cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p53‐Knockout Mice Are Protected Against the Long‐Term Effects of Methamphetamine on Dopaminergic Terminals and Cell Bodies

p53-knockout mice provide a useful model to test the role of p53 in the neurotoxic effects of drugs in vivo. To test the involvement of p53 in methamphetamine (METH)-induced toxicity, wild-type mice, as well as heterozygous and homozygous p53-knockout male mice, were administered four injections of three different doses (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) of the drug given at 2-h intervals within the space of 1 day. METH caused a marked dose-dependent loss of dopamine transporters in both the striatum and the nucleus accumbens of wild-type mice killed 2 weeks after drug administration. However, this METH-induced decrease in dopamine transporters was attenuated in both homozygous and heterozygous p53-knockout mice, with homozygous animals showing significantly greater protection. The possibility for p53 involvement in METH-induced toxicity was also supported by the observation that METH caused marked increases in p53-like immunoreactivity in the striata of wild-type mice and very little change in heterozygous p53-knockout mice, whereas no p53-like immunostaining was detected in the homozygous p53-knockout mice. Further support for p53 involvement was provided by the fact that METH treatment caused significant decreases in dopamine transporter mRNA and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area of wild-type but not homozygous p53-knockout mice killed 2 weeks after cessation of METH administration. These results provide concordant evidence for a role of the tumor suppressor, p53, in the long-term deleterious effects of a drug acting on brain dopamine systems.
Either you need these women or you do not: Informing the debate on military service and citizenship

The debates on the integration of women into our armed forces have continued for over fifty years. These debates remain largely uninformed by historical evidence. Historicizing the debate on women and the American military since 1940 should not only inform discussions on the conditions for women's participation, but should also inform those about other marginalized groups. To bring rhetoric in line with reality, foster constructive change and design appropriate policy, these debates must move away from arguing the inclusion of specific groups on specific terms to the fundamental issues of citizenship and military obligation in a democratic society. This discussion must eventually include an analysis of the changing nature of international relations and conflict.
A phylogenetic analysis of Leucothoe s.l. (Ericaceae; tribe Gaultherieae) based on phenotypic characters

Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Leucothoe s.l. (including all eight species) and related taxa of the Gaultherieae, Andromedeae, and Vaccinieae were investigated by a cladistic analysis based on phenotypic (external morphology, anatomy, chromosome number, and secondary chemistry) characters. The parsimony analysis resulted in two most parsimonious trees, both very similar, which show Leucothoe s.l. to be polyphyletic, with its species distributed among three distinct clades. Our results indicate that L. racemosa and L. recurva form a strongly supported clade, which is sister to Chamaedaphne calyculata, and these three species are probably the sister-group of the wintergreen clade (consisting of Gaultheria and Diplycosia). Leucothoe axillaris, L. fontanesiana, L. davisiae, L. griffithiana, and L. keiskei, consistently form a monophyletic group corresponding to Leucothoe s.s., which is probably sister to the remaining members of the tribe Gaultherieae. Leucothoe grayana, the final species traditionally placed in the genus, belongs to neither of these clades and may be sister to Andromeda. Phenotypic characters provide no support for the monophyly of Leucothoe, instead suggesting that it is polyphyletic, in agreement with preliminary DNA-based analyses. Thus, we redefine the genus Leucothoe, placing its species into three genera: 1) Eubotrys (the E. racemosa + E. recurva clade), 2) Leucothoe s.s. (the L. axillaris + L. fontanesiana + L. davisiae + L. griffithiana + L. keiskei clade), and 3) Eubotryoides (containing only E. grayana).
Battery lifetime-aware automotive climate control for electric vehicles

Electric Vehicle (EV) optimization involves stringent constraints on driving range and battery lifetime. Sophisticated embedded systems and huge number of computing resources have enabled researchers to implement advanced Battery Management Systems (BMS) for optimizing the driving range and battery lifetime. However, the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) control and BMS have not been considered together in this optimization. This paper presents a novel automotive climate control methodology that manages the HVAC power consumption to improve the battery lifetime and driving range. Our experiments demonstrate that the HVAC consumption is considerable and flexible in an EV which significantly influences the driving range and battery lifetime. Hence, this influence on the above-mentioned constraints has been modeled and analyzed precisely, then it has been considered thoroughly in the EV optimization process. Our methodology provides significant improvement in battery lifetime (on average 14%) and average power consumption (on average 39% reduction) compared to the state-of-the-art methodologies.
Converging on Empathy: Perspectives on Baltimore City's Specialized Prostitution Diversion Program

This article explores perceptions of 17 women currently or formerly engaged in prostitution regarding Baltimore City's Specialized Prostitution Diversion program. Findings indicate that most perceive the program positively because they are in desperate need of services and because they hope it augurs the readiness of the criminal justice system to understand what leads them to engage in prostitution. Their desire to be treated like “human beings” in need of assistance, which undergirds requests for concrete services, reveals gendered understandings of responsibility and dependence that are compatible with problem-solving models of justice. It is therefore likely to resonate with criminal justice stakeholders.
π− absorption by uncorrelated nucleons in 16O

