cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hierarchical Bayesian approach for the analysis of climate change impact on runoff extremes

In this study the impact of climate change on runoff extremes is investigated over the Pacific Northwest (PNW). This paper aims to address the question of how the runoff extremes change in the future compared to the historical time period, investigate the different behaviors of the regional climate models (RCMs) regarding the runoff extremes and assess the seasonal variations of runoff extremes. Hydrologic modeling is performed by the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model at a 1/8° resolution and the model is driven by climate scenarios provided by the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) including nine regional climate model (RCM) simulations. Analysis is performed for both the historical (1971–2000) and future (2041–2070) time periods. Downscaling of the climate variables including precipitation, maximum and minimum temperature and wind speed is done using the quantile-mapping (QM) approach. A spatial hierarchical Bayesian model is then developed to analyse the annual maximum runoff in different seasons for both historical and future time periods. The estimated spatial changes in extreme runoffs over the future period vary depending on the RCM driving the hydrologic model. The hierarchical Bayesian model characterizes the spatial variations in the marginal distributions of the General Extreme Value (GEV) parameters and the corresponding 100-year return level runoffs. Results show an increase in the 100-year return level runoffs for most regions in particular over the high elevation areas during winter. The Canadian portions of the study region reflect higher increases during spring. However, reduction of extreme events in several regions is projected during summer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Processing of Polymers with Cyclodextrins

We summarize our recent studies employing the cyclic starch derivatives called cyclodextrins (CDs) to both nanostructure and functionalize polymers. Two important structural characteristics of CDs are taken advantage of to achieve these goals. First the ability of CDs to form noncovalent inclusion complexes (ICs) with a variety of guest molecules, including many polymers, by threading and inclusion into their relatively hydrophobic interior cavities, which are roughly cylindrical with diameters of ∼ 0.5 − 1.0 nm. α-, β-, and γ-CD contain six, seven, and eight α-1,4-linked glucose units, respectively. Warm water washing of polymer-CD–ICs containing polymer guests insoluble in water or treatment with amylase enzymes serves to remove the host CDs and results in the coalescence of the guest polymers into solid samples. When guest polymers are coalesced from the CD–ICs by removing their host CDs, they are observed to solidify with structures, morphologies, and even conformations that are distinct from bulk samples made from their solutions and melts. Molecularly mixed, intimate blends of two or more polymers that are normally immiscible can be obtained from their common CD–ICs, and the phase segregation of incompatible blocks can be controlled (suppressed or increased) in CD–IC coalesced block copolymers. In addition, additives may be more effectively delivered to polymers in the form of their crystalline CD–ICs or soluble CD–rotaxanes. Secondly, the many hydroxyl groups attached to the exterior rims of CDs, in addition to conferring water solubility, provide an opportunity to covalently bond them to polymers either during their syntheses or via postpolymerization reactions. Polymers containing CDs in their backbones or attached to their side chains are observed to more readily accept and retain additives, such as dyes and fragrances. Processing with CDs can serve to both nanostructure and functionalize polymers, leading to greater understanding of their behaviors and to new properties and applications.
High-fat diet caused widespread epigenomic differences on hepatic methylome in rat

A high-fat (HF) diet is associated with progression of liver diseases. To illustrate genome-wide landscape of DNA methylation in liver of rats fed either a control or HF diet, two enrichment-based ...
A Review of “Practical Cataloguing: AACR2, RDA and MARC 21”

This is the U.S. edition of a work simultaneously published in the U.K. by Facet Publishing. In the preface, the authors explain that the work is intended to be used as a training tool, not a teach...
Magnetotail dipolarization front and associated ion reflection: Particle‐in‐cell simulations

[1] For the Earth magnetotail, the Svenes et al. (2008) statistical study infers the lobe density to be highly variable, in the range of 0.007–0.092 cm−3. Such lobe density variation modifies reconnection diffusion region physical processes and reconnection rate drastically. This letter addresses observable reconnection signatures in the vicinity of the X-line that are to be affected by the dynamic changes of reconnection. Using a 2.5D particle-in-cell (PIC) code, we find the dipolarization front (DF) a moving ram that pushes the initial equilibrium plasma sheet in front of it. The DF propagation velocity scales with the upstream Alfven speed, leading to faster, steeper, and more compressed DFs with strongerBz at low lobe densities. These DFs reflect plasma sheet ions in a streaming manner. The streaming ions create a bipolar magnetic field straddling the central plasma sheet and can excite various instabilities.
Dealing in Marijuana: An Exploratory Study:

This exploratory study attempts to construct a career outline of 100 Chicano drug dealers in South Texas who had been arrested and placed on probation for possession of marijuana with intent to sell. The findings suggest general patterns of conditions leading to dealing in drugs. The probationers were raised in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods and received little formal education. They are currently employed in working-class occupations and said that marijuana dealing was necessary because of critical financial needs. The majority stated that given the conditions of better education and higher paying jobs, they would no longer deal in marijuana. Few probationers viewed themselves as criminals; nearly all saw themselves as morally acceptable persons. In addition, most felt that current marijuana statutes are wrong and that marijuana will eventually be legalized. It is therefore hypothesized that the moral and social stigma of this particular offense fails to act as a deterrent to dealing in marijuana.
Individual differences in mental rotation: piecemeal versus holistic processing.

