cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium signaling and neuropeptide secretion in the expulsion step of the Caenorhabditis elegans defecation motor program (1129.6)

A periodic posterior to anterior intestinal calcium wave initiates the defecation motor program of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). innexin-16 (inx-16) encodes an intestinal pannexin gap junction subunit. inx-16 mutants have faulty calcium waves and mostly lack the expulsion step of the motor program. Our work investigates how these defective calcium waves result in loss of expulsion. The anterior-ventral neuron L (AVL) and dorsal-ventral neuron B (DVB) are responsible for expulsion through a two-step signaling process. An intestinal neuropeptide-like protein, NLP-40, activates AVL and DVB which in turn release neurotransmitters to stimulate expulsion. NLP-40 release likely depends on intestinal calcium flux, as vesicular localization of NLP-40 requires synaptotagmin-2. We propose that the expulsion defects in the inx-16 mutant are due to improper NLP-40 release. To establish if inx-16’s AVL and DVB neurons are functional, we used optogenetic methods. Activation of a light-gated ion channel channelrho...
A estranha carreira do imigrante ilegal: restrições à imigração e política de deportação nos Estados Unidos, 1921-1965

The United States Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924 established numerical restrictions for the first time, which made illegal immigration the central problem of U.S. immigration-law enforcement. This article examines the advent of illegal immigration as a mass phenomenon and the development of administrative-law policies to identify, apprehend, and deport illegal aliens, as well as reforms that enabled some illegal aliens to legalize their status. It examines illegal immigrants from Europe and Mexico and how policies towards each group diverged, creating different short and long-term consequences for their respective racial status, legal standing, and social legitimacy. The article argues that these racialized trajectories did not result entirely from existing racism but were in the main generated by administrative-legal distinctions between criminal aliens and unlawful-border crossers that selectively made and unmade (?) illegal aliens (?).
Fermentation of n -Paraffins by Yeast:Part II. α-Ketoglutarate Productivity of Candida lipolytica in Various Culture Media

Nutritional requirement of Candida lipolytica AJ 5004 and its productivity of α-ketoglutarate were further studied.It became clear that this yeast required only thiamine as grown factor, and even if the yeast was cultured in chemically defined medium containing adequate amount of thiamine, it was able to produce as high yield of α-ketoglutarate as in the medium containing 0.02% of corn steep liquor.It was also shown that the rate of convertion of n-paraffin to α-ketoglutarate gradually increased as the concentration of n-paraffins was decreased or as the incubation time was prolonged. A very high rate of conversion, 71%, was obtained after prolonged culture, for 5 days, with a culture medium containing 8% of n-paraffins.The productivity of α-ketoglutarate from C9- to C20-alkanes by the yeast was maximum in the range from C15 to C19, especially from C17 to C19.
Clinical and laboratory features distinguishing juvenile polymyositis and muscular dystrophy.

Objective To differentiate juvenile polymyositis (PM) and muscular dystrophy, both of which may present with chronic muscle weakness and inflammation. Methods We studied 39 patients with probable or definite juvenile PM and 9 patients with muscular dystrophies who were initially misdiagnosed as having juvenile PM. Differences in demographic, clinical, and laboratory results; outcomes; and treatment responses were evaluated by Fisher's exact and rank sum tests. Random forests classification analysis and logistic regression were performed to examine significant differences in multivariable models. Results Clinical features and serum muscle enzyme levels were similar between juvenile PM and dystrophy patients, except 89% of dystrophy patients had muscle atrophy compared with 46% of juvenile PM patients. Dystrophy patients had a longer delay to diagnosis (median 12 versus 4 months) and were less frequently hospitalized than juvenile PM patients (22% versus 74%). No dystrophy patients, but 54% of juvenile PM patients, had a myositis autoantibody. Dystrophy patients more frequently had myopathic features on muscle biopsy, including diffuse variation of myofiber size, fiber hypertrophy, and myofiber fibrosis (44–100% versus 8–53%). Juvenile PM patients more frequently had complex repetitive discharges on electromyography and a complete response to treatment with prednisone or other immunosuppressive agents than dystrophy patients (44% versus 0%). Random forests analysis revealed that the most important features in distinguishing juvenile PM from dystrophies were myositis autoantibodies, clinical muscle atrophy, and myofiber size variation on biopsy. Logistic regression confirmed muscle atrophy, myofiber fibrosis, and hospitalization as significant predictors. Conclusion Muscular dystrophy can present similarly to juvenile PM. Selected clinical and laboratory features are helpful in combination in distinguishing these conditions.
Alterations of small intestine motility by bacteria and their enterotoxins

