cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE IN THE CHLOROMONADOPHYCEAN ALGA VACUOLARIA VIRESCENS1

The chloroplasts of Vacuolaria virescens Cienkowsky are present in large numbers between the cell membrane and the layer of cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus; they are disc-shaped structures ca. 3–4 μM long by 2–3 μM wide. Chloroplast bands consist of 3 opposed thylakoids with adjacent bands frequently interconnected. External to the girdle band is a chloroplast envelope separated from the cytoplasm by endoplasmic reticulum; there is no immediately apparent continuity between this endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. Small electron-dense spheres in the chloroplast stroma are thought to be lipid food reserve. Eyespots and pyrenoids are absent.
Identifiability of Age-Dependent Branching Processes from Extinction Probabilities and Number Distributions

Consider an age-dependent, single-species branching process defined by a progeny number distribution, and a lifetime distribution associated with each independent particle. In this paper, we focus on the associated inverse problem where one wishes to for- mally solve for the progeny number distribution or the lifetime distribution that defines the Bellman-Harris branching process. We derive results for the existence and uniqueness (the identifiability) of these two distributions given one of two types of information: the extinc- tion time probability of the entire process (extinction time distribution), or the distribution of the total number of particles at one fixed time. We demonstrate that perfect knowledge of the distribution of extinction times allows us to formally determine either the progeny number distribution or the lifetime distribution. Furthermore, we show that these constructions are unique. We then consider "data" consisting of a perfectly known total number distribution given at one specific time. For a process with known progeny number distribution and ex- ponentially distributed lifetimes, we show that the rate parameter is identifiable. For general lifetime distributions, we also show that the progeny distribution is globally unique. Our results are presented through four theorems, each describing the constructions in the four distinct cases.
Low-energy gamma-ray characterization of a trapezoidal-shaped geometrically weighted Frisch grid CdZnTe gamma-ray spectrometer

A geometrically weighted trapezoidal CdZnTe detector has been probed along the bottom and sides with a collimated 60 keV 241Am gamma-ray source. The results clearly show that electrons are being transported to the anode from all locations along the device bottom as well as along the sides below the grid area. Spectral di!erences are apparent, and the best charge transport originates from areas irradiated along the device cathode. Spectral di!erences are suspected to result from two major e!ects; charge transport interference from material non-uniformity e!ects and internal electric"eld e!ects. ( 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
4‐Ketoundecanoic Acid

4-Ketoundecanoic acid intermediate: 2-Heptyl-4,5-dihydrofuran product: 4-Ketoundecanoic acid Keywords: alkylation, C-alkylation; cleavage, oxidative; ring opening reactions; Jones' reagent; tetrahydrofuran; tert-butyllithium, extremely pyrophoric; hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPA), toxicity
A Generalized Time-Stepping Algorithm for Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Ferrite Media

A time integration scheme is described for simulations of electromagnetic waves within a fully saturated ferrite medium. By considering Maxwell's equations in conjunction with the torque equation of motion for electron precession, we show that a stable second-order scheme can be achieved using both central differences and averages. The scheme is validated using a stripline phase shifter as a test case. Not only does the simulation agree quite well with results produced by a popular frequency-domain, finite element solver, the data also exhibits a very desirable, low-loss, phase shift effect.
Armstrong's invention of noise-suppressing FM [History of Communications]

Edwin H. Armstrong is well known as the inventor of wide-deviation or wideband FM. His patent on this invention was granted December 26, 1933, followed soon thereafter by demonstrations of his system before engineers, papers on the subject of wideband frequency modulation (FM) and its noise-suppression property, and eventually, of course, after World War II, widespread acceptance of FM by the radio industry and the public at large. The years in between were devoted to a bitter court fight between Armstrong and RCA, leading eventually to Armstrong's tragic suicide in 1954. This is well documented in the book by Lessing devoted to Armstrong's life (1969). What is not clear is precisely how and when Armstrong had the intuitive leap, his Eureka! moment, that led to this truly momentous invention. Armstrong was notorious for leaving very little documentation on his inventions. Lessing does note that Armstrong was fully occupied with his FM work, carrying out thousands of experiments, from 1928 to 1933, but no attempt to further narrow this interval of time down or discuss how he came to develop the wide-deviation FM concept is offered. We try, in this brief note, using documentation available in the Armstrong papers housed at Columbia University, to come to grips with these questions.
Anaplasma and Ehrlichia Infection

