cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of Mr. Scan: a dissection of performance of an extreme scale GPU-based clustering algorithm

The emergence of leadership class systems with GPU-equipped nodes has the potential to vastly increase the performance of existing distributed applications. However, the inclusion of GPU computation into existing extreme scale distributed applications can reveal scalability issues that were absent in the CPU version. The issues exposed in scaling by a GPU can become limiting factors to overall application performance. We developed an extreme scale GPU-based application to perform data clustering on multi-billion point datasets. In this application, called Mr. Scan, we ran into several of these performance limiting issues. Through the use of complete end-to-end benchmarking of Mr. Scan (measuring time from reading and distribution to final output), we were able to identify three major sources of real world performance issues: data distribution, GPU load balancing, and system specific issues such as start-up time. These issues comprised a vast majority of the run time of Mr. Scan. Data distribution alone accounted for 68% of the total run time of Mr. Scan when processing 6.5 billion points on Cray Titan at 8192 nodes. With improvements in these areas, we have been able able to cut total run time of Mr. Scan from 17.5 minutes to 8.3 minutes when clustering 6.5 billion points.
Three-dimensional solution structure of Acanthamoeba profilin-I

We have determined a medium resolution three-dimensional solution structure of Acanthamoeba profilin-I by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This 13-kD actin binding protein consists of a five stranded antiparallel beta sheet flanked by NH2- and COOH-terminal helices on one face and by a third helix and a two stranded beta sheet on the other face. Data from actin-profilin cross-linking experiments and the localization of conserved residues between profilins in different phyla indicate that actin binding occurs on the molecular face occupied by the terminal helices. The other face of the molecule contains the residues that differ between Acanthamoeba profilins-I and II and may be important in determining the difference in polyphosphoinositide binding between these isoforms. This suggests that lipids and actin bind to different faces of the molecule.
Taxpayer subsidies in failed thrift resolution: The impact of FIRREA

Abstract We compare the wealth effects of acquisitions of failed thrifts before and after the passage of FIRREA in August 1989. In contrast to FSLIC assisted deals in the pre-FIRREA period, we find no evidence of significant acquirer gains in RTC assisted transactions. In addition, there is no significant correlation between acquirer gains and either the number of bidders or the amount of assistance provided by the RTC. These results suggest the absence of any symmetric tax-payer overpayments in RTC assisted transactions, and indicate that regulatory and institutional changes instituted by FIRREA resulted in an improvement in the resolution process for failed thrifts.
A new fossil lizard from the Lower Cretaceous Sasayama Group of Hyogo Prefecture, western Honshu, Japan

ABSTRACT—A new fossil lizard of the genus Pachygenys is described on the basis of a single, partially broken right mandible excavated from an unnamed formation of the Lower Cretaceous Sasayama Group in Hyogo Prefecture, western Honshu, Japan. The mandible exclusively shares a few apparently highly specialized morphological features, such as distinct foreshortening of the dentary tooth row and reduced dentary tooth number (nine), with Pachygenys thlastesa, the type species of the genus from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern China. However, the new species differs from the latter in having a shorter tooth row, anterior and middle teeth with unicuspid crowns (vs. bluntly truncated crowns in the latter), and posterior teeth with unicuspid and simple conical crowns (vs. bluntly truncated crowns in the latter). The specimen described here represents the first unequivocal fossil record of lizards in Japan, with its congeneric species occurring almost concurrently in eastern Eurasia.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoob...
AFM investigation of step kinetics and hillock morphology of the {1 0 0} face of KDP

Abstract Step velocities and hillock slopes on the {1 0 0} face of KDP were measured over a supersaturation range of 0 σ σ is the supersaturation. The formation of macrosteps and their evolution with distance from the hillock top were also observed. Hillock slope depended linearly on supersaturation and hillock geometry. The two non-equivalent sectors exhibited different slopes and step velocities. AFM shows an elementary step height of 3.7 A, or half the unit cell height, whereas previous interferometric experiments assumed the elementary step was a unit cell. Values of the step edge energy ( α ), the kinetic coefficients for the slow and fast directions ( β S and β F ), and the activation energies for slow and fast step motion ( E a,S and E a,F ) were calculated to be 24.0 erg/cm 2 , 0.071 cm/s, 0.206 cm/s, 0.26 eV/molecule, and 0.21 eV/molecule, respectively. Analysis of macrostep evolution including the dependence of step height on time and terrace width on distance were performed and compared to predictions of published models. The results do not allow us to distinguish between a shock wave model and a continuous step-doubling model. Analysis within the latter model leads to a characteristic adsorption time for impurities ( λ −1 ) of 0.0716 s.
Para-chlorophenylalanine: Its effects on auditory discrimination

