cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of hypoxia-induced cerebrovascular dilation in the newborn pig

The hypothesis that endothelium-dependent components contribute to the cerebromicrovascular dilation to hypoxia in the newborn pig was addressed. Piglets anesthetized with ketamine-acepromazine and maintained on alpha-chloralose were equipped with closed cranial windows. Injury to the endothelium of pial arterioles was produced by light activation of fluorescein dye. Light/dye injury reduced the pial arteriolar dilation to hypoxia (5 min, arterial PO2 approximately 30 mmHg) from 57 +/- 9 to 19 +/- 5%. Light/dye injury abolished the pial arteriolar dilation to hypercapnia but did not affect dilation to sodium nitroprusside. The pial arteriolar dilation to hypoxia was not affected by tetrodotoxin, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine, glibenclamide, iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin, tetraethylammonium, or 8-phenyltheophylline. Hypoxia caused increases in the cerebral cortical production of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate. Cerebral vasodilation to hypoxia was inhibited by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid but was not greatly affected by cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase inhibitors. In contrast, the cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase inhibitor miconazol decreased cerebral vasodilation to hypoxia from 45 +/- 5 to 17 +/- 4%. Therefore, the vascular endothelium appears to participate in cerebral microvascular dilation to hypoxia in newborn pigs. The mechanism may include cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid.
Preparation of margarines from organogels of sunflower wax and vegetable oils.

UNLABELLED It was previously reported that sunflower wax (SW) had high potential as an organogelator for soybean oil-based margarine and spread products. In this study, 12 other vegetable oils were evaluated in a margarine formulation to test feasibility of utilization of SW as an alternative to solid fats in margarine and spread products containing these oils. The minimum quantity of SW required to form a gel with these oils ranged from 0.3% to 1.0% (wt.). Organogels were prepared from the vegetable oils with 3%, 5% and 7% SW and were tested for firmness as well as melting behaviors using differential scanning calorimetry. These organogels were also incorporated into a margarine formulation. All of the vegetable oil organogels produced relatively firm margarines. The margarines prepared from organogels containing 3% (wt.) SW had greater firmness than commercial spreads, whereas margarines made from 7% SW were softer than commercial stick margarines. However, dropping points of the margarine samples were higher than those of commercial spread and margarine products. Margarine firmness was modestly inversely correlated with the amount of polar compounds in the oils and did not correlate with fatty acid compositions. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a number of healthy vegetable oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids to make healthy margarine and spread products by utilizing SW as an organogelator. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study showed that sunflower wax could be used as an alternative to traditional solid fats for the development of new margarine and spread products from a variety of healthy vegetable oils.
Characterization of a heterobimetallic nonheme Fe(III)-O-Cr(III) species formed by O2 activation

We report the generation and spectroscopic characterization of a heterobimetallic [(TMC)FeIII–O–CrIII(OTf)4] species (1) by bubbling O2 into a mixture of Fe(TMC)(OTf)2 and Cr(OTf)2 in NCCH3. Complex 1 also formed quantitatively by adding Cr(OTf)2 to [FeIV(O)(TMC)(NCCH3)]2+. The proposed O2 activation mechanism involves the trapping of a Cr–O2 adduct by Fe(TMC)(OTf)2.
Using magnetic resonance imaging to determine the compartmental prevalence of knee joint structural damage

Summary Objective To describe the prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detected structural damage in the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) and tibiofemoral joint (TFJ) in a population-based cohort. A secondary aim was to evaluate the patterns of compartmental involvement in knees with pain, between men and women, and in different age and body mass index (BMI) categories. Methods We studied 970 knees, one knee per subject, from the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study, a population-based cohort study of persons 51–92 years old. Cartilage damage and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) were assessed using the Whole Organ Magnetic Resonance Imaging Score (WORMS). The prevalence of isolated PFJ, isolated TFJ, and mixed structural damage was determined using the following definitions: any cartilage damage, full thickness cartilage loss, any BML, and the combination of full thickness cartilage loss with any BML. Results The mean age and BMI was 63.4 years and 28.6 m/kg 2 , respectively; 57% were female. Isolated PFJ damage occurred in 15–20% of knees and isolated TFJ damage occurred in 8–17% of knees depending on the definition used. The prevalence of isolated PFJ damage was greater than isolated TFJ damage using all definitions except the any BML definition. This pattern was similar between genders and among age and BMI categories. In those with knee pain, isolated PFJ was at least as common as TFJ damage depending on the definition used. Conclusion Using MRI to assess knee joint structural damage, isolated PFJ damage was at least as common as, if not more common than, isolated TFJ damage.
Thin-film waveguide gyrators: a theoretical analysis

A detailed theoretical analysis of thin-film waveguide gyrators is carried out using the coupled-mode theory. The result shows the simplest structure of waveguide gyrators must consist of two different kinds of waveguide mode converters: one with longitudinal (polar) anisotropy, the other with polar (longitudinal) magnetic gyrotropy. A new structure of waveguide gyrator is also proposed here, which uses a nematic liquid crystal in contact with a magnetic garnet film. A 100% conversion length as small as 3 mm can be easily achieved using available materials. Periodic structures must be used for phase matching.
Residual phosphorus and long-term management strategies for an Ultisol

