cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can the usage of human growth hormones affect facial appearance and the accuracy of face recognition systems

In law enforcement and security applications, the acquisition of face images is critical in producing key trace evidence for the successful identification of potential threats. The goal of the study is to demonstrate that steroid usage significantly affects human facial appearance and hence, the performance of commercial and academic face recognition (FR) algorithms. In this work, we evaluate the performance of state-of-the-art FR algorithms on two unique face image datasets of subjects before (gallery set) and after (probe set) steroid (or human growth hormone) usage. For the purpose of this study, datasets of 73 subjects were created from multiple sources found on the Internet, containing images of men and women before and after steroid usage. Next, we geometrically pre-processed all images of both face datasets. Then, we applied image restoration techniques on the same face datasets, and finally, we applied FR algorithms in order to match the pre-processed face images of our probe datasets against the face images of the gallery set. Experimental results demonstrate that only a specific set of FR algorithms obtain the most accurate results (in terms of the rank-1 identification rate). This is because there are several factors that influence the efficiency of face matchers including (i) the time lapse between the before and after image pre-processing and restoration face photos, (ii) the usage of different drugs (e.g. Dianabol, Winstrol, and Decabolan), (iii) the usage of different cameras to capture face images, and finally, (iv) the variability of standoff distance, illumination and other noise factors (e.g. motion noise). All of the previously mentioned complicated scenarios make clear that cross-scenario matching is a very challenging problem and, thus, further investigation is required.
How would you like to live

"How Would You Like To Live" is a graphical articulation manifest from user sensory "wishes" supplied by an architectural client building a new home. It was crafted to help the designer in under-standing the needs of the client through emergent, patterned, non 1:1 results. Through the use of a parametrically-driven procedural network with parametric inputs supplied by the client, a graphical "depiction" of the user's hopes, dreams, and senses towards the occupation of domestic space was generated.
Site-specific characterization of the Asp- and Glu-ADP-ribosylated proteome

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is catalyzed by a family of enzymes known as PARPs. We describe a method to characterize the human aspartic acid- and glutamic acid-ADP-ribosylated proteome. We identified 1,048 ADP-ribosylation sites on 340 proteins involved in a wide array of nuclear functions; among these were many previously unknown PARP downstream targets whose ADP-ribosylation was sensitive to PARP inhibitor treatment. We also confirmed that iniparib had a negligible effect on PARP activity in intact cells.
One Sample Limits of Some Two-Sample Rank Tests

Abstract A composite hypothesis asserting some kind of equality about two distributions may be tested by use of a two-sample statistic. It is often true that if one sample size is allowed to become infinite in this statistic then it is interpretable as one for testing a simple hypothesis about the distribution furnishing the finite sample. (The simple hypothesis is furnished by the “infinite sample.”) Wilcoxon's two-sample test studied in this way becomes a useful tool for certain kinds of problems. A rank test of Lehmann's reduces to either Fisher's test for combining independent tests of significance or to one once proposed by Karl Pearson for the same purpose. Two natural one-sample limits of two-sample median tests are also presented.
Thoracic surgical involvement in vascular surgery.

1. In 1972, a Committee on Certification was appointed by the Society for Vascular Surgery with American Board of Thoracic Surgery (ABTS) representation to interface with the American Board of Surgery (ABS) on the development of vascular certification. 2. In 1974, a Committee for Vascular Surgery was formed by the ABS that included members from the Society for Vascular Surgery, the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery (ISCVS), the ABS, and the ABTS. 3. In 1980, these representatives became full members of the ABS. The ABTS member appointed to the ABS became a member of that board’s Vascular Committee, Vascular Examination Committee, and the Credential Committee. With the formation of the Sub-Board for Vascular Surgery in 1998, the Vascular Committee of the ABS was disbanded. The ABTS representative to the ABS was not appointed to the subboard. 4. In 1982, The American Board of Medical Specialties approved the certification of vascular surgeons. Ten members of the ABS and 4 members of the ABTS took and passed the first vascular surgical examination. 5. In 1982, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education approved the accreditation of vascular surgery training programs, and the Residency Review Committee (RRC) for surgery began the accreditation process. A requirement for the evaluation of vascular programs was that a representative of the RRC for thoracic surgery be involved in those meetings. This representation ceased to be a requirement in the early 1990s, and thoracic surgery is no longer represented in the evaluation and accreditation of vascular surgical programs. 6. In 1984 the RRC for surgery accredited 20 vascular surgical programs, of which two were part of a thoracic surgical program. The requirements for a combined vascular surgery and thoracic surgery program have changed through the years, but the RRC still approves vascular surgical programs that are components of an accredited thoracic surgical program. The year in vascular surgery must be in addition to 7 years of general surgical and thoracic surgical training. Four of the currently approved vascular surgery programs would fit that description.
Using computed muscle control to generate forward dynamic simulations of human walking from experimental data

