cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Analysis of the North Polar Spur Using HaloSat

This research was supported by NASA grant No. NNX15AU57G. This research was also supported by the NASA Iowa Space Grant under award No. NNX16AL88H. We acknowledge Steven Spangler, Cornelia Lang, and Casey DeRoo for their useful comments discussions that helped to improve the work. We acknowledge our support from NASA GSFC particularly the work of Thomas Johnson, the hard work of all the individuals at the University of Iowa that helped make HaloSat a success, the Blue Canyon Technologies team for their work on the spacecraft bus and for acting as the mission operation center, and the WFF UHF Ground Station Team for their support of HaloSat in orbit. We acknowledge the contribution from our anonymous reviewer, whose comments helped to clarify the presentation of this work.
Setting the record straight: a defense of vacating wins in response to rules violations

Sometimes, teams or players violate the rules of their leagues or associations. And sometimes, their leagues or associations respond by striking their wins from the official record. Especially in A...
Psychological Data Breach Harms

Cybersecurity law, both in statutory and case law, is primarily based on the premise that data breaches result exclusively in financial harms. Intuitively, legal scholarship has largely been focused on financial harms to the exclusion of non-financial harms—emotional and mental—that also arise from data breaches. A critical mass of research in psychology, psychiatry, and internet studies shows that consumers whose information has been compromised suffer from serious emotional and mental conditions as a result. This Article seeks to evaluate cybersecurity law in light of this reality and proposes a framework to address these psychological data breach harms. Psychological data breach harms raise significant challenges for which the law does not adequately account. Consumers suffering these harms are unlikely to pursue litigation and, even if consumers do pursue litigation, are unlikely to prevail because of both standing and cause of action reasons. In a similar vein, different cybersecurity law frameworks, such as the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, data security laws, data breach notification laws, and Federal Trade Commission enforcement, do not generally recognize any harms that are non-monetary in nature. Moreover, companies suffering data breaches are not legally required to offer any assistance or mitigation response for consumers who may suffer psychological harms. Contributing to these challenges is the fact that breached companies are often not even required to disclose breaches that are unlikely to cause future financial harm. Cybersecurity law currently overlooks a conceptual framework for psychological data breach harms; this Article offers that framework. First, this Article argues for the recognition of psychological data breach harms in the context of cybersecurity, from the very outset. Second, this Article makes concrete recommendations on how psychological data breach harms ought to be addressed, both by regulators and breached entities, as well as the appropriate remedies. Finally, this Article calls for a reconsideration of what we mean by “personal information” and for the expansion of information categories that cybersecurity law should protect.
Cdk1 phosphorylation of fission yeast paxillin inhibits its cytokinetic ring localization

Divisions of the genetic material and cytoplasm are coordinated spatially and temporally to ensure genome integrity. This coordination is mediated in part by the major cell cycle regulator cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1). Cdk1 activity peaks during mitosis, but during mitotic exit/cytokinesis Cdk1 activity is reduced, and phosphorylation of its substrates is reversed by various phosphatases including Cdc14, PP1, PP2A, and PP2B. Cdk1 is known to phosphorylate several components of the actin- and myosin-based cytokinetic ring (CR) that mediates division of yeast and animal cells. Here we show that Cdk1 also phosphorylates the Schizosaccharomyces pombe CR component paxillin Pxl1. We determined that both the Cdc14 phosphatase Clp1 and the PP1 phosphatase Dis2 contribute to Pxl1 dephosphorylation at mitotic exit, but PP2B/calcineurin does not. Preventing Pxl1 phosphorylation by Cdk1 results in increased Pxl1 levels, precocious Pxl1 recruitment to the division site, and increased duration of CR constriction. In vitro Cdk1-mediated phosphorylation of Pxl1 inhibits its interaction with the F-BAR domain of the cytokinetic scaffold Cdc15, thereby disrupting a major mechanism of Pxl1 recruitment. Thus, Pxl1 is a novel substrate through which S. pombe Cdk1 and opposing phosphatases coordinate mitosis and cytokinesis.
Shining light on photosynthetic microbes and manganese-enriched rock varnish.

