cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code and Its Implicit Assumptions Regarding the Foreign Exchange Market

The goal of Chapter 15 of the Bankruptcy Code is to require all the creditors from around the world to seek repayment in the court of the debtor's home country. In the typical case, they will be paid in the currency of the home country. But creditors are not indifferent to the currency of payment. Currencies fluctuate in value against each other. The fluctuations are potentially prejudicial because creditor claims are valued, and converted into the currency of the forum, at one point in time, but are paid out later in that same currency. Years may separate these two events. What happens if the currency of the forum falls in value against the currency of the creditor's home currency? The answer is simple: The foreign creditor receives less, when measured in its home currency. The reality of the foreign exchange market means that Chapter 15 imposes unavoidable and involuntary foreign exchange risk on creditors. Given the nature of the foreign exchange market, the viability of Chapter 15 is based on two implicit assumptions. The first assumption is that the currency of the foreign proceeding is convertible. After all, a distribution in a foreign currency that cannot be converted into a creditor's local currency is practically worthless. The second assumption is that foreign exchange rates are stable over time. Chapter 15 implicitly assumes that a distribution in the currency of the home country to a foreign creditor in Year 4 (to pick a random year) will constitute fair compensation for a claim valued and allowed in Year 1 of the bankruptcy proceeding. These assumptions are fragile. Currency instability (rather than stability) prevails in the foreign exchange market. Therefore, this article contends that the courts should resort to the public policy exception in Chapter 15 to protect creditors from the unavoidable risks and losses resulting from foreign exchange fluctuations. In sum, this article may be viewed as a challenge to Chapter 15's assumptions regarding the fixed nature and meaning of the value of currency. The foundation of bankruptcy law, which is the orderly resolution of debts, depends on the value of the thing (in this case, money) used as repayment. Chapter 15 assumes that the currency of one country has some fixed or stable meaning or value in relation to another currency, and that repayment in one currency has meaning or value in another currency. This article exposes the problems with these assumptions.
H∞ Control of Nonaffine Aerial Systems Using Off-policy Reinforcement Learning

This paper presents a completely model-free H∞ optimal tracking solution to the control of a general class of nonlinear nonaffine systems in the presence of the input constraints. The proposed method is motivated by nonaffine unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system as a real application. First, a general class of nonlinear nonaffine system dynamics is presented as an affine system in terms of a nonlinear function of the control input. It is shown that the optimal control of nonaffine systems may not have an admissible solution if the utility function is not defined properly. Moreover, the boundness of the optimal control input cannot be guaranteed for standard performance functions. A new performance function is defined and used in the L2-gain condition for this class of nonaffine system. This performance function guarantees the existence of an admissible solution (if any exists) and boundness of the control input solution. An off-policy reinforcement learning (RL) is employed to iteratively solve the H∞ optimal tracking control online using the measured data along the system trajectories. The proposed off-policy RL does not require any knowledge of the system dynamics. Moreover, the disturbance input does not need to be adjustable in a specific manner.
Method for Intrayolk Sac Delivery of Biologics

Abstract The yolk sac remains in the abdominal cavity after the chick hatches, and this structure contains a reservoir of lipoproteins that are excellent transporters of biologics. Because yolk is continuously absorbed during the first 7 d posthatching, the yolk sac may be an excellent long-term delivery vehicle for various biologics that could improve the health and well being of chicks. The question a priori is: Can biologics be injected into the yolk sac without harming chicks? Results herein indicate that intrayolk sac (IYS) administration of biologics does not affect livability and growth of broilers. Thus, it is concluded that IYS administration may be a new method of delivery of biologics to newly hatched chicks.
Abstract LB-431: Randomized trial of oral melatonin supplementation in breast cancer survivors

Background: Night shift work has been classified by the International Agency for Research and Cancer and the World Health Organization as a probable carcinogen, presumably due to its effect on the melatonin pathway. Extensive laboratory and some human data also support that melatonin may influence breast cancer risk, although the mechanism is not clear. Both pharmacologic and physiologic doses of melatonin inhibit the growth of malignant cells of the breast in vitro and in animal models. Study Design: 95 postmenopausal women with a prior history of Stage 0-III breast cancer who had completed active cancer treatment (including hormonal therapy) were recruited to a double-blind randomized trial of 4 months of 3 mg melatonin daily compared to placebo. Endpoints included changes in breast cancer biomarkers, sleep, hot flashes, and mood. Results: 5 subjects on melatonin and 4 on placebo withdrew from the study or did not complete the 4 month assessment leaving 86 women (43 on placebo and 43 on melatonin) with evaluable data. Melatonin was well-tolerated without any grade 3/4 toxicity. At baseline, there was no statistical difference between the two arms for any of the endpoints or standard demographic characteristics. Mean age was 59 years (range 38-71) with mean 8 years since diagnosis. At 4 months, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups for the biomarker endpoints (estradiol, IGF-1, IGFBP-3, or IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratios), depressive symptoms, or hot flashes. However, subjects taking melatonin had significantly improved sleep quality, sleep duration, and total sleep scores compared with subjects taking placebo. Conclusions: Among postmenopausal women with a prior history of breast cancer, a 4 month course of 3 mg melatonin daily did not influence IGF-1, IGFBP-3 or estradiol levels. Effects of longer courses of melatonin and among premenopausal women are unknown. However, melatonin was effective in improving sleep quality among breast cancer survivors without any significant adverse effects. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-431.
Mechanisms underlying abnormal trafficking and expansion of malignant progenitors in CML: BCR/ABL-induced defects in integrin function in CML

