cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dose effects of cortisol on single unit activity in hypothalamus, reticular formation and hippocampus of freely behaving rats correlated with plasma steroid levels.

The effects of a range of doses of cortisol on spontaneous neuronal discharge in anterior hypothalamus (AH), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), midbrain reticular formation (RF), and hippocampus (HIPP) were investigated in freely behaving rats. In a parallel study the effects of these doses on plasma cortisol and corticosterone levels were determined to establish correlations with the effects on neuronal discharge. Plasma cortisol levels increased progressively with increasing doses of cortisol given intraperitoneally, while endogenous corticosterone levels were depressed. Over 80% of neurons in AH, VMH, and RF showed changes of discharge rate to increasing doses of cortisol, whereas only about 50% of neurons in HIPP showed changes of rate. In AH, RF, and HIPP the majority of responsive neurons showed increased firing rates in response to cortisol, while in VMH neuronal discharge was generally inhibited. In AH, VMH, and RF, but not in HIPP, increasing doses of cortisol produced progressive increases in the percentage of units showing adecrease of discharge rate. The results indicate that a high percentage of neurons in AH, VMH, and RF are responsive to cortisol in a dose-related fashion. These steroid-sensitive neurons may be directly involved with mechanisms controlling ACTH release, particularly neurons in hypothalamus. The possible significance of further regional differences between these sites to the problem of feedback regulation is discussed.
Selective Predation in Freshwater Zooplankton Communities

The impact of selective predation in freshwater zooplankton communities is examined with special emphasis on the ecological and evolutionary consequences for the prey. The behavioral interactions between predators and prey are reviewed, and the general patterns in age- and size-selective predation are derived in a semi-quantitative model. The final section explores the life history adaptations that zooplankton have evolved in response to these different patterns of selective predation.
An initial validation of a measure of sexual perceptions regarding breastfeeding.

Increasing breastfeeding initiation and duration in the United States has been identified as a major public health goal. This article presents an initial validation of the Sexual Perceptions of Breastfeeding Scale (SPBFS). The SPBFS was designed to assess the presence of sexual perceptions regarding breastfeeding that may interfere with a mother's choice to breastfeed an infant. This study establishes the initial psychometric properties of the SPBFS based on a sample of 140 mothers participating in the federal supplemental food program Women, Infants, and Children. Results/conclusions: the SPBFS was developed as a three-factor instrument. Preliminary findings confirm this structure and indicate that the SPBFS shows promise for helping explore how sexual perceptions of breastfeeding interact with the decisions a mother makes regarding breastfeeding.
Bäcklund transformations and local conservation laws for self-dual Yang-Mills fields with arbitrary gauge group

Abstract A process is described for deriving infinite sets of local conservation laws for self-dual Yang-Mills fields with arbitrary gauge group. This process utilizes a set of recently constructed Backlund transformations which leave the self-duality equation invariant.
OVERUSE INJURIES OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY IN GOLF

The golf swing is physically demanding and contributes to various injuries. The person who does not play golf imagines it is less taxing than other sports; however, injuries are frequent and result in sprained wrists, aching shoulders, and sore elbows, and most injuries are related to the golf swing. 15 , 16 , 17
PRODUCING ENERGY AND SOIL AMENDMENT FROM DAIRY MANURE AND COTTON GIN WASTE

Millions of tonnes of feedlot manure and cotton gin waste are generated in the U.S. each year. Dairy and feedlot operations in New Mexico produce 1.2 million tonnes of manure annually. Traditionally, manure has been used as a soil amendment in agriculture. However, land application of manure is limited in New Mexico due to problems with salinity, potential groundwater contamination, and limited availability of agricultural land. Waste treatment alternatives are sought. A two-phase anaerobic digestion system was used to evaluate the feasibility of producing methane and soil amendment from mixed agricultural wastes. Cotton gin waste and dairy manure were combined and used as feedstock. Under mesophilic conditions, 48% of the combined waste was converted into biogas. The gas yield was 87 m3 of methane per tonne of mixed waste. Methane concentration in the biogas averaged 72%. Gas production with mixed waste increased 35% compared to digesting dairy waste alone. Nutrient analyses of the residuals showed that they could be used as soil amendments. Residual solid material from the two-phase anaerobic digester had a considerably higher nitrogen and lower sodium content than aerobically composted manure. Anaerobic digestion lasted from one to three months and required 0.15 m3 of water per 1 m3 of waste. Aerobic composting of similar waste in New Mexico takes eight to nine months and consumes 1.2 m3 of water per 1 m3 of waste.
Cost effectiveness of changing health professionals' behavior: training dental hygienists in brief interventions for smokeless tobacco cessation.

