cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Nurse With a Profound Disability: A Case Study:

Nurses are at significant risk for work-related injury, and ultimately disability. The purpose of this intrinsic single-case study guided by Yin's and Stake's iterative analytic processes was to examine one case of a registered nurse with a profound disability to determine whether this experience aligned with previous research and to examine whether a nurse with a profound physical disability could remain working in a clinical setting. The case study subject (a nurse with a profound physical disability) and the participants (people who knew, worked, and cared for the subject) were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using Yin's mental framework and iterative analytic process. Participant verification, whereby the researcher confirms the data with each participant, was obtained. The results were aligned with previous studies and support the need to provide environments that utilize and retain nurses with physical disabilities. Nurses with physical disabilities can practice safely in patient care settings, provided there is a supportive culture and willingness to make accommodations. Occupational health nurses have the expertise to take the lead in educating nurses and managers to provide this supportive culture.
Long-term effects of bubble baths on seizure-induced neurobehavioral deficits in newborn rats and related gene expressions in the hippocampus

Objective To explore the long-term effects of bubble baths on seizure-induced neurobehavior deficits and the expression of apoptotic/autophagic marker B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 ( Bcl-2 ),Beclin-1,and plasticity-related gene-1 ( PRG-1 ) in newborn rats. Methods Sixty rats aged 6 days were randomly divided into 4 groups:a control group (CON),a control hydrotherapy group (HCON),a recurrent-seizure group (RS) and a recurrent-seizure hydrotherapy group (HRS),with 15 in each group.Flurothyl was used to induce 30 min of seizures daily for 6 consecutive days in the RS and HRS groups.Rats in the CON and HCON groups were placed in the same container for equal duration without exposure to flurothyl.Rats in the HCON and HRS groups were given bubble baths for 28 consecutive days after the end of the last seizure.Neurobehavioral damage was observed using open field behavior at postnatal day 26 (P26) and Morris water maze performance at postnatal day 43 to 49 (P43-P49) and a single-blind method.PRG-1,Bcl-2 and Beclin-1 protein levels in the hippocampus were detected by Western blotting at postnatal day 50 (P50). Results ①The average open field test scores of the RS rats decreased significantly compared with those of the CON and HRS rats at P26.②In the Morris water maze test the average latencies of all rats decreased gradually from the 1st to 5th days (d1 to d5) after establishment of seizure model.The average escape latency was significantly longer for rats of the RS group than for CON group rats at the 4th and 5th days ( d4 and d5 ) after establishment of seizure model.The escape latency was significantly shorter for rats of the HRS group than for RS group rats at d4.③The level of Bcl-2 protein in the hippocampus was much lower in the RS group than in the HRS and control groups.In addition,the expression of PRG-1 in the RS group was significantly higher than in the CON group. Conclusions Recurrent prolonged seizures cause long-term neurobehavior deficits,which might be associated with the down-regulated expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated expression of PRG-1 in the hippocampus.Bubble baths can improve the neurobehavioral sequelae from seizures,perhaps through up-regulation of hippocampal Bcl-2 expression. Key words: Seizures; Bubble baths; Neonates; B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 gene; Plasticity-related gene-1
Cyclodehydration and Baker-Venkataraman Rearrangement Methodologies for the Preparation of Fluorinated 4H-Chromones

Trifluoromethylated and ring-fluorinated 4H-chromones have been prepared via cyclodehydration and via the baker-venkataraman rearrangement. The cyclodehydration of 4,4,4-trifluoro-1-(1-naphthol-2-yl)-1,3-butanedione was performed under a variety of base promoted and acid catalyzed processes enroute to 2-trifluoromethyl-β-naphthochromone. Using microwave irradiative, sonication and conventional processes, selected o-hydroxyaromatic ketones underwent single-pot, based promoted baker-venkataraman rearrangements with trifluoroacetic anhydride to give trifluoromethylated 4H-chromones in yields ranging from 50-82%. Microwave irradiation conditions allowed for yields ranging from 50-80%, which compare favorably to yields achieved via conventional methods (60-82%) as well as reducing reaction times by 55% compared to conventional refluxing conditions.
The use of hospital consumer assessment of healthcare services and the Press Ganey medical practice surveys in guiding surgical patient care practices.

