cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Warcraft Civilization: Social Science in a Virtual World

World of Warcraft is more than a game. There is no ultimate goal, no winning hand, no princess to be rescued. WoW contains more than 5,000 possible quests, games within the game, and encompasses hundreds of separate parallel realms (computer servers, each of which can handle 4,000 players simultaneously). WoW is an immersive virtual world in which characters must cope in a dangerous environment, assume identities, struggle to understand and communicate, learn to use technology, and compete for dwindling resources. Beyond the fantasy and science fiction details, as many have noted, it's not entirely unlike today's world. In The Warcraft Civilization, sociologist William Sims Bainbridge goes further, arguing that WoW can be seen not only as an allegory of today but also as a virtual prototype of tomorrow, of a real human future in which tribe-like groups will engage in combat over declining natural resources, build temporary alliances on the basis of mutual self-interest, and seek a set of values that transcend the need for war. Bainbridge explored the complex Warcraft universe firsthand, spending more than 2,300 hours there, deploying twenty-two characters of all ten races, all ten classes, and numerous professions. Each chapter begins with one character's narrative, then goes on to explore a major social issuesuch as religion, learning, cooperation, economy, or identitythrough the lens of that character's experience. What makes WoW an especially good place to look for insights about Western civilization, Bainbridge says, is that it bridges past and future. It is founded on Western cultural tradition, yet aimed toward the virtual worlds we could create in times to come.
Assessing the Collective Population Representativeness of Related Type 2 Diabetes Trials by Combining Public Data from ClinicalTrials.gov and NHANES

Randomized controlled trials generate high-quality medical evidence. However, the use of unjustified inclusion/exclusion criteria may compromise the external validity of a study. We have introduced a method to assess the population representativeness of related clinical trials using electronic health record (EHR) data. As EHR data may not perfectly represent the real-world patient population, in this work, we further validated the method and its results using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data. We visualized and quantified the differences in the distributions of age, HbA1c, and BMI among the target population of Type 2 diabetes trials, diabetics in NHANES databases, and a convenience sample of patients enrolled in selected Type 2 diabetes trials. The results are consistent with the previous study.
Writing Greek Law

Introduction: writing Greek law 1. Law before writing 2. Writing and written laws 3. Why the Greeks wrote laws 4. Why Draco wrote his homicide law 5. Oral and written in archaic Greek law 6. Writing laws in fifth-century Gortyn 7. Writing the Gortyn code 8. Writing law in classical Athens 9. Writing Athenian law: a comparative perspective 10. Writing law in Hellenistic Greece Conclusion: writing Greek law.
Patriarchy: The Political Theory of Family Authority in the Book of Genesis

This paper extends on prior work analyzing political theory in the Hebrew Bible. The Garden of Eden story offers a prolegomenon, presenting a developed utopian argument and sketching out other bases for political authority. The narratives of the Dark Age, the Flood, Noah’s covenant and the Tower of Babel argue that government and law are essential for human flourishing. The Bible next takes up the topic of authority in families. The book of Genesis endorses a strong form of patriarchal authority but also recognizes limits to that authority based on kinship, release, abandonment, higher authority, and power. It privileges the norm of primogeniture but also recognizes that a patriarch may prefer a younger son or give equal status to all his children. The political theory contained in the book of Genesis compares favorably with family-based theories of authority found in the later Western tradition.
Counterfactual Reasoning, Quantitative: Philosophical Aspects

After a general introduction, historical overview, and a brief discussion of the philosophical roles of counterfactuals and various accounts of them, we emphasize counterfactual reasoning within the quantitative frameworks of probability theory, decision theory, and game theory.
Indirect differentiation of function for a network of biologically plausible neurons

This paper introduces a new method to model differentiation of biologically plausible neurons, introducing the capability for indirectly defining the characteristics for a network of spiking neurons. Due to its biological plausibility and greater potential for computational power, a spiking neuron model is employed as the basic functional unit in our system. The method for designing the architecture (network design, communication structure, and neuron functionality) for networks of spiking neurons has been purely a manual process. In this paper, we propose a new design for the differentiation of a network of spiking neurons, such that these networks can be indirectly specified, thus enabling a method for the automatic creation of a network for a predetermined function. In this manner, the difficulties associated with the manual creation of these networks are overcome, and opportunity is provided for the utilization of these networks more readily for applications. Thus, this paper provides a new method for indirectly constructing these powerful networks, such as could be easily linked to an evolutionary system or other optimization algorithm.
How to Exchange Half a Bit

This paper discusses a method whereby two adversaries can exchange information worth an arbitrarily small “fraction of a bit”, in a particular setting (see [4]), although neither trusts the other.
Towards security-aware program visualization for analyzing in-lined reference monitors

