cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temperance And Racism: John Bull, Johnny Reb, and the Good Templars

One hundred twenty years ago, the Independent Order of Good Templars was the world's largest, most militant, and most evangelical organization hostile to alcoholic drink. Standing in the forefront of the international temperance movement, it was recognized worldwide as a potent social and moral force. "Temperance and Racism" restores the Templars, now an almost forgotten footnote in American and British social history, to a position of prominence within the temperance movement. The group's ideology of universal membership made it unique among fraternal organizations in the late nineteenth century and led to pioneering efforts on behalf of equal rights for women.Its policy toward African Americans was more ambiguous. Though a great many white Templars, especially those in Great Britain, rejected the extreme racism prevalent in the late nineteenth century, members in the American South did not. The decision to allow state lodges to rule on their membership eligibility led to the great schism of 1876-87. The break was mended only after British leaders compromised their ideals of universal brotherhood and sisterhood for the sake of the organization's international unity. Drawing on previously unused primary sources, David Fahey reveals much about racial attitudes and behavior in the late nineteenth century on both sides of the Mason-Dixon line, and on both sides of the Atlantic.
Discourse-based intervention for word finding in children.

A discourse-based, contextual intervention approach for increasing children's word finding proficiency was evaluated. The clinician's role was to (a) identify overt word finding behaviors as they occurred, (2) allow their completion, and (c) provide appropriate feedback, including requests for associative information, requests for clarification, comments to confirm the appropriateness of word choices, and comments to facilitate discourse restructuring. Subjects were three 9-year-old boys with diagnosed language-learning disabilities (LLD) characterized by word finding problems. Intervention proceeded following a within-subjects multiple baseline design involving three tasks: picture-elicited narratives, story-retelling, and conversation on familiar topics. All three subjects exhibited a decrease in the average number of problematic word finding behaviors from initial baseline to posttreatment measurement. Discourse-based intervention provided naturalistic contexts for the study of word finding behaviors, specifically effects of linguistic contexts and effects of task complexity. Learning outcomes: (1) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to identify and categorize children's overt word finding behaviors as they occur in discourse. (2) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to discuss various aspects of a contextualized philosophy of learning as applied to language intervention. (3) As a result of this activity, the participant will be able to compare and contrast traditional intervention approaches for improving children's word finding with one discourse-based approach.
Life-threatening reaction to indigo carmine – A sulfa allergy?

Indigo carmine is commonly used during cystoscopy when evaluating for lower urinary tract safety after gynecologic surgery. We report a case of severe hypotension and bradycardia following intravenous indigo carmine injection in a patient with known sulfa allergy.
Legally Armenian: Tolerance, Conversion, and Name Change in Turkish Courts

Over the last fifteen years, hundreds of Muslim citizens claiming Armenian descent have submitted petitions to Turkey's secular legal authorities asking for changes to both their name and religion in the public record. In this article, I discuss the name-change cases of Armenian return converts to further the debates on Turkish secularism and to critique the body of scholarship that welcomes the governing Justice and Development Party's legal reforms as a measure of growing religious tolerance. In the article's first part I analyze the historical foundations of the regulation of religion and name changes in Turkey by fully and explicitly engaging with law as a site where minority difference is constructed, authorized, and challenged. The article's second half offers an alternative reading of how tolerance functions as an aspect of the Justice and Development Party's reforms. Based on my investigation of specific legal forms of argument that converted Armenians and their lawyers put forward in today's secular courts, and how legal officers of the state respond to them, I demonstrate that legal reform has shifted the definition of religion as a marker of minority difference in legal space. I argue that the historical context of name change and religious conversion forces the limits of existing understandings of freedom of religion in Turkey, and that this renders visible historical injustices that cannot be resolved simply through the notion of “religious tolerance” in the courts.
Effects of Communities That Care on Prevention Services Systems: Findings From the Community Youth Development Study at 1.5 Years

The Community Youth Development Study (CYDS) is a community-randomized trial of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system. Using data from 2001 and 2004 administrations of the Community Key Informant Survey, this study reports changes in three community-level outcomes 1.5 years after implementing CTC in 12 communities. Respondents consisted of 534 community leaders in 24 communities representing multiple sectors within each community. Results of multilevel analyses controlling for respondent and community characteristics indicated that (a) CTC and control communities had comparable baseline levels of adopting a science-based approach to prevention, collaboration across community sectors, and collaboration regarding specific prevention activities; and (b) CTC communities exhibited significantly greater increases in these outcomes between 2001 and 2004 relative to control communities. These results suggest that CTC was successful in changing proximal system outcomes theorized to lead to more effective prevention services and, ultimately, reduced risk, enhanced protection, and improved adolescent health and behavior outcomes.
Immigrants’ attitudes toward integration and citizenship in Germany, 1970–2000

