cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metric spaces with discrete topological fundamental group

Abstract With a certain natural topology, the fundamental group of a locally path connected metric space X becomes discrete if and only if X is semilocally simply connected. We include some related material and offer a counterexample to a similar result.
Stable nitrogen isotopes as evidence for the age of weaning at the Angel site : A comparison of isotopic and demographic measures of weaning age

Abstract Stable N-isotope ratios are used to estimate the age of weaning in the prehistoric ( ad 1300–1450) population that inhabited the Angel site, a Middle Mississippian civic–ceremonial centre in the lower Ohio Valley. The high proportion of infants in the Angel skeletal series appears to reflect high rates of infant mortality associated with weaning within this sedentary society of maize agriculturalists. Age-related variations in stable N-isotope ratios of 23 juveniles are used to measure changes in childhood diet associated with breast-feeding after birth, weaning, and with the onset of adulthood. A pronounced peak in the stable N-isotope ratio prior to age 2 and a rapid decline in early childhood is used to estimate the age of weaning. The isotopic data are compared with estimated mortality rates to evaluate the consistency and precision of isotopic and mortality profiles as measures of weaning age. At Angel, weaning was not directly correlated with peak infant mortality. Non-linear equations that model prehistoric weaning behaviour are described. These equations produce estimates of both the timing and rates of juvenile dietary change that are amenable to statistical comparisons between archaeological sites. The non-linear models provide an approach that is more realistic and more informative than determining a single age of weaning.
Validated high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for simultaneous determination of dacarbazine and the plasma metabolites 5-(3-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide and 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide.

Abstract Dacarbazine (DTIC) is a prodrug that is clinically effective in the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease, melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma. To better characterize the clinical pharmacology of parent drug and reactive metabolites, a reversed-phase HPLC method with UV detection was developed for simultaneous determination of dacarbazine and the metabolites 5-(3-hydroxymethyl-3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (HMMTIC) and 5-(3-methyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (MTIC). Chromatographic separation was achieved with a Zorbax SB-CN column and with a mobile phase of 80% 50 mM ammonium phosphate, pH 6.5, 20% methanol and 0.1% triethylamine. HMMTIC, MTIC and DTIC were extracted from plasma with methanol precipitation of the proteins. Recovery of DTIC and the metabolites from whole blood was greater than 92%. Rapid processing of whole blood, methanol extraction and storage at −70°C substantially increased the stability of HMMTIC and MTIC from less than 15 min to 3 days. Precision for HMMTIC, MTIC and DTIC ranged from 3.7 to 16.3% relative standard deviation. The accuracy ranged from 101 to 114% for all three analytes. The validated assay was used to determine the pharmacokinetic data for dacarbazine and its active metabolites for human patients with recurrent glioma receiving DTIC intravenously.
Preclinical evaluation of a novel implant for treatment of a full-thickness distal femoral focal cartilage defect

A novel, nonresorbable, monolithic composite structure ceramic, developed using a partially stabilized zirconia ceramic common to implantable devices, was used in a cementless weight-bearing articular implant to test the feasibility of replacing a region of degenerated or damaged articular cartilage in the knee as part of a preclinical study using male mongrel dogs lasting up to 24 weeks. Gross/histological cartilage observations showed no differences among control, 12-week and 24-week groups, while pull-out tests showed an increase in maximum pull-out load over time relative to controls. Hence, the use of a novel ceramic implant as a replacement for a focal cartilage defect leads to effective implant fixation within 12 weeks and does not cause significant degradation in opposing articular cartilage in the time frame evaluated.
Twenty Years Before and Hence; Ecological Risk Assessment at Multiple Scales with Multiple Stressors and Multiple Endpoints

In the 20 years since risk assessment was codified it has been applied to the management of ecological systems, first tentatively with one chemical and one receptor, to its current application at large spatial and temporal scales. The original risk assessment paradigm in the National Research Council's report Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, known as the “Red Book,” was modified by the risk assessment group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory so that it could be applied to ecological systems. Even in the early 1990s, it was apparent that to be ultimately successful as a management tool, risk assessment had to be applied to populations, communities, and eventually to the ecological landscape at large scales. The risk analysis of multiple stressors, not just multiple chemicals but multiple types of agents, was also seen as a major challenge. During the late part of the 1990s and early 2000s, attempts were made to conduct risk assessments at the watershed and other comparable lan...
An empirical analysis of the antecedents of electronic commerce service continuance

Abstract This paper examines key drivers of consumers' intention to continue using business-to-consumer e-commerce services. Multiple theoretical perspectives are synthesized to hypothesize a model of continuance behavior, which is then empirically tested using a field survey of online brokerage (OLB) users. Salient results include: (1) consumers' continuance intention is determined by their satisfaction with initial service use, their perceived usefulness of service use, and the interaction between perceived usefulness and loyalty incentives for service use, and (2) satisfaction and perceived usefulness are both predicted by consumers' confirmation of expectations from initial service use. Implications of these findings for e-commerce firms contemplating customer relationship management (CRM) initiatives are discussed.
Pragmatic and semantic constraints on numeral quantifier position in Japanese

