cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of hibernation on liver regeneration in the ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus).

Abstract 1. 1. A comparison of the processes of regeneration of liver in partially hepatectomized hibernating and non-hibernating ground squirrels (Citellustridecemlineatus) showed that some regeneration took place even in animals hibernating at 5°C. 2. 2. Regeneration in hibernating animals was not complete; after 10 days when the size of the liver had returned to 70 per cent of the pre-operative values, there was no further regrowth. 3. 3. The pattern of liver regeneration in non-hibernating ground squirrels differed from that seen in rats, since in the former species nuclear recovery consitently lagged behind the reconstitution of cytoplasmic elements, particularly mitochondria. 4. 4. Differences in composition of resting livers on hibernating and non-hibernating ground squirrels indicated that hibernation caused cellular enlargement, with relative increases of components associated with the soluble fraction, microsomes and lysosomes, but not mitochondria.
A queueing system with multiple service time distributions

This paper explores a modification of the output discipline for the Poisson input, exponential output, single channel, first-come, first-served queueing system. Instead, the service time distribution of customers beginning service when alone in the system is considered different from that governing service times of all other customers. More specifically, the service times of lone customers are governed by a one parameter gamma distribution, while the service times of all other customers are exponentially ajstributed. The generating function for the steady-state probsbilities, nj = Pr { j customers in system at an arbitrary point of departure}, of the imbedded chain, {Xn/Xn = number in system after nth customer is serviced}, is obtained, and the steady-state probabilities, themselves, are found in closed form.
Comparative RFLP maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley.

Genetic maps of the homoeologous group-2 chromosomes were constructed, comprising 114 loci in wheat and 34 loci in rye. These include the genes coding for sucrose synthase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, a bZIP protein (EmBP-1), a peroxidase and an abscisic acid-induced protein (#7). Overall, gene orders are highly conserved in the genomes of wheat, barley and rye, except for the distal ends of chromosome arms 2BS and 2RS, which are involved in interchromosomal, probably evolutionary, translocations. Clustering of loci in the centromeric regions of the maps, resulting from the concentration of recombination events in the distal chromosomal regions, is observed in wheat and rye, but not in barley. Furthermore, loci for which homoeoloci can be detected in rye and barley tend to lie in the centromeric regions of the maps, while non-homoeologous and wheat-specific loci tend to be more evenly distributed over the genetic maps. Mapping of the group-2 chromosomes in the intervarietal ‘Timgalen’ x ‘RL4137’ cross revealed that the T. timopheevi chromosome segment introgressed into chromosome 2B in ‘Timgalen’ is preferentially transmitted. Recombination is also greatly reduced in that segment.
Thyroid hormone regulation of Na,K-ATPase subunit-mRNA expression in neonatal rat myocardium.

Regulation of Na,K-ATPase mRNAα isoform and mRNAβ expression by thyroid hormone (T3) in neonatal rat myocardium was examined. In euthyroid neonates between ages of 2 and 5 days, mRNAα1, mRNAα3, and mRNAβ1 abundances were nearly constant while mRNAα2 was undetectable. During the interval between postnatal days 5 and 15, mRNAα3 decreased to negligible levels and mRNAα2 became expressed and increased in abundance to account for ∼20% of the mRNAα pool by the 15th postnatal day. To examine the effect of T3 on this developmental program, neonates were injected with 75 μg T3/100 g body weight or diluent alone on the second and third postnatal days and myocardial Na,K-ATPase subunit-mRNA abundances were determined on the third and fourth postnatal days. Because T3 treatment increased the RNA/DNA ratios of myocardial tissue, the subunit-mRNA abundances were normalized per unit DNA. Following 24 and 48 hr of T3 treatment, the abundances of mRNAα1, mRNAα3, and mRNAβ1 increased, while mRNAα2 continued to remain undetectable during the 2-day interval between the second to fourth postnatal days. It is concluded that T3 augments the abundance of Na,K-ATPase subunit mRNAs that are already being expressed in the neonatal rat myocardium. The results further suggest that T3 does not act as a “molecular switch” in the developmental expression of the mRNAα isoforms in rat myocardium during the first four postnatal days.
Tele-immersive product evaluation: a review and an implementation framework

A novel virtual tele-immersive product evaluation environment is conceived. The components for the tele-immersive virtual environment for product evaluation include a robust virtual reality (VR) hardware system, associated VR driving software, development tool for the tele-immersive virtual environment, networking software, user representation scheme and tools for developing 3D models and incorporating dynamic properties into the models. We have developed a model to allow users to collaboratively evaluate products using the CAVETM, Performer, CAVERN, CAVEActors, Pro/ENGINEER, and ADAMS.
New method for eduction of natural coherent structures

