cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary on the Special Issue on Moral Injury: Leveraging Existing Constructs to Test the Heuristic Model of Moral Injury

The literature on moral injury (MI) is currently undermined by the lack of clear boundaries regarding the construct and a dearth of research on the processes by which potentially morally injurious events lead to MI. The heuristic continuum model of moral stressors proposes ways of distinguishing between moral frustrations, moral distress, and MI. In this commentary, we highlight five testable principles that can be derived from the heuristic model and evaluated using well-established constructs. Specifically, we describe meaningful distinctions between guilt and shame and address how these moral emotions can be used to distinguish between moral distress and MI. We also describe the potential role of event-related rumination, shame proneness, and cognitive flexibility in the development of MI following exposure to potentially morally injurious events. We believe that these principles offer critical next steps for the advancement of the MI field and illustrate how MI research can be generalized beyond the military context.
A 57.5–65.5 GHz Phased-Array Transmit Beamformer in 45 nm CMOS SOI With 5 dBm and 6.1% Linear PAE for 400 MBaud 64-QAM Waveforms

This article presents a low-power, high-gain, high-linearity phased-array transmit (Tx) beamformer chip in a 45-nm RFSOI process. An architecture employing a power amplifier with neutralization, a 180° active phase shifter and 11/22/45/90° passive phase shifter result in high linearity and low power consumption. The measured gain is 22 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth of 57.5–65.5 GHz and an ${\mathrm{ OP}}_{1\,{\mathrm{ dB}}}$ and ${\mathrm{ OP}}_{\mathrm{ sat}}$ of 7.5–10 dBm and 9.5–11.5 dBm at 57–64 GHz, respectively. A peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 14.6% and 17.6% at 60 GHz is achieved at $P_{1\,{\mathrm{ dB}}}$ and $P_{\mathrm{ sat}}$ , respectively. The measured rms phase and gain errors are $ and ${\mathrm{ OP}}_{1\,{\mathrm{ dB}}}$ . Complex modulation measurements using a 400 MBaud 64-QAM waveform show an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 5% (−26 dB) at an average power of 5 dBm and with a dc power consumption of only 52 mW, resulting in a linear PAE of 6.1%. Also, 18–20 Gbps data rates are demonstrated with an EVM < 5% (64-QAM) and < 9% (16-QAM) at 60 GHz. To the author’s knowledge, this work achieves state-of-the-art linearity and efficiency for 60-GHz communication systems.
Does Language Make a Difference? A Study of Language Dominance and Inhibitory Control

Although extensive research has been done to compare monolingual and bilingual children’s executive function, there are fewer studies that look at the relation between bilingual children’s languages and executive function. The purpose of this study was two-fold; first, to compare inhibitory control (executive function) in monolingual and bilingual children and second, to determine what vocabulary measure (dominant vs. non-dominant language) was related to inhibitory control in bilingual children. Twenty monolingual (English) and 20 bilingual (English-Spanish) children between the ages of 8 and 12 completed a vocabulary test (in English and Spanish) and an inhibitory control task (the flanker task). Analysis of Covariances (ANCOVAs) revealed no significant differences between monolingual and bilingual children in reaction time (RT) or accuracy in the flanker task after controlling for maternal education. Partial correlations controlling for age showed that English expressive vocabulary (dominant language), but not Spanish, was positively correlated with inhibitory control (larger vocabulary and better inhibitory control), suggesting that bilingual children may use their dominant language to self-regulate over their non-dominant language, increasing the inhibitory control associated to the dominant language.
Cognitive-Enhancing Substances and the Developing Brain: Risks and Benefits

Growing competitiveness in education and workplaces has led to increased interest in cognitive-enhancing substances. Abuse of prescription drugs purported to offer nootropic potential is increasing, and new brands of over-the-counter nootropics are being developed. However, the majority of research into the effectiveness and safety of cognitive-enhancing substances has been performed on adults, and the prefrontal cortex, the brain region in control of higher-order cognitive function, does not finish developing until adulthood, raising concerns that adolescent abuse of cognitive enhancers could result in lasting changes to the brain. In this chapter, we discuss the current trends in cognitive enhancement among adolescents and adults, examine several prescription drugs commonly used or being examined for their potential cognitive-enhancing effects, and discuss the potential risks of each substance. We also discuss the state of over-the-counter nootropics and the lack of reliable research into their efficacy and safety.
Earthquake Source Complexity Controls the Frequency-Dependence of Near-Source Radiation Patterns

The spatial pattern of earthquake ground motion amplitudes is often modeled as arising from a double couple source, a simplified representation that corresponds to shear slip on a planar fault. Thi...
A multifractal wavelet model for positive processes

