cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Peanut oral immunotherapy modifies IgE and IgG4 responses to major peanut allergens.

Background Patients with peanut allergy have highly stable pathologic antibody repertoires to the immunodominant B-cell epitopes of the major peanut allergens Ara h 1 to 3. Objective We used a peptide microarray technique to analyze the effect of treatment with peanut oral immunotherapy (OIT) on such repertoires. Methods Measurements of total peanut-specific IgE (psIgE) and peanut-specific IgG 4 (psIgG 4 ) were made with CAP-FEIA. We analyzed sera from 22 patients with OIT and 6 control subjects and measured serum specific IgE and IgG 4 binding to epitopes of Ara h 1 to 3 using a high-throughput peptide microarray technique. Antibody affinity was measured by using a competitive peptide microarray, as previously described. Results At baseline, psIgE and psIgG 4 diversity was similar between patients and control subjects, and there was broad variation in epitope recognition. After a median of 41 months of OIT, polyclonal psIgG 4 levels increased from a median of 0.3 μg/mL (interquartile range [25% to 75%], 0.1-0.43 μg/mL) at baseline to 10.5 μg/mL (interquartile range [25% to 75%], 3.95-45.48 μg/mL; P de novo specificities. psIgE levels were reduced from a median baseline of 85.45 kU A /L (23.05-101.0 kU A /L) to 7.75 kU A /L (2.58-30.55 kU A /L, P 4 binding occurred, including at an informative epitope of Ara h 2. Conclusion OIT differentially alters Ara h 1 to 3 binding patterns. These changes are variable between patients, are not observed in control subjects, and include a progressive polyclonal increase in IgG 4 levels, with concurrent reduction in IgE amount and diversity.
Supervising Consultants in Training: An Application of a Model of Supervision

In this article the author delineates a model of supervision for consultation training. The model is based on Stoltenberg and Delworth's (1987) Integrated Developmental Model of supervision of counselors and has been adapted for supervision of consultation trainees. The model describes trainee characteristics and supervision needs across three levels of development, culminating in an integrated (3i) level with developed skills across eight domains of consultation activity. Development is tracked by monitoring changes in three crucial structures: self- and other-awareness, motivation, and autonomy. Suggestions for supervision approaches for all three levels are presented, and relevant research is discussed.
Hopping model of diffractive production

We find an exactly soluble infinite-channel eikonal model for elastic and diffractive-production processes which takes into account all orders of production, as required by unitarity. The model allows primitive transitions only between states of neighboring mass and is formally identical to hopping models of electron scattering from a one-dimensional lattice. The treatment of the exchange potential which eikonalizes can be rather general, although we specialize for definiteness. The resulting cross sections have several interesting features, including a large ratio of diffractive-production to elastic cross-section, peripherally peaked production profiles, a mass-slope correlation, and t structure. The absorptive structure is significantly affected by the presence of the diffractive-production channels. (AIP)
Starting a Volunteer Program in a Community College Library.

ABSTRACT Public and school libraries often allow high school students to serve as volunteers out of their own interest, to fulfill community service requirements for graduation or for court-ordered obligations. Community college libraries often rely on college students on work-study but starting a high-school-age volunteer program would create a bridge to the community and provide the students with a taste of college. This article provides a framework for how to start a volunteer program at a community college for high school students.
Mapping Local pH in Live Cells Using Encapsulated Fluorescent SERS Nanotags

Understanding uptake and processing of nanomaterials by cells has implications for therapeutics and diagnostics. Although nanoparticle agents have been developed as proven imaging agents and promising drug-delivery vehicles, much remains to be learned regarding their internalization as local environmental sensors, even for the relatively simple case of pH determination at the nanoscale. Strategies for in vitro cell culture have been reported that use cargo-containing or dyelabeled nanoparticles with a cationic agent, which promotes binding to the cell membrane through an electrostatic interaction, inducing the cell membrane to wrap around the particle, which is then internalized through endocytosis. Nutrients and molecules that are not able to cross the membrane through active transport or diffusion and inorganic particles bigger than a few nanometers use this route. This complex process is also exploited in the uptake of nucleic acids, drugs and peptides, and of polymers for drug delivery, sensing and biocompatibility applications. Although promising efforts to monitor the interior pH in a cell after endocytosis of pHsensitive dual-color fluorescent polymers have been reported, issues of photostability and wavelength optimization remain. An ideal nanoprobe would be photostable, sensitive, and excitable with near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths at which cells and tissues are somewhat transparent and autofluorescence is minimized. A wide range of fluorescence-based materials have been developed as imaging agents and as local probes of the presence of specific biomarkers or of local environmental conditions. For example pH-sensitive fluorescence probes have been used to determine the time-dependent acidity of endosomes through a comparison of the intensity ratio between two
The economic impact of superfund’s litigation on the value of the firm: An empirical analysis

