cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health state preferences associated with weight status in children and adolescents

Childhood obesity is a substantial public health problem. The extent to which health state preferences (utilities) are related to a child's weight status has not been reported. The aims of this study were (1) to use a generic health state classification system to measure health related quality of life and calculate health utilities in a convenience sample of children and adolescents and (2) to determine the extent to which these measures are associated with weight status and body mass index (BMI). We enrolled 76 children 5-18 years of age from a primary care clinic and an obesity clinic in Boston MA. We administered the Health Utilities Index (HUI) and used the HUI Mark 3 single- and multi-attribute utility functions to calculate health utilities. We determined BMI percentile and weight status based on CDC references. We examined single-attribute and overall utilities in relation to weight status and BMI. Mean (range) age was 10.8 (5-18) years. Mean (SD) BMI percentile was 76 (26); 55% of children were overweight or obese. The mean (SD) overall utility was 0.79 (0.17) in the entire sample. For healthy-weight children, the mean overall utility was higher than for overweight or obese children (0.81 vs. 0.78), but the difference was not statistically significant (difference 0.04, 95% CI -0.04, 0.11). Our results provide a quantitative estimate of the health utility associated with overweight and obesity in children, and will be helpful to researchers performing cost effectiveness analyses of interventions to prevent and/or treat childhood obesity.
CHANGES IN U.S. MEN'S ATTITUDES TOWARD THE FAMILY PROVIDER ROLE, 1972-1989

This article examines changes in men's attitudes toward the family provider role using data from the National Opinion Research Center, General Social Surveys for 1972 through 1989. Men's attitudes have become more egalitarian over this period; however, men approve more of sharing provider-role enactment than of sharing provider-role responsibility. Cohort succession was a more important source of change than change within cohorts. Differences among men in attitudes toward the provider role were associated with differences in men's provider-role experiences, although there was a time lag between change in actual experience and change in attitudes. The findings suggest that structural change in the economy of the family that has changed men's experience as breadwinners is the major force altering gender expectations about family roles. Attitudes among some groups of men, those not directly affected by these changes and married men who gain privileges from the breadwinner status, however, continue to reflect...
Terminal dehydration: A review

Terminal dehydration is a naturally occurring condition which hospice nurses encounter daily. Although much has been written on this topic in recent years, a review of the literature will provide a summary of research and opinion which can form the basis for future research. This article covers the physiology, patient symptoms, and a discussion of the benefits of terminal dehydration. Ethical and legal issues have been clarified by the President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. A comparison of nurse and physician perceptions concludes the article. In order for nurses to provide anticipatory guidance for family/caregivers of the imminently dying, more must be known about family/caregiver perceptions of terminal dehydration.
MobileFirst: future directions in programming and runtime models

Mobile technologies are revolutionizing our personal lives and transforming the way we do business. This talk addresses both the technology and business transformations taking place, and explains how they are encouraging organizations to rethink the way they do business. The ensuing changes affect the internal business processes related to employees and the external customer facing systems that use front office digitization. The large variety of heterogeneous platforms, form factors, native vs. hybrid applica-tions are among the many challenges associated with developing and managing mobile applications. This challenge is further inten-sified by omni-channel requirements, which are driving the need for businesses to present customers with a single, transparent system-rather than multiple channels with separate inventory, processing, and delivery systems. This talk introduces new technologies from IBM Research that tackle these hurdles and address the entire application lifecycle. These innovations include: tools that help non-programmers create mobile applications, advanced services for functional and performance testing, security analysis and certification, and application usability and usage analytics. This technology transformation underlines the need for new middleware capabilities that are delivered as Mobile Back-end as a Service (MBaaS). These services can include capabilities such as location, push, cloud code, and data synchronization; all these can be delivered as part of a comprehensive API management system. In addition to platform challenges, this talk shares a peek at some new mobile solutions, including advanced authentication services, urban mobility, education, healthcare, patient centered care, and more.
Classification of canonical scattering through sub-band analysis

The spectrum parted linked image test (SPLIT) algorithm was experimentally shown to estimate frequency-dependency of dominant scattering centers through sub-band analysis. Based on its demonstrated potential for classifying canonical scatterers, a theoretical model of the SPLIT algorithm is presented in this paper. Terms are defined, procedures are detailed, and a metric for total least squares model fitting is developed. In addition, the paper addresses multiple observations, measures of confidence, sidelobe interference and sensitivity to bandwidth and noise. Finally, it is described how the one-dimensional (1D) SPLIT algorithm can be extended for use with 2D and 3D imaging.
SU-FF-T-407: The Effect of Weekend-Off and Day of Treatment Initiation On Tumor Control Probabilities

