cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WANTED! THE PERFECT IN‐FLIGHT MEAL

Airline food has been the subject of jokes for decades. In a bid to find out what possible alternatives exist for domestic coach class airline passengers, the researchers proposed quick-service foods as a possible solution to this dilemma and analyzed textual data to provide potential answers. A group of frequent flyers was asked to express their views on (1) current airline food, (2) quick service foods, and (3) the addition of quick service food to airline meals. The emergent themes, comments and suggestions of the study participants are presented in this article. The results show that frequent flyers are concerned about the quality and quantity of current airline food. Quick service food, although viewed as unhealthy and limited in variety, was seen as a more desirable option over current airline meal offerings.
Separation of Volatile Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions by Pervaporation Using S−B−S Block Copolymer Membranes

Composite membranes of a block copolymer of styrene and butadiene (S-B-S) were cast on highly porous, hydrophobic thin films of PTFE and used for the separation and recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from aqueous solutions by pervaporation. Trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and toluene were the VOCs selected for testing the efficacy of these membranes. An analysis of the pervaporation data showed that the liquid film boundary layer offered the main mass transfer resistance to permeation. The separation factor for the VOCs was as high as 5000 at near-ambient temperatures but decreased substantially at higher temperatures. The water flux was practically independent of the solute concentration. But it increased more rapidly with an increase in temperature as compared to the organic flux, thereby reducing the separation factor. Also, the separation of a multicomponent mixture from the aqueous feed could be predicted well from single-component data.
C-reactive protein concentration and cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2000.

Background— C-reactive protein is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although the relations between C-reactive protein and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been extensively studied in adults, the relations in children are not well understood. Methods and Results— Data from 2846 boys and girls 3 to 17 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999 to 2000, a cross-sectional survey of the US population, were used. In univariate analyses, significant associations were observed between C-reactive protein concentration—measured with a high-sensitivity assay—and age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and triglyceride concentrations in both sexes. In multiple linear regression analyses, body mass index was the best predictor of C-reactive protein concentration. Age was positively associated with C-reactive protein concentration among boys 3 to 17 years of age. Some race or ethnic differences were present as well among boys 8 ...
Comparison of Forest Inventory and Analysis surveys, basal area models, and fitting methods for the aspen forest type in Minnesota

Abstract The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) unit of the U.S. Forest Service has collected, compiled, and made available plot data from three measurement periods (identified as 1977, 1990, and 2003, respectively) within Minnesota. Yet little if any research has compared the relative utility of these datasets for developing empirical yield models. This paper compares these and other subdatasets in the context of fitting a basal area (B) yield model to plot data from the aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.) forest type. In addition, several models and fitting methods are compared for their applicability and stability over time. Results suggest that the three parent datasets, along with their subdatasets, provide very similar three parameter B yield model prediction capability, but as model complexity increases, variability in coefficient estimates increases between datasets. The absence of data for older aspen stands and the inherent noise within B data prevented the exact determination of an overall best model. However, the model B = b 1 S b 2 (1 − exp( − b 3 A )) with site index (S) and stand age (A) as predictors was found consistently among the highest in precision and stability. Additionally, nonlinear least squares and nonlinear mixed-effects fitting procedures produced similar model fits, but the latter is preferred for its potential to improve model projections. The results indicate little practical difference between datasets from different time periods and different sizes when used for fitting the models. Additionally, these results will likely extend to other states or regions with similar remeasurement data on aspen and other forest types, thus facilitating the development of other ecological models focused on forest management.
Unions, incentive systems, and job design

I model the relationship between incentive systems and job design and how unions influence both. The basic idea is that it is easier to monitor worker effort for jobs designed to be routine and inflexible. Pay based on monitoring is used in this scenario rather than incentive pay based on production. Jobs with worker flexibility and autonomy call for incentives based more on output. Unions typically oppose output-based pay, thus inducing job design change. The empirical work supports this view and shows that incentive pay is much less likely for union workers and unions have a clear negative effect on job characteristics that lead to use of incentive pay. In particular, union jobs are more repetitive, have more measurable criteria, and involve less judgmental criteria and less data analysis.
Specification-based Testing Method Using Testing Flow Graphs

As the most formalizable UML diagram, statecharts make a natural basis for specification based test generation. In this paper we discuss a specification-based testing method that extends specification-based testing method known as Testing Flow Graphs (TFG). Our extended TFG method allows test sequences to be generated that also meet full predicate coverage. To show the effectiveness and efficiency of our approach relative to the original work, we carried out an empirical evaluation using mutation analysis.
Determination of proximity effect correction parameters for 0.1 mm electron-beam lithography