Japanese, like many other languages, permits numeral expressions to appear in several positions relative to the argument whose number they specify. This article concentrates on just two of the possibilities, the ‘Pre-Nominal’ and the ‘Q-Float’ numeral positions, describing a number of semantic, syntactic and pragmatic differences between them.
Investigating weak memories using Maya

Maya is a platform for investigating the impact of different memory coherence protocols on parallel architectures. We present the implementations of several weak memory protocols, together with some new primitives dedicated to weak memories using Maya. The results of some user applications are summarized and the impact of weak memories on the efficiency of these parallel programs is discussed. >
Conveying tactile feedback using a model of mechanotransduction

In order to develop effective neural prostheses for the hand, it is necessary to characterize the tactile information conveyed by the hand to the brain. Here we present a model that predicts the neural activity evoked by vibratory stimuli in the three types of mechanoreceptive fibers that innervate the glabrous skin of the hand. The model takes as input the position of the stimulus as a function of time, along with its first (velocity), second (acceleration) and third (jerk) derivatives. This input is filtered and passed through an integrate-and-fire mechanism to generate a train of spikes as output. By fitting the model to the activity of the three fiber types, we found that activity in each fiber type is best accounted for by specific stimulus combinations. The major conclusion of this study is that the timing of individual spikes evoked in mechanoreceptive fibers innervating the hand can be accurately predicted using an integrate-and-fire model. This model constitutes an important first step towards tactile neural prostheses.
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Effects in Flexural Microcantilever Resonator Dynamics

The thermal dependency of material characteristics is an important phenomenon affecting the motion of microresonator systems. Thermal phenomena introduce two main effects: damping due to internal friction, and softening due to the Young's modulus-temperature relationship. Based on reported theoretical and experimental results, we qualitatively model the thermal phenomenon utilizing a Lorentzian function to describe its effect on restoring and damping forces. We present the mathematical modeling of microresonator dynamics and develop effective equations to study the electrically actuated microbeam resonators. In order to study the thermal effects, a linearized model of the microelectromechanical system is adapted. The response of the system at steady-state conditions is developed by employing the averaging perturbation method on the non-dimensionalized form of the equations. Frequency response, resonant frequency and peak amplitude are examined for variation of the dynamic parameters involved.
Swell and shrinkage characterizations of unsaturated expansive clays from Texas

Abstract Expansive soils have long been recognized as problematic because they cause failure to civil structures constructed above them. The main problem of these soils can be attributed to poor understanding of the volume changes caused by moisture fluctuations. Current swell and shrinkage characterization models are limited by both the lack of standardized tests and tests that employ volume changes in uniaxial direction. In the present research, a comprehensive laboratory investigation was undertaken to study the volume change related swell–shrinkage behaviors of five different types of expansive clayey soils sampled from various regions in Texas, USA. Extensive experimental programs consisting of basic, chemical and mineralogical soil properties were first determined. Three-dimensional free swell and shrinkage tests were performed on all soils at various compaction moisture content conditions. Soil–water characteristic curves (SWCCs) of all test soils were determined by studying the suction potentials of these soils over a wide range of moisture contents. Volume change measurements of soils showed a good correlation with soil properties, including plasticity and soil compaction properties. SWCC results also showed a clear variation in SWCC profiles of soils with respect to soil plasticity. Overall, a large database of soil properties was developed and is presented here. It includes physical and mineralogical properties, as well as engineering swell, shrinkage and SWCC test results.
Regional Automated Data‐processing System for Blood Banks

There is significant advantage to be gained through a regional system for automatic data-processing for blood banks. To achieve maximum savings there must be close cooperation between facilities, and the supply and demand problem must be monitored closely. The cost of operating a system allocated to inventory control must be justifiable but, if savings equal cost, the benefits of knowing the location of needed blood and of reducing commercial purchases also must be considered. The BIMACS system is modular and can be adapted to many computer configurations. Prototypes include inventory control, donor files, rare donor files, invoicing and billing, payroll, and special reports useful for administration, technical controls, and research. The protoype system will be installed June 1970. Details and documentation probably will be available November 1970.
Transparent ZnTe:Cu contacts for bifacial characterization of CdTe solar cells