Purpose: Recently developed tumor control probability (TCP) models can incorporate temporal variations in the delivery of treatment fractions. This study investigated the effect on TCP of weekend treatment breaks and of the treatment initiation week day. Methods and Materials:Treatment plans were selected for three patient with tumors of different cell doubling times — squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (short doubling time), breast cancer (intermediate doubling time), and prostate adenocarcinoma (long doubline time). TCPs were calculated and compared for each treatment plan using fractionation schedules that included or omitted weekend breaks. We also computed TCPs for fractionation schedules that included weekend breaks but started on different week days — Monday, Wednesday, or Friday. We assumed the same numbers of fractions and total doses for all fractionation schedules. Results: For the primary PTV of the head and neck tumor, the TCP increased by 3.1% when weekend breaks were not given. For the breast cancer, the TCP was independent of weekend break. For the prostate tumor, the TCP increased by 1.4% when weekend breaks were omitted. When comparing different start days for treatment, TCPs were higher for Monday starts than for the other days for all cases. Conclusions: The calculations suggest that TCPs can be increased for the same total dose if treatment is delivered without weekend breaks. In addition, the overall treatment time is reduced, which is known to be an important factor in head and neck treatments. The comparison of TCPs calculated for different treatment start days suggests that Monday is the best day for treatment initiation. This is consistent with current clinical practice. However, we did not examine the effect on normal tissues of fractionation without weekend breaks. Supported in part by a research agreement with TomoTherapy, Inc.
High-Capacity Lithium-Ion Battery Conversion Cathodes Based on Iron Fluoride Nanowires and Insights into the Conversion Mechanism

The increasing demands from large-scale energy applications call for the development of lithium-ion battery (LIB) electrode materials with high energy density. Earth abundant conversion cathode material iron trifluoride (FeF(3)) has a high theoretical capacity (712 mAh g(-1)) and the potential to double the energy density of the current cathode material based on lithium cobalt oxide. Such promise has not been fulfilled due to the nonoptimal material properties and poor kinetics of the electrochemical conversion reactions. Here, we report for the first time a high-capacity LIB cathode that is based on networks of FeF(3) nanowires (NWs) made via an inexpensive and scalable synthesis. The FeF(3) NW cathode yielded a discharge capacity as high as 543 mAh g(-1) at the first cycle and retained a capacity of 223 mAh g(-1) after 50 cycles at room temperature under the current of 50 mA g(-1). Moreover, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the existence of continuous networks of Fe in the lithiated FeF(3) NWs after discharging, which is likely an important factor for the observed improved electrochemical performance. The loss of active material (FeF(3)) caused by the increasingly ineffective reconversion process during charging was found to be a major factor responsible for the capacity loss upon cycling. With the advantages of low cost, large quantity, and ease of processing, these FeF(3) NWs are not only promising battery cathode materials but also provide a convenient platform for fundamental studies and further improving conversion cathodes in general.
Reducing lung cancer risk: early detection.

Strategies for the early detection of lung cancer are beinginvestigated in an attempt to improve the poor prognosis associatedwith the disease. Such approaches, which include the identification ofbiomarkers for preclinical disease, must be integrated into multimodalcancer prevention strategies. Recent investigations have identifiedpotential markers of early disease, including heterogeneous nuclearribonucleoprotein, although the use of multiple markers may be requiredto provide the sensitivity and specificity necessary for massscreening. Early detection necessitates the development of effectivechemoprevention strategies for the airway-confined phase of lungcancer. Current research efforts explore the utility of direct drugdelivery, such as with the use of aerosolized delivery of retinoids, tomaximize delivery of the active agent to the site of early lung cancerwhile avoiding systemic adverse effects.
Victims of bullying in the emergency department with behavioral issues.

BACKGROUND: Bullying has become one of the most significant school problems experienced by our children. Victims of bullying are prone to a variety of psychological and behavioral symptoms. We noted that many children referred to the Emergency Department (ED) with behavioral symptoms provided a history of bullying. OBJECTIVES: To measure the prevalence of bullying in children referred to the ED for behavioral symptoms and to determine its association with psychiatric disorders. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in an urban hospital, identifying children from 8 to 19 years of age who presented to the ED with behavioral symptoms. We reviewed the ED psychiatry notes to retrieve the report indicating whether these children were bullied and had previous psychiatric diagnoses. These children were classified into bullied and non-bullied groups. RESULTS: Over the study period, 591 children visited the ED with behavioral issues. Out of 591, 143 (24%) children reported bullying. More boys (100) than girls (43) reported bullying (p = 0.034). The mean age of children in the bullied group was 10.6 years (95% confidence interval 10.1-11.2). One hundred eleven (77.6%) children in the bullied group had a prior psychiatric diagnosis. Children in the bullied group were hospitalized significantly less than children in the non-bullied group (10/143 [7%] vs. 80/368 [18%]; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of bullying among the ED children with behavioral symptoms is substantial. Every fourth child with behavioral symptoms reported bullying. Four in five children who reported bullying had a prior diagnosis of "disorder of behavior." Language: en
Strontium isotope geochemistry of alpine tectonite lherzolites: Data compatible with a mantle origin

