cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration by class I gene transfer that reduced susceptibility of human cells to natural killer cell-mediated lysis is inversely correlated with HLA class I antigen expression.

HLA antigen-loss mutants and class I gene transferents were used to analyze the influence of class I expression on natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. Only HLA antigen-loss mutants that had lost expression of either HLA-A and HLA-B antigens (mutant .184) or of HLA-A, B and C antigens (mutant .221) were distinctly susceptible to NK-mediated lysis. Mutants with reduced expression of class II antigens but unaltered expression of class I antigens remained resistant to NK lysis. A direct demonstration of the effect of class I antigen expression on human cells was made by analyzing a variety of gene transferents of the HLA-A, B, C null mutant .221 expressing only one transferred HLA-A, B or C gene. These results specifically show that expression of class I antigens, with a possible preferential effect of HLA-B expression, reduces the susceptibility of mutant .221 to NK-mediated lysis.
Congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without esophageal atresia.

Summary A case of congenital tracheo-esophageal fistula without atresia in a 6-month-old boy is described. This diagnosis should be considered in all infants and children who have recurrent pneumonitis, whose coughing is related to the taking of food, and in whom meteorism is a prominent feature. Observation of the rapid increase of abdominal distention after feeding and coughing is a most helpful corroborative sign.
Vortex Diffusivity in Two-Dimensional Helium Films

The first measurements of vortex diffusivity in two-dimensional superfluid helium films are reported. The diffusivity appears to be a universal function of $\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}}{T}$, where ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}$ is the areal superfluid density, and is $\frac{0.4\ensuremath{\hbar}}{m}$ at the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. In contrast with theoretical expectations, the diffusivity is a rapidly increasing function of $\frac{T}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{s}}$ near the transition temperature.
The Influence of Ants on the Foraging Behavior of Birds in an Agroforest1

Ants limit bird foraging success via interference or exploitative competition. We compared bird foraging (number and duration of visits, bird species visiting) on ant (Azteca instabilis)-infested and ant-free tropical trees (Inga micheliana and Alchornea latifolia). Ants did not affect the number of bird visits or the number of species visiting. Ant presence shortened visit duration (overall and for insectivores) only on A. latifolia where ant activity was higher. Ants may thus hinder bird foraging on some tropical trees potentially shaping how predators affect arthropod communities; yet ant effects depend on bird foraging guild and ant activity. RESUMEN Las hormigas limitan el forrajeo exitoso por aves ya sea por interferencia o competencia explotativa. Comparamos la actividad de aves (nimero y duraci6n de visitas y especies de aves visitadoras) en dos especies de arboles tropicales (Inga micheliana y Alchornea latifolia) con y sin la hormiga Azteca instabilis. Las hormigas no afectaron el nimero de visitas o el nmero de especies de aves visitadoras a estos arboles tropicales, con la excepci6n de A. latifolia donde la duraci6n de visitas se acort6 (en general y para las especies insectivoras) debido a la alta presencia de hormigas. Concluimos que la presencia de las hormigas disminuyen la actividad forrajera por aves en algunos arboles tropicales, potencialmente influyendo en los efectos de depredadores en comunidades de artr6podos. Sin embargo los efectos de las hormigas dependen del forrajeo de las aves.
Long-term psychological follow-up of patients after corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot

We studied long-term psychological consequences of congenital heart disease in which the lesions had been completely repaired in childhood. Forty-eight young adults whose tetralogy of Fallot was corrected by surgery an average of 14 years 2 months earlier completed the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Children's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory, and a questionnaire. Their parents completed the Parent Attitude Research Instrument and a questionnaire. The data were compared for a group of patients ( N = 22) who had the surgery before the age of 9 years, and a group ( N = 26) who were operated at age 9 years or older. The current ages of the two groups were similar. The older group, whose period of childhood incapacitation lasted on the average 6.5 years longer, showed an internally consistent psychological pattern different from the younger operated group. On the 16PF, the older operated group now appears less venturesome and more insecure, and also reports recall from childhood that mothers had shown less control and discipline. Extended invalidism in childhood appears to result in psychological remnants of the invalid role in adulthood. This result also justifies repair of congenital heart defects as early in life as possible.
Sclerosing papillary proliferations in the female breast. A benign lesion often mistaken for carcinoma.