The sections in this article are: 1 Historical Background and Animal Model 2 Migrating Action-Potential Complex (Mapc) 2.1 Cholera toxin 2.2 Choleragen and Choleragenoid 2.3 Historical Background of MAPC 2.4 Association of MAPC With Prostaglandins 2.5 Relationship of Enteric Nervous System With MAPC 2.6 Mapc In Vitro 2.7 Other Substances that Stimulate MAPC 2.8 Control Mechanisms of MAPC 2.9 Questions for the Future 3 Repetitive Bursts of Action Potentials 3.1 Invasive Escherichia coli 3.2 Shigella dysenteriae 1 and Purified Enterotoxin From Strain 60R 3.3 Clostridium perfringens A Enterotoxin 3.4 Clostridium difficile 3.5 Heat-Stable Toxins From Escherichia coli 3.6 Campylobacter jejuni 3.7 Summary 4 Bacterial Overgrowth of Small Intestine 4.1 Mechanisms of Diarrhea 4.2 Questions for the Future 5 Summary
Nature’s Matrix: Linking Agriculture, Conservation and Food Sovereignty

1. Matrix Matters: An Overview 2. The Ecological Argument 3. The Agricultural Matrix 4. The Broad Social Context for Understanding Biodiversity, Conservation and Agriculture 5. Coffee, Cacao and Food Crops: Case Studies of Agriculture and Biodiversity 6. The New Paradigm References Index
De Facto Families and De Jure Households in Ondo

In the Yoruba kingdom of Ondo,2 households are conceptualized as special social units, and they form distinct social groupings. In contrast, families are given only a limited recognition, at best and they form distinct social groups only in limited contexts. Comparable situations are readily found in the ethnographic literature.
Diffractive Endoscope for Real-time Ultrahigh-resolution Volumetric OCT Imaging at 800 nm

We presented a new OCT endoscope design for ultrahigh-resolution 3D imaging at 800nm by using a diffractive microlens for chromatic aberration management. The performance of the OCT imaging catheter was demonstrated by in vivo experiments
THE EFFECT OF ANESTHESIA ON THE RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF THE COXOFEMORAL JOINTS

The effect of anesthesia on the radiographic appearance of the coxofemoral joints was evaluated by taking pelvic radiographs of thirty dogs. Each dog was radiographed twice, once under general anesthesia and once without anesthesia. The radiographs were submitted to the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals independently of one another to be evaluated for signs of hip dysplasia. Results suggest there was no statistical difference between the two groups of dogs. Twenty five dogs received the same reading. Three dogs received readings that were worse by one grade while under anesthesia and two dogs received readings that were one grade better while under anesthesia. This study failed to demonstrate any changes due to anesthesia on the radiographic appearance of the coxofemoral joints. Anesthesia may, however, be beneficial for proper positioning and to decrease unnecessary patient, and personnel exposure to radiation.
Muon capture in certain light nuclei

The rates of the muon capture reactions: µ+23He→13+v, µ−+36Li→26He+v, µ−+612C→512B+v, with the daughter nuclei formed in their ground states, are calculated assuming ≪ universality ≫ between muon-bare nucleon and electron-bare nucleon coupling constants. The ≪ induced ≫ pseudoscalar interaction and the additional terms arising from the assumption of a ≪ conserved vector current ≫ are included in the muon-nucleon effective Hamiltonian. The ratios of the nuclear matrix elements for the muon captures and for the corresponding s-decays are first estimated in an approximately ≪ model independent ≫ fashion using appropriate nuclear proton density distribution functions and then evaluated in more detail on the basis of variational trial wave functions for23He,13H, and of LS coupling andjj coupling shell model wave functions (with configuration mixing) for36Li,26He, and612C,512B, respectively. The calculated capture rate for µ−+612C →512B+v is in agreement with experiment — experiments however are not yet available in the other two cases.
Isolation and ultrastructure of nucleoli altered in vivo.

Abstract Nucleoli with characteristic morphological abnormalities induced by selected carcinogens and antimetabolites can be isolated from small quantities of rat liver in a form which closely resembles their in situ appearance. Segregation of the nucleolus does not render it more susceptible to fragmentation by sonic isolation. This observation and the related technique not only offer a useful method for ultrastructural study of large numbers of nucleoli in ultrathin sections but also indicate that metabolic studies on isolated nucleoli with experimentally induced morphological abnormalities are reasonably representative of the abnormality as it exists in situ .
Infrared evidence for similar metal-dioxygen bonding in iron and cobalt oxyhemoglobins.

Abstract The nature of the binding of O 2 to cobalt and to iron in reconstituted hemoglobins was compared by infrared spectroscopy. The proteins were obtained from globin of human hemoglobin A and iron(II) or cobalt(II) deuteroporphyrin IX. Infrared bands for bound O 2 appeared at 1106 and 1105 cm −1 for the iron and cobalt species respectively. These data thus provide direct evidence of strikingly similar bent end-on metal-dioxygen bonding ( ) for the two metals.
Flameless Atomic Absorption Gas Chromatography

Abstract A flameless atom reservoir and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer have been used as A detector system for A gas liquid chromatograph. This flameless atomic absorption gas chromatograph permits high sensitivity element specific analysis for the volatile compounds of many elements including metals.
Differential Effects of Short Photoperiod on the Release of Progesterone and Testosterone by Hamster Testes In Vitro

