cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tension of philology and philosophy in the translations of Henri Estienne

This article considers the translations from Greek to Latin of the Renaissance humanist and philologist Henri Estienne (Stephanus). It argues that Estienne's philological approach to translation stems from his conviction that ideation occurs beyond the formalized structures of articulation. This understanding of the tension between throught and language, paralleling the tension between philosophy and rhetoric, governs Estienne's translative priorities. His translations of some Greek historians, philosophers and poets are studied, as well as one of Estienne's own renderings of Propertius into Greek.Conclusion: we know only through interpretation, and for Estienne, philology is the prerequisite for philosophy.
Quasi-reversible point defect relaxation in amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin films by in situ electrical measurements

Quasi-reversible oxygen exchange/point defect relaxation in an amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin film was monitored by in situ electrical property measurements (conductivity, Seebeck coefficient) at 200 °C subjected to abrupt changes in oxygen partial pressure (pO2). By subtracting the long-term background decay from the conductivity curves, time-independent conductivity values were obtained at each pO2. From these values, a log-log “Brouwer” plot of conductivity vs. pO2 of approximately −1/2 was obtained, which may indicate co-elimination (filling) of neutral and charged oxygen vacancies. This work demonstrates that Brouwer analysis can be applied to the study of defect structure in amorphous oxide thin films.
Relationship Between Diclofenac Dose and Risk of Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Events: Meta-Regression Based on Two Systematic Literature Reviews

Abstract Background NSAIDs are associated with risks of gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) toxicities. It has been reported that the risks of GI and CV events are dose related, resulting in guidance explicitly emphasizing the use of NSAIDs at the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration. To understand the potential benefits of using lower doses of diclofenac, a more detailed understanding of the relationship of diclofenac dose and the risks of GI and CV events is required. Objective The objective of this study was to extend previous research quantifying the NSAID dose–toxicity relationship by modeling dose as a continuous measure, allowing for an assessment of the risks of major GI and CV events for patients taking specific diclofenac doses compared with NSAID nonusers. Methods We used studies identified in 2 recently published systematic reviews of observational studies that examined the risks of major GI and CV events associated with the use of oral NSAIDs. We developed meta-regression models, considering dose as a continuous measure, to estimate the risks of major GI and CV events for different daily doses of conventional oral diclofenac relative to nonuse of NSAIDs. Results Seven of the 59 GI publications, contributing 11 dose-specific risk ratio observations, and 12 of the 51 CV studies, contributing 21 dose-specific risk ratio observations, were eligible for inclusion in the meta-regression. The models indicated positive linear relationships between diclofenac dose and the relative risks of major GI and CV events for the range of doses examined. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify and aggregate the continuous relationship between the risk of GI or CV events and the dosage of an NSAID. With the recent availability of new low doses of diclofenac, the models may be used to estimate the potential reduction in risk of adverse events at these doses.
Polarographic determination of pyridine nucleotides; application of the method to normal and malignant tissues.

Abstract A polarographic method for the determination of pyridine nucleotides in tissues is described.
A multitasking, multisinked, multiprocessor data acquisition front end

A description is given of a generalized data-acquisition front-end system that is based on MC68020 processors running a commercial real-time kernel (pSOS) and is implemented primarily in a high-level language (C). This system has been attached to the back-end online computing system at NSCL by means of a high-performance Ethernet protocol. Data may be simultaneously sent to any number of back-end systems. Fixed fraction sampling along links to back-end computing is also supported. A nonprocedural program generator simplifies the development of experiment-specific code. >
Étalon–spectrograph system for improved resolution over a wide spectral range

In this system the Airy pattern from a scanning Fabry-Perot etalon is imaged onto the entrance slit of a diffraction grating spectrograph. The dispersed light from the spectrograph is, in turn, imaged onto a 500-channel vidicon tube for a digital output. If the free spectral range of the etalon is a few times greater than the wavelength dispersion per channel spacing on the vidicon, scanning the etalon across its free spectral range can reproduce the entire spectral region displayed by the spectrograph with approximately the resolution of the etalon.
Feto-maternal vitamin D status and infant whole-body bone mineral content in the first weeks of life

Compromised vitamin D status is common in pregnancy and may have adverse impacts on fetal development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of infant whole-body bone mineral content (WBBMC) at 8–21 days of age with feto-maternal vitamin D status in a multiethnic population in Oakland, California. This was a cross-sectional study of 120 women and their newborn infants. Maternal and cord blood were collected at delivery. WBBMC was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in term-born infants 8–21days post birth. No significant association was observed between unadjusted or size-adjusted WBBMC and feto-maternal vitamin D status analyzed continuously or categorically. In multivariate modeling, unadjusted WBBMC was predicted by bone area (P<0.0001), weight-for-age (P<0.0001) and weight-for-length (P=0.0005) Z-scores, but not by feto-maternal vitamin D status. Anthropometric predictors but not vitamin D remained significant in the multivariate model after adjustment of WBBMC for weight, bone area (bone mineral density) or logarithmically derived exponents of the denominators. Results of the present study do not support an association between feto-maternal vitamin D status and early infant WBBMC, raw or adjusted for inter-individual differences in size, in a multiethnic population in Northern California.
Temperature relations and underwater endurance of the smallest homeothermic diver, the water shrew.