Abstract Proximity correction parameters for electron-beam lithography are generally determined by curve fitting an analytical multiple gaussian expression to Monte Carlo or experimental radial absorbed energy distributions. However, the curve fitting is not a well posed procedure with the result that different methods of curve fitting can result in significantly different proximity correction parameters. We will investigate the critical issues in implementing a multiple gaussian model for accurate proximity correction for 0.1 μm electron-beam lithography. In particular, we will discuss several methods of fitting multiple gaussian expressions to the absorbed energy distribution and examine the technique used in a previous paper 1 to fit a three gaussian expression for 0.1 μm lithography on Si and GaAs substrates. It will be shown that it is often necessary to compensate for various process conditions by adjusting the proximity correction parameters. Curve fitting to experimental absorbed energy distributions will be considered and a normalized gaussian expression will be found to give the most consistent fits to the data. The wide variation in reported proximity correction parameters in the literature will be explained. The use of more than three gaussians to exactly model the absorbed energy distribution will also be discussed.
Mode Switching Anomalies: A Patient Who Remained Symptomatic During Paroxysmal Atrial Tachyarrhythmias Despite A Mode Switching Pacemaker

A patient with an automatic mode switching pacemaker continued to experience discomfort during the onset of paroxysmal supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Investigation revealed that the patient was sensing abrupt rate changes as the ventricular paced rate tracked the tachycardia during onset and detection phases. Her pacemaker was replaced with a new device with both mode switching and rate smoothing capabilities with resultant elimination of symptoms.
Reaction time and index of difficulty in target-striking tasks with changes in direction.

Reaction time (RT) for two three-segment target-striking responses involving changes in direction of movement was studied as a function of differences in their additive index … index of difficulty (A-ID). In one condition the A-ID was 9.96 and in the other, 6.76. For 16 right-handed university students, mean RT was significantly faster for the condition in which the index was 6.76. Movement times were consistent with Fitts' Law. The data support Sidaway, Christina, and Shea's 1988 prediction that for target-striking movements with changes of direction, RT is a function of the cumulative series of movement constraints.
Fruits of Mastixioideae (Cornaceae) from the Paleogene of western North America

Abstract Endocarps representing the subfamily Mastixioideae of the Cornaceae commonly occur in the European Tertiary, but have only been reported in North America from the Middle Eocene Nut Beds Flora of the Clarno Formation of Oregon. We report the occurrence of a new species of Mastixia endocarp from the Late Eocene of California, and transfer Mastixioidiocarpum oregonense (Scott) Manchester of the Clarno flora to Mastixia oregonense. We also describe two incompletely preserved endocarps of Mastixia species from Paleocene and Eocene localities in Wyoming. Finally, we describe Langtonia bisulcata Reid and Chandler from the Late Paleocene of Wyoming and provide an emended description of Mastixicarpum occidentale Manchester from the Clarno flora. In sum, these occurrences indicate that the Mastixioideae were widespread in the early Tertiary of western North America.
The impact of self and others' argumentativeness on talk about controversial issues

This experiment investigated the impact of both social actors' and others' argumentativeness on the number of arguments and the type of resolution generated in conversations about controversial issues. This experiment differed from most previous research on personality and communication in that it was based on a transactional approach to personality and involved observing actual communication rather than self‐report responses to hypothetical situations. Subjects (N = 60) participated in two conversations on controversial topics, one with a dispositionally matched partner and one with a dispositionally mismatched partner. The results indicated that actors' and others' argumentativeness interacted to affect the number of arguments generated and the type of resolution reached. Specifically, high argumentatives with low argumentative partners generated a significantly greater number of arguments, and were significantly more successful in gaining concessions than other dispositional combinations.
Rates of convergence for the empirical distribution funciton and the empirical characteristic function of a broad class of linear processes

This paper deals with uniform rates of convergence for the empirical distribution function and the empirical characteristic function for a broad class of stationary linear processes. In particular, the class X(n) = Σi=0∞ δ(i) z(n−1) is considered under the conditions that (a) the disturbances z(n) are independent and identically distributed with a finite first absolute moment, (b) the distribution function F of X(n) has bounded density, and (c) the parameters δ(i) are bounded in absolute value by some function g which satisfies Σi=1∞ ig(i) < ∞. It is proved that the empirical distribution function F(x) based on X(n), n = 1, …, N, converges to the theoretical distribution, uniformly in x, at a rate O(N−12logN) a.s. For the empirical characteristic function a uniform (over a certain range of the argument) rate of convergence result is proved. A pointwise central limit theorem is also obtained. The above theorems constitute versions (weaker in part) of theorems that already exist in the i.i.d. case and for certain sequences of dependent random variables.
Facteurs de risque et considérations techniques basés sur l'angiographie pour guider le traitement endovasculaire des sténoses carotidiennes

