cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of DNA Fingerprinting, Aggression Tests, and Morphometry as Tools for Colony Delineation of the Formosan Subterranean Termite

Multilocus DNA fingerprinting, aggression tests, and morphometry were compared to evaluate their potential for the delineation of colonies of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera; Rhinotermitidae) in Hawaii. DNA fingerprinting segregates the termites from all collection sites and allows the assignment of all individuals to their original collection site. The genetic similarity of termites from different collection sites approaches the population's genetic background similarity, consequently collection sites represent independent colonies. Aggression between colonies is comparatively low and does not provide reliable colony delineation. Morphometry allows a 79% classification rate of termites to their colony of origin. No correlation among genetic similarities, aggression levels, and morphometric distances is found. Of the three investigated methods, we conclude that the genetic approach is the most useful tool for colony delineation in C. formosanus.
Solvable Subgroups of Out(Fn) are Virtually Abelian

Let Fn be the free group of rank n, let Aut(Fn) be its automorphism group and let Out(Fn) be its outer automorphism group. We show that every solvable subgroup of Out(Fn) has a finite index subgroup that is finitely generated and free Abelian. We also show that every Abelian subgroup of Out(Fn) has a finite index subgroup that lifts to Aut(Fn).
Probability and Random Variables

This chapter reviews the concepts of probability space, random variable, jointly distributed random variables, and random vectors, as well as transformations of random variables and vectors, expectations, moments, conditional expectations, and characteristic and moment generating functions. The presentation is fast paced and is not intended as a first-time introduction to the above topics.
“You’re Not the Source of Me”: Navigating and Mastering the Transmedial at the End of Buffy the Vampire Slayer’s Fourth Season

Transmedia storytelling denotes an approach to constructing narratives that incorporates a variety of paratexts and supplementary materials to constitute a storyworld that expands and elaborates on the central text. Working from an understanding of this phenomenon as observed and described by Henry Jenkins, Jason Mittell, and Colin B. Harvey, and in conversation with scholars of the Whedonverse(s) including Justine Larbelestier and Matthew Pateman, this chapter argues that beyond operating as an example of just such a transmedial text, Buffy the Vampire Slayer’s narrative and characterological construction produces a work that is intracompositionally transmedial. The characters’ capacity to adapt to and incorporate transmedial storytelling determines their successes and consequently provides a transmedial blueprint for fans and critics of BtVS to aspire to.
A pilot randomized clinical trial of a lethal means safety intervention for young adults with firearm familiarity at risk for suicide.

Objective Firearms are the most common method of suicide in the United States. The provision of firearm-specific lethal means safety interventions is a best practice for the prevention and management of suicide risk. However, few data exist to inform firearm-specific lethal means safety interventions. This study tested four different lethal means safety interventions that varied on two dimensions salient to health behavior change (i.e., fear appeals and emphasis on temporariness). Method Overall, 96 college-enrolled young adults with a history of suicidal ideation and current firearm familiarity (i.e., firearm ownership, access, and/or a desire/intention to obtain a firearm) were randomized to one of four different firearm-specific lethal means safety interventions occurring in the context of the Safety Planning Intervention. Assessments occurred at preintervention, postintervention, and 1-month follow-up. Results Participants who received the firearm-specific lethal means safety intervention that deemphasized fear and emphasized temporariness reported significantly greater intentions to adhere to clinician recommendations to limit their access to firearms for safety purposes compared to individuals randomized to the other groups (Intervention × Time), F(6, 184) = 2.300, p = .036, corresponding to a medium effect size (ηp² = .070). Across groups, 35.4% of participants reported an increase in engagement in firearm safety thoughts/behaviors from preintervention to 1-month follow-up; there were no significant group differences. All four intervention approaches were rated as similarly highly acceptable. Conclusions Findings underscore the potential importance of deemphasizing fear and emphasizing temporariness in firearm-specific lethal means safety interventions. Future studies leveraging these pilot data are needed to replicate and extend findings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Targeting of ubiquitinated proteins to the proteasome: Mechanism and susceptibility to small molecule inhibition

