cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transferable pseudoclassical electrons for aufbau of atomic ions

Generalizing the LEWIS reactive force field from electron pairs to single electrons, we present LEWIS• in which explicit valence electrons interact with each other and with nuclear cores via pairwise interactions. The valence electrons are independently mobile particles, following classical equations of motion according to potentials modified from Coulombic as required to capture quantum characteristics. As proof of principle, the aufbau of atomic ions is described for diverse main group elements from the first three rows of the periodic table, using a single potential for interactions between electrons of like spin and another for electrons of unlike spin. The electrons of each spin are found to distribute themselves in a fashion akin to the major lobes of the hybrid atomic orbitals, suggesting a pointillist description of the electron density. The broader validity of the LEWIS• force field is illustrated by predicting the vibrational frequencies of diatomic and triatomic hydrogen species.
Role of protein kinase R in double-stranded RNA-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase in human astroglia.

Environmental factor(s), such as viral infection, has been implicated as one of the triggering events leading to neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. This study underlines the importance of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the active component of a viral infection, in inducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in human astroglia. DsRNA in the form of synthetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC) induced expression of iNOS and iNOS promoter-driven luciferase activity through activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteinβ (C/EBPβ). In addition, we show that inhibitors of protein kinase R attenuated iNOS by suppressing the activation of NF-κB but not C/EBPβ. In contrast, knock down of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) attenuated iNOS by suppressing the activation of C/EBPβ but not NF-κB. This study delineates a novel role of dsRNA in inducing the expression of iNOS through dsRNA-activated protein kinase (PKR)-mediated activation of NF-κB and p38-mediated activation of C/EBPβ in human astroglia that may participate in virus-induced neurological abnormalities.
Biological Levers and Extended Adaptationism

Two critiques of simple adaptationism are distinguished: anti-adaptationism and extended adaptationism. Adaptationists and anti-adaptationists share the presumption that an evolutionary explanation should identify the dominant simple cause of the evolutionary outcome to be explained. A consideration of extended-adaptationist models such as coevolution, niche construction and extended phenotypes reveals the inappropriateness of this presumption in explaining the evolution of certain important kinds of features—those that play particular roles in the regulation of organic processes, especially behavior. These biological or behavioral ‘levers’ are distinctively available for adaptation and exaptation by their possessors and for co-optation by other organisms. As a result they are likely to result from a distinctive and complex type of evolutionary process that conforms neither to simple adaptationist nor to anti-adaptationist styles of explanation. Many of the human features whose evolutionary explanation is most controversial belong to this category, including the female orgasm.
Characterizing corridor-level travel time distributions based on stochastic flows and segment capacities

AbstractTrip travel time reliability is an important measure of transportation system performance and a key factor affecting travelers’ choices. This paper explores a method for estimating travel time distributions for corridors that contain multiple bottlenecks. A set of analytical equations are used to calculate the number of queued vehicles ahead of a probe vehicle and further capture many important factors affecting travel times: the prevailing congestion level, queue discharge rates at the bottlenecks, and flow rates associated with merges and diverges. Based on multiple random scenarios and a vector of arrival times, the lane-by-lane delay at each bottleneck along the corridor is recursively estimated to produce a route-level travel time distribution. The model incorporates stochastic variations of bottleneck capacity and demand and explains the travel time correlations between sequential links. Its data needs are the entering and exiting flow rates and a sense of the lane-by-lane distribution of tr...
Associations among productivity, production response, and stability indexes in oat varieties

We tested three sets of oat varieties for grain yield in a series of environments and observed that generally more than 80% of the yield variation for individual varieties was due to linear regression response. Mean yields for varieties were significantly variable in all three sets, and regression response indexes were significantly variable in two of them. Mean yields over the three sets were correlated with regression response indexes with r=0.61. Associations of mean yield with the three stability parameters (i.e., coefficient of determination, mean square for deviations from regression, and ecovalence) were low and usually not significant. The correlation of regression response indexes with coefficients of determination was 0.42, but neither of the other stability parameters was associated with the response indexes. The three stability parameters were closely correlated with one another. Our materials were selected varieties, so evidently our results suggest what can be accomplished in breeding for combinations of mean production, production response, and productiom stability.
Is low-dose aspirin therapy to prevent preeclampsia more efficacious in non-obese women or when initiated early in pregnancy?

