cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
STUDENT RIGHTS TO RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION AND THE SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHOOLS

In this essay Bryan Warnick explores how rights to religious expression should be understood for students in public schools. Warnick frames student religious rights as a debate between the conflicting values associated with the Free Exercise Clause and the values associated with the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution. He then asks how the special characteristics of the school environment should guide us in prioritizing those values. The overall weight of the considerations, particularly concerns about civic education, leads to a two-pronged approach to religious rights. The first prong involves a robust protection of student religious exercise; the second involves an equally robust regime of school disassociation from student religious exercises.
Disturbance, equilibrium, and environmental variability: What is ‘Natural’ vegetation in a changing environment?

Abstract To most early ecologists, the ‘natural’ ecosystem was the community that would be reached after a long period without large-scale disturbance (fire, windstrom, etc.). More recently, it has been realized that in most areas some type of large-scale disturbance is indigenous, and must be included in any realistic definition of ‘naturalness’. In some areas an equilibrium may exist in which patchy disturbance is balanced by regrowth, but in others equilibrium may be impossible because (1) individual disturbances are too large or infrequent; (2) ephemeral events have long-lasting disruptive effects; and/or (3) climate changes interrupt any movement toward equilibrium that does occur. Examples of non-equilibrium ecosystems include the African savannas, the Big Woods of Minnesota, the lodgepole pine forests of Yellowstone National Park, and possibly the old-growth Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest. Where an equilibrium does not exist, defining the ‘natural’ vegetation becomes much more challenging, because the vegetation in any given area would not be stable over long periods of time even without man's influence. In many areas it may be unrealistic to try to define the natural vegetation for a site; one must recognize that there are often several communities that could be the ‘natural’ vegetation for any given site at any given time.
Spirituality during aging

This paper suggests that an understanding of spirituality during aging provides an important supplement for the developmental model in looking at the religious lives of older persons. Jung's perspective on the psychodynamics of human spirit is compared with Allport's description of mature religious sentiment in order to present a basis for looking at three case studies of nursing home residents. Each case addresses a major challenge faced in the later years of life: 1) self-worth, 2) the meaning of one's life, 3) losses in aging. An understanding of the developmental issues faced in late life supplemented with an appreciation for a person's spirituality may help us better minister to older persons.
Sucrase activity in the intestinal mucosa of patients with sprue and normal subjects.

A deficiency of the intestinal enzyme sucrase was found in tropical sprue. This deficiency persists even after therapy and is probably responsible for the sucrosuria characteristic of the disease.
How is functional specificity achieved through disordered regions of proteins

N-type inactivation of potassium channels is controlled by cytosolic loops that are intrinsically disordered. Recent experiments have shown that the mechanism of N-type inactivation through disordered regions can be stereospecific and vary depending on the channel type. Variations in mechanism occur despite shared coarse grain features such as the length and amino acid compositions of the cytosolic disordered regions. We have adapted a phenomenological model designed to explain how specificity in molecular recognition is achieved through disordered regions. We propose that the channel-specific observations for N-type inactivation represent distinct mechanistic choices for achieving function through conformational selection versus induced fit. It follows that the dominant mechanism for binding and specificity can be modulated through subtle changes in the amino acid sequences of disordered regions, which is interesting given that specificity in function is realized in the absence of autonomous folding.
Determination of the exchange anisotropy in perovskite antiferromagnets using powder inelastic neutron scattering

A procedure is outlined for the determination of magnetic exchange constants in anisotropic perovskite anitferromagnets using powder inelastic neutron scattering. Spin-wave densities of states are measured using time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering for ${\text{LaMnO}}_{3}$ ($A$-type antiferromagnet), ${\text{LaVO}}_{3}$ ($C$ type), and ${\text{LaFeO}}_{3}$ ($G$ type) and compared to Heisenberg model calculations. The anisotropy of in-plane $({J}_{ab})$ and out-of-plane $({J}_{c})$ exchange constants can be obtained from the data. The procedure quickly determines the magnetic exchange interactions without the need for single-crystal dispersion measurements and allows for rapid systematic studies of the evolution of magnetism in perovskite systems.
Seed-Mediated Growth of Uniform Gold Nanoparticle Arrays

We demonstrated through electron microscopic characterizations that the semi-hexagonal Au nanoparticle arrays supported on solid surfaces prepared by a polymer template approach could be enlarged uniformly by using a solution-based seed-mediated growth. The semi-hexagonal particle arrangement is largely retained after the growth as evident by the similar Fourier transform patterns obtained before and after the growth, indicating that the growth occurs over the seed particles on the surface. The shape and size of the augmented particles can be tuned by varying the growth conditions. The particle density can be conveniently varied by using polymer templates with different chain lengths. The growth mechanism is briefly discussed. Strong surface-enhanced Raman signals of molecules adsorbed on the 40−60 nm grown particles are observed.
Sensitive fluorescent determination of trypsin-like proteases.

