cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial failure strength of open and arthroscopic Bankart repairs

Surgical repair of recurrent anterior shoulder instability requires secure fixation of the separated inferior glenohumeral complex to bone. Many techniques of fixation are in use for both arthroscopic and open repair. The specific aim of this study was to compare the initial failure strength of eight repair techniques using a previously described canine model of Bankart repair. Intact capsule-to-bone complexes failed at the bony interface at 236 N. Traditional Bankart repair failed at 122.1 N (2 sutures) and 74.7 N (1 suture), Acufex TAG rod (Acufex Microsurgical, Mansfield, MA) at 143.5 N (2 sutures) and 79.8 N (1 suture), transglenoid suture technique (2 sutures) at 166.6 N, Mitek GII (Mitek, Norwood, MA) (1 suture) at 96.4 N, Zimmer Statak (Zimmer Inc, Warsaw, IN)(1 suture) at 95.2 N, and Acufex bioasbsorpable Suretac at 82.2 N. The two-suture repairs were statistically equivalent in strength to each other, as were the one-suture repairs and the Suretac device. Two-suture repairs were significantly stronger than the one-suture repairs (P < .01) failure. In the single-suture specimens, failure occurred by suture breakage in 46% (18 of 39) of specimens and soft-tissue failure around the suture in 54% (21 of 39). Failure in the two-suture techniques primarily occurred by soft-tissue failure (23 of 25) and this proved a statistically significant difference (P < .003). No device broke or pulled out of bone.
Attenuation of individual seismic wave types using various architectural enclosures for geophones

A major difficulty in classifying seismic events in the near field is the existence of multiple wave types and their lack of time to separate from one another. During an impulsive seismic event, as the seismic wave components travel through a medium, the difference in their velocities results in a superimposed signal that will look drastically different at varying distances. It would be most beneficial to detect, classify and localize targets creating impulsive events if seismic sensor data could be reduced to a single wave type that has an expected shape and consistent features that do not change as a function of distance. Research was conducted to determine if measuring seismic data from within enclosures of specific architectural design could be used to attenuate specific wave types while maintaining energy of other wave types. The resulting waves produced by these geophone enclosures were then subject to testing using various algorithms to determine their ability to detect, classify, and localize seismic targets.
The Struggle for Housing in Rural Venezuela: Ideology, Practice, and Power1

Little is known about the struggle for housing in rural areas or whether rural housing standards and aspirations resemble those of urban areas. This article, based on field research in Venezuela, analyzes housing ideology as expressed in public policy and housing programs, and in interviews with and actions of rural leaders, employers, government officials, and citizens. Competing housing ideologies co-exist but one—the cement-block house—dominates; although international and urban in origin, the cement-block model is diffused through rural housing agencies and political agendas. Housing practices are neither consistent with nor weaken the dominant ideology; and some aspects of rural housing conflicts are similar to those in urban settings. These findings support the need for further research to better understand the conditions under which rural and urban housing issues differ.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in mice: presence of myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid.

Abstract The concentration of myelin basic protein (MBP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) correlates with the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis following intradermal injection with encephalitogen in adjuvant; MBP is absent in controls inoculated with adjuvants only. The presence of MBP is a sensitive indicator of disease inasmuch as CNS-inoculated mice with neurologic signs had an average of 0.29 ng/μl of MBP in their CSF and controls, including normal or adjuvants only, had an average of 0.03 ng/μl. The amount present per μl of CSF, as well as the absolute amount, obtained from an individual mouse do not always reflect the severity of disease as indicated by clinical signs and the pathology observed in a sampling of the neuraxis. The presence of MBP does correlate with demyelination, although the extent of pathology observed by light microscopy in the mouse model is minimal, associated only with the inflammatory response, and does not extend beyond the zone of the perivascular cuff.
Serum protein synthesis by somatic cell hybrids.

Serum protein synthesis by rodent hepatoma x fibroblast, hepatoma x teratocarcinoma, and hepatoma x hepatoma somatic cell hybrids was analyzed by Laurell (rocket) and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. With the hepatoma x fibroblast hybrids, of the nine serum proteins investigated, only transferrin was synthesized by the hybrids (with the exception of one hybrid clone which made albumin). Rat hepatoma (MHC) x mouse teratocarcinoma hybrids did not synthesize transferrin, but one of three clones did produce albumin. Rat hepatoma (Faza) x mouse hepatoma (Hepa 1) hybrids synthesized reduced amounts of albumin and transferrin, compared with the parental hepatoma cell lines. From these studies transferrin synthesis appears to be under different controls from the other serum proteins examined.
Do plant defenses predict damage by an invasive herbivore? A comparative study of the viburnum leaf beetle.

