cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of upper motoneuron plantarflexion contractures by using an adjustable ankle-foot orthosis

Abstract Grissom SP, Blanton S. Treatment of upper motoneuron plantarflexion contractures by using an adjustable ankle-foot orthosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001;82:270-3. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of an adjustable ankle-foot orthosis in the treatment of plantarflexion contractures after central nervous system injury or disease. Design: Prospective, nonrandomized, interventional trial. Setting: University medical center's acute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Nine ankles with plantarflexion contractures that could not be passively reduced to less than neutral position occurring in 6 patients with stroke or other acquired brain injury. Intervention: To assure differentiation between spastic deformity and true contracture, patients received a 2% lidocaine block of the posterior tibial nerve. The adjustable ankle-foot orthosis was then applied on the affected ankle for 23 hours per day for 14 days. Adjustments to increase dorsiflexion passive range of motion (PROM) ranged from 0° to 4.5° and were attempted every 48 to 72 hours. Main Outcome Measures: Dorsiflexion PROM at the ankle with the knee extended. Results: Increased PROM (average, 20.1°; range, 6°-36°) was statistically significant ( p =.0078). Complications related to pressure with erythema or blister formation associated with pain occurred in 44% of treated ankles at some time during the 2-week trial period. Conclusion: Plantarflexion contractures can be significantly reduced by using the adjustable ankle-foot orthosis with minimal complications.
Effect of Increases in Speed Limits on Severities of Injuries in Accidents

The influence of speed limits on roadway safety has been a subject of continuous debate in the state of Indiana and nationwide. In Indiana, highway-related accidents result in about 900 fatalities and 40,000 injuries annually and place an incredible social and economic burden on the state. Still, speed limits posted on highways and other roads are routinely exceeded as drivers try to balance safety, mobility (speed), and the risks and penalties associated with law enforcement efforts. The combined issue of speed limits and safety issue has been a matter of considerable concern in Indiana since the state raised its speed limits on rural Interstates and selected multilane highways on July 1, 2005. In this paper, the influence of the posted speed limit on the severity of vehicle accidents is studied through Indiana accident data from 2004 (the year before speed limits were raised) and 2006 (the year after speed limits were raised on rural Interstates and some multilane non-Interstate routes). Statistical models estimated the injury severity of different types of accidents on various roadway classes. The results of the model estimations showed that, for the speed limit ranges currently used, speed limits did not have a statistically significant effect on the severity of accidents on Interstate highways. However, for some non-Interstate highways, higher speed limits were found to be associated with higher accident severities, suggesting that future speed limit changes, on non-Interstate highways in particular, need to be carefully assessed on a case-by-case basis.
Bio-inspired armor protective material systems for ballistic shock mitigation

Abstract Severe transient ballistic shocks from projectile impacts, mine blasts, or overhead artillery attacks can incapacitate an occupant at low frequencies, or sensitive equipment at high frequencies, if they are not properly attenuated by armor protective systems. Unique challenges exist in developing armor protective systems for mitigating both low and high frequency ballistic shocks due to the lack of robust design methodology, the severe dynamic loading conditions, and the uncertainties in predicting ballistic shock responses. Nature offers engineers a blueprint of highly effective, efficient, and adaptive material designs to protect certain regions from external threats. This paper presents the modeling, analysis, design, optimization, fabrication, and experimental validation of bone-inspired armor protective material systems for reducing projectile penetrations and alleviating ballistic shocks at both low and high frequencies. The optimized bone-inspired armor protective material system has a soft–stiff–soft–stiff material distribution pattern based on bone-foramen and osteonal-bone material systems. Analysis and experimental results demonstrated that the bone-inspired armor protective material systems have excellent capabilities for drastic ballistic shock mitigation, weight savings, and significant reductions in penetration and load transmission under ballistic loading conditions.
Educating a New Cadre of Experts Specializing in Digital Collections and Digital Curation: Experiential Learning in Digital Library Curriculum

Integration of experiential learning into the library and information science (LIS) courses has been a theme in LIS education, but the topic deserves renewed attention with an increasing demand for professionals in the digital library field and in light of the new initiative announced by the Library of Congress (LC) and the Institution of Museum and Library Services (IMLS) for national residency program in digital curation. The balance between theory and practice in digital library curricula, the challenges of incorporating practical projects into LIS coursework, and the current practice of teaching with hands on activities represent the primary areas of this panel discussion. The panel brings together a representative from the Library of Congress Office of Strategic Initiative to talk about the Residency in Digital Curation program and LIS educators who are actively involved in developing and teaching DL courses with experiential components in face-to-face, hybrid, and online environments.
SAS-like acoustic color processing for a single-hydrophone sonar platform

