cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Magnification of photonic crystal fluorescence enhancement via tm resonance excitation and TE resonance extraction on a dielectric nanorod surface

We experimentally demonstrate that a 1D photonic crystal surface incorporating a nanorod-structured layer reveals a 588-fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity through the use of resonance-enhanced excitation of Cy5 and resonance-enhanced extraction of Cy5 emission.
Solid-state nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid cocrystal

Abstract A facile thermally activated aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction is shown to take place in the solid state in cocrystals of 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and 4-aminobenzoic acid. The cocrystals are also made in the solid state by grinding the two acids together at room temperature.
Migration to zero-offset in variable velocity media

ABSTRACT As a condition for further generalization of the migration to zero-offset in variable velocity media, I develop the theory for 2-D migration to zero offset (MZO) in constant velocity media, starting from prestack migration in midpoint-offset coordinates. Iarrive at an integral formulation for the MZO operator, analytically derived from the double square root (DSR) prestack migration equation. The integral formulationfor the MZO is similar in form to the DSR equation, suggesting a generalization tovariable velocity media using a. phase-shift algorithm. Isolating the zero-offset migration The basic concept for analytically deriving the MZO from prestack migration isto separate the latter into two processes:. Migration to zero-offset.. Zero-offset migration.Once we extract the zero-offset migration from the prestack migration operator, it isassumed that what remains is in fact an operator that transforms the common-offsetdata into zero-offset data, hence the name of the operator: migration to zero-offset. Idefine migration to zero-offset as the operation that converts a common-offset sectioninto a zero-offset section. For a. constant velocity medium this operation is equivalentto the sequence of normal moveout (NMO) followed by dip moveout (DM0).
Electronic phases and phase separation in the Hubbard-Holstein model of a polar interface

From a mean-field solution of the Hubbard-Holstein model, we show that a rich variety of different electronic phases can result at the interface between two polar materials such as LaAlO${}_{3}$/SrTiO${}_{3}$. Depending on the strengths of the various competing interactions, viz., the electronic kinetic energy, electron-phonon interaction, Coulomb energy, and electronic screening strength, the electrons could (i) either be strongly confined to the interface forming a 2D metallic or an insulating phase, (ii) spread deeper into the bulk making a 3D phase, or (iii) become localized at individual sites forming a Jahn-Teller polaronic phase. In the polaronic phase, the Coulomb interaction could lead to unpaired electrons resulting in magnetic Kondo centers. Under appropriate conditions, electronic phase separation may also occur resulting in the coexistence of metallic and insulating regions at the interface.
Haptography: capturing the feel of real objects to enable authentic haptic rendering (invited paper)

Haptic interfaces are designed to allow humans to touch virtual objects as though they were real. Unfortunately, virtual surface models currently require extensive hand tuning and do not feel authentic, which limits the usefulness and applicability of such systems. The proposed approach of haptography seeks to address this deficiency by basing models on haptic data recorded from real interactions between a human and a target object. The studio haptographer uses a fully instrumented stylus to tap, press, and stroke an item in a controlled environment while a computer system records positions, orientations, velocities, accelerations, and forces. The point-and-touch haptographer carries a simply instrumented stylus around during daily life, using it to capture interesting haptic properties of items in the real world. Recorded data is distilled into a haptograph, the haptic impression of the object or surface patch, including properties such as local shape, stiffness, friction, and texture. Finally, the feel of the probed object is recreated via a haptic interface by accounting for the device's natural dynamics and focusing on the feedback of high-frequency accelerations.
Self-Assembled Diffraction Grating For Microfluidic Velocimetry

A self-assembled elastomeric diffraction grating is used to perform flow rate measurements in microfluidic channels. The simple fabrication technique alleviates the need for multi-step lithographic procedures while conserving optical access via the bottom wall.
A particle formulation for treating differential diffusion in filtered density function methods

We present a new approach for treating molecular diffusion in filtered density function (FDF) methods for modeling turbulent reacting flows. The diffusion term accounts for molecular transport in physical space and molecular mixing in composition space. Conventionally, the FDF is represented by an ensemble of particles and transport is modeled by a random walk in physical space. There are two significant shortcomings in this transport model: (1) the resulting composition variance equation contains a spurious production term and (2) because the random walk is governed by a single diffusion coefficient, the formulation cannot account for differential diffusion, which can have a first-order effect in reacting flows. In our new approach transport is simply modeled by a mean drift in the particle composition equation. The resulting variance equation contains no spurious production term and differential diffusion is treated easily. Hence, the new formulation reduces to a direct numerical simulation (DNS) in the limit of vanishing filter width, a desirable property of any large-eddy simulation (LES) approach. We use the IEM model for mixing. It is shown that there is a lower bound on the specified mixing rate such that the boundedness of the compositions is ensured. We present a numerical method for solving the particle equations which is second-order accurate in space and time, obeys detailed conservation, enforces the realizability and boundedness constraints and is unconditionally stable.
Modeling SiO Maser Emission from Late-Type Stars

