cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theories of Reference and Experimental Philosophy

In recent years, experimental philosophers have questioned the reliance of philosophical arguments on intuitions elicited by thought experiments. These challenges seek to undermine the use of this methodology for a particular domain of theorizing, and in some cases to raise doubts about the viability of philosophical work in the domain in question. The topic of semantic reference has been an important area for discussion of these issues, one in which critics of the reliance on intuitions have made particularly strong claims about the prospects for philosophical theories of reference and arguments based on claims about reference. In this article, I review the main lines of argument in this area of experimental philosophy, with particular emphasis on the relevance of empirical data about intuitions to philosophical views. I argue that although traditional philosophical theorizing about reference faces little threat from experimental data about intuitions, there is nevertheless much to be gained from collecting and analyzing such data, which holds the promise of greatly enriching our conception of the mechanisms governing judgments about semantic reference in ways that are highly relevant to philosophers.
Modeling Social Processes: Some Lessons from Sports

Sports events can provide helpful models for thinking about social processes. DiMaggio's hitting streak in baseball, for example, raises serious questions about how the causes of relatively uncommon social events are typically studied. The hitting streak also directs our attention to considering models that generate a distribution of outcomes in a population of social units. The series of games leading to a football championship is relevant for approaching the role of complex chains of events in leading to a given outcome (where each individual sequence itself has a low probability of occurring). A model of changing templates suggests a more realistic way of thinking about the linkages over time from an initial starting point to a given outcome. Another sports example, based on the application of a binomial model to the outcome of a series of games, suggests that we should think of “chance” as a dependent variable that is influenced by—among other factors—the nature of the social structure. Also examined are the special problems in “explaining” any specific outcome.
Affective disorders: depression and mania

Affective disorders are psychiatric illnesses characterized by disturbances of affect or mood, which cause emotional, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms that significantly impair functioning. They are classified according to polarity (the degree of mood elevation or depression), and are treated with pharmacological and/or psychotherapeutic interventions accordingly. Keywords: affect; mood; depression; mania
A Project-Centric Curriculum Design

Student success was the motivation for evolving an individual project-based course into a projectcentric curriculum. A one semester project was first extended across a sequence of three interrelated courses tied together through their focus on the success of small team projects that spanned those courses. This sequence was then targeted as the core of a redesign of the entire program curriculum focused on project and student success. Currently, the department is in the process of introducing the measurement of project success as a tool for assessment and control of the department’s learning objectives. An overview of the design of this curriculum, lessons learned from developing it, and benefits of this type of curriculum in quality of student learning, community engagement, and reputation of the university, will be discussed.
Applying a simple measure of good governance to the debate on fiscal decentralization

Debates about the appropriate role, policies, and institutions of the state are often hampered by the lack of a definition for good government. To provide a quantifiable measure of good government, the authors develop an index for the quality of governance for a sample of 80 countries. They apply the index to the debate on the appropriate level of fiscal decentralization. In measuring the quality of governance, the authors develop indices for the government's ability to: a) Ensure political transparency and a voice for all citizens (the citizen participation index measures political freedom and political stability). b) Provide effective public services efficiently (the government orientation index measures judicial and bureaucratic efficiency and the absence of corruption). c) Promote the health and well-being of its citizens (the social development index measures human development and equitable distribution of income). d) Create a favorable climate for stable economic growth (the economic management index measures outward orientation, independence of the central bank, and an inverted debt-to-GDP ratio). In relating the index of governance quality to degree of fiscal decentralization for the 80 countries, the authors are not surprised to find a positive relationship between fiscal decentralization and quality of governance. But the strength of the correlation is surprising.
RAREFIED HYPERSONIC FLOW OVER A SPHERE.

Abstract : The flow over a sphere at large hypersonic Mach numbers and low Reynolds numbers was computed by using the Navier-Stokes equations as simplified by Probstein and Kemp. A similarity solution, valid about the stagnation streamline, is used. Both the adiabatic and cold wall cases are treated. Solutions, in particular the shock structure, the inviscid compression zone, and the stagnation point boundary layer were obtained at a Mach number of 10 and Reynolds numbers of 10,000 1,000, and 100 based on the sphere radius, free stream velocity, and adiabatic stagnation values of density and viscosity. (Author)
Genome scan meta-analysis for hypertension.

