cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal habitat assessment of alternative flow scenarios in a tailwater fishery

Tailwaters below hydropower dams can create desirable coldwater trout fisheries; however, a flow regime ideal for hydropower often presents challenges for management of the fishery. The Smith River tailwater (Henry County, VA) offers a self-sustaining brown trout fishery managed for trophy trout (≥ 406 mm), yet trophy-sized fish are rare. Slow growth and small size are likely caused by any one or a combination of thermal habitat, limited food resources, and/or physical habitat. To evaluate the potential for thermal habitat improvement, temperature changes resulting from alternative flows were assessed with a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model coupled with a water temperature model. Simulated temperatures from each flow scenario were assessed every 2 river kilometres over a 24 kilometre river section below the dam for occurrence of optimal growth temperatures, as well as compliance with Virginia Department of Environmental Quality hourly temperature change and daily maximum temperature standards. The occurrence of optimal growth temperatures increased up to 11.8% over existing conditions by releasing water in the morning, decreasing the duration of release, and not increasing baseflow. Incidences of hourly temperature changes greater than 2°C were reduced from 4% to 0–1.2% by non-peaking releases, increasing baseflow, morning releases, and decreasing the duration of release. Maximum temperature occurrence (> 21°C) decreased from 1.3% to 0–0.1% by releasing flows daily to prevent elevated temperatures on non-generation days, increasing baseflow, increasing duration of release, and releasing in the morning rather than evening. Despite conflicting adjustments to best improve all thermal criteria concurrently, a 7-day/week, morning, one hour release regime was determined to improve all criteria throughout the tailwater compared to existing conditions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Temperature on Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation of Reactants at Specified pH and Ionic Strength and Apparent Equilibrium Constants of Biochemical Reactions

When standard Gibbs energies of formation and standard enthalpies of formation are known for the species of a biochemical reactant at 298.15 K, it is possible to calculate the standard transformed Gibbs energy of formation and standard transformed enthalpy of formation of the reactant at any desired pH and low ionic strengths at 298.15 K. This article is concerned with the estimation of standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation of reactants, standard transformed Gibbs energies of reaction, and apparent equilibrium constants K‘ of biochemical reactions at specified pH and ionic strength in the temperature range 283.15−313.15 K on the basis of the assumption that the standard enthalpies of formation of the species are independent of temperature in this range. The standard transformed Gibbs energies of formation and standard transformed enthalpies of formation are given for 14 reactants as a function of pH and ionic strength at temperatures of 283.15, 298.15, and 313.15 K, and standard transformed Gib...
Internal mammary artery grafts without optical assistance. Clinical and angiographic analysis of 175 consecutive cases.

Internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts were performed without optical assistance in 175 consecutive patients during a 17-month period. The predominant indications were angina pectoris and the angiographic evidence of a 70% or greater obstruction in one or more major coronary arteries. Eight patients were considered to be in New York Heart Association functional class I, 63 class II, 71 class III, and 33 class IV before the operation. Forty per cent had three major vessels obstructed, and 33% had double vessel disease. IMA grafts were constructed to the anterior descending artery in 151 patients, diagonal branch in 22, and circumflex in two. Two of the 175 and three additional patients had free IMA grafts in the aortocoronary position. Saphenous vein grafts were combined with IMA grafts in 61%. One hospital death occurred, a 0.6% operative mortality. Late clinical results were analyzed in the first 100 patients. Eighty-four of 99 have had complete remission of angina, and 12 are improved. Repeat arteriograms...
Technology for the Organic Chemist: Three Exploratory Modules

The ability to use computer-based technology is an essential skill set for students majoring in chemistry. This exercise details the introduction of appropriate uses for this technology in the organic chemistry series. The incorporation of chemically appropriate online resources (module 1), scientific databases (module 2), and the use of a chemical drawing program (module 3) are detailed here.
Subthermocline tropical cells and equatorial subsurface countercurrents

Abstract Eastward subsurface countercurrents (SSCCs) are observed in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans on either side of the equator, and are associated with a poleward shoaling of subthermocline isotherms at the poleward flanks of the equatorial 13°C thermostad. Observations suggest that eastward SSCCs correspond to a meridional circulation of subthermocline tropical cells (STTCs). The STTCs are below and weaker than the tropical cells, being characterized by an equatorward flow in the thermocline, an equatorial downwelling, a poleward flow in the subthermocline, and an upwelling about 3–4° from the equator. The essential dynamics of the SSCCs can be explained in terms of the conservation of absolute vorticity in the poleward flow of the lower branch of the STTCs. As a parcel within the subthermocline moves poleward, its gain of planetary vorticity is compensated by a loss of relative vorticity, resulting in the eastward SSCCs. By applying the conservation of potential vorticity, the paper also shows that the poleward shoaling of subthermocline isotherms at the poleward flanks of the thermostad can contribute to the eastward SSCCs.
Estimated Blood Alcohol Concentrations for Child and Adolescent Drinking and Their Implications for Screening Instruments