The effects of Para-chlorophenylalanine (P-CPA) on the discrimination of a low intensity tone were evaluated. Three rats were trained in a two-lever operant chamber to press the right lever to terminate a tone and to press the left lever when the tone was off for food reinforcement. Errors, consisting of left-lever responses when the tone was on or right-lever responses when the tone was off, were recorded and used to determine the percent of the total responses that were correct. After training to essentially errorless performance, the tone intensity was lowered until the rats were performing at about 75% correct responses. After each rat achieved a stability criterion, it was treated P. O. with 150 mg/kg of P-CPA in mineral oil or with mineral oil alone. Each rat received P-CPA at least twice and mineral oil alone at least once. P-CPA consistently elevated the percent of correct responses while depressing the over-all response rate. Mineral oil had no effect on either measure.
Altered plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9/tissue metalloproteinase-1 concentration during the early postoperative period in patients with colorectal cancer

Background The authors have previously demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is depleted in plasma for 1 to 3 days after major open surgery (OS), but not after laparoscopic surgery (LS). After surgery, IGFP-3 cleavage occurs rapidly and is likely attributable to altered plasma proteolytic activity. This study aimed to assess plasma proteolysis after both open and closed colorectal resection and, if possible, to identify a protease/protease inhibitor system affected by surgery.
The Treatment of Non-LTE Line Blanketing in Spherically Expanding Outflows

Extensive modifications to the non-LTE radiative transfer code of Hillier have been made in order to improve the spectroscopic analysis of stars with stellar winds. The main improvement to the code is the inclusion of blanketing due to thousands of overlapping lines. To implement this effect, we have used the idea of super levels first pioneered by Anderson. In our approach, levels with similar excitation energies and levels are grouped together. Within this group, we assume that the departure coefficients are identical. Only the population (or equivalently, the departure coefficient) of the super level need be solved in order to fully specify the populations of the levels within a super level. Our approach is a natural extension of the single-level LTE assumption, and thus LTE is recovered exactly at depth. In addition to the line blanketing modifications, the code has been improved significantly in other regards. In particular, the new code incorporates the effect of level dissolution, the influence of resonances in the photoionization cross sections, and the effect of Auger ionization. Electron scattering with a thermal redistribution can be considered, although it is normally treated coherently in the comoving frame (which still leads to redistribution in the observer's frame). Several example calculations are described to demonstrate the importance of line blanketing on spectroscopic analysis. We find that the inclusion of blanketing modifies the strengths of some optical CNO lines in Wolf-Rayet (W-R) stars by factors of 2-5. In particular, the strengths of the WC classification lines C III λ5696 and C IV λ5805 are both increased because of iron blanketing. This should help alleviate problems found with nonblanketed models, which were incapable of matching the strengths of these lines. We also find that, in the UV (1100-1800 A), the influence of Fe is readily seen in both emission and absorption. The emission is sensitive to the iron abundance and should allow, for the first time, Fe abundances to be deduced in W-R stars. The improvements made to our code should greatly facilitate the spectroscopic analysis of stars with stellar winds. We will be able to determine the importance and influence of line blanketing, as well as of several other effects that have been included in the new code. It will also allow us to better determine W-R star parameters, such as luminosity, elemental abundances, wind velocity, and mass-loss rate. With future application to related objects, such as novae and supernovae, our new code should also improve our understanding of these objects with extended outflowing atmospheres.
ARE WE GETTING FOOLED AGAIN? COMING TO TERMS WITH LIMITATIONS IN THE USE OF PERSONALITY TESTS FOR PERSONNEL SELECTION

We recently published an article in which we highlighted a number of issues associated with the use of self-report personality tests in personnel selection contexts (Morgeson et al., 2007). Both Ones, Dilchert, Viswesvaran, and Judge (2007) and Tett and Christiansen (2007) have written responses to this article. In our response to these articles we address many of the issues raised by Ones et al. and Tett and Christiansen. In addition to a detailed response, we make the following 4 key points: (1) Our criticisms of personality testing apply only to the selection context, not to all research on personality; (2) the observed validities of personality tests predicting job performance criteria are low and have not changed much over time; (3) when evaluating the usefulness of using personality tests to select applicants, one must not ignore the observed, uncorrected validity; and (4) when discussing the value of personality tests for selection contexts, the most important criteria are those that reflect job performance. Implications for personality testing research and practice are discussed.
Developmental expression of renal angiotensin II receptor genes in the mouse

The cellular distribution of angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) receptor mRNA was examined in mouse kidneys at several embryonic stages (12 to 18 days; 19 days = full term) and up to three weeks after birth by in situ hybridization. The expression of both AT1 and AT2 mRNAs appeared simultaneously at 14 days of gestation. However, their distributions were contrasting: AT1 mRNA was expressed in mature glomeruli and maturing S-shaped bodies throughout the stages examined. AT1 expression was also detected at 16 days of gestation in the proximal and distal tubules and peaked at the end of gestation. Both the temporal and spatial expression of AT1 coincide with the differentiation and proliferation of glomerular mesangial and tubular cells during nephrogenesis. In contrast, AT2 mRNA was present only in the mesenchymal cells adjacent to the stalk of the ureter bud at early developmental stages, and, later, extended to the mesenchymal cells located near, but outside, the nephrogenic area of superficial cortex and also the cells between collecting ducts. AT2 expression in these regions decreased markedly within three weeks after birth. Temporally and spatially, AT2 mRNA expression coincides with the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that take place during early phases of nephrogenesis. The site of AT2 expression also overlaps closely with that of a specific group of cells which undergo apoptosis following nephrogenesis. Thus, contrary to current belief, the activation of AT1 and AT2 genes takes place in different cell types of the kidney during embryonic development, and thereby conceivably contributes to the ontogeny of those specific renal cells.
The variant lumbar pedicle

