cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crustacean Motor Neurons

Coordinated movements responsible for the overt behavior of animals all involve specific temporal patterns of activity in motor neurons (MNs). Although considerable summation of excitatory and inhibitory influences is present at the neuromuscular junctions of many invertebrates, particularly arthropods, initiation and control of muscle contraction are due to activity in excitatory and inhibitory MNs. Because MNs convey discrete programs for movement to the muscles, monitoring of their subthreshold and spike discharges during expression of behavior provides for the most convenient analysis of control of locomotion and posture.
The pathologist's intraoperative role during parathyroid surgery.

says also reduce the pathologist’s role in making the differential diagnosis between an adenoma and chief cell hyperplasia.
Clinical Immersion and Biomedical Engineering Design Education: “Engineering Grand Rounds”

Grand Rounds is a ritual of medical education and inpatient care comprised of presenting the medical problems and treatment of a patient to an audience of physicians, residents, and medical students. Traditionally, the patient would be in attendance for the presentation and would answer questions. Grand Rounds has evolved considerably over the years with most sessions being didactic-rarely having a patient present (although, in some instances, an actor will portray the patient). Other members of the team, such as nurses, nurse practitioners, and biomedical engineers, are not traditionally involved in the formal teaching process. In this study we examine the rapid ideation in a clinical setting to forge a system of cross talk between engineers and physicians as a steady state at the praxis of ideation and implementation.
On the Loss and Gain of Self: (Pop) Cultural Treatments of Organ Donation

This paper, “On Loss and Gain of Self: (Pop) Cultural Treatments of Organ Donation” juxtaposes Catherine Waldby and Robert Mitchell’s 2006 book “Tissue Economies” with treatments of organ donation in popular TV shows to ask what might it mean to incorporate the tissue of another into one’s self, and what that means for one’s self. This paper posits that there is relationship between the sense of identity imbued in a specific tissue and that tissue’s significance to the body’s overall integrity, function, or a person’s sense of being. Or, in other words, the greater a tissue’s ontological value the greater the sense of personal identity invested in it. Ultimately, this paper explores and asks the types of questions that will help to guide some bioethical considerations of seemingly ever-growing tissue and bioengineering economies.
Knocking Out HIV Infection

A genetic mutation in the gene for CCR5, a molecule used by HIV to enter human immune cells, renders these cells resistant to HIV. The small percentage of people who carry these mutations are either resistant to HIV, even if heavily exposed, or have slow progression of disease if infected. This finding was previously exploited when an HIV-infected patient was treated for leukemia with a stem cell transplant from a donor whose cells had this mutation. The patient was apparently cured of HIV and was able to discontinue antiviral drugs. Such treatment is not feasible, however, for most HIV-infected patients because of its risks. Tebas and colleagues sought to determine whether a technique called gene editing, in which targeted modifications are made in specific genes, could be used to safely create the same result. They enrolled 12 HIV-infected patients in an open-label study. CD4 immune cells—the cells targeted by HIV—were isolated from each patient’s blood. Zinc-finger nucleases—proteins used to cut the cells’ DNA at specific sites in the CCR5 gene—made the gene permanently nonfunctional without affecting the cells’ normal functions. This technique resulted in CCR5 modification in 11 to 28% of cells. The cells were then reinfused into each patient’s bloodstream. One patient had serious side effects: fevers, chills, and pains after the infusion. The modified cells persisted in the blood and rectal tissue of patients, with an average half-life in the blood of 48 weeks. When antiviral drugs were then stopped in six patients, their HIV viral loads increased as expected. However, the modified immune cells depleted at a slower rate than that of the unmodified cells, suggesting that they were protected against infection. Interestingly, in one patient whose cells already carried one mutated copy of the CCR5 gene, the HIV viral load decreased to undetectable levels even before antiviral treatment was restarted. This study demonstrates that zinc-finger nucleases can be used to genetically modify CD4 immune cells outside of the body and that these cells can be safely infused into HIV-infected patients. By showing that the cells persist and may be more resistant to HIV infection, the study gives hope that this treatment could be effective. Although this study is only the first step in clinical use of this strategy for HIV treatment, its findings could provide the basis for such genetic modification for treatment of numerous diseases. P. Tebas et al. , Gene editing of CCR5 in autologous CD4 T cells of persons infected with HIV. N. Engl. J. Med. 370 , 901–910 (2014). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300662
Clinical, pathogenetic, and laboratory features of Capnocytophaga infections.

