cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of two forms of apolipoprotein B by cultured rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Cultured rat hepatocytes were used to demonstrate that the liver can synthesize two forms of apolipoprotein B. Separation of apolipoprotein B by disc gel electrophoresis indicated that hepatocyte low density lipoprotein contains predominantly apolipoprotein B with an apparent molecular weight of 345,000 ± 5,055. In contrast, the major apolipoprotein B component of hepatocyte very low density lipoprotein is a variant form with a molecular weight of 242,000 ± 2,720. Hepatocyte high density lipoprotein, unlike plasma HDL, also contains apolipoprotein B with an apparent molecular weight of 244,000 ± 2,742. Incorporation of [ 3 H] leucine into hepatocyte apolipoprotein B components suggested de novo synthesis.
Remote measurement of ground source emissivity

The remote measurement of the emissivity of ground materials is of tremendous value in their identification and mapping. Traditional techniques use reflected solar radiation for this measurement for wavelengths shorter than 5 {mu}m. With the development of new techniques, the 10 Jim atmospheric transmission window might also be used for this purpose. Previous work using the multi-angle data acquisition technique demonstrated its utility to determine source thermal emission. Here we find the multi-angle technique can be used to determine the source specular reflectivity to {approximately}0.05 if there is very good system performance (NETD {approx} 0.01 K).
Psychological and social problems of epileptic children in four Southwestern Indian tribes

According to traditional Navajo belief, sibling incest causes grand mal seizures. A 10-year study of Navajo epileptics revealed that these patients generally led troubled lives. Epileptic women were raped, gave birth to illegitimate children, and actually committed incest, whereas epileptic men tended to attempt suicide and to drink heavily. In order to test the hypothesis that negative beliefs were the major causes of these social and psychological problems, three Pueblo tribes living in the same region and served by the same health delivery system but without similar beliefs were selected for comparison. The study population consisted of all active cases of epilepsy where seizures started before age 20 and were not complicated by preexisting psychological problems or mental retardation (46 Navajos and 42 Pueblos). As predicted, Navajos were found to have social and emotional problems more often than Pueblos. Navajos exhibited problems prior to age 14 significantly more often, and significantly more Navajo females had severe problems. Navajo parents withdrew from the epileptic child; Pueblo parents treated their epileptic children as normally as possible. Special health education programs are not offered either to families or to schools, and mental health staff are not notified until emotional problems are clearly present. Half of all epileptic Pueblo children and over 70% of epileptic Navajo children do not take their medications regularly. Treatment programs appropriate to each tribe are discussed.
Landsat-based inventory system for agriculture in California

Abstract California's agriculture is one of the most diversified in the world and is based on the irrigation of 9.9 million acres of land. Since 1975 the California Department of Water Resources has been cooperating with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the University of California in addressing the applicability of Landsat imagery and digital data to aid in the mapping and estimation of irrigated land and specific crop types. The three groups conducted an inventory of irrigated acreage over the entire state in 1979. The inventory system utilized stratified regression estimation based on multidate Landsat and single-date ground measurements of irrigated proportion. Development of a digital version of the irrigated-lands inventory system using a simple vegetation indicator, the ratio of Landsat MSS band 7 to MSS band 5, is nearing completion. The development of computer-assisted mapping and area-estimation systems for crop type is in progress.
Late Holocene Paleogeography of the Coastal Plain of the Gulf of Messenia, Greece, and Its Relationships to Archaeological Settings and Coastal Change

The coastal plain of the Pamisos River and five associated rivers at the head of the Gulf of Messenia in the southwestern Peloponnese includes middle through upper Holocene sedimentary-environment lithosomes of alluvial flood-plain deposits, channel sand, braided streams and deltas, bank swamps and marshes, dune fields, minor lagoons, beach-accretion ridges, and shallow-marine sediment. The areal distribution of these environments is in balance between the sediment supplied by the alluvial systems and their modification by coastal wave action. Questions remain about the importance of tectonic uplift and downwarp relative to sediment input and changes in eustatic sea level. Radiocarbon and pottery dates, drill cores, outcrops, and environmental studies have provided information for the development of a synthesis of paleogeographic change and its relationship to archaeological remains from the Neolithic period (middle Holocene) to the present. Examples include (1) a marine embayment extended into the area of the present Pamisos River flood plain near the town of Messini in middle late Holocene (Neolithic-Helladic) time, (2) rounded hills flanking the low-lying Karya River coastal plain were wave-cut cliffs in pre-Roman time, (3) the lower Karya River valley, now occupied by a braided stream, was a swampy lagoonal area, (4) major Early Helladic buildings at Akovitika were constructed along a shoreline, whereas the site is now surrounded by backswamp, and (5) the post-Roman delta–coastal plain of the Tsana River is now undergoing intense erosion. These types of paleogeographic analyses may prove of use to archaeologists in understanding the reasons for selection of habitation sites. They may also assist the modern occupants of the coastal area in coastal planning and in understanding rates and nature of coastal change at the head of the Messenian embayment.
The effect of applicant sex and scholastic standing on the evaluation of job applicant resumes in sex-typed occupations

