cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Simple Activity to Enhance the Learning Experience of Reading Primary Literature.

Countless studies have demonstrated the benefits and the importance of incorporating primary literature into undergraduate curriculum. However, even with regular exposures to primary literature, students still find the reading task confusing and frustrating. Most educators are conscientious about choosing realistically challenging research articles that match students’ abilities and knowledge, so the negative experiences students have had are more likely due to fear-based emotions than skills. To help students overcome the initial fear of reading a research article, I first presented to them just the title of the paper, with 3 guiding questions, and encouraged them to get into the journey of the researchers by prompting them to speculate “What must they have done to write a paper with such a title?” I gave students 10-15 minutes to reflect upon the title and to jot down the answers to the 3 guiding questions. Depending on the students, time and the paper, we did not always have a class discussion after the reflection, but we always had one after students read the paper. While reading the paper, students were reminded to compare the paper with the notes they jotted down before reading it. Students responded positively to this simple activity. Facing just the title of the paper is certainly less intimidating than combating the entire paper at once. Once the initial fear has overcome, the reading task becomes less daunting. This activity is simple, flexible, and easily implemented and surveys showed that it effectively enhanced students’ experience in reading primary literature.
Electric Double Layer Dynamics in Poly(ethylene oxide) LiClO4 on Graphene Transistors

Formation of an electric double layer (EDL) is a powerful approach for exploring the electronic properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials because of the ultrahigh capacitance and induced charge in the 2D materials. In this work, epitaxial graphene Hall bar devices are gated with an EDL using a 1 μm thick solid polymer electrolyte, poly(ethylene oxide) and LiClO4. In addition to carrier density and mobility, ion dynamics associated with the formation and dissipation of the EDL are measured as a function of temperature over a gate bias range of ±2 V. The room temperature EDL formation time (∼1–100 s) is longer than the dissipation time (∼10 ms). The EDL dissipation is modeled by a stretched exponential decay, and the temperature-dependent dissipation times are described by the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation, reflecting the coupling between polymer and ion mobility. At low temperatures, approaching the glass transition temperature of the electrolyte, the dissipation times of both cations and anions exceed...
Time constraint influence maximization algorithm in the age of big data

The new generation of social networks contains billions of nodes and edges. Managing and mining this data is a new academic and industrial challenge. Influence maximization is the problem of finding a set of nodes in a social network that result in the highest amount of influence diffusion. Many research works have been developed, which focus exclusively on the efficiency of algorithms, but overlook some features of social network data such as time sensitivity and the practicality in a large scale. Furthermore, the new era of 'big data' is changing dramatically right before our eyes - the increase of big data growth gives all researchers many challenges as well as opportunities. This paper proposes two new models TIC and TLT and considers the time constraint during the influence spreading process in practice. Empirical studies on different synthetic and real large scale social networks demonstrate that our models together with solutions on both Hadoop and Spark platforms are more practical as well as providing a regulatory mechanism for enhancing influence maximization. Not only that but also outperforming most existing alternative algorithms.
COMPASS| Race, Class, and Privacy: A Critical Historical Review

This essay inspects the maldistribution of privacy rights across race and class divisions by engaging a social history of the development of these rights from their inception in American jurisprudence. In so doing, it engages a critical theoretical framework that commences by delineating the contours of media structure, and then investigates how this structure bears on discourses about privacy and surveillance. Rather than viewing intrusions of privacy rights as a perversion of an otherwise egalitarian rights construct, this approach sees privacy discourse as a coded form of a more fundamental discussion about where individuals fit in to prevailing social hierarchies. In so doing, this essay shows how privacy and property rights have an intertwined history, through which an antagonism develops in capitalist society’s attempt to balance property rights, social equity, and public trust. The resulting discourse on privacy is, then, reflective of this antagonism.
The Use of Analysis of Covariance to Analyse Data from Designed Experiments with Missing or Mixed‐Up Values

Analysis of covariance is a well‐known technique for obtaining estimates and analysing data from designed experiments with missing values. In this article, we show that a covariance model also yields an exact analysis in the case of mixed‐up values and, in fact, is easier to implement on a computer than the correct model. In addition, while estimators of the coefficients of dummy variables introduced as covariates may be used as estimators of missing or mixed‐up values, we show using the technique of John and Lewis (1976) that only for the case of missing values are these covariate coefficient estimators the best linear unbiased estimators (BLUE's) of the means of these values.
High temperature measurement of a low emission, high pressure combustor using femtosecond laser written fiber Bragg gratings

Femtosecond Infrared (fs-IR) laser written fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), have shown great potential for sensing in extreme environments. This paper presents the fabrication and deployment of two fs-IR laser written FBG temperature probes, for monitoring temperature gradients on the flame tube of a low emission burner, during a high pressure combustor test of an optically accessible combustor rig (OACR). Results of this work include: contour plots of measured internal and exhaust temperature gradients, contrast of FBG measurements with thermocouple data, discussion of deployment strategies, as well as comments on reliability and other important considerations.
Histologic Analysis of Trabecular Meshwork Obtained From Kahook Dual Blade Goniotomy

