cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleon electromagnetic form factors in the continuum limit from ( 2+1+1 )-flavor lattice QCD

Results are presented for the nucleon isovector electromagnetic form factors using 11 ensembles generated by the MILC collaboration using the 2+1+1-flavors HISQ action. They span 4 lattice spacings $a \sim$ 0.06, 0.09, 0.12 and 0.15~fm and 3 values of $M_\pi \sim 135, 225$ and 315 MeV. High-statistics estimates are used to perform a simultaneous extrapolation in the lattice spacing, lattice volume and light-quark masses. The $Q^2$ dependence over the range 0.05-1.4 ${\rm GeV}^2$ is investigated using both the $z$-expansion and the dipole form. Final $z$-expansion estimates for the isovector r.m.s. radius are $r_E = 0.769(27)(30)$ fm $r_M = 0.671(48)(76)$ fm and $\mu^{p-n} = 3.939(86)(138)$ Bohr magneton. The first error is the combined uncertainty from the leading-order analysis, and the second is an estimate of the additional uncertainty due to using the leading order chiral-continuum-finite-volume fits. The dipole estimates, $r_E = 0.765(11)(8)$ fm, $r_M = 0.704(21)(29)$ fm and $\mu^{p-n} = 3.975(84)(125)$, are consistent with those from the $z$-expansion but with smaller errors. Our analysis highlights three points. First, all data from the eleven ensembles and existing lattice data on, or close to, physical mass ensembles from other collaborations collapses more clearly onto a single curve when plotted versus $Q^2/M_N^2$ as compared to $Q^2$ with the scale set by quantities other than $M_N$. The difference between these two analyses is indicative of discretization errors, some of which presumably cancel when the data are plotted versus $Q^2/M_N^2$. Second, the size of the remaining deviation of this common curve from the Kelly curve is small and can be accounted for by statistical and possible systematic uncertainties. Third, to improve lattice estimates, high statistics data for $Q^2 < 0.1$ ${\rm GeV}^2$ are needed.
Distribution of Delayed Neutron Yields versus Proton, Neutron, and Mass Numbers: Application to Proton Pairing in Fission Yields

Evaluated delayed neutron emission probabilities for 74 precursors and estimated probabilities for another 174 precursors have been combined with ENDF/B-V fission yields to map out delayed neutron yields as a function of mass number, proton number, and neutron number. For all fissioning systems, more than 90% of the delayed neutron yield comes from precursors with measured P /SUB n/ values. Most of the remaining yield comes from the precursors /sup 88/As, /sup 100 -103/Y, and /sup 137/Sb. High priority should be given to P /SUB n/ measurements for these precursors. Periodic peaks about five mass numbers apart are seen when delayed neutron yields are plotted versus mass number. This behavior is explained by the very strong enhancement of yields from odd Z precursors. Even Z precursors contribute <10% of the total delayed neutron yield. Plots of delayed neutron yields versus neutron number show dramatic decreases at the closed shell numbers 50 and 82 and smaller effects at subshell numbers 40 and 56. A procedure based on calculated and total delayed neutron yields is proposed for determining proton pairing factors in the fission yield model.
Regulation of phagolysosomal activity by miR-204 critically influences structure and function of retinal pigment epithelium/retina

MicroRNA-204 (miR-204) is expressed in pulmonary, renal, mammary and eye tissue, and its reduction can result in multiple diseases including cancer. We first generated miR-204-/- mice to study the impact of miR-204 loss on retinal and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) structure and function. The RPE is fundamentally important for maintaining the health and integrity of the retinal photoreceptors. miR-204-/- eyes evidenced areas of hyper-autofluorescence and defective photoreceptor digestion, along with increased microglia migration to the RPE. Migratory Iba1+ microglial cells were localized to the RPE apical surface where they participated in the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) and contributed to a persistent build-up of rhodopsin. These structural, molecular and cellular outcomes were accompanied by decreased light-evoked electrical responses from the retina and RPE. In parallel experiments, we suppressed miR-204 expression in primary cultures of human RPE using anti-miR-204. In vitro suppression of miR-204 in human RPE similarly showed abnormal POS clearance and altered expression of autophagy-related proteins and Rab22a, a regulator of endosome maturation. Together, these in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that the normally high levels of miR-204 in RPE can mitigate disease onset by preventing generation of oxidative stress and inflammation originating from intracellular accumulation of undigested photoreactive POS lipids. More generally, these results implicate RPE miR-204-mediated regulation of autophagy and endolysosomal interaction as a critical determinant of normal RPE/retina structure and function.
AI or Nay-I? Making Moral Complexity More Accessible

