cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stock Pollution, Child-Bearing Externalities, and the Social Discount Rate☆

Abstract Each generation experiences a pollution externality which is a function of the current and past production of a competitively produced good that is used for consumption, child-bearing expense, and capital bequests. Comparing the conditions for dynastic utility maximization by atomistic and representative individuals in each generation shows that Pareto optimality requires a Pigouvian pollution tax, and a parental tax per child equal to the discounted present value of all pollution taxes that the child and her descendants would pay. The social discount rate is shown to be the gross rate of return on capital times one minus the Pigouvian pollution tax rate, which itself depends upon the social discount rate.
A water-soluble self-doped conducting polypyrrole-based copolymer

A water-soluble self-doped conducting polypyrrole-based copolymer was synthesized via the grafting of pyrrole onto the p-aminodiphenylamine moieties of a water-soluble copolymer. The conductive copolymer exhibited a conductivity as large as 3.4 S/cm. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 86–89, 2001
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and acute non‐lymphocytic leukemia. A report of three cases exhibiting different cytologic types

Three individuals with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) developed acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) as a terminal event. The cytologic types were different in each case suggesting a transformation that may involve a pleuripotent stem cell. Eight previous cases of PNH terminating in acute leukemia have been reported which have also been ANLL in type. Whether PNH should be considered a myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative disorder remains to be seen. PNH has been considered a clonal disorder with several populations of erythrocytes being present. Cytogenetics in the current cases failed to reveal any karyotypic abnormalities during the time PNH was present. However, an abnormal clone appeared in two cases during the time leukemia supervened. Additional studies of PNH as a postulated clonal disorder may provide interesting knowledge for this uncommon disorder.
High-dose methotrexate complicated by acute tubular necrosis

High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) forms the basis for the majority of chemotherapy regimens for primary CNS lymphoma. Several toxicities are encountered with HDMTX, of most concern is acute nephrotoxicity. This case report illustrates several aspects of HDMTX-related renal injury.
Evaluating the Problem of Process Mapping on Network-on-Chip for Parallel Applications

Process mapping on Networks-on-Chip (NoC) is an important issue for the future many-core processors. Mapping strategies can increase performance and scalability by optimizing the communication cost. However, parallel applications have a large set of collective communication performing a high traffic on the Network-on-Chip. Therefore, our goal in this paper is to evaluate the problem related to the process mapping for parallel applications. The results show that for different mappings the performance is similar. The reason can be explained by collective communication due to the high number of packets exchanged by all routers. Our evaluation shows that topology and routing protocol can influence the process mapping. Consequently, for different NoC architectures different mapping strategies must be evaluated.
BISC: Binary SubComplexes in proteins database

Binary subcomplexes in proteins database (BISC) is a new protein–protein interaction (PPI) database linking up the two communities most active in their characterization: structural biology and functional genomics researchers. The BISC resource offers users (i) a structural perspective and related information about binary subcomplexes (i.e. physical direct interactions between proteins) that are either structurally characterized or modellable entries in the main functional genomics PPI databases BioGRID, IntAct and HPRD; (ii) selected web services to further investigate the validity of postulated PPI by inspection of their hypothetical modelled interfaces. Among other uses we envision that this resource can help identify possible false positive PPI in current database records. BISC is freely available at http://bisc.cse.ucsc.edu.
The regulation by light of retinal necrosis and the immune response following anterior chamber inoculation of herpes simplex virus type-1

Following anterior chamber injection of the KOS strain of herpes simplex virus type 1 into Balb/c mice a characteristic pathologic response occurs. When examined 10–14 days later there is intense anterior segment inflammation of the injected eye, but the retina is spared. In contrast, the contralateral eye undergoes intense and destructive retinitis with little or no involvement of the anterior segment. Coincident with these observations is the induction of ACAID (for anterior chamber associated immune deviation) which is characterized by a suppressed DTH response, normal antibody titers, and normal cytolytic T-cell responses to HSV antigens. Since we have recently demonstrated that ACAID does not take place in the absence of light (i.e., is light dependent), we have examined the effect of light on the HSV-retinitis model. When Balb/c mice are either dark-reared or dark-adapted prior to AC injection of HSV-1, contralateral retinitis is abolished. Concurrent with the abrogation of retinitis, is the elimination of ACAID to HSV-1 antigens. In addition, although contralateral retinitis and ACAID do not develop in dark-reared mice if they are placed in the light immediately following injection, both can be re-established in dark-reared animals following a 2 week period of re-adaptation to light. Our results demonstrate that the entrance of light into the eye is not only important for ACAID, but also for the development of contralateral HSV-induced retinitis.
Further Studies of a Fibrous Keratin Precursor from the Human Epidermis1

In a previous paper, I reported the extraction of a fibrous protein from the human epidermis, using 75 % lithium bromide. The properties of this substance have also been discussed (1). This protein has been thought to be a fibrous keratin precursor at a stage prior to the stabilization of the molecule by disulfide cross-linking.
Intrapsychic factors influencing career aspirations in college women.

