cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Financial innovations during the “birth of the modern,” 1789–1830: a tale of three revolutions

Had Napoleon fully understood the possibilities of Dutch finance for financing and provisioning his armies, he might have been able to establish his empire over Continental Europe. As it turned out, despite his brilliant efforts at re-shaping French public finances and re-organizing the French military, he failed to coordinate successfully banks, capital markets, and financial regulation for France and paid scant attention to the financial institutions in satellite kingdoms. To finance his imperial ambitions, however, Napoleon did appreciate the merits of Britain's financial innovations that had stymied the advances of the French revolutionary armies on the Continent. After assuming power in the coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9–10, 1799), he quickly imitated the essential features of British finance, at least as he saw them. He established the Banque de France in 1800, re-vitalized the Caisse d'amortissement pour la dette publique, and reconstituted the Bourse de Paris . With these three organizations, Napoleon mimicked the financial structure of Britain with its Bank of England, sinking fund (Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt), and London Stock Exchange. All of these had proven their worth in helping Britain finance its successful wars against France over the past century. But, like John Law nearly a century earlier, Napoleon felt that all these financial organizations would function even more effectively if he kept them under central control, whether by himself or by trusted civil servants. His constant intervention in the management of the national debt continually frustrated his minister in charge, Count Mollien. Further, his insistence on levying massive annual contributions from satellite kingdoms raised by new, heavier taxes undercut the legitimacy of the new regimes he created throughout Continental Europe. Despite his incomprehension of the subtleties of British public finance, anchored in deeply rooted commercial finance both at home and abroad, Napoleon clearly understood the importance for the economic system he created on the European Continent of enforcing impersonal exchanges through constant monitoring by individuals connected to each other through a multitude of relationships. At the same time his armies occupied a country, he created a network of personal enforcers of exchanges. By installing members of his family or trusted generals as rulers of unified kingdoms throughout Continental Europe, Napoleon mimicked in many ways the networks of trusted correspondents that merchant bankers in Europe had established in previous centuries.
FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL MALARIAS. III. LIMITATIONS OF THE FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the limitations of the fluorescent antibody (FA) technique. Perhaps the most disturbing limitation of fluorescent antibody technique is the technical problems. Variability of results with this test arise among different laboratories, and even from day to day in the same laboratory, through variations in the quantity and quality of reagents used in titrations, in the methodology of titration, in the illuminating equipment, and in the individuals actually making the observations. No two laboratories use the same exact techniques for the preparation of antigen and antibody materials. No two individuals consistently report the same endpoints in titrations. Actual blind-trials in laboratory have shown that the same competent observer, using identical techniques and materials in duplicate testing, frequently may vary by 2 tenfold dilutions in reporting endpoints. There have been suggestions that this technique may be useful in determining the immune status of populations in endemic or formerly endemic areas, determining specific immunity, antibody titer, and even possibly a time factor in regard to recentness of infection.
Recent research on the high‐probability instructional sequence: A brief review

The high-probability (high-p) instructional sequence consists of the delivery of a series of high-probability instructions immediately before delivery of a low-probability or target instruction. It is commonly used to increase compliance in a variety of populations. Recent research has described variations of the high-p instructional sequence and examined the conditions under which the sequence is most effective. This manuscript reviews the most recent research on the sequence and identifies directions for future research. Recommendations for practitioners regarding the use of the high-p instructional sequence are also provided.
Diffusion flames and diffusion flame-streets in three dimensional micro-channels

Abstract Experiments of non-premixed combustion in micro-channels have exhibited different modes of burning. Typically, a diffusion flame is established along or near the axis of a channel spanning the entire mixing layer. It separates a region of fuel and no oxidiser from a region with only oxidiser. Often, however, a periodic sequence of extinction and reignition events, termed collectively as “diffusion flame-streets”, are observed. They constitute a series of separate diffusion flames, each with a tribrachial edge flame structure that is stabilised along the channel. The current work focuses on understanding the underlying mechanism responsible for these unique observations. Numerical simulations were conducted in a thermo-diffusive limit to examine the effects of confinement and heat loss on flames in three dimensional micro-channels with low aspect ratios. An asymptotic analysis was used to reduce the mathematical equations into a two-dimensional problem which effectively captured the three dimensional nature of the combustion process. Two key burning regimes were identified: (i) stable continuous diffusion flames and (ii) stable diffusion flame-streets. The transition between regimes is demarcated primarily by the Damkohler number, defined as the ratio of a diffusion time to a chemical reaction time, but is also influenced by the extent of heat loss. Occasionally within the diffusion flame-street regime, the residual mixture would reignite but would fail to evolve into stationary auxiliary flames. This was generally observed at low flow-rates for Reynolds numbers below a critical value. The behaviour appeared to be periodic in time with a frequency that depended on the removal from criticality.
Early Presentation of Familial Cerebral Cavernous Malformation (FCCM) in an Infant - A Case Report (P6.338)

