cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a commercially available line of iPSC hepatocytes as models of hepatocyte function and toxicity for regulatory purposes.

Abstract It has recently become possible to produce hepatocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-heps), which may offer some advantages over primary human hepatocytes (Prim-heps) in the regulatory environment. The aim of this research was to assess similarities and differences between commercially available iPSC-heps and Prim-heps in preliminary assays of drug metabolism, hepatotoxicity, and drug transport. Hepatocytes were either cultured in collagen-coated 96-well plates (Prim-heps and 2d-iPSC-heps) or in ultra-low adhesion plates as spheroids (3d-iPSC-heps). 3d-iPSC-heps were used to enhance physiological cell-cell contacts, which is essential to maintain the phenotype of mature hepatocytes. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, CYP1A2, and CYP2B6 activity levels were evaluated using fluorescent assays. Phase II metabolism was assessed by HPLC measurement of formation of glucuronides and sulfates of 4-methylumbelliferone, 1-naphthol, and estradiol. The toxicity of acetaminophen, amiodarone, aspirin, clozapine, tacrine, tamoxifen, and troglitazone was monitored using a luminescent cell viability assay. Canaliculi formation was monitored by following the fluorescence of 5,6-carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. All culture models showed similar levels of basal CYP3A4, CYP1A2 and CYP2B6 activity. However, while Prim-heps showed a vigorous response to CYP inducing agents, 2d-iPSC-heps showed no response and 3d-iPSC-heps displayed an inconclusive response. 2d-iPSC-heps showed reduced, yet appreciable, glucuronide and sulfate formation compared to Prim-heps. All culture models showed similar activity in tests of hepatotoxicity, with Prim-heps generally being more sensitive. All models formed canaliculi capable of transporting carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein. The iPSC-heps appear to be useful for toxicity and transport studies, but metabolic activity is not optimum, and metabolism studies would benefit from a more mature model.
Reliability Performance of Advanced Organic Interposer (CoWoS®-R) Packages

Organic interposer (CoWoS®-R) is one of the most promising heterogeneous integration platform solutions for high-speed and artificial intelligence applications. Components such as chiplets, high-bandwidth memory, and passives can be integrated into an organic interposer with excellent yield and reliability. This paper presents reliability results for advanced organic interposer packages. Multiple redistribution layers (RDLs) form an effective stress buffer for reducing the stress induced in the C4 joint and its underfill from the mismatch between the top dies and substrate. Four RDL lines with a minimum line width/spacing of 2/2 µm exhibited excellent robustness, ensuring the long functional lives of highperformance computing products. We successfully demonstrated the outstanding fatigue performance of the C4 joint reliability. Various large packages passed stringent reliability tests, specifically TCC (−65°C to 150°C) up to 1300 cycles for heterogeneous integration package and TCG (−40°C to 125°C) up to 2500 cycles for chiplet integration package. The results of the sanity cross-sectional check indicate no interfacial delamination or crack. In addition, an in-depth analysis conducted using finite-element modeling revealed that the packages had superior reliability performance compared with a large monolithic flip-chip package.
Attacks on BitTorrent – An Experimental Study

Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks and applications represent an efficient method of distributing various network contents across the Internet. Foremost among these networks is the BitTorrent protocol. While BitTorrent has become one of the most popular P2P applications, attacking BitTorrent applications recently began to arise. Although sources of the attacks may be different, their main goal is to slow down the distribution of files via BitTorrent networks. This paper provides an experimental study on peer attacks in the BitTorrent applications. Real BitTorrent network traffic was collected and analyzed, based on which, attacks were identified and classified. This study aims to better understand the current situation of attacks on BitTorrent applications and provide supports for developing possible approaches in the future to prevent such attacks.
Recent reforms of the urban housing system in central and east Europe

The urban housing system in most of Central and East Europe (CEE) is undergoing decentralization, deregulation, and privatization together with other basic changes due to the fall of the iron curtain, the demise of the Soviet Union, and the reinstitution of democracy. In most of the CEE, the urban housing sector is economically important, accounting for 10-20% of total economic activity. In view of its implications for land use, energy consumption, waste generation, and water pollution, it also has a significant effect on sustainability of development. A prime development need in the CEE, according to the World Bank, is to improve the performance of the urban housing sector for economic, social, environmental, and political reasons. This paper describes the urban housing model of the CEE before reform and analyzes changes to that model that began with the privatization reforms in the early 1990s. The paper details the strengths and weaknesses of the reforms and suggests that there are some resource distribution inequities that are accentuated under reform. It discusses the pricing issues in urban housing reforms, as well as the financing of urban housing, and briefly recounts matters related to mobility of labor, spatial issues of urban housing development, urban infrastructure, peripheral urban growth, and titling and property registration that have come about as state socialism is replaced by a more open market.
Respect for Copyright Sovereignty in Transit: The European Court of Justice Decision in the Joined Philips/Nokia Cases