Human and animal infections by Anaplasmataceae are increasingly recognized as important and potentially fatal arthropod-transmitted diseases. Since the first recognition and implementation of diagnostic methods for human infection by Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the incidence of infections has linearly increased. Moreover, diagnostic and epidemiological testing indicates that "ehrlichia" infections are globally distributed and suggests that additional agents of human and veterinary "ehrlichiosis" will be identified. With increasing disease identification has come recognition that the infections can be severe, with approximately one-half of patients requiring hospitalization for complications including respiratory distress, myocarditis, neurological complications, hepatitis, a septic or toxic shock-like disease, opportunistic infections, and death in 0.5 to 3.0%. An understanding of the diseases, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, control, and management will best be developed through fundamental investigations. Advances in comprehension as to the separate contributions of bacteria and host are crucial since most data now suggest that alterations in host neutrophil function and protection from innate and adaptive immunity also contribute to disease manifestations. It is reasonable to operate from the hypothesis that these host cell functional changes ultimately benefit bacterial survival while inadvertently eliciting clinical disease in poorly adapted hosts. A firmer basis for the scientific understanding of Anaplasmataceae biology will allow logical and rational approaches toward infection control, prevention, and treatment.
Heterochrony and sexual dimorphism in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina).

Somatic growth is not a simple linear process with a constant rate of growth. The most successful attempts to quantify growth as a function of age or size have employed nonlinear techniques. Sexual dimorphism of primate growth, weight vs. age, was examined using nonlinear models with Sirianni and Swindler's ([1985] Growth and Development of the Pigtailed Macaque, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) growth data on the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The best fit of several exponential growth models was the Gompertz curve: Weight = a*e-b*e-K*age Different multiple phase models were also fit, where each phase represents a distinct exponential component. The two-phase models proved to be the best (R2 = .0.84 for females, 0.91 for males), suggesting that there are two growth spurts, one in infancy and one at puberty. The timing of the beginning and end of the first spurt is the same in males and females, but the rate, and value of the asymptote for this phase, is greater in males. The timing of the second spurt is earlier, and the rate of growth for this spurt is smaller in females than males. The sexual dimorphism in these species is not a simple rate change, but a complex interaction of timing and rate over the entire period of growth. It would be impossible to separate these entities with a linear, polynomial, or single-phase model of the data. While these data and results complement much of the existing work on adult dimorphism, they also emphasize the vital role that ontogenetic data have in elucidating the underlying evolutionary mechanisms that generate sexual dimorphism.
Board level H-tree optical clock distribution with substrate mode holograms

This paper describes a design for a board-level free-space optical clock distribution system implemented with substrate mode holograms. The design uses an H-tree distribution scheme to balance propagation delays for different clock paths on each board. The H-component provides four diffracted output beams with /spl sim/11% efficiency for each output, and the required laser power for the clock distribution system is calculated. To provide 80 clock fan-out signals for a five-board system, the clock distribution system requires 4.7 mW of laser power with 10 /spl mu/W of received optical power at each node. The misalignment analysis for the free-space optical system is presented and design considerations are given. The factors causing clock skew and timing jitter in the optical clock distribution system are also examined. An experimental system was demonstrated with a 622-MHz clock signal distributed with 36 ps of timing jitter and less than 10 ps of clock skew. >
Multicenter Phase II Study of the Oral MEK Inhibitor, CI-1040, in Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung, Breast, Colon, and Pancreatic Cancer

Purpose This multicenter, open-label, phase II study was undertaken to assess the antitumor activity and safety of the oral mitogen-activated extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor, CI-1040, in breast cancer, colon cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and pancreatic cancer. Patients and Methods Patients with advanced colorectal, NSCLC, breast, or pancreatic cancer received oral CI-1040 continuously at 800 mg bid. All patients had measurable disease at baseline, a performance status of 2 or less, and adequate bone marrow, liver, and renal function. Expression of pERK, pAkt, and Ki-67 was assessed in archived tumor specimens by quantitative immunohistochemistry. Results Sixty-seven patients with breast (n = 14), colon (n = 20), NSCLC (n = 18), and pancreatic (n = 15) cancer received a total of 194 courses of treatment (median, 2.0 courses; range, one to 14 courses). No complete or partial responses were observed. Stable disease (SD) lasting a median of 4.4 months (range, 4 to 18...
Efficient wideband guided-wave acoustooptic Bragg diffraction using phased surface acoustic wave array in LiNbO(3) waveguides.

