cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Land and leña: linking transnational migration, natural resources, and the environment in Guatemala

This article examines the relationships between international migration, natural resources, and the environment. Rather than looking at environmental change as a cause of population movements, the article reveals how migration affects the environment in sending countries. Empirically, we rely on a case study in Guatemala. Although migrants and cash remittances make significant contributions to Guatemala’s changing economy, little is known about the relationships between migration and the environment in this Central American country—a country, which continues to have a large rural population and that relies heavily on its natural resources. Drawing on ethnographic research and household surveys in a Maya community, we reveal how migrants and their earnings, as well as their ideas, behavior and attitudes, affect land use, land cover, and firewood use. We reveal, for example, how in addition to investments in land for home building and pick-up trucks to help improve agricultural production, some migrant households purchase more land and often dedicate it to the cultivation of vegetable crops for local and foreign markets. Cultural practices and beliefs directly linked to land and the environment, particularly maize cultivation, also alter due to migration processes. And, despite the ability of migrant households to transition to more efficient fuels like liquid propane gas (LPG), we show how they continue to use firewood. In all, the study contributes important insights into the environmental implications of migration.
Maternal Psychological Absence and Toddlers' Social-Emotional Development: Interpretations From the Perspective of Boundary Ambiguity Theory

The current study tests a novel latent construct reflecting psychological absence and examines its relations with maternal depression, mother–toddler interactions, and toddlers’ social-emotional outcomes in a low-income sample (N = 2,632). Structural equation modeling confirmed a psychological absence construct and revealed that psychological absence, measured at the child’s 36-month birthday-related assessment, is a significant predictor of children’s social-emotional development at 36 months, mediated by mother– child interaction. Results are interpreted within a boundary ambiguity framework.
Subgenomic S1 segments are packaged by avian reovirus defective interfering particles having an S1 segment deletion.

Abstract Two subgenomic segments derived from the S1 genome segment (SGS1-1 and SGS1-2) were identified in avian reovirus defective interfering (DI) particle preparations having an S1 segment deletion. Both SGS1-1 and SGS1-2 were composed of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) with an estimated size of 400 and 380 bp, respectively. Their segment of origin was identified as the S1 by hybridization analysis. The subgenomic segments were associated with the virus fraction following CsCl density gradient centrifugation, indicating that they are packaged. The subgenomic segments were also shown to be replicated. Therefore, sequence(s) required for replication and packaging are retained. The relative amounts of subgenomic segments were shown to be inversely proportional to that of the S1 segment. The presence of subgenomic segments and concurrent reduction in the relative amount of the S1 segment were found to be directly associated with the decrease in infectious titers. These results suggest that subgenomic segments are responsible for induction of interference by specifically competing with the S1 segment during replication and/or packaging. The competitive relationship between the subgenomic segments and the S1 segment implies that segment-specific sequence(s) or factors) are involved in the replication and/or packaging of each individual genome segment.
A Local Spatial Correlation Length For Background Modeling

Radiometric measurements obtained from scanning sensors are useful for deriving one-dimensional spatial statistics of background. This paper introduces a local spatial statistic, the "differential length scale," that is particularly relevant for using the measurements to predict clutter leakage in proposed sensor systems. A method is given for calculating the differential length scale in the presence of measurement sensor noise, and the relationship of the differential length scale to the usual power spectrum length scale is described. Computer simulation experiments show that RMS clutter leakage from two-dimensional images can be predicted within 10% accuracy using only the differential length scale of one-dimensional slices of the image.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effect of interconnecting area between the ends of a sliding bearing on film thickness

Abstract The effect of the area of interconnections between the ends of fast-acting bearings, such as those of concentric recoil mechanisms used with American tank guns, has been studied. It was found that the bearings do not ‘starve’ with a small interconnection area, but larger areas produced thicker fluid films. However, if the interconnection area was greater than 15–20 mm 2 with the system studied (5.08 cm diameter shaft), the resulting film-thickness decreased from the maximum. With this system, there was a definite minimum at 7.4 mm 2 . There was also probably another at about 26 mm 2 , but it was not so well-defined. In addition, the film-thickness usually continued to increase for a time even after the movement of the sliding shaft has stopped.
The Safety of Brachial Artery Puncture for Arterial Blood Sampling