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine sex discrimination in three occupations. Male and female applicants were evaluated for suitability in a managerial role for a predominately female occupation, a predominately male occupation, and a sexually mixed occupation. The academic qualifications of the applicants were systematically varied to be either high, average, or low. Discrimination on the basis of sex was evidenced for all three occupations involving applicants of average scholastic qualifications. Attitudes toward women in management were found to be correlated with the suitability ratings, but the correlations were greatly moderated by the sex of the rater. While some of the hypotheses were confirmed, the results support previous research in sex discrimination ( Terborg & Ilgen, 1975 ).
Amniotic Fluid Volume Responses to Intra-Amniotic Infusion of Lactate in Fetal Sheep

In human and ovine fetuses, severe anemia is associated with elevated fetal blood and amniotic lactate levels and polyphydramnios. In ovine fetuses, intravascular infusions of sodium lactate elevates fetal plasma and amniotic lactate levels and produces polyhydramnios. The present study tested the hypothesis that an elevated amniotic lactate concentration in the absence of an increased fetal plasma lactate would be associated with an increase in amniotic fluid volume (AFV). Eight chronically catheterized, late-gestation fetal sheep were studied over 5 days. Twice each day, we measured blood gases and pH, electrolytes, glucose, lactate, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations, as well as osmolality of fetal blood, maternal blood, amniotic fluid, and fetal urine. Amniotic fluid volume was measured once daily. During experimental days 2 to 4, lactic acid was infused into the amniotic compartment to achieve an amniotic lactate concentration of approximately 20 mmol/L. Statistical analysis was by analysis of variance and regression. Amniotic fluid lactate levels averaged 2.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L (mean ± standard error) before infusion and 18.9 ± 3.3 mmol/L (during the 72-hour infusion, falling to 5.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L postinfusion (P < .001). Fetal plasma lactate averaged 1.8 ± 0.1 mmol/L on day 1 and increased by 1.4 ± 0.6 mmol/L on day 4 (P < .001). Fetal urine flow was unchanged and averaged 0.54 ± 0.08 mL/min over the 5 days. Amniotic fetal volume was 821 ± 186 mL on day 1, increased nonsignificantly by 99 ± 95 mL on day 4, and remained unchanged on day 5. The present study suggests that if amniotic lactate acts osmotically to increase AFV, the effect is small. Thus, the primary site of action of elevated fetal lactate levels appears to be at the placenta rather than the intramembranous pathway.
Forkheads, winged helices, and gastrointestinal epithelium

Developmental abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract are an important cause of morbidity in infants. Oesophageal atresia (incidence 1 in 2000 live births), Hirschsprung’s disease (1 in 5000), and duodenal atresia form much of the case work of a paediatric surgeon, yet virtually nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms that control gastrointestinal morphology. The article by Kaestner et al is the first to show how a regulatory gene in the embryo can alter gastrointestinal structure. They report morphological changes in the development of villi in the upper small intestine and the stomach epithelia. Mesenchymal cells adjacent to the endoderm are central to the normal ontogeny of the gastrointestinal epithelium.1 2Kaestner et al examined a regulatory protein, Fkh6 (Forkhead homolog 6), which is expressed only in the mesenchyme adjacent to the developing endoderm that is destined to become epithelium. Fkh6 was therefore a candidate gene in the regulation of gastrointestinal development.3 Fkh6 is a member of the winged helix family of transcription factors, so called because of their appearance when bound to the DNA whose transcription they regulate.4 Fkh6 was deleted from the genome of embryonic stem cells …
Chaucer and the Theory Wars: Attack of the Historicists? The Psychoanalysts Strike Back? Or a New Hope?

This essay surveys recent exchanges between historicism and psychoanalysis in the criticism of Chaucer’s poetry. Some of these exchanges have been heated. In some accounts the differences appear irreconcilable. However, other accounts suggest that historicism and psychoanalysis share much common ground.
Overexpression of the novel senescence marker β-galactosidase (GLB1) in prostate cancer predicts reduced PSA recurrence.

