cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TASK-5, a new member of the tandem-pore K(+) channel family.

Abstract TASKs are members of the recently identified K + channel family (KCNKx). Four TASKs (TASK1–4) identified so far form functional K + channels and encode background K + channels in various cell types. Recently, another member (TASK-5) was identified in the human genome. We cloned it and studied its tissue expression and functional properties. TASK-5 shares 51% amino acid identity with TASK-1 and TASK-3. Northern blot analysis showed that TASK-4 mRNA was expressed primarily in the adrenal gland and pancreas. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was found at amino acid position 95 that normally forms part of the K + channel selectivity filter. Neither form of TASK-5 showed channel activity when transfected in COS-7 cells. Exchange of C-termini of TASK-3 and TASK-5 failed to generate whole-cell currents. Thus, TASK-5 is a new member of the tandem-pore K + channel family but does not produce a functional plasma membrane K + current by itself.
The Occupation of Household Financial Management among Lesbian Couples

Abstract Occupational science seeks to explicate the everyday activities of individuals within their social and cultural worlds. This research is concerned with the occupation of “doing finances” within the context of creating a home as a couple. Thirteen couples were interviewed in their homes, to address the question: How do lesbian couples go about creating a home together through engagement in household occupation? Financial management, the specific subject of this paper, was a ‘found’ topic that emerged spontaneously from the interviewees. Modified grounded theory and narrative approaches were used to analyze data. The major findings include approaches to money management, the dynamic nature of financial management, and how financial management is influenced by being lesbian in today's society. Implications for occupational science are discussed, such as: redefining the ‘division of labor’ approach to household tasks; concepts of fairness and balance; equal respect for paid and unpaid work; and that ...
Light scattering Mueller matrix for a surface contaminated by a single particle in the Rayleigh limit

A ray-tracing model was used to derive the light scattering Mueller matrix element curves for a dipole near a perfect surface as a function of incident angle, scattering angle, and surface refractive index. This system represents a fundamental system composed of a perfect plane surface and a perfect (Rayleigh) scatterer.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Weight change and glycemic control after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Limited community-based data describe weight change after diabetes diagnosis. To evaluate weight change patterns and associations in the 1st year after diabetes mellitus type 2 diagnosis. Retrospective cohort study. Patients aged 21–75 with diabetes mellitus type 2 diagnosed between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2004, identified from electronic medical records in Kaiser Permanente Northwest, a health maintenance organization. Eligible patients met weight measurement criteria (a baseline and three additional weight measurements) and did not have a condition associated with unintentional weight change (n = 4,135). We estimated 12-month patient weight trajectories using growth curve analyses, grouped similar trajectories using cluster analysis, and compared characteristics among groups. The four weight trajectory groups were “higher stable weight” (n = 757; 18.3%), “lower stable weight” (n = 2,236; 54.1%), “weight gain” (n = 664; 16.0%), and “weight loss” (n = 478; 11.6%). After adjustments, members of the weight-loss group were more likely than those in the weight-gain group to be older, female, take fewer medications, have had nutritionist visits, and have a lower mean HbA1c. Those in the weight-loss group were less likely to be in a race group at higher risk for obesity, have depression or dyslipidemia, or have taken >30 days of a sulfonylurea alone or with metformin. A small-but-substantial group of patients had a mean weight trajectory that included a clinically significant weight loss. Weight-loss trajectories were strongly associated with better glycemic control when compared to weight gain. Patients with certain characteristics may need more support for weight loss.
Haunting Masculinity and Frightening Femininity: The Novels of John Bellairs.

While developing scholarship around children’s horror fiction has focused on the works of contemporary writers, this essay provides a close reading of the novels of John Bellairs, a leading and early practitioner of the genre. It argues that the first three novels in his Lewis Barnevelt series may be understood as addressing some of the same anxieties related to gender and sexuality as those found in adult works of horror. Echoing changing discourses about masculinity at work in the late sixties and seventies, Bellair’s novels propose a new form of manhood for young readers at the same time they continue to tie femininity to loss, lack and unspeakable desires.
Fermentation of reactive-membrane-extracted and ammonium-hydroxide-conditioned dilute-acid-pretreated corn stover.

Acid-pretreated biomass contains various compounds (acetic acid, etc.) that are inhibitory to fermentative microorganisms. Removing or deactivating these compounds using detoxification methods such as overliming or ammonium hydroxide conditioning (AHC) improves sugar-to-ethanol yields. In this study, we treated the liquor fraction of dilute-acid-pretreated corn stover using AHC and a new reactive membrane extraction technique, both separately and in combination, and then the sugars in the treated liquors were fermented to ethanol with the glucose–xylose-fermenting bacterium, Zymomonas mobilis 8b. We performed reactive extraction with mixtures of octanol/Alamine 336 or oleyl alcohol/Alamine 336. The best ethanol yields and rates were achieved for oleyl alcohol-extracted hydrolysates followed by AHC hydrolysates, while octanol-extracted hydrolysates were unfermentable because highly toxic octanol was found in the hydrolysate. Adding olive oil significantly improved yields for octanol-extracted hydrolysate. Additional work is underway to determine if this technology is a cost-effective alternative to traditional hydrolysate conditioning processes.
Heterotrimeric G protein signaling: Getting inside the cell.

