cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory experience and numinous experience

It is sometimes suggested that there is an argument from religious experience to the existence of God that is sufficiently analogous to the argument from sensory experience to the existence of physical objects so that, just as the latter provides sufficient evidence to make reasonable the belief that there are objects, so the former provides sufficient evidence to make reasonable belief that there is a Deity. This assumes, of course, (i) that there is an argument based on appeal to sensory experience that renders belief in physical objects at least a reasonable belief, (ii) that a sufficiently analogous argument from religious experience would render monotheistic belief reasonable, and (iii) that there is this latter sort of argument. I propose to investigate these assumptions. But first two caveats. I understand by "there is" as used above that one can in fact construct an argument of the sort indicated not necessarily that this task is an actualized possibility but that the materials in question lie fairly readily to hand. I will offer a version of this argument. And I will here understand "reasonable belief in such a way that if it is reasonable for one to believe a proposition then it would not be equally reasonable on one's part were one instead to believe its contradictory and that a belief that a proposition is true is reasonable only if it is more reasonable to believe that proposition than to have no belief on that matter. Further, though I will discuss two parallel arguments, it should be made clear that either argument could succeed while the other argument failed; one might be defeated and the other triumphant. They are similar arguments, but on the position developed here they are not yoked together.
a Descriptive Model for Analyzing Proposed Cost Sharing Rate Changes

: This article offers a procedure for identifying the primary effects of financing and cost sharing rates on four basic levels: program, technical, incidence, and comprehensive impacts. A process is developed for identifying these effects based upon two alternative approaches. One method would follow the effects of rate changes through the four levels of impact, another would look in depth at the consequences of rate changes on a particular impact. For this study the information and suggested changes found in the Section 80(c) Study were used to illustrate possible impacts. The process suggested herein could be used in anticipating impacts of any major policy change.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors block sperm-induced egg activation in Xenopus laevis

Fertilization of Xenopus laevis eggs triggers a wave of increased [Ca2+]i. The exact signal transduction pathway culminating in this Ca2+ wave remains unknown. To determine whether increases in tyrosine kinase activity are part of this pathway, we microinjected tyrosine kinase inhibitors into unfertilized eggs. Upon fertilization, signs of activation were monitored, such as fertilization envelope liftoff and the Ca2+ wave (for eggs microinjected with lavendustin A). Various concentrations of lavendustin A and tyrphostin B46 were microinjected, as well as inactive forms of these compounds (lavendustin B and tyrphostin A1) to provide negative controls. Peptide A, a 20-amino-acid peptide derived from the SH2 region of pp60(v-src) tyrosine kinase, was also microinjected. Peptide A inhibits tyrosine kinase activity but not PKA or PKG activity. Dose-response curves for lavendustin A, tyrphostin B46, and peptide A show clear inhibition of vitelline envelope liftoff by these three compounds. Confocal imaging of eggs coinjected with lavendustin A and Oregon Green-dextran showed that the Ca2+ wave was inhibited under normal insemination conditions but that the block of the Ca2+ wave could be overcome with very high sperm densities. A phenomenon of small local Ca2+ increases termed "hot spots" seen in lavendustin A containing eggs is also described. Since this inhibition of egg activation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be overcome by Ca2+ microinjection, the inhibitors must act on a step in the signal transduction cascade that is upstream of the Ca2+ wave.
Abstract LB-2: TRIM28 is overexpressed in breast cancer and regulates the expression of multiple cancer-associated genes

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The transcriptional regulator TRIM28 plays an important role in development, stem cells self-renewal, chromatin organization and DNA damage response. KAP1 is an essential co-repressor for KRAB zinc finger proteins (KRAB-ZNFs). Though KRAB-ZNFs represent the largest family of human transcription factors, their biological functions are largely unknown. We showed that KAP1 and certain KRAB-ZNFs were overexpressed in breast tumors and breast cancer cell lines at both mRNA and protein levels. More significantly, an active SUMOylated form of KAP1 was markedly increased in breast cancer cells. KAP1 depletion in several breast cancer cell lines slowed cell proliferation and inhibited primary tumor growth and metastasis of MDA-MB-231LN xenografts, while KAP1 overexpression conversely stimulated cell proliferation and tumor growth. KAP1 knockdown led to down-regulation of PTGS2/COX2, EREG, CD44, MMP1, MMP2 and ID transcription factors, previously implicated in cancer progression and metastasis. These results indicate that KAP1 and KRAB-ZNFs are up-regulated in breast cancer cells and contribute to increased cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis. Citation Format: Joseph Addison, Colton Koontz, Sarah McLaughlin, Ryan Livengood, Elena Pugacheva, Dongquan Chen, Chad Creighton, Alexey V. Ivanov. TRIM28 is overexpressed in breast cancer and regulates the expression of multiple cancer-associated genes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-2. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-2
Local solution for a class of mixed boundary value problems

