cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leta Hollingworth's unfinished legacy: Children above 180 IQ

In 1916 Leta Hollingworth was a young professor at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she taught a course in the psychology of exceptional children. As a class demonstration she tested Child E using the newly released Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scale. Much to her surprise, this 8‐year‐old child scored 187 IQ, and perhaps changed forever Leta's research direction. Over the next 23 years she found 11 other children who tested above 180 IQ. At the time of her death in 1939, she was completing a monograph describing their development. Children Above 180 IQ, finished by her husband Harry after Leta's death, is a landmark study. This article discusses the importance of this research in historical context, as well as its enduring value to the families of highly gifted children today.
972 DEVELOPMENT OF APPARENT GRAFT VS HOST (GVH) REACTION FOLLOWING A MATERNAL PLATELET TRANSFUSION IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT INFANT

An otherwise healthy term newborn received non-irradiated platelets in the first day of life for isoimmune thrombocytopenia. At 10 days of age the child developed an ultimately fatal disease characterized by rash, pneumonitis and bone marrow depression. Although no peripheral lymphocyte chimerism was detected, skin biopsy revealed a vacuolated basal cell layer with pyknotic nuclei, dermal layer lymphocytic infiltrate and edema, epidermal spongiosis, occasional infarcts, and many eosinophilic bodies with satellitosis. Bone marrow biopsy and autopsy findings were also most consistent with GVH. Immunologic evaluation revealed an adequate number of neutrophils. Complement levels were normal. The child's IgM and IgE levels were normal and her B cells could produce IgM after PWM stimulation. Peripheral lymphocytes had both maternal and paternal HLA antigens. Rosette techniques revealed 40% T cells and 10% B cells, both within the low normal range for age. In the one way MLR, the patient's cells responded well to various donors except to the mother. PHA stimulation was also within normal range. Thus there was no evidence to suggest a defect in the child's immune system. The appearance of a GVH reaction in an apparently immunocompetent infant raises the question of irradiating all blood products containing viable lymphocytes before administration to newborns.
A Generic Business Artifacts Based Authorization Framework for Cross-Enterprise Collaboration

Business artifacts provide an approach to Business Process Management that combines data and process in a holistic way. Previous research introduced artifact-centric Interoperation Hubs (I-Hubs) as a data-centric alternative to conventional service orchestration for enabling the cooperative interaction of multiple organizations with shared business objectives. The current paper extends this vision by describing an approach for implementing I-Hubs that supports rich access control mechanisms. This reflects the data-process duality of business artifacts, the approach borrows from access control disciplines for both data and process. The paper describes how the approach is being applied in connection with two models for artifact lifecycles, a procedural one based on finite state machines and a declarative one based on guards, stages, and milestones.
Movements and Habitat Use by Fledgling Wood Storks (Mycteria Americana) Prior to Dispersal from the Natal Colony

Abstract.Activity patterns of fledgling storks (Ciconiidae) during the parental-dependency period are poorly understood for many species, including the Wood Stork (Mycteria americana). Satellite telemetry was used to track the movements of fledgling Wood Storks ( n = 50) from the time they attained minimum flight capabilities until dispersal from the natal colony. Distances traveled, range size, and habitat use by fledgling Wood Storks were quantified for early (prior to the final week before dispersal) and late (the final week before dispersal) predispersal periods and for the entire predis-persal period as a whole. Metrics were compared among three colonies and between two years at a single colony using nonparametric tests. For the entire predispersal period, the mean daily maximum distance of juvenile Wood Storks from their nest was 1.39 ± 0.2 km (median = 0.18 and maximum = 103.13) and the mean cumulative distance moved per day was 2.38 ± 0.28 km (median = 0.45 and maximum = 110.58). Movement distance...
Defining, measuring, and optimizing laser beam quality

This paper will review a very general and useful formalism that has recently been developed for defining the transverse beam quality as well as other propagation parameters of arbitrary real laser beams. We also describe a convenient new instrument for measuring the propagation parameters of high-power laser beams, and summarize some results of beam quality measurements on various types of laser devices.
(Hydroxymethyl)acylfulvene: An Illudin Derivative with Superior Antitumor Properties

Reaction of the fungal sesquiterpene illudin S with excess paraformaldehyde in dilute H2SO4 gives (hydroxymethyl)acylfulvene. The primary allylic hydroxyl thus formed can undergo very facile replacement by a variety of nucleophiles. (Hydroxymethyl)acylfulvene (MGI.114) was more toxic than a precursor, acylfulvene, but less toxic than the parent compound illudin S to HL 60 cells.
Smart remote sensing of environmental systems using Unmanned Air Vehicles

