cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Behavioral distance measurement using hidden markov models

The behavioral distance between two processes is a measure of the deviation of their behaviors. Behavioral distance has been proposed for detecting the compromise of a process, by computing its behavioral distance from another process executed on the same input. Provided that the two processes are diverse and so unlikely to fall prey to the same attacks, an increase in behavioral distance might indicate the compromise of one of them. In this paper we propose a new approach to behavioral distance calculation using a new type of Hidden Markov Model. We also empirically evaluate the intrusion detection capability of our proposal when used to measure the distance between the system-call behaviors of diverse web servers. Our experiments show that it detects intrusions with substantially greater accuracy and with performance overhead comparable to that of prior proposals.
The effect of prices on nutrition: Comparing the impact of product- and nutrient-specific taxes

This paper provides an analysis of the role of prices in determining food purchases and nutrition using very detailed transaction-level observations for a large, nationally-representative sample of US consumers over the period 2002-2007. Using product-specific nutritional information, we develop a new method of partitioning the product space into relevant nutritional clusters that define a set of nutritionally-bundled goods, which parsimoniously characterize consumer choice sets. We then estimate a large utility-derived demand system over this joint product-nutrient space that allows us to calculate price and expenditure elasticities. Using our structural demand estimates, we simulate the role of product taxes on soda, sugar-sweetened beverages, packaged meals, and snacks, and nutrient taxes on fat, salt, and sugar. We find that a 20% nutrient tax has a significantly larger impact on nutrition than an equivalent product tax, due to the fact that these are broader-based taxes. However, the costs of these taxes in terms of consumer utility are only about 70 cents per household per day. A sugar tax in particular is a powerful tool to induce healthier nutritive bundles among consumers.
Indigenous People and Environmental Politics

AbstractModernity has helped to popularize, and at the same time threaten, indigeneity. Anthropologists question both the validity of the concept of indigeneity and the wisdom of employing it as a political tool, but they are reluctant to deny it to local communities, whose use of the concept has become subject to study. The concept of indigenous knowledge is similarly faulted in favor of the hybrid products of modernity, and the idea of indigenous environmental knowledge and conservation is heatedly contested. Possibilities for alternate environmentalisms, and the combining of conservation and development goals, are being debated and tested in integrated conservation and development projects and extractive reserves. Anthropological understanding of both state and community agency is being rethought, and new approaches to the study of collaboration, indigenous rights movements, and violence are being developed. These and other current topics of interest involving indigenous peoples challenge anthropologic...
The Changing US Health Care System: Challenges for Responsible Public Policy

The "managed care backlash" arguably topped the list of media and policy concerns in 1998. Yet, against the background of the highly charged environment in which the future of our health care system continues to be debated, there is a dearth of concrete, "objective" facts on the nature of the changes, the reasons for them, and their meaning. An analysis of five important themes that emerged from a review of the recent literature on health system change concludes that an inherent tension exists between the interest in rapidly driving down health care costs through organizational change and the long time frames that are required to make fundamental changes in structure, process, and orientation. Unfortunately, in an environment in which purchasers are driven to seek cost savings and the political will supports a pluralistic and mixed public/private system, the health system may chart an alternative course, with the result that purchasers may rely increasingly on individual cost sharing and continue to cut back the amount of coverage they are willing to offer. The real challenge for public policy makers is to confront the issues directly, avoiding political incentives to adopt easy and fast solutions for these complex matters.
Was Ellen Wronged

Imagine a citizen (call her Ellen) engages in conduct the state says is a crime, for example, money laundering. Imagine too that the state of which Ellen is a citizen has decided to make money laundering a crime. Does the state wrong Ellen when it punishes her for money laundering? It depends on what you think about the authority of the criminal law. Most criminal law scholars would probably say that the criminal law as such has no authority. Whatever authority is has depends on how well it adheres to the demands of morality inasmuch as morality is the only authority we have. Thus if morality says that money laundering should not be a crime then the state wrongs Ellen when it punishes her. But if the criminal law as such does have authority, and if in the exercise of its authority the state has decided to make money laundering a crime, then the state does Ellen no wrong when it punishes her.
Object schemas for responsive robotic language use

The use of natural language should be added to a robot system without sacrificing responsiveness to the environment. In this paper, we present a robot that manipulates objects on a tabletop in response to verbal interaction. Reactivity is maintained by using concurrent interaction processes, such as visual trackers and collision detection processes. The interaction processes and their associated data are organized into object schemas, each representing a physical object in the environment, based on the target of each process. The object schemas then serve as discrete structures of coordination between reactivity, planning, and language use, permitting rapid integration of information from multiple sources.
Multi-Channel Parametric Estimator Fast Block Matrix Inverses

