cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stress Adaptation in Children: Theoretical Models

Adaptation to stress in children has been addressed through multiple perspectives (Terr, 1992; Summit, 1983, Miller and Veltkamp, 1988). Within these clinical models are found components of personality, psychoneuroimmunology, and biochemistry that help us to understand important concepts in trauma accommodation in children. Several clinical researchers have generated accounts of the range of pathology recognized through syndromal-type reactions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (Miller and Basoglu, 1992; Green et al., 1991; Kinsey et al., 1986). Such reactions to trauma have led to psychopathology which includes anxiety, depression, dissociative reactions, conduct disorder and some psychotic symptoms (Sanders and Giolas, 1991). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association (APA, 1994) identifies trauma accommodation as the emergence of persistent symptoms following a traumatic event outside the range of normal human experiences. The event must be such that it would be considered markedly distressing to almost anyone. In DSM IV, the revised criteria acknowledged that children may have frightening dreams without recognizable content, as well as exhibiting trauma specific reenactment as a form of re-experiencing a traumatic event. DSM IV adds the diagnostic category of acute stress disorder wherein a traumatic event and symptoms of re-experiencing that event occur within four weeks of the traumatizing experience and have a maximum duration of four weeks. The impact of traumatization on children and adolescents may be influenced by a variety of precipitating events. McNally (1993) indicates that
Simultaneous measurement of vesicle diffusion coefficients and trapping efficiencies by means of diffusion ordered 2D NMR spectroscopy

It is demonstrated that the fraction of sucrose entrapped in the aqueous compartment of phospholipid vesicles and the tracer diffusion coefficient of the vesicles can be determined simultaneously with diffusion ordered 2D NMR spectroscopy (DOSY). The sizes of the vesicles are related to the diffusion coefficients by the Stokes-Einstein equation. This method displays 1H-NMR peaks for sucrose in the diffusion dimension at positions corresponding to free and entrapped sucrose, and the areas of these peaks are proportional to the amount of free and entrapped sucrose, respectively. The results were verified by a 1D NMR experiment in which the sucrose peaks were integrated before and after dialysis to remove the external sucrose.
Water-gas shift: an examination of Pt promoted MgO and tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 by in situ drifts

Abstract In situ DRIFTS measurements on unpromoted and Pt promoted MgO and ZrO 2 (both tetragonal and monoclinic) indicate that at high H 2 O/CO ratios, where the reaction rate has been reported to be zero order in H 2 O and first order in CO, the mechanism involved in the catalysis of water-gas shift is likely a surface formate mechanism, in agreement with Shido and Iwasawa. Pt was found to catalyze the removal of surface carbonates and to facilitate the generation of active OH groups relative to the unpromoted catalyst. Comparison with Pt/ceria revealed that the OH groups involved in the catalysis of magnesia and zirconia may be those of the bridging variety which occur at defect sites. That is, water dissociated over vacancies to produce bridging OH groups, as observed by infrared spectroscopy. The existence of such an adsorbed species is implied in the zero reaction order for water, where kinetics suggests that the surface should be saturated by an adsorbed water species. The lower extent of vacancy formation for magnesia and zirconia-based materials in comparison with ceria could explain a lower surface population of active bridging OH groups. CO was used as a probe molecule of the reduced centers, as it reacts with bridging OH groups to generate surface formates, a proposed WGS intermediate, and the decomposition of which is proposed to be the rate-limiting step. The trends in formate intensity by CO adsorption and CO conversion in WGS catalytic testing both followed the order: Pt/ceria > Pt/m-zirconia > Pt/t-zirconia > Pt/magnesia. In all cases, a normal kinetic isotope effect was observed in switching from H 2 O to D 2 O, consistent with a link between the rate-limiting step and the decomposition of surface formates, as noted previously by Shido and Iwasawa for Rh/ceria, MgO, and ZnO.
Applying improved wind and aircraft performance data in wake procedure concepts

As NextGen concepts seek increasing airport throughput, separation from naturally occurring wake turbulence becomes a limiting factor in the pursuit of capacity improvements in many cases. In recent years, the implementation of fixed procedural changes that reduce wake separations while maintaining safety have been very successful. Further opportunities for reducing wake constraints have led to exploiting specific meteorological conditions to mitigate wake hazards. As an example, one such program, entitled Wake Turbulence Mitigation for Departures, ensures safe reduction of successive departure separations based on dynamic crosswind conditions. Availability of these conditions, however, is limited by the abilities of the wind detection system - its sensing ability, data reliability and forecasting accuracy. Recent efforts are addressing these limitations by exploring how the use of better knowledge of wind and aircraft performance can increase availability or enable the design of further wake turbulence mitigation arrival and departure procedures. Additionally, recent advancements in aircraft flight track data assimilation have led to a deeper understanding of aircraft operational behavior during landing and take-off cycles. The confluence of these efforts is currently being leveraged to develop more sophisticated wake mitigation applications. This paper provides an overview of recent progress in developing broad data access and collection of weather and aircraft positional data; prospective applications that would leverage these data; and the relationship between the data density, or supply-side, requirements and the associated application demand needs.
FACILITATION OF INFECTION OF MONKEY KIDNEY CELLS WITH CERTAIN PICORNAVIRUS RIBONUCLEIC ACIDS.

