cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of the anti-tuberculosis drug ethionamide by mouse and human FMO1, FMO2 and FMO3 and mouse and human lung microsomes

Tuberculosis (TB) results from infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and remains endemic throughout the world with one-third of the world's population infected. The prevalence of multi-drug resistant strains necessitates the use of more toxic second-line drugs such as ethionamide (ETA), a pro-drug requiring bioactivation to exert toxicity. M. tuberculosis possesses a flavin monooxygenase (EtaA) that oxygenates ETA first to the sulfoxide and then to 2-ethyl-4-amidopyridine, presumably through a second oxygenation involving sulfinic acid. ETA is also a substrate for mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs). We examined activity of expressed human and mouse FMOs toward ETA, as well as liver and lung microsomes. All FMOs converted ETA to the S-oxide (ETASO), the first step in bioactivation. Compared to M. tuberculosis, the second S-oxygenation to the sulfinic acid is slow. Mouse liver and lung microsomes, as well as human lung microsomes from an individual expressing active FMO, oxygenated ETA in the same manner as expressed FMOs, confirming this reaction functions in the major target organs for therapeutics (lung) and toxicity (liver). Inhibition by thiourea, and lack of inhibition by SKF-525A, confirm ETASO formation is primarily via FMO, particularly in lung. ETASO production was attenuated in a concentration-dependent manner by glutathione. FMO3 in human liver may contribute to the toxicity and/or affect efficacy of ETA administration. Additionally, there may be therapeutic implications of efficacy and toxicity in human lung based on the FMO2 genetic polymorphism, though further studies are needed to confirm that suggestion.
Cheddar Cheese Made from Milk that was Precultured with Psychrotrophic Bacteria

Abstract Cheddar cheese was made from milks with and without growth of psychrotrophic bacteria before pasteurization. Chemical and bacteriological evaluations were made on the milks and on whey and cheese from the milks. Sensory evaluation was also done on cheese samples. The percentage of nonprotein nitrogen and noncasein nitrogen increased over control milks when milk with psychrotrophic bacteria was held at 4.4C for 7 days. Processing time was decreased and a firmer curd resulted when Cheddar cheese was made from milk cultured with psychrotrophic bacteria rather than control milk. Differences were minor for milkfat, moisture, nitrogen content, and pH between cheeses made from control and precultured milks. Sensory evaluation revealed little difference between cheeses from control and treated milks at 3 mo of ripening at 4.4 or 10C. Unacceptable changes became evident at 6 mo, especially for cheeses ripened at 10 C.
Estimating three‐dimensional vehicle motion in an outdoor scene using stereo image sequences

We propose a motion estimation system that uses stereo image pairs as the input data. To perform experimental work, we also obtain a sequence of outdoor stereo images taken by two metric cameras. The system consists of four main stages, which are (1) determination of point correspondences on the stereo images, (2) correction of distortions in image coordinates, (3) derivation of 3D point coordinates from 2D correspondences, and (4) estimation of motion parameters based on 3D point correspondences. For the first stage of the system, we use a four-way matching algorithm to obtain matched point on two stereo image pairs at two consecutive time instants (ti and ti + 1). Since the input data are stereo images taken by cameras, it has two types of distortions, which are (i) film distortion and (ii) lens distortion. These two distortions must be corrected before any process can be applied on the matched points. To accomplish this goal, we use (i) bilinear transform for film distortion correction and (ii) lens formulas for lens distortion correction. After correcting the distortions, the results are 2D coordinates of each matched point that can be used to derive 3D coordinates. However, due to data noise, the calculated 3D coordinates to not usually represent a consistent rigid structure that is suitable for motion estimation; therefore, we suggest a procedure to select good 3D point sets as the input for motion estimation. The procedure exploits two constraints, rigidity between different time instants and uniform point distribution across the object on the image. For the last stage, we use an algorithm to estimate the motion parameters. We also wish to know what is the effect of quantization error on the estimated results; therefore an error analysis based on quantization error is performed on the estimated motion parameters. In order to test our system, eight sets of stereo image pairs are extracted from an outdoor stereo image sequence and used as the input data. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system does provide reasonable estimated motion parameters.
Of mops and maids : Contradictions and continuities in bureaucratized domestic work

This paper explores domestic employment relations in the context of the growth of the post-industrial service sector and the “stalled revolution.” The data comes from fieldwork conducted among domestic workers, employers, and clients, as well as managers and owners of housecleaning agencies. By presenting a case study of the household service agency “Helping Hands Housekeeping,” I compare and contrast bureaucratized arrangements of paid domestic work with the “traditional” private employment arrangement, demonstrating how the bureaucratization of paid domestic work has (and has not) affected the relations, conditions, and experiences of this occupation. To sell their service, managers train workers to “care” for clients. In addition, HHH managers create a work culture of caring and service as a form of worker control and as a strategy to combat worker turnover. The gender ideologies and personalized management tactics used by these organizations mask the low pay, part-time hours and lack of benefits that persist within the more bureaucratized arrangements of paid domestic work. Workers also implement “strategic personalism” in their relations with employers and clients and may seek out personalistic relationships and use them to their advantage. This research challenges the modernist notion that more formal and structured work relations are sufficient to eliminate the emotional and psychological exploitation of domestic workers. Indeed, my fieldwork suggests that private employment arrangements offer workers more options and greater potential for negotiating wages and control over the work process than do the more rationalized organizations and relations of household service agencies.
Examination of Strength Training and Detraining Effects in Expiratory Muscles

