cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Water entrainment due to spillway surface jets

Strong flow entrainment has been observed downstream of spillways constructed with flow deflectors. This water entrainment has important environmental and ecological impacts because it improves the mixing of powerhouse and spillway flows, but may negatively impact fish migration or create adverse flow conditions. Most studies found in the literature attempt to explain this entrainment with turbulent mixing. Both reduced-scale hydraulic models and single-phase, isotropic RANS models grossly under-predict the degree of entrainment observed in prototypes. In this paper, an anisotropic model that accounts for the bubble volume fraction and attenuation of the normal velocity fluctuations at the free surface is presented. The model adequately predicts the main mechanisms causing water entrainment and compares well against experimental data for a round surface jet and for Brownlee Dam at model scale. It is shown that appropriate entrainment can only be captured if the turbulence anisotropy and the two-phase nature of the flow are modelled.
Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types

(1995). Buildings and Power: Freedom and Control in the Origin of Modern Building Types. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 272-273.
A beam-edge modifier for abutting electron fields

Abutment of unmodified electron fields to irradiate large areas can lead to significant dose inhomogeneities in the region of junction of the fields. In this paper we describe the design and dosimetric characteristics of a device developed to broaden the electron beam penumbra and thereby to improve the dose uniformity in the overlap region. The device is a high‐density triangular‐toothed comb capable of reducing the beam intensity without seriously degrading the beam energy. The effect of the comb is such that a single device will generate a beam penumbra which is broad and very nearly linear at all depths for all clinically used beam energies. Results are shown for various field configurations and energies. With a gap of 5.0 cm between the treatment cone and phantom surface the dose ‘‘ripple’’ in the region beneath the teeth was found not to exceed ±5% at 0.5‐cm depth.
Renovation of a failed constructed wetland treating acid mine drainage

Acid mine drainage (AMD) from abandoned underground mines significantly impairs water quality in the Jones Branch watershed in McCreary Co., Kentucky, USA. A 1022-m2 surface-flow wetland was constructed in 1989 to reduce the AMD effects, however, the system failed after six months due to insufficient utilization of the treatment area, inadequate alkalinity production and metal overloading. In an attempt to improve treatment efficiencies, a renovation project was designed incorporating two anoxic limestone drains (ALDs) and a series of anaerobic subsurface drains that promote vertical flow of mine water through a successive alkalinity producing system (SAPS) of limestone beds overlain by organic compost. Analytical results from the 19-month post-renovation period are very encouraging. Mean iron concentrations have decreased from 787 to 39 mg l–1, pH increased from 3.38 to 6.46 and acidity has been reduced from 2244 to 199 mg l–1 (CaCO3 equivalent). Mass removal rates averaged 98% for Al, 95% for Fe, 94% for acidity, 55% for sulfate and 49% for Mn during the study period. The results indicate that increased alkalinity production from limestone dissolution and longer residence time have contributed to sufficient buffering and metal retention. The combination of ALDs and SAPS technologies used in the renovation and the sequence in which they were implemented within the wetland system proved to be an adequate and very promising design for the treatment of this and other sources of high metal load AMD.
Amygdala enterostatin induces c-Fos expression in regions of hypothalamus that innervate the PVN.

Enterostatin selectively inhibits the intake of the dietary fat after both central and peripheral administration. Our previous studies have shown that a central site of action is the central nucleus of amygdala. Serotonergic agonists administered into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) inhibit fat intake and serotonergic antagonists block the feeding suppression induced by amygdala enterostatin, suggesting that there are functional connections between the PVN and amygdala that affect the feeding response to enterostatin. Our purpose was to identify the anatomic and functional projections from the amygdala to the PVN and hypothalamic area that are responsive to enterostatin, by using a retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) and c-Fos expression. Rats were injected with fluorogold unilaterally into the PVN and a chronic amygdala cannula was implanted ipsilaterally. After 10 days recovery, rats were injected with either enterostatin (0.1 nmol) or saline vehicle (0.1 μl) into the amygdala and sacrificed 2 h later by cardiac perfusion under anesthesia. The brains were subjected to dual immunohistochemistry to visualize both FG and c-Fos-positive cells. FG/c-Fos double-labeled cells were found in forebrain regions including the PVN, amygdala, lateral hypothalamus (LH), ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH) and arcuate nucleus (ARC). The data provides the first anatomical evidence that enterostatin activates amygdala neurons that have functional and anatomic projections directly to the PVN and also activates neurons in the arcuate, LH and VMH, which innervate the PVN.
Mass and nutrient dynamics of decaying litter from Passiflora mollissima and selected native species in a Hawaiian montane rain forest

