cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Post-harvest Storage Conditions and Membrane Leakage in the Context of Blackheart in Potato Tubers

The relationship between potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) tuber membrane permeability and storage conditions were examined. Tubers from four potato cultivars were stored for 1 year at 2 °C and4 °C, and tubers transferred from 4 °C to 2 °C for 48 hours. Electrolyte conductivity measurements taken from two discs of four potato cultivars with six biological replicates as well as different tissues types including the pith, cortex and parenchyma. The results showed that the longer the storage time and lower the temperature, the higher the electrolyte conductivity of the tissues. And different tissue types pith, cortex and parenchyma had different electrolyte conductivity susceptibility pattern under different storage conditions. Overall, the parenchyma has highest electrolyte leakage and following are pith, cortex has lowest among three different tissue types. However, cultivars that are resistant to Blackheart, surprisingly had higher electrolyte conductivity compared to the Blackheart-susceptible cultivars. Overall, the work demonstrates that storage conditions have a significant effect on membrane leakage but that this doesn’t appear to relate directly to susceptibility to Blackheart.
Sequence of biologic therapies and surgery affects survival in non–small cell lung cancer

Background and objectives Biologic therapy is changing the landscape of lung cancer treatment. The objectives of this study were to compare overall survival (OS) between patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing neoadjuvant and adjuvant biologic therapy in combination with surgery and to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy on survival after combination biologic therapy and surgery. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for cases of NSCLC from 2004 to 2016. Patient treatment was categorized into neoadjuvant and adjuvant biologic therapy in combination with surgery. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to compare OS between treatment groups and between those who did and did not also undergo chemotherapy. Cox regression was used to identify factors predictive of OS. Results Six hundred seventy-three patients underwent both biologic therapy and surgery. The unadjusted overall 5-year OS was longer for patients undergoing neoadjuvant biologic therapy than for those undergoing adjuvant biologic therapy (P = .006), with OS being 56.2% and 33.0%, respectively. When comparing OS between those who did and did not undergo additional chemotherapy, no difference was observed. Conclusions Neoadjuvant biologic therapy was associated with longer OS than adjuvant biologic therapy. Chemotherapy did not have an effect on OS when combined with biologic therapy and surgery.
Dissent with modification: how postcreationism’s claim of hyperrapid speciation opposes yet embraces evolutionary theory

The development of creationism to its multiple modern forms has been made possible in part by its appropriation and misuse of mainstream scientific terms. Here we illustrate how anti-evolutionary advocates have redefined the terms macroevolution and microevolution to advance their view of the origins of biological diversity. We identify and describe an ideological movement within modern young-earth creationism we call postcreationism, those that have embraced a hyperrapid speciation model of the origin of biological diversity. Postcreationism is demonstrated with specific examples from young-earth creationist publications and Ark Encounter creationist theme park, with takeaways for addressing these ideas in evolutionary biology education.
Quantitative characterization of high-touch surfaces in emergency departments and hemodialysis facilities

An observational study was conducted to characterize high-touch surfaces in emergency departments and hemodialysis facilities. Certain surfaces were touched with much greater frequency than others. A small number of surfaces accounted for the majority of touch episodes. Prioritizing disinfection of these surfaces may reduce pathogen transmission within healthcare environments.
The Effect of a Screen Protector on Blue Light Intensity Emitted from Different Hand-held Devices.

PURPOSE: In response to growing concern about the effect of blue light on ocular tissue, companies have created mobile device screen protectors to block blue light. This project evaluates one of these screen protectors' ability to reduce blue light intensity. METHODS: The intensity of light at 450 nm from an iPhone 8, iPhone X, and iPad was measured in a dark room. The averages of three measurements were taken with and without the screen protector at different distances, settings of brightness, and Apple's night shift (NS) mode. Results were analyzed using paired t-tests. RESULTS: At 33 cm, 100% brightness, and 0% NS, the screen protector decreased intensity by 43.9%, 32.3%, and 34.9% for the iPhone 8, iPhone X, and iPad, respectively. At 33 cm and 100% brightness, increasing NS mode from 0% to 100% decreased intensity by 81.2%, 84.2%, and 86.5%. At 33 cm without NS, decreasing the brightness from 100% to 0% decreased intensity by 99.5%, 99.8%, and 97.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The screen protector decreased the intensity at 450 nm for every setting other than those at 0% brightness. Decreasing brightness and applying NS mode were more effective in reducing blue light. More research is needed to determine the benefits of decreasing blue light exposure from electronic devices.
Keratoconus detection using OCT corneal and epithelial thickness map parameters and patterns.