Granulocytopenia and oral mucosal defects have been reported to be important predisposing factors to recently recognized cases of Capnocytophaga septicemia. The authors call attention to an apparent preponderance of these cases in the pediatric age group and emphasize laboratory features which they have found helpful in the diagnosis of Capnocytophaga infections. Thirteen patients with Capnocytophaga infections were seen during a seven-year period. Seven of these patients had Capnocytophaga bacteremia. Six of seven bacteremic patients were granulocytopenic, six had oral mucosal defects, and three died. Five of the seven bacteremic patients were younger than 20 years of age. This represents a disproportionate distribution of cases in the pediatric age group within the author’s institution, because 43% of blood culture specimens submitted to their microbiology laboratory are obtained from pediatric patients. This observation is supported by a review of the reported cases of Capnocytophaga septicemia in which 7 of 12 patients were younger than 20 years of age. Because Capnocytophaga may superficially resemble the more commonly isolated Fusobacterium nucleatum , distinguishing features for laboratory identification are discussed.
Religion and American Popular Culture: An Introductory Essay

Les medias sont des courtiers de langage populaire; par consequent, ils sont agents de transport d'une culture de masse. La transmission de la culture est dominee a notre epoque par l'imprime et le medium electronique qui permettent une intensite de la communication, mais qui donnent egalement un caractere ephemere a son contenu. Dire que la religion est populaire devient un moyen de dire qu'elle est inscrite dans un systeme de signes plutot que de symboles ou d'archetypes. Les traditions ne peuvent plus servir pour legitimer le pouvoir et assurer l'endurance d'une forme religieuse
Applications of neural networks for signal reconstruction from aircraft crash data

In the investigation of aircraft crashes traditional key elements are the flight recorder data and the voice recorder tracks as well as the inspection of the aircraft wreckage. At times, these elements are not sufficient to allow the investigators to reach a definite conclusion relative to a cause or a set of causes for the failure(s) leading to the crash. FAA rules do not mandate for a "black box" to record deflections of the aircraft control surfaces. Nevertheless, it is clear that these dynamic time histories can potentially provide crucial information toward the discovery of the cause(s) of the crash. In this paper a neural network (NN) approach is proposed for the reconstruction of the time histories of the control surfaces deflections. The inputs to the NN are given by the discretized "black box" data; the NN outputs are the estimates of the control surface deflections which miniIinze the differences between the data of time histories from a parallel simulation code and the actual "black box" data. The approach is iterative in nature; starting from an initial time instant, the signal reconstruction scheme will proceed to the next time instant only when the estimates of the control surfaces deflections at the current instant minimize the differences between the actual and the simulated time histories at the next instant. The results relative to the reconstruction of the control surfaces deflections for three different types of failures are presented and discussed. The results show that the NN approach allows, with success, the reconstruction of the control surface deflections up to non-linear conditions. Symbols a" = normal acceleration, g's tly = lateral acceleration, g's h = altitude, m J = cost function k= discrete time index L= lower bound of the modified sigmoid function p= pattern for the neural network input data T = slope of the modified sigmoid function t= time, sec U = upper bound of the modified sigmoid function Vel= forward speed, m/sec y = generic system output 0= surface deflection, rad or deg 8 = Euler pitch angle, rad or deg = Euler bank angle, rad or deg • Associate Professor, AIAA Member t Graduate Student, Research Assistant, AIAA Member 1\T=Euler heading angle, rad or deg Subscripts A= aileron c = control surface command E = elevator R= rudder
Clinical practice guidelines and critical paths--roadmaps to quality, cost-effective care (Part II).

Clinical practice guidelines and critical paths have gained widespread acceptance in recent years. Part I of this article will examine clinical practice guidelines, or practice parameters, and their application to patient care. Part II (in the February issue of JAHIMA) will look at multi-disciplinary care plans known as critical paths and how they can incorporate clinical practice guidelines. Health information management professionals can play an important role in implementation and ongoing evaluation of these clinical tools.
TU-B-207B-01: Challenges in Radiomics and Big Data

The general learning objectives are to get a better understanding of •The pitfalls along the radiomics/radiogenomics (imaging genomics) pipeline •The crucial role of statistics in the design and evaluation of radiomics/radiogenomics phenotypes and systems •The special challenges associated with big data 1.Introduction a.Basic statistical concepts b.Association, correlation, and causality c.Know when your numbers are significant 2.Reproducibility a.Replication studies i.The extent of the problem ii.Curse of dimensionality, overfitting, multiple hypothesis testing iii.Sample size, P-value variability 3.“Big Data” a.“Big data” vs. “medium data” vs. “small data” b.Training and testing data sets c.Harmonization KD receives royalties from Hologic
Screening and detection of elder abuse: research opportunities and lessons learned from emergency geriatric care, intimate partner violence, and child abuse

This article provides an overview of elder abuse screening and detection methods for community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults, including general issues and challenges for the field. Then, discussions of applications in emergency geriatric care, intimate partner violence (IPV), and child abuse are presented to inform research opportunities in elder abuse screening. The article provides descriptions of emerging screening and detection methods and technologies from the emergency geriatric care and IPV fields. We also discuss the variety of potential barriers to effective screening and detection from the viewpoint of the older adult, caregivers, providers, and the health care system, and we highlight the potential harms and unintended negative consequences of increased screening and mandatory reporting. We argue that research should continue on the development of valid screening methods and tools, but that studies of perceived barriers and potential harms of elder abuse screening among key stakeholders should also be conducted.
Does Management of True Aneurysms of Peripancreatic Arteries Require Repair of Associated Celiac Artery Stenosis