The structure and functioning of Acacia koa-AlIetrosideros polymlorpha forests between 1200 and 1800 m elevation on the island of Hawaii are being thlreatened by Passiflora iollissiia, an aggressive intioduced liana from Southi America. This study was donie to evaluiate the shiort-teriml decomposition dynamics of Pass{flora and selected native leaf and twig litter. The nuitrient-rich, noni-sclerophyllouis Passillora leaves completely disappeared in less than 5 mo. The estimated timlie for native leaf litter to lose 95% of initial dry weight ranged from 1.65 y for N-rich Acacia phyllodes to 6.67 y for Cibotium glauctwm; for woody litter, the time ranged from 4.5 y for Acacia twigs to 23 y for Acacia bark. Except for Cibotiwnzl fiond litter, decay rates were significantly correlated with initial lignin-ash ratios. Passifora litter (lid not accelerate decomposition of Acacia and Alet rosideros leaf litter. Passillora, Acacia, and MIetrosideros leaf litter showed net mineralizationi of N, P, Ca, K, and Mg during the study. Cibotioum frond litter showecl significant accumulation of N, Ca, and Mg; P levels stayed constant and K was rapidly lost. In general, twigs experienced a net loss of most nutrients, wvhile bark experienced eitiher no chanige or a significanit net gain of nuitrients. Ntitrienit cycling has increased in P. inollissiia infested forests.
Cyclotron production of 67Ga. Cross sections and thick-target yields for the 67Zn (p,n) and 68Zn (p,2n) reactions

Abstract Natural zinc foils were irradiated with ⩾35-MeV protons and cross sections were measured for the reactions 66 Zn(p,n) 66 Ga, 67 Zn(p,n) 67 Ga, 67 Zn(p,2n) 66 Ga, 68 Zn(p,2n) 67 Ga and 68 Zn(p,3n) 66 Ga. Thick-target yields as well as radiocontaminant ratios were calculated from the cross-section data. Targets were also irradiated under near production conditions and the yields were compared with calculated values. An alternative production method based upon the 67 Zn(p,n) 67 Ga reaction was found to provide equivalent yields to those obtained from the 68 Zn(p,2n) 67 Ga reaction. The possibility of using double targets is also discussed.
Inhibitor and ion binding sites on the gastric H,K-ATPase.

The gastric H,K-ATPase catalyzes electroneutral exchange of H+ for K+ as a function of enzyme phosphorylation and dephosphorylation during transition between E1/E1-P (ion site in) and E2-P/E2 (ion site out) conformations. Here we present homology modeling of the H,K-ATPase in the E2-P conformation as a means of predicting the interaction of the enzyme with two known classes of specific inhibitors. All known proton pump inhibitors, PPIs, form a disulfide bond with cysteine 813 that is accessible from the luminal surface. This allows allocation of the binding site to a luminal vestibule adjacent to Cys813 enclosed by part of TM4 and the loop between TM5 and TM6. K+ competitive imidazo-1,2α-pyridines also bind to the luminal surface of the E2-P conformation, and their binding excludes PPI reaction. This overlap of the binding sites of the two classes of inhibitors combined with the results of site-directed mutagenesis and cysteine cross-linking allowed preliminary assignment of a docking mode for these rever...
Local and regional heterogeneity underlying hippocampal modulation of cognition and mood

While the hippocampus has been classically studied for its role in learning and memory, there is significant support for a role of the HPC in regulating emotional behavior. Emerging research suggests these functions may be segregated along the dorsoventral axis of the HPC. In addition to this regional heterogeneity, within the HPC, the dentate gyrus is one of two areas in the adult brain where stem cells continuously give rise to new neurons. This process can influence and be modulated by the emotional state of the animal, suggesting that adult neurogenesis within the DG may contribute to psychiatric disorders and cognitive abilities. Yet, the exact mechanism by which these newborn neurons influence behavior remains unknown. Here, we will examine the contribution of hippocampal neurogenesis to the output of the HPC, and suggest that the role of neurogenesis may vary along the DV axis. Next, we will review literature indicating that anatomical connectivity varies along the DV axis of the HPC, and that this underlies the functional segregation along this axis. This analysis will allow us to synthesize novel hypotheses for the differential contribution of the HPC to cognition and mood.
Demand‐ and Supply‐Side Agglomerations: Distinguishing between Fundamentally Different Manifestations of Geographic Concentration

Agglomeration research investigates the benefits that firms receive from locating in close geographic proximity. Despite a substantial surge in interest in this topic over the past 20 years, a lack of distinction among unique manifestations of spatial concentrations of similar firms threatens continuing progress in this stream of research. We argue that agglomerations of related firms that draw benefits from the supply-related externalities of increased access to specialized labour, specialized inputs, and knowledge spillovers are fundamentally different from those that draw benefits from heightened demand realized through reduction in consumer search costs. Extending agglomeration theory, we explicate the differences between these distinct phenomena, discuss how the nature of key theoretical relationships varies across these agglomeration types, and demonstrate significant implications for research. We discuss how the differences affect a host of theoretical relationships and empirical research decisions.
Open trial of nefazodone for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder

Fourteen combat veterans completed a 9-week open trial of nefazodone for treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overall PTSD symptoms as measured by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) showed a modest but statistically significant decrease with nefazodone treatment. Decreases in CAPS reexperiencing and avoidance, but not hyperarousal symptoms, approached statistical significance. Anxiety decreased significantly, and there were trends toward decreased depression and anger on structured assessments. This study adds to the clinical evidence that nefazodone may be helpful for the management of PTSD symptoms.
Diseases and parasites encountered in pen-raised Indian red junglefowl.

