cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequential Influence Models in Social Networks

The spread of influence among individuals in a social network can be naturally modeled in a probabilistic framework, but it is challenging to reason about differences between various models as well as to relate these models to actual social network data. Here we consider two of the most fundamental definitions of influence, one based on a small set of "snapshot'' observations of a social network and the other based on detailed temporal dynamics. The former is particularly useful because large-scale social network data sets are often available only in snapshots or crawls. The latter however provides a more detailed process model of how influence spreads. We study the relationship between these two ways of measuring influence, in particular establishing how to infer the more detailed temporal measure from the more readily observable snapshot measure. We validate our analysis using the history of social interactions on Wikipedia; the result is the first large-scale study to exhibit a direct relationship between snapshot and temporal models of social influence.
Spectroscopic gas sensing with a short high-finesse optical cavity: a comparison of different approaches

Different modifications of integrated cavity output spectroscopy and cavity ringdown spectroscopy techniques with a quantum cascade laser have been implemented and compared in order to achieve maximum sensitivity to gas absorption in a short (<5 cm) high-finesse optical cavity.
Polymorphic HLA-C Receptors Balance the Functional Characteristics of KIR Haplotypes

The human killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) locus comprises two groups of KIR haplotypes, termed A and B. These are present in all human populations but with different relative frequencies, suggesting they have different functional properties that underlie their balancing selection. We studied the genomic organization and functional properties of the alleles of the inhibitory and activating HLA-C receptors encoded by KIR haplotypes. Because every HLA-C allotype functions as a ligand for KIR, the interactions between KIR and HLA-C dominate the HLA class I-mediated regulation of human NK cells. The C2 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1, whereas the C1 epitope is recognized by inhibitory KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3. This study shows that the KIR2DL1, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DL2/3 alleles form distinctive phylogenetic clades that associate with specific KIR haplotypes. KIR A haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode strong inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL3 alleles encoding weak inhibitory C1 receptors. In striking contrast, KIR B haplotypes are characterized by KIR2DL1 alleles that encode weak inhibitory C2 receptors and KIR2DL2 alleles encoding strong inhibitory C1 receptors. The wide-ranging properties of KIR allotypes arise from substitutions throughout the KIR molecule. Such substitutions can influence cell surface expression, as well as the avidity and specificity for HLA-C ligands. Consistent with the crucial role of inhibitory HLA-C receptors in self-recognition, as well as NK cell education and response, most KIR haplotypes have both a functional C1 and C2 receptor, despite the considerable variation that occurs in ligand recognition and surface expression.
Delays associated with elementary processes in nuclear reaction simulations.

Scatterings, particularly those involving resonances, and other elementary processes do not happen instantaneously. In the context of semiclassical nuclear reaction simulations, we consider delays associated with an interaction for incident quantum wave packets. As a consequence, we express delays associated with elementary processes in terms of elements of the scattering matrix and phase shifts for elastic scattering. We show that, within the second order in density, the simulation must account for delays in scattering consistently with the mean field in order to properly model thermodynamic properties such as pressure and free-energy density. Delays associated with nucleon-nucleon and pion-nucleon scattering in free space are analyzed with their nontrivial energy dependence. Finally, an example of s-channel scattering of massless partons is studied, and scattering schemes in nuclear reaction simulations are investigated in the context of scattering delays. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Model robustness of Hoel-Levine optimal designs

Abstract In extrapolating a function which is close to being a polynimial the least squares estimator combined with the Hoel-Levine optimal design is shown to perform well in terms of mean square error when compared with an optimal spline extrapolator.
Synergistic cytolytic activity by combined populations of peritoneal T lymphocytes and macrophages during the L5178Y cell tumor-dormant state in DBA/2 mice.

Abstract It was previously reported that the establishment of the L5178Y cell tumor-dormant state in DBA/2 mice is mediated principally by a peritoneal cytolytic T-cell response that reaches peak levels 4 days after L5178Y cell challenge, lyses more than 99% but less than 100% of peritoneal L5178Y cells, and gradually wanes to background levels by 40–70 days postchallenge (DPC). At this time the majority of mice are clinically normal, and contain a relatively small number of L5178Y cells in the peritoneal cavity. During the tumor-dormant state, mice that harbor more than 10 4 L5178Y cells contain peritoneal macrophage-mediated cytolytic activity. We report here that tumor-dormant mice that contain fewer than 10 4 peritoneal L5178Y cells also produce cytolytic activity in vitro , but that it is synergistic, in that the cytolytic activity of adherent (AD) peritoneal cells (PEC) and nonadherent (NAD) PEC cultured together is greater than the additive lysis produced by these cell populations when cultured separately. This synergistic cytolytic activity is: (1) effector cell density dependent, (2) dependent on the tumor-dormant status of the NAD and AD PEC donor mice, (3) protracted in its kinetics during a 48-hr in vitro assay, and (4) dependent on an interaction between NAD T cells and AD phagocytic macrophages. The consistent detection of this in vitro -assayed cytolytic activity in PEC of tumor-dormant mice which harbor small endogenous tumor burdens suggests that it reflects an in vivo cytotoxic effector mechanism involved in the long-term maintenance of the tumor-dormant state.
The pentafraction of hydroxyethyl starch inhibits ischemia-induced compartment syndrome