Background Patient satisfaction questionaries have become popular in the past decade after the institution of the Patient Care and Affordable Care Act of 2010. This study evaluated whether the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Services (H-CAHPS) and Press Ganey scores improved after institutional changes to the rounding system. Methods In the summer of 2017, utilizing H-CAHPS and Press Ganey scores, we asked whether switching from mid-level rounding providers to resident physicians improved patient care. Pre- and post-intervention groups, each lasting four quarters, were divided into care provided by mid-level personnel versus residents. For these periods, H-CAHPS respondent data were compared by a Chi-squared test (P < 0.05), while Press Ganey responses were analyzed with an independent samples t-test (P < 0.05). Results Significant improvement was noted in patients answering "Definitely yes" in recommending our institution in both H-CAHPS and Press Ganey satisfaction surveys. Significant improvement regarding the speed of discharge, instructions for post-hospital care, and the overall rating of care given was observed in the Press Ganey responses alone. Conclusion Significant improvement in satisfaction was noted in the Press Ganey responses regarding the discharge process and speed of discharge. The quality of this last encounter likely contributed to+ the significant improvement observed in both the H-CAPHS and Press Ganey Scores for an overall hospital stay and the percentage of those definitely recommending our institution.
Shock-induced bubble collapse near solid materials: effect of acoustic impedance

The fluid dynamics of a bubble collapsing near an elastic or viscoelastic material is coupled with the mechanical response of the material. We apply a multiphase fluid–solid coupled computational model to simulate the collapse of an air bubble in water induced by an ultrasound shock wave, near different types of materials including metals (e.g. aluminium), polymers (e.g. polyurea), minerals (e.g. gypsum), glass and foams. We characterize the two-way fluid–material interaction by examining the fluid pressure and velocity fields, the time history of bubble shape and volume and the maximum tensile and shear stresses produced in the material. We show that the ratio of the longitudinal acoustic impedance of the material compared to that of the ambient fluid, , the effect of acoustic impedance on the bubble's collapse time and minimum volume can be captured using phenomenological models constructed based on the solution of Rayleigh–Plesset equation.
Error correction for low power sensors in asynchronous communication

Abstract We propose a forward error correction scheme for asynchronous sampling via level crossing (LC) sampling and time encoding, where the dominant errors consist of pulse deletions and insertions, and where encoding is required to take place in an instantaneous fashion. For LC sampling the presented scheme consists of a combination of an outer systematic convolutional code, an embedded inner marker code, and power-efficient frequency-shift keying modulation at the sensor node. Decoding is first obtained via a maximum a-posteriori (MAP) decoder for the inner marker code, which achieves synchronization for the insertion and deletion channel, followed by MAP decoding for the outer convolutional code. Besides investigating the rate trade-off between marker and convolutional codes, we also show that residual redundancy in the asynchronously sampled source signal can be successfully exploited in combination with redundancy only from a marker code. This provides a low complexity alternative for deletion and insertion error correction compared to using explicit redundancy. For time encoding, only the pulse timing is of relevance at the receiver, and the outer channel code is replaced by a quantizer to represent the relative position of the pulse timing. Numerical simulations show that LC sampling outperforms time encoding in the low to moderate signal-to-noise ratio regime by a large margin.
Efficient and Envy Minimal Matching

In priority-based matching problems, there is a trade-off between efficiency and reducing justified-envy. We show that finding an efficient and justified-envy minimal matching is an NP-hard problem when objects have weak priority rankings. Consequently, we focus on resolving the trade-off in a subclass of efficient mechanisms. First, we consider the class of efficient and strategyproof mechanisms and show that no group-strategyproof mechanism minimizes justified-envy in that class. Then, we restrict attention to the class of hierarchical exchanges and sequential dictatorship mechanisms, which are widely studied in the literature and applied in real-life resource allocation problems. We propose justified-envy minimal mechanisms for each of those classes.
Optimizing Bovine Abortion Diagnostics

Very few aborted bovine fetuses have distinctive pathologic changes that contribute to confirming a diagnosis, with the exception of fetuses with congenital anomalies, thus sending an intact fetus to a diagnostic laboratory for necropsy by a pathologist rarely enhances the prospects for obtaining a positive diagnosis. In fact, it is questionable whether necropsies of aborted fetuses routinely merit the time of a busy veterinary practitioner, when a technician can be trained to collect, package and ship specimens as effectively and more efficiently. In addition, owners, managers, and herdsmen can be recruited into the diagnostic team in herds with on-going abortion problems if proper training and supplies are provided. A protocol for proper specimen collection and packaging for diagnosis of bovine abortions, which can be used by veterinarians or for training technicians, will be presented.
Parapelvic cyst: A rare cause of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in a pediatric patient managed with robotic cyst decortication

