cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Research on Mechanically Activated Digestion Performance of Diasporic Bauxite and Kinetics

This paper proposes a “mechanical activation-homogeneous digestion” technology as a strengthening method for diasporic bauxite digestion process of alumina production. Effects of digestion temperature, digestion time and mechanical activation speed on digestion performance of diasporic bauxite were investigated by using “homogeneous digestion” equipment, and the digestion kinetics of diasporic bauxite was studied as well. The results indicate that the mechanical activation can greatly improve the digestion performance of diasporic bauxite, digest mine with larger particle size. The optimal mechanically activated digestion temperature is 20°C lower than that of direct digestion. The relative digestion rate of alumina goes up to above 97% when digested at 245°C for 60 minutes with a mechanical activation speed of 80rpm.The apparent activation energy of mechanically activated digestion is 57.30kJ/mol, 21.09kJ/mol lower than the direct digestion. The kinetic equation of mechanically activated digestion is (1−η)−1/3−1=1.5532x10−4exp(4.764x105/T)t.
The tumour-suppressor genes lgl and dlg regulate basal protein targeting in Drosophila neuroblasts.

Drosophila neuroblasts are a model system for studying asymmetric cell division: they divide unequally to produce an apical neuroblast and a basal ganglion mother cell that differ in size, mitotic activity and developmental potential. During neuroblast mitosis, an apical protein complex orients the mitotic spindle and targets determinants of cell fate to the basal cortex1, but the mechanism of each process is unknown. Here we show that the tumour-suppressor genes lethal giant larvae (lgl) and discs large (dlg) regulate basal protein targeting, but not apical complex formation or spindle orientation, in both embryonic and larval neuroblasts. Dlg protein is apically enriched and is required for maintaining cortical localization of Lgl protein. Basal protein targeting requires microfilament and myosin function, yet the lgl phenotype is strongly suppressed by reducing levels of myosin II. We conclude that Dlg and Lgl promote, and myosin II inhibits, actomyosin-dependent basal protein targeting in neuroblasts.
An Efficient Algorithm for Solving the Dyck-CFL Reachability Problem on Trees

The context-free language (CFL) reachability problem is well known and studied in computer science, as a fundamental problem underlying many important static analyses such as points-to-analysis. Solving the CFL reachability problem in the general case is very hard. Popular solutions resorting to a graph traversal exhibit a time complexity of O (k 3 n 3) for a grammar of size k . For Dyck CFLs, a particular class of CFLs, this complexity can be reduced to O (kn 3). Only recently the first subcubic algorithm was proposed by Chaudhuri, dividing the complexity of predating solutions by a factor of logn . In this paper we propose an effective algorithm for solving the CFL reachability problem for Dyck languages when the considered graph is a bidirected tree with specific constraints. Our solution pre-processes the graph in O (n logn logk ) time in a space of O (n logn ), after which any Dyck-CFL reachability query can be answered in O (1) time, while a naive online algorithm will require O (n ) time to answer a query or require O (n 2) to store the pre-computed results for all pairs of nodes.
Sign Language and Motor Functioning in Students with Autistic Disorder

Sign language production of 14 low-functioning students diagnosed with autistic disorder was examined. Videotapes of the students signing with their teachers were analyzed for frequency and accuracy of sign location, handshape, and movement production. The location aspect of signs was produced more accurately by the subjects than either the handshape or movement aspects. Wide individual differences were evident among the students in the number of signs they produced, accuracy of sign formation, and performance on measures of motor functioning. Students' sign vocabulary size and accuracy of sign formation were highly correlated with their performance on two measures of apraxia and with their fine motor age scores.
Sequence Variation of Bovine Elastin mRNA Due to Alternative Splicing

Abstract Poly A+ RNA, isolated from a single 210 day fetal bovine nuchal ligament, was used to synthesize cDNA by the RNase H method, using AMV reverse transcriptase for first strand synthesis and DNA polymerase I for the second strand. The cDNA was inserted into λ10 using EcoRI linkers, and recombinant phage containing elastin sequences were identified by hybridization with a 1.3 kb sheep elastin cDNA clone, pcSELI (Yoon, K. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 118: 261-265, 1984). Three clones containing the largest inserts of 2.9, 2.8, and 2.6 kb were selected for further study. The complete sequence analysis of the 3 clones was correlated with the sequence of 10.2 kb of the bovine elastin gene. The analyses: (1) showed that the cDNA encompassed the great majority of the translated sequence, (ii) ordered the tryptic peptides of porcine tropoelastin, (iii) determined new amino acid sequences not previously found in the porcine peptides and (iv) demonstrated that alternative splicing of the primary transcript leads to significant variation in the sequence of the translated portion of the mRNA.
Chloroplast Composition and Structure Differences in a Soybean Mutant

