cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PREDICTION OF ASCORBIC ACID RETENTION DURING DRYING I. MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN A MODEL SYSTEM

A methodology for the prediction of nutrient degradation during the process of air-drying is presented. This methodology was illustrated with the aid of model systems in which ascorbic acid had been incorporated. Information was collected for the drying behavior of the system and for the kinetics of ascorbic acid degradation as a function of moisture content, temperature and time. Prediction of ascorbic acid retention was found to be feasible with the mathematical models developed. Two consecutive papers are presented. This first part deals with the development of mathematical models to describe the drying behavior of the system. Moisture and temperature distribution as a function of time were established experimentally and with the aid of mathematical models.
A Bayesian view of covariation assessment.

When participants assess the relationship between two variables, each with levels of presence and absence, the two most robust phenomena are that: (a) observing the joint presence of the variables has the largest impact on judgment and observing joint absence has the smallest impact, and (b) participants’ prior beliefs about the variables’ relationship influence judgment. Both phenomena represent departures from the traditional normative model (the phi coefficient or related measures) and have therefore been interpreted as systematic errors. However, both phenomena are consistent with a Bayesian approach to the task. From a Bayesian perspective: (a) joint presence is normatively more informative than joint absence if the presence of variables is rarer than their absence, and (b) failing to incorporate prior beliefs is a normative error. Empirical evidence is reported showing that joint absence is seen as more informative than joint presence when it is clear that absence of the variables, rather than their presence, is rare.
Denial of service in sensor networks

Sensor networks hold the promise of facilitating large-scale, real-time data processing in complex environments, helping to protect and monitor military, environmental, safety-critical, or domestic infrastructures and resources, Denial-of-service attacks against such networks, however, may permit real world damage to public health and safety. Without proper security mechanisms, networks will be confined to limited, controlled environments, negating much of the promise they hold. The limited ability of individual sensor nodes to thwart failure or attack makes ensuring network availability more difficult. To identify denial-of-service vulnerabilities, the authors analyzed two effective sensor network protocols that did not initially consider security. These examples demonstrate that consideration of security at design time is the best way to ensure successful network deployment.
Acid-base balance and hydration status following consumption of mineral-based alkaline bottled water.

The present study sought to determine whether the consumption of a mineral-rich alkalizing (AK) bottled water could improve both acid-base balance and hydration status in young healthy adults under free-living conditions. The AK water contains a naturally high mineral content along with Alka-PlexLiquid™, a dissolved supplement that increases the mineral content and gives the water an alkalizing pH of 10.0. Thirty-eight subjects were matched by gender and self-reported physical activity (SRPA, hrs/week) and then split into Control (12 women, 7 men; Mean +/- SD: 23 +/- 2 yrs; 7.2 +/- 3.6 hrs/week SRPA) and Experimental (13 women, 6 men; 22 +/- 2 yrs; 6.4 +/- 4.0 hrs/week SRPA) groups. The Control group consumed non-mineralized placebo bottled water over a 4-week period while the Experimental group consumed the placebo water during the 1st and 4th weeks and the AK water during the middle 2-week treatment period. Fingertip blood and 24-hour urine samples were collected three times each week for subsequent measures of blood and urine osmolality and pH, as well as total urine volume. Dependent variables were analyzed using multivariate repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc focused on evaluating changes over time within Control and Experimental groups (alpha = 0.05). There were no significant changes in any of the dependent variables for the Control group. The Experimental group, however, showed significant increases in both the blood and urine pH (6.23 to 7.07 and 7.52 to 7.69, respectively), a decreased blood and increased urine osmolality, and a decreased urine output (2.51 to 2.05 L/day), all during the second week of the treatment period (P < 0.05). Further, these changes reversed for the Experimental group once subjects switched to the placebo water during the 4th week. Consumption of AK water was associated with improved acid-base balance (i.e., an alkalization of the blood and urine) and hydration status when consumed under free-living conditions. In contrast, subjects who consumed the placebo bottled water showed no changes over the same period of time. These results indicate that the habitual consumption of AK water may be a valuable nutritional vector for influencing both acid-base balance and hydration status in healthy adults.
Control of tissue engineered cardiac muscle fibrosis by an endocardial surrogate

Here we demonstrate proof-of-concept for controlling cardiac fibroblast collagen secretion on a microfabricated poly(glycerol sebacate) scaffold by endocardial endothelial cells.
Sigma B contributes to PrfA-mediated virulence in Listeria monocytogenes.

