cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining potential substance use disorders among former interscholastic athletes

ABSTRACTBackground: Despite numerous studies examining the association between competitive sports participation and substance use behaviors among adolescents and young adults, the use of standardized measures to assess potential substance use disorders has been largely neglected. The objective of this study was to examine if past involvement in interscholastic sports (competitive school-sponsored sports) was associated with potential substance use disorders in young adulthood. Methods: Data for this study were taken from the Student Life Survey (SLS). A total of 3442 young adults participated in the SLS during the spring semester in 2013, with 74% of males and 71% of females indicating participation in interscholastic sport during high school. Results: Respondents who participated in interscholastic sports during high school had higher odds of positive screens for potential alcohol use disorders when compared with their peers who did not participate in interscholastic sports. No association was detected b...
STREAMFLOW OF THE OCCOQUAN RIVER IN VIRGINIA AS RECONSTRUCTED FROM TREE-RING SERIES

Tree-ring indices representing seven sites were used to reconstruct monthly summer streamflow in the Occoquan River basin of northern Virginia from 1841 to 1975. Attempts were made to reconstruct flow for each of the months, April through August. Reconstructions for June, July, and August were judged most reliable. Major mid-summer flow minima persisting for more than one year were reconstructed as having occurred in the early 1870's, the early 1930's, and the mid-1960's. Aside from these major dry periods, a greater frequency of extreme low flow during individual years is indicated for the entire record than for the most recent 50 years.
The impact of copper on the liquid-phase oxidation of jet fuel for advanced aircraft

The fuel systems in advanced aircraft will subject the fuel to more severe thermal stress and increased recirculation than in current designs. This work was undertaken as part of a study to determi...
6H-SiC Photoconductive Switches Triggered at Below Bandgap Wavelengths

Semi-insulating Silicon Carbide (SiC) is an attractive material to use to construct high voltage, compact, photoconducting semiconductor switches (PCSS) due to its large bandgap, high critical electric field strength, high electron saturation velocity, and high thermal conductivity. The critical field strength of 3 MV/cm of 6H-SiC makes it particularly attractive for compact, high voltage, fast switching applications such as a Dielectric Wall Accelerator (DWA). To realize the benefits of the high bulk electric field strength of SiC and diffuse switch current, carriers must be excited throughout the bulk of the photo switch. Photoconducting switches with opposing electrodes were fabricated on "a" plane, Vanadium compensated, semi-insulating, 6H-SiC substrates. The PCSS devices were switched by optically exciting deep extrinsic levels lying within the 6H-SiC bandgap. The SiC photoswitches were tested up to a bias voltage of 11000 V with a corresponding peak current of 150 A. The 6H-SiC substrates withstood average electric fields up to 27 MV/m. Minimum PCCS dynamic resistances of 2 and 10 Ohms were obtained with 13 mJ optical pulses at 532 and 1064 nm wavelengths, respectively.
QUESTIONING SCIENTIFIC FAITH IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY

. The late nineteenth century was not only a time in which religious faith was questioned in light of increasing claims of natural science. It is more accurate to see the familiar Victorian crisis of faith as but one aspect of a larger historical phenomenon, one in which the methods of both religion and science came under scrutiny. Among several examinations of the status of scientific knowledge in the waning decades of the century, the treatment of the subject by the German theologian Wilhelm Herrmann and philosopher Hans Vaihinger rejected its objective nature and denied that either scientists or theologians had access to the truth of nature. Although this stance regarding the nature of science, religion, and their relationship was limited to intellectuals in German society at the time, it foreshadowed developments in our own day in which the traditional search for truth has been problematized.
Vibration Energy Harvesting Based on Magnet and Coil Arrays for Watt-Level Handheld Power Source

Electromagnetic energy conversion, based on Faraday's law, can deliver a relatively large, continuous power to a low impedance load from a vibrating body. However, increasing the energy-conversion efficiency and keeping it high at a relatively large vibration amplitude have been difficult, and no miniature energy harvester has shown more than tens of milliwatt power level from submillimeter vibration amplitude. Here we provide a new energy-conversion technique to convert mechanical vibration into electrical energy with unprecedented power level of more than a quarter watt out of submillimeter vibration amplitude. The technique uses an array of alternating northand south-orientation magnets to enhance magnetic flux change by more than an order of magnitude. A newly fabricated harvester occupying 51 × 51 × 10 mm 3 (= 26 cc) and weighing 90 g generates an electromotive force (EMF) of ν p-p = 28.8 V with 263 mW power output (into 96-W load) when it is vibrated at 65 Hz with vibration amplitude of 660 μm. The power level is high enough to light an incandescent light bulb. Also, its microfabricated version occupying 20 × 5 × 0.9 mm 3 (= 0.09 cc) and weighing 0.5 g generates an EMF of ν p-p = 30 mV with 2.6-μW power output (into 10.8-W load) when it is vibrated at 290 Hz with vibration amplitude of 11 μm.
Cost of catheter versus surgical ablation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.

