cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a high-bandwidth steering mirror for space-based optical communications

A space-based optical communications experiment, developed at Lincoln Laboratory, requires a fast steering mirror as part of its spatial pointing, tracking and acquisition system. The High Bandwidth Steering Mirror version C (HBSM-C), has been designed, built and tested. This device steers a small-aperture mirror of 6 mm about two axes, through an operating range of 25 milliradian and a small-signal closed-loop bandwidth up to 2 kHz. The HBSM-C has endured a rigorous space-qualification test program with no special caging mechanism needed during high-level random vibration of 19 g rms. A description of the functional requirements, design and assembly, and analytical methods used is presented. Key results from performance and environmental testing are shown.
SU-FF-T-339: Comparison of Pencil Beam Algorithm and Monte Carlo Dose Calculation for Proton Therapy of Paranasal Sinus Cancer

Purpose: To verify the accuracy of the pencil beam algorithm implemented in the FOCUS (CMS) protontreatment planning program with a GEANT4 based Monte Carlo code. Due to the presence of large air cavities and tissue inhomogeneities, paranasal sinus (PNS) cancer brings challenges to radiotherapytreatment planning.Method and Materials: GEANT4 based Monte Carlo methods have been used to simulate multiple PNS cases for the purpose of examining the reliability of the pencil beam algorithm. To guarantee the accuracy of the results by Monte Carlo, the proton treatment nozzle and the patient geometry were modeled in great details, and all related physics processes were included. Different conversion methods for assigning material properties to different Hounsfield units were applied and tested. Electron densities in the Monte Carlo were normalized to the ones used by FOCUS. Results:Monte Carlo and FOCUS present a very good agreement in dose distributions, except for in low‐density air cavities.Monte Carlo reports a significantly lower dose in air than FOCUS, primarily due to a much lower mass stopping power in air than in water. Air cavities, included accidentally in planning contours can cause significant errors in DVHs. With air regions excluded, the DVHs for target structures of Monte Carlo and FOCUS show a good agreement. Differences could be seen in low dose regions and close to material interfaces. However, they are insignificant in most cases. Important, in particular for proton therapy with sharp dose fall‐offs, is the fact that the beam ranges agree very well. Conclusion: This work indicates that the pencil beam algorithm in FOCUS (CMS) is reliable for cases involving large air cavities and bony tissues. However, air cavities should not be included when volumes are drawn for treatment planning.
Linking the inflammasome to obesity-related disease

Chronic inflammation is associated with obesity, but the pathways that mediate this phenomenon are not fully characterized. The nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich–containing family, pyrin domain–containing-3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome functions as a sensor to detect danger signals and induce downstream inflammatory signaling that contributes to obesity-associated conditions such as insulin resistance (pages 179–188).
Is Verification Possible? The Evaluation of Large Econometric Models

Currently, large econometric models are daily becoming more numerous, more "sophisticated," larger, and certainly more popular. This rising tide of popularity has been temporarily checked from time to time due to the occasional gross forecasting errors generated by these models, but on the whole these "credibility gaps" have been short-lived, and the increasing popularity of these devices has flowed on much like GNP and "Ole Man
An evaluation of resource inventory and monitoring program used in national forest planning

The National Forest Management Act (1976) specifies that multiresource inventories be conducted to provide baseline data for development and, later, monitoring of national forest management plans. This mandate entails the most ambitious and complex resource planning effort ever attempted. In this paper we evaluate the structure and use of current inventory-monitoring programs and recommend a framework for gathering data to improve national forest planning. Current national guidelines are general and provide only basic directions to forest-level planners. Forest inventories have traditionally concentrated on timber. Although these inventories are often well designed, the questions we are now asking about forest resources have outgrown these methods. Forest management is impeded by general confusion over definitions of resources and the interactions among them. We outline a simple classification scheme that centers on identification of basic ecosystem elements that can be readily measured. Furthermore, spatial and temporal scales must be considered in the design of inventory-monitoring programs. The concept of ecological indicators is reviewed, and caution is advised in their use. Inventory-monitoring programs should be goal-directed and based on as rigorous a statistical design as possible. We also review fundamental issues of variable selection, validation, and sampling bias. We conclude by developing a flexible inventory-monitoring program that is designed to provide information on individual characteristics of the environment, rather than being based on fixed definitions of resources.
A missense T (Brachyury) mutation contributes to vertebral malformations.

