cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forced Convection in High Porosity Metal Foams

We report an experimental and numerical study of forced convection in high porosity (e∼0.89-0.97) metal foams. Experiments have been conducted with aluminum metal foams in a variety of porosities and pore densities using air as the fluid medium. Nusselt number data has been obtained as a function of the pore Reynolds number. In the numerical study, a semi-empirical volume-averaged form of the governing equations is used. The velocity profile is obtained by adapting an exact solution to the momentum equation. The energy transport is modeled without invoking the assumption of local thermal equilibrium. Models for the thermal dispersion conductivity, k d , and the interstitial heat transfer coefficient, h sf , are postulated based on physical arguments. The empirical constants in these models are determined by matching the numerical results with the experimental data obtained in this study as well as those in the open literature. Excellent agreement is achieved in the entire range of the parameters studied, indicating that the proposed treatment is sufficient to model forced convection in metal foams for most practical applications
Critical phenomena in nonequilibrium phase transitions

We discuss a number of models associated with phase transitions in purely kinetic models where detailed balance does not hold as in thermal equilibrium systems. These models include some of the features of heterogeneous catalysis on a surface, and are used to examine the effect of local correlations on the reaction process. We argue that many models which do not include desorption will show the same kind of critical behavior if they have a continuous transition to a poisoned state. We also present results for a model with a continuous transition to a non-poisoned state. The effect of adding desorption, diffusion, and anisotropy to these idealized models is also discussed.
The Croce-Collingwood Theory of Art

It is not my intention in this brief essay to give an exhaustive critical analysis of the theory of art championed by Croce and his follower Collingwood; I intend only to point out certain confusions in and misunderstandings of their theory, and to make a few critical comments in the light of them. Nor do I wish to imply that the theories of Croce and Collingwood are identical; but although they diverge on some points, and although each develops views that the other discusses only briefly, they are so substantially alike on all important points (at any rate, on any that will be discussed in this essay) that, as reviewers were quick to point out on the appearance of Collingwood's The Principles of Art, the two can for all practical purposes be considered as one theory.
Estrogen receptor in rat liver: translocation to the nucleus in isolated parenchymal cells.

Isolated, purified, viable parenchymal cells from adult female rat liver were characterized for their estrogen receptor distribution. The isolated cells contained cytosol-binding sites specific for [3H]estradiol ([3H]E2; determined after partial purification) at a level near that found in cytosol prepared from whole liver. The properties of these binding sites closely resembled those of putative estrogen receptors found in cytosol prepared from liver or uterus in adult female rats. The estrogen receptor distribution was then studied after exposure of the cells to ethinyl estradiol (EE2; the commonly used estrogen in oral contraceptives). After in vitro incubation with EE2, cytosol and nuclear estrogen receptors were determined by exchange assay with [([3H]E2. Cytosol receptor levels were rapidly depleted, while receptor levels in highly purified nuclei were rapidly increased. The cytosol. of cells not exposed to EE2 and nuclei of cells exposed to EE2 for 15 min contained binding sites for [([3H]E2 with si...
A Foundation for Behavioral Economics

Jessica L. Cohen and William T. Dickens* The core theory of behavior in Economics, which structures inquiry and provides a framework for empirical analysis, is largely responsible for the success of the discipline. Behavioral Economics (BE) challenges this theory, but has failed to provide a coherent alternative. Consequently the influence of BE has been limited. In what follows we argue that Evolutionary Psychology (EP), suitably adapted, can provide at least a partial foundation for BE. Its methods offer a way of generating theories of the origins of anomalous behaviors and of testing those theories.
Feedforward-output tracking regulation control for human-in-the-loop camera systems

Platforms like gantries, booms, aircraft and submersibles are equipped with cameras. People teleoperate such platforms to capture desired views of a scene or a target. To avoid collisions with the environment and occluded views, such platforms are often equipped with redundant degrees-of-freedom. The operator must manually coordinate multiple degrees-of-freedom in order to get desired views. Tracking moving targets becomes especially tedious and often requires several highly skilled operators. Visual-servoing some degrees-of-freedom may reduce operator burden and improve tracking performance. This paper builds upon previous successes with human-in-the-loop visual-servoing by integrating the platform's dynamics with computer vision. A broadcast boom is modelled and both simulation and experimental tests contrasting trained and untrained camera operators are presented.
Membrane‐targeting sequences on AKAP79 bind phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate

