cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Redundancy: Evaluation of Temporal Reliability Enhancement Scheme for Nanoelectronic Circuits

Devices in nano-regime have inherent propensity for errors due to their very stochastic nature there by making Reliability modeling and evaluation as one of the major issues. To account for these issues, probabilistic models would be more appropriate than deterministic models as they can represent the transient nature of the nano-devices perfectly. In this work, we have used a probabilistic model to study the erroneous behavior of digital logic circuits. Inference on this probabilistic model is performed using junction tree algorithm. Using the unique feature of the junction tree, namely backtracking or Two phase propagation of evidence, we were able to rank or select a subset of input instantiations which are more likely to aggregate error at the output for any given circuit. Using these results we have performed a temporal redundancy scheme using triple temporal redundancy (TTR). As safety- centric designs need worst case behavior study, we have focused on both worst case and average behavior. We have also performed a spatial redundancy scheme using cascaded triple modular redundancy (CTMR) [9], and evaluated the results with those of the temporal redundancy scheme with respect to standard ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits and suggested the best error mitigation scheme for both average and maximum case. Experimental results show that spatial redundancy scheme, irrespective of technique used, is effective in mitigating average output error. Where as Temporal redundancy scheme has out- weighted spatial redundancy scheme in mitigating maximum error.
“Soul” and “self”: Soviet and American cultures in conversation

Conversation is often treated outside its cultural context, just as culture is often treated above its conversed moments. This essay brings these concerns together and asks: how does one hear in conversation, culture at work ? A particular conversation which invokes Soviet and American cultures is analyzed, demonstrating how conversation is, at least in part, shaped by cultural systems, and how cultural systems differently employ a generic ritual communicative form. Where the Soviet expressive system foregrounds collective moral claims about social life, that is “soul,” the American system highlights truth claims based upon individual experiences, that is “self.” Implications are drawn for an ethnographically informed communication theory of conversation, culture, and ritual.
Ethics and Leadership: A Former President Reflects on The Pivotal Role of Character in the College Presidency

Good leaders inspire those around them to greater heights, effectively manage their own responsibilities, and, most important, model the highest standards of ethical behavior. The leader sets the t...
Shoot regeneration from tissue-cultured leaves of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon)

A method for shoot regeneration from leaf explants in two cultivars of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is described. Modified Anderson's medium supplemented with combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ) with or without 1 μM NAA (α-naphthaleneacetic acid) was used to optimize shoot regeneration. The effect of light or dark incubation was also determined. Maximum regeneration was obtained in the light in the presence of 10 μM TDZ and 1 μM NAA. While this medium was suitable for leaf explants obtained from shoot cultures, regeneration did not occur from leaves collected from greenhouse-grown plants. Elongation of the regenerated shoot tips did not occur until explants were transferred to growth regulator-free medium at which time only a minority of shoots elongated. Elongated shoots could be dissected away from leaf tissue, rooted easily, and acclimitized to ambient conditions.
Touch imprint cytology of core needle biopsy specimens: a useful method for immediate reporting of symptomatic breast lesions.

Abstract Aims The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value and accuracy of touch imprint cytology (TIC) of core needle biopsy (CNB) specimens in predicting the final benign or malignant histology in patients presenting with symptomatic breast lesions. Methods One hundred and twenty-eight patients underwent CNB under ultrasonographic guidance with subsequent TIC preparation. TIC results were correlated with the histology of the core or the surgical resection specimen. Results The 128 lesions analysed included 106 malignancies and 22 benign lesions. TIC accurately predicted the final histology in 96.7% of cases, with a sensitivity of 96.2% and a specificity of 100%. Conclusions The routine use of TIC to complement CNB can provide an immediate and reliable cytological diagnosis of symptomatic breast lesions. The potential use of this technique in a breast clinic setting may help allay patient anxiety and expedite the planning of further surgical management.
Free vibration of a coupled fluid/structural system

Abstract The beam-like vibration of a fluid/structural system consisting of a cylindrical rod submerged in an ideal fluid enclosed by a cylindrical shell is studied analytically. A method is proposed to find the natural frequency. Numerical results are presented to show the effects of various parameters, and an approximate expression is given for the fundamental frequency of the coupled system.
Antenna organization and evidence for the function of a new antenna pigment species in the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus

Abstract Whole cells and isolated chlorosomes (antenna complex) of the green photosynthetic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus have been studied by absorption spectroscopy (77 K and room temperature), fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism, linear dichroism and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The chlorosome absorption spectrum has maxima at 450 (contributed by carotenoids and bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a Soret), 742 (BChl c) and 792 nm (BChl a) with intensity ratios of 20:25. The fluorescence emission spectrum has peaks at 748 and 802 nm when excitation is into either the 742 or 450 nm absorption bands, respectively. Whole cells have fluorescence peaks identical to those in chlorosomes with the addition of a major peak observed at 867 nm. The CD spectrum of isolated chlorosomes has an asymmetric-derivative-shaped CD centered at 739 nm suggestive of exciton interaction at least on the level of dimers. Linear dichroism of oriented chlorosomes shows preferential absorption at 742 nm of light polarized parallel to the long axis of the chlorosome. This implies that the transition dipoles are also oriented more or less parallel to the long axis of the chlorosome. Treatment with ferricyanide results in the appearance of a 2.3 G wide ESR spectrum at g 2.002. Whole cells grown under different light conditions exhibit different fluorescence behavior when absorption is normalized at 742 nm. Cells grown under low light conditions have higher fluorescence intensity at 748 nm and lower intensity at 802 nm than cells grown under high light conditions. These results indicate that the BChl c in chlorosomes is highly organized, and transfers energy from BChl c (742 nm) to a connector of baseplate BChl B792 (BChl a) presumably located in the chlorosome baseplate adjacent to the cytoplasmic membrane.
Inductively Coupled Plasma/Microwave-Induced Plasma Tandem Source for Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