Abstract A study is made of the absorption from rest of π − mesons by uncorrelated nucleons in 16 O. The absorption probability is calculated for pions in the 1s and 2p orbits. The non-relativistic pion-nucleon interaction contains two terms, one of them involving the momentum of the nucleon, the other the momentum of the pion. The neglect of the latter is shown to be an unjustified procedure in the study of the absorption process. From the results of the present calculation, the absorption of a 2p pion by uncorrelated nucleons appears to be highly hindered with respect to the absorption process by a correlated pair, as could be expected from conservation principles.
Lensless Tomographic Microscopy on a Chip

A lensless optical tomography platform is demonstrated for use in high throughput 3D imaging applications. Through the use of pixel super-resolution techniques in partially-coherent digital in-line holography and tomographic reconstruction, this computational microscope achieves <1µm × <1µm × <3µm spatial resolution along the x, y and z directions, respectively, over a large imaging volume of ~15mm3.
Protein kinase C-stimulated formation of ethanolamine from phosphatidylethanolamine involves a protein phosphorylation mechanism: negative regulation by p21 Ras protein.

Mammalian cells express a phospholipase D (PLD)-like enzyme which forms ethanolamine from phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) by a protein kinase C-alpha (PKC-alpha)-activated, presently unknown, mechanism. Now we report that addition of a PKC-alpha-enriched purified PKC preparation or recombinant PKC-alpha to a plasma membrane-enriched membrane fraction, isolated from leukemic HL60 cells, greatly ( approximately 6.5-fold stimulation) enhanced PtdEtn hydrolysis if the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ATP were both present; this was accompanied by PKC-mediated phosphorylation of several membrane proteins. The combined effects of PKC-alpha, ATP, and PMA on [(14)C]PtdEtn hydrolysis were inhibited by GF 109203X (10 microM), an inhibitor of catalytic activity of PKC. In this membrane fraction, PMA alone also had a smaller ( approximately 3.5-fold) stimulatory effect on PtdEtn hydrolysis which was not affected by adding ATP or GF 109203X to the membranes. These results suggest that PMA can stimulate PtdEtn hydrolysis via a PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation mechanism as well as by a phosphorylation-independent process. Transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts by H-ras reduced the effect of PMA on PtdEtn hydrolysis. Furthermore, in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, scrape-loaded Y13-259 anti Ras antibody enhanced PMA-stimulated hydrolysis of PtdEtn. These results suggest that activation of the PtdEtn-hydrolyzing PLD enzyme by PKC-alpha is inhibited by p21 Ras.
A theory of contractual provisions in leasing

Abstract We develop a non-tax rationale for leasing in a double-sided asymmetric information setting, and analyze how various contractual provisions in leasing contracts arise in equilibrium. In our model, a manufacturer of capital goods has private information about their quality; entrepreneurs (users of these capital goods) come to learn this quality only by using them over a period of time. Each unit of the capital goods requires a certain level of maintenance in each period. Entrepreneurs differ in their cost of providing this maintenance; this maintenance cost is information private to each entrepreneur. Leasing emerges as an equilibrium solution to this double-sided asymmetric information problem. Various contractual provisions in leasing contracts (e.g., short-term versus long-term leases with non-cancellation provisions, option to buy at lease termination, and service leases) also emerge as equilibrium solutions under alternative settings. Leases with metering provisions emerge in equilibrium when, in addition to the maintenance cost, entrepreneurs differ in other dimensions, such as their intensity of usage of the capital good. Our model has implications for the lease-versus-sell decision, the situations under which various leasing contract provisions will be used, and for the relative magnitudes of sales prices and leasing costs (for leases with different contractual provisions).
Mechanical properties of steel pellets in particulate fluidized bed fixtures

Abstract Experiments were designed, built, and used to measure the stress-strain profiles of steel pellets when confined under pressure. The principles of the mechanics of granular media were used to compute the pellet's bulk mechanical properties. Spherical steel pellets were used in the tests. Shear tests of the granular material were performed for different compaction pressures. Shear tests produced the angle of internal friction that is characteristic of granules. Simple uniaxial compression tests produced information that led to the computation of Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, and the modulus of rigidity of the compacted granular steel pellets. The results reflect the variation in these material properties with compaction loads and depth of the material. These results make up a database that is essential for the modeling, design, synthesis, and analysis of flexible fluidized bed fixtures in which steel pellets make up the fixturing medium.
A scholarship of practice: creating discourse between theory, research and practice.