The occurrence of foci of fibrosis in benign intraductal papillary proliferations in the female mammary gland can lead to extreme distortion with a pseudo-invasive pattern that is still often mistaken for carcinoma. The histologic diagnostic criteria which differentiate between this benign lesion and true carcinoma are described in detail in this report. In a series of 30 cases with adequate followup, the benign nature of this lesion was confirmed.
Position sensitive proportional counters as focal plane detectors

Abstract The rise time and charge division techniques for position decoding with RC-line proportional counters are reviewed. The advantages that these detectors offer as focal plane counters for nuclear spectroscopy performed with magnetic spectrographs are discussed. The theory of operation of proportional counters as position sensing devices is summarized, as well as practical aspects affecting their application. Factors limiting the position and energy resolutions obtainable with a focal plane proportional counter are evaluated and measured position and energy loss values are presented for comparison. Detector systems capable of the multiparameter measurements required for particle identification, background suppression and ray-tracing are described in order to illustrate the wide applicability of proportional counters within complex focal plane systems. Examples of the use of these counters other than with magnetic spectrographs are given in order to demonstrate their usefulness in not only nuclear physics but also in fields such as solid state physics, biology, and medicine. The influence of the new focal plane detector systems on future magnetic spectrograph designs is discussed.
L'Hoˆpital's rule via integration

(1991). L'Hopital's Rule Via Integration. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 156-157.
Neurotrophins Regulate Bone Marrow Stromal Cell IL-6 Expression through the MAPK Pathway

Background The host's response to infection is characterized by altered levels of neurotrophins and an influx of inflammatory cells to sites of injured tissue. Progenitor cells that give rise to the differentiated cellular mediators of inflammation are derived from bone marrow progenitor cells where their development is regulated, in part, by cues from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). As such, alteration of BMSC function in response to elevated systemic mediators has the potential to alter their function in biologically relevant ways, including downstream alteration of cytokine production that influences hematopoietic development. Methodology/Principal Findings In the current study we investigated BMSC neurotrophin receptor expression by flow cytometric analysis to determine differences in expression as well as potential to respond to NGF or BDNF. Intracellular signaling subsequent to neurotrophin stimulation of BMSC was analyzed by western blot, microarray analysis, confocal microscopy and real-time PCR. Analysis of BMSC Interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression was completed using ELISA and real-time PCR. Conclusion BMSC established from different individuals had distinct expression profiles of the neurotrophin receptors, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, and p75NTR. These receptors were functional, demonstrated by an increase in Akt-phosphorylation following BMSC exposure to recombinant NGF or BDNF. Neurotrophin stimulation of BMSC resulted in increased IL-6 gene and protein expression which required activation of ERK and p38 MAPK signaling, but was not mediated by the NFκB pathway. BMSC response to neurotrophins, including the up-regulation of IL-6, may alter their support of hematopoiesis and regulate the availability of inflammatory cells for migration to sites of injury or infection. As such, these studies are relevant to the growing appreciation of the interplay between neurotropic mediators and the regulation of hematopoiesis.
METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITION IN CUIR2S4: XAS RESULTS ON THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE

S K and Ir ${L}_{3}$ x-ray absorption measurements across the temperature-induced metal (M) to insulator (I) transition in ${\mathrm{CuIr}}_{2}{\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ are presented. Dramatic S K-edge changes reflect the Ir d-electronic state redistribution across this transition. These changes, along with a detailed consideration of the I-phase structure, motivate a model in which the I-phase stabilization involves an interplay of charge and d-orbital orientation ordering along Ir chains, a quadrupling of the Ir-chain repeat unit, and correlated dimer spin-singlet formation.
Parenteral antiepileptic/anticonvulsant drugs

A large number of drugs can be given parenterally for the control of acute seizures, although many of these compounds are associated with serious adverse effects. Phenobarbital, the first antiepileptic drug (AED), has long been available in an injectable formulation. The sodium salt of phenobarbital is water soluble, and its parenteral formulation can be given for maintenance therapy or treatment of acute seizures. The introduction of phenytoin in 1938, and its subsequent parenteral formulation, represented a significant advance in AED therapy owing to its relative absence of sedation. However, the risk of adverse effects necessitates that the rate of phenytoin administration usually be limited to 50 mg/min. I.v. valproate has been used extensively but has not been approved for use in the United States, and its value for treating acute seizures is unclear. Several benzodiazepines have been used as adjunctive drugs for the treatment of epilepsy; given parenterally, they provide rapid CNS entry and prompt control of seizures, but their effect is short lived. Agents that have more hypnotic anesthetic properties are often used when the benzodiazepines or phenytoin alone or in combination fails.
Self-application of topically applied stannous fluoride: a feasibility study

If the cariostatic effects of topically ap­ plied stannous fluoride depend on plaque removal, self-prophylaxis is as beneficial as technician-applied prophylaxis. Some subjects cleaned their own teeth in this study. Others had their teeth cleaned by dental technicians. All used SnFg. The amount of plaque removed in all groups, those brushing their own teeth and those whose teeth were cleaned by the tech­ nicians, was about the same. Apparently, the patient can perform the first step of the three-agent SnF2 method, thereby saving the dentist’s time and allowing more people to enjoy the benefits of pre­ ventive dentistry.
Dihydropyridine calcium agonists selectively enhance resistance artery myogenic tone.