A microwave-induced plasma (MIP)/inductively coupled plasma (ICP) combination has been evaluated as an "atomization-excitation" tandem source (TS). The results indicate that some of the problems reported for similar sources in the past can be effectively reduced or eliminated. Desolvation of the analyte aerosol before its introduction into the tandem source improved detection limits only slightly. However, power modulation of the microwave plasma served to improve tandem-source performance in two ways. First, noise contributed by the ICP and the MIP was isolated one from the other. Since the modulation frequency was chosen to be far removed from the major noise frequencies observed from either of the two sources, more stable background signals were realized. Second, the intense background signal from the ICP could be discriminated against through use of a lock-in-amplifier tuned to the modulated MIP signal. Relative standard deviations of both the signal and the background were usually below 1% when the MIP power was modulated. Detection limits ranged from 0.53 ppb to 40 ppb for the elements examined, which represents an improvement of 5- to 40-fold over previously reported data for a similar tandem-source configuration. Disappointingly, these improved detection limits were still much worse than detection limits obtained by other investigators utilizing the ICP alone. Addition of a mixed gas did little to improve the performance of the tandem source; for barium and calcium ion lines, an increase of approximately three in signal-to-background ratios was observed upon the addition of hydrogen or helium.
Optimization of Environmental Factors for the Biological Treatment of Trinitrotoluene-Contaminated Soil

In earlier studies (Boopathy et al. 1994a, 1994b), soil bacteria present in a TNT-contaminated site removed 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). In this study the optimum conditions for the most efficient removal of TNT is discussed. The results suggest that the soil bacterial consortium has an optimal pH range of 6–7. Maximum growth was observed at pH 7. However, the TNT removal rate was higher at pH 6. Studies of the effects of temperature showed that the bacterial consortium had maximum metabolic activity at 20 to 22°C (ambient temperature). At a higher temperature (37°C) the TNT removal rate dropped significantly. The consortium could not use TNT as a nitrogen source but required the addition of ammonium. Optimal growth occurred with 0.25 g/L of ammonium chloride. Growing cells removed TNT significantly faster rates than resting cells or cell-free extract. The operation of soil slurry reactors with the optimal conditions suggested that TNT can be removed effectively from the contaminated sites. These environmental conditions established as optimal can be used to improve the efficiency of large-scale soil slurry reactors for the treatment of soil contaminated with TNT.
Assessing the accuracy of image tracking algorithms on visible and thermal imagery using a deep restricted Boltzmann machine

Image tracking algorithms are critical to many applications including image super-resolution and surveillance. However, there exists no method to independently verify the accuracy of the tracking algorithm without a supplied control or visual inspection. This paper proposes an image tracking framework that uses deep restricted Boltzmann machines trained without external databases to quantify the accuracy of image tracking algorithms without the use of ground truths. In this paper, the tracking algorithm is comprised of the combination of flux tensor segmentation with four image registration methods, including correlation, Horn-Schunck optical flow, Lucas-Kanade optical flow, and feature correspondence methods. The robustness of the deep restricted Boltzmann machine is assessed by comparing between results from training with trusted and not-trusted data. Evaluations show that the deep restricted Boltzmann machine is a valid mechanism to assess the accuracy of a tracking algorithm without the use of ground truths.
Does current practice in the United States of carotid artery stent placement benefit asymptomatic octogenarians

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CAS or CEA for asymptomatic carotid stenosis is the focus of recently completed and ongoing randomized clinical trials. These techniques are widely utilized outside the setting of such trials. Therefore, our goal was to analyze the in-hospital stroke or death rates after CAS or CEA for asymptomatic stenosis that reflect current nationwide practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using sample-weighted ANOVA, we analyzed records from the 2006 and 2007 NIS, which are nationally representative cohorts for asymptomatic CAS or CEA. The primary outcome measure was a composite end point of in-hospital stroke, cardiac complications, or death. In-hospital stroke or death was a secondary outcome measure. RESULTS: For ≥80 years of age, the in-hospital stroke, cardiac complications, or death rate after CAS was 4.9%, while the complication rate after CEA was 3.8%. The stroke or death rate after CAS was 2.7% for ≥80 years of age and was 1.5% after CEA for the same age group. Multivariate analysis showed that age (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.97–1.3; P CONCLUSIONS: CAS is independently associated with increased in-hospital stroke or death (excluding cardiac complications from the composite outcome). In those ≥80 years of age, CAS as currently performed may not improve the natural history of asymptomatic carotid stenosis, because in-hospital stroke or death rates following CAS approached 3% in this group.
Daily melatonin infusions entrain the locomotor activity of pinealectomized lizards

