cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Relations Are About Relations! The Power of Networks in the Study of International Politics

Networks of Nations: The Evolution, Structure, and Impact of International Networks, 1816–2001. By Zeev Maoz, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 448 pp. $41.00 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0-521-12457-7). Few books in International Relations (IR) end up having a lasting impact over time, and even fewer have resonance beyond political science. Networks of Nations is one such book. This is an ambitious work of great breadth and scope. Although it centers on conflict and security, the book offers an extensive network theory of international politics which subsumes the most widely used theories in the field—realism, liberalism, and constructivism—and which spans across many issue areas. In addition, Networks of Nations provides an overview of social network analysis (SNA) as a methodology and introduces new network analytical techniques. Professor Maoz's work represents the coronation of his decade-long research program on the study of international networks and a springboard for future research (Maoz, Kuperman, Terris, and Talmud 2005; Maoz 2006, 2012; Maoz, Terris, Kuperman, and Talmud 2006, 2007). The study of networks in society and politics is the study of relations among social actors. Despite being about relations among international actors, IR as a discipline is surprisingly a latecomer to the adoption of SNA (Hafner-Burton, Kahler, and Montgomery 2009). Professor Maoz has been at the forefront of the movement toward the adoption of SNA for the study of international dynamics. As he acknowledges in the introduction to Networks of Nations , this has often been a thankless task. Early efforts have been met with undue skepticism by diffident reviewers, often untrained in network methodologies. Contrary to the rationalistic perspectives dominating in the field, network approaches offer a structural view of social and international phenomena and are based on the idea that actors influence and are, in turn, influenced by the social structures in which they are immersed. However, traditional IR theories and social network approaches are not incompatible. Networks of Nations ' main claim is that “international …
Variational theory of hot nucleon matter. II. Spin-isospin correlations and equation of state of nuclear and neutron matter

We apply the variational theory for fermions at finite temperature and high density, developed in an earlier paper, to symmetric nuclear matter and pure neutron matter. This extension generalizes to finite temperatures, the many body technique used in the construction of the zero temperature Akmal-Pandharipande-Ravenhall equation of state. We discuss how the formalism can be used for practical calculations of hot dense matter. Neutral pion condensation along with the associated isovector spin longitudinal sum rule is analyzed. The equation of state is calculated for temperatures less than 30 MeV and densities less than three times the saturation density of nuclear matter. The behavior of the nucleon effective mass in medium is also discussed.
Just awful enough: the functional dysfunction of the something awful forums

The Something Awful Forums (SAF) is an online community comprised of a loosely connected federation of forums, united in a distinctive brand of humor with a focus on the quality of member contributions. In this case study we find that the site has sustained success while deviating from common conventions and norms of online communities. Humor and the quality of content contributed by SAF members foster practices that seem counterintuitive to the development of a stable and thriving community. In this case study we show how design decisions are contextual and inter-dependent and together these heuristics create a different kind of online third place that challenges common practices.
Profiler Contributions to Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Ground Validation Field Campaigns

Abstract Doppler radar profilers are widely used for routine measurement of wind, especially in the lower troposphere. The same profilers with minor modifications are useful tools for precipitation research. Specifically, the profilers are now increasingly being used to explore the structure of precipitating cloud systems and to provide calibration and validation of other instruments used in precipitation research, including scanning radars and active and passive satellite-borne sensors. A vertically directed profiler is capable of resolving the vertical structure of precipitating cloud systems that pass overhead. Standard profiler measurements include reflectivity, reflectivity-weighted Doppler velocity, and spectral width. This paper presents profiler observations of precipitating cloud systems observed during Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Ground Validation field campaigns. The observations show similarities and differences between convective systems observed in Florida; Brazil; and Kwajale...
A Quasi-Lagrangian Study of the Barotropic Jet Stream.

Abstract A quasi-Lagrangian formulation for an inviscid barotropic fluid is presented and shown to afford a convenient basis for analysis of certain ageostrophic jet flows. Material fines serve as the references to delineate the north-south variations in the fluid, and Eulerian representation is used in the east west direction. Several desirable features are shown for the use of material lines in this manner. First, by orienting the lines approximately parallel to the jet axis, flows with finite horizontal curvature may be represented simply. This is illustrated by a development with east-west variations represented by only two harmonies and a mean. The solution of this semi-spectra model agrees closely with a non-spectral numerical solution for over three days. Second, the Lagrangian movement of the material lines gives an indication of non-linear adjustment motions and demonstrates a mixing in the fluid.
MODULATING THE CORTICOSTERONE STRESS RESPONSE: A MECHANISM FOR BALANCING INDIVIDUAL RISK AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN ARCTIC-BREEDING SPARROWS?