The infectivity of certain ECHO and Coxsackie virus ribonucleic acids (RNAs) for monkey kidney tissue culture cells was greatly increased by addition of facilitator (poorly water-soluble compound) to RNA preparations and depleting cells of calcium. Talc and dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate at 0.5% concentration were more effective in facilitating infection than several other compounds tested. Concentrations of facilitator greater than 1% prevented accurate scoring of plaques. Concurring with the theory that facilitator serves as a solid vehicle for RNA (Dubes andKlingler, 1961), experiments designed to determine if ECHO and Coxsackie RNAs were adsorbed onto facilitator indicated 94–100% adsorption. Effect of relative RNA concentration on plaque production was studied with RNAs prepared by both extractive and monophasic methods. Both resulted in similar titration curves which showed an early rise, indicating proportionality between RNA concentration and number of plaques at lower relative concentrations, then a plateau as RNA concentration was increased. However, when RNAs were prepared by monophasic method a decrease in plaque production occurred at relative concentrations greater than 0.05 (based on unity value for undiluted RNA preparation), whereas those prepared by extractive method maintained a plateau at highest relative concentration tested (0.5). Titers of RNAs prepared by monophasic method were 3–4 logs less than those of intact viruses. Additional work indicated a 37° C adsorption temperature was more favorable than lower temperatures for infection of cells with RNA. A significant variance in number of plaques on different kidney cell preparations was also demonstrated.
High-perveance accelerator grids for low- voltage Kaufman thrusters.

C = fraction of grid open area D — thruster diameter, m d = grid-hole diameter, m F = thrust, N /sP = specific impulse, sec J = current, amp K = fraction of Child's law I = screen-accelerator centerplane spacing, m Mj = composite grid configuration; j = 1-7, Table 2 m = particle mass, kg; for Hg, = 3.314 X 10~ kg N — number of grid holes q = electronic charge, 1.602 X 10 ~ coul R = ratio of net-to-total acceleration voltage r = radial distance variable, m t = thickness, m V = voltage, v x — axial distance variable, m y = screen-accelerator gap, m e = permittivity of free space, 8.85 X 10~ couP/Nm
Wireless multichannel bus communication using CDMA coding for single frequency radios

Here, we present our work on a modified version of the novel scheme named Wired-CDMA, in order to be used in wireless environments. This modified scheme allows a group of radios to communicate with each other as if they have formed a multiple access digital bus. Although the proposed scheme is a multiple access scheme, all the radios are identical and operate at the same frequency, without any time restriction. In order to achieve such a goal, a specific group of codes, named Optical Orthogonal Codes, are used. Further, a hardware implementation of the proposed scheme is presented. We show that the scheme can provide simple and inexpensive medium access for WSNs.
SOLVING DYNAMIC MODELS WITH AGGREGATE SHOCKS AND HETEROGENEOUS AGENTS

I develop an algorithm for solving dynamic models in which individual decision rules and the cross-sectional distribution of agents' characteristics influence each other. To illustrate the algorithm, I solve an endowment economy with incomplete markets, a continuum of heterogeneous agents, and aggregate shocks. The key innovation of the algorithm is to parameterize the (cross-sectional) density with a flexible functional form, which makes it possible to avoid simulation techniques. The paper shows how to check for accuracy and establishes links between the properties of the incomplete-markets economy and the aspects involved in obtaining a numerical solution.
Composition of ion flux and etch rates for Si and SiO/sub 2/ in high density fluorocarbon plasmas

Summary form only given. In plasma etching of semiconductors, chemically reactive species to the substrate are provided by both ions and neutrals in the plasma. Oehrlein et al. (1994) have suggested that the composition of the ion flux at the substrate surface may play a role in SiO/sub 2/ and Si etch rates and therefore selectivity. To determine the relative roles of ions and neutrals, measurement of the ion and neutral fluxes to the surface of a substrate will be necessary. As a first step, this study will examine the ion flux at the substrate position in a high density source for CHF/sub 3//H/sub 2/ and C/sub 2/H/sub 2/F/sub 4//O/sub 2/ etching plasmas. These measurements will determine the percentage of each ion species in the total ion flux as the source gas is varied. In order to determine relative fluxes of different ionic species, ions are sampled at the wafer holder location in an electron cyclotron resonance source by a differentially pumped quadrupole mass spectrometer system. We use Ne, Kr, and Ar plasmas along with Langmuir probe measurements to calibrate the mass sensitivity of the quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ion saturation current is measured with a collecting Langmuir probe located 1 cm above the pinhole into the quadrupole system for the same plasma conditions as the quadrupole measurements. For each noble gas, the probe current will be dominated by the flux of a single ionic species, making it possible to use this information to construct a calibration curve for mass spectrometer peak heights.
Mesoscopic scale structures in self-organized surfactant solutions determined by small-angle neutron scattering☆