Transcription of the Listeria monocytogenes positive regulatory factor A protein (PrfA) is initiated from either of two promoters immediately upstream of prfA (prfAp1 and prfAp2) or from the upstream plcA promoter. We demonstrate that prfAp2 is a functional σB-dependent promoter and that a sigB deletion mutation affects the virulence phenotype of L. monocytogenes. Thus, the alternative sigma factor σB contributes to virulence in L. monocytogenes.
Cognitive Activation by Central Thalamic Stimulation: The Yerkes-Dodson Law Revisited:

Central thalamus regulates forebrain arousal, influencing activity in distributed neural networks that give rise to organized actions during alert, wakeful states. Central thalamus has been implicated in working memory by the effects of lesions and microinjected drugs in this part of the brain. Lesions and drugs that inhibit neural activity have been found to impair working memory. Drugs that increase activity have been found to enhance and impair memory depending on the dose tested. Electrical deep brain stimulation (DBS) similarly enhances working memory at low stimulating currents and impairs it at higher currents. These effects are time dependent. They were observed when DBS was applied during the memory delay (retention) or choice response (retrieval) but not earlier in trials during the sample (acquisition) phase. The effects of microinjected drugs and DBS are consistent with the Yerkes-Dodson law, which describes an inverted-U relationship between arousal and behavioral performance. Alternatively these results may reflect desensitization associated with higher levels of stimulation, spread of drugs or current to adjacent structures, or activation of less sensitive neurons or receptors at higher DBS currents or drug doses.
Enhanced DCF of IEEE 802.11e to support QoS

We introduce the emerging IEEE 802.11e standard to support quality of service at medium access control level. One of the most important functions in 802.11e is the contention-based channel access mechanism called enhanced distributed coordination function (EDCF), which provides a priority scheme by differentiating the inter-frame space and the initial window size. We propose an analytical model to evaluate the EDCF priority scheme. Saturation throughput and saturation delay are derived analytically. Simulations are also conducted to validate analytical results. Our study shows that differentiating the initial window size is better than differentiating the inter-frame space in terms of total throughput and delay.
Integration of the movement of signaling microclusters with cellular motility in immunological synapses.

TCR microcluster signaling occurs in cognate T cells after they encounter antigen-presenting cells. Krummel and colleagues show that immune synapses are motile as microclusters coalesce after the actin depolymerization that occurs during T cell movement.
Reflections on Finite Model Theory

Advances in finite model theory have appeared in LICS proceedings since the very beginning of the LICS Symposium. The goal of this paper is to reflect on finite model theory by highlighting some of its successes, examining obstacles that were encountered, and discussing some open problems that have stubbornly resisted solution.
Perspectives on Energy-Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks

An energy-harvesting wireless sensor network (EHWSN) is an application-specific collection of wirelessly connected, highly resource-constrained radios, which are independent and capable of sensing, storing, processing and forwarding data, and capable of extracting energy from their environment. The network typically will have a connection to at least one less-constrained “Gateway” or “Sink” radio that is connected to the internet either wirelessly or by wire. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used to remotely monitor physical quantities, such as temperature, sound intensity, acceleration, light intensity, or pressure. They may also monitor chemical quantities, such as glucose and oxygen concentrations in blood, or the presence of toxic compounds in air or water.
The Art and Science of Clinical Judgment

Is medical diagnosis an art or a science? This question alternatively appears puerile and formidable. On the one hand, the distinction between arts and sciences appears obvious, and pigeon-holing diagnosis a matter of course. Diagnosis looks to be more like physiology and psychology than like music, painting, or short story writing. If important questions are supposed to be hard and require considerable care in answering, our initial query does not seem to be one of the central subjects of the philosophy of medicine.
Effects of bufalin on renal venous outflow, urine flow and natriuresis in the anesthetized dog.

Recent studies suggest that the endogenous digitalis-like substance (DLS) implicated in the pathogenesis of low renin hypertension in animals and humans may be a steroidal dienolide derivative. One of these derivatives, bufalin (aglycone), inhibits Na+,K+-ATPase (1) and has recently been shown in our laboratory to have some of the physiological characteristics expected of a DLS (2). For example, infusion of bufalin into the brachial artery of the anesthetized dog increases vascular resistance and blocks K+ vasodilation while it potentiates norepinephrine vasoconstriction (Fig. 1). When bufalin is administered intravenously in the dog, increases in heart rate, dP/dt, and arterial blood pressure ensue (Fig. 2). In some animals (3/7) post-infusion natriuresis and diuresis occurs. Intravenous infusion in the rat likewise produces increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and dP/dt, and marked diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis (3) during and post-infusion. The present study in the anesthetized dog has been designed to examine the mechanism for the post-infusion natriuresis and diuresis seen with bufalin.
Differential Games with Active and Passive Variables

