cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The influence of covariates on latent job performance ratings from differing sources: A mimic modeling approach

The potential for differential functioning of performance assessments across ratings sources has gained recent research interest. This study used multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) to examine whether measures of task and contextual performance are invariant across both supervisors and subordinates. As an extension, multiple indicators multiple causes modeling (MIMIC) was used to examine potential covariates of task and contextual performance ratings on latent task and contextual performance variability. Consistent with previous research, I found measurement invariance across subordinate- and supervisor ratings. Moreover, MIMIC results showed supervisor and subordinate demographic variables systematically influenced latent task and contextual performance variability despite measurement invariance over these rating sources. Implications for multi-source performance systems are discussed.
The Intellectual Property Holding Company: Tax Use and Abuse from Victoria's Secret to Apple

Many companies that have become household names have avoided billions in taxes by 'parking' their valuable intellectual property (IP) assets in holding companies located in tax-favored jurisdictions. In the United States, for example, many domestic companies have moved their IP to tax-favored states such as Delaware or Nevada, while multinational companies have done the same by setting up foreign subsidiaries in Ireland, Singapore, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. In this illuminating work, tax scholar Jeffrey A. Maine teams up with IP expert Xuan-Thao Nguyen to explain how the use of these IP holding companies has become economically unjustified and socially unacceptable, and how numerous calls for change have been made. This book should be read by anyone interested in how corporations - including Gore-Tex, Victoria's Secret, Sherwin-Williams, Toys-R-Us, Apple, Microsoft, and Uber - have avoided tax liability with IP holding companies and how different constituencies are working to stop them.
A Lipidomics Approach to Identifying Key Lipid Species Involved in VEGF‐Inhibitor Mediated Attenuation of Bleomycin‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis

Purpose Poor molecular characterization of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has led to insufficient understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, resulting in lack of effective therapies and poor prognosis. Particularly, the role of lipid imbalance due to impaired lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of IPF has been poorly studied. Experimental design The authors have used shotgun lipidomics in a bleomycin (BLM) mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-inhibitor CBO-P11 as a therapeutic measure, to identify a comprehensive set of lipids that contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Results The authors report that attenuation of BLM-induced fibrotic response with CBO-P11 cotreatment is accompanied by a decrease in total lipid content and specific downregulation of lipids, which are upregulated in response to BLM treatment. Conclusion and clinical relevance Dysregulated lipids identified in this study hold the potential of being future biomarkers for IPF.
The Geologic Record of Wind Erosion, Eolian Deposition, and Aridity on the Southern High Plains

Evidence of wind erosion, accumulation of airborne sediments, and drought is preserved on the Southern High Plains. Eolian deposition in the Holocene concentrated between 6000 and 4500 years ago. The Blackwater Draw Formation indicates episodic wind erosion and deposition in the past 1.6 million years. The Ogallala Formation suggests a vast, sandy eolian plain accumulated episodically between 4 and 11 million years. Warmer and drier conditions predicted for the region in a globally-warmer climate will thus be superimposed upon prevailing characteristics of wind and relative aridiq that have dominated recent geologic time. The Great Plains is one of the most persistently windy inland areas of North America, and the Southern High Plains subregion is one of the dustiest areas in North America (Johnson 1%5; Orgill and Sehmel 1976; Bomar 1983,177). Wind erosion and blowing dust are particular problems during drought, which have been frequent during the past century (Borchert 1950, 1971; Rosenberg 1980). Wind, dust, and drought are not modern developments of High Plains climate, however. A growing body of scientific evidence suggests that much of the Southern High Plains has been significantly influenced by wind erosion and episodic aridity for at least the past 11 million years. Wind, aridity, and eolian sedimentation are important characteristics of the environment throughout the Great Plains, but no other subregion contains a geologic and paleoclimatic record on a par with the Southern High Plains. This paper summarizes a variety of data that as a body provide evidence for a long history of wind erosion, accumulation of airborne sediments, and drought on the Southern High Plains. These conclusions are significant because they indicate that drought as a natural characteristic of the High Plains climate is likely to affect the region for the foreseeable future and because some scientists predict increased frequency of drought as a result of "global warming" (e.g., Barry 1983; Hansen et al. 1988). Severe wind erosion and dust production will, therefore, almost certainly Geological Record of Aridity Figure 1. The Southern High Plains showing the extent of the Blackwater Draw and Ogallala Formations. Selected study localities are P = Plainview, C = Clovis, MB = Marks Beach, BFI = BFI landfill, LL = Lubbock Lake, MS = Mustang Springs, SH = Sand Hills dune field, G = B.F. Gentry playa, Sv = Silverton section. 8 Great Plains Research Vol. 1 No. 1 continue to be important aspects of the Great Plains landscape and
Strategically-Focused Enterprise Knowledge Management

