cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance Simulation of Rocket-Assisted Anti-Torpedo Torpedo

Some models of typical operations of a rocket-assisted anti-torpedo torpedo(RATT) are established to simu- late the intercept trajectory of a RATT. Simulation results show that the speed and range impose significant influences on the interception probability of a RATT, and the RATT can gain higher interception probability when homing range is no less than the underwater range.
A Decade of Experience With Continuous-Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices

The use of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) has revolutionized the landscape of mechanical circulatory support for patients with heart failure. Clinical trials are already testing the next generation of CF-LVADs. In this study, our objective was to review our long-term experience with the current generation of CF-LVADs, specifically, the HeartMate (HM) II (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, CA). In this single-center retrospective analysis, we evaluated the records of 278 consecutive patients who underwent a total of 302 HM II placements from June 2005 through June 2014. We excluded 11 patients from our final study group, who had previously undergone placement of a HM XVE that failed. We divided the remaining 267 patients into 3 equal groups of 89 patients each, by time period: group 1, June 2005 through May 2009; group 2, June 2009 through January 2012; and group 3, February 2012 through June 2014. To examine differences in survival between our 3 groups, we used time-to-event analysis, including the Kaplan-Meier method. To examine secondary outcomes (including stroke, hemolysis, gastrointestinal bleeding, pump thrombus, and transplant), we used one-way analysis of variance. For our final study group of 267 patients, the total follow-up time was 479.01 patient-years (median, 469 days). The mean age of patients was 57 years; 81.4% were male. In all, 209 (78.9%) patients underwent HM II placement as a bridge to transplant; 58 (21.1%), as destination therapy (DT). The overall survival rate was 94% at 30 days, 77% at 1 year, 65% at 2 years, 60% at 3 years, 50% at 4 years, and 48% at 5 years. In bridge to transplant patients, the survival rate was 78% at 1 year and 66% at 2 years; in DT patients, 70% and 60%. In group 1 patients, the survival rate was 94% at 30 days, 64% at 1 year, and 48% at 2 years; in group 2, 93%, 88%, and 76%; and in group 3, 94%, 77%, and 73% (P = 0.003). In the later years of our study period, from June 2009 onwards (ie, in groups 2 and 3), we noted a statistically significant increase in HM II placement as DT, a reduction of driveline infections, increasing pump exchange, increasing hemolysis, a reduced frequency of transplants, and an improved survival rate (as compared with the earlier group 1). The HM II has favorably influenced the outcomes of patients with end-stage heart failure, yet major complications still limit their survival. Improving compatibility between the pump and the individual host patient, enhancing anticoagulation strategies, and developing a totally implantable pump might further reduce complications thereby improving survival times and allowing CF-LVAD placement to be a true long-term alternative to a heart transplant.
Transesophageal atrial pacing: importance of the atrial-esophageal relationship

To determine the thresholds for transesophageal atrial capture, as well as factors that might influence the thresholds, the authors measured the minimal current and pulse duration required to pace the atrium through transesophageal bipolar lead systems in 32 patients during 42 trials. Mathematical modeling suggested that the current density at the posterior atrial wall was dependent upon the current delivered, the electrode distance, and, most importantly, the esophageal-atrial geometry, expressed as the distance from the esophagus to the excitable tissue. To examine this esophageal-atrial distance, 17 different patients, aged 11 months to 44 years, were studied concurrently with either computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging of the chest. The thresholds needed to capture the atrium from the esophagus were 13.2 +/- 3.7 mA at a pulse duration of 5.8 +/- 3.1 msec. Further, the data demonstrated that the threshold for transesophageal atrial pacing was poorly related to the patient's age or size. The fit between these data and the mathematical model suggested that the distance between the left atrial posterior wall and the esophagus was approximately 5-6 mm. Likewise, the minimal esophageal-atrial distance as measured by the two imaging techniques was equal to or less than 3.3 mm. These observations suggest that the distance (anterior-posterior dimension) between left atrial posterior wall and the esophagus is small and remains constant despite obvious changes in somatic and linear growth.
Science, Imagination, and the Environmental Movement: Gregory Bateson’s Views

Gregory Bateson complained that scientists caused problems by seeking ways to solve narrow human difficulties. A better approach was for science to use metaphors to help people expand their thinking and illuminate the connections among various parts of the universe. The dangers appeared when people thought they could use the environment for their own purposes. This process caused them to separate themselves from the environment on which their lives depended. This was a moral flaw because it encouraged actions whose effects no one could predict. Such narrow thinking could lead to the destruction of the environment and of humanity.
Recentering Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction

The boundaries of modern tribal criminal jurisdiction are defined by a handful of clear rules — such as a limit on sentence length and a categorical prohibition against prosecuting most non-Indians — and many grey areas in which neither Congress nor the Supreme Court has specifically addressed a particular question. This Article discusses five of the grey areas: whether tribes retain concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute major crimes, whether tribes affected by Public Law 280 retain concurrent jurisdiction to prosecute a full range of crimes, whether tribes may prosecute Indians who are not citizens of any tribe, whether tribes may prosecute their own citizens for crimes that occur outside of Indian country, and how much authority and flexibility tribes have to address juvenile delinquency as they see fit.Many courts have employed an “outside in” approach to these questions, one which begins by assessing the scope of federal and state criminal jurisdiction and then attempts to discern the minimum degree of tribal criminal power necessary to fill the gap left by federal and state authority. Because many tribal criminal justice systems have long devoted most of their resources to filling this gap (prosecuting only minor crimes committed by tribal citizens within Indian country), it may seem to a court that any further exercise of jurisdiction is unnecessary and new, leading to a limited vision of tribes’ retained criminal jurisdiction. This approach prevents engagement with tribal jurisdiction and substantive criminal law on their own terms, leaving courts and legislators to rely on generalizations and assumptions rather than carefully considering the purpose and scope of, and limitations on, tribal criminal jurisdiction.In the past few decades, however, courts have followed the lead of tribes and legal scholars by employing an “inside out” approach, which centers tribes by asking only whether a particular power is an element of tribes’ sovereignty and whether it has been taken away. When a court employs an inside out approach, neither the scope of federal and state jurisdiction nor the common practices of tribal criminal courts bear directly on the scope of modern tribal criminal power. Tribal criminal jurisdiction is examined standing alone, which may lead to consideration of why criminal jurisdiction is necessary for sovereignty, the multiple functions such jurisdiction serves, and the various forms it may take. As applied to the questions discussed here, the result is a much broader vision of tribes’ retained criminal power. This Article explains why the inside out approach is the more appropriate one and how the analytical shift is attributable in large part to the work of Carole Goldberg. By addressing five specific grey areas of tribal jurisdiction, this Article demonstrates how the use of an inside out methodology — a clear alternative to the implicit divestiture approach employed most famously in Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe — can have significant consequences for the future of tribal criminal jurisdiction.
To Be Real: Antecedents and Consequences of Sexual Identity Disclosure by Academic Library Directors

Abstract Using ten interviews with openly lesbian and gay academic library leaders from around the United States, this study investigated themes associated with sexual identity disclosure decisions in the workplace. Thematic analysis through grounded theory identified three themes common among all participants: claiming and maintaining identity; road-paving; and a dual theme, being myself/just like anyone else.
Cognitive Fatigue Influences Time-On-Task during Bodyweight Resistance Training Exercise

Prior investigations have shown measurable performance impairments on continuous physical performance tasks when preceded by a cognitively fatiguing task. However, the effect of cognitive fatigue on bodyweight resistance training exercise task performance is unknown. In the current investigation 18 amateur athletes completed a full body exercise task preceded by either a cognitive fatiguing or control intervention. In a randomized repeated measure design, each participant completed the same exercise task preceded by a 52 minute cognitively fatiguing intervention (vigilance) or control intervention (video). Data collection sessions were separated by 1 week. Participants rated the fatigue intervention as being significantly more mentally demanding than the control intervention (p .05). There was no statistical difference for heart rate or metabolic expenditure as a function of fatigue intervention during exercise. Cognitively fatigued athletes have decreased time-on-task in bodyweight resistance training exercise tasks.
Architecture of Sensation: Affect, Motility and the Oculomotor

Recent social theory that stresses the ‘nonrepresentational’, the ‘more-than visual’, and the relationship between affect and sensation have tended to assume some kind of break or rupture from historical antecedents. Especially since the contributions of Crary and Jay in the 1990s, when it comes to perceiving the built environment the complexities of sensation have been partially obscured by the dominance of a static model of vision as the principal organizing modality. This article returns to some prior historical articulations of the significance of motility in perception, retracing pathways across art history, architectural theory and the history of neuroscience to argue for an alternative model based on the movement of the eye. Along with subsystems that deal with balance and orientation, I offer parallels between spatial motifs of the interior spaces of the body – labyrinths, vestibules, chambers – and those in artefacts and the built environment that contribute to the heightened physicality of the o...
Analytical and numerical sensitivity analyses of fixtures de-embedding

De-embedding procedures are sensitive to manufacturing variations in test fixtures, as well as inaccuracies associated with the calibration and measurement process. Such sensitivities can propagate through de-embedding procedures, resulting in amplified errors. In this paper, analytical and numerical techniques are used to perform sensitivity studies on both simulation and measurement data, with respect to de-embedding.
Ka band umbrella reflectors for CubeSats: Revisiting optimal feed location and gain loss