Over the last 50 years many OECD countries have attracted large numbers of foreign immigrants. Faced with record inflows, increasingly from non-western countries, even traditional immigrant countries, such as the USA, are worried about their abilities to integrate the newcomers and are re-examining their immigration policies. This paper uses high quality data sets of five major immigrant groups in Germany to study how immigrants’ attitudes toward immigration may have changed over the last thirty years. This is particularly interesting time period, because it coincides with significant political change in Western Europe, culminating so far with the creation of the European Union and European citizenship for citizens of member countries.
Bottlenecks in Deriving Definitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: A CIRM Mini-Symposium and Workshop Report

On August 29, 2013, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM) convened a small group of investigators in San Francisco, CA, to discuss a longstanding challenge in the stem cell field: the inability to derive fully functional, definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). To date, PSC-derived HSCs have been deficient in their developmental potential and their ability to self-renew and engraft upon transplantation. Tasked with identifying key challenges to overcoming this “HSC bottleneck”, workshop participants identified critical knowledge gaps in two key areas: (a) understanding the ontogeny of human HSCs, and (b) understanding of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that govern HSC behavior and function. They agreed that development of new methods and tools is critical for addressing these knowledge gaps. These include molecular profiling of key HSC properties, development of new model systems/assays for predicting and assessing HSC function, and novel technological advancements for manipulating cell culture conditions and genetic programs. The workshop produced tangible advances, including providing a current definition of the nature and challenge of the HSC bottleneck and identifying key mechanistic studies of HSC biology that should be prioritized for future funding initiatives (e.g., including higher risk approaches that have potential for high gain).
Cutting stand-by power

The numbers and types of electronic equipment used at home and in the office has seen explosive growth in the past two decades. Many of these devices maintain certain levels of functionality even when the users power them down. In this paper, the author argues that reducing the power devices consume in stand-by mode is increasingly important.
Molecular mechanics and electrostatic effects

Abstract Continuum solvent models predict a quadratic charge dependence (linear response) of the free energy of a system of charged solutes. The relation between this prediction and the structure of the salvation shell around the solutes is discussed. Studies of the derivative of the free energy with respect to the charges for different reference states are shown to be a convenient way of testing the linear response assumption without resorting to the standard free energy perturbation method. We illustrate this with a system of two oppositely charged ions in aqueous solution, where nonlinearities are observed before the full charging process is completed. Since molecular mechanics (MM) simulations preserve the full nonlinearity of the problem, they are well suited to the investigation of the conditions under which linear response accurately reflects the behavior of the system. The error when using linear response theory to calculate the free energies of charging is estimated to be as large as 10–20%.
An approach for the evaluation of efficacy of wetlands-based phosphorus control programs for eutrophication-related water quality improvement in downstream waterbodies

It has been suggested that re-creation of the marshes that used to exist in the Lake Okeechobee watershed is the key to the prevention of further eutrophication of this Florida lake. This paper presents a review of the information available on water quality characteristics of this lake and characteristics of its watershed and presents an evaluation of the potential impact of this management alternative on Lake Okeechobee's eutrophication-related water quality. While data were limited and recommendations were made specifying study needs, it was concluded that the construction of the proposed wetlands may have limited impact on eutrophication-related water quality of the lake.
Neonate Silkworm (Bombyx mori) Larvae Are Attracted to Mulberry (Morus alba) Leaves with Conspecific Feeding Damage

The silkworm Bombyx mori is a molecular genetic model for the Lepidoptera. Its odorant receptor genes have been described, and preliminary studies suggest that several are expressed specifically in the larval caterpillar stage. This study was undertaken to identify olfactory behaviors specific to the larvae. A two-choice leaf disk bioassay with naive neonate larvae was used to evaluate the attractiveness of three types of mulberry leaf (Morus alba): newly flushed leaves from branch tips, mature leaves, and mature leaves with feeding damage caused by conspecific larvae. Mature leaves with feeding damage were the most attractive, newly flushed leaves were moderately favored, and undamaged mature leaves were the least attractive. Volatile odors collected from whole mulberry leaves by using solid-phase microextraction fibers were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The volatile profile of newly flushed leaves and mature leaves damaged by conspecific larvae was more complex compared to undamaged mature leaves. By comparing the volatile makeup of each leaf type, a list of 22 candidate odors responsible for attracting the neonate larvae was generated; α-farnesene was particularly notable as a herbivore-induced volatile. These odors will be used in future in vitro studies to determine whether they activate larval-specific odorant receptors.
Studies on cyclic AMP metabolism in human epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cells.

