cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of hypoxia on peripheral visual response to dim stimuli.

Response times (RTs) of 9 Ss were obtained for detection of 48 flash stimuli distributed throughout the visual field during 3 ¼-hr. exposures to each of 4 hypoxia conditions (0, 13,000, 15,000, 17,...
Theory of the Synchro-Cyclotron

In the synchro-cyclotron (or frequency-modulated cyclotron) the higher energies available are obtained at the expense of a decrease in the ion current compared with that available from the conventional cyclotron. This decrease results from the fact that during only a small fraction of the frequency-modulation cycle is it possible for ions to be captured into phase stable orbits that do not return to the center during the first phase oscillation. By solving the phase equation, it is possible to obtain a general expression for this fraction, which is defined as the capture efficiency. At a constant dee voltage and varying rate of frequency modulation, the capture efficiency has a maximum at an equilibrium phase angle of 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} (corresponding to an energy gain per turn equal to half the maximum available). For larger equilibrium phase angles the efficiency decreases as a result of the smaller range of phase stability, while for smaller phase angles it decreases as a result of return of particles to the center. The maximum efficiency is proportional to the square root of the dee voltage or alternatively to the square root of the rate of frequency modulation, and depends on the charge and mass of the ions only through the ratio of charge to mass. Comparisons of the theoretical expectations with available experimental data show satisfactory agreement. Capture efficiencies for present designs of synchro-cyclotrons are of the order of 0.1 to 2 percent.
A plan for landscape fire restoration in the Southwestern Borderlands.

Fires were prevalent in the Southwestern Borderlands of Arizona and New Mexico prior to the arrival of European-American settlers in the 1880s. The almost total exclusion of fires for more than 100 years has been linked to declines in biological diversity and a loss of productivity associated with the encroachment of woody vegetation into the grasslands and open woodlands. Private and public land managers agreed that reintroducing fire could improve or reverse these landscape changes. The Coronado National Forest developed the Peloncillo Programmatic Fire Plan after intense consultations with federal, state, and county agencies and the ranching community to reintroduce landscape level prescribed and managed fire into the Peloncillo Mountains (Allen 1999). The final plan helped streamline the management decision and approval processes that previously were delayed by long, complicated, and often contentious discussions. The Plan and the consultation process that led to consensus among diverse partners can serve as a model for the development of programmatic fire plans in other areas.
Improving the performance of the zone control chart

A general model for the zone control chart is presented. Using this model, it is shown that there are score vectors for zone control charts which result in superior average run length performance in comparison to Shewhart charts with common runs rules. A fast initial response (FIR) feature for the zone control chart is also proposed. Average run lengths of the zone control chart with this feature are calculated. It is shown that the FIR feature improves zone control chart performance by providing significantly earlier signals when the process is out of control.
Obesity-associated stigma and physiological markers of stress: evidence from the Dominican Republic

Social stigma is increasingly recognized as a cause of stress-induced pathophysiology. We tested the hypothesis that stigma is associated with obesity-related morbidity, using a cohort of subjects from the Dominican Republic who value fat bodies over thin ones. We surveyed 87 subjects from Batey Algodon—a small region in the Dominican Republic where obesity is not stigmatized. We obtained information on ideal body norms, perceptions of one's own body and self-rated health. We also measured height, weight, waist circumference and blood pressure. We then performed linear regression analyses to ascertain the extent to which body mass index (BMI) and body norm perceptions were related to self-rated health and blood pressure. Self-rated health was strongly associated with one's satisfaction with his or her physical appearance (p < 0.001) and weight (p < 0.001). As expected, self-rated health was not independently associated with BMI in this community, which does not stigmatize obesity. However, BMI was nevertheless associated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05). While de-stigmatizing obesity may improve perceptions of health, it might not significantly reduce the incidence of hypertension among heavier persons. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking enzyme conformational dynamics to catalytic function with single-molecule FRET

Many enzymes endure sizable conformational remodeling on a timescale comparable to their catalytic cycle. In adenylate kinase (AK) from E. coli, this involves large-amplitude rearrangements of the enzyme's lid domain, which may be critical to the enzymes’ catalytic function. We applied high-resolution single-molecule FRET developed in our laboratory to follow AK's domain movements on its catalytic timescale. This was achieved by recording and analyzing data photon by photon to rigorously account for counting noise, background, and cross talks. By utilizing a maximum entropy-based approach to remove photon-counting noise, the enzyme's entire conformational distribution was quantitatively recovered without a presumed model. Armed with precise single-molecule FRET dynamics measurements and comprehensive bulk kinetic studies of the mechanism, we were able to quantitatively reconstruct the elementary steps as well as the energetic pathways along the AK's enzymatic cycle. The mechanistic roles of AK's stochastic lid dynamics were found to engage in conformation gating, shuffling of reaction pathways, and dynamical induced fit.
Modeling the Influence of Forest Characteristics and Ant (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) Predation on Dispersal and Survival of Neonate Gypsy Moths (Lymantriidae: Lepidoptera)

