cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supersonic viscous flow calculations for axisymmetric configurations

A pressure based flux-vector splitting technique has been applied for the computation of supersonic viscous interacting flows over axisymmetric configurations. The formulation is based on a reduced form of the Navier-Stokes equations, termed RNS, that accurately models the physics of large Reynolds number flows and leads to efficient computational procedures. The RNS development represents an enhancement of parabolized or PNS methodology, and is applicable to flows with strong viscous-inviscid interaction, including flow reversal and sharp shock wave/vortical discontinuity capturing. A 'PNS' approximation was originally introduced for the computation of cold wall hypersonic flows, for which the effect of the axial pressure gradient, Px' is
Primary Prevention Lipid-Lowering Drug Therapy

To the Editor: We appreciate the editorial comments provided by Drs Gotto and Kuller1 on our article published in the January 15, 2002, issue of Circulation ,2 but we wish to respond to several issues raised. The methodology used to project population size is standard for the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) and is described thoroughly in the publication by the National Center for Health Statistics, which we reference3 in our article. We did not feel it necessary to reiterate that method. We assume that the phrase “significance of the data” is a reference to statistical significance testing which remains a controversial issue in some epidemiological analyses.4 Given the large sample size inherent to these types of studies, even small differences can be declared statistically significant with very low probability values. We therefore felt that a list of highly significant probability values would not add to the interpretation of results. With regard to under-reporting of coronary heart disease, as Gotto and Kuller admit, the estimates in the survey reflect the misdiagnosis of coronary heart disease …
Autonomous river drifting buoys — Applications and improvements

Determination of existing river conditions poses a challenge due to constantly changing current speeds, water level, presence of vegetation, precipitation, as well as other environmental factors. QinetiQ North America (QNA) Technology Solutions group has developed a Lagrangian river drifter for the remote collection and transmission of real-time surface velocities, water depth and temperature as a function of position. A discussion of the design improvements and results achieved during deployment of the QNA Riverine Drifter are provided in this paper.
Van de Velde, Theodoor Hendrik (1873–1937)

Gynecologist Theodoor van de Velde established the connection between body temperature and phases of the menstrual cycle, and wrote Ideal Marriage, one of the most popular marriage manuals of the twentieth century. Notable for combining medical investigation and practical advice, van de Velde urged mutual sexual involvement and satisfaction for both partners. Keywords: fertility; history of sexuality; marriage; marriage manuals
A Fluidized Bed Technique for Estimating Soil Critical Shear Stress

Soil erosion models, depending on how they are formulated, always have erodibility parameters in the erosion equations. For a process-based model like the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model, the erodibility parameters include rill and interrill erodibility and critical shear stress (τcᵣ). These erodibility parameters are commonly determined from rainfall and runoff experiments. Recent developments in soil erosion research suggest that these experimentally determined parameters are affected by field conditions prevailing during the measurement and therefore are not inherent to the soil. The quest for fast and accurate alternatives to rainfall and runoff experiments for estimating soil erodibility parameters is an active research area. In this study, the fluidized bed technique for intrinsic soil cohesion measurement was improved and tested on four soils with various intrinsic soil properties, along with two low-cohesion materials, sand and glass beads. A strong correlation (R² = 0.82) was found between cohesion per unit length C₀ and published τcᵣ values. In addition, when the C₀ values were multiplied by a submillimeter dimension equivalent to a hypothetical layer removed at the onset of erosion, the range of stress that was yielded overlapped that of the published τcᵣ values. This method is a simple alternative to rainfall–runoff experiments, with the added advantage of being independent of extrinsic factors.
Allergic skin reactions to mammalian sera

Abstract 1.1. Among approximately 3,630 patients having or suspected of having clinical allergy there were twenty-two who gave large skin reactions to horse serum, horse dander, or both. 2.2. Skin tests with seven to fourteen different mammalian sera performed on these twenty-two patients demonstrated that (a) seven patients were sensitive to horse serum but not to any of the other sera with which they were tested, (b) seven were sensitive, to some degree, to all the mammalian sera with which they were tested, (c) three were sensitive to all the mammalian sera with which they were tested except one, and (d) several were sensitive to two, three, or four of the sera but not to the others with which they were tested. 3.3. Skin tests performed with serial dilutions of sera on patients who were sensitive to several or all the mammalian sera with which they were tested indicated that the degrees of hypersensitiveness to the various sera varied considerably in some cases while in other patients these degrees of hypersensitiveness were remarkably similar. 4.4. Local passive transfer tests indicated that positive skin reactions to the various sera were often, but not invariably, accompanied by transferable reagins.
Workplace safety during the Progressive era: fatal accidents in bituminous coal mining, 1912-1923.