The objective of this study was to develop an efficient methodology for generating muscle-actuated simulations of human walking that closely reproduce experimental measures of kinematics and ground reaction forces. We first introduce a residual elimination algorithm (REA) to compute pelvis and low back kinematic trajectories that ensure consistency between whole-body dynamics and measured ground reactions. We then use a computed muscle control (CMC) algorithm to vary muscle excitations to track experimental joint kinematics within a forward dynamic simulation. CMC explicitly accounts for delays in muscle force production resulting from activation and contraction dynamics while using a general static optimization framework to resolve muscle redundancy. CMC was used to compute muscle excitation patterns that drove a 21-degrees-of-freedom, 92 muscle model to track experimental gait data of 10 healthy young adults. Simulated joint kinematics closely tracked experimental quantities (mean root-mean-squared errors generally less than 1°), and the time histories of muscle activations were similar to electromyographic recordings. A simulation of a half-cycle of gait could be generated using approximately 30 min of computer processing time. The speed and accuracy of REA and CMC make it practical to generate subject-specific simulations of gait.
Quantum confinement effects in germanium nanowires studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS)

Organic monolayer-coated single-crystal germanium (Ge) nanowires ranging from 8 to 80 nm in diameter were synthesized by the gold nanocrystal-seeded supercritical-fluid-liquid-solid (SFLS) approach and studied by energy loss spectroscopy (ELS) on a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Energy losses from a ~0.5 nm diameter electron probe due to scattering from volume and surface plasmons vary with respect to the probe position relative to the nanowire surface, and the volume plasmon energy increases with decreasing diameter for nanowires narrower than 24 nm. Below 24 nm, the organic monolayer-coated nanowires also exhibit size-dependent Ge 3d core ionization spectra that shift to higher energy with reduced diameter that are independent of probe position relative to the surface.
Feminism, pacifism, internationalism and the 1915 international congress of women

Abstract In a bold protest, women in 1915 took collective action across political boundaries during time of war to establish peace. These courageous women from both warring and neutral nations, committed to suffrage and to peace, made a major contribution for reconceptualizing society as a global system and in enabling the concept of the solidarity of women to hold fast during the turbulent years of World War I. Feminists today can draw upon the teachings of these foremothers: working for peace in times of threat to nationalism will bring censure and penalties. Intensified efforts for peace, as was true in 1915, will release passionate nationalism from many women who do not acknowledge or accept the psychological and ideological link between the forces against peace and those found in other forms of exploitation of women. The theory that peace can be maintained by competing armaments is a fallacy. Peace is more than the absence of war; it requires social change toward economic, social and political justice. Women must refuse to sanction a form of patriotism based on hatred between nations and authority dependent upon force and violence.
Temperature and pH effects on myoglobin optical absorption spectra

Myoglobin is an important intracellular oxygen transport molecule in muscle. Oxygen binding to myoglobin can be determined spectroscopically due to differences in absorption of oxymyoglobin and deoxymyoglobin. Myoglobin oxygenation can be used as a measure of intracellular oxygen tension in muscle. We sought to determine the effects of differences in temperature and pH on myoglobin absorption spectra in the near-infrared spectral region. Transmission spectra were taken of pure solutions of oxymyoglobin and deoxymyoglobin at 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°C at pH values of 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0 (n=4). In second derivative spectra at 40°C, the deoxymyoglobin peak near 760 nm was shifted by 0.9-1.2 nm toward longer wavelengths relative to 10°C at constant pH. Differences in pH did not result in statistically significant shifts in this peak at constant temperature. Estimations of myoglobin saturation from myoglobin spectra with intermediate saturations were obtained by least squares (LS) and partial least squares (PLS) analyses. Both algorithms estimate myoglobin saturation with small root mean square errors (<1e-6) when component spectra and calibration set spectra are at the same temperature as test spectra (n=100). However, when spectra at 20°C or 40°C were used as component spectra in LS with test spectra at 30°C (all at pH 7.0), errors were 0.8% and 1.4%, respectively. PLS analysis of 30°C test spectra using 20°C or 40°C calibration set spectra yielded errors of 1.6% and 1.5%, respectively. When the PLS analysis is endpoint corrected, these errors become vanishingly small. These results demonstrate that peak shifts due to temperature are potential sources of error if calibration and test spectra differ by 10°C. These errors can be minimized by appropriate spectral analytic methods.
Measurement of vapor pressure of indium over α ag-ln using atomic absorption

