cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evidence of biased processing of natural resource-related information: A study of attitudes toward drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which individuals process natural resource-related information in a biased manner. Data were gathered using surveys administered to students enrolled in undergraduate classes at Colorado State University. Students' attitudes toward Arctic drilling were evaluated both before and after they were exposed to exaggerated information about both sides of the issue. Consistent with initial expectations, respondents' attitudes did not change as a result of exposure to new information. Respondents defended their initial attitudes in rating the quality of the information. Those who expressed initial support for drilling evaluated pro-drilling arguments more favorably and discounted anti-drilling arguments, while those in opposition to drilling tended to favor the anti-drilling arguments in their evaluations. Evidence of biased processing suggests that the provision of factual information may not be enough if the goal of education programs is to change attitude...
Social sharing of emotional experiences in Asian American and European American women

The present study investigated the relationships among ethnicity and social sharing of traumatic experiences in a sample of 88 East Asian and 88 European American women. Participants were asked to write about a traumatic experience for twenty minutes and then to rate how upsetting the experience was, how often they thought about it, how often and to whom they had previously disclosed the experience, as well as the perceived appropriateness of sharing the experience with different target audiences, e.g., friends and family members. The results indicated that Asian Americans reported speaking to others less frequently about the traumatic event and sharing it with fewer individuals, and tended to be more likely to share the event with friends than with family members when compared to European Americans. Asian Americans also reported thinking about the upsetting event less frequently than European Americans even though both groups reported that the events were equally upsetting. The more upsetting events were...
Diarylindenotetracenes via a selective cross-coupling/C-H functionalization: electron donors for organic photovoltaic cells.

A direct synthesis of new donor materials for organic photovoltaic cells is reported. Diaryindenotetracenes were synthesized utilizing a Kumada–Tamao–Corriu cross-coupling of peri-substituted tetrachlorotetracene with spontaneous indene annulation via C–H activation. Vacuum deposited planar heterojunction organic photovoltaic cells incorporating these molecules as electron donors exhibit power conversion efficiencies exceeding 1.5% with open-circuit voltages ranging from 0.7 to 1.1 V when coupled with C60 as an electron acceptor.
Production and Composition of Milk from Jersey Cows Administered Bovine Somatotropin and Fed Ruminally Protected Amino Acids

Abstract Eight multiparous and 4 primiparous Jersey cows averaging 92 d of lactation were utilized in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods to determine responses to bovine somatotropin (bST) and ruminally protected Met and Lys when diets were fed that contained supplemental fat. Treatments were 1) control [no bST or ruminally protected amino acids (AA)], 2) control plus bST, 3) control plus ruminally protected AA, and 4) control plus bST plus ruminally protected AA. Dry matter intake was increased by bST but was unaffected by ruminally protected AA. Milk yield was increased by bST but was not altered by ruminally protected AA compared with the control diet. The bST tended to increase percentages of fat and total solids in milk and increased yields of fat, protein, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and total solids. Ruminally protected AA increased percentages of fat, protein, and total solids in milk; however, yields of milk components were unaffected by ruminally protected AA. Body weight and body condition scores were unaffected by treatment. Concentrations of essential AA in plasma were unaffected by bST administration. Ruminally protected Met and Lys increased the concentration of Met and tended to increase the concentration of Lys in plasma. The lack of an increase in yields of milk and milk protein when ruminally protected AA were fed suggests that adequate amounts of Met and Lys were supplied by the control diet and protein reserves of the cows to meet the AA requirements for synthesis of milk and milk components.
In accordance with nature: What Japanese women mean by being in control

Abstract The persisting ban on oral contraceptives in Japan more than 30 years after their approval abroad is often used as evidence that Japanese women are unliberated victims of male domination. In fact, many Japanese feminists oppose oral contraceptives, and many women worry about taking these chemicals into their bodies. This paper investigates Japanese women's apprehension regarding contraceptive pills. In 1995, the author interviewed 31 patients in obstetric‐gynaecology departments in Tokyo. Their narratives contain four ideas that are important in understanding their contraceptive preferences: ‘inside’, ‘the path of blood’, ‘natural rhythm’, and the relationship between self and body. Analyses of these themes indicate that Japanese women do not share the usual American preconceptions regarding oral contraceptives: they do not take it for granted that male sexual desire is uncontrollable, neither do they think of their bodies as the objects for control. Japanese women value men's willingness to use ...
Computation of Three-Dimensional Turbulent Turbomachinery Flows Using a Coupled Parabolic-Marching Method