AI or Nay-I? is a single-player simulation game where players examine how AI systems work and evaluate how they will be regulated in their own fictional nation. Utilizing simple mechanics and meticulously crafted ethical dilemmas, AI or Nay-I? aims to demystify AI and help the public foster a more informed view towards artificial intelligence's potential impact on human life.
The effect of job displacement on mental health, when mental health feeds back to future job displacement

Abstract This paper investigates the link between job displacement and mental health problems. The econometric model allows for the possibility that mental health troubles, once present, feed back to future job displacement. The results show evidence of statistically significant and nontrivial feedback, and that feedback is an important part of the link between job displacement and mental health problems. Specifically, once feedback is taken into account, the link between job displacement and mental health problems shrinks by approximately 45 percent. That conclusion points to an unfortunate loop in which job loss begets mental health troubles, which, in turn, hinder future job prospects. Consequently, policymakers should aim to improve mental health and job prospects by breaking that loop, perhaps through mental health assistance to aid those who experience job displacement, or by easing the job search process for people with mental health troubles.
Reflections on Active Learning in Leadership Development

This article provides conclusions and reflection on the three articles in this special issue. It unpacks how and in what ways active learning prepares educational leaders and draws lessons for futu...
Toward Automated Evaluation of Empathetic Responses in Virtual Human Interaction Systems for Mental Health Scenarios

This paper investigates the process of automating the evaluation of empathetic response levels in virtual human interaction systems implementing mental health scenarios. Two suicidal virtual patients were developed to collect clinician participants' empathetic responses. Before collecting clinicians' responses, we tested the virtual human interaction with healthcare trainees. Trainees' empathetic responses were evaluated by experts to use the ECCS scale based on the ECCS level (Empathetic Communication Coding System). We trained classifiers using trainees' empathetic responses with experts' coded empathy levels as the training dataset. Clinician participants' empathetic responses to virtual patients were evaluated by experts and the classifiers. The performance of the classifiers was evaluated using the experts' coded level of clinicians' empathetic responses as a test dataset. This work demonstrates the applicability of using virtual agents techniques to identify empathy levels of clinicians' responses automatically. This work shows the potential of using virtual human interaction to train clinicians' skills to show empathy. Corresponding feedback could be provided to clinicians based on the evaluation results. We hope this study motivates more research in using intelligent virtual agents in personal skills training in education.
GM Farm Animals: Potential Impact on Biodiversity Including Ethical Concerns

For most traits in farm animals, the environment and chance influence phenotype much more than genetics. However, genetic tools including genetic modification (GM) are extremely powerful approaches to changing average phenotypes of populations. In nearly all cases, adding a new genotype to a population via conventional or GM approaches will increase biodiversity initially. The ultimate effect of the new genotype on the biodiversity of the general population will depend on how the new genotype is used in breeding programs. A special case, often termed gene editing, is using GM approaches to move genotypes within a species, e.g., from beef to dairy cattle. The end product will be identical whether produced conventionally or via GM, so the only real difference is that the GM approach will be more rapid, in some cases producing the change a decade sooner. To date, there are no GM farm animals outside of laboratory settings, university farms, etc., so at present, there has been no practical effect on biodiversity or ecosystems. How GM farm animals are used in the future will determine whether resulting biodiversity will increase, decrease, or stay about the same.
Specifying the physical layer in a LAN standard: a comparison of CSMA/CD and token ring

The author examines the differences between the physical layers of the IEEE 802.3 CDMA/CD (carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection) and IEEE 802.5 token-ring LAN (local area network) standards. He reviews the specific requirements n 802.3 for coaxial 10Base5 transmission and relates the physical requirements to performance requirements for the system. He also describes the differences between the physical layer specifications needed for the two LAN standards. A point-by-point comparison of the major physical specifications for 802.3 (10Base5) and 802.5 is made to show why the specification for the 802.5 physical layer can be done more simply than for 802.3. In addition, the 802.5 physical layer is examined to clarify the role of jitter building, automatic lobe checking, and the time required to enter the ring. >
Energy loss analysis of an integrated space power distribution system

The results of studies related to conceptual topologies of an integrated utility-like space power system are described. The system topologies are comparatively analyzed by considering their transmission energy losses as functions of mainly distribution voltage level and load composition. The analysis is expedited by use of a Distribution System Analysis and Simulation (DSAS) software. This recently developed computer program by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) uses improved load models to solve the power flow within the system. However, present shortcomings of the software with regard to space applications, and incompletely defined characteristics of a space power system make the results applicable to only the fundamental trends of energy losses of the topologies studied. Accountability, such as included, for the effects of the various parameters on the system performance can constitute part of a planning tool for a space power distribution system.
Perturbation of TSG101 Protein Affects Cell Cycle Progression

