cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing the Pacific’s oldest MORB glass: mantle chemistry and melting conditions during the birth of the Pacific Plate

Major element chemistry of basalt from the southern East Pacific Rise (EPR) is different from that of the EPR at the time of the formation of the Pacific Plate at 170 Ma.Glass recovered from Jurassic age (170 Ma) Pacific ocean crust [Bartolini and Larson, Geology 29 (2001) 735^738] at Ocean Drilling Program Hole 801C records higher Fe8 (10.77 wt%) and marginally lower Na8 (2.21 wt%) compared to the modern EPR, suggesting deeper melting and a temperature of initial melting that was 60‡C hotter than today.Trace element ratios such as La/Sm and Zr/Y, on the other hand, show remarkable similarities to the modern southern EPR, indicating that Site 801 was not generated on a hotspot-influenced ridge and that mantle composition has changed little in the Pacific over the past 170 Ma.Our results are consistent with the observation that mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) older than 80 Ma were derived by higher temperature melting than are modern MORBs [Humler et al., Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 173 (1999) 7^23], which may have been a consequence of the Cretaceous superplume event in the Pacific.Site 801 predates the formation of Pacific oceanic plateaus and 801C basalt chemistry indicates that higher temperatures of mantle melting beneath Pacific ridges preceded the initiation of the superplume.F 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.
Prelaunch calibration of the advanced microwave sounding unit-A for NOAA-K

The thermal-vacuum chamber calibration data from the advanced microwave sounding unit-A (AMSU-A) for NOAA-K, which will be launched in 1997, were analyzed to evaluate the instrument performance, including calibration accuracy, nonlinearity, and temperature sensitivity. Particularly, the nonlinearity parameters which will be used for correcting the nonlinear contributions from an imperfect square-law detector were determined from this data analysis. It was found that the calibration accuracies (differences between the measured scene radiances and those calculated from a linear two-point calibration formula) are polarization-dependent. Channels with vertical polarizations show little cold biases at the lowest scene target temperature 84 K, while those with horizontal polarizations all have appreciable cold biases, which can be up to 0.6 K. It is unknown where these polarization-dependent cold biases originate, but the instrument's manufacturer suggests that the source of the observed biases is probably due to some low-level coherent radiation leakage from the instrument itself. The existence and magnitude of nonlinearities in each channel were established and a quadratic formula for modeling these nonlinear contributions was developed. The model was characterized by a single parameter u, values of which were obtained for each channel via least-squares fit to the data. Using the best-fit u values, we performed a series of simulations of the quadratic corrections which would be expected from the space data after the launch of AMSU-A on NOAA-K. In these simulations, the cosmic background temperature of 2.73 K (instead of 84 K that was used in the thermal-vacuum chamber test) was adopted as one of the two reference points of calibration. The largest simulated nonlinear correction is about 0.3 K, which occurs at channel 15 when the instrument temperature is at 38/spl deg/ C. Others are less than 0.2 K in the remaining channels.
EOS/ESD reliability of partially depleted SOI technology

A model for predicting the electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection level of PD-SOI MOSFETs and diodes is presented along with data to support the model. The form of the model is compatible with circuit simulators. An important design rule for layout of multifinger SOI ESD protection MOSFETs has been derived from the model. We present experimental data to support this design rule.
Distribution of type I, II, III and V in the pepsin solubilized collagens in bovine menisci

The inner one-third (IM) of both lateral and medial menisci resembles hyaline cartilage, both in gross appearance and histological examination, while the outer two-thirds (OM) is fibrocartilaginous in appearance. Collagen was extracted with pepsin, purified with anion and cation exchange column chromatographies and examined by differential salt precipitation, cyanogen bromide-peptide analysis and SDS gel electrophoresis. IM constitutes approximately 10% of the wet weight of whole meniscus, is made up of 70% collagen of which 34% is pepsin soluble. IM is composed of 60% type II and 40% type I collagen. OM is made up of 80% collagen of which 17% is pepsin soluble. The predominant collagen of OM is type I with a trace amount of types III and V (less than 1%).
Interactive Design of Multi-Perspective Images for Visualizing Urban Landscapes

Multi-perspective images are a useful way to visualize extended, roughly planar scenes such as landscapes or city blocks. However, constructing effective multi-perspective images is something of an art. In this paper, we describe an interactive system for creating multi-perspective images composed of serially blended cross-slits images. Beginning with a sideways-looking video of the scene as might be captured from a moving vehicle, we allow the user to interactively specify a set of cross-slits cameras, possibly with gaps between them. In each camera, one of the slits is defined to be the camera path, which is typically horizontal, and the user is left to choose the second slit, which is typically vertical. The system then generates intermediate views between these cameras using a novel interpolation scheme, thereby producing a multi-perspective image with no seams. The user can also choose the picture surface in space onto which viewing rays are projected, thereby establishing a parameterization for the image. We show how the choice of this surface can be used to create interesting visual effects. We demonstrate our system by constructing multi-perspective images that summarize city blocks, including corners, blocks with deep plazas and other challenging urban situations.
Comparing multi-touch tabletops and multi-mouse single-display groupware setups