The decision by the ECJ in Philips/Nokia is welcome on a number of grounds. The Court affirmed that each country has the sovereign authority to make and apply IP rules for its own territory, and that applying IP rules governing the domestic market of transit countries would impair that authority. The Court rejected the production fiction approach that had been adopted by the Dutch Supreme Court, and advocated by Phillips and the Belgian government in the joined Philips/Nokia proceeding. Critically, the Court grounded its decision in the EC Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). The ECJ effectively acknowledged (though without expressly referring to it) Article V of the GATT regarding freedom of transit, and the role this provision plays in facilitating international trade. The ECJ reference to the TFEU constrains EU options in the context of present efforts to amend the EU IP Border Regulation.The ECJ distinguished the level of proof or evidence that would justify seizure and temporary detention from the level of proof or evidence that is needed to establish infringement in a substantive enforcement proceeding. The types of evidence that may justify suspicion are broader than the concrete evidence that is needed to make out a case of infringement based on intention to divert. The ECJ placed a significant burden of proof on a right holder seeking the destruction or abandonment of goods “in transit” based on a substantive finding of infringement against the consignor/exporter of those goods. False transit must be proven with concrete evidence.
Surface radiative impacts of ash deposits from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt volcano

The solar broadband albedo change, surface radiative forcing, and snowmelt rate associated with ash deposits based on those from the 2009 eruption of Redoubt volcano were calculated using the field-corroborated loadings from the Fall3D and the SNow, ICe, and Aerosol Radiation models. The optical properties of ash were calculated from Mie theory, using size information from the Fall3D model. Two sizes of snow grains were used in order to simulate a young and old snowpack. The results show concentrations of aerosol-sized ash in snow range from ~6.9 × 104 to 1 × 108 ppb, for the distal edge of the deposits (located ~100–570 km from the vent) to the vent, and integrated solar albedo reductions of ~0–59% for new snow and ~0–85% for old snow. These albedo reductions are much larger than those typical for black carbon and are of the same order of magnitude as those reported for volcanic deposits in Antarctica. The daily mean surface shortwave forcings associated with ash deposits on snow were ~0–96 W m−2 from the most distal deposits to the near-vent deposits. We show that forcings caused by ash deposits can be greater than those caused by dust deposits. There were no accelerated snowmelts calculated for the edges of the deposits. However, for areas of higher ash concentrations, daily melting rates were conservatively estimated to be ~140–160% higher than those of pure snow. We find that ash deposits from midsized volcanic eruptions can be a major agent of deposit-induced snowmelt.
Automatic selection of DBS target points using multiple electrophysiological atlases

In this paper we study and evaluate the influence of the choice of a particular reference volume as the electrophysiological atlas on the accuracy of the automatic predictions of optimal points for deep brain stimulator (DBS) implants. We refer to an electrophysiological atlas as a spatial map of electrophysiological information such as micro electrode recordings (MER), stimulation parameters, final implants positions, etc., which are acquired for each patient and then mapped onto a single reference volume using registration algorithms. An atlas-based prediction of the optimal point for a DBS surgery is made by registering a patient's image volume to that reference volume, that is, by computing a correct coordinate mapping between the two; and then by projecting the optimal point from the atlas to the patient using the transformation from the registration algorithm. Different atlases, as well as different parameterizations of the registration algorithm, lead to different and somewhat independent atlas-based predictions. We show how the use of multiple reference volumes can improve the accuracy of prediction by combining the predictions from the multiple reference volumes weighted by the accuracy of the non-rigid registration between each of the corresponding atlases and the patient volume.
How Overt Racial Prejudice Hurt Obama in the 2008 Election

Some commentators claim that white Americans put prejudice behind them when evaluating presidential candidates in 2008. Previous research on the question of white discrimination against black candidates has yielded mixed results, and suffers from such methodological limitations as hypothetical candidates, local samples of respondents, and racial attitude measures that fail to account for social desirability bias. Fortunately, the presidential candidacy of Barack Obama, combined with a methodological innovation in the measurement of racial stereotypes in the 2008 American National Election Studies, provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine more rigorously whether prejudice disadvantages black candidates. I find that negative stereotypes about blacks significantly eroded white support for Barack Obama; indeed, the effect of stereotypes may have been sufficient to cost Obama the popular vote among whites. Further, racial stereotypes do not predict support for previous presidential candidates or current prominent white Democrats, indicating that white voters punished Obama for his race rather than his party affiliation or policy platform. This finding indicates that white Americans have not put prejudice behind them after all.
Immunosuppression for liver transplantation in HCV-infected patients: mechanism-based principles.