Objective: To describe Presentation of FCCM in an infant. Background: Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are rare low-flow vascular malformations; hemorrhage can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Familial cerebral cavernous malformations (FCCM) are defined as the occurrence of CCMs in at least two family members and/or the presence of multiple CCMs and/or the presence of a disease causing mutation in one of the three genes in which mutations are known to cause familial CCM. FCCM typically manifests between 20 to 30 years of age, but clinical manifestations can occur at any age. Methods: Our patient is a 6 month old Caucasian baby boy who was the product of full term cesarean section and meeting milestones. He presented to the emergency room with right eye deviation and right hemiparesis over three days. Maternal history was significant for multiple intra-cerebral cavernous angiomas diagnosed at 30 years of age. Results: CT head revealed a hyperdense lesion over the pontine medullary junction. Subsequent MRI brain w/wo contrast revealed multiple cavernomas. There was surrounding edema and hemorrhage in a cavernoma over left anterior medulla which was responsible for his symptoms. MRA head was normal. Genetic work-up is pending. Although Surgery has been considered efficient treatment option for CCMs, it was deferred for our patient given location of lesion and age of this patient. Conclusions: In the case report we describe the first infant to present with FCCM. Majority of individuals present with CCMs are symptomatic between the second and fifth decades. In one study, 9[percnt] of individuals were symptomatic before age ten years, 62[percnt]-72[percnt] between ages ten and 40 years, and 19[percnt] after age 40 years [Gunel et al 1996]. Functional outcome is mostly determined by the location of CCM lesions, with brainstem and basal ganglia lesions having a worse prognosis. Disclosure: Dr. Kaur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Andriola has received personal compensation for activities with UCB as a speaker. Dr. Manganas has nothing to disclose.
Testicular atrophy following inguinal hernia repair in children

We sought to determine the incidence and timing of testicular atrophy following inguinal hernia repair in children. We used the TRICARE database, which tracks care delivered to active and retired members of the US Armed Forces and their dependents, including > 3 million children. We abstracted data on male children < 12 years who underwent inguinal hernia repair (2005–2014). We excluded patients with history of testicular atrophy, malignancy or prior related operation. Our primary outcome was the incidence of the diagnosis of testicular atrophy. Among children with atrophy, we calculated median time to diagnosis, stratified by age/undescended testis. 8897 children met inclusion criteria. Median age at hernia repair was 2 years (IQR 1–5). Median follow-up was 3.57 years (IQR 1.69–6.19). Overall incidence of testicular atrophy was 5.1/10,000 person-years, with the highest incidence in those with an undescended testis (13.9/10,000 person-years). All cases occurred in children $$\le$$ 5 years, with 72% in children < 2 years. Median time to atrophy was 2.4 years (IQR 0.64–3), with 30% occurring within 1 year and 75% within 3 years. Testicular atrophy is a rare complication following inguinal hernia repair, with children < 2 years and those with an undescended testis at highest risk. While 30% of cases were diagnosed within a year after repair, atrophy may be diagnosed substantially later. Prognosis Study, Level II.
Rethinking the Confident Eyewitness: A Reply to Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher:

In the current issue, Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher make the claim that eyewitness memory is not inherently unreliable. They also describe specific conditions under which an eyewitness's confidence can be a reliable indicator of accuracy in the context of both recall and recognition. We argue, however, that calculating the probative value of eyewitness evidence is more complicated than the authors acknowledge. In this commentary, we raise several concerns about the collection and assessment of eyewitness confidence in the real world. We also discuss how frequently the conditions specified by Wixted et al. are met in real cases. The potential for memory contamination is commonplace and can likely be outside the control of investigators. Moreover, there is reason to doubt that legal decision makers are sensitive to the myriad ways that eyewitness memory can be influenced. Because of this, we think eyewitness-memory scientists would do well to further research the intricacies of eyewitness confidence in the real world.
On the Familial Origins of Personality and Social Style

Since Freud made his seminal contributions to the study of affective and personality development, no one has seriously challenged the notion that intrafamilial relationships have an enormous impact on psychosocial development. There remains a good deal of disagreement, however, about the nature of their influence, the mechanisms whereby these influences are mediated, and the ways in which these processes can profitably be studied. In this chapter, I plan to review the issues I believe to be most pressing and the strategies that seem most promising. My goal is to show how several rather different studies and approaches should be viewed in relation to one another, for they represent attempts on my part to examine different aspects of a common puzzle. My goal is not to present extensive and comprehensive amounts of data. Rather, I wish to sketch a perspective for the examination of family influences on infant development while also underscoring the diverse issues that should occupy our collective attention as we seek a clearer and more complete understanding of the nature and process of early personality development.
Development of an Atmospheric Pressure Laser Induced Fluorimeter (AP-LIF) for NO₂ and Application of AP-LIF for Study of Heterogeneous NO₂ Chemistry

