cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Regression to the Mean: A Commonly Overlooked and Misunderstood Factor Leading to Unjustified Conclusions in Pediatric Obesity Research

Abstract Objective: In this paper we discuss what regression to the mean (RTM) is, the magnitude of RTM in realistic situations, interpretation of RTM, and recommendations for how to address RTM in study design. Methods: Public health research faces many challenges in conducting gold standard randomized, controlled trials (RCT). Although there are many threats to validity in uncontrolled trials, RTM is often overlooked or not adequately considered. RTM is a statistical phenomenon that occurs with any pair of variables that have a correlation not equal to |1.0|. With RTM, subjects' average values on an outcome variable (e.g., BMI) change in a systematic direction over time despite there being no treatment effect. Without a proper control group, changes thought to be associated with an intervention may be due entirely to RTM. Investigators may draw erroneous conclusions based on results showing greater declines in a variable among participants with higher baseline of that variable compared to those with low...
Evaluation of Japanese quail as a model system for avian transgenesis using avian leukosis viruses

Abstract Vertical transmission of avian leukosis viruses (ALV) can occur genetically through the germline for both male and female chickens but only nongenetically or congenitally through the female. We had previously shown that tolerantly ALV-infected males, from ALV injection into fertile chicken eggs at day of set, can transmit proviral DNA to their progeny through the germline. An attempt was made to repeat this successful retroviral germline insertion technique of chickens in Japanese quail. After an initial difficulty of infecting quail chicks in ovo at day of set with high titer nonpathogenic recombinant and pathogenic ALV, adequate numbers of tolerantly ALV-infected quail were produced by injecting ALV-infected chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) at day of set. Tolerantly ALV-infected male and female quail were then mated to nonviremic quail and vertical transmission of ALV to progeny chicks was determined by analyzing blood for viral antigens and proviral DNA using standard techniques. Vertical transmission of ALV was only detected in the progeny of viremic females. Thus, little or no germline transmission of ALV to progeny occurred from viremic males. Tolerantly ALV-infected males and females from congenital ALV infection, which should infect the embryo and presumably the primordial germ cells (PGC) earlier than egg injection, were mated to nonviremic quails. Vertical transmission of ALV to progeny chicks was analyzed as before. Again, vertical transmission of ALV was only detected in the progeny of viremic females. We conclude that Japanese quail will not be useful in avian transgenic studies involving ALV retroviral vectors.
On the mechanism of suppressed plasma-renin activity during beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol.

Abstract Studies were designed to determine mechanisms by which β-adrenergic blockade with propranolol leads to decreases in plasma-renin activity (PRA). Effects on renin release and renin synthesis were examined. To study effects on release, response of PRA following intravenously administered propranolol (10 mg.) was determined in patients with hyperreninemia from long-term diuretic therapy. To assess effects on renin synthesis, response of PRA to 4 days of sodium depletion was examined in patients treated with propranolol for 9 to 60 months, and the results compared with those obtained in 15 untreated essential hypertensive subjects similarly studied who served as controls for this study. In 8 patients with chronic hyperreninemia, PRA fell rapidly following propranolol. In a control group of 4 patients PRA was stable over the same period of study. In 7 essential hypertensive subjects on propranolol therapy, PRA and aldosterone excretion rate (AER) increased markedly and significantly during sodium depletion. These increases were significantly greater than occurred in the untreated patients (p
Current Concepts in the Surgical Management of Pediatric OSA

Given that adenotonsillar hypertrophy is a common cause of upper airway obstruction in children with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), adenotonsillectomy (T&A) has long been the first-line management approach. Despite the positive outcomes associated with this procedure, persistent disease occurs postoperatively in 34 % of children. A number of studies have therefore used drug-induced sleep endoscopy and other methods to identify sites of upper airway obstruction that may be amenable to surgical correction. Research is increasingly focused on the effectiveness of surgical procedures other than T&A, such as suturing of the tonsillar pillars, expansion pharyngoplasty, lingual tonsillectomy, supraglottoplasty, rapid maxillary expansion, and tongue suspension. This article presents an overview of these topics, focusing on current concepts in the surgical management of OSA.
Art–Science Collaborations — Avenues toward Medical Innovation

A growing number of art–science collaborations are illuminating methods or procedures used in various disciplines that could enhance medical practice.
Problems of the Metropolis

What is striking about current perceptions of the problems of the metropolis in the more-developed countries are the ways in which they differ in emphasis from the notions held on these matters only 25 years ago. In the main, the perceptions are less naive, perhaps less optimistic, and certainly less one-dimensional. Consider some characteristics: 1. The issues are no longer seen largely as growth problems associated with economic and population expansion, but also as retrenchment problems associated with decreases in population, economic activities, and the tax base. 2. They involve not only problems of the metropolis—of functions and land uses (in inner and regional areas) of public services, transportation, housing, and community facilities—but problems of people within the metropolis—of crime, social welfare, and social conflict. 3. They are broader than former concerns about slums and blight, for they have been refocused to embrace areawide problems involving the quality of life and of the environment. 4. They involve pressures to ensure not only more explicit metropolitan and national roles in coping with the problems of the metropolis, but also to produce more decentralization, autonomy, and participation in the decision-making process.
"The Policy Dystopia Model": Implications for Health Advocates and Democratic Governance