Cu-doped ZnTe films grown by galvanic deposition were developed to provide transparent ohmic contacts to CdTe solar cells. Control of the Cu doping with triethanolamine was critical to limit the free Cu in order to achieve high transparency (>60% in the visible) and to minimize shunting. Devices with ZnTe:Cu contacts had comparable performance to devices with Cu/Au or Cu/graphite contacts, achieving V oc of 0.79 V and fill factor (FF) of 68% for standard front illumination. Bifacial spectral response (SR) measurements, through front and back contacts, were analyzed and yielded a diffusion length (L) of 0.8 μm and depletion width (W) of 2.5 μm. Backwall SR measurements made through the transparent ZnTe contact are much more sensitive to L and W than are measurements for standard front illumination. ZnTe:Cu is a promising material for bifacial characterization as well as tandem cell interconnects and more stable Cu-doped contacts.
Why photonic systems for space

Future space-based platforms can and will benefit from the implementation of photonics in both analog and digital subsystems. This paper will discuss potential applications and advantages to the platforms through the use of photonics.
Simulating changes in regional air pollution over the eastern United States due to changes in global and regional climate and emissions

[1] To simulate ozone (O3) air quality in future decades over the eastern United States, a modeling system consisting of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Model, the Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale regional climate model (MM5), and the Community Multiscale Air Quality model has been applied. Estimates of future emissions of greenhouse gases and ozone precursors are based on the A2 scenario developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), one of the scenarios with the highest growth of CO2 among all IPCC scenarios. Simulation results for five summers in the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s indicate that summertime average daily maximum 8-hour O3 concentrations increase by 2.7, 4.2, and 5.0 ppb, respectively, as a result of regional climate change alone with respect to five summers in the 1990s. Through additional sensitivity simulations for the five summers in the 2050s the relative impact of changes in regional climate, anthropogenic emissions within the modeling domain, and changed boundary conditions approximating possible changes of global atmospheric composition was investigated. Changed boundary conditions are found to be the largest contributor to changes in predicted summertime average daily maximum 8-hour O3 concentrations (5.0 ppb), followed by the effects of regional climate change (4.2 ppb) and the effects of increased anthropogenic emissions (1.3 ppb). However, when changes in the fourth highest summertime 8-hour O3 concentration are considered, changes in regional climate are the most important contributor to simulated concentration changes (7.6 ppb), followed by the effect of increased anthropogenic emissions (3.9 ppb) and increased boundary conditions (2.8 ppb). Thus, while previous studies have pointed out the potentially important contribution of growing global emissions and intercontinental transport to O3 air quality in the United States for future decades, the results presented here imply that it may be equally important to consider the effects of a changing climate when planning for the future attainment of regional-scale air quality standards such as the U.S. national ambient air quality standard that is based on the fourth highest annual daily maximum 8-hour O3 concentration.
On the Uncertainty of Extracted Permittivity From Inhomogeneously Filled Rectangular Waveguides

Error uncertainty is an important metric to assess the reliability of an inversion algorithm that extracts the electromagnetic constitutive parameters from a material sample. In a previous paper, the inversion algorithm for a partially filled waveguide cross section relied on the assumption that the material sample had to be perfectly centered. In this present letter, the effect of having the material sample displaced from the center is evaluated by comparing its extracted constitutive parameters (epsiv, mu) with the values corresponding to the perfectly centered case. Two low-loss cases are studied: (1) low-contrast and (2) high-contrast material. A finite-element model (FEM) is used to generate the forward data.
Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in older people : The cardiovascular health study

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prospective association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older people and to evaluate the effect of lowering the threshold for impaired fasting glucose (IFG) on the prevalence of IFG and MetS and the risk of CVD. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Four field centers in U.S. communities. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand five hundred eighty-five subjects in the Cardiovascular Health Study free of diabetes mellitus and CVD at baseline (mean age 72, 62% female, 14% black). MEASUREMENTS: Baseline measures of MetS components and adjudicated incident CVD events. MetS (2001) was defined first using the original criteria from the Third Adult Treatment Panel Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (≥3 of the following: large waist circumference (women >88 cm, men >102 cm), elevated triglycerides (≥1.70 mmol/L), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (men <1.04 mmol/L, women <1.30 mmol/L), elevated fasting glucose (6.1–6.9 mmol/L), and high blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg or self-reported use of medications for hypertension). Subjects were also classified according to the revised definition of the MetS (2005) that applies the lower threshold for fasting glucose (5.6–6.9 mmol/L). RESULTS: During follow-up (median 11 years), 818 coronary heart disease (CHD), 401 stroke, and 554 congestive heart failure (CHF) events occurred. Age- and race-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD, stroke, and CHF were 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.07–1.57), 0.94 (95% CI=0.73–1.21), and 1.40 (95% CI=1.12–1.76) for women and 1.35 (95% CI=1.10–1.66), 1.51 (95% CI=1.08–2.12), and 1.47 (95% CI=1.14–1.90) for men, respectively. Overall, women and men with MetS (2005) were 20% to 30% more likely to experience any CVD event than subjects without MetS (2005). Using the lower cut-point for IFG resulted in a near tripling in IFG prevalence (16% to 46%) and an additional 9% classified with MetS (2005) but HRs similar to those estimated from the original MetS (2001) criteria. High blood pressure was the component most strongly associated with incident CHD. CONCLUSION: Results from this study of an elderly, population-based cohort provide support for earlier investigations in primarily middle-aged populations that link the presence of MetS with the development of CVD and further underscore the importance of recognizing and treating its individual components, particularly high blood pressure.
Study of Fuel Temperature Effects on Fuel Injection, Combustion and Emissions of Direct-Injection Diesel Engines

