cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stochastic generation of explicit pore structures by thresholding Gaussian random fields

Abstract We provide a description and computational investigation of an efficient method to stochastically generate realistic pore structures. Smolarkiewicz and Winter introduced this specific method in pores resolving simulation of Darcy flows (Smolarkiewicz and Winter, 2010 [1] ) without giving a complete formal description or analysis of the method, or indicating how to control the parameterization of the ensemble. We address both issues in this paper. The method consists of two steps. First, a realization of a correlated Gaussian field, or topography, is produced by convolving a prescribed kernel with an initial field of independent, identically distributed random variables. The intrinsic length scales of the kernel determine the correlation structure of the topography. Next, a sample pore space is generated by applying a level threshold to the Gaussian field realization: points are assigned to the void phase or the solid phase depending on whether the topography over them is above or below the threshold. Hence, the topology and geometry of the pore space depend on the form of the kernel and the level threshold. Manipulating these two user prescribed quantities allows good control of pore space observables, in particular the Minkowski functionals. Extensions of the method to generate media with multiple pore structures and preferential flow directions are also discussed. To demonstrate its usefulness, the method is used to generate a pore space with physical and hydrological properties similar to a sample of Berea sandstone.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection With Intermediate Sensitivity to Vancomycin: A Case Report and Literature Review:

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bacteremia and endocarditis in adults. Vancomycin is the standard therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. Although clinical failure associated with the development of reduced susceptibility to vancomycin during the course of treatment for MRSA bacteremia has been reported infrequently, such an occurrence is very serious. We report a case of 43-year-old woman with of MRSA bacteremia, who relapsed after initial, apparently successful vancomycin treatment and developed left-sided endocarditis and vertebral osteomyelitis. Two weeks into her second admission, the vancomycin minimal inhibitory concentration rose from <or= 2 microg/mL (susceptible) to 4 microg/mL (intermediate). The antibiotic was changed to daptomycin. Subsequent blood cultures were negative and sepsis resolved.
Medical therapies for concussion

Clinicians who manage sport-related concussions have excellent guidelines by which most injuries can be managed. Because sport-related concussions typically resolve within a short time frame, most can be managed with physical and cognitive rest alone. However, clinicians who specialize in the assessment and management of this diagnosis encounter patients with prolonged recovery courses, persistent symptoms, and significant deficits in cognitive functioning. These patients require more involved therapy, which may include additional education, academic accommodations, physical therapy, cognitive rehabilitation, and medication. This article reviews the main medical therapies for the management of concussive brain injury.
Vast tracts of land: rural healthcare culture.

Rurality in the modern United States (US) is characterized as a small population spread over a wide area of land. Only approximately 21% of the population lives in rural areas, which is defined as ...
Myelopathy After Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy with Capecitabine and Gemcitabine

This article describes a woman with metastatic upper gastrointestinal cancer who developed thoracic myelopathy unexpectedly after standard dosage and fractionation radiotherapy. She also was receiving capecitabine and gemcitabine concomitantly. There are few reported cases of chemotherapy potentiation of spinal cord radiation toxicity. These agents are known radiosensitizers, making it likely that they contributed to this adverse outcome. As these agents are increasingly incorporated into clinical trials of combined therapy, caution will be necessary in both trial design and clinical management.
A compact, fully differential D-band CMOS amplifier in 65nm CMOS

A fully differential 144GHz CMOS amplifier has been demonstrated in 65nm CMOS. It validates a maximum 20dB power gain and has positive gain over 38GHz frequency range from 126GHz to 164GHz. With stacking circuit architecture, the amplifier can tolerate up to 2V supply without reliability concern. It also delivers over 5.7dBm saturated output power with PldB of 5dBm under a 2V supply. The amplifier features a 3-stage common-source cascode architecture with on-chip interstage matching. The chip occupies 0.05 mm2 area and draws 39mA and 51mA from 1.4V and 2V supplies respectively. To our best knowledge, this amplifier achieves the highest power gain for CMOS amplifier beyond 100GHz and paves the way for D-band radar and passive imaging system applications.
Quantitative Approaches for Using Color Infrared Photography for Assessing In-Season Nitrogen Status in Winter Wheat

Due to the timing and rates of N applications in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the potential exists for high N loading to the environment. Plant tissue tests offer growers the ability to determine in-season N status, and to optimize N applications and N use efficiency. However, sampling and N analysis can be costly, difficult, and time consuming. Remote sensing may offer a solution to these problems. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) if remote sensing could be used to estimate in-season N status, (ii) if within-field calibration would improve the ability of remote sensing to estimate crop N status, and (iii) if optimum N rates could be estimated using remote sensing. Research was conducted in 1999 to 2001 at eight sites. Two sites had randomized complete block designs with variety, seeding rate, and N rate as treatments. Six sites had a single seeding rate and wheat variety. Biomass was found to influence spectral measurements of in-season N status. A strong relationship between the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and growth stage (GS)-30 whole-plant N concentration (R 2 = 0.69) and GS-30 N uptake (R 2 = 0.61) was found. Within-field calibration did not improve the estimation of in-season N status by NDVI. While it was possible to use NDVI to estimate GS-30 N uptake, predicted N fertilizer rates based on N uptake were highly unreliable. However, NDVI reliably predicted GS-30 N fertilizer rates based on whole-plant N concentration for wheat that had mean GS-30 biomass values >1000 kg ha -1 .
Prototypical extensions to the paradigm of spatial search

