cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The New American Debtors' Prisons

State by state, Americans abolished imprisonment for debt in the first half of the nineteenth century. In forty-one states, the abolition of debtors’ prisons eventually took the form of constitutional bans. But debtors’ prisons are back, in the form of imprisonment for nonpayment of criminal fines, fees, and costs. While the new debtors’ prisons are not historically or doctrinally continuous with the old, some aspects of them offend the same pragmatic and moral principles that compelled the abolition of the old debtors’ prisons. Indeed, the same constitutional texts that abolished the old debtors’ prisons constitute checks on the new today. As the criminal law literature grapples with debtors’ prisons through more traditional doctrinal avenues this Article engages with the metaphor head-on and asks how the old bans on debtors’ prisons should be interpreted for a new era of mass incarceration.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus with Emphasis on the Events Within the Host Cell Following Infection

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the structure and properties (physical, chemical, and biological) of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). TMV is a rod-shaped particle. The virus particle is built up of a helical array of subunits set about the long axis of the particle. The protein subunits of the TMV are packed together in such a way as to leave space for the RNA between them. Thus, the RNA is embedded tightly between protein subunits. The self assembly of protein subunits to form a helical structure similar to that of TMV can take place with or without RNA. However, the association of RNA contributes to the stability of the completed particle. The chapter also discusses the events that take place within the host cell following infection with TMV. TMV is composed of 95% protein and 5% RNA. This RNA is released into the host cell to initiate infection. The parental viral RNA may remain bound to the nuclear structures in the host cell and does not enter the pool of newly synthesized viral RNA (progeny viral RNA), which is rapidly assembled into the progeny TMV. The parental RNA localized in the nucleus performs dual functions: one is that of a messenger directing the synthesis of the needed enzymes and the other is that of a template in the synthesis of its complementary strand.
A simple figure of merit for high temperature superconducting switches

The discovery of the new high temperature super conductors has revived interest in many special applications, including superconducting switches. For comparison of switch types, a simple figure of merit based on switch performance is proposed, derived for superconducting switches, and then calculated for thyristors and vacuum switches. The figure of merit is then used to show what critical current density would be needed for superconducting switches to compete with more conventional switches.
A computational model of visual perception of surfaces

Models of processes underlying human perception of geometric forms are helpful in addressing the nature of computations performed by the brain in understanding images from environment. Perceptual geometry is an emerging field of interdisciplinary research whose objectives focus on study of geometry from the perspective of visual perception, and in turn, apply such geometric findings to the ecological study of vision. Perceptual geometry attempts to answer fundamental questions in perception of form and representation of space through synthesis of cognitive and biological theories of visual perception with geometric theories of the physical world. The following model appeals to perceptual geometry as a framework that takes advantage of "almost regularity" of 2-dimensional images of surfaces, in order to estimate of their shape, orientation and other geometric features.
Stimulation of brain Na+,K+-ATPase by norepinephrine in vivo: prevention by receptor antagonists and enhancement by repeated stimulation

The role of alpha 1- and beta-noradrenergic receptors in the stimulation of the K+-p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity and ouabain binding associated with rat brain Na+, K+-ATPase by acute or repeated yohimbine were examined. Repeated yohimbine increased enzyme activity and ouabain binding by about 25%; this was prevented by the alpha 1-receptor antagonist prazosin and decreased by the beta-antagonist propranolol. Pretreatment with repeated yohimbine increased the stimulation of enzyme activity by acute yohimbine while the stimulation was prevented by prazosin pretreatment.
The role of carboxylesterase in species variation of oxime protection against soman

Oxime protection against soman, a highly toxic anticholinesterase agent, was examined in mice and guinea pigs. The maximal protection produced by the oximes PAM and HI-6 varied as much as 6-fold between these species. Since endogenous carboxylesterase (CaE) is known to be an important determinant of species variation in soman toxicity, the protection of PAM and HI-6 against soman was also measured in animals whose endogenous CaE was inhibited with cresylbenzodioxaphosphorin oxide. In CaE-inhibited animals the soman LD50 values were similar in unprotected mice and guinea pigs (10.2 vs. 12.2 μg/kg) and oxime-protected mice and guinea pigs (38.1 vs. 40.3 μg/kg for PAM; 159 vs. 151 μg/kg for HI-6). The levels of oxime protection observed in CaE-inhibited animals agreed with previous experiments in other species that have no endogenous plasma CaE. The 4–5 times greater in vivo protection against soman of HI-6 vs. PAM in CaE-inhibited animals correlated with in vitro experiments in which HI-6 produced 3–5 times more oxime reactivation of soman-inhibited AChE than PAM.
Spontaneous hypoglycaemia in congestive heart-failure.

