cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Study of morphology in interpenetrating polymer networks using paramagnetic spin probes

Abstract The phase structure in a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) is studied using two nitroxide spin probes: the small probe 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and the elongated probe 12-doxylstearic acid. The semi-IPN studied consists of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and a crosslinked polyurethane (PU) based on poly(caprolactone glycol) (PCL) and the aromatic isocyanate 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). The IPN sample measured had a PU PVC ratio of 60 40 . The goal of these experiments was to compare the results obtained for the probes with those previously obtained for IPNs containing spin-labelled PVC. Electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) spectra of the probes were also studied in pure PVC, PCL and PU, in order to assess changes in the local environment of the probes. In PVC the probes are sensitive to the segmental motion above T g . In PCL it seems that the long doxyl probe selectively intercalates in the crystalline domains and this location of the probe seems to persist in PU; TEMPO seems to be located in the amorphous regions of PCL. E.s.r. spectra of both probes in the semi-IPN consist of composite spectra, with fast and slow components. By contrast with results obtained from IPNs containing spin-labelled PVC, no distribution in the values of g iso and A iso of the probes was observed at 400 K. This is interpreted as further proof for the localization of the probes in specific regions of the polymer, differing in their morphology.
Synthesis and properties of side-chain cholesteric liquid crystalline elastomers containing tetra-vinyl crosslinking units

The synthesis of side-chain cholesteric liquid crystalline elastomers containing crosslinking agent pentaerythriol tetra-p-allyloxybenzoate (M-1) and mesogenic monomer 4-cholesteryl-4’-undecenyloyloxybenzoate (M-2) is presented by hydrosilication reaction. The chemical structures of the monomers and liquid crystalline networks were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Mesomorphic properties and phase behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction measurements. The influence of crosslinking units on phase behavior was discussed. The networks containing less than 8 mol% of crosslinking units showed elasticity, reversible phase transition and cholesteric grandjean texture. The glass transition temperatures increased and clearing temperatures decreased with concentration of crosslinking units.
In-process monitoring of end milling cutter runout

Abstract An on-line methodology for the monitoring of end milling cutter runout is presented. Runout has been a limiting factor for achievable productivity in machining due to its adverse effect on tool fife and part quality. However, calibration and adjustment of cutter runout have been- difficult in that runout characteristics react dynamically to the actual machining process. The approach discussed utilizes the time-dependent spectral analysis of cutting force to estimate the cutter runout characteristics of magnitude and angular orientation. The presence of cutter runout generates a cutting force component at the spindle rotational frequency. Given a priori knowledge of the part's material properties, tool geometry, cutting parameters, and machining configuration, the instantaneous runout characteristics are recursively updated from their previous values and the recent measurement of cutting force. The recursive nature of this approach facilitates the in-process implementation of runout monitoring and provides opportunities for control and optimization. The analytical basis of the method is introduced, system mechatronics elaborated, implementation procedure presented, and resulting machining data examined.
Foundations of Genetics: Genetic Structure, Function, and Therapeutics

Molecular genetics provides the basis for understanding patterns of health and disease in people and is part of the scientific foundation on which acute and critical care nurses should build their practice. The human genome, defined as all the genetic information in the cells of humans, provides the blueprint for protein production and cellular function in the body. Alterations in protein production may result in illness or organ malfunction that has a genetic derivation. One therapeutic strategy that holds promise to manage genetic diseases is gene therapy. Gene therapy, or human gene transfer, occurs when scientists or physicians modify the genetic material in cells for therapeutic purposes. Genetic structure, function, and therapeutic reflect the science of the present and future and have profound practice implications for acute and critical care nurses.
Four African-American Proprietary Medical Colleges: 1888–1923

Apres la guerre civile, peu d'universites du nord des Etats-Unis acceptaient les noirs americains. L'A. decrit quatre facultes de medecine du sud, creees soit par des medecins noirs-americains, soit par des institutions missionnaires et compare leurs enseignements
Change of basis algorithms for surfaces in CAGD

Abstract The computational complexity of general change of basis algorithms from one bivariate polynomial basis of degree n to another bivariate polynomial basis of degree n using matrix multiplication is O(n4). Applying blossoming and duality, we derive change of basis algorithms with computational complexity O(n3) between two important classes of polynomial bases used for representing surfaces in CAGD: B-bases and L-bases. Change of basis algorithms for B-bases follow from their blossoming property; change of basis algorithms for L-bases follow from the duality between L-bases and B-bases. The Bezier and multinomial bases are special cases of both B-bases and L-bases, so these algorithms can be used to convert between the Bezier and multinomial forms. We also show that the bivariate Horner evaluation algorithm for the multinomial basis is dual to the bivariate de Boor evaluation algorithm for B-patches.
Creep Analyses of Titanium Drip Shield Subjected to Rockfall Static Loads in the Proposed Geologic Repository at Yucca Mountain