The optimal (adaptive) linear combiner (beamformer) weights for a sensor array are expressed in terms of the inverse of the multi-channel (MC) covariance matrix. Rather than form an estimate of the covariance matrix directly from the available data and inverting it, an alternative direct estimate of the inverse may be obtained by forming parametric MC linear prediction estimates and then expressing the inverse in terms of these parametric MC estimates. The resulting parametric estimate of the inverse is typically more accurate than inverting the estimate of the covariance matrix. This paper reveals, for the first time, the structure of the the inverse of the covariance matrix for the MC version of the covariance least squares linear prediction algorithm. The inverse structure involves products of triangular block MC Toeplitz matrices, which leads to fast computational solutions for the optimal weights.
Decentralized Control of Satellite Clusters Under Limited Communication

Decentralized control of satellite clusters in the context of limited information exchange is studied. A decentralized control law is considered for a communication paradigm in which control vectors and local state estimates are exchanged between cluster members after any one of the members executes a control. The objective of this paper is the performance evaluation of this communication structure and control law when applied to a satellite formation maintenance problem. To this end, the aforementioned algorithm is applied in the context of a satellite cluster simulation, where J2 effects, communication delays, and measurement uncertainties are taken into account. The cluster is required to achieve a specified formation at a defined point on an elliptic orbit, using minimum fuel. Simulation results show that the control and state-estimate sharing paradigm appears to be an efficient decentralized control algorithm for maintenance of satellite formations in the presence of external disturbance effects and reasonable measurement uncertainty.
Rule-Following as Coordination: A Game-Theoretic Approach

Famously, Kripke has argued that the central portion of the Philosophical Investigations describes both a skeptical paradox and its skeptical solution. Solving the paradox involves the element of the community, which determines correctness conditions for rule-following behavior. What do such conditions precisely consist of? Is it accurate to say that there is no fact to the matter of rule following? How are the correctness conditions sustained in the community? My answers to these questions revolve around the idea (cf. P.I. §§198, 199) that a rule is followed insofar as a convention is in place. In particular, I consider the game-theoretic definition of convention offered by David Lewis and I show that it illuminates essential aspects of the communitarian understanding of rule-following. Make the following experiment: “It’s cold here” and “It’s warm here”. Can you do it? Ludwig Wittgenstein, , , §510. I can’t say “it’s cold here” and mean “it’s warm here”—at least, not without a little help from my friends. David Lewis, .
Scaling Behaviors of Graphene Nanoribbon FETs: A Three-Dimensional Quantum Simulation Study

The scaling behaviors of graphene nanoribbon (GNR) Schottky barrier field-effect transistors (SBFETs) are studied by self-consistently solving the nonequilibrium Green's function transport equation in an atomistic basis set with a 3-D Poisson equation. The armchair edge GNR channel shares similarities with a zigzag carbon nanotube; however, it has a different geometry and quantum confinement boundary condition in the transverse direction. The results indicate that the I-V characteristics are ambipolar and strongly depend on the GNR width because the bandgap of the GNR is approximately inversely proportional to its width, which agrees with recent experiments. A multiple gate geometry improves immunity to short channel effects; however, it offers smaller improvement than it does for Si MOSFETs in terms of the on-current and transconductance. Reducing the oxide thickness is more useful for improving transistor performance than using a high-k gate insulator. Significant increase of the minimal leakage current is observed when the channel length is scaled below 10 nm because the small effective mass facilitates strong source-drain tunneling. The GNRFET, therefore, does not promise to extend the ultimate scaling limit of Si MOSFETs. The intrinsic switching speed of a GNR SBFET, however, is several times faster than that of Si MOSFETs, which could lead to promising high-speed electronics applications, where the large leakage of GNR SBFETs is of less concern.
Formation and properties of thermosetting and high tg polymeric materials

Relation entre les conditions de formation et les proprietes de ces materiaux du point de vue d'un diagramme geeralise transformation-temperature-temps
Properties of an unusual heme cofactor in PLP-dependent cystathionine β-synthase

Covering: up to 2006Cystathionine β-synthase is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent hemeprotein, which catalyzes the condensation of serine and homocysteine to give cystathionine, the first step in the transsulfuration pathway. The association of heme with this enzyme in some organisms, including humans, is novel since this combination of cofactors has not been seen in any other protein to date. While the role of PLP in the reaction is suggested by the beta replacement reaction that is catalyzed, the role of the heme is not yet well established. Spectroscopic studies reveal that the heme iron is coordinately saturated in the ferric and ferrous states and is relatively inert to ligand exchange in the oxidized state. The in vitro activity of cystathionine β-synthase is sensitive to the redox state of the heme and is higher in the ferric form. Both CO and NO bind to ferrous heme and inhibit the enzyme. The crystal structure of the protein reveals that the heme is ∼20 A away from the active site and suggests a pathway for signal transduction between the heme and active sites. In this review, the spectroscopic and kinetic properties of the heme are discussed, which supports a regulatory role for this unexpected organometallic cofactor in a PLP-dependent enzyme.
Diagnostics before Prescription

