cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Equations for the elastic constants and their pressure derivatives for three cubic lattices and some geophysical applications

Lattice dynamical considerations and a Born repulsive potential between atoms lead to equations for the elastic constants of the cubic NaCl, CsCl and ZnS lattices as a function of compression. The NaCl lattice is unstable for n < 4.6 and the CsCl lattice is unstable for n < 7.2, where n is the exponent of the repulsive power law. The pressure derivatives of the shear constants (c′, c44) show a strong dependence upon crystallographic structure; for the ZnS lattice both dc′/dP and dc44/dP are negative for all reasonable values of n. The theoretical values of dcij/dP compare favorably with experimental results. For the isotropic shear modulus (μ), dμ/dP is determined by Poisson's ratio and the coordination of the ions in the lattice. Low (and possibly negative) values of dμ/dP are likely for several materials of importance to geophysics; such values would make low-velocity zones possible and interpretation of shock-wave data difficult. Vanishing of a shear constant predicts phase transitions at compression (V/V0) of 0.95 for the ZnS lattice, 0.75 for the NaCl lattice, and 0.60 for the CsCl lattice. The CsCl transition is predicted in spite of the fact that none of the elastic constants have a negative pressure derivative at zero pressure. The equation of state parameters, K0 and (dK/dP)0 (where K is the bulk modulus), are almost independent of crystallographic structure. K0 arises entirely from the Laplacian of the repulsive potential. (dK/dP)0 = 13(n+7) so that the stability limits on n make it unlikely that (dK/dP)0 < 3.5 for the NaCl lattice or less than 5 for the CsCl lattice.
Induction of colon mucosal β-glucuronidase production as a mechanism for 1,2-dimethylhydrazine colon carcinogenesis

Although early studies in germ-free rats showed almost complete dependence on dimethylhydrazine (DMH) colon carcinogenesis upon the presence of colon bacteria, no adequate explanation was given for the 20% tumor incidence observed in germ-free animals. Bacterial activation of liver microsomal products releasing active proximate carcinogens has been the accepted reason for the exquisite specificity DMH has for the colon. Recent work, including the present study, show the colon mucosa is capable of metabolizing carcinogens and activating conjugating forms metabolized in the liver independent of the intestinal microflora. Mucosal beta-glucuronidase production was assayed in coded, scraped mucosa samples from the duodenum/jejunum, ileum, right colon, and left colon of normal and DMH-treated rats. Normal mucosal beta-glucuronidase production was highest in the left colon followed by the right colon, duodenum, and ileum, respectively. Enzyme production in the left colon was significantly increased 24 hours after injection of 25 mg/kg body weight DMH. No elevation was seen in other mucosal samples. Metabolism of DMH to oxidated forms conjugated to glucuronic acid is well established. Thus, this study offers a possible role for carcinogen, induction of a metabolic enzyme in its target tissue.
Use of Root Cause Analysis in Nursing Education: Best Practice from the Quality and Safety Officer

Teaching nursing students to be safe in practice is a key element to any nursing curriculum. This article will discuss the use of a Root Cause Analysis (RCO) framework with prelicensure nursing students, by the Quality and Safety Officer (QSO) in a School of Nursing and Health Professions, as a method to enhance transparency and improve patient safety. The aim is to provide a rationale for using this strategy, to identify the steps of a root cause analysis, to disclose barriers to its successful use, and to explore dissemination to the partnering healthcare environments.
BEAMing up for detection and quantification of rare sequence variants

BEAMing allows the one-to-one conversion of a population of DNA fragments into a population of beads. We used rolling circle amplification to increase the number of copies bound to such beads by more than 100-fold. This allowed enumeration of mutant and wild-type sequences even when they were present at ratios less than 1:10,000 and was sensitive enough to directly quantify the error rate of DNA polymerases used for PCR.
The Use of Large Group Assistive Listening Devices With and Without Hearing Aids in an Adult Classroom Setting

During a hearing loss management workshop, 10 listeners with normal hearing sensitivity and 18 listeners with sensorineural hearing loss compared four group assistive listening devices (ALDs)—FM, i...
"Representing" mission from below: Historians as interpreters and agents of Christianization

Discussion of mission in east Roman or Byzantine history has typically focused on imperial ambitions, royal conversions, and a “top-down” approach to Christianization. The Christian emperor, the earthly image of the heavenly king, had been called by God to propagate the faith and civilize the barbarians. Toward this end he sent out emissaries to foreign potentates, and the conversion of the ruler was soon followed by the Christianization of his people. Such narratives largely ignore missionaries “from below,” deemed “accidental” evangelists, and focus instead on imperially sponsored or “professional missionaries.” Several recent studies have added nuance to the traditional picture by devoting increased attention to mission from below or presenting Christianization as a process comprising multiple stages that spanned several centuries. Building on my own previous article on this theme, the present essay will reexamine narratives of unofficial mission on the eastern frontiers, in particular accounts of captive women credited with converting whole kingdoms to the Christian faith. In each case a female ascetic has either been taken prisoner or has lived for some time as a captive in a foreign land just beyond east Roman borders. The woman's steadfast adherence to her pious way of life, performance of apostolic signs, and verbal testimony to faith in Christ move the ruler and his people to accept the Christian God.
Saturation of copper-iron mattes with solid magnetite