The impact of plant defenses on insect herbivores is widely accepted, but their relative effects on oviposition choice, survival, and larval growth in preventing pest damage, especially for invasive insects, is not fully understood. Here, we examined the potential for plant defenses to reduce the economic and environmental impacts of an invasive herbivore, the viburnum leaf beetle, VLB (Pyrrhalta viburni ), on Viburnum species in North America. We used a common garden with 15 host Viburnum species of North American, European, and Asian origin and evaluated oviposition preferences, twig defense against oviposition (a reaction that crushes VLB eggs), larval performance in the lab and field, and foliar damage to mature shrubs in two consecutive years. VLB oviposition preference was the strongest predictor of plant damage, with twig defense and larval performance explaining little of the defoliation patterns. In particular, we showed that VLB females evade key defenses by choosing poorly defended twigs for oviposition; assays on the 15 Viburnum species revealed that adults laid over four times more eggs on dead (undefended) twigs than on living twigs. We additionally tested the hypothesis that shrubs with a higher proportion of dead twigs are preferentially chosen for oviposition, leading to more defoliation by larvae and increased dieback in the following year. We term this the infestation feedback hypothesis. Indeed, we report consistent positive correlations between percentage dieback, oviposition, and percentage defoliation across Viburnum species, and among individuals within two species tested separately (V. dentatum and V. opulus). Our results demonstrate that oviposition preference plays a major role in the susceptibility of Viburnum shrubs to the invasive VLB through adults choosing high-quality species for their larvae (a strong preference-performance correlation) and avoiding well-defended twigs among preferred species. More generally, where invasive insects can avoid plant defenses and when preference and performance are positively correlated, an infestation feedback loop can lead to persistent pest problems. Because dieback weakens Viburnum defenses by providing optimal oviposition sites, we recommend that Viburnum growers mechanically remove dead twigs from susceptible shrubs at the end of the growing season, especially in the early stages of VLB colonization.
Testing microsoft SQL server analysis services

In this paper, we describe the current techniques used in testing SQL Server Analysis Services, the challenges we face, and techniques we are currently looking into to improve the testing of SQL Server Analysis Services both in functionality as well as performance.
Identification and Functional Characterization of an Active-site Lysine in Mevalonate Kinase

We report the construction of an expression plasmid for rat mevalonate kinase and the overexpression of recombinant enzyme in Escherichia coli. The homogeneous enzyme had a specific activity of 30 units/mg and an observed subunit molecular mass of 42 kDa. The Michaelis constants (Km) for DL-potassium mevalonate (288 microM) and for ATP (1.24 mM) were in agreement with values reported for enzymes isolated from rat liver (Tanaka, R. D., Schafer, B. L., Lee, L. Y., Freudenberger, J. S., and Mosley, S. T. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 2391-2398). Recombinant rat mevalonate kinase was inactivated by the lysine-specific reagent, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP). ATP (5 mM) afforded protection against inactivation, suggesting reaction of PLP with an active-site lysine. Mapping, isolation, and Edman degradation of the ATP-protectable peptide from [3H]PLP-inactivated borohydride-reduced mevalonate kinase allow assignment of lysine 13, a residue invariant in known mevalonate kinase sequences, as the modification site. These results represent the first identification of an active-site residue in mevalonate kinase. The function of lysine 13 was evaluated by replacing this residue with methionine. Vm of the mutant protein is diminished by 56-fold, suggesting that lysine 13 facilitates catalysis. Kd values of wild-type and mutant proteins for ATP were determined in electron spin resonance competition experiments. The observed 56-fold diminution in affinity for the mutant enzyme supports an additional role for lysine 13 in stabilization of ATP binding.
TWO MUTATIONS OF THE LUTROPIN/CHORIOGONADOTROPIN RECEPTOR THAT IMPAIR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION ALSO INTERFERE WITH RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

The experiments presented herein were designed to probe a potential role for the activation of the LH/CG receptor (LHR) on the receptor-mediated endocytosis of human CG (hCG). Two mutants of the rat LHR (rLHR) that bind the hormone with high affinity but are deficient in signal transduction were prepared by mutating highly conserved residues that have been previously shown to be important in signal transduction in other members of the G protein-coupled receptor family. Mutation of a highly conserved aspartic acid in the second transmembrane domain of the rLHR (designated rLHR-D383N) does not affect hCG binding but impairs signal transduction. When compared with cells expressing an equivalent density of wild type rLHR (rLHR-wt), concentration-response curves for the hCG-stimulated cAMP accumulation in cells expressing rLRH-D383N- are characterized by an 18-fold increase in the EC50 but no change in the maximal response. Cells expressing rLHR-D383N also display a 4- to 5-fold increase in the half-life of in...
Aortic valve leaflet entrapment by a percutaneous closure device.