Mechanisms underlying abnormal trafficking and expansion of malignant progenitors in CML: BCR/ABL-induced defects in integrin function in CML
Kinetics of ordering in Fe3Si

Alloys of Fe3Si were prepared as disordered bcc solid solutions by mechanical alloying. Chemical disorder → D03 order transformations were studied by Mossbauer spectrometry and X-ray diffractometry. The evolution of short- and long-range order parameters showed that ordering probably occurs heterogeneously by nucleation and growth.
Predicting run time of classification algorithms using meta-learning

Selecting a right classification algorithm is an important step for the success of any data mining project. Run time can be used to assess efficiency of a classification algorithm of interest. Experimenting with several algorithms can increase the cost of a data mining project. Using the idea of meta-learning, we present an approach to estimate the run time of a particular classification algorithm on an arbitrary dataset. Our work provides a way to evaluate the choice of an algorithm without experimental execution. We demonstrate that the use of multivariate adaptive regression splines significantly outperforms other regression models, even a ‘state-of-the-art’ algorithm such as support vector regression.
A formula to estimate water loss in a malnourished patient with ascites: One inch equals one kilogram

Severe ascites accounts for a large percentage of body water, making measurements of lean body mass (LBM) inaccurate. Thereare no bed-side methods to determine the contribution of ascites to LBM. Using the formula for a sphear, a patients volume ofascites was obtained by the standard equation (Volume = 4/3 × Pi × [radius] 3 ). A 54-year-old malnourished Hispanic female withChild’s Class C liver cirrhosis presented to the ER with 2-weeks of increasing abdominal pain, girth, fever, chills and decreasednutritional intake. The admission abdominal girth measured 106 cm at the umbilicus. The radius of the sphere was obtainedmeasuring the abdominal girth divided by two times Pia times radius (radius = 106 cm/[2 × 3.14] = 16.9 cm). Using the abovecalculated radius of 16.9 cm, Volume = 4/3×3.14 × 16.9 cm 3 ; = 20,208 cc = approximate volume of the abdomen at presentation.Using the same formulas, abdominal volume was 8,275 cm cubed seven days after discharge from hospital. The difference inabdominal volume from admission to follow up is 20,208 cc-8,375 cc = 11,833 cc, assuming a specific gravity of 1.0, 11.8-litersof volume or kg of weight. The amount of ascitic abdominal fluid lost was confirmed by comparing change in volume to changein body weights (66.0 kg-55.0 kg, admission and follow-up weights, respectively). The 11.0 kg weight loss was similar to theestimated change in abdominal body water change of 11.8 kg. Conclusion: The simple measurement of waist circumference mayprovide an estimate of ascites volume and changes in volume should be similar to changes in weight. For every 2.4 cm (1 inch)that the waist circumference is reduced, body weight (and ascites) should be reduced by 1-kilogram.
The Methodology of Scientific Research in Psychology: a Comment on Verplanck

Verplanck (1970), responding to the current crisis in productivity in psychology, has stated a case for a new methodology for psychology (descriptive methodology) and has argued for the legitimacy of descriptive or observational dissertations. The methodolology Verplanck supports is but one facet of an inadequate philosophy of science, and the arguments against that philosophy are summarized. The positive task of relocating the role of description within a more adequate methodology is then undertaken.
Antigen-specific CD4+ T cell differentiation in blood-stage malaria