Abstract Cultured human epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cells were found to contain a highly responsive, catecholamine-sensitive adenyl cyclase activity in cellfree preparations. By contrast, cyclic AMP levels in intact HEp-2 cells were at best only marginally increased by catecholamines under a variety of conditions. The lack of an intact cell response could not be accounted for by escape of cyclic AMP to the medium, excessive phosphodiesterase activity, inactivation of the catecholamine, or by unusual kinetics of the system. However, in the presence of 1-methyl,3-isobutylxanthine (MIX), a potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a moderate catecholamine response was observed in the intact cells. A significant elevation of cyclic AMP levels in the presence of MIX was observed at 0.3 μ M epinephrine, and maximal levels occurred at 10 μ M . Norepinephrine was much less effective than either epinephrine or isopropylnorepinephrine at 10 μ M concentrations. In addition, intact cells slowly but steadily released cyclic AMP into the incubation medium over the course of 60-min incubations in the presence of MIX and epinephrine; maximum intracellular levels were reached by 5 min.
Selectivity for phosphate and citrate with benzyltin-based polymer membrane electrodes†

Response properties are reported for membrane electrodes prepared by incorporating bis(p-fluorobenzyl)tin dichloride, bis(p-chlorobenzyl)tin dichloride, and tris(p-chlorobenzyl)tin chloride into plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes. These electrodes respond selectively to dibasic phosphate and tribasic citrate. The magnitude of response and the degree of selectivity are affected by the method of pretreating the membrane. The highest level of selectivity is obtained for tribasic citrate from electrodes based on bis(p-fluorobenzyl)tin dichloride after conditioning with citrate. This electrode possesses a limit of detection for citrate of 0.4 μM at pH 7.0 with response times ranging from 2 to 5 minutes. Selectivity for citrate is demonstrated over phosphate, thiocyanate, iodide, bromide, nitrate, acetate, lactate, pyruvate, ascorbate, and chloride.
In-frame linker insertion mutagenesis of yeast transposon Ty1: mutations, transposition and dominance

A plasmid bearing a GAL1::Ty1 fusion that is competent to transpose was mutagenized by insertion of oligodeoxyribonucleotides that precisely introduce four or five codons semirandomly throughout the plasmid. Approximately one quarter of these resulted in inactivation of transposition; these include inactivating insertions in both the TYA and TYB genes, corresponding to retroviral gag and pol genes. Examples of transposition-inactivating mutations map within each of the known or proposed functional domains of TYB, suggesting that these are all required for retrotransposition. All of the transposition-inactivating mutations were found to be recessive with the exception of a single mutation in TYA. The remaining mutations have slightly deleterious to no effect on Ty1 transposition.
Adsorption isotherms and heats of adsorption of hydrogen, neon and nitrogen on activated charcoal

Abstract The results of measurements of adsorption isotherms of hydrogn, neon and nitrogen on charcoal in the temperature range of 77 K to 400 K and the pressure range of 1 atm to 80 atm are given. The heats of adsorption were calculated from the measured isotherms. The isotherms were fitted to a semi-empirical generalized expression of the type C = M b α exp (−γx) It was found that within the experimental uncertainty, the expression was a fairly good representation of the isotherm data for these pressure and temperature ranges, if an appropriate potential function x was chosen for the correlation. The heats of adsorption derived from the generalized equations compared well with the experimental data.
On the thermoelastic properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

Abstract Direct mechanical tests were used to estimate both the coefficient of thermal expansion and the elastic modulus of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films. Films varying in thickness from approximately 2 to 10 μm were deposited on thin foils of aluminum, Invar and copper by conventional capacitive glow discharge decomposition of silane. The coefficient of thermal expansion was subsequently calculated from the temperature dependence of the radius of curvature of the coated foils, and the elastic modulus was then estimated from the thermal expansion coefficient and the film-to-substrate thickness ratio. The mean values obtained for the expansion coefficient and the elastic modulus of a-Si:H are 4.4 × 10−6 °C−1 and 44 000 MPa respectively. These values differ significantly from those reported for crystalline silicon but are in qualitative agreement with observations reported for the thermoelastic properties of other amorphous materials when compared with their crystalline counterparts. This knowledge of the thermal expansion coefficient of a-Si:H can be expected to be of aid in the preparation of thick films by helping to improve the match between film and substrate expansion coefficients.
Children With Developmental Delays Twenty Years Later: Where Are They? How Are They?