Objective: This study was designed to determine the incidence of complications in a sample of 6,185 brachial artery punctures for arterial blood gas analysis. Methods: The study sample was comprised of adult patients who had arterial blood gas analysis ordered in the course of their clinical evaluations in a multispecialty clinic and hospital affiliated with a university school of medicine. Subjects were entered prospectively at the time the procedure was done. Results: The overall incidence of all complications was 2.0%. Immediate limb pain or parenthesias occurred in 1.1%, while the onset of symptoms was delayed up to 24 h in 0.9%. Hematoma formation occurred in only 0.06%. None of the complications was considered to be of major impact, in that none was associated with limb ischemia or other objective abnormalities. Only one subject required analgesic medication to control pain that ultimately subsided spontaneously without deficit. Conclusion: We believe that brachial artery puncture, when properly performed, is a safe and reliable alternative route for obtaining arterial blood for gas analysis. (CHEST 1998; 114:748–751)
Centrifuge modeling of load-deformation behavior of rocking shallow foundations

Abstract Shallow foundations supporting building structures might be loaded well into their nonlinear range during intense earthquake loading. The nonlinearity of the soil may act as an energy dissipation mechanism, potentially reducing shaking demands exerted on the building. This nonlinearity, however, may result in permanent deformations that also cause damage to the building. Five series of tests on a large centrifuge, including 40 models of shear wall footings, were performed to study the nonlinear load-deformation characteristics during cyclic and earthquake loading. Footing dimensions, depth of embedment, wall weight, initial static vertical factor of safety, soil density, and soil type (dry sand and saturated clay) were systematically varied. The moment capacity was not observed to degrade with cycling, but due to the deformed shape of the footing–soil interface and uplift associated with large rotations, stiffness degradation was observed. Permanent deformations beneath the footing continue to accumulate with the number of cycles of loading, though the rate of accumulation of settlement decreases as the footing embeds itself.
T cell memory in the injured facial motor nucleus: relation to functional recovery following facial nerve crush.

T cells have the ability to mount a memory response to a previously encountered antigen such that re-exposure to the antigen results in a response that is greater in magnitude and function. Following facial nerve transection, T cells have been shown to traffic to injured motor neurons in the facial motor nucleus (FMN) and may have the ability to promote neuronal survival and functional recovery. Previously, we demonstrated that early exposure to neuronal injury on one side of the brain during young adulthood elicited a T cell response that was greater in magnitude following exposure to the same form of injury on the contralateral side later in adulthood. Whether the T cell memory response to neuronal injury influenced functional recovery following nerve crush injury was unknown. In the current study, we tested the hypotheses that (1) transection of the right facial nerve in sensitized mice would result in faster recovery of the whisker response when the contralateral facial nerve is crushed 10 weeks later, and (2) the early recovery would be associated with an increase in the magnitude of the T cell response in the contralateral FMN following crush injury in sensitized mice. The onset of modest recovery in sensitized mice occurred between 3 and 5 days following crush injury of the contralateral facial nerve, approximately 1.5 days earlier than naive mice, and was associated with more than a two-fold increase in the magnitude of the T cell response in the contralateral FMN following crush injury. There was no difference between groups in the number of days to full recovery. Further study of how T cell memory influences neuroregeneration may have important implications for translational research.
Abstract 4338: The lipogenic phenotype of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA 15 - 30 % of all breast cancer cases are classified as HER2/neu-positive, a very aggressive form of breast cancer that correlates with a poor prognosis, reduced survival time and increased incidence of metastasis. We have shown that the HER2-positive breast cancer cell line BT474 relies on a unique Warburg-like metabolism for survival and aggressive behavior. These cells are dependent on fatty acid synthesis, presumably as a means to regenerate NAD+ for aerobic glycolysis. The cells show markedly increased levels of stored fats compared to other breast cancer cell lines and disruption of the synthetic process results in apoptosis. This metabolic phenotype is operating at its limits in HER2-positive cells, as addition of exogenous palmitate results in cell death, whereas HER2-normal cells are not affected by this treatment. Microarray analysis of palmitate-treated HER2/neu-positive SKBR3 cells and HER2-normal MCF7 cells suggests that palmitate induces an ER-stress response in the HER2-positive cells. This is congruent with protein markers for stress-related translational stalling, which ultimately result in CHOP-dependent cell death. Palmitate distinctly reduces the expression of the HER3 protein and combination treatments with palmitate and HER2-targeted therapeutic compounds show synergistic effects and markedly increase the cytotoxic effects of either compound alone. In addition to these translational changes, palmitate treatment of HER2/neu-positive SKBR3 cells results in AMPK activation and subsequent inhibition of fatty acid synthesis. Transcriptome and global metabolite profiling analyses of the effect of increased palmitate on these cells indicate that palmitate alters the metabolic phenotype by re-routing the glucose carbon flux in the cells. Supported by CDMRP Award W81XWH-11-1-0094 to Jan Baumann and NCI Award 5R01CA136658-03 to Douglas Conklin. Citation Format: Jan M. Baumann, Douglas S. Conklin. The lipogenic phenotype of HER2/neu-positive breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4338. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4338
Asthma and the Vicissitudes of Aggression: Two Case Reports of Childhood Asthma

