cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sense of Timing: A Skill Deficit in Heterosexual-Socially Anxious Males

Groups of high socially anxious, low socially skilled (socially incompetent), and low socially anxious, high socially skilled (socially competent) under-graduate males were selected using both a self-report measure of social anxiety and behavioral ratings of both skill and anxiety in a simulated role-play of a dating situation. Selected subjects were then requested to (1) listen to a ten-minute videotape of a female speaker discussing her life and (2) press a switch whenever they felt a response would communicate understanding or rapport. The hypothesis that socially incompetent and competent individuals would respond with the same frequency but would differ in the timing or distribution of their responses was affirmed. The results suggested timing of responses to be an important component of social skill and called into question the adequacy of using frequency counts of behaviors to investigate the specific nature of social skill. Implications for both assessment and treatment of social skill deficits ar...
Increased Expression of the Polycomb Group Gene, EZH2, in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Purpose: The Polycomb group gene, EZH2 , functions as a transcriptional repressor involved in gene silencing. Amplification of EZH2 has been reported in several malignancies, including prostate, breast, and lymphoma. We evaluated EZH2 mRNA and protein expression in bladder specimens from patients and the EZH2 mRNA expression in five bladder cancer cell lines. Experimental Design: EZH2 mRNA expression was assessed by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) in 38 bladder tissue specimens. We also evaluated 39 bladder cancer specimens for EZH2 protein expression using immunohistochemistry with affinity-purified antibodies to human EZH2. In addition, five human bladder cancer cell lines were analyzed by RT-PCR for EZH2 mRNA expression. Results: Five of 14 (36%) nontumor bladder specimens versus 21 of 24 (88%) bladder tumors showed EZH2 mRNA expression ( P = 0.003). All of the invasive tumors (10 of 10) had detectable EZH2 mRNA expression, compared with 11 of 14 (79%) superficial tumors. In addition, EZH2 mRNA expression was noted in 100% (16 of 16) of high-grade bladder tumors versus 50% (4 of 8) of low-grade tumors ( P = 0.01). EZH2 protein expression, meanwhile, was increased in neoplastic tissue compared with nontumor urothelium (78% versus 69% of nuclei, P < 0.005). There were no differences in EZH2 protein levels between superficial and invasive tumors. High-grade tumors had increased EZH2 staining compared with normal urothelium (78% versus 68%, P < 0.005), whereas low-grade lesions did not. Four of five human bladder cancer cell lines expressed high levels of EZH2 , whereas only low levels were detected in one cell line. Conclusions: We report a significant increase in EZH2 expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder compared with normal urothelium. These data suggest that similar to other human malignancies, increased EZH2 expression correlates with oncogenesis of the bladder.
The Impact of Dealer Failures on Primary Dealers and on the Market for Repurchase Agreements

This study examines the impact of the failures of government securities dealers and the eventual passage of the Government Securities Act (GSA) of 1986 on the stock prices of primary dealers and on repo rates. Results provide evidence that several failures elicited a negative stock market reaction although the results vary based on the type of dealer. The study provides evidence that average spreads in the repo market were significantly affected by several events although the direction of the change in spread varied. Additionally, there is evidence that the events surrounding the GSA's passage had a positive impact on bank dealers and elicited a mixed reaction in the repo market.
ii) Changing concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome

Of the peripheral compression neuropathies, carpal tunnel syndrome is the most frequently diagnosed and treated? Its occurrence is estimated at 1% of the general population with as many as 10% of adults noting intermittent symptoms) 'a Previously, median nerve compression at the wrist was noted most frequently in patients with advancing age, with predilection for females. ~-6 More recent reports have revealed a bimodal distribution with an increasing proportion of young patients, particularly those involved in forceful and repetitive manual labor. The reported frequency of work-related carpal tunnel syndrome varies widely from 15-47%. 7-1° Despite its prevalence, a precise cause for median nerve compression at the wrist cannot be identified in most cases. As there has been a tendency to encompass a variety of painful hand and wrist conditions under the diagnostic category of carpal tunnel syndrome, patients with suspected distal median nerve compression should undergo a focused history and physical examination along with a series of radiographs and laboratory and electrophysiological tests that are designed to consider the most frequently associated underlying causes. With this approach in mind, the purpose of this paper is to discuss changing concepts in both the diagnosis and management of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Multimode surface wave sensitivity kernels in radially anisotropic earth media

