cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Majorana Fermions and Exotic Surface Andreev Bound States in Topological Superconductors: Application to Cu x Bi 2 Se 3

The recently discovered superconductor ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ is a candidate for three-dimensional time-reversal-invariant topological superconductors, which are predicted to have robust surface Andreev bound states hosting massless Majorana fermions. In this work, we analytically and numerically find the linearly dispersing Majorana fermions at $k=0$, which smoothly evolve into a new branch of gapless surface Andreev bound states near the Fermi momentum. The latter is a new type of Andreev bound states resulting from both the nontrivial band structure and the odd-parity pairing symmetry. The tunneling spectra of these surface Andreev bound states agree well with a recent point-contact spectroscopy experiment [S. Sasaki et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 217001 (2011)] and yield additional predictions for low temperature tunneling and photoemission experiments.
Chlorophyll fluorescence characterization of the action of photosystem II electron transport inhibitors.

The action of substituted 9, 10-anthraquinones on the room-temperature chlorophyll fluorescence emission from photosystem II in plant chloroplasts is consistent with the inhibition of electron transport. Previous fluorescence measurements suggest that anthraquinones competitively displace the electron acceptor QB from its binding sites on the D1 protein. Competition studies and molecular orbital calculations led to a hypothesis whereby the substituents on the 9, 10-anthraquinone ring dictate whether an anthraquinone hydrogen bonds to one or both of the domains of the D1 polypeptide suggested as sites of QB binding. This study seeks to confirm our binding site predictions for substituted anthraquinones using Stern-Volmer investigations of the chlorophyll fluorescence emission of spinach chloroplasts treated to alter the QB function. Anthraquinone-induced fluorescence quenching is measured for chloroplasts depleted of QB and the associated plastoquinone pool and for chloroplasts treated with additional inhibitors which are ascribed to different binding regions of the D1 protein. Comparisons of Stern-Volmer parameters, particularly ƒa values, for anthraquinones in normal, QB-depleted, and inhibitor-treated chloroplasts reveal variations in the accessibility of anthraquinones in normal, QB site. The preferred anthraquinone binding sites supported by these findings are in excellent agreement with our previous predictions.
C-H activation of ethers and alkanes by germylene-aryl halide complexes

Regioselective, room-temperature C-H activation of alkanes and ethers by stable germylenes and aryl halides is reported. Germylenes, Ge[CH(SiMe3)2]2 and Ge[N(SiMe3)2]2, and aryl halides, PhI, PhBr, and PhCl, have been employed. High yields of C-H activation products can be obtained through the use of high-dilution techniques.
Osmotic regulation of Na+ transport across A6 epithelium: interactions with prostaglandin E2 and cyclic AMP.

Previous work from this laboratory has shown that apical membrane sodium channel activity is stimulated by serosal hyposmotic solutions (Wills, Millinoff & Crowe, 1991). In the present study, we determined whether this stimulation of sodium transport is additive with the actions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) or cyclic AMP (cAMP).
On hydride reorientation in group V metals

Abstract Hydride precipitates in niobium and tantalum, in contrast with those in vanadium, do not reorient under applied stress at temperatures down to 78 K. It appears that hydrides are not primarily responsible for the pronounced strengthening that occurs at low temperatures in hydrogenated vanadium, niobium and tantalum.
The Transcriptional Coactivator CAMTA2 Stimulates Cardiac Growth by Opposing Class II Histone Deacetylases

Postnatal cardiac myocytes respond to diverse signals by hypertrophic growth and activation of a fetal gene program. In an effort to discover regulators of cardiac hypertrophy, we performed a eukaryotic expression screen for activators of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene, a cardiac-specific marker of hypertrophic signaling. We discovered that a family of transcriptional coactivators, called CAMTAs, promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and activates the ANF gene, at least in part, by associating with the cardiac homeodomain protein Nkx2-5. The transcriptional activity of CAMTAs is governed by association with class II histone deacetylases (HDACs), which negatively regulate cardiac growth. Mice homozygous for a mutation in a CAMTA gene are defective in cardiac growth in response to pressure overload and neurohumoral signaling, whereas mice lacking HDAC5, a class II HDAC, are sensitized to the prohypertrophic actions of CAMTA. These findings reveal a transcriptional regulatory mechanism that modulates cardiac growth and gene expression by linking hypertrophic signals to the cardiac genome.
Operator Role Definition: An Initial Step in the Human Factors Engineering Design of the Advanced Neutron Source (ANS):

The Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) is a new basic and applied research facility sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy that is proposed for construction. It will provide neutron beams for measurements and experiments in the fields of materials science and engineering, biology, chemistry, materials analysis, and nuclear science. The facility will provide a useful neutron beam flux that is at least five times more than is available at the world`s best existing facilities. It will also provide world-class facilities for isotopes production, materials irradiation testing, materials analysis, and the production of positrons. ANS will be unique in the United States in the extent to which human factors engineering (HFE) principles will be included in its design and construction. Initial HFE accomplishments include the development of a functional analysis, an operating philosophy, and a program plan. In fiscal year 1994, HFE activities are focusing on the role of the ANS control room reactor operator (RO). An operator-centered control room model was used in conjunction with information gathered from existing ANS system design descriptions and other literature to define RO responsibilities. From this list, a survey instrument was developed and administered to ANS design engineers, operations management personnel at Oak Ridge National Laboratory`s High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), and HFIR ROs to detail the nature of the RO position. Initial results indicated that the RO should function as a high-level system supervisor with considerable monitoring, verification, and communication responsibilities. The relatively high level of control automation has resulted in a reshaping of the RO`s traditional safety and investment protection roles.
Chiral Separation of Amino Acids by Capillary Electrophoresis with 3-((3-Cholamidopropyl)- dimethylammonio)- 1-propane sulfonate as Chiral Selector

3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammoniol-1-propane sulfonate (CHAPS) can be used as an effective chiral selector for the separation of dansyl-amino acids by capillary electrophoresis (CE). While CHAPS can serve as an chiral selector, better enantiomeric separation can be performed by using CHAPS not as the sole chiral selector but as one of a [CHAPS-SDS-cyclodextrin] three-component system. In this CHAPS-SDS-CD system, enantiomeric separations of the amino acids can be readily accomplished by judiciously adjusting the pH of the solution, concentrations of CHAPS and SDS, and the concentration and type of CD. All amino acids can be baseline resolved in less than 15 minutes with resolution as high as 2.01 at pH 6.5 with 50 mM of CHAPS and 75 mM of SDS. The resolution is also dependent on the size of the CD. Substantial increase in the resolution can be readily achieved by replacing β-CD with γ-CD. For example, theR s for Leu was increased by four-folds (from 1.65 to 6.29) while the elution time still remains as short as 20 min when β-CD was replaced by γ-CD.
Norms and Individual Patterns in Student Deviancy

Moral attitudes and behavioral experiences of 753 college students were measured using an anonymous, self-report questionnaire focusing on 30 deviant behaviors. The rankings of behaviors in terms of moral condemnation were highly similar in different age and sex groups. An appreciable portion of males had engaged in all of the behaviors considered; female rates were generally lower than male rates. Ratings of amount of experience with the 30 behaviors were factor analyzed to define dimensions of individual deviancy. Eleven factors were extracted for both males and females. Generally the factors were similar across sex, but not all the female factors could be characterized with confidence. Some additional analyses suggested that moral norms, personal motivations, and situational p4ressures all contribute to deviancy rates, and the latter factor may be intricately involved in development of a pattern of deviancy.
Health care for the elderly: a social obligation.

Topic Ageism in the allocation of health care. Purpose To explore the ethical bases for rationing health care according to age, and to make appropriate recommendations for nursing policy and practice. Sources Published literature. Conclusions Limiting access to resources and opportunities for older Americans simply because they are old is clearly a case of ageism. The authors opine that society has an obligation to provide an adequate level of health care to all, rationing on the basis of age is wrong, and nursing policy and practice should support this stance.
On the theory of household saving in the presence of rationing

Abstract In many disequilibrium models of centrally planned economies it is assumed that there is a strictly negative relationship between current ration levels and saving. This assumed relationship is not well founded. We use the Neary Roberts “virtual prices” approach to show that there is no general regular relationship between individual household saving and ration levels or rationed goods prices. However, the relationships between saving and changes in ration levels or rationed goods prices may be decomposed into expenditure displacement, income, and substitution effects. These effects may be signed and compared in the usual neoclassical manner.
Gene therapy of murine solid tumors with T cells transduced with a retroviral vascular endothelial growth factor--immunotoxin target gene.