Abstract. We report two children with childhood asthma who without prior evidence of psychosis manifested transient and completely reversible psychotic episodes in the course of psychotherapy. The dynamic conflicts which precipitated the transient psychosis would previously have precipitated an asthmatic episode had aggressive conflicts remained repressed. A brief review of the literature on the subjects of asthma and aggression and psychosis and asthma is presented. An attempt is made to explain the relationship between the observed psychotic episodes, the observed asthmatic episodes, and the vicissitudes of the aggression in these patients
Cross-utilization of the β Sliding Clamp by Replicative Polymerases of Evolutionary Divergent Organisms

Chromosomal replicases are multiprotein machines comprised of a DNA polymerase, a sliding clamp, and a clamp loader. This study examines replicase components for their ability to be switched between Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. These two cell types diverged over 1 billion years ago, and their sequences have diverged widely. Yet the Escherichia coli beta clamp binds directly to Staphylococcus aureus PolC and makes it highly processive, confirming and extending earlier results (Low, R. L., Rashbaum, S. A. , and Cozzarelli, N. R. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1311-1325). We have also examined the S. aureus beta clamp. The results show that it functions with S. aureus PolC, but not with E. coli polymerase III core. PolC is a rather potent polymerase by itself and can extend a primer with an intrinsic speed of 80-120 nucleotides per s. Both E. coli beta and S. aureus beta converted PolC to a highly processive polymerase, but surprisingly, beta also increased the intrinsic rate of DNA synthesis to 240-580 nucleotides per s. This finding expands the scope of beta function beyond a simple mechanical tether for processivity to include that of an effector that increases the intrinsic rate of nucleotide incorporation by the polymerase.
Shape Grammars: Six Types

The issue of decidability in relation to shape grammars is considered here. Decidability concerns, first, the identification of different types of grammars and, second, the answerability or solvability of questions about these types of grammars. In this paper, the first of these two topics is examined. Six different types of shape grammars are defined by considering different kinds of restrictions on rule format and rule ordering. The effects that these different restrictions have on the generative power, practicality, pedagogical value, and other characteristics of a shape grammar are discussed. In a subsequent paper, “Shape grammars: five questions” (Knight, 1998), the answerabilities of various questions about the types of shape grammars outlined here are explored. The decidability issues addressed in this paper and the subsequent one are key to the practical use of shape grammars in design projects where specific goals and constraints need to be satisfied.
Stayella, a new genus of ovo viviparous cockroaches from Africa (Dictyoptera: Blattariae, Blattellidae)

Stayella, the first ovoviviparous blattellid genus reported, is described. The following 8 species, 4 of which were previously in the genus Symploce, are included in this taxon: bimaculata (Gerstaecker) (type-species; new synonyms = S. massaica Princis and S. backlundi Princis), medleri (Kumar), cinnamomea (Gerstaecker), rohdei (Shelford) (new synonym = S. umbrina Princis), mckittrickae sp.n., abnormalis sp.n., schmitzi sp.n., and enghoffi sp.n. The various known species are redescribed, and a key to the males is given. The genus is restricted to Africa.
Highly linear, ultra sensitive bio-MEMS force sensors with large force measurement range

We have designed, fabricated, and characterized a set of displacement based micromechanical force sensors. These sensors combine high force resolution (50–500 pN) with large force measurement range (100 nN – 1 µN) and have highly linear force-displacement characteristics. In addition, we have established a novel scheme to avoid capillary forces during the immersion and removal of these sensors from aqueous environments that make them highly suitable for biological studies. As a demonstration of their versatility, these sensors are used to measure the mechanical response of embryonic Drosophila (fruit fly) axons in vivo.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Righting the balance: Gender diversity in the geosciences’”] by Floyd Herbert

In our article “On Gender Equity in the Geosciences,” we are not advocating a quota of 50% women in the geosciences, but rather, suggesting that the field would be strengthened if all the individuals with doctorates in the geosciences (including the 28% of all Ph.D.s who are women) were to remain active in these fields [National Science Board, 2002; Kastens, 2003]. Currently, only about 13% of employed Ph.D.s in these fields are women, which means that there is a considerable loss of trained scientists in the Earth, atmospheric, and oceanographic sciences. Even the entry-level hires at Ph.D.-granting institutions are only 20% female [Holmes et al, 2003].
On the regulation of tyrosine transaminase, glutamatic dehydrogenase and aspartic transaminase in Tetrahymena.