SUMMARY I calculate three-dimensional (3-D) sensitivity kernels of multimode surface wave observables in radially anisotropic earth media for perturbations in wave speeds αH, αV, βH, βV and η as well as in density ρ. The 3-D phase-delay and amplitude kernels are formulated based upon Born approximation in the framework of surface wave mode summation, fully accounting for cross-branch mode coupling. Long-period, multimode, surface wave sensitivity kernels show structures of multiple reflected body waves. Jean's relation can be applied to quantify the ‘mode-ray duality’ of multimode surface waves and provide guidelines for measurement-window determination.
Training symbol placement for packet transmissions under asynchronous interference

In a multiple access communication system that uses packet transmissions, the packets of one user might be subject to asynchronous interference from the packets of other users in the system. This paper analyses the influence of the placement of training symbols on the performance of the channel estimator in this scenario. The analysis of the mean square error (MSE) of the minimum mean square error estimator (MMSE) is shown to be equivalent to the analysis of the Fisher information matrix (FIM) for mixtures of Gaussian distributions. A complete solution to this problem is hard to find, but the bounds, asymptotics and simulations suggest that the best placement of training symbols is in two clusters of equal or quasi-equal size at the two ends of the data packet.
Training of physicians for the twenty-first century: Role of the basic sciences

Background: Rapid changes in the healthcare environment and public dissatisfaction with the cost and quality of medical care have prompted a critical analysis of how physicians are trained in the United States. Accrediting agencies have catalyzed a transformation from a process based to a competency-based curriculum, both at the undergraduate and the graduate levels.Aim: The objective of this overview is to determine how these changes are likely to alter the role of basic science in medical education.Methods: Policy statements related to basic science education from the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME), the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS), and the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) were reviewed and assessed for common themes.Results: Three primary roles for the basic sciences in medical education are proposed: (1) basic science to support the development of clinical reasoning skills; (2) basic science to support a...
Successful use of bivalirudin for cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

PATIENTS WITH HEPARIN-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) presenting for cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) present a unique clinical challenge. Re-exposure to heparin carries significant risks such as increased bleeding or life-threatening thrombosis.1-4 An alternative method of anticoagulation is essential when considering surgery in this group of patients. The options available for anticoagulation are multiple, and each has limitations depending on the drug and/or the patient’s comorbid conditions. These include but are not limited to sole or combination therapy with ancrod, danaproid (not available in the United States), lepirudin, argatroban, platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitors, prostacyclin, heparin, or low-molecular-weight heparin. A new alternative, bivalirudin (Angiomax, The Medicines Company, Cambridge, MA), is a thrombin-specific anticoagulant approved for use in percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Bivalirudin has a half-life of approximately 25 minutes and a rapid plasma clearance ( 3.4 mL/min) via a combination of renal and proteolytic mechanisms.5,6 The authors present a case of a patient with severe aortic insufficiency, renal insufficiency, cirrhosis, and HIT who required aortic valve replacement and underwent successful CPB with bivalirudin anticoagulation.
PPR: partial packet recovery for wireless networks

Bit errors occur in wireless communication when interference or noise overcomes the coded and modulated transmission. Current wireless protocols may use forward error correction (FEC) to correct some small number of bit errors, but generally retransmit the whole packet if the FEC is insufficient. We observe that current wireless mesh network protocols retransmit a number of packets and that most of these retransmissions end up sending bits that have already been received multiple times, wasting network capacity. To overcome this inefficiency, we develop, implement, and evaluate a partial packet recovery (PPR) system.PPR incorporates two new ideas: (1) SoftPHY, an expanded physical layer (PHY) interface that provides PHY-independent hints to higher layers about the PHY's confidence in each bit it decodes, and (2) a postamble scheme to recover data even when a packet preamble is corrupted and not decodable at the receiver.Finally, we present PP-ARQ, an asynchronous link-layer ARQ protocol built on PPR that allows a receiver to compactly encode a request for retransmission of only those bits in a packet that are likely in error. Our experimental results from a 31-node Zigbee (802.15.4) testbed that includes Telos motes with 2.4 GHz Chipcon radios and GNU Radio nodes implementing the 802.15.4 standard show that PP-ARQ increases end-to-end capacity by a factor of 2x under moderate load.
Topology and membrane association of lecithin : Retinol acyltransferase

Fatty acid retinyl esters are the storage form of vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) and serve as metabolic intermediates in the formation of the visual chromophore 11-cis-retinal. Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), the main enzyme responsible for retinyl ester formation, acts by transferring an acyl group from the sn-1 position of phosphatidylcholine to retinol. To define the membrane association and localization of LRAT, we produced an LRAT-specific monoclonal antibody, which we used to study enzyme partition under different experimental conditions. Furthermore, we examined the membrane topology of LRAT through an N-linked glycosylation scanning approach and protease protection assays. We show that LRAT is localized to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and assumes a single membrane-spanning topology with an N-terminal cytoplasmic/C-terminal luminal orientation. In eukaryotic cells, the C-terminal transmembrane domain is essential for the activity and ER membrane targeting of LRAT. In contrast, the N-terminal hydrophobic region is not required for ER membrane targeting or enzymatic activity, and its amino acid sequence is not conserved in other species examined. We present experimental evidence of the topology and subcellular localization of LRAT, a critical enzyme in vitamin A metabolism.
Control from below: the role of a midbrain network in spatial attention