Abstract In this retrospective study of 22 patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, the cost of catheter ablation in 11 patients was compared with that of surgical ablation in another 11 patients. All patients in the catheter ablation group had a posteroseptal accessory pathway; in the surgical group, 5 patients had a left lateral accessory pathway, 3 had a left lateral and posteroseptal accessory connection and 3 had a right-sided pathway. Catheter ablation was successful in 8 of 11 patients (73%). In the surgical group, the accessory pathway was interrupted successfully in all patients (100%). The mean duration (± standard deviation) of hospitalization was 6 ± 2 days in the catheter ablation group and 8 ± 4 days in the surgical group. The mean cost/patient, expressed in 1988 dollar values, was $14,116 ± 4,493 in the catheter ablation group and $34,175 ± 5,434 in the surgical ablation group (p
Abstract C44: The identification and characterization of androgen-independent cells prior to hormonal manipulation in prostate cancer

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: The Mechanisms contributing to androgen-independent progression in prostate cancer (PCa) are not fully elucidated. PCa lesions are heterogeneous and thus, it is important to understand whether among the heterogeneous collectives of cell types, androgen-independent cells exist prior to hormonal manipulation. The identification of these cells may predict patient prognosis as well as provide a better understanding of treatment resistance. Methods: LNCaP cells (10,000 cells in 10cm dish) were grown for 40 days in normal medium. Fifty colonies were selected and 22 subclones were established. To compare their androgen-dependence, six of these clones were grown in normal and androgen-depleted medium and their cell proliferation rates were examined. Between an androgen-dependent clone (LNCaP-ADc) and an androgen-independent clone (LNCaP-AIc) gene copy number and gene expression were compared using Human SNP array 6.0 and Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0, respectively. One of the genes differentially expressed between these clones was knocked down by siRNA in LNCaP cells and the influence on cell proliferation was evaluated. The expression levels of this gene in PCa tisssue samples were examined by real-time PCR. Results: Cell proliferation was significantly suppressed by androgen depletion in LNCaP-ADc, but not in LNCaP-AIc. Gene copy numbers were different at 1q (ADc AIc), indicating that these clones contain genetic differences. The most differentially expressed gene was SPRY1 (ADc>AIc, ratio=5.699). Knocking down of SPRY1enhanced proliferation and PSA expression of LNCaP cells. SPRY1 expression in PCa tissues were negatively associated with PSA recurrence after surgical treatment (p=0.0076). Conclusions: A random population of LNCaP cells comprises a genetically heterogeneous group of cells that have different levels of androgen dependence. Included among them are those that appear to be able to be resistant to androgen depletion. Among the changes associated with this independence, SPRY1 appears to be differentially expressed in such clones and may represent a novel biomarker for differentiating aggressive cells in PCa. Citation Format: Naoki Terada, Takumi Shiraishi, Yu Zeng, Koh-Meng Aw-Yong, Steven M. Mooney, Jun Luo, Prakash Kulkarni, Robert H. Getzenberg. The identification and characterization of androgen-independent cells prior to hormonal manipulation in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C44.
Automatic insertion of gated clocks at register transfer level

In synchronous circuits, the clock signal switches at every clock cycle and drives a large capacitance. As a result, the clock signal is a major source of dynamic power dissipation. Significant power savings can be obtained by identifying periods of inactivity in parts of the circuit, and disabling the clock to those parts of the circuit at the appropriate times. Selectively disabling the clock in this manner is referred to as clock gating. In this paper/sup 1/, we present a methodology to identify registers and flip flops in a circuit for which the clock input can be gated with a control signal. We also generate the combinational logic to produce this control signal. We present an algorithm to estimate the power saving obtained by gating the clock and the performance penalty (if any) associated with the introduction of gating logic. The algorithm generates the clock gating logic which is inserted appropriately into the original circuit to produce a low power, gated clock version of the circuit.
diFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations Victor P. Eroschenko

diFiore's Atlas of Histology with Functional Correlations. Victor P. Eroschenko. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA; 10th edition, 2005, 448 pages (Softbound and Software CD (interactive), $57.95), ISBN 0-7817-5021-0Histology (or microscopic anatomy) is an important discipline of the biological sciences that is concerned with the structure of tissues of organisms. Light microscopy and electron microscopy in conjunction with various histochemical and immunocytochemical staining techniques are typically used today by histologists to visualize, describe, and identify tissues. Histology is a fundamental discipline in the curriculum for medical, dental, and veterinary students as well as for allied health students and scholars interested in the field of biomedical research. All these students need to have a thorough knowledge of the structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs. Recently, I came across a histology book (diFiore's Atlas of Histology) that I believe is worth the investment. This book provides a selection of high-quality, full-color illustrations of various tissues of the human body and is supplemented with sections of structural/functional correlations. This 10th edition is unique in that it includes a CD that contains an interactive electronic version of the histology atlas.
Recent duplication, evolution and assembly of the human genome