Pentafraction (PF), a solution of biodegradable hydroxyethyl starch macromolecules with molecular weights of 10 to 100×10 4 daltons, has been shown to minimize tissue edema by sealing interendothelial clefts at the capillary level. The effect of PF on ischemia-reperfusion-induced compartment syndrome was studied. Ten rabbits underwent bilateral femoral artery occlusion following ligation of branches from the terminal aorta to the popliteal artery. After 7 hours of ischemia, reperfusion was established with heparinized polyethylene shunts. Experimental animals (n=5) received PF and control animals (n=5) received normal saline (NS) as an intravenous infusion (30 ml/kg) for 1 hour, beginning 10 minutes after shunt placement
Client evaluation of a consultation team on crimes against children

Abstract Objective: Cases of child abuse filed in court as crimes against children represent a small percentage of the total numbers of children maltreated. However, studying crimes of maltreatment against children is important for individual victims and their families, and for theory and policy in order to assure that these cases are managed as well as possible. Forensic consultation teams can perform several functions related to child abuse crimes: provide multidisciplinary expertise in the evaluation of maltreatment cases, offer a method for allocating resources between cases managed by the criminal justice and child protection systems, and provide important research and teaching opportunities. This study reviews the role played by multidisciplinary team consultations based on the perception of client professionals whose agencies pay for an outside consulting forensic team. Method: Professionals referring to a forensic team for consultative assistance were asked to evaluate the service during telephone interviews, responding to both structured and unstructured questions. Results: Responding professionals (N=18) stated that the team increased their confidence that the approach being taken to a case was correct (94%), that missing expertise was provided (100%), that progress was made in cases that might otherwise not have been made (55%), and that ambiguity was reduced (in 83% of referred cases). Using the team sometimes caused delays. Some delays were unacceptable administrative delays while others were considered necessary to assure completeness of the evaluation. Conclusion: The use of the team did not result in resolution of all of the cases referred, but referral to the team consistently provided closure for referring professionals. In one-third of the cases studied, if it had not been for the START consultation the cases would not have proceeded to an appropriate criminal or civil resolution.
Calmodulin kinase II chimeras used to investigate the structural requirements for smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase autoinhibition and calmodulin-dependent activation.

Segments of the autoregulatory domain of MK, a catalytically active fragment of the monomeric smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK) (residues 472−972), were replaced with their counterparts from a homologous but multimeric enzyme, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM KII). Chimeric proteins in which both the autoregulatory and oligomerization domains of CaM KII (residues 281−478) were substituted for residues 781−972 of smMLCK, MK(CK281−478), or only the autoregulatory domain of CaM KII (residues 281−315) was exchanged for residues 781−813 of smMLCK, MK(CK281−315), exhibited significant enzymatic activity in the absence of Ca2+/CaM. In contrast, both MK and a chimeric protein in which the C-terminal half of the autoregulatory domain of smMLCK was replaced with CaM KII residues 301−315, MK(CK301−315), were inactive in the absence of Ca2+/CaM. These results indicate that the sequence of the N-terminal half of the autoregulatory domain of smMLCK is important for complete autoinhibition of i...
An algorithm to compute the convex hull in the plane from the distance matrix

There exist a variety of algorithms for the convex hull problem in the plane. The input to all of these is the set of points in terms of their coordinates. In this short note, a convex hull algorithm is presented in which the points are specified not through their coordinates but in terms of the distances between pairs of them in the form of a distance matrix. Some applications where this is the case are mentioned, and the algorithm's performance is analyzed and shown to be O(n2) in the worst case.
Diffusion and preferential adsorption of sol-gel glass

Samples of porous glass of 38 A average pore size are prepared with the use of the sol-gel technique. After stabilizing at 800°C, samples are impregnated with various binary mixtures and Raman spectroscopy is used to analyze the composition of the mixtures inside the pores. In order to study the effect of surface interaction on preferential adsorption, the experiments are repeated for samples of modified surfaces. It is shown that surface interactions are important and they determine the excess adsorption. The diffusion rate inside porous glass is also measured and it is shown to depend on surface interactions.
SOME CONCEPTUAL COMMENTS ON TRUST‐RELEVANT DECISION MAKING: A REACTION TO THE BONOMA AND JOHNSTON PAPER

Three conceptual and methodological issues of the preceding paper by Bonoma and Johnston are identified and discussed. A theoretical integration of interpersonal trust and locus of control is made, and some necessary conditions for an interpersonal trust-relevant decision-making situation are pointed out. Implications for the design of future research into trust-relevant decision making are drawn.
Trends in market demand for internal medicine 1999 to 2004: an analysis of physician job advertisements.

