cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Variation in the Outcome of Subsequent Prostate Biopsies in Men With an Initial Diagnosis of Atypical Small Acinar Proliferation.

Abstract Background African American (AA) men are known to have more aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) compared with Caucasian American men. We sought to determine predictors of subsequent detection and risk stratification of PCa in a racially diverse group of men with atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) on initial prostate biopsy. Materials and Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from men with ASAP on initial prostate biopsy who subsequently received confirmatory biopsies between September 2000 and July 2015. Biopsies with more than 3 years between initial and confirmatory biopsies were excluded. Race, age, body mass index, transrectal ultrasound volume, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA velocity, PSA density, and elapsed time between biopsies were assessed for predictive value in subsequent PCa diagnosis after an initial finding of ASAP. Results Of 106 men analyzed, 75 (71%) were AA and 31 (29%) were non-AA. Baseline variables revealed AA men had higher PSA levels, PSA velocity, and PSA density (all P Conclusion AA men diagnosed with ASAP on initial prostate biopsy do not have increased risk of PCa on confirmatory biopsy compared with non-AA men.
The Politics of Resentment: A Genealogy

Few forces have battered contemporary American politics as much as resentment. It may be only a small exaggeration to say that, at times, our politics have been driven by resentment. Harnessing res...
Inertial Protein-Matrix Solvation of a Light-Harvesting Chromophore

We have employed transient hole-burning spectroscopy (THB) to characterize ultrafast protein-matrix solvation processes in the α subunit of the cyanobacterial light-harvesting protein C-phycocyanin.
Splitting Images: How Employees Construe Organizational Stigma

In this Qualitative study, I present empirical evidence that the construed external image comprises multiple conflicting perceptions rather than a single cleanly defined image. Using grounded theor...
Pulmonary Artery Catheter

The pulmonary artery catheter has a rich history in modern critical care medicine and provided the basis for the science of advanced hemodynamic monitoring. While significant controversy exists regarding the current utility of the catheter, an understanding of the hemodynamic data provided by the pulmonary artery catheter, as well as limitations and potential complications, is essential for any critical care practitioner. When used correctly, this invasive monitoring device can provide a wealth of information regarding the patient’s cardiopulmonary function as well as the impact of therapeutic interventions. However, the nuances of appropriate catheter use, data interpretation, and application are complex and easily misinterpreted even by seasoned intensivists.
Simulation modeling to assist with childhood obesity control: perceptions of Baltimore City policymakers.

Computational simulation models have potential to inform childhood obesity prevention efforts. To guide their future use in obesity prevention policies and programs, we assessed Baltimore City policymakers’ perceptions of computational simulation models. Our research team conducted 15 in-depth interviews with stakeholders (policymakers in government and non-profit sectors), then transcribed and coded them for analysis. We learned that informants had limited understanding of computational simulation modeling. Although they did not understand how the model was developed, they perceived the tool to be useful when applying for grants, adding to the evidence base for decision-making, piloting programs and policies, and visualizing data. Their concerns included quality and relevance of data used to support the model. Key recommendations for model design included a visual display with explanations to facilitate understanding and a formal method for gathering feedback during model development.
Selecting medical students, then and now.

While medical training admissions processes have often focused on the qualities residing in the individual, the applicant's ability to build relationships is equally, if not more, important.
Facility Design and Physical Containment

One of the most important goals of the design of the biomedical laboratory is to prevent the release of hazardous biological agents from the laboratory. This goal, usually called physical containment, is achieved by following prescribed laboratory practices, by employing special equipment such as the biological safety cabinet, and by incorporating special design features in the facility itself. Laboratory practices were discussed in Chapters 1 through 8, and Chapter 9 covered the use of HEPA filters and biological safety cabinets. In this chapter we will discuss those elements of facility design that are needed for physical containment.
Biogeochemistry of Halogenated Hydrocarbons

This chapter will describe the widespread occurrence of halogenated hydrocarbons, interpret their distribution and biogeochemical cycling in light of natural and anthropogenic sources, biotic and abiotic reactivity, and prevailing cycling mechanisms. Specific emphasis will be placed on the potential role of biotic and abiotic transformation reactions in soil, water, and sediment environments resulting in environmental sequestration and phase transfer.
Effects of solid solution alloying on creep deformation of aluminum

The effects of solid solution alloying on the creep-rupture properties, deformation characteristics, ductility, and fracture of pure aluminum were studied by means of creep-rupture tests on polished specimens of three alloys each of Al-Cu (0.24, 0.79, and 2.05 pct Cu), Al-Zn (4.93, 9.89, and 19.78 pct Zn), and Al-Mg (0.94, 1.92, and 5.10 pct Mg) at 500°, 700°, and 900°F.
C-Band Cross-Polarization Ocean Surface Observations in Hurricane Matthew