Abstract Upon stretch in normal physiological salt solution (PSS), two dihydropyridine (DHP) Ca 2+ agonists (Bay k 8644 and CGP 28392) enhanced the level of stretch-dependent myogenic tone in rabbit ear resistance arteries. This potentiating effect was not blocked by phenoxybenzamine (1 μM) and was Ca 2+ -dependent. Bay k 8644 was more potent than CGP 28392. These agonists had a smaller potentiating effect on K + (20 mM)-induced contraction, and had little effect in the presence of high K + (50–134 mM) PSS. Stretch-dependent myogenic tone is resistant to the inhibitory effect of nimodipine, a selective DHP Ca 2+ antagonist which inhibited K + (50 mM)-induced contraction in the nanomolar range. The potentiating effects of Bay k 8644 and CGP 28392 on myogenic tone were reversed by nimodipine. Our data suggest that (1) DHP Ca 2+ agonists selectively enhance myogenic tone by a mechanism that is antagonized by nimodipine, although physiological activation of myogenic tone is nimodipine insensitive, and (2) the calcium related mechanisms of myogenic tone are distinct from those for high K + depolarization-induced tone.
Scalable methods for the analysis and optimization of gate oxide breakdown

In this paper we first develop an analytic closed-form model for the failure probability (FP) of a large digital circuit due to gate oxide breakdown. Our approach accounts for the fact that not every breakdown leads to circuit failure, and shows a 6–11× relaxation of the predicted lifetime with respect to the ultra-pessimistic area-scaling method. Next, we develop a posynomial-based optimization approach to perform gate sizing for oxide reliability in addition to timing and area.
THE FRED S. KELLER SCHOOL

The Fred S. Keller School is located in Yonkers, New York, and is one of several schools operating as a Comprehensive Application of Behavior Analysis to Schooling (CABAS®) program. CABAS® schools are self-correcting and self-sustaining, and incorporate the science of teaching into every aspect of schooling. The Keller School functions as a cybernetic system of education in which the individualized instruction of each student influences the behavior of the entire education community. Student opportunities to learn are continuously measured, graphed, evaluated, and, as necessary, modified. Staff training occurs as a function of the programmatic needs of each student and the repertoire of the individual staff member. Supervisors are master teachers whose behavior is directly tied to the learning of the students and other staff. Parents are also taught principles of behavior as they relate to the education of their child, and parenting behaviors are changed based upon the needs and progress of the child. The behavior of the entire school (including efficacy and efficiency measures, the development of repertoires) is influenced by the performance of each individual within it.
Gradual hard X-ray events and second phase particle acceleration

In the second phase acceleration process the close time coincidence between the gradual hard X-ray burst and the type II shock wave is presumed due to shock acceleration of the electrons producing the gradual phase burst. We point out that recent studies of gradual hard X-ray bursts place the source heights well below the heights of 2–10 × 105 km traversed by the shock. Gradual phase energetic electrons therefore cannot be accelerated in the shock but must be produced elsewhere. We propose the loop systems of long decay X-ray events (LDEs) as the sites of the gradual phase electron production.
Molecular genetics of growth and development in Populus. I. Triploidy in hybrid poplars.

While constructing a genetic linkage map of a hybrid poplar genome (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoides), we identified several restriction fragment length polymorphismus (RFLPs) for which the parental trees are heterozygous. Although 8 of the 11 F1 hybrid offspring inherited, as expected, single RFLP alleles from each parent, 3 F1 trees in the mapping pedigree inherited both maternal alleles along with a single paternal allele at some loci. Aneuploidy or polyploidy in these 3 F1 trees due to partial or complete nondisj unction during female gametogenesis is the simplest explanation for this finding. Of the 3 f1 offspring with supernumerary RFLP alleles 2 have triploid nuclear DNA contents as measured by fluorescence flow cytometry; the 3rd F1 with supernumerary alleles has a sub-triploid nuclear DNA content and is probably aneuploid. Among the tri/aneuploid hybrids, leaf quantitative traits either are skewed toward those values characteristic of the P. trichocarpa female parent (adaxial stomate density, petiole length: blade length ratio; abaxial color) or show transgressive variation (epidermal cell size). Abaxial leaf color was used to screen a large population of P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides hybrids for further evidence of tri/aneuploidy. In each case where a “white” abaxial leaf surface was observed and the nuclear DNA content measured, the hybrid proved to be tri/aneuploid. All sexually mature female triploids examined were sterile, although the inflorescences completed their development in the absence of embryo formation. The (probably) aneuploid F1 hybrid is a fertile female. Of 15 female P. trichocarpa parents used in crosses to P. deltoides, 10 produced one or more tri/aneuploid hybrid offspring. In an intraspecific cross using a P. trichocarpa female that had produced triploid hybrids with five different P. deltoides males, no tri/aneuploid offpsring were found.
Elbow Disorders in the Young Athlete