Purpose To determine whether there are identifiable, reproducible findings in the trabecular meshwork (TM) of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) who underwent Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) goniotomy. Design Noncomparative retrospective case series. Methods Tertiary academic referral center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Thirteen patients (14 eyes) with POAG (100%) were treated with KDB goniotomy from May to December 2017. Isolated TM tissue was collected from 9 patients (10 eyes) and submitted for histologic analysis. Hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid–Schiff, and elastin Van Gieson stains were completed, in addition to immunohistochemistry for collagen IV. Results Mean age of patients was 74.2 ± 6.7 years. Trabecular beams were identified in all 10 specimens, although distorted in 4 samples, of which 3 had a history of laser trabeculoplasty. Collagen IV staining was present in 10 of 10 samples, coating the trabecular beams. Elastin was present in 8 of 10 samples along the trabecular beams. Intraocular pressure and number of glaucoma medications decreased significantly in all cases postoperatively (P Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates that tissue obtained during KDB goniotomy has a high yield of containing TM compared to reported yield of TM in specimens collected from traditional ab externo trabeculectomy (71% vs 20%, respectively). These goniotomy specimens possess sufficient anatomic preservation to be studied histologically. Trabecular meshwork obtained with this procedure may provide a novel modality to study TM dysfunction in open-angle glaucomas.
Analysis of Raman Spectra of GeSi Ultrathin Superlattices and Epilayers

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques1,2 are now capable of fabricating artificial layered structures with virtually “one-atomic-layer” accuracy. Thus one may construct a structure by depositing a few atomic layers of Ge on a silicon substrate, or build a superlattice (GemSin)p where m atomic layers of Ge are followed by n atomic layers of Si to form a super-cell, which is repeated p times along the growth direction. A versatile method for investigating the structural properties of these epilayers (ELs) and superlattices (SLs) is Raman spectroscopy. In earlier papers3, 4 we studied the low-lying acoustic phonons (Δω > 100 cm-1) in such structures and found them to be sensitive to the overaL.L. periodicities, boundary conditions, and average properties of the lattices. In a more recent paper5 we have studied the optical phonons, which yield information regarding local structure, interface smudging, and lattice-strain effects. There we calculated the Raman spectra of ideal unstrained (GemSin)p structures, then successively included strain and interface smudging in the theoretical model. In this paper we wiL.L. review and extend the results of Ref. 5, covering epilayers as well. Since we are concerned with backscattering-like Raman spectra for longitudinal vibrations along the [001] direction, we use a linear chain model4 to calculate the phonons, while a bond-polarizability approach5–8 is used to evaluate the Raman scattering intensity.
A 12-year ophthalmologic experience with the shaken baby syndrome at a regional children's hospital.

PURPOSE: To examine the ophthalmologic experience with the shaken baby syndrome (SBS) at one medical center, including clinical findings, autopsy findings, and the visual outcome of survivors. METHODS: One hundred sixteen patients admitted from 1987 to 1998 for subdural hematomas of the brain secondary to abuse were included. RESULTS: Retinal hemorrhages were detected in 84% of the children, but this important finding had been missed often by nonophthalmologists. Poor visual response, poor pupillary response, and retinal hemorrhage correlated strongly with demise of the child. One child who died had pigmented retinal scars from previous abuse, a condition not previously observed histopathologically. The clinical and autopsy findings varied somewhat, probably because of the differing conditions for examination. No correlation could be made between computerized tomography scans done during life and the subdural hemorrhage of the optic nerve found on autopsy. Half of the surviving patients were known to have good vision. One fourth of the patients had poor vision, largely due to cerebral visual impairment from bilateral injury posterior to the optic chiasm. Severe neurologic impairment correlated highly with loss of vision. CONCLUSION: This series provides information on the frequency of eye findings in SBS patients. No fundus finding is pathognomonic for SBS. When retinal hemorrhages are found in young children, the likelihood that abuse occurred is very high. The difficulty that nonophthalmologists have in detecting retinal hemorrhage may be an important limiting factor in finding these children so they may be protected from further abuse. Language: en
Biological Properties of the Nuclear Matrix: Steroid Hormone Binding