Efficient wideband guided-wave acoustooptic Bragg diffraction has been demonstrated using a phased surface acoustic wave array in Y-cut LiNbO3 waveguides. The results of measurement made on the devices which employ the first-order acoustic beam steering from six-element phased-SAWs of relatively small total acoustic aperture, at the center frequency of 325 MHz, have shown that accurate tracking of the Bragg condition is achievable for a frequency band of more than 250 MHz. In one of the deflectors that employ a larger total acoustic aperture, only 68 mW of electric drive power or 3.5 mW of acoustic power was required to diffract 50% of the light over a bandwidth of 112 MHz. This bandwidth is a nearly sixfold increase over that of the deflector that employs a single SAW of identical aperture. The quality of both deflected and undeflected light beams was very good.
An IT-TOF mass spectrometer for the analysis of organic aerosol

Abstract An ion trap time-of-flight (IT-TOF) mass spectrometer has been developed for online analysis of organic aerosol. Airborne particles are focused through an aerodynamic lens assembly and deposited onto a stainless steel collection probe inserted through a hole in the ring electrode of an ion trap. The collected sample is desorbed and ionized with a pulsed 355-nm Nd:YAG laser beam within the ion trap cavity. Ions are collisionally cooled to the center of the trap prior to extraction into a reflectron time-of-flight mass analyzer. Relative to a previous version of the instrument without an ion trap, incorporation of the ion trap increases the sensitivity and resolution of ions that are formed directly at the probe surface and permits post-ionization with electrons to be performed. Online analysis of perylene and C 60 test aerosols were performed by one-step laser desorption ionization (LDI). Online analysis of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from α-pinene ozonolysis was performed by laser desorption–electron ionization (LD–EI). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) was also performed, and the molecular ion signal was enhanced with a dynamic RF trapping method.
Exploring Impacts of Factors Contributing to Injury Severity at Freeway Exit Ramps

Several factors of freeway mainlines, exit ramp sections, and cross-roads, such as geometric design, environment, vehicle/driver characteristics, and traffic features, may have significantly impacts on crash injury severity at freeway exit ramps. Freeway exit ramps are defined as the sections from the painted nose to the ramp terminal, and provide limit accesses from freeway mainlines to cross-roads. To explore the impacts and address the significant factors, injury severity prediction models was developed in this paper using three regression technologies: Ordered Probit, Partial Proportional Odds, and Heterogeneous Probit. The analysis results showed that ramp configuration (Diamond, Free-flow Loop, Outer Connection, and Parclo Loop) has significant impacts on crash injury severity at exit ramp sections. Diamond ramp is safer than other configurations while Outer Connection seems to increase crash injury severity than other ones. Other significant factors include lane configuration, channelization at ramp terminals, distance between ramp terminal and the first intersection on crossroads, speed limit on ramps and mainlines, shoulder width on ramps, and alcohol/drug involvement.
Performance analysis of the Bayesian beamformer

We present an analysis of the performance of Bayesian beamformers that are able to estimate signals from unknown source directions by balancing multiple optimal estimates according to the a posteriori probability mass function (PMF). We show that the conditional mean square error (MSE) of the Bayesian beamformer asymptotically achieves the conditional MSE of an estimator that has prior knowledge of the true direction of arrival. The convergence rate depends on both the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the Kullback Leibler distance between certain probability distributions on which the Bayesian model is defined.
The bequest of the nuclear battlefield: Science, nature, and the atom during the first decade of the Cold War

The first decade of atmospheric nuclear testing marked a new era in history. For the first time, mankind was able to destroy everything, including itself. The destruction of nature was thoroughly analyzed and the behavior of radioactive fallout isotopes carefully studied. Classified projects were established to investigate the worldwide spread of fallout as well as its accumulation in plants, animals, humans, soil, water, and food. As testing progressed, so did the problem of mounting waste produced by military and civilian institutions, eventually resulting in a quest for atomic waste reservoirs. With the introduction of the hydrogen bomb, the destruction reached new heights. The test sites turned into proving grounds, which attracted the interest of the military and scientists eager to examine a radioactive environment. Innumerable studies and research projects were conducted and consumed many resources. Unintentionally however, this very research alos provided the founding base for modern environmental science on a global scale.
Industrial feedback for a microelectronics curriculum

This paper addresses the question of sufficient breadth and depth for undergraduate engineering curriculum in the area of microelectronics, based on input from an industrial panel. This panel was formed as part of a NSF Course and Curriculum Development (CCD) grant to help define the appropriate mix between specific skills, fundamentals, and exposure to current technology. Their input calls for curricula with broader coverage of the entire design cycle from concept to manufacturing. The panel lists specific concepts that are increasingly important for today's chip designers and manufacturers, as well as timeless fundamentals that must continue to be emphasized in undergraduate programs. Suggestions on how to incorporate the growing demands of industry into over stretched engineering curriculum and courses are discussed.
A Unique Art Form: The Friezes of Pirgi

In the village of Pirgi, on the Greek island of Chios, the facades of hundreds of buildings are completely covered with gray and white friezes. Circles, squares, triangles and rhomboids are used to create a lively geometry, ranging from the straightforward to the complex, to give each house its distinctive identity, its own unique face to display to the world. While analyzing the frieze designs, the authors discovered that the frieze artists intuitively obey a unique set of color-reversing rules. The goal of the project was to explain this powerful art form and to discover the essential mathematical structure underlying these color-reversing friezes.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of oviposition behavior of bollworm and three of its predators in Bt and non-Bt cotton fields