In spite of all the attention paid to multi-touch tabletop displays, little is known about the collaborative tasks they are best suited for in comparison to alternatives such as multi-mouse Single-Display Groupware setups. In this paper, we share the results of a study we conducted comparing a multi-mouse Single-Display Groupware (SDG) setup (two mice, 15" vertical display) to a multi-touch tabletop display (81cm by 61cm) for visual tasks that require coordination and collaboration. In the study, participants were more efficient when using the multi-mouse SDG setup, but preferred the multi-touch tabletop. We use the study as a platform for discussing how to interpret results from studies that compare an exciting technology to one that is not.
Architectural Hoisting

Architectural hoisting is a design technique where the responsibility for enforcing an intentional design constraint is implemented in the code rather than by relying solely on the diligence of the developers. This can help teams to achieve a global system property by avoiding inconsistences and lapses in implementing design rules.
Present worth

THE OBJECTIVE OF economic comparisons is to estimate in advance the financial effect of adopting one particular plan of action instead of some alternative. One of the major factors in such studies is the return on investment, representing the annual rental paid for money.
THE STATE OF AMERICAN FEDERALISM: 1978

What are the principal components of the new regulatory system set out in the National Energy Acts of 1978? What have been the intergovernmental effects of Proposition 13 in California and the spread effect of similar measures in other states? How successful was the intergovernmental component of President Carter's economic recovery program, and what is the present status of its renewal efforts? What is the mid-term track record of the President's federal aid simplification initiatives as seen from White House and state house? How did President Carter's widely-publicized urban policy spawn a rural and small town component? What are the implications of the New York City Loan Guarantee Program for the complex relationships among the federal government, state and local governments, and the municipal bond market? How have federal and state officials begun to respond to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision on "voluntary" affirmative action programs in the Bakke case, and what has been the effect of this decision on "involuntary" compliance efforts? How well did state political parties weather the "single issue" politics and national party involvement of the 1978 elections? How well do today's "single issue" coalitions play the complex game of constitutional amendment politics in the federal system? These are some of the many questions that occupied center stage in the American federal system in 1978 and which this review sets out to answer.
Modular characteristics and key technology of tightly-coupled GPS/INS

In view of the characteristics of GPS /INS navigation in military and civilian application,and reference the experimental studies of tight-coupling GPS/INS abroad,the paper analyzes the composition and working principle of conventional tight-coupling and deep tight-coupling GPS/INS models,and study the features of tightly coupled GPS/INS by simulation,which show that it has high anti-interference capability,high-precision measurement of pseudo-range and high capability of navigation and positioning.Based on the outstanding characteristics of the tight coupling,the paper explores several key technical issues in tight-coupling GPS/INS from simulation to engineering.
The Control Structure of an Air-to—Ship Missile and its Calculation of Firing Azimuth Angle

According to the integral technical performances and the characteristic of air-to-ship missile,this paper makes clear the design principal,and divides the control system to several important parts,meanwhile analyzes the roles of each part,then gets the control equipment selective demands and its control diagram.After that,partitions the control procedure to some sub-procedures,analyzes the demands and characteristic of each procedure.The method of the calculation of firing azimuth angle is useful to the mission designers.
Return to Sport (General Aspects)

Clearance for return to sport after ACL reconstruction is moving toward a criteria-based progression through rehabilitation, with specific goals to be met prior to advancing to the next stage of rehabilitation. These goals include specific measures of physical strength, dynamic control and stability, as well as observation of proper biomechanics in the injured extremity compared to the uninjured extremity. Additionally, subjective recovery and psychological recovery are important factors to be evaluated as they affect the athlete’s ability to successfully return to sport postoperatively. Meeting minimum subjective and objective criteria prior to return to sport could lead to better protection of the ACL graft and prevent future injury. However, although correlations exist between physical and psychological indices with subjective and objective outcomes as well as return-to-sport rates, there is a lack of data directly associating success in these areas with reduced risk of reinjury upon return to sport. Future research is needed to correlate this data. The requirement to meet defined criteria prior to return-to-sport clearance may prove to be an effective method of assuring a safe and successful return to sport.
Statement of thesis research: multi-robot sampling strategies for large-scale oceanographic experiments

My thesis research focuses on developing tools and techniques in the robotic sciences to study and understand large-scale dynamic coastal processes that are driven by global climate change. As a first step, my work targets Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) which have significant societal and economic impact to coastal communities, yet are poorly understood ecologically because of undersampling.
Temporary Shocks and Persistent Effects in Urban Economies: Evidence from British Cities after the U.S. Civil War