Two digital library prototypes are presented that utilize non-geographical spatial systems to facilitate access to specialized materials. In one, the spatial system of the rat brain facilitates sharing of neuroscientific information. In the other, ancient documents represent separate spatial systems that integrate imagery of text portions.
Comparative Psychology as an Effective Supplement to Undergraduate Core Psychology Courses

This article describes the design and implementation of a 1-credit-hour seminar in comparative psychology as a supplement to an introductory biopsychology course. The purpose of the course was to introduce students to the ecological and evolutionary aspects of animal behavior by building on topics that are introduced in many biopsychology courses. This article provides suggestions for course assignments and course reading materials. The current approach of introducing undergraduate students to comparative psychology by attaching a seminar to an existing course offers a framework that could possibly be used with many other undergraduate psychology courses.
Black Hole Spectral States and Physical Connections

The dramatic changes seen in the X-ray spectral and timing properties of accreting black hole candidates (BHCs) provide important clues about the accretion and jet formation processes that occur in these systems. Dividing the different source behaviors into spectral states provides a framework for studying BHCs. To date, there have been three main classification schemes with Luminosity-based, Component-based, or Transition-based criteria. The canonical, Luminosity-based criteria and physical models that are based on this concept do not provide clear explanations for several phenomena, including hysteresis of spectral states and the presence of jets. I discuss the re-definitions of states, focusing on an application of the Component-based states to more than 400 RXTE observations of the recurrent BHC 4U 1630^17. We compare the X-ray properties for the recent 2002-2004 outburst to those of an earlier (1998) outburst, during which radio jets were observed. The results suggest a connection between hysteresis of states and major jet ejections, and it is possible that both of these are related to the evolution of the inner radius of the optically thick accretion disk.
A contextualized project-based approach for improving student engagement and learning in AI courses

The goal of Project MLeXAI, Machine Learning Experiences in Artificial Intelligence, is to develop a project-based framework for teaching core AI topics with a unifying theme of machine learning. In this paper, we provide an overview of Project MLeXAI and the curricular material being developed. We present experiences during the second phase of the project that involves its implementation at several diverse institutions involving twenty instructors.
Relationship between clinical manifestations and pulsed-field gel profiles of Streptococcus canis isolates from dogs and cats

Little is known regarding the degree of genotypic relatedness between Streptococcus canis isolates from dogs and cats. The purpose of this study was to determine whether correlations existed between the genotypes of canine and feline S. canis isolates as determined using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and different clinical manifestations of disease. Eighty-two isolates of S. canis were examined that had been collected from dogs and cats presenting to the University of California, Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) between 1998 and 2005. Associated clinical manifestations included sepsis, otitis, pyometra, skin infections, necrotizing fasciitis, respiratory disease, and urinary tract infections. In addition, 9 feline isolates from a southern California shelter that experienced an outbreak of S. canis infection manifesting as necrotizing fasciitis and death were examined. Bacterial isolates were characterized by PFGE analysis using the restriction enzyme SmaI. The relationships between banding patterns were analyzed using gel analysis software combined with visual interpretation. The feline shelter isolates of S. canis were 99% similar in bacterial PFGE profile. The remainder of samples had less than 80% similarity in PFGE banding patterns. The relatedness of the PFGE profile in the feline shelter isolates suggested a clonal origin. In the isolates from the VMTH population, there was no relationship between specific disease manifestations and PFGE profile. PFGE typing does not appear to be useful for identifying isolates associated with specific disease presentations; however may be more useful to identify outbreaks of S. canis infections or to detect clonal populations in outbreaks.
Cleavage patterns of carbon clusters from impact-induced fragmentation of C- N, N = 10-50

Abstract The preferred fragmentation patterns of negatively charged carbon clusters, C−N have been investigated by cluster—beam impact methods using various surfaces and impact energies (Ei = 0–150 eV). Transitions from one type of cluster structure to another are inferred from the observed change in fragmentation patterns. The results are made possible by the high intact-scattering yield of C−N clusters, and by the competitiveness of fragmentation with electron emission for clusters N 33, for which electron emission dominates over fragmentation. These results are compared and contrasted with results obtained from other fragmentation and collisional methods.
Reversal of atypical depression, sleepiness, and REM-sleep propensity in narcolepsy with bupropion

