cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implications of a 130 GeV gamma-ray line for dark matter

Recent reports of a gamma-ray line feature at -130 GeV in data from the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope have generated a great deal of interest in models in which dark matter particles annihilate with a sizable cross section to final states including photons. In this paper, we take a model-independent approach and discuss a number of possibilities for dark matter candidates which could potentially generate such a feature. While we identify several scenarios which could lead to such a gamma-ray line, these models are each fairly constrained. In particular, viable models require large couplings (g{>=}1-3) and additional charged particles with masses in the range of approximately -130-200 GeV. Furthermore, lower energy gamma-ray constraints from the Galactic center force us to consider scenarios in which the dark matter annihilates in the early Universe through velocity-suppressed processes or to final states which yield relatively few gamma-rays (such as e{sup +}e{sup -}, {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -}, or v{bar v}). An exception to these conclusions can be found in models in which the dark matter annihilates to heavy intermediate states which decay to photons to generate a linelike gamma-ray spectrum.
Scales of Langmuir Circulation Generated using a Large-Eddy Simulation Model

Abstract Sensitivity experiments were performed using a large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulence model of the ocean surface boundary layer. Parameters defining wind and wave forcing were varied to help understand how different forcing affects the formation and dispersive qualities of Langmuir circulation (LC). Comparison of the model with observed surface velocity variance shows a consistent linear increase in velocity scale with increasing wave Stokes drift, however, the model systematically under predicts the velocity scale for large Stokes drift. Results using particle trajectories show that in open-ocean conditions, wave forcing dominates the structure of near surface turbulence causing organized LC cells that actively collect surface material. With weak waves, surface particles display a more random pattern in comparison to strong wave cases. Analysis of the turbulence kinetic energy budget shows that the reduction in wave forcing is offset by shear production, which produces less organized patterns in surface material in comparison to LC.
Environmental poverty, a decomposed environmental Kuznets curve, and alternatives: Sustainability lessons from China

Abstract Amid increasing recognition of the importance of the environmental factor in understanding poverty and development, this article coins the term “environmental poverty” to refer to the lack of the healthy environment needed for society's survival and development as a direct result of human-induced environmental degradation. A decomposed environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) demonstrates that places (such as countries, counties, or cities) following the “grow first, clean up later” approach (or the first half of the EKC) may obtain economic gains accompanied by extreme environmental sacrifice, excessive social injustice, and income and environmental inequalities. The same place may include communities whose curves differ in shape. Some communities may prosper at the expense of other communities, which may fall into environmental poverty and eventually irreversible environmental degradation and economic failure. Places following alternatives or “flat EKCs” may be slow in getting out of economic poverty, but enjoy a healthier environment, equality in income and environmental quality, and social justice. Countries, especially developing countries, should aspire to sustainable alternatives.
A ^(15)N nuclear magnetic resonance study of the base-catalyzed NH_2 exchange reactions of acetamide and thioacetamide

The base-catalyzed -NH_2 exchange reactions of acetamide and thioacetamide were studied by ^(15)N nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy by the use of line-shape analysis. The ^(15)N NMR spectra of these primary amides at intermediate exchange rates were broad doublets, which indicated that the two amide protons were exchanging at different rates. The line-shape analysis indicated that the ratio of exchange rates was 6 ± 1 for acetamide and 3 ± 1 for thioacetamide.
Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin

The ubiquitous presence of solar UV radiation in human life is essential for vitamin D production but also leads to skin photoaging, damage, and malignancies. Photoaging and skin cancer have been extensively studied, but the effects of UV on the critical mechanical barrier function of the outermost layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum (SC), are not understood. The SC is the first line of defense against environmental exposures like solar UV radiation, and its effects on UV targets within the SC and subsequent alterations in the mechanical properties and related barrier function are unclear. Alteration of the SC’s mechanical properties can lead to severe macroscopic skin damage such as chapping and cracking and associated inflammation, infection, scarring, and abnormal desquamation. Here, we show that UV exposure has dramatic effects on cell cohesion and mechanical integrity that are related to its effects on the SC’s intercellular components, including intercellular lipids and corneodesmosomes. We found that, although the keratin-controlled stiffness remained surprisingly constant with UV exposure, the intercellular strength, strain, and cohesion decreased markedly. We further show that solar UV radiation poses a double threat to skin by both increasing the biomechanical driving force for damage while simultaneously decreasing the skin’s natural ability to resist, compromising the critical barrier function of the skin.
Salt cedar negatively affects biodiversity of aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Salt cedar (Tamarix ramossisima), an invasive species, has become a dominant shrub along many streams of the southwestern United States, where it has replaced many native species such as Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii). We examined whether the successful invasion of this exotic shrub alters stream leaf litter decomposition rates and affects the aquatic macroinvertebrates that are dependent on leaf litter as a food source. With an in-stream leaf pack experiment, we found that faster decomposition of salt cedar litter was associated with a two-fold decrease in macroinvertebrate richness and a four-fold decrease in overall macroinvertebrate abundance, relative to native Fremont cottonwood. Macroinvertebrate communities were also significantly different on the two food sources through time. These studies demonstrate that invasion by salt cedar affects leaf litter quality, which in turn affects stream macroinvertebrates. Such impacts on the primary consumers and food web structure could affect higher trophic levels.
Approximate Solutions for an N -Molecule-Radiation-Field Hamiltonian