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that imagery ability and figural complexity interact to affect the choice of mental rotation strategies. Participants performed the Shepard and Metzler (1971) mental rotation task. On half of the trials, the 3-D figures were manipulated to create "fragmented" figures, with some cubes missing. Good imagers were less accurate and had longer response times on fragmented figures than on complete figures. Poor imagers performed similarly on fragmented and complete figures. These results suggest that good imagers use holistic mental rotation strategies by default, but switch to alternative strategies depending on task demands, whereas poor imagers are less flexible and use piecemeal strategies regardless of the task demands.
Evaluating Teaching Performance

This chapter examines the fundamental concepts, principles, and practices that characterize the most effective of contemporary approaches to the evaluation of faculty teaching performance.
Travels of a Reliquary, Its Contents Separated at Birth

This paper presents the discovery and travels of relics assumed to be those of the Buddha and the small bronze reliquary that housed them, one that, despite its small size and inelegant appearance, has been the focus of a great deal of scholarship, mostly intended to determine its date and authorship. The paper focuses especially on the reliquary's elusive nature: the relics it housed were sent away, the inscription's interpretation is contested, and the present location of the reliquary is a mystery.
Ploidy of living clones of human somatic cells determined by mensuration at metaphase.

C. A. SPRAGUE, H. HOEHN, and G. M. MARTIN. From the Department of Pathology,University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195INTRODUCTIONTetraploid clones have been useful for studies ofsomatic segregation (10), mutation (4), and theregulation of protein synthesis (14, 13, 12) . Withthe availability of various heterochromatin mark-ers, such material is also proving valuable forcytological studies ofinterphase (5). Finally, clonesof cells with various ploidies should serve as veryprecise and convenient standards for flow micro-fluorometric assays of cell DNA (8, 1). We reporthere a rapid and simple technique for the diagnosisof ploidy in clones of somatic cells derived fromhuman skin and amniotic fluid. The methodemploys objective measurements on small samplesof living cells. Other methods, such as karyotypingand chemical assays, take much longer and requiresacrifice of all or part of the cultures.MATERIALS AND METHODSStrain 73-4 was derived from the dermis of a 24-yr oldfemale referred for cytogenetic studies because ofreproductive failure Her karyotype was 46, XX.Cultures were examined at both early passages (about10 cumulative population doublings) and middlepassages (about 20 cumulative population doublings)(11). Strain 71-38 was a fibroblast-like culture derivedfrom the skin of a 30-yr old normal male. StrainAC-16 became available after prenatal diagnosis atthe 17th gestational week of a male fetus. Generalculture conditions were as previously described (11).Media was a modification of the Dulbecco-Vogtformulation (3) with 16% (vol/vol) heat-inactivatedfetal calf serum. Cytochalasin B treatments (2 µg/mlfor 36 h) for induction of tetraploidy (6) were carriedout 6-8 h after dilute plating of 40-60 cells in 4 nil ofmedia in 60-mm plastic Petri dishes. The cultureswere then fed every third day. Between days 10 and 15,consecutive clones were analyzed by a two-step pro-cedure: (a) four to 12 living mitotic cells were photo-graphed at the stage of distinct equatorial alignmentof chromosomes using a Nikon inverted microscope(model MS) with a 20X DLL objective and phasecondenser. Measurements of the lengths of thesemetaphase plates were determined from projectionsof the photographic negatives before knowledge ofcytogenetic analysis. The measurements were made aslinear vectors transversely to the major spindle axesfrom mid-outer chromosome to mid-outer chromo-some. (b) Clones were processed for chromosomalanalysis by an
The search for quality: The case of competitiveness

Abstract Competitiveness involves the struggle and striving among businesses that are supposedly more or less evenly matched for the same objects (customers and markets) that have a limited supply. This paper identifies the problems within and among industries that may cause a decline in the level of productivity effectiveness and quality, and puts forward proposals and suggestions for companies that want to retain or regain their competitive edge.
Compac: enforce component-level access control in android

In Android applications, third-party components may bring potential security problems, because they have the same privilege as the applications but cannot be fully trusted. It is desirable if their privileges can be restricted. To minimize the privilege of the third-party components, we develop Compac to achieve a fine-grained access control at application's component level. Compac allows developers and users to assign a subset of an application's permissions to some of the application's components. By leveraging the runtime Java package information, the system can acquire the component information that is running in the application. After that, the system makes decisions on privileged access requests according to the policy defined by the developer and user. We have implemented the prototype in Android 4.0.4, and have conducted a comprehensive evaluation. Our case studies show that Compac can effectively restrict the third-party components' permissions. Antutu benchmark shows that the overall score of our work achieves 97.4%, compared with the score of the original Android. In conclusion, Compac can mitigate the damage caused by third-party components with ignorable overhead.
Color calibration of an RGB digital camera for the microscopic observation of highly specular materials