A 300-item questionnaire designed to assess the relationship and relative importance of several factors for women's career aspirations was answered by 169 female college juniors and seniors. Regression analyses showed that women with high career aspirations were satisfied with their lives, confident of their career plans," willing to postpone marriage; nontraditional in their values and behaviors; generally external in orientation, believing that discrimination is responsible for many of women's failures and that organized pressure rather than individual action is necessary to combat this discrimination; certain that women's demands for equality are justified and that most men agree with them; likely to have had a working mother who was perceived as being dissatisfied with her own life; and if planning to marry soon, endorsing dual role compatability. When all variables were considered simultaneously, attitudinal factors were found to best predict career aspirations, while socialization variables were relatively unimportant.
Development of Reorganization of the Auditory Cortex Caused by Fear Conditioning: Effect of Atropine

Reorganization of the frequency map in the central auditory system is based on shifts in the best frequencies (BFs; hereafter, BF shifts), together with the frequency-response curves, of auditory n...
Endogenous cost-effectiveness analysis and health care technology adoption

Abstract Increased health care spending has placed pressure on public and private payers to prioritize spending. Cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis is the main tool used by payers to prioritize coverage of new therapies. We argue that reimbursement based on CE is subject to a form of the “Lucas critique”; the goals of CE policies may not materialize when firms affected by the policies respond optimally to them. For instance, because ‘costs’ in CE analysis reflect prices set optimally by firms rather than production costs, observed CE levels will depend on how firm pricing responds to CE policies. Observed CE is therefore endogenous. When CE is endogenously determined, policies aimed at lowering spending and improving overall CE may paradoxically raise spending and lead to the adoption of more resource-costly treatments. We empirically illustrate whether this may occur using data on public coverage decisions in the United Kingdom.
Polynomial learnability of semilinear sets

We characterize learnability and non-learnability of subsets of N m called ‘semilinear sets’, with respect to the distribution-free learning model of Valiant. In formal language terms, semilinear sets are exactly the class of ‘letter-counts’ (or Parikh-images) of regular sets. We show that the class of semilinear sets of dimensions 1 and 2 is learnable, when the integers are encoded in unary. We complement this result with negative results of several different sorts, relying on hardness assumptions of varying degrees – from P ≠ NP and RP ≠ NP to the hardness of learning DNF. We show that the minimal consistent concept problem is NP-complete for this class, verifying the non-triviality of our learnability result. We also show that with respect to the binary encoding of integers, the corresponding ‘prediction’ problem is already as hard as that of DNF, for a class of subsets of N m much simpler than semilinear sets. The present work represents an interesting class of countably infinite concepts for which the questions of learnability have been nearly completely characterized. In doing so, we demonstrate how various proof techniques developed by Pitt and Valiant [15], Blumer et al. [3], and Pitt and Warmuth [17] can be fruitfully applied in the context of formal languages.
Blocking coagulation inhibitors in children taking penicillin

result is in direct contrast to the usual failure o f this form of therapy for shunt-associated CNS infections. To our knowledge the only statement in the literature suggesting that shunt removal may not be necessary when H. influenzae is the infecting organism is that of Sells et al, 6 "The preferred treatment for gram-negative shuntassociated infections, with the possible exception of H. influenzae, appears to be systemic and intraventricular antibiotics and complete shunt removal or replacement of the shunt in a new site." Our experience supports their comment. We recommend that patients with H. influenzae CNS infection be managed initially with parenteral antibiotics alone. Shunt removal appears to be unnecessary.
An Operation Partitioning Problem for Automated Assembly System Design

This paper presents an operation partitioning problem OPP that arises from the design of an automated assembly system. To reduce the traffic flow of the system, the OPP assigns operations to machines so that the total number of movements of jobs between machines is minimized. This problem has applications in flexible manufacturing and VLSI design. In flexible manufacturing, OPP relates to a part grouping problem in which different parts are grouped into families. In VLSI design, this problem is related to a VLSI design problem in which a large circuit is partitioned into layers of small circuits. In this paper, we develop a simulated annealing heuristic that finds a near-optimal solution. Random problems are generated for examining the effectiveness of this heuristic.
Evidence for Mucin-Like Glycoproteins That Tether Sporozoites of Cryptosporidium parvum to the Inner Surface of the Oocyst Wall

Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, which are spread by the fecal-oral route, have a single, multilayered wall that surrounds four sporozoites, the invasive form. The C. parvum oocyst wall is labeled by the Maclura pomifera agglutinin (MPA), which binds GalNAc, and the C. parvum wall contains at least two unique proteins (Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein 1 [COWP1] and COWP8) identified by monoclonal antibodies. C. parvum sporozoites have on their surface multiple mucin-like glycoproteins with Ser- and Thr-rich repeats (e.g., gp40 and gp900). Here we used ruthenium red staining and electron microscopy to demonstrate fibrils, which appear to attach or tether sporozoites to the inner surface of the C. parvum oocyst wall. When disconnected from the sporozoites, some of these fibrillar tethers appear to collapse into globules on the inner surface of oocyst walls. The most abundant proteins of purified oocyst walls, which are missing the tethers and outer veil, were COWP1, COWP6, and COWP8, while COWP2, COWP3, and COWP4 were present in trace amounts. In contrast, MPA affinity-purified glycoproteins from C. parvum oocysts, which are composed of walls and sporozoites, included previously identified mucin-like glycoproteins, a GalNAc-binding lectin, a Ser protease inhibitor, and several novel glycoproteins (C. parvum MPA affinity-purified glycoprotein 1 [CpMPA1] to CpMPA4). By immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM), we localized mucin-like glycoproteins (gp40 and gp900) to the ruthenium red-stained fibrils on the inner surface wall of oocysts, while antibodies to the O-linked GalNAc on glycoproteins were localized to the globules. These results suggest that mucin-like glycoproteins, which are associated with the sporozoite surface, may contribute to fibrils and/or globules that tether sporozoites to the inner surface of oocyst walls.
Abstract 803: Genomic sequencing of meningiomas reveals oncogenic SMO and AKT1 mutations.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumor in the US. While many Grade I meningiomas are cured by surgery, 20% recur and are minimally responsive to systemic therapy. Meningiomas of higher grades are particularly challenging to treat and are associated with a poor prognosis. Though the tumor suppressor gene NF2 has been linked to meningiomagenesis, the spectrum of genetic changes in meningiomas remains poorly understood, particularly in the large subset of tumors without NF2 alterations. We performed whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing on 17 meningiomas and focused sequencing using a 645 gene-set on an additional 48 tumors. The majority of meningiomas exhibited simple genomes, with fewer copy-number alterations, mutations, and rearrangements compared to other adult tumors. However, several meningiomas harbored more complex patterns of copy-number changes and rearrangements including one tumor with chromothripsis. We confirmed focal NF2 inactivation in 43% of tumors. A subset of NF2-wildtype meningiomas harbored recurrent oncogenic mutations in AKT1 and the Hedgehog pathway regulator SMO. Tumors with these mutations varied histologically from their NF2-mutated counterparts, and exhibited immunohistochemical evidence of pathway activation. These results begin to define the spectrum of genetic alterations in meningiomas. Our findings of known driver oncogenic mutations including AKT1 and SMO have immediate therapeutic potential. Citation Format: Priscilla Brastianos, Peleg M. Horowitz, Sandro Santagata, Robert T. Jones, Aaron McKenna, Gad Getz, Keith Ligon, Paul Van Hummelen, Matt Ducar, Alina Raza, Ashwini Sunkavalli, Laura MacConaill, Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov, David N. Louis, William C. Hahn, Ian Dunn, Rameen Beroukhim. Genomic sequencing of meningiomas reveals oncogenic SMO and AKT1 mutations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 803. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-803
The Case for Different Severity of Burns in “Contagious” versus “Possession” Seizures

Serious seizure-related burns are reportedly common in cultures that use ground fire for cooking, heating, or ceremonial purposes. The seriousness of injuries in these cases has been ascribed to the reluctance of bystanders to assist individuals having a seizure either because of fear of contagion (Africa, New Guinea highlands) or because of fear of revenge by the occult (Haiti). We report four Haitian patients who fell into open fires during an epileptic seizure in religious gatherings. Patients were almost immediately rescued from the fire. In contrast to the African and New Guinean patients where upper body involvement was common, burns in these four patients were of moderate severity and involved primarily the lower body. The fear of contagion and belief in magic are interesting notions, but do not explain the different severity and distribution of injuries in these patients. A more likely explanation is that seizures in the African and New Guinean patients occurred while the patient and family were asleep, which probably delayed the rescue, whereas the Haitian patients were helped within moments of falling into the fire in their seizure. The position of the patient at the onset of the seizure is probably what determined the primary areas of thermal injury, and the time to rescue determined their severity and extension.
Capsule commentary on Fisher et al., patient completion of laboratory tests to monitor medication therapy: a mixed-methods study.

Medicines are vital for preventing and treating diseases, but have the potential for harm. They can cause unintended effects, or adverse drug reactions (ADRs), many of which are preventable. The incidence of serious ADRs in U.S. hospitals is high and among the leading causes of death. 1 Many drugs require regular laboratory monitoring; such monitoring can help reduce the risk of ADRs and promote patient safety. The mixed-methods study by Fischer et al. 2 characterizes the frequency of missed monitoring in a single health plan, as well as patient, provider and system factors associated with test non-completion. They found that up to 24 % of ordered tests were not completed; this was more common in younger patients, those taking fewer medications and those having less frequent visits. Reassuringly, nearly all patients understood the reason for the requested tests and were satisfied with the provider’s explanation. The principal reason for missing requested tests was forgetting. The majority of interviewed participants felt a reminder would be helpful; it may be worth investigating whether a text messaging system 3 could help increase test completion for these types of patients. In this study, providers entered an expected completion date rather than a specific date for laboratory tests. While this flexibility generally works with patients, the lack of a specific appointment may have contributed to patients’ test non-completion. The technology inherent in Electronic Medical Record (EMR) could be harnessed to allow the prescriber the tools to track testing and remind them of patients who have not completed tests. In addition, EMRs, particularly systems that include a patient portal, may be configured to send reminders to patients. Given the finding that most patients didn’t get testing because they forgot, adapting EMRs to send patient reminders may help address this important issue.
Removal of Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters with Computed Tomography Findings Indicating Tenting or Penetration of the Inferior Vena Cava Wall