AbstractObjective: Late timing of intervention and maternal obesity are potential explanations for the modest effect of aspirin for preeclampsia prevention. We explored whether low-dose aspirin (LDA) is more effective in women at increased risk when initiated before 16 weeks' gestation or given to non-obese women.Methods: Secondary analysis of a trial to evaluate LDA (60 mg/d) for preeclampsia prevention in high-risk women. Participants were randomized to LDA or placebo between 13 and 26 weeks. We stratified the effect of LDA on preeclampsia by (a) timing of randomization (< 16 or ≥ 16 weeks gestation) and (b) body mass index (BMI) class (non-obese and obese). The Breslow–Day test for homogeneity was used to assess for variations in effect of LDA across gestational age and BMI groups.Results: Of 2503 women, 461 (18.4%) initiated LDA < 16 weeks. LDA effect was not better when initiated < 16 weeks (RR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.67–1.31) versus ≥ 16 weeks (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.75–1.08), (p value for interaction = 0.87)...
Ultrastructure of nuclei isolated from plant protoplasts

A simple method, involving selective Triton X-100 membrane solubilization, has been developed for the isolation of nuclei from barley and tobacco protoplasts which gives a high yield of essentially pure nuclei. The isolated nuclei resembled those in leaf cells and protoplasts when the isolated nuclei were fixed for short times (2 hours, Medium II), except that their chromatin appeared to be more highly condensed and barley nuclei also lacked the outer nuclear membrane. When longer times of fixation (12 hours, Medium I) were used, the isolated nuclei lacked the characteristic condensed chromatin appearance.
Analysis of two-body decays of charm mesons using the quark-diagram scheme.

Two-body decays of charm mesons are analyzed in the quark-diagram scheme. Effects of SU(3) breaking and final-state interactions are included in the formulation. Various theoretical models are reviewed and tested. In this scheme, the experimental observation of ${D}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} $^{0}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ gives a clear signal of the W-exchange diagram. The difference in the lifetimes of ${D}^{+}$, ${D}^{0}$, and ${F}^{+}$ is studied in terms of two-body decays.
The Resources Management Movement (The Coming Death of Production Management Education)

The article discusses the problems associate with students' attitudes toward production management courses in business education. According to the author, students view these courses in negative li...
Expression of proteasome subunit isoforms during spermatogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

In this study, we sought to identify and characterize all the proteasome genes of Drosophila melanogaster. Earlier work led to the identification of two genes encoding alpha4-type 20S proteasome subunit isoforms that are expressed exclusively in the male germline. Here we extend these results and show that six of the 20S proteasome subunits, and four of the 19S regulatory cap subunits, have gene duplications encoding male-specific isoforms. More detailed analyses of two of these male-specific subunits (Prosalpha3T and Prosalpha6T), using GFP-tagged reporter transgenes, revealed that they are predominantly localized to the nucleus at later stages of spermatogenesis and are present there in mature, motile sperm. These results suggest a possible role of a 'spermatogenesis-specific' proteasome in sperm differentiation and/or function.
Lithography at a wavelength of 193 nm

The trend in microelectronics toward printing features 0.25 μm and below has motivated the development of lithography at the 193-nm wavelength of argon fluoride excimer lasers. This technology is in its early stages, but a picture is emerging of its strengths and limitations. The change in wavelength from 248 to 193 nm requires parallel progress in projection systems, optical materials, and photoresist chemistries and processes. This paper reviews the current status of these various topics, as they have been engineered under a multiyear program at MIT Lincoln Laboratory.
An Antibiotic-Inducible Cell Wall-Associated Protein That Protects Bacillus subtilis from Autolysis

In Bacillus subtilis, antibiotics that impair cell wall synthesis induce a characteristic stress response including the sigma(W) and sigma(M) regulons and the previously uncharacterized yoeB gene. Here we demonstrate that YoeB is a cell wall-associated protein with weak sequence similarity to a noncatalytic domain of class B penicillin-binding proteins. A yoeB-null mutant exhibits an increased rate of autolysis in response to cell wall-targeting antibiotics or nutrient depletion. This phenotype does not appear to be correlated with gross alterations in peptidoglycan structure or levels of autolysins. Promoter dissection experiments define a minimal region necessary for antibiotic-mediated induction of yoeB, and this region is highly conserved preceding yoeB homologs in close relatives of B. subtilis. These results support a model in which induction of YoeB in response to cell envelope stress decreases the activity of autolysins and thereby reduces the rate of antibiotic-dependent cell death.
Intact sensory fusion in a child with divergence paresis caused by a pontine glioma

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe a child with divergence paresis esotropia caused by a brain tumor with intact sensory and motor fusion. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: A 9-year-old boy who had one episode of double vision was initially seen with a small, variably present esophoria at near vision, an intermittent 10 prism diopter esotropia at distance, and stereopsis of 80 arc seconds. A magnetic resonance imaging examination disclosed a 4.0 × 4.5-cm pontine glioma. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmologists should recognize that the presence of intact sensory and motor fusion in a child with acute, comitant esotropia of the divergence paresis type does not preclude intracranial abnormality. If immediate neuroimaging is deferred, repeated thorough ocular motility examinations are warranted to detect progression.
Magnetic field amplification in mechanically driven compressible magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Magnetic field amplification in a homogeneous, dissipative, isentropic, polytropic, two-dimensional, turbulent magnetofluid is simulated numerically. The magnetofluid is, in a number of cases, mechanically forced so that energy input balances dissipation and thereby maintains a steady state. In the presence of a spatially-uniform mean magnetic field, a magnetofluid whose initial turbulent magnetic energy is zero quickly arrives at a state of nonzero turbulent magnetic energy
Lactimidomycin, Iso-migrastatin and Related Glutarimide-Containing 12-Membered Macrolides Are Extremely Potent Inhibitors of Cell Migration