L'angioplastie carotidienne avec stenting (ACS) avec protection cerebrale est actuellement acceptee comme le traitement des malades consideres a haut risque pour une endarteriectomie carotidienne (EC). Le but de cette etude etait (1) de determiner quelle proportion de malades traites par EC serait classee a “haut risque” par les criteres actuels, (2) de caracteriser les constatations angiographiques pre-operatoires chez les malades ayant une stenose carotidienne et (3) de determiner les difficultes techniques potentielles de l'ACS chez ces malades. Les malades consecutifs ayant eu une EC de Janvier 1999 a Aout 2004, avant l'introduction de l'ACS dans notre institution, ont ete identifies. Les donnees demographiques, les indications, les complications post-operatoires et les deces ont ete etudies. Les criteres publies definissant le haut risque pour une EC ont ete appliques et les arteriographies pre-operatoires ont ete examinees a la recherche de limitations techniques de l'ACS. Deux centre soixante dix neuf EC ont ete realisees chez 259 malades pour lesions carotidiennes. Parmi celles-ci, 35,5 % (n = 99) auraient rempli un ou plus des criteres de haut risque. Les risques globaux d'accident vasculaire cerebral, d'infarctus du myocarde et de deces post-operatoire ont ete de 1,1 %, 2, 2 % et 0,4 % (n = 279) respectivement, avec un taux combine de complications majeures de 3,3 %. Aucune difference des taux de complications majeures n'a ete observee entre les malades a risque standard et a haut risque. Les arteriographies pre-operatoires etaient disponibles pour l'etude dans 83,5 % des EC (n = 233). Les distributions des configurations de crosse aortique comportaient des type I (3,5 %), IIa (39,5 %), IIb (54,5 %) et III (1,3 %). Des anomalies de la crosse aortique ont ete observees dans 15,5 % (n = 35) des arteriographies. Dans 77,7 % des cas (n = 181), une ou plusieurs constatations angiographiques auraient augmente le risque de difficulte de l'ACS mais seulement 17,6 % avaient des contre-indications arteriographiques relatives a l'ACS. Une proportion significative de malades ayant une stenose carotidienne deja traitee par EC seraient classes a haut risque et consideres comme des candidats potentiels a l'ACS par les criteres actuellement acceptes. D'apres les arteriographies pre-operatoires, des facteurs de difficulte technique, dont certains limitent la possibilite de realiser une ACS, sont frequents et doivent etre prevus lorsqu'on envisage une ACS.
Endogenous corticotropin releasing factor regulates adrenergic and opioid receptors.

Abstract Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of IgG antibodies directed against selected neuropeptides changed the density of opioid receptors, suggesting that neuropeptides in the CNS can perform a regulatory role. To further test this hypothesis, we administered anticorticotropin (CRF) IgG to rats via the i.c.v. route and measured the density of opioid mu and delta receptors and also beta- and alpha 2 -adrenergic receptors. The results demonstrated that anti-CRF IgG upregulates mu and beta-adrenergic receptors. We conclude that CRF in the cerebrospinal fluid may exert regulatory effects throughout the brain.
LINEAR AND ALGEBRAIC DEPENDENCE OF FUNCTIONS ON COMPACT COMPLEX SPACES WITH SINGULARITIES.

We will axiomatize the following situation. Take a (non-compact) complex Lce Wm, entirely regular, and form the quotient space V = Wm/R relative to ae equivalence relation R, say relative to the action of a group of homeomorisms. It is the space V we are interested in. We assume that it is compact, ; about its "regularity" (or what may be left of it) we only assume as follows. some complex dimension n, n < m, there is in Wm a finite number of separate aplex n-cells, each holomorphically immersed, such that the union of their pro-
Statistical Features of Brain Responses under Conditions of Attention and Habituation

This research is concerned with the variance of average evoked responses (AER) under conditions of habituation and that of attentive viewing. The major findings suggest that habituation is the result of increased activity in central sensory systems but an activity that is less organized than that resulting from attentive-state stimulation. Data are also presented which assess certain broad assumptions common to AER research.
Emotions in Economic Theory and Economic Behavior

Economists have not explicitly denied the existence and significance of visceral factors but have traditionally left them out of their analyses, whether because their influence is perceived as transient and hence unimportant, or because they are seen as too unpredictable and complex to be amenable to formal modeling. An attempt is made to show that both of these assumptions are false. Visceral factors have important, but often underappreciated, consequences for behavior. Moreover, both the determinants of visceral factors and their impact on behavior are not only systematic, but amenable to formal modeling.
Selective and enhanced mass separation in hollow fiber membranes with facilitated ion-pair transport