Purpose To detect keratoconus using optical coherence tomography (OCT) corneal map parameters and patterns. Setting Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA DESIGN:: Cross-sectional observational study. Methods A spectral-domain OCT was used to acquire corneal and epithelial thickness maps in normal, manifest keratoconic, subclinical keratoconic, and forme fruste keratoconic (FFK) eyes. A two-step decision tree was designed. An eye will be classified as keratoconus if both decision tree conditions are met: First, at least one of the four quantitative corneal thickness (minimum, minimum-maximum, superonasal-inferotemporal) and epithelial thickness (standard deviation) map parameters exceed cutoff values. Second, presence of both concentric thinning pattern on the epithelial thickness map and coincident thinning patterns on corneal and epithelial thickness maps by visual inspection. Results The study was compromised of 54 eyes from 29 normal participants, 91 manifest keratoconic eyes from 65 patients, 12 subclinical keratoconic eyes from 11 patients, and 19 FFK eyes from 19 patients. The decision tree correctly classified all normal eyes (100% specificity), and had good sensitivities for detecting manifest keratoconus (97.8%), subclinical keratoconus (100.0%), and FFK (73.7%). Conclusions The two-step decision tree provided a useful tool to detect keratoconus including cases at early disease stages (subclinical keratoconus and FFK). OCT corneal and epithelial thickness map parameters and patterns can be used in conjunction with topography to improve keratoconus screening.
Abstract P210: Central Blockade Of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Á-Converting Enzyme (tace) Ameliorates Neuroinflammation, Sympathetic Excitation And Cardiac Dysfunction In Heart Failure Rat

TACE is a key metalloprotease involved in ectodomain shedding of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-α. We previously reported that TACE-mediated production of TNF-α ...
Predictors of Mortality within 24 Months of Initial Arteriovenous Access Creation.

INTRODUCTION End Stage Renal Disease is increasingly common, with approximately 785,880 patients currently dialysis dependent in the United States. 86% of these patients utilize hemodialysis. Arteriovenous (AV) access with either a fistula or graft is preferred over a catheter due to lowered complication risk. The purpose of this paper is to identify mid- term predictors of mortality to guide the type of AV access in patients with suboptimal cephalic veins. METHODS This is a retrospective review of patient characteristics at the time of initial AV access placement. All patients receiving first time AV access were reviewed. Mortality data was found via electronic medical records review, social security death index review, and internet search. Patients in whom mortality data could not be found were excluded from the final analysis. Univariate analysis using Chi-Squared testing and Student T-Test was performed. Binary logistic regression analysis was also performed for multivariate investigation. RESULTS A total of 176 patients underwent first time AV access during the study period. Two year mortality data was available for 149 of these patients. Mortality occurred within 2 years for 27% of patients. Advanced age (70 vs. 61, P < 0.01), arrhythmia (48% vs. 24%, P < 0.01), abnormal EKG (36% vs.14%, P < 0.01), CHF (47% vs. 24%, P < 0.01), white, non-Hispanic race (51% vs. 22%, P < 0.01) and history of smoking (48% vs. 15%, P < 0.01) were statistically significant univariate predictors of 2-year mortality. Advanced age, white race and smoking were multivariate predictors with smoking having the largest impact (multivariate adjusted OR 11.8, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS History of tobacco smoking has a profoundly negative effect on two year survival in patients undergoing initial AV access. Absence of smoking history provides significant 2-year mortality protection and thorough attempt at autologous AVF creation should be made in these patients. Cardiac disease and advanced age continue to be lead predictors of mortality in ESRD patients.
Successful Injury Prevention Interventions

Musculoskeletal injury (MSK-I) in the military contributes to the largest number of lost duty days and financial burden more than any other disease or condition. Through a focus on surveillance, education, leadership support, and ensuring adequate resources for research and program evaluation, many successful interventions have been implemented over the years to address this problem in military communities. This chapter outlines the foundations and essential elements for military injury prevention program success. In particular, three broad categories of specific intervention strategies that have shown the most success are outlined: (1) preventing overtraining; (2) ankle bracing; and (3) performing multiaxial, neuromuscular, proprioceptive, and agility training. Also, successful injury prevention system approaches, including Sports Medicine and Reconditioning Team (SMART) Centers, will be described. Finally, future recommendations such as biomarker identification, movement pattern identification, and movement retraining will be summarized as ways to continue to address the MSK-I challenge in military settings.
Information-Theoretical Aspects of Embodied Artificial Intelligence

Embodied AI is a new approach to the design of autonomous intelligent systems. This chapter is about a new principle for the design of such systems that is deeply rooted in the notion of embodiment. Embodied action has causal effects on the nature and statistics of sensory inputs, which can in turn drive neural and cognitive processes. The statistics of sensory inputs can be captured by using methods from information theory, specifically measures of entropy, mutual information and complexity, on sensory data streams. Several such methods are outlined and their application to embodied AI systems is discussed.
Intrauterine contraception in nulliparas with the Dalkon Shield