Background True aneurysms of the gastroduodenal (GDA) and pancreaticoduodenal (PDA) arteries have been attributed to increased collateral flow due to tandem celiac artery stenosis or occlusion. Although GDA and PDA aneurysm exclusion is recommended because of the high reported risk of rupture, it remains uncertain whether simultaneous celiac artery reconstruction is necessary to preserve end-organ flow. Study Design We conducted a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients admitted from 1996 to 2015 with true aneurysms of the GDA or PDA. Results Twenty patients with true aneurysms of the PDA (n = 16) or GDA (n = 4) were identified. Mean age was 61.5 years (range 35 to 85 years) and 11 (55%) were women. Nine (45%) presented with rupture, 8 (40%) presented with pain, and 3 (15%) were asymptomatic. All 9 patients who presented with rupture had contained retroperitoneal hematomas, and none experienced rebleeding. Fifteen (75%) patients had an associated celiac artery >60% stenosis or occlusion, and 2 (10%) had both celiac and superior mesenteric artery stenoses. Thirteen (65%) patients underwent successful endovascular coiling, only 1 of which had a prophylactic celiac artery bypass. Three (15%) patients underwent open aneurysm exclusion and celiac bypass, and 4 (20%) others were observed. There were no aneurysm-related deaths in this series, and none of the patients who underwent coiling without celiac revascularization had hepatic ischemia or other mesenteric morbidity develop during a median follow-up of 6 months (maximum 200 months). Conclusions Gastroduodenal artery and PDA aneurysms present most commonly with pain or bleeding, and all should be considered for repair, regardless of size. Aneurysm exclusion is safely and effectively achieved with endovascular coiling. Although associated celiac artery stenosis is found in the majority of cases, celiac revascularization might not be necessary.
Photoredox Activation of SF6 for Fluorination

We report the first practical use of SF6 as a fluorinating reagent in organic synthesis. Photoredox catalysis enables the in situ conversion of SF6, an inert gas, into an active fluorinating species by using visible light. Under these conditions, deoxyfluorination of allylic alcohols is effected with high chemoselectivity and is tolerant of a wide range of functional groups. Application of the methodology in a continuous-flow setup achieves comparable yields to those obtained with a batch setup, while providing drastically increased material throughput of valuable allylic fluoride products.
Differentiation and Inflammation: 'Best Enemies' in Gastrointestinal Carcinogenesis

While recent studies demonstrate that cancer can arise from mutant stem cells, this hypothesis does not explain why tissues without defined stem cell populations are susceptible to inflammation-driven tumorigenesis. We propose that chronic inflammatory diseases, such as colitis and pancreatitis, predispose to gastrointestinal (GI) adenocarcinoma by reprogramming differentiated cells. Focusing on colon and pancreas, we discuss recently discovered connections between inflammation and loss of cell differentiation, and propose that dysregulation of cell fate may be a novel rate-limiting step of tumorigenesis. We review studies identifying differentiation mechanisms that limit tumor initiation and that, upon reactivation, can prevent or revert the cancer cell transformed phenotype. Together, these findings suggest that differentiation-targeted treatments hold promise as a therapeutic strategy in GI cancer.
Accounting Services, the International Economy, and Third World Development

(1993). Accounting Services, the International Economy, and Third World Development. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1297-1299.
Field‐Switchable Broadband Polarizer Based on Reconfigurable Nanowire Assemblies

Reconfigurability is one of the most critical properties of nanophotonic systems and, consequently, methods for enabling a significant degree of functionality are highly sought after. However, dynamically responsive control in top-down fabricated photonic structures often requires extreme conditions and yields moderate modulation capability. In sharp contrast to top-down methods, directed self-assembly of micro- and nanoparticles offers a distinct avenue for reconfigurable photonics. In the present work, gold nanowire lattices are formed via electric field directed assembly in order to take advantage of their collective optical properties. The lattices are reconfigured on-demand between two different functional states, in the form of broadband polarizers. By selectively switching the electric field between two orthogonal electrode pairs, a maximum transmission contrast of ≈50% is observed in the near-infrared regime. Moreover, the reconfigurable transmission spectra, which are highly dependent on the nanowire size and electric field conditions, are reversible. The demonstrated proof-of-concept nanowire lattice polarizer provides potential for electrically reconfigurable photonic devices such as ultra-compact polarization components, electro-optic switches, and on-chip modulators.
Contralateral Approach for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Upper Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation: Technical Note and Case Series

