cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiles of College Students Mandated to Alcohol Intervention

Objective: Most colleges have sanctions or required interventions for students who receive alcohol violations or medical evaluation for intoxication. The aim of this study was to establish profiles of mandated students from a combined data set using exploratory and replication cluster analysis. Method: Data sets from three samples of mandated students (total participant n = 393) were combined for exploratory analyses, and a fourth sample (n = 289) was analyzed for replication. Clustering variables were past-month heavy drinking, past-year alcohol problems, incident alcohol use, responsibility for the incident, and aversiveness of the incident. Results: A three-cluster solution was produced in the exploratory analysis and confirmed in replication and cross-replication analyses. Clusters formed included a “Why Me?” cluster characterized by a pattern of relatively low heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems, very little incident drinking, and low responsibility and aversiveness. A “So What?” cluster was ...
Band Broadening in Micellar Liquid Chromatography

Abstract The effect of temperature on efficiency in micellar liquid chromatography (MLC) has been investigated using an SDS micellar mobile phase and a C18 stationary phase. Application of the Knox equation to plate count data yielded crucial information about band broadening in MLC. The improvement in chromatographic efficiency with temperature is due to a decrease in both the A (flow anisotropy) and C (stationary phase mass transfer) terms of the Knox equation. The decrease in the A term can be attributed to a shift in the position of the equilibrium of the solute away from the micelle and towards the bulk solvent; the decrease in the C term with temperature can be explained in terms of surfactant adsorption which tends to increase both the thickness and viscosity of the stationary phase. By increasing the operating temperature of the column, less surfactant is adsorbed on the stationary phase. Due to concerns about the validity of the Knox equation to describe band broadening in MLC, it was necessary t...
Is Presbyopia Caused by Lens Growth-Induced Residual Stresses?

Prevailing wisdom holds that increasing lens stiffness causes presbyopia. Treatments for presbyopia have therefore focused on altering the mechanical properties of the ocular lens. The present work shows an age-related decline in accommodation amplitude may be predicted without invoking changes in lens stiffness.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Critical Phenomena Inside Global Monopoles

The gravitational collapse of a triplet scalar field is examined assuming a hedgehog ansatz for the scalar field. Whereas the seminal work by Choptuik with a single, strictly spherically symmetric scalar field found a discretely self-similar (DSS) solution at criticality with echoing period $\Delta=3.44$, here a new DSS solution is found with period $\Delta=0.46$. This new critical solution is also observed in the presence of a symmetry breaking potential as well as within a global monopole. The triplet scalar field model contains Choptuik's original model in a certain region of parameter space, and hence his original DSS solution is also a solution. However, the choice of a hedgehog ansatz appears to exclude the original DSS.
Localization of the mate-recognition pheromone in Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Müller (Rotifera) by fluorescent labeling with lectins

Mate-recognition in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis O.F. Muller is based upon male contact chcmoreception of a glycoprotein pheromone on the body surface of females. The highest densities of this glycoprotein were found on the corona of females as determined by fluorescence microscopy. A time series experiment demonstrated that binding sites on the corona fluoresced before any other structure and did so most intensely. The lorica margin of females fluoresced weakly after 20 min of exposure, suggesting that the mate-recognition pheromone (MRP) is present, but in low density. In males, the corona also was the most intensely labeled structure on the body surface. Pretreatment of rotifers with the lectins Concanavalin A, (ConA), Lens culinaris, Vicia faba and Pisum sativum blocked subsequent labeling with ConA-fluoroisothiocyanate (FITC). Exposure to other lectins did not block ConA-FITC-labeling. Quantitation of fluorescence intensity using image analysis demonstrated that the contrast between a glycoprotein signal and background ranged from 2 to 19.5. In situ degradation of the MRP by the glycohydrolasc N-glycanase reduced lectin-binding and the intensity of fluorescent-labeling. Since N-glycanase deglycosylation of glycoprotcin on the body surface of live females sharply reduced their ability to elicit male-mating reactions, it is clear that the same oligosaccharides critical for lectin-binding also are essential for male-recognition. These lectin probes have enabled us to visualize the distribution of the MRP on the body surface of females and provided insight into the copulatory behavior of males.
Differential green fluorescent protein expression from mycobacterial promoter constructs in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium marinum