In this paper, airborne measurements of the ocean surface normalized radar cross-section (NRCS) taken at co- and cross-polarizations in high-wind conditions are reported. The measurements were taken in Hurricane Matthew during which it was a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Saturation of the co-polarized NRCS and lack of saturation in the cross-polarized NRCS is observed, consistent with previous results. The results have implications for planned and future scatterometers (e.g., MetOp-SG) that aim to increase the maximum observable wind speeds by using cross-polarized measurements.
A versatile harmonic balance method in a parallel framework

In this paper, we present a parallelized and versatile harmonic balance approach for modeling the small-signal and large-signal frequency-domain response of the coupled semiconductor drift-diffusion equations used in TCAD device simulations. Our approach begins with a time-domain TCAD code, and we describe the process to adapt the system into the frequency domain so that the transformation can be parallelized. Both small-signal and large-signal analyses are easily simultaneously incorporated. Furthermore, we introduce the Isofrequency Remapping Scheme, so that an arbitrary number of high frequencies can be analyzed without introducing a prohibitive expense. Results obtained by our small-signal and large signal harmonic balance methods are shown to capture the same response for a linear device, as expected. Further results use our harmonic balance method to explore a prohibitively expensive time-domain problem: a large-signal, two-tone simulation too costly for a time-domain analysis, for which we are able to produce the expected response with intermodulation.
Relationship quality and functional limitations among older adults with cardiovascular disease in the United States of America

Substantial research shows that cardiovascular disease is a major cause of disability in the United States of America (USA) and worldwide. Despite the well-documented significance of intimate partnerships for cardiovascular health and disease management, how relationship quality contributes to the functional health of older adults diagnosed with cardiovascular disease is much less understood than mental health and mortality risk. Informed by the disablement process model and the lifecourse perspective, this study examines the association between relationship quality and functional limitations among partnered older adults aged 50 years and older diagnosed with cardiovascular disease in the USA. Data are from the Health and Retirement Study, 2006–2012 (N = 1,355). Multi-level linear regression analyses show that baseline negative relationship quality is significantly associated with increased functional limitations over the two- and four-year follow-ups. Additionally, the link between negative relationship quality and functional limitations is stronger among older adults with lower household income over a two-year span, compared to their higher-income counterparts, suggesting that these older adults are doubly disadvantaged by higher relationship strains and limited economic resources. Our findings demonstrate the significance of relationship quality for the functional health of older adults with cardiovascular disease and shed light on the importance of marriage/partnerships as an important social context for a critical stage in the disablement process (i.e. functional limitations).
Beyond Mere Presence: Gender Norms in Oral Arguments at the U.S. Supreme Court:

Women are less successful than their male counterparts at Supreme Court oral arguments under certain circumstances. However, existing work relies on mere presence rather than on any action female a...
Biological imaging of chemical bonds by stimulated Raman scattering microscopy.

All molecules consist of chemical bonds, and much can be learned from mapping the spatiotemporal dynamics of these bonds. Since its invention a decade ago, stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy has become a powerful modality for imaging chemical bonds with high sensitivity, resolution, speed and specificity. We introduce the fundamentals of SRS microscopy and review innovations in SRS microscopes and imaging probes. We highlight examples of exciting biological applications, and share our vision for potential future breakthroughs for this technology. This Perspective summarizes advances in stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS) instruments and probes, and highlights biological discoveries made with these technologies.
Nano-enabled cellular engineering for bioelectric studies

Engineered cells have opened up a new avenue for scientists and engineers to achieve specialized biological functions. Nanomaterials, such as silicon nanowires and quantum dots, can establish tight interfaces with cells either extra- or intracellularly, and they have already been widely used to control cellular functions. The future exploration of nanomaterials in cellular engineering may reveal numerous opportunities in both fundamental bioelectric studies and clinic applications. In this review, we highlight several nanomaterials-enabled non-genetic approaches to fabricating engineered cells. First, we briefly review the latest progress in engineered or synthetic cells, such as protocells that create cell-like behaviors from nonliving building blocks, and cells made by genetic or chemical modifications. Next, we illustrate the need for non-genetic cellular engineering with semiconductors and present some examples where chemical synthesis yields complex morphology or functions needed for biointerfaces. We then provide discussions in detail about the semiconductor nanostructure-enabled neural, cardiac, and microbial modulations. We also suggest the need to integrate tissue engineering with semiconductor devices to carry out more complex functions. We end this review by providing our perspectives for future development in non-genetic cellular engineering.
Trends of children being given advice for dental checkups and having a dental visit in the United States: 2001-2016.

