cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Au Ohmic Contacts to P-Type Hg1-xCdxTe Utilizing Thin Interfacial Layers

Ohmic behavior is observed in electroless Au contacts to p -type Hg1−xCdxTe. Our investigation of the interfacial chemistry of such contacts suggest that this ohmic behavior may be due to the presence of a Te,O, and CI layer. To verify this correlation with interfacial chemistry, thin plasma oxide layers were used in evaporated Au contacts. The annealed plasma oxidized contacts exhibited low contact resistances. This behavior was attributed to a low interface state density at the interfacial layer/Hg1−xCdxTe interface. In comparison, as-deposited and annealed Au contacts without a thin interfacial layer were rectifying with a large barrier height.
On a Probabilistic View of Commonality for Product Evolution and Reuse

Product line commonality has been claimed to be a means to improving efficiency in design and manufacturing of multiple products. Numerous metrics exist in the literature to quantify the level of commonality in a product line. It remains unclear how and why commonality should be measured and accounted for in product design. In this paper, four desired properties of commonality indices are identified: scalability, ability to incorporate subjective information, ease of updating of the index when new information becomes available and applicability in assessing reuse potential. We propose metrics based on a probability based interpretation of commonality to account for these requirements. With the use of results in probability theory we show how the metric exhibits properties missing in other metrics proposed in the literature. The metric also takes into account generations of products easily and can be used to measure their reusability. We demonstrate the method using a slider-crank mechanism product line example.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Chronic Kidney Disease and Pregnancy: Maternal and Fetal Outcomes

Chronic kidney disease complicates an increasing number of pregnancies, and at least 4% of childbearing-aged women are afflicted by this condition. Although diabetic nephropathy is the most common type of chronic kidney disease found in pregnant women, a variety of other primary and systemic kidney diseases also commonly occur. In the setting of mild maternal primary chronic kidney disease (serum creatinine <1.3 mg/dL) without poorly controlled hypertension, most pregnancies result in live births and maternal kidney function is unaffected. In cases of more moderate and severe maternal primary chronic kidney disease, the incidence of fetal prematurity, low birth weight, and death increase substantially, and the risk of accelerated irreversible decline in maternal kidney function, proteinuria, and hypertensive complications rise dramatically. In addition to kidney function, maternal hypertension and proteinuria portend negative outcomes and are important factors to consider when risk stratifying for fetal and maternal complications. In the setting of diabetic nephropathy and lupus nephropathy, other systemic disease features such as disease activity, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, and glycemic control play important roles in determining pregnancy outcomes. Concomitant with advances in obstetrical management and kidney disease treatments, it appears that the historically dismal maternal and fetal outcomes have greatly improved.
Radiative Z0 Production: A Method for Neutrino Counting in e+ e- Collisions

Abstract Radiative Z0 production in e+e− collisions is analyzed as a method of measuring the partial width of the Z0 for decay into neutrinos and thus determining if there exist low mass neutral leptons beyond the three now known (νe,νμ,ντ). The conditions for observing the γν ν final state are analyzed and background cross sections are determined. We conclude that the experiment is feasible and requires relatively modest apparatus.
Verbal and nonverbal short‐term memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in healthy elderly subjects

Short‐term memory (STM) deteriorates with the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of the present study was to characterize this decline by examining component processes of STM. Accordingly, AD patients whose dementia ranged from mild to severe and healthy, age‐matched subjects received the Brown‐Peterson distractor task, in which class of material (verbal and nonverbal), number of memoranda (one, two, and three), and agent of forgetting (time and distraction) were manipulated. Healthy elderly subjects showed the expected pattern of performance: When distraction was present, forgetting was greater with longer retention intervals and larger memory loads; when distraction was absent, recall was perfect. AD patients showed significant forgetting at shorter intervals and with smaller memory loads than healthy elderly subjects when distraction was present; without distraction, AD patients' recall of nonverbal (but not verbal) material was impaired, which may be attributable to the greater diffi...
AlGaN/GaN Heterostructure Field Effect Transistors for High Temperature Hydrogen Sensing with Enhanced Sensitivity

AlGaN heterostructure field effect transistors (HFETs) have demonstrated superior sensitivity for high temperature hydrogen sensing. The sensitivity of HFETs at high temperatures under 1000 ppm or higher H2 concentrations is more than three orders higher than that of Schottky diodes. The device sensitivity peaks at the gate bias of threshold voltage and at the drain bias of knee voltage in sensing gas.
Sectorial root growth in cuttings of Coleus rehneltianus in response to localized aerial defoliation

Asymmetries in root growth in response to localized aerial defoliation were examined in Coleus rehneltianus (Lamiaceae). We confirmed that assimilate transport was sectorial by examining the distribution of 14C-labeled carbohydrates following a 24-h chase period. Integrated physiological units (IPUs), or sectors, extended from the leaves into the roots, and this was reflected in the differential growth of roots following artificial defoliation of part of the leaf canopy. When defoliation was localized within leaves or leaf halves within sectors, roots grew asymmetrically, with decreased root growth in defoliated sectors. Three root populations were identified by their location and growth responses: stem side, stem corner, and bottom side roots, and asymmetric growth was observed in all three populations. Only the growth of stem corner roots, which made up 35–90% of dry mass of the total root population, was influenced by the pattern of aerial defoliation. In contrast, asymmetries in the growth of the other two root populations appeared to reflect the distribution of leaf biomass prior to defoliation.
An orderly lattice of axial tubules which interconnect adjacent transverse tubules in guinea-pig ventricular myocardium.