Heterotrimeric G proteins have traditionally been thought to transduce signals at the plasma membrane. In this issue, Slessareva et al. (2006) now show that a G protein α subunit acts at the endosome to stimulate a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to help yeast respond to mating pheromones.
Maximum likelihood estimation and factor analysis

Fisher's method of maximum likelihood is applied to the problem of estimation in factor analysis, as initiated by Lawley, and found to lead to a generalization of the Eckart matrix approximation problem. The solution of this in a special case is applied to show how test fallability enters into factor determination, it being noted that the method of communalities underestimates the number of factors.
Instabilities in shear and simple shear deformations of gold crystals

Abstract We use the tight-binding potential and molecular mechanics simulations to study local and global instabilities in shear and simple shear deformations of three initially defect-free finite cubes of gold single crystal containing 3480, 7813, and 58,825 atoms. Displacements on all bounding surfaces are prescribed while studying simple shear deformations, but displacements on only two opposite surfaces are assigned during simulations of shear deformations with the remaining four surfaces kept free of external forces. The criteria used to delineate local instabilities in the system include the following: (i) a component of the second-order spatial gradients of the displacement field having large values relative to its average value in the body, (ii) the minimum eigenvalue of the Hessian of the energy of an atom becoming non-positive, and (iii) structural changes represented by a high value of the common neighborhood parameter. It is found that these criteria are met essentially simultaneously at the same atomic position. Effects of free surfaces are evidenced by different deformation patterns for the same specimen deformed in shear and simple shear. The shear strength of a specimen deformed in simple shear is more than three times that of the same specimen deformed in shear. It is found that for each cubic specimen deformed in simple shear the evolution with the shear strain of the average shear stress, prior to the onset of instabilities, is almost identical to that in an equivalent hyperelastic material with strain energy density derived from the tight-binding potential and the assumption that it obeys the Cauchy–Born rule. Even though the material response of the hyperelastic body predicted from the strain energy density is stable over the range of the shear strain simulated in this work, the molecular mechanics simulations predict local and global instabilities in the three specimens.
Participant differentiation of nonclinical fear and anxiety

Participants in four studies rated remembered experiences of fear and anxiety on scales reflecting characteristics postulated to distinguish anxiety from fear. Similarities and differences were found in ratings of the two emotion situations. Some obtained rating contrasts might indicate only quantitative differences, but many were consistent with qualitative distinctions in clinical and theoretical literatures and were interpreted as providing consensual validation for them. While both emotions involved pain, threat, uncertainty, and arousal, anxiety entailed greater future orientation, duration, frequency of occurrence, temporal uncertainty, inhibition, and sensitivity of self-concept to evaluation by self and others. A few rating contrasts appeared to contradict theoretical claims: e.g., noxiousness, helplessness, and response unavailability were greater with fear. It was suggested that some qualitative criteria for differentiating the two emotions are context-sensitive and may interact with a quantitative criterion.
Controls on metamorphic equilibration: the importance of intergranular solubilities mediated by fluid composition

A dramatic demonstration of the role of intergranular solubility in promoting chemical equilibration during metamorphism is found in the unusual zoning of garnet in pelitic schist exposed at Harpswell Neck, Maine, USA. Many garnet crystals have irregular, patchy distributions of Mn, Cr, Fe and Mg in their inclusion-rich interiors, transitioning to smooth, concentric zoning in their inclusion-poor outer rims; in contrast, zoning of Ca and Y is comparatively smooth and concentric throughout. We re-assess the disputed origin of these zoning features by examining garnet growth in the context of the thermal and structural history of the rocks, and by evaluating the record of fluid–rock interaction revealed in outcrop-scale veining and fluid-inclusion assemblages. The transition in the character of garnet zoning correlates with the onset of a synkinematic, simple-shear-dominated phase of garnet growth and with a shift in the composition of the intergranular fluid from CO2-rich to H2O-rich. Compositional variations in garnet are therefore best explained by a two-stage growth history in which intergranular diffusive fluxes reflect differences in the concentration of dissolved species in these two contrasting fluids. Interiors of garnet crystals grew in the presence of a CO2-rich fluid, in which limited solubility for Mn and Cr (and perhaps Fe and Mg) produced patchy disequilibrium overprint zoning, while appreciable solubility for Ca and Y permitted their rock-wide equilibration. Rims grew in the presence of an H2O-rich fluid, in which high intergranular concentrations for all elements except Cr enabled diffusion over length scales sufficient for rock-wide equilibration. This striking example of partial chemical equilibrium during reaction and porphyroblast growth implies that thermal effects may commonly be subsidiary in importance to solubilities in the intergranular medium as determinants of length scales for metamorphic equilibration.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF METHYLENE: USING ULTRAHIGH ACCURATE MRCI APPROACH

A new hybrid vairational-perturbational MRCISD(TQ) approach is applied to the problem of singlet–triplet and singlet–singlet separation in methylene using several basis sets. The inclusion of higher excitations beyond single and double excitations can predict more accurate splitting energies between states as well as closer single-point energies to available full CI results when the small basis set is used. Comparisons with MRCISD and MRCCSD treatments indicate that MRCISD(TQ) can lead to reliable predictions of the splitting energies when larger bases are employed.
Reconstituted human oral and esophageal mucosa in culture.