A nuclear mutation of Glycine max (soybean) segregates 1:2:1 in regard to chlorophyll content. The heterozygous (LG) leaf blade contains about one-half the pigment content of the wild type (DG) per gram fresh weight. A lethal yellow (LY) type contains about 1 to 2% of the DG leaf pigment values. The chlorophyll a/b ratio in the LG is about 5 compared to about 2 in the DG. Protein/leaf values are lower in the LG and LY types when compared to DG. The LG plastid lamellae contain more protein/chlorophyll, cytochromes/chlorophyll, and quinones/chlorophyll than the DG. P(700)/chlorophyll values are similar in the DG and LG types.The chlorophyll-depleted LG and LY types had less total acyl lipids per leaf weight when compared to the DG type. Similar amounts of sulfolipid and phosphatidyl glycerol per protein residue weight were found in the LG and DG plastids; however, the monogalactosyl and digalactosyl diglycerides were reduced in the LG paralleling the chlorophyll depletion.Thin sections of leaf tissue show similar-sized LG and DG plastids but reduced grana formation in the LG. The LY has very few grana and very small grana compared to either DG or LG. The two characteristic particles revealed in higher plant chloroplasts by freeze-etching are about 15% smaller in the LG compared to the DG plants.
The effect of temporal risk aversion on liquidity preference

Abstract In most instances, investors are not indifferent to risk. Their attitudes toward it influence their decisions. Temporal risk aversion, the dynamic analogue of the usual concept of risk aversion, has a marked effect on investors' decisions but is usually ignored in the literature. This paper investigates the liquidity preference of temporally risk-averse investors. The analysis shows that, all other things being equal, temporal risk aversion reduces the liquidity premium investors must receive to hold an asset that is not perfectly reversible. Thus, the optimal investment policy is closer to what one would expect had a frictionless exchange market existed for the irreversible asset. As far as an individual's investment behavior is concerned, temporal risk aversion counters the effects of an asset's irreversibility and tends to compensate for the absence of frictionless exchange.
Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion prevents infarct extension during intraoperative global ischemic arrest.

Abstract To determine whether continuous infusion of cardioplegia retrograde through the coronary sinus could improve the salvage of infarcting myocardium, 54 pigs were utilized in a region at risk model. All hearts underwent 30 minutes of reversible coronary artery occlusion, and were divided into six groups. Group 1 served as controls and underwent two hours of coronary reflow without global ischemic arrest. The remaining five groups were subjected to 45 minutes of cardioplegia-induced hypothermic arrest followed by two hours of normothermic reflow. Group 2 had a single infusion of crystalloid cardioplegia, and Group 3 received an oxygenated perfluorocarbon cardioplegic solution initially and again after 20 minutes of ischemia. After initial cardiac arrest with crystalloid cardioplegia, all hearts in Groups 4, 5, and 6 underwent a continuous infusion of a cardioplegic solution retrograde through the coronary sinus. Group 4 received a nonoxygenated crystalloid cardioplegic solution, Group 5 received an oxygenated crystalloid cardioplegic solution, and Group 6 received an oxygenated perfluorocarbon cardioplegic solution. With results expressed as the percent of infarcted myocardium within the region at risk, Group 2 hearts, which received only antegrade cardioplegia, had a mean infarct size of 44.8 ± 6.3%, a 2.2-fold increase over controls ( p p
Data Envelopment Analysis in the Strategic Management of Youth Orchestras

Nonprofit arts organizations need to develop more effective mechanisms for self-regulation in response to increasing government regulation and to meet organizational expectations. In this article, I measure the management of the relative efficiency among those forty-eight youth orchestras that participated in the profile summary project of the League of American Orchestras 2009–2010. I used two steps of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in order to evaluate program service delivery and the effectiveness of these fundraising efforts. The result of this analysis enabled me to divide these groups into efficient and inefficient groups. The efficient group can use this study's results in future marketing or fundraising efforts. Inefficient groups are provided suggestions to implement that will improve their fundraising and program services.
A phase I/II trial of nimodipine for HIV-related neurologic complications

Background: Few effective treatments are available for AIDS dementia complex (ADC) and HIV-associated neuropathy. However, recent in vitro studies indicate that nimodipine, a voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonist, can prevent HIV-related neuronal injury and may provide a novel form of treatment for these disorders. Methods: To determine the safety and possible efficacy of this agent, 41 patients with mild to severe ADC, including 19 patients with neuropathy, were entered into the AIDS Clinical Trial Group multicenter, phase-I and phase-II study. Nimodipine at 60 mg po, five times daily; 30 mg po, three times daily; or placebo was administered for 16 weeks as adjuvant treatment to antiretroviral therapy. Results: Neuropsychological performance at baseline, measured by the composite neuropsychological Z score (NPZ-8), correlated significantly with the ADC stage and with CSF levels of neopterin, a marker of immune activation. No significant differences in toxicity were observed among the three arms. Intent-to-treat analysis showed no significant change in the NPZ-8, although improvement was suggested in the high-dose arm. In addition, a trend toward stabilization in peripheral neuropathy was observed in both nimodipine arms compared with placebo. Conclusions: Nimodipine and other similar nonantiretroviral agents may provide a safe and promising avenue of treatment for neurologic disorders associated with HIV infection. The results of this study indicate that further clinical trials are warranted.
Avoidance learning in fish as a function of prior fear conditioning.