Developing compact deployable umbrella reflector antennas for CubeSats potentially enables several advanced applications requiring high antenna gain. The size and weight constraints imposed by the CubeSat standard makes a smaller number of gores attractive for CubeSat applications. This work revisits the determination of the optimum feed location and gain loss with an emphasis on a smaller number of gores. We review the underlying assumptions of previous approaches that analyzed umbrella reflectors with a large number of gores. Furthermore, this work provides a comparison with results through parametric tuning of feed position using Physical Optics (PO)-based diffraction analysis. Our results pinpoint the cases in which the previous approximations may not hold, necessitating parametric tuning of feed position for optimal gain. We also discuss the effects of feed taper on the RMS error and the optimal placement of the feed.
Microstructural and creep properties of boron- and zirconium-containing cobalt-based superalloys

The effects of micro-additions of boron and zirconium on grain-boundary (GB) structure and strength in polycrystalline γ(f.c.c.) plus γ'(L12) strengthened Co-9.5Al-7.5W-X at. % alloys (X = 0-Temary, 0.05B, 0.01B, 0.05Zr, and 0.005B-0.05Zr at. %) are studied. Creep tests performed at 850 °C demonstrate that GB strength and cohesion limit the creep resistance and ductility of the ternary B- and Zr-free alloy due to intergranular fracture. Alloys with 0.05B and 0.005B-0.05Zr both exhibit improved creep strength due to enhanced GB cohesion, compared to the baseline ternary Co-9.5Al-7.5W alloy, but alloys containing 0.01B or 0.05Zr additions displayed no benefit. Atom-probe tomography is utilized to measure GB segregation, where B and Zr are demonstrated to segregate at GBs. A Gibbsian interfacial excess of 5.57 ± 1.04 atoms nm-2 was found for B at a GB in the 0.01B alloy and 2.88 ± 0.81 and 2.40 ± 0.84 atoms nm-2 for B and Zr, respectively, for the 0.005B-0.05Zr alloy. The GBs in the highest B-containing (0.05B) alloy exhibit micrometer-sized boride precipitates with adjacent precipitate denuded-zones (PDZs), whereas secondary precipitation at the GBs is not present in the other four alloys. The 0.05B alloy has the smallest room temperature yield strength, by 6 %, which is attributed to the PDZs, but it exhibits the largest increase in creep strength (with an ~2.5 order of magnitude decrease in the minimum strain rate for a given stress at 850 °C) over the baseline Co-9.5Al-7.5W alloy.
Thermally Stratified Compression Ignition: A new advanced low temperature combustion mode with load flexibility

Abstract A new advanced combustion mode is introduced, called Thermally Stratified Compression Ignition (TSCI), which uses direct water injection to control both the average temperature and the temperature distribution prior to ignition, thereby providing cycle-to-cycle control over the start and rate of heat release in Low Temperature Combustion (LTC). Experiments were conducted to fundamentally understand the effects of water injection on heat release in LTC. The results show that water injection retards the start of combustion due to the latent heat of vaporization of the injected water. Furthermore, for start of water injection timings between 20 and 70 degrees before top dead center, combustion is significantly elongated compared to without water injection. The 10–90% burn duration with 6.6 and 9.0 mg of water per cycle was 77% and 146% longer than without water injection, respectively. Direct water injection reduces the heat release rate by local evaporative cooling that results in a forced thermal stratification. Finally, the load limits with and without water injection were determined experimentally. Without water injection, the load range was 2.3–3.6 bar gross IMEP. By using water injection to control heat release, the load range in TSCI was 2.3–8.4 bar gross IMEP, which is a range expansion of over 350%. These results demonstrate that direct water injection can provide significant improvements to both controllability and the range of operability of LTC, thereby resolving the major challenges associated with HCCI.
Having your cake and EATing it too: early timing of multiple allergen introduction does not increase the risk of developing food allergy in standard risk, breastfed infants

Commentary on : Perkin MR, Logan K, Tseng A, et al. EAT Study Team. Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants. N Engl J Med 2016;374:1733–43.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Food allergy is a chronic public health problem affecting as many as 8–10% of children and has no present cure or treatment.1 Though delayed allergen introduction was formerly recommended that children with a family history of atopy, this strategy was later retracted given no evidence that this approach was of benefit.2 ,3 Recently, more data have emerged supporting a protective association between early allergen introduction and a reduced risk of developing food allergy in high-risk infants, but not in standard-risk children.4 To address this question, Perkin et … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D374%26rft.spage%253D1733%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1514210%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F26943128%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1514210&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=26943128&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F22%2F2%2F60.atom
Increased Non-Canonical Splicing of Autoantigen Transcripts Provides the Structural Basis for Expression of Untolerized Epitopes.