Migrastatin (1), iso-migrastatin (5) and lactimidomycin (7) are all glutarimide-containing polyketides known for their unique structures and cytotoxic activities against human cancer cell lines. Migrastatin, a strong inhibitor of tumor cell migration, has been an important lead in the development of antimetastatic agents. Yet studies of the related 12-membered macrolides iso-migrastatin, lactimidomycin, and related analogues have been hampered by their limited availability. We report here the production, isolation, structural characterization, and biological activities of iso-migrastatin, lactimidomycin, and 23 related congeners. Our studies showed that, as a family, the glutarimide-containing 12-membered macrolides are extremely potent cell migration inhibitors with some members displaying activity on par or superior to that of migrastatin as exemplified by compounds 5, 7, and 9-12. On the basis of these findings, the structures and activity of this family of compounds as cell migration inhibitors are discussed.
Nucleotide sequence of Moloney murine leukaemia virus.

We have determined the 8,332-nucleotide structure of the genome of Moloney murine leukaemia virus. The coding frame for the gag gene is the same as that for pol, separated only by a single amber triplet. The pol gene encodes 132,000 daltons of protein, larger than the 70,000 daltons required for the reverse transcriptase. The env gene overlaps the pol gene.
14-Azacamptothecin: A Potent Water-Soluble Topoisomerase I Poison

On the basis of an analysis of luotonin A and its D-ring deaza analogue as topoisomerase I poisons and topoisomerase I-dependent cytotoxic agents, a novel analogue of the structurally related antitumor antibiotic camptothecin (CPT) was prepared. 14-Azacamptothecin was found to have much greater aqueous solubility than CPT, to inhibit topoisomerase I-mediated DNA relaxation more efficiently than CPT, and to stabilize the covalent binary complex to almost the same extent. 14-Aza CPT was found to be slightly less active than CPT in mediating cytotoxicity toward yeast expressing human topoisomerase I, possibly as a consequence of its greater off-rate from the CPT-topoisomerase I-DNA ternary complex.
Recent origins among ancient parasites

Toxoplasma gondii is a wide spread protozoan parasite belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa. Members of this group of parasites cause economically and medically important diseases in a variety of animals, including humans. T. gondii is notable among this group for the fact that it readily infects virtually all warm-blooded vertebrates, while most apicomplexans are typically restricted in their host range. Individual strains of T. gondii are genetically quite similar and molecular studies indicate that the vast majority (>95%) of strains can be grouped into one of three distinct clonal lineages. Remarkably, these three lineages are comprised of different combinations of two parental alleles, indicating they arose from a single genetic cross. The unusual population structure of T. gondii originated within the last 10,000 years, while the genus itself is approximately 10 million years old. The remarkable success of the three lineages following their recent origin is likely attributable to a dramatic change in the life cycle that greatly facilitated transmission. Prior to the cross that gave rise to the clonal lineages, and in all closely related parasites, transmission occurred by an obligatory two-host life cycle that alternated between definitive (carnivorous) and intermediate (herbivorous) hosts. The reassortment of genes that occurred in the cross allowed direct oral transmission between many different intermediate hosts. These findings illustrate that complex biological life cycles can change rapidly and dramatically, thus presenting a constant source of new zoonotic infections.
BLUE LIGHT GENERATION IN BULK PERIODICALLY FIELD POLED LINBO3

Bulk field poled LiNbO3 with a 3.3 µm domain period is used to frequency double unguided infrared emission generated by a high power semiconductor laser. At 432 nm, 2.8 mW is generated with CW and 10.5 mW with modelocked operation, respectively. Photorefractive effects are observed at room temperature.
Quasidiffusive transport of a broadband phonon distribution

The characteristics of the quasidiffusive transport of an initially broadband phonon distribution are obtained experimentally by vibronic sideband phonon spectroscopy and compared to the characteristics predicted theoretically. It is shown that the transport, which is governed by the simultaneous presence of elastic and anharmonic phonon scattering, has a number of distinctive features which differ to some extent from those observed for an initially monochromatic phonon distribution.
Cavity-enhanced on-chip absorption spectroscopy using microring resonators

We demonstrate on-chip laser absorption spectroscopy using silicon microring resonators integrated with PDMS microfluidic channels. A 100 microm radius microring resonator with Q > 100,000 is used to enhance the interaction length between evanescent light and a cladding liquid. We measure absorption spectra of less than 2 nL of N-methylaniline from 1460 nm to 1610 nm with 1 nm resolution and effective free space path lengths up to 5 mm. This work can help realize a completely on-chip spectroscopy device for lab-on-a-chip applications.
Community and Economic Development: Seeking Common Ground in Discourse and in Practice

