cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressure sensitivity, reflexes, and buoyancy responses in teleosts.

Summary Twelve species of marine and one fresh-water teleost were studied to determine the reflex and behavioural characteristics of pressure sensitivity and buoyancy adjustment. A pressure gradient chamber was devised, a tube which utilized the sine relationship between angular distance and depth to analyse buoyancy activity. Pinfish and black sea bass were cinephotographically recorded and analysed in detail. All fishes had a yawn reflex subject to ambient pressure changes. It was induced by changes of 2·0 cm H2O or less. Pinfish and sea bass were adapted to the gradient chamber and experimentally analysed for periods from 14 to 46 days. These fishes, within 1–3 days, always established a base reference point, or fix position, around which all buoyancy related activity centred. During critical adjustment it was held for 1–3 min, by a poised fish, with error in three dimensions less than about 2·0 mm. On leaving, the fish regained the fix position with the same precision. These fishes were sensitive to less than 0·5 cm H2O pressure They had reaction time within 0·1 sec to pressure changes. Passive buoyancy displacement induced visual, tactile, and fin orientation reactions which were stereotyped, buoyancy correlated, and proportional to pressure parameters. These reactions included locomotor patterns which were correlated with test-adjust activities in buoyancy compensation. Negative buoyancy was normal at rest, and positive buoyancy was aversive. Physoclistous teleosts are shown to have major behavioural patterns for buoyancy compensation. They can adjust buoyancy by swimbladder regulation with a sensitivity and precision comparable to postural regulation in terrestrial mammals. The behavioural involvement is sufficiently complex and sensitive to account for many practical observations about barometric, tidal, and reproductive behaviour in the natural environment.
Dividing and conquering: controlling advanced melanoma by targeting oncogene-defined subsets

For decades, therapy for advanced melanoma has lagged behind most of the cancer field owing to its intrinsic resistance to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy and limited impact of cytokine-based immunotherapy. The opportunity to develop molecularly targeted therapy emerged with the discovery of activating mutations in BRAF, a component of the long studied MAP kinase pathway. These mutations are found in approximately 50 % of patients with regionally advanced or metastatic melanoma and appear to be one of the initiating steps in the development of primary melanoma. Additional oncogenic events, particularly those that affect tumor suppressor genes, are essential for development of invasive and metastatic melanoma. Nonetheless, mutated BRAF retains its central contribution to melanoma pathophysiology even in advanced stage disease as manifested by the remarkable antitumor effects and alteration the natural history of metastatic melanoma of selective BRAF inhibitors. After initial response, resistance commonly emerges within a few months’ time and the field has focused on delineating molecular mechanisms of resistance toward the goal of improving upon the early therapeutic effects of single agent BRAF inhibition. Combination regimens are currently undergoing clinical investigation. NRAS and CKIT mutant melanoma represent the next oncogene defined melanoma subsets for which initial targeted therapy approaches are being explored, with early evidence suggesting progress with MEK and CKIT inhibitors, respectively. A considerable subset of patients have melanomas that are not defined by the presence of BRAF, NRAS, or CKIT mutations and, thus, the elucidation of the entire melanoma genome is being pursued with the hope of identifying additional therapeutic targets.
English in Iranian magazine advertising1: English in Iranian magazine advertising

: In the thirty-two years since the Islamic Revolution occurred in Iran, economic and cultural globalization have affected the role of English in multiple domains in the country. Within the domain of advertising, shifts have occurred throughout the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Persian scholars have attributed the source of these shifts to tension between local and global identities and to shifts in government advertising policy. This paper explores a data set of 335 advertisements taken from magazines from the period 2006–2008. We contrast borrowings and language display and explore language use in the six parts of the advertisements. In roughly half of the ads, language display was evident. None of the ads were English only, although many of the Farsi2 ads were Farsi only. The targeted audience appeared to affect how much English appeared in ads along with the type of product or procedure advertised. Given the current status of English-knowing Iranians, the authors conclude that English is likely to continue to have a vibrant presence in certain types of advertisements even as the government continues to promote the ideal of a modern Muslim linked neither to the West nor the East.
Sea level may rise 0.5–1.2 meters by the end of the century

In the wake of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report, many governments around the world are scrambling to determine how to best mitigate the consequences of a warming climate. However, it is difficult to quantify the future effects of climate change in a way that has an impact on human lives. After all, a human life is microscopic compared to the time span in which the Earth will be affected by climate change.
Hubble Space Telescope observations of the Martian aphelion cloud belt prior to the Pathfinder mission: Seasonal and interannual variations

