cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Canadian Clinical Probability Model for Acute Venous Thrombosis

Objective: To validate the predictive value of the Canadian clinical probability model for acute venous thrombosis, which, to the best of the authors' knowledge, has not been done in emergency department (ED) settings outside of Canada. Methods: Demographic and clinical information, rapid D-dimer testing, and venous ultrasound imaging were obtained among patients presenting with clinically suspected venous thrombosis at a university-affiliated ED. A diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was made based on venous ultrasound test results or objectively documented venous thromboembolism during a 12-week follow-up period. The probability of venous thrombosis was calculated using the Canadian clinical probability model. Results: Among 102 patients, 17 (17%) were diagnosed as having venous thrombosis initially or during the three-month follow-up period. The frequency of venous thrombosis among patients categorized as having high probability was 10 of 17 [59%, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 35% to 82%], 6 of 44 (14%, 95% CI = 4% to 24%) with intermediate probability, and 1 of 41 (2%, 95% CI = 0.1% to 11%) with low probability. This compares with respective values of 49%, 14%, and 3%, reported by Canadian researchers in an ED study. Forty-one of 102 (40%) patients had an alternate diagnosis as likely or more likely than venous thrombosis, but only three (7%, 95% CI = 2% to 18%) of these had venous thrombosis. Conclusions: Use of the Canadian probability model for DVT in this ED resulted in effective risk stratification, comparable to previously published results.
Spirituality and Desistance From Substance Use Among Reentering Offenders

Prior research has indicated an inverse relationship between religion and criminal behavior; however, few studies have specifically examined the effect of spirituality on the desistance process among a contemporary and diverse sample of reentering drug-involved offenders. A comprehensive understanding of how spirituality is related to desistance from substance use can lead to more effective and evidence-based preventive and rehabilitative interventions. Using data from a longitudinal study of 920 diverse offenders returning to the community after a period of incarceration, the current study examines three distinct forms of substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine) to gauge the effect that spirituality plays in the desistance process. The findings suggest a relatively high importance of spirituality in terms of preventing substance use during reentry, particularly concerning the use of both alcohol and cocaine.
Identification of Characteristic Failure Initiation Sites in Plain Weave Textile Composites

Failure initiation locations were determined in the tows of a plain weave textile composite for a wide variety of loading conditions in an attempt to identify characteristic failure initiation sites. For a wide variety of loading conditions, failure initiated in a limited number of locations in the composite. It was also found that the two degrees of weave undulation studied shared similar characteristic failure initiation sites. Additionally, it was observed that stress concentrations which result from idealizations of the textile geometry could have a strong effect on the predicted failure initiation locations. Steps were taken to reduce the influence of these stress concentrations, including modifying the textile geometry and excluding certain problematic regions of the textile from consideration when searching for failure initiation locations.
Controlled Drinking: More Than Just a Controversy

Purpose of Review: We intend to provide clinicians and clinical scientists with an overview of developments in the controlled-drinking literature, primarily since 2000. A brief description of the controversy surrounding controlled drinking provides a context for a discussion of various approaches to controlled drinking intervention as well as relevant clinical research. Recent Findings: Consistent with previous research, behavioral self-control training continues to be the most empirically validated controlled-drinking intervention. Recent research has focused on increasing both the accessibility/availability and efficacy of behavioral self-control training. Moderation-oriented cue exposure is a recent development in behaviorally oriented controlled drinking that yields treatment outcomes comparable to behavioral self-control training. The relative efficacy of moderation-oriented cue exposure versus behavioral selfcontrol training may vary depending on the format of treatment delivery (group versus individual) and level of drinking severity. In general, the efficacy of both techniques does not appear to vary as a function of drinking severity but may vary as a function of drinking-related self-efficacy. Guided-self change is a relatively new and brief cognitive-behavioral intervention that has demonstrated efficacy with problem drinkers. Interventions based on harm reduction principles have decreased alcohol use in various student populations. Finally, Moderation Management is the only self-help program that supports non-abstinence goals, a feature that makes it popular with problem drinkers who are avoidant of traditional treatment services. Summary: The controversial past of controlled drinking is slowly giving way to a hopeful future in which individuals are less likely to be forced into an abstinence-only treatment scenario. The enhanced accessibility of effective controlled-drinking interventions should significantly expand the treatment options of individuals within the full spectrum of alcohol-related problems.
Metabolie disposition of methyldopa in hypertensive and renal‐insufficient children

The serum levels of methyldopa and its principle metabolites were assessed in 22 hypertensive children, of whom 13 had impaired renal function. A significant correlation was found between the magnitude of the renal dysfunction and the serum levels of methyldopa, α-methyldopa-sulfate, α-methyldopamine, and α-methyldopamine-sulfate. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those with normal (serum creatinine ≤ 1.0 mg/100 ml) and those with abnormal (serum creatinine > 1.0 mg/100 ml) renal function. The serum level of α-methyldopa-sulfate and not of methyldopa was elevated in those with renal dysfunction. The serum levels of α-methyldopamine and, in particular, its 3-0-sulfate conjugate were markedly elevated in patients with renal disease. These data suggest that the enhanced sensitivity to methyldopa in patients with impaired renal function may be due in part to α-methyldopamine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 27, 37–43; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.6
Proximal versus distal cues to smoke: The effects of environments on smokers' cue-reactivity.