Three cases of aplastic and/or hypoplastic lumbar pedicle are presented and discussed. The importance of plain films, especially the 45° posterior oblique, for making the diagnosis is emphasized. The incidence and embryology of abnormalities of the pedicle are reviewed and the radiological features used to differentiate these congenital abnormalities from neoplasm and trauma are described.
The Next M. J. or the Next O. J.? Kobe Bryant, Race, and the Absurdity of Colorblind Rhetoric:

In this essay, the author explores the absurdity of colorblind rhetoric within the discursive field of Kobe Bryant’s rape trial. Specifically, in examining articulations on the Internet, television coverage, commentaries, and news reports, this article reveals how colorblind ideologies that dominate public discussions conflict with the racialized discursive utterances surrounding Kobe’s arrest and ongoing trial. In exploring the reactions to accusations of rape against Kobe Bryant by both the mainstream media and White nationalists, this article repels the tendency to disassociate mainstream discourses surrounding race and sports from the more racially grotesque versions found among White nationalists. This article interrogates the context, text, and subtext of the racialized/gendered discourse of Kobe Bryant, situating this case study within the larger dynamics of racialized sports celebrity. It asks whether status as a celebrity athlete provides racial erasure and whether accusations of criminal miscond...
Illumination scheme for high-contrast, contactless fingerprint images

Illumination is critical to achieve high-contrast, contactless fingerprint images. In this paper, we report results of fingerprint imaging experiments performed under different illumination conditions. We studied how polarization states, illumination wavelength, detection wavelength, and illumination direction influence the contrast of fingerprint images. Our research findings provide a selection rule for optimum illumination and a basis for us to construct an illuminator that generates uniform illumination and high-contrast contactless fingerprint images.
Electromagnetically induced transparency: Propagation dynamics.

We describe the temporal and spatial dynamics of propagating electromagnetically induced transparency pulses in an optically thick medium. Results include pulse velocities as slow as $c/165$ with 55% transmission, strong-probe-field effects, and the observation of near diffraction-limited transmitted beam quality.
Formation of needle crystals of magnesium pyroborate

Synthese du compose a partir de MgO et B 2 O 3 pour differents rapports de concentration molaire. En absence de NaCl, et pour 0,25 1,5 formation d'orthoborate de magnesium
Colon J-Pouch rectal reconstruction after total or subtotal proctectomy

Multiple stools, urgency, and episodic frequency are common during the first 6 months after proctectomy and coloanal or low colorectal reconstruction. We used an 8-cm colon J-pouch in 23 patients and have confirmed that this approach obviates much of this early dysfunction.
Sensitivity analysis, approximate analysis, and design optimization for internal and external viscous flows

A gradient-based design optimization strategy for practical aerodynamic design applications is presented, which uses the 2D thin-layer Navier-Stokes equations. The strategy is based on the classic idea of constructing different modules for performing the major tasks such as function evaluation, function approximation and sensitivity analysis, mesh regeneration, and grid sensitivity analysis, all driven and controlled by a general-purpose design optimization program. The accuracy of aerodynamic shape sensitivity derivatives is validated on two viscous test problems: internal flow through a double-throat nozzle and external flow over a NACA 4-digit airfoil. A significant improvement in aerodynamic performance has been achieved in both cases. Particular attention is given to a consistent treatment of the boundary conditions in the calculation of the aerodynamic sensitivity derivatives for the classic problems of external flow over an isolated lifting airfoil on 'C' or 'O' meshes.
Near infrared spectroscopy in children at high risk of low perfusion.

Purpose of reviewTissue oximetry has been suggested as a noninvasive tool to continuously monitor and detect states of low body perfusion. This review summarizes recent developments and available data on the use of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in children at risk for low perfusion.Recent findin
Evidence for an androgen receptor in human testis