Spatial attention enables the brain to analyse and evaluate information selectively from a specific location in space, a capacity essential for any animal to behave adaptively in a complex world. We usually think of spatial attention as being controlled by a frontoparietal network in the forebrain. However, emerging evidence shows that a midbrain network also plays a critical role in controlling spatial attention. Moreover, the highly differentiated, retinotopic organization of the midbrain network, especially in birds, makes it amenable to detailed analysis with modern techniques that can elucidate circuit, cellular and synaptic mechanisms of attention. The following review discusses the role of the midbrain network in controlling attention, the neural circuits that support this role and current knowledge about the computations performed by these circuits.
Collisionless flow of a plasma mixture

Mixture Mach number defined for collisionless plasma flow about solid body by extending cold-ion theory
Determination of the angiographic appearance of coronary collateral vessels: The importance of supplying and recipient arteries

The appearance of coronary collateral vessels at coronary angiography generally is believed to provide additional information regarding coronary flow and myocardial oxygen supply beyond that obtained from angiographic assessment of the large coronary arteries. To evaluate the adequacy of this assumption, to determine the relation between the angiographic appearance of coronary arteries and of coronary collateral vessels, and to gain additional insight into the mechanisms governing collateral flow in man, the coronary arteriograms of 121 patients in whom at least 1 coronary artery manifested ≥75% stenosis (193 arteries demonstrated ≥90% stenosis, and 94 of these were totally occluded) were examined. Collateral vessels were graded absent, “poor,” or “good” based on the size and intensity of filling. Stenosis of the recipient artery significantly affected the angiographic appearance of collaterals vessels. No artery with It is concluded that the angiographic appearance of the recipient and supplying coronary arteries is a major predictive factor in the angiographic appearance of coronary collateral vessels.
Living polymerization of aryl substituted acetylenes by MoCl5 and WCl6 based initiators: The ortho phenyl substituent effect

The polymerization of phenylacetylene initiated by MoCl5 and WCl6 based initiators was monitored directly in the NMR sample tube and demonstrated the presence of backbiting and intramolecular cyclization reactions. It was shown that the ratio of cis to trans structural units obtained by isomerization prior to double bond formation dictates the degree of backbiting and intramolecular cyclization reactions. This cis–trans ratio determines the length of cis–transoidal sequences present in the polymer backbone which are available for both backbiting and intrachain cyclization reactions. The cyclic trimers obtained in the metathesis polymerization of phenylacetylene are formed only through the cis–cisoidal-induced backbiting and/or intramolecular reactions. The o-trimethylsilylphenylacetylene follows a living mechanism of polymerization. This is due to the fact that the size of the ortho substituent suppresses the cis–transoidal to cis–cisoidal isomerization reactions and therefore eliminates the backbiting reactions. The steric hindrance provided by the size of the ortho substituent also eliminates interchain and intrachain reactions.
A Framework For Discussing Ethics In Principles Of Accounting

The main focus of the discussion in this paper is on the principles or introductory level of accounting and is applicable for all students in the class, but much of its content is equally applicable to upper level accounting classes and our accounting majors. Early and Kelly (2004) and Clikeman (2003) support the value of ethics education in heightening a student’s moral reasoning skills. “The goals of ethics education are creating an awareness of ethical dilemmas and providing methods of resolution.” (Haas 2005)
Abstract 76: Genetic Interference with PPARγ in Endothelium Accelerates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Senescence With Aging