Abstract Aspartic transaminase, tyrosine transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and glutamic dehydrogenase were studied in Tetrahymena pyriformis in order to gain a better understanding of the control of the entrance and exit of metabolic intermediates to and from the major carbohydrate pathways. Glucose decreased the activity of aspartic transaminase, tyrosine transaminase and glutamic dehydrogenase but not lactic dehydrogenase. Actinomycin D (6 and 12 μg/ml) blocked the decrease in glutamic dehydrogenase and aspartic transaminase activity caused by glucose; 12 μg/ml partially prevented the decrease in tyrosine transaminase activity. Actinomycin D alone had little effect on enzyme activity. Uracil incorporation into RNA was doubled by 6 μg/ml actinomycin D, a concentration which did not alter the RNA content of the cells. At 12 μg/ml this drug caused a small decrease in RNA spec. act. Cycloheximide at 10 μg/ml, a concentration which inhibited protein synthesis by 70%, caused a three-fold increase in aspartic transaminase and a two-fold increase in glutamic dehydrogenase. In the presence of both cycloheximide and glucose, the drug effect predominated. Thus both actinomycin D and cycloheximide blocked the glucose-induced decrease in enzyme activity. These results suggest that the levels of aspartic transaminase, glutamic dehydrogenase, and probably tyrosine transaminase are regulated at least in part by a degradative control system.
A statistic for measuring the influence of side information in investment

Side information can increase the growth rate of wealth in stock market investment. The question is: when is the side information useful and when is it illusory? We propose a statistic to test this. We compare the wealth achieved by the best constant rebalanced portfolio in hindsight on the entire stock market sequence to the wealth resulting from the best constant rebalanced portfolio in hindsight on the subsequences of stocks identified by the states of the side information sequence. If one can't make money from side information given perfect hindsight one never can. We prove, under the null hypothesis of independence of the side information sequence from the stock sequence, that the logarithm of the ratio of optimal wealth with and without side information is asymptotically distributed as half a chi-squared random variable with (d - 1)(m - 1) degrees of freedom, where d is the number of states of side information and m is the number of stocks. This statistic has an asymptotic distribution that is independent of the particular stock sequence or the distribution of the side information sequence. Thus the use of side information can be accepted when the wealth ratio exceeds a certain fixed level given by the appropriate quantile of the chi-squared distribution
Necking bifurcations during high strain rate extension

Dynamic necking bifurcations which occur during rapid plane strain extension of a block of strain hardening plastic material are investigated. The block is presumed to be a portion of a plate or thin-walled shell deforming at high strain rate. It is found that the rates of growth of both very long and very short wavelength modes of nonuniform deformation are suppressed by inertia, thus promoting a necking pattern at an intermediate wavelength. The analysis indicates that, for blocks of small aspect ratio, the number of necks formed per unit length is proportional to the square root of the mean extensional strain rate of the block. The results of the analysis agree with necking patterns observed in high velocity ring expansion experiments and in detailed numerical simulations.
Fractal behavior of isosets and trails in superionic conductors

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of ionic motion in Ag 2 S reveal fractal aspects of trails and isosets of Brownian motion. For silver ions in the superionic state, and silver and sulfur ions in the molten phase, fractal dimensionalities of isosets and trails are found to be D = 0.5 and D = 2, respectively. These results are consistent with D 1 − D −1 .
Synthesis of second-generation transition state analogues of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

Purine nucleoside phosphorylases (PNPs) catalyze nucleophilic displacement reactions by migration of the cationic ribooxacarbenium carbon between the fixed purine and phosphate nucleophiles. As the phosphorolysis reaction progresses along the reaction coordinate, the distance between the purine and carbocation increases and the distance between carbocation and phosphate anion decreases. Immucillin-H and Immucillin-G have been shown previously to be potent inhibitors of PNP. We now report the synthesis of a second generation of stable transition state analogues, DADMe-Immucillins 2, 3, and 4, with increased distance between ribooxacarbenium and purine mimics by incorporation of a methylene bridge between these groups. These compounds are potent inhibitors with equilibrium dissociation constants as low as 7 pM against human PNP. Stable chemical analogues of enzymatic transition states are necessarily imperfect since they lack the partial bond character of the transition state. The immucillins and DADMe-Immu...
The 3rd ACM workshop on refactoring tools (WRT'09)

Refactoring is the process of applying behavior-preserving transformations to a program with the objective of improving the program's design. A specific refactoring is identified by a name (e.g., Extract Method), a set of preconditions, and a set of specific transformations that need to be performed.Tool support for refactoring is highly desirable because checking the preconditions for a given refactoring often requires nontrivial program analysis, and applying the transformations may affect many locations throughout a program. In recent years, the emergence of light-weight programming methodologies such as Extreme Programming has generated a great amount of interest in refactoring, and refactoring support has become a required feature in modern-day IDEs.Until recently, there has not been a suitable forum for discussions among researchers and developers of such tools. Our prior refactoring tools workshops (initially at ECOOP 2007, then at OOPSLA 2008) clearly met a need, and there was strong interest expressed in holding a follow-on workshop. This workshop features both presentations given by developers and researchers in the field of refactoring, as well as demonstrations of practical refactoring tools.
Evolution of Coherent States in a Dispersionless Fibre with Saturable Nonlinearity and the Generation of Macroscopic Quantum-superposition States