fear conditioning trials prior to 40 standard avoidance learning trials in an aquatic shuttlebox. Results indicated that avoidance learning was inversely related to the number of fear cocditioning trials and were discussed in terms of the development of superstiticus behavior during fear conditioning which was incompatible with the shuttle response required during subsequent avoidance training. Two-factor theory (Mowrer, 195 1 ) postulates that the first phase of avoidance learning consists of the classical conditioning of fear to a previously neutral stimulus (CS) by pairing the CS with a stimulus (UCS) which is natiually aversive to the organism. The second phase of avoidance learning is then said to consist of instrumental responses which allow the organism to avoid the UCS and are reinforced by reduction of the conditioned fear. It follows then, that organisms who have had fear conditioning trials prior to standard avoidance learning should acquire the instrumental avoidance response more readily than those who have not had such experience. Mullin and Mogenson (1963) have shown, however, that groups given 0, 8, 50, and 100 fear conditioning trials did not differ significantly in number of trials required to attain criterion performance in subsequent shuttlebox avoidance learning. They discussed these results in terms of the development of incompatible responses during the fear conditioning stage of their experiment. In support of this, they pointed to an increase in the variability of learning scores with an increase in the namber of fear conditioning trials which preceded the learning. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of prior fear conditioning on shuttlebox avoidance learning in fish and to compare these results with those obtained with the rat as subject. It seemed desirable to extend chis work to a phyletic level for which few data are available and to an organism whose reactions to shock are different from those of the rat.
Ribotyping of AdherentLactobacillusfrom Weaning Pigs: a Basis for Probiotic Selection Based on Diet and Gut Compartment

Dietary inoculates for weaned pigs often include lacobacilli, but the effects of age and diet on the ecology of adherent lactobacilli are not well known. Four experimental treatments included 16 newborn piglets: a pre-weaning treatment (PW) included four pigs that were sacrificed at 28 days of age; a sow treatment (Sow) had four pigs that remained with the sow (Sow) from 28 to 38 days of age and were sacrificed at 38 days of age; and two treatments in which four pigs each, were placed on a corn-soy diet with (CSL), or without (CS) 40% lactose. Adherent lactobacilli were isolated from the pars esophagus, ileum, and cecum, and characterised phenotypically. A 23S rDNA probe hydrized toEcoRI orPstI digested DNA, and a 74.8% cut-off individualize isolates into 36 clusters. The most predominant strains found in the Sow, CSL, and CS treatments were the same, but different strains predominated in the PW animals. The most predominant strains found in the pars esophagus and ileum were the same, but different strains predominated in the cecum.
Reading-related behavior in an open classroom: effects of novelty and modelling on preschoolers

Eight preschool children were exposed initially to an unstructured (open) classroom in which, among other objects, a dozen different books were continuously available. Samples of the subjects' behavior over several weeks documented a very low frequency of reading-related activity (attention to books). Introduction of novel books into the classroom increased some children's reading-related behavior, but adults who modelled reading by reading aloud produced larger and more stable increases of such behavior. There was also a relative increase in frequency of independent and a relative decrease in mutual-peer reading-related activity, possibly as a result of modelling. The study calls attention to the need to evaluate the open-classroom setting in a manner compatible with the experimental analysis of behavior in other applied settings—a manner that is also consistent with the real aims of open education.
Cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis: past, present, and future.

Skin tumors chemically induced in mice have provided an important experimental model for studying carcinogenesis and for bioassaying carcinogenic agents. The information obtained from this model suggests that the events leading to tumor formation can be divided into at least two stages, initiation and promotion. A single small dose of carcinogen produces initiation which appears to be irreversible. These initiating agents may have to be metabolically activated and can interact with cellular macromolecules. The extent to which they bind to DNA correlates well with their carcinogenicity. Increased DNA replication at the time of or during the first day after these agents have been applied appears to enhance carcinogenesis. Unlike initiation, promotion appears to be reversible and the promoting agents must be applied repeatedly before tumors are formed. Promoters interact with membranes, stimulate and alter genetic expression, and increase the rate of cell proliferation. The knowledge gained from these studies in mouse skin has immeasurably helped the entire field of chemical carcinogenesis. But efforts to determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic process, particularly in the skin, have been hampered by the difficulties of working on whole animals and by the special problems associated with the biologic and biochemical methods required for this target organ. Such problems, however, can be solved by the use of cell cultures of mouse epidermis which can metabolize and bind carcinogens just as is done in vivo. The fact that epidermal cells in vitro proliferate synchronously should facilitate the study of the relation between the cell cycle and carcinogenesis. These cells repair chemically induced DNA damage by at least two mechanisms, excision repair and base-specific repair.
Why We Need Therapy—and Why It Works: A Neuroscientific Perspective