In this Perspective on the research article by Ulucanlar and colleagues, Elizabeth Smith and Patricia McDaniel discuss how industry opposition to regulation can undermine the public's overall confidence in government and science.
The Impact of Disease Status on the Outcome of High-Dose Therapy (HDT) and Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT) for Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma (PTCL).

Abstract The majority of patients (pts) with PTCL present with advanced stage with high-intermediate or high-risk IPI and their prognosis are poor with current standard induction chemotherapy. HDT followed by ASCT has been shown to be effective therapy for relapsed and refractory PTCL, although the outcomes of transplant varied depending upon the histologic subtype, disease status and IPI at transplant. Given the poor outcome with current treatment approach, HDT and ASCT as consolidative therapy during first remission are being investigated in pts with PTCL. We performed retrospective analysis of all pts with T-cell, NK cell and null cell lymphomas who underwent HDT and ASCT between 2/1991 to 6/2005. We analyze the outcome based on disease status at transplant and the subset of PTCL. There were 57 pts (35 male, 22 female) with a median age of 45 years (range 5–68). Histology included 6 (10.5%) angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AILD), 26(46%) Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), 22 (39%) PTCL, unspecified (NOS), 1 panniculitis like T-cell, 1 NK-T, and 1 adult T-cell lymphoma. Twelve (21%) were transplanted during first remission; 11 were high intermediate-high risk IPI, and 1 for histology NK-T. Twenty-eight (49%) were transplanted during relapse or ≥second remission and 17 (30% ) induction failure or primary refractory disease. Twenty-one (37%) had advanced stage III-IV at transplant. The median number of chemotherapy regimens was 2 (range 1–5). For ALCL subtype, 9 were anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive, 9 ALK negative, 8 unknown. Results: At a median follow-up of 22 months (range 0.5–179), 29 are alive in remission, 25 relapsed and 3 died from transplant related mortality. One patient developed therapy induced myelodysplasia at two years post ASCT and is alive in remission after allogeneic stem cell transplant. The 2 years overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) for the whole group were 53% (95% CI 46–60), and 45% (95% CI 39–50), respectively. The OS and DFS were significantly better for pts. who were transplanted in first complete remission (Figure1). The 2-year OS and DFS were both 83% (95% CI 55–94) for pts. transplanted in first remission compared to 45% (95% CI 38–52%, p=0.03) and 35% (95% CI 30–40, p= 0.006), respectively for those transplanted beyond first remission. Univariate models showed that the risk of death and/or relapse was significantly less among the pts. transplanted in first complete remission (OS, DFS and time to relapse: p Conclusion: our results suggest that HDT and ASCT can improve prognosis and survival of pts. with PTCL. The outcome of ASCT is best when performed during first complete remission. The role of HDT and ASCT during first remission should be further investigated in larger multi-center studies. In contrast to other reports, the prognosis of pts. with ALCL is similar to other PTCLs. Download : Download high-res image (105KB) Download : Download full-size image
Routine pelvic examinations: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of women's attitudes and beliefs after new guidelines

Routine pelvic examinations have been a fundamental part of the annual female examination. The 2014 American College of Physicians (ACP) guideline recommends against routine pelvic examinations in asymptomatic, nonpregnant, average-risk women. Our aim was to evaluate women's attitudes and beliefs about pelvic examinations and how knowledge of the new guidelines contributes to attitudes and beliefs. A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using a self-administered written survey developed through literature review and pretested and revised on the basis of staff suggestions. Nonpregnant women age≥21years presenting to outpatient clinics at Mayo Clinic in Arizona or Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, received the survey. After being asked about pelvic examination practices and beliefs, participants were informed of the ACP guideline, to determine effect on attitudes and beliefs. Demographic characteristics and pertinent medical history questions were collected from participants. In total, 671 women who were predominantly white, married, and educated completed surveys. Participants described pelvic examinations as reassuring, and a majority believed the examinations were useful in detecting ovarian cancer (74.6%), necessary for screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (71.0%), or necessary before initiating contraception (67.0%). After reading the 2014 ACP guideline, significantly fewer women planned to continue yearly pelvic examinations (P<0.001). Despite evidence to the contrary, women believed pelvic examinations were necessary for STI screening, contraception initiation, and ovarian cancer detection. After education on the ACP screening guideline, fewer women planned to continue yearly pelvic examinations.
Using trip chaining and joint travel as mediating variables to explore the relationships among travel behavior, socio-demographics, and urban form