Knowledge of residual benefits from previously applied P is crucial to maximize economic returns to current P inputs. We measured the residual benefits of P fertilizer on three summer soybean crops grown on a Hawaiian Ultisol over a three-year period. Four rates of P had been applied to four crops (P build-up phase) prior to the residual phase of this experiment. The P inputs during the build-up phase were (kg P ha−1 per crop): control (OP)=no P inputs; low P (LP)=50, 35, 35, 35; moderate P (MP)=100, 70, 70, 70; and high P (HP)=300, 210, 210, 210. Dry matter yield (DMY) and P uptake in all P regimes declined with each successive crop during the residual phase. The relative decline was greates in the LP regime where DMY declined by 61% and P uptake by 71% during the residual phase. Even with cumulative P inputs of 930 kg P ha−1 (HP), DMY and P uptake declined by 15% ad 36%, respectively, during the residual phase. The decline in P uptake with time was not related to Mehlich-1 extractable P (M1P), Olsen P, or P extracted by iron-oxide impregnated filter paper (FeO-P). Initially, optimum DMY was achieved with a M1P value of 2 mg P kg−1, however, this value increased with time so that by the end of the experiment an M1P value greater than 5 mg P kg−1 did not support maximum yields. The rapid decline of residual P benefits in this soil is in contrast to many reports of the lasting residual P benefits in highly weathered soils. Our results suggest that to sustain crop productivity frequent, small applications of P to this soil may be more economical in the long-term than applying large amounts of P.
Is Isaiah 40–55 Really Monotheistic?

AbstractIsaiah 40-55 is often understood as a work bearing witness clearly and unambiguously to a “novel,” “consistent” and “extreme” monotheism, the monotheistic biblical work par excellence. Yet the author of this article challenges such claims in light of texts such as Isa 40:1-8 and 40:25-26, which recognize the existence of the heavenly host and the volition (40:25-26) or agency (40:1-8) of its members, and in view of Isa 51:9-11, which alludes clearly to the mythic conflict between Yhwh and the sea dragon as a reality. A statement such as “besides me there is no god” (45:5) must, therefore, be interpreted in light of these texts, which are all too frequently ignored by those who speak of Second Isaiah’s “radical” monotheism. “Besides me there is no god” is more likely a claim about Yhwh’s incomparability and unique power and agency than about his sole existence. If there is anything radical and unprecedented about Isaiah 40-55, it is the poet’s rhetoric, which seems to suggest a new meaning and more restricted use for the word “god” ().Though the host remain a heavenly reality for Second Isaiah, serving Yhwh as they have always done, they are no longer called gods.
Effect of tebuthiuron on soil N mineralization and nitrification

Abstract Herbicides have potential for economical and efficient site preparation following timber harvest. The effects of tebuthiu‐ron, one of the herbicides approved for this use, on soil nitrogen (N) mineralization and nitrification were determined in laboratory incubations. Tebuthiuron was added at rates from 0 to 1000 μg g‐1 to three soils. There was no effect of tebuthiuron additions of less than 1 μg g‐1 on soil N mineralization and nitrification. Tebuthiuron reduced nitrification in all soils at 1000 μg g‐1 and in two of the soils at 100 μg g‐1 . All soils had increased net mineralization with tebuthiuron added at 100 and 1000 μg g‐1. The addition of 50 μg NH+ 4‐N and 1000 μg tebuthiuron g‐1 resulted in increased net mineralization in the three soils. Nitrification was affected differently in each of the three soils by the addition of both NH+ 4‐N and tebuthiuron. The added NH+ 4‐N either removed the inhibition of nitrification by the herbicide or had no effect on the inhibition in two of the soils...
The crosslinking of polysaccharides with polyamines and dextran–polyallylamine antibacterial hydrogels

A facile modular approach to rapidly prepare pH-responsive hydrogels by crosslinking polysaccharides with polyamines is demonstrated. Hydrogels are prepared by first reacting the less reactive polysaccharides with the cross-linker epichlorohydrin and completed by the addition of polyamines. The crosslinking of polysaccharides with polyamines provides a facile method for incorporating functionality into polysaccharide based hydrogels. This process is demonstrated with the polysaccharides dextran, pullulan and carboxymethyl cellulose and with the polyamines polyallylamine and polyethylene imine. The hydrogels were characterized by FTIR and swelling studies, which showed pH-dependent swelling due to the presence of the polyamine. The hydrogels can also be tailored by varying the mass ratio between the polysaccharide and polyamine. Absorption studies of organic analytes showed the polyamine content affecting the uptake of a charged substrate (methylene blue) and no effect on a neutral substrate (6-methyl coumarin). This synthetic method was also used to prepare hydrogels with antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus by utilizing an amphiphilic polyallylamine.
The decay of 96, 96mRh and levels of 96Ru