Color calibration of imaging devices has been previously studied in a varied number of situations where the materials observed have diffuse or only slightly specular surfaces. Most of the calibration methods available in the literature consist in using standard diffuse color charts in order to determine the mathematical operations necessary to transform the colors measured by the imaging device into the reference colors obtained from the target chart. Unfortunately, there are many problems, such as sensor saturation, that arise when using these methods to calibrate devices intended for the observation of highly specular samples, especially in the 0°:0° illumination/observation geometry used in microscopic imaging systems. In this paper, we explore several color calibration methods adapted for the observation of highly specular materials, and propose one method in particular in which we use colored filters and a calibrated mirror in order to obtain a set of specular colored samples. By using 72 samples for learning, we tested the different methods on 50 other samples and obtained, with the best one, an average CIE-DeltaE94 color difference of 1.93 units, which is a fairly good performance for color measurements at the microscopic scale.
Drug summary: Nitrosoureas

The metabolism, toxicity, and radiosensitivity effects of the nitrosoureas (CCNU, BCNU, hydroxyurea) are summarized from presentations of laboratory findings given at the Conference on Combined Modalities (CONF-7811155--). Effects upon mice, rats, and patients are discussed with regard to doses, side effects, and interactions with radiotherapy. (DS)
The Validity and Reliability of Abbreviated Versions of the WISC-R

The concurrent validity and reliability for abbreviated versions of the WISC-R were estimated with a group of one hundred children between the ages of six and 16 years. Specifically, shortened versions involved the reduction in the number of items for each subtest. With the exception of Vocabulary, split-half reliability estimates for the abbreviated subtest failed to meet conventional standards. Corrected concurrent validity coefficients relating shortened subtest versions with their full-length counterparts indicated a moderate degree of loss in information on most subtests. Abridged IQ scales offered satisfactory estimates of reliability and concurrent validity.
Effects of methamphetamine hydrochloride on imprinting in White Leghorn chicks

The state of arousal in young precocial birds is a determinant of the strength of the social bond formed during an imprinting opportunity. Imprinting is inhibited in Ss under the influence of sodium pentobarbital, a tranquilizer. Conversely, birds aroused through exposure to additional external stimulation or the influence of the stimulant racemic amphetamine sulfate show enhanced social responses. The current study extends the work on amphetamines by employing methamphetamine hydrochloride as a stimulant. It was found that, relative to saline controls, animals under the influence of the excitant yielded reliably stronger indices of imprinting.
Clinical experience with the novel histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) in patients with relapsed lymphoma

Preclinical studies indicate that vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid or SAHA) inhibits histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity, increases acetylated histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4, and thereby induces differentiation and apoptosis in a variety of tumour cell lines, including murine erythroleukaemia, human bladder transitional cell carcinoma, and human breast adenocarcinoma. On the basis of these favourable preclinical findings, vorinostat has been selected as a candidate for clinical development with the potential to treat patients with selected malignances, including Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Phase I clinical trials in patients with haematological malignances and solid tumours showed that both intravenous (i.v.) and oral formulations of vorinostat are well tolerated, can inhibit HDAC activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumour tissue biopsies, and produce objective tumour regression and symptomatic improvement with little clinical toxicity. The dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) of i.v. vorinostat were primarily haematologic and were rapidly reversible within 4–5 days of therapy cessation. In contrast, the DLT for oral vorinostat were primarily non-haematologic (including dehydration, anorexia, diarrhoea, fatigue) and were also rapidly reversible, usually within 3 days. Further research is warranted to optimise the dosing schedule for vorinostat, particularly with respect to dose, timing of administration, and duration of therapy, and to fully delineate the mechanism(s) of antitumour effect of vorinostat in various types of malignances. Several phase II studies are currently ongoing in patients with haematological malignances and solid tumours.
Attachment Style and Subjective Motivations for Sex