It has been estimated that 5% of the human genome consists of interspersed duplicated material that has arisen over the last 30 million years of evolution. Two categories of recent duplicated segments can be distinguished: segmental duplications between non-homologous chromosomes (transchromosomal duplications) and duplications largely restricted to a particular chromosome (chromosome-specific duplications). A large proportion of these duplications exhibit an extraordinarily high degree of sequence identity at the nucleotide level (>95%) spanning large (1--100 kb) genomic distances. Through processes of paralogous recombination, these same regions are targets for rapid evolutionary turnover among the genomes of closely related primates. The dynamic nature of these regions in terms of recurrent chromosomal structural rearrangement and their ability to create fusion genes from juxtaposed cassettes suggests that duplicative transposition has been an important force in the evolution of our genome. Cycles of segmental duplication over periods of evolutionary time may provide the underlying mechanism for domain accretion and the increased modular complexity of the vertebrate proteome. Further, our data suggest that a small fraction of important human genes may have emerged recently through duplication processes and will not possess definitive orthologues in the genomes of model organisms. I will discuss computational methods developed in my laboratory to 1) unambiguously identify recent genomic duplicates within the human genome and 2) to assess their importance in hominoid gene innovation. The impact of this chromosomal architecture for assembly of the final draft sequence will be discussed.
Expert system applications in cataloging, acquisitions, and collection development: A status review

The motivation for this article derives from the extensive current interest in expert systems. Focusing on this topic of great immediate significance for libraries, this article presents a brief introduction to expert systems, reviews the history, and describes some major developments of expert systems in library applications, with an emphasis on cataloging, acquisitions, and collection development. The article also discusses the barriers that inhibit developments and assesses the future of expert systems in libraries. The expectation is that expert systems will play a major role in library development.
Endoscopic ultrasonography in the study of extramucosal swellings in the upper digestive tract

The authors performed an echoendoscopic examination of 91 patients who, at a previous endoscopy, had presented extramucosal swellings in the upper digestive tract. On this occasion, the images were suggestive of a leiomyoma in 73 cases, a schwannoma in 3, an ectopic pancreas in 1, and a cyst of the gastric wall in 1. There was an extrinsic compression of the tract by an adjacent organ in three cases and by an adenopathy in two others. In six patients the authors were unable to make an echographic identification of the swellings noted upon endoscopy as they noted no echographic alteration. The echoendoscopic examination was considered normal. Given that most of these patients did not undergo surgery, the authors were only able to obtain a histological examination of surgically removed tissue in 11. The diagnosis was confirmed in eight cases. In one patient in which it proved impossible to pass the endoscope through the stenotic area, the histological examination did not confirm the echography. In two others, classified as leiomyomas, the histology showed leiomyosarcomas.
DLP™-based dichoptic vision test system

It can be useful to present a different image to each of the two eyes while they cooperatively view the world. Such dichoptic presentation can occur in investigations of stereoscopic and binocular vision (e.g., strabismus, amblyopia) and vision rehabilitation in clinical and research settings. Various techniques have been used to construct dichoptic displays. The most common and most flexible modern technique uses liquid-crystal (LC) shutters. When used in combination with cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, there is often leakage of light from the image intended for one eye into the view of the other eye. Such interocular crosstalk is 14% even in our state of the art CRT-based dichoptic system. While such crosstalk may have minimal impact on stereo movie or video game experiences, it can defeat clinical and research investigations. We use micromirror digital light processing (DLPTM) technology to create a novel dichoptic visual display system with substantially lower interocular crosstalk (0.3%; remaining crosstalk comes from the LC shutters). The DLP system normally uses a color wheel to display color images. Our approach is to disable the color wheel, synchronize the display directly to the computer's sync signal, allocate each of the three (former) color presentations to one or both eyes, and open and close the LC shutters in synchrony with those color events.
Diagnostic testicular biopsy before varicocele repair plays a realistic and important role