Abstract Constituent minerals from three alpine lherzolites (Beni Bouchera, Morocco; Lanzo, Italy; and Ronda, Spain) and a clinopyroxene from the Othris complex, Greece, reveal the following range in Sr isotopic composition: clinopyroxenes, 0.70228–0.70370; orthopyroxenes, 0.70265–0.70429; and olivines, 0.70290–0.70831. Collectively the data: (1) indicate that whole-rock lherzolites (weighted recalculations of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr= 0.7025–0.7028 ) have isotopic compositions which attest to a simple mantle origin and not the complex models proposed to date; (2) are incompatible with the published range for alpine peridotites 0.7063–0.7290; (3) reveal either similar or different isotopic compositions for coexisting minerals, the latter possibly being the result of Rb mobility and introduction of radiogenic Sr into the peridotite system; and (4) indicate the past existence of liquids with “alkalic” affinities within the lherzolite framework. The lherzolites are therefore believed to be residual, having experienced a small degree of partial melting.
Behavioral medicine in the general hospital.

The application of behavioral procedures to the treatment of medical disorders has greatly expanded the techniques available to the psychiatrist practicing in the general hospital. While there are diverse behavioral strategies that have proven quite useful, the bases for these are limited and readily implemented in the hospital setting. In this paper, the behavioral methods of assessment and various strategies of treatment of medical, psychophysiological, and “psychosomatic” disorders are overviewed.
Extension of working range in Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry by nonlinear calibration with prior correction for stray light

Abstract The nonlinear working range of a Perkin-Elmer 4100Zl atomic absorption spectrometer was improved in three steps. Firstly, each absorbance datum within the transient profile was corrected for the presence of stray light by an algorithm originally developed by L'vov and co-workers (Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 47 (1992) 889–895 and 1187–1202), but with the incorporation of the Newton method of successive approximations (Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 49 (1994) 1643–1656. Secondly, a dip correction procedure was performed on temporal signal profiles that exhibited a dip due to rollover. In the final step, an analytically useful working curve was generated by the nonlinear calibration routine of Barnett (Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 39 (1984) 829). Goodness of fit between the resultant calibration curve and the data was measured by the method suggested by Miller-Ihli et al. (Spectrochim. Acta Part B, 39 (1984) 1603) that is based on the sum of squares of the percentage deviation (SSPD) and the root mean square (RMS) percentage deviation. For lead, silver, copper, thallium, and cadmium, the analytical nonlinear working range was increased by as much as one and a half orders of magnitude, without any significant effect on the RMS. For chromium and manganese, no significant improvement in the nonlinear working range was observed, while the RMS improved by 50%. In the case of nickel, neither the working range nor the RMS was improved.
The effects of forskolin, cAMP, and cyanoketone on steroid-induced meiotic maturation of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) oocytes in vitro.

Intact yellow perch (Perca flavescens) follicles stimulated by 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α,20β-PG) to undergo germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in vitro were incubated with several agents which have been shown to increase cellular cAMP levels. Two phosphodiestrase inhibitors, SQ20,006 and isobutyl-methyl-xanthine, blocked GVBD at 1.0 mM. At lower levels (0.5, 0.1 mM) there was a dose-response effect and SQ20,006 was more inhibitory. Forskolin at 1.0–20.0 μM blocked steroid-induced GVBD, but levels of 0.1 μM or less were noninhibitory. In time-course experiments, significant inhibition of GVBD was observed when SQ20,006 (1.0 mM) was added within 6 hr after steroid stimulation or forskolin (10.0 μM) was added within 12 hr. When SQ20,006 was administered in 6-hr pulses and then removed, inhibition was observed only when the steroid was given as a 1-hr prepulse which was removed at the start of the incubation period. In this case, GVBD was blocked if the SQ20,006 pulse was given before 18 hr. At 10.0 mM, cAMP completely inhibited GVBD but was noninhibitory at lower levels. However, lower levels of cAMP (1.0, 0.5 mM) and forskolin (0.1 μM) were inhibitory if the follicles were also incubated with 1.0,μg/ml of cyanoketone, an inhibitor of steroidogenesis. These results indicate that in vitro, increases in cAMP are inhibitory to steroid-induced meiotic maturation but may stimulate steroidogenesis in the follicle wall as well. Furthermore, in vitro steroid-stimulated maturation can be inhibited by increased cAMP for a relatively long time, following steroid treatment.
Demilitarizing Politics: Elections on the Uncertain Road to Peace

Demilitarizing Politics: Elections on the Uncertain Road to Peace. By Terrence Lyons. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2005. 232p. $49.95. When a peace agreement is negotiated in civil wars today, there is a seemingly reflexive turn toward democratization as a way to move social conflicts from the battlefield to the halls of parliament; such agreements invariably entail a political transition requiring divisive and inherently difficult electoral processes. Terrence Lyons captures the complex and often contradictory dynamics of elections in the wake of civil war peace agreements in his well-designed, thoroughly researched, and coherently argued book. The principal argument of Demilitarizing Politics is that the conduct of war itself creates institutional structures of conflict that linger into the postwar period and that critically inform postwar electoral politics.
Colorimetric analysis of procaine hydrochloride.