Host plants exhibiting insect resistance traits have long been known to influence within-plant distributions of pests and their natural enemies. Sites and timing of egg deposition are particularly important for synchrony of predators and their prey in the field. Temporal and spatial distribution of eggs of the cotton bollworms [ Heliothis virescens (F.) and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] and that of the predators Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Heteroptera: Geocoridae), Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and Micromus spec. (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) were determined during three cotton seasons, from 2002 to 2004, by collecting and examining plants throughout each season. Comparisons also were made between Bt and non-Bt cotton to investigate possible changes in oviposition behavior on Bt cotton. The study was conducted in commercial fields with insecticide use to manage pests when economic thresholds were exceeded in both cotton types. Egg densities for predators and bollworms varied among years, but were similar on Bt and non-Bt cottons. Oviposition of bollworms and G. punctipes correlated spatially within plants, with most eggs laid on structures in the top five nodes of cotton plants and on the three outermost leaves on lateral branches regardless of cotton type. Bollworm oviposition dynamics exhibited two peaks within the season (early July and early August). Eggs of all predators and bollworms collected from the field and incubated in the laboratory had high hatching rates throughout each season (74 ‐100%). Temporal association of predator with bollworm oviposition showed a significant correlation with green lacewings, a delay of 10 days for big-eyed bugs, and no correlation with brown lacewings. Furthermore, Bt cotton plants exerted no significant effect on temporal or spatial patterns of oviposition of bollworms or the predators, indicating no change in oviposition behavior of bollworm females within plant structures after almost one decade of widespread planting of Bt cotton.
How much variance is explained by ecologists? Additional perspectives

A recent meta-analysis of meta-analyses by Moller and Jennions (2002, Oecologia 132:492-500) suggested that ecologists using statistical models are explaining between 2.5% and 5.42% of the variability in ecological studies. Although we agree that there is considerable variability in ecological systems that is not explained, we disagree with the approach and general conclusions of Moller and Jennions. As an alternate perspective, we explored the question: "How much ecological variation in relationships is not explained?" We did this by examining published studies in five different journals representative of the numerous sub- disciplines of ecology. We quantified the proportion of variance not explained in statistical models as the residual or random error compared to the total variation in the data set. Our results indicate that statistical models explain roughly half of the variation in variables of interest, vastly different from the 2.5%-5.42% reported by Moller and Jennions. This difference resulted largely from a different level of analysis: we considered the original study to be the appropriate level for quantifying variability while Moller and Jennions combined studies at different temporal and spatial scales and attempted to find univer- sal single-factor relationships between ecological vari- ables across study organisms or locations. Therefore, we believe that Moller and Jennions actually measured the universality of single factor effects across multiple ecological systems, not the amount of variability in ecological studies explained by ecologists. This study, combined with Moller and Jennions', illustrates impor- tance of applying statistical models appropriately to assess ecological relationships.
Estimating Educational Production Functions for Rural High Schools: Some Findings

This study construed the formal educative process of students in five rural high schools in Kentucky in a production function context. The student was used as the basic observational unit and the curriculum as the basic educative unit. Production relationships were found to be
Multi-scale finite element modelling at the posterior lumbar vertebra: analysis of pedicle stresses due to pars fracture

Multi-scale finite element (FE) model is a cost-effective way to analyse stress response of micro-level structures to the changes in loading at macro-level. This study deals with the development of a multi-scale model of a human vertebra and stress changes in the pedicle at high resolution after a gross fracture at the posterior neural arch. Spondylolysis (pars fracture) is a painful condition occurring in the vertebral neural arch and common especially among the athletic young population. The fracture of the pars significantly alters load distribution and load transfer characteristics at the neural arch. Structural changes in the posterior vertebra due to the new loading patterns can trigger secondary complications. Clinical reports have shown the association of pedicle hypertrophy or pedicle fracture with unilateral pars fractures. However, the biomechanical consequences of pars fracture and its effect on the pedicle have never been studied in detail. Therefore, we prepared a multi-scale model of poster...
{Bis[2-(diphenyl­phosphino)eth­yl]phenyl­phosphine-κ3P,P′,P′′}chloridopalladium(II) hexa­fluoridophosphate

In the title compound, [PdCl(C34H33P3)]PF6, the PdII atom adopts a distorted PdP3Cl square-planar geometry arising from the P,P′,P′′-tridentate triphos ligand and a chloride ion.
Surface Recovery: Fusion of Image and Point Cloud