Robert J. Mockler, Joseph F. Adams Professor of Management, Tobin College of Business, Graduate School of Business, St. John’s University, 114 East 90 Street (1B), New York, NY 10128, Tel: (212) 876-5856, Fax: (212) 996-6976, E-mail: mocklerr@stjohns.edu Dorothy G. Dologite, Professor, Computer Information Systems, School of Business, Department of Statistics and Computer Information Systems, Baruch College, City University of New York, 17 Lexington Avenue, New York, New York 10010, Tel: (212) 802-6232, Fax: (212) 996-6967, E-mail: Dorothy_Dologite@baruch.cuny.edu
The Determinants of Migration: In Search of Turning Points

One goal of sending workers abroad is to speed development at home so that the children of migrant workers do not feel compelled to seek upward mobility abroad. This raises the question of how labor migration in one period affects migration in subsequent periods, and the channels through which migration affects economic and job growth in migrant-sending countries. There is no automatic link between migration and development, so that countries are not transformed automatically from labor-senders to labor-receivers in a decade or two because of out-migration. Most of the major economic effects of migration on development are found in the 3 R-channels, viz, recruitment, remittances, and returns. Migration can set in motion virtuous circles, so that emigration now is followed by stay-at-home development in the future, or vicious circles, so that migration today is followed by more emigration pressure tomorrow.
Production of Dimuons by Pions and Protons at Fermilab

In this lecture I shall describe an experiment in progress1 at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL) to study the production of μ+μ− pairs in hadron-hadron collisions. So far, we have used beams of 225 — GeV π+, π− and protons incident on carbon and tin targets for most of the data. In an earlier run, a 150 GeV positive beam was used with a beryllium target. The results I report of the 150 GeV run are final; those at 225 GeV are preliminary.
Addressing Gender, Feminism, and Queer Theory Through Self-Study of Teacher Education Practices

In self-study of teacher education practices (S-STEP), our research begins with the self (Loughran, 2004). It is self-focused and self-directed in order to reconceptualize practice. As practitioners researching ourselves, the notion of the self is necessarily complicated, and while it would be unwise to attempt a definition of self that all self-study researchers would accept, it is clear that the self of self-study is not conceptualized as static or isolated.
Neuronal Substrates of learning and Memory: Hippocampus and Other Structures

Current studies of the hippocampus in the context of learning and Memory offer an embarrassment of riches. Neuronal activity shows clear and often striking relations to behavioral plasticity, both in terms of original learning and in terms of memory retrieval.
Discovery Formulations: Approaches and Practices in Early Preclinical Development

Reduced portfolio attrition and faster development of high quality drugs that address unmet medical needs is an established imperative within the pharmaceutical industry. Given the complexity of modern drug discovery, this goal can only be achieved through well-designed pharmacology, pharmacokinetic, and toxicology studies resulting in the identification of exceptional development candidates. Pivotal to the success of these studies is the use of appropriate formulations designed to deliver the compound to the desired site via the desired route, in a consistent and acceptable manner. It is also essential that the formulations are developed with a clear understanding of the goals of the studies, future application of the formulations, and/or the data from the studies. However, the development of an appropriate discovery formulation can be challenging due to a myriad of factors that include suboptimal biopharmaceutical properties, dose, compound purity, compound availability, and aggressive timelines. This chapter will cover formulations used in the discovery setting from conventional vehicles to solubilizing systems and alternate delivery approaches. The application of the appropriate formulation approach to meet the study goals and efficient development timelines will also be discussed.
Feasibility of a Smartphone-Based Tobacco Treatment for HIV-Infected Smokers.

Background Cigarette smoking is common among persons living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States. It is the leading cause of mortality in this group, and efforts to promote cessation have been largely unsuccessful. Methods From 2015 to 2017, we performed a randomized controlled trial of Positively Smoke Free-Mobile (PSF-M) versus standard care. PSF-M is a mobile Web site that offers a 42-day text message-based quit-smoking program with smartphone features including quit-day selection/calendar, educational/motivational videos, and HELP button for cravings. Results One hundred individuals enrolled, 48 were randomized to PSF-M (mean age = 45 years, 54% male, 81% black, 31% Latino) and 52 to the standard care condition. All participants were offered a 3-month supply of nicotine patches. Participants randomized to the mobile intervention visited the PSF-M home page a mean of 83 times, viewed 5.6/8 videos, logged in on 13 of 42 possible days, and received 131 texts. Among them, 77% tapped HELP for cravings, and craving response options were used by the following proportions: phone-a-friend, 58%; play-a-game, 29%; play-a-song, 4%. Older age and nonblack race were both associated with higher levels of engagement with the site. Of participants, 61% rated PSF-M very or extremely helpful, and 98% would recommend PSF-M to PLWH family or friends. Abstinence at 3 months, quit attempts, and daily cigarette intake all favored PSF-M over standard care but did not achieve statistical significance in our pilot sample. Conclusions Smartphone-based tobacco treatment for PLWH was feasible and achieved moderate-high rates of engagement and satisfaction in a middle-aged, ethnic or racial minority group in the poorest urban community in the United States. Implications Cigarette smoking has emerged as the leading killer of PLWH. Behavioral interventions have achieved only limited success in promoting cessation in this population. In this study, we explore the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a multimodal, Web-based, quit-smoking intervention delivered to PLWH smokers via their smartphones.
Complexities of Addressing Food Insecurity in an Urban Population.