As communities evolve greater capacities for mobilisation and political action, local issues are finding new entry-points into development and land use planning. In this regard, two strong discourses emerge: that of economic development and community. What are the synergies, antagonisms, or other relationships between these two frameworks? Do policy actors reconcile the differing discourses by appealing to a metanarrative, engaging in a pluralistic or agonistic process, or finding compromise solutions? Are there differing narratives within each of these broad frameworks? This article examines the divergences and convergences of these two discourses. It then focuses on Taylor Yard, a vacant brownfield in downtown Los Angeles, California, to study how policy actors reconciled differing visions for the use of the land. It can be seen that attempts to construct a metanarrative, that of a park, served to create a coalition of policy actors that was powerful enough to overturn a strong pro-industrial narrative....
Hydrogen bonding in some polyaminocarboxylic acids

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained for NTA, EDTA, DTPA, and TTHA in aqueous solutions. Spectra are reported in the pH range 2–12, and relative concentrations of all possible anionic species were calculated from pK values for these compounds as a function of pH. Chemical shift values are calculated from shielding constants, and contributions of neutral and anionic species, at specific pH, for each compound. The comparison of experimental and calculated chemical shifts indicates that intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs in DTPA and TTHA between a terminal acetate and the central nitrogen. Good correlation is obtained by using the following substituent shielding constants for hydrogen-bonded groups: -NR 2 HO = 1.51 ppm, -CH 2 NR 2 HO = 0.33 ppm, -COOHNR 3 = 0.80 ppm.
Measurements of the Dielectric Constants of Conducting Media

It is possible to build small, rigid circuits which have natural periods determined by the medium in which they are immersed. If ${T}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, the product of the natural period of the circuit and the conductivity of the medium, is sufficiently small, this period is proportional to the square root of the dielectric constant of the latter. On the basis of this fact measurements have been made of the dielectric constant of water from 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to an accuracy of 0.2 percent or better and covering a range of frequency from $T=1.4\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8} \mathrm{to} 81\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$. If ${T}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ is not sufficiently small, the period is affected by the conductivity of the medium in a complicated way and cannot be used to obtain the dielectric constant. With the smallest circuits used measurements of the dielectric constants of liquids having conductivities as high as 100 times that of water can be made.
Unique challenges for appropriate management of a 16-year-old girl with superior mesenteric artery syndrome as a result of anorexia nervosa: a case report

Nausea and vomiting in an adolescent, though common presenting symptoms, often pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the physician. When the diagnosis involves both medical and psychiatric components, management can be complex, especially in the current healthcare system in the United States. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no previous publications detailing successful management of a patient with anorexia nervosa and superior mesenteric artery syndrome. We report the case of a 16-year-old Caucasian girl who presented to our emergency department with nausea, abdominal pain, diminished appetite and vomiting. Her history and examination were notable for a 15 kg weight loss and diffuse abdominal tenderness. A barium swallow X-ray with small bowel follow-through and computed tomography scan demonstrated remarkable duodenal narrowing between the superior mesenteric artery and the aorta, consistent with superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Initial management focused on relieving the obstruction and supporting the nutritional needs of the patient. Further history confirmed a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, requiring intensive psychiatric and medical management, and necessitating a multifaceted approach to patient care involving social work, multiple primary care physicians and subspecialists, insurance company representatives, and the patient's immediate family. This case illustrates important points regarding the pathogenesis of superior mesenteric artery syndrome in the setting of anorexia, and it highlights the complexities that arise when managing an adolescent with both medical and psychiatric needs, as well as outlining a viable solution. While superior mesenteric artery syndrome is an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction, the general pediatrician and child psychiatrist should be aware of this complication of anorexia nervosa.
Effect of lattice vibrations on the ordering tendencies in substitutional binary alloys.

The effect of lattice vibrations on the ordering tendencies and phase stability of substitutional binary alloys is analyzed. The alloy Hamiltonian is cast onto an Ising-like Hamiltonian through a cluster expansion of the vibrational free energy computed in the harmonic approximation. The temperature dependence of the vibrational effective cluster interactions (VECI's) is found for a general d-dimensional alloy. Analytic results for the VECI's for d=1 are derived. It is argued that the vibrations can have pronounced effects on the phase diagram and on the short-range order at high temperatures.
Eolian deposits in the Neoproterozoic Big Bear Group, San Bernardino Mountains, California, USA