Abstract The introduction of carrier species into liquid membranes in a mass separation device can give enhanced mass transfer rates and high selectivity. For fully developed, one-dimensional, laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid in a hollow-fiber mass separator with equilibrium facilitated ion-pair transport inside the membrane, the mass transfer rate and selectivity in the mass separator is analyzed numerically. The effects of diffusion and reaction parameters on the performance of mass separators are discussed as a function of the wall Sherwood number, the maximum facilitation factor for ion-pair transport, and the dimensionless equilibrium constant. The facilitated ion-pair reactive membrane system gives more efficient mass transfer and higher selectivity for small wall Sherwood numbers than for large wall Sherwood numbers.
A steady-state approach to evaluation of proposed excitation mechanisms in the analytical ICP

Abstract A method is described for the evaluation of proposed analyte ionization and excitation mechanisms in the analytical ICP. In the method, a steady-state kinetic expression is derived for each proposed mechanism; the resulting expression predicts a linear relationship between analyte emission and the concentrations or concentration products of species important in the excitation and deactivation processes. The application of this approach to Ca ionization and excitation is described for the region 15 mm above the load coil and 0–5 mm from the center of the plasma. Importantly, the concentration of ground-state Ca seems not to be important in the production of either excited Ca atoms or ions. Rather, Ca atom excitation appears to occur by means of three-body or radiative Ca + -electron recombination. In contrast, Ca + seems to be excited directly by electron impact. Among the mechanisms evaluated here, depopulation of excited-state calcium species by collisional deactivation appears to be less significant than radiative decay to the ground state.
Steps on the Critical Path: Arresting HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries

The director of the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention gives a personal view of how the world should tackle the HIV pandemic.
Elevated serum P1NP predicts development of bone metastasis and survival in early-stage breast cancer

Bone is the most common site of metastasis of breast cancer, affecting most women with advanced disease. Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), osteocalcin, CTX, and IL-6 are markers of bone turnover. Our objective was to determine whether serum levels of these proteins have clinical utility as predictors of breast cancer metastasis to bone. Blood was collected before treatment from 164 patients with stage I–III breast cancer from September 2001 to December 2008. Serum levels of P1NP, CTX, IL-6, and OC were measured using an automated immunoassay system. Correlations of the levels of these markers with time to bone metastasis development and with overall survival (OS) rate were assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and the Kaplan–Meier method. Fifty-five patients with stage I–III disease at the time of blood sample collection subsequently experienced metastasis to bone. A baseline P1NP level of at least 75 ng/mL predicted increased risk of bone metastasis (hazard ratio, 2.7 [95 % confidence interval, 1.2–6.0]; P = 0.031) and a poor OS rate (P = 0.031). Serum P1NP levels at or above 75 ng/mL correlate with a short time to development of bone metastasis and low overall survival in patients with stage I–III breast cancer.
Error-Constrained Frequency Selection for Wireless Sensor Network Beamforming

This work considers beamforming by a distributed wireless sensor network working in collaboration as a phased-array. Using the worst-case error of the constituent parts of the phase-estimation system, that is, location estimation error, synchronization error, and delay quantization error, a useful operational frequency for beamforming is determined. This analysis approach yields a way to directly consider the impacts of each error source using commonly reported performance metrics. The results are demonstrated analytically and through simulation.
Streptococcus pneumoniae anchor to activated human cells by the receptor for platelet-activating factor

THE Gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis1. Although the invasive disease is severe, some 40% of individuals harbour the pneumococcus in the nasopharynx asymptomatically2. Here we investigate the molecular elements of the encounter between host and pathogen that distinguish these different outcomes. We show that inflammatory activation of human cells shifts the targeting of the pneumococcus to a new receptor, that for the G-protein-coupled platelet-activating factor (PAF). Only virulent pneumococci engage the PAF receptor. Attachment of the bacterial phosphoryl-choline to the PAF receptor enhanced adherence, which was coupled to invasion of endothelial, epithelial and PAF-receptor-transfected cells. This progression could be arrested in vitro and in vivo by PAF-receptor-specific antagonists, suggesting a possible approach to therapy.
Volumetric fMRI data analysis using an iterative classification method

We have previously developed a novel framework for the analysis of single-slice functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data that identifies multi-pixel regions of activation through iterative segmentation-based optimization over hemodynamic response (HDR) estimates, generated at the level of both individual pixels and regional groupings. Through the addition of a correction for the disparate sampling times associated with multi-slice acquisitions in fMRI, the algorithm has been extended to permit analysis of full volumetric data. Additional improvement in performance is achieved through inclusion of an estimate of the covariance matrix of the fMRI data, previously assumed to be proportional to the identity matrix across all regions. Simulations using synthetic activation embedded in autoregressive noise reveal the proposed procedure to be more sensitive and selective than conventional fMRI analysis methods (reference set: general linear model test, GLM; independent component analysis, ICA; principal component analysis, PCA) in identification of active regions over the range of average contrast-to-noise ratios of 0.7 to 2.
Age and addiction to smoking.