Abstract Modulation of the adrenocortical stress response with respect to the degree of parental activity was investigated in three Arctic-breeding species of songbirds faced with limited opportunities to breed. The hypothesis that the strength of the response can be lowered when reproductive effort or investment is greatest was tested by measuring the adrenocortical response to handling stress during two breeding stages that represented different levels of reproductive effort (i.e. before young were present [preparental] and while feeding nestlings [parental]). Comparisons of the corticosterone stress response (baseline at capture and subsequent samples 5, 10, 30, and 60 min after capture) were made within and between both sexes of American Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea), White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), and Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) breeding above the Arctic Circle at Toolik Lake, Alaska. In general, body mass and baseline corticosterone did not differ betw...
Selective development of anticorrelated networks in the intrinsic functional organization of the human brain

We examined the normal development of intrinsic functional connectivity of the default network brain regions typically deactivated for attention-demanding tasks as measured by resting-state fMRI in children, adolescents, and young adults ages 8-24 years. We investigated both positive and negative correlations and employed analysis methods that allowed for valid interpretation of negative correlations and that also minimized the influence of motion artifacts that are often confounds in developmental neuroimaging. As age increased, there were robust developmental increases in negative correlations, including those between medial pFC MPFC and dorsolateral pFC DLPFC and between lateral parietal cortices and brain regions associated with the dorsal attention network. Between multiple regions, these correlations reversed from being positive in children to negative in adults. Age-related changes in positive correlations within the default network were below statistical threshold after controlling for motion. Given evidence in adults that greater negative correlation between MPFC and DLPFC is associated with superior cognitive performance, the development of an intrinsic anticorrelation between MPFC and DLPFC may be a marker of the large growth of working memory and executive functions that occurs from childhood to young adulthood.
Instrumental Techniques for Measuring Quality of Agricultural Crops

Many instrumental techniques have been developed for measuring the quality of agricultural products. However, instrumentation specialists often feel frustrated in this effort because quality as related to agricultural products is difficult to define in terms of physical parameters which can be readily quantified. In general, it is the chemical composition of the product which really determines the quality, but most often, we define the quality by our senses of sight, touch, or smell, rather than by the composition. It has been our experience that it is much easier to develop techniques to measure composition than it is to measure quality. Therefore, this paper will concentrate on the measurement of composition as a means of indicating quality. Spectrophotometry by transmission, reflectance, and fluorescence offers the best technology for instrumental measurement of composition, so we will examine the visible and near-infrared region of the spectrum for this purpose.
Reactions of H3O+(H2O)n with Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde

Rate constants were measured as a function of temperature for the reactions of H3O+(H2O)0-4 with CH3CHO and H3O+(H2O)0-5 with CH2O. The CH3CHO reactions all occur at the collision rate to within th...
Mass of Ne 16

The mass of $^{16}\mathrm{Ne}$ has been measured using the $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$($^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $^{8}\mathrm{He}$)$^{16}\mathrm{Ne}$ reaction. The $Q$ value of the reaction was determined to be -60.197\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.023 MeV, which corresponds to a mass excess of 23.984\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.024 MeV. The weighted average of this result with two previous measurements yields a mass excess of 23.994\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.020 MeV. This value is in reasonable agreement with the quadratic isobaric multiplet mass equation. The four parameter isobaric multiplet mass equation suggests a cubic or quartic coefficient of 4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 keV for the $A=16$ multiplet.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{20}\mathrm{Ne}$($^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $^{8}\mathrm{He}$)$^{16}\mathrm{Ne}$. Measured $^{16}\mathrm{Ne}$ mass. Deduced coefficients of the isobaric multiplet mass equation for the $A=16$ quintet.
Characterizing the Structural Behavior of Selected Aβ-42 Monomers with Different Solubilities

The conformational behavior of the wild-type amyloid β-42 (Aβ-42) monomer and two of its mutants was explored via all-atom replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent, to identify structural features that may promote or deter early-stage oligomerization. The markers used for this purpose indicate that while the three peptides are relatively flexible they have distinct preferential structures and degree of rigidity. In particular, we found that one mutant that remains in the monomeric state in experiments displays a characteristic N-terminal structure that significantly enhances its rigidity. This finding is consistent with various studies that have detected a reduction in oligomerization frequency and Aβ-related toxicity upon sequence-specific antibody or ligand binding to the N-terminal tail of wild-type monomers, likely leading to the stabilization of this region. In general, our results highlight a potential role of the N-terminal segment on Aβ oligomerization and give insights into specific interactions that may be responsible for promoting the pronounced structural changes observed upon introducing point mutations on the wild-type Aβ-42 peptide.
0321 Neurologic and reproductive effects of solvents on automotive repair workers: Assessment of Exposure for the Bay Area Solvent Study (BASS)0321 Neurologic and reproductive effects of solvents on automotive repair workers: Assessment of Exposure for the Bay Area Solvent Study (BASS)