Abstract Alternative splicing is important for increasing the complexity of the human proteome from a limited genome. Previous studies have shown that for some autoantigens, there is differential immunogenicity among alternatively spliced isoforms. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that alternative splicing is a common feature for transcripts of autologous proteins that are autoantigens. The corollary hypothesis tested was that non-autoantigen transcripts have a lower frequency of alternative splicing. We compared the extent of alternative splicing within 45 randomly selected self-proteins associated with autoimmune diseases to 9554 randomly selected proteins encoded in human genome using bioinformatics analysis. Isoform specific regions that result from alternative splicing were studied for their potential to be epitopes for antibodies or T cell epitopes. Our results demonstrate for the first time that alternative splicing occurred in 100% of the autoantigen transcripts. This is significantly higher that the approximately 42% rate of alternative splicing observed in 9554 randomly selected human gene transcripts. In addition, the majority of isoform-specific regions of these autoantigens encoded MHC restricted T cell antigen epitopes and autoantibody binding epitopes. Furthermore, 80% of the autoantigen transcripts underwent non-canonical alternative splicing, which is also significantly higher than the less than 1% rate in randomly selected gene transcripts. These studies suggest that non-canonical alternative splicing may be an important mechanism for the generation of untolerized epitopes that may lead to autoimmunity. Furthermore, the product of a transcript that does not undergo alternative splicing is unlikely to be a target antigen in autoimmunity.
A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to effectiveness in the clinical setting. This is likely due to a lack of consideration for the physiologically relevant cellular penetration barriers that exist in the infected host. We recently established an alternative infection model that generates large macrophage aggregate structures containing densely packed M. tuberculosis (Mtb) at its core, which was suitable for drug susceptibility testing. This infection model is inexpensive, rapid, and most importantly BSL-2 compatible. Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate Mtb/macrophage aggregate structures that would produce macrophage-passaged Mtb for drug susceptibility testing. In particular, we demonstrate how this infection system could be directly adapted to the 96-well plate format showing throughput capability for the screening of compound libraries against Mtb. Overall, this assay is a valuable addition to the currently available Mtb drug discovery toolbox due to its simplicity, cost effectiveness, and scalability.
Surface Patterning of Benzenecarboxylic Acids: Influence of Structure, Solvent, and Concentration on Molecular Self-Assembly

We investigated the molecular self-assembly of pyromellitic acid (1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic acid), trimellitic acid (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid), and 1,3,5-benzenetriacetic acid at the liquid/graphite interface to assess how the number and orientation of carboxylic acid groups modulate network formation. In addition, we studied the roles solvent composition and solution concentration play in the self-assembly of pyromellitic acid and trimellitic acid by investigating each in various alkanoic acid/alkanol solvents and solvent mixtures under saturated and diluted conditions. For pyromellitic acid, three distinct, ordered monolayer structures were observed, depending on the solvent type and solution concentration. Trimellitic acid was observed to form highly disordered monolayers due to the molecule’s inherent asymmetry, whereas high-symmetry networks are observed from the symmetric building block pyromellitic acid. No solvent or concentration effects were observed for trimellitic acid monolayers. ...
Competition for talent under performance manipulation

Abstract We study the effects of introducing competition for CEOs, assuming that the talent of CEOs is not observable and that they can misreport their performance. Without competition for talent, firms maximize their profits by offering inefficiently low-powered incentive contracts. Competition for talent removes those inefficiencies, but it leads to excessively high-powered incentive contracts, causing efficiency losses that can be more severe than the inefficiencies that competition mitigates. If misreporting is not a concern, however, then competition for talent has unambiguously positive effects on efficiency.
Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckart 1893)

Onchocerca volvulus is a filarial nematode living in the subcutaneous tissues. Humans are its only host. The vector of O. volvulus is the black-fly Simulium sp. (see Chap. 38). O. volvulus is prevalent in Africa and Latin America. The greatest pathology, however, occurs in an equatorial belt extending across sub-Saharan Africa, where onchocerciasis is the major cause of blindness,1 often affecting more than 50% of the inhabitants of towns and villages in endemic areas. The breeding habitat of the blackfly is rivers and streams; hence the term “river blindness” has commonly been applied to onchocerciasis. Approximately 20 million people are infected with O. volvulus worldwide. Nearly all of them are in Africa, with about 100,000 cases in the American tropics.2 An estimated 340,000 persons are blind from onchocerciasis, which is currently the fourth leading cause of blindness in the world.1
Polystyrene-Core, Silica-Shell Scintillant Nanoparticles for Low-Energy Radionuclide Quantification in Aqueous Media