Abstract Purpose To examine the feasibility and safety of removing retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filters with struts external to the IVC wall on computed tomography (CT) imaging. Materials and Methods This retrospective study included 64 IVC filter retrievals from 62 patients over a 5-year period. CT images obtained before retrieval were used to describe the various imaging characteristics of filter interactions with the IVC wall. Patient medical records were reviewed for filter type, results of filter removal with standard or nonstandard techniques, and complications. Results Filter struts outside the IVC wall were a common finding on CT with 55 (85.9%) filters showing some degree of perforation. Of 64 filters, 57 (89.1%) were removed successfully; 7 (10.9%) filters could not be removed because of incorporation of filter struts or tip into the IVC wall. Before retrieval, filter fracture was detected in eight (12.5%) cases, and IVC stenosis was present in three (4.7%) cases. No major complications occurred during any retrieval. Two (3.1%) cases were complicated by postprocedure abdominal pain. Both cases clinically resolved, and no abnormalities were detected on postprocedure CT. Conclusions The appearance of filter struts tenting or penetrating the IVC wall is a common finding on CT performed before filter retrieval. IVC filters with these findings can be removed safely and should not be a contraindication for IVC filter retrieval.
Regulatory T cells enter the pancreas during suppression of type 1 diabetes and inhibit effector T cells and macrophages in a TGF‐β‐dependent manner

Treg can suppress autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes, but their in vivo activity during suppression remains poorly characterized. In type 1 diabetes, Treg activity has been demonstrated in the pancreatic lymph node, but little has been studied in the pancreas, the site of autoimmune islet destruction. In this study we induced islet-specific Treg from the BDC-6.9 TCR transgenic mouse by activation of T cells in the presence of TGF-beta. These Treg can suppress spontaneous diabetes as well as transfer of diabetes into NOD.scid mice by diabetic NOD spleen cells or activated BDC-2.5 TCR transgenic Th1 effector T cells. In the latter transfer model, we observed infiltration of the pancreas by both effector T cells and Treg, suggesting that Treg are active in the inflammatory site and are not just restricted to the draining lymph node. Within the pancreas, we demonstrate that Treg transfer causes a reduction in the number of effector Th1 T cells and macrophages, and also inhibits effector T-cell cytokine and chemokine production. Although we found no role for TGF-beta in vitro, transfection of effector T cells with a dominant-negative TGF-beta receptor demonstrated that in vivo suppression of diabetes by TGF-beta-induced Treg is TGF-beta-dependent.
SDN and routing strategies for cloud-scale data center traffic

Networks for CloudScale Data Centers are challenged by the need to support multiple diverse traffic patterns and traffic types across a single shared physical network. This talk lays out challenges and shows how softwaredefined networking combined with simple physical networks meets the need.
What attracts women to CS

This poster presents the findings of a study that used grounded theory methodology to analyze hypothesized reasons for why women choose computing as a profession. Preliminary analysis has resulted in four categories of attraction factors that validate research results from other gender studies.
An AP-1-like motif in the first intron of human Proα1(I) collagen gene is a critical determinant of its transcriptional activity

The first intron of the human Proα1(I) collagen gene contains an orientation-dependent enhancer composed of both positive and negative cis-acting elements involved in the transcriptional regulation of this gene. Deletion of a 360 bp Sau 3A intronic fragment spanning nucleotide + 494 to + 854 (S360) resulted in dramatic down-regulation of pCOL-KT (Thompson et al., J Biol Chem 266: 2549–2556, 1991). Using a DNaseI protection assay, we demonstrate a single footprint located at + 590 to + 615 in the S360 fragment; nuclear extracts prepared from mesenchymal and nonmesenchymal cells exhibited similar binding characteristics. A double stranded oligonucleotide representing a consensus Ap-1 binding sequence competed with S360 for binding. In contrast to what occurred in response to S360 deletion which was always accompanied by reduced expression, the deletion of the Ap-1 binding site (+ 598 to + 604) caused either increased or decreased expression of the reporter gene depending on the target cell. Site-directed mutations in the Ap-1-like cis-element of Proα1(I) were also tested in transient expression assays. Consistent with the paradoxical results of Ap-1 deletion, we observed that the functional consequences of mutations in the Ap-1 site also varied in different cells. In A204 cells, one point mutation, which resulted in the loss of protein binding to S360, led to increased CAT activity while another point mutant, which retained binding of the Ap-1 like trans-acting factor(s), showed decreased CAT expression. The effects of these two mutations in the HFL-1 cells were exactly opposite of what was seen for A204 cells. Based on these observations, we postulate that the Ap-1 site plays a critical role in the transcriptional activity of the human Proα1(I) gene. The implications of an apparently dual mode of regulation through a single cis-regulatory element are discussed. (Mol Cell Biochem 118: 119–129, 1992)
Knowledge maps and information processing strategies