We have performed a thorough study of both radiative and collisional pumping of the SiO masers around late-type stars, carefully considering the combined and separate actions of each type of pump in order to gauge their effectiveness. Our model is based on observations and theoretical arguments that place the SiO masers in high density clumps rather than in the smooth stellar wind. Significantly, general conclusions can be reached which are independent of the pumping mechanism. Most importantly, the overall molecular density is restricted to lie between ≈ 109 - 1010 cm−3. Although all pumps result in the production of a maser chain within each vibrational state, radiative pumps have more of a problem explaining the observed simultaneous production of the same maser transition in different vibrational states. We find that collisional pumping produces the strongest maser emission and, in contrast to radiation, does not require fine tuning of the physical conditions for its operation. Collisional pumping thus appears to be the primary pumping mechanism responsible for the SiO maser phenomenon.
Surface elevation changes at the front of the Ross Ice Shelf: Implications for basal melting

[1] Rapid melting beneath the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) occurs near the ice front, likely in response to a secondary buoyant plume with tidal mixing, and is sensitive to seasonal water temperatures in front of the ice shelf. The front of the RIS is examined using GLAS ICESat laser altimetry data. Spatial and temporal changes in surface elevations are attributed to enhanced basal melting of the ice shelf near the ice front. Melt rates (b) increase exponentially as the front is approached, from approximately zero at 40 km from the front to an average of 2.8 ± 1.0 m a−1 within the front kilometer. Melt estimates within the front 60 km are best fit by the relationship b = 2.0 × exp(−x/11900) m a−1, where x denotes distance from the front. Frontal melt totals approximately 16 km3 a−1 in the front 40 km, which accounts for between 10% and 40% of current published estimates of total melt beneath the RIS. Spatial averaging along the front reveals a different pattern of melt in regions that have recently calved as compared to regions that have not calved. Frontal melt is modeled as a one-dimensional buoyant plume with tidal currents included. These model results imply that modest increases in sea surface temperatures will lead to considerable increases in melting beneath the ice shelf front.
Observation of the Final Boundary Condition: Extragalactic Background Radiation and the Time Symmetry of the Universe ∗

Abstract This paper examines an observable consequence for the diffuse extra-galactic background radiation (EGBR) of the hypothesis that if closed, our universe possesses time symmetric boundary conditions. By reason of theoretical and observational clarity, attention is focused on optical wavelengths. The universe is modeled as closed Friedmann–Robertson–Walker. It is shown that, over a wide range of frequencies, electromagnetic radiation can propagate largely unabsorbed from the present epoch into the recollapsing phase, confirming and demonstrating the generality of results of Davies and Twamley (1993). As a consequence, time symmetric boundary conditions imply that the optical EGBR is at least twice that due to the galaxies on our past light cone, and possibly considerably more. It is therefore possible to testexperimentallythe notion that if our universe is closed, it may be in a certain sense time symmetric. The lower bound on the “excess” EGBR in a time symmetric universe is consistent with present observations. Nevertheless, better observations and modeling may soon rule it out entirely. In addition, many physical complications arise in attempting to reconcile a transparent future light cone with time symmetric boundary conditions, thereby providing further arguments against the possibility that our universe is time symmetric. This is therefore a demonstration by example that physics today can be sensitive to the presence of a boundary condition in the arbitrarily distant future.
GPS use by households: early indicators of privacy preferences regarding ubiquitous mobility information access

Privacy is a major policy factor in the deployment of Vehicle Infrastructure Integration and other ubiquitous location-based mobility access systems, yet the full benefits of many such systems will be obtained only after significant deployment of the necessary technologies. In order to address privacy concerns and build solutions that reflect users' privacy preferences, it is necessary to identify factors that affect user's privacy preferences. Using a household travel survey that also instruments a sub-sample of households with vehicle-based or portable GPS devices, we develop econometric models of privacy propensities of households as a function of their sociodemographics, trip-making behavior, location and other factors. The results provide insights into factors that might serve as barriers into the early adoption of these technologies.
Testing Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s collective action theory of genocide

John Hagan and Wenona Rymond-Richmond proposed a collective action theory of genocide in their book ‘Darfur and the Crime of Genocide’. They then tested their theory using data from the Atrocities Documentation Survey conducted in Chad. The theory explains the Darfur genocide well and is supported by empirical data. Since there is little criminological theoretical work on genocide, the collective action theory was a great step forward. The next step in the process should be to see if the theory is generalisable to other instances of genocide. There may be much to learn in testing Hagan and Rymond-Richmond’s theory for generalisability including identifying any modifications that may advance the current theoretical work on the criminology of genocide.
Synthesis of tetrasubstituted propargylamines from cyclohexanone by solvent-free copper(II) catalysis

