cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Mediator Expression Associated With Antibody Response Induced by Live Attenuated vs Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Children.

Background The reasons for differences in vaccine effectiveness between live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) are not clear. Methods Blood samples were obtained before vaccination and at days 7 and 21 postvaccination with 2015-2016 quadrivalent IIV or LAIV. Serologic response to the vaccine was measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Targeted RNA sequencing and serum cytokine analysis were performed. Paired analyses were used to determine gene expression and were compared between IIV and LAIV recipients. Classification And Regression Trees analysis (CART) identified the strongest associations with vaccine response. Results Forty-six enrollees received IIV, and 25 received LAIV. The mean age was 11.5 (±3.7) years. Seroconversion with IIV was associated with changes in expression of PRKRA and IFI6. Nonseroconversion for both IIV and LAIV was characterized by increased interferon-stimulated gene expression. Seroprotection with both vaccines was associated with altered expression of CXCL2 and CD36. For LAIV, CART showed that changes in expression of CD80, CXCL2, and CASP1 were associated with seroprotection. Serum cytokines showed that IIV seroconversion was associated with decreased CCL3. LAIV seroprotection tracked with decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. Conclusions Distinct markers of seroconversion and seroprotection against IIV and LAIV were identified using immunophenotyping and CART analysis.
T Cell– and B Cell–Mediated Pathology in Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease

Abstract Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a common and clinically significant complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Understanding its pathogenesis, then, is vital for developing effective treatments and improving outcomes for transplant patients. A failure of T cell immune tolerance is central to the development of cGVHD, inciting aberrations in immunologic homeostasis marked by T and B cell alloreactivity and ultimate damage to recipient cells and tissues. Pathways involved in the causes and consequences of this breakdown in immune tolerance are now better understood. Human and mouse studies have identified new therapeutic strategies to manipulate the immune environment to maintain tumor-specific graft-versus-leukemia/graft-versus-tumor responses while minimizing nonspecific alloreactivity and thus limiting cGVHD.
Bootstrap procedures for detecting multiple persistence shifts in heteroskedastic time series

This paper proposes new bootstrap procedures for detecting multiple persistence shifts in a time series driven by nonstationary volatility. The assumed volatility process can accommodate discrete breaks, smooth transition variation as well as trending volatility. We develop wild bootstrap sup-Wald tests of the null hypothesis that the process is either stationary [I(0)] or has a unit root [I(1)] throughout the sample. We also propose a sequential procedure to estimate the number of persistence breaks based on ordering the regime-specific bootstrap p-values. The asymptotic validity of the advocated procedures is established both under the null of stability and a variety of persistence change alternatives. Monte Carlo simulations support the use of a non-recursive scheme for generating the I(0) bootstrap samples and a partially recursive scheme for generating the I(1) bootstrap samples, especially when the data generating process contains an I(1) segment. A comparison with existing tests illustrates the finite sample improvements offered by our methods in terms of both size and power. An application to OECD inflation rates is included.
Moderate and deep sedation training and pharmacology for nonanesthesiologists: recommendations for effective practice.

Purpose of reviewThe purpose of this review is to discuss current drugs used for intravenous moderate and deep sedation by nonanesthesiologists in the United States. We also explore training expectations for moderate and deep sedation as they play key roles in anesthetic selection and preprocedural
Cases of Censorship in Public Libraries: Loudoun County, VA

In 1998, a group of adult library patrons and individuals in Loudoun County, Virginia, brought a suit against library trustees, board members, and the director of the county’s public library, claim...
Fluorophores “Turned-On” by Corrosion Reactions Can Be Detected at the Single-Molecule Level

We demonstrate that fluorogenic molecules that “turn-on” upon redox reactions can sense the corrosion of iron at the single-molecule scale. We first observe the cathodic reduction of nonfluorescent...
Radiation oncology education and experience in the undergraduate medical setting.

The goal of this study was to determine the impact and experience of radiation oncology (RO) education in the undergraduate medical experience in the USA. A list of American medical schools was com...
Engineering Vascularized Organoid-on-a-Chip Models.

