cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning and the importance of interactivity information design becomes interaction design

As designers, we are faced with a more heterogeneous group of customers, product users and learners. Learning styles, multiculturalism, and age demographics are just some of the factors that contribute to this diversity. As designers and design educators, it is our mission to look at new ways to deliver instructional material and information in an effort to propose a new paradigm in the delivery of this content. Our results of teaching at The Ohio State University are demonstrated through a variety of interactive multimedia programs focused on the objective of teaching and learning. Each student project in some way challenges current conventions in linear, static educational, and information processes. These dynamic programs, incorporating semantic typography, sound, video, and animation offer multiple but logical paths of navigation. Student designers explore how information design (complex information or systems) can be made more accessible by engaging the user through interactivity. Additional project criteria include the application of an appropriate and effective architectural structure, effective interface design, and strong typographic principles.
A new method of controlling paradoxical respiration in single stage thoracoplasty.

There is still a distinct place for the use of thoracoplasty in the treatment of tuberculosis and the occasional use of thoracoplasty in the poor risk type of patient can be very effective when supplemented by adequate anti-tuberculosis drugs. The method described is that of a classical thoracoplasty initiated by Alexander, and done in a single stage. Control of paradoxical respiration is easily accomplished by placing anchoring sutures from the sacrospinalis muscle to the pectoralis major, as indicated in Figure. From four to 11 ribs have been removed, including the transverse processes in 35 patients, with one death. The results of the surgery have been gratifying.
Specific Interaction between RNA Helicase A and Tap, Two Cellular Proteins That Bind to the Constitutive Transport Element of Type D Retrovirus

Constitutive transport element (CTE) facilitates retroviral RNA export by interacting with the cellular RNA export machinery. Two cellular proteins, RNA helicase A (RHA) and Tip-associated protein (Tap) were identified as binding to CTE and were proposed to function as CTE co-factors (1,2). Here, we report that these two CTE-binding proteins interact with each other in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro binding of RHA to Tap is direct and independent of either CTE or the nuclear transport domain of RHA. The removal of the first 60 amino acids of Tap significantly diminishes the binding to RHA. The activity of this Tap mutant to enhance CTE-mediated gene expression is also markedly reduced. A transdominant mutant of Tap inhibited RHA-mediated up-regulation of CTE function in mammalian cells. The nuclear transport domain of RHA also interfered with Tap-mediated transactivation of the CTE function in quail cells, in which the function of CTE is dependent on the expression of a functional human Tap cDNA.
Prion proteostasis Hsp104 meets its supporting cast

Infectious amyloid forms of the release factor, Sup35, comprise the yeast prion [PSI+]. This protein-based unit of inheritance is an evolutionary capacitor able to release cryptic genetic variation during environmental stress and generate potentially beneficial phenotypes. Genetic data have uncovered a sophisticated proteostasis network that tightly regulates [PSI+] formation, propagation and elimination. Central to this network, is the AAA+ ATPase and protein disaggregase, Hsp104. Shifting the balance of the cytosolic Hsp70:Hsp40 chaperone machinery and associated nucleotide exchange factors also influences the [PSI+] prion cycle. Yet, a precise understanding of how these systems co-operate to directly modulate the protein folding events required for sustainable Sup35 prionogenesis has remained elusive. Here, we spotlight recent advances that begin to clarify this issue. We suggest that the Hsp70:Hsp40 chaperone machinery functions collectively as a rheostat that adjusts Hsp104’s basic prion-remodeling a...
Mistranslation and its control by tRNA synthetases

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases are ancient proteins that interpret the genetic material in all life forms. They are thought to have appeared during the transition from the RNA world to the theatre of proteins. During translation, they establish the rules of the genetic code, whereby each amino acid is attached to a tRNA that is cognate to the amino acid. Mistranslation occurs when an amino acid is attached to the wrong tRNA and subsequently is misplaced in a nascent protein. Mistranslation can be toxic to bacteria and mammalian cells, and can lead to heritable mutations. The great challenge for nature appears to be serine-for-alanine mistranslation, where even small amounts of this mistranslation cause severe neuropathologies in the mouse. To minimize serine-for-alanine mistranslation, powerful selective pressures developed to prevent mistranslation through a special editing activity imbedded within alanyl-tRNA synthetases (AlaRSs). However, serine-for-alanine mistranslation is so challenging that a separate, genome-encoded fragment of the editing domain of AlaRS is distributed throughout the Tree of Life to redundantly prevent serine-to-alanine mistranslation. Detailed X-ray structural and functional analysis shed light on why serine-for-alanine mistranslation is a universal problem, and on the selective pressures that engendered the appearance of AlaXps at the base of the Tree of Life.
Effects of different bits and bridles on frequency of induced swallowing in cantering horses