The relation of attachment style to subjective motivations for sex was investigated in an Internet survey of 1999 respondents. The relations of attachment anxiety and avoidance to overall sexual motivation and to the specific motives for emotional closeness, reassurance, self-esteem enhancement, stress reduction, partner manipulation, protection from partner's negative affect and behavior, power exertion, physical pleasure, nurturing one's partner, and procreation were explored. As predicted, attachment anxiety was positively related to overall sexual motivation and to all specific motives for sex, with the exception of physical pleasure. Avoidance was negatively related to emotional closeness and reassurance as goals of sex and positively related to manipulative use of sex but minimally related to most other motives. Sexual passion was positively related to attachment anxiety and negatively related to avoidance, and anxiety was related to the maintenance of passion over time, whereas avoidance was related to loss of passion over time.
Effects of a recreation therapy program on activity involvement and social interaction of mentally-retarded persons.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine if a recreation therapy program based on Avedon's (1974) classification system of interaction patterns could significantly increase activity involvement and social interaction of mentally-retarded persons. A disproportional stratified random-sampling technique was employed to select 64 S s from eight residential units. A baseline of social interaction and activity involvement was established by observing 64 S s. The treatment group received 10 weeks of a recreation therapy program based on Avedon's social-interaction patterns. Avedon's classification system consists of eight interaction patterns and each week a new pattern was implemented. At the end of the 10-week treatment period, post-observations were conducted on all 64 S s. A two-factorial ANOVA for repeated measures was applied to analyze both social interaction and activity involvement. The recreation therapy program did not result in a significant increase of activity involvement and social interaction of mentally-retarded persons, at the P
Earthquake response of irregular R/C structures in the nonlinear range

Abstract The application of a simple model (Q-Model) for calculation of nonlinear seismic response history of irregular planar structures has been demonstrated. The model represents the structure by an equivalent SDOF oscillator. Stiffness degradation effects are accounted for through a simple hysteresis model. The Q-Model is evaluated for small-scale test structures in addition to a full-scale hypothetical frame. It is shown that the model exhibits satisfactory performance. The application of the Q-Model, or an approach similar to that, in seismic response computation for three-dimensional irregular structures is briefly discussed.
Fat-containing Macrophages in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Children with Hydrocephalus

SUMMARY It is demonstrated that the simple examination for fat-containing cells in the CSF, irrespective of the total cell count, can give valuable information as to what is happening in the ventricles of children with hydrocephalus. The proportion of fat-laden cells can be used to indicate the prognosis in such children and the effects of brain damage due to increased intracranial pressure. RESUḾE Macrophages graisseux dans le liquide cerebro-spinal d'enfants porteurs de hydrocephalic Il est demontre que le simple examen de cellules riches en graisse du LCR, independamment du nombre total de cellules, peut donner des informations interessantes sur l'etat des ventricules d'enfants presentant une hydrocephalie La proportion de cellules chargees en graisse peut etre utilisee chez de tels enfants comme indicateur de pronostic et pour mesurer les effets de la lesion cerebrale liee a l'accroissement de la pression intra-cranienne. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Fett enthaltende Makrophagen im Liquor von Kindern mit Hydrocephalus Es wird gezeigt, das die einfache Prufung Fett enthaltender Zellen im Liquor, unabhangig von der Gesamtzahl der Zellen, wertvolle Information daruber geben kann, was in den Ventrikeln von Kindern mit Hydrocephalus geschieht. Der Anteil der mit Fett beladenen Zellen kann bei solchen Kindern zur Beurteilung der Prognose und der Auswirkungen des Hirnschadens auf Grand des erhohten intracranialen Druckes verwendet werden. RESUMEN Macrofagos con contenido graso en el l.c.r. de ninos con hidrocephalia Se demuestra que la simple busqueda de celulas con contenido graso en el l.c.r., independientemente del contaje total de celulas, puede dar una informatcion valiosa acerca de lo que ocurre en los ventriculos de ninos con hidrocefalia. La proportion de celulas cargadas de grasa puede utilizarse para indicar el pronostico en tales ninos y los efectos de la lesion cerebral debida al aumento de la presion intracraneal.
Long-term Results Using Adjunctive Mitomycin C in Optic Nerve Sheath Decompression for Pseudotumor Cerebri

Abstract Purpose: Up to 35% of patients undergoing optic nerve sheath decompression (ONSD) for pseudotumor cerebri who show initial improvement in visual function later show deterioration in visual field and acuity. Although repeat surgery can result in subsequent visual improvement, these procedures are technically difficult because of scarring and fibrosis. Attempting to improve the long-term success of ONSD, the authors sought to analyze the long-term success of ONSD by pretreating optic nerve sheaths with mitomycin C before incision. Methods: Using a standard transconjunctival medial orbitotomy, optic nerve sheaths were exposed and treated for 5 minutes with mitomycin C (0.5 mg/ml)-soaked neurosurgical cottonoids before incision. Results: Both eyes undergoing repeat ONSD with adjunctive mitomycin C had initial improvement and stable visual function for follow-up of more than 3 years. Four eyes that underwent primary ONSD all initially showed improvement in visual field. Three eyes with large cysts or fistulas remained stable. Another eye had gradual decline in visual function. Repeat ONSD in this eye showed no orbital scarring, and lysis of adhesions between dura-arachnoid and optic nerve resulted in improved, stable visual function for 31 months of follow-up. Conclusion: Mitomycin C appears to be a safe adjunct to ONSD in a series of six patients followed between 20 and 37 months. Fistulization and cyst formation are associated with improved visual function. Closure of cysts and fistulas may result in worsening visual function due to intersheath adhesions. Repeat surgery shows significantly less orbital scarring and allows for easier and successful repeat surgery. Adjunctive mitomycin C leads to less orbital scarring after ONSD, allowing for easier repeat surgery.
Ultraviolet scattering propagation modeling: analysis of path loss versus range

