cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Charge delocalization upon chloride ion binding in ClC chloride ion channels/transporters

Abstract Density functional theory calculations were carried out employing a set of truncated model systems for the EcClC Cl − transport protein and mutants. Geometry optimizations implied a possible additional binding site near the residue R147. Analysis based on the Lowdin and Natural charge models showed that significant (about 30%) charges on the bound Cl − ions were smeared out among the solvation shells and the gating residue E148, whose delocalized pi bonds provide good accommodations for the transferred charges. The extensive anion-pi charge transfer along the Cl − translocation path might help to smooth/level the energy profiles for Cl − transport.
Research Methods in School Counseling: A Summary for the Practitioner

This article summarizes, for the practitioner, the key “take home” points of the 10 articles included in this special issue on school counseling research. Professional school counselors must be astute consumers of research in order to sift through the professional research literature for the practical interventions that will lead to showing they make a difference in students' lives. In addition to understanding relevant research, school counselors are increasingly being asked to provide accountability data that document their impact on student behavioral and academic performance. The information included in these articles is very timely and provides a rich resource for school counselors. The summaries hopefully will motivate the reader to explore the full articles for the rest of the story.
ON EXCHANGE THEORY, ANDROCENTRISM AND SEX STEREOTYPY '

Summary.-Wood's article (1995) was evaluated for its comments on exchange theory and male-female ddferences in relationships. The author, in disagreement with Wood, believes that despite its androcentric origins, exchange theory, of itself, is nor androcentric. Moreover, it is neither necessarily oriented toward personal gain nor lacking in process, as Wood claims. Last, the research literature does not warrant tallung about men and women as having basically Merent ways of relaring. A review of works by others and the author is marshalled in support of the author's claims. There is little doubt that the wrltmgs of feminist authors have done much to raise the consciousness of many readers to the androcentric bias that has permeated our culture throughout recorded history. Unfortunately, androcentric excess may now be giving blrth to excess of sex stereotypy as it is applied to exchange theory. My focus is on a recent, sometimes enlightening article by Wood (1995), which, however, substitutes sex stereotypy for androcentricism. I believe that such stereotypy is not necessary to a feminist position, and, in fact, is more inimical to feminism than might be apparent at first glance. Ln the interests of space I wiU hit my comments to an area she touches on which is most fdar to me-exchange theory-and attempt to indicate how it has been too narrowly interpreted by Wood. I shall start with her description of exchange theory and its failings. Wood's Depiction of Exchange Theory
Entamoeba histolytica: genetic control of susceptibility in chicken eggs.

Abstract Five strains of axenized Entamoeba histolytica were established in eggs from chickens of different genetic backgrounds. The eggs of outbred and inbred chickens varied in the proportion of embryos from which the strains of E. histolytica were recovered and there were variations in the numbers of trophozoites recovered from individual positive eggs. It was possible, however, to find individual, single-mated hens which laid only uniformly susceptible or resistant eggs. Susceptibility and resistance to E. histolytica could be demonstrated in embryonated eggs derived both from outbred heterogenous and in highly inbred chickens but eggs from a genetically stable source were relatively constant in the distribution of susceptible and resistant embryos. Except for gross hydrocephalus, tissue reactions were not observed in the chick embryos or in the chorioallantoic, amniotic, or yolk sac membranes. The yolk sac inoculation route and 37 C incubation temperature provided the optimal survival conditions for the amoebae. Infection with avian leukosis virus and interferon production did not seem to play a role in susceptibility and resistance. Neither the presence of E. histolytica cross-reacting, maternal antibody from the hen transmitted transovarially via the yolk sac, or other antiamoebic substances appeared to play a role in the resistance observed in nonsusceptible eggs. Multiple alternating passages of trophozoites in hen's eggs/TPS-1 broth led to an increase in the number of positive embryos and a decrease in embryo deaths.
Mutation of the proto‐oncogene c‐kit blocks development of interstitial cells and electrical rhythmicity in murine intestine.

1. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICs) have been proposed as pacemakers in the gastrointestinal tract. We studied the characteristics and distribution of ICs and electrical activity of small intestinal muscles from mice with mutations at the dominant-white spotting/c-kit (W) locus because the tyrosine kinase function of c-kit may be important in the development of the IC network. 2. W/WV mutants (days 3-30 postpartum) had few ICs in the myenteric plexus region compared with wild type (+/+) siblings. The few ICs present were associated with neural elements and lay between myenteric ganglia and the longitudinal muscle layer. 3. Electrical recordings from intestinal muscle strips showed that electrical slow waves were always present in muscles of +/+ siblings, but were absent in W/WV mice. 4. Muscles from W/WV mice responded to stimulation of intrinsic nerves. Neural responses, attributed to the release of acetylcholine, nitric oxide and other unidentified transmitters, were recorded. 5. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ICs are a critical element in the generation of electrical rhythmicity in intestinal muscles. The data also show that neural regulation of gastrointestinal muscles can develop independently of the IC network. 6. W locus mutants provide a powerful new model for studies of the physiological role of ICs and the significance of electrical rhythmicity to normal gastrointestinal motility.
The internal medicine subinternship: a curriculum needs assessment.