Solid tumor growth can be inhibited by targeting its neovasculature with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-toxin fusion proteins (FPs), but these agents have been limited by their inability to localize at the tumor site. In this study, we devised a gene therapy approach intended to deliver VEGF-toxin directly to tumor. Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) served as vehicles to deliver a retroviral VEGF-toxin fusion protein to its specific leukemia cell target in vivo. A retroviral vector was constructed for gene therapy with VEGF positioned downstream of its 27-amino acid leader sequence, which promoted secretion of a catalytic immunotoxin containing either truncated diphtheria toxin or Pseudomonas exotoxin A. VEGF was chosen on the basis of the expression of VEGF receptor on endothelial cells in the tumor neovasculature. The VEGF FP was first expressed and secreted by mammalian NIH 3T3 cells. Intracellular expression of both VEGF and toxin was verified by immunofluorescence. In vitro, ...
Importance of Vascular Plant and Algal Production to Macro-invertebrate Consumers in a Southern California Salt Marsh

Abstract The dietary importance of marsh vascular plants (primarily Salicornia virginica ), algae and upland particulate inputs to macro-invertebrate consumers was studied in Carpinteria Salt Marsh, southern California, using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios. This marsh is predominantly a marine or hypersaline system and succulents are the most common vascular plant species. Of invertebrates collected from the vegetated marsh, tidal flats and channels, only detritivores from the vegetated marsh ( Traskorchestia traskiana , Melampus olivaceus ) had isotope values (δ 13 C=−20‰) that suggested some use of Salicornia -derived carbon. T. traskiana cultured in the laboratory on decomposing S. virginica or blue-green micro-algal mat had distinctive isotopic signatures, reflecting the capability of this consumer to assimilate carbon and nitrogen derived from these sources. The δ 13 C values (generally −16‰ to −15‰) of species from tidal flats and channels (e.g. Cerithidea californica , Protothaca staminea , Mytilus galloprovincialis , Neotrypaea californiensis ) were most similar to values for benthic algae and phytoplankton. Specimens of M. galloprovincialis along a gradient of presumed increase in marine influence had similar isotope values, suggesting little contribution to diet from upland runoff. The present results differ most noticeably from published values in the 13 C enrichment of suspension-feeders, suggesting the use of resuspended 13 C-enriched benthic microalgae in tidal channels by these consumers, and in the 13 C depletion and 15 N enrichment of plants and consumers along a portion of the marsh boundary receiving inputs of nutrient-enriched perched groundwater. In general, the isotopic composition of macro-invertebrates indicated the incorporation of algal production rather than of S. virginica or upland sources into the marsh food web.
The risk of nephrectomy during local control in abdominal neuroblastoma.

Abstract Methods : Eight hundred sixty-eight children presenting from 1981 to 1991 were treated on five multiagent chemotherapy protocols by members of the Pediatric Oncology Group for advanced-stage neuroblastoma with large primary tumors crossing the midline or distant metastasis. Of these children, 696 had abdominal (adrenal or paravertebral) primary tumors. One hundred sixteen children underwent greater than 50% surgical resection of these abdominal primary tumors before chemotherapy, and 233 underwent similar surgery after induction chemotherapy. Results: Among the 349 who underwent surgical resection, 52 children (14,9%) had nephrectomy or renal infarction during surgery for local control. There was a 25% incidence among those with initial resection (29 patients) and a 9.9% incidence in the postchemotherapy resections (23 patients). Reasons for nephrectomy given by the surgeons included direct involvement of the kidney by adjacent tumor (17 children), clinical impression that the tumor was a Wilms' tumor (11 children), renal vessels could not be separated from the tumor (10 children), extensive tumor surrounding the kidney (8 children), postoperative renal infarction (4 children), marked decrease in unilateral renal function after chemotherapy (1 child), and position of the tumor posterior to the kidney and vena cava making resection without nephrectomy impossible (1 child). Of the patients undergoing nephrectomy, four children had an upper pole nephrectomy in conjunction with their adrenalectomy and resection of the tumor. Pathological review of the resected tumor available in 47 cases demonstrated direct involvement of the renal parenchyma in 18 cases (38% of the nephrectomies) and in 5.2% of those undergoing resection. In children undergoing initial resection, the risk for nephrectomy (as calculated by the methods described by Gart) was more than twice compared with those undergoing resection after chemotherapy ( P = .012; odds ratio, 2.32; 95% confidence interval of 1.23 to 4.42). Conclusions: This review confirms that renal parenchymal involvement does occur in a significant number of children with abdominal neuroblastoma. It also suggests that preoperative chemotherapy may decrease the number of nephrectomies required to achieve a total or subtotal resection.
Effect of the PI9000/9200 charge neutralization system on advanced device characteristics

Abstract The analytical and production tools available to a process engineer on PI9000/9200 high current implanters, to overcome charging, are discussed. A selection of device results are presented. A correlation of in situ charge monitoring system with device yield/test structure breakdown voltage is demonstrated. The effect on advanced device probe yields and reliability measurements are investigated. It is found that devices up to 4 MB DRAM and 1 MB SRAM, show a flat probe yield response to electron flood gun emission current. It is shown that the device lifetime testing yield can be affected by over-flooding.
Thermal effects on slow viscous flow between rotating concentric spheres

