cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discretion from a Sociological Perspective

If we want to understand how bureaucrats behave, we need to reckon with whom they are and how they are influenced by the social forces that they encounter in their workplaces. As such, this chapter asks how newcomers are shaped by the organizations that they enter and what this means for how they use their discretion. To guide this pursuit, the chapter uses the Logic of Appropriateness, a decision-making theory, next to two competing explanatory frameworks for organizational socialization, the dispositional and institutional perspectives. Using these perspectives as a guide, the chapter discusses the findings from a research project that examined how two sets of entering street-level bureaucrats—police officers and welfare caseworkers—developed their approaches to discretion during their first few years on the job.
Multiple nerve rings coordinate Hydra mechanosensory behavior

Abstract Hydra vulgaris is an emerging model organism for neuroscience due to its small size, transparency, genetic tractability, and regenerative nervous system; however, fundamental properties of its sensorimotor behaviors remain unknown. Here, we use microfluidic devices combined with fluorescent calcium imaging and surgical resectioning to study how the nervous system coordinates Hydra’s mechanosensory response. We find that mechanical stimuli cause animals to contract, and this response relies on both the oral and aboral nerve rings. We also find that these nerve rings work together to coordinate spontaneous contractions suggesting that spontaneous behavior and sensorimotor responses converge on to a common neural circuit. These findings improve our understanding of how Hydra’s diffuse nervous system supports sensorimotor behaviors, which is needed to increase the utility of Hydra as a model organism for neuroscience.
Citizen, Negative Capability, and the Poetics of Doubt and Discomfiture

Juxtaposing two very different poets—Claudia Rankine and John Keats—this essay seeks a descriptive poetic practice that responds to our current moment in the long history of American anti-Black racial injustice while addressing the value of poetic work and public feeling in terms of discourses of public health. I reintroduce a sociolinguistic practice of discomfort into Keatsian “negative capability,” arguing that the outlook taken from Keats’s famous December 1817 letter risks becoming a disembodied ethic of skepticism, one based on uniformly available and distributed empathy. As it offers escape into a negatively creative mode of mobile non-identity, this space of being represents a universalized mode of social imagination that draws from, and hence requires analysis informed by, the philosophy of modern racial ontologies and ideas of Blackness. Against the ingenuously “universal” tradition of philosophical skepticism, drawn here from Descartes and Hume, I frame analysis through a fugitive alternate tradition of Black skepticism. Through reading that aims to provide both close thematic comparison and a critical allegory, the essay shares extended discussion of Rankine’s volumes Don’t Let Me Be Lonely and Citizen alongside the poetry of late Keats, focusing on miseries—not simply mysteries—of knowledge. Rankine’s two “American Lyric” works explore the possibilities not only of impersonal lyric but of a sympoetics of misery. This lost situational discomfort of Keats’s Negative Capability proves useful to feel and think with only if it keeps reference to “a poetry of and between bodies,” in the words of Anthony Reed.
Nanomaterial-enhanced 3D-printed sensor platform for simultaneous detection of atrazine and acetochlor.

Abstract The widespread use of herbicides in agriculture and gardening causes environmental and safety issues such as water pollution. Thus, efficient and convenient analysis of the levels of herbicide residues is of significant importance. Here, we employed 3D-printing to design a multiplex immunosensor for simultaneous detection of two widely used herbicides, atrazine and acetochlor. Multiplexing was achieved through customization of a lateral flow immunoassay, and then integrated with an electrochemical analyzer for ultrasensitive detection. Quantification of herbicide residues was realized through the detection of a novel nanomaterial label, the mesoporous core-shell palladium@platium nanoparticle (Pd@Pt NP), for its outstanding peroxidase-like property. During the electrochemical analysis, the catalytic activity of Pd@Pt NPs on the redox reaction between thionin acetate and hydrogen peroxide provided an electrochemically driven signal that accurately indicated the level of herbicide residues. Using this Nanomaterial-enhanced multiplex electrochemical immunosensing (NEMEIS) system, simultaneous detection of atrazine and acetochlor was realized with a limit of detection of 0.24 ppb and 3.2 ppb, respectively. To further evaluate the feasibility, the optimized NEMEIS was employed for detection in atrazine and acetochlor residue-containing spiked samples, and an overall recovery with 90.8% – 117% range was obtained. The NEMEIS constructed with the aid of 3D-printing provides a rapid, precise, economical, and portable detection device for herbicides, and its success suggests potential broad applications in chemical analysis, biosensors and point-of-care monitoring.
A Minimum Power Loss Approach for Selecting the Turns Ratio of a Tapped Inductor and Mode of Operation of a 5-switch Bidirectional DC-DC Converter