During his expeditions on the HMS Beagle from 1832 to 1836, the young Charles Darwin described specific rock formations off the coast of South America as “black glittering rock” that “glitters most brilliantly when turned before light” (1). The shiny rock is now commonly known as desert varnish or rock varnish and is found across the globe in arid climates, largely in desert landscapes. The varnish is a metal coating several hundred microns deep, composed largely of black oxides of manganese or orange-colored iron oxides (2). Many ancient petroglyphs of Native Americans were created by etching into the black or orange coat of varnish, exposing the lighter rock underneath. The blackened manganese-rich varnish contains Mn3+ or Mn4+ oxides at concentrations two to three orders of magnitude higher than manganese levels in neighboring soils or rock (2, 3). These varnishes develop very slowly over time, requiring thousands of years in the making (4). In a paper by Lingappa et al. (5) the secrets of rock varnish genesis are unveiled by the discovery of microbes that inhabit desert rock and deposit manganese footprints as their legacy. On the microscopic level, manganese-containing varnish structure is seen to resemble stromatolites of bacteria or algae, formed by many generations of microbes that grow and die in vertical stacks. Because of this architectural resemblance to microbial communities and the existence of varnish in specific locales and climate, it has long been suspected that rock varnish is of biological origin (2). Interestingly, there is evidence for desert varnish formation on Mars, from both Viking and Pathfinder landing sites. Some postulate that if desert varnish on Earth is truly of biological origin, defining the corresponding bacterial fossils could foster studies of past microbial life … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: vculott1{at}jhu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Modeling high frequency stock market data by using stochastic models

The main task of this paper is to model the dependency and effects of the Lehman Brothers financial collapse event using a superposed and coupled Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type system of stochastic differ...
Service evaluation of long acting buprenorphine subcutaneous injection (BUVIDAL) in the west Lothian community addictions service

Aims 1. To establish if long acting buprenorphine subcutaneous injection retains patients in treatment. 2. To obtain the patient opinion of long acting buprenorphine subcutaneous injection and ascertain if it improved other aspects of their life for example relationships and employment. Method Information was gathered from TRAK, the patient record recording system, and Illy, the prescribing system. This allowed data to be gathered on previous opiate substitute treatments and when the patient was commenced on the long acting buprenorphine injection. A patient questionnaire was used to obtain qualitative data on the patient's view of this treatment option. Result West Lothian Community Addictions Service starting offering long acting buprenorphine injection as a treatment option in March 2020. Since then there has been a consistent demand from patients to be commenced on this treatment. On 31st January 2021 39/53 (73.6%) of patients who had been commenced on long acting buprenorphine for 6 months had been retained on this treatment. Moreover, 3 patients were lost to treatment due to transfer to Her Majesty's Prison. Patients who were commenced on this treatment option were both new to treatment and those who had previously been difficult to retain on methadone or sublingual buprenorphine. The questionnaire supported the antidotal feedback that patients found this treatment option to be hugely beneficial. Conclusion Long acting buprenorphine injection has been well tolerated by patients and there has been a clear demand for this treatment option from patients accessing the service. It appears that the clarity of mind, that is associated with buprenorphine, has not been a barrier to retention in treatment. We have found the retention rate of the patients on this treatment option has been higher than the median 6 month retention for either methadone or buprenorphine, compared to a recent systematic review. In addition, it has helped patients consider employment, improve relationships and maintain a level of stability that they may not have previously achieved on either methadone or sublingual buprenorphine.
Autonomous Seafloor Strength Profiler: Comparison of In-Situ and Core Results

The autonomous seafloor strength profiler (ASSP) has been developed to determine the strength profile of the upper 1.5 m of marine sediments. The system can operate in water depths to 6000 m and is designed to remain in a dormancy state of up to one year. The instrument consists of four integrated packages: controller and data acquisition system, mechanical system, volume/pressure compensator, and power supply. This paper describes the ASSP system and presents results of in situ vane tests in a deep sea (5845 m) illitic clay and shallow water (60 m) clayey silty fine sand. The in-situ shear strengths of the deep sea clay are 26% higher than those of core samples. The shear strength profile for the shallow water sediment is quite different from that of a nearby core. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 863366.
Connection matrices and transition matrices

This paper is an introduction to connection and transition matrices in the Conley index theory for flows. Basic definitions and simple examples are discussed.
Analysis of soybean tissue culture protein dynamics using difference gel electrophoresis.

Excised hypocotyls from developing soybean (Glycine max (L.) merr. cv. Jack) were cultivated on agar-solidified medium until callus formed. The calli were then propagated in liquid medium until stable, relatively uniform, finely-divided suspension cultures were obtained. Cells were typically transferred to fresh medium at 7-day intervals. Cultures were harvested by filtration five days (early log phase) or eight days (late log phase) after transfer. In order to evaluate dynamic changes, both intracellular and extracellular proteins were analyzed by 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Selected spots were subjected to in-gel tryptic-digestion and the resultant peptides were analyzed by nLC-MS/MS. In follow-up studies gel-free shot-gun analyses led to identification of 367 intracellular proteins and 188 extracellular proteins.The significance of the described research is two-fold. First a gel-based proteomics method was applied to the study of the dynamics of the secretome (extracellular proteins). Second, results of a shot-gun non-gel based proteomic survey of both cellular and extracellular proteins are presented.
Metabolism of Isolated Fat Cells: III. THE SIMILAR INHIBITORY ACTION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C (CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS α TOXIN) AND OF INSULIN ON LIPOLYSIS STIMULATED BY LIPOLYTIC HORMONES AND THEOPHYLLINE

A study was made of the effects of phospholipase C (Clostridium perfringens α toxin) and of insulin on lipolysis by fat cells isolated from epididymal adipose tissue of the rat. Both insulin and phospholipase C inhibited, in the absence of glucose in the incubation medium, the release of fatty acids and glycerol that was stimulated by submaximal concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone, epinephrine, glucagon, and theophylline. Both substances failed to inhibit the lipolytic action of high concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone and theophylline. The similar inhibitory action of phospholipase C and of insulin on lipolysis, an action that is independent of their stimulatory effects on glucose transport, provides additional evidence that both may be acting on a common parameter, possibly the plasma membrane, of the fat cell.
Distribution of M1 transitions in 208Pb.