It has been suggested that the presence of a bit reflexly increases salivation but, at the same time, interferes with the horse’sabilitytoswallow.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastocompareswallowingfrequencyin12horsesexercisingat canter while wearing a head collar, a bitless bridle, a jointed snaffle bit and a Myler correctional-ported barrel bit. Laryngealmovementswererecordedvideoendoscopicallyasthehorsescantered(8ms 21 )onahighspeedtreadmill, with the use of side reins to flex the poll. Swallowing was stimulated artificially by infusion of sterile water at a constant rate of 5mlmin 21 through a cannula in the endoscope’s biopsy port. The results showed large differences in swallowing frequency between horses. Swallowing frequency was lowerfor the Myler snaffle than for the other conditions (P , 0.05). It is concluded that the presence of a bit does not preclude swallowing during exercise at canter withthepollinaflexedposition,butcertaintypesofbitsmaybeassociatedwithareductioninswallowingfrequency.
Dissociable neural correlates of item and context retrieval in the medial temporal lobes

Although it is generally accepted that the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is critical for episodic memory, the contributions of cortical regions in the MTL, such as the perirhinal (PRc) and parahippocampal (PHc) cortices, remain unresolved. Recent studies have asserted that the PRc supports the processing of object and face information, whereas the PHc supports the processing of scene information. These findings have been used to characterize the PRc and PHc as being important for the memory of objects and scenes, respectively. However, these results are also consistent with the idea that these MTL regions are critical for the memory of stimuli that are processed as either items or contexts. It has been difficult to differentiate between these two accounts given that in most studies, item and context are operationalized as different types of memoranda (e.g., memory for objects compared to memory for background scenes). Here, we tested the extent to which different MTL regions are involved in the retrieval of item or context information when the material type is held constant. Participants encoded pairs of fractal images and were oriented to encode one fractal as an item and the other as a context. At test, they were cued with previously studied item or context fractals and asked to retrieve the corresponding associate. Results indicated that on test trials, PRc activity was increased during recall of fractals that were encoded as items, whereas PHc activity was greater during recall of fractals that were encoded as contexts. These results provide direct evidence that, even when stimulus type is held constant, the PRc and PHc are preferentially involved in supporting memory for item and context information, respectively.
Characterization and expression of cytochrome P4501A in Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon experimentally exposed to coplanar PCB 126 and TCDD.

The AHR pathway activates transcription of CYP1A and mediates most toxic responses from exposure to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants such as PCBs and PCDD/Fs. Therefore, expression of CYP1A is predictive of most higher-level toxic responses from these chemicals. To date, no study had developed an assay to quantify CYP1A expression in any sturgeon species. We addressed this deficiency by partially characterizing CYP1A in Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) and shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) and then used derived sturgeon sequences to develop reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR assays to quantify CYP1A mRNA expression in TCDD and PCB126 treated early life-stages of both species. Phylogenetic analysis of CYP1A, CYP1B, CYP1C and CYP3A deduced amino acid sequences from other fishes and sturgeons revealed that our putative Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon CYP1A sequences most closely clustered with previously derived CYP1A sequences. We then used semi-quantitative and real-time RT-PCR to measure CYP1A mRNA levels in newly hatched Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon larvae that were exposed to graded doses of waterborne PCB126 (0.01–1000 parts per billion (ppb)) and TCDD (0.001–10 ppb). We initially observed significant induction of CYP1A mRNA compared to vehicle control at the lowest doses of PCB126 and TCDD used, 0.01 ppb and 0.001 ppb, respectively. Significant induction was observed at all doses of both chemicals although lower expression was seen at the highest doses. We also compared CYP1A expression among tissues of i.p. injected shortnose sturgeon and found significant inducibility in heart, intestine, and liver, but not in blood, gill, or pectoral fin clips. For the first time, our results indicate that young life-stages of sturgeons are sensitive to AHR ligands at environmentally relevant concentrations, however, it is yet to be determined if induction of CYP1A can be used as a biomarker in environmental biomonitoring.
Mice with a deletion in the gene for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β have an attenuated response to cAMP and impaired carbohydrate metabolism

Fifty percent of the mice homozygous for a deletion in the gene for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBP beta-/- mice; B phenotype) die within 1 to 2 h after birth of hypoglycemia. They do not mobilize their hepatic glycogen or induce the cytosolic form of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Administration of cAMP resulted in mobilization of glycogen, induction of PEPCK mRNA, and a normal blood glucose; these mice survived beyond 2 h postpartum. Adult C/EBP beta-/- mice (A phenotype) also had difficulty in maintaining blood glucose levels during starvation. Fasting these mice for 16 or 30 h resulted in lower levels of hepatic PEPCK mRNA, blood glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, blood urea nitrogen, and gluconeogenesis when compared with control mice. The concentration of hepatic cAMP in these mice was 50% of controls, but injection of theophylline, together with glucagon, resulted in a normal cAMP levels. Agonists (glucagon, epinephrine, and isoproterenol) and other effectors of activation of adenylyl cyclase were the same in liver membranes isolated from C/EBP beta-/- mice and littermates. The hepatic activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase was 80% of wild type mice. There was a 79% increase in the concentration of RI alpha and 27% increase in RII alpha in the particulate fraction of the livers of C/EBP beta-/- mice relative to wild type mice, with no change in the catalytic subunit (C alpha). Thus, a 45% increase in hepatic cAMP (relative to the wild type) would be required in C/EBP beta-/- mice to activate protein kinase A by 50%. In addition, the total activity of phosphodiesterase in the livers of C/EBP beta-/- mice, as well as the concentration of mRNA for phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) and PDE3B was approximately 25% higher than in control animals, suggesting accelerated degradation of cAMP. C/EBP beta influences the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism by altering the level of hepatic cAMP and the activity of protein kinase A.
Lymphokine Regulation of HLA-DR Gene Expression in Human Thyroid Cell Monolayers*

