cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of Single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides in programming ribosomes for translation

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligomers were compared to synthetic RNA oligomers in their ability to program E. coli ribosomes in vitro. AUG and dATG-containing oligomers promoted the non-enzymatic binding of fmet-tRNA to ribosomes, with similar dependence on time and magnesium concentration; only at 10 mM Mg++ or at low oligomer concentration was RNA slightly preferred in complex formation. These initiation complexes were biologically active in that fmet-tRNA, bound in response to ssDNA or RNA, was fully reactive with puromycin. While dAUG could not function as an initiation codon, p-dAUG functioned as well as AUG or dATG. However, dUAA and p-dUAA could not replace UAA in directing release-factor (RF) activity, and dTAA functioned only to a slight extent. Release factors had specificity for termination complexes containing dATGTAA, dATGTAG, or dATGTGA. At Mg++ concentrations of 15 mM or higher, these hexamers directed peptidyl transferase-dependent fmet-tRNA hydrolysis in the absence of RF. We suggest this RF-independent activation of peptidyl transferase as a unique system for studying the mechanism of termination. Overall, these results indicate that ssDNA can be used in place of RNA for certain studies of protein synthesis.
Theory of unsteady flow about thin cylinders in fluids of high electrical conductivity

A theory is developed for the incompressible flow of a fluid with high electrical conductivity about thin cylinders (airfoils) in non-uniform motion. A uniform magnetic field is applied parallel to the free stream and solutions are obtained subject to the restriction of small perturbations. The effects of viscosity are included, for the most part, only through the use of the Kutta condition, where applicable, for lifting airfoils. The validity and range of applicability of the infinite-conductivity assumption are determined on the basis of an order-of-magnitude analysis; the general character of the flow is discussed at length.The flow-field for infinite conductivity is changed from the non-magnetic case only through the new transport speed of vorticity; the forces on the airfoil are changed due to surface currents. For the case of the Alfven speed less than the free-stream speed, the airfoil lift and pitching moment are given in integral form for general unsteady-airfoil motion and are given in closed form for harmonic ocsillations. The forces at moderate frequencies may be larger than in the corresponding non-magnetic case. The response to a unit-step change in the downwash is studied and the asymptotic form of the lift is obtained for small and large time.For the case of the Alfven speed greater than the free-stream speed, vorticity and current are shed from both the leading and trailing edges. Therefore the extension of the usual Kutta condition is not obvious. It is shown that if finite viscosity and / or conductivity tend to remove the trailing-edge singularity, the flow is unstable and no steady flow can be obtained.
DIFFUSIVE EFFECTS ON A CATALYTIC SURFACE REACTION: AN INITIAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM IN REACTION-DIFFUSION-CONVECTION EQUATIONS

A bimolecular catalytic surface reaction is extended to include diffusion which yields mobilized coverage on the surface. We consider the reaction occurring in a tubular reactor with a convection flow where the reactants also diffuse. An initial boundary value problem in one-dimensional reaction-diffusion-convection equations is used in describing the model. We combine singular perturbation analysis with numerical simulations in studying the solution behavior in parameter space. We track the reaction front and the cause of period-2 oscillations. Compared with the case of having no surface diffusion, we observe regular oscillations instead of irregular oscillations. Compared with the nondiffusive nonconvective model, we obtain rich spatiotemporal patterns including stationary, oscillatory reaction fronts and multiple steady states.
A Microearthquake Survey of the Central Virginia Seismic Zone

The Central Virginia Seismic Zone is an example of a transverse seismic zone exhibiting a low level of activity. To investigate what level of microseismicity would be associated with such a zone, some 2200 low-noise hours of data were collected at 26 different locations throughout the zone. This monitoring program, complete down to about zero magnitude, recorded several definite and four probable microearthquakes. This low rate of occurrence of one event every eight days seems to be in accord with the area’s macroseismicity (M>3) over the past 45 years.
Simulation of substrate coupling in mixed-signal MOS circuits

The use of device simulations to examine substrate-coupling noise induced by the switching of the transistor drain voltages is examined. Methods for reducing such noise are reported. The noise resulting from internal and external parasitics in the path of the substrate current flow is examined for structures with substrate contacts and additional guard rings and for both epitaxial and nonepitaxial substrates. A p/sup +/ guard ring, or substrate contact, between the digital circuits and noise sensitive components is found to be effective for reducing the substrate noise. In heavily doped substrates, a backside contact is an alternative method for noise reduction. >
From vending machines to Web sites: mutual assent between man and machine

This paper compares contracts presented by Web sites with earlier machine-dispensed contracts, focusing on the problems raised by mechanized delivery of terms. The validity of the offeree's assent to standard form contract terms presented in various Internet contracting contexts will be considered in light of older judicial decisions. These cases hold that the offeror using mechanized processes must take account of the reasonable expectations of the offeree as the key factor in order for an acceptance to be valid.
Recent advances in the medical treatment of Cushing's disease.