Purpose Senescence is a terminal growth arrest that functions as a tumor suppressor in aging and precancerous cells and is a response to selected anticancer compounds. Lysosomal-β-galactosidase (GLB1) hydrolyzes β-galactose from glycoconjugates and is the origin of senescence-associated β-gal activity (SA-β-gal). Using a new GLB1 antibody, senescence biology was investigated in prostate cancer (PCa) tissues. Experimental Design In vitro characterization of GLB1 was determined in primary prostate epithelial cell cultures passaged to replicative senescence and in therapy-induced senescence in PCa lines using chemotherapeutic agents. FFPE tissue microarrays were subjected to immunofluorescent staining for GLB1, Ki67 and HP1γ and automated quantitative imaging initially using AQUA in exploratory samples and Vectra in a validation series. Results GLB1 expression accumulates in replicative and induced senescence and correlates with senescent morphology and P16 (CDKN2) expression. In tissue arrays, quantitative imaging detects increased GLB1 expression in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), known to contain senescent cells, and cancer compared to benign prostate tissues (p<0.01) and senescent cells contain low Ki67 and elevated HP1γ. Within primary tumors, elevated GLB1 associates with lower T stage (p=0.01), localized versus metastatic disease (p=0.0003) and improved PSA-free survival (p=0.03). Increased GLB1 stratifies better PSA-free survival in intermediate grade PCa (0.01). Tissues that elaborate higher GLB1 display increased uniformity of expression. Conclusion Increased GLB1 is a valuable marker in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues for the senescence-like phenotype and associates with improved cancer outcomes. This protein addresses a lack of senescence markers and should be applicable to study the biologic role of senescence in other cancers.
Is Enceladus' plume tidally controlled?

[1] Explanations for the plume of gas, water vapor and ice particles jetting from rifts in Enceladus' south polar region include boiling of liquid water and dissociation of clathrate hydrates. In either case, production of the plume may be quasi-static or tidally controlled, with implications for the interior structure and composition of Enceladus. Previous quantification of the clathrate explanation assumed equilibrium dissociation and cannot be used to simulate a tidally generated plume. We present a non-equilibrium clathrate dissociation model, which we use to reproduce past observations and predict the plume's properties during upcoming close encounters. The total mass flux and water to gas mass ratio of a tidally generated plume are predicted to be lower than previous measurements. In comparison, for a quasi-static plume these properties should have values close to previous measurements. This provides an observational means of distinguishing quasi-static from dynamic processes as the plume's source.
Wall pressure spectra calculations for equilibrium boundary layers

Calculation of the flow direction wave-number spectrum of pressure fluctuations on the wall under a turbulent boundary layer. Particular attention is paid to finding the spectral density of the wall pressure fluctuations as a function of the streamwise wave number. For this purpose a five-dimensional integration is employed in which the equilibrium boundary layers are assumed to have velocity profiles given by the law of the wall plus Cole's wake function.
Surgical treatment of a tear of the pectoralis major muscle at its sternal origin. A case report.

Pectoralis major tendon ruptures are relatively rare lesions that often are caused by injuries sustained in sports, weight-lifting, or the workplace1-21. Ruptures of the pectoralis major occur primarily at the tendon attachment to the humerus or at the musculotendinous junction just proximal to the insertion15,22-25. For active individuals or those who require optimum strength of the shoulder, operative repair of the pectoralis tendon tear is the recommended treatment. Tears of the proximal origin of the pectoralis muscle are rare, and we are aware of only one case reported in the English literature25. That patient was managed nonoperatively and had mild cosmetic deformity of the chest, and no functional loss was noted in the use of the upper extremity at one year after the injury25. We present the case of a patient with a tear of the pectoralis major muscle from its sternal origin, which remained symptomatic with nonoperative treatment, and we describe an operative repair that led to the successful recovery of the patient. Our patient was informed that data from the case would be submitted for publication. An eighteen-year-old, right-hand-dominant man was a restrained front-seat passenger in an automobile that was moving at approximately 50 miles per hour when it sustained a frontal impact with another vehicle. The patient had no major injuries as a result of the accident and was able to walk after the impact; however, evaluation in the emergency room revealed an abrasion and ecchymosis on the left side of the chest from the seatbelt. He had no shortness of breath or dyspnea, and a plain chest radiograph revealed no abnormalities. The patient continued to have left-sided chest pain, however, and three weeks after the accident he was evaluated by his primary …
Future Treatments for Parkinson's Disease: Surfing the PD Pipeline

Our current wish list for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) includes therapies that will provide robust and sustained antiparkinsonian benefit through the day, ameliorate or prevent dyskinesia, and slow or prevent the progression of the disease. In this article, I review selected new therapies in clinical development for motor features or treatment complications of PD, and some that may slow disease progression. These include adenosine 2a (A2a) antagonists (istradefylline, preladenant, and SYN115), levodopa/carbidopa intestinal gel (LCIG), IPX066--an extended-release formulation of carbidopa/levodopa, XP21279--a sustained-release levodopa prodrug, ND0611--a carbidopa subcutaneous patch, safinamide--a mixed mechanism of action medication that may provide both MAO-B and glutamate inhibition, PMY50028--an oral neurotrophic factor inducer, antidyskinesia medications (AFQ056 and fipamezole), and gene therapies (AAV2-neurturin and glutamic acid decarboxylase gene transfer). Some of these therapies will never be proven efficacious and will not come to market while others may play a key role in the future treatment of PD.
Behavioral Cusps: A Person-Centered Concept for Establishing Pivotal Individual, Family, and Community Behaviors and Repertoires.