Abstract Strata interpreted to be eolian are recognized in the Neoproterozoic Big Bear Group in the San Bernardino Mountains of southern California, USA. The strata consist of medium- to large-scale (30 cm to > 6 m) cross-stratified quartzite considered to be eolian dune deposits and interstratified thinly laminated quartzite that are problematically interpreted as either eolian translatent climbing ripple laminae, or as tidal-flat deposits. High index ripples and adhesion structures considered to be eolian are associated with the thinly laminated and cross-stratified strata. The eolian strata are in a succession that is characterized by flaser bedding, aqueous ripple marks, mudcracks, and interstratified small-scale cross-strata that are suggestive of a tidal environment containing local fluvial deposits. The eolian strata may have formed in a near-shore environment inland of a tidal flat. The Neoproterozoic Big Bear Group is unusual in the western United States and may represent a remnant of strata that were originally more widespread and part of the hypothetical Neoproterozoic supercontinent of Rodinia. The Big Bear Group perhaps is preserved only in blocks that were downdropped along Neoproterozoic extensional faults. The eolian deposits of the Big Bear Group may have been deposited during arid conditions that preceded worldwide glacial events in the late Neoproterozoic. Possibly similar pre-glacial arid events are recognized in northern Mexico, northeast Washington, Australia, and northwest Canada.
An Experimental Comparison of Vibrational Circular Dichroism and Raman Optical Activity with 1-Amino-2-propanol and 2-Amino-1-propanol as Model Compounds

Mid-IR vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) and the corresponding Raman optical activity (ROA) spectra of 1-amino-2-propanol and 2-amino-1-propanol in neat solution are compared to yield insight in...
Esophageal atresia with double fistula: the missed anomaly.

Abstract Of the various anatomical types of atresia, that of esophageal atresia and double fistula is said to be the least common. In most series, frequency is less than 1%. Seventy-eight patients with esophageal atresia were treated at the University of Virginia Medical Center between 1955 and 1983. Six of them had esophageal atresia and double fistula, and in 5 of these 6, this anomaly was not diagnosed preoperatively and was not detected intraoperatively. Our experience suggests that proximal "pouchograms" are essential in the preoperative evaluation of these patients to detect the presence of esophageal atresia and double fistula. The morbidity and mortality occasioned by overlooking this anomaly far exceed the risk of the contrast study.
A semi-automatic approach for estimating near surface internal layers from snow radar imagery

The near surface layer signatures in polar firn are preserved from the glaciological behaviors of past climate and are important to understanding the rapidly changing polar ice sheets. Identifying and tracing near surface internal layers in snow radar echograms can be used to produce high-resolution accumulation maps. This process is typically performed manually, which requires time-consuming, dense hand-selection and interpolation between sections, for each echogram. We have developed an approach for semi-automatically estimating near surface internal layers and have applied it to snow radar echograms acquired from Antarctica. Our solution utilizes an active contour (“snakes”) model to find high-intensity edges likely to correspond to layer boundaries, while simultaneously imposing constraints on smoothness of layer depth and parallelism among layers.
Paper 14: The Experimental Investigation of Body Structural Vibration

To facilitate the analysis of the noise and vibration properties of prototype bodies the concept of ‘mobility’ is introduced, i.e. velocity-response/force input. Satisfactory results can be obtained with a single-excitation testing system, but this has certain limitations which can be overcome by a servo-controlled multi-point system now under investigation.
133 PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF EXERCISE STRESS TESTING IN HYPER-TENSIVE ADOLESCENTS

The purpose of this study was to determine if blood pressures (BP) during dynamic exercise (DYN EX) and isometric exercise (ISO EX) in hypertensive adolescents are useful in identifying those destined to have persistent blood pressure elevations. All 62 subjects had pressures above the 95th percentile on three 8th grade exams. Dynamic and isometric stress tests were performed in the 9th grade and resting BP was remeasured on 3 exams in the 10th grade. Students were classified on the basis of their 10th grade BP: I. Normal BP II. Elevated BP on 1 or 2 exams, III. Persistent BP elevations in all 3 exams: Stepwise regression was used to correlate the BP at rest and during exercise with 10th grade resting BP. Systolic BP during DYN EX and diastolic BP during ISO EX had significant correlations with 10th grade BP, p<.007 and p<.05 respectively. However, comparing exercise pressures with resting pressures, the former accounted for only an additional 5% of the variance of the 10th grade pressures. Therefore, if hypertension is suspected on the basis of three resting pressures doing exercise testing adds little to the accuracy of predicting blood pressure status one year later.
On the Automatic Registration of α -Particles, β -particles and γ -Ray and X-Ray Pulses