Data from parents and young adults were collected as part of a 20-year follow-up of children with developmental delays who had been identified at age 3 years. The young adults and their parents provided information through questionnaires and personal interviews. Findings documented a broad range of outcomes, with some young adults leading independent and productive lives, whereas the majority were un- or underemployed, living with and financially dependent upon their families, and socially isolated. Three types of parent-young adult relationships were identified. For both parents and young adults, IQ was significantly and negatively related to perceived life satisfaction.
The Heme-Oxygenase Family Required for Phytochrome Chromophore Biosynthesis Is Necessary for Proper Photomorphogenesis in Higher Plants

The committed step in the biosynthesis of the phytochrome chromophore phytochromobilin involves the oxidative cleavage of heme by a heme oxygenase (HO) to form biliverdin IXα. Through positional cloning of the photomorphogenic mutant hy1 , the Arabidopsis HO (designated At HO1) responsible for much of phytochromobilin synthesis recently was identified. Using the AtHO1 sequence, we identified families of HO genes in a number of plants that cluster into two subfamilies ( HO1- and HO2- like). The tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) yg-2 and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia pew1 photomorphogenic mutants are defective in specific HO genes. Phenotypic analysis of a T-DNA insertion mutant of Arabidopsis HO2 revealed that the second HO subfamily also contributes to phytochromobilin synthesis. Homozygous ho2-1 plants show decreased chlorophyll accumulation, reduced growth rate, accelerated flowering time, and reduced de-etiolation. A mixture of apo- and holo-phyA was detected in etiolated ho2-1 seedlings, suggesting that phytochromobilin is limiting in this mutant, even in the presence of functional AtHO1 . The patterns of Arabidopsis HO1 and HO2 expression suggest that the products of both genes overlap temporally and spatially. Taken together, the family of HOs is important for phytochrome-mediated development in a number of plants and that each family member may uniquely contribute to the phytochromobilin pool needed to assemble holo-phytochromes.
Interaction of an oblique shock wave with turbulent hypersonic blunt body flows

A shock-on-shock interaction near the cowl lip of an engine inlet is studied numerically by solving the compressible full Navier-Stokes equations. The present study focuses on Edney's type III shock interference pattern in which the turbulent free shear layer impinges on the cowl lip (modeled as a cylinder). Van Leer's flux-vector splitting upwind MUSCL scheme is used in the solver with algebraic turbulence models. Turbulent solutions of surface pressures and heat fluxes along the cowl lip are in reasonably good agreement with experiment except in the local shear layer impingement region. The present study showed some indications that higher order turbulent models may be required to improve the solution near the free shear layer impingement region.
Structure and attributes community detection: comparative analysis of composite, ensemble and selection methods

In recent years due to the rise of social, biological, and other rich content graphs, several new graph clustering methods using structure and node's attributes have been introduced. In this paper, we compare our novel clustering method, termed Selection method, against seven clustering methods: three structure and attribute methods, one structure only method, one attribute only method, and two ensemble methods. The Selection method uses the graph structure ambiguity to switch between structure and attribute clustering methods. We shows that the Selection method out performed the state-of-art structure and attribute methods.
Towards target-level testing and debugging tools for embedded software

The current process for testing and debugging embedded sojware is ine~ective at revealing errors. There are currently huge costs associated with the validation of embedded applications. Despite the huge costs, the most dl~cult errors to reveal and locate are found extremely late in the testing process, making them even more costly to repm”r. This paper first presents a discussion of embedded testing research andpractice. This discussion raises a need to improve the existing process and tools for embe&@i testing as well as enable better processes and tools for the jWure. To fmilitate this improvement, architectural and software capabilities which support testing and &bugging with minimal intrusion on the executing system must be developed. Execution visibility and control must come @om the underlying system, which should ofJer interjbces to testing and debugging tools in the same numner it offers them to a compiler. Finally we propose txtenswns to the underlying system, which consists of adiiitions to both the architecture and run-time system that will help reulize target-level tools.
The Reverse Total Shoulder

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) is designed to provide pain relief, improve functional results, and reduce the risk of implant failure in patients with a painful rotator cuff deficient shoulder. By changing the biomechanics of the shoulder and using the deltoid, surgeons have found that RTSA has become a successful and promising procedure for difficult scenarios that previously had no options. However, indications must still be appropriate. Ideal patients have rotator cuff deficient arthritis, pseudoparalysis, anterior-superior escape, good glenoid bone stock, and are older or sedentary. Complications are not uncommon, often seen as scapular notching, glenoid component loosening or failure, infection, and instability. Prosthesis design and surgical techniques have evolved over time, as have the expanded indications, leading to improved outcomes and decreased complications. RTSA remains a technically difficult procedure and, therefore, care must be taken in indications and surgical technique for a successful outcome.
Stimulus modality-produced response differences in aversive classical conditioning

Abstract In Experiment 1, rats were given forward, backward, or random aversive classical conditioning in a shuttle box with either a noise conditioned stimulus (CS) or a light CS and a footshock unconditioned stimulus followed by extinction testing. The light CS elicited very little shuttle responding at any time during training or testing. The noise CS initially elicited a great deal of shuttling which differentially declined, depending on the type of conditioning. Responding decreased dramatically in the forward-conditioned group but only slightly in the backward group. The randomly conditioned group was intermediate to them. All the noise-trained groups initially increased shuttling during testing when shock was omitted. In Experiment 2, rats received forward conditioning in the shuttle box with either the light or noise CS and both shuttling and conditioned freezing were measured. In contrast to what other investigators have found, the light CS elicited more conditioned freezing than the noise. The only effect noise had on conditioned freezing was to disrupt it.
Clinical Features and Prognosis in Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta A Re-appraisal