The distribution of $M1$ strength in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$ has been measured between 5.8 and 7.4 MeV with highly polarized tagged photons. $\ensuremath{\Sigma}\frac{{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{0}^{2}(M1)}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}={14.6}_{\ensuremath{-}1.3}^{+1.5}$ eV corresponding to $\ensuremath{\Sigma}B(M1\ensuremath{\uparrow})=({10.7}_{\ensuremath{-}0.9}^{+1.1}){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}^{2}$ was found, and can fully account for the much discussed "missing" $M1$ in $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. When the present result is combined with known ${1}^{+}$ transitions above neutron threshold, an $M1$ giant resonance emerges at 7.3 MeV, 1 MeV wide, with $\ensuremath{\Sigma}B(M1\ensuremath{\uparrow})\ensuremath{\approx}15.6{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}^{2}$. Smaller ${1}^{+}$ resonances are also seen at both 5.85 and 6.24 MeV. The total $M1$ strength below 6.4 MeV amounts to $\ensuremath{\Sigma}B(M1)=({1.9}_{\ensuremath{-}0.4}^{+0.7}){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{N}^{2}$.
Mediating disruption in human-computer interaction from implicit metrics of attention

Multitasking environments cause people to be interrupted constantly, often disrupting their ongoing activities and impeding reaching their goals. This thesis presents a disruption reducing approach designed to support the user's goals and optimize productivity that is based on a model of the user's receptivity to an interruption. The model uses knowledge of the interruption content, context and priority of the task(s) in progress, user actions and goal-related concepts to mediate interruptions. The disruption management model is distinct from previous work by the addition of implicit sensors that deduce the interruption content and user context to help determine when an interruption will disrupt an ongoing activity. Domain-independent implicit sensors include mouse and keyboard behaviors, and goal-related concepts extracted from the user documents. The model also identifies the contextual relationship between interruptions and user goals as an important factor in how interruptions are controlled. The degree to which interruptions are related to the user goal determines how those interruptions will be received. We tested and evolved the model in various cases and showed significant improvement in both productivity and satisfaction. A disruption manager application controls interruptions on common desktop computing activities, such as web browsing and instant messaging. The disruption manager demonstrates that mediating interruptions by supporting the user goals can improve performance and overall productivity. Our evaluation shows an improvement in success of over 25% across prioritization conditions for real life computing environments. Goal priority and interruption relevance play an important role in the interruption decision process and several experiments these factors on people's reactions and availability to interruptions, and overall performance. These experiments demonstrate that people recognize the potential benefits of being interrupted and adjust their susceptibility to interruptions during highly prioritized tasks. The outcome of this research includes a usable model that can be extended to tasks as diverse as driving an automobile and performing computer tasks. This thesis supports mediating technologies that will recognize the value of communication and control interruptions so that people are able to maintain concentration amidst their increasingly busy lifestyles.
Credit Controls: 1980

Government price control programs in the U.S. began over two hundred years ago. More recently, credit controls, which are a special case of price controls, entered the arsenal of policy instruments. Credit control programs involve regulation of either the price of credit-interest rates-or the quantity of credit extended for various purposes. Credit controls can be selective or general. Selective controls affect the price or quantity of specific types of credit, whereas general controls are designed to affect the aggregate amount of credit used.
Cognitive Evaluation Theory

The convergence of results reported in the last chapter represents an important step in understanding the impact of external events on people’s motivational processes. The research reviewed in that chapter focused primarily on the events themselves, the presence or absence of surveillance and the nature of the reward structure, for example, and explored their average effects on people’s motivation and on related variables. According to cognitive evaluation theory, however, the impact of an event on motivational processes is determined, not by the objective characteristics of the event, but rather by its psychological meaning for the individual. The perceived locus of causality and perceived competence are descriptors of a person’s experience with regard to a behavior, rather than a property of the environment. They reflect the individual’s organization of reality. Similarly, whether an event will be interpreted as informational, controlling, or amotivating is an issue of the relative salience of these aspects to the perceiver, and is affected by his or her sensitivities, background, agendas, as well as by the actual configuration of the event. In short, environmental events are affordances that are used by the perceiver in the internal construction of motivationally relevant inputs.
Genetic and Environmental Factors Underlying Comorbid Bulimic Behaviours and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Moderating Role for the Dysregulated Personality Cluster?