Although efforts to induce protection from malaria through vaccination have been ongoing for over sixty years, none have produced long-lasting immunity in malaria-endemic areas. This is likely due to a lack of knowledge about the immunological mechanisms required for protection. While it is clear that both CD4 + T cells and B cells are important components of the immune response to the blood stage of infection, little is known about their specific functional contributions. We have used the murine model P. yoelii to understand the lymphocyte populations that form and are required for protection. Using transgenic parasites and MHC class II tetramers to track CD4 + T cell responses, we have found that early in the response, the vast majority of CD4 + T cells are T follicular helper (Tfh)-like cells, despite the lack of a germinal center at this time point. Interestingly, in the absence of B cells, the CD4 + T cells alternatively develop a significant T effector (Teff) population, primarily Th1 cells. Interestingly, while there are stark differences in the type of CD4 + T cells generated in the presence and absence of B cells, parasitemia remains comparable in both WT and uMT mice for approximately 1.5 weeks post-infection, at which point mice deficient in B cells are unable to control the parasite growth. We are currently investigating how CD4 + T cells may contribute to the parasite control at this early stage and which aspects of the Th1 and Tfh responses are important for maintaining low parasitemia. An effective vaccine may need to stimulate the formation of antigen-specific Teff cells to manage parasite burden until Tfh cells have coordinated effective antibody responses by B cells in order to provide effective immunity against re-challenge.
MOD-5 A Discrete Markov Slowing Down Code

(1972). MOD-5 A Discrete Markov Slowing Down Code. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 164-164.
Structural Characterization and Redox Activity of a Uranyl Dimer and Transition-Metal Complexes of a Tetradentate BIAN Ligand

The synthesis and characterization of a new ligand system combining the redox-active backbone of Ar-BIANs (N,N′-bis[(aryl)imino]acenaphthenes) and a mixed-donor O–N–N–O salen-type binding pocket is reported. Complexes of Co2+, Ni2+, and UO22+ were prepared and characterized through single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electrochemical studies. The Ni2+ and Co2+ complexes have been used as references against which to compare the unique behaviors exhibited by the uranyl (UO22+) complex, as the latter forms two distinct solid-state structures with unusual oxo contacts to CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 and displays a rich electrochemical profile that indicates a wide range of accessible metal oxidation states through the formation of mixed-valent U(VI)/U(V) and U(V)/U(IV) species in solution.
An Evaluation of ASTM D6200

The use of cooling curves is increasingly required for the evaluation of oils used for quenching. Auditing agencies such as the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program (NADCAP) and the Continuous Quality Improvement standard (CQI-9) are mandating cooling curve analysis at routine intervals. Specifications such as AMS 2759, Heat Treatment of Steel Parrs, General Requirements, are requiring detailed analysis of cooling curve behavior of quenchants to ensure that parts are properly quenched. A detailed analysis has been conducted of ASTM D6200, Standard Test Method for Determination of Cooling Characteristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve Analysis, to explore repeatability and precision in terms of laboratory integrity data, production lot data, and customer data. A single quench oil was used for the analysis.
Doing Time Wisely: The Social and Personal Benefits of Higher Education in Prison:

Much of the research on postsecondary education effects on incarcerated individuals has focused on men. However, given the increased rates of women’s imprisonment over the past 40 years, scholars should examine the impact of higher education in prison on women. In this qualitative study, the authors assess the social and personal benefits of participating in a college behind bars program delivered in a women’s prison. Data gathered with both program participants and faculty suggest that students in the program experienced a reduction in criminogenic attitudes and behaviors as well as positive changes in self-perception.
Measurability and Continuity Conditions for Evolutionary Processes

This chapter describes the measurability and continuity conditions for evolutionary processes. Evolutionary processes arise in the mathematical modeling of nonautonomous systems, when U ( t, s ) x represents the position (or state) at time t + 5 of the point that at time s was at x . In certain situations, measurability and continuity properties known to be satisfied for semigroups could be strengthened using the semigroup properties. These results directly generalize to nonlinear semigroups those known for semigroups of continuous linear operators on a Banach space. This work is extended to evolutionary processes. It is assumed that X is an arbitrary. The chapter presents a theorem that states that for each s ∈ R , x ∈ X , the map t 1 → U ( t, s ) x is Baire continuous on (0, ∞) and, when restricted to the complement of some first category set, has second countable range. Then the map ( t, s, x ) → U ( t, s ) x is sequentially continuous on (0, ∞) × ℝ × X .
Effects of Sodium Chloride or Calcium Chloride Concentration on the Growth and Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Model Vegetable Fermentations.

ABSTRACT Salt concentration has long been considered an important factor for the quality of fermented vegetable products, but the role of salts in bacterial growth and death during vegetable fermen...
How to Find Your Most Valuable Outlets? Measuring Inﬂuence in Service and Retail Networks