Studies were conducted to examine the regulation of HLA class II gene expression in human thyroid cells in vitro. Normal human thyroid cells cultured in the absence of lectin or γ-interferon stimulation lacked detectable HLA-DR cell surface antigen, although low levels of DR α-chain-specific mRNA were present. Cyclosporine A, known to inhibit lymphokine production, inhibited basal as well as lectin-mediated increases in levels of DR α-chain-specific mRNA and DR surface antigen expression on normal human thyrocytes. Cyclosporine had no effect on the induction of DR antigen gene expression by recombinant γ-interferon. These data suggested that lectin enhancement of DR antigen expression in human thyroid cells may be mediated by a lymphokine(s) produced in primary human thyroid cell monolayers. This suggestion was confirmed by studies that demonstrated the abrogation of lectin responsiveness by antibody directed against γ-interferon. Indirect immunofluorescence studies using flow cytometric analyses identifi...
3D and 2D finite element analysis in soft tissue cutting for haptic display

Real-time medical simulation for robotic surgery planning and surgery training requires realistic yet computationally fast models of the mechanical behavior of soft tissue. This paper presents a study to develop such a model to enable fast haptics display in simulation of soft-tissue cutting. An apparatus was developed and experiments were conducted to generate force-displacement data for cutting of soft tissue such as pig liver. The force-displacement curve of cutting pig liver revealed a characteristic pattern: the overall curve is formed by repeating units consisting of a local deformation segment followed by a local crack-growth segment. The modeling effort reported here focused on characterizing the tissue in the local deformation segment in a way suitable for fast haptic display. The deformation resistance of the tissue was quantified in terms of the local effective modulus (LEM) consistent with experimental force-displacement data. An algorithm was developed to determine LEM by solving an inverse problem with iterative finite element models. To enable faster simulation of cutting of a three-dimensional (3D) liver specimen of naturally varying thickness, three levels of model order reduction were studied. Firstly, a 3D quadratic-element model reduced to uniform thickness but otherwise haptics-equivalent (have identical force-displacement feedback) to a 3D model with varying thickness matching that of the liver was used. Next, haptics-equivalent 2D quadratic-element models were used. Finally, haptics-equivalent 2D linear-element models were used. These three models had a model reduction in the ratio of 1.0:0.3:0.04 but all preserved the same input-output (displacement, force) behavior measured in the experiments. The values of the LEM determined using the three levels of model reduction were close to one another. Additionally, the variation of the LEM with cutting speed was determined. The values of LEM decreased as the cutting speed increased
Ventilatory effects of glial dysfunction in a rat brain stem chemoreceptor region

Glia are thought to be important in brain extracellular fluid ion and pH regulation, but their role in brain stem sites that sense pH and stimulate breathing is unknown. Using a diffusion pipette, ...
Photo-Neutron Thresholds of Beryllium and Deuterium

The photo-neutron thresholds of beryllium and deuterium have been measured by comparison with the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p,n)$ threshold. For this purpose an electrostatic generator was used in which an electron beam and a positive ion beam were established simultaneously. Accurate control and measurement of the generator voltage was obtained by using an electrostatic analyzer on the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ component of the ion beam. Because the ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}(p,n)$ threshold lies between the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)$ and $\mathrm{D}(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)$ thresholds, errors in extrapolation should be small. The electron beam was accelerated from ground to the accurately known potential of the high voltage electrode where x-rays were produced for the photo-disintegration process. From the photo-neutron thresholds the neutron binding energies of beryllium and deuterium were found to be 1.666\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002 and 2.226\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 Mev, respectively.
Efficacy of T-705 (Favipiravir) in the Treatment of Infections with Lethal Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus

ABSTRACT Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is the causative agent of SFTS, an emerging hemorrhagic fever. This disease has a high case fatality rate and is endemic to China, South Korea, and Japan. Because there are currently no effective therapeutics for SFTS, potent and safe antivirals are needed for the treatment of SFTS. The inhibitory effect of T-705 (favipiravir) on the replication of SFTSV in Vero cells was evaluated. Mice lacking the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR−/−) were used as an in vivo lethal model for SFTSV infection. T-705, which has been licensed as an anti-influenza drug in Japan, inhibits SFTSV replication both in vitro and in vivo. T-705 inhibited replication of SFTSV in Vero cells by 5 log units, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) and IC90 of 6.0 µM and 22 µM, respectively. Intraperitoneal or oral administration of T-705 for 5 days to IFNAR−/− mice infected with lethal SFTSV significantly improved survival rates (100% survival) without causing body weight loss and reduced the viral load in the serum. Ribavirin also inhibited SFTSV replication. However, it was less effective than T-705 both in vitro and in vivo. A time-of-drug-addition study revealed that therapeutic T-705 treatment of SFTSV infection in IFNAR−/− mice was effective. These results suggest that T-705 is a promising candidate for the treatment of SFTS. IMPORTANCE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), is a recently identified emerging viral infectious disease. Despite the medical importance of this disease, there are currently neither vaccines nor effective therapeutics for SFTS. T-705, which is a pyrazine derivative, has shown broad antiviral activity against various RNA viruses. The present study demonstrated, for the first time to our knowledge, the efficacy of T-705 in treating SFTSV infection in a mouse lethal model. T-705 showed a high efficacy in the treatment of SFTSV infection in the mouse model, even when treatments were initiated after onset of the disease.
Targeting and expression of antigenic proteins in transgenic plants for production of edible oral vaccines.

Exploiting plants as biological bioreactors for production and delivery of edible oral subunit vaccines is a promising application of biotechnology. Efforts to enhance expression levels of transgenes coding for antigenic proteins by exploiting promoters, targeting sequences, and enhancer elements have produced rather low quantities of the antigen in plant tissues, but enough to induce immune responses in feeding studies. This review will cover components of various gene constructs used in developing plant-based vaccines against a myriad of viral and bacterial diseases. Specifically, it will focus on sequences that are involved in targeting the antigen to mucosal tissues of the intestinal tract, thus enhancing the immunogenicity of the plant-based vaccine as well as those components that result in higher accumulation of the protein within the plant.
Studies in social perception: methodology.

(1958). Studies in Social Perception: Methodology. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 92, No. 2, pp. 215-246.
Fluorescence-Correlation Spectroscopy Study of Molecular Transport within Reversed-Phase Chromatographic Particles Compared to Planar Model Surfaces

Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is a widely used technique for molecular separations. Stationary-phase materials for RPLC generally consist of porous silica-gel particles functionalized with n-alkane ligands. Understanding motions of molecules within the interior of these particles is important for developing efficient chromatographic materials and separations. To characterize these dynamics, time-resolved spectroscopic methods (photobleach recovery, fluorescence correlation, single-molecule imaging) have been adapted to measure molecular diffusion rates, typically at n-alkane-modified planar silica surfaces, which serve as models of chromatographic interfaces. A question arising from these studies is how dynamics of molecules on a planar surface relate to motions of molecules within the interior of a porous chromatographic particle. In this paper, imaging-fluorescence-correlation spectroscopy is used to measure diffusion rates of a fluorescent probe molecule 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′3′-tetramet...
332 PULMONARY DISEASE IS A COMPONENT OF DISTAL ARTHROGRYPOSIS TYPE 5.

Purpose We report a three-generation family with distal arthrogryposis type 5 (DA5). Methods Clinical evaluation of affected family members and review of the literature. Results The family has four affected members in three generations with an apparent autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Three affected individuals were examined. All have distal joint contractures with absent flexion creases, limited mobility of all small and large joints, stance with shortened heel cords and pes cavus, short stature, decreased extraocular movements, and pectus excavatum. This pattern is consistent with DA5. The propositus has documented pulmonary hypertension secondary to chronic hypoxia from restrictive pulmonary disease. The propositus9s mother died at age 50 of congestive heart failure. She was on oxygen for the last 15 years of life. No formal pulmonary function studies were done. Review of the literature reveals a family reported by Beals and Weleber (2004) with DA5. Four affected individuals in this family have documented restrictive pulmonary disease. One individual was on oxygen supplementation, but pulmonary hypertension was not documented in this family. The father in the family reported by Sack (1978) had mild dyspnea on exertion but did not report pulmonary function studies. An EKG was normal. Conclusions Restrictive pulmonary disease is a component of DA5. This implies involvement of the diaphragm and/or intercostal muscles. All individuals diagnosed with DA5 should be evaluated for pulmonary disease as treatment of chronic hypoxia may prevent or delay pulmonary hypertension. Mapping of the gene for DA5 is under way.
Teacher candidates research, teach, and learn in the nation's first net zero school

ABSTRACTTeacher candidates conducted field hours in the nation's first net zero school, which uses the same amount of energy, measured annually, as it produces. These teacher candidates saw firsthand integration of the net zero advantages by completing a Collaborative Research Project and a Net Zero Lesson, which incorporated the use of the net zero building features as part of the lesson plan criteria. As a result, teacher candidates experienced how students can learn from their constructed environment and how that learning could contribute to a more sustainable world.
Study on the reproducibility of Oncomelania snails in Qingpu district of Shanghai