The point cloud of the laser scanner is a rich source of information for high level tasks in computer vision such as traffic understanding. However, cost-effective laser scanners provide noisy and low resolution point cloud and they are prone to systematic errors. In this paper, we propose two surface recovery approaches based on geometry and brightness of the surface. The proposed approaches are tested in the realistic outdoor scenarios and the results show that both approaches have superior performance over the-state-of-art methods.
Estimation and correction of model bias in the NASA/GMAO GEOS5 data assimilation system: Sequential implementation

This study presents a simplified multivariate bias correction scheme that is sequentially implemented in the GEOS5 data assimilation system and compared against a control experiment without model bias correction. The results show considerable improvement in terms of the mean biases of rawinsonde observation-minus-background (OmB) residuals for observed water vapor, wind and temperature variables. The time series spectral analysis shows whitening of bias-corrected OmB residuals, and mean biases for rawinsonde observation-minus-analysis (OmA) are also improved. Some wind and temperature biases in the control experiment near the equatorial tropopause nearly vanish from the bias-corrected experiment. Despite the analysis improvement, the bias correction scheme has only a moderate impact on forecast skill. Significant interaction is also found among quality-control, satellite observation bias correction, and background bias correction, and the latter positively impacts satellite bias correction.
Abstract 5022: Immune biology drives cancer specific methylation profiles in blood

Blood leukocytes from patients with solid tumors exhibit complex and distinct cancer-associated patterns of DNA methylation. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these patterns remain poorly understood. Since epigenetic biomarkers offer significant clinical potential for cancer detection, we sought to address a mechanistic gap in recently published works, hypothesizing that this variation is in large part due to shifts in leukocyte populations. To discern differentially methylated regions (DMRs) among leukocyte subtypes, we assessed epigenome-wide DNA methylation in sorted, purified, healthy human peripheral blood leukocyte subtypes. Performing a targeted analysis of leukocyte DMRs from epigenome-wide blood methylation data in three independent case-control studies of different cancers revealed that leukocyte DMRs predict case status with a high degree of accuracy (area under the curve = 0.82, 0.83, and 0.67, forhead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), ovarian, and bladder cancer, respectively). These results demonstrate that blood-derived differences in DNA methylation patterns in patients with solid tumors are largely attributable to systematic differences in the DMRs that define specific, known leukocyte sub-populations, suggesting that the unique epigenetic signatures in blood from solid tumor patients arise as a result of immune responses represented by shifts in leukocyte populations. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5022. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5022
Depressed thymidine kinase activity in zinc-deficient rat embryos.

The activity of thymidine kinase in 12-day fetuses taken from females exposed to a dietary zinc deficiency during pregnancy was significantly lower than in ad libitum (P less than .05) and restricted-intake (P less than .01) controls. Activity of the enzyme was not restored by in vitro addition of zinc at levels up to 0.075 mM but severe inhibition (approximately 50%) occurred at 0.75 mM. Enzyme activity was also severely reduced (approximately 44%) by 0.017 mM (0.96 mug/ml) of copper which raises the possibility that the reduction in thymidine kinase accompanying zinc deficiency may arise, at least in part, from an absolute or relative change in the intracellular level of copper.
Social Correlates of Spiritual Maturity among North American Mennonites

spiritual maturity and a number of other social and religious variables. Data for the study originated in a 1972 survey of the members offive Mennonite denominations in the United States and Canada. The two-stage systematic random sampling procedure yielded 3,591 respondents, each of whom completed a lengthy questionnaire which utilizedfixed-alternative responses. As measured by scores on the Religious Life Scale, spiritual maturity was found to be: (1) positively and strongly related to age, (2) weakly (but significantly) related to socio-economic status, rural residence, and sex (females higher), and (3) not significantly related to educational achievement. Correlations with additional religious variables were examined and discussed.
Relaxations and discretizations for the pooling problem

The pooling problem is a folklore NP-hard global optimization problem that finds applications in industries such as petrochemical refining, wastewater treatment and mining. This paper assimilates the vast literature on this problem that is dispersed over different areas and gives new insights on prevalent techniques. We also present new ideas for computing dual bounds on the global optimum by solving high-dimensional linear programs. Finally, we propose discretization methods for inner approximating the feasible region and obtaining good primal bounds. Valid inequalities are derived for the discretized models, which are formulated as mixed integer linear programs. The strength of our relaxations and usefulness of our discretizations is empirically validated on random test instances. We report best known primal bounds on some of the large-scale instances.
Finding unique dense communities

Finding densely connected subgraphs, also called communities, in networks are of interest for many applications. In previous work, we showed an optimization method for efficiently finding subgraphs denser than the overall network [1]. This result is derived from our studies of network processes, dynamical processes that model interactions between individual agents in networks (i.e., spread of infection or cascading failures). In this paper, we prove that these subgraphs are also unique in the sense that there are no other subgraphs in the network isomorphic to these subgraphs.
Quantitative determination of the steady-state kinetics of multienzyme reactions using the algebraic rate equations for the component single-enzyme reactions