Abstract Three adult patients with severe cardiac failure presented with hypoglycaemia, their blood-sugars ranging from 15 to 28 mg. per 100 ml. Loss of weight, decreased food intake, mild hepatic dysfunction, and low cardiac output were features common to these and previously reported cases. It is suggested that reduced delivery of gluconeogenic substrates to the liver may be responsible for this syndrome.
How do I treat inflammatory breast cancer

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an uncommon and aggressive presentation of locally advanced breast cancer that is potentially curable when localized but may be associated with distant metastasis in up to one-third of patients at presentation. The diagnosis of IBC is made based on clinical features, including the presence of skin edema and erythema involving at least one-third of the breast, with or without a mass, and usually associated with dermal lymphatic invasion (DLI) on skin biopsy. Management requires combined modality therapy, including neoadjuvant chemotherapy with an anthracycline and taxane-based regimen, followed by surgery and radiotherapy, plus concurrent anti-HER2 therapy for HER2-positive disease, and endocrine therapy for at least 5 years after surgery for estrogen-receptor-positive disease (Fig. 1). There have been few large clinical trials focused on IBC; therefore, most data regarding treatment are derived from retrospective analyses, small studies, and extrapolation of results from trials of noninflammatory locally advanced breast cancer. Patients with IBC should be encouraged to enroll in clinical trials whenever possible. In addition, further research into the biology of IBC may help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying its aggressive clinical behavior and to assist in the development of therapies targeted for this specific population.
Diagnostic planning using computer assisted decision‐making for patients with Hodgkin's disease

A family of computer programs has been developed to help physicians effectively utilize available clinical information as in indicator of tumor extent for the staging of Hodgkin's disease patients. Decision analysis techniques were employed to suggest chronologic sequencing of selected, risk-associated tests, tailored to the individual patient, that minimize the risk of iatrogenic mortality. These quantitative techniques provide an objective measure of expected survival for a given plan of action. By using this information a physician and patient can balance expected survival vs morbidity of proposed staging procedures. Physicians can then focus on the interrelation between the inherent diagnostic uncertainty, therapy-induced expected survival, and morbid consequences of staging procedures. The use of these decision-making tools enables the physician to identify patient-specific presentations where the formation of an individual diagnostic plan could lead both to reduction in testing and to an increased survival rate.
H+, Ca++, and Mn++ influence on sorghum seedling shoot growth

Plant response mechanisms for acid soil tolerance adaptability are generally unknown. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars (Funk G522DR, GP 140, SC 599, TAM 428, SC 283, and SC 574) were grown in white quartz flintshot sand and watered with 0.01 M sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, or 6.0 with concurrent treatments of Ca++ (0, 10, 100 mgl‐1 as CaCl2) or Mn++ (0, 1.4, 140.0 mgl‐1 as MnCl2). At the acid soil tolerance impact response phase (<10 days old), Ca++ or Mn++ did not influence seed germination (i.e., radicle exsertion). Ca++ did not influence initial shoot growth. Increased H+ concentration greatly inhibited juvenile shoot growth equivalently in all six cultivars. This inhibition was explicable as an influence of gibberellic acid (GA) availability to the aleurone layer and was explained as an accumulation (partitioning) of GA into lipid cellular constituents. Excess Mn++ further exacerbates this condition by limiting GA biosynthesis.
Controlled synthesis of MnFe2O4-Ni core-shell nanoparticles

Magnetic nanoparticles have been of significant interest for various applications such as data information storage [1, 2], biomedical drug delivery [3], magnetic resonance imaging [4], and energy harvesting [5] due to their unique characteristics as a function of size. To improve the functionality of magnetic sensors various studies are being conducted on magnetic material–metal composites [6–11]. In this study, we focused on the synthesis of ceramic–metal core–shell particles via an aqueous method as schematically illustrated in Fig. 1a [12]. MnFe2O4 core particles were synthesized by a solvothermal method, and then Ni shells were coated onto the core particles by ionic interaction between Ni ions and negatively charged MnFe2O4 particles. The motivation behind the synthesis of nanoparticles is that they could potentially lead to the realization of new type of magnetic field sensors that utilizes thermal detection to quantify the changes in external magnetic field. An oscillating magnetic field in the surrounding will induce eddy current in the conductive shells that could result in the joule heating of the core. Furthermore, the oscillating magnetic field will induce strain in the core due to magnetostriction which will create deformation in the matrix. The result of these two effects will be to create a finite temperature difference with the surrounding. Ceramic– metal core–shell particles are also promising for designing composites that exhibit electromagnetostrictive (EMS) effect where current flowing on conductive shells could induce a magnetic bias in insulating magnetostrictive grains, resulting in an induced strain in the grains through electromagnetoelastic coupling. If a ferroelectric layer is present on top of the metal shell in the configuration ceramic/metal/ceramic, then the strain from magnetostrictive grains will result in generation of electric charge on ferroelectric layer. Sensing can be conducted by monitoring the output electric charge as a function of applied magnetic field. The immediate advantage of such an approach is that the entire EMS effect would be electrically controllable. However, the first and foremost challenge in achieving these effects is to control the thickness of the nickel shell in range of 1–5 nm which are coated on magnetostrictive cores with diameters of few hundred nanometers.
A contingency model of emotional intelligence in professional selling