Three approximation schemes are discussed and compared with the exact solutions for a Hamiltonian describing the interaction of a single-mode quantized radiation field and $N$ two-level "molecules," each resonant with the mode frequency. In particular, the approximation of treating the molecules as uncorrelated is found to be accurate when the system energy is several times larger than the cooperation number of the molecular system.
Comparison of experimental and simulated low energy alkali ion scattering

Computer simulations performed using the MARLOWE code are compared with experimental results obtained for 1 keV Li+ ion scattering from W(001). Trajectory analysis using distributions of impact points, deflections and maximum penetration depths allow characterization of the contributing scattering mechanisms. Computer simulation is found to reproduce many of the observed features in the energy distributions and in the incident angle dependence, but there are also important differences. In agreement with experiment, a sharp, surface sensitive binary collision peak is found at certain angles but at others this peak may broaden, shift to lower energy and grow in intensity due to subsurface scattering mechanisms. Simulations overestimate the relative scattering intensity near critical edges and the importance of focused scattering from second layer atoms.
Approximation methods and alternative problems

Projection methods applied to abstract problems of the form Ax = Nx, where A is a linear operator with a nontrivial null space and N is a nonlinear operator, both on a normed space, are studied. Convergence results are obtained and then are applied to periodic two-point boundary value problems using splines as approximations.
Microinjection of procaine or GABA into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis affects cue-elicited unit responses in the rat frontal cortex.

Abstract Male rats were chronically implanted for recording of single units in the frontal cortex during a cue-event paradigm. The rats were sedated and restrained during the experiments. Units were selected which had large-amplitude, clearly isolated action potentials. The animals were first trained to associate a 2-s tone cue with rewarding medial forebrain bundle stimulation. After training, units responded to the cue by an increase or decrease in discharge rate. Cumulative histograms of the unit response to the cue were obtained and then either procaine hydrochloride or GABA was microinjected into the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (nBM). Immediately after drug administration another histogram was obtained to ascertain the drug effect. Procaine microinjections to the nBM suppressed the frontal cortex unit responses in 9 of 10 units that had previously responded with an increase in firing rate and 10 of 12 units that had decreased their firing rate before drug administration. GABA microinjections antagonized the response in 15 of 19 excited units and 2 of 2 inhibited units. Recovery was obtained in 23 units. Other units did not remain isolated long enough to obtain complete recovery. The nBM supplies the frontal cortex with as much as 70% of its cholinergic innervation. Lesions of the region do not significantly alter the amounts of neurotransmitters other than acetylcholine in the frontal cortex. These results indicate that neurons in the nucleus basalis magnocellularis are involved in the cue-elicited changes in the rate of discharge of units in the rat frontal cortex.
Zinc biochemistry in normal and neoplastic growth processes

Zinc is essential for the growth of all species. Growth arrest results from its deficiency and presumably reflects important roles for this metal at critical points of metabolism. Studies of zinc metalloenzymes show that zinc serves as a coenzyme to more than 80 enzymes, among which are the reverse transcriptases which cause leukemia in many species. Its role in nucleic acid metabolism is emphasized.
Local effect of Na adsorption on Cu(111)

Abstract The local effect of Na adsorbed on Cu(111) at very low coverage is studied with the Density Functional Theory. We find that the Na atom and its three nearest neighbor Cu atoms tend to form a small cluster, with the Na effect on surface being localized. The Mulliken occupation, density of state, interatomic energy, and interorbital energy show that the electron transfer mainly occurs from the 2p and 3s orbitals of Na atom to the 3d and 4s orbitals of the nearest neighbor Cu atoms, with the formation of a bond with four components that have different energies. In the anti-bonding state region, the 2p state of Na plays a key role in the bond, while in the bonding state region, not only the 2p state of Na has a very significant contribution, but the 3s state (which is the outermost Na orbital) also contributes to the bond between Na and the Cu(111) surface.
On-line analysis of chemical composition using an FT-Raman spectrometer in the near-IR