Evolution has woven together genetics, biology, and relationships with minds, tribes, and culture over a vast expanse of time to create a remarkable social organ. This deep history accounts for the profound connections among our bodies, minds, and attachment to others. Due to their very complexity, our brains are extremely vulnerable to dysregulation, dissociation, and emotional distress. Fortunately for us, we possess the tools to heal one another—communication, trusting relationships, and empathy. In this article, the authors explore the brain’s evolutionary history with two concerns in mind: why we need therapy and why therapy works.
Postmortem Muscle Metabolism and Meat Tenderness

Left sides of 75 steers were electrically stimulated (ES) and right sides were nonstimulated controls (NES). NES sides had the highest pH, lowest temperature, were slower-metabolizing (lower R values), and produced steaks that had the least desirable sensory ratings compared to ES sides. Carcass weight, fat thickness, temperature and pH accounted for 31, 32, 34 and 16% of the variation, respectively, in overall tenderness ratings for steaks from NES sides and accounted for 0, 0, 0 and 7% of the variation, respectively, for steaks from ES sides. R values accounted for 28 and 32% of the variation in overall tenderness ratings of steaks derived from NES and ES sides, respectively. Thus, metabolic rate (R value) is a good indicator of postmortem tenderness.
Circulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitory factor in some patients with chronic renal disease.

Circulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase inhibitory factor in some patients with chronic renal disease. Background Chronic renal disease (CRD) is associated with hypertension and reduced synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). Here, we investigated whether there is a circulating endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) inhibitory factor(s) in some patients with CRD that might directly influence endothelial NOS. Methods Human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) were incubated for six hours with 20% plasma from subjects with normal renal function (P Cr = 0.8 ± 0.2 mg%), and patients with moderate renal insufficiency of various causes (P Cr = 4.0 ± 1.5 mg%) and impact on NOS activity, transport of L-arginine, and abundance of eNOS protein were measured. Plasma concentrations of asymmetric and symmetric dimethyl L-arginine (ADMA and SDMA) were also measured. Results There was no effect of any human plasma on L-arginine transport. The NOS activity was variable in CRD patients and fell into two subgroups: CRD I, individual values similar to control, and CRD II, individual values lower than control mean. The effect of CRD plasma on NOS activity in cultured cells was not related to the primary disease, but was predicted by plasma ADMA levels since plasma ADMA was elevated in CRD II versus both control and CRD I. Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were uniformly elevated in CRD plasma. The abundance of eNOS protein was unaffected by plasma. Conclusion High plasma levels of ADMA in CRD patients are independent of reduced renal clearance, suggesting an alteration in ADMA synthesis and/or degradation. High ADMA is a marker and is partly responsible for the inhibition of eNOS activity in cultured cells and may also result in reduced eNOS activity in vivo, with consequent hypertension.
Quaternary temperatures and precipitation for the north-west coast of North America

Palynologists utilize present-day pollen rain to interpret the climatic setting of pollen records from Quaternary deposits. Analogues are sought which relate the present with the past. Because climatic conditions at mid-latitudes during the Quaternary were diverse, often ranging from a tundra type at one extreme to a closed forest type at the other, a modern data set should cover the extremes of vegetation and climate expected during this time. For interpreting climatic parameters from Quaternary pollen in land and marine cores, we calculated a pair of regression equations relating modern pollen rain from the Pacific coastal forest and tundra to mean July temperature and mean annual precipitation at a series of sites from the Aleutian Islands to northern California. We describe here how application of these equations to Quaternary pollen profiles from western Washington enabled us to quantify temperature and precipitation over the past ∼80,000 yr.
Adenovirus sequences required for replication in vivo.

Abstract We have studied the in vivo replication properties of plasmids carrying deletion mutations within cloned adenovirus terminal sequences. Deletion mapping located the adenovirus DNA replication origin entirely within the first 67 bp of the adenovirus inverted terminal repeat. This region could be further subdivided into two functional domains: a minimal replication origin and an adjacent auxillary region which boosted the efficiency of replication by more than 100-fold. The minimal origin occupies the first 18 to 21 bp and includes sequences conserved between all adenovirus serotypes. The adjacent auxillary region extends past nucleotide 36 but not past nucleotide 67 and contains the binding site for nuclear factor I.
Does acceptance of corporate wrongdoing begin on the “training ground” of professional managers?