Despite significant attention from practitioners and broad claims of the importance of Emotional Intelligence (EI), empirical support for its incremental direct effects on outcomes relevant to professional selling has been disappointing. However, little research has included relevant contextual variables or the potential interactions of EI with contextual variables when considering its effects. This contingency view of EI maintains that EI is important in work settings, but only under certain conditions. Drawing on the appraisal theory of emotions, the authors develop a contingency model, which proposes that salesperson EI moderates the harmful effects of role stress on three work outcomes—emotional exhaustion, customer-oriented selling, and sales performance. Using three matched data sources from multiple professional selling workgroups in a business-to-business sales setting, the authors find that EI moderates the relationship between role ambiguity and all three outcome variables.
Signal detection based on recurrence matrix statistics

This work considers the problem of detecting signals in noise in the absence of a well-defined signal model. Specifically, we compare detectors based on recurrence plots to one of the more commonly used detection strategies. Results indicate improvements are possible using the recurrence-based detectors for certain signal-to-noise ratios.
Zirconium Arc Source for Infrared Microspectrometer

Methods have been explored for magnifying the crater of a water-cooled 100-watt zirconium arc infrared source to fill the approximately 6-mm slit height accommodated by the Perkin-Elmer microscope attachment for the Model 112 infrared spectrometer. Two optical systems were used: a large Schwarzschild mirror system similar to that used as a condenser in the microscope attachment and a combination of a f/1 sphere and a flat with a hole in its center. These systems gave a considerable increase in energy over that of the globar operated at 200 watts: approximately 2.25:1 at 14 microns, 4:1 at 4 microns, and much higher factors at shorter wavelengths. The factor of 2.25 at 14 microns where Rayleigh-Jeans formula should be valid is approximately what would be predicted from the relative temperatures of the zirconium arc and the globar. The magnified zirconium arc is not as intense as a carbon arc. From the standpoint of convenience, the zirconium arc is superior to the carbon arc in that it requires no changing of electrodes and gives a compact, totally enclosed source with a short air path which can easily be flushed free of atmospheric gases which absorb in the infrared.
A General Compiler Framework for Speculative Optimizations Using Data Speculative Code Motion

Data speculative optimization refers to code transformations that allow load and store instructions to be moved across potentially dependent memory operations. Existing research work on data speculative optimizations has mainly focused on individual code transformation. The required speculative analysis that identifies data speculative optimization opportunities and the required recovery code generation that guarantees the correctness of their execution are handled separately for each optimization. This paper proposes a new compiler framework to facilitate the design and implementation of general data speculative optimizations such as dead store elimination, redundancy elimination, copy propagation, and code scheduling. This framework allows different data speculative optimizations to share the followings: (i) a speculative analysis mechanism to identify data speculative optimization opportunities by ignoring low probability data dependences from optimizations, and (ii) a recovery code generation mechanism to guarantee the correctness of the data speculative optimizations. The proposed recovery code generation is based on data speculative code motion (DSCM) that uses code motion to facilitate a desired transformation. Based on the position of the moved instruction, recovery code can be generated accordingly. The proposed framework greatly simplifies the task of incorporating data speculation into non-speculative optimizations by sharing the recovery code generation and the speculative analysis. We have implemented the proposed framework in the ORC 2.1 compiler and demonstrated its effectiveness on SPEC2000 benchmark programs.
Accordion shelters: A historical review of origami-like deployable shelters developed by the US military

Abstract Origami, the art of paper folding, is becoming increasingly recognized as a fruitful area of inspiration for engineering design and research. The state-of-the-art in origami engineering ranges across disciplines. At the structural scale, origami-inspired structures offer particular advantages for rapidly deployable shelters since (1) in the deployed form, the folded panels offer enhanced structural performance and (2) these folds enable the structure to be packaged small. In this respect, origami-inspired structures feature the deployability of soft wall (tent) structures, while providing the advantages of rigid wall systems such as thermal insulation. Though not identified as gaining inspiration from origami, the US military developed a series of accordion shelters in the mid-twentieth century which embody many of the qualities of origami-inspired shelters of interest today. This paper will review accordion concepts developed by the US military and the military evaluations of these systems with the aim of informing design today.
Identification and characterization of a novel replicative intermediate of heron hepatitis B virus.