Despite broad acceptance of the internal medicine subinternship rotation by the undergraduate medical education community, only a small fraction of programs provide students with explicit learning objectives. To design a curriculum for the medical subinternship, we surveyed 3 different groups of educational stakeholders—subinternship directors, residency program directors, and housestaff—in order to identify and prioritize the competencies that should be learned during this rotation. This study provides a starting point for the development of a structured curriculum for the fourth-year subinternship rotation.
The Effect of the Charge-Separating Interface on Exciton Dynamics in Photocatalytic Colloidal Heteronanocrystals

Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the nature of photoinduced charge transfer processes taking place in ZnSe/CdS/Pt colloidal heteronanocrystals. These nanoparticles consist of a dot-in-a-rod semiconductor domain (ZnSe/CdS) coupled to a Pt tip. Together the three components are designed to dissociate an electron–hole pair by pinning the hole in the ZnSe domain while allowing the electron to transfer into the Pt tip. Separated charges can then induce a catalytic reaction, such as the light-driven hydrogen production. Present measurements demonstrate that the internal electron–hole separation is fast and results in the localization of both charges in nonadjacent parts of the nanoparticle. In particular, we show that photoinduced holes become confined within the ZnSe domain in less than 2 ps, while electrons take approximately 15 ps to transition into a Pt tip. More importantly, we demonstrate that the presence of the ZnSe dot within the CdS nanorods plays a key role both in ...
Visual membranes: specificity of fatty acid precursors for the electrical response to illumination

Rat electroretinograms were measured as a function of dietary supplements of purified ethyl esters of linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid. Polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from precursors of linolenic and linoleic acids appear to be important functional components of photoreceptor cell membranes, although in equal dietary concentrations, linolenic acid precursors affect electroretinogram amplitudes to a greater extent than linoleic acid precursors. The electrical response of photoreceptor cell membranes appears to be a function of the position of the double bonds as well as a function of the total number of double bonds in fatty acid supplements.
Environmental Gerontology: What Now?

During the past two decades, environmental gerontology has not flourished as scholars in the field once anticipated. This article considers reasons for this claim, focusing specifically on the place of theory and, more broadly, on the undergirding functions of paradigms for the field. It is argued that progress in this diverse field has slowed in recent years due the decline of useful theoretical research on practice, the limited applicability of current research in the field, and a positivist approach that focuses on predictive, context-independent processes while ignoring the physical environment is an essential contextual element in the aging process. Moreover, it is argued that claims that adoption of a natural or “hard” science paradigm will reinvigorate research in environmental gerontology are misguided. Rather, the case is made that environmental gerontology is not a “normal” science (judged against Kuhnian criteria) but appears currently to be in a pre-paradigmatic stage. Debates within the socia...
An investigation of the mechanics of rock joints—Part II. Analytical investigation

Abstract In this paper, which is the second of a two-part series, an analytical investigation of the mechanical behavior of initially closely mated joints in rock undergoing small sliding displacements is undertaken. Guided by the experimental observations reported in Part I, the goal is to develop a quantitative theory for joint behavior including phenomena such as dilatancy, damage of surface roughness, and cyclic sliding behavior. The approach is by microstructural modeling in which a reasonable surface idealization is employed along with physically acceptable models for various aspects of joint behavior such as elastic joint deformability, sliding criteria and damage evolution. The result is a macroscopic constitutive law for joint behavior which is essentially nonempirical, is easy to evaluate, valid for general small displacement sliding histories, and is easy to implement in analysis software.
Synthesis of Al-rich ZSM-12 using TEAOH as template

Abstract Hydrothermal synthesis of ZSM-12 (MTW) with tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) as template was systematically studied with the objective of obtaining an aluminum rich zeolite. In contrast to other zeolites, published information on the synthesis of ZSM-12, especially aluminum rich samples, is limited since its preparation is a difficult task due to its inherent high silica character. The effect of aluminum content of the gel, the OH − /SiO 2 ratio and the TEA/SiO 2 ratio were examined and the crystallization domain of pure ZSM-12 phase was identified as a function of these parameters. TEA/SiO 2 and OH − /SiO 2 ratios much lower than what is typically used in zeolite synthesis were found to be favorable for crystallization of ZSM-12, especially at Si/Al ratios ranging from 30 to 50. In this study, we were able to successfully synthesize ZSM-12 with Si/Al ratio of 31. This was achieved from gels having TEA/SiO 2 ratios of 0.125 as well as 0.16 and OH − /SiO 2 ratio of 0.07. The products obtained were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET and TGA. The results clearly showed that pure ZSM-12 with high crystallinity was obtained in all the batches. The amount of organic retained in the zeolites after synthesis was constant but the state of TEA was very different depending on the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite.
The impact of resistance training on balance and functional ability of a patient with multiple system atrophy.