Abstract We study the evolution of a initially coherent state of an electromagnetic field propagating in a Kerr medium with saturable nonlinearity. By using the quantum phase distribution formalism, we analyse the dependence of the output signal phase configuration upon input field amplitude. We observe that the saturation of the nonlinear contribution of the refractive index of the propagation medium introduces interference effects that compromise the observation of macroscopically well distinguishable components of the output state. For input amplitudes much larger than a characteristic saturation amplitude the final state differs from the input state only by an overall phase shift. Possible relevance of the present results in the experimental search of Schrodinger cat-like states using semiconductor-doped glass optical fibres is discussed.
Simulation of Multipurpose Port and Multiport Offshore Facilities

The choice between multipurpose and multiple specialized offshore port facilities requires many decisions which may be more effectively made using system analysis and simulation methods recently developed and discussed in this paper. Optimization of investment and other costs by allocating resources and developing utilization strategies are also presented. The methods include the determination of the effects of number, location, capacity, use, investment and other costs of offshore facilities to meet a given demand, and the analysis of simulation of port design, use and policy decision as they affect multi versus single purpose ports.
Is chiari i malformation associated with fibromyalgia

BACKGROUND: The symptoms of Chiari I Malformation (CIM) and fibromyalgia (FM) overlap. Some FM patients have been surgically treated for presumed CIM-type pathology. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether CIM is more common among FM patients than pain-and fatigue-free controls. METHODS: One hundred seventy-six participants with FM and 67 pain- and fatigue-free control subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and upper cervical spine. Posterior fossa cerebrospinal fluid flow was assessed with cardiac gated cine phase-contrast imaging at the craniocervical region. CIM was defined as inferior extension of cerebellar tonsils ≥ 5 mm below the basion-opisthion line of the foramen magnum or tonsillar position 3 to 5 mm below the basion-opisthion line plus abnormalities of CSF flow, posterior fossa volume, or hindbrain or cervical spinal cord movement. Visual analog scales, questionnaires, and interviews were used to collect data on sleep quality, fatigue, pain, and headache. We used regression techniques to examine the association of outcome measures with disease status and the Fisher exact test to compare the CIM prevalence in the 2 groups. RESULTS: The FM group was older (mean age, 50 vs 40 years) and more likely to be white (89% vs 73%) and female (93% vs 54%; P < .01). Mean tonsillar position and the prevalence of CIM (2.8% vs 4.5%; P = .69) were similar in the FM and control groups. FM patients experienced more headaches, pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbances than control subjects (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Most patients with FM do not have CIM pathology. Future studies should focus on dynamic neuroimaging of craniocervical neuroanatomy in patients with FM.
On the thermodynamics and scaling behaviour of SU(2) gauge theory with fermion feedback

We study SU(2) lattice gauge theory with four species (Nf = 4) of light dynamical fermions by microcanonical simulation methods. Relatively large lattices, long runs and small quark masses are considered. On a 83 × 16 lattice 〈ψψ〉 is measured and good evidence for asymptotic freedom with fermion feedback is found. The scaling window begins at β = 4/g2 ≈ 1.85. On a 123 × 6 lattice SU(2) thermodynamics is studied systematically. The chiral symmetry restoration transition is found at β = 1.925 ± .025. The crossover from hadronic matter to the quark-gluon plasma is abrupt.
Youth engagement and service dosage in a mandated setting: A study of residential treatment centers

Abstract Treatment theory in residential treatment centers (RTCs) is conceived as a two-stage process of first engaging the client and then delivering services or interventions aimed at presenting problems. This treatment logic has been criticized for “creaming clients” or reserving services for clients easier to engage or more amenable to treatment but less in need. The present study examines whether higher early levels of engagement by youth in RTCs leads to more intervention and compares the relative effects of engagement and seriousness of presenting problems on the quantity of services provided by the mid-point in the adolescents' stay. Data come from interviews with a clinical sample of 71 male and 59 female adolescents in two RTCs in an eastern state. Findings indicate that higher level of engagement predicts more treatment interventions. Treatment staff delivered higher dosages of services to youth with more current behavioral problems, not those with problematic behaviors at intake. Youth with positive peer group backgrounds also received more services. Findings extend knowledge of how treatment staff provide treatment to clients and the role engagement plays in RTC service delivery.
Alterations in hepatic phase I and phase II biotransformation enzymes by garlic oil in rats.