We have identified and characterized a novel intracellular DNA replicative intermediate that is synthesized by heron hepatitis B virus (HHBV) and not by other avian hepadnaviruses. The new DNA form is synthesized in all host cells tested. The HHBV nucleic acid template, and not HHBV proteins, is responsible for the formation of the new form. The new form is comprised of a full-length minus-strand DNA and an incomplete plus-strand DNA whose 5' ends are mapped to DR2, predominantly. The 3' ends of its plus-strand are located between nucleotides 946 and 1046. Genetic analysis indicates that the sequences responsible for the formation of the new form lie between nucleotides 910 and 1364. The endogenous polymerase activity of capsids isolated from cells converted the new form into RC DNA. Intracellular capsids containing the new form are secreted inefficiently as virions, in comparison to RC- and DL DNA-containing capsids. Our analysis suggests that the new form is an incomplete RC DNA molecule that is due to a specific block or pause in the synthesis of plus-strand DNA. Our analysis also suggests that capsids become competent for efficient secretion sometime after the synthesis of 1500 nucleotides of plus-strand DNA.
Megapixel wavefront correctors

Optical-quality microelectromechanical deformable mirrors (DMs) and spatial light modulators (SLMs) are described. With such mirrors, the shape of the reflective surface can be modified dynamically to control an optical wavefront. A principal application is to compensate for aberrations and thereby improve image resolution in telescopes or microscopes: a process known as adaptive optics. μDMs are an enabling component for adaptive optics. Over several years, researchers at Boston University and Boston Micromachines Corporation have developed manufacturing processes that allow production of continuous and segmented deformable mirrors. We have produced mirror arrays with up to 22,500 actuators, 3.5μm of useful stroke, tens of picometer position repeatability, >98% reflectivity, and flatness better than 15nm RMS. Challenges to manufacturing optical quality micromachined mirrors in particular have been addressed: reducing surface roughness, increasing reflectivity, and eliminating post-release curvature in the mirror. These silicon based deformable mirrors can modulate spatial and temporal features of an optical wavefront, and have applications in imaging, beam-forming, and optical communication systems. New developments in DM design are discussed, and manufacturing approaches to microamachined DM and SLM production are presented, and designs that will permit scaling to millions of actuators are introduced.
Behavior of Irradiated Boll Weevils. I. Feeding, Attraction, Mating, and Mortality

The feeding activity, mating frequency, attraction, sexual response, and mortality of normal Anthonomus grandis Boheman were compared with boll weevils irradiated with 6388 or 12,775 rad of Co60 gamma radiation. The irradiated weevils equaled normal weevils in each aspect of behavior for at least 5 days posttreatment. However, by the 7th day posttreatment, all these activities had started to decline in the treated weevils and all irradiated weevils were dead by the end of the 2nd week. Thus, irradiated boll weevils may be effective in a program involving the release of sterile insects, but the releases would have to be made at least weekly and preferably every 5 days.
Cue saliency: A relevant variaulfc in the utilization of a mnemonic structure

Following Glanzer (1969), cue saliency was proposed as another variable in the utilization of a mnemonic structure. Three levels of saliency, represented by three mnemonic cueing paradigms designed to increase serial organization, were presented to 36 Ss in a multitrial, ordered recall task. Cue saliency was found to be directly related to the efficiency with which output was serially organized. The levels of serial organization were also related to overall retrieval, irrespective of ordinal position.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Membrane Targeting by S. cerevisiae Pleckstrin Homology Domains

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domains are small protein modules known for their ability to bind phosphoinositides and to drive membrane recruitment of their host proteins. We investigated phosphoinositide binding (in vitro and in vivo) and subcellular localization, and we modeled the electrostatic properties for all 33 PH domains encoded in the S. cerevisiae genome. Only one PH domain (from Num1p) binds phosphoinositides with high affinity and specificity. Six bind phosphoinositides with moderate affinity and little specificity and are membrane targeted in a phosphoinositide-dependent manner. Although all of the remaining 26 yeast PH domains bind phosphoinositides very weakly or not at all, three were nonetheless efficiently membrane targeted. Our proteome-wide analysis argues that membrane targeting is important for only ∼30% of yeast PH domains and is defined by binding to both phosphoinositides and other targets. These findings have significant implications for understanding the function of proteins that contain this common domain.
Opportunity, willingness and geographic information systems (GIS): reconceptualizing borders in international relations

This article reports on a continuing project which has developed a major reconceptualization and revision of how borders may be seen and measured through the use of GIS. Using the data layers of the ARC/INFO GIS system, a new dataset has been developed which allows analysts to talk about the specific qualities of borders in terms of opportunity and willingness, that is, the ease of interaction and salience, respectively (This text was first published as: “Opportunity, Willingness and Geographic Information Systems: Reconceptualizing Borders in International Relations,” Political Geography, 21 (2002) 243–261. The permission to republish this text was granted by Elsevier). The theory and method behind this reconceptualization is described. The results are represented both in visual terms—maps—and through the use of a quantitative dataset which lets us go beyond simply observing the number of borders a state possesses, whether or not a border existed between two states, or the length of that border. The dataset is presented and discussed, as well as preliminary analyses of the borders of conflict dyads from three separate conflict datasets. The basic ‘interaction opportunity’ model that underlies the opportunity and willingness framework is supported.
Severe hypertension in newborn after pyeloplasty of hydronephrotic kidney