Suppression of testicular activity in hamsters and voles exposed to constant darkness or short photoperiod is associated with reduced ability of the testes to convert C21 steroid precursors to C19 androgens. In the present study, we have examined the time course of changes in testicular secretion of progesterone and testosterone in vitro in adult male golden hamsters exposed to short photoperiod. Gradual decrease in testicular weight after 1, 2, and 3 months of exposure to short photoperiod was accompanied by significant increase in the amount of progesterone released per milligram of testicular tissue in response to gonadotropin stimulation. In contrast, testosterone response to gonadotropic stimulus progressively decreased. These results suggest that photoperiod-related gonadal atrophy may be accompanied by reduced activity of the 17 α-hydroxylase: C17,20-lyase enzyme complex in the testes, and that seasonal transitions between the states of reproductive activity and quiescence involve changes in both t...
Leadership and Imitation in Children

Data from 4 previously reported studies were reanalyzed to assess the influence of children's leadership status on imitation. In contrast to the literature on observer characteristics and imitation, leaders generally imitated more than non-leaders. This finding is discussed in reference to a proactive model of imitative behavior.
An observer-blinded, prospective, randomized comparison of forceps for endoscopic esophageal biopsy.

Abstract Background: The designs of 2 new biopsy forceps attempt to address the difficulty of obtaining esophageal biopsy specimens. The angled design is a modified version of currently used straight forceps. The lateral cup forceps has a straight shaft with a bullet-shaped cuffing head for a tangential approach. Methods: Seventy-five patients were enrolled in a prospective study in which 3 different forceps were compared in random order: a reusable straight-shaft spiked forceps, a reusable angled-shaft spiked forceps, and a disposable lateral cup forceps. Two biopsy specimens were obtained with each device per patient. Two pathologists, blinded as to forceps used, graded the tissue samples for size, histologic depth, shear artifact, crush artifact, and adequacy for diagnosis. Data were compared by using multivariate analysis of variance and Scheffe's method. Results: Analysis of variance showed overall differences in specimen size, histologic depth score, and diagnostic adequacy ( p p = 0.459) or shear artifacts ( p = 0.243). Pair-wise comparisons demonstrated that tissue samples obtained with the straight forceps were larger ( p = 0.020) and deeper ( p = 0.040) than the angled forceps. These 2 designs were similar in terms of diagnostic adequacy. Biopsy specimens obtained with the straight forceps were larger ( p p p = 0.020, p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusions: The reusable straight-shaft spiked forceps provides larger and deeper esophageal biopsy specimens than either the angled or lateral cup forceps. The angled forceps provides specimens of similar adequacy for diagnosis compared with the straight forceps. The lateral cup forceps should not be used in the esophagus. (Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:192-6.)
Scattering of Ultrasonic Wave by Cracks in a Plate

A hybrid numerical method combining finite elements and the boundary integral representation is used to investigate the transient scattering of ultrasonic waves by a crack in a plate. The incident wave models the guided waves generated by a steel ball impact on the plate. Two surface-breaking cracks and one subsurface crack are studied here. The results show that the location and depth of cracks have measurable effects on the surface responses in time and frequency domains. Also, the scattered fields have distinct differences in the three cases.
Are we Consistent in Administering and Scoring the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II?

A pilot examination of interscorer reliability was conducted to assess consistent practice among examiners administering and scoring the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition (BSID-II). This study reports the percentage of agreement obtained by 10 highly trained examiners scoring videotaped administrations of 29 children aged 12 to 39 months who completed the BSID-II Mental Scale. Mental Developmental Index (MDI) scores were initially analyzed for overall agreement followed by item analysis to identify specific discrepancies. Sixty items (107 to 166), each administered to seven or more children, were included in the analysis. Agreement was generally high (90% or above consensus); however, 23% of the items were below 90%. Although replication with a larger sample size is necessary, our clinical experience suggests that the variability for those items is not due to chance and can be reduced. Recommendations to reduce potential variability for those items are provided. This information has impli...
Ontogeny of striking, prey-handling and envenomation behavior of prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus v. viridis)

The ontogeny of striking, prey-handling and envenomation behavior was studied in the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus v. viridis). Snakes of three size classes (small, medium, large) were allowed to strike and envenomate deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) of corresponding size. The mass of venom expended in a single strike, assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of whole-mouse homogenates, increased exponentially with length of the snake. Small snakes embedded their fangs in prey for a longer duration than larger snakes. Mice were always struck and released, regardless of snake or prey size. Latency to immobilization was similar for mice envenomated by medium and large snakes; small mice struck by small snakes were not mobile. Latency to death and death rate (latency to death divided by mass of mouse) were greater for mice envenomated by small snakes as compared to medium and large snakes. These findings further clarify the ontogenetic and functional relationships between venom, morphology, diet and behavior. They also illustrate how behavior may be modified to maximize envenomation and feeding success.
Two-Laser Heterodyne Metrology for a Separated Spacecraft Interferometer

