cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Novel Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs) Developed against Treatment-Resistant Breast Cancer

Resistance to the selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen and to aromatase inhibitors that lower circulating estradiol occurs in up to 50% of patients, generally leading to an endocrine-independent ER+ phenotype. Selective ER downregulators (SERDs) are able to ablate ER and thus, theoretically, to prevent survival of both endocrine-dependent and -independent ER+ tumors. The clinical SERD fulvestrant is hampered by intramuscular administration and undesirable pharmacokinetics. Novel SERDs were designed using the 6-OH-benzothiophene (BT) scaffold common to arzoxifene and raloxifene. Treatment-resistant (TR) ER+ cell lines (MCF-7:5C and MCF-7:TAM1) were used for optimization, followed by validation in the parent endocrine-dependent cell line (MCF-7:WS8), in 2D and 3D cultures, using ERα in-cell westerns, ERE-luciferase, and cell viability assays, with 2 (GDC-0810/ARN-810) used for comparison. Two BT SERDs with superior in vitro activity to 2 were studied for bioavailability and shown to cause regress...
SOME RESULTS ON WAVEFIELD BACKPROPAGATION

We have gathered here a potpourri of results on wavefield backpropagation in this work. We first discuss a reciprocity relationship between monochromatic foward propagation and backpropagation of wavefield and extend it to polychromatic propagation. We also describe the similarity between backpropagation and matched filtering. Finally, we discuss the use of polychromatic backpropagation to improve the range resolution.
Form over function in finance: international institutional design by bricolage

ABSTRACTDominant perspectives in International Relations start from the assumption that the problem-constellation determines international institutional design. Given the difficulty these ends-oriented approaches face when explaining institutional inefficiencies and pathologies, this article develops an alternate perspective based on anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss's concept of bricolage. Design by bricolage starts from the premise that actors are means-focused, seeking to recombine and redeploy tools from their existing environment. Designers constantly experiment, adapting institutional elements from cognate fields, with the aim of creating novel institutional arrangements. The outcomes of international cooperation are a function of the design process, more than the initial problem type. To illustrate the usefulness of this perspective, the paper examines the evolution of the International Financial Architecture, with a focus on the evolution of the international securities regime. A design by bricol...
Comparison of Full Wavefield Synthetics with Frequency-Dependent Traveltimes Calculated Using Wavelength-Dependent Velocity Smoothing

ABSTRACT Ray theory-based traveltime calculation that assumes infinitely high frequency wave propagation is likely to be invalid in the near-surface (upper tens of meters) due to the relatively large seismic wavelength compared with the total travel path lengths and the scale of the near-surface velocity heterogeneities. The wavelength-dependent velocity smoothing (WDVS) algorithm calculates a frequency-dependent, first-arrival traveltime by assuming that using a wavelength-smoothed velocity model and conventional ray theory is equivalent to using the original unsmoothed model and a frequency-dependent calculation. This paper presents comparisons of WDVS-calculated traveltimes with band-limited full wavefield synthetics including the results from 1) different velocity models, 2) different frequency spectra, 3) different values of a free parameter in the WDVS algorithm, and 4) different levels of added noise to the synthetics. The results show that WDVS calculates frequency-dependent traveltimes that are g...
Epitaxial Barium Titanate Thin Films for Mid-infrared Photonic Circuits

Mid-Infrared photonic-circuits using epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films are demonstrated through CMOS process. The c-axis oriented BTO films are transparent between λ=2.5-7 um and a sharp fundamental mode is observed.
Stoic beliefs and health: development and preliminary validation of the Pathak-Wieten Stoicism Ideology Scale

Introduction We developed and validated a new parsimonious scale to measure stoic beliefs. Key domains of stoicism are imperviousness to strong emotions, indifference to death, taciturnity and self-sufficiency. In the context of illness and disease, a personal ideology of stoicism may create an internal resistance to objective needs, which can lead to negative consequences. Stoicism has been linked to help-seeking delays, inadequate pain treatment, caregiver strain and suicide after economic stress. Methods During 2013–2014, 390 adults aged 18+ years completed a brief anonymous paper questionnaire containing the preliminary 24-item Pathak-Wieten Stoicism Ideology Scale (PW-SIS). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test an a priori multidomain theoretical model. Content validity and response distributions were examined. Sociodemographic predictors of strong endorsement of stoicism were explored with logistic regression. Results The final PW-SIS contains four conceptual domains and 12 items. CFA showed very good model fit: root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.05 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.07), goodness-of-fit index=0.96 and Tucker-Lewis Index=0.93. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.78 and ranged from 0.64 to 0.71 for the subscales. Content validity analysis showed a statistically significant trend, with respondents who reported trying to be a stoic ‘all of the time’ having the highest PW-SIS scores. Men were over two times as likely as women to fall into the top quartile of responses (OR=2.30, 95% CI 1.44 to 3.68, P Discussion The PW-SIS is a valid and theoretically coherent scale which is brief and practical for integration into a wide range of health behaviour and outcomes research studies.
Detection and prevention of crypto-ransomware