Protein kinases and phosphatases are targeted through association with anchoring proteins that tether the enzymes to subcellular structures and organelles. Through in situ fluorescent techniques using a Green Fluorescent Protein tag, we have mapped membrane-targeting domains on AKAP79, a multivalent anchoring protein that binds the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC) and protein phosphatase 2B, calcineurin (CaN). Three linear sequences termed region A (residues 31-52), region B (residues 76-101) and region C (residues 116-145) mediate targeting of AKAP79 in HEK-293 cells and cortical neurons. Analysis of these targeting sequences suggests that they contain putative phosphorylation sites for PKA and PKC and are rich in basic and hydrophobic amino acids similar to a class of membrane-targeting domains which bind acidic phospholipids and calmodulin. Accordingly, the AKAP79 basic regions mediate binding to membrane vesicles containing acidic phospholipids including phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] and this binding is regulated by phosphorylation and calcium-calmodulin. Finally, AKAP79 was shown to be phosphorylated in HEK-293 cells following stimulation of PKA and PKC, and activation of PKC or calmodulin was shown to release AKAP79 from membrane particulate fractions. These findings suggest that AKAP79 might function in cells not only as an anchoring protein but also as a substrate and effector for the anchored kinases and phosphatases.
Transfer of Zidovudine (AZT) by Human Placenta

The transfer of zidovudine (AZT) across human placenta was studied using an in vitro perfusion system with independent maternal and fetal circulations. AZT is transferred toward the fetus more rapidly than L-glucose (transfer index 1.5), a water-soluble molecule smaller than AZT (267 vs. 180 Da) that passively diffuses across the placenta. The transfer rate is proportional to the concentration in the maternal perfusate over a range of 0.03-300 microM. Transfer rate in the reverse direction, toward the maternal perfusate, also exceeds that of L-glucose and fails to show saturability. These observations are consistent with simple diffusion. The partition of AZT and glucose between perfusion buffer and octanol is 1.04 and 0.013, respectively, indicating that AZT is more lipophilic and providing a reasonable explanation for the more rapid transfer. AZT is extensively metabolized by the placenta to more polar and as yet unidentified metabolites that are not released into the perfusate. The possibility that the placental accumulation of such metabolite(s) may exert an antiviral action and may also affect placental function must be considered.
Rheological study of xanthan and locust bean gum interaction in dilute solution

An oscillatory capillary rheometer was used to investigate visco-elastic properties of xanthan and locust bean gum (LBG) blends in dilute solution. Gums were evaluated for intrinsic viscosity and the elastic component. Molecular conformation of the complex of xanthan–LBG was assessed by the power law and the Huggins equations. A 60% xanthan–40% LBG blend exhibited the strongest attraction between xanthan and LBG molecules as evidenced by a greater intrinsic viscosity, the polymer miscibility coefficient α, the elastic component, and a positive Huggins coefficient Km. The power-law model was successfully applied to predict the molecular conformation of xanthan and LBG alone in dilute solution and was exhibited as rod-like and random coil conformation. The power-law coefficient b increased as the LBG fraction increased in the blends, suggesting a more flexible xanthan–LBG complex dependent on LBG.
Effect of Lattice Distortion on Electron—Impurity Scattering Phase Shifts in the Distorted-Wave Born Approximation

The effect of lattice distortion on electron—impurity scattering is estimated using the distorted-wave Born approximation for phase shifts. For weak impurity scattering the phase shift for the scattering complex is the sum of the phase shifts from the point impurity and the lattice strain field. Model calculations show that there may be important corrections to this picture when the magnitudes of the impurity phase shifts are about π/10 or larger. These corrections arise from backscattering of electrons by the distortion field surrounding the impurity. It is concluded that one may incur appreciable error in calculating pseudopotentials or impurity phase shifts in the presence of lattice distortion if one does not include the lattice backscattering effect discussed in this paper. Der Einflus einer Gitterstorung auf die Elektronen—Storstellen-Streuung wird mit der Bornschen Naherung gestorter Wellen fur die Phasenverschiebungen berechnet. Fur schwache Storstellenstreuung ist die Phasenverschiebung fur den Streukomplex die Summe der Phasenverschiebungen aus dem Punktdefekt- und dem Gitterverzerrungsfeld. Modellrechnungen zeigen, das wesentliche Korrekturen zu diesem Bild auftreten konnen, wenn die Betrage der Storstellenphasenverschiebungen etwa π/10 oder groser sind. Diese Korrekturen stammen von der Ruckstreuung der Elektronen durch das Verzerrungsfeld um die Storstelle. Es wird angenommen, das man betrachtliche Fehler bei der Berechnung von Pseudopotentialen oder Storstellenphasenverschiebungen bei Vorliegen von Gitterverzerrungen machen kann, wenn man nicht die Gitterruckstreueffekte einschliest, die in dieser Arbeit diskutiert werden.
Bag6/Bat3/Scythe: A novel chaperone activity with diverse regulatory functions in protein biogenesis and degradation