No major susceptibility genes for sporadically occurring congenital vertebral malformations (CVM) in humans have been identified to date. Body patterning genes whose mutants cause axial skeletal anomalies in mice are candidates for human CVM susceptibility. T (also known as Brachyury) and TBX6 are critical genes needed to establish mesodermal identity. We hypothesized that mutations in T and/or TBX6 contribute to the pathogenesis of human CVMs. The complete T and TBX6 coding regions, splice junctions, and proximal 500 bp of the promoters were sequenced in 50 phenotyped patients with CVM. Three unrelated patients with sacral agenesis, Klippel-Feil syndrome, and multiple cervical and thoracic vertebral malformations were heterozygous for a c.1013C>T substitution, resulting in a predicted Ala338Val missense alteration in exon 8. A clinically unaffected parent of each patient also harbored the substitution, but the variant did not occur in an ethnically diverse, 443-person reference population. The c.1013C>T variant is significantly associated with CVM (p T variant in intron 7. This previously unreported variant was tested in 347 normal control subjects, and 11 heterozygotes and 2 T/T individuals were found. No TBX6 variants were identified. We infer that the c.1013C>T substitution is pathogenic and represents the first report of an association between a missense mutation in the T gene and the occurrence of sporadic CVMs in humans. It is uncertain whether the splice junction variant increases CVM risk. TBX6 mutations do not seem to be associated with CVM. We hypothesize that epistatic interactions between T and other developmental genes and the environment modulate the phenotypic consequences of T variants.
Profound biotinidase deficiency in two asymptomatic adults

Biotinidase deficiency is an autosomal-recessive disorder of biotin recycling. Children with profound biotinidase deficiency usually have neurological and cutaneous symptoms in early childhood, but they may not develop symptoms until adolescence. We now report on a man and a woman with profound biotinidase deficiency who are asymptomatic and who were diagnosed only because their biotinidase-deficient children were identified by newborn screening. These adults have never exhibited symptoms of the disorder and are homozygous for two different mutations resulting in different aberrant enzymes. There is no evidence of an increased dietary intake of biotin to explain why they have remained asymptomatic. Although these adults may still be at risk for developing symptoms, they could represent a small group of individuals with profound biotinidase deficiency who will never develop clinical problems. Their lack of symptoms suggests that there are probably epigenetic factors that protect some enzyme-deficient individuals from developing symptoms. These individuals broaden the spectrum of expression of biotinidase deficiency.
A specific model which realises the stochastic quantisation prescriptions

The authors show how the phase space quantisation approach can be fulfilled via the collective behaviour of quantum mechanical particles on a cubic lattice.
Comparison of Energy Expenditure at rest and during exercise in African-American and Caucasian Females

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine differences in resting and exercise energy expenditure in moderately fit middle-aged African American and Caucasian females. The purpose of this study was to compare energy expenditure at rest and during an absolute workload in African-American females (AAF) and Caucasian (CF) females. Nineteen middle-aged females (10 African-American, age 38.7 ± 6.0 yrs, 35.3±6.8% fat; 9 Caucasian age 42.4 ± 4.2 yr, 30.6±4.4%fat) were evaluated for resting energy expenditure (REE) after a 12 hour fast and for exercise energy expenditure (EEE) during a six minute bicycle ergometer test Body composition was measured via Lunar Dual Energy X-ray Absorpoometry. Subjects maintained a 3-day diet record mat was analyzed via Nounsh-Check software to determine macro- and micronutrient intake. Correlations were performed to evaluate relationships among measured variables while one-way ANOVAs were performed to evaluate each variable by race. The two groups did not differ significantly in any of the physical characteristics measured. The correlation coefficients for REE and EEE with the body composition and measured nutrition variables ranged between r=0.00 to r=O.76 and were relatively similar for both groups. There was a significant relationship between EEE and lean body mass for the CF, while no similar relationship was seen in the AAF. No significant differences were observed between the groups for REE, EEE, body composition, predicted VO 2max energy intake or other dietary factors. These results suggest that, in middle-aged females, REE and submaximal EEE are not different between moderately fit African-Americans and Caucasians. Therefore, differences in body fat observed between middle-aged African-American and Caucasian females must be related to other factors, which may include differences in activity and energy intake patterns.
Heterogeneous recombination of O+CO on solid CO2 at 77 K

Heterogeneous recombination of O + CO CO2 over a solid CO2 surface at 77 K was investigated. A modified discharge flow setup was used to generate low O atom concentrations by the reaction N + NO N2 + O(3P). The O atom concentrations were measured upstream and downstream of the solid CO2 substrate using resonance fluorescence by monitoring the unresolved 130.3 nm triplet transition 3S1 − 3P2,1,0 at the two fixed points. CO2 formed was determined by measuring the β activity from C14O2 produced from CO containing C14O as a reactant gas. The CO2 formation was found to be first order in CO and independent of O atom concentration over the entire range of 4.3 × 1012 to 1.9 × 1014 cm−3 and 1.2 × 1011 to 5.6 × 1012 cm−3 for CO and O respectively. The first order recombination coefficient, λCO was found to be 1.4 (±.38) × 10−5.
Ronald Reagan as Legislative Advocate: Passing the Reagan Revolution's Budgets in 1981 and 1982