Few branches of economics have wielded as much infl uence on the world ew branches of economics have wielded as much infl uence on the world of policy as development economics. Virtually every major development of policy as development economics. Virtually every major development strategy of the last 50 years is associated with some pioneering research that strategy of the last 50 years is associated with some pioneering research that provided its intellectual underpinnings. Consider some of the key milestones. The provided its intellectual underpinnings. Consider some of the key milestones. The dominant import substitution policies of the 1950s and 1960s were the practical dominant import substitution policies of the 1950s and 1960s were the practical realization of the ideas of Prebisch (1959) and Singer (1964) and were based on the realization of the ideas of Prebisch (1959) and Singer (1964) and were based on the famous Prebisch-Singer thesis on the declining terms of trade for primary products famous Prebisch-Singer thesis on the declining terms of trade for primary products and the dynamic benefi ts of manufacturing. The emphasis on development planand the dynamic benefi ts of manufacturing. The emphasis on development planning in those same decades was greatly infl uenced by Rosenstein-Rodan’s (1943) ning in those same decades was greatly infl uenced by Rosenstein-Rodan’s (1943) “Big Push” framework, with its stress on increasing returns to scale and the need “Big Push” framework, with its stress on increasing returns to scale and the need to kick-start growth through large-scale investments, and the planning model of to kick-start growth through large-scale investments, and the planning model of Mahalanobis (1955), which argued that economic development could be accelerMahalanobis (1955), which argued that economic development could be accelerated by government encouragement of heavy industry. ated by government encouragement of heavy industry. When such models were discarded in the 1980s in favor of more outwardWhen such models were discarded in the 1980s in favor of more outwardand market-oriented strategies, it was in no small measure because of the research and market-oriented strategies, it was in no small measure because of the research published during the 1970s by Balassa (1971), Bhagwati (1978), Krueger (1978), published during the 1970s by Balassa (1971), Bhagwati (1978), Krueger (1978), and Little, Scitovsky, and Scott (1970). The “Washington Consensus” of the 1990s, and Little, Scitovsky, and Scott (1970). The “Washington Consensus” of the 1990s, despite its appellation, represented the common views of a group of despite its appellation, represented the common views of a group of Latin American technocrats and policymakers, many of whom had trained at top economics departtechnocrats and policymakers, many of whom had trained at top economics departments in the United States. The infl uential “Human Development Reports” of the
Price Formats for Branded Components in Industrial Markets: An Integration of Transaction Cost Economics and the Resource-Based View

In this paper, we propose an approach to show how the capability-based perspective of the resource-based view of the firm can be integrated with the comparative-governance approach of transaction cost economics to shed light on governance issues in interfirm relationships. We argue that transacting parties create value not only through the employment of partner-specific investment and coordination activities but also through the employment of heterogeneous, firm-specific resources that each firm brings to the relationship and that, in turn, governance structures reflect a discriminating alignment with these two distinct forms of value-creating activities and resources. Our thesis is empirically tested in the context of industrial original equipment manufacturers employing branded component contracts with independent component vendors. Specifically, we investigate the conditions under which the price terms for branded components are agreed upon (more fixed) ex ante versus negotiated (more flexible) ex post. Our results offer two insights. First, the chosen governance form reflects a trade-off between safeguarding and adaptation motives even among parties engaged in cooperative relationships. Second, valuable, firm-specific resources that preexist outside of the exchange relationship are at stake in these cooperative yet contractually incomplete relationships. They, together with relationship-specific investments and activities, have a significant impact on governance design.
Images of complex interactions of an intense ion beam with plasma electrons

Ion beam propagation in a background plasma is an important scientific issue for many practical applications. The process of ion beam charge and current neutralization is complex because plasma electrons move in the strong electric and magnetic fields of the beam. Computer simulation images of plasma interaction with an intense ion beam pulse are presented.
An Internal Control Perspective on the Market Value Consequences of IT Operational Risk Events

IT internal controls are an important component of an organization's arsenal of internal controls. Upon conceptualizing failures of operational IT systems, or what we call IT operational risk events, as signals of IT internal control weaknesses, we theorize about these events' impact on internal control objectives in general and about how this impact is influenced by the regulatory environment in particular. We then perform an event study to examine the economic impact of a diversified sample of IT operational risk events from the U.S. financial services industry during 1985–2009. We specifically test the impact of contextual factors on the degree of this effect, including the events' target (confidentiality, integrity, or availability of IT assets), the source of disclosure (regulatory or voluntary), the enactment of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act, and firm-specific attributes. We find that investors penalize firms most strongly for experiencing events that compromise the availability of IT systems, consistent with our prediction that these events more negatively impact the reliability of financial reporting and the efficiency and effectiveness of operations. This result contrasts extant empirical studies that are predominantly concerned with information and security breaches. We find also that investors' penalty is the strongest for firms experiencing IT operational risk events that occurred after the passing of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act or were disclosed by a regulatory body. Finally, the market reaction is shown to be stronger for firms with high growth potential, firms that are larger, riskier, and are in the banking sector. Implications for research and practice are discussed along with directions for future research.
SPECTRAL AND PHOTOMETRIC DIAGNOSTICS OF GIANT PLANET FORMATION SCENARIOS