OBJECTIVE: Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) in children after consumption of different numbers of standard drinks of alcohol have not been estimated previously. The goal was to determine the number of drinks at each age that led to a BAC of > or =80 mg/dL, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism criterion for binge drinking. METHODS: The updated Widmark equation to estimate BAC was modified to take account of the differing body composition (total body water) and accelerated rates of ethanol elimination of children. The modified formula was used with 1999-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data to estimate BACs for >4700 children and adolescents from 9 through 17 years of age, for intake levels of 1 to 5 standard drinks. RESULTS: The estimated BACs for children after consumption of just 3 standard drinks within a 2-hour period were between 80 and 139 mg/dL for boys 9 to 13 years of age and for girls 9 to 17 years of age, indicating substantial potential alcohol impairment. With 5 drinks within 2 hours (the level used to define binge drinking among college students), children 9 to 13 years of age were estimated to have BACs 2 to 3 times the adult legal limit for intoxication of 80 mg/dL. CONCLUSION: Binge drinking should be defined as > or =3 drinks for 9- to 13-year-old children, as > or =4 drinks for boys and > or =3 drinks for girls 14 or 15 years of age, and as > or =5 drinks for boys and > or =3 drinks for girls 16 or 17 years of age. Language: en
Reliability of Quantitative Ultrasonic Assessment of Normal-Tissue Toxicity in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy

Purpose We have recently reported that ultrasound imaging, together with ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC), can provide quantitative assessment of radiation-induced normal-tissue toxicity. This study's purpose is to evaluate the reliability of our quantitative ultrasound technology in assessing acute and late normal-tissue toxicity in breast cancer radiotherapy. Method and Materials Our ultrasound technique analyzes radiofrequency echo signals and provides quantitative measures of dermal, hypodermal, and glandular tissue toxicities. To facilitate easy clinical implementation, we further refined this technique by developing a semiautomatic ultrasound-based toxicity assessment tool (UBTAT). Seventy-two ultrasound studies of 26 patients (720 images) were analyzed. Images of 8 patients were evaluated for acute toxicity ( Results Intraobserver ICC was 0.89 for dermal toxicity, 0.74 for hypodermal toxicity, and 0.96 for glandular tissue toxicity. Interobserver ICC was 0.78 for dermal toxicity, 0.74 for hypodermal toxicity, and 0.94 for glandular tissue toxicity. Statistical analysis found significant changes in dermal ( p p = 0.0027), and glandular tissue ( p Conclusion Early and late radiation-induced effects on normal tissue can be reliably assessed using quantitative ultrasound.
Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the salivary glandAn ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of basal cell adenocarcinoma. Study design. Three cases of basal cell adenocarcinoma of the salivary glands were studied by means of light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry. Results. Some of the architectural tumor patterns encountered were solid, some were trabecular, and some were mixed. Ultrastructurally, solid areas were composed of nonluminal cells, some of which contained tonofilaments and well-formed desmosomes; tubulo-trabecular areas differentiated into both luminal and nonluminal cells. Both growth patterns were associated with the formation of excess basal lamina, marginally and between nonluminal cells. Myofilaments were infrequent in nonluminal cells of solid or trabecular areas. Cytokeratin (AE1/AE3) stained all 3 tumors, more peripherally in the solid pattern and usually centrally in the trabecular areas; vimentin stained all 3 tumors diffusely; smooth muscle actin (IA4) stained all 3 tumors but was mainly confined to peripheral tumor cells in both the solid and the trabecular growth patterns; epithelial membrane antigen and carcinoembryonic antigen stained 1 of the 3 tumors, predominantly in the luminal cells; p53 oncoprotein was focally positive in 2 of the 3 tumors; Ki-67 stained less than 5% of the tumor cells in all cases; and c-erb-B2 was uniformly negative in all cases. Staining patterns of cytokeratin and actin varied with the architecture of the tumor. Conclusions. Neither ultrastructural characteristics nor immunohistochemistry findings appear to distinguish basal cell adenocarcinoma from basal cell adenoma. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999;87:485-92)
Demonstration of nonlinear acoustical effects at biomedical frequencies and intensities.