β-particle emitting radionuclides are useful molecular labels due to their abundance in biomolecules. Detection of β-emission from 3H, 35S, and 33P, important biological isotopes, is challenging due to the low energies (Emax ≤ 300 keV) and short penetration depths (≤0.6 mm) in aqueous media. The activity of biologically relevant β-emitters is usually measured in liquid scintillation cocktail (LSC), a mixture of energy-absorbing organic solvents, surfactants, and scintillant fluorophores, which places significant limitations on the ability to acquire time-resolved measurements directly in aqueous biological systems. As an alternative to LSC, we developed polystyrene-core, silica-shell nanoparticle scintillators (referred to as nanoSCINT) for quantification of low-energy β-particle emitting radionuclides directly in aqueous solutions. The polystyrene acts as an absorber for energy from emitted β-particles and can be loaded with a range of hydrophobic scintillant fluorophores, leading to photon emission at v...
Professional and Provider Perspectives on Family Involvement in Therapeutic Foster Care

Therapeutic foster care (TFC) offers a promising community-based treatment option for children with serious emotional and behavioral disorders in the child welfare system. Family involvement is believed to contribute to achieving the goal of family reunification in TFC, but there has been little attention to family involvement in TFC. I present findings of a qualitative study of child welfare professionals' and TFC providers' perspectives on family involvement. Respondents' views of parent-child contact, parent-professional communication and information sharing, and family involvement in decision making were examined. Values and attitudes toward family involvement, practices related to family involvement, barriers to involvement, and strategies to promote involvement emerged as themes. Professionals in this study believed in the value of family involvement, but there were challenges at the organizational level and related to some TFC providers' lack of training to work with families.
Common food additive carrageenan induces activation of NFkappaB and IL-8 in intestinal epithelial cells through pathways mediated by toll-like receptor 4 and by reactive oxygen species

2256 The common food additive carrageenan (CGN) has been widely used to induce inflammation in intestinal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Since IBD is recognized as a precursor to colorectal carcinoma (CRC), elucidation of mechanisms of intestinal inflammation may help to prevent or treat CRC. Our studies were performed to elucidate the pathway(s) by which CGN leads to inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). We have determined some of the effects of CGN on human IEC in tissue culture, using low concentrations of λCGN (1μg/ml) in the majority of our experiments. This concentration is significantly less than that ingested in the average Western diet daily. CGN activates a pathway of innate immunity involving Bcl10 (B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10) in the IEC and a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated pathway. Experiments with fluorescent-tagged λCGN, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) blocking antibody (HTA-125), TLR4 silencing by siRNA, and knockdown of the TLR4 adaptor protein MyD88 by dominant-negative MyD88 plasmid, demonstrated that CGN induces an inflammatory pathway through TLR4. Increases in Bcl10 and IL-8 are inhibited by TLR4 blocking antibody and dominant negative MyD88. Binding of fluorescent CGN is markedly reduced in human IEC and RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages by pre-treatment with TLR4 blocking antibody. In contrast, in the ScCr23 cell line, that lacks the genetic locus for TLR4, there is no binding of the fluorescent CGN. Additional experiments, involving immunoprecipitation and Western blots, have shown that Bcl10 co-immunoprecipitates with MALT1 and IKKγ (Nemo) and that ubiquitinated Nemo increases following CGN exposure. Silencing the pathway of innate immunity activated by CGN inhibits the activation of NFκB and IL-8 by 80%, suggesting an additional mechanism of CGN-induced effects. Using techniques to measure ROS and protein phosphorylation by ELISA, we have found that CGN exposure increases ROS and decreases phosphorylated Hsp27. Since Hsp27 phosphorylation is inversely associated with phosphorylation of IKKα/β, this suggests that CGN affects both the catalytic (IKKα/β) and regulatory (IKKγ) domains of the IKK signalosome. CGN’s activation of a pathway of innate immunity involving TLR4 and Bcl10 may arise from its unusual chemical structure, since CGN has an α-1,3-galactosidic linkage that is foreign to humans and Old World apes that lack the enzyme α-1,3-galactosyl transferase and possess the anti-Gal antibody. Increased ROS may arise since CGN is so highly sulfated, with as many as three sulfate moieties per disaccharide unit. Increasing exposure to CGN in the Western diet due to increased incorporation of CGN in processed foods may contribute to increased incidence of colorectal cancer, as well as intestinal inflammation.
A New Contraception Curriculum in the Internal Medicine Residency Primary Care Clinic.