Methods are given whereby the steady-state kinetic characteristics of multienzyme reactions consisting of individual single-enzyme reactions linked by freely diffusible intermediates can be determined quantitatively from the experimentally determined complete algebraic rate equations for the individual reactions. The approach is based on the fact that a valid steady-state rate equation for such a multienzyme reaction, in terms of the rate equations for the individual reactions, can be obtained simply from knowledge of the relative rates of the individual reactions when the multienzyme reaction is in the steady state. A number of model multienzyme reactions, which differ as to structural arrangement of the individual reactions, are examined by this approach. Simple mathematical methods which are applicable to most of these models are given for direct calculation of dependent variables. It is either pointed out or demonstrated with Mathematica that the rate equations for all of these models can be handled very easily with the aid of a personal computer equipped with appropriate equation-solving software. Since the approach permits evaluation of all dependent variables for any specific combination of values for the kinetic parameters and independent variables, numerical values for the flux control coefficients of the individual enzymes can be obtained by direct calculation for a wide variety of conditions and can be compared with those obtained according to the methods of Metabolic Control Analysis. Several such comparisons have been made and in all cases identical results were obtained. The intuitive notion that the individual enzymes of a multienzyme reaction would be equally rate limiting if the total amount of enzyme were being used with maximum efficiency is tested and shown to be incorrect. In the course of this test the flux control coefficient for the individual enzymes were found to be appropriate indicators of relative rate limitation or control by the enzymes and to account properly for differences in specific activity among the enzymes.
Reference clusters based feature extraction approach for mixed spectral signatures with dimensionality disparity

This paper addressed two main challenges in trace detection: a) dimensionality disparity, i.e., the unfavorable ratio between the high dimensionality of the hyperspectral cube and the small size of the training data set, and b) mixed spectral signatures, i.e., the presence of several material substances embedded in one single pixel due to an insufficient resolution. Under these circumstances, traditional pure pixel-based image processing techniques may not be applicable and it remains an open area for more transformative research among academia, government, industry and other non-government organizations. To address these issues, we proposed a new feature extraction approach (FEA) prior to supervised classification of hyperspectral cubes based on local and global spatio-spectral analysis. FEA adapted its parameters to different levels of mixtures using both local gradients and reference clusters. The adaptive feature selection (AFE) approach selected the minimum number of spectral bands without losing discriminating power. We tested the effect of different number of selected spectral bands. The AFE with two spectral bands gave classification accuracy, in which the area under the curve (AUC) was given.
Effects of Five Training Combinations of Swimming and Weight Training on Swimming the Front Crawl

Abstract The five different training methods used in this study consisted of various proportions of swimming and of weight training exercises. Sixty subjects were divided into five equated groups. Each group was exposed to a different treatment over a period of six weeks. Tests of swimming speed were administered at the beginning of the experiment, and at the end of each week. All five treatments resulted in significant swimming improvements, but none of the treatments were significantly more effective than the other treatments.
Measuring the Impact of Psychological Trauma Change on Recidivism Among Juvenile Justice–Involved Youth

Population heterogeneity and intra-individual change are often overlooked in recidivism research. This study employs latent transition analysis of psychological trauma from intake into a juvenile justice diversion program until termination, followed by modeling of recidivism. A comparison model of a logistic regression without latent variables is also presented, to answer whether the same results would have been achieved without using latent variable modeling. Results indicate that juvenile justice–involved (JJI) youth are assigned into four psychological trauma classes at intake, and three at termination. Latent status membership predicts 6-month recidivism (p = .03). Those who begin in classes that have Depression, Post-Traumatic Stress, and Anger have higher odds of recidivating than those who demonstrate generally high or low trauma symptoms at intake. The comparison regression model found no significant relationship between the five trauma symptom domains and recidivism. Implications for employing la...
A Limited Immunohistochemical Panel Can Subtype Hepatocellular Adenomas for Routine Practice.