A new coupled parabolic-marching method was developed to compute the three-dimensional turbulent flow in a turbine endwall cascade, a compressor cascade wake, and an axial flow compressor rotor passage. The method solves the partially parabolized incompressible Navier–Stokes equation and continuity in a coupled fashion. The continuity equation was manipulated using pseudocompressibility theory to give a convergent algorithm for complex geometries. The computed end-wall boundary layers and secondary flow compared well with the experimental data for the turbine cascade as did the wake profiles for the compressor cascade using a k –e turbulence model. Suction side boundary layers, pressure distributions, and exit stagnation pressure losses compared reasonably well with the data for the compressor rotor.
Noise measurements on a magnetron injection gun beam

The results of noise measurements conducted on a helix-type traveling-wave amplifier containing a magnetron injection gun are described. A minimum noise figure of 15.3 dB was observed at 760 MHz with an approximate beam power of 1600 watts. The noise figure was minimized by an adjustment of the magnetic field, which determines the transit time of the electrons through a drift region. This optimizes the magnitude and phase of the standing noise waves at the helix input.
Retaining majors through the introductory sequence

Retention is an important issue for Computer Science Departments. In many cases students leave the major due to frustrations with programming in the complex languages often used in CS1 and CS2 or because they do not understand that computer science is much more than programming. We have redesigned our introductory sequence to include a rigorous, non-programming introduction to the field and a CS1 course which uses Scheme so that students can focus on the principles of programming instead of the complexities of a particular language. In the first year that we have required these courses in our major, we have had positive results. In this paper, we describe what we have learned through discussions with students and student surveys.
Continuous Wave Achromatic Thermal Lens Spectroscopy

We present a mode-mismatched continuous wave (cw) achromatic thermal lens experiment in which the pump beam is focused in the presence of a collimated probe beam. This scheme presents a distinct advantage over mode-matched thermal lens experimental methods in that it considerably reduces chromatic aberrations. Further, using the proposed method, we measure the near infrared spectrum of distilled water. The results are in good agreement with previous transmission measurements.
The "new wave" in studying Asian markets and consumers

Numerous economic studies have identified East Asia—the region ranging from China to Indonesia and from India to Korea and the Philippines—as a major growth region in the twenty-first century. As I have discussed elsewhere (Schmitt 2014), some predict that by 2050 the East Asian region will be the dominant force of the world economy where about half of the entire middle-class population will live. The middle class is essential for a society and economy to thrive, and of great interest to marketers because it is not only a sociological phenomenon but a consumption community. Middle-class consumers desire quality fast-moving consumer goods, electronics, fashion, and the like. They affect markets by flocking to malls and assembling on social media and ecommerce sites. Studying Asian markets and consumers, especially the middle class, seems a key task for marketing researchers. Yet, our conceptual and empirical understanding of Asian markets and consumers is still rather limited. The Special Issue on Asian Markets and Consumers aims to make a contribution toward closing this gap. The authors of the papers in the Special Issue present the findings of research projects that not only enrich our knowledge but have practical implications for global marketers as well as marketing managers in the region. I am pleased to say that a large number of papers (75 in total) were submitted to this Special Issue. Only nine papers (that is, 12 %) were ultimately accepted. The papers included here cover a wide range of topics including emotions, luxury consumption, online purchases, store choices, language, celebrity endorsements, conspicuous Mark Lett (2015) 26:261–264 DOI 10.1007/s11002-015-9364-z
Health policy for the elderly

w 'hen Ronald Reagan assumed the presidency, both conservative and liberal analysts predicted revolutionary changes in the health and welfare system of the country. When Reagan left office eight years later, major programs affecting the elderly that had been targeted for radical modification or elimination still existed. Medicare continues as a federal program that pays half of the medical bills of the elderly. Medicaid remains a joint federalstate program that pays the medical bills of a large number of elderly poor. Social Security offers federally administered income support, while other programs provide federal funds for social services, food, and other needs. While the Reagan years did not revolutionize health policy for the elderly, significant structural trends were initiated and /or reinforced. These trends could have long-lasting consequences for the elderly. As the number of elderly grows dramatically over the next fifty years, the federal health policy for the aged will reflect the heritage of New Federalism, fiscal crisis and austerity, and deregulation.
Effect of Age on Performance of Tasks With Spatial Conflict

Attentional selection has an important adaptive role in individuals’ interactions with the environment. Orienting attention over a scene and selecting the object or location to attend to, is necessary for carrying out desired actions. The cognitive processes range from correctly perceiving and interpreting information from different body sensors to planning and coordinating the effectors to produce the desired movement1.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Indirect selection for increased sucrose yield in early sugarcane testing stages

