigated whether 8- and 9-year-olds and adults could be trained to engage in memorability-based inferences to reject false, but highly familiar (increased through imagination and confabulation), events. Across two experiments, participants enacted, imagined, or confabulated a series of actions differing in expected memorability. Two weeks later, half of the participants received memorability-based training before being administered an old/new recognition test in which they were asked to endorse only enacted actions. Thus, imagined and confabulated actions were to be rejected in the face of their high familiarity. Results indicated that adults, but not children, exhibited increased rejection of these false events if they were of high memorability following a training procedure that explained the functioning of memorability-based inferences (Experiment 1, N = 100). Children’s rejection of familiar events improved only when the training procedure closely mimicked the demands of the retrieval test (Experiment 2, N = 125). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Family background as a predictor of reading comprehension performance: An examination of the contributions of human, financial, and social capital

Abstract This study examines the relationship between students' family background, (i.e., human, social and financial capital), and the comprehension of struggling readers in grades 2–6. Decades of research have worked to further understand the relationship between background factors and achievement. However, few studies have focused on comprehension outcomes, or accounted for parent cognitive ability and intergenerational effects. Family background surveys and assessments of cognitive and reading skills were administered to the parents of struggling readers (N = 51). Correlation and regression analyses examined the relationship between family background variables and students' comprehension scores, identifying a significant relationship accounting for as much or more variability than the traditional socioeconomic measures. These findings have implications regarding how we currently examine the influence of socioeconomic status in intervention research and its role in identifying students at-risk for reading failure and their differential response to intervention.
The ecological significance of resting sites and the seasonal habitat change in polecats (Mustela putorius)

The daytime resting sites of 13 radio-tracked polecats (Mustela putorius) were recorded in a mountainous and a lowland study area in Switzerland. Information on breeding sites was collected from questionnaires distributed throughout the country. At all resting sites, the polecats were completely invisible from more than a metre distant. During summer, when polecats mainly live in forests, individuals used many different hiding-places (e.g. small self-dug burrows, woodpiles, heaps of branches and dry leaves, dense vegetation). Such places were used for short periods, and then abandoned. Above ground, the polecats sometimes built nests of dry grass or moss. In winter, the polecats slept mainly inside barns, stables and other buildings. These resting sites were changed less frequently. In rainy weather throughout the year, subterranean places were preferred. Breeding polecats were often found inside houses, and obviously did not avoid human presence. The importance of different types of resting sites for polecats is discussed. In summer, the quality of a resting place is of less importance than its distance from the foraging area, but in winter, warm resting places are essential and buildings are therefore considered an important resource for polecats in Switzerland. The seasonal habitat change can more readily be explained as a consequence of thermoregulatory problems than of food availability, and the distribution of polecats in Switzerland may be affected by the availability of suitable winter resting places. The northern limit of polecat distribution and its historical changes can be explained by the changing availability of human buildings which provide winter resting sites.
Postnatal induction of ovogenesis in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Abstract In the female rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), the gonad remains very immature throughout fetal life; at birth, the ovary contains proliferating oogonia but no oocytes. The differentiation from oogonia to oocytes takes place postnatally. The peak of meiotic activity by oocytes was seen between the twelfth and fourteenth days of postnatal life; by the twentieth day, all the oocytes had completed up to the diplotene stage of meiosis and entered the dictyotene stage, forming primordial follicles. In all other mammalian species studied to date, differentiation from oogonia to oocytes began during fetal life.
On singular diffusion equations with applications to self‐organized criticality

We consider solutions of the singular diffusion equation t, = (um−1ux)x, m ≦ 0, associated with the flux boundary condition limx→−∞ (um−1ux)x = λ > 0. The evolutions defined by this problem depend on both m and λ. We prove existence and stability of traveling wave solutions, parameterized by λ. Each traveling wave is stable in its appropriate evolution. These traveling waves are in L1 for −1 < m ≦ 0, but have non-integrable tails for m ≦ −1. We also show that these traveling waves are the same as those for the scalar conservation law ut = −[f(u)]x + uxx for a particular nonlinear convection term f(u) = f(u;m, λ). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fragrance material review on cyclohexyl methyl pentanone.