A case is described, believed to be the first reported, of a newborn in whom severe hyperreninemic hypertension developed after pyeloplasty of a hydronephrotic kidney. Management of the hypertension required large doses of antihypertensive agents, including sodium nitroprusside, for six postoperative days. Propranolol had to be given for eight months after surgery. The possibility that thiocyanate level in a newborn is unreliable as indicator of sodium nitroprusside overdosage is considered.
Diagnostic challenges of metastatic spindle cell melanoma on fine‐needle aspiration specimens

BACKGROUND Spindle cell melanoma is a morphologic variant of melanoma that can be difficult to diagnose on specimens obtained via fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Published cytology studies concerning this entity were based for the most part on small series. In the current study, a large series of metastatic spindle cell melanoma is described and the diagnostic pitfalls present in FNA samples addressed. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the cytologic features of 81 metastatic spindle cell melanoma specimens obtained from 67 patients. Corresponding primary tumors or metastatic tumors taken elsewhere from the same patient were also evaluated. RESULTS The cytologic smears were mostly cellular and comprised of predominantly spindle tumor cells that frequently formed cohesive fascicles or whorls intermingled with scattered epithelioid tumor cells. The classic cytologic characteristics of conventional melanoma (predominantly dyshesive cellular distribution, cytoplasmic melanin pigments, intranuclear pseudoinclusions, macronucleoli, and binucleation or multinucleation) were noted infrequently or, if present, were more readily found in coexisting epithelioid cells. Remarkably, 9% of the cases failed to demonstrate any of the above classic characteristics. In addition, spindle cells demonstrated a wide range of cytologic atypia, from deceptively bland cells resembling reactive fibroblasts to those indistinguishable from pleomorphic high-grade sarcomatous neoplasms. When the morphologic features were compared with those of the primary tumor or metastatic melanoma taken elsewhere from the same patient, cell type discrepancy was found in 20% of the cases in that the previous counterparts demonstrated the epithelioid cell type. Spindle cells also tended to lose immunoexpression of melanoma markers. CONCLUSIONS Spindle cell melanoma infrequently demonstrates the diagnostic cytologic features and immunoreactivity of conventional melanoma. Varying degrees of cytologic atypia and possible cell type differences from the primary counterpart or metastatic melanoma occurring elsewhere are additional sources of diagnostic challenges, especially in the metastatic setting. Familiarity with cytologic features, combined with clinical and immunoperoxidase findings, is required to avoid misinterpretation. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
High blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality risk among U.S. adults: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey mortality follow-up study.

Purpose We sought to examine whether prehypertension is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk and whether the association of blood pressure with CVD outcome is modified by social demographics or hypertension treatment and control. Methods Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and mortality follow-up through 2000 were used to estimate the relative risk of death from CVD associated with hypertension and prehypertension, after adjusting for confounding and modifying factors. Results Compared with normotension, the relative risks of CVD mortality were 1.23 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.85–1.79, p = 0.26) for prehypertension, 1.64 (95% CI 1.11–2.41, p = 0.01) for hypertension, 1.74 (95% CI 1.28–2.49, p = 0.007) for uncontrolled hypertension, and 1.15 (95% CI 0.79–1.80, p = 0.53) for controlled hypertension. Hypertensive adults p Conclusions This study supports a strong, significant, and independent association of elevated blood pressure with CVD mortality risk. Hypertension continued to greatly increase CVD morality risk, particularly among persons
Nicorandil induces late preconditioning against myocardial infarction in conscious rabbits.

Nicorandil has been shown to induce an infarct-limiting effect similar to that induced by the early phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC). The goals of this study were to determine whether nicoran...
Plasma-sprayed ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings doped with an appropriate amount of SiO2

Abstract A plasma-sprayed 8% wt. Y2O3 partially stabilized ZrO2 thermal barrier coating was doped with a certain amount of SiO2. Adhesive strength, thermal shock lifetime, and hot corrosion resistance were used to evaluate performance of the SiO2-doped coating, while microstructure, composition and cross-sectional morphologies of the doped coating were analyzed by transmission optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The SiO2-doped coating was also subjected to hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and laser remelting treatment to evaluate the quality of the coating. Results showed that the ZrO2 coating doped with an appropriate amount of SiO2 has liquid-sintering, thermal stress-releasing and self-closing properties. The 3% wt. SiO2-doped ZrO2 coating has high adhesive strength, superior thermal shock lifetime, and good hot corrosion resistance compared to commercial undoped coatings. Inserting a graded coating between the ceramic and the bond coat substantially improves the performance of the 3% wt. SiO2-doped coating. Moreover, the 3% wt. SiO2-doped ZrO2 coating can be easily upgraded by HIP treatment or laser remelting.
The temperature dependence of single-file separation mechanisms in one-dimensional nanoporous materials