Abstract A new sensitive assay for trypsin-like proteases has been developed using as substrate protamine sulfate from herring with the amino terminal group blocked with dinitrofluorobenzene. Enzymatic hydrolysis liberated amino groups which were quantitated by measuring fluorescence after reaction with fluorescamine. Thrombin was capable of hydrolyzing this substrate at a concentration as low as 8.3 NIH units per ml. Amino acid analysis of the protamine suggests that thrombin is capable of hydrolyzing a peptide bond other than an arginyl-glycine bond. Inhibition of thrombin by n-acetylimidazole suggests a relationship between the clotting and proteolytic activities of thrombin.
Hydronephrosis following ureteral reimplantation: When is it concerning?

Abstract Objectives Hydronephrosis without obstruction is common prior to ureteral reimplant, especially in patients with high-grade VUR. Consequently, when hydronephrosis is present post-operatively, it is unclear when it should be concerning. We evaluated the finding of hydronephrosis in children undergoing reimplantation and its evolution following surgery. Methods After obtaining IRB approval, we identified 938 children who underwent reimplantation at our institution from 1998 to 2006. Their pre- and post-operative US and clinical course were analyzed. Results Hydronephrosis was observed in 24% pre-operatively and 21% post-operatively. 52% with pre-operative hydronephrosis had it post-operatively, while 12% without pre-operative hydronephrosis had it post-operatively. 71% of post-operative hydronephrosis resolved on average in 1.36 years. 19% didn’t resolve and 0.1% had ureteral obstruction. Risk factors for post-operative hydronephrosis included increasing severity of VUR, and high degree of pre-operative hydronephrosis. Conclusion Hydronephrosis following ureteral reimplantation is not rare, and correlated to pre-operative evaluations. Post-operative hydronephrosis is frequently transient and benign, and usually resolves within the first 2 years. These patients do not require follow-up ultrasounds or further imaging, and can be followed clinically. Patients with high-grade VUR and hydronephrosis pre-operatively, however, are at risk for developing worsened hydronephrosis and should be followed with a 3-month post-operative ultrasound.
Discussion of IPO Failure Risk

In an interesting study of IPO firms, Demers andJoos [2007] (henceforth, DJ) develop and test empirical prediction models of IPO failures using a sample of U.S. firms between 1980 and 2000. In this discussion, I highlight the contributions and main findings of the DJ research study, summarize and expand on the major issues raised by conference participants, present complementary empirical evidence on the accounting properties of newly listed firms, and articulate directions for future research. As a unifying theme for my discussion, I ask whether the authors succeed in achieving their explicit stated goal "... to identify and expand our understanding of the variables, including accounting information, that are associated with IPO firm failures" (p. 334). Overall, conference participants expressed concerns about whether the authors achieved this stated goal. Two types of recurring questions were raised by conference participants: (1) Does the study expand our understanding of the unique economic characteristics and risks of IPO firms both over time and relative to other firms, and (2) does the study expand our understanding of the endogenous accounting and information properties of IPO firms both over time and relative to other firms? I reference and
A jumbo problem: mapping the structure and functions of the nuclear pore complex

Macromolecular assemblies can be intrinsically refractive to classical structural analysis, due to their size, complexity, plasticity and dynamic nature. One such assembly is the nuclear pore complex (NPC). The NPC is formed from ∼450 copies of 30 different proteins, called nucleoporins, and is the sole mediator of exchange between the nucleus and the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. Despite significant progress, it has become increasingly clear that new approaches, integrating different sources of structural and functional data, will be needed to understand the functional biology of the NPC. Here, we discuss the latest approaches trying to address this challenge.
A simple method for th preparation of lathyrine some properties of lathyrine

Abstract A method for the isolation of lathyrine from seeds of Lathyrus tingitanus in yields of 1 g/100 g of seeds is detailed. The asymmetric α-carbon in lathyrine belongs to the L -series. Spectrophotometric titration in the pH range 2–6 indicated that the ring amino group of lathyrine with a p K of 3.9 ± 0.1 is the functional group whose dissociation affects the spectral characteristics of the chromophore. Lathyrine in dose levels of 100–400 mg/kg elicits no toxic symptoms in mice, chicks or rats. In the rat administered lathyrine is metabolized to other compounds, as judged by the amount of unaltered lathyrine excreted in urine and from the rate of urinary excretion of administered [ 3 H]lathyrine.
Characterization of a Cooperativity Domain Mutant Lys3 → Ala (K3A) T4 Gene 32 Protein