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine strength gains following expiratory muscle strength training (EMST) and to determine detraining effects when the training stimulus is removed. Me...
Preparation of lipid-free protein extracts of egg yolk

Abstract 1-Butanol extraction of chicken egg yolk homogenates containing 1 m NaCl yields lipid-free aqueous solutions of egg yolk proteins. These solutions, after dialysis, can be applied to a variety of chromatographic media without clogging. Although some proteins are denatured by this procedure, most of the water-soluble proteins remain in solution, including biotin-binding protein and riboflavin-binding protein.
Developmental Changes in Family Reactions during Their Infant's Prolonged Hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Developmental Changes in Family Reactions during Their Infant's Prolonged Hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
1042 INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS, A REVERSIBLE CAUSE OF RENAL FAILURE IN SARCOIDOSIS

Two male patients ages 12 and 18 years presented with severe renal functional impairment occurring during the course of untreated sarcoidosis. Renal manifestations were acute in the younger patient and chronic (4 mo.) in the older. On admission, serum creatinines (S Cr) were 6.1 and 12 mg/dl, serum calciums 10 and 10.2 mEq/L and hematocrits 29 and 2 8% respectively. Neither course was characterized by hypertension or oliguria. Urinary protein excretions were 1.4 and 1 gm/24 hrs. and the sediments were normal. IVP revealed normal size kidneys without calcifications. Renal biopsies in both revealed severe interstitial nephritis without calcium or granulomata. No glomerular disease was present in the younger patient, while 12 of 24 glomeruli were sclerotic in the older. Immunoglobulins were not present. Prednisone therapy 60 mg q.d. induced a complete remission of renal disease within 3 weeks in the younger patient (S Cr 0.8 mg/dl) and a significant improvement with S Cr diminishing to 5.7 mg/dl within 3 months, in the older patient. Our experience indicates that the previously unreported etiology of acute renal failure in sarcoidosis, acute interstitial nephritis, can be successfully treated with prednisone.
Relief threshold for eolian sand transport on alluvial fans

[1] Many arid alluvial-fan terraces downwind from eolian sand sources exhibit an abrupt increase in eolian epipedon thickness and sand content below a critical elevation which varies from fan to fan. Above this elevation, sand accumulates locally and is not transported across the fan. Below this elevation eolian sand from nearby playa and channel sources is readily transported across the distal fan. Here we test the hypothesis that these distal-fan eolian “corridors” are controlled by a threshold fan-surface relief. We propose that when along-strike relief falls below a critical threshold value, an eolian surface of transportation or “corridor” develops. To test this hypothesis, we measured multiple along-strike topographic profiles and eolian epipedon textures on two piedmonts in the Ivanpah Valley and adjacent Hidden Valley in Clark County, Nevada. Both piedmonts are located near sand-dominated playas and exhibit clear evidence of eolian transport across their distal fan regions. The near-surface boundary layer flow above each topographic profile was quantified using the multispectral finite difference (MSFD) numerical model. This model predicts the surface shear stress above complex terrain for any wind condition assuming neutrally stable flow. The minimum shear stress calculated by MSFD for each profile during extreme wind conditions was compared to the shear-velocity threshold necessary to initiate saltation. Model results showed that in proximal fan areas, along-strike relief was large enough to prevent eolian transport of all but fine sand particles. In distal fan profiles within the eolian corridor, model results predict shear stresses everywhere above threshold for both fine and coarse sand.
Do Interest Group Endorsements Cue Individual Contributions to House Candidates

Non-incumbents face an uphill battle in their quest to raise sufficient funds to compete effectively against seated House incumbents and, alternatively, in competitive open-seat House contests. Int...
A novel, fast entropy-minimization algorithm for bias field correction in MR images

A novel, fast entropy-minimization algorithm for bias field correction in magnetic resonance (MR) images is suggested to correct the intensity inhomogeneity degradation of MR images that has become an increasing problem with the use of phased-array coils. Four important modifications were made to the conventional algorithm: (a) implementation of a modified two-step sampling strategy for stacked 2D image data sets, which included reducing the size of the measured image on each slice with a simple averaging method without changing the number of slices and then using a binary mask generated by a histogram threshold method to define the sampled voxels in the reduced image; (b) improvement of the efficiency of the correction function by using a Legendre polynomial as an orthogonal base function polynomial; (c) use of a nonparametric Parzen window estimator with a Gaussian kernel to calculate the probability density function and Shannon entropy directly from the image data; and (d) performing entropy minimization with a conjugate gradient method. Results showed that this algorithm could correct different types of MR images from different types of coils acquired at different field strengths very efficiently and with decreased computational load.
Adenovirus E4 34k and E4 11k inhibit double strand break repair and are physically associated with the cellular DNA-dependent protein kinase.