Objectives β-Catenin-activated hepatocellular adenomas have an elevated risk of harboring foci of hepatocellular carcinoma. Inflammatory adenomas also have an increased propensity for malignant transformation and are associated with a systemic inflammatory syndrome. Patients with these two adenoma subtypes benefit from excision. We assessed whether β-catenin-activated and inflammatory adenomas could be identified using a limited immunohistochemical panel. Methods Forty-six adenomas were assessed by morphology and β-catenin, serum amyloid A, and glutamine synthetase immunostains. Results Morphologic examination produced a morphologic working diagnosis of inflammatory adenoma in 25 (54%) of 46 cases, β-catenin-activated adenoma in three (7%) of 46 cases, and 18 (39%) of 46 cases of other adenomas. After immunohistochemical staining, the morphologic diagnosis was confirmed in 15 (33%) of 46 and changed in 20 (43%) of 46, for a final distribution of 16 (35%) of 46 inflammatory adenomas, four (9%) of 46 β-catenin-activated adenomas, seven (15%) of 46 β-catenin-activated inflammatory adenomas, and 19 (41%) of 46 other adenomas. Conclusions Inflammatory and β-catenin-activated adenomas were readily identified by immunostaining patterns. These findings reinforce the necessity of immunohistochemistry in classifying adenomas, as assessing morphology alone often provided inaccurate subclassification. β-Catenin-activated and inflammatory adenomas can be accurately diagnosed using only a limited panel of widely available immunostains.
Adaptation to Climate Change and Other Emergent Conditions with Inland and Terrestrial Infrastructure Systems with Application Case Studies

This paper describes several cases that explore the impacts of potential emergent conditions, including climate change and other factors, to infrastructure systems and mission assurance. The cases suggest a need to account in strategic planning for combinations of emergent conditions, including climate, economic, technological, social, and political conditions. We define scenarios to be specific combinations of diverse emergent conditions. We discuss the implications of emergent conditions for multicriteria analysis of strategic investments. The identification of influential emergent conditions can focus investigative and modeling efforts on issues of concern for long time horizons. The several cases are: (i) inland training ranges in Alaska, (ii) communities of Alaska vulnerable to coastal erosion, and (iii) energy security of military installations. The approach is generalizable to highlight the combinations of emergent conditions that should be influential to adaptation and strategic planning for inland and terrestrial infrastructure systems.
Multivariate Abstract Approximation for Banach Space Valued Functions

Here we study quantitatively the high degree of approximation of sequences of linear operators acting on Banach space valued Frechet differentiable functions to the unit operator, as well as other basic approximations including ones under convexity.
Fish ladder installation across a historical barrier asymmetrically increased conspecific introgressive hybridization between wild winter and summer run steelhead salmon in the Siletz River, Oregon

Managing intraspecific hybridization is crucial for maintaining a balance between inbreeding and outbreeding depression in winter and summer run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss). While spatial distance is a common factor in maintaining reproductive isolation between these two ecotypes, physical barriers may also prevent hybridization, particularly in short river systems. To determine the effect of barriers and their removal on hybridization, we studied winter and summer steelhead populations in the Siletz River of northern coastal Oregon, which were historically separated by a physical barrier that was removed in the 1950s. We observed a large degree of admixture in the summer run population but little in the summer hatchery or wild winter populations, the former of which was established shortly after the removal of the barrier. This suggests that the high level of admixture in the wild summer run may be due to the removal of the barrier. We also found reduced genetic diversity in the wild summer run and i...
Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Harvested Hypalon Cable Jacket Subjected to Accelerated Thermal Aging

For nuclear power plants (NPPs) considering second license renewal for operation beyond 60 years, knowledge of long-term operation, condition monitoring, and viability for the reactor components in...
No more fears: A homiletic excursion into Revelation 7:

The Apocalypse of John, as strange and foreboding and filled with terror as it seems, was not designed to frighten believers, but to remind them that present troubles would not last forever, and to...
Financial Services, Savings and Borrowing Among Low- and Moderate-Income Households: Evidence from the Detroit Area Household Financial Services Survey

This paper presents new empirical evidence documenting the financial services behavior of low- and moderate-income (LMI) households based on a household survey designed by the author and implemented with the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan. The Detroit Area Household Financial Services (DAHFS) survey uses a random, stratified sample to explore the full range of financial services used by LMI households, together with systematic measures of household preference parameters, demographic characteristics, and households' balance sheets. Results from over 1,000 interviews in the DAHFS study suggest that the structure of the financial services, credit and payments systems in the formal and informal sectors imposes significant costs on LMI households, including high transaction costs, lessened opportunities to save, higher costs of borrowing, and other difficulties. The paper discusses strategies to help transform the financial services market for LMI households.
Molecular characterization of TP53 mutations and copy number change in colorectal cancers.

e15143Background: TP53 mutations (mut) are prevalent in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients (pts) and can result in oncogenic gain of function effect as well as loss of tumor suppressor function depen...
Exploiting Structural and Temporal Evolution in Dynamic Link Prediction