Using the 2012 Household Travel Survey data for the Cleveland metropolitan area, this study aims to examine the connections between travel behavior by using trip chaining and joint travel as mediating variables of travel distances and controlling for socio-demographics and urban form. Trip chaining and joint travel capture the complexity of tours and intra-household interactions, respectively. Socio-demographics represent personal and household characteristics. Urban form, which is measured not only at tour origins but also at tour destinations, helps capture the effects of residential density, retail and non-retail densities, transportation connectivity, public transit accessibility, and land-use mix. Structural equation model (SEM) approaches are applied to examine the interrelationships among these variables. The model results reveal that significant effects with expected signs exist among travel behavior: Trip chaining is negatively associated with joint travel and positively related to travel distances, and joint travel has negative effects on travel distances. Consistent with existing literature, socio-demographic attributes are strong explanatory factors of travel behavior. Urban form characteristics have significant influence on travel distances at both tour origins and destinations. The findings of this study will improve the future evaluation of transportation projects and land-use policymaking.
Variations in Classroom Language Environments of Preschool Children Who Are Low Income and Linguistically Diverse.

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: This study aimed to (a) provide an in-depth description of the frequency and type of language interactions that children who are low income and/or dual language learners (DLLs) experience in their classrooms and (b) examine whether differences exist in children’s language experiences based on children’s DLL status and level of English proficiency. Using the Language Interaction Snapshot, we observed 4 focal children in each of 72 early childhood classrooms: 1 monolingual English-speaking child (i.e., non-DLL), 1 Spanish-dominant DLL child, and 2 bilingual Spanish–English DLL children. Findings indicated that both lead and assistant teachers predominantly spoke in English and implemented few evidence-based language practices. Children spoke more often to peers than to teachers. Little variation was noted in the quality of the language environment for children based on their DLL status or language proficiency. Practice or Policy: Results suggest clear directions for professional d...
Towards the final frontier: using strategic communication activities to engage the latent public as a key stakeholder in a corporate mission

ABSTRACTPrivate corporations that do not normally interact with, nor regularly communicate with, the public often do not perceive the public as a relevant or active stakeholder. The public may not view themselves as a stakeholder, particularly when they are unaware of, have no direct dealings with, or do not have any problems associated with such a corporation. The current study, utilizing a national survey of the United States public (N = 424) found that through directed strategic communication activities of a private spaceflight corporation, utilizing social and new media tools, a latent public can perceive a corporation and its mission in a positive manner, and transition it towards a status of an aware public and possible active public. Positive perceptions were found regarding corporate credibility, brand awareness, public engagement, communicating a corporate mission, educating the public, and influencing public opinion.
Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Premenopausal Women With Operable Breast Cancer: Not-So-Peripheral Perspectives

Reviews of issues around adjuvant hormonal therapies for breast cancer in premenopausal women often focus on recent and current large clinical trials, and fail to address other subjects that are very germane to evidence-based and investigatory clinical practice. These topics include: (1) the descriptive epidemiology of breast cancer globally, (2) critical issues in tumor hormone receptor testing, (3) compelling data demonstrating that hormone receptor-positive breast cancer is a chronic disease, (4) data supportive of combined hormonal therapy with tamoxifen as the standard of care, and the limited justifications for awaiting the SOFT and TEXT trial results, (5) pharmacogenetic hypotheses with tamoxifen, (6) ethical issues in ovarian suppression vs ablative treatment, and (7) emerging data about the importance of primary tumor removal surgery itself and "surgical stress" in solid tumor management.
Effect of bone marrow culture in vitro on its protective action in irradiated mice.

Mouse bone marrow cells tissue-cultured in a special container have been studied in an attempt to identify the cells responsible for the protection afforded recipient, lethally irradiated mice, by bone marrow post treatment. After 4 days of culture, a decreased protective activity of injected tissue- cultured cells was observed. By the 9th day of lite in vitro, the explanted bone marrow cells had essentially lost their protective capacity. Analysis of the cell species present at this time showed that several stem-cell types persisted in such negative cultures. These findings are discussed in relation to the mechanism of protection of recipient mice, with bone marrow. (auth)
De-colonized collecting: The Australian museum in the lower Sepik (1988)

Ought de-colonized museum research, collecting and curatorial practices be dismissed as “moves to innocence”? Or, can they be seen as credible and authentic gestures toward a redefinition of moral relations with indigenous peoples and cultures from whom ethnographic collections were originally made? This article analyzes a case study of “de-colonized” museum collecting and research practices by way of thinking about this issue. It focuses on the Australian Museum’s “Sepik Documentation Project” (1988). I argue that this project enacted a de-colonized mode of collection that emphasized status inclusivity and acknowledged the legitimacy of indigenous trade relationships and knowledge.
Personal Carbon Trading and Individual Mitigation Accountability