A deterministic model was developed that predicts dispersal distance and survival of neonate gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae as functions of host tree acceptability , tree density, tree canopy size, and intensity of ant predation. This model was compared with output from a more realistic, individual-based computer model. The outputs of both models were similar, implying that the deterministic model assumptions were reasonable. In both models, the number of larvae killed by ants and the distance larvae dispersed increased as tree separation increased. Conversely, predation and dispersal decreased as the size of tree canopies increased. Predation also decreased as trees became more palatable to larvae, and increased as ant numbers and their effectiveness as predators increased. Model outputs were quite sensitive to some ranges of predator effectiveness. Changes in number of dispersal episodes, tree acceptability, ant predation intensity, and unimpeded dispersal distance (i.e., theoretical dispersal distance its the absence of trees) had little effect on actual distances larvae dispersed. Only forest geometry (tree density and canopy size) had substantial effects on dispersal distance. These effects on dispersal were unexpected, boot suggest that information about natural dispersal of neonate gypsy moth larvae can be inferred from simple forest measurements.
Experiencing Management: A Comprehensive, "Hands-on" Model for the Introductory Undergraduate Management Course:

This article describes an innovative experiential approach to a comprehensive introductory management course, designed to meet the specific needs of undergraduates, whose lack of full-time organizational experience and expectations regarding class-room processes render traditional approaches relatively ineffective. Students in Management 101 design and manage real business and service projects. The model has evolved and been replicated, with over 3,000 students in 87 company project course sections, over the last decade at Bucknell University.
Chelating Effect as a Driving Force for the Selective Formation of Heteroligated Pt(II) Complexes with Bidentate Phosphino-Chalcoether Ligands

The halide-induced ligand rearrangement reaction (HILR) has been employed to provide selective and exclusive in situ formation of heteroligated Rh(I), Pd(II), and Pt(II) complexes with bidentate phosphino-chalcoether ligands. To gain insights on the nature of this unique reaction, we explored this process via the stepwise addition of bidentate phosphino-chalcoether (P, X; X = S or Se) and relevant monodentate phosphine ligands with a Pt(II) metal precursor. The corresponding monoligated complexes were obtained in quantitative yields by reacting 1 equiv of a P, X bidentate ligand with Pt(II) and were fully characterized via single crystal X-ray diffraction studies and heteronuclear (31P, 77Se, and 195Pt) NMR spectroscopy in solution. These species were further reacted with a second equivalent of either a bidentate ligand or the monodentate ethyl diphenylphosphine ligand, resulting in the clean formation of the heteroligated species or, in the case of the monodentate ligand with an electron-withdrawing bide...
Iterative fuzzy image segmentation

Abstract The multispectral signature of features has been used for identification of objects in remotely sensed scenes for a number of years. Recently these techniques have been applied to feature selection in natural scenes. Due to the inherent noise and degradation of the input cues to the algorithms, meaningful image segmentation is a difficult process. In an effort to reduce the sensitivity of a system to these problems, we have been led to the development of a iterative fuzzy clustering technique for image segmentation. It is believed that this method represents an image segmentation scheme which can be used as a preprocessor for a multivalued logic based computer vision system.
Neutron scattering investigation of layer-bending modes in alkali-metal-graphite intercalation compounds

Phonon dispersion curves for low-frequency transverse modes propagating in the basal plane have been measured in the alkali-metal\char22{}graphite intercalation compounds K${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$, Cs${\mathrm{C}}_{8}$, K${\mathrm{C}}_{24}$, and Rb${\mathrm{C}}_{24}$ by means of neutron spectroscopy. The acoustic branches show an almost quadratic dispersion relation at small $q$, characteristic of strongly layered materials. The optical branches of stage-1 compounds can be classified as either graphitelike branches showing dispersion, or as almost dispersionless alkali-metal-like modes. Macroscopic shear constants ${\mathrm{C}}_{44}$ and layer-bending moduli have been obtained for the intercalation compounds by analyzing the data in terms of a simple semicontinuum model. In stage-2 compounds, a dramatic softening of the shear constant by about a factor of 8 compared with pure graphite has been observed. Low-temperature results on K${\mathrm{C}}_{24}$ indicate the opening of a frequency gap near the alkali-metal Brillouin-zone boundary, possibly due to the formation of the alkali-metal superstructure.
Femtochemistry in Nanocavities: Reactions in Cyclodextrins

We present our first studies of the femtosecond dynamics of reactions in confined nanocavities in water solutions. Intramolecular proton transfer and isomerization dynamics of a hydrogen-bonded molecule (HPMO) in liquid solutions and encapsulated in the cavity formed by β-cyclodextrin (diameter ∼8 A) is studied using the technique of fluorescence up-conversion. Our results suggest that the proton transfer in aprotic solvents occurs in much less than 300 fs while upon encapsulation this initial step is slowed to the subpicosecond time scale. Furthermore, in these aprotic solvents, HPMO undergoes a picosecond twisting motion around the interaromatic single bond, which is noticeably inhibited when the molecule is inside the nanocavity. Such studies of condensed-phase femtochemistry in nanocavities offer several promising extensions.
Common mechanisms of PIKK regulation