Cushing’s disease is a condition of hypercortisolism caused by an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. While rare, it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, which suggests that early and aggressive intervention is required. The primary, definitive therapy for patients with Cushing’s disease in the majority of patients is pituitary surgery, generally performed via a transsphenoidal approach. However, many patients will not achieve remission or they will have recurrences. The consequences of persistent hypercortisolism are severe and, as such, early identification of those patients at risk of treatment failure is exigent. Medical management of Cushing’s disease patients plays an important role in achieving long-term remission after failed transsphenoidal surgery, while awaiting effects of radiation or before surgery to decrease the hypercortisolemia and potentially reducing perioperative complications and improving outcome. Medical therapies include centrally acting agents, adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors and glucocorticoid receptor blockers. Furthermore, several new agents are in clinical trials. To normalize the devastating disease effects of hypercortisolemia, it is paramount that successful patient disease management includes individualized, multidisciplinary care, with close collaboration between endocrinologists, neurosurgeons, radiation oncologists, and general surgeons. This commentary will focus on recent advances in the medical treatment of Cushing’s, with a focus on newly approved ACTH modulators and glucocorticoid receptor blockers.
Electrochemical treatment of mouse and rat fibrosarcomas with direct current

Electrochemical treatment (ECT) of cancer utilizes direct current to produce chemical changes in tumors. ECT has been suggested as an effective alternative local cancer therapy. However, a methodology is not established, and mechanisms are not well studied. In vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ECT on animal tumor models. Radiation-induced fibrosarcomas were implanted subcutaneously in 157 female C3H/HeJ mice. Larger rat fibrosarcomas were implanted on 34 female Fisher 344 rats. When the spheroidal tumors reached 10 mm in the mice, two to five platinum electrodes were inserted into the tumors at various spacings and orientations. Ten rats in a pilot group were treated when their ellipsoidal tumors were about 25 mm long; electrode insertion was similar to the later part of the mouse study, i.e., two at the base and two at the center. A second group of 24 rats was treated with six or seven electrodes when their tumors were about 20 mm long; all electrodes were inserted at the tumor base. Of the 24 rats, 12 of these were treated once, 10 were treated twice. and 2 were treated thrice. All treated tumors showed necrosis and regression for both mice and rats; however, later tumor recurrence reduced long-term survival. When multiple treatments were implemented, the best 3 month mouse tumor cure rate was 59.3%, and the best 6 month rat tumor cure rate was 75.0%. These preliminary results indicate that ECT is effective on the radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) mouse tumor and rat fibrosarcoma. The effectiveness is dependent on electrode placement and dosage.
Polynomial Expansions and Transition Strengths

The subject is statistical spectroscopy applied to determining strengths and strength sums of excitation processes in nuclei.1 The focus will be on a ds-shell isoscalar E2 study with detailed shell-model results providing the standard for comparison; similar results are available for isovector E2 and M1 and E4 transitions as well as for single-particle transfer2 and β± decay.3 The present study is intended to serve as a tutorial for applications where shell-model calculations are not feasible.
Spatial dynamics of water management in irrigated agriculture

[1] Irrigated agriculture provides 40% of worldwide food supplies but uses large amounts of scarce freshwater and contributes to environmental degradation. At the very core of this problem lie decisions made by irrigators subject to biophysical relations. This research develops a microeconomic model of irrigation management taking into account the dynamics of plant growth over the season, spatial variability in infiltration of applied irrigation water, and fundamental principles from subsurface hydrology. The analysis shows that spatial variability in water infiltration common to traditional irrigation systems increases both applied irrigation water and deep percolation flows by very substantial amounts compared to uniform infiltration. The analysis demonstrates that efficient irrigation management can significantly reduce both applied water and deep percolation at relatively low costs, at least up to a certain level. A long-run analysis of optimal irrigation systems including capital costs indicates that traditional furrow systems are economically efficient over a wide range of water prices and deep percolation costs. Overall, the results indicate that optimal irrigation management can achieve significant resource conservation and pollution control with low loss in agricultural net benefits and without land retirement, investment in capital-intensive systems, or crop switching.
THE SOCIALLY-EMBEDDED MARKET AND THE FUTURE OF ENGLISH CAPITALISM IN ANTHONY TROLLOPE’S THE WAY WE LIVE NOW