This paper addresses the problem of using sonar data collected with a single-hydrophone to generate synthetic aperture sonar (SAS)-like images that display acoustic color information. Our previously-developed SAS-like acoustic color processing typically applies a coherence analysis framework to channels formed using the data of two hydrophone subarrays. Application of this method to single-hydrophone data requires significant modifications to the original framework since a synthetic aperture must be formed over the data from different pings, and hence a different approach to forming the data channels must be used. For this study, data collected using a single hydrophone mounted on a moving rail system that captures a buried underwater object from multiple aspects is used. The images generated by applying both a more conventional omega-k SAS and the revised SAS-like acoustic color processing methods to this data are evaluated based on their ability to provide information useful for detection, identification, and localization of objects.
Pathology of bladder cancer among diabetic patients undergoing radical cystectomy with a history of pioglitazone (Actos) use

Background Prospective studies suggested an association between pioglitazone (Actos) use and the development of bladder cancer. Cancer pathology among pioglitazone users has not been characterized. We chose to compare the surgical pathology among diabetic users and non-users, as well as non-diabetic patients who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.
Plasma steroid concentrations change in response to sexual behavior in Bufo marinus

Abstract Steroid hormone concentrations change in response to social or environmental stimuli in many vertebrates. To test this phenomenon in an amphibian, we examined plasma androgen (A) and corticosterone (B) concentrations in male marine toads (Bufo marinus), a tropical species exhibiting intermale competition, amplectic clasping of females, and bouts of breeding behavior following rains. When males clasped females for 0, 1, 2, or 3 hr, plasma A concentrations were significantly and positively correlated with hours spent in amplexus. In field-sampled males, plasma A concentrations were higher in amplexing males than in single males. Among single males those found closer to breeding ponds had higher A concentrations than those more distant. These data support the hypothesis that sexual stimuli enhance plasma A concentrations in this amphibian. In 3-hr experimental tests and field-sampled males, B concentrations were higher in amplexing than in single males. Unlike some amphibians, short-term elevations of B apparently are not associated with decreased reproductive function. However, as in other amphibians in which high B concentrations are associated with stress-induced inhibition of reproduction, after 48–72 hr in captivity male toads showed high B concentrations and low plasma androgen concentrations. The bursts of sexual activities exhibited by B. Marinus following heavy rains were associated with no changes in A concentration and with increased B concentration.
Thermal stability of squire cylinders with non-uniform internal heat generation

Abstract Squire's problem of thermal stability of a solid cylinder is examined with the augmentation of a non-uniform rate of internal heat generation. The non-uniformity is exemplified by a single term of the cylinder radius with a power of m . Three commonly encountered constant temperature, insulated and convective boundary conditions are used in the study. It is found that although analyses yield results covering the whole range of m , logical and useful formulations are found only in the realm of m ⩾- 0. When m ⩽- -2, the results are difficult to interpret without further study.
Physical, thermal and optical characterization of rhodium (111) acteylacetonate

Rhodium(III) acetylacetonate was investigated for its physical, thermal and optical properties. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra show absorptions at 320 nm, 260 nm, and 210 nm. Density measurements yielded a value of 1.75 g/cm3. Thermal characteristics were evaluated using differential thermal analysis (DTA). It was found that the compound is not volatile, decomposing upon heating. If heating rates are rapid enough,e.g. > 2° C/min, melting at 267° C can be observed. If heating rates are slower, decomposition is complete below the melting point. If the compound is annealed at 267° C for four hours decomposition is complete, yielding 99% pure rhodium metal. In an oxidizing atmosphere, on the other hand, the compound decomposes into a product containing 75% rhodium metal which appears to be RhO2.
Animated Instructional Software for Mechanics of Materials: Implementation and Assessment

During the past 3 years, the Basic Engineering Department at the University of Missouri, Rolla has been developing a second-generation suite of instructional software called MecMovies for the Mechanics of Materials course. The MecMovies suite consists of over 110 animated example problems, drill-and-practice games, and interactive exercises. Students generally respond favorably to software of this type; however, much of the data that has been gathered to assess the effectiveness of similar software has been anecdotal. The method by which instructional software is incorporated into the engineering class is partly responsible for this lack of systematic evaluation. Often, software packages have been implemented in the classroom as supplemental material—recommended but not required. In the Fall 2003 semester, MecMovies was integrated thoroughly into the course assignments for one of the six UMR Mechanics of Materials sections. Four professors were involved in the study, and student performance in the experimental MecMovies section was compared to performance in the five control sections through a common final exam. At the end of the semester, students who used the MecMovies software also completed a survey questionnaire consisting of a number of subjective rating items. This paper presents a comparison of student performance in the experimental and control sections along with discussion of student qualitative ratings and comments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 14: 31–43, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20065
Is there a place for economics in criminology and criminal justice

It is argued that the study of economics is appropriate for, and would make a significant contribution to, criminal justice degree programs by enriching the understanding and augmenting the technical expertise of students who undertake that study. Economics is based on a very different philosophy of human behavior. From the economist's philosophy has evolved a theory of human behavior which is, to a striking extent, complementary to that of traditional criminology in its choice of endogenous and exogenous variables, and in its assumptions concerning the nature and structure of the relations linking the former to the latter. Methodologically, economics is distinguished from traditional criminology by its greater stress on formal, logical deduction. The discipline also offers, through econometrics, a powerful instrument for empirically estimating and testing theoretical prepositions. A survey of recent criminological research that uses the economist's paradigm is provided.
Climate Change in Bangladesh: Confronting Impending Disasters