Synopsis. A device is described which makes it possible for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles, $\ensuremath{\beta}$-particles and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray and X-rays pulses to make records automatically on chronograph paper, which records can be conveniently and accurately studied at leisure. Historically, the method developed from Rutherford's method of counting $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles and the last previously described development was by the writer in which he used a telephone receiver whose diaphragm was actuated by the current to a needle electrode, after amplification by means of a 3-electrode vacuum tube. In the present method the amplified current actuates a sensitive relay which in turn operates the chronograph pen by means of a local circuit. The accuracy of the records was checked up for the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles by the scintillation method of counting and for the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-particles by determining the charge carried by the $\ensuremath{\beta}$-particles. Records of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays and X-rays are similar to those of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$- and $\ensuremath{\beta}$-particles and some arguments are given supporting the idea that the records represent individual pulses or short trains of pulses. A record of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-particles taken over a 7-hour period was studied and conclusion deduced that the variations in the number of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-particles emitted in a given time interval follow the probability law.
A practical approach to evaluating redox phenomena involved in the melting-fining of soda-lime glasses

Abstract Increased furnace efficiency through increased furnace production or pull rate can be realized with optimization and control of the redox conditions during the melting and fining of glass. An empirical model and related redox factors, necessary for optimization of the melting/fining processes in sulfur-sulfate refined glasses, are described. In addition to examining the redox conditions necessary to produce very stable reduced flint and amber glasses, discussed is a new fining redox number which relates the glass redox conditions to the observed refining ability of the glass. Hot stage photography and water cooled periscope films taken in production furnaces illustrate the importance of SO2 evolution and control in the glass melting and fining process.
Course of depression and mortality among older primary care patients.

Context Depression is a treatable illness that disproportionately places older adults at increased risk for mortality. Objective We sought to examine whether there are patterns of course of depression severity among older primary care patients that are associated with increased risk for mortality. Design and Setting Our study was a secondary analysis of data from a practice-based randomized controlled trial within 20 primary care practices located in greater New York City, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh. Participants The study sample consisted of 599 adults aged 60 years and older recruited from primary care settings. Participants were identified though a two-stage, age-stratified (60–74 years; older than 75 years) depression screening of randomly sampled patients. Severity of depression was assessed using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). Measurements Longitudinal analysis via growth curve mixture modeling was carried out to classify patterns of course of depression severity across 12 months. Vital status at 5 years was ascertained via the National Death Index Plus. Results Three patterns of change in course of depression severity over 12 months were identified: 1) persistent depressive symptoms, 2) high but declining depressive symptoms, 3) low and declining depressive symptoms. After a median follow-up of 52.0 months, 114 patients had died. Patients with persistent depressive symptoms were more likely to have died compared with patients with a course of high but declining depressive symptoms (adjusted hazard ratio 2.32, 95% confidence interval [1.15–4.69]). Conclusions Persistent depressive symptoms signaled increased risk of dying in older primary care patients, even after adjustment for potentially influential characteristics such as age, smoking status, and medical comorbidity.
Techno-economic comparison of biomass-to-transportation fuels via pyrolysis, gasification, and biochemical pathways

Abstract This analysis compares capital and operating cost for six near-term biomass-to-liquid fuels technology scenarios representing three conversion platforms: pyrolysis, gasification, and biochemical. These analyses employed similar assumptions to allow comparisons among the results. Most prominently, the feedstock is assumed to be corn stover and plant capacity was 2000 tonne/day for each plant. There are large differences in the total capital investments required among the three platforms. The stand-alone biomass-to-liquid fuel plants are expected to produce fuels with a product value in the range of $2.00–5.50 per gallon ($0.53–1.45 per liter) gasoline equivalent, with pyrolysis the lowest and biochemical the highest. These relatively high product values are driven primarily by an assumed feedstock cost of $75 per dry ton and the cost of capital for the plants. Pioneer plant analysis, which takes into account increased capital costs and decreased plant performance associated with first-of-a-kind plants, increases estimated product values to $2.00–12.00 per gallon ($0.53–3.17 per liter) gasoline equivalent.
Decline of Political Control in Chinese Universities and the Rise of the 1989 Chinese Student Movement

Political control in Chinese universities had depended mainly on the cooperation of students with nonprofessional political workers. In the process of economic reform in China, the ideological legitimation of the communist state greatly declined while other avenues of status attainment outside the realm of state control opened up. Participating actively in mutual supervision became neither moral nor necessarily profitable. As a result, a campus environment which had once facilitated political control over students became conducive to student mobilization. Some students and political workers even captured political control institutions to spread nonconforming and dissident ideas. This paper argues that this decline in political control over students made a significant contribution to the rise of the 1989 Chinese Student Movement.
STUDIES ON ABERRANT FORMS OF SPHAEROCARPOS DONNELLII

The studies here reported were made on two aberrant forms of Sphcaerocarpos Donnellii Aust. which were first observed by Dr. C. E. Allen in his cultures which have been growing under greenhouse conditions since early in I9I6. Clones may be kept growing indefinitely under the conditions described by Allen (I9I9), and it is from clones of races showing the respective characters that the following descriptions are drawn.
Grammatical Gender Trouble and Hungarian Gender[lessness]. Part I: Comparative Linguistic Gender