Women with bulimia nervosa (BN) frequently have co-occurring alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Studies of shared genetic transmission of these disorders have been mixed. Personality heterogeneity among individuals with BN may explain discrepant findings. Cluster analysis has characterized women with BN in groups on the basis of personality profiles. One group, the Dysregulated cluster, characterized largely by behavioural disinhibition and emotional dysregulation may be more closely linked etiologically to AUDs. This study examined whether genetic associations between BN and AUDs are the strongest among the Dysregulated cluster. Symptoms of BN and AUDs were assessed in female twins at ages 17 and 25 years from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Personality clusters were defined using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. Twin moderation models suggested small-to-moderate common genetic transmission between BN and AUDs. However, shared genetic effects did not differ by personality cluster. Findings suggest that personality clusters are unlikely to account for inconsistent findings regarding their shared aetiology.
Soft-x-ray emission and absorption in diamond

The x-ray $K$-emission spectrum and the soft-x-ray absorption spectrum are calculated for diamond and compared with experiment. The influence of transition matrix elements, calculated in a one-electron approximation, is discussed. Binding-energy corrections on the core and valence states are estimated and used to explain observed shifts between band transition energies and experimental data. Approximate methods are used to study localized valence relaxation effects on the transition matrix elements in emission.
Interactions of lysozyme in concentrated electrolyte solutions from dynamic light-scattering measurements.

The diffusion of hen egg-white lysozyme has been studied by dynamic light scattering in aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate as a function of protein concentration to 30 g/liter. Experiments were conducted under the following conditions: pH 4–7 and ionic strength 0.05–5.0 M. Diffusivity data for ionic strengths up to 0.5 M were interpreted in the context of a two-body interaction model for monomers. From this analysis, two potential-of-mean-force parameters, the effective monomer charge, and the Hamaker constant were obtained. At higher ionic strength, the data were analyzed using a model that describes the diffusion coefficient of a polydisperse system of interacting protein aggregates in terms of an isodesmic, indefinite aggregation equilibrium constant. Data analysis incorporated multicomponent virial and hydrodynamic effects. The resulting equilibrium constants indicate that lysozyme does not aggregate significantly as ionic strength increases, even at salt concentrations near the point of salting-out precipitation.
Bioprosthetic heart valve leaflet motion monitored by dual camera stereo photogrammetry

Abstract Dual camera stereo photogrammetry (DCSP) was applied to investigate the leaflet motion of bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) in a physiologic pulse flow loop (PFL). A 25-mm bovine pericardial valve was installed in the aortic valve position of the PFL, which was operated at a pulse rate of 70 beats/min and a cardiac output of 5 l/min. The systolic/diastolic aortic pressure was maintained at 120/80 mmHg to mimic the physiologic load experienced by the aortic valve. The leaflet of the test valve was marked with 80 India ink dots to form a fan-shaped matrix. From the acquired image sequences, 3-D coordinates of the marker matrix were derived and hence the surface contour, local mean and Gaussian curvatures at each opening and closing phase during one cardiac cycle were reconstructed. It is generally believed that the long-term failure rate of BHV is related to the uneven distribution of mechanical stresses occurring in the leaflet material during opening and closing. Unfortunately, a quantitative analysis of the leaflet motion under physiological conditions has not been reported. The newly developed technique permits frame-by-frame mapping of the leaflet surface, which is essential for dynamic analysis of stress–strain behavior in BHV.
Accumulation of plastic litter on beaches of Amchitka Island, Alaska

Abstract Between 1972 and 1974 plastic marine litter on ten 1-km beaches at Amchitka Island increased from 2,221 to 5,367 items—a 2·4 x increase in a two-year period. Most litter originated from Japanese and Soviet fishing vessels, but some items were from the Asian coast, at least 1,150 km distant. In 1974 there were 345 kg of common items of plastic litter per kilometre of beach. In 1972, an estimated 1,664 metric tons of plastic litter was lost or dumped from fishing vessels in the Bering Sea and North Pacific Ocean. Stranded plastic litter persists indefinitely but rapidly becomes buried in beach material or is blown inland and covered with vegetation. The most serious environmental impact is probably entanglement of marine mammals and birds in some types of litter. The accelerating accumulation of litter could be reduced through unilateral action by countries that regulate coastal fishing privileges if these countries make litter control a condition for permission to fish.
Women's responses to a mailed hormone replacement therapy workbook.