We successfully treated a 46-year-old narcoleptic woman suffering from atypical depression with bupropion hydrochloride. Diagnostic evaluation revealed a Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score of 24, a short nocturnal REM-sleep latency, subjective and objective sleepiness (mean sleep latency (MSL) = 1.8 minutes), and three sleep onset REM-sleep periods during the five nap multiple sleep latency test. Bupropion (100 mg t.i.d.) normalized her mood (BDI = 6), sleepiness (MSL = 9.1 minutes), and REM-sleep propensity. Upon discontinuation of bupropion, these parameters reverted to pretreatment levels. This "activating" antidepressant's reversal of the sleepiness and REM-sleep propensity in narcolepsy may be due to blockade of dopamine or norepinephrine reuptake. Clinicians need to be alert to the fact that depression can mask the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Bupropion warrants further investigation as a treatment for narcolepsy in an open-label, double-blind, placebo-controlled paradigm.
Sol-gel overview: transparent, microporous silica, its synthesis and characterization

Transparent silica gels have been fabricated for some time now with bulk densities ranging from less than 10% to near 100%. What is remarkable is that these materials in bulk form have high visible light transmission over this wide range of consolidation. The conditions under which the sol-gel process are carried out, the rates of chemical reactions, drying procedures and heat treatments all influence the glass structure at the submolecular level and all play a role in determining whether or not the gel is transparent.
Antibiotics to Prevent Acute Otitis Media and to Treat Otitis Media With Effusion

In Reply. —Dr Cantekin's letter makes a number of unsubstantiated assertions. First, he is concerned about the heterogeneity of treatment effect in studies of antibiotic prophylaxis of recurrent acute otitis media. The DerSimonian and Laird analytic method we used assumes a random distribution of observed treatment effects about the true mean. 1 Therefore, study heterogeneity is factored into the calculated estimate. Cantekin argues that sulfisoxazole is more effective than other antibiotics for prophylaxis against recurrent acute otitis media, but is unsafe. As detailed in our article, the data do not support recommendations for a specific antibiotic. 2 Contrary to Cantekin's statements, there is no warning in the Physicians' Desk Reference about prophylactic use of sulfisoxazole as a single agent. Concerning the OME studies, Cantekin makes several statements about study quality and observed treatment effect. One of us (R.L.W.) reviewed his article on this topic and is aware he bases these
TiO2 photocatalytic oxidation of nitric oxide: transient behavior and reaction kinetics

Abstract Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of nitric oxide (NO) over TiO 2 catalyst was studied at source levels (5–60 ppm). The PCO process involves a series of oxidation steps by the OH radical: NO→HNO 2 →NO 2 →HNO 3 . The product NO 2 can be collected in an adsorbent bed and either recycled back to the combustion chamber or recovered as nitric acid. The ratio of NO 2 − to NO 3 − from spent catalyst liquor drops with irradiation time until a steady state is reached. The reactions are limited by thermodynamic equilibrium after ∼12 s space time. The steady-state experimental data from space time and inlet concentration effects can be described with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) kinetic model with R 2 =0.9208.
Acquired increase in leucocyte binding by intestinal microvascular endothelium in inflammatory bowel disease.

Summary Background Endothelial cells that line microvascular blood vessels have an important role in inflammation through their ability to bind and recruit circulating leucocytes. Endothelial cells from the intestines of patients with chronically inflamed Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis—the two forms of inflammatory bowel disease—display an increased leucocyte-binding capacity in vitro. We investigated whether this enhanced leucocyte binding is a primary or an acquired defect. Methods We cultured human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells (HIMEC) from the uninvolved intestine and chronically inflamed bowel of three patients with inflammatory bowel disease (two Crohn's disease, one ulcerative colitis). We assessed HIMEC binding to polymorphonuclear leucocytes and U937 cells by means of an adhesion assay. Findings After activation with interleukin-1β or lipopolysaccharide, HIMEC from the chronically inflamed tissue in all three patients with inflammatory bowel disease bound twice as many polymorphonuclear leucocytes and U937 cells as endothelial cells from uninvolved tissue. Interpretation Enhanced leucocyte binding by HIMEC from chronically inflamed tissue in patients with inflammatory bowel disease is an acquired defect since it is not found in the uninvolved intestinal segments from the same individuals. Because interaction between endothelial cells and leucocytes is a key regulatory step in the inflammatory process, this enhanced binding may contribute to the pathophysiology of chronic intestinal inflammation.
The hematopoietic stromal microenvironment promotes retro‐virus‐mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells

In this study we report on the establishment of novel conditions which permit efficient ret-rovirus-mediated gene transfer of human adenosine deaminase (ADA) into murine hematopoietic progenitors. Using Southern blot analysis and an ADA probe, we demonstrated that prestimulation of bone marrow cells over an in vitro culture of adherent stromal cell layers (ACLs) for two days provides favorable conditions for gene transfer in the absence of exogenous growth factors. In bone marrow transplant recipients reconstituted with retrovirally-marked cells, ADA was detected in spleen, thymus and bone marrow cells of the recipients eight months after transplantation. These observations were also seen in transplants of embryonal hematopoietic stem cells. By using different incubation protocols, it was found that the developmental fate of hematopoietic stem cells varied with the presence of exogenous growth factors or an ACL in the prestimulation phase. Poly-clonal hematopoiesis with multiple clones appearing simultaneously was revealed in mice reconstituted with growth factor-stimulated cells four months after transplantation. This was detected by multiple integration patterns of ADA integration into the genomes of individual colony forming units-spleen (CFU-S) in transplantation recipient mice. In contrast, two to five months after transplantation, polyclonal hematopoiesis was not observed in mice reconstituted with cells infected in the absence of growth factors. It appears that utilization of the bone marrow micro-environment through the use of an ACL results in a narrower spectrum of integration patterns, suggesting that a type of oligoclonal or monoclonal hematopoiesis is occurring. These studies demonstrate that an ACL provides novel conditions for successful gene transfer and stable integration of the vector into the genome. Use of an ACL may be advantageous for successful hcmatopoietic stem cell gene therapy.
Anatomy and fine structure of nerves associated with the corpus allatum and foregut musculature of Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera : Blattidae)

Abstract The ultrastructure of nerves associated with the corpus allatum (CA) of Periplaneta americana (Dictyoptera : Blattidae) is described, and estimates of the numbers of neurons they contain is presented. The nerves examined include the nervi corporis cardiaci 1 and 2 (NCC 1, 2), the nervi corporis allati 1, the anterior and posterior branches of nervus corporis allati 2 (NCA 2), the allatal commissure (AC), and the postallatals (PN). These nerves have the ultrastructural appearance of neurohormone release sites, suggesting that much of the retrocerebral complex functions as a diffuse neurohemal organ. NCC 1 contains about 600 axons, roughly 90% of which are less than 1 μm in diameter, while NCC 2 comprises about 75 that are 0.6–3.8 μm wide. AC consists of 12–14 neurosecretory axons, 6–7 apparently crossing from the NCA 2 and CA on each side. Synaptoids with 2 kinds of granules, presumably neurosecretory, occur on CA cells within the parenchyma, and adjacent to invaginated pockets of basement lamella at the gland's periphery. This suggests that neurochemical mediators are released at both sites. Most of the PN axons have electron-opaque granules 100–200 nm in diameter. These axons form multiple synapses on foregut muscles, and the synapses contain 93 ± 17.7 nm ( x ± S. D. ) electron-opaque granules, and 48.4 ± 7.2 nm electron-lucent vesicles.
ACM and the professional programmer

In the very early days of computing, professional programming was nearly synonymous with academic research because computers tended to be devices that existed only or largely in academic settings. ...
Vector optimization of amber 3.0 on the NEC SX-2/400 supercomputer

Abstract The AMBER 3.0 molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics programs have been ported to and vectorized on the NEC SX-2/400 supercomputer. A detailed discussion of the vector enhancement of the AMBER non-bonded pair list generation subroutine is presented. Automatic vectorization using the FORT77SX compiler yielded speed-up factors of 1.2 to 1.5 over unvectorized code. Recoding of key portions of the program, as described in this paper, yielded speed-up factors of 1.8-2.7. The perturbation molecular dynamics program, PERDYN, now runs up to 35 times faster on the SX-2/400 than the VAX optimized version of the same program runs on the VAX 8650.
Personal information management with SEMEX

The explosion of information available in digital form has made search a hot research topic for the Information Management Community. While most of the research on search is focused on the WWW, individual computer users have developed their own vast collections of data on their desktops, and these collections are in critical need for good search and query tools. The problem is exacerbated by the proliferation of varied electronic devices (laptops, PDAs, cellphones) that are at our disposal, which often hold subsets or variations of our data. In fact, several recent venues have noted Personal Information Management (PIM) as an area of growing interest to the data management community [1, 8, 6]
The Meaning of Hasidut: Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem

he effort to maintain or to reestablish continuity with the religious life and values of the Jewish past has permeated the writings of modern Jewish thinkers. Many modern Jews have understood that the dramatic changes and challenges that were ushered in during the period of the Emancipation resulted in a radical gap between the past and present. Two of the most influential Jewish thinkers, Martin Buber and Gershom Scholem, held that the barrier between past and present demanded a radical reexamination of Jewish history. They held that continuity could be established only by looking at those areas of the Jewish past that were dismissed or rejected by earlier scholars. They ultimately concluded that Jewish mysticism embodies the most creative elements of Jewish religious experience and is the most accessible of all past expressions of Jewish life. Yet, despite these common conclusions, Buber's and Scholem's understandings of the nature and meaning of Jewish mysticism are quite divergent. These differences are particularly acute when their views of Hasidut, the latest phase of Jewish mysticism, are examined. In light of the central role given to Jewish mysticism by both these scholars, their conflicting portraits of Hasidut have great significance for understanding the efforts of modern Jewish thinkers to understand and to appropriate their past. In the following pages it will be demonstrated that one way of interpreting the disagreement about Hasidut is to focus on Buber's and Scholem's conflicting views about the concept of God that activated that movement./1/ Buber holds that the power of Hasidic life emerged from the relationship between man and the God who is both Creator of the universe and partner in dialogue. Hasidut revealed the redemptive
When the Context is in the Room: Extending the Relational Paradigm

Examining the approach to couples work described by Virginia Goldner, this commentary analyzes a number of the most significant interventions introduced by Goldner, pointing to her skillful use of paradox, the ways in which her focus on her own participation in the events of the session enables the members of the couple to take more responsibility in ways that point toward repair, and the ways her interventions share properties with what I have elsewhere called attributional interpretations. The paper also offers a critique of the ways in which the metaphors of left-brain and right-brain can be overused and misleading.
A Coat Connects Obesity with Heart Disease

Obesity is a worldwide public health challenge, and its prevalence and associated comorbidities have increased dramatically in the past three decades. A principal comorbidity associated with obesity is coronary heart disease; however, there is still controversy over the extent of the contribution of obesity to heart disease. Recent evidence suggests that the adipose tissue surrounding the coronary arteries may expand in obese patients. This so-called perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) may affect the function of the coronary arteries by releasing vasoactive and inflammatory mediators. Now, Owen et al. explore the mechanisms by which PVAT may affect the coronary arteries in lean and obese animals. Owen and colleagues hypothesized that obesity favors coronary artery vasoconstriction. To test their hypothesis, the authors studied isolated coronary arteries from Ossbaw swine, an animal that develops obesity when exposed to a nutritional excess and physical inactivity. The pigs were fed either standard chow (lean swine) or an atherogenic diet (obese swine) for 6 to 12 months. Arteries were stimulated with potassium chloride solution or prostaglandin F2α before and after incubation with PVAT. Interestingly, PVAT from coronary and mesenteric arteries but not subcutaneous PVAT boosted arterial contraction in response to smooth muscle depolarization with potassium chloride solution. Arterial contractions were dependent on the amount of PVAT added and were greater for coronary arteries from obese versus lean swine. Similar responses to PVAT were observed in coronary arteries from lean and obese swine in which the endothelial lining had been removed. Protein expression profiling of PVAT from lean and obese swine revealed marked differences, including up-regulation of proteins important for smooth muscle contraction (RhoA and calpastatin) in obese but not lean animals. The results of this study support the notion that PVAT surrounding coronary arteries may independently initiate or augment the contraction of coronary arteries in obese animals. These findings strengthen the direct link between obesity and heart disease and call for future studies to investigate whether this association holds in humans. M. K. Owen et al. Perivascular adipose tissue potentiates contraction of coronary vascular smooth muscle: Influence of obesity. Circulation , 17 May 2013 (10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001238). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2013/05/17/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001238.abstract?sid=490e2ac0-8904-4011-bbfc-b2b37518a400
IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE: FROM TRADITIONAL TO NEW GENERATION JAIL OPERATIONS

The recent introduction of the New Generation, podular/direct supervision philosophy of jail architecture and inmate management dramatically changes the nature and design of the work performed by custodial staff. In particular, the new philosophy has the potential to “enrich” the job of correctional officers. Using before and after data gathered a t one institution, we address whether job enrichment is an outcome of the transition from traditional to podular/direct supervision detention facility design, and whether enrichment of the job affects employee perceptions of the work and of the organization.
Plane isoparametric hybrid‐stress elements: Invariance and optimal sampling

Formulation and applications of the hybrid-stress finite element model to plane elasticity problems are examined. Conditions for invariance of the element stiffness are established for two-dimensional problems, the results of which are easily extended to three-dimensional cases. Next, the hybrid-stress functional for a 3-D continuum is manipulated into a more convenient form in which the location of optimal stress/strain sampling points can be identified. To illustrate these concepts, 4- and 8-node plane isoparametric hybrid-stress elements which are invariant and of correct rank are developed and compared with existing hybrid-stress elements. For a 4-node element, lack of invariance is shown to lead to spurious zero energy modes under appropriate element rotation. Alternative 8-node elements are considered, and the best invariant element is shown to be one in which the stress compatibility equations are invoked. Results are also presented which demonstrate the validity of the optimal sampling points, the effects of reduced orders of numerical integration, and the behaviour of the elements for nearly incompressible materials.
Analysis of Orthologous Gene Expression between Human Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma and a Carcinogen-Induced Murine Model