Recreating human organ–level function in vitro is a rapidly evolving field that integrates tissue engineering, stem cell biology, and microfluidic technology to produce 3D organoids. A critical com...
Management of Acute Distal Radioulnar Joint Instability Following a Distal Radius Fracture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose We sought to review the clinical outcomes of conservative and operative treatment options for acute distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability associated with distal radius fractures in adult patients. Methods A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE for articles published between 1990 and 2020 involving DRUJ instability associated with distal radius fractures was performed. The primary outcomes analyzed included clinical grip strength; range of motion; the disability of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) score; and the modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS). Results Of the 531 articles identified in the literature search, 8 met our defined criteria and were included in the final analysis. The cumulative sample size was 258 patients at a mean follow-up of 11.1 months (range, 3–16.9 months). Treatment groups included cast immobilization in supination, K-wire stabilization, and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) repair. Statistical analysis revealed no difference across groups in active flexion-extension or DASH scores. A significant decrease in grip strength was found in patients who underwent TFCC repair compared with that in those who underwent both cast immobilization (P = .04) and K-wire stabilization (P = .02). Furthermore, we found a significant decrease in active pronation-supination between patients who underwent TFCC repair and those who underwent cast immobilization (P = .03). Patients who underwent TFCC repair were also found to exhibit decreased MMWS as compared with those who underwent K-wire stabilization (P = .05). Overall, persistent DRUJ instability was only found in 4 patients (1.5%), without a significant difference between treatment groups. Conclusions This study suggests functional advantages of certain treatment modalities over others, with the range of motion being highest in patients who underwent cast immobilization and grip strength being highest in patients who underwent K-wire stabilization. However, the mean DASH scores showed no difference across all groups, calling into question the clinical need to pursue operative treatment via K-wire stabilization or TFCC repair over conservative treatment via cast immobilization. This study will hopefully serve as a foundation for future prospective studies to help improve and standardize treatment algorithms in patients with DRUJ instability and distal radius fractures. Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic II.
The dynamics of persuasion.

Part 1 Foundations of Persuasion: Introduction - a Case Study in Persuasion Defining and Measuring Attitudes Attitude Formation - Myths, Theories and Evidence Attitudes and Behaviour. Part 2 Changing Attitudes and Behaviours: Cognitive Processing Models of Persuasion "Who Says It" - Source Factors in Persuasion Message Effects Channel and Receiver Factors Social Judgement Theory Cognitive Dissonance Theory. Part 3 Communication Approaches: Interpersonal Persuasion Information Campaigns.
Why hearing aids are impaired.

An analysis of the neural coding of speech sounds in anaesthetized gerbils shows that sound-processing algorithms used by hearing aids can degrade the wearer’s ability to discriminate sounds.
Three-dimensional intensity correlations in random fields generated by vortex structured beams

We developed a general model for the three-dimensional spatial coherence function of speckle fields generated by scattering of vortex beams. The model describes the correlation function along transversal and longitudinal directions, and provides for means for controlling the coherence function via vortex parameters.
An exploratory study of a work-based learning reflection module and the potential links between student attendance and engagement and student success as an indication of the mastery of reflection

Reflection is pivotal in Work-Based Learning to enable learning to be gained from experience. Effective reflection also aids self-efficacy and agency. However, more can be known regarding how refle...
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Call for Mother-Infant Dyad Treatment Approach.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a constellation of symptoms observed in newborns exposed to opioids during pregnancy. The incidence of NAS has steadily increased during the past decade as more infants have been born to mothers with opioid use disorder (OUD). Pregnancy and the postpartum period are critical times to advocate for women with OUD and their infants. Embracing the mother-infant dyad with love, patience, and compassion is essential for successful treatment.
Food insecurity, type 2 diabetes, and hyperglycaemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS Food insecurity (FIS) is a major public health issue with possible implications for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the association between FIS and T2DM. METHODS We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. All cross-sectional, peer-reviewed studies investigating the link between FIS and T2DM were included. Population characteristics, study sizes, covariates, T2DM diagnoses, and diabetes-related clinical measures such as fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1c were extracted from each study. Outcomes were compared between food insecure and food secure individuals. Effect sizes were combined across studies using the random effect model. RESULTS Forty-nine peer-reviewed studies investigating the link between FIS and T2DM were identified (n = 258,250). Results of meta-analyses showed no association between FIS and clinically determined T2DM either through FBG or HbA1c: OR = 1.22 [95%CI: 0.96, 1.55], Q(df = 5) = 12.5, I2 = 60% and OR = 1.21 [95%CI: 0.95, 1.54], Q(df = 5) = 14; I2 = 71% respectively. Standardized mean difference (SMD) meta-analyses yielded no association between FIS and FBG or HbA1c: g = 0.06 [95%CI: -0.06, 0.17], Q(df = 5) = 15.8, I2 = 68%; g = 0.11 [95% CI: -0.02, 0.25], Q(df = 7) = 26.8, I2 = 74% respectively. For children, no association was found between FIS and HbA1c: g = 0.06 [95%CI: 0.00, 0.17], Q(df = 2) = 5.7, I2 = 65%. CONCLUSIONS Despite multiple proposed mechanisms linking FIS to T2DM, integration of the available literature suggests FIS is not associated with clinically determined T2DM or increases in FBG or HbA1c among adult patients.
Faster algorithms for circuits in the Cayley-Menger algebraic matroid