Upon emerging from the ribosome exiting tunnel, polypeptide folding occurs immediately with the assistance of both ribosome-associated and free chaperones. While many chaperones known to date are dedicated folding catalysts, recent studies have revealed a novel chaperoning system that functions at the interface of protein biogenesis and quality control by using a special "holdase" activity in order to sort and channel client proteins to distinct destinations. The key component, Bag6/Bat3/Scythe, can effectively shield long hydrophobic segments exposed on the surface of a polypeptide, preventing aggregation or inappropriate interactions before a triaging decision is made. The biological consequences of Bag6-mediated chaperoning are divergent for different substrates, ranging from membrane integration to proteasome targeting and destruction. Accordingly, Bag6 can act in various cellular contexts in order to execute many essential cellular functions, while dysfunctions in the Bag6 system can cause severe cellular abnormalities that may be associated with some pathological conditions.
Change in Psychotherapy: A Plea for No More “Nonspecific” and False Dichotomies

What factors are responsible for change in psychotherapy? We welcome those who question the primacy frequently given to relationship variables in explaining client improvement, as well as the delineation of cognitive-behavioral oriented treatments found to be effective for several disorders. However, we are also concerned about the terminology used (i.e., “nonspecific variables”), as well as with the dichotomy of variables (techniques vs. relationship) that was emphasized. Although such ways of defining and categorizing process variables are predominant in the field, we argue that they may fail to do justice to the complexity of the process of change.
Partial Replacement of Wheat Flour with Yellow Field Pea Flour in White Pan Bread

Yellow field pea flour replaced 2.5, 5 and 10% of wheat flour in white pan bread prepared by a straight dough, rapid mix home formulation. Incorporation of pea flour did not affect proofing times. No significant differences were found between Gardner L and “a” values for wheat-pea flour blends, but “b” values increased with increasing levels of pea flour; crumb color of breads did not differ significantly. Volumes of the breads were not significantly affected by pea flour addition. Pea flour breads were judged between fair and good for all characteristics by an experienced taste panel; the 10% pea flour breads were scored significantly lower for texture, color and flavor.
Superconductive magnetoelectric field-effect transistor

A transistor-like three-terminal superconducting device-the superconductive magnetoelectric field-effect transistor (SMET)-is described. The SMET represents a field-controlled Josephson device with its control based on the magnetoelectric effect. The device is characterized by a very high input-output isolation because the input is strictly voltage-controlled. As such, it may be useful for interconnecting voltage-controlled semiconductor electronics with current-controlled superconducting devices. The design considerations are reviewed, and preliminary experimental results are presented. Possible other practical applications are also discussed. >
DNA polymerase I-dependent mutants of coliphage lambda.

Abstract Mutagenized lysates of bacteriophage lambda were screened for mutants unable to plate on DNA polymerase I-deficient (polA−) hosts. The mutants obtained were all recombination deficient (red−). These mutants, like red− and gam− mutants previously isolated by others, grow more poorly than wild-type λ even on polA+ hosts (burst size 14 to 30% of wild-type λ.) In a polA− host, the burst size of red− and gam− mutants is reduced an additional five- to tenfold, and lysis is delayed. Wild-type λ grows normally in polA− hosts. Neither λN−nin (which doesn't express red or gam) nor λbio phages (from which all or part of the red-gam region is deleted) form plaques on polA− hosts. Apparent revertants, able to plate on polA− hosts, have been selected from both λN−nin and λbio. Those derived from N−nin seem to be N−nin cro− mutants; whereas those coming from λ bio have a new bypass mutation (pas) that lies between genes P and Q.
Recent status scores for version 6 of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6).

Aims To describe the derivation of recent status scores (RSSs) for version 6 of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI-6). Design 118 ASI-6 recent status items were subjected to nonparametric item response theory (NIRT) analyses followed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Generalizability and concurrent validity of the derived scores were determined. Setting and participants A total of 607 recent admissions to variety of substance abuse treatment programs constituted the derivation sample; a subset (n = 252) comprised the validity sample. Measurements The ASI-6 interview and a validity battery of primarily self-report questionnaires that included at least one measure corresponding to each of the seven ASI domains were administered. Findings Nine summary scales describing recent status that achieved or approached both high scalability and reliability were derived; one scale for each of six areas (medical, employment/finances, alcohol, drug, legal, psychiatric) and three scales for the family/social area. Intercorrelations among the RSSs also supported the multi-dimensionality of the ASI-6. Concurrent validity analyses yielded strong evidence supporting the validity of six of the RSSs (medical, alcohol, drug, employment, family/social problems, psychiatric). Evidence was weaker for the legal, family/social support and child problems RSSs. Generalizability analyses of the scales to males versus females and whites versus blacks supported the comparability of the findings, with slight exceptions. Conclusions The psychometric analyses to derive Addiction Severity Index version 6 recent status scores support the multi-dimensionality of the Addiction Severity Index version 6 (i.e. the relative independence of different life functioning areas), consistent with research on earlier editions of the instrument. In general, the Addiction Severity Index version 6 scales demonstrate acceptable scalability, reliability and concurrent validity. While questions remain about the generalizability of some scales to population subgroups, the overall findings coupled with updated and more extensive content in the Addiction Severity Index version 6 support its use in clinical practice and research.
The ontogenetic dynamics of shape disparity