We have successfully established monolayer and organotypic culture techniques for growing human oral and esophageal epithelial cells. Cells in monolayer culture were grown in serum-free medium, modified from techniques previously reported by our group. The organotypic cultures were grown in a defined medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. Oral and esophageal cells were maintained in keratinocyte basal medium with pituitary extract and other supplements, and 0.05 mM calcium for 7–9 and 9–11 passages, respectively. Both cell types had similar morphology by phase contrast microscopy. When confluent, the cells were predominantly small, basaloid, and uniform and interspersed with larger, differentiated cells. By immunohistochemistry, both cell types in monolayer were positive to AE1, AE3, and 34BE12 antibodies to keratins of stratified epithelia. Oral epithelial cells in monolayer also were positive to 35BH11, representative of simple epithelial keratins, while esophageal cells were not. The esophageal cells were focally positive to K13, while the oral cells were negative. Both were negative for K19. When comparing monolayer to organotypic cultures and to in vivo specimens, there was a significant difference in the expression of keratins.
Nutrient demand interacts with legume maturity to affect rumen pool sizes in dairy cows.

Abstract Effects of legume maturity on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, ruminal fermentation and pool sizes, and digestion and passage kinetics, and the relationship of these effects with preliminary DMI (pDMI) were evaluated using 16 ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows in a crossover design with a 14-d preliminary period and two 17-d treatment periods. During the preliminary period, the pDMI of individual cows ranged from 22.9 to 30.0kg/d (mean=25.9kg/d) and the 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield ranged from 34.1 to 68.2kg/d (mean=43.7kg/d). Experimental treatments were diets containing alfalfa silage harvested either a) early-cut, less mature (EC) or b) late-cut, more mature (LC) as the sole forage. Early- and late-cut alfalfa contained 40.8 and 53.1% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 23.7 and 18.1% crude protein, respectively. Forage:concentrate ratios were 53:47 and 42:58 for EC and LC, respectively; both diets contained approximately 22% forage NDF and 27% total NDF. Preliminary DMI, an index of nutrient demand, was determined during the last 4d of the preliminary period when cows were fed a common diet and used as a covariate. Main effects of alfalfa maturity and their interaction with pDMI were tested by ANOVA. Alfalfa maturity and its interaction with pDMI did not affect milk yield but EC increased DMI compared with LC; thus, EC had lower efficiency of milk production than LC. The EC diet decreased milk fat concentration more per kilogram of pDMI increase than the LC diet, but milk fat yield was not affected. The lower concentration and faster passage rate of indigestible NDF for EC resulted in lower rumen pools of indigestible NDF, total NDF, and dry matter than did LC, which EC increased at a slower rate than did LC as pDMI increased. The EC diet decreased starch intake and increased ruminal pH compared with the LC diet. The rate of ruminal starch digestion was related to level of intake, but this did not affect ruminal or postruminal starch digestion. Total-tract digestibility of NDF, organic matter, and dry matter was higher for EC than LC. Microbial efficiency tended to be related to pDMI and the response differed by treatment. When alfalfa silage was the only source of forage in the diet, cows supplemented with additional concentrate to account for decreased protein and increased fiber concentrations associated with LC produced similar fat-corrected milk yields with greater efficiency than cows fed EC.
Microtiter assay for glutamine synthetase biosynthetic activity using inorganic phosphate detection.

Abstract A microtiter assay was developed for the improved detection of inorganic phosphate released from adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) in the glutamine synthetase biosynthetic assay. In this assay, ascorbic acid replaces the traditionally used ferrous sulfate to reduce the phosphomolybdate complex. As a result, increased color development, linearity, and sensitivity are achieved. Additionally, in the microtiter format, multiple sets of kinetic experiments can be rapidly performed in parallel. The color that forms is rendered highly stable by the addition of sodium citrate. However, the commonly used sodium arsenite in this solution has been omitted, making the assay less hazardous. The assay is linear to 100 nmol Pi in the presence of 10 mM ATP.
Identification of cholate as a shared substrate for the unidirectional efflux systems for methotrexate in L1210 mouse cells