Abstract With each sphere maintained at a uniform temperature in the presence of a uniform gravitational field parallel to the axis of rotation, consideration is given to steady axisymmetric flow engendered by coaxially rotating concentric spheres. All fluid properties except specific weight are treated as constant, and viscous dissipation is negligible. The mathematical formulation allows treatment of both positive and negative angular speed ratios as well as choice of which sphere is to be the hotter. Velocity components are expressed in terms of steam and swirl functions; these functions as well as temperature are expanded in power series of the square of Reynolds number, with two terms in each series being obtained. Flow regimes are defined based upon the nature of the zeroth-order secondary flow in the absence of thermal effects. As the strength of thermal influence (never dominant) is varied, the resulting flow patterns are discussed and illustrated for each flow regime.
Wall nucleation modeling in subcooled boiling flow

Abstract The bubble departure characteristics are studied in flow boiling considering the available experimental data in the literature. The current bubble departure diameter and departure frequency models are reviewed and compared with the collected database, revealing the current modeling shortcomings in forced convective flows. Based on an energy balance approach at the heated surface, the important dimensionless groups are identified and correlated for the bubble departure diameter and departure frequency. These dimensionless groups are the Jakob number, Boiling number, density ratio, and Prandtl number. The bubble departure diameter data also suggests some effect of the flow geometry in mini-channels. The newly proposed semi-empirical models for the bubble departure diameter and departure frequency are shown based on the available database to be accurate to within ±22% and ±35% respectively. This work also identifies important future experimental considerations for the bubble departure characteristics including data at elevated pressures, larger Prandtl numbers, and around the boundary between mini and conventional channels.
A Signature Protocol Based on Specific Set

Based on the idea of privilege set, this paper proposes a threshold group signature scheme with multiple privilege sets. Only when the joint involvement of ordinary users under satisfied conditions and privileged users with multiple privilege sets can the valid proxy group signature be generated. Some members can’s forge signatures, which can help resist attacks. The threshold signature scheme has good features of privilege sets and threshold characteristics, unforgeability of signature and anonymity of verification and traceability of identity.
Dislocation structures in deformed and recovered tantalum

Abstract Dislocation structures in deformed tantalum were examined using transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the deformation structures formed in tantalum strained at temperatures between 25° and 1000°C are comparable to those found in iron on the basis of homologous deformation temperatures. Several observations pertaining to the distribution of tangles at low strains, the types of tangles formed, the mechanisms of tangle formation, and the formation of deformation cell structure from tangles are also reported.
Thoracic Fracture through a Prior Instrumented Arthrodesis in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis without Hardware Loosening: A Case Report:

The objective of this article is to report a case of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis who sustained a fracture through a prior solid arthrodesis without loosening or changing posterior instrumentation. There have been few cases reported of a patient with ankylosing spondylitis suffering a fracture through a prior instrumented arthrodesis. None have noted the instrumentation remaining intact with the fracture through the middle of the construct. The surgeon must be aware of this possibility to avoid spinal instability that may lead to a neurological deficit. We retrospectively reviewed the case. A review of the literature was performed through a PubMed search. A patient was found to have a fracture within a prior construct despite the presence of a posterior instrumentation. The mechanism of failure was a three-column spine fracture with “bending” of the rods. This patient was treated with a revision posterior/anterior instrumentation and fusion with placement of larger-diameter rods for added stiffness. Fractures through a prior instrumented arthrodesis are rare but still can occur in the ankylosing spondylitis patient. Given the higher risk of epidural hematoma and neurological compromise in this patient population, the surgeon must keep this on the differential diagnosis when treating patients with a prior instrumented arthrodesis.
The system of relevance of the homeric verb

Abstract The task confronting the linguist, or grammarian, has been posed in a number of ways. The traditional grammarian attempted to establish correlations between the physical facts of the language — the morphology — and the elements of a metaphysical, logical, scheme based on an analysis of the characteristics of human reason. The descriptive linguist attempts to describe language as a corpus, without recourse to a prioristic speculation or external theories. The generative grammarian has attempted to deal with natural language as though it were a particular instance of a mathematical language and can be generated in the manner of an arithmetic; and he increasingly tends to return to the development of metaphysical schemes that are independent of the physical characteristics of any particular language.
Effects of Neonatal Dietary Manganese Exposure on Brain Dopamine Levels and Neurocognitive Functions

