cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How spatial structure and neighbor uncertainty promote mutualists and weaken black queen effects.

Abstract The ubiquity of cooperative cross-feeding (a resource-exchange mutualism) raises two related questions: Why is cross-feeding favored over self-sufficiency, and how are cross-feeders protected from non-producing cheaters? The Black Queen Hypothesis suggests that if leaky resources are costly, then there should be selection for either gene loss or self-sufficiency, but selection against mutualistic inter-dependency. Localized interactions have been shown to protect mutualists against cheaters, though their effects in the presence of self-sufficient organisms are not well understood. Here we develop a stochastic spatial model to examine how spatial effects alter the predictions of the Black Queen Hypothesis. Microbes need two essential resources to reproduce, which they can produce themselves (at a cost) or take up from neighbors. Additionally, microbes need empty sites to give birth into. Under well mixed mean-field conditions, the cross-feeders will always be displaced by a non-producer and a self-sufficient microbe. However, localized interactions have two effects that favor production. First, a microbe that interacts with a small number of neighbors will not always receive the essential resources it needs; this effect slightly harms cross-feeders but greatly harms non-producers. Second, microbes tend to displace other microbes that produce resources they need; this effect also slightly harms cross-feeders but greatly harms non-producers. Our work therefore suggests localized interactions produce an accelerating cost of non-production. Thus, the right trade-off between the cost of producing resources and the cost of sometimes being resource-limited can favor mutualistic inter-dependence over both self-sufficiency and non-production.
PREVENTION OF CHEMO-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY WITH BETA-BLOCKERS

Chemotherapeutic agents, specifically anthracyclines and trastuzumab are known to cause dose dependent cardiotoxicity ranging from subclinical changes in myocardial strain to overt left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Unifying logical and statistical AI

Intelligent agents must be able to handle the complexity and uncertainty of the real world. Logical AI has focused mainly on the former, and statistical AI on the latter. Markov logic combines the two by attaching weights to first-order formulas and viewing them as templates for features of Markov networks. Inference algorithms for Markov logic draw on ideas from satisfiability, Markov chain Monte Carlo and knowledge-based model construction. Learning algorithms are based on the voted perceptron, pseudo-likelihood and inductive logic programming. Markov logic has been successfully applied to problems in entity resolution, link prediction, information extraction and others, and is the basis of the open-source Alchemy system.
Reinventing the University: From Institutions to Communities of Higher Education

This article responds to three questions: What if the primary mission of the university is to (i) nourish the intellect, (ii) commit to the sacredness of all life, and (iii) foster spirituality? Responses examine multiple forms of literacy, instruction that is ecologically valid and thus oriented toward the unity of knowledge, and teaching as a moral activity. The suggestion here is that meaningful reform will emphasize education of the whole person in relation to the physical, symbolic, and social environments. Curricula focused on forms of representation, modes of treatment, and syntactic structure, adaptive understandings, constructed meanings, critical thinking, real problems, connected knowing, creativity, inspiration, service learning, and the development of declarative procedural and poetic knowledge are discussed.
When employees kill other employees: the case of Joseph T. Wesbecker.

On the morning of Sept 14, 1989, Joseph T. Wesbecker, an emotionally disturbed employee on long-term disability leave from the Standard Gravure Company in Louisville, KY entered the plant in downtown Louisville and killed eight coworkers and injured 12 others with a semiautomatic "assault" rifle before taking his own life with a pistol. In this paper, the facts surrounding Wesbecker's life and the events leading up to the tragedy were examined to determine the degree of "fit" to Dr John Monahan's model for the prediction of violent behavior. Although several of the 10 predictors identified by Monahan demonstrated validity, several others did not. The Wesbecker case underscores both the difficulty in predicting violence and the challenges that occupational mental health professionals face in minimizing acts of violence in the workplace. Language: en
Feeling Bluetooth: From a Security Perspective

Abstract Wireless technologies are ubiquitous and an essential aspect in modern computing and mobile devices. In particular, Bluetooth (BT), if not only from its namesake, has captured end-user attention and acceptance; however, few possess familiarity with it in much depth aside from the obligatory accessory add-on when purchasing a new mobile phone. This article serves as both an advanced-level continuous-read self-study and a quick reference to BT technologies by presenting its history concisely, technical specifications, notable exploitations, audit utilities, and securing recommendations. One will notice similarities in comparison to other wireless network technologies, such as Wi-Fi (802.11). Briefly, BT is a device‐ independent open specification wireless networking technology, overseen by the BT Special Interest Group (SIG), which targets mobile computing and available to devices on a global scale. The specifications that define the BT protocols intend the technology for connectivity and communications within Personal Area Networks (PANs). BT is the amalgamation of a hardware description, an application framework, and interoperability requirements, with the main purposes of replacing cables, creating ad hoc networks, and establishing data/voice connectivity.
Electrodeposition of Metals in Catalyst Synthesis: The Case of Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts

