cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing medication errors with smart infusion technology.

PURPOSE: Processes that pharmacists can use to identify high-risk areas and drugs that require special focus in error-prevention efforts are discussed, with emphasis on the need for i.v. medication error prevention. SUMMARY: Pharmacists can help determine where best to focus medication safety efforts and innovative technology by identifying areas that pose the greatest risk of harm to a patient, such as medications, administration routes, patient care areas, and diagnosis-related groups. Delivery of i.v. medications via infusion devices has traditionally not been a major concern for pharmacists. The introduction of "smart" infusion technology has changed that paradigm by requiring pharmacist involvement in defining minimum and maximum doses for continuous and bolus infusions used within a health care facility. This technology provides a software filter to prevent key-stroke errors in programming infusion devices for delivery of i.v. drugs, as well as a new source of data with which to measure medication errors at the bedside. Implementation of smart infusion technology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center appeared to prevent errors involving heparin. In addition to having an immediate positive impact at the bedside, the technology was relatively easy to implement. CONCLUSION: Smart infusion systems represent an innovative technology that can provide an additional layer of protection at the point of care to help avert i.v. drug errors and prevent patient harm.
Training human decision making for disruption of cognitive RF

Cognitive radio frequency (RF) technique is RF spectrum management and spectrum optimization. In a military context, particularly in a contested electromagnetic spectrum (EMS), RF spectrum management could occur through the use of adaptive artificial intelligence. The use of the EMS for command and control can be disrupted by a variety of threats even when cognitive RF techniques are employed. This potential for disruption means that human intervention may be needed at times in order to maintain an adequate level of command and control. This presentation will provide an overview of the dual-process framework of human decision making and how it would relate to training humans for this kind of intervention. This framework indicates that decision making by humans is composed of a blend of two complementary systems or modes of operation: an analytical system and an intuitive system. The analytical system permits abstract reasoning and deliberation, but it is constrained by working memory capacity. In comparison, the intuitive system is based on situational pattern recognition and is not constrained by working memory capacity. In this presentation it will be suggested that the intuitive decision-making system, because it is based on pattern recognition, is ideal for training humans to intervene when command and control is disrupted.
Irreplaceable Legislators? Rethinking Minority Representatives in the New Century

We use state legislator ideology estimates (standardized W-nominate values) to examine whether Latino and African American legislator ideological differences can be explained away by traditional constituency characteristics like partisanship and demographics. We find instead that both Black and Latino legislators are unique “types.” Our evidence supports the theoretical presumption that there is a minority dimension to legislative voting and that it is uniquely personified by minority officeholders. White, Black, Latino, Democrat, and Republican representatives are all examined for responsiveness to different partisan and racial/ethnic populations. The dataset includes all 50 state legislatures from the 1999–2000 legislative sessions, including information from the U.S. Census, NALEO, the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, Gerald Wright's Representation in the American Legislature Project, and CQ Press's Almanac of State Legislative Elections.
Calculation of the maximum optical coupling efficiency into multimode optical waveguides.

The application of Liouville’s theorem from statistical mechanics to a distribution of rays emanating from a light source provides a method of visualizing and calculating the maximum efficiency achievable when coupling the radiation to a receiver. It is shown that the maximum coupling efficiency depends only on measurable spatial and angular boundary conditions of the source and receiver together with knowledge of the source radiance distribution. Knowledge of the maximum coupling efficiency permits evaluation of any optical system which might be used to effect coupling. A specific example is given for coupling radiation from a light emitting diode to a cylindrical, multimode, optical waveguide.
The general quartic force field of HCN

Abstract Although it has been generally thought that Fermi resonance occurs only between vibrational states which lie within about 100 cm −1 , it is now apparent that there is an important resonance in the vibrational spectrum of HCN between the states 02 0 0 at about 1411 cm −1 and 00 0 1 at 3311 cm −1 and another resonance between 02 0 0 and 10 0 0 at about 2096 cm −1 . Moreover, the J dependence of these resonances leads to important effects in the rotation—vibration spectrum. There are similar resonances in DCN. These resonances have been taken into account in the determination of new estimates of the force constants in the general quartic valence force field of HCN.
Longitudinal phonatory characteristics after Botulinum Toxin type a injection

Following Botulinum Toxin Type A injection, glottal competency of an adductor spasmodic dysphonia patient is thought to vary over a wide range. This study quantifies variability in laryngeal adduct...
The counting abilities of children with specific language impairment: a comparison of oral and gestural tasks.