INTRODUCTION The objectives of this study were to describe trends of children being given dental checkup advice by primary care providers (PCPs) and having dental visits and to assess factors associated with being given dental checkup advice and having a dental visit. METHODS Data were from the annual, cross-sectional Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) from 2001 to 2016. The sample included 126,773 children ages 2-17 years. We used predictive margins to estimate the probability of being given dental checkup advice and having a dental visit. We examined time trends of the proportion of children being given dental checkup advice from PCPs, as well as trends in the proportion of children having a dental visit from 2001 to 2016. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between being given dental checkup advice and having a dental visit. RESULTS Overall, the proportion of children being given dental checkup advice increased from 31.4% in 2001 to 51.8% in 2016 (Trend P 0.05). Children being given dental checkup advice were more likely to have a dental visit (AOR = 1.54, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although there was an increase in the proportion of children being given advice to have dental checkups by PCPs from 2001 to 2016, there was no significant increase in having a dental visit among children being given the advice. More research is needed to better understand how dental care advice from a PCP can effectively motivate and facilitate dental care for children.
Parenting Adolescent Girls and Boys in Guatemala

“Everything for my children” is a common sentiment among Guatemalan parents displaying an unwavering, unconditional commitment to their children. Although this saying suggests that a strong family unit is at the heart of Guatemalan culture, only limited research exists about parenting Guatemalan adolescents. Research on how the country’s prevalent gender role ideologies, machismo, caballerismo, and marianismo, shape parents’ treatment and expectations of their adolescent children is even scarcer. In this chapter, we review the extant literature on those gender roles and the available research on Guatemalan adolescents’ own views on gender and gender roles in their communities. We describe the existing literature on parenting in Guatemala, which focuses primarily on young children. A series of future directions argue for continued and more extensive research at the intersection of Guatemalan culture, adolescence, parenting, and gender. Specifically, the merit in methodological diversity and the importance of capturing the ethnic and socioeconomic diversity in Guatemala should emerge as priorities when undertaking future work in this area.
Expanding our view of Bartonella and its hosts: Bartonella in nest ectoparasites and their migratory avian hosts.

Bartonella is a genus of Gram-negative facultative intracellular Alphaproteobacteria of public health importance. Although they are known to mainly infect mammalian hosts with some blood-feeding arthropods having been confirmed as vectors, there is some evidence of Bartonella association with non-mammalian hosts including birds. Here we used high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and Sanger sequencing of the citrate synthase (gltA) genes to test for the presence of Bartonellaceae in the blood of three migratory cavity nesting bird species, purple martins (Progne subis), tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) and their most prevalent and abundant nest ectoparasites, Dermanyssus prognephilus (mite), Ceratophyllus idius (flea) and Protocalliphora sialia (bird blow fly larva). We constructed maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees to verify the placement of the resulting sequences in the Bartonellaceae. We found evidence of Bartonella in all three bird species and all three arthropod species tested. We report multiple instances of identical Bartonella sequences in both birds and parasites, leading to the likely hypothesis that these ectoparasites are potential vectors of Bartonella. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that ‘avian Bartonella’ may form its own sub-clade within the genus Bartonella. To the best of our knowledge, we provide the first confirmation of overlapping Bartonella strains among bird hosts and various species of nest-associated ectoparasites from the same system, suggesting a possible Bartonella host–vector relationship between these arthropods and a non-mammalian host. Our study adds to the growing appreciation of the Bartonellaceae as a phylogenetically diverse group with a wide range of hosts.
Environmental Cleaning Strategies Used by Child Care Centers During Illness Outbreaks

Purpose: Over 75% of children use non-parental child care nationally. Children attending child care centers (CCC) have more upper respiratory infections and diarrheal illness than children who stay at home exclusively. Children in CCC are also substantial contributors to the spread of illness into the community. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) provides guidelines for the routine cleaning, sanitizing, and disinfecting of CCC facilities, but studies on cleaning practices are lacking. We partnered with our local county’s consortium of CCC directors to examine current centers’ practices and …
Association of Social Media Use and High-Risk Behaviors in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the prevalence of social media use and identified the presence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents, including self-harm and sharing of sexually explicit messages. Objective: This study aimed to identify patterns in the amount of time spent on social media by adolescents who engage in high-risk behavior and the extent to which they use social media as a platform for sharing such behaviors. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 179 adolescents seen in a pediatric clinic at an urban medical center. We used an anonymous self-report survey to obtain demographic characteristics, rates of self-harm thoughts and behaviors, sharing of sexually explicit messages, and social media use as determined by total hours spent on social media per day and the number of applications used. Results: Most adolescents reported spending 3 to 5 hours on social media each day and using 3 or more social media applications. Almost 1 in 8 (22/179, 12.3%) adolescents self-reported having ever engaged in self-injury with a mean age of onset of 11.8 years. Over a quarter (49/179, 27.4%) of adolescents reported sharing sexually explicit messages. Relative risk of engaging in self-injury and or sharing sexually explicit messages increased with the use of 4 or more social media applications (1.66; CI 1.11-2.48). Conclusions: Results show a relationship between the number of social media applications used and increased rates of high-risk behaviors. We identified relevant risk factors that clinicians can use to screen for high-risk behavior and parents can monitor to encourage education about healthy online practices.
Racial Ideologies, State Bureaucracy, and Decolonization in Bolivia