Abstract Electron microscopy of guineapig heart muscle (ventricular) shows that large-diameter axial tubules are present in between the myofibrils. There is free communication between the lumina of these axial tubules and the transverse tubules. This transverse-axial tubular system forms an interconnected orderly network of “intracellular” tubules lined with basement membrane and open to the bulk interstitial fluid. Micropinocytotic-like vesicles are found along the axial tubules as well as the transverse tubules. Electron-opaque diffusion tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase (diameter of about 55 A) and colloidal thorium dioxide (diameter of 60 A) readily enter into these tubules. This tubular lattice occupies a large fraction of the cell volume (> 7.7%), and this fraction increases in hypertonic solutions due to swelling of the transverse-axial system. A network of closed or small SR sarcotubules into which tracer does not penetrate are also present surrounding the myofibrils, and often this system is in close proximity to the transverse-axial system. The transverse-axial tubular system is absent in the guinea-pig atrial muscle, but these cells do contain a closed SR sarcotubular system. Thus, in the ventricular cells the myofibrils and mitochondria have close access to a space that is continuous with the bulk interstitial fluid and which may be of similar cationic composition; such an arrangement should facilitate excitation-contraction coupling.
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in mammary tumor progression in FVB Neu transgenic mice

Female mice transgenic for the rat proto-oncogene c-erb-B2, under control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter (neuN), spontaneously develop metastatic mammary carcinomas. The development of these mammary tumors is associated with increased number of GR-1+CD11b+ myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the peripheral blood (PB), spleen and tumor. We report a complex relationship between tumor growth, MDSCs and immune regulatory molecules in non-mutated neu transgenic mice on a FVB background (FVB-neuN). The first and second tumors in FVB-neuN mice develop at a median of 265 (147–579) and 329 (161–523) days, respectively, resulting in a median survival time (MST) of 432 (201 to >500) days. During tumor growth, significantly increased number of MDSCs is observed in the PB and spleen, as well as, in infiltrating the mammary tumors. Our results demonstrate a direct correlation between tumor size and the number of MDSCs infiltrating the tumor and an inverse relationship between the frequency of CD4+ T-cells and MDSCs in the spleen. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assessment of enzyme and cytokine transcript levels in the spleen, tumor, tumor-infiltrating non-parenchymal cells (NPCs) and mammary glands revealed a significant increase in transcript levels from grossly normal mammary glands and tumor-infiltrating NPCs during tumor progression. Tumor NPCs, as compared to spleen cells from wild-type (w/t) mice, expressed significantly higher levels of arginase-1 (ARG-1), nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and significantly lower levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-2 and fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) transcript levels. Transcript levels in the spleens of tumor-bearing (TB) mice also differed from normal mice, although to a lesser extent than transcript levels from tumor-infiltrating NPCs. Furthermore, both spleen cells and NPCs from TB mice, but not control mice, suppressed alloantigen responses by syngeneic control spleen cells. Correlative studies revealed that the number of MDSCs in the spleen was directly associated with granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) transcript levels in the spleen; while the number of MDSCs in the tumors was directly correlated with splenic granulocyte macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF) transcript levels, tumor volume and tumor cell number. Together our results support a role for MDSCs in tumor initiation and progressive, T-cell depression and loss of function provide evidence which support multiple mechanisms of MDSC expansion in a site-dependent manner.
Searching for Legibility

Legibility has been ineffective as a predictor of environmental preference primarily because of its correlation with another predictor, coherence. The authors tried to separate the two predictors by careful selection of field/forest settings and by using nontraditional definitions. The alternate definitions emphasized landmarks (for legibility) and the two-dimensional picture plane (for coherence). These strategies proved unsuccessful for the entire sample of settings. However, when an empirically derived subset of forest settings was examined, the desired pattern of relations among the traditionally defined constructs was found: Legibility had a slightly stronger correlation with preference than coherence, and legibility was clearly the stronger predictor in regression models that included several predictors. Post hoc analyses involving openness suggested visual access is a major component of legibility in forest settings. The authors now believe the forest setting category is a good domain for establish...
Chromatin modification of chick embryo cells during in vitro senescence

Abstract Chromatin proteins extracted from cultured chick fibroblasts in culture at various stages, from early growth to senescence were compared in terms of metabolic behavior, and the whole chromatin fractions compared with regard to limited aspects of composition, structure and function (circular dichroism and template activity). Double labelling experiments indicated relative differences in labelling of histone and non-histone (acidic) proteins when comparing confluent young and senescent cells. No differences were noted between the whole chromatins with respect to spectral characteristics or template activity.
Dynein drives nuclear rotation during forward progression of motile fibroblasts