This study examined the counting abilities of preschool children with specific language impairment compared to language-matched and mental-age-matched peers. In order to determine the nature of the...
CS-MIMO radars for through-the-wall imaging with simultaneous transmission

Through-the-wall radars (TWR) are indispensable for situational awareness in a wide range of civilian and military applications. Multi-input multi-output (MIMO) TWR exploit spatial diversity to improve the target detection performance of TWR in indoor environments. MIMO TWR combined with compressive sensing (CS) enable good performance while reducing the number of samples needed for target estimation and the data acquisition time. In previous MIMO TWR approaches, all antennas transmit the same waveforms in a time-division access fashion. This work presents a CS-MIMO TWR approach, in which the TX antennas transmit simultaneously different waveforms, thus allowing for further reduction of acquisition time.
Orthogonal jointing during coeval igneous degassing and normal faulting, Yucca Mountain, Nevada

An orthogonal system of tube-bearing joints constitutes the oldest fractures in the Tiva Canyon Tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The joints formed within a month of ignimbrite deposition, prior to major degassing. The system consists of (1) narrow, persistent, northeast-striking joint swarms with trace lengths typically greater than 5 m and between-joint spacings of less than 20 cm and (2) northwest-striking swarms that have a more en echelon geometry and greater between-joint spacings compared to the northeast-striking swarms. Between-swarm spacing for both trends is ∼50 m. Questions concerning the joints include the following: (1) What was the origin of driving stress(es) for formation of the joints, particularly as their orientations were not consistent with the regional stress geometry at the time of their formation? (2) What mechanism caused the horizontal principal stresses to be reoriented so as to yield an orthogonal geometry? (3) What insights can be developed for predicting joint geometry in unexposed rock volumes by understanding joint origin? These questions are important because the joints and other fractures may affect the performance of a proposed high-level nuclear waste repository within Yucca Mountain. To address these questions, we use new and existing field data about joint geometry and the relationships of joints to degassing structures, numerical modeling of fault behavior, and work by previous authors. Our interpretation begins with the initial ignimbrite eruption and deposition during caldera collapse. The ignimbrites were deposited over a preexisting topography that possibly included a shallow northwest-trending basin in the Yucca Mountain area. During initial ignimbrite cooling, joint swarms formed as elements of orthogonal fumarolic ridge systems where degassing was associated with vertical dilation. Both joint sets have unusual tubes that are interpreted to have formed during dilation and segmentation of joint faces resulting from lithophysae inflation in the cooling ignimbrite deposit. Modeling supports the interpretation that a combination of regional stresses and stress related to slip on local normal faults controlled the orientation of the joint swarms and favored the formation of the northeast-striking joints first. The faults might have moved in a stress field already perturbed by caldera collapse. Formation of the northwest-striking joints occurred after a local 90° switch of horizontal principal stress directions due to the presence of the northeast-striking swarms, possibly aided by differential compaction across the northwest-trending basin. Tube- bearing joints occur in all lithophysae-bearing lithostratigraphic units of the Topopah Spring Tuff, which is the stratigraphic interval for the proposed nuclear waste repository within Yucca Mountain. We conclude that the tube-bearing joints formed in the same manner and share similar geometric characteristics, adding a persistent joint population to the overall fracture system that influences hydrological and mechanical properties.
Global governance and regional centers: multilevel management of hazardous chemicals and wastes

Abstract This contribution is based on a set of reflections presented at the REGov Workshop. These reflections were offered as part of a panel discussion around the topic “Regional economic dynamics and the environment.” Additional presentations provided in the context of this panel discussion include those of Wilbert van Roij, Aidenvironment, and W. Scott Prudham, University of Toronto. Webcasts of all presentations are available at http://www.reg-observatory.org/outputs.html .
Chemical subdivision of the A-type granitoids:Petrogenetic and tectonic implications

The A-type granitoids can be divided into two chemical groups. The first group (A1) is characterized by element ratios similar to those observed for oceanic-island basalts. The second group (A2) is characterized by ratios that vary from those observed for continental crust to those observed for island-arc basalts. It is proposed that these two types have very different sources and tectonic settings. The A1 group represents differentiates of magmas derived from sources like those of oceanic-island basalts but emplaced in continental rifts or during intraplate magmatism. The A2 group represents magmas derived from continental crust or underplated crust that has been through a cycle of continent-continent collision or island-arc magmatism.
Characterization of Single-Event Transients Of Body-Tied vs. floating-body circuits in 150 nm 3D SOI

Floating-body and body-tied inverter circuits were implemented in MIT Lincoln-Lab's 3-dimensional SOI 150 nm process to characterize the technology for single-event effects. The circuits were tested with heavy-ions and single-event transients were measured for body-tied and floating-body inverters across all tiers. These experimental results show that for floating-body and body-tied circuits that the 3D SOI process exhibits the same SET trends as a 1D SOI process.
A spatial model for multivariate lattice data

In this article, we develop Markov random field models for multivariate lattice data. Specific attention is given to building models that incorporate general forms of the spatial correlations and cross-correlations between variables at different sites. The methodology is applied to a problem in environmental equity. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model that is multivariate in form, we examine the racial distribution of residents of southern Louisiana in relation to the location of sites listed with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory.
Should the behavioral sciences become more pragmatic? The case for functional contextualism in research on human behavior