Abstract The N-terminal “B” domain of T4 gene 32 protein contains a Lys3-Arg4-Lys5 sequence that has been postulated to provide a major determinant for cooperative binding. In this report, the equilibrium binding properties of a Lys3 → Ala substitution mutant of gp32 (K3A gp32) and described and compared to a set of substitution mutants of Arg4 previously described (Villemain, J. L., and Giedroc, D. P. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 11235-11246) and further characterized here. K3A gp32 exhibits binding behavior which mirrors that of R4Q gp32. Despite an 6-8-fold decrease in overall binding affinity (Kapp = Kint × ω) at pH 8.1, 0.20 M NaCl, 20°C, the magnitude of the cooperativity parameter is at most 2-3-fold smaller than that of the wild-type protein. The magnitude of ω is independent of salt concentration and type over the range in [NaCl] from 0.125 to 0.225 M and [NaF] between 0.20 and 0.32 M (log ω = 2.86 ± 0.19). For comparison, log ω for wild-type gp32 is 2.91 (± 0.21) resolved at 0.275 M NaCl and 3.39 ± 0.11 in [NaF] between 0.40 and 0.45 M. In contrast to ω, the [NaCl] dependence of Kapp is large and markedly nonlinear for both wild-type and K3A gp32s over a [NaCl] range extending from 0.05 M to 0.40 M NaCl. Modeling of the complete salt dependence of Kapp for wild-type, K3A, and R4T gp32s in NaCl and NaF with a simple ion-exchange model suggests that substitutions within the basic Lys3-Arg4-Lys5 sequence do not strongly modulate the net displacement of cations and anions upon poly(A) complex formation by gp32.
L-arginine metabolism in immune-mediated glomerulonephritis in the rat

Low-protein diets slow the progression of some renal diseases. We recently found that dietary restriction of L-arginine markedly ameliorates disease in antithymocyte serum-induced glomerulonephritis in the rat, suggesting that L-arginine may play a key role in the beneficial effects of low-protein diets. L-arginine is metabolized by nitric oxide synthases to nitric oxide and L-citrulline or by arginase to urea and L-ornithine. L-ornithine is a precursor for polyamines, which are required for cell proliferation and for proline, an essential component of collagen. In a time course of disease, we found that inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression and nitric oxide production were increased very early. Arginase activity was significantly increased until 5 days of disease. Ornithine decarboxylase, the rate-limiting step for polyamine synthesis, was increased at 3 days coincident with the onset of cell proliferation. Gene expression of ornithine aminotransferase, a proline synthetic enzyme, was increased from day 1, paralleling increased collagen synthesis. Thus, the three pathways of L-arginine metabolism are upregulated in a manner consistent with their possible roles in the cell lysis, cell proliferation, and collagen deposition, which characterize this model of glomerulonephritis.
Autonomic physiological activity in mental rotation tasks.

The electrodermal response (EDR) during a mental rotation (MR) task performance was investigated. For 6 males and 8 females (16–25 years old) there was a progressive increase in the number of EDRs as the angle of rotation (complexity) of the task was increased. These results support previous findings that autonomic physiological activity varies with the amount of information processing or its difficulty.
Hypothesis for Coupling Energy Transduction with ATP Synthesis or ATP Hydrolysis

A mechanistic hypothesis for coupling and energy transduction has been developed. It is suggested that membrane-bound ATPases play an intermediate high energy role.
A methodology for ranking cloud system vulnerabilities

Nowadays there is a high demand for security assurance within Cloud Computing world. To meet this demand, security practitioners attempt to assess security vulnerabilities that any given cloud system may have, however this task present some challenges when exposed to a complex cloud system. Different security tools have been developed to facilitate the vulnerabilities discovery process. In this paper we propose a new methodology for ranking cloud system vulnerabilities. We have designed and developed a working model. It starts with vulnerabilities discovery process from our custom cloud web application and ends up with a unified and simple view of ranked vulnerabilities mounted on each of the prioritized and generated attack paths.
Mechanical Strength of the Side-to-Side Versus Pulvertaft Weave Tendon Repair

Purpose The side-to-side (SS) tendon suture technique was designed to function as a repair that permits immediate postoperative activation and mobilization of a transferred muscle. This study was designed to test the strength and stiffness of the SS technique against a variation of the Pulvertaft (PT) repair technique. Methods Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons were harvested from 4 fresh cadavers and used as a model system. Seven SS and 6 PT repairs were performed, using the FDS as the donor and the FDP as the recipient tendon. For SS repairs, the FDS was woven through one incision in the FDP and was joined with 4 cross-stitch running sutures down both sides and one double-loop suture at each tendon free end. For PT repairs, the FDS was woven through 3 incisions in the FDP and joined with a double-loop suture at both ends of the overlap and 4 evenly spaced mattress sutures between the ends. Tendon repairs were placed in a tensile testing machine, preconditioned, and tested to failure. Results There were no statistically significant differences in cross-sectional area (p = .99) or initial length (p = .93) between SS and PT repairs. Therefore, all comparisons between methods were made using measures of loads and deformations, rather than stresses and strains. All failures occurred in the repair region, rather than at the clamps. However, failure mechanisms were different between the 2 techniques—PT repairs failed by the suture knots either slipping or pulling through the tendon material, followed by the FDS tendon pulling through the FDP tendon; SS repairs failed by shearing of fibers within the FDS. Load at first failure, ultimate load, and repair stiffness were all significantly different between SS and PT techniques; in all cases, the mean value for SS was higher than for PT. Conclusions The SS repair using a cross-stitch suture technique was significantly stronger and stiffer than the PT repair using a mattress suture technique. This suggests that using SS repairs could enable patients to load the repair soon after surgery. Ultimately, this should reduce the risk of developing adhesions and result in improved functional outcome and fewer complications in the acute postoperative period. Future work will address the specific mechanisms (eg, suture-throw technique and tendon-weave technique) that underlie the improved strength and stiffness of the SS repair.
Speciation of mercury and mode of transport from placer gold mine tailings