Abstract The small Dalkon Shield was used for intrauterine contraception in a series of 1,697 nulliparous women over a 2 year study period. Of these women 80 per cent were nulligravid. The device is well tolerated and has low expulsion and medical removal rates. The pregnancy rate of 1.2 per cent remained constant after 12 months of use. The nulliparous model Dalkon Shield is an effective and extremely acceptable means of intrauterine contraception in the nulliparous female.
Treatment of obesity: Pharmacotherapy trends in the United States from 1999 to 2010

Objective To describe the antiobesity drug-prescribing patterns of US physicians over the past decade. Methods Data for adult patients were obtained from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Obesity was identified using ICD-9 codes, BMI values, and a chronic-obesity-condition variable. For patients with obesity, a logistic-regression model was estimated to determine the odds of receiving pharmacotherapy. Results Of the 987 million visits by patients with obesity from 2005 to 2010, 2.0% mentioned an antiobesity drug. Additionally, there were 6.5 million visits by patients without obesity but with an antiobesity drug mention. Visits made by females (OR = 2.89; 95% CI: 2.08-4.03), by white patients (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.08-2.24), by younger adults (OR = 1.71; 95% CI: 1.34-2.20), and in the South (OR = 3.39; 95% CI: 1.49-7.72) were more likely to involve an antiobesity drug prescription. Conclusions Only 1 in 50 patients with obesity received a prescription for an antiobesity medication. Moreover, in contrast to what the 1998 Guidelines suggested, physicians tended to prescribe antiobesity medications to self-paying, young, white females, many of whom lived in the South, and not all of whom had obesity.
Pediatric tracheal tumor masked by a history of travel: case report and literature review.

A previously healthy 10-year-old female reported a 1-month history of wheezing and hemoptysis. Initial evaluation and treatment were focused on refractory reactive airway disease and infectious etiologies prompted by her recent travels in Africa. Worsening respiratory distress prompted emergent evaluation with imaging and endoscopy. Bronchoscopy diagnosed a distal tracheal tumor; pathology of this tumor was benign fibrous histiocytoma. Successful management of this condition included imaging, rigid bronchoscopy with biopsy, and tracheal resection to surgically excise the lesion. Although rare, tracheal tumors should be considered when presentation of asthma is atypical and nonresponsive to medical interventions. Laryngoscope, 125:1004–1007, 2015
EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION ON PALATABILITY OF BEEF, LAMB AND GOAT MEAT

The effect of electrical stimulation (100 volts, 5 amps for approx 84–100 set) of beef, lamb and goat carcasses on meat palatability was evaluated. Twenty-nine steers, 14 lambs and 11 goats were slaughtered, split into sides and one side from each carcass was electrically-stimulated immediately before chilling by use of a commercial stunning device. Taste panel evaluation and Warner-Bratzler shear values indicated that longissimus muscle samples from electrically stimulated sides of all three species were significantly more tender than samples from the untreated sides. Tenderness ratings for samples from the legs of lamb and goat carcasses indicated that the differences between treated and control samples were not of the same magnitude as those for samples of the longissimus. Flavor ratings for samples from electrically stimulated sides were significantly higher (P < 0.01) for beef; however, no significant differences were observed between samples from treated and cqntrol sides of lamb and goat carcasses. These data suggest that electrical stimulation can be utilized to improve the tenderness of beef, lamb and goat carcasses.
Long-Term Impacts of Controlled Burns on the Ant Community (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of a Sandplain Forest in Vermont

Abstract Sandplain Pine-Oak-Heath forest is one of Vermont's most threatened natural communities due to fire suppression and land development. We studied the ant community in the largest remaining tract of sandplain forest in the state of Vermont, at the Camp Johnson Army National Guard Base, in Colchester. We investigated the long-term impacts of controlled burns conducted in 1995 and 1998 by examining ant specimens collected in burned and control (unburned) areas during September and early October of 2006, 2007, and 2008. The 1750 ant specimens from 911 pitfall traps yielded 29 ant species. Although sample effort was un-even, there was a greater than two-fold difference in species richness between the sites: 28 species in the burned site and 13 species in the control site. Ant abundance was significantly greater at the burned site compared to the control, and the Shannon index of species diversity differed as well. Canopy cover was significantly different in the burned site compared to the control site....
Indenting, buckling and piercing of aluminum beverage cans

Analysis of indenting, buckling and piercing of aluminum beverage cans using both physical testing and computer simulation was performed in order to develop a better understanding of the sidewall structural strength of the cans. This understanding can be used to help design better cans and/or improve manufacturing processes.Simulation of the sidewall indentation was done with an impacting sphere. Parameters investigated included the sphere size and velocity, and the impact height along the sidewall. Buckling simulation of the dented can was then performed. Results from the deformed can buckling model compared well with physical testing based on buckled geometry, buckling load, and external work to buckle. Severe damage to a can that might occur during the manufacturing process was investigated by studying piercing of the can sidewall. Impacts of 5 and 10 m/s were performed with both blunt (flat) and sharp (45° tip) steel rods. It was found that separated elements with tied nodal constraints more accurately represent the failure behavior of the can subjected to a piercing load than merged element nodes. It was also found that the more crushing a can undergoes before piercing occurs, the more energy the can material absorbs. However, there is an upper limit to the crushing based on the speed and shape of the impactor.
Future of decoding the disciplines