Background Upper lumbar disc herniations comprise only 1%–2% of all lumbar disc herniations. Patients exhibit nonspecific signs and symptoms in comparison to predictable radiculopathies, as seen in lower lumbar disc herniations. The unique anatomic characteristics of the upper lumbar spine present several challenges for safe and effective surgical treatment of disc herniations. The authors review the anatomy of the upper lumbar spine, describe a novel approach to upper lumbar disc herniations, and present 3 cases with a focus on clinical outcome and technical pearls. Methods Conventional techniques for upper lumbar discectomy require a near complete facetectomy and pars interarticularis resection for adequate bony exposure, possibly leading to spinal destabilization. A tubular retractor system was used to approach upper lumbar disc herniation using a contralateral minimally invasive technique, while completely preserving the facet complex and pars interarticularis. Results We report 3 cases of minimally invasive discectomy from a contralateral approach. The patients experienced complete resolution of presenting symptoms, and the facet complexes were preserved. All cases were free of complications. Conclusion A contralateral approach to perform a minimally invasive discectomy for paracentral and central upper LDH is a safe, efficient, and effective technique. The approach that we describe in this study preserves the facet complex and may prevent future spinal instability.
Bicyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbenes (BICAACs): Stable Carbenes More Ambiphilic than CAACs

A straightforward strategy allows for the synthesis of storable bicyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (BICAACs), which feature enhanced σ-donating and π-accepting properties compared to monocyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs). Due to the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane skeleton, the steric environment around the carbene center is different from that of CAACs and similar to that observed in classical N-heterocyclic carbenes. The different electronic properties of BICAACs as compared to CAACs allow for ligand exchange reactions not only at a metal center, but also at main group elements.
Assessing environmental, economic, and reliability impacts of flexible ramp products in MISO's electricity market

Abstract Increased variability and uncertainty of net electrical load due to high penetration of wind and solar power augments the need for dispatching conventional generators with sufficient ramping capability (RC) needed to balance demand with supply. Having sufficient RC reduces the need of last minute dispatch schedule modifications which cause cost, reliability and environmental outcomes that reduce the benefits of renewables. The Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), has modified its Unit Commitment and Economic Dispatch algorithms to account for the economic value of provisioning adequate RC levels. This paper explores the outcomes of this modified market-clearing process by simulating 10-minute operations of a scaled MISO test system, for three representative months under low and high wind penetration scenarios. Changes in system performance are quantified by comparing system costs, scarcity events/pricing, energy prices, generation-fuel mix, wind-power curtailment, and CO 2 emissions between the conventional market-clearing algorithm and one with flexible RC products. Results indicate that adding RC products lowers CO 2 emissions and system costs, facilitates wind integration, and improves reliability. These benefits are robust to changes in the market clearing algorithm parameters such as over/under generation penalties and reserve scarcity prices.
Ultrasonic sensor to quantify brain pulsatility

Brain pulsatility is defined as the change of cerebral volume over the change in mean arterial pressure. During modern open-brain surgery, pulsatility is qualitatively monitored to determine the cerebral condition. However, related to the lack of quantitative measurements for pulsatility, numerous complications are associated with over/under anesthesiologic compensation. The CerebroSense device provides a tool for real-time, noninvasive, and quantitative measurements of brain functioning to reduce the risk for surgical complications. Utilizing an ultrasonic sensor and LabVIEW programming, the device can monitor a pulsating brain through a craniotomy within the operating room. Through extensive testing with various media within a proof of concept device, the team has made significant advancements with the CerebroSense device and looks to perform additional testing.
Structure and Function of Insect Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Studied with Nicotinoid Insecticide Affinity Probes

The insect nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR) is the target not only for the botanical insecticide nicotine but also for the synthetic nicotinoid insecticides such as imidacloprid (IMI) (Bai et al. 1991; Tomizawa and Yamamoto 1992, 1993; Liu and Casida 1993; Liu et al. 1993, 1995; Tomizawa et al. 1995a; Matsuo et al. 1998). Knowledge of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nicotinoids contributes to an understanding of the functional architecture of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a generic interrelationship of SAR and target site research applicable to any agrochemical or pharmaceutical. This approach has helped us to understand the action and selectivity of the new and increasingly important synthetic nicotinoid insecticides useful in controlling important pests and in resistance management programs (Casida and Quistad 1998).
Analysis of Brain Recurrence

Analysis of Brain Recurrence (ABR) is a method for extracting physiologically significant information from the electroencephalogram (EEG), a non-stationary electrical output of the brain, the ultimate complex dynamical system. ABR permits quantification of temporal patterns in the EEG produced by the non-autonomous differential laws that govern brain metabolism. In the context of appropriate experimental and statistical designs, ABR is ideally suited to the task of interpreting the EEG. Present applications of ABR include discovery of a human magnetic sense, increased mechanistic understanding of neuronal membrane processes, diagnosis of degenerative neurological disease, detection of changes in brain metabolism caused by weak environmental electromagnetic fields, objective characterization of the quality of human sleep, and evaluation of sleep disorders. ABR has important beneficial implications for the development of clinical and experimental neuroscience.
“Every reader his or her access”: the first law of library science

ABSTRACT This editorial talks about the five laws of library science, and puts forward a new basic law: “Every Reader His or Her Access.”
Chapter 9 – Have Increases in CO2 Contributed to the Recent Large Upswing in Atlantic Basin Major Hurricanes Since 1995?