Copper(II) chloride catalyzes the three-component coupling of cyclohexanone, amines, and alkynes to produce tetrasubstituted propargylamines. As a wide range of substrates react without solvent, excess starting material, or other additives, water is the sole by-product. Studies demonstrate that this reaction is first order in copper, cyclohexanone, amine, and alkyne. These mild conditions allow for the first direct, catalytic synthesis of silyl-protected tetrasubstituted propargylamines.
2‐Chloro‐3H‐indol‐3‐one and its reactions with nucleophiles

The title compound reacts with N- and S-nucleophiles to form 3-substituted indol-2-ones, but with C-nucleo-philes to afford either these or the corresponding 2-substituted indol-3-ones. This dichotomy of behavior is documented and rationalized.
Compartmentalization of radioactive glucose in the plerocercus metacestode of Otobothrium insigne (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha)

Abstract Otobothrium insigne plerocerci were used to study the compartmentalization of radioactive glucose in a metacestode bladderworm under in vitro conditions. When plerocerci were incubated in C14-labeled glucose, this glucose was rapidly absorbed by the blastocyst outer-wall tegument. Within minutes, this absorbed glucose diffused through the blastocyst wall and into the blastocyst cavity. Over 95% of the absorbed glucose remained as free glucose in the blastocyst walls and cavity even after 2 h post-incubation. When plerocerci were first pulse-incubated in radioactive glucose for 30 min, and then chase-incubated in glucose-free saline for several days, the quantity of unbound radioactive glucose in the blastocyst walls and cavity decreased significantly during the first 48 h while the quantity in the scolex increased. The radioactivity of the blastocyst wall glycogen and scolex glycogen both increased during this time; however, the scolex incorporated significantly more radioactive glucose into its glycogen than did the blastocyst wall in spite of the wall's larger quantity of endogenous glycogen and its closer proximity to the large glucose pool of the blastocyst cavity. Thus, it appears that under conditions where exogenous glucose concentrations are low, the juvenile scolex takes nutritional precedence over the blastocyst such that glucose is diverted from the blastocyst walls to the scolex in order to maintain carbohydrate steady state conditions in the scolex.
Anomaly-free supersymmetric models in six dimensions

Abstract The conditions for the cancellation of all gauge, gravitational, and mixed anomalies of N = 1 supersymmetric models in six dimensions are reviewed and illustrated by a number of examples. Of particular interest are models that cannot be realized perturbatively in string theory. An example of this type, which we verify satisfies the anomaly cancellation conditions, is the K3 compactification of the SO (32) theory with small instantons recently proposed by Witten. When the instantons coincide it has gauge group SO (32) × Sp (24). Two new classes of models, for which non-perturbative string constructions are not yet known, are also presented. They have gauge groups SO (2 n + 8) × Sp ( n ) and SU ( n ) × SU ( n ), where n is an arbitrary positive integer.
A Simple Synthesis of Photolabile α‐Methyl Nitrobenzyl Compounds

α‐Methyl nitrobenzyl compounds have demonstrated superior photochemical release properties when compared to nitrobenzyl compounds lacking α‐methyl substitution at the benzylic position. The synthes...
A METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING THE CRITICAL THRESHOLD FOR AEOLIAN TRANSPORT IN THE FIELD

A basic feature of any wind-eroding surface is its threshold – the wind speed at which sediment transport is initiated. A new method was developed and tested that allows for the rapid determination of threshold under natural wind conditions in the field. A mathematical expression that relates saltation activity and relative wind strength was reformulated so that threshold may be calculated from measurements of saltation activity and the mean and standard deviation of wind speed. To test the new method and determine its usefulness, a field experiment was performed within a region of low-relief dunes on the Southern High Plains of West Texas. The experimental system consisted of a 2-m meteorological tower and a piezoelectric saltation sensor. It was found that during periods of active aeolian activity, threshold values could be calculated every 5 minutes. This new method allows for routine monitoring of surface threshold conditions in the field. Example threshold calculations are presented and they demonstrate that the method works well. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market uncertainty and disclosure of internal control deficiencies under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act

Abstract This study examines cross-sectional differences in stock market reactions to the disclosure of internal control deficiencies under Section 302 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act. We hypothesize that the market punishment for internal control problems will be less severe for internal control disclosure that helps reduce market uncertainty around the disclosure. We also predict that such a relation is dependent on the types of disclosure and the market’s prior knowledge of the credibility of firms’ financial reporting. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that when firms disclose their internal control deficiencies, their abnormal stock returns are negatively associated with changes in market uncertainty (e.g., changes in the standard deviations of daily stock returns) around the disclosure. We also find that the impact of the uncertainty reduction is greater for voluntary disclosures of non-material weakness, especially those made in the context of previous suspicious events. The negative impact of changes in market uncertainty on the abnormal stock returns remains intact even after controlling for possible simultaneity. An analysis using financial analysts’ earnings forecasts dispersion as an alternative proxy for uncertainty confirms the results.
A Delivery System for Self-Healing Inorganic Films†