SY16-2 Approval of Velcade by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of relapsed multiple myeloma has validated the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) as a therapeutic target in cancer. The UPS is the principal means by which cellular proteins are degraded. Target proteins are first conjugated with a chain of ubiquitins, and the ubiquitinated protein is then targeted to the proteasome for degradation. Velcade prevents the turnover of ubiquitin-conjugated proteins by binding to the protease active sites in the interior chamber of the 20S proteasome. The proteasome is an extremely complex machine comprising ∼30 different polypeptides. These polypeptides carry out multiple activities that are a prerequisite to the actual proteolytic event that is blocked by Velcade. The activities include: binding of ubiquitinated substrate to the proteasome; opening of a pore so that substrate can gain access to the interior of the 20S proteasome; unfolding of the substrate and its translocation into the 20S proteasome; and cleavage of multiubiquitin chains from the substrate. Given that blockade of 20S protease activity by Velcade has efficacy in combating multiple myeloma, in theory it may be possible to develop new cancer drugs by blocking the other activities of the proteasome. Most recently, we have studied in detail the mechanism by which ubiquitin-conjugated proteins are targeted to the proteasome. Our results reveal that there is a family of different receptor proteins that can functionally engage a ubiquitinated substrate with the proteasome, after which the substrate is degraded. Interestingly, although there is some redundancy among the receptors, there is remarkable specificity as well. This conclusion arises from our observation that different substrates exhibit differential requirements for specific receptors as evidenced from the analysis of protein turnover in mutant yeast that lack particular receptors. Accordingly, it may be possible to stabilize particular subsets of proteasome substrates (and thereby obtain greater specificity and possibly lower toxicity than is achievable with Velcade) with a drug that ablates specific receptor pathways. We already know that the targeting step is drugable in principle, because a blind screen of a 110,000 compound library for small molecules that block protein degradation by the UPS yielded two small molecules - ubistatins A and B - that prevent degradation by binding to the ubiquitin chain and thereby blocking its targeting function. To gain insight into the mechanism by which substrates are sorted to particular receptor pathways, and to identify those pathways that might be the most appealing therapeutic targets, we are developing proteomic methods to identify the ubiquitinated polypeptides that are targeted by particular receptors.
Dynamical Interference of Shannon Information Entropy: Identification of Wave-Packet Fractional Revivals

Wave packet fractional revivals appear as manifestation of a multiple interference of various components of a wave packet during its long-time evolution in a bounded system. We study the phenomenon of fractional revivals by means of the time-dependent interference of information entropy density associated with a bound-state wave packet, which exhibits the formation of self-similar structures – quantum carpets woven by information entropy. The recurrences of self-similarity in the design of entropic carpet mimic the phenomena of quantum revivals and fractional revivals. We show that information theoretic measures are more sensitive to identify the wave-packet fractional revivals.
Transition metal-mediated reactions of diazo reagents: cyclopropanation and insertion into benzylic C-H bonds

45 Introduction 46 Results 48 Discussion 53 Conclusions 58 Experimental 59 Acknowledgments 64 References 64 iv CHAPTER 4. MECHANISM OF CYCLOPROPANATION REACTIONS 68 MEDIATED BY (5,10,15,20-TETRA-PAR^TOLYLPORPHYRINATO)OSMIUM(n) COMPLEXES Abstract 68 Introduction 69 Experimental Section 70 Results 86 Discussion 99 Conclusions 107 Acknowledgments 107 References 109 CHAPTERS. INSERTION OF DIMETHYL DIAZOMALONATE INTO C-H 112 BONDS CATALYZED BY (CARBONYL)(TETRA-PTOLYLPORPHYRINATO)OSMIUM(TI) Abstract 112 Introduction 112 Results and Discussion 113 Experimental Section 115 References 117 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 118 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 121
Characterization of Chronic Gastritis in Lynch Syndrome Patients With Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Background Gastric cancer is one of the Lynch syndrome (LS)-associated malignancies. Previous studies have suggested that LS patients with gastric cancer also had chronic atrophic gastritis in the background mucosa, but further histologic characterization was not attempted. This study aims to understand the histologic features of background chronic gastritis in LS patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. Methods Eleven LS-associated gastric cancer cases were collected from five institutions. Demographics and clinical features were retrieved by review of medical charts. Pathological material was reviewed for tumor location and histologic type. In addition, non-neoplastic gastric mucosa was assessed for inflammation (chronic and active), atrophy, intestinal metaplasia (IM) in the antrum and body, as well as pyloric gland metaplasia and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia in the body. Results Eleven LS patients with gastric cancer (four male and seven female) with a mean age of 63 years (range: 23 - 83) were included. Ten (90.9%) had personal cancer histories; however none of the patients had family history of gastric cancer. Eight (72.7%) patients underwent gastrectomy and three had endoscopic resection. Nine (81.8%) patients had tumor in the fundus and/or body and two had tumor present in the antrum. Seven (63.6%) cases were intestinal type or mixed type carcinoma, and the remaining four were signet ring cell carcinoma. Eight (of 11, 72.7%) patients had chronic gastritis, five (45.4%) had atrophy, and four (36.3%) had intestinal metaplasia. Four of five patients with both antrum and body mucosa available for evaluation (80%), demonstrated body-predominant chronic gastritis. Four patients had germline MLH1 alterations and all of these patients had chronic gastritis, including one Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) gastritis and three H. pylori-negative gastritis. Conclusions None of LS patients with gastric cancer in our cohort had a family history of gastric cancer. Gastric adenocarcinomas in LS patients were primarily located in the fundus and/or body. Two-thirds of these tumors were of intestinal type and had a background chronic, H. pylori-negative gastritis. These results support a chronic atrophic gastritis with intestinal metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence in LS-related gastric tumorigenesis, particularly in MLH1-mutated LS patients.
An examination of child care provider participation in state subsidy contract systems