The authors use a standard event-study methodology to evaluate the capital market reaction to superfund lawsuits brought against firms between 1980 and 1990. The results of the time series study indicate that the firms, on the average, suffered a statistically significant loss of 1.30 percent ($30.17 million) of their market value over the two-day event interval. The magnitude of the penalty varies among the industries examined, with the greatest impact falling on the pollution management industry. The lawsuit appears to have significant information effect, with the losses providing some indication that the lawsuits could impose costly constraints on the firms.
Frontier production functions: Improved procedures for estimation and application

Abstract This paper develops improved estimating techniques for frontier production functions and measures of technical efficiency. A clustering analysis procedure is introduced to isolate subsets of data observations on the basis of qualitative considerations. A dominance test is formulated to screen out data observations which will not influence the frontier production function. A computational algorithm is presented to efficiently implement these procedures. These techniques are applied to the steam-electric generating industry and discussed.
Experimental "allergic" encephalitis: attempts to produce the disease in sheep and goats.

Summary In eight goats the injection of an emulsion of normal sheep brain with adjuvants did not produce an encephalitis. In sheep, the same brain emulsions as used for the goats produced a characteristic neurological syndrome in 4 out of 8 adult animals and in 6 out of 9 lambs. Noteworthy clinical features included the long latent periods elapsing between injection and the onset of symptoms, the acute course in some animals, possible recovery in a few “negative animals”, and a relapsing disease in at least one positive case. The lesions of ovine allergic encephalitis have some similarity to those seen in other species but acute haemorrhagic changes were not encountered. Areas of myelin rarefaction were, occasionally found but selective perivascular, punched-out or diffuse foci of myelinoclasis were not observed—such as is seen in experimental allergic encephalitis in monkeys and in the natural variety of simian Schilders-like disease. (For review on the latter see Scherer (1944) and King and Meehan (1950).) The disease does not resemble any type of naturally occurring encephalitis so far identified in a ruminant. Sheep might be used with advantage in future attempts to produce an artificial counterpart of human disseminated sclerosis.
Bremsstrahlung in dark matter annihilation

Abstract We show that the energy spectra from dark matter (DM) annihilation into f + f − γ (where f is a light fermion) via chirality preserving interactions are identical in 3 scenarios: (a) DM is a Majorana fermion and the particle exchanged is a scalar, (b) DM is a Majorana fermion and the particle exchanged is a vector and (c) DM is a scalar and the particle exchanged is a fermion. For cases (a) and (c), we also calculate the differential cross section to l + f − V , where V = W , Z , γ , and l is a light fermion that may or not be the same as f. The form of the cross section depends on whether the DM is a Majorana fermion or a scalar but in both cases its form is independent of V.
Tutorial on storage technology: RAID and beyond

In stark contrast to the 25% per year increase in areal density delivered by the magnetic disk industry during the 1970s and 1980s, yearly increases today are 60%, on par with DRAM density increases. Moreover, the storage industry is also delivering substantially higher data rates, smart disk-embedded readahead and writebehind, and a new generation of high-speed serial interconnects. This industry has also embraced Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive (or Independent) Disks (RAID) technology - 1997's RAID market is expected to be 13 billion dollars. With this rapidly evolving market and technology base, parallel storage systems must evolve beyond RAID levels 1 through 5. This talk is intended for researchers and practitioners interested in current trends in storage systems. It will highlight storage technology trends, RAID technology trends, and trends toward RAID-style support for network-based parallel storage systems.
Cooperative nonlinear optical response of molecular aggregates: Crossover to bulk behavior.

Equations of motion for the nonlinear optical response of arbitrary-size molecular aggregates are derived. The relative role of intramolecular and intermolecular (two-exciton) nonlinearities and the cooperative enhancement induced by the latter are analyzed. A crossover from \ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{N}}^{2}$ to \ensuremath{\sim}N scaling of the nonlinear polarizability is predicted as the aggregate dimension becomes comparable to the optical wavelength, N being the aggregate size. The limitations of the local-field approximation are demonstrated.
Mapping Subunit Location on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Origin Recognition Complex Free and Bound to DNA Using a Novel Nanoscale Biopointer

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae origin recognition complex (ORC) is composed of six subunits and is an essential component in the assembly of the replication apparatus. To probe the organization of this multiprotein complex by electron microscopy, each subunit was tagged on either its C or N terminus with biotin and assembled into a complex with the five other unmodified subunits. A nanoscale biopointer consisting of a short DNA duplex with streptavidin at one end was used to map the location of the N and C termini of each subunit. These observations were made using ORC free in solution and bound to the ARS1 origin of replication. This mapping confirms and extends previous studies mapping the sites of subunit interaction with origin DNA. In particular, we provide new information concerning the stoichiometry of the ORC-ARS1 complex and the changes in conformation that are associated with DNA binding by ORC. This versatile, new approach to mapping protein structure has potential for many applications.
Matrix Control of Stem Cell Fate

A key challenge in stem cell research is to learn how to direct the differentiation of stem cells toward specific fates. In this issue of Cell, Engler et al. (2006) identify a new factor regulating stem cell fate: the elasticity of the matrix microenvironment. By changing the stiffness of the substrate, human mesenchymal stem cells could be directed along neuronal, muscle, or bone lineages.
Progesterone protects mitochondrial function in a rat model of pediatric traumatic brain injury.