Air is introduced into a circular delivery tube 45 diameters long with an inner diam of 5.08 cm. The jet is then allowed to impinge vertically onto a flat plate. All flow-field measurements are acquired with an X-wire, while a reference probe, a straight wire, is used to detect the coherent structure passage. Hot wires are sampled simultaneously at 2 kHz.
Long-term effect of community-based treatment: Evidence from the adolescent outcomes project

A growing literature on adolescent drug treatment interventions demonstrates the efficacy of "research therapies," but few rigorous studies examine the effectiveness of community-based treatments that are more commonly available to and utilized by youths and their families, the criminal justice system and other referring agencies. Even less is known about the long-term effects of these community-based treatments. This study evaluates the effects 72-102 months after intake to a widely disseminated community-based treatment model, residential therapeutic community treatment, using data from RAND's Adolescent Outcomes Project. Weighting is used to control for pre-existing differences between adolescent probationers disposed to Phoenix Academy and those assigned to one of six alternative group homes serving as the comparison conditions. Although Phoenix Academy therapeutic community treatment had positive effects on substance use and psychological functioning during the first 12 months following intake, we find no evidence of positive long-term effects on 16 outcomes measuring substance use and problems, criminal activity, institutionalization, psychological functioning and general functioning. We discuss the implications of these findings and the failure to maintain the effects observed during the first year follow-up.
A snapshot differential refresh algorithm

This article presents an algorithm to refresh the contents of database snapshots. A database snapshot is a read-only table whose contents are extracted from other tables in the database. The snapshot contents can be periodically refreshed to reflect the current state of the database. Snapshots are useful in many applications as a cost effective substitute for replicated data in a distributed database system.When the snapshot contents are a simple restriction and projection of a single base table, differential refresh techniques can reduce the message and update costs of the snapshot refresh operation. The algorithm presented annotates the base table to detect the changes which must be applied to the snapshot table during snapshot refresh. The cost of maintaining the base table annotations is minimal and the amount of data transmitted during snapshot refresh is close to optimal in most circumstances.
Market, materiality and moral metalanguage

Accounts of the social transformations wrought by capitalism commonly draw on assumptions about the abstraction taken to be inherent to money and markets. This article raises questions about some o...
Clopidogrel‐Induced Hepatocellular Injury and Cholestatic Jaundice in an Elderly Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature

In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and in those with acute coronary syndromes, clopidogrel plus aspirin is the first-line antiplatelet therapy for reducing cardiovascular events. Although clopidogrel is generally well tolerated, with rash, indigestion, vomiting, diarrhea, and bleeding being the most common adverse effects, rare but serious complications may occur. We describe a 78-year-old woman who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents; clopidogrel and aspirin were started as antiplatelet therapy. Three weeks later, the patient developed mixed hepatocellular and cholestatic liver injury. Clopidogrel was discontinued, and her liver profile results began to improve. Her diagnostic work-up included screening for hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, and rheumatologic diseases, as well as ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography; all results were normal. On day 5 of hospitalization, because of the patient's risk for thrombosis secondary to the drug-eluting stents, clopidogrel was reintroduced; her liver enzyme levels increased. In the absence of any biliary obstruction or other obvious causes of hepatic injury, drug-induced hepatocellular injury and cholestatic jaundice were suspected, and clopidogrel was again discontinued. The patient's liver function tests gradually improved 3 days later and showed marked improvement at her 2-week follow-up visit after discharge. Use of the Maria and Victorino scale for diagnosis of drug-induced hepatotoxicity indicated a probable (score of 14) relationship between clopidogrel and mixed hepatocellular injury and cholestatic jaundice in this patient. Although routine liver function testing is not recommended in patients who receive clopidogrel, having a high index of clinical suspicion, drug rechallenge, and excluding other obvious causes are required to establish the diagnosis of a rare drug complication such as clopidogrel-induced hepatic injury.
The regulation of the protein kinase PKR by RNA

A model is presented for the regulation of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated mammalian protein kinase PKR, which is involved in protein synthesis inhibition and the antiviral response in cells. A series of previous findings abut PKROs behavior are reviewed, including its effects on translation; the activation of its protein kinase activity; binding sites for PKR on RNA; PKROs protein domains, which include two double-stranded RNA binding motifs (dsRBMs); and the likelihood of PKR dimer formation. The model which emerges to account for many of these observations includes the suggestion that PKR dimers form which are stabilized and rearranged upon binding to dsRNA regions 60 bp or longer. The hypothesis includes protein conformational changes within each member of a PKR dimer bound to dsRNA which re-position an inhibitory polypeptide domain and thus allow kinase activation. Also considered are ways in which PKR interacts with imperfectly duplexed, highly structured RNA molecules.
Origins of the limited information maximum likelihood and two-stage least squares estimators