BACKGROUND The health care marketplace has changed substantially since the last assessment of demand for internal medicine physicians in 1996.
Lariat ethers: from cation complexation to supramolecular assemblies

Lariat ethers are now well-known as macrocycles having one or more sidearms that contain donor groups and can interact with ring bound cations. Variations in structure and donor group arrangements lead to variation in cation binding strengths and selectivities. Such systems exhibit enhanced cation complexation and generally high complexation dynamics. The binding dynamics and strength may readily be altered by reductive switching. This process has been accomplished using both reducing metals and electrochemical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry and EPR techniques confirm the redox switching and the formation of intramolecular ion pairs. Redox-switched lariats have been utilized in cation transport through bulk liquid membranes. When the sidearms are highly lipophilic systems such as cholesteryl, they readily form completely synthetic lipid bilayers or micelles and can assemble into vesicle systems of considerable size and stability.
Competitive Advantage of PET/MRI

Multimodality imaging has made great strides in the imaging evaluation of patients with a variety of diseases. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is now established as the imaging modality of choice in many clinical conditions, particularly in oncology. While the initial development of combined PET/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) was in the preclinical arena, hybrid PET/MR scanners are now available for clinical use. PET/MRI combines the unique features of MRI including excellent soft tissue contrast, diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging, fMRI and other specialized sequences as well as MR spectroscopy with the quantitative physiologic information that is provided by PET. Most evidence for the potential clinical utility of PET/MRI is based on studies performed with side-by-side comparison or software-fused MRI and PET images. Data on distinctive utility of hybrid PET/MRI are rapidly emerging. There are potential competitive advantages of PET/MRI over PET/CT. In general, PET/MRI may be preferred over PET/CT where the unique features of MRI provide more robust imaging evaluation in certain clinical settings. The exact role and potential utility of simultaneous data acquisition in specific research and clinical settings will need to be defined. It may be that simultaneous PET/MRI will be best suited for clinical situations that are disease-specific, organ-specific, related to diseases of the children or in those patients undergoing repeated imaging for whom cumulative radiation dose must be kept as low as reasonably achievable. PET/MRI also offers interesting opportunities for use of dual modality probes. Upon clear definition of clinical utility, other important and practical issues related to business operational model, clinical workflow and reimbursement will also be resolved.
Communication, Leadership, and Job Satisfaction: Perspectives on Supervisor-Subordinate Relationships

In an era when leadership is much studied and little understood (Tourish & Barge, 2010), and when job satisfaction has reached an all-time low (Gibbons, 2010), investigating factors that contribute to job and relationship satisfaction, as well as more effective leadership, becomes a critical task. This project asked 154 people employed fulltime to evaluate their work supervisor in terms of specific communication behaviors, perceived leader effectiveness, and their own levels of relational and job satisfaction. Gibb’s (1961) theory of supportive and defensive communication provided the conceptual lens used to explicate the impact of communication behaviors on specific personal and organizational outcomes. Statistical analysis highlighted the discursive nature of workplace interaction by uncovering strong, predictive relationships between the positive behaviors of spontaneity and empathy and worker perceptions of supervisor effectiveness, relational satisfaction, and employee job satisfaction. Likewise, perceptions of supervisor leadership style are instantiated in these same communication behaviors suggesting that leadership is indeed a communication phenomenon. Last, t-tests revealed that supervisors rated higher in effectiveness and higher in relational satisfaction utilized all six of Gibb’s supportive communication behaviors more, and all six defensive behaviors less, than their more negatively evaluated peers.
Mutational analysis of PINX1 in hereditary prostate cancer

Background Telomerase activity is increased in most tumors. PinX1 has recently been identified as a critical component in regulating telomerase activity. The PinX1 gene is located within chromosomal region 8p22-23, a region associated with LOH and potentially linked to increased prostate cancer risk. Methods PINX1 was re-sequenced in 159 hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) probands. Four non-synonymous coding variants were genotyped in 159 HPC families. Results Thirty-nine polymorphisms were identified in the HPC screening panel. Ten coding polymorphisms were identified, seven (Gln50His, Leu91Met, Gln206His, Arg215Ile, Thr220Ala, Ser254Cys, and Glu414Ala) of which were non-synonymous. The most common variants Thr220Ala and Ser254Cys were not significantly over-transmitted from affected parent to affected offspring. Conclusions Based on these results, we conclude that PINX1 is not a major factor for HPC risk. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
STRIDULATORY SWEET SOMETHINGS

![Figure][1] A warm summer night in many places is often accompanied by a symphony of insect songs and calls. The chirps of crickets and the buzz of katydids are usually made by a process known as stridulation where the insect scrapes a `pick' across a series of ridges on its body. Male
Pion production in a field theoretic description of hot compressed matter.