The records of 62 patients on whom the diagnosis of aortic dissection was proved are reviewed with particular attention to the clinical features and prognosis in each case. This was the consecutive experience of a large general hospital over approximately 17 years. The initial and long-term survival was far better in patients in whom the ascending aorta was spared by the disease process. No patients in whom such involvement was present were known to survive more than 3 weeks. Eight of 19 patients whose disease began distal to the arch of the aorta are known to have survived 6 to 69 months even though six of these eight were not operated on. Striking differences in the clinical findings of the two groups were also found. Aortic regurgitation, impairment of a radial or carotid pulse, neurological signs, and hypotension were rare in the group whose dissection began beyond the left subclavian artery. Marked systemic hypertension was frequently observed in this group, over a third having a diastolic pressure o...
Host centrality in food web networks determines parasite diversity.

Background Parasites significantly alter topological metrics describing food web structure, yet few studies have explored the relationship between food web topology and parasite diversity. Methods/Principal Findings This study uses quantitative metrics describing network structure to investigate the relationship between the topology of the host food web and parasite diversity. Food webs were constructed for four restored brackish marshes that vary in species diversity, time post restoration and levels of parasitism. Our results show that the topology of the food web in each brackish marsh is highly nested, with clusters of generalists forming a distinct modular structure. The most consistent predictors of parasite diversity within a host were: trophic generality, and eigenvector centrality. These metrics indicate that parasites preferentially colonise host species that are highly connected, and within modules of tightly interacting species in the food web network. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that highly connected free-living species within the food web may represent stable trophic relationships that allow for the persistence of complex parasite life cycles. Our data demonstrate that the structure of host food webs can have a significant effect on the establishment of parasites, and on the potential for evolution of complex parasite life cycles.
The amplitude and phasing of climate change during the last deglaciation in the Sulu Sea, western equatorial Pacific

[1] Variations in tropical sea surface temperature patterns and the phasing relative to climate change in higher-latitudes provide insight into the mechanisms of climate change on both orbital and shorter time-scales. Here, we present well-dated, high-resolution records of planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg/Ca-based SST spanning the last deglaciation from the Sulu Sea, located in the western equatorial Pacific. The results indicate that the last glacial maximum was 2.3 ± 0.5°C cooler than present in the Sulu Sea with a concomitant decrease in sea surface salinity. The similarity between variations in surface salinity in the Sulu Sea, the western and eastern equatorial Pacific, and the Greenland ice-core record suggests that the observed changes in salinity reflect large-scale rearrangement of atmospheric patterns, which were coherent and synchronous throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The results suggest that the glacial equatorial Pacific climate was strongly influenced by both tropical, and extra-tropical forcing, although it is not clear whether interannual (ENSO) variability is a good analogue of glacial-interglacial climate change.
Isolation of Lys-conopressin-G from the venom of the worm-hunting snail, Conus imperialis.

Abstract D. B. Nielsen , J. Dykert , J. E. Rivier and J. M. McIntosh . Isolation of Lys-conopressin-G from the venom of the worm-hunting snail, Conus imperialis. Toxicon 32, 845–848, 1994.—Vasopressin homologs have previously been isolated from the venom of fish-hunting cone snails. We investigated whether a vasopressin-like peptide is found in the worm-hunter, Conus imperialis . Using i.c. injections in mice, we isolated a peptide from the venom of C. imperialis which induces scratching and grooming behavior characteristic of the conopressins. Biochemical characterization showed that this peptide is identical to Lys-conopressin-G. The results led us to speculate that the vasopressin-like peptides in Conus venoms may be examples of an evolving conversion of endogenous peptides for specialized venom uses.
Design and minimum reflux for heterogeneous azeotropic distillation columns

A simple design technique for heterogeneous distillation columns has been developed. The underlying geometric conditions which govern minimum reflux are shown to share certain common features with homogeneous distillations, but differ in some important respects. It is shown that heterogeneous columns display some unusual sensitivities to the design parameters. The most notable being the drastic swings in the composition and temperature profiles with very small changes in the level of trace impurities in the product stream.
Sound measurements versus observers judgments of loudness

To test the ability of the “total noise” meter to give proper relative ratings for complex sounds of about the same level, but of materially different quality, a series of tests has been made wherein the noise measurements were compared directly with observers' judgments of loudness. The results showed surprisingly close agreement between the meter readings and the average judgments of a group of observers. The results show also the superiority of noise meter readings over the judgment of any single observer.
Oral irritation by sodium chloride: Sensitization, self-desensitization, and cross-sensitization to capsaicin