Objective To explore the reproductive capacity of Oncomelania snails in the environment in Qingpu district.Methods Soils that were taken by environmental methods from 10 sampling sites in all the ten towns of Qingpu district served as the test group,with soil samples taken in the same way from Songjiang district and Jinshan district where O.snails appeared in recent years used as the control group.All these samples were randomized as the experimental fields.O.snails marked by different colors were divided into 12 groups,25 males and 25 females for each group.The O.snails were also randomized to the fields to see whether the second birth of snails would appear and their survival status over the winter.Results It was on May 22nd,2008 that the O.snails were stocked and the second generation was first found 147 days later,with the second generation of O.snails appearing in every field of the experimental base before May 17th,2009.The average monthly temperature for snails to reproduce or incubate was between 27.1 ℃ to 34.3 ℃,with the value being between 3.2 ℃ to 9.8 ℃ for the nails to do the same things in Spring.Statistical analysis by the paired t-test showed that there was no significant difference(t=0.17,P=0.87) in the average pH values of the soils before and after the experiment,which were 5.5±0.7 versus 5.4±1.0.Conclusion O.snails are able reproduce in Qingpu district with the ability to survive over winters,relatively low temperature needed in spring for them to reproduce.
Agile Software Development at Scale

Since 2001 agile software development approaches are being adopted across a wide range of organizations and are now being applied at scale. There are eight factors to consider --- team size, geographical distribution, entrenched culture, system complexity, legacy systems, regulatory compliance, organizational distribution, governance and enterprise focus --- when scaling agile. Luckily a collection of techniques and strategies exist which scale agile approaches, including considering the full development lifecycle, Agile Model Driven Development (AMDD), continuous independent testing, adopting proven strategies, agile database techniques, and lean development governance. It is possible to scale agile approaches, but you will need to look beyond the advice provided by the "agile in the small" literature.
Refined mapping of genomic rearrangements involving the short arm of chromosome 9 in acute lymphoblastic leukemias and other hematologic malignancies.

Deletions of chromosomal band 9p21 have been detected in various tumor types as well as in more than 20% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). These deletions frequently include the entire interferon (IFN) gene cluster as well as the methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene. Recently, the CDKN2 gene (p16INK4A, MTS I, CDK41) was proposed as a candidate tumor-suppressor gene on 9p21 because it is frequently deleted in cell lines derived from multiple tumor types. To determine if CDKN2 or another closely related gene on 9p is the target of 9p deletions in ALL and other hematologic malignancies, we analyzed 20 primary patient samples (13 ALL, 2 acute myeloid leukemias [AML], and 5 non-Hodgkin9s lymphomas [NHL]) with 9p rearrangements using Southern blot analysis, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and single- strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) for alterations of CDKN2. Homozygous deletions of the CDKN2/CDKN2B (p15) region were detected in 10 cases (50%; 6 ALL, 2 AML, and 2 NHL). In 1 additional case, the intensity of the Southern blot band was significantly reduced, suggesting a CDKN2 deletion in a subpopulation of the malignant cells. No CDKN2 or CDKN2B rearrangements were seen. The IFN gene cluster was homozygously deleted in 2 of 15 (13%) analyzed cases, whereas the MTAP gene was deleted in 6 of 15 cases (40%). In addition, hemizygous deletions of the CDKN2 region were identified in 6 ALL cases using interphase FISH. No point mutation of the coding region of CDKN2 was detected by SSCP in these cases. We conclude that CDKN2 is the most frequently homozygously deleted marker on 9p. The absence of point mutations in the coding region of CDKN2 in cases with hemizygous 9p deletions and the frequent codeletion of MTAP, CDKN2B, and other yet unidentified neighboring genes suggest that the simultaneous deletion of these genes may be necessary for the selective growth advantage of malignant cells.
Impact of Acid Rain on Lake Water Quality in Eastern Canada

Forty-six percent of Canada is classified as having aquatic ecosystems that are highly sensitive to acidic deposition. The existing effect of acidic SO4 deposition on surface waters has been evaluated for eastern Canada (east of the Ontario-Manitoba provincial border) by using a lake chemistry data base that contains chemical information for 7403 lakes.Distribution statistics for alkalinity (ANC), sulphate, and base cation (Ca+Mg) concentrations are presented for 8 subregions which show that the Maritime provinces contain the highest proportion of acidic lakes even though the highest deposition (and lakewater sulphate concentrations) occur in Ontario and Quebec. Consideration of ion ratios (ANC:Ca+Mg, SO4:Ca+Mg, and ANC:SO4) show that the geographical pattern of acidification is a function of both deposition and terrain sensitivity (defined in terms of the terrain’s ability to supply alkalinity and/or base cations to its water systems). The ratios provide evidence that a large area of south-central Ontario and southern Quebec has been acidified. The most dramatic evidence of acidification occurs in southern Nova Scotia and a small part of New Brunswick. Northwestern Ontario and Labrador show little evidence of the acidification effect. Some of the data bases are now temporally long enough to demonstrate measured long term changes in lake chemistry. Depending on location, both continued lake acidification and “recovery” have been observed. Differences in chemical behavior are primarily related to whether or not the base cation export from a lake’s terrestrial basin changed significantly in response to elevate SO4 deposition.
Cluster models of aqueous Na + and Cl − in sea water/ice

