cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community migration in Alaska's north: the places people stay and the places they leave

Abstract Arctic Alaska is a vast sparsely settled region encompassing Alaska's three most northern census areas. The Arctic has been a region of net out-migration for the past three decades. Despite this regional migration pattern, many of the region's villages have experienced net in-migration. The paper looks at the village migration patterns in the region in two periods. Census micro data was used to describe the flows of migrants into and out of villages between two periods, from 1985 to 1990 and from 1995 to 2000. The pattern has varied over time with many villages switching between net out-migration and net in-migration. Preliminary explanations of these differences are investigated. Examining village characteristics and community migration rates provides some support for the idea that migration differences across communities may reflect variation in economic growth, housing supply, social benefits, and the demographic character of villages.
Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms

A literature review of 34 families of flowering plants containing at least one species pollinated primarily by beetles is presented. While the majority of species are represented by magnoliids and basal monocotyledons specialized, beetle-pollinated systems have evolved independently in 14 families of eudicotyldons and six families of petaloid monocots. Four, overlapping modes of floral presentation in plants pollinated exclusively by beetles (Bilabiate, Brush, Chamber Blossom and Painted Bowl) are described. Chamber Blossoms and Painted Bowls are the two most common modes. Chamber Blossoms, found in magnoliids, primitive monocotyledons and in some families of woody eudicots, exploit the greatest diversity of beetle pollinators. Painted Bowls are restricted to petaloid monocots and a few families of eudicots dependent primarily on hairy species of Scarabaeidae as pollen vectors. In contrast, generalist flowers pollinated by a combination of beetles and other animals are recorded in 22 families. Generalist systems are more likely to secrete nectar and exploit four beetle families absent in specialist flowers. Centers of diversity for species with specialized, beetle-pollinated systems are distributed through the wet tropics (centers for Brush and Chamber Blossoms) to warm temperate-Mediterranean zones (centers for Painted Bowls and a few Bilabiate flowers). It is unlikely that beetles were the first pollinators of angiosperms but specialized, beetle-pollinated flowers must have evolved by the midlate Cretaceous to join pre-existing guilds of beetle-pollinated gymnosperms. The floras of Australia and western North America suggest that mutualistic interactions between beetles and flowers has been a continuous and labile trend in angiosperms with novel interactions evolving through the Tertiary.
Early Season Floral Bud Removal and Cotton Growth, Yield, and Fiber Quality

(...) A 2-yr (1989 and 1990) field study was conducted to determine how growth, yield, and fiber quality traits of different genotypes were affected by early season square removal. Early developing squares were removed by hand, or were induced to abscise by ethephon [(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] application. Genotypes used were DPL 50', a normal leaf type, and three leaf type isolines of MD 65-11' (normal, okra, and super okra). Compared to the check, the ethephon application decreased plant height by as much as 11% early after application, but the treated plants ultimately exceeded the check by 5% in height, in 1990 (...)
Renal failure due to lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys. Report of three new cases and review of the literature.

Three new cases of renal failure due to lymphomatous infiltration of the kidneys are described and the clinical features of 14 similar patients in the literature are reviewed. The diagnosis of renal failure secondary to lymphomatous infiltration was made by ruling out other causes of renal failure and demonstrating prompt improvement in renal function after systemic chemotherapy or local irradiation of one or both kidneys. Histiocytic lymphoma was the most common underlying disease. In the setting of diffuse lymphoma with other causes of renal failure reasonably excluded, radiographic demonstration of enlarged kidneys without obstruction suggests the need for intensive combination chemotherapy in most cases. Cancer 58:748-753, 1986.
Cost effectiveness of using a correlated variable in a complete inspection plan when inspection error is present

Due to advances in automated manufacturing systems and automatic inspection equipment, complete inspection (screening) has drawn increased attention recently and has become a widespread practice. Screening can be based on the performance variable of interest or on a variable which is correlated with the performance variable. Using a correlated variable as the screening variable is attractive when the inspection on the performance variable is destructive or costly. The purpose of this article is to illustrate both theoretically and empirically when a correlated variable rather than the performance variable should be used as the screening variable when inspection error is present.
Taurine uptake into chick B cells.

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine whether chick B cells possess a specific transport system for taurine. The Bursa of Fabricius was isolated from newly hatched to 6-week-old chicks and an enriched fraction (86.2%) of B cells was isolated. The chick B cells maintained a high intracellular taurine concentration (0.8–1.12 mM) that decreased with age. The B cells exhibited carrier-mediated and simple diffusion uptake components, but only the carrier-mediated component increased with age. Inhibitor studies indicated taurine uptake was sodium and energy dependent. The data demonstrate that chick B cells possess a specialized taurine transport system and the activity of this system changes during posthatch B cell development.
Control of the formation of isocitrate lyase in soybean cotyledons