Abstract The γ-ray spectrum following the decay of 96 , 96m Rh was investigated with a Ge(Li) spectrometer. Many unreported γ-rays were seen. The half-lives of 96 Rh and 96m Rh have been measured and found to be 9.5±0.3 and 1.45±0.2 min respectively. Energy levels of 96 Ru were also studied by α-particle inelastic scattering. Levels at 0.83, 1.52, 2.15, 2.86 and 3.10 MeV were observed. A decay scheme is proposed based on these observations.
Sampling signals from a union of shift-invariant subspaces

We study a sampling problem where sampled signals come from a known union of shift-invariant subspaces and the sampling operator is a linear projection of the sampled signals into a fixed shift-invariant subspace. In practice, the sampling operator can be easily implemented by a multichannel uniform sampling procedure. We present necessary and sufficient conditions for invertible and stable sampling operators in this framework, and provide the corresponding minimum sampling rate. As an application of the proposed general sampling framework, we study the specific problem of spectrum-blind sampling of multiband signals. We extend the previous results of Bresler et al. by showing that a large class of sampling kernels can be used in this sampling problem, all of which lead to stable sampling at the minimum sampling rate.
Hypnotizability and task motivating suggestions: A further look at how they affect performance

Abstract An attempt was made to ferret out the separate effects on cognitive performance of hypnotic susceptibility, task motivating suggestions, and the hypnotic trance state. An equal number of susceptible and unsusceptible Ss were given 3 cognitive tasks, first to ascertain their baseline performances, and then again following either a traditional hypnotic induction, an alert trance induction or a short interview. All Ss were given task motivating suggestions prior to administering the alternate form of the 3 tasks. An additional control group of Ss was used to assess practice effects. Results indicated that task motivating suggestions were effective in enhancing performance for all groups on the digit symbol and abstract reasoning tasks but not on the memory task. Waking suggestion Ss performed as well as hypnotized Ss when both groups of Ss were given task motivating suggestions. It was concluded that when the experimental design of a study incorporates necessary controls, hypnosis does not facilitat...
Self-Diffusion of a Semiflexible Polypeptide in a Magnetically Aligned Liquid Crystalline Phase

The tracer self-diffusion coefficient of semiflexible poly(γ-benzyl-α,L-glutamate) with a length of ∼160 nm and a diameter of ∼1.6 nm is determined by fluorescence photobleaching recovery in the magnetically aligned liquid crystalline phase. The rate of diffusion in the direction of molecular alignment declines with concentration in the liquid crystalline phase, while the rate perpendicular to the direction of molecular alignment remains approximately constant. At concentrations just sufficient to sustain the liquid crystalline phase, the parallel diffusion exceeds the perpendicular diffusion by a factor of almost 5. This ratio declines to as little as 2 at higher concentrations. Comparisons are made with previous studies on other systems ranging from rigid virus particles to small mesogens.
Elastic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes in compression

Quenched molecular dynamics simulations are used to investigate the elastic behavior of open-ended, free-standing, single wall, carbon nanotubes. Interatomic interactions are described by a Tersoff-Brenner potential. The tubes' response to axial compression is examined and typical failure modes as well as stress-strain curves for a number of tube radii are shown. Data collected are used to calculate Young's modulus for the tubes and to develop a simple formula that approximates this quantity over a wide range of tube radii.
Intermediate Nepheloid Layers Observed Over The Continental Margins Off Oregon

Intermediate nepheloid layers were observed by a beam transmissometer operating at 650 nm during 3-8 November 1976 over the continental shelf and slope off Oregon. Two well defined intermediate nepheloid layers were observed. One was located at about 150 m depth and extended westward from a point 10 NM offshore. The second was at about 375 m depth and went westward from a point 25 NM offshore. They were at least 15 NM wide (east--west dimension), and 50-150 m thick. They closely followed isotherms in the zonal section. The overall structure of the nepheloid layers remained unchanged during the period of the cruise. The intermediate nepheloid layers appear to have been generated by lateral diffusion and advection of turbid water from bottom nepheloid layers over the continental shelf and slope toward the deep water. Possible processes of diffusion and advection of bottom nepheloid layers to generate intermediate nepheloid layers are discussed.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis: Ultrastructural and serologic studies

Liver biopsies from five patients with chronic non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis were examined by electron microscopy for hepatocellular alterations. Circular fused membranes were observed within the cytoplasm of hepatocytes of four of the patients. Aggregates of intranuclear particles, measuring 22 ± 2 nm in diameter, were also seen in two of the biopsies in which fused membranes were identified. Sera of all five patients formed precipitin lines detectable by counterimmunoelectrophoresis when reacted with serum from an individual convalescent from posttransfusion NANB hepatitis. Using this convalescent serum as an antibody source, complexes of 22 ± 2 nm particles were identified in three of the chronic patient sera by immunoelectron microscopy. These observations suggest that at least one of the agents responsible for NANB hepatitis elicits both nuclear and cytoplasmic modifications. Furthermore, the 22 ± 2 nm particles circulating in the sera of the chronic NANB patients may represent components related to NANB hepatitis agent.
Studies utilizing the portable electromagnetic ballistocardiograph. I. Abnormal HIJK patterns in hypertensive and coronary artery heart disease.