Theil, Basmann, and Sargan are often credited with the development of the two-stage least squares (TSLS) estimator of the coefficients of one structural equation in a simultaneous equations model. However, Anderson and Rubin had earlier derived the asymptotic distribution of the limited information maximum likelihood (LIML) estimator by finding the asymptotic distribution of what is essentially the TSLS estimator.
The international diffusion of an innovation: The spread of decimal currency

Abstract This paper argues that decimalization of currency diffused as a consequence of all three forms of isomorphism: normative, coercive, and mimetic. Furthermore, it is ambiguous as to whether the normative isomorphism was well founded. The patterns of denominations show variety by country as a consequence of a number of factors, including cultural ones. These patterns tend to follow a powers-of-two (binary) principle for smaller denominations and a purer decimal principle for larger denominations, reflecting their utility for cash transactions and for store-of-value functions, respectively.
Current-Controlled Electrical Point-Source Stimulation of Embryonic Stem Cells

Stem cell therapy is emerging as a promising clinical approach for myocardial repair. However, the interactions between the graft and host, resulting in inconsistent levels of integration, remain largely unknown. In particular, the influence of electrical activity of the surrounding host tissue on graft differentiation and integration is poorly understood. In order to study this influence under controlled conditions, an in vitro system was developed. Electrical pacing of differentiating murine embryonic stem (ES) cells was performed at physiologically relevant levels through direct contact with microelectrodes, simulating the local activation resulting from contact with surrounding electroactive tissue. Cells stimulated with a charged balanced voltage-controlled current source for up to 4 days were analyzed for cardiac and ES cell gene expression using real-time PCR, immunofluorescent imaging, and genome microarray analysis. Results varied between ES cells from three progressive differentiation stages and stimulation amplitudes (nine conditions), indicating a high sensitivity to electrical pacing. Conditions that maximally encouraged cardiomyocyte differentiation were found with Day 7 EBs stimulated at 30 μA. The resulting gene expression included a sixfold increase in troponin-T and a twofold increase in β-MHC without increasing ES cell proliferation marker Nanog. Subsequent genome microarray analysis revealed broad transcriptome changes after pacing. Concurrent to upregulation of mature gene programs including cardiovascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems is the apparent downregulation of important self-renewal and pluripotency genes. Overall, a robust system capable of long-term stimulation of ES cells is demonstrated, and specific conditions are outlined that most encourage cardiomyocyte differentiation.
Parsing of Graph-Representable Pictures

A syntax-directed picture analysis system based on a formal picture description scheme is described. The system accepts a description of a set of pictures in terms of a grammar generating strings in a picture description language; the grammar is explicitly used to direct the analysis or parse, and to control the calls on pattern classification routines for primitive picture components. Pictures are represented by directed graphs with labeled edges, where the edges denote elementary picture components and the graph connectivity mirrors the picture component connectivity; blank and don't care “patterns” allow the description of simple relations between visible patterns. The bulk of the paper is concerned with the picture parsing algorithm which is an n-dimensional analog of a classical top-down string parser, and an application of an implemented system to the analysis of spark chamber film. The potential benefits of this approach, as demonstrated by the application, include ease of implementation and modification of picture processing systems, and simplification of the pattern recognition problem by automatically taking advantage of contextual information.
A vacuum system for the synthesis of nucleotide sugars on a micro scale

Abstract A glass vacuum apparatus and procedure are described for the synthesis, on a microscale, of nucleotide sugars. The apparatus is also a convenient way to prepare radioactive nucleotide sugars of high specific activity and in good yield. The apparatus has been employed in the synthesis of several novel compounds including UDP- d -fucose and UDP-4-O-methyl- d -glucose.
A Novel Response to Dioxin INDUCTION OF ECTO-ATPase GENE EXPRESSION

We used differential display to discover a new gene that the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) regulates in mouse hepatoma cells. Its predicted amino acid sequence suggests that the gene encodes an ecto-ATPase that contains multiple glycosylation sites, conserved cysteine residues, and apyrase conserved regions. cDNA expression experiments in mouse hepatoma cells confirm that the new gene encodes an ecto-ATPase. Wild-type mouse hepatoma cells contain both constitutive and TCDD-inducible ecto-ATPase activity. Induction of ecto-ATPase gene expression by TCDD is direct and occurs at the transcriptional level. Studies in mutant hepatoma cells indicate that induction requires both the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the AhR nuclear translocator (Arnt). Furthermore, induction requires AhR's transactivation domain, but not that of Arnt. Our findings reveal new aspects of dioxin's biological effects and TCDD-dependent gene regulation.
International Control of Smoking and the US Experience

