cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Life-Threatening Hypernatremia In A Case Of Diabetes Insipidus/Panhypopituitarism

Management of diabetes insipidus (DI) accompanied by panhypopituitarism requires understanding of the relationships between ADH and thyroid/glucocorticoid tone. Low thyroid/glucocorticoid tone decreases free water clearance which protects against DI and may lead to hyponatremia while high thyroid/glucocorticoid tone may unmask DI and facilitate hypernatremia. A 31 year-old man with DI/panhypopituitarism was stable until his levothyroxine was incorrectly lowered based on TSH levels. He became hypothyroid and was hospitalized 3 times over 1 month for recurring altered mental status and mild hyponatremia. DDAVP was repeatedly held with rapid onset of polyuria resulting severe hypernatremia. On the last admission, he presented with altered mental status from sepsis. Serum sodium was 135 mmol/l. He was made NPO and treated with stress dose hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. DDAVP was held for the mild hyponatremia. Serum sodium rapidly elevated to 168 mmol/l after only 12 hours. DDAVP was restarted with liberalization of diet to unlimited free water access causing rapid downward sodium correction. Hypernatremia almost always results from iatrogenic causes. In our case, holding DDAVP for hyponatremia resulted in rapid onset of hypernatremia and volume depletion. Stress dose glucocorticoids further unmasked DI. Thirst and free access to water which typically protects patients with un-replaced DI were not operational due to his NPO status which contributed to the rapid rise in serum sodium. Water balance is controlled by thyroid, glucocorticoid, and principally ADH working at the renal effector level while the RAAS principally controls sodium balance. Together these hormones tightly regulate serum sodium concentration. Managing hospitalized patients with DI/panhypopituitarism requires knowledge of the intricate interplay between ADH and thyroid/glucocorticoid tone to minimize the risk for dangerous sodium fluctuations. It is usually better to err on the side of mild hyponatremia than holding DDAVP in these complex patients which can lead to life threatening hypernatremia.
The absolute efficiency of a 7.6- by 7.6-cm bismuth germanate scintillator for 15-MeV gamma rays

The absolute efficiency of an uncollimated 7.6- by 7.6-cm cylindrical bismuth germanate detector was measured at a gamma-ray energy of 15.1 MeV. The measured photopeak efficiency is 0.51 ± 0.04.
The European eLearning Programme(s): Between rhetoric and reality:

This article presents the findings of a qualitative study conducted by the author on the implications of e-learning programmes for the higher education systems of the member states of the European Union. The study takes a look behind the scenes of the eLearning Programme and other e-learning actions within other European programmes by tapping into the perceptions of academics at universities in the European Union (in three principal countries — Germany, Portugal and Sweden — and six secondary countries — Belgium, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom) who have participated in or have knowledge of the logistical and administrative burdens of European e-learning projects. Through a series of in-depth open-ended interviews conducted on location, via the telephone or over the Internet, the study investigates the interactions of academics and researchers with the European-funded programmes in e-learning. Several interviews with members of the European Commission offer an inside look at t...
Efficiency-Robust Systematic Linear Estimators of Location

Abstract Several classes of efficiency-robust linear unbiased estimators of location based on k sample quantiles are defined. The efficiencies of these estimators under the normal, logistic, and double exponential distributions are computed for sample sizes n = 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, ∞, and subsamples of size k = 2, 6, 10, 20. These results are then discussed in relation to other research in efficiency-robust estimation.
Adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH in humans.

Depressed patients show a blunted plasma adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) response to corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) (Gold et al. 1984, 1986; Holsboer et al. 1984). However, the plasma cortisol response following stimulation with CRF in patients with depression remains normal or increased (Gold et al. 1986; Holsboer et al. 1984). The patients with depression have a proportionately higher cortisol response to the ACTH released during stimulation with CRF than do controls. Gold et al. (1986) hypothesized that this may be due to (1) hyperplasia and hyperresponsiveness of the adrenal cortex in patients with depression or (2) may reflect the fact that the higher ACTH responses in the normal controls substantially exceeded the amounts needed for a maximal cortisol response. To assess the relative importance of these two factors, it is important to know what the adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH really is. At least two studies indicate that threshold adrenocortical responses are obtained in humans with doses of ACTH,_,, as low as 30-50 ng whereas maximal responses occurred with doses of 250400 ng (Landon et al. 1967; Leclerq et al. 1972). The volume of distribution for ACTH has been
Conversion of atrial flutter by ibutilide is associated with increased atrial cycle length variability

