cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brain as an Emergent Finite Automaton: A Theory and Three Theorems

This paper models a biological brain—excluding motivation (e.g., emotions)—as a Finite Automaton in Developmental Network (FA-in-DN), but such an FA emerges incrementally in DN. In artificial intelligence (AI), there are two major schools: symbolic and connectionist. Weng 2011 [1] proposed three major properties of the Developmental Network (DN) which bridged the two schools: 1) From any complex FA that demonstrates human knowledge through its sequence of the symbolic inputs-outputs, a Developmental Program (DP) incrementally develops an emergent FA itself inside through naturally emerging image patterns of the symbolic inputs-outputs of the FA. The DN learning from the FA is incremental, immediate and error-free; 2) After learning the FA, if the DN freezes its learning but runs, it generalizes optimally for infinitely many inputs and actions based on the neuron’s inner-product distance, state equivalence, and the principle of maximum likelihood; 3) After learning the FA, if the DN continues to learn and run, it “thinks” optimally in the sense of maximum likelihood conditioned on its limited computational resource and its limited past experience. This paper gives an overview of the FA-in-DN brain theory and presents the three major theorems and their proofs.
Ictal apnea linked to contralateral spread of temporal lobe seizures: Intracranial EEG recordings in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy

Summary Purpose: Respiratory mechanisms are implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We previously demonstrated a high incidence of ictal hypoxemia in temporal lobe seizures. We now report on the temporal relationship between ictal apnea and seizure onset and spread in patients undergoing video-EEG (electroencephalography) telemetry (VET) with intracranial electrodes. Methods: Ten patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) undergoing VET were studied. Data from synchronously recorded digital pulse oximetry (SaO2), end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), nasal airflow, abdominal excursions, and electrocardiography were obtained. Results: Sixty-one seizures were captured. SaO2 in the ictal/postictal period was available for 52 seizures, apnea onset times for 27 seizures, and ETCO2 for 16 seizures. Apneas occurred only when seizures spread to the contralateral temporal lobe. The mean delay to apnea onset was significantly shorter after contralateral seizure spread (2.87 s) than after seizure onset (58.4 s); p < 0.001. The mean SaO2 nadir with partial seizures or partial seizures prior to secondary generalization was 89.4 ± 8.6% (91.5, 69–100). Following generalized convulsions the mean oxygen saturation nadir was 75.8 ± 10.6% (78.5, 58–90). ETCO2 elevations occurred with each ictal desaturation below 85%. Conclusions: There is a close temporal relationship between spread of seizures to the contralateral hemisphere and the onset of seizure-associated apnea. Apnea onsets are more tightly linked to time of contralateral spread than to time of seizure onset. Patients with TLE in whom there is evidence of contralateral seizure spread may be at higher risk for ictal-related respiratory dysfunction than those in whom seizures remain unilateral.
Changes in Walking Characteristics of Young and Older Adults When Anticipating Slippery Floors

OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS Differences in gait speed control strategies when anticipating a potentially slippery floor were found across age groups, with a group of mostly young adults adopting a potentially more risky strategy consisting of increased step length. Walking across a potentially slippery floor is common in the workplace, and warnings are one way to address this potential hazard. A better understanding of the influence of warnings about potentially slippery surfaces on gait could be used during slip training interventions and prevention programs to help reduce occupational slip-related falls. Specifically, these trainings/programs might benefit from addressing how to modulate gait speed through increased cadence rather than increased step length alone. Adults in both age groups tested here implemented potentially risky proactive strategies, highlighting the need to consider workers of all ages when designing occupational slip prevention measures. TECHNICAL ABSTRACT Background: Slips and falls ...
Hypoxanthine and adenine metabolism in bovine thyroid tissue.

Abstract 1. 1. Hypoxanthine was converted primarily to uric acid by thyroid tissue slices and homogenates with little inosine 5'-monophosphate formation while adenine was essentially all salvaged to adenosine 5'-monophosphate by similar tissue preparations. 2. 2. The ratio of hypoxanthine/guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity to adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity was 0.15 in the thyroid homogenates.
Human resource management: issues and challenges in the new millennium

Investigates three aspects of human resource management facing future challenges, personnel, technology and globalization. Suggests that the human resource professionals in a successful business must be able to attract and retain individuals who have the ability to manage a globally responsive business. Covers the use of technology for competitive advantage; advocates global strategies in operations management and empowerment of the individual.
The S' state in the tri-nucleon and nucleon-transfer reaction

The normalization constant N, which is an essential quantity in the DWBA analysis of single- and two-nucleon transfer reactions, is evaluated for (3He, d) and (3H, d) stripping reactions. We use a velocity-dependent nucleon-nucleon potential and a 2S12 tri-nucleon wave function, which includes a state of mixed symmetry. Despite the smallness of its probability (taken to be 2% to allow for D-state contributions), the S′ state gives rise to large corrections in the value of N as well as the binding energy and the Coulomb energy of the three-nucleon system. Our potential and three-body wave function are also used to investigate the relative amplitudes for singlet and triplet spin transitions in (3H, p) reactions. A comparison is made between our results, those of Bassel and Rook and experiment.
Gene expression changes evoked in a venous segment exposed to arterial flow.