Abstract A plant breeder may base selection on components of yield when direct selection for yield has proven ineffective. The objective of this research was to study ways of effectively improving sucrose yield, via indirect selection, in the first clonal testing stage of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) improvement programs. The components of sucrose yield measured were: stalk weight, stalk volume, stalk density, stalk height, stalk diameter, sucrose content, Brix, purity, and pith. A Louisiana sugarcane breeding population represented by 80 randomly-selected genotypes (four progeny from each of 20 crosses among 19 parents) from a first clonal testing stage was studied. The clones were planted at the St. Gabriel Research Station in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected in 1986, 1987, and 1988 from the plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon, respectively. As expected, path-coefficient analysis revealed that purity and Brix were the main factors increasing sucrose content. Indirect effects suggested that selection for low levels of pith will increase levels of Brix and purity. Stalk volume had a positive and much larger effect on stalk weight than stalk density, while increased stalk diameter and stalk height had positive and near equal effects on increasing stalk volume. When selection for cane yield cannot be accomplished directly, then selection for stalk weight can be used. Stalk weight can be effectively increased by visual selection for stalks with large volumes, which can be accomplished by emphasizing stalk diameter and stalk height. Selection emphasis based on high Brix and low pith should increase sucrose content. Maintaining high levels of sucrose content in high cane-yielding selections should best increase sucrose yield.
Prophylactic Residual Aneurysmal Sac Embolization with Expandable Hydrogel Embolic Devices for Endoleak Prevention: Preliminary Study in Dogs

To explore the feasibility and efficacy of residual aneurysmal sac (RAS) embolization with the expandable hydrogel embolic device (EHED) in prevention of endoleaks in a surgically created and endoluminally treated abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). In eight dogs, an AAA was created by means of side-to-side anastomosis between the infrarenal abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) with ligation of the IVC above and below the anastomotic end, followed by deployment of an endograft with holes. The RAS was then embolized with the EHED. One animal was killed immediately after RAS embolization and one animal died 12 hr after the procedure. Follow-up aortograms were obtained in six animals after 1 day (1 animal), 2 weeks and 6 months (1 animal), and 8 weeks (4 animals). Four animals had no endoleaks on the follow-up aortograms. The remaining two animals with incomplete RAS embolization had moderate type III endoleaks. Type I or II endoleaks were not seen in any animals. Complications included RAS wall penetration by the devices with platinum wires in two animals (nos. 1 and 2), device migration into an aortic circulation through the endograft holes in two animals (nos. 2 and 3) or through distal interstices between the aortic wall and endograft in one animal (no. 8), aortic occlusion in three animals (nos. 3, 7, and 8), and RAS rupture in one animal (no. 7). Histologic examination showed expanded hydrogels occupying the RAS with associated mature or immature organized thrombus, fibrinous thrombus, or degenerate blood cells. RAS embolization was feasible with the EHED, although additional modifications to the device are required to avoid complications. Angiographic and histologic results suggested that RAS embolization with the EHED may help in the prevention of endoleaks.
Production of organic acids by electrodialysis/pervaporation process.

Abstract Lactate esters produced from carbohydrates have potential markets as nontoxic replacements for halogenated and toxic solvents and as feedstocks forlarge-volume chemicals and polymers. Argonne National Laboratory has developed a novel process for the production of high-purity lactate esters from carbohydrates. The process uses advanced electrodialysis and pervaporation technologies to overcome major technical barriers in product separation; more specifically, the process involves cation elimination without the generation of salt waste and efficient esterification for final purification. This patented process requires little energy input, is highly efficient and selective, avoids the large volumes of salt waste produced by conventional processes, and significantly reduces manufacturing costs. The enabling membrane separation technologies make it technically and commercially feasible for lactate esters to penetrate the potential markets.
A posteriori error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement for a multiscale operator decomposition approach to fluid-solid heat transfer

We analyze a multiscale operator decomposition finite element method for a conjugate heat transfer problem consisting of a fluid and a solid coupled through a common boundary. We derive accurate a posteriori error estimates that account for all sources of error, and in particular the transfer of error between fluid and solid domains. We use these estimates to guide adaptive mesh refinement. In addition, we provide compelling numerical evidence that the order of convergence of the operator decomposition method is limited by the accuracy of the transferred gradient information, and adapt a so-called boundary flux recovery method developed for elliptic problems in order to regain the optimal order of accuracy in an efficient manner. In an appendix, we provide an argument that explains the numerical results provided sufficient smoothness is assumed.
Cancer screening and early detection: managing malpractice risk.