Abstract Objective. Disseminating effective interventions to health care professionals is a critical step in ensuring that patients receive needed advice and materials. This cost effectiveness analysis compared two methods of disseminating an effective protocol for smokeless tobacco cessation intervention. Method. Interested dental hygienists (N = 1051) were recruited in 20 Western and Midwestern U.S. communities and randomized by community to receive workshop training, self-study with mailed materials, and delayed self-study training, in 1996–98. Hygienists were surveyed about their smokeless tobacco-related activities with patients at baseline and post-intervention. Data on intervention costs were collected, and incremental costs per unit of behavior change were calculated. Results. Self-study was more cost effective than workshop training under a wide range of assumptions: change in group versus individual behavior, hygienists’ time and travel costs included or excluded, and hygienist wage rates at the national median or substantially lower. However, workshops may be as cost effective in producing behavior change among hygienists earning wages substantially higher than the national median. Conclusion. Self-study may be a more cost effective method than workshops to achieve behavior change among motivated health professionals.
Purification and characterization of the serum ferroxidase inhibitor.

Abstract 1. 1. The inhibitor of the serum ferroxidases, recently detected in rabbit serum, has been purified to homogeneity from human serum by a combination of gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. 2. The molecular weight, Chromatographie behavior, electrophoretic mobility, electrofocusing pH, carbohydrate content, and reactivity with anti-human albumin during immunodiffusion indicate that the ferroxidase inhibitor is serum albumin. 3. 3. Copper-binding studies, proteolytic fragmentation studies, and a comparison of the inhibitory potencies of several albumin species which differ in their affinity for copper strongly indicate that albumin elicits its inhibitory effect on the serum ferroxidases by interacting with the functional copper of these enzymes. 4. 4. Kinetic analyses further suggest that albumin competes with substrate (ferrous iron) for binding to the functional copper of the serum ferroxidases.
building_space_with_words: An Interactive Multimedia Installation Exploring the Relationship between Physical and Virtual Space

The authors, a social scientist and a visual artist, collaborated to produce building_space_with_ words , an interactive multimedia installation. The project investigated the relationship between physical and virtual space and more specifically what happens when the physical properties of space become intangible and discourse becomes the main material. Drawing on studies of organizational space and of on-line communities, the authors created an environment that materialized virtual and physical interactions. This paper describes the elements—the maze, the sound, the tag wall, the tag journey and the blog—that created the installation and the concepts that inspired the work.
Observations on the Heat Resistance of Some Ropy Milk Organisms

Summary Ropy milk organisms were isolated from ( a ) an outbreak of ropiness in pasteurized milk, ( b ) butter which showed ropy moisture droplets at the surface and which was made from pasteurized cream and ( c ) ropy whey obtained from pasteurized milk set for the manufacture of soft cheese. All proved to be Bacterium viscosum. In heat resistance trials the organisms failed to survive 61.1°C. for 3 minutes; these trials involved primarily the exposure of organisms added to milk after growing for varying periods in diluted milk or on agar slopes, although in trial 1 young and old milk cultures were used direct. Three cultures of Aerobacter aerogenes that produced ropiness in milk were studied for their heat resistance and found to vary greatly in this character. With culture F. organisms from an old diluted milk or agar slope culture survived 62.8°C. for 10 minutes but those from a young milk culture did not; with culture G organisms from either a young or old diluted milk or agar slope culture failed to survive 61.1°C. for 3 minutes; with culture H organisms from an old diluted milk or agar slope culture regularly resisted 62.8°C. for 10 minutes and in some instances for 20 minutes although organisms from young cultures failed to resist these exposures. In two trials with culture H organisms from old cultures on agar slopes were more resistant than those in diluted milk. The results indicate that in some instances ropiness in pasteurized milk or products made from it is due to contamination following the heating and that this possibility should be considered along with heat resistant causative organisms.
The ethics of political marketing practices, the rhetorical perspective

Negative “attack ads” used in political compaigns have been attacked as being unethical because they contribute to voter cynicism and apathy and as being manipulative. From a rhetorical perspective these advertisements serve a positive societal function by creating alternative rhetorical visions that can contribute to the marketplace of ideas.
US nuclear policy and the European energy market

Abstract Nuclear issues are noted for the controversy they provoke worldwide. Here the author sets out the basic position of US nuclear policy, especially regarding non-proliferation, and the moves made in the USA, in cooperation with international agencies, to safeguard supplies of weapons-grade material. He describes the international nuclear fuel cycle evaluation (INFCE) which should help nations assess their own energy programmes, and discusses what recent US moves imply for Europe.
THE PSYCHOMETRY OF OBJECTIVE MOTIVATION MEASUREMENT: A RESPONSE TO THE CRITIQUE OF COOPER AND KLINE