In-lined Reference Monitoring frameworks are an emerging technology for enforcing security policies over untrusted, mobile, binary code. However, formulating correct policy specifications for such frameworks to enforce remains a daunting undertaking with few supporting tools. A visualization approach is proposed to aid in this task; preliminary results are presented in this short paper. In contrast to existing approaches, which typically involve tedious and error-prone manual inspection of complex binary code, the proposed framework provides automatically generated, security-aware visual models that follow the UML specification. This facilitates formulation and testing of prototype security policy specifications in a faster and more reliable manner than is possible with existing manual approaches.
Numerical Forecasts of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Events During the Winter of 1979: Sensitivity to the Model's Horizontal Resolution and Vertical Extent

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the numerical forecasts of tropospheric and stratospheric events during the winter of 1979. The results of several medium-range experimental forecasts with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) general circulation model (GCM) are presented. Some selected observed features of the tropospheric and stratospheric circulations of the Northern Hemisphere during the period, 12 January to 27 February 1979 are described. It is found that at 10 mbar, the typical wintertime circulation consisting of a circumpolar vortex changed during a minor warming in mid-January to a pattern consisting of a cyclonic vortex and an Aleutian high. This pattern persisted with slight variations in phase until it changed again during a major warming in February to another pattern consisting of an anticyclonic vortex over the polar region and two well-separated cyclonic vortices. It is found that the errors are due to a complex combination of factors, such as the lack of horizontal and/or vertical resolutions, deficiencies in the parameterizations of subgrid scale processes, and errors in the initial conditions. The impact of the upper boundary on forecasts was analyzed by studying root-mean-square forecast errors and by comparing fields predicted with the 9-layer forecast of the model.
Rejected: Leading Economists Ponder the Publication Process

This is in response to your letter of April 3rd, 1992, requesting stories about journal rejections - if any. Yours is a worthwhile venture. There seems to be room for improvement in our journals, and perhaps your book will be of help. But I must warn you - and your reader - that the subject is sufficiently important and painful to an author that what one writes cannot be taken too seriously. Like the other authors of your volume I have had papers rejected by journals in several areas, for most of my career, including currently. I had rejections in pure mathematics and in applied mathematics, in economic theory, game theory and in mathematical economics, in financial economics, international trade and development economics, in environmental economics and the economics of networks. Perhaps I have more papers rejected now than ever, but this may be because I am writing more.
Labeling in Interactional Practice: Applying Labeling Theory to Interactions and Interactional Analysis to Labeling

Labeling theory has long held a rather significant place in sociology generally, and in symbolic interaction more specifically. Yet, in its long history, labeling theorists have seldom considered how interactional contexts mediate the effective application of labels. Similarly, labeling theory, with its focus on deviance, has largely neglected positive instances of labeling. In this article, I consider an instance of labeling in a tutoring session and show how the local interactional context of the application of a label is accomplished such that the label “smarter than you think” is made to stick to the student. In doing so, I demonstrate how labeling theory can be productively extended to consider positive labeling as well as the interactional contexts that mediate these labeling processes. In closing, I propose that this approach could help develop labeling theory into a complex and nuanced theory of the social constitution of human behavior.
Microsatellite polymorphisms in Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis).

Two different approaches were used to identify new microsatellite polymorphisms among captive Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis). In the first case, PCR primers for published human microsatellite loci were screened using genomic DNA from squirrel monkeys. Six polymorphic loci were identified using DNA samples from 19 unrelated individuals. The average heterozygosity among these six loci is 0.73. In the second set of experiments, a DNA library was created from Saimiri genomic DNA, and clones were selected from that library by screening with probes containing di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats. Six novel microsatellites were identified this way, with an average heterozygosity of 0.59. Primer pairs for these six cloned microsatellites were also screened using a series of DNA samples from ten other platyrrhine species to assess the potential utility of these loci in other taxa. This study provides 12 new DNA polymorphisms that will be useful for various studies of this genus and demonstrates that both approaches can be used to develop new DNA polymorphisms in platyrrhine primates. Am. J. Primatol. 47:75–84, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Slug-Test Analysis in Double-Porosity Reservoirs

Apres la variation de la pression imposee au puits au cours de l'essai, le retour a la pression anterieure est mesure en fonction du temps. L'effet de peau de stockage du puits de forage est pris en compte. Les modeles d'ecoulement matriciel interporosite soit transitoire, soit pseudo stationnaire, proposes par la litterature sont confrontes aux resultats experimentaux, lorsqu'on tient compte ou non de l'effet de peau
Brandom's Burdens: Compositionality and Inferentialism