The concern about energy sources, their availability, and related environmental effects, is at an all time high. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) - with an efficiency higher than that of internal combustion engines, light weight, low operating temperature, and fast-start-up capability - are strong candidates for automotive applications. Transportation applications could be especially important in shaping up the new energy economy since they may entail a substantial decrease in the adverse environmental effects linked to the use of fossil fuels and prolong their availability. The largest portion of the cost of PEMFCs reflects the large amount of Pt needed in the cathode's catalytic layer due to the low catalytic activity of Pt for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Recently, considerable advances have been made in fuel cell electrocatalysis yielding improved electrocatalysts, and increasing our understanding of the kinetics of the ORR in combination with significant advances in theoretical treatments. Some of these studies involved: (1) alloying Pt to synthesize bi-metallic catalysts, (2) core-shell nanoparticles catalysts, (3) the role of size, structure, and shape of nanoparticles, and (4) de-alloying of bimetallic alloys. However, a complete understanding of the ORR kinetics on Pt, the best single element catalyst, and of itsmore » low efficiency, is yet to be achieved. These problems, compounded with the high Pt content in current cathode catalysts, and with their gradual loss of performance under operating conditions, still hamper commercialization of fuel cells. In order to minimize the amount of noble metal electrocatalysts and maximize their utilization, while achieving high catalytic activity, numerous synthetic approaches have been attempted. The electrocatalysts were prepared using vacuum deposition methods, wet chemistry methods, or electrodeposition techniques. Electrodeposition in particular has several attractive features with respect to the application in catalyst synthesis such as simplicity of operation and ease of control of the deposition conditions. In this article we describe the application of metal electrodeposition in the synthesis of a new type of electrocatalysts comprising a Pt monolayer (Pt{sub ML}) on metal or alloy nanoparticles. The concept of Pt{sub ML} electrocatalysts offers a possible solution to the impasse caused by a slow ORR kinetics and the consequent large Pt content of conventional electrocatalysts. A Pt{sub ML} shell on a nanoparticle substrate core ensures that every Pt atom is available for catalytic activity; in other words, a Pt{sub ML} achieves the ultimate reduction in Pt loading and complete Pt utilization. Also, through geometric and electronic interaction with the substrate a Pt{sub ML} can change its electronic properties and be more active and durable than pure-Pt electrocatalysts.« less
Challenges of DB2 Restore in a Distributed Systems Environment and Engineered Solutions

Cloud computing and cloud storage enables modern day enterprises to store and access massive amounts of data quickly and efficiently every day. One of the major challenges of cloud storage and cloud computing is ensuring the reliability and availability of data due to network instability and virtual environment crashes. There are many approaches to data persistence, including periodic replication and data backup. However, the process of backing up a database and restoring it in a distributed multi-application environment often renders a data store unavailable, which may compromise the data and application availability. This paper explores some of the unique challenges encountered while restoring DB2 databases in a multi-application, virtual cloud environment for the Watson Health Cloud platform due to fast connecting applications, and discusses the engineered solutions to alleviate the failures.
Conceptual Captions: A Cleaned, Hypernymed, Image Alt-text Dataset For Automatic Image Captioning

We present a new dataset of image caption annotations, Conceptual Captions, which contains an order of magnitude more images than the MS-COCO dataset (Lin et al., 2014) and represents a wider variety of both images and image caption styles. We achieve this by extracting and filtering image caption annotations from billions of webpages. We also present quantitative evaluations of a number of image captioning models and show that a model architecture based on Inception-ResNetv2 (Szegedy et al., 2016) for image-feature extraction and Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) for sequence modeling achieves the best performance when trained on the Conceptual Captions dataset.
Classification, Ontology, and Precision Medicine

Ontologies, Phenotypes, and Big Data Data-organizing methods have been in place for centuries, but very large data sets have come into being relatively recently. The authors describe terminologies,...
The good fight

Author(s): Irani, Lilly | Abstract: Through solidarity and resistance, workers can guide the ethics of tech giants
Radiation-Induced Pain Syndromes

Radiation-induced pain syndromes are an unfortunate consequence of radiation therapy administered during the treatment of various malignancies. It often manifests several months to years after completion of radiotherapy, with the diagnosis complicated by concern for local cancer recurrence. Pain syndromes due to radiation can be characterized based on anatomic location and specific tissues affected. Several radiation-induced pain syndromes have been described along with proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of injury. Common risk factors include total radiation dose, fractionation schedule, and radiation field size.
BMI INCREASES AFTER ACL-RECONSTRUCTION IN ADOLESCENTS:

Background:The incidence of ACL injuries in the pediatric and adolescent patient population has increased over the last 20 years. ACL reconstruction is recommended to avoid osteoarthritis later in ...
Don't Persist All : Efficient Persistent Data Structures.

