cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular EDEMA: Results of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study

The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy study (ETDRS) has developed, tested and proven effective a strategy of photocoagulation that can reduce the risk of visual loss from diabetic macular edema. The ETDRS is a randomized clinical trial designed to evaluate photocoagulation and aspirin treatment in the management of patients with nonproliferative or early proliferative diabetic retinopathy. A nation-wide, multicentered study sponsored by the National Eye Institute, the ETDRS continues to follow patients enrolled in the study to develop information concerning the following questions about the treatment of diabetic retinopathy: 1. When in the course of diabetic retinopathy is it most effective to initiate photocoagulation therapy? 2. Is aspirin treatment effective in altering the course of diabetic retinopathy? 3. Is photocoagulation effective in the treatment of macular edema?
Loss of Snf5 Induces Formation of an Aberrant SWI/SNF Complex

The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is highly conserved from yeast to human, and aberrant SWI/SNF complexes contribute to human disease. The Snf5/SMARCB1/INI1 subunit of SWI/SNF is a tumor suppressor frequently lost in pediatric rhabdoid cancers. We examined the effects of Snf5 loss on the composition, nucleosome binding, recruitment, and remodeling activities of yeast SWI/SNF. The Snf5 subunit is shown by crosslinking-mass spectrometry (CX-MS) and subunit deletion analysis to interact with the ATPase domain of Snf2 and to form a submodule consisting of Snf5, Swp82, and Taf14. Snf5 promotes binding of the Snf2 ATPase domain to nucleosomal DNA and enhances the catalytic and nucleosome remodeling activities of SWI/SNF. Snf5 is also required for SWI/SNF recruitment by acidic transcription factors. RNA-seq analysis suggests that both the recruitment and remodeling functions of Snf5 are required in vivo for SWI/SNF regulation of gene expression. Thus, loss of SNF5 alters the structure and function of SWI/SNF.
Voluntary induction and maintenance of alcohol dependence in rats using alcohol vapor self-administration.

Rationale A major issue in the addiction field is the limited number of animal models of the voluntary induction and maintenance of alcohol dependence in outbred rats.
How Are Climate Change and Human Security Interrelated

The consequences of climate change are already upon us and are projected to worsen. Impacts are already being felt around the world. These impacts will be most harmful to security and stability in already fragile contexts where vulnerable communities are already facing the risk of conflict and insecurity. This presentation sets out seven compound risk factors through which climate change and human security are interrelated. This is intended to help the understanding of the current and future implications of climate change on human security in fragile states so that we can better address some of these risks through preventative interventions and resilience building where possible.
Mutations in GI cancers with peritoneal metastasis.

e22030 Background: Peritoneal metastasis (PM) presents with relative frequency in gastrointestinal malignancies (GIM). Patients with PM are challenging due to frequent symptoms, refractory response...
Delirium prevention in critically ill adults through an automated reorientation intervention - A pilot randomized controlled trial.

Abstract Objectives Explore the effect of an automated reorientation intervention on ICU delirium in a prospective randomized controlled trial. Background Delirium is common in ICU patients, and negatively affects outcomes. Few prevention strategies have been tested. Methods Thirty ICU patients were randomized to 3 groups. Ten received hourly recorded messages in a family member's voice during waking hours over 3 ICU days, 10 received the same messages in a non-family voice, and 10 (control) did not receive any automated reorientation messages. The primary outcome was delirium free days during the intervention period (evaluated by CAM-ICU). Groups were compared by Fisher's Exact Test. Results The family voice group had more delirium free days than the non-family voice group, and significantly more delirium free days (p = 0.0437) than the control group. Conclusions Reorientation through automated, scripted messages reduced incidence of delirium. Using identical scripted messages, family voice was more effective than non-family voice.
The Narrative as the Root Metaphor for Contextualism

My goal in this essay is, first, to clarify the notion of root metaphor, and, second, to propose the narrative as the root metaphor for contextualism. The root metaphor method is indispensable to an understanding of worldviews, metaphysical systems, or scientific paradigms. For Pepper (1942), the root metaphor for contextualism is the historical act. It is my intention to unpack the historical act and to show that the subtext of the historical act is narrative. In the latter part of my paper I discuss some features of narrative that support my claim that it is an appropriate root metaphor for contextualism.
Measurement of chlorine concentration on steel surfaces via fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in double-pulse configuration

Abstract The corrosive environment provided by chlorine ions on the welds of stainless steel dry cask storage canisters for used nuclear fuel may contribute to the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking. We demonstrate the use of fiber-optic laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FOLIBS) in the double-pulse (DP) configuration for high-sensitivity, remote measurement of the surface concentrations of chlorine compatible in constrained space and challenging environment characteristic for dry cask storage systems. Chlorine surface concentrations as low as 5 mg/m2 have been detected and quantified by use of a laboratory-based and a fieldable DP FOLIBS setup with the calibration curve approach. The compact final optics assembly in the fieldable setup is interfaced via two 25-m long optical fibers for high-power laser pulse delivery and plasma emission collection and can be readily integrated into a multi-sensor robotic delivery system for in-situ inspection of dry cask storage systems.
Oyster microbial communities and implications for chalky deposit formation