Robert Brandom has it in mind to run a 'pragmatist' theory of content (/concept possession /linguistic competence).' That is, he wants to reconstruct notions like saying such and such or believing such and such (and, eventually, notions like knowing what a word means and having a concept) in terms of a distinctive kind of "knowing how or being able to do something" (17). "So what?", you might reasonably inquire. "Isn't practically everybody a pragmatist these days by that criterion?" Well, it's true that lots of people think that 'knowing how' is at the bottom of the heap when questions about content arise. But, not every pragmatist is also what Brandom calls an inferentialist. Most semantic pragmatists hold one or another kind of 'dual aspect' theory about the kind of know-how that content supervenes on. Roughly, they think that grasping content is a matter both of knowing how a word/concept behaves in inferences, and also a matter of knowing how to apply the concept to things in its extension. Having the concept of DOG is being able (and disposed) to do a little inferring (e.g., from DOG to ANIMAL); and it's also being able to do a little applying (e.g., of DOG to dogs in conditions that are favorable for dog-spotting). What's striking about Brandom's inferentialist pragmatism is that the applying part more or less drops out in favor of the inferring part. This, for Brandom, is part and parcel of a wish to emphasize the characteristically human and social character of content. All sorts of things might spot dogs: pre-linguistic infants or mere animals for two cases in point. Even thermostats spot changes in the ambient temperature. But mere differential responding achieves the status of conceptualization only when it becomes
Causal Inference in Statistical Models of the Process of Socioeconomic Achievement A Case Study

Typically, using data from a nonexperimental study, quantitative sociologists model one or more outcomes as a function of independent variables, interpreting the resulting parameter estimates as effects. This article compares the usual approach to causal inference in sociology with an alternative approach that builds explicitly on a counterfactual account of causation. The comparison is relevant because sociologists typically interpret (incorrectly) parameter estimates obtained using the first approach as supporting causal statements that are counterfactual. To make matters concrete, the author reconsiders an attainment model of Featherman and Hauser, who are interested in comparing the effects of family background on achievement, by sex and time. This analysis suggests the coefficients in the regressions of respondent's education and occupational status on background should not be interpreted as effects. However, because a child's sex is determined without regard for his or her subsequent achievements, s...
Militant rhetoric and the business cycle: the case of the American Federation of Labor‐Congress of Industrial Organization

During economic downturns, when the strike becomes less of an option, labour unions may use militant rhetoric to target often electorally vulnerable actors in the political system. I find that labour's rhetorical intensity is largely determined by the business cycle and the partisanship of administrations, and provide evidence of its political effect.
Psychologically simple motions as geodesic paths. part I. Asymmetric objects

Abstract There are infinitely many ways in which an object might rigidly move between any two positions in space. Experiments on real, apparent, and imagined motion indicate, however, that humans favor particular connecting motions. The favored motions may reflect internalizations of principles governing the transformations of objects in the external world. This first of two articles (Part I) offers formalizations and preliminary evaluations of two primary candidates for principles that may have been internalized: (a) laws of physics—especially the principle of least action, according to which, in the absence of external forces, the center of a rigid body traverses a straight line between any two positions while any rotation is about its rectilinearly translating center—and (b) principles of kinematic geometry—especially Chasles's theorem, according to which, for any two positions of an asymmetric object, there exists a unique axis in space such that the object can be carried from the one position to the other by a helical combination of a translation along and rotation about that axis. A one-parameter family of cases intermediate between the pure cases of physics and geometry is also considered. Each case is abstractly formulated in terms of the straightest transformational path (geodesic) that it prescribes in the six-dimensional manifold of possible positions of the object in space. The corresponding motions are concretely illustrated for asymmetric objects in two- and in three-dimensional space. Characterization of the additional geodesics permitted by objects possessing various symmetries is deferred to a second article (Part II). The formalization of internalized principles and associated geodesics may eventually lead to a mental mechanics governing how humans and other animals interpret events and plan and carry out actions in the world.
Impacts of Water Quality Improvement on Site Visitation: a Probabilistic Modeling Approach

: The influence of perceptions of water quality on the likelihood of recreating at a particular recreation site is investigated using a logit model. The model is estimated for St. Albans Bay, Vermont. A hypothetical improvement in water quality was shown to greatly increase the probability of at least one visit to the bay during a season. This implies that many recreationists who do not use the bay at present will do so if water quality improves. A demand model for predicting site visitation must, therefore, include current nonusers in the sample. Failure to do so would result in misleading predictions about future demand for the bay.
Immune Response and Function: Exercise Conditioning Versus Bed-Rest and Spaceflight Deconditioning