Iatrogenic aortic valve leaflet perforation and aorto–right atrial fistula are rare adverse events of transcatheter interventions and transseptal radiofrequency ablations, respectively. We present the case of a 62-year-old man who experienced acute, severe aortic insufficiency as a result of leaflet entrapment by a septal occluder device during attempted percutaneous closure of an iatrogenic aorto–right atrial fistula. This rare adverse event emphasizes the need for a thorough understanding of cardiac anatomy to minimize transcatheter adverse events and to recognize and treat them appropriately when they occur.
Determinants of patient satisfaction with outpatient care in Indonesia: A conjoint analysis approach

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to examine Indonesian men and women׳s satisfaction rating of the different attributes associated with location, convenience, accessibility, and affordability outpatient care. A secondary goal of this study is to assess whether attributes associated with location, convenience, accessibility, and affordability outpatient care differs among different segments of individuals. Methods A conjoint analysis of attributes associated with access to and utilization of outpatient care was conducted using the 2007 Indonesian Family and Life Survey. Results Results from the conjoint analysis revealed that type of facility was the most important determinant of preference, while one-way travel time was the least important determinant. Other attributes of considerable importance include the waiting time, the cost of treatment, and province where the facility is located. Conclusion Indonesians who utilizes the outpatient care are responsive to the type, cost, quality, and location of the outpatient care. The findings of this study also suggest that priority should be given to patients who visited facilities located in Sumatera and other provinces like Sunda, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku, and Papua.
Early Operative Intervention in Aortic Bacterial Endocarditis

Abstract Since 1974, 14 patients have required valve replacement for native aortic valve bacterial endocarditis at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. There were 7 male and 7 female patients ranging from 11 to 65 years old. Nine of the patients were less than 27 years old. All patients had congestive heart failure as a complication of the bacterial endocarditis and were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class III or IV. Two patients were seen initially with arrhythmias, 3 had episodes of septic emboli, and 1 patient was operated on immediately after sustaining a cardiac arrest. Echocardiogram was utilized in 9 patients, and cardiac catheterization was performed in 6 patients who were suspected to have concomitant mitral valve or coronary artery disease. All patients were operated on within two weeks after the institution of antibiotic therapy, and there were no operative or early postoperative deaths. Preoperative blood cultures were positive in 13 patients, with streptococcus cultured in 6 patients and staphylococcus in 4. Escherichia coli and enterococcus were the other pathogens cultured. All patients received antibiotics intravenously for a total of six weeks. There has been 1 late postoperative death, which occurred 2 months following operation in a patient with myocardial failure unresponsive to treatment. Two patients underwent reoperation, 1 because of a persistent aorto-right ventricular fistula and the second because of paraprosthetic aortic regurgitation. Nine patients are now in NYHA Functional Class I and 4 are in Class II.
Ignition kinetics of the carbon monoxide- oxygen reaction.

An analytic solution for the ignition kinetics of the dry CO−O2 reaction is obtained by assuming an initiation reaction followed by the chain-branching steps C O + O → C O 2 * C O 2 * + O 2 → C O 2 + 2 O together with chain termination by quenching of CO2* and three-body recombination of CO and O. It is concluded that shock-tube induction times on reportedly dry CO−O2 mixtures cannot be explained by this mechanism. The shock-tube data can be explained by the following scheme, if a water vapor content of 20 ppm or less is assumed: C O + O 2 → k i C O 2 + O O + H 2 O → k 5 2 O H O H + C O → k 6 C O 2 + H H + O 2 → k 2 ' O H + O The rate constant for the initiation reaction was found to be k i = 2.5 × 10 9 exp ⁡ ( − 48 , 000 / R T ) l i t e r s m o l e − 1 sec ⁡ − 1 . The rate constant for the reaction between O and H2O at 1600°K was estimated by two different methods to be 8×108 and 1.5×109 liters mole−1 sec−1. Induction periods for mixtures with deliberate additions of hydrogen can be fit by adding the steps O + H 2 → k 3 ' O H + H O H + H 2 → k 1 ' H 2 O + H
Casein Kinase 1 Suppresses Activation of REST in Insulted Hippocampal Neurons and Halts Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death

Repressor Element-1 (RE1) Silencing Transcription Factor/Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (REST/NRSF) is a gene-silencing factor that is widely expressed during embryogenesis and plays a strategic role in neuronal differentiation. Recent studies indicate that REST can be activated in differentiated neurons during a critical window of time in postnatal development and in adult neurons in response to neuronal insults such as seizures and ischemia. However, the mechanism by which REST is regulated in neurons is as yet unknown. Here, we show that REST is controlled at the level of protein stability via β-TrCP-dependent, ubiquitin-based proteasomal degradation in differentiated neurons under physiological conditions and identify Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) as an upstream effector that bidirectionally regulates REST cellular abundance. CK1 associates with and phosphorylates REST at two neighboring, but distinct, motifs within the C terminus of REST critical for binding of β-TrCP and targeting of REST for proteasomal degradation. We further show that global ischemia in rats in vivo triggers a decrease in CK1 and an increase in REST in selectively vulnerable hippocampal CA1 neurons. Administration of the CK1 activator pyrvinium pamoate by in vivo injection immediately after ischemia restores CK1 activity, suppresses REST expression, and rescues neurons destined to die. Our results identify a novel and previously unappreciated role for CK1 as a brake on REST stability and abundance in adult neurons and reveal that loss of CK1 is causally related to ischemia-induced neuronal death. These findings point to CK1 as a potential therapeutic target for the amelioration of hippocampal injury and cognitive deficits associated with global ischemia.
Simulation of alternative approaches to relieving congestion at locks in a river transportion system