Newly commercialized Fourier transform Raman spectroscopic instrumentation provides a simpler alternative for vibrational spectroscopic analysis. Instrument vendors currently design for laboratory use, but there are many potential process applications of these stable, easy to use instruments. Raman spectroscopy is highly suited to analysis of aqueous samples. Near infrared excitation minimized fluorescence interference and allows for remote operation via fiber optic probes. The Department of Energy has funded research at the Measurement and Control Center to establish the utility of this method for on-line composition analysis in distillation columns. Laboratory evaluation and instrument employs an air-cooled laser and a thermoelectrically cooled detector. The device is mounted on a three by foot cart for convenient location in control rooms. Current fiber optic extension cables allow for analysis in a cell thirty five meters from the instrument. Application of the device to acid an recovery column at Tennessee Eastman Corporation in Kingsport, Tennessee will be discussed. Sensor placement is critical to optimal application of any on-line device. Potential energy savings and product throughput increase will be detailed. 2 refs.
Assessment of the role of heparan sulfate in high molecular weight kininogen binding to human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Summary. The assembly and activation of the kinin forming system components on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) have been studied in great detail. Proteins such as gC1qR, cytokeratin-1 and u-PAR have been identified to be responsible for Zn2+-dependent binding of high molecular weight kininogen (HK) to HUVEC. Heparan sulfate has also been shown to have a major role in Zn2+-dependent binding of HK to the endothelial cell line, Ea.hy 926. In this study, we have analyzed the possible contribution of heparan sulfate to high molecular weight kininogen binding to HUVEC using multiple approaches. The presence of heparan sulfate on HUVEC was analyzed by staining with an antibody specific for heparan sulfate. Incubation of the cells with bacterial heparinases removed the heparan sulfate from the cell surface to the level seen with a control antibody, however, the Zn2+-dependent binding of HK was not affected. Further, blocking of heparan sulfate with a specific antibody to heparan sulfate even after digestion with heparinases did not reduce HK binding whereas antibodies to the proteins gC1qR and cytokeratin-1 consistently reduced the binding of HK to the endothelial cells. The binding intensities of FITC-labeled HK were similar in heparinase-treated and -untreated HUVEC. The rate of kallikrein formation by the assembly of factor XII, HK and PK were similar in both heparinase-treated and non-treated HUVEC. All of these data indicate that heparan sulfate does not contribute significantly to HK binding to HUVEC.
A new assay to quantify in vivo repair of G:T mispairs by base excision repair.

Abstract The double mismatch reversion (DMR) assay quantifies the repair of G:T mispairs exclusively by base excision repair in vivo. Synthetic oligonucleotides containing two G:T mispairs on opposite strands were placed into the suppressor tRNA gene supF in the shuttle plasmid pDMR. Placement of two mispairs on opposite strands of supF creates a one to one correspondence between the number of correct repair events prior to replication in which G:T mispairs are converted to G:C base pairs and the number of post-replication progeny plasmids with functional supF. Replication of unrepaired or incorrectly repaired mispairs cannot produce progeny plasmids containing functional supF. Indeed, direct transformation of Escherichia coli strain MBL50, which reports the functional status of supF, with pDMR constructs containing two G:T or G:G mispairs yielded TpG>GpG≈ApG, and in the comparison of G:T base excision repair rates between cell lines.
Low-cost medical image storage and manipulation using optical disk subsystems

Traditionally, medical imaging has required large capital investments into workstations and storage subsystems. Many vendors have chosen to offer proprietary systems which are expensive to develop and costly to the institutions which purchase them. Our experience has been that this is unnecessary; most traditional imaging functions in the digital modalities of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MM) can be performed using off-the-shelf hardware with relatisely inexpensive software. In order to reduce the cost of medical imaging, our approach has been to choose computers and storage subsystems that are efficient, inexpensive, and easy-to-use (after all, the users are interested in practicing medicine, not computer science.) With these goals in mind, we chose to use a general purpose computer (the Apple Macintosh Ilci) with two types of high-capacity optical storage devices (both magneto-optical and write once, read multiple (WORM) disc subsystems.) We have developed a powerful, yet user-friendly medical imaging workstation oriented towards radiologists, orthopadic surgeons, neurosurgeons, and other users of medical images. In addition to providing inexpensive storage, the workstation is capable of multiplanar reformatting (MPR), 3D MM angiography, and other image processing functions. The resulting images may be annotated, windowed, and filmed on to 14x17" radiology film for presentation to the referring physicians and their patients. This system can be considered to be a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) for private physicians and small clinics; further, it is small enough for desktop environments and inexpensive enough for clinicians to purchase.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A honeycomb data array for simulating visual processes using the C programming language

A method of simulating visual processes is formulated as a C language program. The two-dimensional image array has a honeycomb structure, in which each cell has six immediate neighbors. A general iterative simulation method that represents changes in time is used. The method is illustrated with tests of Horn’s (1974) model of the retinex lightness process of Land and McCann (1971) and of a modified form of that model.
Effects of misspecification of allele frequencies on the power of Haseman-Elston sib-pair linkage method for quantitative traits.