Data structures used in software development have inbuilt redundancy to improve software reliability and to speed up performance. Examples include a Doubly Linked List which allows a faster deletion due to the presence of the previous pointer. With the introduction of Persistent Memory, storing the redundant data fields into persistent memory adds a significant write overhead, and reduces performance. In this work, we focus on three data structures - Doubly Linked List, B+Tree and Hashmap, and showcase alternate partly persistent implementations where we only store a limited set of data fields to persistent memory. After a crash/restart, we use the persistent data fields to recreate the data structures along with the redundant data fields. We compare our implementation with the base implementation and show that we achieve speedups around 5-20% for some data structures, and up to 165% for a flush-dominated data structure.
Postconflict behavior of captive brown capuchins in the presence and absence of attractive food

Most of what we know about postconflict behavior comes from studies on chimpanzees and other Old World semiarboreal and semiterrestrial species. Few studies have investigated whether the context of a fight affects reconciliation—selective postconflict attraction between former opponents—and consolation: selective attraction between conflict participants and other group members. We studied social conflict and its aftermath in two captive groups of brown capuchins (Cebus apella), an arboreal New World species. We observed postconflict behavior in two contexts: (1) during the presence of highly attractive, clumped food—food condition—and (2) in the absence of such food—nonfood condition. Commercial monkey chow was available ad libitum in the nonfood condition. A comparison of postconflict and control observations revealed a conciliatory tendency in the capuchins, but only following fights that occurred in the absence of highly attractive food. Other group members tended not to seek postconflict contact with former conflict participants. However, when shortly after fights recipients of aggression, but not aggressors, initiated affiliation with third parties, the latter not only allowed proximity or contact but also often reciprocated through grooming, play, and especially the exchange of friendly signals. We discuss these results within the framework of current knowledge of postconflict behavior with special emphasis on similarities and differences in the postconflict behavior of Cebus and Pan.
Mutations induced by Bleomycin, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide, and hydrogen peroxide in the rpoB gene of Escherichia coli: Perspective on Mutational Hotspots

We report the mutational spectra in a segment of the E. coli rpoB gene of bleomycin (BLEO), 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (NQO), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We compare these spectra with those of other mutagens and repair deficient strains in the same rpoB system, and review the key elements determining mutational hotspots and outline the questions that remain unanswered. We consider three tiers of hotspots that derive from 1) the nature of the sequence change at a specific base, 2) the direct nearest neighbors and 3) some aspect of the larger sequence context or the local 3D-structure of segments of DNA. This latter tier can have a profound effect on mutation frequencies, even among sites with identical nearest neighbor sequences. BLEO is dependent on the SOS-induced translesion Pol V for mutagenesis, and has a dramatic hotspot at a single mutational site in rpoB. NQO is not dependent on any of the translesion polymerases, in contrast to findings with plasmids treated in vitro and transformed into E. coli. The rpoB system allows one to monitor both G:C -> A:T transitions and G:C -> T:A transversions at the same site in 11 cases, each site having the identical sequence context for each of the two mutations. The combined preference for G:C -> A:T transitions at these sites is 20-fold. Several of the favored sites for hydrogen peroxide mutagenesis are not seen in the spectra of BLEO and NQO mutations, indicating that mutagenesis from reactive oxygen species is not a major cause of BLEO or NQO mutagenesis, but rather specific adducts. The variance in mutation rates at sites with identical nearest neighbors suggests that the local structure of different DNA segments is an important factor in mutational hotspots.
9 – SPECTRALLY SELECTIVE SURFACES IN PHOTOTHERMAL SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the spectrally selective surfaces in photothermal solar energy conversion. It discusses the figure-of-merit and the need for spectrally selective surfaces on the basis of the absorptance of merit. The benefit derived from lowering the emittance of a black body differs according to the flux amplification for conversion at 500°C. According to flux amplification, collector options include concentrating, intermediate, and selectivity approaches. The chapter also discusses the Linear Focus Central Receiver Project and the converter. Both require suppression of the thermal emittance at high temperatures, so spectrally selective surfaces are indispensable for these applications in areas of the United States that have high demand for thermal energy. Among the many spectrally selective blacks commercially available, Black Chrome is of most interest because it is inexpensive to use.
A Quantitative Framework to Inform Cloud Data System Architecture and Services Requirements Based on User Needs and Expected Demand