Remote sensing of environmental systems is getting more and more attention as the amount of applications and platform increases and costs are going down. Early applications were taking advantage of manned aircrafts and satellites to gather data but the trend is currently shifting to cheaper platforms: Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs). UAVs have tremendous advantages thanks to their on-board processing and decision making capabilities, low cost and modularity. Despite all these features, most research only involves data processing and sets aside a “smart” data acquisition process. In this paper, we describe an autonomous methodology that optimizes the relevance of the data gathered by the UAVs for parameter estimation and updates the flight path accordingly. Based on an initial guess of the monitored system's parameters, the UAV computes a flight path to gather the most useful information. As data is gathered, the parameter estimates are refined and the trajectory is improved. An illustrative example is given to demonstrate to capability of the method.
Statistical measures for least squares using the αQβR algorithm

This paper shows how the output derived from the α Qβ R algorithm can be used to calculate various statistical quantities needed to evaluate linear models. In particular, we show how to calculate standard statistical quantities like the coefficient of determination R2, the F-statistics, and the t-statistics. These quantities serve as a measure of how well the model fits the data.
Health information behavior in families: Supportive or irritating?

We report preliminary results of a mixed methods study of relationships between family-based information behavior and social support in chronic illness. Twenty-four participants (12 people with HIV/AIDS (PHAs) and 12 people with diabetes) completed surveys, visualized their family-based social support networks, and participated in in-depth, qualitative interviews. Findings revealed that our sample of people with diabetes had significantly larger family support networks than did PHAs. These differences seem linked to greater interpersonal constraints in talking about HIV/AIDS in families. Yet, the two groups did not differ in terms of perceived social support (PSS), frequency of collaborative information behavior (CIB), or use of information obtained collaboratively. However, a surprising relationship between CIB and PSS emerged among diabetics but not PHAs: the greater the frequency of CIB with family members, the less supportive they were perceived to be. This seems rooted in the prevalence of attempted influence and interference by diabetics' family members. Nevertheless, among both PHAs and diabetics, a significant overlap existed between receipt of informational and emotional support. Indeed, information sharing and emotional support could be the same in interactions such as questions of concern, goal attainment, and caring forwards. This study is among the first to document differences in social support and CIB among people with different diseases, pointing to the merit of information services and systems differentiated by disease. The overlap between informational and emotional support suggests the value of organizing, presenting, or rating health information according to emotional valence. Demonstrating that CIB may have negative effects challenges information scientists to reconsider whether receipt of information is always positive. Health information behavior in families therefore appears more complex than has been previously shown.
The iron fusion curve and γ-δ-l triple point

The pressure-temperature lines for iron γ-δ and δ-liquid equilibria have been determined using improved methods for internal pressure measurement and improved thermocouple pressure error correction data. The experimental results indicate slopes for the γ-δ equilibrium of 6.3 ± 0.1° per kbar and for the δ-liquid equilibrium of 3.5 ± 0.1° per kbar. The γ-δ-liquid triple point was found at ∼1718°C, ∼52 kbar. A 5 kbar section of the γ-liquid line indicated a γ-liquid line slope of 3.85 ± 0.15° per kbar.
Dynamics of resonant charge transfer in low-energy alkali-metal-ion scattering.

We show in this paper that measurements of charge-state distributions for 5--1600 eV Li, Na, and K scattered from a clean Cu(001) surface provide an excellent probe of the dynamics of atom-surface charge transfer. The neutralization probabilities, measured as a function of the perpendicular velocities of the scattered atoms, are qualitatively different for the three species. These differences reflect the high sensitivity of the charge transfer in this energy range to the energies and lifetimes of the atomic resonances near the surface. The measured neutralization probabilities are found to depend on the parallel velocity component of the scattered atom, even though the velocities at which these experiments are conducted are relatively low. The data are compared to several models of the charge-transfer process. Agreement with the data is achieved using a model based on the one-electron Newns-Anderson Hamiltonian and using calculated values for the alkali-metal resonance parameters.
P02.21. Short- and long-term effects of expressive writing in patients with renal cell carcinoma

Methods Two hundred patients with renal cell carcinoma were randomly assigned to either an expressive writing group (EW) or a neutral writing group (NW) and asked to write on four separate occasions over 10 days for a maximum of 20 minutes at each writing session. Patients completed the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI), Brief Fatigue Inventory, SF-36, IES, CES-D, and PSQI at baseline and then again 1 and 10 months after the writing sessions.
Ionic Hall effect in crystals: Independent versus cooperative hopping in AgBr and α-AgI