Previously, it was shown that the locomotor activity rhythms of pineal-intact lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis) could be entrained to a periodicity of 24 h by 10-μg melatonin injections administered every other day at the same time. The present study examined the response of the circadian activity rhythm of pinealectomized S. occidentalis to daily 12-h infusions of smaller quantities of melatonin (0.1 or 5 μg melatonin/day). The results show that entrainment is achieved by infusion of 0.1 μg of melatonin/day in pinealectomized lizards, as well as by 5 μg of melatonin/day in pinealectomized and pineal-intact lizards. Serum melatonin levels in pinealectomized lizards receiving 0.1 μg melatonin/day (measured in the middle of the infusion period) were comparable to mid-dark levels in intact lizards. These results provide further support for the hypothesis that the pineal, via its daily rhythm of melatonin secretion, plays an important role in the circadian organization of lizards.
Funded research, multiple authorship, and subauthorship collaboration in four disciplines

Increased financial support for science has contributed to a change in the social structure of research, as evidenced by the increase in collaborative research. The present paper examines the relationship between financial support, multiple authorship, and subauthorship in four disciplines. It is shown that financial support for research is associated with an increase in the total number of persons involved in the production of knowledge per journal article. However, the impact of funding is not the same for all modes of collaboration nor the same for all disciplines.
Comparative Efficacies of Four Amphotericin B Formulations—Fungizone, Amphotec (Amphocil), AmBisome, and Abelcet—against Systemic Murine Aspergillosis

We compared various amphotericin B formulations (no treatment or 0.8 mg of Fungizone [conventional deoxycholate amphotericin B] per kg of body weight, or 0.8, 4, or 8 mg of Amphocil, AmBisome, or Abelcet per kg of body weight) for treatment of systemic murine aspergillosis. In two studies, all formulations prolonged survival, with the results for AmBisome nearly equivalent to those for Fungizone; Amphocil and Abelcet were less effective or equivalent depending on the severity of infection. No survivors were cured in both kidneys and brain, but each formulation showed efficacy, especially in the kidneys. Although higher doses could be given, no lipid-based formulation showed consistent superiority over Fungizone or over each other.
Solvent Extraction of Ethanol from Aqueous Solutions. I. Screening Methodology for Solvents

The evaluation of the potential for separation of aqueous ethanol mixtures by liquid−liquid solvent extraction has been complicated by inconsistent results and differing experimental methodologies among researchers developing distribution coefficient data. A screening method for measuring equilibrium distribution coefficients for solvent extraction of ethanol from dilute aqueous solutions is presented to minimize potential sources of variation. These include entrainment, incomplete equilibration, impurities, and temperature changes during the preparation of samples for analysis. Multiple literature sources of data exist for each of 10 solvents. Results for these 10 solvents are compared among sources and to results generated from this method. The method also has general utility for the screening of solvents for extraction of other useful fermentation products.
Measurement Of The Absorption Coefficient Of Ocean Water Using Isotropic Illumination

For the measurement of optical absorption in the oceans, one needs a device that is rugged, accurate, independent of scattering effects, and has no critical alignment restrictions. Such a device using an integrating cavity to provide isotropic illumination of the sample, is described.
Regulation of acetylcholine hydrolysis in canine tracheal smooth muscle

Abstract The regulation of acetylcholine (ACh) lifetime by acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE, EC 3.1.1.8) was evaluated in vitro in canine tracheal smooth muscle preparations. Selective inhibition of AChE by low concentrations of 1,5-bis(N-allyl-N,N-dimethyl-4-ammoniumphenyl)-pentane-3-one dibromide (BW 284C51) led to increases in the amplitude and half-relaxation time of contractions elicited by electric field stimulation. Maximal responses were observed in the presence of 10−6 M BW 284C51, where the amplitude and half-relaxation time were increased by 84 and 198% respectively. Higher concentrations of BW 284C51, on the other hand, depressed the amplitude and shortened the decay of electric field stimulation-induced contractions by a mechanism involving blockade of muscarinic receptors. Selective inhibition of BuChE by tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) led to monotonie increases in the electric field stimulation amplitude and duration. These alterations were less marked than those observed in the presence of BW 284C51. Co-application of BW 284C51 (10−5M) and iso-OMPA (10−5 M) resulted in a 1330% prolongation in the decay of electric field stimulation-induced contractions and the development of a sustained contracture. Such contractures were not observed with either inhibitor alone at any concentration tested. The results indicate that both hydrolytic enzymes are involved in the regulation of ACh lifetime at the canine tracheal neuroeffector junction with AChE exerting the more prominent role. The finding that BuChE co-regulates ACh lifetime in canine trachealis muscle demonstrates a functional role for this enzyme.
The case for preemptive debridement of the degenerative shoulder: when less is more