Pion yields are computed from the pion and delta populations found in a field theoretic description of hot dense matter. Two different prescriptions for the initial conditions are considered and the results of a quasihydrodynamic expansion are also studied. It is found that the yield and the slope of pion yield as a function of energy, which are functions of the chemical freeze-out density, might possibly provide a means of determining that density. However, the dependence on the compression modulus of the corresponding cold matter is found to be very low in this model.
On Vandervert et al. “Working Memory, Cerebellum, and Creativity”

Thinking doesn't help thought. Goethe One thing that can be said about Vandervert, Schimpf, and Liu's proposal (this issue) is that it is a strikingly “out-of-the-box” approach to creative process....
Kinetics of the amylase system of Saccharomycopsis fibuliger

The extracellular amylases produced by Saccharomycopsis fibuliger have been studied with the intent of identifying the kinetic mechanism and product distribution, and modelling the production of d-glucose during starch hydrolysis. High performance liquid chromatography was effectively used to separate and quantify the product oligomers released. α-Amylase rapidly hydrolysed the long substrate chains into smaller oligomers which became the substrate for glucoamylase in the production of d-glucose. The formation of a rate limiting substrate occurred late in the reaction. Glucoamylase and α-amylase rates were fitted to Michaelis-Menten models with d-glucose inhibition included.
Benefit Segmentation of Catalog Shoppers Among Professionals

A nationwide sample of professionals who use retail catalogs (n = 493) was segmented based on benefits sought. Using a cluster analysis, three distinct segments of catalog users were identified: Convenience Seekers, Product Seekers, and Inactive Shoppers. Full profiles of these benefit segments were developed based on personal (demographics and lifestyle) and situational (purchase for self vs. for others; gifts vs. non-gifts) variables. Convenience Seekers, who tended to use catalogs out of convenience, were more likely to be married professionals with highest levels of self-confidence and fashion-consciousness and to use clothing catalogs most frequently for both themselves and others. Product Seekers, who exhibited interest in product-related benefits (e.g., quality, variety, price, and ease of return), tended to be married professionals and most price-conscious. Inactive Shoppers, displaying the lowest importance level for all identified benefits, tended to be married male professionals with lowest lev...
Sequestration of iron by Lewy bodies in Parkinson's disease

Central to the oxidative stress hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is the ability of iron to generate hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, and the consistent demonstration of iron elevation in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra. However, uncertainty exists as to whether the excess iron exists in a state suitable for redox chemistry. Here, using a method we developed that detects redox-active iron in situ, we were able to demonstrate strong labeling of Lewy bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta neurons in PD. In contrast, cortical Lewy bodies in cases of Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease were unstained. While the presence of elevated iron in PD substantiates the oxidative stress hypothesis, one must remember that these are viable neurons, indicating that Lewy bodies may act to sequester iron in PD brains in a protective, rather than degenerative, mechanism. The absence of redox-active iron in neocortical Lewy bodies highlights a fundamental difference between cortical and brain stem Lewy bodies.
Ex ante willingness to pay with supply and demand uncertainty: implications for valuing a sea turtle protection programme

It is argued that ex antewillingness to pay is appropriately measured as a function of subjective supply and demand probabilities. An exploratory case study of a loggerhead sea turtle protection programme is used to show how estimates of these probabilities can be obtained from a sample survey and how a change in probabilities determines contingent choice. Empirical results confirm that subjective probabilities are important when explaining ex antewillingness to pay. Attempts to estimate the determinants of ex antewillingness to pay without controlling for subjective probabilities will result in specification bias. It is important that subjective probability information is gleaned from contingent valuation survey respondents and included in empirical models of contingent choice.
A Hybrid Reliability Approach for Reliability-Based Design Optimization

Reliability-based Design Optimization problems have been solved by two well-known methods: Reliability Index Approach (RIA) and Performance Measure Approach (PMA). RIA generates first-order approximate probabilistic constraints using the measures of reliability indices. For infeasible design points, the traditional RIA method suffers from inaccurate evaluation of the reliability index. To overcome this problem, the Modified Reliability Index Approach (MRIA) has been proposed. The MRIA provides the accurate solution of the reliability index but also inherits some inefficiency characteristics from the Most Probable Failure Point (MPFP) search when nonlinear constraints are involved. In this paper, the benchmark examples have been utilized to examine the efficiency and stability of both PMA and MRIA. In our study, we found that the MRIA is capable of obtaining the correct optimal solutions regardless of the locations of design points but the PMA is much efficient in the inverse reliability analysis. To take advantages of the strengths of both methods, a Hybrid Reliability Approach (HRA) is proposed. The HRA uses a selection factor that can determine which method to use during optimization iterations. Numerical examples from the proposed method are presented and compared with the MRIA and the PMA.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Gender differences in resources and negotiation among highly motivated physician-scientists.