One of the most important aspects for the reliable operation of a DC Microgrid is the DC-bus voltage regulation within the system. For this, Supercapacitors (SCs) are widely used as auxiliary devices since they can provide sudden bursts of power and demand/supply currents with high gradients. Since commercial SCs usually present low voltage levels and, with the increasing trend of raising the DC-bus voltage, their connection in such systems requires power electronics interfaces capable of providing a wide range of voltage conversion. In this scenario, Tapped Inductors (TIs) provide a means for achieving low/high voltage gains in non-isolated DC-DC converters with neither too small nor too large duty cycles (D) by adjusting their turns ratio (n:1) to a desired value at a given operating point. However, a proper methodology for the actual choice of this value and the impacts of this on important aspects of the system, such as the converter efficiency, are still lacking in the literature. This way, this paper concerns a 5-switch DC-DC converter, based on a TI and that presents voltage gains that vary with D with Buck, Boost and Buck-Boost characteristics, where the main objective is to present an approach to determine the mode of operation and the turns ratio of the TI for reducing the losses on the power switches.
Associations Among Different Domains of Quality Among US Liver Transplant Programs.

Importance US liver transplant programs have traditionally been evaluated on 1-year patient and graft survival. However, there is concern that a narrow focus on recipient outcomes may not incentivize programs to improve in other ways that would benefit patients with end-stage liver disease. Objective To determine the correlation among different potential domains of quality for adult liver transplant programs. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2014 to 2019 among adult liver transplant programs included in the United Network for Organ Sharing and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients program-specific reports. Liver transplant programs in the United States completing at least 10 liver transplants per year were included. Data were analyzed from March 2 to August 13, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The potential domains of quality examined included recipient outcomes (1-year graft and patient survival), aggressiveness (ie, marginal graft use, defined as the rate of use of donors with body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared] greater than 40, age older than 65 years, or deceased by cardiac death), and waiting list management (ie, waiting list mortality). The correlation among measures, aggregated at the center level, was evaluated using linear regression to control for mean Model for End Stage Liver Disease–Sodium score at organ allocation. The extent to which programs were able to achieve high quality across multiple domains was also evaluated. Results Among 114 transplant programs that performed a total of 44 554 transplants, the mean (SD) 1-year graft and patient survival was 90.3% (3.0%) with a total range of 75.9% to 96.6%. The mean (SD) waiting list mortality rate was 16.7 (6.1) deaths per 100 person-years, with a total range of 6.3 to 53.0 deaths per 100 person years. The mean (SD) marginal graft use rate was 15.8 (8.8) donors per 100 transplants, with a total range of 0 to 49.3 donors. There was no correlation between 1-year graft and patient survival and waiting list mortality (β = −0.053;P = .19) or marginal graft use (β = −0.007;P = .84) after correcting for mean allocation Model for End Stage Liver Disease–Sodium scores. There were 2 transplant programs (1.8%) that performed in the top quartile on all 3 measures, while 4 transplant programs (3.6%) performed in the bottom quartile on all 3 measures. Conclusions and Relevance This cohort study found that among US liver transplant programs, there were no correlations among 1-year recipient outcomes, measures of program aggressiveness, or waiting list management. These findings suggest that a program’s performance in one domain may be independent and unrelated to its performance on others and that the understanding of factors contributing to these domains is incomplete.
A systematic scoping review of racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic health disparities in pediatric dermatology.

Background/objectives Health disparities encompass a wide range of personal, societal, environmental, and system-based factors that contribute to inequitable health and health outcomes in vulnerable patient populations. The goal of this work was to scientifically summarize the existing published North American research on disparity as it pertains to pediatric dermatology. Methods A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. A medical librarian performed electronic searches from multiple electronic databases from their dates of inception to March 2021. Title and abstracts were reviewed by authors, identifying articles for full review. Data on article characteristics and identified disparities were then extracted and collected in a spreadsheet. Results Fifty-one articles met final inclusion criteria, of which 25 highlighted disparities due to race/ethnicity, 13 highlighted disparities due to socioeconomic (SES), and 13 highlighted disparities due to both race/ethnicity and SES. The most frequent study designs were cross-sectional or survey, followed by retrospective cohort. Only two were prospective cohort studies. Disparities reported included reduced access to care and medications, increased school absenteeism, reduced knowledge about skin care including sun protection, increased hospitalizations and emergency department visits, and severe and persistent disease in the setting of minority race and poverty, among other indicators. Conclusions There are few, scattered research studies addressing disparity in pediatric dermatology. Greater focus will be needed in the future to improve knowledge of sources of disparity and its detrimental effects on the health of children, to rectify the notable disparity under-reporting of disparity research.
Electrothermal modeling of ESD diodes in bulk-Si and SOI technologies

An electrothermal diode model intended for implementation in a SPICE-like simulator is presented. The model is valid in the high current, forward-bias and reverse-breakdown regimes where diodes operate during ESD events. We also present a procedure for extracting the temperature of an SOI diode from an I-V measurement.
Synaptic Cleft Acidification and Modulation of Short-Term Depression by Exocytosed Protons in Retinal Bipolar Cells