During directed cell migration, the movement of the nucleus is coupled to the forward progression of the cell. The microtubule motor cytoplasmic dynein is required for both cell polarization and cell motility. Here, we investigate the mechanism by which dynein contributes to directed migration. Knockdown of dynein slows protrusion of the leading edge and causes defects in nuclear movements. The velocity of nuclear migration was decreased in dynein knockdown cells, and nuclei were mislocalized to the rear of motile cells. In control cells, we observed that wounding the monolayer stimulated a dramatic induction of nuclear rotations at the wound edge, reaching velocities up to 8.5 degrees/minute. These nuclear rotations were significantly inhibited in dynein knockdown cells. Surprisingly, centrosomes do not rotate in concert with the nucleus; instead, the centrosome remains stably positioned between the nucleus and the leading edge. Together, these results suggest that dynein contributes to migration in two ways: (1) maintaining centrosome centrality by tethering microtubule plus ends at the cortex; and (2) maintaining nuclear centrality by asserting force directly on the nucleus.
Effects of stimulus speed on direction discriminations.

Abstract Difference thresholds for the direction of movement of moving isotropic dot patterns were measured over a wide range of stimulus speeds. These measurements were made in human subjects, in normal cats and in visually deprived cats with abnormalities in neuronal directional response. For all subjects, direction thresholds were inversely related to stimulus speed at low drift rates. Above a “critical speed”, direction thresholds were independent of stimulus speed. Between group differences in critical speed parallel differences in visual acuity and absolute thresholds for direction of motion. However, asymptotic direction thresholds appear to be unrelated to acuity and motion detection thresholds. It is argued that the basis for the differences in asymptotic direction thresholds between the groups are differences in properties of directional mechanisms.
Co-expression of alternatively spliced forms of PAX3, PAX7, PAX3-FKHR and PAX7-FKHR with distinct DNA binding and transactivation properties in rhabdomyosarcoma

PAX3 and PAX7 encode transcription factors implicated in the pathogenesis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), including alveolar RMS in which chromosomal translocations generate PAX3-FKHR and PAX7-FKHR fusions. Previous studies of wild-type PAX3 and PAX7 identified alternative splicing events that modify the paired box and generate 2 isoforms of PAX3 (Q+ and Q−) and 4 isoforms of PAX7 (Q+GL+, Q+GL−, Q−GL+, Q−GL−). In our study, we investigated alternative splicing of the wild-type and fusion forms of PAX3 and PAX7 in alveolar and embryonal RMS and assessed the functional implications. For PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR, the Q+ and Q− isoforms were consistently co-expressed in RMS tumors with slightly higher levels of the Q+ isoform. For PAX7 and PAX7-FKHR, there was a consistent pattern of co-expression of the 4 isoforms in RMS tumors: Q+GL− > Q+GL+ ≥ Q−GL− > Q−GL+. DNA binding analysis demonstrated that PAX3 and PAX3-FKHR Q− isoforms exhibit higher affinity than corresponding Q+ isoforms for class I sites and no difference for class II sites. For PAX7 and PAX7-FKHR, the relative affinity was Q−GL− > Q+GL− > Q−GL+ ≥ Q+GL+ for class I sites and Q−GL−, Q+GL− > Q−GL+, Q+GL+ for class II sites. Finally, the transcriptional activities of the PAX3-FKHR and PAX7-FKHR isoforms on reporter plasmids varied over a 5-fold and 50-fold range, respectively, in accord with the differences in DNA binding activity. In conclusion, these studies reveal that PAX3, PAX7 and their fusions with FKHR are each expressed in RMS tumors as a consistent mixture of functionally distinct isoforms. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors by chlorinated hydrocarbons and endogenous steroids.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and related hydrocarbons constitute an important class of environmental pollutants whose adverse effects on liver, kidney, and other tissues may, in part, be mediated by per...
General Rules in the Moral Theories of Smith and Hume

Adam Smith and David Hume agree that first-level general rules of morality may be discovered by induction, and that reflection on these rules may influence human behavior. But Hume thinks a deeper, second level of moral general rules may also be discovered, and used to correct erroneous first-level rules (which correction is a practice followed by the wise). Thus on Hume's view, some reasoned reflection may be needed in order to feel the proper moral sentiment (which sentiment would preferably then be internalized). Smith holds that, because of human inclination toward selfishness, first-level moral rules should be habitually used to override immediate impulse in the motivation of behavior. This is a valuable habit, but since most people are not able to form such rules for themselves, it is a good idea for them to follow moral rules provided by religion. There is something respectable, according to Smith, in sincerely following flawed moral rules provided by religion. Hume disagrees, holding that it is fo...
Model Reduction in the Computational Modeling of Reaction Systems

The underlying assumption for most lumping techniques is that the reduced models must be valid for the entire composition space. This is a harsh requirement that often limits the models that are generated. The scheme that is presented here uses the inherent structure of reaction systems to divide the composition space into regions. Within each region, the order-of-magnitude relationships that exist between terms in the rate equations are used to systematically reduce the order and coupling of the model. The full system is then described through piecewise combination of these simpler, region-specific models. Although these reduced models are based on assumptions that make them invalid globally, they are accurate within the regions for which they have been crafted.
Gestational vitamin A deficiency: A novel cause of sensorineural hearing loss in the developing world?

