cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of the gas‐phase reactions of β‐phellandrene with OH and NO3 radicals and O3 at 297 ± 2 K

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of the biogenically emitted monoterpene β-phellandrene with OH and NO3 radicals and O3 have been measured at 297 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using relative rate methods. The rate constants obtained were (in cm3 molecule−1 s−1 units): for reaction with the OH radical, (1.68 ± 0.41) × 10−10; for reaction with the NO3 radical, (7.96 ± 2.82) × 10−12; and for reaction with O3, (4.77 ± 1.23) × 10−17, where the error limits include the estimated uncertainties in the reference reaction rate constants. Using these rate constants, the lifetime of β-phellandrene in the lower troposphere due to reaction with these species is calculated to be in the range of ca. 1–8 h, with the OH radical reaction being expected to dominate over the O3 reaction as a loss process for β-phellandrene during daylight hours.
Studies of Residual Stress in Single-Row Countersunk Riveted Lap Joints

Variations of stress and strain, from the riveting process through the tensile loading stage in lap joints with a single countersunk rivet, were studied experimentally and numerically. In situ microstrain gauges were used to measure the strain variations during the entire loading sequence. Three-dimensional finite element (FE) models were generated to simulate the experimental setup. The material elastoplastic constitutive relationship and geometric nonlinear properties, as well as nonlinear contact boundary conditions, were included in the numerical simulations. The numerical modeling techniques were validated using the experimental data. The residual minimum principal stress resulting from the riveting process and the maximum principal stress when the joints were in tension, determined from the FE analyses, are presented. The stress variations along a prescribed path are also presented. The aim of the research is to develop an accurate three-dimensional numerical technique to study the residual stress and strain as well as the stress and strain variations that occur during the entire loading history.
HIV/AIDS, Human Capital, and Economic Growth Prospects for Mozambique

As in other countries in the southern Africa region, a human development catastrophe is unfolding in Mozambique. Recently released data estimate HIV prevalence rates amongst the adult population in the year 2000 at around 12% with substantial regional variation. Due to the magnitude of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, it has become a top priority development issue. The goal of this paper is to try to come to grips with the economic dimensions of the pandemic. In this initial assessment, the focus is on implications for economic growth prospects. The idea is to attempt to quantify impacts on key economic variables and identify the major channels through which these impacts occur. While the literature on HIV/AIDS and economic growth is far from conclusive on the magnitude of impact, and the relative importance of the various channels through which this impact might occur, one central conclusion does emerge from the analyses performed to date: the long duration of the pandemic is crucial. For example, the official demographic projections for Mozambique assume a nine year time lag between infection and death. Due to this long time lag, projections of AIDS deaths to 2010 are, barring rapid advance in medical technologies, essentially programmed into the system.
Efficient narrow-band light emission from a single carbon nanotube p-n diode

Electrically induced light emission from an individual carbon nanotube p–n diode is both more efficient and has a narrower spectrum than previously demonstrated, allowing emission from free and localized excitons to be identified.
Stabilization of discrete-time systems by first-order controllers

In this note, we consider the problem of stabilizing a given but arbitrary linear time invariant discrete-time system with transfer function P(z), by a first-order discrete-time feedback controller C(z)=(zx/sub 1/+x/sub 2/)/(z+x/sub 3/). The complete set of stabilizing controllers is determined in the controller parameter space [x/sub 1/, x/sub 2/, x/sub 3/]. The solution involves the Chebyshev representation of the characteristic equation on the unit circle. The set is shown to be computable explicitly, for fixed x/sub 3/ by solving linear equations involving the Chebyshev polynomials in closed form, and the three-dimensional set is recovered by sweeping over the scalar parameter x/sub 3/. This result gives a constructive solution of: 1) the problem of "first-order stabilizability" of a given plant; 2) simultaneous stabilization of a set of plants P/sub i/(z); and 3) stable or minimum phase first-order stabilization of a plant. The solution is facilitated by the fact that it is based on linear equations and the intersection of sets can be found by adding more equations. In each case, the complete set of solutions is found and this feature is essential and important for imposing further design requirements. Illustrative examples are included.
Learning from Experience, Simply