Smokers are highly reactive to smoking-related cues that are directly linked, or most proximal, to actual smoking behavior (e.g., lit cigarettes). However, over the course of smoking, proximal cues may not be the only stimuli to become strongly associated with smoking. Distal cues, such as the environments in which smoking occurs (e.g., bar) might also gain associative properties and come to evoke robust reactivity from smokers. To test this, a pilot study was first conducted to develop standard pictorial stimuli of smoking and nonsmoking environments, all of which were completely devoid of proximal smoking cues. A comparison set of smoking and nonsmoking proximal cues was then created. Using the 12 total pictorial cues developed, 62 adult smokers participated in a cue-reactivity study during which they viewed and rated pictorial smoking and nonsmoking environment and proximal cues. Results demonstrate that, similar to proximal cues, environments associated with smoking can alone function as stimuli capable of evoking strong subjective reactivity from smokers. This work supports a broader conceptualization of drug-related cues in cue-based research and treatment development that includes proximal and distal cues as distinct categories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved).
Cyclosporine Blood Concentrations Determined by Specific Versus Nonspecific Assay Methods

Cyclosporine blood concentrations were simultaneously determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at multiple points in time in two patients receiving cyclosporine for immunosuppression following liver transplantation. Radioimmunoassay levels always exceed those determined by HPLC; however, the divergence between the two methods increased as serum bilirubin concentration increased, with HPLC:RIA ratios generally less than 0.3 when serum bilirubin concentrations exceeded 10.0 mg/dL. These preliminary results suggest that retention of immunoactive cyclosporine metabolites due to impaired liver function may account for RIA-determined cyclosporine concentrations that greatly exceed those measured by HPLC.
Fast fault translation

Test generator algorithms may be classified by the level of circuit description they utilize. Algorithms based on a logic-gate level description of the circuit under test (CUT) are the most common. Functional algorithms utilize a functional description of the CUT. Functional test generation techniques may provide better defect coverages than do purely logic-level techniques. Multilevel test generation algorithms attempt to realize the advantages of both approaches by utilizing fault translation. Here, gate-level faults are translated to functional faults and test generation is performed at the functional level. In this paper, we develop and present new techniques for fast efficient fault translation from the logic to the functional level. These techniques are implemented in a multilevel sequential circuit test generation system. The performance of the system is investigated on benchmark circuits.
Mid-Atlantic: Sitting on the knife's sharp edge

ABSTRACT This paper responds to two issues raised in this special issue on the American school of international political economy (IPE). I react first to the assumed convergence towards an open economy politics (OEP) framework. While OEP clearly has merits, I find that its narrow conception of actors and interests neglects other approaches' insights into preference formation and institutions that would enable it to offer better explanations of political economy. Second, I respond to the perceived monoculture in American IPE, which many (wrongly) attribute to professional power over journals and (rightly) tie to graduate training in the United States. More to the point of deconstructing the perceived intellectual hegemony driving IPE's monoculture, I challenge Randall Germain's indictment of the Harvard school of IPE. I show that the early Harvard Mafia indeed played a critical role in shaping the field, but it did not determine the myopic paradigmatic and methodological trends we currently see in the disc...
Mode of action of 1‐β‐D‐arabinofuranosylcytosine in human lymphoblasts: Differential effects of the drug on chromosomal replication

This paper describes a novel biochemical effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), a potent antitumor agent, on the process of DNA replication in cultures of human lymphoblasts (CCRF-CEM). By using short incubation periods of five minutes with 3H-thymidine and analyzing the nascent DNA by velocity sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients, it was found that the initial effect on DNA replication by the addition of 5 nM Ara-C is inhibition of initiation of new replicating units in DNA. A second effect of Ara-C, which is evident 30 minutes after drug addition, is a reduction in the process of elongation of these units. A model is presented to explain the mechanism by which Ara-C may cause a differential effect on DNA chain initiation and elongation in CCRF-CEM cells.
Placenta accreta diagnosed 15 days following primary cesarean section