Summary. In the last 40 years the evaluation of tests has developed from an itemetric to a structural psychometric viewpoint. A contemporary critique of the Motivation Analysis Test, however, illustrates the need for a wider appreciation of this advance than is manifested in many current discussions on tests. Perhaps the most frequent instance of this problem is the confusion of the homogeneity coefficient with a reliability coefficient or even with a concept validity coefficient. The MAT criticism is shown to be faulty in not recognising that (a) validity tends to be better with low than high homogeneity; (b) item correlation with the test pool is, through specifics, substantially lower than with the factor; (c) when there are, as here, few items per scale, the removal of the item from the pool underestimates the mean r of items with the pool; (d) motivation and interest measurement, by contrast with, say, ability measurements, require, for a broad factor (e.g., an ergic (drive) expression), a far broader coverage in content and in method, i.e., low homogeneity is needed also on psychological grounds; (e) dynamic traits are also culturally more embedded than other modalities and the test examined had not been adapted to an English milieu. Advance in objective dynamic structure measures requires special skills (a) psycho-metrically, because of the instrument factor and ipsative scoring problems and (b) psychologically, because high clinical insight and creative artistry is demanded in item construction.
Design and experimental study of the controlled two-dimensional-intensity profile of the output beam from a broad-area laser diode using grating outcouplers

We present a method of designing a grating outcoupler to obtain the desired two dimensional-intensity profile and improved field distribution of the optical beam emitted by a grating coupled surface-emitting laser. The method is based on variation of the periodicity, the duty cycle, and the groove tilt angle of the grating. Grating design involves numerical analysis of the optical field propagated through the grating by applying the rigorous coupled wave approach method. Experimental evaluation of the designed grating components was done by fabrication and testing the broad area semiconductor lasers with the monolithically integrated grating outcouplers. We present a grating design that provides the spreading of a single optical output into multibeams at different outcoupling angles in the emitting plane. We also present an approach to provide uniform optical intensity profile from the grating outcoupler based on varying duty cycle.
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics for bulk materials and nanostructures

Abstract We describe a method of constructing exact solutions of the equations of molecular dynamics in non-equilibrium settings. These solutions correspond to some viscometric flows, and to certain analogs of viscometric flows for fibers and membranes that have one or more dimensions of atomic scale. This work generalizes the method of objective molecular dynamics (OMD) ( Dumitrica and James, 2007 ). It allows us to calculate viscometric properties from a molecular-level simulation in the absence of a constitutive equation, and to relate viscometric properties directly to molecular properties. The form of the solutions is partly independent of the form of the force laws between atoms, and therefore these solutions have implications for coarse-grained theories. We show that there is an exact reduction of the Boltzmann equation corresponding to one family of OMD solutions. This reduction includes most known exact solutions of the equations of the moments for special kinds of molecules and gives the form of the molecular density function corresponding to such flows. This and other consequences leads us to propose an addition to the principle of material frame indifference, a cornerstone of nonlinear continuum mechanics. The method is applied to the failure of carbon nanotubes at an imposed strain rate, using the Tersoff potential for carbon. A large set of simulations with various strain rates, initial conditions and two choices of fundamental domain (unit cell) give the following unexpected results: Stone–Wales defects play no role in the failure (though Stone–Wales partials are sometimes seen just prior to failure), a variety of failure mechanisms is observed, and most simulations give a strain at failure of 15–20%, except those done with initial temperature above about 1200 K and at the lower strain rates. The latter have a strain at failure of 1–2%.
Context, confidentiality, and consent in tailored health communications: a cautionary note.

This article highlights key contextual factors that emerge when the evolution of tailored health communications is viewed against the backdrop of dynamic changes in the nation's health care system—including the shift from fee-for-service medicine to managed care and the proliferation of direct-to-consumer and tailored marketing strategies in the pharmaceutical industry. It focuses on contextual variables with potential to significantly mediate the impact of personally tailored health advice—including those related to confidentiality, privacy, and informed consent and to the perceived aims, intents, and sources of tailored health messages. To protect the future of tailored health messages, more research attention must be given to defining these contextual factors and understanding the roles that they play and the ways in which they can be controlled to assure the best outcomes. Such research could point the way towards a set of empirical and ethical “best practices” based on a scientific understanding of how to maximize the benefits, and minimize the potential harms, of the widescale use of tailored health communications.
Testing variability in multivariate quality control: a conditional entropy measure approach

Abstract In this paper the concept of entropy is used to construct multivariate quality-control charts to monitor multivariate variability in a process. It is assumed that the data parent population is multivariate normal with covariance structure Σ and estimator S . The asymptotic distribution of the sample entropy is obtained. It is shown that the use of | S | as an overall measure of variability is not satisfactory and it is proposed a conditional entropy approach when the correlation matrix P 0 is known or fixed. Under these assumptions, two new overall variability measures are defined based on the sample variances and ranges on the variables under consideration. Control charts are developed using these concepts and are applied to a multivariate quality-control example.
Janus kinase 2 influences growth hormone receptor metalloproteolysis.