Although bivalve shell formation is an area of active research, less attention has been paid to mechanisms of precipitation for shell features with unique or unusual crystal morphologies. One example is the chalky calcite deposits found in some bivalves, commonly oysters. The goal of this study was to investigate chalky deposit formation in oysters as a possible case of microbially influenced mineralization by seeking a correlation between the presence of chalky deposits and calcifying bacteria. Extrapallial fluid was collected from specimens of Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea lurida, which do and do not display chalky deposits, respectively. Microbial communities from oyster and seawater samples were characterized and compared using 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR and sequencing. Results indicate that microbial communities are dominated by the following bacterial phyla: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria. In addition, seawater is the major source of the microbiome isolated from oyster calcifying fluid. In general, microbial communities in C. gigas are not skewed towards bacterial taxa known for influencing calcium carbonate precipitation in other systems. Although no evidence was found to support a microbial influence on chalk formation, this work provides additional data and insight into the growing body of research on invertebrate microbiomes.
Management of non-successful treatment outcome

Many patients who fail temporomandibular joint surgery are left with conditions that are more severe than those that prompted the treatment. The rate of success of repeat surgeries decreases with each additional surgery performed. A careful diagnosis after surgical failure is necessary to discover prior incomplete or inappropriate diagnoses, and misdiagnosis. A concerted effort to treat a patient with failed surgery by non-surgical methods is necessary before proceeding with another surgery. The most conservative, individualized surgical approach should be used when repeat surgery is needed.
Core and plyometric training for recreational marathon runners: effects on training variables, injury, and muscle damage

Core and plyometric training may reduce injury and enhance muscle function in some athletes, but the effects on recreational marathon runners are unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of plyometric or core training on injury, muscle damage, and training variables in marathon runners. This study was a randomized-controlled trial. 34 subjects, ages 18–23 (20.7 ± 1.3) following the same marathon training program, were allocated to one of three groups for a weekly training session: core, plyometric, or no additional training (control). Subjects kept a training log throughout training. Outcomes were assessed during the 8-week run-in (RI) and 13-week marathon training (MT) periods. The plyometric and core training group subjects were assessed pre- and post-marathon for creatine kinase (CK), a marker of muscle damage. The plyometric group did not change in any training variables between RI and MT. The core group increased in days missed due to injury (p = 0.003) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.028). The control group increased in RPE (p = 0.010) and soreness (p = 0.010). The plyometric group had lower pre-marathon CK levels than the core group (81 ± 36 vs. 136 ± 59 U/L; p = 0.042). During MT, the plyometric group missed fewer days of training (plyometric: 1.7 ± 2.9; core: 4.2 ± 5.1; control: 4.5 ± 4.8) and missed fewer days due to injury (plyometric: 1.2 ± 2.6; core: 2.7 ± 5.1, control; 4.1 ± 4.9) but the differences were not significant. A weekly plyometric training session may be superior to core or no additional training in improving training variables of recreational marathon runners.
Complicated Complication: How Interventional Radiologists Should Manage Acute Iatrogenic Cardiac Tamponade.

Computed tomography guided biopsies are common interventional procedures that are necessary for confirmation of imaging findings. Additionally, percutaneous biopsies are necessary for the elucidation of a patient’s clinical findings with disease pathology. Though interventionists perform these procedures regularly without consequence, various complications may arise depending on the tissues biopsied. Examples of such complications may include hemorrhage, hematoma formation, or perforation of surrounding vessels. In the case of mediastinal biopsies, less common but higher-risk complications may include pneumothorax, perforation of arterial vessels, and damage to the cardiac tissues resulting in decompensation. Interventionists should understand the risks of performing these procedures and should be prepared to intervene if life-threatening complications arise. As interventional cardiologists are often prepared to manage decompensating cardiac complications, interventional radiologists must likewise anticipate the same to occur when conducting procedures that may affect cardiac tissues. The following case demonstrates a technique for correcting a complicated complication arising from a mediastinal biopsy, which resulted in a pericardial effusion and patient decompensation.
A Vaccine Composed of Antigen Fused to a Ligand for a Receptor on Immature Dendritic Cells Elicits Protective Antibody Responses to Malaria Sporozoites in Infant Macaques