Placenta accreta is a life-threatening obstetric complication with an ever-increasing incidence. Between 1982 and 2002, the reported incidence of placenta accreta was 1/533 pregnancies, nearly 4 times its incidence in the 1980s and 8 times its incidence in the 1970s. As Cesarean sections (C/S) become more common, so does placenta accreta, as prior C/S is a risk factor. Placenta accreta requires emergent treatment and unique anesthetic considerations. However, little research discusses the anesthetic protocol to treat this condition. This report details the anesthetic procedure used to successfully treat a patient with placenta accrete diagnosed 15 days post-C/S.
Nonlinear and adaptive properties of visual information processing in the fly nervous system

A simulation study of a neural network model for visual processing in the fly nervous system is presented. We refined the model of on-off units proposed by Ogmen and Gagne (1990) and studied adaptive properties of these units. The response of a neural network model for motion detection built on these on-off units is also obtained for drifting or flickering sinusoidal gratings. Predictions of the models are compared with electrophysiological data. >
Reconstruction of 3D dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging using nonlocal means

Purpose: To develop and test a nonlocal means-based reconstruction algorithm for undersampled 3D dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of tumors. Materials and Methods: We propose a reconstruction technique that is based on the recently proposed nonlocal means (NLM) filter which can relax trade-offs in spatial and temporal resolutions in dynamic imaging. Unlike the original application of NLM for image denoising, the MR reconstruction framework here can offer high-quality images from undersampled k-space data. The method is based on enforcing similarity constraints in terms of neighborhoods of pixels rather than individual pixels. The method was applied on undersampled 3D DCE imaging of breast and brain tumor datasets and the results were compared to sliding window reconstructions and to a compressed sensing method using total variation constraints on the images. Results: Undersampling factors of up to five were obtained with the proposed approach while preserving the spatial and temporal characteristics. The NLM reconstruction method offered improved performance over the sliding window and the total variation constrained reconstruction techniques. Conclusion: The reconstruction framework here can give high-quality images from undersampled DCE MRI data and has the potential to improve the quality of DCE tumor imaging.
High-accuracy profiler that uses depth from focus

A CCD-based confocal microscope system that is used to measure accurate three-dimensional surface profiles is reported. For a field of view of 500 μm, surface samples spaced at 12 μm on smooth specular test objects are simultaneously resolved in depth to ~1 μm (depending on the surface being observed). A precision of 0.1 μm is obtained for a mirrored surface for a field of view 400 μm wide. Simple scaling and sampling results permit these results to be extended to other apparatus dimensions and range sampling intervals.
Cancer Treatment-Induced Bone Loss: Pathophysiology and Clinical Perspectives

Hormone-ablative therapies for breast or prostate cancer can cause marked and rapid reductions in circulating estrogen or testosterone levels, resulting in significant effects on bone metabolism and cancer treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL). Most patients with cancer are over the age of 65 and are already at risk for osteoporosis. Thus, accelerated bone loss from CTIBL is especially concerning in this population. Although there are currently no approved therapies for the treatment or prevention of CTIBL, oral bisphosphonates have been used in settings other than oncology to treat bone loss. New-generation i.v. bisphosphonates have demonstrated promising activity in preventing CTIBL in patients receiving hormonal therapy for breast or prostate cancer. In particular, zoledronic acid not only prevents CTIBL in both breast and prostate cancer patients but also increases bone mineral density above baseline. Such agents have the potential to delay or prevent CTIBL in patients receiving hormonal therapies.
A Very Extreme Case of the Dollar Auction

This article presents the true story of an exercise conducted in an executive MBA class. The Dollar Auction has been used to great benefit in many classes on negotiations and organizational behavior. The case described here represents the most extreme outcome that the author or his colleagues have ever observed. It leads to a number of observations about emotions, rationality, and strategy in the heat of battle and provides an opportunity to discuss the potent effects of time pressure and competition in individual and organizational decision making.
Phase I trials of pemetrexed.

The maximum tolerated dose of the multitargeted antifolate drug pemetrexed is 600 mg/m(2) every 3 weeks in heavily pretreated patients without folic acid supplementation. However, with folic acid supplementation, higher doses have been given without limiting side effects. The dose-limiting toxicities of pemetrexed are neutropenia, asthenia, and thrombocytopenia. Other adverse effects include anemia, anorexia, rash, nausea, vomiting, peripheral edema, diarrhea, mucositis, and reversible elevations of transaminase and creatinine levels. Multiple pemetrexed combination phase I trials have been completed or are underway. Without folic acid supplementation, pemetrexed doses of 400 to 600 mg/m(2)could be safely administered with full therapeutic doses of irinotecan, gemcitabine, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, and 5-fluorouracil. Preliminary data from other ongoing trials (with folic acid and vitamin B(12) supplementation) have similarly shown that pemetrexed doses of at least 400 to 500 mg/m(2) can be safely administered with therapeutic doses of vinorelbine, docetaxel, and paclitaxel. Combination studies of pemetrexed with agents active in breast cancer (doxorubicin, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide) and chest radiotherapy are also now underway. Adverse effects of these combinations have included neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, asthenia, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, nausea, anorexia, mucositis, and reversible transaminase elevation. The phase I trials of pemetrexed have consistently shown activity against a broad range of tumor types, including colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma. This activity has been noted not only in the combination trials, but when pemetrexed is given as a single agent as well. Pemetrexed is a promising drug. It is active against a broad range of cancers, and it has manageable side effects that seem to be lessened with folic acid and vitamin B(12) supplementation.
Lack of mezlocillin and piperacillin interference in measurement of vancomycin in the Abbott TDx.