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has included a drip shield (DS) as a principle component of the engineered barrier system (EBS) for the proposed high-level nuclear waste geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The current DS design consists of titanium grade 7 (Ti Gr 7) plates and Ti Gr 24 support beams and bulkheads. The intended functions of the DS are to divert dripping water around and prevent rockfall damage to the waste package (WP). Sustained static loading of the DS may occur as a result of rockfall or drift collapse. These static loads may cause residual stress that approaches the yield stresses of the different DS materials. This level of residual stress would enable various creep mechanisms to transpire. A preliminary assessment of the potential for DS creep after a dynamic rock block impact is presented in this paper by expressing the DS residual Von Mises stress levels as fractions of the Ti alloy yield stress (YS). It was determined, using creep data from similar alloys that the residual stress levels within a DS after a 2-tonne rock block impact per DS segment length could cause creep in both the Ti Gr 7 plates and Ti Gr 24 bulkheads and support beams. The results of this study will assist the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in evaluating the risk significance of the expected DS performance characteristics under actual repository conditions.
Gender and perceived power in manager—subordinate relations

A field study in three organizations investigated gender differences in subordinates' perceptions of managers' power. For 55 female and 55 male managers matched on position power, one subordinate per manager (N = 110, half male and half female) completed a questionnaire. Perceived reward, legitimate, expert and referent power were all intercorrelated, but unrelated to coercive power. Male and female managers did not show the expected differences in combined, reward, coercive, legitimate and referent power. Contrary to predictions, subordinates rated female managers higher than male managers on expert power. Male managers with female subordinates were rated lower on combined and expert power than other gender combinations. Implications are discussed.
Rewarding Bad Behavior: How Governments Respond to Terrorism in Civil War

Although violent organizations often use terrorism as a means to achieve political aims, recent studies suggest the tactic is ineffective because it fails to help groups gain concessions. While focused exclusively on concessions, these studies overlook other important markers of success, specifically whether groups are invited to participate in negotiations as a result of their use of terrorism. Extant studies also conduct statistical analyses on overly aggregated data, masking any effect terrorism has on important bargaining outcomes. Using new monthly data on the incidence of negotiations and the number of concessions offered to groups involved in African civil wars, this paper demonstrates that rebel groups are both more likely to be granted the opportunity to participate in negotiations and offered more concessions when they execute a greater number of terror attacks during civil wars.
Twenty-year clinical experience with the Greenfield filter

The purpose of this study was to characterize the long-term safety and efficacy of the stainless-steel Greenfield filter. All patients who underwent Greenfield filter placement at three institutions during tenure of the senior author (L.J.G.) were entered prospectively into a filter registry and followed on an annual basis. Follow-up consisted of clinical examination to evaluate the status of venous disease or recurrence of pulmonary embolism, abdominal radiographs to determine the stability of the filter and an evaluation of the patency of the inferior vena cava and lower extremities. This report summarizes the 20-year experience. The rate of recurrent pulmonary embolism was 4% and the caval patency rate was 96%. Some filter movement of no clinical significance was seen in 8% of cases. There was no procedural mortality and morbidity was minimal. Greenfield filter insertion provides long-term protection from pulmonary embolism while preserving caval patency.
Evaluation of Automobile Passenger Thermal Comfort Response Due to Seat Cooled by Forced Convection Heat Transfer Mode

In this paper, the existing and modified human-body heat balance equations have been used to predict the variations of automobile passenger (front and back) skin temperatures when the passenger, sitting on the (solar) heated seat, is exposed to hot vehicle air conditions in a hot summer day. The predicted passenger skin temperatures obtained by using the given vehicle air and seat conditions used in this work are used to assess the extent the passenger experiences thermal discomfort based on the thermal comfort initiation (TCI) temperature defined in this work. In order to investigate the effectiveness of the vehicle cooling seat, driven by fans installed within the seat structure, a simple one-dimensional transient analysis along with a two-dimensional numerical analysis using the commercially available CFD package (Fluent 6) has been performed to calculate the variation of seatsurface temperature with time after activating the cooling seat system. The corresponding thermal comfort initiation (TCI) time and the effective cooling region of the seat are calculated. From the case studies performed in this work, it was found that the proposed convection and conduction cooling seat system would produce seat-surface and back-skin temperature below the thermal comfort initiation temperature in about 1-2 minutes.
Tropospheric vertical distribution of tropical Atlantic ozone observed by TES during the northern African biomass burning season