A local method is developed for solving locally partial differential equations with mixed boundary conditions. The method is based on a heuristic idea, properties of diffusion processes, stopping times and the Ito formula for semimartingales. According to the heuristic idea, the diffusion process used for solving locally a partial differential with mixed boundary conditions is stopped when it reaches a Neumann boundary and then restarted inside the domain of definition of this equation at a point depending on the Neumann conditions. The proposed method is illustrated and its accuracy assessed by two simple numerical examples solving locally mixed boundary value problems in one and two space dimensions.
Arginine-82 regulates the pKa of the group responsible for the light-driven proton release in bacteriorhodopsin

In wild-type bacteriorhodopsin light-induced proton release occurs before uptake at neutral pH. In contrast, in mutants in which R82 is replaced by a neutral residue (as in R82A and R82Q), only a small fraction of the protons is released before proton uptake at neutral pH; the major fraction is released after uptake. In R82Q the relative amounts of the two types of proton release, "early" (preceding proton uptake) and "late" (following proton uptake), are pH dependent. The main conclusions are that 1) R82 is not the normal light-driven proton release group; early proton release can be observed in the R82Q mutant at higher pH values, suggesting that the proton release group has not been eliminated. 2) R82 affects the pKa of the proton release group both in the unphotolyzed state of the pigment and during the photocycle. In the wild type (in 150 mM salt) the pKa of this group decreases from approximately 9.5 in the unphotolyzed pigment to approximately 5.8 in the M intermediate, leading to early proton release at neutral pH. In the R82 mutants the respective values of pKa of the proton release group in the unphotolyzed pigment and in M are approximately 8 and 7.5 in R82Q (in 1 M salt) and approximately 8 and 6.5 in R82K (in 150 mM KCl). Thus in R82Q the pKa of the proton release group does not decrease enough in the photocycle to allow early proton release from this group at neutral pH. 3) Early proton release in R82Q can be detected as a photocurrent signal that is kinetically distinct from those photocurrents that are due to proton movements from the Schiff base to D85 during M formation and from D96 to the Schiff base during the M-->N transition. 4) In R82Q, at neutral pH, proton uptake from the medium occurs during the formation of O. The proton is released during the O-->bacteriorhodopsin transition, probably from D85 because the normal proton release group cannot deprotonate at this pH. 5) The time constant of early proton release is increased from 85 microseconds in the wild type to 1 ms in R82Q (in 150 mM salt). This can be directly attributed to the increase in the pKa of the proton release group and also explains the uncoupling of proton release from M formation. 6) In the E204Q mutant only late proton release is observed at both neutral and alkaline pH, consistent with the idea that E204 is the proton release group. The proton release is concurrent with the O-->bacteriorhodopsin transition, as in R82Q at neutral pH.
New Mexico Tech Landmine, UXO, IED Detection Sensor Test Facility: Measurements in real field soils

Modeling studies and experimental work have demonstrated that the dynamic behavior of soil physical properties has a significant effect on most sensors for the detection of buried land mines. An outdoor test site has been constructed allowing full control over soil water content and continuous monitoring of important soil properties and environmental conditions. Time domain reflectometry sensors and thermistors measure soil water1 content and temperature, respectively, at different depths above and below the land mines as well as in homogeneous soil away from the land mines. During the two-year operation of the test-site, the soils have evolved to reflect real field soil conditions. This paper compares visual observations as well as ground-penetrating radar and thermal infrared measurements at this site taken immediately after construction in early 2004 with measurements from early 2006. The visual observations reveal that the 2006 soil surfaces exhibit a much higher spatial variability due to the development of mini-reliefs, "loose" and "connected" soil crusts, cracks in clay soils, and vegetation. Evidence is presented that the increased variability of soil surface characteristics leads to a higher natural spatial variability of soil surface temperatures and, thus, to a lower probability to detect landmines using thermal imagery. No evidence was found that the soil surface changes affect the GPR signatures of landmines under the soil conditions encountered in this study. The New Mexico Tech outdoor Landmine Detection Sensor Test Facility is easily accessible and anyone interested is welcome to use it for sensor testing.
Challenges in Pediatric Ambulatory Anesthesia: Kids are Different

The care of the child having ambulatory surgery presents a specific set of challenges to the anesthesia provider. This review focuses on areas of clinical distinction that support the additional attention children often require, and on clinical controversies that require providers to have up-to-date information to guide practice and address parental concerns. These include perioperative risk; obstructive sleep apnea; obesity; postoperative nausea and vomiting; neurocognitive outcomes; and specific concerns regarding common ear, nose, and throat procedures.
A note on makespan minimization in two-stage flexible flow shops with uniform machines

Abstract We consider the two-stage flexible flow shop makespan minimization problem with uniform parallel machines. Soewandi and Elmaghraby [Soewandi, H., Elmaghraby, S., 2003. Sequencing on two-stage hybrid flowshops with uniform machines to minimize makespan. IIE Transaction 35, 467–477] developed a heuristic (S–E) and derived a machine speed-dependent worst-case ratio bound for it. We point out that this bound works well when the uniform machines have approximately equal speeds but is not indicative of the performance of the S–E heuristic when the machine speeds are in a wide range. Motivated by this observation, we propose an alternative tight machine-speed dependent worst-case bound for the S–E heuristic that works well when the machine speeds vary significantly. We then combine the two speed-dependent ratio bounds into a speed-independent bound. Our findings facilitate the narrowing of the gap between experimental performance and worst-case bound for the S–E heuristic.
A solution for unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flow including ion-slip effects