Forty-two visibly ill or dead pen-raised Indian red junglefowl were examined for parasites and diseases. The following disease conditions and parasites were identified; VIRUS(?)—visceral tumors; FUNGUS—Candida albicans; PROTOZOA — Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, E. mivati, E. tenella, Histomonas meleagridis; CESTODA — Raillientina tetragona; NEMATODA — Ascaridia galli, Capillaria obsignata, Heterakis gallinarum; Filiariidea; ACARINA (mites) — Megninia sp. Coccidiosis was the most important problem. Junglefowl appear to be susceptible to most diseases and parasites of domestic chickens.
Diffusion and adsorption of titanium oxide on platinum as related to strong metal―support interactions

Abstract Investigations by field emission microscopy show that two distinguishable Ti oxide layers are formed on rounded Pt crystallites by diffusion from an oxygen-deficient TiO 2 vapor deposit. Layer I, appearing at 700 K, covers all high Miller index areas, [110], and the vicinal areas of [100]. Layer II is formed at 800 K. In contrast to Layer I, it exhibits a layer boundary. Layer II covers all crystallographic areas except [111]. When it breaks up upon heating above 800 K, numerous high work function islands (~2 × 10 10 cm −2 ) are formed in the high Miller index areas. Because of the large work function difference between these islands and their surroundings, very strong electrostatic fields (patch fields) are created. The islands grow at elevated temperatures and disappear at about 1100 K. Above this temperature, Ti oxide is adsorbed only in the vicinal areas of [111] (1100 to 1200 K) and on [100] (1200 to 1240 K). The possible influence of the patch fields on chemical surface reactions is discussed.
Computer-Aided Semen Analysis Variables as Predictors of Male Fertility Potential

A computer-aided semen analysis (CASA) was used to allow digitizing the motion of the spermatozoon. This procedure allows an objective means of judging semen quality, especially the translational movements of spermatozoa. Forty-three couples were included in the study. The average age of the male was 35.5 ± 4.7 years and that of the female was 32.7 ± 4.7 years. The average duration of infertility was 3.8 ± 2.3 years. Using multiple linear regression analysis of 26 prognostic variables, a cluster of 8 variables significantly predicted pregnancy maximally. The 8 variables and the resultant multiple correlation coefficients were used to generate a multiple regression equation which allowed the correct separation of the population into fertile and infertile couples. The mean pregnancy predictor values of the fertile and infertile populations were significantly different using the analysis of variance.
New treatments for genital warts less than ideal: abstract and commentary

Objective:To compare the safety and effectiveness of 5% and 1% imiquimod cream with vehicle cream in the treatment of external anogenital warts.Design:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison that evaluated patients for total clearance of their warts. Patients who experienced total clearance were evaluated for recurrence in a 12-week follow-up.Setting:Eleven ambulatory offices, including both private physician offices and referral medical centers.Patients:Three hundred eleven healthy men and women aged 18 years or older with 2 to 50 external anogenital warts were recruited from the practices of investigators, referring physicians, and advertisements. Eighty-two additional patients were screened but did not qualify. Four patients discontinued use of the medication because of adverse effects.Interventions:Five percent imiquimod (Aldara) cream, 1% imiquimod cream, or vehicle cream was applied to all external warts overnight 3 times each week for 16 weeks, or until all treated warts disappeared, whichever occurred first.Main Outcome Measurements:The number of patients experiencing the elimination of all baseline warts and the recurrence rate of these warts. In addition, the reduction in baseline wart area, the duration of therapy required to eliminate warts, and the frequency and severity of adverse reactions were principal measurements.Results:In the intent-to-treat analysis, 54 (50%) of 109 patients who received 5% imiquimod cream, 21 (21%) of 102 of those who received 1% imiquimod cream, and 11 (11%) of 100 patients treated with vehicle cream experienced eradication of all treated baseline warts. The difference between the effectiveness of 5% imiquimod cream and the vehicle cream was statistically significant (P<.001). Of those patients whose warts cleared during therapy, 13% of patients who received 5% imiquimod experienced a recurrence of at least 1 wart. Recurrences occurred in none of the patients who used 1% imiquimod cream and in 10% of patients who used the vehicle cream. Local erythema was the most common adverse reaction, but the majority of patients in each group experienced no or only mild local inflammatory reactions. There were no differences in incidences of flulike symptoms among treatment groups.Conclusions:Five percent imiquimod cream is an effective and safe self-administered therapy for external anogenital warts when applied 3 times a week overnight for up to 16 weeks. The recurrence rate is low.
Iron dysregulation in Friedreich ataxia.