The influence of inlet liquid fuel temperature on direct-injection diesel engines can be noticeable and significant. The work in this paper investigates the effects of inlet fuel temperature on fuel-injection in-cylinder combustion, and output performance and emissions of medium-speed diesel engines. An enhanced understanding and simplified modeling of the variations in the main fuel-injection parameters affected by inlet fuel temperature are developed. The study indicates that the main injection parameters affected include the injection timing at the injector end relative to the injection-pump actuation timing, the fuel-injection rate, the fuel-injection duration, and the injection spray atomization. The primary fuel temperature effects on the injection parameters are from the fuel bulk modulus of elasticity and the density with the fuel viscosity less significant as the injector-nozzle flow is usually in a turbulent region. The developed models are able to predict the changes in the injection parameters versus the inlet fuel temperature. As the inlet fuel temperature increases, the nozzle fuel-injection-start timing is predicted to be relatively retarded, the injection rate is reduced, and the needle-lift duration is prolonged from the baseline. The variation trends of the engine outputs and emissions versus fuel temperature are analyzed by considering its consequent effect on in-cylinder combustion processes. It is predicted that raising fuel temperature would result in an increase in each of CO, HC, PM, and smoke emissions, and in a decrease in NOx, and may adversely affect the fuel efficiency for a general type of diesel engine at a full-load condition. The experimental results of the outputs and emissions from testing a medium-speed four-stroke diesel engine agreed with the trends analytically predicted. The understanding and models can be applied to compression-ignition direct-injection liquid fuel engines in general.
Vascular Liver Disease and the Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell

The hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell is highly differentiated, with unique morphology and function. It provides a porous barrier that facilitates access of the hepatocyte to oxygen and small molecules in the microcirculation. Other specialized functions include clearance of colloids and macromolecules, promotion of hepatic stellate cell quiescence, and induction of immune tolerance. The hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell may be injured by a variety of toxins, ischemia–reperfusion, and even bacteria, leading to vascular liver diseases such as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, nodular regenerative hyperplasia, and peliosis hepatis.
Tore Bjørgo and John Horgan (Eds.). Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement

This anthology examines empirical data on why people disengage from terrorism and explores specific de-radicalization programs throughout the world. Tore Bjorgo and John Horgan are concerned with “...
Ciliary movement and coordination in ciliates.

Publisher Summary In certain ciliates and especially in metazoan epithelia, ciliary activity produces a displacement not of the cells themselves but of particles in the environment. Activity under these circumstances becomes progressively more stereotyped and restrictively adapted to special needs. The autonomous movement of the individual cilium is not rotatory but simply pendular. Thus in a given ciliated field, movement occurs in the same plane during all phases of the beat. In an intact epithelium, ciliary movement is metachronal, but it seems to be synchronous in isolated ciliated cells. Ciliated epithelia of many metatoa operate under the secondary control of the nervous system, and this control is usually of an inhibitory nature. In the activity of metazoan ciliated epithelia another tendency, encountered in rudimentary form in some ciliates, seems to accompany the stabilization of the beating plane: the role of elastic elements as antagonists of contractile forces becomes more significant in the beating cycle in some epithelia. The chapter discusses some of the fragmentary and scattered data on the mechanism of ciliary activity. Two principal types of ciliary movement must be recognized: in one the planes of the effective and recovery phases of beat are identical; in the other these planes are different. Both types comprise several varieties, among which some may differ even as to the physical basis of the effective stroke.
Eye trauma in childhood.