Problem Definition: Consider a network of stores operating under the same brand, for example, a chain of coffee shops or banks. Increasing sales at one store may have a different impact on the sales of another store: from a negative impact as a result of potential cannibalization to a positive impact from increased brand awareness and customer engagement. We study how to causally identify the spatially heterogeneous network effects between store pairs, which can be used to measure store influence. Academic/Practical Relevance: Our work provides a scalable methodology that can be used to causally identify network effects on a large scale within service/retail networks. We demonstrate that the economic impact of network effects is substantial. Methodology: We develop an extension of a spatial econometrics model that allows for identification of both positive and negative peer effects between stores. This semi-parametric methodology allows us to handle a large-scale network and provides causal estimates for the network effects between all store pairs. We use three distinct sets of instrumental variables that are based on location-specific (weather and nearby sports events) and store-specific (deviations in daily staffing) attributes. Results: By applying our method to a large dataset from a major national restaurant chain in the US, we show that the total influence of each store on the network sales is consequential: a $1 sales increase in one store can generate a total of up to $3.87 in additional sales across all other peer stores in the network, while it can also reduce the sales in the network by a total of $3.12, with the average influence of $0.55. Managerial Implications: Our influence estimates provide valuable insights for the design and management of networks; for example, for prioritizing stores with the highest influences for ownership or improvement to optimize return on investment.
Variance of Average Surprisal: A Better Predictor for Quality of Grammar from Unsupervised PCFG Induction

In unsupervised grammar induction, data likelihood is known to be only weakly correlated with parsing accuracy, especially at convergence after multiple runs. In order to find a better indicator for quality of induced grammars, this paper correlates several linguistically- and psycholinguistically-motivated predictors to parsing accuracy on a large multilingual grammar induction evaluation data set. Results show that variance of average surprisal (VAS) better correlates with parsing accuracy than data likelihood and that using VAS instead of data likelihood for model selection provides a significant accuracy boost. Further evidence shows VAS to be a better candidate than data likelihood for predicting word order typology classification. Analyses show that VAS seems to separate content words from function words in natural language grammars, and to better arrange words with different frequencies into separate classes that are more consistent with linguistic theory.
The challenges of implementing and testing two signal processing algorithms for high rep-rate Coherent Doppler Lidar for wind sensing

In this paper, we present two signal processing algorithms implemented using the FPGA. The first algorithm involves explicate time gating of received signals that correspond to a desired spatial resolution, performing a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) calculation on each individual time gate, taking the square modulus of the FFT to form a power spectrum and then accumulating these power spectra for 10k return signals. The second algorithm involves calculating the autocorrelation of the backscattered signals and then accumulating the autocorrelation for 10k pulses. Efficient implementation of each of these two signal processing algorithms on an FPGA is challenging because it requires there to be tradeoffs between retaining the full data word width, managing the amount of on chip memory used and respecting the constraints imposed by the data width of the FPGA. A description of the approach used to manage these tradeoffs for each of the two signal processing algorithms are presented and explained in this article. Results of atmospheric measurements obtained through these two embedded programming techniques are also presented.
Reduction and Mechanism

Reductionism is a widely endorsed methodology among biologists, a metaphysical theory advanced to vindicate the biologist's methodology, and an epistemic thesis those opposed to reductionism have been eager to refute. While the methodology has gone from strength to strength in its history of achievements, the metaphysical thesis grounding it remained controversial despite its significant changes over the last 75 years of the philosophy of science. Meanwhile, antireductionism about biology, and especially Darwinian natural selection, became orthodoxy in philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, and philosophy of biology. This Element expounds the debate about reductionism in biology, from the work of the post-positivists to the end of the century debates about supervenience, multiple realizability, and explanatory exclusion. It shows how the more widely accepted 21st century doctrine of 'mechanism' - reductionism with a human face - inherits both the strengths and the challenges of the view it has largely supplanted.
Fli1 Downregulation in Scleroderma Myeloid Cells Has Profibrotic and Proinflammatory Effects.

Scleroderma (SSc) is an autoimmune connective tissue disease characterized by immune dysregulation, vasculopathy, and fibrosis. We have previously demonstrated that low Fli1 expression in SSc fibroblasts and endothelial cells plays an important role in SSc pathogenesis. Cells of myeloid and lymphoid origin also express Fli1 and are dysregulated in patients with SSc, playing key roles in disease pathogenesis. However, the role for immune Fli1 in SSc is not yet clear. Our aim was to elucidate whether Fli1 contributes to the immune dysregulation seen in SSc. Comparison of the expression of Fli1 in monocytes, B- and T-cell fractions of PBMCs isolated from SSc patients and healthy controls (HC), showed an increase in Fli1 levels in monocytes. We used siRNA transfected human myeloid cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages obtained from Fli1 flox/flox LysMCre+/+ mice, and found that markers of alternative macrophage activation were increased with Fli1 deletion. Coculture of Fli1-deficient myeloid cells and primary human or mouse fibroblasts resulted in a potent induction of collagen type I, independent of TGFβ upregulation. We next analyzed global gene expression profile in response to Fli1 downregulation, to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms of this process and to identify differentially expressed genes in myeloid cells. Of relevance to SSc, the top most upregulated pathways were hallmark IFN-γ and IFN-α response. Additionally, several genes previously linked to SSc pathogenesis and fibrosis in general were also induced, including CCL2, CCL7, MMP12, and CXCL10. ANKRD1, a profibrotic transcription co-regulator was the top upregulated gene in our array. Our results show that Fli1-deficient myeloid cells share key features with cells from SSc patients, with higher expression of profibrotic markers and activation of interferon responsive genes, thus suggesting that dysregulation of Fli1 in myeloid cells may contribute to SSc pathogenesis.
Band structure of Si/Ge core–shell nanowires along the [110] direction modulated by external uniaxial strain