The ballistocardiograph records the vigor of cardiac ejection and the speed of diastolic filling. It provides a practical means of studying the physiologic response of the heart in its adjustment to the stress of exercise. The application of the light ballistocardiographic exercise test to subjects without clinical or electrocardiographic evidence of heart disease, to hypertensive subjects, to patients with coronary artery disease and to those suspected of having myocarditis has provided information of clinical importance which cannot be obtained from any other means of physical diagnosis or from the ballistocardiogram at rest.
The current status of vestibular system models

The human vestibular system for dynamic space orientation is described mathematically, using the identification methods of control theory. The analysis by several investigators at the M.I.T. Man-Vehicle Laboratory, building on the available data, has led to a biocybernetic model which is useful in predicting man's perceived orientation in space, postural reactions, nystagmus eye movements, and piloting actions based on motion cues. The semicircular canals, which act as angular velocity sensors, have been subjected to a fluid dynamics analysis. The limitations of the torsion pendulum model of Van Egmond, Groen and Jongkees are examined, and a quantitative description of adaptation is proposed. An otolith model, responding to linear acceleration forces, is presented and shown to agree with perception of tilt and translation, eye counter-rolling, and electrophysiological data. Cross-coupling effects are discussed, including the influence of linear acceleration on the semicircular canals.
Localization of type I interferon receptor limits interferon-induced TLR3 in epithelial cells.

Previous studies have shown that influenza infections increase Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) expression and that type I interferons (IFNs) may play a role in this response. This study aimed to expand on the role of type I IFNs in the influenza-induced upregulation of TLR3 and determine whether and how the localization of the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) in respiratory epithelial cells could modify IFN-induced responses. Using differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells this study demonstrates that soluble mediators secreted in response to influenza infection upregulate TLR3 expression in naive cells. This response was associated with an upregulation of type I IFNs and stimulation with type I, but not type II, IFNs enhanced TLR3 expression. Interestingly, although influenza infection results in IFN-β release both toward the apical and basolateral sides of the epithelium, TLR3 expression is only enhanced in cells stimulated with IFN-β from the basolateral side. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates t...
Temporal effects of hormones on DNA synthesis in mouse mammary gland in vitro

Mammary explants from midpregnant mice were cultured for one to five days in chemically-defined medium containing various combinations of insulin, prolactin, and corticosterone. The influence of these hormones on DNA content and synthesis was assessed at the end of one, two, three, and five days. Explants from each culture were also examined histologically for survival and secretory responses. Insulin was primarily responsible for the stimulation of DNA synthesis. Its peak activity occurred on the first day of culture. After this time, prolactin and corticosterone interact with the tissue to maintain the insulin stimulation; prolactin's effect is manifested before that of corticosterone. The hormones in the temporal order of their effect on mammary DNA in vitro thus appear to be: insulin, prolactin, corticosterone. The histological findings indicate that secretory development occurs subsequent to cell proliferation.
Needle-type colloidal copper (II)hydroxide particles

Stable dispersions of fine (< 0.05μm) needle-type copper(II) hydroxide particles were prepared at room temperature by admixing sodium acetate and ammonia to copper sulfate solution. The particle length and width could be altered with the concentration of reactants. The rate of dissolution of copper(II) hydroxide particles in doubly distilled water at room temperature is time dependent, which is due in part to the formation of a mononuclear complex solute (CuOH+). After extended times (e.g., 18 h), the particles underwent phase transformation, resulting in longer needles of higher degree of crystallinity.
Studies on the photosensitized breakdown of guanosine by methylene blue

Abstract The photodynamic breakdown of guanosine by methylene blue has been studied under different conditions. Extensive irradiation with 5·10 −5 M methylene blue at pH 9.2 has been shown to result in the formation of ribosylurea, free ribose, guanidine and traces of urea. Of the several modes of photodegradation occurring, the cleavage of the glycosidic bond resulting in the formation of free ribose has been shown to be an early reaction. In later stages, concomitant with extensive destruction of guanosine, the disappearance of the ribose moiety itself has been demonstrated to be dominant. The significance of these findings in relation to the mechanism of photoinactivation of polynucleotides has been discussed.
Expression of antisense of insulin-like growth factor-2 receptor RNA non-coding (AIRN) during early gestation in cattle

The insulin-like growth factor type 2 receptor (IGF2R) regulates fetal growth by removing IGF2 from circulation. In mice, expression of the Igf2r gene is only imprinted after implantation and is associated with expression of the antisense non-coding (nc)RNA, Airn. The objectives of this study were, first, to determine if bovine AIRN was expressed during developmentally important stages of gestation, and second, to determine if expression of bAIRN was affected by method of embryo production. Control reactions confirmed that sequence verified bAIRN PCR amplicons resulted from RNA within the sample and not from genomic DNA contamination. IGF2R mRNA was expressed in all fetal liver samples at Days 35-55 and 70 of gestation as well as in 8 of 9 Day 15 conceptuses, 10 of 10 Day 18 conceptuses, and in all day 7 blastocyst pools. bAIRN was expressed in all samples of fetal liver at Days 35-55 and 70 of gestation. The proportion of conceptuses that expressed bAIRN increased from 1 of 9 at Day 15 of gestation to 8 of 10 at Day 18 of gestation. No bAIRN was expressed in any blastocyst pools. The relative level of bAIRN was greater (P<0.05) in fetal liver from embryos produced in vivo compared to that from embryos produced in vitro. In summary bAIRN was not expressed in blastocyst-stage embryos, was expressed in an increasing proportion of embryos around the time of maternal recognition of pregnancy and was expressed following implantation. Furthermore, relative levels of bAIRN in bovine fetal liver can be altered by method of embryo production.
Insulation Directions For High Power Space Systems