We believe that diagnostic testicular biopsy before varicocele repair is important, despite the risks.
Activation of the Hemostatic System During Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a unique clinical scenario that results in widespread activation of the hemostatic system. However, surgery also results in normal increases in coagulation activation, platelet activation, and fibrinolysis that are associated with normal wound hemostasis. Conventional CPB interferes with normal hemostasis by diluting hemostatic cells and proteins, through reinfusion of shed blood, and through activation on the bypass circuit surface of multiple systems including platelets, the kallikrein-kinin system, and fibrinolysis. CPB activation of the kallikrein-kinin system increases activated factor XIIa, kallikrein, bradykinin, and tissue plasminogen activator levels, but has little effect on thrombin generation. Increased tissue plasminogen activator and circulating fibrin result in increased plasmin generation, which removes hemostatic fibrin. The nonendothelial surface of the bypass circuit, along with circulating thrombin and plasmin, lead to platelet activation, platelet receptor loss, and reduced platelet response to wounds. In this review, we highlight the major mechanisms responsible for CPB-induced activation of the hemostatic system and examine some of the markers described in the literature. Additionally, strategies used to reduce this activation are discussed, including limiting cardiotomy suction, increasing circuit biocompatibility, antithrombin supplementation, and antifibrinolytic use. Determining which patients will most benefit from specific therapies will ultimately require investigation into genetic phenotypes of coagulation protein expression. Until that time, however, a combination of approaches to reduce the hemostatic activation from CPB seems warranted.
A Facile Total Synthesis of ent-17β-Estradiol and Structurally–Related Analogues

Abstract A facile six-step synthesis (15.2% yield) of ent-17β-estradiol from readily accessible precursors is described. The preparation of analogues with 2-alkyl substituents, double bond unsaturation in the C-ring, a cis C,D-ring fusion and modified substituents at C17 is also reported.
Stationarity test for the beta binomial model

Abstract The beta binomial model has been successfully applied to describe brand switching, television viewing, and magazine readership behavior. However, long-term projections from this model tend to have systematic biases. These biases can be explained by violations of the stationarity assumption of the model. A statistical test for stationarity is presented. A transition matrix upon which the test is based provides a useful diagnostic tool for detecting shifts in preference structures versus equilibrium switching behavior.
Evidence for central nervous system demyelination in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy.

It is unclear whether sporadic reports of concurrent multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) represent coincidence or whether these two demyelinating disorden are pathogenically related. We utilized the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting central nervous system (CNS) lesions to investigate 16 patients with CIDP. Six of the 16 had periventricular, subcortical, and brainstem white matter lesions indistinguishable from those seen in MS. Three of these patients had definite clinical and laboratory evidence of MS; three others with abnormal MRIs had no findings indicative of CNS disease. Previous reports have indicated that a significant number of MS patients have peripheral nerve demyelination. Our study suggests that many CIDP patients have concurrent CNS demyelination. Taken together, these observations support the existence of a central-peripheral inflammatory demyelinating syndrome. Whether this combined demyelinating syndrome lies on a spectrum between MS and CIDP or is a separate pathogenic entity will require further investigation.
Seasonal Abundance and Parasites of the Alfalfa Blotch Leafminer, Agromyza frontella , in Central Pennsylvania

Adult and immature populations of Agromyza frontella (Rondani) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) were monitored in 2 alfalfa fields in central PA. Four generations per year were found in 1977 and 1978. Two sampling methods, the sweep net and the vacuum net, compared favorably in estimating relative adult abundance. Adult sex ratio ranged between 50–100% female, varying significantly with sample date. Effective population numbers, i.e., the numbers of individuals leaving progeny, were much lower than actual population numbers. Sampling of eggs and larvae showed slight correlation of eggs with plant height, patchy distribution, and seasonal trends. Rearing of field collected pupae showed wide variations in percent emergence, sex ratio, and population abundance from generation to generation. Ten species of parasites were reared, including 3 new host records and 3 possible new species.
Abstract P4-06-05: Transcriptional heterogeneity correlates with chemotherapy sensitivity in triple negative breast cancer and varies by molecular subtype

Purpose: Different molecular subtypes of breast cancer are believed to have different degrees of molecular heterogeneity. However, the heterogeneity of breast cancer subtypes has not been formally compared. The goal of this analysis was to develop metrics of global transcriptional heterogeneity, compare heterogeneity across breast cancer subtypes and assess whether heterogeneity metrics correlate with sensitivity to chemotherapy in basal-like cancers. Methods: Affymetrix U133A gene expression data from 836 breast cancers (basal n = 219, HER2-like n = 147, luminal A n = 343, luminal B n = 127) were analyzed. Among the basal-like cancers, 128 received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (pathologic complete response, pCR, n = 44; residual disease, RD, n = 94). Molecular class was assigned by the PAM50 classifier. We used the average pairwise Pearson distance, the sum of eigenvalues of the correlation matrix and multi-dimensional scaling dispersions of the probe set expression values to quantify heterogeneity. Distribution of each metric within the different subtypes was estimated from 500 bootstrapped cohorts of 80 cases in each subtype. We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the significance of the differences in heterogeneity between subtypes. Results: All three heterogeneity metrics yielded concordant results. Within subtypes, heterogeneity was greatest in basal-like cancers followed by HER2-like, luminal B and luminal A (see figure). Luminal A cancers were distinctly less heterogeneous than the rest. Basal-like cancers with RD were more heterogeneous than those with pCR. The best metric to separate basal tumors with pCR versus RD was the sum of eigenvalues shown below. Conclusion: Breast cancer molecular subtypes differ in transcriptional heterogeneity. Luminal A cancers have the lowest within group heterogeneity while basal like cancers have the highest. Among the basal-like cancers, those with high chemotherapy sensitivity (pCR) are more homogeneous than those with RD suggesting that transcriptional heterogeneity might be contributing to increased resistance to therapy in this subgroup. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P4-06-05.
One-switch utility functions and a measure of risk