Abstract Examples of nonlinear acoustic phenomena in water in the range of frequencies and intensities of interest for biomedical ultrasound are provided. Total intensities, including all harmonics generated in the medium have been measured with a spherical radiometer. The fundamental component of the waves have been measured with a miniature probe hydrophone and low pass filter. Simple adaptation of the theory summarized in a companion paper leads to predictions which are in excellent agreement with the observations. The illustrated phenomena must be considered in studies of the biological effects of ultrasound as well as in the applications of ultrasound in medicine.
Glycated Collagen Impairs Endothelial Cell Response to Cyclic Stretch

People with diabetes suffer from accelerated, diffuse atherosclerosis. Endothelial cells are dysfunctional in high glucose and on glycated collagen, but their response to mechanical stimuli in a high glucose environment has not been examined. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of glycated collagen on aortic endothelial cell response to strain. Porcine aortic endothelial cells seeded on either native or glycated collagen coated elastic substrates were exposed to 10% cyclic strain. While cells on native collagen aligned and formed actin stress fibers perpendicular to the stretch direction after 6 h, cells on glycated collagen did not align even after 12 h of cyclic strain. Impaired actin alignment could be related to diminished focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in cells on glycated collagen. We further show that loss of mechanotransduction affects endothelial cell barrier function. Cells on glycated collagen substrates demonstrated a threefold increase in permeability with strain, whereas cell permeability on native collagen was unchanged. Increased permeability could be related to altered cell–cell junction morphology, as evidenced by β-catenin immunofluorescence. We hypothesize that impaired endothelial cell mechanotransduction on glycated collagen is due to altered integrin interactions. These data suggest that endothelial cells exposed to diabetic hyperglycemia are unable to adapt to the mechanical environment and thereby continue to express a pro-atherosclerotic phenotype.
Inter- and Intra-Ethnic Group Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome Components Among Morbidly Obese Adolescents

This study explored inter- (between) and intra- (within) ethnic group differences in metabolic syndrome components among a clinical sample of morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] > or =97th percentile for age and sex) 12- to 18-year-olds originating from Latin America and the Caribbean Basin and a matched (age/ethnicity/sex/BMI percentile) national sample (N=208, both samples) of Mexican American and non-Hispanic blacks from the 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Mexican American and non-Hispanic black boys from the NHANES/national sample had significantly higher mean fasting glucose levels compared with Latin and Caribbean blacks (98.50 vs 85.42 mg/dL, 97.34 vs 86.44 mg/dL, respectively, (P< .001 for both comparisons). Conversely, both diastolic/systolic blood pressure was consistently higher among Latin/Caribbean adolescents vs Mexican American and non-Hispanic blacks for all age/sex/ethnic groups. These results indicate that morbidly obese adolescents from both major ethnic groups and subgroups within these groups show health-related comorbidities in both clinic- and population-based settings.
Antinomies of Individuality and Nationality

Recent findings in historical demography and the events of the last several years, especially in Eastern Europe, pointedly call into question the currently prevalent methodological assumption within the social sciences, methodological individualism. These findings have led a number of demographers to conclude that there is a puzzling relationship between the individual and the larger cultural collectivity, in particular the nation, which, while not necessarily nullifying the principle of methodological individualism, certainly raises questions about the limit of that principle. I wish to consider briefly these findings and what they suggest about the relationship between individuality and nationality, specifically as that relationship bears on both the principle of methodological individualism and the individualism of liberal democratic societies. These considerations acquire particular relevance given recent collective phenomena, specifically the so-called revival of the national state.
Reducing energy consumption in housing: an assessment of alternatives

Physical characteristics of housing far outweigh the importance of household behavior as determinants of energy use. Analysis of residential energy consumption in two metropolitan areas in the north central United States suggests that household behavior affects energy use only within relatively narrow limits determined by the design, construction, and condition of the dwelling. The greatest reduction in per-unit energy consumption can result from changing the design of newly constructed housing. Savings of 20 to 50% appear to be readily attainable. Alterations of existing housing would have a more modest effect, from 5 to 10%, whereas feasible changes in occupant behavior would reduce energy use only 2 to 5%. 17 references. 1 table.
Placebo effect: its role in adherence, treatment effectiveness and patient outcomes

Research on the placebo effect and its hypothetical relationship to adherence and improved patient outcomes is reviewed. Future research for pharmacists is highlighted. Clinicians and researchers have alternately attempted to suppress, control for and maximise the placebo response. Much research has been conducted to identify the placebo responder. The placebo response is seldom uniform, constant or predictable, and neither sex, age, intelligence, ethnic, cultural or social factors are predictive of it. However, no research has investigated the relationship of adherence, placebo effects and patient outcomes. Adherence to therapy and its role in activating the placebo response is described. Efforts to increase adherence may increase treatment effectiveness by activating the placebo response. The pharmacist may be in an ideal position to better understand the placebo effect and its role in enhancing patient outcomes. The placebo effect, thus, may be a useful part of the care giver's armamentarium.
An alternative to emulation for micro-mainframe data exchange

Abstract The exchange of data between the dispersed units of a business has become a significant part of the modern organization's IRM environment. Moving quickly from a generic description of the issues associated with the business environement of the 1990's, the paper focuses on a specific Fortune 200 manufacturing firm, its organizational structure, and the responsibilities of a centralized Technical Services group. After an assessment of overall requirements for interactive and batch mode data exchange, the Technical Services group determined that emulation did not meet criteria of security, flexibility, and economy for batch mode exchange. Therefore, the group developed a customized “gateway” solution, using commercially available components whenever possible. Example of this solution's applications are given and the resulting benefits discussed. The important message is to introduce the “best” technology to solve a business problem only after the problem and the long range impact of a solution are understood, not by selecting a solution based only on commercially available products.
Violence in paradise: Andre Masson's massacres.