In this article, we present finite cluster models of aqueous solutes [NaCl(H2O)10, NaCl(H2O)5, and (H2O)6] in terms of molecular geometry and vibrational spectra for interpretation of experimental infrared spectra of NaCl brine solutions. The quantum chemistry program GAMESS is used to optimize the model clusters to a local minimum energy gradient of less than 5.0d-6 hartrees/bohr with B3LYP in a gaussian basis of 6-31G(d,p). Harmonic frequencies are computed for comparison with the infrared spectra measured by attenuated total reflection of a temperature-controlled Ge plate under a layer of cold brine solution. The motivation for this research is to understand the mechanism by which freezing seawater excludes halide ions (mainly Cl−) and why the O–H stretching region of the spectra changes with temperature. Frost flowers, sea ice, and snow in marine environments contain concentrated halides in liquid brine at their surfaces which lead to catalytic destruction of low-altitude ozone in the polar regions of the Earth.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia: CEBPA

The patient was an 18-year-old man who presented to the emergency department complaining of a two-week history of fatigue, lightheadedness, easy bruising, and the acute onset of gross hematuria. The patient had no significant past medical history, and his other family members were reportedly healthy. Physical examination revealed a thin appearing young man with scattered petechiae and ecchymoses of the skin. There was neither hepatosplenomegaly nor enlarged lymph nodes. A complete blood count revealed a white blood cell count of 7.5 K/?L with 15% circulating blasts, hemoglobin of 9.6 g/dL, and a platelet count of 56 K/?L. Due to the suspicion for acute leukemia, a bone marrow aspirate and biopsy was performed. Morphologic examination revealed effacement of the marrow by a population of leukemic blasts with monocytic features. By flow cytometry analysis, the blasts exhibited a precursor cell immunophenotype with surface expression of CD34 and CD117. The blasts expressed myeloid lineage antigens CD13, CD33, and myeloperoxidase with partial expression of monocytic lineage markers CD11c and CD64. The blasts also aberrantly expressed the T cell antigen CD7. Cytogenetic analysis of the bone marrow aspirate revealed a normal 46,XY male karyotype, and there was no evidence by FISH of an MLL, RUNX1(AML1)/RUNX1T1(ETO), or BCR/ABL1 gene rearrangement. Molecular analysis of DNA extracted from the bone marrow aspirate specimen showed no evidence of FLT3 or NPM1 mutations.
Extracorporeal Life Support

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a form of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) that involves the use of prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass for patients with severe, acute, and reversible cardiac or respiratory failure who are failing maximal conventional medical management and have an expected mortality in excess of 80 %. ECMO is not a cure for the underlying disease process but rather a lifesaving measure designed to temporarily support patients with cardiopulmonary failure while they recover from their inciting illness. Indications for ECLS have expanded, and the selection criteria improved such that patients are spared from the deleterious effects of aggressive management leading to barotrauma or progressive organ dysfunction. The substantial evolution of current ECMO circuits, technology, and ventilation strategies that promote “lung rest” revived the use of ECMO for adult respiratory failure, and additional clinical trials are ongoing. The technology of ECMO is similar for all applications with significant overlap, but the indications, management, and outcomes are best considered separately for adults, children, and neonates.
Reproductive Characteristics in Sinclair Miniature Swine

Three hundred seventy one litter records collected between 1985 and 1993 from 156 Sinclair(S-1) miniature sows, a Hormel derived strain of miniature swine, were analyzed retrospectively and compared with previously published records representing 1950 to 1952 and 1963 to 1965. Effects of several variables, such as season and month of parturition, age of sow, parity and litter size, on reproductive parameters of Sinclair miniature swine were evaluated. Preovulatory follicular and ovulation rates were evaluated in 230 virgin Sinclair miniature gilts. Means ± SEM for litter size, number of liveborn, number of stillborn and litter size at weaning of Sinclair(S-1) miniature swine were 7.20 ±0.12, 6.57 ±0.12, 0.63 ± 0.06 and 5.75 ±0.12 piglets, respectively. From a total of 2436 liveborn piglets, 2133 (87.6%) were weaned. Litter size at birth was similar to that reported previously for this strain of swine; whereas, mean litter size at weaning increased from 4.7 piglets during 1963 to 1965 to 5.8 piglets in our study. Average birth weight decreased from 0.90 kg in 1950 to 1952 and 0.72 kg in 1963 to 1965 to 0.59 kg in our study. Reproductive variables that affected miniswine reproduction included month of parturition, age of sow, parity and litter size. Primiparous sows had the smallest litter size and lowest number of weaned piglets. Sows during their second and third parity or sows between 2 and 4 yr old had the best reproductive performances. Litter size and number of stillborn increased with parity and age of sow resulting in fewer piglets weaned in older sows. Litter size had a curvilinear effect on preweaning mortality with the highest mortality occurring in small and large litters. The overall preovulatory follicular and ovulation rates were 9.0 ± 0.4 and 7.5 ± 0.1, respectively. At 10.7, 20.5 and 27.0 mo, ovulation rates were 6.6, 7.9 and 8.1, respectively. Ovulation rate paralled litter size. Overall, the production efficiency of Sinclair miniswine has been stable or improved since 1950, all reproductive variables evaluated, except season, were found to have an effect on miniswine reproduction; ovulation rate of Sinclair(S-l) miniature swine increases until about 20 mo of age and levels off thereafter; the small litter size of Sinclair(S-l) miniature swine is related to the low preovulatory follicular rate.
Are Parental Rules Associated with Low-Income Rural Children’s Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables in the Midwest?