Strain modulated electronic properties of Si/Ge core-shell nanowires along the [110] direction were reported, on the basis of first principles density-functional theory calculations. In particular, the energy dispersion relationship of the conduction/valence band was explored in detail. At the Γ point, the energy levels of both bands are significantly altered by applied uniaxial strain, which results in an evident change of the band gap. In contrast, for the K vectors far away from Γ, the variation of the conduction/valence band with strain is much reduced. In addition, with a sufficient tensile strain (∼1%), the valence band edge shifts away from Γ, which indicates that the band gap of the Si/Ge core-shell nanowires experiences a transition from direct to indirect. Our studies further showed that effective masses of charge carriers can also be tuned using the external uniaxial strain. The effective mass of the hole increases dramatically with tensile strain, while strain shows a minimal effect on tuning the effective mass of the electron. Finally, the relation between strain and the conduction/valence band edge is discussed thoroughly in terms of site-projected wavefunction characters.
Wie verändert sich das Coronavirus

Von Theodosius Dobzhansky stammt der Satz: „Nichts in der Biologie hat einen Sinn auser im Licht der Evolution.“ Daran zeigt sich, dass die Evolution uns eine nachhaltige Sichtweise fur biologische Phanomene verschafft und ganz unterschiedliche Informationsbruchstucke zu einem zusammenhangenden Narrativ vereinigen kann. Biologie mag manchmal chaotisch wirken – viele Organismen, viele Zelltypen, viele Teile und Daten.
The Phenomenology of Redemptive Violence

When we occupy the spaces of war memorials, we respond with certain bodily comportments that relay the “truth” of those killed by war violence. Through a phenomenological examination of embodied re...
Multi-Faceted Ergonomics Assessment in Medical Device Manufacturing: A Case Study:

Background: According to the National Safety Council and the Bureau of Labor Statistics there were over 4,000 preventable injury related deaths. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration em...
Human Perception of Wrist Torque Magnitude During Upper and Lower Extremity Movement

In this study, we measured wrist torque perception in conditions that mimic activities of daily living. We tested five participants with a two-alternative forced choice paradigm torque comparison test while the user was both seated and walking, with both a stationary and a moving wrist. Reference torque, walking, and moving wrist all significantly affected the results. Both walking and moving wrist conditions resulted in higher Weber fractions (worse perception), and the conditions with the smallest wrist flexion reference torque while walking and moving the wrist had significantly higher Weber fractions than a number of others. This information provides insight regarding the design of wearable kinesthetic haptic devices worn at the wrist.
Loss of wings induces the expression of the worker-like phenotype in queens of a ponerine ant

Many highly-eusocial insect species are characterized by morphological differences between females. This is especially pronounced in ants where queens usually possess a fully developed thorax with wings and are specialized for reproduction while workers have a reduced thorax without wings and show various levels of reproductive degeneration that is associated with their helper role in the colony. Despite their morphological differentiation, queens and workers still show some plasticity leading to overlapping behavioral and physiological phenotypes. We investigated the level of queen plasticity and the factor that induces a worker-like phenotype in the ant species Harpegnathos saltator that has limited queen-worker dimorphism and workers that can assume the reproductive role of a queen in the colony. By comparing alate and dealate young queens, so-called gynes, we found that the loss of wings initiated the expression of behavioral and physiological characteristics of ant workers. In contrast to alate gynes, dealate gynes displayed higher frequencies of worker-like behaviors. In addition, dealate gynes showed a worker-like range of reproductive states unlike alate gynes. Like workers, dealate gynes lost the chemical signaling that is characteristic of alate gynes. Since gynes can activate this worker-like phenotype after wing loss, the essential difference between the ant queens and workers in this species with limited queen-worker dimorphism is a dispersal polyphenism. If the phenotypic plasticity observed in H. saltator is representative of the early stages of ant eusociality, an emerging dispersal dimorphism rather than a distinct reproductive dimorphism might represent one of the first steps in ant evolution.
Biochemical Adaptations in Insect Muscle

The insects are among the most successful groups of organisms known. Nearly one million species have been described, with perhaps an equal number remaining to be discovered; only the less conspicuous nematodes are more abundant. Numbers of species imply diversity; diversity in an evolutionary sense is based upon adaptation; adaptations are the product of biological specialization. The threads of diversity and specialization among arthropods appear throughout the chapters of this volume as they relate to one kind of biological activity — locomotion. Locomotion, as addressed in these chapters, is the result of the coordinated activities of the nervous system and a number of different effectors — the skeletal muscles of appendages (wings, legs, tail) and segments. The role of the nervous system is dealt with in other chapters (Clarac; Kammer and Rheuben) and reviewed by Hoyle (1965, 1975). Of interest here are the muscles involved in the locomotion of insects.
Chapter 4 Geometrical frustration