SUMMARYOccupational therapy has experienced a tremendous growth both of theory and research. However, there is little evidence that this renaissance of knowledge has been paralleled by changes in practice. Instead, academics tend to express concern that practice lags behind scholarship while clinicians bemoan the irrelevance of theory and research to their everyday work. This paper discusses the scholarship of practice. This approach is based on the assumption that those who ultimately will use the knowledge must be partners in its generation. Thus, it emphasizes cooperative efforts in which practitioners and scholars work together as partners to advance both knowledge and practice.
Morphological Study of Bovine Lung Grafted into the Hamster Cheek Pouch

The hamster cheek pouch has been used extensively to study the modulation of microvascular responsiveness of native and transplanted tissues, because it is immunologically privileged. The purpose of this study was to determine the structural changes that occur over time in bovine lung tissue (donor) that was grafted into the hamster cheek pouch (recipient). Lungs from adult cows were cut into 1-mm-thick slices and grafted into the cheek pouch of adult Syrian golden hamsters (n = 60). After induction of anesthesia, bovine lung tissue was placed under the avascular tissue covering the cheek pouch, and the overlying skin was sutured. Intravital microscopy (IM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the cheek pouch and grafted tissue were performed 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after grafting. By using IM, we found blood flow throughout the grafted bovine lung tissue between days 7 and 14 post-transplantation. Both IM and TEM showed that the grafted tissue contained patent microvessels anastomosing with cheek ...
Pulmonary vein doppler echocardiography after left atrial operation

Background. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography provides the surgical team with important guidance during operations for congenital heart disease. Doppler echocardiography adds hemodynamic information to that provided by two-dimensional imaging. Here we describe intraoperative pulmonary vein Doppler echocardiography after operation involving the left atrium. Methods. Intraoperative two-dimensional and pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography of pulmonary veins were performed after surgical repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return in 4 patients. Results. In 3 patients, intraoperative pulmonary vein Doppler findings were suggestive of obstruction. The surgical repair was thought to be excellent, and there was no obstruction apparent anatomically or clinically. No further intervention was performed, and all patients recovered uneventfully. No pulmonary venous obstruction was noted on follow-up two-dimensional echocardiography, and follow-up pulmonary vein Doppler echocardiography showed the expected pattern. Conclusions. An obstructive pattern in the pulmonary vein Doppler was seen in 3 of 4 patients studied immediately after repair of anomalous pulmonary venous return. No obstruction, however, was manifest then or subsequently. The abnormal Doppler pattern, thus, is not indicative of pulmonary venous obstruction. We propose that acute postoperative changes in left atrial volume and compliance and acute postoperative tissue changes in the left atrium explain the abnormal pulmonary vein Doppler patterns observed.
Measurements of branch area and adjusting leaf area index indirect measurements

Abstract Estimates of leaf area index obtained with indirect measurement techniques, which are replacing more arduous destructive sampling methods, are frequently questioned due to light interception by woody elements and a non-random distribution of foliage elements. Usually, branches are assumed to be positioned randomly with respect to leaves or shoots in the canopy. However, in this study of boreal forest architecture, branches are shown to be preferentially shaded by other non-woody elements (e.g. shoots or leaves) in both coniferous and deciduous species of the boreal region. A new instrument called a Multiband Vegetation Imager (MVI) is used to capture two-band (Visible, 400–620 nm and Near-Infrared, 720–950 nm) image pairs of contrasting Canadian boreal forest canopies during the BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). The spatial relationship of branches and photosynthetically active foliage is studied to estimate the fraction of the effective branch hemi-surface area index ( B e ) that is masked by leaves and shoots. We suggest an approach that corrects indirect LAI measurements using the LAI-2000 or a similar instrument by correcting for the following biases: (1) the effective canopy branch hemi-surface area that is not masked by leaves or shoots in the canopy, (2) the amount of stem hemi-surface area beneath crowns, (3) leaf (or shoot) (Ω e ( θ )) and branch (Ω b ( θ )) non-random spatial distributions in the canopy, and (4) the fraction of maximum LAI resulting from defoliation in the canopy. In boreal aspen, MVI image analysis shows that 95% of the effective branch hemi-surface area is masked by other foliage in the canopy. In jack pine and black spruce forests, 80–90% of the effective branch hemi-surface area is masked by other foliage in the canopy. These estimates suggest the fraction of indirect LAI that consists of branches intercepting light is less than 10%. Therefore, branches generally do not intercept a significant amount of beam radiation in boreal forests, and do not significantly bias indirect LAI measurements. However, stems, which comprise 30–50% of the total woody area in this study, may not be preferentially shaded by leafy foliage. Therefore, stem contribution to indirect LAI estimates measured with the LAI-2000 or a similar instrument cannot be overlooked. MVI estimates of the total branch hemi-surface area index agree to within 10–40% of direct measurements made in similar species; however, the error between indirect and direct measurements may be due largely to difficulties associated with obtaining adequate sampling so that the error may fall within the noise level of measurements.
BARRELS AND SEPTA : SEPARATE CIRCUITS IN RAT BARREL FIELD CORTEX