Race has shaped the development of the Bolivian state and its institutions albeit with important transformations in the social and political meaning of race. This paper discusses the racialization of the central state bureaucracy in Bolivia along these two dimensions: the distribution of bureaucratic resources and the assumptions and meanings that underpin bureaucratic hierarchy and spaces. It first discusses the relationship between the modern state and the concept of race, and conceptualizes the ethnoracial bureaucracy as a material and symbolic structure. Next, it examines the composition of the public administration sector overall and across the bureaucratic hierarchy in 2001, before the MAS-IPSP’s rise to power. Last, it surveys the narratives of race and nation that Creole and white- mestizo state elites historically mobilized in demarcating the boundaries of state power around whiteness. In contemporary Bolivia, the production of alternative official narratives of race and nation seeks to blur the boundary between indigeneity and statecraft (re)produced since the early republican period, and to legitimize the changing ethnoracial composition of the bureaucracy. The durability of the project is not guaranteed as the sediment of history and competing political projects weighs heavy on this process of transformation and negotiation.
Closed-Loop Plantar Cutaneous Augmentation by Electrical Nerve Stimulation Increases Ankle Plantarflexion During Treadmill Walking

Ankle plantarflexion plays an important role in forward propulsion and anterior-posterior balance during locomotion. This component of gait is often critically impacted by neurotraumas and neurological diseases. We hypothesized that augmenting plantar cutaneous feedback, via closed-loop distal-tibial nerve stimulation, could increase ankle plantarflexion during walking. To test the hypothesis, one intact rat walked on a motorized treadmill with implanted electronic device and electrodes for closed-loop neural recording and stimulation. Constant-current biphasic electrical pulse train was applied to distal-tibial nerve, based on electromyogram recorded from the medial gastrocnemius muscle, to be timed with the stance phase. The stimulation current threshold to evoke plantar cutaneous feedback was set at 30 μA (1·T), based on compound action potential evoked by stimulation. The maximum ankle joint angle at plantarflexion, during the application of stimulation currents of 3.3·T and 6.6·T, respectively, was increased from 149.4° (baseline) to 165.4° and 161.6°. The minimum ankle joint angle at dorsiflexion was decreased from 59.4° (baseline) to 53.1°, during the application of stimulation currents of 3.3·T, but not changed by 6.6·T. Plantar cutaneous augmentation also changed other gait kinematic parameters. Stance duty factor was increased from 51.9% (baseline) to 65.7% and 64.0%, respectively, by 3.3·T and 6.6·T, primarily due to a decrease in swing duration. Cycle duration was consistently decreased by the stimulation. In the control trial after two stimulation trials, a strong after-effect was detected in overall gait kinematics as well as ankle plantarflexion, suggesting that this stimulation has the potential for producing long-term changes in gait kinematics.
Unidirectional fork movement coupled with strand-specific histone incorporation ensures asymmetric histone inheritance

One Sentence Summary DNA replication establishes asymmetric epigenomes Summary One of the most fundamental questions in developmental biology concerns how cells with identical genomes differentiate into distinct cell types. One important context for understanding cell fate specification is asymmetric cell division, where the two daughter cells establish different cell fates following a single division. Many stem cells undergo asymmetric division to produce both a self-renewing stem cell and a differentiating daughter cell1–5. Here we show that histone H4 is inherited asymmetrically in asymmetrically dividing Drosophila male germline stem cells, similar to H36. In contrast, both H2A and H2B are inherited symmetrically. By combining superresolution microscopy with the chromatin fiber method, we are able to study histone inheritance patterns on newly replicated chromatin fibers. Using this technique, we find asymmetric inheritance patterns for old and new H3, but symmetric inheritance patterns for old and new H2A on replicating sister chromatids. Furthermore, co-localization studies on isolated chromatin fibers and proximity ligation assays on intact nuclei reveal that old H3 are preferentially incorporated by the leading strand while newly synthesized H3 are enriched on the lagging strand. Finally, using a sequential nucleoside analog incorporation assay, we detect a high incidence of unidirectional DNA replication on germline-derived chromatin fibers and DNA fibers. The unidirectional fork movement coupled with the strand preference of histone incorporation could explain how old and new H3 are asymmetrically incorporated by replicating sister chromatids. In summary, our work demonstrates that the intrinsic asymmetries in DNA replication may help construct sister chromatids enriched with distinct populations of histones. Therefore, these results suggest unappreciated roles for DNA replication in asymmetrically dividing cells in multicellular organisms.
Immunity to Contact Scaling in MoS2 Transistors Using in Situ Edge Contacts.

Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials are promising candidates for sub-10 nm transistor channels due to their ultrathin body thickness, which results in strong electrostatic gate control. ...
Using deep learning to analyze the compositeness of musculoskeletal aging reveals that spine, hip and knee age at different rates, and are associated with different genetic and non-genetic factors

With age, the musculoskeletal system undergoes significant changes, leading to diseases such as arthritis and osteoporosis. Due to the aging of the world population, the prevalence of such diseases is therefore expected to starkly increase in the coming decades. While numerous biological age predictors have been developed to assess musculoskeletal aging, it remains unclear whether these different approaches and data capture a single aging process, or if the diverse joints and bones in the body age at different rates. In the following, we leverage 42,000 full body, spine, hip and knee X-ray images and musculoskeletal biomarkers from the UK Biobank and use artificial intelligence to build the most accurate musculoskeletal aging predictor to date (RMSE=2.65{+/-}0.01 years; R-Squared=87.6{+/-}0.1%). Our predictor is composite and can be used to assess spine age, hip age and knee age, in addition to general musculoskeletal aging. We find that accelerated musculoskeletal aging is moderately correlated between these different musculoskeletal dimensions (e.g hip vs. knee: Pearson correlation=.351{+/-}.004). Musculoskeletal aging is heritable at more than 35%, and the genetic factors are partially shared between joints (e.g hip vs. knee: genetic correlation=.52{+/-}.04). We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with accelerated musculoskeletal aging in approximately ten genes for each musculoskeletal dimension. General musculoskeletal aging is for example associated with a TBX15 variant linked to Cousin syndrome and acromegaloid facial appearance syndrome. Finally, we identified biomarkers, clinical phenotypes, diseases, environmental and socioeconomic variables associated with accelerated musculoskeletal aging in each dimension. We conclude that, while the aging of the different components of the musculoskeletal system is connected, each bone and joint can age at significantly different rates.
Hope Cultures in Organizations: Tackling the Grand Challenge of Commercial Sex Exploitation:

Many organizations struggle with tackling grand challenges. Research has shown that coordinating and collaborating are central to these endeavors, but the emotions inherent in doing so have been ov...
A Generic Framework for Trust in the Innovation Process

Trust among agents (or persons) involved in the process of innovation is intrinsic to successful innovation. An examination of the firm’s trust in its agents at various stages of the innovation process will therefore contribute practical insights into best business practices, as well as policy implications for competitive and strategic advancement. This paper focuses on the development of a framework for the evolution of trust in the firm’s innovation process. The trust a firm has in its employees at the micro level, and in the agents who are part of a sectoral, regional and national innovation system consisting of firms (including multi-national corporations or MNCs at both the national and transnational/global levels), academic institutions, and government and non-government bodies with which the firm interacts, is crucial to the firm’s successful innovation. Trust in the process of innovation is viewed as consisting of two components – concerns regarding how firms feel about being trusted and about having to trust others. Three types of trust are identifed in the paper, namely, competence, predictability and goodwill trust. These are described in terms of their evolution at different stages of the firm’s innovation process as the frm interacts with its micro, meso and macro level agents. By examining the role of the firm’s trust at these different stages, the paper seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the role of trust in the innovation process.
Miniaturized 3D microscope imaging system

We designed and assembled a portable 3-D miniature microscopic image system with the size of 35x35x105 mm3 . By integrating a microlens array (MLA) into the optical train of a handheld microscope, the biological specimen’s image will be captured for ease of use in a single shot. With the light field raw data and program, the focal plane can be changed digitally and the 3-D image can be reconstructed after the image was taken. To localize an object in a 3-D volume, an automated data analysis algorithm to precisely distinguish profundity position is needed. The ability to create focal stacks from a single image allows moving or specimens to be recorded. Applying light field microscope algorithm to these focal stacks, a set of cross sections will be produced, which can be visualized using 3-D rendering. Furthermore, we have developed a series of design rules in order to enhance the pixel using efficiency and reduce the crosstalk between each microlens for obtain good image quality. In this paper, we demonstrate a handheld light field microscope (HLFM) to distinguish two different color fluorescence particles separated by a cover glass in a 600um range, show its focal stacks, and 3-D position.
Carbon Isotopes in Deep‐Sea Benthic Foraminifera: Precession and Changes in Low‐Latitude Biomass