In this paper, we describe a new multiscale model for characterizing positive-valued and long-range dependent data. The model uses the Haar wavelet transform and puts a constraint on the wavelet coefficients to guarantee positivity, which results in a swift O(N) algorithm to synthesize N-point data sets. We elucidate our model's ability to capture the covariance structure of real data, study its multifractal properties, and derive a scheme for matching it to real data observations. We demonstrate the model's utility by applying it to network traffic synthesis. The flexibility and accuracy of the model and fitting procedure result in a close match to the real data statistics (variance-time plots) and queuing behaviour.
Trainees' perceived knowledge gain unrelated to the training domain: the joint action of impression management and motives

Trainees' knowledge gains represent an important outcome in human resource development. In this research, [the authors] tested a model examining the joint influence of social desirability (impression management, self-deception) and motives (need for power, need for approval) on trainees' self-reported knowledge gain. [The authors] conducted a study with respondents who reported information related to individual differences and took a training program and reported their knowledge gain in domains that were both related and unrelated to the training program. Trainee unrelated knowledge gain was a function of the joint influence of individual predispositions (to impression manage or engage in self-deception) and motives (need for power, approval). [The authors'] findings suggest that impression management and self-deception are insufficient to influence respondents' reports of unrelated knowledge but do yield predictable patterns when examined with respondents' motives. [The authors] discuss these results and implications for human resource development research and practice.
Imaging the unanesthetized rat brain with PET: a feasibility study

The current requirement of anesthesia in PET imaging of animals has undesirable effects on the study of neurological systems and limits the types of studies that can be performed. To enable functional studies of the unanesthetized rat brain, the feasibility of a miniaturized PET tomograph that is secured directly to the head of the rat while allowing collective motion of the head and scanner, has been investigated. The proposed geometry is a septa-less, 4 cm-diameter ring tomograph with an axial extent of 2 cm, that fits between the eyes and ears of a typical laboratory rat, positioning nearly the entire brain within the field of view. This geometry allows a normal posture and can be affixed with techniques currently used to secure microdialysis probes in the rat brain. The proposed detectors are state-of-the-art, but commercially available arrays of 2/spl times/2/spl times/10 mm/sup 3/ LSO crystals and matching avalanche photodiode arrays. A realistic mockup of the scanner weighing 125 g was tested on a rat and tolerated well. Studies have been carried out to estimate the performance characteristics of the proposed scanner, which are compared to those of the rodent microPET systems (UCLA prototype and commercial Concorde scanners). The parallax contribution to the spatial resolution at the edge of the brain can be reduced to microPET levels by using 2 layers of 5 mm-long crystals. Sensitivity, deadtime/countrate capability, scatter, and randoms from activity outside the field of view are estimated to be comparable to the microPET systems as well.
THE RIGHT THING OR A HUMAN RIGHT: RIGHTS, LIBERTIES AND HEALTHCARE REFORM

The recent framing of healthcare as an issue of rights has invigorated public opinion, and given renewed relevance to the opposition between negative and positive liberties in the contemporarydebate. The right to healthcare resources can be interpreted as stemming from “positive” liberty and the right to opt-out or be “left alone” as “negative freedom” (Berlin). In this paper, we will describe how the current American debate on healthcare – with its use of the arguments for and critiques of“negative” liberalism - and has its foil in the trajectory of Swedish healthcare reform. Alluding to both public debates and some of the formative philosophical and political texts surrounding the issue, we will describe how both Swedish and American thinkers have used these two liberalisms to elevate healthcare above mere policy debate to the level of human rights, and how canonical texts are mobilized to justify claims about healthcare. Our goal is to invite further conversation on what is undoubtedly a critical and complex crossroads in the political landscape of both Sweden and the US.
Silent Chromatin Formation and Regulation in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights key findings concerning the assembly of silent chromatin and the regulation of silent chromatin spreading in budding yeast, focusing on the function of Sir proteins in silencing. In particular, the proteins and histone modifications that positively influence silent chromatin formation or restrict silent chromatin spreading are discussed. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( S. cerevisiae ) or budding yeast, silent chromatin is cytologically distinct from heterochromatin in other eukaryotes, but many of the proteins and histone modifications involved are conserved through humans. In particular, the process of silent chromatin formation and its regulation in yeast has led to an increased understanding of how chromosomal position can affect gene expression. Numerous proteins have been implicated in silencing, linking diverse cellular processes to silencing, including cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and DNA replication, among other functions. Sir proteins themselves have also been implicated in other processes, including aging, chromosome stability, DNA repair, and DNA replication. Many recent studies have addressed the establishment and maintenance of silent chromatin and the control of silent chromatin spreading. Histone modifications and histone modifying enzymes have been identified that are required for promoting or restricting silent chromatin spreading.
The effect of estrogen, reserpine, and pregnancy on development of diet-induced atrial thrombosis in mice