Purpose This case study documents the impact of a resistance-training program on a female patient with Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). Case description A 68-year-old female with a 2-year history of MSA was referred to physical therapy with a history of falls, increasing loss of balance and rapidly progressing lower body Parkinson's like dysfunction. Examination included range of motion, muscle strength, motor control, ambulation with and without assistive device, and determination of postural hypotension. Functional Reach (FR), Timed Up and Go (TUG), timed single limb stance (SLS), and the Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) assessed safety, balance, and fall risk. Hypokinesia and festinating gait were observed during ambulation. Transfers sit to stand were functional, but with compromised safety. Impairments of muscle performance were found at ankle, knee, and hip. The patient wanted to be able to live at home to care for herself and disabled spouse. Low to moderate intensity, lower extremity resistance training was added (twice weekly) to an existing program of balance and flexibility exercises. Outcomes Clinically meaningful gains were achieved in all functional measures, and the patient performed SLS for 10 seconds when previously unable. More importantly, she achieved her goal of remaining at home with her spouse. Discussion The addition of resistance training to an existing program of balance and flexibility exercises did not cause any adverse effects and appears to have led to improvements in balance and functional ability.
ELECTROPHORETIC CONFIRMATION OF INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION IN AESCULUS (HIPPOCASTANACEAE) AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A BROAD HYBRID ZONE.

Within a broad (>200 km wide) hybrid zone involving three parapatric species of Aesculus, we observed coincident clines in allele frequency for 6 of 14 electrophoretic loci. The cooccurrence of alleles characteristic of A. pavia, A. sylvatica, and A. flava was used to estimate genetic admixtures in 48 populations involving various hybrids between these taxa in the southeastern United States. High levels of allelic polymorphism (up to 40% greater than the parental taxa) were observed in hybrid populations and also in some populations bordering the hybrid zone. A detailed analysis of a portion of the hybrid zone involving A. pavia and A. sylvatica revealed a highly asymmetrical pattern of gene flow, predominantly from Coastal Plain populations of A. pavia into Piedmont populations of A. sylvatica. Computer simulations were used to generate expected genotypic arrays for parental, F1 ; and backcross individuals, which were compared with natural populations using a character index scoring system. In these comparisons, hybrid individuals could be distinguished from either parent, but F1 and backcross progeny could not be distinguished from each other. Most hybrid populations were found to include hybrids and one of the parental taxa, but never both parents. Three populations appeared to be predominantly hybrids with no identifiable parental individuals. Hybrids occurred commonly at least 150 km beyond the range of A. pavia, but usually not more than 25 km beyond the range of A. sylvatica. Introgression, suggested by genetically hybrid individuals and significant gene admixtures of two or more species in populations lacking morphological evidence of hybridization, may extend the hybrid zone further in both directions. The absence of one or both parental species from hybrid populations implies a selective disadvantage to parentals in the hybrid zone and/or that hybridization has occurred through long-distance gene flow via pollen, primarily from A. pavia into A. sylvatica. Long-distance pollen movement in plants may generate hybrid zones of qualitatively different structure than those observed in animals, where gene flow involves dispersal of individuals.
Hydraulic concentration of magnetic fields in the solar photosphere. I. Turbulent pumping

Observations suggest that most of the magnetic flux through the solar photosphere is concentrated in vertical filaments in the supergranule boundaries. Each filament appears to contain about 3 times 10 to the 18-th power maxwells, in the form of a field of 500 gauss or more, over a diameter of 700 km or less. The magnetic energy density in the filaments is 100 times the observed kinetic energy density of the observed supergranule motions, but comparable to the kinetic energy density of the granules. Force-free field configurations cannot duplicate the observational numbers, nor can such cooling effects as are believed responsible for the intense fields in sunspot umbrae. We point out a simple hydraulic mechanism (turbulent pumping) that appears to account for the observed concentration of fields.
Status of the Substrate Binding Sites of Ribulose Bisphosphate Carboxylase as Determined with 2-C-Carboxyarabinitol 1,5-Bisphosphate