Psychophysical methods were used to investigate the irritant sensory properties of concentrated NaCl. The first experiment investigated potential sensitization and desensitization properties. Subjects rated the intensity of the irritation elicited by 10 successive applications of 5 M NaCl on one side of the dorsal surface of the tongue. The mean irritant sensation increased significantly across trials, consistent with sensitization. To test for self- and cross-desensitization effects of unilateral sequential stimulation with NaCl followed by a 10-min rest period, either 5 M NaCl or 10 microM capsaicin was applied bilaterally. In a two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) test, subjects indicated which side of the tongue had a stronger irritant sensation. They also rated the intensity of irritation on each side separately. When NaCl was applied bilaterally, the side not previously receiving NaCl was chosen as stronger by a significant majority of subjects and was given significantly higher intensity ratings, consistent with self-desensitization. In contrast, when capsaicin was applied bilaterally, the side that had previously received sequential NaCl was perceived as having a significantly more intense irritation, consistent with cross-sensitization. In a second experiment, the effect of amiloride on NaCl-evoked irritation was studied. One side of the tongue was treated with 1 mM amiloride, after which 5 M NaCl was applied bilaterally and subjects performed the same 2-AFC and rating procedures. Since amiloride significantly reduced the intensity of the irritant sensation, the contribution of amiloride-sensitive ionic currents or the Na+/H+ exchange pump (NHE) are suggested as possible transduction mechanisms in lingual nociceptors mediating NaCl-evoked oral irritation.
Optimal dencentralized regulation for a string of coupled systems

Decentralized regulation for a string of coupled linear systems is studied. Available to each controller is localized information, represented by linear functions of the state. Necessary conditions for the optimal time-invarient linear regulators are established. The theory can be applied for designing simple on-board computers for regulating a string of moving vehicles.
CdTe thermal parameters studied by single-crystal x-ray diffraction.

In an earlier paper (Phys. Rev. B 34, 3970 (1986)), the temperature-dependent results of thermal-vibration x-ray studies on a (001)= CdTe crystal have been reported. This note supplements the results mentioned above with additional temperature-dependent data taken on a (111) crystal. CdTe has a zinc-blende structure with a cubic lattice parameter of 6.482 A. With the use of both the (001) and (111) sets of data, an x-ray Debye temperature of FTHETA/sub M/ = 141 +- 2 K and a harmonic one-particle potential parameter ..cap alpha.. = 1.43 +- 0.06 eV/A/sup 2/ have been found. Harmonic thermal parameters for the individual Cd and Te atoms yield FTHETA/sub M//sub ,Cd/ = 134 +- 3 K and FTHETA/sub M//sub ,Te/ = 146 +- 3 K. Anharmonic parameters could not be accurately determined.
Temperature Effects on the Allosteric Transition of ATP Sulfurylase from Penicillium chrysogenum

The effects of temperature on the initial velocity kinetics of allosteric ATP sulfurylase from Penicillium chrysogenum were measured. The experiments were prompted by the structural similarity between the C-terminal regulatory domain of fungal ATP sulfurylase and fungal APS kinase, a homodimer that undergoes a temperature-dependent, reversible dissociation of subunits over a narrow temperature range. Wild-type ATP sulfurylase yielded hyperbolic velocity curves between 18 and 30 degrees C. Increasing the assay temperature above 30 degrees C at a constant pH of 8.0 increased the cooperativity of the velocity curves. Hill coefficients (n(H)) up to 1.8 were observed at 42 degrees C. The bireactant kinetics at 42 degrees C were the same as those observed at 30 degrees C in the presence of PAPS, the allosteric inhibitor. In contrast, yeast ATP sulfurylase yielded hyperbolic plots at 42 degrees C. The P. chrysogenum mutant enzyme, C509S, which is intrinsically cooperative (n(H) = 1.8) at 30 degrees C, became more cooperative as the temperature was increased yielding n(H) values up to 2.9 at 42 degrees C. As the temperature was decreased, the cooperativity of C509S decreased; n(H) was 1.0 at 18 degrees C. The cumulative results indicate that increasing the temperature increases the allosteric constant, L, i.e., promotes a shift in the base-level distribution of enzyme molecules from the high MgATP affinity R state toward the low MgATP affinity T state. As a result, the enzyme displays a true "temperature optimum" at subsaturating MgATP. The reversible temperature-dependent transitions of fungal ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase may play a role in energy conservation at high temperatures where the organism can survive but not grow optimally.
Identity Status, Consistency and Differentiation of Interests, and Career Decision Self-Efficacy.