Conditions which lead to the saturation of simple copper-iron mattes with solid magnetite have been evaluated in this study. Diagrams have been developed which illustrate quantitatively the surface of saturation of matte with magnetite in the phase and stability diagrams for the Cu-Fe-S-0 system at 1468 K and 1 atm total pressure. Conditions fo. simultaneous saturation of matte with magnetite and gas (P so2 + P s2= 1 atm) have also been estimated by extrapolation of the data on magnetitesaturated mattes. Comparison of the results with compositions of mattes from oxygen-enriched smelters indicates that these smelters operate at magnetite saturation under conditions close to equilibrium. Conditions during oxygen-enriched smelting can be predicted from the diagrams given in this paper and correlation equations for the oxygen and sulfur concentrations in magnetitesaturated matte which were previously developed from the experimental data.
Medicine and Morality in Haiti: The Contest for Healing Power

Medicine and Morality in Haiti: The Contest for Healing Power. Paul Brodwin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. xvi. 240 pp., Illustrations, glossary, notes, bibliography, index.
Simple Learning Design 2.0

Contemporary learning design specifications are rarely implemented in learning platforms even though they would bring value to end-users. Unlike its predecessors, Simple Learning Design 2.0 (SLD 2.0) proposes a straight-forward and cost effective approach to learning design. SLD 2.0 was designed and implemented in a course management system by experienced learning systems developers, instructional designers and learning designers. SLD 2.0 proposes an XML binding usable as an unofficial add-on to the IMS-CC v1.0 specification.
Anesthesia Awareness and the Bispectral Index

Background Awareness during anesthesia is a serious complication with potential long-term psychological consequences. Use of the bispectral index (BIS), developed from a processed electroencephalogram, has been reported to decrease the incidence of anesthesia awareness when the BIS value is maintained below 60. In this trial, we sought to determine whether a BIS-based protocol is better than a protocol based on a measurement of end-tidal anesthetic gas (ETAG) for decreasing anesthesia awareness in patients at high risk for this complication. Methods We randomly assigned 2000 patients to BIS-guided anesthesia (target BIS range, 40 to 60) or ETAG-guided anesthesia (target ETAG range, 0.7 to 1.3 minimum alveolar concentration [MAC]). Postoperatively, patients were assessed for anesthesia awareness at three intervals (0 to 24 hours, 24 to 72 hours, and 30 days after extubation). Results We assessed 967 and 974 patients from the BIS and ETAG groups, respectively. Two cases of definite anesthesia awareness occurred in each group (absolute difference, 0%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.56 to 0.57%). The BIS value was greater than 60 in one case of definite anesthesia awareness, and the ETAG concentrations were less than 0.7 MAC in three cases. For all patients, the mean (±SD) time-averaged ETAG concentration was 0.81±0.25 MAC in the BIS group and 0.82±0.23 MAC in the ETAG group (P = 0.10; 95% CI for the difference between the BIS and ETAG groups, −0.04 to 0.01 MAC). Conclusions We did not reproduce the results of previous studies that reported a lower incidence of anesthesia awareness with BIS monitoring, and the use of the BIS protocol was not associated with reduced administration of volatile anesthetic gases. Anesthesia awareness occurred even when BIS values and ETAG concentrations were within the target ranges. Our findings do not support routine BIS monitoring as part of standard practice. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00281489.)
UAS-Based Radar Sounding of the Polar Ice Sheets

Abstract-Both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are currently losing mass and contributing to global sea level rise. To predict the response of these ice sheets to a warming climate, ice-sheet models must be improved by incorporating information on the bed topography and basal conditions of fast-flowing glaciers near their grounding lines. High-sensitivity, low-frequency radars with 2-D aperture synthesis capability are needed to sound and image fast-flowing glaciers with very rough surfaces and ice that contains inclusions. In response to this need, CReSIS developed an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) equipped with a dual-frequency radar that operates at approximately 14 and 35 MHz. The radar transmits 100-W peak power at a pulse repetition frequency of 10 kHz, operates from 20 W of DC power, and weighs approximately 2 kg. The UAS has a take-off weight of about 38.5 kg and a range of approximately 100 km per gallon of fuel. We recently completed several successful test flights of the UAS equipped with the dual-frequency radar at a field camp in Antarctica. The radar measurements performed as a part of these test flights represent the first-ever successful sounding of glacial ice with a UAS-based radar. We also collected data for synthesizing a 2-D aperture, which is required to prevent off-vertical scatter, caused by the rough surfaces of fast-flowing glaciers, from masking bed echoes. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the need for radar soundings of fast-flowing glaciers at low-frequencies and a brief description of the UAS and radar. We also discuss our field operations and provide sample results from data collected in Antarctica. Finally, we present our future plans, which include miniaturizing the radar and collecting measurements in Greenland.
Contrasting Climatic Controls on the Estimated Productivity of Global Terrestrial Biomes