and blood in hemodialysis patients.J AppI Physiol 1967;23:100-8. 3. Shanon IL, Feller RP, Suddick RP. Human parotid saliva urea in renal failure and during dialysis. Arch Oral Biol 1977;22:83-6. 4. von Eisenwiener HG. Kinetische Bestimmung des Harnstoffes mit dem LKB-System. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1976;14:261-4. 5. Akai T,Naka K, Yoshikawa C, et a!.Salivaurea nitrogen as an index to renal function:a test-stripmethod. Clin Chem 1982;29:1825-7.
Prototypes, Exemplars, and Theoretical & Applied Ethics

Concepts are mental representations that are the constituents of thought. EdouardMachery claims that psychologists generally understand concepts to be bodies of knowledge or information carrying mental states stored in long term memory that are used in the higher cognitive competences such as in categorization judgments, induction, planning, and analogical reasoning. While most research in the concepts field generally have been on concrete concepts such as LION, APPLE, and CHAIR, this paper will examine abstract moral concepts and whether such concepts may have prototype and exemplar structure. After discussing the philosophical importance of this project and explaining the prototype and exemplar theories, criticisms will be made against philosophers, who without experimental support from the sciences of the mind, contend that moral concepts have prototype and/or exemplar structure. Next, I will scrutinize Mark Johnson’s experimentally-based argument that moral concepts have prototype structure. Finally, I will show how our moral concepts may indeed have prototype and exemplar structure as well as explore the further ethical implications that may be reached by this particular moral concepts conclusion.
HIGH-FIDELITY SIMULATION TESTING OF CONTROL ALLOCATION METHODS

This paper describes high-fidelity simulation testing of some of the more popular advanced control allocation techniques integrated with two separate dynamic inversion control laws. The allocation methods include variations of quadratic programming, linear programming, direct allocation, cascaded generalized inverse, and weighted pseudo-inverse. Results are presented for single and multi-axis pitch and roll maneuvers with and without actuator failures. A velocity vector roll is also considered for the no failure case. Results show that a robust control law can mask differences in the various control allocation routines and lead to similar performance from both optimal and sub-optimal allocation methods. Furthermore, the current results illustrate that the closed-loop performance does not directly follow from the openloop measures that are widely used in the literature.
Blunted effect of ANP on hematocrit and plasma volume in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) infusion increases hematocrit and decreases plasma volume by inducing a transfer of plasma fluid from the vascular to the interstitial compartment. Diabetes mellitus is associated with resistance to the renal actions of ANP. We explored the possibility that the extrarenal responses to ANP may also be altered in the diabetic state by measuring changes in arterial pressure and hematocrit during infusion of ANP (1 microgram.kg-1 x min-1 for 45 min) into anesthetized, acutely nephrectomized rats 2-3 wk after induction of diabetes from intravenous streptozotocin (STZ) injection (60 mg/kg). Blood glucose was significantly elevated in diabetic rats when compared with control and insulin-treated diabetic rats. Arterial pressure during ANP infusion decreased similarly in control; diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats (by 7.6 +/- 1.6, 9.6 +/- 1.9, and 8.2 +/- 2% respectively; all P < 0.002). In control rats, hematocrit increased progressively to a maximum value of 9.5 +/- 0.9% as a result of the infusion, corresponding to a decrease in plasma volume of 16.3 +/- 1.3%. In contrast, the ANP-induced increase in hematocrit was markedly blunted in diabetic rats (1.6 +/- 0.8%; P < 0.0001 vs. ANP infusion in control rats). Reducing the hyperglycemia in diabetic rats by insulin therapy restored the increase in hematocrit in response to ANP (8.5 +/- 1.1%; P < 0.0001 vs. ANP infusion in diabetic rats and P = NS vs. control rats). ANP infusion increased plasma ANP levels to the same extent in the three groups, whereas plasma guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) was significantly less in diabetic as compared with control and insulin-treated diabetic rats.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
New York City Plans to Be Flooded