tsg101 was recently identified as a tumor susceptibility gene by functional inactivation of allelic loci in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. Although previous studies suggested that homozygous intragenic deletion of TSG101 is rare in breast cancer cells and specimens, the neoplastic phenotype caused by tsg101 inactivation implicated that tsg101 may play a significant role in cell growth control. Here, we characterize mouse polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize the TSG101 protein (molecular mass, 46 kDa) in whole-cell lysates by straight Western blot analysis. By indirect immunofluorescence staining, TSG101 was found to be localized in the cytoplasm throughout the entire cell cycle. However, the nuclear staining increases from G1 to S phase and becomes dominant in late S phase. TSG101 is mainly distributed surrounding the chromosomes during M phase. The expression level of TSG101 is not cell cycle dependent. It is possible that the relocalization of TSG101 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus may be relevant to its function. Microinjection of both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific to TSG101 into cells during G1 or S phase results in cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, overexpression of TSG101 leads to cell death, suggesting that the appropriate amount of TSG101 is critical for cell cycle progression. Taken together, these results suggest that neoplastic transformation caused by TSG101 deficiency may result from bypassing of the cell cycle checkpoints.
Regulation of BMP and activin signaling in Drosophila.

Cytokines of the TGF-β superfamily act through an evolutionarily conserved signaling pathway to elicit a diverse range of biological responses in vertebrates as well as invertebrates. Drosophila has proved to be a powerful system to unravel the profound complexities underlying the regulation of this superficially simple signaling system for two reasons — the availability of sophisticated genetic tools and the restricted number of core signaling components compared to vertebrates. A BMP signaling pathway in Drosophila that regulates growth, differentiation and morphogenesis of the embryo and the larva has been extensively characterized. This work has provided major insights into how gradients of secreted proteins can be established and maintained in vivo, allowing a single ligand to induce multiple cell fates rather than function as an on-off switch. More recently, an activin signaling pathway has also been delineated that is required for growth and neuronal function during development. This review provides an overview of TGF-β signaling in Drosophila with emphasis on the extensive modulation of signaling activity both within and outside the cell, that enables ligands to trigger specific and context-dependent effects.
Quinceaneras and Quadratics: Experiences of Latinas in State-Supported Residential Schools of Science and Math.

This qualitative study sought to understand the experiences of Latinas enrolled in residential state schools of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM). Goals of the study focused on understanding experiences and identifying factors such as decisions to enroll, barriers and supports, and issues contributing to retention. These schools represent powerful opportunities for students of all socioeconomic levels to begin a successful path toward postsecondary STEM degrees and employment in science and technology fields. Compelling themes from this study are related to identity, race, teacher pedagogy, and overcoming stereotypes of women and STEM.
Determination of optimal paths to task goals using expert system based on GOMS model

Website users often experience several difficulties while trying to access or navigate a website. This is mostly due to their inability to familiarize themselves with the structures in the website or as a result of complex procedures which prevent them from reaching their goals. It is therefore, important to develop a methodology or guidance technique for assisting website users to achieve their goals. A type of expert system that provides the needed guidance necessary in order to achieve these goals was proposed in this paper. A sample website was initially designed, and the analysis of website menu structure was conducted. The rules to find the optimal path are established based on the Goals, Operators, Methods, and Selection rules (GOMS) model by considering individual preferences on input devices. Derivatives of the GOMS model such as the Cognitive Perceptual Model GOMS, Natural GOMS Language, GOMS Language and GOMS Language Evaluation and Analysis were reviewed. The Card, Moran and Newell (CMN) GOMS technique was selected as the primary inference engine of the proposed expert system. This was primarily based on the highly efficient and exemplary capability of the CMN-GOMS to predict both operator sequence and execution time. The expert system was finally constructed from the result of the acquired knowledge base and other applicable rules.
Hurting, helping, or neutral? The effects of parental permissiveness toward adolescent drinking on college student alcohol use and problems

To enhance prevention efforts to reduce college drinking, parents have been identified as an important source of influence that can be modified with brief interventions. Research suggests parental permissiveness toward drinking in adolescence is positively related to college student drinking, though existing studies have not comprehensively accounted for potential confounders (e.g., parental drinking). The present study used propensity modeling to estimate the effects of pre-college parental permissiveness on college student drinking and consequences while accounting for an inclusive range of confounders. A random sample of 1,518 incoming students at a large university completed baseline measures of parental permissiveness and a list of confounders (e.g., parental drinking, family history). At follow-up 15 months later, participants reported on their drinking and alcohol-related consequences. To control for potential confounders, individuals were weighted based on their propensity scores to obtain less biased estimates of the effects of parental permissiveness on drinking and consequences. Analyses revealed parental permissiveness was consistently and positively associated with college drinking and consequences when the confounders were not accounted for, but these effects were attenuated after weighting. Parents' allowance of drinking was not related to college drinking or consequences after weighting. Students' perceived parental limits for consumption were related to drinking and consequences in the weighted models. Prevention efforts may benefit from targeting parents' communication of acceptable limits for alcohol consumption.
Clinical use of tumor markers in pancreatic carcinoma