With its biting portrait of mid-Victorian greed, foolishness, and the obsessive pursuit of wealth, Anthony Trollope's The Way We Live Now is often read as both a eulogy for traditional English society and an attack on rapacious capitalist values, particularly as they manifest themselves in the market for finance capital. Indeed, in the novel, the market mechanism seems to have run amok: social status, titles, and reputations circulate like commodities in a sea of new money that swamps traditional distinctions between creditworthiness and social capital, investment and speculation, and commerce and graft. The pervasive sense that everything has its price extends to intimate social relations, including courtship and marriage. Penniless, pretty women of good families, such as Julia Triplex (later Lady Monogram) and Lady Carbury, much like penniless, titled men such as Lord Nidderdale and Lady Carbury's handsome son Felix, recognize that, for them, marriage is a business arrangement in which the pretense of sentiment between the parties is little more than a social convention. Yet, the novel also suggests that the frenzy that free-for-all market forces have unleashed will exhaust itself, just as the speculative price bubble in railway shares central to the narrative eventually collapses. Countering its satire of capitalist excess is the novel's more optimistic treatment of exchange, which implies that fraud in the share market can be contained through the imposition of standards of behavior that foster honest commerce.
Out-of-plane motions in open sliding clamps: molecular dynamics simulations of eukaryotic and archaeal proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

Sliding clamps are ring-like multimeric proteins that encircle duplex DNA and serve as mobile DNA-bound platforms that are essential for efficient DNA replication and repair. Sliding clamps are placed on DNA by clamp loader complexes, in which the clamp-interacting elements are organized in a right-handed spiral assembly. To understand how the flat, ring-like clamps might interact with the spiral interaction surface of the clamp loader complex, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of sliding clamps (proliferating cell nuclear antigen from the budding yeast, humans, and an archaeal species) in which we have removed one of the three subunits so as to release the constraint of ring closure. The simulations reveal significant structural fluctuations corresponding to lateral opening and out-of-plane distortions of the clamp, which result principally from bending and twisting of the β-sheets that span the intermolecular interfaces, with smaller but similar contributions from β-sheets that span the intramolecular interfaces within each subunit. With the integrity of these β-sheets intact, the predominant fluctuations seen in the simulations are oscillations between lateral openings and right-handed spirals. The tendency for clamps to adopt a right-handed spiral conformation implies that once opened, the conformation of the clamp can easily match the spiraling of clamp loader subunits, a feature that is intrinsic to the recognition of DNA and subsequent hydrolysis of ATP by the clamp-bound clamp loader complex.
The Life Cycle of a Mesoscale Gravity Wave as Observed by a Network of Doppler Wind Profilers

Abstract For the first time, an analysis has been made of the evolving vertical structure of a long-lived mesoscale gravity wave that exerted a strong influence upon the precipitation distribution across a large area. This paper describes this gravity wave system on 14 February 1992, which was observed using a combination of a surface mesonetwork, digital satellite and radar imagery, and several Doppler wind profilers. The resulting vertical structures are compared to the predictions of linear stability theory. Since the signature of the gravity waves in the profiler vertical beam data was often complicated by the presence of precipitation, a kinematic method was developed for estimating the vertical air motions during these periods. The resultant time–height fields show vertical and horizontal winds that are consistent with a gravity wave conceptual model, the microbarograph traces, and the cloud and precipitation patterns. In the early stages of development, a strong vertically erect wave of depression ...
How Clinical Pathways Can Be Useful: An Example of a Clinical Pathway for the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa in Adolescents

This article reports on the development of a clinical pathway for the treatment of acutely ill adolescents with anorexia nervosa in a hospital setting. The role of clinical pathways in standardizing health care and in controlling costs is reviewed. The evolution of the clinical pathway for treating adolescents with anorexia nervosa is described. The pathway’s utility in describing changes in clinical practice is also reported.
Kallistatin Inhibits Vascular Inflammation by Antagonizing Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Induced Nuclear Factor κB Activation