Although aging is the greatest risk factor for vascular disease and stroke, very little is known regarding mechanisms that control vascular aging. Endothelial dysfunction - a critical element of carotid artery and cerebrovascular disease - progresses with age, contributing to increased risk for ischemic stroke and cognitive impairment. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) exerts protective effects in the vasculature when pharmacologically activated. Because endothelial PPARγ may normally protect against vascular disease, we examined the hypothesis that genetic interference with PPARγ in endothelium would promote vascular aging. We studied carotid arteries from adult (11-12 mo) and old (24±1 mo) transgenic mice with endothelial specific expression of a dominant negative mutation in PPARγ driven by the vascular cadherin promoter (designated E-V290M), along with age-matched, non-transgenic (NT) littermates. Acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent agonist) produced similar relaxation of arteries from adult NT and E-V290M mice as well as old NT mice. In contrast, responses to acetylcholine were reduced by greater than 50% in old E-V290M mice (P<0.01). Endothelial function in old E-V290M mice was not altered by an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, but was restored to normal by a superoxide scavenger, or an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, or inhibition of Rho kinase. Relaxation of arteries to nitroprusside, which acts directly on vascular muscle, was similar in all groups. Vascular expression of interleukin-6, a mediator of vascular disease, was increased 1.6-fold in old NT mice, but almost 9-fold in old E-V290M mice (P<0.05). Interestingly, expression of CDKN2A, a molecular marker of senescence, was increased 2.6-fold in old NT mice, but almost 6-fold in old E-V290M mice (P<0.05). These findings provide the first evidence that senescence and age-related vascular dysfunction is accelerated following cell-specific interference with endothelial PPARγ through mechanisms that appear to involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and Rho kinase. This critical role for endothelial PPARγ has implications for vascular pathophysiology as well as therapeutic approaches for age-induced large and small vessel disease.
Exploring the Link Between Alcohol and Marijuana Use and Teen Dating Violence Victimization Among High School Students The Influence of School Context

Background. Adolescence is a developmental period when dating behavior is first initiated and when the risk of abuse by or against a dating partner begins to emerge. It is also one in which experimentation with alcohol and illicit substances typically begins. The current study examined the association between recent alcohol use and recent marijuana use and the experience of physical and verbal teen dating violence (TDV) victimization while considering the potential influence of school contextual variables. Method. Data came from 27,758 high school students attending 58 Maryland public high schools. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to identify student- and school-level predictors associated with TDV. Results. Results indicated that approximately 11% of students reported experiencing physical TDV and 11% of students reported experiencing verbal TDV over the past year. In addition, 33% of students reported recent alcohol use and 21% reported recent marijuana use. Hierarchical linear modeling results rev...
Respirable PLGA microspheres containing rifampicin for the treatment of tuberculosis: manufacture and characterization.

Purpose. Particles with aerodynamic diameters of 1–5μm deposit in the periphery of the lungs and are phagocytized by alveolarmacrophages, the primary site of Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfection. Aerosols of biodegradable polymeric microspheres containingantitubercular agents may be delivered to the lungs to improve the treatmentof tuberculosis.
Altered Striatal Response During Effort-Based Valuation and Motivation in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals

Aims To use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural circuitry behind effort-related valuation and motivation in a population of alcohol-dependent participants and healthy controls. Methods Seventeen alcohol-dependent participants and a comparison group of 17 healthy control participants completed an effort-based motivation paradigm during an fMRI scan, in which they were required to exert effort at varying levels in order to earn a monetary reward. Results We found that alcohol-dependent participants were less motivated during trials requiring high levels of effort. The whole-brain fMRI analysis revealed that alcohol-dependent participants displayed an increased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal during low and unknown effort cues in the dorsal and ventral striatum compared with healthy controls. Conclusion These findings provide the first evidence that alcohol-dependent participants and healthy controls differ in their effort-based valuation and motivation processing. Alcohol-dependent participants displayed a hyperactive mesolimbic reward circuitry recruited by non-drug rewards, potentially reflecting a sensitization to reward in this patient population.
Hygrocybe andersonii a new psammophilus Hygrocybe from Horn Island, a Mississippi barrier island

Hygrocybe andersonii, a new species always found in association with Ceratiola ericoides on barrier islands and mainland sand dunes, is described. This Hygrocybe is distinguished from other Hygrocybes by its densely cespitose method of growth, its occur? rence in sand in the vicinity of Ceratiola ericoides, large bacilliform spores, and the presence of color? less, blue flourescing compounds on chromatograms prepared from pigment extracts. In addition, these chromatograms exhibit a complex of yellow to or? ange pigments of Rf 0.14 to 0.25 that replace rho- dohygrocybin as found in most other Hygrocybes.
Multidisciplinary System Analysis and Design with Cielo

Due to their scale, operating environment, a nd required levels of operating precision, the design of the next generation of space -based observatories will necessarily place an ever -greater reliance on numerical simulation. Since it will be impossible to fully ground -test such systems prior to fligh t, system -level confidence must come, in large part , from correlated subsystem tests, system -level simulation, and an overall design understanding based on quantification of margins of uncertainty, sensitivity analyses, parameter variation studies, and des ign optimization. Further challenges will necess arily arise due to the actively -controlled nature of such systems, requiring fundamentally -integrated thermal, structural, optical, and controls models. In this paper we will discuss Cielo, JPL’s multidisci plinary, high -capability compute platform for systems analysis, and describe some of the challenges in demonstrating these capabilities for the first time on a complex model, the Space Interferometry Mission’s Thermal -Structural -Optical (SIM -TOM3) testbed. The successes and lessons learned from these activities have the potential to greatly influence subsequent test programs, leading to greater design understanding, improved mission confidence, and significant cost and schedule reductions .
Factors affectingAgrobacterium tumefaciens-mediatedgusA expression and opine synthesis inGladiolus.