Hearing loss is a substantial public health problem with profound social and economic consequences in the developing world. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 360 million people living with disabling hearing loss globally, and 80% of these individuals are from low- and middle-income countries. The epidemiology of hearing impairment remains poorly defined in most impoverished societies. Middle ear infections in childhood are a key determinant; however, congenital anomalies may also comprise an important etiology and may arise from gestational malnutrition. While evidence exists that preventable vitamin A deficiency exacerbates the severity of ear infections and, consequently, hearing loss, antenatal vitamin A deficiency during sensitive periods of fetal development may represent an etiologically distinct and virtually unexplored causal pathway. Evidence from multiple animal systems clearly shows that fetal inner ear development requires adequate vitamin A nutriture to proceed normally. Inner ear malformations occur in experimentally imposed maternal vitamin A deficiency in multiple species in a dose–response manner. These anomalies are likely due to the loss of retinoic acid-dependent regulation of both hindbrain development and otic morphogenic processes. Based on in vivo evidence in experimental animals, we hypothesize that preventable gestational vitamin A deficiency, especially during early stages of fetal development, may predispose offspring to inner ear malformations and sensorineural hearing loss. As vitamin A deficiency affects an estimated 20 million pregnant women globally, we hypothesize that, in undernourished settings, routine provision of supplemental vitamin A at the recommended allowance throughout pregnancy may promote normal inner ear development and reduce risk of an as yet unknown fraction of sensorineural hearing loss. If our hypothesis proves correct, gestational vitamin A deficiency would represent a potentially preventable etiology of sensorineural hearing loss of substantial public health significance.
Response to a set of comments on heterojunction discontinuities

Replies are given to three recent comments concerning heterojunction band structure. It is shown that each of these are partially correct and partially incorrect. It is further shown that a forthcoming new model will make the current controversy unnecessary.
The effects of alcohol and drug abuse on the skin

Skin changes associated with alcohol and drug abuse can be the earliest clinical manifestation of these disorders. The signs associated with these conditions may be distinctive and easily recognizable. Alcohol abuse can present with jaundice, pruritus, hyperpigmentation, and urticaria. Commonly associated vascular changes include spider telangiectasias, angiomas, caput medusas, flushing, and palmar erythema. Disease states related to alcohol abuse include psoriasis, porphyria cutanea tarda, and nutritional deficiencies. Alcohol abuse may predispose to the development of carcinomas of the skin, oropharynx, liver, pancreas, and breast. Cutaneous signs of drug abuse include skin granulomas, ulcerations, and recurrent infections. Specifically, oral disease and tooth decay are examples of stigmata often associated with methamphetamine abuse, a popular and inexpensive drug now on the scene. By being cognizant of these cutaneous markers of alcohol and drug abuse, dermatologists are often in the unique position of being able to recognize these changes, prompting early diagnosis and intervention, hopefully resulting in a better clinical outcome for these troubled patients and their families.
Ab initio calculations on the structure and properties of hexagonal boron nitrides

Abstract Ab initio calculations were performed on stacked hexagonal boron nitride ( h -BN) rings, (B 3 N 3 ) n [ n = 1–10]. These species were investigated using Hartree–Fock, Moller–Plesset second-order perturbation theory and density-functional theory methods with the 6–31 G ( d ) basis set. Geometry optimizations were performed followed by frequency calculations. These structures are stable using gas phase molecular orbital theory and are extremely high in energy. Semiconducting behavior was not found as determined through quantum mechanical calculations. Estimates of bond dissociation energies between rings were found to be ∼700 kJ mol −1 . Electron density contour plots elucidate bonding patterns where some p-like character is mixed and covalent bonding is overwhelmingly observed.
Purification and characterization of the 3′-nucleotidase/nuclease from promastigotes of Leishmania donovani

Abstract The surface membrane-associated 3′-nucleotidase/nuclease (3′-N′ase) of Leishmania donovani has been purified from detergent extracted promastigotes by anion and cation exchange, lectin affinity and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified enzyme preparation revealed a 43-kDa polypeptide as well as faster migrating bands. These bands co-migrated, following both one- and two-dimensional electrophoretic analyses, with enzyme activity as determined by an in situ 3′-nucleotidase gel activity assay. It is suggested that the lower molecular weight species arise during purification as a result of proteolytic cleavage of the intact 43-kDa enzyme. The 3′-N′ase exhibited a pI of 5.4, as revealed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The glycoprotein nature of the 3′-N′ase was suggested by its binding to concanavalin A and by its electrophoretic shift following incubation with N -glycanase R . In nucleotidase and nuclease assays, the 3′-N′ase was most active with 3′-AMP and poly(A), respectively. Both nucleotidase and nuclease activities exhibited broad pH optima with peaks at 8.5 and 7.5, respectively. At pH 8.5 nucleotidase activity was inhibited by EDTA, Zn 2+ and thiols, but was insensitive to tartrate, molybdate and fluoride ions, commonly used inhibitors of phosphatases. The properties of the leishmanial 3′-N′ases was similar to the 3′-N′ase purified from purine-starved Crithidia luciliae , a related trypanosomatid protozoan, and to a group of nucleases from fungi and germinating plant seedlings.
Weak interactions of supersymmetric staus at high energies

