cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FREE TEXT RETRIEVAL IN THE WELSH LANGUAGE: PROBLEMS, AND PROPOSED WORKING PRACTICE

A bilingual Welsh‐English full text database is planned for Inspection Reports of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools for Wales. Special requirements for free text retrieval in the Welsh language are identified, and practical solutions are proposed for problems arising from the use of standard text database products, some of which may also apply to other lesser‐used languages.
Securing Children’s Best Interests While Resisting the Lure of Simple Solutions

The best-interest-of-the-child standard for child custody policy and decisions has benefits and hazards, the latter related to the exercise of judicial discretion in custody disputes. This article examines alternatives to the status quo, including the primary parent presumption, the approximation rule, shared parenting, an exact even split of custodial time, sole custody for couples labeled as in high conflict or those with young children, the friendly parent presumption, and decisions that defer to children’s stated preferences. Each alternative promises simpler paths to securing children’s welfare, but some have more support than others in the social science literature.
First report of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) stem dieback caused by Pseudomonas syringae.

In June and July of 1995, stems of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) displayed dieback at two field locations near Bozeman, MT. Dieback developed after plant bolting and during apical bud development. Seedlings and plants in the rosette stage were not affected. Symptoms included curling of stems at the tip, similar to a shepherd's crook, and brown, discolored stem tissues separated from healthy tissues by a constriction. Dissection of the stem showed disintegrated pith and blackened, infected vascular bundles. The disease was observed after a 3-week period of cool (0.5°C below normal of 15°C, 2 nights below 0°C) and wet (nine rainfall periods totaling 7.1 cm) weather and extensive bud wounding by the seed head fly, Urophora affinis Frnfd., an introduced biological control agent on spotted knapweed. Fluorescent pseudo-monads were isolated from six symptomatic stems by culturing the homogenate from surface-sterilized, macerated, symptomatic sections on King's medium B (KB) (1). A representative purified strain induced a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'White Burley') leaves. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae by GC-FAME analysis (TSBA [rev. 3.90]) with similarity index of 0.945; and as Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata by Biolog (version 3.7) with similarity index of 0.840 by Microbe Inotech Laboratories, Inc. St. Louis, MO. New stems on five spotted knapweed plants were spray inoculated with bacteria from 48-h KB cultures suspended in 0.2% Silwet L-77 to a concentration of 1010 CFU per ml. Five plants were misted with 0.2% Silwet L-77 in sterile water as a check. All plants were placed in a humidity chamber for 48 h, then transferred to a greenhouse. After 30 days at 20 ± 3°C, approximately 30% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 14 h, no symptoms were observed on inoculated or control plants. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by injecting each of 10 healthy, developing spotted knapweed buds with 0.1 ml of the strain suspended in sterile water at 107 CFU/ml. Inoculated plants and controls, injected with sterile water only, were placed in a humidity chamber for 48 h, then in greenhouse conditions as before. After 14 days, only inoculated plants developed stem necrosis and dieback. Fluorescent pseudomonads were isolated from affected stem tissue 3 to 5 cm below the point of inoculation. The original strain and the strain from inoculated plants were identified as Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (GC-Fame analysis (TSBA [rev. 3.90]) with similarity indices of 0.941 and 0.938, respectively) by Ann Kennedy, USDA-ARS-LWMC, Pullman, WA. In the field, diseased plants had a sporadic distribution, but were more frequent in areas of high soil moisture. The combination of cold and wet conditions, coupled with bud wounds created by the seed head fly U. affinis, may be environmental requirements for spotted knapweed stem dieback caused by P. syringae in the field. This is the first report of a bacterial disease of spotted knapweed. Reference: (1) E. O. King et al. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 44:301, 1954.
Temporal correlation measurements of pulsed dual CO(2) lidar returns.

A pulsed dual-laser direct-detection differential-absorption lidar DIAL system, operating near 10.6 microns, is used to measure the temporal correlation and statistical properties of backscattered returns from specular and diffuse topographic targets. Results show that atmospheric-turbulence fluctuations can effectively be frozen for pulse separation times on the order of 1-3 msec or less. The diffuse target returns, however, yielded a much lower correlation than that obtained with the specular targets; this being due to uncorrelated system noise effects and different statistics for the two types of target returns.
Polymorphisms of TGFB1 and VEGF genes and survival of patients with gastric cancer