Abstract There are many available treatments both operative and nonoperative for degeneration of the glenohumeral joint. Arthroscopic debridement is a useful nonarthroplasty option for the treatment of the degenerative shoulder. The purpose of this paper is to report on the indications for arthroscopic debridement of the degenerative shoulder, to describe the operative technique, and to review the results as reported in the current literature. Young active patients with arthrosis of the glenohumeral joint who have failed conservative treatment are candidates for this procedure. Patients with degenerative shoulders whose primary complaints are of pain and restricted motion also respond well to arthroscopic debridement. With careful patient selection, arthroscopic debridement of the degenerative shoulder combined with capsular release can be a useful procedure to delay the need for total shoulder arthroplasty.
A Study of Blood Sugar Curves before and after Thyroidectomy

The purpose of this paper is to present some interesting blood sugar curves taken before and after thyroidectomy and to study the changes in metabolism incident to surgery, particularly in respect to their bearing on the etiology of diabetes. During the past six years it has been our privilege to study the glycosuria and hyperglycemia occurring in a large number of patients, presenting themselves for treatment because of symptoms of hyperthyroidism. In addition we have studied a smaller number of patients who came to us because of symptoms of diabetes but who also presented evidence of hyperthyroidism. In the first group a diagnosis of diabetes was made in a few instances and it is chiefly with these that we are concerned in this paper. Space will not permit a review of the voluminous literature relative to the combined problem of diabetes and hyperthyroidism. Furthermore, a very complete review was made by John (1) in 1927 and by Lahey and Joslin (2) in 1928. Two previous reviews, one by Fitz (3) in 1921...
Henri Rousseau—known as Le Douanier Rousseau (1844–1910). The Snake Charmer (1907).

As the Gods began one world, and man another, So the snakecharmer begins a snaky sphere With moon-eye, mouth pipe. He pipes. Pipes green. Pipes water –Sylvia Plath, "Snakecharmer"
SU‐D‐110‐02: Evaluation of the Differences between Locoregional Lung Ventilation Estimation Methods Using a Single Deformable Image Registration Algorithm

Purpose: Three methods of calculating ventilation from 4D CTimage sets have been explored by several research groups. This study is to investigate the differences of these three local ventilation calculations. Methods: Optical flow (OF) deformable image registration of the normal end expiration and inspiration phases of 4D‐CT images was used to correlate the voxels between the two phases. The OF was validated using a 4D pixel‐ based and point‐validated breathing thorax model, consisting of a 4D‐CT image data set along with associated landmarks. Ventilation derived from 4D‐CTs from 20 esophageal patients were retrospectively analyzed. Differences between the ventilation images generated by three methods, the Jacobian, the DeltaV, and the HU, were examined on a voxel‐to‐voxel basis. The Jacobian method uses the first derivative of the deformation field to approximate the change in volume of voxels. The DeltaV method directly calculates the volume change. The HU method uses the change in Houndsfield Units (HUs) of corresponding voxels to calculate ventilation. Results: The target registration error (TRE) for the deformable image registration was an average of 1.6±0.68 mm and maximum of 3.1 mm. Average difference between the DeltaV and the Jacobian ventilation as a percentage of the maximum ventilation value was 0.51±0.3% (range 0.33% to 1.32%). Average difference between the DeltaV and HU ventilation was 2.4±4.5 % (range 0.4% to 19.2 %). A small number of voxels show significant differences. We speculate that the larger differences were due to some image registration variances. Regions of highest and lowest ventilation matched well for all methods. Conclusions: Highs and lows in ventilation were more pronounced in the DeltaV method compared to the Jacobian. In general the differences between the two ventilation methods were small. However, the differences between the DeltaV and the HU methods were considerably larger.
IL-2 responsiveness of lectin-induced lymphoblasts: soluble IL-2 receptor release and differential in vitro effects of immunosuppressants.

Abstract We examined the mode of action of different immunosuppressants on the responsiveness of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced lymphoblasts further stimulated by recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). The stimulation of PHA blasts with rIL-2 resulted in an enhancement of tritiated thymidine ([ 3 H]TdR) incorporation and of soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) release. Cyclosporin A (CsA) and prednisolone inhibited in different ways the responsiveness of PHA pre-stimulated blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to rIL-2, as measured by [ 3 H]TdR incorporation. The addition of CsA resulted in considerable enhancement of the release of sIL-2R, whereas the addition of prednisolone was associated with a similar enhancement only when the higher concentrations of rIL-2 were employed. EGTA, a calcium (Ca 2+ ) chelator, and verapamil, a Ca 2+ channel blocker, inhibited [ 3 H]TdR incorporation in a concentration-dependent manner. EGTA inhibited sIL-2R release in the same manner when used alone, and reversed the CsA- and prednisolone-induced enhancement of sIL-2R release by rIL-2 induced lymphoblasts, when used in combination with CsA or prednisolone. Verapamil had a similar but less striking effect. The effects of CsA and prednisolone were also studied in PHA-induced blasts originating from purified CD4 + or CD8 + lymphocytes. Stimulation of these blasts with rIL-2 resulted in higher [ 3 H]TdR incorporation by CD8 + blasts than by CD4 + blasts: however, no sIL-2R release was detected in supernatants of either CD4 + or of CD8 + blasts. Both CsA and prednisolone inhibited the rIL-2-induced enhancement of [ 3 H]TdR incorporation by both T-cell subsets. In summary, widely used immunosuppressants and Ca 2+ antagonists exert differential effects on an in vitro system of lymphocyte activation.
Disciplinary identities: On the rhetorical paths between English and communication studies