The Mycobacterium marinum G13 promoter is a sigma 70-like promoter that is more active by green fluorescent protein (gfp) differential fluorescence induction (DFI) assays when M. marium resides in an intracellular compartment as compared with growth in media. In assays using DFI, we found that the mycobacterial G13 promoter was also more active in a background of lower nutrient availability during logarithmic growth. This promoter, contained in an insert cloned upstream of a gfp reporter gene, is also active in Escherichia coli. When gfp expression assays of different plasmid constructs were performed in parallel with E. coli and M. marinum, expression in E. coli was maintained after deletion of both upstream and/or downstream regions proximal to the core promoter sequence. In M. marinum, however, although upstream deletions had no appreciable effect on gfp expression, promoter constructs with deleted downstream regions expressed 20- to 40-fold less gfp over all growth phases. The high-level expression of gfp was restored, however, in a clone containing approximately 100 bp downstream of the transcriptional start point. We have therefore utilized this gfp reporter assay of promoter activity to distinguish possible differences in requirements for gfp expression between different genera that utilize sigma 70-like promoter elements. We found that high levels of expression of gfp from the G13 promoter in M. marinum require downstream regions not necessary for gfp expression in E. coli.
Improving Accuracy in a Computerized Immunization Registry

Background.—Boston's Department of Health and Hospitals established the Boston Immunization Information System (BIIS) as part of a citywide effort to raise immunization rates. Objectives.— Our objectives were 1) to assess the validity of data entry in one computerized immunization database within this system; 2) to identify the types of errors made in data entry; and 3) to assess the effectiveness of an intervention to improve the accuracy of information in this database. Methods.—Chart records were used as the gold standard in comparison with the computerized BIIS database. Children were considered up to date for immunizations if they had received 4 DTPs, 3 polios, and 1 MMR by their second birthday. In March of 1995, billing records were used to identify all children born between March 1, 1992, and September 1, 1994, in one urban health center. These children were between 6 months and 36 months of age at the time. We compared the computer record with the chart, looking for and correcting errors such as incorrect dates and missing immunization data. An intervention was then begun, including a system for reviewing the accuracy of the computerized data at all well-child visits. In October of 1996, the chart review was repeated on children born between March 1, 1992, and September 1, 1995. This age range included all the children in the original review plus those born in the subsequent 12 months. Immunization rates before and after chart reviews were compared for children 24 to 36 months of age. Results.—We initially reviewed 737 of 739 charts (99%). In the follow-up time period, we examined 881 of 943 charts (93%). During the first review, 333 of the 563 (59%) records contained at least one error in data entry, compared with 116 of 646 (18%) in the second review (P Conclusion.—Errors in data entry caused underestimates of immunization rates. Eliminating the errors increased immunization rates immediately through more accurate bookkeeping. Eighteen months later, immunization rates had continued to improve dramatically.
Host vibration — A cue to host location by the parasite, Biosteres longicaudatus

Biosteres longicaudatus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Bracon dae) is a solitary endoparasite of Anastrepha suspensa larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae), which live in fruit tissue. Larvae make andible noises within macerated fruit or larval medium in which they are reared. Parasite females readily located normal, mobile larvae and spent a mean of 16.5±4.7 min/visit to parasitize these hosts. In contrast, females were unable to locate etherized or dead hosts and abandoned them after only 1.9±0.9 and 2.3±0.8 min, respectively. Females of all ages, with and without oviposition experience, exhibited non-random search and ovipositor probe behaviors in response to artifically created vibration. This response was influenced primarily by the number of mature eggs in the ovaries. These findings suggest that 1) an accumulation of mature eggs in the ovaries increase the appetitive drive of females to find and oviposit in hosts and 2) host sound/vibration produced either by movement of hosts through the medium and/or by the rasping mouth hooks during feeding. is used by parasites as a releaser for host finding behavior as well as a cue to the location of the host within the substrate.
Labelling of nucleotide pools in sea urchin eggs.

Abstract Nucleotide triphosphate pools were compared in unfertilized and fertilized sea urchin eggs and shown to be similar. In labelling experiments it was found that essentially all of the ATP and GTP of the unfertilized egg is turning over and is available for use.
Technical note: a quick and simple method of obtaining venous access in traumatic exsanguination.

The procedure described here for rapid venous access is simple, involves minimal dissection, and is highly reliable. Difficulty in defining the saphenous vein in the groin is alleviated by the forceful separation of the subcutaneous tissues, which invariably reveals the vein at the base of the wound. The only materials required are a scalpel, surgical ties, and IV tubing. In cases of traumatic exsanguination surgical residents were able to achieve IV access within a minute or less. The disadvantage of this technique is that it requires a long incision
Language evolution: neural differences that make a difference.