Relationships between young adults’ identity status, the consistency and differentiation of their career interests, and their career decision self-efficacy were assessed. Among 111 college students, identity status was related to career decision self-efficacy and differentiation of interests, but it was not associated with consistency of interests. In general, more advanced identity status dimensions were associated with higher career decision self-efficacy and more differentiation of interests. The findings highlight the importance of integrating identity status into the conceptualization of career development in research and practice. Ideas for future research and implications for career assessment and counseling are presented.
Elecricity in paper mills

Section (1) gives a survey of paper-making processes and of their power requirements. Special problems of power generation and distribution, and the protective system adopted against overload and short-circuits, are dealt with in Section(2). Drives for paper-machine auxiliaries, with a description of the ?plural starter? system, are detailed in Section(3). Section(4) deals with paper-machine drives, and gives a brief description of leading types. High-accuracy speed control for paper machines is the subject of Section (5). Section (6) gives information in regard to drives for ?finishing? machines, supercalenders, reeling machines and slitters. Finally, Section (7) deals with miscellaneous applications of electricity in the paper mill.
Scattering from tree branches using the Fresnel Double Scattering approximation

A Fresnel Double Scattering (FDS) method is presented in this paper to accurately and efficiently calculate the backscattering cross sections from two tree branches in the Fresnel zone of each other. The branches have a comparable size to the wavelength for L band frequencies in length and in radius. It is demonstrated that the FDS results provide a good approximation to the exact solutions where two branches are modeled as one scatterer. The FDS method can be employed to study the double scattering effects between tree branches in microwave forest scattering models and accurately model a tree with single scatter and double scatter.
Topical Indexing and Questions to Represent Text for Retrieval and Browsing

AI systems for text analysis and retrieval face a double-edged problem of knowledge representation and ergonomics. On the one hand, the content of a text must be explicitly represented, and at a level of abstraction that is plausible and descriptively useful. On the other hand, the effort to encode the knowledge must be in line with the benefits that that provides. There are no ideal solutions, but a good scheme would be one where the content of texts were usefully represented, accurate retrievals were easily made, and the knowledge encoding was naturally done. This article describes a methodology for representing texts in terms of the questions that are raised and answered by them: a natural and efficient way of abstracting and capturing knowledge. The questions arising from the texts are, in turn, classified according to a theory of topical indexing. This indexing scheme relates the questions to each other, and this enables the automatic generation of a prunable network of associated texts. This article details the question posing methodology and the underlying theory of indexing, using examples from an implemented prototype, TaxOps, a story-based advisor for tax consultants.
Application of photographic pyrometry to ablation models

Surface temperature measurements on ablation models are described that demonstrate the application of photographic pyrometry to arcjet, arc tunnel, and rocket exhaust facilities. Sharp temperature discontinuities and hot spots are shown to be a predominant characteristic of the ablative surfaces tested, increasing the importance of spatial temperature measurements. The photographic pyrometry technique is, therefore, extremely valuable for determining point temperatures on the rough temperature contours, whether produced naturally as a result of the ablation process or by immersion sensors of vastly different thermal properties than the ablation material. The restrictions placed on the optical measurements by extraneous radiation are discussed and, in general, are found to be minor. An accuracy of 2-3% is estimated for these tests in the temperature range 1250-3800°K encompassing a possible inaccuracy of approximately ±14% in the mean emittance estimate of 0.88 for the ablators.
Wide-angle nulling for sum and difference beam patterns

A robust method of beam pattern nulling is discussed in this paper. The method achieves required nulls in the specified directions by perturbing the amplitudes and the phases of the aperture distribution coefficients of the sum and difference beams. The technique is flexible enough to handle a very wide variety of pattern nulling problems since it minimizes antenna sidelobe levels in specified directions while maximizing antenna pattern gain. The theory can be applied to discrete-angle nulling for the sum beam, the difference beam, sum and difference beams simultaneously, as well as wide-angle nulling.
SiGe pMOSFET's with gate oxide fabricated by microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma processing

A new process, electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasma oxidation, has been developed to produce a gate-quality oxide directly on SiGe alloys. One /spl mu/m Al gate Si/sub 0.86/Ge/sub 0.15/ p-metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (pMOSFET's) with ECR-grown gate oxide have been fabricated. It is found that saturation transconductance increases from 48 mS/mm at 300 K to 60 mS/mm at 77 K. Low field hole mobilities of 167 cm/sup 2//V-s at 300 K and 530 cm/sup 2//V-s at 77 K have been obtained. >
Bradykinin and Protein Kinase C Activation Fail to Stimulate Renal Sensory Neurons in Hypertensive Rats