Although societal need for behavioral science research is enormous, current research practices seem to be inefficient vehicles for producing knowledge that guides practical action. Many of our most popular theories provide little direct guidance for application. They focus on the development of models of the relationships among organismic events such as attitudes, self-efficacy expectations, and behavior, but pay little or no attention to the contextual influences on behavior. Such research is in keeping with a long-standing mechanistic tradition in psychology. We propose a version of contextualism as an alternative paradigm for the behavioral sciences. According to this paradigm, theories and research are evaluated in terms of their contribution to the prediction and influence of behavior. Basic research organized to pursue this goal has a direct bearing on how behavioral phenomena can be changed for practical purposes. Conversely, applied research contributes to basic understanding of the determinants of psychological phenomena.
Active Emergence from Propofol General Anesthesia Is Induced by Methylphenidate

BACKGROUND A recent study showed that methylphenidate induces emergence from isoflurane general anesthesia. Isoflurane and propofol are general anesthetics that may have distinct molecular mechanisms of action. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that methylphenidate actively induces emergence from propofol general anesthesia.
GREEN'S FUNCTIONS FOR ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY.

Green's functions describing the elastic displacement caused by a unit force in an infinitely extended anisotropic media are obtained in series form. The series and its derivatives uniformly converge contrary to the Green's functions obtained by previous investigators. The results are applicable to any type of anisotropy. A special example, requiring no computer calculation is given for the case of cubic crystals. Die Greenschen Funktionen zur Beschreibung der elastischen Verschiebung durch eine Einheitskraft in einem unendlich ausgedehnten anisotropen Medium werden in Reihenform dargestellt. Die Reihe und ihre Ableitungen konvergieren gleichmasig im Gegensatz zu den von fruheren Autoren erhaltenen Greenschen Funktionen. Die Ergebnisse sind auf jede Art von Anisotropie anwendbar. Ein spezielles keine Computerberechnung erfordern-des Beispiel wird fur den Fall kubischer Kristalle gegeben.
Streamer Mechanism in Filamentary Spark Breakdown in Argon by Fast Photomultiplier Techniques

Using techniques developed by Hudson on air and reported in the preceding paper, the phenomena were studied in Linde's spectroscopically pure grade Ar gas admitted to a system using Alpert vacuum techniques, and on that gas further purified by gas cataphoresis. Study was made in a point-to-plane gap with a 2.36-mm hemispherically capped cylinder opposite a 3-cm distant thin out-gassed Ni plane in the pressure range from 300 mm to 50 mm. For the spectroscopically pure grade Ar, transition from a positive point corona through a fine filamentary spark to an incipient arc breakdown on a time scale of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$ sec down to 100 mm pressure proceeds by movement of primary and secondary streamers progressing from anode to cathode at slower speeds and lower luminous intensities than air at 760 mm. Unlike the case for air, the main stroke in Ar appears to move from anode towards the cathode. At 50 mm a somewhat diffuse spark channel did not reveal any streamer-like progression but the time scale was still in the ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$-sec range. One percent air in Ar at 60 mm restored streamers. Purified Ar at 240 mm revealed a 2-mm wide diffuse channel breakdown occurring across the whole gap by a process unknown with a rise time of several microseconds and sustained luminosity for tens of \ensuremath{\mu}sec with no indication of streamers. This demonstrates the necessity of adequate photoionizable impurities in Ar for the development of the filamentary streamer spark transition.
Intrapelvic Urethral Anastomosis A Comparison of Three Techniques

Three intrapelvic urethral anastomosis techniques were performed on 12 mature male dogs to compare the degree of stricture. The intrapelvic urethra was transected 1 cm caudal to the prostate, and anastomosis was performed using either suturing of the urethra over an indwelling catheter, suturing of the urethra without an indwelling catheter, or apposition of the urethra without sutures over an indwelling catheter. Postoperatively, the dogs were evaluated using clinical urination patterns, biochemical tests, radiography, and pathology. Three of four suture-catheter dogs and one of four catheter-only dogs had normal urinary patterns. Stricture (25-84%) with urethral dilation or fistulas tracts was visible on retrograde, positive contrast urethrograms of 3 of 12 intact dogs 20 weeks after surgery, and on all 12 excised lower urinary tracts. Suture-catheter dogs subjectively had the least amount of stricture. All eight dogs (1 suture-catheter dog, 4 suture-only dogs, and 3 catheter-only dogs) with severe stricture (greater than 60% lumen diameter reduction) had histopathologic signs of chronic, inflammatory urinary tract disease, including four with chronic, ascending lymphocytic pyelonephritis. Hydroureter and hydronephrosis developed in two catheter-only dogs. Complete urethral transection resulted in some degree of stricture, regardless of technique used for anastomosis. Urethral anastomosis over an indwelling catheter appeared to result in a lesser degree of stricture and clinical and histopathologic derangement.
Corn pith weevil, Geraeus penicillus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in transgenic, insect‐resistant and conventional field corn hybrids