BACKGROUND Resources, including space, equipment, funding, personnel, and protected time, are essential in academic medical careers. Negotiation often plays a key role in the distribution of these resources.
Sleep characteristics of the human aged female

Abstract The sleep of ten normal elderly women, aged 66 to 87 years (mean age, 76.7) was studied for four or five nights each. The mean REM percentage was 18.0; total REM time, 70 minutes; and mean REM period length, 18 minutes. This amount of REM sleep was not statistically different from the amount previously reported for the elderly male. The elderly male, as compared to the female, had significantly more first NREM periods shorter than 45 minutes. It was hypothesized that this may reflect slight brain changes in the male, not yet evident for the female. As previously reported for the male, REM sleep was quite markedly reduced in the oldest (aged 87 years) subject of the sample.
Endovascular Stent Graft Repair of an Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm With a Horseshoe Kidney

A78-year-old man was referred for treatment of a progressively enlarging, asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and a left hypogastric artery aneurysm, which had been followed for 3 years with serial computed tomography (CT) scans. A helical CT angiogram was obtained using a 100 mL intravenous bolus of iodinated contrast medium (GE LightSpeed, 2.5 mm nominal section thickness, 6.0 pitch, 15 mm/rotation table speed, and reconstructed with 1.6 mm increment) (Figure 1⇓). Three-dimensional reconstructions were performed; they demonstrated the relationship of the horseshoe kidney to the aorta (Figure 2⇓). Detailed measurements of the infrarenal neck of the AAA and the distal landing zones demonstrated an anatomy suitable for endovascular …
USING THE TELEPHONE IN FAMILY THERAPY

This article explores use of the telephone as a communication medium for engaging families in the therapy process. A review of related literature is followed by an exploration of some of the challenges involves. The author offers suggestions for conducting phone sessions, provides a case example, examines some of the ethical issues involves, and ponders the possible future impact of advanced telephone-related communication technology on family therapy.
Monotonic extensions on economic domains

The property of “monotonicity” is necessary, and in many contexts, sufficient, for a solution to be Nash implementable (Maskin 1977). In this paper, we follow Sen (1995) and evaluate the extent to which a solution may fail monotonicity by identifying the minimal way in which it has to be enlarged so as to satisfy the property. We establish a general result relating the “minimal monotonic extensions” of the intersection and the union of a family of solutions to the minimal monotonic extensions of the members of the family. We then calculate the minimal monotonic extensions of several solutions in a variety of contexts, such as classical exchange economies, with either individual endowments or a social endowment, economies with public goods, and one-commodity economies in which preferences are single-peaked. For some of the examples, very little is needed to recover monotonicity, but for others, the required enlargement is quite considerable, to the point that the distributional objective embodied in the solution has to be given up altogether.
Serological evidence for a partial t-haplotype in the rat.

SUMMARY Recently, Gill and Kunz (1979, 1980) reported an MHC-linked recessive mutation in the rat, grc, which causes reduced viability and male sterility. Using a mouse anti-tsemilethal antiserum and a rat anti-grc antiserum, we have obtained evidence that the grc haplotype codes for t-antigens.
Estimating the number of unseen species: How many words did Shakespeare know?

SUMMARY Shakespeare wrote 31 534 different words, of which 14376 appear only once, 4343 twice, etc. The question considered is how many words he knew but did not use. A parametric empirical Bayes model due to Fisher and a nonparametric model due to Good & Toulmin are examined. The latter theory is augmented using linear programming methods. We conclude that the models are equivalent to supposing that Shakespeare knew at least 35 000 more words.
Linear-response functions in spin-density-functional theory

A model system is studied for which exact results are known in order to exhibit directly the limits of density-functional theory when applied to excitation properties. As one might intuitively expect, the ground-state theory accurately describes properties reflecting certain static limits, the paramagnetic susceptibility, for example. The ground-state theory does not, however, accurately describe physical properties involving the density of low-lying excitations, spin-wave, and plasmon dispersion, for example. To demonstrate these limitations we have developed a spin-density-functional theory of the frequency and wave-vector-dependent linear response of the inhomogeneous magnetic electron gas. It is shown that in the local-exchange approximation of Gaspar-Kohn-Sham, the static long-wavelength limits of these functions are identical to those obtained from the time-dependent Hartree-Fock theory [random-phase approximation (RPA) with exchange contributions] of the uniform magnetic electron system in the same limits; however, the plasmon dispersion relation ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pl}}^{2}(q)\ensuremath{\cong}{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{pl}}^{2}(0)[1+A(\ensuremath{\zeta}){(\frac{q}{{k}_{F}})}^{2}]$, and the spin-wave dispersion ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{sw}}(q)\ensuremath{\cong}D(\ensuremath{\zeta}){(\frac{q}{{k}_{F}})}^{2}$ for long wavelengths $\frac{q}{{k}_{F}}\ensuremath{\ll}1$, do not correspond with the RPA results. In fact, we find, ${A}_{\mathrm{LD}}(\ensuremath{\zeta})l{A}_{\mathrm{RPA}}(\ensuremath{\zeta})$ and ${D}_{\mathrm{LD}}(\ensuremath{\zeta})g{D}_{\mathrm{RPA}}(\ensuremath{\zeta})$, where $\ensuremath{\zeta}$ is the magnetization of the system. The discrepancies found in the dynamical limit are a reflection of the fact that the lowlying excitations close to the ground state are not described by the local scheme. Some comments are made as to the modifications needed in the time-dependent spin-density-functional theory, which may rectify these discrepancies at least in the low-frequency long-wavelength limit.
Market-based approaches for governments of food-importing countries to manage food security risks

