cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Surface Stiffness on the Friction of Sliding Model Hydroxylated α-Alumina Surfaces

Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to determine how interfacial properties and friction forces of two model hydroxylated α-alumina surfaces are affected by softening or stiffening the surface potential, without changing the surface−surface intermolecular potential Vinter. The surface−surface vibrational spectrum for the soft surface, in absence of applied load, is influenced by coupling between Vinter and the surface vibrations. For the stiff surface, this coupling becomes important as the applied load is increased. Friction forces for the stiff and soft surfaces are similar at low loads, but at high loads the stiff surface has higher friction forces. This result mirrors the surface−surface vibrational spectra for the soft and stiff surfaces versus load. Increasing the load forces both systems into potential energy wells, requiring additional energy (or external force) to surmount potential energy barriers for sliding, leading to enhanced friction. At high sliding velocity, the instantaneous ba...
Paraoxon-induced myopathy: muscle specificity and acetylcholine involvement.

Abstract Treatment of rats with Paraoxon, an organophosphorous cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitor, produces a progressive myopathy in skeletal muscle. The earliest stage of lesion development is characterized histologically by heavy trichrome staining of central nuclei with splitting fibers. This progresses to enlargement of central nuclei, more intense splitting, and breakdown of fiber architecture. Final stages are characterized by total fiber necrosis and phagocytosis. The myopathy is more severe in the diaphragm, with 60% tonic, slow fibers, than it is in the soleus, with a majority of intermediate fibers, or the gastrocnemius, a fast white muscle. Maximal inhibition of ChE activity in the muscles occurred during the first 30 min after the initial Paraoxon treatment. Within 24 hr, there was significant recovery of enzyme activity. Evidence suggests there may be a critical period of inhibition of ChE activity to initiate the myopathic process. Results are discussed in terms of a possible nerve-mediated muscle necrosis.
The Kamin effect as a function of time of training and associative-nonassociative processes

In Experiment 1, for animals trained in the morning, Kamin effects (U-shaped retention functions) were obtained for groups receiving active avoidance training (AA) or noncontingent shocks in the avoidance apparatus (PNC), but not for animals receiving noncontingent shocks in a separate apparatus (TNC). For animals trained in the afternoon, the retention functions observed were monotonic in all cases (i.e., no Kamin effects were obtained). Experiment 2 compared groups that received avoidance training and retention testing in the same apparatus with groups that were trained and tested in a different apparatus. A Kamin effect was observed for the former groups but not for the latter.
Are global cloud albedo and climate controlled by marine phytoplankton

The recent suggestion that dimethylsulphide emissions by marine phytoplankton control global albedo and mean temperature would also imply a strong climatic influence of man-made SO2. Anthropogenic SO2 emissions exceed marine emissions of dimethylsulphide globally and are confined largely to the Northern Hemisphere. But no such influence of SO2 emissions is found either in the present cloud component of planetary albedo or in 100 year temperature records.
Verifiable auctions for online ad exchanges

This paper treats a critical component of the Web ecosystem that has so far received little attention in our community: ad exchanges. Ad exchanges run auctions to sell publishers' inventory-space on Web pages-to advertisers who want to display ads in those spaces. Unfortunately, under the status quo, the parties to an auction cannot check that the auction was carried out correctly, which raises the following more general question: how can we create verifiability in low-latency, high-frequency auctions where the parties do not know each other? We address this question with the design, prototype implementation, and experimental evaluation of VEX. VEX introduces a technique for efficient, privacy-preserving integer comparisons; couples these with careful protocol design; and adds little latency and tolerable overhead.
Single‐electron‐transfer/degenerative‐chain‐transfer mediated living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride catalyzed by thiourea dioxide/octyl viologen in water/tetrahydrofuran at 25 °C

The single-electron-transfer/degenerative-chain-transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET-DTLRP) of vinyl chloride (VC) in H 2 O/tetrahydrofuran at 25 °C catalyzed by thiourea dioxide [(NH 2 ) 2 C=SO 2 ] is reported. This polymerization occurs only in the presence of a basic sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) buffer and the electron-transfer cocatalyst octyl viologen. The resulting poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has a number-average molecular weight of 1500-7000 and a weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight ratio of 1.5. This PVC does not contain detectable amounts of structural defects and has both active chloroiodomethyl and inactive chloromethyl chain ends. Because of possible side reactions caused by the primary sulfoxylate anion (SO 2- 2 ), the catalytic activity of (NH 2 ) 2 C=SO 2 in the SET-DTLRP of VC is lower than that of the single-electron-transfer agent sodium dithionite.
Dynamic mechanical measurement of ??n