Abstract Quantitative analysis of fatal accident rates in coal mining in the early 1900s offers several insights about the extent of competition in the coal labor market and the effectiveness of legislative reforms. Miners were mobile enough to limit their labor supply to more dangerous mines. Miners' incomes were apparently high enough that they were not forced to “gamble” their lives more when wages were cut. Unionization raised wages but did not lower accident rates. Progressive Era reforms—including state mining laws, workers' compensation legislation, and the formation of the U.S. Bureau of Mines—generally had insignificant impact on mine safety.
High-energy co-implantation of Ti and O ions into sapphire

Abstract Optical and structural changes of sapphire(0001) substrates implanted with Ti ions or with Ti and 0 ions and subjected to thermal annealing, are examined by optical absorption, RBS-channeling and XRD measurements. The transmittance of the co-implanted sample was larger than that of the Ti-implanted sample. After annealing at 1000 °C, rutile-type TiO 2 microcrystals with (200) orientation were formed in the co-implanted sample of Ti and O ions. Furthermore, a broad optical absorption at 220–340 nm in the co-implanted sample was increased after the annealing. This was possibly due to the formation of TiO2 microcrystals in the sapphire substrate. In contrast to this result, no evidence of the formation of titanium oxide in a crystal structure was obtained for the Ti-implanted sample after the annealing.
A Moderate Approach to Embodied Cognitive Science

Many current programs for cognitive science sail under the banner of “embodied cognition.” These programs typically seek to distance themselves from standard cognitive science. The present proposal for a conception of embodied cognition is less radical than most, indeed, quite compatible with many versions of traditional cognitive science. Its rationale is based on two elements, each of which is theoretically plausible and empirically well-founded. The first element invokes the idea of “bodily formats,” i.e., representational codes primarily utilized in forming interoceptive or directive representations of one’s bodily states and activities. The second element appeals to wideranging evidence that the brain reuses or redeploys cognitive processes having different original uses. When the redeployment theme is applied to bodily formats of representation, they jointly provide for the possibility that body-coded cognition is a very pervasive sector of cognition.
Gender Differences in Interpersonal Complementarity Within Roommate Dyads

Complementarity theory proposes specific hypotheses regarding interpersonal styles that will result in successful relationships. The present study sought to extend previous research on gender differences in complementarity through the examination of same-sex peer dyads and the use of informant reports of interpersonal style. One hundred twenty participants (30 male and 30 female roommate dyads) completed interpersonal circumplex ratings of their roommates and a relationship cohesion measure. Examinations of complementarity indicate that women reported significantly more complementarity than men within their roommate dyads. However, for men and women, the closer the dyad was to perfect complementarity in terms of dominance, the more cohesive the relationship. Results are discussed in relation to gender differences in social development.
Ordinary percolation with discontinuous transitions

Percolation on a one-dimensional lattice and fractals, such as the Sierpinski gasket, is typically considered to be trivial, because they percolate only at full bond density. By dressing up such lattices with small-world bonds, a novel percolation transition with explosive cluster growth can emerge at a non-trivial critical point. There, the usual order parameter, describing the probability of any node to be part of the largest cluster, jumps instantly to a finite value. Here we provide a simple example in the form of a small-world network consisting of a one-dimensional lattice which, when combined with a hierarchy of long-range bonds, reveals many features of this transition in a mathematically rigorous manner. Percolation transitions indicate the threshold above which a network can operate. This work examines a general class of models known as hierarchical networks, and shows they can be made to percolate explosively, if they share features of so-called 'small-world' networks.
FANCJ (BACH1) helicase forms DNA damage inducible foci with replication protein A and interacts physically and functionally with the single-stranded DNA-binding protein

The BRCA1 associated C-terminal helicase (BACH1, designated FANCJ) is implicated in the chromosomal instability genetic disorder Fanconi anemia (FA) and hereditary breast cancer. A critical role of FANCJ helicase may be to restart replication as a component of downstream events that occur during the repair of DNA cross-links or double-strand breaks. We investigated the potential interaction of FANCJ with replication protein A (RPA), a single-stranded DNA-binding protein implicated in both DNA replication and repair. FANCJ and RPA were shown to coimmunoprecipitate most likely through a direct interaction of FANCJ and the RPA70 subunit. Moreover, dependent on the presence of BRCA1, FANCJ colocalizes with RPA in nuclear foci after DNA damage. Our data are consistent with a model in which FANCJ associates with RPA in a DNA damage-inducible manner and through the protein interaction RPA stimulates FANCJ helicase to better unwind duplex DNA substrates. These findings identify RPA as the first regulatory partner of FANCJ. The FANCJ-RPA interaction is likely to be important for the role of the helicase to more efficiently unwind DNA repair intermediates to maintain genomic stability.
Database theory—past and future

We briefly sketch the development of the various branches of database theory. One important branch is the theory of relational databases, including such areas as dependency theory, universal-relation theory, and hypergraph theory. A second important branch is the theory of concurrency control and distributed databases. Two other branches have not in the past been given the attention they deserve. One of these is “logic and databases,” and the second is “object-oriented database systems,” which to my thinking includes systems based on the network or hierarchical data models. Both these areas are going to be more influential in the future.
Carcinosarcoma of the lung with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

