cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spatial analysis of climate gentrification in Orleans Parish, Louisiana post-Hurricane Katrina

Abstract Background Hurricane Katrina made landfall in New Orleans, Louisiana as a Category 3 storm in August 2005. Storm surges, levee failures, and the low-lying nature of New Orleans led to widespread flooding, damage to over 70% of occupied housing, and evacuation of 80–90% of city residents. Only 57% of the city's black population has returned. Many residents complain of gentrification following rebuilding efforts. Climate gentrification is a recently described phenomenon whereby the effects of climate change, most notably rising sea levels and more frequent flooding and storm surges, alter housing values in a way that leads to gentrification. Objective To examine the climate gentrification following hurricane Katrina by (1) estimating the associations between flooding severity, ground elevation, and gentrification and (2) whether these relationships are modified by neighborhood level pre- and post-storm sociodemographic factors. Methods Lidar data collected in 2002 were used to determine elevation. Water gauge height of Lake Ponchartrain was used to estimate flood depth. Using census tracts as a proxy for neighborhoods, demographic, housing, and economic data from the 2000 decennial census and the 2010 and 2015 American Community Survey 5-year estimates US Census records were used to determine census tracts considered eligible for gentrification (median income Results Census tracts eligible for gentrification in 2000 were 80.2% black. Median census tract flood depth was significantly lower in areas eligible to undergo gentrification (0.70 m vs. 1.03 m). Residents of gentrification-eligible tracts in 2000 were significantly more likely to be black, less educated, lower income, unemployed, and rent their home rather than own. In 2015 in these same eligible tracts, areas that underwent gentrification became significantly whiter, more educated, higher income, less unemployed, and more likely to live in a multi-unit dwelling. Gentrification was inversely associated with flood depth and directly associated with ground elevation in eligible tracts. Marginal effect modification was detected by the effect of pre-storm black race on the relationships of flood depth and elevation with gentrification. Conclusions Gentrification was strongly associated with higher ground elevation in New Orleans. These results provide evidence to support the idea of climate gentrification described in other low-elevation major metropolitan areas like Miami, FL. High elevation, low-income, demographically transitional areas in particular – that is areas that more closely resemble high-income area demographics, may be vulnerable to future climate gentrification.
Chapter 172 – Mosquitoes

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the mosquitoes. They are small flying insects and are related to other members of the order Diptera, the “two-winged flies.” The immature stages of larvae are aquatic and live in stagnant water sources in every biogeographic region of the world. Adult female mosquitoes of most species feed on blood of vertebrates, including humans, and this habit has resulted in great economic and public health significance for this group of insects. There are well over 3000 species and subspecies of mosquitoes in the world. They occur in a variety of habitats, ranging from deserts at or below sea level to high mountain meadows at elevations of 3000 m or more. Adult mosquitoes are terrestrial flying insects; immature stages are aquatic. Larvae and pupae of the various species can be found in ponds, ditches, puddles, swamps, marshes, water-filled rot holes of trees, rock pools, axils of plants, pools of melted snow, water in discarded tires, tin cans, and other artificial containers. Some species are most active in the warmest part of the year, whereas others are adapted to cool temperatures. Many species of mosquitoes are rarely encountered and seldom pose a threat to the health or well-being of humans and domestic animals. However, other species are abundant, frequently encountered, and readily attack people, their pets, and their livestock. Some of these species transmit microbial organisms that cause malaria and encephalitis, and other severe diseases of humans and other vertebrates. Mosquitoes are also commonly used as research objects in a wide range of biological studies.
Error detection and classification in patient-specific IMRT QA with dual neural networks.

Purpose Despite being the standard metric in patient-specific quality assurance (QA) for intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), gamma analysis has two shortcomings: (a) it lacks sensitivity to small but clinically relevant errors (b) it does not provide efficient means to classify the error sources. The purpose of this work is to propose a dual neural network method to achieve simultaneous error detection and classification in patient-specific IMRT QA. Methods For a pair of dose distributions, we extracted the dose difference histogram (DDH) for the low dose gradient region and two signed distance-to-agreement (sDTA) maps (one in x direction and one in y direction) for the high dose gradient region. An artificial neural network (ANN) and a convolutional neural network (CNN) were designed to analyze the DDH and the two sDTA maps, respectively. The ANN was trained to detect and classify six classes of dosimetric errors: incorrect multileaf collimator (MLC) transmission (±1%) and four types of monitor unit (MU) scaling errors (±1% and ±2%). The CNN was trained to detect and classify seven classes of spatial errors: incorrect effective source size, 1 mm MLC leaf bank overtravel or undertravel, 2 mm single MLC leaf overtravel or undertravel, and device misalignment errors (1 mm in x- or y direction). An in-house planar dose calculation software was used to simulate measurements with errors and noise introduced. Both networks were trained and validated with 13 IMRT plans (totaling 88 fields). A fivefold cross-validation technique was used to evaluate their accuracy. Results Distinct features were found in the DDH and the sDTA maps. The ANN perfectly identified all four types of MU scaling errors and the specific accuracies for the classes of no error, MLC transmission increase, MLC transmission decrease were 98.9%, 96.6%, and 94.3%, respectively. For the CNN, the largest confusion occurred between the 1-mm-MLC bank overtravel class and the 1-mm-device alignment error in x-direction class, which brought the specific accuracies down to 90.9% and 92.0%, respectively. The specific accuracy for the 2-mm-single MLC leaf undertravel class was 93.2% as it misclassified 5.7% of the class as being error free (false negative). Otherwise, the specific accuracy was above 95%. The overall accuracies across the fivefold were 98.3 ± 0.7% and 95.6% ± 1.5% for the ANN and the CNN, respectively. Conclusions Both the DDH and the sDTA maps are suitable features for error classification in IMRT QA. The proposed dual neural network method achieved simultaneous error detection and classification with excellent accuracy. It could be used in complement with the gamma analysis to potentially shift the IMRT QA paradigm from passive pass/fail analysis to active error detection and root cause identification.
Mechanisms in the reactions H 3 + He 3 and H 3 + H 2 and measurement of the reaction H 3 ( p , He 3 ) n from 13.6 to 32.8 MeV