Abstract This essay explores some rhetorical paths of thought connecting the discipline of English Studies and Speech Communication. I focus on the rhetoric of science during two periods of disciplinary development: the use of scientific rhetoric to articulate new disciplinary identities in the 1910s and the debates over the rhetorical study of science in the 1990s. The transition from the former to the latter period was significantly affected by what might be called a rhetorical hermeneutics developed around 1960 by Chaim Perelman, Hans‐Georg Gadamer, and Thomas Kuhn. The establishment of Composition Studies provides an example of the changed rhetorical context for disciplinary legitimation in the late twentieth century. The main purpose of this rhetorical history is to encourage renewed dialogue among rhetoricians studying Literature, Composition, and Communication.
The rapid oxidation of atmospheric CO to CO2 by soils

Abstract Gas exchange rates over soils were measured in a closed, flowing-gas system. 14 CO was rapidly oxidized to 14 CO 2 with only a minor loss in atmospheric radioactivity. Incorporation of 14 C into the soil was slight and was via 14 CO 2 rather than 14 CO. CO oxidation was a microbial process and no oxidation occurred when soils had been autoclaved. The rate of CO depletion was concentration dependent and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The rate constants K m and V max ranged from 18 to 51 μ 1 −1 CO and from 0.58 to 4.35 mg C kg −1 dry soil h −1 respectively. The maximum rate of reaction for Hubbard Brook soil was about an order of magnitude greater than any soil previously reported. The oxidation reaction was accompanied initially by a reduction in net soil respiration. This was then followed by a period of high respiration which continued until CO levels were reduced to about 5μll −1 . Thereafter respiration fell below the pretreatment rate and only returned to that rate 45 min after CO had been depleted from the atmosphere. The data suggest that at high CO concentrations (40–100 μll −1 CO) autotrophic carboxydobacteria comprise the main component of the CO-oxidizing population and, as the concentration declines towards ambient levels they are replaced by heterotrophic microorganisms possessing a cometabolic process.
Field evaluation of a modified DataRAM MIE scattering monitor for real-time PM2.5 mass concentration measurements

Abstract In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of using a modified DataRAM nephelometer (RAM-1, MIE Inc., Billerica, MA) as a continuous PM 2.5 monitor to measure concentrations of ambient and concentrated aerosols in real time. The DataRAM operated with a diffusion dryer tube in its inlet in order to reduce the relative humidity of the sampled air to less than 50%. A total of 39 field tests were conducted in which the average dry DataRAM concentration was compared to the gravimetrically determined mass concentration, corrected for nitrate losses. Tests were conducted over one calendar year (from January to December 1999) in order to capture maximum seasonal variations in the levels of relative humidity, PM size distribution and chemical composition in the Los Angeles Basin. Our experimental results indicated that the aerosol mass median diameter (MMD) is the single, most important parameter in affecting the response of the DataRAM. As the MMD increases from 0.3 to 1.1 μm, the DataRAM-to-MOUDI ratio increases from approximately 0.7 to about 1.6. The DataRAM-to-MOUDI ratio subsequently decreases to about 1.0, as the MMD further increases to 1.5 μm. For MMD values in the range of 0.4–0.7 μm (i.e., the MMD size range that is most commonly associated with urban aerosols), the DataRAM and gravimetrically measured mass concentrations (corrected for nitrate losses) agree within ±20%. Based only on ambient data, the average DataRAM-to-gravimetric concentration ratio was 0.93 (±0.17), whereas the average DataRAM-to-gravimetric concentration ratio for concentrated PM 2.5 aerosols was 1.23 (±0.20). Our field evaluation also indicated that the effect of particle chemical composition on the DataRAM-to-gravimetric concentration ratio is much less important than that of particle size distribution.
Economic and clinical impact of filmless operation in a multifacility environment.

The transition from conventional film-based to filmless operation at the Baltimore Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center has resulted in a large number of clinical and economic benefits. The integration of the Department of VA hospitals in Maryland into the VA Maryland Health Care System has resulted in the opportunity to establish a “virtual” radiology and nuclear medicine department. This integrated department is based on a wide area network in which outlying medical centers use a central hospital information system/radiology information system (HIS/RIS) and a central commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS), as well as a VA-developed image management and communication system. The creation of this virtual radiology/nuclear medicine department has resulted in additional savings and improvements in clinical care. The benefits of the PACS are made possible, to a large extent, by the high level of integration of the PACS and medical modalities with the hospital information and transcription systems. Our experience suggests that it is absolutely essential to integrate the PACS into the patient’s electronic medical record to maximize efficiency and clinical effectiveness of the system.
VOLUMINOUS STOPING IN THE MITCHELL PEAK GRANODIORITE, SIERRA NEVADA BATHOLITH, CALIFORNIA, USA