Author(s): Newton, KM; LaCroix, AZ; Buist, DS; Delaney, KM; Anderson, LA | Abstract: ObjectiveEffectively communicating information about the complex decisions that face women at midlife, including whether to use hormone replacement therapy (HRT), is an ongoing challenge. Although numerous decision-making tools exist, few have been evaluated. The objective of this study was to examine women's use of a workbook designed to promote informed HRT decision-making.DesignWe developed a workbook to prepare women to discuss HRT, osteoporosis, heart disease, and breast cancer with their providers. To evaluate the workbook, women aged 45-65 years were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) workbook plus baseline and 6-month surveys, (2) workbook and 6-month survey, or (3) no workbook with both surveys. Results are based on the responses of 580 women in groups 1 and 2 (response rate, 84.2%).ResultsAt 6 months, 79% of women recalled receiving the workbook, of whom 51% read all or most of it, 35% skimmed or read part of it, and 14% did not read it. The percentages of women completing self-assessments were 55% osteoporosis; 56% heart disease; 58% breast cancer; 57% advantages and disadvantages of HRT; and 52% personal preferences about HRT. As a result of the workbook, 10% made an appointment with their providers, and 12% had a discussion about HRT with their providers. Use of the workbook was not associated with menopause symptoms, attitudes about or use of HRT, hysterectomy, or provider discussions about menopause and HRT.ConclusionThis simple approach of using a mailed workbook holds promise as a successful mechanism to prepare women to discuss HRT and other related health issues with their providers.
Internationalizing managers: Speeding up the process

Abstract Most multinational companies agree that their managers need international expertise; but a recent survey surprisingly revealed that more than half of the large European corporations participating in the study lacked a strategy — either in writing or as a commonly articulated value — for internationalizing their managers (Price Waterhouse/Cranfield, 1991, p. 14). Not only must cutting-edge companies implement this process, but they have to find ways to speed it up to stay competitive. Brooklyn Derr and Gary Oddou report a 1991 survey conducted with 105 European multinationals employing an average of 30,000 workers each. The respondents, usually directors of human resource management and management development, identified the current strategies most frequently used to internationalize their firms, the importance assigned these strategies (not necessarily the same thing), and short-range trends. The article also explores the different challenges presented by attempting to internationalize senior managers as compared to junior managers. Expatriation/repatriation has been the traditional means of internationalizing managers, but companies are not doing a uniformly able job in preparing their managers for expatriation nor in taking advantage of their expertise after they return. In addition to making recommendations about expatriation/repatriation, the authors suggest newer, faster practices for internationalizing managers.
An integrative approach to characterize disease-specific pathways and their coordination: a case study in cancer

The most common application of microarray technology in disease research is to identify genes differentially expressed in disease versus normal tissues. However, it is known that, in complex diseases, phenotypes are determined not only by genes, but also by the underlying structure of genetic networks. Often, it is the interaction of many genes that causes phenotypic variations. In this work, using cancer as an example, we develop graph-based methods to integrate multiple microarray datasets to discover disease-related co-expression network modules. We propose an unsupervised method that take into account both co-expression dynamics and network topological information to simultaneously infer network modules and phenotype conditions in which they are activated or de-activated. Using our method, we have discovered network modules specific to cancer or subtypes of cancers. Many of these modules are consistent with or supported by their functional annotations or their previously known involvement in cancer. In particular, we identified a module that is predominately activated in breast cancer and is involved in tumor suppression. While individual components of this module have been suggested to be associated with tumor suppression, their coordinated function has never been elucidated. Here by adopting a network perspective, we have identified their interrelationships and, particularly, a hub gene PDGFRL that may play an important role in this tumor suppressor network. Using a network-based approach, our method provides new insights into the complex cellular mechanisms that characterize cancer and cancer subtypes. By incorporating co-expression dynamics information, our approach can not only extract more functionally homogeneous modules than those based solely on network topology, but also reveal pathway coordination beyond co-expression.
Fluorescence quenching/enhancement surface assays: Signal manipulation using silver-coated gold nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covalently attached to the indium tin oxide coated glass slide drastically quench fluorescence of a surface immunoassay (approximately 5-fold). Silver electrochemically deposited over the gold particles leads to fluorescence amplification: signal increases approximately 7–8 times if compared to the signal on gold particles not covered with silver. This phenomenon allows enhancing of the surface immunoassays utilizing both types of nanoparticles.
New effect in ionic polymeric gels: the ionic flexogelectric effect

Reported are a number of quantitative observations and analytical modeling of a new effect in ionic polymeric gels such as poly(2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid) or PAMPS, polyacrylic acid plus sodium acrylate cross-linked with bisacrylamide (PAAM), or various chemically doped combinations of polyacrylic acid plus polyvinyl alcohol (PAA-PVA). This new effect, hereafter, referred to as `flexogelectric effect' is basically the inverse of the effect originally reported in 1965 by three GE researchers, namely, Hamlen, Kent, and Shafer in which the imposition of an electric field on an ionic polymeric gel fiber produced extension or contraction. Here it is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that mechanically induced nonhomogeneous deformations, and in particular bending of strips of such ionic gels, can produce an electric field and the associated voltage. For typical samples of such gels (4 X 4 X 40 mm) with copper or platinum foil electrodes snugly contacting a pair of opposite sides (4 X 40 mm) of the strip, the difference in voltage measured between the electrodes for extreme bending configurations of the gel is typically in the 10s of millivolts range. This voltage difference which is quite significant for many engineering applications, such as large strain and deformation sensing, is still an order of magnitude smaller than the voltage necessary to induce similar deformations in the gel itself. A plausible explanation is also presented for such discrepancies.
Alternating unilateral botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX®) injections for spasmodic dysphonia