Five tumorigenic strains ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens were used to inoculate corms, cormels, plants grown in vitro, and seed-derived seedlings of several cultivars ofGladiolus. Tumors formed on 12% of the plant tissues inoculated, and 1% of these tumors synthesized either octopine or nopaline.A. tumefaciens-mediatedβ-glu-curonidase (GUS) expression showed 0.5% and 3.5% GUS expression for plants grown in vitro and regenerable callus, respectively. GUS expression ranged from 40% to 61% whenA. tumefaciens was incubated with leaves from seedlings grown in the dark, whereas leaves from seedlings grown under a 16-h light photoperiod showed no GUS, indicating the significant effect of etiolation on transient GUS expression mediated byA. tumefaciens.
Declining water yield from forested mountain watersheds in response to climate change and forest mesophication

Climate change and forest disturbances are threatening the ability of forested mountain watersheds to provide the clean, reliable, and abundant fresh water necessary to support aquatic ecosystems and a growing human population. Here, we used 76 years of water yield, climate, and field plot vegetation measurements in six unmanaged, reference watersheds in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, USA to determine whether water yield has changed over time, and to examine and attribute the causal mechanisms of change. We found that annual water yield increased in some watersheds from 1938 to the mid-1970s by as much as 55%, but this was followed by decreases up to 22% by 2013. Changes in forest evapotranspiration were consistent with, but opposite in direction to the changes in water yield, with decreases in evapotranspiration up to 31% by the mid-1970s followed by increases up to 29% until 2013. Vegetation survey data showed commensurate reductions in forest basal area until the mid-1970s and increases since that time accompanied by a shift in dominance from xerophytic oak and hickory species to several mesophytic species (i.e., mesophication) that use relatively more water. These changes in forest structure and species composition may have decreased water yield by as much as 18% in a given year since the mid-1970s after accounting for climate. Our results suggest that changes in climate and forest structure and species composition in unmanaged forests brought about by disturbance and natural community dynamics over time can result in large changes in water supply.
Top-level dynamics and the regulated gene response of feed-forward loop transcriptional motifs.

Feed-forward loops are hierarchical three-node transcriptional subnetworks, wherein a top-level protein regulates the activity of a target gene via two paths: a direct-regulatory path, and an indirect route, whereby the top-level proteins act implicitly through an intermediate transcription factor. Using a transcriptional network of the model bacterium Escherichia coli, we confirmed that nearly all types of feed-forward loop were significantly overrepresented in the bacterial network. We then used mathematical modeling to study their dynamics by manipulating the rise times of the top-level protein concentration, termed the induction time, through alteration of the protein destruction rates. Rise times of the regulated proteins exhibited two qualitatively different regimes, depending on whether top-level inductions were ``fast'' or ``slow.'' In the fast regime, rise times were nearly independent of rapid top-level inductions, indicative of biological robustness, and occurred when RNA production rate-limits the protein yield. Alternatively, the protein rise times were dependent upon slower top-level inductions, greater than approximately one bacterial cell cycle. An equation is given for this crossover, which depends upon three parameters of the direct-regulatory path: transcriptional cooperation at the DNA-binding site, a protein-DNA dissociation constant, and the relative magnitude of the top-level protien concentration.
Familial Aggregation of Essential Tremor and Parkinson's Disease (PD4.004)

Objective: To inspect the co-occurrence of essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson9s disease (PD) in families and evaluate their clinical and genetic characteristics. Background ET and PD are two separate entities and both disorders are common. Thus their coexistence could be due to chance effect. However, their presence within the same family suggests potential overlap in genetic predisposition. There are also reports suggesting the possibility of a pathogenic link between these two conditions. Design/Methods: We reviewed the Mayo Clinic Florida Familial Movement Disorder database for ET and PD cases with blood samples collected. We isolated families with members diagnosed with ET, PD or both conditions within the same individual. We also performed mutation analysis of all known pathogenic mutations in the LRRK2 gene within these familial cases. Results: We identified 286 ET and 1033 PD cases from our database. We found 131 families with members affected by both ET and PD. There were 37 families having 43 individuals afflicted with both conditions. On examination postural and kinetic tremor affecting hands, voice, head or combination of these was seen. Cardinal symptoms of PD were also found, including resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and impaired postural reflexes. In 37 cases, 23 individuals showed signs of ET preceding the onset of PD whereas four cases were diagnosed with PD prior to ET. Five patients were diagnosed with ET and PD simultaneously and information was not available for 11 other individuals. Genetic tests revealed that all samples were negative for known LRRK2 pathogenic mutations. Conclusions: We plan to investigate these families using further genetic approaches in order to learn about the molecular genetic makeup of ET and PD. Supported by: ZKW is partially supported by the NIH/NINDS 1RC2NS070276, NS057567, P50 NS072187-01S2, Mayo Clinic Florida (MCF) Research Committee CR program (MCF #90052030), Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, and the gift from Carl Edward Bolch, Jr., and Susan Bass Bolch (MCF #90052031/PAU #90052). SF is partially supported by MCF Research Committee CR program (MCF #90052030). Disclosure: Dr. Fujioka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hanna AL-Shaikh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sundal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Strongosky has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ross has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wszolek has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Parkinsonism and Realted Disorders and European Journal of Neurology.
When the System Is an Enterprise: At the Cutting Edge