Historic placer gold mining in the Clear Creek tributary to the Sacramento River (Redding, CA) has highly impacted the hydrology and ecology of an important salmonid spawning stream. Restoration of...
Duality relations and the replica method for Ising models

Random Ising models are conveniently treated by the replica method. The authors study the duality relations for general symmetrically coupled Ising models on a square lattice in two dimensions. General conditions for self-duality are found and a number of new self-dual models are presented. Recently conjectured transition temperatures for the dilute Ising model, by Nishimori (1979), are shown not to obey these general conditions.
Letter by Phillips Regarding Article, “Comparison of the Profiles of Postoperative Systemic Hemodynamics and Oxygen Transport in Neonates After the Hybrid or the Norwood Procedure: A Pilot Study”

To the Editor: I want to compliment Li et al on a very unique study1 evaluating oxygen consumption and delivery during the first 72 hours postoperatively in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome treated by either the Norwood procedure (n=13) or the hybrid procedure (n=6). The study design was excellent; however, it is my opinion that there are several problems with the study and the conclusions drawn by the authors. The hybrid procedure, which is generally used by most centers, involves placement of bilateral branch pulmonary artery bands and a stent in the patent ductus arteriosus either by a transpulmonary approach2 (Columbus) or percutaneous approach3 (Giessen). The need …
Application of a hybrid process simulation model to a software development project

Abstract Simulation models of the software development process can be used to evaluate potential process changes. Careful evaluation should consider the change within the context of the project environment. While system dynamics models have been used to model the project environment, discrete event and state-based models are more useful when modeling process activities. Hybrid models of the software development process can examine questions that cannot be answered by either system dynamics models or discrete event models alone. In this paper, we present a detailed hybrid model of a software development process currently in use at a major industrial developer. We describe the model and show how the model was used to evaluate simultaneous changes to both the process and the project environment.
Self-trapping in the two-dimensional Bose-Hubbard model

We study the expansion of harmonically trapped bosons in a two-dimensional lattice after suddenly turning off the confining potential. We show that, in the presence of multiple occupancies per lattice site and strong interactions, the system exhibits a clear dynamical separation into slowly and rapidly expanding clouds. We discuss how this effect can be understood within a simple picture by invoking doublons and Bose enhancement. This picture is corroborated by an analysis of the momentum distribution function in the regions with slowly and rapidly expanding bosons.
Root-Water Uptake Model at Heterogeneous Soil Fields

A new stochastic model for one-dimensional root-water uptake is developed with main emphasis on its probabilistic structure from random variations in saturated hydraulic conductivity. The resulting model has the form of a two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation, and its applicability as a model for the probabilistic evolution of the nonlinear stochastic root-water uptake process is explored with the saturated hydraulic conductivity taken as stochastic random field. In order to perform this exploration, the generalization of a one-dimensional numerical scheme for the numerical solution of a two-dimensional Fokker-Planck equation is attempted. The proposed model has the advantage of providing a probabilistic solution to soil-water flow under root-water uptake, from which one can obtain the ensemble average behavior of the soil-water system at the scale of a heterogeneous field soil.
P-printable sets

P-printable sets arise naturally in the.studies of generalized Kolmogorov complexity and data compression, as well as in other areas. We present new characterizations of the P-printable sets and present necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of sparse sets in P that are not P-printable. As a corollary to one of our results, we show that the class of sets of small generalized Kolmogorov complexity is exactly the class of sets which are P-isomorphic to a tally language.
Pecan shell activated carbon: synthesis, characterization, and application for the removal of copper from aqueous solution