The adenovirus oncoproteins E4 34k and E4 11k, the products of E4 open reading frames 6 and 3, respectively, individually prevent the formation of concatemers of the linear viral genome in infected cells. We show here that genome concatenation in E4 mutant-infected cells requires the cellular DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA PK) and that E4 34k inhibits V(D)J recombination, a normal cellular process that is also dependent on DNA PK. We further show that both E4 34k and E4 11k coimmunoprecipitate with DNA PK. These observations indicate that E4 products block formation of concatemers of the viral genome by inhibiting DNA PK-dependent double strand break repair and suggest that they act by forming a physical complex with DNA PK. DNA PK also participates in activation of p53 DNA-binding activity by DNA damage. By inhibiting DNA PK function, E4 products may block p53 activation in response to the products of viral DNA replication and thus provide a new mechanism to prevent apoptosis of infected cells.
Ascariasis in the tropics.

Summary Ascaris is one of the most prevalent and dangerous diseases of children of all underdeveloped countries. This is due to poverty, ignorance, low standards of sanitation and hygiene, especially the pollution of the soil by younger children. The problem is not only medical but socio-economic as well. The chief hope of an early improvement lies in the discovery and use by public health authorities of a cheap ovicidal drug which can be sprayed on the soil and on the floors of houses. Ascaris lunibricoides is the commonest intestinal parasite seen in children between 1–10 years of age, its chief incidence lying between the ages of 1–6 years. The clinical syndromes are fully described and classified under (1) Gastro-intestinal [medical or surgical], (2) Respiratory, (3) Nervous, (4) Pyrexial with enlargement of the liver, (5) Atypical and unusual cases due to migration of adult worms and larvae, and (6) Allergic. Treatment is indicated briefly. Santonin, Hetrazan, Banocide and Hexylresorcinol are the only drugs used by us. No vermifuges should be given to cases that me seriously ill with vomiting or toxaemia or have massive infestations till these disorders have first been overcome.
Studies of the Flash Carbonization Process. 1. Propagation of the Flaming Pyrolysis Reaction and Performance of a Catalytic Afterburner

The flash carbonization process quickly and efficiently produces biocarbon (i.e., charcoal) from biomass. This process involves the ignition of a flash fire at elevated pressure in a packed bed of biomass. The fire moves upward through the bed, against the downward flow of air, triggering the transformation of biomass into gas at elevated pressure and charcoal with fixed-carbon yields that can reach the thermochemical equilibrium “limit” within 20 min of reaction time. Research described in this paper had two foci. The first concerned the propagation of the flaming pyrolysis reaction. The spatial distribution of the products' properties confirmed that the carbonization reaction propagated upward from the bottom of the bed to its top, and revealed that the charcoal products were further carbonized and combusted from the top downward after the entire bed was converted to charcoal. In addition, we found that higher pressures increased the upward speed of the flame through the bed. The second focus concerned ...
Multiple pulse interactions and averaging in systems of coupled neural oscillators

Oscillators coupled strongly are capable of complicated behavior which may be pathological for biological control systems. Nevertheless, strong coupling may be needed to prevent asynchrony. We discuss how some neural networks may be designed to achieve only simple locking behavior when the coupling is strong. The design is based on the fact that the method of averaging produces equations that are capable only of locking or drift, not pathological complexity. Furthermore, it is shown that oscillators that interact by means of multiple pulses per cycle, dispersed around the cycle, behave like averaged equations, even if the number of pulses is small. We discuss the biological intuition behind this scheme, and show numerically that it works when the oscillators are taken to be composites, each unit of which is governed by a well-known model of a neural oscillator. Finally, we describe numerical methods for computing from equations for coupled limit cycle oscillators the averaged coupling functions of our theory.
Vitamin D and Alzheimer's disease: is there a link?

Objective To review the research on a possible link between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vitamin D deficiency. Data source MEDLINE/PUBMED (January 1950-January 2010) and ISI Web of Science searches (January 1900-January 2010) were conducted using the key words vitamin D, Alzheimer disease, and dementia to identify pertinent studies. The Cochrane Library was searched to identify review articles along with clinicaltrials.gov to identify unpublished research. Study selection and data extraction Vitamin D and (Alzheimer* disease or dementia) was entered into each database. Manual review of the search results identified trials that discussed an association between AD or dementia and vitamin D. Manual bibliography searches were performed to identify other pertinent articles. Data synthesis Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread problem among the elderly and has been associated with multiple disease states. Vitamin D deficiency has recently been linked to dementia, particularly AD, through several mechanisms. Current clinical trials discuss a possible link between low vitamin D levels and low cognitive test scores in AD patients. Conclusion The current observational studies seem to identify a link between vitamin D and dementia, particularly AD. Before this evidence can be used to make a recommendation for routine supplementation in elderly patients to prevent AD, more prospective trials with a longer follow-up period are needed to show a causality relationship.
Out of pocket cost comparison between Caucasian and minority breast cancer survivors in the Breast Cancer Education Intervention (BCEI)