Some TGFB1 and VEGF polymorphisms are believed to be functional. Given that these genes are involved in tumor growth and progression including angiogenesis, dissemination, and invasiveness, we hypothesized that these polymorphisms would be associated with survival in patients with gastric cancer. We genotyped TGFB1 -509 C>T, +1869 T>C, and +915 G>C and VEGF -1498T>C, -634G>C, and +936C>T in 167 patients with gastric cancer. Using the Kaplan and Meier method, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard models, we evaluated associations among TGFB1 and VEGF variants with overall, 1-year, and 2-year survival rates. Although there were no significant differences in overall survival rates among all polymorphisms tested, patients with TGFB1+915CG and CC genotypes had a poorer 2-year survival (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 3.06; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09–8.62; P = 0.034) than patients with the GG genotype had. In addition, patients heterozygous for VEGF -634CG also had a poorer 1-year survival (adjusted HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.03–4.22; P = 0.042) than patients with the -634GG genotype. Our study suggested that TGFB1+915CG/CC and VEGF -634CG genotypes may be associated with short-term survival in gastric cancer patients. However, larger studies are needed to verify these findings.
Customary Law in Village India

Like every other Indian village, Shivapur is a bi-legal village. When it suits them, individually and collectively, the villagers make use of customary law as well as the “modern” Westernized law established by the state. Being very close to the city of Dharwar, the headquarters of the district court and the judicial machinery, they are aware of some of the implications of modern law which are different from that which they have been used to for generations. They have resorted to the new law in litigations pertaining to land tenure and partition of family property. At present, two cases of partition and eight cases of land tenure are pending in the law court, besides a criminal complaint in connection with a fight that occurred a year ago during the Holi festival, the festival of the sprinkling of coloured water.
Improvement of range resolution by spectral extrapolation

Abstract Under various simplifying as sumptions, the reflected signal y(t) in the interrogation of a substance by an ultrasonic wave is a convolution of the transmitted signal x(t) with a function h(t) that is related to the reflection coefficient of the medium in the direction of propagation. The function h(t) can, in principle, be determined by deconvolution. However, since the band B of the spectrum X(ω) of x(t) is finite, the frequency components of h(t) outside B cannot be found reliably. In this paper, a method is presented for extrapolating X(ω) beyond B. The resulting increase in resolution is limited only by the level of noise. The method is particularly effective if h(t) is a sum of impulses.
Gauging the Impact of Growing Nonresponse on Estimates from a National RDD Telephone Survey

Declining contact and cooperation rates in random digit dial (RDD) national telephone surveys raise serious concerns about the validity of estimates drawn from such research. While research in the 1990s indicated that nonresponse bias was relatively small, response rates have continued to fall since then. The current study replicates a 1997 methodological experiment that compared results from a "Standard" 5-day survey employing the Pew Research Center's usual methodology with results from a "Rigorous" survey conducted over a much longer field period and achieving a significantly higher response rate. As with the 1997 study, there is little to suggest that unit nonre- sponse within the range of response rates obtained seriously threatens the quality of survey estimates. In 77 out of 84 comparable items, the two surveys yielded results that were statistically indistinguishable. While the "Rigorous" study respondents tended to be somewhat less politically engaged, they did not report consistently different behaviors or attitudes on other kinds of questions. With respect to sample composition, the Standard survey was closely aligned with estimates from the U.S. Census and other large government surveys on most vari- ables. We extend our analysis of nonresponse to include comparisons with the hardest-to-reach respondents and with respondents who termi- nated the interview prior to completion. SCOTT KEETER is with the Pew Research Center. COURTNEY KENNEDY is with the Pew Research Center and the Joint Program in Survey Methodology. MICHAEL DIMOCK is with the Pew Research Center. JONATHAN BEST is with Princeton Survey Research Associates International. PEYTON CRAIGHILL is with ABC News. Andrew Kohut, president of the Pew Research Center, originated this research project in 1997 and directed the replication study in 2003. The project has benefited from the contributions of numerous Pew staff members, including Carroll Doherty, Elizabeth Mueller Gross, Nilanthi Samaranayake, Nicole Speulda, Jason Owens, and Kate DeLuca. Several other people provided valuable advice in the design of the study. An advisory committee chaired by
A novel multilayer photonic band-gap (PBG) structure for microstrip circuits and antennas

The concept of the uniplanar compact PBG (UC-PBG) is extended to a novel architecture, which consists of several UC-PBG plates stacked up in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate. This novel multilayer PBG is introduced here as the substrate for a microstrip line, and the resulting configuration builds a low-pass filter. In this design, the multilayer PBG includes two UC-PBGs with different periodicities. Simulated and measured transmission parameters in comparison with the corresponding monolayer UC-PBG show that the introduction of a second UC-PBG drastically enhances the width of the stop-band, as a result of the overlap of stop-bands associated with each UC-PBG layer.
Transition and Hot-wire Measurements in Hypersonic Helium Flow

Experiments have been performed to determine the influence of freestream disturbances on boundary-layer transition on sharp cones in a hypersonic wind tunnel. A constant current hot-wire anemometer was used to measure freestream and cone shock layer disturbances in two hypersonic helium tunnels. Comparison of these freestream and shock layer hot-wire measurements indicates that the disturbance level in percentage of local mean properties remains essentially unchanged by the cone shock. Transition Reynolds number was found to vary inversely with facility sound disturbance level and also to be strongly dependent on local Mach number.
Hot carrier effects in trench-based integrated power transistors

This paper reports for the first time on anomalous hot carrier effects observed in vertically integrated trench-based (TB-MOS) power transistors. The avalanche current reaches a maximum at intermediate drain voltage, and decreases for increasing drain voltage. The hot carrier lifetime of the transistors yields a minimum at intermediate drain voltage, and not at the maximum drain voltage. Charge pumping experiments enable to locate the degradation in the TB-MOS. A degradation model is proposed.
Impaired Bone Growth and Mineral Density in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Can It Be Corrected?