The proposed New Millennium Interferometer consists of three spacecraft separated by up to several kilometers. A heterodyne laser metrology system is proposed to measure the relative distances between the spacecraft. Because diffraction losses for a round-trip measurement are prohibitively large, a two-laser metrology system has been suggested in which each spacecraft has both a laser and a receiver. The system has been successfully demonstrated with a one meter baseline and verified by a conventional single- laser system in a laboratory experiment. The precision was limited by thermal effects in the room environment for time scales greater than one minute. The single-laser system obtained a precision of 3 nm for integration times up to 0.5 seconds. The two-laser system obtained a precision of 20 and was limited by self-interference and electronics noise. The resolution of the two-laser metrology system was (lambda) 30.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Conditions for generation of fire‐related debris flows, Capulin Canyon, New Mexico

ComparisonoftheresponsesofthreedrainagebasinsburnedbytheDomefireof1996inNewMexicoisusedtoidentifythe hillslope,channelandfirecharacteristicsthatindicateasusceptibilityspecificallytowildfire-relateddebrisflow.Summer thunderstorms generated three distinct erosive responses from each of three basins. The Capulin Canyon basin showed widespreaderosivesheetwashandrillingfromhillslopes,andseverefloodingoccurredinthechannel;theNorthTributary basin exhibited extensive erosion of the mineral soil to a depth of 5 cm and downslope movement of up to boulder-sized material,andatleastonedebrisflowoccurredinthechannel;negligiblesurfacerunoffwasobservedintheSouthTributary basin.ThenegligiblesurfacerunoffobservedintheSouthTributarybasinisattributedtothelimitedextent andseverityof the fire in that basin. The factors that best distinguish between debris-flow producing and flood-producing drainages are drainage basin morphology and lithology. A rugged drainage basin morphology, an average 12 per cent channel gradient, andsteep,roughhillslopescoupledwithcolluviumandsoilweatheredfromvolcaniclasticandvolcanicrockspromotedthe generation of debris flows. A less rugged basin morphology, an average gradient of 5 per cent, and long, smooth slopes mantled with pumice promoted flooding. Flood and debris-flow responses were produced without the presence of waterrepellentsoils.Thecontinuityandseverityoftheburnmosaic,theconditionoftheriparianvegetation,theconditionofthe fibrous root mat, accumulations of dry ravel and colluvial material in the channel and on hillslopes, and past debris-flow activity,appearedtohavelittlebearingonthedistinctiveresponsesofthebasins.Publishedin2000byJohnWiley&Sons, Ltd.
A Climatology of the Aleutian High

Abstract Three global datasets are used to investigate climatological properties of the high pressure system commonly found in the boreal winter stratosphere over the Aleutian Islands. Based on a detailed examination of 10 years (1985–1994) of data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in the layer 250−10 hpa, the following definition of the “Aleutian High” is proposed: 1) 10-hPa heights exceeding 30.8 km in the sector 40°–80°N, 120°E–100°W, 2) during 1 October–31 March, 3) with areal extent greater than 50° long × 10° lat., 4) with relative vorticity of less than −2.5 × 10−5 s−1, and 5) lasting at least 5 days. More than 60% of days during December, January, and February satisfied these criteria. The 711 total days were averaged together, yielding an Aleutian High Composite (AHC). These ECMWF dates are used to create an AHC with data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (formerly the National Meteorological Center.) The definition is applied (with slight modificati...
A study of the polarographic reduction of the acridizinium and phenanthridizinium ions

The properties of acridizinium and phenanthridizinium at the dropping mercury electrode have been investigated, and a mechanism for reduction is proposed. Acridizinium is reduced in two one-electron stages at potentials of −0.807 volts and −1.022 volts in acid and neutral solutions, these values being independent of pH. In basic solution, these two reduction steps disappear and two other waves appear at potentials of approximately −1.5 volts and −2.1 volts (vs. saturated calomel electrode). This change in polarographic behavior has been linked with “pseudo-base” formation. Phenanthridizinium is reduced in a single two-electron step with a measured half-wave potential of −1.202 volts. The reduction potential is independent of pH.
Discriminative conditioning of prism adaptation

Two experiments were used to demonstrate that adaptation to ll-deg prism displacement can be conditioned to the stimuli associated with the goggles in which the prisms are housed. In Experiment 1 it was found that repeated alternation between a series of target-pointing responses while wearing prism goggles and a series of responses without prism goggles led to larger adaptive shift when S was tested with nondisplacing goggles than when tested without goggles. The results of Experiment 2 indicated that the adaptation revealed in the first experiment was primarily proprioceptive, rather than visual. Surprisingly, most Ss reported greater difficulty during the exposure period in overcoming the negative aftereffect than they did the prism-induced error.
Investigation of crystal quality and surface morphology of ZnTe:N epilayers grown on ZnTe and GaSb substrates