Abstract A novel procedure for SANS data analysis is described which enables one to use the fitted parameters to compute the average mean, Gaussian and square mean curvatures of the interface in systems which show a micro-phase-separated bicontinuous structure. This procedure also leads to a 3-D reconstruction of the connected internal interface which allows one to visualize the mesoscopic scale morphology of the material. The method has been successfully applied to various bicontinuous structures such as microemulsions made of surfactant, water and oil, porous silica glasses and phase-separated homopolymer blends. In this lecture, we show examples of analyses of SANS data taken from one-phase bicontinuous microemulsions at the hydrophile-lipophile-balance temperature and a light scattering intensity taken from a symmetric micro-phase-separated polymer blend at the late stage of spinodal decomposition.
Static allocation in massively parallel computers

Abstract In this paper we present the statistical mechanical treatment of an optimization problem related to static allocation in massively parallel computers. We show that there is a strong relation between this problem and the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model for spin glasses. This analogy makes it likely that the space of solutions shows an ultrametric structure. The significance of the results to parallel processing is discussed, and particular emphasis is given to the complexity of finding the optimal allocation. We discuss directions for further research in this novel area.
A new culture flask for cinemicrography.

Se describe un frasco de cultivo especialmente adaptado para la cinemicrografia bajo microscopio de fase.
A novel role for 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in herpes simplex virus 1 entry

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) binds to cells through interactions of viral glycoproteins gB and gC with heparan sulfate chains on cell surface proteoglycans. This binding is not sufficient for viral entry, which requires fusion between the viral envelope and cell membrane. Here, we show that heparan sulfate modified by a subset of the multiple D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase isoforms provides sites for the binding of a third viral glycoprotein, gD, and for initiation of HSV-1 entry. We conclude that susceptibility of cells to HSV-1 entry depends on (1) presence of heparan sulfate chains to which virus can bind and (2) 3-O-sulfation of specific glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate to generate gD-binding sites or the expression of other previously identified gD-binding receptors.
A Forest Transect of Pine Mountain, Kentucky: Changes Since E. Lucy Braun and Chestnut Blight

ABSTRACT In 1997, forest composition and structure were determined for Hi Lewis Pine Barrens State Nature Preserve, a 68-ha tract on the south slope of Pine Mountain, Harlan County, Kentucky. Data collected from 28 0.04-ha plots were used to delineate forest types. Percent canopy compositions were compared with those reported by Dr. E. Lucy Braun prior to the peak of chestnut blight. Four forest types were identified: Liriodendron-Acer, Quercus-Tsuga, Mixed Quercus, and Pinus-Quercus. Post-blight, little change has occurred in the Pinus-Quercus forest type on ridges and SSE aspects. On more mesic aspects, canopy gaps created by chestnut death were filled primarily by existing canopy species (Quercus spp.) and to a lesser degree by non-canopy species. Near the crest of the mountain, Acer rubrum has replaced Castanea dentata and assumed secondary importance to Liriodendron tulipifera. Castanea dentata remains an important component in the subcanopy of the four forest types and is present in the groundcover ...
Multidimensional Perfectionism and the Self

ABSTRACT This study examined multidimensional perfectionism and self-development. Two hundred seventy-one undergraduates completed a measure of multidimensional perfectionism and two Kohutian measures designed to measure aspects of self-development including social connectedness, social assurance, goal instability (idealization), and grandiosity. The researchers found evidence that adaptive perfectionists employ healthier forms of narcissism in social connectedness and goal instability (idealization) as compared to maladaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
Assessment, Crisis Intervention, and Trauma Treatment: The Integrative ACT Intervention Model

should be useful in helping mental health professionals provide acute crisis and trauma treatment services. The ACT model stands for Assessment, Crisis Intervention, and Trauma Treatment. This new model may be thought of as a sequential set of assessments and intervention strategies. The ACT intervention model integrates various assessment and triage protocols with the seven-stage crisis intervention model, and the ten-step acute traumatic stress management protocol. In addition, this article introduces and briefly highlights the other eight narrative, theoretical, and empirically based papers in this issue that focus on mental health and crisis-oriented intervention strategies implemented within 1 month after the September 11, 2001, terroristic mass disaster at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. [Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 2:1–21 (2002)]
Role of coordinated metal ions on the orientation of phthalocyanine based coatings.

