cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced timing of level-sensitive sequential circuits

The paper addresses the advanced timing analysis of multiphase level-sensitive synchronous circuits under clock skew scheduling (Kourtev, I.S. and Friedman, E.G., "Optimization Through Clock Skew Scheduling", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000). The timing analysis framework previously offered for a single-phase clocking scheme (Taskin, B. and Kourtev, I.S., Proc. 15th IEEE Int. ASIC/SOC Conf. p.358-62, 2002) is enhanced to accommodate a multiphase clocking scheme. In particular, the timing analysis framework is used to formulate the clock period minimization problem of multiphase level-sensitive circuits. The modified big M method of Taskin and Kourtev is used to linearize the formulation of the clock period minimization problem and experiments are performed on the ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits. In single-phase level-sensitive circuits, up to 63% improvements over conventional zero clock skew, edge-triggered circuits are achieved through the simultaneous application of non-zero clock skew scheduling and time borrowing. Comparable improvements of up to 62% are achieved for the same circuit topologies under a multiphase clocking scheme.
HCl-induced inflammatory mediators in cat esophageal mucosa and inflammatory mediators in esophageal circular muscle in an in vitro model of esophagitis

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are produced in the esophagus in response to HCl and affect ACh release, causing changes in esophageal motor function similar to esophagiti...
Department of Veterans Affairs Pharmacy Service in the Year 2000: Chaos or Planned Change?

The practice of pharmacy is changing rapidly. Technological and economic forces will be the catalysts for a major paradigm shift in the profession of pharmacy. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) pharmacy service is making preparations for the evolving roles of pharmacists in the future.
EyeFrame: Real-Time Memory Aid Improves Human Multitasking via Domain-General Eye Tracking Procedures

OBJECTIVE: We developed an extensively general closed-loop system to improve human interaction in various multitasking scenarios, with semi-autonomous agents, processes, and robots. BACKGROUND: Much technology is converging toward semi-independent processes with intermittent human supervision distributed over multiple computerized agents. Human operators multitask notoriously poorly, in part due to cognitive load and limited working memory. To multitask optimally, users must remember task order, e.g., the most neglected task, since longer times not monitoring an element indicates greater probability of need for user input. The secondary task of monitoring attention history over multiple spatial tasks requires similar cognitive resources as primary tasks themselves. Humans can not reliably make more than ~2 decisions/s. METHODS: Participants managed a range of 4-10 semi-autonomous agents performing rescue tasks. To optimize monitoring and controlling multiple agents, we created an automated short term memory aid, providing visual cues from users' gaze history. Cues indicated when and where to look next, and were derived from an inverse of eye fixation recency. RESULTS: Contingent eye tracking algorithms drastically improved operator performance, increasing multitasking capacity. The gaze aid reduced biases, and reduced cognitive load, measured by smaller pupil dilation. CONCLUSIONS: Our eye aid likely helped by delegating short-term memory to the computer, and by reducing decision making load. Past studies used eye position for gaze-aware control and interactive updating of displays in application-specific scenarios, but ours is the first to successfully implement domain-general algorithms. Procedures should generalize well to: process control, factory operations, robot control, surveillance, aviation, air traffic control, driving, military, mobile search and rescue, and many tasks where probability of utility is predicted by duration since last attention to a task.
AUTONOMOUS ORBIT NAVIGATION OF INTERPLANETARY SPACECRAFT

In this paper, autonomous orbit navigation of spacecraft for deep space missions is implemented completely independent of a ground tracking system. In order to achieve this aim, the Doppler measurement due to the relative motion from a spacecraft to the Sun is used. Other measurements are the directional data from the spacecraft to the Sun measured from a Sun sensor, and directional data from the spacecraft to the Earth measured from an Earth sensor. The observability of the system with the available measurements is investigated using a linearized observability analysis. Autonomous orbit navigation is obtained by extended Kalman filtering. Results using the Doppler measurement and Sun sensor indicate that autonomous navigation can be accomplished within an accuracy of 5km in position. Adding directional data with respect to the Earth considerably improves the estimate accuracy to within 3km.
Antimicrobial resistance among enterococci.

it is the purpose of this paper to review the various mechanisms of enterococcal antimicrobial resistance to both cell wall-active agents and aminoglycosides.
Influence of the spatial extent and resolution of input data on soil carbon models in Florida, USA

(R 2 from 0.10 in the cattle station to 0.61 in Florida) and with a decrease in the resolution of input data (R 2 from 0.33 at 1920-m resolution to 0.61 at 30-m resolution in Florida). Soil and hydrologic variables were the most important across the seven resolutions both in Florida and in the watershed. The spatial extent and resolution of environmental covariates modulate soil C variation and soil-landscape correlations influencing soil C predictive models. Our results provide scale boundaries to observe environmental data and assess soil C spatial patterns, supporting C sequestration, budgeting and monitoring programs.
A Mode Transducing Antenna