Kinases in the phosphoinositide three-kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family include ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related), DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit), mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), and SMG1 (suppressor with morphological effect on genitalia family member). These atypical protein kinases regulate DNA damage responses, nutrient-dependent signaling, and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. This review focuses on the mechanisms regulating the PIKK family with a strong emphasis on the DNA damage regulated kinases. We outline common regulatory themes and suggest how discoveries about the regulation of one PIKK can be informative for the other family members.
Risk for Being a Teen Parent: The Influence of Proactive and Reactive Aggression in a Sample of Latino Adolescents

In order to better understand the link between aggression and risk for teen parenting, the current study evaluated the link between proactive and reactive functions of aggression and teen parenting in a sample of 142 Latino high school students (53.5 % male; Mean age = 16.24 years, SD = 1.47) residing in the United States. Additionally, peer rejection was examined as a moderator of these associations, and gender differences in associations were evaluated. Approximately 11 % of the sample reported being a teen parent. Correlation analyses suggested that both proactive and reactive aggression were associated with increased risk for being a teen parent, with the magnitude of the association stronger for proactive than reactive aggression. Further, when associations were simultaneously examined, only proactive aggression was uniquely associated with risk for teen pregnancy, and peer rejection does not appear to play a role in these associations for males or females. Findings suggest that proactive aggression needs to be targeted for the prevention of teen parenting. Recommendations for intervention strategies are discussed.
Coming to terms with advanced breast cancer: Black women's narratives from Eastern North Carolina

Abstract This paper analyzes in-depth interviews with 26 black women who entered the medical system in rural North Carolina with advanced breast disease. In these narratives, women draw on multiple sources of knowledge in order to come to terms with the diagnosis of breast cancer—a biomedically-defined disease that they often refuse to acknowledge or accept. The analysis demonstrates how women relate the meaning of their individual episodes of illness to one or more of the following sources of knowledge: an indigenous model of health emphasizing balance in the blood, popular American notions about cancer, and particular biomedical conceptions about breast disease and its treatment. These narratives provide an important window into the processes involved when individuals attempt to adapt personal experience to pre-existing cultural models, modify such models in the light of new information, and confront conflicts in their own interpretations of the meaning of a single episode of illness.
Nuclear reprogramming and pluripotency

The cloning of mammals from differentiated donor cells has refuted the old dogma that development is an irreversible process. It has demonstrated that the oocyte can reprogramme an adult nucleus into an embryonic state that can direct development of a new organism. The prospect of deriving patient-specific embryonic stem cells by nuclear transfer underscores the potential use of this technology in regenerative medicine. The future challenge will be to study alternatives to nuclear transfer in order to recapitulate reprogramming in a Petri dish without the use of oocytes.
Comparison of Cognitive and Behavioral Self-Control Treatments of Depression

A self-control treatment of depression was evaluated against a cognitive treatment of depression. 30 depressed female volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to one of two 6-wk. group treatment c...
Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View.

The question of how affect arises and what affect indicates is examined from a feedback-based view-point on self-regulation. Using the analogy of action control as the attempt to diminish distance to a goal, a second feedback system is postulated that senses and regulates the rate at which the action-guiding system is functioning
Vinyl sulfones in solid-phase synthesis: preparation of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindole derivatives.

The preparation of functionalized 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindole via a traceless solid-phase sulfone linker strategy is described. Thermolytic extrusion of SO2 from polymer-bound 3-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-sulfolene (7) generated polymer-bound 2-(phenylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadiene (9) in situ which underwent Diels−Alder cycloaddition with various dienophiles to furnish vinyl sulfone resins 10−14. To complete a traceless linker cleavage strategy, (p-tolysulfonyl)methyl isocyanide or ethyl isocyanoacetate was employed to react with the vinyl sulfone moiety to liberate functionalized 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindole products from the resin. Using this chemistry, nine tetrahydroisoindole derivatives (6, 15−22) were prepared in 32−41% overall yields from polystyrene/divinylbenzene sulfinate 1.
Racemic α-Methyl-β-propiolactone Polymerization by Organometallic Catalyst Systems

Polymerization of racemic α-methyl-β-propiolactone (MPL) was carried out using Zn-, Sn-, La-, Y-. and Al-based organometallic catalysts. It was found that Zn(C2H5)2/H2O (1/0.6), (nC4H9)2Sn(OCH3)2, Al(OiC3H7)3, and (C2H5)2AlOC2H5 produced atactic poly(α-methyl-β-propiolactone) (PMPL), whereas (nC4H9)3SnOCH3 and Y(OiC3H7)3 formed PMPL of low isotacticity with isotactic (i) diad fractions between 0.53 and 0.56. Since the Sn-based catalysts were syndioregulating for β-methyl-β-propiolactone (BL) polymerizations, placement of the lactone methyl substituent at the α- instead of the β-position alters steric interactions between the incoming monomer and the Sn catalyst−chain end so that syndioaddition is no longer preferred. Isobutylaluminoxane (IBAO) produced a PMPL sample that can be separated by acetone into two fractions: an acetone-insoluble (AI) PMPL fraction of high isotacticity (i-diad fraction 0.85) and high molecular weight (Mn = 662 000 g/mol) and an acetone-soluble (AS) PMPL fraction of low isotactic...
Pass-Through of Exchange Rates and Tariffs in Brazil—U.S. Tobacco Trade