Friedreich ataxia is the most common hereditary ataxia. The signs and symptoms of the disorder derive from decreased expression of the protein frataxin, which is involved in iron metabolism. Frataxin chaperones iron for iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and detoxifies iron in the mitochondrial matrix. Decreased expression of frataxin is associated with impairments of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis and heme synthesis, as well as with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Compounds currently in clinical trials are directed toward improving mitochondrial function and lessening oxidative stress. Iron chelators and compounds that increase frataxin expression are under evaluation. Further elucidation of frataxin’s function should lead to additional therapeutic approaches.
Beefing up replication of the hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health problem affecting an estimated 170 million individuals worldwide. We report the identification of multiple independent adaptive mutations that cluster in the HCV nonstructural protein NS5A and confer increased replicative ability in vitro. Among these adaptive mutations were a single amino acid substitution that allowed HCV RNA replication in 10% of transfected hepatoma cells and a deletion of 47 amino acids encompassing the interferon (IFN) sensitivity determining region (ISDR). Independent of the ISDR, IFN-a rapidly inhibited HCV RNA replication in vitro. This work establishes a robust, cell-based system for genetic and functional analyses of HCV replication.
Multi-signal electromechanical cardiovascular monitoring on a modified home bathroom scale

A commercially available bathroom scale was modified to enable unobtrusive and robust cardiovascular monitoring in the home. Handlebar electrodes were interfaced to an ultra-low power, two-electrode electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition circuit providing consistent and clean heartbeat timing information. In addition, the footpad electrodes were used to detect lower-body electromyogram (EMG) and lower-body impedance plethysmogram (IPG) signals using two parallel circuits. The lower-body EMG signal was used as an indication of excessive motion of the subject on the scale. The lower-body IPG signal is related to blood flow through the legs, and will be investigated further in future studies. Finally, the component of bodyweight that varies with time — the ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal — was amplified from the existing strain gauges built into the scale. A preliminary validation was completed on five healthy subjects of varying sizes. The average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) values computed over all five subjects for the ECG, IPG, and BCG signals were 17.2, 12.0, and 9.0 dB, respectively.
Signatures of exchange correlations in the thermopower of quantum dots

We use a many-body rate-equation approach to calculate the thermopower of a quantum dot in the presence of an exchange interaction. At temperatures much smaller than the single-particle level spacing, the known quantum jumps (discontinuities) in the thermopower are split by the exchange interaction. The origin and nature of the splitting are elucidated with a simple physical argument based on the nature of the intermediate excited state in the sequential tunneling approach. We show that this splitting is sensitive to the number parity of electrons in the dot and the dot's ground-state spin. These effects are suppressed when cotunneling dominates the electrical and thermal conductances. We calculate the thermopower in the presence of elastic cotunneling and show that some signatures of exchange correlations should still be observed with current experimental methods. In particular, we propose a method to determine the strength of the exchange interaction from measurements of the thermopower.
Oxygen transport and organ dysfunction in the older trauma patient

Abstract Objectives: To determine baseline values of cardiac index (CI) and oxygen transport variables in patients with multiple trauma within 24 hours of admission to a level I trauma center. Method: This project was part of a larger study comparing methods of measuring oxygen consumption (VO2) in 38 severely injured patients. Measurements of CI, oxygen delivery (DO2), and VO2 were performed every 6 hours for 24 hours. Patients were monitored for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Results: The mean age was 59 (± 17) years, with 74% (n = 28) of patients 50 years or older. Patients 65 years or older had significantly lower levels of CI, DO2, and VO2. Initial age-related differences in CI (P
Dispersed paramagnetic nitrogen content of large laboratory diamonds

Abstract A curve relating dispersed paramagnetic nitrogen concentrations in laboratory diamonds to their infra-red or ultra-violet absorption spectra has been obtained. Good quality laboratory diamonds ranging in size from 14 to 130 mg were used in this work. From this curve one can obtain dispersed paramagnetic nitrogen concentrations in the range between 0·1 and 500 atomic p.p.m. This curve extends previous results two orders of magnitude toward lower nitrogen concentrations and shows a higher dispersed paramagnetic nitrogen concentration for a given absorption coefficient.
Small angle x‐ray analysis of the effect of temperature on the self‐assembling columnar structures formed by a polymethacrylate with highly tapered side groups and by one of its low molar mass precursors