This paper discusses the need for and the requirements of high voltage insulation systems that operate in the space environment. The space environment is characterized and the environmental limitations of common earth insulation systems are discussed. Several alternative high voltage insulation systems are presented and the results of space high voltage experiments discussed. A high voltage space system design approach is presented based on contained field designs using controlled vacuum insulation. The limitation of alternate insulation systems in long-lived space high voltage power systems will require the development of alternate methods of capacitive energy storage at high energy densities.
Effects of low pH and high Al, Mn and Fe levels on the survival ofRhizobium trifolii and the nodulation of subterranean clover

The effects onRhizobium trifolii and the nodulation of subterranean clover of possible inhibitors associated with soil acidity were evaluated. In an inorganic salts solution in the presence of subterranean clover, the numbers ofR. trifolii increased, but the population declined at pH 4.2. Nodules were formed only at pH 4.8 and above. The bacterium grew after a lag period in a culture medium containing 75 μM Al or 100 μM FeSO4. At 150 μM Mn, the formation of nodules was not inhibited. At 200 μM Fe as an EDTA chelate,R. trifolii grew at the expense of plant excretions, but nodulation was scant. Rhizobial numbers did not increase and nodules were not formed at 500 μM Fe as the EDTA chelate or at 200 μM FeSO4. In the presence of 50 μM Al, rhizobial numbers declined around clover roots, and nodules were not formed. The data show that Al is toxic toR. trifolii growing on root excretions and that low pH and high Fe concentrations are detrimental to the formation of nodules on subterranean clover even in the presence of large numbers of rhizobia.
Axial heat conduction in a moving semi-infinite fluid

This paper considers the steady state conduction of heat from a wall to a fluid moving at a uniform velocity. The wall is heated by a step change in temperature. Although this appears to be a classical heat conduction problem, its application to various convective heat transfer problems is new. The mathematical procedure leads to the computation of the temperature field and the heat transfer coefficient. In the presence of a step change in the wall temperature, it is shown that the Stanton number is a function of the Peclet number alone. The acquired analytical results show that, near the thermal entrance location, heat conduction dominates and the local heat flux becomes independent of velocity. This phenomenon applies to classical convection problems in various-shaped ducts.
Properties of reflected sunlight derived from a Green's function method

The inference of optical depth and particle size of clouds and aerosols using remotely sensed reflected radiance at solar wavelengths has received much attention recently. The information these measurements provide is path integrated. However, very little is known about the vertical distribution of this weighting. To characterize it, we first solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) by a Green's function approach, and then investigate the sensitivity of the weighting to vertical inhomogeneities in the extinction by introducing a function that is closely related to the Green's function, herein called the contribution function. This function calculates the contributions to the radiance at the upper boundary of the medium by underlying layers. Three hypothetical clouds of identical optical depth but exhibiting different extinction profiles were used in this study. The contribution function was found very sensitive to the extinction profile. The global reflection and transmission matrices used to construct the Green's function, derived using an eigenmatrix method, resulted in an efficient, stable, and accurate method for calculating the emerging radiances that can be extended to multi-layered media.
The Implementation of an Independent and Self-Paced Online Library Orientation for Freshman Students and the Use of Sakai as a Quiz Management System (QMS)

The Brooklyn College Library's Reference Unit developed the Library's Online Orientation Program (LOOP) to provide freshman students with an entirely online, independent, flexible, and self-paced introduction to the library's resources and services. The implementation of the LOOP gave the reference librarians much-needed time to focus their teaching on classes that require research. The LOOP includes an assessment component that was created and is managed using Sakai. Sakai was found to be effective in creating and managing the assessment, with minimal ongoing maintenance required. Reference librarians with serious time constraints can look to this model as an alternative to in-person library orientation sessions. Since very little has been written about the use of Sakai as a means of creating and managing online assessment, its benefits and drawbacks are outlined.
Phosphorylated proteins of the mammalian mitochondrial ribosome: implications in protein synthesis