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the biological properties of the nuclear matrix. The nuclear matrix may be defined as a residual nuclear scaffolding system with the dynamic properties that provides functional organization for the DNA. The nuclear matrix may provide a direct passageway from the interior of the nucleus to the pore complexes. During mitosis, the peripheral lamina components of the matrix depolymerize, and the matrix proteins at the points of attachment of the DNA loops appear to condense to form the core scaffolding of the metaphase chromosomes. Electron microscopy of this material showed a nuclear membrane surrounding fibrillar structures and ribonucleoprotein particles. The residual nuclear structures referred to above were complex structures composed of intact nuclear envelopes, residual nucleoli, and considerable amounts of ribonucleoprotein particles. The interaction of steroid hormones and their specific receptor proteins with the nucleus of target tissues is an essential step in the mechanism by which these hormones modulate nuclear events, such as gene expression.
A comparative prospective study of clinical and radiological outcomes between open and minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion

Context: Fusion of lumbar spine is one of the standards of care for various pathologies such as lumbar canal stenosis and spondylolisthesis. Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) achieves the necessary goals but with greater muscular trauma due to denervation and loss of muscle mass which may result in poor short-term outcomes. Minimally invasive-TLIF (MIS-TLIF) overcomes these shortcomings by preserving the muscle mass by splitting and dilating the muscles. Aims: The goals of the minimally invasive procedures are to reduce iatrogenic muscle injury, postoperative pain, and disability without compromising on the goals of the surgery. Aim of this study was to compare the 1-year postoperative results of TLIF by a minimally invasive technique and open approach in relation to improvement in functional outcome and interbody fusion. Settings and Design: This was a prospective study. Subjects and Methods: We performed a comparative prospective study on 80 patients. All patients were followed up for minimum of 1-year postoperatively. Functional outcome in all patients was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and short form-36 (SF-36) scores. Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) was assessed at the third-day postoperatively. All patients were radiologically assessed with X-rays and computed tomography scans at 1 year to assess fusion. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS version 17 was used for analysis. P
The use of selective Th2 blocker dupilumab for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in a heart transplant patient: Case report

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by relapsing eczematous rash with severe pruritus and recurrent infection. Topical emollients and immune-modulators (e.g., corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitor) are first-line therapies for acute flares. In severe refractory cases, systemic immunosuppression may be required. Increased incidence of AD has been documented in heart-transplant children who receive their transplant or thymectomy before the age of 1 year. The treatment of these patients remains a conundrum for dermatologists. We present a case report of a chronically immunosuppressed transplant patient with severe AD treated with dupilumab and in remission for over 2 years with minimal side effects. We will also discuss impact of transplant immunosuppression in the pathogenesis of AD.
Large eddy simulation of base drag reduction using jet boat tail passive flow control

Abstract This study conducts an implicit large eddy simulation (ILES) of jet boat tail (JBT) flows to investigate its drag reduction mechanism. The concept of JBT passive flow control is to create a circumferential jet around a bluff body toward the center of the base area. It forms a jet cone to have the similar effect of a solid boat tail. The LES is performed for a baseline bluff body and a JBT model modified from the baseline. The LES predicts that the JBT reduces the averaged drag coefficient by 19.3%, a reasonable agreement with the experimental drag reduction of 22.5%. The reduced averaged wake area is also observed for the JBT model, resulting in a decreased drag. In addition, the unsteady flow structures of the baseline and JBT flow are analyzed to study the flow mixing and entrainment mechanism. For the baseline configuration, the coherent vortex structures occur far downstream of the base surface. It hence does not have strong entrainment and energy transfer from freestream to the base area. For the JBT flow, a pulsative jet is induced by the vortex shedding of the shear layer and interacts immediately with the shear layer near the base surface. It generates the small structures that are substantially larger than those of the baseline configuration. The larger vortex structures of JBT enhance the flow entrainment and transfer more energy from the freestream to the base area. It results in higher static pressure in the base area that substantially reduces the pressure drag. Proper orthogonal decomposition of flow field reveals the periodic jet pulsation pattern in the azimuthal direction.
A biochemically distinct sub-population of neurons in the human substantia gelatinosa. Study with G-6-PD histochemistry.

A method for localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD; D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP+ oxidoreductase; E.C. 1.1.1.49) activity has been applied to human nervous tissue. Intensely staining cells, not definable by conventional histologic techniques, have been identified in the human spinal cord, with highest numbers present in the substantia gelatinosa of the sacral region. The cells have a neuron-like morphology and express neuronal-specific antigen but are heterogeneous in size and shape. They are not detectable in infant spinal cord, but stain heavily in adults. We propose that these cells are homologous to the G-6-PD-active dorsal medullary cells first noted by Sakharova et al. (1979) and together with the latter group, may comprise a hitherto unrecognized system of neurons in the human central nervous system.
Movement, habitat use, and survival of juvenile grass carp in an Appalachian reservoir

Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella have been widely introduced in aquatic ecosystems to combat outbreaks of problem aquatic plants. However, the extent to which introduced carp stray from intended habitats and ecosystems is frequently unevaluated. Grass carp were stocked into a temperate riverine and montane reservoir (Claytor Lake, VA USA) to control a rapidly spreading Hydrilla verticillata infestation. Fish introductions sparked concern that grass carp might exit the reservoir and impact adjacent river ecosystems and native plants. We conducted a 2-y telemetry study concurrent with annual grass carp stockings in Claytor Lake to investigate migration potential, habitat use, and annual survival of recently introduced grass carp. We radio-tagged 34 and 45 juvenile grass carp in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In both years, grass carp movements were highest during the first month post-stocking and declined dramatically thereafter, presumably due to carp settling in areas with high hydrilla biomass. Only 3% of radio-tagged grass carp exited the reservoir upriver over the study period. Statistical modeling indicated grass carp movements were driven largely by temperature, while other climatic (e.g., wind speed and barometric pressure) and habitat variables (depth, vegetation coverage) were occasionally also important. Year-1 survival of grass carp was 44% for the 2011 cohort, and 25% for the 2012 cohort. Even though young grass carp did not express an inclination for out-reservoir migrations during the study, these patterns may change as fish approach sexual maturity, hydrilla coverage declines, and divergent climate variations occur. We recommend managers continue monitoring grass carp movements alongside changes to the spatial and temporal dynamics of hydrilla in the reservoir over time.
Principles of Local Muscle Flaps for Lower Extremity Wounds

Lower extremity wounds can be secondary to a variety of sources, including trauma, oncologic resection, neuropathy, or vascular disease, so they can require a variety of techniques for successful reconstruction. This chapter discusses some of the local muscle flaps generally utilized for lower extremity wounds.
Analysis of intellectual structure in children with autism spectrum disorders combined with hypophrenia

Objective To explore the intellectual profile of children with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) combined with hypophrenia. Methods The study followed a matching design, 37 children with ASD combined with hypophrenia and 40 with simply intelligence disability while paired based on gender and age were selected. The intellectual profile of the studied children was determined with the Wechsler intelligence scale for children-Chinese edition (WISC-R) scale. Results The full intelligence quotient (FIQ) of the ASD group and the control group were(54.70±8.26) and (54.60±7.17), the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05). Verbal intelligence quotient(VIQ) and performance intelligence quotient(PIQ) of ASD group were(54.70±8.26) and (64.51±12.25) and the control group were(56.70±8.02) and(57.25±9.43). Children with ASD scored lower on VIQ and higher on PIQ.There was significant difference between the two groups( t=3.582, P<0.01; t=2.928, P<0.01). There was statistically significant difference on VIQ-PIQ of ASD group(t=8.14, P<0.01). The group with ASD had a profile characterized by a high score on Puzzle and Block Design with a low comprehension score.The score of FIQ, VIQ as well as information, arithmetic, comprehension, Picture arrangement were negatively correlated with ABC (r=-0.36, P<0.05; r=-0.40, P<0.05; r=-0.41, P<0.05; r=-0.44, P<0.01; r=-0.44, P<0.01; r=-0.35, P<0.05). Conclusion Children with autism spectrum disorders with hypophrenia have special cognitive profile, which can be used to provide basis for making intervention strategies. Key words: Autism spectrum disorders; Hypophrenia; Intellectual structure
Palestine and the Migrant Question

What does the ongoing migrant crisis reveal about the decades-old Palestinian question, and what can Palestine teach us about the human tragedy that continues to wash up on the shores of former imperial nations? Building on the work of Hannah Arendt and Edward Said, this chapter takes up three recent texts to investigate the intersection of the Palestinian and migrant questions: Brule la mer / Ihrag al-bahr (Burn the sea), a 2014 film by Maki Berchache and Nathalie Nambot; Tropique de la violence (Tropic of violence), a 2016 novel by the Mauritian writer Nathacha Appanah; and Ai Weiwei’s 2017 documentary film Human Flow. Against the ubiquitous discourse of crisis, these texts show that the mass transfer of populations that peaked in 2015 is less a turning point—one of the etymological meanings of crisis—than a new iteration of the decades-old discourse that turns migrants into unexpected, and often unwelcome, guests. Against alarmist discourses that make of the current mass displacements an existential litmus test for the future of Europe and the West, this chapter takes a long view, placing the current migrant question in a decades-long history of displacement that includes the Palestinian question in its purview.
Online Action Detection in Streaming Videos with Time Buffers.