A classical problem in Distance Geometry, with multiple practical applications (in molecular structure determination, sensor network localization etc.) is to find the possible placements of the vertices of a graph with given edge lengths. For minimally rigid graphs, the double-exponential Gr\"obner Bases algorithm with an elimination order can be applied, in theory, but it is impractical even for small instances. By relating the problem to the computation of circuit polynomials in the Cayley-Menger ideal, we recently proposed an algebraic-combinatorial approach and an elimination algorithm for circuit polynomials [23]. It is guided by a tree structure whose leaves correspond to complete $K_4$ graphs and whose nodes perform algebraic resultant operations. In this paper we uncover further combinatorial structure in the Cayley-Menger algebraic matroid that leads to an extension of our algorithm. In particular, we generalize the combinatorial resultant operation of [23] to take advantage of the non-circuit generators and irreducible polynomials in the Cayley-Menger ideal and use them as leaves of the tree guiding the elimination. Our new method has been implemented in Mathematica and allows previously unobtainable calculations to be carried out. In particular, the $K_{3,3}$-plus-one circuit polynomial, with over one million terms in 10 variables and whose calculation crashed after several days with the previous method of [23], succeeded now in approx. 30 minutes.
A population of mitochondrion-rich cells in the pars recta of mouse kidney

Following perfusion of adult mouse kidney with a solution of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), certain epithelial cells in the pars recta (S3) segments of proximal tubules react to form cytoplasmic deposits of blue diformazan particles. Such cells are characterized by dark cytoplasm, small and often elliptical nuclei, elaborate, process-bearing profiles, and abundant mitochondria. The atypical epithelial cells display the additional characteristic of immunoreactivity for a wide spectrum of antigens, including mesenchymal proteins such as vimentin. Though present in kidneys of untreated or sham-operated animals, they are particularly evident under experimental conditions such as unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), appearing in both contralateral and obstructed kidneys over the course of a week's duration, but disappearing from the obstructed kidney as it undergoes the profound atrophy attributable to deterioration of the population of its proximal tubules. The cells do not appear in neonatal kidneys, even those undergoing UUO, but begin to be recognizable soon after weaning (28 days). It is possible that diformazan-positive cells in the mouse S3 tubular segment constitute a resident population of cells that can replenish or augment the tubule. Although somewhat similar cells, with dark cytoplasm and vimentin expression, have been described in human, rat, and transgenic mouse kidney (Smeets et al. in J Pathol 229: 645–659, 2013; Berger et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111: 1533–1538, 2014), those cells—known as “scattered tubule cells” or “proximal tubule rare cells”— differ from the S3-specific cells in that they are present throughout the entire proximal tubule, often lack a brush border, and have only a few mitochondria.
The postimplantation electrocardiogram predicts clinical response to cardiac resynchronization therapy.

Background Biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is intended to improve left ventricular function by coordinating systolic activity of the septum and free walls. Optimal resynchronization should be manifested by 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns consistent with resynchronized activation, a tall (≥4mm) R wave in V1 and predominant negative deflection in lead I (RV1SI). We investigated whether the presence or absence of RV1SI predicts heart failure outcomes within one year of CRT implant.
Acid Tolerance of Acid-Adapted and Nonadapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 following Habituation (10°C) in Fresh Beef Decontamination Runoff Fluids of Different pH Values

This study evaluated survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain ATCC 43895 during exposure to pH 3.5 following its habituation for 2 or 7 days at 10°C in fresh beef decontamination waste runoff fluid mixtures (washings) containing 0, 0.02, or 0.2% of lactic or acetic acids. Meat washings and sterile water (control) were initially inoculated with approximately 5 log CFU/ml of acid- and nonadapted E. coli O157:H7 cells cultured (30°C, 24 h) in broth with and without 1% glucose, respectively. After 2 days, E. coli O157:H7 survivors from acetate washings (pH 3.7 to 4.7) survived at pH 3.5 better than E. coli O157:H7 survivors from lactate washings (pH 3.1 to 4.6), especially when the original inoculum was acid adapted. Also, although E. coli O157:H7 habituated in sterile water for 2 days survived well at pH 3.5, the corresponding survivors from nonacid water meat washings (pH 6.8) were rapidly killed at pH 3.5, irrespective of acid adaptation. After 7 days, E. coli O157:H7 survivors from acetate washings (pH...
Modeling studies of NO‐γ emissions of sprites

[1] Motivated by observations of NO-γ emissions: NO(A2Σ+) → NO(X2Πr) + hν from streamer discharges in laboratory experiments, we develop a model to study these emissions associated with streamer discharges in air at different pressures. The modeling results indicate that the NO(A2Σ+) species in sprite streamers at 70 km altitude are mostly produced by interaction of N2(A3Σu+) metastable species with high-density ambient NO(X2Πr) molecules. Analysis of the production and loss mechanisms for the upper excited states leading to NO-γ and N2 LBH emissions demonstrates that the total intensity of NO-γ emissions associated with sprites is substantially weaker than that of the N2 LBH emissions. The same conclusion can be drawn for elves following similar analysis. It is demonstrated that the presented modeling approach and analysis are consistent with prior knowledge on NO-γ emissions from aurora, indicating that to observe the NO-γ emissions from aurora, the ambient NO density must be highly enhanced in the auroral region.
Defects in epitaxial multilayers: III. Preparation of almost perfect multilayers