Crypto-ransomware is a challenging threat that ciphers a user's files while hiding the decryption key until a ransom is paid by the victim. This type of malware is a lucrative business for cybercriminals, generating millions of dollars annually. The spread of ransomware is increasing as traditional detection-based protection, such as antivirus and anti-malware, has proven ineffective at preventing attacks. Additionally, this form of malware is incorporating advanced encryption algorithms and expanding the number of file types it targets. Cybercriminals have found a lucrative market and no one is safe from being the next victim. Encrypting ransomware targets business small and large as well as the regular home user. This paper discusses ransomware methods of infection, technology behind it and what can be done to help prevent becoming the next victim. The paper investigates the most common types of crypto-ransomware, various payload methods of infection, typical behavior of crypto ransomware, its tactics, how an attack is ordinarily carried out, what files are most commonly targeted on a victim's computer, and recommendations for prevention and safeguards are listed as well.
Scanning Electron Nanodiffraction and Diffraction Imaging

This chapter describes electron nanodiffraction and its use for structural imaging and analysis. The chapter is organized into five sections. The first section contains an introduction to electron nanodiffraction and diffraction imaging and the motivations for developing these techniques. Section 9.2 covers different electron nanodiffraction techniques and their implementation. It is followed by a discussion on the information that can be obtained from electron nanodiffraction and the theory behind it. In outlining the theory for electron nanodiffraction in Section 9.3, we first rely on the kinematical theory to give a conceptual foundation for electron nanodiffraction. The treatment of the kinematical theory is then followed by the well-developed electron multiple scattering theory for CBED of medium to thick crystals. The kinematical theory can be used for both crystalline and noncrystalline atomic structures, while the theory for CBED is largely limited to crystals or crystals with certain types of defects. For the treatment of electron multiple scattering of arbitrary structures, we included a description of the multi-slice method, which is a numerical method often used for electron diffraction simulations. The description of the electron nanodiffraction techniques in Section 9.2 and theory in Section 9.3 are followed by a few application examples in Section 9.4. We focus on the applications of SEND for imaging strain, nanostructures, and defects. The application examples given here serve to highlight the potential of SEND rather than a complete review of electron nanodiffraction applications. We also provide the experimental details in Section 9.4 to give some ideas of what it takes to do SEND. The chapter is finished with a conclusion.
Pre-operative right ventricular echocardiographic parameters associated with short-term outcomes and long-term mortality after CABG

Background This analysis aims to assess the prognostic value of pre-operative right ventricular echocardiographic parameters in predicting short-term adverse outcomes and long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG). Methods Study design: Observational retrospective cohort. Pre-operative echocardiographic data, perioperative adverse outcomes (POAO) and long-term mortality were retrospectively analyzed in 491 patients who underwent isolated CABG at a single academic center between 2006 and 2014. Results Average age of enrolled subjects was 66 ± 11.5 years with majority being male (69%). 227/491 patients had 30 days POAO (46%); most common being post-operative atrial fibrillation (27.3%) followed by prolonged ventilation duration (12.7%). On multivariate analysis, left atrial volume index ≥42 mL/m2 (LAVI) (OR (95% CI): 1.98 (1.03-3.82), P = 0.04), mitral E/A >2 (1.97 (1.02-3.78), P = 0.04), right atrial size >18 cm2 (1.86 (1.14-3.05), P = 0.01), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) 0.55 (1.58 (1.01-2.46), P = 0.04) were found to be associated with increased 30-day POAO. On 3.5-year follow-up, cumulative survival was decreased in patients with myocardial performance index (MPI) ≥0.55 (log rank: 4.5, P = 0.034) and in patients with mitral valve E/e' ≥14 (log rank: 4.9, P = 0.026). Conclusion Pre-operative right ventricle dysfunction (RVD) is associated with increased perioperative complications. Furthermore, pre-operative RVD and increased left atrial pressures are associated with long-term mortality post CABG.
Artifical intelligence technology in cancer imaging: Clinical challenges for detection of lung and breast cancer