Letters to the Editor in the Journal of Coastal Research are opinion pieces written by coastal researchers or laypersons that usually deal with topics that are important to theresearch community. Although these contributions stateopinionsor give perspectives on topical issues of concern, they must be based on facts and evidence. Even though Letters to the Editor may contain personal bias, thecommentaryshould reflect a stance, concern,warning, or opinionwith some basis in fact regardless of how it is interpreted. Letters to the Editor are an independent part of the JCR where opinions and positionalities are not vetted in peer review as are professional papers and technical communications. Letters to the Editor are opinion pieces that reflect authors’ positions and are not necessarily a part of the journal’s position on any topic.
The effect of nonnestmates on foraging trail caste ratios ofNasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae)

The mean number of workers on foraging trails ofNasutitermes corniger Motschulsky decreases after the introduction of nonnestmate conspecifics or congeneric heterospecifics. The mean number of soldiers on foraging trais does not vary when nestmates, conspecific nonnestmates or heterospecific workers are introduced. When heterospecific soldiers are introduced to the trail, however, the number ofN. corniger soldiers increases. Consequently, the ratio of soldiers to workers increases. These findings demonstrate that the addition of nonnestmates temporarily alters caste ratios on foraging trails, representing a shift in the distribution of castes in response to environmental perturbation.
Smart sustainable power system for efficient energy utilization

With growing world population, there is a huge demand for continuous power availability both in industry and house hold, so efficient power utilization is one of the key focuses for the researchers these days. Scientists have been trying hard to improve the living standards day by day by fulfilling the power demands of the people in best and efficient way, Therefore apart from the common grid system used for power supply, various secondary sources such as generators, invertors, UPS (uninterrupted power supply) etc. are widely used these days to fulfill the energy needs. Our research focuses on one of the secondary electricity sources i.e. Smart Photo Voltaic Solar Panels which ensures sustainable energy system and smart solution for efficient power utilization. Research also includes the survey conducted in major cities of Pakistan, to collect data from common household. After careful analysis of the requirements and system specification, we propose our system to be the best solution for efficient power utilization.
Study on Partition for Transmission Line of Liaoning Grid Galloping Region and Drawing Rule of Galloping Distribution Map

The condition of 66 kV and above overhead transmission line icing galloping of Liaoning power grid in recent 10 years is analyzed.It divides the partition for transmission line of Liaoning Grid galloping region and draws the rule of galloping distribution map in consideration of the geography and climate characteristics of Liaoning Province.The map is used to help solving the transmission line icing galloping.
Empirical Research on Rural Family's Economic Benefits of Reproductive Behavior——Also on Applicability of the Different Fertility Policy

By using the survey data of rural areas in Cheng De and Han Dan,Hebei Province,this study established SUR model,and from the micro level analyzed the influences on economic benefits of the family from the number of child birth,gender and other factors.Results indicate that by controlling other variables and considering illegal reproduction,numbers of children and numbers of boys have a significant effect on income and expenditure of the family,and this effect in rural areas of the mountains(Cheng De) is more evident than in rural households of plain regions(Han Dan).Meanwhile,the rationality and applicability of the different fertility policy have been demonstrated.
Abusing browser address bar for fun and profit - an empirical investigation of add-on cross site scripting attacks

Add-on JavaScript originating from users’ inputs to the browser brings new functionalities such as debugging and entertainment, however it also leads to a new type of cross-site scripting attack (defined as add-on XSS by us), which consists of two parts: a snippet of JavaScript in clear text, and a spamming sentence enticing benign users to input the previous JavaScript. In this paper, we focus on the most common add-on XSS, the one caused by browser address bar JavaScript. To measure the severity, we conduct three experiments: (i) analysis on real-world traces from two large social networks, (ii) a user study by means of recruiting Amazon Mechanical Turks [4], and (iii) a Facebook experiment with a fake account. We believe as the first systematic and scientific study, our paper can ring a bell for all the browser vendors and shed a light for future researchers to find an appropriate solution for add-on XSS.
Vaccines for Healthcare-associated Infections: Promise and Challenge

As antibiotic resistance increases and the rate of antibiotic development slows, it is becoming more urgent to develop novel approaches to prevent and mitigate serious bacterial and fungal infections. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), including those caused by Clostridium difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and Candida species, are a major cause of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. HAIs are also a key driver of antibiotic use. Vaccines directed toward these pathogens could help prevent a large number of HAIs and associated antibiotic use if administered to targeted populations. Despite numerous scientific and operational challenges, there are vaccine candidates in late-stage clinical development for C. difficile, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa Basic, preclinical, and early clinical research to develop vaccines for other types of HAIs is also under way. In addition, other prophylactic immune interventions, such as monoclonal antibodies, for several of these pathogens are in advanced development. Here we describe the promise, challenges, and current pipeline of vaccines to prevent HAIs.
Clues to NPC1-mediated cholesterol export from lysosomes