Abstract Can a temporary economic shock to an important local industry influence long-run city population? To answer this question I study the large temporary shock to British cities caused by the U.S. CivilWar (1861–1865), which reduced cotton supplies to Britain’s important cotton textile industry. I show that this event temporarily reduced the growth rate of cities specializing in cotton textile production, relative to other English cities, and led to a persistent change in the level of city population.
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions under in vivo conditions during interstitial cell migration in Hydra vulgaris

Interstitial cell (I-cell) migration in hydra is essential for establishment of the regional cell differentiation pattern in the organism. All previous in vivo studies have indicated that cell migration in hydra is a result of cell-cell interactions and chemotaxic gradients. Recently, in vitro cell adhesion studies indicated that isolated nematocytes could bind to substrata coated with isolated hydra mesoglea, fibronectin and type IV collagen. Under these conditions, nematocytes could be observed to migrate on some of these extracellular matrix components. By modifying previously described hydra grafting techniques, two procedures were developed to test specifically the role of extracellular matrix components during in vivo I-cell migration in hydra. In one approach, the extracellular matrix structure of the apical half of the hydra graft was perturbed using beta-aminopropionitrile and beta-xyloside. In the second approach, grafts were treated with fibronectin, RGDS synthetic peptide and antibody to fibronectin after grafting was performed. In both cases, I-cell migration from the basal half to the apical half of the grafts was quantitatively analyzed. Statistical analysis indicated that beta-aminopropionitrile, fibronectin, RGDS synthetic peptide and antibody to fibronectin all were inhibitory to I-cell migration as compared to their respective controls. beta-xyloside treatment had no effect on interstitial cell migration. These results indicate the potential importance of cell-extracellular matrix interactions during in vivo I-cell migration in hydra.
On detection of nonstationarity in radar signal processing

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) has become a leading technique in airborne radar signal processing. The optimality of the STAP assumes the stationarity of the covariance matrices. In practice, however, the covariance matrices may be nonstationary. If such nonstationarity is not detected and not well treated, the STAP system's performance decreases substantially. In this paper, we present two detectors for detecting the covariance matrix nonstationarity. We form the first detector based on generalized likelihood ratio test, which inherits the property of asymptotically optimal detection performance. A second detector employs Rao test and requires significantly less computation than the first detector, which can be the favorable choice when computation load is of concern to the signal processing system.
Droplet Size Distribution from Bulk Flashing

Droplet size distributions from the bulk flashing of 50°C superheated water were measured experimentally. The distributions were lognormal, with a geometric mean droplet diameter Dg of 124 µm and a...
Characterization of multiphoton emission from aggregated gold nano particles

Although gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are promising probes for biological imaging because of their attracting optical properties and bio-friendly nature, properties of the multi-photon (MP) emission from GNP aggregates produced by a short-wave infrared (SWIR) laser have not been examined. In this paper, characterization of MP emission from aggregated 50 nm GNPs excited by a femtosecond (fs) laser at 1560 nm is discussed with respect to aggregate structures. The key technique in this work is single particle spectroscopy. A pattern matching technique is applied to correlate MP emission and SEM images, which includes an optimization processes to maximize cross correlation coefficients between a binary microscope image and a binary SEM image with respect to xy displacement, image rotation angle, and image magnification. Once optimization is completed, emission spots are matched to the SEM image, which clarifies GNP ordering and emission properties of each aggregate. Correlation results showed that GNP aggregates have stronger MP emission than single GNPs. By combining the pattern matching technique with spectroscopy, MP emission spectrum is characterized for each GNP aggregate. A broad spectrum in the visible region and near infrared (NIR) region is obtained from GNP dimers, unlike previously reported surface plasmon enhanced emission spectrum.
India’s Foreign Policy Priorities and the Emergence of a Modi Doctrine

India’s current Prime Minister Narendra Modi is often touted as India’s Deng Xiaoping, expected to lead the country on a path of economic reform and accelerated growth.1 While Modi rose to power on...
Can oil tax policy change exploration levels?: Empirical evidence from Alaska oil legislation

ABSTRACTThe main contribution of this paper is to examine the effect of a change in Alaska’s oil tax policy such as the 2007 Alaska’s Clear and Equitable Share (ACES) on the production of oil in Alaska, controlling for changes in macroeconomic conditions such as crude oil prices and interest rates. An autogressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach is employed to quarterly data for 1986:q1–2013:q1. The results show that the 2007 ACES has a significantly adverse effect on Alaska oil production in the both short- and long run. It is also found that the oil price plays a determinant role in influencing the short- and long-run behavior of Alaska oil production. Finally, the interest rate has been a significant effect on oil production in the short run, but has little impact in the long run.
Bishomoisoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates as inhibitors of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase

Protein geranylgeranylation reactions are dependent on the availability of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), which serves as the isoprenoid donor. Inhibition of GGDP synthase (GGDPS) is of interest from a drug development perspective as GGDPS inhibition results in impaired protein geranylgeranylation, which in multiple myeloma, disrupts monoclonal protein trafficking and induces apoptosis. We have recently reported a series of isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates and have demonstrated that a 3:1 mixture of homogeranyl and homoneryl isomers potently, and in a synergistic manner, inhibits GGDPS. We now present the synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel series of bishomoisoprenoid triazoles which furthers our understanding of the structure-function relationship of this class. These studies demonstrate the importance of chain length and olefin stereochemistry on inhibitory activity.
Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Ferrimagn Etic Phases Precipitated in Simulated Lunar Glasses Heat Treated in the Presence of Oxygen

Since the return of the first lunar samples by the Apollo 11 astronauts, lunar material has been investigated by virtually every well-known chemical, physical, and mineralogical technique.1 It is known, for instance, that lunar soils comprise up to 50% glass and that these lunar glasses have compositions similar to those of the “moon rocks”, i.e., 40–50% SiO2, 30–40% (CaO+MgO+FeO), 10–20% Al203, 0–8% TiO2 and <1% other individual constituents by weight. It is also known that lunar material is highly reduced with respect to terrestrial rocks; hydrated minerals are absent, or present in trace amounts only. There is ample evidence1 that ~ 99% of the iron dissolved in lunar glasses is present as Fe2+, while up to ~ 0. 5 wt % metallic iron may be included as microscopic or submicroscopic suspensions. It is hardly surprising that, when lunar soils were found to exhibit an intense “characteristic” ferromagnetic resonance signal1, it was ascribed to small, spherical particles of metallic iron. 2 Indeed, it was shown2 by computer simulation techniques that the “characteristic” resonance could be characterized by a positive anisotropy constant, 2K1/Ms~ 500 Oe, as for iron metal.
Modeling and simulation of catastrophic events affecting critical infrastructure systems

Critical infrastructure systems are very important to the socioeconomic stability of any nation and the overall well-being of humans. However, those infrastructure systems are vulnerable to the distractive forces of natural and anthropogenic episodic events. In response to security and safety concerns related to the infrastructure new applied computing methodologies have been developed for training of law enforcement and security personnel, improving assessment tools for first responders, detailing mitigation and evacuation planning, and providing realistic analysis of various emergency scenarios. Those methodologies involve development of simulation, animation and visualization computer applications for disaster prevention, response and mitigation. These applications can also assist in incident analysis, and planning of massive emergency evacuation and transportation. The applications involve an integrated combination of a variety of software packages. This study describes some infrastructure safety and security projects that utilized a combination of different software such as AutoCad, Adobe Photoshop, Global Mapper, ArcGIS (ESRI), Di-Guy (Boston Dynamics), Presagis (MultiGen-Paradigm), and AIMSUN.
Relationship between Key Space and User Performance on Reduced Keyboards.

Small computers are much in demand for mobile computing. However, keyboard size is an obstacle to further size reduction. Reducing the space occupied by keys would affect the usability of the keyboard. On the other hand, if the keys were closer together, the fingers would reach them faster. This could improve typing performance. An experiment was therefore conducted to investigate the relationship between users' performance and the center-to-center key space of reduced-size keyboards. Eighteen touch-typists were asked to do a word typing task on five different keyboards. A standard keyboard with a key space of 19.05 mm and smaller keyboards with key spaces of 16.7, 16.0, 15.6, and 15.0 mm were used in this study. No performance degradation was found on keyboards with a key space of 16.7 mm for faster typists (those capable of about 40 wpm), including those with large fingers (97.5 percentile of Japanese adult males). For faster typists with narrow fingers, there was no performance degradation on keyboards with a key space of 15.0 mm.
Characterizing Sources of Uncertainty from Global Climate Models and Downscaling Techniques

AbstractIn recent years, climate model experiments have been increasingly oriented toward providing information that can support local and regional adaptation to the expected impacts of anthropogenic climate change. This shift has magnified the importance of downscaling as a means to translate coarse-scale global climate model (GCM) output to a finer scale that more closely matches the scale of interest. Applying this technique, however, introduces a new source of uncertainty into any resulting climate model ensemble. Here a method is presented, on the basis of a previously established variance decomposition method, to partition and quantify the uncertainty in climate model ensembles that is attributable to downscaling. The method is applied to the southeastern United States using five downscaled datasets that represent both statistical and dynamical downscaling techniques. The combined ensemble is highly fragmented, in that only a small portion of the complete set of downscaled GCMs and emission scenario...
Immune Checkpoint Combinations with Inflammatory Pathway Modulators