This paper examines the extent to which exchange rate and tariff changes are passed through in U.S. import prices of unmanufactured tobacco from Brazil. The model used considers the possibility of market imperfections in international trade and the potential effects of strategic trade policies. The results indicate that agricultural prices may not be as flexible as commonly thought. Furthermore, exchange rate and tariff changes are not fully passed through to U.S. tobacco import prices, which indicates that firms selling Brazilian tobacco may use trade strategies to maintain or even increase their trade shares in the U.S. tobacco market.
Experimental and numerical study of confined coaxial turbulent jets

Etude du melange turbulent d'un jet primaire et du fluide environnant dans une conduite avec des conditions d'entree conduisant a un decollement d'ecoulement. Mesures par anemometrie laser Doppler des profils detailles des vitesses axiales moyennes et quadratiques moyennes. Les spectres des fluctuations de vitesse axiale montrent la presence de structures coherentes
The effects, assessed by electrochemical techniques and single crystal structures, of ortho substitution on benzoate ligands supporting the quadruply-bonded dimolybdenum bond

Abstract The syntheses, electrochemistry and structures of Mo2(O2C-o-C6H4Cl)4, 1·4THF, Mo2(O2C-o-C6H4Br)4, 2·2THF, Mo2(O2C-o-C6H4I)4, 3·2THF, and Mo2(O2C-o-C6H4NO2)4 (4), as determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, are reported. Molecules 1, 2, and 3 co-crystallized each with two axially coordinated THF molecules; complex 1 contained two more THF molecules within the unit cell. The MoMo distances in 1–4 are 2.1029(10), 2.1014(13), 2.1055(7), and 2.0942(12) A, respectively. The oxidation potentials for 1–3 were similar at 674, 655, and 647 mV, but that for 4 at an E1/2(ox) of 792 mV was higher.
Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done

The article presents a review of the book “Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done,” by Larry Bossidy, Ram Charan, and Charles Burck.
A Ras-induced conformational switch in the Ras activator Son of sevenless

The Ras-specific guanine nucleotide-exchange factors Son of sevenless (Sos) and Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 1 (RasGRF1) transduce extracellular stimuli into Ras activation by catalyzing the exchange of Ras-bound GDP for GTP. A truncated form of RasGRF1 containing only the core catalytic Cdc25 domain is sufficient for stimulating Ras nucleotide exchange, whereas the isolated Cdc25 domain of Sos is inactive. At a site distal to the catalytic site, nucleotide-bound Ras binds to Sos, making contacts with the Cdc25 domain and with a Ras exchanger motif (Rem) domain. This allosteric Ras binding stimulates nucleotide exchange by Sos, but the mechanism by which this stimulation occurs has not been defined. We present a crystal structure of the Rem and Cdc25 domains of Sos determined at 2.0-A resolution in the absence of Ras. Differences between this structure and that of Sos bound to two Ras molecules show that allosteric activation of Sos by Ras occurs through a rotation of the Rem domain that is coupled to a rotation of a helical hairpin at the Sos catalytic site. This motion relieves steric occlusion of the catalytic site, allowing substrate Ras binding and nucleotide exchange. A structure of the isolated RasGRF1 Cdc25 domain determined at 2.2-A resolution, combined with computational analyses, suggests that the Cdc25 domain of RasGRF1 is able to maintain an active conformation in isolation because the helical hairpin has strengthened interactions with the Cdc25 domain core. These results indicate that RasGRF1 lacks the allosteric activation switch that is crucial for Sos activity.
Electron solvation and localization at interfaces

Two-photon photoemission of thiolate/Ag(111), nitrile/Ag(111), and alcohol/Ag(111) interfaces elucidates electron solvation and localization in two dimensions. For low coverages of thiolates on Ag(111), the occupied (HOMO) and unoccupied (LUMO) electronic states of the sulfer-silver bond are localized due to the lattice gas structure of the adsorbate. As the coverage saturates and the adsorbate-adsorbate nearest neighbor distance decreases, the HOMO and LUMO delocalize across many adsorbate molecules. Alcohol- and nitrile-covered Ag(111) surfaces solvate excess image potential state (IPS) electrons. In the case of alcohol-covered surfaces, this solvation is due to a shift in the local workfunction of the surface. For two-monolayer coverages of nitriles/Ag(111), localization accompanies solvation of the IPS. The size of the localized electron can be estimated by Fourier transformation of the wavefunction from momentum- to position-space. The IPS electron localizes to 15 +/- 4 angstroms full-width at half maximum in the plane of the surface, i.e., to a single lattice site.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
THE VALUES OF GOODS AND SERVICES–IMPLICATIONS FOR A FLEXIBLE NATIONAL WATER POLICY1