Abstract 1. 1. The water shrew is capable of surviving forced dives of 30–47.7 sec, longer than feral house mice of similar weight weight can endure, but shorter than predicted on the basis of metabolic intensity from information on seals. Part or all of this difference may reflect levels of activity; the shrews were swimming, the seals immobilized. 2. 2. The insulation of the water shrew appears to be typical for body size and not especially adapted for exposure to cold. 3. 3. An air trapped by the fur reduces heat-loss to one-half what it would be if wet to the skin. Such an air layer may not be a specific adaptation to aquatic habits.
Comparison of fibrin glue, laser weld, and mechanical suturing device for the laparoscopic closure of ureterotomy in a porcine model.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated fibrin glue, laser welding, and a mechanical suturing device (Endo-Stitch[R]) as alternatives to standard laparoscopic suturing with a free needle.Methods: In 14 pigs, 22 linear proximal ureterotomies were closed laparoscopically with one of 4 different methods: fibrin glue, laser welding, Endo-Stitch suture placement (4-0 polyglactin), and free-needle suture placement (4-0 polyglactin). The ureterotomy was left open in 6 ureters. Acute leakage was tested by instillation of methylene blue. After 12 weeks, the ureters were assessed with radiography, ex-vivo pressure-flow studies, bursting pressures, and histology.Results: All alternative closure techniques were more rapid than free-needle suturing, and less frequently allowed acute leakage. Closure with fibrin glue yielded significantly higher flow rates than control, whereas the other closure techniques yielded flow rates similar to that of unclosed ureters. All alternative closure methods demonstrated histological evidence o...
Effect of velocity-changing collisions on the output of a gas laser.

A theoretical model for the pressure dependence of the intensity of a gas laser is presented in which only velocity-changing collisions with foreign-gas atoms are included. This is a special case where the phase shifts are the same for the two atomic-laser levels or are so small that deflections are the dominant effect of collisions. A collision model for hard-sphere repulsive interactions is derived and the collision parameters, persistence of velocity and collision frequency, are assumed to be independent of velocity. The collision theory is applied to a third-order expansion of the polarization in powers of the cavity electric field (weak-signal theory). The resulting expression for the intensity shows strong pressure dependence. The collisions reduce the amount of saturation and the laser intensity increases with pressure in a characteristic fashion.
Some geophysical aspects of deep-sea drilling

More than 300 locations covering all the major ocean basins of the world, except the Arctic, have now been explored by deep-sea drilling. Results from deep-sea drilling permit the accurate calibration of seismic reflection profiles but at the same time emphasize the need for caution in interpreting the stratigraphic significance of such records. Basement ages determined from core samples are in close agreement with ages predicted by the concept of sea floor spreading, demonstrating both the validity of that concept and the validity of the paleomagnetic time scale. There also appears to be a demonstrable relationship between the age of the sea floor and its present depth. at many locations permits the documentation of changes in ocean currents, surface and bottom water temperatures, climate, and water depth.
Central venous access to the cranial vena cava via the omobrachial vein in the dog

Background– The omobrachial vein is a superficial vein that crosses the brachial region of the dog. It terminates in the cranial vena cava, offering a novel site for central venous catheterization into the cranial thorax. Case Summary– The omobrachial vein served as a point of access to the cranial vena cava for treatment and monitoring of a critical canine patient in this report. The omobrachial vein was catheterized using the modified-Seldinger technique due to contamination of or lack of availability of commonly used central venous catheter insertion sites. Conclusion– Access to the cranial vena cava via the omobrachial vein was easily achieved, and the catheter was maintained without complication for 10 days. Although the site was successfully used in the patient in this report, omobrachial vein anatomy is not consistent in all dogs.
Role of Deleted in Breast Cancer 1 (DBC1) Protein in SIRT1 Deacetylase Activation Induced by Protein Kinase A and AMP-activated Protein Kinase

The NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 is a key regulator of several aspects of metabolism and aging. SIRT1 activation is beneficial for several human diseases, including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, obesity, liver steatosis, and Alzheimer disease. We have recently shown that the protein deleted in breast cancer 1 (DBC1) is a key regulator of SIRT1 activity in vivo. Furthermore, SIRT1 and DBC1 form a dynamic complex that is regulated by the energetic state of the organism. Understanding how the interaction between SIRT1 and DBC1 is regulated is therefore essential to design strategies aimed to activate SIRT1. Here, we investigated which pathways can lead to the dissociation of SIRT1 and DBC1 and consequently to SIRT1 activation. We observed that PKA activation leads to a fast and transient activation of SIRT1 that is DBC1-dependent. In fact, an increase in cAMP/PKA activity resulted in the dissociation of SIRT1 and DBC1 in an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent manner. Pharmacological AMPK activation led to SIRT1 activation by a DBC1-dependent mechanism. Indeed, we found that AMPK activators promote SIRT1-DBC1 dissociation in cells, resulting in an increase in SIRT1 activity. In addition, we observed that the SIRT1 activation promoted by PKA and AMPK occurs without changes in the intracellular levels of NAD+. We propose that PKA and AMPK can acutely activate SIRT1 by inducing dissociation of SIRT1 from its endogenous inhibitor DBC1. Our experiments provide new insight on the in vivo mechanism of SIRT1 regulation and a new avenue for the development of pharmacological SIRT1 activators targeted at the dissociation of the SIRT1-DBC1 complex.
The turnover and distribution of labelled corticosterone during post-natal development of the duckling (Anas platyrhynchos)

During 6 months of post-natal development in the laboratory, the weight of the adrenal gland relative to body weight decreases exponentially. In the 3 day-old duckling a single intravenous dose of labelled corticosterone becomes distributed in a very large apparent volume and an “extracellular” pool that is greater than the extracellular fluid volume and the pattern of disappearance of labelled hormone from plasma is biphasic. Later during development the volumes of distribution decrease and the biphasic pattern of disappearance becomes less distinct until at 6 months only one phase of disappearance can be detected with confidence. No significant change in plasma corticosterone concentration occurs during this period of development in the laboratory. Estimations of the corticosterone secretory rates, however, indicate that whereas the adrenal weight-specific rate of secretion increases during the first 3 weeks and declines thereafter, the body weight-specific secretory rate continues to decline throughout the period of increasing body weight.
Isolation and Characterization of the Central Component of the Phycobilisome Core of Nostoc sp.

Freshly isolated allophycocyanin is recovered from linear sucrose gradients made in 0.75 molar potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) in three sizes: 19s, 10.3s, and 5.5s. The largest aggregate is a complex of a 680 nm fluorescing allophycocyanin I in the form (αβ)3γ, where γ is the 95 kilodalton (kD) polypeptide, and two 660 nanometer fluorescing allophycocyanin II (αβ)3 molecules; the complex, stabilized in high phosphate concentrations, fluoresces maximally at 675 nanometers. The 10.3s fraction is a hexamer of allophycocyanin of the 660 nanometer fluorescing type, perhaps attached through two polypeptides of 46 kD and 44 kD. The 5.5s component of the allophycocyanin pool is the usual trimeric form of allophycocyanin (αβ)3. A similar 19s fraction is the major component of allophycocyanin I isolated under optimum conditions in the presence of the protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. This 19s fraction is apparently a central component of the core of the phycobilisome with its 95 kD polypeptide the attachment point of the phycobilisome and membrane. The 95 kD polypeptide has both long wavelength absorption and fluorescence bands which seem to account for the long wavelength fluorescence properties of allophycocyanin I.
EFFECT OF HOST IMMUNITY TO A FILTERABLE VIRUS (VIRUS III) ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE RABBIT NEOPLASM

Experiments are reported in which were studied the course and character of a transplantable malignant neoplasm in normal rabbits and in rabbits immunized with a filterable virus, Virus III. The disease which developed in immunized rabbits was extremely mild and much less severe than in normal animals. The effect upon the tumor process displayed by Virus III immune rabbits in the direction of diminished malignancy is considered to be entirely non-specific in character, and the suggestion is made that it is accomplished through a more effective resistance of the host.
Comprehensive EUV lithography model

As EUV lithography nears pilot-line stage, photolithography modeling becomes increasingly important in order for engineers to build viable, production-worthy processes. In this paper, we present a comprehensive, calibrated lithography model that includes optical effects such as mask shadowing and flare, combined with a stochastic resist model that can predict effects such as line-edge roughness. The model was calibrated to CD versus pitch data with varying levels of flare, as well as dense lines with varying degrees of mask shadowing. We then use this model to investigate several issues critical to EUV. First, we investigate EUV photoresist technology: the impact of photoelectron-PAG exposure kinetics on photospeed, and then we examine the trade-off between LWR and photospeed by changing quencher loading in the photoresist model. Second, we compare the predicted process windows for dense lines as flare and lens aberrations are reduced from the levels in the current alpha tools to the levels expected in the beta tools. The observed interactions between optical improvements and resist LWR indicate that a comprehensive model is required to provide a realistic evaluation of a lithography process.
Live-cell fluorescence imaging reveals high stoichiometry of Grb2 binding to the EGF receptor sustained during endocytosis