Abstract. In the domain of Artificial Intelligence, deep learning is part of a broader family of machine learning methods based on deep neural networks, deep belief networks, recurrent neural networks and convolutional neural networks that have been applied to fields including computer vision, medical image analysis, histopathological diagnosis, with results comparable to and in some cases superior to human experts. This study shows that these methods applied to medical imaging can assist pathologists in the detection of cancer subtype, gene mutations and/or metastases for applying appropriate therapies. Results show that trajectories of AI technology applied in cancer imaging seems to be driven by high rates of mortality of some types of cancer in order to improve detection and characterization of cancer to apply efficiently anticancer therapies. This new technology can generate a technological paradigm shift for diagnostic assessment of any cancer type. However, application of these methods to medical imaging requires further assessment and validation to support the efficiency of the workflow of pathologists in clinical practice and improve overall healthcare sector. Keywords. Artificial intelligence, Diagnostic assessment, Histopathology images, Deep learning algorithms, Cancer, Clinical challenges. JEL. O32, O33.
Laser additive nano-manufacturing under ambient conditions

Additive manufacturing at the macroscale has become a hot topic of research in recent years. It has been used by engineers for rapid prototyping and low-volume production. The development of such technologies at the nanoscale, or additive nanomanufacturing, will provide a future path for new nanotechnology applications. In this review article, we introduce several available toolboxes that can be potentially used for additive nanomanufacturing. We especially focus on laser-based additive nanomanufacturing under ambient conditions.
Measuring Global Media Freedom: Laura Schneider. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 2019, 225 pp., ISBN No. 978-3-658-28095-6 (e-book)

Over the years, there have been many attempts to quantify international media freedom and just as many criticisms of its measurement. Dr. Schneider confronts these challenges head-on in a new compr...
Multifidelity Modeling for Efficient Aerothermal Prediction of Deployable Entry Vehicles

The objective of this work was to investigate a multifidelity modeling approach to accurately and efficiently predict the aerothermal response of a large-diameter deployable hypersonic entry vehicl...
The conformational cycle of a prototypical voltage-gated sodium channel

Electrical signaling was a dramatic development in evolution, allowing complex single-cell organisms like Paramecium to coordinate movement and early metazoans like worms and jellyfish to send regulatory signals rapidly over increasing distances. But how are electrical signals generated in biology? In fact, voltage-gated sodium channels conduct sodium currents that initiate electrical signals in all kingdoms of life, from bacteria to man. They are responsible for generating the action potential in vertebrate nerve and muscle, neuroendocrine cells, and other cell types1,2. Because of the high level of conservation of their core structure, it is likely that their fundamental mechanisms of action are conserved as well. Here we describe the complete cycle of conformational changes that a bacterial sodium channel undergoes as it transitions from resting to activated/open and inactivated/closed states, based on high-resolution structural studies of a single sodium channel. We further relate this conformational cycle of the ancestral sodium channel to the function of its vertebrate orthologs. The strong conservation of amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure suggests that this model, at a fundamental level, is relevant for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic sodium channels, as well as voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels.
Epithelial ovarian cancer survival by race/ethnicity in an equal-access healthcare population.

e18525Background: Previous studies in the general population have observed that compared with Non-Hispanic White (NHW) women, Pacific Islander (PI) and Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) women have higher ag...
Power density modulated ultrasonic degradation of perfluoroalkyl substances with and without sparging Argon

Abstract The power density modulates the dynamics of the chemical reactions during the ultrasonic breakdown of organic compounds. We evaluated the ultrasonic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) at various power densities (30 W/L–262 W/L) with and without sparging Argon. We observed pseudo-first-order degradation kinetics at an initial PFASs concentration of 100 nM over a range of power density. The rate kinetics of degradation shows a non-linear increase with an increase in power density. We proposed a four-parameter logistic regression (4PLR) equation that empirically fits the degradation rate kinetics with the power density. The 4PLR equation predicts that the maximum achievable half-life of PFOA and PFOS sonochemical degradation are 1 and 10 min under a given set of experimental conditions. The high bulk-water temperature (i.e., 30 °C) of the aqueous sample helps increase the degradation rate of PFOA and PFOS. The addition of oxidants such as iodate and chlorate help enhance PFOA degradation in an argon environment at an ultrasonic frequency of 575 kHz.
Regional population trends in the city of Moscow during the 1979-1989 intercensal period.

This article investigates regional population trends in the city of Moscow during the intercensal period of 1979-1989. Results indicate that the Outer Zone grew more rapidly than the Inner Zone, which experienced population decline overall. As a result, the population of Moscow continued to shift to the Outer Zone. Although the Inner Zone still had a higher population density, the density gradient between the zones had flattened appreciably. Regional population growth rates were strongly and positively related to changes in housing space.
The Evolution of Cognitive Control

One of the key challenges confronting cognitive science is to discover natural categories of cognitive function. Of special interest is the unity or diversity of cognitive control mechanisms. Evolutionary history is an underutilized resource that, together with neuropsychological and neuroscientific evidence, can help to provide a biological ground for the fractionation of cognitive control. Comparative evidence indicates that primate brain evolution has produced dissociable mechanisms for external action control and internal self-regulation, but that most real-world behaviors rely on a combination of these. The archeological record further indicates the timing and context of distinctively human elaborations to these cognitive control functions, including the gradual emergence of increasingly complex hierarchical action control.
Substitution of Aryl Halides with Copper(I) Acetylides: 2‐Phenylfuro[3,2‐b]Pyridine