Modeling of the complex atmospheric propagation of deep-ultraviolet (UV) radiation is important for applications such as non-line-of-sight (NLOS) UV communications. Building upon prior work in which it was observed that short-range, singly scattered NLOS path loss varies linearly with range, we formalize this relationship, generalizing it to consider any order of scattering and more-general system characteristics. In particular, we derive the approximate relationship PL∝r2−n between path loss PL and range r for nth-order scattered radiation, and investigate the region of validity of this approximation. Insight arising from the analysis can be invaluable in the development and study of UV systems, as demonstrated by numerical results that illustrate implications of the analysis.
The amobarbital interview

In two apparently disoriented patients, the emergency physician's use of amobarbital quickly eliminated diagnoses of an organic etiology. Although thousands of amobarbital interviews have had no complications, the use of amobarbital should follow a thorough evaluation. The amobarbital interview is a safe and simple technique to discriminate functional from organic illness, thus avoiding unnecessary medical and surgical treatment, neglected illness, and inappropriate disposition.
Enthalpy of dilution of aqueous mixtures of amides, sugars, urea, ethylene glycol, and pentaerythritol at 25°C: Enthalpy of interaction of the hydrocarbon, amide, and hydroxyl functional groups in dilute aqueous solutions

The enthalpy of dilution of all one-and two-solute aqueous mixtures of a series of compounds were measured from about 0.2 to 2.0 mole-kg−1 at 25°C. The compounds included in the study wereN-methylformamide,N-methylacetamide,N-methylpropionamide,N-butylacetamide, urea, ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol, glucose, and sucrose. The results of the enthalpy measurements were used to calculate the pairwise enthalpy of interaction for each compound with all the other compounds. A simple additivity principle is used to correlate the data. The principle assumes that each functional group on one molecule interacts with every functional group on the other molecule and that each of these interactions has a characteristic effect on the enthalpy that is independent of the positions of the functional groups in the two molecules. The resulting equation gives a rough but useful correlation of the results. Of the six interactions between the CH2, CONH, and CHOH functional groups, the CONH−CONH interaction is the strongest, the CHOH−CHOH interaction is the weakest, and the CH2−CH2 interaction is about equal in magnitude to the rest of the interactions. Thus, the CH2−CH2 and CONH−CONH are not the only interactions making important contributions to the enthalpy of a wide variety of systems.
A review of the statistical analysis used in papers published in Clinical Radiology and British Journal of Radiology

Statistical analysis such as significance testing have become essential features of published medical studies. This has resulted in an increased frequency with which statistics are used, making the interpretation of scientific publications more difficult. There is an extensive array of tests and techniques. The aim of this study is to identify which statistical tests are used in radiology publications. All major articles published in Clinical Radiology and British Journal of Radiology in one year were reviewed. The frequency of statistical methods used was as follows: no statistical method or descriptive statistics only 103 (47%), one type of statistical method 67 (31%), and two or more methods 47 (22%). Statistics dealing with basic inference, decisions, contingency tables or correlation/regression techniques were found in 124 (53%) in which a procedure had been used. Advanced statistics including receiver operating characteristics (ROC), odds ratio, regression techniques, multiway ANOVA, and nonparametric ANOVA studies accounted for only 41 (19%) in which a procedure had been used. We conclude that descriptive analysis and basic statistical techniques account for most of the statistical tests reported. Physicians should concentrate on improving their understanding of basic statistics but advice should be sought from professionals in the fields of biostatistics and epidemiology as to whether the use of more advanced techniques would be more appropriate.
Automatic Construction of Accurate Models of Physical Systems.

This paper describes an implemented computer program called PRET that automates the process of system identification: given hypotheses, observations, and specifications, it constructs an ordinary differential equation model of a target system with no other inputs or intervention from its user. The core of the program is a set of traditional system identification (SID) methods. A layer of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques built around this core automates the high-level stages of the identification process that are normally performed by a human expert. The AI layer accomplishes this by selecting and applying appropriate methods from the SID library and performing qualitative, symbolic, algebraic, and geometric reasoning on the user's inputs. For each supported domain (e.g., mechanics), the program uses a few powerful encoded rules (e.g., σF=0) to combine hypotheses into models. A custom logic engine checks models against observations, using a set of encoded domain-independent mathematical rules to infer facts about both, modulo the resolution inherent in the specifications, and then searching for contradictions. The design of the next generation of this program is also described in this paper. In it, discrepancies between sets of facts will be used to guide the removal of unnecessary terms from a model. Power-series techniques will be exploited to synthesize new terms from scratch if the user's hypotheses are inadequate, and sensors and actuators will allow the tool to take aninput-output approach to modeling real physical systems.
Analysis of uronic and aldonic acids, their lactones, and related compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography on cation-exchange resins

Abstract The use of high-performance gel-permeation chromatography on cation-exchange resins for the direct analysis of 21 examples of the title compounds is described. The method employs a commercially available column (HPX-87-H+), a simple isocratic solvent system (0.009N sulfuric acid), and sensitive UV detection at 220 nm. Compounds are rapidly (less than 15 min) separated by a combination of ion- and size-exclusion mechanisms, leading to the following general elution sequence: aldonic and uronic acids, then ascorbic acids, followed by neutral lactones, and finally N-acetylated amino sugars. The method is a useful, high-resolution alternative to the traditional gas chromatographic and anion-exchange chromatographic methods for the analysis of these compounds.
Lack of specificity of virus-stimulated plant RNA-dependent RNA polymerases.