Link prediction in dynamic networks is an important task with many real-life applications in different domains, such as social networks, cyber-physical systems, and bioinformatics. There are two key processes in dynamic networks: network structural evolution and network temporal evolution, where the former represents interdependency between entities and their neighbors in the network at each timestamp, while the latter captures the evolving behavior of the entire network from the current timestamp to the next. Structural evolution generally assumes that a node is more likely to co-evolve with its neighbors in the near future. Temporal evolution focuses on the trend of network evolution as a whole, based on the accumulation of historical data. It is thus essential to use characteristics of both structural and temporal evolutions to emulate complex behaviors of dynamic networks. However, very few existing work considered both processes. In addition, real-life networks are often very sparse with limited observed links. A missing link between two nodes does not always imply that the two nodes do not have a relation in reality, especially when they share many common neighbors. Most existing methods only focus on the first-order proximity of networks, which is usually insufficient to capture the relationships among nodes. In this work, we propose a novel framework named STEP, to simultaneously integrate both structural and temporal information in link prediction in dynamic networks. STEP first constructs a sequence of higher-order proximity matrices to better capture the implicit relationships among nodes. A regularized optimization problem is then formulated to model those higher-order proximity matrices along with additional structural and temporal constraints. Given the large scale of modern networks, we also develop an efficient block coordinate gradient descent approach to solve the optimization problem efficiently. STEP can be used to solve the link prediction problem in directed or undirected, weighted or unweighted dynamic networks. Extensive experiments on several real world datasets demonstrate that STEP can effectively model link propagation over entire time-varying networks and its superiority over some state-of-the-art algorithms.
How Personification and Interactivity Influence Stress-Related Disclosures to Conversational Agents

In this exploratory study, we examine how personification and interactivity may influence people's disclosures around sensitive topics, such as psychological stressors. Participants (N=441) shared a recent stressful experience with one of three agent interfaces: 1) a non-interactive, non-personified survey, 2) an interactive, non-personified chatbot, and 3) an interactive, personified chatbot. We coded these responses to examine how agent type influenced the nature of the stressor disclosed, and the intimacy and amount of disclosure. Participants discussed fewer homelife related stressors, but more finance-related stressors and more chronic stressors overall with the personified chatbot than the other two agents. The personified chatbot was also twice as likely as the other agents to receive disclosures that contained very little detail. We discuss the role played by personification and interactivity in interactions with conversational agents, and implications for design.
Towards Understanding the Adoption of Anti-Spoofing Protocols in Email Systems

Email spoofing is a critical step in phishing attacks, where the attacker impersonates someone that the victim knows or trusts. Even today, email providers still face key challenges to detect or prevent spoofing, despite the years of efforts to design and develop anti-spoofing protocols (e.g., SPF, DKIM, DMARC). The key problem is that anti-spoofing protocols are not widely adopted, especially for the new DMARC protocol (5.1%). In this paper, we seek to understand the reasons behind the low adoption rates of anti-spoofing protocols. We conduct a user study with N=9 email administrators from different institutions to understand their perceptions towards anti-spoofing protocols. Our result suggests that email administrators are aware of and concerned about the technical weaknesses in SPF, DKIM, and DMARC that can easily cause errors (e.g., blocking legitimate emails). Email administrators believe the current protocol adoption lacks the crucial mass due to the protocol defects, weak incentives, and practical deployment challenges. Based on these results, we discuss the key implications to protocol designers, email providers and users, and future research directions to mitigate the email spoofing threats.
Counteracting Marlboro Promotions in the United States

The number one preventable cause of death and disease in the United States — and increasingly around the world — is not heart disease, lung cancer, emphysema, smoking, or nicotine. Rather, it is Marlboro, arguably the brandname most recognized by children throughout the world. This paper is intended to illustrate this thesis and to emphasize the need for anti-smoking efforts to undermine the credibility and popularity of the Marlboro brand among young people.
Framing authoritarian legitimacy: elite cohesion in the aftermath of popular rebellion

ABSTRACTProtest activity presents a significant threat to state legitimacy in nondemocratic settings. Although authoritarian regimes rely heavily on coercion, state officials must also justify thei...
Effect of IQOS introduction on cigarette sales: evidence of decline and replacement.

Background Philip Morris International, one of the largest transnational cigarette manufacturers, has heavily invested in its new heated tobacco product, IQOS, marketing it aggressively as a less harmful alternative to cigarette smoking. The company’s assertions that the product replaces cigarettes in a market have never been independently tested. The objective of this study is to determine whether introduction of IQOS affected cigarette sales in a large economy. Data and Methods Using 2014 to 2018 monthly retailer panel data from Japan, we analyse whether different dates of IQOS introduction across Japan’s regions are reflected in the patterns of cigarette sales in those regions. A series of placebo models are estimated to test if events other than IQOS introduction could have better explained the observed trends in cigarette sales. Results Cigarette sales begin to substantially decline at the time of the introduction of IQOS in each of 11 Japanese regions (Chow tests p Conclusions The introduction of IQOS likely reduced cigarette sales in Japan. The net population health impact, however, cannot be assessed without resolving several key uncertainties related to the direct harms of IQOS and the precise patterns of both smoking and IQOS use.