The corn pith weevil Geraeus penicillus (Herbst) is occasionally found boring in corn stalks throughout the eastern and Midwestern United States. Injury caused by G. penicillus is not typically economical, but may be confused with that of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), an important economic pest throughout the United States. During efforts to assess European corn borer infestations, we discovered G. penicillus in field corn in south-eastern Pennsylvania, including hybrids genetically modified (i.e. Bt hybrids) to control European corn borer among other herbivore species. Our analysis across sites indicated that tunnels of G. penicillus were significantly more abundant in transgenic Bt hybrids than non-Bt hybrids, but comparisons of Bt hybrids and their near isolines revealed mostly similar numbers of G. penicillus tunnels, suggesting other hybrid features might be affecting the distribution of G. penicillus. Tunnels of G. penicillus were equally distributed among the three transgenic trait packages represented in our study. In plants where we found G. penicillus, tunnels were more abundant in stalks free of European corn borer damage. Our report appears to be the first to note G. penicillus feeding in Bt corn hybrids. These findings are notable because they document insect damage in Bt hybrids that may be mistaken for European corn borer damage and may provide evidence of an insect herbivore proliferating following a mild winter or possibly even moving into competitor-free space.
Certain particular solutions of the clairaut equation

A study has been conducted to ascertain conditions on the density distribution within a fluid, rotating planet in order that the deformation of its outer shell be expressible in terms of the Bessel functions of the first kind and the Gaussian hypergeometric series.
Effects of Transglutaminase on SDS-PAGE Patterns of Wheat, Soy, and Barley Proteins and their Blends

: Transglutaminase (TG) catalyzes the formation of nondisulfide covalent crosslinks between pep-tide-bound glutaminyl residues and e-amino groups of lysine residues in proteins. TG can be used for polymerizing proteins from 1 or more sources through formation of intermolecular crosslinks. This study investigated, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, polymers created by the action of TG on proteins of wheat, soy, barley, wheat-soy, and wheat-barley blends. Electrophoretic results showed that with increasing incubation time, the crosslinking reaction is substantially increased, with progressive decrease or disappearance of some protein monomers. Densitometric results showed that soy proteins were the best substrates of TG while barley and wheat proteins were similar in reactivity.
A New Medical Diagnosis of Adolf Hitler: Giant Cell Arteritis—Temporal Arteritis

A ICAL MEDICAL diagnosis of Adolf Hitler is presented: giant cell arteritis—temporal arteritis. It is based on findings of attacks of temporal headaches, tenderness of the temporal and supraorbital regions, an enlarged temporal artery, visual loss in the right eye, low-grade fever, weight loss, normochromic anemia, and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The likelihood of this diagnosis and its relationship to Hitler's cardiological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, dermatological, ophthalmological, and neurological symptoms is discussed. In 1975, I embarked on a psychiatric and medical study of Hitler. During the course of this study, I acquainted myself with the numerous biographical works; examined thousands of references in the National Archives of Washington, DC, Germany, and Austria; and interviewed persons who knew Hitler. The result of this study will be presented in a forthcoming book to be published by Oxford University Press Inc, New York, NY. In this article, I am concerned exclusively with a
Clinical Cardiotoxicity of 5-Fluorouracil

5-Fluorouracil is widely known to be toxic to the hematopoietic and gastrointestinal systems. It also has cardiac toxicity, but this is perceived to be rare. During a 16-month period from January 1990 through April 1991, approximately 910 patients were treated with 5-fluorouracil. Five of these developed life-threatening toxicity consistent with coronary artery spasm for an incidence of .55%. The acute events occurred on the third or fourth day of the 5-day infusion and after the fourth intravenous bolus in the patient on bolus therapy. Each of the patients had ST elevation and ventricular arrhythmias, four had acute myocardial infarction, and two had cardiac arrests. In these cases and those previously reported, cardiac toxicity is consistent with drug- or metabolite-mediated increases in coronary vasomotor tone and spasm, leading to the full spectrum of signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia in susceptible individuals.
Physiological analysis on pre-harvest sprouting in recombinant inbred rice lines