Gas-giant planets that form via core accretion might have very different characteristics from those that form via disk instability. Disk-instability objects are typically thought to have higher entropies, larger radii, and (generally) higher effective temperatures than core-accretion objects. In this paper, we provide a large set of models exploring the observational consequences of high-entropy (hot) and low-entropy (cold) initial conditions, in the hope that this will ultimately help to distinguish between different physical mechanisms of planet formation. However, the exact entropies and radii of newly formed planets due to these two modes of formation cannot, at present, be precisely predicted. It is possible that the distribution of properties of core-accretion-formed planets and the distribution of properties of disk-instability-formed planets overlap. We, therefore, introduce a broad range of 'warm-start' gas-giant planet models. Between the hottest and the coldest models that we consider, differences in radii, temperatures, luminosities, and spectra persist for only a few million to a few tens of millions of years for planets that are a few times Jupiter's mass or less. For planets that are {approx}five times Jupiter's mass or more, significant differences between hottest-start and coldest-start models persist for on the order of 100 Myr. We findmore » that out of the standard infrared bands (J, H, K, L', M, N) the K and H bands are the most diagnostic of the initial conditions. A hottest-start model can be from {approx}4.5 mag brighter (at Jupiter's mass) to {approx}9 mag brighter (at 10 times Jupiter's mass) than a coldest-start model in the first few million years. In more massive objects, these large differences in luminosity and spectrum persist for much longer than in less massive objects. Finally, we consider the influence of atmospheric conditions on spectra, and find that the presence or absence of clouds, and the metallicity of an atmosphere, can affect an object's apparent brightness in different bands by up to several magnitudes.« less
Combining attention and recognition for rapid scene analysis

Bottom-up visual attention allows primates to quickly select regions of an image that contain salient objects. In artificial systems, restricting the task of object recognition to these regions allows faster recognition and unsupervised learning of multiple objects in cluttered scenes. A problem is that objects superficially dissimilar to the target are given the same consideration in recognition as similar objects. Here we investigate rapid pruning of the recognition search space using the already-computed low-level features that guide attention. Itti and Kochs bottom-up visual attention algorithm selects salient locations based on low-level features such as contrast, orientation, color, and intensity. Lowes SIFT recognition algorithm then extracts a signature of the attended object, for comparison with the object database. The database search is prioritized for objects which better match the low-level features used to guide attention to the current candidate for recognition. The SIFT signatures of prioritized database objects are then checked for match against the attended candidate. By comparing performance of Lowes recognition algorithm and Itti and Kochs bottom-up attention model with or without search space pruning, we demonstrate that our pruning approach improves the speed of object recognition in complex natural scenes.
Metal-phosphido and -phosphinidene complexes in P–E bond-forming reactions

Metal complexes bearing terminal phosphido or phosphinidene ligands have become versatile tools in the stoichiometric and catalytic preparation of phosphorus–element bonds. This Perspective describes a selection of recent advances in this field, and certain emphasis has been placed on reactions that vary from what has been previously observed. Some of the general reactivity trends and mechanistic understanding in these metal-mediated reactions that has emerged are also described. Much of what is chronicled herein comes from a flux of reports over the last decade describing unique metal-mediated phosphorus–element bond formation reactions that are likely to stimulate further discoveries.
Simulated Surface-Induced Thrombin Generation in a Flow Field

A computational model of blood coagulation is presented with particular emphasis on the regulatory effects of blood flow, spatial distribution of tissue factor (TF), and the importance of the thrombomodulin-activated protein C inhibitory pathway. We define an effective prothrombotic zone that extends well beyond the dimensions of injury. The size of this zone is dependent on the concentrations of all reactive species, the dimensions of TF expression, the densities of surface molecules, and the characteristics of the flow field. In the case of tandem sites of TF, the relationship between the magnitude of the effective prothrombotic zone and the interval distance between TF sites dictate the net response of the system. Multiple TF sites, which individually failed to activate the coagulation pathway, are shown to interact in an additive manner to yield a prothrombotic system. Furthermore, activation of the thrombomodulin-activated protein C pathway in the regions between sites of TF downregulate the thrombin response at subsequent TF sites. The implications of prothrombotic effects, which extend downstream beyond the discrete site of injury to interact with subsequent lesions are critical given the systemic nature of atherosclerotic disease.
Incremental formal design verification