The vapor pressure of indium over seven binary alloys of theα Ag-ln system was measured by atomic absorption. Thermodynamic activity, relative partial molal enthalpy, and partial entropy of indium were calculated from the vapor pressures and their temperature coefficients. The results were used to evaluate an equation derived previously from the rigid band model, giving the composition dependence of the activity coefficient of solutes in terminal solutions to which the Hume-Rothery e/a correlations apply. This treatment ascribes the nonideal behavior of alloy components to electronic factors. The observed behavior is consistent with the linear dependence of In γsolute on atom fraction predicted by the model; the observed dependence ofd In γsolute/dXsolute on solute valence also substantiates the model. The results are believed to be the first measurement of the activity of a trivalent solute in solid alloys of copper, silver or gold of the type treated by thee/a correlations. Atomic absorption was found to be suitable for the measurement of vapor pressure of indium, although the reliability of the temperature coefficients was not high because of the restricted temperature range covered.
Do Advance Letters Improve Preelection Forecast Accuracy

The survey methodology literature has debated whether advance letters to potential survey respondents will reduce nonresponse bias and thereby improve the accuracy of preelection forecasts. This research note analyzes the results of experiments conducted in Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania in which advance letters were sent to a random sample of potential survey respondents to 2002 preelection surveys. We find a significant increase in the overall response rate, although notably less than in past studies. However, the advance letters did not improve the representativeness of survey respondents or the accuracy of the election forecasts.
Increased ribonuclease activity of nuclei of liver cells of thioacetamide-treated rats

Abstract An eight-fold increase in nuclear ribonuclease activity was found 24 to 48 hours after administration of thioacetamide in a dose of 50 mg/kg. This effect was not associated with an increased activity of cytoplasmic ribonuclease, or increase numbers of nuclei. Moreover, nuclei of regenerating livers did not have an increased ribonuclease activity. The possibility exists that nuclear ribonucleases hydrolyze nuclear precursors of ribosomes in thioacetamide-treated animals and the increased nucleolar synthesis of RNA reflects a loss of feedback controls.
Absence of Carcinogenic Activity in Fischer Rats and B6C3F1 Mice Following 103-Week Inhalation Exposures to Toluene

Toluene, methylbenzene, is used to back-blend gasoline, as a chemical intermediate, and as a solvent; more than 7 million tonnes are produced each year in the United States. Following 14-15-week toxicity studies to estimate appropriate exposure concentrations for the carcinogenesis bioassays, toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of toluene (>99% pure) were conducted by whole-body inhalation exposures of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 15 months or two years. Toluene levels were 0 (chamber controls), 600, and 1,200 ppm for rats and 0, 120, 600, and 1200 ppm for mice. Exposures were 6.5 hr/day 5 days/wk. Genetic toxicology studies using Salmonella typhimurium, mouse L5178Y lymphoma cells, and Chinese hamster ovary cells were negative. No chemically related neoplasm was found in male rats, and one nasal, two kidney, and two forestomach neoplasms observed in female rats were considered not to be associated with the toluene exposure. For mice, no biologically important increase was observed for any nonneoplastic or neoplastic lesion. Studies by others had reported carcinogenicity of toluene, especially for total malignant tumors.
Sodium pentobarbital abolishes bursting spontaneous activity of dorsal cochlear nucleus in rat brain slices.

There is evidence that pentobarbital, a commonly used anesthetic, can affect neuronal activity, but its effects on particular neurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) are not well known. Bursting (complex spiking) spontaneous activity has been observed in the DCN in brain slice preparations and in recordings from unanesthetized decerebrate animals, but seldom in experiments with anesthetized animals. This study investigated the effects of pentobarbital on spontaneous activity in the DCN in brain slices. Most extracellularly recorded bursting neurons decreased firing rates and reversibly changed their firing to simple spiking with irregular intervals during pentobarbital. Some reversibly stopped firing after the change to an irregular pattern. Most neurons with regular spontaneous activity (simple spiking) showed decreased firing rates and more irregular intervals during pentobarbital. The results also suggest some involvement of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors in the pentobarbital effects.
Protein Unfolding Pathways Explored Through Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Herein we describe the results of molecular dynamics simulations of the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) in solution at a variety of temperatures both with and without disulfide bonds. The reduced form of the protein unfolded at high temperature to an ensemble of conformations with all the properties of the molten globule state. In this account we outline the structural details of the actual unfolding process between the native and molten globule states. The first steps of unfolding involved expansion of the protein, which disrupted packing interactions. The solvent-accessible surface area also quickly increased. The unfolding was localized mostly to the turn and loop regions of the molecule, while leaving the secondary structure intact. Then, there was more gradual unfolding of the secondary structure and non-native turns became prevalent. This same trajectory was continued and more drastic unfolding occurred that resulted in a relatively compact state devoid of stable secondary structure.
Incremental prognostic value of Adenosine myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease

Abstract Adenosine myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is now increasingly used for risk stratification of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. However, the incremental prognostic value of this test over clinical and historical information in a large series of women has not been examined. Thus, we studied 923 consecutive women who underwent adenosine technetium (Tc)-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion SPECT and were followed-up for a mean period of 26 ± 8 months. During the follow-up period, 77 hard events (46 cardiac deaths and 31 nonfatal myocardial infarctions) occurred. The results of the perfusion scan significantly risk stratified the population; patients with normal scans had a low rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction and cardiac death (
The possible role of solid surface area in condensation reactions during chemical evolution: reevaluation.