We retrospectively analyzed 42 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients who underwent cadaveric liver transplantation under two strategies of immunosuppression: (1) daily tacrolimus (TAC) throughout and an initial cycle of high-dose prednisone (PRED) with subsequent gradual steroid weaning, or (2) intraoperative antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and daily TAC that was later space weaned. After 36 ± 4 months, patient and graft survival in the first group was 18/19 (94.7%) with no examples of clinically serious HCV recurrence. In the second group, the three-year patient survival was 12/23 (52%), and graft survival was 9/23 (39%); accelerated recurrent hepatitis was the principal cause of the poor results. The data were interpreted in the context of a recently proposed immunologic paradigm that is equally applicable to transplantation and viral immunity. In the framework of this paradigm, the disparate hepatitis outcomes reflected different equilibria reached under the two immunosuppression regimens between the relative kinetics of viral distribution (systemically and in the liver) and the slowly recovering HCV-specific T-cell response. As a corollary, the aims of treatment of the HCV-infected liver recipients should be to predict, monitor, and equilibrate beneficial balances between virus distribution and the absence of an immunopathologic antiviral T-cell response. In this view, favorable equilibria were accomplished in the nonweaned group of patients but not in the weaned group. In conclusion, since the anti-HCV response is unleashed when immunosuppression is weaned, treatment protocols that minimize disease recurrence in HCV-infected allograft recipients must balance the desire to reduce immunosuppression or induce allotolerance with the need to prevent antiviral immunopathology. Copyright © 2005 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Evaluation of cecal ligation as a model of mucoid enteropathy in specific-pathogen-free rabbits

Mucoid enteropathy is a serious disease of rabbits, the cause of which is unknown. Ligation of the cecum has been reported to cause a mucoid enteropathy-like syndrome in 70% of conventional rabbits. The goal of this study was to evaluate this model of mucoid enteropathy in Pasteurella-free, coccidia-free rabbits for use in future studies. Five rabbits served as unoperated controls (group 1). Eight rabbits underwent ligation of the cecum, with large vessels and nerves spared (group 2). In six rabbits the distal branch of the ileocecocolic vessels and nerve were incorporated into the cecal ligature (group 3). At necropsy 3 to 5 days after surgery, all group-3 rabbits had copious amounts of clear, gelatinous mucus in the colon. Only one group-2 rabbit had grossly evident mucus hypersecretion, whereas none of the group-1 rabbits did. Group-3 rabbits had areas of necrosis in the cecum; this was not seen in group-1 or group-2 rabbits. Rabbits of groups 2 and 3 had inflammation of the distal portion of the colon. In specific-pathogen-free rabbits cecal ligation alone did not reliably stimulate mucus hypersecretion but induced a disease similar to natural mucoid enteropathy. Cecal ligation including vessels provided a reproducible syndrome of mucus hypersecretion; however, the severe cecal necrosis was not consistent with the naturally acquired disease.
Higher-Level Relationships and Major Lineages of Lessingia (Compositae, Astereae) Based on Nuclear rDNA Internal and External Transcribed Spacer (ITS and ETS) Sequences

Abstract The apparent recency of diversification of Californian Lessingia (Compositae, Astereae) makes the genus a particularly interesting group for evolutionary investigation. Here we focus on the major evolutionary lineages within Lessingia (sensu Lane 1992) and the higher-level relationships of the genus and presumed close relatives using sequence data from the 18S–26S nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the 3’ end (561–563 bp) of the external transcribed spacer (ETS). We present new 3‘ETS primers that are useful across Astereae and examine the phylogenetic utility of the 3‘ETS in Lessingia and close relatives. In Lessingia, the 3‘ETS region appears to have evolved up to 1.4 times more rapidly by nucleotide substitution than has the ITS region. Our results show that data from the ETS greatly augments data from the ITS region; the combined data set yields the best resolved and best supported molecular trees for Lessingia. These topologies lead us to five conclusio...
Wiener-optimum linear detectors for non-Gaussian channels

Optimal detectors for non-Gaussian channels are nonlinear, and are therefore sensitive to problem parameters. We describe a technique for designing linear detectors for arbitrary additive noise channels that takes into account dependence structure, amplitude distribution, and transmitted signals. This technique is based on Wiener's theory of nonlinear systems, and amounts to cross-correlating the optimal detector's output with its input when it is driven by white Gaussian noise. We have not proven this linear detector's optimality; simulations demonstrate that it has some of the properties required of optimal detectors in several cases. >
Carbon-13 labeling for quantitative analysis of molecular movement in heterogeneous organic materials using secondary ion mass spectrometry.

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is used to probe the movement of macromolecules in heterogeneous organic systems. Using 13C tracer labeling and two model systems, polystyrene/poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS/P2VP) and polystyrene/poly(4-bromostyrene) (PS/P4BrS), the diffusion of 13C-labeled PS has been investigated near the respective heterogeneous interfaces using a CAMECA-IMS-6F magnetic sector mass spectrometer. 13C labeling has been shown to greatly minimize matrix effects (i.e., changes in secondary ion yields due to changing chemical environment) in heterogeneous systems. P2VP is a nitrogen-rich polymer (C7H7N monomer composition), making it an excellent model polymer for exploration of this technique for potential future use in biological applications, and probing the PS/P4BrS interface demonstrates the versatility of this technique for analysis of various heteroatom-containing materials. Results confirm that the 13C-labeling method does indeed allow for quantitative analysis of molecular movement ...
Study on an Energy-aware Routing Algorithm for Agriculture WSN