Carcinosarcoma of the lung is a rare malignancy. Endobronchial and parenchymal variants are classically described. Clinicopathological features are often related to anatomical location, as is the case for most lung neoplasms. This case report details the surgical management of a carcinosarcoma in a patient seen with pulmonary osteoarthropathy.
Absence of Noncyclic Imide Formation in PMDA−ODA Polyimide

The FT-Raman spectra of two aromatic non-cyclic model compounds, N,N-dibenzoylaniline and N,N-dibenzoyl-4-phenoxyaniline were obtained and compared with the spectra of thermally cured PMDA-ODA polyimides. The results indicate that there is no evidence for non cyclic imide crosslinking in the FT-Raman spectra of PMDA-ODA
Influence of Electric Somatosensory Stimulation on Paretic-Hand Function in Chronic Stroke

Abstract Wu CW, Seo H-J, Cohen LG. Influence of electric somatosensory stimulation on paretic-hand function in chronic stroke. Objective To test the influence of electric somatosensory stimulation on performance of the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), a widely used assessment of functional hand motor skills, by the paretic arm in patients with chronic stroke. Design Initially, patients trained for several sessions until reaching plateau performance on the JTHFT. Subsequently, they entered a crossover randomized study, designed to evaluate the influence of somatosensory stimulation on JTHFT performance. Setting A research laboratory. Participants Nine patients with chronic stroke (≥1.5y) who acutely had marked weakness (paralysis of the upper extremity is evaluated as equal or below Medical Research Council [MRC] grade 2) followed by improvement to an MRC grade of 4.24±0.43 (range, 3.5–4.9) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score of 86.43%±2.02% at the time of testing. Interventions Two hours of electric somatosensory stimulation was applied to the (1) paretic hand, (2) paretic leg, or (3) no stimulation in different sessions, in a randomized order. Main Outcome Measure The time required to complete the JTHFT was analyzed by using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with factors time (pre-, postintervention) and intervention (paretic hand, paretic leg, no stimulation) followed by post hoc testing. Results Significant effects of intervention and intervention by time interaction ( P P Conclusions Somatosensory stimulation applied to a paretic limb can benefit performance of a functional test in patients with chronic stroke. This result supports the proposal that electric sensory stimulation in combination with training protocols may enhance the benefit of customary neurorehabilitative treatments and possibly motor learning.
Private Investment, Entrepreneurial Entry, and Partner Collaboration in Emerging Markets Telecommunications The Impact of Country, Industry, and Firm-Level Factors

Private participation in infrastructure is a relatively newphenomenon in the developing world (World Bank, 1999). In telecommunications, electric power, water, and other sectors, developing countries are turning to private sector investors to help increase availability, improve access, and move toward market-based pricing of resources and services. The findings of this dissertation demonstrate that the governance, mode of entry, and mix of public and private ownership of infrastructure projects are influenced by country-level economic, institutional, and technological factors, and by investing firms’ ownership structures and strategies.
A meta-analysis of computer-tailored interventions for health behavior change

Abstract Objective Computer-tailored interventions have become increasingly common for facilitating improvement in behaviors related to chronic disease and health promotion. A sufficient number of outcome studies from these interventions are now available to facilitate the quantitative analysis of effect sizes, permitting moderator analyses that were not possible with previous systematic reviews. Method The present study employs meta-analytic techniques to assess the mean effect for 88 computer-tailored interventions published between 1988 and 2009 focusing on four health behaviors: smoking cessation, physical activity, eating a healthy diet, and receiving regular mammography screening. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges g . Study, tailoring, and demographic moderators were examined by analyzing between-group variance and meta-regression. Results Clinically and statistically significant overall effect sizes were found across each of the four behaviors. While effect sizes decreased after intervention completion, dynamically tailored interventions were found to have increased efficacy over time as compared with tailored interventions based on one assessment only. Study effects did not differ across communication channels nor decline when up to three behaviors were identified for intervention simultaneously. Conclusion This study demonstrates that computer-tailored interventions have the potential to improve health behaviors and suggests strategies that may lead to greater effectiveness of these techniques.
Digesters and demographics: Identifying support for anaerobic digesters on dairy farms