Purpose The purpose of this report is to educate healthcare professionals about the legal risks of conducting cancer screening examinations and necessary risk reduction practices. Overview The authors describe the elements of a medical malpractice claim, the healthcare professionals' legal standard of care, theories of malpractice liability, common factors related to missed or delayed diagnoses, malpractice defenses, and risk reduction practices. Clinical implications Healthcare professionals, including physicians, physician assistants, advanced practice nurses, and social workers, have been shown to be clinically effective in cancer screening, and early detection of many cancers leads to improved long-term survival rates. Healthcare professionals who conduct cancer early detection examinations and counsel patients in cancer screening programs need to be aware of the common legal theories under which lawsuits are brought related to cancer detection examinations. Important steps in reducing the risk of malpractice include developing creative strategies to address the theories of liability in the area of cancer screening and early detection; keeping abreast of changes in national and international cancer screening recommendations; monitoring the literature for approaches to decrease liability; and scrupulously maintaining documentation of all findings and interactions among providers and between providers and patients.
Synergistic effect of coumadin and cytoxan in reducing lung metastases

Abstract Lung metastasis is a frequent cancer complication resulting in significant mortality. This study evaluates the effect of coumadin and cytoxan alone and in combination on lung metastases in rats challenged with Morris hepatoma 3924A. Seventy-seven male American Cancer Institute (ACI) rats weighing 200 g were studied. Thirty-seven rats received coumadin orally for six days, which resulted in a prothrombin time 2 times that of controls (30 sec). All rats received 1 × 10 5 clumped Morris hepatoma cells via tail vein injection. Animals were divided into four groups: Group I (controls, n=20) received no antitumor treatment; group II rats (n = 20) received 25 mg/kg cytoxan intraperitoneally at the time of tumor challenge; group III animals (n = 19) received coumadin alone; while group IV (n = 18) received both coumadin and cytoxan. Rats were evaluated for number of lung metastases and lung weight at 3 weeks postinjection. Data was subjected to statistical analysis by the Student's t test. The mean number of lung metastases were 580 ± 45 in group I, 350 ± 310 in group II, 330 ± 263 in group III, and 200 ± 161 in group IV ( P v [I], P v [II], [III]), ( P v [I]), ( P v [I]). Mean lung weights were 2.597 g ± 1.65 in group I, 2.049 g ± 0.75 in group II, 1.898 g ± 0.80 in group III, and 1.677 g ± 0.31 in group IV. ( P v [I], P v [II]). These data indicate coumadin and cytoxan act synergistically in reducing lung metastases. These observations suggest the synergistic effect of these two agents may prove useful in the prevention of lung metastases in the clinical setting.
Synthesis and Properties of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers with Main Chain Mesogenic Units

Synthesis and Properties of Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymers with Main Chain Mesogenic Units
A new challenge to economic science: Global model simulation☆

Abstract The FUGI ( Fu tures of G lobal I nterdependence) global modeling system has been developed as a scientific policy modeling and future simulation tool of providing global information to the human society and finding out possibilities of policy co-ordination among countries in order to achieve sustainable development of the global economy co-existing on the planet Earth in the ever changing universe. The FUGI global model M200 classifies the world into 200 countries/regions where each national/regional model is globally interdependent. Each national/regional model has nine subsystems as population, foods, energy, environment, economic development, peace and security, human right, healthcare and quality of life (IT revolution). This is a super complex dynamic system model using integrated multidisciplinary systems analysis where number of structural equations is over 170,000. Economic model as a core includes major economic variables such as production of GDP, employment, expenditures of GDP, income distribution, prices, money, interest rates and financial assets, government finance, international balance of payments, international finance, foreign exchange rates and development indicators. The purpose of this article is twofold, namely to provide information on a new frontier science of economics: global model simulation as well as appropriate policy exercise for sustainable development of the interdependent global economy. The world economy is facing “green” energy revolution to change from fossil to create alternative energy and energy saving technology against sky rocketing higher oil prices. Japan takes a lead in this field of technology innovation. Under such circumstances, Japan should take an initiative to create a new peaceful world through not only harmonized adjustments of Japanese economic policy but also wise cosmic mind to promote human solidarity with the ever changing nature will be desirable to adjust orbit of the fluctuated global economy. Japan should challenge for a new strategy to accelerate economic growth rates by “ CO 2 reducing environment investment ” based on technology innovations.
Sonographic monitoring to guide the performance of postabortal uterine curettage

This communication describes a technique of sonographically monitored uterine curettage. This method is of particular value in the management of postabortal endomyometritis associated with retained products of conception or in any situation in which anatomic variation (for instance, retroversion) makes curette insertion difficult.
STRESS-DENSITY VARIATIONS IN ALUMINA SEDIMENTS: EFFECTS OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY

parameters with spatial variations of the packing density and the local effective stress. These correlations are difficult to achieve by traditional techniques (e.g., rheometry, sedimentation kinetics modeling, soil mechanics tests), especially for the low stresses (< 1000 Pa) that are typically encountered in sediments. Aside from being destructive to samples, these techniques also tend to measure volume-averaged properties, and as a result they usually fall short of describing localized consolidation phenomena. Significant variations in plasticity can arise through modification of interparticle forces by changing the chemistry of surface-adsorbed polymers or ions. In the present study, we address the question of how to design surface-adsorbed polysiloxanes to enhance particle rearrangement into densely packed structures. Polysiloxanes are excellent lubricants (e.g., silicon oil) due to the low rotational energy of the Si-O-Si bonds comprising the polymer backbone. These inorganic polymers are also available with a broad range of chemical structures that can pyrolyze to various inorganic silicon-based compounds under appropriate conditions. 2 This research is part of a larger program examining the use of polymeric additives that may form useful inorganic phases within the pores of a ceramic compact upon pyrolysis. 3
Asymmetrical cache pilfering between yellow pine chipmunks and golden-mantled ground squirrels