We present vertical distributions of ozone from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) over the tropical Atlantic Ocean during January 2005. Between 10N and 20S, TES ozone retrievals have Degrees of Freedom for signal (DOF) around 0.7 - 0.8 each for tropospheric altitudes above and below 500 hPa. As a result, TES is able to capture for the first time from space a distribution characterized by two maxima: one in the lower troposphere north of the ITCZ and one in the middle and upper troposphere south of the ITCZ. We focus our analysis on the north tropical Atlantic Ocean, where most of previous satellite observations showed discrepancies with in-situ ozone observations and models. Trajectory analyses and a sensitivity study using the GEOS-Chem model confirm the influence of northern Africa biomass burning on the elevated ozone mixing ratios observed by TES over this region.
Selective 5-HT1B agonists identify the 5-HT autoreceptor in lumbar spinal cord of rat.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to characterize the 5-HT autoreceptor in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. The effect of selective 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1B agonists on K + -evoked release of [ 3 H]5-ht and the binding of [ 3 H]5-HT were examined. The 5-HT 1B compounds, mCPP and quipazine were more potent than exogenous 5-HT at decreasing K + ]-evoked release of [ 3 H]5-HT in slices of spinal cord. The pEC 40 values of 5-HT agonists tested, determined from release assays, significantly correlated with the relative affinities (p K D 's) of these compounds for the binding of [ 3 H]5-HT to the 5-HT 1B receptor subtype in the presence of 2 μM 8-OHDPAT, as determined from radioligand binding studies ( r = 0.98, P = 0.003). Conversely, the potencies of the 5-HT 1A agonists 5-MeODMT and 8-OHDPAT, at the 5-HT autoreceptor, were negatively correlated ( r = −0.77, P 3 H]5-HT from the 5-HT 1A subsite (binding of [ 3 H]5-HT in the presence of 1 μM mCPP). Thus, the 5-HT autoreceptor in spinal cord appears to bear a significant pharmacological similarity to the 5-HT 1B binding site. Further testing of the present results requires the development of new 5-HT 1 agonists which are selective (1000-fold difference) for the 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 1B subsites.
Evidence of Outcrossing in Trillium erectum and Trillium grandiflorum (Liliaceae)

Journal of Heredity 1997:88:325-329; 0022-1503/97/S5.00 Enzyme electrophoresis was used to Investigate aiiozyme diversity and outcrossing rates In a population of Trillium erectum and T. grandiflorum from central New York. Enzyme polymorphisms were observed for 11 of 14 and 7 of 13 loci examined in T. erectum and T. grandiflorum, respectively. Percent polymorphic loci (P), mean number of alleles per locus (A), and mean expected heterozygosities («.) were greater In T. erectum {P = 78.6%; A = 2.48; H. = 0.220) than in T. grandiflorum (P = 43.6%; A = 2.18; H. = 0.130). Neither species showed a net excess nor deficiency of heterozygotes as measured by fixation Indices. These levels of aiiozyme diversity are more typical of species with outcrossing breeding systems than species with selflng breeding systems. A mating system analysis revealed that outcrossing is high In T. grandiflorum (^ = 0.761 ± 0.076; x ± SD). In contrast, the selflng rate In T. erectum was nearly 57% (^ = 0.423 ± 0.093) more typical of a species with a mixed-mating system. Nevertheless, these data strongly challenge the view that selflng breeding systems are typical of all North American species of Trillium.
Antimicrobial nectar inhibits a florally transmitted pathogen of a wild Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae)

 Premise of the study: Floral nectars of many species contain antimicrobial chemicals, but their function in nectar is subject to debate. Previously, we have shown that Erwinia tracheiphila , the causative agent of bacterial wilt disease in cucurbits, can be transmitted via the fl oral nectaries.  Methods: We used a disk diffusion assay (DDA) to determine the antimicrobial effects of nectar from a wild gourd on lawns of Escherichia coli and Erwinia tracheiphila . We also used E. tracheiphila to inoculate fl owers of wild gourd plants, with and without nectar.  Key results: The DDA showed that paper disks saturated with 10 μ L of nectar inhibited the growth of E. coli on a larger area of the lawn than 40% glucose but a smaller area than 5% ampicillin for 12 h. On lawns of E. tracheiphila , nectar inhibited growth on a larger area than glucose for 24 h and there were no signifi cant differences between ampicillin and nectar for12 h. A signifi cantly larger proportion of the plants inoculated via fl owers without nectar contracted wilt disease than plants with nectar.  Conclusions: These fi ndings indicate that nectar reduces transmission of E. tracheiphila via the nectaries and reveal the potential for fl orally transmitted pathogens to infl uence the evolution of fltraits.
Flexible Transbronchial Needle Aspiration Biopsy for Histologic Specimens

Flexible transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) biopsy has been used to obtain cytologic specimens from mediastinal lymph nodes for the diagnosis and staging of bronchogenic carcinoma. The dependency on a sophisticated cytologic laboratory, the skill required to perform this procedure, and the inability to obtain enough tissue to diagnose noncarcinomatous processes in the mediastinum by smaller needles has limited its use. The application of TBNA would be greatly enhanced if a histologic specimen could be obtained from the mediastinal lymph node safely. For this reason, an 18-gauge needle was developed and used through a rigid bronchoscope. In ten patients, adequate tissue for histology was obtained in nine, and a specific diagnosis was made in eight patients without any complication. A similar technique was developed and is now reported using the flexible bronchoscope. We conclude that using a flexible transbronchial needle is an effective and safe way of obtaining histologic specimens from the mediastinum and can provide a diagnosis, both in malignant and benign mediastinal disease. Hopefully, this technique will further reduce the need for more invasive surgical procedures.
Downscaling hydroclimatic changes over the Western US based on CAM subgrid scheme and WRF regional climate simulations