The world is currently, and always has been, awash in complex problems of education, sustainable energy, health-care delivery, urban resilience, and national security [1]. The complexity of these public-private enterprises is daunting, at least in part because these enterprises are laced with behavioral and social phenomena. The systems community needs to help society address these problems, partly because no one else is willing to stand up to help understand and manage the phenomena associated with these issues [2].
Going for More: Discrete and Continuous Quantity Judgments by Nonhuman Animals

Abstract The ability to discriminate between quantities of biologically relevant stimuli such as discrete food items or nonfood stimuli such as predators, prey, or conspecifics would serve a clear adaptive purpose in many species, and many species discriminate between quantities. This chapter provides an overview of the kinds of tests given to nonhuman animals to assess their quantity judgment abilities, and the manner in which continuous and discrete quantities are represented by nonhuman animals. This includes a discussion of the potential mechanisms that support quantity representation, and also some of the perceptual and decisional biases that occur across species.
Design patterns for container-based distributed systems

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, object-oriented programming revolutionized software development, popularizing the approach of building of applications as collections of modular components. Today we are seeing a similar revolution in distributed system development, with the increasing popularity of microservice architectures built from containerized software components. Containers [15] [22] [1] [2] are particularly well-suited as the fundamental “object” in distributed systems by virtue of the walls they erect at the container boundary. As this architectural style matures, we are seeing the emergence of design patterns, much as we did for objectoriented programs, and for the same reason – thinking in terms of objects (or containers) abstracts away the lowlevel details of code, eventually revealing higher-level patterns that are common to a variety of applications and algorithms. This paper describes three types of design patterns that we have observed emerging in container-based distributed systems: single-container patterns for container management, single-node patterns of closely cooperating containers, and multi-node patterns for distributed algorithms. Like object-oriented patterns before them, these patterns for distributed computation encode best practices, simplify development, and make the systems where they are used more reliable.
Glutathione S-transferases and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in the rat nervous system: a basis for differential susceptibility to neurotoxicants

Glutathione and its related enzymes play a major role in the detoxification of toxic chemicals. In rat brain the pattern of distribution of reduced glutathione exhibits cellular heterogeneity, suggesting also the possibility of cellular differences in glutathione conjugating capacity. To understand the potential role of GSH in detoxification of neurotoxicants, the distributions of the glutathione conjugating and metabolizing enzymes, glutathione S-transferase (GST; alpha-, mu- and pi-classes) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GT) were determined immunohistochemically in brain, lumbar spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult Sprague-Dawley rats using polyclonal antibodies. The influence of tissue fixation on apparent distribution was also examined. Glial cells and neurons throughout the nervous system were only weakly positive with alpha-GST in frozen sections. No immunoreactivity for the alpha-class GSTs was observed in any of the paraformaldehyde-fixed neural specimens examined. In microwave-fixed frozen sections, immunoreactivity to mu-GST was found in astrocytes and neurons throughout the brain and spinal cord, and in the neurons and satellite cells of the DRG. Immunoreactivity for pi-GST was seen in oligodendrocytes but not in astrocytes in any region of the CNS examined. Similarly, satellite cells of the DRG were positive for pi-GST. Neuronal perikarya of the entire neopallium, hippocampus, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord and DRG were also positively stained for pi-GST. The differential staining of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes with pi- and mu-GST was unaltered in paraformaldehyde fixed tissues, but the neuronal immunostaining was lost. The ependyma, pia and choroid plexus stained positively with all three GST antibodies regardless of fixation. Gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase-like immunoreactivity was confined to non-neuronal elements of both central and peripheral nervous systems. Ependymal cells throughout the central nervous systems stained intensely with antibodies directed against gamma-GT. Satellite and Schwann cells of the DRG and glial cells of the spinal cord and brain exhibited moderate to intense immunoreactivity for gamma-GT. The heterogeneous cellular distribution of glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes may reflect cellular differences in capacity for metabolic processing of both endogenous compound and xenobiotics.
Clopidogrel (I): Bagel Brunch