The NASA open data policy and the increases in data volume from recent and future missions have resulted in a need to re-evaluate data archive information systems and services. For example, the Surface Water Ocean Topography mission (SWOT) will produce $\sim 15$ TB of data every day that needs to be freely and openly accessible through the NASA Physical Oceanography Distribute Active Archive Center (PO.DAAC). Because of the computational, and distribution challenges associated with making such volumes of Earth Observation data publicly available, the NASA Earth Science Data Information System (ESDIS) is moving their archive systems, like PO.DAAC, to the cloud. To facilitate this migration, system requirements need to accommodate expected use. As such, the objective of this study was to assesses expected user needs and develop a quantitative framework that can be traced to requirements for the cloud-based data archive system architecture and services that enable data discovery, access and utility. We used a two-tier data gathering method that included a short survey of potential users (identified at professional meetings and community listservs) and in-depth interviews. The survey provided a means for scaling findings from the in-depth interviews to a more representative sample, thus enabling assessment of expected impact to various user communities for different services that could be provided. This framework enables traceability for setting priorities for data services development to requirements for a cloud-based data archive system and services that enable data discovery, access and utility.
Draft genome sequences of concurrent Escherichia coli blood and fecal isolates from a patient with bacteremia and diarrhea belie BioFire-based detection of fecal enteropathogenic E. coli

The BioFire FilmArray® Gastrointestinal panel is a multiplex PCR assay widely used to determine the etiology of infectious gastroenteritis directly from stool specimens. Recently a positive BioFire result for fecal enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) was reported by a clinical microbiology laboratory for an adult patient with diarrhea and bacteremia. Since EPEC infrequently infects adults and rarely causes bacteremia, we isolated fecal E. coli and characterized the patient's blood and fecal E. coli isolates. Draft genome sequencing using a combination of methods indicated that the blood and fecal strains are virtually identical, are from sequence type 963 (phylogroup D) and exhibit neither the virulence genes characteristic of EPEC and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) nor classic EPEC-associated phenotypes. These findings support a gut source for the patient's bacteremia but exclude EPEC as the causative organism, and suggest that results of multiplex PCR assays from complex samples can be misleading, and should be interpreted with caution when they are discordant with clinical information. BioProject accession numbers for strains MVAST5574 and MVAST5635 genomes are PRJNA611789 and PRJNA611804, respectively.
Ultrasonic Wave Scattering at Liquid-Solid Interface by a Phased Array Sensor Using Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM)

Ultrasonic Phased Array technology has seen significant development in recent years. A phased array sensor generates stronger ultrasonic beam and facilitates beam steering without physically moving the sensor probe by controlling the excitation of the sensor’s piezo-electric elements. This allows faster and wider ultrasonic scanning compared to conventional sensors. The major challenge for ultrasonic beam focusing and beam steering by a phased array transducer is to control the excitation frequency. In this paper an efficient excitation frequency algorithm has been developed using Distributed Point Source Method (DPSM) to generate stronger, focused ultrasonic beam. DPSM is a mesh free semi analytical technique that has been used for solving a variety of engineering problems such as ultrasonic wave propagation in different mediums. Ultrasonic field calculation in two semi-infinite mediums like liquid-liquid and liquid-solid with regular ultrasonic sensors have already been calculated using DPSM. In this paper, a new approach of modeling liquid-solid interface by a phased array sensor using DPSM has been developed. For a phased array sensor, the angle and the strength of the acoustic beam depend on the number, placement and activation frequency of the point sources. An excitation algorithm for the point sources has been developed to generate strong focused acoustic beams. The time phasing is also used to calculate the acoustic field for a case where a phased array transducer is placed in a semi-infinite liquid which continues onto a semi-infinite solid medium.
Shifting to open education in our digital learning

In this special issue, we have gathered seven scholarly responses to Hilton’s 2016 article, representing leading edge perspectives on OER in terms of research, theory, and practice to help the field to better understand how to design, use, and research OER moving forward.
Minimax Quasi-Bayesian estimation in sparse canonical correlation analysis via a Rayleigh quotient function

Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is a popular statistical technique for exploring the relationship between datasets. The estimation of sparse canonical correlation vectors has emerged in recent years as an important but challenging variation of the CCA problem, with widespread applications. Currently available rate-optimal estimators for sparse canonical correlation vectors are expensive to compute. We propose a quasi-Bayesian estimation procedure that achieves the minimax estimation rate, and yet is easy to compute by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). The method builds on ([37]) and uses a re-scaled Rayleigh quotient function as a quasi-log-likelihood. However unlike these authors, we adopt a Bayesian framework that combines this quasi-log-likelihood with a spike-and-slab prior that serves to regularize the inference and promote sparsity. We investigated the empirical behavior of the proposed method on both continuous and truncated data, and we noted that it outperforms several state-of-the-art methods. As an application, we use the methodology to maximally correlate clinical variables and proteomic data for a better understanding of covid-19 disease.
Comprehensive Management of Rheumatic Diseases Affecting the Temporomandibular Joint

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint and thus is vulnerable to the afflictions that may affect other joints in the fields of rheumatology and orthopedics. Too often temporomandibular complaints are seen strictly as dental or orofacial concerns. Similarly, patients with known rheumatic disease may not have their TMJs included in routine screening and monitoring protocols. The purpose of this review is to highlight the rheumatic conditions likely to affect the TMJ and outline medical and surgical management in these patients with a focus on the need for continued patient reassessment and monitoring.
The Biomechanical Effects of Simulated Radioscapholunate Fusion with Distal Scaphoidectomy, 4-Corner Fusion with Complete Scaphoidectomy, and Proximal Row Carpectomy Compared to the Native Wrist.

Purpose To determine the effect of simulated radioscapholunate fusion with distal scaphoid excision (RSLF+DSE), 4-corner fusion with scaphoidectomy (4-CF), and proximal row carpectomy (PRC) on the wrist’s range of motion (ROM), contact pressure, and contact force in a cadaveric model. Methods Ten freshly frozen cadaveric wrists were tested under 4 sequential conditions: native wrist, RSLF+DSE, 4-CF, and PRC. The simulated fusions were performed using two 1.6-mm Kirschner wires . The ROM in the flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation planes was evaluated. Contact area, contact pressure, and contact force were measured at the scaphocapitolunate joint for the RSLF+DSE simulation and radiocarpal joint for the 4-CF and PRC simulations. Mechanical testing was performed using a 35-N uniaxial load and pressure-sensitive film. Results The RSLF+DSE and 4-CF groups had a decreased wrist arc ROM compared with the native wrist. The PRC group had a greater wrist arc ROM compared with the RSLF+DSE and 4-CF groups, but compared to the native wrist, it demonstrated a mildly decreased wrist arc ROM. The carpal pressure and contact force were significantly increased in the RSLF+DSE, 4-CF, and PRC groups compared with those in the native wrist. The RSLF+DSE group had the smallest increase in the carpal pressure and contact force, whereas the PRC group had the greatest increase. Conclusions Our study validates previous findings that PRC is motion-conserving but has the greatest contact force, whereas RSLF-DSE and 4-CF may cause a decrease in the ROM but have lower contact forces. Clinical relevance Understanding the underlying native wrist biomechanics and alterations following different surgical treatments may assist hand surgeons in their clinical decision making for the treatment of stage II scapholunate advanced collapse.
Book Review of Buying a Bride: An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches

Book review of "Buying a Bride: An Engaging History of Mail-Order Matches" by Marcia A. Zug, New York University press, 2016, 320 pp.
Vertical organizations, flat networks: Centrality and criminal collaboration in the Italian-American Mafia

Abstract While criminal organizations often feature hierarchical positions, scholars debate the extent to which networks of informal collaboration among criminals reflect such hierarchies. This research uses historical data on collaboration involving more than 700 criminals across 24 Italian-American Mafia families and applies network regression models and simulations to determine whether mafiosi of similar centrality-based status were more likely to be criminal associates than mafiosi of dissimilar status. Rather than forming vertical collaborations linking mafia members into a centralized, hierarchical network structure, we find that mafiosi collaborated disproportionately more with colleagues of similar status. While network centrality predicted tie formation, formal rank in an organizational chart generally did not. Knowledge simply of a covert organization’s formal structure may not translate to understanding “on-the-ground” collaborations.
African American political thought reimagined: A review of African American Political Thought: A Collected History:

This review essay surveys the contributions of the new edited volume African American Political Thought: A Collected History. The thinker-based approach to the study of African American political t...
Innovative Food Systems Pedagogy

Food systems students can benefit from a critically reflective, anti-oppressive, and culturally responsive classroom. In this paper, we share 37 students’ reflections on their experiences in two su...
Refining the treatment of NSCLC according to histological and molecular subtypes