Summary Introduction We report a case of a right parapelvic renal cyst causing intermittent ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). Diagnostic evaluation A 13-year-old male was referred for right flank pain. Stone protocol CT revealed renal pelvis dilation with punctate stones. Due to concern for intermittently obstructive calculi, he underwent ureteroscopy, which was unremarkable. A diuretic renogram showed symmetric uptake with partial emptying on the right with pain after diuretic administration. In office, we potentiated a Dietl's crisis with ultrasound obtained before and after fluid intake. Comparison of ultrasounds revealed a parapelvic cyst causing calyceal dilation. He was counseled for robotic cyst decortication and possible pyeloplasty. Surgical considerations A robotic cyst decortication was performed. Once decorticated, the cyst base was fulgurated and pararenal fat was interposed into the cyst base. Console time was 70 min with minimal blood loss. The patient was discharged post-operative day 1. Follow-up renal ultrasound at 4 months demonstrated resolution of hydronephrosis and parapelvic cyst. Conclusion Parapelvic renal cysts causing intermittent UPJO is a rare entity that may be missed on a diuretic renogram. Clinical suspicion and appropriate imaging with ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging are useful. Robotic cyst decortication is a technically feasible approach to treat this condition.
Entrustable professional activities framework for assessment of patient handoffs in dentistry.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to report data on the lack of a proper patient handoff system in dentistry and dental education and to present a possible solution to integrate this into curriculum using the "entrustable professional activities" (EPAs) framework. METHODS Delphi participants from seven US dental schools provided feedback on a preliminary definition of handoff, a mnemonic and an assessment rubric. 2019 American Dental Education Association Commission on Change and Innovation in Dental Education (ADEA CCI) participants further evaluated the handoff EPA using the EQual rubric for EPA quality and structure. RESULTS Delphi participants identified points of transition in dentistry, selected the D-PASS as a mnemonic, and agreed with the evaluation rubric. The ADEA CCI participants agreed the handoff EPA describes work that is essential for the profession and suitable for entrustment. CONCLUSION The D-PASS rubric is an effective way to assess patient handoffs.
The MqsR/MqsA toxin/antitoxin system protects Escherichia coli during bile acid stress.

Summary Toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems are ubiquitous within bacterial genomes, and the mechanisms of many TA systems are well characterized. As such, several roles for TA systems have been proposed, such as phage inhibition, gene regulation and persister cell formation. However, the significance of these roles is nebulous due to the subtle influence from individual TA systems. For example, a single TA system has only a minor contribution to persister cell formation. Hence, there is a lack of defining physiological roles for individual TA systems. In this study, phenotype assays were used to determine that the MqsR/MqsA type II TA system of Escherichia coli is important for cell growth and tolerance during stress from the bile salt deoxycholate. Using transcriptomics and purified MqsR, we determined that endoribonuclease toxin MqsR degrades YgiS mRNA, which encodes a periplasmic protein that promotes deoxycholate uptake and reduces tolerance to deoxycholate exposure. The importance of reducing YgiS mRNA by MqsR is evidenced by improved growth, reduced cell death and reduced membrane damage when cells without ygiS are stressed with deoxycholate. Therefore, we propose that MqsR/MqsA is physiologically important for E. coli to thrive in the gallbladder and upper intestinal tract, where high bile concentrations are prominent.
A Ramp Converter Approach to Rank Modulation

Rank modulation is a new data representation method, which can be used for flash memory devices and other types of nonvolatile memory devices. This innovative technology does not use absolute values of cell levels, but instead uses relations in a group of memory elements. However, to establish rank modulation memory as a practical memory device, efficient and reliable rank determination (read circuitry) must be designed, and the characteristics of the rank modulation memory have to be explored with extensive research and experimental tests. This brief presents a rank modulation memory device, which was fabricated in a 0.35- $\mu\mathrm{m}$ CMOS process. Rank read circuitry with the current-comparing scheme was integrated into the IC, and the rank determination ability was tested. In addition, retention tests were performed to explore how the level changes affect cell ranks in an array of memory cells.
Chromosomal analysis of Nicotiana asymmetric somatic hybrids by dot blotting and in situ hybridization.

A species-specific, dispersed repetitive DNA sequence was cloned from Nicotiana plumbaginifolia and used in dot blots and in situ hybridizations to analyze asymmetric somatic hybrids of N. tabacum(+)kanamycin-resistant N. plumbaginifolia. Dot blot hybridization data, using the cloned, species-specific repetitive DNA as a probe, showed that some of the hybrids contain only 1%–5% N. plumbaginifolia DNA, whereas others contain 15%–25%. In situ hybridization of the probe to chromosome spreads showed that the extremely asymmetric hybrids retain a single N. plumbaginifolia chromosome; the hybrids with higher dot blot values were found to have 8 to 12 N. plumbaginifolia chromosomes and chromosome fragments. In situ hybridization also revealed translocations between N. plumbaginifolia and N. tabacum chromosomes in 3 of 8 hybrids studied. RFLP analysis using a 5S gene probe showed the presence of N. plumbaginifolia-specific 5S banding patterns in most hybrids examined, including those that retain only a single N. plumbaginifolia chromosome.
Preserving text categorization through translation

We treat natural language documents as we treat strongly-typed functional programming languages by introducing semantic categories as types. We use axioms to define primitive semantic categories and inference rules to capture the meaningful relationships among the primitive semantic categories. Primitive categories are nodes of a sense type decision tree. Axioms and inference rules are used to construct compound categories, validate category hypotheses, and eliminate ambiguities. The same categorization is obtained when this approach is applied to a text in a given natural language or to its translation into another language if a one-to-one mapping can be defined between the axioms and inference rules associated to the initial language and the axioms and inference rules associated to the other language.
Evidence for an extensive hydrothermal plume in the Tonga-Fiji region of the South Pacific