At power levels above those readily handled by standard waveguide, and for long waveguide runs, the TE/sub 01/ mode in circular guide is a preferred transmission line approach. At the antenna, this mode is generally unsuited to radiation since it forms a conical, instead of a pencil beam. Phase and polarization shifting techniques at a reflecting surface cause the illumination to be transduced to form a pencil beam. The techniques have been demonstrated in a 33-GHz model.
Magnetic interactions in a vanadyl complex of an iminonitroxide radical

Abstract We have synthesized a complex in which a pyridyliminonitroxide radical is coordinated to a vanadyl ion. ESR studies of this complex show that the radical's unpaired spin is tightly coupled to the vanadium spin to form a ground singlet state with a thermally accessible triplet state. The vanadium hyperfine splitting in the triplet state of the complex is found to be one half of that of isolated vanadyl complexes.
The spectra of topological Markov shifts

For every Perron number λ we construct an infinite collection of topological Markov shifts with entropy log λ whose spectra are disjoint except for the necessary conjugates of λ. This is used to show that Marcus' theorem about every Markov shift of entropy log n factoring onto the full n-shift does not extend to certain entropy values.
Using Antecedent Exercise to Decrease Challenging Behavior in Boys With Developmental Disabilities and an Emotional Disorder

Some individuals with developmental disabilities and emotional disorders may engage in challenging behavior that can result in the use of aversive procedures and/or seclusion from typically developing peers. They may also engage in low levels of physical activity. One way to decrease challenging behaviors while increasing overall levels of physical health may be to provide access to exercise systematically throughout the day. This study used a multiple-baseline across-participants design to investigate the effects of antecedent exercise on the challenging behavior of three boys with moderate to severe developmental disabilities and an emotional behavior disorder. Each participant engaged in eight daily exercise sessions ranging in duration from 1 to 20 min throughout the entire school day across school settings. Challenging behavior decreased to zero for two participants and near zero for the third participant.
Regulation of cell cycle transition and induction of apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells by lipoic acid: role in cancer prevention and therapy

Lipoic acid (LA), a potent antioxidant, has been used as a dietary supplement to prevent and treat many diseases, including stroke, diabetes, neurodegenerative and hepatic disorders. Recently, potent anti-tumorigenic effects induced by LA were also reported and evident as assayed by suppression of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in malignant cells. However, the mechanism by which LA elicits its chemopreventive effects remains unclear. Herein, we investigated whether LA elicits its anti-tumor effects by inducing cell cycle arrest and cell death in human promyelocytic HL-60 cells. The results showed that LA inhibits both cell growth and viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Disruption of the G1/S and G2/M phases of cell cycle progression accompanied by the induction of apoptosis was also observed following LA treatment. Cell cycle arrest by LA was correlated with dose-dependent down regulation of Rb phosphorylation, likely via suppression of E2F-dependent cell cycle progression with an accompanying inhibition of cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin B1/cdk1 levels. Evidence supporting the induction of apoptosis by LA was based on the appearance of sub-G1 peak in flow cytometry analysis and the cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) from its native 112-kDa form to the 89-kDa truncated product in immunoblot assays. Apoptosis elicited by LA was preceded by diminution in the expression of anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 and increased expression of apoptogenic protein bax, and also the release and translocation of apoptosis inducing factor AIF and cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the nucleus, without altering the subcellular distribution of the caspases. This study provides evidence that LA induces multiple cell cycle checkpoint arrest and caspase-independent cell death in HL-60 cells, in support of its efficacious potential as a chemopreventive agent.
Strategic power infrastructure defense (SPID)

Summary form only given. An advanced system called, "strategic power infrastructure defense (SPID) system," was developed by the Advanced Power Technologies (APT) Consortium consisting of the University of Washington, Arizona State University, Iowa State University and Virginia Tech. By incorporating multi-agent system technologies, the SPID system is able to assess power system vulnerability, monitor hidden failures of protective devices, and provide adaptive control actions to prevent catastrophic failures and cascading sequences of events. The SPID program was sponsored by EPRI and the U.S. Department of Defense. In this session, the panelist will summarize the SPID methodology and the multi-agent system technologies that are critical for the implementation of the SPID system. The software agents in the SPID system are organized in a multi-layer structure to facilitate collaboration among the agents. The agents communicate through a protocol called FIPA. SPID has the ability to adapt to changes in the power infrastructure environment through the embedded machine learning capability. Simulation examples of the multi-agent system is provided.
The Politics of Discretionary Medicaid Spending, 1980-1993

Why do some states choose to spend more than four times as much as others to provide health care to the disadvantaged? Political scientists who have traditionally explored this question by analyzing trends in overall Medicaid expenditures lumped states' discretionary spending in with other money that states are mandated to spend. Analyses of total expenditures found that socioeconomic factors drove spending but that party control of state legislatures made no difference in health policy making. By isolating discretionary state Medicaid expenditures from total spending figures, I reexamine the influences of political as well as economic and demographic factors. The often-doubted importance of party control becomes clear. This study investigates spending patterns in the discretionary portions of state Medicaid programs in forty-six states from 1980 to 1993 and analyzes both incremental program changes and absolute differences in state spending. To discover how greatly the researcher's choice of dependent variables can affect results, optional spending is separated from total spending levels and the variation is modeled in both. Focusing not on the spending that the federal government requires of state officials but on the policies that state officials actually choose allows a balanced exploration of both political and economic effects on welfare expenditures. This research also provides new insights about which forces will shape policy decisions if more and more control of the public health care system is devolved to the states.
Backpropagation through time with fixed memory size requirements