Immune checkpoint inhibition of program death protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 is an established therapeutic modality in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and other tumor types. Unfortunately, 60 to 80% of all patients experience disease progression and become refractory to immune checkpoint therapies. Broadly, mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance can be categorized as presence of oncogenic driver mutations, severe T cell exhaustion, neoantigen burden, epigenetic alterations, or mutations involved in critical pathways including PTEN, JAK, or Wnt signaling. The dysregulation of inflammatory signaling pathways (namely, genes involved in angiogenesis, chemotaxis, matrix remodeling, wound healing, and mesenchymal transition) is of critical importance to response to immune checkpoint therapies. Inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways exert downstream effects on immunosuppressive elements such as regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) which inhibit the function of effector T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells, promoting immune tolerance and tumor growth. We herein review three targets for inflammatory pathway modulation: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), and adenosine. Targeting these pathways may address the unmet need to develop novel therapeutic approaches to increase response rates to immune checkpoint inhibitors and improve clinical outcomes.
Safe Opioid Prescribing and Controlled Substance Policies

Chronic opioid therapy is frequently utilized when patients suffer from persistently severe and disabling pain, but it is often associated with a myriad of prescribing challenges and clinical risks. This chapter explores the potential risks and benefits of chronic opioid use and how to anticipate, prevent, and mitigate these risks in a busy academic outpatient clinic.
Terahertz Plasmonic Structures Based on Spatially Varying Conductivities

Terahertz plasmonic structures are demonstrated in which the conductivity of the metallic film is varied spatially in order to further enhance the response. Using a commercially available inkjet printer, in which one cartridge is filled with conductive silver ink and a second cartridge is filled with resistive carbon ink, computer generated drawings of plasmonic structures are printed in which the individual printed dots can have differing amounts of the two inks, thereby creating a spatial variation in the conductivity. The silver ink has a DC conductivity that is only a factor of six lower than bulk silver, while the carbon ink acts as a lossy dielectric at THz frequencies. Both inks sinter at room temperature immediately after contact with the plastic film. Using a periodic array of subwavelength apertures as a test structure, patterns printed with different fractional amounts of the two inks show dramatically different enhanced optical transmission properties. These differences arise from changes in the propagation loss properties as a function of conductivity. This data is used to design and fabricate aperture arrays in which the conductivity varies spatially. The resulting plasmonic effect is found to dramatically alter the spatial beam profile of the transmitted THz radiation, as measured by THz imaging.
Nurse Stressors and Satisfiers in the NICU.

Background:Working in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can be both rewarding and stressful. Stressors can outweigh satisfiers, leading to job dissatisfaction and turnover. Nurse retention remains a problem, particularly for nurses within the first year of employment.Purpose:The purpose of this
Abd-El-Kadr, or ‘The Found Leader’

For the emerging generation of poets and novelists in Britain, the 1840s were a time for new heroes and role models. In the context of his disenchantment with the aged Wordsworth (‘The Lost Leader’), Browning may have found in Emir Abd-el-Kader of Algeria, a fitting, principled, surrogate hero, the very personification of ‘action in character.’ His fascination with the Algerian is expressed in his 1842 poem Through the Metidja to Abd-el Kadr. Browning may have end-stopped parataxis in Through the Metidja to emulate the classical Arabic qaṣīda or ode. This dramatic monologue is a consummate treasure for its vividness and subtle condensation of vast and wide-ranging materials into a distillation of just a few cryptic lines, images, and meanings.
A learning system and its psychological implications

ACT is a computer simulation program that uses a propositional network to represent knowledge of facts and a set of productions (condition - action rules) to represent knowledge of procedures. There are currently four different mechanisms by which ACT can make additions and modifications to its set of productions: designation, strengthening, generalization, and discrimination. Designation refers to the ability of productions to call for the creation of new productions. Strengthening a production involves adjusting the amount of system resources that will be allocated to its processing. Finally, generalization and discrimination refer to complementary processes that produce better performance by either extending or restricting the range of situations in which a production will apply. Theae learning mechanisms are used to simulate experiments on prototype formation. ACT successfully accounts for the effects of distance of instances from a central tendency, frequency of individual instances, and the family resemblance structure of categories.
Overview and Microscopic Survey of the Placenta

For the novice in placental pathology, histologic sections of the organ may look confusing since they contain not only a broad variety of differently structured villi but also many nonvillous structures as well. This chapter introduces those basic histologic features and architecture that leap out when inspecting a section of the placenta. Histology of the nonvillous portions of the villi is discussed in Chap. 8.
Microstructure, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms of friction stir welded Kanthal APMT™ steel