Net primary productivity (NPP) represents the greatest annual carbon flux from the atmosphere to the biosphere, is an important component of seasonal fluctuations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and is the most critical biotic component of the global carbon cycle. NPP measures products of major economic and social importance, such as crop yield and forest production. Given that global NPP can not be measured directly, model simulations must provide understanding of its global spatial and temporal dynamics. In this study, we used the biogeochemical model BIOME-BGC to simulate global terrestrial NPP and assessed relative importance of climatic controls (temperature, water availability, and radiation) in limiting NPP in the array of climatic combinations found globally. The degree of limitation on NPP by climatic controls was defined by using an empirical membership function. Results showed that temperature or water availability limited NPP over larger land areas (31% and 52%, respectively) than did radiation limitation (5%). Climatic controls appeared to be important in limiting productivity in most vegetation biomes, except for evergreen broadleaf forests. Nevertheless, there were areas of the globe (12%) where none of the climatic factors appeared to limit NPP. Our research has suggested that other environmental controls, such as nutrient availability or biological constraints, should then be considered. The wide distribution of NPP between zero and the upper boundary values in the correlation plots indicated that multivariate environmental balances, not single limiting factors, controlled biospheric productivity.
DPCM-based vibration sensor data compression and its effect on structural system identification

Due to the large scale and complexity of civil infrastructures, structural health monitoring typically requires a substantial number of sensors, which consequently generate huge volumes of sensor data. Innovative sensor data compression techniques are highly desired to facilitate efficient data storage and remote retrieval of sensor data. This paper presents a vibration sensor data compression algorithm based on the Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) method and the consideration of effects of signal distortion due to lossy data compression on structural system identification. The DPCM system concerned consists of two primary components: linear predictor and quantizer. For the DPCM system considered in this study, the Least Square method is used to derive the linear predictor coefficients and Jayant quantizer is used for scalar quantization. A 5-DOF model structure is used as the prototype structure in numerical study. Numerical simulation was carried out to study the performance of the proposed DPCM-based data compression algorithm as well as its effect on the accuracy of structural identification including modal parameters and second order structural parameters such as stiffness and damping coefficients. It is found that the DPCM-based sensor data compression method is capable of reducing the raw sensor data size to a significant extent while having a minor effect on the modal parameters as well as second order structural parameters identified from reconstructed sensor data.
Parasporal bodies of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (PG-14) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis are similar in protein composition and toxicity

The mosquitocidal parasporal bodies of the PG-14 isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. morrisoni and B. thuringiensis ssp. israelensis were purified on sodium bromide gradients and compared using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) electron microscopy and bioassays against mosquito larvae. The parasporal bodies of both subspecies were spherical/ovoidal, approx. 0.7–1.2 μm in diameter, and contained major proteins of 28, 65, 126 and 135 kDa. In addition to these, the parasporal body of B. thuringiensis ssp. morrisoni contained at least one other major protein, of 144 kDa, which correlated with the presence of a quasi-bi-pyramidal inclusion not present in the B. thuringiensis ssp. israelensis parasporal body. The LC50 for parasporal bodies of each subspecies was in the range of 3 ng/ml for fourth-instars of Aedes aegypti. These results indicate that B. thuringiensis Serotype 8a:8b, which is generally considered to produce proteins toxic to lepidopterous insects, is capable of producing a protein toxin complement similar to B. thuringiensis Serotype 14.
Critical curves for implanted garnet films in the presence of a demagnetizing field

Demagnetizing fields near implanted/non‐implanted boundaries have a significant effect upon the magnetization directions in contiguous disk devices. A new critical curve for the stable magnetization directions in an implanted garnet film is derived, including the effect of a uniform demagnetizing field. The magnitude of the in‐plane field on the critical curve boundary is increased by the presence of the demagnetizing field. For a long, narrow implanted region, aligned along one three‐fold easy axis, the magnitude of the in‐plane field on the curve along the other two easy axes is ≊Hk1/3+HD/2. Approximating the implanted region between minor loops by a long ellipsoid, the minimum drive field for reliable propagation is predicted to be ≊Hk1/3+HD/2, in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Characteristics of Ohio's Lake Erie Recreational Marinas☆