Activation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) leads to its interaction with Grb2, a dual-function adapter mediating both signaling through Ras and receptor endocytosis. We used time-lapse three-dimensional imaging by spinning disk confocal microscopy to analyze trafficking of EGFR and Grb2 in living HeLa cells stimulated with low, physiological concentrations of EGFR ligands. Endogenous Grb2 was replaced in these cells by Grb2 fused to yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). After transient residence in the plasma membrane, Rhodamine-conjugated EGF (EGF–Rh) and Grb2–YFP were rapidly internalized and accumulated in endosomes. Quantitative image analysis revealed that on average two Grb2–YFP molecules were colocalized with one EGF–Rh in cells stimulated with 2 ng/ml EGF–Rh, and the excess of Grb2–YFP over EGF–Rh was even higher when a receptor-saturating concentration of EGF–Rh was used. Therefore, we hypothesize that a single EGFR molecule can be simultaneously associated with functionally distinct Grb2 interaction partners during and after endocytosis. Continuous presence of Grb2–YFP in endosomes was also observed when EGFR was activated by transforming growth factor-α and amphiregulin, suggesting that endosomal EGFRs remain ligand occupied and signaling competent, despite the fact that these growth factors are thought to dissociate from the receptor at acidic pH. The prolonged localization and activity of EGFR–Grb2 complexes in endosomes correlated with the sustained activation of extracellular stimulus-regulated kinase 1/2, suggesting that endosomal EGFRs contribute significantly to this signaling pathway. We propose that endosomal EGFRs function to extend signaling in time and space to compensate for rapid downregulation of surface EGFRs in cells with low receptor expression levels.
Detectors for Estimate-and-Forward Wireless Relay Networks

Relay radios are used to improve the quality of point-to-point wireless links with respect to achievable rates and symbol error rates (SER). Under these metrics, the estimate-and-forward (EF) protocol has the best performance in a wide variety of cases. The EF protocol is defined as the relaying protocol in which the relay forwards an estimate of its received information. Although optimal estimates have been identified in the literature, an implementable detector at the receiver still remains to be found. In this paper, we solve this open problem by using a piecewise linear approximation of the minimum mean square error (MMSE) estimate (pLAM) of the received symbol at the relay. In the three-node cooperative wireless relay network, this new piecewise linear approximation leads to an analytical form of the detector at the destination. Furthermore, we show that the symbol error rates of this new framework closely approximate the true performance of EF when using a MMSE estimate of the received symbol at the relay. Finally, we provide several examples where we apply this new pLAM approach to multiple modulation schemes such as BPSK and 16-QAM, in both one- and two-way relay networks.
Motexafin gadolinium for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: phase II study results.

Abstract Background Thioredoxin reductase (Trx) has been implicated in activation of hypoxia-inducible factor–1α, which is overexpressed in > 85% of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). We evaluated the safety and efficacy of motexafin gadolinium (MGd), a Trx inhibitor, as a single-agent therapy for metastatic RCC. Patients and Methods Patients with metastatic RCC were infused daily with MGd 5 mg/kg on days 1-5 and days 15-19 of each 28-day cycle. Patients were evaluated for response on days 21-28 of every third cycle. Those with tumor response or stable disease (SD) continued treatment for ≤ 12 cycles. Twenty-five patients with confirmed metastatic RCC were enrolled. All were evaluable for toxicity, and 20 were evaluable for response. Results While no clinical responses were observed, 8 patients had SD after 3 treatment cycles, as did 4 after 6 cycles. Median overall survival was 10.1 months, and median progression- free survival was 2.7 months. The most common treatment-related toxicities were grade 1/2 pain, nausea, skin discoloration, fatigue, blisters, and headache. The most common grade 3 toxicity was hypophosphatemia, observed in 5 patients. MGd was reasonably tolerated, and disease stabilization was observed in several patients with metastatic RCC. Conclusion These results show promise for the use of MGd in combination with other molecularly targeted therapies in previously treated patients with metastatic RCC. However, further investigation of MGd alone for metastatic RCC is not recommended.
The Burrows of Alpheid Shrimp Associated with Gobiid Fish in the Northern Red Sea

The burrows of 4 sympatric associations of alpheid shrimp (Alpheus djiboutensis 1 and 2, and Alpheus sp. A and B) and non-burrowing gobiid fish were studied in the lagoon of a narrow fringing reef, in the northern Red Sea. Epoxy resin casts were used to determine the subterranean structure of burrows. The burrows were irregular, and in close contact with hard objects within the substrate. The number and structure of openings and their daily displacement were type-specific. On the other hand, no type specificity was observed in the deeper parts of the burrow. The mechanism of the formation of new openings by the combined activities of the fish Cryptocentrus sungami and the shrimp A. djiboutensis 2 is described. A positive correlation in the size of the partners seems to be due to competition of fish for larger burrows.
Mouse/Human Chimeric Antibodies to a Tumor-Associated Antigen: Biologic Activity of the Four Human IgG Subclasses