Substitution of aryl halides with copper(I) acetylides: 2-phenylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine reactant: copper(I) phenylacetylide product: 2-Phenylfuro[3,2-b]pyridine Keywords: addition, to CC; annulation, heterocyclic-[5]; cyclization, condensation; copper(I) phenylacetylide, preparation of
Merkel Cell Carcinoma

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy. In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge regarding its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, histopathologic features, clinical staging, and prognosis. Furthermore, we review the evidence for various therapeutic approaches, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
Naval aviation and neurosurgery: traditions, commonalities, and lessons learned. The 2007 presidential address.

✓In his presidential address to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, the author recounts lessons he learned while training to be a Naval Aviator and later a neurosurgeon. He describes his life as an aviator and neurosurgeon, compares naval aviation and neurosurgery, and points out lessons that neurosurgery can learn from naval aviation.
Tests of the MP2 Model and Various DFT Models in Predicting the Structures and B−N Bond Dissociation Energies of Amine−Boranes (X3C)mH3-mB−N(CH3)nH3-n (X = H, F; m = 0−3; n = 0−3): Poor Performance of the B3LYP Approach for Dative B−N Bonds

Computational studies of amine−boranes (X3C)mH3-mB−N(CH3)nH3-n (X = H, F; m = 0−3; n = 0−3) show that the B3LYP model performs poorly in predicting the structures and B−N bond dissociation energies of such species. A survey of several models shows that the MP2 approach gives the best agreement, but is too computationally intensive for general use. Among several hybrid and pure DFT approaches, the MPW1K model gives the best agreement with experiment and/or with the MP2 model. Scans of the potential surface for rotation around the B−N bond in several molecules and examinations of other amine−boranes suggest that the difficulty with the B3LYP method does not arise from its inability to incorporate nonbonded intramolecular interactions, but from an inherent inability to model the dative bond. The MPW1K approach evidently does this better because it was designed to model “incompletely bound” transition states, which mimic datively bonded systems.
Theoretical Study of Urea. I. Monomers and Dimers

Ab initio (HF, MP2, and B3PW91 with basis sets up to D95++**) and semiempirical (AM1, PM3, and SAM1) molecular-orbital calculations are presented for urea and four different general classes of urea dimeric structures that correspond to interactions between nearest-neighbor molecular pairs in the crystal structures of urea and thiourea. While the urea monomers have nonplanar minima on all ab initio surfaces, on the HF and MP2/6-311+G(3df,2p) surfaces they are planar after vibrational and thermal corrections. Urea chain and ribbon dimers are calculated to be planar after counterpoise and thermal corrections for all HF calculations and nonplanar for MP2 calculations (D95** and D95++**). The DFT calculations predict planar chain but nonplanar ribbon dimers. The ribbon dimer is the most stable, as it uses both H-bond acceptors, while the chain dimer uses only one and the herringbone dimer has one H bond. Stacking interaction is much less stabilizing. The PM3 method fails in both predicting molecular conformati...
Radical contraction of 1,3,2-dioxaphosphepanes to 1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes: A kinetic and 17O NMR spectroscopic study

Two diastereomeric 5-bromo-4-phenyl-2-phenoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxophosphepanes have been synthesized and used to study the contraction of 4-phenyl-2-phenoxy-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxophosphorinan-5-yl radicals. Kinetics were determined by competition methods and demonstrate Arrhenius parameters typical of rearrangements of this kind. Isotopic labeling reveals that all rearrangements are formally of the 1,2-type with retention of configuration at phosphorus. Analysis of the stereochemistry of the rearrangements, however, reveals the two diastereomers to take different paths with respect to the geometry of the presumed alkene radical cation intermediate.
Enhancement of MOS gas sensor selectivity by 'on-chip' catalytic filtering

Abstract A novel approach to enhancing the selectivity of a thick-film metal-oxide-semiconductor gas sensor is presented. The approach complements the efforts of many investigators who have tried to improve metal-oxide-semiconductor gas sensor selectivity by altering the sensing material alone. The discussion and data presented will focus on how 'on-chip' catalytic filtering is employed to build a selective fuel gas sensor without any adverse effects on the sensor's sensitivity or speed of response. Data are also presented showing the sensor's stable response to methane over an extended concentration range for over three years.
Dialectic Operations: The Final Period of Cognitive Development.