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in rice production is usually caused by high temperature and humidity or continuous rains. It frequently happens in F1 in hybrid rice seed production. The PHS or “Physiologically germinated” seeds are of lower quality, by which the hybrid rice seed production is badly affected every three years at a loss of 20% or even 50% yield in seed production over the vast Yangtse River Valley and Southwest China. It is estimated that PHS causes an average decrease of seed activity by 10%. A recombinant inbred line population including 304 lines, derived from a cross between Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars Zhong-156 and Gumei-2, was used to study the PHS physiology. Based on the data of sprouting rate in panicles and sprouting rate in grains, two kinds of lines, namely easy-to-sprout lines and hard-to-sprout lines, were selected to investigate their physiological differences when PHS happened. The experiment was conducted in a special field with a microclimate of higher temperature and humidity. The results indicated that it was easier to produce PHS from the female parent GM-2 than the male parent ZH-156, besides, the GA1 content and amylase activity in GM-2 grains were higher than those in ZH-156. However, the abscisic acid (ABA) content in GM-2 grains was lower than that in ZH-156. Higher temperature and higher humidity facilitated the GA1 increment from milk ripe stage to yellow ripe stage. GM-2 and the easily-sprouting lines showed an even higher increase in GA1 than ZH-156 and the hardly-sprouting lines, which enhanced the amylase activity and induced pre-harvest sprouting. This may be the physiological basis for pre-harvest sprouting induced by higher temperature and higher humidity, and these special characteristics must be inherited from their parents.
A free boundary problem with moving source

A free boundary problem with a moving source is considered. The existence of a critical velocity, above which a fault line occurs, is known experimentally in welding. One possible explanation has been the formation of a teardrop-shaped weld pool with a sharp vertex at the tail end. It is proved that such a singularity cannot occur within a reasonable two-dimensional model. The model includes physical effects due to discontinuous diffusivities, convection terms, and deviations in the interfacial temperature due to terms such as curvature and linear dynamics.
Early appearance of echo-contrast simulating an intracardiac shunt in a patient with liver cirrhosis and intrapulmonary shunting

Abstract Time of appearance of agitated saline contrast in the left atrium is one of the distinguishing features between intracardiac and intrapulmonary shunt. We report a patient with hepatic cirrhosis who had intrapulmonary shunting and had appearance of peripheral venous saline contrast injection in the left heart chambers within 3 cardiac cycles after its appearance in the right heart chambers despite absence of an intracardiac shunt. Thus, time of appearance of saline contrast in the left heart chambers should not be the sole criterion to distinguish intracardiac from intrapulmonary shunt. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2002;15:379-81.)
Effect of element width on above-threshold behaviour of antiguided diode laser arrays

The authors analyse the effect of element width on the modal behaviour of resonant antiguided diode laser arrays at high drive levels above threshold. Intra-element gain spatial hole burning causes modes adjacent to the resonant (in-phase) mode to eventually reach threshold, the onset of which is hastened as element widths get larger than the carrier diffusion length; this is in excellent agreement with experimental observations.
Surgical Repair of the Inverted Nipple

Other methods for correction of the inverted nipple have proved unreliable. The author uses his own technique of making an infra-areolar semicircular incision through the skin and subcutaneous tissues, the lactiferous ducts are transected, and the nipple is then everted with sharp and blunt dissection, and imbricating the tissues at the base of the nipple and the proximal cut portion of the ducts. The procedure is discussed in detail. Satisfactory and permanent results have been obtained with this method except for rare cases, and there have been a few cases of limited superficial necrosis occurring in the areola due to lack of circulation.
Helical etch channels in quartz

Helical etch channels were found to form in α-quartz when treated with anhydrous HF vapor at 400 °C. Both hydrogen and fluorine species were determined to play an important role in helix formation. Crystal orientation, quartz source, etch channel density, and surface pretreatments had no influence. Helix formation was altogether arrested when water was present in the etch vapor. The genesis of the helices remains unknown.
Central nervous system involvement in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

– Central nervous system involvement occurred in 28 of 121 patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The major risk factor in this AIDS population was intravenous drug abuse (64%). A neurologic symptom or disability was the principal reason for hospitalization in 16 cases (57%). Three patients had primary lymphoma of the brain and the remainder had opportunistic infections. Patients with focal neurological features usually had toxoplasmosis. Progressive headache and meningeal signs occurred with cryptococcosis. A progressive subacute dementia was probably due to cytomegalovirus. Other infections included atypical mycobacteria, candida, herpes zoster and possible progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
HPLC-ICP-MS determination of selenium distribution and speciation in different types of nut.