This case discusses the interaction between clopidogrel and omeprazole. Clopidogrel is a prodrug metabolized to an intermediate compound by cytochrome P450 2C19. Omeprazole is a 2C19 inhibitor.
Limb Salvage Techniques Following Failed Total Ankle Replacement

Catastrophic complications after total ankle replacement (TAR) is fortunately uncommon, but efforts to maintain limb length over higher-level amputations (i.e., below-knee or above-knee amputations) are indicated so that biomechanical performance is improved, prosthetic usage more compliant, and patient body image perception enhanced. Techniques for limb salvage include the use of ankle-level amputations, Ilizarov external circular ring fixation techniques, as well as local and free tissue transfers. Management of the failed total ankle replacement, especially those requiring soft-tissue coverage and limb salvage efforts, should only be performed by experienced surgeons and ideally in units where multidisciplinary support is available.
Role of Statistics of Primary Excitations in Optical Coherence

We examine the coherence properties of stationary light obtained by the superposition of nonstationary emissions, occurring at random space-time points. The positions of the points are uniformly distributed over the volume of the source. The emission times fluctuate in accordance with a stationary renewal point process. This process admits super-Poissonian, sub-Poissonian, or Poissonian behavior. The individual emissions are assumed to be in a coherent, chaotic, or n-state. The statistical nature of the random emission space-time points plays an important role in determining the coherence properties and photon statistics of the total field. This is manifested in the normalized secondorder correlation function, which turns out to have the usual form for chaotic light with two additional terms. The first is determined by the statistical nature of the individual emissions (it is positive for coherent or chaotic, but negative for n-state emissions). The second term is governed by the statistics of the primary excitations (it is positive for super-Poissonian, negative for sub-Poissonian, and zero for Poissonian excitations). Both additional terms become very small for light with a high degeneracy parameter (high number of total photons per emission lifetime).
Parenting and Children’s Resilience in Military Families: A Twenty-First Century Perspective

This chapter provides a backdrop to and overview of the book, “Parenting and Children’s Resilience in Military Families.” While literature on military families spans several decades, the recent conflicts have spurred a surge of empirical research regarding the impact of deployment on the families of those deployed. This is not surprising, given that almost two million children have experienced the deployment of a parent to the conflicts in Iraq or Afghanistan, and these children are twice as likely as their peers to subsequently become Service members. There is arguably no more powerful socializing force for young children than their parents, and parenting is a crucial mediator of the effects of transitions and other stressful events on young children. Given this, surprisingly little research has focused on parenting in military families. This book (and its overview in this chapter) aims to provide a foundational resource for understanding the role of parenting in the lives of military families.
Utilizing Ayurvedic literature for the identification of novel phytochemical inhibitors of botulinum neurotoxin A

Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Ayurveda, an ancient holistic system of health care practiced on the Indian subcontinent, utilizes a number of multi-plant formulations and is considered by many as a potential source for novel treatments, as well as the identification of new drugs. Our aim is to identify novel phytochemicals for the inhibition of bacterial exotoxin, botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) based on Ayurvedic literature. BoNT/A is released by Clostridium species, which when ingested, inhibits the release of acetylcholine by concentrating at the neuromuscular junction and causes flaccid paralysis, resulting in a condition termed as botulism, and may also lead to death due to respiratory arrest. Methods Fifteen plants were selected from the book ‘Diagnosis and treatment of diseases in Ayurveda’ by Vaidya Bhagwan Dash and Lalitesh Kashyap, based on their frequency of use in the formulations used for the treatment of six diseases with neuromuscular symptoms similar to botulism. Phytochemicals from these plants were screened using in silico, and in vitro methods. Structures of 570 reported phytochemicals from 14 plants were docked inside six reported BoNT/A light chain crystal structures using ensemble docking module in Maestro (Schrodinger, LLE). Results From the docking scores and structural diversity, nine compounds including acoric acid 1, three flavonoids, three coumarins derivatives, one kava lactone were selected and screened using an in vitro HPLC-based protease assay. The bioassay results showed that several compounds possess BoNT/A LC inhibition of 50–60% when compared to positive controls NSC 84094 and CB7967495 (80–95%). Conclusion Further testing of the active compounds identified from Ayurvedic literature and structure-activity studies of acoric acid 1 using more sensitive bioassays is under way. The identification of acoric acid 1, a novel scaffold against BoNT/A, exemplifies the utility of Ayurvedic literature for the discovery of novel drug leads.
The dynamics of an elastic structure coupled with a rocking wall