Elbow injuries in the pediatric athlete are common. Elbow injuries result from macrotrauma or microtrauma. Examples of macrotrauma include elbow dislocations and medial epicondyle fractures. Examples of microtrauma or repetitive overuse injuries include medial epicondyle apophysitis and osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Elbow injuries occur in patterns unique to the skeletally immature patient. For example, lateral sided disorders of the elbow such as Panner’s disease and osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum result from compressive forces on the elbow whereas medial-sided elbow injuries, including medial epicondyle apophysitis, medial epicondyle avulsion fracture, and ulnar collateral ligament tears, result from tension forces on the elbow. Excessive baseball throwing causes many microtrauma overuse elbow injuries. In addition, the trend for young throwing athletes to train year round in only one sport also increases the risk of overuse injury. Prompt recognition and treatment of elbow injuries in the young athlete is key to prevent potential long-term disability and deformity. Unfortunately, in some cases, surgical treatment of elbow injuries in the young athlete is only palliative.
Fabrication and characterization of Fe/sub 81/Ga/sub 19/ thin films

Summary form only given. Certain substitutional additions to Fe can increase both its resistivity and magnetostriction /spl lambda/. Recently Fe-Ga has been investigated as a bulk magnetostrictive material, with maximum /spl lambda/ localized along the . Further, it has been discovered that /spl lambda/ along increased from /spl sim/300 to /spl sim/350 ppm when the samples were quenched, rather than furnace-cooled. Fe-Ga, due to its low anisotropy and high magnetostriction is an attractive candidate as a high magnetostrictive susceptibility MEMS material. In order to investigate the thin film properties of Fe-Ga materials epitaxial fabrication is necessary, in order to locate the in specific orientations.
Structure, agency, and change in an American newsroom

Building on a prior ethnographic study conducted in the same newsroom, this essay offers a conceptual framework for understanding current efforts to transform metropolitan daily newspapers. At the ...
Target excitations and the optical potential for protons scattering from nuclei

Abstract We calculate the contributions to the optical potential for 30 MeV protons due to inelastic excitations of the target nucleus. The scattering due to this non-local potential is calculated exactly and some of the results subjected to conventional optical model analysis. When only one excited state is included, a resonant dependence on the excitation energy is observed. Even with ten excited states, the position of a single one can strongly influence the scattering. It is possible to account for about 3 4 of the observed absorption in 40 Ca and 208 Pb, but only by postulating unobserved states which exhaust the remainder of the experimental sum rules at somewhat unreasonably low energies. It was not possible to find simple local potentials which gave the same scattering because of the strong L -dependence of the absorption. The constructed potentials concentrate the absorption at too small radii. It is suggested that rearrangement (pick-up) processes contribute a substantial amount of absorption at larger radii, while compound formation will give rise to a volume term in the imaginary potential.
AAEM case report #29: Prolonged paralysis after neuromuscular blockade.

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) are being used with increasing frequency in critically ill patients. Recently, many centers have described patients with prolonged muscle weakness after long-term use of these agents, either alone or in combination with other agents or disorders. Brief weakness lasting several hours to several days is probably the result of prolonged neuromuscular blockade, while more prolonged weakness lasting several weeks to months is, in all likelihood, caused by a myopathy. Patients with this myopathic disorder have flaccid paralysis with intact cognition and sensation. Electrodiagnostic findings include decreased M-wave amplitudes, positive waves and fibrillations, and rapid recruitment of small amplitude short duration, polyphasic motor unit potentials. Muscle biopsy findings include atrophy of type I and type II fibers, myofiber necrosis, and selective loss of thick myofilaments. The myopathy is believed to be related to the prolonged use of NMBA either alone or in combination with other disorders or medications, particularly corticosteroids. The weakness experienced by these patients leads to additional respiratory compromise, difficulty weaning from the ventilator, and prolonged hospitalization. © 1995 Judith L. Gooch, MD. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production performance and non-specific immunity of cage-raised red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, fed soybean-based diets

Abstract A 15-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the replacement of fishmeal (FM) with soybean products (SP) in the diet of advanced juvenile red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus . Two dehulled, hexane-extracted SP were evaluated: commodity soybean meal [SBM; 48% crude protein (CP)] and Navita 3010 [N-3010; produced from non-genetically modified, selectively bred varieties; 54% CP]. The additive effect of a prebiotic (GroBiotic®-A; GBA) on the overall performance of red drum also was evaluated. All diets were formulated to contain 35% digestible protein (DP), 15% lipid, and an estimated 3.5 kcal DE kg − 1 . The reference diet was formulated to contain 44.6% Special Select® menhaden FM and 15.0% corn protein concentrate (CPC). Three test diets (SBM, SBM + GBA, and N-3010) were formulated to contain 6.0% FM and 15.0% CPC, together providing approximately 38% of the dietary DP. The remaining 62% DP was provided by 5.7–5.8% soy protein concentrate (SPC) and the specific SP treatment. Diets were fed to apparent satiation to advanced juvenile red drum (mean ± SD = 68 ± 5.1 g initial weight) in each of four replicate 1-m 3 floating-cages. After 15 weeks of feeding, no significant differences were found among treatments for all growth performance and non-specific-immunity parameters evaluated. Based on these results, SBM or N-3010 in combination with SPC can replace approximately 86% of the DP provided by FM in the diet without negatively affecting production performance and health status of advanced juvenile red drum.
Walrasian and constrained Walrasian correspondences and Nash implementation