Scholars and popular commentators agree that the economic policy initiatives of President Reagan's first two years left a legacy that altered the role of government and circumscribed the opportunities of his successors. But the consensus fades when it comes to assessing the role of the president himself. Can Reagan be credited not only with framing and publicizing the ideas but also with personally advocating them in the legislative process? Or did Reagan's oft-remarked distance from the details of policy mean that he was not much involved in building the congressional coalitions needed to translate ideas into legislation? This paper draws on recently available archival evidence to shed new light on President Reagan's role in formulating and lobbying for the dramatic economic policy changes that marked the signature accomplishments of his administration. Although no one claims that Reagan planned the details of policy the pattern of his interaction with his advisors during the critical stages of policy fo...
Drawing a random sample from a density selected at random

Abstract We provide a model to build up prior distributions over density functions, in order to randomly select a density from that prior. We also indicate how to draw a random sample from a density which is arbitrary close to the randomly selected density, in a reasonable amount of time.
The elaboration process – an approach for sustainable product development: a case study

Environmentally conscious product development, eco-design or design for environment is the methodology trying to introduce environmental requirements into product design. The first step of this process is the gathering of customer requirements for a structured product development procedure, such as quality function deployment (QFD). The problem is that environmental requirements are usually unspoken by the customers. This paper describes a methodology for uncovering such requirements by using environmental default questions in an elaboration process. This leads to an increased customer environmental awareness, and it generates a comprehensive list of requirements suitable for use in a subsequent QFD process. The effects of the elaboration process are demonstrated in one case study.
The Relationship Between Work Values and Normative and Instrumental Commitment

ABSTRACT This study was an examination of the relationships among intrinsic and extrinsic work values and normative (norm-based/internal) and instrumental (reward-based/external) organizational commitment. Responses from 97 clerical workers indicated that employees with high scores for intrinsic work values had significantly higher normative (norm-based) commitment scores than those with low scores for intrinsic work values. Employees with high scores for extrinsic work values had significantly higher instrumental (reward-based) commitment scores than those with low scores for extrinsic work values. Also, employees with short-term tenure had significantly higher instrumental commitment scores than those with long-term tenure, whereas those with long-term tenure had higher normative commitment scores. The results stress the need to measure the reward-based nature of commitment and its correlates.
Improved automatic target recognition (ATR) value through enhancements and accommodations

There is a strong and growing need for automatic target recognition (ATR) technologies. Those technologies have made great strides; however, there is a general sense that they are not having the full impact desired. This paper develops a value-based framework for considering how ATR technology can be made more relevant and then introduces and expands on two elements within that framework: 'enhancements' and 'accommodations'. Value is used here as the degree to which a technology's benefits exceed the technology's costs. Value may be improved by increasing benefits or decreasing costs; but it may be as important that the uncertainty about benefits and costs be reduced. Enhancements and accommodations are distinguished here from the 'core ATR'. While it is generally appreciated that improved core ATR performance could improve value, enhancements and accommodations might be overlooked by those focused on ATRs. Enhancements are ways of making the overall system, inclusive of a core ATR, more capable. Accommodations are ways of making the problem easier for the core ATR. An example enhancement is technology to fuse the output of the core ATR with other sources. An example accommodation is for the user to agree to limit the target set to large, and therefore more easily recognized, objects. This paper encourages the consideration of this framework and outlines a number of candidates for enhancements and accommodations for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ATR, including humans-in-the-loop, change detection, fusion, modeling confusers, group detection, adaptive algorithms, class make-up, and scene-based decisions.
THE EFFECT OF GOITROGENIC AND OTHER REDUCING AGENTS ON INACTIVATED THYROTROPIC HORMONE EXTRACT

IN A PREVIOUS paper (Albert et al., 1946) we have shown that treatment of a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) extract with elementary iodine resulted in precipitation of most of the proteins of the extract. The brown iodinated precipitate was observed to have lost 95 to 100 per cent of its original thyrotropic activity. When the precipitate was triturated in an excess of acetone, 60 per cent of the iodine was removed, leaving a buff-colored protein residue containing the original thyrotropic potency. The conversion of inactivated hormonal material to activity has been accomplished in other ways. When the iodinated TSH extract precipitate was triturated with solutions of 2-thiouracil, 6-N-propyl thiouracil, aminothiazole, 5-amino-2-mercaptothiadiazole (T.C. 68), 3-phenylaminomethyl-2-mercaptothiazoline (T.C. 105) and potassium thiocyanate the precipitate immediately dissolved yielding a water clear solution containing in varying degree the original thyrotropic action.
Mining and modeling human genetics for autism therapeutics