Abstract A colorimetric assay procedure was developed for the quantitative analysis of procaine hydrochloride. The method is based on the interaction of procaine hydrochloride with p -dimethyla minocinnamaldehyde in the presence of trichloroacetic acid in absolute methanol to form a red Schiff base which can be quantitated spectrophotometrically at 547.5 nm. The Beer–Lambert law was adhered to over the 0.1–7- μ g/ml range. Best accuracy was attained for solutions containing 0.4–4 μ g/ml. The color was stable for at least 70 min. The method was applied to procaine hydrochloride injections, both with and without epinephrine, without prior separation of the drug. The results were comparable to those obtained by the official procedures.
Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates

With petrol prices on the rise, biofuels are big news these days. For applications in the transportation sector, perhaps the best known liquid biofuel is biomass-derived ethanol. But ethanol has its limitations: it is highly volatile, absorbs water and has a low energy density. A team from the University of Wisconsin-Madison has developed a two-step catalytic process that can convert fructose into a potentially better liquid biofuel, 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF). This has 40%-higher energy density and a higher boiling point than ethanol, and is not water soluble. Fructose can be made directly from biomass or from glucose and although there's some work needed before DMF production can be made commercially viable, this new catalytic process looks promising. Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and growing concerns about global warming indicate that sustainable sources of energy are needed in the near future. For fuels to be useful in the transportation sector, they must have specific physical properties that allow for efficient distribution, storage and combustion; these properties are currently fulfilled by non-renewable petroleum-derived liquid fuels. Ethanol, the only renewable liquid fuel currently produced in large quantities, suffers from several limitations, including low energy density, high volatility, and contamination by the absorption of water from the atmosphere. Here we present a catalytic strategy for the production of 2,5-dimethylfuran from fructose (a carbohydrate obtained directly from biomass or by the isomerization of glucose) for use as a liquid transportation fuel. Compared to ethanol, 2,5-dimethylfuran has a higher energy density (by 40 per cent), a higher boiling point (by 20 K), and is not soluble in water. This catalytic strategy creates a route for transforming abundant renewable biomass resources1,2 into a liquid fuel suitable for the transportation sector, and may diminish our reliance on petroleum.
Microelasticity of red blood cells in sickle cell disease

Translation of cellular mechanics findings is crucial in many diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, type II diabetes, malaria, sickle cell disease, and cancer. Atomic force ...
Effects of expulsion in spot welding of cold rolled sheet steels

The effects of expulsion on microstructure and tensile shear strength of spot welds have been investigated for a high-strength cold rolled sheet steel. Spot welds with expulsion are characteristic for a “double im-age” near the fusion line, an equiaxed dendritic grain zone along the faying surface, and deep indenta-tions on the outer surfaces. Microstructural examinations and tensile shear tests of spot welding specimens were conducted to determine the correlation between microstructure and strength. It was found that the equiaxed dendritic structure was associated with significant solidification cracking. Frac-tography on tensile specimens reveals that brittle failure is associated with an equiaxed microstructure. Furthermore, the surface indentation will change the stress at the nugget edge, and deep surface inden-tations are expected to promote premature failure.
Optically Active Smectic Liquid Crystal

Abstract The discovery is reported of the first optically active smectic liquid crystal to consist of only one compound and to permit supercooling to room temperature. The compound is bis-(p-6-methyloctyloxybenzylidene)-2-chloro-1, 4-phenylenediamine.
Simple Method to Compute Biases and Mean Squared Errors of Linear Estimators and Predictors in a Selection Model Assuming Multivariate Normality

Abstract Evaluation of biases and mean squared errors of predictors by analytical methods is difficult when selection has occurred. Traditional simulation methods are very costly because of many possible incidence matrices, parameter values, and methods of prediction. Assuming multivariate normality and the Pearson model for selection, numerical solutions to evaluation of biases and mean squared errors can be obtained by use of distributions that are conditional on selection. A linear predictor and estimator is tested for bias by computing with conditional y and then comparing the solution to β and u with true β and conditional u . Mean squared errors are computed by adding to the conditional variance a quadratic in the bias evaluated for the estimation and prediction method that was examined. A numerical example involving cow culling is used to illustrate the methods.
Some Quantum Symmetries and Their Breaking II