Injection of botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX®) into both thyroarytenoid muscles is an accepted treatment for spasmodic dysphonia. The authors of this study identified patients who could not tolerate the interval of breathy voice that immediately follows bilateral injections. These patients were offered a protocol in which the injection side was alternated on subsequent treatments. Eighteen patients who received at least two bilateral injections and two unilateral injections were reviewed. Alternating unilateral injections yielded a shorter breathy interval by an average of 12.7 days (P=.0007) and a shorter duration of return of spasmodic symptoms by an average of 26.0 days (P=.0006). Compared with bilateral injections, alternating unilateral injections yielded an average (median) of 3.2 more days of strong voice per day of breathy voice (P=.001). However, unilateral injections had a shorter average interval of strong voice (27.4 days ; P=.007), as well as a slightly higher failure rate (4.9% vs. 1.1%). The authors conclude that alternating unilateral botulinum toxin type A injections are useful in patients with spasmodic dysphonia who have difficulty with the breathy voice that follows bilateral injection.
Inhibition of the thrombin-platelet reactions by DuP 714

Summary The efficacy and specificity of a novel synthetic thrombin inhibitor, DuP 714, on thrombin-induced elevation of cytoplasmic calcium, fibrinogen binding and aggregation in human platelets were examined. Thrombin (0.5 U/ml) stimulated an increase in [ 125 I]fibrinogen binding in gel-filtered platelets which was blocked by DuP 714 with an IC 50 value of 2 nM. Thrombin (1 U/ml)-induced elevation of intracellular [Ca 2+ ]i was also blocked by DuP 714 with an IC 50 value of 67 nM. A much higher concentration of thrombin (25 U/ml) was used to stimulate aggregation with heparinized platelet-rich plasma. Under these conditions, micromolar concentrations of DuP 714 were needed to inhibit thrombin. In all of these preparations, DuP 714 at concentrations as high as 10 −5 M had no intrinsic effects and did not affect the responses induced by arachidonate, ADP, collagen, epinephrine, vasopressin and serotonin. These data indicate that DuP 714 is a potent and specific thrombin inhibitor capable of arresting the actions of thrombin on human fibrin formation and platelet aggregation and secretion. It may serve as a potential antithrombotic agent for various forms of thrombotic disorders.
A-11: cell type-specific and single-active-X transcription controls of newly found gene in cultured human cells.

We describe the isolation and characterization of a human X-chromosomal gene that is subject to both single-active-X control and tissue-specific control. The A-11gene was identified by a cDNA that hydridizes to a 3.2-kb EcoR1 fragment of genomic DNA on the long arm of the human X chromosome. A-11transcripts are normally present in fibroblasts but not in B- or T-lymphoblasts. However, A-11transcription was activiated in four of 11 independent, gamma ray-induced B-lymphoblastoid HLA antigen-loss mutants. Cell hybrids with a human fibroblast-derived active X contained A-11transcripts but hybrids carrying the human inactive X did not. Azacytidine, a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, readily reactivated the A-11locus on the inactive X in hybrid cells, indicating that differential methylation is likely to be involved in the single-active-X control of A-11transcription in fibroblasts. Failure of cells to remethylate DNA synthesized to repair gamma ray-induced damage may also have resulted in the activation of A-11transcription among the lymphoblastoid mutants. The A-11locus provides an opportunity to study the relationship between two types of transcriptional regulation of a gene.
Proneural function of neurogenic genes in the developing Drosophila eye

Abstract Background: Intercellular signals are major determinants of cell fate during development. Certain signals and receptors are important for many different cell-fate decisions, suggesting that cellular responses to similar signals change during development. Few transitions between such distinct cellular responses have been studied. The Drosophila genes Notch and hedgehog function during intracellular signaling at various stages of development. In the specific case of development of the Drosophila eye, expression of the proneural gene atonal is induced in response to Hedgehog signaling and then becomes subject to autoregulation. The receptor protein Notch has previously been reported to function in the selection of single founder photoreceptor cells (R8 cells) by inhibiting atonal expression. On this basis, complete elimination of Notch gene function would be expected to cause neural hyperplasia in the eye. Results: Contrary to expectation, we detect a reduction in neural differentiation both in cells expressing a conditional Notch allele and in those lacking expression of either Notch or its ligand Delta. We show here that Notch signaling acts after the initial Hedgehog-driven expression of atonal to enhance proneural competence of the atonal -expressing cells and also to terminate their response to the Hedgehog signals. This occurs before the Notch-induced lateral inhibition of atonal expression within the same cells. Conclusion: Notch has sequentially opposite effects on the same cells, by first promoting and then inhibiting proneural gene function. This apparently paradoxical sequence of events has two possible consequences. Firstly, coupling of alternative cellular responses to the same receptor may prevent them from occurring simultaneously. Secondly, consecutive regulatory processes become temporally coupled, so that these events follow on from each other, without gaps or overlaps.
Release and cycling of nutrients between planktonic algae and herbivores1