Recently Oskar Morgenstern published an essay entitled “Thirteen Critical Points in Contemporary Economic Theory: An Interpretation” in the Journal of Economic Literature X(December 1972): 1163–89. In this article Professor Morgenstern exposed serious gaps in economic theory. The basic thrust of his article is that way too much attention has been given to the “Walrasian” theory where all actors react passively to price and that more attention needs to be placed upon systems where economic actors try to exploit their competitive edge or whatever market power they may have in order to forward their own gain.
Managing Joint Ventures in Large Public Projects

The history and current organization of the joint venture—serving serving as the general engineering consultant to the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority—are are briefly reviewed. Design and construction management on this large project are summarized. Selected aspects of cost and schedule control, equal employment opportunity programs, and wrap-up insurance are also presented.
CSG-Ed: a beginning trio for a CS0 course

Computer science faculty have been taught to develop software, crunch through difficult math problems and generally work to be objective about how to solve a problem defined in most cases by a specification. Those who are able to excel at these tasks and continue through the more difficult and theoretical versions are most often the ones who become professors. Likely the professors of computing classes in college have never had an education course or philosophy course, never mind teaching one. The ACM 2013 guidelines not only challenge computer science professors to teach writing throughout the curriculum, but to also break with the old assumption that computing is value-neutral. This session describes a set of entry-level lesson plans for presenting and discussing three different aspects of the social impact of computing appropriate for incorporation into an entry-level general education course. Inspired by previous SIGCAS sessions on ethics in computing, the specific topics are 1) professional codes for software developers and how they relate to student value systems, 2) a single source network router case used to illustrate stakeholder identification, and 3) a very small "service" project using Wikipedia. Each of these lesson plans are presented as a separate set of learning outcomes, a basic lesson plan with tips on presenting the material, an assignment to go along with the lesson plan and a short rubric for grading the assignment. All of these lesson plans have been used multiple times with success in a college general education computing class. These lesson plans were distributed at the workshop. The lessons and accompanying materials are available from the instructor on request.A combined list of learning outcomes includes: 1) Seeing software engineering and coding as a profession with associated responsibilities and expectations, 2) Understanding the impact computing devices and components in our infrastructure have on our daily lives, including technical aspects of a network 3) Identifying stakeholders in a case study and the importance of a global perspective in policy-making, 4) Understanding the power and vulnerabilities of Wikipedia while contributing some content to this community project, 5) Writing short logical essays to convey an opinion in a convincing manner.
Presentation fundamentals

This paper provides a brief description of the key points an engineer or scientist must consider when preparing for a technical presentation. Planning, organization, construction, and presentation methodology are all explored in a manner to allow a speaker to review his or her presentation mate style and to improve any areas which appear to be weak.
A New Genus and Species of Strepsiptera Parasitic on a Leafhopper Vector of a Virus Disease of Rice and Other Gramineae

At Cotaxtla, Veracruz, Mexico, up to 60% parasitization by the elenchid SOGATELENCHUS mexicanus has been found in the fulgoroid homopteron Sogata cubana (Crawford) (family Araeopodidae; formerly Delphacidae), with a maximum of 6 parasites in one host. The virus disease “hoja blanca” is transmitted on grasses by S. cubana , and on rice by Sogata orizicola . The latter species, less common than S. cubana , is also parasitized by the same new strepsipteron, for which detailed descriptions are given of the male and female, developing eggs in the female, triungulinid, larval stages, puparium, prepupa, and first and second pupae. The mature insects are instar XII. The earliest attack determined was by the triungulinid upon the second-instar nymph of the host. Tabulations show relationships of the various instars of the parasite to the sex and instar of the host. The Strepsipterous parasites of the Araeopodidae belong to the families Elenchidae and Halictophagidae; the world list of known Elenchidae includes 7 genera and 11 species.
Leveraging AI's Breadth in CS 1.

Artificial Intelligence offers a compelling backdrop for student assignments and projects even very early in the computer science curriculum. We have leveraged so-called high-level AI, in the form of reasoning about language and game-playing to motivate students in CS 1. More recently we have added activities that might be described as “lower-level” AI: robotics programming via both simulated and real platforms and audio processing and classification. This work presents both student and faculty responses to this experiment and concludes that, with appropriate scaffolding, topics from AI’s full breadth succeed equally as hooks into early CS.
Agriculture and Regionalism at New Philadelphia