Harun Rashid and Bimal Paul. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2014. xviii and 234 pp., maps, illustrations, bibliography, index. $85.00 cloth (ISBN 978-0-7391-8353-3); $84.99 electronic (ISBN 978-0-739...
Spinal injuries in children

Abstract Background/purpose Traumatic spinal injury (TSI) is an uncommon source of morbidity and mortality in children. The aim of this study was to describe childhood TSI in a single level 1 urban pediatric trauma center. Methods The authors retrospectively analyzed all children younger than 14 years with TSI, treated at a level I pediatric trauma center between 1991 and 2002 (n = 406, 4% total registry). All children were stratified according to demographics, mechanisms, type and level of injury, radiologic evaluations, associated injuries, and mortality. Results The mean age was 9.48 ± 3.81 years. The most common overall mechanism of injury was motor vehicle crash (MVC; 29%) and ranked highest for infants. Falls ranked highest for ages 2 to 9 years. Sports ranked highest in the 10 to 14 year age group. Paravertebral soft tissue injuries were 68%. The most common injury level was the high cervical spine (O-C4). The incidence of spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormality (SCIWORA) was 6%. Traumatic brain injury (37%) was the most common associated injury. Overall mortality rate was 4% in this urban catchment. Conclusions TSI in children requires a different preventive and therapeutic logarithm compared with that of adults. The potential devastating nature of TSI warrants that the health care team always maintains a high index of suspicion for injury. Future prospective studies are needed to further elucidate injury patterns.
Wetting in an Electronic Packaging Ceramic System: 1, Wetting of Tungsten by Glass in Controlled Oxygen Partial Pressure Atmospheres

The wetting of tungsten by a Cr 2 O 3 colored, CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 glass was found to be independent of temperature between 1300 o and 1500 o C, but strongly dependent on furnace atmosphere. Similar results using two gas buffer systems (CO/CO 2 and H 2 /H 2 O) established oxygen partial pressure, p o2 , as the critical parameter. The contact angle decreased over a narrow p o2 range as the p o2 increased, with a stable contact angle existing in both lower and higher p o2 ranges. The solid-liquid interfacial energy, γ SL controlled the wetting behavior. An increase in the adsorbed oxygen layer at the solid-liquid interface resulted in a lower γ SL , and a lower contact angle. The equilibrium contact angles, established after 8-h isothermal holds, ranged from 50-55 o at a p o2 =10 -15.5 atm to 30 o at a p o2 =10 -10.9 atm. Two different drop formation techniques were used to show that the temperature and atmospheric conditions at the time of solid-liquid interface formation affect the stable contact angles. The contact angle was higher when the solid-liquid interface was established at the test temperature (doser tube technique) than when the drop was formed in situ from a piece of glass placed on the substrate at room temperature (nondoser method). This contact angle difference was again attributed to a higher γ SL , from the doser method due to the presence of less adsorbed oxygen at the time of the creation of the solid-liquid interface
Enzyme Inhibitor Discovery by Activity-Based Protein Profiling

Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms possess huge numbers of uncharacterized enzymes. Selective inhibitors offer powerful probes for assigning functions to enzymes in native biological systems. Here, we discuss how the chemical proteomic platform activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can be implemented to discover selective and in vivo–active inhibitors for enzymes. We further describe how these inhibitors have been used to delineate the biochemical and cellular functions of enzymes, leading to the discovery of metabolic and signaling pathways that make important contributions to human physiology and disease. These studies demonstrate the value of selective chemical probes as drivers of biological inquiry.
I/O self-leakage test

This work presents the implementation of the self-leakage test, a new approach for unconnected I/O leakage testing. It provides a path for leakage current through the on-chip leakers and uses the voltage drop at the pad to detect a pass/fail condition. A detailed methodology for defining the self-leakage test specifications has been developed. Preliminary silicon data shows that self-leakage test methodology provide a viable method for high-volume monitoring of I/O leakage at minimal on-die DFT (design-for-test) overhead.
Characterization and Oxidation Kinetics of Reactively Sputtered Ti1−xAlxN Film

We report on the use of Ti1−xAlxN as an electrically conductive barrier layer from the viewpoint of its oxidation kinetics and electrical properties. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profile analysis revealed the improvement of oxidation resistance with Al incorporation. At 650 °C, an oxygen diffusion coefficient and an activation energy of Ti0.47AI0.53N were determined to be 5.85×10−1 A2/sec and 2.51 eV respectively. Compared with TiN, this corresponds to an oxide gowth rate reduction of about two orders of magnitude. An Al-rich oxide layer, which gew near the Ti1−XAlxN surface, is believed to act as a passivation layer to oxidation. Furthermore, current-voltage characteristics showed that the oxidation resistant Ti1−xAlxN minimized the increase of electrical resistance after heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere. These results suggest that Ti1−xAlxN is an attractive candidate for an electrically conductive barrier layer for advanced memory device applications.
Carotenoids as antioxidants