We consider symmetry breaking in the context of vector bundle theory, which arises quite naturally not only when attempting to “gauge” symmetry groups, but also as a means of localizing those global symmetry breaking effects known as spontaneous. We review such spontaneous symmetry breaking first for a simplified version of the Goldstone scenario for the case of global symmetries, and then in a localized form which is applied to a derivation of some of the phenomena associated with superconduction in both its forms, type I and type II. We then extend these procedures to effect the Higgs mechanism of electroweak theory, and finally we describe an extension to the flavor symmetries of the lightest quarks, including a brief discussion of CP-violation in the neutral kaon system. A largely self-contained primer of vector bundle theory is provided in Sect. 4, which supplies most of the results required thereafter.
Twofold-coordinated tin centers as UV sensitizers of trivalent dysprosium ions

Abstract Phosphate glasses containing Dy3 + ions were co-doped with tin (II) oxide with the purpose of investigating on the sensitizing effects of tin species on the luminescence of Dy3 + ions. The glasses were prepared by the melt-quenching technique and the spectroscopic properties were assessed by optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The data indicated the presence of twofold-coordinated Sn centers as the tin-related luminescent species in the glass host. A remarkable Dy3 + ions emission was observed under UV excitation in the co-doped glass in connection to excitation of the Sn centers. The data shows unambiguously the role of tin as a sensitizer of Dy3 + ion luminescence. Likely energy transfer processes that result in populating the 4F9/2 emitting state in Dy3 + are discussed.
MEMS-based active skin for turbulent drag reduction

Drag reduction for aerial and underwater vehicles has a range of positive ramifications: reduced fuel consumption, larger operational range, greater endurance and higher achievable speeds. Recent Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) studies have shown that the application of a transversely acting, traveling waveform like force, that is confined to the viscous sublayer of the flow, can result in significant reduction in turbulent drag. Since the action of this force wave is confined to a very small region of fluid right next to the surface, it is postulated that the application of a traveling surface wave, which is also confined to these dimensions, would in effect result in the necessary traveling force wave. In this work, a generalized actuation principle for generating a traveling wave on the surface of a skin is proposed and analyzed. The flow control technique pursued is “micro” in the sense that only micro-scale wave amplitudes (order of 30 m) and energy inputs are expected to produce significant benefits. Hence, a MEMS based approach to the design of the active skin is considered, that utilizes actuation by active materials such as Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)s and piezoelectric actuators. Specifically, a MEMS based design that incorporates thin film SMA actuators is developed and the process flow methodology required for its microfabrication is discussed. For preliminary testing and validation of the DNS results, a mechanically actuated prototype skin, the operation of which has been refined through several iterations, has been manufactured using a rapid prototyping machine.
New precompound decay model

A new precompound Monte Carlo simulation model is presented. It permits unlimited multiple precompound emission for each interaction, may be used to give exclusive spectra and yields, and does not rely upon those exciton state densities shown to be inconsistent with the assumed two body transitions in the hybrid and exciton model formulations. Results of the new model are compared with $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ (p,xn) single differential spectra for incident energies from 25 to 160 MeV, and for $^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ (p,x) and $^{51}\mathrm{V}$ (p,x) excitation functions for incident proton energies up to 200 MeV. The new model gives significant improvement over the hybrid model for calculation of excitation functions. Multiple precompound decay predictions are compared for the two models. It is shown that the restriction to two precompound nucleons per decay in the hybrid model becomes a poor approximation for incident proton energies above \ensuremath{\approxeq}80 MeV. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Experimental subsonic drag properties of the space shuttle orbiter TPS tiles

The drag characteristics of the space shuttle orbiter thermal protection system (TPS) tiles were studied experimentally in subsonic flow. Full-scale tiles were mounted to a 3.05 x 3.5 m test board in four configurations plus a completely smooth case. Pressure gradients were produced by tilting the board relative to the freestream. The drags due to steps, slots, and gaps between the tiles were evaluated at various orientations, pressure gradients, and Reynolds numbers. Results showed that the contribution of gaps and slots were minor compared to those of typical steps. The results for skin friction did not correlate as a fully rough surface. Thus, the surface area of the TPS tiles was sufficient to allow smooth-wall Reynolds number effects even though the steps between tiles could double the skin friction.
INHIBITION OF NURSING-INDUCED AND STRESS-INDUCED FALL IN PITUITARY PROLACTIN CONCENTRATION IN LACTATING RATS BY INJECTION OF ACID EXTRACTS OF BOVINE HYPOTHALAMUS.