Progesterone has been studied extensively in preclinical models of adult traumatic brain injury (TBI), and has advanced to clinical trials in adults with TBI. However, there are very few preclinical studies in pediatric TBI models investigating progesterone for neuroprotection. Immature male and female rats (postnatal day, PND 17–21) underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) to the left parietal cortex. Rats received either progesterone (10 mg/kg) at 1 h (i.p.) and 6 h (s.c.) after TBI or vehicle (22.5 % cyclohexdrin), and were compared to naive, age-matched littermates. At 24 h after CCI, brain mitochondria were isolated from the ipsilateral hemisphere. Active (State 3) and resting (State 4) mitochondrial respiration were measured, and mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR, State 3/State 4) was determined. Total mitochonidral glutathione content was measured. A separate group of rats were studied for histology, and received progesterone or vehicle every 24 h (s.c.) for 7 days. In male rats, TBI reduced mitochondrial RCR, and progesterone preserved mitochondrial RCR. This improvement of RCR was predominantly through significant decreases in State 4 respiratory rates. In female rats, post-injury treatment with progesterone did not significantly improve mitochondrial RCR. Normal (uninjured) male rats had lower mitochondrial glutathione content than normal female rats. After TBI, progesterone prevented loss of mitochondrial glutathione in male rats only. Tissue loss was reduced in progesterone treated female rats at 7d after CCI. Future studies will be directed at correlation with neurologic outcome testing. These preclinical studies could provide information for planning future clinical trials of progesterone treatment in children with TBI.
An information technology architecture for change

This paper defines a technology architecture for information processing in large corporations. It describes a matrix of processing environments consisting of three processing types: production, decision support, and office; three processing locations: centralized, departmental, and workstation; and a methodology for implementing applications in those environments. Key to the architecture is a supporting framework comprising the communications network, a data service function, an office services function, enabling software, and support organizations. This approach is designed to pro vide an integrated information system to support organizations whose business environment is changing, and where flexibility, responsiveness to change, and cost effectiveness are vital. The approach is representative of methods used by systems engineers in assisting customers to decide on a system configuration that best suits their needs.
Structural and Functional Consequences of Tyrosine Phosphorylation in the LRP1 Cytoplasmic Domain

The cytoplasmic domain of LRP1 contains two NPXY motifs that have been shown to interact with signaling proteins. In previous work, we showed that Tyr(4507) in the distal NPXY motif is phosphorylated by v-Src, whereas denaturation of the protein was required for phosphorylation of Tyr(4473) in the membraneproximal NPXY motif. Amide H/D exchange studies reveal that the distal NPXY motif is fully solvent-exposed, whereas the proximal one is not. Phosphopeptide mapping combined with in vitro and in vivo kinase experiments show that Tyr(4473) can be phosphorylated, but only if Tyr(4507) is phosphorylated or substituted with glutamic acid. Amide H/D exchange experiments indicate that solvent accessibility increases across the entire LRP1 cytoplasmic region upon phosphorylation at Tyr(4507); in particular the NPXY(4473) motif becomes much more exposed. This differential phosphorylation is functionally relevant: binding of Snx17, which is known to bind at the proximal NPXY motif, is inhibited by phosphorylation at Tyr(4473). Conversely, Shp2 binds most strongly when both of the NPXY motifs in LRP1 are phosphorylated.
Gender Biases in Early Number Exposure to Preschool-Aged Children

Despite dramatically narrowing gender gaps, women remain underrepresented in mathematics and math-related fields. Parents can shape expectations and interests, which may predict later differences in achievement and occupational choices. This study examines children’s early mathematical environments by observing the amount that mothers talk to their sons and daughters (mean age 22 months) about cardinal number, a basic precursor to mathematics. In analyses of naturalistic mother–child interactions from the Child Language Data Exchange System (CHILDES) database, boys received significantly more number-specific language input than girls. Greater amounts of early number-related talk may promote familiarity and liking for mathematical concepts, which may influence later preferences and career choices. Additionally, the stereotype of male dominance in math may be so pervasive that culturally prescribed gender roles may be unintentionally reinforced to very young children.
Performance Model for Optically Driven Micropumps With Carbon Opacified Aerogel Membranes