Larry Machlin had many and varied interests in nutrition in general and antioxidants in particular. Although he was interested primarily in vitamin E, he shared a curiosity about the actions of carotenoids that most nutritionists have. He served on the Organizing Committee of the 8th International Symposium on Carotenoids that was held in Boston in June 1987. In that role, he was an active participant in helping to select sessions and then identifying the speakers who spoke at those sessions. As part of that Organizing Committee, I had the opportunity to grasp his breadth of science and his knowledge about the most current work, even in fields in which he was not directly involved. His loss has been felt, not only for his scientific contributions but also the warmth and kindness of his personality.
Insulin suppresses triiodothyronine-induced growth hormone secretion by GH3 rat pituitary cells.

Physiological doses of insulin were shown by us to suppress basal and hydrocortisone (HCT)-induced GH secretion and GH mRNA levels in GH3 rat pituitary cells. Because T3 stimulates GH gene expression, the effects of semisynthetic human insulin were tested on T3-induced GH secretion. Cells were first incubated for 48 h in medium containing insulin and fetal calf serum (10%) depleted of T3 and T4 by ion exchange resin. Insulin suppression of basal GH secretion was independent of T3, as insulin (0.7 nm) suppressed basal secretion of GH by 40% in T3-depleted cells. Medium glucose concentrations and cell proliferation did not differ in control or insulin-treated wells. The 4-fold increase in GH secretion induced by added T3 (0.5 nm) during 72 h was suppressed up to 40% by insulin (%P < 0.001). This suppression was maximal with 3.5 nm insulin and occurred after a lag period of 48 h. The previously described 20- fold synergistic stimulation of GH by T3 (0.5 nm) together with HCT (1 μm) was also suppressed by ins...
The boundary element method for boundary control of the linear Stokes flow

As a first step in the understanding of boundary control for the general nonlinear Navier-Stokes flow, the authors use the boundary element method to compute the solutions of a linear-quadratic optimal control problem governed by the linear Stokes flow on a bounded three-dimensional domain. The domain is chosen as a unit sphere and the boundary control is the viscous stress on the boundary. Numerical solutions are illustrated by computer graphics. >
Air Force Research Laboratory high power electric propulsion technology development

Space solar power generation systems have a significant impact on Electric Propulsion (EP) technology development.1,2,3 Recent advances in solar cell, deployment, and concentrator hardware have led to significant reductions in component mass, thereby decreasing power generation system specific mass. Combined with maneuvering requirements for Air Force and DoD missions of interest, propulsive requirements emerge that provide direction for technology investments. Projections for near- to mid-term propulsion capabilities are presented indicating the need for thrusters capable of processing larger amounts of power (100 – 200 kW), operating at relatively moderate specific impulse (2000 – 6000 seconds) and high efficiency (≫ 60%), and having low propulsion system mass (≪ 1 kg/kW). Two technology areas are identified and discussed in the context of the above thruster constraints. Concentric channel Hall thrusters are an extension of a mature technology, offering operation over expanded power levels and lower propulsion system specific mass at state-of-the-art (SOTA) efficiencies. Field Reverse Configuration (FRC) thrusters are a specific type of pulsed inductive accelerator that have the potential to operate up to MW power levels, at propulsion system specific masses even lower than concentric channel Hall thrusters, and on a wider range of propellants. However, FRCs are currently less mature than the Hall thruster variants. Comparisons of candidate technologies are evaluated with VASIMR, a well publicized high power EP device currently under development.
Codification of the Economic Substance Doctrine

In March 2010, Congress codified a version of the economic substance doctrine, together with a stringent strict-liability penalty that applies if noncompliance with the doctrine leads to an underpayment of tax. This article provides guidance to investors and their advisors about the significance of the doctrine, discussing, among other things, the effects of codification, interpretive issues arising from the statutory language, and the lack of guidance about the transactions to which the doctrine applies. The article concludes that codification is something that everyone must pay attention to, but that many of the concerns raised by commentators about its scope have been overstated.
A pH-Responsive MRI Agent that Can Be Activated Beyond the Tissue Magnetization Transfer Window.