The number of marinas identified on Ohio's north coast has increased from 237 in 1979 to 383 in 1986. The marinas were mailed a confidential survey in spring of 1987; 117 usable questionnaires were returned for a response rate of 30.5%. From 1979 to 1986 there was a shift of 7% of the firms from the $1.0 to $2.0 × 106 sales group to the over $2.0 × 106 sales group. The typical respondent marina opened in summer 1960, had operated under the current management for 18.4 years, and grossed an estimated $893,875 in annual sales. This typical marina employed 5.5 people year-round full-time. An additional 4.4 full-time and 3.0 part-time people worked during the 6.6 months the average marina was open. The mean payroll for all respondents was $95,080. The marina paid an average of $21,898 in taxes. Another $37,141 in state and local sales taxes were collected by the marinas and transferred to the appropriate taxing authority. Eighty-seven percent of respondents offered boat docks for lease and averaged almost 105 docks per respondent. Approximately 80% of the responding marinas had made capital improvements to their facilities in the past 5 years. In-the-water boat dockage was leased out at a 96.6% rate of capacity, and almost two-thirds of the responding marinas had waiting lists of customers who wished to lease the boat docks. Almost 4 of 10 respondents planned to expand their boating facilities and add an average of 83.6 docks per marina in the next 5 years. In general, more marinas under new management (mean 5.5 years) have made improvements in their facilities and plan to expand their facilities than marinas under old management (mean 34.3 years). This work provides a description of the characteristics of Ohio's Lake Erie marina industry that will be useful in assisting researchers, marina developers, public officials and others to better understand the industry.
Endogenous Protein Kinase CK2 Participates in Wnt Signaling in Mammary Epithelial Cells

Protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) is a serine/threonine kinase overexpressed in many human tumors, transformed cell lines, and rapidly proliferating tissues. Recent data have shown that many cancers involve inappropriate reactivation of Wnt signaling through ectopic expression of Wnts themselves, as has been seen in a number of human breast cancers, or through mutation of intermediates in the Wnt pathway, such as adenomatous polyposis coli or β-catenin, as described in colon and other cancers. Wnts are secreted factors that are important in embryonic development, but overexpression of certain Wnts, such as Wnt-1, leads to proliferation and transformation of cells. We report that upon stable transfection of Wnt-1 into the mouse mammary epithelial cell line C57MG, morphological changes and increased proliferation are accompanied by increased levels of CK2, as well as of β-catenin. CK2 and β-catenin co-precipitate with the Dvl proteins, which are Wnt signaling intermediates. A major phosphoprotein of the size of β-catenin appears in in vitro kinase reactions performed on the Dvl immunoprecipitates. In vitro translated β-catenin, Dvl-2, and Dvl-3 are phosphorylated by CK2. The selective CK2 inhibitor apigenin blocks proliferation of Wnt-1-transfected cells, abrogates phosphorylation of β-catenin, and reduces β-catenin and Dvl protein levels. These results demonstrate that endogenous CK2 is a positive regulator of Wnt signaling and growth of mammary epithelial cells.
SEXUAL ASSAULT AND BODY ESTEEM

Past studies indicate that sexual assault is negatively associated with victims' general self-esteem, but little is known about how the experience affects body esteem. We hypothesized that sexual assault would have a long-term negative association with measures of both general self-esteem and body esteem. Participants were 76 women, ages 18 to 45 years, 13 of whom had been sexually assaulted at least one year previously. Analysis supported the hypothesis that the sexually assaulted women scored lower than nonassaulted women on Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale but not on the Body Esteem Scale. When individual body-attitude items were analyzed, the assaulted women's negative ratings of sexual activities fell just short of significance, so further and longitudinal study of a larger group is needed.
Acutely increased cyclophilin a expression after brain injury : A role in blood-brain barrier function and tissue preservation

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) compromise is a significant pathologic event that manifests early following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Because many signaling cascades are initiated immediately after the traumatic event, we were interested in examining acute differential protein expression that may be involved in BBB function. At acute time points postinjury, altered protein expression may result from altered translation efficiency or turnover rate rather than from a genomic response. The application of tandem 2-D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis is a powerful approach for directly screening differential protein expression following TBI. Using comparative 2-D gel analysis, we selected candidate protein spots with apparent altered expression and identified them by mass spectrometry. Cyclophilin A was selected for further analysis because it has been implicated in endothelial cell activation and inflammation, and studies have suggested cyclosporine A, an inhibitor of all cyclophilin isoforms, might be beneficial after TBI. We examined if altered expression of cyclophilin A in the brain vasculature might play a role in BBB function. We found significantly increased cyclophilin A levels in isolated brain microvessels 30 min following injury. Postinjury administration of cyclosporine A significantly attenuated BBB permeability measured 24 hr postinjury, suggesting cyclophilin activity after TBI may be detrimental. However, direct injection of purified recombinant cyclophilin A attenuated both BBB permeability and tissue damage in a stab wound model of injury. These findings suggest that increased expression of cyclophilin A may play a protective role after TBI, whereas other cyclophilin isoforms may be detrimental.
Diodia vein chlorosis virus is a group-1 crinivirus

Members of the family Closteroviridae have emerged as a major problem in agricultural crops in the past two decades. Diodia vein chlorosis virus (DVCV) is an understudied whitefly-transmitted closterovirus. Given the presence of the primary host for the virus in major agricultural production areas in the United States, we characterized the virus at the molecular level, demonstrating that it belongs in the genus Crinivirus, developed detection protocols, evaluated its host range among hosts known to harbor viruses closely related to DVCV, and confirmed transmission by a second whitefly species, Trialeurodes vaporariorum.
Appearance motives to tan and not tan: evidence for validity and reliability of a new scale.