Consideration of the dynamics of the hopping process for independent point defects in an ionic crystal suggests that the ionic current cannot exhibit any Hall effect, to first order. An extensive series of measurements on silver bromide, which conducts predominantly by means of isolated, highly mobile silver interstitial ions, yielded no observable Hall signals. These measurements limit the ratio of the Hall mobility to the drift mobility of the interstitial ion in AgBr to less than 5% (at high temperatures) and to 10% (at lower temperatures). For the superionic \ensuremath{\alpha}-AgI, however, we find a Hall mobility which is approximately equal to the drift mobility, confirming earlier results of others. We argue that this Hall signal is a result of the strong correlations between the hopping ions, thus reflecting a fundamental qualitative difference between ``normal'' and superionic conductors.
PTSD Women Veterans’ Prevalence of PTSD Care

To the Editor:—Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among women who have experienced assaultive violence is being studied and better understood. Women veterans who have PTSD commonly have fair or poor health, depression, anxiety and disability. This problem is also associated with higher rates of reproductive and substance use disorders.1 A recent publication by Washington, et al. discusses the incidence of PTSD among women Veterans and that a significant segment of this group does not receive mental health care. The majority of women Veterans receive care outside of the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and their healthcare providers may be unaware of the increased risk of PTSD among this patient population. The authors feel that the patients and their providers should be made more aware so that appropriate treatment may be offered.1 Other informative recent articles have explored PTSD in women. Betts, et al. have described a female-specific risk to partial and full PTSD following physical assault. These author postulate that traumatic events affect males and females differently, with females at increased risk for PTSD when controlling for trauma type.2 Inslicht et al. have written about enhanced acquisition of conditioned fear in women with PTSD. They state that stress hormones and neuromodulators may enhance fear conditioning during traumatic stress exposure. Inslicht et al. suggest a sex specific vulnerability to increased fear conditioning from heightened levels of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, which is modulated by estrogen.3 Physiological changes have been demonstrated by Liberzon et al. They state that PTSD patients have altered regional cerebral blood flow in multiple areas that regulate the hypothalmis-pituitary-adrenal axis, have exaggerated emotional responses and changes in sensitivity to glucocorticoids.4 These important publications focus on the increased incidence of PTSD following assaultive violence, the specific risk to women as well as physiological changes that occur in the patients affected. If physicians are made aware of these facts, they will provide improved care for the patients suffering from this serious problem.1–4
The effect of recurrent mutation on the frequency spectrum of a segregating site and the age of an allele

The sample frequency spectrum of a segregating site is the probability distribution of a sample of alleles from a genetic locus, conditional on observing the sample to be polymorphic. This distribution is widely used in population genetic inferences, including statistical tests of neutrality in which a skew in the observed frequency spectrum across independent sites is taken as a signature of departure from neutral evolution. Theoretical aspects of the frequency spectrum have been well studied and several interesting results are available, but they are usually under the assumption that a site has undergone at most one mutation event in the history of the sample. Here, we extend previous theoretical results by allowing for at most two mutation events per site, under a general finite allele model in which the mutation rate is independent of current allelic state but the transition matrix is otherwise completely arbitrary. Our results apply to both nested and nonnested mutations. Only the former has been addressed previously, whereas here we show it is the latter that is more likely to be observed except for very small sample sizes. Further, for any mutation transition matrix, we obtain the joint sample frequency spectrum of the two mutant alleles at a triallelic site, and derive a closed-form formula for the expected age of the younger of the two mutations given their frequencies in the population. Several large-scale resequencing projects for various species are presently under way and the resulting data will include some triallelic polymorphisms. The theoretical results described in this paper should prove useful in population genomic analyses of such data.
Configuring and tuning archival storage systems

Archival storage systems must operate under stringent requirements, providing 100% availability while guaranteeing that data will not be lost. In this paper we explore the multiple interconnected subsystems that must be tuned to simultaneously provide high data transfer rates, high transaction rates, and guaranteed meta-data backup. We examine how resources must be allocated to the subsystems to keep the archive operational, while simultaneously allocating resources to support the user I/O demands. Based on practical experience gained running one of the largest High Performance Storage Systems, we propose tuning guidelines that should be considered by any group that is seeking to improve the performance of an archival storage system.
One-Class Matrix Completion with Low-Density Factorizations

Consider a typical recommendation problem. A company has historical records of products sold to a large customer base. These records may be compactly represented as a sparse customer-times-product ``who-bought-what" binary matrix. Given this matrix, the goal is to build a model that provides recommendations for which products should be sold next to the existing customer base. Such problems may naturally be formulated as collaborative filtering tasks. However, this is a {\it one-class} setting, that is, the only known entries in the matrix are one-valued. If a customer has not bought a product yet, it does not imply that the customer has a low propensity to {\it potentially} be interested in that product. In the absence of entries explicitly labeled as negative examples, one may resort to considering unobserved customer-product pairs as either missing data or as surrogate negative instances. In this paper, we propose an approach to explicitly deal with this kind of ambiguity by instead treating the unobserved entries as optimization variables. These variables are optimized in conjunction with learning a weighted, low-rank non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) of the customer-product matrix, similar to how Transductive SVMs implement the low-density separation principle for semi-supervised learning. Experimental results show that our approach gives significantly better recommendations in comparison to various competing alternatives on one-class collaborative filtering tasks.
Thermal decomposition of HMX: Low temperature reaction kinetics and their use for assessing response in abnormal thermal environments and implications for long-term aging