Background Genome scans for hypertension have yielded inconsistent results. The non-replication of significant or suggestive linkage might be due to lack of power of individual studies. Here, we conducted a genome scan meta-analysis for hypertension in an attempt to increase statistical power and to enhance evidence of linkage. Methods A newly developed Genome Search Meta-analysis (GSMA) method was applied to pool the results obtained from six scans reported in five papers. Results Our analysis did not find any regions with genome-wide significant linkage to hypertension. We did identify several regions with suggestive linkage, including 2p, 5q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 9q, and 11q. Conclusions It seems that no region has a uniformly large impact on hypertension and that susceptibility genes for hypertension may be very difficult to detect.
Automated Concept of Potato Sizing Equipment

Abstract The paper presents an automated concept of a potato sizing equipment. The technological flow is represented by dimension charts done in the software CATIA v5 r18. The classical technological flows of potato sizing are rigid systems, but modern systems are flexible and have modular construction. Modular construction has the advantage that when a component of the equipment breaks out, it can be moved away and thus not affecting the entire equipment. The role of automation is illustrated by the designing of an original potato sizing machine, based on the real geometrical quotation.
THE ABOLITION OF MATING BEHAVIOR BY HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS IN GUINEA PIGS11

DISTURBANCES of mating behavior and reproductive functions have been observed in 50 female guinea pigs with hypothalamic lesions (1). Twenty-three out of the 50 animals ran normal cycles so far as the changes in the ovaries, uteri and external genitalia were concerned (2) but they did not come into heat in the sense in which that word will be used in this paper, i.e., they did not show proestrual or estrual behavior and would not accept the male. Animals of this type will be referred to as Group I. In 12 others the genitalia were enlarged, the vaginae remained always open and the ovaries were highly follicular but without coporra lutea (GroupII). In 7 the genitalia, including the ovaries, were atrophic and the vaginae remained always closed (Group III). Eight others ran very irregular cycles and showed changes resembling one or the other of the two groups last mentioned.
Bulk flow of interstitial fluid after intracranial injection of blue dextran 2000.

Abstract The hypothesis that there is bulk flow of cerebral interstitial fluid (ISF) has been examined in rats by following the intracerebral distribution of Blue Dextran 2000. Guide tubes were implanted into the caudate nucleus using standard stereotaxic technique. One day after implantation, 0.5 μl of saline containing Blue Dextran was injected into brain. The extent and pattern of dye distribution were determined 15 min and 24 hr after injection by microscopic examination of brains sectioned using a freezing microtome. Blue Dextran was initially confined to the base of the injector cannula, but spread extensively over 24 hr. Characteristics of dye distribution indicate that Blue Dextran is transported away from the injection site by bulk flow of cerebral ISF, possibly along the course of cerebral blood vessels. There was no evidence of bulk flow in rats pretreated with dexamethasone or with an injection-implantation interval of 7 days, suggesting that edema fluid contributes to the observed flow of ISF. Results indicate the need to reevaluate the role of perivascular spaces in net fluid exchange between brain and cerebrospinal fluid.
Mindfulness-Based Existential Therapy: Connecting Mindfulness and Existential Therapy

Mindfulness practice in psychotherapy is mostly associated with cognitive-behavioral approaches. However, there are other approaches that fit well with mindfulness. A distinction can be drawn between meditation and mindfulness, which better establishes mindfulness as a powerful metatechnique that is supportive to many therapeutic models. Mindfulness is well suited for use in existential therapy. Currently, mindfulness is utilized in acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), and even though ACT is considered a cognitive-behavioral approach, it is compatible in many ways with existential therapy. There are links between mindfulness, existential therapy, and ACT relevant to mindfulness-based existential therapy.
Self-complexity of police trainees

Analysis of variance and t tests were performed on scores on Complexity of Self-concept Inventory for 110 police trainees and 477 university students in nine academic majors. No significant differences were found among any groups, suggesting that both groups utilize approximately the same number of dimensions in describing self. Implications for police personality are discussed.
How Corporate Entrepreneurs Learn from Fledgling Innovation Initiatives: Cognition and the Development of a Termination Script:

Through a parallel examination of literatures on new product development termination and entrepreneurial cognition, this study explores a specific form of human capital development: learning from f...
Alanine-scanning Mutagenesis of Plasmatocyte Spreading Peptide Identifies Critical Residues for Biological Activity

Plasmatocyte spreading peptide (PSP) is a 23-amino acid cytokine that induces a class of insect immune cells called plasmatocytes to spread on foreign surfaces. The structure of PSP consists of a disordered N terminus (residues 1-6) and a well-defined core (residues 7-23) stabilized by a disulfide bridge between Cys(7) and Cys(19), hydrophobic interactions, and a short beta-hairpin. Structural comparisons also indicate that the core region of PSP adopts an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like fold very similar to the C-terminal subdomain of EGF-like module 5 of thrombomodulin. To identify residues important for plasmatocyte spreading activity, we bioassayed PSP mutants in which amino acids were either replaced with alanine or deleted. Within the well-defined core of PSP, alanine replacement of Cys(7) and Cys(19) (C7.19A) eliminated all activity. Alanine replacement of Arg(13) reduced activity approximately 1000-fold in comparison to wild-type PSP, whereas replacement of the other charged residues (Asp(16), Arg(18), Lys(20)) surrounding Cys(19) diminished activity to a lesser degree. The point mutants Y11A, T14A, T22A, and F23A had activity identical or only slightly reduced to that of wild-type PSP. The mutant PSP-(7-23) lacked the entire unstructured domain of PSP and was found to have no plasmatocyte spreading activity. Surprisingly, E1A and N2A had higher activity than wild-type PSP, but F3A had almost no activity. We thus concluded that the lack of activity for PSP-(7-23) was largely due to the critical importance of Phe(3). To determine whether reductions in activity correlated with alterations in tertiary structure, we compared the C7.19A, R13A, R18A, and F3A mutants to wild-type PSP by NMR spectroscopy. As expected, the simultaneous replacement of Cys(7) and Cys(19) profoundly affected tertiary structure, but the R13A, R18A, and F3A mutants did not differ from wild-type PSP. Collectively, these results indicate that residues in both the unstructured and structured domains of PSP are required for plasmatocyte-spreading activity.
Broadband analysis of electromagnetic scattering from dielectric coated conductors with parallel TD-AIM