Objectives To evaluate solvent exposures of automotive repair workers and investigate associated neurologic and reproductive effects. Method Industrial hygienists conducted site-visits, air measurements, and interviews to prepare questions about task frequency, work practices, and products. Participants were recruited from IAMAW. Clinical exams evaluated peripheral neuropathy, neurocognition, colour discrimination, time to pregnancy, and urinary reproductive hormonal metabolites. Results The 835 participants examined at the BASS clinic had worked over 3000 jobs at 1952 shops. Algorithms were developed to estimate individual solvent exposures in each year by integrating self-reported task frequency with MSDSs, measured and modelled airborne concentrations and dermal absorption. Major temporal changes occurred in source of exposures, e.g., solvent tanks accounted for 71% of solvent exposures in the 1960s, 30% in 2000–04, but only 7% in 2005–2012; concomitantly, exposures from aerosol cans rose from 23% to 64% then 84%, while composition changed dramatically, notably for hexane and perchloroethylene. Hexane was not used prior to 1989 and was eliminated from most products after 2000, when peripheral neuropathy was reported among automechanics. 52% of the automechanics were exposed to hexane for a mean of 5.3 (0.1–12) years, and 80% of these had concomitant exposure to acetone, which potentiates neurologic effects of hexane in rodents. Cumulative hexane exposures were low: mean= 78.1 mg/m 3 years (TLV = 176 mg/m 3 ). Conclusions Work histories were more complex than indicated in the pilot of 39 mechanics. Exposures were significantly affected by temporal trends in cleaning methods, composition of materials, and work practices. Epidemiologic studies must account for these changes.
Rare case of Central Nervous System invasion of Mantle Cell Lymphoma with serial negative magnetic resonances: Case report and Literature review. (P3.146)

OBJECTIVE: To present an unusual case of mantle cell lymphoma with central nervous system (CNS) involvement with unremarkable brain imaging. BACKGROUND: Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) is a rare type of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL), with even rarer frequency of CNS involvement. When detected, MCL is usually seen at advanced stages (III and IV) and invariably evident on imaging. DESIGN/ METHODS: Case report and literature review. RESULTS: We present a unique case of a 65 year old white woman diagnosed with Stage 4A Kappa restricted B Cell MCL, managed on Wisconsin Regimen (Hyper CVAD: Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Adriamycin, Dexamethasone) who presented with acute onset of double vision, skew deviation of the eyes, left eye ptosis, right horizontal gaze palsy, right facial droop, dysarthria and dysphagia two months after the lymphoma diagnosis. CNS invasion of MCL was suspected on the basis of clinical features and advanced cancer history. Patient underwent serial contrast enhanced magnetic resonances but none of them revealed any abnormalities. Lumbar puncture showed an exaggerated lymphocytic pleocytosis (white cell count of 1681) with mildly elevated proteins of 56 and normal glucose. Cytology later showed the presence of mantle cells on CSF analysis. An Ommaya reservoir was placed immediately after this diagnosis for intrathecal administration of methotrexate and cytarabine, which is a standard therapy for this condition. Patient eventually died from this devastating entity. CONCLUSION: To the best of our knowledge there are no other cases in the literature that has shown mantle cell lymphoma with CNS involvement, and negative imaging studies. In this case, the diagnosis was confirmed by CSF analysis. We propose the idea of screening CSF analysis, when the clinical suspicion is high, in any patient with advance lymphoma despite normal finding on neuroimaging, even if likelihood of CNS involvement may be low. Disclosure: Dr. Then has nothing to disclose. Dr. Patel has nothing to disclose.
Advance in the research and clinical application of new anticoagulants

The new anticoagulants are developed rapidly.In this article,we reviewed the mechanism and pharmacology of these agents,outlined their potential strengths and weaknesses,and described the results of clinical trials of these new drugs.
Who Really Bowls Alone? Cities, Suburbs, and Social Time in the United States:

One potential consequence of suburbanization is weaker social connectedness. Based on data from the 2003 to 2013 American Time Use Surveys, this research uses difference of means t-tests, propensit...
Erythropoietin production in exhypoxic polycythemic mice

Our present study was undertaken to determine the serum erythropoietin concentration (radioimmunoassay), hematocrit, red cell mass, and body weight of mice exposed to hypoxia in a hypobaric chamber...
Same-Day Discharge After Treatment with the Pipeline Embolization Device Using Monitored Anesthesia Care

Objective The Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) has been used and shown to be safe under monitored anesthesia care (MAC). We present the results of the first study, to our knowledge, assessing the safety and feasibility of same-day discharge in patients undergoing treatment with the PED, using MAC. Methods A total of 130 patients with 143 cerebral aneurysms (CAs) were identified. Patients were treated under MAC with the PED. All of the patients were counseled preoperatively about the elective nature of the procedure and the same-day discharge. Results The mean age of the participants was 60.7 ± 12.12 years. Men constituted 27.69% (36/130) of the population. The number of procedures was 138. All of our patients elected to return home the same day, whereas only 6.15% (8/130) of them changed their mind in the postoperative setting and elected to stay overnight out of convenience (late discharge, patient preference, or living alone at home). Overall discharge home on the same day occurred after 90.6% of procedures (125/138) and in 91.53% (119/130) of the patients. All same-day discharges took place within 4–6 hours after the procedures. The rate of major complications was 0.75% (1/134). The mortality rate was 0%. Conclusions PED treatment under MAC is feasible and safe. This has brought forth an era of outpatient treatment of CAs where patients are discharged home 6 hours after the procedure.
Unfolding of hirudin characterized by the composition of denatured scrambled isomers.