Abstract In the present work, we have investigated the molecular orientation of phthalocyanine films deposited on polycrystalline gold. Three films built from the following molecules are investigated: phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc), cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) and copper phthalocyanine (CuPc). The films are prepared by spin coating and drop casting methods. Orientation analysis has been performed using polarization dependent Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using transmission and grazing angle reflectance mode. The FTIR study suggests that each phthalocyanine film contains both α- and β-phases. H 2 Pc based films demonstrate deposition method dependence on the molecular orientation, while the CuPc and CoPc films preserve their molecular orientation independent of deposition method. Grazing angle analysis also suggests that CoPc films show negligible preferred orientation irrespective of film deposition methods. In literature, the band at 878 cm −1 in CuPc has been assigned to out-of-plane bending of C–H. Our grazing angle experiments suggest that this band cannot be assigned to out-of-plane bending vibrations of C–H. Accurate band assignments are also described here for the phthalocyanine system.
Direct solution introduction using conventional nebulizers with a short torch for plasma mass spectrometry

Abstract A new torch, a shortened version of a standard demountable torch, is proposed for facilitating direct injection of liquid samples into an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer using conventional and micro-pneumatic nebulizers. The proposed arrangement reduces the cost of the direct injector nebulizer by a factor of 5, typically from $2000 to $400, although a different torch is required. The analytical performance of the high efficiency nebulizer-short torch arrangement is compared to that obtained with the direct injection high efficiency nebulizer interfaced to the conventional torch. Optimum operating conditions for the high efficiency nebulizer-short torch arrangement are generally similar to those of the direct injection high efficiency nebulizer: high RF power (1500 W), low nebulizer gas flow rates (0.09 L/min) and low solution uptake rates (5–85 μL/min). Sensitivity with the high efficiency nebulizer-short torch system at 85 μL/min is improved by a factor of 2.4 on average compared to the direct injection high efficiency nebulizer, while precision values (%RSD) and detection limits are generally comparable or slightly degraded (on average by a factor of 1.7), respectively. Sensitivity is also better at lower solution uptake rates (5 μL/min) by factors ranging from 2 ( 82 Se) to 7 ( 59 Co) compared to the direct injection high efficiency nebulizer. Additionally, the %RSD values are better at 5 μL/min, ranging from 3.5% to 6.0% for the high efficiency nebulizer-short torch combination compared to 4.7 to 9.1% for the direct injection high efficiency nebulizer. The utility of the high efficiency nebulizer-short torch arrangement is demonstrated through the microscale flow injection analysis of Cr-DNA adducts and the analysis of four certified reference materials (Lyphochek urine metals control, SRM 1515: Apple Leaves, SRM 1570a: Spinach Leaves, SRM 1577b: Bovine Liver). Peak to peak precision values ( N = 3) for the microscale flow injection analysis-high efficiency nebulizer-short torch system is 3.1% and 3.7% based on peak areas and heights, respectively, at a solution uptake rate of 85 μL/min. Good agreement is obtained between certified and measured concentrations for several elements across the mass range (e.g., Al, V, Mn, As, Cd, Pb, U). The proposed system is novel because it potentially offers a lower-cost and a more universal arrangement for improved direct solution introduction in plasma mass spectrometry using off-the-shelf commercial nebulizers.
The non‐proliferation regime: Managing the impending crisis

(1985). The non‐proliferation regime: Managing the impending crisis. Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol. 8, Strategic Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia, pp. 7-27.
Perspectives on Disability Disclosure: The Importance of Employer Practices and Workplace Climate

Disclosing a disability to a potential or current employer is a very personal decision, with potentially far-reaching consequences for both the employer and employee. Disability disclosure can assure that employees receive appropriate workplace accommodations, and can help employers respond more effectively to diversity and inclusion initiatives aimed at increasing the hiring and retention of individuals with disabilities. However, disclosure may also result in negative employment consequences for employees, such as lowered supervisor expectations, isolation from co-workers, and increased likelihood of termination. Given demographic trends related to disability in the labor force and recent initiatives to increase the employment of individuals with disabilities, it is increasingly important that employers create an environment that encourages disclosure and reduces the likelihood of negative consequences for employees and applicants who disclose their disabilities. This paper presents the findings of a survey of individuals with disabilities focused on identifying and better understanding the factors that influence the disclosure decision. Results highlight the barriers and facilitators that influence individuals’ decision to disclose and the important role that employers, managers, and workplace climate play in the decision. Implications for employer policy and practice are also discussed.
A novel human STE20-related protein kinase, HGK, that specifically activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway.