The algorithms of Yilmaz, Jin, and Michielssen, and Yilmaz, Shanker, Jin, and Michielssen (2003) are combined and a parallel TD-AIM algorithm is used to efficiently solve the resulting hybrid volume-surface integral equation (VSIE). The proposed algorithm reduces the computational cost of solving the VSIE. We note that, recently, the plane-wave time-domain algorithm too has been used to accelerate the VSIE-based analysis of microstrip structures. While both algorithms have similar reduced asymptotic computational complexities when solving the VSIE, the TD-AIM scheme is expected to be more efficient when treating truly volumetric structures. Indeed, unlike the case of the analysis of surface scattering phenomena, the auxiliary nodes introduced by the TD-AIM do not artificially inflate the number of field variables to be kept track of.
Collaborative course design: changing the process, acknowledging the context, and implications for academic development

This research study describes the experiences and perceptions of an instructor and an instructional design specialist who collaborated on the design and implementation of a university course using a new course design process. Findings uncovered differences between an informal collaboration process and the adaptation of that process for implementation in a classroom setting. Recommendations support the concepts of a long‐term collaboration, consideration of classroom constraints, and the importance of course participant voices and perspectives. Thoughtful consideration of the interaction of the design and implementation processes and commitment to continual course design collaboration can have positive implications for academic development. Cette etude decrit les experiences et perceptions d’un enseignant et d’un specialiste du design pedagogique ayant collabore au design et a la mise en œuvre d’un cours universitaire a l’aide d’un nouveau processus de developpement de cours. L’etude a permis de mettre en ...
The distribution of the maximum condition number on great circles through a fixed 2×2 real matrix☆

Abstract If P A (χ) denotes the probability that the maximum condition number along a great circle passing through a matrix A in the unit sphere in the space of 2×2 matrices is less than χ , then P A (χ) always attains its maximum at the normalized identity matrix. This result is the first nontrivial case of a linear algebra version of a conjecture formulated in Shub and Smale (M. Shub and S. Smale, Theoretical Computer Science 113 (1994) 141–164) for homotopies of systems of homogeneous equations. The Hopf fibration is used to relate the probability P A (χ) to the area of an `ellipse' on a sphere in R 3 .
Learning table access cardinalities with LEO

LEO is a comprehensive way to repair incorrect statistics and cardinality estimates of a query execution plan. LEO introduces a feedback loop to query optimization that enhances the available information on the database where the most queries have occurred, allowing the optimizer to actually learn from its past mistakes. We demonstrate how LEO learns outdated table access statistics on a TPC-H like database schema and show that LEO improves the estimates for table cardinalities as well as filter factors for single predicates. Thus LEO enables the query optimizer to choose a better query execution plan, resulting in more efficient query processing. We not only demonstrate learning by repetitive execution of a single query, but also illustrate how similar, but not identical queries benefit from learned knowledge. In addition, we show the effect of both learning cardinalities and adjusting related statistics.
Supercritical fluid extraction of plasticizers in poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and analysis by supercritical fluid chromatography

This paper describes the quantitative extraction of various plasticizers in poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) using a supercritical fluid. Extraction pressure, temperature, and contact time were varied in order to determine the optimum extraction conditions. The effects of CO2 flow rate and the volume of an ethyl acetate matrix modifier were examined. SFE optimum yield at 45 MPa, 120 °C and 120 minutes was compared to the value obtained via a conventional Soxhlet extraction method. Mass balance studies performed on the SFE process accounted for both recovered and loss extract. This approach provided a good indication of the efficiency of the extraction process.
HOMOGENEOUS NICKEL‐CATALYZED OLEFIN HYDROCYANATION