Aerogel, a highly porous material with less than several percent of solids, has been utilized in applications requiring high precision thermal managements due to its extremely low thermal conductivity. Combining the advantages of high porosities and low thermal conductivities, aerogels were used as thermal creep membranes in Knudsen Compressors, micro/meso-scale pumps/compressors with no moving parts. Heating one side of the thermal creep membrane to create a temperature gradient, a Knudsen Compressor is operated based on the rarefied gas phenomenon of thermal creep to create flows and to induce a pressure gradient from the cold side to the hot side of the membrane. Adding carbon particles in silica aerogels creates an optically thick, opacified carbon aerogel that can absorb radiation energies to heat up one side of the aerogel membrane in a Knudsen Compressor to create thermal creep flows. An analytical model was developed to predict the temperature profile inside of the carbon opacified aerogel thermal creep membrane for the Knudsen Compressor. Applying this temperature model, pressure ratios achieved by the optically heated Knudsen Compressors for given operating conditions were also studied and correlations between the membrane thickness and the maximum pressure increase were determined.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Jus Primae Noctis or Droit du Seigneur

Jus Primae Noctis (Right of the first Night) was a subject of much interest and considerable controversy in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Scholars debated whether it was a custom, a right, or even a myth. Recent evidence would emphasize the so‐called right was simply the ability of the powerful to subject the less powerful to their will. Rape might be a better term to apply since husbands and families had to resort to subterfuge to thwart the desires of the powerful.
Detoxication of Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione by Sulfotransferases (SULTs) in Human Lung Cells

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are environmental and tobacco carcinogens. Human aldo-keto reductases catalyze the metabolic activation of proximate carcinogenic PAH trans-dihydrodiols to yield electrophilic and redox-active o-quinones. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione a representative PAH o-quinone is reduced back to the corresponding catechol to generate a futile redox-cycle. We investigated whether sulfonation of PAH catechols by human sulfotransferases (SULT) could intercept the catechol in human lung cells. RT-PCR identified SULT1A1, -1A3, and -1E1 as the isozymes expressed in four human lung cell lines. The corresponding recombinant SULTs were examined for their substrate specificity. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione was reduced to benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol by dithiothreitol under anaerobic conditions and then further sulfonated by the SULTs in the presence of 3′-[35S]phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate as the sulfonate group donor. The human SULTs catalyzed the sulfonation of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol and generated two isomeric benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol O-monosulfate products that were identified by reversed phase HPLC and by LC-MS/MS. The various SULT isoforms produced the two isomers in different proportions. Two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR assigned the two regioisomers of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol monosulfate as 8-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-7-O-sulfate (M1) and 7-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-8-O-sulfate (M2), respectively. The kinetic profiles of three SULTs were different. SULT1A1 gave the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) and yielded a single isomeric product corresponding to M1. By contrast, SULT1E1 showed distinct substrate inhibition and formed both M1 and M2. Based on expression levels, catalytic efficiency, and the fact that the lung cells only produce M1, it is concluded that the major isoform that can intercept benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol is SULT1A1.
Dual stimuli responsive glycidyl methacrylate chitosan-quaternary ammonium hybrid hydrogel and its bovine serum albumin release

A new family of cationic hybrid hydrogels from two new positively charged aqueous soluble precursors, glycidyl methacrylate-chitosan (GMA-chitosan), and 2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium (AETA), was developed via a simple photocrosslinking fabrication method. These hybrid hydrogels have pendant quaternary ammonium functional groups on the AETA segments. The chemical composition of GMA-chitosan/AETA hybrid hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and their mechanical, swelling, and morphological properties were examined as a function of the composition of the hybrids as well as the effect of pH and ionic strength of the surrounding medium. GMA-chitosan/AETA hybrid hydrogels show a porous network structure with average pore diameter 20–50 μm. The compression moduli of these hybrid hydrogels ranged from 27.24 to 28.94 kPa, which are significantly higher than a pure GMA-chitosan (17.64 kPa). GMA-chitosan/AETA hybrid hydrogel shows pH/ionic strength responsive swelling behavior because of the presence of the positive charge pendant groups. These hybrid hydrogels showed a sustained BSA protein release and a significantly lower initial burst release than a pure GMA-chitosan hydrogel. The two aqueous soluble precursors and the cationic charge characteristics of the resulting GMA-chitosan/AETA hybrid hydrogels may suggest that this new family of biomaterials may have promising applications as the pH responsive protein drug delivery vehicles. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3736–3745, 2013
The relationship between blood pressure and cognitive function