Small angle X-ray methods have been used to investigate the self-assembling columnar structures formed by a polymethacrylate with large highly tapered side groups, and by one of its low molar mass precursors. The polymer is poly(2-(2-[2-(2-methacryloyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxylethyl-3,4,5-tris(p-dodecyloxybenzyloxy)-benzoate) (H12-ABG-4EO-PMA); the precursor is 2-(2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-ethoxy]ethoxy)-ethyl-3,4,5-tris(p-dodecyl-oxybenzyloxy)benzoate (H12-ABG-4EO-OH). Both the polymer and the precursor form three dimensionally ordered structures at room temperature, consisting of hexagonally packed cylinders with diameters in the region of 60 and 53A, respectively, in which the interiors of the columns probably have helical arrays of the stacked tapered groups. At higher temperatures these are converted to columnar hexagonal (Φ h ) liquid crystalline phases. At temperatures close to this transition for the precursor we detect two coexisting columnar structures, with the Φ h structure having a diameter approximately 1A higher than that in the solid state. For the polymer, the data are not so well resolved, and coexisting phases cannot be resolved. However, the changes in column dimensions are larger than for the precursor. Conversion of the room temperature phase to the Φ h phase at 40°C results in an increase of 3A in the diameter, which then declines by approximately the same amount as the temperature rises to 90°C, close to the isotropization point. Cooling to room temperature does not immediately restore the room temperature structure. Rather, we obtain a quenched Φ h structure, with a column diameter almost 10% higher. These dimensional changes correlate well with the changes in diameter with temperature seen for the bulk fiber, and suggest a continuous rearrangement of the interiors of the columns in the Φ h phase, such as a partial unwinding of a disordered helical structure.
Vortices in stratified and nonlocal superconductors.

Static-vortex solutions for a type-II superconductor, obtained from a systematic procedure using Fourier transformation, are presented. The superconductor may be stratified with different values of the London penetration depth and/or nonlocal. Nonlocal screening of electromagnetic fields is accounted for by using Pippard theory, giving results which may be useful for low Ginzburg-Landau parameter superconductors. Dirty and clean limits are examined. Boundary-value problems are formulated and both three-dimensional (3D) and 2D (pancake) vortex solutions are obtained. The calculation of derived quantities such as magnetic flux is illustrated.
Decreased food intakes and body weights in rats immunized against pancreatic glucagon

Abstract Glucagon, a putative satiety peptide, has decreased food intake and antibodies to glucagon have increased food intake when administered acutely. It may be hypothesized if rats were immunized against glucagon, antibodies would chronically sequester glucagon released during meals and food intake and weight gain would increase. Female Zucker obese (n=16, BW=160±5 g) and lean (n=16, BW=123±3 g) rats were immunized against pancreatic glucagon conjugated to BSA (GG-AB) or BSA alone (BSA-AB). Only GG-AB rats developed glucagon antibody titers ( p p p p p p
Teaching intersectional LGBT psychology: reflections from historically Black and Hispanic-serving universities

Recent curricular developments emphasising coverage of sexuality resulted in the creation of psychology courses devoted to ‘lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender’ (LGBT) content that parallel diversity courses that focus on gender or race. However, an intersectional pedagogical approach may strengthen student understanding of not only the LGBT psychology but also the matrix of oppression as related to a multitude of social inequalities. This article presents instructors' reflections documenting the benefits and challenges of using critical liberatory feminist pedagogy and an intersectional framework in teaching two courses, Black Issues in LGBT Psychology and Psychology of Gender, Race, and Sexuality within the cultural contexts of a historically Black university and a Hispanic-serving university. Examples of assignments and student reactions are provided. Implications are drawn for diversity-themed courses that may focus exclusively on race/ethnicity, sexual orientation and/or gender identity without at...
American Museum of Natural History at 100

The centenary of New York's Museum of Natural History, which continues until May this year, has been marked by the beginning of some important new programmes, particularly concerned with the environment. In this article, the former director, now coordinator of the museum's scientific and environmental programme, traces its history and describes some new departures for the next hundred years.
Pulse poling of high performance nonlinear chromophores in polymers

Conjugated chromophores with permanent dipole moments can be aligned by heating a thin polymer film containing chromophores in an external electric field. The heated guest-host system is then cooled in the field to maintain the chromophores' alignment Dielectric breakdown and charge transfer, however, often limit the external electric field to about 100 V per micron of film thickness. It was hypothesized that electrical pulses could increase the voltage of the poling field without damaging the sample films. This was achieved by combining an amplified waveform from a function generator with the DC poling field. Pulse amplitudes were varied from 10 to 10 3 V. Pulse frequencies were varied from 10 -1 to 103 Hz with a duty cycle of up to 50% of the pulse period. Pulse amplitudes were found to have optimum effects at less than 15% of me DC field at low frequencies, 0.1-10 Hz, with a sinusoidal pulse shape. It was found that this technique induced up to a 20% improvement in optical properties without damaging the sample films.
Radial growth response of understory sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) surrounding openings

Abstract Understory sugar maple around openings 15 to 75 m in diameter in mature hardwood stands gave a radial response over a 5-year period. Size of opening and distance into the uncut stand from opening edge, especially, affected the increase in diameter growth. The trend of response with distance ranged from a nearly 300% increase near the opening to 12% at 30 m into the stand, with opening sizes grouped, indicating that the openings affected growth more than 30 m into the stand. The interaction, opening size × distance, gave a strong relationship, significant at the 0.005% level because effect of opening size diminished as distance from opening increased. Sunlight intensity and available soil moisture were collected from three new openings, 15, 30, and 45 m in diameter and one new clearcut. Sunlight intensity dropped from about 33% along the opening edge to about 5% at 15 m into the stand. Percentage sunlight was directly related to percentage radial response (significant at 0.01% level) similar to the response relationship. However, no relationship were found for the interaction of available soil moisture with radial response as the moisture data ranged from 10 to 14% throughout the 30 m distance.
Comparative hydrolysis of substituted ureas in a mixed alcoholic-water solution ☆