The angular distribution of the $^{3}\mathrm{H}(p,^{3}\mathrm{He})n$ reaction cross section is measured at ${E}_{p}=13.6,14.8,18.0,21.0,24.0,27.0,30.0, \mathrm{and} 32.8$ MeV with an estimated absolute uncertainty of 8%. Such data are necessary in the study of quasifree processes, which frequently are hampered by the lack of cross-section data of the corresponding free processes. Normalization to existing ${E}_{p}=13.6$-MeV data shows that the $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ content of the target is 1.7 times less than given by the supplier. Using these new measurements, the $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ + $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ + $^{2}\mathrm{H}$ quasifree reactions are reanalyzed.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{3}\mathrm{H}(p,^{3}\mathrm{He})$, $E=13.6\ensuremath{-}32.8$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}({E}_{p};\ensuremath{\theta})$. Determined $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ content of target, reanalyzed $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ + $^{3}\mathrm{He}$, $^{3}\mathrm{H}$ + $^{2}\mathrm{H}$ quasifree reactions.]
Beyond ‘AI for Social Good’ (AI4SG): social transformations—not tech-fixes—for health equity

This paper reflects on proliferating AI for Social Good (AI4SG) initiatives, with an eye to public health and health equity. It notes that many AI4SG initiatives are shaped by the same corporate en...
Performance and preference of broilers provided dual light warmth

SUMMARY The present studies evaluated the use of 2 common poultry specific Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) of differing light warmth (2,700 K and 5,000 K). Additionally, the studies evaluated the effects of providing a choice between LED bulbs of differing light warmth to broilers for production, distribution, feeding, and drinking behavior. Chicks were housed in choice systems consisting of 2 rooms with separate illumination. Systems were divided into 3 treatments: 1) Cool-cool LED at 5,000 K on both rooms; 2) warm-warm at 2,700 K on both rooms, and 3) cool-warm with one side at 5,000 K and the other at 2,700 K. Distribution and consumption behaviors were observed for the cool-warm treatment using a remote video system. Production was assessed for all treatments and 2 consecutive trials were conducted. The BW of cool-warm treatment (study 1: 2.954 kg, study 2: 3.240 kg) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) than warm-warm (study 1: 2.816 kg and study 2: 3.110 kg) while cool-cool were intermediate (2.867 kg and 3.164 kg). There was no effect of treatment on feed:gain in either trial. Birds in the cool-warm treatment exhibited a clear preferential (P ≤ 0.05) pattern for warm light during the first and last hour of the 16 h light period. No treatment differences (P ≥ 0.05) were observed for feeding and drinking. Lights of differing light warmth improved final BW of broiler chickens.
Review of Faculty-Librarian Collaborations: Integrating the Information Literacy Framework into Disciplinary Courses

Faculty-Librarian Collaborations: Integrating the Information Literacy Framework into Disciplinary Courses. Edited by Stopel, M., Piotto, L., Goodman, X., and Godbey, S. (Chicago, IL: Association of College and Research Libraries 2020. 238pp.
Graphene Oxide-Chitosan Composite-Based Flexible Electrochemical Sensors for Lead ION Detection