Publisher Summary It is not possible to directly measure the strength of the thermohaline circulation (THC). But its strength can be inferred from proxy measurements of the North Atlantic SST and salinity anomalies (which are directly related to each other) minus the sea level pressure anomaly (SLPA) over the broad Atlantic (0–50°N; 70°W–10°W). When the THC is strong, the Atlantic atmospheric and oceanic subtropical gyres are weaker than normal. When the Atlantic THC is weaker than average, the gyres are stronger than normal. With regards to multidecadal variations of Atlantic major hurricane activity, it is possible to give a sequence of physical arguments for how a year or a multidecadal period with a stronger than normal THC will have tropical Atlantic conditions associated, which are more favorable for Atlantic basin major hurricane activity. Among these conditions are positive tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature anomaly, lower tropical Atlantic SLPAs, weaker trade winds, and smaller values of tropospheric vertical wind shear. There is no evidence that Atlantic hurricane activity is significantly impacted by CO2 increases or by global mean surface temperature changes. This myth should be put to rest. It is the natural variability of the Atlantic's meteorological parameters that one must be concerned about.
Pesticides: Historical Changes Demand Ethical Choices

Controversy over pesticides and pest control is no stranger to American life. Since the 19th century, public concerns have periodically ricocheted around the use of pesticides and other means of pest control. Frequently the criticisms have asserted in a moral tone that the action in question was wrong in some fundamental fashion. Understanding the moral dimensions of the use of pesticides, however, requires an understanding of the context of pest control actions. This context is complex and consists of (1) modernization and its impacts, (2) changes in American agriculture after 1945, (3) the obligations of pest control experts as professionals, and (4) how entomology developed in the United States. We discuss each of these contextual areas before turning to an examination of major ethical issues involving insect control.
Introduction to the Numerical Solution of Cauchy Singular Integral Equations

In this chapter we present a survey of many of the polynomial-based projection and quadrature methods that have been developed in the past 15 years for the numerical solution of Cauchy singular integral equations with constant coefficients on (−1, 1). Emphasis is placed on equations of the first kind, where an elementary proof of the inversion formula for the airfoil equation due to Peters enables one to develop the theory and subsequent numerical analysis using techniques which are well known for Fredholm equations of the second kind. Convergence proofs are given for many of the algorithms, and numerical examples are drawn from the literature to illustrate the efficiency of these methods when the data are smooth. However, in many practical problems where either the kernel and/or the right-hand side may have discontinuities, this is not the case, and further work needs to be done. Some possibilities for doing this are examined as well.
Meta-analytic techniques reveal that corvid causal reasoning in the Aesop’s Fable paradigm is driven by trial-and-error learning

The classic Aesop’s fable, Crow and the Pitcher, has inspired a major line of research in comparative cognition. Over the past several years, five articles (over 32 experiments) have examined the ability of corvids (e.g., rooks, crows, and jays) to complete lab-based analogs of this fable, by requiring them to drop stones and other objects into tubes of water to retrieve a floating worm (Bird and Emery in Curr Biol 19:1–5, 2009b; Cheke et al. in Anim Cogn 14:441–455, 2011; Jelbert et al. in PLoS One 3:e92895, 2014; Logan et al. in PLoS One 7:e103049, 2014; Taylor et al. in Gray R D 12:e26887, 2011). These researchers have stressed the unique potential of this paradigm for understanding causal reasoning in corvids. Ghirlanda and Lind (Anim Behav 123:239–247, 2017) re-evaluated trial-level data from these studies and concluded that initial preferences for functional objects, combined with trial-and-error learning, may account for subjects’ performance on key variants of the paradigm. In the present paper, we use meta-analytic techniques to provide more precise information about the rate and mode of learning that occurs within and across tasks. Within tasks, subjects learned from successful (but not unsuccessful) actions, indicating that higher-order reasoning about phenomena such as mass, volume, and displacement is unlikely to be involved. Furthermore, subjects did not transfer information learned in one task to subsequent tasks, suggesting that corvids do not engage with these tasks as variants of the same problem (i.e., how to generate water displacement to retrieve a floating worm). Our methodological analysis and empirical findings raise the question: Can Aesop’s fable studies distinguish between trial-and-error learning and/or higher-order causal reasoning? We conclude they cannot.
An EigenFactor-weighted power mean generalization of the Euclidean Index