The relationship between blood pressure (BP) and cognitive outcomes in elderly adults has implications for global health care. Both hypertension and hypotension affect brain perfusion and worsen cognitive outcomes. The presence of hypertension and other vascular risk factors has been associated with decreased performance in executive function and attention tests. Cerebrovascular reserve has emerged as a potential biomarker for monitoring pressure-perfusion-cognition relationships. A decline in vascular reserve capacity can lead to impaired neurovascular coupling and decreased cognitive ability. Endothelial dysfunction, microvascular disease, and mascrovascular disease in midlife could also have an important role in the manifestations and severity of multiple medical conditions underlying cognitive decline late in life. However, questions remain about the role of antihypertensive therapies for long-term prevention of cognitive decline. In this Review, we address the underlying pathophysiology and the existing evidence supporting the role of vascular factors in late-life cognitive decline.
Calculation of the Dielectric Function for a Degenerate Electron Gas with Interactions. I. Static Limit

A new procedure for calculating the frequency- and wave-vector-dependent dielectric response function is described. It is based on decoupling and solving the equations of motion for the Green's functions of the charge-density operators by a moment-conserving method which is discussed. By use of this method an expression for the dielectric function in the static limit ($\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$) is obtained; it depends on a function $G(k)$, for which numerical values are calculated and tabulated. Evidence that the procedure described here leads to reliable values of $G(k)$ for small, intermediate, and large values of $k$ is presented.
The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and the Political Lessons from the Asian Crises of 1997–1998

In the light of the 1997-98 Asian Crises that revealed to the general public more about the modus operandi and “raison d’etre” of the Bretton Woods IFIs, this paper reviews the criticisms coming from the Left and the Right against them. Both sides suggest closing or limiting the IFIs’ role but for opposite motives. The paper assesses the respective merits of these critiques to determine whether the IFIs can be seen as a prelude of a new, democratic global international order or, conversely, as merely the instruments of the “old” conservative world.
Criminal Jurisdiction in Overseas Areas

A S ONE WOULD EXPECT, the stationing of American forces on J. foreign soil has involved the United States in many diplomatic and administrative difficulties. In the late fall and early winter of 1956 the United States was embarrassed by Iceland's move to oust American forces from Keflavik AFB; the situation was saved by a fortuitous heightening of tension in Europe over the events in Hungary. A few months later a state visit by King Saud of Arabia smoothed out the arrangements for a continuance of the Dhahran base agreement which had formally lapsed, so that the base was uneasily living from day to day. On December 5, 1956, a conference between the United States and the Philippines over a revision and modification of the 1947 agreement was broken off in an atmosphere of some bitterness; the unresolved difficulties included a disagreement over the exercise of criminal jurisdiction by Philippine authorities over U. S. military and civilian personnel. In Okinawa the United States is almost daily defending its position in the face of growing criticism over the extension of base areas and the administration of the island. In Japan the same types of criticism are heard and the Japanese courts have broadly interpreted their jurisdiction over offenses committed by U. S. troops. Finally, in the third week of May, 1957, riots broke out in Formosa following the acquittal of a U. S. sergeant on charges of murdering a Chinese. In a speech in New York, Carlos Romulo, a good friend of the United States, warned that resentment is "spreading wherever the United States has military bases in the Far East." This resentment, he said, centered on the American refusal to allow U. S. military personnel to be tried by the civil courts of the host country. He concluded with the vital point: "To us, court jurisdiction is part and parcel of our national sovereignty, and specially to peoples newly liberated, national sovereignty is sacrosanct. Anything that violates it arouses the resentment of the people."' This paper is concerned with the problems surrounding the
The quantum theory of nucleon correlation in finite nuclei. II. Higher order correlation effects and additive pair approximation

In the first part of this article it was shown that the variational solution of the Schroedinger equation of a finite Fermion system can be written as a finite sum of A terms (for A particles) the first of which is the Hartree-Fock energy, while the rest represent the correlation effects. In the first part explicit formulas for the 2-particle correlation energy were given. In this paper explicit formulas are given for the higher order correlation energies. It is shown that two different models can be developed depending on the orthogonality condition used. Beginning with the 4th order effects the “linked” and “unlinked” correlation terms are separated. An exact formula is given for the case in which only the 2-particle effects, linked and unlinked are taken into account. The “additive pair approximation” in which the correlation energy is given as the sum of 2-particle energies is investigated and it is shown to be related to the exact formula by a clearly defined set of approximations. Various possible applications of the model are discussed.
Increasing Diversity in Telecommunications Ownership and Increasing Efficiency in Spectrum Auctions by Breaking the Link Between Capital Market Discrimination and FCC Spectrum Auction Outcomes