Language is unique to humans, but did it evolve gradually or suddenly, from a chance mutation or as a consequence of a larger brain? Two studies now suggest that language may have arisen gradually from precursors in other primates.
Vietnamese Public Management in Transition: South Vietnam Public Administration 1955-1975

Public management and transitional societies public management in transition - colonial management Vietnamese politics and society in the fifties administrative impact on Vietnamese political processes Vietnamese bureaucracy and its dominant characteristics Vietnamese public management in transition. (Part contents)
Technology Usage Among Community College Faculty in First-Time-in-College Classes: A Call to Standardization

Technology in higher education has played an increasingly dramatic role, particularly on community college campuses, with emphasis on how to provide better services to students via the use of technology. This report examines the challenge for faculty teaching first-time-in-college (FTIC) classes at El Centro College of the Dallas County Community College District (DCCCD): to increasingly incorporate the learning management system (LMS) into the coursework. The components of the LMS would include the use of interactive tools, discussion boards, assessments, real-time rubrics and e-portfolios. However, use of the LMS by the FTIC instructional staff spanned from basic user, advanced user, to super user. This report makes the argument that using a standard LMS template, in specific cases at least, is warranted. That way, all faculty, including new instructors, can use a super-user template that includes interactive tools, learning modules, discussion boards, assessments, and real-time rubrics. The advantages ...
SU-FF-T-329: Optically Guided High Resolution Dosimetry for Small Volume Stereotactic Treatments

Purpose: To attain sub‐millimeter dosimetric precision necessary for the film verification of small volume radiation treatment plans with steep dose gradients. Methodology: An infrared‐detectable, stereo‐optical frame was fitted on a dosimetry phantom in order to accurately localize and orient the phantom at the linear accelerator(linac) isocenter under optical guidance by an infrared stereo‐optical camera system. For subsequent creation of a verification phantom plan on a treatment planning system, we obtained high resolution CT scans of the phantom loaded with film spacers using a CT‐simulator. Scanning parameters for the 512 × 512 pixel images were 1.5 mm spacing, 1.5 mm thickness, 0.38 pitch and 350 mm field of view. This scanning protocol provided adequate resolution for determination of the physical geometry and localization of the phantom. The stereo‐optical frame, film plane positions were clearly observable in the resultant images. Once loaded with GAFChromic film, the phantom assembly was aligned on the linac and irradiated according to patient's treatment plans, however the dose was scaled to be within the dosimetric range of the film. A film from the same batch was dose‐calibrated to obtain the optical density to dose relationship using a step wedge. Results: If placed on a linac couch mount that allowed small adjustments with 6 degrees of freedom, the phantom was easily positioned to sub‐millimeter and one‐tenth‐degree precision under optical guidance. This arrangement allowed high precision positioning for film irradiation with small‐volume stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy treatments with steep dose gradients for 3‐D conformal or MLC‐based intensity modulated radiotherapy. Conclusion: The method provides highly accurate phantom positioning in all six degrees of freedom. Precision alignment was most critical at the periphery of the target, where dose gradients are the sharpest. Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Varian Medical Systems Inc.
Development of Optical Diagnostics for Bismuth Plasma Propulsion Devices

Summary form only given. As the goals of space flight push toward faster missions to the outer planets, issues of spacecraft mass, efficiency, and flight time become increasingly important. Electric propulsion systems in general have shown significant benefits in these respects over conventional chemical propulsion methods; however, state-of-the-art systems are still lacking in the efficiency and power handling required for the development of feasible nuclear-electric propulsion (NEP) missions to the outer planets. Present ion engine technology limits power to less than 10 kW, while such future missions would require several times that amount. In order to accommodate the requirements of mid- and far-term NEP missions, NASA recently selected a bismuth-fueled two-stage Hall thruster with anode layer (TAL) for further development. Current TAL thrusters have been demonstrated to perform at 25-140 kW and have the potential to scale up to greater than 500 kW for very high power NEP systems. Additionally, the bismuth propellant offers advantages in cost, availability, thrust efficiency, and spacecraft tankage fraction over the xenon propellant used in current ion thrusters. As the thruster is developed, there will be a need for non-intrusive diagnostic methods to optimize the geometry and operating conditions, as well as to make predictions of the potential for spacecraft contamination. Such optical diagnostic methods as laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and absorption spectroscopy for analyzing the velocity, energy, and number densities of BiI and BiII will be discussed. Candidate transitions, chosen on the basis of relative strength, hyperfine splitting data availability, and accessibility to tunable diode lasers, will be presented and their lineshapes modeled with respect to hyperfine splitting and broadening mechanisms. Experimental measurements of these transitions in both a bismuth microwave discharge (Evenson cavity) and a bismuth metal vapor lamp will also be discussed. Measurements will include both absorption and LIF data and will be used to validate the lineshape models of the candidate transitions, as well as to further advance the diagnostic methods for the developing thruster
Bonding and Solvation Energetics for Organometallic Gas-Phase Molecules and Ions: Experimental Approaches and Thermodynamic Insights

Experimental techniques for study of the gas-phase energetics of organometallic oxidation-reduction processes via Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry are described. In particular, sampling methods for typical compounds are mentioned along with approaches for determining the thermodynamics and kinetics of electron-transfer reactions. Results obtained recently for adiabatic ionization energies and electron attachment energies involving organometallic species are presented. Thermodynamic insights that arise from the experimental results are described, including applications to bond energetics, solvation, substituent effects, redox entropies, and thermodynamic effects in electron-transfer kinetics.
Healthcare workers: protecting those who protect our health.