Abstract Almost perfect multilayers composed of epitaxial GaAs and Ga ( As 0.5 P 0.5 ) films have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition. The techniques used to enhance perfection were: (a) to use film thickness below that at which misfit dislocations are formed between layers; (b) to match the lattice parameter of the substrate to the lattice parameter of the multilayer taken as a whole; and (c) to use coherency, or misfit, strain to drive threading dislocations out of the sample. Specimens prepared using these techniques contained no dislocations to accommodate misfit between layers, and few dislocations to accommodate misfit between multilayer and substrate. The density of threading dislocations was 4 ⧸ cm 2 . This is at least 10 4 times smaller than the density of threading dislocations in the multilayers described in Parts I and II. These results establish that multilayers containing few dislocations can be made from materials with rather different lattice parameters.
Shell Balance Approach for One-Dimensional Biofluid Transport

Analysis methods in Chap. 9 were based on a macroscopic approach to bioheat transport, in which the system of interest was assumed to have a relatively uniform temperature. The temperature might change with time, but spatial variations within the system were assumed to be negligible or unimportant. In this chapter we will turn our interest to problems where there is an important spatial gradient in temperature. The spatial temperature gradient will cause a conduction heat flux in accordance with Fourier’s law (2.9). Here we will restrict the scope of problems to those that are dimensional or nearly one-dimensional. Our analysis in each of these problems will begin by applying conservation of energy on an infinitesimally small portion of the system, known as a shell. A feature which distinguishes this approach from the more general approach to be applied in Chap. 11 is that the shells used in this chapter will shrink only in one dimension, so they might include a portion of the system boundary, while the shells used in the general approach shrink around an interior point in the system and do not include any portion of the system boundary. Consequently, energy that enters the system through the portion of the shell that includes the system boundary will be treated in this chapter as a term in the conservation equation rather than as a boundary condition. In reality, heat that enters through the system boundary often enters in a direction that is perpendicular to the assumed direction of energy flow. Although energy flow is not truly one-dimensional in such cases, the shell balance approach allows us to obtain realistic approximate solutions in which a more rigorous multidimensional approach would greatly increase the complexity but add little to the understanding or accuracy of the solution.
Diet, Nutrition and Cancer Prevention: Where Are We Going from Here?

Since the national declaration of the war on cancer three decades ago, research on carcinogenesis has yielded a tremendous knowledge base on cancer. Cancer cells are the result of multiple genetic defects resulting from exposure to environmental, dietary and infectious agents. Multistep and multistage carcinogenesis may span 20 y or more, a time that provides research and clinical opportunities to suppress this disease in its early and premalignant stages before clinical symptomatic, invasive stages. Where do we go from here? After this year's milestone of gene sequencing accomplishments, further research opportunities arise in pursuing studies on the mechanisms of the acquired capacities of cancer cells, including their limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis and invasion and avoidance of apoptosis. With new DNA chip technology and functional proteomics, complex nutrient-gene interactions may now be investigated. Research on nutrient-gene interactions not only provides pathophysiologic mechanisms of cancer causation and prevention, but also improves the ability to conduct cancer surveillance, crucial in identifying at-risk populations. By combining chemoprevention approaches, from the use of single nutrients to multiple dietary constituents and functional foods, the scope of future cancer prevention strategies will be broadened. Research on eating behavior and changing dietary patterns must be included in any cancer prevention strategy. A new paradigm for diet, nutrition and cancer prevention can be developed using multidisciplinary approaches that include lifestyle and environmental changes, dietary modifications and physical activity consciousness to reduce the burden of cancer not only for high risk individuals but for the general population as well.
Theology, History, and Religious Identification: Hegelian Methods in the Study of Religion

This essay deals with the impact of Hegel's philosophy of religion by examining his positions on religious identity and on the relationship between theology and history. I argue that his criterion for religious identity was socio-historical, and that his philosophical theology was historical rather than normative. These positions help explain some historical peculiarities regarding the effect of his philosophy of religion. Of particular concern is that although Hegel’s own aims were apologetic, his major influence on religious thought was in the development of various historical and critical approaches to religion.
Regional, Directional, and Age-Dependent Properties of the Brain Undergoing Large Deformation