[1] Several hydrographic stations in the vicinity of the Samoa Islands have 3He/4He above the regional background in the depth range of 1500–1800 m, indicating injection of mantle helium from a local hydrothermal source. The highest δ(3He) = 43.4% was detected at 1726-m depth at 15.0°S, 173.1°W in the bathymetric gap between the Samoa Islands and the northern end of the Tonga-Kermadec Arc. The δ(3He) profile at this station decreases to δ(3He) = 26% at 2500-m depth. The relatively shallow depth of the maximum hydrothermal signal suggests a source different from the conventional Pacific basin helium plume centered at 2500 m that is carried westward from the East Pacific Rise. Stations to the west of this locality show a progressive decrease in the maximum δ(3He) values in the depth range of 1480–1790 m out to 169°E. Stations east of the Tonga-Fiji region show lower 3He values (<26%) at 1700 m and the profiles are dominated by a deeper maximum at 2500 m, presumably the distal traces of hydrothermal input from East Pacific Rise. This pattern in the 3He distribution suggests that the 1700-m deep helium plume is carried in a northwesterly direction some 2000 km from its source near the northern end of the Tonga-Kermadec Arc. At this time very little is known about the source of this hydrothermal plume or the details of its areal extent. Numerous seamounts and rift zones in the region are possible hydrothermal sources for the plume. The summit crater of Vailulu'u, a young seamount at the eastern end of the Samoa chain, was recently discovered to be hydrothermally active at ∼600 m depth [Hart et al., 2000]. However this shallow hydrothermal field on Vailulu'u is an unlikely source for the deeper 1700-m signal. The most likely source would appear to be the extensional zones of the northern Lau Basin system, such as the Mangatolo Triple Junction. Just as the helium plume emanating from Lo'ihi has helped our understanding of the circulation near the Hawaiian Islands [Lupton, 1996], this helium plume in the Tonga-Fiji region has great potential for delineating circulation in this area of the south Pacific.
The quiescent chromospheres and transition regions of active dwarf stars - What are we learning from recent observations and models?

I will review the rapid progress in our understanding of active dwarf stars, which has been stimulated by recent IUE, Einstein, and ground-based observations, by asking a series of questions. The most fundamental question is the extent to which magnetic fields control nonflare phenomena in these stars. There are a number of aspects to this question: (1) What is the evidence for large scale magnetic structures similar to solar plages in these stars and how does a plage system differ from a quiescent spectrum? (2) Can the enhanced heating in these stars be explained by solar-like magnetic flux tubes? (3) What roles do systematic flows play in active dwarf atmospheres? (4) What is the relation between heating rates in different layers of these stars? (5) By what mechanisms are active dwarf chromospheres and transition regions heated? (6) What are semiempirical models telling us about active dwarf stars?
A Multithreaded Substrate and Compilation Model for the Implicity Parallel Language pH

We describe the compilation of the non-strict, implicitly parallel language pH to symmetric multiprocessors (SMPs). First, we introduce the λs calculus as a robust foundation for the semantics of pH. Next, we define a Shared-Memory Threaded (SMT) abstract machine that captures the essence of our SMP compilation target. Finally, we describe a syntax directed translation of λs to SMT instructions. The paper makes three important contributions: it is the first implementation of pH based on a direct semantics of barriers; the compilation rules generate code from λs without using intermediate dataflow graphs; and the multithreaded code emitted by the compiler uses suspensive threads.
Energy expenditure in children of lean and obese parents

We evaluated whether children of obese parents have defects in energy expenditure in a study of 73 children (5 +/- 0.9 yr of age) of lean and obese parents. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured over 14 days by use of doubly labeled water and physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) derived by subtracting resting energy expenditure (REE) under postprandial conditions. Fat and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured in children and parents with use of bioelectrical resistance. There were no significant correlations between TEE, REE, or AEE in children (after adjustment for FFM) and body fat in children or body fat in mothers or fathers. In three-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA, with FFM as a covariate), there were no significant effects of gender in children, obesity in mothers, or obesity in fathers on TEE or AEE in children. There was a significant effect of gender and a significant interaction between obesity in mothers and obesity in fathers on REE; relative to children with two nonobese or two obese parents, REE was approximately 6% lower in children when mothers only or fathers only were obese. In conclusion, our data do not support the hypothesis that children of obese parents have major defects in energy expenditure.
What evaluation criteria are right for CCBR? considering rank quality

Evaluation criteria for conversational CBR (CCBR) systems are important to guide development and tuning of new methods, and to enable practitioners to make informed decisions about which methods to use. Traditional criteria for evaluating CCBR performance by precision and efficiency provide useful information, but are limited by their focus on the single point at which a case is selected at the end of the system dialogue, and by their dependence on a model of the user's case selection criteria. This paper begins by revisiting issues in the evaluation of CCBR systems, arguing for the value of assessing the quality of the intermediate dialogue before case selection. It then proposes an evaluation approach based on rank quality to provide a fuller picture of system performance, and illustrates with an empirical study the use of rank quality to illuminate characteristics of similarity assessment strategies for partially-specified cases.
Evaluating UV/H2O2, UV/percarbonate, and UV/perborate for natural organic matter reduction from alternative water sources