Neutrino telescopes may have the potential to detect the quasistable staus predicted by some supersymmetric models. Detection depends on stau electromagnetic energy loss and weak interactions. We present results for the weak interactions contribution to the energy loss of high energy staus as they pass through rock. We show that the neutral-current weak interaction contribution is much smaller than photonuclear energy loss, however, the charged-current contribution may become dominant process above an energy of {approx}10{sup 9} GeV. As a consequence, the stau range may be reduced above {approx}10{sup 9} GeV as compared to the range neglecting weak interactions. We contrast this with the case of tau range, which is barely changed with the inclusion of charged-current interactions.
The influence of grain boundary geometry on intergranular crack propagation in Ni3Al

The distribution of grain boundary types along intergranular cracks in Ni[sub 3]Al was measured, by [Sigma] value, and compared to the distribution in the bulk, using statistically significant sample sizes. It was found that low angle ([Sigma] 1) and symmetrical [Sigma]3 boundaries (twins) are particularly strong, and all high angle boundaries, independent of their [Sigma] values are weak. In particular, low [Sigma], high angle boundaries, as a group, are also weak. These results are in qualitative agreement with predictions based on the structural unit model and imply that the fracture strength of an intergranularly brittle polycrystalline aggregate can be increased only by increasing the fraction of low angle and symmetrical [Sigma]3 boundaries.
Improving Psychologic Adjustment to Chronic Illness in Cardiac Patients: The Role of Depression and Anxiety

BACKGROUND: Poor mood adjustment to chronic medical illness is often accompanied by decrements in function.
Diffusion of Polystyrene Latex Spheres through Isotropic Rigid Rod Polymer Solutions

The diffusion of highly cross-linked polystyrene latex spheres of radii 0.152 and 0.208 μm through solutions of poly(γ-benzyl-l- glutamate) (PBLG) has been studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The solvent used was dimethylformamide (DMF), in which PBLG adopts a rigid rodlike α-helical conformation. Tracer diffusion coefficients of the spheres in solutions of long rods (L ≈ 159 nm) were larger than predicted from the Stokes−Einstein equation. These positive deviations from the Stokes−Einstein equation are consistent with the theory of Auvray (J. Phys. 1981, 42, 79), which predicts the presence of a rod monomer depletion layer locally surrounding the spheres that extends a distance ≈ L from the surface of the sphere. The results are also consistent with the experimental work of others concerning depletion of stiff polymers near surfaces. Sphere tracer diffusion coefficients in solutions of smaller rods (L ≈ 48 nm) approximately follow the Stokes−Einstein equation. In this system, depletion effects are...
Evaluation of advanced retrieval techniques in an experimental online catalog

Research on the use and users of online catalogs conducted in the early 1980s found that subject searches were the most common form of online catalog search. At the same time, many of the problems experienced by online catalog users have been traced to difficulties with the subject access mechanisms of the online catalog. A stream of research has concentrated on appplying retrieval techniques derived from information retrieval techniques derived from information retrieval (IR) research to replace the Boolean search methods of conventional online catalog systems. This study describes the results of retrieval tests using a variety of these search methods in the CHESHIRE experimental online catalog system.
In pursuit of the gene: an interview with James Schwartz.

A few years ago, a friend suggested I take a look at a new book on the history of genetics written by independent scholar James Schwartz. Since my appetite for this kind of thing appears insatiable, I ordered the book and devoured it over a weekend. In In Pursuit of the Gene, Schwartz examines the brilliance of Mendel and Darwin; eavesdrops on the debates of Galton, Bateson, Pearson, Wendel, and De Vries; alights in the fly room of the early Drosophilists Morgan, Sturtevant, and Bridges; and settles at last on the highly unsettled Hermann Muller. This book is a must-read for anyone who is curious about genetics, and that means you, dear reader!
Using hybrid parallelism to improve memory use in the Uintah framework

The Uintah Software framework was developed to provide an environment for solving fluid-structure interaction problems on structured adaptive grids on large-scale, long-running, data-intensive problems. Uintah uses a combination of fluid-flow solvers and particle-based methods for solids together with a novel asynchronous task-based approach with fully automated load balancing. Uintah's memory use associated with ghost cells and global meta-data has become a barrier to scalability beyond O(100K) cores. A hybrid memory approach that addresses this issue is described and evaluated. The new approach based on a combination of Pthreads and MPI is shown to greatly reduce memory usage as predicted by a simple theoretical model, with comparable CPU performance.
Reconfigurable Flight Control Designs With Application to the X-33 Vehicle

