cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supercomputing-based dimeric analog approach for drug optimization

Abstract To explore novel and rational ways of developing drugs, we have been using supercomputing-based docking as a way of uncovering properties and events in ligand–receptor complexation that are otherwise impossible to observe. After devising a “lifelike” docking program that could be applied to proteins with known 3D structure, we discovered that the Alzheimer drug THA bound not just to acetylcholinesterase's catalytic center but also to a peripheral site. This site was elusive to experimentalists but is believed to facilitate substrate binding. Accordingly, we followed a supercomputing-based dimeric analog approach for drug optimization, which culminated in a superior acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. We describe herein the essence of our approach and its implications regarding the utilization of supercomputing in biomedical research.
The relationship of coping behaviors to depressive symptoms in youth with epilepsy: an examination of caregiver and youth proxy report.

Abstract Study aims were to explore evaluation and comparison of measures of coping and the relationship of epilepsy-specific coping responses to depressive symptoms in youth with epilepsy (YWE). Seventy-six YWE ages 9–17 completed the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Kidcope. Sixty-six caregivers reported on youth coping (CHIC) and seizure activity. Epilepsy variables were abstracted from electronic medical records. There were no significant correlations between the CHIC coping factors and individual Kidcope scores. Only one CHIC factor, “competence/optimism,” was significantly negatively correlated with CDI. Regression analyses revealed a significant association between CDI and negative coping (Kidcope) after adjusting for sex, number of AEDs, and seizure severity. On the CDI, 27% of YWE endorsed suicidal ideation. Findings provide preliminary support for use of the Kidcope as a measure of negative epilepsy-specific coping. These results imply that youth coping and suicidal ideation are important to assess in relation to depressive symptoms and that youth report of these symptoms is particularly salient to the evaluation of youth functioning.
A cryogenic cw electromagnetic wiggler

Abstract It is shown that a cw electromagnetic wiggler can be constructed from chilled high-purity copper that is capable of delivering higher magnetic field strengths and vector potential, aw, than either permanent magnet or superconducting wigglers. A model calculation with a 90 MeV beam lasing at 1.7 μm showed a 20% higher arnw than a superconducting system, giving a 23% shorter wiggler period and 16% higher efficiency. Experimental measurements of magnetoresistive effects in copper are included in this paper.
On the determination of the minimum on the crossing seam of two potential energy surfaces

An improved gradient-based algorithm is presented for the determination of the minimum energy point on the crossing seam hypersurface between two arbitrary potential energy hypersurfaces. The Hessian matrix is updated employing the gradient information. The method is demonstrated in a study of some representative cases including charge-transfer states of a typical molecular-device molecule (a rigid spiro π – σ – π molecular cation) with, as well as without, an external electric field.
Predation by a Lava Heron (Butorides Striata Sundevalli) on a Small Ground Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) in the Galapagos Islands

Abstract. Many animals of the Galapagos Islands are known for unusual foraging behaviors, often feeding in a way not typical for the taxon in question. In 2003, an adult Lava Heron (Butoiides striata sundevalli) was observed feeding on an adult Small Ground Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa). The endemic Lava Heron had not been previously observed feeding on these finches that are common throughout the islands. The behavior could represent a valuable feeding strategy for herons in a situation where aquatic food resources are temporally unpredictable, as well as an additional mortality risk for Galapagos Finches.
The division of union rents

In this paper, a median voter model that recognizes the trade-off between higher wages and lower levels of employment is presented. It is argued that a seniority-based layoff rule creates the opportunity for mutually beneficial side-payments between older and younger workers. As a result, older workers reap more of the rents of unionization than do younger workers. The resulting distribution of union rents is found to be consistent with existing empirical evidence.
GIS application in environmental planning and assessment

Abstract Geographic Information Systems (CIS) have become of increasing significance for environmental planning and assessment in recent years. One main reason for this is the need, in Environmental Planning, to compare a great number of area-related data describing the affected natural resources and their sensitivity related to the effects of impacts. Because GIS can be used to couple area-related data with their attributes, and can be used to overlay these, it represents a highly efficient instrument for such planning tasks. This paper describes some of the basic application methods by using a Geographic Information System. Project work and GIS application in connection with model-appoaches are demonstrated with several examples from existing project work: (a) MAB-project 6 —Ecosystem Research Berchtesgaden; (b) Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Danube River construction works between Straubing and Vilshofen; (c) Determination of Noise Pollution Effects on Residents near the new airport Munich II; (d) Environmental Impact Assessment for the Federal Motorway A94. The chosen examples from research and planning projects have been worked out by using GIS and environmental modelling capabilities. For every project a different GIS database was created and evaluated.
137 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF A HIGHLY SPECIFIC SOLID-PHASE RIA FOR ALPHA-MSH: LACK OF THE HORMONE IN PREGNANTS AND NEWBORNS