A procedure is described for the measurement of number-average molecular weight Mn on a specimen in bulk form, utilizing a dynamic torsion pendulum. For both atactic and isotactic polystyrenes it has been found that the minimum value of the damping logarithmic decrement, δm, (above the glass temperature) is related to an measured osmometrically in dilute solution by Mn = δ × 105. The Mv/Mn ratio can also be estimated directly from the δ vs. temperature curve. A four-element spring-and-dashpot model yields similar 6 vs. T curves when the Williams-Landel-Ferry temperataure dependence is assigned to the viscosity of the dashpots.
Implications of different approaches for characterizing ambient air pollutant concentrations within the urban airshed for time-series studies and health benefits analyses

Background: In time-series studies of the health effects of urban air pollutants, decisions must be made about how to characterize pollutant levels within the airshed. Methods: Emergency department visits for pediatric asthma exacerbations were collected from Atlanta hospitals. Concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5), and the PM2.5 components elemental carbon, organic carbon, and sulfate were obtained from networks of ambient air quality monitors. For each pollutant we created three different daily metrics. For one metric we used the measurements from a centrally-located monitor; for the second we averaged measurements across the network of monitors; and for the third we estimated the population-weighted average concentration using an isotropic spatial model. Rate ratios for each of the metrics were estimated from time-series models. Results: For pollutants with relatively homogeneous spatial distributions we observed only small differences in the rate ratio across the three metrics. Conversely, for spatially heterogeneous pollutants we observed larger differences in the rate ratios. For a given pollutant, the strength of evidence for an association (i.e., chi-square statistics) tended to be similar across metrics. Conclusions: Given that the chi-square statistics were similar across the metrics, the differences in the rate ratios for the spatially heterogeneous pollutants may seem like a relatively small issue. However, these differences are important for health benefits analyses, where results from epidemiological studies on the health effects of pollutants (per unit change in concentration) are used to predict the health impacts of a reduction in pollutant concentrations. We discuss the relative merits of the different metrics as they pertain to time-series studies and health benefits analyses.
A wafer-scale ATM switching system based on the Manhattan-street network

This paper presents a defect-tolerant wafer-scale switching system for highspeed ATM communication applications. The network topology is based on the Manhattan-street Network (MSN) which has a torus structure. In the MSN, a cell is temporarily misrouted (deflected) through the alternate output of a node if the desired output is not available. This feature, and the regularity of the MSN structure would be suitable for constructing a "defect-tolerant" wafer-scale system. We use this architecture for multipoint ATM communications, and propose the internal structure of each node. At every node, shared buffers are utilized to increase the system performance and reduce the number of deflections. A simulation for the wafer-scale system is also conducted to measure delay and average number of deflections in the presence of defective nodes.
Mass shootings in America: Moving beyond Newtown.

Mass shootings at a Connecticut elementary school, a Colorado movie theater, and other venues have prompted a fair number of proposals for change. Advocates for tighter gun restrictions, for expanding mental health services, for upgrading security in public places, and, even, for controlling violent entertainment have made certain assumptions about the nature of mass murder that are not necessarily valid. This article examines a variety of myths and misconceptions about multiple homicide and mass shooters, pointing out some of the difficult realities in trying to avert these murderous rampages. While many of the policy proposals are worthwhile in general, their prospects for reducing the risk of mass murder are limited.
Importance of fragmentation-tolerant species as seed dispersers in disturbed landscapes.

Forest fragmentation can negatively affect plants if animal seed-dispersers become locally extinct in fragments. We conducted a 2-year experiment to evaluate the importance of tree squirrels (Sciurus) as seed dispersers for Quercus, Carya, and Juglans, and to assess dispersal consequences in patches where fragmentation-sensitive eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) are absent. We accounted for fates of ∼15,700 seeds from five tree species in four exclosure treatments at 18 fragments during a high (2003–2004) and low seed (2004–2005) year. Two treatments excluded Sciurus to mimic disperser loss. We sampled nut-tree seedling density at 259 sites across eight watersheds, half of which were too fragmented to support S. carolinensis, but supported fragmentation-tolerant fox squirrels (Sciurus niger). Autumn-to-spring seed survival was low (∼1%) for all species during low seed production. During high seed production, survival was higher for Juglans nigra (20%) and Carya ovata (16%) than for three Quercus species (∼4% for Quercus palustris and Quercus rubra in two exclosure types; ∼1% for Quercus alba in all treatments). Survival of J. nigra, C. ovata, and Q. rubra was ≥2.1–7.7 times higher for seeds in exclosures that Sciurus could access. Seed displacement distance was higher in the low seed than the seed-rich year, but the proportion of seeds surviving to greater distances was higher in seed-rich years for all seed types except Q. rubra. This affirms the importance of masting to seed survival and dispersal, but also suggests an advantage to trees of producing seed in non-mast years. Seedling densities were comparable in watersheds with and without S. carolinensis. These results demonstrate the importance of tree squirrels as dispersers of nut-bearing trees, but suggest that fragmentation may not disrupt dispersal of certain species if losing S. carolinensis from disturbed landscapes is compensated for by fragmentation-tolerant fox squirrels (S. niger).
Examining College Writing Readiness.