This chapter presents a vision in which the kinds of thinking and learning that are commonly required of students become a regular part of the teaching and scholarship within every discipline.
Shape-based and texture-based feature extraction for classification of microcalcifications in mammograms

This paper presents and compares two image processing methods for differentiating benign from malignant microcalcifications in mammograms. The gold standard method for differentiating benign from malignant microcalcifications is biopsy, which is invasive. The goal of the proposed methods is to reduce rate of biopsies with negative results. In the first method, we extract 17 shape features from each mammogram. These features are related to shapes of individual microcalcifications or to their clusters. In the second method, we extract 44 texture features from each mammogram using co-occurrence method of Haralick. Next, we select best features from each set using a genetic algorithm, to maximize area under ROC curve. This curve is created using a k-nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier and a malignancy criterion. Finally, we evaluate the methods by comparing ROC's with greatest areas obtained using each method. We applied the proposed methods, with different values of k in kNN classifier, to 74 malignant and 29 benign microcalcification clusters. Truth for each mammogram was established based on the biopsy results. We found greatest area under ROC curve for each set of features used in each method. For shape features this area was 0.82 (k = 7) and for Haralick features it was 0.72 (k = 9).
Slip asymmetry in the molecular crystal cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine

Slip asymmetry is a common occurrence in some monatomic crystals where it is due to complex core structures or specific packing of slip planes. Here we present another mechanism, based on molecular steric hindrance, which leads to asymmetric dislocation motion in cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX) molecular crystal. Dislocations move at different critical stresses when shear is applied in the positive and negative directions of the Burgers vector in the slip system that contributes most to plastic deformation.
Fracture strength of relatively brittle structures and materials

Abstract In the case of relatively brittle structural materials, linear fracture mechanics provides an analysis basis for testing and control of fracture strength. Standardized methods of crack toughness testing are available only for metals which can be pre-cracked by fatigue. Hence, further work on this topic is needed for glassy and polymeric solids. Proper use of surface residual compressive stress is a primary method of fracture control for such materials, and environment-assisted stable crack extension is often a significant factor. In the case of layered or parallel-fiber stiffened composites, the single crack fracture mechanics viewpoint usually applies to individual separations, but the aggregate effect of the expected distribution of cracks must be taken into account. Often the proof test is the main safeguard against strength-type failures in service, and the efficiency with which proof testing is employed is important.
Huntingtin Functions as a Scaffold for Selective Macroautophagy

Selective macroautophagy is an important protective mechanism against diverse cellular stresses. In contrast to the well-characterized starvation-induced autophagy, the regulation of selective autophagy is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Huntingtin, the Huntington disease gene product, functions as a scaffold protein for selective macroautophagy but it is dispensable for non-selective macroautophagy. In Drosophila, Huntingtin genetically interacts with autophagy pathway components. In mammalian cells, Huntingtin physically interacts with the autophagy cargo receptor p62 to facilitate its association with the integral autophagosome component LC3 and with Lys-63-linked ubiquitin-modified substrates. Maximal activation of selective autophagy during stress is attained by the ability of Huntingtin to bind ULK1, a kinase that initiates autophagy, which releases ULK1 from negative regulation by mTOR. Our data uncover an important physiological function of Huntingtin and provide a missing link in the activation of selective macroautophagy in metazoans.
2-Carbomethoxy-3-aryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes: potent non-nitrogen inhibitors of monoamine transporters.

Cocaine is a potent stimulant of the mammalian central nervous system. Its reinforcing and stimulant properties have been associated with its propensity to bind to monoamine transporter systems. It has generally been assumed that the amino function on monoamines is a requirement for binding to monoamine transporters. In particular, the 8-amino function on the tropane skeleton of cocaine and cocaine analogs has been assumed to provide an ionic bond to the aspartic acid residue on the dopamine transporter (DAT). We have prepared the first 8-oxa analogs of the 3-aryltropanes (WIN compounds) and have found that the 3β-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) (6g) and 3α-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) (7g) analogs are particularly potent (IC50 = 3.27 and 2.34 nM, respectively) inhibitors of the dopamine transporter. We now describe the synthesis and biology of the family of 2-carbomethoxy-3-aryl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes and demonstrate that an amino nitrogen is not required for binding to the DAT.
Genetic dissection of the circadian clock: A timeless story

Abstract The period (per) gene is known to play a critical role in the generation and/or maintenance of circadian rhythms in Drosophila. Efforts to identify other molecular components of pacemaking pathways recently led to the isolation of a new clock mutation, timeless (tim). Circadian rhythms are eliminated in tim flies, probably due to the effect tim has on the subcellular localization of period protein (PER). Data indicate that the putative product(s) of the tim locus is essential for timekeeping in Drosophila. In this article I will review the isolation and phenotype of the tim mutation and also discuss its interaction with per.
A model-based characterization of the long-term asymptotic behavior of nonlinear discrete-time processes using invariance functional equations