Introduction Nearly half of all pregnancies in the USA are unintended with a relatively higher proportion occurring in military populations, which can have a large impact on military readiness. Military and civilian internal medicine residency programs do not place an emphasis on contraception in the primary care setting. This intervention sought to elucidate the perceptions of contraception in an internal medicine primary care setting in a military residency and improve confidence in contraceptive counseling and prescribing. Material and methods Residents at a military internal residency program were given an hour-long didactic presentation on contraception that was followed 5 weeks later by the implementation of a pocket card for point of care use with key information from the presentation. Residents became certified in the placement and removal of the etonogestrel implant. Pre- and post-intervention surveys were administered to assess for changes in attitudes and confidence in prescribing and counseling. This project was determined to be a quality improvement project by the IRB board of the home institution. Results Forty-two of 75 (56%) residents responded initially and 40 of 75 (53%) responded after the intervention. There was a significant improvement in resident attitudes towards the applicability of contraception training in internal medicine (p = 0.03) as well as acquiring the skill of etonogestrel implant placement (p = 0.001). There was a trend towards significance in confidence in prescribing oral contraception (p = 0.053). There was no change in residents' confidence in counseling on oral contraception (p = 0.45). Conclusion A change in the contraception curriculum led to improved residents' skills in etonogestrel placement, and attitudes regarding the applicability of training in contraception to internal medicine, but did not significantly improve confidence in contraceptive counseling. These results suggest that internal medicine residencies should focus on teaching contraception to improve the attitudes in future internists who will need to address contraception in the military population. Future studies could include assessing physician preparedness for addressing contraception during general medical officer tours.
The dielectric strength of dissociated cryogenic gas media

The dielectric strength of dissociated binary and ternary gas mixtures containing helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen for cryogenic power applications is reported. The compositions of the dissociated gas species in the temperature range of 77–5000 K at 1.0–2.0 MPa are obtained by minimizing the Gibbs free energy assuming local chemical equilibrium. The resulting mole fractions of the dissociated gas species that vary as a function of temperature and pressure are used for calculating the density-reduced critical electric field representing the dielectric strength. The results suggest that the He-H2-N2 mixture has higher dielectric strength than the He-H2 and He-N2 mixtures, but NH3 would potentially accumulate over multiple arcing and cooling cycles and potentially cause long-term issues in cryogenic switchgear applications. On the other hand, the binary alternatives, the He-H2 and He-N2 mixtures, show lower dielectric strength than the ternary gas mixture but will maintain their original gas properties even over multiple arcing and cooling cycles. The results also show that the dielectric strength of the He-H2-N2 and He-H2 mixtures decreases substantially with increasing temperature whereas that of the He-N2 mixture stays nearly unchanged. The results of this study are useful for the fundamental understanding of gas dielectrics under arcing conditions in cryogenic switchgear applications and the development of resilient cryogenic power systems.The dielectric strength of dissociated binary and ternary gas mixtures containing helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen for cryogenic power applications is reported. The compositions of the dissociated gas species in the temperature range of 77–5000 K at 1.0–2.0 MPa are obtained by minimizing the Gibbs free energy assuming local chemical equilibrium. The resulting mole fractions of the dissociated gas species that vary as a function of temperature and pressure are used for calculating the density-reduced critical electric field representing the dielectric strength. The results suggest that the He-H2-N2 mixture has higher dielectric strength than the He-H2 and He-N2 mixtures, but NH3 would potentially accumulate over multiple arcing and cooling cycles and potentially cause long-term issues in cryogenic switchgear applications. On the other hand, the binary alternatives, the He-H2 and He-N2 mixtures, show lower dielectric strength than the ternary gas mixture but will maintain their original gas properties even ov...
Evidentially embedded epistemic entitlement

Some hold that beliefs arising out of certain sources such as perceptual experience (or testimony, or memory) enjoy a kind of entitlement—as one is entitled to believe what is thereby presented as true, at least unless further evidence undermines that entitlement. This is commonly understood to require that default epistemic entitlement is a non-evidential kind of epistemic warrant. Our project here is to challenge this common, non-evidential, conception of epistemic entitlement. We will argue that although there are indeed basic beliefs with default entitlement status, typically the kind of default entitlement they possess is primarily a matter of the evidential support that accrues to them, both synchronically and diachronically, from wider mental states beyond the specific sensory-perceptual experiences (or memory experiences, or testimonial experiences, etc.) that spawn them. We will call this status evidentially embedded epistemic entitlement—as distinct from entitlement as commonly understood in the literature, which we will call evidentially insular. Epistemic entitlement normally is characterized in the manner set forth in the first paragraph above, viz., as a form of default epistemic warrant that a given belief possesses independently of any other beliefs. We suggest that not all evidential support is managed at the level of belief. Thus, leaves room for the possibility of an epistemically embedded kind of entitlement. Here we develop the needed conception of entitlement drawing on Henderson and Horgan’s ideas of a kind of “iceberg epistemology.”
Quantifying Poststroke Gait Deviations: A Meta-analysis of Observational and Cross-sectional Experimental Trials:

AbstractThe hemiparetic walking pattern is a common feature of an upper motor neuron impairment caused by stroke. Previous studies have recorded deviations in hemiparetic walking patterns. We aimed...
Bisthiazolyl Quinones: Stabilizing Organic Electrode Materials with Sulfur-Rich Thiazyl Motifs

Organic electrode materials have emerged as attractive alternatives to electrodes in lithium-ion batteries produced from toxic and unsustainably sourced transition metals. However, low-molecular-we...
Correction: Hyseni, C.; Garrick, R.C. Ecological Drivers of Species Distributions and Niche Overlap for Three Subterranean Termite Species in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Insects 2019, 10, 33

It has recently come to our attention that two of the environmental rasters we used for analyses in our study [...]
Diseases don’t need passports: A life course approach to understanding high-risk sexual behaviors and attitudes among international travelers

International travelers, who consist of a large proportion of the U.S. population, play a critical role in sustaining public health and homeland security. This study examined the life course and co...
Experimental and theoretical evidence for hydrogen doping in polymer solution-processed indium gallium oxide

The field-effect electron mobility of aqueous solution-processed indium gallium oxide (IGO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) is significantly enhanced by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) addition to the precursor solution, a >70-fold increase to 7.9 cm2/Vs. To understand the origin of this remarkable phenomenon, microstructure, electronic structure, and charge transport of IGO:PVA film are investigated by a battery of experimental and theoretical techniques, including In K-edge and Ga K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS); resonant soft X-ray scattering (R-SoXS); ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS); Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy; time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS); composition-/processing-dependent TFT properties; high-resolution solid-state 1H, 71Ga, and 115In NMR spectroscopy; and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) analysis with ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) liquid-quench simulations. The 71Ga{1H} rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR and other data indicate that PVA achieves optimal H doping with a Ga···H distance of ∼3.4 A and conversion from six- to four-coordinate Ga, which together suppress deep trap defect localization. This reduces metal-oxide polyhedral distortion, thereby increasing the electron mobility. Hydroxyl polymer doping thus offers a pathway for efficient H doping in green solvent-processed metal oxide films and the promise of high-performance, ultra-stable metal oxide semiconductor electronics with simple binary compositions.
Interview 1 Christopher Winship

He is past chair of both the Departments of Sociology at Harvard and Northwestern University. Prior to coming to Harvard in 1992, he was a Professor of Sociology, Statistics, and Economics at Northwestern.
Reviewing a Historical Internet Vulnerability: Why Isn't BGP More Secure and What Can We Do About it?

The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) plays a crucial role in today’s communications as it is the inter-domain routing protocol that holds together the Internet, providing the path for IP packets to flow between networks across the globe operated by different providers. Although the first version of BGP was published in 1989 and its lack of security mechanisms has been known since then, BGP remains vulnerable to attacks that can cause large scale outages or can be used for other malicious purposes on the Internet, such as traffic sniffing or spam sending. Moreover, the lack of security has not prevented the surge of new applications that run on top of the Internet, making tampering with BGP increasingly attractive. As an example, BGP hijacking was used to steal at least $83,000 worth of cryptocurrency in 2014, and again more recently in April 2018. Thus, securing BGP is key to increasing the overall security of the Internet ecosystem. This paper offers a historical review of the different ideas put forward to secure inter-domain routing and what happened to these ideas along the way, noting if they were implemented and are in use, the impact they had on other proposals, and other characteristics explaining the difficulty of securing BGP. This study analyzes 10 BGP extensions focused on BGP availability, 7 BGP extensions and best practices focused on securing BGP communication and routing information, and 11 security proposals coming from the research and industry communities. It examines where the ideas came from, the implicit trust delegation and the residual vulnerabilities of proposals. Even though performance and incentives of specific security solutions have been largely discussed, most proposals have not even been implemented, limiting the overall security improvement of BGP. Reviewing the full life cycle of the proposed ideas, the trusted actors and mechanisms and their requirements gives insight into why adoptions rate are so limited. In fact, there is a remarkable lack of consensus on what needs to be secured or validated, and the approach to be taken, preventing solutions to get critical support to move their deployment forward. Additionally, no BGP security mechanism, even the most narrow one, has been easily implemented and deployed. However, there are security best practices that certainly improve local and overall BGP security. Since no solution comes without costs and all proposal have opponents in network operation community, it may be possible that secure routing should be provided as a separate service from routing, and other entities could offer such solutions.
Part 3: Differential diagnosis for an undiagnosed systemic condition