The properties of the tight and specific binding of 2-C-carboxy-d-arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate (CABP), which occurs only to reaction sites of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) that are activated by CO2 and Mg2+, were studied. With fully active purified spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Rubisco the rate of tight binding of [14C]CABP fit a multiple exponential rate equation with half of the sites binding with a rate constant of 40 per minute and the second half of the sites binding at 3.2 per minute. This suggests that after CABP binds to one site of a dimer of Rubisco large subunits, binding to the second site is considerably slower, indicating negative cooperativity as previously reported (S Johal, BE Partridge, R Chollet [1985] J Biol Chem 260: 9894-9904). The rate of CABP binding to partially activated Rubisco was complete within 2 to 5 minutes, with slower binding to inactive sites as they formed the carbamate and bound Mg2+. Addition of [14C]CABP and EDTA stopped binding of Mg2+ and allowed tight binding of the radiolabel only to sites which were CO2/Mg2+-activated at that moment. This approach estimated the amount of CO2/Mg2+-activated sites in the presence of inactive sites and carbamylated sites lacking Mg2+. The rate of CO2 fixation was proportional to the CO2/Mg2+-activated sites. During light-dependent CO2 fixation with isolated spinach chloroplasts, the amount of carbamylation was proportional to Rubisco activity either initially upon lysis of the plastids or following total activation with Mg2+ and CO2. Lysis of chloroplasts in media with [14C]CABP plus EDTA estimated those carbamylated sites having Mg2+. The loss of Rubisco activation during illumination was partially due to the lack of Mg2+ to stabilize the carbamylated sites.
Implications of probability analysis on the strategy used for noninvasive detection of coronary artery disease. Role of single or combined use of exercise electrocardiographic testing, radionuclide cineangiography and myocardial perfusion imaging.

Abstract The accuracy of any less than perfect noninvasive test in detecting coronary artery disease is critically dependent not only oh its sensitivity and specificity, but also on the prevalence or pretest likelihood of disease in the population under study. Thus, an abnormal test result in a patient with a low pretest probability of disease (for example, an asymptomatic subject) is considerably more likely to be falsely indicative of disease than an identical result in a patient with a high pretest probability (for example, a patient with angina). On the basis of both theoretical considerations and clinical studies, it is now clear that diagnostic information derived from electrocardiographic exercise testing, radionuclide cineangiography or thalium perfusion imaging of persons with a low pretest probability of the disease is limited. However, by applying easily obtained clinical information, one can change estimates of the pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease and thereby greatly improve diagnostic information derived from a normal or an abnormal test result. Thus, the probability of coronary artery disease in a middle-aged man with hypertension and hypercho-lesterolemia who has an abnormal noninvasive test result is much greater than the probability of disease when the same abnormal result occurs in a younger man without such risk factors. Probability analysis can further enhance diagnostic accuracy if one applies the principle that when the results of two test procedures are independent of one another, the post-test likelihood of disease derived from the first test can be used as the pretest likelihood of disease for the second. Thus, if an electrocardiographic exercise test result is abnormal and the resulting probability of coronary artery disease is estimated at 70 percent, the diagnosis is still uncertain. However, the postelectrocardiographic test probability of 70 percent can be used as the pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease for radionuclide testing. If the radionuclide study result is abnormal, the probability of disease increases to nearly 100 percent. Thus, (1) nonin-vasive testing procedures yield probability estimates of disease, rather than simple “yes or no” diagnostic statements; (2) a working knowledge of probability analysis will make it easier for the physician to decide which patients might benefit from noninvasive diagnostic studies and whether more than one test should be employed; (3) this approach can provide reliable estimates of the probability that coronary artery disease is present or absent in an individual patient.
Oxide formation and passivation for micro- and nano-electronic devices

Abstract A low-temperature remote plasma-assisted oxidation process for interface formation and passivation has been extended from Si and SiC to GaN. The process, which can be applied to nano-scale structures including quantum dots and wires, provides excellent control of ultra-thin interfacial layers which passivate the GaN substrate, preventing a parasitic or subcutaneous oxidation of the substrate during plasma deposition of SiO2. The remote plasma processing for GaN–SiO2 heterostructures includes: (i) an in situ nitrogen plasma surface clean; (ii) a remote plasma-assisted oxidation for formation of an interfacial GaOx (x=1.5) transition region between the GaN and deposited dielectric; and (iii) a remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of an SiO2 dielectric.
Some effects of specular and diffuse reflection on infrared photoacoustic spectra

Abstract Infrared photothermal deflection spectra were recorded of single crystals and powders of calcite and (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , SiC powders, of a 58% Ni-on-kieselguhr catalyst, and of oxidized carbon. The photothermal effect was diminished in regions of strong reflection and absorption so that distortions appeared in absorption bands. Specular reflection thus can effect photothermal or photoacoustic spectra and the distortions cannot be corrected unless all optical parameters of the materials are known. Similarly, diffuse reflection enhances the photothermal effect. Thus, the widely-held generality that the photoacoustic spectroscopy of solids is unaffected by reflection is not correct.
Science education goals: Views from scientists and teachers

To provide direction toward improving science education, many groups generate science goals for elementary students. Science experts who have little experience in the elementary school environment may create these goals. This study was conducted using a survey instrument to determine the perceptions of teachers and scientists concerning the importance of the goals for elementary school science. Results indicate that teachers perceived the goals developed by the National Science Teachers Association as more important than scientists did.
Can labeled single-use devices be reused? An old question in the new era.