As precision farming requires real-time, accurate and sustainable monitoring of the biotope of the field, energy consumption and network delay constitute the major factors affecting the performance of ZigBee-based Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applied in agricultural production. Based on the AODVjr algorithm, this paper presents a new algorithm, namely NS-AODVjr. Featuring emphasis on energy control and dynamic routing, as well as balance between energy consumption and shortest path routing, this algorithm realizes maximum service time of the WSN while ensuring timely and effective transmission of the data in the monitoring process. After a simulation experiment with the Network Simulator tool, results show that, compared to the original algorithm, although the packet delivery rate and network delay witness no improvement, the new algorithm not only significantly reduces the device energy consumption, but also effectively expand the service time of the network. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i7.2799 Full Text: PDF
the objectives and design of european doctoral programmes in political science

This article argues that European doctoral programmes in political science should have three main aspirations. First, students must master the cutting edge research literature, and thus should get the high-level training that they need in both theory and methodology. Second, programmes should expose students to multidisciplinary influences and strong skills of critical analysis, so that they may see further than the current generation. Finally, in order to reproduce the profession, students must be taught to become excellent teachers.
Selection and Technology Evaluation of Moon/Mars Transportation Architectures

Our purpose is to evaluate and select from a large family of Moon-Mars transportation architectures by integrating a general architecture network model with vehicle computational modules. A complete tradespace of 1162 unique transportation architectures for human missions to the Moon and to Mars provided by an Object Process Network based architecture generator has been interpreted and integrated with subsystem models. Three Mars and five lunar architectures are downselected based on total launch mass to LEO, risk, complexity and further criteria. Sensitivity analysis and trades of mass for dierent advanced propulsion types and in-situ propellant production availability are presented.
Genetic counseling for the hearing impaired

Genetic counseling has many goals and perhaps no single group can profit more from counseling than the hearing impaired and their parents. Genetic factors account for approximately one-half of all cases of profound hearing loss, but there are so many different types of hereditary deafness that even when both parents are affected, their children may have normal hearing. If an accurate genetic diagnosis is made, counseling can prevent the tragedy of a second affected child and can sometimes lead to specific remediation. Perhaps the most significant effects of genetic counseling, however, are psychological in nature.Even among physicians the belief that families with hereditary diseases are somehow ‘tainted’ is unfortunately still far too prevalent. The recognition that the legacy of abnormal genes is a burden all society bears, that everyone possesses several potentially deleterious mutants, and in particular, that one in eight carries a recessive gene for deafness can dispel unfounded parental feelings of ...
The cytology of neurons and their dendrites in the simple mammalian nucleus lateralis. An electron microscope study.

Profiles of large neurons in the lateral nucleus range from 16 μm to 35 μm in diameter with dimpled nuclei, large Nissl bodies, and well developed Golgi apparatus. Two types of perikarya are distinguished, those that are smooth and those with irregular somatic and dendritic protuberances. About 86% of all large neuronal somata are covered with axosomatic synapses, predominantly with terminals of Purkinje axons and a few belonging to axons of the small neurons. The remaining 14% have no axosomatic synapses. The thick, fleshy dendrites of these cells are covered with terminals, the majority of which synapse directly upon the dendritic shaft. A few are present on spines. The initial segment of the large neuron is thick and robust and receives synapses upon its shaft or upon a spinous projection. The small neurons measure less than 12 μm in diameter and have very lobulated nuclei in a sparse cytoplasm characterized by small Nissl bodies and a poorly elaborated Golgi apparatus. About 52% of all small neuronal somata bear no synapses whereas the remaining 48% are covered with axosomatic synapses, mainly from the axons of Purkinje cells and a few axons of other small cells. The slender long dendrites of both large and small cells bear synapses with six classes of axons in the neuropil. Synaptic protuberances of two varieties occur on the surfaces of both perikarya and dendrites, (a) dome-shaped ones capped with a pronounced asymmetrical synaptic junction and (b) ones with thin long necks and bulbous heads having synapses on both parts. Frond-like dendritic excrescences are borne on the processes of some small and large neurons and they are postsynaptic to many axon terminals clustered around them.
A desert octodontid rodent, Tympanoctomys barrerae, uses modified hairs for stripping epidermal tissue from leaves of halophytic plants.

Desert rodents that consume halophytic plants must have adaptations for coping with the high salt content of the leaves. A kidney capable of excreting very concentrated urine is one method. Another is removal of the hypersaline epidermis by means of chisel-like incisors prior to ingestion of the leaves. Tympanoctomys barrerae has evolved a unique refinement of the latter adaptation. It possesses two bundles of stiffened hairs on either side of the palate just caudal to the incisors. The bundles vibrate against the lower incisors, removing the epidermis from the leaves. The efficiency of the operation is significantly greater than with the use of incisors alone. Such a device has not been described in any other mammal. The facial muscles associated with the lips, the cheek vibrissae, and the oral cavity are described in T. barrerae and the nonhalophilic octodontid Octomys mimax. M. buccinatorius pars intermaxillaris is the only muscle in direct contact with the bristle bundles. Other anatomical features found in T. barrerae that may be associated with this feeding device are: 1) a much enlarged and mobile lower labial pad operated by Mm. buccinatorius pars orbicularis oris, pars longitudinalis profunda, and mandibularis cranialis profunda; 2) two oral glands not described in other rodents; and 3) a shortened tongue. Although, taken as a whole, this epidermal stripping device is unique to T. barrerae, most of its features have evolved by modification of structures present in the facial region of more generalized rodents.
Surgical oncology--a specialty or just special? James Ewing Lecture.