The purpose of this article is to: (1) describe out of pocket (OOP) costs among minority and Caucasian participants in the BCEI, the Breast Cancer Education Intervention, a randomized clinical trial of psychoeducational quality of life interventions for breast cancer survivors (BCS); and (2) examine the OOP burden, as measured by the proportion of income spent OOP, between the two racial/ethnic groups. We examined baseline OOP costs reported by 261 early-stage I and II breast cancer survivors who participated in the BCEI trial. Data were collected using the Breast Cancer Finances Survey and the Breast Cancer Sociodemographic and Treatment Tool. OOP costs averaged $316 per month since diagnosis. Direct medical costs were $281, and direct non-medical were $66. There were no significant differences in total OOP costs or direct medical and non-medical OOP costs between minority and Caucasian BCS. Minority BCS with incomes of $40,000 or less spent a greater proportion of income in total OOP and direct medical OOP costs (31.4 and 27% for BCS with incomes ≤$20,000; 19.5 and 18.8% for BCS with incomes $20,001–40,0000) compared to their Caucasian counterparts (12.6 and 9.2% for BCS with incomes ≤$20,000; 8.7 and 8.2% for BCS with incomes $20,001–40,0000). OOP costs can be a considerable burden for breast cancer survivors representing as much as 31% of monthly income depending on BCS’ income levels. Future studies can investigate how this burden affects the quality of life of breast cancer survivors, especially minorities.
High-capacity Ca2+ binding of human skeletal calsequestrin.

Calsequestrin, the major calcium storage protein in both cardiac and skeletal muscle, binds large amounts of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and releases them during muscle contraction. For the first time, the crystal structures of Ca2+ complexes for both human (hCASQ1) and rabbit (rCASQ1) skeletal calsequestrin were determined, clearly defining their Ca2+ sequestration capabilities through resolution of high- and low-affinity Ca2+-binding sites. rCASQ1 crystallized in low CaCl2 buffer reveals three high-affinity Ca2+ sites with trigonal bipyramidal, octahedral, and pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometries, along with three low-affinity Ca2+ sites. hCASQ1 crystallized in high CaCl2 shows 15 Ca2+ ions, including the six Ca2+ ions in rCASQ1. Most of the low-affinity sites, some of which are μ-carboxylate-bridged, are established by the rotation of dimer interfaces, indicating cooperative Ca2+ binding that is consistent with our atomic absorption spectroscopic data. On the basis of these findings, we propose a mechanism for the observed in vitro and in vivo dynamic high-capacity and low-affinity Ca2+-binding activity of calsequestrin.
Utilizing immunoassays to determine systemic tomato spotted wilt virus infection for elucidating field resistance in peanut

Tomato spotted wilt disease was compared in three peanut cultivars, SunOleic 95R, Southern Runner (S. Runner) and DP-1, at two planting dates (April and May) and row spacings (7.6 and 15.2 cm) in a 2-year study in Florida. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was detected directly using an enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) in both leaf and root crown tissues throughout the growing season to determine the timing and percentage of infected plants. Under low disease pressure, in harvested samples, more April-planted peanuts were infected with TSWV than May-planted. TSWV infection was not affected by plant spacings regardless of disease pressure. Under low disease pressure, from 60 days after planting (DAP), the most susceptible cultivar, SunOleic 95R, had a significantly higher percentage of plants with TSWV compared to the more resistant cultivars. Under high disease pressure, TSWV infection was detected earlier (30 DAP), and there was a clear separation of cultivars, with SunOleic 95R showing the highest infection (75%) followed by S. Runner (55%) and then DP-1 (20%). A higher incidence of TSWV in root crowns compared to leaves was observed for all cultivars. A delayed accumulation of TSWV in a cultivar was a reliable indicator of resistance. The field resistance manifested by peanut may be due to factors that decrease TSWV systemic spread resulting in slower TSWV accumulation in root crowns.
106Ru/106Rh Plaque and proton radiotherapy for ocular melanoma: a comparative dosimetric study