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a pollutant of interest for study both because of its controlling role in the oxidant capacity of the atmosphere and the health risks it poses. Concerns about the health effects of NO2 and its role in forming deleterious atmospheric species have made it desirable to have lowcost, sensitive ambient measurements of NO2. A continuous-wave laser-diode laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) system for NO2 was developed here which operates at ambient pressure, thereby eliminating the need for an expensive pumping system. The current prototype system has achieved sensitivity several orders of magnitude beyond previous efforts at ambient pressure (limit of detection of 2 ppb, 60 s averaging time). Ambient measurements of NO2 were made in Portland, Oregon using both the standard NO2 chemiluminescence method and the LIF instrument and showed good agreement (r2 = 0.92). In addition, investigations into surface mediated chemistry involving oxides of nitrogen (namely, NOy) have stimulated new inquiry into potential heterogeneous sources of NO2 as well as challenged the stability of permanent sinks for NO2. The possibility that surface mediated chemistry plays a significant role in NOy chemistry in urban air has for the past few decades received considerable attention. The AP-LIF NO2 instrument is uniquely suited to measure surface chemistry under near ambient conditions. The so called ‘renoxification’ reaction of gaseous NO with surface bound HNO3 yielding NO2 (2HNO3(surface) + NO −→ 3NO2 + H2O(surface)) was
Influence of Cardiovascular Risk Communication Tools and Presentation Formats on Patient Perceptions and Preferences

Importance Practice guidelines recommend that clinicians engage patients in treatment decisions and explain atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk but do not describe how to communicate this risk most effectively. Objective To determine how the ASCVD risk time horizon, outcome, and presentation format influence risk perceptions and treatment preferences. Design, Setting, and Participants From May 27, 2015, through November 12, 2015, participants from the Patient and Provider Assessment of Lipid Management Registry at 140 US cardiology, primary care, and endocrinology practices were presented 3 independent scenarios (representing the same hypothetical patient) and asked to rate their perceived risk and willingness to take medication to lower risk in light of (1) a 15% 10-year ASCVD event risk, (2) a 4% 10-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) death risk, and (3) a 50% lifetime ASCVD event risk. Exposures Participants were randomized to receive risk estimates using numbers only, a bar graph, or a face pictogram. Results Of 3566 eligible participants, 2708 (76.9%) responded (median age, 67 years [interquartile range, 61-76 years]; 280 [10.3%] African American; 1491 men [55.1%]). When shown the lifetime ASCVD risk, respondents were more likely to consider the risk “high to very high” than when presented the 10-year ASCVD risk or the CVD death risk (70.1% vs 31.4% vs 25.7%, respectively; bothP Conclusions and Relevance The format, time horizon, and outcome used for risk estimation influence patient perceptions and should be considered when designing risk communication tools. When shown lifetime risk estimates, patients had higher risk perception and willingness for therapy than when shown 10-year estimates. Pictogram risk displays may decrease risk perception and consideration for treatment.
Construction of Non-\(\mathbb {PT}\)-Symmetric Complex Potentials with All-Real Spectra

We review recent work on the generalization of \(\mathbb {PT}\) symmetry. We show that, in addition to \(\mathbb {PT}\)-symmetric complex potentials, there are also large classes of non-\(\mathbb {PT}\)-symmetric complex potentials which also feature all-real spectra. In addition, some classes of these non-\(\mathbb {PT}\)-symmetric potentials allow phase transitions which do or do not go through exceptional points. These non-\(\mathbb {PT}\)-symmetric potentials are constructed by a variety of methods, such as the symmetry and supersymmetry methods and the soliton theory. A generalization of \(\mathbb {PT}\) symmetry in multi-dimensions is also reviewed.
Prophylactic systemic antibiotics for anterior epistaxis treated with nasal packing in the ED.

Abstract Background Emergency Department (ED) patients presenting with spontaneous epistaxis who have anterior nasal packing are routinely prescribed systemic prophylactic antibiotics in spite of the lack of supporting evidence-based literature. Although there is literature that discusses infection rates with nasal packing for epistaxis and prophylactic antibiotics prescribing practices of otolaryngologists, this is the first study to our knowledge that examines the practices of emergency physicians. Objectives The main objective of this study was to compare the infection rate between patients who were and were not prescribed prophylactic systemic antibiotics for anterior nasal packing in spontaneous epistaxis and to examine current management practices of antibiotic prescribing for these patients. Methods A retrospective review of ED patients ≥ 18 years old with the discharge diagnosis of epistaxis was performed over a 5-year period. Patients who had multiple visits to the ED for epistaxis or recent nasal or sinus surgery were excluded. Results Over half of the patients, 57/106 (53.7%), who had anterior packing were prescribed prophylactic systemic antibiotics. Of these patients, 69/106 (65%) returned for a follow-up visit. There were no documented infections for any of these patients regardless of whether or not they were prescribed antibiotics. There was no significant difference with respect to rate of infection found between these two groups (the p-value = 0.263). Conclusion The absence of infection supports previous findings and suggests that prophylactic antibiotic use for nasal packing in spontaneous epistaxis patients is not necessary. Further randomized controlled studies are necessary to definitively support this practice change.
Multi-pronged intervention to increase secondary student participation in school lunch: Design and rationale.