Published data on adsorption and condensation of amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, sugars, nucleosides, and nucleotides are analyzed in connection with Bernal's hypothesis that clays and other minerals may have provided the most likely surface for adsorption and condensation of these molecules in prebiotic times. Using surface concentration and reaction rate as the main criteria for the feasibility of condensation reactions, four types of prebiotic environments were analyzed: (1) an ocean-sediment system, (2) a dehydrated lagoon bed produced by evaporation, (3) the surface of a frozen sediment, and (4) a fluctuating system where hydration (rainstorms, tidal variations, flooding) and dehydration (evaporation) take place in a cyclic manner. With the possible exception of nucleotides, low adsorption of organomonomers on sediment surfaces of a prebiotic ocean (pH 8) is expected, and significant condensation is considered unlikely. In dehydrated and frozen systems, high surface concentrations are probable and condensation is more likely. In fluctuating environments, condensation rates will be enhanced and the size distribution of the oligomers formed during dehydration may be influenced by a “redistribution mechanism” in which adsorbed oligomers and monomers are desorbed and redistributed on the solid surface during the next hydration-dehydration cycle.
On the Start of Nucleation in Boiling Heat Transfer

A series of experiments was conducted to provide additional information on the mechanism of bubble formation in boiling liquids. A O.OlO-in.-diam wire was immersed in a vessel filled with water. The entire assembly was claened and then subjected to a pressure of 15,000 psia for periods in excess of 15 minutes. The pressure was then reduced to atmospheric and the wire heated electrically. The results showed that, for properly cleaned wires, nucleation occurs only at a temperature considerably above the normal boiling point. As soon as nucleation does take place, however, the wire temperature abruptly drops. After the drop, the heat transfer from the wire does not show any further effects of the pressurization process. The burnout point in particular remains essentially unchanged.
Linear phase demodulation using an integrated coherent receiver with an ultra-compact grating beam splitter

With phase modulation, it is possible to realize high dynamic range analog optical links, provided the transmitted radio frequency (RF) signal can be linearly demodulated. The linearity of traditional interferometer-based phase demodulators, however, is often limited by their sinusoidal response. To achieve high linearity, negative feedback is introduced to suppress non-linearities arising from the phase demodulation process [1]. High feedback gain reduces the net phase swing across the demodulator such that it operates within the linear regime. Additionally, both the signal and the noise are reduced by the same feedback factor, so there is no penalty in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [1]. The challenge is to make a receiver incorporating feedback that is operable at high frequencies. Because high loop gain as well as a wide bandwidth is required for efficient phase tracking, the physical delay in the feedback path must be kept sufficiently short in order to prevent the loop from oscillating. Previously, we have demonstrated an ultra-compact grating-based beam splitter [2], which divides the incoming optical beams in a region, over 30 times shorter than a conventional surface-ridge Multimode Interference (MMI) beam splitter. This key feature leads to a significant reduction in loop delay.
Fetal intervention for obstructive uropathy

Obstructive uropathy is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the neonate and infant, despite advances in postnatal management. Diagnosis is typically made early in the second trimester on the basis of sonographic measurements. In utero therapy holds promise for improved outcomes by preventing progressive urinary tract damage and permitting drainage of urine into the amniotic space to minimize the pulmonary sequelae of oligohydramnios. Multiple studies with animal models have showed the benefits of midgestational intervention, but large prospective, randomized studies have not yet been performed to confirm these findings in humans. Standardization of the diagnostic evaluation allows for refined patient selection, resulting in improved postnatal outcomes after fetal vesicoamniotic shunting. Research into the role of specific growth factors and immunoproteins in renal development and function may further improve patient selection and outcome. This article reviews diagnosis, technique, and outcomes for fetal treatment of obstructive uropathy.
Las1 Is an Essential Nuclear Protein Involved in Cell Morphogenesis and Cell Surface Growth

Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutations that cause a requirement for SSD1-v for viability were isolated, yielding one new gene, LAS1, and three previously identified genes, SIT4, BCK1/SLK1, and SMP3. Three of these genes, LAS1, SIT4, and BCK1/SLK1, encode proteins that have roles in bud formation or morphogenesis. LAS1 is essential and loss of LAS1 function causes the cells to arrest as 80% unbudded cells and 20% large budded cells that accumulate many vesicles at the mother-daughter neck. Overexpression of LAS1 results in extra cell surface projections in the mother cell, alterations in actin and SPA2 localization, and the accumulation of electron-dense structures along the periphery of both the mother cell and the bud. The nuclear localization of LAS1 suggests a role of LAS1 for regulating bud formation and morphogenesis via the expression of components that function directly in these processes.
The Imprint Provided by Cervical Stimulation for the Initiation and Maintenance of Daily Prolactin Surges: Modulation by the Uterus and Ovaries