The nation's healthcare system is in a transition of potentially historic proportions, driven by the need for cost-effectiveness under pressures of cost containment and competition, but also made possible by scientific and technological breakthroughs.' This transition presents new challenges and opportunities for protecting the health and safety of our nation's healthcare workers. Toward the goal of maximizing future opportunities for the primary prevention of illnesses and injuries among healthcare workers, a brief review of history in relationship to this work force should assist us in identifying successful models for future action. In the United States, the practice of occupational health dates back to the late 1800s. National professional societies in occupational medicine and nursing were established in 1916 and 1942, respectively. The hospital and healthcare environments did not become a focus of study and prevention strategies until much later. In fact, as recently as the 1950s, there still was no consensus regarding the occupational risk of tuberculosis (TB) exposure. It has been suggested that a number of factors drove this lack of consensus, including the fear that young women would avoid nursing if they knew the risks involved and that liability might surface. It was not until TB declined significantly in the general public but remained elevated in the medical profession that TB was recognized fully as an occupational hazard.2 Professional associations and the federal government began to address healthcare-worker health and safety in subsequent years. In 1958, the American M dical Association (AMA) and American Hospital Association (AHA) issued a joint statement in support of worker health programs in hospitals; the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)'s National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published criteria for effective hospital occupational health programs in 1977; and, in 1982, the CDC published the "Guideline for Infection Control in Hospital Personnel." This last document focused on infections transmitted between patient-care personnel and patients, not exclusively on healthcare workers' risk of infectious diseases. The CDC guidelines for blood and body fluid precautions (1982) and universal precautions (1987) were published to provide guidance to healthcare workers. In 1987, the Departments of Labor and Health and Human Services issued a Joint Advisory Notice entitled "Protection Against Occupational Exposure to HBV and HIV." In 1988, NIOSH published comprehensive guidelines for protecting the safety and health of healthcare workers. In late 1991, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) promulgated the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard, which required the observance of Universal Precautions, the offering by the employer of hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine, and the implementation of engineering controls to protect workers from the health hazards related to bloodborne pathogens. OSHA is scheduled to publish a proposed TB standard in the Federal Register in mid-1997.
Citizen Participation in Social Policy: The End of the Cycle?

"Citizen participation" is examined in two federal programs: urban renewal and the community action programs. Six meanings of the concept are formed from two dimensions, the dimensions of participation of elites and non-elites, and the dimension of the focus on administrative or political concerns. Participation may mean "elite coalition," "politics of reform," "citizen advice," "pluralist participation," "client participation," or "grassroots participation." Each type is described, and a developmental process is noted whereby programs move toward "pluralist participation."
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS OF BURGESS SHALE–TYPE PRESERVATION: A NEW WAY FORWARD

Study of the Burgess Shale-type deposits of the Cambrian has greatly enhanced scientific understanding of early animal evolution, but as the mechanisms by which these deposits formed are still unclear, here we outline and present data from the application of a new analytical approach, Raman spectroscopy, that can be used to characterize fossils from these deposits. Although these deposits present exceptional views into a diverse, nonbiomineralized to lightly biomineralized biota, this taphonomic regime mostly disappears from the fossil record after the Cambrian, with a few notable exceptions. Numerous detailed taphonomic and chemical studies have provided significant insight into modes of fossil preservation in these deposits, although there is still significant debate regarding the preservational and diagenetic mechanisms that may be involved. Compared to previous electron microscopy-based elemental mapping approaches, which have identified the elemental components of similar fossils, Raman spectroscopy allows a determination of the chemical phases and specific mineralogy at the molecular level, as well as the thermal maturity, of these fossils. This approach therefore provides new types of data, such as hematite phase, that may prove helpful for elucidating some of the mechanisms responsible for the exceptional types of preservation found in these deposits, and potentially helps to resolve the existing taphonomic debates.
Electron mobility variation in dense hydrogen gas

We present electron mobility measurements in H2 gas for 5 × 1019 < ϱ < 5 × 1021 cm−3 and 26 <T < 32°K. The data consist of coexisting high and low mobility branches. The high mobility branch is due to electrons; the low mobility, probably due to ions. The electron branch shows strong evidence of bubble formation, in accordance with theoretical predictions.
Random knapsacks with many constraints