Objectives. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that conversion of atrial flutter in humans by ibutilide, a new class III antiarrhythmic agent, is characterized by an increase in atrial cycle length variability. Background. Conversion of tachyarrhythmias has been associated with increased oscillations of cycle length. Methods. Electrograms and monophasic action potentials from the fight atrium in 35 patients with spontaneous, sustained atrial flutter were recorded before, during and after intravenous ibutilide (0.005 to 0.025 mg/kg body weight, n = 25) or placebo (n = 10). Atrial cycle length, cycle length variability (coefficient of variation), diastolic interval and diastolic interval variability were measured from 10 consecutive cycles at baseline and 3 min before, 1 min before, 30 s before and immediately before conversion. Similar measurements were made in patients who received ibutilide or placebo but did not convert. Results. Ibutilide converted atrial flutter in 14 of 25 patients 25 ± 16 min (mean ± SD) after initiation of the infusion, whereas placebo converted no patients. Atrial cycle length was prolonged to the same extent in ibutilide converters and nonconverters (36 ± 19 vs. 38 ± 21 ms, p = NS) and was not affected by placebo. Beat-to-beat variability in atrial cycle length (baseline 1.2 ± 0.7 vs. preconversion 7.3 ± 4.9, p Conclusions. Ibutilide prolongs atrial flutter cycle length, but conversion of atrial flutter by ibutilide is characterized by increased variability in atrial cycle length and diastolic interval.
Linear and nonlinear properties of ultra-compact fiber device

Linear and nonlinear characteristics of devices using millimeter-scale spools of highly-nonlinear fiber are investigated within 1200-2400nm band. An ultracompact tunable short-wave infrared source was constructed to demonstrate efficient nonlinear conversion from 1.26 to 2.2μm.
Media Manipulation of Adolescents' Personal Level Judgments regarding Consequences of Smokeless Tobacco Use

Videotapes were developed to try to impact on personal level judgments of concern and risk in the context of smokeless tobacco use, a growing substance use problem in adolescents. In a within-and-between-subjects design, convincingness (i.e., dramatic portrayal) of the videotaped message (high and low) and perceived probability of consequences portrayed in the message (high and low) were manipulated. Both manipulations were done by varying presentation style of the same, accurate information. The manipulation of convincingness did not alter the impact of the message on most judgments, whereas the manipulation of probability of consequences did. Two individual difference predictors, prior use of smokeless tobacco and male sex role orientation, were also found to enhance the amount of change in personal level judgments, but these variables did not interact with the message manipulations. These results suggest that a media manipulation of probability of consequences would be more effective than a manipulatio...
Experience with etanercept in an academic medical center: are infection rates increased?

Objectives There is little established information regarding the safety of antitumor necrosis factor therapies used outside the setting of clinical trials. This study evaluated the long-term safety and tolerability of open-label use of etanercept when used to treat patients with a variety of systemic rheumatic diseases. Reduction of concomitant corticosteroid and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug was also assessed. Methods Retrospective medical record review of 180 patients who were started on etanercept between December 1998 and April 2000 at an academic medical center. Results Most patients (81%) remained on therapy for longer than 6 months, and a significant number (43%) of patients for longer than 12 months. Etanercept was prescribed for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 144 patients and for diseases other than RA, including ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and polymyositis, in 36 patients. Fifty-six percent of patients taking corticosteroids were able to reduce their dose and 51% of patients were able to taper their methotrexate dosages. Forty-three patients (26%) discontinued etanercept. Reasons for discontinuing therapy included serious adverse events (2.9%), of which infection was most common. These included a psoas abscess secondary to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, septic wrist, bacteremia, and septic total hip replacement. Two deaths associated with infection were seen. Conclusions The majority of the studied patients tolerated etanercept for longer than 6 months. Many of these patients were able to subsequently taper or even discontinue corticosteroid and methotrexate therapy. Serious infections occurred in this patient population. Our results underscore the value of long-term observation under the conditions of clinical practice beyond controlled clinical trials.
Synthesis, protonation, and electrophilic reactions of Tp′(CO)2WCOMe, a tungsten methoxycarbyne complex

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of the terminal methoxycarbyne complex Tp′(CO)2WCOMe is described. Nucleophiles attack Tp′(CO)2WCOMe at the methyl group of the methoxide substituent. The carbyne complex undergoes reversible protonation at the carbyne carbon in the presence of [H(Et2O)2][BAr′4] to generate the α-agostic carbene complex [Tp′(CO)2WC(H)OMe][BAr′4].
A Correction to the Brinson's Evolution Kinetics for Shape Memory Alloys

Phase diagram based approach is frequently used to investigate the shape memory alloy behavior. Typically, evolution laws for the martensitic phase fraction are defined for different local transformation regions in the stress—temperature phase diagram. In the Brinson's evolution kinetics, under certain conditions, the local evolution law for the formation of martensitic fraction leads to inadmissible phase fraction (>1). This pertains to a case where both stress- and temperature-induced martensite evolve simultaneously. A modified evolution law is presented here to overcome this anomaly.
Time for plants. Progress in plant chronobiology.