Abstract In normotensive rats, renal sensory receptor activation by increased ureteral pressure results in increased ipsilateral afferent renal nerve activity, decreased contralateral efferent renal nerve activity, and contralateral diuresis and natriuresis, a contralateral inhibitory renorenal reflex response. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), increasing ureteral pressure fails to increase afferent renal nerve activity. The nature of the inhibitory renorenal reflexes indicates that an impairment of the renorenal reflexes would contribute to the increased efferent renal nerve activity in SHR. We therefore examined whether there was a general decrease in the responsiveness of renal sensory receptors in SHR by comparing the afferent renal nerve activity responses to bradykinin in SHR and Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). In WKY, renal pelvic perfusion with bradykinin at 4, 19, 95, and 475 μmol/L increased afferent renal nerve activity by 1066±704, 2127±1121, 3517±1225, and 4476±1631%·second (area under the curve of afferent renal nerve activity versus time). In SHR, bradykinin at 4 to 95 μmol/L failed to increase afferent renal nerve activity. Bradykinin at 475 μmol/L increased afferent renal nerve activity in only 6 of 10 SHR. In WKY, renal pelvic perfusion with the phorbol ester 4β-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, known to activate protein kinase C, resulted in a peak afferent renal nerve activity response of 24±4%. However, 4β-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate failed to increase afferent renal nerve activity in SHR. These findings demonstrate decreased responsiveness of renal pelvic sensory receptors to bradykinin in SHR. The impaired afferent renal nerve activity responses to bradykinin in SHR may be due to a lack of protein kinase C activation or a defect in the intracellular signaling mechanisms distal to protein kinase C activation.
Locational pricing and scheduling for an integrated energy-reserve market

It is well known that given a network that can become constrained on voltage or real power flows, reserves must also be spatially located in order to handle all credible contingencies. However, to date, there is no credible science-based method for assigning and pricing reserves in this way. Presented in this paper is a new scheduling algorithm incorporating constraints imposed by grid security considerations, which include one base case (intact system) and a list of possible contingencies (line-out, unit-lost, and load-growth) of the system. By following a cost-minimizing co-optimization procedure, both power and reserve are allocated spatially for the combined energy and reserve markets. With the Lagrange multipliers (dual variables) obtained, the scheduling algorithm also reveals the locational shadow prices for the reserve and energy requirements. Unlike other pricing and scheduling methods in use, which are usually ad-hoc and are based on engineering judgment and experience, this proposed formulation is likely to perform better in restructured markets when market power is a potential problem. An illustrative example of a modified IEEE 30-bus system is used to introduce concepts and present results.
Dependence of the Post‐Illumination Burst of CO2 on Temperature, Light, CO2, and O2 Concentration in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

The effect of environmental factors on the post-illumination burst of CO2 (PIB) and O2 inhibition of apparent photosynthesis (APS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in an open gas exchange system utilizing the mathematics of non-steady-state systems. Two components of inhibition by O2 are suggested: one is caused by photorespiration as measured from the maximum rate of the PIB, and the second is direct inhibition as taken as APS2%O2— (APSx%O2+ PIBx%O2) where X is the oxygen concentration. A primary PIB which occurred from 16–28 s after the darkening of the foliage was attributed to photorespiration. No primary PIB was observed at 2% O2. At a CO2 concentration of 100 μ/1 in the atmosphere (about 2.5 μM based on leaf intercellular concentration) and at 30°C and 145 nE/cm2 nE/cm2·s, APS decreased curve-linearly with increasing O2 and reached an O2 compensation point of 560 μM (48% by volume), above which there was a net loss of CO2 in the light. The PIB increased with increasing O2 and became saturated at about 500 μM O2 but decreased above 900 μM O2. Direct inhibition of photosynthesis by O2 increased with increasing O2 concentration. Decreasing CO2 concentration had an effect on the magnitude of the PIB similar to that of increasing O2. At 30°C and 21% O2, the PIB increased with decreasing CO2 down to the CO2 compensation point (I) of 1.4 μM (47 μM/l). Below Γ, both PIB and CO2 evolution into the air in the light (at 21% O2) increased and then decreased at CO2 below 0.8 μM. The ratio of the PIB to APS2% o O2 increased linearly with increasing O2/CO2 ratio where O2 was held constant at 21% and CO2 was varied from 1.4 to 8.5 μM, while direct inhibition of photosynthesis expressed as a proportion of APS2%O2 remained constant over this range. At low CO2 concentration photorespiration as estimated by the PIB is the major part of O2 photosynthesis, while at atmospheric CO2 levels, direct inhibition is the major component. The PIB and APS at 2% and 21% O2 increased hyperbolically with increasing irradiance and all became light-saturated at about 65 nE/cm2 s. The percentage total O2 inhibition of photosynthesis remained constant with increasing irradiance as did the relative contribution of direct O2 inhibition or photorespiration (PIB) to total O2 inhibition. The PIB and APS at 21% O2 had similar temperature optima of 30°C when experimental conditions were adjusted to provide a constant internal O2/CO2 solubility ratio at varying temperatures. However, with a constant external CO2 concentration, the temperature optimum for the PIB shifted upward to 35°C while that for APS at 21% O2 remained at 30°C, which may be due to an increased O2/CO2 concentration in the leaf with increasing temperature.