We provide new results on asymptotic values for the random knapsack problem. For a very general model in which the parameters are determined by a rather arbitrary joint distribution, we compute the rate of growth as the number of objects increases, the number of constraints being fixed. For a particular model, we find strong bounds on the asymptotic value as the numbers of objects and constraints increase together.
Workers and their Customers and Clients: An Editorial Introduction

Les etudes sur le secteur des services ont rarement ete etudiees de facon systematique. C'est pourquoi l'A. propose 3 postulats de departs pour remedier a cette lacune : 1) le controle des employeurs sur les ouvriers, 2) les experiences et les strategies des ouvriers travaillant dans le service, 3) l'experience et le pouvoir des clients dans une interaction de service
Alloreactive T cells: Expression of HLA-D antigens, stimulation of autologous MLR, and possible immunoregulatory function

Primed in MLC with allogeneic stimulators T cells acquire the capacity of expressing HLA-D and DR antigens and of stimulating the MLC response of autologous lymphocytes. When primed T cells from HTCs are used as stimulators, a bimodal distribution of responses with clear-cut "typing responses" and no significant "back stimulation" is observed. This pattern many be due to the expansion during priming of a population of HLD-D restricted suppressors since irradiated primed T cells inhibit the MLC responsiveness of HLA-A "compatible" lymphocytes. The development and size of such a population is not dependent, however, on the strength of the antigenic stimulus used for priming since no differences were seen between the pattern of reactions induced by T cells primed against HLA-D identical or HLA-D different cells. Primed OKT4+ and OKT8+ T cells share the capacity of expressing Ia antigens and of inducing "HLA-D restricted suppression." We suspected that a similar phenomenon accounted for the behavior of two HLA-D heterozygous cells as if they were HTCs. Although no suppression was found, the fact that these cells typed for their "silent" antigen when tested as responders, yet failed to express it when tested as stimulators, supports the theory that different genes control the MLC-responding and -stimulating capacities.
Effect of duration of environmental stress on stomach ulceration and adrenal ascorbic acid.

Four groups of rats were exposed to unavoidable tone-shock presentations for either 1 hr., 24 hr., 5 days, or 24 days. Upon termination of each stress-duration period, adrenal ascorbic acid (AAA) determinations were made and stomachs were inspected for ulcers. The AAA response manifested the typical adaptation function. Ulcers were not observed in any of the 4 stress-duration groups. Previous similar research was re-evaluated in the light of the present research findings.
A Dual Method for Maximum Entropy Restoration

A simple iterative dual algorithm for maximum entropy image restoration is presented. The dual algorithm involves fewer parameters than conventional minimization in the image space. Mini-computer test results for Fourier synthesis with inadequate phantom data are given.
Detachable Self-Sealing Membrane System for the Endoscopic Treatment of Incontinence

AbstractPurpose: The endoscopic treatment of urinary incontinence is limited by the injectable substances currently available. The ideal injectable material should be able to conserve its volume, be nonmigratory and nonantigenic. Toward this goal we developed a system for the treatment of incontinence in which a catheter with an inflatable and detachable self-sealing silicone membrane fits through a standard cystoscopic needle. We present our experience with this system.Materials and Methods: A total of 20 female beagle dogs underwent cystoscopy and in 15 a self-sealing membrane was placed endoscopically in the submucosal region of the proximal urethra at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions. Each membrane was inflated through the delivery catheter with 0.2 cc povidone. Coaptation of the urethra due to the relative bulking effect of the inflated membrane was confirmed endoscopically in each animal. Five control animals received only an injection of saline. Four animals were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 month...
CROP-WEED HYBRIDIZATION IN RADISH (RAPHANUS SATIVUS): EFFECTS OF DISTANCE AND POPULATION SIZE'

Crop-weed hybridization rates between an agricultural plot of cultivated radish and surrounding stands of wild radish (both Raphanus sativus L.) were measured. The crop and weed were fixed for alternate isozyme alleles to allow for identification of hybrids through progeny testing. Weed populations were planted in three sizes (one, two, and nine plants) and at three distances (1, 200, and 400 m) from the crop. Hybridization rates declined with increasing linear distance between crop and weeds. When observed rates of hybridization were corrected for frequency of recipient weeds, the potential level of hybridization actually increased with distance. The effect of population size on rate of hybridization was significant; the direction of the effect was dependent on crop-weed distance. The observed relationship between population size and hybridization
PKR's protective role in viral myocarditis