We formulate the problem of online temporal action detection in live streaming videos, acknowledging one important property of live streaming videos that there is normally a broadcast delay between the latest captured frame and the actual frame viewed by the audience. The standard setting of the online action detection task requires immediate prediction after a new frame is captured. We illustrate that its lack of consideration of the delay is imposing unnecessary constraints on the models and thus not suitable for this problem. We propose to adopt the problem setting that allows models to make use of the small `buffer time' incurred by the delay in live streaming videos. We design an action start and end detection framework for this online with buffer setting with two major components: flattened I3D and window-based suppression. Experiments on three standard temporal action detection benchmarks under the proposed setting demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework. We show that by having a suitable problem setting for this problem with wide-applications, we can achieve much better detection accuracy than off-the-shelf online action detection models.
AMPK Restrains Epidermal Stem Cell Aging by Inhibiting mTORC1-Induced Hyper-Proliferation

Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) rapidly proliferate to repair the skin barrier and a strict control of division is necessary to sustain stem cell growth capacity. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important signaling mediator of energy metabolism previously associated with skin stress and cancer, yet its impact on ESC proliferation is not known. To examine the requirement of ESC AMPK in physiologic skin repair, we deleted both AMPKα subunits within adult, Keratin 14-expressing ESCs. AMPKα deletion resulted in extensive hyperproliferation following acute wounding, UVB exposure, and phorbol ester application. This augmented stress-induced proliferation was driven by hyperactive mTOR signaling and could be completely blocked by the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin. Unexpectedly, after repetitive proliferative stress, ESC AMPKα loss resulted in fewer tumors due to premature growth arrest and reduced ESC proliferative capacity akin to accelerated aging. These findings show that AMPK is essential for controlling mTORC1-driven ESC proliferation and biological aging.
Development of Educational Guides for Providers and Caregivers on Management of Dementia Related Behaviors

Introduction Our goal was to educate informal caregivers and providers without subspecialty training on the management of veterans with dementia related behaviors. Methods We submitted an application for the clinician educator grant to the South Central MIRECC (mental illness research, education, and clinical center), which was approved. Literature for dementia related behaviors was reviewed. A pocket guide for providers and a brochure for informal caregivers was created. Results The provider pocket guide includes sections on evaluation, contributing factors, nonpharmacological management, safety considerations, pharmacological management, and resources. The caregiver brochure includes sections describing dementia related behaviors and possible causes, things the caregiver and treatment teams may do, medications that might be prescribed, and services and resources that are available. Printed versions were given to providers and informal caregivers of veterans with dementia in the North Texas VA healthcare system and online versions were published on the MIRECC website. Conclusions The clinician educator grant has provided an opportunity for trainees at different levels to gain experience in the development of educational products for providers and caregivers. The products contain information specific to caring for veterans with dementia related behaviors. They have been used to educate providers, trainees, and caregivers. Evaluation of feedback from users of the products was limited by the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding South Central Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC)
Optimization for Improved Energy Absorption and the Effect of Density Gradation in Cellular Materials

Cellular foam materials are used increasingly in a wide range of applications involving energy absorption and impact protection as they are capable of absorbing a large amount of energy without a significant increase in load. In this study, the optimum relative density of cellular material that maximizes the energy absorption performance is investigated for low impact velocity applications. Idealized material models are employed to represent the material behavior at low impact velocities. Quasi-static compression experiments covering a wide range of densities are performed to extract material model parameters for rigid polyurethane foam. Using the material models with experimentally determined parameters, the optimal density is identified and the relative increase in energy absorption of the functionally graded material over a uniform density material is determined. It is shown that the uniform density configuration has a superior energy performance. It is also shown that density gradation is advantageous up to a certain value of average relative density, designated as the critical average relative density. This critical average relative density is shown to be 0.2 for rigid polyurethane foam.
Disclosure or secrecy? The dynamics of Open Science☆

Abstract Open Science is a dynamic system of knowledge production that depends on the disclosure of knowledge by researchers as an input into knowledge production by future researchers. To analyze the conditions supporting Open Science, we develop an overlapping generations model that focuses on the trade-off between disclosure and secrecy. While secrecy yields private returns that are independent of the actions of future generations, the benefits of disclosure depend in part on the use of disclosed knowledge by the subsequent researchers. We show that Open Science and Secrecy are both potential equilibria, and that the feasibility of Open Science depends on factors such as the costs of accessing knowledge from prior generations and the relative benefits to private exploitation under secrecy versus disclosure. In parameter regions where both Open Science and Secrecy can be supported, Open Science is associated with a higher level of social welfare. The analysis has policy implications for a number of areas, including public support for research training, appropriate design of formal intellectual property, and the role of scientific norms and institutions (such as an effective peer review process) in maintaining Open Science over the long run.
The Politics of Progress in International Law: Remarks Delivered at the American Society of International Law 2008 Meeting on the Occasion of the Publication of Progress in International Law.