There is substantial academic interest in modeling consumer experiential learning. However, approximately optimal solutions to forward-looking experiential learning problems are complex, limiting their behavioral plausibility and empirical feasibility. We propose that consumers use cognitively simple heuristic strategies. We explore one viable heuristic-index strategies-and demonstrate that they are intuitive, tractable, and plausible. Index strategies are much simpler for consumers to use but provide close-to-optimal utility. They also avoid exponential growth in computational complexity, enabling researchers to study learning models in more complex situations. Well-defined index strategies depend on a structural property called indexability. We prove the indexability of a canonical forward-looking experiential learning model in which consumers learn brand quality while facing random utility shocks. Following an index strategy, consumers develop an index for each brand separately and choose the brand with the highest index. Using synthetic data, we demonstrate that an index strategy achieves nearly optimal utility at substantially lower computational costs. Using IRI data for diapers, we find that an index strategy performs as well as an approximately optimal solution and better than myopic learning. We extend the analysis to incorporate risk aversion, other cognitively simple heuristics, heterogeneous foresight, and an alternative specification of brands.
The Human Microbiome Project: A Community Resource for the Healthy Human Microbiome

This manuscript describes the NIH Human Microbiome Project, including a brief review of human microbiome research, a history of the project, and a comprehensive overview of the consortium's recent collection of publications analyzing the human microbiome.
k-PAIRS NON-CROSSING SHORTEST PATHS IN A SIMPLE POLYGON

This paper presents a simple O(n+k) time algorithm to compute the set of knon-crossing shortest paths between k source-destination pairs of points on the boundary of a simple polygon of n vertices. Paths are allowed to overlap but are not allowed to cross in the plane. A byproduct of this result is an O(n) time algorithm to compute a balanced geodesic triangulation which is easy to implement. The algorithm extends to a simple polygon with one hole where source-destination pairs may appear on both the inner and outer boundary of the polygon. In the latter case, the goal is to compute a collection of non-crossing paths of minimum total cost. The case of a rectangular polygonal domain where source-destination pairs appear on the outer and one inner boundary12 is briefly discussed.
Closing the Loop in ICU Decision Support: Physiologic Event Detection, Alerts, and Documentation.

Automated physiologic event detection and alerting is a challenging task in the ICU. Ideally care providers should be alerted only when events are clinically significant and there is opportunity for corrective action. However, the concepts of clinical significance and opportunity are difficult to define in automated systems, and effectiveness of alerting algorithms is difficult to measure. This paper describes recent efforts on the Simon project to capture information from ICU care providers about patient state and therapy in response to alerts, in order to assess the value of event definitions and progressively refine alerting algorithms. Event definitions for intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure were studied by implementing a reliable system to automatically deliver alerts to clinical users' alphanumeric pagers, and to capture associated documentation about patient state and therapy when the alerts occurred. During a 6-month test period in the trauma ICU at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 530 alerts were detected in 2280 hours of data spanning 14 patients. Clinical users electronically documented 81% of these alerts as they occurred. Retrospectively classifying documentation based on therapeutic actions taken, or reasons why actions were not taken, provided useful information about ways to potentially improve event definitions and enhance system utility.
Tobacco Politics and Electoral Accountability in the United States

This paper investigates whether reputation-building strategies guide U.S. governors’ state cigarette tax choices, and whether the federal cigarette tax influence such behavior. Using 1975-2000 data, we find evidence that governors in states with relatively important agricultural tobacco production and tobacco manufacturing, and which are densely populated by smokers, appear prone to reputationbuilding. Moreover, lame ducks are less prone to raise the state cigarette tax the higher the federal tax.
Knowledge representation architecture for context interchange mediation: fixed income securities investment examples