Kallistatin is a plasma protein with anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the role and mechanisms of kallistatin in inhibiting endothelial inflammation through its heparin-binding domain. We showed that recombinant wild-type kallistatin dose-dependently competed with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha binding to TNF-alpha receptor in endothelial cells, whereas kallistatin mutant at the heparin-binding domain had no effect. Kallistatin, but not kallistatin mutant at the heparin-binding domain, abrogated TNF-alpha-induced endothelial cell activation, as evidenced by inhibition of TNF receptor 1-associated death domain protein activation, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB-alpha degradation, nuclear factor kappaB translocation, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, as well as cell adhesion molecule and cytokine expression. Moreover, kallistatin, but not kallistatin mutant at the heparin-binding domain, inhibited TNF-alpha-induced human monocytic THP-1 cell adhesion to endothelial cells and prevented vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial permeability. In mice, kallistatin gene delivery prevented vascular leakage provoked by complement factor C5a, whereas delivery of kallistatin heparin mutant gene had no effect. Similarly, gene transfer of kallistatin, but not the kallistatin heparin mutant, inhibited collagen/adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. These results indicate that kallistatin's heparin-binding site plays an essential role in preventing TNF-alpha-mediated endothelial activation and reducing vascular endothelial growth factor-induced vascular permeability, resulting in attenuation of vascular inflammation in cultured endothelial cells and animal models. This study identifies a protective role of kallistatin in vascular injury, thereby implicating the therapeutic potential of kallistatin for vascular and inflammatory diseases.
What Predicts Clinician Dropout from State-Sponsored Managing and Adapting Practice Training

Dropouts from system-wide evidence-based practice trainings are high; yet there are few studies on what predicts dropouts. This study examined multilevel predictors of clinician dropout from a statewide training on the Managing and Adapting Practice program. Extra-organizational structural variables, intra-organizational variables and clinician variables were examined. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, state administrative data and prospectively collected clinician participation data were used to predict dropout. Two characteristics were predictive: younger clinicians and those practicing in upstate-rural areas compared to downstate-urban areas were less likely to drop out from training. Implications for research and policy are described.
Conceptual Design of a Superconducting Mhd Propulsion System

In this paper, we discuss the conceptual design of the superconducting magnets for a magnetohydrodynamic thruster for a “generic” full-size submarine. The advantages of this propulsion system are the elimination of the screw, and gears, and the acoustic signature they produce. The major magnet design issues are: low magnetic signature, robustness, and light weight. Low external magnetic signature was achieved by a unique toroidal magnet array that produces an azimuthal magnetic field around the hull, and still allows conducting sea water to enter the channel. This configuration also results in maximum use of the field to produce thrust. Detailed design of the coil ends, as well as the use of shielding materials may allow further reductions in the magnetic signature. Robustness of the coil is achieved by the use of a CICC 80 kA conductor, that uses NbTi at 4.2 K. Low magnet system weight is achieved by use of a filament wound structure for the coil, honeycomb steel for the vacuum vessel, and detachable leads.
Evolved psychology in a novel environment : Male macaques and the "seniority rule".

The human “environment of evolutionary adaptedness” can only be inferred indirectly. In contrast, the behavior of some nonhuman animals can be compared among “natural” and various altered environments. As an example, male immigration tactics in unprovisioned versus provisioned macaque (Macaca) populations are compared using Tooby and Cosmides’s (1992) framework for evolutionary functional analysis. In unprovisioned populations, social groups contain few males, and immigrant male takeovers of alpha rank occur frequently. In provisioned populations, groups contain many males, and males almost invariably enter social groups at very low rank and rise in rank only as more dominant males emigrate or die. Male conformity to the “seniority rule” is hypothesized to represent the behavioral output of an evolved decision-making algorithm (psychological mechanism) that takes into account (1) the net payoff of each rank in the dominance hierarchy and (2) the power of male group size as a predictor of the likelihood of successful immigrant takeover.
Does Military Service Make the Experience of Prison Less Painful? Voices From Incarcerated Veterans

There are more than 100,000 military veterans incarcerated in prisons throughout the United States. Nevertheless, almost nothing is known about these veterans or their incarceration experiences. In...
Analysis of the Influence of Saturated Core Superconducting Controllable Reactor on Line Power Frequency Overvoltage

With the technology of superconducting developing,superconducting controllable reactor has more significant advantages,such as large capacity,small volume and fast response speed,than the traditional reactor.Saturated core superconducting controllable reactor(SCSCR)is simple in structure and plays an important role in limiting overvoltage in EHV and UHV transmission system.Through the analysis of the working principle of saturated core superconducting controllable reactor,this paper established the electromagnetic transient model of SCSCR and accessed to the 500 kV EHV transmission system for time domain simulation.By studying on the effect of different types of power frequency overvoltage the paper provides theoretical reference for the application of saturated core superconducting controllable reactor in power system.
Koggala and the Reclaimed Buddhist Utopia