Abstract The present research work proposes a new approach to the problem of quantitatively characterizing the long-term dynamic behavior of nonlinear discrete-time processes. It is assumed that in order to analyze the process dynamic behavior and digitally simulate it for performance monitoring purposes, the discrete-time dynamic process model considered can be obtained: (i) either through the employment of efficient and accurate discretization methods for the original continuous-time process which is mathematically described by a system of nonlinear ordinary (ODEs) or partial differential equations (PDEs) or (ii) through direct identification methods. In particular, nonlinear processes are considered whose dynamics can be viewed as driven: (i) either by an external time-varying “forcing” input/disturbance term, (ii) by a set of time-varying process parameters or (iii) by the autonomous dynamics of an upstream process. The formulation of the problem of interest can be naturally realized through a system of nonlinear functional equations (NFEs), for which a rather general set of conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution is derived. The solution to the aforementioned system of NFEs is then proven to represent a locally analytic invariant manifold of the nonlinear discrete-time process under consideration. The local analyticity property of the invariant manifold map enables the development of a series solution method for the above system of NFEs, which can be easily implemented with the aid of a symbolic software package such as MAPLE. Under a certain set of conditions, it is shown that the invariant manifold computed attracts all system trajectories, and therefore, the asymptotic process response and long-term dynamic behavior are determined through the restriction of the discrete-time process dynamics on the invariant manifold.
Collaborative strategies for unraveling the complexity of birth defects.

Thisarticle summarizesa presentation by one of the authors(CAH) to the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group of North America. Dr Hobbs, MD, PhD, the Director of the Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, presented an overview of the collaborative strategies developed for investigating the etiology of birth defects. A multidisciplinary group of scientists and clinicians explores current hypotheses in diabetic embryopathy, drawing upon expertise in experimental biology, genetic epidemiology, genomics, metabolomics and translational research. The prevalence rate of birth defects among infants of diabetic mothers isashigh as 11%, despite the knowledge that maternal metabolic control iss trongly correlated with the risk of malformations. Specifically, caudal dysgenesis, renal anomalies, heart and neural tube defectsand situsabnormalitiesoccur more often among infantsof diabetic women than non-diabetic women. Researchers are also working to discover the underlying me...
Conductivities and viscosities of polyethylene glycol (PEG) electrolytes containing divalent metal bromides

Abstract Room temperature ionic conductivities and viscosities of polyethylene glycol (PEG, av. mol.wt. 400) electrolytes involving CaBr 2 , CoBr 2 , ZnBr 2 and CdBr 2 were measured as a function of salt concentration. Conductivities were roughly 10 −5 S/cm and decreased in the order CaBr 2 > CoBr 2 > CdBr 2 > nBr 2 . Viscosities decreased in the order CaBr 2 > CoBr 2 > ZnBr 2 ≈CdBr 2 . These trends were explained with a model involving cationic crosslinkers and anionic charge carriers. A hypothesized trend in salt dissociation, based on the relative viscosity increase, was found to be consistent with several other studies involving the same divalent cations in various electrolyte systems.
The real exchange rate and real interest differentials: the role of nonlinearities

Recent empirical work has shown the importance of nonlinear adjustment in the dynamics of real exchange rates and real interest differentials. This work suggests that the tenuous empirical linkage between the real exchange rate and the real interest differential might be strengthened by explicitly accounting for these nonlinearities. We pursue this strategy by pricing the real exchange rate by real interest parity. The resulting first-order stochastic difference equation gives the real exchange rate as the expected present value of future real interest differentials which we compute numerically for three candidate nonlinear processes. Regressions of the log real US dollar prices of the Canadian dollar, deutschemark, yen and pound on the fundamental values implied by these nonlinear models are used to evaluate the linkage. The evidence for linkage is stronger when these present values are computed over shorter horizons than for longer horizons. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erythroneura lawsoni abundance and feeding injury levels are influenced by foliar nutrient status in intensively managed American sycamore

Abstract 1 Abundance and feeding injury of the leafhopper Erythroneura lawsoni Robinson was measured in an intensively-managed American sycamore Platanus occidentalis L. plantation. Trees were planted in spring 2000 in a randomized complete block design, and received one of three annual treatments: (i) fertilization (120 kg N/ha/year); (ii) irrigation (3.0 cm/week); (iii) fertilization + irrigation; or (iv) control (no treatment). 2 Foliar nutrient concentrations were significantly influenced by the treatments because only sulphur and manganese levels were not statistically greater in trees receiving fertilization. 3 Over 116 000 E. lawsoni were captured on sticky traps during the study. Leafhopper abundance was highest on nonfertilized trees for the majority of the season, and was positively correlated with foliar nutrient concentrations. Significant temporal variation in E. lawsoni abundance occurred, suggesting five discrete generations in South Carolina. 4 Significant temporal variation occurred in E. lawsoni foliar injury levels, with the highest injury ratings occurring in late June and August. Foliar injury was negatively correlated with foliar nutrient content, and higher levels of injury occurred more frequently on nonfertilized trees. 5 The results obtained in the present study indicated that increased E. lawsoni abundance occurred on trees that did not receive fertilization. Nonfertilized trees experienced greater foliar injury, suggesting that lower foliar nutrient status may have led to increased levels of compensatory feeding.
Thermodynamics of polystyrene solutions. II. Glass contributions and thermal behavior