Abstract Infants and young children are the groups at greatest risk for severe disease resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection. We previously demonstrated in mice that a protein vaccine composed of the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 3α genetically fused to the minimally truncated circumsporozoite protein of P. falciparum (MCSP) elicits high concentrations of specific antibody and significant reduction of liver sporozoite load in a mouse model system. In the current study, a squalene based adjuvant (Addavax, InvivoGen, San Diego, Ca) equivalent to the clinically approved MF59 (Seqiris, Maidenhead, UK) elicited greater antibody responses in mice than the previously employed adjuvant polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, ((poly(I:C), InvivoGen, San Diego, Ca) and the clinically approved Aluminum hydroxide gel (Alum, Invivogen, San Diego, Ca) adjuvant. Use of the Addavax adjuvant also expanded the range of IgG subtypes elicited by mouse vaccination. Sera passively transferred into mice from MCSP/Addavax immunized one and six month old macaques significantly reduced liver sporozoite load upon sporozoite challenge. Protective antibody concentrations attained by passive transfer in the mice were equivalent to those observed in infant macaques 18 weeks after the final immunization. The efficacy of this vaccine in a relevant non-human primate model indicates its potential usefulness for the analogous high risk human population.
Integrating morphology and phylogenomics supports a terrestrial origin of insect flight

> I picture a small aquatic insect…which would thus learn to fly while passively air-borne; not, of course, by studying aerodynamics, but by trial and error. > > —Sir Vincent Wigglesworth Of all of the extant groups in the animal Tree of Life, the staggering diversity of insects makes the resolution of their phylogenetic relationships a herculean task. The phylogeny of insects is the fulcrum that underlies various macroevolutionary phenomena, such as the evolution of winged flight, parental care, cospeciation with plants, and morphological specializations for diverse modes of feeding, to name but a few. However, a stable insect phylogeny has historically remained elusive, even after the advent of molecular systematics nearly two decades ago (1⇓⇓–4), owing to limitations in molecular dataset size, the informativeness of available loci, and taxonomic sampling. In PNAS, Wipfler et al. (5) bring to bear a dataset of over 3,000 genes and over 100 taxa to resolve the relationships of Polyneoptera, a subdivision of insects that includes such groups as cockroaches, termites, crickets, walking sticks, and praying mantises. Using this phylogenetic framework, they inferred the ancestral states of various morphological and life history traits and came to an unexpected conclusion: The ancestor of winged insects did not have an aquatic nymph (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. ( Left ) Traditional phylogeny of insects reflecting the uncertain placement of key groups with aquatic larvae (blue) and inferred ancestral state in the common ancestor of Pterygota (the winged insects). Tree topology integrates over a number of historical phylogenies, based on morphological data and/or Sanger-sequenced loci. ( Right ) Phylogenomic tree of a resolved Polyneoptera (red) from the supermatrix analyses of Wipfler et al. (5), reflecting the ancestral state reconstruction of an aquatic larval stage. Some background is required to put this inference and its implications into context. The monophyly of Pterygota (the … [↵][1]1Email: prashant.sharma{at}wisc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Complete versus partial excision of infected arteriovenous grafts: Does remnant graft material impact outcomes?

Abstract Objective Infected arteriovenous grafts necessitate intervention to obtain source control. However, excising the graft material can be challenging and can lead to complications. Leaving a cuff of graft at the sites of anastomosis allows for the avoidance of potential risks. However, it is unclear whether doing so places patients at risk of recurrent graft infection. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of complete vs partial excision of infected arteriovenous prosthetic dialysis access grafts. Methods The data from all patients who had undergone surgical intervention for infected arteriovenous grafts at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were grouped according to intervention type: complete excision and partial excision of arteriovenous prosthetic grafts. Partial excisions were further substratified based on whether flow had been restored through the arteriovenous access. The primary outcome was freedom from subsequent intervention for infection, defined as the number of days from excision to subsequent reoperation for reinfection. Freedom from infection was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results A total of 117 patients had undergone surgical intervention for 122 infected arteriovenous grafts from 2003 to 2016. Of these 117 patients, 79 (64.8%) had undergone partial excision of infected arteriovenous grafts, and 43 (35.2%) had undergone complete excision with vascular repair. Within the partial excision cohort, 71 infected arteriovenous grafts (58.2%) were not flow restored and 8 (6.6%) were flow restored using either prosthetic or autogenous interpositions. The median follow-up time was 2.4 years (interquartile range, 0.6-4.5 years). The most common causative organisms included methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n = 34; 27.9%), methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (n = 17; 13.9%), and S. epidermidis (n = 15; 12.3%). The recurrent infection rate in the partial excision group was 16.5% (n = 13) compared with 2.3% (n = 1) in the complete excision group. In the flow-restored subcohorts, those with restoration using prosthetic interposition grafts had the greatest reinfection rate at 57.1% (n = 4), and those with restoration using autogenous conduits did not experience reinfection (P = .033). Conclusions Incomplete excision of infected arteriovenous prosthetic grafts was associated with a higher rate of reinfection compared with complete graft excision. Complete excision presents technical challenges but could provide superior source control in managing infected dialysis access. Complete excision with vascular reconstruction should be performed when possible to avoid leaving remnant prosthetic material.
Role of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR)-ligand interactions to prevent relapse in patients (pts) receiving matched unrelated stem cell transplant (SCT) for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

7049Background: NK cells play a pivotal role in cancer immune vigilance. NK cell function is regulated by a balance between activating and inhibitory signals derived from various receptor-ligand in...
Conclusion: Silence, Voice and Political Resistance in the Classroom