Human adenocarcinoma (AC) is the most frequently diagnosed human lung cancer, and its absolute incidence is increasing dramatically. Compared to human lung AC, the A/J mouse-urethane model exhibits similar histological appearance and molecular changes. We examined the gene expression profiles of human and murine lung tissues (normal or AC) and compared the two species' datasets after aligning ∼7500 orthologous genes. A list of 409 gene classifiers ( P value 2 synthase (PGES) were joint classifiers that showed opposite effects in lung AC (PGIS down-regulated; PGES up-regulated). Finally, tissue microarrays identified the same protein expression pattern for PGIS and PGES in 108 different non-small cell lung cancer biopsies, and the detection of PGIS had statistically significant prognostic value in patient survival. Thus, the A/J mouse-urethane model reflects significant molecular details of human lung AC, and comparison of changes in orthologous gene expression may provide novel insights into lung carcinogenesis.
First-principles study of anhydrite, polyhalite and carnallite

Abstract We report density functional calculations of the structures and properties of anhydrite (CaSO4), polyhalite (K2SO4·MgSO4·2CaSO4·2H2O) and carnallite (KCl·MgCl2·6H2O). Densities of states are systematically investigated and phonon analysis using density functional perturbation theory is performed at constant equilibrium volume for anhydrite and polyhalite in order to derive their isochoric thermal properties. Thermal properties at constant atmospheric pressure are also calculated using the quasi-harmonic approximation. The computed molar entropy and isobaric heat capacity for anhydrite reproduce experimental data up to 800 K to within 3% and 10%, respectively, while further experimental work is needed to assess our theoretical predictions for polyhalite.
Time delay and magnification centroid due to gravitational lensing by black holes and naked singularities

We model the massive dark object at the center of the Galaxy as a Schwarzschild black hole as well as Janis-Newman-Winicour naked singularities, characterized by the mass and scalar charge parameters, and study gravitational lensing (particularly time delay, magnification centroid, and total magnification) by them. We find that the lensing features are qualitatively similar (though quantitatively different) for Schwarzschild black holes, weakly naked, and marginally strongly naked singularities. However, the lensing characteristics of strongly naked singularities are qualitatively very different from those due to Schwarzschild black holes. The images produced by Schwarzschild black hole lenses and weakly naked and marginally strongly naked singularity lenses always have positive time delays. On the other hand, strongly naked singularity lenses can give rise to images with positive, zero, or negative time delays. In particular, for a large angular source position the direct image (the outermost image on the same side as the source) due to strongly naked singularity lensing always has a negative time delay. We also found that the scalar field decreases the time delay and increases the total magnification of images; this result could have important implications for cosmology. As the Janis-Newman-Winicour metric also describes the exterior gravitational field of a scalar star, naked singularities as well as scalar star lenses, if these exist in nature, will serve as more efficient cosmic telescopes than regular gravitational lenses.
On kinship and comparsion, intersubjectivity and mutuality of being

Comment on SAHLINS, Marshall. 2013. What kinship is—and is not. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
The Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Oxy(2-Methyl-1,3-Phenylene)Oxyisophthaloyl-b-(2-Methyl-1,3-Phenylene)Oxyterephthaloyl)Oxy,

Abstract The syntheses and characterizations of poly[oxy(2-methyl-1,3-phenylene) oxyisophthaloyl-b-oxy (2-methyl-1,3-phenylene)oxy-terephthaloyl] and the corresponding homopolymers are described. The synthesis involves the coupling of dihydroxy-terminated homo-polymers with terephthaloyl chloride. The resulting block copoly-ester was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, proton and carbon- 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, solution viscosity, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis.
Treating hepatitis C in African Americans

Background: The epidemiology, natural history and response to therapy of chronic hepatitis C differs significantly between African Americans and other ethnic populations. The reasons for these differences are not entirely clear but include mode of transmission, viral kinetics, immune responsiveness, and demographics. Objective: Review of the peer-reviewed literature and expert opinion from 1990 to 2005 regarding features of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in African Americans, differences in presentation and response to therapy, and treatment recommendations. Results: The epidemiology of HCV infection in African Americans appears to be predominantly associated with socio-economic status and high-risk behaviors. However, disease course, response to treatment, and virologic outcome may be a function of race. African Americans may clear HCV less efficiently than other ethnic groups, although impaired immune responsivity may also lead to decreased necro-inflammatory activity and progression to cirrhosis. Therapy-naive African Americans have lower sustained virologic response rates to this treatment than other populations. Conclusions: Strategies to improve outcomes in African Americans include higher doses of current medications, medications with fewer adverse events, and new experimental molecular therapies.
Scattering Of Light By A Coated Bubble In Water Near The Critical And Brewster Scattering Angles

A microbubble in the ocean may be coated by a thin film sorbed onto its surface. We identify scattering features which should be useful for the optical characterization of the bubble size and film thickness. We investigated theoretical scattering patterns for spherical gas bubbles coated by films of uniform thickness h. The patterns were computed for bubbles of various radii in the range 7 to 190 gm with h from 0.2 to 3 μm. The emphasis was on the near-critical-angle and near-Brewster-angle scattering regions where regular features are attributable to the reflection properties of the bubble.
Free amino acid changes in normal and eyestalkless megalopa larvae of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, during the course of the molt cycle.