In this study, a flexible electrochemical sensor based on an environmentally benign organic nanocomposite material was fabricated. Taking advantage of chitosan's affinity towards heavy metal ions and graphene oxide's functional edge characteristics, a nanocomposite material was prepared for highly sensitive heavy metal ion detection. In addition, this framework provided a flexible and robust working electrode as it forms crustacean shell-like coating. Three electrodes - working, counter, and reference - were screen-printed on a flexible PVC substrate. Then, a graphene oxide (GO)-chitosan composite prepared via self-assembly of GO sheets and chitosan chain was drop-casted onto the working electrode surface. A reference electrode was obtained after the electro-chlorination of the printed silver electrode. The SEM image of the organic nanocomposite shows the porous structure with a high surface area that can enhance the adsorption and preconcentration of the lead ions. The electron transfer characteristics of the composite sensing electrode determined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) after surface modifications indicate the enhanced charge transfer efficiency, which improved the sensor response compared to the pure chitosan electrode. The lead ion detection was performed using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). A ppb level detection of lead ions in water was obtained with good linearity and repeatability. The fabricated sensor is promising for lead ion detection because of facile fabrication, low-cost, environmentally benign nature, high surface area, and fast electron transfer ability.
Effect of Text-to-Speech and Human Reader on Listening Comprehension for Students with Learning Disabilities

Students with learning disabilities in reading often have difficulty with comprehension. Four participants with learning disabilities, ages 16 and 17, were assessed in listening comprehension to de...
Nothing to Lose: Logsex and Genital Injury in Peter of Cornwall’s Book of Revelations

Medieval Christianity treated castration as an especially meaningful injury, but not every medieval Christian avoided it. Despite an official prohibition of castration in Church doctrine, celibate Christian clergy might seek it out, to cure themselves of sexual desire, and, more importantly, to submit themselves more perfectly to the Divine Father. Because of castration’s cultural importance, the account of genital injury in Peter of Cornwall’s twelfth-century version of Saint Patrick’s Purgatory in his Book of Revelations is surprising: there, a knight experiences terrible suffering, including a bizarre case of genital injury, but to no particular end, and with no obvious meaning. The very strangeness of Peter’s account offers a way to read castration as simply an injury like others, a “non-Phallic” castration that resists cultural values of both masculinity and the moralization of injury.
Tomato Dice: A Multimodal Device to Encourage Breaks During Work

The COVID pandemic has resulted in many people working from home, blurring lines between work and personal time. In response, the Tomato Dice, a multimodal device, attempts to provide a fun way for people to take more effective breaks amid work through timeboxing. After the dice is rolled, each side plays visual and audio feedback helping users to either work for a set amount of time or take a break away from their work screens. In this paper, we discussed the design process and the different modes of the dice. We also conducted a heuristic evaluation followed by a usability study which revealed that participants were mostly fascinated with the dice and were more likely to use the Tomato Dice to relax than to take breaks.
Role of Pelvic Radiation in Management of Non-Metastatic Pathological Node-Positive Prostate Cancer: A Single Institution Experience.

Purpose/Objective(s) Pathological T2-4 N1 M0 prostate cancer (Pca) has a heterogeneous natural history. So far, only one randomized control trial has established the current standard of care of immediate androgen deprivation (ADT) after prostatectomy and lymph node dissection. The role of pelvic radiation (RT) for this cohort of patients remains unknown. The purpose of this study is to perform a retrospective review of our institutional experience to provide much-needed information that may improve the outcome of these very high-risk patients. Materials/Methods We identified patients with pT2-4 N1 M0 disease treated in our institution from 2006 to 2016. We reviewed ADT and RT records in addition to patient and disease characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analyses were utilized to evaluate overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS, defined as either biochemical or clinical evidence of disease recurrence). Results We identified a total of 94 patients with pT2-4N1M0 Pca with patient demographic and disease characteristics shown in the table. A total of 72 patients had postoperative RT with a median follow-up of 85.9 months (range 15 to 175 months). Among patients receiving RT, 54/72 (75%) received ADT concurrently (median duration of 24 months, range 4 -36 months). The median time from prostatectomy to RT initiation was 6 months (range 3-90 months). RT of 7 patients was initiated after PSA progression. For patients without RT, 15/22 (68%) received ADT (median duration of 24 months, range 3 to 96 months); the median follow-up was 91 months (range 9 to 164 months). The estimated 5-year OS for patients with RT and without RT were 100% and 85.7%, respectively (P = 0.04). The estimated 5-year PFS for patients with RT and without RT were 80.9% and 62.8%, respectively (P = 0.19). Among patients who received ADT, the estimated 5-year PFS was 82.3% with RT and 63.8% without RT, respectively (P = 0.26). Conclusion For a select group of patients with pT2-4N1M0 Pca, postoperative pelvic RT in combination with ADT appeared to have prolonged OS. Further investigation to stratify this group of patients, and ultimately prospective clinical trials to establish the effectiveness of combined pelvic RT and systemic treatment is needed for this cohort of high-risk patients.
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B and Nuclease Production Under Controlled Dissolved Oxygen Conditions