Abstract Kanthal APMT™ steel (Fe-22Cr-5Al-3Mo) is being investigated for possible use as an accident-tolerant fuel cladding material in advanced light water reactors. Generally, high-chromium ferritic steels do not have good weldability because of a variety of metallurgical issues. In the present study, friction stir welding (FSW), a solid-state joining process, was applied to a Kanthal APMT™ plate in a bead-on-plate configuration using a tool rotation rate of 600 RPM and a traverse speed of 25.4 mm/min. Microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated to determine the weld quality and examine feasibility of applying FSW as a joining technique for this steel. Microstructural characteristics were examined by optical microscopy and electron microscopy. The stir zone (SZ) contained equiaxed grain structure with an average grain size of 13.7 μm. Interestingly, Vickers microhardness profile across the processed zone revealed no significant change in microhardness. Mini-tensile testing, however, showed a marked improvement in mechanical properties of the SZ in the longitudinal direction compared to the base metal. The results are discussed in the light of fundamental strengthening mechanisms.
Where Are We?: On War and Peace and NPT and Safeguards

Representatives from seventeen countries met in Tallberg, Sweden, June 1973 to discuss big issues of these times, but more specifically, the nuclear proliferation problems. The topics discussed were the spread of nuclear technology; military consequences of the spread of nuclear technology; new- nuclear developments; safeguards; cooperation in peaceful uses of nuclear energy; security problems of non-nuclear weapon countries; and the forthcoming Non- Proliferation Treaty review conference in 1975. The views of the author are presented and serve as a warning to the communities. (MCW)
The Notch and β-Catenin Pathways

While central driver mutations in molecules involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway appear to be involved in the majority of melanomas, concurrent activation of various parallel pathways occurs essentially in all cases. Distinct subsets of melanomas show evidence of activation of a variety of additional signaling cascades; two of these, the Notch and β-catenin pathways, are molecular events first characterized for roles in developmental biology that clearly can participate in malignant transformation. Importantly, therapeutic agents that target these pathways are just entering clinical trial testing. It is anticipated that clinical investigation of these agents, combined with intensive biomarker analysis to identify predictors of response and resistance and also to establish biologically active doses of these agents, may generate new classes of therapeutics with the potential to benefit major subsets of melanoma patients.
Bringing attention restoration theory to the classroom: A tablet app using nature videos to replenish effortful cognition

Abstract Objectives We developed the Calm Spot app, which displays one, randomly selected two-minute nature video per usage, for the purpose of replenishing children’s focused engagement in the subsequent live educational activities in their classroom. The present report has three aims: 1) To describe the theoretical model and technical features of the Calm Spot intervention, which includes a tablet app, physical space in the classroom, and teacher professional development program; 2) To present usage patterns and feasibility results from the first Calm Spot implementation and 3) To explore whether Calm Spot usage was concentrated among students who need it most, i.e., those with initially greater self-regulation and academic challenges. Methods The Calm Spot was implemented in 115 kindergarten through second grade classrooms (approximately 2300 students) in a high-poverty urban center within the U.S. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze the relationship between app usage data, and children’s performance on the Flanker executive function task, and the Woodcock Johnson applied problems and letter-word sub-tests. Results A small majority of the sample (≈ 54%) used the Calm Spot regularly. In high usage classrooms, individuals with higher initial individual-level academic performance were more likely to use the Calm Spot, whereas in lower-usage classrooms individuals with lower initial academic performance were more likely to use it. Conclusions Low usage classrooms may have used the Calm Spot as “triage” for the most inattentive students, yet, the absolute level of use was likely not sufficient to provide compensatory benefits for these students. Ideas for increasing implementation are discussed.
Multimodal Evaluation of Mental Workload Using a Hybrid EEGfNIRS Brain-Computer Interface System *

Despite great advances in state-of-the-art braincomputer interfaces (BCIs), most BCIs do not consider users’ cognitive status during operation, which might have a critical role in BCI performance. This study proposes a novel multimodal BCI to concurrently measure electrical and hemodynamic activities using electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), and to quantify the neural correlates of mental arithmetic-induced workload at multiscale levels in two groups of old and young. We propose an oddball-based Math paradigm where the subjects performed a set of mental arithmetic operations at the target intensifications. Our analysis demonstrated an increase of EEG-delta and theta, a decrease of alpha, and an increase of fNIRS-oxyhemoglobin (HbO) level associated with mental workload, which were significantly observed in the elder group. The changes of EEG-delta, theta, and HbO were primarily found in the frontal and prefrontal areas while alpha was mainly seen in the parietal locations. The preliminary analyses suggest a set of functional brain processing, at multiscale levels, required by mental workload conditions that is more profound in the elder group.
Block copolymer-based porous carbons for supercapacitors