AbstractIncreasing postsecondary access depends in large part on enhancing underrepresented students’ writing ability, or college writing readiness. However, what exactly constitutes college-level writing is not clear-cut, complicating efforts to improve secondary preparation. This article examines recent efforts to define postsecondary writing, suggesting that existing definitions and assessments overwhelmingly focus on cognitive skills. Drawing from sociocultural theory, the authors advocate for broadening conceptions of college-level writing to consider the role of social, cultural, and institutional contexts.
Interactions between Cell Populations Influence Expression of the Transformed Phenotype in Irradiated Rat Tracheal Epithelial Cells

A combined in vivo-in vitro model has been utilized to evaluate the influence of cell-cell interactions on expression of radiation-induced transformation in irradiated rat tracheal epithelial cells. Two types of cell interactions are evaluated. One type of interaction appears to involve direct cell-cell contact as occurs within the intact tissue. The other type of communication appears to be mediated via a diffusible factor, most likely transforming growth factor type-β. The data suggest the need to be cautious when extrapolating from transformation data obtained following irradiation of low-density rapidly proliferating cell cultures to the in vivo model.
Intended and unintended effects of large-scale adverse event disclosure: a controlled before-after analysis of five large-scale notifications

Background and objective How patients respond to being notified of a large-scale adverse event (LSAE), such as improper sterilisation of medical equipment that exposes them to bloodborne pathogens, is not well known. The objective of this study was to determine, using administrative data, the intended and unintended consequences of patient notification following a LSAE. Methods We examined five LSAEs where patients may have been inadvertently exposed to hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV, and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A total of 9638 cases were identified at five Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) medical facilities between 2009 and 2012. We identified controls at the same facility prior to the exposure period and at neighbouring facilities (n=45 274). Difference-in-differences models were used with Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Medicare data to examine infectious disease testing rates and subsequent utilisation patterns. Results Receipt of a LSAE notification was associated with a 73.2, 76.8 and 77.1 adjusted percentage point increase for HCV, HIV and HBV testing, respectively (all p<0.001). Compared with white patients, African–American patients were significantly less likely to return to VHA for follow-up testing. Patients exposed to a dental LSAE reduced their use of preventive and restorative dental care over the subsequent year, but they eventually came back to VHA for dental services 18-months post exposure. Conclusions The majority of patients notified of a LSAE responded by getting tested for HCV, HIV and HBV, although there remains room for improvement. Potential exposure to a LSAE was associated with increased odds of subsequently using non-VA facilities, but the size and timing of the shift depended on the type of care.
Fungal infections in solid organ transplantation

Fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients continue to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. account for most invasive fungal infections. The incidence of fungal infection varies with type of solid organ transplant. Liver transplant recipients have highest reported incidence of candida infections while lung transplant recipients have highest rate of Aspergillus infections. Recent epidemiological studies suggest the emergence of resistant strains of candida as well as mycelial fungi other than Aspergillus in these patients. The current review incorporates the recent changes in the epidemiology of fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients and highlights the newer data on the diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections in these patients.
"Probable mutation effect" and the evolution of hominid teeth and jaws.

In view of recent suggestions that tooth and jaw reduction in the hominid line was due to random mutation, it is pointed out that positive selective factors, involving greater chewing efficiency and increased speed in movements of the head, may have been at work.
Sorbitol-Negative Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Beef Heifers Grazing Rangeland Forages

ers in the spring with occurrence rates of 22.7 and 8.7%, respectively. Of these isolates, 37 had and expressed Shiga Toxin 1(Stx1), 14 had and expressed Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2), and five had but did not express stx2. Only non-O157:H7 STEC (O118:H − [non-motile] and O138:H − ) were detected. Because E. coli O118:H − is pathogenic to humans, it is important to determine its incidence in cattle and to determine the risk of beef contamination with such a pathogen.
Experimental Tropical Cyclone Prediction Using the GFDL 25-km-Resolution Global Atmospheric Model

This paper describes a forecasting configuration of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) High-resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM). HiRAM represents an early attempt in unifying, within a global modeling framework, the capabilities of GFDL’s low-resolution climate models for Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) type climate change assessments and high-resolution limited-area models for hurricane predictions. In this study, the potential of HiRAM as a forecasting tool is investigated by applying the model to the near-term and intraseasonal hindcasting of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Atlantic basin from 2006 to 2009. Results demonstrate that HiRAM provides skillful near-term forecasts of TC track and intensity relativetotheirrespectivebenchmarksfromt 548 hthrought 5144 h.Attheintraseasonaltimescale,asimple HiRAM ensemble provides skillful forecasts of 21-day Atlantic basin TC activity at a 2-day lead time. It should be noted that the methodology used to produce these hindcasts is applicable in a real-time forecasting scenario. While the initial experimental results appear promising, the HiRAM forecasting system requires various improvementsinordertobeusefulinanoperationalsetting.Thesemodifications arecurrentlyunder development andincludeadataassimilationsystemforforecastinitialization,increasedhorizontalresolutiontobetterresolve the vortex structure, 3D ocean model coupling, and wave model coupling. An overview of these ongoing developments is provided, and the specifics of each will be described in subsequent papers.
Goldstone bosons in string models of galaxy formation.