Abstract The Maron theory has been used to deduce from available thermal and other data expressions for the heats of solution and dilution of polystyrene in nine solvents. Also, a direct method is described by means of which the energy of the glass can be determined from heat of solution measurements. Applied to solutions of polystyrene in toluene, ethyl benzene, and chlorobenzene, this method gives for the energy frozen in the glass 8.02 0.19 cal/g of sample for a polymer of M2 = 150,000. This value compares reasonably well with the value of 7.07 cal/g obtained by Bianchi for a polymer of M2 = 250,000.
Pineal Regulation of the Body Lightening Reaction in Amphibian Larvae

Body pallor due to contraction of both deep and integumental melanophores occurs when either blinded or normal Xenopus laevis and other amphibian larvae are placed in the dark. The reaction is abolished by pinealectomy, but is induced by administration of pineal hormones It is suggested that the normal body lightening reaction is mediated by the pineal gland.
Rapid, quantitative human lymphocyte separation and purification in a closed system

Abstract A thixotropic, silicone based gel (specific gravity 1.0674) has been developed which permits the rapid isolation of human blood lymphocytes. Gel is incorporated within an evacuated blood draw tube containing crystalline EDTA. Lymphocyte separations are performed within the unopened tube. Quantitative yields of lymphocytes from whole blood are obtained with mononuclear cells comprising 93 percent of the recovered cells. In vitro T and B cell mitogenic responses of recovered lymphocytes are normal thus proving the efficacy of this approach to clinical lymphocyte isolations.
Morphology of the North Carolina continental slope, western North Atlantic, shaped by deltaic sedimentation and slumping

Abstract A detailed survey of the outer shelf, slope, and upper rise, seaward of Albemarle Sound, North Carolina, using geophysical data supplemented with bottom samples, shows a morphology different from adjacent portions of the U.S. slope. The mid-slope morphology is smooth with a gently seaward-dipping seafloor, flanked on the seaward and landward by steep dissected scarps. Valleys on the seaward scarp progressively have eroded the smooth mid-slope region. A 500 m thick, well-stratified sequence of sediments is present on the slope and suggests the influence of a land drainage system, possibly the James River. The morphology is consistent with a portion of these sediments having been removed by slumping. Post-early Pleistocene is suggested as the possible time of sediment failure. Data from piston cores indicate that the shelf periodically is a source of recent slope sediment with the Gulf Stream perhaps also providing additional input.
History of Medical Ethics and Perspectives on Disparities in Minority Recruitment and Involvement in Health Research

The legitimate and successful recruitment of minorities as research participants in clinical trials should be addressed from an ethical and historical perspective. To gain an appreciation of the challenges, to develop strategies and to overcome the disparities of minority involvement in clinic trials, it is essential to be cognizant of previous violations and abuses of ethics and human rights. Also significant are major legislation, regulations and federal initiatives that resulted from those abuses. From history, we have learned we cannot generalize data and assume that, if we have the majority group in clinical trials, then we can accurately apply that data to minorities. There are cultural and environmental differences; thus, it is absolutely crucial that researchers approach recruitment of minority groups with cultural competence and cultural sensitivity. Federal regulations and legislation set the framework for protection of human participants in research.
Twinning in Alpha Iron

ABUNDANT twinning has been observed in pure alpha iron (carbon 0.0022 per cent, silicon 0.0018 per cent) which has been passed slowly through the critical range, and also in pure alpha iron deformed and then recrystallised below the critical range. In the former, banded structures are common; in the latter, banded structures are the exception. However, the forms or habits of annealing twins in alpha iron are quite distinctive.
Arylamine activation following chronic ethanol ingestion by rats: studies on the liver S9, microsomal and cytosolic fractions and comparison with Aroclor 1254 pretreatment.