In the past decade, the characterization of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) into subtypes based on genotype and histology has resulted in dramatic improvements in disease outcome in select patient subgroups. In particular, molecularly targeted agents that inhibit EGFR or ALK are approved for the treatment of NSCLC harbouring genetic alterations in the genes encoding these proteins. Although acquired resistance usually limits the duration of response to these therapies, a number of new agents have proven effective at tackling specific resistance mechanisms to first-generation inhibitors. Large initiatives are starting to address the role of biomarker-driven targeted therapy in squamous lung cancers, and in the adjuvant setting. Immunotherapy undeniably holds great promise and our understanding of subsets of NSCLC based on patterns of immune response is continuing to evolve. In addition, efforts are underway to identify rare genomic subsets through genomic screening, functional studies, and molecular characterization of exceptional responders. This Review provides an overview of the key developments in the treatment of NSCLC, and discusses potential strategies to further optimize therapy by targeting disease subtypes.
Reproductive endocrinology: Are intramuscular testosterone injections harmful?

Injectable testosterone esters and transdermal testosterone gels have generally been assumed to be equally safe and effective forms of testosterone-replacement therapy for male hypogonadism. Now, findings from a recent study suggest that transdermal testosterone gels are superior to injectable testosterone esters in terms of reducing cardiovascular events, all-cause hospitalizations and all-cause mortality.
Studies in the Experimental Development of Left—Right Concepts in Retarded Children Using Fading Techniques

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the studies in the experimental development of left–right concepts in retarded children, using fading techniques. The aim of the research described in this chapter was to explore what is involved in constructing an experimental history that would enable a child to discriminate the geometric forms, differing in left–right orientation. In the first investigation, which involved 90 normal and 89 retarded children, the experimental history consisted of training in form discrimination, mirror-image discrimination, and rotated mirror-image discrimination presented as a five-choice, match-to-sample problems. Mirror-image discrimination training was based on fading-in, by construction, mirror images of three forms— that is, flag, square Z, and winged L. Contingencies for a correct response were a light, a chime, and progress to the next slide, for an incorrect response, the contingencies were a blackout of the choices and a sound, resulting from the operation of the apparatus. The research in phase two was generated from questions raised in phase one. It was difficult, on the basis of data collected on two normal and two retarded groups of children, to evaluate the revised fading-in strategy and order of training sets. The fading-in technique proved, by far, most promising for the development of left–right concepts.
Adding Reasons Up

This chapter argues that the "maximizing conception" of rationality that economists are criticized for employing is one that moral philosophers cannot well do without. But the maximizing conception, though essential to identifying what reason requires that we choose, seems unsuited to the task of explaining why we choose what we do - even when we do choose as reason requires. In practice, the maximizing conception seems as unenlightening as an explanation of choice as it is hopeless as a decision strategy. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the two-system model of practical rationality that Kahneman and Tversky have pioneered (Tversky and Kahneman 1971) can be seen as a step toward reconciling the normative and positive aims of economics (compare Hausman and McPherson 1994 with Friedman 1953).
Real-Time audio quality evaluation for adaptive multimedia protocols

The quality of audio in IP telephony is significantly influenced by the impact of packet loss rate, burstiness and distribution on a specific audio compression technique. In this paper, we propose a novel statistical-based on-line audio quality assessment framework, Audio Genome, that can deduce the audio quality of an on-going Internet audio for many different codecs under any network loss condition at real-time. Our approach is superior to proposed learning-based techniques in terms of computational speed and ease of deployment. Our extensive evaluation experiments, that include large simulation scenarios, show that our approach is accurate and viable for adaptive real-time audio mechanisms. Finally, we show a deployment of Audio Genome as an integral part of an adaptive rate control mechanism.
Imaging of Renal Trauma

This chapter reviews the imaging diagnosis, classification, and role of radiology in selection of treatment of acute injury and complications of renal trauma. In the era of rapid MDCT (multidetector computed tomography), screening of blunt polytrauma patients involves either scanning selected body segments or, increasingly common, continuous scanning from the cranium through the pelvis, to quickly assess the scope and severity of traumatic pathology throughout the body. MDCT offers the most complete assessment of the parenchyma, collecting system, and renal function of any diagnostic modality. The kidneys are naturally included in every abdominal-pelvic CT performed for blunt trauma and in most cases for penetrating trauma in any case where retroperitoneal injury is possible based on site and trajectory of the penetrating object. As in all patients sustaining major trauma, it is the entire clinical scenario especially the hemodynamic status of the patient that determines whether or not CT can or should be obtained. The essential information acquired by CT permits identification of all injuries allowing injury severity to be determined. The injury score has utility for deciding if, when, and what treatment is mandated to achieve an optimal outcome, including preservation of maximal renal function, minimizing early and delayed complications, and determining if further diagnostic studies by CT or other modalities, as nuclear scintigraphy or retrograde pyelography, are warranted.
Response Spectra of Earthquake Ground Motion