The present study identified and characterized an androgen-binding protein in human testicular tissue. Human testes were homogenized in dilute Tris buffer containing thioglycerol, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, and molybdate. The supernatant (termed cytosol) was incubated with radiolabeled androgen methyltrienolone (tritium-labeled R1881), and nonspecific binding was determined by adding 100-fold excess of unlabeled R1881 together with [ 3 H]R1881 to cytosol. Specific binding with saturation at 24 hours was observed. Scatchard analysis of the specific binding with the use of increasing concentrations of [ 3 H]R1881 alone and [ 3 H]R1881 plus 200-fold excess unlabeled R1881 demonstrated a high-affinity (dissociation constant=2.18 × 10 -10 mol/L), low-capacity (2924 molecules per cell) class of binding sites. A second class of lower-affinity sites was identified with a dissociation constant equaling 1.2 × 10 -8 and 26,300 molecules per cell. The bulk of the higher-affinity class of sites was precipitated at 35% ammonium sulfate. In competitive binding assays, dihydrotestosterone and testosterone greatly diminished binding to this high-affinity class of sites. Progesterone also diminished binding but to a lesser degree. Estradiol, estriol, and estrone failed to compete for these sites. Analysis of the receptor, using sucrose gradients, revealed a major peak in the 4S region and a small peak at 8S. A similar high-affinity (dissociation constant=4.28 × 10 -9 ); low-capacity (4860 molecules per cell) binding protein was identified in purified nuclei. Binding to nuclear chromatin was demonstrated in the cell-free binding assay, and nuclear binding was further illustrated in the biopsy assay of intact tissue, suggesting translocation in vivo. These properties are characteristic of the androgen receptor and suggest that human testis is a target tissue for androgen, as has been found in animal tissue.
The Decline of Egocentrism in Hausa Children

Two samples of Nigerian (Hausa) children were given two tests of egocentrism. One test involved the identification of right and left hands; the second test involved visual perspective. Correct identification of the child's own hands occurred by the age of six years, but correct identification of the investigator's hands was much later than that reported previously. Understanding of differences in visual perspective was achieved by 75% of the eight- to nine-year-old children. The correlation between the two tests was only moderate (r = .30).
Group mean emissivities and opacities of high temperature SiO2

Abstract Absorption and extinction coefficients of SiO 2 have been calculated using a mean ion model but with the most important singly and multiply excited states of the dominant ionic species considered explicitly. Free-free, bound-free, bound-bound, and scattering are taken into account. Densities range from 10 -6 to 10 3 g cm -3 and temperatures range from 30 to 10 keV. Emissivities are obtained from detailed balance. Group means are given for some representative cases.
Electric field effect on carrier escape from InAs/GaAs quantum dots solar cells

The effects of electric field on carrier escape in InAs/GaAs quantum dots embedded in p-i-n solar cell structures have been studied by quantum efficiency. Via band structure simulation, effective barrier height of carriers inside QDs is reduced with increasing local electric field, so tunneling and thermal escape are enhanced. At 300K, when electric field intensity is below 40kV/cm, thermal escape is dominant in all confined state in QDs; when electric field intensity is above 40kV/cm, tunneling is dominant in shallow confined states and thermal escape is dominant in ground state of QDs.
Range-of-fire estimates from regression analysis applied to the spreads of shotgun pellet patterns: Results of a blind study

Abstract In order to test the validity of range-of-fire estimates obtained by the application of regression analysis to shotgun pellet patterns, a blind study was conducted in which questioned pellet patterns were fired at randomly selected ranges between 3.0 and 15.2 m (10 and 50 ft) with two different 12-gauge shotguns, each firing a different type of buckshot cartridge. Test firings at known ranges were also conducted with the same weapons and ammunition. Regression analysis was applied to the spreads of the pellet patterns fired at known ranges to obtain regression coefficients, which were used to derive estimates of the ranges of fire of the questioned patterns. Confidence intervals for these estimates were then calculated by previously published methods. The actual ranges of fire were found in all cases to lie within the 99% confidence intervals.
The illegal parrot trade: a literature review

Parrots are amongst the most beautiful and intelligent bird species in the world. They have been coveted as pets for centuries, particularly in the neo-tropics where they are heavily populated. Unfortunately, this has led to dramatic increases in parrot poaching over the last few decades, making parrots the most threatened bird species in the world. Despite laws against parrot poaching throughout the neo-tropics, the illegal trade continues while parrot populations further decline. This article reviews the literature on the players in the illegal parrot trade (i.e. poachers, itinerant fences, and market sellers), how poaching is largely committed, and which species are more at risk of becoming poached.
On the approach to the stationary-state-scattering limit within Bohmian mechanics

Abstract For an initial minimum-uncertainty-product Gaussian wave packet incident on an opaque barrier we investigate how small its spread Δk in wave number must be in order that the Bohm trajectory mean transmission time be well approximated by the stationary-state ( Δk = 0) expression of Spiller, Clark, Prance and Prance.
The effect of hypothalamic lesions on sexual behavior and estrous cycles in the ewe.

The effect of hypothalamic lesions on cstrous behavior, the pituitary content of gonadotrophin and the histologic picture of the ovary, the uterus, the adrenals, and thyroid have been investigated by the stereotaxic production of electrolytic lesions of the hypothalamus in twelve cycling ewes. Destruction limited to the massa intermedia or optic chiasm (3 animals) had no effect on cycles, but lesions in the ventral hypothalamus with a common area just above the median eminence anteriorly abolished heat (9 animals). There were no changes in the adrenals, and only slight changes in the thyroids of the animals with lesions. Two of the animals in which heat was abolished showed large corpora lutea at autopsy, and another one of these animals had a mature follicle. On the other hand, in one of two animals in which cycles were abolished a low pituitary content of both FSH and LH was found. In the other, a reduced pituitary content of LH was demonstrated.
THE ABSENCE OF ANTICONVULSANT PROPERTIES OF QUINACRINE AND CHLOROQUINE IN MICE.