A growing understanding of the genetic origins of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and the impact of ASD risk genes on synaptic function presents new opportunities for drug discovery. Large-scale human genetics studies have begun to reveal molecular pathways and potential therapeutic drug targets. Subsequent validation and characterization of ASD risk genes in mouse models holds promise for defining relevant cellular mechanisms and brain circuits associated with the core behavioral symptoms of autism. Here we review recent advances in the molecular therapeutics in ASDs and discuss opportunities and obstacles for converting emerging biology into new medicines. We present emerging concepts on the impact of risk genes during development and adulthood that define points of intervention. We further highlight ongoing clinical trials in patients with syndromic forms of autism. These clinical studies will be an important test of the utility of human genetics as a starting point for drug discovery in ASDs.
End-of-life management and recycling of PV modules

Abstract Photovoltaics (PV) technology is undergoing a transition to a new generation of efficient, low-cost products based on thin films of photoactive materials. PV technology has definite environmental advantages over competing electricity generation technologies, and the PV industry follows a pro-active life-cycle approach to prevent future environmental damage and to sustain these advantages. An issue with potential environmental implications is the decommissioning of solar cells at the end of their useful life; a viable answer is recycling them when they are no longer useful. This paper presents a feasibility study for recycling thin-film solar cells and manufacturing waste, based on the current collection/recycling infrastructure and on current and emerging recycling technologies. Technology already exists for recycling PV modules and costs associated with recycling are not excessive.
Logic Synthesis for Switching Lattices

This paper studies the implementation of Boolean functions by lattices of four-terminal switches. Each switch is controlled by a Boolean literal. If the literal takes the value 1, the corresponding switch is connected to its four neighbors; else it is not connected. A Boolean function is implemented in terms of connectivity across the lattice: it evaluates to 1 iff there exists a connected path between two opposing edges of the lattice. The paper addresses the following synthesis problem: how should one assign literals to switches in a lattice in order to implement a given target Boolean function? The goal is to minimize the lattice size, measured in terms of the number of switches. An efficient algorithm for this task is presented-one that does not exhaustively enumerate paths but rather exploits the concept of Boolean function duality. The algorithm produces lattices with a size that grows linearly with the number of products of the target Boolean function in ISOP form. It runs in time that grows polynomially. Synthesis trials are performed on standard benchmark circuits. The synthesis results are compared to a lower-bound calculation on the lattice size.
Versioning and configuration management in an object-oriented data model

Many database applications require the storage and manipulation of different versions of data objects. To satisfy the diverse needs of these applications, current database systems support versioning at a very low level. This article demonstrates that application-independent versioning can be supported at a significantly higher level. In particular, we extend the EXTRA data model and EXCESS query language so that configurations can be specified conceptually and non-procedurally. We also show how version sets can be viewed multidimensionally, thereby allowing configurations to be expressed at a higher level of abstraction. The resulting model integrates and generalizes ideas in CAD systems, CASE systems, and temporal databases.
Temperature-supersaturation relation for natural sorption ice-forming nuclei

Abstract Aerosol particles collected under two different meteorological conditions were examined for their ability to nucleate ice by sorption. It was demonstrated that concentrations of ice-forming nuclei ( N IFN ) are a function of the nature of the aerosol particles, supersaturation with respect to ice, S i (%), and temperature, T (°C). Plots of IFN concentration present under clear skies vs S i displayed discontinuity at the water saturation point. At water saturation N IFN were 71 and 310 m −3 for temperatures of –16 and –20°C. Data for IFN present under overcast sky conditions showed sometimes a plateau with a maximum before reaching water saturation. N IFN maxima were 769, 979, and 1036 m −3 for temperatures of –10, –12, and –14°C and S i of 9.3, 11.3, and 12.6 %, respectively. Concentrations at water saturation were 200, 693, 941, and 811 m −3 for temperatures of –8, –10, –12, and –14°C, and S i of 8.03, 10.16, 12.38, and 14.62 %, respectively.
Effects of neonatal hemispherectomy on location and number of corticospinal neurons in the rat

Corticospinal neurons in the rat normally project to the contralateral spinal cord only. After neonatal hemispherectomy, the remaining single hemisphere forms both ipsilateral and contralateral projections. The distribution and number of corticospinal neurons projecting to the contralateral and to the ipsilateral spinal cord were studied in the hemispherectomized rat. The method used was that of retrograde labelling of corticospinal neurons by unilateral spinal cord injection of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP). The establishment of both crossed and uncrossed corticospinal projections by one cerebral hemisphere is accomplished in two ways. (1) Some neurons located within the confines of normal motor cortex send axons to ipsilateral spinal cord, where normally only contralateral projections occur. (2) There is expansion of the areas of cerebral cortex that contain corticospinal neurons. This expansion is most pronounced near the frontal pole, but it occurs at all borders of motor cortex except at its posterior limit, where the border with visual cortex persists unchanged. Only corticospinal neurons forming uncrossed projections occur in aberrant sites, while both cells with crossed and those with uncrossed spinal axons are intermingled in cortex that normally contains corticospinal neurons. The findings suggest that plasticity of the corticospinal motor system in the rat occurs to some extent at the expense of impaired localization of functions in cerebral cortex, and that following focal brain injury there may be an increase in areas that subserve multiple functions.
Posttranscriptional Regulation of Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase by Dietary Polyunsaturated Fat