We examine a knowledge representation architecture to support context interchange mediation. For autonomous receivers and sources sharing a common subject domain, the mediator's reasoning engine can devise query plans integrating multiple sources and resolving semantic heterogeneity. Receiver applications obtain the data they need in the form they need it without imposing changes on sources. The KR architecture includes: 1) data models for each source and receiver, 2) subject domain ontologies, containing abstract subject matter conceptualizations that would be known to experienced practitioners in the industry, and 3) context models for each source and receiver that explain how each source or receiver data model implements the abstract concepts from a subject domain ontology. Examples drawn from the fixed income securities industry illustrate problems and solutions enabled by the proposed architecture.
The center of mass for spatial branching processes and an application for self-interaction

Consider the center of mass of a supercritical branching-Brownian motion. In this article we first show that it is a Brownian motion being slowed down such that it tends to a limiting position almost surely, and that this is also true for a model where the branching-Brownian motion is modified by attraction/repulsion between particles. We then put this observation together with the description of the interacting system as viewed from its center of mass, and get the following asymptotic behavior: the system asymptotically becomes a branching Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process (inward for attraction and outward for repulsion), but (i) the origin is shifted to a random point which has normal distribution, and (ii) the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck particles are not independent but constitute a system with a degree of freedom which is less than their number by precisely one. The main result of the article then is a scaling limit theorem for the local mass, in the attractive case. A conjecture is stated for the behavior of the local mass in the repulsive case. We also consider a supercritical super-Brownian motion. Again, it turns out that, conditioned on survival, its center of mass is a continuous process having an a.s. limit.
On the Surface Temperature Sensitivity of the Reflected Shortwave, Outgoing Longwave, and Net Incident Radiation

AbstractThe global-mean top-of-atmosphere incident solar radiation (ISR) minus the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and the reflected shortwave radiation (RSW) is the net incident radiation (NET). This study analyzes the global-mean NET sensitivity to a change in the global-mean surface temperature by applying the interannual anomaly correlation technique to 9 yr of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) global measurements of RSW and OLR under cloudy and clear conditions. The study finds the observed sensitivity of NET that includes the effects of clouds to be −1.5 ± 0.25 (1σ) W m−2 K−1 and the clear NET sensitivity to be −2.0 ± 0.2 (1σ) W m−2 K−1, consistent with previous work using Earth Radiation Budget Experiment and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System data. The cloud effect, +0.5 ± 0.2 (1σ) W m−2 K−1, is a positive component of the NET sensitivity. The similarity of the NET sensitivities derived from forced and unforced models invites a comparison between the observed sensitivities and the ef...
Building Teachers’ Data-use Capacity: Insights from Strong and Developing Coaches

Coaching has become a central strategy in district and school efforts to build teacher capacity to interpret and respond to student learning data. Despite their popularity, there is limited research on the implementation of these initiatives. This article begins to addresses this gap by examining the elements of a coach’s practice that appear to build teachers’ skills and knowledge to use data to guide instructional decisions. Drawing on sociocultural learning theory and interview and survey data collected in four middle schools—two with “strong” coaches and two with “developing” coaches—we find that coaching to build data-use capacity appears to rely less on the official title or model (i.e., data coach vs. instructional coach) and more on the diversity of coach practices as well as content area and interpersonal expertise. Further, administrators play an important role in shaping the work of a coach through their mediation of political dynamics in a school. The article concludes with implications for coaching practice, as well as suggestions to guide future research and theory development.
Women's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about Down syndrome: a qualitative research study

Women who are or may become pregnant need up-to-date information about Down syndrome (DS). Asking women about their knowledge, opinions, resources, and information needs on the topic of DS is an important precursor to develop effective strategies for education. We conducted 24 focus groups (N = 111) in two US cities with women who were recently pregnant (who had a child ≤ 3 years old without DS) and women who planned to have a child in the next year. Groups were further segmented by age and race-ethnicity. Questions explored women's knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about DS; resources used to obtain information about health and DS; and information needs on the topic of DS. All participants reported having some knowledge of DS: facial features, chromosomal condition, and maternal age as a risk factor. Many participants had misconceptions, including the life expectancy for persons with DS, other maternal and paternal risk factors, and the idea that having a child with DS would disrupt their lives. Participants requested stories to help illustrate what life is like for families with DS. Many Hispanic and African American participants said they only saw or knew of Caucasian persons with DS and requested culturally diverse educational materials about DS. Participants said they would seek information on DS from the Internet and from their health care providers. Results suggest that women need tailored materials that contain clinical information about DS as well as information about living with a child with DS. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Arylheteroarylmethanes by Direct “On Water” Cross‐Coupling between Benzylic and Heteroaromatic Halides