Detailed carbon isotope records have water enriched in i•C into the deep North Atlantic been obtained from benthic foraminifera in the during glacial periods alters the carbon isotopic North Atlantic (CHN 82 Sta 24 Core 4PC, 42oN, 32oW, signal of Atlantic cores relative to the global 3427 m, 244 kyr) and central equatorial Pacific mean [Streeter and Shackleton, 1979; Duplessy et (KNR 73 Sta 4 Core 3PC, OoS, 106oW, 3606 m, 410 al., 1975; Boyle and Keigwin, 1982; Curry and kyr). These data demonstrate that the North Lohmann, 1983; Shackleton et al., 1983; Berger and Atlantic site has always been nutrient depleted Keir, 1984]. The change in the oceanic average relative to the Pacific site. Although down-core carbon isotopic composition between the present and carbon isotope data in the Atlantic and Pacific the 18-kyr (1 kyr=103 years) glacial maximum is now reflect changes in dee?_-ocean circulation patterns, thought to be about 0.4•/o• [Shackleton et al., a larger fraction of •-SC variability in both 1983; E.A. Boyle and L.D. Keigwin, unpublished oceans is due to changes in the inventory of manuscr$•t, 1984], corresponding to a mass of about continental reduced carbon. The magnitude of this 50 x 10 -moles of reduced carbon, about carbon isotope biomass signal is nearly twice as one-quarter of the present-day mass of carbon large during oxygen isotope stages 4 and 6 as it is stored in plants and soils. during stage 2. Carbon isotope variability in both The carbon isotopic records of Shackleton [1977] oceans contains significant power at the 23-kyr and Shackleton et al., [1983 I only covered the last frequency band which is coherent with insolation 140,000 years, so it was not possible from these changes caused by precession of the earth's data to determine if this same pattern of change rotational axis. We propose that this correlation has occurred over several glacial/interglacial is due to orbitally driven variations in transitions. In addition, the North Atlantic low-latitude biomass, and that the lower amplitude record is based on analysis of three species and of the carbon isotope signal during the last 60 kyr core M12392 is located in the eastern basin of the is due to the reduction in precession parameter amplitude during this period.
LANGUAGES FOR DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS AN OVERVIEW

In this paper we survey some issues relating to the languageinterfaces provided by DSS. We do this from the point-of-view of thedesigner of generalized software for building DSS. We first describe a fairly general architecture for such software. This is followed bya brief examination of the language interface components. We list thefunctions that must be provided through the language facilities of aDSS together with a number of implementation issues such asUser-friendliness, degree of procedurality and interpretation versuscompilation. This provides a useful framework for the comparativeevaluation of DSS packages. Finally we discuss some possible directions for future development including specialized formallanguages and the potential of English-like 'semi-natural' languages.
Toll-like receptors

Since the discovery of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in ­Dro­sophila in 1996 [1], scientific knowledge has exploded on the role of pattern recognition receptors in immunity, host defense, and in various noninfectious conditions including liver diseases. Studies demonstrated that TLR expression in immune and nonimmune cells plays an important role in tissue homeostasis, response to infections, and injury in the liver. Links between TLR activation and modulation of functions of TLRs in liver diseases are being discovered. Here, we discuss the characteristics and signaling pathways of TLRs and summarize current knowledge on their role in liver diseases.
Linking Trade to Political Goals: Foreign Policy Export Controls in the 1970s and 1980s

During the late 1970s, the executive branch imposed an unprecedented variety of restrictions on private commercial exports in efforts to further particular goals of United States foreign policy. The principal source of executive power during this period was the Export Administration Act of 1969 (EAA '69), which delegated to the President the authority to prohibit or curtail exports for the purposes set forth in the Act. In 1974 and 1977, two provisions incorporating recently established foreign policy goals were added to the Act: the first approved the use of export controls to combat restrictions imposed by other nations on access to raw materials and other supplies; the second authorized the use of controls to discourage other nations from assisting international terrorists. At the same time, the United States was coping with a large trade deficit, leading many to question the growing reliance on foreign policy export controls. The Export Administration Act of 1979 (EAA '79) attempts to restrict presidential authority to institute political export controls. As the 1980s began, however, foreign policy controls continued to flourish. This article describes the United States export control system as it operated under EAA '69 and, in most respects, as it operates today. The article analyzes the rationales for the use of export controls to further foreign policy and suggests that controls are appropriate in relatively few situations. The foreign policy provisions of EAA '79 are also considered. The article concludes with recommendations for further limiting the use of foreign policy export controls.
Hand/Face Border as a Limiting Boundary in the Body Representation in Monkey Somatosensory Cortex

Horizontal intracortical connections may form one substrate for representational plasticity in somatosensory cortex. Electrophysiological mapping demonstrated the finer details of the representations of the hand, lower jaw, neck, and face in area 3b of normal macaque monkeys. Injections of two fluorescent tracers then defined the extent to which horizontal connections crossed from the face into the hand representations and vice versa in area 3b. Connections are widely distributed within cortical representations of skin areas innervated by cervical nerves or by the trigeminal nerve but do not cross a border defined by the anterior limit of the representation of skin innervated by the second cervical nerve. This border separates the representation of the muzzle, innervated only by the mandibular nerve, and the representation of the lower jaw and neck region, innervated by the second and third cervical nerves but overlapped by the mandibular nerve. Thus, the muzzle representation lacks connections with the hand and with the lower jaw and neck representations, but the representations of the hand and of the lower jaw and neck are strongly interconnected. Overlap of the hand and of the lower jaw and neck representations and of their horizontal intracortical connections may form one basis for expansions of the lower jaw representation into that of the hand when peripheral input from the hand is lost. Lack of connections with the rest of the face representation may limit this spread.
Universal Direct Proportionality: A New Analysis of Quantum Hall Effect