The bidirectional transport properties of cholate have been examined in leukemic L1210 mouse cells and compared with the transport of methotrexate. The cell entry of [3H]cholate was Na(+)-independent, linear with increasing concentrations of substrate, enhanced by decreasing pH, and uneffected by excess unlabeled cholate or by various anion-transport inhibitors and hence had the characteristics of passive diffusion or a pH-dependent mediated process with a high Kt for cholate. The efflux of [3H]cholate, however, could be attributed to carrier-mediated and energy-dependent transport. Efflux was rapid (t1/2 = 1.5 min) and could be increased with glucose and decreased with metabolic inhibitors, and it was inhibited by various compounds including bromosulfophthalein, probenecid, prostaglandin A1, reserpine, verapamil, quinidine, diamide, 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine and vincristine. The most potent inhibitor was prostaglandin A1, which reduced efflux by 50% at a concentration of 0.10 microM. Half-maximal inhibition by vincristine occurred at 4.8 microM. The maximum extent of inhibition with most of the inhibitors was 95%, although a lower value was observed with bromosulfophthalein (85%). When cholate efflux was compared with the efflux of methotrexate, both processes responded similarly to changes in the metabolic state of the cell. Moreover, the various inhibitors of cholate efflux also inhibited the efflux of methotrexate and the same concentration of each inhibitor was required for half-maximal inhibition of both processes. The efflux of folate and urate also proceeded via outwardly directed, unidirectional processes which were sensitive to bromosulfophthalein and probenecid. The results suggest that L1210 cells have the capacity for the unidirectional extrusion of cholate, methotrexate and probably other large, structurally dissimilar organic anions and that this efflux occurs via two or more very similar transport systems with a broad anion specificity. The function of an organic anion efflux system in vivo may be to facilitate the extrusion of cytotoxic metabolic anions which are too large to exit via the general anion-exchange carrier of these cells. Similarities in inhibitor specificity were also apparent between unidirectional anion efflux in L1210 cells and the drug efflux pump which is over-produced in cells with multidrug resistance.
The Acquisition of Practical Skills by U. S. Medical Students

Increasing interest in skills training has been prompted by concerns over risks posed by new, complex clinical environments and the need for medical students to function effectively in such settings. To gain a better idea of the type of instruction currently provided to U.S. medical students, a national survey was conducted in 1991. A survey instrument was prepared after a literature review on practical skills training. Eleven skill and knowledge areas were selected for analysis; six were considered "basic" and five "advanced." Mailings were directed to the deans of 126 U.S. medical schools. Based on a 94% response rate (118/126), the skill and knowledge areas taught most commonly included universal precautions, phlebotomy, intravenous line placement, advanced cardiac life support, and suturing lacerations. Fifty-one (43%) of 118 respondents reported that they conducted "transition courses" for practical skills training. At most such institutions, basic skills were taught more frequently than advanced skills. Where there was no transition course, formal instruction was provided in standing courses and clerkships. The survey indicates that five skills areas are formally taught in the majority of U.S. medical schools. These include universal precautions, phlebotomy, starting intravenous lines, suturing lacerations, and advanced cardiac life support. In most cases, evaluation and certification procedures are infrequent. Further studies are necessary to gain a better idea of what practical training should be undergone by all U.S. medical students.
Expression efficiency of a scorpion neurotoxin, AaHIT, using baculovirus in insect cells

Insect-selective neurotoxins are useful agents for developing recombinant baculoviral insecticides. AaHIT, one such toxin, was expressed in AcMNPV and had a dramatic effect on pest insects. However, the toxin production was relatively low. In order to identify reasons for the low production of recombinant AaHIT (rAaHIT) in insect cells, we analyzed the expression efficiency using Northern blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and a bioassay using Sarcophaga falculata larvae. The levels of rAaHIT mRNA and protein in Sf21 cells were comparable with those of another secreted protein, recombinant juvenile hormone esterase (rJHE), which was expressed in the same baculovirus system. However, the secretion efficacy of rAaHIT was significantly lower than that of rJHE. In addition, the toxic activity in the medium was approximately 1% of the total secreted rAaHIT. Western blot analyses suggested that rAaHIT aggregated and accumulated in cells. We attempted to increase the amount of soluble rAaHIT in cells using a co-expressed chaperonin, BiP. Although co-expressed BiP apparently increased the amount of soluble rAaHIT in cells, no improvement of active toxin production in the medium was detected. These results suggest that secretion and folding of rAaHIT are insufficient in insect cells.
Venous and capillary blood hematocrit at rest and following submaximal exercise.