Objective This study was conducted to characterize the coordinated molecular changes evoked in the structure and composition of the wall of a venous segment when exposed to fistula flow. Methods An arteriovenous shunt was created in adult C57BL/6J mice. Remodeled veins and contralateral control jugular veins were isolated 7 days after surgery. Total RNA was isolated, linearly amplified, and the transcriptional profiles of this early adaptive response were obtained by microarray analysis. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on remodeled veins and control veins isolated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after surgery to further examine distinct spatial and temporal aspects of this early process. Results There were 131 significantly upregulated and 165 downregulated genes in the remodeled vein compared with the control jugular vein. Genes involved in extracellular matrix reorganization were highly upregulated. Movat's pentachrome staining revealed ground substance on day 3 that was not observed on day 5. The appearance of elastin fibers was first observed on day 7. Morphometric analysis demonstrated maximum wall thickness on day 3. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the presence of tenascin-C, thrombospondin, lysyl oxidase, and osteopontin in different cell types at different time points throughout the first week after surgery. Conclusion Major changes in the organization of the extracellular matrix occur during the early response of venous remodeling. Elastin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, lysyl oxidase, and osteopontin are expressed within the wall of the remodeling vein resulting in the de novo formation of an extracellular matrix scaffold that may be part of a critical adaptation program being evoked to allow the vessel to cope with its new biomechanical environment.
Integrated infrared detector arrays for low-background applications

Advanced infrared detector and detector array technology is being developed and characterized for future NASA space astronomy applications. Si:Bi charge-injection-device arrays have been obtained, and low-background sensitivities comparable to that of good discrete detectors have been measured. Intrinsic arrays are being assessed, and laboratory and telescope data have been collected on a monolithic InSb CCD array. For wavelengths longer than 30 microns, improved Ge:Ga detectors have been produced, and steps have been taken to prove the feasibility of an integrated extrinsic germanium array. Other integrated arrays and cryogenic components are also under investigation.
Glucocorticoids in malignant lymphoid cells: Gene regulation and the minimum receptor fragment for lysis

Abstract We have examined clones of human malignant lymphoid cells for markers that correlate with glucocorticoid-mediated cell lysis. In glucocorticoid-sensitive clones of CEM, a human T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia line, two genes correlate with glucocorticoid-induced cell lysis. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) itself is induced by standard glucocortoids in sensitive clones and not in insensitive clones. The phenylpyrazolo-glucocortocoid cortivazol (CVZ) is capable of lysing several clones resistant to high concentrations of standard potent glucocorticoids. When these clones were tested for cortivazol responses, they were not only lysed by cortivazol but also showed induction of GR mRNA. Thus receptor induction appears to correlate with the lysis function of receptor in these cells. To determine what parts of the GR are required for lysis, we have mapped this function by transfecting and expressing GR and GR fragment genes in a GR-deficient CEM clone. Our results indicate that none of the known trans-activation regions of the GR are required. Removal of the steroid binding domain gives a fragment that is fully constitutive. Only one and one-half “Zn fingers” of the DNA binding region are required. We also find in CEM cells rapid suppression of the c-myc protooncogene, proceding growth arrest and cell lysis by glucocorticoids. This occurs only in clones possessing both intact receptors and lysis function. Thus the simple presence of GR alone is not sufficient to guarantee c-myc down-regulation. Introduction into the cells of c-myc driven by a promoter that does not permit suppression by glucocorticoids confers resistance to steroids. Furthermore, suppression of c-myc by antisense oligonucleotides also kills the cells. Therefore, c-myc appears to be a pivotal gene related both to ability of steroid to kill and to cell viability.
Endobronchial adenocarcinoma with endometrioid features and prominent neuroendocrine differentiation : a variant of fetal adenocarcinoma

An endobronchial tumor, resected from a 77-year-old man, had an endometrioid histologic pattern consistent with fetal adenocarcinoma. A distinctive feature of the neoplasm was prominent neuroendocrine differentiation, including single, discrete neuroendocrine cells; aggregates of neuroendocrine cells resembling miniature carcinoid tumors; and a single focus of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining of neuroendocrine cells revealed the presence of neuronspecific enolase, chromogranin, somatostatin, insulin, and serotonin. The heterogeneous cell populations caused problems in differential diagnosis and histologic classification. This case demonstrates that fetal adenocarcinoma may occur as a central endobronchial mass and express a variable degree of neuroendocrine differentiation. Cancer 1994; 73:1383–9.
Deactivation of three-way and oxidation catalyst dual bed emission control systems: catalyst post mortem analyses from methanol-fueled vehicles