Background Risk for skin cancer is increased by UV exposure and decreased by sun protection. Appearance reasons to tan and not tan have consistently been shown to be related to intentions and behaviors to UV exposure and protection.
Quantitative phosphorescence study of interactions of cytosine and cytidine and its nucleotides in frozen aqueous solution: Evidence for anomalous heavy-atom effect☆

Abstract Phosphorescence vs. pH titration curves of cytosine, cytidine, cytidine-5′-mono-phosphate (CMP), -diphosphate (CDP) and -triphosphate (CTP) were obtained in methanol/water 10/90 v/v and in various aqueous sodium halide solutions frozen at 77°K. As shown by the shape of the titration curve, molecular aggregates or “puddles” of cytosine and cytidine were shown to occur only in relatively concentrated frozen solution (10 −3 M ), these aggregates being dissociated in dilute frozen solutions (≤10 −4 M ) or in ∼ 1 M sodium chloride. No molecular aggregation could be found even in concentrated solutions of CMP, CDP, and CTP. Lower concentrations of sodium bromide or iodide (10 −1 M ) were demonstrated to give “reversed” sigmoidal phosphorescence titration curves in the case of cytidine, due to an anomalously large heavy-atom enhancement factor in acidic solution, ranging between 30 and 50.
Parenting in Later Life: A Cross-Cultural Study

This study explored older parents’ beliefs about their parental role with their adult children, their perceptions of intergenerational conflicts between themselves and their adult children, and the negotiation of autonomy versus dependence with adult children in later life. The influence of cultural norms and mutual dependence on these intergenerational relationships was also evaluated. Focus groups were conducted with two groups of older adults attending a senior center in New York City—one who identified as American and the other as Asian Indian. Implications of the findings and recommendations for social workers are highlighted.
Oxidative stress and therapeutic implications in psychiatric disorders

Increasing evidence indicates that disturbances of antioxidant defense system and presence of oxidative stress can play a part in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression, as well as antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia (TD). Moreover, researchers have embarked on using antioxidant treatment as adjunct therapy for psychiatry disorders. Evidence from clinical, pre-clinical and epidemiological studies suggests that a benefit of using antioxidant compounds should be considered as an adjunctive therapy in these patients. These are some of the main perspectives that are reviewed by four articles in this special section. Overall, there has been growing recognition of the importance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and the development of TD. The collection of articles in this special section will contribute to providing more efficacious treatments arising from a better appreciation of the roles of oxidative stress in these psychiatric disorders.
Two Reaction Model of Interface Trap Annealing

Interface trap anneal kinetics have been studied using capacitance - voltage measurements and rapid thermal annealing. Power law kinetics have been obtained for aluminum gate devices. Anneal kinetics have been studied as a function of oxide thickness, anneal ambient, radiation damage, substrate orientation, bulk conductivity type, and temperature. A two - reaction model is proposed to explain the observed kinetics.
The application of an analog computer for the determination of charge centers in the gate structure of the variable threshold FET

Abstract A technique is presented that results in the determination of localized stored charge centers in the gate structure of the variable threshold FET. This is accomplished by first translating a multilayer gate structure into an electrical equivalent circuit. The parameters of this equivalent circuit include current generators that simulate the charge transfer mechanisms and capacitors that simulate the dielectric property of the individual insulator layers. An analytical equation is then derived that relates these parameters to an externally measured transient response that results when the gate is subjected to a sequence of negative and positive pulses. A second analytical equation is presented that relates these parameters to the net charge that is stored in the gate structure at the end of the pulse sequence. The solution to these equations yields the position of internally stored charge. This solution is accomplished with the aid of a specially designed analog computer and measurements of the charge induced changes in the flatband voltage. Several physical modifications of the gate structure are considered to illustrate the versatility of this technique.
Factitious Hosts of the Egg Parasite Ooencyrtus ennomophagus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Laboratory tests of potential host range were conducted for the egg parasite Ooencyrtus ennomophagus Yoshimoto. The parasite has a broad spectrum of factitious hosts. It successfully developed in 64 of 108 species and 10 of 14 families of Lepidoptera. Geometridae, Noctuidae, and Notodontidae were particularly susceptible.
Kinetic and inhibition studies for the aerobic cometabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, and 1,1-dichloroethane by a butane-grown mixed culture.