Abstract Under the Child Care and Development Block Grant Act of 2014, the federal government requires that states build their supply of high quality child care and ensure that subsidy-receiving children have equal access to care. While the majority of states use child care vouchers as their primary or only subsidy mechanism, federal policy encourages states to directly contract with child care providers for subsidized slots as a strategy to promote quality and access to care, particularly for underserved populations. However, little is known about the characteristics of providers that participate in contracts or the factors that hinder or facilitate their participation. This study seeks to identify correlates of provider participation in contracts versus vouchers using administrative data on licensed center-based child care providers participating in Massachusetts’ subsidy system. The study finds that while centers that are members of umbrella organizations or are accredited are more likely to participate in contracts compared to vouchers only, centers that are for-profit organizations or located in communities with higher median household incomes are less likely to participate in contracts. No evidence is found to suggest that a larger gap between centers’ private pay prices and the subsidy reimbursement rate influences their participation in contracts. These results suggest that higher administrative capacity or mission-driven providers are more likely to participate in contracts and that contracted slots are likely to be available in low-income areas, which can help to improve access to care for low-income families.
Incidence and Outcomes of Laryngeal Complications Following Adult Cardiac Surgery: A National Analysis.

Laryngeal complications (LCs) following cardiac operations contribute to increased morbidity and resource utilization. Using a nationally representative cohort of cardiac surgical patients, we characterized the incidence of LC as well as its associated clinical and financial outcomes. All adults undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or valvular operations were identified using the 2010-2017 Nationwide Readmissions Database. International Classification of Diseases 9th and 10th Revision diagnosis codes were used to identify LC. Trends were analyzed using a rank-based, non-parametric test (nptrend). Multivariable linear and logistic regressions were used to evaluate risk factors for LC, and its impact on mortality, complications, resource use and 30-day non-elective readmissions. Of an estimated 2,319,628 patients, 1.7% were diagnosed with perioperative LC, with rising incidence from 1.5% in 2010 to 1.8% in 2017 (nptrend < 0.001). After adjustment, female sex [adjusted odds ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.12], advancing age, and multi-valve procedures (1.51, 95% CI 1.36-1.67, reference: isolated CABG) were associated with increased odds of LC. Despite no risk-adjusted effect on mortality, LC was associated with increased odds of pneumonia (2.88, 95% CI 2.72-3.04), tracheostomy (4.84, 95% CI 4.44-5.26), and readmission (1.32, 95% CI 1.26-1.39). In addition, LC was associated with a 7.7-day increment (95% CI 7.4-8.0) in hospitalization duration and $24,200 (95% CI 23,000-25,400) in attributable costs. The present study found LC to be associated with increased perioperative sequelae and resource utilization. The development and application of active screening protocols for post-surgical LC are warranted to increase early detection and reduce associated morbidity.
Fatigue or Daytime Sleepiness

Daytime sleepiness is one of the criteria for daytime impairment (section-C of ICSD-2) for the diagnosis of insomnia as stipulated by International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 2nd edition.1 Similarly, in the proposed DSM-V criteria2 for primary insomnia, daytime sleepiness has been included as one of the criteria to indicate associated impairment. At our Sleep Research and Treatment Center, Penn State University College of Medicine, we have seen hundreds of patients with chronic insomnia. Most of these patients were referred by other providers for their chronic sleep complaints. Patients with chronic insomnia present with complaints of sleep difficulty for several months and often for more than a year.3 Along with nocturnal sleep disturbances, most of them report several daytime symptoms. Notable among the daytime symptoms are excessive fatigue and exhaustion during the day. However, most of the patients with chronic insomnia deny daytime sleepiness. In our clinical practice to differentiate daytime fatigue/tiredness from sleepiness we use a clarifying question; “Since you feel tired/fatigued, if given a chance would you be able to sleep during the day” and almost all of the patients with chronic insomnia report inability to sleep during the day despite having an opportunity and feeling excessively tired or fatigued. When a patient answers “yes” to the above mentioned question, i.e., ability to sleep during the day, we found that such patients often will have an underlying other primary sleep disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness or chronic sleep deprivation. The differentiation of daytime sleepiness and fatigue as clinical criterion has been suggested earlier by us4,5 and has been adopted by 25 leading investigators in the field of insomnia research convened in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on March 10-11, 2005.6 Our clinical experiences are further supported by the data from objective measures of daytime sleepiness using MSLT (multiple sleep latency tests) in insomnia. Mean sleep latency during MSLT have been consistently found to be increased in insomniacs compared to normal controls.7–10 The mean sleep latency on MSLT in insomniacs were longer despite significantly decreased nocturnal sleep efficiency.7 Recent data by Randall and colleagues10 found that more than 70% of the patients with primary insomnia had mean sleep latency on MSLTs of more than 10 minutes in comparison to only 47% in general population controls. Considering the subjective reports of inability to sleep during the day and the supporting MSLT data indicating decreased propensity to fall asleep during the day in insomniacs, it is prudent to consider deleting the “daytime sleepiness” criteria from the impairment section of proposed DSM-V criteria for primary insomnia. In fact, insomniacs endorsing daytime sleepiness may actually be suffering from other primary sleep disorders or sleep deprivation and may lead to misdiagnosis of insomnia.
A Distributed Real-Time MPEG Video Audio Player