Abstract Dual bed platinum group metal three-way and oxidation catalysts have been in use in the USA for control of CO/HC/NO emissions from gasoline fuelled vehicles since 1978. Increasing interest in the use of alcohol as an alternative fuel to gasoline, either alone or in combination with gasoline, prompted a study by the University of Santa Clara, California, of emission and engine wear characteristics of a methanol-fueled fleet of Pinto vehicles. These vehicles were equipped with Pt/Rh three-way catalysts and Pt/Pd oxidation catalysts. Post mortem analyses have been conducted on catalysts from two Pintos which showed high emissions after service in the methanol-fueled fleet. The analyses revealed catalyst deactivation characteristics atypical of those experienced with similar gasoline-fueled vehicles and the results described indicate a specific mode of physical deactivation by oil-derived contaminants. The catalyst surface was found to be covered by a glassy layer of low melting amorphous zinc phosphate impervious to gas diffusion. This is associated with the low average running temperature of the methanol fueled vehicles but is expected to be symptomatic of gasoline fueled vehicles where catalyst running temperature is low. Heat treatment of the catalyst at higher temperature led to recovery of NO activity as the zinc phosphate layer was converted to AlPO4 by interaction with the Al2O3 carrier and zinc was removed, probably via volatilization of ZnO. Lead poisoning was also observed to occur despite the fact that the methanol fuel contained zero lead. This was attributed to dissolution of lead terne plate in the fuel tank by methanol.
The Origin of First Impressions

Four face overgeneralization hypotheses are offered to explain consensual first impressions of faces. These hypotheses hold that the psychological qualities that are accurately revealed by the func...
Catabolism of desialylated human plasma α1-antitrypsin and its trypsin complex in the rat

Human plasma α1-antitrypsin (α1-AT) was labeled with either 3H [3H-labeled NANA (N-acetyl-neuraminic acid)-7] residues in the carbohydrate moiety) or 14C (ϵ-N-methyl-[14C]lysyl residues in the protein backbone) or with both isotopes in the corresponding residues. After intravenous injection into rats of the doubly labeled partially (50%) desialylated (methyl-[14C]·[3H]NANA-7)-α1-AT, the rates of disappearance from the plasma of both isotopes were very rapid and yielded essentially the same circulatory half-life of 5 min. The rapid disappearance of the doubly labeled glycoprotein from the plasma was accompanied by concomitant fast and equal accumulations of 14C and 3H in the liver which constituted about 70% of the administered dose 15 min after the injection. The asialo (methyl-[14C])-α1-AT·trypsin complex or methyl-[14C]-α1-AT·trypsin complex had a plasma survival time (45 min) that was intermediate between methyl-[14C]-α1-AT and its desialylated derivative. These complexes were removed from the plasma by the liver (45% of the injected dose 60 min after injection), although not as rapidly as asialo (methyl-[14C])-α1-AT. Blockade of the reticuloendothelial (Kupffer) cells by simultaneous injection of heat-denatured albumin inhibited the liver uptake of the inhibitor·trypsin complexes but not that of the uncomplexed asialo α1-AT. Radioactive ϵ-N,N-dimethyllysine, ϵ-N-monomethyllysine, methionine, choline, and betaine were separated and identified from the trichloro-acetic acid-soluble fraction of rat livers 25 min after injection of asialo (methyl-[14C])-α1-AT.
Structure of bovine casein oligomers

Abstract We have characterized the size, molecular weight, and composition of the oligomeric particles produced by dialysis of bovine casein micelles against solutions lacking calcium ion. The particles were stabilized against further dissociation after dialysis by glutaraldehyde fixation. The progress of the dissociation was monitored by Biogel A-15 gel permeation chromatography, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, inelastic laser light scattering, sedimentation velocity and equilibrium, and urea starch gel electrophoresis. The casein oligomers isolated after dialysis against either 0.5 m NaCl/SMUF A/azide or calcium-free SMUF/ azide have a hydrodynamic radius of about 5.5 nm and a molecular weight of about 95,000 corresponding to roughly four casein monomers (SMUF, simulated milk ultrafiltrate). The oligomers are highly hydrated and contain one-third of the calcium ion found in native micelles. During the course of dialysis, the micelles gradually break down into a broad distribution of intermediatesized particles and then into the oligomers described above.
Nonlinear errors in variables Estimation of some Engel curves

Abstract The most common solution to the errors in variables problem for the linear regression model is the use of instrumental variable estimation. However, this methodology cannot be applied in the nonlinear regression framework. In this paper we develop consistent estimators for nonlinear regression specifications when errors in variables are present. We apply our methodology to estimation of Engel curves on household data. First, we find that the ‘Lesser-Working’ specification of budget shares regressed on the log of income or expenditure should be generalized to higher-order terms in log income. Also, we find that errors in variables in either reported income or expenditure should be accounted for. Lastly and perhaps most interesting, we find rather strong support for the Gorman rank restriction on the matrix of coefficients for the polynomial terms in income.
Photonics from Al-Haitham to Optoelectronics of AMTEC