The large strain mechanical properties of adult porcine gray and white matter brain tissues were measured in shear and confirmed in compression. Consistent with local neuroarchitecture, gray matter showed the least amount of anisotropy, and corpus callosum exhibited the greatest degree of anisotropy. Mean regional properties were significantly distinct, demonstrating that brain tissue is inhomogeneous. Fresh adult human brain tissue properties were slightly stiffer than adult porcine properties but considerably less stiff than the human autopsy data in the literature. Mixed porcine gray/white matter samples were obtained from animals at "infant" and "toddler" stages of neurological development, and shear properties compared to those in the adult. Only the infant properties were significantly different (stiffer) from the adult.
Contesting “Culture”: The Perspectives of Hmong American Female Students on Early Marriage

This article complicates the meanings of early marriage among Hmong American female students. It moves beyond explanations of cultural difference in the examination and explication of the discourse and practice of early marriage among female adolescents in the Hmong community. Drawing on the perspectives and experiences of Hmong American female students, this article reveals that early marriage may be an expression of students' opposition to the structures of and experiences with school and family. The significance of this analysis is its recognition and illumination of the fluidity of cultural and social practices, and the tensions between and within ethnic groups.
Genome-wide approaches to schizophrenia

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common and severe psychiatric disorder with both environmental and genetic risk factors, and a high heritability. After over 20 years of molecular genetics research, new molecular strategies, primarily genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have generated major tangible progress. This new data provides evidence for: (1) a number of chromosomal regions with common polymorphisms showing genome-wide association with SZ (the major histocompatibility complex, MHC, region at 6p22-p21; 18q21.2; and 2q32.1). The associated alleles present small odds ratios (the odds of a risk variant being present in cases vs. controls) and suggest causative involvement of gene regulatory mechanisms in SZ. (2) Polygenic inheritance. (3) Involvement of rare ( 100kb) copy number variants (CNVs). (4) A genetic overlap of SZ with autism and with bipolar disorder (BP) challenging the classical clinical classifications. Most new SZ findings (chromosomal regions and genes) have generated new biological leads. These new findings, however, still need to be translated into a better understanding of the underlying biology and into causal mechanisms. Furthermore, a considerable amount of heritability still remains unexplained (missing heritability). Deep resequencing for rare variants and system biology approaches (e.g., integrating DNA sequence and functional data) are expected to further improve our understanding of the genetic architecture of SZ and its underlying biology.
The Vulpe Assessment Battery and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales

The purpose of this study was to determine concurrent validity of the gross motor sections (GM) of the Vulpe Assessment Battery for the Atypical Handicapped Child (VAB) a compared to the Peabody De...
The in vivo effect of indomethacin and prostaglandin E2 on acth and Dbcamp-induced steroidogenesis in hypophysectomized rats

Abstract The level of plasma corticosterone attained in hypophysectomized rats stimulated with ACTH was significantly reduced by pretreatment with indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. This effect was not seen in animals stimulated with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Intraperitoneal injection of prostaglandin E2 to indomethacin treated rats restored the normal response to ACTH stimulation. However, PGE2 itself did not have any significant effect on plasma corticosterone levels. These findings suggest that prostaglandins are involved, perhaps in an allosteric fashion, in the mechanism of action of ACTH.
Mucuna pruriens detoxification: Effects of ensiling duration and particle size

Abstract Mucuna pruriens is grown for food and feed despite its L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa) concentration (30–70 g/kg), which is toxic to non-ruminants. This study determined if ensiling could reduce the L-dopa concentration of Mucuna . Experiment 1 examined the effect of ensiling duration on the fermentation characteristics and L-dopa concentration of Mucuna . Crushed (6 mm) Mucuna beans (912 g DM/kg) were ensiled in triplicate for 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days in vacuum-sealed plastic bags. During the fermentation, pH decreased, whereas concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen, lactate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate increased (P Mucuna on the L-dopa concentration and nutritional value after ensiling. Crushed Mucuna beans (6 mm, Coarse) were used intact or ground in a Wiley mill to pass through a 4-mm (Medium) or 2-mm (Fine) screen. Samples (1500 g) of each particle size were weighed into vacuum plastic bags in quadruplicate. Double-distilled water (900 ml) was added to each bag and the bags were sealed and ensiled for 28 days. Ensiling Mucuna with particle sizes of 2, 4 and 6 mm for 28 days decreased the L-dopa concentration from 28 to 12, 16, and 11 g/kg, representing decreases of 57, 42 and 64%, respectively. Ensiling also reduced (P 0.05). Therefore, ensiling coarse Mucuna particles for 28 days is recommended to reduce the L-dopa concentration and preserve the nutritional value.
A selected bibliography (1959-1979) of three southeastern species of Ips engraver beetles.