The native core structure of hirudin, a thrombin specific inhibitor, contains 24 hydrogen bonds, two stretches of β-sheet and three disulfide bonds. Hirudin unfolds in the presence of denaturant and thiol catalyst by shuffling its native disulfide bonds and converting to scrambled structures that consist of 11 identified isomers. The composition of scrambled isomers, which characterizes the structure of denatured hirudin, varies as a function of denaturing conditions. The unfolding pathway of hirudin has been constructed by quantitative analysis of scrambled isomers unfolded under increasing concentrations of various denaturants. The results demonstrate a progressive expansion of the polypeptide chain and the existence of a structurally defined stable intermediate along the pathway of unfolding.
An outer bound to the admissible source region of broadcast channels with arbitrarily correlated sources and channel variations

In this paper we apply the ldquopotential function methodrdquo introduced by the authors in [5] and [6] to prove an outer bound on the admissible source region of an arbitrarily varying general broadcast channel with arbitrarily correlated sources. We are not aware of any previous work discussing any interesting outer bounds on the admissible source region of the general broadcast channel either when the sources are allowed to be arbitrarily correlated, the channel is allowed to vary arbitrarily, or both. Specializing by removing the variability of the channel and assuming independent sources, our outer bound reduces to one that is included inside the region defined by Liang, Kramer and Shamai, a recent outer bound on the capacity region of the traditional broadcast channel [12]. We don't know if the inclusion is strict. The arbitrarily varying channel aspect of our bound is rather superficial; the main interest is in the arbitrarily correlated source part.
Synthesis and pre-clinical evaluation of a new class of high-affinity 18F-labeled PSMA ligands for detection of prostate cancer by PET imaging.

Purpose Current clinical imaging of PSMA-positive prostate cancer by positron emission tomography (PET) mainly features 68Ga-labeled tracers, notably [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC. The longer half-life of fluorine-18 offers significant advantages over Ga-68, clinically and logistically. We aimed to develop high-affinity PSMA inhibitors labeled with fluorine-18 as alternative tracers for prostate cancer.
Basic Factors Affecting the Land/Freshwater Versus the Sea Option for Waste Disposal

The air, land, and water are tied together in one system, so that actions taken toward one will impact on the others. But not all three are equally productive, nor are all three as easily polluted. The vast ocean does not provide much food to man, compared with the land, nor does it appear that its yield can be greatly increased in the near future. The land not only provides most of our food, fibers, and building materials, but it covers, shields and stores the most precious resource of all, the freshwater. Because of the bounty of the land and its role in the freshwater cycle, I argue for more protection for the land and less for the sea. Gravity cleanses the air and the sea, and most natural processes carry contaminants into the ocean. The ocean is, and always has been. Nature’s trash basket. Its special properties may help man solve his disposal problems, with little environmental costs.
Factors predicting cancer detection in biopsy of the prostatic fossa after radical prostatectomy

Abstract Objectives. To determine whether the results of anastomotic biopsy for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after radical prostatectomy could be predicted by either PSA, PSA velocity, digital rectal examination (DRE), transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), or the interval from prostatectomy to biopsy. Methods. TRUS with biopsy of the anastomosis was performed for 91 postprostatectomy patients who had either an abnormal DRE or detectable PSA (greater than 0.2 ng/mL). The biopsy results were correlated with the findings of DRE, TRUS, PSA, PSA velocity, interval to PSA recurrence, and with the pathologic stage. Results. Of 131 examinations, there were 50 positive biopsy specimens for a detection rate of 38%. Of 34 patients with PSA 1.0 ng/mL or less, 8 (24%) had positive biopsy ( P = 0.02). A negative DRE lowered (but did not eliminate) the probability of a positive biopsy. Of 100 patients with normal DRE, 28 (28%) had positive biopsy. None of the 11 patients with a negative DRE and a PSA of 0.5 ng/mL or less had a positive biopsy ( P = 0.02). The mean interval between prostatectomy and biopsy was significantly greater in patients who had a positive biopsy (45 ± 39) than in patients with a negative biopsy (27 ± 21) ( P = 0.001). The pathologic stage, Gleason score, and PSA velocity were not helpful in predicting the results of biopsy. Conclusions. Although patients with a negative DRE can have a positive biopsy and patients with a PSA of 1.0 ng/mL or less can have a positive biopsy, no patient with a negative DRE and a PSA of 0.5 ng/mL or less has a positive biopsy.
Quantitative ionization chamber alignment to a water surface: Theory and simulation.