One reason why cosmic strings are interesting is because they may provide the primordial density fluctuations that began the process of galaxy formation. For the scenario in which galaxies condense around oscillating closed loops it is necessary that gravitational radiation be the dominant energy-loss mechanism. It is shown that loops of strings from a broken exact global symmetry decay too quickly to serve this purpose. Loops of strings from a broken gauge symmetry may have Goldstone-boson couplings as well. It is shown that the decay rate of these strings due to Goldstone-boson emission is strongly suppressed. This supports the conjecture that gauge strings may seed galaxy formation.
PERSPECTIVES FROM THE FIELD: The Practice of Ecological Economics: Response to Harold Draper’s “President’s Message” and James Montgomery’s “Letter from the Editor” in Environmental Practice 16(1), March 2014

In the March 2014 issue of Environmental Practice, NAEP president Harold Draper lamented that “despite all that is being written in the scientific community, efforts to address the unfolding crisis...
Phenothiazine, Butyrophenone, and Other Psychotropic Medication Poisonings in Children and Adolescents

Objective: To describe the presentation, epidemiology, management, and outcome of phenothiazine and butyrophenone ingestions in children requiring hospitalization. Method: Retrospective case series in two pediatric hospitals. Results: Eighty-six cases were identified among 83 patients. The majority (69.7%) of ingestions occurred in children <6 years of age and there was no gender predominance. These ingestions were more common in African Americans (65.1%). They occurred more commonly in the patient's (64.0%) or a relative's (22.1%) home and haloperidol and thioridazine accounted for 58.1% of exposures. Depressed levels of consciousness and dystonia were the most common presenting signs, present in 90.7% and 51.2% of patients, respectively. Miosis occurred in only 13.9% of the patients. Fluid boluses were administered to 28.7% of the patients but about a quarter of these had coingested potentially cardiotoxic drugs. In addition, 2 of the 12 (13.9%) patients with abnormal electrocardiograms had also ingeste...
One Latina's Path Through Marriage and Family Therapy Training

Abstract Trainers and educators of Marriage and Family Therapy must take into consideration the importance of culture, ethnicity, and language of students of color, international students, and bi/multicultural students. Therapists-in-training invariably find themselves exploring how their professional and personal identities are going to integrate, especially when doing therapy in a language other than English. This paper describes the journey of one therapist of color, a Latina. It raises issues and questions about incongruencies that arise as bilingual or multilingual therapists incorporate systems theory, systemic thinking, and therapeutic language with the expectations, values, and beliefs of their own ethnic cultures.
Caryl Phillips: writing in the key of life

edited by Benedicte Ledent and Daria Tunca, Amsterdam and New York, Rodopi, 2012, 441 pp., £92.00, ISBN 978 9 0420 3455 6 by Justin D. Edwards and Rune Graulund, Liverpool, Liverpool UP, 2012, 224 ...
New constraints on volcano-tectonic evolution of large volcanic edifices on Venus from stereo topography–derived strain estimates

Radial fracture systems at large volcanoes on Venus offer opportunities to unravel the tectonic and magmatic evolution of such edifices. However, the relatively low spatial resolution (10–20 km) of altimetry data for Venus has hampered previous efforts at quantitative analysis of fault systems. Recently released stereo-derived topography enables kilometer-scale strain estimates to be made at tectonic features. The new data resolve fault valleys (grabens) that cut the summit regions of two large volcanoes, showing them to be deeper than previously assumed. The grabens formed after most edifice building was complete. We demonstrate that inflation of oblate sill-like magma chambers is consistent with the magnitudes and distributions of strain at these volcanoes, and estimate chamber depth, radius, and overpressure.
Targeting in Economic Development: Comparative State Perspectives

This article examines recent efforts to target state industrial policy along three dimensions: sectoral aid to specific businesses or economic activities, geographic aid to growing or declining regions, and direct assistance to the unemployed. While the states have done better with sectoral targeting than opponents of a federal industrial policy have feared, industrial policy must compete with many other state programs, including more traditional economic development efforts based on advertising and tax expenditures. Only a few states have managed to channel much state aid to displaced workers or distressed communities. Despite some evidence as to the success of industrial policy focused on limited areas or activities, dilution of policy focus and underinvestment of resources characterize state industrial policy efforts to date.
The Mechanism Research of Electric Current Pulse andElectromagnetic for Grain Refinement of 6181 Aluminum AlloysDuring Two-roll Casting