: This paper evolved from a concern that water resource administrators and planners do not have a consistent definition of the value of goods and services of outputs from projects and programs. A more flexible approach to planning and evaluation is presented that recognizes the interaction of production and consumption through the use of commodity demand curves. Use of the concept of consumer surplus permits measurement of the differential impacts on producers' and consumers' welfare. Quadratic programming is suggested as a consistent means of quantifying these differential impacts.
Polymerization Kinetics of Pseudocrown Ether Network Formation for Facilitated Transport Membranes

Pseudocrown ethers were synthesized from the photopolymerization of metal complexes of poly(ethylene glycol 200) diacrylates (PEG200DA) to yield polymeric networks that can be used in facilitated transport membranes. Metal ions that potentially could be used as molecular templates were screened by first characterizing the polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) in the presence of the metal salts. Thermal polymerizations and photopolymerizations were used to elucidate which metals adversely effect the polymerization reaction via radical scavenging, chain transfer, light absorption, and other side reactions. HEMA polymerizations were used to investigate these effects because only linear polymers can form, and there will be no rate effects from cyclization. Photopolymerizations of templated PEG200DA exhibited a decrease in autoacceleration as an indication of pseudocrown ether formation due to the reduction in the degree of cross-linking with cyclization. Four metal salts, Co(NO3)2·6H2O, Ni(NO3)2·...
Using Non-Lexical Features to Identify Effective Indexing Terms for Biomedical Illustrations

Automatic image annotation is an attractive approach for enabling convenient access to images found in a variety of documents. Since image captions and relevant discussions found in the text can be useful for summarizing the content of images, it is also possible that this text can be used to generate salient indexing terms. Unfortunately, this problem is generally domain-specific because indexing terms that are useful in one domain can be ineffective in others. Thus, we present a supervised machine learning approach to image annotation utilizing non-lexical features extracted from image-related text to select useful terms. We apply this approach to several subdomains of the biomedical sciences and show that we are able to reduce the number of ineffective indexing terms.
DDE in brown and white fat of hibernating bats

Abstract Samples of brown and white fat from hibernating bats (big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus; little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus; and eastern pipistrelle, Pipistrellus subflavus) collected in western Maryland, USA, were analysed to determine lipid and DDE content. Amounts of brown fat, expressed as percentages of total bat weight, were the same for all three species. Lipid content of brown fat was significantly less than that of white fat. Lipids of brown fat contained significantly higher (28%) concentrations of DDE than did lipids of white fat. In our mixed-species sample of 14 bats, concentrations of DDE increased exponentially in both brown and white fat as white fat reserves declined. Brown fat facilitates arousal from hibernation by producing heat through rapid metabolism of triglycerides. The question is raised whether organochlorine residues, such as DDE, may be concentrated and then liberated in lethal amounts by the processes of hibernation and arousal.
Nitrous oxide does not consistently reduce isoflurane requirement in cats.

This study was conducted to determine the isoflurane (ISO) minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) reduction induced by nitrous oxide in cats. Twelve cats (four females, eight males; 3.8–8.8 kg; 2–3 years) were anesthetized with only ISO in O2. Ventilation was spontaneous. The MAC of ISO was determined at four concentrations of N2O (0, 30, 50, and 70%) using the tail-clamp technique. The dose order of N2O was randomly assigned. The average of three measurements was considered MAC at each N2O concentration. Prior to each MAC measurement, heart rate (HR), direct arterial blood pressure (ABP), respiratory frequency (f), PaO2, PaCO2, pHa, PCV, total protein concentration, and the bispectral index (BIS) were determined. The esophageal temperature was kept constant [38.5 ± 0.35 °C (mean ± SD)]. A negative linear relationship between N2O and ISOMAC was demonstrated by four cats (Group 1), but not by the other eight cats (Group 2). Gender did not appear to influence these results. The ISOMAC (%) for Group 1 was 2.06 ± 0.08, 1.90 ± 0.17, 1.83 ± 0.07, and 1.58 ± 0.22 at 0, 30, 50, and 70% N2O, respectively, and similarly, ISOMAC for Group 2 was 1.86 ± 0.22, 1.80 ± 0.23, 1.84 ± 0.19, and 1.85 ± 0.22 at 0, 30, 50, and 70% N2O, respectively. The relationships between N2O concentration and ISOMAC were significantly different for the two groups of cats (p 100 mm Hg and PaCO2 was <46 mm Hg. These data suggest that within the cat population, there are both responders and nonresponders to the anesthetic sparing effect of N2O. The present results also imply that N2O has stimulating properties out of proportion to its influence on ISOMAC.
Perfluorocarbon thin films and polymer brushes on stainless steel 316 L for the control of interfacial properties.