The Negishi-like reaction of heteroaryl bromides with benzylic chlorides has a broad substrate scope involving 2-bromothiophenes, 3-bromoquinoline, and unprotected indoles.
Estimating a Model of Strategic Network Choice: The Convenience-Store Industry in Okinawa

This paper investigates a determinant of location choice for multistore retailing firms: the trade-off between the business-stealing effect and the cost-saving effect from clustering their own stores. I present an empirical model of network choice by two multistore firms. I use lattice-theoretical results to address the computational burden of solving for an equilibrium in store networks. The framework integrates the static entry game of complete information with post-entry outcome data while using simulations to correct for the selection of entrants. I present an application of the model to the case of the convenience store industry in Okinawa Island, Japan, using unique cross-sectional data on store networks and revenues. I use parameter estimates to examine the impact of a hypothetical horizontal merger on store configurations, costs, and profits. Results suggest a retailer's trade-off between cost savings and lost revenues from clustering its stores is positive across markets and negative within a market. I find an acquirer of a hypothetical merger of two multistore firms would decrease its number of stores in suburbs but increase its number in the city center.
Teaching Mathematics from an Applications Perspective

It is a widespread opinion among engineering faculty that undergraduates could be better prepared in mathematics when taking courses in their professional field of study. The lack of preparation in applying mathematical concepts may be due to the fact that examples from engineering disciplines are not widely used in mathematics courses. Most mathematics departments act as service departments to students majoring in various fields in addition to providing their own degree programs. As a result, it is not economically justifiable for them to custom tailor courses for customers from different disciplines. On the other hand, engineering has a distinct requirement of creatively applying mathematical concepts and principles to engineering problems studied in various courses. Some of the issues that must be addressed to ensure adequate preparation in the application of mathematics include: the mathematical competencies needed in engineering courses; which mathematics courses should cover such competencies; and what examples and problems related to students' major field should be developed and taught in these courses to enhance understanding and application of these concepts. The goal of this paper is not to resolve these issues, but rather to develop a conceptual framework for determining the answers using the Quality Function Deployment approach.
A Geometric Theory of Growth Mechanics

In this paper we formulate a geometric theory of the mechanics of growing solids. Bulk growth is modeled by a material manifold with an evolving metric. The time dependence of the metric represents the evolution of the stress-free (natural) configuration of the body in response to changes in mass density and “shape”. We show that the time dependency of the material metric will affect the energy balance and the entropy production inequality; both the energy balance and the entropy production inequality have to be modified. We then obtain the governing equations covariantly by postulating invariance of energy balance under time-dependent spatial diffeomorphisms. We use the principle of maximum entropy production in deriving an evolution equation for the material metric. In the case of isotropic growth, we find those growth distributions that do not result in residual stresses. We then look at Lagrangian field theory of growing elastic solids. We will use the Lagrange–d’Alembert principle with Rayleigh’s dissipation functions to derive the governing equations. We make an explicit connection between our geometric theory and the conventional multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient, F=FeFg, into growth and elastic parts. We linearize the nonlinear theory and derive a linearized theory of growth mechanics. Finally, we obtain the stress-free growth distributions in the linearized theory.
Sonoluminescence and sonochemistry