Abstract The authors investigated the hypothesis that smokers gravitate with age toward higher levels of psychological and pharmacological addiction to cigarettes. Psychological addiction was measured by the Horn-Waingrow Smoker Survey in 1973 and 1976, pharmacological addiction by daily tar and nicotine consumption. Subjects in the study were 381 current and 564 former smokers, male volunteers in the Normative Aging Study, a longitudinal study of aging located at the VA Outpatient Clinic, Boston. Psychological and pharmacological addiction were only moderately correlated and had different relationships with age. This suggested the existence of two distinct kinds of addiction and tended to support theories recognizing both the psychological and pharmacological nature of addiction. Older cohorts had higher scores on psychological addiction but did not consume more tar or nicotine than younger adults. Older cohorts were also higher on five of six factors measuring the strength of reasons or motives for smoking and had significant longitudinal increases on three factors, suggesting that older smokers are more psychologically “involved” with, or “get more out of” smoking than younger adult smokers.
Enzymatic replication of the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome.

An enzyme system that replicates plasmids bearing the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosomes (oriC) has the following physiologically relevant features. The system (i) depends completely on low levels of exogenously furnished supercoiled oriC plasmids, (ii) uses only those plasmids that contain the intact oriC region of about 245 base pairs, (iii) initiates replication within or near the oriC sequence and proceeds bidirectionally, (iv) proceeds linearly, after a 5-min lag, for 30-40 min to produce as much as a 40% increase over the input DNA, (v) depends on RNA polymerase and gyrase as indicated by total inhibition by rifampicin and nalidixate, (vi) depends on replication proteins (e.g., dnaB protein and single-stranded DNA binding protein) as judged by specific antibody inhibitions, (vii) operates independently from protein synthesis, and (viii) depends on dnaA activity, as suggested by the inactivity of enzyme fraction from each of two dnaA temperature-sensitive mutant strains, and complementation (with a 15-fold overproduction of complementing activity) by a fraction from a strain containing the dnaA gene cloned in a multicopy plasmid. Resolution and analysis of factors that control the initiation of a chromosome cycle should become accessible through its enzyme system.
The role of energy transfer on electron beam exposure of mixtures

Industrial processes utilizing electron beams for curing of coatings, sterilization, etc., almost always involve exposure of a mixture of substances. A pertinent example is the curing of coatings by an electron beam induced free radical polymerization. Here, the rate of the polymerization depends on the efficient use of the absorbed dose to form free radicals for the initiation of the polymerization. The initiator, usually a multifunctional acrylate, is only one component of a mixture of chemicals which ultimately change in some form, chemical or physical, to produce the final desired coating. In the experiments described in this report it is shown that the electron beam sensitivity of a component in a mixture may be dramtically altered by changing its concentration. These results indicate energy may be transferred between the components of a mixture and in order for one component, say a free radical initiator, to obtain most of the dose care must be taken in the formulation of the product.
Cytogenetics--in color and digitized.

Cytogenetics is the genetic analysis of cells, a discipline that has flourished since the chromosome-banding techniques introduced in 1969 by Torbjorn Caspersson and Lore Zech first provided a simp...
Recent advances in whole-body counting: A review

An outline review is presented of significant developments in whole-body counting techniques that have occurred since the IAEA Symposium in June 1965. (Clinical Uses of Whole-Body Counting. Proc. Panel meeting, IAEA, Vienna 1966). The subject is dealt with under the following headings: (1) instrument design, single versus multiple detector systems; (2) calibration; (3) new types, including large area plastic scintillator counters, rotational counters, liquid scintillation counters, Compton scattering counting, and the Brookhaven low-level counting facility; (4) automatic data handling; and (5) future developments. (UK)
Genes related to apoptosis predict necrosis of the liver as a phenotype observed in rats exposed to a compendium of hepatotoxicants

Some of the biochemical events that lead to necrosis of the liver are well-known. However, the pathogenesis of necrosis of the liver from exposure to hepatotoxicants is a complex biological response to the injury. We hypothesize that gene expression profiles can serve as a signature to predict the level of necrosis elicited by acute exposure of rats to a variety of hepatotoxicants and postulate that the expression profiles of the predictor genes in the signature can provide insight to some of the biological processes and molecular pathways that may be involved in the manifestation of necrosis of the rat liver. Rats were treated individually with one of seven known hepatotoxicants and were analyzed for gene expression by microarray. Liver samples were grouped by the level of necrosis exhibited in the tissue. Analysis of significantly differentially expressed genes between adjacent necrosis levels revealed that inflammation follows programmed cell death in response to the agents. Using a Random Forest classifier with feature selection, 21 informative genes were identified which achieved 90%, 80% and 60% prediction accuracies of necrosis against independent test data derived from the livers of rats exposed to acetaminophen, carbon tetrachloride, and allyl alcohol, respectively. Pathway and gene network analyses of the genes in the signature revealed several gene interactions suggestive of apoptosis as a process possibly involved in the manifestation of necrosis of the liver from exposure to the hepatotoxicants. Cytotoxic effects of TNF-α, as well as transcriptional regulation by JUN and TP53, and apoptosis-related genes possibly lead to necrosis. The data analysis, gene selection and prediction approaches permitted grouping of the classes of rat liver samples exhibiting necrosis to improve the accuracy of predicting the level of necrosis as a phenotypic end-point observed from the exposure. The strategy, along with pathway analysis and gene network reconstruction, led to the identification of 1) expression profiles of genes as a signature of necrosis and 2) perturbed regulatory processes that exhibited biological relevance to the manifestation of necrosis from exposure of rat livers to the compendium of hepatotoxicants.
Tradition and Change in the Urban Chinese Family: The Case of Living Arrangements*