The purpose of this study was to determine if finger tip capillary blood hematocrit is a valid estimate of anticubital venous blood hematocrit at rest and after submaximal exercise. Simultaneous samples of finger tip capillary and venous blood were drawn from thirty-one subjects (15 males, 16 females) before and after a 15 min submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. Venous and capillary blood hcts. were 42.0%±3.9 and 42.0%±3.5 respectively before exercise and 43.3%±3.5 and 42%±3.8 after exercise (¯X). The regression equation for predicting venous hct. from finger tip capillary blood after exercise was: Hctv = 0.87 Hctc+6.44 withr = 0.95 (P<0.05). The results indicate that the finger tip capillary microhematocrit method is a valid indicator of venous blood hct. following exercise.
A model for procurement, allocation, and redistribution for low demand items

Problems of inventory control for items with extremely low demand (say less than one unit per month average demand) have received relatively little attention in the literature. However, for military supply systems it is well known that an extremely large proportion of the total number of items fall into this category. The problem of designing a control system for these low demand items is therefore one of the most critical inventory management problems faced by the National Military Establishment. In the following, a single echelon, multidepot supply system is studied for low demand items having a stationary Poisson probability distribution for demand. Instantaneous information concerning inventory levels is assumed to be available. Procurement lead time is assumed to be constant as well as the time required for either of two available modes of redistribution. Items are ordered one at a time and decision rules are developed for allocation of new procurement, redistribution of stocks among the depots, and for determining system and depot stockage objectives in order to minimize the expected costs resulting from system and depot stockouts, cost of redistributing stocks among the depots, and costs of transportation from the source. The model is an extension of previous models in that redistribution costs and depot stockout costs are considered in the determination of the stockage objective for the system as a whole. When more than a single unit is on order, the allocation of a unit ready to be delivered is determined by the solution of a dynamic programming problem. When only a single unit is on order (and this is the one ready to be delivered), the optimal allocation procedure is reduced to allocating the unit to the depot which has the greatest probability of using it in a time period T + (1/λ) where T is the procurement lead time and λ the system demand rate for the item.
Identity and biography as mediators of science and mathematics faculty’s involvement in K-12 service

This article explores aspects of science and mathematics faculty identities and biographies that mediated their involvement in K-12 service. Faculty expressed five motivations for participating in K-12 service—advancing their research agenda, advocating environmental consciousness, desiring to be involved in their children’s schools, aspiring to improve their pedagogical practices and promoting equity and social justice.
Geographical divergence of acoustic signals in Cyprinella galactura, the whitetail shiner (Cyprinidae)

Geographical acoustic signal divergence in fish has been virtually unexplored. Minnows in the genus Cyprinella produce agonistic and courtship sounds during the spawning season, and Cyprinella galactura, with a disjunct distribution in the Ozark and Appalachian mountains, provided a good model for examining signal divergence. We found significant amounts of geographical variation between the four populations of C. galactura examined, and pulse signal parameters (pulse rate, pulse duration, pulse interval) were most important in distinguishing between the populations. Courtship signals differed from agonistic signals, with courtship signals less variable and more stereotyped. Adjacent populations from the Ozark Mountains were more similar than nonadjacent populations. Signal divergence in agonistic signals appears more random, with adjacent populations clustering with nonadjacent populations. Genetic drift may play a role in agonistic signal divergence, while geographical isolation may be responsible for courtship signal divergence.
Reliable exposure assessment strategies for physical ergonomics stressors in construction and other non-routinized work.

The objective of this research was to provide guidelines for the reliable assessment of ergonomics exposures in non-routinized work. Using a discrete-interval observational sampling approach, two or three observers collected a total of 5852 observations on tasks performed by three construction trades (iron workers, carpenters and labourers) for periods of several weeks. For each observation, nine exposure variables associated with awkward body postures, tool use and load handling were recorded. The frequency of exposure to each variable was calculated for each worker during each of the tasks on each of the days. ANOVA was used to assess the importance of task in explaining between-worker and within-worker variability in exposures across days. A statistical re-sampling method (bootstrap) was used to evaluate the reliability of exposure estimates for groups of workers performing the same task for different sampling periods. Most exposures were found to vary significantly across construction tasks within tra...
Do we need a critical theory of technology? Reply to Tyler Veak

L'auteur repond a un article precedent, qui etablissait une critique severe de sa remise en question de la technologie. Il explique ses prises de position en matiere d'economie et de politique en detaillant encore plus precisement les opinions ebauchees dans son ouvrage et questionnee par son collegue.
A América do Sul em movimento

This paper discusses the prospects for the integration of South America, stressing that there are two competing projects. One the one hand, we have the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), as proposed by Washington, or bilateral free trade agreements with the United States in the FTAA format. On the other hand, we have Mercosur, recently expanded by the accession of Venezuela. Washington’s still very significant but declining influence in South America, relations between Argentina and Brazil, Venezuela’s entry into Mercosur, and the role of smaller countries are successively examined. JEL Classification: F15; P16.
Uncovering biosynthetic potential of plant-associated fungi: Effect of culture conditions on metabolite production by Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata and Chaetomium chiversii