In Section 309(j)4(D) of the Communications Act, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) is required to increase opportunities for minority groups to participate in the provision of spectrum based services. In Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, the Supreme Court held that race-based government programs were subject to strict scrutiny. That is race-based programs must serve a compelling governmental interest such as remedying past discrimination, and must be narrowly tailored to serve that interest. Against this backdrop, a simple theoretical model is developed that explains the relationship between capital market discrimination and outcomes in FCC spectrum auctions. Given capital market discrimination and all other factors being equal, it is shown that a minority firm has zero probability of winning in an auction for spectrum. In addition, it is proven that, if equal bidding credits are given to all firms, if there is capital market discrimination, and if all other things are equal, the minority firm has a zero probability of winning in a spectrum auction. It is shown that a policy of auctioning spectrum, when there is capital market discrimination, is an inferior policy among policies that can be used to allocate spectrum. Finally, a policy of auctioning spectrum, when there is capital market discrimination, results in an inefficient auction. These theoretical results and the empirical literature on capital market discrimination suggest that the FCC is implicitly discriminating against minorities through its auctioning of spectrum under conditions of discrimination in capital markets. The results imply that race-based programs are necessary/justified in order to increase diversity in telecommunications ownership and increase the efficiency of FCC Spectrum Auctions. Given possible legal remedies, the paper contains a critical “audit”/analysis of the FCC’s lending practices under the FCC’s installment payments. Legislative proposals for creating some new form of credit/installment payment in conjunction with some experienced financial institution(s) are summarized and reviewed.
Recent developments in multidimensional fluorescence-detected circular dichroism

A multidimensional fluorescence-detected circular dichroism spectrometer has been modified for improved performance. The hardware and software which control the spectrometer were updated. The optical layout of the spectrometer was also redesigned in order to minimize spectral artifacts.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Polynomials and primitive roots in finite fields

Abstract The primitive elements of a finite field are those elements of the field that generate the multiplicative group of k. If f(x) is a polynomial over k of small degree compared to the size of k, then f(x) represents at least one primitive element of k. Also f(x) represents an lth power at a primitive element of k, if l is also small. As a consequence of this, the following results holds. Theorem . Let g(x) be a square-free polynomial with integer coefficients. For all but finitely many prime numbers p, there is an integer a such that g(a) is equivalent to a primitive element modulo p. Theorem . Let l be a fixed prime number and f(x) be a square-free polynomial with integer coefficients with a non-zero constant term. For all but finitely many primes p, there exist integers a and b such that a is a primitive element and f(a) ≡ b1 modulo p.
Suppression of ventricular fibrillation and positive inotropic action of bethanidine sulfate, a chemical analog of bretylium tosylate that is well absorbed orally

Bethanidine sulfate is a closely related chemical analog of bretylium that has virtually identical pharmacologic and antifibrillatory actions on the ventricle. Unlike bretylium, which is very poorly absorbed from the gut, bethanidine is rapidly and effectively absorbed after oral administration. Bethanidine increased ventricular fibrillation threshold in the normal dog heart from an average control value of 28.5 mA to an average peak value of 66.5 mA, an increase of 150 percent. In the infarcted heart, bethanidine increased ventricular fibrillation threshold from an average postinfarction level of 14.4 mA to an average peak value of 55.3 mA, an increase of 327 percent. Like bretylium, the antifibrillatory action of bethanidine was manifested by the appearance of nonsustained ventricular fibrillation when superthreshold shocks induced episodes of ventricular fibrillation lasting from 2 to 120 seconds and converting spontaneously to sinus rhythm. In contrast, the untreated dog heart must always be defibrillated electrically. The onset of antifibrillatory action began as early as 2 minutes after intravenous administration and 15 to 30 minutes after oral administration; peak action occurred in approximately 60 minutes. Bethanidine had prolonged positive inotropic action in the isolated heart as reflected by an increase in cardiac output and blood pressure lasting up to 60 minutes. Bethanidine lowered coronary vascular resistance and increased coronary blood flow. The oral efficacy and rapid onset of action gives bethanidine a potential role in the prevention of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation.
Effects of surface waves on a turbulent current over a smooth or rough seabed

Laboratory experiments by earlier authors have shown that the near-surface velocity of an otherwise uniform current is reduced by following waves, but is increased by opposing waves. By a boundary-layer analysis with depth-dependent eddy viscosities, we show analytically that this is the consequence of second-order effects of wave-current interaction. Physical effects of waves on the current profile due to the moving free surface, wave attenuation and convective inertia are discussed. Comparisons with available experiments for smooth and rough seabeds are discussed. New predictions of the longitudinal variations along the current are made.
Use of cognitive interviewing to adapt measurement instruments for low-literate Hispanics.