It is well known that the Haseman-Elston (H-E) sib-pair linkage method does not assume that the genetic model underlying the trait phenotype is known without error, although this assumption is made for marker loci. However, misspecification of allele frequencies at the marker locus decreases power when some or all parental genotypes are unknown. In this study, the power of the H-E sib-pair method was compared for different types of traits when some or all parental data were missing and allele frequencies at the marker loci were misspecified. Data were generated for a quantitative trait and marker loci in nuclear families using G.A.S.P. (V3.3). Three types of traits were simulated with two equifrequent alleles with a random environmental effect (10%, 30%, and 50%). The simulated data were analyzed using (i) one of the parent's marker data, and (ii) no parental marker data, with both correct and incorrect marker allele frequencies. This test is found to be robust in most of the situations considered except for a slight decrease in power when sample size is small and when the marker locus is not very polymorphic.
Numerical simulation of fully nonlinear interaction between steep waves and 2D floating bodies using the QALE-FEM method

This paper extends the QALE-FEM (quasi arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian finite element method) based on a fully nonlinear potential theory, which was recently developed by the authors [Q.W. Ma, S. Yan, Quasi ALE finite element method for nonlinear water waves, J. Comput. Phys, 212 (2006) 52-72; S. Yan, Q.W. Ma, Application of QALE-FEM to the interaction between nonlinear water waves and periodic bars on the bottom, in: 20th International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies, Norway, 2005], to deal with the fully nonlinear interaction between steep waves and 2D floating bodies. In the QALE-FEM method, complex unstructured mesh is generated only once at the beginning of calculation and is moved to conform to the motion of boundaries at other time steps, avoiding the necessity of high cost remeshing. In order to tackle challenges associated with floating bodies, several new numerical techniques are developed in this paper. These include the technique for moving mesh near and on body surfaces, the scheme for estimating the velocities and accelerations of bodies as well as the forces on them, the method for evaluating the fluid velocity on the surface of bodies and the technique for shortening the transient period. Using the developed techniques and methods, various cases associated with the nonlinear interaction between waves and floating bodies are numerically simulated. For some cases, the numerical results are compared with experimental data available in the public domain and good agreement is achieved.
Nitrogen-vacancy centers optically coupled to hybrid microcavities

Optical coupling between nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in single-crystal diamond and hybrid gallium phosphide microcavities is demonstrated. NV photoluminescence coupled into microcavities modes with Q > 25000, and mode volumes as small as 18(λ/n GaP )3 are observed.
The dynamic lot-sizing model with backlogging: A simple o(n log n) algorithm and minimal forecast horizon procedure

We develop a simple O(n log n) solution method for the standard lot-sizing model with backlogging and a study horizon of n periods. Production costs are fixed plus linear and holding and backlogging costs are linear with general time-dependent parameters. The algorithm has linear [O(n)] time complexity for several important subclasses of the general model. We show how a slight adaptation of the algorithm can be used for the detection of a minimal forecast horizon and associated planning horizon. The adapted algorithm continues to have complexity O(n log n) or O(n) for the above-mentioned subclasses of the general model. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐flux x‐ray undulator radiation from proposed B factory storage rings at Cornell University

Two intersecting storage rings (8 GeV, 1 A and 3.5 GeV, 2 A) have been proposed to be built at Cornell University to enhance both the production of B mesons and synchrotron radiation. Exceedingly high x‐ray flux from 3‐m long undulators will be the new feature of a B factory for the CHESS laboratory. The flux produced integrated over the central cone of radiation can be as much as an order of magnitude higher than from the third‐generation storage rings (now under construction) operating at 0.1 A.
Mixture of Synthetic Herbivore-induced Plant Volatiles Attracts More Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) than a Single Volatile

We compared the attractiveness of a mixture of cis-3-hexen-1-ol, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, and methyl salicylate (MeSA), and of each of these compounds singly, to a predacious ladybird beetle, Stethorus punctum picipes (Casey), to make it clear whether mixture of several volatiles may attract more natural enemies at different spatial scales. In an olfactometer experiment, S. p. picipes females were attracted to the volatile mixture, but not to single volatiles. Male S. p. picipes were not attracted to the mixture. In a small-scale open-field test using sticky cards, S. p. picipes were attracted to the volatile mixture and to MeSA alone. In a vineyard trapping test, significantly more S. p. picipes were trapped on sticky cards baited with a mixture of volatiles than on single-volatile-baited cards.
Dynamics of Soybean Growth in Variable Planting Patterns

Reported soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield responses to variable plant populations have been inconsistent. The varied responses are tied to the capacity of the plant stand to attain a minimal level of dry matter prior to reproductive growth. This study examined soybean growth expressed as functions of both plant and ground area to identify associations with yielding ability. Treatments consisted of high, medium, and low populations (approximately 21, 13, and 3 plants per square meter) at 0.96-m row widths and a medium population (approximately 13 plants m −2 ) at 0.43-m row widths for 2 yr. The values of total dry matter (TDM), stem DM, leaf DM, leaf area, height, and main stem node number were determined on both a whole plant and ground area basis []
The structure of amorphous and nanocrystalline WFe alloys prepared by high-energy ball milling