In addition to determination of total selenium in nuts, the element distribution among different fractions (lipid extract, low molecular weight, and protein fractions), and speciation analysis were studied. Improved precision for total selenium determination was observed after elimination of lipids. Because selenium was not detected in any of the lipid extracts obtained from the different types of nuts (ICP–MS), in each determination and/or speciation procedure used in this work lipids were extracted (chloroform–methanol, 2:1) and discarded before analysis. In agreement with previously reported data, high selenium levels were found in Brazil nuts (those purchased without shells contained approximately a quarter the content than those purchased with shells) and significantly lower levels in walnuts, cashews, and pecans nuts. Low-molecular-weight compounds were extracted with perchloric acid (0.4 mol L–1) to furnish a fraction containing 3 to 15% of the total selenium in different types of nuts. The proteins were isolated from nut samples by dissolution in 0.1 mol L–1 sodium hydroxide and subsequent precipitation with acetone. They were then dissolved in phosphate buffer pH 7.5. Analysis of protein fractions focused on selenium in two possible states – weakly and firmly bound to proteins. Results obtained for Brazil nuts by size-exclusion chromatography with on-line ICP–MS detection, in the absence and in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol, showed that approximately 12% of total selenium was weakly bound to proteins. To obtain information about firmly bound selenium, the protein extracts were hydrolyzed enzymatically with proteinase K. Speciation was performed by means of ion-pairing HPLC–ICP–MS. The primary species found in all types of nuts was Se-methionine (19–25% of total selenium for different types of nuts).
Perceived Peer Behavior and the Timing of Sexual Debut in Rwanda: A Survival Analysis of Youth Data

This paper uses survival methods to assess the relationship between perceived peer behavior and the timing of first sex among Rwandan youth. The data derive from a 2001 survey among youth aged 15–24 years in four provinces: Kigali Ville, Butare, Kibuye, and Umutara. A total of 1327 male and female youth were interviewed through a structured questionnaire that includes questions on sexual attitudes and behaviors. The findings showed that the perception that peers are sexually active is associated with increased likelihood of experiencing early sexual debut. For both sexes, the relationship between perceived peer behavior and the timing of first sex is stronger in young adulthood than in late adolescence. Among female youth, the presence of the father appears to weaken the role of perceived peer behavior. A similar tendency is not found for male youth.
The histones of rat testis.

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the histones of the nuclei of seminiferous epithelial cells of rat testis revealed the five principal histone fractions which are found in liver and other somatic tissues, but, in addition, three unusual bands (desginated X1, X2, and X3) were observed. Fraction X1 had a mobility slightly less than that of F1 and was isolated with F1 in the fractionation procedure of Johns. F1 and X1 were separated by chromatography on carboxymethylcellulose, and they were shown by amino acid analyses to be closely related lysine-rich histones. However, X1 had lower content of lysine and alanine and higher content of arginine, aspartic acid, serine, proline, valine and leucine than F1. Both of these fractions had blocked amino-terminal residues, and both had a lysine residue at the carboxyl terminus. These fractions had similar molecular weights by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. Fraction X2 migrated between histone fractions F1 and F3 on electrophoresis while X3 migrated between fractions F2b and F3. Fraction X3 was isolated with F2b during fractionation by the Johns procedure. Fraction X2 has received minimal study, and this fraction may not be unique to the testis inasmuch as a faint band in approximately the position of X2 can be seen in electrophoretic patterns of rat liver histones. The results of the treatment of the histone fractions with alkaline phosphatase indicated that the electrophoretic differences between X1 and F1, or X3 and F2b are not attributable to phosphorylation.
Kinetic investigation of the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide by propylene over Pt/Al2O3

A kinetic investigation of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide (NO) by propylene (C{sub 3}H{sub 6}) was conducted over a 0.8 wt% Pt/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalyst in the temperature range of 200--500 C. The results indicate the presence of two kinetically distinct regions at temperatures above and below the temperature of maximum NO reduction. The activation of the C{sub 3}H{sub 6} is kinetically significant in the low-temperature region. Nitrogen selectivities are significantly different in the two regions and are primarily affected by the amount of C{sub 3}H{sub 6} available for the NO--C{sub 3}H{sub 6} reaction.
Glauber e - -H 2 elastic cross sections using the model of independent scattering centers

The elastic scattering of electrons from molecular hydrogen is calculated by using the Glauber approximation (including the exchange effect) within the framework of independent scattering centers. Our theoretical values for differential cross sections give reasonable agreement with experimental data at incident energies of 30, 50, 100, and 200 eV.
The future of adult education in the military

Professional military education is drawing on the principles and learning theories of adult education. With a desire to educate service members for higher-order thinking, the focus trends toward improving critical-thinking skills and creating an organizational learning environment. Enhancing the relationship among adult educators and the military offers an opportunity to achieve a learning organization sooner while developing the intellectual capital of service members.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans : radiologic appearance

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a distinct clinicopathologic entity characterized by fibroblasts with a prominent storiform pattern. It accounts for about 6% of all soft-tissue sarcomas. The lesion is typically superficial, and the diagnosis can be suspected on the basis of the tumor's clinical appearance. Consequently, the imaging appearance of this entity is essentially unreported. Large lesions, however, can infiltrate the deep soft tissue and be confused with higher-grade sarcomas. We report the radiologic appearance in 11 cases of histologically proved dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.The radiologic images of 11 patients who had histologically verified dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans were retrospectively studied. The patients included eight males and three females 9-47 years old (mean, 33 years). Each had a soft-tissue mass that had been present for a variable period, from 3 months to 23 years. CT scans were available for review in six cases, MR images in four, radiographs in nine, bone scintigrams...
A semiempirical quantum mechanical study of cationically catalyzed homopolymerization and copolymerization of vinyl ethers and epoxides