Disparity appears to decrease or remain stable over geological time in numerous groups. This pattern is sometimes explained in terms of developmental constraints, but labile developmental systems might produce the same pattern should novelties interact, counterbalancing their individual effects. We test the hypothesis that counterbalancing can reduce disparity by comparing ontogenies of shape among nine species of piranhas to identify the developmental novelties. All three parameters examined change multiple times, sometimes dramatically. By comparing levels of disparity between species at two developmental phases, at the transition from larval to juvenile phases, and at maximum adult body size, we find that disparity decreases significantly and substantially over ontogeny. That reduction occurs because of, rather than despite, novelties of postlarval morphogenesis. Some interacting novelties are historically independent and affect different developmental phases, others are historically independent and affect the same developmental phase, and still others are historically correlated and affect either the same or different developmental phases. By modeling hypothetical ontogenies, constraining developmental parameters mathematically to one of the observed values, we find that variation in each parameter, taken by itself, and combinations of them taken two at a time, tend to increase disparity. It is the interactions among all three that reduce disparity. In this group divergent ontogenies transform disparate larvae into similar adults.
Philosophical Concepts in Physics: The Newtonian universe

[T]hat which makes the earth move [in its orbit about the sun] is a thing similar to whatever moves Mars and Jupiter.… If [one] will advise me as to the motive power of one of these movable bodies, I promise I shall be able to tell him what makes the earth move. Moreover, I shall do the same if he can teach me what it is that moves earthly things downward. Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it. The change of motion is proportional to the motive force impressed; and is made in the direction of the right line in which that force is impressed. Hitherto we have explained the phenomena of the heavens and of our sea by the power of gravity, but have not yet assigned the cause of this power. This is certain, that it must proceed from a cause that penetrates to the very centres of the sun and planets, without suffering the least diminution of its force; that operates not according to the quantity of the surfaces of the particles upon which it acts (as mechanical causes used to do), but according to the quantity of the solid matter which they contain, and propagates its virtue on all sides to immense distances, decreasing always as the inverse square of the distances.
A replacement name in the genus Heriades (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

A replacement name is proposed to remove a case of secondary homonymy within the genus Heriades Spinola (Megachilinae: Osmiini). Heriades ( Heriades ) micheneriana Engel, new name, is established in place of H . ( H .) micheneri (Gupta & Sharma), a junior homonym of H . ( Neotrypetes ) micheneri Timberlake.
Biotechnological and bioinformatics approaches for augmentation of biohydrogen production: A review

Abstract Biohydrogen production (BHP) from biomass is a characteristic feature of prokaryotes and is considered to be a vital source of renewable energy. It is considered as the cleanest fuel with no emanation of greenhouse gases on ignition. The major biological processes for hydrogen (H 2 ) production are: biophotolysis of water by algae and cyanobacteria, dark fermentation and photo-fermentation. For the past fifty years, lot of work has been carried out for understanding and improving BHP and still it has to overcome some of the serious limitations so that it becomes viable proposition. The bottlenecks include thermodynamic inefficiency, difficulty in using lignocellulosics as feed material, raw material cost and lower hydrogen yield. To overcome these major problems, the conventional approach is not enough and one has to vigorously think modern bioinformatics approaches to conquer them. The accessibility of huge sequenced genomes, functional genomics studies, the development of in silico models at the genome scale, metabolic pathway reconstruction, and synthetic biology approach predicts engineering strategies to enhance H 2 production in an organism. This review investigates the recent status and advancements that have been made in the area of biotechnology and bioinformatics, to understand and enhance the H 2 generation to overcome current limitations and make biohydrogen, a reality in near future.
Invasive species sustain double-crested cormorants in southern Lake Michigan

Double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) have long and often been implicated in having detrimental effects on fisheries. Research has shown that the main components of cormorant diets vary significantly among forage, invasive, or economically important fish species. This study builds on previous work in the north basin of Lake Michigan by focusing on cormorant diet composition at their only significant nesting colony in the southern basin at East Chicago, Indiana where cormorant diet has been unstudied. Regurgitated pellets were collected from the colony and diagnostic bones were used to elucidate diet composition. Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), Lepomis spp., white perch (Morone americana) and yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were the most frequently found prey items depending on cormorant feeding period. Invasive species, most notably alewife, round goby, and white perch, contributed over 80% and 90% of the diet of cormorants by biomass and number, respectively. No salmonine species were detected suggesting that negative effects on this important fishery would likely occur only via direct competition for prey (e.g., alewife). Predation on yellow perch, which occurred mainly prior to and during the perch spawning season (i.e., of age-1 and older individuals), may warrant further study to quantify the effects on the local yellow perch population. However, because yellow perch abundance is thought to be currently limited by poor recruitment at age-0, these results do not support the active management of the cormorants at this colony to protect or recover local fisheries.
Government Viewpoint and Government Speech