National carbon budgets provide transparency and accountability to international climate change mitigation efforts, but are merely notional at the individual level, providing little guidance for reducing personal carbon footprints. This chapter examines personal carbon trading, budgeting carbon emissions from energy and transport at the individual level, and considers several ethics issues related to the scheme that have also been applied to cap and trade systems at the national level. Despite its limitations, personal carbon trading can hold individuals responsible for their polluting behavior, be designed to reflect normative commitments to equity in climate ethics, and help raise awareness about climate change and social decarbonization efforts through effective personal mitigation actions.
Validating the use of object-based image analysis to map commonly recognized landform features in the United States

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Geospatial Program (NGP) seeks to i) create semantically accessible terrain features from the pixel-based 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) data, and ii) enhanc...
Ijtihad in the light of the goals of Sharia: Jasser Auda's ethical and legal theory

The theory of the goals of sharia ( Maqasid al-Shari‘a ) is today one of the key and most popular concepts among Muslim jurists. Almost all modern well-known Muslim reformers offer to reform the methodology of Islamic law, as well as the economic, cultural and political structures of Muslim societies, using precisely the provisions of this theory. Studies by a Muslim jurist and thinker Jasser Auda are an important milestone in the development of the theory of the aims of Islamic law. Through the use of a systematic approach and system analysis, he is trying to update the theory of Islamic law and increase the role of the theory of the goals of Sharia in Islamic law.
Money and rhetoric: Energy sector dynamics in U.S. Senate committee

Abstract The sequencing of the relationship between campaign contributions and legislative rhetoric is categorized by competing theories as being driven by lags, leads, and contemporaneous effects. We study the committee level dynamics between energy sector donations and legislative rhetoric in the U.S. Senate. Conditioning on party and Senate class, we find evidence for complex interactions that are characterized by a combination of various temporal responses. Individual dynamics — electoral vulnerability, geographical differences and the state-specific importance of the sector — lead to stronger connections between campaign contributions and rhetoric.
The Metal Abundances across Cosmic Time (MACT) Survey. III - The relationship between stellar mass and star formation rate in extremely low-mass galaxies

Author(s): Shin, Kaitlyn; Ly, Chun; Malkan, Matthew A; Malhotra, Sangeeta; de los Reyes, Mithi; Rhoads, James E | Abstract: ABSTRACT Extragalactic studies have demonstrated that there is a moderately tight (≈0.3 dex) relationship between galaxy stellar mass (M⋆) and star formation rate (SFR) that holds for star-forming galaxies at M⋆n∼ 3n×n108–1011nM⊙, i.e. the ‘star formation main sequence’. However, it has yet to be determined whether such a relationship extends to even lower mass galaxies, particularly at intermediate or higher redshifts. We present new results using observations for 714 narrow-band H α-selected galaxies with stellar masses between 106 and 1010nM⊙ (average of 108.2nM⊙) at zn≈ 0.07–0.5. These galaxies have sensitive ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared photometric measurements and optical spectroscopy. The latter allows us to correct our H α SFRs for dust attenuation using Balmer decrements. Our study reveals that: (1) for low-SFR galaxies, our H α SFRs systematically underpredict compared to far-UV measurements, consistent with other studies; (2) at a given stellar mass (≈108nM⊙), log (specificnSFR) evolves asnA log (1 + z) with An= 5.26n±n0.75, and on average, specific SFR increases with decreasing stellar mass; (3) the SFR–M⋆ relation holds for galaxies down to ∼106nM⊙ (∼1.5 dex below previous studies), and over lookback times of up to 5nGyr, follows a redshift-dependent relation of log (SFR) ∝ α log (M⋆/M⊙) + β z with αn= 0.60n±n0.01 and βn= 1.86n±n0.07; and (4) the observed dispersion in the SFR–M⋆ relation at low stellar masses is ≈0.3 dex. Accounting for survey selection effects using simulated galaxies, we estimate that the true dispersion is ≈0.5 dex.
PEDIATRICS: Plastic crib dome gives children added freedom, safety

(1966). PEDIATRICS: Plastic crib dome gives children added freedom, safety. Hospital Topics: Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 93-94.
Exceptional coupling in extreme skin-depth waveguides for extremely low waveguide crosstalk

Photonic chips can miniaturize complicate optical systems very tiny and portable, providing versatile functionalities for many optical applications. Increasing the photonic chip integration density is highly desired as it provides more functionalities, low cost, and lower power consumption. However, photonic chip integration density is limited by the waveguide crosstalk, which is caused by the evanescent waves in the cladding. Here we show that the waveguide crosstalk can be suppressed completely with the exceptional coupling in extreme skin-depth (eskid) waveguides. The anisotropic dielectric perturbations in the coupled eskid waveguides cause such an exceptional coupling, resulting in infinitely long coupling length. We demonstrate the extreme suppression of waveguide crosstalk via exceptional coupling on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform, which is compatible with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process. The idea of exceptional coupling in eskid waveguides can be applied to many other photonic devices as well, significantly reducing entire chip footprints.
Trend Analysis of Building Power Consumption Based on Prophet Algorithm