The thermal decomposition of HMX between 175 and 200{degree}C has been studied using the simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometer (STMBMS) apparatus with a focus on the initial stages of the decomposition. The identity of thermal decomposition products is the same as that measured in previous higher temperature experiments. The initial stages of the decomposition are characterized by an induction period followed by two acceleratory periods. The Arrhenius parameters for the induction and two acceleratory periods are (Log(A) = 18.2 {plus_minus} 0.8, Ea = 48.2 {plus_minus} 1.8 kcal/mole), (Log(A) = 17.15 {plus_minus} 1.5 and Ea = 48.9 {plus_minus} 3.2 kcal/mole), (Log A) = 19.1 {plus_minus} 3.0 and Ea = 52.1 {plus_minus} 6.3 kcal/mole), respectively. This data can be used to calculate the time and temperature required to decompose a desired fraction of a sample that is being prepared to test the effect of thermal degradation on its sensitivity or burn rates. It can also be used to estimate the extent of decomposition that may be expected under normal storage conditions for munitions containing HMX. This data, along with previous mechanistic studies conducted at higher temperatures, suggest that the process that controls the early stages of decomposition of HMX in the solid phase is scission of the N-NO{sub 2} bond, reaction of the N0{sub 2} within a ``lattice cage`` to form the mononitroso analogue of HMX and decomposition of the mononitroso HMX within the HMX lattice to form gaseous products that are retained in bubbles or diffuse into the surrounding lattice.
Integrated assessment of the direct and indirect effects of resource gradients on tree species recruitment

Understanding the dynamics of tree establishment is critical to assess forests' composition, management practices, and current responses to global change. We carried out a field seedling transplant experiment to assess not only the direct effects of resources influencing recruitment of four tree species, but also their indirect and combined effects. Our analysis integrated first growing season demographic data together with estimates of mycorrhizal fungal colonization and resource availability (light, soil moisture, and soil nitrogen). Only by considering both the direct and indirect effects of resources we were able to account for most of the variability observed during seedling recruitment. Contrary to expectations, increasing light levels were not always beneficial for recruitment even in low light habitats, and soil moisture availability benefited seedling growth but not survival. In addition, mycorrhizal fungal colonization was not always favored by high light levels or by increasing soil moisture. Seedling survival for all species was lower in plots with higher arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, while the association with ectomycorrhizal fungi varied from beneficial to detrimental. When integrating the direct, indirect, and interactive effects of resource availability and mycorrhizal fungal colonization on tree recruitment dynamics we found that species responded in a nonlinear fashion to increasing resource levels, and we also identified thresholds, i.e., shifts in the direction of the response, along the resource gradient. Our integrated assessment considerably outperformed a null model where only direct effects of resources were accounted for. These results illustrate how the combination of direct, indirect, and combined effects of driving variables better represents the complexity of the processes determining tree species recruitment than simple resource availability mechanisms.
Analysis of the α-synuclein G209A mutation in familial Parkinson's disease

THE LANCET • Vol 351 • January 3, 1998 37 described by Celermajer and colleagues. We collected blood at 0, 2, and 4 h during the study to measure total plasma homocysteine by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean flow-mediated dilatation fell after methionine (4·6 [SE 0·8]%, at baseline to 0·7 [1·4]% and –1·3 [0·8]%, at 2 h and 4 h, respectively) but not after placebo (5·2 [1·4]% at baseline, 6·6 [1·5]% and 4·8 [1·3]%, at 2 h and 4 h, respectively; p<0·001). By contrast, there was no significant difference in glyceryltrinitrate-induced brachial-artery dilatation after methionine (22·4 [1·7]%, 19·8 [1·6]% at baseline and 4 h, respectively) or placebo (20·9 [1·6]% and 20·8 [1·8]% at baseline and 4 h, respectively). There was a linear increase in mean plasma homocysteine concentration after oral methionine (from 9·3 [1·0]% at baseline to 24·1 [3·6] and 30·5 [3·0] mol/L at 2 and 4 h, respectively; p<0·0001). Flow-mediated dilatation was strongly related to plasma homocysteine (p<0·001, figure), with no independent effect of time. Our main findings are that an acute increase in plasma homocysteine is associated with substantial impairment of endothelial function in healthy human volunteers and that this relation is inverse and linear. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation is endothelium dependent and largely mediated by nitric oxide. Our findings, therefore, suggest impaired endothelial nitric-oxide activity in healthy individuals during acute hyperhomocysteinaemia. Endothelial dysfunction occurred at concentrations of homocysteine that were only two-fold higher than the fasting state, and similar to those associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thrombosis. These findings may help to explain the incremental risk of vascular events with increasing homocysteine concentrations, and accord with previous reports of dose-dependent and time-dependent effects of homocysteine on endothelial cellular function. Invitro studies show that exposure of endothelial cells to homocysteine results in oxidative effects, including generation of superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide, which lead to inactivation of nitric oxide and endothelial-cell damage. The resultant endothelial dysfunction may then contribute to vasospasm, thrombosis, and progression of atherosclerosis.
Critical assessment of intent-to-treat analyses