This paper proposes a weighted generalization of the recently developed Euclidean Index. The weighting mechanism is designed to reflect the reputation of the journal within which an article appears. The weights are constructed using the Eigenfactor Article Influence percentiles scores. The rationale for assigning weights is that citations in more prestigious journals should be adjusted to logically reflect higher costs of production and higher vetting standards, and to partially counter several pragmatic issues surrounding truncated citation counts. Simulated and empirical demonstrations of the proposed approaches are included, which emphasize the flexibility and efficacy of the proposed generalization.
Micro-expression Recognition Using Motion Magnification and Spatiotemporal Texture Map

Micro-expressions are short-lived, rapid facial expressions exhibited by individuals when they are in high stakes situations. Studying these micro-expressions is important as these cannot be controlled by an individual and hence offer a peek into what the individual is actually feeling and thinking as opposed to what he/she is trying to portray. The spotting and recognition of micro-expressions has vital applications in many fields including criminal investigation, psychotherapy, and education. However, due to their short-lived, rapid nature, spotting, recognizing and classifying micro-expressions is a major challenge. In this paper, a highly effective hybrid approach is proposed, which utilizes both Eulerian Video Magnification for motion magnification and Spatiotemporal Texture Map for feature extraction. The experiments are carried out on CASME II, the only spontaneous micro-expression dataset currently available. The proposed approach uses Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier with kernels, and achieves an accuracy of 80%, viz. an increase by 5% comparing with the best existing method using SVM on CASME II. This work is a significant step for recognizing micro-expressions; the proposed method would be widely applicable to facial sentiment recognition in both images and videos.
Angiotensin II- mediated vasoconstriction of the visceral adipose tissue vasculature is linked to systemic hypertension in obesity

ObjectivesCentral adiposity, in particular the accumulation of intra-abdominal visceral fat, has been linked to adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity-related diseases including hypertension and at...
Recent Progress on Zinc-Ion Rechargeable Batteries

The increasing demands for environmentally friendly grid-scale electric energy storage devices with high energy density and low cost have stimulated the rapid development of various energy storage systems, due to the environmental pollution and energy crisis caused by traditional energy storage technologies. As one of the new and most promising alternative energy storage technologies, zinc-ion rechargeable batteries have recently received much attention owing to their high abundance of zinc in natural resources, intrinsic safety, and cost effectiveness, when compared with the popular, but unsafe and expensive lithium-ion batteries. In particular, the use of mild aqueous electrolytes in zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) demonstrates high potential for portable electronic applications and large-scale energy storage systems. Moreover, the development of superior electrolyte operating at either high temperature or subzero condition is crucial for practical applications of ZIBs in harsh environments, such as aerospace, airplanes, or submarines. However, there are still many existing challenges that need to be resolved. This paper presents a timely review on recent progresses and challenges in various cathode materials and electrolytes (aqueous, organic, and solid-state electrolytes) in ZIBs. Design and synthesis of zinc-based anode materials and separators are also briefly discussed.
Estimating the Effect of Calorie Menu Labeling on Calories Purchased in a Large Restaurant Franchise in the Southern United States: Quasi-Experimental Study

Objective To evaluate whether calorie labeling of menus in large restaurant chains was associated with a change in mean calories purchased per transaction. Design Quasi-experimental longitudinal study. Setting Large franchise of a national fast food company with three different restaurant chains located in the southern United States (Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi) from April 2015 until April 2018. Participants 104 restaurants with calorie information added to in-store and drive-thru menus in April 2017 and with weekly aggregated sales data during the pre-labeling (April 2015 to April 2017) and post-labeling (April 2017 to April 2018) implementation period. Main outcome measures Primary outcome was the overall level and trend changes in mean purchased calories per transaction after implementation of calorie labeling compared with the counterfactual (ie, assumption that the pre-intervention trend would have persisted had the intervention not occurred) using interrupted time series analyses with linear mixed models. Secondary outcomes were by item category (entrees, sides, and sugar sweetened beverages). Subgroup analyses estimated the effect of calorie labeling in stratums defined by the sociodemographic characteristics of restaurant census tracts (defined region for taking census). Results The analytic sample comprised 14 352 restaurant weeks. Over three years and among 104 restaurants, 49 062 440 transactions took place and 242 726 953 items were purchased. After labeling implementation, a level decrease was observed of 60 calories/transaction (95% confidence interval 48 to 72; about 4%), followed by an increasing trend of 0.71 calories/transaction/week (95% confidence interval 0.51 to 0.92) independent of the baseline trend over the year after implementation. These results were generally robust to different analytic assumptions in sensitivity analyses. The level decrease and post-implementation trend change were stronger for sides than for entrees or sugar sweetened beverages. The level decrease was similar between census tracts with higher and lower median income, but the post-implementation trend in calories per transaction was higher in low income (change in calories/transaction/week 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 1.21) than in high income census tracts (0.50, 0.19 to 0.81). Conclusions A small decrease in mean calories purchased per transaction was observed after implementation of calorie labeling in a large franchise of fast food restaurants. This reduction diminished over one year of follow-up.
A System for Measuring Sound Transmission Through Joints