6181 aluminum alloys sheets were produced by two-roll casting with electric current pulse and magnetic fields, and the microstructures were observed. The experimental results show that application of composite fields (ECP and EM field) during TRC process refines the microstructures of sheets more evenly and effectively by comparison with individual application of ECP or EM field. For visually explaining the phenomenon, the distribution and amplitude of the magnetic induction intensity B and electromagnetic force F were obtained by numerically simulated. In addition, an obvious improvement of tensile strength by physical fields was measured. But the maximum elongation was from action of magnetic field and reached 10.9%.
Light-triggered RNA release and induction of hMSC osteogenesis via photodegradable, dual-crosslinked hydrogels

Aim: To engineer a photodegradable hydrogel system for actively controlled release of bioactive unmodified RNA at designated time points to induce hMSC osteogenesis. Materials & methods: RNA/polyethylenimine complexes were loaded into dual-crosslinked photodegradable hydrogels to examine the capacity of UV light application to trigger their release. The ability of released RNA to drive hMSC osteogenic differentiation was also investigated. Results & conclusion: RNA release from photodegradable hydrogels was accelerated upon UV application, which was not observed in non-photodegradable hydrogels. Regardless of the presence of UV light, released siGFP exhibited high bioactivity by silencing GFP expression in HeLa cells. Importantly, siNoggin or miRNA-20a released from the hydrogels induced hMSC osteogenesis. This system provides a potentially valuable physician/patient-controlled ‘on-demand’ RNA delivery platform for biomedical applications.
Tanning and Decoration with Dyes

In this chapter we shall be concerned with a variety of substances that can be extracted from plant parts and used by man for the treatment and decoration of his clothing. These substances include tannins, which man has used from a very early date to prepare leather from the animal skins that formed his first covering, as well as plant dyestuffs, which he used for coloring skins (his own and those of the animals that he captured) and the textiles that he was able to manufacture later.
Marx’s Theory of the Falling Rate of Profit

The most important conclusion of Marx’s theory of capitalism is that the rate of profit would tend to decline over time as a result of technological change. Marx called his law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall “in every respect the most important law of modern political economy” (G. 748). In a letter to Engels, Marx claimed that this law was one of his most important achievements over classical economics (SC. 194).1
Florida Citrus Agreement

A DISCUSSION of the Florida Citrus Agreement should be prefaced with a brief account of the operations of the Florida Citrus Growers' Clearing House Association, because the pattern of government regulations was foreshadowed by this organization. The Florida Citrus Growers' Clearing House Association was incorporated under the cooperative statute of Florida and conformed to the Capper-Volstead Act. Federal and state agricultural workers, commercial people from within and outside the state, and growers all had a hand in its organization. However, as early as 1888, long before people outside the state became interested in the Clearing House idea, and from time to time after this date, the Proceedings of the Florida Horticulture Society refers to the desirability of a citrus czar, or an over-all organization, or some government program that would enable the industry to control itself. The objectives of the Florida Citrus Growers' Clearing House Association
Bias to CMB lensing reconstruction from temperature anisotropies due to large-scale galaxy motions

Gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) is expected to be amongst the most powerful cosmological tools for ongoing and upcoming CMB experiments. In this work, we investigate a bias to CMB lensing reconstruction from temperature anisotropies due to the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect, that is, the Doppler shift of CMB photons induced by Compton scattering off moving electrons. The kSZ signal yields biases due to both its own intrinsic non-Gaussianity and its nonzero cross-correlation with the CMB lensing field (and other fields that trace the large-scale structure). This kSZ-induced bias affects both the CMB lensing autopower spectrum and its cross-correlation with low-redshift tracers. Furthermore, it cannot be removed by multifrequency foreground separation techniques because the kSZ effect preserves the blackbody spectrum of the CMB. While statistically negligible for current data sets, we show that it will be important for upcoming surveys, and failure to account for it can lead to large biases in constraints on neutrino masses or the properties of dark energy. For a stage 4 CMB experiment, the bias can be as large as $\ensuremath{\approx}15%$ or 12% in cross-correlation with LSST galaxy lensing convergence or galaxy overdensity maps, respectively, when the maximum temperature multipole used in the reconstruction is ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{\mathrm{max}}=4000$, and about half of that when ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{\mathrm{max}}=3000$. Similarly, we find that the CMB lensing autopower spectrum can be biased by up to several percent. These biases are many times larger than the expected statistical errors. We validate our analytical predictions with cosmological simulations and present the first complete estimate of secondary-induced CMB lensing biases. The predicted bias is sensitive to the small-scale gas distribution, which is affected by pressure and feedback mechanisms, thus making removal via ``bias-hardened'' estimators challenging. Reducing ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{\mathrm{max}}$ can significantly mitigate the bias at the cost of a decrease in the overall lensing reconstruction signal-to-noise. A bias $\ensuremath{\lesssim}1%$ on large scales requires ${\ensuremath{\ell}}_{\mathrm{max}}\ensuremath{\lesssim}2000$, which leads to a reduction in signal-to-noise by a factor of $\ensuremath{\approx}3--5$ for a stage 4 CMB experiment. Polarization-only reconstruction may be the most robust mitigation strategy.
Awakening, Efficacy, and Action: A Qualitative Inquiry of a Social Justice-Infused, Science Education Program