More than 270 years ago plants played the pivotal role in a remarkable discovery: Organisms possess within themselves a surprisingly accurate timing device that synchronizes physiology with the daily environmental cycle. The field of circadian biology arose from the curious observation of de Mairan
Counseling College Women: The Interplay of Psychological Development, Social Factors, Alcohol, and Sexual Risk‐Taking

This article examines how traditional college-age women adjust to the campus environment, including alcohol usage and sexual risk-taking, from a developmental/feminist perspective. Interpersonal adjustment, alcohol usage, and sexual risk-taking are explored, with consideration for physical and psychosocial consequences. Recommendations for counseling, including an illustrative case example, are provided.
Learning to detect abnormal semantic web data

Numerous problems could happen in the generation process for Semantic Web data that is usually gathered from heterogeneous sources by using a variety of tools [3]. Recently some works [1, 2, 3, 4] began to focus on the quality of Semantic Web data. However since the Semantic Web represents many points of view, there is no objective measure of correctness for all Semantic Web data. Therefore, we consider using an abnormality heuristic that could indicate a data quality problem at the triple level. We recognize that not all abnormal data is incorrect (in fact, in some scenarios the abnormal data may be the most interesting data) and thus leave it up to the application to determine how to use the heuristic. The essential idea of this work is based on the fact that a statement can get supporting evidence if it can be entailed from other data. Consider the statement A advises B: in some situations where this is true, there are also statements such as A is the principal investigator of project C, B works in C. This rule is clearly not certain. Yet, when combined with other forms of evidence, it can provide support for the advises relation. To detect incorrect data, ideally we can directly learn characteristics of them. But incorrect data have too many forms. So we check if the data lacks sufficient normal patterns compared to the majority of the data. Still using the advises relation example above, we change the first statement into B advises A (assuming advises is not subPropertyOf advises). Then our predictability on this statement would be low, because the context is inconsistent with a probabilistic rule existing in many other contexts. Although this probabilistic rule does not always hold, various rules in context can collaboratively give certain support. Note that there are many possible arbitrary relations that can be used to describe any two objects on the Semantic Web, but the
Effects of acute administration of chlorinated water on liver lipids.

An acute administration of chlorinated water to rats caused “fatty liver” and indicated a more than 2-fold increase in liver triacylglycerols at 2 days after administration. The acyl group composition of triacylglycerols and phospholipids in both liver mitochondria and liver whole homogenate were also altered by the chlorine treatment. Among the phospholipid acyl groups, there was an increase in the proportion of 20∶4 but a decrease in most other polyunsaturated acyl groups. The acyl group changes were more obvious with phosphatidylcholines than with phosphatidylethanolamines. Other phospholipids, including cardiolipin in the mitochondrial membranes, were not greatly altered. Both morphological and biochemical changes were maximum at 2 days after the treatment and were fully recovered after 10 days. The disturbance of a number of enzymatic processes in the liver membranes may account for a large part of the changes observed.
Deletion of Flk-1 and its Target Protein, MAPkinase-2 Impairs Neovascularization and Perfusion in a Murine Hindlimb Ischemia Model: A Double Knockout Study

Deletion of Flk-1 and its Target Protein, MAPkinase-2 Impairs Neovascularization and Perfusion in a Murine Hindlimb Ischemia Model: A Double Knockout Study Salim S Abunnaja, MBchB, Vaithinathan Selvaraju, PhD, Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, Lulu Rahman, MD, Juan A Sanchez, MD, FACS, David W McFadden, MD, FACS, J Alexander Palesty, MD, FACS, Nilanjana Maulik, PhD, FAHA University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
Design of a Σ - Δ converter based automotive sensor

The design of a second order (Sigma) - (Delta) converter based microaccelerometer is presented in this paper. This converter has a large dynamic range, i.e., can measure acceleration from 0.5 g to 500 g, and provides directly digital output. The force-rebalance circuitry constraints the sensor mass to move within 10 percent of the distance between the polysilicon layers. The system is inherently linear and has a simple electronic interface.
HO-1 and CO Decrease Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration Via Inhibition of Nox1

Objective— Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), via its enzymatic degradation products, exhibits cell and tissue protective effects in models of vascular injury and disease. The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from the medial to the intimal layer of blood vessels plays an integral role in the development of a neointima in these models. Despite this, there are no studies addressing the effect of increased HO-1 expression on VSMC migration. Results and Methods— The effects of increased HO-1 expression, as well as biliverdin, bilirubin, and carbon monoxide (CO), were studied in in vitro models of VSMC migration. Induction of HO-1 or CO, but not biliverdin or bilirubin, inhibited VSMC migration. This effect was mediated by the inhibition of Nox1 as determined by a range of approaches, including detection of intracellular superoxide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity measurements, and siRNA experiments. Furthermore, CO decreased platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated, redox-sensitive signaling pathways. Conclusion— Herein, we demonstrate that increased HO-1 expression and CO decreases platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated VSMC migration via inhibition of Nox1 enzymatic activity. These studies reveal a novel mechanism by which HO-1 and CO may mediate their beneficial effects in arterial inflammation and injury.
Detection of differentiation antigens by use of monoclonal antibodies