Multilayer composites that utilize polymeric and brittle inorganic films are essential components for extending the lifetimes and exploiting the flexibility of many electronic devices. However, crack formation within the brittle inorganic layers that arise from defects as well as the flexing of these multilayer composite materials allows the influx of atmospheric water, a major source of device degradation. Thus, a composite material that can initiate self-healing upon the influx of environmental water through defects or stress-induced cracks would find potential applications in multilayer composite materials for permeation barriers. In the present study, the reactive metal oxide precursor TiCl4 is encapsulated within the pores of a degradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Electrospun PLA fibers are found to be reactive to atmospheric water leading to the hydrolysis of the degradable polymer shell and subsequent release of the reactive metal oxide precursor. Release of the reactive TiCl4 from the pores results in hydrolysis of the metal oxide precursor, forming solid titanium oxides at the surface of the fibers. The efficacy of this self-healing delivery system is also demonstrated by the integration of these reactive fibers in the polymer planarization layer, poly(methyl methacrylate), of a multilayer film, upon which an alumina barrier layer is deposited. The introduction of nanocracks in the alumina barrier layer lead to the release of the metal oxide precursor from the pores of the fibers and the formation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles within the crack and upon the thin film surface. In this study the first delivery system that may find utility for the self-healing of multilayer barrier films through the site-specific delivery of metal oxide nanoparticles through smart reactive composite fibers is established.
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL SECURITY ON EARLY RETIREMENT

Our purpose in the present study is to analyze a new and rich body of data on the elderly to study the supply side of the effect of social security on the early retirement decision. Toward this end, section 2 presents a brief description of some previous studies of retirement behavior. While each in its own way has been suggestive, each also (including one by one of the current authors) has its own set of problems. Section 3 details the analytical framework of the present study. We propose several types of data from which one could obtain complementary information on the labor supply behavior of the elderly, and three approaches to analyzing a given body of data. We then propose a new way of estimating retirement behavior. Section 4 discusses the data used in this study: the Social Security Administration's Retirement History Survey. Section 5 reports our empirical results, estimates of probability of early retirement and early semiretirement equations. Section 6 concludes with a brief discussion of some of the implications of the study and suggestions for future research.
Chemistry of the pheromones of mealybug and scale insects

Covering: 1979 to 2014 This article comprehensively reviews the syntheses of all known sex pheromones of scales and mealybugs, describes how they were identified, and how the synthetic pheromones are used in insect management.
Progress Report of the Joint Committee of the American Statistical Association and the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

Abstract During the past two years the statistical community has put new effort into educational developments. Three main movements stand out.
Further Evidence on Mean Reversion in Index Basis Changes

We provide further evidence on the stochastic behavior of the futures minus cash index basis. In addition to infrequent trading, we identify index aggregation as an additional source of mean reversion in basis changes. An aggregation of individual stocks in the index portfolio produces a moving average component that induces a negative autocorrelation in basis changes. Our empirical results show that index price and basis changes often contain a moving average component. After the effects of infrequent trading and index aggregation are purged, we find that the autocorrelation of the adjusted index basis changes is significantly reduced.
Design of Tactile Fixtures for Robotics and Manufacturing

This paper presents a theoretical framework for the design of tactile sensing fixtures for robotics and manufacturing. The framework presented uses group theory to analyze the symmetry of contact conditions on a fixture to evaluate a fixture design for referencing the sensor frame with respect to the fixture frame. Mechanical fixtures consisting of planar, spherical, and cylindrical surfaces are studied for their usefulness as part of referencing fixtures. The theory developed is used in guiding the design of a simple yet novel touch sensing fixture for part referencing and calibration in manufacturing and robotics.
Synthesis of aromatic 1,2-diazines by inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction of polymer-supported 1,2,4,5-tetrazines

Abstract Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions of unsymmetrically substituted 1,2,4,5-tetrazines immobilized on a solid support participate in thermally promoted cycloadditions with a wide range of electron-rich dienophiles. The reactions afford functionalized 1,2-diazines bearing a sulfur-based leaving group (-SR or -SO 2 R) at the C-6 position.
Improved bounds for on-line load balancing

We consider the following load balancing problem. Jobs arrive on-line and must be assigned to one of m machines thereby increasing the load on that machine by a certain weight. Jobs also depart on-line. The goal is to minimize the maximum load on any machine, the load being defined as the sum of the weights of the jobs assigned to the machine divided by the machine capacity. The scheduler also has the option of preempting a job and reassigning it to another machine. Whenever a job is assigned or reassigned to a machine, the on-line algorithm incurs a reassignment cost depending on the job. For arbitrary reassignment costs and identical machines, we present an on-line algorithm with a competitive ratio of 3.5981 against current load , i.e., the maximum load at any time is less than 3.5981 times the lowest achievable load at that time. Our algorithm also incurs a reassignment cost less than 6.8285 times the cost of assigning all the jobs. For arbitrary reassignment costs and related machines we present an algorithm with a competitive ratio of 32 and a reassignment factor of 79.4. We also describe algorithms with better performance guarantees for some special cases of the problem.
Preparation of 2-alkyl- and 2-aryl-5-amino-4-cyano-1,3-oxazoles