In this paper a method is presented for direct scaling of Pseudo Relative Velocity Spectra (PSV) in terms of: (1)Earthquake magnitude M and epicentral distance R; or (2)Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) at a site. These models also depend directly on the geologic site conditions and are presented for horizontal and for vertical ground motions. This scaling is realized by means of “coefficient” functions which are determined through regression analysis of computed PSV spectra from recorded accelerograms. One of the principal advantages of the proposed method is that the ambiguities associated with the scaling of the fixed shape spectra by means of peak amplitudes of ground motion are now completely eliminated. The 91 direct regressions of horizontal and vertical spectra, at 91 periods, smoothed over all periods, lead to more complete and reliable sampling of the frequency-dependent characteristics of strong ground motion than the correlations of peak amplitudes alone.
Expanding CS1: applications across the liberal arts

This paper will describe how applications in a variety of disciplines can enhance the teaching of the CS1 course. Examples will be given from a range of disciplines, including mathematics, economics, linguistics, history, biology, art and music. The applications will be linked to the computer science concepts being discussed. Such an approach broadens the appeal of the introductory course and also teaches students valuable problem solving skills.
Controlled Spectrum Sensing and Scheduling under Resource Constraints

In this paper, a cross-layer framework to perform spectrum sensing and scheduling in agile wireless networks under resource constraints is presented. A network of secondary users (SUs) opportunistically accesses portions of the spectrum left unused by a network of licensed primary users (PUs). A central controller (CC) schedules the traffic of the SUs over the spectrum bands, based on distributed compressed spectrum sensing performed by the SUs. Both sensing and scheduling are controlled based on the current spectrum occupancy belief, with the goal to maximize the SU throughput, under constraints on the PU throughput degradation and the sensing-transmission cost incurred by the SUs. The high optimization complexity is reduced by proposing a partially myopic scheduling strategy, where the total traffic of the SUs is determined optimally via dynamic programming, whereas the allocation of the resulting total traffic across frequency bands is determined via a myopic maximization of the instantaneous trade-off between PU and SU throughputs, which can be solved efficiently using convex optimization tools. Structural results of the partially myopic scheduling strategy are proved. Simulation results demonstrate how the proposed framework allows to balance optimally the cost of acquisition of state information via distributed spectrum sensing and the cost of data transmission incurred by the SUs, while achieving the best trade-off between PU and SU throughput under the resource constraints available.
A cosite analysis capability for evaluating the EMC of frequency hopping and single channel radios

A method for analyzing the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of communications sites containing frequency hopping and single channel radios is described. Antenna-coupled cosite interactions, analytical concepts, performance measures employed, and applicability of the method are discussed. A sample problem is provided. >
Modeling and detecting community hierarchies

Community detection has in recent years emerged as an invaluable tool for describing and quantifying interactions in networks. In this paper we propose a theoretical model that explicitly formalizes both the tight connections within each community and the hierarchical nature of the communities. We further present an efficient algorithm that provably detects all the communities in our model. Experiments demonstrate that our definition successfully models real world communities, and our algorithm compares favorably with existing approaches.
Nano-Scale Mechanics of Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanobelts

One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures have numerous potential applications in science and engineering. Nanocomposites made of nanowires, such as carbon nanotubes, are likely to decrease material's density and increase its strength, [1] which are of critical importance to space technology. To investigate the uniqueness offered by these materials, new techniques must be developed to quantitatively measure the properties of individual wire-like structures'whose structures are well characterized by electron microscopy techniques, because their properties may sensitively depend on their geometrical shape/configurations and crystal as well as surface structures. Within the framework of in-situ TEM we have recently developed a novel approach that relies on electric field induced mechanical resonance for measuring the properties of individual wire-like structures, such as Young's modulus, electron field emission, tip work function, and electrical quantum conductance. This is a new technique that provides the properties of a single nanowire with well characterized.
Design, construction and evaluation of solarized airlift tubular photobioreactor