Abstract Business schools are a modern-day training ground for many of tomorrow's business leaders and managers. The strong emphasis on an economic ideology dominates business education and leads to the contention that business schools desensitize students to ethical issues and contribute to a moral void in the future corporate leaders. This study employed data collected from a sample of 537 graduate students in a southern state university to examine whether MBA students differed significantly from nonbusiness students in their acceptance of unethical and illegal business practices. Results revealed that business students were more likely to be tolerant of business practices with ethical issues than the comparison group. No significant difference was found in the attitudes toward illegal business practices between them. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Temperature oscillations and vibrations of AC resistively heated thin filaments

Resistively heated filaments are used to deposit diamond or to act as a substrate in the manufacture of ceramic fibers. This article analyzes the effects of an AC power source, in particular the oscillation in filament temperature and its influence on the kinetic rates, as well as the vibration of the filament, when it is mounted in a state of tensile stress. These effects diminish when the filament gauge is large enough and the analysis can help to decide whether an AC or a DC power source should be used.
Factors in the waning of muricide in the rat. II. Digging behavior

If each mouse killed by a rat is removed from the rat's home cage and replaced immediately by another, the decline in the rate of killing within the one-hour sessions is accompanied by an increase in digging in the woodchip bedding material. Deprivation of the opportunity to dig by removal of the bedding material results in a statistically significant increase in kill rate. Since no other behaviors monitored showed a similar increase with this manipulation, it appears that digging may be a mechanism important in the waning of muricide. Furthermore, digging may be, in some sense, a functional equivalent of killing.
The Case Low-Dispersion Northern Sky Survey

The Burrell Schmidt-type telescope of the Warner and Swasey Observatory in its new location on Kitt Peak in Arizona is being used for a spectroscopic survey of the region b > +30°. and δ < +30°. The plates, which cover 5° × 5°, are taken with the 1 . o 8 prism which provides a dispersion of 1350 A mm at Hγ. Eastman Kodak IIIa-J plates, baked in forming gas, are used without filter to cover the spectral range 3300 to 5350 A. The exposure times of 75 minutes reach a limiting blue magnitude of ~ 18.0 for threshold detection of an unwidened stellar continuum. The categories of objects which are being catalogued are blue and/or emission-line galaxies, probable HII regions, blue and/or emission-line stellar objects, known and probable blue stars, main-sequence late B and A-type stars, suspected field horizontal-branch stars of types A and F including RR Lyrae variables, suspected F and G-type subdwarfs showing a UV excess, faint carbon and late M suspected halo giants, and peculiar objects.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. II. Solubilities of corn, linseed, and tung oils in aqueous ethanol

Solubilities of corn, linseed, and tung oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions at various temperatures have been determined by a direct and simple method. The solubility curves for the three oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions are presented. The critical solution temperatureversus alcohol composition data have been plotted for the three oils. It is observed that the critical solution temperature increases with the water content of the alcohol and that the relationship is linear in each case. Similar results were obtained for cottonseed, peanut, sesame, and soybean oils previously (1). The pressure in the system, increases with temperature; the maximum is approximately 20 p.s.i.g.
Conversion of evanescent waves into propagating waves by vibrating knife edge

Using plane wave spectrum methods, we analyze the propagation and mutual conversion of plane and evanescent waves generated by a one-dimensional object partially obscured by a vibrating knife edge. We show that subwavelength details of the object may be detected in each part of the transmitted plane wave spectrum, upon scanning the knife edge across the object. We discuss the implications for near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and compare some aspects of conventional NSOM (physical aperture), and vibrating knife edge (electronic aperture) approaches to the sampling of optical fields. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Note on the addition theorem for Legendre functions

The addition theorem for Legendre functions of the first and second kinds is generalized to the case of arbitrary superscripts.
High-resolution electron microscope analysis of {100} twinning in β-rhombohedral boron

Abstract {100} twinning in β-rhombohedral boron formed during rapid cooling of a multiphase mixture was reexamined by high-resolution electron microscopy. Comparison of observed and calculated images shows that the twin boundaries (which pass through the center of the B 84 units in the structure) occur in pairs, separated by one to five unit cells of the twinned orientation. Twinned regions are typically separated by 100 to 500 A. The twin boundary pairs may also be described as stacking faults in the pseudocubic close-packed arrangement formed by the B 84 units, which are pseudospherical in symmetry.
Developmental changes in narrative and non-narrative discourse in children with and without brain injury

Abstract This study presents a set of narrative and non-narrative tasks and analytic procedures for examining the discourse development of children with perinatal brain injury and typically developing children. Three oral discourse genres were collected at ages 5, 6, and 7: script, picture description, and replica play narration. Genre performances were assessed for the presence of hypothesized genre features. Results suggest these tasks and procedures are able to characterize development in discourse abilities for both a normative group and for children with perinatal brain injury. The group of children with brain injury produced shorter discourse performances with more off-task talk. This group also showed difficulty in fully differentiating the various genre types and in creating integrated discourse performances. However, most of these children demonstrated considerable growth in control of genre features over this time period. The possible utility of these tasks and procedures for clinical assessment is discussed.
A Physical Interaction between Viral Replicase and Capsid Protein Is Required for Genome-Packaging Specificity in an RNA Virus