The neural circuitry within sensory cortex determines its functional properties, and different solutions have evolved for integrating the activity that arises from an array of sensory inputs to cortex. In rodent, circumscribed receptors, such as whiskers, are represented in somatic sensory (S-I) cortex in islands of cells in layer IV called “barrels” surrounded by narrow channels that separate barrels called “septa.” These two cortical domains were previously shown to receive sensory inputs through parallel subcortical pathways. Here, by using small biocytin injections, we demonstrate that distinct intrinsic and corticocortical circuitries arise from barrel and septal columns. The intracortical S-I projections originating from barrel columns are rather short-ranged, terminating for the most part within the far boundaries of the most immediate neighboring barrel columns, whereas corticocortical projections reach the second somatosensory (S-II) cortex. In contrast, the intrinsic projections arising from septal columns extend two to three barrels' distance along the row of whisker representation, producing terminals preferentially in other septal columns. Septal corticocortical projections terminate in the dysgranular cortex anterior to E-row barrels and in the posteromedial parietal cortex in addition to S-II. Whereas layer IV barrels are largely isolated from lateral connections, septa are the main conduits of intracortical projections arising from neighboring barrel and septal columns. These results indicate that the two subcortical pathways from whiskers to cortex continue as two distinct partially segregated pathways in cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 408:489–505, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clinical Impact of Regulatory T cells (Treg) in Cancer and HIV

The role of regulatory T cells, (Treg) in human cancer and HIV-1 infections has been under intense scrutiny. While the lack of a marker specific for human Treg has made it challenging to phenotype these cells, combinations of several markers and functional attributes of Treg have made it possible to assess their contributions to immune homeostasis in health and disease. Treg diversity and their plasticity create a challenge in deciding whether they are beneficial to the host by down-regulating excessive immune activation or are responsible for adverse effects such as suppression of anti-tumor immune responses resulting in promotion of tumor growth. Treg are emerging as active participants in several biochemical pathways involved in immune regulation. This review attempts to integrate current information about human Treg in respect to their activities in cancer and HIV-1. The goal is to evaluate the potential of Treg as targets for future immune or pharmacologic therapies for cancer or HIV-1 infections.
Life Cycle Assessment of applying CO2 post-combustion capture to the Spanish cement production

Although cement production is a very energy-intensive industry which releases huge amounts of pollutants to the environment, there is a lack of environmental studies focused on applying CO2 capture technologies to mitigate global warming in this industry. Furthermore, other environmental and human health impacts are omitted or underestimated. This paper carries out a detailed Life Cycle Assessment of the Spanish cement production in order to analyse the effect of applying post-combustion CO2 capture technology using monoethanolamine as absorbent. Moreover, the work discusses the pros and cons of CO2 capture within the cement manufacture from an environmental point of view. On the basis of the International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) 2011 midpoint method, results show improvements in global warming, ozone depletion and abiotic depletion potentials but acidification, photochemical ozone formation, eutrophication, human toxicities, ionising radiation, particulate matter, ecotoxicity, and land use potentials are increased by several times. Besides, the paper shows the decisive contribution of the cogeneration plant required to produce heat. It is necessary to carry out more research concerning how to face the energy penalty. Authors strongly recommend exploring natural gas or biomass CHP plants implementation as well as synergies between cement facilities and power plants.
Changes in the thermophysical properties of microcrystalline cellulose as function of carbonization temperature

Thermophysical properties of carbon materials derived from microcrystalline cellulose have been studied under vacuum and compared with earlier measurements conducted under nitrogen to better understand the influence of porosity, composition, microstructure, and atmosphere effects. The effective thermal conductivity in vacuum is lower than that observed in nitrogen primarily due to the conductivity of nitrogen gas. Radiation effects in both atmospheres were determined to be negligible. Reduction of thermal diffusivity in nitrogen was attributed to the effects of nitrogen gas phonon scattering. The trends for electrical and thermal property changes with structure are similar but not identical due to the differences in electron and phonon transport mechanisms.
Relationships between perceptual and conceptual mediational systems in young children.

Abstract Children aged 48–77 months were afforded experience in either color oddity or nominal class sorting prior to a transfer task testing the ability to apply the oddity rule (“which one doesn't belong”) to three picture arrays where solution was based on nominal class membership. The youngest children in the sample did not benefit from either perceptual rule experience or nominal sorting experience. Subsequent age groups benefited first from the nominal sorting treatment, then from both perceptual rule and nominal sorting activities, and finally the older children did not require priming in either the perceptual or nominal domain for success on the transfer task.
Nomnetric scaling of loudness and pitch using similarity and difference estimates

In Experiment 1, nonmetric analyses of estimates of similarity and difference were used to generate a scale of loudness for 1,200-Hz tones varying in intensity. For both similarity and difference estimates, loudness was found to grow approximately as the 0.26 power of sound pressure. In Experiment 2, nomnetric analyses of estimates of similarity and difference were used to generate a scale of pitch for 83.3-dB pure tones varying in frequency. For both similarity and difference estimates, pitch was found to vary with frequency in accordance with the mel scale.
Existence of Pseudo-Almost Automorphic Mild Solutions to Some Nonautonomous Partial Evolution Equations