The release of vesicular protons during exocytosis causes a feedback inhibition of Ca2+ channels in photoreceptor terminals; however, the effect of this inhibition on subsequent exocytosis has not been studied. Here we show that a similar L-type Ca2+ channel inhibition occurs in bipolar cell terminals in slices of goldfish retina, and we investigate the effect that this has on subsequent exocytosis with membrane capacitance measurements. We find that transient Ca2+ current inhibition is correlated with exocytosis and modulated by the concentration of extracellular pH buffer. Ca2+ current inhibition is negligible in acutely dissociated terminals, demonstrating the importance of an intact synaptic cleft. The sensitivity of bipolar cell Ca2+ currents to extracellular pH was assessed: channel conductance is reduced and activation is shifted to more positive potentials by acidification. The effect of Ca2+ current inhibition on subsequent exocytosis was investigated by measuring paired-pulse depression. Under conditions in which there is a large amount of inhibition of Ca2+ influx, the degree of paired-pulse depression is significantly reduced. Finally, we show that under physiological (bicarbonate) buffering conditions, pronounced Ca2+ current inhibition occurs after exocytosis (∼60% peak inhibition), which can decrease subsequent exocytosis during single depolarizations. We estimate that exocytosis is accompanied by a transient change in synaptic cleft pH from 7.5 to ∼6.9. We suggest that this effect serves as an activity-dependent modulator of exocytosis at ribbon-type synapses where a large and compact coterie of vesicles can fuse at each active zone.
Boko Haram: the development of a militant religious movement in Nigeria

Since 2009, the radical Muslim movement in northern Nigeria known as Boko Haram has become widely known in Western media for both its militant actions and its ultra-fundamentalist programme. This analysis examines Boko Haram from a historical perspective, viewing the movement as a result of social, political and generational dynamics within the larger field of northern Nigerian radical Islam. The contribution also considers some of the theological dimensions of the dispute between Boko Haram and its Muslim opponents and presents the different stages of militant activity through which this movement has gone so far. The article shows that movements such as Boko Haram are deeply rooted in northern Nigeria’s specific economic, religious and political development and are thus likely to crop up again if basic frame conditions such as social injustice, corruption and economic mismanagement do not change.
The dynamics of coorbital satellite systems

The dynamical behavior of N coorbital satellites moving with the same average mean motion around a primary has been studied both analytically and by numerical integrations for N from 2 to 9 satellites. Simplified dynamical equations are used to determine the different stationary configurations and their local stability against infinitesimal perturbations. The ring of equally spaced identical satellites is found to be locally unstable for N of six or less, while for N from two to eight there exists another stable compact stationary configuration with separations of 60 deg or less between adjacent satellites. For N of seven or more the equally spaced configuration becomes locally stable, and for N of nine or more it is the only stationary configuration. The motion becomes chaotic for large-amplitude perturbations. The chaotic motion fills a restricted region of phase space whose outer boundary is determined by the maximum velocity curve.
Characterization of the flavoprotein moieties of NADPH-sulfite reductase from Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Physicochemical and catalytic properties, amino acid sequence deduced from DNA sequence of cysJ, and comparison with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.

Abstract NADPH-sulfite reductase flavoprotein (SiR-FP) was purified from a Salmonella typhimurium cysG strain that does not synthesize the hemoprotein component of the sulfite reductase holoenzyme. cysJ, which codes for SiR-FP, was cloned from S. typhimurium LT7 and Escherichia coli B, and both genes were sequenced. Physicochemical analyses and deduced amino acid sequences indicate that SiR-FP is an octamer of identical 66-kDa peptides and contains 4 FAD and 4 FMN per octamer. Potentiometric titrations of SiR holoenzyme, SiR-FP, and FMN-depleted SiR-FP yielded the following redox potentials for the prosthetic groups at pH 7.7: E'1 (FMNH./FMN) = -152 mV; E'2 (FMNH2/FMNH.) = -327 mV; E'3 (FADH./FAD) = -382 mV; E'4 (FADH2/FADH.) = -322 mV. Microcoulometric titration of SiR-FP at 25 degrees C yielded data which were in full agreement with these potentials. Spectroscopic and catalytic studies of native SiR-FP and of SiR-FP depleted of FMN support the following electron flow sequence: NADPH----FAD----FMN. FMN can then contribute electrons to the hemoprotein component of sulfite reductase, as well as to cytochrome c and various diaphorase acceptors. The FMN is postulated to cycle between the FMNH2 and FMNH. oxidation states during catalysis; in this sense SiR-FP shares a catalytic mechanism with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase. SiR-FP domains involved in binding FMN, FAD, and NADPH are proposed from amino acid sequence homologies with Desulfovibrio vulgaris flavodoxin (Dubourdieu, M., and Fox, J.L. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 1453-1463) and spinach ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (Karplus, P.A., Walsh, K.A., and Herriott, J. R. (1984) Biochemistry 23, 6576-6583). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of SiR-FP and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 oxidoreductase (Porter, T. D., and Kasper, C.B. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S.A. 82, 973-977) also showed identities that suggest these two proteins are descended from a common precursor, which contained binding regions for both FMN and FAD.
Disease and weight loss: a prospective study of middle-aged and older adults in Costa Rica and England