Abstract RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase preparations from tabacco and cowpea plants, either uninfected, or infected with tobacco necrosis or cowpea mosaic virus, were tested for their capability to bind radioactive viral or other RNAs or polynucleotides. The limited binding of up to 30% of all RNAs tested was found to be completely nonspecific in regard to any infecting virus, and it was nonspecifically diminished by excess of other unlabeled RNAs. These data are in line with our previous conclusion that plant viral RNAs are replicated by host enzymes. The data also speak against the hypothesis that these enzymes might be modified as a consequence of viral infection.
A chemical approach to ductile versus brittle phenomena

Abstract Developing a better understanding of the factors that influence the competition between ductile and brittle failure is an active and technologically important area of metallurgical investigation. Much of this investigation is directed at developing computational tools to aid in describing the motion of atoms at the tip of an atomically sharp crack. Ideally, one would like to use these tools to calculate accurately the potential surface on which crack-tip atoms move in response to an applied strain. Unfortunately, current computational and experimental techniques are not able to produce this information to the required degree of accuracy. As a consequence, much effort is being directed at improving these techniques. Rather than seeking to improve computational methods, it is shown here that concepts of chemical reaction theory can be used in conjunction with existing computational techniques to predict crack-tip processes. Although the application of these chemical concepts provides only qualitati...
Theory of traveling-wave electronic Raman lasers — Stokes-anti-Stokes coupling in the steady state

A detailed theory of traveling-wave electronic Raman lasers is constructed, which applies in particular to the spin-flip Raman lasers of Patel and others. Ten equations are set up describing explicitly the behavior of the Stokes field, the anti-Stokes field, the input laser field, and the electronic system. Solutions of these equations are obtained in the sinusoidal steady-state limit. Depletion of the input laser field is accounted for in an approximate but novel fashion in the form of photon-number conservation. We are able to express the steady-state output power in terms of the system parameters and the boundary pump excitation alone. Analytic formulas are given for the linear gain, the threshold pump power, and the Stokes as well as the anti-Stokes power output. They describe, among other things, the saturation and fluorescence behavior of the electronic Raman laser. Various intuitive interpretations are provided for the analytical results. Our detailed predictions are in good agreement with experiments.
The Rotary Inertia Effect In The Large Reference Displacement Analysis Of Initially Curved Plates

Abstract The objective of this investigation is to examine the effect of rotary inertia on the dynamics of initially curved plates that undergo large reference displacements. Non-linear terms that represent the coupling between the rotary inertia and the initial curvature are identified and their dependence on the finite rotation of the plate is demonstrated. The effect of rotary inertia on the kinematic relationships as well as the centrifugal and Coriolis force components is examined. It is shown in this investigation that the non-linear mass matrix of the initially curved plate can be decomposed into four inertia matrices, which all depend on the finite rotation as well as the elastic deformation of the plate. The first of these inertia matrices is the conventional mass matrix that arises in the analysis of the plates without considering the effect of the rotary inertia. The second and third inertia matrices are the curvature inertia matrix and the rotary inertia matrix, and they represent, respectively, the separate effect of the initial curvature and the rotary inertia. The last inertia matrix is the curvature-rotary inertia matrix , which represents the effect of the coupling between the initial curvature and the rotary inertia. Consequently, the non-linear curvature-rotary inertia matrix exists only when the effects of the initial curvature and rotary inertia are both considered. The non-linear dynamic differential equations of motion of the initially curved plate are formulated using the principle of virtual work in dynamics. These equations are solved using direct numerical integration methods that have variable order and variable step size. The use of the formulation presented in this paper is demonstrated using a spatial multi-body RSSR mechanism that consists of interconnected rigid and deformable bodies. The effects of the rate of the finite rotation and the thickness of the plate coupler on the non-linear dynamics of the mechanism are examined numerically.
THE EFFECT OF DETERGENT TYPE AND LAUNDERING TEMPERATURE ON THE SOIL REMOVAL AND SOIL REDEPOSITION PERFORMANCE OF COTTON AND P/C BLENDS WITH AND WITHOUT DURABLE PRESS FINISH