The presence of a globally extant equatorial belt of water ice clouds on Mars is quantitatively investigated using data from three seasons of our Hubble Space Telescope synoptic monitoring program (1993–1997). A subset of the 1996–1997 images covers the landing site of the Mars Pathfinder including a set of images taken after touchdown. Using multicolor imaging from the Wide Field Planetary Camera and the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, we characterize both water ice cloud and dust optical depths as a function of latitude at several local times for each observing epoch. The analysis technique models calibrated data using a multiple scattering radiative transfer code. Our results support the initial results of Clancy et al. [1996a] regarding changes between the aphelion and perihelion climate of Mars and provide a more detailed look at the development and decay of the cloud belt. Comparing our dust optical depths to those of the Viking landers for the same seasons, we note a trend toward lower dust loading in late northern winter and in spring. Our observations of the Pathfinder site in July 1997 reveal a dust opacity in good agreement with that reported by Pathfinder [Smith et al., 1997b]. In addition, the serendipitous occurrence of a dust storm in Valles Marineris in late June 1997 allows us to derive a set of dust single scattering albedos for use in more accurately modeling the dust's radiative properties and effects.
Selection of rat genomic clones transcribed into brain polysomal RNA.

Abstract A library of rat DNA in the λ phage vector Charon 4A was screened with a cDNA probe transcribed from a brain polysomal poly(A)+ RNA template. Clones were selected that served as templates for transcripts which were more abundant in brain than in liver. It was essential to add a large excess of repetitive DNA to the hybridization mixtures to prevent the cDNA from annealing to ubiquitous repetitive rat DNA in the clones. The abundance of the brain and liver polysomal poly(A)+ transcripts of one clone was determined.
The perception of safe driving ability during hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

PURPOSE: Insulin-induced hypoglycemia and its sequelae of cognitive impairment may place patients with type 1 diabetes at risk when driving and when making decisions about driving. Little is known about the factors that influence judgments of safe driving ability during hypoglycemia in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty men and 30 women with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes (age [mean +/- SD] 33 +/- 9 years, duration 9 +/- 3 years, hemoglobin A1c level 8.7% +/- 1.0%) underwent a stepped hypoglycemic insulin clamp. Serum glucose levels were reduced from 120 mg/dL to 80, 70, 60, 50, and then 40 mg/dL during 190 minutes. At each glucose plateau, patients completed a symptom questionnaire and neuropsychological test, estimated their glucose level, and reported whether they could drive safely. RESULTS: The proportion of patients judging that they could drive safely decreased as serum glucose levels decreased from 70% at 120 mg/dL to 22% at 40 mg/dL. Men and middle-aged patients were more likely to consider it safe to drive during hypoglycemia than women and those under 25 years of age. Those who were symptomatic and those who recognized hypoglycemia were less likely to report safe driving ability during hypoglycemia. Most patients who were cognitively impaired appeared to recognize this and reported that they could not drive safely at a serum glucose level of 40 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with type 1 diabetes need educational reinforcement of safe driving habits, particularly to check glucose levels before driving. Glucose levels less than 70 mg/dL should be treated before driving. This information is as important for middle-aged, experienced drivers as it is for younger, inexperienced drivers. Language: en
Conversion of dc Fields in a Capacitor Array to Radiation by a Relativistic Ionization Front

A mechanism for generating coherent radiation of high power, variable duration, and broad tunability over several orders of magnitude from a laser-ionized gas-filled capacitor array is described. The scheme directly converts a dc electric field "wave" into a coherent electromagnetic wave train when a relativistic ionization front passes between the plates. The frequency and duration of the radiation is controlled by the gas pressure and/or capacitor spacing. Output frequency and power are calculated and compared to 2D particle-in-cell simulations.
Risk Factors for Intestinal Failure in Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Glaser Pediatric Research Network Study

Objective To determine risk factors for intestinal failure (IF) in infants undergoing surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Study design Infants were enrolled in a multicenter prospective cohort study. IF was defined as the requirement for parenteral nutrition for ≥ 90 days. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of IF. Results Among 473 patients enrolled, 129 had surgery and had adequate follow-up data, and of these patients, 54 (42%) developed IF. Of the 265 patients who did not require surgery, 6 (2%) developed IF (OR 31.1, 95% CI, 12.9 - 75.1, P P = .022); birth weight P P = .009); exposure to enteral feeding before NEC diagnosis (OR=4.05, P = .048); and percentage of small bowel resected (OR = 1.85 per 10 percentage point greater resection, P = .031). Conclusion The incidence of IF among infants undergoing surgical treatment for NEC is high. Variables characteristic of severe NEC (low birth weight, antibiotic use, ventilator use, and greater extent of bowel resection) were associated with the development of IF.
A preliminary study of acid catalyzed transesterification of a Jatropha-like bio-oil

This project aimed to develop a better understanding of acid catalyzed transesterification using various catalysts and evaluating the biodiesel reaction yield using simulated Jatropha oil made from Sesame seed oil, which has a similar composition. Five zeolites were compared: Y, 13-X, beta, mordenite, and ZSM-5. Non-catalyzed and homogeneously catalyzed reactions, with H2SO4, also were evaluated. Zeolites that were not in the hydrogen form were ion-exchanged, and were then analyzed by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy. Three alcohol-to-oil ratios were tested at atmospheric pressure and T = 115 degrees C for each catalyst in order to determine the influence of this parameter. All experiments were conducted in an airtight autoclave with butan-1-ol in order to obtain a biofuel whose ce-tane index was higher than regular petroleum-based diesels. Among the zeolites tested, the Y-type was the most efficient solid acid catalyst, and the final conversion reached after 3 h with a butanol-to-oil molar ratio of 15:1 was around 61%. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate-Induced, Protein Kinase C-Mediated Contraction of Rabbit Bladder Smooth Muscle