This study examines two dynamical downscaling methods, a subgrid parameterization and a regional climate model, to compare their impacts on simulating orographic precipitation and surface hydrology in mountain regions. A global climate model was first applied at 1° × 1.25° grid resolution with a subgrid orographic precipitation scheme. The global simulations were then used to drive a regional climate model at 15-km grid resolution over the Western United States. By comparing the global and regional simulations for two 10-year periods, 1993–2003 and 2039–2049, this study assesses the two downscaling methods in the context of simulating both the present climate and climate change signals, and the implications of the relatively short simulation length to investigate differences in current and future climate simulated by the models are discussed. The model results show that improving the representation of surface topography through higher spatial resolution or a subgrid method has a large impact on the simulations. Both the subgrid scheme and the regional model significantly improved the simulation of snowpack in the mountains. The spatial distributions of precipitation and snowpack are generally consistent between the subgrid and regional simulations, since they were driven by the same large-scale circulation from the global simulations. However, because rain-shadow effects are not represented in the subgrid scheme, the regional simulations produced much more realistic spatial variability in precipitation and snowpack than the subgrid simulations in narrow mountain ranges. In the climate change experiments, both downscaling procedures preserved the large-scale patterns of temperature and precipitation changes in the global simulations. However, the regional simulations show larger changes in precipitation and snowpack along the coastal mountains than the subgrid simulations. This is attributed to the fact that the regional model explicitly simulates the interactions of atmospheric circulation and the underlying topography, so changes in wind directions with respect to the orientations of the mountains may lead to changes in orographic precipitation that cannot be explained by changes in atmospheric temperature and moisture alone. Hence differences between the precipitation changes simulated by the regional model and the subgrid method are larger in narrow mountains such as the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada because the subgrid method does not account for the influence of mountain orientations at the subgrid scale. As precipitation is an important driver of surface hydrological processes, differences between the precipitation changes simulated by the two methods lead to important differences in the surface hydrological processes under climate change. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
An effective coreset compression algorithm for large scale sensor networks

The wide availability of networked sensors such as GPS and cameras is enabling the creation of sensor networks that generate huge amounts of data. For example, vehicular sensor networks where in-car GPS sensor probes are used to model and monitor traffic can generate on the order of gigabytes of data in real time. How can we compress streaming high-frequency data from distributed sensors? In this paper we construct coresets for streaming motion. The coreset of a data set is a small set which approximately represents the original data. Running queries or fitting models on the core-set will yield similar results when applied to the original data set. We present an algorithm for computing a small coreset of a large sensor data set. Surprisingly, the size of the coreset is independent of the size of the original data set. Combining map-and-reduce techniques with our coreset yields a system capable of compressing in parallel a stream of O(n) points using space and update time that is only O(log n). We provide experimental results and compare the algorithm to the popular Douglas-Peucker heuristic for compressing GPS data.
The relationships among IGF-1, DNA content, and protein accumulation during skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is known to have anabolic effects on skeletal muscle cells. This study examined the time course of muscle hypertrophy and associated IGF-1 peptide and mRNA expression. Data were collected at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after surgical removal of synergistic muscles of both normal and hypophysectomized (HX) animals. Overloading increased the plantaris (Plant) mass, myofiber size, and protein-to-body weight ratio in both groups (normal and HX; P < 0.05). Muscle IGF-1 peptide levels peaked at 3 (normal) and 7 (HX) days of overloading with maximum 4.1-fold (normal) and 6.2-fold (HX) increases. Increases in muscle IGF-1 preceded the hypertrophic response. Total DNA content of the overloaded Plant increased in both groups. There was a strong positive relationship between IGF-1 peptide and DNA content in the overloaded Plant from both groups. These results indicate that 1) the muscles from rats with both normal and severely depressed systemic levels of IGF-1 respond to functional overload with an increase in local IGF-1 expression and 2) this elevated IGF-1 may be contributing to the hypertrophy response, possibly via the mobilization of satellite cells to provide increases in muscle DNA.
Molecular characterization of an inward rectifier channel (IKir) found in avian vestibular hair cells: cloning and expression of pKir2.1.