This study describes the influence of ovarian steroids and a putative PRL release inhibitory substance of uterine origin on the imprint provided by cervical stimulation (CS) for the maintenance of nocturnal and diurnal surges of PRL secretion. Toward the end of the pseudopregnancy (psp) resulting from a sterile mating or artificial stimulation of the uterine cervix, ovarian estradiol secretion is enhanced, and luteal progesterone (P) secretion wanes. This shifting ratio terminates the surges of PRL by day 13 of psp. Ovariectomy on day 8 of psp and simulation of this pattern of steroid secretion with sc Silastic implants also resulted in termination of surges by day 13. However, ovariectomy on days 2, 4, or 6, followed immediately by implantation of the inhibitory regimen of ovarian steroids, did not result in termination of the noctural surge by days 7, 9, or 11, respectively. The diurnal surge was absent in all cases. A third and fourth CS applied on days 7 and 8 of psp were not able to overcome the effe...
SEX COUNSELING ON CAMPUS: Short‐Term Treatment Techniques

This paper details the treatment offered to college students who present sexual problems, an approach combining dynamic counseling and direct instruction attuned to students' developmental needs. The focus is determined both by the authors' theoretical model, which establishes four broad categories for assessing student sexual concerns, and by the specific presenting problem.
The impact of a large bandgap drift region in long-wavelength metamorphic photodiodes

A comparative study of two types of metamorphic double heterojunction long-wavelength photodiodes on GaAs substrates is performed in terms of their bandwidths and responsivities. A p-i-i-n heterostructure with a large bandgap drift layer (I-InAlAs) at the cathode end of the photoabsorption region (i-InGaAs) is compared experimentally and theoretically to a p-i-n structure without a drift layer. Both types of photodiodes were fabricated using an InGaAs-InGaAlAs-InAlAs double heterostructure design to simultaneously achieve high bandwidths and high responsivities. The inclusion of an I-InAlAs drift region resulted in p-i-i-n photodiodes with larger bandwidths than p-i-n photodiodes with the same areas, or conversely a p-i-i-n photodiode can be made larger than a comparable p-i-n photodiode, but achieve the same bandwidth. Therefore, p-i-i-n photodiodes provide larger optical fiber alignment tolerances and better coupling efficiency than p-i-n photodiodes with the same bandwidths, p-i-i-n photodiodes with 10-/spl mu/m-diameter optical windows typically exhibited low dark currents of 500 pA at 5-V bias, responsivities of 0.6 A/W, and a -3-dB bandwidth of 38 GHz for 1.55-/spl mu/m operation.
Comparisons of measured and theoretical thermospheric daily composition variations

A comparison of the diurnal component of the daily variation in the neutral composition data from the San Marco 3 Nace (Neutral Atmospheric Composition Experiment) mass spectrometer at 220, 250, and 280 km, the OGO-6 model data at 450 km, rocket measurements of nitrogen between 140 and 300 km, and the two-constituent theoretical model of Mayr and Volland (1973) gives good agreement for molecular nitrogen and atomic oxygen. The Nace and rocket measurements overlap in altitude, and there is good agreement in the amplitude and phase of the diurnal and semidiurnal components for molecular nitrogen. The helium diurnal amplitude and phase of the theoretical model are in fair agreement with the Nace results, while the amplitude from the OGO-6 model at 450 km is much larger than the model predicts, a result suggesting that the OGO-6 model diurnal amplitude may be overestimated as the result of an incomplete separation of local-time and seasonal effects.
MANAGING INCOMPLETE TOOTH FRACTURES

ABSTRACT Background The author presents an evidence-based protocol for the diagnosis and treatment of incomplete tooth fractures. It is designed to help dentists recognize fractures, distinguish between restorable and nonrestorable fractures, and follow a rational approach to treatment. Overview An incomplete tooth fracture is a frequently encountered problem that dentists need to assess carefully to arrive at the correct treatment decision. The author presents a review of representative literature corroborating the assertions made in the evidence-based protocol. Treatment approaches are presented for each of two major fracture types. Clinical Implications Dentists need to be aware of the classic symptoms of incomplete tooth fracture, the methods used in formulating a differential diagnosis, criteria for determining pul-pal status and restorability, iatrogenic factors involved in the etiology of incomplete fracture, and the consequences of inadequate diagnosis or treatment.
Recovering temporally rewiring networks: a model-based approach

A plausible representation of relational information among entities in dynamic systems such as a living cell or a social community is a stochastic network which is topologically rewiring and semantically evolving over time. While there is a rich literature on modeling static or temporally invariant networks, much less has been done toward modeling the dynamic processes underlying rewiring networks, and on recovering such networks when they are not observable. We present a class of hidden temporal exponential random graph models (htERGMs) to study the yet unexplored topic of modeling and recovering temporally rewiring networks from time series of node attributes such as activities of social actors or expression levels of genes. We show that one can reliably infer the latent time-specific topologies of the evolving networks from the observation. We report empirical results on both synthetic data and a Drosophila lifecycle gene expression data set, in comparison with a static counterpart of htERGM.
Rape as Viewed By Judges, Prosecutors, and Police Officers:

Beliefs about rape held by judges, prosecutors, and police officers were compared with beliefs held by social service personnel. Significant differences were found between social service personnel and members of the criminal justice system in terms of beliefs about (a) causes of rape; (b) ways to reduce the frequency of rape; and (c) the likelihood that any rape complaint is true or false. The groups did not differ in their beliefs about victim characteristics and circumstances associated with "true" and "false" rape reports. These results may account for attributions of responsibility and blame for the rape, and the conflict between social service personnel and members of the criminal justice system in the area of rape.
The Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements: The Role of the Superior Colliculus

Traditionally, the superior colliculus (SC) has been considered a center for producing reflexive movements of the eyes and head in response to visual stimuli. But the suggestion that the SC is a critical or necessary structure for voluntary or involuntary eye movements has been vigorously disputed (Pasik et al., 1966). In recent years, evidence has accumulated which supports earlier suggestions that the SC is involved in coding the location of an object relative to the fovea and in eliciting saccadic movements which produce foveal acquisition of the object. An alternative hypothesis, that the SC is concerned with shifting attention to specific areas of the visual field, has received experimental support as well.
Religious Coping, Body Dissatisfaction, and Bulimic Symptomatology

The authors explored the association among body dissatisfaction, religious coping, and bulimic symptomatology. The results suggest that spiritual discontent religious coping was detrimental for the college female participants (N= 398) when considered in relationship to bulimic symptomatology. Implications of the findings for theory refinement, future research, and clinical practice are discussed.
On the modeling and analysis of obligations

Traditional security policies largely focus on access control requirements, which specify who can access what under what circumstances. Besides access control requirements, the availability of services in many applications often further imposes obligation requirements, which specify what actions have to be taken by a subject in the future as a condition of getting certain privileges at present. However, it is not clear yet what the implications of obligation policies are concerning the security goals of a system.In this paper, we propose a formal metamodel that captures the key aspects of a system that are relevant to obligation management. We formally investigate the interpretation of security policies from the perspective of obligations, and define secure system states based on the concept of accountability. We also study the complexity of checking a state's accountability under different assumptions about a system.
Aggregation of sodium channels during development and maturation of the neuromuscular junction

The voltage-activated Na channel (NaCh) is an integral membrane protein that is enriched at the neuromuscular end plate. Using loose-patch voltage-clamp and immunofluorescence, we have found that the aggregation of NaChs occurs late, during maturation of the neuromuscular junction. A decline in expression of embryonic NaCh mRNA and increase in adult NaCh mRNA precedes the onset of aggregation, and the appearance of functional adult NaChs coincides with NaCh aggregation. We tested the possibility that only the adult NaCh subtype could aggregate during development and found that both the embryonic and adult isoforms become concentrated at the synapse. The NaCh is the first postsynaptic membrane protein shown to become clustered postnatally, and the mechanism producing this aggregation appears to be different from the process producing aggregation of other synaptic proteins.
Puncture breakdown characteristics of protected rubber insulating gloves

The results of puncture breakdown tests on rubber gloves are presented. A positive polarity switching surge voltage (275/2500 mu s) or a 60 H alternating voltage was applied to the glove to cause breakdown. The effect of mechanical pressure on glove breakdown behavior and the influence of using a leather protector were investigated. It was found that protected gloves are more likely to break down at a position other than where the needle electrode has been placed. In both AC and switching surge breakdown tests, the standard deviation in breakdown voltage for protected samples was greater than that of the nonprotected samples by 25%. Under AC conditions, with mechanical stress applied, a bare glove will break down at a voltage which is approximately 22% below the nonstressed condition. A protected glove which is mechanically stressed will break down at a value 12.75% below the nonstressed condition. It is suggested that the results obtained will help to determine the operating limits and reliability of the glove insulation. >
Feasible spaces in weld gun selection

An important requirement of any robot-assisted welding process is to ensure that a set of weld locations on a work assembly can be reached by the robot-weld gun assembly without colliding with the work assembly and surrounding tooling. A weld gun that maintains a valid contact at the a weld location without interference is said to be feasible at that location. An important class of problems in welding process planning and optimization reduce to the problems of verification and synthesis of feasible weld guns for a given set of weld locations. We formulate these problems using standard geometric modeling operations and show how they can be solved in a commercial CAD system. Our approach exemplifies a more general strategy for planning in reconfigurable manufacturing in terms of configuration spaces. A prototype implementation in Unigraphics NX4 with realistic industrial models demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach to weld process planning.
Lp82 calpain during rat lens maturation and cataract formation