REPROCESSING and reuse of medical single-use devices (SUDs) such as catheters and guide wires are gaining popularity as a result of the escalating cost of health care. A recent survey revealed that approximately 20%–30% of hospitals in the United States reprocess SUDs (1). The figures are likely underestimated because hospitals tend not to report their use of reprocessed SUDs. According to the United States General Accounting Office, substantial cost savings can be achieved by reprocessing SUDs because the cost of in-house reprocessing can be less than 10% of the cost of a new device and the cost of third-party reprocessing is approximately 50% of the cost of a new device (1). The legitimate questions here are: 1. Is it safe and economically sound to use reprocessed SUDs? 2. Are reprocessed SUDs as good as the original devices in terms of chemical and physical characteristics? 3. How should reprocessing be regulated to ensure public health? The answers to these questions depend on to whom they are addressed. Most of the opposition against reprocessing of SUDs comes from the original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), whereas the medical community is generally supportive of reprocessing (2). Commentary in the English literature on this subject is relatively sparse. Despite extensive debate in cardiologic publications, there is little pertinent information in interventional journals. Therefore, we are providing our colleagues with insight into the historic and current status of the reprocessing and reuse of SUDs. This commentary is not intended to represent our endorsement or opposition to the practice of reprocessing SUDs.
Synthesis and glycosylation of fibronectin in hepatocytes from vitamin A-deficient rats.

Recent work from our laboratory (Kim and Wolf, J Biol Chem 262: 365–371, 1987) has shown increased uptake of labeled amino acids into fibronectin (FN), increased net synthesis of FN and increased levels of FN-mRNA in primary cultures of hepatocytes from vitamin A-deficient rats compared to controls. We now find, surprisingly, decreased uptake of labeled sugars into the oligosaccharide chains of FN from vitamin A-deficient hepatocytes. This decrease could be reversed by added retinoic acid at physiological concentration. At the same time, FN from deficient hepatocytes (−A.FN) was more susceptible to proteolytic degradation. Decreased uptake of the core sugar mannose into −A.FN was similar to that of glucosamine, yet the percent of label in sialic acid was the same as in +A.FN, suggesting a smaller number of oligosaccharide chains per molecule of −A.FN. Upon enzymatic removal of oligosaccharide and labeling with sodium borotritide, it was found that both −A.FN and +A.FN had biantennary oligosaccharide structures. Selective enzymatic removal of sialic acid showed that +A.FN had both sialic acids in an α2→3 linkage, whereas −A.FN apparently had one α2→3 and one α2→6-linked sialic acid. The borotritide experiments allowed us to calculate that +A.FN appeared to have 5 oligosaccharide chains per FN monomer, whereas the −A. FN showed only 4 chains. These results would account for the decreased glycosylation and increased susceptibility to proteolysis of the −A. FN. We conclude that vitamin A controls both the rate of synthesis of the polypeptide chain of FN via its mRNA, as well as the rate of its glycosylation.
Bootable Utility for Balanced Benchmarking and Archiving

We present a user-friendly method for generating comparable high-precision benchmark information. By conducting computational performance benchmarks in a standardized bootable environment built on the 2.6.21 Linux kernel, we are able to reduce imprecision associated with context switching: such as that required for the maintenance of daemon processes on a user's machine. By conducting tests multiple times per benchmark run, we are able to reduce the impact of single imprecise results, and provide statistics on the error of the scoring during a benchmark run. Finally, by uploading the benchmark results accompanied by a user name, a database of highly comparable scores can be generated, providing a resource for competitive benchmarking and processor performance reference.
Fractional extraction of the lanthanides as their di-alkyl orthophosphates

Abstract The extraction of lanthanides(III) and yttrium(III) into a solution of di(2-ethyl hexyl) orthophosphoric acid (symbolized as HDEHP) in a carrier solvent from aqueous mineral acid phases has been investigated as a function of HDEHP concentration in the organic phase, mineral acid concentration in the aqueous phase, and Z, using the radioactive-tracer technique and employing americium as a normalizing element. The distribution ratio, K, defined for a given radioactive nuclide as its concentration in the organic phase divided by its concentration in the aqueous phase, has been found to have a direct third-power dependency upon the HDEHP concentration in the organic phase and an inverse third-power dependency upon the mineral acid concentration in the aqueous phase. In experiments involving gross concentrations of extracting cation, it has been shown that none of the anion associated with this cation in the initial aqueous phase reports in the equilibrated organic phase. On the basis of these data, the extracting species has been formulated as M(DEHP)3, possibly with solvate water. Operationally, HDEHP may be considered as the high-acid analogue of thenoyl trifluoroacetone (symbolized as HTTA); and analogously the M(DEHP)3 is tentatively considered to be a chelate complex. A plot of log K vs. Z is well represented by a straight line of positive slope corresponding to an average value of r, defined as the ratio of KZ + 1 to KZ, of 2·5. This average r of 2·5, to be compared with the value of 1·63 as the ratio of molar aqueous solubilities of the dimethyl phosphates of adjacent lanthanides as reported by Marsh , is sufficiently large to make fractionation of lanthanides by liquid-liquid partition an attractive possibility. Successful application of such a technique to a gross sample has been demonstrated. In the plot of log K vs. Z, Y falls on the straight line if given an artificial Z approximately 67·6, as it does in Marsh's plot of log molar solubility vs. Z for the lanthanide dimethyl phosphates.
Small-country soccer and the integration debate: the case of Switzerland