Contraction of bladder smooth muscle is predominantly initiated by M3 muscarinic receptor-mediated activation of the Gq/11-phospholipase C β-protein kinase C (PKC) and the G12/13-RhoGEF-Rho kinase (ROCK) pathways. However, these pathways and their downstream effectors are not well understood in bladder smooth muscle. We used phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu), and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DOG), activators of PKC, in this investigation. We were interested in dissecting the role(s) of PKC and to clarify the signaling pathways in bladder smooth muscle contraction, especially the potential cross-talk with ROCK and their downstream effectors in regulating myosin light chain phosphatase activity and force. To achieve this goal, the study was performed in the presence or absence of the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide-1 (Bis) or the ROCK inhibitor H-1152. Phosphorylation levels of Thr38-CPI-17 and Thr696/Thr850 myosin phosphatase target subunit (MYPT1) were measured during PDBu or DOG stimulation using site specific antibodies. PDBu-induced contraction in bladder smooth muscle involved both activation of PKC and PKC-dependent activation of ROCK. CPI-17 as a major downstream effector, is phosphorylated by PKC and ROCK during PDBu and DOG stimulation. Our results suggest that Thr696 and Thr850-MYPT1 phosphorylation are not involved in the regulation of a PDBu-induced contraction. The results also demonstrate that bladder smooth muscle contains a constitutively active isoform of ROCK that may play an important role in the regulation of bladder smooth muscle basal tone. Together with the results from our previous study, we developed a working model to describe the complex signaling pathways that regulate contraction of bladder smooth muscle.
A user enquiry model for DSS requirements analysis: a framework and case study

Abstract The concept of Decision Support Systems (DSS) has been the focus of much discussion among information systems academicians and practitioners in recent years. One trend has been the increasing recognition of the term “DSS” as embodying not just a set of tools or technologies, but rather, signifying a change in the methodologies required in the semi-structured problem-solving domain. An important issue for DSS development is DSS requirements analysis, and several formalizations and methods have been proposed in various DSS design methodologies. This paper describes a method for performing DSS requirements analysis that is based on a model of user enquiries. This model may be used for a more focused investigation of user requirements, with the derived user enquiries subsequently translated into DSS specifications. It compares the method with those used by existing DSS methodologies, and illustrates its use via a case study involving the development and use of a Marketing DSS (MKDSS). The benefits of this enquiry-based approach are identified, and the intended contribution toward DSS methodology described.
“Let Me See If I Have This Right …”: Words That Help Build Empathy

In clinical medicine, empathy is the ability to understand the patient's situation, perspective, and feelings and to communicate that understanding to the patient. Certain well-timed words and sent...
SIMULATION AND EXPECTATION IN SENSOR-BASED SYSTEMS

Simulations have traditionally been used as off-line tools for examining process models and experimenting with system models for which it would have been either impossible or too dangerous, expensive, or time-consuming, to perform with physical systems. We propose a novel way of regarding simulations as part of both the development and the working phases of systems. In our approach simulation is used within the processing and control loop of the system to provide sensor and state expectations. This minimizes the inverse sensory data analysis and model maintenance problems. We refer to this mode of operation as the verification mode, in contrast to the traditional discovery mode. In order to provide simulations and planning that are intertwined with the control of a physical system, temporal issues have to be considered. By limiting the focus of the system to small portions of complex models which are temporarily relevant to the system’s operation, the system is able to maintain its models and respond faster. For this we employ the Context-based Caching (CbC) mechanism within our Mobile Platform Control and Simulation Program (MOSIM). CbC is a knowledge management technique which maintains large knowledge bases by making the necessary information available at the right time.
Selective Reductions of C‐(4,6‐O‐Benzylidene‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl) Nitromethane

Abstract The nitromethyl group of C‐(4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl) nitromethane was manipulated by various reduction and oxidation methods and further functionalizations into –CH2NHOH, –CH˭NOH, –CN, –CH˭O, and –CH2NHCONH2, all with retention of the 4,6‐O‐benzylidene group. Certain reduction methods gave rise to a novel secondary amine via an unusual dimeric aminal.
Comparative Study of Spray and Multiple Micro Jets Cooling for High Power Density Electronic Applications