The aim of this study is to define linguistic gender[lessness], with particular reference in the latter part of the article to Hungarian, and to show why it is a feminist issue. I will discuss the [socio]linguistics of linguistic gender in three types of languages, those, like German and the Romance languages, among others, which possess grammatical gender, languages such as English, with only pronominal gender (sometimes misnamed ‘natural gender’), and languages such as Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages, as well as many other languages in the world, such as Turkish and Chinese, which have no linguistic or pronomial gender, but, like all languages, can make lexical gender distinctions. While in a narrow linguistic sense linguistic gender can be said to be afunctional, this does not take into account the ideological ramifications in gendered languages of the “leakage” between gender and sex[ism], while at the same time so-called genderless languages can express societal sexist assumptions linguistically through, for example, lexical gender, semantic derogation of women, and naming conventions. Thus, both languages with overt grammatical gender and those with gender-related asymmetries of a more covert nature show language to represent traditional cultural expectations, illustrating that linguistic gender is a feminist issue.
Trajectory Controllability of Second Order Nonlinear Integro-Differential System: An Analytical and a Numerical Estimation

In this short article we have discussed trajectory controllability of the second order nonlinear integro-differential system by using theory of monotone operators and tools of cosine operators. We will then describe a general method for computing numerical approximations to control functions. We will illustrate this method with a nonlinear integro-differential equations and a nonlinear hyperbolic equation in one and two spatial dimensions.
Topological structure of coronal-interplanetary magnetic field

The topological structure of the coronal-interplanetary magnetic field is determined by the arrangement of the neutral lines at the coronal base. It is characterized by nested separatrices, which are interfaces between closed and open field lines or between oppositely directed open field lines, in the coronal-interplanetary space. In the neighborhoods of these separatrices there are important electric currents. These currents form the basis for the sheet-current model.
Epithelial Thickness and Labelling Index in Young and Old Mice1

The Labelling Index (L.I.), thickness and number of cell layers in the stratum corneum of various epithelia of groups of eight-week-old and two-year-old mice were compared. Arbitrarily selected subgroups of 5 animals were injected with 1μ Ci/gm body weight of 3H-TdR at 6 hourly intervals. Two hours after injection, specimens of skin from ear and footpad and of mucosa from tongue and palate were removed and either prepared for autoradiography or frozen for cryotomy and histological assessment. Most tissues showed a significant diurnal variation in L.I. In the older animals the L.I. was lower in all tissues except the palate (no change) and ear epidermis (higher). The thickness of the epithelium of the old animals was less in the palate but greater in the ear and footpad. The number of cell layers of the stratum corneum, when visualized by alkaline expansion, was unchanged in the footpad but significantly increased in the ears of the old mice.
Dendrites determine the contribution of after depolarization potentials (ADPs) to generation of repetitive action potentials in hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing-hormone (GnRH) neurons

The impact of structure in modulating synaptic signals originating in dendrites is widely recognized. In this study, we focused on the impact of dendrite morphology on a local spike generating mechanism which has been implicated in hormone secretion, the after depolarization potential (ADP). Using multi-compartmental models of hypothalamic GnRH neurons, we systematically truncated dendrite length and determined the consequence on ADP amplitude and repetitive firing. Decreasing the length of the dendrite significantly increased the amplitude of the ADP and increased repetitive firing. These effects were observed in dendrites both with and without active conductances suggesting they largely reflect passive characteristics of the dendrite. In order to test the findings of the model, we performed whole-cell recordings in GnRH neurons and elicited ADPs using current injection. During recordings, neurons were filled with biocytin so that we could determine dendritic and total projection (dendrite plus axon) length. Neurons exhibited ADPs and increasing ADP amplitude was associated with decreasing dendrite length, in keeping with the predictions of the models. Thus, despite the relatively simple morphology of the GnRH neuron’s dendrite, it can still exert a substantial impact on the final neuronal output.
Possible Role for Fatty Acyl-Coenzyme A in Intracellular Protein Transport

The transport of proteins between subcellular compartments is a rectorial, energy-requiring process mediated by the budding and fusion of a series of vesicular carriers1. As yet, nothing is known of the chemical reactions that underlie these events, or how or in exactly what forms energy is used to sustain such movements. Here we report that fatty acyl-CoA acts as cofactor to a Golgi-associated protein factor (termed NSF ) that is required for transport between cisternae of the Golgi stack in a cell-free system. This previously unsuspected connection may offer a link between the complex process of protein transport and a single, well-defined type of chemical reaction. We suggest that an ATP-dependent cycle of fatty acylation and deacylation may play an important role in driving rounds of vectorial protein transport.
Community and school based interventions in teen pregnancy prevention

(1989). Community and school based interventions in teen pregnancy prevention. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 28, Sexuality Education, pp. 191-197.
Cephaloridine nephrotoxicity in diabetic rats: modulation by insulin treatment