Enterotoxin B, nuclease, and total exoprotein production by Staphylococcus aureus strain S-6 was studied in a 0.5-liter fermentor system. While these extracellular products were elaborated over a wide range of aeration rates, maximal production occurred within the very narrow range of 125 to 150 cm3 of air per min. The levels attained at the optimal aeration rate were not increased by maintaining a constant pH, although yield of enterotoxin:cell mass was highest at a constant pH of 7.0. During the growth cycle of the cultures, when aeration rate alone or aeration rate and pH were held constant, the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, initially set at 100% of saturation, decreased to 5 to 10% 4 to 5 h after inoculation. The oxygen demand of the culture then maintained this level for an additional 4 to 6 h. This interval of low DO was characterized by maximal growth and exoprotein production. When the DO was controlled at a constant value throughout growth (by increasing or decreasing the airflow rate as appropriate), the culture demonstrated different optima for maximal growth and exoprotein production. A constant DO of 100% stimulated growth to extremely high densities, but the accumulation of toxin and nuclease was not observed. On the other hand, maintaining constant DO levels at 50 or 10% raised exoprotein levels higher than those achieved in a culture grown at the optimal aeration rate. Compared to the optimal aeration rate culture, the 10% DO culture yielded 20% more nuclease, 25% more toxin, and 40 to 50% more total exoprotein. These results indicate that it is the DO and not the aeration rate, per se, that is influential in controlling growth, toxin, nuclease, and total exoprotein production.
Detection and Measurement of Parsec-Scale Circular Polarization in Four AGNs

We present five epochs of 15 GHz VLBA observations of 13 AGNs. These observations were specially calibrated to detect parsec-scale circular polarization and our calibration techniques are discussed and analyzed in detail. We obtained reliable detections of parsec-scale circular polarization in the radio jets of four AGNs: 3C 84, PKS 0528+134, 3C 273, and 3C 279. For each of these objects our detections are at the level of approximately 0.3%–1% local fractional circular polarization. Each individual detection has a significance in the range of 3 to 10 σ. Our observations are consistent across multiple epochs (and different calibration techniques) in the sign and magnitude of the circular polarization observed. 3C 273 and 3C 279 both undergo core outbursts during our observations and changes in the circular polarization of both sources are correlated with these outbursts. In general, we observe the circular polarization to be nearly coincident with the strong VLBI cores of these objects; however, in 3C 84 the circular polarization is located a full milliarcsecond south of the source peak, and in the 1996.73 epoch of 3C 273 the circular polarization is predominately associated with the newly emerging jet component. Our observations support the theoretical conclusion that emission of circular polarization is a sensitive function of opacity, being strongest when the optical depth is near unity. Circular polarization may be produced as an intrinsic component of synchrotron radiation or by the Faraday conversion of linear to circular polarization. Our single-frequency observations do not easily distinguish between these possible mechanisms, but independent of mechanism, the remarkable consistency across epoch of the sign of the observed circular polarization suggests the existence of a long-term, stable, unidirectional magnetic field. Single-dish observations of 3C 273 and 3C 279 at 8 GHz by Hodge and Aller suggest that this stability may persist for decades in our frame of observation.
Single Top at Hadron Colliders

At hadron colliders, the strong production of \( t\bar t \) pairs yelds large top quark samples, allowing detailed studies of many properties of top quark production and decay. However, the precise determination of the properties of the Wtb vertex, and the associated coupling strenghts, will more likely be obtained from measurements of the electroweak production of single top quarks. Single top quarks can be produced via three different reactions. These reactions are shown in Fig. 1 from left to right. The first two graphs, usually referred to as the 2 → 2 and 2 → 3 processes, respectively, both refer to the same physical W-gluon fusion process. The second production mechanism (the third graph from the left), referred to as the Wt process, is the direct production of a top quark and a W boson. This process is immeasurably small at the Tevatron, but is predicted to have a sizeable cross-section (≈ 60–110 pb) at the LHC. The third reaction proceeds via production of an off-shell W and will be called the W* process.
Adaptive Anomaly Detection via Self-calibration and Dynamic Updating

The deployment and use of Anomaly Detection (AD) sensors often requires the intervention of a human expert to manually calibrate and optimize their performance. Depending on the site and the type of traffic it receives, the operators might have to provide recent and sanitized training data sets, the characteristics of expected traffic (i.e. outlier ratio), and exceptions or even expected future modifications of system's behavior. In this paper, we study the potential performance issues that stem from fully automating the AD sensors' day-to-day maintenance and calibration. Our goal is to remove the dependence on human operator using an unlabeled, and thus potentially dirty, sample of incoming traffic. To that end, we propose to enhance the training phase of AD sensors with a self-calibration phase, leading to the automatic determination of the optimal AD parameters. We show how this novel calibration phase can be employed in conjunction with previously proposed methods for training data sanitization resulting in a fully automated AD maintenance cycle. Our approach is completely agnostic to the underlying AD sensor algorithm. Furthermore, the self-calibration can be applied in an online fashion to ensure that the resulting AD models reflect changes in the system's behavior which would otherwise render the sensor's internal state inconsistent. We verify the validity of our approach through a series of experiments where we compare the manually obtained optimal parameters with the ones computed from the self-calibration phase. Modeling traffic from two different sources, the fully automated calibration shows a 7.08% reduction in detection rate and a 0.06% increase in false positives, in the worst case, when compared to the optimal selection of parameters. Finally, our adaptive models outperform the statically generated ones retaining the gains in performance from the sanitization process over time.
Oxidative damage in the gastrocnemius of patients with peripheral artery disease is myofiber type selective.