Abstract We investigate the crystal quality of ZnTe:N epilayers grown on ZnTe and GaSb substrates under various growth conditions using atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction. Due to superior crystal quality, epilayers grown on GaSb substrates were of higher quality than those grown on ZnTe substrates. Hillocks, observed on the surfaces of ZnTe:N/ZnTe superlattice epilayers on ZnTe substrates, are the result of Te {111} fault planes emanating from the substrate and sets of Zn {111} twin planes originating at the superlattice interface. The number of dislocations at the GaSb substrate/buffer interface and corresponding ZnTe:N epilayer was significantly less than those grown on the ZnTe substrates.
Mechanism requirements for a real-time image-processing language

Abstract This paper discusses issues in real-time image-processing, including applications, approaches, and hardware. In particular, the failure of existing programming languages to support these considerations, and present requirements for any language that can support real-time image-processing are discussed.
A Current Approach to Statin Intolerance

Statins are the first-line pharmacotherapy for cholesterol reduction. Use of these drugs in large randomized clinical trials has consistently shown significant reductions in major vascular events, including death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary revascularization. The updated guidelines for the treatment of high blood cholesterol from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), will lead to an increase in the number of patients taking statins. Hence, the number of cases of statin intolerance may subsequently increase, emphasizing the need to understand and treat this important problem. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014); 96 1, 74–80. doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.84
Harnessing the Fcμ Receptor for Potent and Selective Cytotoxic Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy in need of new, effective, and safe therapies. The recently identified IgM receptor FcμR is overexpressed on malignant B cells in CLL and mediates the rapid internalization and lysosomal shuttling of IgM via its Fc fragment (Fcμ). To exploit this internalization and trafficking pathway for targeted drug delivery, we engineered an IgM-derived protein scaffold (Fcμ) and linked it with the cytotoxic agent monomethylauristatin F. This Fcμ-drug conjugate was selectively toxic for FcμR-expressing cell lines in vitro and for CLL cells but not autologous normal T cells ex vivo. Notably, the cytotoxic activity of the Fcμ-drug conjugate was maintained in CLL cells carrying a 17p deletion, which predicts resistance to standard chemotherapy. Next, we tested the possible therapeutic application of the Fcμ-drug conjugate in immunodeficient NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγ(null) (NSG) mice engrafted with peripheral blood cells from patients with leukemia. Three intravenous injections of the Fcμ-drug conjugate over a 10-day period were well tolerated and selectively killed the human CLL cells but not the coengrafted autologous human T cells. In summary, we developed a novel strategy for targeted cytotoxic therapy of CLL based on the unique properties of FcμR. FcμR-targeted drug delivery showed potent and specific therapeutic activity in CLL, thus providing proof of concept for FcμR as a valuable therapeutic target in CLL and for IgM-based antibody-drug conjugates as a new targeting platform.
A model of pattern formation based on signaling pathways.

A model of pattern formation in the early embryo is presented. It is motivated by the necessary interaction of kinases and phosphatases, and in particular by the family of Wnt kinase and RPTP phosphatase signaling pathways. It is seen as complementary to the more short-range patterning of the Delta/Notch (or juxtacrine) signaling pathway.
Parathion toxicity in perinatal rats exposed in utero

Abstract Adult pregnant female rats were exposed to subchronic doses of parathion throughout gestation and lactation. Their offspring were examined for possible toxicological effects. This study found that several physiological parameters were affected. Female perinates exhibited a significant reduction in plasma cholinesterase (pseudo ChE) activity. Plasma renin activity was reduced with increased dose of parathion in both male and female perinates. Heart rate, QRS complex duration, S-T and P-R intervals were all reduced in the perinates. The results of this study indicated that physiological function can be altered by organophsophate exposure at levels lower than those required to show pseudo ChE inhibition.
Thermal Conductivity of II-VI Compounds and Phonon Scattering by Fe 2 + Impurities

The thermal conductivities $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of over twenty different single crystals of synthetic ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, CdTe, and of natural, cubic ZnS have been measured from temperatures of 3 to 300 K. The results for the undoped crystals above 30 K can be scaled using the parameter $\overline{M}\ensuremath{\delta}{\ensuremath{\Theta}}^{3}$, where $\overline{M}$, $\ensuremath{\delta}$, and $\ensuremath{\Theta}$ are the average mass, interatomic spacing, and Debye temperature, respectively. A comparison of these results with those in the literature for BeO, CdS, CdSe, HgSe, HgTe, Si, Ge, GaAs, and InSb show that the same scaling parameter applies for most of them. The compounds HgSe and HgTe exhibit anomalously low $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ values. Crystals doped with ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ show a resonant-type one-phonon scattering from the five low-lying energy levels of this $3{d}^{6}$ ion. Group theory shows that the strongest scattering occurs for phonons of energy $2\ensuremath{\Delta}$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is the interlevel spacing of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{2+}$ ion.
Fish Populations in Relation to Dissolved Oxygen in the Wisconsin River

Abstract Fish populations were sampled with an electroshocker, fyke nets, and small-mesh seine in a 309-km section of the upper Wisconsin River, where average summer dissolved oxygen concentrations at various sites ranged from less than 2 to more than 8 mg/liter. Percent sport fish, percent walleyes and yellow perch, percent Centrarchidae, number of fish species, and number of species of sport fish were all greater at sites where the average summer dissolved oxygen concentration exceeded 5 mg/liter than at sites where it was less. The results indicate that reduction of biological oxygen demand in waste effluents would benefit the sport fishery.
The glutathione-S-transferase Mu 1 null genotype modulates ozone-induced airway inflammation in human subjects.