Abstract Studies were conducted to examine the effect of a single and repeated administrations of garlic oil (diallyl sulfide) on Phase I and Phase II biotransformation enzymes in rats. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a single dose of garlic oil (500 mg kg i.p.) showed a significant depression of hepatic cytochrome P-450, aminopyrine Ndemethylase and aniline hydroxylase while microsomal protein content, cytochrome b5, NADPH-cytochrome c reducase, benzphetamine N-demethylase and cytosolic glutathione, S-transferase remained unaffected 24 h following the treatment. Although certain microsomal enzymes were depressed, there was no liver damage caused by garlic oil as judged by the putative serum enzyme test. On the other hand, daily administration of garlic oil (50 mg kg ) i.p. for 5 days) produced a significant increase in hepatic cytochrome P-450, aminopyrine N-demethylase and benzphetamine N-demethylase activities, but not in the rest of the aforementioned parameters of biotransformation reactions. These data indicate that the effect of garlic oil on the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme system is dose-dependent.
Near infrared spectroscopy of organic acids: comparing OH and CH oscillator frequencies and intensities

Abstract This work investigates the vibrational spectroscopy of a series of organic acids, CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COOH ( n = 1–5), previously unobserved in the IR and near-IR (2000–15 000 cm −1 ). The work obtains frequencies and relative intensities for all O H and C H stretching transitions. Comparison of the frequencies and intensities of C H and O H stretching transitions reveal interesting trends in acid chain length that are discussed. Literature values for acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) and formic acid (HCOOH) are used to gain a broader understanding for the spectroscopy of the organic acids CH 3 (CH 2 ) n COOH. The observation of several combination bands involving the C H and O H stretching vibrations and possible rotational isomer and hot band transitions are reported.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A comprehensive review of a growing epidemic

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is quickly becoming one of the most prominent causes of liver disease worldwide. The increasing incidence of NAFLD is tied to the obesity epidemic and the subsequent metabolic derangements brought along with it. Current efforts to elucidate the mechanism and causes of the disease have answered some questions, but much remains unknown about NAFLD. The aim of this article is to discuss the current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as the current and future diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic options available to clinicians for the management of NAFLD.
Strategies to engage pharmacy students and residents in worksite-based health and wellness programs☆

Abstract Provisions focused on wellness, disease prevention, and chronic disease state management are hallmarks of The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and amendments included in the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010. Among other wellness and prevention initiatives, the Act includes funding for federal grants to small businesses (
Psychological distress, problem behaviors, and family functioning of sexually abused adolescent inpatients.

ABSTRACT Objective By studying children and adolescents who have been sexually abused, improvements in identifying and treating emerging pathology can be gleaned before personality structures become more rigidly defined and less amenable to therapeutic interventions. It is through studying and comparing subgroups of victims and controls that clinical researchers can additionally elucidate abuse-related manifestations that contribute to the development of psychopathology. Method A group of sexually abused adolescent psychiatric inpatients was compared with a control group of inpatient counterparts on measures of social competence, self-esteem, depression, substance abuse, and perceptions of family characteristics and functioning. Consecutive admissions to an adolescent inpatient psychiatric unit (N=423) were carefully screened for a history of sexual abuse, then divided into two groups, each with 87 subjects, after matching on key variables including age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, and psychiatric diagnosis. Results Sexually abused and control group inpatient adolescents were similar on standardized measures of psychological distress and family functioning. Statistically significant differences were found between groups on substance abuse measures. Conclusion The phenomenology of the relationship between sexual abuse and substance abuse and the implications for inpatient treatment are summarized.
Copreneurial identity development during new venture creation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate formation of a copreneurial identity during new venture creation by investigating underpinnings of spousal commitment considering business communication quality.Design/methodology/approach – The study was grounded in identity theory, used a longitudinal copreneurial sample, and SEM modeling. Entrepreneurial literature is filled with how entrepreneurs form their identity, but little is known about how entrepreneurs and their spouses mutually form their copreneurial identity.Findings – Entrepreneurs’ reported spouses having high Time 1 commitment, but spouses reported they were more committed than reported by entrepreneurs. Links between spouse’s Time 1 commitment self‐assessment and Time 2 entrepreneur’s assessment of spousal commitment differed by business communication quality. Time 1 spouse’s commitment self‐assessment was positively related to Time 2 entrepreneur’s appraisal of spousal commitment only for the high business communication group and no...
Analysis of hyperspectral reflectance data for monitoring growth and development of lesquerella