Abstract Background In the United States, the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is the healthiest lunch option for students, yet participation is suboptimal and fruit and vegetable waste remains high. Improving school meal convenience, engaging teachers in the school-lunch program, and enhancing the cafeteria environment are promising strategies to improve participation and dietary intake, yet little evidence is available on their impact. Methods/design The Multi-Pronged Intervention to Increase Secondary Student Participation in School Lunch (MPI) is a 3-year quasi-experimental study in a large urban school district in California. A total of 24 middle and high schools participated in the study: half received the intervention and half served as controls. The intervention consisted of additional school lunch points of sale (vending machines and mobile carts), a school meal outreach program for teachers, and cafeteria redesigns. School meal participation, student-reported fruit and vegetable consumption, and school lunch plate waste were assessed at baseline and in years 1 and 2 of the intervention. Change in meal participation and fruit and vegetable consumption were compared between intervention and control arms to determine the impact of the intervention on school meal participation and dietary intake. Discussion This study is positioned to provide evidence on the feasibility and efficacy of a multi-level intervention to increase school meal participation and consumption of fruits and vegetables.
Wrack resource use by intertidal consumers on sandy beaches

Abstract The coexistence of ecologically similar species is often assumed to be facilitated by differential resource and habitat use. For sandy beach ecosystems characterized by low primary productivity, a suite of intertidal consumers relies on subsidies of allochthonous marine macrophytes, or wrack, as both food and habitat. To investigate how intertidal consumers may partition macrophyte wrack resources on sandy beaches, we measured individual consumption rates of four talitrid amphipod species (Megalorchestia spp.) on five macrophyte species in laboratory and field trials. Laboratory rates of consumption of macrophytes differed significantly among consumers, but general patterns were similar. Feather boa kelp (Egregia menziesii), was consumed at the highest rate by all species, rather than the more abundant giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera). In the field trials, talitrid amphipods were more abundant under experimental wrack patches containing kelps, and consumption of feather boa kelp was higher than for giant kelp or surf grass (Phyllospadix torreyi). Our results demonstrate that a suite of co-occurring talitrid amphipod species rely heavily on kelp wrack and suggest that these abundant intertidal consumers do not partition wrack resources.
The Telemedicine for Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease (TELE-IBD) Clinical Trial: Qualitative Assessment of Participants' Perceptions.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, affects 1 to 3 million people in the United States. Telemedicine has shown promise in IBD. The objective of this study, telemedicine for patients with IBD (TELE-IBD), was to compare disease activity and quality of life (QoL) in a 1-year randomized clinical trial of IBD patients receiving telemedicine versus standard care. Treatment groups experienced improvements in disease activity and QoL, but there were no significant differences between groups. Study adherence to the text-based intervention was less than 80%, the targeted goal. Objective: To understand adherence to remote monitoring, the goal of this qualitative assessment was to obtain TELE-IBD trial participants’ perceptions, including their recommendations for future monitoring. Methods: In this study, patients attending 3 tertiary referral centers with worsening IBD symptoms in the previous 2 years were eligible for randomization to remote monitoring via SMS text messages (short message service, SMS) every other week, weekly, or standard care. Participants (n=348) were evenly enrolled in the treatment groups, and 259 (74.4%) completed the study. For this study, a purposive sample of adherent (N=15) and nonadherent (N=14) patients was drawn from the TELE-IBD trial population. Adherence was defined as the completion of 80% (278/348) or more of the weekly or every other week self-assessments. Semistructured interviews conducted by phone surveyed (1) the strengths and benefits of TELE-IBD, (2) challenges associated with using TELE-IBD, and (3) how to improve the TELE-IBD intervention. Interviews were recorded, professionally transcribed, and coded based on a priori concepts and emergent themes with the aid of ATLAS.ti, version.7 qualitative data analysis software. Results: Participants' discussions centered on 3 elements of the intervention: (1) self-assessment questions, (2) action plans, and (3) educational messages. Participants also commented on text-based platform, depression and adherence, TELE-IBD system in place of office visit, and their recommendations for future TELE-IBD systems. Adherent and nonadherent participants prefer a flexible system that is personalized, including targeted education messages, and they perceive the intervention as effective in facilitating IBD self-management. Conclusions: Participants identified clear benefits to the TELE-IBD system, including obtaining a better understanding of the disease process, monitoring their symptoms, and feeling connected to their health care provider. Participants’ perceptions obtained in this qualitative study will assist in improving the TELE-IBD system to be more responsive to patients with IBD.
Deep Neural Model Inspection and Comparison via Functional Neuron Pathways