We use the Krasnoselskii fixed point principle to obtain the existence of pseudo almost automorphic mild solutions to some classes of nonautonomous partial evolutions equations in a Banach space.
Influence of silicon carbide particle size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide ceramics

Abstract The influence of silicon carbide (SiC) particle size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of zirconium diboride–silicon carbide (ZrB2–SiC) ceramics was investigated. ZrB2-based ceramics containing 30 vol.% SiC particles were prepared from four different α-SiC precursor powders with average particle sizes ranging from 0.45 to 10 μm. Examination of the dense ceramics showed that smaller starting SiC particle sizes led to improved densification, finer grain sizes, and higher strength. For example, ceramics prepared from SiC with the particle size of 10 μm had a strength of 389 MPa, but the strength increased to 909 MPa for ceramics prepared from SiC with a starting particle size of 0.45 μm. Analysis indicates that SiC particle size controls the strength of ZrB2–SiC.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Molybdenum(IV) Olefin Complexes Supported by a Chelating Ancillary Ligand

The reactivity of [Mo(NPh)Cl2(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4·THF)] (1) with β-hydrogen-containing Grignard reagents was examined. Reaction of 1 with 2 equiv of RMgCl (R = CH2CH2Ph, CH2CH2CH3, CH2CH(CH3)2, CH2CH2CH2CH3, and CH(CH3)CH2CH3) gave Mo(IV) olefin complexes of the type [Mo(NPh)(η2-olefin)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4)] (olefin = styrene (2a), propene (2b), isobutene (2c), 1-butene (2d), and 2-butene (2e)). The crystal structure of 2a is reported. Reaction of 1 with 2 equiv of ethylmagnesium chloride afforded a mixture of metallacyclopentane [Mo(NPh)(CH2CH2CH2CH2)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4)] (3a) and an oligomeric molybdenum species having the empirical formula [Mo(NPh)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4)]x (3b). Pure 3a was obtained by reaction of 1 with 2 equiv of EtMgCl under an atmosphere of ethylene. Treatment of 3a with excess PMe3 in benzene at 80 °C afforded [Mo(NPh)(η2-ethylene)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4)(PMe3)2] (3c). Compounds 2c and 2a react with acetone to yield the oxametalacyclopentanes [(Mo(NPh)(C(CH3)2CH2C(CH3)2O)(o-(Me3SiN)2C6H4)] (4a) and [(Mo(...
Noninvasive near-infrared hemoglobin spectroscopy for in vivo monitoring of tumor oxygenation and response to oxygen modifiers

The shift in optical absorption of hemoglobin upon binding of oxygen provides a basis for near-infrared monitoring of hemoglobin oxygen saturation, which is an important indicator of tissue oxygenation. Tumor oxygenation has long been studied, because hypoxic cells exhibit resistance to ionizing radiation therapy. The ability to measure noninvasively the oxygenation status of tumors and their response to oxygen modifiers is important in research and clinical settings. We have implemented a steady-state diffuse reflectance method of optical spectroscopy in scattering systems based on the theory of Farrell et al. (Med. Phys., 1992). In scattering phantoms containing erythrocytes, the method recovers the hemoglobin absorption spectrum (650 - 820 nm) and accurately monitors hemoglobin oxygen saturation. We have implemented a probe that individually positions several detection fibers normal to the surface of subcutaneous rodent tumors. Near-infrared absorption spectra reconstructed from diffuse reflectance measurements indicate a hemoglobin oxygen saturation of approximately 50% in R3230AC rat mammary adenocarcinomas when the anesthetized animal breathes room air. Administration of carbogen (95% oxygen, 5% carbon dioxide) via a nose cone produces a rapid and readily detectable increase in the saturation to 75% with no increase in tumor blood volume. Several methods of determining hemoglobin oxygen saturation from absorption spectra obtained by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are compared, including singular value decomposition, which provides the ability to reconstruct the non-hemoglobin absorbing background without a priori knowledge of its structure or absolute magnitude.
SU-E-T-347: Dosimetric Effects Of Air Cavity Migration Through The Mammosite Multi-Lumen Balloon Treatments