Abstract A toxicologic and dermatologic review of cyclohexyl methyl pentanone when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented. Cyclohexyl methyl pentanone is a member of the fragrance structural group Alkyl Cyclic Ketones. These fragrances can be described as being composed of an alkyl, R1, and various substituted and bicyclic saturated or unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons, R2, in which one of the rings may include up to 12 carbons. Alternatively, R2 may be a carbon bridge of C2–C4 carbon chain length between the ketone and cyclic hydrocarbon. This review contains a detailed summary of all available toxicology and dermatology papers that are related to this individual fragrance ingredient and is not intended as a stand-alone document. Available data for cyclohexyl methyl pentanone were evaluated then summarized and includes physical properties, acute toxicity, skin irritation, mucous membrane (eye) irritation, skin sensitization, phototoxicity, photoallergy, and genotoxicity data. A safety assessment of the entire Alkyl Cyclic Ketones will be published simultaneously with this document; please refer to Belsito et al. (Belsito, D., Bickers, D., Bruze, M., Calow, P., Dagli, M., Fryer, A.D., Greim, H., Miyachi, Y., Saurat, J.H., Sipes, I.G., 2013. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of alkyl cyclic ketones when used as fragrance ingredients (submitted for publication).) for an overall assessment of the safe use of this material and all Alkyl Cyclic Ketones in fragrances.
The Size of a Political Club

We investigate the size of a political club that admits new members according to a rule that if only a few members vote against admission the candidate joins, but the members who voted against admission leave. For the simplest ergodic case, we use a modified Bessel function to give the generating function for the invariant distribution of the club size. This also allows us to give asymptotics for the moments as the probability of voting for admission approaches 1 and to prove global and local central limit theorems. We also calculate the mean recurrent time and determine formulas for calculating first passage times. We then show that for an expanded set of cases the club size process approaches the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process as the probability of voting for admission approaches 1. This means that the club size will approach a Gaussian distribution for a wide set of formal and informal admission rules. Finally, we show a comparison between theoretical results and simulation runs for two cases.
Lack of sympathetic and cholinergic influences on cerebral vasodilation caused by sciatic nerve stimulation in the rat

We studied the influences of sympathetic and cholinergic mechanisms on pial arteriolar responses during cortical activation in the rat. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and urethane and mechanically ventilated. Pial arterioles on the somatosensory cortex were visualized on a video monitor through a closed cranial window. Changes in arteriolar diameter induced by sciatic nerve stimulation (0.2 V, 5 Hz, 5 ms, for 20 s) were measured before and after (a) ipsilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (n = 5), (b) intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) administration and topical (10(-5) M) application of atropine (n = 5), and (c) lesion of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (the major source of intracerebral acetylcholine neurons, n = 7). Unilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis lesions were performed stereotactically by injection of ibotenic acid (25 nmol/microliter). Sensory cortex cholinergic denervation was confirmed histologically. These treatments had no significant effect on arteriolar responses to sciatic nerve stimulation. Thus, the present results suggest that neither sympathetic nor cholinergic mechanisms play a significant role in somatosensory evoked cerebral vasodilation.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 11p110 activity in the absence of CK2

Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)11(p110), formerly known as PITSLRE, is a serine/threonine kinase whose catalytic activity has been associated with transcription and RNA processing. To further evaluate the regulation of CDK11(p110) catalytic activity, interacting proteins were identified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Following the immunoprecipitation of CDK11(p110) from COS-7 cells, the serine/threonine kinase CK2 was identified by LC-MS/MS. These results were extended through the observation that CDK11(p110) serves as a substrate for CK2 and the identification of a phosphorylation site on CDK11(p110) at Ser227 by LC-MS/MS. To obtain CDK11(p110) devoid of CK2, CDK11(p110) was expressed in High Five insect cells and secreted into the media due to the presence of a honeybee melittin signal sequence encoded at the amino-terminus of CDK11(p110). Recombinant CDK11(p110) was purified from the media and phosphorylation of histone H1 subsequently demonstrated. After demonstrating retention of CDK11(p110) kinase activity, it was evaluated for activity on the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), but only CK2 was found to phosphorylate the CTD.
Successive approximations of diversity curves: Ten more years in the library

Traditional paleontological diversity curves are based on tallies of all taxa appearing in formally defined time units. These tallies are thought to be robust to further data collection. Thus, they supposedly do not reflect nuisance factors like variable time unit lengths and sampling intensity biases. A comparison of a decade-old North American Cenozoic mammal diversity curve and a newer database shows major differences. At least three major factors differentiate the two: use of shorter, fixed-length time intervals; restriction of counts to taxa that cross boundaries between intervals; and correction for variation in sampling intensity. The difference between genus- and species-level data also was examined, but appears to be minor by comparison. Because at best only one pattern can be close to the true historical trajectory, the analyses suggest that the new data and protocols together have yielded a curve that is converging on an accurate signal.
Determination of In-Situ Stress From Anelastic Strain Recovery Measurements of Oriented Core