SummaryQuinacrine and chloroquine were tested in mice for their ability to modify maximal electroshock seizure pattern and to prevent Metrazol convulsions. In addition, the effect of chronic administration of these agents on the ED50 for trimethadione in the Metrazol seizure threshold test was determined. The data indicate that these drugs do not modify seizure patterns elicited by electroshock or Metrazol.
The Crystal Structure of DL-Pentane-2,4-diol as a Model Compound for Poly(vinyl alcohol)

The crystal structure of DL-pentane-2,4-diol as a model compound of syndiotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) was determined. This crystal belongs to a monoclinic system with the dimensions of a=12.266(2), b=8.886(1), c=11.693(3)A, and β=92.94(4)°. The space group was P21/n and Dm=1.08, Dc=1.086 and Z=8. The final R factor was 0.083 for 1891 observed reflections. There are two crystallographically independent molecules in the unit cell. The five carbon atoms of these molecules have TT sequences and the OH groups form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. A structure analysis suggests that the conformation of syndiotactic poly(vinyl alcohol) may take TT sequences, the carbon chain has a planar zigzag form and the hydroxyl groups form intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
High Concentration Formulations of Recombinant Human Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist: II. Aggregation Kinetics

ABSTRACT At high protein concentrations (i.e., 50–100 mg/mL) and 37°C, low solution ionic strength accelerates aggregation of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rhIL-1ra). We have used a variety of physical and spectroscopic techniques to explain this observation. A population balance model was applied to a continuous mixed suspension, mixed product removal (MSMPR) reactor at steady-state to determine aggregate nucleation and growth rates. Nucleation rates increase at low ionic strength, while growth rates are unaffected. At low rhIL-1ra concentrations (i.e., G unf ) were observed at 37°C over the solution ionic strength range of 0.025–0.184 molal used for aggregation studies. However, increasing the protein concentration to 100 mg/mL shifts the rhIL-1ra monomer–dimer equilibrium significantly at low ionic strength to favor dimerization, which is reflected in subtle conformational changes in the circular dichroism and second-derivative FTIR spectra. In addition to a reversible dimer, an irreversible dimer forms by second-order kinetics during incubation at 37°C. This noncovalent dimer does not significantly participate in further aggregation. The loss of native protein due to aggregation at 37°C was third order in protein thermodynamic activity due to the rate-limiting formation of an aggregation-prone trimer. This trimer forms from irreversible attractive monomer–reversible dimer interactions, which were quantified using second osmotic cross virial coefficients. Lastly, the activity coefficient of rhIL-1ra estimated from aggregation rates is 50% higher at 100 mg/mL protein concentration than at 50 mg/mL, in close agreement with predictions from a hard-sphere model for activity coefficients.
THE FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF SINGLE UNITS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Single motor units, i.e., anterior horn cells plus the muscle fibers they innervate, have recently been placed under direct observation while responding to a normal reflex stimulus. Details such as the normal rate of discharge, latent period, refractory period, influence of fatigue, etc., have been carefully studied. The work of Denny-Brown, Adrian and Bronk, Eccles and Sherrington have all indicated that the natural rate of discharge of the anterior horn cell is slow, i.e., 5 to 25 per sec., and never more than 80 to 90 per sec. under intense stimulation. A motor unit discharging at 10 per sec. may continue in activity for indefinite periods of time without fatigue. Tonic responses are maintained by such rates of discharge and therefore no special tonic mechanisms need be postulated to explain the absence of fatigue.
Meat Flavor. I. Fractionation of Water-Soluble Flavor Precursors of Beef

SUMMARY Water-soluble extracts of beef contain flavor precursors of compounds responsible for a characteristic broiled steak aroma. Dialysis separated the extract into a nondialyzable high-molecular-weight fraction having a brothy odor during boiling, and a low-molecular-weight fraction having a broiled-steak odor when pyrolyzed. The fraction responsible for the broiled-steak aroma was separated on ion-exchange resins. An aromatic fraction was obtained containing amino acids and peptides. Although sugars have been found in previously described flavor fractions, no sugars were found in this material.
Real-time vision system for robots in unstructured domains

We are interested in visual capabilities that enable robots to act in dynamic, unstructured domains. Towards this end, we have designed a vision system that has the capability of segmenting and tracking a moving object. Our system has been implemented and runs in real- time on a Connection Machine. We have configured a HERO-2000 robot to use the vision system for control. Based on object centroids provided by the vision system, the robot pans to follow a large moving object in the field of view. The robot has proven capable of reliably tracking a moving person for several minutes. In this paper, we present the visual capabilities we have constructed and justify their utility for unstructured environments. We then describe our algorithms, their implementation, and their use in the panning robot.
The quest for the autoantibody immunodominant region on thyroid peroxidase: guided mutagenesis based on a hypothetical three-dimensional model.