Consider the relative attractiveness to a decision maker of two financial gambles as the wealth of that individual varies. It may seem reasonable that either one alternative should be preferred for all wealth levels or that there exists a unique critical wealth level at which the decision maker switches from preferring one alternative to the other. Decreasing risk aversion is not sufficient for this property to hold: we identify the small class of utility functions for which it does. We show how the property leads naturally to a measure of risk. The results of this paper apply equally well to discounting functions for cash flows: one-switch discount functions permit at most one change in preference between cash flows as all payoffs are deferred in time.
Linear and Curvilinear Relationships Between Temperature, Affect, and Violence: Reply to Cotton

Note: This publication responds to J.L. Cotton's study on the link between violent crime and temperature (see record #11106). Cotton, J.L. (1986). Ambient Temperature and Violent Crime. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16(9), 786-801. Temperature Factors Weather Factors Violence Causes Seasonal Factors Adult Crime Adult Offender Adult Violence Juvenile Crime Juvenile Offender Juvenile Violence Crime Causes Professional Criticism 06-00
The CNN Universal Machine is as universal as a Turing Machine

It is shown that the simplest integrated circuit implementations of the CNN Universal Machine can play the "game of life", and are therefore equivalent to Turing Machines. In addition, a constructive proof is given for the direct implementation of general first-order cellular automata on such machines.
Aquacore: a programmable architecture for microfluidics

Advances in microfluidic research has enabled lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology to achieve miniaturization and integration of biological and chemical analyses to a single chip comprising channels, valves, mixers, heaters, separators, and sensors. These miniature instruments appear to offer the rare combination of faster, cheaper, and higher-precision analyses in comparison to conventional bench-scale methods. LoCs have been applied to diverse domains such as proteomics, genomics, biochemistry, virology, cell biology, and chemical synthesis. However, to date LoCs have been designed as application-specific chips which incurs significant design effort, turn-around time, and cost, and degrades designer and user productivity. To address these limitations, we envision a programmable LoC (PLoC) and propose a comprehensive fluidic instruction set, called AquaCore Instruction Set (AIS), and a fluidic microarchitecture, called AquaCore, to implement AIS. We present four key design aspects in which the AIS and AquaCore differ from their computer counterparts, and our design decisions made on the basis of the implications of these differences. We demonstrate the use of the PLoC in a range of domains by hand-compiling real-world microfluidic assays in AIS, and show a detailed breakdown of the execution times for the assays and an estimate of the chip area.
Matuyama/Brunhes Polarity Transition Near Bishop, California

Summary Exposed Pleistocene lake sediments at three localities, separated by as much as six kilometres, near Bishop, California, contain the change from reverse to normal palaeomagnetic polarity that occurred about 0.73 million years ago-the Matuyama/Brunhes (M/B) transition. A decrease in the relative field strength is used to define the length of the transition. the width of that decrease exceeds by about one fifth the width where the palaeomagnetic directions show the switch in polarity. Because some of the (usually) six subsamples in a measured horizon in the central part of the transition have normal polarity while others have intermediate or reverse polarity, the behaviour of the palaeomagnetic field in that region cannot be determined accurately. There is, however, a short reversal within the upper quarter of the transition at one locality that can be documented-at least 30 cm of normal polarity underlie reverse polarity at three sites spread over a distance of 150m. Taken as a whole, the palaeomagnetic data for the full transition are a warning that some rapid, short reversals within the transition that are reported in the literature might be caused by inaccurate recording of the palaeomagnetic field. The palaeomagnetic polarity 17m beneath the M/B transition at one locality places a minimum age of about 1.0 Myr on the Glass Mountain-D ash bed that is found in east-central and southern California.
Multi-resolution image watermarking scheme in the spectrum domain