Abstract Prior research suggests students experience several problems when presented with spatial/verbal displays such as expert knowledge maps (k-maps). The present study examines the compensatory effects of a summarization strategy on expert k-map substitutes for text. Ninety-six subjects studied a science passage in text or k-map format using a summarization or reread strategy. Results indicated that k-maps and summarization had a positive effect on main idea recall, but no effect on the recall of detail ideas. Also, summarization appears to be an effective strategy for novice k-map readers.
Meaningful Interaction in Web-Based Learning: A Social Constructivist Interpretation.

Interaction is an essential ingredient in any learning process. However, every interaction does not lead to increased learning. When interaction has a direct influence on learners' intellectual growth, we can say the interaction is meaningful. The precise meaning of meaningful interaction is strongly related to the learning theories underlying the development of particular learning environments. The primary goal of this paper is to re-conceptualize online interaction in terms of meaningful learning based on the learning theory known as social constructivism. Analyzing interaction through this theoretical framework may yield design principles needed to improve the quality of Web-based learning environments. A secondary goal of this paper is to present the implications of meaningful online interaction for researchers and developers.
Transnational Regionalization and the Rescaling of the Chinese State

Transnational regionalization has become a popular development policy among East Asian countries since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Expanding upon Brenner's theory of state rescaling, this paper focuses on China's transnational regionalization projects and how the Chinese state rescales to implement these projects. Specifically, this paper has two objectives. First, by comparing two projects of transnational regionalization in which Yunnan participates—the Greater Mekong Subregion program and the Bangladesh—China—India—Myanmar forum—the paper critically probes the actual mechanisms (upward collaboration, downward implementation, and outward corporatism) deployed by the Chinese state to facilitate cross-border initiatives. This emphasis on the actual mechanisms thus theorizes back to Brenner's work, showing that regulatory restructuring entails complex power relations of competition and collaboration among various forces. Second, this paper examines how the Chinese state handles the territorial geopoli...
Fission-track dating of sandstone-type uranium deposits

A procedure has been developed to make use of quartz grains in sandstone-type uranium deposits as external detectors of spontaneous fission events in interstitial uranium. Fission-tracks must be counted on a large number of grain surfaces because uranium distribution is not uniform on a grain-to-grain scale. Ages calculated after statistical analysis of the data may represent average uranium residence times rather than absolute dates of mineralization. Samples of redistributed ore from the western part of the Mariano Lake deposit, Grants Mineral Belt, New Mexico, give apparent ages of 6.72 ± 0.74 m.y. and 6.61 ± 0.72 m.y.
DIFFUSION INDUCED GRAIN BOUNDARY MIGRATION IN ASYMMETRICAL TILT GRAIN BOUNDARIES

The phenomenology of diffusion induced grain boundary migration (DIGM) is studied as a function of misorientation angle in a series of asymmetrical tilt grain boundaries with [100] and [110] rotation axes. The diffusion of zinc into copper is investigated under constant conditions for all of the specimens. Interesting comparisons are drawn with previous results on symmetrical boundaries, and with the various theories of DIGM.
Lytic lesion of the sternum. Rare manifestation of sarcoidosis

Abstract Increasing tenderness of the sternum developed four years after pulmonary sarcoidosis had been diagnosed in a 34-year-old woman. Sternal tomography and bone scanning demonstrated abnormalities in the area. Sternal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of osseous sarcoid. Involvement of the sternum by sarcoidosis has not been previously reported.
Transcatheter aortic valves inadequately relieve stenosis in small degenerated bioprostheses.