Purpose To examine the response properties of cylindrical cavity ionization chambers (ICs) in the depth-ionization buildup region so as to obtain a robust chamber-signal—based method for definitive water surface identification, hence absolute ionization chamber depth localization. Method & Materials An analytical model with simplistic physics and geometry is developed to explore the theoretical aspects of ionization chamber response near a phantom water surface. Monte Carlo simulations with full physics and ionization chamber geometry are utilized to extend the model's findings to realistic ion chambers in realistic beams and to study the effects of IC design parameters on the entrance dose response. Design parameters studied include full and simplified IC designs with varying central electrode thickness, wall thickness, and outer chamber radius. Piecewise continuous fits to the depth-ionization signal gradient are used to quantify potential deviation of the gradient discontinuity from the chamber outer radius. Exponential, power, and hyperbolic sine functional forms are used to model the gradient for chamber depths of zero to the depth of the gradient discontinuity. Results The depth-ionization gradient as a function of depth is maximized and discontinuous when a submerged IC's outer radius coincides with the water surface. We term this depth the gradient chamber alignment point (gCAP). The maximum deviation between the gCAP location and the chamber outer radius is 0.13 mm for a hypothetical 4 mm thick wall, 6.45 mm outer radius chamber using the power function fit, however, the chamber outer radius is within the 95% confidence interval of the gCAP determined by this fit. gCAP dependence on the chamber outer radius is possible, but not at a clinically relevant level. Conclusions The depth-ionization gradient has a discontinuity and is maximized when the outer-radius of a submerged IC coincides with the water surface. This feature can be used to auto-align ICs to the water surface at the time of scanning and/or be applied retrospectively to scan data to quantify absolute IC depth. Utilization of the gCAP should yield accurate and reproducible depth calibration for clinical depth-ionization measurements between setups and between users. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Patterns of Adolescents’ Romantic Activities: Associations with Psychosocial Adjustment

Using data on 15 year-old adolescents’ (N = 770) romantic socializing, dating, and romantic relationships, we identified four clusters of romantic involvement: abstaining (9.2% of adolescents), socializing with relationships (20.3% of adolescents), socializing with dating (20.8% of adolescents), and socializing (49.7% of adolescents). We then tested if depressive symptoms, externalizing behavior, or social dissatisfaction differed between adolescents in the different romantic involvement clusters. Externalizing behavior and social dissatisfaction, but not depressive symptoms, differed between the clusters. Adolescents in the abstaining or socializing clusters reported less externalizing behavior than those in the other two clusters. Adolescents in the abstaining cluster reported greater social dissatisfaction than those in the other three clusters, which did not differ from each other. Finally, we found that gender did not moderate the associations between youths’ pattern of romantic involvement and their psychosocial adjustment.
Troubled Divisions of Labor: Race, Identification, and Rhetorical Activity in the 1964 Freedom Summer Project

In 1964, the Student Nonviolence Coordinating Committee (SNCC), a predominantly Black civil rights organization, recruited hundreds of volunteers, mostly white college students, to work with them i...
Percutaneous Image-Guided Biopsy of the Pancreas

Percutaneous image-guided biopsy of the pancreas is a safe, effective, efficient, and minimally invasive way to obtain samples for pathological diagnosis of pancreatic mass lesions. The myriad of diseases that can involve the pancreas require different therapies. Therefore, pathological diagnosis is key. With proper imaging resources and techniques, most mass lesions of the pancreas that are visible on cross-sectional imaging can be approached safely and accurately percutaneously under either computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound guidance. These lesions may be accessed through anterior, posterior, and/or lateral approaches depending upon their proximity to the anticipated skin puncture site, and the presence or absence of intervening structures. While the ideal percutaneous route to any pancreatic target lesion is the one that has no vital structures in its path, methods and tools exist to make even the most seemingly obstructed paths to pancreatic targets navigable. Once accessed, the targets may be sampled by either fine-needle aspiration or core needle biopsy. The alternatives to percutaneous image-guided biopsy of the pancreas include open (surgical) biopsy and endoscopic ultrasound-guided (EUS) biopsy. Percutaneous image-guided biopsy poses less risk to the patient than open biopsy and has been shown to be as accurate as EUS biopsy with an even lower complication rate.
The Demand for Immigration to the United States

This paper examines trends and cross-national variation in the active demand for immigration to the United States in the period of 1984–1993, using data from the Visa Office and various other sources. The analysis is restricted to legal immigration in numerically limited categories. The results show that the total number of active immigrant visa applicants steadily increased in the aggregate and in each of the preference categories. Moreover, the active demand for immigration was highly skewed, with the majority of applications coming from a dozen countries: Mexico, the Philippines, India, mainland China, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Jamaica, Hong Kong, and Pakistan. Most of these highly-backlogged countries displayed a significant increase in the growth rate of demand for immigration. The paper also shows a substantial cross-national variation in the active demand for immigration and explores its structural determinants. The regression results indicate that the level of economic development in sending countries and U.S. economic and cultural relations with sending countries play important roles in the determination process. Policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
Exploring the Effects of Imitating Hand Gestures and Head Nods on L1 and L2 Mandarin Tone Production