Many spectrum domain watermarking schemes have been proposed in recent years, but they seldom deal with the problem of progressively detecting the embedded watermark, which is desirable in some situations. This paper addresses this problem by embedding the watermark in the DCT domain of an image in a multi-resolution way. The DCT coefficients are treated as wavelet transform coefficients, and each watermark bit is embedded repeatedly into a block of coefficients, layer by layer, using a wavelet watermarking scheme, so that the embedded watermark can be detected progressively. Furthermore, for the scheme to be robust against geometric transformations, a second spread spectrum circular watermark is embedded in the DFT domain. Experimental results show that this scheme is robust against common signal processing procedures such as compression, median filtering and additive noise, as well as geometric transformations such as rotation and translation.
The intrinsic architectonic and connectional organization of the superior temporal region of the rhesus monkey

The superior temporal region (STR) in the rhesus monkey includes the circular sulcus (Cis), the supratemporal plane (STP), and the superior temporal gyrus (STG). Rostrally the STR is continuous with the periallocortices of the prepyriform and anterior insular regions; caudally it borders the isocortices of the inferior parietal lobule and the superior temporal sulcus. The STR contains 12 cytoarchitectonic areas: four fields on the Cis, four on the STP, and four on the STG. The sulcal fields (root fields) are adjacent to the insula and resemble it in the possession of a relatively strong layer V; the STP fields (core fields) are characterized by well-developed layer IV; and the STG fields (belt fields) exhibit strong differentiation of layer III. In each line of fields the more rostral ones show relative prominence of the deeper layers, with increasing prominence of the superficial layers occurring caudad in a stepwise fashion. Analysis of the connectional organization of the fields within the STR suggests an assembly of four rostrocaudal stages, each composed of one field from each line--a root, a core, and a belt field. There is a specific arrangement of connections among the fields of a given stage and between fields in adjacent stages. Projections directed caudally from one field to another field in the adjacent stage arise in layers V and VI and terminate in the superficial layers (mainly layer I). Projections directed to a field in a rostrally adjacent stage arise from layer III neurons and terminate in layers III and IV, usually in columns. There is also a laminar specificity between fields lying within a given stage.
Human papillomavirus-associated dysplastic condyloma of the tongue treated with Mohs micrographic surgery.

Background. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been causally associated with benign and malignant tumors of the oral mucosa. It is found in the majority of both oral condylomas and oral squamous cell carcinomas. Treatment for these lesions consists of destructive or traditional surgical excision, respectively. Objective. Mohs micrographic surgery provides excellent margin control and the highest cure rate for cutaneous malignancies, especially squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, it represents an excellent alternative for the treatment of HPV-associated malignant and premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa, where the high rate of metastatic potential is compounded by anatomic complexity and the limited amount of normal tissue that may safely be sacrificed with wide excisions. Results. A 38-year-old white man presented with a dysplastic condyloma of the lateral tongue. High-risk HPV-16 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Surgical resection of the dysplastic condyloma of the tongue by Mohs micrographic surgery resulted in complete lesion removal, with no evidence of clinical recurrence 8 months after surgery. Conclusions. Mohs micrographic surgery should be considered as a treatment option for cancerous or precancerous lesions of the oral mucosa, especially when the latter are associated with high-risk HPV. MARIO E. LACOUTURE, MD, EWA KOLANKO, MD, LINDA C. WANG, MD, JD, CHRISTOPHER R. SHEA, MD, AND KEYOUMARS SOLTANI, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Web-based heterogeneous WSN integration using pervasive communication

This paper presents a REST-compliant service oriented architecture of a web-based heterogeneous wireless sensor network monitoring system that has applicability in remote patient monitoring in healthcare. As smartphone and web-page technologies are ubiquitous nowadays, our architecture uses smartphone as a gateway between the data collected and the Internet. The system uses a heterogeneous WSN consisting of environmental sensors, medical sensors, and smartphone's internal sensors. To validate the system, a prototype experiment of the system is implemented using Android smartphone platform, Crossbow Micaz motes, and Alive Technology hart and activity monitor sensor.
Nitrosoglutathione reductase inhibition in the airway epithelium may contribute to lung cancer risk