This paper investigates the following classical question: Under what conditions are all Pareto-efficient and individually rational Nash allocations of some mechanism Walrasian or constrained Walrasian allocations? The work is largely motivated by Hurwicz (Journal of Economic Theory, 1979, 21, 140–165).
Global crises, social justice, and teacher education

When the United States government released its 2007 census figures in January 2010, it reported that 12% of the US population ‒ over 38 million people ‒ were foreign born. First generation people were now one out of every eight persons in the nation, with 80% coming from Latin America and Asia (US Census Bureau, 2010). This near record transformation, one in which diasporic populations now constitute a large and growing percent of communities throughout the nation and an evergrowing proportion of children in our schools, documents one of the most profound reasons that we must think globally about education.
Detailed analysis of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells expanded for adoptive immunotherapy of CMV infection following allogeneic stem cell transplantation for malignant disease.

BackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and its treatment causes significant morbidity following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for malignancies. We studied the phenotype, function and growth kinetics of CMV pp65 antigen (Ag)-specific T cells expanded in a short-term culture for adoptive therapy.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from CMV-seropositive donors were cultured in various conditions with CMV pp65(495–503) peptide to determine the most effective method for generating CMV-specific T cells. CMV-expanded cultures were tested for frequency, phenotype and functionality using peptide–MHC tetramer analysis, cytokine flow cytometry and cytolytic assays. A patient undergoing allogeneic SCT was administered CMV pp65-specific T cells generated from the donor based on these data, and recipient PBMC were analyzed following T-cell infusion.ResultsCMV pp65-specific T cells were consistently generated from CMV-seropositive donors at high frequencies (20–40% of CD8+ T cells), secreted...
Using SAS PROC MIXED To Demystify the Hierarchical Linear Model

Abstract Hierarchical data analyses in different disciplines are reviewed to compare statistical applications of the Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) software and the SAS MIXED procedure. Similar features of the 2 programs are illustrated through use of the SAS MIXED procedure to confirm an HLM example. The SAS is a standard statistical package with a large group of users; discussions of the shared features in statistical computing may identify options to demystify existing methods for analyzing hierarchical data.
Pharmacologic evidence for a tonic muscarinic inhibitory input to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the dog.

Abstract The cholinergic characteristics of the parasympathetic preganglionic cell groups controlling pupillary diameter were investigated. Drugs dissolved in 0.5 μl 0.9% NaCl were microinjected into sites within or near the Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW) that yielded pupilloconstriction to electrical stimulation in the decerebrate and awake dog. In the awake dog, carbachol (0.3 to 1.4 nmol), bethanechol (0.5 to 5 nmol), and physostigmine (7.5 and 15.4 nmol), but not nicotine (1.3 to 63 nmol), produced a dose-dependent mydriasis. This cholinergic-induced mydriasis was prevented by methylatropine nitrate (2.7 nmol in 1.0 μl) microinjected 30 min before the agonists. Equimolar doses (2.7 nmol) of- the nicotinic antagonists, mecamylamine and hexamethonium, did not block the carbachol-induced mydriasis. Microinjections of methylatropine, but not the nicotinic antagonists, produced miosis. A muscarinic-induced mydriasis appeared to be due to inhibition of the pupilloconstrictor neurons because (i) it occurred in the chronically sympathectomized and acutely decerebrated dog, and (ii) it did not correlate with sympathetic responses.
An effective medium model for elastic waves in microcrack damaged media

Abstract Direct numerical simulations of waves traveling through microcrack-damaged media are conducted and the results are compared to effective medium calculations to determine the applicability of the latter for studying wave propagation. Both tensile and compressive waves and various angular distributions of randomly-located cracks are considered. The relationships between the input wavelength and the output wave speed and output signal strength are studied. The numerical simulations show that the wave speed is nearly constant when 1/ka > 60 for tensile waves and 1/ka > 10 for compressive waves, where k is the wave number and a is the average half-crack length. The direct simulations also show that when the input wavelength is much longer than the crack length, 1/ka > 60, the wave can pass through the damaged medium relatively unattenuated. On the other hand, when the input wavelength is shorter than a “cut off” wave length, the output wave magnitude decreases linearly with the input wavelength. The effective medium wave speed and magnitude calculations are not dependent on the input wavelength and therefore the results correspond well with the numerical simulations for large 1/ka. This suggests a minimum wavelength for which the homogenized methods can be used for studying these problems.
Balancing the Role of Priors in Multi-Observer Segmentation Evaluation