We construct a discrete-event simulation model to investigate the impact of alternative decision rules and infrastructural improvements to relieve traffic congestion in a section of the Upper Mississippi River navigation system. The model covers a series of five locks that serve commercial tows with widely different barge configurations, as well as private recreational vessels. Mixes and intensities of vessel activity are highly dependent on the time of year, day of week and time of day. The model reveals that some improvement in performance (especially in peak periods) can be achieved by scheduling lock activity with priority given to vessels with shortest average processing and lock set-up times (tempered by the time that vessels have spent in queue). Greater improvement occurs with the use of helper boats and greatest improvement occurs with enlarged locks. The alternative remedies must be evaluated with consideration of their dramatically different capital costs.
Modeling and analysis of waterhyacinth biomass

Abstract A model of waterhyacinth growth and yield was developed, calibrated, and validated for Florida conditions. It was used to evaluate the potential of large scale production of waterhyacinths for biomass. A maximum yield of 63 t/ha dry weight was obtained on a eurotrophic lake in Central Florida when the rate of harvest was analogous to the rate of growth, i.e., high in the summer and low in the winter. Another strategy evaluated, in which the waterhyacinths were harvested at a uniform rate all year, had a maximum yield of 48 t/ha.
Isolation of a galactogen utilizing strain of Arthrobacter

The land snail, Helix pomatia, is known to deposit eggs that contain the galactose homopolymer, galactogen. Selective enrichment for galactogen utilizing bacteria in a Helix pomatia habitat resulted in the isolation of a new strain of Arthrobacter. The strain's ability to metabolize galactogen was confirmed by the release of 14CO2 from (1C)-galactogen. The new isolate was able to utilize galactogen, galactose and glucose but not glycogen as sole carbon sources. The type strain A. globiformis ATCC 8010 utilized glucose and galactose, but not galactogen, as carbon sources.
Oncologic efficacy is not compromised, and may be improved with minimally invasive esophagectomy.

Background Major morbidity and mortality rates continue to be high in large series of transthoracic esophagectomies. Minimally invasive approaches are being increasingly used. We compare our growing series of minimally invasive (combined thoracoscopic and laparoscopic) esophagectomies (MIEs) with a series of open transthoracic esophagectomies. Study Design We identified 65 patients who underwent an MIE with thoracoscopy/laparotomy (n = 11), Ivor Lewis (n = 2), or 3-hole approach (n = 52). These patients were compared with 53 patients who underwent open Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy (n = 15) or 3-hole esophagectomy (n = 38) over the past 10 years. Results The MIE and open groups were similar regarding gender and average age. The majority of patients in the open group underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (81%); a significantly smaller (43%) number of patients in the MIE group underwent neoadjuvant therapy (p Conclusions In this initial report of a single-institution series of MIE, we demonstrate that oncologic efficacy is not compromised and may actually be improved with a significantly increased number of harvested LNs. We also demonstrate that this approach is associated with fewer serious complications and a significant decrease in the length of postoperative hospital stay.
ADORE -- Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in Europe.

Since there is little information about the naturalistic way of treatment in daily European practice, the Attention–Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in Europe (ADORE) project was designed as a prospective, non–interventional study of approximately 1,500 patients observed by approximately 300 investigators in various European regions. The primary objective is the description of the relationship between treatment regimen prescribed and quality of life in ADHD patients over a two–year period. The naturalistic care provided and the outcomes (psychopathology, quality of life) are recorded at 7 data collection points. The present preliminary report provides data on the first 315 patients who were included in the study by the beginning of January 2004. The data provide an impression of the sample characteristics, the clinical diversity, and the effects of ADHD on school careers and social activities. Furthermore, treatment information dealing with the time both before and at baseline is given. Even with this limited sample the negative effects on psychosocial development and quality of life in ADHD children are apparent.
Estimation of the strength and crack resistance of the metal of railway wheels after long-term operation