Three soiled test cloths of cotton and 65/35% Dacron/cotton blends with and without durable press finish were subjected to twenty-five repeated launderings in Launder-Ometer to determine the effect of fabric type, wash temperature, and laundering interval on the soil removal and soil redeposition performance. The reflectance of the test fabrics as measured by a Hunter Lab D-40 reflectometer and the amount of soil removed and redeposited was computed in reflectance unit (RU) expressing the difference in reflectance of the test samples before and after washing. Soil removal and redeposition performances were significantly influenced by fabric type, detergent type, and laundering interval. Duncan's multiple range test indicated that Dacron/cotton blends with and without durable press finish retained and redeposited significantly less soil than cotton. Powder detergents cleaned test fabrics better than liquid detergents. Highly significant correlations between soil removal and redeposition RU and whiteness measurements were found. Therefore, both computations serve as reliable methods to evaluate soil removal and redeposition performance.
The Global Importance of Illiberal Moderates

In contrast to the claim that the most significant fault line in contemporary global affairs is between the civilisation of the West and all others, this essay argues that the schism between those who advance their values through violence and those who rely on persuasion, both of which are present in all civilisations, is the greatest source of conflict in the post-Cold-War era. Moderates come in many stripes: some are liberal, such as Reform Jews and Social Democrats, while most others are illiberal, including many Muslim religious leaders. All moderates, however, share in common a principled rejection of violence. Polls and reports from around the world bear out that a conviction of the value of persuasion over coercion does not depend on faith in democracy or secularism. The West should ally itself with such moderates, no matter how liberal or illiberal their orientation.
High-performance liquid chromatography retention index and detection of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract Based on reversed-phase isocratic experiments and gradient optimization modeling, acetonitrile was found to provide optimum separation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs). A 31-min linear gradient between 24% and 80% acetonitrile in water at 35°C and 0.5 ml/min flow-rate was established. Nitro-PAH retention indices, I, were measured under these conditions. It was found that retention index values varied with changing column temperature and/or mobile phase compositions. Diode-array, fluorescence (FD) and chemiluminescence (CD) detection were studied for nitro-PAHs. Diode-array detection responded linearly with detection limits between 2 and 12 ng/compound injected. In addition, dual-wavelength UV absorbance ratio (A230/A254, A330/A254 and A230/A330) measurements at these wavelength pairs were reported. Fluorescence and chemiluminescence provided increased selectivity and sensitivity. Four orders of magnitude linear range were found for both detection methods with detection limits between 10 and 15 pg and 50 pg (on an NO2/compound mole basis), respectively.
Experimental and numerical studies of Ar+-laser-assisted Si doping of GaAs with SiBr4 by chemical beam epitaxy

Abstract Doping results from Ar+-laser-assisted chemical beam epitaxy with triethylgallium, tris(dimethylamino) arsenic and silicon tetrabromide as group-III, group-V and dopant precursors, respectively, are reported. Enhancements in the n-type doping concentration are observed with laser irradiation in the investigated substrate-temperature range 390 – 500°C. With a 300 W/cm2 irradiation power density, an increase in the carrier concentration by 70 times is obtained at 390°C substrate temperature. A numerical model developed by us for epitaxial growth and doping with the above precursors is used to assess the contribution of laser-induced thermal heating to the observed doping increase. A reaction scheme for photo-induced decomposition of physisorbed silicon tetrabromide is proposed. A kinetic rate equation for the photolysis is derived and used to estimate the absorption cross section required to reproduce the observed concentration enhancements resulted from laser irradiation. The possibility is established that dramatic increases in carrier concentration at low growth temperatures are due to photolysis of physisorbed silicon tetrabromide.
Being Optimismtic may Not Always be Advantageous: The Relationship Between Dispositional Optimism, Coping, and Performance

The effects of dispositional optimism on performance and self-reports of coping strategy were examined in a low and a high signal salience vigilance task performed in quiet or during exposure to jet-aircraft engine noise. The results of this study partially support Scheier and Carverâ€™s (1985; 1987) habitual coping styles theory, in which people varying in optimism differ in their general coping strategies. Optimism in most cases correlated positively with task-focused coping and negatively with off-task approaches. When the task setting elicited a coping style contrary to dispositional preference, however, performance was actually impaired. In the low-salience, quiet condition of this experiment optimism correlated negatively with performance; this condition also elicited elevated levels of maladaptive, off-task coping. Being highly optimistic may not always be an advantage in performance settings
The electrolyte and water balance of the lens.