The carbanilides Triclocarban (TCC), [N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea] (101-20-2) and Halocarban, (HC), (N-[4-chlorophenyl]-N′-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea) (369-77-7) are used in deodorant soaps because of their bacteriostatic properties. In order to relate the rates of hydrolysis of TCC and HC with the structure of these substituted ureas, comparative hydrolysis studies have been made with these compounds, as well as phenylurea (64-10-8), 4-chlorophenylurea (140-38-5), diphenylurea (102-07-8), N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-phenylurea (140-38-5) and N,N′bis (4-chlorophenylurea (1219-99-4). Pseudo first-order rate constants at 25°C for hydrolysis in 0.5 M NaOH (in 77% ethanol-23% water, by vol) varied from 2 × 10−4 to 9 × 10−4 day−1, yielding corresponding half-lives between 2 and 10 yr, respectively. Activation energies have been calculated. For the first two compounds extrapolation to pure water solutions have been made.
Cerebral Blood Flow during Acute Acidosis in Perinatal Goats

Summary: Changes in cerebral blood flow in response to three states of acute acidosis, posthypoxic, lactic acid, and respiratory, were estimated by the microsphere technique. In all three states, the fraction of the systemic blood flow reaching the brain and the rate (ml/min) of blood flow to it increased. The increase in flow was linearly related both to the PaCO2 and to H+. Others have shown the flow rate to increase with hypercapnia, but the increase associated with an increase in hydrogen ion concentration while the PaCO2 was maintained at control levels does not appear to have been observed in mature animals.
Looking at Behavior through Control Theory Glasses

Behavior is always seen through the theoretical preferences of the observer. These preferences act like different prescriptions for glasses. The most popular glasses use the causal theory prescript...
Regional patterns of nuptiality in Europe, 1870-1960.

Abstract This paper is a study of changes in nuptiality by province in Europe between 1870 and 1960: nuptiality is measured by Im a summary measure of the proportions married among women of childbearing age. In each of the approximately 500 provinces of Europe the level of nuptiality increased between 1870 and 1960. In addition, in most countries the differences among provinces diminished over the period, so that the countries were more homogeneous with respect to provincial nuptiality in 1960 than they had been in 1870. Despite this tendency to convergence, traditional regional differences, linked to a common regional history, were often maintained, though within a narrower range.
A Space-Time Code Design for Partial-Response CPM: Diversity Order and Coding Gain

Using a linear decomposition of continuous phase modulated (CPM) signals with tilted-phase, sufficient conditions are derived under which M-ary partial-response CPM space-time codes will attain both full spatial diversity and optimal coding gain. A rank criterion for M-ary partial-response CPM that specifies the set of allowable modulation indices is identified. Furthermore, optimization of the coding gain for CPM space-time codes is shown to depend on the CPM frequency/phase shaping pulse, modulation index, and codewords. The modulation indices and phase shaping functions that optimize the coding gain are specified. Finally, optimization of CPM space-time codewords is discussed.
The role of environmental parameters in the structure of phytoplankton assemblages and cyanobacteria toxins in two hypereutrophic lakes

We evaluated the variability of cyanotoxins, water chemistry, and cyanobacteria communities in two hypereutrophic drowned river mouth lakes (Spring Lake and Mona Lake; summer 2006) in west Michigan, USA. Even with considerable geographical and watershed similarity, local variations in nutrient concentrations and environmental factors were found to influence the differences observed in cyanobacteria assemblages and cyanotoxins levels between the two lakes. Limnothrix sp. dominated the phytoplankton community in Spring Lake (82% of biovolume) and was negatively correlated with total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. Although Spring Lake was treated with alum during the previous year, Limnothrix sp. was able to bloom in the lower P environment. In contrast, the N2-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena flos-aquae, dominated the phytoplankton in Mona Lake (64% of biovolume). N2-fixing cyanobacteria dominance in Mona Lake was correlated with higher TP lower dissolved nitrogen levels. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was found in both systems; however, the toxin-producing polyketide synthetase gene was not present in either population. The higher TP in Mona Lake appeared to account for the 3-fold increase in cyanobacteria biovolume. Restoration plans for both lakes should include assessments of internal loading and continued phytoplankton monitoring to track the temporal distribution of cyanobacteria species and cyanotoxin concentrations.
Shear stress correction factors in hybrid composite material beams