Direct cooling by means of jets and sprays has been considered a solution to the problem of cooling high power density electronic devices. Although both methods are capable of very high heat removal rates it is necessary to be able to decide which one is more convenient than the other when designing a cooling system for electronic applications. In this work the results of an investigation of the performances of sprays and arrays micro jets are reported. Experiments have been conducted using HAGO nozzles and orifice plates to create droplet sprays and arrays of micro jets, respectively. The liquid jets had diameters ranging from 50 to 150 μm and the pitches between the jets were 1, 2, and 3 mm. The test fluid was deionized water and the jet Reynolds number ranged between 90 and 2600. A comparison of the results obtained employing both sprays and jets has been carried out. The micro jets have dimensions of the same magnitude or smaller than those of the electronic components. The micro jet arrays give better heat transfer rates than the large diameter ones studied in the past and they use liquid mass flow rates similar to those used by the sprays.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A finite element computation of seismic diffraction about the rise axis magma chamber

In a previous study, models of the crust and magma chamber at 12°50′N on the East Pacific Rise were derived with a two-dimensional ray-tracing analysis of rise-normal refraction lines. The best model featured a 4 km wide axial magma chamber, but the data contained diffraction effects that were not modeled by geometric ray theory. This raised questions as to whether this model would reproduce the waveform data and whether diffraction might be obscuring a much larger magma chamber. We have tested the model with a finite element calculation of synthetic seismograms. This method incorporates full wave effects, including diffraction. The synthetics accurately reproduce the data and exhibit diffraction phenomena similar to those in the data. The previous travel time analysis was largely successful and was only slightly compromised by diffraction. Diffraction in rise-normal refraction experiments is, therefore, not obscuring a large, low velocity magma chamber.
Visual motion priors differ for infants and mothers

Visual motion direction ambiguities due to edge-aperture interaction might be resolved by speed priors, but scant empirical data support this hypothesis. We measured optic flow and gaze positions of walking mothers and the infants they carried. Empirically derived motion priors for infants are vertically elongated and shifted upward relative to mothers. Skewed normal distributions fitted to estimated retinal speeds peak at values above 20 /sec.
Protein turnover in brain of the rat fetus.

: Protein synthesis in vivo was studied in whole brain of rat fetuses using continuous intravenous infusion of L-[U-14C]tyrosine into unrestrained pregnant rats at 19 and 21 days gestation. Protein degradation (KD) was calculated by subtracting fractional growth rate of brain protein (KG) from the fractional synthesis rate (Ks). Ks was high at both gestational ages (0.42 ± 0.03 days−1 at day 19, 0.47 ± 0.029 days−1 at 21 days), comparable to values previously reported for newborn rat cerebral hemispheres, and threefold higher than is seen in adult animals. KD was similar at both 19 and 21 days gestation (0.19-0.24) and lower than that reported in neonatal rat brain using similar techniques. Protein accretion during the most rapid phase of brain growth (fetus) is accomplished by similar rates of protein synthesis, but decreased rates of degradation when compared with a slower growth phase (newborn). KD in the brain of the rapidly growing fetus is slightly higher than in adult cerebral hemispheres.
Edge crack in a strip of an elastic solid

Abstract The problem of determining the distribution of stress and the deformation of a long strip of an elastic material, damaged by a crack normal to an edge of the strip, is investigated. The strip is deformed by pressure applied to the faces of the crack. The stress intensity factor is calculated and its variation with the depth of the crack, relative to the width of the strip, in the special case of uniform pressure, is illustrated.
Heartbeat control in the medicinal leech: A model system for understanding the origin, coordination, and modulation of rhythmic motor patterns

We have analyzed in detail the neuronal network that generates heartbeat in the leech. Reciprocally inhibitory pairs of heart interneurons form oscillators that pace the heartbeat rhythm. Other heart interneurons coordinate these oscillators. These coordinating interneurons, along with the oscillators interneurons, form an eight-cell timing oscillator network for heartbeat. Still other interneurons, along with the oscillator interneurons, inhibit heart motor neurons, sculpting their activity into rhythmic bursts. Critical switch interneurons interface between the oscillator interneurons and the other premotor interneurons to produce two alternating coordination states of the motor neurons. The periods of the oscillator interneurons are modulated by endogenous RFamide neuropeptides. We have explored the ionic currents and graded and spike-mediated synaptic transmission that promote oscillation in the oscillator interneurons and have incorporated these data into a conductance-based computer model. This model has been of considerable predictive value and has led to new insights into how reciprocally inhibitory neurons produce oscillation. We are now in a strong position to expand this model upward, to encompass the entire heartbeat network, horizontally, to elucidate the mechanisms of FMRFamide modulation, and downward, to incorporate cellular morphology. By studying the mechanisms of motor pattern formation in the leech, using modeling studies in conjunction with parallel physiological experiments, we can contribute to a deeper understanding of how rhythmic motor acts are generated, coordinated, modulated, and reconfigured at the level of networks, cells, ionic currents, and synapses.
How does repetition affect memory? Evidence from judgments of recency

Four experiments were done to investigate the effects of repetition on judgment of recency (JOR). Experiment 1 showed that repetition can make an item seem either more recent or less recent than a nonrepeated item, depending on presentation spacing. Experiments 2-4 showed that subjects are able to judge the recency of a repeated item’s first presentation or of its second presentation with a high degree of independence, especially if they report that the item occurred twice. The data are more consistent with an independent-trace explanation of JOR and repetition than with a cumulative-strength account, but neither hypothesis explains how repetition can make an item seem less recent. It is proposed that the findings as a whole can be better explained by a hypothesis based on recursive reminding.
Mobile elements and mitochondrial genome expansion in the soil fungus and potato pathogen Rhizoctonia solani AG-3.