Purpose This study investigated the impact of metaphoric actions—head nods and hand gestures—in producing Mandarin tones for first language (L1) and second language (L2) speakers. Method In 2 exper...
Studies in the Genus Dyschoriste (Acanthaceae): I. Plants of Northern Mexico, Texas to Arizona

Abstract: A systematic treatment of Dyschoriste (Acanthaceae) of northern Mexico, Arizona, and Texas is provided. The taxa show few unique characteristics; taxonomy is largely based on differences in vestiture and growth habit; intergradation is widespread. Five species are recognized: (1) D. schiedeana with four intergrading varieties, var. schiedeana, var. cinerascens, var. decumbens, and var. prostrata, of central-northern Mexico north to trans-Pecos Texas and Arizona; (2) D. linearis var. linearis and var. sanpatriciensis of Texas; (3) D. crenulata, of the Big Bend area and southmost Texas and adjacent Mexico; (4) D. poliodes var. poliodes, var. obispoensis, and var. glabra; and (5) D. greenmanii of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas. Keys and descriptions are provided.
In-situ X-ray observations of ultrasound-induced explosive decomposition

Abstract High-strain mechanical loading of polymer-bonded explosives can produce significant stress concentrations due to microstructural heterogeneities, resulting in localized thermal “hot spots”. Ultrasound produces similar effects and has been proposed as a tool to study the thermomechanical interactions related to explosive initiation. Detailed observations of the processes governing the generation of heat in these materials are severely lacking, yet they are vital for identifying salient physics, improving the modeling tools used to predict mechanical response, improving explosives safety, and providing insight into the initiation mechanisms of explosion. Here we report on high-speed, high-resolution in-situ observations, obtained via synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging and diffraction, of the heating and decomposition of an explosive material under ultrasonic excitation. We demonstrate that interfacial friction is a dominant heating mechanism and can lead to a violent reaction in the explosive particles. Furthermore, sub-surface particle temperatures are estimated via diffraction.
Episodic and Chronic Migraine in Primary Care.

OBJECTIVE To inform migraine care model development by assessing differences between patients with chronic migraine (CM) and episodic migraine (EM) in the current state of treatment, disability, patient satisfaction, and quality improvement opportunities. BACKGROUND Efficient and focused use of scarce resources will be needed to address challenges within large populations of migraine patients. METHODS We deployed a cross-sectional survey study of randomly selected migraine patients within a community primary care practice. RESULTS There were 516 survey respondents (516/1804 [30%] response rate). CM patients were more likely than EM patients to report care from a neurologist (76/110 [69%] vs 229/406 [56%]; P = .0026), and higher disability according to the Migraine Disability Assessment and Headache Impact Test - 6 questionnaires (P < .0001). CM patients were less likely than EM patients to report overall satisfaction with care (16/110 [38%] vs 156/406 [66%], P = .0002), satisfaction with access to care (17/110 [33%] vs 176/406 [68%], P < .0001), and advice they needed (16/110 [31%] vs 160/406 [62%], P < .0001). Most patients with migraine had been offered triptan medications 377/516 (78%). Overall, 156/516 (31%) of individuals were currently taking any medication for migraine prevention, and 208/516 (40%) including botulinum toxin injections. CM patients were more likely to be taking preventive medication (39/110 [36%] vs 117/406 [29%], P = .0191) and report familiarity with the diagnosis of medication-overuse headache than patients with EM (80/110 [81%] vs 256/406 [69%], P = .0178). CONCLUSIONS We observed differences between patients with chronic and EM and expected care delivery improvement opportunities for migraine patients in primary care. CM patients report higher levels of disability and less satisfaction with access to perceived needed medical advice and care. These findings support the need to further develop and study novel care models to efficiently and effectively deliver high-quality care and expertise in limited supply to a diverse migraine population.
Deep residual network for off-resonance artifact correction with application to pediatric body MRA with 3D cones.

PURPOSE To enable rapid imaging with a scan time-efficient 3D cones trajectory with a deep-learning off-resonance artifact correction technique. METHODS A residual convolutional neural network to correct off-resonance artifacts (Off-ResNet) was trained with a prospective study of pediatric MRA exams. Each exam acquired a short readout scan (1.18 ms ± 0.38) and a long readout scan (3.35 ms ± 0.74) at 3 T. Short readout scans, with longer scan times but negligible off-resonance blurring, were used as reference images and augmented with additional off-resonance for supervised training examples. Long readout scans, with greater off-resonance artifacts but shorter scan time, were corrected by autofocus and Off-ResNet and compared with short readout scans by normalized RMS error, structural similarity index, and peak SNR. Scans were also compared by scoring on 8 anatomical features by two radiologists, using analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey's test and two one-sided t-tests. Reader agreement was determined with intraclass correlation. RESULTS The total scan time for long readout scans was on average 59.3% shorter than short readout scans. Images from Off-ResNet had superior normalized RMS error, structural similarity index, and peak SNR compared with uncorrected images across ±1 kHz off-resonance (P < .01). The proposed method had superior normalized RMS error over -677 Hz to +1 kHz and superior structural similarity index and peak SNR over ±1 kHz compared with autofocus (P < .01). Radiologic scoring demonstrated that long readout scans corrected with Off-ResNet were noninferior to short readout scans (P < .05). CONCLUSION The proposed method can correct off-resonance artifacts from rapid long-readout 3D cones scans to a noninferior image quality compared with diagnostically standard short readout scans.
Connecting the Dots: Finding Continuity Across Visuospatial Tasks and Development.