Perfluorocarbon thin films and polymer brushes were formed on stainless steel 316L (SS316L) to control the surface properties of the metal oxide. Substrates modified with the films were characterized using diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT), contact angle analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Perfluorooctadecanoic acid (PFOA) was used to form thin films by self-assembly on the surface of SS316L. Polypentafluorostyrene (PFS) polymer brushes were formed by surface initiated polymerization using SAMs of 16-phosphonohexadecanoic acid (COOH-PA) as the base. PFOA and PFS were effective in significantly reducing the surface energy and thus the interfacial wetting properties of SS316L. The SS316L control exhibited a surface energy of 38 mN/m compared to PFOA and PFS modifications, which had surface energies of 22 and 24 mN/m, respectively. PFOA thin films were more effective in reducing the surface energy of the SS316L compared to PFS polymer brushes. This is attributed to the ordered PFOA film presenting aligned CF3 terminal groups. However, PFS polymer brushes were more effective in providing corrosion protection. These low energy surfaces could be used to provide a hydrophobic barrier that inhibits corrosion of the SS316L metal oxide surface.
High-Resolution Optical Mapping of Inflammatory Macrophages Following Endovascular Arterial Injury

Inflammation following arterial injury mediates vascular restenosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity. Here we utilize intravital microscopy (IVM) and a dextran-coated nanosensor to spatially map inflammatory macrophages in vivo following endovascular injury of murine carotid arteries. C57Bl/6 mice (n = 23) underwent endovascular guidewire carotid arterial injury. At day 14 or day 28 post-injury, mice underwent fluorescence IVM, 24 h after injection with the near-infrared fluorescent macrophage nanosensor CLIO-VT680. Adventitial collagen was concomitantly imaged using second harmonic generation (SHG) IVM. Correlative fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry were performed. Two-plane IVM reconstructions detected macrophage inflammation in the arterial wall that was elevated at day 14 compared to day 28 animals (P < 0.05). SHG-based collagen imaging of the outer arterial wall facilitated analysis of the macrophage-rich, inflamed neointima. Histological analyses and fluorescence microscopy data demonstrated increased macrophage infiltration in day 14 compared to day 28 neointima. We demonstrate that the macrophage response to arterial injury can be imaged in vivo using IVM-based molecular imaging, and shows a higher macrophage influx at day 14 compared to day 28 post-injury.
Fabrication and characterization of Cd0.9Zn0.1Te Schottky diodes for nuclear radiation detectors

We have fabricated and characterized cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) Schottky diodes with low reverse leakage current for high resolution radiation detector applications. The diodes were made using Cd0.9Zn0.1Te detector grade crystals grown by the low temperature tellurium solvent method. The diodes were characterized using electron beam induced current (EBIC) technique to investigate crystallographic defects. The EBIC images were correlated with transmission infrared (TIR) images of CZT crystals and the EBIC contrast was attributed to the nonuniformities in spatial distribution of Te. Further characterization by the thermally stimulated current (TSC) spectroscopy revealed shallow and deep level centers with activation energies 0.25- 0.4 eV and 0.65 - 0.8 eV respectively, which we attribute to intrinsic defects associated with excess of Te. Pulse height spectra (PHS) measurements were carried out using a 241Am (59.6 keV) radiation source on the Frisch collar radiation detectors made from the suitable portions of the CZT ingot used for Schottky diode fabrication, and an energy resolution of ~4.2% FWHM was obtained.
Characterization of thin hydroxyapatite layers formed on anodic titanium oxide films containing Ca and P by hydrothermal treatment.

An anodic titanium oxide film containing Ca and P (AOFCP) was formed on commercially pure titanium which was anodized in an electrolytic solution of dissolved β-glycerophosphate (β-GP) and calcium acetate (CA). Hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals were precipitated by hydrothermally heating the AOFCP at 300°C. After hydrothermal treatment, the film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), and tensile tests. The morphology, composition, and amount of HA crystals precipitated were significantly affected by the composition of the electrolytes. Nearstoichiometric HA crystals with high crystallinity were precipitated completely covering the AOFCP surface at specific electrolyte concentrations. The HA layers were thin at 1–2 μm in thickness. The adhesive strength of the film increased with decreasing electrolyte concentration and the maximum value was about 40 MPa. In vitro tests for 300 days suggested that the stability of the film was high. The high adhesive strength may result from the AOFCP existing as an intermediate layer between the HA layer and a titanium substrate. The intervention of the AOFCP may have prevented abrupt changes in Ca and P content at an HA coating-titanium interface as seen in a plasma-sprayed one. The porous TiO2 matrix of the AOFCP may be suitable for nucleation sites of HA crystals, as well as SiO2 matrix of silicate bioactive glasses or glass ceramics. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Numerical evaluation of the distribution of the product of two normal variables

This paper describes the numerical evaluation of the mathematical forms of the distribution of the product , , , where x 1 and x 2 follow a bivariate normal distribution . The methods used are general for the evaluation of distribution functions found by the inversion of the characteristic function of the random variable. Special cases of the distribution are the central and noncentral γ 2 with one degree of freedom. The distribution function of the product is expressed as an integral involving sine, cosine, and exponential functions. A computer code has been written to generate the distribution function table for fixed δ 1 δ 2, and ρ. The computer code uses Romberg integration and Euler's transformation to evaluate the infinite integrals. Several tables are provided to support the accuracy of the computer code.
A systematic study of Dugaldia (Compositae)