There is no ideal tumor marker for pancreatic carcinoma. Most of the tumor-associated antigens in this disease are cell surface mutins, such as CA19-9, TAG-72, CA242, CA50, CA195, and CA494. CA19-9 is the most promising marker. It is used for clinical and pathological diagnosis, prognosis, and response to chemotherapy. The other mucin antigens are currently being investigated for clinical practice. CA242 shows promise as a marker of tumor load and CA494 may play a role in immunotherapy. Oncofetal antigens such as CEA are not specific for pancreatic carcinoma and have a limited use in this disease. Malignancies associated with the endocrine pancreas secrete hormonal products which can be used as tumor markers. Fluid aspirated from pancreatic cysts can also be evaluated. Tumor antigens in aspirated fluid from pancreatic cysts should be interpreted with caution since multi-locu-lated cysts do not have a uniform expression of these markers. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pattern collapse mitigation strategies for EUV lithography

In this study, a comprehensive approach towards assessing pattern collapse challenges and solutions for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUV) resists beyond the 14nm node is undertaken. The fundamental forces that drive pattern deformation are reassessed in order to propose a generalized design criterion for EUV photoresists and aqueous surfactanated rinses. Furthermore, ultimate pattern collapse solutions such as solvent drying utilizing pressurized fluids (supercritical CO2) are exemplified for sub-60nm pitch EUV patterning. In parallel, alternative EUV integration schemes that use a metal-based hardmask (MHM) are studied using a specifically tailored self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to prevent delamination-driven pattern collapse due to resist-hardmask interfacial adhesion failure. Finally, the marginal image transfer of 40nm pitched L/S of ultrathin EUV resist into a SiARC-underlayer stack appears to be gated by the EUV resist resolution limit and the reduced film thickness budget. An alternative method for achieving improved postetch line width roughness (LWR) with an ultrathin MHM-based integration scheme is herein demonstrated.
Microfluidic hydrodynamic cellular patterning for systematic formation of co-culture spheroids.

This paper describes a microfluidic method to form co-culture spheroids of various geometries and compositions in order to manipulate cell–cell interaction dynamics. The cellular patterning is performed in a two-layered microfluidic device that sandwiches a semi-porous membrane so that flow occurs from the top channel through the membrane to the bottom channel. Arbitrary cellular arrangements are enabled by regulating the geometric features of the bottom channel so that as culture media drains, the flow hydrodynamically focuses (aggregates) cells onto the membrane only over the regions of the bottom channel. Furthermore, when the top channel has multiple inlets, cells can be seeded in adjacent laminar streams, allowing different cell types to be patterned simultaneously in well defined spatial arrangements. Interestingly, the initial cell positioning of certain cell types can result in two juxtaposed non-concentric “Janus” spheroids, rather than homogeneous mixtures or layered shell structures. Therefore, the initial position of cells prior to aggregation can influence the final configuration within a co-culture spheroid. When Janus spheroids were constructed from mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells and hepatocytes, the mES cells differentiated in a spatially distinct pattern dictated by the position of the hepatocytes. This contrasts with uniform mES differentiation observed when co-culture spheroids are formed by the conventional method of randomly mixing the two cell types. This cellular patterning method opens new possibilities for understanding and manipulating interactions between different cell types in 3D.
Developing Successful Autonomous Ground Vehicles: Lessons Learned from DARPA Challenges