Background The glutathione-S-transferase Mu 1 ( GSTM1 ) null genotype has been reported to be a risk factor for acute respiratory disease associated with increases in ambient air ozone levels. Ozone is known to cause an immediate decrease in lung function and increased airway inflammation. However, it is not known whether GSTM1 modulates these ozone responses in vivo in human subjects. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the GSTM1 null genotype modulates ozone responses in human subjects. Methods Thirty-five healthy volunteers were genotyped for the GSTM1 null mutation and underwent a standard ozone exposure protocol to determine whether lung function and inflammatory responses to ozone were different between the 19 GSTM1 wild type and 16 GSTM1 null volunteers. Results GSTM1 did not modulate lung function responses to acute ozone. Granulocyte influx 4 hours after challenge was similar between GSTM1 normal and null volunteers. However, GSTM1 null volunteers had significantly increased airway neutrophils 24 hours after challenge, as well as increased expression of HLA-DR on airway macrophages and dendritic cells. Conclusion The GSTM1 null genotype is associated with increased airways inflammation 24 hours after ozone exposure, which is consistent with the lag time observed between increased ambient air ozone exposure and exacerbations of lung disease.
Diffuse shear banded zones of blends of polystyrene and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)

The formation, mechanical properties, thermal characteristics, and density of diffuse shear banded zones of polystyrene, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO), and their miscible blends were studied. A significant increase in density of 0.2 to 0.3 percent was found for the diffuse shear banded zones. Differential scanning calorimetry results revealed a volume recovery process that occurs below Tg for the diffuse shear banded zones. The post-yield-stress drop, anelastic shear strain within the zone, and anelastic tensile strain were all found to decrease with increasing PPO content in an identical manner. The sharp shear band to diffuse shear banded zone transition was related to chain mobility, molecular packing, and free energy as manifested in the post-yield-stress drop. The decrease in anelastic shear strain with increasing PPO content for the blends is possibly related to the beta transition and length between entanglements.
Infections Associated with Health-care Personnel: Vaccine-preventable Diseases and Bloodborne Pathogens.

Health-care personnel (HCP) are at risk for infection from occupational exposure, and can transmit infectious pathogens to patients and other personnel. The risk of disease acquisition depends on factors including the virulence of the causative organism, the mode of pathogen transmission, and the immune competency of the exposed individual. This article reviews the management of occupational exposure, infection, and strategies for the prevention of transmission of selected vaccine-preventable diseases (varicella zoster virus, influenza, pertussis) and bloodborne pathogens (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus). Recommended strategies include surveillance, vaccination, infection control measures, and postexposure prophylaxis. Improved detection, management, and prevention strategies are needed to reduce the risk of transmission of infection to HCP.
Intrathyroid Parathyroid Adenoma in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Can It Be Predicted Preoperatively?

The role of cervical ultrasonography (US)-guided surgery for intrathyroid parathyroid adenoma in primary hyperparathyroidism is rarely reported. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of cervical US in identifying this entity. From 1996 to 2003, cervical explorations were performed in 178 patients (mean age 57 years) with primary hyperparathyroidism. High-resolution cervical US was performed in all of the patients. Patients’ characteristics were reviewed to identify predictive factors for intrathyroid adenoma. Cervical US identified abnormal parathyroid glands in 163 of 178 patients, with a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. Six patients (3.4%) were found to have intrathyroid parathyroid adenomas (two in the superior parathyroid and four in the inferior parathyroid). Cervical US predicted this anomaly in four of six patients (67%) in whom the thyroid gland was not nodular and allowed total enucleation of the adenoma to be performed in three and subtotal thyroid loboisthmectomy in three; these operations were performed uneventfully and rapidly. The PPV in this anomaly was 80%. Thirteen patients required postoperative calcium supplementation for 2 to 4 months, and all were normocalcemic at the time of the last clinic visit, with follow-up varying from 12 to 96 months. On multivariable analysis, no factor predicted intrathyroid localization of parathyroid adenoma. The PPV of high-resolution cervical US for identifying an abnormal parathyroid gland was 100% in this series. It was 80% for predicting intrathyroid localization of the adenoma. This method allows us to shorten the operating time by guiding the exploration immediately toward the thyroid gland.
Nonoscillatory solutions of higher order delay equations

where f is a continuous real valued function for f > 0 and x E R such that f(t, x) is nondecreasing in x for fixed t, and xf(t, x) > 0 if x # 0. The delay function g(t) is continuous and satisfies g(t) to in that it satisfies for r>, t, x(t)x”‘(t) > 0 for i = 0, l,..., I, and (-1)“’ ‘x(t)x”‘(t) < 0, i = 1 + 1, I + 2 ,..., n.
Second-harmonic generation in SiC polytypes