Focusing on Andre Masson’s Massacres, a series of images depicting men killing women and occasionally boys, produced over a period of four years (1930–34) this article explores the ways in which violence and tragedy were imagined as a potentially revolutionary force. Disenchanted with the strategies of the organized left and the alliance the Surrealists had attempted to forge with the Communist Party, Masson reconfigured his political and pictorial strategies in the Massacres, using highly repetitive, figurative imagery of murder and catastrophe. Stripped of any traces of ‘civilized’ behaviour, Masson’s Massacres produce tragedy without resolution, a collective, unstructured violence that nevertheless turns on gendered power relations.
Evaluating the accuracy of three-dimensional image registration algorithms used in multimodal image fusion

Composite or 'fused' images generated using multimodality/multispectral images from magnetic resonance images (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are increasingly being used in various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures such as neurosurgery and radiotherapy treatment planning. To be able to make quantitative measurements from these images it is important to determine the error introduced by the image registration algorithm. We have quantified the errors introduced by one such algorithm, the surface matching algorithm available in the ANALYZE software package. Image data from a head phantom and from actual patient data are used in the analysis. Three indicators are evaluated - translation error, residual gray scale error and the error in external marker distances. Results are presented for out-of-plane, in-plane and multiaxis rotation over a range of angles. The registration error increases with an increase in the out-of-plane rotation. Errors introduced by the interpolation and truncation of data in the registration procedure is also evaluated and remains fairly constant. A high degree of correlation is seen among the three measures of error and these should prove useful in evaluating other algorithms as well.
A Comparison of Four WAIS-R Short Forms in Patients Referred for Psychological Neuropsychological Assessments

In recent years, several short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised have been developed to provide a more cost-effective means of estimating intellectual abilities. The present study examined the ability of four short forms to estimate intellectual functioning in a sample of medical center (61 male) and state hospital (69 female) patients referred for psychological/neuropsychological assessments. Although all four short forms obtained high correlations with Full Scale IQ, the seven-subtest short form (Ward, 1990) provided greater accuracy with respect to IQ estimation and intelligence classification based on Wechsler's (1981) schema.
Rapid measurements and mapping of tracer gas concentrations in a large indoor space

Abstract Rapid mapping of gas concentrations in air benefits studies of atmospheric phenomena ranging from pollutant dispersion to surface layer meteorology. Here we demonstrate a technique that combines multiple-open-path tunable-diode-laser spectroscopy and computed tomography to map tracer gas concentrations with approximately 0.5 m spatial and 7 s temporal resolution. Releasing CH4 as a tracer gas in a large (7 m×9 m×11 m high) ventilated chamber, we measured path-integrated CH4 concentrations over a planar array of 28 “long” (2–10 m) optical paths, recording a complete sequence of measurements every 7 s during the course of hour-long experiments. Maps of CH4 concentration were reconstructed from the long path data using a computed tomography algorithm that employed simulated annealing to search for a best fit solution. The reconstructed maps were compared with simultaneous measurements from 28 “short” (0.5 m) optical paths located in the same measurement plane. On average, the reconstructed maps capture ∼74% of the variance in the short path measurements. The accuracy of the reconstructed maps is limited, in large part, by the number of optical paths and the time required for the measurement. Straightforward enhancements to the instrumentation will allow rapid mapping of three-dimensional gas concentrations in indoor and outdoor air, with sub-second temporal resolution.
Numerical solutions of the nonlinear α-effect dynamo equations

An extension is made of the α-effect model of the earth's dynamo into the nonlinear regime following the prescription of Malkus & Proctor (1975). In this model, the effects of small-scale dynamics on the α-effect are suppressed, and the global effects of induced velocity fields examined in isolation. The equations are solved numerically using finite-difference methods, and it is shown that viscous and inertial forces are unimportant in the final equilibration, as suggested in the above paper.
Energy methods for nonlinear hyperbolic volterra integrodifferential equations

(1979). Energy methods for nonlinear hyperbolic volterra integrodifferential equations. Communications in Partial Differential Equations: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 219-278.
Testing the Hollowing-Out Thesis