I am indeed pleased and honored to have been invited to give the James Ewing lecture this year, and to be among those who have previously done so. To review the list of previous James Ewing lecturers makes one humble to recognize his peers, teachers, and associates from whom he has learned so much. Although I did not personally know Dr Ewing, name recognition and respect for his great contribution to the field of oncology came as a medical student more than 50 years ago when I bought and studied the fourth edition of his book, Neoplastic Diseases , 1 a classic contribution to the knowledge of cancer in his day. One could spend considerable time relating how this man has contributed to the professional life of each of us. Rather than relate what has been so eloquently stated by LaSalle Leffall 2 in his James Ewing lecture in 1987, I
Modeling influences on the eating behavior of successful and unsuccessful dieters and untreated normal weight individuals.

Abstract Behavioral weight reduction programs teach participants to reduce eating rate in order to reduce food intake. But little is known about factors which influence rate of eating. This study examined influences of “appropriate” and “inappropriate” eating models on the eating behavior of dieters and non-dieting normal weight individuals. Dieters who had lost 12 or more pounds in a recent behavioral weight reduction program (“successful” dieters), dieters who had lost 9 or fewer pounds in the program (“unsuccessful” dieters), and non-dieting normal weight individuals were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. These were “appropriate”, in which a model ate 5 crackers in 7 min, “inappropriate”, in which she ate 20 crackers in 7 min, and a no-model condition. Subjects participated in a “taste discrimination task” during which they tasted and rated 3 types of crackers on a series of dimensions. Subjects who ate with an appropriate model, or with no model, ate fewer crackers than subjects who ate with an inappropriate model. Subjects in both dieter groups ate fewer crackers than non-dieting normal weight subjects.
Toward the unification of three visual laws and two visual models in brightness perception

A novel visual model of brightness perception is introduced to resolve apparent incompatibilities among Fechner's logarithmic relation, Steven's power law response, and psychophysical and electrophysiological K/sub m/*I/(I+S) experimental results. The proposed visual model, which is based on combining and extending two existing ones (the multiplicative and photoreceptor visual models), is shown to predict these results successfully. Thus a unification of three apparently conflicting visual laws emerges, and the versatility and validity of the visual model are demonstrated. >
New Combinations in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae) from the Southern Cone Region of South America

Seven new combinations of species previously treated in Pleurothallis R. Brown (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae) and found in the southernmost region of South America (the Southern Cone) are proposed: Anathallis bertoniensis (Hauman) Luer, A. kleinii (Pabst) Luer, A. liparanges (Reichenbach f.) Luer, A. rigidula (Cogniaux) Luer, Pabstiella dryadum (Schlechter) Luer, P. pellifeloidis (Barbosa Rodrigues) Luer, and P. piraquarensis (Hoehne) Luer. Lectotypes are selected for the following names: A. rigidula and P. pellifeloidis.
Alternatives to blood product transfusion in the critically ill: erythropoietin.

Objective To present information regarding the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) to treat anemia in intensive care unit (ICU) patients Main results Anemia is common in critically ill patients. Approximately 95% of patients have subnormal hemoglobin (Hb) values by day 3 of their ICU stay. ICU-associated anemia often requires replacement of red blood cells (RBCs) via transfusion. Recent surveys of ICU practice document that approximately 50% of ICU patients receive RBC transfusions. ICU-associated anemia is largely the result of the cumulative effects of blood loss and decreased RBC production. Blood loss in critically ill patients may be overt, occult, or due to phlebotomy. Decreased RBC production is the other major factor influencing the development of anemia. Decreased RBC production is due to the combined effects of abnormal iron metabolism, inappropriately low erythropoietin production, diminished response to erythropoietin, and direct suppression of RBC production. Inflammatory mediators play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of decreased RBC production. Clinical trials have shown that, compared with nontreated subjects, rHuEPO-treated ICU patients will have increased serum erythropoietin concentrations, increased reticulocyte counts, and increased hemoglobin and hematocrit values and require fewer RBC transfusions. These clinical trials have not detected significant differences in outcomes in association with rHuEPO, however. Conclusions rHuEPO can be used to increase hemoglobin and hematocrit values and decrease the number of RBC transfusions in ICU patients. Further investigation is necessary to identify the appropriate target population of ICU patients for treatment, to clarify the appropriate dosing schedule, and to ascertain whether such therapy has a positive impact on outcomes.
A spectral element least-squares formulation for incompressible Navier-Stokes flows using triangular nodal elements