Es wird die Anlaufstromung einer teilweise ionisierten inkompressiblen Flussigkeit in einem Kanal mit parallelen ebenen Wanden betrachtet. Das Problem wird in komplexen Grossen formuliert, und es wird unter Verwendung von Laplace-Transformationen eine Losung fur einen beliebig zeitabhangigen Druckgradienten gewonnen.
Knowledge Acquisition in Auditing: Training Novice Auditors to Recognize Cue Relationships in Real Estate Valuation

This study examines novice auditors' knowledge acquisition. I investigate whether low‐cost, informal training interventions improve knowledge acquisition in complex auditing tasks. I designed an experiment that tests the effect of two alternative training approaches on audit judgment performance: explanatory feedback (a replication and extension of Bonner and Walker [1994]), and self‐explanation of the rationale underlying a judgment of reasonableness. The results suggest that each approach promotes procedural knowledge acquisition, and combining the two approaches provides more benefit than either approach alone. The effectiveness of the self‐explanation approach is primarily attributable to the learner's level of reasoning. Adding explanatory feedback to self‐explanations has no incremental effect after controlling for the effect of the learner's reasoning. The paper discusses the implications of these results for the design of audit training environments.
A simultaneous infrared and kinetic study of the reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide over copper oxide

Infrared spectroscopy has been used to observe the surface of a silica supported copper oxide catalyst during the reduction of nitric oxide by carbon monoxide. Spectra taken under reaction conditions show the presence of adsorbed CO, CO2, NO, and N2O as well as CO32− and NO3− structures which characterize the degree of oxidation of the catalyst surface. An additional band observed at 2200 cm−1 and found only under reaction conditions has been assigned to an isocyanate structure of the form Cu+NCO−. The presence of this species together with other observations strongly supports the postulate that nitric oxide can dissociate upon adsorption. By combining the spectral observations with measurements of the reaction kinetics, it has been possible to develop a reaction mechanism consisting of nine elementary steps. The principal assumptions of this mechanism are that NO dissociates upon adsorption, that N2O acts as an intermediate to the formation of N2, and that CO maintains the catalyst surface in a reduced state as well as competing for sites needed for the dissociation of NO. Based upon the proposed mechanism the rate of NO consumption can be expressed as −rNO = 2b1b2CNO(1 + b2CNO + b3CN2O) (1+ b4CCO)
Intact chemoreceptor biosensors based on Hawaiian aquatic species

Abstract Two species of Hawaiian crustaceans, Portunis sanguinolentus and Podophthalmis vigil, are shown to be effective for the construction of antennular receptrodes. The resulting chemoreceptor-based biosensors respond to stimulant compounds at levels below 10−15 M with very short response times. Experimental studies focused on trimethylamine oxide as a novel test compound, combined with chemometric techniques for data analysis, yield quantitative dose-response data over a wide concentration range.
Towards a Local Hidden Variable Theory

A local hidden variable theory of quantum mechanics is formulated by adapting Gell-Mann and Hartle’s many-histories formulation. The resulting theory solves the measurement problem by exploiting the independence loophole in Bell’s theorem; it violates the independence of hidden variable values and measuring device settings. Although the theory is problematic in some respects, it provides a concrete example via which the tenability of this approach can be better evaluated.
Tenofovir-emtricitabine therapy for the prevention of hepatitis B recurrence in four patients after liver transplantation

In patients infected with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) that goes untreated, therapeutic options are limited once the disease decompensates, and orthotopic liver transplantation is often the only treatment available to save the patient's life. After liver transplantation, combined therapy with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and a nucleos(t)ide analog is the standard of practice for the prevention of HBV recurrence. Historically, nucleos(t)ide analogs such as lamivudine and adefovir have been used with low-dose HBIG for the prevention of HBV recurrence after liver transplantation. However, these analogs are ineffective when used alone due the emergence of resistance mutations. Newer nucleos(t)ide analogs such as tenofovir disoproxil fumarate have demonstrated higher resistance thresholds and effective viral suppression when paired with low-dose HBIG. In this case series, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of switching four patients from low-dose HBIG plus nucleos(t)ide analog therapy for the prevention of HBV recurrence to a combination tenofovir-emtricitabine regimen. At the end of follow-up, all patients remained hepatitis B surface antigen negative and had HBV DNA levels of less than 10 IU/ml. Additionally, no tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity was observed among the four patients. Tenofovir-emtricitabine monotherapy in lieu of HBIG plus nucleos(t)ide analog therapy demonstrated prevention of HBV recurrence without tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity after 9 months of follow-up in all four patients and up to 15 months in one patient.
An Integrated Biochemical Prediction Model of All-Cause Mortality in Patients Undergoing Lower Extremity Bypass Surgery for Advanced Peripheral Artery Disease