The yeast serine/threonine kinase STE20 activates a signaling cascade that includes STE11 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase), STE7 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase), and FUS3/KSS1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) in response to signals from both Cdc42 and the heterotrimeric G proteins associated with transmembrane pheromone receptors. Using degenerate polymerase chain reaction, we have isolated a human cDNA encoding a protein kinase homologous to STE20. This protein kinase, designated HPK/GCK-like kinase (HGK), has nucleotide sequences that encode an open reading frame of 1165 amino acids with 11 kinase subdomains. HGK was a serine/threonine protein kinase that specifically activated the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway when transfected into 293T cells, but it did not stimulate either the extracellular signal-regulated kinase or p38 kinase pathway. HGK also increased AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity in vivo. HGK-induced JNK activation was inhibited by the dominant-negative MKK4 and MKK7 mutants. The dominant-negative mutant of TAK1, but not MEKK1 or MAPK upstream kinase (MUK), strongly inhibited HGK-induced JNK activation. TNF-α activated HGK in 293T cells, as well as the dominant-negative HGK mutants, inhibited TNF-α-induced JNK activation. These results indicate that HGK, a novel activator of the JNK pathway, may function through TAK1, and that the HGK → TAK1 → MKK4, MKK7 → JNK kinase cascade may mediate the TNF-α signaling pathway.
Superconductivity and microstructure of epitaxial (Tl,Bi)Sr1.6Ba0.4Ca2Cu3O9−δ thin films

Epitaxial (Tl,Bi)Sr{sub 1.6}Ba{sub 0.4}Ca{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 9-{delta}} ((Tl,Bi)-1223) thin films on (100) single crystal LaAlO{sub 3} substrates were successfully synthesized by a two-step procedure. The (Tl,Bi)-1223 phase development in both air and argon was systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure and epitaxial relationship between films and substrates were measured by X-ray {phi} scan, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The DC resistance versus temperature transition, zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization transition, hysteresis curve, and transport critical current density were measured. The zero-resistance transition temperature was 107 K, and the critical current density at 77 K and zero field was higher than 2 x 10{sup 6} A/cm2. (Tl,Bi)-1223 films have good flux-pinning properties as shown by the slow decrease of the critical current density in an external magnetic field.
Subclavian vein catheterization.

Au cours des sept dernieres annees, nous avons place des catheters dans la veine sous-claviere par la voie sousclaviculaire chez 765 malades; nous avons eu quatre insucces d'insertion. La technique d'insertion du catheter et le maintien de l'administration des liquides intraveineux doivent etre suivis de facon meticuleuse. Pour conserver un haut pourcentage de succes, la technique exige une certaine experience. Dans notre hopital, avec l'assentiment du personnel medical, seulement quatre membres du departement d'anesthesie pratiquent cette technique. A cause de l'usage frequent de cette technique, ces medecins ont acquis une grande experience dans l'insertion de ces catheters et ils sont devenus tres habiles. Pour la meme raison: l'usage frequent de cette technique, les infirmieres sont bien familieres avec les soins a donner aux malades porteurs de ces catheters. Jusqu'a maintenant, nous n'avons pas eu de complications apparentes et cette technique semble etre utile.
Interactions between endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membranes of different types of cells during repair of damaged Amoeba nuclei

Abstract Repair of amoeba nuclear envelopes that have been damaged microsurgically involves the association of pieces of endoplasmic reticulum with the damaged nuclear membranes. The capacity of endoplasmic reticulum of one type of cell to interact with the nuclear membranes of a different type was tested by placing the damaged nucleus of one kind of amoeba into the cytoplasm of another. Damaged nuclei from Amoeba proteus underwent repair in the cytoplasm of A. discoides or A. indica, as was the case in the reciprocal combinations of these nuclei and cytoplasms. In samples prepared 30 min after operation, heterologous endoplasmic reticulum was associated with holes in the nuclear membranes and appeared to fuse with the nuclear membranes at the margins of the holes. By 5 h after operation, almost all of the cells survived, and the nuclear membranes were largely intact, indicating that repair had occurred. In contrast, when an Amoeba dubia nucleus was damaged and placed in A. proteus cytoplasm there was no evidence of repair and many cells died within a few hours. The results indicate that endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear membranes from different types of cells can interact during repair of damaged nuclear membranes. There appears to be a specificity to this interaction, however, since in a combination of relatively dissimilar cells no association of endoplasmic reticulum with damaged nuclear envelopes was observed and repair did not occur.
EP2: Anatomy of innovation: Bug or feature?