The word “photonics” is derived from the Greek word “photos” meaning light. It covers all technical applications of light over the whole spectrum. Most applications, however, are in the range of the visible and near infrared light. With a brief history of classical work and tenets of optics, we will present electrical circuit of a thin-film device used in a fuel cell, called Alkali Metal Thermo Electric Convertor (AMTEC).The device uses infrared radiation to knock out electrons from some alkali metal, which after going through a circuit and having done the prescribed work, meet the ions again. The system is closed and continues working as long as the radiation source is kept on. The longevity, power and efficiency of the device depend inversely to some extent on the thickness of electrodes used for collecting electrons freed from the alkali metal, as well as of the solid electrolyte. The details of the device’s circuit comprising both electrical and optical functions will be discussed.
On the ionization by relativistic particles in xenon-helium mixtures

The ionizatiou produced by relativistic electrons with energies between 150 MeV and 550 MeV has been measured in hydrogen, helium, xenon, and xenon-helium mixtures, using an ionization chamber in the beam of the Stanford linear electron accelerator. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Inhibitor-1 Is Not Required for the Activation of Glycogen Synthase by Insulin in Skeletal Muscle

Abstract Glycogen synthase is an excellent in vitro substrate for protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), which is potently inhibited by the phosphorylated forms of DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, M r = 32,000) and Inhibitor-1. To test the hypothesis that the activation of glycogen synthase by insulin is due to a decrease in the inhibition of PP1 by the phosphatase inhibitors, we have investigated the effects of insulin on glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles from wild-type mice and mice lacking Inhibitor-1 and DARPP-32 as a result of targeted disruption of the genes encoding the two proteins. Insulin increased glycogen synthase activity and the synthesis of glycogen to the same extent in wild-type and knockout mice, indicating that neither Inhibitor-1 nor DARPP-32 is required for the full stimulatory effects of insulin on glycogen synthase and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle.
Optofluidic Nano-Plasmonics for Biochemical Sensing

We explore metal-dielectric nano-plasmonic structures for localization and resonant transmission of optical fields, investigate fabrication and integration of optofluidic nano-plasmonic systems and explore their applications for biochemical sensing.
Egypt's Socialism and Marxist Thought: Some Preliminary Observations on Social Theory and Metaphysics

Since 1952 the elaboration of Egyptian ideology has constituted a source of conflict between the regime and the left/right opposition. In trying to capture the ideological center, the regime has inevitably drawn itself into the maelstrom of public contention characterized by mass conformity, intimidation, purges, arrests, show trials and incarceration of all who fundamentally question the principles of the leadership. Democratic cooperative socialism (‘Arab socialism’) is the official ideology, and a spate of books and articles have been published on its significance for Egyptian politics. Despite all these efforts, confusion still tends to reign over this concept, both among Egyptians themselves, and outsiders studying it.
When Are Calories Like Furniture? Modeling Service Systems to Improve Health

The furniture retailer IKEA provides an example of how understanding the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in a value constellation can lead to change that improves value creation in a complex service system. In this paper, we apply the same kind of thinking about value creation that worked for IKEA to the complex service systems of population health, including chronic diseases such as obesity. We show how service system thinking -- analyzing value constellations to find opportunities for reconfiguring roles and relationships that unlock value -- can be applied to real health systems by focusing on accountable care organizations and patient-centered medical homes, models of care delivery that aim to reconfigure provider, patient, and payer relationships to offer better care. We argue that modeling and simulating the value constellations of complex service systems, such as the health system, can help us discover which interventions and reconfigurations will be effective and which will not.
Composite signet-ring cell/neuroendocrine carcinoma of the stomach with a metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma component: a better prognosis entity

Background Mixed (composite) exocrine-neuroendocrine cell carcinomas are defined as an intimate admixture of neoplastic glandular exocrine and neuroendocrine cell types. Although gastric adenocarcinoma containing a small number of neuroendocrine cells is a relatively frequent occurrence, gastric neoplasms containing equal proportions of both cell types are rare.
Fluorodienes. V. Copolymerization of 1,1,4,4‐tetrafluoro‐1,3‐butadiene with oxygen and nitric oxide

1,1,4,4-Tetrafluoro-1,3-butadiene reacts with oxygen to form a polyperoxide containing 1.0–1.1 peroxide groups for each diene unit. This polymer behaves like a typical peroxide. It explodes violently when heated to 120°C. or when subjected to shock, and it initiates polymerization of vinyl monomers at temperatures of 90°C. or higher. The tetrafluorobutadiene also copolymerizes with nitric oxide to give a highly crosslinked polymer containing three molecules of diene for each two molecules of nitric oxide.
Investment for Production: Managing the Plant Investment Process

The article reviews the book “Investment for Production: Managing the Plant Investment Process,” by Paul Lowe.
Hepatitis C—Removing Barriers to Diagnosing the “Silent Epidemic”