Levels of coresidence ofparents with adult children, particularly with married children, remain high and surprisingly stable over time in urban China. Analysis of new survey data reveals that in some ways coresidence is consistent with traditional patterns: it is patrilocal, and it responds more clearly to parents' needs than to children's needs. Nevertheless, researchers have shown that most parents and children do not prefer coresidence. State policies that reinforce gender bias, limit state supportfor social services, and reduce housing opportunities may be as important as traditional values in preserving olderfamilypatterns. Comparison of recent trends in Tianjin and Shanghai suggests that coresidence may decline sharply if external constraints on people's choices are relaxed. The impact of the one-child family policy will be felt at the turn of the century, greatly reducing the proportion ofparents who may live with their adult child, but the way thatfamilies deal with this change cannot beforeseen. The East Asian family is the cornerstone of social support for most Asians, more so than in the West, due to both cultural values and economic practicality. Yet the very fast pace of economic and social change in the region casts doubt on the
The genetic significance of Parícutin

When Parfcutin, born February 20, 1943, shall have completed its destined activity, the chances seem to be that it will not deserve listing among the great or otherwise outstanding volcanoes of the world. As one among the many that have been observed in eruption, it reveals little that is unique or extreme. On the contrary, it is displaying a range of behaviors that are moderate and conventional. It might therefore be inferred that Parfcutin can have only a restricted and casual scientific appeal. Just the opposite is true. If Parfcutin were a freak volcano, what could be learned from Its study would have narrower application and hence lesser value. Its chief claim on the attention of scientists arises from its normal and typical character and behavior—about which our knowledge is still all too scanty.
Vertical aggregations of Polytomella agilis

Abstract The commonly occurring phenomenon of vertical aggregation is described and analyzed using Stokes' law for the flagellate protozoan Polytomella agilis. Vertical aggregations are generated by the following cycle of events: (1) The cells, more dense (1.018 g/cc) than the medium (0.998 g/cc), swim as individuals and collect near the upper surface of the medium. (2) The crowding of organisms interferes with normal motility. (3) The number of P. agilis per unit volume of medium increases until a critical point is reached where the effective density of the fluid plus its contained organisms becomes greater than that of the medium alone. According to Stokes' law the increased downward force produced by the increased density of the massing cells plus medium compared to an equal volume of water alone overcomes the opposing frictional forces and the aggregates fall. (4) Although the aggregates become smaller in diameter they fall at a relatively constant rate of 860 μ/sec which is about 780 times that which is attained by an individual cell falling under the influence of gravity. (5) Aggregates break up when they reach the bottom and the cells again swim to the surface.
Chlorpyrifos toxicosis in two cats.

Organophosphate compounds are widely employed for control of external parasites in cats and for control of insects in homes and yards. Chlorpyrifos is a long-acting organophosphate (OP) available for use as a systemically and topically acting parasiticide and insecticide in cattle. Its use on cats is not recommended, and no previous clinical cases of toxicosis have been described. Two cases of chronic chlorpyrifos toxicosis in cats are presented and pathophysiology as well as treatment are discussed. The cats had been showing signs of chronic organophosphate toxicosis before diazepam administration. Signs of acute organophosphate toxicosis were precipitated after diazepam was given. Treatment with pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM) and atropine was attempted. Response to treatment was dramatic and complete recovery was achieved with six injections of pralidoxime and atropine administration. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:135–139)
An Augmented Lagrangian Approach with Enhanced Local Refinement to Simulating Yield Stress Fluid Flows Around a Spherical Gas Bubble

We simulate the flow of a yield stress fluid around a gas bubble using an augmented Lagrangian approach with piecewise linear equal-order finite elements for both the velocity and the pressure approximations. An enhanced mesh adaptive strategy based on this element-pair choice is also proposed to render the yield surfaces with desired resolution. The corresponding numerical scheme is formulated for general Herschel–Bulkley fluids. Numerical results on Bingham fluid flows around a slowly rising spherical gas bubble are provided to showcase the improvement on the previously proposed algorithm in (Zhang, Int J Numer Methods Fluids 69:731–746, 2012).
Substance P up-regulates macrophage inflammatory protein-1β expression in human T lymphocytes