There are many influencing factors of building electricity consumption, such as weather, season, time, economy and electricity price, which have the characteristics of certain linear and periodic changes, and have strong random changes. In this paper a novel prophet algorithm was proposed to do trend analysis of building power consumption. By comparing the prediction results of Prophet algorithm and ARIMA algorithm, prophet algorithm has better prediction results in terms of prediction and can add the date and time that affect the building. The simulation results show that the comprehensive power consumption of shopping malls is affected by holidays to some extent, but also by high temperature weather to some extent. The comprehensive power consumption of office buildings is relatively less affected by holidays and high temperature weather to some extent.
Algebraic Topological Indices of Molecular Chirality

In this chapter we shall focus attention upon those aspects of the mathematical analysis of molecular graphs which relate to the geometric and topological properties of their spatial symmetries and of their knotting and linking. Interconnections with the theory of knots and links (which can also serve as models for small molecules) will also be presented. In this first section we shall briefly review the fundamental concepts which delineate the interrelationships between the molecular structures, the geometric structures, and the topological structures. In the second section we shall present several of the significant test families of molecular graphs which will be employed in the comparison of the stereotopological indices used to detect chirality. This discussion continues in the third section where some of the elements of the knot theory of molecular graphs are introduced. Chimerical graphs, i.e. graphs with a fixed structure near vertices, their elementary properties, and their structural properties are presented in the fourth section. In the fifth section we present a survey of the algebraic topological methods that have been employed to detect and quantify the chirality of classical knots and links as well as molecular graphs, This discussion concludes with the discussion of the development, by E. Witten, of stereotopological indices arising from interactions with, statistical mechanics and gauge theories from mathematical physics.
Scalable radiative cooling paints based on random porous polymers

Radiative cooling is an emerging strategy to achieve cooling without using electricity, where a surface has high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance simultaneously. Porous polymer paint is a scalable approach to realize radiative cooling. For instance, porous poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropene) (P(VdF-HFP)) coatings exhibit near-perfect solar reflectance Rsolar (> 0.96) and long-wave infrared (LWIR) emittance eLWIR (~ 0.97) for radiative cooling. In this presentation, I will discuss the principle, manufacturing of such porous film. Methods to switch the optical/thermal properties from radiative cooling to solar absorption will also be discussed, which represents an “ice-house” to “green-house” transition useful for tuneable radiative cooling at night and potentially, thermal camouflaging. At the end, strategies to achieve colored radiative cooling will be discussed too
Corticosteroids lead to short-term improvement in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation.

Abstract Background: Cerebral amyloid angiopathy – related inflammation (CAA-ri) is an uncommon manifestation of CAA. Methods: Single-center, retrospective review of all charts with ICD-code I68.0 (CAA) from 2/2/2016–1/1/2020. Results: Of 152 CAA cases, 13 (8.6%) were consistent with CAA-ri. Corticosteroid-treatment led to short-term reduction in modified Rankin Scale scores (2.6 ± 1.4 vs. 1.6 ± 1.5; p = 0.01) and T2/FLAIR lesion volume (78.1 ± 52.2 cm3 vs. 30 ± 30.9 cm3, p Interpretation: Corticosteroid-treatment leads to clinical and radiological short-term improvement (class IV evidence).
Celecoxib Colorectal Bioavailability and Chemopreventive Response in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Patients

ABSTRACT The chemopreventive activity of celecoxib against colorectal cancer is limited to a proportion of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients who experience a response. The cause of this response variability and the potential mechanisms underlying these responses remain poorly understood. Preclinical studies showed that celecoxib increases the production of main oxidative metabolism product of linoleic acid, 13-S-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-S-HODE), to suppress colorectal tumorigenesis. We conducted a phase II clinical study to determine whether celecoxib increases 13-S-HODE production in colonic adenomas from FAP patients. Twenty seven FAP patients completed a 6-month oral course of 400 mg of celecoxib twice a day and had colonoscopies before and after celecoxib treatment to assess colorectal polyp tumor burden and obtain colorectal normal and polyp biopsies to measure celecoxib, 13-HODE, 15-HETE, 12-HETE, and LTB4 levels by LC/MS. Celecoxib levels in sera from those patients were also measured before treatment and 2, 4, and 6 months of treatment. Seventeen of the 27 patients experienced a response to celecoxib, with a more than 30% reduction of colonic polyp burden on the basis of a reproducible quantitative assessment of colonoscopy results. Celecoxib levels were significantly lower in polyp tissues than in normal colorectal tissues. Celecoxib levels in sera and normal colorectal tissues were correlated in patients who experienced a response to celecoxib but not in those who did not. Among the measured lipoxygenase products, only 13-HODE levels were significantly lower in polyp tissues than in normal tissues. Our findings demonstrate the differential bioavailability of celecoxib between normal and polyp tissues and its potential effects on clinical response in FAP patients.
Intellectual Populism: Democracy, Inquiry, and the People: by Paul Stob, Michigan State University Press, 2020, xliv + 331 pp., $34.95 (paperback)