Abstract The incidence of atrial thrombosis was studied in four groups of animals which received a high-fat, low-protein, choline-deficient diet. Pregnant animals which received the diet had a 64 per cent incidence of the lesion and pregnant animals which received reserpine plus the diet had a 42 per cent incidence of the lesion. Nonpregnant animals which received the diet only had a 34 per cent incidence of the lesion. Nonpregnant animals which received the diet plus estrogen had a 26 per cent incidence of the lesion.
A Knowledge-Based Approach to Internet Authorizations

This paper proposes a knowledge-based approach to Internet authorizations using Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) based digital certificates and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). First, we introduce several existing access control models. Second, a logic-based policy specification language is given. Third, a policy-driven RBAC is presented. Fourth, a method of automatically assigning roles to users using digital certificates is discussed. Then, the architecture for Internet authorizations is described. Finally, a solution to remote policy enforcement is proposed. We also give the syntax of a role definition language and illustrate it in appendices A and B, respectively.
Do ureteric stent extraction strings affect stent‐related quality of life or complications after ureteroscopy for urolithiasis: a prospective randomised control trial

Objective To determine whether ureteric stent extraction strings affect stent-related quality of life (QoL) or increase complications after ureteroscopy (URS) for stone disease. Patients and Methods In all, 68 patients undergoing URS (October 2011 to May 2013) for stone disease were randomised to receive a ureteric stent with or without an extraction string. Patients completed the Ureteric Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) on postoperative days 1 and 6, and 6 weeks after stent removal. Pain was assessed at stent removal. Adverse events, including early stent removal, stent migration, retained stent, urinary tract infection (UTI), emergency room (ER) visits and postoperative phone calls were monitored. Results There was no difference in stent-related QoL as measured by the USSQ between those with and without a stent extraction string, pain at stent removal between those who pulled their stent independently vs those who underwent cystoscopy for stent removal, or in the rate of UTIs, ER visits or phone calls between groups. Five patients (four female, one male) removed their stent early by inadvertently pulling the string; none required replacement. Patients without a string had a significantly longer period with the postoperative ureteric stent (10.6 vs 6.3 days, P < 0.001). One patient without a stent string retained her ureteric stent for 6 months, which was removed by cystoscopy without incident. Conclusion Ureteric stent extraction strings may offer several advantages without increasing stent-related urinary symptoms, complications, or postoperative morbidity.
CUSUM-Logistic Regression analysis for the rapid detection of errors in clinical laboratory test results.

Abstract Objective The main drawback of the periodic analysis of quality control (QC) material is that test performance is not monitored in time periods between QC analyses, potentially leading to the reporting of faulty test results. The objective of this study was to develop a patient based QC procedure for the more timely detection of test errors. Method Results from a Chem-14 panel measured on the Beckman LX20 analyzer were used to develop the model. Each test result was predicted from the other 13 members of the panel by multiple regression, which resulted in correlation coefficients between the predicted and measured result of > 0.7 for 8 of the 14 tests. A logistic regression model, which utilized the measured test result, the predicted test result, the day of the week and time of day, was then developed for predicting test errors. The output of the logistic regression was tallied by a daily CUSUM approach and used to predict test errors, with a fixed specificity of 90%. Results The mean average run length (ARL) before error detection by CUSUM-Logistic Regression (CSLR) was 20 with a mean sensitivity of 97%, which was considerably shorter than the mean ARL of 53 (sensitivity 87.5%) for a simple prediction model that only used the measured result for error detection. Conclusion A CUSUM-Logistic Regression analysis of patient laboratory data can be an effective approach for the rapid and sensitive detection of clinical laboratory errors.
Bayesian Applications in Marketing

We review applications of Bayesian methods to marketing problems. Key aspects of marketing applications include the discreteness of response or outcome data and relatively large numbers of cross-sectional units, each with possibly low information content. The use of informative priors including hierarchical models is essential for successful Bayesian applications in marketing. Given the importance of the prior, it is important to assure flexibility in the prior specification. Non-standard likelihoods and flexible priors make marketing a very challenging area for Bayesian applications.
An Automated Micromethod for Determination of Serum Glucose, with an Improved o-Toluidine Reagent

An automated method has been developed in which a new o -toluidine reagent is used for the microanalysis of glucose. The reagent is 1.3 times as sensitive as the o -toluidine reagent commonly used in manual procedures. The reagent does not significantly alter the life expectancy of manifold tubing made of polyvinyl chloride. The automation includes a dialysis step and possesses the desirable features of the manual methods, including the greater specificity as compared with methods based on reducing properties. Results of this automated method obey Beer’s law, are very reproducible (the coefficient of variation is approximately 1.5%), and are not significantly different from those obtained manually. The method requires 75 µl of sample.
Ethical Dilemmas in Packaging: Beliefs of Packaging Professionals