Two methods for control system reconfiguration have been investigated. The first method is a robust servomechanism control approach (optimal tracking problem) that is a generalization of the classical proportional-plus-integral control to multiple input-multiple output systems. The second method is a control-allocation approach based on a quadratic programming formulation. A globally convergent fixed-point iteration algorithm has been developed to make onboard implementation of this method feasible. These methods have been applied to reconfigurable entry flight control design for the X-33 vehicle. Examples presented demonstrate simultaneous tracking of angle-of-attack and roll angle commands during failures of the right body flap actuator. Although simulations demonstrate success of the first method in most cases, the control-allocation method appears to provide uniformly better performance in all cases.
Brain prostaglandin formation is increased by α-synuclein gene-ablation during global ischemia

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that α-synuclein (Snca) gene ablation reduces brain arachidonic acid (20:4 n − 6) turnover rate in phospholipids through modulation of endoplasmic reticulum-localized acyl-CoA synthetase activity. Although 20:4 n − 6 is a precursor for prostaglandin (PG), Snca effect on PG levels is unknown. In the present study, we examined the effect of Snca ablation on brain PG level at basal conditions and following 30 s of global ischemia. Brain PG were extracted with methanol, purified on C 18 cartridges, and analyzed by LC–MS/MS. We demonstrate, for the first time, that Snca gene ablation did not affect brain PG mass under normal physiological conditions. However, total PG mass and masses of individual PG were elevated ∼2-fold upon global ischemia in the absence of Snca. These data are consistent with our previously observed reduction in 20:4 n − 6 recycling through endoplasmic reticulum-localized acyl-CoA synthetase in the absence of Snca, which may result in the increased 20:4 n − 6 availability for PG production in the absence of Snca during global ischemia and suggest a role for Snca in brain inflammatory response.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ depletion in adult skeletal muscle fibres measured with the biosensor D1ER

The endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) plays a crucial role in cytoplasmic signalling in a variety of cells. It is particularly relevant to skeletal muscle fibres, where this organelle constitutes the main Ca2+ store for essential functions, such as contraction. In this work, we expressed the cameleon biosensor D1ER by in vivo electroporation in the mouse flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) muscle to directly assess SR Ca2+ depletion in response to electrical and pharmacological stimulation. The main conclusions are: (1) D1ER is expressed in the SR of FDB fibres according to both di-8-(amino naphthyl ethenyl pyridinium) staining experiments and reductions in the Forster resonance energy transfer signal consequent to SR Ca2+ release; (2) the amplitude of D1ER citrine/cyan fluorescent protein (CFP) ratio evoked by either 4-chloro-m-cresol (4-CmC) or electrical stimulation is directly proportional to the basal citrine/CFP ratio, which indicates that SR Ca2+ modulates ryanodine-receptor-isoform-1-mediated SR Ca2+ release in the intact muscle fibre; (3) SR Ca2+ release, measured as D1ER citrine/CFP signal, is voltage-dependent and follows a Boltzmann function; and (4) average SR Ca2+ depletion is 20% in response to 4-CmC and 6.4% in response to prolonged sarcolemmal depolarization. These results indicate that significantly depleting SR Ca2+ content under physiological conditions is difficult.
Theoretical development of the information preservation method for strongly nonequilibrium gas flows

*† The information preservation method is a particle technique for nonequilibrium gas flows with low statistical fluctuations. The foundation of the information preservation method is derived theoretically in this study. First, the evolution of the average information is obtained using Maxwell’s equation of change. Then, the update of individual particle information is assumed to follow the governing equation of the average information. Two approaches are proposed to evaluate the statistical terms appeared in the governing equations. Namely, the local thermodynamic equilibrium approach and the flux splitting approach. It is found that the flux splitting approach is better, and can predict the shock structure of normal shock waves and the temperature distribution of thermal Couette flows for all Knudsen numbers.
Photodynamic therapy for mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma and dysplastic Barrett's esophagus.

Photodynamic therapy is a novel endoscopic technique that combines a photosensitizer and laser light to destroy target cells. Photodynamic therapy has been used in Europe, North Africa and Japan to tr
Raman and NIR Spectroscopic Methods for Determination of Total Dietary Fiber in Cereal Foods: A Comparative Study

Partial least-squares regression (PLSR) was used to generate three Raman and three near-infrared reflectance (NIRR) models for the spectroscopic determination of total dietary fiber (TDF) of a wide variety of cereal foods. To allow comparison of the spectral techniques, both analyses used the same sets of samples ( n = 63, n cal val = 63). Six models were optimized by full leave-one-out cross-validation (CV), including a smoothed, a first-, and a second-derivative model for each spectral technique. Both kinds of raw spectral data required correction of interfering baseline and amplitude variations. Derivative preprocessing generally reduced the number of latent variables (LVs) for both spectral types and significantly reduced the CV error of the Raman models. The derivative treatments enhanced the influence of select vibrational-bandwidth-sized features in the Raman data (64-84 cm-1). The Savitzky-Golay derivative calculation method was better for the NIRR data, while the gap-difference method was better for the Raman data, which had a higher level of baseline noise. Raman models required 6 to 9 latent variables while NIRR models required 10 to 14 LVs. The rootmean-squared CV model errors were 2-2.3% TDF for all six models, and the three Raman models had root-mean-squared prediction errors (RMSEPs) in the range 2.8-3.2% TDF, with the best model being generated from second-derivative data. First-derivative data provided the best NIRR model, and for all three NIRR models the RMSEP spanned 2.4-2.9%. For some types of samples, it is suggested that the Raman method is limited by its sampling technique and could be improved with more densely packed, larger-area specimens. The regression vectors of the Raman models seem more easily interpretable than NIRR models. Either spectral method appears capable of acheiving an acceptable level of error; TDF reference method precision was 0.68% TDF, while the product label information had an error of 2.8% TDF relative to the reference.
Phase II trial of doxil for patients with metastatic melanoma refractory to frontline therapy.