International data demonstrate convincingly that lung cancer death rates follow and parallel cigarette smoking prevalence rates in both men and women. Effective control of lung cancer and the many other diseases associated with smoking can be achieved only by continued reductions in smoking prevalence in developed countries and the arrestment of smoking in developing countries. Smoking control strategies can take the form of prevention programs, cessation programs, regulatory and legislative measures, and modifications in tobacco product composition. Because of uncertainties surrounding the efficacies of specific smoking control approaches, the National Cancer Institute recently initiated a major intervention research program to identify and assess the most promising strategies to reduce smoking prevalence in the general public and high-risk populations: heavy smokers, blacks, Hispanics, women, youth, and smokeless tobacco users. By 1990, trial results will be available to allow systematic application of smoking control strategies (demonstrations) using physicians and dentists, mass media, school programs, self-help materials, and the community as a laboratory. For a number of reasons, such approaches are strongly recommended over efforts to reduce cigarette tar and nicotine levels as the primary focus of lung cancer control.
Robust speech recognition training via duration and spectral-based stress token generation

It is known that speech recognition performance degrades if systems are not trained and tested under similar speaking conditions. This is particularly true if a speaker is exposed to demanding workload stress or noise. For recognition systems to be successful in applications susceptible to stress, speech recognizers should address the adverse conditions experienced by the user. The authors consider the problem of improved recognition training for speech recognition for various stressed speaking conditions (e.g., slow, loud, and Lombard effect speaking styles). The main objective is to devise a training procedure that produces a hidden Markov model recognizer that better characterizes a given stressed speaking style, without the need for directly collecting such stressed data. The novel approach is to construct a word production model using a previously suggested source generator framework [Hansen 1994], by employing knowledge of the statistical nature of duration and spectral variation of speech under stress. This model is used in turn to produce simulated stressed speech training tokens from neutral speech tokens. The token generation training method is shown to improve isolated word recognition by 24% for Lombard speech when compared to a neutral trained isolated word recognizer. Further results are reported for isolated and keyword recognition scenarios. >
A Survey of Treatment Procedures in Improvisational Music Therapy

Major models of improvisational music therapy are described in terms of clinical applications, goals, session formats, media selection, and methodo- logical procedures. Details are given on procedural steps or cycles that occur within a typical session in each model. Two prototypes for improvisatory sessions are identified, and procedural objectives found in most models of improvisational music therapy are summarized.
Highly Interleaved 5-bit, 250-MSample/s, 1.2-mW ADC With Redundant Channels in 65-nm CMOS

This successive approximation register ADC uses time-interleaving to gain the energy advantage of slower circuits (reduced supply voltage and improved bias points) without sacrificing high speed operation. The drawbacks of interleaving are addressed through architectural solutions. Channel redundancy counteracts the severe yield loss that parallel circuits experience due to local variation. Clock partitioning restricts the distribution of the precise, high-speed sampling clock to three centrally located sampling networks. Only a low frequency clock is distributed across the majority of die area. The skew-resistant global top-plate sampling network is extended to allow overlapped sampling windows without introducing extra sources of crosstalk. The 36 -way interleaved 5-bit ADC operates with a core voltage of 800 mV and consumes 1.20 mW total power at 250 MS/s. At Nyquist, the SNDR is 28.4 dB. The 6 redundant channels (17% overhead) increase the yield of the 24 measured chips from 42% to 88%.
Mucogingival Volumetric Changes After Root Coverage With Acellular Dermal Matrix: A Case Report

Introduction: Monitoring mucogingival changes after treatment is of great interest for clinicians and researchers. Case Presentation: A 30-year-old non-smoking male who exhibited multiple adjacent teeth with Miller Class I gingival recession in the esthetic zone underwent a root-coverage procedure with an acellular dermal matrix graft. Dental stone casts of the maxilla were fabricated from impressions taken at baseline and 6 months after surgery. Subsequently, the entire surfaces of the casts were digitally captured with a three-dimensional laser scanner. Virtual measurements were performed on superimposed casts to assess mucogingival changes during the 6-month period. Complete resolution of gingival recessions was observed in all the treated sites, along with an overall increased thickness of mucosal tissues. Conclusion:Withinthelimitationsofthiscasereport,theproposedmethodmaybepromisingfortheevaluationofthe outcome of root coverage and identifying biotype conversion. Clin Adv Periodontics 2014;4:256-262.
Blind estimation and equalization of time- and frequency- selective channels using filterbank precoders

Novel channel estimation and symbol recovery algorithms are proposed for the identification and equalization of time- and frequency-selective channels where the time variation is modeled by a basis expansion. The resulting algorithm enables the usage of a single antenna, dispenses with channel disparity conditions of existing approaches, and allows channel order overestimation. Simulations illustrate the approach.
Characterization of Mayven, a Novel Actin-binding Protein Predominantly Expressed in Brain