A fast inwardly rectifying current has been observed in some of the sensory cells (hair cells) of the inner ear of several species. While the current was presumed to be an IKir current, contradicto...
“He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not . . . ” Uncertainty Can Increase Romantic Attraction

This research qualifies a social psychological truism: that people like others who like them (the reciprocity principle). College women viewed the Facebook profiles of four male students who had previously seen their profiles. They were told that the men (a) liked them a lot, (b) liked them only an average amount, or (c) liked them either a lot or an average amount (uncertain condition). Comparison of the first two conditions yielded results consistent with the reciprocity principle. Participants were more attracted to men who liked them a lot than to men who liked them an average amount. Results for the uncertain condition, however, were consistent with research on the pleasures of uncertainty. Participants in the uncertain condition were most attracted to the men—even more attracted than were participants who were told that the men liked them a lot. Uncertain participants reported thinking about the men the most, and this increased their attraction toward the men.
The complementary and conflicting relationship between the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission1

Societies emerging from political turmoil and civil unrest associated with gross violations of human rights and humanitarian law face the crucial question of how to deal with these atrocities and put the past in its place. Since the 1980s, this problem has been a major preoccupation of international law and scholarship. The traditional responses include outside intervention in such states pursuant to Chapter VII powers under the United Nations Charter, grants of conditional amnesty to perpetrators of war crimes and crimes against humanity, grants of some form of unconditional amnesty, and prosecution of perpetrators.Nowhere is this question more pressing than in Sierra Leone, which recently emerged from a ten-year civil war characterized by systematic, serious and widespread violations of human rights and international humanitarian law. The Government of Sierra Leone had to make a choice between these four traditional strategies for dealing with these pervasive human rights violations.
Initial stage Fe-clustering in the Au-Fe spin-glass system

Aging experiments were conducted to study initial state Fe-clustering in Au–Fe alloys with Fe content from 10.7 to 33%. Information derived from experiments using transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and high resolution electron microscopy suggests the coexistence of short-range-order and Fe-clusters. At early stages of aging, lobe-like and/or rod-shaped strain contrast images, identified as clusters, were revealed after specimens were further cleaned by an ion-miller. The (11/20) special point diffuse reflections were prominent in the as-quenched condition and/or early stage aging, and the intensities decrease gradually as aging proceeds. After a certain period, (11/20) diffuse reflections disappear but strain contrast images still remain similar. This suggests that the strain contrast images are not related to the (11/20) diffuse reflections. The cluster characteristics of Au–Fe alloys are differentiated from those of Al–Cu and Cu–Be based upon theoretical calculations.
Evaluation and Treatment of Acute Psychosis in Children With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Consultation–Liaison Service Experiences at a Tertiary-Care Pediatric Institution

Background Neurological and psychiatric manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are prevalent in children with SLE. There are few data on the evaluation and management of psychotic features in children with this systemic autoimmune disorder. Objective The authors describe contemporary Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Consultation and Liaison service management of acute psychosis in children with lupus. Method The authors reviewed the records (2003–2008) of all pediatric SLE inpatients who were administered a traditional or atypical antipsychotic agent. They describe clinical features, initial and discharge mental status examinations, and inpatient psychotropic medication usage. Results Ten pediatric SLE patients (age 10–19 years) required psychiatric management for psychosis during the review period. Paranoid delusions (70%), visual hallucinations (60%), and auditory hallucinations (60%) were the most common psychotic symptoms documented. All children were initially treated with an antipsychotic medication. Seven children were maintained on an atypical antipsychotic during their hospitalization. Two children had extrapyramidal signs, but no other adverse events were documented. All children were improved at discharge, and 40% had complete resolution of psychosis; 8 of the 10 patients were discharged on a psychotropic medication. Discussion Psychotic manifestations associated with severe disease presentations were successfully treated by child psychiatrists. Atypical antipsychotics were well-tolerated and used as an adjunct to immunosuppressive regimens in these patients. Prospective studies are necessary to improve the care of children and adolescents with SLE and severe psychiatric manifestations.
RESPONSES OF LEAVES OF PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L. TO SIMULATED ACIDIC RAIN

SUMMARY Relative rates of nutrient penetration, nutrient leaching, and cell permeability of first trifoliate leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Univ. of Idaho 111 were examined after exposure to simulated acidic rain. In buffer solutions 35SO42- penetrated leaves faster at pH 2·7 than at 5·7. In contrast, 86Rb+ pervaded fastest at pH 5·7, and 3H2O entered foliage at similar rates at all pH levels tested. When plants were exposed to simulated rains of various pH levels, calcium, nitrate and sulphate were preferentially leached from whole leaves by rainfalls of low pH, whereas potassium and chloride leached more at pH 5·7 and 3·4 compared with 2·7 and 2·9. Isotope tests indicated that cells within leaves were more permeable to 35SO42- and 3H2O and less permeable to 86Rb+ at pH 2·7 than at higher pH levels. These results suggest a wide diversity of leaf and cell permeability responses to various ions after exposure to acidic rain. In general, an increased rate of nutrient leaching at more acidic levels was correlated with a lower adaxial leaf resistance during leaf development.
A GaAs IC broadband variable ring oscillator and arbitrary integer divider

A monolithic broadband variable ring oscillator is described. The single GaAs IC performs as a broadband variable ring oscillator and arbitrary integer frequency divider. The oscillator, a ring of inverters with a variable delay feature, covers two octaves in the 0.4-1.6-GHz range. The oscillator tuning range can be increased by extending the basic topology. A provision for external signal injection permits injection locking. Frequency division was achieved with a selectable arbitrary division ratio by tuning the oscillator to near the desired submultiple of the input signal. Spurious-free output with a constant amplitude was maintained independently of the divide ratio. >
A galvanizing story--protein stability and zinc homeostasis.