PURPOSE. To measure changes in levels of Lp82 during maturation and selenite cataract formation in rat lens. Lp82 is a lens-specific, calcium-activated isozyme from the calpain family of cysteine proteases (EC 34.22.17). METHODS. Competitive RT-PCR was used to assess Lp82 and m-calpain mRNA concentrations. Immunoblotting and ELISA after DEAE chromatography measured Lp82 and m-calpain protein levels. Casein zymography assessed proteolytic activities in regions and whole lenses from maturing rats. RESULTS. Levels of Lp82 mRNA, protein, and caseinolytic activity decreased more rapidly during maturation of rat lens than for m-calpain. Unexpectedly, the water-insoluble fraction of rat lens contained enzymatically active Lp82. Selenite injection also caused major loss of Lp82 protein during cataract formation. CONCLUSION. Lp82 is a proteolytic enzyme likely functioning in early lens development and maturation. The rapid loss of Lp82 activity during lens maturation is probably caused by three factors: autodegrad...
The American Party Systems

Distributing “raw” data among types or classes is a necessary and illuminating part of the process of research and discovery in any science, particularly in the early stages of the latter's development. But it produces fruitful results only if the types or classes make sense, which they will just to the extent that, inter alia, the variables we fix upon in defining them are the significant ones (for the purpose in view, of course), and that the classes (a) exhaust the phenomena under consideration, and (b) do not overlap.One of the most elementary procedures used in dealing with the raw data of political conflict is that which, taking its departure from the notion of “party systems,” seeks to assign each observed instance to one or another of three types: the “one-party system,” the “two-party system,” and the “multiple-party system.” All party systems, it is assumed, belong as a matter of course to one of the three, so that one of the researcher's first tasks in studying the phenomena of party conflict in a given political situation is to find out with which one of the three types he is dealing. Until he has done this—so runs the tacit premise—he does not have his problem in manageable shape.
STUDIES ON THE IMPORTANCE OF THE ASPARAGINE RESIDUE IN OXYTOCIN Synthesis and Some Pharmacological Properties of [1‐α‐Mercaptoacetic acid, 5‐isoasparagine] Oxytocin

[1-Alpha-Mercaptoacetic acid, 5-isoasparagine] oxytocin was synthesized to study the effects of moving the side chain carboxamide group of the amino acid residue in position 5 of oxytocin from the beta to the alpha position. The analog has an isoasparagine residue in position 5 and the 20-membered ring size of oxytocin is maintained by substituting cysteine in position 1 of oxytocin by alpha-mercaptoacetic acid. The analog was found to possess 0.098 +/- 0.002 U/mg of uterotonic activity but no milk-ejecting, antidiuretic or rat pressor activity could be detected. The substance did not inhibit the uterotonic or milk-ejecting activity induced by oxytocin nor the antidiuretic or rat pressor responses to the USP posterior pituitary standard. These results, together with the data available in the literature, indicate that an analog of oxytocin lacking the asparagine residue in position 5 is neither an agonist nor an antagonist. The observations may mean that the asparagine residue is critically important for the interaction of oxytocin with its receptor.
Law and Honour Among Eighteenth-Century British Army Officers

There can be no doubt that those who joined the officers corps in the eighteenth century became members of an exclusive club with its own distinctive values. These values were imposed on all members of the corps and, as is the case with most exclusive organizations, only a very few individuals were confident or perverse enough to challenge the group standards. The officers corps had an honour code; a set of principles which was informally enforced to ensure that each member soon learned proper from improper behaviour. When there were violations of the code the subaltern officers would bring peer group sanctions to bear in the form of social and professional ostracism until the offender cleared his name by removing the blot on his honour.
COMPARISON OF OBSERVATIONAL RECORDINGS IN VIVO, VIA MIRROR, AND VIA TELEVISION

Simultaneous observational recordings were made in vivo, via an observation mirror, and via closed circuit television. Three of nine observers had extensive experience recording behavior in vivo; three had extensive experience recording behavior via mirror; and three had extensive experience recording via television. Observers recorded nine categories of disruptive behavior for children in a special class setting. Frequencies of behavior recorded in vivo, via mirror, and via television differed significantly for only one category, vocalization. There were no significant main effects or interactions involving the observers' previous experience. Occurrence reliability coefficients computed within and between media demonstrated the similarity of observer agreement in all three media. Data collection procedures using an observational mirror or closed circuit television appear to be reasonable alternatives to in vivo observation in circumstances similar to those in the present study.
Medical informatics: reasoning methods

The progress of medical informatics has been characterized by the development of a wide range of reasoning methods. These reasoning methods are based on organizing principles that make use of the various relations existing in medical domains: associations, probabilities, causality, functional relationships, temporal relations, locality, similarity, and clinical practice. Some, such as those based on associations and probabilities have been developed to the point where there are off-the-shelf tools available for the researcher to develop new decision support tools. Others such as temporal relations require more effort to use effectively. Even so, we have learned the importance of a separate explicit representation of the domain knowledge and have considerable experience and an impressive armamentarium with which to face the new milieu provided by the Internet.
Home–School Connections: A Review of the Literature