PURPOSECognitive interviewing techniques were used to adapt existing measures for use with a population of low-literate Spanish-speaking people with diabetes.METHODSFive individuals of Caribbean origin with diabetes participated in cognitive interviews for 4 instruments (measuring diabetes knowledge, quality of life, self-management, and depression) adapted for oral administration to low-literate individuals. Audiotaped interviews and handwritten notes were subjected to content analysis to identify problems across the 4 instruments as well as specific to a given instrument.RESULTSThe following key problems were identified: general instructions were not helpful, items that were not specific enough generated a variety of interpretations, some wording was confusing, abstract concepts were difficult to understand, some terminology was unfamiliar, and interpretation of certain words was incorrect.CONCLUSIONSThe data illustrate the usefulness of cognitive interviewing as a first step in the process of adapting ...
Tissue-specific expression of the rat galanin gene

Abstract We have isolated and characterized cDNAs encoding rat galanin from a cDNA library prepared from rat hypothalamic tissue. Analysis of these clones reveals that rat galanin is synthesized initially as part of a 124-amino acid precursor that includes a signal peptide, galanin (29 amino acids), and a 60-amino acid galanin mRNA-associated peptide. In the precursor, galanin includes a C-terminal glycine and is flanked on each side by dibasic tryptic cleavage sites. The deduced amino acid sequence of rat galanin is 90% similar to porcine galanin, with all three amino acid differences in the C-terminal heptapeptide. The predicted galanin mRNA-associated peptide includes a 35-amino acid sequence that is 78% similar to the previously reported porcine analogue. This sequence is set off by a single basic tryptic cleavage site and includes a 17-amino acid region that is nearly identical to the porcine counterpart. The high interspecies conservation suggests a biological role for this putative peptide. Blot hybridization analysis using rat genomic DNA is consistent with a single galanin-encoding gene. RNA blot analysis of total RNA prepared from rat tissues reveals a single band of hybridizing mRNA that is approximately 900 nucleotides long. Rat galanin mRNA is located predominantly in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Highest central nervous system concentrations are found in the hypothalamus, with lower levels in the cortex and brainstem. Gastrointestinal rat galanin mRNA is most abundant in the duodenum, with progressively lower concentrations in the stomach, small intestine, and colon.
Effects of bucindolol on neurohormonal activation in congestive heart failure

To examine the effects of beta-adrenergic blockade on neurohormonal activation in patients with congestive heart failure, 15 men had assessments of hemodynamics and supine peripheral renin and norepinephrine levels before and after 3 months of oral therapy with bucindolol, a nonselective beta antagonist. At baseline, plasma renin activity did not correlate with any hemodynamic parameter. However, norepinephrine levels had a weak correlation with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (r = 0.74, p less than 0.01), stroke volume index (r = 0.61, p less than 0.02) and pulmonary vascular resistance (r = 0.54, p less than 0.05). Plasma renin decreased with bucindolol therapy, from 11.6 +/- 13.4 to 4.3 +/- 4.1 ng/ml/hour (mean +/- standard deviation; p less than 0.05), whereas plasma norepinephrine was unchanged, from 403 +/- 231 to 408 +/- 217 pg/ml. A wide diversity of the norepinephrine response to bucindolol was observed with reduction of levels in some patients and elevation in others. Although plasma norepinephrine did not decrease, heart rate tended to decrease (from 82 +/- 20 vs 73 +/- 11 min-1, p = 0.059) with beta-adrenergic blockade, suggesting neurohormonal antagonism at the receptor level. No changes in I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine uptake occurred after bucindolol therapy, suggesting unchanged adrenergic uptake of norepinephrine with beta-blocker therapy. Despite reductions in plasma renin activity and the presence of beta blockade, the response of renin or norepinephrine levels to long-term bucindolol therapy did not predict which patients had improved in hemodynamic status (chi-square = 0.37 for renin, 0.82 for norepinephrine).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biological Source of Correlated Photon Pairs

Photon pairs sources based on nonlinear optical techniques are essential components in modern quantum optical systems. We present here a naturally occurring biological source of photon pairs—Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)—obtained by a non-degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM).
Time from injury to death (survival time) among fatally injured pedestrians

This study examines the survival time after injury and its relationship to age and Injury Severity Score (ISS) among 322 fatally injured pedestrians. Long survival times were associated with older age and with lower ISS. The association of long survival time with older ages remained present after adjustment for ISS. People with untreatable severe injuries (as defined by the Abbreviated Injury Scale) and people who died of potentially survivable injuries had markedly different survival times. Therefore, in analyses of data relating to survival time, combining the two groups should be avoided.
Restrictions on left-right symmetric gauge theories from the neutral kaon system and B decays

Abstract We investigate the constraints imposed on the weak mixing angles by the K 0  K 0 mass matrix and B meson decay in left-right symmetric gauge theories. In a class of such theories with manifest left-right symmetry the domain of Kobayashi-Maskawa angles allowed by the K0LK0S mass difference has no overlap with that allowed by B meson decay.
A Reservoir of Nitrate Beneath Desert Soils

A large reservoir of bioavailable nitrogen (up to approximately 10(4) kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, as nitrate) has been previously overlooked in studies of global nitrogen distribution. The reservoir has been accumulating in subsoil zones of arid regions throughout the Holocene. Consideration of the subsoil reservoir raises estimates of vadose-zone nitrogen inventories by 14 to 71% for warm deserts and arid shrublands worldwide and by 3 to 16% globally. Subsoil nitrate accumulation indicates long-term leaching from desert soils, impelling further evaluation of nutrient dynamics in xeric ecosystems. Evidence that subsoil accumulations are readily mobilized raises concern about groundwater contamination after land-use or climate change.
Understanding the Warburg Effect: The Metabolic Requirements of Cell Proliferation