A generalization of the backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm is presented, which, under reasonable assumptions, can lead to fixed memory size requirements. The idea is to model BPTT as the storage of activations and errors in tapped delay lines, and then generalize the tap delay line to a gamma memory. Since the depth of the gamma filter is T=K//spl mu/, where K is the filter order and /spl mu/ a scalar that can be varied between 0 >
Diapause of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae): effects of a juvenile hormone mimic

Topical applications of a juvenile hormone (JH) mimic induced and prolonged the mature larval diapause of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar. The onset of this diapause is marked by an ecdysis from a spotted to an immaculate morph. A high percentage of spotted non-diapause larvae treated with a single dose of a JH mimic moulted into the immaculate morph and became dormant. Similar treatments of diapause larvae led to a reversion to the spotted morph, but the larvae remained dormant. These results imply that diapause larvae contain an intermediate JH titre. A use for JH mimics in disrupting the seasonal phenology of pest insects with larval dormancies is suggested.
Design of a miniaturized single package radio solution for dual band Wi-MAX module

Recent advances in Integration technology and device performance paved the way for higher level of System On Chip (SOC) or In Package (SIP)[1–2]. Complete front end radio for Wi-MAX systems includes several blocks, RFIC transceiver, Power Amplifier (PA), and front end module (FEM) blocks in addition to control circuitry and matching components and de-coupling capacitor. The electrical performance of each block dictates the technology of choice to achieve the stringent system performance requirements. In the present state of the art systems, Si CMOS, Si or SiGe BiCMOS, GaAs HBT, and GaAs PHEMT are used for IC implementation, while ceramic, LTCC, Si or Glass are employed for passive components and circuits plus packaging [3]. So hybrid solution that blends SOC and SIP might be the only viable approach, at the present time to achieve the desired level of integration for complete front end radio in a single package radio. The single package radio is capable of mixing and matching different technologies based upon lower cost, smallest size, and lowest power consumption assuming the system specification is satisfied by default.
Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe hypoglycemia treatment patterns in 2 Midwestern hospitals. Methods To describe hypoglycemia treatment patterns, a retrospective chart review of 210 patients who experienced hypoglycemia while hospitalized at 2 Midwestern hospitals was conducted. A total of 484 episodes of hypoglycemia were analyzed for adherence to the 5 steps of the practice guidelines found in the respective hospital policy manuals. Results Adherence to practice guidelines was low. There was not a single case of adherence to all 5 steps at either study hospital. Adherence to the steps of the guidelines ranged from a low of 2.1% for completion of a 1-hour post-hypoglycemia treatment blood glucose to a high of 70.9% for documentation of the event. Conclusions Adherence to hypoglycemia practice guidelines was low. Because of the high prevalence of diabetes in acute care settings, it is imperative that hospital care providers become proficient at basic diabetes management.
Influence of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Infestation and Squash Silverleaf Disorder on Zucchini Seedling Growth

We investigated the effect of different levels of infestation by whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring, on the growth and pigment concentrations of seedlings of zucchini, Cucurbita pepo L., that differed in their tolerance to squash silverleaf disorder. Genetically similar sister lines that were either tolerant (ZUC76-SLR) or susceptible (ZUC61) to silverleaf disorder exhibited reduced plant height, internode length, plant dry weight, and petiole length in response to whitefly feeding. Similar plant growth responses to whitefly feeding were observed despite that the foliage of ZUC61 silvered severely, whereas the foliage of ZUC76-SLR showed no silvering in a greenhouse experiment conducted in the spring and showed only minimal silvering in a similar greenhouse experiment conducted in the fall. In plants of both sister lines infested with 50 pairs of whiteflies and their progeny, petioles, but not the leaf blades, of uninfested leaves had reduced chlorophyll content. In another experiment, two different genetic sources of tolerance to silverleaf disorder (ZUC33-SLR/PMR and ZUC76-SLR) and a commercial silverleaf-susceptible zucchini hybrid ('Zucchini Elite') responded similarly to whitefly feeding, except the tolerant genotypes did not exhibit leaf silvering. All genotypes, silverleaf tolerant or not, had reduced dry weight, plant height, and internode length that became more pronounced as whitefly infestation increased. All genotypes had reduced levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids in uninfested young leaf blades and petioles from infested plants. Petioles, however, were more affected by feeding than leaf blades, showing a 66% reduction in chlorophylls a+b and carotenoids at the lowest infestation level (30 pairs of whitefly and their progeny), whereas pigments in leaf blades declined more slowly in response to whitefly feeding density, averaging 14-15% less at the highest infestation level (90 pairs of whitefly and their progeny). We conclude that tolerance to silverleaf disorder does not prevent stunting in zucchini seedlings nor does it protect against the systemic loss of photosynthetic and protoprotectant pigments induced by feeding of B. argentifolii whiteflies.
Nutritional Approaches to Late Toxicities of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Survivors

Adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer reduces recurrence rates and prolongs survival at the cost of both acute and chronic toxicities. Breast cancer survivors who have received adjuvant chemotherapy may suffer from late effects of chemotherapy including congestive heart failure, neuropathy, premature menopause, and osteoporosis. Nutritional approaches to these problems are distinct in their orientation and success. Study of free radical scavengers for anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy was born from known pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiotoxicity but has been universally disappointing thus far in clinical trials. Application of agents used for diabetic neuropathy suggests that evening primrose oil, alpha-lipoic acid, and capsaicin may all play a role in the empiric options available to patients with chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Plant-derived preparations including black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), dong quai (Angelica sinensis), evening primrose (Oenothera biennis), and red clover (Trifolium pretense) are used by patients experiencing hot flashes due to premature menopause despite a paucity of clinical trial data demonstrating either safety or efficacy. Calcium and vitamin D are widely accepted as an effective means to retard bone loss leading to osteoporosis. Nutritional approaches to late effects of breast cancer chemotherapy offer the prospect of preventing or ameliorating these sequelae of treatment. However, except for vitamin D and calcium for prevention of bone loss, current clinical evidence supporting use of nutritional agents remains sparse.
Post-IPO Actions and Firm Survival: More than Signaling?

Entrepreneurial firms, at their birth, have a high probability of failure due to the “liability of newness.” Even firms that surmount the initial challenges and get to the stage of issuing an initial pubic offering (IPO) still face a significant hazard rate. In this paper, we examine whether, in the post-IPO stage, strategic choice matters. We examine whether management actions following an IPO enhance the firm’s survival and, second, if they do, which actions really make a difference. We analyzed a sample of 104 internet-related firms that issued IPOs between 1995 and 1999, and find that management action in three areas - market expansion, entry into alliances, and expansion or reconfiguration of the top management team and/or board of directors - significantly enhance firm survival.
Connections in Generalized Gauge Fields

It is supposed that a given set of 2r functions of the local coordinates of a differentiable manifold X n gives rise to transformation laws by means of which certain geometric object fields are defined. The corresponding connection may be expressed in terms of a gauge if and only if a set of 3-index symbols satisfies a Jacobi identity and has vanishing covariant derivatives. The resulting curvature theory admits a strong Bianchi identity under certain conditions; when the latter are augmented by further restrictions, the standard theory of gauge fields based on an r-parameter Lie group emerges as a special case. Certain integral formulae are derived for the case when n = 4.
Why Combustions Are Always Exothermic, Yielding About 418 kJ per Mole of O2

The strongly exothermic nature of reactions between molecular oxygen and all organic molecules as well as many other substances is explained in simple, general terms. The double bond in O2 is much weaker than other double bonds or pairs of single bonds, and therefore the formation of the stronger bonds in CO2 and H2O results in the release of energy, which is given off as heat or increases thermal motion. This explains why fire is hot regardless of fuel composition. The bond energies in the fuel play only a minor role; for example, the total bond energy of CH4 is nearly the same as that of CO2. A careful analysis in terms of bond enthalpies, counting double bonds as two bonds to keep the total number of bonds unchanged, gives the heat of combustion close to −418 kJ/mol (i.e., −100 kcal/mol) for each mole of O2, in good agreement (±3.1%) with data for >500 organic compounds; the heat of condensation of H2O, −44 kJ/mol, is also included in the analysis. For 268 molecules with ≥ 8 carbon atoms, the standard ...
From Horses To Log Cabins - A $9 Million Embezzlement Case: How Did The Owner Not Know?

The recent economic recession has forced companies to tighten the reins on expenses and fraud is one expense that companies cannot afford. Fraud, however, is becoming a much larger problem for business. This actual fraud case by an employee at a privately held company details how a $9 million embezzlement fraud was committed and detected. This case highlights the identification of the fraud, analysis through the use of the fraud triangle and the weaknesses in the internal control of the organization. This case identifies auditing issues and fraud examination procedures.
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence in Mg 24

A large resonance effect was observed, and preliminary measurements of the level width were made. If the emitting nucleus is assumed to be at rest before emission of the gamma cascade, it is shown that the resonance conditions for the second gamma ray can be restored by the recoil of the preceding gamma ray when the angle between the emission direction is given by cos THETA =-E/sup gamma 2/E/sup gamma 1/. In the case of Mg/sup 24/, E/sup gamma 1/ = 2.76 Mev, E /sup gamma 2/ = 1.38 Mev, it is possible to observe resonant scattering of the 1.38-Mev gamma when the angle bctween it and the 2.76-Mev gamma is about 120 deg . (W.D.M.)
Research Note: Position of Meckel’s Diverticulum in Broiler-Type Chickens

Abstract In each of three trials broiler-type chickens were used to determine whether Meckel’s diverticulum resides in a constant position along the intestinal tract. Chickens were provided a basal diet ad libitum through 49 (Trials 2 and 3) or 52 days of age (Trial 1). Body weight and total intestine length as well as the lengths of the intestine from the gizzard to Meckel’s diverticulum (GMD) and from Meckel’s diverticulum (MD) to the cecal openings (MDC) were then recorded. When intestine length was expressed as a percentage of body weight, significant differences were noted between sexes. However, no significant differences were observed between sexes for either GMD or MDC relative to total intestinal length. Results of this study indicate that MD resides in a constant position along the length of the intestinal tract. This constancy of position supports the use of MD as a boundary point of the intestine.
The CT and MR evaluation of migrational disorders of the brain. Part I. Lissencephaly and pachygyria.