The dairy industry in the United States is amidst a long-running trend toward fewer, larger dairy farms. This development has created a backlash in some communities over concerns such as odor, waste management, and environmental degradation. Separately, anaerobic digestion has advanced as a waste management technology that potentially offers solutions to some of these issues, providing odor control and a combustible biogas among other things. These digesters require significant capital investments. Voluntary consumer premiums for the renewable energy produced have been used in some instances as a means to move adoption of such systems toward financial feasibility. This project employed a survey to measure Ohio consumers' willingness to pay a premium for renewable energy produced by anaerobic digesters on dairy farms. Cluster analysis was used to segment consumers by willingness to pay, age, education, income, self-identified political inclination, and a composite variable that served as a proxy for respondents' environmental stewardship. Four distinctive groups emerged from the data. Older, less educated respondents were found to have the least amount of support for digesters on dairy farms, whereas politically liberal, environmentally proactive respondents demonstrated the strongest support. Well-educated, affluent respondents and young respondents fell between these 2 groups. Most large dairy farms are generally met with fairly negative responses from their local communities; in contrast, this research finds some popular support for anaerobic digestion technology. Going forward, establishing a positive link between support for anaerobic digesters and for their use on large dairies could open up a new route for less-contested large dairy farm developments. Evaluation of community demographics could become an important part of finding an optimal location for a large dairy farm.
Linux for Academics, Part I

Linux, or GNU/Linux, as it is also known, is an open-source operating system based upon the Unix operating system. It is very popular on Web servers, but there is also a subculture of users who run...
Relative attractiveness of irradiated laboratory-reared female gypsy moths and nonirradiated laboratory-reared and feral females

In tests conducted in an area infested with Lymantria dispar (L.) and in an uninfested area, nonirradiated feral female gypsy moths were more attractive to feral males than were laboratory-reared cobalt-60 irradiated and nonirradiated females. In the infested area, nonirradiated laboratory females were more attractive than irradiated laboratory females. However, in the uninfested area there was no difference between the 2 laboratory female treatments.
Evolution of genetically correlated traits : Tooth size and body size in baboons

Within a population, only phenotypic variation that is influenced by genes will respond to selection. Genes with pleiotropic effects are known to influence numerous traits, complicating our understanding of their evolution through time. Here we use quantitative genetic analyses to identify and estimate the shared genetic effects between molar size and trunk length in a pedigreed, breeding population of baboons housed at the Southwest National Primate Research Center. While crown area has a genetic correlation with trunk length, specific linear measurements yield different results. We find that variation in molar buccolingual width and trunk length is influenced by overlapping additive genetic effects. In contrast, mesiodistal molar length appears to be genetically independent of body size. This is the first study to demonstrate a significant genetic correlation between tooth size and body size in primates. The evolutionary implications are discussed.
Decision-tree programs for an adaptive automated chemistry workstation. Application to catalyst screening experiments

Abstract Automated chemistry workstations with the capability of altering the course of experimentation based on acquired data are essential for performing strategic searches. Such adaptive experimentation requires the ability to compose experimental plans for initiating, monitoring, evaluating, and making decisions about experiments. We have developed a decision-tree (DT) experiment-planning module that includes a complete command set for adaptive operation of the workstation. Functions for dialog prompts are included, enabling generic programs to be tailored for specific applications by various users. The DT experiment-planning module is one component of an experiment planner for an automated microscale chemistry workstation. The DT functions are also used to compose early-termination programs and describe objective functions for use in the companion factorial design, composite-modified simplex, and multidirectional search experiment-planning modules. The features of the DT experiment-planning module are illustrated with a program that screens a list of candidate compounds for catalytic activity. A set of dialog boxes at the beginning of the program prompts the user for information. Based on this information, the candidates are examined automatically (in a serial process) in exhaustive or hill-climbing searching strategies. A yield vs. time pattern-matching procedure is performed dynamically in order to assess whether monitoring should be continued. Decisions also are made concerning examination of the candidate at higher or lower concentrations. Higher concentrations are achieved by addition of aliquots of the candidate to the ongoing reaction, while lower concentrations are achieved by spawning a new reaction. When a user-defined yield threshold is reached or the entire user-specified concentration range has been spanned, catalysts and their effective concentration ranges are identified. This experiment-planning module enables composition of flexible programs for adaptive experimentation that can be used as stand-alone programs or as decision-making components of other searching programs.
Differences in the Heritability of Growth and Growth Velocity During Infancy and Associations With FTO Variants

While the associations of common variants in the FTO gene with obesity have been widely replicated in adults, there is conflicting evidence regarding their effects in infancy. We hypothesize that the genetic influences on growth traits vary during infancy, and that conflicting results may stem from variation in the ages at which FTO associations have been examined. Using longitudinal weight and length data at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months in 917 (444 females, 473 males) family members from the Fels Longitudinal Study, we used a variance components–based approach (SOLAR) to: (i) examine differences in heritability (gene-by-age interaction) in weight, length, relative weight (BMI and ponderal index (PI)) and instantaneous weight and length velocities over the course of infancy, and (ii) test whether a common FTO variant (rs9939609) was associated with infant growth at three ages (maximum trait heritability, birth and 36 months). All heritabilities at birth (of 39–74%) were significant (P 0.11). This study for the first time demonstrates the fluctuation of genetic influences on infant growth, but further work is required to determine which gene variants explain the strong additive genetic effects observed.
Antenna Selection for Spatial Multiplexing Systems Based on Complex Householder QR Factorization