Natural organic matter (NOM) continues to increase in drinking water sources due to many factors, including changes in land use and global climate. Water treatment facilities will need to evaluate the best treatment options to account for these higher NOM levels. The UV/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation process (AOP) is one treatment option that has shown success at reducing high levels of NOM. As a result, this study evaluated the UV/H₂O₂ for the reduction of NOM in a high NOM water matrix, the Florida Everglades. In addition to liquid H₂O₂, sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate were used as oxidants to evaluate their performance as alternatives to liquid H₂O₂. Results showed that all three oxidants were able to reduce aromatic carbon (UV₂₅₄) by 46-66% and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 11-19% at UV fluences of 2.6-2.7 J cm(-2) and an H₂O₂ dose of 100 mg L(-1). When the UV fluences were increased to 21.8-26.1 J cm(-2) at an H₂O₂ dose of 100 mg L(-1), UV₂₅₄ reduction increased to 79-97% and DOC to 42-82% for all three oxidants. All three oxidants performed statistically similar for UV₂₅₄ reduction. However, for DOC reduction, H₂O₂ performed statically better than both percarbonate and perborate, and perborate performed statistically better than percarbonate. While the UV/H₂O₂ AOP is effective for NOM reduction in high NOM waters, advances in electrical efficiency are needed to make it economically feasible.
Science and Common Sense: A Reply to Atran

highly inclusive folk-botanical categories. They also exhibit the traditional marked bias against evidence for the intrusion of practical inference into folk-biological thought. Such an approach therefore deemphasizes research into categories having economic importance to people, so we learn less about relationships between food production and folk-botanical thought. In any case, as an analytic category, the "life form" must be regarded with skepticism until, in a range of non-European languages, the prototypic attributes of highly inclusive botanical categories have been shown by interviewing to be exclusively perceptual.
Anteromedial approach for shoulder arthroplasty: Current indications, complications, and results

Hypothesis The anteromedial approach to the shoulder with detachment of the anterior deltoid from its clavicular and anterior acromial origins is a method of enhancing exposure for difficult shoulder arthroplasty cases. The aim of this study is to describe the current frequency of use, indications, complications, and results of this approach. Materials and methods Between 2000 and 2003, 723 consecutive shoulder arthroplasties were performed. In 110 (15%) an anteromedial approach was used. Patient data; previous surgery; indications for surgery; pain, motion, and strength before and after surgery; complications; and the need for reoperation were assessed. Results This approach was used in 9.5% of primary cases and 39% of revision cases. Seventy percent had had previous surgery. For primary arthroplasty, the most frequent diagnoses were osteoarthritis and the sequelae of fractures. In revision cases the most common diagnoses were instability and glenoid loosening. The structural indications for the anteromedial approach were severe scarring, protection of a frail deltoid, improvement in rotator cuff or glenoid exposure, protection of osteopenic bone, or enhancement of exposure in oncologic cases or resections. Ninety patients had more than 2 years of follow-up. Pain improved after primary and revision arthroplasty. Motion only improved in primary arthroplasty. There was little change in strength. No proximal deltoid detachments or other approach-related complications were identified. Conclusions The anteromedial approach is a reliable technique to improve surgical exposure in difficult shoulder arthroplasty cases. When performed adequately, it can be applied safely without anterior deltoid detachment or clinically evident major complications.
Acoustic emission for materials processing: a review

Abstract Acoustic emissions are the elastic waves emitted by sudden localized changes in stress from, for example, the formation of cracks, plasticity and phase transformations. It is beginning to be considered a potential in-process monitoring technique for quality and productivity improvement as a sensor for closed-loop feedback control systems. Applications of the technique are held back because of its complicated nature and because the signals are controlled rather subtly by microstructure. In this review we describe the theoretical framework that has begun to emerge and which now provides a physical understanding of acoustic emission. We then reconsider the results of laboratory studies and recent applications to assess, in the light of this understanding, the contribution that acoustic emission methods might make toward in-process monitoring and microstructure control during metals processing.
The Stoichiometry of Photophosphorylation

Abstract Using chloroplasts from three different plant species in the presence of four different buffer systems we found that the P 2e ratio was consistently above 1.0 if the pH was between 8.4 and 9.4. At pH 8.9 the ratio was usually above 1.25 and indeed no single determination of the ratio fell below 1.1 at this pH unless Tris-HCl was present. Even if the endogenous phosphorylation were subtracted (a procedure which is probably not valid) no single determination would yield a value of P 2e as low as 1.0. Consequently it seems very probable that the theoretical maximum efficiency of photophosphorylation is higher than has been thought.
Biased perception of overeating in bulimia nervosa and compulsive binge eaters