The migrational disorders are a rare group of congenital malformations of the brain. They consist of the following entities — lissencephaly (agyriapachygyria), pachygyria, schizencephaly, heterotopia and polymicrogyria. We studied 40 children with migrational disorders radiologically with CT and MR. This article (part I) deals with our patients with lissencephaly and pachygyria. It emphasizes their characteristic CT and MR findings along with their clinical presentation and course. These patients presented with one or a combination of the following symptoms, hypotonia, seizures, failure to thrive, microcephaly and occasionally hydrocephalus. These two groups of migrational disorders have abnormalities affecting the gyral-sulcal pattern of the cortex and gray-white matter distribution of the brain. MR provided better delineation of these disorders than CT. Because some forms of the migrational disorders can be inherited, it is extremely important for the radiologist to understand the characteristic findings for correct diagnosis which is essential for parental counseling.
Interferometric sounding using a Compressive Reflector Antenna

This paper presents a novel interferometric system for sensing the physical temperature radiated from the Earth. The proposed system consists of a Compressive Reflector Antenna (CRA) using a Y-shaped receiving array. The Compressive Reflector Antenna creates a spatial codification in the far-field of the antenna; or, by using the reciprocity theorem, it creates spatial codes in the focal plane array region when it is operating in reception mode. The sensing matrix of the system is generated by using a high frequency method based on Physical Optics, and its inversion is performed using Compressive Sensing techniques. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system for reconstructing a typical map of the physical temperature of the Earth. The proposed CRA provides similar imaging performance as that of a current state of the art system GeoSTAR; however, the former only needs one half of the horns used by the latter.
Batch anaerobic digestion of synthetic military base food waste and cardboard mixtures.

Abstract Austere US military bases typically dispose of solid wastes, including large fractions of food waste (FW) and corrugated cardboard (CCB), by open dumping, landfilling, or burning. Anaerobic digestion (AD) offers an opportunity to reduce pollution and recover useful energy. This study aimed to evaluate the rates and yields of AD for FW-CCB mixtures. Batch AD was analyzed at substrate concentrations of 1–50 g total chemical oxygen demand (COD) L −1 using response surface methodology. At low concentrations, higher proportions of FW were correlated with faster specific methanogenic activities and greater final methane yields; however, concentrations of FW ⩾18.75 g COD L −1 caused inhibition. Digestion of mixtures with ⩾75% CCB occurred slowly but achieved methane yields >70%. Greater shifts in microbial communities were observed at higher substrate concentrations. Statistical models of methane yield and specific methanogenic activity indicated that FW and CCB exhibited no considerable interactions as substrates for AD.
Developing a Littoral Zone Aerosol Properties Retrieval using the next generation Geo-Stationary Observations

We present a new aerosol retrieval methodology designed to be applied to the next generation Advanced Himawari-8 (AHI) and GOES-R geo-stationary imagers. The algorithm is integrated into the NOAA's Clouds from AVHRR Extended (CLAVR-x) framework providing the capability for near real-time aerosol retrievals over both dark target and littoral regions.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines: August, September and October, 1940:

Articles pertaining to journalism during the current quarter continued to emphasize the impact of the war in Europe on both news gathering and news publishing both in this country and abroad. Effor...
Traducción y auto-exégesis en "Martutene" de Ramon Saizarbitoria

espanolLa traduccion de textos literarios se puede estudiar como una forma de comprender las relaciones interculturales. Siguiendo esta forma de ver, el caso de la traduccion de literatura en euskera al castellano debe entenderse segun su particularidad: la traduccion de un lenguaje minoritario en su propio territorio a uno dominante, ambos con determinadas cargas politico- sociales. El siguiente trabajo analiza como la novela "Martutene", de Ramon Saizarbitoria, en su traduccion al castellano (2013), explora las relaciones interculturales e intraculturales vascas al mantener la tension entre los idiomas en el texto, al proponer la narracion como forma de producir y cuestionar la identidad y al incorporar en su diegesis un proyecto de traduccion literario que se muestra insatisfactorio. EnglishLiterary translation has been seen by some theorists as a means of understanding intercultural relations. Within such an approach, the translation of literature in basque to castilian spanish must be understood according to its particularity as the translation of a language with minority status even within its own territory into a dominant one, both of them socio-politically charged. This essay analyzes how Ramon Saizarbitoria's novel "Martutene", in its spanish translation (2103), explores basque inter and intracultural relations by maintaining the tension of basque and castilian within the text, by positing narration as a form of producing and questioning identity, and by incorporating within its diegesis a translation project that proves to be unsatisfactory.
Complete Tetrasaccharide Repeat Unit Biosynthesis of the Immunomodulatory Bacteroides fragilis Capsular Polysaccharide A.