The village in Sri Lanka occupies, as it does in India, an important place in the local literatures. To the Sinhalese and Tamil imaginaries, the village has historically signified an ancient community, wrought into complex interaction by ties of family, kinship, caste, and occupation. Rural communities in Sri Lanka represent over 80 per cent of the country’s population and are often described as ‘enjoy[ing] traditional lifestyles, with temples, indigenous medical doctors, and farmers holding great cultural value in the life of the community’ (Ariyaratne 2004). Such Gesellschaft has, in particular, provided a powerful site for imagining a homeland for warring sides in the ethnonationalist strife that the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lankan government (GOSL) on the one side, and various Tamil groups,1 on the other side have been embroiled in.2 To the Sinhalese and the Tamil communal imaginations, the village is an essential node of collectivity — as gama and kiramam respectively, social conscience finds one of its most dominant embodiments in village communities. In general, Sri Lankan writing in English — a young century-old phenomenon — has deployed the rural in a binarized way, veering between a ‘pastoral mode’ that Rajiva Wijesinha wryly calls ‘the village-well syndrome’ (27) or a full-blown dystopian vision where the defining reality is civil war.
Physical Activity, Parental History of Premature Coronary Heart Disease, and Incident Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.

Background The effects of some atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk factors vary according to whether an individual has a family history (FHx) of premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Physical activity (PA) is associated with reduced risk of ASCVD, but whether this association varies by FHx status is not well established. Methods and Results We evaluated 9996 participants free of ASCVD at baseline. FHx of premature CHD was defined as CHD occurring in a father before age 55 or mother before age 60. PA, assessed by a Baecke questionnaire, was converted into minutes/week of moderate or vigorous exercise and categorized per American Heart Association guidelines as recommended, intermediate, or poor. Incident ASCVD was defined as incident myocardial infarction, fatal CHD, or stroke. Multivariable‐adjusted Cox hazard models were used. The mean age was 54±6 years, 56% were women, and 21% of black race. Participants with and without a FHx of premature CHD reported similar levels of PA at baseline (423 versus 409 metabolic equivalents of task×min/week, respectively, P =0.852), and ≈40% of both groups met American Heart Association recommended PA levels. Over a mean follow−up of 20.9 years, there were 1723 incident ASCVD events. Compared to those with poor PA adherence to American Heart Association guidelines, participants who reported PA at recommended levels had significantly lower risk of incident ASCVD after adjustment for demographics and lifestyle factors (hazard ratio 0.84, 95% CI 0.74–0.94), but this association was not modified by FHx status ( P −interaction=0.680). Conclusions PA was associated with a reduced risk of ASCVD among individuals with and without a FHx of premature CHD.
Image guided radiofrequency ablation for small renal masses

The diagnosis of incidental small renal masses (SRM) has increased during the past two decades secondary to the increased use of various abdominal imaging modalities. In the past decade there has been a shift from radical nephrectomy to nephron sparing surgery techniques where partial nephrectomy has become the standard of care. Thermal ablation (TA) modalities such as freezing or heating delivered percutaneously for the treatment of small renal masses (SRM) is now offered in many Institutions as a treatment option. Clinical guidelines have indicated that TA is appropriate for select patients that are medically high risk or elderly. In our institution and in select centers, TA is discussed and often offered for all patients with SRM as equivalent treatment without respect to age or co-morbidities. As provider experience improves and long-term outcome studies become available, TA is becoming increasingly accepted as a potential new standard of care for solid SRM. This review will highlight the role of image guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) techniques and their application focusing on the different imaging modalities for RFA application which, most commonly, include percutaneous (Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and computerized tomographic (CT). Our aim is to summarize those studies along with long term follow up.
Detection of extremely low concentration waterborne pathogen using a multiplexing self-referencing SERS microfluidic biosensor.

It is challenging to achieve ultrasensitive and selective detection of waterborne pathogens at extremely low levels (i.e., single cell/mL) using conventional methods. Even with molecular methods such as ELISA or PCR, multi-enrichment steps are needed which are labor and cost intensive. In this study, we incorporated nano-dielectrophoretic microfluidic device with Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique to build a novel portable biosensor for easy detection and characterization of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at high sensitivity level (single cell/mL). A multiplexing dual recognition SERS scheme was developed to achieve one-step target detection without the need to separate target-bound probes from unbound ones. With three different SERS-tagged molecular probes targeting different epitopes of the same pathogen being deployed simultaneously, detection of pathogen targets was achieved at single cell level with sub-species specificity that has not been reported before in single-step pathogen detection. The self-referencing protocol implements with a Nano-dielectrophoretic microfluidic device potentially can become an easy-to-use, field-deployable spectroscopic sensor for onsite detection of pathogenic microorganisms.
Abstract IA07: Using genetic information in screening and prevention: Perspective of clinicians and policy-makers