The Mitchell Peak Granodiorite, Sierra Nevada, California, has an outcrop exposure of nearly 50% stoped blocks in its youngest intrusive phase and an estimated 20% exposure of stoped blocks throughout the entire pluton. In this pluton, stoping thus is an important process. It is an excellent locale to study the effect of stoping on the evolution of magmatic systems. Preliminary work in the Mitchell Peak area has shown a complex pattern of stoping at pluton margins, with abundant evidence for mechanical disintegration of the granodiorite blocks. Preserved blocks range in size from hundreds of meters across down to K-feldspar xenocrysts. Many stoped blocks have a sharp contact with the surrounding pluton; rare examples have a diffuse, partially melted contact. Abundant xenocrysts derived from the stoped blocks provide evidence of contamination. In addition, a variety of magmatic features concentrated along the margin of stoped blocks, such as swarms of microgranitoid enclaves, schlieren layering, aplite intrusive bodies and orbicular granodiorite, suggests that these are areas of repeated injection or pulsing of magma. We speculate that repeated injection of magma plays an important role in the mechanical and chemical breakdown of host-rock margins and of stoped blocks. Stoping may play an important role in the thermal, mechanical, and chemical contamination of magmas in arcs, and deserves further attention.
Interventional MRI for Oncologic Applications

Interventional radiology plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of many oncologic disorders. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has excellent soft-tissue contrast capabilities and allows visualization of anatomical details of many organs that is not possible with other imaging modalities. MRI also is multiplanar, has the ability to display tissue temperature changes, and uses no ionizing radiation. With an open configuration MRI system, the radiologist may stand alongside the patient and view images, all while performing an interventional procedure. In this article, we explain the rationale for using MRI to guide interventions, focus on technical aspects of biopsy, cryoablation, focused ultrasound, and brachytherapy, and provide a primer for the interventional radiologist wishing to use MRI to guide oncologic interventions.
Chromoblastomycosis treated by Mohs micrographic surgery.

. Mohs micrographic surgery has been used to treat a variety of skin cancers with excellent results. We present a case where the application of this technique was used effectively to treat a lesion of localized cutaneous chromoblastomycosis. One year following the surgery no recurrence has occurred.
A sub-400 fJ/bit thermal tuner for optical resonant ring modulators in 40 nm CMOS

Optical ring modulators are highly susceptible to external temperature noise and to self-heating from absorbed optical power. We mitigate both problems through circuit techniques. A control loop at the ring measures output power and controls a local heater to compensate for external temperature noise. A control loop at the receiver dynamically tracks DC variations to compensate for self-heating effects. The design has been implemented in a 40 nm TSMC technology.
Total innervation of the extensor digitorum brevis by the accessory deep peroneal nerve.

We describe a patient with complete (100%) innervation of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle by the accessory deep peroneal nerve, which resulted in an erroneous diagnosis of peroneal mononeuropathy.
Persuasive Techniques Used in Fundraising Messages

Based on an analysis of 63 fundraising packages representing 46 nonprofit organizations, as well as research in trade journals and other secondary sources, this study discusses a variety of persuasive techniques used in fundraising messages to accomplish their missions. The fundraising package consists of the carrier envelope, the fundraising letter, the reply form, the reply envelope, and optional enclosures such as brochures, small gifts for the reader, and surveys to complete. These parts work together to perform the following tasks: 1) persuade recipients to open the envelope and read the letter; 2) convince readers a serious but not unsolvable problem exists; 3) make readers want to help solve the problem; 4) convince readers they can help by giving to the appealing organization; 5) tell readers what the organization needs them to do; and 6) make it easy to comply.
Sulfate enrichments in estuarine waters of North Carolina

Sulfate concentrations in the mesohaline surface waters of the Pamlico and Neuse River estuaries were enriched, relative to the conservative seawater ratio with Cl− (0.0517 (M)), by 5 to 43% between late winter and early summer. During this period, sulfate concentrations increased to a maximum excess of 3.5 mM in the bottom waters (0.5 m deep) through intermittent periods of both very low river flow and bottom water anoxia. The calculated net sulfate production rate for this period was 18 mmol per m2 per d in the bottom waters. By late summer, the excess sulfate (an average of 12 mol per m2) had been removed from the water column, presumably due to SO4 −2 reduction in anoxic bottom waters and sediments. Qualitative laboratory experiments with slurries of mud exposed to excess O2 and treated with inhibitors of cytochrome oxidase showed that it was possible to produce the excess SO4 −2 under these conditions via biochemical (not chemical) oxidation of pyride that occurs within the top 5 cm of mud (ca. 100 mmol pyrite-S per g dry mud). Whether the in situ substrate for SO4 −2 production was pyrite, S0, or S+2, is unknown, but the predominance of aqua regia extractable pyrite-Fe and the accumulation of excess SO4 −2 in slurries with insufficient other sources of oxidizable S, indicates that it may be an important substrate for biochemical production of SO4 −2.
Chemolithoautotrophy in the marine, magnetotactic bacterial strains MV-1 and MV-2.