Pine trees in the southeastern U. S. are attacked by 5 major species of bark beetles. One is the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, which periodically kills timber in large amounts. On the other hand, 3 species of Ips engraver beetles, I. avulsus (Eichhoff), I. grandicollis (Eichhoff), and Ips calligraphus calligraphus (Germar) (Lanier 1972) and the black turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus terebans (Olivier), vary less in their abundance, but over the years probably kill more timber than the southern pine beetle does (Hetrick 1960). The Ips species also infest freshly cut saw logs and pulpwood, introducing stain fungi that produce additional economic losses (Smith 1959, Koch 1972). Ips beetles are also a serious problem in the naval stores industry because they frequently attack and kill trees treated with paraquat for enhancement of oleoresin yields (Drew 1977).
Neutralizing and fusion-blocking antibodies induced by recombinant visna virus envelope glycoprotein.

ABSTRACT A recombinant envelope glycoprotein derived from visna virus, a natural lentivirus pathogen of sheep, induced antibodies that neutralized cell-free virus and blocked virus-mediated cell-to...
Naturalized Pine (Pinus nigra) Promotes Growth of Woody Vegetation in Native Sand Prairie: Impacts of Invasion 130 Years After Introduction

ABSTRACT: The successional dynamics of sand dune systems provide an opportunity to examine how non-native plant species affect plant communities over small spatial scales. We investigated the status of non-native pine species introduced as seeds about 130 years ago at Illinois Beach State Park, Illinois (IBSP). Five patchy stands of Pinus nigra (Austrian pine) were found and studied (spatial relations, age by dendrochronology, diameter, nearest neighbor distance) to reconstruct the invasion process. Pinus nigra forms limited age range stands. Recruitment is episodic not only in time but also spatially. Each P. nigra age class stand is associated with significantly different ground layer vegetation categories that are different from each other as well as from the nearby sand prairie areas. Woody plant ground layer vegetation increased progressively as pine stands matured. This progressive temporal change with stand age is also reflected in a significant effect of distance from a tree on ground layer vegeta...
A visual illusion of succession

The sides of a contour square appear successively when context lines are presented one before and one after the square. As the interstimulus interval (ISI) between lines and square is increased to 140 msec, reports of succession increase. If the sides of the square are presented successively and interpart interval (IPI) varied by a single staircase method in order to determine a succession threshold, the average magnitude of this threshold varies as a function of ISI, decreasing up to 140 msec lSI. Each S, however, shows a maximum decrease in threshold between 80 and 120 msec. Reports of this illusion are not dependent on beta movement of either context lines or square.
Dose-related changes in the rate of CSF formation and resistance to reabsorption of CSF during administration of fentanyl, sufentanil, or alfentanil in dogs.

The rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation (Vf) and resistance to reabsorption (Ra) of CSF were determined in dogs at four doses of fentanyl (0.05, 0.18, 0.60, and 3.0 microg.kg. min), sufentanil (0.01, 0.04, 0.13, and 0.60 microg.kg min) and aflentanil (1.4, 4.0, 13.0, and 40.0 microg.kg min). Results were compared within and between groups and to previously reported normal values (obtained during a variety of background anesthetics) for Vf (0.030-0.054 ml/min) and Ra (220-253 cm H2O ml min) in dogs. At the two lower doses of fentanyl and at all doses of sufentanil and alfentanil, Vf values were not significantly different from previously reported normal values. At the two higher doses of fentanyl, Vf decreased by 24 and 49%, respectively. At the two lower doses of all three drugs, Ra was significantly decreased, with mean values 40-52% below previously reported normal values. At the two higher doses of alfentanil, Ra values were not significantly different from previously reported normal values, and at the two higher doses of fentanyl and sufentanil, Ra was unchanged or increased. It is concluded that, among these three narcotics, reduction of CSF volume (as determined by the balance between Vf and Ra) is favored most by fentanyl, and ease of CSF volume contraction (as determined by Ra) is favored most by alfentanil.
Teachers and the Law: Evolving Legal Issues

Perhaps one of the most common fallacies related to education today is that the vast majority of decisions that teachers, principals, superintendents, and school boards face can be addressed with a...
“MAKING A BIG STINK” Women's Work, Women's Relationships, and Toxic Waste Activism

Women constitute the majority of both the leadership and the membership of local toxic waste activist organizations; yet, gender and the fight against toxic hazards are rarely analyzed together in studies on gender or on environmental issues. This absence of rigorous analysis of gender issues in toxic waste activism is particularly noticeable since many scholars already make note that women predominate in this movement. This article is an attempt to understand how women activists transcend private pain, fear, and disempowerment and become powerful forces for change by organizing against toxic waste in their communities. This article systematically looks at these connections by examining data from survey research and case studies. The authors are particularly interested in the transformation of self of these women, with an emphasis on “ways of knowing.” They also examine the potential of existing social movement theories to explain women's activism against toxic waste.
Ultraviolet spectroscopy and remote sensing of the upper atmosphere