Mitochondria, the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, have their own translation machinery that is solely responsible for synthesis of 13 mitochondrially encoded protein subunits of oxidative phosphorylation complexes. Phosphorylation is a well-known post-translational modification in regulation of many processes in mammalian mitochondria including oxidative phosphorylation. However, there is still very limited knowledge on phosphorylation of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins and their role(s) in ribosome function. In this study, we have identified the mitochondrial ribosomal proteins that are phosphorylated at serine, threonine or tyrosine residues. Twenty-four phosphorylated proteins were visualized by phosphorylation-specific techniques including in vitro radiolabeling, residue specific antibodies for phosphorylated residues, or ProQ phospho dye and identified by tandem mass spectrometry. Translation assays with isolated ribosomes that were phosphorylated in vitro by kinases PKA, PKCdelta, or Abl Tyr showed up to 30% inhibition due to phosphorylation. Findings from this study should serve as the framework for future studies addressing the regulation mechanisms of mitochondrial translation machinery by phosphorylation and other post-translational modifications.
ON THE COMPOSITION OF URINARY ALBUMIN

A few findings which seem to be of importance may be pointed out:— Table I shows the analytical figures of serum-albumin, serum-globulin, and fibrin of the normal dog. The main difference between albumin and globulin appears in the relation of the precipitable to the non-precipitable total nitrogen and amino-nitrogen. Precipitable total nitrogen as well as amino-nitrogen is considerably larger in the albumin than in the globulin. In the cases of uranium nitrate nephritis (table II), the important figures approximate very closely those of normal serum-albumin. The samples from dog 3, that had been poisoned at the same time with phosphorous oil and uranium nitrate, show relatively large variations as compared with the figures from specimens from the other dogs, chiefly as regards the amino-nitrogen distribution: i. e., in dog 3, (1) the amount of amino-nitrogen to the total nitrogen in the solution before precipitation is higher; (2) the percentage of precipitable amino-nitrogen is larger; and (3) the ratio of precipitable amino-nitrogen to precipitable total nitrogen exceeds that of the other cases. All these changes, together with the fact that the total precipitable nitrogen did not undergo any quantitative variation, suggest that in the case of dog 3 the analyzed material contained a higher amount of lysin or cystin. It may further be mentioned that the analytical figures in this case differ also from those of the normal serum-albumin and still more from those of the serum-globulin. These changes, however, were not found in the case of dog 4, although this animal was treated in the same manner as the preceding dog. In the cases of nephritis in man (table III), striking differences were met with in the case of acute scarlet fever nephritis (No. 1a) and in the case (No. 2) of a patient with chronic nephritis and Pott's disease. This patient died a few weeks after the specimen for analysis was collected. The autopsy showed a general amyloidosis. The variations in both cases consist in a lowering of the ratio of amino-nitrogen to total nitrogen in the solution before precipitation, and corresponding to this, a fall of the same ratio in the filterable nitrogen. Such a change points to a relatively larger amount of prolin and oxyprolin or tryptophan in these cases. As a whole, one may conclude that Van Slyke's method, carefully applied and sufficiently controlled, may also be used for the study of urinary albumin. The results already obtained indicate that definite differences in the composition of urinary "albumin" may be detected. As yet it is premature to establish a definite relationship between the chemical composition of the "albumin" and the clinical or pathological conditions under which it appears, but it seems hopeful that further work may lead to the finding of such a relationship.
The thermodynamic properties of water dimer

The thermodynamic functions C°p, S°, (G° − H°0)/T, (H° − H°0), ΔH°f, ΔG°f, and log10 Kt for gaseous water dimer in the temperature range 0 to 1500 K are derived by the statistical method. The molecular and thermal data employed in the calculations and the results obtained are briefly discussed.
Risk of Exposure to Infectious Particles during Testing of Smoke and Fire Dampers in HEPA–Protected and Non-Protected Patient Rooms

Abstract BACKGROUND: Regulatory agencies require that smoke and fire dampers are inspected and tested. Debris within ventilation ductwork is often contaminated with fungal spores that can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients. Since damper testing procedures may potentially contaminate the hospital environment, particle counts were examined to 1) assess the potential risk to patients, and 2) develop methods to reduce contamination. METHODS: Dampers were manually actuated and access panels opened to permit visual inspection. Dust and debris on damper components and adjacent surfaces were removed with a HEPA–filtered vacuum. Particle counts were measured with a CCI 550 counter in unoccupied rooms equipped with HEPA filtration at the room diffuser and in standard rooms without HEPA filtration. Particle counts were monitored before, during, and after damper actuation. RESULTS: In non-HEPA–filtered rooms, particle counts increased from 20,000/cfm to 43,000/cfm following damper testing; counts returned to baseline after 50 minutes. In positive pressure HEPA–filtered rooms, particle counts increased from 35,000/cfm within 6 minutes. During testing, static pressure increased within ductwork tripped protective mechanisms which automatically shut down the ventilation system. Reduction of fan speed limited abrupt increases of static pressure preventing shut down. Particles remained at a baseline of CONCLUSIONS: Damper testing may contaminate the hospital with fungal spores. In terminal HEPA–filtered rooms, continued function of the ventilation system, albeit at reduced fan speed is required to prevent airborne contamination during damper testing. Damper testing in standard hospital rooms contributes to environmental contamination.
Optosensing Determination of Parts-per-Billion of Metals