GH signals through the GH receptor (GHR), a cytokine receptor superfamily member that couples to the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). In addition to its role in signaling, we recently implicated JAK2 in the regulation of cell surface GHR abundance by modulation of GHR trafficking and mature GHR stability. GHR is a target for constitutive and inducible metalloprotease-mediated cleavage that alters surface GHR levels and can modulate GH signaling. We previously found that metalloprotease cleavage of GHR is dramatically lessened in fibroblasts derived from mice with targeted deletion of the zinc-binding domain of TNF-α-cleaving enzyme [TACE; ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease)], implicating this transmembrane ectoenzyme as a GHR metalloprotease. In this study we used a human fibrosarcoma reconstitution system to compare the effects of RNA interference-mediated knockdown of TACE vs. a related metalloprotease, ADAM10. We found that TACE knockdown dramatically reduced both the pace and...
Early Social-Emotional Functioning and Public Health: The Relationship Between Kindergarten Social Competence and Future Wellness

Objectives. We examined whether kindergarten teachers' ratings of children’s prosocial skills, an indicator of noncognitive ability at school entry, predict key adolescent and adult outcomes. Our goal was to determine unique associations over and above other important child, family, and contextual characteristics.Methods. Data came from the Fast Track study of low–socioeconomic status neighborhoods in 3 cities and 1 rural setting. We assessed associations between measured outcomes in kindergarten and outcomes 13 to 19 years later (1991–2000). Models included numerous control variables representing characteristics of the child, family, and context, enabling us to explore the unique contributions among predictors.Results. We found statistically significant associations between measured social-emotional skills in kindergarten and key young adult outcomes across multiple domains of education, employment, criminal activity, substance use, and mental health.Conclusions. A kindergarten measure of social-emotiona...
A high-resolution and high-speed ferroelectric liquid-crystal shutter array print head

A 1-in-wide, 577-dot/in, and 4:1 multiplex ferroelectric-liquid-crystal (FLC) shutter array has been fabricated and tested for optical performance. The array has a cell gap of 2.8 mu m and is surface stabilized with an FLC material of high spontaneous polarization (140 nC/cm/sup 2/) and fast switching time (16 mu s) at room temperature. It is capable of operating at a speed of 6.5 in/s (24 p.p.m. printing speed) with optical contrast ratios of better than 4. Using tungsten-halogen illumination, a prototype print head has been made, and print samples have been obtained on an electrophotographic printer engine. >
Greater disability with increased pain involvement, pain intensity and depressive preoccupation

Persistent pain is often accompanied by functional disability. This study investigated the effect of pain extent and the involvement of specific pain sites on pain-related disability, as determined by the Pain Disability Index (PDI). Complete data were available from 278 persistent facial pain (PFP) patients. Patients were divided into one of two groups based on drawings of their pain distribution. When the patient's pain drawing was limited to the region supplied by the trigeminal nerves (Nn. V1 V2, and/or V3), with or without the inclusion of any combination of the cervical dermatomes C2, C3 and C4, the patient was assigned to the local/regional pain group. If the pain extended beyond this area, the patient was allocated to the group exhibiting widespread pain. In addition to the PDI, patients fille'd out the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The local/regional pain group had significantly lower scores on the PDI, the BDI and STAI state than cases with widespread pain. Patients with widespread pain who indicated pain locations in any one or more of the extremities plus the lower back scored significantly higher on the PDI and the BDI than patients with no such combined involvement. Multiple regression analysis revealed that depressive preoccupation, pain extent and pain intensity were significant predictors of pain-related disability, whereas the STAI was not. If controlled for pain extent and pain intensity, the presence of high as opposed to low depressive scores added almost 11 points to the PDI score. These results showed that pain distribution, pain intensity and depressive mood are significant predictors of pain-related disability.
The Effect of Certain Groups of Environmental Factors upon the Expression of Broodiness

Abstract BROODINESS is, to some extent, a detriment to egg production of chickens even with modern methods of management. The influence of environment on chickens has received considerable attention, but mostly from the standpoint of egg production without particular reference to broodiness. The investigations herein reported were made at the National Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, as exploratory tests of the effects of some environmental factors, physical and psychological, on the expression of broodiness by chickens whose previous records had shown that they possessed various degrees of broodiness. The purpose of these investigations was more to obtain an indication, if possible, of the extent to which broodiness, and incidentally egg production, could be influenced by psychological stimuli than to evaluate any specific stimulus or group of stimuli. The authors realize that some of the data are not as complete as could be desired, but feel that the results, such as they . . .
Improving English-Spanish Statistical Machine Translation: Experiments in Domain Adaptation, Sentence Paraphrasing, Tokenization, and Recasing