Reovirus-induced murine myocarditis provides an excellent model for the human disease. Previously, we showed that reovirus induction of and sensitivity to interferon-beta (IFN-beta) are important determinants of protection against cardiac damage. IFN-beta induces a number of genes with antiviral activities, including the dsRNA-activated protein kinase, PKR. Once bound to viral dsRNA, PKR becomes activated and phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha (eIF2 alpha) leading to the cessation of host cell translation. Additionally, activated PKR can exert its antiviral effects by inducing phosphorylation of I kappa B, leading to the activation of the transcription factor NF kappa B and subsequent induction of IFN-beta. Thus, activated PKR can both induce and be induced by IFN-beta. Recently, numerous reports have shown PKR to be dispensable for both induction of IFN as well as protection against disease. However, both PKR's role in the heart in response to viral infection and its ability to prevent cardiac damage have gone largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate PKR to be critical for viral induction of IFN-beta in primary cardiac myocyte cultures. Additionally, we show that loss of PKR leads to an increase in virulence for both myocarditic and nonmyocarditic reoviruses. Finally, we demonstrate PKR to be critical for protection against reovirus-induced viral myocarditis.
Opportunities for Improved Statistical Process Control

Our Bayesian dynamic programming model builds on existing models to account for inspection delay, choice of keeping production going during inspection and/or restoration, and lot sizing. We focus on describing how dynamic statistical process control DSPC rules can improve on traditional, static ones. We explore numerical examples and identify nine opportunities for improvement. Some of these ideas are well known and strongly supported in the literature. Other ideas may be less well understood. Our list includes the following: Cancel some of the inspections called for by an economically optimal static rule when starting in control such as at the beginning of a production run and following a restoration. Inspect more frequently than called for by an optimal static rule once inspections begin, and inspect even more frequently than that when negative evidence is accumulated. Utilize evidence from previous inspections to justify either restoration or another inspection. Cancel inspections and hesitate to restore the process at the end of a production run. Consider using scheduled restoration, in which restoration is carried out regardless of the results of any inspections. Implementation, limitations, and extensions are addressed.
The biochemistry of an acetylcholine receptor.

The acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica electroplax has been studied at three levels of molecular organization: receptor-rich membrane fragments, solubilized and purified receptor, and reconstituted receptor in phospholipid vesicles. The binding of cholinergic ligands to the membrane-bound and the solubilized material is not cooperative, and the number of ligand sites is less than the number of toxin sites. In addition, the purified macromolecule contains the molecular features necessary for ion-translocation during postsynaptic depolarization, since a chemically excitable membrane can be formed from purified receptor and Torpedo phospholipids.
Enzymatic quantification of cholesterol and cholesterol esters from silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

There is a significant interest in the total amount and types of lipids in the meibum and tear film due to its contribution to tear film stability. Lipids are primarily found in the outer layer of the tear film interfacing with the external environment and aqueous tears. It is thought that the lipid layer can be further broken down into an inner, polar layer and an outer, nonpolar layer.1 This outer, nonpolar layer is thought to consist of cholesterol and cholesterol esters, in addition to other lipids such as wax esters and fatty acids.2–6 When this layer is altered in structure or composition, it may lead to dry eye due to increased evaporation of the tear film.7–11 Several methods have been used to study lipids of the meibum and/or tear film, such as assays, radiochemical methods, thin-layer chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry.3–6,12–31 These procedures have been useful in various ways, but each has drawbacks, whether it be sensitivity, accuracy, or efficiency. In this regard, we have adapted a well-known and efficient cholesterol esterase assay to measure the total amount of cholesterol and cholesterol esters associated with the tear film, meibum, or deposits extracted from contact lenses.32,33 This assay was originally developed to determine the total amount of cholesterol in serum and works by hydrolyzing cholesterol esters to free cholesterol (by cholesterol ester hydrolase). As described by Allain et al.,32 “the free cholesterol produced is oxidized by cholesterol oxidase to cholest-4-en-3-one with the simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide, which oxidatively couples with 4-aminoantipyrine and phenol in the presence of peroxidase to yield a chromogen with maximum absorption at 500 nm.” There has also been much clinical and scientific interest in lipid deposits associated with silicone hydrogel contact lenses.34,35 It is thought clinically that increased deposits on contact lenses can lead to patient discomfort, altered surface wetting, altered visual performance, lipid degradation, and even impaired immune function, but these effects have not been thoroughly studied.36 This innovative cholesterol esterase quantification method offers an efficient method for describing the total cholesterol and cholesterol esters associated with the tear film. The purpose of this article is to describe its application to cholesterols extracted from various silicone hydrogel contact lenses associated with in vitro and ex vivo samples.
The European Union: implications for developing countries

Examines the ramifications of the ongoing politico‐economic unification taking place in Europe. Viner′s theoretical contribution in analysing customs unions is applied to the European Union (EU) in order to determine the implications of the EU on developing countries. Additionally, examines the changes taking place in the formerly planned economies of Central and Eastern Europe in an effort to understand the diversion effect faced by developing countries better. Finally, identifies different levels of competition: competition within the EU and outside the EU, competition between EU and non‐EU firms, and competition among non‐EU actors.
Optimal adaptive estimation of sampled stochastic processes