Abstract Various monoclonal antisera placed at appropriate dilutions in a microcytotoxicity typing tray can be used to characterize different cell types with the aid of a simple 2-h microcytotoxicity test. With this simple assay, T and B lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, blast cells, and platelets can readily be distinguished. In addition, spleen cells contained 25–50% T cells, half of which expressed Ia antigens. The presence of Ia-bearing T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients can also be detected using this cytotoxicity tray.
Representations and operators for improving evolutionary software repair

Evolutionary computation is a promising technique for automating time-consuming and expensive software maintenance tasks, including bug repair. The success of this approach, however, depends at least partially on the choice of representation, fitness function, and operators. Previous work on evolutionary software repair has employed different approaches, but they have not yet been evaluated in depth. This paper investigates representation and operator choices for source-level evolutionary program repair in the GenProg framework [17], focusing on: (1) representation of individual variants, (2) crossover design, (3) mutation operators, and (4) search space definition. We evaluate empirically on a dataset comprising 8 C programs totaling over 5.1 million lines of code and containing 105 reproducible, human-confirmed defects. Our results provide concrete suggestions for operator and representation design choices for evolutionary program repair. When augmented to incorporate these suggestions, GenProg repairs 5 additional bugs (60 vs. 55 out of 105), with a decrease in repair time of 17-43% for the more difficult repair searches.
Chaos in the heart: signals and models

How does the heart's rhythm become chaotic and turn fatal? This question is addressed in a combined experimental, modeling and signal analysis study. Under normal electrophysiological conditions, electrical conduction in the heart is maintained by a network of electrically coupled cells. Action potential generation and conduction in this network of cells can be mathematically modeled and simulated on a computer. A well timed, ectopic stimulation can introduce abnormal conduction leading to a self-sustaining rhythm described as reentry. Computer simulations as well as experiments show that the reentrant rhythm is generated by spiral waves that continue to perpetuate the rhythm at a fast rate, causing tachycardia or fibrillation. Signal analysis of ventricular fibrillation rhythm reveals that this rhythm is indeed chaotic but a has high correlation dimension. Surprisingly, the rhythm of a single cell in a fibrillating heart exhibits only a low dimensional chaos. Use of chaos as a signal analysis tool is useful for discriminating ventricular fibrillation from non-life threatening rhythms such as sinus and ventricular tachycardia. In summary, the fatal rhythm of the heart can be modeled and analyzed with the help of sophisticated mathematical tools. These technique should find applications in research and development associated with external or implantable defibrillators and cardiac rhythm management devices.
The generation and amplification of shaped ultrafast laser pulses, tunable between 500 to 700 nm

Summary form only given. The availability of shaped pulses at high energy is a requisite for quantum control. The development of pulseshaping techniques over the years, has contributed towards experimental realizations of quantum control. These include feedback-optimized shaped pulses to control the photodissociation channels of e.g., an organometallic compound. Recent advances in the amplification of shaped ultrafast pulses has also allowed experiments such as the alteration and control of excitation dynamics of Rb atoms to be performed. This technology is based on chirped pulse regenerative amplification by a Ti:sapphire crystal. Hence, this limits the spectral range of the amplified shaped optical pulses to be in the vicinity of 800 nm. If quantum control and spectroscopy is to be applied in general to a wide range of atomic or molecular systems, then methods need to be developed to generate shaped optical pulses at widely tunable wavelengths to fit the corresponding resonance frequency of the various systems under study.
Temperature Dependence of the Hardness of Nanocrystalline Titanium Dioxide

Vickers hardness of nanocrystalline (N-) TiO2 was measured in the temperature range 25° to 1200°C and it was compared with that of polycrystalline (P-) TiO2 in the same temperature range. N-TiO2 showed a lower hardness than P-TiO2 at temperatures up to 800°C which resulted in the lack of indentation crack traces for N-TiO2 presumably implying more plasticity.
Energy benefits of reconfigurable hardware for use in underwater snesor nets

Small, dense underwater sensor networks have the potential to greatly improve undersea environmental and structural monitoring. However, few sensor nets exist because commercially available underwater acoustic modems are too costly and energy inefficient to be practical for this applications. Therefore, when designing an acoustic modem for sensor networks, the designer must optimize for low cost and low energy consumption at every level, from the analog electronics, to the signal processing scheme, to the hardware platform. In this paper we focus on the design choice of hardware platform: digital signal processors, microcontrollers, or reconfigurable hardware, to optimize for energy efficiency while keeping costs low. We implement one algorithm used in an acoustic modem design - Matching Pursuits for channel estimation - on all three platforms and perform a design space exploration to compare the timing, power and energy consumption of each implementation. We show that the reconfigurable hardware implementation can provide a maximum of 210X and 52X decrease in energy consumption over the microcontroller and DSP implementations respectively.
Genomic and proteomic responses to environmentally relevant exposures to dieldrin: indicators of neurodegeneration?