A reliable method for determining the in situ stress state in deep formations is of great importance to the gas industry in designing massive hydraulic fracture treatments of low permeability reservoirs. Knowledge of the horizontal in situ stress directions and magnitudes would allow prediction of fracture azimuth and height. In this paper a method using anelastic strain recovery measurements of oriented core will be presented as a reliable and practical tool for determining both the directions and magnitudes of the principal horizontal in situ stresses in deep formations. The principal horizontal stress directions are determined directly from the principal horizontal strain recovery directions. The principal horizontal stress magnitudes are calculated from the principal strain recovery magnitudes, overburden stress, and Poisson's ratio of the rock using a viscoelastic model by Blanton. In addition, petrophysical measurements of the core parallel to the principal directions of strain recovery, at atmospheric pressure and at elevated confining pressure, suggest that the strain recovery process is a consequence of microcrack formation and expansion.
Test data visualization for open system standards

This paper describes a data visualization tool developed to support prototype development and testing of software standard interfaces in the open systems environment. The visualization capability is an extension of the Clemson Automated Testing System (CATS). CATS is a research facility which has proven valuable in exposing and addressing critical issues in emerging areas such as the IEEE POSIX real-time extensions. Preliminary investigations with CATS involving real-time interfaces and statistical reasoning about large scenarios of tests has motivated the need for a data visualization capability. Current approaches to testing open systems interfaces include very limited visualization aids, such as 2D bar charts to represent statistical information about the test results. The visualization tool developed in this work extends these capabilities by introducing realism and abstraction via raytracing and hierarchical data representations. These capabilities support a more meaningful analysis of system behavior in that a new, more descriptive set of questions is possible. Experimental results achieved with CATS and the visualization of system behavior with respect to deadlines for real-time systems are presented. Future applications for the data visualization tool in the open systems standards arena are proposed.
Examination of Strain Interaction in a Multiple-Strain Lactic Starter Culture by Streptomycin-Resistant Mutants of Lactic Streptococci

Abstract Streptomycin-resistant mutants of lactic streptococci were used to determine strain dominance and suppression in a multiple-strain Cheddar cheese starter culture composed of two Streptococcus lactis and four Streptococcus cremoris strains. This was accomplished by growing the six strains together in six separate batches of nonfat milk and substituting a different streptomycin-resistant mutant in each experiment. Samples were taken periodically and plated onto media with and without added streptomycin. In this manner, the resistant strain in each batch could be identified and counted during growth in mixed culture. Two-strain combinations were studied similarly. Both Streptococcus lactis strains significantly inhibited two of the four Streptococcus cremoris strains, and one instance of Streptococcus cremoris-Streptococcus cremoris inhibition was found. Speculation regarded a dominance pattern in this starter.
In Vivo Correlates of Central Serotonin Function after High-Dose Fenfluramine Administration.

High doses of fenfluramine (FEN) are known to deplete central serotonin (5-HT) in animals, but functional impairments associated with such 5-HT depletion have been difficult to identify. In the present work, we examined neuroendocrine responsiveness in rats exposed to repeated high-dose FEN treatment. Male rats fitted with indwelling catheters received FEN (20 mg/kg, subcutaneously, twice a day) or saline for 4 days. At 1 and 2 weeks after treatment, rats were challenged with intravenous FEN (1.5 & 3 mg/kg) or saline. Repeated blood samples were drawn, and plasma was assayed for prolactin and corticosterone by radioimmunoassay. Acute FEN challenge caused dose-dependent elevations of plasma prolactin and corticosterone in all rats. However, the FEN-induced hormone responses were significantly blunted (p 50%) postmortem 5-HT levels in the mediobasal hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, and hippocampus, while the lateral hypothalamus was unaffected. These data suggest that high-dose FEN causes alterations in central 5-HT systems involved with pituitary hormone secretion. The relevance of the present data to the clinical use of FEN is unclear. Because the neuroendocrine challenge paradigm is able to identify functional 5-HT deficits in rats, we propose that similar experiments should be performed in humans. Neuroendocrine challenge tests represent a reliable method to test the existence of FEN-induced neurotoxicity in human patients undergoing long-term FEN treatment.
Inflammation-induced stimulation of the synthesis of prostaglandins and lipoxygenase-reaction products in rabbit cornea.

The cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways that produce prostaglandins (PGs) and hydroxyeico-satetraenoic acids (HETEs) were studied in inflamed rabbit cornea. A cryogenic lesion was induced and five days later the epithelium, stroma and endothelium were isolated and incubated with [1-14c]arachidonic acid. After lesioning, the arachidonic acid metabolites, thromboxane B2, PGF2a and 6-keto-PGFla exhibited the greatest increase in the stroma. Lipoxygenase products were formed in the three layers also, although 12-HETE predominated. The correlation between the synthesis of these compounds and corneal injury is discussed.