Children with cerebral palsy have an increased risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia due to multiple factors, including limited weight bearing, decreased muscle strength, immobilization, malnutrition, rickets of prematurity, use of anti-convulsant medications, and deficiencies of growth hormone and sex hormones. Children with CP have an increased risk of fractures, especially of the distal femur. The relationship between osteopenia and fracture risk is not as well defined as it is in adults but fracture risk does increase with decreasing bone mineral density. Preventive measures include maximal weight bearing, vibration therapy, adequate nutrition (especially calcium and vitamin D intake), and treatment of growth hormone and sex hormone deficiency. DXA scanning is the most commonly used method for evaluation of BMD, but other methods are also available. Thresholds for treatment are not well defined but treatment is indicated in patients with osteoporosis and a history of significant fractures. Proposed interventions include adequate nutrition, increased weight bearing, exercise, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, growth hormone, and bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are the most effective treatments, but there is no consensus regarding treatment thresholds, dose, frequency, and choice of agent. Pamidronate and alendronate are the most commonly used agents, but it is likely that all bisphosphonates are similar in efficacy. Adverse effects are uncommon but need to be kept in mind. Further research is needed to clarify optimal screening and treatment protocols.
Assessing differences in groups randomized by recruitment chain in a respondent-driven sample of Seattle-area injection drug users.

Abstract Purpose Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a form of peer-based study recruitment and analysis that incorporates features designed to limit and adjust for biases in traditional snowball sampling. It is being widely used in studies of hidden populations. We report an empirical evaluation of RDS's consistency and variability, comparing groups recruited contemporaneously, by identical methods and using identical survey instruments. Methods We randomized recruitment chains from the RDS-based 2012 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey of injection drug users in the Seattle area into two groups and compared them in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, drug-associated risk behaviors, sexual risk behaviors, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status and HIV testing frequency. Results The two groups differed in five of the 18 variables examined ( P ≤ .001): race (e.g., 60% white vs. 47%), gender (52% male vs. 67%), area of residence (32% downtown Seattle vs. 44%), an HIV test in the previous 12 months (51% vs. 38%). The difference in serologic HIV status was particularly pronounced (4% positive vs. 18%). In four further randomizations, differences in one to five variables attained this level of significance, although the specific variables involved differed. Conclusions We found some material differences between the randomized groups. Although the variability of the present study was less than has been reported in serial RDS surveys, these findings indicate caution in the interpretation of RDS results.
Data Terminal Control and Partial Retransmission by Mini-Computer

Described is the use of a mini-computer for the communication control procedures, error detection, and data buffering of one to four on-line data terminals. The interface hardware is general and minimal. The character synchronization and control logic is done by software. An error correction scheme of partial record retransmission is developed. The resulting thruput is compared to that of the Idle-RQ system.
The Devil Behind the Mirror

to the communities they write about (in the case of Alford Young's review of Sharman, the reviewer does as well). Each book is shaped by the author's singular voice, with no "scientific" pretense that the experience is "replicable" and that another trained observer would come up with roughly the same account. At the same time, all the books are about much more than just the author's subjective encounter with "the other." Each author seems to have journeyed through the postmodern critique only to come out safely on the other side, more sophisticated for the expe rience yet not incapacitated by it. The awareness of the limits of their own subjectivity does not keep them from making arguments?and telling sociologically meaningful stories?about the people whose lives and com munities they write about.
Integrin Functions Play a Key Role in the Differentiation of Thymocytes In Vivo

T cells express a variety of surface proteins as they develop to maturity in the thymus. In addition to the TCR-CD3 complex and the two major coreceptors, CD4 and CD8, other surface proteins expressed include receptors for cytokines, growth factors, counterreceptors, and extracellular matrix molecules. To determine the role of integrin adhesion receptors in T cell development, we have expressed a trans-dominant inhibitor of integrin function in the thymus. This inhibitor leads to a block of adhesion to fibronectin due to reduced activation of integrin receptors. This reduced adhesion leads to a partial block in differentiation from CD4-CD8- cells to CD4+CD8+ cells, after the CD25+ stage, suggesting that integrins are important during Lck-mediated differentiation. Furthermore, the overall production of CD4+ cells is reduced compared with that of CD8+ cells without changes in negative selection, suggesting that integrins may be involved in the determination of the fate of the cell as well. These results demonstrate that integrin receptor function is required for proper thymocyte development in vivo.
Monolithic OEICs using GaAs VLSI technology