Cholesterol is an essential component of cellular membranes and an important precursor for the generation of other biomolecules. Cholesterol is carried in the plasma in esterified form by low-density lipoprotein particles. Low-density lipoprotein is recognized by cell surface receptors that internalize the particles and deliver them to the lysosome, where cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed and cholesterol is then delivered to the cytoplasm for storage or reuse (1). Although cholesterol is capable of freely partitioning in and out of most cellular membranes, it cannot be exported from lysosomes without the help of two proteins, Neimann–Pick C1 (NPC1) and NPC2 (2). Native NPC1 is a 1,254-aa-long, multipass membrane glycoprotein located in the limiting membrane of lysosomes; NPC2 is a smaller, 151-residue protein, present in the lysosome lumen. In addition to its important role in cholesterol transport, NPC1 has also been identified as a key component required for the entry of Ebola virus into the cytoplasm (3, 4). In PNAS Li et al. (5) present a 3D structural model of NPC1, which provides important new clues to the mechanisms by which cholesterol is exported from lysosomes and the mechanism by which Ebola virus docks on the internal surface of the lysosome-limiting membrane as part of the infection process. NPC1 and NPC2 proteins were discovered through analysis of the genes responsible for Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) disease (6, 7). NPC1 contains 13 transmembrane domains and three, relatively large lumenally oriented domains (8) (Fig. 1). Of note is the presence of a so-called sterol-sensing domain in transmembrane domain sequences that is also present in important sterol-regulated proteins, such as HMGCR (hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA reductase), Patched, and SCAP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein cleavage-activating protein). Ninety-five percent of patients with NPC disease are homozygous carriers of mutations in the NPC1 protein, and disease-causing mutations can be … [↵][1]1Email: pfeffer{at}stanford.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Photoisomerization Dynamics of Methylstilbenes

Different conformers for meta-methylstilbenes cause nonexponential decay of the trans excited state. The decay kinetics of these molecules is used to explore the nature of the reaction coordinate.
An In Vitro Model for Studying Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymic Atrophy Induced by Chlorinated Aromatic Compounds

2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the prototype for certain isomers from several classes of halogenated aromatic compounds, including the polychlorinated biphenyls (Goldstein, 1980; Poland et al., 1979). Studies carried out in inbred murine strains have shown that the induction of cytochrome P1-450 and other xenobiotic metalbolizing enzymes by TCDD is regulated by a genetic locus (designated the Ah locus) (reviewed in Poland and Knutson, 1982; Nebert and Jensen, 1979). It has been postulated (Nebert et al., 1984; Poland et al., 1979), that the Ah locus codes for a receptor Protein (to be designated in this report as the Ah receptor). The Ah receptor originally was identified in murine liver (Poland et al., 1976) and subsequently has been detected in several epithelial tissues (Glasiewicz, 1983) and animal (Guenthner and Nebert, 1977) and human (Hudson et al., 1983) cells in culture. In mice this receptor has been shown to be involved in two toxic responses to TCDD: epidermal hyperplasia (Knutson and Poland, 1982) and thymic atrophy (Poland and Glover, 1980; see below). The actions of TCDD on targets such as the skin and thymus appear to result in altered patterns of growth and differentiation (reviewed in Greenlee and Neal, 1985).
Touchscreen interfaces in context: A systematic review of research into touchscreens across settings, populations, and implementations.

Although many studies have been conducted on the human factors and ergonomics (HFE) of touchscreens, no comprehensive review has summarized the findings of these studies. Based on a schema (three dimensions of understanding critical for successful display selection) presented by Wickens et al. (2004), we identified three dimensions of analysis for touchscreen implementations: touchscreen technology, setting and environment of implementation, and user population. We conducted a systematic review based on the PRISMA protocol (Moher et al., 2009), searching five article databases for relevant quantitative literature on touchscreens. We found that all three dimensions of analysis have a significant effect on the HFE of touchscreens, and that a selection for or against touchscreens must take into consideration the specific context of system interaction in order to maximize safety, performance, and user satisfaction. Our report concludes with a set of specific recommendations for systems designers considering touchscreens as input/output devices, and suggestions for future study into the HFE of touchscreens.
The role of person in subject auxiliary inversion in English wh-questions: Evidence from Korean-English bilingual children:

Aims:The present study investigates whether Korean-English (K-E) bilingual children develop subject auxiliary inversion (SAI) in English wh-questions differently from monolingual English (M-E) speaking children. Specifically, an experimental study was designed to determine whether there is an effect of subject person in their acquisition of SAI in English wh-questions, a factor that had been suggested but not tested as a contributing factor in SAI in a previous study.Design:Twenty-six K-E bilingual and 20 M-E preschool-aged children were recruited for an elicitation study testing the effect of person on the use of SAI in wh-questions in English. The experiment consisted of having children interact with puppets in a guessing game that elicited first, second, and third person object-what questions in English.Data and analysis:Data from the experiment were analyzed through a binomial logistic regression, which accounts for the binary nature of the data (auxiliary inversion: present or absent) and identified ...
Geochemical characterization and modeling of regional groundwater contributing to the Verde River, Arizona between Mormon Pocket and the USGS Clarkdale gage