Abstract Aminopropanedinitrile p -toluenesulfonate (aminomalononitrile tosylate, AMNT) reacts with acid chlorides to give 2-alkyl- and 2-aryl-5-amino-4-cyano-1,3-oxazoles in good to excellent yields.
Incentives for unconsolidated financial reporting

Abstract We provide a positive analysis of a firm's decision to report the operations of a financial subsidiary on a consolidated versus an unconsolidated basis. Our evidence indicates that the firm is more likely to choose consolidated reporting the greater the operating, financial, and informational interdependencies between parent and subsidiary. Moreover, our evidence offers no support for the FASB hypothesis that firms use unconsolidated financial subsidiaries to understate the fixed claims on their balance sheets.
An achievable rate region for three-pair interference channels with noise

An achievable rate region for certain noisy three-user-pair interference channels is proposed. The channel class under consideration generalizes the three-pair deterministic interference channel (3-DIC) in the same way as the Telatar — Tse noisy two-pair interference channel generalizes the El Gamal — Costa injective channel. Specifically, arbitrary noise is introduced that acts on the combined interference signal before it affects the desired signal. This class of channels includes the Gaussian case. The rate region includes the best-known inner bound on the 3-DIC capacity region, dominates treating interference as noise, and subsumes the Han — Kobayashi region for the two-pair case.
An Extended Stochastic Model for Quantitative Security Analysis of Networked Systems

Quantitative security analysis of networked computer systems has been an open problem in computer security for decades. Recently, a promising approach was proposed in [Li et al. 11], which, however, made some strong assumptions including the exponential distribution of, and the independence among, the relevant random variables. In this paper, we substantially weaken these assumptions while offering, in addition to the same types of analytical results as in [Li et al. 11], methods for obtaining the desired security quantities in practice. Moreover, we investigate the problem from a higher-level abstraction, which also leads to both analytical results and practical methods for obtaining the desired security quantities. These should represent a significant step toward ultimately solving the problem of quantitative security analysis of networked computer systems.
Laser-assisted surface modification of thin chromium films

The objective is to investigate a process by which micrometer scale topographical changes are produced on thin chromium films using a pulsed Nd:YLF laser. The surface of chromium films is altered through laser-induced solid-liquid phase transformation and fluid flow. Experimental parametric studies are conducted to correlate the laser parameters with the topography of the laser irradiated surfaces. Experimental and analytical work is also performed to study the transport phenomena involved in the process. A numerical finite-element analysis is used to simulate the transient field variables. A nanosecond-time-resolution, fast photography system is constructed to capture the phase change and the fluid flow occurring at the target surface. The experimental and the numerical studies showed that the surface topography change was caused by the laser-induced surface-tension-driven flow, and the recoil pressure due to surface evaporation had negligible effect on the topography variation.
Contextual normalization applied to aircraft gas turbine engine diagnosis

Diagnosing faults in aircraft gas turbine engines is a complex problem. It involves several tasks, including rapid and accurate interpretation of patterns in engine sensor data. We have investigatedcontextual normalization for the development of a software tool to help engine repair technicians with interpretation of sensor data. Contextual normalization is a new strategy for employing machine learning. It handles variation in data that is due to contextual factors, rather than the health of the engine. It does this by normalizing the data in a context-sensitive manner. This learning strategy was developed and tested using 242 observations of an aircraft gas turbine engine in a test cell, where each observation consists of roughly 12,000 numbers, gathered over a 12-second interval. There were eight classes of observations: seven deliberately implanted classes of faults and a healthy class. We compared two approaches to implementing our learning strategy: linear regression and instance-based learning. We have three main results. (1) For the given problem, instance-based learning works better than linear regression. (2) For this problem, contextual normalization works better than other common forms of normalization. (3) The algorithms described here can be the basis for a useful software tool for assisting technicians with the interpretation of sensor data.
Neoclassical transport of impurities in tokamak plasmas

Tokamak plasmas are inherently comprised of multiple ion species. This is due to wall-bred impurities and, in future reactors, will result from fusion-born alpha particles. Relatively small densities nI, of highly charged non-hydrogenic impurities can strongly influence plasma transport properties whenever . The determination of the complete neoclassical Onsager matrix for a toroidally confined multispecies plasma, which provides the linear relation between the surface averaged radial fluxes and the thermodynamic forces (i.e. gradients of density and temperature, and the parallel electric field), is reviewed. A closed set of one-dimensional moment equations is presented for the time evolution of thermodynamic and magnetic field quantities which results from collisional transport of the plasma and two-dimensional motion of the magnetic flux surface geometry. The effects of neutral-beam injection on the equilibrium and transport properties of a toroidal plasma are consistently included.
An efficient and practical synthesis of diphenyl cyanomethylenephosphonate: Applications to the stereoselective synthesis of cis-α,β-unsaturated nitriles