The concentration of prolactin in the anterior pituitary glands of lactating rats killed with either ether or Nembutal after 10 ½ hr of isolation from their litters averaged 0.073 IU/mg (prenursed level). Thirty min of nursing, laparotomy with bleeding from the inferior vena cava during 5 min of ether anesthesia, and the stress of cervical stunning followed by decapitation, each reduced the pituitary prolactin concentration significantly below the prenursed level. Nembutal prevented the fall of prolactin concentration which resulted from laparotomy and bleeding. Nursing, followed by ether anesthesia and the stress of laparotomy and bleeding, did not lower pituitary prolactin content more than nursing alone. Injections of acid extracts of bovine stalk-median-eminence (1 SME/rat) inhibited the fall in prolactin concentration which followed the combined stimuli of nursing and stress. Treatment with extracts of bovine cerebral cortex, or with ovine prolactin (12 mg), did not. These results provide in vivo evi...
Beam foil electron spectroscopy near the forward direction

Abstract We report measurements of angular distributions of the integrated yields and energy distributions of electrons having velocities near the ion velocity for 0.75, 1 and 2 MeV 3 He II incident on amorphous carbon foils of 10, 20 and 50 μg/cm 2 .
Protection of Infants from Infection with Influenza A Virus by Transplacentally Acquired Antibody

Transplacentally acquired antibody to influenza A virus was measured by a microneutralization test and a radioimmunoprecipitation assay in cord blood obtained from infants at a large urban county hospital in 1975-1978. Random samples tested before epidemic periods were a measure of susceptibility of the population. Twenty-six infants from whom cord sera were available had culture-documented infections with influenza A/Victoria (H3N2) virus when younger than four months. The direct correlation between age at the time of infection and level of antibody measured in cord serum (P less than 0.002) suggested a protective effect of transplacentally acquired antibody. None of fourteen acute-phase serum specimens obtained early in the course of culture-positive infections of young infants had detectable antibody to influenza A viral hemagglutinin by the sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation test. Because passively transferred maternal antibody to influenza virus may prevent symptomatic infection in young infants, vaccination of pregnant women could be beneficial.
The seasonality of banking failures during the late National Banking Era

In this paper, we expand previous models with banks and money and explore the consequences of seasonals in the banking system. We find that, when bank failures occur, not all of them have associated large output losses and currency premiums exist. We show that the most important sources of seasonal fluctuations for the banking system are those related to the return on farming activities and the scrapping value of the initial investment. Finally, this model is consistent with the notion that the Treasury is more likely to accommodate the money market in periods where the liquidity needs
A paradigm for the analysis of interorganizational networks

Abstract Network analysis is becoming popular in the study of interorganizational relations (I0R). It focuses attention directly on the relationships themselves, provides efficient descriptive summaries for entire systems of such relations, often includes intuitively appealing diagrams and is flexible and adaptable to a variety of situations. This flexibility, however, is due in part to the large number of different techniques which have been labeled “network” analysis. For the researcher who is attempting to use network analysis, this situation can result in a perception of vagueness and uncertainty rather than “flexibility” and produce the feeling that the techniques are not accessible. The purpose of this paper is to begin filling in the gap between IOR researcher needs and the specific techniques of network analysis. The field is reviewed, specific techniques are discussed and classified; a guide to selecting techniques is presented and directions for future IOR analysis are given.
Children's Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions Toward a Peer with Tourette Syndrome

Examined children's ratings of attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a boy presented, on videotape, with or without symptoms of Tourette syndrome (TS). Effects of information about TS on these ratings were investigated as well as the influence of gender and grade. Children in Grades 3 and 5 were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: No TS, TS, or TS/information. On the attitude measure, children rated the peer presented with TS less positively than they did the peer presented without TS. On behavioral intention measures, no significant differences were found between conditions. Information about TS did not affect ratings. Implications of these findings as well as limitations of the study are discussed.
Tetrodotoxin levels in eggs of the rough-skin newt, Taricha granulosa, are correlated with female toxicity.

We quantified the amount of the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) present in females and newly deposited eggs of the rough-skin newt, Taricha granulosa, to examine the relationship between the toxicity of an individual female and the toxicity of her eggs. We found high levels of TTX in individual eggs as well as substantial variation among clutches. Variation in the amount of TTX per egg within individual clutches was extremely low. Female skin toxicity was positively correlated with the mean egg toxicity of her clutch. Neither egg volume nor female size was significantly correlated with egg TTX levels. Tetrodotoxin stereoisomer–analog profiles were identical for females and their eggs. The presence of high levels of TTX in individual eggs coupled with the relationship between levels of TTX in female skin and levels of TTX in her eggs suggests that the TTX present in eggs of T. granulosa is maternally derived. The lack of correlation between egg size and TTX levels in individual eggs, as well as the low levels of within clutch variation, may indicate that deposition of TTX in eggs of T. granulosa is not linked to the deposition of other egg resources (e.g., lipids or other yolk components).
Fullerene/Tubule Based Hollow Carbon Nano-Gears

We report the design of several symmetric star-shaped closed carbon cages using ball and stick models. Despite the presence of seven- and eight-membered rings, these hollow carbon sprockets—containing less than 500 carbon atoms—are predicted to be more energetically stable than C 60 . Also, we show that these sprockets can be connected to capped fullerene tubules to form a nanostructure similar to a mechanical gear and shaft. In addition, using molecular dynamics and a reactive hydrocarbon potential, we show that these gears can be turned against each other at high angular velocities without large deformations. These nanogears illustrate some of the possible complex small structures that can be formed by inserting 5-, 7-, and 8-membered rings in an otherwise graphitic network. These nanogears also show surprisingly robust mechanical properties.
Emotion and Decision Making