We describe the experiments of the UC Berkeley team on improving English-Spanish machine translation of news text, as part of the WMT'08 Shared Translation Task. We experiment with domain adaptation, combining a small in-domain news bi-text and a large out-of-domain one from the Europarl corpus, building two separate phrase translation models and two separate language models. We further add a third phrase translation model trained on a version of the news bi-text augmented with monolingual sentence-level syntactic paraphrases on the source-language side, and we combine all models in a log-linear model using minimum error rate training. Finally, we experiment with different tokenization and recasing rules, achieving 35.09% Bleu score on the WMT'07 news test data when translating from English to Spanish, which is a sizable improvement over the highest Bleu score achieved on that dataset at WMT'07: 33.10% (in fact, by our system). On the WMT'08 English to Spanish news translation, we achieve 21.92%, which makes our team the second best on Bleu score.
Image-based expert-system approach to distress detection on CRC pavement

The first step in the successful management of pavements is to locate and identify the distress on all pavements that are candidates for maintenance and rehabilitation. This requires the collection of a large volume of distress data, differentiated by type, extent, and severity. Visual methods of collection have proven to be too labor-intensive, inconsistent, and hazardous because of exposure to traffic. The need for automated means of data collection being established, currently, videotapes of highway pavement are visually inspected to identify various types of distress. Steps have been taken to analyze videotape images of distress using image-processing techniques. However, these techniques require a fair amount of human interaction to reach satisfactory results. In this paper, a rule-based vision system is described that allows the evaluation of concrete distress without the need for any human interaction. The knowledge base of this system contains facts and rules pertaining to prominent features of different types of distress. The reasoning procedure is performed by gathering information on the input image and then by deciding the most effective sequence of image-processing operations. The system employs the CLIPS environment to achieve easy integration with the image-processing algorithms written in the C language. The system performance is examined for a large volume of distress images. The results indicate that the system meets all specified requirements, while achieving 85%–90% accuracy of identification at speeds approaching real-time processing.
Cephalosporins currently in early clinical trials for the treatment of bacterial infections

Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria remain a major cause of worldwide mortality. With the recent approval of agents such as hetero-resistant cocci (i.e., ceftaroline, ceftobiprole, telavancin) for the treatment of Gram-positive infections by and drugs like fidaxomicin for treating Clostridium difficile, present-day research on antibacterials has largely shifted to developing interventions for diseases caused by Gram-negative bacilli. Cephalosporins have gained significant interest as antipseudomonals to be used in hospitals for treating device- and procedure-associated infections. With extended-spectrum activity against many enterobacterial pathogens, the introduction of new antipseudomonal cephalosporin-based treatments will mark a significant advancement in the management of hospital-borne diseases.Areas covered: The following review examines the present-day status of investigational cephalosporins currently in preclinical, Phase I and Phase II stage de...
Lichen Planus and Oral Cancer: Is There a Connection between the Two?

Oral lichen planus has been regarded as a condition with potential for malignant transformation. Critical evaluation of carcinoma cases arising in purported LP shows findings that raise several questions about the accuracy of initial LP diagnoses.
Stress and Substance Use Among Military Women and Men

This paper examines the relationship between perceived stress (at work, in family or personal life, and from being a woman in the military) and substance use (heavy drinking, illicit drug use, cigarette smoking) among active-duty military women and men. Data were drawn from over 16,000 respondents to the 1995 Department of Defense Survey of Health Related Behaviors Among Military Personnel. Findings indicated substantial substance use and perceived high stress in the armed forces. Further, the relation between substance use and stress varied by gender. Military women reported substantially lower rates of heavy drinking than men, but had similar rates of illicit drug use and cigarette smoking. Both military women and men were more likely to describe their military duties as more stressful than their family or personal lives; for women, the stress associated with being a woman in the military was second to stress at work. Stress at work or in the family was an important predictor of substance use among military men, but not among military women. For military women, stress associated with being a woman in the military was predictive of illicit drug use and cigarette use. These findings suggest that more effective stress management strategies may need to be implemented for military men to reduce the link between stress and heavy alcohol use, illicit drug use, and smoking.
Preferential IgH V4-34 gene segment usage in particular subtypes of B-cell lymphoma detected by antibody 9G4