As process scaling slows down, circuit innovation is becoming one of the most important differentiators. We can point to great inventions of the past that were accidental, or failed attempts to solve other problems (bugs), as well as those from logical thinking (features). Which is more effective? In this panel, top analog circuit innovators describe the process by which their best innovations were conceived. They give interesting examples, such as turning a bug in the circuit into a feature. Then they argue whether innovation is more effective as a result of accidental discovery or logical thinking.
Small-scale and extensive hydrogeomorphic modification and water redistribution in a desert city and implications for regional nitrogen removal

There are numerous examples of small-scale hydrogeomorphic manipulations within urban ecosystems. These modifications are motivated both by a need to handle storm drainage and by a human desire for aquatic ecosystems as places for recreation and aesthetics. In the Phoenix Arizona metropolitan area, two examples of these local modifications are artificial lakes and stormwater retention basins. Although lakes are not a natural feature of Sonoran Desert ecosystems, numerous artificial lakes are evident in the region. Retention basins are a common landscaping practice for preventing damage from rare but potentially large storm events. Here we attempt to quantify the heretofore unknown number and extent of these designed aquatic ecosystems and consider their potential impact on hydrologic landscape connectivity and regional nitrogen (N) removal. For lakes, we found that official GIS layers from local and state agencies had significant misclassifications and omissions. We used two published GIS datasets and state impoundment-permit information to determine the number, areal extent, and water source for artificial lakes. We discovered that there are 908–1,390 lakes in the Phoenix area, with the number varying according to level of aggregation. There are no existing GIS data on retention basins, so we employed drywell-permit data to estimate that there may be 10,000 retention basins in the region. Basic data on N stocks in these ecosystems are discussed within the context of the regional N budget. Accurate data on the extent and distribution of these designed ecosystems will be vital for water-resources planning and stormwater management.
Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of bacteriophage Qβ: Electrophoresis of the intact virions and of the viral proteins

Bacteriophage Qβ can be separated easily from several other RNA-containing bacteriophages by electrophoresis on large-pore acrylamide gels. The mobilities of these viruses depend both upon the acrylamide and cross-linker concentrations. Qβ has a complex electrophoretic pattern due to aggregation. An electrophoretic mutant of Qβ (called QβE1) has been isolated and partially characterized. The proteins of Qβ, QβE1, R17, and G17 have been characterized by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two continuous SDS-containing systems have been used: an SDS-urea-phosphate gel at pH 7.6 and an SDS-urea-phosphate gel at pH 11.9. On these, the coat proteins of Qβ and R17 and also their A proteins are separable because they differ in molecular weight. The molecular weight of the A protein of Qβ is 37,600 daltons. The coat protein of Qβ and its electrophoretic mutant QβE1 are also distinguishable though they differ by only a single charged amino acid. A low pH buffer system containing formic acid and urea but lacking SDS separates the coat proteins of Qβ, QβE1, and R17 readily.
Design of cluster geometries for clusterwheel IP robots: Obstacle size and controllability

In this paper we discuss issues related to the design of clusterwheel inverted pendulum balancing machines, with a particular focus on the choice of the number of wheels in the cluster. This class of vehicles holds the promise of incorporating the inherent compliance of a two-wheeled balancing vehicle, the stability of a four-wheeled vehicle when desired, and the capability of legs to overcome obstacles such as stairs and indoor terrain. In order to arrive at a design compromise that can retain the advantages of each mode while minimizing disadvantages, we examine the dynamics and control of various cluster geometries and give analytical arguments in support of a three wheel cluster design while verifying our hypothesis using simulations of various cluster architectures. We then present the design and the construction of “Charlie,” a prototype clusterwheel vehicle, and demonstrate basic stable obstacle traversal.
THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES AS A COINTEGRATED SYSTEM: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE EUROCURRENCY MARKET

In this paper I examine the term structure of Eurocurrency interest rates from six countries (with maturities of one, two, three, and six months) using unit root tests and cointegration tests that are robust to departures from independent and identically distributed errors. The main conclusions are: (1) Eurocurrency interest rates have one (and only one) unit root when viewed individually, and (2) for each of the countries examined, Eurocurrency interest rates are cointegrated—with one equilibrium relationship—when viewed jointly. These conclusions are consistent with the weak form of the efficient market hypothesis and suggest that in efficient markets arbitrage generally prevents rates on different maturities of a given asset from drifting too far for an extended period.
Does diskogenic low back pain and leg pain exist without nerve root entrapment

Diskogenic low back pain can radiate into the leg as referred pain without nerve root entrapment. Lumbar diskography, when properly performed, is nothing more than an attempt to perform a “remote” physical examination of the individual disks in an attempt to determine if mechanical deformation is painful. Spine fusion surgery, performed for the relief of diskogenic low back pain, is a logical extension of the wellrecognized principle that a joint that is degenerated and painful with motion can be rendered painless by the surgical ablation of motion with a fusion. At this time, the properly performed diskogram is the only test available that approaches reliability in diagnosing mechanical diskogenic low back pain and its specific location.
A study of the application of the holographic method to the determination of the directional spectrum of ocean waves