Sound transmission in the human body can be affected by the tissue composition along the sound path and surrounding structures. Therefore, acoustic transmission may correlate with pathologies involving structural changes. Previous studies utilized sound transmission to detect a variety of pulmonary, gastrointestinal, vascular, cardiac conditions, and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . The objective of this study is to design and test a reliable system capable of providing adequate acoustic stimulus, and simultaneously measure transmitted signals at multiple skin surface locations. The study objectives include determining: (1) the static load needed to reach a target SNR (>20 dB) at the measurement points and a target coherence (>0.8) between excitation and measurement points; (2) the exciter sensitivity to static load changes; and (3) the exciter input maximum power and corresponding acceleration. These results will help guide the choice of optimal exciter that: (1) can withstand sufficient static load (~500g), which would provide coupling to the bone to reach a target SNR and coherence; (2) has low sensitivity to load (low variability for a load change ~100 gm); (3) can provide sufficient acoustic excitation energy to maintain the target SNR and coherence; (4) be available at a reasonable cost (~<$500); (5) ensures patient comfort (with no subject discomfort reported for a contact area of ~ 2 cm 2 ).
Teaching NeuroImages: Extrapontine osmotic demyelination in hypernatremia

An 82-year-old man presented with altered mental status, withdrawal to pain, osmolality 405 mOsm/kg, and sodium >180 mEq/L, corrected at 8 mEq/L/d. Brain MRI on day 4 showed restricted diffusion within bilateral middle cerebellar peduncles and along the cortical spinal tracts (figure). Extrapontine osmotic demyelination was diagnosed. Classically described after rapid correction of hyponatremia, few cases have been reported in patients with severe hypernatremia. Extrapontine osmotic demyelination occurs after rapid increase in extracellular sodium causing cellular dehydration and cell death of astrocytes or oligodendrocytes provoking non-inflammatory demyelinating lesions in pontine or extrapontine regions. Isolated extrapontine lesions are seen in two-fifths of patients.1,2
Effect of E8 Protein on Ethylene Biosynthesis during Tomato Fruit Ripening

The ripening of many fruits is controlled by an increase in ethylene hormone concentration. E8 is a fruit ripening protein that is related to a large family of iron (II) dioxygenases. To determine the function of E8 we have transformed tomato plants with an E8 antisense gene. We find that reduction of the E8 protein produces an increase in ethylene evolution specifically during the ripening of detached fruit.
CHAPTER 3-6 – PROTONS BONDED TO AROMATIC AND HETEROCYCLIC CARBON ATOMS

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on aromatic proton chemical shifts and presents the chemical shift data for polynuclear and non-benzenoid carbocyclic aromatic compounds. It also discusses chemical shifts of the ring protons in the parent compounds of some common heterocyclic systems and presents a qualitative picture of the effects of common substituents. The presence of a nitrogen or oxygen atom causes a pronounced downfield shift in ring protons, especially in the α-position, in comparison to the corresponding carbocyclic analog. These relatively large built-in chemical-shift differences among ring protons, combined with the fact that the presence of the heteroatom implies an insulating group, makes the spectra of most hetero-aromatic compounds relatively easy to be analyzed. Many heterocyclic derivatives are insoluble in solvents that are commonly used for nuclear magnetic resonance. At the same time, their chemical shifts are quite susceptible to solvent and concentration changes, thus making direct comparison between various classes impossible.
Amphiphilically modified self-stratified siloxane-glycidyl carbamate coatings for anti-icing applications

Icephobic coatings have applications in many industries to protect surfaces from deterioration and avoid catastrophic incidents. In this work, we report a new strategy to prepare amphiphilic siloxane-glycidyl carbamate coatings (AmpSiGC) coatings with anti-icing property. Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) provided amphiphilicity for the AmpSiGC coatings. The designed experiment considered several factors: molecular weight of the surface-modifying polymers and their amount in the coating system. Although amphiphilic coatings have demonstrated promising results as marine coatings, investigations on their icephobic applications have been limited. This work discusses three aspects of the developed AmpSiGC systems: (1) preparation of the incorporated ingredients and their characterization by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); (2) surface characterization of coatings via ATR (attenuated total reflectance)-FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM); and (3) ice-adhesion, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and mechanical property evaluations. Overall, the surface analysis indicated the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains and most of the coatings demonstrated promising performance for anti-icing applications with desirable barrier and mechanical properties in comparison to controls.
Racial disparity in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in hospitalized patients with diabetes 2005-2015: Potential warning signs for future U.S. public health.