Efforts to quantify nutrient release by zooplankton in situ are usually complicated by simultaneous uptake of the nutrients by phytoplankton. Either separating the animals from their food or severely concentrating the zooplankton assemblage before measuring nutrient release introduces biases. Results are reported from experimen ts in which uptake and regeneration of nutrients were measured simultaneously in an intact alga-herbivore assemblage. Short term responses to perturbations of both nutrients and zooplankton were followed and grazing rates as well as the nutrient fluxes quantified. Magnitudes of uptake and recycling depend on the nutritional status of the algal cells, with nutrient-deficient cells displaying faster rates of uptake and lower rates of remineralization than nutrient-sufficient cells for both phosphate and ammonia. The recycled nutrients are rapidly sequestered by the algae and contribute substantially to growth rates of the cells.
Inhibition of the Spermicidal Factor(s) in Unheated Skimmilk by the Addition of Egg Yolk

Abstract Fresh milk, skim or whole, raw or pasteurized, must be heated or chemically treated with compounds containing reactive sulfhydryl groups (SH) to support extended livability of bovine spermatozoa (1,3,8,9,12). Complete protection is apparently afforded by the addition of SH compounds and, in some cases, the motility of spermatozoa extended in chemically treated milk exhibited greater motility than split-samples extended in heated milk (3,8,9). The spermicidal factor(s) in milk and the possible role of SH in supporting motility have been investigated (6,8,10,12). In regard to fertility, Hayden et al. (7) and Bartoff (2) have reported favorable results with extenders containing added glutathione. While several studies have dealt with mixtures of heated milk plus egg yolk, with or without glycerol, as a diluent for bull semen, some of these indicated that extenders of this type are excellent for suporting spermatozoan motility, but inferior in maintaining fertility (4,11,14). In view of the observations that SH-treated milk and heated milk plus egg yolk provided an excellent environment for maintenance of motility, an experiment was conducted to study the effect on spermatozoal motility of adding various levels of cysteine hydrochloride (cysteine HCl) to an unheated skimmilk-egg yolk diluent.
Effective diffusion coefficient of a Brownian particle in a periodic potential

The effective diffusion coefficient for a Brownian particle moving in a one-dimensional periodic potential is defined and derived via the mean time to travel one lattice spacing.
Nematic ordering drives the phase separation of mixed monolayers containing phospholipids modified with poly(ethylene glycol) at aqueous–liquid crystal interfaces

We report that homogeneous Langmuir monolayers formed from mixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) (Mw = 2000 g mol−1, DPPE-PEG2000), when transferred onto interfaces formed between aqueous phases and nematic liquid crystals (LCs), phase separate in a manner that leads to patterned orientations of the LCs. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy establishes that the patterned orientations of the LCs correspond to coexisting interfacial phases that differ in total lipid density as well as lipid composition. Subsequent investigation determined that the interfacial phase separation of lipid is driven by the combined influence of the nematic ordering of the LC and the interactions between the PEG chains of DPPE-PEG2000. The latter effects impact the packing of the lipid monolayer and thus its interaction with the LC. In contrast to the phase separation of PEG-lipids within Langmuir films, where the repulsive interactions between PEG chains suppress phase separation at high interfacial densities of lipid, the results of our study indicate that repulsive interactions between PEG chains promote the phase separation of lipid at the aqueous–LC interface. Our results reveal a fundamentally new mechanism leading to control of the interfacial phase behavior of PEG-lipids, and suggest new principles for manipulation of the organization of multi-component lipid assemblies at interfaces.
Discrete Gel'fand-Levitan and Marchenko matrix equations and layer stripping algorithms for the discrete two-dimensional Schrödinger equation inverse scattering problem with a nonlocal potential