The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is inhibited by the addition of polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) to a high carbohydrate diet. To define the regulated step, we measured enzyme activity, accumulation of G6PD mRNA, and transcriptional activity of the gene. At steady-state, G6PD activity and mRNA abundance were inhibited by 80% in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet (6% safflower oil) compared to mice fed a low-fat diet (1% safflower oil). Inhibition of mRNA accumulation was 20% by 4 h and was maximal by 9 h after beginning the high-fat diet. Changes in mRNA accumulation preceded changes in enzyme activity, indicating pretranslational regulation. The rapid kinetics of G6PD mRNA accumulation depended on prior dietary history of the mice. In meal-trained mice, abundance of G6PD mRNA increased by twofold within 4 h of the onset of a low-fat meal and was maximal by 12 h. In contrast, an increase in G6PD mRNA was not observed until 12 h after refeeding starved mice and the increase was maximal (12-fold) by 27 h. Transcriptional activity of the gene was measured using the nuclear run-on assay. The G6PD probes were rigorously screened for repetitive elements and for transcription of the noncoding strand of the gene. Throughout the time course of changes in G6PD mRNA accumulation due to PUFA or refeeding, transcriptional activity of the gene did not change. Therefore, regulation of G6PD expression by nutritional status occurs at a posttranscriptional step.
Predicting inadequate long-term lung development in children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: an analysis of longitudinal changes in ventilation and perfusion.

Abstract Purpose Infants born with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) demonstrate a wide variability in postnatal catch-up lung growth. The goals of this study were to assess the pulmonary development of children born with CDH using sequential ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy and to identify the perinatal factors that correspond to a progressive V/Q mismatch. Methods The records of 137 patients seen between 1990 and 2005 in a multidisciplinary CDH clinic were reviewed. Changes in the ipsilateral V/Q quotient were compared in 46 patients who had 2 or more studies with the following variables: sex, patch repair, laterality, gestational age, and use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. An abnormal V/Q quotient was defined as greater than 1.2 (reference range, 0.8-1.2). Results Abnormal V/Q scans were identified in 28 (61%) of the 46 patients at the time of the last V/Q study. Patients who underwent a patch repair had nearly 7 times the risk ( P Conclusions Many children with CDH develop significant and progressive V/Q mismatches. Although some perinatal variables appear to be predictive of this phenomenon, they may simply be surrogates for a greater degree of pulmonary hypoplasia present at birth. This subpopulation of CDH survivors is an identifiable group clearly at risk and thus requires long-term follow-up.
Pulmonary function in relation to cigarette smoking and smoking cessation

Abstract Background. More than half of the subjects in the MRFIT smoked at baseline and 10% of the subjects stopped smoking permanently during the first year of the trial. In this report, rates of decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1 ) are compared for early permanent quitters and smokers who continued to smoke throughout the trial. Methods. Since pulmonary function testing was not standardized across all centers until the third annual visit cycle, change in FEV 1 is examined over the latter half of the trial; the level of FEV 1 is analyzed cross-sectionally at the midpoint of the trial. Analyses are limited to 4,926 subjects who never used beta-blockers or smoked cigars, cigarillos, or pipes during the trial and who had annual FEV 1 s measured over 2–4 years in the latter half of the trial. Results. Quitters during the first 12 months experienced smaller declines in FEV 1 over the latter half of the trial than continuing smokers, with −50.7 ml/year versus −59.0 ml/year, respectively, adjusted for the level of FEV 1 ( P = 0.05). Cross-sectionally, those who had never smoked, former smokers, quitters, and continuing smokers showed a gradient of decreasing FEV 1 , and all four smoking groups were significantly different from each other ( P Conclusions. These data suggest that if a middle-aged, healthy smoker stopped smoking permanently, he could expect his FEV 1 to deteriorate at a more gradual rate 3–4 years after stopping smoking than a similar smoker who continued to smoke. No information was available for the complete MRFIT cohort on the pulmonary function effects immediately following smoking cessation.
Seismic Testing of Eccentrically Braced Dual Steel Systems

Abstract Two six‐story eccentrically braced dual steel systems (EBDSs) were tested as part of the U.S.‐Japan Cooperative Earthquake Research Program. The first, a full‐scale structure (prototype) was pseudo‐dynamically tested in the Large Size Structures Laboratory of the Building Research Institute in Tsukuba, Japan. The second, a similitude scaled replica of the first, was tested on the earthquake simulator at the University of California at Berkeley. The prototype was designed for the minimum earthquake forces specified by the 1981 Japanese Aseismic Code and satisfied the current earthquake‐resistant design regulations in the U.S.A. (1985 UBC, 1984 ATC 3‐06 and 1986 SEAOC). The performance of the EBDS (both prototype and model) was outstanding in terms of its elastic strength and stiffnesses during minor earthquake shaking and its ability to absorb and dissipate energy, without strength and stiffness degradation, during severe earthquake shaking. Substantial overstrengths of both EBDSs with respect to ...
Does Mixing Promote Cloud Droplet Growth