Purpose: Study the dosimetric effects of air cavity migration through the mammosite multi‐lumen balloon treatments. Methods: Using Multi‐lumen mammosite had the advantage of shaping the dose around the balloon to get better coverage and less skin dose/hot spots. However, when there was air pocket around the balloon, the air pocket tended to move/change volume throughout the treatment. Since the dose distribution was usually asymmetric in treatment plans, the effects of air pocket need to be studied.Five(5) patients were selected for this study. For each patient, multi‐lumen mammosite balloon was inserted into the cavity. Patient was then CTed and a treatment plan was created using Varian Eclipse TPS for delivery with Varian Varisource IX. PTV was created by expanding 1cm from balloon surface, 34 Gy were delivered in 10 fractions. The patient was CTed again after the last fraction before the balloon was extracted. The position of the balloon was checked to match the original CT. The treatment plan was recreated in the post‐treatment CT.In order to evaluate the true difference, a new PTV was created in both original CT and post‐treatment CT. The new PTV was 1 cm expansion from the cavity, excluding the entrance pathway, since these tissues were intended to be treated. Coverage and hot spots were evaluated with the new PTVs. Results: Through the treatment, air pocket normally will reduce volume and redistributed more evenly around the balloon, therefore coverage improved through the treatment. Since hot spots in multi‐lumen cases were not symmetric, and during the planning, hot spots were usually targeted at air pocket if possible, at the end of the treatment, more tissue would receive high doses due to the air‐pocket change. Conclusion: Care needs to be taken when there is air‐pocket in treatment planning using multi‐lumen mammosite treatment, especially the hot spots.
518A2 Melanoma Cells Are Protected by G3139 and Other Antineoplastic Agents Against the Cytotoxic Effects of DTIC

G3139 is an antisense Bcl-2 phosphorothioate oligonucleotide that has been combined with DTIC in a phase III clinical trial in melanoma. However, its actual mechanism of action in melanoma is controversial. Treatment of 518A2 melanoma cells with either G3139 or G4126 (a two-base mismatch) and then with light-activated DTIC caused these cells (but not SK-Mel-30 or 346.1 cells) to be protected against the cytotoxic effects of DTIC. This cytoprotection was not recapitulated with a phosphodiester congener of G3139 nor with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) also targeted to the Bcl-2 mRNA. Administering the drugs in reverse order also did not produce cytoprotection, and an 18- mer phosphorothioate homopolymer of thymidine was also inactive. Subsequently, it was discovered that gemcitibine and cis-platinum also induced cytoprotection to DTIC in this cell line, suggesting that the cytoprotection is a stress response to chemical proapoptotic stress. Cytoprotection was completely inhibited by O(6)-benzylguanine, an inhibitor of O(6)-guanosine alkyltransferase (OGAT) activity. However, a direct assay of OGAT activity demonstrated that 518A2 melanoma cells are essentially completely devoid of it, either basally or induced. The cytoprotection may thus be caused by a chemical stress-induced increase in mismatch repair activity.
On the efficiency of regular generalized line graph designs

Abstract A class of efficient designs called regular generalized line graph designs are introduced. This class of designs includes many well-known optimal and efficient designs, e.g., balanced incomplete block designs, group-divisible designs with λ 2 = λ 1 + 1, group-divisible designs with λ 1 = λ 2 + 1 and group size two, triangular designs with λ 2 = λ 1 + 1, L 2 designs with λ 2 = λ 1 + 1, etc. The optimality of regular generalized line graph designs is then investigated. This uses graph theory as a tool and unifies much of the previous work in the area.
Vessel time allocation in the US Illex illecebrosus fishery

Abstract The Illex illecebrosus fishery in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean is trawl-based. I. illecebrosus normally lives less than 1 year. One option for managing such a short-lived species is the use of catch and effort data obtained from fishing vessels during the fishing season to manage the fishery in real time. Verification of the accuracy of data reports is important. Conceivably, information contained in the data stream of vessel position and time provided by a remote data logger could be used to reconstruct the vessel’s activities to assess the reliability of industry reports. This study describes quantitatively the types of vessel operating activities that take place on a typical I. illecebrosus fishing trip and assesses the possibility of reconstructing these activities reliably from the simple data stream of vessel position and time. Seven activities were identified, six of which occurred commonly: steaming to and from port, searching, towing, set-up time between tows, steaming overnight and laying-to overnight. Processing the catch, as a discrete activity, occurred rarely. Each activity could be characterized in terms of its duration and distance traveled, the average vessel speed, and the tendency for vessel speed to change during the activity. Most activities were conducted in a linear manner. Accordingly, reasonable estimates of the distance and duration of these activities could be obtained simply from the knowledge of the starting and ending position and time. Analysis of search time and subsequent catch revealed that searching did not improve catch. More squid would have been caught had the vessels used this time for towing. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) can be calculated using duration or distance in the denominator. In this set of fishing trips, the two were equivalent. Catch bore a nonlinear relationship with CPUE. In particular, larger catches were associated with incrementally larger CPUEs. The uniqueness of each activity when described by its characteristic speed, duration and distance, and the consistency of these characteristics for each activity between vessels suggests that vessel behavior might be assessed remotely using a time series of position and time. Such a capability might be important in any real-time management plan where industry vessels necessarily must be depended upon for data on catch and CPUE.
Aspartic acid and glutamic acid levels in the cochlear nucleus after auditory nerve lesion