In recent years, many economists have argued that governments are discarding pegged exchange rates in favor of alternative exchange rate regimes such as monetary unions and currency boards on the one hand, or floating exchange rates on the other. Capital mobility, such economists argue, has made pegged exchange rates costly to maintain for long periods, and thus the pegging option is being “hollowed-out.” Few, however, have tried to present evidence that capital mobility has a direct effect on exchange rate regime choices. I present two sets of tests using different measures of capital mobility that provide qualified confirmation that developing countries peg less as capital mobility rises. These tests indicate that direct measures of capital mobility have some correlation with de facto exchange rate regimes but not with de jure exchange rate regimes. Capital flows, a consequence of capital mobility, may have a direct effect on the choices of both de jure and de facto regimes. Governments do not make chan...
Monteggia fracture-dislocations: A Historical Review

The eponym Monteggia fracture dislocation originally referred to a fracture of the shaft of the ulna accompanied by anterior dislocation of the radial head that was described by Giovanni Battista Monteggia of Italy in 1814. Subsequently, a further classification system based on the direction of the radial head dislocation and associated fractures of the radius and ulna was proposed by Jose Luis Bado of Uruguay in 1958. This article investigates the evolution of treatment, classification, and outcomes of the Monteggia injury and sheds light on the lives and contributions of Monteggia and Bado.
Polyarticular Arthritis Due to Sporothrix schenckii /PolyartikulÄre Arthritis durch Sporothrix schenkii

Summary: Sporothrix schenckii infection usually presents as cutaneous or lymphocutaneous disease. Rarely, this dimorphic fungus causes isolated osteoarticular infection. The patient described herein had polyarticular sporotrichosis with contiguous osteomyelitis presenting as carpal tunnel syndrome 5 years previously. He relapsed after 2 g of amphotericin B but responded to itraconazole, a new oral antifungal agent. However, he was left with severe limitation of motion in the affected joints due to the long interval from onset of symptoms to diagnosis. Zusammenfassung: Die Sporothrix schenckii-Infektion ist gewohnlich an der Haut oder im Bereich der Haut-Lymphknoten lokalisiert. Selten verursacht dieser dimorphe Pilz eine isolierte osteoartikulare Infektion. Der hier vorgestellte Patient hatte eine polyartikulare Sporotrichose mit benachbarter Osteomyelitis, was sich 5 Jahre zuvor als Karpaltunnel-Syndrom dargestellt hatte. Der Patient erlitt nach Verabreichung von insgesamt 2 g Amphotericin B einen Ruckfall, sprach jedoch auf Itraconazol an. Es verblieben aber schwere Bewegungseinschrankungen der befallenen Gelenke wegen des langen Zeitraums vom Einsetzen der Symptome bis zur Diagnose.
Vertex collocation profiles: subgraph counting for link analysis and prediction

We introduce the concept of a vertex collocation profile (VCP) for the purpose of topological link analysis and prediction. VCPs provide nearly complete information about the surrounding local structure of embedded vertex pairs. The VCP approach offers a new tool for domain experts to understand the underlying growth mechanisms in their networks and to analyze link formation mechanisms in the appropriate sociological, biological, physical, or other context. The same resolution that gives VCP its analytical power also enables it to perform well when used in supervised models to discriminate potential new links. We first develop the theory, mathematics, and algorithms underlying VCPs. Then we demonstrate VCP methods performing link prediction competitively with unsupervised and supervised methods across several different network families. We conclude with timing results that introduce the comparative performance of several existing algorithms and the practicability of VCP computations on large networks.
Phase and structural characterization of Sr2Nb2O7 and SrNbO3 thin films grown via pulsed laser ablation in O2 or N2 atmospheres

Abstract The influence of substrate temperature, process gas, deposition pressure, and substrate type on the phase selection, orientation/epitaxy, and growth morphology of thin films in the SrNbO y ( y ≈3.0 or 3.5) family was investigated. Pulsed laser deposited films (from a Sr 2 Nb 2 O 7 target) obtained in both oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres upon various substrates were characterized with X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. In oxygen atmospheres, films adopted the (110)-layered perovskite structure of the target. Higher temperatures, lower pressures of oxygen, and use of (110)-oriented SrTiO 3 substrates lead to highly crystalline, epitaxial films of Sr 2 Nb 2 O 7 . The use of nitrogen atmospheres resulted in cubic perovskite SrNbO 3 formation: epitaxial, textured, or polycrystalline films were obtained depending on the substrate; no nitrogen incorporation could be observed on the anion sublattice. On SrTiO 3 , the cubic perovskite films followed a cube-on-cube epitaxy and planar defects were observed to occur on the (110) perovskite planes.
A model of the formation of a self-organized cortical representation of color