Many of our major American institutions—especially academic institutions—continue to dismiss the populist sensibility as an anti-intellectual and anti-democratic affair, discounting the complexitie...
The Prognostic Value of Time in Range in Type 2 Diabetes

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is the recommended approach to the assessment of hypoglycemia and glycemic variability in the setting of type 1 diabetes (1). The latest generation of CGM systems measure glucose every minute or every few minutes, with devices providing ∼1,300 to up to ∼20,000 measurements per person for a 14-day wear period. With this many measurements per person, the question arises of how to summarize the data in the most clinically useful manner and best communicate the results to patients. Time in range has emerged as a CGM metric with clinical utility in the management of type 1 diabetes (2,3). Time in range is a relatively simple CGM metric, defined as the percent of time spent with glucose values within a target range, usually 70–180 mg/dL (3.9–10 mmol/L), although the target can be individualized. Time in range is automatically calculated and included in CGM system reports, along with percentage of time spent in hypo- and hyperglycemic glucose ranges (i.e., below or above target), average glucose, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation. As costs have come down and device accuracy has improved, the adoption of CGM has increased, with up to 20–30% of some U.S. patient populations with type 1 diabetes currently using the technology (4). In patients with type 2 diabetes, the benefits and role of CGM in clinical management are less clear than in patients with type 1 diabetes. American Diabetes Association guidelines state that CGM may have a role in selected patients with type 2 diabetes, primarily those who are taking multiple daily injections of insulin (5). There …
Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotic Medication Plus Customized Adherence Enhancement in Poor Adherence Patients With Bipolar Disorder.

Objective: People with bipolar disorder (BD) often have difficulty with medication adherence. This pilot trial combined a behavioral customized adherence enhancement (CAE) approach with long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotic medication and assessed effects on adherence, BD symptoms, and functional status. Methods: This 6-month prospective, uncontrolled trial of the intervention (CAE with LAI) in 30 poorly adherent individuals with BD assessed adherence using the Tablets Routine Questionnaire (TRQ) and symptoms using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). Functioning was assessed via the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Assessments were conducted at screening, baseline, week 12, and week 24 (6 months). The LAI was aripiprazole once monthly. The study was conducted between April 2018 and May 2020. Results: The mean age of the sample was 49.5 years (SD = 9.3), and 56.7% were Black. Nine individuals (30%) terminated the study prematurely, 1 due to side effects (tremor). The mean LAI dose was 314.3 mg (SD = 96.4). The proportion of missed medications in the past week (mean TRQ) from screen to 24 weeks significantly improved from 50.1% (SD 24.8) to 16.9% (SD = 27.0) (P < .001), and past month TRQ improved from 40.6% (SD = 23.8) to 19.2% (SD = 24.0) (a trend for significance, P = .0599). TRQ change from baseline to 24 weeks was not significant. There were significant improvements on the BPRS (P < .001), MADRS (P = .01), YMRS (P < .001), CGI (P < .001), SOFAS (P < .001), and GAF (P < .001). Conclusion: A personalized intervention to address adherence barriers combined with LAI can improve recovery outcomes in high-risk individuals with BD. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03408873.
Nanosecond Pulsed Discharge Dynamics During Passage of a Transient Laminar Flame

This work presents an experimental study of a nanosecond repetitively pulsed dielectric barrier discharge interacting with a transient laminar flame propagating in a channel of height near the quenching distance of the flame. The discharge and the flame are of comparable size, and the discharge is favoured at a location where it is coupled with the reaction zone and burned gas. The primary goal is to determine how the discharge evolves on the time scale of the flame passage, with the evolution driven by the changing gas state produced by the moving flame front. This work complements the large body of work investigating the effect of plasma to modify flame dynamics, by considering the other side of the interaction (how the discharge is modified by the flame). The hot gas produced by the combustion had a strong effect on the discharge, with the discharge preferentially forming in the region of hot combustion products. The per-pulse energy deposited by the discharge was measured and found to increase with the size of the discharge region and applied voltage. The pulse repetition frequency did not have a direct impact on the per-pulse energy, but did have an effect on the morphology and size of the discharge region. Two distinct discharge regimes were observed: uniform and filamentary (microdischarges). Higher pulse repetition frequencies and faster-cooling combustion products were more likely to transition to the filamentary regime, while lower frequencies and slower-cooling combustion products maintained a uniform regime for the entirety of the time the discharge was active. This regime transition was influenced by the ratio of the time scale of fluid motion to the pulse repetition rate. This work demonstrates the importance of considering how the discharge properties will change due to combustion processes in applications utilizing plasma assistance for transient combustion systems.
Knowledge, Economics and Coordination: Understanding Hayek’s Legal Theory