Language containment is a method for design verification that involves checking if the behavior of the system to be verified is a subset of the behavior of the specifications (properties or requirements), which it has to meet. If this check fails, language containment returns a subset of “fair” states involved in behavior that the system exhibits but the specification does not. Current techniques for language containment do not take advantage of the fact that the process of design is incremental; namely that the designer repeatedly modifies and re-verifies his/her design. This results in unnecessary and cumbersome computation. We present a method, which successively modifies the latest result of verification each time the design is modified. Our incremental algorithm translates changes made by the designer to an addition or subtraction of edges, states or constraints (on acceptable behavior) from the transition behavior or specification of the problem. Next, these changes are used to update the set of “fair” states previously computed. This incremental algorithm is superior to the current techniques for language containment; a conclusion supported by the experimental results presented in this paper.
The V-groove multijunction solar cell

A new type of silicon photovoltaic converter has been developed called the V-Groove Multijunction (VGMJ) solar cell. The VGMJ solar cell consists of an array of many individual diode elements connected in series to produce a high-voltage low-current output. All the elements of the cell are formed simultaneously from a single silicon wafer by V-groove etching. The results of detailed computer simulations predict a conversion efficiency in excess of 24 percent for this cell when it is operated in sunlight concentrated 100 or more times. The advantages of this cell over other silicon cells include the capability for greater than 20-percent conversion efficiency with only modest bulk carrier lifetimes, a higher open-circuit voltage, a very low series resistance, a simple one-mask fabrication procedure, and excellent environmental protection provided by a glass front surface.
Dinuclear {(salen)Al} Complexes Display Expanded Scope in the Conjugate Cyanation of α,β-Unsaturated Imides

Covalently linked dinuclear {(salen)Al} complexes catalyze the conjugate cyanation of,-unsaturated imides with several orders of magnitude greater reactivity over the mononuclear analogue, and with comparable enantioselectivity. Imides that were completely unreactive with homo- and heterobimetallic combinations of mononuclear catalysts can now be converted into the corresponding cyanation products with high enantiomeric excess.
Calculation of minimum number of registers in arbitrary life time chart

This paper presents a general approach to calculate the minimum number of registers in any digital signal processing (DSP) circuit for any arbitrarily specified life time chart and periodicity of computation. DSP operations are repetitive and periodic in nature. The life time chart specifies the life period of all variables in a single frame and the subsequent frames are computed in a periodic manner. We present the techniques for the calculation of minimum number of registers by using the life time chart and the circular life time graph. >
Localized silicon fusion and eutectic bonding for MEMS fabrication and packaging

Silicon fusion and eutectic bonding processes based on the technique of localized heating have been successfully demonstrated. Phosphorus-doped polysilicon and gold films are applied separately in the silicon-to-glass fusion bonding and silicon-to-gold eutectic bonding experiments. These films are patterned as line-shape resistive heaters with widths of 5 or 7 /spl mu/m for the purpose of heating and bonding. In the experiments, silicon-to-glass fusion bonding and silicon to gold eutectic bonding are successfully achieved at temperatures above 1000/spl deg/C and 800/spl deg/C, respectively, by applying 1-MPa contact pressure. Both bonding processes can achieve bonding strength comparable to the fracture toughness of bulk silicon in less than 5 min. Without using global heating furnaces, localized bonding process is conducted in the common environment of room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Although these processes are accomplished within a confined bonding region and under high temperature, the substrate temperature remains low. This new class of bonding scheme has potential applications for microelectromechanical systems fabrication and packaging that require low-temperature processing at the wafer level, excellent bonding strength, and hermetic sealing characteristics.
The Effect of Memory on Functional Large Deviations of Infinite Moving Average Processes

The large deviations of an infinite moving average process with exponentially light tails are very similar to those of an i.i.d. sequence as long as the coefficients decay fast enough. If they do not, the large deviations change dramatically. We study this phenomenon in the context of functional large, moderate and huge deviation principles.
Self Consistent Scheme for Obtaining Electron/Positron Collisions with Multi-TeV Energy

We describe here a self-consistent scheme for arrangement of multi-TeV collisions of e+e-by using a laser burst swept along microstructures with stable rate of acceleration ∼ 10GeV/m. Shown that all component of the scheme are within present day technology. For energy ∼ 1TeV luminosity could reach 1035with wall-plug power of few tens of kW only.
Synthesis of a transition state analogue inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase via the Mannich reaction.