Background: Patients with advanced peripheral artery disease (PAD) have a high prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and shortened life expectancy. However, CV risk factors poorly predict midterm (<5 years) mortality in this population. This study tested the hypothesis that baseline biochemical parameters would add clinically meaningful predictive information in patients undergoing lower extremity bypass operations. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of patients with clinically advanced PAD undergoing lower extremity bypass surgery. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to assess the main outcome of all-cause mortality. A clinical model was constructed with known CV risk factors, and the incremental value of the addition of clinical chemistry, lipid assessment, and a panel of 11 inflammatory parameters was investigated using the C statistic, the integrated discrimination improvement index, and Akaike information criterion. Results: The study monitored 225 patients for a median of 893 days (interquartile range, 539-1315 days). In this study, 50 patients (22.22%) died during the follow-up period. By life-table analysis (expressed as percent surviving standard error), survival at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years, respectively, was 90.5% 1.9%, 83.4% 2.5%, 77.5% 3.1%, 71.0% 3.8%, and 65.3% 6.5%. Compared with survivors, decedents were older, diabetic, had extant coronary artery disease, and were more likely to present with critical limb ischemia as their indication for bypass surgery (P < .05). After adjustment for the above, clinical chemistry and inflammatory parameters significant (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]) for all-cause mortality were albumin (0.43 [0.26-0.71]; P .001), estimated glomerular filtration rate (0.98 [0.97-0.99]; P .023), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; 3.21 [1.21-8.55]; P .019), and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (1.74 [1.04-2.91]; P .034). Of the inflammatory molecules investigated, hsCRP proved most robust and representative of the integrated inflammatory response. Albumin, eGFR, and hsCRP improved the C statistic and integrated discrimination improvement index beyond that of the clinical model and produced a final C statistic of 0.82. Conclusions: A risk prediction model including traditional risk factors and parameters of inflammation, renal function, and nutrition had excellent discriminatory ability in predicting all-cause mortality in patients with clinically advanced PAD undergoing bypass surgery. (J Vasc Surg 2012;56:686-95.)
Intragranular Xe bubble population evolution in UO2: A first passage Monte Carlo simulation approach

Abstract We introduce a first passage based Monte Carlo [1] code to investigate the population evolution of Xe fission gas bubbles in UO 2 fuels. Growth laws are obtained for homogeneous and heterogeneous re-solution models for a wide range of gas and bubble diffusivities. Under certain irradiation conditions, bubble populations find dynamic steady states. Homogeneous re-solution is included using a Monte Carlo binary collision model, while heterogeneous re-solution is modeled as the ad hoc destruction of bubbles.
Postponement of murine radiogenic leukemia by manipulation of the preleukemic state.

SummaryThe same radiation dose which enhances leukemogenesis if delivered to an unirradiated mouse counteracts leukemia development if given to a previously irradiated but not yet leukemic mouse. This indicates that the preleukemic interval between recovery from acute radiation injury and overt malignancy is radiosensitive and that it involves changes other than mere immune suppression. The theoretical optimum conditions of such manipulation are discussed, as well as its implications for the prophylaxis of radiogenic leukemia.
Nerve‐sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. The pros and cons

Since the precise description of the course of the cavernous nerves dorsolateral to the prostate by Walsh and Donker in 1982, a trend has emerged to offer a nerve-sparing procedure to potent males diagnosed with localized prostate cancer. This detailed review of the literature focuses on the potency results attained by this operation, reviews the shortcomings of this approach in terms of cancer eradication and continence, and attempts to define the optimal candidate for such a procedure. Cancer 1995 ;75 :1944-8.
Leptin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone: cooperative action in the hindbrain to activate brown adipose thermogenesis.

Abstract Explanations of leptin induction of thermogenesis typically involve primary detection elements in the hypothalamus. In turn, these circuits control medullary raphe neurons that regulate spinal efferent sympathetic projections to heat-producing brown adipose tissue (BAT). The hindbrain may be capable of considerable thermoregulatory capacity independent of the hypothalamus, though little is known about the site(s), mechanism(s) of action, or the physiological consequences of leptin action in the hindbrain. Several reports describe the presence of leptin receptor in the solitary nucleus, and there is functional evidence that leptin can act in the dorsal medulla to suppress feeding. We examined the effects of leptin, applied to the dorsal medulla, on BAT thermogenesis. Leptin alone (≤ 25 μg) had no independent effect on BAT thermogenesis. We hypothesized that, while leptin may not be capable of activating thermocontrol mechanisms in the hindbrain directly, it may modulate the efficacy of other neural signals involved in the control of thermogenesis such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). We tested the hypothesis that leptin and TRH, acting in the hindbrain, co-regulate thermogenesis. As expected, TRH (0.1 μg), alone, produces a small increase (+ 0.75 °C) in BAT temperature. Co-application of leptin (5 μg) and TRH (0.1 μg) to the dorsal medulla produces an increase in BAT and core temperature more than 300% greater than TRH alone (+ 3.5 °C). This effect is undiminished in the acute decerebrate rat, suggesting that the effect is mediated entirely by the hindbrain.
Geometrical Effects of Cabinet Size and Aspect Ratio on Heat and Mass Transfer During Open Door Conditions