Abstract There is an association between food insecurity, poor health outcomes, and increased health care spending. The Temple Food Insecurity Program was initiated to screen patients for food inse...
Approach to Medial Elbow Pain in the Throwing Athlete

Injury to the ulnar collateral ligament is the most common, significant injury affecting the medial elbow of the overhead athlete. However, there are many other significant sources of pathology that should be considered. This review seeks to present a broad range of conditions that providers should consider when evaluating the overhead athlete with medial elbow pain. Recent biomechanical studies have deepened understanding of the anatomy and function of the anterior bundle of the ulnar collateral ligament germane to the overhead athlete. Orthobiologics hold potential for expanding the role of non-operative treatment for ulnar collateral ligament injuries. In addition to injury to the ulnar collateral ligament, providers should be prepared to diagnose and treat valgus extension overload, proximal olecranon stress fracture, ulnar nerve pathology, common flexor - pronator mass injury, and, in adolescents, medial epicondylar avulsion, when managing medial elbow pain in the overhead athlete.
Online Explanation Generation for Human-Robot Teaming.

As AI becomes an integral part of our lives, the development of explainable AI, embodied in the decision-making process of an AI or robotic agent, becomes imperative. For a robotic teammate, the ability to generate explanations to justify its behavior is one of the key requirements of explainable agency. Prior work on explanation generation has been focused on supporting the rationale behind the robot's decision or behavior. These approaches, however, fail to consider the mental demand for understanding the received explanation. In other words, the human teammate is expected to understand an explanation no matter how much information is presented. In this work, we argue that explanations, especially those of a complex nature, should be made in an online fashion during the execution, which helps spread out the information to be explained and thus reduce the mental workload of humans in highly cognitive demanding tasks. However, a challenge here is that the different parts of an explanation may be dependent on each other, which must be taken into account when generating online explanations. To this end, a general formulation of online explanation generation is presented with three variations satisfying different "online" properties. The new explanation generation methods are based on a model reconciliation setting introduced in our prior work. We evaluated our methods both with human subjects in a simulated rover domain, using NASA Task Load Index (TLX), and synthetically with ten different problems across two standard IPC domains. Results strongly suggest that our methods generate explanations that are perceived as less cognitively demanding and much preferred over the baselines and are computationally efficient.
3D interaction homology: The hydropathic interaction environments of even alanine are diverse and provide novel structural insight

Abstract Analyses of the hydropathic environments of protein amino acid residues reveal structural information on multiple levels. The interactions made by each residue are the basis for sidechain (rotamer) conformation and ultimately for secondary, tertiary and even quaternary protein structure. By identifying and characterizing the interactions for each residue type, we are developing a basis set of environmental data that can be used to understand protein structure. This work focuses alanine and its roles. We calculated and analyzed separately backbone-to-environment and sidechain-to-environment 3D maps for over 57,000 alanines that, with respect to hydrophobic and polar interactions, show the environment around each. After binning by backbone ϕ and ψ angles, we clustered each bin with k-means based on calculated map similarities between map-map pairs. Four bins were examined in detail: one in the β-pleat region, two in the right-hand α-helix (RHα) region and one in the left-hand α-helix region of the Ramachandran plot. All regions indicated a common map motif of hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions along the CA-CB axis, accounting for 62% in the β-pleat bin, about one-third in the two RHα bins and 42% in the LHα bin. Another shared motif shows no interactions along the CA-CB axis; this was uncommon (8%) in β-pleat, but >30% elsewhere. The maps calculated for the two RHα bins are extremely similar (pairwise >0.9787), which suggests that the hydropathic interaction sets or motifs found around each residue are conserved. Altogether, these results are integral to a new paradigm for understanding protein structure and function.
Ultrasonography of Gluteal and Fibularis Muscles During Exercises in Individuals With a History of Lateral Ankle Sprain.