These remarks delivered at the 2008 ASIL meeting, critique the notion of progress as it is deployed in discussion of international law. Drawing on human rights and environmental law, this brief essay describes the disconnect between progress in enacting international law and progress in achieving the normative human rights goals identified in that law.
Are We Asking the Right Questions?: A Response to the Academic Reforms Research the NCAA

The purpose of this paper is to respond to the papers presented by Petr and McArdle (2012) and Paskus (2012). The author questions whether the appropriate issues are being addressed in broader academic reform efforts, and whether the data collected help the prime beneficiaries of intercollegiate athletics: the athletes. Questions pertaining to gender, race, and first-generation status are also posed.
We Created Chávez: a people history of the venezuelan revolution

Maher George Ciccariello-American political scientist develops a historical research based primarily on oral testimony of key players in the social and revolutionary in the last decades of the history of Venezuela movements. Through several individual interviews and from a sophisticated theoretical approach, the author analyzes the dynamics between the revolutionary movement and the Bolivarian Venezuelan government led until recently by Hugo Chavez. In this research, Ciccariello-Maher addresses the Venezuelan issues from the grassroots, from the perspective of the popular sectors, and shows that Hugo Chavez and his political project are simply the result of a long political and social process that began in late of the 50s.
Observations of Galaxy Clustering at High Redshift

This paper reviews the current status of measurements of galaxy clustering at high redshifts (z > 0.3). The focus is on the inherent limitations in the observation and interpretation of the ``evolution of clustering''. It is likely that results from the first attempts to characterize galaxy clustering beyond the ``local'' universe have been significantly limited by sample variance, as the difficulty in assembling large samples over large volumes is exacerbated as the observations become more challenging. It is also argued that, because of the complicated relationship between galaxies and mass (i.e., bias), and the surprising degeneracies among different popular cosmological models, it is likely that studies of galaxy clustering as a function of cosmic epoch will never be useful for strong discrimination between different cosmological models. On the other hand, observations of galaxy clustering are capable of testing basic ideas about how (and where) galaxies form. Galaxy formation, as opposed to cosmography, will probably remain a fundamental question even beyond the MAP and Planck era.
Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System observational support for the equatorial E × B drift velocities associated with the four-cell tidal structures

[1] Previous studies have established the existence of a four-cell longitude pattern in equatorial F region ionospheric parameters such as total electron content and electron densities and in daytime, equatorial E × B drift velocities. This paper, for the first time, quantifies the longitude gradients in E × B drift associated with the four-cell tidal structures and confirms that these sharp gradients exist on a day-to-day basis. For this purpose, we use the Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) sensor on the Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite to obtain the daytime, vertical E × B drift velocities at the magnetic equator as a function of longitude, local time, and season. The IVM sensor measures the E × B drift velocity in three dimensions; however, we only use the E × B drift observations perpendicular to B in the meridional plane. These observations can be used to obtain the vertical E × B drifts at the magnetic equator by mapping along the geomagnetic field line. The period initially selected for this work covers several days in October, March, and December 2009. We find, on a day-to-day basis, that (1) sharp E × B drift gradients of −1.3 m s−1 deg−1 exist in the western Pacific sector during equinox, (2) sharp E × B drift gradients of +3 m s−1 deg−1 are observed in the eastern Pacific sector during equinox, and (3) sharp E × B drift gradients of −1.7 m s−1 deg−1 exist in the eastern Pacific sector during December solstice.
Detection of internal combustion engine knock using time-frequency distributions

Detection methods employed in current knock control systems for spark ignition engines use a measurement of engine block vibration tuned to one or more resonance frequencies to extract knock-related information from the engine structural vibration. These techniques suffer from poor signal-to-noise ratio at high engine speed, due to background vibration. This paper presents an improved knock detection scheme capable of tracking variations in the knock resonance frequencies. Experimental results obtained on a single-cylinder research engine confirm the validity of the method. >
Coalescing binary systems of compact objects to (post)5/2-Newtonian order. II. Higher-order wave forms and radiation recoil.

Using formulas developed by Blanchet, Damour, and Iyer, we obtain a symmetric trace-free multipolar expansion of the gravitational radiation from a coalescing binary system which is sufficiently accurate to allow a post-Newtonian calculation of the linear momentum carried off by the gravitational radiation prior to a binary coalescence. We briefly examine the structure of the post-quadrupole corrections to the wave form for an orbiting binary system near coalescence. The post-Newtonian correction to the momentum ejection allows a more accurate calculation of the system recoil velocity (radiation rocket effect). We find that the higher-order correction actually reduces the net momentum ejection. Furthermore, the post-Newtonian correction to the momentum flux has only a weak dependence on the mass ratio of the objects in the binary, suggesting that previous test mass calculations may be quite accurate. We estimate an upper bound of the center-of-mass velocity of 1 km ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for neutron star binaries very near coalescence. In an appendix we give a self-contained (albeit less rigorous) derivation of the gravitational wave form using the Epstein-Wagoner formalism.
An empirical test of geographic knowledge spillovers using geographic information systems and firm-level data