This paper presents the design, implementation and experimental analysis of a distributed, real-time MPEG video and audio player. The player is designed for use across the Internet, a shared environment with variable traffic and with great diversity in network bandwidth and host processing speed. We use a novel toolkit approach to build software feedback mechanisms for client/server synchronization, dynamic Quality-of-Service control, and system adaptiveness. Our experimental results show that the feedback mechanisms are effective, and that the player performs very well in the Internet environment.
Convergence of two-dimensional weighted integrals

A two-dimensional weighted integral in R 2 is proposed as a tool for analyzing higher-dimensional unweighted integrals, and a necessary and sufficient condition for the finiteness of the weighted integral is obtained.
Xenobiotics Released from Fat during Fasting Produce Estrogenic Effects in Ovariectomized Mice

The pesticide residues 1-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane (o,p'-DDT) and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) act as weak estrogens, producing uterotrophic responses in ovariectomized rodents and stimulating human breast cancer cells in culture. Such activity suggests that these compounds may act as tumor promoters in estrogen-responsive tissues. Organochlorine compounds such as o,p'-DDT and beta-HCH are concentrated in body fat. The present report tests whether sufficient compound can be released from fat depots to produce estrogenic effects in uteri of ovariectomized mice. Adult animals were "loaded" with test compound by three daily injections of vehicle (DMSO), 17beta-estradiol (E2), beta-HCH, or o,p'-DDT. Uterotrophic effects were assessed at 24 h after the last loading dose of test compound and at 2 weeks after the loading regimen, with or without a prior 2-day period of fasting. The initial 3-day treatment with either beta-HCH or o,p'-DDT doubled the relative dry weight of the uterus: 102 +/- 8.6 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 104 +/- 4.4 mg/kg BW for beta-HCH and o,p'-DDT, respectively, compared to 49 +/- 1.9 mg/kg BW for vehicle-treated animals. E2-treated animals had uterine dry weights of 228 +/- 11 mg/kg BW. After 2 weeks without further treatment, a 2-day fast produced a decrease in body mass of 4.1 g/animal (fasted, 25.9 +/- 1.89 g versus fed, 30.0 +/- 2.82 g). Animals that had been loaded with beta-HCH and fasted had uterine weights (88 +/- 12 mg/kg BW) significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of vehicle-loaded, fasted animals (51 +/- 2.9 mg/kg BW) or of beta-HCH-loaded, fed animals (59 +/- 4.6 mg/kg BW). The uterine weights of the fasted and fed o,p'-DDT-loaded or E2-loaded animals were not different from those of control weights. The difference between wet and dry weights showed that fasting of beta-HCH-loaded animals also increased water imbibition in the uterus; there was no effect from fasting in the other groups. Generally, epithelial cell height reflected the same responses as uterine weight with the exception that cell heights of beta-HCH-loaded, fed animals were slightly higher (P < 0.05) than corresponding controls, indicating that there may have been some active compound available to the tissues even without fasting. The effects of fasting show that during periods of lipolysis beta-HCH can be released in quantities sufficient to stimulate estrogen target tissues, suggesting a novel mechanism linking obesity and the progression of estrogen-responsive tumors. The lack of effect from fasting in o,p'-DDT-loaded animals indicates that these compounds are differentially mobilized from fat depots.
Repeated lending and business fluctuations: A note

Abstract A borrower-lender relationship is modelled, and the effects of temporary shocks on lending policy are studied. The loan rate is shown to respond sluggishly, thereby influencing shocks' effects on borrower survival, in some cases dampening them.
Chapter 11 The Role of Bone Marrow–Derived Cells in Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastatic Progression

Tumor angiogenesis is orchestrated by a complex set of secreted factors and collaboration between many different cell types. This chapter discusses the role of tumor-secreted angiogenic factors that are responsible for the recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) at tumor sites and their role in tumor angiogenesis and progression.
Crime, War, and Global Trafficking: Narcotic drugs: UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances

Today's war on terror is stealing the headlines of another fuzzy war the world is fighting against a non-conventional enemy: the war on drugs. Illicit drugs are a prototypical case of a problem stretching all across the blurred crime–war continuum. On the one hand, narcotics are associated with problems that fall clearly within the crime category, such as crimes committed under the influence of drugs. Not a day passes without the tabloids reporting new sensational stories about a crack addict battering an innocent victim. On the other hand, drugs have also triggered and sustained a number of prominent inter-state and intra-state wars. The tense stand-off between Colombia and its neighbors Venezuela and Ecuador is just the most recent manifestation of the bellicose dimension of the drugs industry. The extra-territorial killing of a senior leader of Colombia's most notorious narco-guerrilla group has led Latin America close to a cross-border war (The Economist 2008). In this chapter, I will explore the violent side of this half-trillion-dollar business and assess the extent to which the architecture of the international institution created in response – namely the United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988 – provides the optimal governance structure for dealing with the problem. The starkly contrasting ways and degrees of intensity with which different states are affected by the problem and the scarcity of reliable information on industry trends and on governments' control efforts suggest hard law to be the best design option.
Preconditioned iterative linear solvers for unstructured grids on the Earth simulator

Efficient parallel preconditioned iterative linear solvers for unstructured grid have been developed for symmetric multiprocessor (SMP) cluster architectures with vector processors such as the Earth simulator. Three types of preconditioning methods (ICCG, multigrid and selective-blocking for contact problems) have been developed and performance has been demonstrated on the Earth simulator using flat-MPI and hybrid parallel programming models, where each of three preconditioning methods corresponds to typical finite-element type applications in solid earth simulation developed in GeoFEM project. Simple 3D linear elastic problems with more than 2.2/spl times/ 10/sup 9/ (DOF have been solved using 3/spl times/3 block ICCG(O) method and PDJDS/CM-RCM reordering on 176 nodes of the Earth simulator, achieving performance of 3.80 TFLOPS. Multicolor and RCM ordering provide excellent parallel and vector performance of the three preconditioned methods on the Earth simulator.
The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC, Adrian Goldsworthy The Trojan War: A New History, Barry Strauss

In his preface to The Great Arab Conquests (Da Capo, 2007), Hugh Kennedy argues of his method that he has tried neither to dismiss as too-suspect the narrative historical sources nor to cherry-pick...
EEG spectra, behavioral states and motor activity in rats exposed to acetylcholinesterase inhibitor chlorpyrifos

Abstract Exposure to organophosphates (OP) has been associated with sleep disorders such as insomnia and “excessive dreaming.” The central mechanisms of these effects are not well understood. OPs inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, leading to a hyperactivity of the brain cholinergic systems that are involved in sleep regulation. We studied alterations in the EEG, behavioral states, motor activity and core temperature in rats orally administered with 10 or 40 mg/kg of the OP insecticide chlorpyrifos (CHP). Occipital EEG, motor activity and core temperature were recorded with telemetric transmitters. Behavioral sleep–wake states were visually scored. Both doses of CHP produced alterations of the EEG (decrease in power of σ/β and increase in slow θ and fast γ bands) characteristic of arousal. EEG alterations were consistent with behavioral changes such as an increase in wakefulness and a decrease in sleep. Waking immobility was a prevalent behavior. We did not detect any overt signs of CHP toxicity, such as an abnormal posture or gait, suggesting that reduced locomotion can be a result of central effects of CHP (such as activation of cholinergic motor inhibitory system) rather than peripheral (such as an impairment of neuromuscular function). Changes in the EEG and behavior occurred independently of the decrease in core temperature. Increased wakefulness together with reduced motor activity after exposure to CHP seems to be a result of hyperactivity in brain cholinergic neuronal networks.
Activation of a specific phospholipid fatty acyl hydrolase in Dunaliella salina microsomes during acclimation to low growth temperature

Dunaliella salina microsomes, but not chloroplasts, contain a fatty acyl hydrolase with high activity towards endogenous or exogenous phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. There is relatively little activity towards other phospholipids or added monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. Lipolysis is most active in the presence of 10 mM Ca2+ and is enhanced by added calmodulin. Microsomal acyl hydrolase activity in 30°C-grown cells is low when measured in vitro at 12°C but increases rapidly after cells are chilled to 12°C, finally attaining more than 13-times the pre-chilling value. The changing capacity for lipolysis may explain the key role of microsomes in the acclimation of Dunaliella to low temperature.
Controlled Magnetic Reversal in Permalloy Films Patterned into Artificial Quasicrystals

We have patterned novel Permalloy thin films with quasicrystalline Penrose $P2$ tilings and measured their dc magnetization and ferromagnetic resonance absorption. Reproducible anomalies in the hysteretic, low-field data signal a series of abrupt transitions between ordered magnetization textures, culminating in a smooth evolution into a saturated state. Micromagnetic simulations compare well to experimental dc hysteresis loops and ferromagnetic resonance spectra and indicate that systematic control of magnetic reversal and domain wall motion can be achieved via tiling design, offering a new paradigm of magnonic quasicrystals.
Spirituality and religion in graduate social work education

Summary. Recognition is growing of the relevance of spirituality to social work practice, which has led to recommendations that spiritual and religious content be included in the M.S.W. curriculum. This article will review the literature on religious and spiritual content in social work education, report the results of a study of the development of spirituality‐related courses in M.S.W. programs, and discuss the implications of this research for curriculum development.
The Effects of Temperature on the Stability of a Neuronal Oscillator