Abstract Optosensing has been successfully applied to the parts-per-billion determination of metals as colored complexes using chemistries previously used in solvent extraction methodologies. The methodology is based on the hydrophobic interactions of the metal complexes with nonpolar sorbents such as C-18 and the simultaneous spectrophotometric monitoring of the adsorbed analyte at the wavelength of maximum absorption. Linear ranges are in the parts-per-billion region with typical correlation coefficients of 0.999. Selective adsorption of the complex, and not the ligand, is achieved through proper adjustment of the elutropic strength of the mixed water–methanol solvent system used in the reaction coils. This mixed-solvent system also allows for the formation of complexes in solution when using ligands which are insoluble in water and allows for adsorption of complexes typically only formed in a two-phase solvent system.
Cadmium and zinc induced chlorosis in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern] involves preferential loss of chlorophyll b

Plants of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) were treated with either 50 µM Cd, 250 µM Zn, or 25 µM Cd+125 µM Zn and the progression of chlorosis in the mature leaves monitored. As relative chlorophyll (Chl) contents in the mature leaves decreased to 75, 50, and 25 % relative to controls, both mature and young leaves were harvested and the Chl pools extracted. The metal treatments caused a greater loss of Chl b than Chl a. As mature leaves underwent progressive chlorosis, the young leaves displayed a characteristic over-greening, due largely to increased content of Chl b. However, as the young leaves began to experience chlorosis, a greater loss of Chl b was also observed. Thus during metal induced chlorosis, there is a preferential turnover of the Chl b pool in mature and young leaves.
Microclimate of a desert playa: evaluation of annual radiation, energy, and water budgets components

We set up two automatic weather stations over a playa (the flat floor of an undrained desert basin that, at times, becomes a shallow lake), approximately 65 km east–west by 130 km north–south, located in Dugway (40° 08′N, 113° 27′W, 1124 m above mean sea level) in northwestern Utah, USA, in 1999. These stations measured the radiation budget components, namely: incoming Rsi and outgoing Rso solar or shortwave radiation, using two Kipp and Zonen pyranometers (one inverted), the incoming Rli (or atmospheric) and outgoing Rlo (or terrestrial) longwave radiation, using two Kipp and Zonen pyrgeometers (one inverted) during the year 2000. These sensors were ventilated throughout the year to prevent dew and frost formation. Summation of these components yields the net radiation Rn. We also measured the air temperatures and humidity at 1 and 2 m and the soil moisture and temperature (Campbell Sci., Inc., CSI) to evaluate the energy budget components (latent (LE), sensible (H), and the soil (Gsur) heat fluxes). The 10 m wind speed U10 and direction (R.M. Young wind monitor), precipitation (CSI), and the surface temperature (Radiation and Energy Balance Systems, REBS) were also measured during 2000. The measurements were taken every 2 s, averaged into 20 min, continuously, throughout the year 2000. The annual comparison of radiation budget components indicates that about 34% of the annual Rsi (6937.7 MJ m−2 year−1) was reflected back to the sky as Rso, with Rli and Rlo amounting to 9943.4 MJ m−2 year−1 and 12 789.7 MJ m−2 year−1 respectively. This yields about 1634.3 MJ m−2 year−1 as Rn, which is about 24% of the annual Rsi. Of the total 1634.3 MJ m−2 year−1 available energy, about 25% was used for the process of evaporation (LE) and 77% for heating the air (H). The annual heat contribution from the soil to the energy budget amounted to 2% during the experimental period. Our studies showed that the total annual measured precipitation amounted to 108.0 mm year−1 during the year 2000, but the total evaporation was 167.6 mm year−1, which means some water was extracted from the shallow water table (about 60 cm on the average depth during the year 2000). Copyright © 2003 Royal Meteorological Society.
New Optimization Strategy for Design of Active Twist Rotor

This paper presents the development of a mixed-variable optimization framework for the aeroelastic analysis and design of active twist rotors. Proper tailoring of the blade properties can lead to the maximization of the active twist and the control authority for vibration reduction under operating conditions. Thus, using mathematical optimization, the cross-sectional layout is designed using continuous and discrete design variables for an active composite rotor blade to maximize the dynamic active twist while satisfying a series of constraints on blade cross-section parameters, stiffness, and strength. The optimization framework developed includes the Intelligent Cross-Section Generator as the cross-section and mesh generator, University of Michigan/Variational Asymptotic Beam Sectional analysis code for active cross-sectional analysis, and Rotorcraft Comprehensive Analysis Software for aeroelastic analysis of the active twist rotor blade. The optimization problem is solved using a surrogate-based approac...
Improvements in the production of fluorine-18 labeled butyrophenone neuroleptic agents