The expeditious convergent synthesis of the potent human purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor DADMe-Immucillin-G (3) was achieved via the Mannich reaction. The Mannich chemistry of a series of deazapurines and amine hydrochlorides was also investigated.
Heat Kernel Coefficients for Two-Dimensional Schrödinger Operators

In this note, we compute the Hadamard coefficients of algebraically integrable Schrodinger operators in two dimensions. These operators first appeared in [BL] and [B] in connection with Huygens’ principle, and our result completes, in a sense, the investigation initiated in those papers.
Managing Product Variety and Collocation in a Competitive Environment: An Empirical Investigation of Consumer Electronics Retailing

Product variety is an important strategic tool that firms can use to attract customers and respond to competition. This study focuses on the retail industry and investigates how stores manage their product variety, contingent on the presence of competition and their actual distance from rivals. Using a unique data set that contains all Best Buy and Circuit City stores in the United States, the authors find that a store's product variety (i.e., number of stock-keeping units) increases if a rival store exists in its market but, in the presence of such competition, decreases when the rival store is collocated (within one mile of the focal store). Moreover, collocated rival stores tend to differentiate themselves by overlapping less in product range than do noncollocated rivals. This smaller and more differentiated product variety may be because of coordinated interactions between collocated stores. In summary, this paper presents evidence of both coordination and competition in retailers' use of product variety. This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Personal Bankruptcy and Credit Supply and Demand

This paper examines how personal bankruptcy and bankruptcy exemptions affect the supply and demand for credit. While generous state-level bankruptcy exemptions are probably viewed by most policy-makers as benefiting less-well-off borrowers, our results using data from the 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances suggest that they increase the amount of credit held by high-asset households and reduce the availability and amount of credit to low-asset households, conditioning on observable characteristics. Thus, bankruptcy exemptions redistribute credit toward borrowers with high assets. Interest rates on automobile loans for low-asset households also appear to be higher in high exemption states.
Real algebraic threefolds II. Minimal model program

This is the second of a series of papers studying real algebraic threefolds using the minimal model program. The main result is the following. Let $X$ be a smooth projective real algebraic 3-fold. Assume that the set of real points is an orientable 3-manifold (this assumption can be weakened considerably). Then there is a fairly simple description on how the topology of real points changes under the minimal model program. The first application is to study the topology of real projective varieties which are birational to projective 3-space (Nash conjecture). The second application is a factorization theorem for birational maps.
Pathwise construction of stochastic integrals

We propose a method to construct the stochastic integral simultaneously under a non-dominated family of probability measures. Path-by-path, and without referring to a probability measure, we construct a sequence of Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals whose medial limit coincides with the usual stochastic integral under essentially any probability measure such that the integrator is a semimartingale. This method applies to any predictable integrand.
Fiber lasers: A future technology for lasers in space

The constraints of operation in space have largely precluded the use of conventional solid-state laser systems for applications including remote sensing, communication relays, and active laser radars. A new technology, fiber lasers, may offer all of the needed features at an affordable price. An appealing aspect of the fiber laser is that it does not need a rigid optical bench. Only the output end of the fiber need be held in rigid reference to the optical tracking system. Design, fabrication, and testing of the laser resonator is generally the most expensive and longest lead part of the effort for conventional solid-state lasers. Advances in fiber optic technology and devices mean that the "fiber laser" need not be a simple device but may be a complex system employing sophisticated technology, such as wavelength selective Bragg reflectors and nonlinear optical frequency shifters. Three companies have obtained single-mode outputs of 35 - 40 watts single mode at 1.03 - 1.1 mu.
Capacity of Symmetric K-User Gaussian Very Strong Interference Channels

This paper studies a symmetric K user Gaussian interference channel with K transmitters and K receivers. A "very strong" interference regime is derived for this channel setup. A "very strong" interference regime is one where the capacity region of the interference channel is the same as the capacity region of the channel with no interference. In this regime, the interference can be perfectly canceled by all the receivers without incurring any rate penalties. A "very strong" interference condition for an example symmetric K user deterministic interference channel is also presented.
Limiting Behavior of High Order Correlations for Simple Random Sampling

For \({N = 1, 2,\ldots,}\) let SN be a simple random sample of size n = nN from a population AN of size N, where \({0 \leq n \leq N}\). Then with fN = n/N, the sampling fraction, and 1A the inclusion indicator that \({A \in S_N}\), for any \({H \subset A_N}\) of size \({k \geq 0}\), the high order correlations $${\rm Corr}(k) = E \big(\mathop{\Pi}\limits_{A \in H} ({\bf 1}_A - f_N )\big)$$ depend only on k, and if the sampling fraction \({f_N \rightarrow f}\) as \({N \rightarrow \infty}\), then $$N^{k/2}{\rm Corr}(k) \rightarrow [f (f - 1)]^{k/2}EZ^{k}, k \,{\rm even}$$ and $$N^{(k+1)/2}{\rm Corr}(k) \rightarrow [f (f - 1)]^{(k-1)/2}(2f - 1)\frac{1}{3}(k - 1)EZ^{k+1}, k \,{\rm odd}$$ where Z is a standard normal random variable. This proves a conjecture given in [2].
Costly voluntary disclosure in a screening game