In this paper we address the problem of understanding the cortical processing of color information. Unravelling the cortical representation of color is a difficult task, as the neural pathways for color processing have not been fully mapped, and there are few computational modelling efforts devoted to color. Hence, we first present a conjecture for an ideal target color map based on principles of color opponency, and constraints such as retinotopy and the two dimensional nature of the map. We develop a computational model for the cortical processing of color information that seeks to produce this target color map in a self-organized manner. The input model consists of a luminance channel and opponent color channels, comprising red-green and blue-yellow signals. We use an optional stage consisting of applying an antagonistic center-surround filter to these channels. The input is projected to a restricted portion of the cortical network in a topographic way. The units in the cortical map receive the color opponent input, and compete amongst each other to represent the input. This competition is carried out through the determination of a local winner. By simulating a self-organizing map for color according to this scheme, we are largely able to achieve the desired target color map. According to recent neurophysiological findings, there is evidence for the representation of color mixtures in the cortex, which is consistent with our model. Furthermore, an orderly traversal of stimulus hues in the CIE chromaticity map correspond to an orderly spatial traversal in the primate cortical area V2. Our experimental results are also consistent with this biological observation.
Landau-devonshire theory with rotationally invariant expansion coefficients

Abstract General expressions pertaining to a centrosymmetric prototype phase are given for the correction terms to the third and fourth order expansion coefficients of the Landau-Devonshire free energy with respect to the displacement gradient and the polarization, that arise as a consequence of the rotational invariance condition. Application to crystals of Oh symmetry shows that the correction terms may be numerically significant.
"But We're in a Court of Law. We're Not in a Legislature.": The Promise and Pitfalls of Educational Policy Reform through the Judicial Branch.

When courts engage in educational policy making through what is called “public law litigation,” they set foot in unsettled territory. Framing the authors' work in legal studies literature, this art...
Dietary fat intake does affect obesity

There is a difference of opinion about whether the percentage of dietary fat plays an important role in the rising prevalence of overweight and in its treatment once it has developed. We believe that ample research from animal and clinical studies, from controlled trials, and from epidemiologic and ecologic analyses provides strong evidence that dietary fat plays a role in the development and treatment of obesity. A reduction in fat intake reduces the gap between total energy intake and total energy expenditure and thus is an effective strategy for reducing the present epidemic of obesity worldwide. A review of the results from 28 clinical trials that studied the effects of a reduction in the amount of energy from fat in the diet showed that a reduction of 10% in the proportion of energy from fat was associated with a reduction in weight of 16 g/d. We thus conclude that dietary fat plays a role in the development of obesity. To reduce the prevalence of obesity, there must be an increase in energy expenditure, a reduction in total energy intake, or both. This goal can be facilitated by reducing the amount of fat in the diet.
A Comparative Study of GaN Epitaxy on Si(001) and SI(111) Substrates

Epitaxial GaN films were grown on Si(001) and (111) substrates, using a two-step process. The films on Si(001) are single crystalline having the zincblende strucutrue, while those on Si(111) have the wurtzite structure. The crystalline qualities of the films were studied by X-ray diffraction. While the zincblende GaN has a perfect cubic structure, the wurtzitic GaN on Si(111) has a considerable amount of stacking faults along (0002) direction, which gives rise to significant zincblende component with (111) orientation. Room temperature resistivity for both type of GaN films was found to be larger than 100 Ω· cm. The temperature dependence of th resistivity gives a defect level at HOmeV for wurtzitic GaN and 80meV for cubic GaN. Optical studies show that GaN on Si(001) has a gap 3.2eV, and GaN on Si(111) has a gap of 3.4eV at room temperature.
Powdery Mildew of Spearmint Caused by Erysiphe orontii in California.

In 1997 and 1998, the white fungal growth of a powdery mildew was observed on leaves and stems of both nursery and landscape spearmint (Mentha spicata) growing in coastal California (Monterey County). Mycelia were conspicuous, amphigenous, and epiphytic with indistinct to nipple-shaped appressoria. Conidiophore foot cells were cylindrical, straight, nonconstricted at the base, 61 to 92 μm × 11 to 14 μm in size, and were followed by 1 to 3 cells. Doliiform conidia, which were borne in chains of at least 3 to 5 conidia, measured 28 to 33 μm × 17 to 22 μm. Catenate conidia had sinuate edge lines. Conidia lacked fibrosin bodies. Upon germination, conidia produced germ tubes that were mostly apically inserted and ended in club-shaped appressoria, which fit Braun's Cichoracearum-type of conidial germination (1). Cleistothecia were not observed. Based on these features, the pathogen was identified as Erysiphe orontii Cast. (1). Pathogenicity was demonstrated by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of pott...
Assessing the likelihood of recurrence during RNA evolution in vitro