Abstract Introduction The pattern of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and diabetes driven hospitalizations in the United States (U.S.) is unclear. We attempted to identify the disparate outcome in race related ASCVD hospitalizations with comorbid diabetes. Methods Adults aged ≥40 years old with ASCVD (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)) as the first-listed diagnosis with comorbid diabetes as a secondary diagnosis were determined using the U.S. 2005–2015 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) data. The incidence of other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking/substance abuse, obesity, and renal failure), in hospital procedures and outcomes was estimated. Complex samples multivariate regression was used to determine the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence Interval (CI) of risk associations and to determine patient comorbidity adjusted ASCVD related in-hospital mortality rate. Results The rate of total ASCVD hospitalizations with comorbid diabetes adjusted to the U.S. census population increased by 5.7% for black men compared to 4% for black women. There was a higher odd of an ASCVD hospitalization if there was comorbid hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR 1.29; 95% CI 95% 1.28–1.31), dyslipidemia (OR 2.03; 95% CI 2.01–2.05), renal failure (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.82–1.86), and smoking/substance use disorder (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.29–1.33). White Women had the highest risk-adjusted incidence of ASCVD related in-hospital mortality (4.2%) relative to black women (3.9%), compared to white men (3.6%) and black men (3.5%) respectively. Conclusions Despite improving treatment options for ASCVD in the diabetic population, blacks with diabetes continue to have a higher hospitalization burden with a concomitant disparity in comorbid presentation and outcome. Further evaluation is the need to understand these associations.
Do High-Risk Parents Use More Aggression During Competitive Play With Children?

The present study examined the extent to which the aggressive tendencies of parents at risk for perpetrating child physical abuse (CPA) generalize to situations other than discipline-related encoun...
Efficient Integrative Multi-SNP Association Analysis using Deterministic Approximation of Posteriors

With the increasing availability of functional genomic data, incorporating genomic annotations into genetic association analysis has become a standard procedure. However, the existing methods often lack rigor and/or computational efficiency and consequently do not maximize the utility of functional annotations. In this paper, we propose a rigorous inference procedure to perform integrative association analysis incorporating genomic annotations for both traditional GWAS and emerging molecular QTL mapping studies. In particular, we propose an algorithm, named ``Deterministic Approximation of Posteriors" (DAP), which enables highly efficient and accurate joint enrichment analysis and identification of multiple causal variants. We use a series of simulation studies to highlight the power and computational efficiency of our proposed approach and further demonstrate it by analyzing the cross-population eQTL data from the GEUVADIS project and the multi-tissue eQTL data from the GTEx project. In particular, we find that genetic variants predicted to disrupt transcription factor binding sites are enriched in cis-eQTLs across all tissues. Moreover, the enrichment estimates obtained across the tissues are correlated with the cell types for which the annotations are derived. The software package implementing the computational approach (including a detailed tutorial) is freely available at https://github.com/xqwen/dap.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Inappropriate Continuation of Proton Pump Inhibitors After Discharge From the Intensive Care Unit.

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence and risk factors for inappropriate discharge on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy started in the intensive care unit (ICU) for stress ulcer prophylaxis. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of adults initiated on treatment with a PPI in any of 9 affiliated ICUs from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2018. Patients were excluded if they had an appropriate long-term PPI indication. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify characteristics associated with discharge on treatment with an inappropriate PPI. Results Of 24,751 patients admitted to an ICU, 4127 were initiated on treatment with a new PPI, with 2467 (60%) lacking a long-term PPI indication. Of these 2467, a total of 1122 (45%) were continued on PPI therapy after transfer to the floor and 668 (27%) were discharged on PPI therapy. On multivariable analysis, risk factors for inappropriate discharge on PPI therapy included having an upper endoscopy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.70; 95% CI, 1.08-2.66), admission to the surgical compared with medical ICU (aOR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.32-3.10), and discharge to a nursing home or rehabilitation facility (aOR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.04-1.96; and aOR, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.62-3.24, respectively). Conclusion Among patients started on treatment with a PPI in the ICU without an indication for outpatient PPI use, 27% (668 of 2467) were nonetheless discharged on PPI therapy. Medically complex and surgical ICU patients are at increased risk for receiving PPIs without appropriate documented indications, and careful review of medication lists at discharge should occur in these high-risk groups.
Agitation in the Emergency Department

The management of acute agitation is a complex medical issue. In acute settings, clinicians are frequently required to care for patients with acute undifferentiated agitation. The health care team must be able to ensure the safety of the patient, and be positioned to consider the safety of caregivers, as well as other patients and visitors. In these circumstances, the etiology of the patient’s agitation must be rapidly determined, as several life-threatening causes need to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Tutorial: Background and Guidance for Using the ANSI/IES TM-30 Method for Evaluating Light Source Color Rendition

This tutorial article provides a comprehensive overview of the development and use of ANSI/IES TM-30-20, an American National Standard method for evaluating light source color rendition that is pub...