Abstract This paper presents a framework to follow for developing a successful Autonomous Ground Vehicle (AGV). The paper studies AGVs which competed in the 2005 DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) Grand Challenge (DGC05) and 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge (DUC07). The focus would be on the AGVs who managed to finish the challenges successfully and strives to find a common framework for these AGVs. Components of successful vehicles are investigated and presented by the use of examples of how they can be used and implemented.
Abstract A74: Tumor secreted Hsp90 initiates tumor growth and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and second most common cause of cancer related lethality in men. Disease mortality is due primarily to metastatic spread, highlighting the urgent need to identify factors involved in this progression. Increased secretion of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has been reported in diverse cancer cells, and secreted, or extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) is also found in patient plasma. Although eHsp90 promotes cancer cell motility and invasion and facilitates tumor metastasis, the mechanistic basis for its activity has remained unknown. The goal of this study was to explore whether extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) may play a role in PCa progression. To explore this, 3 sets of lineage-related differentially metastatic cell pairs were utilized to evaluate eHsp90 expression and activity. We found that eHsp90 secretion correlated with PCa aggressiveness. To evaluate the functional role of eHsp90, we modulated its expression and activity. Upregulation of eHsp90 was accomplished by exposure of prostate epithelial cells to exogenous Hsp90 protein, or alternatively, cells were transduced with a lentivirus directing the secretion of Hsp90. Blockade of eHsp90 function was accomplished by exposure of cells to anti-Hsp90 antibodies or to a cell-impermeant specific inhibitor of Hsp90. We demonstrate that eHsp90 is a critical factor required for PCa cell motility and for initiation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) genetic program. Moreover, modest increases in eHsp90 were sufficient to induce tumor growth and localized invasion in a subrenal capsule xenograft model of PCa. Finally, eHsp90 was detected in human cancer specimens and its expression was correlated with upregulated expression of pro-invasive genes. Our findings offer insights into the mechanistic basis of eHsp90 in PCa, and further support a putative clinical role for eHsp90 as a potential driver of PCa progression. Citation Format: Michael W. Hance, Krystal Nolan, Udhayakumar Gopal, Jessica E. Bohonowych, Agnieszka Jezierska-Drutel, Carola A. Neumann, Haibo Liu, Garraway P. Isla, Omar E. Franco, Simon W. Hayward, Jennifer S. Isaacs. Tumor secreted Hsp90 initiates tumor growth and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A74.
Introduction: Costs and benefits of modern-day spine care.

As the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, commonly known as the Affordable Care Act (ACA), becomes formalized in the United States, we are reminded now more than ever of the economic realities of our modern-day health care system. The ACA accompanies a larger paradigm shift in the way all future medical and surgical therapies will be judged—one in which the economic impact of a particular intervention will be as important as its impact on patients’ outcomes in justifying its existence. Perhaps in no other surgical field is the impact of this shift as evident as in the field of spinal surgery, in which near-daily technological advances meant to improve quality of life are constantly balanced against their accompanying price tags. In this issue, we highlight important efforts aimed at improving our understanding of the true economic impact of modern-day spine care. Our first two manuscripts focus on the importance of large, multicenter databases in allowing us to conduct high-quality, population-based studies on the cost-effectiveness of current spinal treatment strategies. As the days of using single-surgeon or single-center–based studies in spine care research come to an end, we are faced with a new challenge of creating and maintaining multi-institutional databases that can be readily accessed by fellow researchers. The next two studies center on utilizing databases to conduct cost-benefit analysis. Dr. Alvin and colleagues focus on several factors that can explain variations in cost calculations in spine surgery cost-effectiveness research. Finally, the articles in our last section deal with the interplay between patient-based characteristics, which can influence not only quality-based patient outcomes, but also economic outcomes related to the ultimate cost of treatment for these patients. We hope the reader gains a better understanding of the significant challenges we face in the coming decades. Whereas physicians and surgeons were formerly tasked only with improving patient outcomes, we now are directly faced with improving economic outcomes as well. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2014.4.FOCUS14124)
Effect of fulvic and humic acids on nitrificationpart ii: The nitrifying potential of cecil and davidson soils

Abstract A disagreement exists in the literature regarding the effect of organic matter on nitrification. Therefore, this investigation was conducted to study the effect of fulvic (FA) and humic acids (HA) on nitrification by chemical means. In part I, results of an experiment showed a general trend for nitrite production to increase with increase application of FA and HA. On the other hand, nitrate production decreased in the presence of FA and HA. Since the previous experiment was conducted in vitro without soil, a second experiment was initiated as discussed below to include the use of a Cecil and Davidson soil. Soil samples mixed with 0 to 1000 mg HA/kg were incubated for 21 days according to the Schmidt and Belser's nitrifying potential procedure, and an alternate method. Ammonium sulfate was added as the N‐source. The soils were then extracted with 2M KC1 for analysis of initial and final nitrate concentrations with which the nitrifying potential was calculated. An additional experiment was included...
Pore Shape Effect On Elastic Properties of Carbonate Rocks

The presence of non-interactive porosities of spherical or near-spherical type along with microporosity changes the effective elastic properties of the rock frame making pore geometries an important parameter, that must be taken in to account for estimating elastic moduli by any theoretical effective medium models. Differential effective medium (DEM) model is one such theoretical model which accounts for changes in elastic moduli due to changing pore geometries and facilitates inclusion of two or more than two pore shapes. If bulk porosity and water-saturated P-wave velocities are available, one can estimate the average aspect ratio of the different pore shapes and their relative volume fraction in the rock. These two parameters when used in DEM will predict dry rock moduli and shear velocities. An example on 52 measured carbonate rock samples is shown, in the end.
Research Commentary---Information Transparency in Business-to-Consumer Markets: Concepts, Framework, and Research Agenda