Immunoglobulin heavy chain locus variable gene segment V4-34 (V(H)4.21) use in productive heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements has been described in a number of human reactive and autoimmune B cell responses, and has been shown to be frequently used in some series of cases of diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL). The 9G4 antibody is relatively specific for the V4-34 gene product and can be used to screen for cells that use V4-34 in their productive IgH locus rearrangements. The purposes of this study were to determine the sensitivity of the 9G4 antibody against DLCL cases known to use V4-34, then to screen a variety of human lymphoma types for 9G4 reactivity. Frozen tissue sections were cut from 118 cases of various human lymphomas. Generalized 9G4 membrane reactivity was identified in 78% of DLCL cases known to use V434. 9G4 reactivity varied by lymphoma type for the unknown cases, with diffuse large cell lymphoma (30%) and mantle cell lymphoma (28%) showing statistically significant differences (P < .001) from the expected value of 6% V4-34 positivity in peripheral blood B cells. This nonrandom increased utilization of V4-34 in productive IgH locus rearrangements supports the hypothesis that Ig binding specificity may play a role in lymphomagenesis.
Emerging medical technologies: balancing risks and benefits

Medical technology has advanced at an incredible pace during the last fifty years. Physicians and scientists have harvested the fruits of explosive growth in electronics and the material sciences by applying revolutionary advancements in these technologies to medical science. These developments have fed upon one another, creating an environment of synergy and rapid innovation. Unfortunately, the United States' premarket approval system for medical devices now threatens that environment; not just through bureaucratic red tape, but by fundamentally misbalancing the risks that underlie approving, or not approving, a new medical technology. The paper discusses the risks and benefits of medical technology innovation.
Probing the structure of supported membranes and tethered oligonucleotides by fluorescence interference contrast microscopy.

Fluorescence interference contrast microscopy (FLIC) is a powerful method to structurally characterize fluorescent objects with nanometer-scale resolution in the z direction. Here we use FLIC to characterize the water layer underlying supported membranes and membrane-tethered double-stranded oligonucleotides. FLIC measurements of supported membranes containing the lipid-anchored fluorescent dye DiI in both leaflets indicate the thickness of the water layer separating the solid support and the lower lipid leaflet is 1.3 ( 0.2 nm. Addition of cobalt(II) chloride to a DiI-supported membrane quenches the fluorescence in the top leaflet of the supported membrane; FLIC measurements of this system precisely locate the DiI to the bottom leaflet. These experiments confirm the accuracy of the model and parameters used to determine the water layer thickness, demonstrate the ability to differentiate between fluorescent objects whose average position differs by 1.9 nm, and provide a widely applicable method to test the resolution of other high-z-resolution fluorescent microscopies. FLIC measurements of Alexa-labeled double-stranded oligonucleotides tethered to a supported membrane indicate that the DNA double helix is oriented perpendicular to the surface. Complications that arise from uncertainly in the orientation of the fluorophore are discussed. Several improvements in FLIC methodology are described. These stringent tests of the resolution of FLIC and the ability to unambiguously determine fluorescent lipid distribution provide structural insight on assemblies at membrane interfaces and permit the detection of even subtle changes at such interfaces.
Disrupted Carbonate Hardgrounds in Shallow Carbonate-Shelf Sediments: Origin and Setting of Tepees and Their Associated Fabrics: ABSTRACT

Carbonate-sediment surface hardgrounds are commonly disrupted and brecciated. Some of these breccias are the result of repeated episodes of fracturing and fracture fill by sediment and/or cement. Each fracture and fracture-fill phase causes the crust to grow in surface area and crumples it into megapolygons whose anteform margins are called tepees. Fracturing is caused by thermal contraction, water-table movement buoying up the crust, mass movement of sediment, and tectonic events. Tepees are commonly ascribed to tidal flats but, in fact, also occur in many settings that can be determined from their fabric and facies associations. (1) Submarine tepees from shallow, carbonate-saturated water occur in fractured, bedded, marine grainstones with acicular and micritic cements. They contain no vadose pisolites or gravity cements, and the hardground surface is altered and bored. (2) Peritidal tepees occur in fractured, bedded, tidal-flat carbonates characterized by fenestral, pisolitic, and laminar algal fabrics close to the marine water table. Fracture fills include gravity-controlled marine travertine and/or marine and terra rossa sediments. (3) Groundwater tepees form in fractured fenestral, pisolitic, and laminar algal crusts over "boxwork" carbonates at the margin of shallow salinas where periodic groundwater resurgence is common. (4) Extrusion tepees, which are also from salina margins with periodic groundwater resurgence, form in crusts coated with laminated micrite that extend from the fractures downward into dolomitic micrite. (5) Caliche tepees, from c ntinental settings overlying soil profiles, form in End_Page 272------------------------------ laminar crusts with pisolites. Fractures are filled by micritic laminae, microspar, spar, and terra rossa. End_of_Article - Last_Page 273------------
Establishment of papaya banker plant system for parasitoid, Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphilidae) against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse tomato production