The cytoskeleton plays an important role in neuronal morphogenesis. We have identified and characterized a novel actin-binding protein, termed Mayven, predominantly expressed in brain. Mayven contains a BTB (broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac)/POZ (poxvirus, zinc finger) domain-like structure in the predicted N terminus and "kelch repeats" in the predicted C-terminal domain. Mayven shares 63% identity (77% similarity) with the Drosophila ring canal ("kelch") protein. Somatic cell-hybrid analysis indicated that the human Mayven gene is located on chromosome 4q21.2, whereas the murine homolog gene is located on chromosome 8. The BTB/POZ domain of Mayven can self-dimerize in vitro, which might be important for its interaction with other BTB/POZ-containing proteins. Confocal microscopic studies of endogenous Mayven protein revealed a highly dynamic localization pattern of the protein. In U373-MG astrocytoma/glioblastoma cells, Mayven colocalized with actin filaments in stress fibers and in patchy cortical actin-rich regions of the cell margins. In primary rat hippocampal neurons, Mayven is highly expressed in the cell body and in neurite processes. Binding assays and far Western blotting analysis demonstrated association of Mayven with actin. This association is mediated through the "kelch repeats" within the C terminus of Mayven. Depolarization of primary hippocampal neurons with KCl enhanced the association of Mayven with actin. This increased association resulted in dynamic changes in Mayven distribution from uniform to punctate localization along neuronal processes. These results suggest that Mayven functions as an actin-binding protein that may be translocated along axonal processes and might be involved in the dynamic organization of the actin cytoskeleton in brain cells.
The blood-brain barrier of the rat choroid plexus.

Following intravenous injection, cytochrome c traverses the capillary endothelium of the rat choroid plexus and permeates the perivascular space and the extracellular space between epithelial cells. The tracer is incorporated into pinocytotic vesicles adjacent to the lateral and basal plasmalemmas. There-after, cytochrome c is incorporated into multivesicular and dense bodies. Tracerladen vesicles were not found to fuse with the apical plasmalemma and cytochrome c was not discharged into the cerebral ventricles. Acid phosphatase activity of the choroidal epithelium after the administration of cytochrome c was greatly increased and localized in the same intracellular sites shown for cytochrome c. These data suggest that cytochrome c and possibly other proteins that penetrate the choroidal stroma are taken up by the choroidal epithelium and subsequently degraded in lysosomal vesicles. This heterolytic mechanism may be an important means for preventing the entry of certain substances such as proteins into CSF and subsequently into nervous tissue.
Glass fiber‐filled thermoplastics. II. Cavity filling and fiber orientation in injection molding

Mold filling of a rectangular cavity of three different thick nesses fed from a reservoir is studied for unfilled and glass fiber-filled polypropylene and polystyrene. The shapes of flow fronts studied by short-shots are affected predominantly by the thickness of the cavity with other parameters playing a less important role. Pressure drop versus volumetric flow rate inside the thinnest cavity is studied experimentally and predictions are made from a computer simulation of mold filling. The orientation of fibers in the cavity is examined using a reflect-type microscope and the orientation is found to depend on cavity thickness, melt temperature, fiber content, and to a lesser extent, on volumetric flow rate. In the thinnest cavity, where the flow is quasi-unidirectional, the fibers remain in the plane of flow oriented either along the flow direction or perpendicular to it, except in the region near the flow front, where they follow a “fountain” flow behavior.
Application of the Rosner-Colditz Risk Prediction Model to Estimate Sexual Orientation Group Disparities in Breast Cancer Risk in a U.S. Cohort of Premenopausal Women

Background: Lesbian and bisexual women may be at greater risk of breast cancer than heterosexual women during the premenopausal period due to disparities in risk factors. Methods: With 16 years of prospective data from a large cohort of U.S. women ages 25–58 years, we conducted a breast cancer risk assessment for 87,392 premenopausal women by applying the Rosner–Colditz biomathematical risk prediction model to estimate breast cancer risk based on known risk factors. On the basis of each woman's comprehensive risk factor profile, we calculated the predicted 1-year incidence rate (IR) per 100,000 person-years and estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lesbian and bisexual women compared with heterosexual women. Results: A total of 87,392 premenopausal women provided 1,091,871 person-years of data included in analyses. Mean predicted 1-year breast cancer IRs per 100,000 person-years for each sexual orientation group were heterosexual, 122.55; lesbian, 131.61; and bisexual, 131.72. IRs were significantly elevated in both lesbian (IRR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.06–1.06) and bisexual (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.10–1.10) women compared with heterosexual women. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that both lesbian and bisexual women have slightly elevated predicted breast cancer incidence compared with heterosexual women throughout the premenopausal period. Impact: Health professionals must ensure that breast cancer prevention efforts are reaching these women. As more health systems around the country collect data on patient sexual orientation, the National Cancer Institute's SEER cancer registry should add this information to its data system to monitor progress in reducing sexual orientation–related disparities in cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(12); 2201–8. ©2012 AACR .
Assessing the Competence of Specimen-Processing Personnel