In an attempt to uncover the biosynthetic potential of plant-associated fungi, the effect of culture conditions on metabolite production by Paraphaeosphaeria quadriseptata and Chaetomium chiversii was investigated. These studies indicated that the production of the major metabolites by P. quadriseptata differ when the water used to make the media was changed from tap water to distilled water. It resulted in the isolation of six new secondary metabolites, cytosporones F-I ( 1- 4), quadriseptin A ( 5), and 5'-hydroxymonocillin III ( 6) together with monocillin III ( 7), a metabolite new to P. quadriseptata, in addition to monocillin I ( 8), a previously known metabolite from this organism. Aposphaerin B ( 9) encountered was suspected to be an artifact originating from cytosporone F ( 1). Incorporation of heavy metal ions to P. quadriseptata culture medium induced production of monocillin I ( 8) by this fungus. Cultivation of C. chiversii in liquid medium resulted in the isolation of chaetochromin A ( 12) as the major metabolite instead of radicicol ( 10), the major constituent of this organism when grown in a solid medium. Compounds 1- 7 and 12 were evaluated for their potential to inhibit Hsp90 and antiproliferative activity toward the cancer cell lines NCI-H460, MCF-7, and SF-268. Only compounds 6, 7, and 8 exhibited significant activity in both assays.
Cognitive procedures for correcting proxy-response biases in surveys

To reduce survey costs, major surveys rely on self- and proxy-responses. The use of proxies can reduce data quality introducing biases in the survey estimates. This paper identifies one source of systematic differences between self- and proxy-reports: proxies' higher reliance on inferences. Using data from the National Health Interview Survey on Disability (NHIS-D), proxy-response biases were modelled by independently collected measures of cognitive inferences. Conditional likelihood judgements about a number of disabilities (e.g. likelihood that a person has a disability given another disability) predicted the conditional disability reports for proxy- but not for self-respondents (e.g. the proportion of respondents who reported difficulty learning after reporting difficulty communicating). A model of self/proxy differences was estimated on data from the 1994 NHIS-D and tested against 1995 data. The correlation between predicted and actual differences was 0.76. The correlation between predicted and actual proxy-reports was 0.95. Such research can be used to estimate and correct for systematic proxy-response biases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium regulates the activity of serotonin-containing dorsal raphe neurons in vitro

Small elevations of calcium ions (15%) significantly depressed the activity of serotonin-containing dorsal raphe neurons by 35% in mouse brain slices in vitro, while large increases in calcium ion concentration (300%) dramatically decreased the incidence of spontaneously active raphe neurons. Neurochemical studies indicated that these effects were not attributable to increased release and metabolism of serotonin. These findings may have implications for the treatment of mood disorders, for which disturbances in both calcium and serotonin metabolism have been demonstrated.
Indicators of intimate partner violence: identification in emergency departments.

Abstract Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a widespread, but often unidentified, health concern. Understanding distinguishing characteristics of IPV assaults when compared to non-IPV assaults would advance IPV identification in health care settings. Study objectives We sought to determine incident-specific factors differentiating these two assault types using Emergency Department (ED) visit data from a unique active surveillance system. Methods New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Injury Surveillance System 2000–2007 data were analyzed to describe a sample of assault-related ED visits. Data analyses were gender specific. Bivariate analyses were conducted to estimate the crude effect of each independent variable on the outcome: IPV-related (vs. non-IPV-related) assaults. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to compare IPV-related to non-IPV-related assaults on incident-specific factors. Results Among 5514 assault-related ED visits for women, 1530 visits were IPV related; 2040 were non-IPV related. Among 9476 assault-related visits for men, these frequencies were 395 and 2878, respectively. Among women, occurrence in the home (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 12.8), head injury (AOR 1.6), and sexual violence (AOR 0.4) distinguished IPV- from non-IPV-related assaults. Among men, occurrence in the home (AOR 25.9) and alcohol use (AOR 2.0) distinguished IPV- from non-IPV-related assaults. Conclusion For both women and men, victims assaulted at home had an elevated risk for IPV. These findings suggest that directed probing for assault incident characteristics – particularly incident location – may be an efficient, effective complement to current IPV screening practices for the busy ED provider. Incident location can be a cue to deepen inquiry about IPV among assault victims.
Gender Bias in Studies for FDA Premarket Approval of Cardiovascular Devices

Women have been under-represented in clinical trials for several decades and a large amount of medical knowledge is based on data in men which are extrapolated to women. Over the past few decades, attempts have been made to increase our understanding of risks and benefits of drugs and devices in women, but the latter have been under-studied. The premarket approval process is used by the FDA to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of high-risk medical devices. The safety and effectiveness of a substantial minority of these devices has been shown to differ by sex. However, pivotal studies of these devices that lead to FDA approval often do not include adequate numbers of women nor do most stratify outcomes by sex. Numerous attempts and initiatives to increase availability of sex-specific data have improved this evidence gap modestly, but additional policy changes are necessary to optimize safety and effectiveness evaluation in women.
FRONTS AND FRONTAL WAVES OVER THE SOUTHERN CONE