ABSTRACTParents of low-income preschool-aged children (N = 389) living in rural areas within seven Midwestern states were interviewed about their rules for children’s eating habits and children’s fruit and vegetable consumption. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to test the association between parental rules and children’s fruit and vegetable consumption while also controlling for parents’ marital status. Children were 6 times more likely to consume zero daily servings of fruit if their parent had a high level of parental rules holding all other covariates constant. The amount of parental rules did not have a significant relationship with children’s vegetable intake. However, children living in single-parent households were more likely to consume more servings of vegetables per day than children living in married couple households. These results demonstrate that type of parent involvement and family structure may play an important role in influencing young children’s eating behaviors.
1953 The Chasm Between Ethology and Comparative Psychology

A deep divide developed between ethology and comparative psychology in the post–World War II era. The split played out in arguments over the relative importance of nature and nurture in behavioral development, as well as in choices of which animals to study and whether to focus on field or lab studies. The nature/nurture argument was not just a debate within the ivy-clad walls of academe, as the role of genes in determining behavior became a point of public concern. The conflict culminated in the sociobiological furor of the 1970s (see chapter: 1975 Sociobiology).
Random or predictable?: Adoption patterns of chronic care management practices in physician organizations

Theories, models, and frameworks used by implementation science, including Diffusion of Innovations, tend to focus on the adoption of one innovation, when often organizations may be facing multiple simultaneous adoption decisions. For instance, despite evidence that care management practices (CMPs) are helpful in managing chronic illness, there is still uneven adoption by physician organizations. This exploratory paper leverages this natural variation in uptake to describe inter-organizational patterns in adoption of CMPs and to better understand how adoption choices may be related to one another. We assessed a cross section of national survey data from physician organizations reporting on the use of 20 CMPs (5 each for asthma, congestive heart failure, depression, and diabetes). Item response theory was used to explore patterns in adoption, first considering all 20 CMPs together and then by subsets according to disease focus or CMP type (e.g., registries, patient reminders). Mokken scale analysis explored whether adoption choices were linked by disease focus or CMP type and whether a consistent ordering of adoption choices was present. The Mokken scale for all 20 CMPs demonstrated medium scalability (H = 0.43), but no consistent ordering. Scales for subsets of CMPs sharing a disease focus had medium scalability (0.4 0.5). Scales for CMP type consistently ranked diabetes CMPs as most adoptable and depression CMPs as least adoptable. Within disease focus scales, patient reminders were ranked as the most adoptable CMP, while clinician feedback and patient education were ranked the least adoptable. Patterns of adoption indicate that innovation characteristics may influence adoption. CMP dissemination efforts may be strengthened by encouraging traditionally non-adopting organizations to focus on more adoptable practices first and then describing a pathway for the adoption of subsequent CMPs. Clarifying why certain CMPs are “less adoptable” may also provide insights into how to overcome CMP adoption constraints.
Asynchronous Network Coding for Multiuser Cooperative Communications

In this paper, we present an asynchronous network coding (ANC) transmission strategy for multiuser co-operative networks. In particular, we consider a relay network comprised of multiple sources and mutiple relays. The sources all transmit simultaneously. The relay receives a sum of the signals with different delays. The decoded signals at the relay are network-coded by asynchronous delays and transmitted to the destination. We first present a decoding strategy for our ANC. We also compare our proposed ANC to complex field network coding and show the superiority of our proposed scheme in terms of decoding complexity and bit error rate (BER) performance. Next, we develop three relay selection strategies with different complexity in conjunction with the proposed ANC scheme. The proposed full selection and joint selection (JS) schemes consider both channel quality and delay effect in the selection. But the proposed individual selection scheme only considers channel quality in the selection. We derive an end-to-end (E2E) BER expression in terms of worst E2E SNR for the JS scheme. We also theoretically show that the proposed schemes achieve full diversity. In addition, we compare the performance of the three proposed relay selection schemes by simulations.
Mass Spectrometry Analysis in Atmospheric Chemistry.