Treatment options for patients with stage IV melanoma are limited. Based on differences in the toxicity and activity profiles of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (doxil) compared to standard doxorubicin, we have conducted a phase II trial of doxil for patients with metastatic melanoma. Doxil was administered as a 60-90 min intravenous infusion every 21 days. The starting dose was 60 mg/m 2 for the initial nine patients, but was subsequently reduced to 50 mg/m 2 for the remainder due to toxicity issues. Thirty-two patients were enrolled in the trial. Ninety-one percent had received prior systemic therapy. There were no complete responses and two partial responses for an overall response rate of 6%. The dominant side effects included hand-foot syndrome, rash (occasionally severe), and stomatitis, consistent with reports from other trials using similar doses and schedules. We conclude that doxil does not demonstrate sufficient activity in metastatic melanoma to warrant further investigation into its use in this setting.
Protein composition of polyoma virus.

Abstract The protein coat of polyoma virus can be dissociated into subunits of uniform molecular size by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate and mercaptoethanol at elevated temperature and pH. The subunit preparations show one band migrating toward the anode on acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 9.0, and a single peak by sucrose gradient centrifugation. A single precipitin arc is obtained when subunit preparations react with rabbit antiserum by double diffusion in agar. The diffusion constant of the protein has been estimated to be 6.6 × 10−6 cm2 sec−1 when measured by immunodiffusion. An estimated molecular weight of 50,200 was obtained for the subunit protein by equilibrium sedimentation determinations. This value agrees well with the value of 46,000 which was calculated for the molecular weight of the subunits from chemical composition data and the assumption that the virus capsid is composed of identical protein subunits arranged according to the Caspar-Klug theory of virus structure. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis at acid pH has provided evidence that the polyoma virions contain an internal basic polypeptide, comprising about 10% of the total virus protein. Capsid preparations do not contain this component.
Premicellar aggregates of Rose Bengal with cationic and zwitterionic surfactants

Abstract Transition from non-micellar to micellar Rose Bengal (RB) may involve little known species which are usually called dye-rich-micelles or premicellar aggregates (PAs). We have studied the PAs formed between RB and a series of surfactants with a zwitterionic alkylsulfobetaine functionality, SB- X , where X = 8, 10, 12, 14 or 16 carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. We have compared these aggregates to those formed between RB and the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride. In most of the PAs studied, the formation of aggregates broadened and redshifted (∼10 nm) Rose Bengal's absorption and fluorescence, and decreased the intensity compared to the absorption and fluorescence bands of free RB in water. Such properties are characteristic of J-aggregates in which the RB molecules are loosely organized in a ‘head-to-tail’ fashion. The formation of all PAs containing RB was increased by the addition of salts producting water-soluble aggregates. Addition of salts such as KCl, Na 2 SO 4 or MgCl 2 (0.2–1.5 M) to the PAs formed exclusively between RB and SB-12 induced the formation of novel J-aggregates in which the dye absorption band was very narrow, red-shifted by 37 nm, and almost three times more intense. The novel PAs are stable in solution and even co-existed with RB in SB-12 micelles at high salt concentrations. They were not formed by eosine or salts having large polarizable anions such as ClO 4 − or I − . They also were not formed with other surfactants, except when SB-10 was used instead of SB-12 in MgSO 4 solution. The spectral properties of RB in novel J-PAs indicate a higher level of molecular organization, which may lead to free exciton transitions between the dye molecules as a result of strong dipole-dipole coupling. Our results also confirm that the formation of hydrophobic ion pairs between the RB dianion and the cationic center in surfactant molecules initiates premicellar aggregation (Bilski et al., J. Phys. Chem., 95 (1991) 5784). Some of the resultant salt-induced PAs must be highly structured, which strongly affects the spectral properties of Rose Bengal.
Narrow-Bandwidth Tunable Infrared Difference-Frequency Generation at High Repetition Rates in LiIO 3

Difference-frequency generation was studied in LiIO3 with a narrow-bandwidth tunable dye laser pumped at high pulse-repetition rates by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. Tunable infrared radiation of 0.1 cm−1 bandwidth was generated from 1.25 μm to 1.60 μm and from 3.40 μm to 5.65 μm by mixing rhodamine B dye laser cavity radiation with the 1.064-μm or 532-nm output of the Nd:YAG laser.
Once More the "Golden Man"