Summary This paper investigates the dynamic response of an elastic single-degree-of-freedom oscillator coupled with a rocking wall. Both configurations of a stepping rocking wall and a pinned rocking wall that have been reported in the literature are examined. The full nonlinear equations of motions are derived, and the paper shows through a comprehensive parametric analysis that the coupling with a rocking wall has mixed results on suppressing the dynamic response of the elastic oscillator. The stepping rocking wall is most effective in suppressing displacements of relative flexible structures with a heavier wall being most effective. In contrast, the pinned wall amplifies the displacements along a wide range of the spectrum with a heavier wall being most detrimental. This happens partly because in a pinned wall the moment from its weight works against stability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SH waves in a moon-shaped valley

Abstract The analytical solution of a two-dimensional moon-shaped alluvial valley embedded in an elastic half-space is analyzed for incident plane SH waves, using the wave function expansion and the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). A series of solutions with different depth-to-radius ratios have been computed, analyzed, and discussed. It is shown that amplification of incident motions along the thinning valley segment can be significant. The phenomena of combined action of the waves resulting from (a) turning (reversing the direction of propagation), (b) focusing, and (c) diffraction from the half space into the valley have been examined with an emphasis on the significance for surface-motion amplification and the power to damage man-made structures.
Rivers as Ecosystems

This chapter reviews the different physical components of the river corridor, the physical processes that create and maintain those components, and the interactions between physical processes and living organisms. Among the critical aspects of physical processes and physical-biotic interactions are transfers of matter and energy and the occasional disturbances that reconfigure the river ecosystem and the processes occurring within the ecosystem. Individual rivers and segments of rivers respond differently to these disturbances and the nature of the response is characterized by how much the river ecosystem changes and how quickly the ecosystem recovers from change.
Reengineering Workflow: The Radiologist’S Perspective

Busy day in the department. Morning: read several kidney studies and consulted on a fx. Home for lunch: stopped at drug store. Cut grass. Afternoon: read 3 studies. Organized cases. Home at 4:00. Took Lucille to see Forbidden Planet. May 1956 entry in the diary of Col. William LeRoy Thompson, MD First Chair and Registrar of the Department of Radiologic Pathology at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center
Microencapsulation of Acids by Nanoparticles for Acid Treatment of Shales

Acid treatment is one of the common well-stimulation techniques to improve the production in tight carbonates or calcite-rich shale reservoirs. Because the reaction rates are often too large at the reservoir temperatures, retarded acid systems such as emulsified acids, foamed acids, and polymer-gelled acids are used. The retarded acids also minimize damage to the wellbore and propagate acids long-distance from the wellbore in fractured shales. In this work, a novel encapsulation method of highly concentrated acid (∼10 wt % HCl) is reported as an alternative retarded acid system. Microencapsulation of these acids is performed using highly hydrophobic silica nanoparticles. The mixing of these particles with acid under high shear rates results in the formation of acid-in-air powders. The release of acid from these powders could be triggered by external stimuli such as mechanical pressure or surfactant addition. The thermal stability, corrosion inhibition efficiency, and shale surface reactivity are compared ...
The impact of substance use disorders on clinical outcomes in older-adult psychiatric inpatients

Objective To examine associations among substance use disorder (SUD) and measures of length of stay (LOS) and non-psychiatric medical comorbidity (MEDCO) in older-adult inpatients with serious mental illness (SMI), hypothesizing SUD would be related to worse clinical outcomes. Methods A cross-sectional study analyzed medical records from 2010 to 2016 of 7258 inpatients with SMI ≥ age 50, obtained from a 274-bed psychiatric hospital. Descriptive analyses examined prevalence rates for SUD status (+/−), individual drug classes, and total number of SUDs (polysubstance use disorders). Regression models examined the influence of 2 independent variables of interest: (1) SUD status (+/−) and (2) type of SUD (ie, specific drug), controlling for demographic factors and additional (non-SUD) psychiatric disorders. Two dependent (outcome) variables were examined: LOS and MEDCO. Results The overall SUD rate was 26%; cocaine was the most common SUD (≈ 10%). SUD status and additional (non-SUD) psychiatric diagnoses were significantly associated with longer LOS (both P < 0.001). For individual SUDs, cocaine, marijuana, opiates, and alcohol were all significantly associated with LOS (all P < 0.01). SUD status, age, sex, admission status, and race were significantly associated with MEDCO (all P < 0.002). For individual SUDs, barbiturates, opiates, and alcohol were all significantly associated with MEDCO (P < 0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of SUD in this sample underscores concerns related to treating older adults presenting providers with comorbid SUD and SMI. This combination may increase the burden and complexity of care, warranting further investigation into mechanisms and long-term consequences.