Abstract Seed oil from lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri (Gray) Wats.) is currently being developed as a biorenewable petroleum substitute, but several issues related to crop management and breeding must be resolved before the crop will be commercially viable. Due particularly to the prominent yellow flowers exhibited by lesquerella canopies, remote sensing may be a useful tool for monitoring and managing the crop. In this study, we used a hand-held spectroradiometer to measure spectral reflectance over lesquerella canopies in 512 narrow wavebands from 268 to 1095 nm over two growing seasons at Maricopa, Arizona. Biomass samples were also regularly collected and processed to obtain aboveground dry weight, flower counts, and silique counts. Partial least squares regression was used to develop predictive models for estimating the three lesquerella biophysical variables from canopy spectral reflectance. For model fitting and model testing, the root mean squared prediction errors between measured and modeled aboveground dry weight, flower counts, and silique counts were 2.1 and 2.3 Mg ha−1, 251 and 304 flowers, and 1018 and 1019 siliques, respectively. Analysis of partial least squares regression coefficients and loadings highlighted the most sensitive spectral wavebands for estimating each biophysical variable. For example, the flower count model heavily emphasized the reflectance of yellow light at 583 nm, and contrasted that with reflectance in the blue (483 nm) and at the red edge (721 nm). Because of the indeterminate nature of lesquerella flowering patterns, remote sensing methods that monitor flowering progression may aid management decisions related to the timing of irrigations, desiccant application, and crop harvest.
The responsiveness of sexual offenders to a therapeutic group work programme at Westville medium B prison.

The scientific study of crime, has engaged the interest of many disciplines, just as professional work with offenders has drawn on the contributions of various professions, including social work. Sexual offences are among the crimes that invoke the most fear and concern. In addition to the human costs in terms of emotional and physical anguish and suffering, staggering financial costs are incurred as a result of child welfare and juvenile and criminal justice system involvement, therapeutic intervention and preventive efforts (Prentky & Burgess, 1990).
Lynch syndrome screening in newly diagnosed colorectal cancer in general pathology practice: From the revised Bethesda guidelines to a universal approach

Abstract Objective. Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common hereditary form of colorectal cancer (CRC). The revised 2004 Bethesda guidelines were developed to identify potential LS patients. This study aimed to retrospectively evaluate utilization and adequacy of the guidelines in general pathology practice and to determine if a universal LS screening approach increased the potential LS detection rate in newly diagnosed CRCs. Material and Methods. Included were 445 primary CRCs surgically resected from November 2006 to March 2009, when reflex microsatellite instability (MSI) testing was based on histomorphology and age as well as 145 CRCs resected from July 2009 to July 2010 when a universal LS testing paradigm was used. Reflex MSI testing rates and MSI testing results were determined. Results. The overall LS screening rate from November 2006 to March 2009 was 34.8%, and the extrapolated microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) rate was 8.5% (38/445). Strict adherence to the revised Bethesda guidelines, tha...
Molecular basis for osmoregulation of organic osmolytes in renal medullary cells

Renal medullary cells are naturally exposed to extremely high and variable interstitial concentrations of NaCl and urea, consequent to operation of the urinary concentrating mechanism. They respond by accumulating large and variable amounts of sorbitol, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycine betaine (betaine), myo-inositol (inositol), and taurine both in vivo and in cell cultures. Sorbitol is synthesized from glucose, catalyzed by aldose reductase. Hypertonicity increases aldose reductase activity by raising this enzyme's transcription, mRNA level, and translation, and thereby increases production of sorbitol. GPC is synthesized from choline via phosphatidylcholine
Quadrupolar effects in the EPR spectra of S = 12, I = case32 systems

Abstract An analysis is presented of the quadrupolar effects observed in an EPR spectrum when the quadrupole and hyperfine interactions are of both arbitrary size and relative algebraic sign. The analysis is restricted to a system in which S = 1 2 and I = 3 2 and in which the magnetic field is oriented perpendicular to the symmetry axis. Transition moments and first-order formulas for the energy levels are given in closed form along with the necessary matrix elements for the calculation of second-order corrections. The results are particularly useful in the analysis of the spectra obtained from polycrystalline or glasslike samples in providing initial trial parameters for computer stimulation of the experimental spectra.
A new look at telecommuting and teleworking

Remember telecommuting? During the current economic crisis, many companies are taking a new look at letting employees work at home, using a PC to connect to company data. Although layoffs are becoming commonplace, companies must keep an eye on the future by retaining those employees who are keys to business success and hold organizational memory. Also, laying off too many employees will increase future training costs when the economy rebounds. Telecommuting (and the broader concept, teleworking) is one way to balance the need to cut costs while retaining talented people. But there is also a downside to this practice, and the authors take an honest look at both the pros and cons. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The changing epidemiology of hepatitis A in Arizona following intensive immunization programs (1988-2007).