Optical interconnects for use in high speed computing and communication systems require dense optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs). Monolithic integration of III-V optoelectronics with VLSI optoelectronics with VLSI- complexity electronics will yield OEICs of the high density, performance, manufacturability, and reliability. The epitaxy-on-electronics (EoE) technique monolithically integrates optoelectronic devices with commercially- fabricated, fully-metallized GaAs VLSI integrated circuits. This manuscript reviews the EoE process and details the fabrication of integrated LEDs. This LED-OEIC process is being used by optical interconnect systems researchers on a prototype basis through the OPTOCHIP project: the current status of this effort is reviewed.
Molecular analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome I: On the number of genes and the identification of essential genes using temperature-sensitive-lethal mutations

Abstract Previous analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome I have suggested that the majority (>75%) of single-copy essential genes on this chromosome are difficult or impossible to identify using temperature-sensitive (Ts − ) lethal mutations. To investigate whether this situation reflects intrinsic difficulties in generating temperature-sensitive proteins or constraints on mutagenesis in yeast, we subjected three cloned essential genes from chromosome I to mutagenesis in an Escherichia coli mutator strain and screened for Ts − lethal mutations in yeast using the “plasmid-shuffle” technique. We failed to obtain Ts − lethal mutations in two of the genes ( FUN12 and FUN20 ), while the third gene yielded such mutations, but only at a low frequency. DNA sequence analysis of these mutant alleles and of the corresponding wild-type region revealed that each mutation was a single substitution not in the previously identified gene FUN19 , but in the adjacent, newly identified essential gene FUN53 . FUN19 itself proved to be non-essential. These results suggest that many essential proteins encoded by genes on chromosome I cannot be rendered thermolabile by single mutations. However, the results obtained with FUN53 suggest that there may also be significant constraints on mutagenesis in yeast. The 5046 base-pair interval sequenced contains the complete FUN19 , FUN53 and FUN20 coding regions, as well as a portion of the adjacent non-essential FUN21 coding region. In all, 68 to 75% of this interval is open reading frame. None of the four predicted products shows significant homologies to known proteins in the available databases.
Building User Confidence in RFID Technology for Mobile and Retail Environments

RFID technology has made great advancements in supply chain since last 4 years but its use in retail (aka post point of sale) domain has been marred with controversies due to privacy issues. These issues arise because passive tags respond to any interrogating reader. In future, mobile RFID readers will be as ubiquitous as cell phones. Some of them would be embedded in cell phones. This will further exacerbate privacy issues and will slow down this technology's deployment in the retail domain. The work in this paper aims to instill consumer confidence by protecting them from "competitive marketing" and "preference" threats by presenting a scalable architecture to prevent unauthorized reading of RFID tags in retail and mobile environments. The architecture restricts the readers in these environments to read only "approved" tags. The paper mulls formation of a central regulatory entity to certify readers and to monitor their behavior upon deployment.
Extracting biomedically important information from large, automated imaging experiments

Major challenges remain in the extraction of rich information from high-throughput microscopy experiments. In this paper, I describe some of these challenges, particularly those that are the subject of ongoing research in my laboratory. The challenges include segmenting neurons, co-cultures of different cell types, and whole organisms; segmenting and tracking cells in time-lapse images; quantifying complex phenotypic changes; and discovering biologically relevant subpopulations of cells.*
Dissection of the high rate constant for the binding of a ribotoxin to the ribosome.

Restrictocin belongs to a family of site-specific ribonucleases that kill cells by inactivating the ribosome. The restrictocin–ribosome binding rate constant was observed to exceed 1010 M−1 s−1. We have developed a transient-complex theory to model the binding rates of protein–protein and protein–RNA complexes. The theory predicts the rate constant as ka = ka0 exp(−ΔGel*/kBT), where ka0 is the basal rate constant for reaching the transient complex, located at the outer boundary of the bound state, by random diffusion, and ΔGel* is the average electrostatic interaction free energy of the transient complex. Here, we applied the transient-complex theory to dissect the high restrictocin–ribosome binding rate constant. We found that the binding rate of restrictocin to the isolated sarcin/ricin loop is electrostatically enhanced by ≈300-fold, similar to results found in other protein–protein and protein–RNA complexes. The ribosome provides an additional 10,000-fold rate enhancement because of two synergistic mechanisms afforded by the distal regions of the ribosome. First, they provide additional electrostatic attraction with restrictocin. Second, they reposition the transient complex into a region where local electrostatic interactions of restrictocin with the sarcin/ricin loop are particularly favorable. Our calculations rationalize a host of experimental observations and identify a strategy for designing proteins that bind their targets with high speed.
Transport of nucleotide sugars, nucleotide sulfate and ATP into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus

Nucleotide sugars, nucleotide sulfate and ATP are substrates in the glycosylation, sulfation and phosphorylation of secretory and membrane-bound proteins and lipids in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus (GA). Specific Golgi membrane transporters, which are antiporters, must first translocate these nucleotides and nucleotide derivatives from the cytosol into the Golgi lumen. These transporters, which occur in the Golgi membranes of mammals, yeast, plants and protozoa, are very hydrophobic, multitransmembrane-spanning proteins and appear to regulate posttranslational modifications in the lumen of the GA.
The challenges of conducting environmental research on privately owned land

Accessing research sites is an integral part of a research in the world today. Researching sites on privately owned lands creates unique challenges when compared to conducting research on government or publicly owned land. This study explores different methods for obtaining landowner information, permission to sample privately owned sites, and assesses the time it takes to obtain permission for randomly selected study sites. During the study, researchers contacted 390 landowners to obtain permission to sample wetlands on privately owned lands. A variety of methods were used to contact landowners and determine which methods were most effective for obtaining permission. Methods included face-to-face discussion, phone calls, and mailed response letters. It took approximately 9 months to obtain landowner information, contact landowners, and obtain permission to sample sites. The most effective method for obtaining permission to sample sites was through face-to-face discussions with landowners. Overall, it took a longer period of time to obtain permission for the survey than it did to sample sites. Information from this study can be used by anyone conducting research on private land to better estimate the time it will take to obtain permission to sample sites and to estimate the most effective way to obtain permission based on project finances and available personnel.
Functional modulation of G-protein coupled receptors during Parkinson disease-like neurodegeneration

G-protein coupled dopamine and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGlu) can modulate neurotransmission during Parkinson's disease (PD)-like neurodegeneration. PET imaging studies in a unilateral dopamine denervation model (6-OHDA) showed a significant inverse correlation of presynaptic mGlu4 and postsynaptic mGlu5 expression in the striatum and rapidly declining mGlu4 and enhanced mGlu5 expression in the hippocampus during progressive degeneration over time. Immunohistochemical studies verified the decreased mGlu4 expression in the hippocampus on the lesion side but did not show difference in mGlu5 expression between lesion and control side. Pharmacological MRI studies showed enhanced hemodynamic response in several brain areas on the lesion side compared to the control side after challenge with mGlu4 positive allosteric modulator or mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator. However, mGlu4 response was biphasic having short enhancement followed by negative response on both sides of brain. Studies in mGlu4 expressing cells demonstrated that glutamate induces cooperative increase in binding of mGlu4 ligands - especially at high glutamate levels consistent with in vivo concentration. This suggests that mGlu allosteric modulators as drug candidates will be highly sensitive to changes in glutamate concentration and hence metabolic state. These experiments demonstrate the importance of the longitudinal imaging studies to investigate temporal changes in receptor functions to obtain individual response for experimental drugs.
Rodrigo's Thirteenth Chronicle: Legal Formalism and Law's Discontents

The public are discontent with lawyers, believing them cold, impersonal, and grasping. At the same time, lawyers are unhappy with their work, finding it overly regimented and pressured. Rodrigo and the professor, joined by Giannina, Rodrigo’s wife, who is now a law student at a top school, discuss what lies behind these discontents, which they deem related. They also trace them to a common source, namely law’s preoccupation with form, formalism, and doctrine at the expense of human values and connection.
Analysis of Cosmetic Topics on the Plastic Surgery In-Service Training Exam.

Background The Plastic Surgery In-Service Training Exam (PSITE) is a multiple-choice examination taken by plastic surgery trainees to provide an assessment of plastic surgery knowledge. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate cosmetic questions and determine overlap with national procedural data. Methods Digital syllabi of six consecutive PSITE administrations (2008-2013) were analyzed for cosmetic surgery topics. Questions were classified by taxonomy, focus, anatomy, and procedure. Answer references were tabulated by source. Relationships between tested material and national procedural volume were assessed via Pearson correlation. Results 301 questions addressed cosmetic topics (26% of all questions) and 20 required image interpretations (7%). Question-stem taxonomy favored decision-making (40%) and recall (37%) skills over interpretation (23%, P < .001). Answers focused on treatments/outcomes (67%) over pathology/anatomy (20%) and diagnoses (13%, P < .001). Tested procedures were largely surgical (85%) and focused on the breast (25%), body (18%), nose (13%), and eye (10%). The most common surgeries were breast augmentation (12%), rhinoplasty (11%), blepharoplasty (10%), and body contouring (6%). Minimally invasive procedures were lasers (5%), neuromodulators (4%), and fillers (3%). Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (58%), Clinics in Plastic Surgery (7%), and Aesthetic Surgery Journal (6%) were the most cited journals, with a median 5-year publication lag. There was poor correlation between PSITE content and procedural volume data ( r 2 = 0.138, P = .539). Conclusions Plastic surgeons receive routine evaluation of cosmetic surgery knowledge. These data may help optimize clinical and didactic experiences for training in cosmetic surgery. [10.1093/asj/sju170][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1093/asj/sju170
Evolution of Optical Systems for Planetary Science from Ranger to the Present