SUMMARYRandomised clinical trial (RCT) is considered by many to be the gold standard in cost-effectiveness studies, as one is able to balance confounding factors by the procedure of randomisation. In many cases, intent-to-treat analysis (ITT) is preferred over other approaches in handling RCT data, for its extensive inclusion of all study subjects and complete collection of cost data. However, in situations where there are a large amount of drop-out subjects, it is necessary to consider other analytical methods together with ITT. Per-protocol analysis (PP) and as-treated analysis (AT) are two frequent options. PP only includes subjects with sufficient compliance to treatment, while AT categorises patients not only by treatment but also by compliance status. In real practice, scientists should balance the pros and cons of these methods and appropriately apply them to achieve maximum study validity.
Comparison of Transthecal Digit Block and Single Injection Volar Subcutaneous Digit Block

Background. A study was designed to compare the efficacy of anesthesia between transthecal digit block (TDB) and single injec- tion volar subcutaneous block. Methods. A 36-patient, randomized, controlled, prospective investigation was undertaken. The parameters included the onset of time to achieve anesthesia, visual analog scale pain score during the infiltration, and anesthesia duration. Results. The mean time of the onset of anesthesia was 120 ± 8.9 seconds for transthecal blocks compared with 140 ± 7.8 seconds for the single injection volar subcutaneous digit blocks, and the mean time to loss of anesthesia was 3 ± 0.12 hours versus 4.3 ± 0.21 hours, respec- tively. The pain score was 3.1 ± 0.12 versus 2.4 ± 0.17. The differ- ence among the three parameters between the two groups was statis- tically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion. These results confirm the efficacy of the transthecal block and the single injection volar subcu- taneous digit block for achieving anesthesia of the finger, but the author prefers single injection volar digit block since it causes less pain during injection and the anesthesia lasts longer.
Ximelagatran: Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics

Thromboembolism is the largest cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world, yet oral anticoagulation is currently available only with vitamin K antagonists--most often, warfarin. Warfarin has been used for treatment of thrombotic disease for about 50 years. However, despite its widespread use, it is associated with several limitations, such as varied patient response, a narrow therapeutic window, numerous drug and food interactions, and need for frequent therapeutic monitoring. In addition, its full anticoagulant effect usually takes at least 4-5 days after the start of therapy or any dosage change, and it has a slow offset of therapy. A new oral anticoagulant, ximelagatran, has considerable advantages compared with warfarin. The agent requires no therapeutic monitoring, has a wide therapeutic window, and is not known to interact with food or drugs. The advantages ximelagatran brings to clinical practice should be a welcome addition to the options for management of thrombotic disease.
Competition and species diversity: removal of dominant species increases diversity in Costa Rican butterfly communities

Biological communities are usually dominated by a few species and show characteristically skewed species abundance distributions. Although niche apportionment and resource competition are sometimes implicated in such patterns, few experimental studies have shown direct links between resource limitation, competition with dominant species and their impacts on the overall diversity and composition of large natural communities. Here I report the results of an experiment in which I first studied species diversity and composition in two Costa Rican nectar-feeding butterfly communities numerically dominated by two species of Anartia butterflies. Then I removed Anartia from these communities to study changes in resource availability, species abundance relationships, community diversity and composition as an outcome of the removal of the dominant competitors. In the face of competition with Anartia, nectar was scarce, species abundance distributions were highly skewed, and species diversity was low in both communities. Within two weeks after the removal of Anartia, there were parallel changes in both communities: competition for nectar reduced and the nectar quantity increased substantially, which facilitated increase in community diversity and resulted in significantly less skewed species abundance distributions. Higher nectar quantity also enabled the distribution of body size and proboscis length of constituent species in the communities to expand at both ends. This study thus experimentally showed that resource competition with the dominant species was excluding many species from the communities, lowering their diversity and skewing relative species abundance relationships. These findings are of fundamental importance for competition theory and community ecology because they indicate ways in which diverse communities may be affected by and recover from competition with dominant species.
Growth hormone regulates the distribution of L-type calcium channels in rat adipocyte membranes