The objective of this study was to perform comparative dosimetric studies of both 106Ru/106Rh plaque brachytherapy and external beam proton therapy proposed for ocular treatments at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. These modalities were also compared with traditional 125I plaque brachytherapy. Using a standardised eye model with a representative ocular melanoma tumour, the relative dose distributions within the tumour and surrounding tissue were calculated using the Monte Carlo code MCNPX. Published absorbed dose distributions benchmarked the Monte Carlo models. Results indicate that the proton beam provided superior dose uniformity within the tumour volume, whereas the dose distribution from 106Ru/106Rh was more heterogeneous. Relative to 125I COMS plaque, both 106Ru/106Rh and protons have shown more confined dose distributions to the tumour volume in this situation, thus sparing other critical ocular structures. For protons, it has been shown that only doses lower than the maximum dose are delivered outside the tumour volume. Depending on the clinical situation, this may aid in the sparing of critical structures located in the sclera and optic disc boundary. The Monte Carlo model's statistical uncertainties of the mean dose estimates for the 106Ru/106Rh plaque and proton beam were 3 and 2.5%, respectively.
Topological duality and lattice expansions, I: A topological construction of canonical extensions

The two main objectives of this paper are (a) to prove purely topological duality theorems for semilattices and bounded lattices, and (b) to show that the topological duality from (a) provides a construction of canonical extensions of bounded lattices. In previously known dualities for semilattices and bounded lattices, the dual spaces are compact 0-dimensional spaces with additional algebraic structure. For example, semilattices are dual to 0-dimensional compact semilattices. Here we establish dual categories in which the spaces are characterized purely in topological terms, with no additional algebraic structure. Thus the results can be seen as generalizing Stone’s duality for distributive lattices rather than Priestley’s. The paper is the first of two parts. The main objective of the sequel is to establish a characterization of lattice expansions, i.e., lattices with additional operations, in the topological setting built in this paper.
Optimal design of three-dimensional axisymmetric elastic structures

The problem of maximizing the overall stiffness of an elastic body comprised of given materials will be treated. Particular examples include the optimal shape and structure of shells, plates, domes, cantilevers, etc. The axisymmetry allows us to compute mathematically optimal out-of-plane examples. We will use recently developed variational methods of optimizing local composite structures in conjunction with a computational global minimization strategy. The optimal designs could be simplified into suboptimal projects subject to other practical considerations.
Structures of cytokinins influence synergistic production of ethylene

Abstract Twenty-five naturally occurring cytokinins and structurally related compounds were tested for their ability to promote ethylene production synergistica
Home Environmental Intervention in Inner-City Asthma: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Eggleston PA, Butz A, Rand C, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005;95:518–524 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. To conduct a randomized, controlled clinical trial to test the efficacy of home-based methods to reduce environmental pollutants and allergen exposure in the homes of asthmatic children living in an inner city. STUDY POPULATION. One hundred asthmatic children, ranging in age from 6 to 12 years, with physician-diagnosed asthma, current asthma symptoms, and no other chronic lung disease. METHODS. The families were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received intervention immediately (home-based education, cockroach and rodent extermination, mattress and pillow encasings, and a high-efficiency particulate air cleaner) or to a control group that received intervention at the end of the 1-year trial. In the treatment group, 84% received cockroach extermination, 70% received mouse extermination, and 75% used the air cleaner. Outcomes were evaluated against baseline by home evaluation at 6 and 12 months, clinical evaluation at 12 months, and multiple telephone interviews. RESULTS. Home particulate concentrations were lower at both 6 and 12 months in the treatment group. Home levels of particulate matter ≤10 μm declined by up to 39% in the treatment group as compared with an increase in the control group (P CONCLUSIONS. A tailored program of environmental and behavioral interventions to reduce indoor particulate matter and other relevant allergen levels in low-income, inner-city homes had a modest effect on asthma morbidity. REVIEWER COMMENTS. It is interesting to note that few of the 69% of the households with smokers in them changed smoking habits. Most likely, the environmental-control measures outlined in this article, implemented as part of a more comprehensive treatment plan including smoking cessation, could contribute more significantly to symptom reduction.
Chronic atrial fibrillation does not further decrease outward currents. It increases them.

Rapid atrial pacing causes electrical remodeling that leads to atrial fibrillation (AF). AF can further remodel atrial electrophysiology to maintain AF. Our previous studies showed that there was a...
Hydrogen Induced Si Surface Segregation on Ge-Covered Si(001)

Using Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy in conjunction with hydrogen adsorption to probe surface layer composition, we observe a reversible place exchange between Ge and Si on Ge-covered Si(001) when the surface is dosed with atomic H at elevated temperatures. First-principles calculations confirm a thermodynamic driving force for this place exchange. To explain the intriguing kinetics of the place exchange, which shows no time dependence, we propose a dimervacancy diffusion-assisted mechanism limited by vacancy interactions. [S0031-9007(98)07429-8]
An experience is worth 1K words

An introductory computer science course is presented which uses new techniques appropriate for a liberal arts college. Students learn standard topics by means of a series of guided labs in which they are active participants. The students learn to question, analyse, and construct examples, thereby acquiring the means for further inquiry and understanding. Irrelevant stumbling blocks are minimized in the hope that the positive learning process will be something they continue on their own.
Dealing with performance/portability and performance/accuracy trade-offs in heterogeneous computing systems: a case study with matrix multiplication modulo primes