This article describes an innovative application of a social justice-infused pedagogy to an out-of-school program for urban high school students. Using an interdisciplinary framework, the program featured a coherent synthesis of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education, highlighting environmental and food justice perspectives; social justice education; and career and college planning. We used qualitative content analysis to analyze two separate interviews with six female and three male students of color ranging in age from 15 to 18 with an average age of 16.1 (SD=1.26) across an approximately 10-month time span. Utilizing a model of critical consciousness development as our organizing framework, we explored the students’ understanding of environmental and food justice issues. Participants indicated that they were actively engaged in learning about food and environmental justice, exploring STEM careers, and investigating the various ways that social justice is manifested in their lives. Implications for social justice and STEM education interventions as well as broader public policies are discussed.
Chromatin Modification and Global Transcriptional Silencing in the Oocyte Mediated by the mRNA Decay Activator ZFP36L2.

Global transcriptional silencing is a highly conserved mechanism central to the oocyte-to-embryo transition. We report the unexpected discovery that global transcriptional silencing in oocytes depends on an mRNA decay activator. Oocyte-specific loss of ZFP36L2 an RNA-binding protein that promotes AU-rich element-dependent mRNA decay prevents global transcriptional silencing and causes oocyte maturation and fertilization defects, as well as complete female infertility in the mouse. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that ZFP36L2 downregulates mRNAs encoding transcription and chromatin modification regulators, including a large group of mRNAs for histone demethylases targeting H3K4 and H3K9, which we show are bound and degraded by ZFP36L2. Oocytes lacking Zfp36l2 fail to accumulate histone methylation at H3K4 and H3K9, marks associated with the transcriptionally silent, developmentally competent oocyte state. Our results uncover a ZFP36L2-dependent mRNA decay mechanism that acts as a developmental switch during oocyte growth, triggering wide-spread shifts in chromatin modification and global transcription.
Inpatient Glycemic Management of Non-cardiac CVD: Focus on Stroke and PVD

Hyperglycemia occurs frequently in hospitalized patients with stroke and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Guidelines for inpatient glycemic management are not well established for this patient population. We will review the clinical impact of hyperglycemia in this acute setting and review the evidence for glycemic control. Hyperglycemia in acute stroke is associated with poor short and long-term outcomes, and perioperative hyperglycemia in those undergoing revascularization for PVD is linked to increased post-surgical complications. Studies evaluating tight glucose control do not demonstrate improvement in clinical outcomes, although the risk for hypoglycemia increases substantially. Additional studies are needed to evaluate tight glucose goals relative to our current standard of care and the role of permissive hyperglycemia. Given the limited data to guide glycemic management in these patient populations, it is recommended that general guidelines for inpatient glycemic control be followed. Special considerations should be made to address factors that may impact glucose management, including neurological deficits and clinical changes that occur in the postoperative state.
Mostly Benign/Rarely Metastasizing Soft Tissue Tumor

Ossifying fibromyxoid tumor (OFMT) is a very uncommon soft tissue lesion that can occur anywhere in the body but most commonly in the lower extremity. While most tumors are benign, malignant examples may metastasize in more than half of cases [1]. The largest series to date included only typical cases, excluding tumors with other morphologies, and in that series there were no patients who developed metastatic disease. In the few patients that we have observed recurrences, metastases are observed, typically to lung, and local-regional recurrence can be observed in a multifocal “shotgun” pattern around the area of the tumor, as has been observed in patients with epithelioid sarcoma.
Resiliency and the Emerging Deaf Adult

This chapter is organized into four sections. First, the theoretical perspective is briefly outlined. Second, protective factors and vulnerability factors and mechanisms are summarized. Third, an overview of the research on the resilience characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing individuals is provided. Lastly, the analysis of the archival data is framed within a resilience model and embedded with questions related to the implications of the findings.
Ein Demokratiedefizit?: Das Deutsche Kaiserreich in vergleichender Perspektive

Author(s): Anderson, ML | Abstract: Negative assessments of the political trajectory of the Kaiserreich, known as the Sonderweg, originated in the dissatisfactions of contemporary German intellectuals, who measured real-existing Germany against an idealized England, France, and United States. Acomparison of laws and practices shaping representation in these states shows that Germany was not democratically "deficient." Other elements central to the Sonderweg's indictment of the Kaiserreich, such as a federalism that gave disproportionate power to a politically backward region, a military outside of the control of parliament, and a decision for war in 1914 made without parliament's participation, were also not unique. Comparatively speaking, Germany did not constitute a special case.
Nuclear Levels in Ca 43