Activated carbon with a high adsorption capacity for removal of copper ions from aqueous solution is produced from pecan shells. Air and phosphoric acid are used for the oxidation and the modification or development of oxygen- or phosphorus/oxygen-containing groups on the carbon surface. It was found that the adsorption capacity of the produced carbon is significantly higher than that of the commercial activated carbons that were tested, and comparable to an ion exchange resin designed for copper adsorption. Based on the results obtained from a variety of characterization methods, it has been determined that the surface of the carbon is covered with a considerable concentration of phosphorus, present in the form of various functional groups. It is proposed that the acidic groups detected using the Boehm titration method not only be considered as oxygen-containing acidic groups, but also as oxygen/phosphorus groups. From pH studies, it was observed that adsorption of copper at very low concentrations occurs by ion exchange of 2H+ from the surface with a Cu2+ ion from solution; while at higher concentrations, other forms of ion-exchange and surface complexation with oxygen- and phosphorus-containing functional group sites can be proposed as well.
Cellular Hyperproliferation and Cancer as Evolutionary Variables

Technological advances in biology have begun to dramatically change the way we think about evolution, development, health and disease. The ability to sequence the genomes of many individuals within a population, and across multiple species, has opened the door to the possibility of answering some long-standing and perplexing questions about our own genetic heritage. One such question revolves around the nature of cellular hyperproliferation. This cellular behavior is used to effect wound healing in most animals, as well as, in some animals, the regeneration of lost body parts. Yet at the same time, cellular hyperproliferation is the fundamental pathological condition responsible for cancers in humans. Here, I will discuss why microevolution, macroevolution and developmental biology all have to be taken into consideration when interpreting studies of both normal and malignant hyperproliferation. I will also illustrate how a synthesis of evolutionary sciences and developmental biology through the study of diverse model organisms can inform our understanding of both health and disease.
More bounds for eigenvalues

Abstract A method introduced by Leighton [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 35, 381–388 (1971)] for bounding eigenvalues has been extended to include problems of the form −y″ + p(x) y = λy, when p(x) ⩾ 0 on [0, 1]. The boundary conditions are the general homogeneous conditions y(0) − ay′(0) = 0 = y(1) + by′(1), where 0 ⩽ a, b ⩽ ∞. Upper and lower bounds for the eigenvalues of these problems are obtained, and these bounds may be made as close together as desired, thereby allowing λ to be estimated precisely.
Alternatives to lecture: experience peer instruction and pedagogical code reviews

This session will demonstrate best practices for introducing peer instruction and pedagogical code reviews into the computer science classroom. Presenters play the role of instructors on the first day of class. Audience members play the role of students as they collaborate on a variety of sample activities. By providing models of active learning in computing contexts, we seek to motivate instructors to adopt these pedagogies in their classrooms. Sufficient time will be reserved for questions and discussion.
Direct evidence for an adhesive function in the noncholinergic role of acetylcholinesterase in neurite outgrowth.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) can promote neurite outgrowth through a mechanism that is independent of its role in hydrolyzing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It has been proposed that this neuritogenic capacity of AChE may result from its intrinsic capacity to function in adhesion. In this study we directly tested this hypothesis using neuroblastoma cell lines that have been engineered for altered cell-surface expression of AChE. Using a microtiter-plate adhesion assay and the electrical cell-substrate impedance-sensing (ECIS) method, we demonstrate that the level of cell-substratum adhesion of these cells directly correlates with their level of AChE expression. Furthermore, this adhesion is blocked by either an anti-AChE antibody or a highly specific AChE inhibitor (BW284c51), both of which have also been shown to block neurite outgrowth. In addition, cells that overexpress AChE showed enhanced neurite initiation. By employing cell lines with different levels of AChE expression in two types of cell-substratum adhesion assays, our current studies provide evidence for an adhesive function for AChE. These results, together with the fact that AChE shares sequence homology and structural similarities with several known cell adhesion molecules, support the hypothesis that AChE promotes neurite outgrowth, at least in part, through an adhesive function. J. Neurosci. Res. 63:165–175, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Direct Effect of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferators on Rat Leydig Cell Function in Vitro1

A review of the literature indicates that some compounds which produce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in rats also appear to produce Leydig cell adenomas, and some also affect the serum concentrations of testosterone and estradiol. Previous studies with the peroxisome proliferator ammonium perfluorooctanoate showed a direct effect on Leydig cells to alter steroidogenesis. It was therefore proposed that peroxisome proliferators in general may directly affect Leydig cell function to produce Leydig cell tumors by some undetermined mechanism. The present study investigated whether the following peroxisome proliferators directly affect Leydig cell functionin vitro:2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, ammonium perfluorooctanoate, acetylsalicylic acid, clofibric acid, ciprofibrate, gemfibrozil, tiadenol, tibric acid, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroethylene, and Wyeth 14,643. Leydig cells, isolated from adult Crl:CDBR rats (12–16 weeks old), were treated with peroxisome proliferator for 21 hr and the medium was assayed for estradiol. The function of the treated Leydig cell was evaluated by measuring the release of testosterone in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). In general, the peroxisome proliferators reduced the hCG-stimulated release of testosterone and either reduced or had no effect on the baseline release of testosterone. Of the 11 peroxisome proliferators, 8 increased the release of estradiol from Leydig cells treated for 1 day. Two more compounds were found to increase estradiol production when the treatment period was extended to 2 days. These effects were seen at noncytotoxic doses and at concentrations similar to those achieved in rat serum in dietary studies. The results suggest that peroxisome proliferators, as a class of compounds, directly modify the steroidogenic function of Leydig cellsin vitro.Some of these compounds are known to produce Leydig cell tumors in rats, but this association has yet to be established for other peroxisome proliferators. This suggests that compounds which directly affect Leydig cell functionin vitromay also induce Leydig cell tumorsin vivo.Further investigations are necessary to address the mechanism for thein vitroeffects on Leydig cells and to clarify the apparent relationship between peroxisome proliferator-induced changes in Leydig cell function and the development of Leydig cell tumors.
Charles Tilly as a Theorist of Nationalism