Abstract Most research on economic geography focuses on large geographic areas, such as nations and states. I use a geographic information system and a firm-level dataset to explore agglomeration and spillovers at the firm level over discrete distances. I calculate the distance between each firm-pair to explore co-location, and use these calculations to devise a test of spillovers: is participation in the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, which provides R&D grants to small firms, a function of whether nearby firms win SBIR grants? I find that the number of other SBIR firms within a fraction of a mile predicts whether a firm wins awards, even controlling for regional, firm, and industry characteristics.
Menstruation and crime: A critical review of the literature from the clinical criminology perspective

The authors review the literature on the relationship between menstruation and crime, focusing upon the methodological limitations of these studies in the broader context of criminological and menstruation research. Based on this review, they conclude: the present state of scientific knowledge is such that it is unknown whether there is an association between any phases of the menstrual cycle and crime; there is no evidence linking fluctuations in reproductive hormones to criminal behavior; and, this lack of scientific knowledge is so glaring that evidence regarding menstruation and crime should not be admissible in criminal trials. Language: en
285 Hyponatremia; A Risk Factor for In-Hospital Falls

HYPONATREMIA; A RISK FACTOR FOR IN-HOSPITAL FALLS Nijal Sheth, Alan Dubrow, Maria Kassab, Eliot Charen, James F. Winchester, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York. Others have recently reported that hyponatremia (serum sodium < 138 meq/L) is associated with out-patient falls as well as in-hospital and long term mortality. We hypothesized that hyponatremia would be a risk factor for in-hospital falls as well, a finding which would significantly impact morbidity as well as cost of care. We investigated all patients who fell at our hospital from 01/01/10 to 07/21/10 for serum sodium, medications with possibility of affecting serum sodium concentration and can cause fall, and co morbidities (cancer, CHF, DM, cirrhosis, HIV, ESRD). Fall data was obtained from incident reports. The data regarding patients with hyponatremia was gathered through ICD 9 discharge coding. From a total of 24,494 admissions (excluding pediatrics, Obstetrics-Gynecology, and intensive care units admissions) there were 73 hyponatremic patients (serum sodium <135) who fell. Odds Ratio of in-hospital fall if hyponatremic was 24.97(18.74 – 33.27, 95% confidence interval) and the P value using chi-square with Yates correction was < 0.0001. Among the hyponatremics mean serum sodium was 131.87meq/L and, mean age was 67.09 years. Additionally from all hyponatremics who fell there were twice as many men as women. There was no significant difference in terms of medications or co morbidities between hyponatremics and normonatremics who fell. Hyponatremics Normonatremics Total Fall 73 313 386 No Fall 223 23,882 24,105 Total 296 24,195 24,494 In conclusion, mild hyponatremia which might be unrecognized in the elderly significantly increases the incidence of in-hospital falls. We plan to initiate a prospective investigation to determine impact of hyponatremia correction in reducing the incidence of in-hospital falls.
Embedded software debug and test: Needs and requirements for innovations in debugging

Today's complexity of embedded software is steadily increasing. The growing number of processors in a system and the increased communication and synchronization of all components requires scalable debug and test methods for each component as well as the system as a whole. Considering today's cost and time to market sensitivity it is important to find and debug errors as early as possible and to increase the degree of test and debug automation to avoid the loss of quality, cost and time. These challenges are not only requiring new tools and methodologies but also organizational changes since hardware and software developer have to work together to achieve the necessary productivity and quality gain. This panel brings together users and solution provider experienced in debugging embedded systems to discuss requirements for robust systems that are easy to debug.
CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF ARTERIAL PaCO 2 BY NON-INVASIVE TRANSCUTANEOUS METHOD

Antimony oxide (Sb-SbOx) and pH-sensitive glass electrodes, combined with reference electrodes, surrounded by electrolyte and covered with gas permeable membrane (gpm) were used for transcutaneous PCO2(PtcCO2) measurement. A servo-controlled heater unit maintained sensor temp, and produced local hyperemia. A thermistor was placed under the gpm to measure true sensor temp. O2 sensitivity of Sb-SbOx electrode was reduced greatly in the 65-175 mm Hg PO2 range by cell loading, but below 65 mm Hg, O2 sensitivity was significant. The pH-sensitive glass electrode was preferred due to its insensitivity to O2. After the sensor was placed on the skin of rabbits, it was calibrated in situ and its temp, coefficient established. This was repeated at the end of the 6-hr. experiment. For the best correlation between PaCO2 and PtcCO2, the skin surface temp, was maintained between 40-42°C, as lower temps, made ptcCO2 higher. Based on in situ calibration, the fitted regression line had a slope of 1.029, intercept of -4.39, and SE of 4.14 mm Hg PCO2. In the range of 21-75 mm Hg, PtcCO2 was 2.2 - 3.8 mm Hg below PaCO2. Based on in situ calibration with one point PaCO2, calibration, the line had a slope of 1.0, intercept of 0.6, SE of 3.4 mm Hg PCO2, and linear regression coefficient of 1.0. These data indicate the usefulness of PtcCO2 monitoring to indicate PaCO2 changes under normal physiologic conditions.
Lithographic comparison of assist feature design strategies