Objective. To determine whether disease predicts weight loss in population-based studies, as this may confound the relationship between weight and mortality. Materials and methods. We used longitudinal data from the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). We defined two overlapping outcomes of measured weight loss between waves: >1.0 point of body mass index (BMI) and >2.0 BMI points. Logistic regression models estimated the associations with disease, adjusting for age (range 52-79), sex, smoking, and initial BMI. Results. In ELSA, onset of diabetes, cancer, or lung disease is associated with loss >2.0 points (respectively, OR=2.25 [95%CI: 1.34-3.80]; OR=2.70 [95%CI: 1.49-4.89]; OR=1.82 [95%CI: 1.02-3.26]). In CRELES, disease-onset reports are not associated with weight loss at 5% significance, but statistical power to detect associations is poor. Conclusion. Although it is known that some diseases cause weight loss, at the population level these associations vary considerably across samples.
Abuse, misuse, and suicidal substance use by children on school property.

Objective. The purpose of this study was to characterize the epidemiological trends associated with substances used in intentional exposures among children while on school property reported to the U.S. National Poison Data System (NPDS). Materials and Methods. NPDS was queried for intentional (abuse, misuse, suspected suicide, and unknown intentional) exposures reported to occur on school property between calendar years 2004 and 2013. Records were restricted to children 6–18 years of age. Demographic, exposure, and clinical characteristics were assessed. Results. A total of 56,882 substances were intentionally used on school property by 50,379 children, of which 39.8% were females (n = 20,070), 57.7% were males (n = 29,084), and 2.4% were unknown gender (n = 1,225). The most frequent pharmaceutical exposures reported included sedatives (n = 4,096; 8.1%), analgesics (n = 4,022; 8.0%), and cough and cold preparations (n = 3,529; 7.0%). The majority of exposures were managed on site (n = 21,464; 42.6%), foll...
Thymic Involution Perturbs Negative Selection Leading to Autoreactive T Cells That Induce Chronic Inflammation

Thymic involution and the subsequent amplified release of autoreactive T cells increase the susceptibility toward developing autoimmunity, but whether they induce chronic inflammation with advanced age remains unclear. The presence of chronic lowlevel proinflammatory factors in elderly individuals (termed inflammaging) is a significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality in virtually every chronic age-related disease. To determine how thymic involution leads to the persistent release and activation of autoreactive T cells capable of inducing inflammaging, we used a Foxn1 conditional knockout mouse model that induces accelerated thymic involution while maintaining a young periphery. We found that thymic involution leads to T cell activation shortly after thymic egress, which is accompanied by a chronic inflammatory phenotype consisting of cellular infiltration into non‐ lymphoid tissues, increased TNF-a production, and elevated serum IL-6. Autoreactive T cell clones were detected in the periphery of Foxn1 conditional knockout mice. A failure of negative selection, facilitated by decreased expression of Aire rather than impaired regulatory T cell generation, led to autoreactive T cell generation. Furthermore, the young environment can reverse age-related regulatory T cell accumulation in naturally aged mice, but not inflammatory infiltration. Taken together, these findings identify thymic involution and the persistent activation of autoreactive T cells as a contributing source of chronic inflammation (inflammaging). The Journal of Immunology, 2015, 194: 000‐000.
The Women—s Movement into the Olympic Games

(1978). The Women—s Movement into the Olympic Games. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 58-60.
Isotope Landscapes for Terrestrial Migration Research

Publisher Summary Isotope tracking of migratory terrestrial animals (for example, birds, bats, and insects) relies on the assimilation and fixation of intrinsic isotopic markers from the environment into animal body tissue. The power of the isotopic markers relates to the extent and pattern of spatial isotope ratio variations in the environmental substrates from which they are assimilated (primarily food, water, and air). This chapter introduces these patterns of variation for the commonly applied or applicable stable isotope systems and describes methods by which the spatial landscapes of environmental isotopic variation (“isoscapes”) are modeled and predicted at scales relative to the study of migratory behavior and ecology. Examples of isoscapes for some isotopic systems are presented along with discussion of challenges and cautionary notes related to the creation and interpretation of isoscapes. A discussion of opportunities and future directions in isoscape modeling is also presented. In addition, the principles and methodology underlying the development of these products and relevant to their informed use are described.
Vision and Rain

The visual effects of rain are complex. Rain produces sharp intensity changes in images and videos that can severely impair the performance of outdoor vision systems. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the visual effects of rain and the various factors that affect it. Based on this analysis, we develop efficient algorithms for handling rain in computer vision as well as for photorealistic rendering of rain in computer graphics. We first develop a photometric model that describes the intensities produced by individual rain streaks and a dynamic model that captures the spatio-temporal properties of rain. Together, these models describe the complete visual appearance of rain. Using these models, we develop a simple and effective post-processing algorithm for detection and removal of rain from videos. We show that our algorithm can distinguish rain from complex motion of scene objects and other time-varying textures. We then extend our analysis by studying how various factors such as camera parameters, rain properties and scene brightness affect the appearance of rain. We show that the unique physical properties of rain--its small size, high velocity and spatial distribution--makes its visibility depend strongly on camera parameters. This dependence is used to reduce the visibility of rain during image acquisition by judiciously selecting camera parameters. Conversely, camera parameters can also be chosen to enhance the visibility of rain. This ability can be used to develop an inexpensive and portable camera-based rain gauge that provides instantaneous rain-rate measurements. Finally, we develop a rain streak appearance model that accounts for the rapid shape distortions (i.e. oscillations) that a raindrop undergoes as it falls. We show that modeling these distortions allows us to faithfully render the complex intensity patterns that are visible in the case of raindrops that are close to the camera.
A Rapid Method for Demonstration of Precipitating Antibody against Influenza Virus by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis

After freezing and thawing, an extract prepared from rhesus monkey kidney cells infected with influenza A2 virus yielded a precipitin line on counterimmunoelectrophoresis with antiserum to influenza virus. Active extracts of tissue contained complement-fixing antigen and retained their activity after viral hemagglutinin was removed by absorption with chicken erythrocytes. Precipitin lines were frequently detected with sera from patients with serologically diagnosed influenza infection but were infrequent when the serum was obtained one month after vaccination. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis provides a means for detecting influenza antigen or antibodies to influenza virus within 30 min. Counterimmunoelectrophoresis has been used for rapid detection of various antigens [1-3] and precipitating antibody in human sera [4]. This report describes the detection of precipitating antibody to influenza virus in human sera by counterim
An examination of group process in judgmental forecasting

Abstract Forecasting in organizations is frequently judgmental in nature and often takes place in groups. Yet past group research has led to little insight into the group judgment process. In this study the relationships among individual predictive judgment accuracy, confidence, influence, and group judgment accuracy are examined in four real-time sales forecasting tasks. Four group techniques - Dictator, Consensus, Dialectic, and Delphi - are used by ongoing work groups to make forecasts. Results show that all of the group techniques led to forecast accuracy better than the level obtained by averaging biased individual pre-group forecasts. The greatest improvements were observed for (a) the first round of the Delphi technique and (b) the selection of the member judged to have the most accurate pregroup individual forecasts in the Dictator technique. However, the pattern of association between group and individual accuracy and confidence varies with group technique. Recommendations for further research relating group process to group performance and for improving group forecasts are given.
Echocardiographic evaluation of congenital mitral valve anomalies in children

Congenital mitral valve anomalies were diagnosed in 65 children, whose ages ranged from newborn to 18 years, using 2-dimensional, color, pulsed-, and continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. Data were collected over 7.5 years from 13,400 new studies. Data in these patients were compared with those obtained by cardiac catheterization, cardiac surgery, and autopsy. We detected 4 different lesions: (1) congenital mitral stenosis with 2 papillary muscles (n = 24); (2) parachute mitral valve, with a single papillary muscle (n = 24); (3) isolated cleft in the mitral valve (n = 10); and (4) double-orifice mitral valve (n = 7). A supravalvar mitral ring was detected in 21 patients with mitral stenosis; however, it never occurred as an isolated lesion and was invariably associated with some other left ventricular inflow or outflow obstruction. The supravalvar ring was associated with a parachute deformity of the mitral valve in 17 patients; in only 4 was this abnormality associated with mitral stenosis with 2 papillary muscles. In patients with congenital mitral stenosis, the peak and mean transmitral Doppler velocities were increased significantly compared with those in controls (peak velocity 1.53 +/- 0.74 vs 0.86 +/- 0.25 m/s, respectively, p < 0.01; mean velocity 1.13 +/- 0.61 vs 0.58 +/- 0.11 m/s, respectively, p < 0.01). The correlation between mean transmitral pressure gradient obtained by Doppler and cardiac catheterization was fair (r = 0.75). However, the correlation between the mitral valve areas calculated by the Doppler pressure half-time method and by the Gorlin formula was poor (r = 0.57).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Robust design modeling and optimization with unbalanced data

The usual assumption behind robust design is that the number of replicates at each design point during an experimental stage is equal. In practice, however, it is often the case that this assumption is not met due to physical limitations and/or cost constraints. In this situation, using the usual method of ordinary least squares (OLS) to obtain fitted response functions for the mean and variance of the quality characteristic of interest may not be an effective tool. In this paper, we first show simulation results, indicating that an alternative method, called the method of weighted least squares (WLS), outperforms the OLS method in terms of mean squared error. We then lay out the WLS-based robust design modeling and optimization. A case study is presented for numerical purposes.
Acetylglutamate kinase: a feedback-sensitive enzyme of arginine biosynthesis in Neurospora.