This essay examines how immigration and integration issues intersect with the cosmopolitan world of elite soccer in Switzerland. In a small country like Switzerland, expectations are lower: soccer fans are satisfied if their national team merely qualifies for major tournaments. When the Swiss U-17 team unexpectedly won the World Cup in Nigeria in November 2009, the public response was overwhelming. As two-thirds of the players on that team had a migration background, it reignited a debate about immigration, integration, naturalization and national identity – a debate that is over a century old in Switzerland but so far seldom focused on sports figures. This essay shows how even the mainstream media questioned the ‘Swissness’ of these young players and how Swiss soccer players with a migration background are held to higher standards in terms of identification with Switzerland and loyalty to Swiss soccer, both at the national team and club levels.
Transport properties and defect states of a-Si:H grown by HOMOCVD

Abstract In this paper, experimental measurements of surface and gap state densities for homogeneous chemical vapor deposited (HOMOCVD) hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) were obtained by C-ω-T, C-V, DLTS and ESR. These results are compared to glow discharge prepared amorphous films. The experimental data and calculated numbers are used to show better agreement with the diffusion rather than the thermionic theory for these amorphous silicon Schottky diodes.
The accuracy of dose localization for an image-guided frameless radiosurgery system.

A compact X‐band accelerator mounted on a robotic arm is under development for frameless stereotaxic radiosurgery. The therapy beam is aimed at the lesion by an imaging system comprised of two diagnostic x‐ray cameras that view the patient during treatment. Patient position and motion are measured by the cameras and communicated in real time to the robotic arm for beam targeting and patient motion tracking. The tests reported here measured the pointing accuracy of the therapy beam and the present targeting and tracking capability of the imaging system. The results show that the system achieves the same level of targeting precision as conventional frame‐based radiosurgery.
'Noobs' and 'chicks' on Animutation Portal: power and status in a community of practice

Researchers interested in knowledge communication within communities of practice tend to focus on tasks, skills, or the shared interests of the group, while relegating other aspects of interaction and communication to the 'cultural context'. But from a participant perspective, knowledge communication includes knowledge about group culture and identity. Attention to participant perspectives and motivations provides a better understanding of what counts as knowledge and how knowledge communication is accomplished. This paper analyses communication within a voluntary community of practice oriented towards a hobby activity. Animutation is a subgenre of amateur animated online videos. Participants in the animutation subculture are primarily US-based young men who interact on a variety of websites that offer video hosting and bulletin board services. In this paper, I analyse discussion posts to the website animutationportal.com. In addition to the specific cultural context of the animutation subculture, participants' identities and understandings of other social contexts (such as the culture of online video production in general) influence their interaction and knowledge communication. While issues of belonging and culture are likely more explicit in voluntary, leisure-oriented communities of practice such as the animutation subculture, these aspects of community participation are important to consider in all communities of practice.
LUMINESCENCE IN MNEMIOPSIS

1. In the dark adapted Mnemiopsis, mechanical stimulation causes luminescence along the eight rows of paddle plates. The tactile receptors for this reaction lie only in the paddle plate rows, and are connected only longitudinally along these rows. 2. The tactile receptors for ciliary and muscular movement are distributed generally over the surface and are connected by a nerve net. 3. Luminescence may occur at 3 degrees C. provided the animal has been kept sufficiently long at that temperature. Ciliary action goes on at - 0.6 degrees C. 4. Luminescent paper made by spreading the luminescent secretion of Mnemiopsis on filter paper, yields the following effects. The paper shows luminescence in solutions of K(2)SO(4), KCl, MgSO(4), SrCl(2), CaCl(2); no luminescence in NaCl, MgCl(2). Changes in pH value of salt solutions between pH 6 and 8 do not affect the phenomenon. Illumination of the paper with strong light for longer time than necessary to suppress luminescence in the living animal has no effect on the subsequent luminescence of the paper. Hence in the animal, light affects luminescence through the photoreceptor system; the nervous system carries the impulse to the luminescent organs. 5. The power of luminescence of the animal is suppressed by sufficiently intense light, the relation between the intensity and the time requisite being expressed by the equation for the Bunsen-Roscoe photochemical law, namely, I . t = K. 6. It is suggested that the reaction scheme involved in luminescence is of the following form See PDF for Equation in which A is the luminescent substance in the resting, dark adapted animal, L is the light-giving decomposition product, and D is a product which does not yield light. 7. The luminescent substance receives double innervation and the character of the decomposition is determined by the type of nerve fiber stimulated.
Generating a family of testable designs using the BILBO methodology