How can genetic information be effectively used in screening and prevention? The conceptual framework and rules of evidence for answering this question - widely used by clinicians, policy-makers, and payors - has been developed over decades in the field of Evidence-Based Medicine, exemplified by the approach of the USPSTF (US Preventive Services Task Force) and EGAPP (Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention). The framework9s principles include using the best evidence (clinical trials where available, and observational data where necessary) assessed in systematic searches that consider quality of each study using specific rules of evidence. Outcomes are projected quantitatively to assess net benefit (benefits vs harms) of prevention and screening strategies. In this framework, genetic data may provide information about the magnitude of lifetime risk of developing a specific cancer, while other data (including genomic data) may provide information about the current risk that a cancer is present. Risks of appropriate magnitude may direct interventions that can prevent cancer (for example chemoprevention or preventive surgery) or that can detect the presence of early curable cancer or an important precursor. This talk will describe the quantitative conceptual framework and its rationale, along with the implications, challenges, and opportunities for the use of genetic and genomic information for cancer prevention and screening. Citation Format: David F. Ransohoff. Using genetic information in screening and prevention: Perspective of clinicians and policy-makers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Improving Cancer Risk Prediction for Prevention and Early Detection; Nov 16-19, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017;26(5 Suppl):Abstract nr IA07.
The Black Golf Caddy: A Victim of Labor Market Discrimination

Forgenerations,countryclubsandtheProfessionalGolfAssociation (PGA) Tour featured white golfers crossing manicured fairways, followed by black caddies carrying their bags. Now most clubs rely on golf carts; and pros on the PGA Tour are attended by highly paid white caddies. The transformation of the golf world has mirrored larger shifts in the American workplace, in which the increased status and increased earnings of skilled work have been accompanied by a de facto “push out” of black workers. In the 1960s, the Professional Golf Association (PGA) Tour began being more popular and more profitable. Many observers credit this development during this period to Arnold Palmer’s charismatic, swashbuckling style of play and to the growth of televised golf. The increased popularity of the sport involved wide scale marketing of golf ’s big three – Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, and Gary Player. By end of the 1960s, Lee Trevino was added to the mix, making the big four. Golf caddying was becoming a respected profession, as the caddies for the big four became famous in their own right. These caddies were Ernest “Creamy” Carolan, Angelo Argea, Afred “Rabbit” Dyer, and Herman Mitchell, caddies respectively for Palmer, Nicklaus, Player, and Trevino. Since at the time most caddies were black, it is not surprising that two of the four – Dyer and Mitchell – were African American. The 1960s and 1970s launched the glory years for caddying, as caddies benefited from the increasing popularity and hence increasing money prizes available in professional tournament golf. In fact, Alfred Dyer, Gary Player’s caddy, was able to send a son to Princeton University (Sailor 2003), a financial feat unheard of among caddies before the 1960s. However, as the status of caddies increased, the presence of African American caddies steadily decreased.
Translation in the pre-modern world

ABSTRACTTranslation occupies a central place in current theories of world literature, but it is not the only way in which texts circulate beyond their original cultural and temporal contexts to become world literature. This article explores the shifting relationship between language and territory, contrasting modern languages as territorially bound by the nation-state with pre-modern cosmopolitan languages that transcended territorial location. Drawing upon the complex translation process of the works of Aristotle from the Abbasid translation movement of the eighth through 10th centuries to the multiple print editions of competing translations of Aristotle’s works published in Venice in the 16th century, the article argues that world literature often results from the confluence of the broad reach of a cosmopolitan language and the mobility of translation.
CiFi: Deep convolutional neural networks for indoor localization with 5 GHz Wi-Fi

With the increasing demand of location-based services, Wi-Fi based localization has attracted great interest because it provides ubiquitous access in indoor environments. In this paper, we propose CiFi, deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN) for indoor localization with commodity 5GHz WiFi. First, by leveraging a modified device driver, we extract phase data of channel state information (CSI), which is used to estimate angle of arriving (AOA). We then create estimated AOA images as input to the DCNN, to train the weights in the offline phase. The location of mobile device is predicted based on the trained DCNN and new CSI AOA images. We implement the proposed CiFi system with commodity Wi-Fi devices in the 5GHz band and verify its performance with extensive experiments in two representative indoor environments.
Spirituality/religiosity’s influence on college students’ adjustment to bereavement: A systematic review

Bereavement is prevalent among college students and spirituality/religiosity may play an important role in their bereavement adjustment. This is the first systematic review to investigate the spirituality/religiosity's relationship with bereavement among college students. We searched 10 databases and screened 598 studies. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Findings suggested a favorable association of spirituality/religiosity with desirable bereavement adjustment outcomes (growth, spiritual wellbeing, and psychological wellbeing), but mixed association with undesirable bereavement outcomes (distress). We provided directions for future research to further investigate the complex relationship between spirituality/religiosity and bereavement and to refine the meaning-making coping model for the college student population.
Concussion: A Window Into Brain–Movement Relations in Motor Control