In this concluding chapter, I argue that the best way to cultivate the voice of quiet and silent students is through critical intersectionality and every day utopianism in the classroom. A culturally relevant curriculum, critical autobiography, inclusion of feminist perspectives and visceral learning constitute the form of critical intersectionality I promote. This critical intersectional approach is simultaneously pedagogical and political. It cultivates voice in groups poorly served by educational institutions and opens utopian horizons of social and political transformation. This chapter thus bridges the theoretical with the practical and shows how to practice radical political theory pedagogy as the practice of equality.
Audiologists' Preferences in Programming Cochlear Implants: A Preliminary Report

Background: There is little data available addressing how clinical audiologists handle cochlear implant (CI) programming between device manufacturers and make decisions on related services, particularly in the United States. Objectives: This study sought to understand the techniques and settings professionals use with their patients, how they approach bimodal fitting, which tests they use to evaluate patient and device performance, and their overall preferences of (re)habilitative options. Methods: A questionnaire was developed and distributed to CI audiologists throughout the United States electronically. Results: All respondents reported either always or almost always using Cochlear's default signal processing strategy in contrast to the 64% reported for Med-El and 40% for Advanced Bionics. A trend of less use of electrically evoked stapedial reflex threshold (eSRT) than electrically evoked compound action potentials (eCAP) for objective measures was revealed. Higher likelihood of performing speech recognition tests in quiet than in noise was revealed. Preferences for bimodal fitting trend toward using a partner company's hearing aid, although preferences were comparable in adopting four types of hearing aid formulas surveyed in the questionnaire. Conclusions: These data confirm high variability among audiologists' CI programming practices, and documenting these differences is an important step to understanding how to best treat patients.
Application programming for Windows NT

Part 1 Understanding Windows NT concepts: Windows - past, present and future Windows NT terminology and concepts controlling the Windows NT environment understanding simple Windows NT applications controlling the Windows NT Window. Part 2 Adding resources to applications: adding icons, cursors, bitmaps and multimedia sound resources adding menu and keyboard accelerator resources adding dialog box resources adding font resources. Part 3 Developing quality applications: graphics concepts and drawing primitives charting fundamentals for business, mathematics and engineering special applications - sketching, animation and screen saver applications. Part 4 Advanded programming techniques: fundamentals of Microsoft's foundation class library writing applications with the foundation class library unicode programming concepts exception handling. Appendix: important Windows NT functions and Microsoft foundation class.
Precursor reaction method with high Ga Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 to achieve increased open-circuit voltage

The precursor reaction method for the fabrication of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) solar cells potentially allows for low-cost fabrication and scalable processing for manufacturing. Additionally, this process has yielded record efficiencies in lab scale experiments. Thus far, research on the precursor reaction method has been restricted to relatively low Ga compositions in CIGS (Ga/(In+Ga) ≈ 25%). By increasing the ratio of Ga, it is possible to increase bandgap and thus increase open circuit voltage. This work focuses on developing and characterizing the precursor reaction process for use with the higher Ga regime, with the goal of improving open circuit voltage and efficiency. It is shown that with increased Ga ratio, the rate of conversion from precursor to absorber phases is decreased. Additionally, increased Ga improves film adhesion at increased selenization temperatures as well as improving film morphology.
Thirty-day readmissions due to Venous thromboembolism in patients discharged with syncope

A recent study found that approximately 1 in every 6 patients hospitalized for the 1st episode of syncope had an underlying pulmonary embolism (PE). As current guidelines do not strongly emphasize evaluation for PE in the workup of syncope, we hypothesize that there might be a higher rate of 30-day readmission due to untreated venous thromboembolism (VTE). The objective of this study is to measure the 30-day readmission rate due to VTE and identify predictors of 30-day readmission with VTE among syncope patients. We identified patients admitted with syncope with ICD9 diagnoses code 780.2 in the Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD-2013), Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). The 30-day readmission rate was calculated using methods described by HCUP. Logistic-regression was used to identify predictors of 30-day readmission with VTE. Discharge weights provided by HCUP were used to generate national estimates. In 2013, NRD included 207,339 eligible patients admitted with syncope. The prevalence rates of PE and DVT were 1.1% and 1.4%, respectively. At least one syncope associated condition was present in 60.9% of the patients. Among the patients who were not diagnosed with VTE during index admission for syncope (N = 188,015), 30-day readmission rate with VTE was 0.5% (0.2% with PE and 0.4% with DVT). In conclusion, low prevalence of VTE in patients with syncope and extremely low 30-day readmission rate with VTE argues against missed diagnoses of VTE in index admission for syncope. These results warrant further studies to determine clinical impact of work up for PE in syncope patients without risk factors.
Double disadvantage: Health impacts of parenting a child with a disability for parents with prior exposure to childhood maltreatment.