Government speech creates a paradox at the heart of the First Amendment. To satisfy traditional First Amendment tests, the government must show that it is not discriminating against a viewpoint. And yet if the government shows that it is condemning or supporting a viewpoint, it may be able to invoke the government speech defense and thereby avoid constitutional scrutiny altogether. Government speech doctrine therefore rewards what the rest of the First Amendment forbids: viewpoint discrimination against private speech. This is both a theoretical puzzle and an increasingly important practical problem. In cases like Pleasant Grove City, Utah v. Summum, the city’s disagreement with a private message was the heart of its successful government speech argument. Why is viewpoint discrimination flatly forbidden in one area of First Amendment law and entirely exempt from scrutiny in another? This Article explores that question and why it matters, and suggests ways to reconcile these apparently incompatible principles.
Innovative modeling framework for combined sewer overflows prediction

Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and street flooding are undesirable consequences of insufficient capacity of sewer networks and wastewater systems. These conditions degrade the water quality of the receiving waters, potentially damage infrastructure, and threaten public health. Significant efforts to prevent CSOs and alleviate flooding have been undertaken in Chicago, with the construction of the tunnel and reservoir plan (TARP). This study analyses the hydraulic response of the first tunnel built in Chicago “The Lawrence Avenue Tunnel” through a framework of hydrological and hydraulic models. This framework proved effective in CSO's volume, frequency and duration predictions as it yields simulation results of existing conditions that match well with available records. The findings also provide insights into the importance of system operation on CSOs occurrence and magnitude. Adaptive management of the tunnel during storm events is recommended to minimize the impact of CSOs.
A New Proof of the Tychonoff Theorem

(1965). A New Proof of the Tychonoff Theorem. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 711-717.
Purine salvage in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii: Elucidating the role of a conserved cysteine in adenine deaminase

Adenine deaminases (Ade) and hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferases (Hpt) are widely distributed enzymes involved in purine salvage. Characterization of the previously uncharacterized Ade (MJ1459 gene product) and Hpt (MJ1655 gene product) are discussed here and provide insight into purine salvage in Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Ade was demonstrated to use either Fe(II) and/or Mn(II) as the catalytic metal. Hpt demonstrated no detectable activity with adenine, but was equally specific for hypoxanthine and guanine with a kcat /KM of 3.2 × 10(7) and 3.0 × 10(7) s(- 1) M(- 1) , respectively. These results demonstrate that hypoxanthine and IMP are the central metabolites in purine salvage in M. jannaschii for AMP and GMP production. A conserved cysteine (C127, M. jannaschii numbering) was examined due to its high conservation in bacterial and archaeal homologues. To assess the role of this highly conserved cysteine in M. jannaschii Ade, site-directed mutagenesis was performed. It was determined that mutation to serine (C127S) completely abolished Ade activity and mutation to alanine (C127A) exhibited 10-fold decrease in kcat over the wild type Ade. To further investigate the role of C127, detailed molecular docking and dynamics studies were performed and revealed adenine was unable to properly orient in the active site in the C127A and C127S Ade model structures due to distinct differences in active site conformation and rotation of D261. Together this work illuminates purine salvage in M. jannaschii and the critical role of a cysteine residue in maintaining active site conformation of Ade. Proteins 2016; 84:828-840. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Millimeter-wave spectroscopy of CrC (X3Σ−) and CrCCH (X̃ 6Σ+): Examining the chromium-carbon bond

Pure rotational spectroscopy of the CrC (X(3)Σ(-)) and CrCCH (X (6)Σ(+)) radicals has been conducted using millimeter/sub-millimeter direct absorption methods in the frequency range 225-585 GHz. These species were created in an AC discharge of Cr(CO)6 and either methane or acetylene, diluted in argon. Spectra of the CrCCD were also recorded for the first time using deuterated acetylene as the carbon precursor. Seven rotational transitions of CrC were measured, each consisting of three widely spaced, fine structure components, arising from spin-spin and spin-rotation interactions. Eleven rotational transitions were recorded for CrCCH and five for CrCCD; each transition in these cases was composed of a distinct fine structure sextet. These measurements confirm the respective (3)Σ(-) and (6)Σ(+) ground electronic states of these radicals, as indicated from optical studies. The data were analyzed using a Hund's case (b) Hamiltonian, and rotational, spin-spin, and spin-rotation constants have been accurately determined for all three species. The spectroscopic parameters for CrC were significantly revised from previous optical work, while those for CrCCH are in excellent agreement; completely new constants were established for CrCCD. The chromium-carbon bond length for CrC was calculated to be 1.631 A, while that in CrCCH was found to be rCr-C = 1.993 A - significantly longer. This result suggests that a single Cr-C bond is present in CrCCH, preserving the acetylenic structure of the ligand, while a triple bond exists in CrC. Analysis of the spin constants suggests that CrC has a nearby excited (1)Σ(+) state lying ∼16 900 cm(-1) higher in energy, and CrCCH has a (6)Π excited state with E ∼ 4800 cm(-1).
Walking In and Out of Place: the Pedestrian Performances of Tim Robinson