Variable region genes from mouse monoclonal antibody 17-1A (gamma 2a kappa) with specificity for human gastrointestinal malignancies have been paired with human immunoglobulin constant region genes (for heavy and light chains) to produce mouse/human chimeric immunoglobulin molecules (chIgG) for each of the four human IgG subclasses. Mouse 17-1A and the four chIgG bound similarly to two human colon cancer cell lines and had comparable binding affinities. The chIgG1 and chIgG3 molecules mediated lymphocyte and monocyte antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) to colon cancer tumor cell lines comparable to that of the parent murine 17-1A. The chIgG2 and chIgG4 molecules were able to mediate ADCC to colon cancer cell lines but were clearly inferior to the chIgG1 and chIgG3 reagents. None of the chIgG antibodies or the murine 17-1A was able to mediate complement lysis of colon cancer cell lines. These studies demonstrate the ability to produce all four human IgG subclass chimeric molecules which retain biologic activity. We have confirmed the subclass preferences of human lymphocyte and monocyte Fc receptors for human IgG subclasses previously determined by studies with monomeric or aggregated IgG. These data may aid in the selection of chimeric antibodies for in vivo trials.
The Bright Optical Flash and Afterglow from the Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 130427A

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), bright flashes of gamma-ray light, are thought to be associated with the collapse of massive stars. GRB 130427A was detected on 27 April 2013, and it had the longest gamma-ray duration and one of the largest isotropic energy releases observed to date (see the Perspective by [Fynbo][1] ). Ackermann et al. (p. [42][2], published online 21 November) report data obtained with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, which reveal a high-energy spectral component that cannot be accounted for by the standard external shock synchrotron radiation model. Vestrand et al. (p. [38][3], published online 21 November) report the detection of an extremely bright flash of visible light and unexpected similarities between the variations of optical light and the highest-energy gamma rays that indicate a common origin. A detailed analysis of the first pulse of GRB 130427A by Preece et al. (p. [51][4], published online 21 November) suggests that existing models cannot explain all the observed spectral and temporal behaviors simultaneously. Maselli et al. (p. [48][5], published online 21 November) present x-ray and optical light curves of the burst's prompt emission as well as of its afterglow as recorded by the Swift satellite and a range of ground-based telescopes. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1248522 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242353 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242316 [4]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242302 [5]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1242279
Native and non‐native grasses generate common types of plant–soil feedbacks by altering soil nutrients and microbial communities

Soil conditioning occurs when plants alter features of their soil environment. When these alterations affect subsequent plant growth, it is a plant soil feedback. Plant–soil feedbacks are an important and understudied aspect of aboveground–belowground linkages in plant ecology that influence plant coexistence, invasion and restoration. Here, we examine plant–soil feedback dynamics of seven co-occurring native and non-native grass species to address the questions of how plants modify their soil environment, do those modifications inhibit or favor their own species relative to other species, and do non-natives exhibit different plant–soil feedback dynamics than natives. We used a two-phase design, wherein a first generation of plants was grown to induce species-specific changes in the soil and a second generation of plants was used as a bioassay to determine the effects of those changes. We also used path-analysis to examine the potential chain of effects of the first generation on soil nutrients and soil microbial composition and on bioassay plant performance. Our findings show species-specific (rather than consistent within groups of natives and non-natives) soil conditioning effects on both soil nutrients and the soil microbial community by plants. Additionally, native species produced plant–soil feedback types that benefit other species more than themselves and non-native invasive species tended to produce plant–soil feedback types that benefit themselves more than other species. These results, coupled with previous field observations, support hypotheses that plant–soil feedbacks may be a mechanism by which some non-native species increase their invasive potential and plant–soil feedbacks may influence the vulnerability of a site to invasion.
The identification of medical errors by family physicians during outpatient visits.

BACKGROUND We wanted to describe errors and preventable adverse events identified by family physicians during the office-based clinical encounter and to determine the physicians’ perception of patient harm resulting from these events. METHOD We sampled Cincinnati area family physicians representing different practice locations and demographics. After each clinical encounter, physicians completed a form identifying process errors and preventable adverse events. Brief interviews were held with physicians to ascertain their perceptions of harm or potential harm to the patient. RESULTS Fifteen physicians in 7 practices completed forms for 351 outpatient visits. Errors and preventable adverse events were identified in 24% of these visits. There was wide variation in how often individual physicians identified errors (3% to 60% of visits). Office administration errors were most frequently noted. Harm was believe to have occurred as a result of 24% of the errors, and was a potential in another 70%. Although most harm was believed to be minor, there was disagreement as to whether to include emotional discomfort and wasted time as patient harm. CONCLUSIONS Family physicians identify errors and preventable adverse events frequently during patient visits, but there is variation in how some error categories are interpreted and how harm is defined.
Imaging of medical disease of the newborn lung.