Abstract The mobility of fluids adsorbed in nanoporous materials with one-dimensional porous networks can be exploited to effect kinetic separations of small hydrocarbons. These nanopores provide an environment in which fluids, with similar bulk diffusivities, exhibit drastically different mobilities in the adsorbed phase. The basis of this difference in mobilities is linked to the two different modes of motion within the nanopore: ordinary uni-directional diffusion and single-file motion. This transport phenomenon has no bulk analog; it is a novel characteristic of fluids confined in nanoscale channels. The transition between these two fundamentally different modes of motion is a sensitive function of pore size, adsorbate size, density of the adsorbed phase, and the temperature. In this work, we investigate the temperature dependence of the transition from ordinary diffusion to single-file motion and apply it to a model separation system. Using molecular dynamics simulations of methane and ethane in the one-dimensional molecular sieve, AlPO4-5, this work demonstrates, first, that temperature can be used to control whether a pure component undergoes ordinary or single-file motion. Second, we examine the temperature dependence of the diffusivities of components in a binary adsorbed mixture. Third, we demonstrate that the operating temperature places limitations on whether the separation of a mixture can be successfully obtained using this technique.
POLY(ALKYLENE OXIDE) IONOMERS: SYNTHESIS AND BRIEF CHARACTERIZATIONS

Methyl 10,11-epoxyundecanoate was copolymerized with propane oxide and 1-butane oxide using a modified aluminumalkyl/water/acetylacetone (1:0.5:1) initiating system. Hydrolyses of the copolymers to a series of ionomers containing 10, 5, 2, and 1 mol.-% sodium carboxylate groups were accomplished.
Flavor-toxicosis associations: Tests of three hypotheses of long delay learning

Rats were prepared with gastric cannulas and esophageal fistulas to assess the contribution of taste and smell, postingestinal stimuli, and the combination of the two in forming flavor-toxicosis associations. Groups were either given sugar water to drink, a stomach intubation of sugar water, both sugar water to drink and a stomach intubation of sugar water, or not given sugar water. The experimental and pseudo-conditioning control animals were given a LiCl injection and the control animals were given a NaCl injection one hour later. They were tested for drinking of sugar water the next day. It was found that taste and smell are the primary stimuli for forming food aversions. Furthermore, postingestional stimuli are not sufficient to produce this type of learning.
Medical home interventions and quality outcomes for older adults: a systematic review.

PURPOSE Medical home care has been identified as a model for improving primary care delivery and population-specific quality and safety outcomes. Questions remain how this model affects older adult quality. This systematic review addresses 2 important questions: Are quality and safety outcomes associated with medical home and patient-centered interventions, and how is quality studied in older adult primary care research? METHODS The authors searched MEDLINE for articles that examined interventions that were associated with medical home principles. Each article was evaluated using a standardized data abstraction form. Studies were categorized according to how interventions influenced specific quality and safety outcomes-improved clinical and treatment measures and care delivery processes-for older adults. RESULTS Thirteen research studies were identified by the authors. A great deal of variety exists in both research design and how quality and safety outcomes for older adults are operationalized in primary care. In general, studies indicate potentially beneficial relationships between 3 types of medical home interventions targeting health care utilization, disease management, and patient-provider communication to improved quality outcomes. CONCLUSION It would be advantageous for practices looking to align with patient-centered medical home quality and safety goals to consider the needs of older adults when redesigning care delivery.
A Dual-Mechanism Approach to the Prediction of Machining Forces, Part 1: Model Development

A cutting-process model addressing the chip removal and edge ploughing mechanisms separately yet simultaneously is presented. The model is developed such that it is readily applicable in an industrial setting, its coefficients have physical meaning, and it can be calibrated with a concise quantity of orthogonal cutting data. The total cutting and thrust forces are each the summation of its individual components acting on the rake face and clearance face. These components are calculated using the rake and effective clearance angles from the normal and friction forces acting on each of these tool surfaces. These normal and friction forces are calculated by the chip removal and edge ploughing portions of the model, respectively, using four empirical coefficients. To calculate the clearance face forces, the interference volume is required, the calculation of which is based on a geometrical representation of the clearance face interference region. This representation is characterized in part by the depth of tool penetration, which is influenced by thermal energy generation and is therefore determined using a fifth empirical model.
Broadband Rydberg atom based self-calibrating RF E-field probe

We present a significantly new approach for an electric (E) field probe design. The probe is based on the interaction of RF-fields with Rydberg atoms, where alkali atoms are excited optically to Rydberg states and the applied RF-field alters the resonant state of the atoms. For this probe, the Rydberg atoms are excited in a glass vapor cell. The Rydberg atoms act like an RF-to-optical transducer, converting an RF E-field to an optical-frequency response. The probe utilizes the concept of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT). The RF transition in the four-level atomic system causes a split of the EIT transmission spectrum for the probe laser. This splitting is easily measured and is directly proportional to the applied RF field amplitude. Therefore, by measuring this splitting we get a direct measurement of the RF E-field strength. The significant dipole response of Rydberg atoms over the GHz regime enables this technique to make traceable measurements over a large frequency band including 1–500 GHz. We will show that, with one probe, measurements can be made over a very large frequency range. This is a truly broadband probe/sensor. In this paper, we report on our results in the development of this probe.
Improving the point-charge description of hydrogen bonds by adaptive force matching.