There are usually many different ways to make a digital circuit testable using the BILBO methodology. Each solution can have different values of test time and area overhead. A design system based on the BILBO methodology has been developed that can efficiently explore the testable design space to generate a family of designs ranging from the minimal test time design to the minimal area overhead design. A designer can select an appropriate design based on trade-offs between test time and area overhead. The branch and bound technique is employed during the exploring process to prune the design space. This significantly reduces the execution time of this process. To effectively bound the exploring process, a very efficient test scheduler has been developed. Unlike previous approaches, this new test scheduler can process a partially testable design as well as a complete testable design. A test schedule for a design is constructed incrementally. The test scheduling procedures are presented along with experimental results that show that this test scheduler usually outperforms existing schedulers. In many cases, it generates an optimal test schedule. Experiments have been performed on several circuits generated by MABAL, a CAD synthesis tool, to demonstrate the performance and practicality of this system.
Angular dependence of NN→NNπ cross sections and the pion form factor

The effct of the π‐baryon form factors on the angular dependence of inclusive spectra for NN→NNπ is studied in the context of a Feynman diagram based peripheral model calculation.
Proprioceptive-state expressions in Thai

While the structure consisting of a topic and a clausal comment, often referred to as the double-topic, double-subject, or double-nominative sentence, has been discussed in the literature, the internal constituent order within the comment has rarely been a target of study of linguistic typology. The purpose of the paper is to compare two constituent order possibilities found in Thai and other Southeast Asian languages to argue specific constructional meanings associated with them. In Thai, the topic with a clausal comment is used when a body-part is involved, and it may take the form of either [ N1 [ N2 V ]] or [ N1 [ V N2 ]]. In this structure, the topic (N1) is a possessor of N2 (= body-part), and the comment is a clause consisting of an intransitive verb (V) and a body-part noun (N2). These two constituent orders are distributed between the external-state and proprioceptive (internal) state. Thus physical sensations (e.g. “I have a headache”) and emotions (e.g. “I am sad”) are expressed with the [VN] structure in the comment, while the description of external-states such as physical appearances (e.g. “My head is big”) is expressed with [NV]. Since proprioceptive states can only be experienced directly by the experiencer himself and contrast with external states which can be observed by anyone, the constituent order reflects fundamentally different cognitive realities experienced by the speaker. I claim that the [VN] order has a structural meaning of “proprioceptively registered experience” in the Thai grammar. This explains further why some other internal events such as “recovering from cold” or “exhausting one’s physical strength” which do not directly involve body parts also take the [VN] order in the comment. I will also argue that the initial noun (N1) in the proprioceptive-state expression is a topic noun added to the more fundamental topicless structure, [VN], whereas the initial noun in the external-state description is an integral part of the basic argument structure. Finally, I will situate the distributional pattern of [VN] and [NV] found in Thai among other East and Southeast Asian languages.
Chromium-induced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites, DNA damage, nitric oxide production, and generation of reactive oxygen species in Sprague-Dawley rats

Chromium and its salts induce cytotoxicity and mutagenesis, and vitamin E has been reported to attenuate chromate-induced cytotoxicity. These observations suggest that chromium produces reactive oxygen species which may mediate many of the untoward effects of chromium. We have therefore examined and compared the effects of Cr(III) (chromium chloride hexahydrate) and Cr(VI) (sodium dichromate) following single oral doses (0.50 LD50) on the production of reactive oxygen species by peritoneal macrophages, and hepatic mitochondria and microsomes in rats. The effects of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on hepatic mitochondrial and microsomal lipid peroxidation and enhanced excretion of urinary lipid metabolites as well as the incidence of hepatic nuclear DNA damage and nitric oxide (NO) production were also examined. Increases in lipid peroxidation of 1.8- and 2.2-fold occurred in hepatic mitochondria and microsomes, respectively, 48 hr after the oral administration of 25 mg Cr(VI)/kg, while increases of 1.2- and 1.4-fold, respectively, were observed after 895 mg Cr(III)/kg. The urinary excretion of malondialdehyde (MDA), formaldehyde (FA), acetaldehyde (ACT) and acetone (ACON) were determined at 0-96 hr after Cr administration. Between 48 and 72 hr post-treatment, maximal excretion of the four urinary lipid metabolites was observed with increases of 1.5- to 5.4-fold in Cr(VI) treated rats. Peritoneal macrophages from Cr(VI) treated animals 48 hr after treatment resulted in 1.4- and 3.6-fold increases in chemiluminescence and iodonitrotetrazolium reduction, indicating enhanced production of superoxide anion, while macrophages from Cr(III) treated animals showed negligible increases. Increases in DNA single strand breaks of 1.7-fold and 1.5-fold were observed following administration of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively, at 48 hr post-treatment. Enhanced production of NO by peritoneal exudate cells (primarily macrophages) was monitored following Cr(VI) administration at both 24 and 48 hr post-treatment with enhanced production of NO being observed at both timepoints. The results indicate that both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) induce an oxidative stress at equitoxic doses, while Cr(VI) induces greater oxidative stress in rats as compared with Cr(III) treated animals.
Blending Caring and Excellence: Translating Culture of Caring and Safety in Bedside Handoff