Animals that scatter hoard seeds in the same habitat potentially compete for those cached seeds when they forage for stored food. Yellow pine chipmunks, Tamias amoenus, and golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis, scatter hoard Jeffrey pine, Pinus jeffreyi, seeds differently; chipmunks make small, shallow caches whereas ground squirrels make large, deep caches. We hypothesized that ground squirrels bury seeds deeply to avoid pilferage from chipmunks, but it was unclear how chipmunks avoid pilferage by ground squirrels. We investigated this competitive interaction by making an array of caches of differing sizes and depths in rodent-proof enclosures in the field and allowed naive subjects to forage. Ground squirrels (N = 8) were unable to find caches at any depth (0/384 caches = 0%) but chipmunks (N = 9) found 34.3% of caches present (148/432 caches), including many deeper caches resembling those that ground squirrels make. In the laboratory, ground squirrels found four species of cached seeds at chance levels (13.1% observed versus 16.7% expected from random digging), whereas chipmunks performed well above random (34.2% versus 16.7%). These results suggest that chipmunk caches are not vulnerable to ground squirrel pilfering and that ground squirrels cannot detect and remove buried seeds easily and must forage for seeds on plants or on the soil surface. Ground squirrels apparently avoid pilfering by chipmunks by larder hoarding most seeds and defending the larder. Differences in the hoarding behaviour of these species reduce competition and promote coexistence.
Viability of Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteriods

Homogenates from soybean nodules, formed by 12 strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, were plated into yeast-extract mannitol agar containing 3 or 37 g mannitol 1-1. Viable counts ranged from 8.298 to 11.265 log10 cells-gram nodule-1. When monitored over the life cycle of the symbiosis, the viability of strains USDA 110 and USDA 123 increased with days after planting (DAP), and at 70 DAP was 95% and 81%, respectively. By contrast, the viability of USDA 38 bacteroids decreased with time, and at 70 DAP was only 1.9%. At 49 DAP, nodules induced by USDA 38 had significantly fewer bacteroids per peribacteroid membrane than those formed by USDA 110 or USDA 123, and at 70 DAP, 27% of the USDA 38 bacteroids showed some degree of degeneration. Viable counts of USDA 123 and USDA 110 bacteroids, isolated from the nodules of 12 different cultivars, ranged from 10.963 to 11.463 and from 10.683 to 11.117 log10 viable cells-gram nodule-1, respectively. Varying the osmolarity of the medium had no predictable effect on bacteroid viability. When surface-sterilized nodules of IPAGO 587 (high bacteroid viability) and USDA 38 (low bacteroid viability) were inoculated into a nonsterile silt loam soil, at rates equivalent to 5.0×108 and 5.0×106 viable bacteroids g-1 soil, respectively, and then incubated at 28° C for 60 days, 4.3×104 and 1.5×104 surviving cells g-1 soil, respectively, were recovered. Thus, despite differences due to host and strain variation, bacteroid viability appears to be unrelated to persistence of individual strains following an annual legume crop cycle.
Optical tissue window: A novel model for optimizing engraftment of intestinal stem cell organoids

Background Intestinal malabsorption disorders and short bowel syndrome lead to significant morbidity. We recently demonstrated that grafting of intestinal organoids can grow a bioengineered intestinal neomucosa and cure bile acid malabsorption in rats. Now we have developed a novel system that permits direct observation of intestinal organoids in vivo to optimize conditions for engraftment. Methods Optical Windows were created in C57BL/6J mice by externalizing an omental pedicle into a dorsal skin flap chamber. Following creation of windows, 5000 intestinal organoids from green-fluorescent protein transgene (GFP)(+) donor mice were seeded directly either on omentum or on polyglycolic acid (PGA) disks that had been placed on omentum at 1 or 5 days. Engraftment of green fluorescent cells was evaluated on postseeding days 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 12, and 21 using fluorescence microscopy. Results An initial group had seeding onto omentum (n = 5) or biopolymer disks (n = 5) on postoperative day 1. After 7 days, there was mucosal cell engraftment onto omental tissue and biopolymers. GFP(+) organoids engrafted significantly better when seeded onto biopolymers compared to omentum (P Conclusions This novel system allows continuous in vivo observation of engrafted cells that are seeded on externalized omentum. The use of PGA mesh biopolymer may improve engraftment of intestinal organoids.
Multiple sites of interaction between the ATPase inhibitor and mitochondrial membrane from rat liver mitochondria