We present the study of two important trade-offs in heterogeneous systems (i.e., between performance versus portability and between performance and accuracy) for a relevant linear algebra problem, matrix multiplication modulo primes. Integer matrix linear algebra methods rely heavily on matrix multiplication modulo primes. Double precision is necessary for exact representation of sufficiently many primes. We examine the performance losses due to the use of OpenCL versus CUDA and the use of double versus single precision. Our results indicate that performance losses from the former are minimal with the benefit of cross-platform portability and from the latter are acceptable when double precision is required.
Unintended Developments: Gender, Environment, and Collective Governance in a Mexican Ejido

This article examines the unintended outcomes of a neoliberal program designed to privatize Mexico's communal lands. Although postrevolutionary agrarian law excluded women from official landholding and leadership positions, steps toward land privatization inadvertently increased women's access to land, government resources, and political power. Using ethnographic and survey data collected in a Veracruz ejido, I demonstrate how Mexico's agrarian counterreforms triggered novel subjectivities and practices. While men acted as self-imagined private property owners and decreased participation in traditional governance institutions, women became registered land managers and leaders for the first time in the ejido's history. These interlocking processes stopped the land-titling program in its tracks and reinvigorated collective governance. Even state actors charged with carrying out ejido privatization were implicated in the empowerment of rural women and failure to fully privatize land. This research contribute...
Critical Biography and Management Education.

Management education in the United States tends to be structured around case analysis, “best practices,” and linear summaries of relevant research. This approach should be supplemented by the use o...
Polyimide materials based on pyromellitic dianhydride for the separation of carbon dioxide and methane gas mixtures

Abstract The sorption and transport of carbon dioxide and methane in a series of dense polyimide films were examined to evaluate these materials for gas separation applications. The polyimides described in this study are based on the reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) with oxydianiline (ODA), methylene dianiline (MDA), or isopropylidene dianiline (IPDA). The carbon dioxide permeabilities for this series of compounds increased in the order: PMDA-ODA
Coupled fire dynamics and thermal response of complex building structures

Abstract Simulation of the effects of severe fires on the structural integrity of buildings requires a close coupling between the gas phase energy release and transport phenomena, and the stress analysis in the load-bearing materials. The connection between the two is established primarily through the interaction of the radiative heat transfer between the solid and gas phases with the conduction of heat through the structural elements. This process is made difficult in large, geometrically complex buildings by the wide disparity in length and time scales that must be accounted for in the simulations. A procedure for overcoming these difficulties used in the analysis of the collapse of the World Trade Center towers is presented. The large scale temperature and other thermophysical properties in the gas phase are predicted using the NIST Fire Dynamics Simulator. Heat transfer to subgrid scale structural elements is calculated using a simple radiative transport model that assumes the compartment is locally divided into a hot, soot laden upper layer and a cool relatively clear lower layer. The properties of the two layers are extracted from temporal averages of the results obtained from the Fire Dynamics Simulator. Explicit formulae for the heat flux are obtained as a function of temperature, hot layer depth, soot concentration, and orientation of each structural element. These formulae are used to generate realistic thermal boundary conditions for a coupled transient three-dimensional finite element code. This code is used to generate solutions for the heating of complex structural assemblies.
Water‐Soluble Flavor and Odor Precursors of Meat. 5. Influence of Heating on Acid‐Extractable Non‐Nucleotide Chemical Constituents of Beef, Lamb and Pork

SUMMARY: Studies of the perchloric acid-extractable nitrogen, amino nitrogen, nonamino nitrogen, total carbohydrates, inorganic phosphate, free creatinine, creatine and total creatine plus creatinine of raw and heated beef, lamb and pork were made. Specific changes that occurred in the various constituents during heating are discussed. An extensive study of the influence of heating on certain chemical constituents of 80 beef samples of eight different cuts was also performed. Changes in chemical constituents during cooking of the various beef cuts were greatest in Choice clod and Good calf clod roasts, followed by round roasts and smallest changes occurred in rib steaks. Cooking caused significant increases in creatinine and decreases in amino and non-amino nitrogen, creatine and total carbohydrates. Creatine-creatinine was a better index of sensory quality than other chemical constituents studied.
Pharmacogenetics and the serotonin system: initial studies and future directions.

Abstract Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) appears to play a role in the pathophysiology of a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, and serotonergic agents are of central importance in neuropharmacology. Genes encoding various components of the 5-HT system are being studied as risk factors in depression, schizophrenia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, aggression, alcoholism, and autism. Recently, pharmacogenetic research has begun to examine possible genetic influences on therapeutic response to drugs affecting the serotonin system. Genes regulating the synthesis ( TPH ), storage ( VMAT2 ), membrane uptake ( HTT ), and metabolism ( MAOA ) of 5-HT, as well as a number of 5-HT receptors ( HTR1A , HTR1B , HTR2A , HTR2C , and HTR5A ), have been studied and this initial research is reviewed here. After a brief introduction to serotonin neurobiology and a general discussion of appropriate genetic methodology, each of the major 5-HT-related genes and their encoded proteins are reviewed in turn. For each gene, relevant polymorphisms and research on functional variants are discussed; following brief reviews of the disorder or trait association and linkage studies, pharmacogenetic studies performed to date are covered. The critical and manifold roles of the serotonin system, the great abundance of targets within the system, the wide range of serotonergic agents—available and in development—and the promising preliminary results suggest that the serotonin system offers a particularly rich area for pharmacogenetic research.
An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is required for paramutation in maize