Abstract The development of isocitrate lyase (threo-D S -isocitrate glyoxylate lyase, EC 4.1.3.1) (ICL) activity in cotyledons of germinating soybeans Glycine max (L.) Merr. is apparently the result of de novo synthesis, because cycloheximide completely inhibits the accumulation of enzyme activity. The mature soybean seed lacked ICL activity, and no activity was detected in the embroyonic axis at any stage of growth. Furthermore, the metabolism of the embryonic axis or developing seedling axis was not required for the accumulation of ICL activity in the cotyledons during germination and subsequent growth. The accumulation of ICL activity was not dependent on RNA synthesis, but did require further processing of the presumptive mRNA apparently present in the mature seed. The hormone, abscisic acid, completely inhibited the accumulation of isocitrate lyase activity and apparently required mRNA synthesis because actinomycin D and cordycepin, but not 5-fluorouracil, were effective in reversing the inhibition.
Effects of theophylline on salicylate transport in isolated rat jejunum

Abstract Salicyclic acid flux at pH 7.4 across rat jejunum was measured before and after perturbation with theophylline and/or an electric field. After the flux reached a steady state control condition theophylline was added to the system, which resulted in establishment of a new higher steady state flux. Dependence of flux on an externally applied potential difference was observed to have a strong exponential behavior. It appears that salicylate transport is primarily via the shunt pathway and the effect of theophylline is to increase transport by the low resistance pathway.
Algorithm for three-dimensional control of needle steering via duty-cycled rotation

Proportional control of curvature of a flexible bevel-tipped needle can be accomplished by rotating the needle shaft with a duty cycle. Using this technique, an algorithm for image-guided path-following control in two dimensions, based on an autonomous vehicle controller, has been previously demonstrated. This paper describes a computationally simple algorithm that extends the path-following control to three dimensions. Results from simulation are presented.
60Co radiation-induced transformation to anchorage independence of fibroblasts from normal persons and patients with inherited predisposition to retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma (RB), cancer of the retina, occurs in an inherited form which not only predisposes the patient to bilateral RB, but also to the risk of developing secondary tumors of mesenchymal origin (osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas). These tumors often arise in areas that were exposed to ionizing radiation during therapy and fibroblasts derived from patients with hereditary RB have been reported to be more sensitive than normal to the killing effects of ionizing radiation. Therefore, we compared diploid fibroblast cell lines derived from two hereditary RB patients (aged 1 and 3 years) with those of three normal persons (two newborns and a 2 year old) for their sensitivity to ionizing radiation-induced transformation to anchorage independence. The target cells were exposed to 60Co radiation (1.0-3.5 Gy), allowed to undergo an expression period (4-5 population doublings in 5 days), and assayed for ability to form colonies in 0.33% agar. There was no detectable difference between the RB cells' and the normal cells' response to the transforming action of the 60Co. Both kinds of cells showed a linear, dose-dependent increase in anchorage-independent cells from 100 to 800/10(6) cells assayed.
Bedside technics for the evaluation of ventricular function in man

Abstract Characteristic changes in the systolic intervals of the left ventricle have been demonstrated among patients with arteriosclerotic, hypertensive and primary myocardial disease. These consist of a prolongation of the pre-ejection period and an abbreviation in the ejection time, while total electromechanical systole remains unaltered. The changes in the pre-ejection period and the left ventricular ejection time correlate well with the level of cardiac output and stroke volume. The ratio of the pre-ejection period to the left ventricular ejection time (PEP/LVET) lends a convenient expression of these changes in the systolic intervals. The ease with which these measures can be obtained, using a noninvasive technic, suggests their use in the bedside evaluation of cardiac performance in man.
Abortion and female labor force participation: Evidence prior to Roe v. Wade

From 1969 through 1972, and therefore prior to Roe v. Wade, several states legalized abortion. I examine whether the liberalization of state abortion laws affects female labor force participation using data from the March Current Population Survey (CPS) and estimate several probit participation equations. Results indicate that abortion, by reducing unwanted pregnancies and hence fertility rates, has increased the labor force participation rates of females, especially of single black women.
Discordance of ZAP-70 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Summary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia has a highly variable clinical course with behavior ranging from indolent to aggressive. Identified prognostic markers include IgVH mutational status, and CD38 and ZAP-70 expression. In several studies, ZAP-70 expression correlated with IgVH mutational status, and predicted disease progression and overall survival. In addition to its prognostic utility, ZAP-70 expression was found to be constant over time, and did not vary between peripheral blood, bone marrow or lymph node specimens in individual patients. In contrast to these reports, we present three CLL patients with discordant ZAP-70 levels. One demonstrated a change in expression with time; the second and third cases had discordant results in blood, lymph node and bone marrow and between blood and bone marrow specimens, respectively, obtained at the same time.
The Eye of the Beholder: The Interplay of Social and Cognitive Components in Change

Abstract Sociocultural and cognitive perspectives hold to epistemically different views on knowledge acquisition and change. While sociocultural perspectives point to social experience as the principal source of knowledge, cognitive perspectives emphasize the importance of the individual mind and reasoning as the primary source of knowledge. Herein, I argue that both sociocultural and cognitive influences are critical catalysts in conceptual change and that integration of these components is vital to learning. As a mechanism for supporting this contention, I explore the epistemic views of students and the role those views play in knowledge acquisition and change. Specifically, I propose a framework built on students' understandings of the relations between belief and knowledge within the change process. In over-viewing the framework, I consider potential catalysts for knowledge acquisition and change. Finally, I highlight two instructional approaches that effectively integrate the social and cognitive dim...
Role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in contraction and relaxation of immature rabbit ventricular myocytes.