Abstract Diphenyl cyanomethylenephosphonate (PhO)2POCH2CN was prepared as a stable crystalline solid in high yield in a single step from acetonitrile, LDA, and (PhO)2P(O)Cl. The potassium ylide generated from this compound afforded α,β-unsaturated nitriles upon reacting with aldehydes, with a stereoselectivity of 64–100% favoring the cis-isomer.
Agency Problems and the Corporate Charter

Theory says that mutual and stock organizational forms have a comparative advantage in specific contracting dimensions. We examine corporate charter and bylaw provisions from a sample of insurance companies with incorporations spanning the 19th century. We find that charter and bylaw provisions differ in predictable ways across organizational forms. For example, mutual charters and bylaws are more likely than those of stock companies to include provisions restricting the company's operating policies (because mutuals have higher costs of controlling management discretion). Our examination supports the proposition that incentive problems between owners and managers are more pronounced in mutuals. This implies an offsetting benefit, which we interpret as the internalization of owner-customer incentive conflict problems. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Treatment of lymphoid malignancies in patients with ataxia‐telangiectasia

Background Patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) are at an increased risk for developing lymphoid malignancies, yet the appropriate therapy remains unknown. Radiation therapy at conventional doses results in destruction of normal tissue, which has suggested that full-dose chemotherapy might result in unacceptable toxicity in A-T patients with cancer. Procedure The medical records of 412 A-T patients were reviewed to identify those patients who developed lymphoid malignancies and to analyze the type and duration of therapy, events during therapy, and off-therapy follow-up. Results Of 74 A-T patients with lymphoid malignancies, 32 patients received chemotherapy. The 21 patients treated with standard chemotherapy had a significantly better median survival (9 months, range, 1–162+ months vs. 5 months, range, 0.5–28 months) (P= 0.03) and complete remission rate (76% vs. 9%) (P = 0.001) than the 11 treated with reduced dose chemotherapy. Three of the 21 full-dose chemotherapy patients required dose reductions because of neutropenia. Seven of the 14 patients exposed to 1,200 mg/m2 or greater of cyclophosphamide developed hemorrhagic cystitis. All three patients exposed to bleomycin developed pulmonary disease which was fatal in two. Of the 16 standard-dose chemotherapy patients who achieved a complete remission, two remain disease-free, five have died of recurrent disease, and five died of pulmonary disorders and four of other causes while in remission. Conclusions Standard-dose chemotherapy should be given to each A-T patient with a lymphoid malignancy unless additional physical or emotional problems make it unlikely that the patient will benefit. Morbidity and mortality may be reduced by prophylaxis against hemorrhagic cystitis and early detection and treatment of pulmonary disorders. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 31:491–497, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A novel class of fused heterocycles, benzo­[b]­furo­[2,3-c]­pyrroles

In the isomeric compounds 2-benzyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl­benzo­[b]­furo­[2,3-c]­pyrrole and 2-benzyl-1-methyl-3-phenyl­benzo­[b]­furo­[2,3-c]­pyrrole, both C24H19NO, the pyrrole ring, although presumably somewhat strained, does not differ appreciably from N-methyl­pyrrole except for a relatively short C—C single bond in the pyrrole ring.
Rate of decarburization of iron-carbon melts: Part II. A mixed-control model

The observed retarding effect of sulfur on the decarburization of Fe-C melts has been interpreted by means of a mixed-control mechanism involving gas-phase mass transfer and dissociative adsorption of CO2. A mathematical model formulated on the basis of the proposed mechanism gave an excellent fit to the experimental data. The application of the model to the data provided a value of 4.42 x 10−3 mole · cm−2 · s−1 · atm−1 for the dissociative adsorption rate constant for CO2 on liquid iron at 1973 K; the fraction of surface sites that cannot be occupied by sulfur, even at apparent surface-saturation, was found to be 0.085. The model predicts a residual rate of decarburization at high sulfur concentrations; this prediction is borne out by the experiment. The effect of convective motion within the levitated melt on the rate of decarburization below a characteristic carbon concentration was quantified. The liquid-phase mass transfer was greatly enhanced by the stirring effect of the electromagnetic field. The effective diffusivity of carbon in Fe-C melts under levitation conditions has been found to be 3.24 x 10−3 cm2 · s−1, a value ten times as large as that under stationary conditions.
Contractual governance, business groups and transition