A terbium-based complex that displays a water exchange CEST resonance well outside the normal magnetization transfer (MT) frequency range of tissues provides a direct readout of pH values by MRI. Deprotonation of the phenolic proton in this complex results in a frequency shift of 56 ppm in a bound water molecule exchange peak between pH 5 and 8. This allows direct imaging of pH without prior knowledge of the agent concentration and with essentially no interference from the tissue MT signal.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy versus selective neck dissection for detection of metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma

Metastasis to the regional lymph node is the most important prognostic indicator for the outcomes of patients with sold cancer. In general, it is well recognized that cancer development is genetically determined with progression from the microenvironment of the primary tumor site, oftentimes via the SLN gateway, to the distant sites. In about 20 % of the time, the cancer cells may spread directly through the blood vascular system to the distant sites. Thus, in general, cancer progression is consistent with Hellman’s spectrum theory in that development of nodal and systemic metastasis from a localized cancer growth is a progressive process. Cancer proliferation within the tumor microenvironment may give rise to increased tumor heterogeneity, which is further complicated by its continuous change through its evolution within the host in a Darwinian sense. It is crucial to understand the molecular process of lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment with respect to the initial steps of cancer cells entering into the lymphatic and vascular systems so that rational therapy can be developed to curb the process of specific routes of metastasis. This chapter elucidates the role of lymphatics, nodal metastasis and antitumor immunity. We present novel immune targets in nodal metastases, the importance of the lymph node as a pre-metastatic niche, and immune-related proteins as biomarkers of metastasis.
Comparing Men's and Women's Loss of Perceived Social and Work Resources Following Psychological Distress

We explored the influence of anger and depressive mood on the receipt of perceived workplace social support and perceived workplace resources among 121 postal workers over a period of 3 months. We theorized that emotional distress would result in perceptions of decreased social support and workplace resources for women, but not men. The hypothesis was partially supported. Interaction effects revealed that, whereas women perceived losing support and resources when experiencing depression and anger, respectively, these emotions had only limited negative consequences for men. The findings suggest that emotions are more closely linked with perceptions of social support and workplace resources for women than for men.
Intracarotid Infusion of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor, l-NMMA, Modestly Decreases Cerebral Blood Flow in Human Subjects

BACKGROUND The authors hypothesized that if nitric oxide (NO) was a determinant of background cerebrovascular tone, intracarotid infusion of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, would decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF) and intracarotid L-arginine would reverse its effect. METHODS In angiographically normal cerebral hemispheres, after the initial dose-escalation studies (protocol 1), the authors determined the effect of intracarotid L-NMMA (50 mg/min for 5 min) on CBF and mean arterial pressure (MAP) over time (protocol 2). Changes in CBF and MAP were then determined at baseline, during L-NMMA infusion, and after L-NMMA during L-arginine infusion (protocol 3). To investigate effects of higher arterial blood concentrations of L-NMMA, changes in CBF and MAP were assessed at baseline and after a bolus dose of L-NMMA (250 mg/1 min), and vascular reactivity was tested by intracarotid verapamil (1 mg/min, protocol 4). CBF changes were also assessed during induced hypertension with intravenous phenylephrine (protocol 5). RESULTS Infusion of L-NMMA (50 mg/min for 5 min, n = 7, protocol 2) increased MAP by 17% (86 +/- 8 to 100 +/- 11 mmHg; P < 0.0001) and decreased CBF by 20% (45 +/- 8 to 36 +/- 6 ml. 100 g-1. min-1; P < 0.005) for 10 min. Intracarotid l-arginine infusion after L-NMMA (protocol 3) reversed the effect of L-NMMA. Bolus L-NMMA (protocol 4) increased MAP by 20% (80 +/- 11 to 96+/-13 mmHg; P< 0.005), but there was no significant decrease in CBF. Intracarotid verapamil increased CBF by 41% (44+/- 8 to 62 +/- 9 ml. 100 g-1. min-1; P< 0.005). Phenylephrine-induced hypertension increased MAP by 20% (79 +/- 9 to 95 +/- 6 mmHg; P = 0.001) but did not affect CBF. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that intracarotid L-NMMA modestly decreases CBF, and the background tone of cerebral resistance vessels may be relatively insensitive to NOS inhibition by the intraarterial route.
Developing Aerosol Height Product from MODIS and Synergy of MODIS and CALIPSO Measurements for Global Application

Aerosol vertical distribution is critical in many perspectives of atmospheric research. Lidar instrumentation is currently considered as the only means in providing the ground truths of aerosol vertical profiles. The MODIS normalized aerosol height index (NAHI) can be used routinely to estimate aerosol layer height with the same coverage of MODIS AOD, creating a virtual 3-D view of daily aerosol fields. The synergy of the wide-coverage MODIS aerosol height index and high-precision CALIPSO aerosol vertical profile enables us to constrain NAHI and also translate the estimated errors to the entire MODIS swath.
Statistical timing analysis of coupled interconnects using quadratic delay-change characteristics

With continuing scaling of CMOS process, process variations in the form of die-to-die and within-die variations become significant which cause timing uncertainty. Statistical design methods have been proposed in the past to model the impact of process variations. However, all the existing methods deal almost exclusively with modeling delay variations of logical gates or physical variations of interconnect wires. This paper proposes a method of analytically analyzing statistical behavior of multiple coupled interconnects with an uncertain signal arrival time at each interconnect input (aggressors and the victim). The method utilizes delay-change characteristics due to changes in relative arrival time between an aggressor and the victim. The results show that the proposed method is able to accurately predict delay variations through a coupled interconnect.
Nonrelativistic QCD factorization and the velocity dependence of NNLO poles in heavy quarkonium production