Research into sports-related concussion (SRC) or brain injury has vastly expanded our knowledge of the connection between brain activity and behavioral outcomes. Historical examination of concussion reveals components of structural changes in the brain resulting from injury. A constellation of clinical symptoms is typically present following concussion for several days and weeks. However, the intersection of structural changes and clinical examination still remains elusive to medical professionals. With emerging technologies and modalities such as quantitative electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), virtual reality (VR), and the study of movement, we can better understand the brain–behavior relationship on clinical findings post-injury. Our advancement in SRC study using athletics provides a unique window into the advances in our ability to study this public health crisis. SRC also allows us to understand how athletics and exercise influence brain health. The evolution ...
Effects of age and exercise on inflammatory cytokines, HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression and protein content in Standardbred horses

We hypothesised that the cortisol response to acute exercise, markers of oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory cytokines, heat shock protein (HSP)70 and HSP90 expression in whole blood and s...
Religion and the Rural Population: Implications for Social Work:

Religion plays a particularly significant part in the lives of many rural people, but the importance of this characteristic in social work has not been adequately explored. Workers need to know tha...
Uterine weight and complications after abdominal, laparoscopic, and vaginal hysterectomy.

Background Although uterine size has been a previously cited barrier to minimally invasive hysterectomy, experienced gynecologic surgeons have been able to demonstrate that laparoscopic and vaginal hysterectomy is feasible with increasingly large uteri. By demonstrating that minimally invasive hysterectomy continues to have superior outcomes even with increased uterine weights, opportunity exists to meaningfully decrease morbidity, mortality, and cost associated with abdominal hysterectomy. Objective We sought to determine if there is an association between uterine weight and posthysterectomy complications and if differences in that association exist across vaginal, laparoscopic, and abdominal approaches. Study Design We conducted a cohort study of prospectively collected quality improvement data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, composed of patient information and 30-day postoperative outcomes from >500 hospitals across the United States and targeted data files, which includes additional data on procedure-specific risk factors and outcomes in >100 of those participating hospitals. We analyzed patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign conditions from 2014 through 2015, identified by Current Procedural Terminology code. We excluded patients who had cancer, surgery by a nongynecology specialty, or missing uterine weight. Patients were compared with respect to 30-day postoperative complications and uterine weight, stratified by surgical approach. Bivariable tests and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis. Results In all, 27,167 patients were analyzed. After adjusting for potential confounders, including medical and surgical variables, women with 500-g uteri were >30% more likely to have complications compared to women with uteri ≤100 g (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.17–1.54; P 80% more likely (adjusted odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.55–2.21; P 500 g, abdominal hysterectomy was still associated with a >30% increased odds of any complication, compared to laparoscopic hysterectomy (adjusted odds ratio, 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.71). Conclusion We found that while uterine weight was an independent risk factor for posthysterectomy complications, abdominal hysterectomy had higher odds of any complication, compared to laparoscopic hysterectomy, even for markedly enlarged uteri. Our study suggests that uterine weight alone is not an appropriate indication for abdominal hysterectomy. We also identified that it is safe to perform larger hysterectomies laparoscopically. Patients may benefit from referral to experienced surgeons who are able to offer laparoscopic hysterectomy even for markedly enlarged uteri.
Simulation of Nonlinear Tollmien-Schlichting Wave Growth Through a Laminar Separation Bubble

A two-dimensional simulation of the spatial growth of an initially small-amplitude Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) wave through a thin laminar separation bubble is conducted. For this purpose, the unsteady incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in stream-function vorticity form are solved numerically using a direct matrix solver. A range of wave frequencies are considered. A strong nonlinear interaction between the T-S wave and the bubble is shown to occur especially for the higher frequencies resulting in periodic shedding of vorticity from the bubble. This interaction results in pronounced changes in the structure of the laminar separation bubble. It also leads to increasing discrepancy between the growth of the T-S wave predicted by linear stability theory and the growth observed in the present simulation.
Jespersen, Otto (1860–1943)

Otto Jespersen was one of the most influential linguists of his time. He was involved in a number of fields of linguistics, including phonetics, foreign language pedagogy, historical linguistics, and the English language. He published a monumental seven volume work on the history of English, as well as textbooks for various languages. He was also deeply involved in the artificial language movement.
Delayed intra-abdominal complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts

Acute perioperative abdominal complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement are generally well understood and managed by general surgeons. Delayed complications occur at nontrivial rates and can masquerade as a variety of typical diagnoses such as adhesive bowel obstruction. In some rare cases, the presentation is quite unusual with the shunt protruding from the anus or urethral meatus. Preexisting neurologic conditions often make the history and examination less reliable. Diagnostic and treatment delay can have devastating effects. The variability of these delayed presentations and problems does not allow for evaluation protocols, and the care of these patients must be individualized. General surgery principles continue to apply and, combined with a high index of suspicion, will lead the surgeon to the appropriate diagnosis and treatment options. The barrier is a failure to consider the shunt as the source of the problem when its placement was not recent. A review of the literature and presentation of an unusual case highlight several of the common delayed presentations, diagnoses, and management options. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient Care, Medical Knowledge, System-based Practice.
Measurement of Fission Product Yields and the Energy Integral Fission Cross Section of Thorium-232 in a Californium-252 Fission-Neutron Spectrum

The absolute cumulative fission yield of 140Ba and the relative yields of 131I, 132Te, and 141Ce were measured for 232Th irradiated in a 252Cf fission spectrum of neutrons. The irradiation was perf...
Activity and Selectivity Trends in ElectrocatalyticNitrate Reduction on Transition Metals

Electrocatalytic reduction is a promising approach to remediate nitrate (NO3–), one of the world’s most widespread water pollutants. In the present work, we elucidate activity and selectivity trend...
Urban Educational Reform: A Teacher's Perspective

Mrs. Santora, an English teacher, came up to me one morning before school and said, "I'd like to talk with you about Jesse Lamar, one of my students. Jesse is bright though a bit quiet. He misses school a lot but is never a problem when he is present. He doesn't always do his homework, but what he does complete is pretty good. Although he's tempted, he hasn't become involved with street life, which is a good sign." The next day, Mrs. Santora sent Jesse to see me in my office and small classroom in the library of Hillhouse High School in New Haven, Connecticut. I met a 15 year-old African-American of average height and appearance, slightly underweight and quite soft-spoken. He seemed pleased that Mrs. Santora had recommended him for our urban high school's Independent Study and Seminar Program (I.S.S.P.), a comprehensive talented and gifted program. I explained to Jesse that the State of Connecticut required me to test him before he could be admitted, and he sat down and took the Differential Aptitude Test, a remarkably culture-free standardized test. Jesse's scores on the verbal, quantitative, and abstract reasoning sections of the test, while not exceptional, were well above average for tenth-graders nationwide. This meant he could be accepted into I.S.S.P. at my discretion, which I chose to exercise. Both Jesse and Mrs. Santora seemed pleased when Jesse received his acceptance letter. Mrs. Santora said that she was going to ask for some money from our Superintendent's Helping Hands Fund to buy some clothes for Jesse. The clothes Jesse wore the day he came to see me were shabby. Although many of our students come from poverty, nice dress is the rule rather than the exception at our school. Now that Jesse was in the program, the next question was, "What would make the most sense for Jesse educationally?" This seems like a simple question, but the more I thought about it, the more complex it became. Eventually I framed the question more broadly: "What should we do to help our students become educated and productive citizens?" I turned to a variety of sources for possible answers. There certainly are enough theories from which to choose. Many philosophers, historians, and social scientists have displayed strong interests in education, especially during
Overcoming health care disparities in cancer treatment by instituting a patient navigation program.

TPS6644 Background: Cancer health disparities affecting low-income and minority patients are well documented. Causes of poor outcomes include treatment delays coupled with social and financial barr...
Large-Scale Cinematic Visualization Using Universal Scene Description

Universal Scene Description (USD) is the core of Pixar Animation Studios graphics and rendering pipeline. Released as open source in 2016, USD provides for the interchange of elemental assets (e.g. models), but additionally enables assembly and organization of any number of assets into higher level concepts, such as scenes or shots. These assets can be non-destructively edited or modified through layering that can then be transmitted between applications. Exporting scientific simulations through the USD API allows access to a wide range of tools for creating cinematic visualizations or for viewing scientific simulations in an augmented/virtual reality environment.
Recognizing Call Numbers for Library Books: The Problem and Issues

This paper addresses a challenging and practical problem in image processing and pattern recognition where we need to recognize book call numbers, or book IDs using the Library of Congress format, in images of book spines. For this special case of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) we review and evaluate a number of standard and specialized OCR systems. Our experiment results and analysis show that the available OCR systems are not effective enough for recognizing book call numbers on the book spines as library labels are very small and may be worn out while the symbols printed on them are very thin. Since the recognition success rates of current OCR systems are not acceptable to be used in any meaningful application, a better solution is necessary.
Previous and Prospective Career Mobility, Client Capture, and Compromised Professional Judgment: The Withholding of Known Relevant Prior Art by Patent Lawyers on Behalf of Their Clients

Client capture is the process by which professionals become so dependent on certain clients that their professional judgment is compromised. We explore whether there are systematic differences acro...