Porous carbons are promising materials for supercapacitor electrodes owing to their excellent electrical conductivity, high surface area, unique porous networks, and superior chemical inertness. This article summarizes the recent development of block copolymer-based porous carbons for supercapacitor electrodes. We first introduce the fundamentals of supercapacitors and block copolymers, followed by representative examples to highlight the use of block copolymers for fabricating porous carbons that have morphologies unattainable by other strategies. Instead of a comprehensive review, the article surveys papers published within the past five years. We discuss block copolymer-based porous carbons in the formats of zero-dimensional powders, one-dimensional fibers, two-dimensional films, and three-dimensional monoliths. In the end, the article presents a few challenges and opportunities associated with the application of block copolymers for supercapacitors.
Methods for Utilizing Multidisciplinary Team to Create Novel Visual Alarm Designs That Improve Recognition of Patient Decompensation and Alarm Response

The overwhelming number of alarms on medical center floors are false and nonactionable. This leads to delay in alarm response and adverse events. Furthermore, current alarm technology does not have...
Large domains of apparent delayed replication timing associated with triplet repeat expansion at FRAXA and FRAXE.

Abstract Trinucleotide repeat expansions have been implicated in the causation of a number of neurodegenerative disorders. In the case of fragile X syndrome, full expansion of the FMR1 repeat element (CGG)n has also been correlated with replication timing delay of the locus and proximal flanking sequences in male lymphoblasts. To define more extensively this altered region of DNA replication, as well as to extend these studies to female cells containing premutant and mutant alleles, study of the replication timing properties of a >2-Mb zone in the FRAXA region (Xq27.3-q28) was undertaken by using a FISH technique. In this assay, relative times of replication of specific loci are inferred from the ratios of singlet and doublet hybridization signals in interphase nuclei. In all individuals with a full expansion of the trinucleotide repeat, a large (1-1.2-Mb) region of delayed timing was observed; the apparent timing of the earlier-replicating allele in female cells in this region was intermediate between normal and affected alleles in males, which is in accordance with expectations of a mixed population of cells resulting from random X inactivation. In addition, expansion of the nearby FRAXE locus also was found to correlate with replication timing delay, although the extent of the altered region was somewhat less. Trinucleotide repeat expansion thus may be acting in the Xq27.3-q28 region to alter long-range chromatin structure that could influence transcription of gene sequences within the affected domain.
Effects of Particle Size of Inhaled Corticosteroid on the Voice.

Summary Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine if inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) particle size influences the development of laryngitis including candida laryngitis, dysphonia, or vocalis muscle atrophy in asthmatic patients. Study Design Retrospective analysis. Methods Medical records of patients from a quaternary care laryngology practice who have asthma were reviewed retrospectively. Subjects were divided into two groups determined by the particle size of their ICS, small or standard. Each patient only used one type of inhaler. All subjects had been seen in the office for dysphonia evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed on the collected data using χ2 analysis with Yate's Correction for categorical data and a student t-test for means. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results There was a significant difference in vocal fold atrophy rate between groups. Conclusion Routine use of standard particle size ICS is associated with more atrophy than small size ICS.
Observational study of recombinant factor VIII-Fc, rFVIIIFc, in hemophilia A.

Abstract Introduction rFVIIIFc (Eloctate) is an extended-half-life recombinant factor VIII-Fc fusion protein that may promote factor VIII (FVIII) tolerance through Fc immunoregulatory properties. Yet, little is known regarding its immunogenicity in patients with hemophilia A (HA) or in HA with inhibitors (HA-I), including tolerized, immune tolerance induction (ITI)-refractory, or ITI-naive. Methods We reviewed medical records of 60 patients, including 2 previously-untreated patients (PUPs) and 58 previously-treated patients (PTPs), cared for between 01/01/06 and 06/01/17, on whom anti-FVIII antibody data were available before and after initiating rFVIIIFc. Continuous data were analyzed by student's t-test, and discrete data by chi square or Fisher's exact test. Results After initiating rFVIIIFc, one of two HA PUPs developed a low-responding (LR) inhibitor after 10 exposures, which resolved (anti-VIII Discussion rFVIIIFc was immunogenic in HA PUPs and in HA-I PTPs persistently ITI-naive or ITI-refractory, with inhibitor resolution in the majority. rFVIIIFc immunogenicity appears to be similar to other FVIII products.
Design and testing of advanced vehicle system additions for a small liquid propellant engine with lessons learned

The Liquid Rocket Launch Vehicle and Engine Teams of the Cal Poly Pomona Liquid Rocket Lab in the 2019-2020 academic year developed two additional support system elements which were needed for use with the vehicle/engine hot fire testing The first support system element was alternate engine start valves, developed for use in the engine testing due to problems that were encountered with the original engine start valves (pyro actuated inline valves) during cold flows of the LV The second vehicle support system was the strongback LV erector This special LV support system was needed to accomplish the hot engine firing under the constraints of the FAR-Mars competition rules This paper describes the status of the CPP FAR-Mars competition progress and these two new vehicle systems modifications developed during our program activity Some of our testing objectives were postponed due to the COVID19 activity constraints © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA All rights reserved
Prediction error in iris suture fixated intraocular lenses and long-term stability.