Paramutation is an allele-dependent transfer of epigenetic information, which results in the heritable silencing of one allele by another. Paramutation at the b1 locus in maize is mediated by unique tandem repeats that communicate in trans to establish and maintain meiotically heritable transcriptional silencing. The mop1 (mediator of paramutation1) gene is required for paramutation, and mop1 mutations reactivate silenced Mutator elements. Plants carrying mutations in the mop1 gene also stochastically exhibit pleiotropic developmental phenotypes. Here we report the map-based cloning of mop1, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene (RDRP), most similar to the RDRP in plants that is associated with the production of short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting chromatin. Nuclear run-on assays reveal that the tandem repeats required for b1 paramutation are transcribed from both strands, but siRNAs were not detected. We propose that the mop1 RDRP is required to maintain a threshold level of repeat RNA, which functions in trans to establish and maintain the heritable chromatin states associated with paramutation.
Chemically amplified negative resist for e-beam fabrication of x-ray masks

We are reporting on a chemically amplified negative-tone resist developed at IBM. The resist consists of three components: novolac resin, photoacid generator, and crosslinker. The resist is sensitive to DUV, e-beam, and x ray. However, this paper focuses on the e-beam application oriented toward x-ray mask fabrication. The mask process includes post-apply and post-exposure bake of membranes in a convention oven. The exposure was completed in an IBM EL-3 + system equipped with a variable axis immersion lens (VAIL). The membranes were developed in an APT processor with 0.03 N TMAH employing an interrupt develop process. The resist sensitivity ranged from 5 to 10 (mu) C/cm 2 depending on the resist formulation and the process parameters. The contrast was found to be greater than 5.
Development of New Predictors of Intrinsically Disordered Proteins and Residues

The concepts of intrinsic disorder (ID) and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) are being increasingly accepted by the scientific community. Although without unique 3D structures under physiological conditions, IDPs play important roles in many crucial biological processes, such as signaling, recognition, and regulation. However, identification of ID residues and IDPs is still challenging. Experimental methods are both time consuming and expensive. Computational methods are frustrated by the modest accuracy, especially on boundary regions and on short disordered segments. In attempts to improve the prediction accuracy, we developed four new predictors: CDF-all, PONDR-FIT, SPA, and Chopper. All these predictors showed some improvements over previous methods. CDF-all and PONDR-FIT employed artificial neural networks to refine the prediction results of six individual predictors (PONDR-VLXT, PONDR-VL3, PONDR-VSL2, IUpred, FoldIndex, and TopIDP). CDF-all predicts the disordered status of the entire sequence, while PONDR-FIT gives the disorder tendency of each residue. SPA was specifically designed for short peptides by creating sequence ensembles and taking the average of PONDR-VLXT predictions over the ensemble. Chopper cuts the query sequence into short segments and applies SPA on each short segment. The final prediction of Chopper is a refined average of SPA. Since the development of the first disorder predictor in 1997, there are currently more than 50 predictors. Although new predictors are continuously coming, the prediction accuracy seems to be approaching a ceiling. Our approach as demonstrated by these four methods is to develop new prediction strategies. CDF-all and PONDR-FIT integrate several individual predictors. SPA and Chopper enable focus on regions giving lower accuracies. These new approaches each provide additional improvement over previous predictors, but none of these new approaches significantly surpasses the ceiling, which is estimated to be near 85% accuracy for two state, structure/disorder, predictions.
F. W. Taussig's Economic Theory of Population

Introduction, 165.—Taussig's theory of fertility, 166.—Differentials in fertility, 169.—Summary, 170.
PhiC31 integrase induces efficient site-specific excision in zebrafish

Site-specific recombinases catalyze recombination between specific targeting sites to delete, insert, invert, or exchange DNA with high fidelity. In addition to the widely used Cre and Flp recombinases, the phiC31 integrase system from Streptomyces phage may also be used for these genetic manipulations in eukaryotic cells. Unlike Cre and Flp, phiC31 recognizes two heterotypic sites, attB and attP, for recombination. While the phiC31 system has been recently applied in mouse and human cell lines and in Drosophila, it has not been demonstrated whether it can also catalyze efficient DNA recombination in zebrafish. Here we show that phiC31 integrase efficiently induces site-specific deletion of episomal targets as well as chromosomal targets in zebrafish embryos. Thus, the phiC31 system can be used in zebrafish for genetic manipulations, expanding the repertoire of available tools for genetic manipulation in this vertebrate model.
Effect of velocity gradients on measurements of turbulent shear stress