Hepatitis C, caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV),3 is the most common life-threatening chronic infectious disease in the US. According to a recent Institute of Medicine (IOM) report, between 2.7 × 106 and 3.9 × 106 people are chronically infected with HCV, and 75% of them are unaware of this infection (1). That finding led to the description of hepatitis C infection as a “silent epidemic” (2). Projections are that, without treatment, almost half of those infected will develop cirrhosis over the next 20 years, with almost 14 000 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma developing in HCV-infected individuals in the peak year of 2019 (3). Treatment with the drugs currently available leads to eradication of detectable virus in about 40% of affected individuals, although new drugs (4,5) that are likely to be approved this summer may almost double the rate of response in the difficult-to-treat genotype 1 infections. Progression to cirrhosis seems to be prevented in most patients who successfully clear the virus (6). A major barrier to recognition of chronic HCV infection is the current testing strategy used in most laboratories. In contrast to hepatitis B virus, testing for which detects a viral protein (hepatitis B surface antigen) that confirms presence of the virus in the liver, HCV testing primarily relies on the detection of antibodies to HCV proteins. This approach has several limitations. HCV antibody tests were developed to provide maximum sensitivity, because they were initially intended for use in screening blood donors. As with any test, maximizing sensitivity generally …
Family Caregivers' Future Planning for Younger and Older Adults With Serious Mental Illness (SMI):

This study examines plans for future caregiving made by family members of younger (n = 59) and older adults (n = 16) with serious mental illness (SMI). An online survey was advertised through a newsletter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness. Qualitative analyses yielded four areas of caregiver concern: health of the care recipient over time, ability of caregivers to sustain support, social support available for the care recipient, and financial burden of care. Despite these concerns, few caregivers reported completed plans for future caregiving. One fourth of the caregivers had made no plans, nor had they discussed future caregiving with others. Although most would prefer other relatives to assume care in the event they could not sustain support, these expectations may not be communicated openly. Generating discussion on this pertinent topic has implications for the aging society regarding how best to care for those with SMI and their caregivers.
Growth of diamond films and characterization by Raman, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

We have deposited diamond films on Si〈111〉 using hot filament assisted chemical vapor deposition at low pressures ∼25 Torr. Diamond films deposited at different relative concentrations of methane (ranging from 0.25% to 2.0%) in methane-hydrogen mixtures have been characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. With varying methane concentration, Raman spectra show features characteristic of crystalline diamond, diamond-like carbon, and polycrystalline graphite. Scanning electron micrographs show densely packed diamond crystallites. SEM measurements made on diamond films grown as a function of time show that the median grain size of the diamond crystallites increases linearly with time during the initial phase of the growth. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals differences between the diamond sp3 covalent bonding and sp2 graphitic bonding as well as the extent of s-p hybridization as a function of methane concentration. The plasmon loss shoulder, characteristic of graphite, is absent from the spectrum of 0.25% methane concentration film. But it appears in the XPS spectra of films grown at higher concentrations.
α -Pinene nitrates: synthesis, yields and atmospheric chemistry

Abstract. The biogenic volatile organic compound α-pinene is one of the dominant monoterpenes emitted to the Earth's atmosphere at an estimated rate of ~50 Tg C yr−1. Its atmospheric oxidation products in the presence of NO can lead to ozone production, as well as production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The major oxidation pathway of α-pinene is reaction with OH, which in the presence of NO can form either α-pinene nitrates or convert NO to NO2, which can photolyze to form ozone. In this work, we successfully synthesized four α-pinene hydroxy nitrates through three different routes, and have identified these 4 individual isomers in α-pinene/OH/NO reaction chamber experiments. From the experiments, we determined their individual production yields, estimated the total RONO2 yield, and calculated the relative branching ratios of the nitrate precursor peroxy radicals (RO2). The combined yield of the four α-pinene nitrates was found to be 0.130 (±0.035) at atmospheric pressure and 296 K, and the total organic nitrate yield was estimated to be 0.19 (+0.10/−0.06). We also determined the OH rate constants for two of the isomers, and have calculated their overall atmospheric lifetimes, which range between 22 and 38 h.
Integrative Life Planning: A Holistic Approach.

This article presents a brief description of integrative life planning (ILP), the career theory/concept created in the 1990s by the author. It describes what she calls “the heart of ILP,” the 6 critical life tasks and their applications.
The emerging self-concept in relation to select variables of secondary school students.

(1967). The Emerging Self-Concept In Relation to Select Variables of Secondary School Students. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 81-88.
An immunological approach to the diagnosis of food sensitivity.

Summary Nineteen patients with delayed onset food sensitivity were compared with fourteen patients with immediate reactions and twenty-one non-atopic subjects in terms of clinical symptoms, foods involved and IgE mediated immunological reactions. The immediate reactors were frequently positive to all tests used: skin tests (71%), allergen induced leucocyte histamine release (71%), radioimmunodiffusion (55%) and skin window (55%). Those with the delayed onset variety were seldom positive by skin testing (13%), or skin window (0%), while 39% were positive by leucocyte histamine release and 48% demonstrated specific IgE food antibodies. Control subjects had negative responses to immunological tests for IgE antibody except for leucocyte histamine release (24%). Reasons for the differences between immediate and delayed onset food sensitivity in clinical symptoms, foods involved and immunologic parameters are discussed. A careful history in conjunction with the elimination and challenge technique remains the most useful tool at present for the delayed onset group. In vitro methods for detecting specific IgE responses may also prove to be helpful.
Novel Cardioprotective Role of a Small Heat-Shock Protein, Hsp20, Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