Abstract We use synoptic surveys of stream discharge, stable isotopes, and dissolved noble gases to identify the source of groundwater discharge to the Verde River in central Arizona. The Verde River more than doubles in discharge in Mormon Pocket over a 1.4 km distance that includes three discrete locations of visible spring input to the river and other diffuse groundwater inputs. A detailed study of the Verde River between Mormon Pocket and the USGS Clarkdale Gage was conducted to better constrain the location of groundwater inputs, the geochemical signature and constrain the source of groundwater input. Discharge, water quality parameters (temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen), stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2H), noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe), and radon (222Rn) from river water were collected. Groundwater samples from springs and wells in the area were collected and analyzed for tracers measured in the stream along with some additional analytes (major ions, strontium isotopes (87Sr/86Sr), carbon-14, δ13C, and tritium). Groundwater isotopic signature is consistent with a regional groundwater source. Groundwater springs discharging to the river have a depleted stable isotopic signature indicating recharge source up to 1000 m higher than the discharge location in the Verde River and are significantly fresher than stream water. Spring water has a radiocarbon age of several thousand years and some areas have tritium less than the laboratory reporting level or low concentrations of tritium (1.5 TU). The strontium isotopes indicate groundwater interaction with tertiary volcanic rock and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Along the study reach with distance downstream, Verde stream water chemistry shows increased 222Rn, freshening, increased 4He, and isotopic depletion with distance downstream. We estimated total groundwater discharge by inverting a stream transport model against 222Rn and discharge measured in the stream. The salinity, 4He, and stable isotope composition of discharging groundwater was then estimated by fitting modeled values to observed in-stream values. Estimated groundwater inflow to the stream was well within the ranges observed in springs, indicating that the main source of streamflow is deep, regional groundwater. These results show that synoptic surveys of environmental tracers in streams can be used to estimate the isotopic composition and constrain the source of groundwater discharging to streams. Our data provide direct field evidence that deep, regional groundwater discharge can be a significant source of streamflow generation in arid, topographically complex watersheds.
Conceptual Frameworks for the Phytoremediation of Groundwater Contamination

In general, the log transform of K ow is a useful physical property to prioritize which xenobiotics will interact with plants at a potential phytoremediation site. However, this physical property does not account for all factors that affect how groundwater contaminants will interact with plants, such as the groundwater-flow rate, the rate of transpiration, and the volume of groundwater contamination.
Systolic array IC for genetic computation

Measuring similarities between large sequences of genetic information is a formidable task requiring enormous amounts of computer time. Geneticists claim that nearly two months of CRAY-2 time are required to run a single comparison of the known database against the new bases that will be found this year, and more than a CRAY-2 year for next year's genetic discoveries, and so on. The DNA IC, designed at HP-ICBD in cooperation with the California Institute of Technology and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, is being implemented in order to move the task of genetic comparison onto workstations and personal computers, while vastly improving performance. The chip is a systolic (pumped) array comprised of 16 processors, control logic, and global RAM, totaling 400,000 FETS. At 12 MHz, each chip performs 2.7 billion 16 bit operations per second. Using 35 of these chips in series on one PC board (performing nearly 100 billion operations per second), a sequence of 560 bases can be compared against the eventual total genome of 3 billion bases, in minutes--on a personal computer. While the designed purpose of the DNA chip is for genetic research, other disciplines requiring similarity measurements between strings of 7 bit encoded data could make use of this chip as well. Cryptography and speech recognition are two examples. A mix of full custom design and standard cells, in CMOS34, were used to achieve these goals. Innovative test methods were developed to enhance controllability and observability in the array. This paper describes these techniques as well as the chip's functionality. This chip was designed in the 1989-90 timeframe.
Staging and Prognosis

The incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) has been steadily increasing worldwide. Until recently, the staging of ICC was combined with hepatocellular carcinoma, given its relative rarity and the difficulty of establishing strong evidence derived from small patient cohorts. The AJCC/UICC is the most commonly used system worldwide for ICC, and both the 7th and 8th editions separate ICC from other primary liver tumors. They have shown moderate prognostic stratification, and further research into additional clinicopathologic and lab markers is ongoing. At present, hepatic resection is the standard of care for resectable ICC, incorporating use of intraoperative ultrasound, appropriate lymph node dissection, and consideration for diagnostic laparoscopy on a per patient basis. Outcomes for patients with ICC who have unresectable and/or metastatic disease are unfortunately dismal, and long-term results after hepatic resection continue to be plagued by frequent recurrence. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach to ICC treatment should be encouraged.
Using Photovoice as a method to examine microaggressions: Conceptualizing culturally competent practice and curriculum with Asian Americans