Abstract Values of the static shear stress correction factors, k 1 , for hybrid, fiber-reinforced composite beams are calculated using a mechanics of materials approach developed by Bert [1]. These values of k 1 are input into the deflection relationships resulting from classical laminated plate theory, which has been extended by Whitney [2] to account for transverse shear deformation effects, and modified to model the deflection of beams under three-point bending [3]. The resulting calculated deflections and strain energies are found not to agree with experimental values reported in ref. 3. It is hypothesized that the discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values of the shear stress correction factors, the deformations, and the strain energies, may be the result of stress concentrations at the loading and support points of the beam.
Surface crack in a plate under antisymmetric loading conditions

Abstract In this paper the problem of an elastic plate containing a planar surface crack and subjected to antisymmetric loading conditions is considered. The problem is formulated by using Reissner's plate theory. A line spring model is developed for a part-through crack under mixed mode conditions and mode II and III compliance functions are determined. A modification of the integral equations resulting from the Reissner theory is necessary for this formulation to recover the plane strain solution for thin plates. It is shown that, as in three-dimensional problems, mode II and III deformations remain coupled whereas mode I can be separated. The problem is solved and mode II and III stress intensity factors are given for a plate containing a surface crack which is subjected to three separate antisymmetric external loads, namely in-plane shear, twisting moment, and transverse shear. Results for in-plane shear and transverse shear are compared with existing numerical solutions. The results presented also include the effect of Poisson's ratio.
Dragons in Distress: Naturalists as Bioactivists in the Campaign to Save the American Alligator

This article explores the scientific and environmental activism of a group of naturalists who not only studied but also advocated on behalf of an unlikely organism: the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). A large, toothy reptile that once inhabited wetlands across much of the southeastern United States, the alligator had long been reviled as a fearsome predator and pursued as a valuable commodity. At the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries, a small group of naturalists began to note its precipitous decline and to issue calls for its protection. Initially they tended to do so working individually, largely within the pages of scientific and governmental publications devoted to the species. By the middle of the twentieth century, however, as habitat destruction joined commodification to further threaten the alligator, naturalists banded together with state officials, conservationists, and other wildlife enthusiasts to form the American Alligator Council. That organization not only promoted research on the alligator but also secured local, state, and federal protection of the increasingly beleaguered species, thereby snatching it from the jaws of impending extinction. The naturalists examined in this article were not only producers and purveyors of knowledge, then; they were also bioactivists, biologists with a strong political agenda who firmly embraced the practice of engaging in the public sphere.
Secure Anonymous Routing in Clustered Multihop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Providing security and anonymity to users are critical in wireless ad hoc networks. In this paper, a secure anonymous routing scheme is proposed for clustered wireless ad hoc networks. In the proposed scheme, intra-cluster routing uses the common broadcast channel in wireless networks to provide anonymity, while inter-cluster routing uses a sequence of temporary public keys as the trapdoor information. Symmetric cipher is employed in most part of the proposed scheme to reduce computational complexity and maximize network efficiency. Public key is only used to distribute symmetric keys. Both privacy analysis (including sender anonymity, receiver anonymity and sender-receiver anonymity) and attack analysis show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme against a wide range of strong adversarial attacks.
Adolescents who Perceive their Diet as Healthy Consume More Fruits, Vegetables and Milk and Fewer Sweet Drinks

This study assessed whether adolescents’ perception of the healthfulness of their diet was related to dietary behaviors over the past week, controlling for demographic characteristics. Participants (n=391) completed an online survey on the frequency of specific dietary behaviors over the past week and the perceived healthfulness of their own diet compared to their peers’ diets. Mean intakes of juice, fruit, vegetables, milk, sugar-sweetened beverages, and diet beverages, were compared by perceived healthfulness of diet categories using analysis of covariance. Participants with higher perceived healthfulness of diet reported significantly higher mean fruit and vegetable intakes and a lower mean intake of sugar sweetened beverages over the past week than participants with the same or lower perceived healthfulness of diet (all p < 0.001). Participants who reported a higher perceived healthfulness of diet reported a significantly higher frequency of milk intake ( p < 0.05) than those who reported the same perceived healthfulness of diet. Those with lower perceived healthfulness of diet reported higher mean frequencies of diet beverage intakes than those with higher perceived healthfulness ( p <0.05). Further research should include qualitative studies with adolescents to explore how individuals rate their diets and how these perceptions influence dietary choices.
Software effort models should be assessed via leave-one-out validation

Context: More than half the literature on software effort estimation (SEE) focuses on model comparisons. Each of those requires a sampling method (SM) to generate the train and test sets. Different authors use different SMs such as leave-one-out (LOO), 3Way and 10Way cross-validation. While LOO is a deterministic algorithm, the N-way methods use random selection to build their train and test sets. This introduces the problem of conclusion instability where different authors rank effort estimators in different ways. Objective: To reduce conclusion instability by removing the effects of a sampling method's random test case generation. Method: Calculate bias and variance (BV then demonstrate that the B&V and runtime values for LOO are similar to N-way by running 90 different algorithms on 20 different SEE datasets. For each algorithm, collect runtimes, B&V values under LOO, 3Way and 10Way. Results: We observed that: (1) the majority of the algorithms have statistically indistinguishable B&V values under different SMs and (2) different SMs have similar run times. Conclusion: In terms of their generated B&V values and runtimes, there is no reason to prefer N-way over LOO. In terms of reproducibility, LOO removes one cause of conclusion instability (the random selection of train and test sets). Therefore, we depreciate N-way and endorse LOO validation for assessing effort models.
A PDP architecture for processing sentences with relative clauses