Earlier studies demonstrated that deprivation of growth hormone (GH) for ≥3 h decreased basal and maximally stimulated cytosolic Ca2+ in rat adipocytes and suggested that membrane Ca2+channels migh...
Tectonic control of fan size: the importance of spatially variable subsidence rates

We study the geophysical controls on the size of alluvial fans. Simple relationships between catchment characteristics, sediment yield, subsidence patterns and fan size are developed. As predicting fan size is essentially a conservation of mass problem, our analysis is general, applying to all types of fan landform. The importance of spatially variable subsidence rates has gone largely unrecognized in previous studies of modern fans. Here we stress that the distribution of subsidence rates in the depositional basin is a primary control on relative fan size. Both free coefficients in the oft-cited power-law correlation of fan area and catchment area can be shown to be set primarily by the tectonic setting, taken to include source area uplift rate and the subsidence distribution in the depositional basin. In the case of a steady-state landscape, relative fan size is shown to be independent of both climate and source lithology; only during times of significant departure from steady state can relative fan size be expected to vary with either climate or source lithology. Transients associated with (1) a sudden increase in rock uplift rate, (2) a sudden change in climate and (3) the unroofing of strata with greatly differing erodibilities may produce variation of relative fan areas with both climate and source lithology. Variation of relative fan size with climate or lithology, however, requires that catchment‐fan system response to perturbations away from steady state is sensitive to climate and lithology. Neither the strength of transient system responses nor their sensitivity to climate or lithology are known at present. Furthermore, internal feedbacks can significantly dampen any climatic or lithological effect. Thus theoretical considerations of the importance of climatic and lithological variables are inconclusive, but suggest that climatic and lithological effects are probably of secondary importance to tectonic effects. Field data from an unsteady landscape in Owens Valley, California, support and illustrate theoretical predictions regarding tectonic control of fan size. Field data from Owens Valley allow, but do not prove, a secondary dependence on source lithology. In addition, the Owens Valley field data indicate no relationship between relative fan size and climate. Headward catchment growth and enhanced sediment bypassing of fans during times of increased sediment yield (glacial) are put forward as plausible explanations.
Introduction: Drinking, Driving, and Health Promotion

Alcohol-impaired driving* continues to be one of the nation's most serious public health problems. There is now little question that consumption of alcoholic beverages, even in amounts much lower than the legal limit, is a major contributor to motor vehicle crashes and the casualties and injuries that result.1,2 One study estimates that eliminating alcohol would reduce traffic fatalities by 47 percent (± 4%), equivalent to a reduction of between 20,000 and 24,000 fatalities annually.3 There is no doubt that a reduction in alcohol-impaired driving would result in a substantial savings of human lives and resources, worldwide.4
SOIL N AND PLANT RESPONSES TO FIRE, TOPOGRAPHY, AND SUPPLEMENTAL N IN TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

Tallgrass prairie in the Flint Hills region of Kansas is characterized by considerable topographic relief coupled with variation in soil properties. These topoedaphic gradients, together with variation in fire regimes, result in temporal and landscape-level variability in soil resource availability and plant responses. Nitrogen usually is considered to be the nutrient most limiting to primary productivity in tallgrass prairie, but few studies have addressed how N availability varies seasonally, or across the landscape and with fire frequency. We measured soil inorganic N, in situ net N mineralization, aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), and N mass on plots either fertilized with N in 1993 or in 1994, or unfertilized, in uplands and lowlands of two annually burned and two long-term unburned sites during the 1994 growing season. In addition, our study was conducted in the year following record rainfall, allowing us to assess the potential for high precipitation amounts to affect subsequent N cycling and plant production. Both fire treatment and topography affected soil N availability. In general, N mineralization was greater on unburned than on burned sites and was up to five times greater on uplands than lowlands. Total extractable soil N was highest early in the season and least at midseason, and it also tended to be higher in unburned sites than burned sites on unfertilized plots. Added N increased ANPP, but there were no differences between plots fertilized in 1994 and those fertilized in 1993. In general, patterns of ANPP on control plots were consistent with known production responses to topography and burning (higher in annually burned sites and in lowland sites) but were inversely related or unrelated to patterns of N availability (higher in unburned sites and at upland topographic positions). Potential loss of N by volatilization during spring burning was greater than in years with normal rainfall amounts and represented a significant portion of aboveground plant N mass. Potential N losses did not appear to limit ANPP or N availability in the current growing season. Our results suggest that different factors control soil N mineralization and plant productivity, which explains, in part, why patterns of ANPP are not well correlated with patterns of N availability in tallgrass prairie ecosystems.
Lung Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome. II. Oxidative Stress and Inability to Improve Function with Repeated Additions of Adenosine Diphosphate