This paper considers Charles Tilly as an important but underappreciated theorist of nationalism. Tilly’s theory of nationalism emerged from the “bellicist” strand of his earlier work on state-formation and later incorporated a concern with performance, stories, and cultural modeling. Yet despite the turn to culture in Tilly’s later work, his theory of nationalism remained state-centered, materialist, and instrumentalist—a source of both its power and its limitations.
Predictors of Multiple Sexual Partners From Adolescence Through Young Adulthood

Purpose: To examine time-varying associations between predictors of recent multiple sexual partners from middle adolescence through young adulthood. Methods: We examined whether the odds of multiple partners in the past year were differentially predicted by substance use and depression over time, using data from a nationally representative longitudinal study (N ¼ 11,963, 52.2% female, 18.3% African-American, 11.9% Hispanic, 3.5% Asian, 2.6% other race, M age at Wave I ¼ 16.1 years, SD ¼ 1.8). Data were analyzed using the time-varying effect model, which estimates associations between predictors and an outcome as a function of near-continuous time. Results: The proportion of participants having multiple partners increased over time, leveling off at around 30% after age 20. Significant positive associations between substance use and multiple partners were strongest early in adolescence and decreased sharply by around age 18. The significant positive association between depression and sexual behavior weakened with age, remaining significant in young adulthood for women but not men. Conclusions: These findings suggest that factors associated with having multiple recent sexual partners change from middle adolescence through young adulthood. The time-varying effect model can be used to identify risk factors that are especially salient at different ages, thus identifying which age periods may hold the greatest promise for intervention.
Microstructure of Ocean Surface Roughness: A Study of Spatial Measurement and Laboratory Investigation of Modulation Analysis*

Abstract This paper describes a technique to measure the spatial structure of short capillary–gravity waves on the water surface. The method is based on optical refraction of a single laser beam crossing the air–water interface to derive the surface slope information. By quickly scanning the laser beam, the spatial and temporal evolution of the surface undulation can be studied in great detail. The spatial measurement of the surface fluctuation also allows direct computation of the wavenumber spectra in the capillary–gravity wave regime. This approach avoids the difficulty of resolving the Doppler frequency shift encountered in the processing of high-frequency spectra derived from a single-point sensor. The modulation of short waves by the orbital velocity of surface long waves is analyzed from the distribution of the wavenumber spectra of short waves along the phase of long waves. Key parameters determining the modulation magnitude are identified to be the slope of wavenumber spectra in the neighborhood ...
Reaction of Cobalt-Chromium Casting Alloy with Investment

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAREACTION DE ALLIGATO FUSIONAL DE COBALT E CHROMO CON INVESTIMENTO.—AIterationeS chimic occurrente intra le investimento ligate a phosphato durante le prisa e le cocer esseva determinate per technicas a diffraction de radios X. Es postulate le occurrentia de certe reactiones durante le processo. Tests del resistentia al compression effectuate a varie temperaturas corroborava ille postulatos.Esseva trovate al interfacie inter alligato e investimento tres productos de reaction. Immediatemente adjacente al alligato se formava un scalia de color gris sequite de un intimemente adherente scalia de color verde. Esseva etiam trovate intra le investimento areas de un composito de color rubiastre-brun. Le sonda electronic esseva usate pro analysar iste productos.
Evolutionary History and Positional Shift of a Rice Centromere

Rice centromere 8 was previously proposed to be an "immature" centromere that recently arose from a genic region. Our comparative genomics analysis indicates that Cen8 was formed at its current location at least 7-9 million years ago and was physically shifted by a more recent inversion of a segment spanning centromeric and pericentromeric regions.
A model balancing cooperation and competition can explain our right-handed world and the dominance of left-handed athletes