Legal scholars and economists alike have been quite critical of F. A. Hayek’s legal theory. According to Richard Posner, Hayek’s legal theory is “formalist” and serves as a useless guide for legal scholars and judges. Alan Ebenstein claims that Hayek’s arguments in technical economics fail. Therefore, Hayek’s research program in economic science should be abandoned, but his program in social philosophy should be preserved. We argue that these criticisms are misplaced, and we contend that Hayek’s legal theory cannot be separated from his economic theory. To establish this point, we trace the evolution of Hayek’s thought from his earlier writings in technical economics to his later writings on legal theory. Both Posner and Ebenstein fail to appreciate the subtlety of Hayek’s legal theory because they understand Hayek’s work in law in isolation from his work in economics.
Development of a cryogenic heat pipe

Heat pipe operating characteristics can be used to advantage in cryogenic systems. Diode operation of the heat pipe, the ability to conduct heat in one direction only, is useful in protecting the heat load if the heat sink temperature rises above the load temperature. Because of this, the heat pipe can be made to act as a thermal switch. A screened-wick, inverted-artery, cryogenic heat pipe was designed, fabricated, and tested. The tests were first conducted with hydrogen and then with oxygen as the working fluid. Heat pipe performance limits were measured as a function of operating temperature, and startup from both the supercritical and the frozen state was demonstrated. The heat pipe was designed to operate as a thermal diode, and transient tests were used to determine the turndown ratio. The heat pipe test results were correlated with the Los Alamos heat pipe computer code and good agreement was obtained between the predicted and measured performance. The heat pipe was developed for spacecraft sensor cooling applications. Test results show significant performance advantages over solid conductors.
Genetic engineering in vivo using translocatable drug-resistance elements. New methods in bacterial genetics.

Abstract A number of translocatable drug-resistance elements have recently been described which are able to insert themselves into a large number of different sites in prokaryotic genomes. These elements cause recognizable mutations when insertion occurs within a structural gene or an operon. Drug-resistance elements are also associated with other kinds of illegitimate recombination events, notably deletions and inversions. This paper summarizes uses to which these properties of translocatable drugr-esistance elements can be put in genetic manipulations of bacteria. Translocatable drug-resistance elements are useful in isolation of mutants (even where the mutant phenotype is not easily scored), in the construction of strains and other genetic manipulations (even when selection is difficult or impossible), in localized mutagenesis, in chromosomal mapping, in construction of Hfr strains with known origin and direction of chromosome transfer, in complementation tests, in construction of new F′ plasmids, in construction of new specialized transducing phages, in isolation of deletions with one or both endpoints specified, in construction of gene and operon fusions, and in the selection and maintenance of chromosomal duplications. Experiments are described which illustrate many of these techniques.
Ziram, a pesticide associated with increased risk for Parkinson's disease, differentially affects the presynaptic function of aminergic and glutamatergic nerve terminals at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction

Multiple populations of aminergic neurons are affected in Parkinson's disease (PD), with serotonergic and noradrenergic loci responsible for some non-motor symptoms. Environmental toxins, such as the dithiocarbamate fungicide ziram, significantly increase the risk of developing PD and the attendant spectrum of both motor and non-motor symptoms. The mechanisms by which ziram and other environmental toxins increase the risk of PD, and the potential effects of these toxins on aminergic neurons, remain unclear. To determine the relative effects of ziram on the synaptic function of aminergic versus non-aminergic neurons, we used live-imaging at the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). In contrast to nearly all other studies of this model synapse, we imaged presynaptic function at both glutamatergic Type Ib and aminergic Type II boutons, the latter responsible for storage and release of octopamine, the invertebrate equivalent of noradrenalin. To quantify the kinetics of exo- and endo-cytosis, we employed an acid-sensitive form of GFP fused to the Drosophila vesicular monoamine transporter (DVMAT-pHluorin). Additional genetic probes were used to visualize intracellular calcium flux (GCaMP) and voltage changes (ArcLight). We find that at glutamatergic Type Ib terminals, exposure to ziram increases exocytosis and inhibits endocytosis. By contrast, at octopaminergic Type II terminals, ziram has no detectable effect on exocytosis and dramatically inhibits endocytosis. In contrast to other reports on the neuronal effects of ziram, these effects do not appear to result from perturbation of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) or calcium homeostasis. Unexpectedly, ziram also caused spontaneous and synchronized bursts of calcium influx (measured by GCaMP) and electrical activity (measured by ArcLight) at aminergic Type II, but not glutamatergic Type Ib, nerve terminals. These events are sensitive to both tetrodotoxin and cadmium chloride, and thus appear to represent spontaneous depolarizations followed by calcium influx into Type II terminals. We speculate that the differential effects of ziram on Type II versus Type Ib terminals may be relevant to the specific sensitivity of aminergic neurons in PD, and suggest that changes in neuronal excitability could contribute to the increased risk for PD caused by exposure to ziram. We also suggest that the fly NMJ will be useful to explore the synaptic effects of other pesticides associated with an increased risk of PD.
COOKING EFFECTS ON TITIN IN FRESH AND PROCESSED BEEF PRODUCTS