Abstract 1. 1. In normal megalopa larvae of Callinectes sapidus, the intracellular free amino compounds proline, taurine, alanine, glutamic acid and serine increased prior to the next molt. 2. 2. In larvae with eyestalks removed on the day of molt to the megalopa stage, the increase in amino compounds, glutamic acid, proline, taurine and serine, occurred much sooner than in normals, paralleling the decrease in time to molt. 3. 3. These changes are discussed in relation to molting, osmoregulation and possible hormonal involvement.
The Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter: Impact on Pemetrexed Transport and on Antifolates Activities Compared with the Reduced Folate Carrier

The reduced folate carrier (RFC) and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) are ubiquitously expressed in normal and malignant mammalian tissues and in human solid tumor cell lines. This article addresses the extent to which PCFT contributes to transport of pemetrexed and to the activities of this and other antifolates relative to RFC at physiological pH. Either RFC or PCFT cDNA was stably transfected into a transporter-null HeLa cell variant to achieve activities similar to their endogenous function in wild-type HeLa cells. PCFT and RFC produced comparable increases in pemetrexed activity in growth medium with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. However, PCFT had little or no effect on the activities of methotrexate, N-(5-[N-(3,4-dihydro-2-methyl-4-oxyquinazolin-6-ylmethyl)-N-methyl-amino]-2-thenoyl)-l-glutamic acid (raltitrexed, Tomudex; ZD1694), or N(alpha)-(4-amino-4-deoxypteroyl)-N(delta)-hemiphthaloyl-l-ornithine (PT523) in comparison with RFC irrespective of the folate growth source. PCFT, expressed at high levels in Xenopus laevis oocytes and in transporter-competent HepG2 cells, exhibited a high affinity for pemetrexed, with an influx K(m) value of 0.2 to 0.8 muM at pH 5.5. PCFT increased the growth inhibitory activity of pemetrexed, but not that of the other antifolates in HepG2 cells grown with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate at physiological pH. These findings illustrate the unique role that PCFT plays in the transport and pharmacological activity of pemetrexed. Because of the ubiquitous expression of PCFT in human tumors, and the ability of PCFT to sustain pemetrexed activity even in the absence of RFC, tumor cells are unlikely to become resistant to pemetrexed as a result of impaired transport because of the redundancy of these genetically distinct routes.
Colored Petri Net simulation and modeling of Air-to-Ground targeting

Air-to-Ground targeting in a kill chain requires timely information flow and coordination of a large number of complex and disparate systems and events that are distributed in space and time. Modeling and simulation of such complex systems poses a considerable challenge to the system developers. Colored Petri Nets (CPN) provide a well-established graphically-oriented simulation tool with the capability to incorporate design and performance specifications and operational requirements of complex discrete-event systems for verification and validation under a variety of input stimuli. In this paper, we present the results of a preliminary study of implementing rudimentary, yet realistic, kill chain modules for Air-to-Ground combat using CPN tools. We have developed top-level functional kill chain modules incorporating its primary functions. It is expected that the modularity of the CPN-based simulation framework will enable us to incorporate further details and breadth in system complexities in order to study real world kill-chain simulation environment as an integral part of DOD's C4ISR architecture.
Social justice research: Alive and well in the field of communication

(1996). Social justice research: Alive and well in the field of communication. Communication Studies: Vol. 47, No. 1-2, pp. 128-134.
Limitations of R-average as an index of left ventricular isovolumic relaxation.

Summary. Freeman et al. (1993) have recently introduced a new index measuring isovolumic relaxation in the in situ left ventricle. This index, called the R-average, shows less variability than the traditionally used monoexponential time constant (tau, τ), and could therefore represent an alternative measure of isovolumic relaxation during different physiological or pathophysiological interventions. However, the R-average represents the average pressure fall during isovolumic relaxation (isovolumic pressure fall divided by the isovolumic time period), and is therefore highly influenced by the end-systolic pressure level. The present study was done in order to assess whether small increments in loading conditions would alter the R-average without changes in the isovolumic relaxation period or the monoexponential pressure decay T. We used a right heart bypass porcine model, and end-systolic pressure was altered between 92 and 140 mmHg by pre-loading (servo-pump) or after-loading (phenylephrine) in spontaneously beating and paced hearts. During loading, we found a significant increase in the R-average and a close correlation (r=0.72-0.99) between R-average and end-systolic pressure. However, no alterations were found in the duration of the isovolumic relaxation time period or monoexponential pressure decay (T) during these loading conditions. In our view, the R-average indicates the systolic loading level for the ventricle, but does not necessarily reflect alterations in the process of active relaxation.
Molecular beam measurement of hyperfine structure in fluoroform