Abstract The holographic method of determining the directional spectrum of surface waves has advantages over the stereo photograph method, the buoy method, and the pressure gauge method. The instrumental error introduced into the power spectrum by the processing of vertical aerial photographs is not greater than 13% of the total power, and the overall resolving power is limited practically by the vibration of the aircraft, not by the resolving power of the film. The slope of the spectrum, which is obtained from the optical density of the negative, is proportional to k −2 , where k is the wave number. For the wave height spectrum obtained from the stereo photograph it is k −4 . Hence the image of the sea surface on a film represents the slope of the surface waves, and the directional spectrum produced by the holographic method is a slope spectrum that is in good agreement with the directional spectrum produced by the stereo method when multiplied by k 2 .
Ultra high energy interaction models for Monte Carlo calculations: what model is the best fit

We briefly outline two methods for extension of hadronic interaction models to extremely high energy. Then we compare the main characteristics of representative computer codes that implement the different models and give examples of air shower parameters predicted by those codes.
An interior point method for general large-scale quadratic programming problems

In this paper, we present an interior point algorithm for solving both convex and nonconvex quadratic programs. The method, which is an extension of our interior point work on linear programming problems efficiently solves a wide class of largescale problems and forms the basis for a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) solver for general large scale nonlinear programs. The key to the algorithm is a three-dimensional cost improvement subproblem, which is solved at every interation. We have developed an approximate recentering procedure and a novel, adaptive big-M Phase I procedure that are essential to the sucess of the algorithm. We describe the basic method along with the recentering and big-M Phase I procedures. Details of the implementation and computational results are also presented.
Prevention of Photoresist Pattern Collapse by Using Liquid Carbon Dioxide

Photoresist polymers with high aspect ratios are presently cleaned with aqueous solutions. For high aspect ratios, the pattern collapses during the drying step. The origin of resist pattern collapse is the surface tension of the rinse liquid. Following a theoretical model, we present the results of a preliminary analysis on using environmentally benign liquid carbon dioxide (CO2) as a cleaning solvent. To avoid the likelihood of pattern collapse, the relative size of the actual pattern spacing (S) should be larger than the minimum allowable pattern spacing (d), which can be calculated based on the properties of the rinse liquid and the mechanical properties of the resist material. The use of CO2 as a rinse liquid should help prevent the resist pattern collapse problem.
Supportive Induction Slows the Revolving Door

The revolving door appropriately describes the attrition among beginning teachers. Especially high attrition plagues our urban schools where highly qualified teachers are most crucial. Even though research over 3 decades has provided the basis for intricate induction programs, not all new teachers experience them. Effective mentoring has provided the greatest impact on increasing teacher retention, but often is not sufficient support alone. Alternative teacher certification programs have increased the numbers going into teaching, but no firm evidence has proven they remain longer. This report explains one example of induction support that results in greater retention.
A NEW FIBER OPTIC UMBILICAL ARTERIAL CATHETER FOR CONTINUOUS OXYHEMOGLOBIN SATURATION MEASUREMENT

A NEW FIBER OPTIC UMBILICAL ARTERIAL CATHETER FOR CONTINUOUS OXYHEMOGLOBIN SATURATION MEASUREMENT
National survey of hospital data processing -1985

The National Survey of Hospital Data Processing contains a great wealth of information that the hospitals have contributed in respect to the trends and changes that are now occurring within our hospital data-processing environment. 2-5 We wish to thank all of those hospitals that have participated in this study and have been willing to provide the kind of information that is so essential in tabulating these results. It is our hope that this report will provide some measure of return on your investment and that it will supply some answers to you as you face the difficult questions of planning and projecting for the future. A great deal more information is contained within the study, but it cannot be presented because of the sheer volume of information that remains. For this reason, the survey has been structured as an on-line database rather than a report. We ask that those who have interests in seeking more in-depth information from these files contact our publishing office so that we can advise you of ways that this information can be conveniently made available to you for your special project. There will be a follow-up report for 1986 when that database is complete. For those who wish to do longitudinal studies, a parallel volume was published in August 1985 that should provide a 4-year perspective on the field of hospital data processing.
Rod outer segment disk shedding in rat retina: relationship to cyclic lighting

When albino rats are reared in cyclic light, a burst of rod outer segment disk shedding occurs in the retina soon after the onset of light. The number of large packets of outer segment disks (phagosomes) in the pigment epithelium at this time is 2.5 to 5 times greater than at any other time of day or night. The subsequent degradation of large phagosomes to smaller structures within pigment epithelial cells proceeds rapidly. The burst of disk shedding follows a circadian rhythm for at least 3 days, since it occurs in continuous darkness at the same time without the onset of light.
The contribution of dispersion to H-bonds between hydrides of first and second-row atoms

Abstract H-bonds involving NH3, PH3, OH2, and SH2 as proton acceptor and HF and HCl as donor, as well as the water dimer, are studied by ab initio molecular orbital methods. The influence of dispersion on the properties of these complexes is calculated by second-order Moller —Plesset perturbation theory using a doubly-polarized double-ξ basis set. This theoretical approach yields H-bond lengths in much better agreement with experiment than distances calculated at the SCF level. The contractions in the bond lengths introduced by dispersion grow rapidly as first-row atoms are replaced with second-row analogs. A similar trend is noted in the H-bond energies where the contribution of dispersion ranges between 22% for the smaller systems and 69% for complexes such as H2SHCl. In addition, dispersion is seen to be responsible for a large fraction of the stretch in the HX bond resulting from H-bond formation. On the other hand, the angular characteristics of these complexes are relatively unaffected by dispersion but are controlled, instead, primarily by electrostatic factors.
BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR CHARACTERIZING THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MICROCHEMISTRY OF INTERFACES.