The widely reported “epidemic of medical error” has resulted in calls to find systems that prevent, detect, and correct errors. Our incident investigations indicated that specimen-processing personnel often facilitated negative patient outcomes by failing to prioritize work or modify rules in critical situations. Our team developed a knowledge and problem-solving assessment for specimen-processing personnel in order to identify opportunities for training. We included a self-assessment and found that poor performers grossly overestimated their knowledge and problem-solving ability. This study illustrates the utility of using competency challenges to identify opportunities for improvement.
Martian oceans, valleys and climate

The new Mars Global Surveyor altimetry shows that the heavily cratered southern hemisphere of Mars is 5 km higher than the sparely cratered plains of the northern hemisphere. Previous suggestions that oceans formerly occupied the northern plains as evidenced by shorelines are partly supported by the new data. A previously identified outer boundary has a wide range of elevations and is unlikely to be a shoreline but an inner contact with a narrow range of elevations is a more likely candidate. No shorelines are visible in the newly acquired, 1.5 metre/pixel imaging. Newly imaged valleys provide strong support for sustained or episodic flow of water across the Martian surface. A major surprise, however, is the near absence of valleys less than 100 m across. Martian valleys seemingly do not divide into ever smaller valleys as terrestrial valleys commonly do. This could be due to lack of precipitation or lack of surface runoff because of high infiltration rates. High erosion rates and formation of valley networks supports warm climates and presence of large bodies of water during heavy bombardment. The climate history and fate of the water after heavy bombardment remain controversial.
Do Parental Coping, Involvement, Religiosity, and Racial Identity Mediate Children’s Psychological Adjustment to Sickle Cell Disease?:

Many African Americans with sickle cell disease (SCD) also experience signifi- cant economic hardship. Yet, few studies of the psychosocial effects of SCD em- ploy designs robust enough to control socioeconomic factors. This study com- pares the functioning of families with SCD to that of healthy controls matched for race and socioeconomic status. In general, functioning within SCD and control families did not differ. However, parents granted less autonomy to, and were less involved in the schooling of, children with SCD. Overall, SCD had a greater im- pact on children's social and academic competence than on their emotional func- tioning. However, adolescents with SCD and their siblings were at greater risk for mental health difficulties than were controls. The more SCD interfered with living normally, the greater the risk of psychological dysfunction. Importantly, emotional well-being in parents moderated the adverse effects of SCD on chil - dren. Similarly, racial consciousness, religiosity, and emotional support en - hanced parental coping.
Black Guys and White Guise The Discursive Construction of White Masculinity

This article explores how discursive repertories about black masculinity inform the construction of white masculinity in two settings assumed diametrically opposed: white nationalists and white ant...
PIV measurement and numerical analysis of a new refrigeration compartment of a refrigerator.

: A new cooling duct system was developed in order to increase the refrigerator performance in terms of uniform temperature distribution particle image velocimetry (PIV) and the commercial software FLUENT was used to compare the performance of the conventional cooling system with the new cooling system. The new cooling system effectively cooled the door basket region, thus increasing the uniformity of the temperature distribution in the refrigeration compartment.
Secondary Students' Dynamic Modeling Processes: Analyzing, Reasoning About, Synthesizing, and Testing Models of Stream Ecosystems

In this paper, we explore dynamic modeling as an opportunity for students to think about the science content they are learning. We examined the “Cognitive Strategies for Modeling” (CSMs) in which students engaged as they created dynamic models. We audio- and videotape-recorded eight pairs of ninth grade science students and analyzed their conversations and actions. In analyzing appropriate objects and factors for their model, some students merely enumerated potential factors whereas others engaged in rich, substantial, mindful analysis. In reasoning about their models, students discussed relationships in depth, concentrated only on the most important key relationships, or encountered difficulty distinguishing between causal and correlational relationships. In synthesizing working models, students mapped their model to aid visualization, focused on their goal, or talked about their model's appearance or form. Students attempted to articulate explanations for their relationships, but sometimes their explanations were shallow. In testing their models, some students tested thoroughly but only a few persisted in debugging their model's behavior so that it matched their expectations. In our conclusion we suggest that creating dynamic models has great potential for use in classrooms to engage students in thought about science content, particularly in those thinking strategies best fostered by dynamic modeling: analysis, relational reasoning, synthesis, testing and debugging, and making explanations.
Guarding the airwaves: Government regulation of World War II American radio