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO), a cell surface glycoprotein, is the major autoantigen in autoimmune thyroiditis in humans. The molecular cloning and expression of Ig genes from thyroid-infiltrating B cells has generated a large repertoire of human TPO Fab that have been used to map an immunodominant region on TPO. However, the topological site of this region, consisting of a cluster of highly conformational epitopes, remains unknown. Using the recently elucidated three-dimensional structure of myeloperoxidase as a model, we stably expressed on the surface of eukaryotic cells eight "guided" mutants of the TPO molecule. The sites of these mutations were strategically located to alter the surface contour of the molecule with minimal disruption to its core structure. Remarkably, in the present study (in contrast to previous unguided TPO mutagenesis studies), all eight TPO mutants retained recognition by the TPO Fab. These results support the validity of the model used for mutagenesis. Although not identifying the i...
Prosocial Moral Judgment and Behavior in Children The Mediating Role of Cost

In the past, researchers generally have examined the issue of whether moral behavior is related to moral judgment, not under which conditions the two are associated. In the present research, a potential mediator of the relation between prosocial behavior and moral reasoning (cost of the prosocial behavior) was examined. Preschoolers and third graders were given opportunities to donate both costly and less costly commodities and could assist another at a cost or little cost to the self. Moreover, prosocial moral judgment was assessed. High -and low-cost donating were not significantly related; high-cost helping was significantly correlated with only low-cost donating for older children, and with high-cost donating for preschoolers. High-cost, but not low-cost, donating was related to developmentally mature moral judgment. Similarly, low-cost helping was unrelated to reasoning; high-cost helping was related to level of moral judgment for preschoolers only. The results are discussed in terms of their implica...
Communication and the Socialization of Dance Students: An Analysis of the Hidden Curriculum in a Residential Arts School

This study examines the socialization process of newcomers to a residential high school for performing arts. The author used naturalistic observation and student interviews to examine the role of communication in reducing adolescents’ cognitive, normative, and affective uncertainty during the entry phase of socialization. Communication appeared particularly useful in reducing affective uncertainty, providing students with reassurance and support. The hidden curriculum of the school was also analyzed by examining the communication of faculty, administrators, and students. Four aspects of the hidden curriculum were identified and discussed: (1) control vs. freedom, (2) inclusion vs. exclusion, (3) teacher voice vs. student voice, and (4) collectivism vs. individualism.
ATD01 model for color appearances, color differences, and chromatic adaptation

This paper reviews and critiques earlier version of the ATD model, and it describes a revised model, which differs mainly in its gain control function. The model is applied to recently published lightness, hue and colorfulness data.
Therapy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the commonest causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, and is increasing in prevalence. Current therapies are not very effective, and no current treatment prevents the relentless progression of airflow limitation that characterizes this disease. Smoking cessation is the only strategy that reduces this decline in lung function, and although bupropion is the most effective aid to quitting, more effective treatments of nicotine addiction are needed. The mainstay of treatment is bronchodilators for symptom relief, and inhaled anticholinergics and beta(2)-agonists are useful by reducing hyperinflation of the lungs. A new once-daily inhaled anticholinergic is the most effective bronchodilator, but long-acting inhaled beta(2)-agonists are also useful. Theophylline is used as an additional bronchodilator in more severe patients, and may have some anti-inflammatory action. In contrast, inhaled corticosteroids are poorly effective and do not reduce disease progression, although recent studies with combination inhalers (corticosteroid + long-acting beta(2)-agonist) have shown better effects. Long-term oxygen therapy is needed by patients with pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure. There is a pressing need to develop new classes of therapy, and several new drugs are current in development, including interleukin-8 antagonists, phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and antioxidants.
Privacy: A hidden variable in experimental social psychology.

The experimental social psychological literature addresses many issues that bear upon the behavioral antecedents and consequences of privacy. As illustrations, theory and research in the area of social facilitation are discussed; the implications and promise of the recent sociobiological orientation within psychology for an understanding of privacy are outlined; and a number of major traditional areas of social psychological interest, which have implications for privacy theory and research but which are often overlooked as privacy related, are considered. It is concluded that because behavioral questions and theoretical issues of privacy thread throughout social psychology, the development of theory and research directly focused upon privacy will enrich even well-established areas of social psychological inquiry.
Technology forecasting VI: Where to look to look ahead: Articles outnumber books as recommended references on the complex, but intriguing, art of anticipation

A bookshelf on forecasting? Why would a skilled engineer already bombarded with trade journals, books, and extension courses relating to his or her specialty be concerned with activities long tainted by tea leaf and tarot card? After all, doesn't current technical literature already contain the few relevant estimates and trend lines of real concern?
CATEGORIZATION UNDER UNCERTAINTY: RESOLVING VAGUENESS AND AMBIGUITY WITH EAGER VERSUS VIGILANT STRATEGIES