The goal of this paper is to examine the effects of size and aspect ratio (H/L) of open cavities on heat and mass transfer during open door conditions of refrigerator cabinets. An experimental investigation was conducted using test cavities constructed from foam board insulation and interior covered with aluminum plates acting as calorimeters. Various size cavities with heights of 15.24 cm, 30.48 cm, and 45.72 cm along with aspect ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 were tested. Cavities were heated to an initial temperature of 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C before being exposed to the ambient air. In addition, tests were conducted in which the cavities were cooled before being exposed to the ambient. The relative humidity was varied from 60% to 75% and initial temperatures varied from 5°C, 1°C, and −5°C. The cavity mass fluxes were measured to validate the heat/mass transfer analogy for the tests. Experimental results were also presented for Rayleigh numbers from 5.88 × 106 to 2.21 × 108 with Nusselt numbers ranging from 15.48 to 53.51. The Nusselt numbers for cavities with an aspect ratio of one and two were in good agreement with each other. The Nusselt numbers for the cavity with an aspect ratio of 0.5 were slightly lower than the other cavities at given Rayleigh values.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Asymmetry in the Political System: Occasional Activists in the Republican and Democratic Parties, 1956–1964 *

By means of the Survey Research Center's national public opinion polls of the electorate during the 1956, 1960, and 1964 elections, the opinions of volunteer activists in the Republican and Democratic Parties were compared to those of rank and file members. On issues that divided rank and file Republicans from rank and file Democrats, Republican activists were found to be far more conservative than ordinary Republicans. Democratic activists, however, had about the same distribution of opinion as rank and file members of their party. Moreover, Republicans were proportionately far more active than Democrats. It was inferred from these findings that the two parties were different kinds of organizations. The Republican Party, it was argued, was a high participation party with an amateur base composed of right wing ideologues, while the Democratic Party was a low participation party with a professionalized base not dependent on ideological incentives to activism.
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY AND SYSTEMATICS OF WOODY SAXIFRAGACEAE: TETRACARPAEA'

Vegetative and reproductive anatomy and morphology are described for the first time for Tetracarpaea tasmannica Hook., a small shrub endemic to Tasmania. Tetracarpaea, a monotypic genus, has many characteristics of other woody Saxifragaceae, such as wood with solitary pores, scalariform perforation plates, sparse axial xylem parenchyma, tracheids, spiral thickenings in tracheary elements, and perforated ray cells. The tracheary elements of Tetracarpaea are much smaller than those characteristic of the Escallonioideae, a feature probably related to its montane forest habitat. Other features of Tetracarpaea inconsistent with most Escallonioideae include dark-staining deposits in the ray cells; a unilacunar, one-trace nodal pattern; lack of unicellular foliar trichomes; simple craspedodromous venation; areole development that is lacking or incomplete; straight and tapered veinlets; abaxial fibers associated with the foliar vascular bundles; and lack of bundle sheaths. The genus is further characterized by complete, hypogynous, tetramerous flowers. The essentially apocarpous gynoecium has multiovulate carpels, each supplied by three veins that reach the stigma. Ovules are anatropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate. Lateral sepal bundles are derived either from the sepal midrib or from the petalplane bundles; stamens are supplied by independent traces or by bundles originating from compound traces in both sepal- and petal-planes. The follicular fruits possess a sclerenchymatous endocarp and contain winged seeds that have a membranous testa, a ridged surface, and a cellular endosperm. Reproductive morphological and anatomical features are more consistent with features of the Saxifragoideae than with the Escallonioideae or the Cunoniaceae, although the essentially apocarpous gynoecium with multiovulate carpels is not found in these groups. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics indicate that Tetracarpaea is more closely related to Saxifragaceae than to Cunoniaceae. It is possible this isolated genus should have separate familial status.
Electron Emission Due to Exciton Breakup from Negative Electron Affinity Diamond.

We identify exciton breakup at the surface as the dominant source of photoelectron emission from negative electron affinity diamond (111): H for near band gap excitation up to 0.5 eV above threshold. Dependence of photoelectron emission characteristics upon excitation energy suggests the thermalization of carriers via a Fan phonon-cascade mechanism.
Economic Survival The Case of Asian-American Elderly

The 1976 Survey of Income and Education Public Use tapes have been used to elaborate and extend previous studies on the elderly Asians in the United States and to suggest implications for public policy regarding this group. An analysis of specific demographic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristics of the elderly Asian population (separately for the Chinese, Japanese, and Filipinos) in 1976 is reported. A sample of elderly Anglos has been used as a comparison group. More detailed and in depth analyses are reported on the sources, benefits, and amount of income or earnings received by the elderly Japanese, Chinese, and Filipino population in the United States in 1976. It is concluded that although the elderly of all ethnic groups are socially and economically disadvantaged compared to the general population, the Asian elderly, particularly the elderly Chinese and Filipinos, suffer greater disadvantages than the elderly Anglos. Policy recommendations are suggested.
Nonlinear elasticity of the sliding columnar phase