Alpha-MSH has been reported to occur in the plasma of pregnant women (Nature 273: 163, 1978). Since it appeared that the RIA used for those studies was not sufficiently sensitive and specific, we have developed a new solid-phase RIA for alpha-MSH with a sensitivity of 2-4 pg per ml of plasma and a negligible cross-reaction with other hormones (ACTH: <0.1%). Goats were immunized with chemically defined carrier protein-MSH complexes and the antibodies covalently coupled to a non-sedimenting acrylamide polymer. The new antibody-carrier complex allows an immune extraction from samples containing 30-50% plasma before addition of the tracer, so that any 'plasma effects' could be avoided. Applying this RIA to 136 samples from the 6th week of pregnancy till term and to cord blood samples showed clearly that they did not contain detectable alpha-MSH in the circulation. In contrast, alpha-MSH was shown to be present in fetal life, supporting the hypothesis of its trophic action on the adrenal. It seems therefore that the presence of MSH is restricted to the fetus and is independent from the mother.
Characterization of PECI, a Novel Monofunctional Δ3,Δ2-Enoyl-CoA Isomerase of Mammalian Peroxisomes

We report here the identification and characterization of human and mouse PECI, a novel gene that encodes a monofunctional peroxisomal Δ3,Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase. Human and mousePECI were identified on the basis of their sequence similarity to Eci1p, a recently characterized peroxisomal Δ3,Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase from the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Cloning and sequencing of the human PECI cDNA revealed the presence of a 1077-base pair open reading frame predicted to encode a 359-amino acid protein with a mass of 39.6 kDa. The corresponding mouse cDNA contains a 1074-base pair open reading frame that encodes a 358-amino acid-long protein with a deduced mass of 39.4 kDa. Northern blot analysis demonstrated human PECI mRNA is expressed in all tissues. A bacterially expressed form of human PECI catalyzed the isomerization of 3-cis-octenoyl-CoA to 2-trans-octenoyl-CoA with a specific activity of 27 units/mg of protein. The human and mouse PECI proteins contain type-1 peroxisomal targeting signals, and human PECI was localized to peroxisomes by both subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy techniques. The potential roles for this monofunctional Δ3,Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase in peroxisomal metabolism are discussed.
In His Own Time An Autoethnographic Memorial

“In his own time: An autoethnographic memorial” pays tribute to how my life partner, “Jake,” toiled to rehabilitate his life after great loss and struggle, while rebuilding an old family house. As Jake cleaned the debris and tuck-pointed and laid brick, he also brought back to life a family heritage of honor and justice—“of doing right no matter the consequences.” Writing from what Ellen Fine (1988) calls “absent memory,” memory that is observed and felt in witnessing the lives of others, yet is silenced, allowed me to find my own voice and place in the family and on the family land. “In his own time: An autoethnographic memorial” invites the reader to witness the rejuvenation of lives lived and lost as represented by the remaking of an old family house into something of its own.
Dietary Change and Adaptive Evolution of enamelin in Humans and Among Primates

Scans of the human genome have identified many loci as potential targets of recent selection, but exploration of these candidates is required to verify the accuracy of genomewide scans and clarify the importance of adaptive evolution in recent human history. We present analyses of one such candidate, enamelin, whose protein product operates in tooth enamel formation in 100 individuals from 10 populations. Evidence of a recent selective sweep at this locus confirms the signal of selection found by genomewide scans. Patterns of polymorphism in enamelin correspond with population-level differences in tooth enamel thickness, and selection on enamel thickness may drive adaptive enamelin evolution in human populations. We characterize a high-frequency nonsynonymous derived allele in non-African populations. The polymorphism occurs in codon 648, resulting in a nonconservative change from threonine to isoleucine, suggesting that the allele may affect enamelin function. Sequences of exons from 12 primate species show evidence of positive selection on enamelin. In primates, it has been documented that enamel thickness correlates with diet. Our work shows that bursts of adaptive enamelin evolution occur on primate lineages with inferred dietary changes. We hypothesize that among primate species the evolved differences in tooth enamel thickness are correlated with the adaptive evolution of enamelin.
The binding of cholera toxin to the periplasmic vestibule of the type II secretion channel

The type II secretion system (T2SS) is a large macromolecular complex spanning the inner and outer membranes of many gram-negative bacteria. The T2SS is responsible for the secretion of virulence factors such as cholera toxin (CT) and heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, respectively. CT and LT are closely related AB5 heterohexamers, composed of one A subunit and a B-pentamer. Both CT and LT are translocated, as folded protein complexes, from the periplasm across the outer membrane through the type II secretion channel, the secretin GspD. We recently published the 19 A structure of the V. cholerae secretin (VcGspD) in its closed state and showed by SPR measurements that the periplasmic domain of GspD interacts with the B-pentamer complex. Here we extend these studies by characterizing the binding of the cholera toxin B-pentamer to VcGspD using electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations. Our studies indicate that the pentamer is captured within the large periplasmic vestibule of VcGspD. These new results agree well with our previously published studies and are in accord with a piston-driven type II secretion mechanism.
A note on the effect of vorticity on the deformation and breakup of polymer drops