Context Individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprains (LASs) have ankle and hip neuromuscular changes compared with those who do not have a history of LAS. Objective To compare gluteus maximu...
ADAPTING MINDFULNESS-BASED COUNSELING FOR THE TELEPHONE: A PILOT STUDY FOR CAREGIVERS AND VETERANS WITH DEMENTIA

Optimizing Dementia Care in Veterans with Dementia is a randomized, controlled, pilot study examining outcomes for Veterans and their caregivers at 6- and 12-months for two telephone-based interventions: a) Benjamin Rose Institute’s (BRI) Care Consultation (CC), and b) CC + Counseling (CC+C). Counseling modules are integrated into the existing BRI CC framework using guided mindfulness-based skill-building exercises on various content domains (e.g., grief, identity, intimacy, stress management). Sixty-four caregivers and 47 Veterans (M = 74.3 years, MOCA Score M = 15.5) have been randomized in this ongoing pilot study. Caregivers are 91% female, 32% Black/African American, and 72% spouses. Preliminary implementation and 6-month outcome data is discussed (e.g., reaction to behavioral distress, mindfulness, depression, quality of life) using within-group paired samples t-tests for the 32 dyads randomized to CC+C. Lessons learned include strategies for adapting mindfulness-based approaches over the telephone to enhance access for Veterans and caregivers across geographic regions.
Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Ileal Conduit in a Patient with Situs Inversus Totalis.

Background: Situs invesus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the mirror-image transposition of abdominal and thoracic organs. Although feasible, operating on patients with situs ...
Multi-Channel Synthetic Aperture Radar Based Classification of Maritime Scenes

We present novel experimental evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of exploiting scene motion information for the analysis of scene structure in maritime imaging applications. We analyze data captured by our novel airborne Multi-channel SAR (MSAR) system that is particularly suited to sampling the velocity profile of scatterers in the maritime environment. While previous works have shown the utility MSAR systems for correcting scene motion induced blurring artifacts, our work shows, for the first time, how the information furnished by an MSAR system can systematically render accurate classification of maritime scenes into different perceptual categories. We offer a methodology that is superior to traditional classification techniques that are based purely on the spatial structure of an image. Furthermore, the simplicity of the feature space involved together with the demonstrated classification performance on imagery captured by our airborne MSAR system underscore the strength of the methodology.
Simulation of the Indirect Radiative Forcing of Climate Due to Aerosols by the Two-Way Coupled WRF-CMAQ over the Eastern United States

In this study, the shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) and longwave cloud forcing (LWCF) are estimated with the newly developed two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ over the eastern United States. Preliminary indirect aerosol forcing has been successfully implemented in WRF-CMAQ. The comparisons with the observed PM2.5 at the AIRNow sites indicates that the models captured a majority of observed daily PM2.5 within a factor of 2, but generally underestimated the observations in the high PM2.5 concentration range. The domain means of CERES satellite observations, WRF-CMAQ/CAM and WRF-CMAQ/RRTMg for SWCF (LWCF) are −48.1 (31.9), −31.9 (22.6), −19.8 (15.5) watts m−2, respectively. This means that the WRF-CMAQ model generally underestimated the cloud field for the 12-km resolution simulations.
Too Much Trust in Group Decisions: Uncovering Hidden Profiles by Groups and Markets

A crucial challenge for organizations is to pool and aggregate information effectively. Traditionally, organizations have relied on committees and teams, but recently many organizations have explor...
Biomarker Evaluation and Clinical Development

Most candidate biomarkers are never adopted into clinical practice. The likelihood that a biomarker with good predictive properties will be incorporated into urologic decision-making and will improve patient care can be enhanced by following established principles of biomarker development. Studies should follow the REMARK guidelines, should have clinically relevant outcomes, and should evaluate the biomarker on the same patients to whom the biomarker would be applied in practice. It is also important to recognize that biomarker research is comparative: the question is not whether a biomarker provides information, but whether it provides better information than is already available. Continuous biomarkers should not be categorized above or below a fixed cutpoint: risk prediction allows for individualization of care. The risk predictions must be calibrated, that is, close to a patient’s true risk, and decision analysis is required to determine whether using the biomarker in clinical practice would change decisions and improve outcomes. Finally, impact studies are needed to evaluate how use of the biomarker in the real world affects outcomes.
Jordanian Uh,sgl(2) and its Coloured Realization

A two-parametric nonstandard (Jordanian) deformation of the Lie algebra gl(2) is constructed and then, exploited to obtain a new, triangular R-matrix solution of the coloured Yang–Baxter equation. The corresponding coloured quantum group is presented explicitly.
SU-E-T-388: Evaluation of Electronic Brachytherapy Dose Distributions in Tissue Equivalent Materials

Purpose: To study the measured and calculated dose distributions for electronic brachytherapy (EBT) in various tissue equivalent homogenous materials. Methods: Calculated dose distributions in water were generated using published TG-43 parameters in Varian BrachyVision software for a 50 kVp, 50 cm Xoft source. Dose distributions were measured within a 3D-scanning tank using dosimeters including: PTW 0.125 cc, pin-point, and parallel-plate ion chambers, Sun Nuclear “Edge” diode and Gafchromic EBT3 film. Multi-channel film dosimetry was used in film analysis. EBT3 film curves were calibrated via radial dose comparison to both independently measured and published data. The resulting film calibration was utilized to measure dose distributions created by titanium filtered source utilized in clinical brachytherapy applications. Data was collected within homogenous PMMA, vinyl, polystyrene, paraffin, and water-equivalent plastic phantoms. Results: Ion-chamber data was corrected to effective points of measurement and normalized prior to comparison between calculated and measured dose distributions. Measurements made in water and water equivalent materials compared well with results from treatment planning software. The maximum percent differences (relative to water) observed between 1 cm and 3.5 cm depth from source for each of the phantom materials are as follows: PMMA 35%, polystyrene 41%, plastic-water 23%, vinyl 115%, and paraffin 46%. Conclusion: The increased probability of photoelectric interactions occurring within the patient during electronic brachytherapy will emphasize the radiological differences between varying human tissues in dose deposition. These differences can Result in clinically significant dose perturbations and it is therefore recommended to move to a model based dose calculation, as outlined in TG-186, to improve the dosimetric accuracy of low energy EBT.
Updates in the Treatment of Bone Cancer