The chemical effects of ultrasound originate from acoustic cavitation, which produces extremely energetic local transient conditions. In cavitating clouds of bubbles, both sonochemistry and sonoluminescence occur. Spectroscopic analysis of sonoluminescence from hydrocarbons and from metal carbonyls reveal temperatures of /spl sim/5000 K, /spl sim/1000 atm, with heating and cooling rates that exceed 10/sup 10/ K/s. Single bubble sonoluminescence produces much more symmetric bubble collapse with subsequently much higher effective temperatures during collapse. In cold liquids, bubble cloud cavitation is able to drive reactions that normally occur only under extreme conditions. Examples include activation of liquid-solid reactions and synthesis of amorphous and nanophase metals, and the synthesis of novel biomaterials, especially protein microspheres. Another remarkable phenomena occurs during ultrasonic irradiation of liquid-solid slurries: extremely high speed inter-particle collisions occur from cavitational shock waves at roughly half the speed of sound with effective temperatures of /spl sim/3000 K at the point of impact.
Structural sign patterns and reduced form restrictions

Abstract This paper reconsiders the degree to which the sign patterns of hypothesized structural arrays limit the possible outcomes for the sign pattern of the corresponding estimated reduced form. The conditions under which any structural restrictions would apply were believed to be very narrow, rarely found to apply, and virtually never investigated. As a result, current practice does not test the structural hypothesis in terms of the comparison of the estimated reduced form and the permissible reduced form sign patterns. This paper shows that such tests are always possible. Namely, that the sign patterns of the hypothesized structural arrays always limit the sign patterns that can be taken on by the estimated reduced form. Given this, it is always possible to falsify a structural hypothesis based only upon the sign pattern proposed. Necessary conditions, algorithmic principles, and examples are provided to illustrate the analytic principle and the means of its application.
Stability and Performance Analysis of a Metering Poppet Valve

AbstractPoppet type metering valves have many benefits including low leakage and an economical design. These benefits make the poppet valve an appealing alternative to spool valves in a valve stack. The fact that the metering element is not hydrostatically balanced as in a spool valve leads to control design challenges. In this work, a model of an electro hydraulic metering poppet valve is considered. Due to design compromises, the response of production metering poppet valves tends to be too slow to maintain a desired flow rate when there are fast upstream pressure variations. Redesigning to speed up the response of the valve may lead to stability issues which can be traced to plant uncertainty. Frequency response analysis of the valve model shows that the model varies greatly depending on the operating point chosen for the linearization. The analysis presented will help define the problem of designing hardware and control systems for higher performance but still reliable metering poppet valves.
A stochastic model for the synthesis and degradation of natural organic matter. Part III: Modeling Cu(II) complexation

Abstract An agent-based biogeochemical model has been developed which begins with biochemical precursor molecules and simulates the transformation and degradation of natural organic matter (NOM). This manuscript presents an empirical quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) which uses the numbers of ligand groups, charge density and heteroatom density of a molecule to estimate Cu-binding affinity ( K Cu ′ ) at pH 7.0 and ionic strength 0.10 for the molecules in this model. Calibration of this QSAR on a set of 41 model compounds gives a root mean square error of 0.88 log units and r 2 = 0.93. Two simulated NOM assemblages, one beginning with small molecules (tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids) and one with biopolymers (protein, lignin), give markedly different distributions of log K Cu ′ . However, calculations based on these log K Cu ′ distributions agree qualitatively with published experimental Cu(II) titration data from river and lake NOM samples.
Adaptive control of plants with unknown hystereses

For a system with hysteresis, the authors present a parameterized hysteresis model and develop a hysteresis inverse. The authors then design adaptive controllers with an adaptive hysteresis inverse for plants with unknown hysteresis. A new adaptive controller structure is introduced which is capable of achieving a linear parameterization and a linear error model in the presence of a hysteresis nonlinearity. A robust adaptive law is used to update the controller parameters and hysteresis inverse parameters, which ensures the global boundedness of the closed-loop signals for a wide class of of hysteresis models. Simulations show that the use of the adaptive hysteresis inverse leads to major improvements of system performance. >
Reconciling Kuznets and Habbakuk in a unified growth theory