Abstract Though well-established in the commercial sector, the use of market-based risk management is not widespread in the public sector, particularly by governments. Recent volatility in food and in energy prices has awakened governments' interest in learning more about how to use these tools, and some countries are beginning to experiment with them. Although it is clear that food price shocks are problematic, many countries have only a partial understanding of the specific exposure to commodity price risk; details about exactly how and where it affects the national budget are critical. To implement the use of market-based tools, it is important to identifying trade-offs between expected cost and risk, and to ensure that there is a strong institutional framework in place to support the strategy.
An effectiveness index for use in university computing center management

A technique for deriving an effectiveness index for use in managing university computing centers is described. The procedure was tested at ten university computing centers. The focus of this testing was theoretical development. The result of the effectiveness measurement is presented and discussed. The study validated the use of the procedure for evaluating computer center performance within the organizational limits discussed in the paper.
The effects of daycare: Persistent questions, elusive answers

Abstract Despite nearly half a century of research on the effects of daycare on children, the fundamental question of whether non-parental daycare adversely affects young children has not been answered conclusively. This article explores the conceptual and methodological difficulties associated with daycare research and how the unique socio-historical place of the daycare issue in American society interacts with inherent difficulties in the science–policy relationship to render a conclusive answer unfeasible.
Designing practical interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems made simple

Interval type-2 fuzzy logic systems (IT2 FLSs) have become increasingly popular in the last decade, and have demonstrated superior performance in a number of applications. However, the computations in an IT2 FLS are more complex than those in a type-1 FLS, and there are many choices to be made in designing an IT2 FLS, including the shape of membership functions (Gaussian or trapezoidal), number of membership functions, type of fuzzifier (singleton or non-singleton), kind of rules (Mamdani or Takagi-Sugeno-Kang), type of i-norm (minimum or product), method to compute the output (type-reduction or not), and methods for tuning the parameters (gradient-based methods or evolutionary computation algorithms; one-step or two-step). While these choices give an experienced IT2 FLS researcher extensive freedom to design the optimal IT2 FLS, they may look overwhelming and confusing to IT2 beginners. Such a beginner may make an inappropriate choice, obtain unexpected results, and lose interest, which will hinder the wider applications of IT2 FLSs. In this paper we try to help IT2 beginners navigate through the maze by recommending some representative choices for an IT2 FLS design. We also clarify two myths about IT2 FLSs. This paper will make IT2 FLSs more accessible to IT2 beginners.
An Erythematous Rash Preceding Ulcerative Oral Lesions in a 41-Year-Old Woman

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS The patient had been hospitalized twice in March for exacerbations of asthma, which were treated with systemic corticosteroids, inhaled betaagonists, theophylline, inhaled ipratropium bromide, and antibiotics by her local physicians. Several days after discharge from the second hospitalization, on March 27, she developed edema, erythema, and pain in her left calf, as well as continued dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. She was admitted with a diagnosis of acute deep vein thrombosis, which was confirmed by Duplex Doppler studies. Her medications at that time included dexamethasone 16 mg intramuscularly once daily, theophylline 300 mg twice daily, prednisone 5 mg three times daily, ranitidine 150 mg twice daily, cefuroxime axetil 250 mg twice daily, methyldopa 250 mg twice daily, albuterol by metered dose inhaler two puffs four times daily, and ipratropium bromide by metered dose inhaler two puffs four times daily. Upon admission, anticoagulation with heparin, and then Coumadin, was begun, as well as methylprednisolone 20 mg orally every six hours and albuterol by nebulization every six hours for her continued wheezing and dyspnea. A pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan revealed bilateral subsegmental defects consistent with intermediate probability of pulmonary embolus. Antibiotics were discontinued. Later that day, the patient developed an erythematous, pruritic, macular rash over her back, chest, and neck, which spread over the course of the day to cover her entire body. The rash was accompanied by conjunctival injection bilaterally, with her right eye predominantly affected.
Optical coherence tomographic findings in pregnancy-associated central serous chorioretinopathy

Purpose To report the presence and disappearance of subretinal fibrinous exudate in pregnancy-induced central serous chorioretinopathy studied with optical coherence tomography (OCT).
Sexual differentiation of the surge mode of gonadotropin secretion: prenatal androgens abolish the gonadotropin-releasing hormone surge in the sheep.