A systematic treatment with synonymies, typifications, descriptions, and discussions is presented for the three presently recognized species ofDugaldia. Morphological, cytological, and chemical evidence is presented to support the recognition ofDugaldia as distinct fromHelenium.
Effects of adaptation to sea water, 170% sea water and to fresh water on activities and subcellular distribution of branchial Na+−K+-ATPase, low- and high affinity Ca++-ATPase, and ouabain-insensitive ATPase inGillichthys mirabilis

1. Branchial activities of Na+−K+-ATPase, ouabain-insensitive ATPase, (Mg++-ATPase) and Ca++-ATPase were measured inGillichthys mirabilis after adaptation to salinities ranging from 170% SW to FW. Stabilities of these activities against freezing and deoxycholate solubilization and the temperature-dependence of activity rates were also investigated. Subcellular distribution and some kinetic properties of these activities, and of SDH were compared in branchial tissues of fish adapted to 170% SW and to FW. 2. Na+−K+-ATPase was maximally active at a Na+ concentration of 180 mM and K+ concentration of 60 mM. This enzyme was least active in 100% SW-adapted animals, but showed elevated activity after adaptation to 170% SW and to FW.Gillichthys is unusual (but not unique) among euryhaline teleosts by displaying higher Na+−K+-ATPase in FW- than in SW-adapted animals. Greatest activity, however, was observed in the heavy microsomal fraction (34,000xg) of the 170% SW-adapted group. Maximum SDH activity was also observed in the mitochondrial fraction (25,000xg) of 170% SW-adapted fish. 3. Activity of Ca++-ATPase displayed a complex Ca++-dependence. Two kinetic forms of this activity could be resolved, one with a high Ca++-affinity (Km=2.9 μM), the other having low Ca++-affinity (Km=0.88 mM). The low-affinity activity was reduced in branchial homogenates of 170% SW-compared with FW-adapted fish; the heavy microsomal fraction (34,000xg) derived from gills was most enriched in this Ca++-dependent ATPase in FW-adaptedGillichthys. In contrast, activities of the high-affinity form were equally enriched in heavy microsomal fractions of 170% SW- and FW-adapted animals. The high-affinity Ca++-ATPase was far more sensitive to inhibition by deoxycholate treatment than the low-affinity component. The possible roles of heterogeneous Ca++-dependent activities in branchial Ca++-transport are discussed. 4. Gill Mg++-ATPase activity was significantly elevated in FW and in 5% SW-adapted animals compared with the marine (170% SW- and 100% SW-adapted fish). The Mg++-dependent activity was most concentrated in the heavy microsomal fraction and to a lesser extent in the light microsomal and mitochondrial fractions in both 170% SW- and FW-adaptedGillichthys.
Suppression of LPS-inducible cytotoxicity in cytomegalovirus-infected THP-1 monocytic cell cultures does not correlate with a decrease in TNF-α antigen

Abstract We document suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-associated cytotoxic activity in a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) infected with the mycoplasma free human cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain AD169. Addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to cell cultures that had been infected with CMV for 24 h resulted in a significant reduction in released cytotoxic activity to mouse L929 cells at 3–22 h post-LPS compared with mock-infected cultures. However, using an ELISA to measure TNF-α antigen levels in these culture supernatants, we found infected cultures had significantly higher TNF-α antigen levels than in mock-infected cultures following LPS induction. CMV alone also induced TNF-α release and possibly TNF-α inhibitor(s) which may have blocked TNF-α associated cytotoxic activity in CMV-infected THP-1 cell culture supernatants.
Maintenance of the Free-Tropospheric Tropical Water Vapor Distribution. Part II: Simulation by Large-Scale Advection

Abstract Analyzed wind fields are used to perform a simple advection of moisture by the large-scale circulation in three dimensions at 2.5° resolution. The unresolved moisture sink Q2 due to convection is neglected, except in regions of strong ascent where it is used to enforce a 90% relative humidity ceiling, as determined from sounding and geostationary satellite observations. The result is a simulation of water vapor that agrees quantitatively with satellite (Special Sensor Microwave Water Vapor) and sounding observations over the tropical oceans, in both arid and moist regions, to within 10% relative humidity or better from 700 to 300 mb inclusively. Horizontal transport into arid regions from convective regions is accomplished by large coherent structures. Implications of the results for the role of convection in maintaining the observed humidity distribution, and for the interpretation of observed correlations between cloud cover and vapor, are discussed.
Sodium chloride-mediated lipid oxidation in beef heart surimi-like material