We describe the results of investigations of the state of the metal near the roll surfaces of solid-rolled railway wheels after operation. It is shown that the greatest changes in structure (phase components, grain, subgrain, and dislocation structures, phase precipitates, etc.) over the width of the working surface of wheels take place in the zone of passage to the flange and propagate to a depth of up to 200 to 300 μm (from the roll surface). The analytical estimate of changes in the strength and crack-resistance properties of the metal in different zones of railway wheels, based on the results of structural examinations, enabled us to establish that separate zones are characterized by a substantial strengthening of the near-surface layers, a dramatic increase in the local internal stresses up to the value of theoretical strength, and, correspondingly, a decrease in crack resistance.
Strategic Defection from Strong Candidates in the 2004 Taiwanese Legislative Election

SNTV engenders incentives to vote strategically not only against probable losers but also against candidates seen as possible runaway winners. This paper uses survey and election data from the 2004 Taiwanese legislative election to argue that excessive strategic voting against the strongest candidates was at the root of coordination failures. Further, I argue that strong personal votes play a role in mitigating these failures by constructing a stable foundation of votes that is not subject to the wild swings produced by strategic voting.
On the efficient wireless power transfer in resonant multi-receiver systems

In this paper we present an analysis of resonant wireless power transfer in systems with multiple receivers. We show that maximum power transfer can be achieved when the source is impedance matched to the set of receivers, i.e. matched to their equivalent impedance as seen by the source. The interaction of the receivers, or coupled modes, simply represent an interdependence of impedances that can be modeled and impedance matched. We explore three methods to achieve impedance matching: frequency tuning, impedance transformation and resonant tuning and show that the later two can achieve the maximum theoretical power transfer for a wide range of coupling between receivers.
Exaggerated cold-pressor response in hypertensive patients with superimposed arteriosclerosis.

A series of 172 hypertensive patients with excessive cold-pressor response (elevation of systolic blood pressure more than 30 mm Hg above basal) and 65 hypertensive patients with normal cold-pressor response (elevation of systolic blood pressure less than 20 mm Hg above basal) was studied. A correlation of the pressor response with various parameters pertaining to the cardiovascular system was made. A highly significant correlation between retinal arteriosclerosis and exaggerated cold-pressor response was seen. In addition, there was an excellent correlation between the latter and calcification of the aorta and/or its branches. Arteriosclerotic heart disease was much more prevalent among the hyperreactors than among the normoreactors. Elevation in serum cholesterol was also more frequent in the hyperreactors, but it was only seen in a small percentage of cases. The incidence of diabetes mellitus and established diastolic hypertension was also higher in the hyperreactors than in the normoreactors. Obesity was found twice as often in the patients with excessive cold-pressor response than with normal cold-pressor response. The results would seem to suggest that exaggerated cold-pressor response may be related to superimposed systemic vascular sclerosis rather than to hypertension per se.
Regulation of Na+/H+ exchange in rat adipocytes; effects of insulin.

The activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger was examined by acidifying the intracellular pH (pHi) with Na+ propionate (NaP) and monitoring the recovery in the absence of HCO3- in rat adipocytes. Acidification of pHi, monitored with 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein, decreased the resting pHi from 7.25 +/- 0.01 to 6.70 +/- 0.01. A spontaneous pHi recovery to 6.90 +/- 0.02 was inhibited by 300 microM amiloride. This effect was Na+ specific, as recovery did not occur in cells exposed to K+ propionate (KP). The addition of NaCl (30 mM) to KP induced pHi alkalinization. Acidification of pHi increased 22Na+ transport from 0.60 +/- 0.12 nmol/10(5) cells.min at resting pHi to 2.893 +/- 0.129 (P < 0.001) and 7.984 +/- 0.312 (P < 0.001) in the first and tenth minutes, respectively. Amiloride inhibited this 5- and 14-fold stimulation by 85% (P < 0.001). Insulin in the presence of 100 microM ouabain stimulated Na+ influx by more than 15% (P < 0.01). Ethylisopropylamiloride (10 microM) inhibited the effect o...
Androstenedione modulation of monoamine levels and turnover in hypothalamic and vocal control nuclei in the male zebra finch: steroid effects on brain monoamines

Levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin and the latter's primary metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, were measured in two hypothalamic and 6 vocal control areas in the brains of male zebra finches. NE and DA turnover in these areas were also estimated using alpha-methylparathyrosine. Males were castrated for at least 3 weeks and then received an implant of androstenedione (AE) or a control implant of cholesterol. Each male was then housed with a female for at least one week. significant quantities of the 4 monoamines were found in all brain areas examined; steady-state levels varied significantly across brain areas. Hormone treatment affected steady-state monoamine levels in the preoptic area (POA), the magnocellular paraventricular nucleus and the vocal control area, area X. Hormone treatment altered both NE and DA turnover in the POA, area X and a second vocal control area, nucleus robustus archistriatalis. NE turnover as altered by hormone treatment ina third vocal area, the dorsomedial portion of the intercollicular nucleus. These data suggest that monoaminergic neurotransmitters may be involved in the mediation of steroid-dependent changes in singing behavior in passerine birds.
Human Computer Interfaces and discourse analysis: Addressing audience with engineers