The soil fungus Rhizoctonia solani is an economically important pathogen of agricultural and forestry crops. Here, we present the complete sequence and analysis of the mitochondrial genome of R. solani , field isolate Rhs1AP. The genome (235 849 bp) is the largest mitochondrial genome of a filamentous fungus sequenced to date and exhibits a rich accumulation of introns, novel repeat sequences, homing endonuclease genes, and hypothetical genes. Stable secondary structures exhibited by repeat sequences suggest that they comprise functional, possibly catalytic RNA elements. RNA-Seq expression profiling confirmed that the majority of homing endonuclease genes and hypothetical genes are transcriptionally active. Comparative analysis suggests that the mitochondrial genome of R. solani is an example of a dynamic history of expansion in filamentous fungi.
Thyroid hormone decreases the number of adrenergic cells that develop in neural crest cultures and can inhibit the stimulatory action of retinoic acid

Abstract Environmental cues are known to be important in the migration, survival, and differentiation of neural crest cells and their derivatives. Retinoic acid (RA) can increase the number of adrenergic cells that develop in neural crest cultures in a dose dependent manner. These results with RA prompted us to investigate the effects of other retinoids and other related compounds on neural crest cultures. We have investigated the role of thyroid hormone (T3) in the development of adrenergic cells in quail neural crest cultures. T3 produced a significant decrease in the number of catecholamine-positive cells that develop in neural crest cultures after 7 days in vitro, as compared to untreated controls. The decrease in adrenergic cells produced by T3 was paralleled by a decrease in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells, but T3 did not reduce either total or melanocyte cells number. Cultures were sensitive to T3 during the first 5 days in culture and T3 was not cytotoxic to adrenergic cells. The decrease in adrenergic cells seen with T3 was partially reversed by RA suggesting that these two compounds may be working through a common pathway.
A linguistic analysis of glossolalia: Evidence of unique psycholinguistic processing

A variety of linguistic analyses of glossolalia (the religious phenomenon of “speaking in tongues”) were performed to determine both the extent to which glossolalia is language‐like and the extent to which it is linguistically dependent upon the glossolalist's native language. The results indicate the glossolalia is, in more ways than not, both language‐like and unlike the speaker's native language. These results are contrary both to earlier studies of glossolalia and to the predictions of current psycholinguistic theory. The implication is that glossolalia manifests a unique sort of speech encoding which cannot now be, but must eventually be, accounted for by psycholinguistic theory.
Interactions between the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio and the salt marsh grasses Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora

The grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, a species common to Spartina alterniflora-dominated marshes, may be sensitive to the invasion of the common reed Phragmites australis in northeastern US salt marshes. We examined two questions: (1) Do grass shrimp have a preference for the native plant over the non-native plant? (2) Are grass shrimp more effective foragers on P. australis? We tested the first hypothesis by comparing the amount of time shrimp spend in physical contact with the plant types over a 1-h period. Shrimp were observed under different arrangements of vegetation to control for differences in conspicuous structural features. Additionally, the amount of time shrimp spent foraging on S. alterniflora and P. australis shoots was compared to determine if shrimp graze more often on S. alterniflora. Shrimp spent significantly more time in contact with S. alterniflora only when plant types were grouped at opposite ends of aquaria, but did not exhibit a foraging preference for this plant type. To address our second question, we investigated the effects of shrimp foraging on stem epifauna, an assemblage of semi-aquatic invertebrates associated with macrophyte shoots. Previous research showed that P. australis supports a lower density of stem-dwelling epifauna relative to S. alterniflora. We hypothesized that the primary grazer of this community, P. pugio, can forage on P. australis stems more effectively due to structural differences between the two plants, causing the lower abundance of epifauna through top-down effects. We exposed individual shoots inhabited by epifauna to shrimp and compared faunal densities on exposed shoots to densities on control shoots after 18 h. The reduction of epifauna by predation was proportional on the two plant types. Therefore, top-down effects can be ruled out as an explanation for the patchy distribution of epifauna observed in P. australis–S. alterniflora marshes.
Etiologic Heterogeneity of Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (HyperapoB): Results From Segregation Analysis in Families With Premature Coronary Artery Disease

Hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (hyperapoB) is a common familial lipoprotein disorder associated with premature coronary artery disease (CAD). HyperapoB is characterized by an increased number of small, dense LDL particles. Patients with hyperapoB may be normotriglyceridemic (normoTG) or hypertriglyceridemic (hyperTG). We tested the hypothesis that a major locus controls the hyperapoB phenotype by using data from 1035 participants in 145 families enriched for premature CAD. Segregation analysis was conducted, and results suggest etiologic heterogeneity in these families. Families (n = 55) with one or more hyperTG hyperapoB individuals strongly supported mendelian recessive inheritance of hyperapoB. Under this mendelian model, individuals with the high-risk genotype had a baseline risk of 0.78, but parental and spouse's hyperapoB phenotypes did influence the probability of displaying hyperapoB. Low-risk genotypes had virtually no risk of displaying hyperapoB. The other subgroup of families (n = 72), in which all hyperapoB individuals were normoTG, did not show any clear pattern of inheritance. Eighteen families did not have any hyperapoB individual. In the 55 families with hyperTG hyperapoB, diabetes was more prevalent in hyperapoB individuals (18.3% of hyperTG hyperapoB individuals, 9.6% of normoTG hyperapoB individuals) than in normal individuals (4.9%). Both hyperTG hyperapoB and normoTG hyperapoB phenotypes were significant predictors for blood pressure in the 55 families, but not in the total population. These associations further suggest a link between hyperapoB and the small, dense LDL syndromes. This study successfully demonstrated mendelian inheritance of the hyperapoB phenotype and also suggested etiologic heterogeneity of hyperapoB.
Transverse homoclinic orbits in periodically perturbed parabolic equations

On considere le systeme autonome x˙+Ax=g(x) ou A est un operateur sectoriel sur un espace de Banach X. On suppose que l'equation differentielle a une solution bornee ξ(t) telle que son equation variationnelle a une dichotomie exponentielle sur des demi-droites. On utilise la methode de Lyapunov-Schmidt pour obtenir la fonction de bifurcation pour des solutions bornees de l'equation perturbee non autonome
Preliminary experiences with the uintah framework on Intel Xeon Phi and stampede

In this work, we describe our preliminary experiences on the Stampede system in the context of the Uintah Computational Framework. Uintah was developed to provide an environment for solving a broad class of fluid-structure interaction problems on structured adaptive grids. Uintah uses a combination of fluid-flow solvers and particle-based methods, together with a novel asynchronous task-based approach and fully automated load balancing. While we have designed scalable Uintah runtime systems for large CPU core counts, the emergence of heterogeneous systems presents considerable challenges in terms of effectively utilizing additional on-node accelerators and co-processors, deep memory hierarchies, as well as managing multiple levels of parallelism. Our recent work has addressed the emergence of heterogeneous CPU/GPU systems with the design of a Unified heterogeneous runtime system, enabling Uintah to fully exploit these architectures with support for asynchronous, out-of-order scheduling of both CPU and GPU computational tasks. Using this design, Uintah has run at full scale on the Keeneland System and TitanDev. With the release of the Intel Xeon Phi co-processor and the recent availability of the Stampede system, we show that Uintah may be modified to utilize such a coprocessor based system. We also explore the different usage models provided by the Xeon Phi with the aim of understanding portability of a general purpose framework like Uintah to this architecture. These usage models range from the pragma based offload model to the more complex symmetric model, utilizing all co-processor and host CPU cores simultaneously. We provide preliminary results of the various usage models for a challenging adaptive mesh refinement problem, as well as a detailed account of our experience adapting Uintah to run on the Stampede system. Our conclusion is that while the Stampede system is easy to use, obtaining high performance from the Xeon Phi co-processors requires a substantial but different investment to that needed for GPU-based systems.
Designation of a neotype for brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

Abstract The taxonomic status of Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) is problematic. Difficulties in comparison of populations are exacerbated by the lack of type material. Here we designate a neotype from Connetquot River, Long Island, New York. We provide genetic and morphological data for the neotype, conspecifics, and other populations (Swan Creek, Nissequogue Creek) from Long Island, New York. We demonstrate, using molecular markers, that the population from Connetquot River most likely has not been influenced by the major broodstock strains utilized in the Northeast for supplemental and restorative stocking programs. We distinguish the above populations morphologically from lower interior basin populations, represented by fishes from the Pigeon-French Broad drainage, North Carolina and Tennessee. Finally, we position populations from Long Island, New York, within six distinct lineages of S. fontinalis.
Binding of p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate and Other Aromatic Compounds by β-Lactoglobulin

Abstract Results obtained from gel filtration showed that β -lactoglobulin binds p-nitrophenyl phosphate with a stoichiometry of 1mol of ligand per 18,360 monomer. Circular dichroic spectra confirmed the binding and implicated tryptophan and phenylalanine residues in the interaction. Fluorescence of the protein was quenched on binding also supporting complex formation; analysis of these data indicates that p-nitrophenyl phosphate binds to β -lactoglobulin A with a dissociation constant of 31 μM . The B and C genetic variants of β -lactoglobulin bind p-nitrophenyl phosphate with dissociation constants of 63 and 70 μM , respectively. In addition, a series of other nitrophenyl compounds and pyridoxal phosphate were also investigated by fluorescence analysis and found to bind to the protein. These results are discussed with respect to a recent hypothesis that β -lactoglobulin binds retinol and is structurally related to serum retinol binding protein.
Conductivity Mismatch and Voltage Dependence of Magnetoresistance in a Semiconductor Spin Injection and Detection Structure