Previous indirect studies of newborn hearts have suggested a diminished functional role of the SR and a greater dependency upon trans-sarcolemmal Ca2+ fluxes to directly elicit contraction and promote relaxation. We tested the hypothesis that the SR in newborn rabbit hearts is functionally incompetent by measuring contraction and relaxation in ventricular myocytes isolated from the hearts of 1-2-day-old (newborn), 10-12-day-old (juvenile) and >150-day-old (adult) rabbits. Electrically stimulated twitch characteristics were compared to those elicited by the rapid application of 10 mm caffeine in the presence and absence of functional sarcolemmal Na-Ca exchange (disabled using a Na+- and Ca2+-free extracellular solution). During steady state, electrically-induced contractions were lower in amplitude in newborn and juvenile compared to adult myocytes (2.9+/-0.5 and 3.4+/-0.3 v 8.5+/-0.9% of resting cell length, respectively; n=24-29) and relaxation was slower in immature myocytes (t0.75 values: newborn 250+/-20; juvenile 240+/-10; adult 130+/-20 ms, n=14-21). Contrary to our hypothesis, caffeine triggered sufficient SR Ca2+ release from immature myocytes to elicit contractions of similar magnitude to adults (newborn 12.8+/-1. 1; juvenile 14.0+/-0.9; adult 15.0+/-1.6% of resting cell length, n=25-29). The amplitude of indo-1 Ca2+ transients during steady-state twitch was 36+/-12% of the maximal caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient in newborns (n=6) and 59+/-4% in adults (n=6). Caffeine slightly prolonged relaxation in adult myocytes (t0. 75=200+/-30 ms), but accelerated relaxation in newborn and juvenile myocytes (t0.75=180+/-20 and 150+/-30 ms, respectively). When both the SR and Na-Ca exchanger were disabled, the rate of relaxation (attributable to the sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase and mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter) of newborn and juvenile myocytes was significantly faster than in the adults (1660+/-210 and 3030+/-180 v 4530+/-310 ms, respectively; n=14-21). We conclude that neonatal and adult rabbit ventricular myocytes have comparable SR Ca2+ load, but neonatal cells exhibit smaller fractional SR Ca2+ release during steady-state contractions and greater Ca2+ removal by sarcolemmal Na-Ca exchange during relaxation.
Carbon/oxygen synergism during elevated temperature sustained load cracking

Abstract Brittle intergranular cracking was observed on a medium carbon, matensitic steel subjected to sustained loading in air at 185–500°C. The slow crack growth rate increased with temperature in the lower temperature regime with an apparent activation energy of 68.5 kJ/mol. It dropped down rapidly after reaching its maximum at ∼400°C. No slow crack growth was observed above 500°C. Control tests at 300°C in argon and nitrogen gases indicated that the presence of oxygen enhanced the slow crack growth rate. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed enriched carbon and oxygen all the time and sulfur occasionally on the fractured intergranular facets. The latter was shown likely to be due to free surface segregation and thus not responsible for the embrittlement. Based on AES/XPS analysis and kinetic considerations, it is proposed that a synergetic effect of carbon and oxygen led to the observed embrittlement phenomenon. The kinetic behavior of the embrittlement is modelled based on the diffusion and collection of carbon in the process zone.
Comment on "Algorithm for construction of variable length code with limited maximum word length" by H. Murakami et al

A correction is given to the above mentioned paper (ibid., vol.COM-32, p.1157-9, Oct. 1984). It is shown that although the algorithm with these corrections is optimal when there is no maximum-word-length constraint, it does not always lead to an optimal code when a maximum-word-length constraint is imposed. >
Model reference adaptive control of thyristor driven DC motor systems with resonant loading

Direct model reference output adaptive control procedures, which do not require the existence of model matching conditions, have been applied to the speed control of a thyristor driven DC motor system with resonant loading. Taking into account both current and current rate limitations, the adaptive algorithm was used to generate the set point for a dual mode thyristor current regulator which was also adjusted depending upon whether or not the thyristor circuit was in the continuous or discontinuous conduction mode. A mathematical representation of this system was then shown to be stable, and a systematic method was developed for selecting the adaptation weights. Tests with representative variations in inertia and torque load showed the adaptive algorithm to be more robust than a conventional PI speed control system.
Miss Semple meets the historians: the failed AHA 1907 conference on geography and history and what happened afterwards