Immune responses measured at rest immediately or some hours after exercise training (some with and some without increase in maximal oxygen uptake) gave variable and sometimes conflicting results; therefore, no general conclusions can be drawn. On the other hand, most immune responses were either unchanged (immunoglobulin, T cells, CD4+, and natural killer activity) or decreased (blood properdin, neutrophil phagocytic activity, salivary lysozymes, brain immunoglobulin A and G, and liver B lymphocytes and phytohemagglutinin activity) during prolonged bed rest. Some data suggested that exercise training during bed rest may partially ameliorate the decreased functioning of the immune system. Exercise and change in body position, especially during prolonged bed rest with plasma fluid shifts and diuresis, may induce a change in plasma protein concentration and content, which can influence drug metabolism as well as immune function. Leukocytosis, accompanied by lymphopenia and a depressed lymphocyte response, occurs in astronauts on return to Earth from spaceflight; recovery may depend on time of exposure to microgravity. It is clear that the effect of drugs and exercise used as countermeasures for microgravity deconditioning should be evaluated for their effect on an astronaut's immune system to assure optimal health and performance on long-duration space missions.
Diamagnetic anisotropy of MM bonded molecules for MMo or W: how much π is there and how do we slice it?

The diamagnetic anisotropies of MM bonds for M2X6 molecules (MMo, W; XNMe2, 12MeNCH2CH2NMe, OR, 12OCMe2CMe2O) calculated by McGlinchey for XNMe2 (Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 1392) are inadequate to explain the observed chemical shifts of protons located over the MM bond in compounds having essentially eclipsed X3MMX3 skeletons, namely M2(MeNCH2CH2NMe)3 and M2(OCMe2CMe2O)3 molecules. Several causes for errors in the original McGlinchey calculational approach for χMM are noted, the most important of which is the total neglect of the diamagnetic anisotropy of the ML π bond. This is important for amides and alkoxides. A qualitative correction for this ML π bonding is introduced and values for χMM recalculated.
Reactions of Cations Derived from Naphthalene with Molecules and Atoms of Interstellar Interest

The chemistry of naphthalene radical cation and its derivatives (C10Hn+, n = 6,7,8,9) has been studied with molecules and atoms of interstellar interest in a selected ion flow tube. The radical cation C10H8+ is unreactive with H2, CO, H2O, and NH3 but reacts with H, O, and N atoms. Adduct formation is the only channel detected in the case of reaction with H atoms, but additional channels contribute in reactions between C10H8+ and O and N atoms; these latter reactions proceed through novel reaction pathways via C and CH abstraction, leading to the formation of the stable compounds CO and HCN, respectively. The closed-shell naphthylium cation C10H7+ is essentially unreactive with atoms but associates via nucleophilic addition with most of the molecules studied. The reaction kinetics are close to saturation in the accessible helium pressure range. The naphthyne radical cation C10H6+ does not react with H2, CO, or H2O but forms an adduct with NH3 at a moderate rate. Reactions with atoms were found to be very ...
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF HCV INFECTION

The basic morphologic features of acute and chronic viral hepatitis C are similar to those of other hepatitides; however, hepatitis C is characterized by the histologic triad of lymphoid aggregates in portal tracts, epithelial damage of small bile ducts and microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis of hepatocytes. Significant progress has been made in the demonstration of HCV in infected liver tissues by immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization techniques. The new classification of chronic hepatitis, based on etiology, grading (extent of necroinflammatory activity) and staging (extent of fibrosis) has been widely accepted and will lead to a better understanding of the variable course and response to therapy of this enigmatic disease.
Advancing research on racial-ethnic health disparities: improving measurement equivalence in studies with diverse samples

To conduct meaningful, epidemiologic research on racial–ethnic health disparities, racial–ethnic samples must be rendered equivalent on other social status and contextual variables via statistical controls of those extraneous factors. The racial–ethnic groups must also be equally familiar with and have similar responses to the methods and measures used to collect health data, must have equal opportunity to participate in the research, and must be equally representative of their respective populations. In the absence of such measurement equivalence, studies of racial–ethnic health disparities are confounded by a plethora of unmeasured, uncontrolled correlates of race–ethnicity. Those correlates render the samples, methods, and measures incomparable across racial–ethnic groups, and diminish the ability to attribute health differences discovered to race–ethnicity vs. to its correlates. This paper reviews the non-equivalent yet normative samples, methodologies and measures used in epidemiologic studies of racial–ethnic health disparities, and provides concrete suggestions for improving sample, method, and scalar measurement equivalence.
Public Libraries and Internet Public Access Models: Describing Possible Approaches.