We develop discrete counterparts to the Gel'fand-Levitan and Marchenko integral equations for the two-dimensional (2D) discrete inverse scattering problem in polar coordinates with a nonlocal potential. We also develop fast layer stripping algorithms that solve these systems of equations exactly. The significance of these results is: (1) they are the first numerical implementation of Newton's multidimensional inverse scattering theory; (2) they show that the result will almost always be a nonlocal potential, unless the data are `miraculous'; (3) they show that layer stripping algorithms implement fast `split' signal processing fast algorithms; (4) they link 2D discrete inverse scattering with 2D discrete random field linear least-squares estimation; and (5) they formulate and solve 2D discrete Schrodinger equation inverse scattering problems in polar coordinates.
An Assessment System for Teacher Education Program Quality Improvement.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to describe how one US Midwestern university implements quality principles, based on the value added premise in a teacher preparation program that yields accountability, teacher education standards attainment and ultimately improvement of teacher candidates and overall programs.Design/methodology/approach – Data pertinent to students were gathered in a systematic way as they declared a certification area. This data was used to identify students who needed tutorial support and class advisement to assure successful matriculation, program completion and success on identified critical assessments. The two assessments identified were teacher work sample (TWS) and the national physical education certification examination (Praxis II). Meaningful proactive advisement, data sharing and tutorial testing assistance program were the primary approaches used to improve teacher candidate competencies.Findings – Specific course modifications and curricular redesign resulted in posit...
Dissociation of cysteine and glutathione levels from nitroglycerin-induced relaxation.

Abstract The present study investigated possible involvement of cysteine (CSH) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as critical cellular sulfhydryls which mediate nitroglycerin (GTN)-induced cyclic GMP accumulation and relaxation in bovine coronary artery (BCA). Tolerance to the relaxant effects of GTN was induced in BCA in vitro by preincubation with 1 mM GTN for 2 h. GTN-tolerant BCA were at least 100-fold less sensitive than non-tolerant BCA to the relaxant effects of GTN. Consistent with a relationship between tolerance to both GTN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation and relaxation, cyclic GMP accumulation induced by 1 μM GTN was markedly reduced in GTN-tolerant BCA when compared with non-tolerant BCA. Incubation with 1 mM CSH for 1 h did not significantly alter GTN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation or relaxation in either GTN-tolerant or non-tolerant BCA. Levels of CSH, GSH and glutathione-disulfide (GSSG) were measured in non-tolerant BCA, GTN-tolerant BCA and GTN-tolerant BCA incubated with 1 mM CSH for 1 h. Levels of CSH and GSH were lower in GTN-tolerant BCA that in non-tolerant BCA, whereas GSSG levels were similar in both. In GTN-tolerant BCA incubated with 1 mM CSH, CSH levels were more than 10-fold above, and GSH levels were similar to corresponding values obtained in non-tolerant BCA. These data indicate that although incubation with CSH did not significantly reverse tolerance to GTN-induced cyclic GMP accumulation and relaxation in BCA, it did effectively raise the level of CSH and GSH in GTN-tolerant BCA, at least to corresponding levels found in non-tolerant BCA. These results indicate that the relaxant effects of GTN in BCA do not correlate with tissue levels of CSH and GSH. The findings do not support the hypothesis that CSH and GSH are the cellular sulfhydryls involved in mediating GTN-induced guanylate cyclase activation, cyclic GMP accumulation and relaxation in intact BCA.
Developing a Culture of Assessment in Student Affairs

This chapter identifies elements that contribute to developing a culture of assessment in student affairs.
How Teachers Design Their Materials: Implications for Instructional Design.

Research on teacher thinking and teacher planning conducted over the past few years suggests that teachers rarely proceed in a “systematic” fashion when planning or carrying out instruction. What happens when teachers become designers of instructional materials? In a series of studies of teachers and novice instructional designers, data were collected on: the form taken by initial ideas for materials; elements involved in initial thinking; constraints perceived; the train of the design process; and reflections on the design after completing it. Results showed that prescriptive models of how instructional design should proceed frequently do not match the reality of instructional design in practice. Several changes in instructional design procedures might take these differences into account: designers might engage in “synectics” sessions, for example, rather than focusing immediately on objectives. And incompleteness in a design appears to have particular fascination for instructors. Finally, the studies point out the need for more careful and comprehensive treatments of what “design” is, and of why some are more successful at it than others.
Improved cut-resistance of Kevlar® using controlled interface reactions during atomic layer deposition of ultrathin (<50 Å) inorganic coatings

Conformal atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 and TiO2 thin films on Kevlar®, poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) fibers at 50 and 100 °C affects the fiber cut resistance. Systematic studies of ALD coatings between 10 to 400 A thick formed at 50 and 100 °C revealed excellent conformality, and trends in cutting performance depended on materials and process details. A 50 A/50 A TiO2/Al2O3 bilayer formed at 50 °C increased cut resistance of PPTA by 30% compared to untreated fiber materials. In situ infrared analysis shows that trimethylaluminum (TMA) Al2O3 precursor reacts sub-surface with PPTA and tends to degraded mechanical performance. The TiCl4 TiO2 precursor reacts to form a barrier that limits TMA/PPTA interactions, allowing a harder Al2O3 layer to form on top of TiO2. The thin ALD coatings do not substantially affect durability, flexibility, or weight of the PPTA, making ALD a potentially viable means to enhance the protective properties of Kevlar and other polymer fiber systems.