In sheep, the surge mode of gonadotropin secretion is sexually differentiated, i.e. the LH surge is present in the female, but not in the male. The present study tested the hypothesis that sexual differentiation of the LH surge mechanism reflects a sex difference in the pattern of GnRH, and that prenatal androgens abolish the surge mode of GnRH secretion. We monitored the pattern of GnRH secretion in pituitary portal blood after acute treatment with estradiol in gonadectomized postpubertal males (n = 6), females (n = 6), and androgenized females (exposed prenatally to testosterone from day 30-90 in gestation, n = 7). Four capsules, each containing a 30-mm column of estradiol were implanted s.c. into each lamb to produce high physiologic concentrations of the hormone. Beginning 7 h later, portal and peripheral blood samples were collected hourly for 48 h for measurement of GnRH and LH, respectively. All females exhibited a GnRH surge beginning 13.0 +/- 0.4 h after estradiol treatment; this was accompanied by an LH surge. By contrast, only one male produced a small surge in GnRH (1.7 pg/min) with a latency of 32 h; a corresponding increase in LH occurred in this male. Likewise, among the androgenized females, only one exhibited GnRH and LH surges which began at about 22 h after estradiol treatment. Some of the androgenized females had sporadic increases in GnRH which were of lower amplitude than in the control females, and were unaccompanied by rises in LH. These findings provide the first direct evidence that the sex difference in the surge mode of LH secretion results from the sexual differentiation of the pattern of GnRH release. The study also suggests that androgens during prenatal development abolish the GnRH surge and subsequently, the generation of the LH surge.
A Practical Guide to Outpatient Wet Dressings for Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis

Pediatric atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin disorders in children. AD affects all aspects of a child’s well being and impacts the child’s family as well. For treatment of atopic dermatitis, the application of topical corticosteroids under occlusion via wet dressings is a safe and effective treatment. However, wet dressings may be underutilized due to lack of familiarity with the technique. This article aims to supply providers with a practical guide to the use of wet dressings in the outpatient setting.
The hydration pressure between lipid bilayers. Comparison of measurements using x-ray diffraction and calorimetry

The hydration pressure between dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine (DPPE-Me2) bilayers has been analyzed by both x-ray diffraction measurements of osmotically stressed liposomes and by differential scanning calorimetry. By the x-ray method, we obtain a magnitude (Po) and decay length (lambda) for the hydration pressure which are both quite similar to those found for bilayers of other zwitterionic lipids, such as phosphatidylcholines. That is, x-ray analysis of DPPE-Me2 in the gel phase gives lambda=1.3 A, the same as that previously measured for the analogous gel phase lipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), and Po=3.9 x 10(9) dyn/cm2, which is in excellent agreement with the value of 3.6 x 10(9) dyn/cm2 calculated from the measured Volta potential of DPPE-Me2 monolayers in equilibrium with liposomes. These results indicate that the removal of one methyl group to convert DPPC to DPPE-Me2 does not markedly alter the range or magnitude of the hydration pressure. Calorimetry shows that the main gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature of DPPE-Me2 is approximately constant for water contents ranging from 80 to 10 water molecules per lipid molecule, but increases monotonically with decreasing water content below 10 waters per lipid. A theoretical fit to these temperature vs. water content data predicts lambda=6.7 A. The difference in observed values of lambda for x-ray and calorimetry measurements can be explained by effects on the thermograms of additional intra- and intermolecular interactions which occur at low water contents where apposing bilayers are in contact.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Operational Limits of Controlled Current Coulometry with Ion‐Selective Polymeric Membranes

Plasticized polymeric membrane electrodes containing selective chemical receptors (ionophores) that are used in potentiometric and optical sensors have recently been shown to be attractive in controlled current coulometry for calibration free reagent delivery. For this purpose, a galvanostatic pulse of fixed duration is applied across an ion-selective membrane containing added ion-exchanger sites, resulting in the release of a calculated amount of ions from the membrane into the sample phase. This paper evaluates the operational limits of such coulometric actuators with chronopotentiometry, using silver-selective membranes as model systems. Diffusion theory predicts the depletion of ionophore and ion-exchanger at one of the two interfaces in a matter of minutes, owing to the relatively small diffusion coefficients in such membranes. Chronopotentiometry on membranes containing lipophilic cations at either side of the membrane, rather than silver ions, confirms that the ionophore depletes at the inner side of the membrane. At the sample side, ionophore is expected to increase in concentration and does not result in a loss of selectivity. Chronopotentiometric responses show a drastic transition at long times, typically 30 min, which cannot plausibly be explained by the depletion of added lipophilic ion-exchanger at the sample side since the diffusion coefficients are similar to that of ionophore. It is postulated that the intrinsic anion-exchanger sites of the PVC matrix are relatively immobile and do not easily concentration polarize upon application of a transmembrane current pulse, in agreement with Buck's earlier work on fixed site membranes. Indeed, silver and calcium-selective membranes fabricated with increased concentrations of such fixed sites, by using carboxylated PVC, exhibited chronopotentiometric breakdown times larger than 60 min and no loss in coulometric efficiency. The results obtained here will help in designing coulometric actuators with improved characteristics on the basis of hydrophobic polymeric ion-selective membranes.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus pathogenesis, disease and vaccines: an update.