ABSTRACT Numerous approaches to providing Internet access to the general public are currently being implemented in the United States in an attempt to increase access to and use of networked services; however, research presenting an overview of these approaches is scarce. This article presents eight models in use–public schools, public libraries, cybermobiles, public housing, community technology centers, community networks, kiosks, and cyber cafes–and analyzes them using a common set of criteria to better illustrate the strengths and limitations of each. The article concludes by suggesting that public libraries may wish to develop collaborative strategies working with other organizations to increase Internet public access for disadvantaged groups.
Effects of profiles on transport reduction in DIII-D and TFTR

A possible relation between the flow curvature and the reduction of electron thermal diffusivity is discussed. We show that unlike the flow shear, the flow curvature has no universal effects on the evolution of the two-point correlation function. Since various instabilities respond differently to the flow curvature, we can gain useful insights into the nature of the ambient turbulence responsible for the electron thermal transport by examining the profiles. Initial results from DIII-D and TFTR are discussed.
Notch-1 Controls the Expression of Fatty Acid-activated Transcription Factors and Is Required for Adipogenesis

Notch, a transmembrane receptor member of the homeotic epidermal growth factor-like family of proteins, participates in cell-to-cell signaling to control cell fate during development. Activated Notch-1 constructs lacking the extracellular region prevent differentiation of several mammalian cells in vitro. This effect, however, bypasses the normal mechanisms of cell-to-cell interactions in which Notch-1 participates. We investigated the role of Notch-1 in the hormone-induced adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, a paradigmatic model of adipogenesis that requires cell-to-cell contact. Unlike other differentiation models, Notch-1 expression and function were necessary conditions for adipogenesis. Impaired Notch-1 expression by antisense Notch-1 constructs prevented adipocyte differentiation. Strategies aimed at blocking putative Notch/ligand interactions also blocked adipogenesis, implicating Notch as a critical molecule in cell-to-cell signaling necessary for differentiation. Inhibition of Notch-1 expression or function decreased the expression of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors delta and gamma, transcription factors that control adipocyte differentiation and that are up-regulated at cell confluence. These results implicate Notch in the commitment of 3T3-L1 cells to undergo adipogenesis by controlling the expression of the principal regulators of this process.
Limitations on the rapid reduction of nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas streams

ALL commercially important combustion systems produce exhaust gases containing substantial amounts of nitrogen oxides and molecular oxygen. Because of the part played by nitrogen oxides in smog formation and acid-rain production, methods of reducing NOx emissions have been subject to intense research. In 1986, Perry and Siebers1 proposed a new chemical method for removing NOx from diesel exhaust gas by adding cyanuric acid (HNCO)3, and suggested that this new process, called RAPRENOx (rapid reduction of NOx) could control the emission of NOx from most combustion devices. Here we show that surface chemistry is responsible for the effective reduction of NOx, confirming recent results2. In stainless steel, in the absence of oxygen, NO is effectively reduced by cyanuric acid at 700 °C. When oxygen is present, however, NO is produced by the reaction with cyanuric acid at 700 °C. Under conditions where surface effects are important (such as in the first demonstration experiments reported on RAPRENOx) the reduction of NO by cyanuric acid is adversely affected by oxygen.
The indications for measurement of left heart pressures in mitral and aortic valvular disease.

Abstract The indications for direct measurement of left atrial and left ventricular pressure are analyzed in the light of experience with 133 cases of mitral or aortic valvular disease. Left ventricular pressures are more often needed than direct left atrial pressures because the pulmonary arterial wedged pressure frequently gives adequate information without the risks of left atrial puncture.
Gerbil angiotensin II AT1 receptors are highly expressed in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex during postnatal development.

Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that Angiotensin II, classically known from its many effects regulating salt and water homeostasis, is also involved in brain development and cognitive functions through activation of AT 1 Angiotensin II receptors. The recently cloned gerbil AT 1 receptor is expressed in brain areas controlling hydro-mineral homeostasis, and particularly highly expressed in limbic areas such as the hippocampal formation. We quantified the gerbil AT 1 receptor messenger RNA expression and receptor binding by quantitative in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography, respectively, in the hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex of gerbils during postnatal development. The receptor messenger RNA and binding were present from birth and showed a gradual and sustained increase through postnatal maturation in the CA1 and CA2 regions of the hippocampus and in the dentate gyrus. Conversely, in the CA3 region, no binding was detected while receptor messenger RNA peaked at 15 days after birth and disappeared in the adult. The highest receptor messenger RNA expression and binding were found in the septomedial portions of the CA1 region and at septal levels of the CA2 region. We detected the highest receptor messenger RNA expression at postnatal day one in the frontolateral pole of the cerebral hemispheres. In these areas, and in the frontoparietal and insular cortex, receptor messenger RNA dramatically decreased during postnatal life. Similarly, we found receptor messenger RNA expression in the cingulate, retrosplenial, perirhinal and infralimbic cortex with higher values during the first two weeks of development and decreased expression in the adult. However, receptor binding in the cerebral cortex, did not decrease during postnatal life. The differential profile of receptor messenger RNA expression and binding in the gerbil cortex and hippocampus during postnatal maturation suggest a role for AT 1 receptors in the development and function of the corticohippocampal system.
Chemical ionization of cyclopropyl ethers II—the nature of the alkyl group fragmentationt