Dieldrin is a persistent organochlorine pesticide that induces neurotoxicity in the vertebrate central nervous system and impairs reproductive processes in fish. This study examined the molecular events produced by subchronic dietary exposures to 2.95 mg dieldrin/kg feed in the neuroendocrine brain of largemouth bass, an apex predator. Microarrays, proteomics, and pathway analysis were performed to identify genes, proteins, and cell processes altered in the male hypothalamus. Fifty-four genes were induced, and 220 genes were reduced in steady-state levels (p < 0.001; fold change greater than ± 1.5). Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the biological gene ontology categories of stress response, nucleotide base excision repair, response to toxin, and metabolic processes were significantly impacted by dieldrin. Using isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation, 90 proteins in the male hypothalamus were statistically evaluated for changes in protein abundance. Several proteins altered by dieldrin are known to be associated with human neurodegenerative diseases, including apolipoprotein E, microtubule-associated tau protein, enolase 1, stathmin 1a, myelin basic protein, and parvalbumin. Proteins altered by dieldrin were involved in oxidative phosphorylation, differentiation, proliferation, and cell survival. This study demonstrates that a subchronic exposure to dieldrin alters the abundance of messenger RNAs and proteins in the hypothalamus that are associated with cell metabolism, cell stability and integrity, stress, and DNA repair.
Sensors assisted telemanipulation for maximizing manipulation capabilities of persons with disabilities

This paper describes a telemanipulation system to assist persons with disabilities perform dexterous manipulation tasks. This research is expected to enhance the teleoperation performance through the use of scaled mapping from master to slave manipulation based upon sensory data. This is particularly useful when the user has restricted range of movements due to certain disabilities such as muscular dystrophy, a stroke, or any form of pathological tremor. Assistance functions are used for mapping such that human input is enhanced rather than superseded by the computer. A common vocational rehabilitation test referred to as Box and Blocks was chosen to test the effectiveness of this sensor-assisted function. A variable scaling scheme was developed using available sensory data. In the simulation mode, a visual environment was created for the Box and Blocks test. This was used to predict if a person with disabilities would be able to perform a task comfortably. The real test was performed using a master and slave manipulator system with a camera and laser range finder. A motion constraint was added to the master to simulate a user with disabilities. The results demonstrated that the sensor assistance not only reduced required input motion, idle time, and execution time, but also increased manipulation accuracy during the Box and Blocks test.
Identifying Cognitively Gifted Ethnic Minority Children

Four hundred kindergarten children in regular education and 31 kindergarten children identified as gifted were presented a cognitive battery consisting of nine different tasks. Five measures representing the three open-ended tasks were associated with both a significant group difference and the presence of high performing outliers from the regular education sample. When frequency distributions for the two groups were computed based on a total score summed over the five measures, seven of the eight regular education students with the highest score, the upper 2%, were either Black/NonHispanic or White/Hispanic. The upper 2% of the regular education sample performed at a level above 81% of the gifted sample, The data suggest that using a child's performance on a cognitive battery may prove to be effective for identifying gifted minority children who have not previously been identified as having superior cognitive abilities.
The Relationship of Abuse Characteristics to Symptoms in Sexually Abused Girls

This study evaluated the relationship between abuse-specific variables and levels of depression, anxiety, and self-worth in a racially mixed sample of 134 sexually abused girls. Multivariate analysis revealed that penetration predicted a more serious outcome on all study variables. There was an interaction effect between force and the perpetrator's identity. Girls abused with force by a non-father figure had much higher levels of distress than those abused by a non-father figure without force. Force did not predict a more serious outcome in girls abused by father figures. Age, age at onset, duration, and whether a girl was removed from the home after the abuse had no relationship to symptom levels.
Psychopathology in the adolescent and young adult offspring of a community sample of mothers and fathers with major depression.

Background. There is a large literature indicating that the offspring of mothers with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) are at increased risk for depression. However, much less is known about the effects of paternal MDD on offspring psychopathology.Method. We addressed this issue using a large community sample of parents and their adolescent and young adult offspring (n=775). Parents and offspring were independently assessed with semi-structured diagnostic interviews. Offspring were interviewed three times from mid-adolescence to age 24 years.Results. Maternal MDD was significantly associated with offspring MDD. Paternal MDD was also significantly associated with MDD in offspring, but only among offspring with depressive episodes of moderate or greater severity. These effects persisted after controlling for socio-economic status, family intactness, and non-mood disorders in both parents. Rates of MDD were particularly elevated in offspring of mothers and fathers with early-onset MDD, and offspring of fathers with recurrent MDD. The magnitude of the associations between MDD in parents and offspring was generally in the small-to-medium range.Conclusions. These results confirm previous findings of elevated risk of MDD in the offspring of depressed mothers. In addition, the results suggest that MDD in fathers is associated with increased risk of depression in offspring, but that it is limited to MDD episodes in offspring of moderate or greater severity.
Vector generation for maximum instantaneous current through supply lines for CMOS circuits