Abstract Background Parenting a child with a disability has been shown to take a toll on physical health in mid to late life. However, the additional impact of a history of childhood maltreatment has not been explored. Objective This study examined the moderating effect of exposure to childhood maltreatment on the longitudinal associations between parenting a child with a disability and physical health. We also examined whether this interaction was conditional on parent gender. Methods Data were obtained from 3178 participants in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. We used linear mixed modeling to estimate the independent and interactive effects of a history of childhood maltreatment, parenting a child with a disability, and parent gender on physical health over three waves of assessment spanning nearly two decades. We used three distinct measures of health including a composite based on two self-rated health items, chronic conditions, and functional limitations. Results Key results showed that a history of childhood maltreatment exacerbated the adverse health effect of parenting a child with a disability for mothers, but not fathers. Conclusions Findings suggest that a history of early maltreatment may create a context that makes it more difficult to cope with the demands of caring for a child with a disability, and the accompanying stress has a detrimental effect on health.
A Harder Thing than Triumph: Roles of Fathers of Children with Disabilities.

Researchers have recently begun to address the role of fathers of children with disabilities, which often casts the father as peripheral to the child's development. However, my review of the relevant literature indicates that these fathers express more interest in the needs of their children than customarily thought. Many fathers apparently want more involvement than they currently have but are constrained by "gate-keeping" roles of mothers and the structure of their children's programs. Further, research and popular literature show that although fathers have recognized roles to play, it is difficult for them to receive credit for their efforts, which may be due to the lack of routines to foster father/male involvement in programs for children with disabilities.
Noncommunicable disease outcomes and the effects of vertical and horizontal health aid

Abstract Foreign health aid forms a substantial portion of health spending in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It can be either vertical (funds earmarked for specific diseases) or horizontal (funds used for broad health sector strengthening). Historically, most health aid has been disbursed vertically toward key infectious diseases, with minimal allocations to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). High NCD burden in LMICs underscores a need for increased assistance toward NCD objectives, but evidence on the outcomes of health aid for NCDs is sparse. We obtained annual data on cause-specific deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for four leading NCDs across 116 countries, 2000–2016, and evaluated the relationship between these indicators and vertical and horizontal health aid using country fixed-effects models with 1-to-5-year lagged effects. After adjusting for fixed and time-variant country heterogeneity, vertical assistance for NCDs was significantly associated with subsequent reductions in NCD morbidity and mortality, particularly for persons under age 70 and for cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases. An additional dollar in per-capita NCD vertical assistance corresponded to reductions in the average annual NCD burden of 7,459 DALYs/281 deaths after one year, 7,728 DALYs/319 deaths after two years, and 8,957 DALYs/346 deaths after three years. The findings suggest that vertical assistance for NCD programs may be an appropriate mechanism for addressing short-term NCD needs in LMICs, where it may help to fill health sector gaps in NCD care, but longer-term evaluation is needed for assessing the role of horizontal assistance.
Kaleidoscopic Chaos: Understanding the Circuit Courts’ Various Interpretations of § 2255's Savings Clause

More than 65 years ago, Congress enacted a short statute (codified at 28 U.S.C. § 2255) to even the habeas corpus workload among the federal courts. That statute included a “Savings Clause,” which allows prisoners to challenge their convictions and sentences in a federal habeas petition when § 2255 is “inadequate or ineffective” for the task. Since that time — and with increasing frequency — the U.S. Courts of Appeals have developed wildly varying tests to determine when and how § 2255’s Savings Clause applies to prisoners’ attempts to bring federal habeas petitions under 28 U.S.C. § 2241.In their attempts to understand the Savings Clause’s scope and meaning, the circuit courts have found a myriad ways to navigate the gap between § 2255 and § 2241 and find a path for a petitioner to bring her § 2241 petition. However, in undertaking their task, the circuit courts have created kaleidoscopic chaos that impairs the ability of prisoners, counsel, and the federal courts themselves to understand when and how a federal prisoner can pass through the Savings Clause and challenge his conviction and sentence in a § 2241 petition.This article reveals the patchwork of Savings Clause jurisprudence created by the circuit courts. Then, using several realistic hypotheticals, the article explores how geography, circuit precedent, and the nature and timing of intervening interpretations of criminal statutes determine whether and when prisoners who are serving sentences for acts that the law did not criminalize can bring a federal habeas petition and get out of prison. Through the use of these hypotheticals, the reader learns how the fates of federal prisoners (who appear to be similarly-situated) vary wildly depending on such things as where they were sentenced, where they are presently confined, and how and when the court system’s understanding of the underlying criminal statute changed.
Das Unbehagen an der Ordinalisierung