Packaging decisions can play a major role in the fulfillment of the moral responsibilities of a firm toward its various stakeholders. In this article the authors discuss and inventory packaging issues, report on a survey of packaging professionals' views regarding the ethicality of several contemporary packaging issues, and identify areas where "ethics gaps" exist.
Problems with causal‐loop diagrams

Founded in the mid-1950s, the field of system dynamics has intellectual roots reaching much further into the past. The Archives section of the Review seeks to publish material from that past which can contribute to current theory and practice. The section welcomes previously unpublished but deserving system dynamics work, classics from past system dynamics literature that should receive renewed attention, and previously published articles from other disciplines of particular significance to current system dynamicists. Contributions emphasizing the philosophy and theory of model building, validation, implementation, education, and generic structures are particularly encouraged. Submissions may range in length from notes to main articles but may be edited. Send suggested material, together with a brief introduction placing it in historical and current contexts, to John D. Sterman, System Dynamics Group, M.I.T. E40-294, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
Silicon Microarray Pin With Selective Hydrophobic Coating

We have recently demonstrated the viability of silicon microarray pins, taking advantage of lithographic and batch processing of silicon micromachining in comparison with conventional and serial processing currently used for commercial pins. The reduced spot size ( 4X in array density), however, made such undesirable needs as preprinting more pronounced. Preprinting, a common practice in microarray printing, drains out the excess liquid formed outside the liquid channel during dipping. In this paper, we describe how surface wettability can be controlled and report its dramatic effect on the printing performance, for the first time. By making the exterior surfaces hydrophobic and the interior surface hydrophilic, the excess liquid outside the liquid channel is eliminated, and the advantages of silicon-micromachined pins are fully exercised.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Perception of nonlinguistic auditory rhythms by the speech hemisphere.

Two groups of right-handed young adults were tested on a series of handedness measures and on dichotic nonverbal rhythmic sequences. Cross-validated multiple regression analysis revealed that all of the cerebral-lateralization/manual-praxis measures were positively related to the degree of left-hemisphere perceptual asymmetry for nonverbal rhythms (Crawford peg, scissor, handwriting, Crawford screws, tracing, total R = .67). Seventeen of the 52 subjects manifested significant (p < .05) left-hemisphere laterality coefficients for the dichotic stimuli. More complex rhythms elicited greater left-hemisphere perceptual preference. The results are discussed in reference to the concept of cerebral lateralization.
Potassium-Induced Cardioplegia in Patients Undergoing Correction of Congenital Heart Defects

Beginning in July 1977, cold potassium-induced cardioplegia has been used in 60 consecutive patients undergoing correction of congenital heart defects in whom the aorta was cross damped. Ages ranged from 4 weeks to 18 years (mean 5.8 years); 40 percent were less than 24 months of age. Surgery included correction of ventricular septal defect (32), tetralogy of Fallot (16), atrioventricular canal (6), transposition of great arteries (1), double outlet right ventricle (1), aortic valvotomy (3), and aortic valve replacement (1). Three patients (2 TOF, 1 AVC) died postoperatively, one most likely due to technical error, and two unexplained. We have been impressed by the incidence of spontaneous defibrillation (75 percent), the decreased need for intraoperative inotropic support (3.3 percent), the normal immediate postoperative cardiac index (mean = 2.85 L/min/M 2 ), as well as by the improved operative exposure provided by this technique.
Delamination and Stitched Failure in Stitched Composite Joints

The effect of stitches on the failure of a single lap joint configuration was determined in a combined experimental and finite element study. The experimental program was conducted to determine debond growth under static monotonic loading. The stitches were shown to delay the initiation of the debond and provide load transfer beyond the load necessary to completely debond the stitched lap joint. The experimentally determined debond length vs. applied load was used as an input parameter in the finite element analysis of both configurations. The strain energy release rates at the debond from were calculated using plate finite elements. Nonlinear fastener elements were used to model the stitches and multipoint constraints were used to model the contact problem. Models of the unstitched configuration showed significant values of modes I and II across the width of the joint and showed that mode III is zero at the centerline but increases near the free edge. Models of the stitched configuration showed that the stitches were effective in reducing mode I to zero, but had less of an effect on modes II and III.
Plasma polymerization of ethylene in an atmospheric pressure-pulsed discharge