Numerous cold fronts associated with mature extratropical storms sweep the coast of Chile every year. The large expanses of the Southern Pacific Ocean offer an ideal setting for up to 4000-km long cold fronts to develop as their parent cyclones travel from Australia to South America. These fronts sometimes break and spawn secondary cyclones that deepen significantly in one or two days. Examples of such frontal waves will be shown and discussed. An attribution technique applied to scatterometer wind measurements is used to diagnose the development of those frontal waves. Necessary conditions for their development are revealed
Validation in context of bioanalytical research papers

We have noticed the growing amount of application papers, mainly focused on detailed description of analytical assay validation with limited discussion of method development and optimization in top-ranked chromatographic journals. We analyze the implications of this trend and suggest a re-emphasis on the intellectual component in method development.
Low-temperature as an alternative to fumigation to disinfest stored tobacco of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)

Time-temperature-mortality relationships for egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne were investigated to determine disinfesting conditions for stored tobacco. Susceptibility to low temperatures changed according to the developmental stage. Eggs were most susceptible to low temperatures that were higher than −5°C. Larvae acquired cold tolerance during exposure to 15°C for 1 mo. These acclimated larvae were the most tolerant of all. LT99 values of acclimated larvae were calculated as 7.2 h at −15°C, 23.7 h at −10°C, 376 h at −5°C, 1,140 h at 0°C, and 1,880 h at 5°C. As the most susceptible stage, egg susceptibility to moderately low temperatures (16–20°C) was specifically examined. At 20°C, most eggs (>80%) normally hatched within 4 wk, but all eggs died within 6 wk at temperatures less than 18°C. This fact indicates that the reproductive cycle can be blocked at temperatures less than 18°C, and that tobacco stored in such conditions will never become infested, even if eggs are deposited by invading adults. Consequently, if the tobacco temperature is reduced to 5°C for 3 mo in winter and is subsequently maintained below 18°C throughout the rest of the year, tobacco can become and remain pest-free without any chemical control.
Calorimetric Analysis of Oxygen Binding to Lobster Hemocyanin

Complete thermodynamic characterization and comparison of ligand-binding reactions of hemocyanins is motivated by the obvious structural similarities and hierarchies in these molecules. We present here a study on the thermodynamics of oxygen binding to lobster (Homarus americanus) hemocyanin, a dodecameric protein made up of two identical hexamers, and we compare our results to those of the well-characterized free-hexameric hemocyanin of the spiny lobster [1]. Our methods are based on the unifying principles of generalized binding phenomena, which have been introduced in detail elsewhere [2]. For this study we conducted two types of experiments. The first type was a simple binding curve, in which we recorded changes in the average saturation of the macromolecule as a function of oxygen activity. From this data we obtained values of the equilibrium constants governing the binding of oxygen. The second type of experiment was a calorimetric measurement of the average-enthalpy change of a hemocyanin solution as a function of oxygen activity. Analysis of this data gave ΔH’s corresponding to the reactions involved in oxygen-binding.
High-temperature controlled atmosphere for post-harvest control of Indian meal moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on preserved flowers.

High carbon dioxide atmospheres combined with high temperature were effective for controlling Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) pupae. Pupae were exposed to atmospheres of 60, 80, or 98% carbon dioxide (CO2) in nitrogen (N2), or 60 or 80% CO2 in air at temperatures of 26.7°C or 32.2°C and 60% RH. Controlled atmosphere treatments at 32.2°C controlled pupae faster than the same treatments at the lower temperature. At both temperatures high CO2 concentration treatments combined with nitrogen killed pupae faster than high CO2 concentration treatments combined with air. Exposure to 80% carbon dioxide mixed with nitrogen was the most effective treatment causing 100% mortality in 12 h at 32.2°C and 93.3% mortality in 18 h at 26.6°C. High-temperature controlled atmosphere treatments had no adverse effects on quality of two preserved floral products, Limonium sinuatum (L.) and Gypsophila elegans (Bieb.), tested for 12, 18, and 24 h according to industry standards.
Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, Way of Life: Jews, Muslims, and Multicultural Counseling

Jews and Muslims represent 2 unique cultural groups that have been relatively under-examined by multicultural counseling scholars. In this article, the authors review the recent literature on Jews and Muslims, synthesize and discuss the commonalities across these 2 groups, provide some recommendations for counseling members of these populations, and offer suggestions for future research.
ON TWO-POINT CONFIGURATIONS IN A RANDOM SET

We show that with high probability a random subset of {1,...,n} of size Θ(n 1−1/k ) contains two elements a and a + d k , where d is a positive integer. As a consequence, we
Targeted Lymphoid Homing of Dendritic Cells Is Required for Prolongation of Allograft Survival