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of normal velocity gradients on hot wire measurements in a subsonic boundary layer of the same size as the flow investigated by Johnson and Rose (1975). Both hot wire and film anemometers were used to measure the turbulent properties of the boundary layer. A special X-wire probe with one wire vertical and the other at an angle of about 40 deg to the flow was used to demonstrate the gradient effects. The results indicate that major errors are encountered when mean and turbulent velocity gradients exist along the length of hot wire sensors, the problem being more pronounced at high speeds. Although the split film sensor results show a significant improvement over the X-wire sensor, further reduction in the space resolution of sensors by roughly an order of magnitude would appear to be necessary to reduce the error to acceptable values near the wall.
Vertebrate patterning: how to cross-stitch an embryo

`Life forms illogical patterns. It is haphazard and full of beauties which I try to catch as they fly by, for who knows whether any of them will ever return?' I doubt the dancer Margot Fonteyn was ever a student of developmental biology; however, if she was, she would have appreciated that
Spherically Symmetric Classical Solutions in SU(2) Gauge Theory With a Higgs Field

A consistent ansatz for time dependent classical solutions in an SU(2) gauge theory with a doublet Higgs field is presented. The (3+1)-dimensional field equations are reduced to those of an effective (1+1)-dimensional theory. This ansatz describes solutions which travel between topologically distinct classical vacua of the non-abelian gauge theory. The real time version of these solutions describes the creation and decay of the unstable static “sphaleron”, the imaginary time version describes a euclidean instanton.
A Comparison of Three Equation-of-State Compositional Simulators

The compositional equation of state formulations by Coats (C), Nghiem, Fong, and Aziz (NFA), and Young and Stephenson (YS) are compared for both immiscible (IM) and multiple contact miscible (MCM) problems. Coats' formulation has the largest computer memory requirements and computation times. Nghiem, Fong, and Aziz's formulation requires the least memory, and Young and Stephenson's formulation is generally the fastest.
Affinity Tag for Protein Purification and Detection Based on the Disulfide-Linked Complex of InaD and NorpA

Affinity tags are not only used for the expression and purification of recombinant proteins but also for the detection of proteinprotein interactions. Common problems with many affinity tags are excessive length, which may interfere with the structure and function of tagged proteins, and low affinity and/or specificity for primary detection and purification agents. Preliminary results suggest that the C-terminal five residues of the Drosophila protein NorpA, based on the short, covalent interaction they make with the N-terminal PDZ domain (PDZ1) of InaD, are useful as a general affinity tag. First, a PDZ1-alkaline phosphatase fusion protein specifically detects both its physiological ligand and a heterologous protein expressing the NorpA C-terminal five residues. The interaction of PDZ1 with a NorpA-tagged protein is reversible by a reducing agent, which allows nitrocellulose membranes to be stripped completely and reused. In addition, a NorpA-tagged protein can specifically bind to immobilized PDZ1 resin, while other cellular proteins are washed through. After washing, the NorpAtagged protein is eluted by a reducing buffer. The NorpA tag’s short length makes it the smallest affinity tag available, and its specific and high-affinity interaction with PDZ1 could yield a powerful system that improves on currently available technology.
PATCHES OF CRAB MEGALOPAE IN THE MOUTH OF DELAWARE BAY—AN ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL SCALES

Abstract Recent studies have shown that zoea larvae of brachyuran crabs often occur in patches that are formed at spawning and persist on time scales ranging from days to at least a week. In the present work we investigated the spatial distribution of the megalopal stage of 2 taxa of brachyurans (Callinectes sapidus and Uca spp.) in Delaware Bay on the east coast of North America (ca. 38.6°N, 75.2°W). We used a combination of high-frequency plankton sampling and data from a moored current meter to characterize the length scale of patches of megalopae at a single station in the mouth of the bay. The study consisted of 12 separate sampling periods during the late summers of 2001 and 2002. During each period, plankton were collected every 10 min over a single flood-tidal phase. Current-velocity data were collected simultaneously via an S-4 current meter moored at the station. Subsequent analysis demonstrated the transport of patches of megalopae past the station during five of the sampling periods. The radiu...
High-order dispersion in photonic crystal waveguides.

High-order dispersion in the slow-light regime of photonic crystal (PhC) waveguides was measured by utilizing integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) structures, and compared with theoretical results obtained from 3D plane-wave calculations. Highly accurate measurements of group-velocity dispersion (GVD), third-order dispersion (TOD) and fourth-order dispersion (FOD) at high group-index (ng) values were enabled by minimizing external phase-distortions and increasing signal-to-noise ratio in the MZI. The experimental results for GVD, TOD, and FOD parameters at ng~100 were ~102ps2/mm, ~104ps3/mm, and ~105ps3/mm respectively. The results emphasize the importance of taking into consideration the effect of TOD and FOD on pulse broadening in the slow-light regime.