~Received 22 May 1998! The sliding columnar phase is a liquid-crystalline phase of matter composed of two-dimensional smectic lattices stacked one on top of the other. This phase is characterized by strong orientational but weak positional correlations between lattices in neighboring layers and a vanishing shear modulus for sliding lattices relative to each other. A simplified elasticity theory of the phase only allows intralayer fluctuations of the columns and has three important elastic constants: the compression, rotation, and bending moduli B, Ky , and K. The rotationally invariant theory contains anharmonic terms that lead to long-wavelength renormalizations of the elastic constants similar to the Grinstein-Pelcovits renormalization of the elastic constants in smectic liquid crystals @Phys. Rev. Lett. 47, 856 ~1981!; Phys. Rev. A 26, 915 ~1982!#. We calculate these renormalizations at the critical dimension d53 and find that Ky(q);K 1/2 (q);B 21/3 (q);@ln (1/q)# 1/4 , where q is a wave number. The behavior of B, Ky , and K in a model that includes fluctuations perpendicular to the layers is identical to that of the simple model with rigid layers. We use dimensional regularization rather than a hard-cutoff renormalization scheme because ambiguities arise in the one-loop integrals with a finite cutoff.
Incremental evolution and devolution of Florida's Coastal High Hazard Area policy

Demarcation of Coastal High Hazard Areas (CHHAs) in Florida dates back to the passage of the landmark Growth Management Act (GMA) of 1985. There have been two subsequent legislative changes in 1994 and 2006. This paper draws on theories of policy implementation, policy framing and policy learning to shed light on this ‘natural experiment’ and to offer clues about factors that impact how and why policies evolve and devolve even after multiple revisions. Although the case study is focused on Florida, the lessons are transferable to land use and environmental policy makers seeking a balance between economic development, property rights and environmental risk.
Bearing the Burden or Baring the Soul: Physicians' Self-Disclosure and Boundary Management Regarding Medical Mistakes

Within a boundary management framework, this study explored how physicians manage self-disclosure regarding medical mistakes amidst boundary constraints imposed by risk management, legal mandate, and the medical culture. Descriptive statistics from questionnaires and exemplars from accompanying narratives showed that the 39 internists and family physicians in this study chose to control their own boundaries by revealing errors most often to other physicians to facilitate learning. Although risk management and the medical culture do not appear to deter physicians from disclosing errors at a superficial level, physicians maintain tight personal boundaries at the emotional level. Perhaps if physicians could disclose errors at the emotional level, their mental energies could be more positively channeled to patients' needs, resulting in improved patient care.
Axonal swellings in human intramuscular nerves.

The presence, morphology, distribution, and abundance of axonal swellings in intramuscular nerves were evaluated. Axonal swellings were present in intramuscular nerves in 42% of 127 muscle biopsies from patients with a variety of conditions. The incidence was highest in muscle from patients with peripheral neuropathy, but swellings were present in muscle from patients with motor neuron disease, primary muscle diseases, and some individuals without clinical or histological evidence of neuromuscular disease. The greatest number of swellings in intramuscular nerves was in muscle from patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. Swellings were spherical or elliptical, 4–20 μm in diameter, 5–30 μm in length, and composed of neurofilaments. Swellings were present only in myelinated axons of intramuscular nerves, proximal to nodes of Ranvier or in internodal regions. Swellings were not associated with axonal degeneration. They were probably not transported. The formation or accumulation of swellings may reflect altered axonal dynamics common to a number of disease processes. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Range of Variation in the Somatic Infraciliature and Contractile Vacuole Pores of Tetrahymena pyriformis

SYNOPSIS. Meridian ranges and contractile vacuole pore patterns were determined for 36 strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis, including most of the “classic” amicronucleate and micronucleate strains used by many investigators, plus a dozen other strains not previously characterized with respect to these two morphological features. Uniform axenic culturing and staining techniques were employed. Meridian ranges and modes are analyzed with strain-by-strain comparisons to the reports of previous investigators. The overall inclusive range of the 36 strains was 15–25 meridians. Modes for individual strains varied from 16 to 23. Broader ranges and, especially, higher modes and higher limits are recorded than those reported by Corliss (1953) for strains grown in bacterized hay cultures. Two postoral meridians are characteristic, although a single individual having only one and a few having three postorals were observed. Three postorals were found only in those strains having the higher number of total meridians. A few individuals, showing an anterior half or a posterior half of a bipolar meridian missing, indicate a possible explanation of how a single dividing individual could produce a proter and an opisthe differing in the total number of meridians. Meridian ranges of individual strains do not overlap each other in all cases, but they do constitute a progressively overlapping series which does not warrant taxonomic separation of strains at either extreme from each other. Contractile vacuole pores varied from 1 to 3, with 2 pores (1 each in meridians 5 and 6) being characteristic of 22 of the strains. The 2-pore 6-7 pattern was modal for 8 of the strains. Presence of 3 pores (in 5, 6 and 7) was typical of only 2 strains, but 3 pores were found occasionally. Another pattern of 3 pores (in 6, 7 and 8) was observed occasionally in 10 strains. Double pores (in 6 and 7 or 7 and 8) and the triple pore patterns were observed only in the strains having the highest total number of meridians. These variations are not considered adequate justification for taxonomic separation. Strains Ki and Aq are affirmed to be T. pyriformis. Strains V1 PP and V, formerly regarded as strains of T. vorax, are considered to be T. pyriformis, supporting the view of Shaw and Williams (1963).
Interleukin-1 beta stimulates interleukin-6 production in placental villous core mesenchymal cells.