Importance Little evidence exists for prediction error in iris-sutured intraocular lenses. Background To determine the magnitude of prediction error in iris-sutured intraocular lenses, associated factors and their long-term stability. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized, noncomparative case series conducted at the Wilmer Eye Institute (Baltimore, Maryland, United States). Participants Adult patients with subluxated intraocular lenses that underwent iris-suture fixation between January 2000 and December 2014 by a single surgeon. Pregnant women, children (below the age of 18) and cases with follow-up under 1 month were excluded. Methods Prediction error was calculated in 60 eyes and survival analysis was performed on 99 eyes. Main outcome measures Prediction error (the difference between the postoperative manifest refraction in spherical equivalent and the spherical equivalent predicted by the Barrett Universal II, Holladay 2 and SRK/T formulas), preoperative and postoperative distance-corrected visual acuity, manifest refraction, frequency of postoperative complications and time until re-subluxation. Results Mean prediction error using the Barrett formula was -0.35 ± 1.0 D. Higher axial length (≥25.5 mm) was associated with greater prediction error (-0.72 ± 1.11 D vs -0.18 ± 0.91 D, P = .048). Twelve re-subluxations occurred over a mean follow-up period of 30.28 ± 41.86 months. The predicted 50% survival of iris-sutured lenses was 114.25 months. Conclusions and relevance Iris-suture fixation may require moderate lens power adjustment to compensate for prediction error, especially in eyes with higher axial length. Longer follow-up demonstrates that iris-suture fixation remains a viable technique, yet re-subluxations require routine monitoring of such eyes.
Molecular Characterization of a Dual Endothelin-1/Angiotensin II Receptor

The molecular recognition theory (MRT) provides a conceptual framework that could explain the evolution of intermolecular and intramolecular interaction of peptides and proteins. As such, it predicts that binding sites of peptide hormones, and its receptor binding sites were originally encoded by and evolved from complementary strands of genomic DNA. On the basis of principles underlying the MRT, we screened a rat brain complementary DNA library using an AngII followed by an endothelin-1 (ET-1) antisense oligonucleotide probe, expecting to isolate potential cognate receptors. An identical cDNA clone was isolated independently from both the AngII and ET-1 oligonucleotide screenings. Structural analysis revealed a receptor polypeptide containing a single predicted transmembrane region with distinct ET-1 and AngII putative binding domains. Functional analysis demonstrated ET-1-and AngII-specific binding as well as ET-1- and AngII-induced coupling to a Ca2+ mobilizing transduction system. Amino acid substitutions within the predicted ET-1 binding domain obliterate ET-1 binding while preserving AngII binding, thus defining the structural determinants of ET-1 binding within the dual ET-1/AngII receptor, as well as corroborating the dual nature of the receptor. Elucidation of the dual ET-1/AngII receptor provides further molecular genetic evidence in support of the molecular recognition theory and identifies for the first time a molecular link between the ET-1 and AngII hormonal systems that could underlie observed similar physiological responses elicited by ET-1 and AngII in different organ systems. The prominent expression of the ET-1 /AngII receptor mRNA in brain and heart tissues suggests an important role in cardiovascular function in normal and pathophysiological states.
GA-SVM-Based Facial Emotion Recognition Using Facial Geometric Features

This paper presents a facial emotion recognition technique using two newly defined geometric features, landmark curvature and vectorized landmark. These features are extracted from facial landmarks associated with individual components of facial muscle movements. The presented method combines support vector machine (SVM) based classification with a genetic algorithm (GA) for a multi-attribute optimization problem of feature and parameter selection. Experimental evaluations were conducted on the extended Cohn-Kanade dataset (CK+) and the Multimedia Understanding Group (MUG) dataset. For 8-class CK+, 7-class CK+, and 7-class MUG, the validation accuracy was 93.57, 95.58, and 96.29%; and the test accuracy resulted in 95.85, 97.59, and 96.56%, respectively. Overall precision, recall, and F1-score were about 0.97, 0.95, and 0.96. For further evaluation, the presented technique was compared with a convolutional neural network (CNN), one of the widely adopted methods for facial emotion recognition. The presented method showed slightly higher test accuracy than CNN for 8-class CK+ (95.85% (SVM) vs. 95.43% (CNN)) and 7-class CK+ (97.59 vs. 97.34), while the CNN slightly outperformed on the 7-class MUG dataset (96.56 vs. 99.62). Compared to CNN-based approaches, this method employs less complicated models and thus shows potential for real-time machine vision applications in automated systems.