The polymerization of ethylene in an atmospheric pressure-pulsed discharge has been studied. Partial pressures of ethylene up to 4 kN/sq m were used with helium as a diluent. Deposition rates (on glass slides) were the same throughout the discharge volume over a wide range of operating conditions. These rates were in the 1-2 A/sec range. The films were clear, soft, and showed good adhesion to the glass substrates. Oligomers large enough to visibly scatter 637.8-nm light were observed in the gas phase under all conditions in which film deposition occurred. The experimental results suggest that Brownian diffusion of these oligomers was the rate-limiting step in the film deposition process.
Two-Dimensional Airfoil Performance Degradation Because of Simulated Freezing Drizzle

Wind-tunnel tests were conducted to determine the performance degradation of a scaled two-dimensional NACA 23012 airfoil (outboard wing section of the Wyoming King Air 200T ) resulting from 1 ) ice because of various liquid hydrometeor sizes, 2 ) simulated drizzle ice roughness, and 3 ) simulated drizzle ice accretions on a model spar strap. The Wyoming King Air is equipped with a Saunders Fail-Safe Spar Strap that protrudes roughly 6 cm below the wing and extends spanwise from just outside both engine nacelles and may collect ice in large drop regions. The wind-tunnel evaluation facilitated quantifying the effects on aircraft performance degradation because of the King Air spar strap. The airfoil evaluations show that the drizzle drop ice shape and simulated drizzle ice roughness resulted in the highest performance degradation. In general, the ice shapes and simulated freezing drizzle roughness increased proe le drag, reduced angle of attack for maximum lift coefe cient, reduced the maximum lift coefe cient, altered the pitching moment, reduced lift over drag ratio, and marginally changed the lift curve slope. These evaluations also show that the most sensitive surface location on an airfoil is on the suction side between 6 and at least 11% of chord. Ice contaminations in this area are beyond the protective de-icing boots of most aircraft and lead to severe degradations in lift and drag characteristics. In addition, these results suggest that an ice-contaminated spar strap will increase King Air drag by approximately 12% at angles of attack consistent with cruise. Furthermore, any ice that forms on the lower surface of the wing, forward of the spar strap, does not signie cantly increase proe le drag.
The emerald isle: Ireland and the clash of Irish and Ulster-British nationalisms

This article will focus on the development of Irish and Ulster-British nationalisms through examining five factors that had the greatest impact on the creation and growth of these nationalisms: the geographic and topographic setting; demographic changes; sociocultural factors; economic and class factors; and the impact of the colonial power. The article will show that nationalism is driven by variables that originate from broader processes extending beyond the national group.
Dietary guidance in heart failure: a perspective on needs for prevention and management

The role that dietary factors play in preventing heart failure (HF) and in improving prognosis is increasingly recognized, indicating a need for well-grounded guidelines that can provide recommendations for daily nutrient intakes. At present, however, the state of dietary guidance is more satisfactory for persons at risk of HF (Stages A and B) than for those with a diagnosis of HF (Stages C and D). For individuals at risk of HF, a good starting point is provided by governmental and professional society guidance directed at dietary management of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. These dietary recommendations are consonant with epidemiologic research suggesting that improving risk factor profiles likely will lower the risk of developing HF. For patients with diagnosed HF, however, little information is available to define optimal nutrient intakes and optimal food patterns. Dietary services have been shown useful in improving clinical outcomes, but nutritional management must be individualized to the patient's needs and must accommodate pharmacologic therapy, multiple co-morbidities, the possible need for nutritional supplements, repeated hospitalizations, salt and fluid retention, voluntary vs. involuntary weight loss, and other nutritional issues relevant to the aged population who comprise the majority of HF patients. Progress in the field will require well-designed clinical investigations addressing nutrient intake, nutrient metabolism, and nutritional status while mindful of the complex pathophysiology of HF.
Comprehensive characterization and RNA-Seq profiling of the HD-Zip transcription factor family in soybean ( Glycine max ) during dehydration and salt stress

The homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factor family is one of the largest plant specific superfamilies, and includes genes with roles in modulation of plant growth and response to environmental stresses. Many HD-Zip genes are characterized in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and members of the family are being investigated for abiotic stress responses in rice (Oryza sativa), maize (Zea mays), poplar (Populus trichocarpa) and cucumber (Cucmis sativus). Findings in these species suggest HD-Zip genes as high priority candidates for crop improvement. In this study we have identified members of the HD-Zip gene family in soybean cv. ‘Williams 82’, and characterized their expression under dehydration and salt stress. Homology searches with BLASTP and Hidden Markov Model guided sequence alignments identified 101 HD-Zip genes in the soybean genome. Phylogeny reconstruction coupled with domain and gene structure analyses using soybean, Arabidopsis, rice, grape (Vitis vinifera), and Medicago truncatula homologues enabled placement of these sequences into four previously described subfamilies. Of the 101 HD-Zip genes identified in soybean, 88 exist as whole-genome duplication-derived gene pairs, indicating high retention of these genes following polyploidy in Glycine ~13 Mya. The HD-Zip genes exhibit ubiquitous expression patterns across 24 conditions that include 17 tissues of soybean. An RNA-Seq experiment performed to study differential gene expression at 0, 1, 6 and 12 hr soybean roots under dehydration and salt stress identified 20 differentially expressed (DE) genes. Several of these DE genes are orthologs of genes previously reported to play a role under abiotic stress, implying conservation of HD-Zip gene functions across species. Screening of HD-Zip promoters identified transcription factor binding sites that are overrepresented in the DE genes under both dehydration and salt stress, providing further support for the role of HD-Zip genes in abiotic stress responses. We provide a thorough description of soybean HD-Zip genes, and identify potential candidates with probable roles in dehydration and salt stress. Expression profiles generated for all soybean genes, under dehydration and salt stress, at four time points, will serve as an important resource for the soybean research community, and will aid in understanding plant responses to abiotic stress.
Deep infiltrating endometriosis of the bowel: MR imaging as a method to predict muscular invasion.

Purpose To evaluate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging morphologic- and signal intensity abnormalities of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) of the bowel wall and to assess its value in predicting depth and extent of bowel wall infiltration.
Translation: Till termination us do part.

Translation of messenger RNA into protein is a complex and intricate process involving several steps and many step-specific protein factors. But one factor — eIF5A — seems to have a hand in every step. Various factors associate with the ribosome to assist in initiation, elongation and termination. Textbook accounts of protein synthesis describe just two universally conserved translation elongation factors — EF-Tu/eEF1A and EF-G/eEF2. Now a study of protein synthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae repositions a factor previously thought to be associated with the initiation process, eIF5A, as a central player in elongation. eIF5A is unusual in that it contains a rare amino acid, hypusine, that is required for its ability to stimulate elongation. Based on the defects observed in the absence of eIF5A, it is proposed that the factor may function with eEF2 in the translocation step.
An experience: combining a project in data base management with modular programming techniques

The process of student registration and the associated tasks of generating accurate class schedules, class roles, and student schedules is an ever increasing problem, particularly at colleges and universities which continue to use the slow 'arena' type registration procedure. One increasingly popular solution to this problem is creation of an on-line student registration system and its accompanying data base. Under such a system, student registration may be spaced over an entire semester or, with the availability of more display terminals, conducted over a time span of several days.This paper describes the development of such a system as a class project in advanced information processing. The purpose of this project was threefold:1. To acquire a working knowledge of a data base management system (in this project, DMS II00).2. To gain experience in the use of structured programming, modular programming and team operation techniques.3. To actually implement an on-line registration system using existing equipment at Mississippi State University and demonstrate its effectiveness to the school registrar and other interested parties.
Theory of the Esaki diode frequency converter

Abstract The small-signal conversion properties of an Esaki (tunnel) diode are represented by a simple two-port conductance matrix whose elements are certain coefficients of the periodic time-dependent diode conductance produced by the local oscillator (pump). Because of the negative slope in the diode I–V characteristic, arbitrarily high conversion gain is possible when certain conditions are satisfied by these coefficients. In terms of these coefficients and other diode parameters, expressions are derived for such useful converter properties as the load conditions necessary for circuit stability, the minimum noise figure, the maximum gain-bandwidth product, the necessary conditions for a positive mixer conductance at the radio frequency (r.f.) and intermediate frequency (i.f.) ports, and the pump loading necessary for self-excitation. It is shown that under proper conditions partial noise cancellation can occur because of correlation effects arising from the nonstationarity of the shot-noise process in the pumped diode. Most of the theoretical results are illustrated by the data obtained from a detailed numerical Fourier analysis applied to an actual high-frequency Esaki diode characteristic. These calculations show that the lowest noise figure and the highest gain-bandwidth product are obtained when the diode is biased in its negative conductance region.
Antiabortion positions and young women's life plans in contemporary Ireland