Neonatal exposure to high levels of manganese (Mn) has been indirectly implicated as a causal agent in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), since Mn toxicity and ADHD both involve dysfunction in brain dopamine (DA) systems. This study was undertaken to examine this putative relationship in an animal model by determining if levels of neonatal dietary Mn exposure were related to brain DA levels and/or behavioral tests of executive function (EF) when the animals reached maturity. We used 32 newborn male Sprague-Dawley rats and randomly assigned them to one of the four dietary Mn supplementation conditions: 0, 50, 250 and 500 microg per day, administered daily in water from postnatal days 1-21. During days 50-64, the animals were given a burrowing detour test and a passive avoidance test. At day 65, the animals were killed and brains were assayed for DA. There was a statistically significant relationship (P = 0.003) between dietary Mn exposure and striatal DA. On the burrowing detour and passive avoidance, greater deficits were observed for animals subjected to higher Mn exposure, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. However, tests for heterogeneity of variance between groups were statistically significant for all measures, with positive relationship between Mn exposure and degree of within-group behavioral variability. Kendall's nonparametric test of the relationship between the three behavioral measures and striatal DA levels was also statistically significant (P = 0.02). These results lend support to the hypothesis that neonatal Mn exposure is related to brain DA levels and neurocognitive deficit in the rodent.
River Restoration in the American West: Assessing Variation in the Outcomes of Policy Change

Existing research has documented the ecological impacts from the damming of rivers. Recently, a political movement to restore rivers and related resources has grown and prompted changes to traditional polices of river development and management. This research focuses on such efforts in the American West, where unique combinations of climate, history, and politics suggest limited support for dramatic policy change. Why are particular dams removed and others not? Will dramatic policy options involving partial or complete dam removal diffuse to restoration cases involving increasingly larger and more complex dams? Using descriptive and bivariate statistics, an index of policy options is analyzed. Among the elements of Lowry's (2003) river restoration study, independent measures include political receptivity to change; physical complexity; and primary jurisdictional or administrative context. Findings indicate dramatic policy change can occur under diverse conditions; these include federal administrative cont...
Diazasilametallacycles: crystal and molecular structure of But)Cl2

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of Ti(NBu t SiMe 2 N But)Cl2 has been determined by X-ray diffraction studies. Crystal data: tetragonal, space group P4122, a 9.197(5), c 20.838(8) A, dcalcd 1.20 g cm−3 for Z = 4 and V = 1762.6 A3. Final R factor based on 944 reflections (654 observed) was 0.038 (Rw = 0.039). The complex consists of mononuclear units with the titanium atoms in a distorted tetrahedral environment.
Enumerating the orientable 2-cell imbeddings of complete bipartite graphs

A formula is developed for the number of congruence classes of 2-cell imbeddings of complete bipartite graphs in closed orientable surfaces. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 30: 77–90, 1999
Competing for Guests: An Application of Extended Quadrant Analysis

ABSTRACT In today's highly competitive environment, an imperative to the success and survival of hotels is an understanding of their competitive standing. This article describes and illustrates the application of a tool, Extended Quadrant Analysis (EQA), that can aid hoteliers in conducting competitive analysis.
Intraocular methotrexate in ocular diseases other than primary central nervous system lymphoma.

Purpose To investigate whether intravitreal methotrexate could be safely administered and improve vision in patients with ocular disease other than primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Design A retrospective, small-case series. Methods Patients with various clinical conditions were treated with intravitreal methotrexate (cumulative dose ≤400 μg). Visual acuity and clinical examination were recorded to assess the safety and efficacy of the injection. Results Of 16 study eyes, final visual acuity was improved in seven, remained stable in five, and decreased in four. There was no observed toxicity attributable to methotrexate in any case. Conclusion Preservation of visual acuity in 12 of 16 study eyes suggests that a 400-μg intravitreal injection is safe in ocular disease other than PCNSL. The loss of acuity in four eyes with advanced preexisting pathology may be just as likely attributable to the natural history of the disease as to intraocular methotrexate.
Web technology in the integration of a digital teaching file at the diagnostic workstation.

ITH RECENT advancements in picture ar­chiving and communication system (PACS)technologyhas come the desire to establish indepen­dent, digital "high-interest" case file (HICF) ar­chives for research and educational purposes. Each"high-interest"case consists of relevant images aswell as associated demographic and clinical data,and each case is categorized using the codingsystem developed by the American College ofRadiology (ACR). One of the main issues in thedevelopment of HICF archives has been the appro­priate time for the creation of the cases, whichinvolves the designation of relevant images andtransfer of image and associated data.Our previous implementation of the HICF ar­chive uses a proprietary client/server suite, devel­oped at the University of California at San Fran­cisco (UCSF), to transfer image and demographicdata from the on-site PACS to the HICF archiveafter readout. This procedure has several limita­tions including the inability to window and levelthe images before they are entered into the HICFand limited access to the PACS. Also our previousstudies have demonstrated that the moment ofdiagnostic interpretation provides the optimal timefor HICF creation.'To this end we have developed an interface thatseemlessly integrates the diagnostic workstationwith the HICF and provides a user friendly proce­dure for creating high-interest cases. The interfaceconsists of two components, a web based processthat handles the transmission of the demographicand clinical information and a Digital Imaging andCommunications in Medicine (DICOM) processthat transfers the image data. Our decision to usethis architecture was influenced by the fact that thissolution uses off-the-shelf technology and wellestablished transfer protocols, mainly the hypertexttransfer protocol (HTTP) and DICOM. This paperwill address the specific issues involved in creatinga link between a diagnostic workstation and anHICE
Hybrid electro-optical stimulation of the rat sciatic nerve induces force generation in the plantarflexor muscles