Aspartic acid, glutamic acid and alanine were measured in the cochlear nucleus after lesioning the auditory nerve by cochlear ablation. Ultrastructural analysis of the cochlear nucleus showed that most primary auditory terminals were degenerating one day after cochlear ablation; the terminals were enlarged and the number of synaptic vesicles was reduced. Primary auditory terminals were virtually gone three days after cochlear ablation. Aspartic acid decreased after cochlear ablation in parallel with the morphological degeneration of the primary auditory terminals. The level of total aspartic acid in the cochlear nucleus had decreased more than 8% one day after cochlear ablation and more than 30% after two days, and remained at this level up to 28 days. Glutamic acid also decreased in the cochlear nucleus after cochlear ablation but not in parallel with the morphological degeneration of the primary auditory terminals. Following a slight increase one day after cochlear ablation, total glutamic acid decreased about 10% after two days and continued to decrease slowly through to day 28. Alanine dropped slowly after cochlear ablation and not in parallel with the degeneration of the primary terminals. Levels of other amino acids measured were unchanged or had increased two days after cochlear ablation. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid did not decrease in the superficial layers of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, an area receiving little or no primary innervation.
The small-scale, quasi-periodic, disk component of solar radio radiation

Interferometric observations of the sun at wavelengths of 3.7 and 11 cm show that small-scale, quasi-periodic radio emission is coming from the sun. The periods occur in a band of periods with a midband frequency of 3.75 mHz and a bandwidth of 2.5 mHz. The peak-to-peak fluctuations in brightness temperature, lie between 4,000 and 500,000 K. The radio emission is less than about 10% linearly or circularly polarized; the angular size of the emitting regions is of the order of 10 seconds. The radio emission originates at the base of the chromosphere-corona transition region at approximately 2200 km above the level at which the optical depth at 5000 A is unity.
An introduction to adaptive signal processing

Abstract Adaptive systems can be characterized by four items: the adaptive structure being modified, the configuration which contains the adaptive structure, the performance measure used to evaluate the current state of the adaptive structure, and the algorithm used to modify the structure to improve its performance. The adaptive FIR filter is the structure on which we focus in this introduction. We consider the adaptive filter's performance in configurations that include modeling, prediction, noise-cancelling and equalization. Using the mean-squared error as the performance measure, we consider a number of algorithms for adapting the weights of the FIR filter.
Optical rotatory dispersion of peptides which inhibit the oxidized ribonuclease immune system

Abstract Four large peptides from oxidized bovine pancreatic ribonuclease were examined by optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) to determine whether there were conformation differences between those which inhibited the immune reaction and those which did not. The peptides were characterized by amino acid analysis and their optical rotatory dispersion was studied at wavelenghts between 220 and 500 mμ. All four peptides were non-helical in neutral aqueous solution and not altered by dioxane or tetrahydrofuran. Urea and LiBr had only a small effect on the conformation of peptide 38–61. Addition of 2-chloroethanol or 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol increased the apparent helix content of peptides 38–61 and 40–61 up to 42%. These peptides are strong inhibitors of the oxidized RNase immune system. Peptide 11–31, which does not inhibit and peptide 105–124, a poor inhibitor, were little affected by the above solvents. The concentrations of these solvents required, to cause a conformational change, interfered with the precipitin reaction and did not allow analysis of the role of peptide conformation in the interaction with antibody.
Synthesis of 123mTe labeled fatty acids

Four 123mTe labeled fatty acid analogues were synthesized: 17-tellura-9-octadecenoic acid, 17-tellura-9-nonadecenoic acid, 18-methyl-17-tellura-9-nonadecenoic acid and 3-tellura-non-adecanoic acid. Tellurium-123m metal was solubilized in water with NaBH4. The inorganic nucleophiles produced, NaHTe or Na2Te2 were reacted with 16-bromo-9-hexadecenoic acid in a one or two step procedure to produce the sodium alkyl telluride. To this was added either methyl iodide, ethyl bromide or isopropyl bromide and the resulting 17-tellura-fatty acids isolated and formulated. Tellurium-123m labeled 3-tellura-nonadecanoic acid was synthesized via the dihexadecanyl ditelluride or the sodium hexadecanyl telluride route.
Analysis of correlated binomial data in logistic-normal models

Estimation in logistic-normal models for correlated and overdispersed binomial data is complicated by the numerical evaluation of often intractable likelihood functions. Penalized quasilikelihood (PQL) estimators of fixed effects and variance components are known to be seriously biased for binary data. A simple correction procedure has been proposed to improve the performance of the PQL estimators. The proposed method is illustrated by analyzing infectious disease data. Its performance is compared, by means of simulations, with that of the Bayes approach using the Gibbs sampler.
The Golden Age of European growth reconsidered

I reconsider the growth of Western Europe during the Golden Age of European Economic Growth after the Second World War. The preceding thirty years of conflict and depression impeded the normal path of industrialisation in these countries, and they had too much labour in agriculture for their level of income and stage of development at the end of the war. The disequilibrium added to other more ordinary forces to produce unusually rapid economic growth. This hypothesis explains the speed of economic growth during the Golden Age, differences between growth rates in these years, and the end of this historical episode.
The Rise and Fall of an Education Management Information System in Liberia.