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses homogeneous nickel-catalyzed olefin hydrocyanation. It describes the chemistry behind the du Pont adiponitrile process from a mechanistic viewpoint. The hydrocyanation process can be broken down into two major steps. In the first step, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is added to butadiene in the presence of NiL4 catalyst to give 3-pentenenitrile (3PN) and 2-methyl-3-butenenitrile (2M3BN). In the second step, a Lewis acid promoter is added to the NiL4 (L = a phosphorus ligand) catalyst to effect the double bond isomerization of 3PN to 4-pentenenitrile (4PN) concurrently with the selective addition of HCN to 4PN. By-products in the second step include 2-methylglutaronitrile (MGN), ethylsuccinonitrile (ESN), and 2-pentenenitrile (2PN) arising, respectively, from Markovnikov addition to 4PN, direct addition of HCN to 3PN, and isomerization of 3PN to its conjugated isomer that is not hydrocyanated. The three different types of reactor system include (1) semibatch, (2) pulse, and (3) continuous. The semibatch reactor is the simplest. All reagents except the HCN are placed in a thermostated vessel (usually glass).
On the dynamics of pressurized and atmospheric circulating fluidized bed risers

Abstract We employ a facility that recycles fluidization gases to investigate the effects of gas density, scale and operating conditions on circulating fluidized bed risers. By matching five dimensionless parameters, experiments employing plastic and glass powders fluidized with mixtures of sulfur hexafluoride, carbon dioxide, helium and air near ambient temperature and pressure achieve hydrodynamic similarity with generic high-temperature risers of variable scale operating at pressures of 1 and 8 atm. Results in the upper riser are interpreted using steady, fully developed momentum balances for the gas and solid phases. The analysis shows that, for a wide range of experiments, two parameters capture the dependence of the pressure gradients upon the ratio of the mean gas and solid mass flow rates. The first is the ratio of the mean particle slip and superficial gas velocities. The second represents the spatial correlation between the radial profiles of interstitial gas velocity and voidage. Variations of the first with dimensionless parameters indicate that the “atmospheric” and “pressurized” experiments conform to distinct viscous and inertial regimes.
Public library fieldwork supervisors: A survey of activities, assessment, and attitudes

Little research directly targets supervisors of fieldwork students in public libraries. This article identifies their feelings and behaviors using Lev Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development theory as a background for design and discussion of results. Fieldwork activities, supervisor assessments, and self-perceived roles are discussed. The study began with an online survey (77 respondents solicited by email) and continued with follow-up questions (25 respondents). Results indicate fieldwork supervisors see themselves as mentors, serving as the ‘more capable peer’ according to Vygotsky, and they guide students from supervised to unsupervised work. Suggestions for further research are given.
Suppression of Junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] by Irrigated Rice Cultivars in Latin America

Continuous rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping in Latin America and the Caribbean has resulted in serious weed problems and herbicide overuse. Competitive rice cultivars could help reduce herbicide dependence. A study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Palmira, Colombia, to (i) assess the competitiveness of semidwarf irrigated rice plant types adapted to Latin America and the Caribbean's direct-seeding systems, (ii) identify plant traits responsible for such competitiveness, and (iii) detect adverse effects of competitiveness on rice yield potential. Pregerminated seed of 10 and 14 semidwarf rice cultivars was sown on drained puddled soil in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Cultivars were grown weed-free or with junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] (40 viable seeds m -2 , broadcast immediately after seeding rice), and were intermittently irrigated to keep the soil near saturation. Rice and junglerice biomass, leaf area index, tiler number, and height were recorded at 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 days after emergence (DAE). Rice cultivars differed in their competitiveness against junglerice. Average yield losses ranged from 27 to 62% under saturating junglerice infestations of up to 5.9 Mg DM ha -1 . Leaf area index, tiller number, and canopy light interception recorded in competition, and not much before 40 DAE, correlated positively with rice competitiveness. Competitive semidwarf cultivars can substantially reduce the number of herbicide applications in systems where suboptimal water control does not allow weed suppression by flooding. Breeding to enhance rice competitiveness appears as a valid objective, since competitive and also highly productive cultivars were identified in this study.
Using research to change practice: enteral feedings for pediatric oncology patients.

This report details a study whose purpose was to show the safety of and describe the clinical and financial outcomes of nasogastric (NG) and nasojejeunal (NJ) tube feedings for nutritional support during and after intensive treatment for cancer. During a 17-month period, NG or NJ tubes were inserted in 25 patients who experienced, or were anticipated to experience, suboptimal nutrition during or after their chemotherapy (n = 14), radiation therapy (n = 2), or chemotherapy plus radiation (n = 5), after bone marrow transplant (n = 2), and as a result of neurological impairment (n = 2). Patient ages ranged from 1 month to 14 years. NG/NJ tubes were used for a total of 1415 patient days (median 40 days). Of those, 756 days occurred in the hospital (median, 18 days) and 659 were outpatient days (median = 12 days). Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was used during 104 patient days (range, 1 to 35 days), and combination NG/NJ feedings were given with TPN for a total of 101 days. A comparable number of days of TPN therapy for the NG-fed patients would have cost $177,390 (average $135/day), compared with $65,700 (average, $50/day) for enteral feedings, for a savings of $111,690. Ten patients experienced grade 2 to 3 diarrhea and/or vomiting during the study. No untoward outcomes were identified. Enteral feedings were found to be a safe and cost-effective method for providing nutrition to these children with cancer.
Neural network architecture for solving the algebraic matrix Riccati equation