Background: A novel coronavirus has recently been identified as the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). The ability of this family of positive strand RNA viruses to move between species and cause severe disease in humans, with the potential for pandemic spread, has been confirmed. Methods: An understanding of the disease and its pathogenesis and the genetics of coronavirus infections, as well as strategies to treat or prevent coronavirus infections, are essential. The history of coronavirus vaccines and the occurrence of laboratory-associated SARS-CoV infections underscore the need for stably attenuated strains of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses. Results: Rapid progress has been made in understanding the clinical disease of SARS in adults and children. In adults, systemic infection with clinical and biochemical abnormalities, as well as respiratory infection, may be the rule. SARS is much milder in children younger than 12 years old than it is in adolescents and adults. In children age 12 years and younger, symptoms are generally nonspecific and cold-like. Numerous approaches to the development of SARS-CoV vaccines have been undertaken, and there is evidence that antibodies to the spike protein may be protective from replication and pathology in animal models. Conclusions: The availability of reverse genetic systems has made it possible to engineer and recover coronavirus variants that contain multiple genetically stable mutations that grow well in culture but are attenuated for replication, virulence or both. Such variants will be platforms for the safe growth of SARS-CoV and candidates for live attenuated vaccines.
Therapeutic implications of protein homeostasis in demyelinating peripheral neuropathies.

Demyelinating peripheral neuropathies describe a group of human disorders where the primary defect is the peripheral demyelination of nerve fibers. Patients suffering from these neuropathies exhibi...
Multiple-output multivariate optical computing for spectrum recognition

We describe a multivariate optical computer that can implement multiple spectral filters simultaneously. By parallel detection of multiple outputs, our proposed approach is capable of identifying more than two spectra simultaneously, and therefore could significantly speed up spectrum recognition based on optical computing. We demonstrate our approach by recognizing two rare-earth-doped glass samples and a third white light sample spectrum with a fidelity of at least 0.83.
Whose justice? An examination of nine models of justice

Summary Formal definitions of justice calling us to “render the other their due” are elastic, given shape by our grasp of the moral bonds connecting persons and the relationship between this virtue and other moral habits, affections, or the concrete experience of our lives. This paper, written for a conference on education to justice in Jesuit Universities, examines nine theories of justice (Utilitarianism, Libertarianism, Social Contract, Complex Equality, a Feminist Ethics of Care, Christian Realism, Catholic Social Thought, Liberation Theology, and a Biblical notion of justice) in light of their perspective on the rights and duties persons have to one another and the relationship of justice to compassion and the affections.
Structural basis for the role in protein folding of conserved proline-rich regions in cytochromes P450

The sequence PPGPXPXPXXGN is highly conserved in some cytochromes P450 across species from humans to plants. Within species, however, this specific sequence is not conserved although a proline-rich sequence is present. In CYP2C proteins, mutagenesis of the prolines and glycine in the PPGPXPXP part of the sequence results in less efficient assembly of native P450 molecules, but those molecules that are formed properly have specific activities similar to wild type suggesting that this region plays a role in folding of the protein. Further, the pattern of requirements for prolines was consistent with a left-handed polyproline II (PPII) helix structure in the PPGP segment. The recent determinations of the structures of CYP2C proteins permit a reinterpretation of these earlier experimental studies. In CYP2C5, the PPGPXPXP part of the sequence is in a left-handed polyproline II-like sequence with a 90° bend at the glycine residue. The PXPXXGN part forms a hairpin structure with the remaining sequence protruding at a right angle. The structure forms tertiary interactions with protein segments centered on Tyr-61, Phe-219, and Tyr-376. van der Waals contacts of the rings of prolines with those of the equally highly conserved tyrosine residues may be particularly important. The proper positioning of the N-terminal segment containing Tyr-61 and the C-terminal segment containing Tyr-376 by interactions with the proline-rich region may be important for proper folding because these residues are in loops extending from four strands of a β-sheet structure. A schematic model of the sequential folding interactions is presented, and although speculative, it is proposed that constraints required for the folding of a hydrophobic knob that will be inserted into the membrane contribute to the high conservation of the PPGPXPXPXXGN sequence in a subset of cytochromes P450.