Summary The ATPase inhibitor interacts with F 1 -ATPase and sonicated submitochondrial particles in which the matrix side of the inner membrane is exposed to the suspending medium. On the other hand, preincubating the inhibitor with intact mitochondria in the presence of Mg ++ -ATP greatly stimulates ATP-P1 exchange activity of the intact mitochondria. In contrast, preincubating the inhibitor with submitochondrial particles has no effect on the ATP-Pi exchange activity of the latter. Furthermore, when the inhibitor is incorporated inside the sumitochondrial particles by sonicating intact mitochondria in the presence of added inhibitor, the ATP-PI exchange activity of the so prepared submitochondrial particles is higher than that of control submitochondrial particles. When atractyloside is included in the assay medium, the ATP-Pi exchange activities of intact mitochondria (regardless of preincubation with added inhibitor or not) are completely inhibited while that of submitochondrial particles (regardless of preincorporating the inhibitor inside the particles or not) are not affected. These results indicate that the inhibitor interacts with F 1 -ATPase on the matrix side and with the adenine nucleotide translocator on the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Improved reservoir characterization in low-permeability reservoirs with geostatistical models

This paper is a field application of modern geostatistical reservoir characterization to a complex, low-permeability gas reservoir. Multiwell history matching with this approach is shown to be significantly better than those done with historical approaches. Important opportunities for additional drilling were identified; however, these additional infill locations required significantly lower well costs to be commercial.
INVESTIGATING PREMATURE DETERIORATION OF A CONCRETE HIGHWAY

Premature deterioration of concrete on Trunk Highway 169 near Hibbing, Minnesota, triggered an investigation to determine the potential cause of the distress. The deterioration manifested in the form of severe cracking and spalling in the top 75 mm (3 in.) of the pavement near the transverse joints. Investigation of cores obtained from locations near joints and midpanel indicated that the air void system in the top portion of the pavement was compromised initially (during construction) by nonuniform vibration across the depth of the concrete pavement and later by in-filling of the marginal air void system with secondary products. Absence of any evidence indicating the structural failure of the pavement or of the loadtransfer devices suggested that inferior concrete and poor construction practices were primarily responsible for the pavement failure.
Molecular Structure of Type II Collagen

The naturally crystalline arrangement of collagen molecules within the fibrils of some tissues, allows the use of fiber diffraction methods for structural characterization. This method has the potential to give structural information about collagen type II with minimum interference from sample preparation and may give the opportunity to produce relatively detailed three-dimensional visualization of the fibrils sub-structure. Towards this end, experiments with Multiple Isomorphous Replacement (MIR) were carried out to so that a one-dimensional electron density map of native collagen structure may be determined. Several experiments were performed at the BioCAT facility at Argonne National Laboratory with variations of: sample holder designs, sample preparation procedures, heavy atoms for MIR, temperatures and setups for small and medium angle diffraction. Some more optimum combinations of these produced data of resolution 15 A or better in the axial direction. Using these data, a subsequent study that also made use of AFM and TEM techniques, revealed that the parameters of collagen type II fibrils from lamprey notochord are very similar if not the same as collagen type II fibrils in mammalian tissues: 30 nm in diameter, axial periodicity of 67 nm, amino acid charge distribution is the same. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction derived one dimensional electron density map showed that the telopeptides, which are crucial for fibrillogenesis and organization of collagen type II tissues, have a very specific folded conformation, reminiscent of that seen in the C-telopeptide of type I collagen. The folded telopeptide conformations provide a clear picture of the intermolecular crosslink locations within the contributing collagen monomers within the 67 nm D-period. This type of structural information is essential for understanding the mechanisms of tissue development and disease pathologies.
A Computational Study on Particle/Turbulence Interaction

In a typical complex particle flow with turbulence, particles can directly interact with small turbulent eddies. The presence of particles changes the turbulence field, and at the same time, the turbulent eddies also influence the particle motion and coagulation. The problem for this computational study is modeled as a turbulent flow passing over a solid spherical particle. The background turbulence field is first generated using an LES turbulence simulation in a large domain. An improved direct-forcing immersed-boundary method is then used to place a particle in a truncated smaller domain to start the simulation for particle/turbulence interaction. The results show that turbulence causes different patterns of vortex shedding in the wake that appears as turbulent fluctuations. The effect of the particle on the background turbulence is detected in the spectral analysis where the particle removes some turbulent energy at the low frequency range and returns the energy to the frequency range corresponding to vortex shedding.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The genetic control of tolerance to aluminum toxicity in the ‘Essex’ by ‘Forrest’ recombinant inbred line population