The U.S. Government's role as overseer of the World War II airwaves was significant, given the government's task of establishing a supervisory mechanism for the radio industry that would serve the need of national security and, at the same time, minimize the need for bureaucratic intrusion into program decision making. A mechanism also was needed to police the domestic airwaves for unlicensed intruders and to monitor the international airwaves for enemy propaganda. To accomplish these tasks, the government enlisted the services of three agencies: the Federal Communications Commission, the Defense Communications Board, and the Office of Censorship. This paper examines the structure, operation, and contribution of each.
Cache allocation for fixed-priority real-time scheduling on multi-core platforms

The increased resource sharing on multi-core platforms has posed significant challenges on the predictability of real-time systems. Cache memory partitioning has proven to be one of the most effective methods to improve the predictability and also the schedulability of real-time systems. In this paper, we study how to allocate cache memory of a multi-core platform when scheduling fixed-priority hard real-time tasks. As the bounded worst-case execution time (WCET) of a real-time task varies with its cache allocation, the challenges of this problem are twofold: how to judiciously allocate the cache memory among all real-time tasks and how to map real-time tasks to each core to improve the schedulability. To address these challenges, we develop an approach that takes into consideration not only the WCET variations with cache allocations but also the task period relationship and thus can significantly improve the schedulability of real-time tasks. Our simulation results, based on the SPEC CPU2000 benchmarks suite, show that our approach can increase the schedulability of real-time tasks up to four times when compared to other similar scheduling mechanisms.
A Role for c-Jun Kinase ( JNK) Signaling in Glial Engulfment of Degenerating Axons: A Dissertation

The central nervous system (CNS) is composed of two types of cells: neurons that send electrical signals to transmit information throughout the animal and glial cells. Glial cells were long thought to be merely support cells for the neurons; however, recent work has identified many critical roles for these cells during development and in the mature animal. In the CNS, glial cells act as the resident immune cell and they are responsible for the clearance of dead or dying material. After neuronal injury or death, glial cells become reactive, exhibiting dramatic changes in morphology and patterns of gene expression and ultimately engulfing neuronal debris. This rapid clearance of degenerating neuronal material is thought to be crucial for suppression of inflammation and promotion of functional recovery, but molecular pathways mediating these engulfment events remain poorly defined. Drosophila melanogaster is a genetically tractable model system in which to study glial biology. It has been shown that Drosophila glia rapidly respond to axonal injury both morphologically and molecularly and that they ultimately phagocytose the degenerating axonal debris. This glial response to axonal debris requires the engulfment receptor Draper and downstream signaling molecules dCed-6, Shark, and Rac1. However, much remains unknown about the molecular details of this response. In this thesis I show that Drosophila c-Jun kinase (dJNK) signaling is a critical in vivo mediator of glial engulfment activity. In response to axotomy, glial dJNK signals through a cascade involving the upstream MAPKKKs Slipper and TAK1, the MAPKK MKK4, and ultimately the Drosophila AP-1 transcriptional complex composed of JRA and Kayak to
Dynamic Dual Capacity Sourcing for New Ethical Drugs

Capacity management for new ethical drugs is one of the most challenging tasks facing pharmaceutical manufacturers due to long lead times to acquire capacity, significant risks in product launching failure, volatile and growing demand and costs, and extremely high service level requirement. Motivated by the growing practice of dual capacity sourcing strategies in the pharmaceutical industry, we introduce a finite period, dual capacity sourcing model with lost sales where a manufacturer uses two capacity sources to meet demand: in-house capacity that has a longer (two periods) construction lead time but once built can be used throughout the remaining periods, and outsourcing capacity that has a shorter (one period) reservation lead time but can only be used for the next period. We capture three uncertainties frequently observed in practice: product launching risks, and temporally dependent and growing demand and capacity costs. We show that the optimal total (in-house plus outsourcing) capacity is characterized by state-dependent basecapacity levels. However, the structure of the in-house capacity policy is intractable because the optimal value function is neither convex nor quasi-convex. Accordingly, we develop two approximate in-house basecapacity policies: the myopic solution and the convex value function approximation. Our extensive numerical study investigates, among other things, the strategic roles played by each capacity source and their dynamic interactions over the drug’s patent protection years. We find the following guiding principles for effective dual capacity sourcing: (1) largely postpone long-term investment before product launch and rely primarily on short-term outsourcing to meet demand in the early years; (2) quickly expand in-house capacity up to a modestly overage level soon after product launch and rely primarily on in-house capacity to meet demand in the intermediate years; and (3) use both the already built in-house capacity and outsourcing to meet demand in the late years. We also obtain other managerial and operational insights detailed in the paper.
Experimental Chronic Portal Vein Bacteremia.