Abstract The year 2013 marked the sesquicentennial of the birth of Ellen Churchill Semple, at one time a towering figure in American geography. Like almost all of her geographer contemporaries in the first decade of the twentieth century, she was a stout defender of ‘geographic influences’ in history. This article examines a failed attempt by professional historians to give geographers a hearing at the American Historical Association in a critical ‘Conference’ on the relevance of geography to history, in 1907. Organized by Frederick Jackson Turner, it was the first time professional historians in America had given Miss Semple a public opportunity in which to defend her views. How and why it turned out to be an intellectual disaster, and how its major participants changed their views later, is the subject of this paper.
Evaluating impaired drivers confidence and intention to “(Please) drink responsibly”☆

INTRODUCTION: Currently, alcohol industry-sponsored advertisements subsume traditional designated driver and don't drink and drive messages within responsible drinking campaigns. Yet, to date, there remains a dearth of literature specifically examining the attitudinal beliefs impaired drivers attach to the responsible drinking message. OBJECTIVE: This investigation sought to examine the responsible drinking attitudes and beliefs of impaired drivers, specifically examining their confidence and intention to drink responsibly the next time they consumed alcohol. METHODS: A random sample of 729 students attending a large, public Texas university completed a web-based administration of the Characteristic of Responsible Drinking Survey (CHORDS). RESULTS: Participants in this sample who had driven while impaired by alcohol exhibited significantly less confidence in refraining from drinking and driving and reported significantly lower intentions to designate a driver, take a taxi, or use a safe-ride program the next time they consumed alcohol. Additionally, they also reported less confidence, and lower intentions, to ensure their blood alcohol concentrations remained below the legal limit (0.08%) the next time they consumed alcohol. CONCLUSIONS: Drivers who had driven while impaired significantly differed in their confidence and intention to drink responsibly the next time they consumed alcohol. Logistic regression results indicate that by increasing one's confidence in responsible drinking, and increasing their intention to drink responsibly, the likelihood of impaired driving can be decreased. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results from this investigation demonstrate one's responsible drinking attitudinal beliefs accounts for a significant amount of the variance associated with one's alcohol-related behaviors. Thus, further research should examine and establish how individuals conceptualize and practice responsible drinking. Language: en
Laser treatment of macular holes

Macular holes have not been treated with the laser because of the rarity of subsequent total retinal detachment (RD). The authors attempted to clear the subretinal fluid of the halo by laser coagulation of the rim of the hole. Eighteen eyes with visual acuity of 20/200 or less were treated with a laser and followed for a mean of 34.8 months. Ten eyes (55.6%) improved three to eight lines, five eyes (27.8%) remained the same, and the vision of three (16.6%) deteriorated three to five lines. The best visual results noted in three eyes (20/400-20/70, 20/200-20/80, and 20/200-20/60) correlated with the least late loss of pigment epithelium and pigment migration.
A Review of Models of the Solar Photosphere and Low Chromosphere: The Temperature-Height Profile

The solar photosphere and low chromosphere may be defined as the regions of the solar atmosphere in which the temperature is less than 9000 K. The deeper photospheric layers with T > 9000 K are inaccessible to direct observation. The temperature rise through the chromosphere is probably severe above the height corresponding to T 9000 K and, therefore, this transition region between the chromosphere and corona is not discussed in this paper. Athay (I969) shows that the coronal pressure provides a strict boundary condition for a model chromosphere; the temperature T = 10000 K must be reached within 2000 km above the limb. The deepest observable layers are about 300 km below the surface. This paper is devoted to a discussion of models to represent these 2300 km of the solar atmosphere. A complete model would specify the magnitude and height variation of all significant variables; e.g. temperature, gas density, electron pressure, magnetic field and the velocity fields. The model would also include a representation of the spatial and temporal properties of the observable inhomogeneities, e.g. granulation, supergranulation and the chromospheric fine structures. The emphasis throughout this review is on empirical derivations of the temperature-height relation. Pure theoretical models are discussed briefly in ? 5. The Bilderberg continuum atmosphere (Gingerich & de Jager I968) is an empirical model which may be adopted as a convenient reference model against which the more recent observational and theoretical results may be set. The abbreviation B.c.a. is adopted. The majority of published measurements of the solar continuous spectrum have been obtained under conditions in which direct information on the fine scale structures is lost. Thus, the numerous empirical models in the literature were constructed as a representation of average conditions in the solar atmosphere. Direct observational studies of the fine scale features (e.g. granulation) are discussed in ? 6. An empirical model is based upon a set of near standard assumptions. The atmosphere is considered to be composed of homogeneous plane-parallel layers which are in hydrostatic equilibrium. It is widely supposed that a condition of local thermodynamic equilibrium (l.t.e.) exists throughout the atmosphere. These assumptions provide the fundamental integral equation relating the emergent continuous intensity IA(0, 0) to the temperature distribution TQrA) in the atmosphere
New insights in nutritional management and amino acid supplementation in urea cycle disorders