Professional Issues Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program To determine whether the blending of culture of caring, bedside handoffs, and safety checks will improve patient satisfaction, increase collaboration among team members, and improve patient safety in the labor and delivery unit. Proposed Change A labor and delivery unit in a community hospital developed a new process for shift‐to‐shift reporting that blends the culture of caring concept with bedside handoffs and safety checks. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Change of shift report is the time when critical information relevant to patient care is communicated and exchanged between staff members. With the initiation of the culture of caring concept and the analysis of the last two quarters’ house‐wide Press Ganey patient satisfaction scores, results revealed that improving patient satisfaction and safety must be the primary goals of the unit. A voluntary labor and delivery core team of nurses and physicians named Innovative Practice Team (INPT) was created. Expectations, goals, and evaluations were developed and probable challenges and barriers were recognized and identified. Information regarding the new initiative was communicated through e‐mails before implementation. Physician and nurse champions piloted the initiative. This was followed by the go live phase. Structured bedside handoffs were implemented. Critical and private information were discussed in a brief report outside the patients’ rooms. Bedside handoffs took place in the patients’ rooms using the patient care board with patient friendly language. Key information, such as plan of care, was discussed with the patients, including significant events that occurred during the previous shift. Teach‐back method was used, including pain medication and plan of care. Safety checks were performed on high‐alert medications and equipment. Staff evaluations provided strong positive feedback in the areas of value of communication methods, increase in collaborative efforts among team members, and efficacy of safety checks. Leadership will continue to play an important role in sustainability through daily shift‐to‐shift rounding. Additional outcomes will continue to be assessed through house‐wide quarterly Press Ganey patient satisfaction scores. Implications for Nursing Practice The methods used enhanced the majority of staff acceptance and the participation necessary to improve patient satisfaction and maintain culture of safety and caring while including patients in the plan of care. Patients witnessed collaborative effort among team members. Staff participation has been strong and continuous efforts to bring staff to compliance through unit leadership (daily rounding) has played a considerable role.
Detection of β Pictoris-like Gaseous Infall in 2 Andromedae*

Ultraviolet observations of 2 Andromedae with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) clearly reveal the existence of circumstellar gas, in addition to previously known anomalous interstellar features, in the line of sight toward this nearby star. We also detect varying, redshifted Ca II absorptions, which we interpret as gaseous infalls. These variable Ca II absorption features and the presence of circumstellar absorptions from Al III λλ1854.716 and 1862.790 and from excited fine-structure levels of Fe II near 2600 A seen in 2 And are similar to those observed in spectra of β Pic.
GET LOST: ON THE INTERSECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND INTELLECTUAL HISTORY

I finished The Humboldt Current at noon on a glorious spring day in northern California. Sachs concludes with a call to follow the work of Alexander von Humboldt: get lost in nature, allow it to overtake you even in everyday life. So I set off from my in-laws’ home in the hills of the East Bay, and made my way to the local park nestled at the top of a ridge. Just as I have for the last ten years, I passed a sign that read “No Trespassing”—a message reinforced with barbed wire. Emboldened by Sachs and the spirit of Humboldt, I defied the sign, slipped the fence, and followed a footpath to the most spectacular views of the Bay I have ever experienced. Each bend rewarded me with verdant hillsides, wildflowers, and canyons. How could I have gone so many years without taking this path? Intellectual history generally does not have this effect on people, but this is an unusual book. Sachs’s first goal is straightforward: documenting the influence of Humboldt over scientists, explorers, artists, and intellectuals in the nineteenth century. Oddly, Humboldt’s fame did not persist beyond the turn of the century, an interesting problem in and of itself, and one which brings Sachs to his second goal of reintroducing Humboldt’s natural ethic to a world perched on the brink of environmental disaster. A milder environmentalism also animates Donald Worster’s superb intellectual biography of John Wesley Powell, which takes the inverse approach: while Sachs studies Humboldt’s effect upon others, Worster dissects the life and education of Powell, and places him at the center of some of the most consequential decisions ever made about the American West. Together these books represent a vigorous effort to bring exploration and ecology under
Classroom Modeling of Supplemental Literacy Instruction Influencing the Beliefs and Practices of Classroom Teachers

This study investigated the influence of direct modeling of a supplemental classroom program on the early literacy beliefs and practices of Head Start teachers. Developed by speech language patholo...
Small-time local controllability and continuity of the optimal time function for linear systems

For a finite-dimensional linear system, in which the control is restricted to belong to a completely arbitrary setJ, we give a simple necessary and sufficient condition for small-time local controllability from a pointp. The condition is equivalent to a characterization of the property that the Bellman function for the corresponding minimum-time optimal control problem is continuous atp.