Substance P (SP) is an important modulator of neuroimmunoregulation. We have demonstrated that human T lymphocytes express SP and neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), a primary SP receptor. In the present study, we investigated whether SP stimulates synthesis of macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta) in human T lymphocytes. SP significantly enhanced MIP-1beta expression at both the mRNA and protein level in a human T cell line (Jurkat) containing the SP receptor gene (J-SPR) as determined by real-time PCR and ELISA assays. SP-induced MIP-1beta expression is abrogated by the specific NK-1R antagonist (CP-96,345). The supernatants from SP-stimulated J-SPR T cell cultures enhanced T lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro, indicating functional activity of SP-induced MIP-1beta. In addition, SP augmented secretion of MIP-1beta from primary cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from some of the donors. This donor variability was due to differential expression of the primary SP receptor (NK-1R) on PBL from different donors. PBL from two of seven donors that did not respond to SP stimulation had undetectable NK-1R expression. Our mechanistic studies showed that SP activated NF-kappaB promoter-directed luciferase activity, which may be responsible for its effect on MIP-1beta expression in human T cells. Our data provide a potential mechanism by which SP selectively influences cellular immune responses such as beta-chemokine expression in human T lymphocytes through NK-1R, which may have an important in vivo implication in inflammatory diseases.
Direct observation of chemokine receptors 5 on T-lymphocyte cell surfaces using fluorescent metal nanoprobes 2: Approximation of CCR5 populations

Abstract Metal nanoparticle probes were used as molecular imaging agents to detect the expression levels and spatial distributions of the CCR5 receptors on the cell surfaces. Alexa Fluor 647-labeled anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were covalently bound to 20 nm silver nanoparticles to synthesize the mAb–metal complexes. We measured the single nanoparticle emission of the mAb–metal complexes, showing that the complexes displayed enhanced intensities and reduced lifetimes in comparison with the metal-free mAbs. Six HeLa cell lines with various CCR5 expressions were incubated with the mAb–metal complexes for the target-specific binding to the cell surfaces. Fluorescence cell images were recorded on a time-resolved confocal microscope. The collected images expressed clear CCR5 expression-dependent optical properties. Two regression curves were obtained on the basis of the emission intensity and lifetime over the entire cell images against the number of the CCR5 expression on the cells. The emission from the single mAb–metal complexes could be distinctly identified from the cellular autofluorescence on the cell images. The CCR5 spatial distributions on the cells were analyzed on the cell images and showed that the low-expression cells have the CCR5 receptors as individuals or small clusters but the high expression cells have them as the dense and discrete clusters on the cell surfaces.
Microstructural evolution in polymerizations of tetrafunctional monomers

To characterize the network structural evolution during polymerizations of multifunctional monomers and predict the relationship between reaction conditions and polymer structure, a balanced approach between experimental characterization and simulation is used. A novel method for characterizing the free volume distribution and network structure throughout the polymerization is presented. This technique involves the use of photochromic probes that require a certain local, critical volume to isomerize. By incorporating probes that require different isomerization volumes, a distribution of local volume in the network is determined. Since this technique allows in situ monitoring of the volume distribution, the effects of conversion, rates of polymerization, and monomer structure on the free volume distribution can be elucidated. Volume distributions are presented for diethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Information from the photochromic technique is further supported by kinetic gelation model predictions and transmission electron microscopy pictures of the evolving polymer structure.
Comprehensive Kinetics of Thyroxine Distribution and Metabolism in Blood and Tissue Pools of the Rat from only Six Blood Samples: Dominance of Large, Slowly Exchanging Tissue Pools

We have estimated 24 physiological parameters of production, interpool transport, distribution, and metabolism of T4 in the major T4 pools of the unanesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rat from six optimally timed blood samples (at 1, 5, 23, 115,465, and 1440 min) and a comprehensive model and analysis. Despite 10-fold lower concentrations of T4 reported in tissues that exchange T4 with plasma at a slow rate (e.g. skeletal muscle) compared with rapidly exchanging tissues like liver and kidney, the composite of slow tissue pools contains 57% of total body T4, with only 17% in fast pools and 26% in plasma. At least 14% of the 0.53 ng/min/100 g BW of T4 secreted is converted to T3 in slow tissue pools, and 24% is an upper bound on whole body T4 to T3 conversion. The T4 fractional turnover rates in fast and slow tissue pools (0.154 and 0.007 min-1), corresponding tissue to plasma T4 fractional transport rates (0.152 and 0.006 min-1), and relative fluxes of T4 from plasma to fast vs. slow tissues (88% vs. 12%) wer...
Blood groups and diseases associated with inherited abnormalities of the red blood cell membrane.