Constructing a meaningful differential diagnosis for systemic conditions poses challenges to a medical team. While there are certain classifications of disease known for multiorgan manifestation, a thorough differential requires physicians to examine all possible symptom etiologies, especially when the symptoms are life-threatening. We present a patient with a diverse constellation of symptoms yet to be consolidated into a diagnosis. Our discussion examines the contribution of each symptom to a possible diagnosis while attempting to identify trends between the symptoms that might yield clues to the etiology of his/her condition. The following core competencies sare addressed in this article: Medical knowledge, Patient care.
Shopping for Health: Herbs and Spices

Herbs and spices have been used for hundreds of years in cooking and medicine. They add a wide range of flavors to food and may also provide health benefits. For some people, using herbs and spices in cooking may be a challenge, but it doesn’t have to be that way! The information below will get you on track to enjoying zesty, flavorful, healthy cooking. This 4-page fact sheet was written by Jenna A. Norris and Wendy Dahl and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, April 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fs225
Demographic polarization and the rise of the far right: Brazil’s 2018 presidential election:

Does the recent electoral success of far-right populists represent a mere rejection of the political and economic status quo, or has it revealed deeper cultural divides? Historically, demographic c...
Measuring Irritability in Early Childhood: A Psychometric Evaluation of the Affective Reactivity Index in a Clinical Sample of 3- to 8-Year-Old Children.

The parent-report Affective Reactivity Index (ARI-P) is the most studied brief scale specifically developed to assess irritability, but relatively little is known about its performance in early chi...
False memories activate distinct brain regions in females and males

Abstract The constructive process of memory is generally successful; however, it can also lead to memory failures such as false memories. Although true memories and false memories rely on some of the same brain regions, these memory types are also mediated by distinct neural substrates. Of relevance, there is a growing body of evidence that there are sex differences in the brain during true memories. However, no studies have investigated whether there are neural sex differences during false memories. In the current fMRI study, across all subjects, false memories produced activity in the precentral sulcus and superior parietal lobule, replicating previous findings. Males produced greater activity than females in the precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex, parietooccipital sulcus, and fusiform gyrus. Females produced greater activity than males in the medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, paracentral lobule, supramarginal gyrus, lateral sulcus, cingulate sulcus, the putamen, and V1. An interaction analysis revealed a significant interaction between sex and region with a higher magnitude of activity in the hippocampus for males than females and a higher magnitude of activity in V1 for females than males. The current results suggest that false memories are supported by distinct brain regions and cognitive processes in females and males.
Understanding Your Brain Imaging

Every patient with IIH will undergo brain imaging. There are a number of different types of imaging studies that are performed, and you may see a number of confusing words in radiology reports. This chapter will briefly discuss each of the different types of imaging studies that we do in patients with IIH and then will show examples of the most common findings and discuss what they mean and their importance.
New results on orbital resonances

Perturbative analyses of planetary resonances commonly predict singularities and/or divergences of resonance widths at very low and very high eccentricities. We have recently re-examined the nature of these divergences using non-perturbative numerical analyses, making use of Poincar\'e sections but from a different perspective relative to previous implementations of this method. This perspective reveals fine structure of resonances which otherwise remains hidden in conventional approaches, including analytical, semi-analytical and numerical-averaging approaches based on the critical resonant angle. At low eccentricity, first order resonances do not have diverging widths but have two asymmetric branches leading away from the nominal resonance location. A sequence of structures called ``low-eccentricity resonant bridges" connecting neighboring resonances is revealed. At planet-grazing eccentricity, the true resonance width is non-divergent. At higher eccentricities, the new results reveal hitherto unknown resonant structures and show that these parameter regions have a loss of some -- though not necessarily entire -- resonance libration zones to chaos. The chaos at high eccentricities was previously attributed to the overlap of neighboring resonances. The new results reveal the additional role of bifurcations and co-existence of phase-shifted resonance zones at higher eccentricities. By employing a geometric point of view, we relate the high eccentricity phase space structures and their transitions to the shapes of resonant orbits in the rotating frame. We outline some directions for future research to advance understanding of the dynamics of mean motion resonances.
Rainbow Spanning Subgraphs of Small Diameter in Edge-Colored Complete Graphs

Let s(n, t) be the maximum number of colors in an edge-coloring of the complete graph $$K_n$$Kn that has no rainbow spanning subgraph with diameter at most t. We prove $$s(n,t)={\left( {\begin{array}{c}n-2\\ 2\end{array}}\right) }+1$$s(n,t)=n-22+1 for $$n,t\ge 3$$n,t?3, while $$s(n,2)={\left( {\begin{array}{c}n-2\\ 2\end{array}}\right) }+\left\lfloor {\frac{n-1}{2}}\right\rfloor $$s(n,2)=n-22+n-12 for $$n\ne 4$$n?4 (and $$s(4,2)=2$$s(4,2)=2).