Background— Heat-shock proteins (Hsps) have been shown to render cardioprotection from stress-induced injury; however, little is known about the role of another small heat-shock protein, Hsp20, which regulates activities of vasodilation and platelet aggregation, in cardioprotection against ischemia injury. We recently reported that increased expression of Hsp20 in cardiomyocytes was associated with improved contraction and protection against β-agonist–induced apoptosis. Methods and Results— To investigate whether overexpression of Hsp20 exerts protective effects in both ex vivo and in vivo ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we generated a transgenic (TG) mouse model with cardiac-specific overexpression of Hsp20 (10-fold). TG and wild-type (WT) hearts were then subjected to global no-flow I/R (45 minutes/120 minutes) using the Langendorff preparation. TG hearts exhibited improved recovery of contractile performance over the whole reperfusion period. This improvement was accompanied by a 2-fold decrease in ...
On the Theory of Ferroelectric Susceptibilities

Discussion en termes de theorie des photons de la relation entre les polarisations de fluctuations dans les phases paraelectriques et les polarisations spontanees
Delineation of the Clotrimazole/TRAM-34 Binding Site on the Intermediate Conductance Calcium-activated Potassium Channel, IKCa1

Selective and potent triarylmethane blockers of the intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel, IKCa1, have therapeutic use in sickle cell disease and secretory diarrhea and as immunosuppressants. Clotrimazole, a membrane-permeant triarylmethane, blocked IKCa1 with equal affinity when applied externally or internally, whereas a membrane-impermeant derivative TRAM-30 blocked the channel only when applied to the cytoplasmic side, indicating an internal drug-binding site. Introduction of the S5-P-S6 region of the triarylmethane-insensitive small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel SKCa3 into IKCa1 rendered the channel resistant to triarylmethanes. Replacement of Thr250 or Val275 in IKCa1 with the corresponding SKCa3 residues selectively abolished triarylmethane sensitivity without affecting the affinity of the channel for tetraethylammonium, charybdotoxin, and nifedipine. Introduction of these two residues into SKCa3 rendered the channel sensitive to triarylmethanes. In a molecular model of IKCa1, Thr250 and Val275 line a water-filled cavity just below the selectivity filter. Structure-activity studies suggest that the side chain methyl groups of Thr250 and Val275 may lock the triarylmethanes in place via hydrophobic interactions with the π-electron clouds of the phenyl rings. The heterocyclic moiety may project into the selectivity filter and obstruct the ion-conducting pathway from the inside.
SUPERFICIAL BLADDER CANCER: THE ROLE OF INTERFERON-alpha

AbstractPurpose: We evaluate the clinical experience with recombinant interferon-alpha in superficial transitional cell carcinoma and discuss the most rational use of recombinant interferon-alpha in the context of current treatment options.Materials and Methods: The available data were reviewed and discussed at a consensus conference in August 1996. The conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors based on the consensus reached at that meeting.Results: While bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is recognized as the most efficacious intravesical agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma, it is associated with significant toxicities and a 20 to 40% relapse rate. Interferons, particularly recombinant interferon-alpha, have demonstrated efficacy against primary and recurrent papillary transitional cell carcinoma and carcinoma in situ with minimal toxicity, although the response and relapse rates are inferior to BCG. Intravesical recombinant interferon-alpha therap...
Application of new GPS aircraft control/display system to topographic mapping of the Greenland ice cap

A new PC-based GPS flight management display system (GFMS) was developed for Greenland ice cap mapping during the NASA Greenland Ice Sheet mapping experiment, when a total of nine flights were made over four different flight tracks, of which two coincided with ground tracks of the ERS altimeter satellite. In this system, the GFMS inputs the GPS position data to a PC, which generates aircraft automatic pilot steering commands and a cockpit display. The display includes (1) the course deviation indicators for cross-track error and altitude, (2) the flight plan and waypoint map overlay oriented to the aircraft, and (3) various other mission-pertinent numerical data.
SUMO-1 modification of the wilms' tumor suppressor WT1

SUMO-1 conjugation modulates numerous cellular functions, including the subnuclear localization of its target proteins. The WT1 tumor suppressor encodes a four-zinc finger protein with distinct splicing isoforms. WT1(-KTS), encoding uninterrupted zinc fingers, functions as a transcription factor and has a diffusely nuclear distribution; WT1(+KTS), with an insertion of three amino acids (KTS) between zinc fingers three and four, localizes to discrete nuclear speckles, the function of which is unknown. Because the SUMO-1 E2-conjugating enzyme, Ubc9, interacts with WT1, we tested whether sumoylation modulates the cellular localization of WT1. We find here that both WT1 isoforms are directly sumoylated on lysine residues 73 and 177. Although RNA interference-mediated Ubc9 depletion effectively suppresses WT1 nuclear speckles, a SUMO-1-deficient WT1(+KTS)(K73, 177R) double mutant retains localization to speckles. Thus, direct sumoylation of WT1 is not responsible for its cellular localization, and other sumoylated proteins may target WT1 to these nuclear structures. Identification of other components of WT1-associated speckles is likely to provide clues to their function.
Late Victorian Holocausts: El Niño Famines and the Making of the Third World. By Mike Davis. London and New York: Verso, 2001. Pp. x, 464. $27.00.