Abstract Introduction Arizona had the highest hepatitis A incidence of any U.S. state during 1987–1997. In 1995, the first hepatitis A vaccines became available in the U.S. A series of hepatitis A vaccination policies and recommendations were implemented in 1996–2006. Our objective was to examine the shifting epidemiologic patterns in hepatitis A in Arizona from 1988 to 2007. Methods Passive surveillance reports to the Arizona Department of Health Services were used to compare hepatitis A rates by age, race/ethnicity and geographic area, before and after widespread vaccination. Reported risk factors and possible sources of infection were compared for two time periods. Age-adjusted incidence during three periods was mapped. Results Overall hepatitis A incidence in Arizona fell from 58 cases per 100,000 in 1988 to 2 per 100,000 in 2007. The proportion of reported cases among children dropped from 62% in 1994–1995 to 32% in 2006–2007. Racial/ethnic disparities between American Indians and non-Hispanic White populations have been eliminated. The geographic distribution of cases within the state has shifted. Earlier cases were likely to report contact with another hepatitis A case or childcare facilities, while later cases indicated recent international travel. Conclusion A major shift in the overall burden of hepatitis A and hepatitis A transmission has occurred in Arizona since the widespread implementation of immunization policies and the concomitant rise in vaccination rates in the state. Current transmission has shifted to older age groups and disparities by race/ethnicity are now highest in Hispanic populations. Future strategies to further reduce hepatitis A transmission may require broadening recommendations to include general adult populations without previous vaccination history.
From the new institutional economics to organization economics: with applications to corporate governance, government agencies, and legal institutions

This paper applies the principles of organization economics (an offshoot of organization theory and a cousin of the New Institutional Economics) to a variety of organizations, mainly public ones. Organization economics seeks to understand and improve the ways in which organizations overcome agency costs, information costs, and other obstacles to efficiency. The private organization discussed in the paper is the modern publicly held (that is, dispersed ownership) business corporation, and the particular problem on which I focus is excessive executive compensation as a symptom of weaknesses in corporate governance. I then discuss two public organizations involved in national security – the US intelligence ‘community’ (a kind of mega-organization) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation in its role as the nation's principal domestic intelligence service. Both exhibit significant dysfunction that organization economics can help us to understand and overcome. I then discuss two types of public organization that have been more successful in overcoming obstacles to organizational efficiency: the judiciary of common law nations, such as the United States, and the very differently structured judiciary of civil law nations, such as France, Germany, and Japan.
Harmonic waves in an elastic solid containing a doubly periodic array of cracks

Abstract The propagation of time-harmonic longitudinal waves in a solid containing a periodic distribution of cracks is investigated in a two-dimensional configuration. The cracks are parallel to the x-axis, and their centers are located at positions x=2ml, y=2nd (m, n=0, ± 1, ±2,…). For normal incidence, a dispersion equation is obtained. The derivation is based on the assumptions that the frequency is below a certain cut-off frequency and that the cracked planes, y = 2nh, are sufficiently distant from each other. These assumptions allow one to view the cracked planes as planes of homogeneous reflection and transmission. The reflection and transmission coefficients corresponding to a planar array of cracks are used to obtain numerical results. Dispersion curves are plotted for three values of the spacing between the cracked planes. An important feature of the results is the presence of passing and stopping bands. A simple method to calculate the slopes of the dispersion curves at the origin is also presented.
Reproductive Diapause and Host Plants Affect Insecticide Tolerance of Adult Pear Psylla (Homoptera: Psyllidae)

Winterform pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyticola Foerster, in reproductive diapause and collected in the fall were conditioned in the laboratory to either tenninate (long days) or maintain (short days) diapause; conditioning was further divided into insects fed on dormant budwood or pear foliage. Long days promoted ovarian development; this development was enhanced by feeding on foliage compared with domlant wood. Pesticide tolerance was reduced in long day-conditioned pear psylla after diapause compared with those kept in diapause in five of six experiments. Conditioning of host plants also effected pesticide tolerance in two of five experiments. Our results suggest that the known reduction in pesticide tolerance of winterform pear psylla from fall to spring was related to diapause status and not linear age; diapause status, in tum, was affected by host plants. A general decline in control survivorship was correlated with reduced pesticide tolerance after diapause.
BIAS-CORRECTED CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR WILDLIFE ABUNDANCE ESTIMATION

ABSTRACT We consider the issue of bias correction when the kernel method is used in constructing confidence intervals for wildlife abundance based on transect data. Our method is based on some linear model which is the limit of the weak convergence of the kernel estimate process (after suitable centering and scaling) (See Bhattacharya and Mack,[21] also Mack and Muller[22]). The implementation of this method is demonstrated on a well-known example in transect sampling, alongside with two other bias-reduction devices: one based on the jackknife and the other one involving the estimation of the second derivative term in the Taylor expansion of the asymptotic bias. Some comments are made in comparison with the Fourier method.