Walking is a passing over time: the body present in each step’s fall into lack, catching itself on the ground, already future-bound, moving forward with the next step while inscribing the past in the last footprint. For 40 years the English expatriate Tim Robinson (born 1935) has walked the rural coastlines of Western Ireland (the Aran Islands, Connemara and the Burren) producing a substantial body of books, essays and hand-drawn maps that detail his own body’s fleeting engagement with the natural and cultural landscape of these desolate regions. Bringing the historical events of a place into present discourse, Robinson’s mediations and meditations on and of the land disrupt an economy of stable coordinated places to propose other ways of knowing and doing. This chapter is an exploration of how we might think of the rural walker as a performer and how his or her practice traverses the outsides of monolithic meaning inherent in the standardized map.
Supernatural Naturalism: The Golden Age of the Ghost Story

The period from the 1880s to the 1920s is widely considered the ‘golden age’ of the ghost story. In this period, so criticism has it, the ghost story reaches a mature form, a consistent quality, and a literary complexity that had been promised but not (or at least not consistently) achieved earlier, and that — depending on which critics you read — is either sustained with variations through the twentieth century, or is never again achieved within a sadly declining genre (for example, Sullivan 1978; Briggs 1977).
Zooarchaeological measures revisited

Recent studies explore the derivation of social and economic information from zooarchaeological data. The most recently defined variable, cost-efficiency, was miscalculated by Lyman (1987). Calculated correctly, the variable does clarify information concerning purchasing behavior and suggests additional methodological refinements.
A decadal review of urban ornithology and a prospectus for the future

The study of urban birds has increased exponentially in the last century. A prior review of the scientific literature up to the year 2000 found 100 research articles on urban birds, but in the past decade alone over 1000 have been published. Here I review the studies from 2006-2015 to characterize their approach, location, general findings and recent obsessions, with an eye toward suggesting important future directions. Urban ornithology remains centered in the northern hemisphere, although there is a rapid increase in studies from southern, tropical and biodiverse settings. Studies in the north have changed from documentation of the composition of urban avifaunas to include many studies of the demographic response to aspects of urban environments. Studies of pattern remain most common in Latin America, Asia, Africa, New Zealand and the Middle East. Across the world, ornithologists are revealing the rapid evolution of behavioural and morphological adaptations by birds to the urban environment, much of which is due to phenotypic plasticity. The relationship of humans to nature generally and birds specifically has been increasingly studied as a driver of avifaunal change as well as a factor affecting human ethics. Urban ornithology remains rarely experimental, but it has matured to the point of supporting synthetic reviews and meta-analyses that quantify the loss of avian diversity from city centres, characterize successful urban birds, discuss the role of amount and arrangement of vegetation on bird life, and explore the complex relationships between the subsidies and hazards of urban life and the survival and reproduction of birds. Yet much remains to be learned, including how some species thrive in cities with abundant predators; how city form and location affect the peak in avian richness that occurs typically at intermediate levels of urbanisation; the significance of functional biotic homogenization; and the ways in which engaging citizens in urban bird life informs their broader environmental land ethic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Molybdenum metal gate MOS technology for post-SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectrics

Mo metal gate p-MOSFETs with several advanced gate dielectrics were fabricated. A suitable p-MOSFET work function was achieved and good device characteristics were obtained in all cases. Thermodynamic stability of Mo on Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, ZrO/sub 2/ and ZrSiO/sub 4/ was verified by good carrier mobility agreement with the universal mobility model.
The Development of Superconducting Detector Magnets From 1965 to the Present

This paper describes the development of detector magnets from the mid-1960s to the LHC detector magnets. The discovery of cryogenic stability in March, 1965, made large detector magnets possible. A number of bubble chamber magnets were built as a result. In the 1970s, the quest for thin magnets started. This led to the development of quench protection through quench-back and the development of indirect cooling with two-phase helium in tubes. The late 1970s and 1980s led to the development of a conductor with ultrapure aluminum as a stabilizer. This led to large coils that were wound inside a strong aluminum mandrel. The LHC saw the development of magnets that are open and they return their own flux without iron. This paper describes the development of detector magnets that have been used in high-energy physics.
The State of Transfer of Training Research: Moving Toward More Consumer‐Centric Inquiry

Over the past 30 years, there has been an explosion of research in the human resource development (HRD) literature devoted to transfer of training - and much has been learned. Yet despite recent demands for evidence-based practice, too little of the science of transfer is informing professionals in their design and execution of training initiatives. We offer three broad prescriptions for moving future transfer research toward more consumer-centric outcomes: (1) systematically report more and richer information related to the trainees, trainers, and organizational contexts under study; (2) focus explicitly on the optimization of transfer - not just learning; and (3) expand the measurement and reporting of transfer outcomes. We conclude with a general call for transfer scholars to adopt a more consumer-centric mind-set where studies are designed with an eye to informing training interventions of greatest frequency and importance to contemporary organizations and training practitioners.
Laser-induced damage of absorbing and diffusing glass surfaces under IR and UV irradiation