We suggest a unified framework to explain the following stylized pattern in the development of contractual governance and industrial organization. Contractual governance in many emerging economies is characterized by relational contracting. Coincident with relational contracts are large, diversified organizations — often referred to as business groups. As institutions and market intermediaries develop, a process of transition from relational contracting to arms-length explicit contracting takes place. During this phase relational and explicit contracts complement each other. Business groups initially expand in size, scope and increase the strength of ties. As development proceeds, a threshold is crossed after which business groups begin to unravel. This process of transition in contractual governance is often accompanied by a period of rapid growth, which eventually comes to a stop. JEL classification: L22, L14, O17.
Synthesis and anti-Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia activity of novel dicationic dibenzothiophenes and orally active prodrugs

Dicationic carbazoles have been found to be highly active against a rat model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP). Unfortunately, amidoxime derivatives, designed as prodrugs, were inactive against PCP even though the corresponding amidines were highly active. In the present work, a series of 2,8- and 3,7-bis cationic dibenzothiophenes was synthesized and assayed for anti-PCP activity. Three of the compounds proved to be more potent and less toxic than a standard anti-PCP drug (pentamidine) when given intravenously. Unlike the carbazoles, a dibenzothiophene amidoxime prodrug given orally reduced the parasite load by more than 99%. While no quantitative correlation was seen between anti-PCP activity and DNA binding, a strong level of DNA binding was found to be necessary for antimicrobial activity.
Superconductivity in compressed potassium and rubidium

Abstract Calculations of the electron–phonon interaction in the alkali metals, potassium and rubidium, using the results of band theory and BCS theory-based techniques suggest that at high pressures K and Rb would be superconductors with transition temperatures approaching 10 K.
Subsonic transport aircraft engine noise.

Accompanying the spectacular growth of the air transport industry is the increased frequency of exposure of airport neighbors to airplane noise. The NASA response to this problem is a two-pronged effort to reduce propulsion noise. The Langley Research Center is developing nacelle treatments to reduce engine noise radiated to the ground. The Lewis Research Center has initiated a program to demonstrate the feasibility of an engine that will produce significantly less noise than current commercial engines. This engine will be a turbofan engine with a bypass ratio in the range of 3 to 8. The considerations leading to the selection of this type engine and its cycle characteristics are discussed.Copyright © 1968 by ASME
The Net Generation and E-Textbooks

The traditional college student of today is part of the Net Generation who has been raised in an era of instant access. Their communication and learning is complemented by the Internet, a major influence on this cohort. The regular method of contact is text messaging, instant messaging and cell phones. Learning methods for the Net Generation include Internet tools such as Web-CT, Blackboard, online courses, online journals and i-pod downloads. Are they ready to also change from print textbooks to Internet based textbooks? This paper describes the attitudes of some Net Generation students towards the usage of electronic textbooks. Three case studies were conducted: one class used an online textbook and two other classes used e-chapter supplements. Students were questioned on their perceptions of using and learning with e-textbooks. Their views describe some changing thoughts towards network connected media that is the mantra of this generation.
CHERN–SIMONS GRAVITY, WILSON LINES AND LARGE-N DUAL GAUGE THEORIES

A five-dimensional Chern–Simons gravity theory based on the anti-de Sitter group SO(4, 2) is argued to be a useful model in which to understand the details of holography and the relationship between generally covariant and dual local quantum field theories. Defined on a manifold with boundary, conformal geometry arises naturally as a gauge invariance preserving boundary condition. By matching thermodynamic quantities for a particular background geometry, the dimensionless coupling constant of the Chern–Simons theory is directly related to the number of fields in a putative dual theory at high temperature. As a consistency check, the semiclassical factorization of Wilson line observables in the gravity theory is shown to induce a factorization in dual theory observables as expected by general arguments of large-N gauge theory.
Phosphine-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,3-Dioxan-4-ylidenes

A phosphine-catalyzed reaction of an allenoate with aldehydes furnished (2,6-diaryl-[1,3]dioxan-4-ylidene)-acetates 4 in excellent to moderate yields with complete diastereoselectivity and high E/Z-selectivities. Upon removal of the acetal functionality in this domino reaction product 4, δ-hydroxy-β-ketoester 11 was obtained. The reported vinylphosphonium-based approach provides a new way to achieve a synthesis of δ-hydroxy-β-ketoesters that differs from the classical dianion-based approach.
The Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Metastatic Progression in Carcinoma

Many data have emerged in support of the concept that the promotion of a migratory phenotype in epithelial cells is the result of an EMT, which leads to the loss of differentiation and to the acquisition of several mesenchymal features. Such an event is likely to occur during the metastatic conversion enabling the metastatic cell to invade the connective tissue and disseminate. Even though it cannot be excluded that some cancer cells might constitutively express a metastatic phenotype, the EMT implicated in the tumor progression process would rather be transient, induced in certain cells of the primary tumor by different factors, and reversed when the cells settle down in secondary organs (as schematically represented in Figure 1). However, it is clear that the phenotype that would emerge from the EMT occurring during tumor progression would also be modulated by the genetic background of the cells and must be to some extent different than the ones observed in normal physiological processes, and must also vary from one tumor to another.
Direct Measurement of the Ratio of Carbon Monoxide to Molecular Hydrogen in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium

We have used archival far-ultraviolet spectra from observations made by HST STIS and FUSE to determine the column densities and rotational excitation temperatures for carbon monoxide and molecular hydrogen, respectively, along 23 sight lines to Galactic O and B stars. The reddening values range from E(B - V) = 0.07 to 0.62, sampling the diffuse to translucent interstellar medium (ISM). We find that the H2 column densities range from 5 × 1018 to 8 × 1020 cm-2 and the CO from upper limits around 2 × 1012 cm-2 to detections as high as 1.4 × 1016 cm-2. CO increases with increasing H2, roughly following a power law of factor ~2. The CO/H2 column density ratio is thus not constant, ranging from 10-7 to 10-5, with a mean value of 3 × 10-6. The sample segregates into "diffuse" and "translucent" regimes, the former with molecular fraction 0.25 and AV/d < 1 mag kpc-1. The mean CO/H2 for these two regimes are 3.6 × 10-7 and 9.3 × 10-6, respectively, significantly lower than the canonical dark cloud value of 10-4. Six sight lines show the isotopic variant 13CO, and the isotopic ratio we observe (~50-70) is consistent with, if perhaps a little below, the average 12C/13C for the ISM at large. The average H2 rotational excitation temperature is 74 ± 24 K, agreeing well with previous studies, and the average CO temperature is 4.1 K, with some sight lines showing temperatures as high as 6.4 K. The higher excitation CO is observed with higher column densities, consistent with the effects of photon trapping in clouds with densities in the 20-100 cm-3 range. We discuss the implications for the structure of the diffuse/translucent regimes of the ISM and the estimation of molecular mass in galaxies.
Comparison of inlet suppressor data with approximate theory based on cutoff ratio

This paper represents the initial quantitative comparison of inlet suppressor far-field directivity suppression with that predicted using an approximate liner design and evaluation method based upon mode cutoff ratio. The experimental data was obtained using a series of cylindrical point-reacting inlet liners on an Avco-Lycoming YF102 engine. The theoretical prediction program is based upon simplified sound propagation concepts derived from exact calculations. These indicate that all of the controlling phenomenon can be approximately correlated with mode cutoff ratio which itself is intimately related to the angles of propagation within the duct. The objective of the theory-data comparisons is to point out possible deficiencies in the approximate theory which may be corrected. After all theoretical refinements have been made, then empirical corrections can be applied.
Wave functions and their use in spectroscopy and phenomenology

Abstract We describe the calculation of Coulomb gauge wave functions for light quark systems, and their use as interpolating fields for excited state spectroscopy.
The prognostic significance of lymph-vascular space invasion in stage I endometrial cancer

and occurred most frequently in poorly differentiated tumors with deep myometrial penetration. Tumor recurrence developed in 44% of patients whose tumors demonstrated lymph-vascular space invasion as opposed to only 2% of patients without this finding (p < 0.001). Of seven patients with lymph-vascular space invasion who experienced tumor recurrence, five developed extra-pelvic metastases. Discriminant function analysis of these data revealed a statistically significant correlation between lymph-vascular space invasion and tumor recurrence, independent of histologic differentiation of myometrial penetration. These findings suggest that lymph-vascular space invasion by tumor cells is an important prognostic variable in Stage I endometrial cancer which should be considered in treatment planning. Cancer 55:1753-1757, 1985. ARCINOMA OF THE ENDOMETRIIJM remains the C most common invasive gynecologic malignancy in the United States with over 39,000 new cases predicted to be diagnosed during the present year.' Although the majority of endometrial cancer patients present with Stage I disease, a significant number of these patients experience tumor recurrence. In many cases, tumor control is achieved locally but the patient dies of extrapelvic metastases. Much effort has been directed toward the identification of prognostic factors which can be used to define those patients with early stage disease who are at high risk for the development of recurrent cancer. Such factors include age, cell type, histologic differentiation, and myometrial Recent evi
Total Synthesis of Pumiliotoxins 209F and 251D via Late-Stage, Nickel-Catalyzed Epoxide−Alkyne Reductive Cyclization

Pumiliotoxins 209F and 251D were synthesized using highly selective nickel-catalyzed epoxide−alkyne reductive cyclizations as the final step. The exocyclic (Z)-alkene found in the majority of the pumiliotoxins was formed stereospecifically and regioselectively, without the use of a directing group on the alkyne, and the epoxide underwent ring opening exclusively at the less hindered carbon to provide the requisite tertiary alcohol. The epoxides were prepared using diastereoselective addition of a sulfoxonium anion to a proline-derived methyl ketone.