Capsular polysaccharide A (CPSA) is a four-sugar repeating unit polymer found on the surface of the gut symbiont Bacteroides fragilis that has therapeutic potential in animal models of autoimmune disorders. This therapeutic potential has been credited to its zwitterionic character derived from a positively charged N-acetyl-4-aminogalactosamine (AADGal) and a negatively charged 4,6-O-pyruvylated galactose (PyrGal). In this report, using a fluorescent polyisoprenoid chemical probe, the complete enzymatic assembly of the CPSA tetrasaccharide repeat unit is achieved. The proposed pyruvyltransferase, WcfO; galactopyranose mutase, WcfM; and glycosyltransferases, WcfP and WcfN, encoded by the CPSA biosynthesis gene cluster were heterologously expressed and functionally characterized. Pyruvate modification, catalyzed by WcfO, was found to occur on galactose of the polyisoprenoid-linked disaccharide (AADGal-Gal), and did not occur on galactose linked to uridine diphosphate (UDP) or a set of nitrophenyl-galactose a...
Different enhancer classes in Drosophila bind distinct architectural proteins and mediate unique chromatin interactions and 3D architecture

Eukaryotic gene expression is regulated by enhancer-promoter interactions but the molecular mechanisms that govern specificity have remained elusive. Genome-wide studies utilizing STARR-seq identified two enhancer classes in Drosophila that interact with different core promoters: housekeeping enhancers (hkCP) and developmental enhancers (dCP). We hypothesized that the two enhancer classes are occupied by distinct architectural proteins, affecting their enhancer-promoter contacts. By evaluating ChIP-seq occupancy of architectural proteins, typical enhancer-associated proteins, and histone modifications, we determine that both enhancer classes are enriched for RNA Polymerase II, CBP, and architectural proteins but there are also distinctions. hkCP enhancers contain H3K4me3 and exclusively bind Cap-H2, Chromator, DREF and Z4, whereas dCP enhancers contain H3K4me1 and are more enriched for Rad21 and Fs(1)h-L. Additionally, we map the interactions of each enhancer class utilizing a Hi-C dataset with <1 kb resolution. Results suggest that hkCP enhancers are more likely to form multi-TSS interaction networks and be associated with topologically associating domain (TAD) borders, while dCP enhancers are more often bound to one or two TSSs and are enriched at chromatin loop anchors. The data support a model suggesting that the unique architectural protein occupancy within enhancers is one contributor to enhancer-promoter interaction specificity.
Abstract NTOC-117: CD73 BLOCKADE OVERCOMES RESISTANCE TO AGONISTIC ANTI-CD137 ANTIBODY THERAPY IN OVARIAN CANCER

Agonist antibodies (Ab) directed against costimulatory molecule CD137 (4-1BB) on the surface of antigen-primed T-lymphocytes are currently in various stages of pre-clinical and clinical development in advanced ovarian cancers, though therapeutic benefit has been limited as single agents. Here, we identified a novel mechanism of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell unresponsiveness in ovarian cancer driven by the upregulation of CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase), which prevents CD8+ T cell activity from engagement of the CD137 costimulatory molecule. Accordingly, CD73-deificient mice treated with anti-CD137 Ab survived significantly longer wild-type mice against an ovarian tumor challenge. To explore the therapeutic relevance of these observations, we combined anti-CD137 and anti-CD73 Ab to treat mice with established ovarian cancers. This combination therapy induced tumor regression associated with enhanced antitumor CD8+ T cell responses and reduced CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells number and function. Mechanistically, CD137 engagement-triggered antitumor T cell activity was diminished in response to microenvironmental transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) that was essential for CD73 induction. Furthermore, extracellular adenosine generation by CD73 abrogated T cell activity through A2BR activation in the face of agonistic anti-CD137 treatment. Our study demonstrates that CD73 blockade has critical implications for effective clinical targeting of CD137 and possibly other costimulatory molecules. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Siqi Chen, Jie Fan, Donye Dominguez, Qin Lei, Alan Long, Deyu Fang, Bin Zhang. CD73 BLOCKADE OVERCOMES RESISTANCE TO AGONISTIC ANTI-CD137 ANTIBODY THERAPY IN OVARIAN CANCER [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 11th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 12-13, 2016; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr NTOC-117.
A portable electrostatic precipitator to reduce respiratory death in rural environments

This paper presents the design methodology of a miniaturized, portable, and low power electrostatic precipitator (ESP) to reduce indoor air pollution (IAP) from rural cookstoves. Decreasing the concentration of aerosol particles helps reduce the incidence of respiratory tract infections that can lead to disease and even death. We trace existing technologies and standards to combat IAP in cookstoves, design an ESP that allows precipitation at lower voltages via an electrode design that utilizes sub 5 kV voltages, and explore how rapidly pulsed converters decrease the power consumption of the circuit.
Abstract OT2-06-03: METAMORPH: METAstatic markers of recurrent tumor PHenotype for breast cancer