Abstract Tungsten powder (99.9% purity, 12 μm particle size) was milled in a hardened steel vial with six 440C stainless steel balls for 1–50 h. Because of the hardness of W, contamination and later alloying with Fe from abrasion of the stainless steel balls occurred. X-ray chemical analysis and weight-gain measurements of the milled powder indicated Fe contents varying from 3 at.% after 1 h to approximately 40 at.% after 50h milling. The powder pattern peaks of the nanocrystalline W were subjected to a Fourier analysis to determine the effective particle size and the microstrains within these particles. After 20 h milling, a particle size of 35 A and microstrains of 0.5% were observed. The diffraction patterns from the W powder milled for 20 and 50 h were also analyzed in terms of the structure factor (interference function) and the atomic distribution function. The 20 h sample was predominantly nanocrystalline with a broad diffuse peak under the (110) and (211) reflections, while the 50 h sample was predominantly amorphous. After subtracting the remnant crystalline peaks, the position of the first peak in the reduced atomic distribution function, GI(r), was found to be 2.7 A.
Investigating factors affecting social presence and user satisfaction with Mobile Instant Messaging

What are the drivers of social presence and user satisfaction with Mobile Instant Messaging?Survey method used to collect data.Data analysis using PLS.Social presence is influenced by user experience, richness and social influence.User satisfaction is influenced by user experience, richness and social presence. The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence social presence and user satisfaction with Mobile Instant Messaging (mIM). The proposed research model integrates channel expansion, social influence, social presence and media richness theories, to explain how user experience, social influence, and medium richness influence social presence and user satisfaction with mIM. A total of 239 students from a state university in the US participated in this study. Data was collected via a web-based survey. The results suggest that user experience, social influence, and perceived richness are important drivers for social presence and user satisfaction in mIM. The implications of the study findings are discussed in the paper.
A nucleotide triplet code for amino acids.

Abstract We have recently devised a nucleotide triplet code which meets one of the requirements for being the correct solution to the “coding problem” in biology (Woese, 1961) . This code was designed to, and does, predict the nucleotide composition of each of the six ribonucleic acid viruses, tobacco mosaic, tomato bushy stunt, southern bean mosaic, turnip yellow, cucumber, and polio, from their particular amino acid compositions. Because the protein and nucleic acid compositions of the six viruses vary considerably, it is probable that the code, while not unique, is one of a relatively small number of closely related codes, all of which fit the experimental data (Ycas, 1960) . In the present communication we shall develop this code further.
The Effect of Mechanical Fatigue on the Lifetimes of Membrane Electrode Assemblies

Long-term durability of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells is one of the major technological barriers to the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles. The cracks in the electrode layers of the MEA, referred to as mud-cracks, are potential contributors to the failure in the PEM. To investigate how these mud-cracks affect the mechanical durability of the MEA, pressure-loaded blister tests are performed at 90°C to determine the biaxial fatigue strength of Gore-Primea® series 57 MEA. In these volume-controlled tests, leaking rate is determined as a function of fatigue cycles. The failure is defined to occur when the leaking rate exceeds a specified threshold. Postmortem characterization using bubble point testing and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was conducted to provide visual documentation of leaking failure sites. The analysis of the experimental leaking data indicates that the MEA has much shorter lifetimes at the same nominal stress levels than membrane samples without the electrode layers. FESEM photomicrographs of leaking locations identified via the bubble point testing show cracks in the membrane that are concentrated within the mud-cracks of the electrode layer. These two pieces of information indicate that the mud-cracks within the electrode layers contribute to the leaking failures of the MEA assembly. For the fuel cell industry, this study suggests there is an opportunity to reduce the likelihood of membrane pinhole failures by reducing the size and occurrence of the mud-cracks formed during the MEA processing or by increasing the fatigue resistance (including the notch sensitivity) of the membrane material within the MEA.
Glabracins A and B, two new acetogenins from Annona glabra

Two new bioactive bis-THF Annonaceous acetogenins, glabracins A (1) and B (2), and two previously known acetogenins, javoricin (3) and bullatanocin (4), have been isolated from the leaves of Annona glabra by activity-directed fractionation using the brine shrimp lethality test (BST). The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated based on spectroscopic and chemical methods, and the absolute stereochemistries were partially determined by the advanced Mosher ester method. 1 and 2 showed selective cytotoxicities to certain human tumor cell lines, and 1 was significantly more potent although 1 and 2 differ only in the stereochemistry of their vicinal diols at C-23/24.
Object‐Oriented Performance Improvement