An overwhelming majority of humans are right-handed. Numerous explanations for individual handedness have been proposed, but this population-level handedness remains puzzling. Here, we present a novel mathematical model and use it to test the idea that population-level hand preference represents a balance between selective costs and benefits arising from cooperation and competition in human evolutionary history. We use the selection of elite athletes as a test-bed for our evolutionary model and find evidence for the validity of this idea. Our model gives the first quantitative explanation for the distribution of handedness both across and within many professional sports. It also predicts strong lateralization of hand use in social species with limited combative interaction, and elucidates the absence of consistent population-level 'pawedness' in some animal species.
EDDY: a novel statistical gene set test method to detect differential genetic dependencies

Identifying differential features between conditions is a popular approach to understanding molecular features and their mechanisms underlying a biological process of particular interest. Although many tests for identifying differential expression of gene or gene sets have been proposed, there was limited success in developing methods for differential interactions of genes between conditions because of its computational complexity. We present a method for Evaluation of Dependency DifferentialitY (EDDY), which is a statistical test for differential dependencies of a set of genes between two conditions. Unlike previous methods focused on differential expression of individual genes or correlation changes of individual gene-gene interactions, EDDY compares two conditions by evaluating the probability distributions of dependency networks from genes. The method has been evaluated and compared with other methods through simulation studies, and application to glioblastoma multiforme data resulted in informative cancer and glioblastoma multiforme subtype-related findings. The comparison with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, a differential expression-based method, revealed that EDDY identifies the gene sets that are complementary to those identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. EDDY also showed much lower false positives than Gene Set Co-expression Analysis, a method based on correlation changes of individual gene-gene interactions, thus providing more informative results. The Java implementation of the algorithm is freely available to noncommercial users. Download from: http://biocomputing.tgen.org/software/EDDY.
Adhesion of electrolessly deposited nickel on lead zirconate titanate ceramic

This paper reports on electrolessly deposited Ni onto lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic measured as a function of both the ceramics surface preparation prior to metalization and the plated Ni thickness. A maximum in Ni/PZT interfacial adhesion of approximately 27 kg/cm{sup 2}, as measured by a pull test, occurs when the ceramic grain boundaries are chemically etched, thereby providing points to mechanically anchor the Ni deposit. The adhesion decreases with over-etching as the ceramic grains are undercut and drops off dramatically with increasing plated Ni thickness.
Employment patterns among parents of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

OBJECTIVE To examine the influence of diabetes on the employment patterns of parents of children living with diabetes. STUDY DESIGN A case-control study of 197 families with an IDDM child and 142 control families without IDDM children was conducted. Case families were identified from a population-based diabetes registry. Brothers and sisters of the parents in the IDDM families were asked to participate as controls. Employment rates, absenteeism related to child care, and changes in work status were assessed by means of a questionnaire. Surveys were obtained from 85% of the families (172 case; 118 control). RESULTS No difference was found between the IDDM and control families in the overall rate of employment and changes in work patterns. However, IDDM families were more likely to report absences from work related to child care (58% vs. 45%, P < 0.05). This impact was greatest for the working mothers. The greatest impact of IDDM on employment may be faced by single parents, who reported lower rates of employment and higher rates of absenteeism and changes in work patterns. CONCLUSIONS Families face decisions regarding employment and the appropriate level of care for children with diabetes. These data illustrate that most families with an IDDM child have employment experiences similar to those of families without diabetic children. Larger sample sizes of single parent families are necessary to confirm these findings.
Approximating the rate-distortion region of the distributed source coding for three jointly Gaussian tree-structured sources

The rate-distortion region for the distributed source coding of the three jointly-Gaussian tree-structured sources with the quadratic distortion measure, is characterized within a constant gap. As a simplified counterpart of the Gaussian problem, we first investigate the rate region of a three binary-expanded sources where each pair of the sources have a certain number of the most-significant bits in common, and the central decoder needs to reconstruct each source with a target resolution. Motivated by the result of binary-expansion model, we prove that the achievable region of the quantize-and-binning scheme and the outer-bound of the cooperative scheme has a bounded gap of 2.4771 bits.
In Situ Transmission X-Ray Microscopy of the Lead Sulfate Film Formation on Lead in Sulfuric Acid

Transmission X-ray microscopy is utilized to monitor, in real time, the behavior of the PbSO4 film that is formed on Pb in H2SO4. Images collected from the synchrotron x-rays are coupled with voltammetric data to study the initial formation, the resulting passivation, and the subsequent reduction of the film. It is concluded with support from quartz-crystal-microbalance experiments that the initial formation of PbSO4 crystals occurs as a result of acidic corrosion. In addition, the film is shown to coalesce during the early stages of galvanostatic oxidation and to passivate as a result of morphological changes in the existing film. Finally, it is observed that the passivation process results in the formation of large PbSO4 crystals with low area-to-volume ratios, which are difficult to reduce under both galvanostatic and potentiostatic conditions. © The Author(s) 2014. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any
An interactive codesign environment for domain-specific coprocessors