Background: S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous bronchodilator. GSNO reductase (GSNOR) depletes airway GSNO; inhibitors are in development for asthma. However, GSNO can be tumorigenic by activating wild-type (wt) Ras though S-nitrosylation. We studied whether decreased GSNO reductase promotes wt Ras S-nitrosylation and activation in the lung. Methods: Lung non-small cell cancer lines (H157; Calu-1; H226;Calu-3; H1650; A549) were studied. Ras S-Nitrosylation was studied by biotin substitution and immunoblot. Active GTP-Ras was assayed in a Raf-1RBD-binding ELISA. Certain cells were exposed to 1) 30 ppm NO in a sealed incubator; or 2) S-nitrosocysteine (CSNO, 10 μM), GSH (2mM) and NADH (300 μM) with or without the GSNO reductase inhibitor, C3 (100 μM; 10 min; from P. Sanghani). GSNO reductase -/- (from J.S. Stamler) were compared with C57Black6 mice with and without intratracheal ethyl nitrite (EtONO, 10 μM). Results: Wt Ras S-nitrosylation was increased relative to expression in cancer cell lines, though expression of was low. NO exposure for 5d, but not 2d, increased Ras S-nitrosylation relative to expression in vitro. S-Nitrosylation of Ras relative to total Ras expression was increased in the lungs of GSNO reductase -/- mice; and was increased in wt mice by EtONO. CSNO increased Ras activity. In the H1650 cells, this increase was partially augmented by the C3, though baseline expression and activity of GSNO reductase were low. Conclusions: Though loss of GSNO reductase function may benefit asthma, it prevents wt Ras denitrosylation and inactivation. This effect is associated with tumorigenesis and may not be a good strategy for asthma treatment, particularly in smokers.
Kinetics of plasma assisted combustion at low reduced electric fields

The mechanism of plasma assisted ignition has been intensively discussed in recent years. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to enhance the ignition with electrical discharges [1]. Among them, the excitation of molecules to vibrational and electronic states by plasma seems to be quite interesting due to its higher efficiency than others. The purpose of this paper is to study numerically the ignition of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture under influence of single delta oxygen (SDO, O 2 (a1Δ g )). A kinetic mechanism of the effect of singlet oxygen molecules was determined by calculating numerically the ignition characteristics. The efficiency of various electric discharges for enhancement of combustion is also presented. The ignition process was numerically simulated using the kinetic scheme given by [2], which include 12 particle species (H 2 , H, O 2 , O, O 3 , O(1D), O 2 (a1Δ g ), O 2 (b1Σ+ g ), OH, HO 2 , H 2 O 2 , H 2 O) and 80 reactions. Calculations were carried out in the zero-dimensional approximation at a fixed gas pressure.
Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activity and Impaired Self-Monitoring of Performance in Patients With Schizophrenia: An Event-Related fMRI Study

Objective: The authors examined brain activity associated with the internal monitoring of performance to test the hypothesis that error-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Method: Seventeen patients with schizophrenia and 16 healthy comparison subjects underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging during a continuous performance task; stimulus degradation was used to increase error rates. Results: Comparison subjects, but not schizophrenic patients, showed error-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, and this difference in brain activity was significantly different across the two groups. Patients also showed less slowing of reaction time after error commission. Conclusions: Lower error-related activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and less performance adjustment after error commission are consistent with the hypothesis that disturbances in anterior cingulate cortex function are related to a specific alteration in an evaluative component of executive functioning—the internal monitoring of performance.
Scaling OS Streaming through Minimizing Cache Redundancy

OS Streaming is a common data center technique for deploying an OS image quickly onto a physical or virtual machine in which the machine requests the individual blocks of the image from a server as it needs them. When streaming images the server's OS level block cache brings very little in terms of performance as the collection of images is usually too large to fit in memory. We investigate how to improve the scalability of streaming servers by ensuring that blocks {\it shared} among multiple streamed images are preferentially retained in a deduplicated cache. We outline the nature of our deduplicating block cache, describing how cacheable blocks are identified during an off line deduplication process and how an extended form of the Least Recently Used (LRU) block replacement algorithm can be used within the server cache.
PhyNeSS: A Physics-driven Neural Networks-based Surgery Simulation system with force feedback

In this work we present PhyNeSS - a novel Physics-driven Neural Networks-based Surgical Simulation system which, for the first time, combines the complexity and accuracy of physics-based non-linear soft tissue models and commercial finite element codes with the high speed of execution of machine learned neural networks. While soft tissue is inherently nonlinear, physics-based simulation of nonlinear tissue behavior with haptic feedback is very challenging as the solution of the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations is iterative and therefore extremely computationally intensive. The major contribution of this paper is that through an unprecedented combination of hard and soft computing methods, it is able to reduce the solution of nonlinear problems to almost the same complexity as solving linear problems. This promises to resolve one of the longest-standing technical challenges of real time surgical simulation. The first phase of the method is a pre-computation phase, in which each node of the organ model, with known linear or nonlinear material properties, is provided with carefully chosen prescribed displacements and the response, computed using commercial finite element software tools, is recorded off-line and stored in a large database. The data in then vastly condensed into a set of coefficients describing neurons of a Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks or easier storage and rapid reproduction. During real-time computations, as the surgical tool interacts with the organ models, these neural networks are used to reconstruct the deformation fields as well as the reaction forces at the surgical tool tip. We present simulation results for realistic surgical scenarios with real time force feedback.
HEN1 and HEN2: a subgroup of basic helix-loop-helix genes that are coexpressed in a human neuroblastoma.