Cumulative-hierarchical learning (CHL) and behavior, a premise first introduced by Staats in 1975, describes hoW higher-level behavioral patterns and structures can emerge from interactions among a set of loWer-level actions. Proponents of CHL emphasize the importance of pivotal response interventions, behavior repertoires, generative learning, and the development of behavioral cusps, the human equivalent of the computer World's killer application, or “killer app” (Wikipedia, n.d.). Rosales-Ruiz and Baer (1997) defined a behavioral cusp as an entry point for pivotal behavioral change that, once initiated, so profoundly alters, displaces, or transforms one's behavioral repertoire that it renders preexisting behavioral repertoires obsolete. In this article, We demonstrate hoW behavioral cusps can be used to construct CHL behaviors and repertoires of persons With autism and other pervasive developmental disorders Within and across five pivotal behavioral elements. We also describe hoW behavioral cusps could ...
The effect of letter frequency on anagram solution times

Letter frequency was varied by selecting words with either high or low individual letter frequency totals, while holding constant the average word transition probability and the average anagram transition probability variables. Fifteen female Ss were tested on the anagram task. The results showed that for 2 min solution periods words of low letter frequency were solved significantly faster and more often than words with high letter frequency.
Ideological Wage Inequalities? The Technical/Social Dualism and the Gender Wage Gap in Engineering

Can professional cultures contribute to wage inequality? Recent literature has demonstrated how widely held cultural biases reproduce ascriptive inequalities in the workforce, but cultural belief systems within professions have largely been ignored as mechanisms of intra-profession inequality. I argue that cultural ideologies about professional work, which may seem benign and have little salience outside of a profession’s boundaries, play an important role in reproducing wage inequalities therein. Using nationally representative data on engineers, I demonstrate that patterns of sex segregation and gendered wage allocation in engineering break consistently along the lines predicted by its “technical/social dualism”—an ideological distinction between “technical” and “social” engineering subfields and work activities. After explaining how these findings deepen our understanding of gender inequality in engineering, the article discusses how the consideration of professional cultures may open up fresh areas of inquiry into intra-profession inequality more generally.
Chirped excitation of optically dense inhomogeneously broadened media using Eu 3+ :Y 2 SiO 5

We describe experimentally accessible diagnostics for the excitation of optically dense frequency-selective media by linear frequency-chirped pulses using a sensitive pump–probe technique on the 7F0 to 5D0 transitions of 1.0% Eu3+:Y2SiO5. Distinct features within a transmitted cw probe pulse are used to identify the combination of linear chirp rate and optical power needed to produce an average Bloch-vector rotation of 90°. The resulting superposition state is thus an equal mixture of the ground and excited states on average. We find experimentally a linear relationship between the applied chirp-pulse intensity and chirp rate required to produce this half-inversion, a conclusion supported by both analytical calculations made using a Landau–Zener approach, and detailed computer simulations using the Maxwell–Bloch model. The numerical simulations predict experimentally observed phenomena such as the reshaping of probe pulses by stimulated emission or absorption. Finally, we quantify the relationship between chirp rate and optical power for half-inversion as a function of the optical density of the medium. The pump–probe experimental techniques and simulation analysis techniques developed here can be extended to produce an arbitrary mixture of ground and excited states, on average, in media spanning a wide range of optical density. Preparation of such media by chirped pulses for applications in quantum computing, photon-echo-based time-domain storage, and signal processing will be aided by these techniques.
Predicting persistent alcohol problems: a prospective analysis from the Great Smoky Mountain Study.

BACKGROUND: Rates of alcohol disorders peak in late adolescence and decrease substantially into the mid-20s. Our aim was to identify risk factors that predict alcohol problems that persist into the mid-20s.MethodData are from the prospective, population-based Great Smoky Mountains Study (GSMS; n=1420), which followed children through late adolescence and into young adulthood. Alcohol persisters were defined as subjects with an alcohol disorder (abuse or dependence) in late adolescence (ages 19 and 21 years) that continued to meet criteria for an alcohol disorder at the mid-20s assessment. RESULTS: The 3-month prevalence of having an alcohol disorder (abuse or dependence) decreased markedly from late adolescence into the mid-20s. A third of late adolescents with an alcohol disorder continued to meet criteria for an alcohol disorder in young adulthood (37 of 144 who met criteria in late adolescence). Risk factors for persister status included multiple alcohol abuse criteria during late adolescence but no alcohol dependence criteria. Risk factors for persister status also included associated features of alcohol dependence such as craving alcohol and drinking to unconsciousness. Persister status was also associated with depression, cannabis dependence and illicit substance use, but not with other psychiatric disorders. More than 90% of late adolescents with three or more of the risk factors identified met criteria for a young adult alcohol disorder. CONCLUSIONS: Symptoms of alcohol abuse, not dependence, best predict long-term persistence of alcohol problems. The set of risk factors identified may be a useful screen for selective and indicated prevention efforts. Language: en
δ13C, δ15N, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as indicators of plant ecophysiology and organic matter pathways in Everglades deep slough, Florida, USA.