Magnetite-producing magnetotactic bacteria collected from the oxic–anoxic transition zone of chemically stratified marine environments characterized by O2/H2S inverse double gradients, contained internal S-rich inclusions resembling elemental S globules, suggesting they oxidize reduced S compounds that could support autotrophy. Two strains of marine magnetotactic bacteria, MV-1 and MV-2, isolated from such sites grew in O2-gradient media with H2S or thiosulfate (S2O32−) as electron sources and O2 as electron acceptor or anaerobically with S2O32− and N2O as electron acceptor, with bicarbonate (HCO3−)/CO2 as sole C source. Cells grown with H2S contained S-rich inclusions. Cells oxidized S2O32− to sulfate (SO42−). Both strains grew microaerobically with formate. Neither grew microaerobically with tetrathionate (S4O62−), methanol, or Fe2+ as FeS, or siderite (FeCO3). Growth with S2O32− and radiolabeled 14C-HCO3− showed that cell C was derived from HCO3−/CO2. Cell-free extracts showed ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) activity. Southern blot analyses indicated the presence of a form II RubisCO (cbbM) but no form I (cbbL) in both strains. cbbM and cbbQ, a putative post-translational activator of RubisCO, were identified in MV-1. MV-1 and MV-2 are thus chemolithoautotrophs that use the Calvin–Benson–Bassham pathway. cbbM was also identified in Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum. Thus, magnetotactic bacteria at the oxic–anoxic transition zone of chemically stratified aquatic environments are important in C cycling and primary productivity.
Phylogenetic systematics and biogeography of the poison frogs: evidence from mitochondrial DNA sequences

Regions of the mitochondrial genome were sequenced and analysed in representative species of poison frogs, in order to investigate phylogenetic relationships within the family Dendrobatidae. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments from three gene regions; cytochrome b, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and 12S rRNA, provided 1198 base pairs of DNA sequence and 589 informative sites. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony was used to infer the evolutionary relationships among the species in the survey. Our analysis supported previous partitions of species into the genera Epipedobates, Phyllobates andDendrobates , with two exceptions Epipedobates (Allobates) femoralis was placed outside the clade containing the other toxic dendrobatids, and Minyobates minutus was placed within the genus Dendrobates. Genetic distances estimated between all pairs of taxa using the Kimura 2-parameter model indicated substantial genetic divergence between species, particularly those found in Amazonia. Time of divergence estimates were highly variable depending on gene region, but even the lowest estimates were inconsistent with the Pleistocene Refugia hypothesis.
Effect of sunlight on azadirachtin: Antifeeding potency

Abstract Exposure of azadirachtin to sunlight caused a rapid decrease in antifeeding potency against newly emerged first instar (0.046 mg) fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), as compared to unexposed azadirachtin. Acetone solutions of azadirachtin exposed for seven days gave more than a 50 percent reduction in activity while azadirachtin exposed for sixteen days gave complete reduction in activity with destruction of the compound. p‐Aminobenzoic acid, a uv‐absorbing additive, gave slight protection to azadirachtin from photodegradation. Azadirachtin, mixed with various plant oils, was exposed to sunlight for two weeks. Bioassay of these mixtures showed that neem, angelica, castor, and calamus oils provided moderate protection (<25 percent) to azadirachtin from degradation by sunlight.
Transient Signals on Transmission Lines: An Introduction to Non-Ideal Effects and Signal Integrity Issues in Electrical Systems

This lecture provides an introduction to transmission line effects in the time domain. Fundamentals including time of flight, impedance discontinuities, proper termination schemes, nonlinear and reactive loads, and crosstalk are considered. Required prerequisite knowledge is limited to conventional circuit theory. The material is intended to supplement standard textbooks for use with undergraduate students in electrical engineering or computer engineering. The contents should also be of value to practicing engineers with interests in signal integrity and high-speed digital design.
Phase Analysis of Hydraulic Cements by X-Ray Powder Diffraction: Precision, Bias, and Qualification

Estimates of cement phase composition have traditionally been made using bulk chemical analysis and the Bogue calculations, developed over 75 years ago. X-ray powder diffraction analysis provides an alternative with direct phase determination, qualitatively and quantitatively. The Rietveld method to refine multi-phase X-ray powder diffraction patterns of cement uses a whole-pattern approach with determination of the best-fit set of calculated diffraction patterns based on crystal structure models. The pattern intensities calculated in the analysis are used to estimate relative phase abundances. To estimate precision and bias and to establish qualification criteria, an inter-laboratory study involving eleven laboratories was undertaken. Four cement reference specimens were prepared using NIST SRM clinkers compounded with known amounts of one or more of gypsum, bassanite, anhydrite, and calcite. Results of the study were used to estimate the inter- and intra-laboratory precision and bias of phase abundance determinations. The data were also used to establish criteria for qualification of a laboratory, using prediction intervals that reflect the collective performance characteristics of the participants. Results show an improvement in repeatability over previous cement inter-laboratory studies utilizing internal standard-based, peak area measurement methods.
Elastic Softening of Peridotite Due to the Presence of Melt Phases at High Pressure