Economic historians have debated the relative labor productivity of the United States agricultural and nonagricultural sectors during the nineteenth century. David (Discussion papers in economic and social history, University of Oxford, 1996) offers a reconciliation of the opposing views by suggesting that while productivity per hour worked in agriculture was comparable to productivity in other sectors, the number of hours worked per year was relatively low, creating a large gap in annual output per worker across sectors. We model and extend a version of Davis’s reconciliation within a unified growth theory that makes connections between the decline in traditional agriculture and several other features of United States development. The dynamic general equilibrium model is consistent with the structural transformation having minor direct and indirect effects on aggregate labor productivity per hour, but substantial effects on aggregate labor productivity per worker. The model also provides a close match to the trends in schooling, fertility, rates of return to physical capital, and labor productivity growth in the nineteenth century.
The Currency composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves : Retrospect and Prospect

This paper examines the determinants of the currency composition of international reserves. Our single most important finding is the striking stability over time of the relationship between the demand for reserves denominated in different currencies and its principal determinants: trade flows, financial flows and currency pegs. This result contrasts sharply with recent predictions of sharp shifts in the currency composition of central banks’ holdings of foreign exchange. The message would seem to be that in this, as in other respects, the international monetary system is in a mode of gradual, continuous evolution, not of rapid, discontinuous change.
Simplifying Extract-Transform-Load for Ranked Hierarchical Trees via Mapping Specifications

A popular approach to deal with data integration of heterogeneous data sources is to Extract, Transform and Load (ETL) data from disparate sources into a consolidated data store while addressing integration challenges including, but not limited to: structural differences in the source and target schemas, semantic differences in their vocabularies, and data encoding. This work focuses on the integration of tree-like hierarchical data or information that when modeled as a relational schema can take the shape of a flat schema, a self-referential schema or a hybrid schema. Examples include evolutionary taxonomies, geological time scales, and organizational charts. Given the observed complexity in developing ETL processes for this particular but common type of data, our work focuses on reducing the time and effort required to map and transform this data. Our research automates and simplifies all possible transformations involving ranked self-referential and flat representations, by: (a) proposing MSL+, an extension to IBM’s Mapping Specification Language (MSL), to succinctly express the mapping between schemas while hiding the actual transformation implementation complexity from the user, and (b) implementing a transformation component for the Talend open-source ETL platform, called Tree Transformer (TT). We evaluated MSL+ and TT, in the context of biodiversity data integration, where this class of transformations is a recurring pattern. We demonstrate the effectiveness of MSL+ with respect to development time savings as well as a 2 to 25-fold performance improvement in transformation time achieved by TT when compared to existing implementations and to Talend built-in components.
Bipartite isoperimetric graph partitioning for data co-clustering

Data co-clustering refers to the problem of simultaneous clustering of two data types. Typically, the data is stored in a contingency or co-occurrence matrix C where rows and columns of the matrix represent the data types to be co-clustered. An entry C ij of the matrix signifies the relation between the data type represented by row i and column j. Co-clustering is the problem of deriving sub-matrices from the larger data matrix by simultaneously clustering rows and columns of the data matrix. In this paper, we present a novel graph theoretic approach to data co-clustering. The two data types are modeled as the two sets of vertices of a weighted bipartite graph. We then propose Isoperimetric Co-clustering Algorithm (ICA)--a new method for partitioning the bipartite graph. ICA requires a simple solution to a sparse system of linear equations instead of the eigenvalue or SVD problem in the popular spectral co-clustering approach. Our theoretical analysis and extensive experiments performed on publicly available datasets demonstrate the advantages of ICA over other approaches in terms of the quality, efficiency and stability in partitioning the bipartite graph.
Diffraction limited 3.15 μm cascade diode lasers

In this work we report on design and development of the single spatial mode cascade diode lasers operating near 3.15 μm. The narrow ridge lasers generated more than 40 mW of continuous wave (CW) power at room temperature (RT) in diffraction limited beam. Each gains stage consists of three nominally 1.3%-compressively-strained Ga 45 In 55 As 30 Sb 70 quantum wells (QWs), spaced by 50 nm of quinary AlGaInAsSb barriers, and sandwiched between two 200-/250-nm-wide barrier layers of the same composition. The tunnel junction/carrier injector heterostructure was based on 100-μm-thick AlGaAsSb graded layer, 10-nm-thick GaSb layer and moderately doped 25-nm-wide chirped AlSb/InAs superlattice.
Lie algebras and Lie groups over noncommutative rings