Batch kinetic and inhibition studies were performed for the aerobic cometabolism of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), and 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA) by a butane-grown mixed culture. These chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) are often found together as cocontaminants in groundwater. The maximum degradation rates (k(max)) and half-saturation coefficients (K(s)) were determined in single compound kinetic tests. The highest k(max) was obtained for butane (2.6 micromol/mg TSS/h) followed by 1,1-DCE (1.3 micromol/mg TSS/h), 1,1-DCA (0.49 micromol/mg TSS/h), and 1,1,1-TCA (0.19 micromol/mg TSS/h), while the order of K(s) from the highest to lowest was 1,1-DCA (19 microM), butane (19 microM), 1,1,1-TCA (12 microM) and 1,1-DCE (1.5 microM). The inhibition types were determined using direct linear plots, while inhibition coefficients (K(ic) and K(iu)) were estimated by nonlinear least squares regression (NLSR) fits to the kinetic model of the identified inhibition type. Two different inhibition types were observed among the compounds. Competitive inhibition among CAHs was indicated from direct linear plots, and the CAHs also competitively inhibited butane utilization. 1,1-DCE was a stronger inhibitor than the other CAHs. Mixed inhibition of 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1-DCA, and 1,1-DCE transformations by butane was observed. Thus, both competitive and mixed inhibitions are important in cometabolism of CAHs by this butane culture. For competitive inhibition between CAHs, the ratio of the K(s) values was a reasonable indicator of competitive inhibition observed. Butane was a strong inhibitor of CAH transformation, having a much lower inhibition coefficient than the K(s) value of butane, while the CAHs were weak inhibitors of butane utilization. Model simulations of reactor systems where both the growth substrate and the CAHs are present indicate that reactor performance is significantly affected by inhibition type and inhibition coefficients. Thus, determining inhibition type and measuring inhibition coefficients is important in designing CAH treatment systems.
Differential effects of monovalent cations and alkanols on the thermal denaturation of sockeye and coho hemoglobins

Abstract 1. 1. The thermostability of hemoglobins isolated from the coho, O. kisutch, and sockeye, O. nerka, salmon was investigated. Using starch-gel electrophoresis and scanning densitometry, a quantitative determination of the effect of several monovalent cations and short-chain alkanols on the differential thermostabilities of the individual hemoglobin components of these fish was carried out. 2. 2. Li+ was the most effective cation in destabilizing both the coho and sockeye hemoglobins. 3. 3. Decreased resistance to thermal denaturation was directly related to the length of the alkyl chain of the alkanols. 4. 4. Anodal hemoglobin components of both species studied are less resistant to thermal denaturation. 5. 5. Urea denaturation of isolated anodal and cathodal hemoglobin components of the sockeye salmon indicate inherent differences in the stability of these components.
EU–US Symposium on Community and Social Development: A Transatlantic Dialogue on Comparative Perspectives on the State of Community Work and Social Inclusion—A Summary Report on the Proceedings of May 5–7, 2011 at the University of Pittsburgh

On May 5–7, 2011, nearly 40 scholars, educators, and practitioner-educators from 10 European countries and the United States gathered with regional educators and practitioners at the University of ...
Selectivities of human visual mechanisms for direction of movement and contour orientation.

The luminance threshold for horizontal contours which move upward is raised by prior exposure of any of wide range of different directions of movement. The threshold for a stationary grating of horizontal bars is raised only by prior exposure of similarly oriented bars. It is also found that sensitivity to changes in orientation of a stationary grating is greater than sensitivity to changes in the direction in which a grating moves. It is proposed that the interactions between pre-exposed adapting stimuli and the stimuli for which thresholds are determined reflect the orientation and direction selectivities of the underlying mechanisms.
Predicted and actual frequencies in binomial response models

Abstract Within a binomial response model, we characterize all the possible distribution functions which (1) possess continuous density functions, and (2) equate the predicted frequency to the actual frequency. The results justify the adoption of a logistic distribution if the frequency equality is an important criterion for model fitting.
Human melanoma TrkC: its association with a purine-analog-sensitive kinase activity.

ThevariousmembersoftheTrktyrosinekinasefamilyandp75neurotrophinreceptor(p75 NTR )havebeen identifiedassignalingreceptorsforthestructurallyrelatedmembersoftheneurotrophins(NT)family.Wehavepreviously reported that NT treatment of murine and human brain-metastatic melanoma cells affects their invasive capacities and increases the production of extracellular-matrix degradative enzymes. These cells express aberrant levels of functional p75 NTR and TrkC, the putative high-affinity receptor for the neurotrophin NT-3. Here we demonstrate that, by using sensitive immune-complex kinase assays in human brain-metastatic (70W) melanoma cells, TrkC receptors associate with a kinase activity exhibiting a dose-dependent susceptibility to inhibition by the purine-analogs 6-thioguanine and 2-aminopurine. The activity of this purine-analog-sensitive kinase (PASK) was induced by NT-3 in a time-dependent fashion,phosphorylatingexogenousmyelinbasicprotein(MBP)butnotdenaturedenolase.Itissimilartotheonereported to relate with p75 NTR and TrkA receptors and stimulated by the prototypic NT, nerve growth factor. Thus, PASKs may represent unique signaling components common to NT receptors that could engage joint downstream signaling effectors in brain-metastatic melanoma. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 865-872, 2003. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Parameters That Influence the Extent of Site Occupancy by a Candidate Telomere End-binding Protein