Accumulating evidence that dendritic cells (DC) are important regulators of peripheral immune tolerance has led to the concept that donor-derived DC may be useful for inducing donor-specific transplantation tolerance. Although in vitro studies in this field have been encouraging, in vivo results have been inconsistent. Recent evidence has suggested a critical role of lymphoid organs in tolerance induction. In this study, we use a novel gene transduction technique to show that engineered expression of CCR7 on immature DC can markedly increase DC homing to lymphoid organs, leading to increased interaction with Ag-specific T cells. Moreover, we show that a single infusion of DC coexpressing CCR7 and the immunomodulatory molecule viral IL-10 (vIL-10) markedly prolongs cardiac allograft survival (mean survival time >100 days); importantly, DC expressing either vIL-10 alone or CCR7 alone was not effective. These results demonstrate an important paradigm for immune modulation using DC.
In Vivo Regulation of Homer1a Expression in the Striatum by Cocaine

The glutamate receptor adaptor protein Homer is concentrated in the postsynaptic density of excitatory synapses and is critical for normal operation of synaptic transmission. In this study, we investigated the responsiveness of Homer family proteins to dopamine stimulation with the psychostimulant cocaine in rat striatal neurons both in vivo and in vitro. We found that a single dose of cocaine specifically induced a rapid and transient increase in protein levels of the Homer1a, but not Homer1b/c and Homer2a/b, isoforms in the striatum. This selective Homer1a induction was mediated primarily through activation of dopamine D1, but not D2, receptors. Both protein kinase A and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases are important for mediating the cocaine stimulation of Homer1a expression. At the transcriptional level, cAMP response element-binding protein serves as a prime transcription factor transmitting the signals derived from D1 receptors and associative pathways to the CaCRE sites within the Homer1a promoter. From a functional perspective, non–cross-linking Homer1a, once induced, competed with the cross-linking isoforms of Homer proteins (Homer1b/c and Homer2a/b) to uncouple the connection of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) with inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate receptors. These results indicate that cocaine possesses the ability to stimulate Homer1a expression in striatal neurons through a specific synapse-to-nucleus pathway. Moreover, inducible Homer1a expression may represent a transcription-dependent mechanism underlying the dynamic regulation of submembranous macromolecular complex formation between group I mGluRs and their anchoring proteins.
Efficient incremental information flow control with nested control regions

Mobile application platforms like cell phones are ubiquitous today. Even on limited devices, users expect well-performing applications that also respect the privacy of the user's stored data, such as messages, addresses and calendar items. Existing techniques, however, do not provide an adequate solution: Dynamic algorithms incur a significant space and time overhead. Static approaches help a developer in creating secure programs, but previous work requires a whole-program verification.This paper proposes a novel intermediate representation that is designed to be easily analyzed and verified by clients as well as support incremental verification. The IR can be verified with a single-pass, linear time algorithm. The resulting reduction of memory requirements is particularly important for limited mobile devices. Metadata, including security properties, can be reliably transmitted through annotatable type systems, as demonstrated by the adoption of a practical security-enhanced programming language as an input for our intermediate representation. A simplified imperative language with incremental loading is formally proved safe as a foundation for the practical implementation.
Newly synthesized DNA and Bacillus subtilis DNA incorporated into transformable Diplococcus pneumoniae.

SummaryBoth 3H-thymidine and small 32P-labeled elements of heavy density 32P2H 15N-Bacillus subtilis 168+ DNA were covalently incorporated into macromolecular DNA of genetically transformable R1 Diplococcus pneumoniae. The 3H and 32P markers in the DNA extracted from D. pneumoniae both assumed the position of light density doublestranded DNA on CsCl isopycnic equilibrium centrifugation when the DNA was untreated or shortened by sonication prior to centrifugal analysis, and of light density single-stranded DNA when first denatured by heat.
The Evaluation of GI Medication Treatment Pattern and Duration Associated with NSAID Therapy

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this retrospective drug utilization study was to assess the GI medication use pattern and to identify factors influencing the length of GI medication therapy associated with NSAID use in a managed care plan. Data for this study were from a pharmacy benefits manager's 15-month claims file dated October 1995 through January 1997. Patients (N = 454) who had no record of previous GI medication use prior to NSAID therapy were the focus of this study. Main outcome measures included the elapsed time between the initiation of NSAID use and the subsequent initiation of GI therapy and the length of GI drug therapy.The GI medication treatment pattern was analyzed with descriptive analysis, and the duration of GI therapy was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Factors affecting the length of GI treatment period were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The results of this study indicated that a significant portion of patients started on GI medications without clear indication of...
Dynamics and control of a 3D pendulum

New pendulum models are introduced and studied. The pendulum consists of a rigid body, supported at a fixed pivot, with three rotational degrees of freedom. The pendulum is acted on by a gravitational force and control forces and moments. Several different pendulum models are developed to analyze properties of the uncontrolled pendulum. Symmetry assumptions are shown to lead to the planar 1D pendulum and to the spherical 2D pendulum models as special cases. The case where the rigid body is asymmetric and the center of mass is distinct from the pivot location leads to the 3D pendulum. Rigid pendulum and multi-body pendulum control problems are proposed. The 3D pendulum models provide a rich source of examples for nonlinear dynamics and control, some of which are similar to simpler pendulum models and some of which are completely new.