At a critical time when Ireland's abortion ban faces legal challenges and the number of women obtaining abortions abroad each year continues to climb, some antiabortion advocates have turned their attention toward the social factors that influence women's abortion decision-making. Through an analysis of articles carried in the Irish mainstream and Catholic presses, this article examines how antiabortion advocates since the late 1990s have promoted an "antiabortion, pro-motherhood" message in response to trends that they identify as indicating that Irish reproduction has "gone awry". Antiabortion activists have focused in particular on the life plans of young, middle-class, career-oriented women, many of whom have benefited from increased employment opportunities within Ireland. These women are more likely than young women in past generations to postpone childbearing or opt for abortion in the face of an unwanted pregnancy, and thus, symbolize for antiabortion advocates the devaluation of a "traditional" Irish culture centered on the privileging of motherhood and married family life. This article examines antiabortion ideologies deployed around motherhood, work, and childcare, and argues that antiabortion advocates' "pro-motherhood" campaign fails to adequately respond to the changing realities of young, middle-class Irish women's life opportunities and expectations.
Understanding bone cell biology requires an integrated approach: Reliable opportunities to study osteoclast biology in vivo

The relative simplicity of all in vitro methods to study bone cell biology will at best result in oversimplification of the development and functional capacity of the skeleton in vivo. We have shown this to be true for selected aspects of bone cell biology, but numerous other examples are available. One alternative is to undertake skeletal research in vivo. It is important that those in bone research be willing to move increasingly in this direction not only to understand the true complexities of skeletal versatility, but also to avoid repetition and perpetuation of erroneous or irrelevant conclusions which waste resources. Toward this end we have described two situations, osteopetrosis and tooth eruption, in which reproducible abrogations or local activations of bone resorption can be examined in vivo. The application of emerging molecular and morphological techniques that permit the subcellular dissection of metabolic pathways and their precise cellular localization, such as a combination of the variety of in situ hybridization technologies with PCR, antisense probes, and antibody blockase, will allow the investigator greater control of variables in vivo. We expect that these technologies, largely worked out in vitro, combined with highly selected, appropriate models, as we have ourlined here for osteoclast biology, will make research in vivo less intimidating and increase the frequency with which the real biology is studied directly.
The geometry of the minimum triangular separation functional

Abstract The minimum triangular separation center and measure is used in metrology in testing the “triangularity” of a manufactured object. In this note, the minimum triangular separation measure associated with a planar convex polygon is computed, and the geometry of the functional is illustrated by example.
Functional Approach to Nonlinear Models of Water Flow in Soils. Mathematical Modelling: Theory and Applications, Vol. 21

G. Marinoschi. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 2006. 316 pp. Hardcover. $89.95. ISBN 978-1-4020-4879-1. The title of this book is intended to convey that it is devoted to illustrating the application of abstract methods from functional analysis to problems arising in the modeling of water
Iterative method for learning skills as an efficient outpatient teacher.

ABSTRACT Background We sought to identity the choices and the methods used by ambulatory teachers in a qualitative study, using teacher-intern-patient role plays to improve ambulatory teaching. Methods We used repeated performances of a scripted role play; during each iteration, field notes were taken by the authors. Insights garnered at each iteration were incorporated into the next version of the role play. After 9 iterations, no further insights into outpatient teaching were forthcoming, and our observations were included into a qualitative study. Results The sequence of steps and major choices to be made in an outpatient teaching encounter were delineated. The goals of the initial opening phase were defined as setting a learning climate, gathering information about the case, and assessing the learner’s level of knowledge. Alternatives posed for setting up the second phase of the interaction with the patient included the choice of being a role model or being a “coach.” Three-way conversations between patient, learner, and teacher were described in this phase of the encounter. In the final or summary phase of the encounter, we described the choices between giving a “general rule” for learning, and/or exploring higher-level issues, such as patient-doctor communication skills, medical ethics, or feedback for the learner. Conclusions The sequence of steps involved in an outpatient teaching encounter, were defined, and the major choices to be made in the encounter were described.
Measurement of the renin-angiotensin system in heart failure.

Angiotensin II (ANG II), the effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of heart failure. Therefore, the measurement of ANG II has become important to characterize the role of this neurohormone in heart failure. However, because ANG II has been difficult to measure, other components of the RAS have been measured to characterize ANG II production. The RAS components (e.g., renin, angiotensin I-converting enzyme [ACE], angiotensin II) have been measured with a variety of techniques. In this review, RAS physiology and the techniques used to measure the RAS components are discussed. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the RAS measurement methods are described.
Adolescents in foster care: Factors affecting the worker youth relationship

Abstract This study explores factors in the development of the worker-youth relationships. A successful foster placement often requires a child welfare system that is sensitive to and supportive of the needs of the client and the child protective services worker is a key element of this organization. The worker-client relationship is one means by which the organization fulfills its care giving responsibility and provides necessary feedback to the agency. Data for this study are from a six-month follow-up assessment of 907 adolescents in out-of-home placement under the supervision of the Los Angeles County Department of Children's Services. Those youths likely to have a relationship with their worker were adolescents: a) placed when they were 14 or older; b) those youths who had no change in worker; c) those youths with a problem in only one area of functioning; and d) those youths who expected to remain in touch with their worker after foster care. Implications for child welfare service delivery to foster adolescents and research directions are drawn from these findings.
Is Infants' Learning of Sound Patterns Constrained by Phonological Features?