HE UNIQUE design of the red blood cell (RBC), and of the RBC membrane that encapsulates hemoglobin within it, ensures that the RBC is able to accomplish the major function of transporting respiratory gases throughout the body. The RBC membrane is thus a flexible, deformable, semifluid slructure that allows the cell passage through small capillaries. Because there are no internal Olganelles to repair damage in the mature RBC, the membrane must be resilient. These unique mechanical properties are attributable to a meshwork of membrane skeleton proteins that interacts with the lipid bilayer through the integral membrane proteins, some of which carry blood group antigens (Fig 1). The blood group antigens are inherited, polymorphlc, structural characteristics, defined by specific amino acid sequences on proteins or by carbohydrates attached to either proteins or lipids. More than 250 blood group antigens have been described and placed into 25 blood group systems. 1 The study of individuals who have a null phenotype for a certain blood group system and thus have RBCs that lack or have altered membrane protein(s) has provided a key to the function of that protein. For example, RBCs with the rare Rhnull phenotype were found to lack several proteins. That these proteins have a role in maintaining RBC morphology and integrity is indicated by the finding that Rhnull RBCs have stomatocytic morphology and reduced in vivo survival. In recent years, the characterization of the molecular genetics of most of the 25 blood group systems, combined with the study of null phenotypes, has expanded our understanding of the structure and function of the membrane components carrying blood group antigens. The functions attributed to, or proposed for, these membrane components are diverse and include
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL GAS-COOLED REACTOR FUEL ASSEMBLIES

The design of the Experimental Gas-Cooled Reactor fuel assembiies is described and a brief outline of the experimental heat transfer and fluid dynamic studies and mechanicai testing is presented. Correlations derived from the experimental data are given, and the results of their appiication to the fuel element analysis are shown. The hot channel factors are described, and the expected fission gas pressure buildup within the elements is discussed. (auth)
Trading Blocs or Trading Blows? The Macroeconomic Geography of US and Japanese Trade Policies

In this paper, US and Japanese trade policies are examined from an institutional perspective: an approach taken with renewed interest by researchers in political science and economics. An attempt is made, by taking this approach, to bridge international and domestic politics by positioning state institutions at the center of analysis. The institutional framework is situated within a cyclical context of Kondratieff cycles in the global economy. The findings demonstrate that the US and Japanese governments have altered their trade policies according to broader cyclical developments in the global economy. US and Japanese trade policies can be seen as the reverse of each other: the US pursued a policy of liberalization up to the 1970s, whereas Japan entertained protectionism, and recently the two have switched roles.
Septa design for a prostate specific PET camera

The recent development of new prostate tracers has motivated us to build a low cost PET camera optimized to image the prostate. Coincidence imaging of positron emitters is achieved using a pair of curved detector banks. The bottom bank is fixed below the patient bed, and the top bank (which is above the patient) moves upward for patient access and downward for maximum sensitivity. In this paper, we study the design of septa for the prostate camera using Monte Carlo simulations. The system performance is measured by the detectability of a prostate tumor and by the conventional noise equivalent count (NEC). We have studied 27 septa configurations. The results show that septa design has a large impact on the lesion detection at a given activity concentration. At the background activity level of 0.1 /spl mu/Ci/cc, sparse septa with 8-crystal spacing outperforms the traditional two-dimension (inter-plane septa) and three-dimension (septaless) designs in terms of both the lesion detection and NEC. Significant differences are observed between the lesion detectability and NEC performance, indicating that the NEC may not be suitable for this lesion detection task.
Solid state) cavity QED for quantum and classical information processing

The combination of a single quantum emitter (a quantum dot) and an optical nanocavity has been employed to demonstrate devices ranging from quantum sources and gates to optical switches and modulators controlled with sub-fJ energies.
Pancreatic transplant imaging.

Forty-four clinical episodes of suspected (pancreas) transplant rejection in 17 pancreatic transplantation patients were reviewed retrospectively. The clinical impression of acute graft rejection, chronic rejection, or nonrejection in each episode was correlated with the results of 19 nuclear medicine, 12 ultrasound (US), and 44 magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies. US was found to be a moderately sensitive (82%) method of detecting graft rejection. US also was effective in identifying intra- and peripancreatic fluid accumulations. Nuclear medicine imaging was also a sensitive technique (86%) and the only modality that provided physiologic information regarding graft perfusion. MR imaging allowed correct prediction of the presence or absence of graft rejection in 39 of 44 cases (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 76%) and was an effective means of detecting pathologic fluid collections. Nuclear medicine, US, and MR imaging are all believed to be sensitive methods of detecting graft rejection and are compl...