Abstract A systematic examination of cloud droplet size spectra from the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) reveals no tendency for an increase in the maximum droplet size with increasing dilution or cloud age.
Skills, tasks, and definitions: discrepancies in the understanding and data on the development of folk epistemology

Abstract Claims have been made that similar patterns in the development of folk epistemology occur in children, adolescents, and college students. Some researchers claim that children hold absolutistic assumptions about knowledge that evolve into a kind of relativistic framework where personal interpretation is primary, and last into a rationalistic epistemology. Others suggest the same developmental sequence begins in early adolescence or during the college years. The question addressed in this article is how to make sense of these seemingly discrepant claims and the data supporting them. After initially reviewing the alternative models, Fischer's (Psychol. Rev. 87 (1980) 477–531) skill theory is suggested as a framework for understanding the apparent discrepancies that considers both measurement and time of development issues. Fischer and his colleagues distinguish between “functional level” and “optimal level”. Functional level is the level at which most people operate without contextual support or practice. It marks the lower end of the development range. He contrasts this to “optimal level” which marks the upper limit of the person's information processing activity. Performance on epistemological tasks may vary between these two levels. Functional and optimal level data from the reflective judgment model (Developing Reflective Judgment: Understanding and Promoting Intellectual Growth and Critical Thinking in Adolescents and Adults, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1994) are used to illustrate the different levels of folk epistemology expressed under these two conditions and different ages at which they appear. The importance of using consistent, structural descriptions of epistemological levels across different models is emphasized for comparison purposes and, again, skill theory is suggested as one alternative framework for describing differences in structure across levels and reinterpreting the data on epistemological assumptions in children, adolescents, and college students.
The microdetermination of dissolved oxygen in water. II. the design of water‐sampling vessels

The errors introduced by the use of the McLean sampling vessel for determination of the dissolved oxygen content of water up to 0·1 p.p.m. are discussed. A new apparatus is developed by means of which a precision of ± 0·0007 p.p.m. in the determination may be obtained. A modification for use with warm water-samples is described.
Über den Einfluß der Lösungsmittel auf die Zusammensetzung extrahierter anorganischer Verbindungen

Untersuchungen zum Verteilungsverhalten von Eisen(III)-rhodanid, Zinkrhodanid, Wismutjodid und Cadmiumjodid mit verschiedenen organischen Losungsmitteln ergeben eine Abhangigkeit der Zusammensetzung der extrahierten anorganischen Verbindung vom Losungsmittel. Bei sehr aktiven Losungsmitteln z. B. Tributylphosphat ist die Anzahl der gebundenen Halogenidionen kleiner als bei Losungsmitteln mit geringerem Extraktionsvermogen. So wird z. B. Eisen(III)-rhodanid mit Tributylphosphat und Cyclohexanon als Fe(SCN)3 extrahiert, mit Diathylather als Fe(SCN)4 −. Ahnlich verhalten sich Zinkrhodanid, Wismutjodid und Cadmiumjodid.
A DECISION—RULE TECHNIQUE FOR PREDICTING ACADEMIC SUCCESS

The objective of this paper is to illustrate an application of a quantitative decision-rule strategy which incorporates the Wald classification statistic. An empirical example of this classification technique using data obtained from The University of Texas at Austin Measurement and Evaluation Center is presented. This study originated as an attempt to illustrate the usefulness of this infrequently used statistical technique as a practical tool for “predicting” academic performance. A method for measuring the operational effectiveness of the decision-rule used is also illustrated. This study emphasizes classification as an important part of statistical analysis and focuses on the Wald classification statistic to illustrate one type of problem for which it is suitable.
The Life History of the Emergent Organization in Times of Disaster

This article offers a conceptualization and measurement of the emergence of organizations to cope with disasters. The authors define an organization as the simultaneous presence of four individually necessary elements: domains, tasks, resources, and activities. Combinations of these elements in various configurations yield a taxonomy of 24 different ways of organizing to meet the demands of emergencies. Using this taxonomy-and organization variables of timing, duration, restructuring, and survival-a model was developed for the life histories of 52 ephemeral organizations that responded to 12 natural disasters throughout the U.S., based on data from the archives of the Disaster Research Center. The model's exogenous variables include characteristics of disaster events, enacting organizations, and affected communities. The authors found that theories offormal organization and collective behavior have mutual relevance for studies of organizing, and discuss the implications of their research for emergency man...
What Are the Physical Dimensions of the A Matrix