The Earth's ultraviolet airglow contains fundamental diagnostic information about the state of its upper atmosphere and ionosphere. Our understanding of the excitation and emission processes which are responsible for the airglow has undergone dramatic evolution from the earliest days of space research through the past several years during which a wealth of new information has been published from high-resolution spectroscopy and imaging experiments. This review of the field begins with an overview of the phenomenology: how the Earth looks in the ultraviolet. Next the basic processes leading to excitation of atomic and molecular energy states are discussed. These concepts are developed from first principles and applied to selected examples of day and night airglow; a detailed review of radiation transport theory is included. This is followed by a comprehensive examination of the current status of knowledge of individual emission features seen in the airglow, in which atomic physics issues as well as relevant atmospheric observations of major and minor neutral and ionic constituents are addressed. The use of airglow features as remote sensing observables is then examined for the purpose of selecting those species most useful as diagnostics of the state of the thermosphere and ionosphere. Imaging of the plasmasphere and magnetosphere is also briefly considered. A summary of upcoming UV remote sensing missions is provided.
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ko FOR MONITOR NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Central to the application of monitor neutron activation analysis are accurate values for the quantity k 0. By definition, k 0 is a compound constant whose composite nuclear constants can be obtained from nuclear data tables. Unfortunately, the ko's caiculated from the tabulated values of the component constants do not always agree with the measured values of k 0 within their uncertainty. What is more, the measured values sometimes disagree from one measurement facility to another. The problems posed by this situation can be seen by Comparing the compilation of k o by DeCorte et al 1, Kafala2 and earlier k 0 values of a few elements by Ahmad3. We feel that the problem is fundamental and the solution should not be too complicated, otherwise the trust in k 0 values and their future uses will continue to be questioned 4. The k 0 of a nuclide x with respect to a monitor C is given by:
INDIRECT ESTIMATION OF SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) GALLERY LENGTH UTILIZING HOST CHARACTERISTICS

A technique is presented that requires no direct measurement of gallery length to estimate the total gallery length. Required to obtain the estimate are: (1) an appropriate model for time of year, sample period, and host, (2) tree diameter at breast height, (3) length of infested bole, (4) total tree height, and (5) inner bark thickness. The technique is accurate, less time consuming, and less expensive than direct estimation techniques.
Family environments and adaptation: A clinically applicable typology

Abstract Improved methods for assessing the interrelationships of the family environment and individuals' patterns of adaptation are needed for clinical and research purposes. To address this need, a typology of family environments based on multidimensional assessments of a representative sample of community families is presented. Seven family types were identified: 1) independence oriented, 2) achievement oriented, 3) moral/religious oriented (structured and unstructured), 4) intellectual/cultural oriented, 5) support oriented, 6) conflict oriented, and 7) disorganized. Differences in environmental stressors and coping resources were examined as mediators of the associations between the family types and family members' levels of functioning. Clinical and research applications of the typology are discussed.
Approximating the Criticality Indices of the Activities in PERT Networks

A stochastic PERT network is a directed acyclic network in which the arc lengths are independent random variables with known distributions. A fundamental problem in PERT networks is to identify the activities which are critical to the achievement of the project objectives. In an activity network if the duration of each activity is not a random variable, then it is easy to identify the criticality of each activity represented by its float time. However, when the duration of any activity is a random variable, it is not easy to identify the criticality of each activity. In this case the criticality of an activity is known as the "criticality index," which is defined as the sum of the criticality indices of the paths containing it. The criticality index of a path is the probability that the duration of the path is greater than or equal to the duration of every other path in the network. Clearly, the criticality index of an activity can be obtained by determining the criticality indices of the paths, which requires identifying all the paths, determining their criticality indices, then identifying the paths containing the activity. In this paper we develop a theory which leads to a procedure to approximate the criticality indices of all the activities without going through the above three steps. The procedure has been applied to large size PERT networks generated at random, and the results are found to be very close to those obtained by extensive Monte Carlo sampling.
The Nature of Criminality Within One-Percent Motorcycle Clubs

Most law enforcers and academic experts agree that the largest one-percent motorcycle clubs are a formof organized crime despite their origins as barroom brawlers. A few club goals related to the destruction of rival groups are more or less overtly criminal. Of greater concern to most observers is the manner in which these clubs provide a context for individuals with a high propensity for illegal activity to unite long enough to operate enterprises of varying levels of sophistication. Social isolation from the mainstream intensifies intra-group loyalties as it concentrates members' attention on the underworld. Bikers integrate their private and club lives in an manner that makes the distinction between club-sponsored and other activities problematic. The relationship of these enterprises to the club itself is often murky as is the line between their planned and spontaneous expressive crimes.
The role of host tyrosine phosphorylation in bacterial pathogenesis

Recent studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of several bacterial genera, including the Yersinia, Salmonella and Escherichia, have revealed novel strategies of infection that involve the signal transduction processes of eukaryotic cells. These model systems are reviewed here, with emphasis on the role of tyrosine phosphorylation in these bacterial-host cell interactions.
An intermediate-risk multiple myeloma subgroup is defined by sIL-6r: levels synergistically increase with incidence of SNP rs2228145 and 1q21 amplification