The nuclear levels in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{43}$ have been studied in the decay of ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{43}$ by positron emission to ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{43}$. Levels have been found at 0.369, 0.627, and 0.81 Mev. In an earlier experiment, the decay of ${\mathrm{K}}^{43}$ by negatron emission was studied by the authors and nuclear levels were found in ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{43}$ at 0.627, 1.00, 1.39, and 1.61 Mev. The levels have been given configuration assignments. Theoretical discussion of the ${({f}_{\frac{7}{2}})}^{3}$ configuration is compared with experimental results.
Frequency of alpha oscillation predicts individual differences in perceptual stability during binocular rivalry

When ambiguous visual stimuli have multiple interpretations, human perception can alternate between them, producing perceptual multistability. There is a large variation between individuals in how long stable percepts endure, on average, between switches, but the underlying neural basis of this individual difference in perceptual dynamics remains obscure. Here, we show that in one widely studied multistable paradigm-binocular rivalry-perceptual stability in individuals is predicted by the frequency of their neural oscillations within the alpha range (7-13 Hz). Our results suggest revising models of rivalry to incorporate effects of neural oscillations on perceptual alternations, and raise the possibility that a common factor may influence dynamics in many neural processes.
Quantum mechanics: last stop for reductionism

The state space of a homogeneous body is derived under two different assumptions: infinitesimal reducibility and irreducibility. The first assumption leads to a real vector space, used in classical mechanics, while the second one leads to a complex vector space, used in quantum mechanics.
Accurate simulation of on-sensor compressed sensing using ISET

This paper performs Compressed Sensing (CS) super-resolution for images sampled using pixel binning. It extends Image Sensor Engineering Toolbox (ISET) to accurately simulate the CS acquisition and reconstruction process. Using ISET allows designers to easily explore large design space and measure the performance of CS under different conditions such as lighting, noise etc. without going through the cycle of full system development. CS using binning can make CS programmable and reduce power consumed in image acquisition process by half while maintaining good reconstruction quality. This work shows the results of CS reconstruction with different sensor noise and lighting conditions. It shows that even at low Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) of approximately 26 dB and Structural Similarity (SSIM) index of .7, the perceptual quality of image is quite good.
Free Flap Breast Reconstruction

The most recent incremental development in the progression of autologous breast reconstruction is microvascular free tissue transfer. As such, it is considered by many the gold standard approach to postmastectomy reconstruction.
Interplay between Circadian Clock and Cancer: New Frontiers for Cancer Treatment

Circadian clocks constitute the evolutionary molecular machinery that dictates the temporal regulation of physiology to maintain homeostasis. Disruption of the circadian rhythm plays a key role in tumorigenesis and facilitates the establishment of cancer hallmarks. Conversely, oncogenic processes directly weaken circadian rhythms. Pharmacological modulation of core clock genes is a new approach in cancer therapy. The integration of circadian biology into cancer research offers new options for making cancer treatment more effective, encompassing the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this devastating disease. This review highlights the role of the circadian clock in tumorigenesis and cancer hallmarks, and discusses how pharmacological modulation of circadian clock genes can lead to new therapeutic options.
Historical Analysis of the Family

The family, like other social groups, is both subject to change over time and also retains characteristics from the past in its present form. It is a sum of its beginning plus the changes that have occurred along the way to the present. As a consequence, part of understanding the family and its social, political, and economic importance depends on understanding the family in history. For many years scholars, historians among them, made assumptions about the historical configuration and dynamic aspects of families on evidence that often was quite slim. The putative rise of the nuclear family, for example, fitted various theories of modernization, urbanization, and industrialization well enough to obscure the haziness about its birth. In the past 3 decades, however, assumptions about the family have been reconsidered as historical analysis of the family became an important component of history and other academic disciplines that study families.
Measuring the Cost of Bailouts

This review develops a theoretical framework that highlights the principles governing economically meaningful estimates of the cost of bailouts. Drawing selectively on existing cost estimates and a...
Performance Analysis of 5G NR Synchronization Procedure with Imperfect Channel State Information