Comparison of a group of multiple observer segmentations is known to be a challenging problem. A good segmentation evaluation method would allow different segmentations not only to be compared, but to be combined to generate a "true" segmentation with higher consensus. Numerous multi-observer segmentation evaluation approaches have been proposed in the literature, and STAPLE in particular probabilistically estimates the true segmentation by optimal combination of observed segmentations and a prior model of the truth. An Expectation---Maximization (EM) algorithm, STAPLE's convergence to the desired local minima depends on good initializations for the truth prior and the observer-performance prior. However, accurate modeling of the initial truth prior is nontrivial. Moreover, among the two priors, the truth prior always dominates so that in certain scenarios when meaningful observer-performance priors are available, STAPLE can not take advantage of that information. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian decision formulation of the problem that permits the two types of prior knowledge to be integrated in a complementary manner in four cases with differing application purposes: (1) with known truth prior; (2) with observer prior; (3) with neither truth prior nor observer prior; and (4) with both truth prior and observer prior. The third and fourth cases are not discussed (or effectively ignored) by STAPLE, and in our research we propose a new method to combine multiple-observer segmentations based on the maximum a posterior (MAP) principle, which respects the observer prior regardless of the availability of the truth prior. Based on the four scenarios, we have developed a web-based software application that implements the flexible segmentation evaluation framework for digitized uterine cervix images. Experiment results show that our framework has flexibility in effectively integrating different priors for multi-observer segmentation evaluation and it also generates results comparing favorably to those by the STAPLE algorithm and the Majority Vote Rule.
Resonant excitation during strong-field dissociative ionization

We studied dissociative ionization of oxygen by intense femtosecond laser pulses with central wavelengths between 550 and 1800 nm. We measured kinetic energy release spectra and angular distributions of fragments resulting from symmetric dissociation of doubly charged molecular ions (${\mathrm{O}}_{2}^{2+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{O}}^{+}+{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ channel). In the kinetic energy release spectra we identified a number of distinct excited states of the molecular ion. Angular distributions for all but one of those states were consistent with recollision excitation following single ionization of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. For the remaining $(B\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{3}\ensuremath{\Pi}_{\mathbf{g}})$ excited state we observed a characteristic resonant dependence of its relative yield on the central optical frequency of the pulse, with the yield peaking at around 890 nm. This presents unambiguous evidence in support of importance of resonant excitation channels in strong field ionization of molecules.
Coordination of pelvis-HAT (head, arms and trunk) in anterior–posterior and medio-lateral directions during treadmill gait in preadolescents with/without Down syndrome

In human biped gait, movements in the frontal plane such as side-to-side rocking, are as essential as the alternating movement of the legs in the sagittal plane. In addition, the top-heavy structure of human body necessitates control of the trunk during walking. In this study, we evaluated the pelvis and HAT (head, arms and trunk) movements and their coordination during treadmill walking in the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions in children with typical development (TD) and those with Down syndrome (DS). Participants were 12 children with DS aged 8-10 years and 10 age-matched children with TD. They walked on a treadmill at 40%, 75% and 110% of their preferred overground walking speeds. Kinematic data were collected using a 3D-motion-capture system; movements of the mid-point of hip joints (OPELVIS) and the center of mass of HAT (COMHAT) were reduced. Children with DS showed larger and speed dependent amplitude responses compared to their TD peers. Coordination patterns for children with DS were less stable, especially in medio-lateral direction at slow speed. Differences in amplitude response may be the result of poorer trunk control in children with DS or, alternatively, part of a necessary and sufficient propulsion/stabilization mechanism for this population with reduced tone and muscle strength. Response differences observed between the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions for both groups may reflect relative differences in the involvement of active neuromuscular control.
MANAGEMENT OF IMPENDING PENILE PROSTHESIS EROSION WITH A POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE DISTAL WIND SOCK GRAFT

AbstractPurpose: Erosion of penile prostheses can be calamitous, often leaving patients unable to accommodate further implants. There is a paucity of literature describing impending erosion of penile prosthesis. We report on 5 patients with impending erosion of a penile prosthesis who underwent polytetrafluoroethylene distal wind sock graft placement.Materials and Methods: From 1993 to 1997, 5 patients with a mean age of 49 years and impending penile prosthesis erosion underwent 6 revisions using a polytetrafluoroethylene distal wind sock graft. Two patients underwent simultaneous bilateral grafts while 1 patient underwent separate right and left grafts 3 years apart. Indications for reconstruction included distal migration of the prosthetic cylinders into the glans in 4 patients and impingement of the distal urethra in 2. Of the patients 3 were spinal cord injured, 1 had lumbar radiculopathy and 1 had a history of pelvic irradiation. Inflatable prostheses were implanted in 4 patients, while 1 received a ...
Dyslexia, an imbalance in cerebral information-processing strategies.

Reading ability seems to involve analytic-sequential processing of selected letters and a holistic-simultaneous perception of the salient features of the entire word. The dyslexic child, being norm...
Composite charge order in the pseudogap region of the cuprates

We study the Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional for two coupled U(1) charge order parameters describing two non-equivalent charge orders with wave vector ${\bf Q}$ detected in X-ray and STM measurements of underdoped cuprates. We do not rely on a mean-field analysis, but rather utilize a field-theoretical technique suitable to study the interplay between vortex physics and discrete symmetry breaking in two-dimensional systems with U(1) symmetry. Our calculations support the idea that in the clean systems there are two transitions: from a high temperature disordered state into a state with a composite charge order which breaks time-reversal symmetry, but leaves U(1) fields disordered, and then into a state with quasi long range order in the U(1) fields.
Female officers and the ethic of care: Does officer gender impact police behaviors?