Abstract The influence of vorticity on the deformation and break-up of polymeric drops is investigated. We find that vorticity does not significantly alter steady drop deformation but it can dramatically effect drop break-up. This study extends our previous results and demonstrates that the conclusions drawn earlier are not limited to planar extensional flows. These experiments also provide evidence that drop fluid elasticity inhibits deformation.
Economic Analysis Of A Quality Control Program

Our experience with Quality Control Programs in many x-ray departments shows that the reject rate can frequently be reduced about 45% through proper controls. A Reject Analysis establishes the current reject rate and its associated film cost. Based on the reject analysis, appropriate corrective programs are undertaken. Typical corrective programs are processor monitoring and maintenance, screen/cassette program, inventory control and technique consultation. Six months to one year after the Reject Analysis, a follow-up Reject Analysis measures the effect of the Quality Control Program. Data compiled from many x-ray departments indicate an average reject rate of 13%. The chest exam usually accounts for the most repeats. Incorrect density and poor positioning are the major reasons for repeated exams. The Quality Control Program usually reduces the reject rate to about 7%, a 45% reduction. If the annual film cost is $150,000, the savings from this reduction can be as much as $9,000 in film alone. Other costs such as chemicals and equipment are also reduced.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalized wavelet product integral for rendering dynamic glossy objects

We consider real-time rendering of dynamic glossy objects with realistic shadows under distant all-frequency environment lighting. Previous PRT approaches pre-compute light transport for a fixed scene and cannot account for cast shadows on high-glossy objects occluded by dynamic neighbors. In this paper, we extend double/triple product integral to generalized multi-function product integral. We represent shading integral at each vertex as the product integral of multiple functions, involving the lighting, BRDF, local visibility and dynamic occlusions. Our main contribution is a new mathematical representation and analysis of multi-function product integral in the wavelet domain. We show that multi-function product integral in the primal corresponds to the summation of the product of basis coefficients and integral coefficients. We propose a novel generalized Haar integral coefficient theorem to evaluate arbitrary Haar integral coefficients. We present an efficient sub-linear algorithm to render dynamic glossy objects under time-variant all-frequency lighting and arbitrary view conditions in a few seconds on a commodity CPU, orders of magnitude faster than previous techniques. To further accelerate shadow computation, we propose a Just-in-time Radiance Transfer (JRT) technique. JRT is a new generalization to PRT for dynamic scenes. It is compact and flexible, and supports glossy materials. By pre-computing radiance transfer vectors at runtime, we demonstrate rendering dynamic view-dependent all-frequency shadows in real-time.
Optimized Resist Process For High Na G-Line Lenses

Statistically designed screening experiments were conducted with several commercially available g-line resists to determine the most significant process factors for maximizing Depth of Focus for a new g-line lens with an NA of 0.43 and a field diameter of 21.2 mm. The experiments determined the significance of process factors such as Softbake Temperature, Resist Coat Thickness, Post Exposure Bake Temperature, Develop Temperature, Develop Time, Develop Concentration and Develop Agitation. This experimental approach lead to a much shorter process evaluation cycle. Comparative results of Depth of Focus for each of the materials tested are reported along with extended results of the optimized process critical dimension bias and linearity. First time extended results with the Zeiss 107861 lens are reported for the optimized process, which was developed for one of the resists, to achieve a Usable Depth of Focus of 2.0 μm at 0.7 μm resolution.
Self-reported advertising exposure to sugar-sweetened beverages among US youth

Objective According to the Federal Trade Commission, in 2009, the top food category with teen-directed marketing expenditures was sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB). The present study reports on exposure to SSB advertisements using self-report data from adolescents. Design Cross-sectional study design using descriptive statistics to assess self-reported frequency of exposure to SSB advertisements and multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between frequency of SSB advertising exposure and sociodemographic variables. Setting Online survey conducted at home. Subjects US adolescents aged 12–17 years (n 847). Results Among the surveyed adolescents, 42 % to 54 % reported seeing/hearing SSB advertisements ≥1 time/d. Those aged 14–15 years were more likely to report seeing/hearing soda, sports drink and energy drink advertisements ≥1 time/d than 16- to 17-year-olds. Males were more likely to report seeing/hearing sports drink advertising ≥1 time/d than females. Non-Hispanic black adolescents were more likely to report seeing/hearing fruit drink and sports drink advertisements ≥1 time/d than non-Hispanic white adolescents. Adolescents whose parents had high-school education or less were more likely to report seeing/hearing soda, fruit drink and energy drink advertisements ≥1 time/d than adolescents whose parents were college graduates. Conclusions Almost half of the adolescents sampled reported daily SSB advertising exposure, with higher exposure among African Americans and adolescents with less educated parents. These data can help inform potential actions that decision makers might take, such as education of adolescents and their caregivers on the potential impact of beverage advertising, especially among groups at higher risk for obesity.
A study of the viscosity of T4r+ DNA using a rotating cylinder viscometer