The crab Cancer borealis undergoes large daily fluctuations in environmental temperature (8–24°C) and must maintain appropriate neural function in the face of this perturbation. In the pyloric circuit of the crab stomatogastric ganglion, we pharmacologically isolated the pacemaker kernel (the AB and PD neurons) and characterized its behavior in response to temperature ramps from 7°C to 31°C. For moderate temperatures, the pacemaker displayed a frequency-temperature curve statistically indistinguishable from that of the intact circuit, and like the intact circuit maintained a constant duty cycle. At high temperatures (above 23°C), a variety of different behaviors were seen: in some preparations the pacemaker increased in frequency, in some it slowed, and in many preparations the pacemaker stopped oscillating (“crashed”). Furthermore, these crashes seemed to fall into two qualitatively different classes. Additionally, the animal-to-animal variability in frequency increased at high temperatures. We used a series of Morris-Lecar mathematical models to gain insight into these phenomena. The biophysical components of the final model have temperature sensitivities similar to those found in nature, and can crash via two qualitatively different mechanisms that resemble those observed experimentally. The crash type is determined by the precise parameters of the model at the reference temperature, 11°C, which could explain why some preparations seem to crash in one way and some in another. Furthermore, even models with very similar behavior at the reference temperature diverge greatly at high temperatures, resembling the experimental observations.
Unanticipated demyelinating pathology of the CNS.

Incidentally identified demyelinating pathology within the CNS has been extensively documented in neuropathological studies, and is increasingly being reported during MRI-based premortem investigations. In this article, Okuda reviews data on unanticipated demyelinating pathology from both autopsy and imaging studies, and considers the clinical implications of these findings, including the recently introduced concept of the radiologically isolated syndrome. Incidentally identified anomalies within the CNS that are highly suggestive of demyelinating disease have been extensively described in neuropathological series, and are increasingly being detected during premortem investigations. With the exception of studies that focused specifically on the prevalence of this entity, the observed anomalies are unanticipated and unrelated to the intended purpose of the examination. The discovery of MRI technology, and its subsequent widespread adoption in the clinic, has facilitated the identification of such cases. The natural course of individuals with incidentally identified demyelinating anomalies is unknown at present. This Review focuses on the history and nosology of unexpected demyelinating pathology, encompassing both autopsy data and MRI-based antemortem investigations of large cohorts, as well as family members at high risk of developing multiple sclerosis. Longitudinal clinical data acquired from prospectively followed cohorts will also be reviewed. In addition, I discuss the estimated prevalence of demyelinating pathology, the currently proposed criteria for its identification, implications for therapeutic intervention, and predictors of disease progression.
The effect of phospholipids on the lipolytic activity of heparin-induced plasma lipase.

Abstract It has been shown that the hydrolysis of triglycerides by heparin-induced plasma lipase can be inhibited by lecithin, cephalin and phosphatidyl serine. The significance of these results was discussed in relation to pancreatic lipase and to the behavior of the heparin-induced lipase in hyperlipemic plasma.
Drawing the big picture: analyzing FLOSS collaboration with temporal social network analysis

How can we understand FOSS collaboration better? Can social issues that emerge be identified and addressed before it is too late? Can the community heal itself, become more transparent and inclusive, and promote diversity? We propose a technique to address these issues by quantitative analysis of social dynamics in FOSS communities. We propose using social network analysis metrics to identify growth patterns and unhealthy dynamics; giving the community a heads-up when they can still take action to ensure the sustainability of the project.
Semiology and the independent film: A review of criticism and theory

(1978). Semiology and the independent film: A review of criticism and theory. Quarterly Review of Film Studies: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 389-403.
On testing hypotheses regarding a class of covariance structures.

Let x be ap-component random variable having a multivariate normal distribution with covariance matrix Σ. In this paper, we consider the problem of testing hypotheses of the formH 0:Σ =b 1Σ1 + … +b m Σ m , whereb i 's are unknown scalars, and Σ i 's are a set of known and simultaneously diagonalizable matrices. This problem has both psychometric and statistical interest, and its basic theory is developed here. Besides, the problem of obtaining likelihood-ratio statistic for testingH 0 is studied, and the statistic obtained in a special case.
Measurements of compressible secondary flow in a circular S-duct

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of secondary flow in a circular cross section 30 deg - 30 deg S-duct with entrance Mach number of 0.6. Local flow velocity vectors have been measured along the length of the duct at six stations. These measurements have been made using a five-port cone probe. Static and total pressure profiles in the transverse planes are obtained from the cone probe measurements. Wall static pressure measurements along three azimuth angles of 0 deg, 90 deg, and 180 deg along the duct are also made. Contour plots presenting the three dimensional velocity field as well as the total- and static-pressure fields are obtained. Surface oil flow visualization technique has been used to provide details of the flow on the S-duct boundaries. The experimental observations have been compared with typical computational results.
Advancing racism with Facebook: Frequency and purpose of Facebook use and the acceptance of prejudiced and egalitarian messages