ABSTRACT This paper presents a neurocomputing approach for solving the algebraic matrix Riccati equation. Thisapproach is able to utilize a good initial condition to reduce the computation time in comparison to standardmethods for solving the Riccati equation. The repeated solutions of closely related Riccati equations appearsin homotopy algorithms to solve certain problems in fixed-architecture control. Hence, the new approach hasthe potential to significantly speed-up these algorithms. It also has potential applications in adaptive control.The structured neural network architecture is trained using error backpropagation based on a steepest-descentlearning rule. An example is given which illustrates the advantage of utilizing a good initial condition (i.e., initial setting of the neural network synaptic weight matrix) in the structured neural network. Keywords: adaptive control, convergence, fixed-architecture control, homotopy, Riccati equation, steepestdescent, structured neural network
Human leukocyte antigens in cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome (SS) are malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, characterized by the proliferation of helper type T lymphocytes with a predilection for the skin. Because of the similarities in cytologic, histologic, cytogenetic, immunologic, and functional aspects of the malignant cells, as well as overlapping clinical features, these disorders are currently classified as cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). Though the etiology of these disorders remains obscure, environmental factors as well as viral infection have been implicated. In this study, seventy-six white patients with CTCL were typed for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, -B, and -C to assess genetic susceptibility as determined by the major histocompatibility complex. An increase in the frequency of B8 and Bw35 was seen in SS patients but not in MF patients.
Shape of core level spectra in adsorbates

Abstract The spectrum of core levels in adsorbates is calculated taking into account the transfer of screening charge to the adsorbate. An exact numerical solution for a model including this effect is obtained. The position of the main peak and the overall shape of the spectrum are found to depend strongly on the width and position of the unoccupied adsorbate valence level.
Summer Freeze: Engaging the Incoming Class to Reduce Admissions Melt

Persistence to graduation begins with engaging the incoming class even before they have made a deposit. Saint Joseph's University developed a framework for combatting the admissions summer melt following a summer where 20% of the deposits were withdrawn. By employing tactics to monitor student engagement throughout the summer and connecting with students during the fall semester, the summer melt now averages 8% and retention to the second semester averages 96.5%. Spending time verifying the cohort of first-time full-time students and assisting students facing obstacles has greatly improved the student experience and retention. Tactics including University Connectors, a New Student Portal, pre-enrollment surveys, and a 5th week check-in are described.
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS IN END CAPS OF CYLINDRICAL REACTOR FUEL ELEMENTS

Abstract The temperature distributions in bonded end caps of solid cylindrical reactor fuel elements with an internal, uniform heat source are determined theoretically. The solution for the temperature distributions is expressed by products of Bessel functions with hyperbolic functions. An illustrative example is chosen for enriched uranium oxide fuel elements with zircaloy cladding and bonded zircaloy end caps. The lengths of the end caps are 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 times the fuel-rod radius. The results of the example indicate that relatively long end caps have somewhat lower maximum temperatures and lower radial temperature gradients than short end caps. These maximum temperatures and radial temperature gradients tend to approach constants as the lengths of the end caps increase. The maximum surface temperature of the end caps is checked against the corrosion temperature limit of zircaloy in water coolant of nuclear reactors.
Implications of triiodothyronine administration before cardiac and noncardiac operations

Abstract Before the potential for the use of a revolutionary new strategy such as administration of triiodothyronine before or during cardiac or noncardiac operations can be evaluated, previous aspects of anesthetic management of patients with coronary artery disease must be considered. In the late 1970s, efforts were made to minimize myocardial oxygen consumption to improve postsurgical mortality. These consisted of attempts to limit myocardial oxygen demand (eg, keeping heart rate low, preventing hypertension, maintaining coronary perfusion pressure). Subsequently, clinical findings indicated that nonhemodynamic ischemia was common during anesthesia. A second era of anesthetic management of patients with coronary disease was aimed at preventing reduced myocardial oxygen supply because coronary vasomotion was found to be related to myocardial ischemia. Because myocardial ischemia is still associated with apparently well-managed anesthesia and operation, investigators are now looking for new avenues to prevent morbid perioperative ischemic events. Investigational as cardioprotective agents in the future if they are proven to prevent ischemia or enhance efficiency of contraction without tissue injury in ischemic or postischemic myocardium.
A new approach to clustering