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses percolation theory as well as spin-glass phenomena, the former of which is used to understand subjects as diverse as fluid flow in porous media as well as electronic transport in granular metals. The central role of magnetic models for developing ideas in condensed matter derives from the unique attributes of magnetic materials: (1) the variability of the size and dimensionality of the fundamental degree of freedom, the effective atomic spin. The dimensionality, n , can be 1 for Ising, and 2 (x-y) or 3 (Heisenberg) for continuous spin degrees of freedom. Low spin values lead to enhanced quantum effects, (2) the variability of spin-spin interactions. These include dipole-dipole coupling, direct exchange, indirect exchange, super exchange, itinerant exchange, and anisotropic exchange. The range of these interactions can extend beyond nearest neighbor distances, and can be anisotropic, leading to low effective spatial dimensionality, and (3) the ability to couple directly to individual spins with magnetic field.
Repair of radiation-induced damage to chromosomes. Independence of known DNA dark repair mechanisms.

Chromosomes contain large amounts of protein in addition to DNA and often appear to be multistranded. Despite this it has been proposed that the repair (restitution) of radiation-induced chromosome breaks and the rejoining that leads to the formation of exchanges takes place by the same processes involved in dark repair of DNA, i.e., it has been suggested that there is base pairing of portions of single DNA strands from double helices and resynthesis using the opposite strand as a template. Experiments with Vicia faba root tip cells, Chinese hamster cells of B14FAF and DON lines in tissue culture, and human leukocytes from normal persons as well as patients with Xeroderma pigmentosum show that X-ray induced breaks can rejoin in all of these systems. Since Vicia, B14FAF Chinese hamster cells, and Xeroderma cells do not exhibit unscheduled DNA synthesis (presumably dark repair) the experiments are interpreted to indicate that the repair of chromosomal damage and the formation of exchanges do not occur by dark repair of DNA. This interpretation is strengthened by X-ray dose fractionation studies in Vicia in which it was found that caffeine (which inhibits dark repair in bacteria) does not effect the joining of chromosome breaks. The repair of UV-induced chromosome breaks also seems to be independent of DNA dark repair mechanisms.
Strategy for reinforcing drug knowledge and accountability in drug administration.

A variety of drugs is being rapidly developed in the pharmacy laboratory by systemic research. Scientific discovery has led to polypharmacy. The resulting numbers of different drugs have made it nearly impossible for nurses to retain knowledge about each specific drug administered. Although studies are limited, reports indicate that the drug knowledge of practicing nurses is not adequate to ensure safety to clients (Markowitz, Pearson, Kay, & Loewenstein, 1981).
Effects of Output and Note-Taking on Noticing and Interlanguage Development

Recent literature in second language acquisition (SLA) suggests that opportunities for output production contribute to targetlike acquisition. In the course of second language (L2) production, learners are prompted to notice the gaps and/or holes in their knowledge, and thus give extra attention to such discrepancies in subsequent input (Swain, 1995). This study investigates the role of written output in helping learners notice linguistic forms provided in subsequent input. In particular, it examines note-taking as a way to facilitate noticing. Twenty-three advanced English as a Second Language (ESL) learners were randomly assigned to two groups ─ a note-taking group and a non-note-taking group ─ and were asked to complete a three-stage writing task: (i) to give a written description to a picture, (ii) to compare the description to a model text, and (iii) to rewrite the description. This was immediately followed by a retrospective questionnaire designed to shed light on the “noticing process.” The results suggest that written output has a positive effect on learners‟ ability to notice linguistic forms that they have previously found problematic in subsequent input, and that note-taking apparently helps learners better use the linguistic forms included in subsequent input in their own rewriting.
Telomerase: Structure and Function