A study of agricultural practices around New Philadelphia, Illinois, and a comparison of these practices with those in the regions from whence the New Philadelphia residents came, tests the definitions of Upland South, Midland, and Northern (or Yankee) subsistence traditions. Using data from the U.S. census reports and agriculture schedules from 1840 and 1850, the choices of crops and livestock made by farmers in New York, Ohio, and Kentucky are compared to those made in the New Philadelphia community. Regional differences are found to have existed which influenced the farmers who lived in the area of that town in western Illinois. This study provides a firmer understanding of the subsistence and economic practices of the community.
Education and Agency in The Miseries of Mavillia

In Nicholas Breton’s 1599 Miseries of Mavillia , women’s education is examined as a social good that can be transferred across classes. In the text, education helps to define the title character as a gentlewoman, but that education is gained from a laundress rather than from any fellow member of the upper class. For the less-educated characters, Breton allows the value they place on learning to also serve as a marker of worth. For the better-educated characters, worth is more explicitly coded by a combination of endorsed social status, clear reward, and moral stability. Although the titular Mavillia endures many miseries despite her attainments and status, education acts as (variously) safeguard, surety, and salvation throughout her story. Moreover, Mavillia is able to use her education to create a “gentlewoman” out of the stubborn daughter of shepherds. In showing Mavillia’s successful transference of that education and its benefits to a woman not born to either, Breton challenges the established social order of restrictive class immobility and emphasizes the potential impact of education on the lives of middle-class and gentry women. Ultimately, Breton’s text argues for education as a potential source of comfort and moral fortitude for women of all backgrounds.
Non-linear effects for frequency tuning and quadrature compensation of a PZT self-calibration compatible Z-axis gyroscope

This work presents frequency tuning and quadrature cancellation of a bulk-PZT gyroscope. We leverage non-linearity of elasticity and piezoelectric coupling in lateral PZT bimorphs for frequency and quadrature tuning. Frequency and quadrature tuning is demonstrated with an applied DC voltage, as a broadband control for potential closed loop operation. Resonance and quadrature tuning of ∼10ppm/V dc and 20deg/sec/V dc respectively were achieved using non-linear operation of PZT drive and sense resonators at 10V peak ∼108 kHz drive.
Cache Utilization as a Locality Metric - A Case Study on the Mantevo Suite

Cache hierarchies have long been utilized to minimize the latency of main memory accesses by caching frequently used data closer to the processor. Significant research has been done to identify the most crucial metrics of cache performance. Though the majority of research focuses on measuring cache hit rates and data movement as the major cache performance metrics, cache utilization can be equally important. In this work, we present cache utilization performance metrics that provide insight into application behavior. We define cache utilization in two forms: 1) the fraction of data bytes in a cache line that are actually accessed at least once before eviction from cache and 2) the access frequency of data bytes in a cache line. We discuss the relationship between the utilization measurement and two important application properties: 1) spatial locality – the use of data located near data that has already been accessed, and 2) temporal locality – the reuse of data over time. In addition to measuring cache line utilization performance, we present conventional performance metrics as well to illustrate a holistic understanding of cache behavior. To facilitate this work, we build a memory simulator incorporated into the Structural Simulation Toolkit (SST). We measure and analyze the performance for several scientific mini-applications from the Mantevo suite [1]. This work justifies that caches are not necessarily the best onchip solution for all types of applications due to the fixed cache line size.
Variation in Use of Prostate Biopsy Following Changes in Prostate Cancer Screening Guidelines

Purpose: Prostate biopsy rates have paralleled decreasing prostate specific antigen screening rates since 2012. We hypothesized that biopsy rates and the change in rates since 2012 would vary considerably across hospital referral regions.Materials and Methods: Using Medicare data from 2012 through 2014 we identified prostate biopsies performed by physicians who performed 11 or more biopsies annually. We calculated annual biopsy rates and changes in rates from 2012 to 2014 across 306 hospital referral regions. We performed multivariable regression adjusting for factors associated with annual biopsy rates (eg percent of patients older than 75 who were screened with prostate specific antigen and percent of the population that was African American). We also estimated adjusted prostate biopsy rates and changes with time across regions.Results: We identified 395,993 biopsies. The overall rates decreased from 11.68 biopsies per 1,000 men in 2012 to 10.23 per 1,000 in 2014 (−12.4%, p = 0.11). Biopsy rates were hi...
A management strategy that reduces NICU admissions and decreases charges from the front line of the neonatal abstinence syndrome epidemic