The MP2f water force field, recently developed using the adaptive force matching method, is improved significantly after the introduction of a short-range repulsion term. This term is designed to address the deficiency of point-charge models at short charge−charge separations. It may also provide a more realistic description of hydrogen bonds by capturing exchange-repulsion interactions. When compared with MP2f, the new MP2f_hb force field predicts properties of liquid water in much better agreement with experiments. The calculated site−site radial distribution functions are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction data corroborating the argument that point-charge models with only Lennard-Jones repulsion underestimate the nearest neighbor O−O distance. The incorporation of the new short-range repulsion term is argued to be important for any force field model that uses point charges to model electrostatics.
Oxygen nonstoichiometry in calcium and strontium uranates (CaUO4-x and SrUO4-x: Lattice parameters and enthalpies of formation+

Abstract Nonstoichiometric calcium monouranate, CaUO3.50, was prepared by reducing CaUO4 in a hydrogen stream at 900°C. CaUO3.64 and CaUO3.81 were prepared by heating mixture of CaUO3.50 and CaUO4 in evacuated quartz tubes at 900°C for 50 h. Nonstoichiometric strontium monouranates with compositions SrUO3.62, SrUO3.70, and SrUO3.87 were prepared by heating mixture of SrUO3.52 and α-SrUO4 in evacuated tubes at 300°C for 100h. Chemical analyses were carried out for the products. These are all rhombohedral (R 3 m). The lattice c-parameter decreases at a much larger rate than the a-parameter with increasing oxygen amount, but there exist two-phase regions at CaUO3.81 and SrUO3.87. The effect of heating conditions for these phases was examined. The enthalpies of formation of these compositions were measured. The variation of these data as a function of nonstoichiometry is discussed.
Ionic composition of rain during sixteen convective showers

Abstract Rain from 16 summer convective showers over 2 years in the southwestern United States was sampled with a frequency of about twice per min. Concentrations of major components, NH + 4 , NO − 3 , H + , SO 2− 4 and Ca 2+ were determined for all rains (464 samples); those of Mg 2+ , Na + , K + and Zn 2+ were found for eight of the rains (232 samples). The aim was to determine, via statistical analysis, sources, associations and incorporation processes of the components. The concentrations of components showed considerable changes during the showers. Coefficients of correlation between all components except H + were positive. However, correlations between elements known to have a common source (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + and Zn 2+ ) were not significantly different from those between components not having a common immediate source. At least for the clean conditions of the southwest U.S., the statistical method cannot be used to infer sources. Concentration changes were primarily determined by precipitation processes. All components showed a negative rainfall-rate dependence, with H + having the weakest. This has been attributed primarily to spatial variations in cloud liquid water content during the rainout process. All components except H + showed a negative correlation between the logarithm of concentration and accumulated rainfall (such as would occur ideally through washout); the correlation was strongest for Ca 2+ ; for H + the correlation was larger and positive . Thus in the arid southwestern United States, rain pH typically decreases during a shower, apparently as a result of preferential washout of calcareous soil particles. Concentrations of NH + 4 and NO − 4 were typically 3 × 10 −5 moles I. −1 , those of SO 2− 4 , and total soilderived metallic cations 2 × 10 −5 : moles I. −1 . If it is assumed that NH + 4 and H + are in equilibrium with atmospheric NH 3 , an average ammonia concentration of 13 pptv (1 pptv = 10 −12 atmos) is deduced for these shower downdrafts. This ammonia concentration should not be considered representative of the ambient atmosphere.
A heterogeneity-aware framework for group key management in wireless mesh networks

In this work we proposed a novel heterogeneity-aware group key management framework (HAGK) for wireless mesh networks (WMNs). In our framework a WMN multicast session involves both stationary backbone nodes and mobile client nodes: for backbone nodes which are topologically-stable but may spread over a large area, the distributed threshold-based group key management technique is applied; for client nodes associated with each backbone node which are mobile but confined in a limited area, the logical key hierarchical technique is applied. The results showed that HAGK reduces rekeying delay and storage overhead at end nodes with minimum communication costs. In addition, the framework is resilient to attacks.
The field‐aligned flow approximation for electrons within layers possessing a normal mass flux: A corollary to the deHoffmann‐Teller Theorem