In this paper, a framework to support an object-oriented approach to performance analysis is described. The framework includes the use of collaboration, automation, visual modeling, and reusable repositories of analysis knowledge. The need for a new framework is related to the increasing concern with the cost effectiveness of student and employee development. Efforts to improve the return-on-investment in such development have been hindered by a craft orientation to the design and construction of learning and performance support materials. One solution to this problem has been to enhance the reuse of such materials. Rather than build every new system from scratch in a craft-oriented manner, it is envisioned that systems will be constructed largely of standardized, reusable objects shared through Web-based repositories. Currently, the main focus is on the technological framework necessary for an object-based approach to learning system development. There appears to be little consideration of the changes in analysis and design thinking required for the move towards object-based systems. Such systems should still be required to be directly linked to performance problems and opportunities at both the organizational and individual system levels.
The soul freed of cares? Islamic prayer, subjectivity, and the contradictions of moral selfhood in Minangkabau, Indonesia

In this article, I explore conceptions and individual experiences of Islamic prayer among Minangkabau people in Indonesia, describing their role in the constitution of selfhood and moral subjectivity. I show how prayer serves as an arena in which the contradictions between conflicting visions of moral selfhood may be engaged, ideally promising reconciliation and transcendence but also inviting experiences of failure. I argue that a rich ethnographic account of Islam's role in constituting selves and subjectivities must address not only the logic and coherence of particular discursive traditions and practices but also the experiential tensions that are central to their application and embodiment. [Islam, prayer, subjectivity, self, morality, Indonesia, Minangkabau]
Calculation of Dissociation Energies Using Many-Body Perturbation Theory

Abstract Dissociation energies for the step-wise removal of hydrogen from methanol, CH 3 OH→CH 3 O→CH 2 O→CHO→CO, are obtained by many-body perturbation theory. The heat of formation of CH 3 O is predicted as 2 ± 3 kcal mole −1 . Computed geometries are in excellent agreement with experiment, where available, and provide a prediction for CH 3 O.
The liquid-phase free radical isomerization of cyclic dimethylformamide acetals

In the presence of tert-butyl peroxide, 2-dimethylamino-1,3-dioxacyclanes are converted to esters of dimethylcarbamic acid. The reaction is described by a kinetic equation for an unbranched chain reaction with quadratic chain termination. The five-membered heterocycle is more reactive than the six-membered heterocycle. The predominant site for free radical attack is the methine group adjacent to the three heteroatoms.
Triangle inequalities in operator algebras

(1982). Triangle inequalities in operator algebras. Linear and Multilinear Algebra: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 167-178.
A new species and two new combinations of Ecuadorian Bromeliaceae (Tillandsioideae)

A new species of Guzmania, G. henniae, from southeastern Ecuador is described and illustrated. Two new combinations in the newly erected, segregate genus Racinaea (formerly Tillandsia subgenus Pseudocatopsis), R. dielsii and R. undulifolia are presented and discussed.
Sorting behavior among cells from the 14-day embryonic chick neural retina

Abstract We have developed a procedure for the isolation of four different viable cell populations from the 14-day embryonic chick neural retina. Population I consists primarily (>80%) of cells which appear to be ganglion cells. Population IV consists primarily (>90%) of small cells which appear to originate from the bipolar layer. Populations II and III are mixtures of several cell types. Cells of each population were labeled with either rhodamine isothiocyanate or fluorescein isothiocynate, and mixed together under conditions which promote cell aggregation. The label allowed us to follow the fate of the different cell populations in mixtures. In all heterotypic mixtures, distinct cell sorting was observed. Controls indicated that the labeling procedure did not alter the behavior of the cells in vitro , and that homotypic mixtures did not sort out. These results suggest that an intercellular recognition system exists which permits the cells in the populations to discriminate among each other.
Transcription Factor Klf4, Induced in the Lung by Oxygen at Birth, Regulates Perinatal Fibroblast and Myofibroblast Differentiation

The fluid-filled lung exists in relative hypoxia in utero (∼25 mm Hg), but at birth fills with ambient air where the partial pressure of oxygen is ∼150 mm Hg. The impact of this change was studied in mouse lung with microarrays to analyze gene expression one day before, and 2, 6, 12 and 24 hours after birth into room air or 10% O2. The expression levels of >150 genes, representing transcriptional regulation, structure, apoptosis and antioxidants were altered 2 hrs after birth in room air but blunted or absent with birth in 10% O2. Kruppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), a regulator of cell growth arrest and differentiation, was the most significantly altered lung gene at birth. Its protein product was expressed in fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells. Klf4 mRNA was induced in lung fibroblasts exposed to hyperoxia and constitutive expression of Klf4 mRNA in Klf4-null fibroblasts induced mRNAs for p21cip1/Waf1, smooth muscle actin, type 1 collagen, fibronectin and tenascin C. In Klf4 perinatal null lung, p21cip1/Waf1mRNA expression was deficient prior to birth and associated with ongoing cell proliferation after birth; connective tissue gene expression was deficient around birth and smooth muscle actin protein expression was absent from myofibroblasts at tips of developing alveoli; p53, p21cip1/Waf1 and caspase-3 protein expression were widespread at birth suggesting excess apoptosis compared to normal lung. We propose that the changing oxygen environment at birth acts as a physiologic signal to induce lung Klf4 mRNA expression, which then regulates proliferation and apoptosis in fibroblasts and airway epithelial cells, and connective tissue gene expression and myofibroblast differentiation at the tips of developing alveoli.
Soft epitaxy of nanocrystal superlattices