The purpose of this study was to test a specialized needs-based management model for a high volume of babies born with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) while controlling costs and reducing neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) bed usage. Data were analyzed from inborn neonates >35 weeks’ gestational age with the diagnosis of NAS (ICD9-CM 779.5), requiring pharmacologic treatment and discharged from 2010 through 2015. Significance was determined using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney as well as χ2 for trend. NAS requiring medication treatment increased from 34.1 per 1000 live births in 2010 to 94.3 per 1000 live births in 2015 (P<0.0001 for trend). Hospital charges were significantly different in the three described locations (P<0.0001). Median per patient hospital charges for medically treated NAS were $90 601 (interquartile range (IQR) $64 489 to $128 135) for NAS patients managed in the NICU, $68 750 (IQR $44 952 to $92 548) for those managed in an in-hospital dedicated unit and $17 688 (IQR $9933 to $20 033) for those cared for in an outpatient neonatal withdrawal center. NICU admission was avoided in 78% of the population once both alternative locations were fully implemented. In this cohort of infants, a 219% increase in the number of infants treated for NAS overwhelmed the capacity of our traditional resources. There was a need to develop new treatment approaches dealing with the NAS crisis and a growing population of prenatally exposed babies. We found that the described model of care significantly reduced charges and stabilized admissions to our NICU despite the marked increase in cases. Without this system, our NICU would be in a critical state of gridlock and diversion; instead, we have efficient management of a large NAS population.
Glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in Paramecium tetraurelia: possible role in chemoresponse.

We have begun to characterize the glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins of the Paramecium tetraurelia cell body surface where receptors and binding sites for attractant stimuli are found. We demonstrate here (i) that inositol-specific exogenous phospholipase C (PLC) treatment of the cell body membranes (pellicles) removes proteins with GPI anchors, (ii) that, as in P. primaurelia, there is an endogenous lipase that responds differently to PLC inhibitors compared with its response to an exogenous PLC, (iii) that salt and ethanol treatment of cells removes GPI-anchored proteins from whole, intact cells, (iv) that Triton X-114 phase partitioning shows that many GPI-anchored proteins are cleaved from pellicles by the endogenous lipase and enter the aqueous phase, and (v) that integral membrane proteins are not among those cleaved with PLC or in the salt/ethanol wash. Antisera against the proteins removed by the salt/ethanol washing procedure include antibodies against large surface antigens, which we confirm in this species to be GPI-anchored, and against an array of proteins of smaller molecular mass. These antisera specifically block the chemoresponse to some stimuli, such as folate, which we suggest are signaled through GPI-anchored receptors. Responses to cyclic AMP, which we believe involve an integral membrane protein receptor, and to NH4Cl, which requires no receptor, are not affected by the antisera. Antiserum against a mammalian GPI-anchored folatebinding protein recognizes a single band among the GPIanchored salt and ethanol wash proteins. The same antiserum specifically blocks the chemoresponse to folate. Summary
Stochastic Processes on Lie Groups

As has been discussed in earlier chapters, it is possible to define probability densities on Lie groups and to compute convolutions. Since Lie groups are by definition also analytic manifolds, the methodology from Chapter 8 of Volume 1 can be used to define SDEs and Fokker–Planck equations. However, the added structure provided by Lie groups means that these equations can be derived in completely Lie-theoretic terms without ever referring to coordinates or charts. In addition, the natural embedding of Lie groups into matrices means that SDEs can be written extrinsically as well. These topics are discussed here, along with related topics from the field of probability and statistics on Lie groups. These include answering the questions: “How can the concepts of mean and covariance of a pdf on a Lie group be defined?” “If I only care how the mean and covariance behave as a function of time, can I obtain these without solving the Fokker–Planck equation?”
Demo: Enabling data sharing and multimedia applications over a multi-hop ad hoc network formed by un-rooted smartphones

With the proliferation of smart phones, it is expected that connecting smartphones into mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) can bring users significant convenience. While lots of efforts have been made on network structure and routing algorithms in the general context of ad hoc networks, the existing solutions cannot be directly applied for connecting off-the-shelf smartphones into a self-forming, self-maintaining multi-hop network. The main reason is that non-rooted smartphones grant only limited permissions to access wireless interfaces, restricting multi-hop networking capabilities and programmability. In this demonstration, we present a novel method, using Protocol Bridging Mechanism (PBM), to achieve a cluster-based MANET that supports multi-hop and multi-cluster communication among commercial Android smartphones. We constructed a prototype MANET over plurality of smartphones, and demonstrate live video streaming, file sharing and mobile gaming over the multi-hop MANET.
Exploring Connections Between Global Integration and Political Mobilization