Eye injuries are usually considered to be those that involve the globe itself, the soft tissue orbital adnexa including the lids and lacrimal apparatus, and the orbital contents, including the optic nerve. In most cases eye injuries can be diagnosed accurately and either definitive care, in the case of simple injuries, or early supportive care, in the case of more extensive injuries, can be carried out by a general physician.
The Extent of Specialized Poultry and Egg Marketing Instruction in Our State Colleges

Abstract IT IS a rare individual in these times who denies the advantage of a college education. Opportunities for the self-made man are becoming increasingly rare. Today, many commercial firms decline to consider persons without a college degree for employment in any job leading ultimately to a position of leadership. Buster (1947) stated that “progress in improving the processing and marketing of egg and poultry products will be influenced tremendously by the quality and extent of instruction on these subjects in colleges and universities.” He reported that in 1946 all but 11 State colleges offered at least one course in egg and poultry marketing. Now, six years later, it again seems desirable to appraise the extent of instruction in the subject of egg and poultry marketing in our State colleges. In order to accomplish this, information has been obtained from 45 State College catalogs and by personal communication with three State …
RESEARCH PROGRESS OF CO_2 CORROSION IN OIL/GAS FIELD EXPLOITATION

This paper summarized the existing forms and influencing factors of CO_2 corrosion in oil/gas field exploitation. The mechanism of different corrosions was also analyzed. A viewpoint of supercritical corrosion toward the characters and corrosion facts of CO_2 in the supercritical condition was presented in the paper.
Fertility following fimbriectomy and tubo-ovarian microsurgery in the rabbit.

It is generally believed that tubal fimbriae function as a highly specialized and indispensable component of the ovum pickup mechanism. The present study was undertaken to examine the feasibility of creating a functional tubo-ovarian relationship following fimbriectomy. Fourteen New Zealand White rabbits underwent unilateral microsurgical fimbriectomy followed by creation of a distal ampullary flap which was oversewn to the exposed ovarian cortex. Two weeks after surgery, the animals were inseminated and induced to ovulate with an intravenous injection of 100IU of human chorionic gonadotropin. Thirteen of fourteen uterine horns on the control side and ten of fourteen on the operated side became pregnant. The ratios of ova ovulated to those which implanted were 73.2% on the control side and 37.8% on the operated side. Morphologic studies revealed a normal complement of ciliated and secretory cells lining the endosalpinx of the juxtaposed ampullary flap. The portion of ovarian cortex covered by the flap similarly exhibited no morphologic abnormalities. These findings indicate that fertility can be maintained in the absence of fimbriae and suggest a surgical technique for restoration of fertility following elective sterilization by fimbriectomy or following pathologically induced destruction of the fimbriae.
Nonnegative Integral Solutions to Linear Equations

The first topic will concern the problem of solving linear equations in nonnegative integers. In particular, we will consider the following problem which goes back to MacMahon. Let $${H_n}\left( r \right)\,\,: = \,number\,of\,n \times n\,\mathbb{N} - matrices\,having\,line\,sums\,r\,,$$ where a line is a row or column, and an ℕ-matrix is a matrix whose entries belong to ℕ. Such a matrix is called an integer stochastic matrix or magic square. Keeping r fixed, one finds that Hn(0) = 1, Hn(1) = n!, and Anand, Dumir and Gupta [A-D-G] showed that $$\sum\limits_{n \geqslant 0} {\frac{{{H_n}\left( 2 \right){x^n}}} {{{{(n!)}^2}}} = \frac{{{e^{x/2}}}} {{\sqrt {1 - x} }}}$$ . See also Stanley [St5, Ex. 6.11]. Keeping n fixed, one finds that H1(r) = 1, H2(r) = r+1, and MacMahon [MM, Sect. 407] showed that $${H_3}\left( r \right) = \left( {\mathop 4\limits^{r + 4} } \right) + \left( {\mathop 4\limits^{r + 3} } \right) + \left( {\mathop 4\limits^{r + 2} } \right).$$ .
The Law Enforcement and Prosecution Dilemma

Policy dilemmas such as citizen resentment, proliferation of prejudice, disproportionate prosecution of minorities, and social backlash invariably influence the enforcement and prosecution of hate crime statutes. Internal factors that influence the bias classification decision at the point of arrest include whether the police officer received training to assess bias motives and his or her personal beliefs in the efficacy of hate crime statutes. External factors also influence the bias classification decision including workload issues, the influence of the community and whether the police agency adopts a proactive hate crime enforcement policy. Issues that influence effective prosecution of hate crime statutes include whether the prosecutor can prove bias motivation beyond a reasonable doubt. This is particularly complicated in mixed bias and non-bias cases where bias is peripheral to the underlying offense.
The role of diabetes healthcare professionals in diabetes discrimination issues at work and school.