Although extremely rare, primary bone cancers are often curable with proper treatment. Effective management of primary bone tumors hinges on the involvement of a multidisciplinary team of physicians with expertise in this area, both in the realms of diagnosis and treatment. In her presentation at the NCCN 18th Annual Conference, Dr. J. Sybil Biermann reviewed the changes to the 2013 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for bone cancer, featuring the introduction of new sections on giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) and chordoma. The benefits of denosumab for the benign GCTB and the unique challenges associated with the malignant chordoma are also explored.
Use of geranylgeraniol to rescue osteoblasts and periodontal ligament fibroblasts from zoledronate-induced apoptosis (663.16)

Bisphosphonate treatments can produce an unwanted side effect of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). One of the most potent bisphosphonates, zolendronate (ZOL), is used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, Paget’s disease, and cancer metastasis to bone. Individuals affected with BRONJ are unable to heal from dental procedures, leading to painful oral lesions. The goal of the work presented here was to investigate the ability of GGOH to rescue both murine MC3T3E1 osteoblasts and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts from ZOL-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was measured using the APOPercentage® assay. In osteoblasts, 72 hours of 50 micromolar ZOL treatment induced apoptosis by 12.5-fold but simultaneous exposure to 10 micromolar GGOH decreased apoptosis by 64% (p<0.05). In a separate set of experiments, a booster of GGOH was administered 24 hours after the initiation of treatment, dramatically reducing ZOL-induced apoptosis by 98% (p<0.0001). In periodontal ligament fibroblasts, ZOL trea...
The Choice-of-Law Revolution: An Empirical Study

Beginning in 1963, U.S. conflict-of-laws principles began to alter drastically. Out its way out was the vested rights theory that produced fairly certain rules, such as the place-of-the-injury rule for tort cases, and on their way in were a host of modern theories including interest analysis, the Second Restatement of Conflicts' most significant relationship test and Leflar's choice-influencing considerations. This article studies the result patterns in 802 U.S. tort conflict-of-laws cases. It concludes that the modern theories are much more likely to produce results that favor plaintiffs, the application of local law and the law that favors local parties. The modern theories also largely work in a similar fashion, despite significant verbal differences between them.
Fault detection filter applied to structural health monitoring

In this paper, a fault detection filter algorithm is developed for the health monitoring system of a simply supported beam. The filter is designed utilizing sensor arrays for two specific cases: 1) by using 14 piezoelectric sensors, the original algorithm for the filter design is adapted to the structural model and 2) by using 4 piezoelectric sensors, a modification of the original algorithm is presented. To our knowledge, although the filter has been employed to detect sensor and actuator faults, it has never been utilized for detecting and localize structural faults.
Tau approximation techniques for identification of coefficients in parabolic PDE

The authors introduce a variant of the Tau method, called the weak Tau method, which is based on the weak form of the partial differential equation (PDE), for use in least-squares parameter estimation, and they present a suitable abstract convergence framework. The emphasis is on the theoretical framework that allows treatment of the weak Tau method when it is applied to a wide class of inverse problems, including those for diffusion-advection equations, the Fokker-Planck model for population dynamics, and damped beam equations. The authors have carried out extensive numerical testing of the weak Tau method and found that it compares quite favorably with existing methods. >
Innovation and Inequality: Emerging technologies in an unequal world, Edited by Cozzens, Susan and Dhanaraj Thakur, Cheltenham, 2014, pp. 360, hardback 978 1 78195 166 8 ebook, ISBN 978 1 78195 167 5

Innovation and Inequality probes the evolution of a set of technologies across a wide variety of national settings and, at the same time examines the different reactions to emerging technologies wi...
A method for modeling the current–voltage curve of a PV module for outdoor conditions

A method has been developed for modeling the current-voltage curve of a photovoltaic (PV) module for outdoor conditions. An indoor characterization procedure determines a PV module's temperature and irradiance correction factors, which are used in conjunction with equations to translate a reference curve to outdoor conditions of PV module temperature and irradiance. A PV technology's spectral response characteristics are accommodated in the equation for irradiance. The modeled and measured energy is compared for a one-year period for seven PV modules of different technologies. The results validate the method's use for modeling the hourly performance of PV modules, and for modeling daily energy production for PV module energy rating purposes.
The effect of iodides on phenobarbital narcosis.