This work presents an adaptive approach to the problem of estimating a sampled, stochastic process described by an initially unknown parameter vector. Knowledge of this quantity completely specifies the statistics of the process, and consequently the optimal estimator must "learn" the value of the parameter vector. In order that construction of the optimal estimator be feasible it is necessary to consider only those processes whose parameter vector comes from a finite set of a priori known values. Fortunately, many practical problems may be represented or adequately approximated by such a model. The optimal estimator is found to be composed of a set of elemental estimators and a corresponding set of weighting coefficients, one pair for each possible value of the parameter vector. This structure is derived using properties of the conditional mean operator. For Gauss-Markov processes the elemental estimators are linear, dynamic systems, and evaluation of the weighting coefficients involves relatively simple, nonlinear calculations. The resulting system is optimum in the sense that it minimizes the expected value of a positive-definite, quadratic form in terms of the error (a generalized mean-square-error criterion). Because the system described in this work is optimal, it differs from previous attempts at adaptive estimation, all of which have used approximation techniques or sub-optimal, sequential, optimization procedures [12], [13], and [14].
State of the Practice for Design of Groups of Laterally Loaded Drilled Shafts

Many state departments of transportation (DOTs) are beginning to use a larger percentage of drilled shafts for their deep foundations. Therefore, a clear understanding of current design methodology and specifications is important. The three most common design methods in use today are the group reduction factor, the p-multiplier method, and the modulus of subgrade reaction multiplier. A brief discussion of each method is presented. Telephone interviews were conducted with state DOTs to determine their current design procedure for groups of laterally loaded drilled shafts. Responses were obtained from all 50 states. Additional interviews were conducted with several well-known researchers in the field of deep foundations to determine what procedure they recommend. From these interviews it was clear that there is no uniformity in design methods or even in interpretation of the AASHTO recommendations for laterally loaded drilled shaft groups. The different interpretations of the AASHTO recommendations may be d...
Probing the energetics of charge‐remote fragmentation in carbocyanine dyes using collision‐ and surface‐induced dissociation mass spectrometry

Carbocyanine dyes used as molecular probes are symmetric ring compounds with long alkyl chains on each ring proximate to a resonance-stabilized charge site. They provide high-quality positive-ion liquid second (LSI) and electrospray ionization mass spectra in which the intact cation is the dominant ion in the mass spectrum. The intact cation of a carbocyanine dye undergoes charge-remote fragmentation (CRF), evident in the LSI mass spectra. CRF is also observed in collision-induced dissociation and surface-induced dissociation of the mass-selected intact cation. Differential CRF processes from the two chains in the molecule are observed with increasing internal energy deposition.
Reporting pauses in dramatic dialogue

A total of 55 native speakers of English or German reported occurrence and estimated duration of pauses in both an English and a German performance of an excerpt from Hamlet. A significantly higher percentage of correct reports for the German than for the English performance reflected a slower articulation rate and longer mean duration of actual pauses in the German performance. A significant interaction revealed a much higher percentage of correct reports by native speakers of German for the German performance, but only a negligibly higher percentage by native speakers of English for the English performance. False positive reports of the English performance were more numerous than those of the German performance. Duration estimates of women were consistently longer than those of men for the English performance only. Results are interpreted in terms of a theory of temporal organization of language use.
Analyzing the Symptoms in Cancer Patients [Chronobiological Investigations]

In summary, the recent increase in the knowledge of the signaling mechanisms in the circadian axis along with a fuller understanding of the interaction of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of ligands and how they can interact with the brain have led to a new hypothesis that the symptom complex of fatigue, poor appetite, and sleep disruption in cancer patients are related to altered hypothalamic circadian signaling. These early observations are being tested further, and in the near future may also guide therapeutic interventions in selected cancer patients with anti-EGFR therapies for the explicit use for managing common side effects.
A simple model and validating experiments for predicting the heat transfer to a load situated in an electrically heated oven

A fully predictive, algebraic method has been developed for the prediction of the timewise temperature variation of a thermal load situated in an electrically heated oven. The model which underlies the method takes into account both natural convection within the oven cavity and radiation between the thermal load and the oven walls. The model provides a complete description of heat transfer external to the thermal load. It can be used to provide boundary conditions for an analysis of thermal loads of various heat-conducting characteristics. This method is able to accommodate loads of various shapes, sizes, materials, and radiation surface finishes, as well as oven heating conditions characterized by a wide range of oven set-point temperatures. Extensive experiments were performed to validate the predictive method. These experiments encompassed thermal loads of different shapes, masses, and surface finishes. Measurements were made of the transient response of the thermal load. The results of these experiments reveal overall agreement to within about 1% between the predictions and the data, thereby validating the veracity of the assumptions that underlie the predictive model. Encompassing temperature data were collected at 170 sites on the oven walls. These data have been brought together in the form of isotherms. Among the walls, the temperatures on the oven door were the lowest, whereas the highest temperatures were encountered on the oven floor and on the top wall. Thermal symmetry was found to prevail on most of the walls, with the greatest deviations from symmetry in evidence on the sidewalls.
Dissipative Energization of Baroclinic Waves by Surface Ekman Pumping