A modular parallel distributed processing architecture for parsing, representing and paraphrasing sentences with multiple hierarchical relative clauses is presented. A lowel-level network reads the segments of the sentence word by word into partially specified case-role representations of the acts. A higher-level network combines these representations into a list of complete act representations. This internal representation stores the information conveyed by the sentence independent of its linguistic form. The information can be output in natural language in different form or style, e.g. as a sequence of simple sentences or as a complex sentence consisting of relative clauses. Generating output is independent from parsing, and what actually gets generated depends on the training of the generator modules.
Barriers to Drug Treatment for IDU Couples: The Need for Couple-Based Approaches

This qualitative study examines the interpersonal and structural barriers to drug treatment program entry, retention, and outcomes experienced by injection drug-using couples, and the program policies regarding injection drug-using couples seeking treatment in New York, New York. Our findings reveal a mismatch between the substantial need for concurrent and coordinated treatment for partnered injection-drug users and programmatic policies that are antithetical to such treatment approaches. This discrepancy can be attributed to the lack of viable options for couple-focused treatment approaches that fit within the current drug treatment system. We provide a rationale and a roadmap for the development of innovative approaches for couple-based drug treatment.
Corrosion casts: A novel application of a polyurethane resin (PU4ii) for visualizing eggshell pore morphology

Avian eggshells serve the dual purposes of protecting the developing embryo from the external environment while also facilitating the loss of water vapor and the required exchange of CO2 and O2 gases. Pores that span the eggshell enable the loss of water and trans-shell gas exchange. Although knowledge of the geometry of these spaces is necessary to generate accurate estimates of the rate of gas diffusion across the shell, few techniques exist to obtain these data. Estimates of gas conductance across eggshells are typically calculated from eggshell thickness and the size and number of the pores on the exterior eggshell surface; the trans-shell pore spaces are assumed to be cylindrical in shape. To enable the testing of this assumption, we devised a novel method to visualize the three-dimensional morphology of eggshell pores using PU4ii, a polyurethane-based resin. Casts of the pores of eggshells of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus )a nd House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) were unbranched and varied in diameter throughout their length, while casts of the pores of eggshells of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus) revealed a complex network of interconnected spaces. The simplicity of this technique and the stability and resilience of the resulting casts provide opportunities to predict gas flux across the shell and to evaluate the morphology of eggshell pores among birds from different taxonomic groups.
Waves on a thin film of viscous liquid

Abstract : Consideration is given to the problem of the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid down an inclined wall. A solution is obtained by assuming that the free surface is a wave of low frequency. The solution is numerical and the results are compared with existing theories and available experimental results. (Author)
Ultrasonic spectroscopic evaluation of the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene

An in situ ultrasonic spectroscopy technique was used to study the ring- opening metathesis polymerization of dicyclopentadiene catalyzed by bis(tricyclohexy- lphosphine)benzylidene ruthenium dichloride. A reaction cell employing a flexible poly- (ethylene terephthalate) window for pulse echo ultrasonic spectroscopy was used to monitor the polymerization. The changes in the density, wave speed, acoustic modulus, and attenuation were all simultaneously monitored. In comparison with Fourier trans- form infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data, the changes in the density, velocity, and modulus only accurately measured the rate constant for the metathesis of the cyclo- pentyl unsaturation. The ultrasonic values were within 6% of the values determined by FTIR. The activation energy for metathesis of the cyclopentyl unsaturation was 84 kJ mol 1 , following first-order kinetics. Rate constants for the polymerization of the norbornyl unsaturation could not be determined by ultrasound. The gel point, vitrifi- cation, and qualitative information about the reaction rate could be determined from the change in the attenuation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1323-1333, 2003
Diverse transport modes by the solute carrier 26 family of anion transporters

The solute carrier 26 (SLC26) transporters are anion transporters with diverse substrate specificity. Several members are ubiquitous while others show limited tissue distribution. They are expressed in many epithelia and to the extent known, play a central role in anion secretion and absorption. Members of the family are primarily Cl- transporters, although some members transport mainly SO(4)2-, Cl-, HCO(3)- or I-. A defining feature of the family is their functional diversity. Slc26a1 and Slc26a2 function as specific SO(4)2- transporters while Slc26a4 functions as an electroneutral Cl-/I-/HCO(3)- exchanger. Slc26a3 and Slc26a6 function as coupled electrogenic Cl-/HCO(3)- exchangers or as bona fide anion channels. SLC26A7 and SLC26A9 function exclusively as Cl- channels. This short review discusses the functional diversity of the SLC26 transporters.