Es gibt eine breite Literatur, die die Auseinandersetzungen untersucht, die in vielen institutionellen Kontexten uber den Inhalt und Einsatz von Kategorien gefuhrt werden. Demgegenuber argumentieren wir, dass nicht nur die Art der Kategorien umstritten ist, sondern auch die ihnen zugrundeliegenden Klassifikationsprinzipien. Im Anschluss an Fourcade (2016) identifizieren wir drei solcher Klassifikationsprinzipien: nominale Typologien, kardinale Zahlungen und ordinale Rankings. Unsere These ist, dass die gegenwartigen Gesellschaften durch eine Logik der Ordinalisierung gekennzeichnet sind. Ausdruck dieser Ordinalisierung sind die zunehmende Fluiditat von Identitaten, die verbreitete Verwendung von Verfahren der Risikoeinschatzung und eine wachsende politische Polarisierung entlang einer einzigen Dimension, der links/rechts-Achse. Dieser Prozess verlauft jedoch ungleichformig und ist auch umstritten. Die weiterhin bestehende Bedeutung nominal unterschiedener Gruppen („race“ ist dafur das herausragende Beispiel), der Widerstand, der sich gegen eine um sich greifende Kommensurierung formiert, und eine populistische „kardinale Revolte“, die numerische Mehrheiten zum alleinigen Masstab fur politische Legitimitat erklart, reprasentieren unterschiedliche und mehr oder weniger explizite Formen des Unbehagens an einer zunehmend ordinalisierten Moderne. Unser Zugang liefert einen theoretischen Rahmen, der es erlaubt, den gesellschaftlichen Wandel wie auch Unterschiede zwischen den Landern in Termini der Klassen von Klassifikationen zu erfassen, die Gesellschaften in Bewegung setzen.
The Academic Medical Center as Collaborative Partner: Six Strategic Questions for a Reinvention

Leaders at UC Davis health looked beyond volume to create an anchor institution that meets the needs of the underserved.
Systems Analysis of Refuse Disposal Alternatives

This article examines the formulation and analysis of alternative methods of recovering resources from the solid waste system of a particular military base. Five alternative systems are described, and the methodology developed to evaluate and compare the alternatives is presented. Evaluation was based on discounted annual costs as well as intangible factors. An extensive sensitivity analysis was conducted. Results of the analysis are given, including the conclusion that a partial source segregation plan is the most cost-effective system for the base. The procedures and methodology described should be of use to researchers analyzing resource recovery options for private or public organizations. In addition, some of the results reported, such as cost models and waste composition data, may be directly transferable to organizations conducting similar studies.
The Effects of Adopting and Using a Brand's Mobile Application on Customers' Subsequent Purchase Behavior

Abstract Mobile applications (apps) have become an important platform for brands to interact with customers, but few studies have tested their effects on app adopters’ subsequent brand purchase behavior. This paper investigates whether adopters’ spending levels will change after they use a brand’s app. Using a unique dataset from a coalition loyalty program with implementations of propensity score matching and difference-in-difference-in-difference methods, we compare the spending levels of app adopters with those of non-adopters. Specifically, we examine whether the use of the app’s two main interactive features—information lookups and check-ins—influences adopters’ spending levels. We find that app adoption and continued use of the branded app increase future spending. Furthermore, customers who adopt both features show the highest increase. However, we also observe “the recency effect” – when customers discontinue using the app, their spending levels decrease. Our findings suggest that sticky apps which attract continuing uses can be a persuasive marketing tool because they provide portable, convenient, and interactive engagement opportunities, allowing customers to interact with the brand on a habitual basis. We recommend that firms should prioritize launching a mobile app to communicate with their customers, but they should also keep in mind that a poorly designed app, which customers abandon after only a few uses, may in fact hurt their brand experience and company revenues.
Spin coherence and echo modulation of the silicon vacancy in 4 H − SiC at room temperature

The silicon vacancy in silicon carbide is a strong emergent candidate for applications in quantum information processing and sensing. We perform room temperature optically detected magnetic resonance and spin echo measurements on an ensemble of vacancies and find the spin echo properties depend strongly on magnetic field. The spin echo decay time varies from less than $10\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ at low fields to $80\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ at 68 mT, and a strong field-dependent spin echo modulation is also observed. The modulation is attributed to the interaction with nuclear spins and is well described by a theoretical model.
The implementation of a 2-core multi-threaded Itanium/spl reg/-family processor

The next generation in the Itanium/spl reg/ processor family, code named Montecito, is introduced. Implemented in a 90nm 7M process, the processor has two dual-threaded cores integrated with 26.5MB of cache. Of the total of 1.72B transistors, 64M are dedicated to logic and the rest to cache. With both cores operating at full speed, the chip consumes 100W.
Abstract 2889: Human antibodies induced by vaccination with a carbohydrate mimetic-peptide vaccine show functional anti-tumor activity on human lung-cancer cells