Abstract The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a key pest of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and other vegetable crops worldwide. To combat this pest, a non-crop banker plant system was evaluated that employs a parasitoid, Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) with whitefly, Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), as an alternative host for rearing and dispersal of the parasitoid to the target pest. (a) Multi-choice and no-choice greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine host specificity of T. variabilis to papaya (Carica papaya L.) and three vegetable crops including tomato, green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). The result showed that papaya was an excellent non-crop banker plant for supporting the non-pest alternative host, T. variabilis, whose adults had a strong specificity to papaya plants for feeding and oviposition in both multi-choice and no-choice tests. (b) The dispersal ability of E. sophia was investigated from papaya banker plants to tomato and green bean plants infested with B. tabaci, as well as to papaya control plants infested with T. variabilis; and (c) the percent parasitism by E. sophia on T. variabilis reared on papaya plants and on B. tabaci infested on tomato plants was also evaluated. These data proved that E. sophia was able to disperse at least 14.5 m away from papaya plants to target tomato, bean or papaya control plants within 48–96 h. Furthermore, E. sophia was a strong parasitoid of both T. variabilis and B. tabaci. There was no significant difference in percent parasitism by E. sophia on T. variabilis (36.2–47.4%) infested on papaya plants or B. tabaci (29–45.9%) on tomato plants. Thus, a novel banker plant system for the potential management of B. tabaci was established using papaya as a non-crop banker plant to support a non-pest alternative host, T. variabilis for maintaining the parasitoid to control B. tabaci. The established banker plant system should provide growers with a new option for long-term control of B. tabaci in greenhouse vegetable production. Ongoing studies on the papaya banker plant system are being performed in commercial greenhouses.
Electrical conductivity from electric arc measurements

A technique involving the use of a trial function containing several adjustable parameters has been developed for the purpose of deducing the electrical conductivity from measurements on the electric arc. It is used to re-analyze experiments in argon, xenon and nitrogen. Some improvement in agreement between theory and experiment is noted.
Myelin formation and remodeling.

Myelin is a multilayer wrapping of insulation formed by glial cells around axons that is essential for rapid impulse transmission, but how glial cells accomplish this cellular choreography has long intrigued researchers. In this issue of Cell, Snaidero et al., provide new insights into how myelin forms and is remodeled.
Bicarbonate uptake by Southern Ocean phytoplankton

uptake observed was attributable to direct HCO3 uptake, the other half being direct CO2 uptake mediated either by passive diffusion or active uptake mechanisms. The increase in growth rates and decrease in CO2 concentration associated with the iron fertilization did not trigger any noticeable changes in the mode of DIC acquisition, indicating that under most environmental conditions the carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) is constitutive. A low-CO2 treatment induced an increase in uptake of CO2, which we attributed to increased extracellular carbonic anhydrase activity, at the expense of direct HCO3 transport across the plasmalemma. Isotopic disequilibrium experimental results are consistent with Southern Ocean carbon stable isotope fractionation data from this and other studies. Although iron fertilization has been shown to significantly enhance phytoplankton growth and may potentially increase carbon flux to the deep ocean, an important source of the inorganic carbon taken up by phytoplankton in this study was HCO3 � , whose concentration is negligibly affected by the anthropogenic rise in CO2. We conclude that biological productivity in this region of the world’s ocean is unlikely to be directly regulated by natural or anthropogenic variations in atmospheric CO2 concentrations because of the presence of a constitutive CCM. INDEX TERMS: 4207 Oceanography: General: Arctic and Antarctic oceanography; 4806 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Carbon cycling; 4853 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Photosynthesis; 4870 Oceanography: Biological and Chemical: Stable isotopes; KEYWORDS: bicarbonate, phytoplankton, Southern Ocean
Kinetic Textural Biomarker for Predicting Survival of Patients with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Antiangiogenic Therapy by Use of Baseline First-Pass Perfusion CT

Previous texture analysis studies of liver CT images have shown the potential to achieve hepatic malignancy or predict overall survival (OS). However, to date, most studies have mainly focused on assessing texture features of the non-contrast CT or portal-phase image in the dynamic contrast-enhanced CT sequence. The aim of this study was to quantify texture features of physiologically-based kinetic parametric images, and to develop prognostic kinetic textural biomarkers for 1-year survival (1YS) and OS in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) following antiangiogenic therapy in comparison among five different tracer kinetic models. Mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, and kurtosis of the pixel distribution histogram within HCC were derived from baseline first-pass perfusion CT parameters. Results suggest that texture analysis of kinetic parametric images can provide better chances of finding effective prognostic biomarkers for the prediction of survival than a mean value analysis alone.
von Braun reaction

Different from the von Braun degradation reaction (amide to nitrile), the von Braun reaction refers to the treatment of tertiary amines with cyanogen bromide, resulting in a substituted cyanamide.
Teaching Aspects of Real Estate Economics and Valuation Using the Internet

This article discusses the application of the Internet in real estate principles and the web’s use to enhance the learning of real estate valuation and markets. An example of the use of the Interne...
Fibrogenesis I. New insights into hepatic stellate cell activation: the simple becomes complex