Recurrence is the possibility of resulting in the same endpoint multiple times when a living system is allowed to evolve repeatedly starting from a given initial point. This concept is of concern to both evolutionary theoreticians and molecular biologists who use nucleic acid selection techniques to mimic biotic and computorial processes in the test tube. Using the continuous in vitro evolution methodology, many replicate experimental evolutionary lineages with populations of catalytic RNA were performed to gain insight into the parameters that could affect recurrence. The likelihood that the same genotype will result in parallel trials of an evolution experiment in vitro depends on several factors, including the phenotype under selection, the size and composition of the initial diverse pool of nucleic acids used in the experiment, the degree of mutation possible during the experiment, the shape of the fitness landscape through which the population evolves, and the strategies used to invoke selection and to search the landscape, among others. By considering these factors, it can be predicted that recurrence is more likely when a small, wild-type-based starting pool is used with efficient selection and search strategies involving little online mutagenesis within a rugged adaptive landscape with a strong local optimum. The recurrence experiments performed here on the 150-nucleotide ligase ribozyme demonstrate that it repeatedly jumps from one peak in a fitness landscape to another, apparently hurdling a deep fitness valley. These predictions can and should be tested by additional multiple replicates of actual evolution experiments in the laboratory.
Event-related potentials and serial position effects in a visual probe recognition task

In two experiments, we explored the utility of using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) evoked during picture recognition to examine the cognitive and neural processes underlying primacy and recency effects. Each experiment consisted of 210 trials in which a recognition probe followed a 12-picture sequence (105 match and 105 nonmatch trials). The 105 match-probe trials consisted of 35 trials in which the probe matched a prime memory set item (Positions 1-3), 35 in which the probe matched a middle memory set item (Positions 6-8), and 35 in which the probe matched a recent memory set item (Positions 10-12). Behavioral results revealed recency but not primacy effects in both experiments. Recent probes, compared with prime and middle probes, evoked ERPs that were more positive from approximately 300 to 400 ms; this enhanced positivity occurred in a positive component peaking around 315 ms and a negative component peaking around 365 ms. These findings fit more closely with the notion of short-term memory as an activation of elements in long-term memory than as a distinct memory store (or stores) separate from long-term memory.
Medication adherence and attitudes in patients with bipolar disorder and current versus past substance use disorder.

Abstract We examined the impact of substance use disorder (SUD) history among patients with bipolar I disorder (BD) in regards to medication-taking behaviors and attitudes. Interviews were conducted with inpatients hospitalized for BD, which included diagnostic instruments and measures of attitudes concerning psychiatric medications. We compared patients with BD and no history of SUD (BD-NH), BD and past history of SUD (BD-PH), and BD and current SUD (BD-C). The primary outcome variable was a standardized medication adherence ratio (SMAR) of [medication taken]/[medication prescribed]. Fifty-four patients with a BD diagnosis participated, which included BD-NH ( n = 26), BD-PH ( n = 19), and BD-C ( n = 9). The SMAR was significantly different among the three groups; post-hoc analyses revealed the SMAR was significantly lower among BD-C ( M = 0.70) compared to BD-NH ( M = 0.90) and BD-PH ( M = 0.97) patients. This finding remained significant after controlling for numerous patient characteristics. Attitudes regarding medications, measured by the Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI), were positive among a significantly higher percentage of BD-PH (89.47%) and BD-NH (65.38%) compared to BD-C (44.44%) patients. In conclusion, patients with BD-C demonstrated poor medication adherence and attitudes concerning medication management. Helping patients with BD achieve remission from SUD may lead to a more successful course of BD pharmacotherapy.
In-Situ Pore Structure Analysis During Aging and Drying of Gels

The use of NMR relaxation measurements for the in-situ study of pore structure evolution during gel aging and drying is illustrated. The change in the pore size distribution and surface area of both wet and dried gels is examined as a function of aging conditions including temporal aging, thermal aging, changing pH, and changing pore fluid. The effect of pore fluid pH on dissolution/reprecipitation in ordered packings of monodisperse silica spheres is also examined as a model system for particulate gels. As expected, the pore size distribution narrows with increasing time of treatment in high pH pore fluids. Interpretation of high pH results for the wet state is complicated by a microporous layer which forms on colloidal silica resulting in significantly larger wet surface area as compared to the final dried material. Narrowing of the pore size distribution, which is of interest for maximizing drying rates, is maximized in the least time by using either high pH or repeated ethanol washes for the base-catalyzed gel (B2) used.
Supporting aggregate queries over ad-hoc wireless sensor networks

We show how the database community's notion of a generic query interface for data aggregation can be applied to ad-hoc networks of sensor devices. As has been noted in the sensor network literature, aggregation is important as a data reduction tool; networking approaches, however, have focused on application specific solutions, whereas our in-network aggregation approach is driven by a general purpose, SQL-style interface that can execute queries over any type of sensor data while providing opportunities for significant optimization. We present a variety of techniques to improve the reliability and performance of our solution. We also show how grouped aggregates can be efficiently computed and offer a comparison to related systems and database projects.
From extended solids to nano-scale actinide clusters