Abstract Interfaces of many types (S-S, S-L and S-G) occur in the materials configuration of most solar devices, often with several in close proximity. To make solar devices economically competitive, the manufacturers must make them reliable, reproducible and in cost-effective batch quantities. Economic viability also requires that design performance be sustained over long periods of time (e.g. 30 years). To extrapolate from short-term laboratory behavior to the required 30 year service behavior requires an atomic level mechanistic understanding of the degradation processes occurring at interfaces. The latter in turn requires application of forefront techniques and methods of characterization of localized microstructure and microchemistry. Needs are identified for microcharacterization on spatial scales ranging from the macroscopic to the microscropic, giving structural, chemical or electronic configurations. A comparison of available techniques with these needs revealed major inadequacies. Much greater effort needs to be invested in in situ techniques. Efforts to extend the capabilities of surface analytical techniques to meet the identified needs are necessary. Recent developments in AEM show promise of complementing the surface technologies and should be developed. Wide use of these techniques in concert is encouraged and wider use of electron microscopy in general is necessary. A much deeper understanding of existing techniques is necessary and totally novel characterization approaches should be encouraged, particularly for in situ characterization of S-L and S-G interfaces.
Sterol metabolism. XLI. Cholesterol A-ring autoxidations

Abstract Chromatographic and spectral evidence is adduced for the presence of cholest-5-en-3-one, cholest-4-en-3-one, and cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione in samples of cholesterol aged naturally in air or subjected to irradiation in air by 60 Co gamma radiation. These findings establish an additional mode of air oxidation of cholesterol to A-ring 3-ketones. Moreover, the oxidation by air of cholest-5-en-3-one induced by 60 Co gamma radiation yielded cholest-4-en-3-one, cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione, and the epimeric 3-oxocholest-4-ene-6-hydroperoxides. Cholest-4-en-3-one was not altered by irradiation in air, nor was cholesterol isomerized to cholest-4-en-3β-ol upon irradiation. From these observations it is deduced that the radiation-induced A-ring dehydrogenation of cholesterol yields initially cholest-5-en-3-one which upon isomerization yields cholest-4-en-3-one not further oxidized and which by a second oxidation yields the epimeric 3-oxocholest-4-ene-6-hydroperoxides which decompose to cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione.
Field Theories for Learning Probability Distributions.

Imagine being shown $N$ samples of random variables drawn independently from the same distribution. What can you say about the distribution? In general, of course, the answer is nothing, unless you have some prior notions about what to expect. From a Bayesian point of view one needs an a priori distribution on the space of possible probability distributions, which defines a scalar field theory. In one dimension, free field theory with a normalization constraint provides a tractable formulation of the problem, and we discuss generalizations to higher dimensions.
Electronically excited photodissociation and desorption of adsorbates: CH2I2 on Al2O3 and Ag surfaces.

Les molecules CH 2 I 2 adsorbees sont excitees par laser UV. Etude par spectrometrie de masse en temps de vol, photoemission de rayons X et thermodesorption du comportement de desorption associe a la photofragmentation. Determination du rendement de desorption et des distributions d'energie cinetique et de masse en fonction du degre de recouvrement et de la fluence du laser
Automated cloud cover assessment for Landsat TM images

This paper describes a method for cloud cover assessment using computer-based analysis of multi-band Landsat images. The objective is to accurately determine the percentage of cloud cover in an efficient manner. The 'correct' value is determined by an expert's visual assessment. Acceptable error rates are +/- 10 percent from the visually determined coverage. This research improves upon an existing algorithm developed for use by the EROS data center several years ago. The existing algorithm uses threshold values in bands, 3, 5 and 6 based on the expected frequency response for clouds in each band. While this algorithm is reasonably fast, the accuracy is often unsatisfactory. The dataset used in developing the new method contained 329 subsampled, 7-band Landsat browse images with wide geographic coverage and a variety of cloud types. This dataset, provided by the EROS Data Center, also specifies the visual cloud cover assessment and the cloud cover assessment using the current automated algorithm. Mask images, separating cloud and non- cloud pixels, were developed for a subset of these images. The new approach is statistically based, developed forma multi-dimensional histogram analysis of a training subset. Images from a disjoint test set wee then classified. Initial results are significantly more accurate than the existing automated algorithm.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.