With the end of the Cold War, military security issues declined on the international agenda as environmental, economic, and social issues rose. As superpower con?ict faded from the international agenda, space was created for new attempts at multilateral problem-solving. How have these changes a?ected the prospects for transnational organizing? Using data from the Yearbook of International Associations this paper explores changes in the size, issue focus, geographic makeup, and organizational structure of the population of transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs) in recent decades. While not the only form of transna-tional cooperation, these formal organizations provide important infrastructures for sustained transnational political work. Key ?ndings are that while the transnational social movement sector has continued to grow since the mid-20th century, its rate of growth has slowed in the 1990s. Also, human rights and environment predominate on TSMO issue-agendas, but during the 1990s more groups emphasized economic issues and adopted multi-issue organizing frames over single-issue focuses. Newer groups were more likely to be organized regionally, that is within the global North or South, which may re?ect e?orts to develop structures to better connect local settings with global networks.
Future Research Issues

In this chapter we briefly survey what has been accomplished in this field so far and indicate new areas of research for further investigation. The history of using direct methods in power system stability is a long one of nearly four decades following the equal area criterion by Kimbark. Although there was a relative lull in the 60’s and early 70’s, the work being limited only to the aca-demia, the late 70’s and the 80’s have seen a big upsurge in terms of research publications. There have been the breakthrough concepts of the controlling u.e.p and the potential energy boundary surface. The two are not irreconcilable concepts as suspected earlier. The characterization of the region of stability boundary in the multi-dimensional space has helped the development of hybrid techniques which combine the best features of both the controlling u.e.p and the PEBS methods. As systems became larger, consistency regarding accurate determination of critical clearing time or energy margin were matters of concern. Here the concept of grouping of machines following a fault has been helpful. This concept can be used either in a multimachine context by correcting the K.E and identifying the grouping through normalized P.E margin or reduce the system to a single machine infinite bus system by assuming coherency in the two groups. Extensions to multi-area energy functions have been made. If coherency is not to be assumed then corrections to the potential energy portion of the energy function associated with centers of inertia (slow energy function) are needed.
Nonlocal topological electromagnetic phases of matter

Topological electromagnetic phases of matter belong to a unique class of quantum phases in atomic-scale media. The ultimate origin of electromagnetic phases lies in the nonlocal Hall conductivity. Unlike their electronic counterparts, topological electromagnetic materials are manifestly bosonic and exhibit protected spin-1 edge states. To uncover the signatures of these bosonic phases, the authors introduce the microscopic theory of photonic band structure and analyze the symmetries of the atomic lattice. Beside the Chern invariant, there are also symmetry-protected topological invariants that are characterized by spin-1 eigenvalues of the electromagnetic field, as illustrated in the accompanying figure.
Long-Term Followup of Patients Treated With 1 or 2, 6-Week Courses of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: Analysis of Possible Predictors of Response Free of Tumor

AbstractWe report our long-term experience with 104 patients treated for recurrent superficial bladder tumors followed for a mean of 48 ± 2 months (range 6 to 83 months). Patients received 6 weekly intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations, and were followed for response with urinary cytology, cystoscopy and bladder biopsy. Patients were considered treatment failures if either urinary cytology or biopsy results were positive for tumor. Of 69 patients who failed the initial treatment course 60 were given an additional 6-week course of therapy. A 6-week course of bacillus Calmette-Guerin was successful in 19 of 55 patients (35%) treated for prophylaxis, 10 of 32 (31%) treated for carcinoma in situ and 6 of 17 (35%) treated for residual tumor. The response rate for the total patient population treated with 1, 6-week course was 34% (35 of 104). Another 6-week course was successful in 32 of 60 patients (53%). The over-all response rate free of tumor for patients treated with either 6 or 12 weeks of t...
Can the effects of outdoor air pollution on asthma be mitigated

Outdoor air pollution affects lung development, asthma morbidity, and early life exposure to outdoor pollutants has been linked with development of asthma. Recent findings suggest that several non-modifiable and modifiable factors may diminish or augment the harmful effects of outdoor air pollution on asthma. While genetic studies have been limited by sample size and or issues with replication, interactions have been demonstrated between the GSTM1-null genotype and ozone, along with NO2 and adenylate cyclase 2. Co-exposure to psychosocial stress and air pollutants is associated with asthma and reduced lung function in children, particularly among males. Cigarette smoking is associated with incident asthma among adults with outdoor pollutant exposure, but studies examining a potential interaction between second-hand smoke and outdoor pollutants are lacking. Concurrent exposure to aeroallergens and air pollutants is associated with increased airway inflammation in adults and asthma in atopic children. Some studies support an interaction between obesity and air pollution on lung function in adults and respiratory symptoms in children. Nutritional factors, including antioxidants, may attenuate the detrimental effects of air pollution by reducing airway inflammation. Vitamin E was associated with decreased airway inflammation in adults with asthma, while reductions in lung function in children exposed to ozone were attenuated with supplementation of vitamins C and E. Vitamin D supplementation reduced the effects of TRAP and allergen exposure in a murine model examining airway inflammation and vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is associated with increased asthma morbidity in children. Diets rich in fruit and vegetables and the Mediterranean diet are associated with greater lung function among children exposed to ozone. Conclusions: Policy measures related to improved air quality have been effective at improving respiratory symptoms and objective measures such as lung function. The findings of our review suggest that public health policies related to modifiable risk factors such as smoking, second-hand smoke exposure or obesity may both significantly reduce the harmful effects of air pollution and greatly benefit overall health. Further, certain populations that remain exposed to air pollution may benefit from identification of key interventions that mitigate the harmful effects of pollutants via well-designed clinical trials.
A decision-support framework for emergency evacuation planning during extreme storm events