Sodium phenylbutyrate is used in the pharmacological treatment of urea cycle disorders to create alternative pathways for nitrogen excretion. The primary metabolite, phenylacetate, conjugates glutamine in the liver and kidney to form phenylacetylglutamine that is readily excreted in the urine. Patients with urea cycle disorders taking sodium phenylbutyrate have a selective reduction in the plasma concentrations of branched chain amino acids despite adequate dietary protein intake. Moreover, this depletion is usually the harbinger of a metabolic crisis. Plasma branched chain amino acids and other essential amino acids were measured in control subjects, untreated ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency females, and treated patients with urea cycle disorders (ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency and argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency) in the absorptive state during the course of stable isotope studies. Branched chain amino acid levels were significantly lower in treated patients with urea cycle disorders when compared to untreated ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency females or control subjects. These results were replicated in control subjects who had low steady-state branched chain amino acid levels when treated with sodium phenylbutyrate. These studies suggested that alternative pathway therapy with sodium phenylbutyrate causes a substantial impact on the metabolism of branched chain amino acids in patients with urea cycle disorders, implying that better titration of protein restriction can be achieved with branched chain amino acid supplementation in these patients who are on alternative pathway therapy.
A prospective study of bone loss in African-American and white women--a clinical research center study.

Although bone loss occurs universally with age, the incidence of age-related osteoporotic fractures varies widely among ethnic groups. In the U.S., age-adjusted hip fracture incidence is 50% lower in African-American than in white women. Adult African-American women also have higher bone mass, but it is not known whether this difference is entirely due to higher peak bone mass or also results from slower rates of bone loss. Rates of bone loss were measured prospectively in 122 white and 121 African-American healthy, nonobese, pre- and postmenopausal women. Bone density was measured at 6-month intervals over a mean of 3-4 yr using single and dual photon absorptiometry of the forearm (cortical bone) and spine (trabecular bone). Similar rates of premenopausal bone loss were documented in both white and African-American women. However, in early menopause, bone loss was faster in the white women in the forearm (-2.4%/yr in whites vs. -1.2%/yr in African-Americans; P = 0.045), with a similar trend in the spine (-2.2%/yr in whites vs. -1.3/yr in African-Americans; P = 0.27). In women more than 5 yr postmenopause, the rates of bone loss did not differ by ethnic group. Our results indicate that the higher bone mass in African-American women is largely due to the attainment of a greater peak bone mass by early adulthood. However, slower rates of bone loss in the early postmenopausal period may also contribute to the higher bone density of older African-American women. Although bone loss occurs in both groups, there are ethnic differences in bone loss rates which indicate that data derived from white women cannot be simply extrapolated to nonwhite populations. Ethnic group-specific data on the determinants of bone homeostasis are needed.
Geochemical models of metasomatism in ultramafic systems: Serpentinization, rodingitization, and sea floor carbonate chimney precipitation

Abstract In a series of water-rock reaction simulations, we assess the processes of serpentinization of harzburgite and related calcium metasomatism resulting in rodingite-type alteration, and seafloor carbonate chimney precipitation. At temperatures from 25 to 300°C (P = 10 to 100 bar), using either fresh water or seawater, serpentinization simulations produce an assemblage commonly observed in natural systems, dominated by serpentine, magnetite, and brucite. The reacted waters in the simulations show similar trends in composition with decreasing water-rock ratios, becoming hyper-alkaline and strongly reducing, with increased dissolved calcium. At 25°C and w/r less than ∼32, conditions are sufficiently reducing to yield H 2 gas, nickel-iron alloy and native copper. Hyperalkalinity results from OH − production by olivine and pyroxene dissolution in the absence of counterbalancing OH − consumption by alteration mineral precipitation except at very high pH; at moderate pH there are no stable calcium minerals and only a small amount of chlorite forms, limited by aluminum, thus allowing Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ to accumulate in the aqueous phase in exchange for H + . The reducing conditions result from oxidation of ferrous iron in olivine and pyroxene to ferric iron in magnetite. Trace metals are computed to be nearly insoluble below 300°C, except for mercury, for which high pH stabilizes aqueous and gaseous Hg°. In serpentinization by seawater at 300°C, Ag, Au, Pd, and Pt may approach ore-forming concentrations in sulfide complexes. Simulated mixing of the fluid derived from serpentinization with cold seawater produces a mineral assemblage dominated by calcite, similar to recently discovered submarine, ultramafic rock-hosted, carbonate mineral deposits precipitating at hydrothermal vents. Simulated reaction of gabbroic or basaltic rocks with the hyperalkaline calcium- and aluminum-rich fluid produced during serpentinization at 300°C yields rodingite-type mineral assemblages, including grossular, clinozoisite, vesuvianite, prehnite, chlorite, and diopside.
The Ripple Effect of the Matthew Shepard Murder: Impact on the Assumptive Worlds of Members of the Targeted Group