Abstract Historically, the Florida Everglades was characterized by a corrugated landscape of shorter hydroperiod, elevated sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) ridges and longer hydroperiod, deep water slough communities. Drainage and compartmentalization of the Everglades have fundamentally altered this pattern, and sawgrass ridge communities have expanded at the expense of deep water slough communities throughout much of the landscape. In this study we provide a simple isotopic and nutrient characterization of major components of the slough ecosystem to elucidate physiological and nutrient differences among species and to suggest pathways for organic matter decomposition that contribute to peat development in deep water sloughs. We examined carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopes and C, N and phosphorus (P) concentrations of the floating-leaved macrophytes Nymphaea odorata and Nymphoides aquatica, the emergent macrophyte Eleocharis elongata, and the submerged species Utricularia foliosa and Utricularia purpurea, as well as soil and flocculent material from the southern Water Conservation Area 3-A. Flocculent material and soils had the highest N content (4.5 ± 0.2%) and U. foliosa and N. odorata had the highest P content (0.13 ± 0.01% to 0.12 ± 0.01%). The range for δ15N average ± SE values was 5.81 ± 0.29‰ (U. foliosa) to −1.84 ± 0.63‰ (N. odorata), while the range for δ13C values was −23.83 ± 0.12‰ (N. odorata) to −29.28 ± 0.34‰ (U. purpurea). Differences of up to 10‰ in C isotopic values of U. foliosa and N. odorata suggest fundamental physiological differences between these species. Along a degradation continuum, enrichment of 13C and 15N and extent of decomposition was negatively related to phosphorus concentrations. A two end-member 13C mixing model suggested that Utricularia species were the primary organic source for flocculent materials, whereas organic matter derived from root decomposition of N. odorata contributed to the progressively enriched δ13C values found with depth in soils. These results illustrate the fundamentally important roles of Nymphaea and Utricularia species in ecosystem dynamics of deep water sloughs.
FREE REPRESENTABLE IDEMPOTENT COMMUTATIVE RESIDUATED LATTICES

The structure of simple and directly indecomposable members of the variety RICRL of representable idempotent commutative residuated lattices is described. These descriptions are employed to determi...
THE EFFECT OF CNS DEPRESSANTS ON MITOSIS

SUMMARY During the last 30 years many studies have shown that most anesthetic agents in addition to some narcotics and tranquilizers interfere with normal cell division. It appears that anesthetics in the right concentration, which usually is within the range used clinically, arrest mitosis in metaphase. Metaphase block is called “c-mitosis” since it was first seen after the application of the antimitotic poison, colchicine. The nature of “crc-mitosis” is unknown, but a relation of known anesthetic effects to “c-mitosis” indicates that anesthetic agents and presumably other mitotic poisons may interfere with normal aerobic metabolism by inhibiting one of two independent electron transporting systems, the “activity” respiration. The site of action seems to be one of the initial steps in the mitochondria1 electron carrier chain, maybe DPNH and its oxidase, and ascorbic acid could be intimately connected with this system. “C-mitotic” agents interfere with the function of the mitotic spindle. Spindle contraction and elongation are likely to be similar to the contraction and elongation of general muscle and seem to depend upon different phosphagens as the source of energy. An inhibition of the “activity” respiration mentioned above may deprive the spindle of the necessary energy with spindle inactivation or destruction, i. e. metaphase block, as the result. It is discussed whether “c-mitotic” agents are potentially teratogenic, but although there are certain indications in this direction, it is too early to give a conclusive answer. Preliminary studies suggest that anesthetic gases and vapors are teratogenic in the chick embryo.
Enhancing in-vehicle safety via contact sensor for stress detection

The number of vehicles on the road as well as the human drive time is increasing significantly. Many drivers are increasing their attempts to multi-task while driving including eating, drinking, entertainment control etc. A relatively new domain has emerged over the last 5 years focused on increased technology in the vehicle based on: GPS navigation systems, traffic, weather warning systems, advanced music/entertainment systems (e.g., MP3, iPod, etc), voice/cell-phone communications, email access and more recently text messaging. Such technology has significantly increased the cognitive stress load and/or distraction levels of drivers, yet little research has focused on this challenge. For communications alone, more than 60% of the cell-phone calls originated from the vehicle in 1997 [1]. The focus of the current study is to formulate and evaluate a cognitive stress detection scheme under a cell-phone-like scenario while driving. Also, the current study proposes use of a contact sensor for stress detection. Using a contact sensor, the system accuracy can be as high as 86.52% under matched driver scenario. We propose three proto-designs to incorporate contact sensors to enable both drivers safety and enhance overall in-vehicle safety. Another advantage of using a contact sensor is its ability to also capture drivers physiology (such as heart beat and breathing patterns).
Sequence context of indel mutations and their effect on protein evolution in a bacterial endosymbiont.