We present two new algorithms for generating a smallset of patterns for estimating the maximum instantaneouscurrent through the power supply lines for CMOScircuits.The first algorithm is based on timed ATPG,while the second is a probability-based approach.Bothalgorithms can handle circuits with arbitrary but knowndelays and they produce a set of 2-vector tests.Experimentalresults demonstrating that the outcome of applyingour algorithms is a small set of patterns producinga current that is a tight lower bound on the maximuminstantaneous current are included.
A projection approach for model reduction by matching output covariances and Markov parameters

This paper describes a projection technique for model reduction to simultaneously match a specified number of output covariance derivatives and Markov parameters. COVariance Equivalent Realizations which match q + 1 covariance derivatives are called "q-COVERs." In general q-COVERS are not unique. The additional freedom is used herein so that the q-COVER obtained also matches q Markov parameters. The projection technique uses a form of the observability indices of the full order system to determine a priori the order required of the reduced order model to match a specified number of output covariance derivatives and Markov parameters. The resulting realization is shown to be independent of the basis of the complete model. Stability conditions for the reduced order model are also described, and the relationships are established between stochastically equivalent realizations and the q-COVERs.
Turning the Titanic

At the end of the 20th century, Big Pharma and its customers experienced heady days. Translation of medicines such as cholesterol-lowering agents, HIV protease inhibitors, and the first molecularly targeted cancer drugs improved lives and enriched the pharmaceutical industry. The recipe for success
New Anthropological Perspectives on Southeastern Indians

Signs of Cherokee Culture: Sequoyah's Syllabary in Eastern Cherokee Life. Margaret Bender. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. 187 pp. Southern Indians and Anthropologists: Culture, Politics, and Identity. Lisa J. Lefler and Frederic W. Gleach. eds. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2002. 151 pp. Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Circe Sturm. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. 249 pp.
The clinical relevance of positive sentinel nodes only versus positive nonsentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer patients.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in clinical outcomes for patients with histologically positive sentinel lymph nodes (SLN+) compared with patients with histologically positive nonsentinel second echelon lymph nodes (NSLN+). Methods Eight hundred thirteen node positive patients from a prospectively accrued database of 3,200 patients who underwent sentinel node mapping were evaluated. In all, 506 of the 813 patients (62%) were SLN+ only and 307 of the 813 patients (38%) were SLN+ plus at least one NSLN+. Patients' overall survival and disease-free survival were obtained and statistical analyses performed comparing the two groups. Results As the number of NSLN+ increased, there was a significant difference in disease-free survival ( P = 0.001) and overall survival ( P = 0.003) between those patients who had 0 to 4 NSLN+ and those who had 5 or more NSLN+. The SLN+ only patients did not show significant differences with respect to survival, based on the number of SLN+ (overall survival, disease-free survival; P = 0.742) Conclusions The survival (overall survival, disease-free survival) for patients with 3 or more SLN+ was not statistically different than for patients with 1 or 2 SLN+ ( P = 0.742). However, an alteration of biologic behavior was observed when multiple NSLN+ contain metastatic breast cancer. Involvement of 5 or more NSLN+ portends a significantly ( P = 0.001) worse prognosis, regardless of the number of SLN+.
Concomitant Mitral Valve Repair or Replacement and Coronary Revascularization

Patients undergoing combined mitral valve replacement and coronary revascularization require surgical skill and especially judgment for optimal results. In our hands, cardioplegia has not been a pivotal event in affecting survival, and this probably relates to our previous philosophy of limiting the hypothermic ischemic episodes to 15-minute intervals. Currently, we believe that valve repair, when it can be accomplished, is preferable to valve replacement, especially in the patient with ischemic mitral valve disease. When repair cannot be satisfactorily accomplished, replacement with retention of the posterior leaflet seems clinically to be associated with less disturbance of left ventricular function.
Predicting the existence of stormwater first flush from the time of concentration

Simulations were performed using a one-dimensional kinematic wave model to examine the relationships between the time of concentration (T(c)) and the first flush (FF) for impervious landuses. The model used chemical oxygen demand parameters from a highway runoff site in west Los Angeles for eight storm events. FF indices such as the mass first flush ratio (MFF(n)) and the partial event mean concentration to event mean concentration ratio (PEMC(t)/EMC) were calculated from simulations using various rainfall intensities, rainfall durations, bed slopes, and watershed lengths (L), and matched measured values with an RMS error of 25% for six events. Resulting values of MFF(20) and PEMC(60)/EMC were correlated to T(c) calculated using ASCE's kinematic wave formula, and showed a non-monotone relationship, with very short or long T(c) having low MFF(20) with a maximum for mid-range T(c). Contours of the MFF(20) and PEMC(60)/EMC were created to predict and quantify FF from known T(c), L, and rainfall duration (T).
Projection between basis sets: A means of defining the electronic structure of functional subunits