A general formulation of data reduction and clustering processes is proposed. These procedures are regarded as mappings or transformations of the original space onto a “representation” or “code” space subjected to some constraints. Current clustering methods, as well as three other data reduction techniques, are specified within the framework of this formulation. A new method of representation of the reduced data, based on the idea of “fuzzy sets,” is proposed to avoid some of the problems of current clustering procedures and to provide better insight into the structure of the original data.
Generalized Exponential Predictors for Time Series Forecasting

We consider the problem of prediction for stationary and nonstationary univariate time series using a modification suggested by the usual exponentially weighted moving average method. The modification leads to a class of general exponential predictors that can improve on the usual finite approximations to an infinite autoregressive process. We provide the theoretical justifications and suggest a class of predictors that covers modified and finite autoregressive fits as special cases. Two examples involving sample data show how the method is competitive with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) when applied to a U.S. energy use series and improves on ARIMA when applied to a global temperature series. A simulation indicates that considerable improvements are possible for infinite autoregressive (ARIMA) processes exhibiting certain special patterns of long-range dependence.
Development of donor‐specific chimerism and tolerance in composite tissue allografts under αβ‐T‐cell receptor monoclonal antibody and cyclosporine a treatment protocols

Recently, we induced donor-specific tolerance to rat hindlimb allografts under a 35-day course of alphabeta-T-cell receptor monoclonal antibody (alphabeta-TCR mAb) and cyclosporine A (CsA). In this report, we investigated the role of shorter alphabeta-TCR/CsA protocols on tolerance induction. We performed 52 hindlimb transplantations, between Lewis-Brown-Norway (LBN, F1) donors and Lewis recipients to test the impact of 21-, 7-, and 5-day protocols of combined alphabeta-TCR/CsA treatment on tolerance induction. Donor-specific tolerance and immunocompetence were tested by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in vitro and by standard skin grafting in vivo. The efficacy of immunosuppressive protocol and donor-specific chimerism was assessed by flow cytometry. All transplants under 5, 7, and 21 days of combined alphabeta-TCR/CsA therapy survived over 350 days. Clinical tolerance and immunocompetence were confirmed by skin grafting in vivo and MLR in vitro. Flow cytometry revealed a high level of donor chimerism in the peripheral blood of long-term survivors. The extension of survival of limb allografts and allo-unresponsiveness were directly associated with the development of stable chimerism in the tolerant recipients.
Dialectical Tensions of Small Group Leadership

This study examined dialectical tensions faced by leaders of small task-oriented groups. Interviews with 10 male and 13 female group leaders revealed three major categories of internal dialectical tensions: group control by leader/by members, leader's focus on task-related/nontask-related concerns, and leader's focus on group process/outcome. Tensions were nonbinary; for example, task concerns contrasted with three different types of nontask concerns. Future research should investigate the relationship between group leader effectiveness and dialectical tension management, the relative importance of managing specific tensions, and the consistency of group leader/member perspectives.
Bedside coagulation monitoring in heparin-treated patients with active thromboembolic disease: A coronary care unit experience

Patients with active venous and arterial thromboembolic disorders are known to benefit from systemic anticoagulation with heparin. Clinical studies have shown, however, that therapeutic anticoagulation is rarely achieved rapidly and often is not maintained over time. Prolonged laboratory turnaround time of the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) may contribute directly to these common problems. A total of 272 aPTT determinations were performed on 120 heparin-treated patients admitted to the coronary care unit. The time from sample collection to data availability was 126 +/- 84 minutes with standard laboratory aPTT testing. In contrast, a bedside coagulation device provided an aPTT within 3 minutes (p < 0.001). Subtherapeutic aPTT values (< 65 seconds) were documented in 21% of all patients; in each, the heparin dose was changed and a repeat aPTT was required. In a separate study of 33 heparinized patients randomized to either bedside or central laboratory aPTT testing (264 aPTT determinations), the time to achieve a therapeutic state of systemic anticoagulation was 8.2 hours and 18.1 hours, respectively (p < 0.005). The time from aPTT determination to a decision regarding heparin titration adjustments was 14.5 minutes and 3 hours with bedside and laboratory testing, respectively (p < 0.001). Thus bedside coagulation monitoring provides a convenient, rapid, and accurate assessment of systemic anticoagulation among heparin-treated patients with active thromboembolic disease in the coronary care unit. This technology warrants further clinical investigation.
Effects of atmospheric path on airbornemultispectral sensors

Abstract Experimental data were acquired for a study of the effects of variableatmospheric path on the spectral signals obtained by remote sensors in the optical region of the spectrum. Multichannel optical-mechanical scanners which provide calibrated apparent spectral radiance data were flown over agricultural test sites, and passes were made at several different altitudes between 2000 and 10,000 ft. The quantitative results compare favorably with qualitative theoretical predictions. Optical-mechanical scanners and aerial photographic systems are compared to show the relative importance of potentially detrimental atmospheric path effects with regard to the operation of these systems in remote sensing.
Nitric oxide inhibits iron-induced lipid peroxidation in HL-60 cells.