Physical dimensions are the link between mathematical models and the real world. In this article we extended results of the work of Hart (1995) by determining the dimensional structure of a matrix under which standard operations involving the inverse, powers, exponential, and eigenvalues are valid. These results were applied to state space models. We also distinguished between different types of dimensionless units.
Dialogue and Social Change: An Interdisciplinary and Transformative History

Intergroup dialogue is an interdisciplinary field of practice that seeks to improve intergroup relations and effect social change. The use of dialogue as a method is growing within numerous social science professions including social work, and an understanding of the origins of dialogue will allow current practitioners to place their work within a larger context. This article provides a historical overview of the application of dialogue theory and methods, an analysis of the relationship between social constructionism and intergroup dialogue, and provides important directions for social workers who can utilize intergroup dialogue to promote social justice.
Lenses and graded films for focusing and guiding acoustic surface waves

Two novel schemes for guiding acoustic surface waves along curved paths on isotropic substrates are described. One involves the deposition of a slowing film of graded thickness along the intended path on a dielectric substrate. Paraxial-ray equations are developed to describe the ray paths adjacent to the axis of the guiding film, which are determined by the slowing factor resulting from a variable-thickness deposited film. Diffraction is taken into account through an approximation developed by Pierce for optical beams. It is shown that very thin films are sufficient for a substantial amount of directional control. The other guidance system employs a series of lenses in analogy with the lens guides developed for millimeter waves and optical beams. Some comments are made about thin-film lenses and the theory is developed for the focusing action of a lens formed by a spherical depression in (or protrusion from) the surface of a substrate. A simple analog for determining ray paths over generally nonplanar surfaces is described and applied to nonspherical depressions to evaluate their focusing properties.
Operationalizing the Concept of Business-Level Strategy in Research

The concept of strategy continues to elude a common definition and operationalization. My purpose in this paper is to discuss alternative ways of operationalizing strategy, their strengths and limitations, and their appropriateness to different research questions. My particular focus is on business-level strategies, and I include an overview of available research questions involving business-level strategy.
Direct Blood-Injection Method for Gas Chromatographic Determination of Alcohols and Other Volatile Compounds

An extremely simple, rapid method is described for simultaneously determining methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, and low-boiling hydrocarbons associated with glue sniffing. Less than 1 µl of blood, mixed with an internal standard, is injected directly into a low-cost gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector. No extraction, distillation, and (or) sample preparation is required, and the method is sensitive to less than 10 µg of alcohol per ml.
Efficient and fast self-healing using network coding

Summary form only given. Since network backbones carry huge amounts of traffic, the failure of a single link can result in the loss of service, and consequently revenue. This is why backbone networks are required to be self-healing, and to survive failures. The survivability functionality has traditionally been provided using either restoration or protection techniques, where protection is the faster, and hence the preferred mode of survivable operation. However, proactive protection requires reserving backup resources, which are typically close to two thirds of the resources. This presentation will discuss recent advances in providing the self-healing functionality in networks such that self-healing is both fast, and resource efficient, which is achieved by using the technique of network coding. In this case, one set of protection circuits provides protection for multiple connections, and multiple signals can be transmitted on the same protection circuit simultaneously. This is done by linearly combining those signals using the technique of network coding. The strategy enables the transparent and instantaneous recovery from link failures, similar to proactive protection, but at a reduced cost due to protection circuit sharing. We show how this technique can be implemented to protect against single link failures, and then it can be extended to protect against multiple failures. The advantage of this technique is twofold: failures do not have to be detected, and signals do not have to be rerouted, hence leading to less involvement of the control and management planes, which expedites the error recovery process; also, protection circuits are shared by multiple connections, since multiple signals are linearly combined and transmitted on the same circuit, hence leading to the implementation of protection at a reduced cost. This technique can be implemented in the data forwarding plane, e.g, at the IP or MPLS layers, and can be regarded as a method for implementing Fast IP or MPLS protection, respectively.
Entertaining Fantasies: Lifestyle and Social Life in 1980s America

This article considers the ways in which lifestyle media during the 1980s expressed a longing for a particular form of social life that was passing as neoliberalism presented increasingly consumer-...
Intercourse Avoidance among Women with Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Introduction Avoidance of sexual intercourse has not been frequently studied among patients with chronic medical conditions and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are not exception. Aim We aimed to (i) compare intercourse avoidance during the past 2 weeks among women with CAD and healthy controls; and (ii) to determine factors associated with intercourse avoidance during the past 2 weeks among women with CAD. Methods This study was conducted in an outpatient cardiology clinic in Tehran, Iran. The study included 152 married women with CAD and 50 controls. Socio‐demographic and clinical data including the severity of angina (WHO Rose Questionnaire), risk factors (cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity), fatigue, physical function (visual analogue scale [VAS]) and somatic comorbidities [Ifudu index], symptoms of anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), and dyadic adjustment (Revised‐Dyadic Adjustment Scale [R‐DAS]) were considered as independent variables. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of sexual avoidance during the past 2 weeks. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome was intercourse avoidance over a 2‐week period, measured by the Relation and Sexuality Scale (RSS). Result Avoidance of intercourse during the past 2 weeks was higher among women with CAD than controls (73.0% vs. 56%, P = 0.024). According to the logistic regression, intercourse avoidance was positively associated with age (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.127, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.073, 1.185), somatic comorbidities (OR = 1.137, 95% CI = 1.061, 1.218) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.150, 95% CI = 1.022, 1.293). Conclusion Our study suggests that among women with CAD, age, depressive symptoms and somatic comorbidities are associated with avoidance of intercourse. As having intercourse is safe among patients with stable CAD, all health professionals should discuss sexual behaviors with their female CAD patients, especially those that are older, with higher depressive symptoms or multiple comorbidities so as to allay fears about sexual functioning. Assari S. Intercourse avoidance among women with coronary artery disease. J Sex Med 2014;11:1709–1716.
Optical parameters of the tunable Bragg reflectors in squid