Attempts to categorize others’ actions often involve uncertainty. In this article, two variables are identified that could influence this categorization under uncertainty. The first variable is whether the type of uncertainty created by a particular behavior arises from generally weak evidence (i.e., vagueness) versus generally strong, but conflicting evidence (i.e., ambiguity). The second variable is whether people have general preferences for the use of gain-focused (i.e., eager) versus loss-focused (i.e., vigilant) strategies of resolving such uncertainty. Three studies demonstrate that, when a target’s behaviors are vague, preferences for eager decision strategies lead people to apply more possible categories to this target than do preferences for vigilant decision strategies. In contrast, when behaviors are ambiguous, preferences for vigilant decision strategies lead people to apply more possible categories than do preferences for eager decision strategies. The implications of these results for categorical inferences based upon uncertain social targets are discussed.
Efferent frequency modulation in the vestibular nerve of goldfish correlated with saccadic eye movements

Impulses of single fibres of the vestibular nerve in the goldfish were recorded either from the rostral portion of the left vestibular nerve, or from the left Ramus ampullaris lateralis, or from the proximal stump of the severed nerve.
The Biology, Behavior, and Morphology of Praon Palitans Muesebeck, an Internal Parasite of the Spotted Alfalfa Aphid, Therioaphis Maculata (Buckton) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae)

The adult, egg, and larval stages of P. palitans are described, and the adult, male genitalia, ovaries (and associated structures), egg, first-, second-, and third-instar larvae and head structures are illustrated. Unmated females of P. palitans produce only males, mated females produce progeny in a sex ratio of 1:1, but multimated males supply so little sperm at each mating that the sex ratio may go as high as 58:1 in favor of males. The parasite oviposits in aphids of any stage, but apparently prefers the third and fourth instars. Longevity of adult female parasites at constant temperatures, with honey for food, was 10 days at 28Â° F., 48 days at 50Â° F., and 1 day at 80°, 90°, and 100° F. Longevity of adult males, with honey, was 7 days at 28° F., 56 days at 50° F., and 1 day at 80°, 90°, and 100° F. Longevity was greatly reduced when honey was withheld. Superparasitism occurs only rarely, since the female is apparently able to detect a stung host. Discrimination of a parasitized host is apparently due to some chemical response by the parasite's antennae rather than to any tarsal or ovipositional response. The egg in the host increases volumetrically by 634 times during its 69 to 71 hours of development. The first-instar larval stage lasts about 25 to 27 hours, with the larva feeding almost exclusively on the cells of the trophamnion. The secondinstar larval stage lasts about 22 to 24 hours, with the larva feeding as in the first instar. The third-instar larval stage in its internal phase lasts about 18 to 20 hours, and during this period all aphid contents are consumed, the parasitized aphid living until a few minutes before the parasite larva emerges. The third-instar larval stage in its external phase lasts about 24 to 26 hours, and during this period the characteristic cocoon is spun underneath the dead aphid host. The five steps of cocoon formation are given, together with comments on the four forms of diapause and nondiapause cocoons. The pupal period lasts about 94 to 98 hours, and some 15 or more meconial pellets are passed about 12 to 19 hours before pupation. A complete life cycle at 70° F. requires about 285 hours, or nearly 12 days. There are probably 15 generations a year in the field. Aphid defenses against parasitization include the production of a copious supply of honeydew, which often traps or hinders the parasite, and the aphid's habit of jumping out of reach of the parasite. The parasite partly overcomes the aphid's saltatorial habit by placing its front legs on top of the aphid during parasite oviposition. A facultative diapause exists and lasts for about 140 days in the field during the winter months; the effect of this diapause on the subsequent parasitization of the aphid is noted; various factors which may limit the effectiveness of Praon palitans are discussed, and the present distribution, hosts, and hyperparasites of P. palitans are noted.
Impact of Grounding on Overcurrents for a Naval AC/DC Shipboard Power System

DC faults can have a detrimental impact toward the system dynamics of a small-scale DC distribution system. Future naval combat ships employing a DC distribution systematic layout require a protection method that is significantly fast and intelligent in its decision making process in analyzing faults. The DC distribution system must be able to withstand and tolerate malicious DC faults for a certain period of time if sensitivity is a factor in the fault analyzing process. When a DC fault strikes the DC distribution network, it can almost instantaneously cause overcurrents to spike providing a heavy blow towards normal system operation. This research is geared at the possibility of employing a 12-pulse low or medium voltage DC converter into future naval combat ship systems. The study also employs the use of passive filtering technique to reduce harmonic order on the naval ship for power quality purposes. In order to reduce overcurrents to minimize systematic damage during a DC fault towards the DC distribution network, grounding schemes have been analyzed in this paper to find various methods to reduce the problem. The harmonic tuning filters are also analyzed during the DC fault to examine their effect or contribution toward an overcurrent during a DC fault.
Mechanisms for the environmental regulation of gene expression: Ecological aspects of animal development