Aluminum (Al) toxicity to plant roots is a major problem of acidic soils. The main chemical reaction involved is Al hydrolysis. Application of lime or nitrate fertilizers to raise soil pH reduces Al toxicity but not as economically as a plant genotypes with natural tolerance against this stress. Ammonium fertilization of crops and assimilation of ammonium (even that derived from dinitrogen) are particularly acidifying of the root zone. The aims of the present study were to find genotypes of soybean tolerant to aluminum stress and identify QTL underlying that trait. Used were recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of ‘Essex’ by ‘Forrest’. RILs were grown in a greenhouse for 3 weeks and then transferred to hydroponics in a growth chamber. Root lengths (RL) were measured before and 72 h after Al treatment. RL before and after Al treatment were measured and used to calculate root tolerance index (RTI) and relative mean growth (RMG). RILs 1, 85, 40 and 83 had significant (P 3.0). The QTL on linkage group F (chromosome 13) was in the interval Satt160–Satt252 with a peak at 24 cM (peak LOD was 3.3). The QTL underlay 31% of trait variation and the Essex allele provided an additional 1.61 cm of root growth over 72 h in the presence of Al. The QTL on linkage group C2 (probably chromosome 4) was in the interval from Satt202 to Satt371 with a peak at 3.2 cM (peak LOD was 14.7). The QTL underlay 34% of trait variation or 1.81 cm of growth over 72 h in the presence of Al. Both loci encompassed genes implicated in citrate metabolism, a method of aluminum detoxification known to vary among soybean cultivars. Two major loci and at least nine minor loci were inferred to underlie tolerance to Al. RILs and markers may be used to select alleles that increase tolerance to soybean against Al stress.
Radiation into transverse electric modes of rectangular waveguides from spatiotemporally modulated gyrating electron beams

A previously published analysis [J. L. Hirshfield, Phys. Rev. A 44, 6845 (1991)] of the first-order transfer of power into fields of a ${\mathrm{TE}}_{0\mathit{m}}$ rectangular waveguide from a relativistic electron beam carrying spatiotemporal modulation is extended to ${\mathrm{TE}}_{\mathit{l}\mathit{m}}$ modes. Non-axis-encircling orbits, circularly polarized excitations, and competing modes are incorporated into the expanded analysis. Selection rules and phase-matching conditions are found that govern the power transfer; these are shown to allow wave power to increase quadratically with both the interaction length and the dc beam current. Examples of fifth-harmonic conversion are presented for both ${\mathrm{TE}}_{32}$ and ${\mathrm{TE}}_{03}$ modes, the latter in a square waveguide supporting a circularly polarized wave. Power levels of 100 kW or more at 94 GHz appear to be achievable in a conceptual fifth-harmonic device using a 200-kV, 1-A beam. The circularly polarized mode appears to be relatively free of mode competition. Devices with lower beam energies are also shown to be capable of fifth-harmonic operation at 94 GHz, albeit with lower output power than for devices with higher beam energies.
Energy and width of S-wave electron-hydrogen resonances

The energies and widths of the $S$-wave resonances of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are calculated by using a continuum wave function in which the resonance effect is removed. This method improves our earlier results and brings the existing accurate theoretical results into excellent agreement.
Objective and Subjective Judgements in Environmental Impact Analysis

Analyses of environmental impacts, and descriptions of methodologies for conducting them, have not always been explicitly cognizant of the subjective value-judgements that must be made in the process of collecting, refining, assessing, and presenting, objective scientific information. This paper has outlined the types of objective and subjective judgements that are made in each of the following major steps of the analysis: identifying major activities; selecting environmental components; selecting types of impacts; assessing the possibilities and/or probabilities of occurrences; determining the degree of the impacts; determining the time-frame of impacts; designating impacts as positive, neutral, or negative; and determining trade-offs among activities and impacts.The subjective judgements that must be made are based on values, feelings, beliefs, and prejudices, and are functions of the personal, institutional, professional, and societal, contexts of the analyst. If great care is not taken in making these judgements, and in making very explicit the value-framework used, the effectiveness and credibility of the analyst may be sharply reduced. There is also the danger that society and its decision-makers will be presented with an analysis having so many built-in biases that the legitimate role of the decision-makers in assessing the analysis and then making important value trade-offs is seriously compromised. This paper has attempted to make the nature of the process of analysis explicit with respect to the introduction and treatment of values, so that these problems can be understood and, it is hoped, properly managed by both scientists and decision-makers.
Flexible Stainless Steel Foil as a Substrate for Superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O Films

As-deposited superconducting Y-Ba-Cu-O films have been grown on stainless steel substrates by the plasma assisted laser deposition technique. Low interfacial diffusion of iron at the 550°C growth temperature enables us to produce superconducting films with critical temperatures up to 83 K and critical currents up to ∼4 × 10 3 A/cm 2 (40 K). Dependence of the superconducting properties of the Y-Ba-Cu-O films on the surface condition of the mirror finished stainless steel substrate has been studied. Critical temperature and critical current of the films have been improved by heat-treating the substrate and incorporating buffer layers. Variation of the critical current with the bend radii of the film is discussed.
Histotripsy-induced cavitation cloud initiation thresholds in tissues of different mechanical properties