The intrinsic viscosity of a preparation of presumably intact DNA molecules isolated from T4r+ bacteriophage, measured at low shear gradients in a rotating cylinder viscometer, and extrapolated to zero shear gradient and zero concentration, is 326 dl./g, based upon a photometric determination of DNA concentration in terms of an extinction coefficient of 18·1 cm2/mg. The alignment and calibration of the rotating cylinder viscometer employed in these studies is discussed in detail.
A molecular blueprint for the pore-forming structure of voltage-gated calcium channels

A protein that imitates the sequence of a highly conserved segment predicted to line the pore of dihydropyridine-sensitive L-type calcium channels was designed and synthesized. Single-channel conductance properties were studied in planar lipid bilayers. The synthetic protein emulates the ionic conductance, ionic selectivity, and pharmacological properties of the authentic calcium channel, including the stereospecific action of agonist and antagonist enantiomers of the dihydropyridine BayK 8644. The identified sequence is identical in L-type calcium channels from skeletal muscle and isoforms of cardiac muscle, brain, and aorta. It is plausible that this structural motif represents the molecular blueprint for the pore-forming structure of voltage-gated calcium channels.
Purification and regulatory properties of MarA protein, a transcriptional activator of Escherichia coli multiple antibiotic and superoxide resistance promoters.

Expression of the marA or soxS genes is induced by exposure of Escherichia coli to salicylate or superoxides, respectively. This, in turn, enhances the expression of a common set of promoters (the mar/soxRS regulons), resulting in both multiple antibiotic and superoxide resistance. Since MarA protein is highly homologous to SoxS, and since a MalE-SoxS fusion protein has recently been shown to activate soxRS regulon transcription, the ability of MarA to activate transcription of these genes was tested. MarA was overexpressed as a histidine-tagged fusion protein, purified, cleaved with thrombin (leaving one N-terminal histidine residue), and renatured. Like MalE-SoxS, MarA (i) activated the transcription of zwf, fpr, fumC, micF, nfo, and sodA; (ii) required a 21-bp "soxbox" sequence to activate zwf transcription; and (iii) was "ambidextrous," i.e., required the C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of RNA polymerase for activation of zwf but not fumC or micF. Thus, the mar and soxRS systems use activators with very similar specificities and mechanisms of action to respond to different environmental signals.
Mental Health: A Focus on Stress, Coping, and Mental Illness as it Relates to Treatment Retention, Adherence, and Other Health Outcomes

Mental health problems are prevalent among HIV-infected individuals, with some estimates that 50% likely meet criteria for one or more psychiatric disorders. The mental health of HIV-infected individuals is important not only for quality-of-life concerns, but also in regard to HAART adherence and biological disease progression. The current review focuses on research published between 2009 and April of 2011, exploring mental health, coping, and stress in relation to HIV care behaviors including HAART adherence, quality of life, treatment retention, health care utilization, and disease progression amongst HIV-infected individuals. Specifically, we reviewed the most prevalent and interfering concerns among HIV-infected individuals—depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, interpersonal violence, stigma and shame, and body image concerns. Despite advances over the last 2 years documenting the deleterious effects of mental health on important HIV self-care behaviors, there is continued need for developing and disseminating evidence-based psychosocial interventions that integrate treating mental health problems with improving self-care behaviors for those living with HIV.
Modular invariance and twisted cancellations of characteristic numbers

By studying modular invariance properties of some characteristic forms, which are related to elliptic genera, we obtain twisted cancellation formulas for characteristic forms. We apply these twisted cancellation formulas to study divisibilities on spin manifolds and congruences on spin c manifolds. In particular, we obtain twisted Rokhlin congruences for 8k + 4 dimensional spin c manifolds.
Estrogen modulates synaptic N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor subunit distribution in the aged hippocampus

Estrogen interacts with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to regulate multiple aspects of morphological and functional plasticity. In hippocampus, estrogen increases both dendritic spine density and synapse number, and NMDA antagonists block these effects. Thus, estrogen-mediated hippocampal plasticity may be of particular importance in the context of age-related changes in endocrine status and cognitive performance. NR1 levels per synapse are increased in CA1 by estrogen in aged rats but not young rats, although no information is available on estrogen-induced synaptic alterations in other NMDA receptor subunits that might impact function. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of estrogen on the synaptic and subsynaptic distributions of the NMDA receptor subunits, NR2A and NR2B in CA1 pyramidal cells, within the context of aging. Our results demonstrated that the overall synaptic levels of NR2A and NR2B are similar in young and aged female rats, regardless of estrogen treatment. However, in the aged CA1, estrogen restores NR2B levels back to young levels in the lateral portions of the active synaptic zone. Thus, estrogen may impact the mobility of NMDA receptors across the synapse and, in the process, restore a more youthful synaptic profile. These findings have important implications for the mechanism of estrogen-induced alterations in NMDA receptor-mediated processes, particularly in the context of aging. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:419–426, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Prediction of early graft failure with intraoperative completion duplex ultrasound scan