Up to 30% of patients diagnosed with breast cancer will develop recurrent disease within their lifetime, and currently this form of the disease is incurable. There are unmet needs to better understand underlying metastatic biology, identify new therapeutic targets and develop better methods for monitoring changes in disease, both to monitor response and elucidate resistance mechanisms. To address these needs, the METAMORPH Study encompasses a comprehensive approach that combines serial molecular tissue profiling at the RNA and DNA level with circulating markers (DTCs, CTCs, plasma tumor DNA), and ongoing assessment of therapeutic response. METAMORPH is a prospective cohort study of women with suspected or confirmed recurrent breast cancer and accessible tumor by standard clinical biopsy, who are enrolled at the University of Pennsylvania prior to starting a new therapy for recurrent metastatic disease. The aims of this trial are to (1) evaluate the mechanisms through which recurrent breast cancer are genetically distinct from the primary tumor, (2) evaluate the circulating tumor biomarker trajectory of recurrent disease, (3) elucidate “escape pathways” of progressing tumors that emerge during the selective pressure of therapy, and (4) explore clinical utility of tumor and blood testing. The study protocol integrates research aims into clinical care, including a standardized approach to disease assessment and biopsy, pathologic confirmation of histology and receptor subtype, panel-based CLIA-approved genomic profiling, collection of research specimens, and standardized reporting of results, which are returned to patients and physicians. Patients are followed for treatment and outcome, and serial samples are collected at progression. A companion protocol, COMET, provides education about genomic testing and assesses patient understanding and impact of results. To date, 155 patients have enrolled, 142 (92%) have been biopsied, 120 (77%) have had sufficient DNA for molecular profiling and 109 (70%) have had genomic panel testing. Accrual is ongoing, with an initial target of 300 patients. Multiple sites within the UPHS Health System are enrolling. Contact information: angela.demichele@uphs.upenn.edu. Key words: Metastatic disease, tumor profiling. Citation Format: DeMichele A, Soucier-Ernst DJ, Clark C, Shih N, Stavropoulos W, Maxwell KN, Feldman M, Lierbamen D, Morrissette JJD, Paul MR, Pan T-C, Wang J, Belka GK, Chen Y, Yee S, Carpenter E, Fox K, Matro J, Clark A, Shah P, Domchek S, Bradbury A, Chodosh L. METAMORPH: METAstatic markers of recurrent tumor PHenotype for breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT2-06-03.
Sulfasalazine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Sulfasalazine currently is the most commonly prescribed medication for inflammatory bowel disease. Insights into the pharmacokinetics, their side effects and mechanism and their possible mode of action has led to rational basis for its clinical use and the development of new related agents. This review summarizes these aspects and discusses the future role of sulfasalazine in the face of new oral preparations.
Developing Soil Cleaning Guidelines: Application to Sites in an Agricultural Area

There are a number of sites in the United States (US) that have background levels of residual radioactive material in the soil. This paper describes the application of a methodology for developing soll cleaning guidelines to two sites typical of much of the midwestern United States. The methodology employed is described in another paper entitled “Strategy for Developing Soil Cleaning Guidelines”. This analysis describes the very different behavior of U-238 at one site and Pu-238 at the other site.
Electron Tomography of Frozen-hydrated Sections of Cells and Tissues

The technique of cryoelectron tomography of frozen-hydrated biological specimens is opening a new window on cellular structure and organization. This imaging method provides full 3D structural information at much higher resolution (typically 5–10 nm) than is attainable by light microscopy, and can be applied to cells and organelles that are maintained in a state that is as close to native as can be achieved currently in electron microscopy. Not only can cryoelectron tomography be used to visualize directly extended cellular structures, such as membranes and cytoskeleton, but it can also provide 3D maps of the location, orientation and, perhaps, the conformation of large macromolecular complexes, the cell’s ‘molecular machinery’. This information complements that coming from single-particle cryoelectron microscopy (Frank et al., 1996, 2006) and X-ray crystallography, about the subnanometer structure of the same molecular assemblies after isolation. As with studies using single-particle cryoelectron microscopy, specimens smaller than 1 µ in size can be prepared for cryoelectron tomography by plunge-freezing (Dubochet et al., 1988). Cells or organelles can be rapidly frozen directly on an electron microscope grid in thin layers of glass-like, amorphous ice, without the formation of ice crystals that would otherwise disrupt fine structure (Kellenberger, 1987). Specimens are imaged directly, without chemical fixation, dehydration or staining with heavy metals.
A Stimuli-Responsive Molecular Capsule With Switchable Dynamics, Chirality, and Encapsulation Characteristics