A revolution in the science of emotion has emerged in recent decades, with the potential to create a paradigm shift in decision theories. The research reveals that emotions constitute potent, pervasive, predictable, sometimes harmful and sometimes beneficial drivers of decision making. Across different domains, important regularities appear in the mechanisms through which emotions influence judgments and choices. We organize and analyze what has been learned from the past 35 years of work on emotion and decision making. In so doing, we propose the emotion-imbued choice model, which accounts for inputs from traditional rational choice theory and from newer emotion research, synthesizing scientific models.
A Metric on the Space of Reduced Phylogenetic Networks

Phylogenetic networks are leaf-labeled, rooted, acyclic, and directed graphs that are used to model reticulate evolutionary histories. Several measures for quantifying the topological dissimilarity between two phylogenetic networks have been devised, each of which was proven to be a metric on certain restricted classes of phylogenetic networks. A biologically motivated class of phylogenetic networks, namely, reduced phylogenetic networks, was recently introduced. None of the existing measures is a metric on the space of reduced phylogenetic networks. In this paper, we provide a metric on the space of reduced phylogenetic networks that is computable in time polynomial in the size of the networks.
Composition of the lunar highland crust from near‐infrared spectroscopy

An attempt is made to synthesize NIR reflectance spectra of the lunar highlands to obtain global information about the composition of the lunar near-side crust. Major rock types identified include noritic, anorthositic, gabbric, and troctolitic compositions. Seventy-five percent of the areas that represent samples from the upper 1-2 km of lunar crust exhibit noritic compositions with different amounts of pyroxene and/or brecciation alteration. The data demonstrate that the lunar near-side crust is clearly mineralogically heterogeneous, both laterally and vertically, and not well mixed below 1-2 km.
Does surgeon case volume influence nonfatal adverse outcomes after rectal cancer resection

Background The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between surgeon and hospital volume and major postoperative complications after rectal cancer surgery, and to define other surgeon and hospital characteristics that may explain observed volume-complication relationships. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort design using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry program for individuals with stage I to III rectal cancer diagnosed between 1992 and 1999 and treated with resection. The patients' Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data were linked with Medicare claims data from 1991 to 2000. The primary outcomes were 30-day postoperative procedural interventions (PPI) to treat surgical complications, such as reoperation. The association between surgeon volume and PPI was examined using logistic regression modeling with adjustment for covariates. Results The odds of a rectal cancer patient requiring a PPI is notably less if the operation is performed by one of a small subset of very high volume surgeons (unadjusted odds ratio 0.53; 95% CI 0.31 to 0.92). Board certification in colorectal surgery did not alter the relationship between surgeon volume and PPI, although surgeon age did, with mid-career surgeons having the lowest rates of PPI, regardless of practice volume. When adjusted for surgeon age, surgeon volume is no longer a marked predictor of complications (adjusted odds ratio 0.57; 95% CI 0.30 to 1.09). Conclusions Overall, rectal cancer operations are safe, with a low frequency of severe complications. A subset of very high volume rectal surgeons performs these operations with fewer complications that require procedural intervention or reoperation. Surgeon age, as an indicator of experience, also contributes modestly to outcomes. These data do not justify regionalizing rectal cancer care based on safety concerns.
TRPM8 Is Required for Cold Sensation in Mice

ThermoTRPs, a subset of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family of cation channels, have been implicated in sensing temperature. TRPM8 and TRPA1 are both activated by cooling; however, it is unclear whether either ion channel is required for thermosensation in vivo. We show that mice lacking TRPM8 have severe behavioral deficits in response to cold stimuli. In thermotaxis assays of temperature gradient and two-temperature choice assays, TRPM8-deficient mice exhibit strikingly reduced avoidance of cold temperatures. TRPM8-deficient mice also lack behavioral response to cold-inducing icilin application and display an attenuated response to acetone, an unpleasant cold stimulus. However, TRPM8-deficient mice have normal nociceptive-like responses to subzero centigrade temperatures, suggesting the presence of at least one additional noxious cold receptor. Finally, we show that TRPM8 mediates the analgesic effect of moderate cooling after administration of formalin, a painful stimulus. Therefore, depending on context, TRPM8 contributes to sensing unpleasant cold stimuli or mediating the effects of cold analgesia.
The Use of a Bipolar Item Format for FACES III: A Reconsideration.