Abstract The MF3 protein specifically recognizes telomeric and non-telomeric DNA probes that can form G•G base-paired structures (Gualberto, A., Patrick, R. M., and Walsh, K.(1992) Genes & Dev. 6, 815-824). Here we further characterize the nucleic acid recognition properties of MF3 and present a mathematical analysis that evaluates the potential extent of telomere site occupancy by this factor. The substitution of dI at dG positions in telomeric DNA probes revealed that a single dG at any position within the internal repeat was sufficient for high affinity binding to MF3. The RNA analogs of high affinity DNA sites were not bound specifically by MF3, but the substitution of dU for dT in a DNA probe had little or no effect on binding. These data demonstrate that ribose ring structure is a critical feature of nucleoprotein complex formation, and this ribose specificity may enable MF3 to occupy sites of unusual DNA structure while minimizing interactions with cellular RNAs. Collectively, the nucleic acid binding properties of MF3 suggest that it may occupy a significant fraction of sites at telomere ends or other G-rich regions of altered DNA structure in vivo.
Cross-correlation measures of unresolved multi-neuron recordings.

Abstract An increasing number of laboratories are studying population properties of the nervous system using data where the spike activity of more than one neuron is recorded on each electrode and where, accidentally or deliberately, these activities are not resolved into single unit spike trains. We have previously examined the consequences for measurement of cross-correlation between two such electrodes in the limited case where all individual distant (between electrode) correlations are the same and all individual close (on a single electrode) correlations are the same [Bedenbaugh, P.H., and Gerstein, G.L. (1997). Multiunit normalized cross correlation differs from the average single-unit normalized correlation. Neural Computation 9, 1265–1275]. Here, we lift these unrealistic restrictions to allow all values of individual correlation, and examine explicitly the cases of two or three unresolved neurons on each electrode. In these situations, the cross-correlation coefficient measured between the electrodes is a linear sum of the distant correlations, divided by a non-linear function of the close correlations. We then examine in detail the case of a single direct distant correlation and take account of all relevant indirect correlations. The measured interelectrode correlation shows a reduction of this actual distant correlation by a non-linear function of the close correlations on each electrode over most of their possible values. Finally, we examine the consequences of poor waveform sorting for correlation measures; here a supposedly isolated spike train is contaminated by some fraction of the activity of another train, a situation that unfortunately is all too common in experiments. All these distortions become far more serious in the more realistic situation of dynamic firing rates and correlations. This paper is intended as a cautionary note for those who want to draw inferences about neuronal organization and/or coding or representation by using cross-correlation analysis of unresolved recordings.
Understanding Degradation of Doped Electroluminescent ZnS Phosphors

We have shown recently that the degradation of AC electroluminescence (EL) in ZnS:Cu,Cl and similar phosphors can be significantly reversed by a short anneal near 200°C. To better understand the degradation/rejuvenation processes, we investigated EL degradation and rejuvenation under different conditions. To probe for changes in the local atomic structure about the Cu sites, we collected Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) data at the Cu K-edge EXAFS data for several as-made, thermally degraded (240°C anneal), and EL degraded powders.
Recovering Empowerment: De-personalizing and Re-politicizing Adolescent Female Sexuality

In a 2010 issue of Sex Roles and in a recent jointly authored work, Lamb and Peterson (2011) introduced and grappled with some of the most complex debates surrounding adolescent female sexuality. In response to the questions they pose regarding the constitution of young women’s sexual empowerment, this commentary revisits the fundamental principles of empowerment theory and practice. Empowerment is popularly equated with individualized concepts of self-efficacy and agency. However, collective efforts to develop critical consciousness and to address systemic bias and inequality were originally regarded as essential components of empowerment. I recall these broader, politicized aspects of empowerment as a way of advocating for: (1) a collective approach to supporting young women’s sexual well-being through intergenerational alliances and safe spaces; and (2) a more thorough analysis of how contextual factors, including non-sexual ones, shape young women’s sexual choices and lives.
Fine tuning endothelial Notch: SIRT-ainly an unexpected mechanism

Guarani et al. (2011), reporting in Nature, identify a mechanism for fine-tuning endothelial Notch signaling by SIRT1-mediated deacetylation. This regulation is critical for vascular sprouting and raises intriguing questions about therapeutic targeting of SIRT1 in angiogenesis and the potential mechanisms that link vascular growth and energy homeostasis.
Polar cap potential saturation: Observations, theory, and modeling

Abstract The polar cap potential ( Φ PC ) has long been considered an indicator for the amount of energy flowing into and through the magnetosphere–ionosphere (M–I) system. Studies have shown that Φ PC reaches an upper limit, or saturates, during geomagnetic storms where the solar wind electric field becomes increasingly large. Numerous observational, theoretical, and modeling studies of Φ PC have seemingly confirmed that saturation is real, however, many mechanisms for saturation have been suggested with no direct observational evidence confirming any single cause. This paper presents a review of Φ PC saturation from various perspectives and attempts to identify some of the outstanding issues in determining the causal mechanism of this important piece necessary to understanding the coupling between the solar wind and M–I system.
An item-response theory evaluation of the Beck Hopelessness Scale

Hopelessness is an important clinical symptom for both theoretical and practical reasons. The Hopelessness Scale of Beck and colleagues was constructed to measure this construct, but has had no psychometric assessment since its original development. We conducted an evaluation of the scale using item-response theory. Results in two separate samples were nearly identical. The Hopelessness Scale was found to be unidimensional with strong item—construct relationships. However, it was relatively insensitive at lower levels of hopelessness.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ORAL ANGIOMAS.