This paper is a brief description of the history of the United States planetary imaging missions and their related optical systems and design progression over the last 45 years.
Extensions of Time Spectral Methods for Practical Rotorcraft Problems

For ows with strong periodic content, time-spectral methods can be used to obtain time-accurate solutions at substantially reduced cost compared to traditional time-implicit methods which operate directly in the time domain. In their original form, time spectral methods are applicable only to purely periodic problems and formulated for single grid systems. A wide class of problems involve quasi-periodic ows, such as maneuvering rotorcraft problems, where a slow transient is superimposed over a more rapid periodic motion. Additionally, the most common approach for simulating combined rotor-fuselage interactions is through the use of a dynamically overlapping mesh system. Thus, in order to represent a practical approach for rotorcraft simulations, time spectral methods that are applicable to quasi-periodic problems and capable of operating on overlapping mesh systems need to be formulated. In this paper, we propose separately an extension of time spectral methods to quasi-periodic problems, and an extension for overlapping mesh congurations. In both cases, the basic implementation allows for two levels of parallelism, one in the spatial dimension, and another in the time-spectral dimension, and is implemented in a modular fashion that minimizes the modi cations required to an existing steady-state solver. Results are given for three-dimensional quasi-periodic problems on a single mesh, and for two-dimensional periodic overlapping mesh systems.
Differences in Shear-Wave Velocity due to Measurement Methods: A Cautionary Note

Introduction The increasing importance of shear wave velocity ( Vs ) in shallow subsurface materials for determining the seismic shaking characteristics of a site (Borcherdt, 1994; Anderson et al. , 1996) has led to a search for new, more efficient methods of measuring Vs . One of these new techniques, called “CXW” by Poran et al. (1994), uses surface-wave dispersion to infer the shear-wave velocity profile at a site. This technique has been used extensively in the Los Angeles Basin, and the profiles have been incorporated in the geotechnical database by Vucetic and Doroudian (1995). Examination of these profiles and comparison with profiles measured using traditional downhole and crosshole techniques shows that the profiles measured using the CXW technique are not similar to profiles measured using more established methods. This note is a spin-off of an effort at the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) to develop a statewide map...
An Analysis of Middlemen's Impact on Raw Milk Supply Chain

On the market of agricultural products which was monopolized by buyers,middlemen arising from the division of production and trade not only changed the interest distribution pattern of agricultural supply chain,but also improved the performance of agricultural supply chain.This paper confirmed above viewpoint by analyzing the pricing mechanism and the welfare change of the milk station in the raw milk supply chain.It is also showed that although agricultural middlemen could reduce the welfare loss of markets for agricultural products and the transaction costs between enterprises and farmers,the emergence of agricultural middlemen made farmers stay at a relatively low level of profitability and higher "being exploited" status.Therefore,the government should balance efficiency and fairness,regulate the business behavior of middlemen,improve the profitability of farmers,enable farmers to further enjoy the benefits of marketization,while encouraging and supporting the development of the agricultural middlemen.
Active and passive smoking: hazards for children

This manuscript describes the tobacco industry's efforts to recruit active smokers among the adolescent population, the effects of environmental tobacco smoke on nonsmokers, and lists some steps pediatricians can take to influence smoking behavior. Six health effects result from passive smoking. Children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke have increased lower respiratory illness rates, especially in the first year of life, passive smoking is associated with increased rates of chronic middle ear effusion in children. Exposure to cigarette smoke is associated with small changes in pulmonary function. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases an asthmatic child's exacerbations. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. Passive exposure during childhood to a parents smoking increases a child's risk of leukemia and lymphoma during adulthood. Pediatricians and others who care for children must try to limit as much as possible, the exposure of children to the cigarette smoke produced by others.
Anti-inflammatory treatment of acute coronary syndromes: the need for precision medicine