A first-principles study of the frequency-dependent second-harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients of various SiC polytypes $(2H$, $4H$, $15R$, $6H$, and $3C)$, a group spanning the complete range of ``hexagonality,'' was carried out. It uses a recently developed computational approach based on the self-consistent linear muffin-tin orbital band-structure method, which is applied using the local-density approximation to density-functional theory with a simple a posteriori gap correction. The susceptibilies are obtained in the independent-particle approximation, i.e., without local-field effects. The zero-frequency limits of the ratio ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{333}^{(2)}/{\ensuremath{\chi}}_{311}^{(2)}$ for the noncubic polytypes were found to be in excellent agreement with those obtained by the pseudopotential method (and in disagreement with simple geometric predictions), while the magnitudes of the individual components themselves were found to be smaller than the values earlier calculated. The spectral features of the full ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{(2)}(\ensuremath{-}2\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\omega})$ for $2H$ are found to differ markedly from those of the other polytypes. The spectra in the series of decreasing degree of hexagonality $(4H$, $15R$, and $6H)$ gradually approach those for the zinc-blende $(3C)$ form. The independent tensorial components appearing in the rhombohedral but not in the hexagonal forms are found to be about a factor 6 smaller than the other ones. An analysis of the SHG spectra in terms of $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and $2\ensuremath{\omega}$ resonances and individual band-to-band contributions is presented. It is suggested that second-harmonic generation spectra have an advantage over linear optical spectra for probing the electronic structure, particularly for the region within a few eV of the band edges in that they exhibit more detailed fine structure. That results from the sign variations in the products of matrix elements occurring in the SHG.
Neonatal Movement Disorders

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Delineate the characteristics that differentiate hyperkinetic neonatal movement disorders from neonatal seizures. 2. Describe the primary characteristics of and treatment for hyperekplexia. 3. Explain the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and movement disorders in neonates. 4. Describe the primary ocular movement disorders in neonates. Neonates often exhibit paroxysmal behaviors that are nonepileptic in nature, such as oral-buccal-lingual movements, pedaling, stepping, and rotatory arm movements. The electroencephalogram (EEG) is of particular value for distinguishing these nonepileptic behaviors from subtle seizures. EEG and video-EEG studies in such movement disorders do not exhibit seizure discharges during the events. This distinction is important because nonepileptic events do not require treatment with anticonvulsants. Although the absence of surface ictal activity does not exclude entirely the possibility of seizures arising from deeper structures, it generally is accepted that these disorders are not epileptic. For the purposes of this review, we include common nonepileptic paroxysmal (episodic) movements that occur from birth to early infancy (onset between birth and 3 months of age). Many of these movement disorders may persist during infancy or early childhood. We do not discuss more persistent motor problems, such as spasticity, hypotonia, or myotonia. Also, disorders that occur after 3 months of age are not included. We have classified the movement disorders into two major categories: 1) hyperkinetic movements and 2) dystonic or extrapyramidal type of movements. Because the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying neonatal movement disorders often are unknown, they are categorized on the basis of phenomenology, rather than presumed cause. Some of these disorders may have overlapping symptomatology. A third category encompasses “ocular movement disorders.” ### Jitteriness of the Newborn Jitteriness may be due to many factors, including metabolic disturbance, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, drug withdrawal, hypoglycemia, and hypocalcemia. Although jitteriness may be mistaken for neonatal seizures, a distinguishing feature of jitteriness is that the …
Idiosyncratic Risk and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns: Merton (1987) Meets Miller (1977)

Merton (1987) predicts that idiosyncratic risk should be priced when investors hold sub-optimally diversified portfolios, but empirical research has not been supportive of the theory. An overlooked assumption in Merton (1987) is that the predictions are predicated on frictionless markets, and in particular an absence of short-sale constraints. We examine the cross-sectional effects of idiosyncratic risk (and dispersion of beliefs) while controlling for short-sale constraints. We find that when short-sale constraints are absent, both idiosyncratic risk and dispersion of analyst forecasts are positively correlated with future abnormal returns; a result consistent with Merton (1987). However, when short-sale constraints are present the correlation becomes negative: increased analyst dispersion and idiosyncratic volatility produce negative abnormal returns, consistent with Miller (1977). This can explain the inconsistent empirical findings in the previous literature, which casts Merton (1987) and Miller (1977) as competing hypotheses.
Barrierless free carrier formation in an organic photovoltaic material measured with ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy.