Abstract Developing an effective real-time evacuation strategy during extreme storm events such as hurricanes has been a topic of critical significance to the emergency planning and response community. The spatial and temporal variabilities of inland flooding during hurricanes present significant challenges for robust evacuation planning. In this study, a framework for real-time evacuation planning was developed that combines the results obtained from hydrodynamic modeling and traffic microsimulation. First, a fine-scale hydrodynamic model was developed based on depth-averaged 2D shallow-water equations (SWE) to obtain information pertaining to flood depth and velocity for planning evacuation routes during a storm event. Next, a traffic microsimulation was conducted using time-dependent information from the hydrodynamic model regarding the traffic velocities along evacuation routes during an event. An optimization technique was also implemented to reduce the overall travel time by about 6% from that of the base model. The last component of the framework involves combining the results from both models to generate a time-lapse animation of emergency evacuation based on a geographic information system (GIS). The results obtained using this framework could be easily accessed by the general public and decision-makers to enable efficient evacuation planning during extreme storm events.
Approximate Query Answering Based on Topological Neighborhood and Semantic Similarity in OpenStreetMap

In this paper we focus on a pictorial query language, referred to as Geographical Pictorial Query Language (GeoPQL), and we revise its formal semantics by considering the polygon-polyline, polyline-polyline, and polygon-polygon topological relationships. This work proposes the Approximate Answering Engine (AAE) within a Distributed System, referred to as GeoPQLJSON (GeoPQLJ). The AAE provides approximate answers to query with empty results by following two directions: the Operator Conceptual Neighborhood (OCN) graph, and the OpenStreetMap (OSM) attribute hierarchy, giving maximum flexibility to the user choices. According to the former, the geo-operators of the queries can be replaced with the ones labeling the adjacent nodes of the OCN graph. By following the latter, the system evaluates the OSM attribute semantic similarity according to the information content approach, and proposes possible attribute replacements to the user. Note that the presence of OSM attributes allows the quick and direct access to large amount of geographical data, without requiring in our case the use of the topological elements. The functionalities of the Distributed GeoPQLJ System are illustrated by several query examples.
Measurement of the mass of 8 He

The $^{64}\mathrm{Ni}$($^{4}\mathrm{He}$, $^{8}\mathrm{He}$)$^{60}\mathrm{Ni}$ reaction was used at 58-MeV bombarding energy with the quadrupole-dipole-dipole-dipole spectrograph, giving an improved value of the $^{8}\mathrm{He}$ mass excess of 31.611\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.017 MeV.
Ready, Set, Go to Federal Court: The Hague Convention, Demystified

The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of Child Abduction is where family law meets international law. In an age of increasing international travel, such cases are growing in frequency, and the need for practitioners to take on Hague cases has grown exponentially. This brief article outlines the general steps necessary to represent children in such proceedings.
Leg muscle cross-sectional area measured by ultrasound is highly correlated with MRI

The leg muscles are important for balance, posture, and movement during static and dynamic activity. Obtaining cross-sectional area measurements (CSA) of the leg muscles helps researchers understand the health and force production capability of individual leg muscles. Therefore, having an easy to use and readily available method to assess leg muscle CSA is needed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude, repeatability, and validity of CSA measurements of select leg muscles from ultrasound (US) and the current gold standard, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 20 healthy volunteers participated in this study. Each participant was imaged via US and MRI. The muscles of interest obtained on each participant consisted of the tibialis anterior at both 30 and 50% of the shank length, tibialis posterior at both 30 and 50% of the shank length, the flexor digitorum longus, the fibularis (peroneus) longus, and the fibularis (peroneus) brevis. Strong Pearson correlations were seen for all of the muscles when comparing US to MRI with a range from .7840 to .9676. For all measurements, standard error of the measurement ranged from .003 to 0.260 cm2. Minimum detectable difference for muscle measurements ranged from .008 cm2 for MRI fibularis longus and fibularis brevis to .693 cm2 for MRI of tibialis anterior at 30%. US minimum detectable difference ranged from .125 cm2 for the tibialis posterior muscle at 30% to .449 cm2 for the tibialis anterior muscle at 50%. Based on these results ultrasound is a valid method to obtain CSA of muscles of the leg when compared with MRI.
Considerations of the use of the electronic tongue in sensory science