The synchronization in time-frequency domain is a crucial step for the fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) systems. It allows the user equipments (UEs) to properly communicate with the base stations (BSs). The use of wide range of frequency, and the imperfect channel state information (CSI) increase the challenge of the 5G NR synchronization procedure.In this paper, we investigate the performance of 5G NR synchronization procedure with imperfect channel state information. Based on simulation results, we evaluate and investigate the coverage probability and the ergodic capacity of the 5G NR systems in different scenarios.
Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Background Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are common health care-associated infections and have been associated with increased mortality, morbidity, length of stay, and cost. Prevention strategies are grouped into bundles focused on reducing unnecessary catheter use and promptly removing urinary catheters. Before intervention in the study institution, no urinary catheters were unnecessarily used and compliance with the catheter-associated urinary tract infection bundle was 84%. Objective To increase bundle compliance by using targeted rounds specifically focused on eliminating dependent loops in drainage tubing and ensuring appropriate catheter use to reduce the incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Methods A multidisciplinary team was formed to identify misperceptions, highlight best practices, and eliminate barriers to success over 1 year in a single pediatric intensive care unit. The team completed a quality improvement project of daily targeted rounding for patients with an indwelling urinary catheter. The goals were to assess appropriateness of catheterization, increase bundle compliance, and decrease catheter-associated urinary tract infection risk. Targeted rounds were conducted in addition to the medical team rounds. Results Bundle compliance supported by targeted rounding increased from 84% to 93% and helped reduce the overall catheter-associated urinary tract infection rate from 2.7 infections per 1000 catheter-days at baseline to 0. This change was sustained for 1 year. Conclusion Targeted rounding for pediatric patients with an indwelling urinary catheter is an effective and sustainable strategy to reduce catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The ease of implementation for this intervention lends itself to generalizability to other patient populations.
The Making of an Accessible Intensive Research Experience

An IRE is an Intensive Research Experience compressed into a small number of consecutive days, during which students receive highly-focused mentoring from practicing researchers. We describe our experience with two specific IREs at the HelloResearch workshop in 2018. Students in each IRE met as a group (of sizes 13 and 9, respectively) for nine research sessions, totaling about 14 contact hours, over three days. The participants were selected from a diverse (in terms of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) group of female undergraduates attending Indiana University and schools across the country. We describe our experiences mentoring a blind student in the “Creating Custom Technology to Improve One’s Quality of Life” project and a deaf student in the “Activity Recognition Through Deep Learning with Sound and Video” project. We share general lessons we learned about accessibility and announce plans for a second HelloResearch workshop in 2020.
Women and Pregnancy

Women face unique issues when it comes to substance use, in part influenced by sex and gender. Women who use licit and illicit substances can develop issues related to hormones, menstrual cycle, fertility, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and menopause. In addition, women themselves describe unique reasons for using substances, including controlling weight, fighting exhaustion, coping with pain, and attempts to self-treat mental health problems. In this chapter, we review the current epidemiology of women, pregnancy, and substance use; consequences of use; physiologic considerations; screening/diagnosis; approaches to improve outcomes; treatment considerations; and treatment issues specific to pregnant women such as medication issues, breastfeeding, and psychotherapy.
Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analyses Applied to One-Dimensional Radionuclide Transport in a Layered Fractured Rock. Part II: Probabilistic Methods Based on the Limit-State Approach

An uncertainty and probabilistic sensitivity study of a hypothetical underground high-level waste (HLW) repository intersected by a vertical fracture or fault and under saturated conditions is presented. Several recently developed probabilistic methods, including the advanced mean value method and the adaptive importance sampling method, are applied to a previously developed one-dimensional analytical model. These probabilistic methods are based on a limit-state formulation and provide an effective means of computing performance probability distribution and probability-based random parameter sensitivities. A numerical example related to the transport of 237 Np in a system of Iayered fractured rock is used to illustrate the application of these probabilistic methods for efficient uncertainty and probabilistic sensitivity and analyses
Evaluating the Utility of Polygenic Risk Scores in Identifying High-Risk Individuals for Eight Common Cancers.

Background Genome-wide association studies have identified common genetic risk variants in many loci associated with multiple cancers. We sought to systematically evaluate the utility of these risk variants in identifying high-risk individuals for eight common cancers. Methods We constructed polygenic risk scores (PRS) using genome-wide association studies-identified risk variants for each cancer. Using data from 400 812 participants of European descent in a population-based cohort study, UK Biobank, we estimated hazard ratios associated with PRS using Cox proportional hazard models and evaluated the performance of the PRS in cancer risk prediction and their ability to identify individuals at more than a twofold elevated risk, a risk level comparable to a moderate-penetrance mutation in known cancer predisposition genes. Results During a median follow-up of 5.8 years, 14 584 incident case patients of cancers were identified (ranging from 358 epithelial ovarian cancer case patients to 4430 prostate cancer case patients). Compared with those at an average risk, individuals among the highest 5% of the PRS had a two- to threefold elevated risk for cancer of the prostate, breast, pancreas, colorectal, or ovary, and an approximately 1.5-fold elevated risk of cancer of the lung, bladder, or kidney. The areas under the curve ranged from 0.567 to 0.662. Using PRS, 40.4% of the study participants can be classified as having more than a twofold elevated risk for at least one site-specific cancer. Conclusions A large proportion of the general population can be identified at an elevated cancer risk by PRS, supporting the potential clinical utility of PRS for personalized cancer risk prediction.