Arguments for an extension of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development have been derived from philosophical and historical consideration of modern natural sciences. Implicit contradictions, which char
Measurement and Analysis of Bubble Behavior in Subcooled Nucleate Boiling Flow Field With High Fidelity Imaging System

To date, more than twenty PWRs have been affected by axial offset anomaly (AOA) or crud-induced power shift (CIPS), an unexpected deviation in the core axial power distribution from the predicted curve during operation. AOA is a current major consideration for reactors operating at increased power levels and is becoming immediate threat to nuclear power’s competitiveness in the market [1]. Despite much effort focusing on this topic, a comprehensive understanding is far from being developed. However, previous research indicates that a close connection exists between subcooled nucleate boiling occurring in core region and the formation of crud, which directly results in AOA phenomena. It is well established that deposition is greater, and sometimes much greater, on heated than on unheated surfaces. [2] A number of researchers have suggested that boiling promotes deposition, and several observed increased deposition in the subcooled boiling region [2]. Limited detailed information is available on the interaction between heat and mass transfer in subcooled nucleate boiling (SNB) flow. It is speculated that direct prediction of the AOA from SNB is difficult. Moreover, bubbles formed in SNB region play an important role in helping the formation of crud. Therefore, we are encouraged to get a better understanding of SNB phenomena and the behavior of the bubbles in SNB. This research examines bubble behavior under SNB condition from the dynamic point of view, using a high fidelity digital imaging apparatus. Freon R-134a is chosen as a simulant fluid due to its merit of having smaller surface tension and lower boiling temperature. The apparatus is operated at “reduced” pressure. Series of images at frame rates up to 4000 frames/s were obtained, showing different characteristics of bubble behavior with varying experimental parameters e.g. flow velocity, fluid subcooled level, etc. Analyses that combine the experimental results with analytical result on flow field in velocity boundary layer are considered. A tentative suggestion is that a rolling movement of a bubble accompanies its sliding along the heating surface in the flow channel. Numerical computations using FLUENT v5.5 are performed to support this conclusion.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The psychological impact of unemployment and joblessness.

Abstract Economists have identified two principal adverse effects of unemployment. One is the output foregone that could have been produced if unemployed workers had been productively employed. The second is the psychological damage suffered by unemployed workers and their families. Psychologists have offered theories to explain how experiences such as Joblessness may lead to a deterioration in mental health. They also have designed and validated survey instruments capable of measuring various aspects of emotional health. Unfortunately, their efforts to document the psychological impact of unemployment have been plagued by data limitations, while economists largely have ignored this task. The purpose of this study is three-fold. First, we discuss why unemployment and Joblessness are likely to influence an individual's perception of personal efficacy, locus of control, and hence psychological well-being. Second, we discuss and critique existing efforts to examine the relationship between labor force experiences and locus of control. Third, we investigate the relationship between Joblessness and its component parts—unemployment and dropping out of the labor force—on personal locus of control, using observations from the NLSY and an alternative methodological framework. The NLSY is a longitudinal data set that contains detailed information on the personal characteristics of individuals in the sample, their labor force experiences and a specific personal locus of control. In discussing the results we also attempt to shed some new light on the debate between Clark and Summers (1979) and Flinn and Heckman (1982, 1983) over the question of whether being out of the labor force and being unemployed should be thought of as distinct states. We add further insight into this issue by examining whether there are psychological differences, as measured by locus of control, between otherwise comparable members of these two groups. Finally, we reconsider the Ellwood and Ruhm exchange over whether joblessness and unemployment lead to “psychological” scarring. We find that labor force experiences fail to influence personal locus of control for male youths. There is evidence, however, that perception of personal efficacy is altered by joblessness among young women. As the duration of a current unemployment spell lengthens, the likelihood of holding beliefs of personal efficacy decline for young women. There is also some evidence of scarring among women. For females who in the past have spent time both unemployed and out of the labor force, the greater the duration of their joblessness the more likely is a reduction in feelings of personal efficacy and more aggravated one's self-perception of helplessness. We also offer psychological evidence on the relative emotional well-being of the unemployed and labor force drop outs that largely supports the position of Clark and Summers that these conditions are largely indistinguishable.
Some extended semaphore primitives

This paper presents a proposal for synchronizing primitives obtained as an extension of Dijkstra's P, V primitives. The extended primitives are shown to be complete: they can represent any desired interaction between processes without the use of conditionals. The usefulness of these primitives is illustrated by presenting simple solutions to a series of coordination problems of increasing complexity. Two selected problems are used to illustrate disadvantages of existing synchronizing mechanisms. The extended primitives shift some of the burden from the programmer to the system since they are easier to use but more difficult to implement. However, even though each primitive operation may take longer to execute (as compared to the simple P, V primitives) the total system overhead can be substantially less especially for complex coordination problems. The paper presents a straightforward but efficient implementation of the extended primitives.
Controlling the spectrum of photons generated on a silicon nanophotonic chip.