User interface designers may, based on the form content binary, emphasize form to the detriment of content. This creates the possibility of creating interfaces that are technically sound but weak in content. Addressing audience, in addition to form and content brings the potential to bridge the divide between form and content. The factor of audience, while considered from different perspectives in the technical sub-discipline of computer science known as Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and traditional composition courses, the blend of this instruction for engineers often leads to complication. Attention to audience in an engineering curriculum has shown to improve the resulting interfaces designed by students. Even though instruction in audience consideration provides for interface design that may not always successfully address the difficulties associated with the form content binary, classroom experience indicates that has reasonable potential to bridge this disconnect.
Period analytic algorithms for the estimation of selected spectral properties of short segments of EEG data

The accuracy and computational speed of three algorithms (spectral analysis, period analysis, and period amplitude analysis) for the extraction of spectral estimates from time-series data are empirically evaluated in the context of a neuropsychological experiment that requires estimates of power in the standard electroencephalographic frequency bands.
Management of Bony Deficiency in Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Allograft Bone Dowels: Surgical Technique

Revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery has become increasingly common over the past decade and its popularity is likely to rise further as the number of primary ACL reconstructions increases each year. More than 75% of all cases of failed ACL reconstruction are the result of technical error and, of these, more than 70% are attributed specifically to malpositioned tunnels. Management of tunnel malposition in revision surgery often requires innovative approaches for dealing with the resultant bony defects. In addition, tunnel osteolysis may create bone loss that interferes with desired tunnel placement. A number of options have been described for handling these bony deficiencies, many of which are technically difficult and time consuming. We describe a novel technique to address bony defects during revision ACL reconstruction using freeze-dried allograft bone dowels. These allografts are readily available and can be used easily to fill deficiencies resulting from previous tunnels or osteolysis. The grafts provide sufficient structural support for redrilling of new tunnels through or next to the bony plug, allowing uncompromised tunnel placement.
Relationships between Infectious Virus, Hemagglutinin and Complement-Fixing Antigen of ECHO Virus, Type 19.

SummaryThe CF antigen of ECHO 19 virus can be separated from the hemagglutinin and infectious virus particle. Although the 3 properties, based on sedimentation, indicated a close association, nevertheless, during virus multiplication each emerged at different periods. Infectivity and HA properties were labile to heat and UV irradiation; the CF was stable to both heat and UV. Absorption of infected TC fluid with human “O”erythrocytes removed more than 99% of infectious virus and hemagglutinin. The CF antigen was unaffected by absorption which indicated that the infectivity and HA were more closely combined than the CF. The available data suggested that the CF antigen is an integral part of the virus particle (non-infectious).
Bounds for one-dimensional rings of finite cohen-macaulay type

Abstract Wiegand, R. and S. Wiegand, Bounds for one-dimensional rings of finite Cohen-Macaulay type, Journal of Pure and Applied Algebra 93 (1994) 311-342. Let R be an integral domain finitely generated as an algebra over a field of characteristic not equal to 2 (or the localization of such a ring at some multiplicatively closed set); and assume that, for each maximal ideal , there is a bound on the ranks of the indecomposable finitely generated torsion-free R -modules. We show that the only possible ranks for such indecomposable modules over R are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 12. An example having indecomposables of each of these ranks is constructed over the field of rational numbers. Furthermore, over a broader class of reduced one-dimensional rings, the only possible ranks for indecomposable finitely generated torsion-free modules of constant rank are also 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 12.
The evolution of emergent computation

A simple evolutionary process can discover sophisticated methods for emergent information processing in decentralized spatially extended systems. The mechanisms underlying the resulting emergent computation are explicated by a technique for analyzing particle-based logic embedded in pattern-forming systems. Understanding how globally coordinated computation can emerge in evolution is relevant both for the scientific understanding of natural information processing and for engineering new forms of parallel computing systems.
Balancing Regionalism and Localism: How Institutions and Incentives Shape American Transportation Policy

Public policy decisions are increasingly made by regional governance efforts that involve diverse decision makers from multiple government units within a geographic region. These decision-making bodies face competing pressures to represent regional and local interests. We study how decision makers balance preferences for regionalism and localism within metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), the policymaking entities that are responsible for implementing U.S. federal surface transportation policy at the regional level. Our model of regional governance relates variation in regional policy outcomes to the incentives of MPO decision makers and the institutional environments in which they interact. Analyzing data from a sample of the nation's largest metropolitan areas, we find that MPOs dominated by elected officials produce more locally focused policies, holding other factors constant, while MPOs dominated by nonelected public managers produce more regionally oriented policies. Contextual factors, as well as the regional governance institutions themselves, further shape the balance between regionalism and localism.
Evidence-based software process recovery: A post-doctoral view