Oxygen-alkyl cleavage is ruled out in the methane chemical ionization- and electron mpact-induced decomposition of cyclopropyl ethers by the finding that for trans,trans-2,3-diethylmethoxycyclopropane the [M C2H5·]+ ion is more intense than the [M CH3·]+ ion. The possibility for [M + H C2H6]+ is discounted by comparison with the methane chemical ionization nass spectrum of tran,tran-2,3-dimethylmethoxycyclopropane. The isobutane chemical ionization nass spectrum of the diethylcyclopropyl methyl ether affords nearly exclusive electrocyclic methanol fragmentation, i.e. [M + H CH3OH]+.
AO/NAO response to climate change: 2. Relative importance of low‐ and high‐latitude temperature changes

[1] We address the issue of why different models may be getting different responses of the AO/NAO in climate change experiments. The results from part 1 (Rind et al., 2005) suggest that for substantive climate changes, the differences are likely to be found in the patterns of tropospheric climate change, rather than from the stratosphere. We assess the various tropospheric forcings through a variety of experiments. We first use extreme paleoclimate experiments (Ice Age, Paleocene) which feature large variations in the low level latitudinal temperature gradient; the results show that under these circumstances, changes in the eddy transport of sensible heat, and in situ high latitude forcing, dominate the AO response. We next test the effect of more modest SST temperature gradient changes in the current climate, and find a similar result with a model configuration that does not easily transport the low level temperature changes into the upper troposphere. We then reanalyze the results from different 2 × CO2 experiments with the GISS model and find that they can be understood by assessing: (1) the magnitude of tropical SST warming; (2) the translations of that warming into the upper troposphere; (3) the change in the extratropical low altitude temperature gradient; and (4) the change in the high latitude SST/sea ice response. We suggest that these features might explain the varying results among modeling groups, and that forecasts will not converge until these features do.
Direct measurements of dislocation charges in Ca2+‐doped KC1 by using large electric fields

Abstract Dislocation charges were measured for KCl single crystals doped with several concentrations of CaCl2. The edge dislocations produced by scratching the surface moved under the sole action of an electric field larger than a certain critical value. The dislocation charges were calculated from this critical field and from the critical resolved shear stress for yielding. The sign of the dislocation charge was initially negative for all crystals. However, when the electric field was applied for a long time (1 min) with the electrodes in contact with the roughened surface of the crystal, the dislocation charge changed from negative to positive at the anode side and became even more negative at the cathode side. This effect is attributed to charge injection through the electrolytic action of the large electric field. The absolute values of both the initial and injected charges increased with increasing impurity concentration.
Flat Surface Film Cooling from Cylindrical Holes with Discrete Tabs

The effect of discrete delta-shaped tabs on film cooling performance from a row of cylindrical angled holes is investigated. The holes are inclined at 35 deg along the streamwise direction. Four tab locations are investigated: 1) tabs placed along the upstream edge of the hole covering 33% of the hole, 2) tabs placed along the upstream edge covering 11% of the hole, 3) tabs placed along the downstream edge of the hole, and 4) tabs placed along the lateral edges of the hole. They are compared to the baseline case without tabs. Measurements were carried out in a low-speed wind tunnel using the transient liquid crystal technique. The mainstream velocity and freestream turbulence intensity in the low-speed wind tunnel are 8.5 m/s and 6%, respectively, and the Reynolds number based on hole diameter is 6375. Three blowing ratios of 0.56, 1.13, and 1.7 are tested
Lorentz-invariant Markov processes in relativistic phase space

This paper deals with certain “random motions” permitted by the special theory of relativity; that is, with probability measures on sets of trajectories on which speeds are less than or equal to the speed c of light (which we take equal to 1 throughout). We deal with classes of such measures indexed by possible initial states, related to each other by the Lorentz group (implying certain invariance conditions for individual measures).
Annual Clinical Updates in Hematological Malignancies: a continuing medical education series: polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2011 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management.