Abstract We conduct an experimental analysis of pretrial bargaining, while allowing for the costly voluntary disclosure of private information in a screening game. In this game, the theoretical prediction is that costly voluntary disclosures will not occur. This hinges on the prediction that the person making the offer will extract all the joint surplus of settlement from the player making the costly disclosure. If fairness considerations prevent this from occurring, then we may observe costly disclosures when none are predicted to occur. Our chief finding is that plaintiffs with a strong case reveal their private information 42% of the time, when the theoretical prediction is that they should do so 0% of the time. Fairness considerations appear to be important in explaining the deviation from theory. For a plaintiff with a strong case, the return to revealing private information is approximately zero, while theory predicts that this return should be negative.
Cyclotomic Integers, Fusion Categories, and Subfactors

Dimensions of objects in fusion categories are cyclotomic integers, hence number theoretic results have implications in the study of fusion categories and finite depth subfactors. We give two such applications. The first application is determining a complete list of numbers in the interval (2, 76/33) which can occur as the Frobenius-Perron dimension of an object in a fusion category. The smallest number on this list is realized in a new fusion category which is constructed in the Appendix written by V. Ostrik, while the others are all realized by known examples. The second application proves that in any family of graphs obtained by adding a 2-valent tree to a fixed graph, either only finitely many graphs are principal graphs of subfactors or the family consists of the An or Dn Dynkin diagrams. This result is effective, and we apply it to several families arising in the classification of subfactors of index less than 5.
Did Tough Antitrust Enforcement Cause the Diversification of American Corporations

This paper investigates the hypothesis that tough antitrust enforcement in the 1960s led firms to engage in diversification programs by preventing them from growing within their own industries. If true, diversification should have occurred more often when large firms merged than when small firms merged because small mergers were less likely to have received antitrust attention. Such a pattern is not observed in a sample of 549 acquisitions from 1968?diversification was equally common in large and small mergers. Survey evidence shows that diversification movements occurred in other industrialized nations where there was a loose antitrust environment. Both pieces of evidence suggest that antitrust played a minor role in the diversification movement.
Two supersonic business aircraft conceptual designs, with and without sonic boom constraint

A pair of supersonic business jet conceptual designs has been developed to assess the impact of designing for reduced sonic boom. One aircraft was designed without a sonic boom constraint. The other was limited to an initial sonic boom overpressure of 0.4 lb/ft 2 . All other design requirements were the same. Sonic boom mitigation places a requirement on the buildup of lift and volume along the longitudinal axis of the aircraft, with any excess or shortfall adversely impacting the sonic boom. Methods were developed for incorporating this requirement into the conceptual design process. Both the method for incorporating the boom constraint in the design process and the result, a side-by-side comparison of one low-boom and one unconstrained aircraft with substantially identical performance in all other respects, are considered significant. The boom-constrained aircraft was approximately 25% longer with 18% higher takeoff gross weight than the unconstrained aircraft.
Temperature dependent performance of coplanar waveguide (CPW) on substrates of various materials

This paper presents the attenuation (/spl alpha/) and effective dielectric constant (/spl epsisub eff/) of coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines on high-resistivity silicon and diamond substrates as a function of both temperature and frequency. The technique used to obtain the values for /spl alpha/ and /spl epsisub eff/ involves the use of a unique cryogenic probe station designed and build by NASA. Attenuation of gold CPW lines on diamond substrates is compared with that of superconducting CPW lines. >
Magnetic properties of strongly disordered electronic systems

We present a unified global perspective on the magnetic properties of strongly disordered electronic systems, with special emphasis on the case where the ground state is metallic. We review the arguments for the instability of the disordered Fermi liquid state towards the formation of local magnetic moments, and argue that their singular low temperature thermodynamics are the ‘quantum Griffiths’ precursors of the quantum phase transition to a metallic spin glass; the local moment formation is therefore not directly related to the metal–insulator transition. We also review the mean–field theory of the disordered Fermi liquid to metallic spin glass transition and describe the separate regime of ‘non–Fermi liquid’ behaviour at higher temperatures near the quantum critical point. The relationship to experimental results on doped semiconductors and heavy–fermion compounds is noted.
GigaOp DSP on FPGA

DSP algorithms such as automated target recognition and SONAR beamforming are a good match for FPGA technology due to their regular structure, available parallelism, pipeline-ability, and modest data word sizes. FPGA implementations of these applications outperformed their DSP and microprocessor counterparts by factors ranging from 10× on up with an equivalent sustained computational rate of more than 2 GOps/second per FPGA. This paper introduces a set of criteria which have a great impact on how well an application maps to FPGA technology. It then describes two applications in detail and the process of mapping each to FPGA technology. Comparisons with software implementations are made and followed by conclusions and future challenges.
Compensation for crystal penetration in high resolution positron tomography