We present a least-squares formulation for the numerical solution of incompressible flows using high-order triangular nodal elements. The Fekete points of the triangle are used as nodes and numerical integration is performed using tensor-product Gauss-Legendre rules in a collapsed coordinate system for the standard triangle. A first-order system least-squares (FOSLS) approach based on velocity, pressure, and vorticity is used to allow the use of practical C^0 element expansions in each triangle. The numerical results demonstrate spectral convergence for smooth solutions, excellent conservation of mass for steady and unsteady problems of the inflow/outflow type, and the flexibility of using triangles to partition domains where the use of quadrangles would be cumbersome or inefficient.
Effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on a cell line transformed by a secreted form of human fibroblast growth factor-1 gene and on its parental cell line

In the present study we characterized the responses of the cell line HST-alpha, stably transformed by a secreted form of human fibroblast growth factor-1 (acidic FGF) gene, and its parental NIH 3T3 cell line to recombinant murine (rMu) TNF-alpha. Treatment of HST-alpha cells with rMu TNF-alpha can significantly reduce the number of foci formed in the in vitro transformation assay. In the presence of the RNA polymerase inhibitor actinomycin-D, the transformed HST-alpha cell is more susceptible to the cytotoxicity of rMu TNF-alpha than is its parental NIH 3T3 cell. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of rMu TNF-alpha to HST-alpha cell and NIH 3T3 cell were 0.35 ng/ml and 4.56 ng/ml respectively. These results demonstrated that the introduction of a single oncogene or a growth factor gene to a cell can change the cell's response to cytokines.
Calculation of multi-category minimum distance classifier recognition error for binomial measurement distributions

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm for calculating recognition error for minimum Hamming distance classifiers, a special case of the Bayes (optimum) classifier under certain constraints. The error rate algorithm is derived for the two-category case when the binary components of the measurement vector are binomially distributed. The algorithm is easily extended to the multi-category case when the ratio of total measurements to measurements used per dichotomization is large. A number of categorizers were designed using conventional methods and actual quantized typewritten characters. The recognition error was calculated: 1. (1) theoretically, using the algorithm; and 2. (2) experimentally, using an independent test set of characters for the categorizers. Both sets of results are presented for comparison, verifying the ability of the algorithnm to predict recognition error of categorizers.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Bone Marrow Transplant

The first attempted bone marrow transplant (BMT) dates back to 1896. In the following centuries, the medical community pioneered an ongoing progression of breakthroughs. In 1954 the first successful solid organ transplant, the kidney, was performed. In the 1960s advances led to the first successful lung, pancreas, liver and heart transplant and in 1973 the first successful BMT was achieved. BMT has traditionally been used to treat malignant diseases. However, scientific and technological progress has expanded its scope and today, BMT is used to treat a spectrum of diseases. While BMT is a complex procedure, the medical community expects that it will one day play a role in the treatment of other diseases. As the science evolves, it is essential that nurses educate themselves about these emerging transplant populations, one of which is children with osteogenesis impefecta. This manuscript will provide nurses with a critical background on the disease, a description of the transplant theory, and the implications for the nursing care of these children.
The effects of an education campaign on beach user perceptions of beach-nesting birds in Pinellas County, Florida.

Much of the suitable habitat for birds that nest on beaches in Florida is managed by municipal and county governments whose primary goal is human recreation. Birds attempting to nest on these beaches are exposed to higher levels of human disturbance and predation by human-associated species than birds on more natural, protected beaches. An education program about the birds was initiated for the beach-going public to increase beach users' knowledge and positive attitudes. Beach users were interviewed about their attitudes and knowledge about beach-nesting birds before and after an education campaign to evaluate the impact of the education materials. Beach users were supportive of birds nesting on the beach, but had little knowledge about the species. Education was moderately successful at increasing public knowledge and perception of beach-nesting birds. The most effective method of educating the public was the placement of metal signs at beach access points.
Irradiation effects in magnesium and aluminum alloys

Abstract Effects of neutron irradiation on microstructure, mechanical properties and swelling of several magnesium and aluminum alloys were studied. The neutron fluences of 2−3 × 10 22 n/cm 2 , > 0.2 MeV produced displacement doses of 20 to 45 displacements per atom (dpa). Ductility of the magnesium alloys was severely reduced by irradiation induced recrystallization and precipitation of various forms. Precipitation of transmuted silicon occurred in the aluminum alloys. However, the effect on ductility was much less than for the magnesium alloys. The magnesium and aluminum alloys had excellent resistance to swelling: The best magnesium alloy was Mg/3.0 wt% Al/0.19 wt% Ca; its density decreased by only 0.13%. The best aluminum alloy was 6063, with a density decrease of 0.22%.
Directions for research and development: alternative methods of assessing scientific literacy

Educators' current enthusiasm for alternative assessment has roots in political and intellectual concerns. American science students do not do well on international comparisons or on tests of science literacy. Blame for these shortcomings is laid on multiple-choice tests and their focus on isolated facts. But if alternative assessment is to fulfill its promise, research and development need to be done in a coordinated way. This article lays out an agenda for developing assessment tools and researching their effectiveness. A series of design tasks is proposed, followed by related research questions for each task. Needed theoretical research includes studies of the effects of alternative assessment on policy and practice as well as the development of new psychometric techniques. Influences of new assessment forms on learning and motivation theory are also discussed.
An incremental PGA architecture for STBC MIMO decoding