Abstract A priority in many international educational development projects in the Third World is the increased use of information in policy formulation and planning. This, in turn, has resulted in considerable attention and resources being devoted to design and implementation of education management information systems (EMIS). However, those sponsoring such systems often fail to understand the impact these systems can have on other activities within the education sector and, as a result, the resistance that may arise to EMIS. Consequently, in planning EMIS, sponsors often fail to provide adequate individual and organizational incentives to encourage use of improved educational data at the national level. This paper presents a case study from Liberia to illustrate the importance of adequate attention being given to the incentive structure surrounding the development and use of national level data in policy formulation and management at the national level.
Metal radii in surface science

Abstract The saturation monolayer coverage of an adsorbed metal overlayer on a smooth metal surface is largely determined by the adsorbed metal's radius. Experimental maximum packing densities in two-dimensional metal overlayers are compared with predictions based on several different definitions of metal atom radii: atomic radii, covalent radii, minimum bulk interatomic distance (:2) and the Zachariasen [J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 35 (1973) 3487] metal radii. Best agreement is found with the last, which is obtained by assuming that the bulk, pure metal density is obtained from an ideal, hexagonal close-packed structure of spheres of that radius.
A new tissue-slicing method for the study of function and position of somatotrophs contained within the male rat pituitary gland.

A tissue-slicing method has been developed for obtaining quantitative information relative to the function and distribution of somatotrophs in the individual pituitary of the male rat. The adenohypophysis was cut along midtransverse, coronal, and sagittal planes, dividing the gland into eight distinct slices. Basal (unstimulated) GH release was measured from sections placed in gyrotory incubation for three consecutive periods (20 min each). Response to rat hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (rhGHRH) was studied in slices placed in perifusion and in dispersed cells placed in static incubation. Tissues and cells were analyzed by light and electron microscopy and flow cytometry. Cells retained good morphological integrity and viability (>85%) after incubation (1 h) or perifusion (5 h). Somatotrophs were evenly distributed sagittally and rostrocaudally, but were unevenly distributed dorsoventrally; mean values for dorsal and ventral sections were 45.3 ± 2.5% and 38.9 ± 1.9%, respectively. Differential basal GH...
Exposure and Effects of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Tree Swallows Nesting in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA

The exposure and effects of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were studied at eight locations in Minnesota and Wisconsin between 2007 and 2011 using tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). Concentrations of PFASs were quantified as were reproductive success end points. The sample egg method was used wherein an egg sample is collected, and the hatching success of the remaining eggs in the nest is assessed. The association between PFAS exposure and reproductive success was assessed by site comparisons, logistic regression analysis, and multistate modeling, a technique not previously used in this context. There was a negative association between concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in eggs and hatching success. The concentration at which effects became evident (150–200 ng/g wet weight) was far lower than effect levels found in laboratory feeding trials or egg-injection studies of other avian species. This discrepancy was likely because behavioral effects and other extrinsic factors are not accounted for in these laboratory studies and the possibility that tree swallows are unusually sensitive to PFASs. The results from multistate modeling and simple logistic regression analyses were nearly identical. Multistate modeling provides a better method to examine possible effects of additional covariates and assessment of models using Akaike information criteria analyses. There was a credible association between PFOS concentrations in plasma and eggs, so extrapolation between these two commonly sampled tissues can be performed.
Tropomyosin structure and intermolecular contacts in Mg paracrystals

Stained and unstained tropomyosin paracrystals have been compared using quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy. The image of unstained paracrystals was related to that of uranyl-stained paracrystals by observing paracrystals treated with K2PtCl4. Mass-loss studies show the increased sensitivity of unstained material compared to uranyl-stained material. The observed mass-density pattern indicates that the supercoiling of tropomyosin is variable along its length, which is consistent with the differing functions of different regions of the tropomyosin molecule.
‘Encountering Christ in the Full Gospel Way’: An Incarnational Pentecostal Spirituality

The centre of Pentecostal theology is the idea of the ‘Full Gospel’ which speaks of Christ in his various roles as Saviour, Sanctifier, Healer, Baptizer with the Spirit, and the Soon-coming-King. Therefore, Pentecostalism represents –differently from the assumptions of many outside observers –a unique Christocentric Spirit movement. The heart of Pentecostal spirituality is thus the encounter with Christ through the Holy Spirit in worship, in healing, in charisms, and so forth. This paper, originally prepared for a theological dialogue between Lutherans and Pentecostals, seeks to discern the meaning of this ‘encounter’ for Pentecostals.2This essay is a slightly revised paper read at the second annual meeting between representatives from the Lutheran World Federation and Pentecostal Churches in preparation for the International Dialogue between Lutherans and Pentecostals held in Strasbourg, France, December 2005. The overall theme was ‘Encounter with Christ.'