Zinc is an essential component of protein function in all living cells. The intracellular availability of zinc ions must be balanced against their potential toxicity. Maintaining optimal zinc ion levels requires the integration of zinc enzyme expression with zinc transport. Much of the effort to understand bacterial zinc homeostasis, as well as that of other metals, has focused on transcriptional regulation and the biochemical properties of the relevant transcriptional regulators. Less is known about the translational and posttranslational mechanisms of metal homeostasis in bacteria, although these are clearly important (9–11). The significance of protein stability and turnover is emphasized in the results of a study of the zinc-dependent ZntR transcriptional activator, which are presented in this issue (15). These new data provide a way to reconcile the results of previous biochemical and biological studies of ZntR function (6, 13, 18) and provide a better model for understanding zinc homeostasis and one which can be applied to other metals. This study underscores the importance of designing experiments that account for the dynamic nature of cell physiology and its effect on intracellular transition metal utilization. There are many known zinc proteins in Escherichia coli (50), several of which are essential (e.g., RNA polymerase and tRNA synthetases). Growth conditions that change the level of zinc protein expression will require adjustments of intracellular zinc levels to ensure that sufficient metal is available for the generation of active proteins. Access to zinc will depend on the concentration of both extracellular zinc and that recovered from the turnover of other Zncontaining proteins. Zinc ions are transported into the cytoplasm via ZnuABC (14), although other import pathways exist (5). ZnuABC expression is regulated by Zur (14), a Zn-dependent transcriptional repressor homologous to the well-known Fur family of metal-dependent regulators (8). When Zur binds available intracellular zinc, it represses ZnuABC transcription, ultimately leading to cessation of zinc import via this pathway. Excess zinc ions are exported by the zinc-inducible exporter ZntA (1, 16), whose expression is regulated by ZntR (2), a member of the MerR family of transcriptional regulators (7).
Dose response of exercise training following roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: A randomized trial

Objective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery can cause profound weight loss and improve overall cardiometabolic risk factors. Exercise (EX) training following RYGB can provide additional improvements in insulin sensitivity (SI) and cardiorespiratory fitness. However, it remains unknown whether a specific amount of EX post-RYGB is required to achieve additional benefits. Methods We performed a post hoc analysis of participants who were randomized into either a 6-month structured EX program or a health education control (CON). The EX group (n = 56) was divided into tertiles according to the amount of weekly exercise performed, compared with CON (n = 42): low-EX = 54 ± 8; middle-EX = 129 ± 4; and high-EX = 286 ± 40 min per week. Results The high-EX lost a significantly greater amount of body weight, total fat mass, and abdominal deep subcutaneous abdominal fat compared with CON (P < 0.005). SI improved to a greater extent in both the middle-EX and high-EX compared with CON (P < 0.04). Physical fitness (VO2 max) significantly improved in the high-EX (9.3% ± 4.2%) compared with CON (−6.0 ± 2.4%) (P < 0.001). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial State 4 (P < 0.002) and 3 (P < 0.04) respiration was significantly higher in the high-EX compared with CON. Conclusions A modest volume of structured exercise provides additional improvements in insulin sensitivity following RYGB, but higher volumes of exercise are required to induce additional weight loss, changes in body composition, and improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity.
Argon Plasma Coagulation

Argon plasma coagulation (APC) is an electrosurgical procedure in which electrical energy in the form of ionized argon gas is transferred to target tissue. The APC device uses non-contact thermal energy in the form of ionized gas or plasma for coagulation of the tissue. This technique was first used in open surgical and laparoscopic procedures nearly 2 decades ago. With the development of flexible probes and special electrical waveforms in 1990s, APC has been adopted for use in flexible endoscopy for the treatment of various gastrointestinal conditions. APC is an efficacious, safe, and easy-to-use method of hemostasis and devitalization of tissues. This chapter will discuss the indications and contraindications for APC, provide a detailed step-by-step description of the procedure, and an evidence-based review of the procedure.
Advancing a Shared Conversation to Enhance Health Care Enrollment in the United States—A Timely Opportunity and Challenge for Health Literacy

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) provisions that will be implemented January 1, 2014 change the health care system in the United States in many ways. Among the changes is the re...
Evaluating the process of mental health and primary care integration: The Vermont Integration Profile

Objective We developed and tested a measure to identify level of primary care behavioral health integration. We produced a thirty item, six domain electronically delivered measure, and a total score. Methods We generated a convenience sample of 137 survey responses, including 104 primary care practices. We provided each practice a summary of their own data, and generated a data base of all submissions. We calculated descriptive statistics. Results The mean total score was 56/100. The Vermont Integration Profile (VIP) discriminated between types of practices in the direction hypothesized. Initial test retest reliability was good. Conclusion The VIP demonstrated good feasibility and construct validity, initial reliability, low provider demand and good discrimination between types of practices.
Mutations synthetically lethal with tpm1delta lie in genes involved in morphogenesis.