The dynamics of free carrier formation following photoinduced electron transfer from the conjugated polymer, CN-MEH-PPV, to the electron-accepting functionalized fullerene, PCBM, are directly measured using ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy. The vibrational frequency of the carbonyl (C═O) stretch of PCBM is sensitive to the location of the molecules relative to the interfaces formed between PCBM clusters and CN-MEH-PPV. The correlation between the carbonyl frequency and the proximity to the interfaces provides the ability to directly measure the escape of electrons from their Coulombically bound radical pairs. The data indicate that the rate of free carrier formation is temperature independent from 200 to 350 K suggesting that excess vibrational energy resulting from the electron transfer reaction enables electrons to escape their Coulombic potentials on ultrafast time scales.
Functional Signaling Changes Resulting from GPCR Heteromerization: Relevance to Psychosis

A broad spectrum of symptoms has been evidenced in psychotic disorders, while nearly 70 years of research has produced anti-psychotic drugs (APDs) that alleviate only certain ones of these symptoms and may cause the manifestation of debilitating side effects. G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have emerged as the predominant pharmaceutical target, and a specific GPCR is integral to each of three neurotransmitter pathways: the dopamine 2 receptor (D2R) in the dopaminergic system, the serotonin 2A receptor (5HT2AR) in the serotonergic system, and the metabotropic glutamate 2 receptor (mGluR2) in the glutamatergic system. While all three GPCRs form homomers, heteromers of 5HT2AR have also been shown to form with D2R or with mGluR2. Our group has shown that heteromerization enhances the Gi activity of mGluR2, while it decreases the Gq activity of 5HT2AR. Application of ligands to one side of the mGluR2-5HT2AR revealed inverse cross-signaling. Thus APDs, inverse agonists of 5HT2AR or agonists of mGluR2, aimed to restore high Gi over Gq signaling (Fribourg et al., 2011). Upon D2R-5HT2AR formation, the Gq activity of the 5HT2AR increased by approximately 60% and decreased when an agonist was applied to D2R. These results lead us to hypothesize that the inverse signaling coupling also exists in the D2R/5HT2AR heteromeric complex. We are in the process of examining the influence of 5HT2AR on Gi signaling through D2R. The lack of current clinical success pertaining to the use of APDs may be a direct reflection of the complex relationship between D2R, mGluR2, and 5HT2AR. A better understanding of the interrelationship of these three GPCRs may lead to better management of symptoms involved in psychotic disorders.
Randomized population trials and screening for lung cancer: breaking the cure barrier.

BACKGROUND At the current time, there is nearly universal agreement that screening for the early detection of lung carcinoma is not justified. This is based on the fact that, to the author's knowledge, no randomized population trial (RPT) to date has demonstrated a significant reduction in lung carcinoma mortality as a result of any screening intervention. METHODS To date, four RPTs, which have included a total of 37,724 male cigarette smokers, have been conducted. Studies at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Johns Hopkins demonstrate no incremental effect by the addition of sputum cytology to annual chest X-ray (CXR) screening alone. However, CXR screening in all participants likely was responsible for stage and long term survival rates that were two- to three-fold higher than predicted based on contemporary statistics. Studies at the Mayo Clinic and in Czechoslovakia demonstrated significantly superior stage distribution and survival, but slightly inferior mortality in experimental populations that underwent periodic CXR screening. Such contradictory findings were made possible by a higher cumulative incidence rate of lung carcinoma in experimental populations. The constellation of improved survival, higher rate of incidence, and similar mortality led to the hypothesis that CXR screening leads to the overdiagnosis of lung carcinoma. RESULTS Abundant evidence based on epidemiologic, pathologic, and clinical considerations conclusively demonstrate that CXR screening does not lead to the significant overdiagnosis of lung carcinoma. Moreover, overdiagnosis is the only way to reconcile the results of existing RPTs with the conclusion that CXR screening is ineffective. The alternative conclusion is that significant stage, resectability, and long term survival advantages reflected the ability of CXR screening to improve cure rates. Population heterogeneity accounts for the failure of mortality to reflect screening efficacy accurately in these trials. There is direct evidence that population heterogeneity was responsible for the trend toward increased lung carcinoma mortality in the Czech study. Moreover, review of all RPTs demonstrates a consistent pattern in which population heterogeneity confounds the ability of mortality to represent an accurate measure of screening effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS Systematic analysis of RPTs supports two major conclusions: 1) an improvement in the cure rate rather than a reduction is cause specific mortality is the proper measure of screening effectiveness in the RPT setting and 2) CXR screening is associated with a two- to three-fold improvement in lung carcinoma cure rates. A paradigm shift is mandatory for the proper evaluation of conventional and newer screening modalities. Indeed, hundreds of thousands of lives would be saved annually on a global basis if CXR screening were offered to individuals at high risk for lung carcinoma. Cancer 2000;89:2399–421. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Molecular approaches to resolve diagnostic dilemmas: the case of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and leiomyosarcoma

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) are common types of mesenchymal tumors that may present a diagnostic challenge. GISTs have frequent overexpression of Kit and often encode for mutation of the KIT oncogene. In addition, patients usually experience a favorable response to targeted therapy with imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®, STI-571), but not cytotoxic chemotherapy. Up to 5% of GISTs can be completely negative for Kit on immunohistochemistry. Conversely, LMSs may rarely express Kit, but are virtually never associated with an activating KIT mutation, and are often effectively treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy but are resistant to imatinib. To aid in resolution of this clincal challenge, we performed a whole-genome gene expression study on 71 well-defined GIST and LMS samples with development of a robust, novel approach to molecular classification discussed herein.