The authors characterize the effects of crystal penetration by annihilation photons in circular ring positron tomographs. A mathematical correction of emission data is performed using a two-dimensional spatially variant deconvolution of the emission data in sinogram format. Examples for the Donner 600 crystal positron tomograph are presented, and the amplification of statistical errors resulting from the correction procedure is discussed. The proposed compensation method appears to amplify statistical noise a great deal in order to gain a modest improvement in radial resolution. The statistical correlations in the corrected projections are so high that images resulting from statistically poor data are expected to have a high degree of correlated noise. Preliminary tests indicate that the method causes artifacts for data generated from point sources, because the assumptions made when the blurring transition probabilities were calculated are not met. >
Controlled Assembly of [Nb6–xWxO19](8–x)– (x = 0–4) Lindqvist Ions with (Amine)copper Complexes

The mixed addenda isopolyanion, [N(CH 3 ) 4 ] 2 Na 2 [cis-Nb 2 W 4 O 19 ]·18H 2 O, reacts with Cu(NO 3 ) 2 in water and in the presence of NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 (en) or NH 4 OH at 60 °C to yield a phase that is decorated {[Cu(en) 2 (H 2 O)] 2 -[Nb 2 W 4 O 19 ]·2H 2 O (1)) or charge-balanced {[Cu(NH 3 ) 4 -(H20)] 2 [Nb 2 W 4 O 19 ]·8H 2 O (2)), respectively, by (amine)copper complexes. The prolonged heating at 95 °C of [N(CH 3 ) 4 ] 6 -[Nb 10 O 28 ]·6H 2 O, [N(CH3)4] 2 Na 2 [cis-Nb 2 W 4 O 19 ]·18H 2 O, or Na4K2[cis-Nb 4 W 2 O 19 ]·12H 2 O and Cu(NO 3 ) 2 in a mixed water/amine [en or NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 (dap)] solution results in the formation of two-dimensional materials with alternate layers of (amine)copper complexes linking Lindqvist [Nb 6-x W x O 19 ] (8-x)- (x = 0-4) clusters. These phases include: [Cu(dap) 2 ] 3 [Nb 4 W 2 O 19 ]·7H 2 O (3), [Cu(dap) 2 ] 3 -[H 2 Nb 6 O 19 ]·6H 2 O (4), [Cu(dap) 2 ] 3 [Nb 3 W 3 O 19 ]-Cl·6H 2 O (5), and [Cu(en) 2 ] 3 [Nb 4 W 2 O 19 ]·6H 2 O (6). Complexes 4 and 5 result from the decomposition of [Nb 10 O 28 ] 6- and [cis-Nb 2 W 4 O 19 ] 4- to [H 2 Nb 6 O 19 ] 6- and [fac-Nb 3 W 3 O 19 ] 5- , respectively, in alkaline solution. Complex 5 contains an extra-framework site that is occupied by Cl - , but this site is occupied by a water molecule in 3 and is vacant in structures 4 and 6. The results of this study suggest that charge density, cluster charge and symmetry, and cluster-cation pairing are all important parameters in the incorporation of d-electron metals onto the surfaces of [Nb 6-x W x O 19 ] (8-x)- (x = 0-4) clusters or into the frameworks of Lindqvist-based complex materials.
Towards multiple-star population synthesis

The multiplicities of stars, and some other properties, were collected recently by Eggleton & Tokovinin, for the set of 4559 stars with Hipparcos magnitude brighter than 6.0 (4558 excluding the Sun). In this paper I give a numerical recipe for constructing, by a Monte Carlo technique, a theoretical ensemble of multiple stars that resembles the observed sample. Only multiplicities up to eight are allowed; the observed set contains only multiplicities up to seven. In addition, recipes are suggested for dealing with the selection effects and observational uncertainties that attend the determination of multiplicity. These recipes imply, for example, that to achieve the observed average multiplicity of 1.53, it would be necessary to suppose that the real population has an average multiplicity slightly over 2.0. This numerical model may be useful for (i) comparison with the results of star and star cluster formation theory, (ii) population synthesis that does not ignore multiplicity above 2 and (iii) initial conditions for dynamical cluster simulations.
A characterization and a generalization of $W^{*}$-modules

We give a new Banach module characterization of W*-modules, also known as self-dual Hilbert C*-modules over a von Neumann algebra. This leads to a generalization of the notion, and the theory, of W * -modules, to the setting where the operator algebras are σ-weakly closed algebras of operators on a Hilbert space. That is, we find the appropriate weak * topology variant of our earlier notion of rigged modules, and their theory, which in turn generalizes the notions of a C * -module and a Hilbert space, successively. Our w*-rigged modules have canonical 'envelopes' which are W*-modules. Indeed, a w*-rigged module may be defined to be a subspace of a W *-module possessing certain properties.