Objective. Optical methods of neural activation are becoming important tools for the study and treatment of neurological disorders. Infrared nerve stimulation (INS) is an optical technique exhibiting spatially precise activation in the native neural system. While this technique shows great promise, the risk of thermal damage may limit some applications. Combining INS with traditional electrical stimulation, a method known as hybrid electro-optical stimulation, reduces the laser power requirements and mitigates the risk of thermal damage while maintaining spatial selectivity. Here we investigate the capability of inducing force generation in the rat hind limb through hybrid stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Approach. Hybrid stimulation was achieved by combining an optically transparent nerve cuff for electrical stimulation and a diode laser coupled to an optical fiber for infrared stimulation. Force generation in the rat plantarflexor muscles was measured in response to hybrid stimulation with 1 s bursts of pulses at 15 and 20 Hz and with a burst frequency of 0.5 Hz. Main results. Forces were found to increase with successive stimulus trains, ultimately reaching a plateau by the 20th train. Hybrid evoked forces decayed at a rate similar to the rate of thermal diffusion in tissue. Preconditioning the nerve with an optical stimulus resulted in an increase in the force response to both electrical and hybrid stimulation. Histological evaluation showed no signs of thermally induced morphological changes following hybrid stimulation. Our results indicate that an increase in baseline temperature is a likely contributor to hybrid force generation. Significance. Extraneural INS of peripheral nerves at physiologically relevant repetition rates is possible using hybrid electro-optical stimulation. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Evaluating mass knowledge acquisition using the ALICE chatterbot: the AZ-ALICE dialog system

In this paper, we evaluate mass knowledge acquisition using modified ALICE chatterbots. In particular we investigate the potential of allowing subjects to modify chatterbot responses to see if distributed learning from a web environment can succeed. This experiment looks at dividing knowledge into general conversation and domain specific categories for which we have selected telecommunications. It was found that subject participation in knowledge acquisition can contribute a significant improvement to both the conversational and telecommunications knowledge bases. We further found that participants were more satisfied with domain-specific responses rather than general conversation.
Analytic perturbation analysis for deds with discontinuous sample-path functions ∗

This paper considers a new Analytic Perturbation Analysis(APA) approach for Discrete Event Dynamic Systems (DEDS) with discontinuous sample-path functions with respect to control parameters. The performance functions for DEDS usually are formulated as mathematical expectations, which can be calculated only numerically. APA is based on new analytic formulas for the gradients of expectations of indicator functions; therefore, it is called analytic perturbation analysis. The gradient of performance function may not coincide with the expectation of a gradient of sample-path function (i.e., the interchange formula for the gradient and expectation sign may not be valid). Estimates of gradients can be obtained with one simulation run of the models. The approach is demonstrated with three examples: a simple “shut down” problem, a multiclass queuing network, and a failure probability of inspected mechanical components. Numerical simulations are performed for the second example
Effect of whitefly parasitoids on the cuticular lipid composition of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: aleyrodidae) nymphs.

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of whitefly parasitoids on the cuticular lipid composition of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring [=sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Biotype B] nymphs. The cuticular lipids of B. argentifolii nymphs that had been attacked by parasitic wasps, either Eretmocerus mundus Mercet or Encarsia pergandiella Howard, were characterized by capillary gas chromatography and CGC-mass spectrometry and the results compared with the cuticular lipids of unparasitized nymphs. Previous studies with B. argentifolii nymphs had shown that wax esters were the major components of the cuticular lipids with lesser amounts of hydrocarbons, long-chain aldehydes, and long-chain alcohols. No appreciable changes in lipid composition were observed for the cuticular lipids of E. pergandiella-parasitized nymphs as compared to unparasitized controls. However, the cuticular lipids from nymphs parasitized by E. mundus contained measurable quantities of two additional components in their hydrocarbon fraction. Analyses and comparisons with an authentic standard indicated that the two hydrocarbons were the even-numbered chain length methyl-branched alkanes, 2-methyltriacontane and 2-methyldotriacontane. The occurrences and possible functions of 2-methylalkanes as cuticular lipid components of insects are discussed and specifically, in regard to host recognition, acceptance, and discrimination by parasitoids. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 44:82–89, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Root‐zone temperature affects nutrient uptake and growth of snapdragon