The general problem of the transfer of the representation of a set of orthonormal functions from one basis to a different, nonequivalent one is considered and specialized to a matrix formulation convenient for use in molecular electronic structure calculations. A procedure is suggested for treating problems where the transfer of representation breaks into a subset of most interest and one of less interest as for example the occupied and virtual orbitals of a Hartree-Fock SCF calculation. These techniques are then applied to obtain a representation of a methyl group from an SCF wave function for methane.
Sustained-release interleukin-2 following intramuscular injection in rats

A potential sustained-release recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) formulation was evaluated following intramuscular (i.m.) injection in rats. Poloxamer 407 (Pluronic® F-127) is a block copolymer comprised of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene segments which exhibits the property of reverse thermal gelation. Thus, an rIL-2/poloxamer 407 preparation was injected i.m. in rats as a viscous mobile solution with subsequent gelation in vivo. Resultant plasma rIL-2 concentration-time data indicated absorption rate-limited disposition of rIL-2 following i.m. injection. The mean values of the absorption rate constant (kclim were 0.64 ± 0.073 and 0.21 ± 0.019 h−1 following i.m. injection of an rIL-2 aqueous solution and the HL-2 gel formulation, respectively. The mean values of the elimination rate constant (kelim) were 1.76 ± 0.22 and 1.21 ±0.079 h−1 following administration of rIL-2 as an aqueous solution or gel formulation, respectively. The blood sampling time point at which the greatest plasma rIL-2 concentration (Cmax.) was observed was 2 h for rats injected i.m. with rIL-2 formulated in poloxamer 407 compared to 1 h for rats injected i.m. with an rIL-2 aqueous solution. The mean value of the Cmax. was significantly (p < 0.05) less in rats injected i.m. with the rIL-2 gel formulation (Cmax= 12500 ± 1450 pg/ml) compared to rats injected i.m. with an aqueous solution of rIL-2 (Cmax = 19 600 ± 2650 pg/ml). The bioavailability of rIL-2 when injected i.m. as an rIL-2/poloxamer gel formulation relative to an i.m. injection of an rIL-2 aqueous solution was approx. 1.0. Cumulative amounts of rIL-2 recovered in the urine 48 h after an i.m. injection of either an rIL-2 aqueous solution or rIL-2 gel formulation were less than 1 percent of the administered dose. Since the rIL-2/poloxamer formulation evaluated in this study resulted in a decrease in the maximum blood concentration of rIL-2 achieved and an increase in the time required to reach a maximum blood concentration, without a reduction in the bioavailability of the protein, the rIL-2 gel formulation may represent an alternative, sustained-release mode of rIL-2 administration.
Trophallaxis and prophylaxis: social immunity in the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus

In social insects, group behaviour can increase disease resistance among nest-mates and generate social prophylaxis. Stomodeal trophallaxis, or mutual feeding through regurgitation, may boost colony-level immunocompetence. We provide evidence for increased trophallactic behaviour among immunized workers of the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus, which, together with increased antimicrobial activity of the regurgitate droplet, help explain the improved survival of droplet recipient ants relative to controls following an immune challenge. We have identified a protein related to cathepsin D, a lysosomal protease, as a potential contributor to the antimicrobial activity. The combined behavioural and immunological responses to infection in these ants probably represent an effective mechanism underlying the social facilitation of disease resistance, which could potentially produce socially mediated colony-wide prophylaxis. The externalization and sharing of an individual's immune responses via trophallaxis could be an important component of social immunity, allowing insect colonies to thrive under high pathogenic pressures.
Adaptive least square complex lattice clutter rejection filters applied to the radar detection of low altitude windshear

Addresses the use of an adaptive complex clutter rejection filter for reducing the ground clutter bias in pulse-pair mean windspeed estimates of weather return data collected by low altitude airborne pulsed Doppler radar. A complex form of the square root normalized recursive-least-squares lattice estimation algorithm, which models the ground clutter as a low-order autoregressive process, is used to obtain the filter coefficients. Simulated dry microburst return and clutter return based on data taken from the Denver Stapleton airport are used to assess the capabilities of the clutter rejection filters. Results indicate that the clutter process is low order and that the model-based, complex-valued rejection filters offer potential for stable, real-time implementation. >
Nutrient biogeochemistry in a Gulf of Mexico subterranean estuary and groundwater-derived fluxes to the coastal ocean