Most of the empirical literature on gender and policing has assessed gender differences in arrest levels and police use of force. While simple gender differences in police behavior are important for understanding skills men and women bring to the policing occupation, research must also determine under what conditions gender differences emerge and what factors impact the relationship between officer gender and behavior for this knowledge to be constructive. Although sexy, arrest and force decisions occur when police discretion is often limited, adding little to the knowledge of how gender affects everyday police-citizen encounters. Using data from systematic social observations of police-citizen encounters in St. Petersburg, Florida and Indianapolis, Indiana, this article replicates past analyses of gender differences in police utilization of controlling and supporting behaviors, but also extends the analyses by assessing the possible impact of intervening situational and organizational characteristics, determining under what conditions female officers utilize different behaviors from their male counterparts. The findings provide mixed support for the general hypothesis of gender-specific responses. Consistent with previous literature, this research suggests that women are much less likely than men to utilize extreme controlling behavior, such as threats, physical restraint, search, and arrest. Surprisingly, the findings do not confirm that women are more likely than men to use supporting behaviors, even when controlling for women's greater likelihood to hold community policing assignments. These findings, while unexpected, are important. Simply assuming female officers manifest stereotypically feminine traits in policing tasks is clearly an overly simplistic conceptualization of the meaning and impact of gender in policing. The implications for female officers, policing, and future research are discussed.
Effect of γ-Radiation on Escherichia coli grown in Deuterium Oxide Medium

IT has been shown by several authors, for example by Alper and Gillies1, that the nature of the growth medium has an effect on the radiation sensitivity of bacteria with regard to their ability to divide and form colonies. A simple, and yet considerable, change in the growth medium is the substitution of D2O for H2O. It was found that, on transferring cells from normal minimal medium (NH4C1 2 gm., Na2HPO4 6 gm., KH2PO4 3 gm., NaCl 3 gm., MgCl2 10 mgm., Na2SO4 26 mgm., glucose 5 gm. per litre) to the same made in 99.5 per cent D2O, the cells grew, after a long lag period, with a generation time of 4 hr. at 37° C., which is about five times the normal. Similar results were found by Borek and Rittenberg2. Such cells, after growth, must possess very considerable substitution of deuterium for hydrogen, with consequent modification of hydrogen-bonded molecular structures as well as any changes due to the increased rotational moment of inertia of water. The greatly reduced rate of division could be due to slowed enzyme kinetics, to less efficient protein synthesis, or to some modification in the DNA, among other reasons. Since it is likely that radiation action, as regards cell division, is concerned with the DNA or its organization, it seemed of interest to see whether cells grown in D2O showed any differences in radiation sensitivity.
Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of (−)-β-d-(2R,4R)-1,3-dioxolane-2,6-diamino purine (DAPD) (amdoxovir) and (−)-β-d-(2R,4R)-1,3-dioxolane guanosine (DXG) prodrugs

Abstract Prodrugs of (−)-β- d -(2 R ,4 R )-1,3-dioxolane-2,6-diamino purine (DAPD), organic salts of DAPD, 5′- l -valyl DAPD and N − 1 substituted (−)-β- d -(2 R ,4 R )-1,3-dioxolane guanosine (DXG) have been synthesized with the objective of finding molecules which might be superior to DAPD and DXG in solubility as well as pharmacologic profiles. Synthesized prodrugs were evaluated for anti-HIV activity against HIV-1 LAI in primary human lymphocytes (PBM cells) as well as their cytotoxicity in PBM, CEM and Vero cells. DAPD prodrugs, modified at the C6 position of the purine ring, demonstrated several folds of enhanced anti-HIV activity in comparison to the parent compound DAPD without increasing the toxicity. The presence of alkyl amino groups at the C6 position of the purine ring increased the antiviral potency several folds, and the most potent compound (−)-β- d -(2 R ,4 R )-1,3-dioxolane-2-amino-6-aminoethyl purine ( 8 ) was 17 times more potent than that of DAPD. 5′- l -Valyl DAPD 20 and organic acid salts 21 – 24 also exhibited enhanced anti-HIV activity in comparison to DAPD, while DXG prodrugs 16 and 17 exhibited lower potency than that of DXG or DAPD.
Taming compiler fuzzers

Aggressive random testing tools ("fuzzers") are impressively effective at finding compiler bugs. For example, a single test-case generator has resulted in more than 1,700 bugs reported for a single JavaScript engine. However, fuzzers can be frustrating to use: they indiscriminately and repeatedly find bugs that may not be severe enough to fix right away. Currently, users filter out undesirable test cases using ad hoc methods such as disallowing problematic features in tests and grepping test results. This paper formulates and addresses the fuzzer taming problem: given a potentially large number of random test cases that trigger failures, order them such that diverse, interesting test cases are highly ranked. Our evaluation shows our ability to solve the fuzzer taming problem for 3,799 test cases triggering 46 bugs in a C compiler and 2,603 test cases triggering 28 bugs in a JavaScript engine.
Kotarbiński’s Theory of Genuine Names