Abstract Improvements toward the no-carrier-added (nca) production of [18F]-butyrophenone neuroleptics are presented. The preparation of 1-cyclopropylketo 4-N,N,N-trimethylanilinium trifluoromethane sulfonate 2b and its use as a substrate for nca fluorination yielding cyclopropyl 4-[18F]fluorophenyl ketone 3 are described. Advantages to the use of the anilinium salt 2b were a higher product yield (67.4%) and cleaner reaction mixture relative to its nitro counterpart 2a (52–59%). The ionic nature of this labeling precursor was expected to afford a final radiopharmaceutical product with a higher effective specific activity than that achieved with 2a. The reaction sequence continues with a novel method for the cleavage of the cyclopropyl moiety using diiodosilane. This reagent was utilized for ring opening of 3 to afford the intermediate product, γ-iodo-4-[18F]fluorobutyrophenone 1b, which was produced in high yields (66.7%), short reaction times (3–10 min), using relatively mild reaction conditions (room temperature) which avoided a production of volatile fluorine-18 labeled species. Compound 1b, was in turn utilized as an alkylating agent for the production of [18F]spiperone which was produced with a specific activity of 1470 Ci/mmol (n = 2). The reported methodology lends itself well to applications of other potentially more useful butyrophenone based imaging agents, i.e. N-methylbenperidol.
Latency Variation in Human Pupil Contraction Due to Stimulus Luminance and/or Adaptation Level*

The purpose of this experiment is to measure the latency to onset of the contraction of the pupil, as a function of the size of positive steps in luminance, starting at various luminance levels to which the eye has been adapted prior to the stimulus steps. In the past, latency of the pupil response has been inaccurately measured, owing to the difficulty of separating the end of the latent period from the slow beginning of contraction. To overcome this, a digital curve-fitting technique involving a time delay followed by a modified second-order step response was developed. Latency was defined as the time delay giving the most accurate fit.Because the curve-fitting procedure needed a response with less random variation than is normally present, an average was used. Such averaging was first justified by using the standard deviation to show that there is probably no significant variation of latency for responses of a given subject under identical stimulus conditions. This analysis also showed that 20 responses is an efficient number to average for the pupil-contraction system.The excellent agreement between each average experimental response and the computed fit verified the value of delay used in the computation. Latency, thus defined for each stimulus condition, was found to be primarily a function of luminance during the step and only secondarily of the ratio of the step change of luminance to the adaptation luminance.
New Calcium Phosphate Ceramic Material for Bone and Tooth Implants

Synthetic hydroxyapatite was fabricated into a white translucent polycrystalline ceramic that displays the hardness of natural apatite. The mineral composition of this product after sintering was chiefly dehydrated hydroxyapatite. In addition, a portion of the apatite was converted into α-whitlockite. Because of the similarities among the mineral compositions of bone and teeth and this ceramic, it offers prospects for implant prosthetic devices.
Adaptive Diagonalization for Canonical Correlation Analysis

Canonical correlation analysis is an essential technique in many fields such as multivariate statistical analysis and signal processing. In this paper, un-constrained optimization criteria for extracting the actual canonical correlation coordinates are proposed. The resulting gradient dynamical system is thoroughly analyzed in terms of stability and the limiting behavior of the system as t. One of the main features of this approach is that orthogonal basis for canonical variates which diagonalizes the coherence matrix is automatically obtained. A numerical example is included to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.
WHAT EFFECT DOES THE INCLUSION OR EXCLUSION OF REPEATERS HAVE ON TEST EQUATING

This study investigated the effect of inclusion or exclusion of test repeaters on equating results. New forms of two tests were equated to their respective old forms using either all examinees or only the first-time examinees in the new form sample. Since the old forms were the first forms administered for these tests, there were no repeaters and therefore the old form samples were unaltered. Results showed that for both tests, inclusion or exclusion of repeaters in the new form sample had very little impact on the final equating results. These findings do not provide enough evidence to support routine exclusion of repeaters from the equating sample before conducting the equating. Finally, some examples of simple analyses to assist the testing practitioner when making a judgment about whether including or excluding repeaters in the equating sample is reasonable are provided.
Quality of Whole Lobster (Homarus americanus) Treated with Sodium Tripolyphosphate Before Cooking and Frozen Storage

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pre-rigor treatment of lobster muscle with sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) before cooking, cryogenic freezing, and frozen storage. STP concentrations of 0.1% and 0.3% were prepared in 0.9% saline solution and injected into lobster before processing. Controls were injected with 0.9% saline solution. Lobsters were then steam-cooked, cryogenically frozen, and stored at −15 °C. Chemical and textural analyses were conducted on reheated samples at storage months 0, 2, 4, and 6, and sensory analyses were conducted at months 2 and 6. Cook loss results showed the 0.3% STP-treated lobsters had a 5% significantly (Pleqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant 0.05) lower cook loss than the 0.1% STP and control samples. Yield results revealed that STP-treated tails had a 0.7% to 0.8% significantly (Pleqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant 0.05) higher meat yield than control samples. Total moisture results showed that STP-treated lobster tail and claw meat had higher total moisture levels compared with control samples at month 6. Sensory results revealed that panelists rated both 0.1% and 0.3% STP-treated lobster tails significantly (Pleqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant 0.01) higher for flavor and texture, and significantly (Pleqslant R: less-than-or-eq, slant 0.001) higher for overall acceptability than control samples at month 6. The results indicated that STP added at low concentrations may extend the shelf life of whole cooked cryogenically frozen lobster, decrease lipid oxidation over frozen storage time, maintain texture, color, and flavor attributes, increase yield, and decrease drip loss.