Abstract Nitric oxide (•NO) can protect cells against the detrimental effects of reactive oxygen species. Using low-density lipoprotein as well as model systems, it has been demonstrated that •NO can serve as a chain-breaking antioxidant to blunt lipid peroxidation. To test the hypothesis that •NO can serve as a chain-breaking antioxidant in cell membranes, we examined the effect of •NO on iron-induced lipid peroxidation in human leukemia cells. We exposed HL-60 cells to an oxidative stress (20 μM Fe2+) and monitored the consumption of oxygen as a measure of lipid peroxidation. Oxygen consumption was arrested by the addition of •NO as a saturated aqueous solution. The duration of inhibition of oxygen consumption by •NO was concentration-dependent in the 0.4–1.8 μM range. The inhibition ended upon depletion of •NO. The addition of •NO prior to initiation of peroxidation delayed the onset of peroxidation; the nearer in time it was before Fe2+ addition, the longer the inhibition. Depletion of cellular glutathione levels by d,l -buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine prior to Fe2+ addition resulted in a more rapid initial rate of oxygen depletion and a shorter time for the •NO-induced inhibition of oxygen consumption. Complementary studies of this iron-induced lipid peroxidation, using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as a marker, also demonstrated the protective effects of •NO. This protection of cells against lipid peroxidation also manifested itself as a reduction in trypan blue uptake, an observation demonstrating the protective effects of •NO on membrane integrity. We conclude that •NO protects HL-60 human leukemia cells from lipid peroxidation and that this protection ameliorates the toxicity of the oxidation processes initiated by Fe2+ and dioxygen.
A national comparison of public- and private-sector alcoholism treatment delivery system characteristics.

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the question of the existence, nationally, of separate public- and private-sector alcoholism treatment delivery systems in regard to the economic status of clients served, types of care provided and treatment setting. The analysis was based on data from the 1982 National Federal Census Survey of Treatment units. Public- and private-sector profiles based on the aforementioned delivery system characteristics were constructed and compared. Each of the profiles was also compared to a hypothesized profile, based on perceptions drawn from the literature, of the characteristics of treatment delivery in the private sector, generally, or the private-for-profit sector, specifically. The results of the analysis support the conclusion that two separate systems of treatment delivery existed, nationally, during the study period. The distribution of the nation's alcoholism treatment units among the public and private ownership sectors and ownership trends were also in...
Are Multiple Analyst Earnings Forecasts Better Than the Single Forecast

This study investigates the impact of multiple information sources. Specifically, we examine whether single and multiple earnings forecasts may differentially influence investors’ expectations. We focus on two main aspects of investors’ expectations: (a) predictions of future EPS and (b) subjective confidence about their own predictions. We conduct an experiment where we hold information content constant and ask participants to evaluate multiple earnings forecasts or a single earnings estimate. Results from the experiment suggest that multiple information sources improve participants’ confidence, and participants are most confident when they receive multiple earnings forecasts with no variability. However, their confidence diminishes when variability in the multiple forecasts increases. Evidence from this study indicates that multiple information sources outperform the single source only when multiple reports have highly consistent information.
Trophoblast Cell Fusion and Differentiation Are Mediated by Both the Protein Kinase C and A Pathways

The syncytiotrophoblast of the human placenta is an epithelial barrier that interacts with maternal blood and is a key for the transfer of nutrients and other solutes to the developing fetus. The syncytiotrophoblast is a true syncytium and fusion of progenitor cytotrophoblasts is the cardinal event leading to the formation of this layer. BeWo cells are often used as a surrogate for cytotrophoblasts, since they can be induced to fuse, and then express certain differentiation markers associated with trophoblast syncytialization. Dysferlin, a syncytiotrophoblast membrane repair protein, is up-regulated in BeWo cells induced to fuse by treatment with forskolin; this fusion is thought to occur through cAMP/protein kinase A-dependent mechanisms. We hypothesized that dysferlin may also be up-regulated in response to fusion through other pathways. Here, we show that BeWo cells can also be induced to fuse by treatment with an activator of protein kinase C, and that this fusion is accompanied by increased expression of dysferlin. Moreover, a dramatic synergistic increase in dysferlin expression is observed when both the protein kinase A and protein kinase C pathways are activated in BeWo cells. This synergy in fusion is also accompanied by dramatic increases in mRNA for the placental fusion proteins syncytin 1, syncytin 2, as well as dysferlin. Dysferlin, however, was shown to be dispensable for stimulus-induced BeWo cell syncytialization, since dysferlin knockdown lines fused to the same extent as control cells. The classical trophoblast differentiation marker human chorionic gonadotropin was also monitored and changes in the expression closely parallel that of dysferlin in all of the experimental conditions employed. Thus different biochemical markers of trophoblast fusion behave in concert supporting the hypothesis that activation of both protein kinase C and A pathways lead to trophoblastic differentiation.
The effect of a certain class of potential common mode failures on the reliability of redundant systems