The dust-jacket blurbs use “stunning,” “eloquent,” “wholly original,” and “first-rate” to describe the author and this work, and the praise is apt. Mike Davis examines the relationships among (a) late-nineteenth-century famines in much of what we now call the “Third World,” (b) the climatic effect known as ENSO (El Nino–Southern Oscillation), (c) Western imperialism, and (d) the twentieth-century gap between the wealthiest and poorest countries in the world. Davis teases out the causal linkages among them, painting a new picture of the elements that went into “the making of the Third World.” His thesis is that the late-nineteenth-century globe-spanning droughts in India, China, Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia were precipitated by El Nino, but they became massive famines—killing 30 to 50 million people—because of a London-centered international capitalism. The famines in turn provided imperialists with an opportunity for further territorial aggrandizement. The Third World thus resulted from a conjuncture of natural, political, and socioeconomic processes.
Investigation of the hall effect in impurity-hopping conduction

An attempt was made to measure the Hall effect in impurity-hopping conduction which was predicted by Holstein in 1961 but has yet to be observed. The theory was extended to a regime of higher magnetic field and lower temperature to find promising conditions for the measurement. Theoretically, it was found that the Hall conductivity approaches zero for high magnetic fields, which explained a previous negative result of Amitay and Pollak. ac Hall-effect measurements were made on single crystals of p-type germanium with a gallium concentration of 1.04\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ and at liquid-helium temperatures where hopping was the dominant mechanism contributing to the conductivity. The Hall effect from holes in the valence band dominated the measurements for T\ensuremath{\approxeq}4 K even though the conditions were within the hopping regime for the conductivity. When the temperature was reduced, a spurious effect due to a magnetoimpedance gradient caused by magnetic field inhomogeneity was encountered and eliminated through a novel measurement technique. At T=2.5 K, f=100 kHz, and B=4.5 kG, no Hall effect was detected, resulting in an upper bound of 1.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$ ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ on the hopping Hall conductivity which is a factor of 37 below the value obtained directly from Holstein's theory and a factor of 6 below this work's extension of the theory.
A Land-Plant-Specific Glycerol-3-Phosphate Acyltransferase Family in Arabidopsis: Substrate Specificity, sn-2 Preference, and Evolution

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has eight glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) genes that are members of a plant-specific family with three distinct clades. Several of these GPATs are required for the synthesis of cutin or suberin. Unlike GPATs with sn-1 regiospecificity involved in membrane or storage lipid synthesis, GPAT4 and -6 are unique bifunctional enzymes with both sn-2 acyltransferase and phosphatase activity resulting in 2-monoacylglycerol products. We present enzymology, pathway organization, and evolutionary analysis of this GPAT family. Within the cutin-associated clade, GPAT8 is demonstrated as a bifunctional sn-2 acyltransferase/phosphatase. GPAT4, -6, and -8 strongly prefer C16:0 and C18:1 ω-oxidized acyl-coenzyme As (CoAs) over unmodified or longer acyl chain substrates. In contrast, suberin-associated GPAT5 can accommodate a broad chain length range of ω-oxidized and unsubstituted acyl-CoAs. These substrate specificities (1) strongly support polyester biosynthetic pathways in which acyl transfer to glycerol occurs after oxidation of the acyl group, (2) implicate GPAT specificities as one major determinant of cutin and suberin composition, and (3) argue against a role of sn-2-GPATs (Enzyme Commission 2.3.1.198) in membrane/storage lipid synthesis. Evidence is presented that GPAT7 is induced by wounding, produces suberin-like monomers when overexpressed, and likely functions in suberin biosynthesis. Within the third clade, we demonstrate that GPAT1 possesses sn-2 acyltransferase but not phosphatase activity and can utilize dicarboxylic acyl-CoA substrates. Thus, sn-2 acyltransferase activity extends to all subbranches of the Arabidopsis GPAT family. Phylogenetic analyses of this family indicate that GPAT4/6/8 arose early in land-plant evolution (bryophytes), whereas the phosphatase-minus GPAT1 to -3 and GPAT5/7 clades diverged later with the appearance of tracheophytes.
JOR: a content-based object router

Content-based routing has emerged as a new routing paradigm, allowing messages to be routed based on defined fields within the message. Content-based routers generally employ XML, which has two main disadvantages. First, each message is translated into XML when sent, and translated out of XML when received. Second, XML limits the objects sent to three types-data, documents, and messages. We introduce here an extensible content-based object router that goes beyond messages to routing entire Java objects. The Java Object Router (JOR) is an application-level router that allows Java objects to be routed according to their IP address, their label, their object type, or any of their content. In addition, JOR provides mechanisms to deal with varying routing policies. JOR separates routing mechanisms from routing policies, making it adaptable and easy to use in a variety of applications. To illustrate the advantages and performance of JOR, a prototype was implemented to experimentally evaluate the content-based object routing mechanisms.
Effects of specific fatty acids (8:0,14:0, cis-18:1, trans-18:1) on plasma lipoproteins, early atherogenic potential, and LDL oxidative properties in the hamster