Respiratory distress in a newborn infant may be due to a large spectrum of lesions including primary lung and chest wall pathology; cardiac anomalies; surgical conditions, such as tracheoesophageal fistula and diaphragmatic hernia; as well as nonpulmonary causes including central nervous system, metabolic, and hematologic derangements. Medical conditions of the newborn chest are the focus of this article with particular emphasis on the impact of more recent therapeutic advances. Primary pulmonary abnormality in the newborn is logically separated into those diseases affecting the preterm versus the term infant.
CDR3 spectratyping identifies clonal expansion within T-cell subpopulations that demonstrate therapeutic antitumor activity☆

Background Antigen-specific T cells undergoing clonal expansion share common rearrangements of the variable complementary determining region 3 (CDR3) of the T-cell receptor (TCR), which can be identified using polymerase chain reaction–based V beta (VB) spectratyping. The purpose of this study was to determine whether CDR3 spectratyping identifies clonal expansion within tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) subpopulations with antitumor therapeutic activity.
A novel valveless micropump with electrohydrodynamic enhancement for high heat flux cooling

Integrated microchannel cooling systems, with micropumps integrated into microchannels, are an attractive alternative to stand-alone micropumps for liquid-cooled microchannel heat sinks. A new micropump design capable of integration into microchannels and especially suited for electronics cooling is presented. It combines induction electrohydrodynamics (EHD) with a valveless nozzle-diffuser micropump actuated using a vibrating diaphragm. A comprehensive numerical model of the micropump has been developed to study the combined effect of EHD and valveless micropumping. The numerical model has been validated using theoretical and experimental results from the literature. The flow rate achievable from the new micropump is presented and the effect of several key parameters on the micropump performance investigated.
Ultrastructure of penetration by Helminthosporium maydis.

Abstract Penetration by Helminthosporium maydis race T into susceptible leaves from Texas male sterile and resistant ones from normal plants was studied with four different corn inbred lines. Six hours after inoculation, appressoria-like structures were present but were rare, and no evidence of penetration beneath such structures was found. All penetrations seen 6 h after inoculation took place between epidermal cells, and at least two-thirds of these occurred between cells adjacent to stomates. Breaks in the cuticle above subsidiary cells of the stomatal apparatus may account for the high frequency of penetration in this area. Eight to 10 h after inoculation, miniature infection cushions had formed at initial points of penetration, and from these, hyphae radiated out beneath the cuticle of epidermal cells. Haustoria-like branches produced by these subcuticular hyphae appeared to function in secondary infection. Hyphae of the fungus were seen occasionally within stomatal openings (apparent stomatal penetration), but these were consistently associated with penetrations which had occurred between nearby epidermal cells. No differences were observed at any stage of penetration or initial colonization between Texas male sterile and normal plants of the same inbred or among the four inbreds studied. These results suggest that resistance to this pathogen develops only after infection has occurred and that the selective pathotoxin produced by race T does not play an important role in the infection process.
Radical prostatectomy v radiation: only a randomised trial can provide the answer

Sooriakumaran and colleagues’ study is one of several that conclude survival is better after prostatectomy than radiotherapy.1 2 These studies have many features in common. They assume a cause and effect association between survival and treatment. They claim that they corrected for confounders. They acknowledge suboptimal radiotherapy (dose and use of androgen deprivation therapy).3 They …
Rightward hemispheric asymmetries in auditory language cortex in children with autistic disorder: an MRI investigation

Purpose: determine if language disorder in children with autistic disorder (AD) corresponds to abnormalities in hemispheric asymmetries in auditory language cortex. Methods: MRI morphometric study in children with AD (n = 50) to assess hemispheric asymmetries in auditory language cortex. A key region of interest was the planum temporale (PT), which is larger in the left hemisphere in most healthy individuals. Results: (i) Heschl’s gyrus and planum polare showed typical hemisphere asymmetry patterns; (ii) posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus (pSTG) showed significant rightward asymmetry; and (iii) PT showed a trend for rightward asymmetry that was significant when constrained to right-handed boys (n = 30). For right-handed boys, symmetry indices for pSTG were significantly positively correlated with those for PT. PT asymmetry was age dependent, with greater rightward asymmetry with age. Conclusions: results provide evidence for rightward asymmetry in auditory association areas (pSTG and PT) known to subserve language processing. Cumulatively, our data provide evidence for a differing maturational path for PT for lower functioning children with AD, with both pre- and post-natal experience likely playing a role in PT asymmetry.
A Review of Substance Use Disorder Treatment in Developing World Communities

Abstract Background As global health endeavors increasingly encompass efforts to prevent and treat mental illness in the developing world, it is important to build a base of knowledge of existing treatment models and experimental outcomes. Objective This article reviews the current literature on substance use disorder treatment in countries with a high, medium, or low Human Development Index according to the 2011 United Nations Development Programme Report. Methods We searched the databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Global Health using search terms such as substance abuse treatment developing countries , addiction developing nations , and alcohol abuse developing countries . Opinion pieces and articles published before 1994 were excluded. Thirty relevant articles (excluding those reviewed for background information) were identified. Findings Comprehensive overviews of treatment models were markedly absent from the current literature. However, existing research highlights specific areas of need, which may serve as a guide for future research and program development. Conclusions In light of the evident need for treatment of substance use disorder in developing countries, future research would do well to blend inquiry with practice. Although further investigation is needed to fully understand the specific needs of developing world populations, assisting those populations should be a primary goal.
Estimating an roc curve in the presence of non-ignorable verification bias

Verification bias can occur in studies of test's accuracy if only some of tested patients receive disease verification. The current methods for correcting for verification bias assume conditional independence for verification, which means that the probability of verifying a patient depends only on the test result, not on the unobserved disease status of the patient.
A prospective evaluation of interrupted nitinol surgical clips in arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis.