This research investigated the psychological impact of the Shepard murder, a widely publicized antigay hate crime in 1998, on nonvictims who were members of the targeted group, through the lens of assumptive world theory. Nine people with minority sexual identities who indicated that they were deeply affected by this murder participated in semistructured interviews of 60 to 90 minutes, and verbatim transcripts were coded and analyzed using qualitative data analysis software. Participants were five men and four women ranging in age from 17 to 51. Results illustrate a vicarious traumatization effect; that is, this event challenged participant fundamental assumptions of benevolence and meaningfulness of the world and worthiness of self. Findings also reflect positive aftereffects. Strengths and limitations of the study, as well as future research possibilities, are discussed.
Immunologic Response of Turkeys to an Avirulent Pasteurella multocida Vaccine in the Drinking Water. 2. Duration of Immunity

Abstract Turkeys were injected with a commercial oil base bacterin (containing P-1059, P,1662, and X-73 strains) at 8 weeks of age. An avirulent Pasteurella multocida P-1059 strain was administered in the drinking water at 12 weeks of age. At 21 weeks of age, separate groups of vaccinated and nonvaccinated turkeys were exposed to either a P-1059, a P-1662, or an X-73 virulent strain. This procedure was repeated at 28 weeks and again at 42 weeks of age. Under the conditions of the 3 experiments conducted, the total number infected was 1 of 30 turkeys, 1 of 30 turkeys, and 7 of 30 turkeys at 9, 16, and 30 weeks postvaccination, respectively. In the nonvaccinated groups, the total number infected was 29 of 30 turkeys, 29 of 30 turkeys, and 19 of 21 turkeys, respectively. These results suggest (1) that an avirulent vaccine used 4 weeks after the use of an oil base bacterin was effective in reducing the total number infected at 9, at 16, and at 30 weeks postvaccination, but (2) that at 30 weeks postvaccination, the reduction of the total number infected was not as great. (3) The duration of the immunity to the virulent homologous (P-1059) strain appeared to be similar to the duration of the immunity to each of the two virulent heterologous (P-1662 and X-73) strains.
Analysis of a current-regulated brushless DC drive

Current-regulated brushless DC machines are used in a wide variety of applications including robotics, actuators, electric vehicles, and ship propulsion systems. When conducting system analysis of this or any other type of drive, average-value reduced-order models are invaluable since they provide a means of rapidly predicting the electromechanical dynamics and are readily linearized for control system synthesis. In this paper, a highly accurate average-value reduced-order model of a hysteresis current-regulated brushless DC drive is set forth. In so doing it is demonstrated that the drive exhibits five distinct operating modes. The physical cause of each of these modes is explained and a mathematical model for each mode is set forth. The mathematical models are verified both experimentally and through the use of computer simulation. It has been found that the model set fourth herein is on the order of 300 times faster than a detailed computer simulation in calculating electromechanical transients. >
The church universal and triumphant

(1995). The church universal and triumphant. Journal of Contemporary Religion: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 71-82.
Compression of the Hermaean magnetosphere by the solar wind

The decrease of the volume of the dayside Hermaean magnetosphere with an increase in solar wind pressure is investigated, taking into account the effects of a conducting planetary core. A two-layer conductivity model is used to simulate the metallic core and outer silicate mantle of Mercury, and the magnetic field of the magnetosphere is modelled by a pure planet-centered axial dipole, the magnetopause current system by a pure axial dipole on the Mercury-sun line and the tail field by a semiinfinite current sheet. Results confirm the compression of the magnetic field and the increase in magnetic field pressures under most increased solar wind pressures in the presence of a planetary core, allowing a direct impact of the solar wind on the Hermaean surface to occur only 0.2% of the time.
Quantum tunneling in DNA: Influence of an external electric field

Abstract The effect of an external electric field on quantum tunneling in DNA was examined. Zero field potentials for various extensions of the G-C base were first calculated. The change in each of these potentials for three different electric fields was then obtained. To find out if quantum tunneling would be increased with increasing electric field the 3.50 A extension was selected and energy levels tunneling times were calculated for it. Upon comparing the tunneling times at the first tunneling levels for the three fields it was found that an increasing electric field did increase the tunneling rate.
Biology and Ecology of the Rock Crab, Cancer Irroratus Say, 1817, in Southern New England Waters (Decapoda, Brachyura )

De fevrier 1974 a mai 1975 des chalutages commerciaux, les poissons predateurs et le SCUBA ont ete utilises pour 6chantillonner la population d'adultes et de jeunes du crabe Cancer irl'Ol'CltllJ dans les eaux du sud de la Nouvelle Angleterre. Le but etait d'etudier la composition par tailles, la maturite sexuelle, la fecondite, la croissance et la periodicite de mue, et d'estimer I'Age et la mortalite. La raie Raja erinacea et la morue Gadus callai-ias ont 6t6 employ6es pour 1'echantillonnage biologique. Les tailles de 561/1 crabes provenant de contenus stomacaux montrent que les raies s'attaquent davantage aux crabes de moins de 20 mm de large que les morues et que les deux pr6- dateurs pourraient etre utilises comme indicateurs des periodes de mue de ce crabe.
Role of γ-interferon in antibody-producing responses