Background Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis that produces blockages in the arteries supplying the legs, affects approximately 5% of Americans. We have previously, demonstrated that a myopathy characterized by myofiber oxidative damage and degeneration is central to PAD pathophysiology.
Encountering virtual users: A qualitative investigation of interpersonal communication in chat reference

Synchronous chat reference services have emerged as viable alternatives to the traditional face-to-face (FtF) library reference encounter. Research in virtual reference service (VRS) and client–librarian behavior is just beginning with a primary focus on task issues of accuracy and efficiency. This study is among the first to apply communication theory to an exploration of relational (socioemotional) aspects of VRS. It reports results from a pilot study that analyzed 44 transcripts nominated for the LSSI Samuel Swett Green Award (Library Systems and Services, Germantown, MD) for Exemplary Virtual Reference followed by an analysis of 245 randomly selected anonymous transcripts from Maryland AskUsNow! statewide chat reference service. Transcripts underwent in-depth qualitative content analysis. Results revealed that interpersonal skills important to FtF reference success are present (although modified) in VRS. These include techniques for rapport building, compensation for lack of nonverbal cues, strategies for relationship development, evidence of deference and respect, facesaving tactics, greeting and closing rituals. Results also identified interpersonal communication dynamics present in the chat reference environment, differences in client versus librarian patterns, and compensation strategies for lack of nonverbal communication.
Differential weighting and directed meaning as explanations of primacy in impression formation

An experiment designed to test a Gestaltist shift in meaning explanation and a differential weighting explanation of primacy was performed. Primacy had a significant (p <.05) effect on overall impression but there was no evidence of shift in meaning of traits as a function of position in the list. Only partial support was found for the differential weigh ting hypo thesis.
Case Studies of Evidence-Based Practice Implementation

Synthesis implies synergy, and with this in mind, we offer a brief overview of quality improvement in mental health care. Quality improvement denotes efforts to improve health care outcomes through...
Untersuchungen zur Kinetik der thermischen Dissoziation von Nickel‐, Kupfer‐ und Zinksulfat

Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit und Aktivierungsenergie der thermischen Dissoziation von NiSO4, CuSO4, Cu2(SO4)O, ZnSO4 und Zn3(SO4)2O wurden bestimmt. Es wurden lineare, Wurzel- und logarithmische Zeitgesetze gefunden. Die Energieubertragung hat wesentlichen Einflus auf die Kinetik. Die Ursachen des Auftretens basischer Sulfate als Zwischenprodukte der thermischen Dissoziation werden diskutiert. The rates of decomposition and the energies of activation were determined for the thermal dissociation of NiSO4, CuSO4, Cu2(SO4)O, ZnSO4and Zn3(SO4)2O. Linear, parabolic and logarithmic rate laws were found. Kinetics are largely determined by the rate of energy transfer. The reasons for the formation of basic sulfate intermediates are discussed.
Shift in the peak of the photopic Stiles-Crawford function with marked accommodation

Abstract In the unaccommodated eye the retinal receptors are aligned towards a point near the center of the exit pupil of the eye. In this study it is shown that marked accommodation caused a small but significant transient change in foveal retinal receptor orientation. largely in the horizontal meridian. This shift was evidenced by comparison of S-C function peak locations (which indicate the photoreceptor's central orientational tendency) in the entrance pupil of three subjects in both unaccommodated and accommodated states. On the basis of previous studies, it is suggested that this orientational change is the result of the asymmetrical retinal elongation in the horizontal meridian associated with accommodation. Thus, there is some evidence for a transient shear effect between the retinal receptors and the underlying interdigitating microfibrils of the pigment epithelium with strong accommodation. This tends to shift the peak of the Stiles-Crawford function nasally.
Of ghosts, horses, and psychopaths.

Recognition and respect for the cultures of Native Americans constitutes a basic requirement for cancer care and education approaches. This reflection shares the insights gained in fieldwork excavations in a pre-Apache archeological site on the Cibaque reservation. Despite the ghost pollution associated with contact with the dead, the Apache invited me to be a sponsor for a young girl’s coming of age ceremony. I owed this gracious invitation to the wild horses, for the Apache had observed the horses’ responses to my calls. Since horses are considered spiritually sensitive animals, their acceptance was an indicator of my resistance to ghost pollution. Therefore, I was a strong contender as a sponsor. My days among the tribe made me a better listener and observer, and thus a better physician to the cancer patients I continue to serve as a radiologist.
Specular and diffuse components of radiation scattered by leaves