This study investigated the relationship between caloric intake and perceived overeating in subjects with and without a history of problematic binge eating. Eighty subjects (20 in four groups: bulimia nervosa, compulsive binge eaters, obese, and normal controls) self-monitored eating for 2 weeks. The regression slopes for self-reported overeating as a function of caloric intake were contrasted across the four groups. At higher caloric levels, bulimics and binge eaters reported overeating at a significantly higher rate compared to obese and normal control groups. These data were interpreted as a type of cognitive bias whereby subjects with a history of binge eating distorted their perception of overeating at progressively higher caloric levels. It was proposed that excessive concern about eating and dieting may cause such cognitive biases. A parallel was drawn with body image distortion, which appears to be associated with overconcem with body size and shape.
Cognitive Accessibility and Causal Attributions

Previous research has suggested that the relative accessibility of concepts in long term memory influences person perception judgments. The present study examined the effects of the accessibility of causal agents on attributions. The results indicated that causes that are more accessible in memory are given more weight in causal judgments than less accessible causes and that the impact of accessibility is moderated by the nature of the covariation information associated with an attributional problem.
The measurement of ouabain binding and some related properties of digitonin-treated (Na+, K+)-ATPase

Abstract 1. 1. Digitonin-treated membrane preparations purified from dog kidney lose their (Na+, K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, but the K+-phosphatase and Na+-dependent ADP-ATP exchange activities survive and remain ouabain-sensitive. Because the enzyme preparations consist largely of pure (Na+, K+)-ATPase, these effects of digitonin must be intrinsic to the Na+ pump. 2. 2. Concomitant with these enzymatic changes, digitonin treatment alters the sensitivity of the phosphatase and exchange activities to ouabain. 3. 3. Attempts to measure ouabain binding by the usual centrifugation or filtration methods proved unsuccessful. A filtration method involving a double 0.01 μm filter and omitting water washes is necessary to demonstrate ouabain binding. Under these conditions, ouabain binding capacity appears to be unchanged in the presence of digitonin, but the apparent dissociation constant is doubled. 4. 4. Ouabain binding is rendered more reversible by digitonin treatment, since washing filters with water removes a large fraction of bound ouabain without affecting the retention of exchange activity. 5. 5. The double filter method traps essentially all of the ADP-ATP exchange activity on the filter. However, a large and somewhat variable proportion of the K+-phosphatase activity passes through the filter. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis of the filtrate shows that a small amount of filtrable protein catalyzes this phosphatase activity at greatly increased turnover rates. Both subunits of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase are present in this latter protein fraction.
BUBBLE COMPUTATION, GRANULAR TEMPERATURES, AND REYNOLDS STRESSES

Bubbles were simulated in a two-dimensional fluidized bed with a constant inlet velocity using two computer codes, the IIT code and the MFIX code. The computational results were compared to the Jung et al. (2005) experiments in a thin bubbling bed of 530 μm glass beads. The use of higher order numerics produces better bubble resolution due to smaller numerical diffusion. The computed bubble sizes and their distributions agreed with the experiments. The simulations show that there is no bubble formation for sufficiently elastic particles. CFD computations and previous experiments show that in the bubbling fluidized beds there exist two random oscillations. The first kind is due to random oscillations of particles and is measured by the conventional granular temperature. The second one is due to motion of bubbles and gives rise to Reynolds type stresses. It is shown that the particle granular temperature is much smaller than the bubble-like granular temperature computed from the average of the normal Reynol...
Multiple modalities in collaborative turn sequences

The article investigates resources used by parties in interaction to successfully complete each others’ utterances. Among the different ways in which recipients can demonstrate their understanding, collaborative completions are the most convincing since they display not only recipients’ understanding of the stance or the import of a turn-in-progress, but the minute analysis of the action itself. The article starts with a discussion of syntactic and action-sequential features of talk that can account for collaborative turn sequences and then focuses on other, non-verbal resources that may be made relevant at particular interactional junctures. An analysis of the several instances of collaborative completions illustrates the use of visually accessible features of the surround, gestural and postural conduct, and gaze direction in collaborative turn sequences. It is suggested that an interplay of these multiple modalities enables the participants to collaborate in co-constructing single syntactic units of talk. The electronic edition of this article includes audio-visual data.
Operational Constraints on the Utility of Virtual Audio Cueing

Abstract : The potential of virtual audio display technology to provide operators with veridical spatial cues may be substantially constrained by factors that are common in many operational settings - i.e., high noise level, limitations in the bandwidth of the audio source and/or display. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of varying the bandwidth of a viral sound source in the presence of broadband noise in a reverberant environment. Specifically, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was varied from +50 dB to -10 dB, and the signal was low-pass filtered at 1.6 kHz, 4 kHz, 8 kHz, and 15 kHz. Correlational analyses comparing actual and perceived sound source location revealed that both signal bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio influenced auditory localization acuity, and that even under optimal bandwidth and noise conditions (15 kHz and +50dB) localization in elevation was extremely poor. These findings have numerous implications for the design of spatial audio displays, especially those meant to be used in noisy environments.
Does nadolol improve the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation in the treatment of variceal bleeding