The object of the present note is to offer a briefly annotated translation 1) of certain Chinese exegetical remarks inspired by a famous phrase in Shih chi 110. 9b8... "and confiscated the golden man,2) through which the King of Hsiu-ch'u8) worshipped Heaven" 4 A4). Ha shu 94A. 8b7 and its commentary is essentially the same and can be passed over in silence. Behind this unelaborated remark of the Father of Chinese History lie details related by the commentators 5): [ 5] '
Multiobjective Energy Generation Planning Under Uncertainty

Abstract Long range energy generation planning encompasses multiple, often time conflicting, objectives. uncertainties, and risks. In this paper, we illustrate how these aspects can be explicitly integrated into the long-range generation planning process using multiattribute utility theory for measuring an electric utility's objectives and dynamic programming to optimize the choice of an expansion policy. A dynamic programming solution approach can be utilized when the electric utility's underlying preference structure is represented by an additive multiattribute value or utility function.
X-ray flashes from M31 based on extended halo models of gamma-ray bursts

We consider X-ray flashes (XRFs) associated with gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) from M31, using an extended halo model. We find that for XRFs detectable with the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counter, the expected rate is much less than 1/d for a variety of halo models. Hence we need M31 surveys much longer than a weak to seriously confront the extended halo hypothesis.
INFECTION OF AND COLONY DEVELOPMENT WITHIN LEAVES OF SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT PEARL MILLET AND TWO NONHOSTS BY THE RUST FUNGUS PUCCINIA SUBSTRIATA VAR. INDICA

The rust fungus Puccinia substriata var. indica produced germ tubes, appressoria, and substomatal vesicles on seedling and mature leaves of susceptible and resistant pearl millet as well as two nonhost plants, corn and peanut. Lack of directional germ tube growth on peanut leaves appeared to affect the ability of germ tubes to successfully locate stomates. In seedling leaves of the susceptible cultivar Tift 23DB, the fungus produced an extensive system of intercellular hyphae and sporulated abundantly. In seedling leaves of the moderately resistant cultivar 86-8770, necrosis of host cells in response to fungal infection occurred by 2 days post-inoculation. Colonies gradually expanded in size and were associated with macroscopic necrotic flecks with sporulation occurring at 15% of the infection sites. In seedling leaves of the highly resistant cultivar Tift 85DB, fungal colonies were extremely limited in growth and did not sporulate. They were associated with intensely autofluorescent, necrotic host cells. Mature leaves of each cultivar were more resistant to fungal colonization than seedling leaves. Some colonies in mature leaves of Tift 23DB were completely encompassed by necrotic cells and did not expand further. No sporulation was noted in mature leaves of 86-8770 or Tift 85DB. Fungal colonies were not successfully established in either nonhost. Thickening of plant cell walls at sites of attempted infection was noted in corn. In peanut, guard cells underneath fungal appressoria became autofluorescent.
Diazonium-functionalized horseradish peroxidase immobilized via addressable electrodeposition: direct electron transfer and electrochemical detection.

A simple one-step procedure is introduced for the preparation of diazonium−enzyme adducts. The direct electrically addressable deposition of diazonium-modified enzymes is examined for electrochemical sensor applications. The deposition of diazonium−horseradish peroxidase leads to the direct electron transfer between the enzyme and electrode exhibiting a heterogeneous rate constant, ks, of 10.3 ± 0.7 s-1 and a ΔEp of 8 mV (v = 150 mV/s). The large ks and low ΔEp are attributed to the intimate contact between enzyme and electrode attached by one to three phenyl molecules. Such an electrode shows high nonmediated catalytic activity toward H2O2 reduction. Future generations of arrayed electrochemical sensors and studies of direct electron transfer of enzymes can benefit from protein electrodes prepared by this method.
A percutaneous electrode for long-term monitoring of bio-electrical signals in humans.

Solid percutaneous electrodes made of vitreous carbon were inserted surgically in the forearm of human subjects. The electrodes were left in the arm for several months without any particular care or protection.
Primary fascial closure after damage control laparotomy: sepsis vs haemorrhage.

Abstract Objective To compare the outcomes of patients undergoing damage control laparotomy (DCL) for intra-abdominal sepsis vs intra abdominal haemorrhage. We hypothesize that patients undergoing DCL for sepsis will have a higher rate of septic complications and a lower rate of primary fascial closure. Settings and patients Retrospective study of patients undergoing DCL from December 2006 to November 2009. Data are presented as medians and percentages where appropriate. Results 111 patients were identified (55 men), 79 with sepsis and 32 with haemorrhage. There was no difference in age (63 vs 62 years), body mass index (BMI, 27 vs 28), diabetes mellitus (13% vs 9%), or duration of initial operation (125 vs 117 min). Patients with sepsis presented with a lower serum lactate (2.2 vs 4.7 mmol/L, p p ≤ 0.01) and ASA score (3.0 vs 4.0, p Conclusions There was an equivalent rate of septic complications and primary fascial closure rates regardless of cause for DCL. Intra-abdominal abscess, worse base deficit and higher number of abdominal explorations were independently associated with the lack of primary fascial closure.