Abstract Here we report an observation of softening of Young's modulus of a sample of KLB-1 peridotite as a metallic Ni melt intruded into it at 2.5 GPa and about 1500 °C. A uniaxial oscillation of stress was applied to the sample with frequency of 0.01–0.02 Hz and an amplitude up to 500 MPa. The Young's modulus is measured as the amplitude ratio between the sample and a reference material, while the attenuation is determined by the phase angle delays. The Ni intrusion was captured by in situ X-ray radiography. A planar intrusion occurred gradually, but advanced only during the extension; eventually, the Ni melt dissected the sample on a plane normal to the extension axis. Accompanied softening of Young's modulus was observed after the Ni intrusion was completed. This study suggests that percolation of a liquid metallic phase is possible within a partially melted mantle rock in the presence of a differential stress field.
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF DOPAMINERGIC AGONISTS IN TRANSGENIC MICE OVEREXPRESSING HUMAN WILDTYPE α-SYNUCLEIN

Overexpression of alpha-synuclein causes familial Parkinson's disease and abnormal aggregates of the protein are present in sporadic cases of the disease. We have examined the behavioral effects of direct and indirect dopaminergic agonists in transgenic mice expressing human alpha-synuclein under the Thy-1 promoter (Thy1-aSyn, alpha-synuclein overexpressor), which exhibit progressive impairments in behavioral tests sensitive to nigrostriatal dopamine dysfunction. Male Thy1-aSyn and wild-type mice received vehicle, benserazide/L-DOPA (25 mg/kg, i.p.), high (2 mg/kg, s.c.) and low doses (0.125, 0.25, 0.5 mg/kg, s.c.) of apomorphine, and amphetamine (5 mg/kg, i.p.), beginning at 3 months of age, and were tested on the challenging beam, spontaneous activity, pole test, and gait. l-DOPA had a paradoxical effect and worsened the deficits in Thy1-aSyn mice compared with controls, whereas the high dose of apomorphine only produced few deficits above those already present in Thy1-aSyn. In contrast to wild-type mice, Thy1-aSyn mice did not show amphetamine-induced stereotypies. The results indicate that chronic overexpression of alpha-synuclein led to abnormal pharmacological responses in mice.
A facile synthesis of tricarbonylferrole—iron tricarbonyl derivatives from benzalacetonetricarbonyliron and alkynes

Abstract Alkynes react with the benzalacetone complex [C 6 H 5 CHCHC(O)CH 3 ]Fe(CO) 3 in boiling benzene to give nearly exclusively the corresponding tricarbonylferrole—iron tricarbonyl derivatives.
The mean flow and variability of the Gulf stream-slopewater system from MICOM

Abstract The slopewater region is influenced by surface wind-driven, deep buoyancy-driven and shelf currents, whose complex interactions can affect both the northward heat transport and southward return flows. The mean flow and variability of the Gulf Stream-slopewater system are studied using four year outputs of Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model (MICOM) realistic high-resolution simulation of the North Atlantic circulation. Special attention is focused on the eastward Slopewater Jet (SJ), a surface current characterized by a mean path coinciding with the strong outcropping temperature front in the slopewater. The water mass, path and transport of the SJ in MICOM are found to be in reasonable agreement with the existing observations. The modeled SJ is associated in part with a GS’ secondary branch, induced by a Taylor column effect of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) on the upper GS. This upper-ocean-topographic coupling results in a spatial GS bifurcation, and advection of GS waters into the slopewater region shortly downstream of the NESC. An EOF analysis of the pycnocline depth confirms this tendency, as the first mode displays a qualitative dependence of the GS fan-shape streamline dispersion on the strength and intersecting latitude of the incident GS. Additionally, the model displays a strong influence of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) on the path of the SJ, by acting as a potential vorticity barrier. Important interactions between the two currents are suggested by the statistical EOF of the slopewater column, as in observations. Downstream of the NESC, the SJ transport variability is seasonal in MICOM, due to the north-south annual oscillation of the GS path and mergings with anticyclonic eddies. However, the variability of the SJ velocity profile is dominated (49% eigenvalue) by lateral translations of the current, at a 9-month timescale characteristic of GS meander-intensity variability. South of the Grand Banks, the transport variations of both the SJ and Labrador Current (LC) are captured by the first mode of the upper-slope water (37% of the variability), with predominant timescales corresponding to the upstream variability of the GS, and seasonality of the LC. Both modes are also in reasonable agreement with observations.
Possible Outcomes of a 1984 Black Presidential Candidacy

Blacks have long struggled to develop strategies for influencing presidential elections -so the debate over optimum 1984 electoral strategies is not new. Unfortunately, satisfactory answers have not been developed and, in any case, due to the victories of Harold Washington in the Chicago mayoral race and Wilson Goode in Philadelphia, the opportunities for influence in 1984 appear particularly promising.
Fault and error models for VLSI

This paper describes a variety of fault and error models which are used as the basis for designing fault-tolerant Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) systems. The fault models describe physical defects and failures and the input patterns which will expose them, and are suitable for testing, while error models describe the effects on the functional outputs of defects and are useful for on-line error detection. The models are described at various levels of abstraction. The differences between fault and error models for identical functional modules are also illustrated.