In this paper, a novel antenna selection algorithm based on complex Householder QR factorization is proposed in wireless multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. It avoids the shortcoming of previous methods which need a mass of search over all possible subsets, has lower computation complexity and better performance. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed antenna selection algorithm achieves excellent performance with linear receivers over fading channels.
AGEING OF HYDROLYSED IRON (III) SOLUTIONS1

Summary Three 0.01m Fe(ClO4)3 Solutions of R= 0, 1, and 2, respectively, were studied over a period of 8 months, where R is referred to the HCO3−/Fe3+ mole ratio in preparation. The R= 0 solution was initially light yellow and clear but rapidly changed to a dense cloudy Suspension after a 9-day induction period. Hydrolysed species rapidly grew from 650 nm. Particles of intermediate size were not observed during the entire period of study. Settleable FeOOH precipi-tate was first observed in 5 weeks with 23 per cent of its iron noted as precipitate at the end of 5 months. The R= 1 and R= 2 Solutions were reddish-brown of low turbidity. Rapid hydrolysis and polymerization were observed immediately after preparation. The hydrolysed species gradually grew in size during ageing and no settleable FeOOH precipitate was observed for at least two years. A hypo-thesis based on Lamb and Jacques's model of Fe3+ hydrolysis is proposed to interpret the reactions taking place in these three Solutions. In the R= 0 solution, the initial number of nuclei for condensation is low, whereas the poten-tial supply of Fe(OH)3 is abundant. In the R= 1 and R= 2 Solutions the number of nuclei initially formed is high, whereas a limited amount of mono-meric Fe(OH)3 is available for condensation. The initial number of nuclei relative to the concentration of monomeric species is the key factor that governs the appearance and properties of these Solutions.
Functional Quantum Nodes for Entanglement Distribution over Scalable Quantum Networks

We demonstrated entanglement distribution between two remote quantum nodes located 3 meters apart. This distribution involves the asynchronous preparation of two pairs of atomic memories and the coherent mapping of stored atomic states into light fields in an effective state of near-maximum polarization entanglement. Entanglement is verified by way of the measured violation of a Bell inequality, and it can be used for communication protocols such as quantum cryptography. The demonstrated quantum nodes and channels can be used as segments of a quantum repeater, providing an essential tool for robust long-distance quantum communication.
Extraction of Significant Video Summaries by Dendrogram Analysis

In the current video analysis scenario, effective clustering of shots facilitates the access to the content and helps in understanding the associated semantics. This paper introduces a cluster analysis on shots which employs dendrogram representation to produce hierarchical summaries of the video document. Vector quantization codebooks are used to represent the visual content and to group the shots with similar chromatic consistency. The evaluation of the cluster codebook distortions, and the exploitation of the dependency relationships on the dendrograms, allow to obtain only a few significant summaries of the whole video. Finally the user can navigate through summaries and decide which one best suites his/her needs for eventual post-processing. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by testing it on a collection of video-data from different kinds of programmes. Results are evaluated in terms of metrics that measure the content representational value of the summarization technique.
Cyprus and the Devotional Arts of Byzantium in the Era of the Crusades

Cyprus and the Devotional Arts of Byzantium in the Era of the Crusades ANNEMARIE WEYL CARR, 2005 Variorum Collected Studies Series, Aldershot: Ashgate xiv + 378 pp. £90 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 86078 ...
Primate origins and the evolution of angiosperms

Traditionally, the morphological traits of primates were assumed to be adaptations to an arboreal way of life. However, Cartmill [1972] pointed out that a number of morphological traits characteristic of primates are not found in many other arboreal mammals. He contends that orbital convergence and grasping extremities indicate that the initial divergence of primates involved visual predation on insects in the lower canopy and undergrowth of the tropical forest. However, recent research on nocturnal primates does not support the visually-oriented predation theory. Although insects were most likely important components of the diets of the earliest euprimates, it is argued here that visual predation was not the major impetus for the evolution of the adaptive traits of primates. Recent paleobotanical research has yielded evidence that a major evolutionary event occurred during the Eocene, involving the angiosperms and their dispersal agents. As a result of long-term diffuse coevolutionary interactions with flowering plants, modern primates, bats, and plant-feeding birds all first arose around the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and became the major seed dispersers of modern tropical flora during the Eocene. Thus, it is suggested here that the multitude of resources available on the terminal branches of the newly evolved angiosperm, rain forest trees led to the morphological adaptations of primates of modern aspect.
‘Where Is Not Home?’: Dagaaba migrants in the Brong Ahafo Region, 1980 to the present