Abstract 1. 1. A previously undescribed association of phlebectasia (angioma) of the oral mucosa, tongue (“caviar spots”), jejunum, and scrotum (Fordyce's lesion) is presented. 2. 2. The term phlebectasia (dilatation of a vein) is chosen because of the gross and microscopic findings in these lesions. 3. 3. Since gastrointestinal bleeding may occur in conjunction with these lesions, the disorder should be included in the differential diagnosis of obscure bleeding.
Rapid formation of the magnetically hard carbides Fe14Nd2C and Fe14Pr2C by small copper additions

Abstract Adding small amounts of copper, on the order of 1 to 2 at. %, to FeNdC and FePrC alloys accelerates dramatically the otherwise extremely sluggish transformation to the magnetically hard tetragonal phases Fe 14 Nd 2 C and Fe 14 Pr 2 C. At 800°C the transformation is complete in 24 h for both systems. The nucleation of Fe 14 Nd 2 C and Fe 14 Pr 2 C is greatly retarded, leading to very large grains of 0.5 mm or more in diameter. During annealing the copper is concentrated in a thin phase layer that advances in front of the growing grains of Fe 14 R 2 C. With this method the production of practical quantities of the magnetically hard carbides with the light rare-earth elements has become feasible.
Soft-x-ray investigation of Mg and Al oxides: Evidence for atomic and bandlike features.

Soft-x-ray emission (SXE) and soft-x-ray absorption (SXA) are used to investigate the electronic structure of \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, anodized ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, MgO, and ${\mathrm{MgAl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$. It is found that both SXE and SXA are sensitive to the crystal phase, suggesting their use as a structural probe. Comparison of the Al ${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$ SXE of \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the Mg ${\mathit{L}}_{2,3}$ SXE of MgO with local-density-approximation (LDA) density-of-states calculations shows that the agreement is good, and suggests that the final-state rule is valid for the SXE of these oxides. On the other hand, comparisons show that results of the SXA and LDA calculations are not in good agreement. A model based on atomiclike excitations explains a portion of the MgO SXA spectrum well. Evidence which suggests that the remaining features are due to band structure is given.
Student and Teacher Perspectives on a Close Reading Protocol.

Close reading is an instructional practice that has gained attention of late. It involves reading a complex text, annotation, and repeatedly reading to answer text-dependent questions. Although there are a number of recommendations for the use of close reading, there has not been a systematic analysis of student or teacher perceptions of this approach. We interviewed 45 teachers, grades 4–12, and conducted focus groups with 327 students. The participants in this study recognized that close reading was useful in helping deeply analyze a text. They noted that students had more responsibility and engagement during close reading instruction, and were tired as a result. In addition, teachers noted that the planning process required to develop a close reading was time consuming and complex.
Key Variables Affecting Decisions of Bus Replacement Age and Total Costs

Recent budget and fiscal constraints make optimal fleet management more imperative than ever for transit agencies. Fleet data have consistently shown that bus operations and maintenance (O&M) costs per mile increase as buses age. From a purely economic perspective, there is a cost trade-off between the lower O&M costs of newer fleets and their higher initial capital costs. This trade-off has a significant impact on the optimal timing of purchase and replacement decisions. Realistic cost data and an optimization modeling framework were used to analyze the impact of purchase timing decisions on fleet costs per mile. The results indicate that (a) increases in diesel prices do not affect total bus fleet costs as much as increases in maintenance costs, (b) increases in maintenance costs and utilization per year reduce the optimal replacement age, (c) increases in utilization and fuel economy have a similar impact in terms of total fleet costs, and (d) bus purchase-price changes have a significant impact on the...
Violence and Vulnerability of Female Migrants in Drop Houses in Arizona: The Predictable Outcome of a Chain Reaction of Violence

This qualitative research study examines the experiences of immigrant women crossing the U.S./Mexico border and the proliferation of “drop houses” in Arizona as a new phenomenon, one that is often marked by kidnappings and sexual assault. Little research has been published on the violence women face on their journey, and the drop houses have almost completely escaped scholarly analysis. We argue that the drop houses must be seen as a consequence of a “state of emergency” declared by policy makers that led to changes in U.S. national and local immigration policies that fueled what we call a “chain reaction of violence.”
ADE-FDTD Scattered-Field Formulation for Dispersive Materials

This letter presents a scattered-field formulation for modeling dispersive media using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Specifically, the auxiliary differential equation method is applied to Drude and Lorentz media for a scattered field FDTD model. The present technique can also be applied in a straightforward manner to Debye media. Excellent agreement is achieved between the FDTD-calculated and exact theoretical results for the reflection coefficient in half-space problems.