We introduce a general method for the interpretation and comparison of neural models. The method is used to factor a complex neural model into its functional components, which are comprised of sets of co-firing neurons that cut across layers of the network architecture, and which we call neural pathways. The function of these pathways can be understood by identifying correlated task level and linguistic heuristics in such a way that this knowledge acts as a lens for approximating what the network has learned to apply to its intended task. As a case study for investigating the utility of these pathways, we present an examination of pathways identified in models trained for two standard tasks, namely Named Entity Recognition and Recognizing Textual Entailment.
A Study of Student Responses to Participation in Online Citizen Science Projects

In this study, students enrolled in a basic physics class participated in one of the online citizen science projects available on the Zooniverse website (www.zooniverse.org) as a homework assignment. They then wrote a 300–500-word reflection about their experience addressing several questions given as prompts. The analysis of the responses showed that a majority of the students enjoyed the experience saying that it was interesting, fun, and accessible. Many responses described a part of their science ideas that were either confirmed or changed by the experience. The science ideas included statements about looking for correlations among many data, the need to observe these data in order to find correlations, and the inherent uncertainty of the task and the data themselves. The ideas about science and scientific research expressed were in line with a competent view of science (Lederman, Handbook of Research on Science Education, 2, 831–879, Lederman, 2007; McComas et al., Science & Education, 7(6), 511–532, McComas, Almazroa & Clough, 1998). The insight given by this study is that participation in a citizen science project can be educationally beneficial in learning about aspects of the nature of science.
Lighting the way to wireless efficiency

The ubiquity of light makes it an attractive option for both illumination and wireless communication. We explore the future of visible light communication, including next-generation devices, groundbreaking applications, and open challenges.
Microcanonical Rate Constants for Unimolecular Reactions in the Low-Pressure Limit.

Low-pressure-limit microcanonical rate constants, κ0(E,J), describe the rate of activating bath gas collisions in a unimolecular reaction and are calculated here using classical trajectories and quantized thresholds for reaction. The resulting semiclassical rate constants are two-dimensional (in total energy E and total angular momentum J) and are intermediate in complexity between the four-dimensional state-to-state collisional energy and angular momentum transfer rate constant, R(E',J';E,J), and the highly averaged thermal rate constant, k0. Results are presented for CH4 (+M), C2Hx (+M), x = 3-6, and H2O (+M), where κ0(E,J) is shown generally to be a sensitive function of the bath gas, temperature, and initial state of the unimolecular reactant. Strong variations in κ0 with respect to E and J lead to complex trends in relative microcanonical bath gas efficiencies. This underlying complexity may complicate the search for simple explanations for observed trends in relative thermal bath gas efficiencies. A different measure of the microcanonical collision efficiency that describes the energy range of activating collisions is introduced that supports the empirical decomposition of collisional activation into separable translational-to-vibrational and rotational-to-vibrational activation mechanisms. The two mechanisms depend differently on mass, temperature, and the J-dependence of the threshold energy for reaction, with rotational-to-vibrational activation favored for heavier baths and for reactions with rigid transition states. Finally, κ0 is used to test the accuracy of several two-dimensional models for R that were proposed for use in master equation studies.
Characterization and Prediction of ISRE Binding Patterns Across Cell Types Under Type I Interferon Stimulation

Abstract Stimulation of cells by type I interferons (IFN) leads to the differential expression of 100s of genes known as interferon stimulated genes, ISGs. The collection of ISGs differentially expressed under IFN stimulation, referred to as the IFN signature, varies across cell types. Non-canonical IFN signaling has been clearly associated with variation in IFN signature across cell types, but the existence of variation in canonical signaling and its impact on IFN signatures is less clear. The canonical IFN signaling pathway involves binding of the transcription factor ISGF3 to IFN-stimulated response elements, ISREs. We examined ISRE binding patterns under IFN stimulation across six cell types using existing ChIPseq datasets available on the GEO and ENCODE databases. We find that ISRE binding is cell specific, particularly for ISREs distal to transcription start sites, potentially associated with enhancer elements, while ISRE binding in promoter regions is more conserved. Given variation of ISRE binding across cell types, we investigated associations between the cell type, homeostatic state and ISRE binding patterns. Taking a machine learning approach and using existing ATACseq and ChIPseq datasets available on GEO and ENCODE, we show that the epigenetic state of an ISRE locus at homeostasis and the DNA sequence of the ISRE locus are predictive of the ISRE’s binding under IFN stimulation in a cell type, specific manner, particularly for ISRE distal to transcription start sites.
Endothelial Progenitor Cells as Critical Mediators of Environmental Air Pollution-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity

Environmental air pollution exposure is a leading cause of death worldwide, and with increasing industrialization and urbanization, its disease burden is expected to rise even further. The majority...
Pioglitazone prevents obesity-related airway hyperreactivity and neuronal M2 receptor dysfunction

Obesity-related asthma often presents with more severe symptoms than non-obesity-related asthma and responds poorly to current treatments. Both insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are common in...
Improved Analytical Model for a Proximity Coupled Microstrip Patch Antenna (PC-MSPA)

This article presents an accurate full analytical model to assess the impedance response of a proximity-coupled microstrip patch antenna (PC-MSPA). An improved formulation of the patch resonant frequency is used to calculate the quality factor, resonant resistance, and feeding circuit parameters of the antenna. The proposed model also assesses the PC-MSPA impedance response while considering the fabrication constraints. For the validation of the proposed model, at first, the antennas are simulated for $S$ -, $C$ -, and $X$ -bands. Then, two prototypes are fabricated and measured. The proposed model predicts the antenna resonant frequency and impedance bandwidth with less than 1% error.
Impact of Deep RL-based Traffic Signal Control on Air Quality

One major source of air pollution is automobile emissions in urban areas. Although hybrid and fully electric vehicles are started to gain popularity, the majority of vehicles are still fuel-based. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and automation based controllers, there have been numerous studies applying such learning-based techniques to Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Combining deep neural networks with reinforcement learning (RL) models called DRL has shown promising results when applied to urban Traffic Signal Control (TSC) for adaptive adjustment of traffic light schedules. Centralized and decentralized DRL-based controller models are proposed in literature to optimize the total system travel time. However, the associated impact of such learning-based TSCs to the air quality remains unexplored. In this paper, we examine the impact of DRL-based TSCs on the environment in terms of fuel consumption and CO2 emission. We studied a major DRL approach called advantage actor-critic (A2C) using multi-agent settings on a synthetic multi-intersection network and on a real traffic network of San Francisco downtown with 24 hours traffic dataset. Our initial results indicate that learning based DRL methods achieved the lowest air pollution level on synthetic networks even with a simple delay-based reward function. However, DRL-based TSC performs slightly worse than rule-based adaptive TSCs (max-pressure control) in the San Francisco network.
JAM small-$x$ helicity phenomenology

We present the first-ever description the world data on the $g_1^{p,n}$ structure function at small Bjorken $x$ using evolution equations in $x$ derived from first principles QCD. This is a Monte-Carlo analysis within the JAM global framework that allows us to fit all existing polarized DIS data below $x<0.1$ as well as predict future measurements of small $x$ $g_1^{p,n}$ at the EIC. This is a necessary step in determining the quark helicity PDFs and, ultimately, the quark contribution to the proton spin.
Expose Uncertainty, Instill Distrust, Avoid Explanations: Towards Ethical Guidelines for AI.

In this position paper, I argue that the best way to help and protect humans using AI technology is to make them aware of the intrinsic limitations and problems of AI algorithms. To accomplish this, I suggest three ethical guidelines to be used in the presentation of results, mandating AI systems to expose uncertainty, to instill distrust, and, contrary to traditional views, to avoid explanations. The paper does a preliminary discussion of the guidelines and provides some arguments for their adoption, aiming to start a debate in the community about AI ethics in practice.
Collected Works of Robert T. Jones

Fluid dynamic principles are applied to airfoil stability and control problems, blood pump studies, and in relativistic kinematics.
Simulated marihuana smoking in the maternal and fetal guinea pig

Abstract Maternal and fetal heart rate and brain wave (electroencephalogram [EEG]) changes were observed during simulated maternal marihuana smoking. The maternal heart rate change consisted of a delay in onset of an elevated heart rate, while the fetuses and newborn infants studied revealed a decrease in heart rate during the smoking period. The maternal EEG remained essentially unchanged during the smoking period. Following marihuana exposure, the maternal EEG changed to a pattern of low frequency and high-amplitude activity and in a few instances was similar to the “recovery spike-discharges” reported in other animal experiments with marihuana. The fetal EEG changed to a slow-frequency, high-voltage activity pattern during the smoking period. Following exposure to the marihuana, it changed to a lower voltage and higher frequency activity.
Biographical Sketches of the First Editorial Board and Those Who Have Edited Pediatrics