Energy-efficient embedded systems rely on domain-specific coprocessors for dedicated tasks such as baseband processing, video coding, or encryption. We present a language and design environment called GEZEL that can be used for the design, verification and implementation of such coprocessor-based systems.The GEZEL environment creates a platform simulator by combining a hardware simulation kernel with one or more instruction-set simulators. The hardware part of the platform is programmed in GEZEL, a deterministic, cycle-true and implementation-oriented hardware description language. GEZEL designs are scripted, allowing the hardware configuration of the platform simulator to be changed quickly without going through lengthy recompiles. For this reason, we call the environment interactive. We present the execution ladder as an optimization framework to balance interactivity against simulation speed.We demonstrate our approach using several designs including an AES encryption coprocessor and a Viterbi decoding coprocessor. We discuss the advantages of our approach as opposed to more conventional approaches using SystemC and Verilog/VHDL.
Case Study: Differences Between US And International Financial Statements

This case examines the differences in format and terminology in financial statements between US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Students download the financial statements of two different companies in the same industry; i.e., Nokia (reporting under IFRS) and Motorola (reporting under US GAAP). Questions related to the differences in format and terminology are addressed.
Umbrella Clauses in Bilateral Investment Treaties: Of Breaches of Contract, Treaty Violations, and the Divide Between Developing and Developed Countries in Foreign Investment Disputes

The article attached looks at the phenomena of umbrella clauses in bilateral investment treaties, and examines how they can affect otherwise independent investment contracts between host States and foreign investors by moving State-investor disputes out of domestic courts and into international arbitral tribunals. In doing so, it demonstrates how the application of the umbrella clause not only illuminates the differences between breaches of contract and treaty violations, but also reveals the long-standing and continuing conflict between the investment interests of developing and developed countries.
Small intestinal capsaicin-sensitive afferents mediate feedback inhibition of gastric emptying in rats

Functional studies have implied the existence of small intestinal receptive mechanisms for components of chyme to mediate feedback inhibition of gastric function. However, it is not known if the sensors are in the wall of the small intestine or located at another site. The present studies evaluated the localization of receptive mechanisms mediating intestinal feedback inhibition of gastric emptying by functional ablation of intestinal capsaicin-sensitive afferents. Perfusion of the small intestine of conscious rats with hydrochloric acid (0.1 N; total amount 50 meq), glucose (1 M; total amount 90 mg), or a lipid emulsion (Intralipid 10%; total amount 50 mg) inhibited gastric emptying. One to 7 days after perfusion of the intestine with capsaicin (3.6 mumol), feedback inhibition of gastric emptying produced by acid, glucose, or lipid was inhibited 100, 59, and 42%, respectively. We conclude that acid-induced inhibition of gastric emptying is mediated entirely by small intestinal capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons and that a major portion of the glucose-induced inhibition of gastric emptying is mediated by small intestinal afferents. However, only a minor part of the response to lipid is mediated by this pathway.
A Systematic Approach for Aligning ODE and Agent-Based Models: Application to Epidemiological Modeling

Recent researchers active in the field of agent-based modeling have called for the alignment, or ‘docking,’ of models which simulate the same system using different techniques. Addressing this need, the present article details a systematic approach for docking models described by (nonlinear) ordinary differential equations with analogous models employing autonomous agents — i.e., agent-based models (ABMs). In particular, the approach is demonstrated by example for an epidemiological SEIR (Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Recovered) ODE model with a newly-developed agent-based model. The ABM is designed such that the assumptions present in the ODE model are matched by the actions of the ABM agents and the model. In addition, less-than-transparent coefficients present in the ODE model are examined via difference equations and then mapped to appropriate agent behavior. The result is very good agreement in comparisons made between ODE and ABM model-generated time-histories — i.e., successful alignment. It is anticipated that the systematic alignment approach described herein should be useful for aligning ODE and ABM models in other fields of study — e.g., Lanchester ODE combat models vice ABM combat models.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
MIXED AGGUTINATION WITH CELL CULTURES IN RABBIT HOMOTRANSPLANTATION.

SummaryMixed agglutination tests using cell cultures have been applied to the study of antibodies accompanying skin homograft in rabbits. Transplantation sera were incubated with lung or kidney cell cultures. Binding of antibody was demonstrated by an indicator consisting of sheep erythrocytes sensitized by rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and agglutinated by goat antiserum against rabbit serum. Positive reactions were obtained with sera of all recipients tested. The reactions usually became positive five weeks after the first graft and increased in strength after the second graft. Transplantation sera combined with cell cultures originating from the donor animal and some other unrelated rabbits, but they fail to act upon the recipient's own cell cultures.
Genetic disease: an overview of current therapy.

The main practical achievement of the “new” genetics is not a great leap forward in treatment but rather an enhanced understanding of the problems involved in devising effective therapies. These gains include a more rational classification of genetic diseases, a more detailed picture of their pathology, and a more precise definition of the interventions that may be possible.