We study the transition of a heavy quark pair from octet to singlet color configurations at next-to-next-to-leading order in heavy quarkonium production. We show that the infrared singularities in this process are consistent with nonrelativistic QCD factorization to all orders in the heavy quark relative velocity v. This factorization requires the gauge-completed matrix elements that we introduced previously to prove next-to-next-to-leading-order factorization to order v{sup 2}.
Extreme Leaf Dimorphism in Calymperaceae

Abstract Constant extreme leaf dimorphism in the moss family Calymperaceae, involving evolution of the gemmiferous leaf of some species into a rod-like essentially naked costa or a narrow tube-like or channeled shaft, occurs more or less consistently in five species of Calymperes and six species of Syrrhopodon world wide (approximately eight percent of the species of the family), but not in the closely related genus Mitthyridium. Such highly derived gemmiferous leaves—referred to here as stenophylls—are an evolutionary phenomenon that is not known for any other group of mosses. The stenophylls bear the gemmae on their tips, are rigidly erect both wet and dry, are generally longer than and mostly have smaller areas of cancellinae than the vegetative leaves. The principal functional-evolutionary benefit of this type of extreme leaf dimorphism may be the constant (plants hydrated or desiccated) presentation of the gemmae for dispersion elevated above the potentially trapping tangle of vegetative leaves of th...
Catecholamines and drug-behavior interactions.

The effects of several drugs on schedule-controlled operant behavior depend on the baseline rate of responding and on the nature of the environmental conditions that maintain the behavior. For example, the effects of amphetamine and alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (αMT) on operant performances depend to a large extent on the rate at which organisms respond under nondrug control conditions. A neurochemical mechanism for these rate-dependent effects has not been established. However, several lines of evidence suggest that catecholamines are functionally important in the maintenance of many types of behavior, including operant behavior. The fact that many drugs which exhibit drug-behavior interactions also produce characteristic effects on the metabolism of central nervous system catecholamines suggests that the performance of operant behavior per se modifies brain catecholamine metabolism and thereby the subsequent drug effect. Experiments measuring the depletion of catecholamines following synthesis inhibition with αMT, or changes in the specific activity of norepinephrine after tritium labeling, have shown that operant behavior alters the metabolism of catecholamines. Preliminary evidence is also presented from experiments designed to determine variables associated with the performance-induced changes in catecholamine metabolism. These variables include: rate of response; rate or density of reinforcement; and response-reinforcer contingencies. The results of these experiments suggest a neurochemical mechanism for the rate-dependent effects of amphetamine and αMT. A model is presented that may account for the general phenomenon of drug-behavior interactions in neurochemical terms. — Seiden, L. S., R. C. Makcphail and M. W. Oglesby. Catecholamines and drug-behavior interactions. Federation Proc. 34: 1823–1831, 1975.
Humeral torsion does not dictate shoulder position, but does influence throwing speed.

A debate has emerged in the last few years over the shape and position of the shoulder in early Homo. That the shoulder joint underwent changes approximately 2 million years ago is not in dispute. A number of newly discovered and relatively complete scapulae show that the orientation of the glenohumeral joint shifted caudally from the more cranial orientation seen in the apes and earlier hominins (Walker and Leakey, 1993; Larson et al., 2007; Lordkipanidze et al., 2007; Haile-Selassie et al., 2010; Green and Alemseged, 2012; Churchill et al., 2013). However, just howmodern human-like this caudally rotated shoulder complex is remains less clear. Larson (2007, 2009) has proposed that early Homo possessed a novel, transitional shoulder morphology in which the shoulder joint faced anteriorly. We have proposed that Homo erectus had an essentially modern human-like shoulder complex with a laterally oriented glenohumeral joint (Roach et al., 2013; Roach and Richmond, 2015). Why does this debate matter? These differing reconstructions of the shoulder have important functional implications for a number of crucial behavioral shifts hypothesized to occur at or near the origins of our genus (e.g., reduced climbing behavior, intensification of tool manufacture and use, endurance running, and high speed throwing). Much of this debate has hinged on the length of the clavicle. As the only bony strut attaching the shoulder complex to the torso,
Do Informed Traders Prefer Automated Electronic Markets

This study investigated the differences in the probability of informed trading (PIN), separately, in the two components of the modern hybrid market structure: the newer automated, electronic market and the traditional open-outcry floor market. Using transaction level data, I compared Eurodollar futures contracts exchanged on the floor of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange with those exchanged on the CME’s Globex from January 3, 2000, through December 29, 2006. The findings in this study indicate that annual PINs tended to be higher in the automated market in every year. This difference decreased over the sample period and by 2006, the difference in PIN estimates between the two markets was very small in the transacting of contracts with nearterm expirations.
Growth stimulation of Lactobacillus gayoni by N-D-glucosylglycine.