The first editorial board included nationally known pediatricians, many of them pediatric department chairmen. Most were involved in research activities that enabled them to critically review articles in their particular field of interest, but because of their knowledge and experience as clinicians, they also were able to evaluate articles in general pediatrics. Interestingly, several of these early leaders recognized the importance of psychosocial issues in the health care of children, leading to studies on early childhood development and behavior that evolved into a discipline that is an important part of pediatric practice today. What follows are short biographical sketches of the members who were appointed to the first editorial board in 1948. All but two were recipients of the annual John Howland Award, the most prestigious honor awarded by the American Pediatric Society (APS). This impressive list gave the journal immediate credibility and established it as the leading pediatric journal in the country. ### Anderson Aldrich Dr Aldrich was a member of the editorial board from 1948 until his death the following year. He was director of the Rochester, MN, Child Health Institute, a community project that was established to study growth and development of infants and children living in a normal environment over an extended period. Dr Aldrich also was noted for his studies of the psychosocial aspects of the practice of pediatrics. ### Allan M. Butler Dr Butler was a member of the editorial board from 1948 to 1952, during his 30-year tenure as a faculty member at Harvard University Medical School, chief of Children's Services at Massachusetts General Hospital and consultant to National Institutes of Health. His professional interests were broad: biological chemistry, parenteral fluids, renal disease, hypertension, community pediatrics, nephrology, and perinatal pediatrics. After his retirement from Harvard University in 1960, he directed the Health Insurance Plan for the United Auto Workers and …
Genome-Wide Scan for Copy Number Variation Association with Age at Onset of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with high prevalence, which imposes a substantial public health problem. The heritability of AD is estimated at 60–80% forecasting the potential use of genetic biomarkers for risk stratification in the future. Several large scale genome-wide association studies using high frequency variants identified 10 loci accountable for only a fraction of the estimated heritability. To find the missing heritability, systematic assessment of various mutational mechanisms needs to be performed. This copy number variation (CNV) genome-wide association study with age at onset (AAO) of AD identified 5 CNV regions that may contribute to the heritability of AAO of AD. Two CNV events are intragenic causing a deletion in CPNE4. In addition, to further study the mutational load at the 10 known susceptibility loci, CNVs overlapping with these loci were also catalogued. We identified rare small events overlapping CR1 and BIN1 in AD and normal controls with opposite CNV dosage. The CR1 events are consistent with previous reports. Larger scale studies with deeper genotyping specifically addressing CNV are needed to evaluate the significance of these findings.
Design and Development of an Independent Rear Suspension for the 1979 Cadillac Eldorado

This two-part paper describes the rear suspension design and the vehicle development methodology for the 1979 Cadillac Eldorado.
Vaccination with Melanoma Helper Peptides Induces Antibody Responses Associated with Improved Overall Survival.

Purpose: A melanoma vaccine incorporating six peptides designed to induce helper T-cell responses to melanoma antigens has induced Th1-dominant CD4 + T-cell responses in most patients, and induced durable clinical responses or stable disease in 24% of evaluable patients. The present study tested whether this vaccine also induced antibody (Ab) responses to each peptide, and whether Ab responses were associated with T-cell responses and with clinical outcome. Experimental Design: Serum samples were studied from 35 patients with stage III-IV melanomas vaccinated with 6 melanoma helper peptides (6MHP). IgG Ab responses were measured by ELISA. Associations with immune response and overall survival were assessed by log-rank test and χ 2 analysis of Kaplan–Meier data. Results: Ab responses to 6MHP were detected by week 7 in 77% of patients, and increased to peak 6 weeks after the last vaccine and persisted to 6 months. Ab responses were induced most frequently to longer peptides. Of those with T-cell responses, 82% had early Ab responses. Survival was improved for patients with early Ab response ( P = 0.0011) or with early T-cell response ( P P = 0.0002). Conclusions: Vaccination with helper peptides induced both Ab responses and T-cell responses, associated with favorable clinical outcome. Such immune responses may predict favorable clinical outcome to guide combination immunotherapy. Further studies are warranted to understand mechanisms of interaction of these Abs, T-cell responses, and tumor control. Clin Cancer Res; 21(17); 3879–87. ©2015 AACR .
Principles of obesity therapy

Obesity is highly prevalent in developed countries and increasing worldwide. This trend has dire consequences for public health because obesity increases the risk of diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, cancer, and other diseases. Obesity is also a major cause of disability and may shorten lifespan. This chapter will outline strategies for successful weight reduction, including behavior modification, diet, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery.
Outcome of an osteoarthritis education program for low-literacy patients taught by indigenous instructors.

A 10-h osteoarthritis education course was developed and evaluated for older low-income patients with osteoarthritis. Indigenous community leaders were trained to teach the course within inner-city neighborhoods of Hartford, Connectiout. Significant differences were obtained using a quasi-experimental group, pre/post-test design. There was a significant increase in knowledge (P < 0.001) both on a verbal knowledge test and a picture story test (P < 0.001). There was a significant increase in scores on an exercise scale (P < 0.001). Attitude toward one's illness improved. There was a slight improvement in function which was not significant. Use of adaptive equipment increased as a direct result of the program. The course was well accepted and enjoyed by the participants.
English Language Community College Students in the Nursing Classroom: Exploring What Matters.