OBJECTIVES Transcatheter aortic valves (TAVs) are a promising treatment for high risk surgical patients suffering from degeneration of previously implanted bioprostheses (valve-in-valve therapy). However, unlike native stenosed aortic valves which have accommodated Edwards SAPIEN transcatheter valves after valvuloplasty, rigid bioprostheses may prevent full TAV stent expansion and disrupt leaflet function. We hypothesized that current 23 mm TAVs would not completely relieve severe stenosis in small bioprosthetic valves. The objective of this study was to study the hemodynamics of TAVs in degenerated bioprostheses. METHODS Twelve TAVs designed to mimic the 23 mm SAPIEN valve were created. Using a pulse duplicator, hemodynamics of valve-in-valve implantation were measured within 19, 21, and 23 mm Carpentier-Edwards PERIMOUNT degenerated bioprostheses (n=6 each). Bioprosthetic degeneration was simulated using BioGlue to achieve a mean pressure gradient of 50 mmHg. RESULTS TAVs significantly reduced the mean pressure gradient (50.9+/-4.7-9.1+/-4.1 mmHg, P<0.001) and total energy loss (870.3+/-157.4-307.8+/-87.3 mJ, P<0.001) in 23 mm degenerated bioprostheses. In 21 mm bioprostheses, the pressure gradient (52.3+/-7.0-19.5+/-5.0 mmHg, P<0.001) and energy loss (785.5+/-128.1-477.8+/-123.2 mJ, P=0.007) were reduced significantly. However, no significant changes in the pressure gradient (57.1+/-4.3-46.5+/-9.3 mmHg, P=0.086) or energy loss (839.3+/-49.3-960.5+/-158.1 mJ, P=0.144) were obtained after TAVI implantation in 19 mm bioprostheses. Incomplete stent expansion resulted in leaflet distortion and central regurgitation when implanted in 19 and 21 mm bioprostheses. CONCLUSIONS The bioprosthetic annulus and stent posts offered a suitable landing zone for TAVs. However, oversized transcatheter valves were constrained by the rigid bioprostheses resulting in inadequate resolution of bioprosthetic stenosis. Hemodynamics of valve-in-valve intervention was worse than comparable size surgical valve replacements, particularly in 19 and 21 mm valves. Small degenerated bioprostheses require modification of current TAV design to yield acceptable hemodynamics.
Diuretic use, increased serum urate levels, and risk of incident gout in a population-based study of adults with hypertension: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort study†

Objective To quantify the role of diuretic use on gout development in an adult population with hypertension.
An existence theorem for planar maps

Abstract The main result of this paper is a theorem concerning possible cubic maps on the plane or sphere. The dual approach of spherical triangulations will be used. Every such triangulation must contain a vertex of degree less than 8 and other than 5, or else contain one of a list of 5 configurations. Due to the occurrence of these five configurations in four color reduction arguments, this implies that a minimal five color map must have at least one face with six or seven neighbors. The theorem is given in Heesch [1, p. 129 ff.], but the proof here is much shorter, due to a modification of Heesch's principle of “discharging”. The principle itself is obtained by exploiting the Euler formula, and should be compared with the theory of Euler contributions as developed by Ore in [3], and by Ore and Stemple [4].
PARADOXES AND MANY-VALUED SET THEORY

It is a common misconception that the paradoxes of Naive Set Theory (NST) can be dodged by simply giving up the Principle of Bivalence, and by shifting thereby from the classical two-valued logic to a many-valued logic. This dodge, if successful, would result in a many-valued set theory. The basis for this misconception, presumably, is the belief that a contradiction can be avoided by assigning the same intermediate truth-value to otherwise incompatible statements. Consider, for example, the following proposal for dodging Russell’s Paradox. Let L be a logic with true, false, and middle as its truth-values. Suppose that the truth-rules of L are such that a statement is middle just in case its negation is middle, and that a biconditional is true just in case its immediate components have the same truth-value. Now Russell’s Paradox shows up in NST just at the point where it is derived that Russell’s class is a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself, since such a biconditional cannot be true in the classical two-valued logic. But the latter biconditional can be true in L. We simply force the statement that Russell’s class is a member of itself to be middle. The dodging of paradoxes is not nearly as simple, however, as the above example might seem to suggest. It will be shown in this paper that the axioms of NST are inconsistent in sundry well known many-valued logics, infinite as well as finite-valued. A general method will also be developed for generating set-theoretic paradoxes in many-valued logics. In fact, only three of the well known many-valued logics described below even prima facie stand a chance of basing a set theory which has axioms at least as strong as those of NST, and all three of these logics are indenumerablevalued.
The early childhood project of the education commission of the states

learning. They are hallowed halls lined with classrooms, places where teachers impart knowledge to students where the learning process changes the lives of young people for their ultimate good and for the good of our society. We have allowed young people to enter our schools somewhere in the neighborhood of five years of age, but usually for a half a day, because we believe that they are then ready to be introduced to the formal learning process. Younger children are given over to babysitters, day care
Estimation of Reflection Coefficients for an Open-Ended Coaxial Waveguide Radiating Into a Chiral Half-Space

A spectral-domain moment method solution is presented for estimation of the reflection coefficients of an open-ended coaxial waveguide radiating into a chiral half-space. The electromagnetic fields in the waveguide region are expanded in the normal waveguide modes, while those in the half-space are formulated in terms of plane wave spectrum using two dimensional Fourier transform. A spectral domain admittance matrix is derived through which an electric field integral equation can be obtained by matching the tangential field components on the open end interface. This integral equation is solved with the Galerkin method. The coefficients of the matrix equation are reduced to one-dimensional integrals to facilitate numerical calculation. The problem is different from the case of isotropic non-chiral medium in that chirality causes excitation of TE modes, whose effect is accounted for rigorously in the formulation. This is in contrast to plane wave reflected from a chiral media at normal incidence, where no d...
Forage soybean yield and quality response to water use