Does nadolol improve the efficacy of endoscopic variceal ligation in the treatment of variceal bleeding?
The utility of human challenge studies in vaccine development: lessons learned from cholera

Experiments in which virulent infectious organisms are administered to healthy adult volunteers with the intent to deliberately induce infection have been practiced for centuries. Many useful applications have developed from these experiments such as the provision of evidence of microbial pathogenicity and the identification of key virulence factors. Challenge studies have also played an important role in the evaluation of preliminary efficacy of potential vaccine candidates. Over the past 40 years, these experimental human challenge studies have found particular utility with regards to the development of both living and nonliving attenuated cholera vaccines. This review highlights some of the important contributions made by these challenge studies to cholera vaccine research.
On hyperfine modulation models for spin-latice relaxation in the benzene anion radical

Abstract A procedure for the simulation of ESR spectral line shapes under alternating linewidth conditions has been developed. This procedure was used to calculate the secular contributions to the various hypefine components of the benzene anion radical for the hyperfine modulation model proposed by McConnell and McLachlan as a function of modulation frequency. The conclusion is reached that this model cannot explain the large linewidths but that it may explain the enhanced spin-lattice relaxation observed in the benzene anion radical.
Ion Implantation Standards as a Spark Source Mass Spectrometric Surface Analysis Calibration Technique: The Analysis of B in Irradiated Zircaloy-2

Abstract Ion implantation standards were used to calibrate a spark source mass spectrometer (SSMS) near surface region analytical method. Standards were prepared by ion implanting 11B+ at 100 keV into Zircaloy-2 at doses in the 3 × 1015 to 3 × 1016 11B atoms/cm2 range. The analytical method was predicated on the idea that both standards and samples could be sparked in a SSMS under essentially identical and reproducible conditions. Calibration plots gave linear log-log results for plots of 11B+/122Sn+ versus B concentration in the standards. Calibration plots were determined on the basis of 5 to 6 replicate determinations for 3 different implant standard concentration levels. A series of irradiated Zircaloy-2 cladding samples were analyzed and shown to contain not more than 0.06 μg/cm2 total B in the near surface region.
Color Conscious, Cultural Blindness: Suburban School Districts and Demographic Change

Suburban school districts have undergone significant demographic shifts over the past several decades. However, limited research exists that explores how suburban district leaders are responding to such changes, and what factors may shape their responses. To better understand how districts within these communities are responding to suburban diversification, we conducted a qualitative case study of a large and rapidly changing suburban district. We interviewed top-level district administrators, principals, and teachers at three case study schools that were undergoing particularly rapid demographic shifts. We found that instead of directly addressing issues of race in the district, the district’s response was colorblind in design: It was racially conscious of changes in student demographics, but its practices to address these changes were race-neutral. Findings suggest that districts must assert a framework for responding to issues of race in the face of demographic change.
Segmentation in Cinema Perception

Viewers perceptually segment moving picture sequences into their cinematically defined units: excerpts that follow short film sequences are recognized faster when the excerpt originally came after a structural cinematic break (a cut or change in the action) than when it originally came before the break.
Calmodulin binds to caldesmon in an antiparallel manner.

Two of the five tryptophan residues (W659 and W692) in chicken gizzard smooth muscle caldesmon (CaD) are located within the calmodulin (CaM) binding sites in the C-terminal region of the molecule. When these Trp residues are replaced with Gly in either recombinant fragments or synthetic peptides of CaD, the affinity for CaM is decreased by at least 10-fold, suggesting that both of these residues are important for the interaction of CaD with CaM. To gain information about the topography of the CaM−CaD complex, we have carried out fluorescence titrations of CaM with Tb3+ as a substitute for Ca2+ in the presence of wild-type or mutated CaD variants. By exciting Trp residues of CaD fragments or peptides while monitoring the enhanced luminescence of CaM-bound Tb3+ ions via resonance energy transfer, we were able to estimate the relative proximity between the bound metal ions in the two domains of CaM and the Trp residues of CaD. Our results suggest that in the CaM−CaD complex the metal-binding sites III and IV...
Studies on Antifungal Agents. Part 25. 1‐[(3,5‐Bisaryl‐2‐methylisoxazolidin‐3‐yl)methyl]‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazoles

The synthesis and antifungal activity of a novel series of 1-[(3,5-bisaryl-2-methylisoxazolidin-3-yl)methyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazoles 6 and 7 (i.e.8–19) are discussed. The preparation of 8–19 was straightforward and highlighted by a regiospecific 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of α-substituted (E)-ketonitrones 4 with appropriate atyrene derivatives 5 that led to a cis/trans-diastereoisomeric mixture of the corresponding triazoles (Scheme). The title compounds were evaluated for in vitro antifungal activity in solid agar cultures against a broad array of yeast and systemic mycoses and dermatophytes. The in vivo activity was determined in an immune-compromised mouse model of systemic candidiasis. While the in vitro activity was evident throughout the series, it was moderate in potency. However, some of the triazole derivatives demonstrated a potent in vivo activity comparable to that of the standard drug ketoconazole. Analogue 12 (PR 988-399) emerged as the best overall compound demonstrating potent antifungal activity in both in vitro and in vivo assays.
Pharmacotherapy in the developmental disabilites: New developments