In contrast to normal cells, tumour cells generally have short telomere lengths and show no continuing loss of telomere length with successive cell divisions, suggesting that telomere stability may be required for cells to escape from replicative senescence and proliferate indefinitely. Most, but not necessarily all, malignant tumours are immortal to sustain their growth, thus, the cellular ribonucleoprotein (reverse transcriptase) enzyme complex termed telomerase may be a rate-limiting step required for the continuing proliferation of advanced cancers. Telomerase, the enzyme that completes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication at the termini of eukaryotic chromosomes, is an important factor in DNA replication, chromosomal stability and tumorigenesis. In human tumours, telomere length is maintained by a balance between processes that lengthen telomeres (telomerase) and processes that shorten telomeres (lack of complete lagging DNA strand synthesis ‘end replication problem’ and other end processing events). Telomerase stabilises telomere length by adding TTAGGG repeats onto the telomeric ends of the chromosomes, thus compensating for the continued erosion of telomeres that occurs in its absence. As telomerase is expressed in almost all human cancers, approaches for inhibiting telomerase as a target for cancer therapeutics are currently progressing through clinical trials. Key Concepts: Telomeres, the ends of human chromosomes progressively shorten throughout life in all dividing human cells and when critically shortened become ‘uncapped’ leading to a DNA damage signal and then undergo growth arrest termed replicative senescence (cell ageing). A hallmark of cancer cells is unlimited cell growth. Advanced cancer cells accomplish immortality almost universally by activating or upregulating the ribonucleoprotein complex termed telomerase. Telomerase is composed of two essential components, TERT (reverse transcriptase component) and TERC (functional or template RNA that recognises the ends of chromosomes). Telomerase is expressed during early human development and remains silent in almost all human tissues except transiently amplified stem cells throughout life. Approximately 90% of all human cancers express telomerase activity. A small fraction of human tumours do not express telomerase and some of these may engage a DNA recombination mechanism to maintain telomeres termed ALT, alternative lengthening of telomeres. Introduction of hTERT into normal telomerase silent cells is sufficient to immortalise cells in appropriate culture conditions without the cells becoming cancerous. As telomerase is almost a universal oncology target, inhibiting telomerase should be a potent anticancer therapeutic target. Keywords: telomerase; telomeres; senescence; ageing; immortal; cancer
Bipolar operational amplifier powered by a 1 V battery

The design of a micropower op amp suitable for biomedical applications is presented. A 1-V battery is used for powering the circuit. The quiescent power consumption is under 300 mu A. Current boosting is employed to achieve a maximal output swing very close to the power supply rails for low impedance loads. The input stage consists of p-n-p transistors in differential configuration. The gain stage is a common emitter amplifier with n-p-n transistors. The output stage is a class AB amplifier with both n-p-n and p-n-p transistors driven by unique current amplifiers. >
Student Debt Effects on Financial Well-Being: Research and Policy Implications

Reviewing the data regarding effects of student debt on students’ financial outcomes following college – whether successful graduation or premature exit – makes clear that there is a price to pay for having to borrow money to go to college. Indebted college graduates have lower net worth, less home equity, and compromised ability to accumulate assets, as compared to their peers with the same level of education but no student debt. They may also experience poorer educational outcomes, with independent effects on earning power and, then, later wealth accumulation. Especially given the relationship between initial household wealth and children's later educational outcomes, these findings about the post-college financial outcomes of indebted students and graduates raise the specter of ongoing, sustained, and cross-generational perpetuation of societal divides. In the United States, higher education is valued not just as a good in itself, but also as a means to the end of greater economic security and the primary lever for economic mobility. Evaluating student loans through this lens underscores the long-term, volatile, and often hidden effects of student loan dependence and raises the stakes for consideration of alternative approaches to higher education finance.
Design centering of analog circuit's component values using parallel genetic algorithms

Genetic algorithms technique for analog circuit design automation tool has previously been described. This paper shows preliminary results for the application of parallel genetic algorithms to solve the problem of design centering by means of providing an estimate of the feasible region of a circuit design problem. This is achieved by performing a two-stage GA search. In the first stage a general search is conducted over the whole solution space to identify regions of feasibility. While in the second stage the search focuses on these estimated feasible regions.
Endometriosis and ovarian cancer: links, risks, and challenges faced

Endometriosis is a benign gynecological condition characterized by specific histological, molecular, and clinical findings. It affects 5%-10% of premenopausal women, is a cause of infertility, and has been implicated as a precursor for certain types of ovarian cancer. Advances in technology, primarily the ability for whole genome sequencing, have led to the discovery of new mutations and a better understanding of the function of previously identified genes and pathways associated with endometriosis associated ovarian cancers (EAOCs) that include PTEN, CTNNB1 (β-catenin), KRAS, microsatellite instability, ARID1A, and the unique role of inflammation in the development of EAOC. Clinically, EAOCs are associated with a younger age at diagnosis, lower stage and grade of tumor, and are more likely to occur in premenopausal women when compared with other ovarian cancers. A shift from screening strategies adopted to prevent EAOCs has resulted in new recommendations for clinical practice by national and international governing bodies. In this paper, we review the common histologic and molecular characteristics of endometriosis and ovarian cancer, risks associated with EAOCs, clinical challenges and give recommendations for providers.
Economic voting and welfare programmes: Evidence from the American states