Directly modulated semiconductor lasers are widely used, compact light sources in optical communications. Semiconductors can also be used to generate nonclassical light; in fact, CMOS-compatible silicon chips can be used to generate pairs of single photons at room temperature. Unlike the classical laser, the photon-pair source requires control over a two-dimensional joint spectral intensity (JSI) and it is not possible to process the photons separately, as this could destroy the entanglement. Here we design a photon-pair source, consisting of planar lightwave components fabricated using CMOS-compatible lithography in silicon, which has the capability to vary the JSI. By controlling either the optical pump wavelength, or the temperature of the chip, we demonstrate the ability to select different JSIs, with a large variation in the Schmidt number. Such control can benefit high-dimensional communications where detector-timing constraints can be relaxed by realizing a large Schmidt number in a small frequency range. The controlled creation of single and pair photon sources on a silicon chip is important for the realisation of quantum optical communications. Here, the authors control the spectrum of such photons generated on a silicon chip.
The Vane Kindergarten Test as a Predictor of First Grade Achievement

If children with potential learning difficulties could be identified at an early age, they could be placed in an appropriate developmental or remedial program which could help prevent some serious problems and academic failures in later grades. But while the early identification of children with potential learning difficulties is desirable, there are few generally accepted techniques or methods available with which to detect the problems. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relatively new test, the Vane Kindergarten Test (VKT), would facilitate the early identification of children with learning difficulties. The continued use of the VKT is questioned for three reasons. The obtained coefficients appear to be too minimal to make educationally relevant predictions; the test has a ceiling effect when used with average to slightly above average ability kindergarten children; and it could have the same ceiling effect related to the age of kindergarten students.
The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions

Human beings are the most social and the most violent creatures on Earth. The combination of cooperation and aggression enabled us to dominate our ecosystem. However, the existence of violent impulses would have made it difficult or impossible for humans to live in close-knit families and clans without destroying each other. Nature's answer was the development of guilt, shame and anxiety-internal emotional inhibitions or restraints specifically against aggressive self-assertion within the family and other close relationships. The theory of negative legacy emotions proposes the first unitary concept for the biopsychosocial function of guilt, shame and anxiety, and seeks their origin in biological evolution and natural selection. Natural selection favored individuals with built-in emotional restraints that reduced conflicts within their family and tribal unit, optimizing their capacity to survive and reproduce within the protection of their small, intimate societies, while maintaining their capacity for violence against outsiders. Unfortunately, these negative legacy emotions are rudimentary and often ineffective in their psychosocial and developmental function. As a result, they produce many unintended untoward effects, including the frequent breakdown of restraints in the family and the uninhibited unleashing of violence against outsiders.
Emerging drugs in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Background: Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. However, there is a growing belief that novel biological agents could improve survival of patients with this cancer. Gemcitabine-based chemotherapy remains the cornerstone treatment for advanced pancreatic cancers. So far, the current targeted agents that have been used in combination with gemcitabine have failed to improve clinical outcomes. This failure may stem from the heterogeneous molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancers, which involves several oncogenic pathways and defined genetic mutations. Objective: The aims of this review are: i) to define the existing treatments available at present for patients with pancreatic cancers in the neo-adjuvant, adjuvant, locally advanced and metastatic settings; ii) to highlight the molecular heterogeneity of the cancers and the rationale for targeting specific oncogenic pathways; iii) to give an overview of targeted agents that may potentially have an impact in the tr...
PURCHASING SHRIMP FOR AT-HOME CONSUMPTION: THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF CREDENCE VERSUS PHYSICAL PRODUCT FEATURES

Consumers have become increasingly concerned with the quality, safety and production features of food. Certain population segments will pay more for food products carrying a label identifying credence features that consumers cannot evaluate, even after consumption. Seventy-nine market research questionnaires were completed by consumers purchasing live shrimp at two harvest sales at a University of Florida pond aquaculture facility. A conjoint analysis experiment was included to quantify the utility value and relative importance of seven different shrimp product physical and credence features: species, size, refrigeration state, product form, purchase price, country of origin label, and production method label. Both credence features had positive impacts on shrimp product utility, with country of origin label conferring higher positive utility than any other shrimp feature. Utility associated with wild-harvested shrimp was slightly higher than the utility of farm-raised shrimp. These results provide justif...
Lessons from the first patient to undergo full aortic root replacement using a homograft: a 29-year follow-up