Abstract A radioactive assay was developed for the arginine-synthetic enzyme, acetylglutamate kinase (EC 2.7.2.8). Activity of the enzyme was demonstrated in crude extracts of Neurospora mycelium. Precipitation with ammonium sulfate, resulting in separation of the enzyme from an inhibitor, was initially required to detect activity. Most preparations are only partially sensitive to arginine, with maximal inhibition achieved at an effector concentration of 0.5 mM. The enzyme is activated about 10% by 1 mM lysine or citrulline, while 1 mM ornithine stimulates activity by 75%.
A Glossary of Circadian Rhythm Terminology for the Researcher and Clinician

This glossary defines key terms used in basic and applied circadian science. The glossary is designed to enhance knowledge of basic concepts and assist with the translation of circadian principles to improve understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment of circadian sleep disorders. Definitions should be useful as a resource for researchers and clinicians with an interest in circadian research and circadian and sleep medicine. This glossary complements articles included in this issue devoted to circadian rhythm sleep disorders.
Design of inhomogenous and quasi-inhomogenous optical coatings at the NRC

ABSTRACT. A powerful Fourier transform technique used at the NRC for the design of inhomogeneous and quasi- inhomogeneous dielectric optical coatings is reviewed. Its characteristic features and limitations are pointed out and illustrated by numerical examples. A challenging design and fabrication problem is presented with experimental results. 1 . INTRODUCTION. Inhomogeneous optical coatings with a gradual and controlled variation of the refractive index, extinction coefficient, or both, find an increasing number of applications. Some of the best known examples are rugate rejection filters,graded index antireflection coatings and selective solar absorbers . The fabrication of such systems is frequently a difficultchallenge. For this reason, they are sometimes transformed into quasi-inhomogeneous systems of similar performance in thewavelength region of interest which are, in fact, multilayers composed of very thin homogeneous layers.' A powerful technique based on Fourier transforms is available for the design of inhomogeneous and quasi-inhomogeneous dielectric optical coatings. First described by Delano and Sossi, it was subsequently implemented in a
Oxygen permeation studies of Sr4Fe6−xCoxO13

The oxygen permeation properties of Sr{sub 4}Fe{sub 6{minus}x}Co{sub x}O{sub 13} have been studied for 0 {le} x {le} 1.8. Samples with x > 1.5 consist of the perovskite phase SrFe{sub 1{minus}x}Co{sub x}O{sub 3{minus}{delta}} and the spinel phase Co{sub 3{minus}x}Fe{sub x}O{sub 4} in addition to the Sr{sub 4}Fe{sub 6}O{sub 13}-type intergrowth phase. The total conductivity and the oxygen flux increase with increasing x. Although the oxygen flux in the undoped Sr{sub 4}Fe{sub 6}O{sub 13} remains constant, that in the x {ge} 1.5 samples decreases upon cycling the permeation measurements. The decrease in oxygen flux on cycling is attributed to oxygen loss and changes in phase compositions at low oxygen partial pressures as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis.
Gluon distribution in hadrons

We consider the effects of hadron size and quark composition on the distribution of gluons in mesons and baryons. Coherence effects in the color-singlet bound state eliminate the usual quark-mass infrared singularity. The color cancellations are important for all x/sub gluon/ unless the gluon transverse momentum is large compared to the inverse hadron size. Using a simple model for the meson bound state, we relate the scale size of color coherence to the scale of the electromagnetic form factor. Applications to the flavor and quark-number dependence of total cross sections and gluon-induced reactions are discussed.
Transcription of bacteriophage T4 DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase in vitro: Identification of some immediate-early and delayed-early genes☆

Transcription of bacteriophage T4 DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase has been studied in vitro. RNA synthesis was initiated at sigma-specific promotor loci by forming rifampicin-resistant initiation complexes before the onset of polymerization and specific termination accomplished by the addition of rho factor. The RNA synthesized in the presence and absence of rho was analyzed for gene-specific messenger RNA's. The eight genes studied could be grouped into three classes: (1) those which were transcribed in the presence or absence of rho (genes 42 and 30); (2) those which were transcribed only in the absence of rho (genes 43, e, rIIA and rIIB); and (3) those which could not be transcribed in vitro even in the absence of rho (genes 41 and 40). It is concluded that genes 42 and 30 belong to the immediate-early class and genes 43, rIIA and rIIB to the delayed-early class. The transcription of the lysozyme gene in vitro resembles that of the delayed-early genes. The inability to transcribe gene 41 in vitro even in the absence of rho implies a rho-independent termination site between genes 42 and 41 and a positive control element to turn on gene 41.
Structure of monolayer tin oxide films on Pt(111) formed using NO 2 as an efficient oxidant

Submonolayer Sn deposits on Pt(111) and Sn incorporated in a $(\sqrt{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\sqrt{3})R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ Sn/Pt(111) surface alloy were oxidized by ${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$ under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. The oxide films formed were characterized by Auger-electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Four different surface morphologies were identified, depending on the preparation conditions, each of them exhibiting a distinct LEED pattern. STM revealed two ordered epitaxial overlayers. One is interpreted as the adsorption of SnO pseudomolecules at preferential sites to form a $(4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ coincidence lattice with the substrate. The other structure forms an incommensurate tin oxide overlayer, exhibiting a long-range Moir\'e pattern. The remaining LEED patterns are associated with the formation of a regular stress-relief pattern that can transform into an ordered array of tin oxide islands upon repeated oxidation. This ordered island array exhibited a $(5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5)$ superlattice with respect to the Pt(111) substrate. The variety of ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{x}$ overlayer morphologies is attributed to subtle differences in the oxide stoichiometry and alterations in the oxide/metal interface, in particular Pt-Sn alloying.
Hoarding disorder in older adulthood.