Hepatic stellate cell activation is a complex process. Paradoxes and controversies include the origin(s) of hepatic stellate cells, the regulation of membrane receptor signaling and transcription, and the fate of the cells once liver injury resolves. Major themes have emerged, including the dominance of autocrine signaling and the identification of counterregulatory stimuli that oppose key features of activated cells. Advances in analytical methods including proteomics and gene array, coupled with powerful bioinformatics, promise to revolutionize how we view cellular responses. Our understanding of stellate cell activation is likely to benefit from these advances, unearthing modes of regulating cellular behavior that are not even conceivable on the basis of current paradigms.
Does Canon Law Count as Law? An Analysis Based Upon Anglo-American Legal Theory

A comparison of canon law with Anglo-American legal theory raises three basic and interrelated questions. Does canon law count as law? Is canon law a system of law? Does canon law represent the rule of law? This article, which is derived from CANON LAW: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH ANGLO-AMERICAN LEGAL THEORY (Oxford University Press 2011), suggests that canon law exhibits the essential characteristics of law, a developed legal system, and the rule of law. However, the article about canon law also indicates that several fundamental challenges present themselves from the perspective of Anglo-American legal theory. The first of these challenges concerns the requirements of procedural justice. The problem of procedural justice in canon law may be both structural (inadequate and ineffective legal structures) and attitudinal (a diminished respect for procedural justice by ecclesiastical authorities). A second challenge derives from the fact that theorists of law of modern democracy often attribute a substantive justice to the rule of law. Although the Catholic Church is not a democracy, the article discusses how the inner meaning of canon law may, nonetheless, communicate insight that endows canon law with legitimacy and binding force.
Regulating NKX3.1 stability and function: Post-translational modifications and structural determinants.

BACKGROUND The androgen-regulated homeodomain transcription factor NKX3.1 plays roles in early prostate development and functions as a prostate-specific tumor suppressor. Decreased expression of NKX3.1 protein is common in primary prostate cancer. Discordance between NKX3.1 mRNA and protein levels during prostate carcinogenesis suggested a key role for post-transcriptional modifications in regulating NKX3.1 protein levels in prostate epithelial cells. Subsequent studies revealed NKX3.1 to be modified post-translationally at multiple sites. METHODS We reviewed published literature to identify and summarize post-translational modifications and structural elements critical in regulating NKX3.1 stability and levels in prostate epithelial cells. RESULTS NKX3.1 is modified post-translationally at multiple sites by different protein kinases. These modifications together with several structural determinants were identified to play an important role in NKX3.1 stability and biology. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the known post-translational modifications and structural features that impact NKX3.1. Defining factors that regulate NKX3.1 in prostate epithelial cells will extend our understanding of molecular changes that may contribute to prostate cancer initiation and progression. Prostate © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Keeping Up with the Joneses: The End of Police-Centric Justifications for the Third-Party Doctrine

I write this essay to make a very narrow point: Justice Sotomayor’s and Justice Alito’s concurring opinions in the Supreme Court’s recent decision in United States v. Jones seem to suggest that there are at least five votes on the Court for the proposition that the third-party doctrine of the Fourth Amendment cannot be justified by initial or primary reference to the needs of the police. The concurring opinions in Jones suggest that the initial inquiry in any Fourth Amendment search case, particularly those involving a third party, must instead address the objective privacy interests of society’s innocent citizens.
Name Identification and Extraction with Formal Concept Analysis

One of the applications of the Formal concept analysis (FCA) is the ability to extract structured information from textual documents. Typically, one can define a set of attributes that will characterize the objects. Consequently, these defined objects will be extracted by standard FCA algorithms. In this paper, we describe how FCA identifies and extracts personal names as units of thought similar to the decoding of text sequences by Viterbi algorithm as used with Hidden Markov Models. We further exhibit how FCA mimics the thought process that goes into a rule-based information extraction system. We then observe that the formal approach of FCA combined with already established computational techniques such as bottom up intersection algorithm avoids the difficulties associated with hand coding and maintenance of rule-based systems.
Physiological Variation in the Snowy Tree-Cricket, Oecanthus Niveus De Geer

One of the most copied mistakes in entomological literature is one which was made by C. V. Riley and other writers of his time, on the oviposition of the Snowy Tree-cricket ( Oecanthus niveus De Geer). At that time many entomologists did not clearly distinguish between the two species, which in the eastern states are commonly associated in raspberry and black-berry bushes. The more common species in such situations is Oecanthus nigricornis Walker, which deposits its eggs in conspicuous rows in the berry canes, while O. niveus places its eggs singly by the side of the leaf axils, where they easily escape observation. Riley (1) figured the eggs of the former species under the name of the latter. This error has been copied many times and can still be found in new publications at least as recently as 1918.