FACES III, and cohesion, independence, and conflict scales form the Family Assessment Device, the Family Environment Scale and the Structural Family Interaction Scale-Revised were administered to 183 high school seniors and college freshmen. The results of polynomial regression analysis indicate FACES III is a linear measure of cohesion and adaptability. MANOVA findings are used to re-examine the suggestion that a bipolar item format is the only, or best, solution for turnig FACES III into a curvilinear measure of the Circumplex Model.
Titanium-mediated living radical styrene polymerizations. VI. Cp2TiCl-catalyzed initiation by epoxide radical ring opening: Effect of the reducing agents, temperature, and titanium/epoxide and titanium/zinc ratios

The effects of the reducing agent, temperature, and epoxide/Ti and Ti/Zn ratios were investigated for the Cp2TiCl-catalyzed living radical polymerization of styrene initiated by epoxide radical ring opening. No reduction of bis(cyclopenta- dienyl)titanium dichloride occurred with Cu, Devarda's alloy, Ni, Ce, Cr, Sn, Mo, and ascorbic acid, whereas Al, lithium nitride, Mn, Sm, and Fe led to free-radical or poorly controlled polymerizations. The best results were obtained with Zn alloy, pow- der, or nanoparticles. Nano-Zn provided the lowest polydispersity index values, high- est initiator efficiency (IE), and fastest reaction rate while maintaining a well-defined living polymerization. Progressively lower polydispersity was obtained with an increasing excess of Zn with an optimum at Cp2TiCl/Zn ¼ 1/2. This was rationalized through the heterogeneous nature of Zn and its possible involvement in the reversi- ble termination step. The polymerization was insensitive to light or dark conditions, and a linear dependence of Mn on the conversion was observed at all temperatures in the 60-130 8C range with an optimum at 70-90 8C. A stoichiometric 1/2 epoxide/Ti ratio provided low polydispersity (weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight < 1.2) and high IE, whereas increasing the epoxide/Ti ratio to 1/3 maintained a low polydispersity index but decreased the IE. V C 2006 Wiley Periodicals,
Damping parametric instabilities in future gravitational wave detectors by means of electrostatic actuators

It has been suggested that the next generation of interferometric gravitational wave detectors may observe spontaneously excited parametric oscillatory instabilities. We present a method of actively suppressing any such instability through application of electrostatic forces to the interferometers' test masses. Using numerical methods we quantify the actuation force required to damp candidate instabilities and find that such forces are readily achievable. Our predictions are subsequently verified experimentally using prototype Advanced LIGO hardware, conclusively demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach.
Plasmonic Superpixel Sensor for Compressive Spectral Sensing

In multispectral and hyperspectral sensing, there is a growing need for a versatile sensor capable of adapting response and improving detection of hard-to-find dynamic targets of interest in contested environments. Such on-the-fly adaptivity in current systems requires significant data resources and computation time for data analysis. In order to implement practical systems with this capability, sensors that reduce data loads and computational requirements while maintaining performance are required. To this end, we report a novel hybrid algorithm sensor method using plasmon-based tunable superpixels and a compressive spectral sensing (CSS) algorithm for the next generation of hyperspectral sensors. The benefit of our hybrid approach is that it enables us to effectively sense a minimal data set and only performs simple arithmetic such as linear superposition to extract spectral features of a target without requiring actual spectral filters. In this paper, we focus on the selection of a minimum basis of plasmonic spectral bands, the configuration of superpixels using selected plasmonic structures, and finally the generalization of a CSS algorithm to process superpixel data for feature extractions. The performance of algorithm-driven superpixels has been successfully demonstrated with the context of reconstructing infrared spectral signatures.
Distinctive Pattern of Sequence Polymorphism in the NS3 Protein of Hepatitis C Virus Type 1b Reflects Conflicting Evolutionary Pressures

Analysis of complete polyprotein-encoding sequences of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b (HCV-1b) showed evidence not only of past purifying selection but also of abundant slightly deleterious non-synonymous variants subject to ongoing purifying selection. The NS3 protein (with protease and NTPase/helicase activity) revealed less evidence of purifying selection acting on the cytotoxic T cells (CTL) epitopes than did the other proteins, whereas outside the CTL epitopes NS3 was more conserved than the other proteins. Moreover, NS3 showed a high incidence of forward-and-backward or parallel non-synonymous changes in CTL epitopes, as measured by the consistency index across the phylogeny of HCV-1b genomes computed at non-singleton non-synonymous polymorphic sites. This result implies that certain non-synonymous mutations have recurred frequently throughout the phylogeny in the codons encoding the epitopes in NS3. This pattern is most easily explained by the frequent re-occurrence of the same set of escape mutations in CTL epitopes of NS3, which are selectively favoured within hosts expressing the presenting class I major histocompatibility complex molecule, but are subject to purifying selection at the population level. The fact that this pattern is most strikingly observed in the case of NS3 suggests that the evolutionary conflict between immune escape and functional constraint on the protein is more acute in the case of NS3 than any of the other proteins of HCV-1b.