Epitaxial heterostructures with precise registry between crystal layers play a key role in electronics and optoelectronics. In a close analogy, performance of nanocrystal (NC) based devices depends on the perfection of interfaces formed between NC layers. Here we systematically study the epitaxial growth of NC layers for the first time to enable the fabrication of coherent NC layers. NC epitaxy reveals an exceptional strain tolerance. It follows a universal island size scaling behaviour and shows a strain-driven transition from layer-by-layer to Stranski-Krastanov growth with non-trivial island height statistics. Kinetic bottlenecks play an important role in NC epitaxy, especially in the transition from sub-monolayer to multilayer coverage and the epitaxy of NCs with anisotropic shape. These findings provide a foundation for the rational design of epitaxial structures in a fundamentally and practically important size regime between atomic and microscopic systems.
Multiresponsive polyanionic microgels with inverse pH responsive behavior by encapsulation of polycationic nanogels

Intelligent, stimuli-responsive hydrogels have great utility in various fields spanning biomedical technology, separations, and catalysis. Their overall response to surrounding fluids may be further tailored to a specific application by incorporation of one or more intelligent responses within one material, known as multiresponsive hydrogels. This is a report on the facile synthesis and characterization of poly(methacrylic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) microgels encapsulating polycationic nanogels (70–100 nm) to incorporate inverse pH responsive behavior within a single hydrogel. Potentiometric titration and pH swelling studies reveal a swelling response dependent on both pH and crosslinking agent. Additionally, a protein and a small molecule are loaded and released to evaluate the pH-dependent binding affinity. Such a material could exhibit unique protein-binding capacity and pH-responsive behavior for use in separation or drug delivery applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40098.
EXPRESSION OF RAB3, A SMALL GTPase THAT REGULATES SECRETION, IN THE RBL-2H3 MAST CELL LINE. ▴ 2291

EXPRESSION OF RAB3, A SMALL GTPase THAT REGULATES SECRETION, IN THE RBL-2H3 MAST CELL LINE. ▴ 2291
Space-time picture of pole dominance at high energy

Abstract We study the properties of the space-time correlation function for a high-energy Regge-behaved pole dominance amplitude.
The Female Monarchy: A Rhetorical Strategy of Early Modern Rule

Queen Mary I was crowned in 1553, becoming the first reigning queen of England. In order to provide a powerful image of female rule to her people, Queen Mary invented a rhetorical strategy that reflected her society's oppressive gender expectations of chaste silence so that she could become a powerfully voiced ruler. Her sister and successor, Queen Elizabeth I, later mirrored Mary's strategy. England's first female monarchs created an image of female rule by employing the figures of the spouse, the mother, and the maiden, embodying conventional roles for women in Tudor society, and reclaiming them as images of power.
A pre-sunrise phenomenon and the presence of negative ions in the F-region of the ionosphere

Abstract Frequent observations made on the F -layer with a panoramic ionosphere recorder and a detailed analysis of the observations, using D. H. Shinn 's method to reduce the observed h '( f ) curves to N ( h ) and N ( t ) curves at a series of heights, has shown the existence of a pre-sunrise increase of ionization which can be attributed to the presence of negative ions in the F -layer at night. Most favourable days for such observations are in the months of May and July when there is a big interval between the times of sunrise at the layer and that when the main photo-ionization process becomes effective. If the assumption is made that the electrons are released from the negative ions formed at night by the visible radiation from the sun then the calculated rate of production of electrons, from the observed N ( t ) curves yields a value for the coefficient of detachment β for atomic oxygen which is in excellent agreement with the theoretical value given by D. B. Bates and H. S. W. Massey . A small delay in the time of reversal of the observed N ( t ) curve and the layer sunrise allows an estimation of the height of the “screening” layer to be made. The estimated value agrees well with those reported earlier for the lower ionospheric layers.
The embedded-atom method: a review of theory and applications