The environment can play a significant role in the production of phenotypes. However, the developmental mechanisms by which the environmental agents effect normal development are just becoming known. At least three paths have been found through which the environment can modify gene activity. The first is the neuroendocrine route. Here, the nervous system monitors the environment and transfers signals to the endocrine system. The endocrine hormones can then alter gene expression. The second route involves environmental factors that change the methylation pattern of genes, thereby altering their transcriptional capabilities. The third route involves the direct induction of gene expression in the host by microbial symbionts. The normal regulation of phenotype production by the environment should be considered a normal component of development and developmental biology.
In-situ biaxial texture analysis of MgO films during growth on amorphous substrates by ion-beam-assisted deposition

We used a kinematical electron scattering model to develop a RHEED based method for performing quantitative analysis of mosaic polycrystalline thin film in-plane and out-of-plain grain orientation distributions. RHEED based biaxial texture measurements are compared to x-ray and transmission electron microscopy measurements to establish the validity of the RHEED analysis method. MgO was grown on amorphous Si3N4 by ion beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) using 750 eV Ar+ ions and MgO e-beam evaporation. The ion/MgO flux ratio was varied between 0.66 and 0.42. In situ RHEED analysis reveals that during nucleation the out-of-plane orientation distribution is very broad (almost random), but narrows very quickly once well-oriented grains reach a critical size. Under optimal conditions a competition between selective sputtering and surface roughening yields a minimum out-of-plane texture at about 100 angstrom, which degrades with increasing film thickness. The narrowest in- plane orientation distribution (5.4 degrees FWHM) was found to be at an ion/MgO flux ratio between 0.55 and 0.51, in good agreement with previous experiments. The systematic offsets between RHEED analysis and x-ray measurements of biaxial texture, coupled with evidence that biaxial texture improves with increasing film thickness, indicates that RHEED is a superior technique for probing surface biaxial texture.
Absence of an essential regulatory influence of the adenovirus E1B 19-kilodalton protein on viral growth and early gene expression in human diploid WI38, HeLa, and A549 cells.

Abstract Mutations in the gene encoding the adenovirus (Ad) early region 1B 19-kDa protein (the 19K gene) result in multiple phenotypic effects upon infection of permissive human cells. It has been reported, for example, that Ad type 2 (Ad2) and Ad5 with mutations in the 19K gene (19K-defective mutants) have a marked growth advantage compared with wild-type virus in human diploid WI38 cells (E. White, B. Faha, and B. Stillman, Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:3763-3773, 1986), and it was proposed that this host range phenotype stems from the large increase in viral early gene expression reported to occur in the mutant-infected cells. These observations gave rise to the hypothesis that the 19-kDa protein (the 19K protein) normally functions as a negative regulator of Ad early gene expression and growth. We have tested this hypothesis and find that Ad5 and Ad12 wild-type viruses grow as efficiently as their respective 19K-defective mutants, in1 and dl337 and pm700 and in700, in WI38 and other human cell types. Neither the accumulation of E1A cytoplasmic mRNAs nor the synthesis of E1A and other viral early proteins in these cells is altered as a result of these mutations in the 19K gene, and we conclude that the 19K protein does not play an essential role in regulating viral early gene expression or viral growth in human cells.
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies induce neutrophils to degranulate and produce oxygen radicals in vitro.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) are in the circulation of most patients with pauci-immune necrotizing vasculitis and pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis. The current study demonstrates an effect of these autoantibodies on neutrophil function in vitro. ANCA cause normal human neutrophils to undergo an oxidative burst and degranulate. Both ANCA phenotypes (i.e., cytoplasmic-pattern ANCA and myeloperoxidase-specific ANCA) induce neutrophil activation. ANCA sera and purified immunoglobulins significantly increase the release of reactive oxygen species when compared with controls. ANCA, in a dose-dependent manner, induce the release of primary granule contents. These effects are markedly enhanced by priming neutrophils with tumor necrosis factor. Flow cytometry studies demonstrate the presence of myeloperoxidase on the surface of neutrophils after cytokine priming, indicating that primed neutrophils have ANCA antigens at their surfaces to interact with ANCA. These observations suggest an in vivo pathogenetic role for ANCA. We propose that, in patients with necrotizing vasculitis, ANCA-induced release of toxic oxygen radicals and noxious granule enzymes from cytokine-primed neutrophils could be mediating vascular inflammation.
Factors Affecting Aggression in a Captive Flock of Chilean Flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis)

The influence of pair bond status, age and sex on aggression rates in a flock of 84 captive Chilean flamingos at Zoo Atlanta was examined. Analysis showed no difference between aggression rates of male and female flamingos, but adult flamingos had higher rates of aggression than juveniles. There were also significant differences in aggression depending on pair bond status (single, same-sex pair, male–female pair or group). Bonded birds were significantly more aggressive than single birds, which is consistent with the concept that unpaired birds are not breeding and do not need to protect pair bonds or eggs. Birds in typical pair bonds (male–female) and atypical pair bonds (same-sex pairs or groups) exhibited similar rates of aggression. These results contribute to the existing body of research on aggression in captive flamingos. Zoo Biol 30:59–64, 2011. r 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.