In this study, we report the preparation, conformational dynamics, and recognition characteristics of novel molecular capsule 1 comprising a bowl-shaped framework conjugated to a tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) lid. With the assistance of experiment (1H NMR spectroscopy) and theory (MM and DFT) we found that C3 symmetric 1 is poorly preorganized with three pyridines at the rim adopting a propeller-like orientation and undergoing P-to- M (or vice versa) stereoisomerization (Δ G⧧ < 8 kcal/mol, VT 1H NMR). Capsule 1 binds CH4, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4 with Ka < 7 M-1. Protonation of 1 with HCl, however, gives [1·H]-Cl, with the solid-state structure showing the TPA lid being "flattened" and the +N-H---Cl hydrogen-bonded group residing outside. Importantly, the P-to- M stereoisomerization would for [1·H]-Cl occur with Δ G⧧ = 11 kcal/mol (VT 1H NMR). Less dynamic and more preorganized [1·H]-Cl binds CH4, CH3Cl, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CCl4 guests with a greater affinity ( Ka = 100-400 M-1) than 1. The results of our studies suggest that the complexation of increasingly larger guests takes place in an induced-fit fashion, with [1·H]-Cl (a) elongating along its vertical axis and concurrently potentially (b) twisting pyridines from P into M (and vice versa) orientation. The addition of Et3N to [1·H]-Cl⊂CH2Cl2 causes deprotonation of the capsule and the release of CH2Cl2 with the process being fully reversed after the addition of HCl. Allosteric capsule 1 with unique structural and dynamic characteristics is expected to, in the future, assist the construction of complex molecular machines and smart functional materials.
Multi-Band Acoustic-Wave-Lumped-Element Resonator-Based Bandstop Filters with Continuously Tunable Stopband Bandwidths

A new class of multi-band acoustic-wave-Iumped-ele-ment-resonator (AWLR)-based bandstop filters (BSFs) is reported. It is based on $N$ multi-resonant A WLRs-shaped by $K$ AWLRs and 2K inverters-that are connected to an all-pass network and result in $\pmb{K\ N^{th}}$ order rejection bands. The proposed concept allows the realization of multiple rejection bands with the following characteristics: i) fractional bandwidths (FBWs) larger than the electromechanical coupling coefficient $\pmb{k_{t}^{\ 2}}$ of its constituent acoustic-wave resonators, ii) continuously variable and inde-pendently-controlled FBWs, iii) intrinsically-switched stopbands, and iv) an all pass state. For proof-of-concept validation purposes a dual-band prototype was designed, built, and tested. It exhibits two stopbands centered at 418 and 433 MHz that can be continu-ously-tuned in FBW (up to 7.7:1 tuning range) and in number.
Interspecific patterns of trace elements in sea ducks: Can surrogate species be used in contaminants monitoring?

Abstract As industrial development, aerial deposition of pollutants, and chemical releases from thawing permafrost increase in the Arctic, there is need to monitor exposure to contaminants in a range of species. Surrogate or bioindicator species are often used to represent groups of taxa and are typically selected for their wide geographic ranges and ease of sampling. However, it is seldom known how well surrogates exemplify different species, ages, or breeding stages in different areas. We examined multiple trace elements in incubating females of five sea duck species (long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis, Steller’s eiders Polysticta stelleri, spectacled eiders Somateria fischeri, king eiders S. spectabilis, and common eiders S. mollissima), in pre-laying spectacled eiders, and in brood-rearing female spectacled and king eiders and their ducklings, among four areas on the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska, USA. For Se, Cd, and Cu that are probably acquired during the nonbreeding period, Se and Cd in the blood of hens varied appreciably among species, whereas all species appeared to regulate Cu at similar concentrations. Levels of blood Hg and Pb sampled during incubation were inconsistent among species, apparently reflecting variable exposure on breeding areas. During incubation, species of similar body mass had similar patterns of elements. Se, Cu, and Pb differed substantially across the breeding season in spectacled eiders, as well as between ducklings and hens of spectacled and king eiders. Although analysis of feathers avoids invasive sampling, patterns of element concentrations in feathers differed from those in blood. Species of comparable body mass and life history traits sampled at a given site generally had similar concentrations of trace elements in blood, suggesting some utility as surrogates, but still showed regional variation. Our results suggest that for sea ducks, surrogate species of varying body mass and life history traits may not consistently reflect levels of exposure across taxa, or even among congeners or sex-age classes in the same areas. Biomonitoring for contaminants should use species of comparable mass as indicators at small spatial scales, but at the regional scale, should focus on specific taxa of concern.
An Americans with Disabilities Act for Everyone, and for the Ages As Well

A perennial problem in understanding and implementing the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is whether it is aimed at protecting only people with disabilities. Interpreting the statute in this way focuses attention on the problem of determining who is disabled. It also invites thinking that the statute conveys special benefits for disabled people, thereby suggesting that its effect is to privilege them-even if the privilege might stem from their disadvantage or need. Thus, this familiar but mistaken understanding of the ADA as conferring a right on one type of person can only be cast in a way that incites resentment. In this Article, we take on this categorical view of the ADA. We argue that the statute from the beginning was meant to protect against an identified form of discrimination rather than to protect an identified group of people and, moreover, that in any case the concept of "disability" will not bear the weight the categorical view would ascribe to it. We contend as well that the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAA or Amendments Act) reaffirms this universal interpretation of the statute.