The Internet has brought about significant changes in the availability of market information in many industries. E-commerce technologies provide sellers with opportunities to design electronic mercantile mechanisms that reveal, conceal, bias, and distort market information, depending on their goals and market position (e.g., suppliers versus intermediaries). In particular, in information-intensive industries where electronic markets play an important role, many firms are using advanced technologies to put innovative strategies into play that are based on the provision of differential information to their customers. We examine the role of information transparency in electronic markets. We contend that there is an opportunity to develop research on sellers' strategies regarding information disclosure to customers and competitors. For that purpose, we develop a set of concepts and a framework to guide future research. We then propose an interdisciplinary agenda for research on the emerging and increasingly important topic of transparency strategy, which we define as the set of policies and decisions that a firm makes to disclose, conceal, bias, or distort market information.
A Global Evaluation of Ocean Bottom Pressure from GRACE, OMCT, and Steric-Corrected Altimetry

Abstract Ocean bottom pressure (OBP) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the Ocean Model for Circulation and Tides (OMCT) are compared globally with OBP computed from altimetry corrected for steric variations from Argo floats from January 2005 to December 2007. Two methods of smoothing the GRACE data are examined. The first uses a standard Gaussian smoother with a radius of 300 km. The second method projects those smoothed maps onto empirical orthogonal functions derived from OMCT in a least squares estimation in order to produce maps that better agree with the physical processes embodied by the model. These new maps agree significantly better with estimates from the steric-corrected altimetry, reducing the variance on average by 30% over 70% of the ocean. This is compared to smaller reductions over only 14% of the ocean using the 300-km Gaussian maps and 56% of the ocean using OMCT maps. The OMCT maps do not reduce variance as much in the Southern Ocean where OBP variations are l...
DOPA decarboxylase activities and potassium stimulation of lateral cilia on the ctenidium of Crassostreavirginica (Gmelin)

Abstract DOPA decarboxylase and potassium stimulation of ciliary activity were measured in the ctenidium of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors (STH and α-methyl-DOPA) decreased the decarboxylase activity in extracts of ctenidium with subsequent enhancement of potassium stimulation of ciliary activity. Intramuscular injection of STH and α-methyl-DOPA caused a gradual decrease in enzymatic and green-fluorophore activities with an increase in lateral ciliary activity in response to potassium stimulation. Recovery was observed 10 days after a single dose of α-methyl-DOPA. Intramuscular injection of 6-OH-DOPA caused a rapid decline in decarboxylase and green-fluorophore activities with a rapid increase in lateral ciliary activity in response to potassium stimulation. There was, however, a decrease in all three activities to near zero activity within 10 days. This study shows that potassium enhancement of lateral ciliary activity depends on the amount of DOPA decarboxylase in the ctenidium. A decrease in the enzyme results in a potentiation of the potassium effect on lateral ciliary activity.
PHASE-SPACE DIFFUSION EQUATIONS FOR SINGLE BROWNIAN PARTICLE MOTION NEAR SURFACES

In numerous physical processes involving the motion of micron and submicron sized particles near surfaces, such as the filtration of hydrosols and aerosols, the particle motion is the net result of the combined effects of fluid convection, external forces, particle inertia, Brownian particle motion, and particle-surface fluid dynamic interactions. The most general method of describing particle motion under the combined action of these effects is through the so-called Fokker-Planck equation. In the absence of particle-surface fluid dynamic interactions, the Fokker-Planck equation is well-known, and it has been applied in a general way to problems involving the adsorption or deposition of Brownian particles onto surfaces through a solution technique known as the Brownian dynamics simulation method. In this study, the Fokker-Planck equation for Brownian particle motion near surfaces is generalized to include particle-surface fluid dynamic interactions. The Fokker-Planck equation is shown to follow from the L...
Cycles of investment: bicycle infrastructure, gentrification, and the restructuring of the San Francisco Bay Area

Bicycling for transportation in American cities has grown dramatically in the past twenty years, symbolizing the return of capital investment and commercial vitality to formerly disinvested urban cores. The cycling ‘renaissance’ taking place to the greatest extent in gentrifying neighborhoods has been noted, but the processes relating cycling and gentrification have gone largely unexplored. This paper examines the early role that bicycle advocacy organizations in San Francisco played in articulating the specifically economic value of bicycle infrastructure investment. This narrative is now commonplace, and widely applied both to neighborhood revitalization and urban competition for ‘talent’. This alliance of bicycle advocacy with the ‘livable’ turn of gentrification raises serious questions for those who would pursue a more democratic and socially just politics of the bicycle.
Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming

Summary 1 Changes in farming practice provide an opportunity to restore once extensive forested wetlands on agricultural land. In some parts of the world, however, it has proved difficult to restore the full complement of plant species through natural regeneration. Similarly, the restoration of forested wetlands by replanting has often resulted in ecosystems of low diversity. Better methods of restoring these important ecosystems are now required and baldcypress swamps provide an opportunity to investigate alternative approaches to the restoration of forested wetlands. This study examined the composition of seed banks of farmed fields to determine their value in restoring swamps in the south-eastern United States. 2 A seed bank assay of soils from baldcypress swamps was conducted to determine the extent to which seeds are maintained during farming for various lengths of time. Soils from swamps that were farmed for 0–50 years were collected near the northern boundary of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley along the Cache River, Illinois. Soils were placed in a glasshouse setting in flooded and freely drained conditions, and the numbers and species of seeds germinating were recorded. 3 Woody species including trees, shrubs, and vines were poorly represented in seed banks of both farmed and intact sites (51 and 9 sites, respectively). Missing dominants in the seed banks included tree species with short-lived seeds such as Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica. Cephalanthus occidentalis constituted the most abundantly dispersed seed of all woody species. 4 Herbaceous species were well represented in the seed banks of both farmed and intact swamps (species richness of 207 vs. 173 species, respectively) suggesting that herbaceous species may live longer than woody species in seed banks. Few of the herbaceous species decreased in seed density in seed banks with time under cultivation, although seed density was lower at sites that had not been farmed. Species that relied on vegetative organs for dispersal were absent in the seed banks of farmed sites including Heteranthera dubia, Hottonia inflata, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca and Wolffia columbiana. These species may require active reintroduction during restoration. 5 Synthesis and applications. Both restoration ecologists and managers of nature conservation areas need to be cognisant of seed bank and dispersal characteristics of species to effectively restore and manage forested wetlands. In the case of baldcypress swamps, critical components of the vegetation are not maintained in seed banks, which may make these floodplain wetlands difficult to restore via natural recolonization. Ultimately, the successful restoration of abandoned farm fields to forested wetlands may depend on the re-engineering of flood pulsing across landscapes to reconnect dispersal pathways.
Privileged Knowledge and Social Change: Effects on Different Participants of Using Geographic Information Systems Technology in Natural Resource Management

The use of geographic information systems (GIS) technology in natural resource management has expanded rapidly: It is the preferred tool of spatial data analysis addressing large landscapes and is typically the presentation medium for conveying landscape-scale scientific findings to all kinds of audiences. In a case study using the Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study in western Oregon, it was found that the use of GIS to analyze and display natural resource data in that project produced a variety of responses among different participants and participant groups. The findings offer insights into the workings of groups attempting public involvement in natural resource management.
Bayesian networks for knowledge discovery in large datasets: basics for nurse researchers

The growth of nursing databases necessitates new approaches to data analyses. These databases, which are known to be massive and multidimensional, easily exceed the capabilities of both human cognition and traditional analytical approaches. One innovative approach, knowledge discovery in large databases (KDD), allows investigators to analyze very large data sets more comprehensively in an automatic or a semi-automatic manner. Among KDD techniques, Bayesian networks, a state-of-the art representation of probabilistic knowledge by a graphical diagram, has emerged in recent years as essential for pattern recognition and classification in the healthcare field. Unlike some data mining techniques, Bayesian networks allow investigators to combine domain knowledge with statistical data, enabling nurse researchers to incorporate clinical and theoretical knowledge into the process of knowledge discovery in large datasets. This tailored discussion presents the basic concepts of Bayesian networks and their use as knowledge discovery tools for nurse researchers.
Thermochemistry of uranium compounds IV. Standard enthalpy of formation of sodium uranium(V) trioxide (NaUO3)

A pure carefully characterized sample of sodium uranium(V) trioxide, NaUO$sub 3$, has been reacted in a calorimeter containing an aqueous mixture of HCl and XeO$sub 3$. Based on the enthalpy of reaction, the standard enthalpy of formation, $delta$H$sup 0$/sub f/(NaUO$sub 3$, c, 298.15 K), has been determined to be --(357.5 +- 0.8) kcal/sub th/ mol$sup -1$. Derived thermodynamic data attest to the significant stability of NaUO$sub 3$. (auth)
A new mutant class of soybean lacks urease in leaves but not in leaf-derived callus or in roots

We reported earlier the recovery of two classes of soybean urease mutants in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Williams). Class I mutants lack the embryo-specific urease while class II mutants lack the activities of both urease isozymes, the embryo-specific and the ubiquitous urease, the latter found in all tissues examined. We report here the recovery of a true-breeding mutant, aj3, which represents the third phenotypic class: normal levels of embryo-specific urease and little or no ubiquitous urease. Unlike class II mutant plants which lack urease in all tissue, aj3 lacks urease activity only in leaves (ca. 2% normal activity); its roots have near normal urease activity. Callus derived from leaves of aj3 has 14% to 40% the urease activity of Williams 82 callus. This partial reduction in urease activity in aj3 callus is sufficient to reduce growth with urea as sole nitrogen source and to confer resistance to 50 mM urea added to callus maintenance medium. Leaves of aj3 produce more than 40 times the urease antigen expected from their urease activity. The aj3 trait is due to a single recessive lesion which is not allelic with lesions at theEu2, Eu3 (class II) orEu1 (class I) loci. We designate the aj3 genotype aseu4/eu4.
The termination shock near 35° latitude