The 1980s marked the beginning of a significant shift in the pattern of Dagaaba migration to southern Ghana. Instead of the mining centres of Obuasi (Ashanti region) and Prestea and Tarkwa (Western region) respectively, many Dagaaba men and women have been migrating to predominantly agricultural areas in the Brong Ahafo region. There is also evidence that Dagaaba migrants, who previously worked in the southern and coastal regions, have been relocating to the Brong Ahafo region when they either lost their jobs or retired. This article explores the factors that have culminated in the mass movement of Dagaaba men and women to the Brong Ahafo region and the reasons why 'step' Dagaaba migrants are relocating to the Brong Ahafo region in large numbers instead of going back home (to the north) as many of their predecessors did. The article adds to the ongoing discussion on the migration phenomenon in subSaharan Africa by foregrounding the internal ways in which communities themselves shape migration through extended, gendered social debates over production and reproduction. THE DAGAABA OF THE UPPER WEST REGION (UWR) HAVE MIGRATED to the southern part of Ghana in various capacities since the pre-colonial period.' However, since the annexation of the Northern Territories (NTs) to the Gold Coast colony in 1901, the nature and pattern of Dagaaba migration to southern Ghana changed and continues to change. Like all people of the Gariba B. Abdul-Korah (abdulkog@strose.edu) is Assistant Professor of History at the College of Saint Rose in Albany, New York. This article is based on 12-month fieldwork conducted in Ghana in 2001-02 on a broader study, 'Migration, Ethnicity and Uneven Development in Ghana'. The author is grateful to the Social Science Research Council and the American Council of Learned Societies (SSRC/ACLS), the Compton Foundation, the Graduate School at the University of Minnesota, and the Mac Arthur Program at the University of Minnesota for funding the research. The author also thanks Professors Jean Allman of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Keith Haynes of the College of Saint Rose, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. 1. The beginnings of Dagaaba migration to southern Ghana can be traced to the pre-colonial past in the slave trade, but more especially in the period following Asante's defeat of Gonja in the eighteenth century. See Jack Goody, 'The over-kingdom of Gonja' in D.C. Forde and P.M. Kaberry (eds), West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967), pp. 179-205.
Acute bilateral renal infarction secondary to cocaine-induced vasospasm.

CASE PRESENTATION A 47-year-old African-American male with a history of hypertension for 1 year and cocaine use presented to the emergency department with acute onset of bilateral flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Physical examination was unremarkable. Laboratory evaluation revealed a white blood count of 15.1 K/μl (normal 4.5-11.5 K/μl) and a serum creatinine of 2.4mg/100ml. A non-contrast CT scan of the abdomen was unremarkable. The patient was treated with morphine (for pain) and i.v. fluids, felt better, and was discharged for out-patient follow-up. The patient saw his primary care physician 2 days later (day 3) and reported persistence of the bilateral flank pain. The patient also reported a transient inability to urinate for 36 h before the visit. An abdominal ultrasound and blood chemistry were obtained. On day 5, he was referred by his physician to the emergency department for a serum creatinine of 9.2 mg/100 ml from day 3. At the time of admission, the patient reported using 5-6g/day of ibuprofen for the previous 4 days and admitted to sniffing cocaine a few hours before the initial onset of flank pain. On physical examination, the patient was a well-built African-American male with a temperature of 99.2 °F, pulse rate of 60/min, blood pressure of 150/85 mm Hg and weight of 85 kg (BMI 27.7 kg/m 2 ). There was no orthostasis, pallor, or skin rash. The heart and lung examinations were unremarkable. The abdomen was soft, with no suprapubic dullness. There was no costovertebral angle tenderness or pitting edema. The extremity pulses were symmetric and equal. Laboratory results are presented in Table 1. Serologic tests for hepatitis B and C viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, antinuclear antibody, and rheumatoid factor were negative. Serum complements, including C3, C4, and CH50, were within the normal range. Hemoglobin electrophoresis, chest X-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram were unremarkable. Renal ultrasound revealed normal-sized kidneys with mildly increased echogenecity and no hydronephrosis. A 99m Tc-MAG3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine) radionuclide renogram showed multiple wedge-shaped photopenic areas in both kidneys (Figure 1a). Owing to the absence of a clear explanation for the patient's acute renal failure, renal biopsy was performed 12 days after the onset of symptoms.
An RNA Ligase from Deinococcus radiodurans

Although DNA repair pathways have been the focus of much attention, there is an emerging appreciation that distinct pathways exist to maintain or manipulate RNA structure in response to breakage events. Here we identify an RNA ligase (DraRnl) from the radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. DraRnl seals 3′-OH/5′-PO4 RNA nicks in either a duplex RNA or an RNA: DNA hybrid, but it cannot seal 3′-OH/5′-PO4 DNA nicks. The specificity of DraRnl arises from a requirementfor RNA on the 3′-OH side of the nick. DraRnl is a 342-amino acid monomeric protein with a distinctive structure composed of a C-terminal adenylyltransferase domain linked to an N-terminal module that resembles the OB-fold of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetases. RNA sealing activity was abolished by mutation of the predicted lysine adenylylation site (Lys-165) in the C-terminal domain and was reduced by an order of magnitude by deletion of the N-terminal OB module. Our findings highlight the existence of an RNA repair capacity in bacteria and support the hypothesis that contemporary DNA ligases, RNA ligases, and RNA capping enzymes evolved by the fusion of ancillary effector domains to an ancestral catalytic module involved in RNA repair.
Histocompatibility-Linked Immune Response Genes