Objective Hoarding disorder (HD) is a chronic condition associated with moderate to severe impairment in health and functioning. HD has been primarily studied in midlife adults, and there is limited research on HD in late life. Methods In this review, we summarize research on the presentation and characteristics of HD and hoarding symptoms in older adults, including evidence for associated impairment in daily functioning, physical health, and cognitive function. Finally, we review the evidence available for intervention outcomes for treating HD in older adults. Results Geriatric HD is characterized by severe functional impairment, medical and psychiatric comorbidities, and cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion There is a lack of randomized controlled trials investigating evidence-based treatments for geriatric HD.
The Effect of pH on Continuous Biohydrogen Production from Swine Wastewater Supplemented with Glucose

The effect of pH on hydrogen production from liquid swine manure supplemented with glucose by a mixed culture of fermentative bacteria in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor was evaluated in this study. At 37 +/- 1 degrees C, five pH values ranging from 4.7 to 5.9 at an increment of 0.3 were tested at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 16 h. The results showed that at this HRT, the optimal pH for hydrogen production was 5.0, under which the biogas comprised 33.57 +/- 5.65% of hydrogen with a production rate of 8.88 +/- 2.94 L-H(2)/day and a yield of 1.48 +/- 0.49 L-H(2)/L liquid swine manure. The highest biomass concentration, highest butyric acid to acetic acid ratio, lowest propionic acid concentration, and the best stability were all found at pH 5.0, while the highest CH(4) productivity was found at pH 5.9. For efficient hydrogen production, oxygen content should be controlled under 2%, beyond which an inverse linear relationship (R(2) = 0.986) was observed.
The effect of elevated CO2 and N availability on tissue concentrations and whole plant pools of carbon-based secondary compounds in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda).

We examined the extent to which carbon investment into secondary compounds in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is changed by the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and N availability and whether differences among treatments are the result of size-dependent changes. Seedlings were grown for 138 days at two CO2 partial pressures (35 and 70 Pa CO2) and four N solution concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 3.5, and 6.5 mmol l−1 NO3NH4) and concentrations of total phenolics and condensed tannins were determined four times during plant development in primary and fascicular needles, stems and lateral and tap roots. Concentrations of total phenolics in lateral roots and condensed tannins in tap roots were relatively high regardless of treatment. In the smallest seedlings secondary compound concentrations were relatively high and decreased in the initial growth phase. Thereafter condensed tannins accumulated strongly during plant maturation in all plant parts except in lateral roots, where concentrations did not change. Concentrations of total phenolics continued to decrease in lateral roots while they remained constant in all other plant parts. At the final harvest plants grown at elevated CO2 or low N availability showed increased concentrations of condensed tannins in aboveground parts. The CO2 effect, however, disappeared when size differences were adjusted for, indicating that CO2 only indirectly affected concentrations of condensed tannins through accelerating growth. Concentrations of total phenolics increased directly in response to low N availability and elevated CO2 in primary and fascicular needles and in lateral roots, which is consistent with predictions of the carbon-nutrient balance (CNB) hypothesis. The CNB hypothesis is also supported by the strong positive correlations between soluble sugar and total phenolics and between starch and condensed tannins. The results suggest that predictions of the CNB hypothesis could be improved if developmentally induced changes of secondary compounds were included.
Institutional ownership of stock and dimensions of corporate social performance: An empirical examination

Collectively, institutions own an increasing proportion of outstanding corporate equities. As an emergent force in shaping corporate America, the linkages between institutional ownership and corporate social performance (CSP) require empirical examination. Not only do corporate policy makers need to know those areas where social performance may lure or inhibit capital infusions, lawmakers also need a better understanding of the social forces guiding corporate policy. As anticipated, this study found a positive relationship between the amount of institutional ownership of corporate stock and a company's social responsiveness as measured by the representation of women on its board of directors; however, no statistically significant relationship with social responsibility as measured by charitable giving was found. The exemplar of social issues management — compliance with the Sullivan principles — showed an unexpected, negative relationship with the level of institutional ownership.
Shoulder arthroplasty in patients aged fifty-five years or younger with osteoarthritis.