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine intraoperative hemodynamic parameters that predict early failure of infragenicular vein grafts with intraoperative completion duplex ultrasound scan. Methods: We reviewed the results of intraoperative duplex scans that were selectively performed after completion of 45 tibial/pedal vein bypass grafts at high risk for failure. Bypass was performed for rest pain (39%) or tissue loss (61%), and 60% of the cases were disadvantaged because of compromised vein quality or poor arterial outflow. A 10-MHz low-profile transducer was used to scan the entire graft at bypass completion. All grafts were determined to be technically adequate (absence of retained valves, arteriovenous fistulas, or localized velocity increases and the presence of bypass-dependent distal pulses). Peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) were also measured at each anastomosis, in the outflow artery and in the proximal and distal portions of each graft. Resistive indices (RI) were calculated at each measurement point (PSV-EDV/PSV). Statistical analysis was performed with unpaired t test, χ2 test, and multivariate analyses. Results: Twenty infragenicular vein bypass grafts (44%) thrombosed within 12 months. Intraoperative hemodynamic parameters were significantly different between grafts that remained patent or thrombosed. EDV was lower (5 ± 1 cm/s versus 13 ± 3 cm/s; P = .02) and RI was higher (0.90 versus 0.81; P
Kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 replication.

The kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) replication in PK15 cells was examined. During productive infection, viral antigens, RNA transcripts and progeny viruses all increased in a time dependent manner. Viral antigens were observed in a few cells at 18 hour postinfection (h p.i.) and cell-free progeny viruses began to appear at about 30 h p.i. Viral transcripts were detected by 18 h p.i. and the capsid protein RNA of 950 nucleotides (nt) was the most abundant RNA species. Two other RNAs of sizes 750 and 450 nt, derived from the predicted replication associated protein (Rep) gene region, were also detected. These two RNAs share 3' common nucleotide sequences and they are transcribed in the same orientation as the proposed unspliced Rep RNA or the recently described Rep' RNA. The 35 kD capsid protein was observed at 30 h p.i. by Western blot analysis and it appeared to be the most immunodominant protein in swine exposed to PCV2. The capsid proteins of PCV type 1 and PCV2 each contain a nuclear localization signal sequence capable of targeting a reporter protein to the nucleoli of transfected cells when the capsid proteins were expressed as 3' fusion polypeptides. Although previous reports indicated that PCV2 capsid proteins localized predominantly in the nuclei of infected cells, we observed an abundant amount of PCV2 capsid proteins in the cytoplasm of many cells of the infected cultures. The cells that exhibited cytoplasmic capsid proteins also contained virus nucleic acids, indicating that these proteins were synthesized by the infected cells and not through uptake from the culture medium. Elucidation of the changes that affect the localization pattern of PCV2 capsid proteins, nuclear versus cytoplasmic, requires further investigation.
Political Liberalism-Conservatism among Clergy: The Question of Dimensionality

The conclusion by Mann (1970) that unidimensionality of political liberalism exists among groups who are very interested and/or active in the sociopolitical processes was investigated. Two national samples of clergy for the years 1972 and 1978 from six Protestant denominations revealed a high degree of interrelationship among items pertaining to topical issues. In factor analysis, only one significant factor emerged. Unidimensionality of political liberalism-conservatism appears as a reasonable assessment of the positions of these clergy concerning sociopolitical issues.
Activation of the Calcineurin Pathway is Associated With Detrusor Decompensation: A Potential Therapeutic Target

Purpose: We hypothesized that the calcineurin pathway mediated some of the complex remodeling process that allows a bladder subjected to partial outlet obstruction to adapt to its new workload. Atrial natriuretic factor mRNA expression served as a marker of calcineurin activation.Materials and Methods: A total of 16 New Zealand White rabbits underwent surgical creation of partial outlet obstruction, followed by randomization to receive cyclosporin A (20 mg/kg intramuscularly twice daily) or no additional treatment for 14 days. Three animals underwent 2 weeks of partial bladder outlet obstruction followed by bladder biopsy and the reversal of obstruction.Results: Atrial natriuretic factor expression was seen only in bladders with severe hypertrophy and it disappeared with the reversal of outlet obstruction. Cyclosporin A treatment resulted in a decrease in atrial natriuretic factor mRNA expression (p <0.05) and a marked shift in myosin heavy chain A-to-B ratios toward normal (p <0.01) and an increase in sm...
Prevalence and risk of thrombocytopenia with valproic acid : Experience at a psychiatric teaching hospital