Cephalopods (e.g. octopus, squid and cuttlefish) dynamically tune the colour and brightness of their skin for camouflage and communication using specialized skin cells called iridocytes. We use high-resolution microspectrophotometry to investigate individual tunable Bragg structures (consisting of alternating reflectin protein-containing, high-refractive index lamellae and low-refractive index inter-lamellar spaces) in live and chemically fixed iridocytes of the California market squid, Doryteuthis opalescens . This subcellular, single-stack microspectrophotometry allows for spectral normalization, permitting use of a transfer-matrix model of Bragg reflectance to calculate all the parameters of the Bragg stack—the refractive indices, dimensions and numbers of the lamellae and inter-lamellar spaces. Results of the fitting analyses show that eight or nine pairs of low- and high-index layers typically contribute to the observed reflectivity in live cells, whereas six or seven pairs of low- and high-index layers typically contribute to the reflectivity in chemically fixed cells. The reflectin-containing, high-index lamellae of live cells have a refractive index proportional to the peak reflectivity, with an average of 1.405 ± 0.012 and a maximum around 1.44, while the reflectin-containing lamellae in fixed tissue have a refractive index of 1.413 ± 0.015 suggesting a slight increase of refractive index in the process of fixation. As expected, incremental changes in refractive index contribute to the greatest incremental changes in reflectivity for those Bragg stacks with the most layers. The excursions in dimensions required to tune the measured reflected wavelength from 675 (red) to 425 nm (blue) are a decrease from ca 150 to 80 nm for the high-index lamellae and from ca 120 to 50 nm for the low-index inter-lamellar spaces. Fixation-induced dimensional changes also are quantified, leading us to suggest that further microspectrophotometric analyses of this iridocyte system can be used as a model system to quantify the effects of various methods of tissue fixation. The microspectrophotometry technique described can be expected to provide deeper insights into the molecular and physical mechanisms governing other biophotonically active cells and structures.
A microscale model for thin-film evaporation in capillary wick structures

A numerical model is developed for the evaporating liquid meniscus in wick microstructures under saturated vapor conditions. Four different wick geometries representing common wicks used in heat pipes, viz., wire mesh, rectangular grooves, sintered wicks and vertical microwires, are modeled and compared for evaporative performance. The solid-liquid combination considered is copper-water. Steady evaporation is modeled and the liquid-vapor interface shape is assumed to be static during evaporation. Liquid-vapor interface shapes in different geometries are obtained by solving the Young-Laplace equation using Surface Evolver. Mass, momentum and energy equations are solved numerically in the liquid domain, with the vapor assumed to be saturated. Evaporation at the interface is modeled by using heat and mass transfer rates obtained from kinetic theory. Thermocapillary convection due to non-isothermal conditions at the interface is modeled for all geometries and its role in heat transfer enhancement from the interface is quantified for both low and high superheats. More than 80% of the evaporation heat transfer is noted to occur from the thin-film region of the liquid meniscus. The very small Capillary and Weber numbers resulting from the small fluid velocities near the interface for low superheats validate the assumption of a static liquid meniscus shape during evaporation. Solid-liquid contact angle, wick porosity, solid-vapor superheat and liquid level in the wick pore are varied to study their effects on evaporation from the liquid meniscus.
Distributed Phishing Detection by Applying Variable Selection Using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees

Phishing continue to be one of the most drastic attacks causing both financial institutions and customers huge monetary losses. Nowadays mobile devices are widely used to access the Internet and therefore access financial and confidential data. However, unlike PCs and wired devices, such devices lack basic defensive applications to protect against various types of attacks. In consequence, phishing has evolved to target mobile users in Vishing and SMishing attacks recently. This study presents a client-server distributed architecture to detect phishing e-mails by taking advantage of automatic variable selection in Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART). When combined with other classifiers, BART improves their predictive accuracy. Further the overall architecture proves to leverage well in resource constrained environments.