The study of cognition and its development has long been partitioned into sub-domains, with different tasks designed to assess different constructs and for use during different developmental periods. A central challenge is to understand how a single cognitive system organizes itself across the many contexts and developmental periods in which we study it. This paper takes a step toward tackling this challenge through a theoretical review of simulations of a dynamic neural field (DNF) model of visuospatial cognitive development. The DNF model simulates basic neurocognitive processes of encoding, maintenance, and long-term memory formation that are coupled to different behavioral systems to generate behaviors required across different tasks used with different age groups. The model simulations reviewed here were initially focused on explaining performance in specific experimental conditions within a developmental period. This paper brings to the forefront the larger theoretical goal to understand how a set of basic neurocognitive processes can underlie performance in a wide array of contexts. This review connects behavioral signatures and developmental phenomena from spatial cognition, infant visual exploration, and capacity limits in visual working memory into a single theoretical account of the development of basic visuospatial cognitive processes. Our synthesis yielded three new insights not evident when considering the model simulations in isolation. First, we identified behavior as an emergent product of the neurocognitive processes at work in the model, task context, and development. Second, we show the role of stability of perceptual and memory representations to support behavior within a task and across development. Third, we highlight continuity of ongoing real-time processes at work within and across tasks and over development.
Identifying Disadvantaged Groups for Cochlear Implantation: Demographics from a Large Cochlear Implant Program.

Objective:To identify demographic predictors of patients undergoing cochlear implantation evaluation and surgery.Methods:Consecutive adult patients between 2009 and 2018 who underwent cochlear impl...
Testing distance stereoacuity with the Frisby–Davis 2 (FD2)

PURPOSE: To develop a presentation protocol for the new Frisby-Davis 2 (FD2) distance stereoacuity test. DESIGN: Prospective data collection. METHODS: Stereoacuity was tested monocularly and binocularly in 95 patients with a variety of strabismic and nonstrabismic conditions, using the FD2, employing a modified staircase procedure. The Preschool Randot Stereoacuity test and the near Frisby test were used to determine whether a patient was stereoblind. RESULTS: Under monocular conditions, 35 (37%) of 95 patients passed at least the largest disparity of the FD2 indicating a problem with monocular cues. The binocular protocol was then modified to include a monocular test phase. Using the new protocol, if a patient could achieve the same stereoacuity under monocular and binocular conditions, they were deemed to have no stereopsis. Testing 28 additional stereoblind patients using the new modified protocol revealed no false positives. CONCLUSION: The FD2 stereotest is a useful measure of distance stereoacuity, provided the presentation protocol
Internet game network utilization on college campuses

Internet bandwidth is an expensive and limited resource at many colleges around the country. As a result students may not always have the bandwidth they desire. Students complain about slow web browsing and restrictions on the use of popular network applications like instant messaging, file sharing, and games.
NBTI Impact of Surface Orientation in Stacked Gate-All-Around Nanosheet Transistor

We report a thorough study of the negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) reliability in stacked gate-all-around (GAA) nanosheet (NS) devices with (100) and (110) top surfaces. We demonstrated that NBTI stresses not only create more permanent defects in (110) than (100) surface due to higher density of Si-H bond but also induce more recoverable damages. Finally, we show that NBTI deteriorates at narrow sheet width in (100) NS but is width independent in (110) NS.
Malignant Epithelial Tumors of the Lung

Lung cancer is an aggressive type of malignancy with a relative 5-year survival rate of 18.1% (2007–2013). On the brighter side, rates for new lung cancer cases have been falling on average 2% each year over the last 10 years, while death rates have been falling on average 2.5% each year from 2005 to 2014. This changing landscape of lung cancer histology not only facilitates the understanding of lung cancer etiology but also has important implications for the selection of targeted therapies and patient management underscoring the need for most accurate histopathological evaluation. It is hoped that in the future, better educational campaigns, earlier disease detection, and newer treatment options will decrease the incidence of lung cancer and improve patient survival.
Bahujan girls’ anti-caste activism on TikTok

Public debates on girls’ engagement with social media have largely been characterized by anxieties around girls’ and young women’s use of social media sites for expressions of sexuality and intimac...
High Temperature Insulation Materials for DC Cable Insulation—Part II: Partial Discharge Behavior at Elevated Altitudes