This article, which is also being published in Diabetes Spectrum (2002;15:217-221), reflects the collaborative efforts of the American Diabetes Association and the American Association of Diabetes Educators in the area oflegal advocacy.
Cardioembolic Stroke: Prevalence, Diagnosis, and Treatment

About 15% of all ischemic strokes are attributed to an embolus arising from the heart. The importance of cardiogenic embolus may in fact be much greater when one considers that a number of strokes are considered of “undetermined” etiology. The Stroke Data Bank found that one-third of their 1805 patients had to be classified as “infarct, unknown cause” [1]. About 30% of patients with an ischemic stroke have evidence of heart disease and one-third of these have atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease sufficient to have produced the stroke.
PERI-PROSTHETIC FEMORAL FX9S: WHAT TO DO, WHAT TO DO

Peri-prosthetic fractures of the femur around a THA remain challenging injuries to treat. The Vancouver Classification helps to guide decision making, and is based on fracture location, implant fixation status, and remaining bone quality. It is critical to determine fixation status of the implant, even if surgical dislocation is necessary. Type A fractures involve the trochanters, and are usually due to osteolysis. Revision of the bearing surface and bone grafting of the lesions can be effective. Type B1 fractures occur around a well fixed stem, typically at the stem tip. Internal fixation with laterally based locked cable plates is effective. Optimising proximal fixation is important, typically with locked screws and cables. Allograft struts are probably unnecessary with modern angle stable plates. Type B2 and B3 fractures are treated with revision, either with a fully coated cylindrical or a modular fluted tapered titanium stem. Distal fixation should be optimised, while preserving vascularity to proximal bony fragments. The « internal scaffold » technique has been described with excellent results. Rarely, a proximal femoral replacement is necessary. Careful attention to detail and clear knowledge of stem fixation status is necessary for a good outcome.
How bureaucratic leadership shapes policy outcomes: partisan politics and affluent citizens’ incomes in the American states

We maintain that political institutions’ policy objectives are best met under conditions when they are unified, and also when their administrative leadership is effective. We apply this argument to the understanding of how unified Democratic and Republican governments in the American states have influenced the incomes of affluent citizens. We find that affluent income gains occur under unified Republican state governments when compensation to executive agency heads is sufficiently high. These income gains are notable relative to both divided and unified partisan control of state governments. The evidence highlights the asymmetric role that bureaucratic leadership plays in attaining policy outcomes consistent with political institutions’ policy preferences, while underscoring the limits of electoral institutions to shape policy outcomes of their own accord. Efforts to lower the capacity of the administrative leadership constrain unified political institutions from converting their policy objectives into policy outcomes.
Clots Are Potent Triggers of Inflammatory Cell Gene Expression: Indications for Timely Fibrinolysis

Objective— Blood vessel wall damage often results in the formation of a fibrin clot that traps inflammatory cells, including monocytes. The effect of clot formation and subsequent lysis on the expression of monocyte-derived genes involved in the development and progression of ischemic stroke and other vascular diseases, however, is unknown. Determine whether clot formation and lysis regulates the expression of human monocyte-derived genes that modulate vascular diseases. Approach and Results— We performed next-generation RNA sequencing on monocytes extracted from whole blood clots and using a purified plasma clot system. Numerous mRNAs were differentially expressed by monocytes embedded in clots compared with unclotted controls, and IL-8 (interleukin 8) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) were among the upregulated transcripts in both models. Clotted plasma also increased expression of IL-8 and MCP-1, which far exceeded responses observed in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes. Upregulation of IL-8 and MCP-1 occurred in a thrombin-independent but fibrin-dependent manner. Fibrinolysis initiated shortly after plasma clot formation (ie, 1–2 hours) reduced the synthesis of IL-8 and MCP-1, whereas delayed fibrinolysis was far less effective. Consistent with these in vitro models, monocytes embedded in unresolved thrombi from patients undergoing thrombectomy stained positively for IL-8 and MCP-1. Conclusions— These findings demonstrate that clots are potent inducers of monocyte gene expression and that timely fibrinolysis attenuates inflammatory responses, specifically IL-8 and MCP-1. Dampening of inflammatory gene expression by timely clot lysis may contribute to the clinically proven efficacy of fibrinolytic drug treatment within hours of stroke onset.
23 Players, 23 Voices: An Examination of the U.S. Women’s National Soccer Team on Twitter During the 2015 World Cup

This study’s purpose was to contribute to the understanding of athlete self-presentation on Twitter by focusing on the communication strategies of an entire team of female athletes during an intern...
Risk factors for reinsertion of urinary catheter after early removal in thoracic surgical patients

Abstract Objectives To reduce the incidence of urinary tract infection, Surgical Care Improvement Project 9 mandates the removal of urinary catheters within 48 hours postoperatively. In patients with thoracic epidural anesthesia, we sought to determine the rate of catheter reinsertion, the complications of reinsertion, and the factors associated with reinsertion. Methods We conducted a prospective observational study of consecutive patients undergoing major pulmonary or esophageal resection with thoracic epidural analgesia over a 2-year period. As per Surgical Care Improvement Project 9, all urinary catheters were removed within 48 hours postoperatively. Excluded were patients with chronic indwelling catheter, patients with urostomy, and patients requiring continued strict urine output monitoring. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for urinary catheter reinsertion. Results Thirteen patients met exclusion criteria. Of the 275 patients evaluated, 60 (21.8%) required reinsertion of urinary catheter. There was no difference in the urinary tract infection rate between patients requiring reinsertion (1/60 [1.7%]) versus patients not requiring reinsertion (1/215 [0.5%], P = .389). Urethral trauma during reinsertion was seen in 1 of 60 patients (1.7%). After reinsertion, discharge with urinary catheter was required in 4 of 60 patients (6.7%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis found esophagectomy, lower body mass index, and benign prostatic hypertrophy to be independent risk factors associated with catheter reinsertion after early removal in the presence of thoracic epidural analgesia. Conclusions When applying Surgical Care Improvement Project 9 to patients undergoing thoracic procedures with thoracic epidural analgesia, consideration to delayed removal of urinary catheter may be warranted in patients with multiple risk factors for reinsertion.
Leveling the Ice: The Discrepancy Between Male and Female Athletics at Boston College