Indel mutations play key roles in genome and protein evolution, yet we lack a comprehensive understanding of how indels impact evolutionary processes. Genome-wide analyses enabled by next-generation sequencing can clarify the context and effect of indels, thereby integrating a more detailed consideration of indels with our knowledge of nucleotide substitutions. To this end, we sequenced Blochmannia chromaiodes, an obligate bacterial endosymbiont of carpenter ants, and compared it with the close relative, B. pennsylvanicus. The genetic distance between these species is small enough for accurate whole genome alignment but large enough to provide a meaningful spectrum of indel mutations. We found that indels are subjected to purifying selection in coding regions and even intergenic regions, which show a reduced rate of indel base pairs per kilobase compared with nonfunctional pseudogenes. Indels occur almost exclusively in repeat regions composed of homopolymers and multimeric simple sequence repeats, demonstrating the importance of sequence context for indel mutations. Despite purifying selection, some indels occur in protein-coding genes. Most are multiples of three, indicating selective pressure to maintain the reading frame. The deleterious effect of frameshift-inducing indels is minimized by either compensation from a nearby indel to restore reading frame or the indel’s location near the 3'-end of the gene. We observed amino acid divergence exceeding nucleotide divergence in regions affected by frameshift-inducing indels, suggesting that these indels may either drive adaptive protein evolution or initiate gene degradation. Our results shed light on how indel mutations impact processes of molecular evolution underlying endosymbiont genome evolution.
The influence of the vibration signal on worker interactions with the nest and nest mates in established and newly founded colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Honey bees adjust cooperative activities to colony needs, based in part on information acquired through interactions with the nest and nest mates. We examined the role of the vibration signal in these interactions by investigating the influence of the signal on the movement rates, cell inspection activity, and trophallaxis behavior of workers in established and newly founded colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Compared to non-vibrated control bees, vibrated recipients in both colony types exhibited increased movement through the nest and greater cell inspection activity, which potentially increased contact with stimuli that enhanced task performance. Also, compared to controls, recipients in both colony types showed increased rates of trophallactic interactions and spent more time engaged in trophallaxis, which potentially further increased the acquisition of information about colony needs. The vibration signal may therefore help to organize labor in honey bees in part by increasing the rate at which workers obtain information about their colony. Vibrated recipients in the established and newly founded colonies did not differ in any aspect of behavior examined, suggesting that colony developmental state did not influence the degree to which individual workers responded to the signal. However, previous work has demonstrated that newly founded colonies have increased levels of vibration signal behavior. Thus, the vibration signal may help to adjust worker activity to colony conditions partly by stimulating greater numbers of bees to acquire information about colony needs, rather than by altering the level at which individual recipients react to the signal.
Wines of Baja Mexico: A qualitative study examining viticulture, enology, and marketing practices

Mexico has been producing wine since the 1500, yet very little is known about their viticulture, enology, and marketing practices. This qualitative research study was designed to shed more light on these issues. Based on 10 in-depth interviews with winery owners and winemakers in the Valle de Guadualupe of the Baja Peninsula, where the majority of Mexican wineries are located, this study describes viticulture, enology, and marketing practices for Baja wines. It concludes with a discussion on the future of Mexican wines.
U.S. Torture as a Tort

Now that the United States has used torture in the war on terrorism and the victims of this torture have begun to sue, it is useful to analyze the potential liability of the U.S. and its officials for torture under current domestic law. This article conducts that analysis, and, based on it, assesses the adequacy of current law. The article concludes that the U.S. and its officials have no more than minimal liability for torture under current law. The article also concludes that current law is inadequate. It is inadequate not only because it seldom produces a remedy for the victims of U.S. torture but also because it misconceives official torture as a tort. Official torture is a wrong committed collectively by governmental officials upon a class targeted for subjugation. In contrast, the paradigmatic tort is a private wrong committed by one individual against another. The article argues that, in lieu of the current tort-based regime, the U.S. and its officials should be liable for torture under at least the same circumstances as municipalities can be held liable for their officials' violation of federal rights under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983; and that U.S. officials should be liable for torture under at least the same circumstances as state and local officials are under Section 1983, or as foreign officials are under the Torture Victim Protection Act of 1991.
On the Velocity of Sound in Fluids

NOT LONG AGO there was a protracted discussion of the velocity of sound, begun by Professor Morduchow's objection to the "lack of rigor" in the customary derivations and carried on by Professors Morkovin, Morduchow, and Millikan, and by Dr. Munk. None of these authors saw fit to define the velocity of sound before deriving its value; most of the discussion assumed the existence of a barotropic relation P — f(p)The present communication makes no original contribution; its only purpose is to call attention to the basic known results on the subject, which were not mentioned by any of the four disputants.
Making and Breaking Pots in a Late Prehistoric Village in the Midwest United States