Abstract Background The use of a self-closing nitinol surgical clip (Coalescent Surgical U-Clip) is a novel technique of creating an interrupted vascular anastomosis, which also eliminates the knot tying associated with a conventional vascular anastomosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) for hemodialysis as constructed using interrupted U-Clip devices and conventional continuous polypropylene sutures. Methods We prospectively studied the clinical course of 132 patients (149 access) undergoing either forearm autologous arteriovenous fistula (FAVF, n = 69) or upper arm autologous arteriovenous fistula (UAVF, n = 80) or creations during a 39-month period. Among the FAVF, U-Clips and polypropylene sutures were used in 37 and 32 anastomoses, respectively. Among the UAVF, U-Clips and polypropylene sutures were used in 41 and 30 anastomoses, respectively. Primary patency, complication, and maturation rates were analyzed. Results Clipped FAVF had an improved maturation rate at 6 weeks (32 of 37, 86%) when compared with sutured FAVF (22 of 32, 69%, P P Conclusions The U-Clips are a viable alternative to sutures for creating vascular anastomosis. It provides a improved maturation and patency rates when compared with the conventional sutured AVF in the forearm. The clinical benefit of the U-Clips may be due in part to the improved compliance created by the interrupted anastomotic technique.
Ending it all in style

‘Means to an End: Apoptosis and Other Cell Death Mechanisms’, by Douglas R. Green Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 500 Sunnyside Blvd, Woodbury, NY 11797-2924, USA $45 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-879698-88-1; $79 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-879698-87-4. ![Figure][1] I recently
Discussion of “Free-surface instability of liquids in steep channels”

Boundary-layer phenomena have important effects upon the flow conditions under which the free surface of liquids in steep channels becomes unstable. A diagramatic sketch of the process of developing the boundary layer in steep channels is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2a indicates that a boundary layer begins to develop at the entrance where the velocity is essentially constant and expands gradually until the layer meets the free surface. From this section on the flow is uniform having a parabolic velocity distribution of the established laminar motion. If the Reynolds number is sufficiently high, the boundary layer will become unstable before this section is reached (Fig. 2b) and further growth takes place in accordance with the principles of the turbulent boundary layer.
A micro-kink theory for determination of shear modulus of a unidirectional composite lamina

A hitherto unavailable concept of fiber micro-kink responsible for microscopic shear damage is introduced. Fiber micro-kinking is caused by crystallite disorientations, as detected by the Raman and X-ray measurements, inside a carbon fiber. In addition, the fibers themselves, constituting a unidirectional composite lamina, may contain micro-flaws such as fiber misalignment. The matrix material is assumed to be linear elastic. A mechanistic (as opposed to empirical) approach for derivation of the constitutive relation in shear, based on the concept of micro-kinking (caused by crystallite disorientations) and fiber misalignment, is developed. This is the shear counterpart of the micro-cracking theory for damage assessment of composites under tension. An expression for the nonlinear shear modulus is derived based on the assumption of uniform distribution of micro-kinks and fiber misalignment defects.
Spatio-temporal multimodal mean

Existing background modeling techniques that model objects that have become stationary will incorrectly detect a new object if an existing stationary object is moved. A novel spatio-temporal reasoning mechanism is presented based on multi-layer background modeling and appearance model of the displaced object to conserve state of the objects in a scene. The mechanism models layers of the foreground objects that have become stationary, along with moving foreground and background. An object that changes its place, partially or fully, is recognized based on its appearance model. The end result is the correct modeling of objects even in the case of spatial displacements. This provides a richer mechanism of analyzing and visualizing spatio-temporal scene events than the traditional binary foreground/background segmentation.
Late Cretaceous Depositional Systems in Northeastern Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Parras and Sabinas basins in Coahuila and Nuevo Leon and the Ojinaga basin in northeastern Chihuahua were the principal sites of Late Cretaceous sedimentation in northeastern Mexico. Comparative study of these basins provides insight into the Late Cretaceous geologic history of the area. Inter-basin similarities suggest first-order regional patterns; whereas, differences are the product of second-order local causes. The three basins contain a similar sequence of deltaic deposits that show the same sense of progradation (west to east). The deltaic sequence is older (Campanian) in the Ojinaga basin and younger in the Parras and Sabinas basins (Campanian and Maestrichtian). Regional uplift, continuous sediment input, and shifting depositional sites from Campanian through Maestrichtian time produced these eastward shifting deposits. The deltaic sequence differs from basin to basin. It is 1,000 ft thick in the Ojinaga basin, 3,000 ft thick in the Sabinas basin, and 10,000 ft thick in the Parras basin. Coal deposits are part of the sequence in the Ojinaga and Sabinas basins, but are absent in the Parras basin. Sediments in the Ojinaga and Sabinas basins were deposited during a single major progradational event; whereas the sediments in the Parras basin were deposited during multiple progradational and retrogradational cycles. These differences in the anatomy and thickness of the depositional sequences were produced by local tectonic events. The relatively thin, deltaic sequence with associated coal deposits of the Ojinaga and Sabinas basins suggests low subsidence rates together with low sediment input rate in thes areas. The thick, cyclic, noncoal-bearing, progradational-retrogradational sequence of the Parras basin suggests a high rate of subsidence and sediment input concomitant with tectonic instability south and west of the depositional area. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1905------------
Dynamic code mapping for limited local memory systems