Sensory testing of foods and beverages has been conducted for as long as people have evaluated product quality. However, challenges associated with sensory testing, including participant interaction and resource constraints prompted the development of the electronic tongue (etongue) as a biomimetic. This article presents developments in etongue research and discusses the use of this instrument in sensory science. Issues surrounding the etongue as a functional analogue to sensory testing are considered in terms of human taste perception compared to perception by sensors. The assessment of basic tastes and attributes that are particularly difficult to assess with sensory methodology, including spiciness, metallic, astringency and aftertaste, are also reviewed. Practical issues surrounding the broader use of the etongue are presented, including sample preparation and the need for specialized personnel. Finally, challenges and opportunities are raised as researchers and industry consider the etongue for wider application in food and beverage assessment.
Effect of spontaneous movement on respiration in preterm infants.

NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The respiratory centres in the brainstem that control respiration receive inputs from various sources, including proprioceptors in muscles and joints and suprapontine centres, which all affect limb movements. What is the effect of spontaneous movement on respiration in preterm infants? What is the main finding and its importance? Apnoeic events tend to be preceded by movements. These activity bursts can cause respiratory instability that leads to an apnoeic event. These findings show promise that infant movements might serve as potential predictors of life-threatening apnoeic episodes, but more research is required. ABSTRACT A common condition in preterm infants (<37 weeks' gestational age) is apnoea resulting from immaturity and instability of the respiratory system. As apnoeas are implicated in several acute and long-term complications, prediction of apnoeas may preempt their onset and subsequent complications. This study tests the hypothesis that infant movements are a predictive marker for apnoeic episodes and examines the relation between movement and respiration. Movement was detected using a wavelet algorithm applied to the photoplethysmographic signal. Respiratory activity was measured in nine infants using respiratory inductance plethysmography; in an additional eight infants, respiration and partial pressure of airway carbon dioxide ( PCO2 ) were measured by a nasal cannula with side-stream capnometry. In the first cohort, the distribution of movements before and after the onset of 370 apnoeic events was compared. Results showed that apnoeic events were associated with longer movement duration occurring before apnoea onsets compared to after. In the second cohort, respiration was analysed in relation to movement, comparing standard deviation of inter-breath intervals (IBI) before and after apnoeas. Poincare maps of the respiratory activity quantified variability of airway PCO2 in phase space. Movement significantly increased the variability of IBI and PCO2 . Moreover, destabilization of respiration was dependent on the duration of movement. These findings support that bodily movements of the infants precede respiratory instability. Further research is warranted to explore the predictive value of movement for life-threatening events, useful for clinical management and risk stratification.
Perceived Formal and Informal Sanctions in Deterring Cybercrime in a College Sample

The threat of formal sanctions is the criminal justice system’s primary tool to discourage online and offline deviant behavior. Yet, scholars have expressed strong concerns about the effectiveness ...
Transspinal stimulation and step training alter function of spinal networks in complete spinal cord injury.

STUDY DESIGN Pilot study (case series). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to establish spinal neurophysiological changes following high-frequency transspinal stimulation during robot-assisted step training in individuals with chronic motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING University research laboratory (Klab4Recovery). METHODS Four individuals with motor complete SCI received an average of 18 sessions of transspinal stimulation over the thoracolumbar region with a pulse train at 333 Hz during robotic-assisted step training. Each session lasted ~1 h, with an average of 240 stimulations delivered during each training session. Before and after the combined intervention, we evaluated the amplitude modulation of the long-latency tibialis anterior (TA) flexion reflex and transspinal evoked potentials (TEP) recorded from flexors and extensors during assisted stepping, and the TEP recruitment curves at rest. RESULTS The long-latency TA flexion reflex was depressed in all phases of the step cycle and the phase-dependent amplitude modulation of TEPs was altered during assisted stepping, while spinal motor output based on TEP recruitment curves was increased after the combined intervention. CONCLUSION This is the first study documenting noninvasive transspinal stimulation coupled with locomotor training depresses flexion reflex excitability and concomitantly increases motoneuron output over multiple spinal segments for both flexors and extensors in people with motor complete SCI. While both transspinal stimulation and locomotor training may act via similar activity-dependent neuroplasticity mechanisms, combined interventions for rehabilitation of neurological disorders has not been systematically assessed. Our current findings support locomotor training induced neuroplasticity may be augmented with transspinal stimulation.