Abstract The aim of this paper is to introduce and study Lie algebras and Lie groups over noncommutative rings. For any Lie algebra g sitting inside an associative algebra A and any associative algebra F we introduce and study the algebra ( g , A ) ( F ) , which is the Lie subalgebra of F ⊗ A generated by F ⊗ g . In many examples A is the universal enveloping algebra of g . Our description of the algebra ( g , A ) ( F ) has a striking resemblance to the commutator expansions of F used by M. Kapranov in his approach to noncommutative geometry. To each algebra ( g , A ) ( F ) we associate a “noncommutative algebraic” group which naturally acts on ( g , A ) ( F ) by conjugations and conclude the paper with some examples of such groups.
A weak Galerkin finite element method for the stokes equations

This paper introduces a weak Galerkin (WG) finite element method for the Stokes equations in the primal velocity-pressure formulation. This WG method is equipped with stable finite elements consisting of usual polynomials of degree k?1 for the velocity and polynomials of degree k?1 for the pressure, both are discontinuous. The velocity element is enhanced by polynomials of degree k?1 on the interface of the finite element partition. All the finite element functions are discontinuous for which the usual gradient and divergence operators are implemented as distributions in properly-defined spaces. Optimal-order error estimates are established for the corresponding numerical approximation in various norms. It must be emphasized that the WG finite element method is designed on finite element partitions consisting of arbitrary shape of polygons or polyhedra which are shape regular.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 1-arylmethyl-3-(2-aminopropyl)-5-aryl-6-methyluracils as potent GnRH receptor antagonists.

The novel synthesis and SAR studies of 6-methyluracils as human GnRH receptor antagonists are discussed. Introduction of a small methyl substituent at the β-position from N3 of the uracil improved the GnRH binding potency by 5- to 10-fold. The best compound from the series had binding affinity of 5 nM (Ki) to the human GnRH receptor.
Synthesis of 3-Alkyl-6-bromo-4,5-E-hexenoate

Abstract Two complementary routes for the preparation of 3-alkyl-6-bromo-4,5-E-hexenoate are reported.
Simulation of Mist Transport for Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling

The output and efficiency of gas turbines are reduced significantly during the summer. Gas turbine inlet air-cooling is considered a simple and effective method to increase the power output as well as thermal efficiency. Among various cooling schemes, fog cooling (a direct evaporative cooling) has gained increasing popularity due to its simplicity and low installation cost. During fog cooling, water is atomized to micro-scaled droplets (or mist) and introduced into the inlet airflow. The inlet air temperature is reduced through water evaporation. To investigate the mist transport in the entrance duct, numerical study is performed in this article. Different fundamental geometries are considered first, which include a straight tunnel, a diffuser, a contraction, and a 90° bend. These geometries are used to investigate the effect of acceleration, deceleration, and centrifugal force on mist transport and cooling effectiveness, respectively. Lastly, a duct representing a real application is used. The effects of...
Bimetallic magnetic materials

Abstract The syntheses and structural and magnetic properties of several bimetallic materials are described. Bimetallics offer a novel way to prepare a variety of interesting new magnetic compounds such as ferrimagnets, which are described in detail.
Evaluation and Extension to the Duckworth Lewis Method: A Dual Application of Data Mining Techniques