In high peak power lasers used for inertial confinement fusion experiments, scattered and reflected light can carry sufficient energy to ablate metal structures or even damage other optics. Absorbing and diffuse scattering materials are required to manage the 'ghosts', stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and unconverted light in the laser chain and target chamber. Absorbing and diffuse scattering glasses were investigated for use in the NIF target chamber to safely dissipate up 60-80 J/cm 2 1053-nm light while also withstanding up to 2 J/cm 2 of soft x-ray. In addition these glasses were evaluated for use at 1053-nm and 351-nm to dissipate stray light and to absorb stimulated Raman scattering from the conversion crystals. Glass samples with surfaces ranging from specular to highly scattering were evaluated. The morphologies of laser damage at 1064 nm and 355 nm were characterized by Nomarski optical microscopy. Laser damage was quantified by measuring mass loss. Surface treatment and bulk absorption coefficient were the two material properties most strongly correlated to laser damage. Etched and sandblasted surfaces always had lower damage threshold than their specular counterparts. Reducing rear surface fluence either by bulk absorption or scattering at the input surface delayed the onset of catastrophic failure under extreme conditions.
Rebellious Behaviors in Adolescents With Epilepsy.

Objectives The study aims are to (1) examine the prevalence of risk-taking (i.e., behaviors that can be categorized as rebellious or reckless) and (2) determine the influence of risk-taking on adherence, seizures, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adolescents with epilepsy. An exploratory aim was to identify predictors of risk-taking. Methods Fifty-four adolescents with epilepsy (M = 15.33 ± 1.46 years) and caregivers completed questionnaires on demographics, risk-taking, parent-child relations, adolescent inattention/hyperactivity, and HRQOL at four time points across 1 year. Seizure occurrence and electronically monitored adherence were also collected. Results Rebellious behaviors were normative and stable over 1 year in adolescents with epilepsy. Higher rebelliousness was related to poorer adolescent-reported memory HRQOL. The only significant positive predictor of rebellious behaviors was adolescent age. Conclusions Adolescents with epilepsy endorsed normative levels of rebelliousness, which is negatively related to HRQOL. Older adolescents may warrant clinical attention.
Complementation and Weaning Phases of Lactation

Breastfeeding is recommended as the best feeding choice by most major national and international agencies concerned with maternal-infant health. However, a clear consensus regarding the implementation of this recommendation is not possible because of unresolved issues concerned with the nutrient needs of infancy, maternal physiology, the use of human milk substitutes, the impact of environmental contaminants on milk consumption, and economic and social factors that affect the infant feeding choice made by the mother. There is no agreement, therefore, on the optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding (1,2). Such guidelines, however, should be an implicit component of current feeding recommendations. The development of guidelines that best meet the needs of the weanling poses a dilemma: the premature introduction of solid foods increases the risk of infectious illnesses and the inappropriately delayed introduction of solid foods may result in stunting and wasting (3,4).
Beyond the Fact of Disagreement? The Epistemic Turn in Deliberative Democracy

This paper takes stock of a recent but growing movement within the field of deliberative democracy, which normatively argues for the epistemic dimension of democratic authority and positively defen...
A Tomographic Foundation for Spotlight-Mode Sar Imaging

In this chapter we develop a rigorous mathematical foundation that describes how a spotlight-mode SAR can achieve resolution simultaneously in the range and cross-range dimensions. As will be seen, the solution to the range resolution problem via the classic notion of echo separation using high-bandwidth pulses appears at first to be irrelevant to the issue of separability of targets in cross range. However, when we employ the interpretation of deramp-processed linear FM chirp returns as direct transductions of certain spatial frequencies of the terrain reflectivity function, a methodology for separation of targets in both dimensions emerges.1 In fact, this Fourier-domain description of processed returns makes the cross-range resolvability dilemma appear mathematically very much like a problem from the field of medical science, the solution to which led to an entirely new mode of x-ray diagnostic imaging technology during the early 1970s. This is the now well-known and standardized process of x-ray computerized axial tomography, known commonly as CAT scanning, or CT, for computed tomography.
The Trump Effect: With No Peer Review, How Do We Know What to Really Believe on Social Media?