Abstract Nutrient uptake by snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Peoria') was compared at five root‐zone temperatures: 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36°C. Uptake of nitrate (NO3 ‐‐N), ammonium (NH4 +‐N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) responded quadratically to increasing root‐zone temperature. Greatest nutrient uptake temperature varied with nutrient but ranged from 15 to 29°C. Uptake of copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) were unaffected by root‐zone temperature. Dry weight gain and stem length also responded quadratically to increasing root‐zone temperature. Optimal temperatures for nutrient uptake and growth were similar, averaging 22°C. These results indicate increasing or maintaining root‐zone temperatures near 22°C maximizes growth and nutrient uptake of snapdragons.
Positron emission tomography (PET) assessment of renal perfusion.

Summary Positron emission tomography (PET) is a radionuclide imaging technique that allows noninvasive mapping of radiopharmaceutical concentrations in three-dimensional space. PET methods have been described for imaging and quantification of renal perfusion using cyclotron-produced 15 O-water and 13 N-ammonia, as well as using generator-produced 82 RbCl and 62 Cu-ETS. Although the majority of clinical PET facilities will lack the in-house biomedical cyclotron needed for 15 O and 13 N production, the generator-produced tracers are available to virtually any clinical site with a PET camera. Studies with these radiopharmaceuticals have largely focused on methodologic issues, and agent validation for renal blood flow measurements. However, the resulting PET methods for quantification of renal perfusion do appear suitable for application to both research and clinical problems in renal pathophysiology.
Reduced and Total Vitamin C in Milk

Summary 1.Immediately after milking there is no dehydroascorbic acid in cows' milk. 2.During storage the dehydroascorbic acid increases until it supplies an important fraction of the total vitamin C in the milk. Between 1 and 6mg. dehydroascorbic acid per liter are generally present in commercial mixed milk provided the milk is not exposed to light or contaminated with appreciable amounts of copper. 3.In milk contaminated with an appreciable amount of copper much of the vitamin C may be present in the form of dehydroascorbic acid as early as 1 day after milking. 4.Pasteurization destroys most of the dehydroascorbic acid. However, in commercially pasteurized milk, by the time it is bottled and ready for delivery, additional amounts of dehydroascorbie acid are formed. 5.In pasteurized deaerated milk the vitamin C is entirely in the form of reduced ascorbic acid and is stable.
Frameworks Shaping an Online Professional Development Program for K–12 Teachers of ELLs: Toward Supporting the Sharing of Ideas for Empowering Classroom Teachers Online

In efforts to maintain America's global competitiveness in the knowledge-based economy, teacher professional development has moved to center stage. With increasing numbers of English language learners (ELLs) in U.S. schools, several states have adopted mandatory professional development for classroom teachers to equip them with the knowledge and skills they need to shape these students' future capacity to contribute to the well-being of the country. This article starts by addressing the question of whether using online delivery for teachers' professional development is a more viable option than using school- or site-based programs. It then describes the frameworks that guided the design and organizational structures of an online teacher development program for K–12 teachers of ELLs. Insights shared in this article might serve as guidelines for framing the implementation of similar programs that aim to create empowered teachers who know how to work with ELLs.
Centenary of the Fontilles Sanatorium

Abstract In recognition of the centenary of the Fontilles Sanitorium, we present some details of its history. The article discusses the foundation of the sanitorium by some of the numerous lepers with no health coverage in the region of Valencia, and Alicante in particular. After a difficult period between 1909 and 1932, the sanitorium was seized by the Republican government. After the civil war, it was returned to the board of trustees, who entrusted administrative tasks to the Compania de Jesus while health care was overseen by the National Health Board. This coexistence was uneasy, and the board of trustees took over again in 1943.We comment on the transition from a sanitorium and colony into a hospital providing health care, research and training, and treatment with sulfones and subsequently other effective drugs. Also discussed are its role in the elimination of leprosy from Spain, admission to the International Federation of Antileprosy Associations in 1969, and its projects in endemic countries, with the ultimate goal of achieving a world free of leprosy.
The economics of dietary control

Abstract Approximate linear control methods are used to determine optimal rules for setting food consumption policies given proposed targets. A dynamic demand system for 32 foods is estimated; welfare loss is minimized subject to this system, yielding optimal feedback control rules; and simulations are performed implementing these rules to evaluate performance under alternative loss functions. Results indicate that active policy is necessary to reach dietary objectives. In addition, the conventional logic of imposing large taxes (or subsidies) on foods with inelastic demands in order to reach consumption targets is generally confirmed.
Gender differences in natural language factors of subjective intoxication in college students: an experimental vignette study.