In the Earth’s atmosphere, numerous gas-phase species and airborne particles form a complex mixture called atmospheric aerosol. A variety of natural and anthropogenic primary emission sources along with chemical and photochemical transformations of the emitted compounds in the atmosphere contribute to a large diversity of aerosols, which often contain hundreds of individual components existing in different phases in a dynamic gas-particle exchange.1-3 Common examples of atmospheric aerosols include sea-salt spray (SSA), biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), mineral dust, soot, biological aerosol, and forest haze. Organic aerosol (OA) is commonly categorized either as a primary organic aerosol (POA) or secondary organic aerosol (SOA) depending on how it is produced. However, this distinction is quickly erased by the chemical and physical aging processes in the atmosphere. In the aerosol system, concentrations of individual compounds both in the gas- and condensed phases can differ by orders of magnitude....
The biology of extracellular microvesicles

The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a rapidly evolving field, owing in large part to recent advances in the realization of their significant contributions to normal physiology and disease. Once discredited as cell debris, these membrane vesicles have now emerged as mediators of intercellular communication by interaction with target cells, drug and gene delivery, and as potentially versatile platforms of clinical biomarkers as a result of their distinctive protein, nucleic acid and lipid cargoes. While there are multiple classes of EVs released from almost all cell types, here we focus primarily on the biogenesis, fate and functional cargoes of microvesicles (MVs). MVs regulate many important cellular processes including facilitating cell invasion, cell growth, evasion of immune response, stimulating angiogenesis, drug resistance and many others.
Mars obliquity history constrained by elliptic crater orientations

Abstract The dynamics of Mars' obliquity are believed to be chaotic, and the historical ∼3.5 Gyr (late-Hesperian onward) obliquity probability density function (PDF) is highly uncertain and cannot be inferred from direct simulation alone. Obliquity is also a strong control on post-Noachian Martian climate, enhancing the potential for equatorial ice/snow melting and runoff at high obliquities (≳40°) and enhancing the potential for desiccation of deep aquifers at low obliquities (≲25°). We developed a new technique using the orientations of elliptical craters to constrain the true late-Hesperian-onward obliquity PDF. To do so, we developed a forward model of the effect of obliquity on elliptic crater orientations using ensembles of simulated Mars impactors and ∼3.5 Gyr-long Mars obliquity simulations. In our model, the inclinations and speeds of Mars crossing objects bias the preferred orientation of elliptic craters which are formed by low-angle impacts. Comparison of our simulation predictions with a validated database of elliptic crater orientations allowed us to invert for the best-fitting obliquity history. We found that since the onset of the late Hesperian, Mars' mean obliquity was likely low, between ∼10° and ∼30°, and the fraction of time spent at high obliquities >40° was likely
Managing Distribution Inventories

One of the most important challenges facing enterprise distribution management is the effective control of inventory. Distribution inventories consist of the raw materials, components, assemblies, and finished goods necessary to support demand throughout the distribution channel. At the core of inventory management resides a fundamental dilemma. In the distribution environment, inventory is necessary and useful; however, too much or the wrong inventory is destructive of the well-being of the firm. Inventory ties up capital, incurs carrying costs, needs to be transported, requires receiving and material handling, needs to be warehoused, and can deteriorate or become obsolete over time. When it is improperly controlled, inventory can become a significant liability, a huge financial millstone around the neck of the enterprise, reducing profitability and sapping away the vitality of strategic initiatives targeted at increasing competitive advantage. On the other hand, the value of a properly managed inventory exceeds its cost. Product availability at the time, location, quantity, quality, and price desired by the customer supports business plan, customer service, profit, and return on investment objectives. When it is effectively controlled, inventory management is closely integrated into the firm’s marketing, sales, and logistics strategies and provides the lubricant for the smooth flow of material and service value from supplier to customer.
Zdzisław Pawlak, Databases and Rough Sets

We discuss work of Zdzislaw Pawlak in the area of databases and the extension of that work to the theory of rough sets. In particular, we look at his motivations for introducing information storage and retrieval systems and how this, eventually, led to rough sets theory.
Social Scientific Naturalism Revisited

The paper reconsiders social scientific naturalism, the view that despite obvious differences in their subject matter, the social sciences belong to the same species of cognitive inquiry as the natural sciences. Among other limits, the paper explores social scientific naturalism only with respect to economics. The social sciences are not homogeneous, and although many of the things I shall say apply to psychology, political science, sociology, and anthropology as well as to economics, I do not have the space to consider the many varieties of social inquiries. After a historical introduction in Section 5.1, Sections 5.2 and 5.3 clarify what is being asked when one raises the question of whether economics is relevantly similar to the natural sciences and why the question is worth asking. Section 5.4 then considers arguments to the effect that the subject matter of economics – namely human beings and their behavior – cannot be the subject of scientific inquiry. Sections 5.5 and 5.6 focus on an important peculiarity of economics and the other social sciences, namely, that it employs concepts that are continuous with those of daily life. This fact turns out to have considerable ramifications. Section 5.7 concludes.