The present study examined the relationship between frequency of Facebook use and attitude toward negative racial messages that are presented via Facebook. White participants completed a measure of Facebook use and then read one of three persuasive messages regarding race: an egalitarian message, a negative message with a superiority focus, or a negative message with a victim focus. Participants indicated their attitude toward the message and their Facebook-related behavioral intentions. Results showed that frequency of Facebook use related positively to message acceptance, particularly messages with overt racist content. Facebook users who were motivated by information seeking needs discriminated the most between messages, accepting an egalitarian message and rejecting messages with racist content.
The Ability of Preschool Children to Solve Problems in which a Simple Principle of Relationship is Kept Constant

Abstract * Recommended for publication by G. D. Stoddard, accepted by Carl Murchison of the Editorial Board, and received in the Editorial Office, February 16, 1931. 1 This study was directed at the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station by Dr. Ruth Updegraff.
Improving education in primary care: development of an online curriculum using the blended learning model

Standardizing the experiences of medical students in a community preceptorship where clinical sites vary by geography and discipline can be challenging. Computer-assisted learning is prevalent in medical education and can help standardize experiences, but often is not used to its fullest advantage. A blended learning curriculum combining web-based modules with face-to-face learning can ensure students obtain core curricular principles. This course was developed and used at The Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and its associated preceptorship sites in the greater Cleveland area. Leaders of a two-year elective continuity experience at the Case Western Reserve School of Medicine used adult learning principles to develop four interactive online modules presenting basics of office practice, difficult patient interviews, common primary care diagnoses, and disease prevention. They can be viewed at http://casemed.case.edu/cpcp/curriculum . Students completed surveys rating the content and technical performance of each module and completed a Generalist OSCE exam at the end of the course. Participating students rated all aspects of the course highly; particularly those related to charting and direct patient care. Additionally, they scored very well on the Generalist OSCE exam. Students found the web-based modules to be valuable and to enhance their clinical learning. The blended learning model is a useful tool in designing web-based curriculum for enhancing the clinical curriculum of medical students.
Polyglactin 910/polydioxanone bicomponent totally resorbable vascular prostheses

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that bioresorbable vascular prostheses woven from lactide-glycolide copolymers and implanted into arteries of several animal models become replaced by cellular tissues; the rate of replacement parallels the kinetics of prosthetic resorption. This study evaluates the efficacy of bicomponent resorbable prostheses as a method of augmenting resistance to dilatation during the resorption period of the more rapidly resorbed component. Bicomponent prostheses (n = 37) were woven from compound yarns containing 74% polyglactin 910 (PG910) and 26% polydioxanone (PDS) and were interposed into adult white New Zealand rabbit infrarenal aortas. Resultant prosthesis-tissue complexes were harvested after 2 weeks to 12 months. Specimens were photographed and sectioned for light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Randomly selected fresh explants at 1 and 3 months and control aortic segments from the same rabbits were simultaneously perfused with culture media (37° C, 100/80 mm Hg, 60 ml/min) and perfusates assayed by means of tritiated radioimmunoassay techniques for the stable prostacyclin metabolite 6-keto-PGF 1α before and after the addition of sodium arachidonate (10 μg/ml) to the media. Results showed 100% patency, no aneurysms, and stenosis in 1 of 37 prostheses (3%). PG910 was totally resorbed by 2 months and PDS by 6 months. By 1 month inner capsule thickness was 303 ± 30 μm. In contrast to previous reports this was significantly thicker than that within 100% PDS (230 ± 40 μm) and significantly less thick than in 100% PG910 (530 ± 62 μm). Inner capsules in all three groups stabilized at similar thicknesses (417 to 502 μm). Regenerated tissues contained oriented myofibroblasts and collagen beneath endothelial-like blood-contacting surfaces. These surfaces metabolized sodium arachidonate to 6-keto-PGF 1α in a similar fashion to control aortic surfaces. Although these data suggest possible clinical efficacy in multicomponent totally absorbable vascular prostheses, further work is needed to elucidate fully the mechanisms of arterial regenerative activity. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:697-705.)
Fluorescent metabolites in mold-damaged wheat flour.

Aus Schimmelpilzen (Aspergillus niger, A. candidus undA. flavus), die auf Weizenmehl wachsen, wurden die beiden fluoreszierenden Sterole 22-Ergostatetraen-3-on und dessen C24-athylhomologe isoliert.
Inactivation of catalase by near ultraviolet light and tryptophan photoproducts.