Abstract That enzyme fractions derived from animals chronically fed alcohol can alter the metabolism of carcinogenic xenobiotic compounds has been documented. To further understand this relationship the mutagenicity of 3 aromatic amines was determined in the Ames test, employing activation systems derived from rats maintained on an alcohol-containing liquid diet, an isocaloric control liquid diet or Aroclor 1254-pretreated animals fed standard laboratory chow. Depending upon protein and substrate concentrations, S9 from ethanol-fed rats was 30–50% less efficient than S9 from pair-fed rats in activating arylamines (2-aminofluorene, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-acetylaminofluorene) to mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Cytosolic fractions from ethanol-fed animals always resulted in greater arylamine activation than that of controls whereas the opposite was true of the microsomal compartment in which the ethanol-treated group was consistently less active than the controls. The cytosolic N -acetyltransferase activities with respect to 2 different substrates, isoniazid and 2-aminofluorence, were unaffected by ethanol consumption, indicating that this activity probably does not account for the different activation profiles exhibited by the ethanol and pair-fed cytosolic systems. Both the cytosolic and microsomal compartments are required for maximal expression of the mutagenicity of each arylamine however, each compartment can activate arylamines independently of the other. Reconstituting cytosol with microsomes from ethanol- and pair-fed rats, but not Aroclor-pretreated rats, resulted in a synergistic activation of the aromatic amines and displayed an effect similar to that of S9. Compared to Aroclor pretreatment and pair-fed controls, mitrosomes from ethanol-fed rats displayed the least capacity for activating any of the arylamines to mutagens. Microsomes from Aroclor-pretreated rats accounted for at least 80% of the S9-mediated activation of each of the arylamines to mutagenic metabolites which was in marked contrast to the contribution of the microsomal fractions to the S9 activity in the ethanol- (5–20% of S9 activity) and pair-fed systems (22–30% of S9 activity). The data indicate that 2 opposing reactions occur in S9, a cytosolic activity that augments and a microsomal activity that attenuates the mutagenicity of arylamines. Both activities are modified by ethanol consumption and Aroclor pretreatment.
Determination of magnetic-moment directions using x-ray resonant exchange scattering

We present determinations of the magnetic structures of ${\mathrm{NdNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C and ${\mathrm{SmNi}}_{2}$${\mathrm{B}}_{2}$C by means of x-ray resonant exchange scattering (XRES). The integrated intensity of a number of magnetic reflections was measured as a function of the Bragg angle and compared to model calculations for various magnetic structures. The two compounds were found to have the same magnetic modulation wave vector but different moment directions. A resonant feature observed below the Sm ${\mathrm{L}}_{3}$-absorption edge, similar to unexplained effects found in other light rare-earth compounds, is identified as quadrupolar XRES and is used to refine the details of the moment direction.
Factors affecting the selection of products from a photochemically generated singlet biradical.

The chemistries of a monoradical of the ultrafast “radical-clock” type and a structurally related singlet biradical, generated by Norrish type II photochemistry, are compared. The monoradical is found to undergo the characteristic ring-opening reaction of its class at about 1010 s−1 at room temperature. However, the singlet biradical shows no evidence of the analogous ring-opening reaction. The contrasting chemistry is traced not to a fundamental difference in electronic structure of the two intermediates, but rather to a steric interaction that the biradical alone would have to suffer during the ring opening. Although the magnitude of the steric hindrance is small (estimated 15–20 kJ mol−1), it is enough to shut down the reaction, because the biradical has other facile product-forming reactions available.
Intestinal response to feeding heat damaged casein in rats

A previous study demonstrated that feeding rats a heat damaged casein diet caused a decrease in body weight and in the pancreatic content of chymotrypsin and amylase. However, the present study shows that leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activity in the small intestinal mucosa is not affected by this dietary stress, indicating that the mucosa still has amino acids available for enzyme synthesis. The LAP activity of the mucosa did increase in response to feeding a meal probably due to an increase in the rate of synthesis.
A device for the collection and study of wood-boring molluscs: Application to boring rates and boring movements of the shipworm Bankia gouldi

A device consisting of thin wood sheets bolted between transparent plastic plates has proved useful for the collection of wood-boring molluscs. The device makes possible measurements of rates of boring of individual animalsin situ, observations of boring movements, and simplified removal of intact animals from the wood substrate. Rates of boring of the shipwormBankia gouldi observed at intervals of a few days ranged from 0.03 to 3.85 mm per day, increasing with increasing length of the animal. Calculated growth curves indicated that growth was exponential. No significant difference in average boring rates was found between animals maintained in running sea water filtered through 5-μm mesh in the laboratory and animals maintained under field conditions. Extension of the burrow was observed to be accomplished by anterior-posterior and rotational dorsoventral movements of the valves.
Experimental Validation Technique for Constitutive Models Describing Behavior of Soft Tissue Surrogates During Projectile Penetration