Histotripsy is an ultrasound ablation method that depends on the initiation and maintenance of a cavitation bubble cloud to fractionate soft tissue. This paper studies how tissue properties impact the pressure threshold to initiate the cavitation bubble cloud. Our previous study showed that shock scattering off one or more initial bubbles, expanded to sufficient size in the focus, plays an important role in initiating a dense cavitation cloud. In this process, the shock scattering causes the positive pressure phase to be inverted, resulting in a scattered wave that has the opposite polarity of the incident shock. The inverted shock is superimposed on the incident negative pressure phase to form extremely high negative pressures, resulting in a dense cavitation cloud growing toward the transducer. We hypothesize that increased tissue stiffness impedes the expansion of initial bubbles, reducing the scattered tensile pressure, and thus requiring higher initial intensities for cloud initiation. To test this hypothesis, 5-cycle histotripsy pulses at pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs) of 10, 100, or 1000 Hz were applied by a 1-MHz transducer focused inside mechanically tunable tissue-mimicking agarose phantoms and various ex vivo porcine tissues covering a range of Young's moduli. The threshold to initiate a cavitation cloud and resulting bubble expansion were recorded using acoustic backscatter detection and optical imaging. In both phantoms and ex vivo tissue, results demonstrated a higher cavitation cloud initiation threshold for tissues of higher Young's modulus. Results also demonstrated a decrease in bubble expansion in phantoms of higher Young's modulus. These results support our hypothesis, improve our understanding of the effect of histotripsy in tissues with different mechanical properties, and provide a rational basis to tailor acoustic parameters for fractionation of specific tissues.
Music file sharing and sales displacement in the iTunes era

Abstract A growing empirical literature examines the relationship between music file sharing and legal purchases of music, but existing studies examine the period before consumers had attractive legal digital a la carte options. The iTunes Music Store has grown quickly since its appearance in 2003, and digital music now accounts for a third of US recorded music sales. Using two new surveys of University of Pennsylvania undergraduates in 2009 and 2010, we ask how music file sharing and sales displacement operate in the iTunes era, when the alternative to file sharing is purchasing individual songs, rather than entire albums. We find large amounts of file sharing in this population. Respondents have more stolen than paid music, but the music obtained via file sharing is, for the most part, low-valuation music which the respondents would likely not have purchased. The rate of sales displacement implied by the relationship between stolen and purchased music across respondents in both samples is between −0.15 and −0.3. That is, an additional song stolen reduces paid consumption by between a third and a sixth of song. Perhaps surprisingly, this is about the same as the CD sales displacement rate found for the pre-iTunes era using a similar empirical approach on a similar study population.
ANOMALOUS EXCHANGE KINETICS OF PEPTIDE AMIDE PROTONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

Reports concerning anomalous rates of exchange of some amides in oxytocin, alumichrome, and gramicidin S are reexamined through systematic analysis of the exchange data as a function of pH and primary structure. It is shown that such an analysis can provide useful information on secondary structure when the degree of hydrogen bonding to both the NH undergoing exchange and the neighboring carbonyl group are taken into consideration.
Influence of electron donor, oxygen, and redox potential on bacterial perchlorate degradation

Experiments were conducted to assess the influence of electron donor, redox potential, and dissolved oxygen on bacterial perchlorate degradation. Microcosms containing a diverse, perchlorate-acclimated, bacterial culture fed lactate at a 1:1 electron donor-to-perchlorate ratio (electron-equivalent basis) degraded perchlorate more slowly (k = 0.038 mg ClO4-/mg VSS h) and to a lesser extent than microcosms fed lactate at 2:1 and 4:1 ratios (k = 0.045 mg ClO4-/mg VSS h). The optimal COD/ClO4- ratio to consume all perchlorate and all electron donor was approximately 1.2 mg COD/mg ClO4-. In experiments where the redox potential was held constant, the extent of perchlorate degradation increased with decreasing redox potential, and 100% removal was only achieved at the lowest redox potential examined (-220 mV); however, perchlorate degradation (32% of added perchlorate) was observed as high as +180 mV. Additions of oxygen to actively degrading treatments did not adversely effect perchlorate degradation. It appears, therefore, that addition of excess electron donor is sufficient to negate potential inhibitory effects of molecular oxygen. If the redox conditions are more oxidized, however, the rate and extent of perchlorate degradation will be significantly decreased. This is the first report of perchlorate degradation under oxidized conditions using an environmentally relevant, diverse, bacterial enrichment culture, and this is also the first report of perchlorate reduction occurring at appreciable dissolved oxygen concentrations in a batch system.