Summary1. For rapid initiation of growth of L. gayoni, the culture medium required heating. 2. This heat activation reaction, involving glucose, salts A and glycine, appeared to proceed through an intermediate, N-D-glucosylglycine, and then into at least two heat stable growth factors. 3. One of these factors could also be derived by heating glucose under alkaline conditions.
Low Power SiGe Electroabsorption Modulators for Optical Interconnects

We demonstrate low voltage quantum-confined Stark effect electroabsorption in a Ge/SiGe quantum well diode with a new thin intrinsic layer design, showing the potential for absorptive modulators with low photocurrent dissipation power.
“It’s Somebody Else’s Milk” Unraveling the Tension in Mothers of Preterm Infants Who Provide Consent for Pasteurized Donor Human Milk

Background:Pasteurized donor human milk (DHM), rather than preterm infant formula, is recommended for premature infants when mother’s milk is not available.Objective:This study explored the materna...
Expression of AnnexinII in Patients with Hematologic Malignancies

This study was purposed to investigate the expression of annexin Ⅱ in patients with hematologic malignancies and its role in genesis and development of hematologic malignancies. The expression levels of annexin Ⅱ in bone marrow cells from untreated 81 patients with acute leukemia,6 patients with MM and 20 patients with iron deficiency anemia were detected by real-time PCR assay. The results showed that the expression of annexin Ⅱ mRNA significantly increased in M3 patients as compared with others,the expression of annexin Ⅱ gene in groups M5,MM,M4 were higher than that of other groups except M3 group,and there were no significant difference in expression of annexin Ⅱ gene between M1+M2 groups and controls. It is concluded that the expression of annexin Ⅱ gene significantly increased in patients M5,M4,MM,who showed higher ratio of infiltration than other patients. It is inferred that the annexin Ⅱ participates in invastion and infiltration of hematologic malignancies probablely through enhancing the degradation of extracellular matrix by cells of hematologic malignancies.
Myeloid sarcoma presenting as a colon polyp and harbinger of chronic myelogenous leukemia

Myeloid sarcoma, also known as granulocytic sarcoma or chloroma is an unusual accumulation of malignant myeloid precursor cells in an extramedullary site, which disrupts the normal architecture of the involved tissue. It is known to occur more commonly in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and less commonly in those with myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasm, such as chronic myelogenous leukemia. The most common sites of involvement include bone, skin and lymph nodes. However, rare cases have been reported in the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, or breast. Most commonly, a neoplastic extramedullary proliferation of myeloid precursors in a patient would have systemic involvement of a myeloid neoplasm, including in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Infrequently, extramedullary disease may be the only site of involvement. It may also occur as a localized antecedent to more generalized disease or as a site of recurrence. Herein, we present the first case in the English literature of a patient presenting with an isolated site of myeloid sarcoma arising in the form of a colonic polyp which, after subsequent bone marrow biopsy, was found to be a harbinger of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Obstetric vesicovaginal fistulas

In analyzing 39 vesicovaginal fistulas of obstetric origin, repaired by the author in a 6 month period, it is found that the complication of postoperative stress incontinence is correlated with the location of the fistula more than anything else. A classification to predict the likelihood of stress incontinence and means of preventing it are thus proposed. Ninety per cent of the fistulas were closed and 74 per cent of the patients were totally continent following one operation.
The role of seminal vesiculography in the evaluation of male infertility

Although most cases of male infertility are the result of primary testicular abnormalities (either maturation arrest, decreased spermatogenesis, or germinal hypoplasia), obstruction of the genital tract is a well recognized and potentially correctable cause of infertility. Seminal vesiculography is an excellent method of evaluating the male genital tract not only for obstruction but also for other structural lesions that may cause infertility. In 27 patients undergoing vesiculography as part of an evaluation of infertility, obstruction was found in 25%. Three patients (11%) were found to have nonobstructing structural lesions as a possible cause of infertility. Patients with obstructive lesions were found to have significantly lower semen volumes than those with patent outflow tracts. The continued role of seminal vesiculography in the evaluation of male infertility is discussed.
Network theories of memory: before wundt and Herbart

Network theories of memory were formulated as early as the second decade of the nineteenth century by now-obscure German and perhaps French metaphysicians. Without access to primary sources, the provocative ideas of a French author, M. de Cardaillac, are quoted by way of William Hamilton’s Lectures on Metaphysics at the University of Edinburgh in 1836 and 1837.
Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the Gopher Farm Sandhill, Wayne County, Mississippi

ABSTRACT A survey to document the vascular flora of the Gopher Farm sandhill, Wayne County, Mississippi, was conducted from 2011 to 2015. As a part of the Chickasawhay Ranger District of the DeSoto National Forest, the Gopher Farm represents one of the most northerly sandhills in the Coastal Plain of Mississippi and one the largest publicly owned sandhills in the state. The survey resulted in 194 species, including 2 ferns, 3 gymnosperms, and 189 flowering plants. Of these, 45 are endemic to the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of the United States, and 6 are listed as rare species by the Mississippi Natural Heritage Program. The collection of Morella inodora represents the most northerly collection of that species in Mississippi.
Receptors for mercurial and ethacrynic acid inhibition of sodium chloride transport