Abstract The embedded-atom method is a semi-empirical method for performing calculations of defects in metals. The EAM incorporates a picture of metallic bonding, for which there is some fundamental basis. The limitations of the EAM are fairly well characterized: it works best for purely metallic systems with no directional bonding; it does not treat covalency or significant charge transfer; and it does not handle Fermi-surface effects. The main physical property incorporated in the EAM is the moderation of bond strength by other bonds (coordination-dependent bond strength). Within these constraints, the EAM provides a very useful and robust means of calculating approximate structure and energetics, from which many interesting properties of metals can be obtained. We believe that atomistic calculations will continue to play an important role in the development of materials theory. Where the EAM can be useful, there is a tremendous number of interesting projects that have yet to be carried out. The understanding of mechanical properties on an atomistic level has only just begun. For materials where the EAM is not expected to work well, there are recent developments which may allow calculations similar to those presented here. We have mentioned already the problem of treating directional bonding in semiconductors and elements from the transition series. One approach which promises to be useful for treating directional bonding is reviewed by Carlsson [70]; the interested reader is encouraged to start there.
How to Steer the Tough Budget Road Ahead: Accelerate Your Performance

The fiscal nightmare isn't over yet so educators and district leaders would do well to look ahead with no illusions and a resolve to make the most of this difficult time.
Counter-examples to the generalized positive action conjecture

We give examples of complete locally asymptotically flat Riemannian 4-manifolds with zero scalar curvature and negative mass. The generalized positive action conjecture of Hawking and Pope [5] is therefore false.
Periscope/GQ: a graph querying toolkit

Real life data can often be modeled as graphs, in which nodes represent objects and edges between nodes indicate their relationships. Large graph datasets are common in many emerging applications. Examples span from social networks, biological networks to computer networks. To fully exploit the wealth of information encoded in graphs, systems for managing and analyzing graph data are critical. To address this need, we have designed and developed a graph querying toolkit, called Periscope/GQ. This toolkit is built on top of a traditional RDBMS. It provides a uniform schema for storing graphs in the database and supports various graph query operations, especially sophisticated operations, such as approximate graph matching, large graph alignment and graph summarization. Users can easily combine several operations to perform complex analysis on graphs. In addition, Periscope/GQ employs several novel indexing techniques to speed up query execution. This demonstration will highlight the use of Periscope/GQ in two application domains: life science and social networking.
Electrohydrodynamics and the Heat Switch

Abstract The “heat switch” is basically a nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between two electrodes at different temperatures. When an electric field is applied convective flow cells are created which we believe control the heat transfer. The heat transfer rate does not appear to vary with the electrode separation for a given applied voltage even though the electric field intensity is inversely proportional to the electrode separation. Results are presented showing the heat transfer rate as a function of the applied voltage for samples ranging in thickness from 140 microns to 0.5 cm and in electric field intensities up to 100 kV/cm in the 140 and 300 micron samples. The results are discussed in terms of a model published earlier.
Set Diagrams and Qualitative Research

Political scientists have developed important new ideas for using spatial diagrams to enhance quantitative research. Yet the potential uses of diagrams for qualitative research have not been explored systematically. We begin to correct this omission by showing how set diagrams can facilitate the application of qualitative methods and improve the presentation of qualitative findings. Set diagrams can be used in conjunction with a wide range of qualitative methodologies, including process tracing, concept formation, counterfactual analysis, sequence elaboration, and qualitative comparative analysis. We illustrate the utility of set diagrams by drawing on substantive examples of qualitative research in the fields of international relations and comparative politics.
Characteristics of the expansion associated with eruptive prominences

Gradients of Hα and electron scattering intensities derived from instantaneous radial distributions of erupting prominence material observed at several solar radii by Illing and Athay (1986) are often markedly smaller than those inferred by comparing the intensities observed near several radii to average prominence intensities observed near the limb. In this paper, we show that gradients derived by following individual features in their outward progression with time yield values that are consistent with limb observations and that usually exceed the values obtained from instantaneous distributions. We conclude from the diversity of observed gradients that the prominence eruption cannot be described by a self-similar expansion in which the expansion velocity is a function of radius and time only. However, we cannot rule out possible self-similar solutions that allow the expansion velocity to be a function of angular direction.
Three‐step treadmill test and McKenzie mechanical diagnosis and therapy to establish directional preference in a patient with lumbar spinal stenosis: a case report

AbstractBackground: Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is defined as narrowing of the spinal canal. LSS is commonly treated conservatively, primarily with flexion‐based exercises. We present a patient diagnosed with LSS, refractory to a flexion‐based protocol who ultimately responded to an extension‐based protocol following establishment of directional preference with three‐step treadmill testing.Description: A 64‐year‐old male was diagnosed with LSS with a 2‐year history of bilateral neurogenic claudication unresponsive to flexion‐based exercises. Initially, distinct directional preference or centralization was not demonstrated on repetitive movement testing. Ultimately, preference towards extension was established through a three‐step treadmill test. An extension‐based treatment plan was recommended, which provided significant relief despite focusing on exercises that are commonly avoided during traditional treatment for LSS.Outcomes: He began to centralize pain to his lower back after 2 weeks and denied neur...