While scholars have hypothesised that a strong welfare state should reduce voters' incentives to base their votes on economic outcomes, evidence for this proposition remains mixed. This article tests whether differences in welfare protections across American states affect the relationship between economic performance and support for the president's party in 430 state legislative elections from 1970 to 1989. Analysing the results of over 42,000 contests in which an incumbent was running for re-election, it finds that while unemployment insurance programmes do not affect the importance of economic performance, the electoral fortunes of presidential co-partisans are less strongly tied to the national economy in states with generous anti-poverty programmes. Thus by reducing vulnerability to poverty, economic safety-nets lower the salience of the economy and provide electoral cover for politicians during economic slowdowns.
Wireless digital control of continuous passive plants over token ring networks

In a recent paper we have shown how wave variables can be used to interconnect passive plants with passive controllers such that the system remains l2-stable in spite of time-varying delays and data dropouts. The present paper further enhances these results by providing a detailed model that captures time-varying delays, data dropouts and network capacity for wireless ring token networks. It also provides a new theorem showing how an asynchronous controller can be implemented, which maintains an l2-stable system. Simulations show that the asynchronous control of a passive motor reduces the overall distortion when compared with a synchronous controller which relies on lossy data reduction techniques. These two distinct results pave the way to study high-performance rate-adaptive control schemes that minimize their control rate in order to match the network capacity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An effective proof that open sets are Ramsey

Solovay has shown that if \(\cal{O}\) is an open subset of \(P(\omega)\) with code \(S\) and no infinite set avoids \(\cal{O}\), then there is an infinite set hyperarithmetic in \(S\) that lands in \(\cal{O}\). We provide a direct proof of this theorem that is easily formalizable in \(ATR_0\).
The effects of emotion and ocular dominance on lateral eye movement

Lateral eye movements (LEMs) in response to emotional and nonemotional instructions were examined. For the emotional task, a new procedure is utilized which requires subjects to generate emotional images of positive and negative valence in auditory, visual and tactile modalities. Forty-four normal adult males and females (22 right-handers, 22 left-handers) participated in the experiment. Overall, subjects looked significantly more to the left than to the right in response to emotional instructions, suggesting greater right hemisphere involvement in the generation of emotional images. The same subjects showed no directional bias in response to nonemotional instructions. Although gender, handedness and familial sinistrality did not mediate the direction of eye movements, ocular dominance had an effect. For left-handed subjects, the direction of eye movements to nonemotional instructions was consistent with eyedness, e.g., right-eyed subjects produced right-sided LEMs, and left-eyed subjects produced left-sided LEMs.
Expectation Management in Product Development

It is pointed out in this paper that more attention should be paid to process values. Up to now, we have been focusing our attention only on product value, which is based upon how good functions our final product has. But our customers are active and creative. They are not mere passive consumers. With increasing diversification and with too many products around us, our customers are now looking more for emotional satisfaction. Behavior economics points out the importance of experience value. But they can only discuss about experience at the stage of use. It should be emphasized that we, engineers, can provide exciting experience of creation to our customers, if we get our customers involved in product development. Their involvement can be all the way from design, manufacturing and use to repair. Such experiences will certainly satisfy the highest human needs of self actualization and challenge. If we focus our attention to product value alone, it would be very difficult to let our customers understand quality improvement. But such process values add value very quickly and very remarkably and satisfy our customers to the fullest extent. The problem with process value is that its quality is difficult to evaluate. But if we introduce pattern classification approach, it would be solved very effectively. And further, such an approach reduces time and cost considerably and makes product development very flexible and adaptive to meet the extensively changing and widely varying requirements or expectations from our customers.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Last word on viewpoint: A paradigm shift for local blood flow regulation.

to the editor: We are grateful to our colleagues for their comments (see Ref. [1][1]) about the proposed model of local blood flow regulation ([3][2]). The two main objections put forward are its simplicity and its incompatibility with conventional belief in the “highly complex nature” and “
Searching for X(5) behavior in nuclei

The properties of even-even nuclei with 30 {le} Z {le} 82, A {ge} 60 have been examined to find examples displaying the characteristics of E(5) critical-point behavior for the shape transition from a spherical vibrator to a triaxially soft rotor. On the basis of the known experimental state energies and E2 transition strengths, the best candidates that were identified are {sup 102}Pd, {sup 106,108}Cd, {sup 124}Te, {sup 128}Xe, and {sup 134}Ba. The closest agreement between experimental data and the predictions of E(5) is for {sup 128}Xe and for the previously suggested example of {sup 134}Ba. It is proposed that {sup 128}Xe may be a new example of a nucleus at the E(5) critical point.
Hydrogen energy prospects in Canada

Abstract Large scale production of hydrogen in Canada from non-fossil sources will occur by the end of this century. The available resources are more than adequate to generate and sustain the supply of electricity for hydrogen production. Energy policy commitments also remain favourable and increased funding continues to be allocated to hydrogen programs in recognition of the potential that exists. The current programs are described within the context of what is now generally perceived as the realistic prospects for the future application of hydrogen technologies in Canada.