This qualitative study explored the lived experiences of students as English language learners in the nursing classroom. Employing interpretive phenomenological methodology, participants at an urban community college in the Northeast engaged in open-ended interviews that yielded new understandings of everyday concerns that impacted their academic success. Four themes emerged and included the ways students made adjustments, overcame doubts, demonstrated determination, and co-created community in the college classroom. A critical theoretical framework applied during data analysis revealed student perceptions and experiences in the classroom environment as uneven and unequal. Students shared that some faculty fostered student learning while others did not. Traditional and monocultural practices, representing acts of power and dominance, thwarted learning and possibly contributed to lack of academic progress. Despite these challenges, participants also articulated examples of gains in learning. This study con...
The role of infant sleep in intergenerational transmission of trauma.

INTRODUCTION Children of parents who experienced trauma often present emotional and behavioral problems, a phenomenon named inter-generational transmission of trauma (IGTT). Combined with antenatal factors, parenting and the home environment contribute to the development and maintenance of sleep problems in children. In turn, infant sleep difficulty predicts behavioral and emotional problems later in life. The aim of this study was to investigate whether infant sleep problems predict early behavioral problems indicative of IGTT. METHODS 184 first-time mothers (ages 18-47) participated. N=83 had a history of childhood abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD+); 38 women reported childhood abuse but did not meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD (PTSD-); and the control group (N=63) had neither a history of abuse nor psychopathology (CON). Depression, anxiety, and sleep difficulty were assessed in the mothers at 4 months postpartum. Infant sleep was assessed using the Child Behavior Sleep Questionnaire (CSHQ). Outcome measures included the Parent Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) at 4 months and the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) at 18 months. RESULTS Infants of PTSD+ mothers scored higher on the CSHQ and had more separation anxiety around bedtime than PTSD- and CON, and the severity of their symptoms was correlated with the degree of sleep disturbance. Maternal postpartum depression symptoms mediated impaired mother-infant bonding, while infant sleep disturbance contributed independently to impaired bonding. Mother-infant bonding at 4 months predicted more behavioral problems at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS Infant sleep difficulties and maternal mood play independent roles in infant-mother bonding disturbance, which in turn predicts behavioral problems at 18 months.
Susceptibility of Mice to Intracerebral Inoculation of C. Diphtheriae and Diphtheria Toxin

SummaryThese experiments have revealed four main facts: (a) White mice are highly susceptible to intracerebrally-injected 48-hour broth cultures of rabbit-virulent strains of C. diphtheria; 99% of the mice so inoculated dying within 10 days, (b) Mice are like-wise susceptible, but in somewhat lesser degree, to similar injections of rahbit-avirulent, and hitherto supposedly harmless, strains of C. diphtheria; about 85% of the mice showing highly characteristic reactions within 10 days, (c) Mice receiving minute doses of toxin intracerebrally exhibit the same definitive and fatal results observed in the mice receiving the rabbit-virulent and rabbit-avirulent strains, (d) A number of cultures of diphtheroids (C. xerosis and C. pseudo-diphthericum) were harmless for mice when injected as indicated above. Several other organisms have failed to produce any reactions in any way resembling those produced by C. diphtheria and diphtheria toxin.
The reaction of pituitary interstitial cell-stimulating hormone with periodate.

Abstract The reaction of periodate with bovine and ovine interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) has been investigated. The hormone shows markedly diminished biological activity after treatment with periodate. The rate and extent of oxidation of ovine and bovine ICSH were studied under varying concentrations of periodate in pH 5.0 solutions; they were found to be directly proportional to the concentration of the oxidant. Fucose, galactose, and mannose, but not the N-acetylhexosamines residues in the ICSH molecule, were oxidized; the 1 2 cystine residues were also extensively destroyed. After correction was made by extrapolation to zero time, the consumption of periodate exceeded that which could be accounted for from the carbohydrate content. It is concluded that the loss of biological avtivity of ICSH after treatment with periodate is due not only to the oxidation of the carbohydrate moiety but also to the destruction of cystine residues.
Mobile tools for point-of-care diagnostics in the developing world

Remote health monitoring and disease detection in the developing world are hampered by a lack of accurate, convenient and affordable diagnostic tests. Many of the tests routinely administered in well-equipped clinical laboratories are inappropriate for the settings encountered at the point of care, where low-income patients may be best served. To address this problem, medical researchers have developed innovative rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that are capable of detecting diseases at the point of care within a single patient visit to a clinic. However, for these new diagnostic technologies to be effective, tools must be developed to support the health workers who will be responsible for administering the tests and interpreting their results. This paper describes the design and initial implementation of ODK Diagnostics, a smartphone application that supports health workers in three ways: (1) by facilitating the creation of digital job aids that provide in-context assistance to users administering RDTs, (2) by automatically interpreting the test results and delivering the diagnosis, and (3) by automating the data collected regarding the type and outcome of the test. Our technical evaluation suggests that the system is capable of accurately reading RDT results and is ready to be field tested with health workers to ensure that it is usable and appropriate for point-of-care settings in developing countries.