Interferon preparations, especially those containing γ-interferon (IFN-γ), have long been known to modulate immune responses1–3. However, because many studies used only partially purified interferons, it has been difficult to separate the immunoregulatory effects of the interferons from those of other biologically active molecules contaminating the preparations. Recently, with the cloning of the Interferon genes in mouse and man, it has become possible to use these cloned interferons directly to test their effects in assays other than those involving the protection of cells from viruses. For example, cloned IFN-γ has been shown to be a potent inducer of Ia antigen expression on macrophages4,5. Similarly, cloned IFN-γ has been reported to act as a macrophage activation factors, as judged by the ability of activated macrophages to kill tumour cells in vitro6. We demonstrate here that cloned murine IFN-γ can also substitute for a late-acting helper factor which acts synergistically with other helper factors in the stimulation of B-cell antibody responses in vitro.
Twinning propensity in nanocrystalline face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed metals

Abstract The nanotwinned structures in metals exhibit the unique combination of physical properties. The unifying approach is developed that can be applied to nanocrystalline (nc) materials with different crystal structures. It is used to make a bridge between microscopical mechanisms of twin nucleation and macroscopic characteristics of the twinning and calculate them. The grain size range of the nanotwinning propensity, the grain size of its peak, and the requisite external twinning stress are calculated for the nc face-centered cubic metals Al, Cu, Ni, Pd, Au, Ag, for nc body-centered cubic metals Ta, Fe, Nb, Mo, and for hexagonal close-packed nc metals Co, Zr, Mg, Ti.
Co-operative or coyote? Producers’ choice between intermediary purchasers and Fairtrade and organic co-operatives in Chiapas

Coffee producers in many parts of the world have the option of either becoming a member of and selling their coffee to a Fairtrade and organic co-operative, or selling it to a “coyote”, the Central American nickname for intermediary purchaser. This study investigates why different producers make different choices, looking at both material and immaterial costs and benefits of the two choices. A qualitative study from Chiapas (Mexico) finds that a main reason for not choosing the co-operatives is the production requirements that follow organic certification. A survey on production costs confirms that members of an organic co-operative have more work hours than non-members in the same area. A probit analysis indicates that both coffee plot size and number of working household members influence the producers’ decision on sales channel. However, the study also finds that aspects not related to the organic production requirements can affect the choice, such as the level of trust in co-operative leadership, and the co-operatives’ payment systems.
Use of saline drainage water for irrigation: Imperial Valley study

Abstract It is contended that there is potential to expand irrigated agriculture through the increased use of saline waters for irrigation. Two kinds of evidence are given to support this contention. Literature is cited to document the successful use of saline waters for irrigation around the world, even when conventional management was employed. Results of a field test are presented to document the feasibility of facilitating the use of saline water for irrigation through the development of new crop/water management strategies and practices.
A Novel Application of the Molecular Recognition Paradigm: Design of Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals

The speed of electro-optic switching in the surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) cell is dependent upon the polarization density and orientational viscosity of the FLC material. These properties are, of course, related to the chemical structure of the FLC components. In an effort to design new, high performance FLC materials in a directed way, we have developed a stereochemical model for the molecular origins of the polarization based upon the concept that the polarization is a manifestation of a novel form of molecular recognition occurring in the FLC phase.1 Recent results of work aimed at testing this model will be described. Specifically, a novel series of chiral fluorinated FLC components have been prepared and characterized with respect to polarization, viscosity and electro-optic response. Comparison of the properties of diastereomeric materials provides experimental evidence for the details of orientation of organic functional groups occurring in the FLC phase.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers Part VIII: Fatiguing by Cyclic Tension; Fiber Properties and Behavior After Cyclic Loading

Tensile tests made on acrylic fibers broken in fatigue revealed substantial differences in the force-extension behavior of fatigued and unfatigued samples. The average break ing tenacity of the fatigued samples was found to be higher than that of the unfatigued, while the breaking extension was substantially reduced. Segments of fibers that had been broken in fatigue, on being fatigued a second time, were found to have a mean lifetime not significantly different from the first mean lifetime. Subjecting the acrylic fibers to cyclic tension under mild conditions ("pre-cycling") was found to have no observable influence on lifetime in a subsequent fatigue test. Measurements of the break ing tenacity of fibers made immediately after a cyclic loading treatment and others made 18 hr after the treatment indicated that the "rest" period had no detectable effect on this property. The results reported in this article, on the whole, are taken as indicating that fatigue in fibrous polymers is not a process of over-all, progressive damage, but one of catastrophic nature.
Cyclic CO2 release in Cryptotermes cavifrons Banks, Incisitermes tabogae (Snyder) and I. minor (Hagen) (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)