Abstract Forages could be used to diversify reduced and no-till dryland cropping systems from the traditional wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow system in the semiarid central Great Plains. Forages present an attractive alternative to grain and seed crops because of greater water use efficiency and less susceptibility to potentially devastating yield reductions due to severe water stress during critical growth stages. However, farmers need a simple tool to evaluate forage productivity under widely varying precipitation conditions. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the relationship between crop water use and dry matter (DM) yield for soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill), (2) evaluate changes in forage quality that occur as harvest date is delayed, and (3) determine the range and distribution of expected DM yields in the central Great Plains based on historical precipitation records. Forage soybean was grown under a line-source gradient irrigation system to impose a range of water availability conditions at Akron, CO. Dry matter production was linearly correlated with water use resulting in a production function slope of 21.2 kg ha−1 mm−1. The slope was much lower than previously reported for forage production functions for triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and millet (Setaria italic L. Beauv.), and only slightly lower than slopes previously reported for corn (Zea mays L.) and pea (Pisum sativa L.) forage. Forage quality was relatively stable during the last four weeks of growth, with small declines in crude protein (CP) concentration. Values of CP concentration and relative feed value indicated that forage soybean was of sufficient quality to be used for dairy feed. A standard seed variety of maturity group VII was found to be similar (in both productivity and quality) to a variety designated as a forage type. The probability of obtaining a break-even yield of at least 4256 kg ha−1 was 90% as determined from long-term precipitation records used with the production function. The average estimated DM yield was 5890 kg ha−1 and ranged from 2437 to 9432 kg ha−1. Regional estimates of mean forage soybean DM yield ranged from 4770 kg ha−1 at Fort Morgan, CO to 6911 kg ha−1 at Colby, KS. Forage soybean should be considered a viable alternative crop for dryland cropping systems in the central Great Plains.
Calibration of Scintillation Cells for Radon'222 Measurements at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Zinc sulfide coated scintillation cells are the primary method for measuring radon-222 at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Radiation Programs (ORP), Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility (EERF). These cells are used to measure concentrations of radon in exposure chambers that are used to calibrate or test other devices or instruments. Individual cells are calibrated by analyzing samples of air with known concentrations of radon produced by emanation of radon from standard radium-226 solutions obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The calibration procedure includes ingrowth of radon-222 into equilibrium with the radium in the standard solution, transfer from the solution into an evacuated container, and dilution with a measured volume of air. Samples of the radon in air mixture are transferred to evacuated scintillation cells and sealed for 4 h prior to counting, which allows secular equilibrium to be established between the radon and its decay products. Calibration factors for each individual cell are computed by decay correcting the radon to the time of collection and calculating the ratio of count rate (cpm), corrected for background, to radon activity (Bq) for the specific volume of the cell. Four or more calibration factors are determined for each cell and aver-aged to provide the calibration factor used for measurements. Calibrations are repeated at 6-mo intervals, and the results of each calibration are compared to the previous averages. When calibration factors fall outside the 95% confidence interval, they are rejected and the cell is checked for defects prior to recalibration.
Cu K-edge X-ray fine structure changes in CdTe with CdCl2 processing

We have used the MR-CAT beamline of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory to study the fine structure in the Cu K-edge X-ray absorption in 3 μm thick polycrystalline films of CdTe on fused silica. About 4 nm of evaporated Cu is diffused either with or without prior vapor CdCl2 treatments in dry air. Cu absorption is monitored through the Cu Kα fluorescence using a 13-element Ge detector. The absorption fine structure indicated predominantly Cu2Te when Cu was diffused into the as-deposited CdTe film but a CuxO environment when Cu was diffused after the vapor CdCl2 treatment. We believe most of the diffused Cu decorates grain boundaries as oxides, consistent with the low doping densities typically observed in CdTe solar cells. The significance for grain boundary passivation will be discussed.
Structure and Mechanism of Copper- and Nickel-Substituted Analogues of Metallo-β-lactamase L1†

In an effort to further probe metal binding to metallo-β-lactamase L1 (mβl L1), Cu- (Cu-L1) and Ni-substituted (Ni-L1) L1 were prepared and characterized by kinetic and spectroscopic studies. Cu-L1 bound 1.7 equiv of Cu and small amounts of Zn(II) and Fe. The EPR spectrum of Cu-L1 exhibited two overlapping, axial signals, indicative of type 2 sites with distinct affinities for Cu(II). Both signals indicated multiple nitrogen ligands. Despite the expected proximity of the Cu(II) ions, however, only indirect evidence was found for spin−spin coupling. Cu-L1 exhibited higher kcat (96 s−1) and Km (224 μM) values, as compared to the values of dinuclear Zn(II)-containing L1, when nitrocefin was used as substrate. The Ni-L1 bound 1 equiv of Ni and 0.3 equiv of Zn(II). Ni-L1 was EPR-silent, suggesting that the oxidation state of nickel was +2; this suggestion was confirmed by 1H NMR spectra, which showed relatively sharp proton resonances. Stopped-flow kinetic studies showed that ZnNi-L1 stabilized significant amo...
The effects of leucovorin and dipyridamole on fluoropyrimidine-induced radiosensitization