Yeast contains two genes, TPM1 and TPM2, encoding tropomyosins, either of which can provide an essential function in the yeast cytoskeleton. To elucidate more clearly the function of the major tropomyosin, encoded by TPM1, we have isolated mutations that confer synthetic lethality with the null mutant of TPM1. Here we describe a phenotypic and genetic analysis of mutations in TSL1/BEM2, TSL2, TSL3, TSL5, and TSL6 (tropomyosin synthetic lethal). All the mutants exhibit clear morphological and some actin cytoskeletal defects, but are not noticeably defective in secretion, endocytosis, or organelle segregation. The lethality conferred by tsl tpm1δ mutations could be specifically suppressed by either TPM1 or an additional copy of TPM2. This implies that the essential function compromised in the tsl tpm1δ constructs is the same essential function for which Tpm1p or Tpm2p is necessary. Synthetic interactions and unlinked noncomplementation were observed between the tsl mutants, suggesting that they participate in related functions involving morphogenesis. In support of this, tsl6-1 was identified as an allele of the nonessential gene SLT2 or MPK1 whose product is a MAP kinase regulating cell wall synthesis. These results indicate that this synthetic lethality approach provides a sensitive screen for the isolation of mutations affecting morphogenesis, many of which are likely to be in nonessential genes, like BEM2 and SLT2.
Two-dimensional GaSe/MoSe2 misfit bilayer heterojunctions by van der Waals epitaxy

Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructures hold the promise for future atomically thin electronics and optoelectronics because of their diverse functionalities. Although heterostructures consisting of different 2D materials with well-matched lattices and novel physical properties have been successfully fabricated via van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy, constructing heterostructures from layered semiconductors with large lattice misfits remains challenging. We report the growth of 2D GaSe/MoSe2 heterostructures with a large lattice misfit using two-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Both vertically stacked and lateral heterostructures are demonstrated. The vertically stacked GaSe/MoSe2 heterostructures exhibit vdW epitaxy with well-aligned lattice orientation between the two layers, forming a periodic superlattice. However, the lateral heterostructures exhibit no lateral epitaxial alignment at the interface between GaSe and MoSe2 crystalline domains. Instead of a direct lateral connection at the boundary region where the same lattice orientation is observed between GaSe and MoSe2 monolayer domains in lateral GaSe/MoSe2 heterostructures, GaSe monolayers are found to overgrow MoSe2 during CVD, forming a stripe of vertically stacked vdW heterostructures at the crystal interface. Such vertically stacked vdW GaSe/MoSe2 heterostructures are shown to form p-n junctions with effective transport and separation of photogenerated charge carriers between layers, resulting in a gate-tunable photovoltaic response. These GaSe/MoSe2 vdW heterostructures should have applications as gate-tunable field-effect transistors, photodetectors, and solar cells.
Clinical Outcomes After Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in Adolescents' Knees: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To perform a systematic review of the use of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) in the adolescent knee. Specific aims: (1) quantify clinical outcomes of ACI in adolescent knees, (2) identify lesion and patient factors that correlate with clinical outcome, and (3) determine the incidence of complications of ACI in adolescents. Methods PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL, and Cochrane Collaboration Library databases were searched systematically. Outcome scores recorded included the International Knee Documentation Committee score, the International Cartilage Repair Society score, the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, the visual analog scale, the Bentley Functional Rating Score, the Modified Cincinnati Rating System, Tegner activity Lysholm scores, and return athletics. Outcome scores were compared among studies based on proportion of adolescents achieving specific outcome quartiles at a minimum 1-year follow-up. Methodologic quality of studies was evaluated by Coleman Methodology Scores (CMSs). Results Five studies reported on 115 subjects who underwent ACI with periosteal cover (ACI-P; 95, 83%), ACI with type I/type III collagen cover (ACI-C; 6, 5%), or matrix-induced ACI (MACI; 14, 12%). Mean patient age was 16.2 years (range, 11 to 21 years). All studies were case series. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 74 months (mean, 52.3 months). Mean defect size was 5.3 cm 2 (range, 0.96 to 14 cm 2 ). All studies reported improvement in clinical outcomes scores. Graft hypertrophy was the most common complication (7.0%). The mean preoperative clinical outcome percentage (based on percentage of outcome scale used) was 37% (standard deviation [SD], 18.9%) and the mean postoperative clinical outcome percentage was 72.7% (SD, 16.9%). The overall percentage increase in clinical outcome scores was 35.7% (SD, 14.2%). Mean CMS was 47.8 (SD, 8.3). Conclusions Cartilage repair in adolescent knees using ACI provides success across different clinical outcomes measures. The only patient- or lesion-specific factor that influenced clinical outcome was the shorter duration of preoperative symptoms. Level of Evidence Level IV, systemic review of Level I-IV studies.
Segmentally repeated pattern of expression of a cell surface glycoprotein in Drosophila embryos