CO2 release patterns of three drywood termite species were investigated using flow-through respirometry techniques. Eight hours of real-time CO2 release data were recorded for pseudergates of Cryptotermescavifrons Banks, Incisitermes minor (Hagen), and I. tabogae (Snyder) at 20–40°C. Cyclic release of CO2 was observed in 20–90% of C. cavifrons, 70–100% of I. tabogae, and 87–100% of I. minor pseudergates. Variability of the recordings (calculated as the coefficient of variability or CV) was used to estimate the level of cycling in each recording. CV ranged from 14.53±2.57 (40°C) to 32.33±1.12% (30°C) in C. cavifrons, 20.24±2.44 (35°C) to 67.3±10.3% (20°C) in I. minor, and 15.9±1.46 (35°C) to 34.15±6.18% (20°C) in I. tabogae. The relationship between temperature and CV for each species was modeled using non-linear regression. CV of both Incisitermes spp. decreased exponentially with temperature, while C. cavifrons CV followed a Gaussian model, indicating an optimal cycling temperature of ∼30°C. Mean values were determined for each species as a function of temperature, and ranged from 0.1 ml CO2 g−1 h−1 (I. minor at 20°C) to 0.8 ml CO2 g−1 h−1 (C. cavifrons at 40°C). For all three species, significantly increased linearly with temperature. Colinearity tests indicated that different models described the relationship with temperature for both genera. Q10 values for over the range of 20–40°C were 1.92 for I. minor, 1.66 for I. tabogae, and 1.62 for C. cavifrons pseudergates.
Interferon-Like Viral Inhibitor in Rabbits after Intravenous Administration of Endotoxin.

Intravenous injection into rabbits of endotoxin or killed cells of Escherichia coli induced, in 1 hour, a viral inhibitor detectable in serum. The inhibitor disappeared from the serum in 7 to 24 hours, and was only active after incubation with rabbit cell cultures. Like interferon, it did not preferentially inactivate virus directly, was ineffective in chick cells, was inactivated by trypsin, and was not sedimentable. Unlike interferon, the inhibitor was heat labile. Nucleic acid or nucleotides apparently play no role in its induction.
Phenotypic conservation in patients with x-linked retinitis pigmentosa caused by rpgr mutations

Importance For patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa and clinicians alike, phenotypic variability can be challenging because it complicates counseling regarding patients’ likely visual prognosis. Objective To evaluate the clinical findings from patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa with 13 distinct RPGR mutations and assess for phenotypic concordance or variability. Design Retrospective medical record review of data collected from 1985 to 2011. Setting Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan. Patients A total of 42 patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa with mutations in RPGR . Age at first visit ranged from 4 to 53 years, with follow-up ranging from 1 to 11 visits (median follow-up time, 5.5 years; range, 1.4-32.7 years, for 23 patients with >1 visit). Main Outcomes and Measures Clinical data assessed for concordance included visual acuity (VA), Goldmann visual fields (GVFs), and full-field electroretinography (ERG). Electroretinography phenotype (cone-rod vs rod-cone dysfunction) was defined by the extent of photopic vs scotopic abnormality. Qualitative GVF phenotype was determined by the GVF pattern, where central or peripheral loss suggested cone or rod dysfunction, respectively. Goldmann visual fields were also quantified and compared among patients. Results Each mutation was detected in 2 or more related or unrelated patients. Five mutations in 11 patients displayed strong concordance of VA, while 4 mutations in 16 patients revealed moderate concordance of VA. A definitive cone-rod or rod-cone ERG pattern consistent among patients was found in 6 of 13 mutations (46.2%); the remaining mutations were characterized by patients demonstrating both phenotypes or who had limited data or nonrecordable ERG values. Concordant GVF phenotypes (7 rod-cone pattern vs 4 cone-rod pattern) were seen in 11 of 13 mutations (84.6%). All 6 mutations displaying a constant ERG pattern within the mutation group revealed a GVF phenotype consistent with the ERG findings. Conclusions and Relevance While VA and ERG phenotypes are concordant in only some patients carrying identical mutations, assessment of GVF phenotypes revealed stronger phenotypic conservation. Phenotypic concordance is important for establishing proper counseling of patients diagnosed as having X-linked retinitis pigmentosa, as well as for establishing accurate patient selection and efficacy monitoring in therapeutic trials.
Theory and application of Josephson-coupled multilayers as switching devices in superconducting electronics

The design and application of Josephson-coupled multilayers (JCMs) as active switching devices in superconducting electronics requires an understanding of the transient dynamics of these structures. We discuss the theoretical issues surrounding the switching dynamics of JCMs, and describe our own theoretical model which includes the high frequency behavior of the superconducting layers through a nonlocal treatment involving the charge-current conservation equations. We cast our discussion in the context of materials system, from that of conventional low T c engineered JCMs to that of intrinsic high T c compounds. The possibility of coherent stable state switching in JCM structures is explored.
Essential flexibility in the T-cell recognition of antigen

αβ T cells specifically recognize a ligand composed of a peptide bound to a self-major-histocompatibility-complex molecule, but the recognition of slightly altered ligands by T cells can lead to a partial activation. This flexibility is crucial for T-cell development and can have both beneficial and harmful effects on peripheral T cells.