Social media is a source of news and information for an increasing portion of the general public and physicians. The recent political election was a vivid example of how social media can be used for the rapid spread of “fake news” and that posts on social media are not subject to fact-checking or editorial review. The medical field is susceptible to propagation of misinformation, with poor differentiation between authenticated and erroneous information. Due to the presence of social “bubbles,” surgeons may not be aware of the misinformation that patients are reading, and thus, it may be difficult to counteract the false information that is seen by the general public. Medical professionals may also be prone to unrecognized spread of misinformation and must be diligent to ensure the information they share is accurate.
Petit Apartheid and the ''TB" Syndrome: Police Racial Profiling of Chicana/o Youths in San Jose, California

I like to go out on Friday nights and Saturday nights and join up with my homies and walk around the hot spots and get some food. I like to check out the girls and see if I can get something going with them. But every weekend the cops stop me. What the fuck for? I go to school everyday and get treated like a criminal and then, when I want to step out of my house…I get treated like a criminal again! I have never been arrested for nothing! But I always get stopped for walkin9 down the street. For walkin9 down the street! Am I in a gang (the police ask)? Who9s in a gang? Who9s carrying a gun, a disrepectful attitude, and stopping people for nothing? The police gang. You don9t see me with a gun or knife or harassing anyone! I9m just tryin9 to walk down the fucking street. an anonymous sixteen year-old Chicano (Author, 2004)
Real-time Simulink implementation of noise adaptive speech processing pipeline of cochlear implants

Abstract This paper presents the real-time Simulink implementation of a noise adaptive speech processing pipeline for cochlear implants that was developed in a previous work. After providing an overview of each component or module in the pipeline, it is described how each module is implemented in Simulink so that the input audio frames are processed in real-time. This Simulink implementation allows the same code to be run on different hardware boards that are supported by Simulink. The performance of this implemented pipeline is evaluated in terms of six objective measures of speech quality. The results obtained indicate the effectiveness of suppressing noise in this speech processing pipeline when using the implemented automatic mechanism to identify the noise environment.
Gi Family of Heterotrimeric G Proteins

Hormones, neurotransmitters, and sensory inputs elicit responses by binding to cell-surface receptors. Heterotrimeric G proteins are poised at the inner face of the plasma membrane to respond to the activated receptors and relay signals by changing the activity of intracellular effector molecules. These signal transducers are guanine-nucleotide-binding proteins that act as molecular switches between an active and inactive state depending on whether guanosine diphosphate (GDP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is bound. This article focuses on the G i family, which regulates a broad array of physiological processes. These include vision, taste, heart rate, neural activity, cell migration, survival, and proliferation. Effectors regulated by members of the G i family are enzymes that synthesize or degrade second messengers. G i proteins also regulate the activity of ion channels and protein kinases.
Capacity enhancement of MIMO systems using electrically-small, biomimetic antenna arrays

We study the performance of a MIMO communications system that uses electrically-small biomimetic antenna arrays (BMAAs). We show that MIMO systems using BMAAs can outperform those that use conventional antenna arrays with the same aperture sizes. This is shown to be due to the efficient extraction of the maximum available power from all linearly-independent modes of excitation of the array, which results in the natural decoupling of the elements. As a proof of concept demonstration, we examine the use of a two-element BMAA consisting of two λ/4 monopole antennas as part of a MIMO communication system. The capacity that can be achieved from a MIMO system using this antenna is compared with the capacity obtained if the MIMO system uses a conventional antenna array with the same aperture dimensions. This is done through computer simulations by designing prototypes of both antennas and using them in an emulated MIMO communications systems. These results demonstrate that using the BMAA in the MIMO system results in considerable capacity enhancement.
Strategies to enhance fresh produce decontamination using combined treatments of ultraviolet, washing and disinfectants.

Abstract This study investigated the effect of a water-assisted ultraviolet system (WUV; samples were treated by UV while being immersed in agitated water) on the inactivation of Salmonella on baby spinach, iceberg lettuce, blueberry, grape tomato, and baby-cut carrot. The Salmonella inactivation effect of the WUV system was tested in two scales, and three disinfectants, chlorine, peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), were tested in combination with the system to see whether the Salmonella inactivation effect could be enhanced. The fresh produce samples were dip-inoculated with a Salmonella cocktail to final concentrations of 4.6–7.6 log CFU/g. To simulate the washing process in the industry, fresh produce extracts and/or silicon dioxide were added in the wash water to adjust chemical oxygen demand to ~2000 mg/L and turbidity to >60 NTU. In general, the decontamination efficacy of WUV treatments followed this order: Tomato > Carrot > Lettuce ≈ Blueberry > Spinach. In the small-scale study, WUV alone was able to achieve 0.9, 2.6, >3.6, 1.7, and 2.0 log CFU/g reductions of Salmonella on fresh produce for spinach, lettuce, tomato, blueberry, and carrot, respectively. For all fresh produce items, WUV combined with PAA could achieve significantly (P
An Adaptive Cyber-Physical System Framework for Cyber-Physical Systems Design Automation

This chapter on the dissertation of U. John Tanik [1] by describing an automated approach to Cyber-Physical Systems design utilizing an Adaptive Cyber-Physical System Framework (ACPSF). The ACPSF is based on the Artificial Intelligence Design Framework (AIDF) supported by a NASA training grant from 2004 to 2006 at UAB [2].