Abstract Selected highlights of more than a decade of research efforts concerning the structural chemistry of actinyl materials at the University of Notre Dame is reviewed, with an emphasis on complex topological arrangements of polyhedra to form extended structures and frameworks. Earlier work focused on structures of uranyl minerals and synthetic compounds, with increasing emphasis on neptunyl materials and the importance of cation–cation interactions in their structural details and properties. Much of the research over the past 5 years has examined a growing family of nano-scale clusters of uranyl peroxide polyhedra containing from 16 to 60 polyhedra. These clusters contain topological squares, pentagons and hexagons, and six have adopted fullerene topologies with 12 pentagons and an even number of hexagons.
Signal class estimation using MLM

The authors begin with a review of estimation using signal classes. They then show that certain spectral estimation procedures can be viewed as methods of estimating a signal class from data. Given a signal class, it is then possible to estimate signal parameters other than the magnitude of the spectrum, such as phase or missing data points. >
Ileocolic intussusception: Hydrostatic reduction in the presence of the dissection sign

Hydrostatic reduction of an ileocolic intussusception has not been reported when barium dissects around the intussusceptum as opposed to pushing it retrograde. Consequently, this development is considered an indication to discontinue hydrostatic reduction. We have studied a baby in whom draining the colon caused a seemingly irreversible dissection of barium to disappear so that hydrostatic reduction of the intussusception was easily accomplished when the colon was refilled with barium.
Stream isotherm shifts from climate change and implications for distributions of ectothermic organisms.

Stream ecosystems are especially vulnerable to climate warming because most aquatic organisms are ectothermic and live in dendritic networks that are easily fragmented. Many bioclimatic models predict significant range contractions in stream biotas, but subsequent biological assessments have rarely been done to determine the accuracy of these predictions. Assessments are difficult because model predictions are either untestable or so imprecise that definitive answers may not be obtained within timespans relevant for effective conservation. Here, we develop the equations for calculating isotherm shift rates (ISRs) in streams that can be used to represent historic or future warming scenarios and be calibrated to individual streams using local measurements of stream temperature and slope. A set of reference equations and formulas are provided for application to most streams. Example calculations for streams with lapse rates of 0.8 °C/100 m and long-term warming rates of 0.1–0.2 °C decade � 1 indicate that isotherms shift upstream at 0.13–1.3 km decade � 1 in steep streams (2–10% slope) and 1.3–25 km decade � 1 in flat streams (0.1–1% slope). Used more generally with global scenarios, the equations predict isotherms shifted 1.5–43 km in many streams during the 20th Century as air temperatures increased by 0.6 °C and would shift another 5–143 km in the first half of the 21st Century if midrange projections of a 2 °C air temperature increase occur. Variability analysis suggests that short-term variation associated with interannual stream temperature changes will mask long-term isotherm shifts for several decades in most locations, so extended biological monitoring efforts are required to document anticipated distribution shifts. Resampling of historical sites could yield estimates of biological responses in the short term and should be prioritized to validate bioclimatic models and develop a better understanding about the effects of temperature increases on stream biotas.
What's Orientation Got to Do With It?: The Best Interest of the Child Standard and Legal Bias Against Gay and Lesbian Parents

This article presents the legal biases that gay and lesbian parents face when litigating child custody cases. The best interest of the child is the legal standard that should govern all cases involving the custody of a minor child, but unfortunately this standard is often ignored by courts. The article then examines the significant body of social science research that has reached the conclusion that having a gay or lesbian parent does not have a negative impact on a child's emotional or physical well-being. A number of court cases demonstrating the judicial biases are analyzed, along with several cases that have taken a better approach to resolving cases involving a gay or lesbian parent. Finally, proposed solutions for improving the legal standing of gay and lesbian parents are discussed.
External and Internal Reasons for Career Plateauing: Relationships With Work Outcomes

Career plateauing has received little attention in the literature of late, even when employees are retaining their positions longer with little likelihood for advancement or increased job responsibilities. Relationships between reasons for structural and content plateauing and work outcomes are investigated among professional accounting association members. Contributing to the literature, our findings confirm existence of external and internal plateauing reasons and various relationships with outcomes. External reasons for structural plateauing were negatively related to job and career satisfaction, while content plateauing for external reasons was negatively related to job involvement and work motivation. Structural plateauing for internal reasons lowered job involvement, but increased job and career satisfaction, as well as intention to stay. Job involvement and work motivation mediated relationships between several reasons and job satisfaction, career satisfaction, and intention to stay. Managerial implications and future research opportunities are noted.
Output voltage regulation in matrix converter fed power electronic transformer for power systems application in electric ship

The system described in this paper uses three matrix converters and a high frequency transformer to achieve isolation and voltage transformation from primary to secondary side. Two matrix converters produce high frequency voltage across a transformer, with open ended primary. A third matrix converter converts the high frequency chopped voltage to line frequency. The non-idealities such as leakage inductance of the transformer have a significant effect on the converter performance. This paper studies the effect of leakage inductance on the regulation of the output voltage of the converter. The simulation study has been carried out in SIMULINK and the results have been presented.