Space-time block codes (STBC) are desirable for use in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications systems because they can be decoded using only linear computations involving multiplication and addition. However, the number of simple operations and storage required may not be trivial for practical applications. This paper describes a method of implementing STBC MIMO decoding in programmable gate array (PGA) hardware using an incremental approach that reduces resource and storage requirements as compared to a direct implementation. A three antenna rate-½ STBC code is used as an example, but the techniques are readily applicable to other codes.
Bunch energy loss in cavities: dependence on beam velocity

Proton or H/sup -/ linacs accelerate particles through the wide range of the particle velocities. For intense beams, and especially when superconducting cavities are used, a detailed knowledge about how the beam energy loss depends on the beam velocity /spl beta/=/spl upsi//c, and what part of the lost energy remains in the cavity, is required to calculate the cavity heat load. Using a frequency-domain approach, we calculate the bunch energy loss as a function of /spl beta/ for a few particular cases. We are mostly concerned about the cavity modes below the beam-pipe cutoff, because they produce most of the cavity heating. While the loss factor due to an individual mode can show peaks at some particular values of /spl beta/, the total loss for important particular cases was found smoothly decreasing as /spl beta/ decreases. Comparison with time-domain results for the ultra-relativistic case, /spl beta//spl rarr/1, is also presented.
Residue Management Impacts on Field-Scale Snow Distribution and Soil Water Storage

Spatial variation of soil water affects crop performance, fertilizer use efficiencies, and other important economic and environmental factors. Soil water storage could be increased and field variability reduced by residue management practices such as no tillage (NT), as surface residues can retain more snow, enhance water infiltration, and reduce evaporation as compared to conventional tillage (CT). Our objectives were to evaluate the residue effects on snow distribution and the spatial variation of soil water storage for two adjacent fields near Pullman, Washington: one under NT, and the other under CT. The fields were surveyed during the winter and spring of 2007-2008 to assess topographic variations in snow depth, snow water equivalent (SWE), and soil water storage. Standing stubble under NT retained 10 to 20 cm more snow on ridge tops and steeply sloped ground than CT, and the snowpack was distributed more evenly with less spatial variation. SWE followed the same pattern of larger spatial variation in CT than in NT. Soil water (0 to 1.5 m) in the spring was lowest for ridge tops and highest in valleys for NT and CT. Under NT, however, soil water varied less across different field locations than under CT, and overall water storage was 60, 29, and 13 mm more for NT than CT on ridge top, south slope, and valley locations, respectively. Although many factors can contribute to the spatial variation of soil water, standing wheat residue under NT retained more snow on ridge tops and steeply sloped areas, reduced soil water spatial variation, and increased soil water recharge.
Uranium accumulation during weathering of Cañon Diablo meteoritic iron

— Canon Diablo meteoritic iron oxide consists mainly of goethite and maghemite and contains 209 to 630 ppb uranium compared to <0.02 ppb in the unweathered octahedrite. Significant radioactive disequilibria between 238U, 234U and 230Th indicate that uranium was sorbed from soil porewater during terrestrial weathering after meteorite impact 50 ka ago. Depending on the model assumed for U uptake, corrected 230Th-234U ages of 24 to 48 ka were obtained. While the data presented may not allow an unambiguous interpretation, the potential of this approach in obtaining minimum terrestrial ages for weathered meteorites is demonstrated.
Remote memory in senile dementia.

Abstract This study was designed to examine Ribot's hypothesis that the probability of forgetting an event is inversely related to the time since the occurrence of that event. Patients with senile dementia (N = 20; mean age = 67.3) and nor mal controls (N = 24; mean age = 69.4) were given two tests of memory for persons and events that became famous between 1930 and 1975. The results indicate that patients with senile dementia do have significant (p
Chemical and x-ray structural characterization of diphenylcarbazone and diphenylthiocarbazone complexes of molybdenum(VI), (n-Bu4N)[MoO2(C6H5NNC(X)NNC6H5)(C6H5NNC(X)NN(H)C6H5)] (X = O or S) and (n-Bu4N)[MoOCl3(C6H5NNC(O)NNC6H5)]; isolation of 2,3-diphenyltetrazolium-5-thiolate, C6H5NNC(S)NNC6H5, from the reaction of diphenylthiocarbazone with molybdate