Abstract The purpose of this study was to use the semiempirical quantum mechanical computational method, AM1, to investigate vinyl ether cationic homopolymerization, epoxide homopolymerization, and copolymerization of selected vinyl ethers with a model epoxide (cyclohexene oxide). Homopolymerization studies of 19 vinyl ethers showed that activation enthalpies ranged between 0.0 and 15 kcal/mol, and that the enthalpies of reaction for homopolymerization were nearly all exothermic. Homopolymerization of three epoxides predicted low activation enthalpies, some of which were virtually activationless. All ring-opening epoxide polymerizations were exothermic. Copolymerization of three vinyl ethers with cyclohexene oxide gave activation enthalpies that varied between 2.7 and 4.0 kcal/mol, and the enthalpies of reaction for copolymerization were all exothermic.
Technique for determining pollutant emissions from a gas-fired range

Abstract Laboratory measurements of pollutant emissions from a gas-fired range have shown that carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde and respirable particles were all emitted during the combustion process. Carbon was found to be the dominant element of the respirable particles emitted. A mathematical indoor air quality model was applied to our laboratory studies to calculate pollutant emission rates per caloric value of fuel consumed. The model was also used to calculate the temporal profile of the indoor pollution concentrations as well as to determine indoor pollutant decay rates from mechanisms other than air infiltration. Comparisons of measured and calculated data showed good agreement, and suggests that this model may be useful for determining pollutant emissions from a wide variety of other sources, for estimating pollution levels in other indoor environments, and for evaluating pollutant control strategies.
Protein disulfide isomerases are antibody targets during immune-mediated tumor destruction

The identification of cancer antigens that contribute to transformation and are linked with immune-mediated tumor destruction is an important goal for immunotherapy. Toward this end, we screened a murine renal cell carcinoma cDNA expression library with sera from mice vaccinated with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Multiple nonmutated, overexpressed proteins that function in tumor cell migration, protein/nucleic acid homeostasis, metabolism, and stress responses were detected. Among these, the most frequently recognized clone was protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). High titer antibodies to human PDI were similarly induced in an acute myeloid leukemia patient who achieved a complete response after vac-cination with irradiated, autologous GM-CSF–secreting tumor cells in the setting of nonmyeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Moreover, ERp5, a closely related disulfide isomerase involved in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related protein A (MICA) shedding, also evoked potent humoral reactions in diverse solid and hematologic malignancy patients who responded to GM-CSF–secreting tumor cell vaccines or antibody blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Together, these findings reveal the unexpected immunogenicity of PDIs and raise the possibility that these gene products might serve as targets for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies.
The ultraviolet color gradient in the late-type spiral galaxy M33

The ultraviolet surface brightness and color distributions for the late-type spiral galaxy M33 are derived from images at 1520 and 2490 A that were obtained by the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) on the Astro Spacelab mission. Although the surface brightness shows a general decline with radius, the dominant spiral arms cause significant deviations from an exponential fit. Colors in elliptical annuli become 0.2-0.3 mag bluer with increasing radius. Our measures of individual H II regions and sections of spiral arms follow this same trend. Interarm regions are redder than the arms. A metallicity gradient affecting only the colors of stars is inadequate in accounting for the observed color gradient. A plausible explanation invokes a combination of an LMC-type reddening curve and a radial gradient in the internal reddening in M33.
Contesting culture: a case study of commodification in Cuban music

After more than three decades of isolation from the West and a paralyzing economic crisis in the early 1990s, Cuba is increasingly globally active in both cultural and economic realms. In this paper I use Bourdieu’s (The fields of cultural production, 1993) fields of cultural production as a general frame through with to inspect the commercialization of Cuban music. Through a case study with Juan de Marcos Gonzalez, the creator of the Buena Vista Social Club, I explore the dialectical relationship of music as an expression of cultural and a cultural asset, and at the same time a commodity for the international market. I show that de Marcos uses his position between the international music industry and the local music scene in order to preserve cultural authenticity and survive economically. In doing so he challenges the all-to-typical place of the artist in the contested space of cultural production between the West and the Third World.
Research in perinatal and neonatal medicine--a scientific vision for future decades.

In this article, a brief overview is presented concerning potential opportunities for and challenges in developing a neonatal-perinatal research agenda. Over a two year period, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, in the USA developed NICHD-Scientific Vision—The Next Decade. An outline of the Vision process and some of the recommendations originating from this are also described.
A model for a composite with anisotropic dissipation by homogenization.