Homograft aortic valve replacement (AVR) has been shown to have many advantages over other forms of AVR. The technique of full aortic root replacement, introduced by us in 1975, has the potential to reproduce, at least in part, the normal native aortic valve behavior. There is, however, a debate about the early and long-term results of this operation, particularly in relation to overall valve performance, aortic root dilatation and calcification, left ventricular function, fate of coronary anastomoses, sensitization against allograft, and any other complications. Although we report about a single patient, this study represents the longest follow-up for this operation, which is of historical value and could provide some valuable insights.
L-Arginine and Nitric Oxide in CNS Function and Neurodegenerative Diseases

One of the main functions of L-arginine (ARG) is the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). NO is an important regulator of physiological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). NO promotes optimal cerebral blood flow, consolidates memory processes, facilitates long-term potentiation, maintains sleep-wake cycles, and assists in normal olfaction. However, at pathological levels, NO adversely affects brain function producing nitroxidative stress and promoting development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and other disorders of the CNS. This review summarizes current knowledge of the role of NO in the CNS and the role of diet in regulating the levels of NO.
EXACT: EXpert in analog circuit topology

Abstract This article discusses the development of knowledge-based system that uses some of the fundamentals of analog circuit design as a body of konwledge. This system, EXACT (EXpert in Analog Circuit Topology), creates new circuit topologies using an established set of well characterized circuit modules. The outcome depends upon the way transfer function is subdivided, finding the functional block (blocks) that produce the transfer function, and modifying the circuit to satisfy other constraints. For a given linear transfer function, EXACT is capable of creating up to five circuits using different topologies to satisfy the design requirements by recognizing different functional blocks which perform the same task. The system is expandable to be able to consider more requirements in its designs.
Inconsistent communication: a simplified method for selecting messages

In examining the family's role in the development and perpetuation of disordered behavior, studies of inconsistent communication have focused on the frequency and impact of such communications in disturbed versus non-disturbed groups. For these and other lines of study, current methods for defining and selecting inconsistent messages are extremely time-consuming, and as a result, large-scale efforts have been discouraged. To address this problem, the current study attempted to develop and evaluate an efficient procedure for selecting inconsistent communications which would be comparable to the standard method. Most important, it was found that raters are capable of accurately judging affect in a particular channel when presented with several channels simultaneously, and as such, it is unnecessary to artificially separate channels when affect ratings are to be obtained. Future research should be facilitated by the method developed in the current study.
Degradation of trypsin inhibitors during soybean germination

Abstract The principal Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor in the soybean seed, BBSTI-E, is converted to BBSTI-D by limited proteolytic removal of the last two amino acid residues at the carboxyl terminus. The enzyme that catalyses this activity, Protease B1, works at an optimum pH of 4, first appears at day one and peaks at day four. The data also suggest that a second enzyme, Protease B2, appears by day 9 and catalyses extensive proteolysis of both BBSTI-E and BBSTI-D, the latter at a much faster rate. Three separate activities, measured at pH 7 in the presence of sulphydryl reducing agents, with peaks at days one, three and eight, catalyse extensive proteolysis of BBSTI-D, BBSTI-E and of BBSTI-E and -D, respectively. Immunostained Western blots show that other Bowman-Birk isoinhibitors are also digested during germination and early growth.
Weaving a Richer Tapestry in Biomedical Science

As much as the U.S. scientific community may wish to view itself as a single garment of many diverse and colorful threads, an unflinching consideration of actual data reminds us that our nation's biomedical research workforce remains nowhere near as rich as it could be. An analysis, performed by a team of researchers primarily supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and published in this issue of Science, reveals that from 2000 to 2006, black (1) grant applicants were significantly less likely to receive NIH research funding than were white applicants. The gap in success rates amounted to 10 percentage points, even after controlling for education, country of origin, training, employer characteristics, previous research awards, and publication record (2). Their analysis also showed a gap of 4.2 percentage points for Asians; however, the differences between Asian and white award probabilities were explained by exclusion of noncitizens from the analysis.
Reply to ``Comment on `More accurate generalized gradient approximation for solids'''

In a recent paper [Z. Wu and R. E. Cohen, Phys. Rev. B 73, 235116 (2006)], we proposed an exchange functional model that better describes crystal structures than that of the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof ansatz. In this reply we address the issue raised by Zhao and Truhlar in their comment by emphasizing the rationale of the model.
Theoretical study of superconductivity in highly condensed Si

Abstract We present a review of the theoretical calculations of the electron-phonon interactions in three highly condensed phases of Si: β-Sn, simple hexagonal (sh) and hexagonal close packed (hcp). A pseudopotential method is used to calculate the phonon frequency, the phonon linewidth and the electron-phonon coupling constant. The pressure dependence of these variables is also discussed. The superconducting transition temperature is estimated to be higher than 10 K for both the sh and hcp phases near the phase transition from sh to hcp.
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is overexpressed in p16-negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and its inhibition in vitro potentiates the effects of chemoradiation