There is substantial evidence indicating that the receptor molecules with which mercurials react to produce a diuresis are protein-bound sulphydryl groups (PBSH). Mercury reduces the concentration of renal PBSH of rats (Cafruny, DiStefano & Farah, 1955) and dogs (Cafruny & Farah, 1956). Dimercaprol not only restores the lost PBSH but also abolishes the pharmacological effects of mercurials. By extension, it is proper to postulate that mercurials inactivate one or more sulphydryl enzymes necessary for the optimal operations of a sodium-transporting system. But no matter how fitting it may seem to be, this hypothesis is not secure and additional support is needed. It would be best to identify the sulphydryl enzymes and to show that they are actually engaged in renal sodium transport. Unfortunately, attempts to do so have failed. Succinic dehydrogenase has been ruled out as a candidate (Bickers, Bresler & Weinberger, 1960) and diuretic doses of mercury do not inactivate canine ATPase (Nechay, Palmer, Chinoy & Posey, 1967). At present it is possible only to challenge the hypothesis by posing additional requirements.
Failed Surgery for Epilepsy

Persistent or recurrent seizures occurring at least monthly are reported in 51 (18%) of a series of 282 consecutive temporal resections for medically intractable epilepsy performed at Kings College Hospital, London, UK.
The Two GTPase Domains of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane Protein Miro have Novel Active Site Conformations and Distinct Biochemical Properties

Mitochondria motility and dynamics are tightly linked. Dysfunction in mitochondrial dynamics cause a host of neurological disorders. The outer mitochondrial membrane protein Miro contains two GTPase domains that control mitochondrial dynamics. While it is known that each of Miro's GTPases are responsible for different mitochondrial morphology and localization phenotypes, the biochemical and structural mechanisms are unknown. We have determined the crystal structure of the entire human Miro1 protein in two separate fragments. Using SAXS and MD, we have investigated how the full-length protein assembles. Our structures reveal significant differences between the n-terminal and c-terminal GTPases (nGTPase and cGTPase). In the nGTPase, unique Switch 1 and Switch 2 residues coordinate the bound GTP, Mg2+, and water molecules for hydrolysis. In contrast, the cGTPase shows no large conformational changes between different nucleotide states and may be catalytically inactive. We demonstrate previous activity mutations based on Ras do not represent GDP/GTP states as previously thought. We have also characterized the V. cholera protein VopE, the first GTPase activating protein (GAP) reported for Miro. Using SEC-MALS, SAXS, and NMR, we are studying the structure of VopE and how it interacts with Miro. Combined with previous results and sequence analyses, our structures suggest that Miro's nGTPase, but not its cGTPase, acts as a nucleotide-dependent switch to control mitochondrial morphology. Our new mutagenesis studies and protein activator tools will allow for more careful dissection of Miro's precise function in vivo.
Observer-based Approaches to Human Infant Psychoacoustics

As subjects of psychoacoustical research, human infants, especially very young infants, pose special problems. Their response repertoire is limited; they make few unique responses to sound; and they are available for testing for only short periods of time. Our approach to the testing of infants has been to use existing spontaneous responses, but to use the infants’ behavior to judge whether or not a sound has occurred rather than whether or not a response has occurred. This observer-based approach has allowed us to assess sensitivity, frequency resolution, and temporal resolution in infants as young as 1 month of age.
The FDA Unapproved Drugs Initiative: An Observational Study of the Consequences for Drug Prices and Shortages in the United States

BACKGROUND: Hundreds of drug products are currently marketed in the United States without approval from the FDA. The 2006 Unapproved Drugs Initiative (UDI) requires manufacturers to remove these drug products from the market or obtain FDA approval by demonstrating evidence of safety and efficacy. Once the FDA acts against an unapproved drug, fewer manufacturers remain in the market, potentially enabling drug price increases and greater susceptibility to drug shortages. There is a need for systematic study of the UDI’s effect on prices and shortages of all targeted drugs. OBJECTIVE: To examine the clinical evidence for approval and association with prices and shortages of previously unapproved prescription drugs after being addressed by the UDI. METHODS: Previously unapproved prescription drugs that faced UDI regulatory action or with at least 1 product that received FDA approval through manufacturers’ voluntary compliance with the UDI between 2006 and 2015 were identified. The clinical evidence was catego...
A Case of Fever and Rash After a Tick Bite

A 55-year-old man who lived in rural Indiana with a history of diabetes mellitus type 2 presented to the Emergency Department in May with 5 days of headache, fever to 104 °F, diffuse myalgias, and generalized weakness. He frequently performed yardwork. He had noticed a tick on his arm 10 days before that he removed with tweezers. He reported that it was not engorged. Three weeks prior to presentation, he went camping in the forest and slept in a cabin. He had frequent contact with his 3-year-old granddaughter who had a recent febrile upper respiratory illness.