Abstract Bidirectional reflectance and transmittance of oak and maple leaves were measured in the principal plane with a laboratory goniometer. Illumination was with linearly polarized visible and near-infrared radiation. The parallel and perpendicular polarization components of the scattered radiation were resolved with linear polarizers and used to determine the specular and diffuse components. The specular reflectance was similar in the visible and near-infrared regions. The diffuse reflectance was lower in the visible because of absorption by plant pigments. Scattering from the abaxial surface was less specular than that from the adaxial surface because of surface roughness. Diffuse reflectance of visible radiation from the abaxial surface was increased by scattering from the spongy mesophyll. The specular component of the reflectance was used to compute K , the surface roughness correction factor for estimates of the specular reflection as specified by Fresnel's equations. Values of K greater than one were found to be possible, with K dependent not upon wavelength, but upon the incident angle of the radiation, the index of refraction, and surface roughness.
Building and Using a Database of One Trillion Natural-Image Patches

Many example-based imageprocessing algorithms operate on image patches (texture synthesis, resolution enhancement, image denoising, and so on). However, inaccessibility to a large, varied collection of image patches has hindered widespread adoption of these methods. The authors describe the construction of a database of one trillion image patches and demonstrate its research utility.
An improved Jamin interferometer.

For the purpose of studying anomalies in the index-temperature relation of transparent liquids, a Jamin interferometer has been developed using special control equipment for accurate constant-rate temperature variation. Simultaneous recording of optical and thermal changes are made on a constant speed paper tape. An estimated precision of 0.7×10−6 index units per °C is to be compared with an actual reproducibility of 1 to 2×10−6 index units per °C.
The Influence of Psychosocial Factors on Bullying Involvement of Students With Disabilities

The involvement of students with disabilities within the bullying dynamic has been recognized as a pressing issue within the nation's schools. Unfortunately, few studies have examined the psychosocial outcomes related to the bullying involvement of students with disabilities. However, involvement in bullying has been linked to negative short- and long-term outcomes for students with and without disabilities, increasing the necessity of exploring the relationship between psychosocial outcomes and bullying involvement. The purpose of this article is to initiate this discussion and highlight contemporary findings involving bullying among students with disabilities, as well as relate these finding to practical application and intervention.
The challenge of constructing large phylogenetic trees

The amount of sequence data available to reconstructthe evolutionary history of genes and species hasincreased 20-fold in the past decade. Consequently thesize of phylogenetic analyses has grown as well, andphylogenetic methods, algorithms and their implemen-tations have struggled to keep pace. Computationaland other challenges raised by this burgeoning data-base emerge at several stages of analysis, from the opti-mal assembly of large data matrices from sequencedatabases, to the efﬁcient construction of trees fromthese large matrices and the piece-wise assembly of‘supertrees’ from those trees in turn. A ﬁnal challenge isposed by the difﬁculty of visualizing and making infer-ences from trees that might soon routinely containthousands of species.Much, if not all, of the evolutionary history of genes andspecies can be described by a phylogenetic tree [1,2].Aphylogenetic tree consists of a set of monophyletic groups,or ‘clades’. All members of a clade share a more-recentcommon ancestor with each other than with any speciesoutside of that clade. Rapid accumulation of molecularsequencedatahasspurredincreasinglylargephylogeneticanalyses across the tree of life. Nowhere is this moreevident than in plants. At one extreme, intensivecollaboration by molecular systematists has generatedlarge datasets of a few genes sampled from hundreds tothousands of species [3–5]. The plastid gene rbcL is themost notable example: it has been sequenced in .5000species and is included in one of the largest singlephylogenetic analyses to date, containing .2500 species[6]. Plant phylogenetic analyses have also become large inthe genome ‘direction’. The large number of plant modelsystems has spawned numerous EST (expressed sequencetag) projects, which are now bearing fruit as comparativephylogenetic data. One recent study [7] combinedsequences from 236 ESTs (123 000 nt) for ten angio-sperms. Both of these types of ‘extreme’ datasets poseserious challenges for the available phylogenetic methods.At the moment – perhaps fortunately – no datasets areextreme in both directions, but as genomics technologybecomes more commonplace, the size of these datasets islikely to continue to grow in numbers of species andnucleotide sites. Here, we outline some of the methodo-logical challenges associated with the trend towardincreasingly comprehensive phylogenetic analyses. Weemphasize issues arising in tree building per se, at theexpense of the crucially important and, in some respectsequally challenging, problem of multiple sequence align-ment (see Ref. [8] for an algorithmic treatment).The sparse and uneven distribution of sequence dataamong species places limits on the kinds of strategies thatare useful for constructing large phylogenetic trees. Fig. 1providesaglimpseofthisdistributionforallplantproteinsin a recent release of GenBank. A few species have beensequenced for many genes; a few genes have beensequenced for many species; but most of the potentialdata available for phylogenetic purposes is still missing.
Synaptic innervation of sympathetic ganglion cells in the bullfrog.