Study Objective. To investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of thrombocytopenia in hospitalized patients receiving valproic acid (VPA) for psychiatric indications (excluding epilepsy). Design. Retrospective study. Setting. University-affiliated psychiatric facility. Patients. Two hundred sixty-four patients treated with VPA. Intervention. Data from patients hospitalized between January 1, 1994, and December 31, 1998, who were receiving VPA and had at least one platelet count recorded. Measurements and Main Results. Of 264 VPA-treated patients, 31 (12%) met our criteria for thrombocytopenia. Mild thrombocytopenia (platelet count of 101-150 x 10 3 /mm 3 ) occurred in 25 (9%) patients, and moderate thrombocytopenia (platelet count of 40-100 x 10 3 /mm 3 ) occurred in 6 (2%) patients. Age older than 65 years (p=0.02) and VPA dosage greater than 1000 mg/day (p<0.001) were identified as significant risk factors for developing thrombocytopenia. Conclusion. The estimated prevalence of thrombocytopenia is 12% in the general psychiatric population receiving VPA, with the elderly at greatest risk.
Task Lighting for the Work Surface: The Problem of Reflected Glare

Some of the “qualitative” aspects of task lighting for horizontal work surfaces are examined. By means of graphic and photographic analyses of the cause and effect of reflected glare, the problems associated with the standard strip fluorescent task light fixtures are shown. Today's lighting designer is able to provide improved visibility in work environments through the use of a different concept of light source location using fixtures designed around the new compact fluorescent lamps, introduced in the 1980s.
Soft x‐ray appearance‐potential study of Ti–Ni system

Soft x-ray appearance-potential spectroscopy (SXAPS) probes the binding energies of the core levels and local unoccupied conduction-band states of solid surfaces. This technique has been exploited to study the electronic structure of Ti–Ni alloys of atomic composition TixNi1–x where x = 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0. The measured full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Ti L3 peak systematically decreases with increasing Ni content while the Ni L3 peak shows a corresponding decrease. The binding energies of both constituents shift towards higher energy as a result of Fermi level shift and charge transfer from Ti to Ni. These measurements are in agreement with the common-band model for these alloys.
Student drinking at U.S. college sports events

Alcohol consumption control policies at U.S. intercollegiate sports events, and their association with student drinking, were assessed using data from a 2001 nationally representative survey of students and administrators (n = 7,261 students, N = 117 colleges). Alcohol was available to sports event attendees through in-stadium sales, tailgating parties, and allowing spectators to bring in alcohol. Policies varied by college, with fewer restrictions at large public schools with NCAA Division I athletics. Permitting alcohol at tailgate parties was associated with more students drinking at sports events. Future research should evaluate whether enacting policy restrictions can reduce drinking and related problems at intercollegiate sports events.
Stability of Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8 ±δ Thick Films at Elevated Oxygen Pressures and Temperatures

Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 1}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8{+-}{delta}}-type compound thick films were exposed to oxygen--argon-gas mixtures (1% to 20% oxygen gas) at elevated pressures (up to 207 MPa) and temperatures (500 to 940 C) for times ranging from 5 to 96 h. At a sufficiently high oxygen fugacity and temperature, Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 1}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8{+-}{delta}} decomposed via a solid-state reaction. Room-temperature X-ray diffractometry and electron probe microanalysis of decomposed films revealed the presence of Bi{sub 2}(Sr,Ca){sub 2}-Cu{sub 1}O{sub 6{+-}{omicron}}-type compound, Bi{sub 9}Sr{sub 11}Ca{sub 5}O{sub {Psi}}-type compound, and CuO. Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}Ca{sub 1}Cu{sub 2}O{sub 8{+-}{delta}} decomposition was accompanied by a modest weight gain, which was consistent with an oxidation reaction. The solid-state decomposition reaction could be reversed by heat treatment of decomposed films at 860 C in pure, flowing oxygen at ambient pressure.
Differential Regulation of the PGC Family of Genes in a Mouse Model of Staphylococcus aureus Sepsis

The PGC family of transcriptional co-activators (PGC-1α [Ppargc1a], PGC-1β [Ppargc1b], and PRC [Pprc]) coordinates the upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and Ppargc1a is known to be activated in response to mitochondrial damage in sepsis. Therefore, we postulated that the PGC family is regulated by the innate immune system. We investigated whether mitochondrial biogenesis and PGC gene expression are disrupted in an established model of Staphylococcus aureus sepsis both in mice with impaired innate immune function (TLR2−/− and TLR4−/−) and in wild-type controls. We found an early up-regulation of Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b post-infection (at 6 h) in WT mice, but the expression of both genes was concordantly dysregulated in TLR2−/− mice (no increase at 6 h) and in TLR4−/− mice (amplified at 6 h). However, the third family member, PRC, was regulated differently, and its expression increased significantly at 24 h in all three mouse strains (WT, TLR2−/−, and TLR4−/−). In silico analyses showed that Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b share binding sites for microRNA mmu-mir-202-3p. Thus, miRNA-mediated post-transcriptional mRNA degradation could account for the failure to increase the expression of both genes in TLR2−/− mice. The expression of mmu-mir-202-3p was measured by real-time PCR and found to be significantly increased in TLR2−/− but not in WT or TLR4−/− mice. In addition, it was found that mir-202-3p functionally decreases Ppargc1a mRNA in vitro. Thus, both innate immune signaling through the TLRs and mir-202-3p-mediated mRNA degradation are implicated in the co-regulation of Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b during inflammation. Moreover, the identification of mir-202-3p as a potential factor for Ppargc1a and Ppargc1b repression in acute inflammation may open new avenues for mitochondrial research and, potentially, therapy.
Relative rates of reaction of olefins in combustion with oxygen and in oxidation with aqueous potassium permanganate