The major objective of this study was to examine lung mitochondrial dysfunction and antioxidants in pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) in broilers. Lung mitochondria were obtained from broilers fed diets containing 15 IU (control) and 100 IU dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate, i.e., vitamin E (VE)/kg with and without PHS; the four treatment groups were control, VE, PHS, and VE-PHS, respectively (Experiment 1), or from healthy broilers genetically selected or not selected for resistance to PHS (Experiment 2). Mitochondrial function was assessed with sequential additions of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to mimic a repeated demand for energy. Compared to controls, PHS mitochondria in Experiment 1 exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction [lower respiratory control (RCR) and ADP:O ratios and an inability to improve function with repeated energy demand] and oxidative stress [lower alpha-tocopherol and reduced glutathione (GSH) and higher oxidized glutathione levels (GSSG)]. High dietary alpha-tocopherol had no effect on lung mitochondrial function in healthy broilers (VE vs. controls) but attenuated dysfunction in VE-PHS mitochondria. In Experiment 2, there were no differences in selected and nonselected mitochondrial function following a single addition of ADP, but nonselected mitochondria exhibited lower RCR and ADP:O values with repeated energy demand. Higher GSSG levels were also observed in nonselected lung. The results indicate that lung mitochondrial dysfunction present in broilers with PHS was associated with oxidative stress and may be attenuated by high dietary vitamin E. Furthermore, genetic resistance to PHS was associated with more efficient oxidative phosphorylation in lung mitochondria and an inherently lower degree of oxidative stress.
Creating a Participant Text: Writing, Multiple Voices, Narrative Multiplicity

This article uses the ideas of social constructionism to explore how families change by investigating the way our perceptions of ourselves in relation to others are formed through language. The idea that language has the inherent potential to generate a reply has strongly influenced our thinking. We propose that the reply to others is shaped by our initial reply to ourselves in inner conversation. Interaction moves back and forth from inner conversation to conversation with others, from monologue to dialogue, becoming the “stuff” of new narratives. The particular focus on language in this article is on how adding writing to the session conversation produces a “participant text,” a therapeutic narrative that is composed of the voices of the family and the therapists. These voices, often newly discovered or invented, allow our narrative discourse to expand and multiply. Using this approach with individuals, couples, and families from different socioeconomic levels, we have worked with mourning, divorcing couples, recovery from abuse, marital conflict, parenting dilemmas, and physical illness.
Plasma Renin Activity in Hyper- and Hypothyroidism: Effect of Adrenergic Blocking Agents

Plasma renin activity (PRA) levels and pressor response to the infusion of angiotensin II (AT II) were studied in normal, hyperthroid, and hypothyroid subjects before and after the administration of adrenergic blocking drugs. The mean PRA levels of the hyperthyroid subjects were significantly greater than that of normal subjects which were greater than that of hypothyroid patients. In the hyperthyroid patients there was a decreased sensitivity to the AT II infusion while the hypothyroid patients exhibited increased sensitivity to the AT II infusion. Successful treatment of the hyper- and hypothyroidism was followed by normalization of the PRA levels and a normal response to the AT II infusion. Successful treatment of the hyper- and hypothyroidism was followed by normalization of the PRA levels and a normal response to the AT II infusion. The administration of propranolol or dibenzylene produced a fall in PRA levels in the normal volunteers and in the hyperthyroid patients. With dibenzylene treatment, a si...
The Effect of Low Melt Temperature on Morphology and Mode-I Fracture Toughness of PEEK/Carbon Composite:

The effects of molding and remolding temperatures on the Mode-I fracture toughness of APC-2 composite have been investigated. The morphology of the PEEK matrix in remolded plaques has been examined by thermal analysis and by scanning elec tron microscopy on etched surfaces. It is suggested that two recrystallization mechanisms compete during remolding at low melt temperatures: the annealing mechanism and a self- seeding crystal growth. The former embrittles the PEEK matrix, reducing the toughness of APC-2 composite.
Prefrontal-limbic connectivity during worry in older adults with generalized anxiety disorder.

Objectives: Although generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders in older adults, very little is known about the neurobiology of worry, the hallmark symptom of GAD in adults over the age of 60. This study investigated the neurobiology and neural circuitry of worry in older GAD patients and controls.Method: Twenty older GAD patients and 16 age-matched controls (mean age = 67.88) were compared on clinical measures and neural activity during worry using functional magnetic resonance imaging.Results: As expected, worry elicited activation in frontal regions, amygdala, and insula within the GAD group, with a similar but less prominent frontal pattern was observed in controls. Effective connectivity analyses revealed a positive directional circuit in the GAD group extending from ventromedial through dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, converging on the amygdala. A less complex circuit was observed in controls with only dorsolateral prefrontal regions converging on the amygdal...
Detection of AGE-Lipids In Vivo: Glycation and Carboxymethylation of Aminophospholipids in Red-Cell Membranes.