In this paper, an approximate extension of the deHoffmann-Teller (1950) theorem for electrons within layers possessing a normal mass flux is derived. It is shown that the deHoffmann-Teller frame electron bulk velocity is nearly parallel to the magnetic field everywhere through those one-dimensional time-stationary layers which possess a normal mass flux, even though electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field exists throughout such layers. Examples of layers of this class are the fast and slow shocks as well as rotational discontinuities.
Endocrine assessments during critical illness

The evaluation of hormonal status in critically ill patients is challenging and has many pitfalls. This article reviews proper assessment of glycemic status AND adrenal and thyroid function during critical care.
Fixed-bias floating double-probe technique with simple Langmuir-probe characteristics

A new floating double‐probe method is presented which has advantages over other floated‐probe systems heretofore described in the literature. The method utilizes two electrodes, one of constant area and the other with a variable area, and the two‐electrode configuration is separated by a fixed bias voltage. The current‐voltage characteristics of the new technique, which are generated by varying the area of one electrode, are identical to those of a simple Langmuir probe, thus coupling all the advantages of a floated‐probe system with the simple analysis scheme generally applied to the Langmuir probe for the determination of plasma density and temperature.
Using knowledge generated in heuristic search for nonchronological backtracking

Problem solvers that use heuristics to guide choices often run into untenable situations that can be characterized as overconstrained. When this happens, the problem must be able to identify the right culprit from among its heuristic choices in order to avoid a potentially explosive search. In this paper, we present a solution to this for a certain class of problems where the justifications associated with choice points involve an explicit assessment of the pros and cons of choosing each alternative relative to its competitors. We have designed a problem solver that accumulates such knowledge about the pros and cons of alternative selections at choice points during heuristic search, which it updates in light of an evolving problem situation. Whenever untenable situations arise, this preserved knowledge is used to determine the most appropriate backtracking point. By endowing the backtracker with access to this domain-specific knowledge, a highly contextual approach to reasoning in backtracking situations can be achieved. Les resolveurs automatiques de problemes qui utilisent des heuristiques pour guider leurs choix sont souvent pris dans des situations intenables caracteiisees par un exces de contraintes. Quand cela se produit, le programme doit ětre capable de trouver le vrai coupable parmi ses choix heuristiques de facon aeviter une recherche pouvant mener a une explosion combinatoire. Dans cet article, nous montrons comment cela peut se faire pour une classe particuliere de problemes ou les justifications associees aux points de choix font intervenir une estimation explicite du pour et du contre de chacune des possibilites par rapport a ses concurrentes. Nous avons congu un resolveur de probleme qui emmagasine une telle connaissance du pour et du contre associe aux differentes possibilityes en un point de choix durant une recherche heuristique et qui met cette connaissance a jour tout au long de la solution du probleme. Chaque fois que surgit une situation intenable, cette connaissance emmagasinee est utilisee pour determiner le point de retour arriere le plus adequat. En munissant le mecanisme de retour arriere de cette connaissance qui depend du domaine, on peut arriver a un mode de raisonnement en situation de retour arriere qui soit hautement contextuel.
A 44–46-GHz 16-Element SiGe BiCMOS High-Linearity Transmit/Receive Phased Array

This paper presents a 16-element Q-band transmit/ receive phased array with high receive linearity and low power consumption. The design is based on the all-RF architecture with passive phase shifters and a 1:16 Wilkinson network. An input P1dB from -9 to -10 dBm and a noise figure of 10-11.5 dB at 44-46 GHz is achieved in the receive mode with a power consumption of 0.95 W. In the transmit mode, each channel has an output P1dB of 3-2 dBm and Psat of 6-4 dBm at 44-46 GHz with a power consumption of 1.16 W. The design results in a low root mean square (rms) gain error due to a high-resolution variable gain amplifier in each channel. Measurements on multiple channels show near-identical gain and phase response in both the transmit and receive mode due to the use of a symmetrical passive combiner. The measured on-chip coupling is <; -40 dB and results in insignificant additional rms and phase error.
Space Weather Diamond: a four spacecraft monitoring system

Abstract We report here preliminary results of a mission analysis for a space weather monitoring system that provides continuous transmission of solar wind conditions 0.10 A.U. upstream from Earth. The system is based on four platforms that are phased into eccentric heliocentric orbits but, from the perspective of a fixed Sun–Earth line, the spacecraft appear to orbit Earth. This system offers a 10× improvement in reporting solar wind plasma and magnetic field characteristics beyond similar platforms located at the Lagrangian L-1 point. We describe launch and energy considerations, along with a preliminary analysis of communication requirements. The Space Weather Diamond offers significant potential for scientific insight into problems requiring coordinated observations from multiple vantage points by providing the ability to separate spatial from temporal variations. We discuss examples for payloads including both in situ and remote sensing instrumentation.