Genome packaging is functionally coupled to replication in RNA viruses pathogenic to humans (Poliovirus), insects (Flock house virus [FHV]), and plants (Brome mosaic virus [BMV]). However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We have observed previously that in FHV and BMV, unlike ectopically expressed capsid protein (CP), packaging specificity results from RNA encapsidation by CP that has been translated from mRNA produced from replicating genomic RNA. Consequently, we hypothesize that a physical interaction with replicase increases the CP specificity for packaging viral RNAs. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the molecular interaction between replicase protein and CP using a FHV-Nicotiana benthamiana system. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation in conjunction with fluorescent cellular protein markers and coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that FHV replicase (protein A) and CP physically interact at the mitochondrial site of replication and that this interaction requires the N-proximal region from either amino acids 1 to 31 or amino acids 32 to 50 of the CP. In contrast to the mitochondrial localization of CP derived from FHV replication, ectopic expression displayed a characteristic punctate pattern on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This pattern was altered to relocalize the CP throughout the cytoplasm when the C-proximal hydrophobic domain was deleted. Analysis of the packaging phenotypes of the CP mutants defective either in protein A-CP interactions or ER localization suggested that synchronization between protein A-CP interaction and its subcellular localization is imperative to confer packaging specificity.
Representation in State Supreme Courts: Evidence from the Terminal Term

This research capitalizes on the analytical opportunity created by mandatory retirement provisions to explore the nature of the electoral connection in state supreme courts and to illustrate how ch...
Actions of amphetamine and antagonists on pupil diameter in the chronic sympathectomized dog.

The left superior cervical ganglia were removed from 5 dogs. Beginning 30 days postoperatively, epinephrine (10 microgram/kg/min), norepinephrine (10 microgram/kg/min), and d-amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg) were infused i.v. for 10 min following either vehicle, phenoxybenzamine, pimozide, or haloperidol. Epinephrine and norepinephrine dilated the pupil and retracted the nictitating membrane of the denervated side, whereas amphetamine dilated both pupils and retracted both nictitating membranes. Phenoxybenzamine (4 mg/kg) constricted primarily the pupil of the innervated iris and completely antagonized the effects of the catecholamines on the irides and amphetamine on the nictitating membranes, but only partially antagonized amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Haloperidol (1.0 mg/kg) constricted both pupils, possessed only modest alpha-adrenergic blocking activity, and was as effective as phenoxybenzamine in antagonizing amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Pimozide (0.1 mg/kg) constricted both pupils, had no significant alpha-adrenergic blocking activity, and did not antagonize amphetamine-induced mydriasis. Pimozide and haloperidol, but not phenoxybenzamine, blocked amphetamine-induced stereotyped head bobbing. These results suggest that amphetamine produces mydriasis in the dog through a peripheral sympathetic action and also through a central mechanism involving inhibition of the oculomotor nucleus. However, the role of dopamine is not clear.
Hydrophobic attraction as revealed by AFM force measurements and molecular dynamics simulation

Spherical calcium dioleate particles (similar to 10 mu m in diameter) were used as AFM (atomic force microscope) probes to measure interaction forces of the collector colloid with calcite and fluorite surfaces. The attractive AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the fluorite surface is strong and has a longer range than the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) prediction. The AFM force between the calcium dioleate sphere and the mineral surfaces does not agree with the DLVO prediction. Consideration of non-DLVO forces, including the attractive hydrophobic force and the repulsive hydration force, was necessary to explain the experimental results. The non-DLVO interactions considered were justified by the different interfacial water structures at calcite- and fluorite-water interfaces as revealed by the numerical computation experiments with molecular dynamics simulation.
Experimental and density functional theory study of the tribochemical wear behavior of SiO2 in humid and alcohol vapor environments.

This paper investigates the reaction steps involved in tribochemical wear of SiO2 surfaces in humid ambient conditions and the mechanism of wear prevention due to alcohol adsorption. The friction and wear behaviors of SiO2 were tested in three distinct gaseous environments at room temperature: dry argon, argon with 50% relative humidity (RH), and argon with n-pentanol vapor pressure 50% relative to the saturation pressure (P/Psat). Adsorbed gas molecules have significant chemical influences on the wear of the surface. The SiO2 surface wears more readily in humid ambient compared to the dry case; however, it does not show any measurable wear in 50% P/Psat n-pentanol vapor at the same nominal contact load tested in the dry and humid environments. The tribochemical wear of the SiO2 surface can be considered the Si−O−Si bond cleavage upon reactions with the impinging vapor molecules under tribological stress. DFT calculations were used to estimate the apparent activation energy needed to cleave the Si−O−Si bo...
Effects of IR wavelength on ablation mechanics: a study of acoustic signals

The effects of wavelength on infrared (IR) laser ablation with a free electron laser were studied by analyzing the acoustic signals produced during ablation of gelatin and tissue samples. The acoustic signals resulting from surface ablation of the samples were recorded with a piezoelectric microphone and the acoustic energy contained in the signal was calculated for samples of varying mechanical strength. Gelatin samples of different mechanical strengths were made by varying the water concentration in the gels to 70% and 90% wt./vol. The gels were irradiated at wavelengths of λ = 2.94, 2.80, and 6.45 μm with the measured acoustic energy normalized to the incident laser pulse energy. The results showed that while there was a statistically significant difference in the average acoustic energy measured for both concentrations of gelatin at λ = 2.94 and 2.80 μm, there was no difference in the average acoustic energy for the two concentrations of gelatin at λ = 6.45 micrometers . This supports the model of mechanical weakening of the sample by breaking the amide II molecular bonds in proteins, originally proposed by Edwards et al.
Three-dimensional quantal study of favored rotational polarization in H + D2→HD + D