A two-layer quasigeostrophic model is used to study the effect of lower boundary Ekman pumping on the energetics of baroclinic waves. Although the direct impact of the Ekman pumping is to damp the total eddy energy, either the eddy available potential energy (EAPE) or the eddy kinetic energy (EKE), individually, can grow because of the Ekman pumping. Growth of EAPE is favored if the phase difference between the upper and lower wave fields is less than a quarter wavelength, and EKE is favored if the phase difference is greater than a quarter wavelength. A numerical model calculation shows that the EAPE growth occurs directly through the Ekman pumping and that the increased EAPE can in turn lead to further growth by strengthening the baroclinic energy conversion from zonal available potential energy to the EAPE. Through this indirect effect, the Ekman pumping can increase the net production of total eddy energy.
Genetic studies in a black family with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and sickle-cell trait.

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is caused by at least two different genes. The ADPKD 1 gene is located on chromosome 16p and a second locus is at 4q. Although the ADPKD 1 gene is responsible for the majority of the disease in whites, there was no information regarding the gene type in blacks. We studied a black family which presented with both ADPKD and sickle-cell trait (SA) to determine which ADPKD gene was present in this family, and to examine linkage between the ADPKD in this family and markers for the β-hemoglobin gene on chromosome 11. The ADPKD in this family was linked to markers on chromosome 16, and no linkage was found with the β-hemoglobin gene. Family members with SA and ADPKD had an early onset of end-stage renal disease. The hemoglobin haplotype was identified as the Central African Republic-type, which has been reported to be associated with a higher incidence of renal failure in sickle-cell anemia.
The Career Choices of Business Librarians: A Survey and Discussion

ABSTRACT This article reports the results of a survey that asked business librarians about their career choices, including prior work history, time in the profession, and satisfaction with their business librarian career choice. When possible, these results are compared with earlier research. Unlike previous business librarian surveys, a much higher percentage of respondents to this survey work outside of academic business librarianship. Significant findings include that a majority of the current business librarians surveyed had prior careers, and compared to previous surveys a much higher percentage had previously worked in business-related occupations. Also, there was a very high level of satisfaction with the career choice of business librarianship.
Biomarkers in translational research of Alzheimer's Disease

The identification and characterization of amyloid-beta (Abeta) and tau as the main pathological substrates of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have driven many efforts in search for suitable biomarkers for AD. In the last decade, research in this area has focused on developing a better understanding of the principles that govern protein deposition, mechanisms that link aggregation to toxicity and neuronal death, and a better understanding of protein dynamics in brain tissue, interstitial fluid and CSF. While Abeta and tau represent the two key pathological mediators of disease, other aspects of this multifaceted disease (e.g. oxidative stress, calcium-mediated toxicity, and neuroinflammation) are being unraveled, with the hope to develop a more comprehensive approach in exploring disease mechanisms. This has not only expanded possible areas for disease-modifying therapies, but has also allowed the introduction of novel, and potentially useful, fluid and radiological markers for the presence and progression of AD pathology. There is no doubt that the identification of several fluid and imaging biomarkers that can reliably detect the early stages of AD will have great implications in the design of clinical trials, in the selection of homogenous research populations, and in the assessment of disease outcomes. Markers with good diagnostic specificity will aid researchers in differentiating individuals with preclinical and probable AD from individuals who do not have AD pathology or have other dementing disorders. Markers that change with disease progression may offer utility in assessing the rates of disease progression and the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents on AD pathology. For both of these purposes, CSF Abeta42, amyloid imaging, and CSF tau appear to be very good markers of the presence of AD pathology as well as predictive of who will progress from MCI to AD. Volumetric MRI is also good at separating individuals with MCI and AD from controls and is predictive of who will progress from MCI to AD. Perhaps the most important role biomarkers will have, and the most needed at this time, lies in the identification of individuals who are cognitively normal, and yet have evidence of AD pathology (i.e. preclinical AD). Such individuals, it appears, can be identified with CSF Abeta42, amyloid imaging, and CSF tau. Such individuals are the most likely to benefit from future disease modifying/prevention therapies as they become available, and therefore represent the population in which the field can make the biggest therapeutic impact.