In this paper, we identify and evaluate emerging developments in the pharmacotherapy of people with developmental disabilities. The opiate antagonists, naloxone and naltrexone, have received considerable attention because of their putative role in managing self injury and, less so, for their possible effects on autistic symptoms. Fenfluramine has been extensively studied in children with autism but results are variable, and efficacy appears to be confined to certain target symptoms. Studies in nonautistic subjects having mental retardation are encouraging although limited in number. Reports suggest that the beta adrenergic blockers (e.g., propranolol) may be useful for reducing aggression and self injury, but existing studies are generally poorly controlled. Buspirone, a new anxiolytic which appears to have few effects on cognitive functioning, has been assessed with encouraging results, but controlled studies are still nonexistant. New developments with antipsychotic drugs suggest some important avenues ...
Mass spectra of organometallic compounds—VIII. Some transition metal organometallic halide derivatives†

The positive ion mass spectra of the transition metal organometallic halide derivatives C5H5M(CO)3Cl(M Mo or W), C7H7W(CO)2I, C3H5Fe(CO)3I, [C3H5PdCl]2, and [C5H5Mo(NO)I2]2 have been investigated. Further examples of the elimination of CO and C2H2 fragments were noted. In addition the following effects of particular interest were observed: (i) Evidence in the mass spectra of the chlorides for reactions with adventitious iodine and even bromine present in the mass spectrometer; (ii) Evidence for conversion of the compounds C5H5Mo(CO)3X to the new halides [C5H5Mo(CO)X]2 upon pyrolysis; (iii) Evidence for facile losses of the π-allyl group, the iodine atom, and methyl iodide in the mass spectrum of the π-allyl derivative C3H5Fe(CO)3I; (iv) Evidence for loss of iodine upon introducing [C5H5Mo(NO)I2]2 into the mass spectrometer to give ions derived from [C5H5Mo(NO)I]2.
Development and plasticity of the cerebral cortex: from molecules to maps.

The role played by environmental influences in the development of the nervous system has been subject to intense study for the last three decades. Many laboratories are currently engaged in characterizing the exact contributions of activity-dependent or -independent processes to the development of the mammalian neocortex. Here we introduce a special issue devoted to the topic and briefly review recent progress in this exciting field. At the systems level, many investigators are now distinguishing between an "establishment" phase of cortical connections, where activity-dependent and independent mechanisms could operate, and a later "maintenance" phase, which appears to be controlled by neuronal activity. A particularly interesting recent example of the role of top-down vs. bottom-up influences in the development of cortical connections is the emergence of orientation selectivity in visual cortex: we propose a synthetic view highlighting the role of the thalamo-cortical reciprocal projection in this process. Finally, at the cellular level, NMDA receptors, neurotrophins and many other molecules contribute to activity-dependent rearrangement of cortical connections during appropriate critical periods of development.
Wolman receives 2000 Robert E. Horton Medal

M. Gordon Wolman was awarded the Robert E. Horton Medal at the AGU Spring Meeting Honors Ceremony, which was held on June 2, 2000, in Washington, D.C. The medal recognizes outstanding contributions to the geophysical aspects of hydrology.
Placental expression of angiogenic factors in Trisomy 13.

Objective Increased levels of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1) in Trisomy 13 pregnancies are thought to be mediated by the placenta. This study aimed to compare sFlt-1 expression in Trisomy 13 (n = 7) placentas with that in control placentas (Trisomy 21, n=11, and euploid, n=6). Study Design This was a retrospective case-control study analyzing paraffin-embedded placental blocks that were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and antibodies to sFlt-1. Their staining intensity was compared using a semiquantitative technique. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcox rank sum test were used for statistical analysis. Results The median staining was significantly higher in Trisomy 13 compared with control specimens ( P = .008) (for Trisomy 13 vs Trisomy 21, P = .003, and Trisomy 13 vs euploid, P = .004). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that Trisomy 13 placentas express more sFlt-1 than control placentas. These results strengthen the hypothesis that the increased incidence of preeclampsia in Trisomy 13 pregnancies is secondary to placental up-regulation of sFlt-1.
Convergent duality for the traveling salesman problem

A constructive method is presented for optimizing exactly the Traveling Salesman Problem as a sequence of shortest route problems. The method combines group-theoretic and Lagrangean relaxation constructions.
Comment on "Long-lived Drosophila with overexpressed dFOXO in adult fat body"

Aging can be retarded when insulin-like signals are reduced in a limited set of tissues in several animal models ([ 1 ][1]). Current research aims to determine which tissues are necessary and sufficient for mediating effects on life span ([ 2 ][2]–[ 4 ][3]). Giannakou et al . ([ 5 ][4]) assert