This paper explores multiple published articles regarding the societal assumption that women’s sports are less competitive and less engaging than men’s sports. Some articles, such as Women’s Sports Foundation (2010) and Carpenter & Acosta (2005), cite lack of funds and media visibility as to why women’s sports are not as highly regarded as men’s sports. Other articles, such as Messner (2000) and NWLC (2012), explain that the disproportion in coverage of men’s and women’s sports is based on society’s expectations of women and the assumption feminine“weaknesses” This paper examines the men’s and women’s ice hockey teams at Boston College and details the issues surrounding team schedules, fan attendance, university support, and media presence in an attempt to determine whether BC Women’s Ice Hockey receives different levels of support and investment from BC compared to the BC Men’s Hockey team, and whether this differential investment leads to a unique spectator experience that may explain the lack of spectator attendance at BC women’s hockey games.
The Genius of the Nation versus the Gene-Tech of the Nation: Science, Identity, and GMO Debates in Hungary

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Anthropology at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion inAnthropology Department Faculty Publication Series by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information,please contact scholarworks@library.umass.edu.
Spatial Patterns of Fertility in Rural Egypt

The Getis*Ord G i ∗ statistic and the Getis spatial filtering method are shown in this paper to be very useful geospatial tools for uncovering the spatial patterns of human reproduction in a rural governorate in Egypt that had been assumed by many to be a spatially homogeneous area. We apply the G i * statistic to dasymetrically mapped data from the 1976, 1986 and 1996 censuses of Egypt to show that there were very distinct spatial patterns in fertility over time in this predominantly rural region of the Nile Delta. The spatial filtering technique allows us to conclude as well that the spatial component became more important over time as a predictor of fertility levels. Improvements in education represent a key feature of the changing rural social environment driving these spatial changes in fertility. There is evidence as well that increases in contraceptive utilization contributed to this change, but we are unable to evaluate its spatial component. Nonetheless, the research illustrates and illuminates the underlying conceptual framework that demographic behavior is a joint function of who people are and where they are.
Fundamental Concepts in the Theory of Infinite Groups

A group theoretical class or class of groups X is a class in the usual sense, consisting of groups, with two additional properties: (a) G1 ≃ G ∈ X implies that G1 ∈ X, (b) X contains a trivial (or unit) group.
Photoconduction mechanism of ultra-long indium oxide nanowires

Abstract Photoelectrical mechanism of single Indium Oxide nanowires have been investigated using current-voltage characteristics measurements varying with temperature. The fabricated In2O3 nanowires show high photosensitivity up to 140 at room temperature. It is shown that the photosensitivity of In2O3 nanowires decreases by increasing the temperature due to shorter carrier life time, higher dark conductance and lower electron mobility at higher temperatures. The significantly enhanced photoconduction of single-In2O3 nanowires observed under UV illumination is attributed mainly to the transition from defect levels, which are introduced by the oxygen vacancies that are mostly present on the surface of the nanowires.
Sex Offender Height and Pedophilic Interest: A Clarification

ABSTRACTThe authors investigated the relationship between offender height and pedophilic interest in a sample of 22,228 registered sex offenders (RSOs). Concerns have been raised by a former collab...
Activation of Split RNA Aptamers: Experiments Demonstrating the Enzymatic Synthesis of Short RNAs and Their Assembly as Observed by Fluorescent Response.