This editorial refers to ‘Effect of a single dose of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab on inflammation and troponin T release in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial’[†][1], by O. Kleveland et al ., on page 2406. The link between inflammation and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is complex and not yet fully understood.1 Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease on its own, but an flare up of the inflammatory process within the atherosclerotic plaque may lead to plaque rupture and thrombus formation, resulting in myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. The latter is an additional source for a local and systemic inflammatory response accelerating atherosclerosis.2 Furthermore, patients with ACS frequently undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), which may cause iatrogenic myocardial injury,3 a further source of inflammation.4 Therefore, there are three potential sources of inflammation in ACS, beside the baseline chronic inflammation related to atherosclerosis and to risk factors such as hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, and obesity: (i) the inflammatory outburst at the site of the culprit plaque; (ii) the primary ischaemic myocardial injury; and (iii) the iatrogenic myocardial injury ( Figure 1 ). Furthermore, patients in whom plaque instability is caused by an inflammatory flare up present hyper-reactivity to other inflammatory stimuli,5 which, in turn, promote plaque instability: inflammation begets inflammation.2 Thus, it is not surprising that a plethora of studies has consistently shown a marked elevation of circulating levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) or of other soluble markers of inflammation at the time of hospital admission. Interestingly, the intensity of this inflammatory surge predicts the short- and long-term outcome.6 Figure 1 Schematic representation of … [1]: #fn-2
A preliminary study of the effectiveness of an otolaryngology-based multidisciplinary falls prevention clinic.

Because the cause of falls is often multifactorial, efforts to identify risk factors and promote prevention would benefit from a multidisciplinary approach in which the contributions of a broad ran...
Human Lymphocyte Antigen Molecular Typing

Abstract The human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing community was one of the early groups to adopt molecular testing. This action was borne out of the need to identify the many alleles of the highly polymorphic HLA system. Early paradigms used restriction fragment length polymorphism regimes, but the polymerase chain reaction method of amplification quickly replaced that less-than-discriminating choice. Methods currently in use for HLA typing, with commercial kits available, are sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe (both dot blot and the reverse blot dot), sequence-specific primer amplification, restriction fragment length polymorphism of amplified products, double-stranded sequence conformation polymorphism (with and without reference strand), sequence-based typing, and microarray technologies. More than 1250 alleles are recognized by the World Health Organization and meet their criteria for assignment. These alleles can be identified by molecular methods and represent alleles present at class I and cl...
Effect of transportation and mixing with unfamiliar pig on Salmonella susceptibility in market weight pigs

There is increasing evidence that stress can have a significant deleterious effect on food safety through a variety of potential mechanisms. However, there is very little research conducted to determine the potential effects of specific pre-slaughter stressors on Salmonella infection and carriage in pigs. Understanding when pathogen loads are the highest or when animals are most susceptible to infection is critical to determine when intervention strategies for pathogen control may be most effective, and consequently, increase pork safety. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of two common pre-slaughter stressors, transportation and mixing with unfamiliar pigs, on the susceptibility of marketweight pigs to a low-dose Salmonella challenge. A total of 40 market-weight pigs were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: 1) control, 2) mixing with another pig for 6 hours, 3) transportation for 1 hour, and 4) transportation for 1 hour followed by mixing with another pig for 6 hours. Immediately after the transportation treatment, all pigs were individually inoculated with 104 cfu of Salmonella Typhimurium. After 6 hours, the pigs were euthanized and subjected to necropsy for sample collection, including ileal and cecal contents, ileal tissue, and mesenteric lymph node. All samples were processed for the isolation and enumeration of the challenge strain. Even though a low challenge dose was used, infection and shedding were established in all market-weight pigs used in this study. Pigs subjected to any of the stress treatments had higher (P<0.05) levels of Salmonella in the ileum, whereas only pigs subjected to both stressors combined (i.e., transportation and mixing) had higher (P<0.05) Salmonella levels in their cecum, compared to control pigs. Therefore, it is concluded that pre-slaughter transportation and mixing with unfamiliar pigs increases the susceptibility of market-weight pigs to a low-dose Salmonella challenge.
Matthew as Performer, Tradent, Scribe: A Review of Alan Kirk’s Q in Matthew

This is a review essay of Alan Kirk’s LNTS monograph, Q in Matthew: Ancient Media, Memory, and Early Scribal Transmission of the Jesus Tradition (Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2016).
Leadership Developmental Level and Performance: An Investigation of Gender Differences

This study investigates the predictive ability of Leadership Developmental Levels (Constructive/Developmental Theory) in a model of leader performance. Using 67 executive leaders from a Leadership Development Consulting firm, Leadership Developmental Level was found to predict leader performance for males, but not for females. This study investigates potential sources of this discrepancy, including rater bias, Performance Differences, Developmental Differences, Interpersonal Connection Style, and Gender Moderation. It is found that the source of the gender distinction is in Interpersonal Connection Style.
Structural Changes as a Function of Thickness in [(SnSe)1+δ]mTiSe2 Heterostructures.