Lipid oxidation in beef heart surimi prepared in the presence of salt (0.1 M NaCl) was significantly (P < 0.05) less than in its absence at all pH (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0) values tested. Lipid oxidation in surimi during 48-h storage was inhibited at pH 7.0 even without 0.1 M NaCl but was stimulated at pH 5.5 regardless of salt treatments. In surimi prepared without salt at pH 6.0, the added salt concentrations of 0.025 and 0.1 M NaCl slightly inhibited lipid oxidation, but concentrations above 0.1 M NaCl promoted lipid oxidation throughout storage. Different salts (NaCl, KCl, LiCl, NaBr, Na2SO4) at ionic strength of 0.1 M inhibited lipid oxidation in a similar manner. However, at an ionic strength of 0.6 M, the effect of specific salts on stimulating lipid oxidation varied. Inhibition of lipid oxidation in beef heart surimi by salt washing may be related to the removal of heme proteins from minced muscle. Keywords: Beef heart; surimi; salt; lipid oxidation
Impact of Therapeutic Hypothermia Onset and Duration on Survival, Neurologic Function, and Neurodegeneration after Cardiac Arrest

Objective:Post-cardiac-arrest therapeutic hypothermia improves outcomes in comatose cardiac arrest survivors. This study tests the hypothesis that the efficacy of post-cardiac-arrest therapeutic hypothermia is dependent on the onset and duration of therapy.Design:Prospective randomized laboratory in
Reply to correction to "An investigation of bistatic calibration objects"

The authors provide a reply to the correction by Weizu Xiong, see ibid., vol.44. no.6, p.1692 (2006), on their paper "An investigation of bistatic calibration objects", see ibid., vol.43, no.10, p.2177 (1990).
Oral involvement of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa inversa

The inversa subtype of autosomal recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (EBDR-I) is a rare variant characterized by lesions involving primarily the flexural areas of the body. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the oral manifestations of this unusual dermatologic condition. Ten individuals having EBDR-I were evaluated and compared with an age and sex-matched population of unaffected individuals that served as controls. The diagnosis of EBDR-I was confirmed by skin biopsy that demonstrated tissue separation below the lamina densa and the clinical presentation of blister formation that typically localized to flexural areas. There was clinical variability in the severity and distribution of skin involvement; however, none of the affected individuals demonstrated pronounced digital webbing, severe generalized blistering or growth retardation characteristic of the Hallopeau-Siemens form of EBDR. Oral involvement was seen in all cases with ankyloglossia, loss of tongue papillae and obliteration of the oral vestibule between the lips and gingiva being typical. The oral opening was significantly reduced in older EBDR-I individuals compared with matched controls, confirming that acquired microstomia is a characteristic of EBDR-I. The teeth were not clinically abnormal or malformed and showed no evidence of generalized enamel hypoplasia. Despite this, the prevalence of dental caries in EBDR-I individuals was significantly higher than the control group. The inversa form of EBDR presents with oral findings that are similar but generally milder than those seen in the Hallopeau-Siemens variant of EBDR.
J-RoC: A Joint Routing and Charging scheme to prolong sensor network lifetime

The emerging wireless charging technology creates a controllable and perpetual energy source to provide wireless power over distance. Schemes have been proposed to make use of wireless charging to prolong the sensor network lifetime. Unfortunately, existing schemes only passively replenish sensors that are deficient in energy supply, and cannot fully leverage the strengths of this technology. To address the limitation, we propose J-RoC — a practical and efficient Joint Routing and Charging scheme. Through proactively guiding the routing activities in the network and delivering energy to where it is needed, J-RoC not only replenishes energy into the network but also effectively improves the network energy utilization, thus prolonging the network lifetime. To evaluate the performance of the J-RoC scheme, we conduct experiments in a small-scale testbed and simulations in large-scale networks. Evaluation results demonstrate that J-RoC significantly elongates the network lifetime compared to existing wireless charging based schemes.
Effective personalization based on association rule discovery from web usage data

To engage visitors to a Web site at a very early stage (i.e., before registration or authentication), personalization tools must rely primarily on clickstream data captured in Web server logs. The lack of explicit user ratings as well as the sparse nature and the large volume of data in such a setting poses serious challenges to standard collaborative filtering techniques in terms of scalability and performance. Web usage mining techniques such as clustering that rely on offline pattern discovery from user transactions can be used to improve the scalability of collaborative filtering, however, this is often at the cost of reduced recommendation accuracy. In this paper we propose effective and scalable techniques for Web personalization based on association rule discovery from usage data. Through detailed experimental evaluation on real usage data, we show that the proposed methodology can achieve better recommendation effectiveness, while maintaining a computational advantage over direct approaches to collaborative filtering such as the k-nearest-neighbor strategy.
Investigation Into the Effects of Reaction Duration on the Isothermal Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass

Bio-oils were produced within a fast-pyrolysis micro-reactor at 400°C from Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda) with varying residence times. This preliminary study has considered two boundary values for the residence time, evaluating the products of the reaction at 20 seconds and 120 seconds. The collected bio-oils were analyzed for their calorific values (LHV) and biomass conversion efficiencies. Heating rates greater than 100°C/s were achieved for the biomass, allowing for isothermal conditions to exist throughout the majority of the reaction despite short residence times. This study shows the effect that reaction duration has on the mass of the bio-oil yield and energy content present for the isothermal fast pyrolysis of Loblolly Pine and evaluates the predictive capabilities of TGA derived Arrhenius coefficients.Copyright © 2009 by ASME