Abstract The J = 1 → 0 transition in CF 3 H and CF 3 D was observed using a molecular beam maser spectrometer. Typical resonance linewidths were 6 kHz (F.W.H.M.). Hyperfine structure due to deuterium quadrupole coupling, spinrotation and spin-spin interactions was resolved. The strength of the deuterium quadrupole coupling along the bond axis is eqQ = 170.8 ± 2.0 kHz. Fluorine and hydrogen spin-rotation interaction strengths were obtained.
Veneziano-Type Form Factors for the Pion

The scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, and axial-vector form factors of the pion are derived from (i) the Veneziano amplitudes for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{{A}_{1}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. (ii) the hypothesis of the partially conserved axial-vector current, and (iii) the requirement that a chirally conjugate pair of form factors should exhibit similar structures. The resulting form factors feature an infinite sequence of poles corresponding to daughters of specific spin and parity, and definite signature. Various predictions on the clashing-beam production of $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ and on $\ensuremath{\rho}$-meson coupling constants are given.
Dimple formation and its effect on the rate of drainage in thin liquid films

Abstract Dimple formation in thin liquid films is examined and a criterion for the transition between non-dimpled and dimpled films is established. A simple equation for the rate of thinning is derived which illuminates the role of the dimple in the rate of drainage. While the equation is valid under restricted conditions, it explains qualitatively the apparent discrepancy between experimental results and some numerical simulations. The former indicate that the rate of thinning of dimpled films is greater than that provided by the Reynolds equation and the latter indicate that it is smaller.
Feasibility of non-linear analysis of the BEoL structure in a flip chip package under thermal shock

Miniaturization and more recently convergence have been driving the industry since the invention of the transistor and integrated circuit (IC). Though the gate delay has decreased with transistor scaling, the increase in the resistive capacitive (RC) interconnect delay due to shrinking interconnect dimensions has become a serious concern for the development of future-generation electronics. To reduce the delay due to resistance R, a major technology change was the replacement of Aluminum (Al) with Copper (Cu) interconnect layers in the BEoL (Back-end-of-line). Recently, some investigators have suggested using low-k dielectric (having dielectric constant less than 4) instead of SiO2 (k= 3.9) to reduce the capacitive component in the RC delay. Low-k dielectric materials have characteristics such as low mechanical strength, hardness and adhesion, thereby making it imperative to characterize their thermo-mechanical response. Integration of Cu/low-k interconnects has become a critical reliability issue from the foundry's standpoint as well as package reliability. The thermo-mechanical stresses are induced inside the chip during various fabrication processes, field use, etc. The CTE mismatch between the various components leads to significant warpage and stresses in the metal/dielectric region of the die. In this study, a 3-D multi-level finite element (MLFE) approach has been used to examine the mechanical integrity of the Nano-scale inter-layer-dielectric (ILD) when the package is subjected to thermal shock. Since thickness of each layer in the metal/dielectric region is few orders of magnitude lower than that of the chip/substrate (at least 3 orders) it is almost impossible to analyze it at the global level. Therefore, sub-modeling technique has been leveraged to conduct a relatively accurate estimation of the mechanical behavior of the Cu/low-k region under thermal shock condition. A comparative analysis of the mechanical response of the Cu/low-k region is done for 2 cases - 1) ILD taken as linear material (commonly used industry practice to save computational time) 2) temperature dependent non-linearity of the ILD is implemented and creep and plastic response is captured. The creep model was implemented to represent its realistic mechanical behavior. This study demonstrates the variation in the thermo-mechanical response between the 2 cases thereby addressing the importance of a non-linear analysis for such systems. The developed framework is further utilized to perform a parametric analysis for the number of BEoL layers and to study the effect of underfill properties on the structural integrity of the dielectric layers.
A new criterion for composite material mixed mode fracture analysis

Abstract The strain energy density factor or S criterion has been widely used and our theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis indicates that it can be successfully applied to explain the cracking behavior of a homogeneous, isotropic material. In this paper we have investigated the application of a variety of energy based fracture criterion for fiber composites. A new hypothesis called the Z criterion is proposed for the prediction of crack initiation conditions and propagation direction. This new criterion suggests that for composite materials, mode I crack initiation is controlled by the dilatational strain energy density factor, mode II crack initiation is controlled by the distortional strain energy density factor and for mixed mode crack initiation, by the damage energy density factor (Z factor). Analytical equations have been derived to express the crack tip stress fields as well as the total, dilatational and distortional strain energy density factors and the Z factor for a composite material in which the crack direction is arbitrary with respect to the unidirectional fibers.