Although comparative studies of the cholesterolemic properties of trans fatty acids relative to cis-unsaturates and saturates have been conducted in humans and animals, there is no recent information relating these lipid responses to susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Therefore, hamsters were fed diets containing equivalent amounts of cholesterol (0.12% wt/wt) and test fats (20% wt/wt) for 8 weeks. Each test fat contained between 50-52% of the-total triacylglycerols as a single fatty acid, i.e., 8:0, 14:0, 18:0, cis-18:1, or trans-18:1 while the balance consisted of 16:0, cis-18:1 and 18:2 that were the same for all groups. Plasma total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were not different for 8:0, cis-18:1, and trans-18:1, whereas 14:0 caused a significant rise in plasma TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C. LDL oxidation measurements showed that the lag phase of conjugated diene formation was longest for the trans-18:1 and cis-18:1 groups while rate of conjugated diene formation was lowest for the trans-18:1 and cis-18:1 groups. The trans-18:1- and cis-18:1-fed animals had significantly higher levels of LDL alpha-tocopherol relative to the 8:0- and 14:0-fed animals. Aortic fatty streak formation was highest for the 14:0- and 8:0-fed animals and lowest for the trans-18:1. In conclusion, the plasma lipid and antioxidant properties of trans-18:1 and cis-18:1 were comparable while the trans-18:1-fed hamsters had the least amount of early atherosclerosis. In addition, 8:0-fed animals unexpectedly had early atherosclerosis formation similar to the 14:0-fed animals.
Controversies in the Endoscopic Management of the Various Forms of Hydrocephalus

Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is nowadays considered the preferred treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus. However, the success rate of ETV and the risk of complications vary according to the context in which ETV is performed. Controversies surround the etiology of hydrocephalus, the age of the patient, the role of ETV in case of posterior fossa tumors and shunt malfunction, and the role of ETV redo in case of obstruction of the stoma.
Age-Associated Pathology in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is one of the most extensively used nonhuman primate models for human diseases. This article presents a literature review focusing on major organ systems and age-associated conditions in humans and primates, combined with information from the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center Electronic Health Record database to highlight and contrast age-associated lesions in geriatric rhesus macaques with younger cohorts. Rhesus macaques are excellent models for age-associated conditions, including diabetes, osteoarthritis, endometriosis, visual accommodation, hypertension, osteoporosis, and amyloidosis. Adenocarcinoma of the large intestine (ileocecocolic junction, cecum, and colon) is the most common spontaneous neoplasm in the rhesus macaque. A combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies is required to truly define mechanisms of maturation, aging, and the pathology of age-associated conditions in macaques and thus humans. The rhesus macaque is and will continue to be an appropriate and valuable model for investigation of the mechanisms and treatment of age-associated diseases.
Characterization of Visual Scanning Patterns in Air Traffic Control

Characterization of air traffic controllers’ ATCs’ visual scanning strategies is a challenging issue due to the dynamic movement of multiple aircraft and increasing complexity of scanpaths order of eye fixations and saccades over time. Additionally, terminologies and methods are lacking to accurately characterize the eye tracking data into simplified visual scanning strategies linguistically expressed by ATCs. As an intermediate step to automate the characterization classification process, we 1 defined and developed new concepts to systematically filter complex visual scanpaths into simpler and more manageable forms and 2 developed procedures to map visual scanpaths with linguistic inputs to reduce the human judgement bias during interrater agreement. The developed concepts and procedures were applied to investigating the visual scanpaths of expert ATCs using scenarios with different aircraft congestion levels. Furthermore, oculomotor trends were analyzed to identify the influence of aircraft congestion on scan time and number of comparisons among aircraft. The findings show that 1 the scanpaths filtered at the highest intensity led to more consistent mapping with the ATCs’ linguistic inputs, 2 the pattern classification occurrences differed between scenarios, and 3 increasing aircraft congestion caused increased scan times and aircraft pairwise comparisons. The results provide a foundation for better characterizing complex scanpaths in a dynamic task and automating the analysis process.
The Capital Investment Impediment to Commercial Space Tourism and Investor Relations Solutions

The development of the commercial space tourism industry may or may not occur; at the time of writing of this paper (mid-2009) there has been relatively little space tourism to date. While there are currently promising developments, such as the Virgin Galactic coalition with Scaled Composites, it is fair to state that there is not yet a viable commercial space tourism industry. One of the primary impediments to development of this industry is lack of investment. This paper reports two main findings; 1) Insufficient investment is a primary impediment to commercial space tourism industrial development, and 2) Investor relations practices can assist space tourism firms with capital acquisition.