The narcosis produced in the white rat by phenobarbital sodium is prolonged and intensified by the parenteral or oral administration of iodides. The observation was made with sodium iodide and Organidin. The intraperitoneal injection of solutions of sorbitol, glycerin, and sucrose also prolongs and intensifies the narcosis produced by phenobarbital sodium.
Urocortin 1 modulates immunosignaling in a rat model of colitis via corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2

Urocortins (UCNs) and their receptors are potent immunoregulators in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where they can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. We examined the contribution of U...
A Highly Tilted Membrane Configuration for the Prefusion State of Synaptobrevin

The SNARE complex plays a vital role in vesicle fusion arising during neuronal exocytosis. Key components in the regulation of SNARE complex formation, and ultimately fusion, are the transmembrane and linker regions of the vesicle-associated protein, synaptobrevin. However, the membrane-embedded structure of synaptobrevin in its prefusion state, which determines its interaction with other SNARE proteins during fusion, is largely unknown. This study reports all-atom molecular-dynamics simulations of the prefusion configuration of synaptobrevin in a lipid bilayer, aimed at characterizing the insertion depth and the orientation of the protein in the membrane, as well as the nature of the amino acids involved in determining these properties. By characterizing the structural properties of both wild-type and mutant synaptobrevin, the effects of C-terminal additions on tilt and insertion depth of membrane-embedded synaptobrevin are determined. The simulations suggest a robust, highly tilted state for membrane-embedded synaptobrevin with a helical connection between the transmembrane and linker regions, leading to an apparently new characterization of structural elements in prefusion synaptobrevin and providing a framework for interpreting past mutation experiments.
Accurate thermal expansivity measurements in the range 1500–2000 K are needed for minerals

It is shown that the future high-temperature thermodynamic computations for minerals now hinge on the extension of the measurement of the volume thermal expansivity, β up to 2000 K. At present many measurements of β end at about 1200–1500 K, but the extrapolations to 2000 K are fraught with large errors. A few years ago, the missing thermodynamic parameter at high temperatures was the bulk modulus (or its reciprocal compressibility). Now that measurements of the bulk modulus are being accurately measured at 1800 K, attention is focused on improving measurements of β at higher temperatures.
Glycoprotein metabolism in rat colonic epithelial cell populations with different proliferative activities

Abstract Epithelial cells with different proliferative activities were isolated from rat proximal and distal colon. The distribution of fucose, hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid as well as the activities of three glycosyltransferases, eight glycosidases, and a nucleotide sugar pyrophosphatase, enzymes involved in glycoprotein metabolism, were then examined in these cells. The results of the present study demonstrate that: (1) all proximal cell populations appear to possess a higher content of hexose, fucose, and sialic acid than their distal counterparts; (2) in general, the proximal colonic populations have higher glycosyltransferase but similar glycosidase activities than their distal counterparts; (3) proliferative cells in both colonic regions have greater glycosyltransferase and glycosidase activities than non-proliferative cells, although their carbohydrate content is similar. These findings suggest that alterations in glycoprotein metabolism exist during differentiation along the length of the rat colon. Furthermore, these data indicate that certain enzymes involved in glycoprotein metabolism may serve as markers for cellular differentiation in this organ.
Concluding Commentary: Varied Perspectives on Child Welfare

Abstract A fuller understanding of the child welfare system requires its examination from multiple perspectives, as is demonstrated in this special issue. Until recently, the perspectives of mothers involved in child protection and whose children had been placed in foster care had been particularly neglected. This special issue contributes to progress in the research literature in this regard. Questions are raised about the nature of the interactions between the mothers and the child protection system, and the compatibility of those interactions with effective service delivery. This commentary concludes with the suggestions that we seek better ways to structure the child welfare system, and that a social movement composed of parents involved in that system, children in foster care, caseworkers and administrators, and researchers, all united as allies, might be necessary to effect such change.
Adult attachment and the brain

Individuals in adult attachment relationships regulate one another via overt emotional and social behavior. Attachment-related styles of utilizing social support moderate these regulatory effects. In recent years, the social and affective neurosciences have begun to clarify how these processes are instantiated in the brain, including the likely neural mechanisms of long-term felt security following past attachment experiences and the neural circuitry supporting the regulation of emotion by relational partners. In this brief review, I describe the neural systems involved in the formation and maintenance of adult attachment relationships and review the small amount of work to date on the neuroscience of adult attachment style. I then offer my own speculations about how adult attachment relationships conserve the brain’s metabolic resources, especially those of the prefrontal cortex.
Iron speciation in the eastern tropical South Pacific oxygen minimum zone off Peru