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information on histocompatibility-linked immune response genes. The genetic study of the capacity to form specific immune responses has revealed that the recognition of antigens as immunogens by individual animals and inbred strains is governed by the product of individual dominant genes located in the genome in close relationship with the genes coding for the molecules bearing the major histocompatibility specificities. These genes are termed as “histocompatibility,” or “H-linked Ir genes.” The presence of relevant genes permit immune responses to be formed, characterized by cellular immunity and antibody synthesis against the determinants on the antigens concerned. Three types of antigens are most useful in the identification of H-linked Ir genes: (1) synthetic polypeptides with limited structural heterogeneity; (2) alloantigens that differ slightly from their autologous counterparts, and (3) complex multideterminants antigens administered in limiting immunizing doses in conditions where only the most immunogenic determinants are recognized. Thus, the discovery of specific H-linked Ir genes depends upon experiments wherein the immunological system is presented with a challenge of highly restricted heterogeneity and specificity. The chapter presents a description of the specific immune responses that are under the control of H-linked Ir genes in guinea pigs, mice, and rats.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED FROM KIDNEYS OF NORMAL AND LEAD-INTOXICATED RATS

Mitochondria isolated from kidneys of lead-intoxicated rats have been shown to have decreased oxidative and phosphorylative abilities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these abnormal mitochondria would undergo ultrastructural transformation during controlled respiration in the absence of phosphate acceptor (State IV), as previously demonstrated for normal liver mitochondria. It was first shown that normal rat kidney mitochondria transforms from a condensed ultrastructural conformation to an orthodox conformation after 5 min of State IV respiration with pyruvate-malate substrate. Reversal to a condensed conformation follows stimulation of respiration with adenosine diphosphate (ADP). A large portion of kidney mitochondria from lead-poisoned rats do not change from condensed to orthodox conformation during State IV respiration. Other mitochondria do transform to the orthodox form but they rapidly degenerate. State IV respiration decreases as these few orthodox mitochondria disintegrate. The conclusion is that those mitochondria that do not undergo change in ultrastructure have impairment of electron transport, and that those that do become orthodox have increased membrane lability and undergo degeneration.
Hormonal modulation of phagocytosis and intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis In bovine peripheral blood monocytes.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of several hormones (i.e. growth hormone, prolactin, vitamin D3, luteinizing hormone, oxytocin) on the phagocytosis and intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis within bovine peripheral blood monocytes. Phagocytosis of M. avium ss. paratuberculosis declined in a dose-dependent manner when monocytes were exposed to increasing amounts of recombinant bovine growth hormone, with little phagocytosis occurring at a growth hormone concentration of 50 ng/ml. The other hormones tested had little effect on phagocytosis. Continuous exposure of bovine monocytes to bovine growth hormone (10 ng per ml) resulted in enhanced intracellular bacillary growth. This was detected within 3 days of monocyte infection, and resulted in a 1 Log10 greater number of M. avium ss. paratuberculosis in growth hormone treated, than control, monocytes at 12 days of infection. When monocytes were incubated with growth hormone for only the first 5 days of a 12 day incubation period, a further increase in bacillary multiplication was observed. A similar increase in bacillary multiplication was observed when M. avium ss. paratuberculosis monocytes were incubated with prolactin for the first 5 days of a 12 day incubation period. These data indicate that varying levels of growth hormone and prolactin can affect the intracellular multiplication of M. avium ss. paratuberculosis in bovine monocytes.
MAINTENANCE OF DIVERSITY WITHIN PLANT COMMUNITIES: SOIL PATHOGENS AS AGENTS OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

The effect of soil pathogens on plant communities was investigated using four old-field perennial plant species and five isolates of a pathogenic oomycete in the genus Pythium. These Pythium strains were isolated from the roots of two of the plant species, Danthonia spicata and Panicum sphaerocarpon, used in a previous experiment on the consequences of changes in the soil community on plant growth. In this previous experiment, Danthonia and Panicum changed the soil community in a manner that reduced their growth relative to that of a third plant species, Anthoxanthum odoratum. In the current experiments, we found that inoculation with Pythium reduced overall plant mass and root: shoot ratios, but Danthonia and Panicum were more susceptible to the presence of Pythium than the other two plant species, Anthoxanthum and Plantago lanceolata. In addition, Pythium ac- cumulates at different rates on different plant species, with a greater than tenfold higher population observed in association with Panicum compared to Anthoxanthum. The results of these experiments suggest that the accumulation of species-specific soil pathogens could account for the previous observation of negative feedback on plant growth through changes in the soil community. As negative feedback may act to maintain plant species diversity within a community, these results suggest that soil pathogens may themselves contribute to the maintenance of plant species diversity.
Rotational barriers in dialkylaminochlorosphines: Steric effects on the preparation of cage complexes