With the advancement of ribonucleic acid (RNA) research in the field of biochemistry, ensuring that undergraduate students have both the theoretical and practical knowledge of current, cutting-edge experimental techniques is of marked importance. Many current biochemistry experiments demonstrate various basic molecular biological techniques including isolation and quantification of nucleic acids, protein gel electrophoresis, and DNA amplification reactions. While covering a wide base of skills, there is an underutilization of RNA as a pedagogical tool. This multistep laboratory experiment introduces students to the emerging field of RNA nanotechnology and to the RNA assembly and subsequent conditional activations of preprogrammed functionalities such as fluorescence. To achieve this, a sequence of standard molecular techniques such as PCR, DNA purification, RNA transcription and purification, RNA quantification, and self-assembly followed by analysis with electrophoretic mobility shift assays and spectros...
Creating Inclusive and Hospitable Christian Schools: Three Case Studies

Many Christian schools accept children with special needs. Structures to support, fund, and strengthen such programs are challenging to find. Studies to date reflect how those Christian schools tha...
Discharge Readiness after Propofol with or without Dexmedetomidine for Colonoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Editor’s PerspectiveWhat We Already Know about This TopicIt is unknown whether adding low-dose dexmedetomidine to propofol for colonoscopies enhances hemodynamic stability without prolonging recoveryWhat This Article Tells Us That Is NewOne hundred and one patients were randomly assigned to propofol
Teaching and Doing Strategy as an Intentional Strategic Innovation Mindset

There are many important keys in learning, teaching, and doing strategy today. We propose rethinking the learning strategies employed at the MBA level to make the degree more relevant. Recent calls from academia and practice indicate the need to stress adaptability using soft knowledge and skills to make MBA courses more aligned with the realities of strategic decision-making in today’s business environments. We emphasize that while traditional strategic framework models and diagrams have their place, today’s professionals must be prepared to make decisions in unstructured and highly ambiguous situations that traditional models do not address.
The Past, Present and Future of the Safe Drinking Water Act

Author(s): Salzman, James | Abstract: The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) has long been "the statute that environmental law courses forgot." It receives scant or no coverage in all but a few environmental law casebooks and is not covered in most environmental law courses. After Flint, though, drinking water problems have become high profile and SDWA's exclusion seems increasingly untenable. The law raises important issues of cost and risk assessments, environmental justice, federalism, private governance, and human rights, among others. To encourage teaching the statute, this chapter is intended for a course syllabus. Twenty pages long, it is written in an accessible style and covers the history of the law, its key provisions, successes, and challenges. To stimulate classroom discussion, it includes a Questions and Discussion section and Teacher's Manual. The text is free for all non-commercial use.
Racial Ethnic Disparities in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Participating in Diabetes Summer Camps.

OBJECTIVE Diabetes camps are beneficial for campers and include benefits such as increases in diabetes knowledge, glycemic control, and psychological functioning. Racial/ethnic minority youth are likely to have poorer disease management and glycemic control. We hypothesized that minority youth with type 1 diabetes have reduced participation in diabetes summer camps. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed deidentified data from 5,256 campers with type 1 diabetes who participated in a network of 48 American Diabetes Association–affiliated summer camps in 2018, and we compared participation rates by racial/ethnic category to the most recent SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study prevalence rates. RESULTS Camper demographics were significantly different than in the general population of children with type 1 diabetes (P CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic minority youth with diabetes are underrepresented in diabetes camps nationwide.
N-acetyl Cysteine Use in the Treatment of Shock Liver.

Acute liver failure is a rare, life-threatening illness accounting for about 7% of all liver-related deaths. Patients with acute liver failure are managed with supportive care initially, and if supportive care fails, liver transplantation is the definitive option for eligible candidates in liver failure. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) has a well-established role in acetaminophen-induced liver failure and has been reported to reduce mortality in these patients. It has also been reported to provide benefit in non-acetaminophen-induced liver failure secondary to infection, drugs, and toxins. Here we report an interesting case of NAC use in an elderly patient with shock liver secondary to severe sepsis in whom liver transplantation was not an option.
Optimizing individual nutrition in preterm very low birth weight infants: double-blinded randomized controlled trial.

In preterm neonates fed human milk, fortification may be adjusted by (1) optimization, based on growth rate and serum nutrient analyses, or (2) individualization, based on serial milk nutrient analyses. The primary aim was to determine whether individualized plus optimized nutrition (experimental) improves velocity of weight gain and linear growth from birth to endpoint (36 weeks postmenstrual age or discharge) when compared with optimized nutrition alone (controls). Double-blinded parallel group randomized trial in 120 neonates <29 weeks gestational age (GA) or <35 weeks and small for GA (birth weight < 10th centile). Weight-gain velocity (13.1 ± 2.1, n = 57 controls, vs. 13.0 ± 2.6 g kg−1 day−1, n = 59 experimental, P = 0.87), linear growth (0.9 ± 0.2, n = 55, vs. 0.9 ± 0.2 cm week−1, n = 52, P = 0.90) and frequency of weight/length disproportion (2% vs. 2%, P = 0.98) were similar in both groups. Individualized plus optimized nutrition does not improve weight gain, linear growth, or weight/length disproportion at endpoint versus optimized nutrition alone.
E-books for children with autism: Best read alone or with a therapist?

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seemingly prefer tablets to other methods of intervention, though professionals posit that a therapist’s presence is beneficial. In this experiment, two...