SummaryChronic portal bacteremia has been experimentally produced in calves. Some of the changes in hepatic structure and function have been studied. Preliminary results suggest that: 1) the experimental preparation is satisfactory for studying the chronic infusion of bacteria, toxins, etc. into the portal vein; and 2) chronic portal bacteremia can cause a lesion resembling pericholangitis. More comprehensive experiments have been undertaken to study the effect of bacterial perfusion on the liver and biliary tract.We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Drs. Erick Ratzer, and Robert Malowney, Dept. of Surgery, and the technical aid of Mrs. Dcnna Schultz.
Computed Tomography of the Brain Stem with Intrathecal Metrizamide. Part I: The Normal Brain Stem

Detailed anatomy of the brain stem and cervicomedullary junction can be accurately demonstrated with metrizamide computed tomographic cisternography. Specifically. surface anatomy is unusually well outlined. Nine distinct and easily recognizable levels of section are described: four levels in the medulla, three in the pons, and two in the mesencephalon. Surface features of the brain stem, fine details in the floor of the fourth ventricle, cranial nerves, and vascular structures are shown and discussed.
Psychological Analysis and Countermeasures of Medical Interns Born in the 1990s

In the clinical internship of medical students born in the 1990s,due to their sudden change of the learning methods,living environment,social roles and relationships,and at same time their internal pressure events such as entrance examination and employment,they had a series of psychological changes in their cognition,emotion and will.It is very important for the hospital scientific research and teaching management department to timely understand of the psychological changes of medical students and to assist the clinical teachers to offer reasonable guidance to improve the quality of clinical teaching.
Influence of Microstructure on Creep Rupture

In this paper, the effect of microstructure on both the creep and creep rupture behavior of two commercial grades of vitreous bonded aluminum oxide was investigated. Deformation and fracture occurred within the ductile, intergranular phase of the material. The creep rate was relatively insensitive to the amount of intergranular phase, but was sensitive to structural details of that phase. The creep rate could be reduced by increasing both the degree of crystallization of the intergranular phase and the viscosity of residual glass within that phase. The time-to-rupture and the strain-at-rupture increased as the amount of intergranular phase within the material increased. In this regard, an increase in the amount of intergranular phase permitted greater accommodation of strain, and hence, blunting of cavities that nucleated during the creep process. The data fit a modified Monkman-Grant curve in which the Monkman-Grant coefficient was sensitive to both stress and the amount of intergranular phase. The Monkman-Grant coefficient was not sensitive, however, to the degree of crystallization of the intergranular phase.
SIRT2 deletion enhances KRAS-induced tumorigenesis in vivo by regulating K147 acetylation status

The observation that cellular transformation depends on breaching a crucial KRAS activity threshold, along with the finding that only a small percentage of cellsharboring KRAS mutations are transformed, support the idea that additional, not fully uncovered, regulatory mechanisms may contribute to KRAS activation. Here we report that KrasG12D mice lacking Sirt2 show an aggressive tumorigenic phenotype as compared to KrasG12D mice. This phenotype includes increased proliferation, KRAS acetylation, and activation of RAS downstream signaling markers. Mechanistically, KRAS K147 is identified as a novel SIRT2-specific deacetylation target by mass spectrometry, whereas its acetylation status directly regulates KRAS activity, ultimately exerting an impact on cellular behavior as revealed by cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumor growth. Given the significance of KRAS activity as a driver in tumorigenesis, identification of K147 acetylation as a novel post-translational modification directed by SIRT2 in vivo may provide a better understanding of the mechanistic link regarding the crosstalk between non-genetic and genetic factors in KRAS driven tumors.
Diabolical Cough Syrup

This case discusses IgE sensitization by pholcodine resulting in cross-sensitization to rocuronium bromide.
Balloon Brachytherapy Physics

Brachytherapy utilizing intracavitary balloon and strut devices is a recent therapeutic offering. As such, the specifics of the physics of what might appear superficially to be simple devices can be quite challenging. We present this chapter to explain the balloon device and its physical properties, including the nuances that may arise in planning and quality assurance.
A novel nonlinear settling model of OTA for high-resolution switched-capacitor sigma-delta modulator design

A novel nonlinear settling model of OTAs in SC integrators is presented. Using this accurate model, the requirement for OTAs in high-resolution sigma-delta modulator A/D converters is relaxed. Firstly, a signal-dependent nonlinear settling time constant is derived based on the circuit-level analysis. Then, a modified nonlinear settling algorithm is proposed by including the obtained nonlinear settling time constant. Finally, a high resolution fourth-order cascaded sigma-delta modulator is simulated and results are compared with other approaches.