Utilizing hybrid electric propulsion systems in the next generation of aircrafts with elevated DC voltage level has raised the concern about the degradation of insulation subjected to partial discharge at high altitude and harsh environment. In this work, the surface discharge behavior of commonly used high-temperature insulation materials in aviation systems (FEP, ETFE, and PEEK) under positive and negative DC and ramp voltage was studied, including the pulse waveform, frequency spectrum, PD count and magnitude. Pressure changes as a significant factor influencing surface discharge phenomenon was thoroughly studied. Dust figure technique was employed after voltage ramping tests for both positive and negative polarities at low pressure to investigate the surface charge accumulation and surface discharge traces, and unveil the involved physical mechanisms at different stages of streamer propagation. The content of this paper provides a reference for surface discharge studies and evaluation of high temperature materials for medium voltage direct current power distribution in the future aviation systems.
Utility of Kinetic GFR for Predicting Severe Persistent AKI in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults

Key Points Kinetic eGFR can be part of a multidimensional approach for AKI prediction combined with biomarkers, fluid corrected creatinine, and renal angina. Kinetic eGFR on day 1 is not independently associated with severe day-3 AKI in children and young adults who are critically ill.
Absenteeism in the School Health Program

(1949). Absenteeism in the School Health Program. Journal of the American Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation: Vol. 20, No. 10, pp. 638-679.
Successful drainage of a traumatic haemopericardium with pericardiocentesis through an intercostal approach

A case of traumatic haemopericardium, sustained after blunt thoracic trauma, is described in a paediatric patient that was successfully drained by needle pericardiocentesis under 2D-echocardiographic guidance, via an intercostal approach, in the Children's Intensive Care Unit. The patient was haemodynamically unstable with obvious signs of cardiac tamponade. Drainage of the haemopericardium resulted in immediate improvement in haemodynamics. There was no re-accumulation of the haemopericardium. There were no complications as a result of the pericardiocentesis. No further surgical intervention was required.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Impact of Health Information Technology (I-HIT) Scale

Objective: The use of health information technology (HIT) for the support of communication processes and data and information access in acute care settings is a relatively new phenomenon. A means of evaluating the impact of HIT in hospital settings is needed. The purpose of this research was to design and psychometrically evaluate the Impact of Health Information Technology scale (I-HIT). I-HIT was designed to measure the perception of nurses regarding the ways in which HIT influences interdisciplinary communication and workflow patterns and nurses' satisfaction with HIT applications and tools. Design: Content for a 43-item tool was derived from the literature, and supported theoretically by the Coiera model and by nurse informaticists. Internal consistency reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha was conducted on the 43-item scale to initiate the item reduction process. Items with an item total correlation of less than 0.35 were removed, leaving a total of 29 items. Measurements: Item analysis, exploratory principal component analysis and internal consistency reliability using Cronbach's alpha were used to confirm the 29-item scale. Results: Principal components analysis with Varimax rotation produced a four-factor solution that explained 58.5% of total variance (general advantages, information tools to support information needs, information tools to support communication needs, and workflow implications). Internal consistency of the total scale was 0.95 and ranged from 0.80–0.89 for four subscales. Conclusion: I-HIT demonstrated psychometric adequacy and is recommended to measure the impact of HIT on nursing practice in acute care settings.
Axotomy and nerve growth factor regulate levels of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α3 subunit protein in the rat superior cervical ganglion

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) play a significant role in sympathetic transmission in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG), with most of the signal carried by a nAChR containing an α3 subunit. Work has shown that transection of the postganglionic nerves (axotomy) of the SCG results in a decrease in mRNA transcripts for α3, α5, α7 and β4 and in protein expression of α7 and β4. To evaluate effects of axotomy on α3 protein in the SCG, quantitative immunoblotting was used to demonstrate a dramatic decrease (> 80%) in the levels of this subunit 4 days after axotomy. Similarly, immunocytochemistry showed a marked decline in the number and the intensity of stained neurons for the α3 subunit as well as tyrosine hydroxylase. Ganglia explanted into culture for 4 days also showed a substantial decrease in α3 subunit protein. This decrease was partially prevented by the addition of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the culture medium at the time of explantation. Additionally, this decrease was reversed by the addition of NGF to the culture medium following 4 days in culture in the absence of NGF. These findings suggest that the loss of α3 subunit contributes to the reported decrease in ganglionic synaptic transmission that follows axotomy, and that NGF plays an important role in regulating the expression of α3-containing nAChRs in the SCG.
AO Principles of Fracture Management

Thomas P. Ruedi and William M. Murphy, editors. Stuttgart: Thieme; 2000. 888 pages. $369.00. This text, which is the current and massively updated version of the AO manual, describes the philosophy and syllabus behind the AO Principles Course that has been taught since 1994. Like the course, it emphasizes the basic principles related to the biology of fractures and fracture-healing and covers preoperative planning, reduction techniques, and surgical techniques. The book essentially provides all of the core content and background information of the AO course in a format that is easy to refer to, allowing for a consolidation of the teaching material. The first three sections …