Single- and few-layer metal chalcogenide compounds are of significant interest due to structural changes and emergent electronic properties on reducing dimensionality from three to two dimensions. To explore dimensionality effects in SnSe, a series of [(SnSe)1+δ]mTiSe2 intergrowth structures with increasing SnSe layer thickness (m = 1-4) were prepared from designed thin-film precursors. In-plane diffraction patterns indicated that significant structural changes occurred in the basal plane of the SnSe constituent as m is increased. Scanning transmission electron microscopy cross sectional images of the m = 1 compound indicate long-range coherence between layers whereas the m ≧ 2 compounds show extensive rotational disorder between the constituent layers. For m ≧ 2, the images of the SnSe constituent contain a variety of stacking sequences of SnSe bilayers. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the formation energy is similar for several different SnSe stacking sequences. The compounds show un...
Postmortem Identity Work in Territorial-colonialist Alaska:

Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical ideas about impression management are applied to analyze four historical photographs of deceased children. The photographs are archived at the Alaska State Library and were taken during Alaska’s territorial-colonialist era. This article explains how living photographic subjects, who are often unseen but are symbolized through items visible in the photograph, work with viewers to co-construct social identities of themselves and of the dead children in the photographs. I propose that participants—the seen and unseen subjects, the photographer, and the receiving audience—engage in what Goffman calls frontstage and backstage work to co-construct social identities for the dead children and for the living survivors and to manage the impressions given by the visual images. Further, I propose that the social identities portrayed in the photographs were shaped by social forces and symbol systems external to the persons and settings visible in the images. This article demonstrates tha...
Assessing Progress in Research on Industrial Evolution and Economic Growth: A Review Article

This article reviews a new three-volume collection of previously published articles on how industry structures change, edited by David Audretsch and Steven Klepper. Central themes in the chosen contributions are summarized, and the disproportionate emphasis on relatively new rather than clearly seminal articles is noted. A more detailed analysis is undertaken on how the chosen articles illuminate the determinants of incumbent firms' survival and growth advantages, i.e., scale economies, first-mover advantages, organizational competence, and growth-affecting strategies such as preemptive innovation and mergers.
Principles of Frequency-Domain Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Applications to Protein Fluorescence

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the principles of frequency-domain fluorescence spectroscopy and applications to protein fluorescence. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy is often used for studies of biological macromolecules. Time-resolved data are usually obtained by measurements of the time-dependent emission from samples excited with brief pulses of light. The chapter describes an alternative method, in which the time-resolved emission is determined from the frequency response of the emission to intensity modulated light. The frequency-domain data provide excellent resolution of complex fluorescence decay processes. The chapter also describes examples of measurements of the intrinsic tyrosine and tryptophan emission from proteins. It is possible to resolve closely spaced fluorescence life-times, which are often observed for the intrinsic emission from proteins. It is also possible to recover multiexponential decays of fluorescence anisotropy, which are the result of the segmental motions of fluorophores superimposed on the overall rotational diffusion of protein.
The metric system: past, present—future?

JLhe wife's query in an old cartoon gets right to the point: "Well, why on earth don't we adopt the metric system if it's so much better?" The husband's response is equally direct: "Why, just because we never did, my dear!" It is unlikely that any simpler explanation, enigmatic yet revealing, could be given to summarize the introduction of the metric system in the United States. One should not be surprised that this cartoon first appeared over twenty-five years ago (Committee on the Metric System 1948, p. 4). It could have appeared twenty-five or fifty years before that. And twenty-five years from now, will proponents for the increased use of a system still uncommon in the United States point in similar futility to this same cartoon? There is evidence to the contrary. This brief paper will endeavor to give teachers of mathematics some of the rele-
Money and Time

Discounting moves value through time. This chapter discusses periodic and continuous compounding, annuities, growing annuities, and the internal rate of return.
The association between pollutant levels and asthma-related emergency department visits in the Bronx after the World Trade Center attacks

Objective: To examine the potential impact of the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on asthma-related emergency department visits (AREDV) in the New York City borough of the Bronx. Methods: We obtai...
Bisphenol A, Bisphenol AF, di-n-butyl phthalate, and 17β-estradiol have shared and unique dose-dependent effects on early embryo cleavage divisions and development in Xenopus laevis.

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol AF (BPAF), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are widespread compounds used in the production of plastics. We used Xenopus laevis to compare their effects on early embryo cell division and development. Directly after in vitro fertilizations, embryos were exposed to BPA, BPAF, DBP, or 17β-estradiol (E2) for up to 96 h. BPA (1–50 μM) and BPAF (0.003–25 μM) caused disrupted cleavage divisions, slowed cytokinesis, and cellular dissociation within 1–6 h. Flexures of the spinal cord, shorter body axis/tail, craniofacial malformations, and significant mortality occurred with environmentally relevant doses of BPAF (LC50 = 0.013 μM). DBP (10–200 μM) showed similar effects, but with severe ventral edema. There were both shared and unique effects of all compounds, with BPAF having the greatest potency and toxicity (BPAF > BPA > estradiol > DBP). These findings underscore the pleiotropic effects of widespread toxicants on early development and highlight the need for better toxicological characterization.
Hemorrhage simulated by lower body negative pressure provokes an oxidative stress response in healthy young adults.

Hemorrhage is a leading cause of potentially preventable death in both civilian and military trauma settings. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is a validated, non-invasive, and reproducible appr...