Fresh bovine longissimus thoracis muscle samples, heated at 73C for 0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min, were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blot analysis. Titin was both aggregated into large protein masses and degraded into smaller fragments (two apparently independent processes) in fresh muscle samples heated 15 min or more at 73C. Samples removed at various points during the manufacture of a tumbled cured beef product were also subjected to electrophoresis and western blot analysis. Titin was primarily degraded into smaller polypeptide fragments during the manufacture of this product with no large titin aggregates observed. Commercially manufactured meat products, when examined by these techniques, contained both titin aggregates and degradation products. These results suggest that titin can be aggregated into large protein masses and degraded into smaller polypeptide fragments during the heating of fresh or processed meat products.
User categorisation of works: toward improved organisation of online catalogue displays

This paper examines a user categorisation of documents related to a particular literary work. Fifty study participants completed an unconstrained sorting task of documents related to Charles Dickens’ A Christmas carol. After they had finished the sorting task, participants wrote descriptions of the attributes they used to create each group. Content analysis of these descriptions revealed categories of attributes used for grouping. Participants used physical format, audience, content description, pictorial elements, usage, and language most frequently for grouping. Many of the attributes participants used for grouping already exist in bibliographic records and may be used to cluster records related to works automatically in online catalogue displays. The attributes used by people in classifying or grouping documents related to a work may be used to guide the design of summary online catalogue work displays.
PSEUDOTETRACYSTIS, A NEW CHLOROSARCINACEAN ALGA12

SUMMARY Pseudotetracystis terrestris gen. et sp. nov., a member of the Chlorosarcinaceae, was isolated into axenic culture from dry surface soil collected near Texon in Reagan County, Texas. The characteristics of this presently monotypic genus include vegetative cells with a parietal chloroplast, a single pyrenoid, and polymorphic motile cells which are of the Protosiphon-type (naked with 2 equal flagella); P. terrestris is the type species. Vegetative cell division (desmoschisis) forms diads and tetrahedral or planar tetrads, sometimes aggregated in transitory complexes. Reproduction is by the polymorphic motile cells which may function either as gametes to form zygotes which develop without dormancy directly into vegetative cells, or they may function as zoospores and develop directly into vegetative cells without union.
Metacognition and the Spacing Effect: The Role of Repetition, Feedback, and Instruction on Judgments of Learning for Massed and Spaced Rehearsal.

Although memory performance benefits from the spacing of information at encoding, judgments of learning (JOLs) are often not sensitive to the benefits of spacing. The present research examines how practice, feedback, and instruction influence JOLs for spaced and massed items. In Experiment 1, in which JOLs were made after the presentation of each item and participants were given multiple study-test cycles, JOLs were strongly influenced by the repetition of the items, but there was little difference in JOLs for massed versus spaced items. A similar effect was shown in Experiments 2 and 3, in which participants scored their own recall performance and were given feedback, although participants did learn to assign higher JOLs to spaced items with task experience. In Experiment 4, after participants were given direct instruction about the benefits of spacing, they showed a greater difference for JOLs of spaced vs massed items, but their JOLs still underestimated their recall for spaced items. Although spacing effects are very robust and have important implications for memory and education, people often underestimate the benefits of spaced repetition when learning, possibly due to the reliance on processing fluency during study and attending to repetition, and not taking into account the beneficial aspects of study schedule.
Computer-Assisted Spectroscopic Analysis Using Orthonormalized Reference Spectra. Part I: Application to Mixtures:

A new method for the spectroscopic analysis of mixtures is presented. The method involves computing the projections of the mixture spectrum in the space spanned by an orthonormal reference library. The use of orthonormalized reference spectra results in a significant reduction in the amount of computation involved in the direct spectroscopic analysis of mixtures.
Anaesthetic management of a child with Pallister-Killian syndrome.

Summary Pallister–Killian syndrome is characterized by tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosome 12p, which produces mental retardation of varying degrees and dysmorphic characteristics. We describe anaesthesia in a 2-year-old child affected by this syndrome who underwent surgery for orchidopexy. Anaesthetic consisted of an inhalation mixture of O2, N2O and sevoflurane, together with an inguinal block with ropivacaine and administration of alfentanil plus ketorolac. Tracheal intubation was uneventful. No complications of any type were observed.
Online diploma mills: implications for legitimate distance education

In 1992, the US legislature passed a statute denying Federal Title IV financial aid funding to students attending colleges or universities that either provided more than half of their courses via d...