This article presents pottery manufacturing data from the SunWatch site, a late prehistoric village in the Midwest United States. The SunWatch pottery assemblage is suitable for such a study as the sherds have been refitted to a large degree, resulting in numerous complete profiles that maximize data that can be derived regarding manufacture. Additionally, previous research has shown that this village was occupied once or few brief times when pottery vessel diversity was minimal and villages were not very large or complex in the region. There are two key results of the study. First, the assemblage is surprisingly homogenous in vessel form, particularly jars, with nearly perfect correlations between rim diameter and other vessel size measurements. This finding should prove to be useful for others to augment more fragmentary assemblages where overall vessel sizes are often rarely obtainable. Second, the breakage pattern, when compared to ethnographic data from comparable contexts, refines previous understan...
DEGRADATION OF GAAS/ALGAAS QUANTIZED HALL RESISTORS WITH ALLOYED AUGE/NI CONTACTS

Careful testing over a period of 6 years of a number of GaAs/AlGaAs quantized Hall resistors (QHR) made with alloyed AuGe/Ni contacts, both with and without passivating silicon nitride coatings, has resulted in the identification of important mechanisms responsible for degradation in the performance of the devices as resistance standards. Covering the contacts with a film, such as a low-temperature silicon nitride, that is impervious to humidity and other contaminants in the atmosphere prevents the contacts from degrading. The devices coated with silicon nitride used in this study, however, showed the effects of a conducting path in parallel with the 2-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) at temperatures above 1.1 K which interferes with their use as resistance standards. Several possible causes of this parallel conduction are evaluated. On the basis of this work, two methods are proposed for protecting QHR devices with alloyed AuGe/Ni contacts from degradation: the heterostructure can be left unpassivated, but the alloyed contacts can be completely covered with a very thick (> 3 μm) coating of gold; or the GaAs cap layer can be carefully etched away after alloying the contacts and prior to depositing a passivating silicon nitride coating over the entire sample. Of the two, the latter is more challenging to effect, but preferable because both the contacts and the heterostructure are protected from corrosion and oxidation.
Phase II and III drugs for the treatment of fragile X syndrome

Introduction: Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common inherited form of intellectual disability and autism, is caused by expansion of CGG trinucleotide repeats in FMR1 and marked reduction or absence of the gene product, FMRP. FMRP suppresses synaptic protein synthesis resulting from group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation, a process critical to normal synaptic plasticity. FXS can be characterized as a disorder of synaptic plasticity with physical, cognitive and behavioral manifestations attributable to, at least in part, excessive mGluR activity and downstream effects. Areas covered: This paper reviews the ‘mGluR theory' of FXS and the targeted drugs investigated in Phase II and III trials based on this theory of pathogenesis. A literature review was conducted using the PubMed database with search terms ‘fragile X syndrome', ‘mGluRs', ‘pharmacotherapy' and specific drug-related terms. Other resources were identified by review of relevant reference lists and consultation with experts ...
Control of Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Grapefruit by Forced Hot Air and Hydrocooling

Mortality of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspense (Loew), eggs and larvae in ‘Marsh’ white grapefruit, Citrus paradise Macfadyen, heated with 48 ±0.3°C forced air until center pulp temperatures were either 40–41°C or 44–45°C, was not affected by cooling the grapefruit in 10 °C water. Mortalities were 96.5 and 95.2% of immatures from hydrocooled and air-cooled grapefruits, respectively, heated to 40–41°C. Mortalities were 100% from hydrocooled and air-cooled grapefruits heated to 44–45°C. Immersing grapefruits that were heated until centers were ≤37°C produced different results. Mortalities were 13.3 and 39.5% from hydrocooled and air-cooled grapefruits, respectively, heated to 28–29°C. Mortalities were 78.1 and 83.8% from hydrocooled and air-cooled grapefruits, respectively, heated to 36–37°C. Comparisons of the mortality estimates between grapefruits hydrocooled and air cooled at both probit 5 and probit 9 were significantly different ( P ≤0.05). The probit 5 (50% mortality) estimates for immatures from hydrocooled grapefruit were 84.9 min and 68.1 min for air-cooled grapefruit. The probit 9 (99.9968% mortality) estimates for immatures were 181.7 min for hydrocooled grapefruit and 213.9 min for air-cooled grapefruit. Quarantine security was not jeopardized when grapefruit was heated to 44–45°C at the center and then immersed in 10°C water.
Observations On Hearing-Acuity For Bone-Transmitted Sound.

The writers have demonstrated that bone-transmitted sound follows at least part of the pathway to the labyrinth taken by air-transmitted sound. It has also been determined that the acuity for air-transmitted sound is not necessarily a criterion for the bone-sensitivity, or vice versa. The writers have reported elsewhere1 the quantitative findings in two cases of deafened individuals who claim to hear better in a noise. While these two individuals belong to the paracousis Willisi type, they were found not to have unusual bone-sensitivity. Deafened people do not really hear better in a noisy place; rather it is the normal individuals who do not hear so well.Acuity for Air-Transmitted Sounds. Figures 1 and 2 show the acuity for air-transmitted sound of the two subjects included in this report. The acuity is given in terms of the logarithm of the reciprocal of the necessary intensity for hearing, and a difference of one unit in sensitivity corresponds to an intensity ratio of 10, two units to 100, etc. The av...
Abstract 4248: A high-fat diet induces an inflammatory tumor microenvironment in MNU-induced estrogen receptor positive mammary tumors