Abstract An important family of regulatory molecules is made up of proteins that possess the DNA-binding and dimerization motif known as the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) domain. The bHLH family includes subgroups of closely related proteins that share common functional properties and overlapping patterns of expression (e.g., the MyoD1 and achaete-scute subgroups). In this report we describe HEN1 and HEN2, mammalian genes that encode a distinct subgroup of bHLH proteins. The HEN1 gene was identified on the basis of cross-hybridization with TAL1, a known bHLH gene implicated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. In situ fluorescence hybridization was used to localize the human HEN1 gene to chromosome band 1q22. HEN1 and HEN2 are coexpressed in the IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cell line, and they encode highly related proteins of 133 and 135 residues, respectively, that share 98% amino acid identity in their hHLH domains. These data imply that the bHLH protein subgroup encoded by HEN1 and HEN2 may serve important regulatory functions in the developing nervous system.
Dual-pump CARS Measurements in a Gas Turbine Combustor Facility using the NASA 9-Point Lean Direct Injector

Lean direct injection (LDI) has been among the seve ral combustion strategies being studied by NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NO x) emissions while maintaining high combustion effic iency [1]. The NASA 9-point top-hat LDI assembly is a multiplex fuel injector c ontaining nine fuel injection tips and multiple burning zones that replace one conventiona l fuel injector. The nine injectors are placed in a 3 × 3 square matrix arrangement. We have developed a gas turbine combustor facility (GTCF) at the High Pressure Laboratory in Purdue’s Zucrow Laboratory complex. The GTCF has been modified for optical access and dual-pump coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (DP-CARS) measurements have been performed at supersonic cruise conditions. A window assembly has been designed, fabricated, and assembled in the GTCF at Purdue University for advanced laser diagnostic stu dies. The window assembly allows optical access from three mutually perpendicular di rections using a pair of thin and thick fused silica windows on each side. The assembly is cooled using water while filmcooling air is provided for the inside of the thin windows. The thin windows are designed for thermal load while the thick windows a re designed for pressure loading. Combusting flows are studied using the central inje ctor of the aforementioned 9-point lean direct injection (LDI) device. The combustor has been operated using Jet-A fuel at inlet air temperatures up to 725 K and combustor pr essures up to 10.2 atm. DP-CARS temperature and major species concentration measurements have been performed in the GTCF at various operating conditions. An injection -seeded optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is used as a narrowband pump laser source so as to improve the accuracy and precision of the CARS measurements. Spatial maps of temperature and major species concentrations have been obtained in high-pressure LDI flames by translating the CARS probe volume in axial and radial directions inside the combustor rig without loss of optical alignment.
Children’s Attitudes Toward Advertising on Television: A Review of Research Methods

This article consists of a review and synthesis of the research methodologies used from 1972 through 1994 to study children’s attitudes toward advertising on television. The 72 articles reviewed were focused on food products or toys targeted to children 14 years of age and under. Six major journals plus selected other sources were used. A discussion and recommendations for future research are included.
Cytology of the Developing Eye

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the cytogenetic aspects of eye development. The size and curvature of the cornea; the size, shape, and position of the lens; and the location and attachments of the ciliary muscles bear well-defined spatial relationships both to each other and to the size and curvature of the retina. In addition to meeting strict geometric specifications, the cells and tissues of the eye are differentiated to serve a wide variety of functions. The outer segment of the visual cell transduces light energy into neural impulses. The tissues of the cornea, lens, vitreous substance, and retina are remarkably transparent to light and maintain refractive indices in a range suitable for image formation. The ciliary body regulates the composition and flow of aqueous humor so that an appropriate intraocular pressure is maintained. The epithelium and endothelium of the cornea regulates the water content of the stroma within the narrow limits compatible with its transparency.
Forward Brillouin scattering in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers

We quantify the strength of stimulated forward Brillouin scattering in hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber through a combination of experiments and multi-physics simulations. Brillouin spectroscopy methods reveal a family of densely spaced Brillouin-active phonon modes below 100 MHz with coupling strengths that approach those of conventional silica fiber. The experimental results are corroborated by multi-physics simulations, revealing that relatively strong optomechanical coupling is mediated by a combination of electrostriction and radiation pressure within the nano-scale silica-air matrix; the nontrivial mechanical properties of this silica-air matrix facilitate the large optomechanical response produced by this system. Simulations also reveal an incredible sensitivity of the Brillouin spectrum to fiber critical dimensions, suggesting opportunity for enhancement or suppression of these interactions. Finally, we relate the measured and calculated couplings to the noise properties of the fiber as the foundation for phase- and polarization-noise estimates in hollow-core fiber. More generally, such Brillouin interactions are an important consideration in both the high and low optical intensity limits.