Software development processes are often viewed as a panacea for software quality: prescribe a process and a quality project will emerge. Unfortunately this has not been the case, as practitioners are prone to push against processes that they do not perceive as helpful, often much to the dismay of stakeholders such as their managers. Yet practitioners still tend to follow some sort of software development processes regardless of the prescribed processes. Thus if a team wants to recover the software development processes of a project or if team is trying to achieve a certification such as ISO9000 or CMM, the team will be tasked with describing their development processes. Previous research has tended to focus on modifying existing projects in order to extract process related information. In contrast, our approach of software process recovery attempts to analyze software artifacts extracted from software repositories in order to infer the underlying software development processes visible within these software repositories.
The Corporate Governance Premium, Returns, and Mutual Funds

Mutual funds with a preference for strong corporate governance (CG) have performance similar to mutual funds with a preference for weak CG. We find a direct relation between overall mutual fund CG preference and the corporate governance premium (CGP). Furthermore, the investment preferences of mutual funds forecast the change in the CGP. We provide evidence that the investment activities of institutional investors can affect stock performance, and that shifts by institutional investors in CG preference impact the appearance of the CGP.
The national mortality burden and significant factors associated with open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy: 1997-2006.

Introduction This study aims to determine the mortality rate and significant factors associated with laparoscopic (LC) and open cholecystectomies (OC) over a 10-year period.
A model for the stress-strain relationship of rectangular confined normal and high strength concrete columns

In this paper an analytical model is developed to predict the complete stress-strain relationship of normal and high strength square and rectangular short columns confined with rectilinear hoops, cross ties, and combinations of different types of lateral reinforcement. The confinement pressure is assumed to be uniform within the core of the column. The internal force equilibrium, the properties of the materials, and the geometry of the section are used to evaluate the lateral pressures. The model utilizes a fractional equation which gives a realistic description of the behaviour of the confined sections. Comparisons are made between the predictions of the model and the available experimental results. The model demonstrates good predictive capability for a variety of cross-sectional shapes and configurations of longitudinal as well as lateral confinement reinforcement. The effects of different parameters, such as the concrete strength, the amount of confining steel, and the configurations of the longitudinal as well as lateral reinforcement, on the behaviour of the confined columns are presented and discussed.
FAILURE OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (VSMC) ATTACHMENT TO COLLAGEN MATRICES RESULTS IN PROLONGED GROWTH ARREST • 150

FAILURE OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (VSMC) ATTACHMENT TO COLLAGEN MATRICES RESULTS IN PROLONGED GROWTH ARREST • 150
Increased physiologic intensity during walking and running on a non-motorized, curved treadmill

Abstract Objective To determine whether exercise performed on a non-motorized, curved treadmill (NMCT) provides greater physiologic stimulus compared to a standard motorized treadmill (SMT). Study design Crossover. Setting Clinical research laboratory. Participants 10 healthy athletic adults. Main outcome measures Participants walked (1.34 m s −1 ) for 3 min and ran (2.24 m s −1 ) for 4 min on NMCT and SMT (randomized order) while metabolic data and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected. Participants then identified preferred easy and moderate intensity training paces on each treadmill while blinded to speed. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests were used to compare responses between treadmills. Results Intensity was significantly greater ( P P −1 ] and moderate [3.2(3.0,3.4) vs. 3.5(3.1,3.9) m s −1 ] intensities. Conclusions NMCT elicits greater physiological stimulus than SMT with small, though statistically significant, changes in RPE at matched speeds. Clinicians must be aware of differences in intensity and RPE when prescribing exercise on NMCT.
Firn densification in a Late Noachian “icy highlands” Mars: Implications for ice sheet evolution and thermal response

Abstract Recent modeling of a thicker early CO2 martian atmosphere and Late Noachian climate predicts that for pressures beyond a fraction of a bar, atmosphere-surface thermal coupling occurs, resulting in adiabatic cooling of high areas across Mars. This promotes the transport of water ice from relatively warmer low-lying areas to the highlands, where deposition and accumulation of water ice result in an “icy highlands” Late Noachian Mars. Deposits will remain stable in the highlands under nominal Late Noachian conditions, but the potential exists for punctuated heating by both top-down (e.g. impacts, volcanism) and bottom-up (e.g. elevated geothermal heat flux) processes. Important in understanding melt generation from these processes is the state of the accumulated snow and ice. Through modeling of the firn densification process in the “icy highlands” framework we assess: (1) the nature of snow accumulation and the physical growth and evolution of the predicted ice deposits, and (2) the implications for the thermal properties of the ice sheets and the response to heating events. Analysis of the firn densification process in the “icy highlands” context indicates that: (1) the upper layers of the ice sheet will be more vulnerable to melting from top-down heating processes because they are comprised of the least dense and least thermally conductive ice, and (2) even with a low thermal conductivity firn layer, basal melting is only likely to occur through a combination of top-down and bottom-up heating. This is because at the nominal mean annual surface temperatures and estimated effective thermal conductivities, the predicted ice sheet thicknesses do not produce enough basal warming to initiate melting for plausible geothermal heat fluxes. Variations in spin-axis/orbital parameters alone are not predicted to cause widespread ablation (melting and sublimation) of the icy highlands ice sheets.
Learning Disabilities A Critical Need for Trained Teachers