Abstract The synaptic innervation of the ganglion cells in the ninth and tenth para-vertebral sympathetic ganglia of the bullfrog was investigated by histochemical and electron microscopic techniques and by intracellular recording. The neurons were unipolar and most ganglion cells were innervated by a single preganglionic axon. The preganglionic fiber stained for acetylcholinesterase and was observed to spiral around the axon hillock of the ganglion cell before arborizing and making synaptic contact with the neuron. Most synapses were located on the soma near the axon hillock region, with features typical for cholinergic junctions. The axosomatic location of the synapses was manifested physiologically by a decrease in membrane resistance (increased conductance) at the peak of the fast EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) and by a demonstrable reversal potential for the fast EPSP.
Generation of isothermal spreading data and interfacial energy data for liquid reactive metals on ceramic substrates: The copper-titanium/alumina system

The sessile drop technique is frequently used to evaluate the wettability and spreadability of liquid metals on ceramic substrates. In this study, the spreading kinetics of copper-20 wt% titanium alloys on polycrystalline alumina were evaluated based on measurements of spreading radius versus time. The process of spreading was monitored by anin situ video recording system. The tests were performed using three different initial metal configurations. It was found that conventional sessile drop testing configurations cannot be used to generate isothermal spreading kinetics data because of significant spreading during the heat-up cycle from the solidus temperature to the test temperature. An improved sessile drop technique was developed which eliminated the non-isothermal experience by introducing the liquid copper to the solid titanium/alumina at the desired testing temperature. Using this technique, only a few seconds of data were lost (while the liquid copper dissolved the solid titanium). Because very limited interfacial energy data exist for the copper-titanium/alumina system, especially at higher titanium concentrations, the equilibrium contact angle, the solid-liquid interfacial energy, and the work of adhesion from 1000 to 1300 °C are also presented.
Relationship between phospholamban and nucleotide activation of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ adenosinetriphosphatase.

A strong connection with nucleotide activation of Ca2+ATPase and phospholamban inhibition has been found. Phospholamban decreases the number of activatable Ca2+ATPase without affecting substrate af...
Stabilizing controllers for uncertain linear systems with additive disturbances

This paper is concerned with the problem of designing stabilizing controllers for linear systems containing uncertainty. The uncertainty is time-varying with values lying in a specified set and enters through the system matrix, through the input connection matrix and additively. A method is presented for obtaining a linear, state feedback controller which guarantees that the system response ultimately lies in a prespecified neighbourhood of the origin. In some situations, this neighbourhood can be made arbitrarily small and practical stability is achieved. The solution of an algebraic Riccati equation is used to generate the feedback gains for the linear controller. Several examples are included to illustrate the application of the method.
Assessing the behavioral effects and abuse potential of propofol bolus injections in healthy volunteers

Abstract Propofol is a recently introduced intravenous anesthetic agent, commonly administered to surgical patients because it induces anesthesia smoothly (i.e., provides loss of consciousness rapidly and usually with no complications) and is associated with rapid recovery. Propofol has psychoactive effects that could be construed as pleasant, although little abuse liability testing has been done on this agent in humans. Accordingly, we examined various effects of this agent at different subanesthetic doses (0.2–0.6 mg/kg) in order to characterize this drug's abuse potential (for recreational use or potential for diversion). Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, healthy normal volunteers ( N = 10) were injected intravenously with the drug or with placebo. Before the injection and for up to 1 h afterwards, mood (including drug liking), memory and psychomotor performance were assessed. Propofol impaired memory and psychomotor performance and produced changes in 10 of 20 VAS mood ratings. Although there was variability in self-reported drug liking, some subjects clearly liked the effects of propofol, especially at the two higher doses. At the debriefing interview held after completion of the study, five subjects said if they had to participate in one more session in which they were given a choice between being injected with the highest dose (0.6 mg/kg) or a placebo, they would choose propofol. These preliminary results suggest that this agent may have some potential for abuse/diversion and perhaps stricter accountability procedures should be established for this drug in settings where general anesthesia or conscious sedation procedures are done.
Yeast Genes That Enhance the Toxicity of a Mutant Huntingtin Fragment or α-Synuclein

Genome-wide screens were performed in yeast to identify genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or of alpha-synuclein. Of 4850 haploid mutants containing deletions of nonessential genes, 52 were identified that were sensitive to a mutant huntingtin fragment, 86 that were sensitive to alpha-synuclein, and only one mutant that was sensitive to both. Genes that enhanced toxicity of the mutant huntingtin fragment clustered in the functionally related cellular processes of response to stress, protein folding, and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, whereas genes that modified alpha-synuclein toxicity clustered in the processes of lipid metabolism and vesicle-mediated transport. Genes with human orthologs were overrepresented in our screens, suggesting that we may have discovered conserved and nonoverlapping sets of cell-autonomous genes and pathways that are relevant to Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.
Implications of APL2 grammar