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic mediator of immune function and a growth factor for a variety of hematopoietic cell types. Because IL-1 beta is known to induce IL-6 production in nonplacental mesenchymal cells and is locally produced by maternal decidua, this study was designed to determine whether IL-1 beta could regulate IL-6 production by second trimester placental villous core mesenchymal cells (VCMC) in vitro. VCMC were prepared for culture by enzymatic digestion of placentas (14-20 weeks gestation; n = 7). Immunohistochemistry performed on the confluent cells demonstrated that more than 95% of the cells had a fibroblast-like morphology and were vimentin positive, less than 5% were leukocyte common antigen (CA-45) positive, and no trophoblast contamination was demonstrated by the lack of cytokeratin staining. In dose-response experiments, a specific dose-response induction of IL-6 mRNA expression and IL-6-immunoreactive protein production by IL-1 beta was demonstrated; this was first seen at 10...
Tumor of the follicular infundibulum with sebaceous differentiation.

Background: Tumor of the follicular infundibulum (TFI) is a relatively rare tumor which clinically presents as a solitary keratotic papule usually on the head and neck which on microscopic examination typically reveals a plate-like fenestrated epithelial tumor composed of pale staining cells. Methods: We describe a new variant of TFI. An 80-year-old male with a history of multiple basal cell carcinomas and a squamous cell carcinoma presented with a 2-year history of a red, scaly, slightly elevated plaque on the lateral aspect of his right buttock. Results: Histopathological examination revealed plate-like reticulate epithelial outgrowths of large and pale cells with foci of sebaceous differentiation and numerous colloid bodies. Differential diagnosis included superficial basal cell carcinoma with sebaceous and ductal differentiation, tumor of the follicular infundibulum, an unusual fibroepithelioma of Pinkus or an eccrine fibroadenoma with sebaceous differentiation. Conclusion: This case illustrates a hybrid adnexal tumor with histologic features common to both tumor of the follicular infundibulum and superficial epithelioma with sebaceous differentiation.
Fixed point properties of semigroups of nonexpansive mappings

Abstract We prove that if H is a Hilbert space then the Schatten (trace) class operators on H has the weak ∗ fixed point property for left reversible semigroups. This answered positively a problem raised by A.T.-M. Lau. We also prove that if M is a finite von Neumann algebra then any nonempty bounded convex subset of the non-commutative L 1 -space associated to M that is compact for the measure topology has the fixed point property for left reversible semigroups.
Quarkonium spectra with the linear plus Coulombic potential in the Bethe-Salpeter equation

The Bethe-Salpeter equation obtained within the framework of ladder and instantaneous approximations is solved to obtain mass spectra of various\(q\bar q\) systems with the potential\(V\left( r \right) = - \tfrac{4}{3}\left( {x_3 /r - \lambda r - c/m_q m_{\mathop q\limits^\_ } } \right)\).
Whitney numbers of projective space over R,C,H and the P -adics

We define Whitney numbers for real projective space, complex projective space, quaternionic projective space, and projective space over the p-adics.
A dual-mode fluorescence strategy for screening HAT modulators.

Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are an important class of epigenetic enzymes involved in chromatin restructuring and transcriptional regulation. We describe in this paper a novel approach for the identification and characterization of HAT inhibitors using both fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence polarization. Expressed protein ligation (EPL) was used to label HATs PCAF and p300 with Dabcyl (Dab) as FRET acceptors. Methoxycoumarin (Mca) is conjugated to HAT substrate analogues to function as fluorescent donors, namely, H3CoA20Mca for interacting with PCAF and LysCoAMca for p300. When a ligand−protein interaction occurs, the fluorescent intensity of the donor fluorophore decreases due to FRET quenching by the Dab acceptor. Meanwhile, the formation of ligand−protein complexes causes reduction of the molecular mobility of the donor fluorophore, resulting in increased fluorescence anisotropy. Thus, dual modes of fluorescence measurement, FRET and anisotropy, are integrated in the s...
What Is the Optimal Interval Between Chemoradiation and Esophagectomy