Those involved in teacher training are becoming concerned over the acute shortage of trained jersonnel in the area of learning disabilities. In order to meet the current critical need in this area, nstitutes of higher learning and school systems are going to have to train the best teachers wailable in comprehensive workshops, institutes, and other in-service programs. Special Education wograms at the college and university level, particularly, will need to re-evaluate current course fferings and include courses in learning disabilities for both regular and special class teachers.
A kinematic rupture model generator incorporating spatial interdependency of earthquake source parameters

S U M M A R Y Based on the results obtained by analysing a large number of dynamic strike slip and dipping fault ruptures we construct a kinematic rupture model generator that incorporates some of the key source parameters extracted from the dynamic rupture models. In this kinematic rupture model, the slip rate function includes the final slip, the rise time, the local rupture velocity and the peak time (a measure of the impulsive part of the slip rate function). A four-dimensional correlation matrix is used to describe the spatial interdependency between the four source parameters—each of which is modelled as correlated random field. Each source parameter has a different marginal distribution determined from the analysis of the dynamic models. The marginal distributions are allowed to change as a function of distance from the hypocentre. The autocorrelation of each parameter is modelled by a power spectrum that follows a power law. The value of the spectral decay of the power law for the different source parameters is based on the results obtained from the dynamic rupture models. Finally, the values of rise time and peak time are adjusted such that the moment rate function fits a Brune spectrum for a specified corner frequency. We validate the rupture model generator using observed strong motion near field recording for the 1994 Northridge earthquake and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. We perform comparisons with the rupture model generator of Liu et al. We find that only considering the response spectral bias of a best model is not sufficient to validate a rupture model generator. Thus we test the predictive power of the two rupture model generators if multiple ruptures are computed. Overall, the new rupture model generator yields a better prediction, compared to Liu et al., for the two validation events, especially in predicting observed PGV values and pseudospectral velocity at low frequencies (<1Hz).
The interaction between coronary endothelial dysfunction, local oxidative stress, and endogenous nitric oxide in humans

In vitro and animal studies suggest that oxidative stress is associated with endothelial dysfunction. We tested whether local oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in the coronary circulation is associated with coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the left main coronary artery and the coronary sinus for measurement of F2-isoprostanes, myeloperoxidase, nitrotyrosine, and superoxide dismutase in 20 patients without significant coronary disease. Afterward, coronary blood flow and the vascular response to intracoronary acetylcholine and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) were assessed. The gradient of isoprostanes between the arterial levels and coronary sinus correlated with the change in coronary artery diameter in response to acetylcholine (r=-0.79, P<0.0001). Isoprostanes net production across the left anterior descending artery territory correlated with a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity (r=0.66, P=0.002) and decrease in coronary artery diameter in response to L-NMMA (rs=0.48, P<0.05). Myeloperoxidase and nitrotyrosine gradients were similar in patients with endothelial dysfunction and controls. The effect of L-NMMA was similar in both groups. We conclude that coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans is characterized by local enhancement of oxidative stress without a decrease in basal NO release. This study supports the hypothesis that local oxidative stress has a role in reduction of NO bioavailability in humans with coronary endothelial dysfunction.
Drug use related problems among nonmedical users of prescription stimulants: a web-based survey of college students from a Midwestern university

This college-based study compared nonmedical users of prescription stimulants to other types of drug users regarding drug use related problems. A Web survey was self-administered in 2005 by a probability sample of 3639 full-time undergraduate students (68% response rate) at a large public Midwestern 4-year university in the United States. The survey consisted of measures to assess substance use and misuse, including a modified version of the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10). Nonmedical users of prescription stimulants were more likely than other drug users to report polydrug use. Nonmedical users of prescription stimulants had over four times greater odds than other drug users to experience three or more DAST-10 items in the past 12 months (AOR=4.61, 95% CI=3.28-6.48). Among nonmedical users of prescription stimulants, those who used prescription stimulants via intranasal and other non-oral routes of administration had greater odds than oral only users to experience three or more DAST-10 items in the past 12 months. The findings of the present study suggest that the majority of nonmedical users of prescription stimulants are polydrug users and should be screened for potential drug abuse or dependence, especially those who report non-oral routes of administration.