Abstract The single-channel perturbation formalism utilizing the expansion of transition amplitudes in terms of the transferred angular momentum j and its projection m is shown to be useful for studying the cause of favored rotational polarizations in atom-diatomic molecular reactive scattering processes.
Glucosamine dependence of Huntington's chorea fibroblasts in culture

Abstract Huntington's chorea is an autosomal dominant disease of the nervous system. Fibroblasts of one such case obtained from the Genetic Mutant Repository have a normal growth rate when compared with an age, sex and passage number matched human fibroblast cell line obtained from the same source. However, when the culture medium is depleted of nutrients and non-essential amino-acids added either individually or in combination, the Huntington's chorea fibroblasts show a dependence for glucosamine in the culture medium for cell survival and replicative capacity. Glutamine cannot be used in place of glucosamine. In fact, there is a further increment of cell morphology and number deterioration by Huntington's chorea but not normal fibroblasts when glutamine is added to depleted cultures.
The Occurrence of Defects in Silicon Carbides as a Result of Processing Mode and Applied Stress

Silicon carbide (SiC) possesses extreme hardness, very good electrical, thermal and mechanical properties as well as excellent resistance to corrosion and thermal shock. As such, it is one of the primary candidate materials for use in systems for the production and conversion of energy at elevated temperatures. It is currently employed in or being considered for use in heat exchangers or waste heat recouperators in various prototype fossile fuel systems. Specific examples of its potential use include (1) indirectly fired turbine engines wherein the turbine section is separated and protected from the combustor by a SiC heat exchanger; (2) coal fired systems which heat air in a fluidized bed containing a SiC heat exchanger; (3) coal gasifiers wherein the outlet channels will be of SiC because of the particle erosion, high temperatures (1673K) and pressures on these systems; (4) critical parts for gas turbines, the Sterling engine and adiabatic diesel engines; (5) high temperature bearings and (6) first wall materials for fusion reactors.
Diffusion of lithium in potassium chloride

In connection with the study of Li as an off center ion in KCl its diffusion has been measured. The experiments were performed by sealing the KCl crystals in ampoules with LiCl. Large cleaved sections were analyzed by flame emission spectroscopy. In the range 500 to 730 °C the diffusion coefficient has an activation energy of 1.52 eV. Possible diffusion mechanisms and motional energies are discussed. Im Zusammenhang mit den Studien uber Li als „off center”-Ion in KCl wurde seine Diffusion gemessen. Dazu wurden die KCl-Kristalle mit LiCl in Ampullen eingeschmolzen. Grosere Teilabschnitte wurden durch Flammenemissionsspektroskopie untersucht. Zwischen 500 und 730 °C hat der Diffusionskoeffizient eine Aktivierungsenergie von 1,52 eV. Mogliche Diffusionsmechanismen und Bewegungsenergien werden diskutiert.
Simple Approximation of Core-Correlation Effects on Binding Energies

The majority of the ab initio electronic structure calculations that are performed today include the correlation energy of only the valence electrons. This is sometimes called the frozen-core (FC) approximation. Even when correlated calculations are carried out without the FC approximation, one cannot make a realistic estimate of core correlation energy unless one adds extra basis functions in the core region, and standard basis sets 1 do not include these. The idea that only the valence electrons contribute to binding has a long and venerable history, dating to the early days of quantum chemistry, and it is essentially correct, rightfully constituting one of the key elements for understanding why the periodic table explains so much of chemistry. 2 However recent years have seen great progress in the calculation of molecular binding energies, 3 and in some cases errors due to neglecting the contribution of core correlation energy may exceed all other errors combined. In fact, over the past few years a number of researchers 4-17 have shown that the change in correlation energy of core electrons must be accounted for quantitatively to predict accurate molecular structures or energetics. Accounting for the correlation energy of core electrons by explicitly including them in correlated electronic structure calculations increases the computational cost by a very significant amount, due both to the need for larger one-electron basis sets and also to the larger number of manyelectron configurations that need be considered. This is prohibitively expensive for larger molecules. The purpose of the present paper is to point out that one can formulate a useful approximation to core correlation effects on binding energies by counting the heavy-atom bonds in a molecule.
pH-Dependent Enhancement of DNA Binding by the Ultrabithorax Homeodomain†

Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and Deformed (Dfd) proteins of Drosophila melanogaster contain homeodomains (HD) that are structurally similar and recognize similar DNA sequences, despite functionally distinct genetic regulatory roles for Ubx and Dfd. We report in the present study that Ubx-HD binding to a single optimal target site displayed significantly increased affinity and higher salt concentration dependence at lower pH, while Dfd-HD binding to DNA was unaffected by pH. Results from studies of chimeric Ubx−Dfd homeodomains showed that the N- and C-terminal regions of the Ubx-HD are required for this pH dependence. The increase in binding affinity at lower pH was greater for the Ubx optimal binding site than for other DNA binding sites, indicating that subtle sequence alterations in DNA binding sites may influence pH-dependent behavior. These data demonstrate enhanced DNA binding affinity at lower pH for the Ubx-HD in vitro and suggest the potential for significant discrimination of DNA binding sites in vivo.
Pressure-flow studies in man: The nature of the aortic flow pattern in both valvular mitral insufficiency and the prolapsing mitral valve syndrome☆

Abstract In five normal patients and in six patients with various forms of mitral insufficiency, ascending aortic pressure-flow relationships were studied using the pressure gradient technique. Stroke volume, peak flow, mean aortic pressure, and the per cent of aortic flow during the first half of ejection were calculated in the control state, following amyl nitrite inhalation, and following the intravenous injection of 0.4 mg. of phenylephrine. In normal patients, an average of 52 per cent of flow occurred in the first half of ejection both during control and following phenylephrine, and increased to 60 per cent after amyl nitrite. A patient with the prolapsing mitral valve syndrome but without mitral insufficiency had flow curves similar to the normal. Two patients with moderate and severe mitral insufficiency, respectively, and a prolapsing mitral valve had a marked increase in flow during the first half of ejection (68 and 66 per cent) during control; the per cent of flow decreased with amyl nitrite and phenylephrine administration. Patients with mitral insufficiency secondary to either rheumatic heart disease or papillary muscle dysfunction had 58 to 64 per cent of flow during the first half of ejection during control; this pattern did not change significantly with amyl nitrite or phenylephrine.
Effects of high calorie preloads on selective processing of food and body shape stimuli among dieters and nondieters.

Preloaded and nonpreloaded dieters (restrained eaters) and nondieters (unrestrained eaters) completed a modified version of the Stroop task to measure selective biases in cognitive processing. In two separate studies, a milkshake preload led to increased cognitive interference for body shape words, especially for restrained eaters. There were no differences between restrained and unrestrained eaters in Stroop interference for either common or forbidden food words, whether subjects were preloaded or not. Taken, together, these results indicate that chronic dieting is associated with selective processing of body shape words. © 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reactive Oxygen Species Alter Activation Of Cardiac Myofilaments And Modify Sarcomeric Proteins

The generation of reactive oxygen species [ROS] such as hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] is elevated in acute and chronic cardiac pathophysiology. Post-translational oxidative modification of sarcomeric proteins important to cardiac function, such as actin and tropomyosin [Tm], represents a possible mechanism by which ROS may induce changes in cardiac function. Here we present data that test the hypothesis that ROS modify the function of ventricular muscle through oxidation of sarcomeric components. We directly exposed cardiac muscle to oxidation by treatment of detergent-extracted myofibril bundles from murine papillary muscles with 2.5 mM H2O2. From the same hearts, we prepared homogenates of the ventricular sarcomeric proteins; each sample was divided and processed with and without exposure to H2O2. We compared the oxidation state of the proteins, employing electrophoresis to analyze the formation of reduction-sensitive disulfides by oxidized cysteine residues. Compared to untreated fiber bundles, those treated with H2O2 showed significantly blunted cooperative activation in response to strong actin-myosin cross-bridge binding, as measured by addition of N-ethylmaleimide modified myosin sub-fragment 1 [NEM-S1]. Cross-bridge dependent effects are important for full activation of the cardiac thin filament and are believed to control the kinetics of ejection and relaxation. Results from “diagonal” gels (SDS-PAGE run successively under non-reducing and reducing conditions) revealed reduction-sensitive products which were more abundant in peroxide-treated compared to untreated tissue samples. Western immuno-blot analysis confirmed that these products contained actin and Tm. Overall, our findings represent evidence for the ROS-induced oxidation of myofibrillar proteins along with impairment in cardiac muscle function. Investigation of whether the endogenously generated ROS observed in pathological settings have similar effects in vivo will aid in assessing the significance of these modifications, and may suggest a therapeutic target.
Slave Runaways in Colonial Virginia: Accounts and Status Passage as Collective Process

As advertisements for escaped slaves in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries show, structurally VUInerable individuals experience status transformation which is governed by larger collective forces as well as by intentional states of the individuals involved. When the status transformation is, in addition, culturally unanticipated, construction of such accounts can be seen to be emergent from interaction across a variety of levels within the society of the times. Far from sustaining the moral careers of the vulnerable they establish destructive trajectories for them. Runaway advertisements allow us to examine the role of contradictory background expectancies in the production of the threatened identity associated with this status transformation. This paper elaborates the patterning of motives in the colonial Virginia community as it dealt with social change, individual rights and scions of appropriateness in handling runaway slaves.