Vertical profiles of total dissolved iron (DFe), Fe(II), and hydrographic parameters were obtained along three transects across the continental shelf off Peru in October 2005. Fe(II) and DFe concentrations were determined using luminol chemiluminescence and isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The objective was to study the relationships among redox chemistry, nitrogen-cycle processes, bottom topography, and the distribution and chemistry of iron in the region. The results are the most thorough survey to date of Fe geochemistry in this region. Exceedingly high DFe (∼ 50–75 nmol L−1) was measured over the wide northern continental shelf, with most of the dissolved Fe present as Fe(II) below the oxycline. In southern Peru, the shelf is narrower, and dissolved Fe concentrations were 10-fold lower. Moreover, a smaller fraction of the dissolved Fe was present as Fe(II) in the south, even below the oxycline. At the western ends of the transects, Fe(II) maxima were coincident with deep (i.e., secondary) nitrite maxima. This suggests a relationship between nitrate reduction and Fe(II) accumulation in the water column. However, over the shelf, Fe(II) was also influenced by benthic processes. Large lateral gradients in dissolved Fe across the shelf–slope break reflect Fe removal by oxidative scavenging, and it seems plausible that much of the Fe is “trapped” by redox cycling on the shelf. Nevertheless, the maintenance of dissolved Fe(II) filaments within the secondary nitrite maxima constitutes an important mechanism for Fe transport offshore.
Bicephalic amphiphile architecture affects antibacterial activity

A series of cationic amphiphiles, each with an aromatic core, was prepared and investigated for antimicrobial properties. The synthesized amphiphiles in this study are bicephalic (double-headed) in that they each possess two trimethylammonium head groups and a single linear alkoxy tail. Minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of these amphiphiles were in the low micromolar range. Antimicrobial activities are highly sensitive to the chain length of the hydrophobic region, and modestly reliant on the relative positioning of the head groups on the aromatic core. These trends were more pronounced in time kill assays, wherein longer chain compounds required significantly shorter times to completely kill bacteria. Microscopy suggested that the mode of cell death was lysis. Strong inhibition was observed with both biscationic compounds and monocationic comparisons against Gram-positive bacteria; only biscationic amphiphiles maintained good activity versus the Gram-negative bacteria tested. These observations provide direction for future antimicrobial structural investigations.
Determination of cell membrane permeability in concentrated cell ensembles

The method of volume averaging is used to analyze the process of diffusion in concentrated cell ensembles in which significant resistance to mass transfer is caused by the cellular membrane. A general closure scheme is given that allows for direct theoretical prediction of effective diffusivities for any cellular geometry. Numerical results are presented for the classical parallelepiped arrangement used to model cellular systems, and these results are used in conjunction with experimental studies of concentrated cell ensembles to determine membrane permeabilities for solute diffusion in several cellular systems. Membrane permeabilities are compared with predictions from other models of diffusion in cellular systems.
Dislocation Pinning Effects Induced by Nano-precipitates During Warm Laser Shock Peening: Dislocation Dynamic Simulation and Experiments

Warm laser shock peening (WLSP) is a new high strain rate surface strengthening process that has been demonstrated to significantly improve the fatigue performance of metallic components. This improvement is mainly due to the interaction of dislocations with highly dense nanoscale precipitates, which are generated by dynamic precipitation during the WLSP process. In this paper, the dislocation pinning effects induced by the nanoscale precipitates during WLSP are systematically studied. Aluminum alloy 6061 and AISI 4140 steel are selected as the materials with which to conduct WLSP experiments. Multiscale discrete dislocation dynamics (MDDD) simulation is conducted in order to investigate the interaction of dislocations and precipitates during the shock wave propagation. The evolution of dislocation structures during the shock wave propagation is studied. The dislocation structures after WLSP are characterized via transmission electron microscopy and are compared with the results of the MDDD simulation. The results show that nano-precipitates facilitate the generation of highly dense and uniformly distributed dislocation structures. The dislocation pinning effect is strongly affected by the density, size, and space distribution of nano-precipitates.
Isospin analysis of low-energy π N → π π N data and chiral-symmetry breaking

The amplitudes for ..pi..N single-pion production are decomposed into four independent isospin amplitudes in the (..pi pi..)N representation. Reaction cross sections for the ..pi../sup -/p and ..pi../sup +/p initial states below total energies of 1370 and 1470 MeV, respectively, are simultaneously fitted with near-threshold measurements of the double-differential cross section d/sup 2/sigma/d..cap omega.. dT for the ..pi../sup +/ produced in ..pi../sup -/p..--> pi../sup +/..pi../sup -/n. The validity of soft-pion calculations for ..pi..N..--> pi pi..N is demonstrated by showing that the threshold s-wave isospin amplitudes can be described consistently by a single value of the chiral-symmetry-breaking parameter.
Optically induced strabismus results in visual field losses in cats.