This work studies the voltage dependence of mag- netoresistance in a semiconductor spin injection and detection structure. The voltage dependence of the spin dependent in- terface resistance at a ferromagnet semiconductor interface is investigated and spin diffusion models are used to evaluate the voltage dependence of magnetoresistance. We find that the voltage dependence of magnetoresistance is similar to that in magnetic tunnel junctions. Using our model for spin injection in a ferromagnet-oxide-semiconductor junction, the variation of magnetoresistance ratio with semiconductor doping and oxide thickness has been studied.
Improving tall fescue shade tolerance: identifying candidate genotypes

Tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus [Schreb.] Dumort.) is genetically variable for many agronomic traits, so it might be possible to increase its persistence and productivity in shaded agroforestry applications. The objective of this research was to identify high yielding, shade-tolerant genotypes. Seed was obtained from eight families: seven plant introductions of European origin: 234718, 234720, 234882, 234884, 235018, 235019, 235036, and one cultivar (Kentucky 31). Two sequential experiments were conducted to select genotypes for dry mass yield during April–September. Experiment 1 included 30 genotypes of each of the eight families randomly assigned to each of two microenvironments: artificially shaded with fabric and unshaded. Maximum and minimum yields were 93.9 and 47.1 g family−1 for Kentucky 31 and 235036, respectively. After 1 year in Experiment 1, there were more survivors in the unshaded than shaded environment (0.40 and 0.09, respectively), ranging from 0 to 0.56 (235036 and Kentucky 31, respectively). Forty robust genotypes from four families (234718, 234720, 235019, and Kentucky 31) were selected from shaded and unshaded microenvironments of Experiment 1, clonally propagated, and evaluated in pots for 2 year in Experiment 2. Shade-selected Kentucky 31 yielded more (31.0 g plant−1) in shade than other shade-selected families (25.2–25.8 g plant−1). Eleven genotypes in the top quartile (yield ≥33.0 g plant−1) were selected for further testing. All genotypes were endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams)-infected. Further testing is needed to measure heritability of yield in shaded, water-deficit conditions of a tree understory.
Postexercise electrocardiogram in patients with abnormal resting electrocardiograms.

One hundred and ten patients with chest pain syndromes and resting electrocardiograms demonstrating ST-T abnormalities and/or prior transmural myocardial infarctions were studied by means of the Master's two-step exercise test and selective coronary cine arteriography. Criteria for negativity were modified so that subjects with postexercise heart rates less than 110 beats/min, who did not develop significant ST-segment changes, were excluded from evaluation. Eighty-six per cent of the coronary artery disease group and 27% of the normal coronary artery group had positive postexercise electrocardiograms. Conversely, of the patients with positive results, 88% had anatomic coronary artery disease. With this degree of stress, positive responses ≧2 mm were invariably associated with multi-vessel disease. The type of pre-existing ECG abnormality did not influence either the frequency or severity of positive responses. False-negative subjects had no distinctive features relating to type of abnormal electrocardiog...
Armaments, Detente, and Bureaucracy The Case of the Arms Race in Europe

This study explores the extent to which defense spending of the European nations of NATO and of the Warsaw Pact since 1950 can be characterized as an action-reaction process. Since the level of arm...
Adult Bile Duct Strictures: Role of MR Imaging and MR Cholangiopancreatography in Characterization

Bile duct strictures in adults are secondary to a wide spectrum of benign and malignant pathologic conditions. Benign causes of bile duct strictures include iatrogenic causes, acute or chronic pancreatitis, choledocholithiasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, IgG4-related sclerosing cholangitis, liver transplantation, recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, Mirizzi syndrome, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cholangiopathy, and sphincter of Oddi dysfunction. Malignant causes include cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and periampullary carcinomas. Rare causes include biliary inflammatory pseudotumor, gallbladder carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, metastases to bile ducts, and extrinsic bile duct compression secondary to periportal or peripancreatic lymphadenopathy. Contrast material-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with MR cholangiopancreatography is extremely helpful in the noninvasive evaluation of patients with obstructive jaundice, an obstructive pattern of liver function, or incidentally detected biliary duct dilatation. Some of these conditions may show characteristic findings at MR imaging-MR cholangiopancreatography that help in making a definitive diagnosis. Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with tissue biopsy or surgery is needed for the definitive diagnosis of many of these strictures, certain MR imaging characteristics of the narrowed segment (eg, thickened wall, long-segment involvement, asymmetry, indistinct outer margin, luminal irregularity, hyperenhancement relative to the liver parenchyma) may favor a malignant cause. Awareness of the various causes of bile duct strictures in adults and familiarity with their appearances at MR imaging-MR cholangiopancreatography are important for accurate diagnosis and optimal patient management.
Dietary Intake Related to Prevalent Functional Limitations in Midlife Women