In recent years, the racial microaggressions has increased significantly in the social work education and negative impact of racial microaggressions on individual’s family and group in their commun...
Posttraumatic stress in organizations: Types, antecedents, and consequences

Research indicates that the well‐being and productivity of over 100 million people in the global workforce may be compromised by posttraumatic stress (PTS). Given that work‐related experiences are often the source of the trauma that leads to PTS, and that PTS due to any cause can interfere with employees’ job performance, organizations would do well to consider the antecedents and consequences of PTS. This review of research—primarily within fields adjacent to business—on the types, antecedents, consequences, and organizational implications of PTS is presented to advance inquiry within the field of business. The definition of PTS requires attention to the new classification of complex posttraumatic stress disorder that can result from threats that are not life‐threatening such as bullying and sexual harassment. PTS antecedents include organizational and extraorganizational traumas, and risk and resilience factors. Absenteeism, impaired cognitive functioning, strained relationships, and growth are among the consequences of PTS. Organizations can assist through disaster planning, empathetic leaders, mental health literacy initiatives, and employee assistance programs. Many research questions arise that, when answered, will allow organizations to better understand how they can improve employee productivity and well‐being by attending to PTS.
Lessons Learned from Online PLCs of Rural STEM Teachers.

This exploratory study of a Title II grant funded project analyzed the design and delivery of online professional learning communities (PLC) for rural STEM teachers. This research identified the frequency a video posting, the type of videos posted, and the style of reflection questions, as critical aspects to the engagement to participating teachers. Additionally, teachers showed an increase in teacher efficacy as a result of being part of the online PLCs and they indicated strong enjoyment and value in participation of the program.
Principals in Urban Schools Under Pressure: Relations With Parents in the Era of Test-Based Accountability:

We conducted an inductive analysis of 166 interviews from a longitudinal study of 26 Chicago Public School principals. Test-based accountability pressures played a visible role in principals’ views...
Factorial invariance of the Marianismo Beliefs Scale among Latinos in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos Sociocultural Ancillary Study.

Objective The Marianismo Beliefs Scale (MBS) assesses five components of marianismo, a cultural script of Latina gender role expectations. This study evaluated the MBS's psychometric properties across language, sex, and Latino subgroups (Mexican American, Central American, Cuban American, Dominican American, Puerto Rican, and South American). Method Study sample was derived from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study which consisted of a community sample of 4879 Latino adults aged 18-64 from four field centers (Miami, FL, USA; San Diego, CA, USA; Bronx, NY, USA; Chicago, IL, USA). Results Confirmatory factor analyses supported five factors. English and Spanish versions demonstrated equivalence of factor loadings and error variances across Latino subgroups and sex. Conclusion Although the MBS English and Spanish versions are psychometrically sound measures for male and female Latino adults, future research is needed to determine whether direct scale scores are comparable.
Trait mindfulness predicts daytime sleep-related impairment after controlling nocturnal sleep symptomology

Abstract Given that sleep-related impairment during the waking period is proposed to play an important role in maintaining insomnia, more research is needed on factors that relate specifically to the daytime symptoms of sleep problems. This study investigated whether trait mindfulness predicts daytime impairment attributed to poor sleep after accounting for deficits in nighttime sleep quantity and quality. In a United States population-based online sample (N = 459), hierarchical multiple regression predicted sleep-related daytime impairment from mindfulness after controlling for demographics, general health status, self-estimated sleep efficiency, and subjective sleep disturbance. Mindfulness displayed robust negative correlations with both nighttime and daytime sleep symptoms. In the full hierarchical model predicting daytime sleep-related impairment, mindfulness explained significant outcome variance after controlling all covariates, including nocturnal sleep symptomology. Trait mindfulness may thus have implications specific to daytime detriments associated with poor sleep, and cultivating mindfulness skills may be a particularly useful strategy for addressing such difficulties.
The Bernoulli-Process Model of HIV Transmission

Evaluation of HIV prevention programs is complicated by challenges at the biomedical, societal, and individual levels. Although the transmission of HIV is a discrete event, rarely can the outcome of a particular opportunity for transmission be ascertained with certainty. When seroconversion occurs, it is delayed by several weeks or even months from the time of infection. Moreover, most cases of HIV infection are detected only much later in the course of disease progression, after the manifestation of symptoms associated with deterioration of the immune system. Because of this uncertainty, from an analytic perspective HIV transmission is best viewed as a stochastic process. Thus, we might assume that there is a certain probability of HIV transmission each time a susceptible person has unprotected sex or engages in other HIV-risk behaviors. Or instead, we might consider each new sexual relationship as posing some definite HIV risk. In either case, risk is quantified as a probability of HIV transmission. Although the focus herein is on the sexual transmission of HIV, analogous models for drug injection-related risks also exist.1,2