The link between obesity and breast cancer has received much attention because it is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, an increased incidence of recurrence, higher death rates, and reduced sensitivity to anti-hormonal therapy in post-menopausal women. In addition, obesity is associated with a chronic, low grade inflammatory status. Surprisingly, obesity can have different effects in pre-menopausal women where patient outcome is actually better in obese than lean women. This study was conducted to create an animal model to examine the effects of high-fat (HF) diet on estrogen-dependent mammary tumors in cycling rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) at 6 weeks of age to induce mammary tumors. The next day they received HF diet (45% kcal from fat) or normal fat (NF) diet (10% fat) (n=6-7) and animals were kept on these diets for an average of 15 weeks. Ninety-six percent of rats developed mammary tumors and all the tumors were ER positive. The tumor volume, tumor weight and tumor growth rate were not different between the HF or NF diet groups. Also, the HF diet did not influence the body weight, liver weight and adipose mass weight. However, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFa and IL-1b, was significantly up-regulated in tumors of the HF diet group compared to control. Macrophage infiltration was also increased in the tumors of the HF diet group. There was also a tendency of increased NFkB DNA binding activity in the HF diet group. Moreover, macrophage infiltration was significantly correlated with the amount of proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in the HF but not the NF diet group. In agreement with clinical data, cycling rats on the HF diet responded better to tamoxifen than did rats on the NF diet, with a greater reduction in tumor size over 20 days of treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that a HF diet induces a pro-inflammatory tumor microenvironment without causing obesity in cycling rats and that these tumors may be more responsive to endocrine therapy. Our findings also provide a model for future studies into the mechanism by which high fat diet may affect tumor growth and response to therapy in premenopausal women. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4248. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4248
Head Capsule Measurements of Bactra verutana Larvae Reared on an Artificial Diet

Bactra verutana Zeller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), native to the southern United States, attacks 2 weedy plants, purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.) and yellow nutsedge ( C. esculentus L.). In head capsule measurements of 34 larvae, 3 instar groups were found. Each instar of 4-stage larvae increased in size by ca. ⅓, 5-stage larvae by ca. ¼, and 6-stage larvae by ca. ⅕. However, head capsule measurement was found to be an unreliable method of determining larval stadium after the 2nd molt or of determining whether a larva will require 4, 5, or 6 stadia to complete development.
Analysis on basic situation and milk composition of 341 lactating mothers in Shunyi district of Beijing

Objective To know the basic situation and milk ingredients of 341 lactating mothers in Shunyi district of Beijing,so as to provide corresponding guidance for future nutrition intervention.Methods Using health survey questionnaire to inquiry lactating mothers ' basic situation.Measuring lactating mothers ' height,weight,waist circumference and hip circumference by standard methods.Milk collection refers to sucking out milk as much as possible from one side breast with electric milk pump.The milk samples are used to analyze composition.Results Among 341 cases,the weight,waist circumference and hip circumference of lactating mothers were all decreased after delivery.The average weight gain is 18.3 kg during pregnancy.The main clinical symptoms include leg cramps and bleeding gums during pregnancy and the occurance rate are 65.69% and 54.25% respectively.Methods are used to promote lactation among 63.53% lactating mothers.The secretion of colostrum is less and the average milk weight is only 52.7g.The lactation amount reach peak at 2nd- 3rd month after delivery and the average milk weight is 135.4g.The level of protein and carbohydrates in lactating mothers' milk were both statistically significant different among different stages of lactation( P 0.05).Conclusion The survey showed that weight gain during pregnancy is far higher than recommended amount among 341 cases of the lactating mothers in Shunyi district.The incidences rate of leg cramps and bleeding are high during pregnancy.In order to prevent deficiency of milk,dietary therapy was mainly used to promote lactation among lactating mothers.,The level of both protein and carbohydrates but not fat or energy in lactating mothers' milk were statistically significant different among different stages of lactation.
Carcinoma in Situ of the Testes: Diagnosis by Aspiration Flow Cytometery

AbstractCarcinoma in situ of the testes has been described as a premalignant state with the potential to progress to invasive carcinoma. A history of testicular carcinoma, cryptorchidism, somatosexual ambiguity and infertility has been identified as a risk factor for carcinoma in situ. A series of 25 infertility patients underwent aspiration biopsy of the testis as part of a study protocol to assess spermatogenesis. Of these patients 1 had a unilateral seminoma. In accordance with the study protocol the contralateral testis was aspirated at radical orchiectomy and the deoxyribonucleic acid histogram generated demonstrated an aneuploid peak. Carcinoma in situ subsequently was noted on tissue biopsy. The discovery of carcinoma in situ cells in this manner highlights the potential of this technique as a diagnostic tool for the screening and followup of men at increased risk for carcinoma in situ. (J. Urol., 143: 359–361, 1990)