Introduction: Lung cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, and the leading cancer killer in both men and women in the United States. The 5-year survival rate for lung cancer ranges from Procedure: Patients with stage IV breast cancer underwent vaccination with the carbohydrate mimicking peptide P10s synthesized with the Pan T-cell peptide PADRE (P10s-PADRE). Doses of P10s-PADRE admixed with MONTANIDE™ ISA 51 VG were administered to subjects subcutaneously in rotating injection sites in the abdomen on weeks 1, 2, 3, 7 and 9. Pre-immune (week 1) and post-immune sera (weeks 4 and 7) were tested for functional activity against a non-Small Cell lung-cancer cell line (NCI-H522) and a Small Cell lung-cancer cell line (NCI-H69). Cell-surface carbohydrates were profiled and serum binding to cells was assayed by flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity, migration and invasion assays were performed to assess functional anti-lung cancer-cell activity of the sera. Results: Both cell lines express relevant TACAs that can be targeted with P10s-PADRE immunization. Vaccinated serum reacted with tumor cells, induced toxicity, and prevented tumor-cell migration and invasion in vitro. Conclusion: Our results show that P10s-PADRE vaccination of breast-cancer patients induces functional immune activity against lung-cancer cells. Accordingly, we propose to extend our successful vaccination strategy to lung-cancer patients with advanced stage III/IV disease. This group of patients has poor survival, and induction of functional antibodies can significantly increase disease control and survival rate. Citation Format: Konstantinos Arnaoutakis, Fariba Jousheghany, Issam Makhoul, Laura Hutchins, Thomas Kieber-Emmons, Behjatolah Monzavi-Karbassi. Human antibodies induced by vaccination with a carbohydrate mimetic-peptide vaccine show functional anti-tumor activity on human lung-cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2889. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2889
A study on the partitioning capabilities of two-layer neural networks

Recent studies indicate that neural networks with a single hidden layer can implement both nonconvex and disconnected decision regions. In this paper, we examine the capabilities of neural nets to implement more complex decision regions such as nested decision regions. We study two-class problems with four, five and six nested decision regions and demonstrate that single hidden-layer nets can in fact implement these complex structures. >
Group Process and Group Work in Health Social Work Practice

Recent physiological evidence supports social work's historic view that people are social by definition and that they live and function as members of a variety of human groups. This affirmed knowledge reinforces social work's focus on social functioning and requires a reconceptualization of its practice methods in a social group context. The purpose of this article is to summarize some of these recent findings and their implications for social work's perspective on human behavior, the profession's purpose, and their meaning for social work practice. Attention is directed to an assessment of the current state of the art of social group work in health and medical settings and to next steps in the reconceptualization of clinical social work in the health field within a group framework.
Aminotransferase from a Deletion Mutant in the Histidine Operon

The imidazolylacetolphosphate:l-glutamate aminotransferase from the deletion mutant hisHB22 has been partially characterized. Although genetic studies have not yet shown the deletion to involve the structural information for this enzyme, physical studies indicate that an abnormal enzyme is produced. Evidence is presented which, together with previous data on the characterization of the enzyme, indicates that the catalytic integrity of the enzyme is intact, and that the low specific activity seen in cell extracts is due to formation of an enzyme which has a reduced coenzyme content. It is suggested that this reduced coenzyme content is due primarily to a reduced affinity of the enzyme (nascent or apo-) for its coenzyme, and that the coenzyme must be incorporated into the enzyme at the moment of synthesis for formation of a functional protein.
Error-Sensitive adaptive frame aggregation in 802.11n WLAN

IEEE 802.11n is an emerging standard for high data-rate wireless local area networks (WLAN). Frame aggregation is vital for enhancing its MAC layer efficiency. A large frame size can usually boost network throughput, yet it also causes a high frame-error rate (FER), which is undesirable for many real-time applications. This paper proposes a novel scheme, the Error-Sensitive Adaptive Frame Aggregation (ESAFA). The ESAFA utilizes the two-layer frame aggregation method specified in 802.11n. It dynamically adjusts the frame aggregation size according to the current channel conditions to satisfy the FER level required by the application. Performance evaluation shows that, when compared with an existing scheme, OFA (Optimal Frame Aggregation), ESAFA greatly improves network throughput and decreases delay, especially in error-prone channels. It also satisfies the FER required by applications in most conditions. We believe that the proposed method is significant for supporting ubiquitous, seamless multimedia services over high-speed WLAN.
Determining reflectivity measurement error from serial measurements using paired disdrometers and profilers

[1] Serial reflectivity measurements from paired instruments are examined during two field campaigns in order to examine the precision of the measurements. The instruments studied are two collocated Joss-Waldvogel disdrometers (JWD) at Wallops Island, VA and two collocated profilers deployed at Ji-Parana, Brazil during Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment. Differencing the measured reflectivity from the instrument pairs eliminated most of the temporal and large-scale precipitation variability, reducing the error fluctuations to those of the instrument precision plus fluctuations due to precipitation variability over the small differences in sample volume and distances between the instruments. For both pairs of calibrated instruments we found that the observed time-series of one-minute dBZ differences were not autocorrelated and exhibited a Gaussian-like distribution. Consequently, the difference time-series could be meaningfully characterized by their standard statistics, including the rms difference or standard deviation, and the standard error about the mean. While the disdrometer pair exhibited an rms difference of 2.1 dBZ, a standard error about the mean of less than 0.1 dBZ for the 12-hour rain event was achieved. The profiler pair exhibited an rms difference of 0.4 dBZ, with a standard error of only 0.05 dBZ for the 90-minute stratiform rain event. Since it is currently difficult to routinely calibrate radars in an absolute sense to better than 1–3 dBZ, the precisions of a few tenths of a dBZ obtained here suggest the potential for substantially improving these calibrations, and open the door to examination of subtle sampling and stability effects.
The OH(v = 9) + O3 reaction pathway