BACKGROUND: Examining the natural language college students use to describe various levels of intoxication can provide important insight into subjective perceptions of college alcohol use. Previous research (Levitt et al., Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33: 448) has shown that intoxication terms reflect moderate and heavy levels of intoxication and that self-use of these terms differs by gender among college students. However, it is still unknown whether these terms similarly apply to other individuals and, if so, whether similar gender differences exist. METHODS: To address these issues, the current study examined the application of intoxication terms to characters in experimentally manipulated vignettes of naturalistic drinking situations within a sample of university undergraduates (n = 145). RESULTS: Findings supported and extended previous research by showing that other-directed applications of intoxication terms are similar to self-directed applications and depend on the gender of both the target and the user. Specifically, moderate intoxication terms were applied to and from women more than men, even when the character was heavily intoxicated, whereas heavy intoxication terms were applied to and from men more than women. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that gender differences in the application of intoxication terms are other-directed as well as self-directed and that intoxication language can inform gender-specific prevention and intervention efforts targeting problematic alcohol use among college students. Language: en
Long memory processes and fractional integration in econometrics

Abstract This paper provides a survey and review of the major econometric work on long memory processes, fractional integration, and their applications in economics and finance. Some of the definitions of long memory are reviewed, together with previous work in other disciplines. Section 3 describes the population characteristics of various long memory processes in the mean, including ARFIMA. Section 4 is concerned with estimation and examines semiparametric procedures in both the frequency and time domain, and also the properties of various regression based and maximum likelihood techniques. Long memory volatility processes are discussed in Section 5, while Section 6 discusses applications in economics and finance. The paper also has a concluding section.
Hydrogen in semiconductors and insulators

We describe a first-principles methodology for studying the interactions between hydrogen and materials. In non-metals, isolated hydrogen atoms occur as electrically charged impurities, and this charge has profound effects on the incorporation of hydrogen into the material. We have developed a model that enables us to predict the electrical properties of hydrogen in any material, based on its band alignment on an absolute energy scale. We define the key quantities that describe the interaction between hydrogen and the host materials, and discuss how fundamental knowledge of this type can be applied to hydrogen storage materials.
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the parotid gland: report of case.

Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive and X-linked Phenotypes. Baltimore, MD, The John Hopkins University Press, 1990 9. Sacks H, Zelig D, Shabes G: Recurrent temporomandibular joint subluxation and facial ecchymosis leading to diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48541, 1990 10. Pogrel MA, Kaban LB: The role of a temporalis fascia and muscle flap in temporomandibular joint surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48: 14, 1990 I I McFarlane WI: Recurrent dislocation of the mandible: Treatment of seven cases by a simple surgical method. Br J Oral Surg 141221, 1977 12. Umeda H, Kaban LB, Pogrel MA, et al: Long-term viability of muscle fascial flap used for temporomandibular joint reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51530, 1993
Effects of Building Ventilation Types and Human Activity Patterns on Indoor PM10 Levels

Abstract Indoor and ambient PM10 levels at two Salt Lake hospitals were examined during the months of January through May 1995. In addition to the PM10 data, the level of human activity was estimated at each of the six indoor sampler sites at each hospital. At each hospital two different air filtration environments were sampled. At hospital A, bag filtration (BF) and high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) systems were sampled, and at hospital C, low efficiency (LE) and BF were sampled. The average ambient PM10 levels at each hospital were significantly different (p < 0.05). At both hospitals the average indoor PM10 for each air filtration system was compared with the ambient PM10 level. In all but one case the indoor PM10 was significantly less than the ambient PM10 (hospital A = 18.7 μg/m3/24 h and hospital C = 26 μg/m3/24 h, p < 0.05). Within an air filtration system some sampler sites had significantly higher average PM10 than did the other sampler sites. The effectiveness of BF versus HEPA and LE vers...
Real-time 3-D shape measurement with high accuracy and low cost

A real-time 3-D full-field shape measurement technique based on a generalized fringe projection profilometry is presented. The technique has the following features: high accuracy, real-time measurement, low cost, and easy implementation.
Virtual screening to identify lead inhibitors for bacterial NAD synthetase (NADs).

Virtual screening was employed to identify new drug-like inhibitors of NAD synthetase (NADs) as antibacterial agents. Four databases of commercially available compounds were docked against three subsites of the NADs active site using FlexX in conjunction with CScore. Over 200 commercial compounds were purchased and evaluated in enzyme inhibition and antibacterial assays. 18 compounds inhibited NADs at or below 100 μM (7.6% hit rate), and two were selected for future SAR studies.