Locally advanced esophageal cancer requires multimodality therapy—most commonly induction chemoradiation followed by esophagectomy. There is a paucity of literature on the optimal time interval between induction treatment and resection. Patient readiness and healthy tissue, as well as tumor responses to radiation, are factors to consider. Two recent retrospective large-center studies on this topic are reviewed.
Effect of Temperature on the Structure and Phase Behavior of Water Confined by Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, and Heterogeneous Surfaces†

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of water confined between atomically detailed hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and heterogeneous (patchy) nanoscale plates. We study the effects of temperature 220 <or= T <or= 300 K on confined water's behavior at various pressures -0.2 <or= P <or= 0.2 GPa and plate separations 0.5 <or= d <or= 1.6 nm. Combining this with our earlier results on the same system [Giovambattista, N.; Rossky, P. J.; Debenedetti, P. G. Phys. Rev. E: Stat., Nonlinear, Soft Matter Phys. 2006, 73, 041604; Giovambattista, N.; Rossky, P. J.; Debenedetti, P. G. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 11, 1323], where pressure was varied at constant temperature, allows us to compare water's behavior in nanoscale confinement, upon isobaric cooling and isothermal compression, corresponding to paths of interest in protein denaturation. At a fixed temperature, water confined between hydrophobic plates can form vapor, liquid, or crystal (bilayer ice) phases, depending on the values of P and d. The P-d phase diagrams at T = 300 K and T = 220 K show that cooling suppresses the vapor phase and stabilizes the liquid and crystal phases. The critical separation d(c)(P), below which vapor forms, shifts to lower values of d and P upon cooling. The density profiles show that, upon cooling, water approaches the hydrophobic plates. Hence, the effective hydrophobicity of the plate decreases as T decreases, consistent with the suppression of the vapor phase upon cooling. However, both the orientation of water's molecules at the interface and the water contact angle on the hydrophobic surface show practically no temperature dependence. Simulations of water confined by heterogeneous plates decorated with hydrophobic and hydrophilic patches reveal that cooling leads to appreciable blurring of the differences between water densities at hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. This observation, together with remarkable similarities in confined water's response to isobaric cooling and to isothermal compression, suggests that the invasion of hydrophobic cavities by water is an important mechanism underlying both pressure and cold denaturation of proteins.
Reversible addition of thiols to steroid α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups: Possible role in steroid-protein interactions

Abstract The equilibrium constant ( M −1 ) for addition of 2-mercaptoethanol at 25°C was found to be 7 × 10 3 with 2-cyclohexenone, to be near 2 with 3-methyl-2-cyclohexenone, 19-norprogesterone, and 19-nortestosterone, and to be in the range of 0.01–0.03 with progesterone and testosterone. The results demonstrate that thiol addition to steroid α,β-unsaturated carbonyl groups is sufficiently favorable to be of potential importance in steroid-protein interactions.
Quantitative immunologic studies with allergens II. Deterioration of Ragweed pollen extracts as measured by precipitation, neutralization, and protein nitrogen analysis the prevention of deterioration by glycerin

Abstract 1.1. Plain unglycerinated low ragweed extracts, upon heating to 56° C. for thirty minutes and upon storage at room temperature, 6° C., −25° C., and −70° C. for periods up to one year, showed loss of activity as measured by their ability to precipitate antiragweed rabbit serum and to neutralize skin sensitizing antibodies of human ragweed sensitive serum. 2.2. Low ragweed extracts containing 50 per cent glycerin showed no loss or less loss of activity than their corresponding plain extracts after heating or storage at the four different temperatures.
Credit Policy Risk and Interest Rate Risk in Agricultural Finance: Discussion

The two papers on interest rate risks provide useful discussions on the effects of interest rate fluctuations in agriculture and strategies to mitigate those effects. Both discussions emphasize that several factors have contributed to interest rate variability and increased sensitivity of the farm sector to rate changes. Agricultural borrowers and lenders must incorporate interest rate variability into their operating and strategic financing decisions. The issue of interest rate risk management is sufficiently new that several of the cited effects form hypotheses for applied research. Missing from both papers was a clear definition of interest rate risk. Interest rate risk derives from interest rate fluctuations but not in the same way that price risk derives from commodity price fluctuations. The fundamental difference lies in how inflation is transmitted. For example, if the annual inflation rate increases by 6% (and inflation is correctly anticipated) a 6% inflation premium is added to an existing market interest rate of 10% resulting in a 60% increase in the cost of borrowing. Thus, fluctuations in inflation translate into proportionately larger changes in interest rates than in other prices. The other significant difference is that price increases reflect actual inflation while interest rate increases reflect anticipated inflation. Thus, interest rates may remain temporarily high while prices decline. Interest rate risks are basically different for farm borrowers than for lenders but can be measured in similar ways. Because variations in interest costs inversely affect farm earnings after interest payments, farm profit margins are altered. Analogously, interest rate movements create differential rate flows on lender assets and liabilities with varying degrees of rate sensitivity. Therefore, net interest margins are altered. In each case, interest rate risk is the variability of profit margins attributable to interest rate movements. The lender's interest rate risk is lost interest income due to