We address the researchers studying the magneto-transport properties of unconventional systems such as bulk samples and new materials or those working in the soft quantum limit. We have developed a procedure for the analysis of experimental data, so as to increase the confidence level about the presence of quantum hall effect in these data. It is shown that irrespective of temperature, sample material and sign of the charge carriers, for both integer and fractional QHE's, an universal direct proportionality exists in the dimensionless variables B and R (defined in the text). This procedure does not preassign, Landau level filling factor (f) but determines both f and carrier density in a statistically significant manner. We also find a natural definition of the soft limit regime. Results of the analyses of several sets of literature and synthetic data are reported.
Pharmacokinetics of tissue-type plasminogen activator during acute myocardial infarction in men. Effect of a prostacyclin analogue.

BACKGROUNDCoronary reocclusion complicates the thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction despite the routine use of aspirin. This is consistent with experimental studies demonstrating that multiple agonists, in addition to thromboxane A2, mediate the platelet activation underlying reocclusion. Consequently, a more potent antiplatelet therapy with a broader spectrum of activity than aspirin may be required in this setting. Prostacyclin and its more stable analogue, iloprost, inhibit platelet aggregation to all known agonists and exert an additional effect over aspirin alone. Experiments in animal models have demonstrated, however, that iloprost increases the clearance of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and impairs thrombolysis in vivo. This study examines whether a similar interaction occurs in humans.METHODS AND RESULTSTwelve patients with acute myocardial infarction received t-PA intravenously, 60 mg in the first hour and a maintenance infusion of 13.3 mg/hr for 3 hours. Patients were ...
Voltage regulation in induction machines with multiple stator windings by zero sequence harmonic control

We have investigated a method to regulate the voltages in the secondary windings of an induction machine stator with multiple windings. By introducing one or more triple-n harmonics in a three-phase machine, the rectified output voltage of one or more grounded-wye windings can be controlled and regulated. Voltage regulation is achieved through triple-n harmonic current injection, so there is no net torque on the rotor, decoupling voltage regulation from drive. We demonstrate and analyze voltage control in a custom wound induction machine by the addition of third harmonic to the inverter drive waveform. The rectified output voltage depends not only on the amplitude, but also on the phase of the third harmonic. The ability to orthogonally control voltage is particularly important in applications where the machine is used as a generator, motor and/or power converter at the same time
Inequality measures for fair resource allocation

A method of measuring the degree of unfairness of a resource allocation scheme is presented. A survey of five inequality functions is done, and a novel inequality function is introduced. The sensitivities of all six inequality functions are analyzed, and it is shown that the novel inequality function is most sensitive to inequality of resource allocation. An example of a virtual circuit (VC) network is presented where these inequality functions are used to measure the degree of unfairness in terms of VC power distribution. Numerical examples are also presented. >
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

This chapter presents the main principles, features, applications, and future development of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. In more than 30 years of evolution, ERP systems have undertaken a significant transformation from function-specific applications to fully integrated process-driven systems that operate over the Internet. ERP is identified as an extended enterprise management system that integrates traditional ERP applications (manufacturing, distribution, financials, human resources, marketing, and sales) with supply chain management (SCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and B2B e-commerce applications. The chapter describes the main ERP principles—integration and automation—as well as ERP features—process-driven systems, single database, company-wide information, scalability, etc. It also focuses on the ERP groups of applications emphasizing the core applications, application enhancements, and e-commerce solutions. The chapter details ERP benefits and drawbacks. It discusses ERP solutions for various industries and small companies and presents ERP hosting utilizing applications service providers (ASP). Finally, the chapter describes the ERP selection and implementation process, concentrating on selection criteria and implementation measurements. Keywords: applications service providers (ASP); B2B e-commerce; customer relationship management (CRM); manufacturing resource planning (MRP); supply chain management (SCM)
Template boundary definition in mammalian telomerase

Telomerase uses a short template sequence in its intrinsic RNA component to synthesize telomere repeats. Disruption of the helix P1b in human telomerase RNA or alteration of its distance from the template resulted in telomerase copying residues past the normal template boundary both in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, helix P1b is important for template boundary definition in human telomerase. Mouse telomerase RNA lacks helix P1b, and the boundary is established at 2 nt downstream of the 5'-end. The divergent structure of boundary definition elements in mammals, yeast, and ciliates suggests diverse mechanisms for template boundary definition in telomerase.
Ultraviolet-light exposure induces a heritable sensitivity to the induction of SCE by mitomycin-C