Certain ocular proteins have been found to be chemically modified by exposure to near-UV light (320–390 nm) in the presence of tryptophan. Colored and fluorescent tryptophan photoproducts bind firmly to proteins, thereby altering their physico-chemical properties. The question of whether such a reaction would inhibit the catalytic action of catalase is herein raised. When solutions of bovine liver catalase were re-incubated up to 24 hr under near-UV with preirradiated tryptophan and dialyzed, most of the ability of the enzyme to decompose H2O2 was lost. Similar results occurred for catalase activities of bovine cornea and lens epithelia. The enzyme protein exhibited altered UV absorption and fluorescence spectra and increased electrophoretic mobility after binding photoproducts. Near-UV light photoproducts of tryptophan are thus capable of deactivating crystalline and tissue catalase.
Effective noise correlation matrix structure for equalization of shallow water channels

Shallow water acoustic communication is challenging due to the delay and Doppler spread resulting from acoustic scattering from surface gravity waves. A channel estimate based decision feedback equalizer (CEB-DFE) has been shown to be very effective at mitigating these channel effects. One component of the DFE that is often overlooked is the effective noise correlation matrix. In much of the literature, the effective noise correlation matrix is approximated by a scaled identity matrix, where the scaling is assumed to be near the reciprocal of the signal to noise ratio (SNR). For the underwater channel, explicitly estimating the full effective noise correlation matrix leads to a reduction of the residual data estimation error. In this paper we show that correlated changes in channel impulse response coefficients cause the effective noise correlation matrix to have off-diagonal terms. Since the correlated changes tend to occur slowly over time, the effective noise correlation matrix is Toeplitz. An algorithm which exploits this fact to reduce computational complexity is presented and is demonstrated using experimental data.
A memetic heuristic for the co-clustering problem

Co-clustering partitions two different kinds of objects simultaneously. Bregman co-clustering is a well-studied fast iterative algorithm to perform co-clustering. However, this method is very prone to local optima. We propose a memetic algorithm to solve the co-clustering problem. Experimental results show that this method outperforms the multi-start Bregman co-clustering in both accuracy and time.
INDEPENDENT FISCAL AGENCIES

Abstract There has been a considerable literature regarding the incentives of policymakers as a prime reason for persistent fiscal deficits and a variety of fiscal rules have been proposed as a remedy. However, the often inadequate flexibility of rules and the success of policy delegation in the monetary realm have motivated a small but growing number of studies that suggest delegating some aspects of fiscal policy to what will here be called ‘independent fiscal agencies’. This paper surveys the related literature with a focus on three aspects: the motivation for the establishment of such agencies; their potential design; and the experience with these types of institutions.
The Atomic Heat of Germanium below 4°K

The atomic heat of germanium below 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K has been measured with pure polycrystalline and single crystal ingots, indium and antimony doped single crystal ingots, and pure crushed material. The lattice contribution is in all cases proportional to ${T}^{3}$ and corresponds to a Debye temperature of (362\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, which agrees with the value calculated from elastic constants. From the degree to which this cubic term represents the total measured atomic heat, the estimated upper limit for the ratio of the effective carrier mass to that of free electrons is found to be in the neighborhood of unity.
Alternative ways of obtaining Hausman's test using artificial regressions

Abstract Hausman [1978. Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica 46, 1251–1271] showed that his specification test in panel data, which is based on the contrast between fixed effects (FE) and the random effects (RE) estimators, can also be obtained as a Wald test from an artificial OLS regression. This paper generalizes this result to the 2SLS counterpart. Instead of a contrast based on FE 2SLS and RE 2SLS as proposed more recently by Baltagi [2004. A Hausman test based on the difference between fixed effects two-stage least squares and error components two-stage least squares, problem 04.1.1. Econometric Theory 20, 223–224] artificial regressions are proposed that would generate this Hausman test using 2SLS regressions.
Biomineralization: An Overview

Biomineralization describes the deposition of mineral within or outside the cells of living organisms. Examples include iron and gold deposits in bacteria and other unicellular organisms, silicates in algae and diatoms, carbonates in diatoms and nonvertebrates, and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates. The formation of these deposits involves similar mechanisms, but there are distinctions in each case, and those similarities and distinctions are the subject of this overview. A comparison of the apatitic mineral in bones and teeth is presented as a model for understanding these factors.
Research report policy implications of school superintendents' attitudes toward community advisement and control

Abstract The study examined superintendents' attitudes toward community involvement at advisory and control levels in relation to current demands for community input into school management issues. Attitudes of superintendents in school systems of 15 000 or larger throughout the United States and Puerto Rico were obtained on a 40-item instrument. Analyses of data indicated varying degrees of difference between attitudes on community advisement and control and also differences across school management issues. Significant differences in attitudes were also evident between superintendents from different school setting and from different size systems.
The Young Brain and Concussion: Imaging as a Biomarker for Diagnosis and Prognosis

Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)) is a significant pediatric public health concern. Despite increased awareness, a comprehensive understanding of the acute and chronic effects of concussion on central nervous system structure and function remains incomplete. Here we review the definition, epidemiology, and sequelae of concussion within the developing brain, during childhood and adolescence, with current data derived from studies of pathophysiology and neuroimaging. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the neurological consequences of traumatic brain injuries, which in turn, may lead to the development of brain biomarkers to improve identification, management and prognosis of pediatric patients suffering from concussion.