Abstract Kittens were reared using goggles containing a prism that stimulated a convergent strabismus. A bilateral loss of 30° of the contralateral monocular visual field resulted, indicating that the components of the visual pathways representing the nasal visual field are more sensitive to spatially conflicting visual inputs than the components representing the temporal field. Differences in the extent of binocular visual fields occurred, with alternating fixators demonstrating a full field and unilateral fixators demonstrating a binocular field reduction ipsilateral to the deviating eye.
Density of positive rank fibers in elliptic fibrations

Abstract A question of Mazur asks whether for any non-constant elliptic fibration { E r } r ∈ Q , the set { r ∈ Q : rank ( E r ( Q ) ) > 0 } , if infinite, is dense in R (with respect to the Euclidean topology). This has been proved to be true for the family of quadratic twists of a fixed elliptic curve by a quadratic or a cubic polynomial. Here we settle Mazur's question affirmatively for the general quadratic and cubic fibrations. Moreover we show that our method works when Q is replaced by any real number field.
Energetic determinants of oligomeric state specificity in coiled coils.

The coiled coil is one of the simplest and best-studied protein structural motifs, consisting of two to five helices wound around each other. Empirical rules have been established on the tendency of different core sequences to form a certain oligomeric state but the physical forces behind this specificity are unclear. In this work, we model four sequences onto the structures of dimeric, trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric coiled coils. We first examine the ability of an effective energy function (EEF1.1) to discriminate the correct oligomeric state for a given sequence. We find that inclusion of the translational, rotational, and side-chain conformational entropy is necessary for discriminating the native structures from their misassembled counterparts. The decomposition of the effective energy into residue contributions yields theoretical values for the oligomeric propensity of different residue types at different heptad positions. We find that certain calculated residue propensities are general and con...
MO-E-T-618-07: Toward An Energy-Based Dosimetry

Purpose: To present a methodology for energy‐based dosimetry for brachytherapy sources Method and Materials: Methodology for brachytherapydosimetry is based on TG 43 formulism. For low ‐dose rate low‐energy brachytherapy sources, TG‐43 involves a measurement of the air‐kerma strength traceable to NIST using the Wide Angle Free Air Chamber (WAFAC). A Variable Aperture Free Air Chamber (VAFAC) has been constructed for making air‐kerma rate measurements with various solid angles. Both instruments provide a determination of the air‐kerma strength. In addition, spectra of these seeds can be measured both in air and liquid water by an intrinsic germanium spectrometer. We have also recently measured the total energy contained and emitted from various sources using a novel cryogeniccalorimeter. This provides an absolute measurement of the power of the source. Each of these experimental processes is presented in other papers. This talk is an overview of how these measurements can be combined to yield an energy‐based dosimetry process. These measurements provide a good basis for Monte Carlo calculations. The energy standard would be used for calculation of dose or by extension, energy deposited. However, with extension to energy‐based dosimetry, a modification of treatment planning systems for a gradual shift from TG 43 formulism will be necessary. An energy‐based dosimetric formulism involves knowing the contained energy or the total emitted energy of a brachytherapy source. A review of the present dosimetry with an extension to energy‐based dosimetry will be presented for discussion. Results: It is shown that energy‐based dosimetry is feasible. The experimental parameters necessary are presented and are being measured presently. The results are very promising. Conclusion: This dosimetry schema is feasible and may be the dosimetry of the future. Moreover, this methodology provides an efficient platform upon which to base Monte Carlodosimetry calculations.
Tests of the Weak Equivalence Principle with Trapped Antimatter

Abstract Recent developments in the trapping of ions and neutral atoms suggest that significant improvements in the precision of spectroscopic measurements on such systems can be expected. The application of these techniques to trapped antiprotons, positrons and antihydrogen atoms opens up new possibilities for precision tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) for antimatter. It is shown that constraints on WEP for positrons and antiprotons may be imposed by comparison of electron and positron, or proton and antiproton cyclotron frequencies, or of transition frequencies in hydrogen and antihydrogen, at the same height in a gravitational potential. The constraints that may be inferred from the results of existing particle-antiparticle cyclotron frequency comparisons are derived, and the improvements which will be possible from future, higher precision experiments are analysed.
Calcium content of peripheral and central mitochondria in the guinea pig myocardium: electron probe analysis

We quantitated subcellular elemental concentrations in stimulated and resting guinea pig myocardium to determine whether species-specific properties of guinea pigs or the subcellular localization of mitochondria accounted for reports of higher mitochondrial Ca in guinea pigs than in other species. Small papillary muscles or trabeculae isolated from guinea pig ventricles were stimulated to raise cytosolic [Ca(2+)](i) by two methods: (1). tetanizing by rapid pacing preparations in which Ca(2+) uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum was inhibited with cyclopiazonic acid or (2). freeze trapping paced muscles near-peak systole. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis showed no significant difference between the (low, approximately 0.4 mmol/kg dry weight) mitochondrial Ca content of stimulated guinea pig hearts, compared to mitochondria of other species, such as rat and hamsters, and the Ca contents of peripheral and central mitochondria were also not significantly different.