Subresolution assist features, when used in conjunction with off-axis illumination, have shown great promise for reducing proximity effects while improving lithographic process window. However, these patterns result in an increased emphasis on the mask manufacturing process, primarily in the areas of mask writing and inspection. In choosing a design strategy, one must be careful to account for the mask making capabilities, such as write tool grid size and linearity, along with the lithographic effect of errors in the mask making process. In addition to mask errors, stepper lens aberrations and expected process variations can also have a large influence on design rules. Generally, design tradeoffs must be made to balance the impact of these for the best overall lithographic performance.
The assessment of interpersonal pleasure: Introduction of the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) and preliminary findings

Although several valid measures of pleasure and anhedonia exist, there is a relative paucity of measures that adequately assess pleasure for social interactions. The Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) is a measure specifically designed to assess hedonic capacity for social and interpersonal pleasure. Various aspects of the validity and reliability of the ACIPS were examined in several ways. First, we assessed the factor structure as well as the internal consistency, convergent, and discriminant validity of the ACIPS in 496 young adults recruited from undergraduate classes. Second, we investigated the temporal stability of the measure by having a subset of the group return for retesting. Results from the factor analysis suggested a three-factor model. The ACIPS was found to be highly reliable in terms of internal consistency and test–retest stability. Further, the ACIPS correlated in a theoretically meaningful way with other measures of pleasure and affect. The current research indicates that the ACIPS is a reliable and valid questionnaire to assess hedonic capacity for social and interpersonal pleasure in nonclinical samples. Suggestions for further clinical and research applications using the ACIPS are offered.
New host records of the chigger Neoschoengastia americana from Texas (Acarina: Trombiculidae).

Neoschoengastia americana (Hirst) is a chigger that has become economically important as a pest of turkeys produced on ranges in the United States. The chiggers are gregarious feeders, often feeding in clusters of 100 or more mites. This clustered feeding activity causes an inflammation of the skin and a lesion forms at the site. These lesions must be removed as the turkey is processed for market and this results in downgrading of the carcass and a loss to the producer (Kunz, Price & Graham, 1969, J. Econ. Ent. 62 : 872–75).
Effect of five dietary antimutagens on the genotoxicity of six mutagens in the microscreen prophage-induction assay.

Dietary antimutagens have been studied extensively in the last two decades, using mainly bacterial and mammalian cells. These studies have shown that certain dietary antimutagens, acting individually or as mixtures, are useful in counteracting the effects of certain mutagens and/or carcinogens to which humans are commonly exposed. However, there are some inconsistencies among publications using different bioassays. The general purpose of the research presented here was to conduct a comparative study of the antigenotoxic activity of five dietary antimutagens against six mutagens, using three rather different short-term tests: the Microscreen prophage-induction assay, the Tradescantia micronucleus test, and the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. In this study I report the results with the Microscreen prophage-induction assay. The antimutagens selected were chlorophyllin, beta-carotene, and vitamins A, C, and E. The mutagens selected were 2-aminoanthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, toxaphene, dichlorvos, and nitrofen. The results show that chlorophyllin and beta-carotene inhibited the genotoxicity of all six mutagens; vitamin E inhibited all except dichlorvos; and vitamins C and A inhibited 2-aminoanthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, 2-nitrofluorene, and nitrofen.
TEST OF THE ENERGY LANDSCAPE INTERPRETATION OF FRAGILITY IN POLYMERS

Variation of the number of crosslinks in polyvinylethylene (PVE) networks has a marked effect on the ${T}_{g}$-normalized temperature dependence (``fragility'') of the segmental relaxation times, even though the local chemical environment of virtually all repeat units is unchanged. Since the heat-capacity increment at ${T}_{g}$ is a decreasing function of the number of crosslinks, there is an inverse correlation between fragility and the heat-capacity difference between PVE's glassy and liquid states. This result is opposite to expectations based on an energy landscape interpretation of fragility.
Algebraic time‐dependent variational approach to dynamical calculations

A set of time‐dependent basis states is obtained with a group of unitary transformations generated by a Lie algebra. Applying the time‐dependent variational principle to the trial function subspace constructed from the linear combination of the time‐dependent basis states gives rise to a set of ‘‘classical’’ equations of motion for the group parameters and the expansion coefficients from which the time evolution of the system state can be determined. The formulation is developed for a general Lie algebra as well as for the commonly encountered algebra containing homogeneous polynominal products of the coordinate Q and momentum P operators (or equivalently the boson creation a° and annihilation a operators) of order 0, 1, and 2. Explicit expressions for the transition amplitudes are derived by virtue of the cannonical transformation properties of the unitary transformation. The applicability of the present formalism in a variety of problems is implied by two illustrative examples: (a) a parametric amplifie...