Background The younger patient with glenohumeral arthritis presents a challenge because of concerns about activity and frequency of failure. The purpose of this study was to define the results, complications, and frequency of revision surgery in this group. Materials and methods Between 1986 and 2005, 46 total shoulder arthroplasties and 20 hemiarthroplasties were performed in 63 patients who were aged 55 years or younger and had chronic shoulder pain due to glenohumeral osteoarthritis. All 63 patients had complete preoperative evaluation, operative records, and minimum 2-year follow-up (mean, 7.0 years) or follow-up until revision. Results Nine shoulders underwent a revision operation. The implant survival rate was 92% (95% confidence interval, 77%-100%) at 10 years for total shoulder arthroplasty and 72% (95% confidence interval, 54%-97%) for hemiarthroplasty (Kaplan-Meier result). Patients who underwent total shoulder arthroplasty had less pain ( P = .01), greater active elevation ( P = .05), and higher satisfaction ( P = .05) at final follow-up compared with those who underwent hemiarthroplasty. Complete radiographs were available for 47 arthroplasties with a minimum 2-year follow-up or follow-up until revision (mean, 6.6 years). More than minor glenoid periprosthetic lucency or a shift in component position was present in 10 of 34 total shoulder arthroplasties. Moderate to severe glenoid erosion was present in 6 of 13 hemiarthroplasties. Conclusions This study indicates that there is intermediate- to long-term pain relief and improvement in motion with shoulder arthroplasty in young patients with osteoarthritis. These results favor total shoulder arthroplasty in terms of pain relief, motion, and implant survival.
Histones and G banding of chromosomes

Polylysine, polyarginine, and histones H1, H2A, H2B, and H3 inhibit Giemsa staining and chromosome banding by binding to DNA and preventing side stacking of the positively charged thiazine dyes to the negatively charged phosphate groups on DNA. This is a nonspecific effect and does not of itself provide evidence for a role of histones in G banding. The question of whether histones are involved in chromosome banding is reviewed.
Photoradiation Therapy in Advanced Carcinoma of the Trachea and Bronchus

Photoradiation therapy is a new technique being investigated for the treatment of solid malignant tumors. In this study, 17 patients with advanced, recurrent, biopsy-proven malignant lesions of the trachea or main-stem bronchus were treated by photoradiation therapy. Patients received hematoporphyrin derivative intravenously three days prior to light therapy. The light was delivered from a fiberoptic fiber attached to the output beam of a dye laser (633 ± 3 nm). The fiber was passed through the large channel of a bronchoscope (Olympus BF 2T). Of the 17 patients, two had no measurable response to the photoradiation therapy, six had partial necrosis of the tumor, seven patients had a greater than 50 percent reduction in the intraluminal volume of tumor, and two were lost to follow-up. Survival ranged from 5 to 210 days (median survival, 40 days). Complications of the treatment were significant in this group of advanced-stage patients and included excessive secretions, fever, pneumonia, and abscess formation.
Randomized Controlled Trial of False Safety Behavior Elimination Therapy: A Unified Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety Psychopathology

We tested the efficacy of a unified cognitive-behavioral therapy protocol for anxiety disorders. This group treatment protocol, termed false safety behavior elimination therapy (F-SET), is a cognitive-behavioral approach designed for use across various anxiety disorders such as panic disorder (PD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). F-SET simplifies, as well as broadens, key therapeutic elements of empirically validated treatments for anxiety disorders to allow for easier delivery to heterogeneous groups of patients with anxiety psychopathology. Patients with a primary anxiety disorder diagnosis (N=96) were randomly assigned to F-SET or a wait-list control. Data indicate that F-SET shows good efficacy and durability when delivered to mixed groups of patients with anxieties (i.e., PD, SAD, GAD) by relatively inexperienced clinicians. Findings are discussed in the context of balancing treatment efficacy and clinical utility.
An Isotopic Study of Paleosol Carbonates from Olduvai Gorge

The isotopic composition of paleosol carbonates from Olduvai Gorge can be used to give estimates of the paleoclimatic history of East Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene. Oxygen isotopes are indicative of major changes in the isotopic composition of meteoric water, while carbon isotopes are indicative of major changes in the fraction of biomass using the Hatch-Slack (C4) photosynthetic pathway. Three major periods of climatic change in this terrestrial setting occurred at about 1.67, 1.3, and 0.6 myr. These involved major changes in flora as well as major changes in the isotopic composition of meteoric water. Overall, the climate has become warmer and more arid over the past 2.2 myr.
The Penultimate Rate of Growth for Graph Properties

Given a property P of graphs, write Pnfor the set of graphs with vertex set n ] having property P. We call | Pn| the speed of P. Recent research has shown that the speed of a monotone or hereditary property P can be a constant, polynomial, or exponential function of n, and the structure of the graphs in P can then be well described. Similarly, | Pn| can be of the form n(1?1/k+o(1))nor 2(1?1/k+o(1))n2/2for some positive integer k 1 and the properties can be described and have well-behaved speeds. In this paper, we discuss the behavior of properties with speeds between these latter bounds, i.e., between n(1+o(1))nand 2(1/2+o(1))n2/2.
S.A.W. 350 μs binary phase-shift-keyed matched filter

An asynchronous 350 μs s.a.w. matched filter for a 10.36 Mchip s−1 binary phase-shift-keyed waveform, with 34 dB signal/noise gain (s.n.g.), has been constructed by cascading seven 50 μs s.a.w. correlators. The effects of device imperfections and the repeated transduction process on the s.n.g. have been analysed. Predictions indicate that it is practicable to extend the technique to achieve millisecond matched filters.