We hypothesize that biogeochemical processes in a subterranean estuary in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico significantly alter nutrient concentrations that are discharged into the ocean via submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). This subterranean estuary is a site of steep gradients over small spatial scales, so selecting the appropriate groundwater endmember for flux calculations is difficult. Two-endmember mixing models typically applied to investigate biogeochemical processes in surface estuaries are not useful in this case because of aquifer heterogeneity and complex solid–fluid interactions. Groundwater residence times, redox potential, source strength, and aquifer matrix appear to be the most important drivers for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nutrient concentrations in this pristine coastal plain aquifer. The distribution of dissolved species was consistent with a sequence of reactions in a narrow (,2 m) surface layer in which nitrate is initially exhausted (likely because of denitrification), organic nitrogen is remineralized releasing ammonium, and some DOC remains. On the basis of a 222Rn-derived non–steady state box model, total (terrestrial + marine) SGD rates were estimated to oscillate around 11 cm d21. The SGD is composed almost entirely of recirculated seawater (accounting for ,95% of total SGD fluxes). Conservative estimates of groundwater-derived nitrogen inputs into the coastal ocean were 8.2 6 1.2 mmol m22 d21, consisting of ammonium (58%), organic nitrogen (28%), and nitrate (14%). We suggest that these mainly represent recycled rather than new nutrient additions. When extrapolated to the Florida Gulf coast, the nitrogen and DOC fluxes were comparable to the main regional rivers, supporting the proposition that SGD plays a major role in coastal biogeochemistry. The biogeochemical implications of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) into coastal environments are becoming increasingly recognized. Globally, groundwater discharge has been estimated to be only a few percent of the total freshwater flux to the oceans (Burnett et al. 2006). In spite of that small fraction, the input of nutrients to coastal environments via groundwater pathways could be globally more important because nutrient concentrations in groundwater are often much higher than those in river water. In addition, high dissolved N : P ratios in groundwater relative to surface waters might drive the coastal ocean toward P limitation within the coming decades, perhaps changing the present N-limited coastal primary production (Slomp and Van Cappellen 2004).
Mechanosensitive channels of E. coli: a genetic and molecular dissection.

Our understanding of mechanosensation is poor, especially at the level of molecule. There is no shortage of phenomena, from the sensation of gravity, touch, balance, and hearing in animals, gravitropism and thigmomorphogenesis in plants, to the detection of osmotic forces in all cells including microbes. Yet to name a protein or gene that is responsible for these sensations is difficult. This knowledge vacuum is all the more striking given that we know, in exquisite detail, the structure and function of a myriad of ligand receptors, and even the receptors of light, rhodopsins. One class of "receptors" are ion channels. These are integral membrane proteins that line gated pores. By "gated," physiologists mean that the pore is usually closed until the channel protein "senses" a stimulus. There are ion channels gated by external ligands (e.g., neurotransmitters), second messengers (Ca2+, cyclic nucleotides), or membrane potentials (i.e., transmembrane voltage drop) (Hille, 1992). Channel pores, when open, allow passive fluxes of permeant ions. The advent of the patch clamp has greatly enhanced our capability to monitor these ion fluxes: even the ion current through a single channel protein can clearly be registered and analyzed (Sakmann and Neher, 1995). Activities of channels that open when the membrane patch in a patch-clamp pipette is mechanically stretched were first observed in muscle cells (Guharay and Sachs, 1984; Brehm et al., 1984). This kind of activity has now been reported from studies of neurons, oocytes, heart cells, lens cells, blood cells, and plant cells (Sackin, 1995). Moreover, mecha-
Unraveling the Complexities of Statistical Presentation: Why it Is Important.

![Figure][1] Over the course of the past month in the Journal , we have published a 4-part series on statistics for clinical trials from Professor Stuart Pocock and his colleagues, which included “Making Sense of Statistics in Clinical Trial Reports” [(1)][2], “Statistical
Using Voice-Recorded Reflections to Increase Cognitive Presence in Hybrid Courses

AbstractThis study examined the impact of voice-recorded reflections on cognitive presence in a hybrid course, guided by the research question: How does the use of voice-recorded reflections impact critical thinking and deeper learning for students participating in a service learning experience? Participants of this study included preservice teachers who engaged in a service-learning project where they provided service to young children while developing skills needed to become an excellent teacher. After the service experience, students were asked to participate in a voice-recorded reflection answering specific survey items that were designed to demonstrate critical thinking and deeper learning. Using the community of inquiry framework and specifically examining cognitive presence, student responses to voice-recorded reflections were coded and analyzed. Several implications for pedagogical practices are highlighted, including the use of reflection to develop the growing professional.
Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control of Micro-Satellite Propulsion Mode Attitude Control

Micro-satellite has long-term in-orbit work in the harsh environment of space, the components such as actuators and sensors in the attitude control system continue to perform in-orbit control operations, therefore are prone to faults. In practical mission, such as formation flying, orbital transfer, de-tumbing and attitude control need to use thruster to control. As the thrust control is fail, the entire mission fails. In the paper, the two-stage unscented kalman filter is used to obtain the effectiveness factor value and system estimated states are obtained. Meanwhile, a robust thruster controller is designed with the estimated results to accomplish the joint design of Fault Detection and Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control.