Abstract The barrier to rotation about the PN bond in a series of N,N-dialkylphenylphosphonamidous chlorides has been measured. The barriers fall into t
Training leaders in mathematics education a contrast with science education

Some additional thoughts in JRST's continuing attention to the evolution of doctoral programs in education.
Dielectric relaxation in amorphous linear aliphatic copolyesters

Abstract In order to contribute to a more extensive body of experimental knowledge concerning the relaxation processes in glass-forming amorphous polymers, broad-band frequency dielectric measurements have been carried out on two examples of a model amorphous polar polymer system. The system consists of a linear random copolyester with one-to-one mole ratios of adipic acid and succinic acid coupled with glycol units. In one example, ethylene glycol is the coupling unit and in the other it is trimethylene glycol The subglass β relaxations as well as the primary α regions were characterized and emphasis was placed on phenomenological description of the coalescence of the two regions with increasing temperature. Each subglass process was found to be complex in the sense of exhibiting two partially resolved components. One component is a typical extremely broad-in-frequency subglass relaxation and the other component is weaker, narrower in frequency and occurs at lower frequency isothermally or higher temperature isochronally. Tentative assignments of the source of the β process components are made. Phenomenological analysis of the α–β coalescence region invoking the Havriliak–Negami and Cole–Cole functions and utilizing numerical regression indicates that the merging process is optimally described as the β process losing relaxation strength and its presence being expressed as increased skewing in the primary relaxation.
Electron-hole pair mechanism for excitation of intramolecular vibrations in molecule-surface scattering

Abstract Recently excitation of the ν = 1 vibrational state of NO scattered from Ag(111) has been observed. The measured excitation probability goes as the Boltzmann factor exp ( −ℏomega; 0 k B T s ) where ω 0 is the vibration frequency and T S the surface temperature. We show that with reasonable assumptions the data can be explained by a mechanism in which vibrational excitation results from de-excitation of a hot electron-hole pair in the metal, the coupling to the molecular vibration being via electrons hopping in and out of the π ∗ orbital of NO. The “mechanical” mechanism is ruled out by the absence of excitation at low temperature.
Multidecadal Climate Variability in Observed and Modeled Surface Temperatures

Abstract This study identifies interdecadal natural climate variability in global surface temperatures by subtracting, from the observed temperature evolution, multimodel ensemble mean based on the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) multimodel dataset. The resulting signal resembles the so-called Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and is presumably associated with intrinsic dynamics of the oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC). While certain phases of the oscillation are dominated by the anomalies in the North Atlantic region, other phases are characterized by global teleconnections to the North Pacific Ocean, tropical Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Southern Ocean. In particular, natural variability of sea surface temperature in the Atlantic hurricanes’ main development region has a peak-to-peak amplitude comparable in magnitude to this region’s surface temperature increase over the past century, for all seasons. Evidence suggests that the...
A preliminary assessment of the feasibility of using riblets in internal flows to conserve energy

Abstract The objective of this study is to examine practical and cost constraints on where riblets, a new drag-reduction technology, might be used in internal flows. The broad categories of internal flow considered were HVAC ducting, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, water pipes, steam pipes, and pipes in refrigeration or air-conditioning machinery. Each category was first examined for practical constraints, which might complicate or exclude the use of riblets. Second, the potential power savings and the resulting cost effectiveness of adding riblets were estimated. For the more promising categories of internal flow, we then discuss what major questions must still be researched, and what technical developments might improve prospects.
Planar β-Linked Oligothiophenes Based on Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and Dithieno[3,2-b:2‘,3‘-d]thiophene Fused Units

A series of planar β-linked oligothiophenes based on thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and dithieno[3,2-b:2‘,3‘-d]thiophene fused units were synthesized. The optical data indicate a blue shift of the absorption maximum in comparison to the α-linked analogues due to cross-conjugation between fused rings. The crystal structures of 3,3‘-bi(thieno[3,2-b]thiophene) and 3,3‘;6‘,3”-ter(thieno-[3,2-b]thiophene) reveal edge-to-face π-stacked dimer motifs, whereas the crystal structure of 3,3‘-bis(dithieno[3,2-b:2‘,3‘-d]thiophene) consists of face-to-face π-stacked molecules.
FREQUENCY, TREATMENT AND IMPACT OF PREHOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST AMONG PATIENTS WITH STEMI: A REPORT FROM THE ACTION REGISTRY-GWTG™ AND MISSION: LIFELINE

The presence of cardiac arrest (CA) in patients (pts) with ST elevation MI (STEMI) is associated with worse outcomes, but the processes of care and outcomes for these pts have not been assessed in contemporary US practice. We evaluated STEMI pts enrolled in the ACTION Registry®-GWTG™ from 4/1/11