Numerical simulations of ballistic penetration of soft tissues are particularly difficult to validate because relevant experimental data is not readily available. Efficient, controlled, high strain rate experiments involving large deformations must be developed for that purpose. This paper proposes an axisymmetric experiment to validate constitutive models describing the bulk mechanical behavior of soft tissue surrogates. The need to use techniques such as element erosion and re-meshing or to consider material failure is avoided by using a cylindrical target with a small pre-made cylindrical channel along its axis. Cavitation is excited by firing a spherical projectile through the pre-made channel whose diameter is smaller than that of the projectile. The transient response of the channel is recorded using a high speed camera and the images collected are analyzed using a digital image tracking software to measure the channel deformations. As an example to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed experiment, measurements from a test involving a ballistic gelatin cylinder are used to evaluate the quality of numerical results produced by finite element analyses performed with ABAQUS/Explicit. The mechanical behavior of the soft tissue surrogate is represented in the simulations using a single-term Ogden model. Different values are attempted for the required material properties and friction coefficient based on data available in the literature and simple sensitivity studies. The experimental results are used to assess the results corresponding to each set of model parameters.© 2010 ASME
Spins of the 1628-, 2441-, and 2755-keV levels in $sup 96$Mo determined from gamma--gamma directional and polarization directional correlations

$\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ directional correlation and polarization directional correlation experiments were performed on three cascades in $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$ populated from $^{96}\mathrm{Tc}$ (4.3 day). Ge(Li) detectors were used in both spectrometers. Combination of the results give unique spin-${4}^{+}$ assignment to the 1628-keV level and spin-${6}^{+}$ assignments to both the 2441- and 2755-keV levels in $^{96}\mathrm{Mo}$.
Socrates: A Life Examined – By Luis E. Navia

It is notoriously difficult to reconstruct the life, character, and beliefs of Socrates. Historians know that he was condemned to death at the age of seventy in 399-BC by an Athenian jury on charge...
Building knowledge and confidence with mediascripting: a successful interdisciplinary approach to CS1

As the Media Computing approach has shown, writing programs that make images excites a wide variety of students. In this paper, we report on five years of experience with a new approach to media computation, which we call "media scripting". In our introductory class, students build images by interactively scripting an application, so they can experiment easily and mix work "by hand" and "by code"; we collaborate with studio art faculty, so students build works meeting design criteria; and we emphasize multiple paradigms, so students make images using functional, declarative, imperative, and object-oriented techniques. Our approach has proven quite successful--enrollments are up (at least 33% in CS1, 50% in CS2) and we attract more women (currently 40% of the students in the first course, 25% of those in the second course). Other outcomes are equally positive. For example, comparative data show that our students gain significantly more confidence in their abilities than students in other introductory science courses.
Aromatization of hexahydrobenzoic acid by mammalian liver mitochondria

Abstract 1. 1. The enzyme system which aromatizes cyclohexanecarboxylic acid has been shown to be localized in the mitochondrial fraction of guinea pig liver. 2. 2. The sequence of reactions has been shown to be the formation of the CoA derivative of the acid, dehydrogenation and the conjugation with glycine to form hippuric acid. 3. 3. The removal of the oxidation product, benzoic acid, as hippuric acid greatly accelerated the oxidation reaction. 4. 4. Analogy between the present system and the fatty acid oxidase system has been discussed.
The relationship of rapidly labeled adrenal RNA synthesis to steroidogenesis in a superfusion system: effect of ACTH.

A system of superfusion of rat adrenal glands with continuous collection of the incubation medium has been found to be useful for studies of the effect of ACTH on labelling of cytoplasmic RNA as well as upon corticosterone secretion. A continuous infusion of ACTH (24 mU/ml medium) maintained steroid output at a higher level than controls. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactive uridine into total cytoplasmic RNA indicated that at different time intervals the rate of synthesis of RNA was constant for 60 min of incubation. ACTH produced a rapid increase in the incorporation of radioactive precursor into total cytoplasmic RNA. A change in labeling patterns of cytoplasmic RNA species separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis provided evidence for stimulation by ACTH of incorporation of radioactive precursor into rapidly labelled cytoplasmic RNA within 30 min. These results suggest that the continuous superfusion of adrenal glands provides a suitable method for studying the relationship between ster...
Growth of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Fed Diets Containing Barley Protein Concentrate

A 16-week feeding trial was conducted with juvenile Atlantic salmon (123 g/fish initial weight) to determine the effects of adding either 11% or 22% barley protein concentrate (BPC) to the diet compared to salmon fed a reference diet (0% BPC) containing mostly fishmeal. The fish were stocked into twelve 0.264 m3 tanks, providing 40 fish per tank with an average density of 18.55 kg/m3. Temperature was maintained at ˜12°C and salinity at ˜2 ppt using ground water during the study. There were no significant differences in specific growth rate (0.62 basal, 0.60 11% BPC, 0.72 22% BPC), feed conversion (1.06, 1.37, 1.09), weight gain (124.3 g, 113.5 g, 155.3 g), proximate composition of the salmon for lipid (8.4%, 7.8%, 9.8%), protein (17.3%, 17.1%, 18.6%), moisture (71.4%, 72.3%, 69.4%), and ash (6.5%, 6.1%, 6.9%) among any of the treatment groups. Salmon fed the diet containing 22% barley protein concentrate, however, had significantly greater energy retention (34%) compared to the fish fed the other diets (2...