With a view to investigating the relative rates of combustion of the olefins, known mixtures of ethylene and propene and of ethylene and isobutene were exploded with oxygen, and the proportion of each olefin remaining unburned was found by analysis of the products. One slow combustion was also made of a mixture of ethylene and isobutene. In every case propene or isobutene burned faster than ethylene. To test their relative ease of oxidation by potassium permanganate, known mixtures of ethylene and isobutene were dissolved in water and oxidized by a deficiency of permanganate. Then the proportion of each olefin unoxidized was found by boiling out the gases and analyzing them. Here again isobutene reacted faster than ethylene. Calculations of the relative rates of reaction based on a formula developed by Francis, Hill, and Johnston are given.
Clinical presentation and survival in a population‐based cohort of infants with gastroschisis in Utah, 1997–2011

Typically gastroschisis is considered an isolated birth defect; however, other major malformations are reported to occur in 5–35% of cases depending on inclusion criteria. This study evaluated the associated malformations, small for gestational age, and survival among a clinically well-characterized population-based gastroschisis cohort, delivered from 1997–2011. We used data from Utah's statewide population-based surveillance system, which monitors major structural birth defects among all pregnancy outcomes (i.e., live births, stillbirths, pregnancy terminations, and miscarriages). Of the initial 387 gastroschisis cases, we excluded 51 (13.2%) for the following reasons: inadequately described or macerated fetuses, part of a specific malformation complex or sequence (limb-body wall complex, amniotic band sequence, or a severe form of abdominoschisis), leaving a study sample of 336 clinically confirmed cases. Gastroschisis was isolated non-syndromic in 284 cases (84.5%). One case was syndromic (trisomy 16; 0.3%) and the remaining 51 (15.2%) were classified as multiple: one unrelated major malformation (27; 52.9%); two or more unrelated major malformation or one major with multiple minor anomalies or mild malformations (6; 11.8%); ≥ one distinctive minor anomaly or mild malformation (13; 25.5%); amyoplasia (5; 1.5%). Of the liveborn infants, 63.3% were preterm (delivered at <37 weeks of gestation) and 21.8% were small for gestational age (SGA). SGA was more common in males (38.8%) than females (16%) (P = 0.008). Overall first year survival was high (95.6%); however, preterm infants with congenital intestinal atresia had the highest mortality (13.8%). The high proportion of isolated cases (84.5%) in gastroschisis is similar to that observed in many other phenotypes and not unique to gastroschisis. Because one in every six infants with gastroschisis had a major unrelated malformation, additional malformations should be sought in every newborn with gastroschisis. Infant mortality was low overall but still a significant concern in affected preterm infants with associated congenital intestinal atresia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Members of Congress and Presentation of Self on the World Wide Web

The Internet has become an important means by which members of Congress communicate with their constituents. Although a number of studies have examined the content and features of congressional Web sites,how members of Congress present themselves on the Web has yet to be addressed.A content analysis of the images displayed on the home pages of 100 senators and 244 House members who served in the 107th Congress reveals two distinct presentations: an "insider" style and an "outsider" style. The results vary, moreover, by chamber, seniority, gender, and race. Within each party, the most significant differences were by gender, with Democratic women the most likely to present themselves as outsiders and Republican women the most likely to present themselves as insiders.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF ELECTRIC ORGAN IN GYMNOTUS CARAPO

The electric organ of G. carapo is formed by linearly arrayed electroplaques which lie in four tubes on each side of the fish. In one tube the electroplaques are innervated on their rostral surfaces, in the others on the caudal. Both surfaces of each electroplaque produce spikes, and either can be excited alone by a suitably oriented externally applied stimulating current. The innervated surface, however, has a lower threshold, and in the normal organ activity, which is a continuous discharge at 35 to 60/sec., it is always fired first by the large neurally evoked postsynaptic potential. The spike of the innervated face then fires the opposite face. The potential recorded external to the innervated face is initially negative and becomes positive when the other face fires. The potential outside the other face is inverted. The p.s.p.'s are electrically inexcitable, have short duration, and are augmented by hyperpolarization. A single electroplaque is innervated by several nerve fibers, which produce summative p.s.p.'s. Homosynaptic facilitation of p.s.p.'s is common. The synapses are cholinoceptive. The organ discharge begins with synchronized activity in the rostrally innervated electroplaques. After a brief interval, the electroplaques in the other three tubes fire. The organ discharge therefore is triphasic, resulting from the summation of the two diphasic components that are oppositely directed and asynchronous. Observations on the sensory role of the organ are included.
Socio-economic and health access determinants of breast and cervical cancer screening in low-income countries: analysis of the World Health Survey.