An innovative photobioreactor is developed for growing algae in simulated conditions. The proposed design comprises of a continuous tubular irradiance loop and air induced liquid circulation with gas separation through air lift device. The unique features of air lift system are to ensure the shear free circulation of sensitive algal culture and induce light/dark cycles to the photosynthetic micro-organisms. The design strategy employs to model and construct a 20-liter laboratory scale unit using Boro-silicate glass tubing. The material is selected to ensure maximum photon transmission. All components of the device are designed to have flexibility to be replaced with an alternative design, providing fair chance of modification for future investigators. The principles of fluid mechanics are applied to describe geometrical attributes of the air lift system. Combination of LEDs and Florescent tube lights (Warm white) were used to illuminate the photosynthesis reaction area providing a possibility to control both illumination duration and light intensity. 200 Watt Solar PV system is designed to power up the device which included air pump (100 Watt) and illumination system (100 Watt). Algal strain Chlorella sp was inoculated in photobioreactor which was sparged with air and carbon dioxide. The growth was sustained in the batch mode with daily monitoring of temperature, pH and biomass concentration. The novel photobioreactor recorded a maximum experimental average yield of 0.65 g/l.day (11.3 g/m2.day) as compared to theoretical modeled yield of 0.82 g/l.day (14.26 g/m2.day), suggesting the device can be efficiently and cost-effectively employed in the production of algal biomass for biofuels, concomitantly mitigating CO2.
Keeping children safe around guns: pitfalls and promises

Firearms are the source of a significant number of preventable injuries and deaths to children. The risk of homicide, suicide, and unintentional deaths and injuries is greater when a firearm is present, particularly when the firearm is stored unsafely. Up to 40% of children have access to firearms in their homes, and adolescents have greater access across a wider domain of areas. Children's (especially boys') fascination with guns has been well-documented and appears resistant to intervention. Young children lack the cognitive maturity to generalize lessons learned in the classroom to the real world of their homes and play areas. Older children and adolescents believe themselves to be invulnerable to injury and are easily persuaded by their peers to act in defiant and reckless ways. The interventions themselves are rarely based on sound behavioral principles, lack adequate evaluation criteria, and may promote a gun-carrying norm. Community-based education, media campaigns, access prevention laws, and physician-based counseling also appear to have little significant impact on gun ownership and safe storage practices of parents. Prevention of firearm injuries and deaths among children and adolescents needs to be depoliticized and reframed as a public health issue.
Porous Thick Film Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite Stress and Oxygen Surface Exchange Bilayer Curvature Relaxation Measurements

Here, the chemical oxygen surface exchange coefficient and film stress of porous La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-δ (LSF64) thick films were simultaneously measured in situ between 275–375◦C and 275–700◦C, respectively, using a bilayer curvature measurement technique. The magnitude and activation energy of the porous LSF64 thick film oxygen surface exchange coefficients were consistent with those from large grained, bulk samples. However, unlike large-grained, dilatometry-tested bulk LSF64 samples that only exhibited measurable chemical stress above 525◦C, the fine-grained, curvature-tested porous LSF64 thick films studied here exhibited measurable chemical stress over the complete temperature range from 275 to 700◦C. Further, the porous LSF64 thick films exhibited a kink in their Arrhenius chemical stress behavior (displaying activation energies of 0.07 eV below 525◦C and 0.5 eV above 525◦C), suggesting a distinct lattice-dominated chemical stress response above 525◦C and a distinct grain-boundary-dominated chemical stress response below 525◦C. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0051411jes] All rights reserved.
Spin polarization decay in spin- (1)/(2) and spin- (3)/(2) systems

We present a general unifying theory for spin polarization decay due to the interplay of spin precession and momentum scattering that is applicable to both spin-1/2 electrons and spin-3/2 holes. Our theory allows us to identify and characterize a wide range of qualitatively different regimes. For strong momentum scattering or slow spin precession we recover the D'yakonov-Perel result, according to which the spin relaxation time is inversely proportional to the momentum relaxation time. On the other hand, we find that, in the ballistic regime the carrier spin polarization shows a very different qualitative behavior. In systems with isotropic spin splitting the spin polarization can oscillate indefinitely, while in systems with anisotropic spin splitting the spin polarization is reduced by spin dephasing, which is non-exponential and may result in an incomplete decay of the spin polarization. For weak momentum scattering or fast spin precession, the oscillations or non-exponential spin dephasing are modulated by an exponential envelope proportional to the momentum relaxation time. Nevertheless, even in this case in certain systems a fraction of the spin polarization may survive at long times. Finally it is shown that, despite the qualitatively different nature of spin precession in the valence band, spin polarization decay in spin-3/2 hole systems has many similarities to its counterpart in spin-1/2 electron systems.
Simultaneous dielectric and dynamic mechanical analysis of thermosetting polymers

This work presents a new method to measure simultaneously the dielectric loss factor and viscosity of thermosetting polymers during various cure cycles. A microdielectric sensor was mounted in the bottom plate of a parallel plate rheometer. Three types of high performance laminating resins were investigated. During non-isothermal curing, dipole peaks were found to correspond to softening/devitrification, the maximum in the loss factor followed the same heating rate dependence as the minimum in the viscosity, and dipole peaks were observed to correlate with vitrification when the cure temperature was below the ultimate glass transition temperature of the resin.