We report here that a previously described cell surface antigen (Brower, Smith & Wilcox, 1980) is expressed in a segmentally repeating pattern of stripes in the epidermis and nervous system of segmented Drosophila embryos. We also report that the antigenic activity is found on two closely related cell surface glycoproteins. The pattern of expression of this antigen is reminiscent of the expression of some segmentation genes and is affected by mutation of at least two of these genes, fushi tarazu and paired. Thus these glycoproteins are candidates for cell surface molecules involved in carrying out the patterning processes controlled by segmentation genes.
Development of the Technology for Auto-extracting Venation of Insects

The characteristics of insect wings are essential data in insect taxonomy. How to obtain these data accurately and quickly is a crucial and must-be-soleved problem in the digital technology for insect identification automation. In this paper, DrawWing, a software tool was introduced, which can automatically get the information about the outline and venations of insect wings; and the operating principle about DrawWing was described in detail. The software has two versions, run in DOS and Windows, respectively. Both of the two versions were tested here with wing samples of Apis mellifera Linnaeus and Oncotympana maculaticollis Motsch. It was proved that the software can be used to capture vein junctions of wings the bee species (A.mellifera) successfully, opposed to the cicada species (O. maculaticollis). Thus, this way has the potential for the computer to effectively identify insect species and should be encouraged to go forth in the future.
Regulation of animal care and research. The final order on Good Laboratory Practices.

On June 20, 1979, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) enacted all aspects of its Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) program. The program was instituted to ensure the quality and integrity of the safety data submitted to FDA in support of the approval of regulated products, including human and animal drugs, food additives, biologicals, radiation-emitting products and human medical devices. Moreover, these considerations include all safety data submitted to support applications for research and marketing permits. These steps were taken in response to the appalling circumstances uncovered in a limited series of inspections of laboratories that was performed during 1975. FDA found careless experimentation, improperly trained employees, unreviewed data, omitted data, improper laboratory and animal care procedures and improperly monitored contract studies, including the failure of sponsors to validate the data appearing in the final study reports. The Congress responded to this situation by allocating FDA 600 new positions and .$16 million to remedy the problems that were evident. In their final form, the GLP's represent regulations fine tuned to assure proper safety testing with a minimum of increased cost. It is hoped that these regulations will increase public confidence in FDA decision making and will help to ensure that safe products are approved for marketing.
Use of multiple tobacco products in a national sample of persons enrolled in addiction treatment.

Abstract Objective To explore use of tobacco products in relationship to marketing exposure among persons in addiction treatment. Method A random sample of treatment programs was drawn from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Clinical Trials Network (CTN). Participants in each program completed surveys concerning use of tobacco products (N = 1113). Exposure to tobacco marketing and counter-marketing, advertising receptivity, and perceived health risks of smoking were tested for their association with use of multiple tobacco products. Results Prevalence of combustible cigarette use was 77.9%. Weekly or greater use of other products was: e-cigarettes (17.7%), little filtered cigars (8.6%), smokeless tobacco (5.2%), and standard cigars (4.6%) with 24.4% using multiple tobacco products. Compared to single product users, multiple product users smoked more cigarettes per day (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p Conclusion Heavier smokers and those trying to quit may be more likely to use e-cigarettes, little filtered cigars, or smokeless tobacco and have greater susceptibility to their advertising. This highlights the importance of regulating advertising related to smoking cessation as their effectiveness for this purpose has not been demonstrated.
Testung einer muzinhaltigen Speichelersatzlösung

Bei den HNO-Jahreskongressen 1989 und 1990 wurde bereits uber die Neuentwicklung einer muzinhaltigen Speichelersatzlosung gegen Xerostomie berichtet.
Wireless in the classroom and beyond

The deployment of wireless data networks at American institutions of Higher Education has increased dramatically since the establishment of the 802.11 standards by the IEEE. These networks are generally deployed as extensions of the campus network to provide additional functionality to an increasingly mobile student population. As these networks become ubiquitous, they will increasingly be used for both classroom management and business m-commerce applications. Institutions with or considering wireless networks are advised to establish policies for the cooperative management of bandwidth, spectrum and security. Over time, the deployment of ubiquitous, standards-based networks will enable the deployment of an entirely new set of applications that will be useful throughout the university.