Previous studies have indicated that cephaloridine nephrotoxicity was reduced in diabetic rats. This study determined whether the reduction in toxicity was due to streptozotocin or the diabetic state. Male Fischer-344 rats were injected intraperitoneally with 35 mg/kg streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Insulin (5 U/day, subcutaneously) was begun within 72 h and continued for 10 days. Toxicity was quantitated 48 h after injection of cephaloridine (1500 mg/kg, i.p.) in normoglycemic (NC), diabetic (DC) and diabetic animals treated with insulin (DIC). Cephaloridine produced diuresis, glucosuria, proteinuria, elevated kidney weight and decreased renal cortical slice accumulation of organic ions in the NC group. Cephaloridine toxicity was reduced in the DC group since kidney weight, BUN level and renal cortical slice accumulation of organic anions were similar between treated and control animals. Cephaloridine treatment of the DIC group was associated with increased BUN levels, proteinuria and diminished renal cortical slice accumulation of organic cations. These results indicated that the diabetic state, and not streptozotocin, reduced cephaloridine nephrotoxicity.
Estimation of lipid concentrations on thin-layer plates by densitometry of transparent copies

A relatively simple procedure for the quantitative estimation of phospholipids resolved on thin-layer plates has been developed. After resolution in an appropriate solvent, the lipids are visualized by staining with iodine, ninhydrin, or molybdate and then photocopied onto transparent sheets with a standard office copy machine. The density of each spot on the photocopy, measured with a simple silicon cell area densitometer, is a direct function of each lipid applied to the plate over at least a six- to eightfold range in concentration. Under controlled conditions the staining and photocopying steps are quite reproducible. Known concentrations of the choline, ethanolamine, serine, and inositol derivatives of L-alpha-phosphatidic acid applied either separately or as mixtures can be determined essentially quantitatively (100 +/- 5%) by this procedure following their resolution on the thin-layer plates.
Quantitative Trait Loci and Trait Correlations for Maize Stover Cell Wall Composition and Glucose Release for Cellulosic Ethanol

In cellulosic ethanol production, the efficiency of converting maize (Zea mays L.) stover into fermentable sugars partly depends on the stover cell wall structure. Breeding for improved stover quality for cellulosic ethanol may benefit from the use of molecular markers. However, limited quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies have been published for maize stover cell wall components, and no QTL study has been published for glucose release (GLCReI) from stover by a cellulosic ethanol conversion process. Our objectives were to characterize the relationships among stover cell wall components and GLCReI, and to identify QTL with major effects, if any, influencing stover cell wall composition and GLCReI. Testcrosses of 223 intermated B73 × Mo17 recombinant inbreds and the parent lines were analyzed for cell wall composition and GLCReI after acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. As expected, glucose (GLC), xylose (XYL), and Klason lignin (KL) composed the bulk (-72%) of the stover dry matter. Significant genetic variance and moderate heritability were observed for all traits. Genetic and phenotypic correlations among traits were generally in the favorable direction but also reflected the complexity of maize stover cell wall composition. We found 152 QTL, mostly with small effects, for GLCReI and cell wall components on both a dry matter and cell wall basis. Because no major QTL were found, methods that increase the frequency of favorable QTL alleles or that predict performance based on markers would be appropriate in marker-assisted breeding for maize stover quality for cellulosic ethanol.
Preliminary assessment of glycine conjugation of para-aminobenzoic acid as a quantitative test of liver function

Abstract Our hypothesis is that because of its hepatic metabolism paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA) could be a test of liver function. PABa is well absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and acetylated and conjugated in the liver to glycine before being excreted. Its three major metabolites include para-acetoamidobenzoic acid (PAABA), paraaminohippuric acid (PAHA), and paraacetamidohippuric acid (PAAHA). In this study, we measured the metabolism of lidocaine to monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) and PABA to PAHA + PAAHA/PABA + PAABA + PAHA + PAAHA (hippurate ratio) in 14 patients with liver disease and 12 control subjects. Comparison of the total bilirubin with the hippurate ratio (at 30 min) and the conventional MEGX test (at 15 min) was assessed. The 30 min hippurate ratio correlated well with the 15 min MEGX results (r = 0.69). While these results are preliminary the PABA test appears to be equally sensitive to MEGX and has the distinct advantage over the MEGX test of being administered orally versus the intravenous administration of lidocaine which is often associated with unwanted side-effects such as hypotension, drowsiness and paresthesias.
Silicon and germanium nanowires: Growth, properties, and integration

Semiconducting nanowires are an area of widespread interest in nanomaterials research because of the ability to fabricate one-dimensional structures with tailored functionalities not available in bulk materials. Silicon and germanium nanowires have received particular attention because of the important role played by these materials systems in contemporary microelectronics and their potential for applications ranging from novel electronic devices to molecular level sensing and to solar energy harvesting. This paper provides an overview of the widely used vapor-liquid-solid technique for nanowire growth and its application to our recent silicon and germanium nanowire studies.