Summary The study of the Maillard reaction in vivo has emphasized reactions between glucose and amino groups of proteins. The present report extends this work to reactions of aminophospholipids with glucose, and with products of glucose and polyunsaturated fatty acid autoxidation. Glycation of aminophospholipids under oxidative conditions in vitro, resulted in the formation of both carboxymethylethanolamine and carboxymethylserine. These compounds have now been quantified in the lipid fraction of red-cell ghost membranes. Glycated and carboxymethylated lipids represent another class of compounds produced during the Maillard reaction in vivo, and should be useful for assessing the impact of aminophospholipid glycoxidation and/or lipoxidation in disease states.
Imaging Decision Support Does Not Drive Out-of-Network Leakage of Referred Imaging.

Abstract Purpose Leakage (out-of-network referral) is undesirable because it limits ability to control costs of services. Clinical decision support (CDS) systems seek to ensure appropriate imaging of patients but theoretically could drive leakage if ordering providers attempt to circumvent CDS recommendations and obtain studies from other imaging providers. This study assessed the incidence of leakage of imaging studies that had low appropriateness scores. Methods We queried our outpatient CDS system over a three-year period (2011-2013) for studies that received a low CDS appropriateness score and were canceled by the ordering physician. For patients meeting these criteria and participating in risk-shared contracts, we cross-referenced their imaging utilization reports in the risk-contract insurance payment database to determine if they received outpatient imaging within 60 days of the index order, contrary to the decision support recommendation. Results The risk-shared insurance database contained an average of 63,378 patients who had 18,008 MRIs and 18,014 CTs. A total of 11,234 (31.2%) studies were leaked: 3,513 (9.8%) to affiliated institutions; 7,721 (21.4%) to unaffiliated imaging facilities. Overall, 111 imaging studies received a low appropriateness score in the risk-shared patient population and were performed within 60 days despite the low score. Of these studies, 106 of 111 (95.5%) were ultimately performed within our hospital system (104 at the home institution; 2 at affiliated institutions); only 5 of 111 (4.5%) were performed outside of our hospital system. Conclusions Decision support systems for ordering providers do not seem to drive imaging referrals out of hospital systems to other institutions. Hospital systems can implement decision support without fear of this occurring.
Chronicles of a Two-Front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press by Lawrence Allen Eldridge. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011, 352 Pp.

(2012). Chronicles of a Two-Front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press by Lawrence Allen Eldridge. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011, 352 Pp. American Journalism: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 120-122.
Inverse acoustic scattering series using the Volterra renormalization of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation

We report the extension of the inverse acoustic scattering approach presented in (Kouri and Vijay, 2003) from the use of both reflection and transmission data (Rk/Tk) to the sole use of the reflection data (Rk). The approach consists in combining two ideas: the renormalization of the Lippmann-Schwinger equation to obtain a Volterra equation framework (Kouri and Vijay, 2003) and the formal series expansion using reflection coefficients (Moses, 1956). The benefit of formulating acoustic scattering in terms of a Volterra kernel is substantial. Indeed the corresponding Born-Neumann series solution is absolutely convergent independent of the strength of the coupling characterizing the interaction. We derive new inverse acoustic scattering series for reflection data which we evaluate for test cases both analytically and numerically (Dirac-δ interaction and the square well or barrier). Our results compare well to results obtained by (Weglein et al., 2001) for the square barrier and to previous results obtained in (Kouri and Vijay, 2003) using both transmission and reflection data.
New punch design for the elimination of punch ejection load through manipulation of the elastic strain field in the punch nose

Abstract The extreme tribological conditions present during both the forward stroke and the punch ejection stroke of a backward cup extrusion process can adversely affect the quality of the extruded part and diminish the life of the punches. A novel punch design based on the segmentation of the extrusion punch into a main body and a nose cone insert is proposed to reduce or eliminate the pressure between the punch and work piece during the punch removal stroke. This is facilitated by manipulating the elastic strain field at the punch nose. With the aid of the finite element analysis, a parametric study on the segmented elastic punch assembly was carried out to establish optimal conditions and punch design guidelines. Experiments were carried out to determine the effectiveness of the segmented elastic punch. A significant reduction in the punch ejection load was observed along with a reduction in material pickup on the punch and galling on the surface of the part. The elastic deflection of the punch also allowed the researchers to discover that a significant amount of damage could occur during the punch ejection stroke.