In contrast to normal differentiated cells, which rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to generate the energy needed for cellular processes, most cancer cells instead rely on aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed “the Warburg effect.” Aerobic glycolysis is an inefficient way to generate adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP), however, and the advantage it confers to cancer cells has been unclear. Here we propose that the metabolism of cancer cells, and indeed all proliferating cells, is adapted to facilitate the uptake and incorporation of nutrients into the biomass (e.g., nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids) needed to produce a new cell. Supporting this idea are recent studies showing that (i) several signaling pathways implicated in cell proliferation also regulate metabolic pathways that incorporate nutrients into biomass; and that (ii) certain cancer-associated mutations enable cancer cells to acquire and metabolize nutrients in a manner conducive to proliferation rather than efficient ATP production. A better understanding of the mechanistic links between cellular metabolism and growth control may ultimately lead to better treatments for human cancer.
Evolving material structures of small feature sizes

Modern electronic and photonic devices are solid structures of small feature sizes. During fabrication and use, diffusive processes can relocate matter, so that the structures evolve over time. A film may break into droplets, and a conducting line may grow cavities. Stress and electric current have long been understood as forces that drive the changes. Evidence has accumulated that, while important, these forces are insufficient to account for diverse experimental phenomena, suggesting forces of other physical origins also operate. In a structure, collective actions of atoms, electrons, and photons contribute to the free energy. When the structure changes its configuration, the free energy also changes. The free energy change defines a thermodynamic force which, in its turn, drives the configurational change of the structure. This article illustrates the concepts with specific phenomena. Emphasis is placed on physical descriptions of forces of diverse origins, including elasticity, electrostatics, capillarity, electric current, composition gradient, photon dispersion, and electron confinement. The effects of some of these forces are particularly significant in structures of small feature sizes, say, between a few to hundreds of nanometers. Insights into these forces are increasingly valuable as devices miniaturize. This area of research holds great promises for solid mechanics innovation.
Cytokinin‐mediated source/sink modifications improve drought tolerance and increase grain yield in rice under water‐stress

Drought is the major environmental factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. We hypothesized that it is possible to enhance drought tolerance by delaying stress-induced senescence through the stress-induced synthesis of cytokinins in crop-plants. We generated transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) plants expressing an isopentenyltransferase (IPT) gene driven by P(SARK) , a stress- and maturation-induced promoter. Plants were tested for drought tolerance at two yield-sensitive developmental stages: pre- and post-anthesis. Under both treatments, the transgenic rice plants exhibited delayed response to stress with significantly higher grain yield (GY) when compared to wild-type plants. Gene expression analysis revealed a significant shift in expression of hormone-associated genes in the transgenic plants. During water-stress (WS), P(SARK)::IPT plants displayed increased expression of brassinosteroid-related genes and repression of jasmonate-related genes. Changes in hormone homeostasis were associated with resource(s) mobilization during stress. The transgenic plants displayed differential expression of genes encoding enzymes associated with hormone synthesis and hormone-regulated pathways. These changes and associated hormonal crosstalk resulted in the modification of source/sink relationships and a stronger sink capacity of the P(SARK)::IPT plants during WS. As a result, the transgenic plants had higher GY with improved quality (nutrients and starch content).
Renal transplantation in sensitized recipients with positive luminex and negative CDC (complement-dependent cytotoxicity) crossmatches.

Summary Recently, Luminex-crossmatch (LumXm) was introduced. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes in sensitized recipients with a positive Luminex-crossmatch (LumXm (+)) and a negative complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch (CDCXm (−)) after renal transplantation. Fifty-five renal transplant recipients with a CDCXm (−) and PRA class I or II ≥20% were enrolled in this study between February 2008 and December 2010 at Severance Hospital. Eighteen patients displayed LumXm (+) defined as LumXm positive class I or II and 37 patients displayed LumXm (−). Mean duration of follow-up was 18.9 ± 8.3 months. During this period, no patient death or graft loss occurred. The incidence of biopsy-proven or clinically presumed rejection was higher in the LumXm (+) group (n = 12, 66.7%) than in the LumXm (−) group (n = 6, 18.2%) (P = 0.001). All biopsy-proven acute rejections (n = 12) were diagnosed as acute cellular rejection. No significant difference in mean serum creatinine level or eGFR was observed between the groups at 18 months post-transplantation. The short-term outcome of renal transplantation in sensitized patients with a LumXm (+) and a CDCXm (−) may be considered to be acceptable. However, patients with a LumXm (+) have a substantially higher immunological risk for the development of acute cellular rejection.