Abstract A composite material, made up of linearly elastic inclusions and matrix, is considered. The two components are held together by viscous coupling. We show that the effective properties of this medium can be obtained using homogenization techniques. The resulting homogenized material is anisotropic in elasticities as well as in dissipation. For the special case of a laminated composite, we can state the effective constitutive law explicitly. The anisotropies in the dissipation arc studied in detail.
Exploiting excess capacity, part II: differentiated services under traffic growth

Connections provisioned in a backbone network are usually protected. A "good" protection scheme can decrease the downtime experienced by a connection, which can reduce (or eliminate) penalties for the violation of the Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the network operator and its customer. Although "good" protection schemes can guarantee high availability to connections, they usually require high capacity (e.g., bandwidth). However, backbone networks usually have some excess capacity (EC) to accommodate traffic fluctuations and growth, and when there is enough EC, the high capacity requirement of protection schemes can be tolerated. However, under traffic growth, the network operator has to add more bandwidth to avoid capacity exhaustion, which increases upgrade costs. In this study, we show that, in case of connections supporting differentiated services, where connections' tolerable downtimes are diverse, efficient exploitation of EC can decrease both SLA violations and upgrade costs. We develop a novel EC management (ECM) approach that provides high-availability high-capacity protection schemes when EC is available, and reprovisions backup resources with multiple protection schemes so that SLAs are still respected, but network upgrade costs are kept under control. We formulate this problem as an integer linear program (ILP) and develop an efficient heuristic as the ILP is intractable for large problems. We present several alternatives of our ECM approach to show its compatibility with different protection-scheme combinations. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate how the proposed ECM technique finds a tradeoff between upgrade costs and penalties paid for SLA violations while reducing the total cost significantly.
On the elastic field from a nonuniform dislocation

Abstract An approximate solution for the velocity field of an unbounded elastic material is derived for a Somigliana screw dislocation moving nonuniformly. The solution, a sum of two terms, is given by inversion in time of the high-frequency radiation obtained by the method of steepest descents. A different approach is also adapted to bypass high-frequency calculations and obtain the approximate solution directly in the time domain. For both methods, comparisons are made with results form simple cases treated previously in the literature with different methods.
Kennedy, Oil Imports, and the Fair Trade Doctrine

In his efforts to secure passage of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, John F. Kennedy had to placate not only oil and coal interests at home, but also traditional trade partners like Venezuela abroad, and he also had to foster the broad national security aim of retaining domestic oil reserves. This article argues that Kennedy was able to utilize a fair trade doctrine to gain enactment of legislation that would both lower trade barriers and assist domestic producers hurt by increased imports.
Physiological mechanisms for the rapid growth of Pennisetum clandestinum in Mediterranean climates.

Summary Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst ex Chiov. (kikuyugrass) is a C4 grass that has become an invasive weed in temperate climates. We examined ecophysiological mechanisms that have allowed it to become a successful weed in these locations by comparing P. clandestinum and two other common turigrass species, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (tall fescue cv. Mojave), a C3 cool-season grass, and Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze (St. Augustinegrass), a C4 warm-season grass, grown in a warm or cool growth regime. We measured rates of photosynthesis over a range of leaf temperatures and also measured growth rate parameters of these species. At leaf temperatures between 25^C and 40^C P. clandestinum maintained the highest rates of photosynthesis in both temperature regimes. Under warm temperatures, this species rapidly increased biomass and leaf area to a greater extent than either of the other two grasses. Theoretical whole plant photosynthesis (mean leaf area × mean photosynthetic rate) was higher for P. clandestinum than for the other two species in both growth regimes and over most leaf temperatures. Our results suggest that P. clandestinum is a successful weed in Mediterranean climates as a result of its capacity to photosynthesize over the full range of temperatures found in those climates, its rapid growth during warm weather and its apparent tolerance to moderately cool temperatures.
Effects of suspicion on attributional thinking and the correspondence bias

This research examined why suspicion of ulterior motives leads perceivers to avoid the correspondence bias in the assigned-essay paradigm, in contrast to information about situational constraint. Five experiments offer converging evidence that suspicion triggers active, sophisticated attributional thinking. These studies examined participants' spontaneous thoughts and attributional analyses in the context of high-constraint or ulterior-motives conditions. The studies (a) suggest that high-constraint information and ulterior-motive information have divergent effects on perceivers early in the inference process, (b) demonstrate the correspondence bias in instances in which demand characteristics are minimized, and (c) show that the effects of suspicion can endure across targets and contexts. The implications of these results for current models of the correspondence bias and the dispositional inference process, and suggestions for a revised model, are discussed.
Laser cooling of solids [Laser Photon. Rev. 3, No. 1-2, 67-84 (2009)]

Fig. 7b and Figs. 14a and b in the paper published in Laser Photon. Rev. 3, 67–84 have not been referenced completely. Please find the correct figure captions here.