A subtle but pervasive feature of APL2 is its new way of describing syntax. It is based on an ordered list of ordered pairs of syntactic classes. Position in the list corresponds to the strength of the syntactic bond between objects of the classes in the pair. The single rule of execution is to scan from the right until the binding drops and then evaluate the pair of objects just scanned.The new simple view of syntax suggests some straightforward extensions to the language which do not complicate the syntax and address such areas as: specifying a variable number of iterations of EACH in a manner analogous to the way a power operator can specify iterations of a function.using similar and similarly simple expressions to apply structural functions and operators, for example (2 3 ↑)″ A B C and (2 3 /)″ A B C require, respectively, that the named objects be of rank 2 and of length 2 (after scalar extension). The first expression is, of course, not valid today; the second is, and the parentheses are redundant.creating arrays of objects other than data, a subject treated in several papers in recent yearsa number of identities involving functions and operators, including some which provide compact notation for concepts of elementary arithmetic.the elevators of Landaeta, which are only possible if a language contains identically structured expressions for objects of different symbolic classes, provide a way of describing analogues of an operation in different syntactic classes. These lead to an interesting new diagrammatic way of expressing identities.
Fine Structure of Colloid Cells in the Thyroid Gland

ABSTRACT Thin sections of colloid cells in the thyroid gland of the C3H mouse were observed with an electron microscope. There appeared to be 2 main kinds of colloid cells. In the first, the clear appearance of the cytoplasm is due to the presence of a very dilated cisterna of the granular reticulum in an otherwise normal appearing cell. In the second, the plasma membrane of the cell appeared disrupted and there was extensive replacement of the cytoplasm by material resembling colloid. No information is available yet on the origin of colloid cells but it is quite clear that they are not specific for thyroiditis or other recognized diseases of the thyroid gland
Atomic-Scale Mechanisms of Sliding along an Interdiffused Li–Si–Cu Interface

We perform ab initio calculations on the shear deformation response of the interdiffused Li–Si–Cu phase structure existing between a lithiated Si electrode and a Cu current collector. We show that the formation of well-delineated and weakly bonded Si–Cu and Li–Cu crystalline atomic layers within this phase structure facilitates interface sliding. However, sliding can be terminated by the formation of LiSi3 compounds across these atomic layers, which causes the abrupt capacity fade of the electrode after repeated cycling.
Systematics of compression of hard materials

Hard materials have the remarkable property that relatively little internal energy of shock compression is deposited as temperature and associated thermal pressure. As a result, the Hugoniot curve is nearly coincident with the 0-K isotherm. Since the isentrope is intermediate between isotherm and Hugoniot, all three curves of a given hard material are nearly coincident. Published data for diamond and Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) show this to be the case up to 600 GPa and 80 GPa, respectively. Above 100 GPa on the Hugoniot the incompressibilities, defined to be the derivative of pressure with respect to compression, of GGG, other oxides and even CaF2 are significantly greater than that of diamond. In fact, above 100 GPa CaF2 might well be the least compressible of any known material. Little EOS data of weakly compressible materials have been measured in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) above a few tens of GPa at 300 K because these materials often become amorphous, which means density in a DAC cannot be measured by X-ray diffraction. Amorphization suggests the onset of a sluggish phase transition. On the other hand, Hugoniot experiments readily measure density changes caused by compression and phase transitions independent of material structure. Hugoniots of weakly compressible materials suggest experiments to determine structures and compressibilities in laser-heated DACs at 100 GPa pressures, as has been done with TiO2 and perovskite, and Hugoniot data might provide estimates of compressions of oxides representative of the deep interiors of rocky planets in other solar systems.
Response from the SAMMPRIS trial principal investigators regarding inaccuracies in this editorial

As the principal investigators for the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for the Prevention of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke (SAMMPRIS) trial,1 we are compelled to address a few inaccuracies regarding this study in the recent editorial by Dr Alexander.2 The first point is the patient population. The SAMMPRIS population was the right patient population to test. We had very good data from the Warfarin versus Aspirin for Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) trial that patients with recently symptomatic severe stenosis were at the highest risk for recurrent stroke.3 This high-risk population offered the best chance for showing a benefit with …
Fragmentation of relativistic heavy ions

A simple explanation of the phenomena observed when relativistic heavy ions are fragmented upon colliding with a variety of target nuclei is developed. Explanations are provided for the approximately isotropic angular distribution of each fragment type, for the small momentum and energy transfer to the projectile nucleus, for the independence of the branching ratio with respect to the target nucleus and for the approximate energy independence.
Far-infrared circular dichroism measurements with Martin-Puplett interferometer: methods and analysis

Abstract Different methods for measuring the circular dichroism (CD) in the FIR region using a Martin-Puplett interferometer are analyzed by deriving the necessary equations. The commonly used rotating polarizer is not suitable for CD measurements. Mechanical chopper modulation requires the CD to be extracted through a sine Fourier transform, while using phase modulation CD is extracted through a cosine Fourier transform.