Physical functioning measures are considered integrated markers of the aging process. This prospective investigation examined relations between dietary intake of women at midlife in 1996-1997 and prevalence of physical functioning limitations 4 years later, defined by the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36. The sample included 2,160 multiethnic women, aged 42-52 years, from six geographic areas participating in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Associations between measures of diet quality and number of fruit and vegetable servings and prevalent physical functional limitations (no, moderate, or substantial limitations) were tested by logistic regression. The prevalence of moderate and substantial functional limitations was 31% and 10%, respectively. Women in the highest quartile of cholesterol intake had 40% greater odds (odds ratio = 1.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 1.8) of being more limited versus those in the lowest quartile. Women in the highest quartile of fat and saturated fat intakes were 50% and 60% more likely to be more limited, with respective odds ratios of 1.5 and 1.6 (95% confidence intervals: 1.2, 2.0 and 1.2, 2.1) versus those in the lowest quartiles. Lower fruit, vegetable, and fiber intakes were related to reporting greater functional limitations. Modifying dietary practices could be important in minimizing physical limitations.
Push-grasping with dexterous hands: Mechanics and a method

We add to a manipulator's capabilities a new primitive motion which we term a push-grasp. While significant progress has been made in robotic grasping of objects and geometric path planning for manipulation, such work treats the world and the object being grasped as immovable, often declaring failure when simple motions of the object could produce success. We analyze the mechanics of push-grasping and present a quasi-static tool that can be used both for analysis and simulation. We utilize this analysis to derive a fast, feasible motion planning algorithm that produces stable pushgrasp plans for dexterous hands in the presence of object pose uncertainty and high clutter. We demonstrate our algorithm extensively in simulation and on HERB, a personal robotics platform developed at Intel Labs Pittsburgh.
Proton/electron mass ratio and the electron's "atomic mass"

The UW Penning trap mass spectrometer has been used to improve the values for the electron's atomic mass and the proton-electron mass ratio. The cyclotron frequency of small clouds of /spl les/15 electrons is compared with the cyclotron frequency of a single trapped carbon ion (C/sup 6+/) in order to determine their relative mass ratio. In these comparisons, a relatively uniform magnetic field is used in order to assure that each particle sees (on the average) the same field. During systematic studies, the trapping potential was changed by more than a factor of two for the electron. In addition, measurements were taken versus axial and cyclotron drive power as well as the size of the electron cloud. Since the detection mechanism is through the nonharmonic content of the trapping potential, this too was varied. Upon correcting for the lost electrons in carbon, the comparison directly yields M/sub e/=0.000 548 579 911 7(1 7) u. Using the accepted value for the proton's atomic mass, we determine m/sub p//m/sub e/=1836.152 6636(58). These values are limited primarily by the present stability of the magnetic field. >
Heterologous complementation reveals that mutant alleles of QSR1 render 60S ribosomal subunits unstable and translationally inactive

QSR1 is a highly conserved gene which encodes a 60S ribosomal subunit protein that is required for joining of large and small ribosomal subunits. In this report we demonstrate heterologous complementation of a yeast QSR1 deletion strain with both the human and corn homologs and show that the human and corn proteins are assembled into hybrid yeast/human and yeast/corn ribosomes. While the homologous genes complement lethality of the QSR1 deletion, they also result in a diminished growth rate. Analyses of the translation rates of ribosomes containing the human and corn proteins reveal a partial loss of function. Velocity gradient analyses of the hybrid ribosomes after exposure to high concentrations of salt indicate that the decreased activity is due to lability of the hybrid 60S subunits.
Thermal-Aware Task Scheduling to Minimize Energy Usage of Blade Server Based Datacenters

Blade severs are being increasingly deployed in modern datacenters due to their high performance/cost ratio and compact size. In this study, we document our work on blade server based datacenter thermal management. Our goal is to minimize the total energy costs (usage) of datacenter operation while providing a reasonable thermal environment for their reliable operation. Due to special characteristics of blade servers, we argue that previously proposed power-oriented schemes are ineffective for blade server-based datacenters and that task-oriented scheduling is a more practicable approach since the contribution to the total energy cost from cooling and computing systems varies according to the utilization rates. CFD simulations are used to evaluate scheduling results of three different task scheduling algorithms: uniform outlet profile (UOP), minimal computing energy (MCE), and uniform task (UT), under four different blade-server energy consumption models: discretenonoptimal (DNO), discreteoptimal (DO), analognonoptimal (ANO), and analogoptimal (AO). Simulation results show that the MCE algorithm, in most cases, results in a minimal total energy cost - a conclusion that differs from the findings of previous research. UOP performs better than UT at low datacenter utilization rates, whereas UT outperforms UOP at high utilization rates