The lens excretes sodium and concentrates potassium. The methods of study of cation transport and their pitfalls have been reviewed. Present information permits the following conclusions regarding the metabolic pathways which provide the energy for such transport. (1) Under aerobic conditions in the absence of added metabolite, endogenous substrates supply sufficient energy to partially support transport. (2) The tricarboxylic acid cycle does not contribute. (3) Anaerobic glycolysis completely supports transport. (4) Of the enzyme inhibitors tested, the cation transport is most sensitive to iodoacetate and ouabain. (5) ATP is probably involved in cation transport. A possible role of Na-K ATPase has been suggested. The major site of active transport is at the capsule. Study of exchange of 22 Na suggests a barrier or barriers within the lens which limit sodium exchange. These are influenced by steroids under conditions which may or may not alter the cation content of the lens. Failure of active transport or increase in passive transport will eventually result in a shift in cations and hydration of the lens. The hydration can be accounted for by the increase in total base (sodium plus potassium) and attendant shift of anions. Localized accumulation of fluid in the lens is considered to reflect some imbalance of activities at the capsular and intralenticular barriers.
Differential calculi on quantum vector spaces with Hecke-type relations

From a vector spaceV equipped with a Yang-Baxter operatorR one may form the r-symmetric algebraSRV=TV/〈v ⊗w−R(v ⊗w)〉, which is a quantum vector space in the sense of Manin, and the associated quantum matrix algebraMRV=T(End(V))/〈f ⊗g−R(f ⊗g)R-1〉. In the case whenR satisfies a Hecke-type identityR2=(1−q)R+q, we construct a differential calculus ΩRV forSRV which agrees with that constructed by Pusz, Woronowicz, Wess, and Zumino whenR is essentially theR-matrix of GLq(n). Elements of ΩRV may be regarded as differential forms on the quantum vector spaceSRV. We show that ΩRV isMRV-covariant in the sense that there is a coaction Φ*: ΩRV →MRV ⊗ ΩRV with Φ*d=(1 ⊗ d)Φ* extending the natural coaction Φ:SRV →MRV ⊗SRV.
The Social Context of Homeless Men’s Substance Use

Background Homeless men may be at particular risk for the negative health effects of substance use. This cross-sectional study investigates the individual and personal network risk factors associated with substance use in this vulnerable population.
Conversion of Triglycerides to Hydrocarbons Over Supported Metal Catalysts

The deoxygenation of triglycerides (tristearin, triolein and soybean oil) under nitrogen atmosphere was investigated over 20 wt% Ni/C, 5 wt% Pd/C and 1 wt% Pt/C catalysts. Use of the Ni catalyst resulted in near quantitative conversion of the triglyceride in each case, high yields of linear C5 to C17 alkanes and alkenes being obtained. Oxygen was rejected as CO and CO2, while small amounts of light alkanes (C1–C4) and H2 were also formed. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the liquid product from soybean oil deoxygenation at intermediate reaction times suggested that one pathway for triglyceride deoxygenation involves liberation of fatty acids via C–O bond scission and concomitant H transfer, followed by elimination of CO2 from the acids in a later step. Compared to Ni, catalysts containing Pd or Pt supported on activated carbon showed lower activity for both triglyceride deoxygenation and for cracking of the fatty acid chains.
Theoretical description of the low-lying excited states of CuCl

Abstract The low-lying excited states of CuCl have been investigated theoretically in the Hartree-Fock approximation. Spin-orbit interactions have been included semi-empirically using an atoms-in-molecules technique. All six excited states that were previously characterized experimentally are found to arise from fine structure sublevels of the Cu+(3d94s 1,3D)Cl−(3p61S) configuration.
NMR line shapes and multi-state binding equilibria.

Biological function of proteins relies on conformational transitions and binding of specific ligands. Protein–ligand interactions are thermodynamically and kinetically coupled to conformational changes in protein structures as conceptualized by the models of pre-existing equilibria and induced fit. NMR spectroscopy is particularly sensitive to complex ligand-binding modes—NMR line-shape analysis can provide for thermodynamic and kinetic constants of ligand-binding equilibria with the site-specific resolution. However, broad use of line shape analysis is hampered by complexity of NMR line shapes in multi-state systems. To facilitate interpretation of such spectral patterns, I computationally explored systems where isomerization or dimerization of a protein (receptor) molecule is coupled to binding of a ligand. Through an extensive analysis of multiple exchange regimes for a family of three-state models, I identified signature features to guide an NMR experimentalist in recognizing specific interaction mechanisms. Results show that distinct multi-state models may produce very similar spectral patterns. I also discussed aggregation of a receptor as a possible source of spurious three-state line shapes and provided specific suggestions for complementary experiments that can ensure reliable mechanistic insight.
Design of the first-generation wavefront sensor and actuator geometry for the 6.5-m MMT adaptive optical system

A description is given for the geometry of the first generation adaptive-optical (AO) system being developed for the 6.5m single-mirror telescope that will replace the Multiple Mirror Telescope on Mt. Hopkins. The AO system consists of an adaptive secondary mirror with 330-actuators and a wave front senor composed of a 13 by 13 square subaperture array. The deformable mirror actuator vibrational modes were determined from a finite element model of the adaptive-secondary mirror. Numerical simulations in based on the finite element results were carried out to determine the expected performance of the system. Two reconstruction algorithms were compared - a least squares reconstructor and a modal equalization technique developed for this AO geometry. Strehl ratios are reported for the two algorithms for various guide star magnitudes and number of corrected wave front modes.