Disease overview: Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are myeloproliferative neoplasms primarily characterized by erythrocytosis and thrombocytosis, respectively. Other disease features include leukocytosis, splenomegaly, thrombohemorrhagic complications, vasomotor disturbances, pruritus, and a small risk of disease progression into acute leukemia or myelofibrosis. Diagnosis: Diagnosis is based on JAK2 mutation status (PV and ET), serum erythropoietin (Epo) level (PV), and bone marrow histopathology (ET). The presence of a JAK2 mutation and subnormal serum Epo level confirm a diagnosis of PV. Differential diagnosis in ET should include chronic myelogenous leukemia and prefibrotic myelofibrosis. Risk stratification: Current risk stratification in PV and ET is designed to estimate the likelihood of thrombotic complications: high-risk-age >60 years or presence of thrombosis history; low-risk-absence of both of these two risk factors. Presence of extreme thrombocytosis (platelet count >1,000 × 109/L) might be associated with acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AvWS) and, therefore, risk of bleeding. Risk factors for shortened survival in both PV and ET include age >60 years, leukocytosis, history of thrombosis, and anemia. Risk-adapted therapy: Survival is near-normal in ET and reasonably long in PV. The 10-year risk of leukemic/fibrotic transformation is <1%/1% in ET and <5%/10% in PV. In contrast, the risk of thrombosis exceeds 20%. The main goal of therapy is therefore to prevent thrombohemorrhagic complications and this is effectively and safely accomplished by the use of low-dose aspirin (PV and ET), phlebotomy (PV), and hydroxyurea (high risk PV and ET). Treatment with busulfan or interferon-α is usually effective in hydroxyurea failures. Am. J. Hematol. 86:293–301, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Superiority of biphasic shocks in the defibrillation of dogs by epicardial patches and catheter electrodes.

Abstract Currently available internal cardiac defibrillators use a uniphasic, truncated exponential waveform morphology of about 6 msec in duration at an energy level of 23 to 33 joules. To determine if improved defibrillation could be achieved with a different waveform morphology, we implanted 4.5 cm 2 titanium patches to the left and right ventricle of 28 dogs. After ventricular fibrillation was induced, defibrillation was attempted using 7, 12, 13, or 17 joules. A 5 msec rectangular uniphasic waveform morphology was compared with a 10 msec rectangular biphasic waveform with the lagging 5 msec pulse of half the amplitude of the leading 5 msec. In an additional seven dogs, a transvenous bipolar catheter was placed with the distal electrode in the right ventricular apex and the proximal electrode in the superior vena cava. Biphasic and uniphasic shocks were compared at 14 joules. In the patch-patch system, the biphasic waveform was superior to the uniphasic waveform at 7 joules (67% versus 35%, p p p
Continuous wave laser irradiation of explosives

Quantitative measurements of the levels of continuous wave (CW) laser light that can be safely applied to bare explosives during contact operations were obtained at 532 nm, 785 nm, and 1550 nm wavelengths. A thermal camera was used to record the temperature of explosive pressed pellets and single crystals while they were irradiated using a measured laser power and laser spot size. A visible light image of the sample surface was obtained before and after the laser irradiation. Laser irradiation thresholds were obtained for the onset of any visible change to the explosive sample and for the onset of any visible chemical reaction. Deflagration to detonation transitions were not observed using any of these CW laser wavelengths on single crystals or pressed pellets in the unconfined geometry tested. Except for the photochemistry of DAAF, TATB and PBX 9502, all reactions appeared to be thermal using a 532 nm wavelength laser. For a 1550 nm wavelength laser, no photochemistry was evident, but the laser power thresholds for thermal damage in some of the materials were significantly lower than for the 532 nm laser wavelength. No reactions were observed in any of the studied explosives using the available 300 mW laser atmore » 785 nm wavelength. Tables of laser irradiance damage and reaction thresholds are presented for pressed pellets of PBX9501, PBX9502, Composition B, HMX, TATB, RDX, DAAF, PETN, and TNT and single crystals of RDX, HMX, and PETN for each of the laser wavelengths.« less
Emerging roles for endocannabinoids in long-term synaptic plasticity.

Preparations from the herb Cannabis sativa (such as marijuana, hashish and bhang) have been used across numerous cultures for thousands of years, and it is reasonable to say that this impressive history of use can be attributed in large part to profound effects of cannabis on mental state. There are commonly recognized euphoric or rewarding properties of cannabis (Maldonado & Rodriguez de Fonseca, 2002), but more negative consequences include impairments of attention, working memory (Hampson & Deadwyler, 1999) and executive function (Fried et al., 2002). These multiple behavioral effects are consistent with the findings that cannabinoids (the active constituents of cannabis, especially Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol or Δ9-THC) have widespread actions upon neural function in the brain. Recent years have seen a rapid series of discoveries about the targets and actions of cannabinoids, including the identification of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids. This growing body of research has revealed numerous ways in which the endocannabinoid system functions to regulate fast synaptic transmission in multiple brain areas (Alger, 2002; Wilson & Nicoll, 2002). Important roles are emerging for endocannabinoid signaling in molecular pathways that underlie both transient and long-lasting alterations in synaptic strength (Alger, 2002). Thus, the critical involvement of endocannabinoids in some mechanisms of synaptic plasticity may refine current cellular models of learning and memory, and likewise these models may be pivotal in understanding both the rewarding and amnestic actions of cannabinoid drugs.
Mapping brain networks engaged by, and changed by, learning.