This paper presents heuristics for dynamic management of application code on limited local memories present in high-performance multi-core processors. Previous techniques formulate the problem using call graphs, which do not capture the temporal ordering of functions. In addition, they only use a conservative estimate of the interference cost between functions to obtain a mapping. As a result previous techniques are unable to achieve efficient code mapping. Techniques proposed in this paper overcome both these limitations and achieve superior code mapping. Experimental results from executing benchmarks from MiBench onto the Cell processor in the Sony Playstation 3 demonstrate up to 29% and average 12% performance improvement, at tolerable compile-time overhead.
Inducible polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias in a transgenic mouse model with a long Q-T phenotype

We created a mouse model with a prolonged Q-T interval and spontaneous arrhythmias by overexpressing the NH2terminus and first transmembrane segment (Kv1.1N206Tag) of a delayed rectifier potassium ...
USNWR College Rankings Reexamined

This paper extends Webster's [2001] analysis of the accuracy of the weighting scheme utilized by U.S. News & World Report ( USNWR ) to rank colleges and universities according to "widely accepted indicators of national excellence," which he found to be plagued by severe and pervasive multicollinearity. As in the Webster study, we employ principal component analysis to assess the relative contributions of thirteen criteria used by USNWR in 2004 to rank "top schools" in the national university category. Although USNWR continues to assign the greatest weight to peer assessment, this study confirms Webster's findings that average SAT/ACT scores of enrolled students is the most significant ranking criterion. This paper also extends Webster's study by examining the reliability of the USNWR rankings, which have come under repeated criticism for their lack of consistency. When compared with simulations generated from an estimated principal component regression model, the 2004 USNWR rankings are found to be increasingly more unreliable for lower ranked institutions. The source of this inconsistency appears to be peer assessment, which is the only subjective criterion used in the USNWR ranking methodology. This suggests that the rankings might be improved by lowering (or removing entirely) the relative contribution of peer assessment from the USNWR ranking methodology.
Analysis of the native conformation of the LIR/AIM motif in the Atg8/LC3/GABARAP-binding proteins

The Atg8/LC3/GABARAP family of proteins, a group that has structural homology with ubiquitin, connects with a large set of binding partners to function in macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy). This interaction occurs primarily via a conserved motif termed the LC3-interacting region (LIR), or the Atg8-interacting motif (AIM). The consensus sequence for this motif, [W/F/Y]xx[L/I/V], can be found in many proteins, but only some of them are physiological partners containing a functional LIR/AIM. Because the structure of many full-length partners has not been, or cannot be, solved, the structural context of the LIR/AIM within the native protein conformation is not obvious. Here we suggest that the functional LIR/AIM is a short linear motif (SLiM) protein-binding module, arising from an intrinsically disordered region. This finding enables the rapid elimination of some false Atg8/LC3/GABARAP-binding proteins, and connects the exponentially growing knowledge on disordered SLiMs with autophagy.
Sentencing without Remorse

State court judges in the United States have a great deal of discretion in assessing punishments for criminal defendants. Over time, through either statutory pronouncement or precedent, state courts have considered a distinct group of factors in determining the proper punishment for a convicted criminal defendant. One of these factors is remorse. Many state courts have found remorse to be an appropriate mitigating factor to consider when assigning criminal punishment.1 However, many states have found the absence of remorse to be an appropriate aggravating factor when calculating an appropriate criminal punishment.2 Unfortunately, remorse has proven to be an increasingly ambiguous concept, which state court judges have had a great deal of difficulty applying in any coherent or consistent manner. Rather, reflecting the myriad definitions of remorse, state courts have found a myriad of reasons to find remorse present or absent, many of which are illogical at best. Remorse presents problems for both prosecutors and defenders. Prosecutors may confront a savvy criminal defendant who is not remorseful, but who claims remorse in order to obtain a reduced sentence and is proficient in saying the right things before a susceptible judge. Defenders face a perceived lack of remorse, which may result in a more lengthy sentence for the defendant who is inarticulate or fails to behave or speak in the manner the judge believes indicates remorse.