Abstract This is a theoretical investigation of the importance of common mode failures (cmfs) on the reliability of redundant systems. These failures are assumed to be the result of fatal shocks, e.g. from earthquakes and explosions, which occur at a constant rate. This formulation makes it possible to predict analytically results obtained in the past which showed that the probability of a cmf of the redundant channels of the protection system of a typical nuclear power plant was orders of magnitude larger than the probability of failure from chance failures alone. Furthermore, since most reliability analyses of redundant systems do not include potential cmfs in the probabilistic calculations, criteria are established which can be used to decide either that the cmf effects are indeed insignificant or that such calculations are meaningless, and more sophisticated methods of analysis are required, because cmfs cannot be ignored.
Statistical Shallow Semantic Parsing despite Little Training Data

Natural language understanding is an essential module in any dialogue system. To obtain satisfactory performance levels, a dialogue system needs a semantic parser/natural language understanding system (NLU) that produces accurate and detailed dialogue oriented semantic output. Recently, a number of semantic parsers trained using either the FrameNet (Baker et al., 1998) or the Prop-Bank (Kingsbury et al., 2002) have been reported. Despite their reasonable performances on general tasks, these parsers do not work so well in specific domains. Also, where these general purpose parsers tend to provide case-frame structures, that include the standard core case roles (Agent, Patient, Instrument, etc.), dialogue oriented domains tend to require additional information about addressees, modality, speech acts, etc. Where general-purpose resources such as PropBank and Framenet provide invaluable training data for general case, it tends to be a problem to obtain enough training data in a specific dialogue oriented domain.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for the Treatment of Drug Toxicity

Intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) has emerged as a powerful antidote for the treatment of drug toxicity in the past decade. Initial efficacy of ILE was shown in the setting of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), but recent case reports suggest its consideration in a variety of other drug toxicities. In this review, we will summarize the experimental evidence as well as the clinical experience in using ILE as an antidote. Specifically, we will look at the evidence for using ILE in LAST as well as toxicity due to beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and tricyclic antidepressants. We will also review the current dosing recommendations as well as potential side effects of ILE as an antidote.
The radiographic categorization of coal workers' pneumoconiosis by lay readers.

Abstract An investigation was carried out to show whether lay readers could be trained to interpret chest radiographs for coal workers' pneumoconiosis. It was shown, first, that lay readers can be trained for this purpose, and second, that they are no more prone to interobserver variation than are physicians. Once again, the extent of the interobserver variation among experienced readers in the categorization of the films for coal workers' pneumoconiosis was shown to be greater than is commonly realized.
Skeletal scintigraphy in pachydermoperiostosis

Skeletal scintigraphic findings and radiographic correlation in a 39-year-old patient with pachydermoperiostosis are described. Although the literature suggests that pachydermoperiostosis is associated with decreased blood flow, enhanced activity was observed in the patient's bone scan. This apparent discrepancy is discussed.
General theory of weak processes involving neutrinos. I. Leptonic pseudoscalar-meson decays, with associated tests for, and bounds on, neutrino masses and lepton mixing

In this paper and the others in the series we present a generalized theory of weak leptonic and semileptonic decays which consistently incorporates the possibility of nonzero neutrino masses and associated lepton mixing. In the present work we give an analysis of the leptonic decays of charged pseudoscalar mesons within the generalized theory. The charged-lepton spectrum from such a decay is shown to consist not just of a single line, but instead a discrete set of lines. We state the precise meaning of neutrino-mass limits. The analysis leads to a new and very sensitive test for neutrino masses and mixing and to a corresponding proposal for new experiments on ${\ensuremath{\pi}}_{l2}$ and ${K}_{l2}$ decays. This test involves a measurement of the charged-lepton momentum or energy spectrum and is capable of yielding the mass and weak coupling coefficient, individually, for each neutrino that can occur in such a decay. The test is applied to existing data to derive correlated bounds on these quantities. The use of this test as a low-energy probe of the number of lepton generations is proposed. We also discuss an extended spectral test involving measurement of the charged-lepton polarization. Next, we give an analysis of the constraints arising from the ratios $\frac{B({M}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e})}{B({M}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}})}$, where $M=\ensuremath{\pi} or K$, which takes proper account of the experimental cuts that are used to define ${e}^{+}``{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}''$ and ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}``{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}''$ events. Finally, the general theory of the leptonic decays of heavy ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons is presented, together with tests for neutrino masses and mixing which make use of the momentum spectra, integrated $\frac{e}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ yields, and possible decays of sufficiently heavy neutrinos.