IL-6 signaling can be enhanced through transsignaling by the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r), allowing for the pleiotropic cytokine to affect cells it would not ordinarily have an effect on. Serum levels of sIL-6r can be used as an independent prognostic indicator and further stratify the GEP 70-gene low-risk group to identify an intermediate-risk group in multiple myeloma (MM). By analyzing more than 600 MM patients with ELISA, genotyping, and gene expression profiling tools, we show how the combination of 2 independent molecular genetic events is related to synergistic increases in sIL-6r levels. We also show that the rs2228145 minor allele is related to increased expression levels of an IL-6r splice variant that purportedly codes exclusively for a sIL-6r isoform. Together, the SNP rs2228145 minor allele C and amplification of chromosome 1q21 are significantly correlated to an increase in sIL-6r levels, which are associated with lower overall survival in 70-gene low-risk disease, and aid in identification of the intermediate-risk MM group.
U.S.-Chinese Collaborations

Jeffrey Mervis, in his article “Both sides point finger in tiff over China dig” (News & Comment, [1 Nov., p. 715][1]) about a conflict between Chinese and American geoscientists working in western China, reports an unfortunate occurrence, from which readers might conclude that systemic impropriety on the part of Chinese scientists and institutions was to blame. I do not presume to know the details of the incident, but I emphatically urge caution against generalizing that such incidents are characteristic of fieldwork in China or that they in any way typify relations between U.S. and Chinese scientists. I spent a month in China doing fieldwork at the same time (and, in fact, on a very similar subject) as Lucas, Geissman, and Molina-Garza, and I was fully and generously hosted by my Chinese colleagues. I did not spend one yuan. Both the individual scientists and the institutions I worked with were extremely gracious, and the trip was scientifically productive and enjoyable. It would be wrong to impugn the Chinese scientific community on the basis of this unfortunate incident. Let us hope that an amicable and mutually satisfying resolution to this dispute can be found and that ongoing and future U.S.-Chinese collaborations will not be imperiled by escalation into inappropriate venues. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.274.5288.715
The Association Between Spousal Initiator Tendency and Partner Marital Satisfaction: Some Moderating Effects of Supportive Communication Values

This study explored connections between initiator tendency (the propensity to initiate relationship discussions with spouses), value placed on supportive communication, and partner satisfaction. We predicted that supportive communication values would moderate the association between initiator tendency and partner satisfaction. Participants (60 married couples) completed measures tapping initiator style, value placed on supportive communication, and marital satisfaction. As predicted, the association between husband initiator tendency and wife marital satisfaction increased as a function of the value husbands placed on supportive communication. The association between wife initiator tendency and husband satisfaction, though positive, was not moderated by wives’ communication values.
Closing of a state hospital: an overview and framework for a case study.

This article introduces the trends in deinstitutionalization, the limitations of previous research, and the design and research questions of the Central State Hospital (CSH) closing studies. Previously, the central engine of deinstitutionalization has been the downsizing, and not the closing, of facilities to decrease available beds. Only 14 state hospitals closed between 1970 and 1990. However, since 1990, 40 hospitals have closed. Moreover, beginning in 1993, for the first time since deinstitutionalization began, funding for state psychiatric facilities was less than for community-based services. Previous research on both the downsizing and closing of hospitals has focused predominantly on relatively short-term clinical and social outcomes of patients. The current study is a multi-disciplinary, longitudinal, multiple-stakeholder study of the closing of a state-run, long-term care facility in Indiana. The articles that follow focus on the clinical, psychological, social, and attitudinal outcomes for patients, workers, families, and the public following the closing of CSH.
Interfirm Learning and the Kinked Demand Curve

The last three chapters have been concerned primarily with duopoly models. In this chapter we apply Bayesian analysis to an oligopoly model known as the kinked demand curve. The kinked demand curve represents a theoretical dilemma that is not uncommon in the social sciences (Stigler 1978). The dilemma concerns the inclusion or the exclusion of the model from the mixed bag represented by the classification “oligopoly theory.” The model has been in the literature for a number of years and is still in an ambiguous position. Sweezy (1939) proposed the model as an explanation of rigid oligopoly prices, which were taken as an empirical observation (see also Hall and Hitch 1939). The basic assumption underlying the kinked demand curve is that rivals will not follow an attempted increase in price by one of the firms but will follow a decrease. The result is that for each firm the portion of the demand curve above the current price is elastic and the portion below the curve is inelastic. Hence, in the firm’s view, the demand curve appears kinked at the current price and the firm has no incentive to modify its price. Because of the paucity of good alternatives, the model was quickly accepted as the theory of oligopoly by many textbook writers. The theory did not explain how oligopoly prices reached a particular level, but it did offer an explanation of their stability.