Phonological patterns in languages often involve groups of sounds rather than individual sounds, which may be explained if phonology operates on the abstract features shared by those groups (Troubetzkoy, 1939/1969; Chomsky & Halle, 1968). Such abstract features may be present in the developing grammar either because they are part of a Universal Grammar included in the genetic endowment of humans (e.g., Hale, Kissock and Reiss, 2006), or plausibly because infants induce features from their linguistic experience (e.g., Mielke, 2004). A first experiment tested 7-month-old infants' learning of an artificial grammar pattern involving either a set of sounds defined by a phonological feature, or a set of sounds that cannot be described with a single feature—an “arbitrary” set. Infants were able to induce the constraint and generalize it to a novel sound only for the set that shared the phonological feature. A second study showed that infants' inability to learn the arbitrary grouping was not due to their inabili...
New Thoughts on Thought Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: Review of Current Research Strategies and Challenges

Psychosis is a frequent nonmotor complication in Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by a broad phenomenology and likely due to a variety of intrinsic (i.e., PD-related) and extrinsic factors. Safe and effective therapies are greatly needed as PD psychosis contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, nursing home placement, and quality of life. Novel research strategies focused on understanding the pharmacology and pathophysiology of PD psychosis, utilizing translational research including animal models, genetics, and neuroimaging, and even looking beyond the dopamine system may further therapeutic advances. This review discusses new research strategies regarding the neurobiology and treatment of PD psychosis and several associated challenges.
Do we need to jump in? A comparison of two survey methods of exotic ascidians on docks

Many ports and marinas contain exotic ascidians, ostensibly because they offer adequate physical habitat and harbour many boats or ships, which are considered important vectors of exotic ascidians. Standardized quantitative sampling of these habitats would be useful to assess exotic ascidian presence and abundance, as well as for more detailed ecological studies. In this paper two methods for sampling exotic ascidians are compared using data from nine marinas along the Olympic Peninsula and Upper Puget Sound, Washington, U.S.A. One method is considerably less expensive, drier and easier: it consists of laying a simple grid over the side of the floating dock from the surface, with species identity and abundance being measured on the spot. The other method involves swimming underneath marina floating docks, taking standardized digital photographs and analyzing the photographs later. Differences between these two methods might be expected because the environment sampled, the underneath versus the sides of floating docks, is slightly different, especially with respect to light. However, this study finds that both methods observed almost identical presence/absence patterns for exotic ascidians and, at least for the two most common exotics Botrylloides violaceus and Diplosoma listerianum, observed similar abundance trends across sites. Further analyses show that, while there are differences in the overall communities observed by the two methods, community patterns are correlated. Overall, this study finds that the easier surveys of the sides of floating docks are as effective for rapid assessment of exotic species presence/absence and relative abundance as those of the undersides of floating docks.
Hysteresis in the Adsorption of Water Vapour by Wheat

THE water-vapour adsorption isotherm for wheat has been measured by several workers1, 2, 3. These measurements have been made under similar conditions; the wheat, which was initially at a moisture content corresponding to average storage conditions (˜13·5 per cent of dry weight), was exposed to a series of atmospheres maintained at definite relative humidities. The equilibrium was attained in all measurements from a relatively high moisture content, and no attempt was made to study the phenomenon at extremely low relative humidities. In particular, no distinction was made between adsorption and desorption, so that it was not clear whether hysteresis was present or not.
Decision Support-Related Resource Presence and Availability Awareness for DSS in Pervasive Computing Environments

Over the last 10 years, pervasive computing environments and mobile networks have become extremely popular. Despite the many end user benefits of pervasive computing, the intrinsic instability and context ambiguities of these environments pose impediments to data-oriented decision support systems. In pervasive computing environments where users, systems, and computing resources are distributed or mobile, the online or â€œavailableâ€ state of decision support-related resources may be intermittent or delayed. Awareness or knowledge of these resourcesâ€™ online presence and availability can affect the decision making process. This article discusses issues related to data-driven decision support systems (DSS) in pervasive computing environments (PCE) and demonstrates that a decision makerâ€™s awareness of online status and availability can improve decision outcomes. A model for extending DSS resource presence and availability awareness to decision makers is presented and the impact of this knowledge on decision outcomes is evaluated using a management problem simulation.
University of Washington Transition School: College Preparation and Teaching for Transformation

Transition School is a Special School like no other—seventh- or eighth-grade students prepare not only for their 1st year of college in one classroom for one academic year but they also transform t...