Abstract Reaction of α-(Bu4N)4[Mo8O26] with diphenylcarbazone (dpcH2) yields the red crystalline complex (Bu4N)[MoO2(C6H5NNC(O)NNC6H5)(C6H5(H)NNC(O)NNC6H5)] (I), a complex displaying two distinct chelate ring types. Treatment of I with HCl yields (Bu4N)[MoOCl3(C6H5NNC(O)NNC6H5)] (III), a pseudo-octahedral complex with the [MoOCl3]+ core. The reaction of α-(Bu4N)4[Mo8O26] with diphenylcarbazone (dptcH2) gave a complex analogous to I, (Bu4N)[MoO2(C6H5NNC(S)NNC6H5)(C6H5(H)NNC(S) NNC6H5)] (II) and, surprisingly, 2,3-diphenyltetrazolium-5-thiolate, C6H5NNC(S)NNC6H5 (IV). Complex I displays a pseudo-octahedral geometry with MoO4N2 coordination and presents distinct geometries for the chemically inequivalent ligand types (dpc)2− and (dpcH)−. The structure of II is analogous to that of I with MoO2N2S2 coordination geometry but, more significantly, reveals the site of protonation of the (dptcH)− ligand as the terminal exocyclic nitrogen. Crystal data: I, monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 11.026(3), b = 21.600(5), c = 18.851(4) A, β = 98.04(1)°, V = 4445.1(12) A3, 2804 reflections, R = 0.065; II, monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 12.209(3), b = 20.090(4), c = 19.097(2) A, β = 96.45(1)°, V = 4654.4(9) A3, 3835 reflections, R = 0.047; III, P21/n, a = 14.853(2), b = 15.698(4), c = 17.062(4) A, β = 90.10(1)°, V = 3978.2(10) A3, 3128 reflections, R = 0.082; IV, C2/c, a = 14.755(2), b = 12.193(2), c = 6.958(2) A, β = 97.42(2)°, V = 1241.3(8), 1055 reflections, R = 0.047.
Vibrational properties of glasses: Intermediate range order

Abstract This paper discusses a break-through in the calculation of the vibrational properties of disordered solids. Our approach is a refinement of the Bethe Lattice method incorporating aspects of intermediate range order.
The fictive quality of glass

‘The fire is burning. Is it burning for me or against me? Will it give tangible shape to my dreams, or will it eat them up? I know pottery traditions going back thousands of years; all the potters’ tricks I know, I have used them all. But we have not yet reached the end. The spirit of the material has not yet been overcome.’ (Adolf Loos, ‘Pottery’)
Social network analysis of public access computing: relationships as a critical benefit of libraries, telecenters and cybercafés in developing countries

Building on theories of social network analysis, this paper discusses perceived benefits of Public Access Computing (PAC) in developing countries. Through a study of libraries, telecenters and cybercafes in Colombia, South America, we discuss users' perceptions of strengthened relationships with friends and family, stronger sense of belonging to a broader world, and new forms of entertainment, afforded through the use of computers in public access venues. These perceptions reveal an important dimension of the contribution of PAC social and economic development, emphasizing the importance of creating and maintaining social networks. The study is based on results of surveys, interviews and focus groups, combining qualitative and quantitative data gathered in five regions of the South American country during 2010.
Towards a More Expansive Moral Community

I argue for a broader understanding of the morally considerable. I propose a neo-Aristotelian account of individuals wherein some entities, often precluded from those deserving of moral consideration, are deemed proper subjects of such treatment. The criterion suggested is, roughly, that of self-regulatory development, a teleological notion, that I argue should not be viewed as archaic and useless. Not only do many non-human animals then become legitimate subjects of moral concern, but objects outside the animal kingdom, such as plants and trees, also are to be included in our ethical arena.
Developmental Differences in Implicit and Explicit Memory Performance

Performance of preschool, elementary school, and college students was compared on a series of perceptual and conceptual implicit and explicit memory tasks that followed perceptual or conceptual processing during study. As expected, performance on the conceptual explicit memory task improved across age groups. In contrast, performance on the perceptual explicit memory task as well as that on both types of implicit memory tasks showed no developmental change. Also, perceptual processing during study led to better memory performance than conceptual processing for both the perceptual implicit and perceptual explicit tasks and conceptual processing during study led to better memory performance on the conceptual explicit memory task. Performance on the conceptual implicit memory task, in contrast, was affected equally by both types of study processing. The results are discussed in terms of transfer-appropriate processing (Roediger & Blaxton, 1987b) and unitization and grouping processes (Graf & Schacter, 1989).
Macroscopic modeling of spin injection and spin transport in organic semiconductors

We describe device models for spin injection, transport, and magneto-resistance in structures consisting of an organic semiconductor layer sandwiched between two ferromagnetic contacts. Carrier transport in the organic semiconductor is modeled with spin-dependent transport equations in drift-diffusion approximation. The effectiveness of spin-selective tunnel contacts on spin-polarized injection and magneto-resistance is examined on the basis of a simple analytical model. In agreement with earlier results, we find that spin injection from ferromagnetic metallic contacts into organic semiconductors can be greatly enhanced if (spin-selective) tunneling is the limiting process for carrier injection. We then explore the effects of the injected space charge and of spin relaxation in the semiconductor by comparing the results of a numerical calculation with the analytical model. For relatively thick organic semiconductor layers the injected space charge has strong effects on charge injection and, hence, on spin injection at high bias. Lastly, we consider a simple model for the bias dependence of the tunnel contacts and find that this effect may limit spin injection to relatively low currents.