Cisplatin and radiation therapy remain the current standard for treating locally advanced SCCHN. Novel treatment approaches are needed, especially in patients with human papilloma virus (HPV)-negative disease who have worse outcomes despite multimodality therapy. Using our institutional review board approved database, we obtained twenty oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissue samples: ten p16 positive, ten p16-negative. Because p16 expression is strongly associated with HPV positivity in oropharyngeal SCC, p16 status was used as a marker of HPV. We subsequently analyzed, via immunohistochemistry, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) protein levels. Using HPV-positive and HPV-negative SCC cell lines, we compared baseline HSP90 expression levels and the effect of the HSP90 inhibitor ganetespib on viability and apoptosis. Clonogenic survival of HPV-negative cells treated with ganetespib, radiation therapy, and/or cisplatin was then investigated. We characterize the effects of ganetespib on proteins that are thought to drive DNA damage resistance in HPV-negative cells. HSP90 expression was significantly higher in p16-negative compared with p16-positive samples (p = 0.016) and in HPV-negative cell lines compared with positive cells. Ganetespib increased cytotoxicity and induced apoptosis in HPV-negative more than positive cells. Adding ganetespib to cisplatin and/or radiation therapy in HPV-negative cells further decreased clonogenic survival. Finally, ganetespib downregulated expressions of EGFR, ERK, AKT, p53, and HIF-1α. Ganetespib inhibited HPV-negative SCCHN viability and potentiated cell kill when combined with cisplatin or radiation therapy in vitro. With HSP90 expression higher in HPV-negative cells and in p16-negative patients, further exploration of the clinical activity of HSP90 inhibitors in SCCHN is warranted.
Commentary—Part II

Michael Scriven has raised a mos t f undamen ta l question concerning the phi losophy of science: Can methodological studies succeed in both of the following tasks? 1) the analysis of actual scientific pract ice; 2) the formula t ion of cri teria for the evaluat ion of scientific progress. The tasks are strikingly similar to those confront ing the evolut ionary biologist who seeks to develop an empir ical ly significant account of progress in organic evolution. In line with the first task, Scriven proposes a "macrophilosophy of science," which is "phenomenological ," or "phenotypic," in its own approach to science. I t is as ff the phi losophy of science were confronted with a given: the verbal behavior of the various sectors and levels of the scientific communi ty . I f I a m correct, the first constraint which mus t be m e t by the phi losophy of science as Scriven has described it is that of fidelity to the actual diversity of theoretical perspect ives and methods wi thin biology. This diversity is schemat ical ly represented by the polar relat ion of the idiographic-historical methods of ecology and evolution on the one hand , and the nomothet ic aspects of molecular biology on the other. Within the boundar ies thus determined, Scriven seeks to undercu t such questions as tha t of the "in principle" reducibility of biology to physical theory, admit t ing that a n insight is achieved by the explanat ion of, for example , the behavior of an anchovy in t e rms of micro-variables (molecules or nerve p a t h w a y s ) but denying that this provides a n y insight into "possibly impor tan t questions at the macro-level," such as those dealing with the evolut ionary development or ecological context of the anchovy 's behavioral repertoire. Presumably , a macro-phi losophy of science would i l luminate and not e l iminate the diversity of such insights. Scriven offers at least two reasons for pursu ing macro-phi losophy of science (while not denying the intrinsic mer i t of its micro-counterpar t :
Synergistic effects between light and heavy solvent components during coal liquefaction

Abstract As part of research to examine coal conversion in solvents containing high-boiling-point components, experimental studies were carried out with model compound solvents. The dissolution of bituminous and subbituminous coals was investigated in pyrene-tetralin and 2-methylnaphthalene-tetralin mixtures. The effects of donor level, gas atmosphere, hydrogen pressure and conversion temperature were determined. At 400 °C, in the presence of hydrogen gas, pyrene-tetralin solvent mixtures show synergism in coal conversion. At donor concentrations as low at 15 wt%, the degree of conversion was almost as high as in pure tetralin. This phenomenon was not apparent in 2-methylnaphthalene-tetralin mixtures. The relative ease of reduction of pyrene and its ability to shuttle hydrogen is considered to be a principal reason for this difference in behaviour. Conversion in pure pyrene and in pyrene-tetralin mixtures at low donor concentrations increased with increasing hydrogen pressure. At 427 °C, bituminous coal conversion was higher in a 30 wt% tetralin-70 wt% pyrene mixture than in either pure compound. It was found that in the absence of coal pyrene can be hydrogenated by H-transfer from tetralin as well as by reaction with hydrogen gas. This can provide a means to increase the rate of transfer of hydrogen to the dissolving coal through the formation of a very active donor (dihydropyrene). During coal liquefaction, several pathways appear to be available for hydrogen transfer for a given coal, the optimal route being dependent upon the solvent composition and the conditions of reaction.