The dose-response relationship for mitomycin-C (MMC)-induced sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) has been determined in the progeny of Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) exposed to 5.0 J/m2 ultraviolet light-C (UVC, 254 nm) and in the progeny of non-UVC-irradiated controls. Progeny of UVC-irradiated cultures exhibited sensitivity to MMC-induced SCE at doses of MMC that were not detectably lethal. This sensitivity was manifest as an increase in SCE per cell in a large proportion of the cells derived from UVC-exposed cultures and thus appears not to result from the expression of a rare event such as mutation.
Transgenic Alfalfa That Accumulates Piceid (Trans-Resveratrol-3-O−β-D-glucopyranoside) Requires the Presence of β -Glucosidase to Inhibit the Formation of Aberrant Crypt Foci in the Colon of CF-1 Mice

Plants have been genetically enhanced to produce a number of products for agricultural, industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. This technology could potentially be applied to providing chemoprevention strategies to the general population. Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) is a compound that has been shown to have protective activity against a number of cancers and could be an ideal candidate for such an application. Alfalfa that was genetically modified to express resveratrol-synthase was used as a model in applying biotechnological approaches to cancer prevention. The transgenic alfalfa, which accumulates resveratrol as a glucoside (piceid = trans-resveratrol-3-O-Beta-D-glucopyranoside) (152 +/- 17.5 microg piceid/g dry weight), was incorporated into a standard mouse diet at 20% of the diet by weight and fed for 5 wk to 6-wk-old, female CF-1 mice (N = 17-30) that were injected with a single dose of azoxymethane (5 mg/kg body weight). While the addition of resveratrol-aglycone (20 mg/kg diet) to the basal diet reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci/mouse, the transgenic alfalfa did not inhibit the number, size, or multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci in the colon of the CF-1 mice relative to control alfalfa which does not accumulate resveratrol-glucoside. However, diets containing transgenic alfalfa with an exogenous Beta-glucosidase (860 U/kg diet) did significantly inhibit the number of aberrant crypt foci in the distal 2 cm of the colon of the mice relative to mice fed diets containing the transgenic alfalfa without the enzyme (P < 0.05; Fisher's Combination of p-values). The Beta-glucosidase alone appeared to have no effect on the inhibition of aberrant crypt foci. These results suggest that piceid in transgenic piceid-accumulating alfalfa was not bioavailable.
Effect of pretreatment conditions on Cu/Zn/Zr-based catalysts for the steam reforming of methanol to H2

Abstract A series of Cu/Zn/Zr-based catalysts for the methanol steam reforming reaction were found to have varying activity depending on composition and pretreatment conditions. The catalyst with a Cu:Zn:Zr mole ratio of 4:3:3 calcined at 350 °C performed equally well with or without prereduction in hydrogen, whereas catalysts containing alumina or calcined at 550 °C required prereduction with hydrogen for optimal activity. X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the bulk CuO phase of all of the catalysts is reduced to Cu 0 when reduced with hydrogen, methanol, or methanol and water. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the most active sample without prereduction suffers the least amount of Cu surface composition loss during reduction with the steam reforming reactants, although differences in Cu surface composition cannot completely account for activity differences. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy experiments show that catalysts in their most active form have uniquely different spectra than the less active samples. For steam reforming over unreduced Cu:Zn:Zr 4:3:3 calcined at 350 °C, carbon dioxide bands eventually become the dominating feature, unlike for the other catalysts. Consequently, this is the only sample with a postreaction spectrum resembling the surface of its hydrogen-reduced counterpart. When steam reforming was carried out over the hydrogen-reduced surfaces, carbon dioxide was the dominating species observed for all samples, and the features that were apparent immediately after the hydrogen reduction remained intact. Several hypotheses are presented to explain these trends.
The Earth and the Sun

For more than 2 years, NASA's Genesis mission collected atoms of the solar wind (charged particles ejected from the Sun's atmosphere). Positioned at the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange point about 1.5 million km from Earth, the spacecraft was well beyond the complicating effects of Earth's atmosphere and magnetic field, which hinder accurate ground-based astronomical measurements. The balance of gravitational forces at the Lagrange point allowed the spacecraft to maintain a fixed relationship to the Earth and the Sun with minimal expenditure of propellant. The highest priority of the mission was to determine the abundances of the stable isotopes of oxygen (16O, 17O, and 18O) and nitrogen (14N and 15N) in the Sun and, by inference, in the whole solar system ( 1 ). However, on returning to Earth with its payload, the capsule suffered an unplanned hard landing in Utah in 2004, shattering most of the collector materials and thereby greatly complicating the initial sample analysis. After years of developing analytical techniques, McKeegan et al. and Marty et al. , on pages 1528 and 1533 of this issue ( 2 , 3 ), reveal that these goals have now been accomplished.