Background Breast and Cervical cancer are the two most common cancers among women in developing countries. Regular screening is the most effective way of ensuring that these cancers are detected at early stages; however few studies have assessed factors that predict cancer screening in developing countries. Purpose To assess the influence of household socio-economic status (SES), healthcare access and country level characteristics on breast and cervical cancer screening among women in developing countries. Methods Women ages 18–69 years (cervical cancer screening) and 40–69 years (breast cancer screening) from 15 developing countries who participated in the 2003 World Health Survey provided data for this study. Household SES and healthcare access was assessed based on self-reported survey responses. SAS survey procedures (SAS, Version 9.2) were used to assess determinants of breast and cervical cancer screening in separate models. Results 4.1% of women ages 18–69 years had received cervical cancer screening in the past three years, while only 2.2% of women ages 40–69 years had received breast cancer screening in the past 5 years in developing countries. Cancer screening rates varied by country; cervical cancer screening ranged from 1.1% in Bangladesh to 57.6% in Congo and breast cancer screening ranged from 0% in Mali to 26% in Congo. Significant determinants of cancer screening were household SES, rural residence, country health expenditure (as a percent of GDP) as well as healthcare access. Discussion A lot more needs to be done to improve screening rates for breast and cervical cancer in developing countries, such as increasing health expenditure (especially in rural areas), applying the increased funds towards the provision of more, better educated health providers as well as improved infrastructure.
Prolonged survival of scavenger receptor class A-deficient mice from pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

The present study tested the hypothesis that the scavenger receptor SR-A modulates granuloma formation in response to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). To test this hypothesis, we monitored survival and histopathology in WT and SR-A-deficient mice following aerosol infection with MTB Rv. SR-A-deficient (SR-A-/-) mice infected with MTB survived significantly longer than WT mice; the mean survival of SR-A-/- mice exceeded 430 days compared to 230 days for WT mice. Early granuloma formation was not impaired in SR-A-/- mice. The extended survival of SR-A-/- mice was associated with 13- and 3-fold higher number of CD4+ lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells in SR-A-/- lungs compared to WT mice 280 after infection. The histopathology of chronically infected SR-A-/- lungs, however, was marked by abundant cholesterol clefts in parenchymal lesions containing infection in multinucleated giant cells. The present study indicates SR-A as a candidate gene of the innate immune system influencing the chronic phase of M. tuberculosis infection.
A large-scale quantitative study of women in computer science at Stanford University

In this paper, we analyze gender dynamics in the undergraduate Computer Science program at Stanford University through a quantitative analysis of 7209 academic transcripts and 536 survey responses. We examine previously studied effects as well as present new findings. We also introduce Fisher's Noncentral Hypergeometric Distribution as a model for estimating the impact of program changes on underrepresented populations and explain why it is a more robust measure than changes in the percentage of minority participants.
Connecting the nucleus to the cytoskeleton by SUN-KASH bridges across the nuclear envelope.

The nuclear–cytoskeleton connection influences many aspects of cellular architecture, including nuclear positioning, the stiffness of the global cytoskeleton, and mechanotransduction. Central to all of these processes is the assembly and function of conserved SUN–KASH bridges, or LINC complexes, that span the nuclear envelope. Recent studies provide details of the higher order assembly and targeting of SUN proteins to the inner nuclear membrane. Structural studies characterize SUN–KASH interactions that form the central link of the nuclear-envelope bridge. KASH proteins at the outer nuclear membrane link the nuclear envelope to the cytoskeleton where forces are generated to move nuclei. Significantly, SUN proteins were recently shown to contribute to the progression of laminopathies.
rLOAD: does sex mediate the effect of acute antiplatelet loading on stroke outcome.

Background: Biologic sex can influence response to pharmacologic therapy. The purpose of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the medicating effects of estrogen in the efficacy of acute antiplatelet loading therapy on stroke outcome in the rabbit small clot embolic model. Methods: Female and male (20/group) New Zealand White rabbits were embolized to produce embolic stroke by injecting small blood clots into the middle cerebral artery via an internal carotid artery catheter. Two hours after embolization, rabbits were treated with standard dose antiplatelet loading (aspirin 10 mg/kg plus clopidogrel 10 mg/kg). Primary outcome measures were platelet inhibition, behavioral outcome P50 (the weight of microclots (mg) that produces neurologic dysfunction in 50% of a group of animals), and effect of endogenous estrogen on outcome. Results: For the first time in a non-rodent model of stroke, it was found that higher endogenous estrogen levels resulted in significantly better behavioral outcome in female subjects (rs �0.70, p< 0.011). Platelet inhibition in response to collagen, arachidonic acid, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) was not significantly different in females with higher vs. lower estrogen levels. Conclusions: Behavioral outcomes are improved with females with higher endogenous estrogen levels treated with standard dose antiplatelet loading. This is the first non-rodent study to demonstrate that higher endogenous estrogen levels in female rabbits appear to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke. This research supports the further study of the effect of endogenous estrogen levels on outcome with standard dose antiplatelet loading in stroke patients not eligible for revascularization therapies.