Major goals of research into the neurobiology of learning and memory are to identify (1) brain areas/circuitries that subserve different mnemonic functions and (2) chemistries that encode the memory trace. The discovery that activity modulates neuronal gene expression provided techniques attendant to the first goal and candidates for cellular changes pertinent to the second. Studies in our laboratories have exploited activity-regulated changes in c-fos gene expression to map regions engaged in two-odor discrimination learning, with particular interest in neuronal groups in hippocampus and amygdala. The results of these studies demonstrate that the subdivisions of hippocampus and amygdala do not act in concert across behaviors but are differentially activated depending on task demands. In hippocampus, preferential activation of field CA3 was uniquely associated with initial learning of an odor pair, whereas predominant activation of CA1 occurred with exploration of a novel field and with overtrained responding to odors. The reappearance of precisely the same balance of subfield activation within disparate behavioral contexts was taken to suggest that the hippocampus has basic modes of function that recur in different circumstances and make rather generalized contributions to behavior. Within the amygdala, the basolateral division was most prominently active during task acquisition but not during performance of the well-learned discrimination. Indeed, the amygdala appeared to play the dominant role relative to hippocampus in the early stages of associating positive and negative valences with discriminative cues. These results demonstrate that the balance of neuronal activity both within and between limbic structures changes across sequential stages of odor learning in a fashion that is likely to define behavioral output.
Mechanisms of cell death in hypoxia/reoxygenation injury

Investigation of death pathways during cell injury in vivo caused by ischemia and reperfusion is of clinical importance, but technically difficult. Heterogeneity of cell types, differences between organ systems, diversity of death paradigms and exacerbation of tissue damage caused by inflammation are only some of the variables that need to be taken into account. With respect to the identification of necrosis and apoptosis in affected organs, technical issues related to preparation artifacts, occurrence of internucleosomal DNA cleavage in necrotic as well as apoptotic cells and other overlaps in death pathways bear consideration. In that caspase independent as well as caspase dependent processes cause cell death and that caspase inhibitors can act as anti-inflammatory agents, evaluation of ischemic death mechanisms in parenchymal cells needs to be performed with caution. When the effects of inflammation are removed by appropriate in vitro studies using purified or cultured cells, several mitochondrial factors that lead to cell death can be studied. Substantial evidence exists for the participation of electron transport defects, mitochondrial permeability transitions (MPT) and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, effected by pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax. The anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 exerts an overriding protective role in this type of injury by preserving mitochondrial structure and function. In contrast, caspase inhibitors cannot offer long-term protection to ischemically injured parenchymal cells regardless of how effectively they can inhibit apoptotic events, if the cells have suffered permanent mitochondrial damage impairing respiration.
Osteoid osteoma: localization by intraoperative magnification scintigraphy

Surgical localization of osteoid osteomas is a major problem in the diagnosis and therapy of this lesion. Visual, tactile, and radiographic localization is often equivocal and as a consequence incomplete excision of the tumor, or excessive removal of bone may result. We performed magnification intraoperative bone scintigraphy using a portable gamma camera and a radioactive pointer in six patients with osteoid osteoma. Accurate localization and complete removal of the tumor was achieved in all six with only minimal delays in the surgical procedure. The advantages of this technique and recommendations for its use are discussed.
A DESCRIPTION OF TEACHING EFFECTIVENESS AS MEASURED BY STUDENT RATINGS

Student ratings are one of the most frequently used methods for evaluating teacher effectiveness in colleges and universities. One drawback to the use of student ratings for the improvement of instruction is that the results obtained from them are often based upon rating items that are too general. It is thus difficult to make specific recommendations to faculty members who wish to improve their ratings. Rosenshine (1970) has referred to this type of measurement as "high-inference" measurement, because the rater has to make a number of inferences as to what constitutes "good" or "effective" performance. In contrast, Rosenshine used the term "low-inference" to describe questionnaire or rating items that focus upon specific, and relatively objective characteristics. Results obtained on scales composed of low-inference rating items, therefore, facilitate making specific recommendations for improvement. The purpose of this study was to identify the components of high-inference ratings of instructors by correlating a high-inference rating of teacher effectiveness with ratings obtained on items reflecting more-specific instructor attributes. Also, those morespecific item ratings which were good predictors of a high-inference item were to be identified.
Resolution of traumatic hypertrophic periodontoid cicatrix after posterior cervical fusion : case report

THE CASE OF a 38-year-old man with delayed myelopathy 19 years after a nontreated odontoid type II fracture is reported. Magnetic resonance imaging of the craniocervical region revealed a periodontoid cicatrix. The clinical syndrome improved, and complete resolution of the retro-odontoid mass was achieved 9 months after posterior cervical fixation. The implications of this unique case for the management of myelopathy associated with non-union of odontoid fractures are discussed.