(2000). Home–School Connections: A Review of the Literature. The Journal of Educational Research: Vol. 93, New Discoveries in Literacy for The 21st Century, pp. 145-153.
Parallel calculation of electron multiple scattering using Lanczos algorithms

Real space multiple scattering calculations of the electronic density of states and x-ray spectra in solids typically scale as the cube of the system and basis set size, and hence are highly demanding computationally. For example, such x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) calculations typically require clusters of order ${N}_{R}$ atoms and s, p, and d states for convergence, with ${N}_{R}$ between about ${10}^{2}--{10}^{3};$ for this case about ${10}^{2}$ inversions of ${9N}_{R}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{9N}_{R}$ matrices are needed, one for each energy point. We discuss here two ways to speed up these calculations: (1) message passing interface (MPI) parallel processing and (2) fast, Lanczos multiple scattering algorithms. Together these algorithms can reduce computation times typically by two orders of magnitude. These are both implemented in a generalization of the ab initio self-consistent FEFF8 code, which thus makes practical XANES calculations in complex systems with of order ${10}^{3}$ atoms. The Lanczos algorithm also yields a natural crossover between full and finite-order multiple scattering with increasing energy, thus differentiating the extended and near-edge regimes.
NetLoc: Network based protein localization prediction using protein-protein interaction and co-expression networks

Recent studies showed that protein-protein interaction network based features can significantly improve the prediction of protein subcellular localization. However, it is unclear whether network prediction models or other types of protein-protein correlation networks would also improve localization prediction. We present NetLoc, a novel diffusion kernel-based logistic regression (KLR) algorithm for predicting protein subcellular localization using four types of protein networks including physical protein-protein interaction (PPPI) networks, genetic PPI networks (GPPI), mixed PPI networks (MPPI), and co-expression networks (COEXP). We applied NetLoc to yeast protein localization prediction. The results showed that protein networks can provide rich information for protein localization prediction, achieving prediction performance up to AUC score of 0.93. We also showed that networks with high connectivity and high percentage of interacting protein pairs targeting the same location lead to better prediction performance. We found that physical PPPI is better than GPPI which is better than COEXP in terms of localization prediction. The prediction performance (AUC) using the yeast PPPI network ranges between 0.71 and 0.93 for 7 locations. Compared to the previous network feature based prediction algorithm which achieved AUC scores of (0.49 and 0.52) on the yeast PPI network of the DIP database, NetLoc achieved significantly better overall performance with the AUC of 0.74.
Rheinheimera texasensis sp. nov., a halointolerant freshwater oligotroph.

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated strain A62-14BT, was isolated from a constant-temperature, spring-fed, freshwater lake. On the basis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain A62-14BT was shown to belong to the class Gammaproteobacteria, being most closely related to Rheinheimera sp. HTB082 (96.2 % sequence similarity), Rheinheimera baltica (95.01 %), Rheinheimera pacifica (96.35 %), Rheinheimera perlucida and Alishewanella fetalis (95.9 %). The major fatty acids (C16 : 1 ω7c, 38.56 %; C16 : 0, 19.04 %; C12 : 0 3-OH, 12.83 %; C18 : 1 ω7c, 7.70 %) and the motility of strain A62-14BT support its affiliation to the genus Rheinheimera. The salt intolerance of strain A62-14BT, together with the results of other physiological and biochemical tests, allowed the differentiation of this strain from the three species of the genus Rheinheimera with validly published names. Therefore strain A62-14BT represents a novel species of the genus Rheinheimera, for which the name Rheinheimera texasensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A62-14BT (=ATCC BAA-1235T=DSM 17496T). The description of the genus Rheinheimera is emended to reflect the halointolerance and freshwater origin of strain A62-14BT.
ViridiScope: design and implementation of a fine grained power monitoring system for homes

A key prerequisite for residential energy conservation is knowing when and where energy is being spent. Unfortunately, the current generation of energy reporting devices only provide partial and coarse grained information or require expensive professional installation. This limitation stems from the presumption that calculating per-appliance consumption requires per-appliance current measurements. However, since appliances typically emit measurable signals when they are consuming energy, we can estimate their consumption using indirect sensing. This paper presents ViridiScope, a fine-grained power monitoring system that furnishes users with an economical, self-calibrating tool that provides power consumption of virtually every appliance in the home. ViridiScope uses ambient signals from inexpensive sensors placed near appliances to estimate power consumption, thus no in-line sensor is necessary. We use a model-based machine learning algorithm that automates the sensor calibration process. Through experiments in a real house, we show that ViridiScope can estimate the end-point power consumption within 10% error.