Abstract The biomodulators leucovorin and dipyridamole potentiate the cytotoxicity of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), respectively. It was hypothesized that these biomodulators would increase fluoropyrimidinemediated radiosensitization. This hypothesis was tested using cultured HT29 human colon cancer cells. As was predicted, leucovorin increased both FdUrd-mediated cytotoxicity and radiosensitization. The increase in radiation sensitivity was associated with a decrease in the repair of radiation-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSB's). Dipyridamole potentiated the cytotoxicity produced by 5-FU. However, dipyridamole appeared to confer slight protection from irradiation, thus decreasing 5-FU-mediated radiosensitization. This demonstrates that the simple fact that a biomodulator can increase fluoropyrimidine-induced cytotoxicity does not guarantee a corresponding increase in radiation sensitivity. Clinical trials combining fluoropyrimidines and their biomodulators will need to take these potentially complex interactions into account.
What Will Come after Petroleum

The 20th century saw the use of petroleum dominate the process industries and with it came the birth and growth of chemical engineering and chemical technology. We now are beginning to realize that the world's petroleum reserves are not infinite. Because they are rapaciously being consumed, their costs are rising, and the time will come when we will have to look for a replacement for petroleum. Considering the world's insatiable appetite for petroleum, the only reasonable large-scale source will have to be coal. There are three distinct paths from coal to its first product, syngas, the starting point for much of the organic chemicals industry and for the production of liquid fuels. In this first step, 60+ giant corporations have in the past all explored just one of these three paths. The other two paths were practically ignored. In this paper, I would like to see if it would be worthwhile at this time to explore the other two paths and to discuss their possible advantages.
IT funding's race with obsolescence, innovation, diffusion, and planning

In times of difficult funding, information technology managers must build new foundations, rationale statements, methods of operating, and measures of accountability to maintain a strong funding base to sustain information technology.
Effect of dried corn distillers grains plus solubles compared with soybean hulls, in late gestation heifer diets, on animal and reproductive performance

Dried distillers grains plus solubles (DDGS) contain fat and rumen undegradable intake protein, both of which have been shown to increase reproductive performance in heifers. The mechanisms leading to enhanced reproduction have not been fully defined. The objectives of this research were to evaluate effects of DDGS in late gestation heifer diets on animal and reproductive performance and on blood plasma concentrations of GH, IGF-I, and NEFA. Over 2 yr, 201 heifers were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 diets, which were similar in energy and adequate in rumen degradable intake protein and were fed from d 190 of gestation through calving. Diets were grass hay with DDGS or soybean hulls (SBH) and a supplement. Cow BW and BCS were measured from the beginning of treatment through weaning. Blood samples were collected prepartum on d 71 and 69 of the feeding period and weekly after calving for 4 and 6 wk (d 84 to 105 and d 76 to 111 relative to the feeding period) during yr 1 and 2, respectively. No treatment x year interactions were detected for any of the performance, hormonal, or reproductive dependent variables. Both treatments caused positive BW changes over the feeding period, but DDGS heifers had a greater (P /= 0.26) between DDGS and SBH treatments. Treatment did not influence (P >/= 0.12) BW or BCS change during the postpartum period. Calving ease, calf vigor, and calf birth weight, weaning weight, and ADG (birth to weaning) were similar (P >/= 0.41) between treatments. The proportion of cows that had initiated estrous cycles (P = 0.46) and the pregnancy distribution (P >/= 0.21) were similar between treatments. However, a greater (P = 0.058) percentage of DDGS cows became pregnant compared with SBH cows (94 and 84%). In both years, there were no effects of treatment (P >/= 0.17) or treatment x time (P >/= 0.52), but time influenced (P 0.10) for the duration of the sampling period. Concentrations of NEFA increased from calving through d 8 and gradually declined through d 20. Prepartum diets containing DDGS, a source of fat and UIP, benefited pregnancy rates in well-maintained, primiparous beef heifers.
Protection, Electric and Instrumentation System Standards and the International Atomic Energy Agency Nuclear Safety Standards Program

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Nuclear Safety Standards Program is described. The program consists of codes of practice, describing safety objectives and broad requirements and safety guides describing means of implementing requirements of the codes. Procedures for developing codes and guides are described. Some of the technical points covered by three of the guides are covered. These guides address protection systems and related features, emergency electric power systems, and other safety-related instruments and control systems. Assistance in helping form U.S. policy on the issues addressed in IAEA codes and guides is requested.