The oxygen-hydrogen system, including the reactive species H, O, H2, O2, O3, OH, and HO2, is very complex, and contains numerous reactions whose kinetics and branches have been insufficiently explored. In the present study we use computer modeling to simulate observations made in a 300-K ozone-hydrogen mixture, in which a critical H2 pressure leads to rapid ozone decomposition, and generation of high concentrations of atomic oxygen. Initiation of the reaction chain involves heterogeneous O and/or H atom production, and the chain branching step is the reaction OH(v) + O3 OH + O + O2, which is shown to be the predominant pathway for these reactants. The critical H2 pressure (ca. 3 torr) sets important constraints upon the system kinetics.
Rh and Ir dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene complexes: Chloro, hydroxo, and mixed Au oxo complexes

Abstract New and improved procedures are reported for the synthesis of [M(DBCOT)(μ-Cl)]2 (M = Rh, Ir; DBCOT = dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene) from MCl3(H2O)x or [M(COD)(μ-Cl)]2 and DBCOT. Treatment of [M(DBCOT)(μ-Cl)]2 with [(LAu)3(μ-O)]BF4(L = PPh3, PtBu3) yields the mixed-metal oxo complexes [M(DBCOT)(μ4-O)(AuL)2]2(BF4)2. Dimeric [Rh(DBCOT)(μ-OH)]2 is obtained from the reaction of [M(DBCOT)(μ-Cl)]2 with KOH in EtOH/H2O. All complexes except [Rh(DBCOT)(μ-Cl)]2 have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
A route to chiral, non-racemic macroheterocycles

Abstract By double alkylation of chiral isoquinoline formamidines, a 71% yield of the bis-1,3(1-tetrahydroisoquinolinyl)propane was formed in >95% ee. Macrocyclization using 2-bromoacetyl bromide gave the [9]-ring diazaheterocycle (11) and the [18]-ring tetra-azaheterocycle (12) in 24 and 57% yields, respectively. After reduction of these lactams, the title compounds 13 and 15 were obtained. X-ray structures are presented for these novel chiral ring systems.
Malate and lactate dehydrogenase activities in the pyloric caeca of Luidia clathrata (Echinodermata: Asteroidea)

Abstract 1. 1. The K m for malate dehydrogenase in the direction of oxalacetate reduction was 0.025 mM and the V max was 1.23 μmol NADH oxidized/min per g tissue (0.035 μmol NADH oxidized/min per mg protein). 2. 2. The K m for lactate dehydrogenase in the direction of pyruvate reduction was 0.87 mM and the V max was 0.186 μmol NADH oxidized/min per g tissue (2.288 μM/min per mg protein). 3. 3. The ratio of the activities of MDH/LDH was 44.3. 4. 4. Malate dehydrogenase may function during periods of reduced oxygen levels or during periods of organic synthesis.
Retinal Axon Growth at the Optic Chiasm: To Cross or Not to Cross

At the optic chiasm, retinal ganglion cell axons from each eye converge and segregate into crossed and uncrossed projections, a pattern critical for binocular vision. Here, we review recent findings on optic chiasm development, highlighting the specific transcription factors and guidance cues that implement retinal axon divergence into crossed and uncrossed pathways. Although mechanisms underlying the formation of the uncrossed projection have been identified, the means by which retinal axons are guided across the midline are still unclear. In addition to directives provided by transcription factors and receptors in the retina, gene expression in the ventral diencephalon influences chiasm formation. Throughout this review, we compare guidance mechanisms at the optic chiasm with those in other midline models and highlight unanswered questions both for retinal axon growth and axon guidance in general.
14 What RNA world ?? Ancestral polypeptides likely participated in the origins of translation

A widespread consensus holds that protein synthesis according to a genetic code was launched entirely by sophisticated RNA molecules that played both coding and functional roles. This belief persists, unsupported by phylogenetic evidence for ancestral ribozymes that catalyzed either amino acid activation or tRNA aminoacylation. By contrast, we have adduced strong experimental evidence that the most highly conserved portions of contemporary aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS) accelerate both reactions well in excess of rates achieved by RNA aptomers derived from combinatorial libraries and of rates required for primordial protein synthesis. Such ancestral enzymes, or “Urzymes”, characterized for Class I (TrpRS (Pham et al., 2010, 2007) and LeuRS (Collier et al., 2013); 130 residues) and Class II (HisRS; 120–140 residues; (Li et al., 2011)) synthetases generally have promiscuous amino acid specificities, whereas ATP and cognate tRNA affinities are within an order of magnitude of those for contemporary enzymes...