[1] The termination shock moves outwards and inwards over timescales of a solar cycle in response to the variations in the average solar wind speed. The amplitude is greater than 50 AU near 35° latitude; the maximum (minimum) distance occurs during the rising (declining) phase of the solar cycle. Shock parameters are distinctly different when the shock moves outwards or inwards. During the period of high-speed (low-speed) solar wind, the shock moves outward (inward) and the shock is weaker (stronger). This study assumes that the first crossing of Voyager 1 with the termination shock occurred at 85.5 AU on 2002.6. If Voyager 1 did cross the shock in 2002.6, the spacecraft would likely cross the shock at least two more times before 2010, but no second crossing would occur close to 2003.1. If Voyager 1 did not cross the shock in mid-2002, it might still do so before 2005.
Pedogenic weathering of tonalite in southern California

Abstract Tonalite (quartz diorite) in southern California has weathered under aa mediterranean climate to depths of more than 30 m. In weathering, the rock was broken up by expansion of biotite as it weathered to vermiculite. The particle density of the resulting fragments is the same as that of the rock (2.75 g/cm 3 ). Biotite comprises 14% of the rock and could produce a linear extensibility of 1.8% in such a uniform, medium-grained material if all the biotite weathered to vermiculite. Measured expansion (1–2%) of the fragmented rock agrees with the predicted value. Other minerals, mostly unweathered, in the rock are: andesine, 56%; hornblende, 13%; quartz, 9%; and orthoclase, 8%. Weathering of the fragmented rock to soil was studied in three kinds of environments in four closely associated soils of a toposequence. Differences in the weathering environments are a result of differences in topographic positions of the soils and resultant differences in soil moisture regimes. A slightly leached environment occurs on hilltop and backslope positions. These position are occupied by Ustochrepts and Haploxeralfs. B horizons of these soils have base saturations of less than 90%, lack salts in soil solution, and contain little exchangeable magnesium and sodium. In this environment vermiculite and kaolinite are formed from weathered biotite. No crystalline clay minerals were detected in the other primary minerals. A high sodium environment occurs in footslope positions. Natrixeralfs occupying these positions are slightly leached in upper parts but accumulate some soluble ions, especially sodium, magnesium, and in places carbonates and amorphous silica in lower parts. In this environment biotite weathers to vermiculite and kaolinite, andesine and hornblende to montmorillonite. The third environment is a base-rich environment found in areas of subdued relief and somewhat restricted drainage. The Pelloxererts in this position have significant amounts of soluble salts and large amounts of extractable magnesium and sodium. Minor amounts of secondary carbonates and amorphous silica accumulate below their sola. In the base-rich environment biotite weathers to vermiculite and montmorillonite, andesine and hornblende to a beidellite-montmorillonite. The beidellite-montmorillonite formed from the andesine is dioctahedral. Its structural formula is (Si 7.44 Al 0.56 )(Al 2.62 Mg 0.73 Fe 0.61 Ti 0.08 ) O 20 (OH) 4 (M + 0.95, K + 0.05 ) and it has a C.E.C. of 119 mequiv./100 g. The stability sequence for primary minerals from least to most stable is biotite, andesine, hornblende, quartz.
Studies on the optically active isomers of O, O-diethyl malathion and O, O-diethyl malaoxon☆

Abstract The optically active isomers of O,O-diethyl malathion and O,O-diethyl malaoxon have been prepared by two different synthetic routes. Partially purified carboxylesterase (99-fold) from rat liver has been prepared for kinetic studies involving inhibition rate constants (ki) and Michaelis constants (Km) for malaoxons and malathions respectively. The d-isomers of malathion and malaoxon always proved to be more toxic toward mice and houseflies than the corresponding l-isomers. The higher toxicity of the d-isomers is believed to be related to higher bimolecular rate constants of d-malaoxon (ki) with acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase. Although d-malaoxon is a better inhibitor for carboxylesterase, d-malathion proved to be the better substrate for this enzyme. In vivo, however, the inhibition reaction dominated the substrate reaction, resulting in the d-isomers being more toxic.
Changes in the dopaminergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex during late postnatal development: A tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical study

In this study, we used immunohistochemical techniques and antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, to examine the relative density and laminar distribution of labeled axons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of preadolescent, adolescent and adult monkeys