While the work of the contemporary Polish logicians is fairly well known by their colleagues in western Europe and America, little is known in these countries about recent Polish philosophy. This is perhaps due to the fact that the logicians generally published in universal languages while the philosophers published their works mostly in Polish. This is unfortunate because western philosophers, especially logical empiricists, might have profited from a knowledge of the work of such men as Tadeusz Kotarbinski and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, who are probably to be considered as Poland’s outstanding contemporary philosophers. Both have formulated philosophical views influenced by modern logic: Ajdukiewicz has created radical conventionalism, and Kotarbinski has developed reism.
Striking pattern of a strong-interaction reaction.

Previous indication that in pp elastic scattering at 6 GeV/c at all t values the reaction amplitudes in the planar-transverse optimal frame are all either pure real or pure imaginary is now strengthened and the tendency is shown to hold also for pp elastic scattering at 579 and 800 MeV.
Simulation and design of core-shell GaN nanowire LEDs

The high crystalline quality, large junction surface area, and insensitivity to c-axis oriented polarization fields make core-shell doped GaN nanowire p-n junctions exciting prospects for use as LEDs. The LED external efficiency depends upon the spatial distribution of optical recombination within the device, which may be controlled through the use of radial heterojunctions, such as quantum wells and electron blocking layers. In this work, we explore the impact of an axially varying doping profile on the spatial distribution of optical recombination in a GaN nanowire LED. The numerical simulation of the nanowire LED is carried out using the TiberCAD simulation package. This package provides a finite-element-based solution to the drift-diffusion model of a nanowire. Simulations of core-shell nanowire LEDs are performed with various doping profiles to produce variations in the optical recombination distribution throughout the device. In a core-shell device with a uniformly doped n-type core, the current density tends to travel primarily along the core, as the mobility of electrons is much greater than that of holes in GaN devices. The optical recombination is concentrated beneath the p-contact, where most of the current crosses the p-n junction. By properly setting a tapered doping profile in the n-type core, it is possible to increase the uniformity of the optical recombination along the junction. In certain geometries this will increase the emission efficiency of the nanowire LED.
Directed metrics and directed graph partitioning problems

The theory of embeddings of finite metrics has provided a powerful toolkit for graph partitioning problems in undirected graphs. The connection comes from the fact that the integrality gaps of mathematical programming relaxations for sparsest cut in undirected graphs is exactly equal to the minimum distortion required to embed certain metrics into l1. No analog of this metric embedding theory exists for directed (asymmetric) metrics, the natural distance functions that arise in considering mathematical relaxations for directed graph partioning problems. We initiate a study of metric embeddings for directed metrics, motivated by understanding directed variants of sparsest cut.It turns out that there are two different ways to formulate sparsest cut in directed graphs (depending on whether one insists on partitioning the graph into two pieces or not). Different subclasses of directed metrics arise in the consideration of mathematical relaxations for these two formulations and the embedding questions that result are quite different. Unlike in the undirected case, where the natural host space is l1, the host space in the directed case is not obvious and depends on the problem formulation. Our work is a first step at understanding this space of directed metrics, the resulting embedding questions and their relationships to directed graph partitioning problems.
Interactive effects of nicotine and alcohol co-administration on expression of inducible transcription factors in mouse brain.

Abstract Nicotine and alcohol are abused substances that are often used concurrently. Despite their combined usage, little is known about how they interact to produce changes in behavior and neural activity. Two experiments were conducted to identify interactions on both behavior and neural targets resulting from the co-administration of nicotine and alcohol. In Experiment 1, male C57BL/6J mice were administered saline, alcohol (2.4 g/kg, i.p.), nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or an alcohol/nicotine mixture and returned to their home cage. In Experiment 2, a higher dose of nicotine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) was included and animals were exposed to a novel environment. Several behavioral measures were analysed during novelty exposure. Immunohistochemical detection of inducible transcription factors (c-Fos and Egr1) was used in both experiments to identify changes in neural activation. Behavioral results suggested that the drugs were interacting in the production of behaviors. In particular, alcohol produced locomotor stimulation while it suppressed counts of rearing and leaning. When co-administered, nicotine appeared to counteract the alcohol-enhanced locomotor activity. Several brain regions were observed to have altered transcription factor expression in response to the different drug treatments, including amygdalar, hippocampal and cortical subregions. In a subset of these brain areas, nicotine and alcohol counteracted one another in the expression of transcription factors. These results identify several interactive target sites within the hippocampus, extended amygdala and cortical regions. The interactions appear to be a result of antagonizing actions of nicotine and alcohol. Finally, the results suggest that the combined use of nicotine and alcohol may offset the effects of the drug administered independently.