This paper deals with the evaluation of the Duckworth Lewis method, identifying its limitation, and devising a modification to address these limitations. The Duckworth Lewis method, or D/L method, was created by Frank Duckworth and Tony Lewis. The International Cricket Council (ICC) adopted D/L method in 1999 to address the issue of delayed one-day cricket matches due to interruptions such as inclement weather conditions, poor light and floodlight failures, and crowd problems. We have attempted to identify the shortcomings in the existing Duckworth Lewis method using data mining algorithms such as Random Forests and C4.5. We have also shown that the p-values and other data mining techniques serve a dual purpose of not only evaluating whether systems such as D/L method have been exploited by taking advantage of their properties such as simplicity, but also devising alternate and robust approaches (or models). In the first part of this project, we have analyzed fifty one-day international (ODI) cricket matches, in which the Duckworth Lewis method has been applied, using tools such as WEKA and Microsoft Excel. We have observed that the Duckworth Lewis method has some limitations. As a result, using data mining methods we have shown that the Duckworth Lewis system has proven over time to be biased towards the team batting first and the team winning the toss -- a toss refers to the coin-flip at the beginning of the match used to decide who bats or fields. Bias in the context of the report is defined as taking advantage of the properties of systems such as the Duckworth Lewis method. We also seek to show that such an "exploitation" of the system permits prediction of the match winner with outcomes that are better than just chance. Using the analyses described above, we propose a modification to the existing Duckworth Lewis method to reduce this bias by considering the "venue" of the game as an additional resource along with the two existing resources-overs and wickets - to predict the target score. We have done a basic evaluation of the reduction in bias due to the proposed changes. The modification has helped not only to reduce the bias but also to alleviate the impact of factors such as toss and team batting first in predicting the target scores in limited-overs cricket matches.
Deep packet inspection using parallel bloom filters

There is a class of packet processing applications that inspect packets deeper than the protocol headers to analyze content. For instance, network security applications must drop packets containing certain malicious Internet worms or computer viruses carried in a packet payload. Content forwarding applications look at the hypertext transport protocol headers and distribute the requests among the servers for load balancing. Packet inspection applications, when deployed at router ports, must operate at wire speeds. With networking speeds doubling every year, it is becoming increasingly difficult for software-based packet monitors to keep up with the line rates. We describe a hardware-based technique using Bloom filters, which can detect strings in streaming data without degrading network throughput. A Bloom filter is a data structure that stores a set of signatures compactly by computing multiple hash functions on each member of the set. This technique queries a database of strings to check for the membership of a particular string. The answer to this query can be false positive but never a false negative. An important property of this data structure is that the computation time involved in performing the query is independent of the number of strings in the database provided the memory used by the data structure scales linearly with the number of strings stored in it. Furthermore, the amount of storage required by the Bloom filter for each string is independent of its length.
On minimal Sturmian partial words

Partial words, which are sequences that may have some undefined positions called holes, can be viewed as sequences over an extended alphabet A"@[email protected]?{@?}, where @? stands for a hole and matches (or is compatible with) every letter in A. The subword complexity of a partial word w, denoted by p"w(n), is the number of distinct full words (those without holes) over the alphabet that are compatible with factors of length n of w. A function f:N->N is (k,h)-feasible if for each integer N>=1, there exists a k-ary partial word w with h holes such that p"w(n)=f(n) for all n such that [email protected][email protected]?N. We show that when dealing with feasibility in the context of finite binary partial words, the only affine functions that need investigation are f(n)=n+1 and f(n)=2n. It turns out that both are (2,h)-feasible for all non-negative integers h. We classify all minimal partial words with h holes of order N with respect to f(n)=n+1, called Sturmian, computing their lengths as well as their numbers, except when h=0 in which case we describe an algorithm that generates all minimal Sturmian full words. We show that up to reversal and complement, any minimal Sturmian partial word with one hole is of the form a^[email protected]?a^jba^l, where i,j,l are integers satisfying some restrictions, that all minimal Sturmian partial words with two holes are one-periodic, and that up to complement, @?(a^N^-^[email protected]?)^h^-^1 is the only minimal Sturmian partial word with h>=3 holes. Finally, we give upper bounds on the lengths of minimal partial words with respect to f(n)=2n, showing them tight for h=0,1 or 2.
A programmable router interface supporting link virtualization with adaptive optical OFDMA transmission

A new programmable router interface with adaptive packet over optical OFDMA transmission is proposed, providing a perfect mechanism of bandwidth partition for link virtualization. A comparison study is presented to demonstrate its advantages.
Universal stabilization using control Lyapunov functions, adaptive derivative feedback, and neural network approximators

In this paper, the problem of stabilization of unknown nonlinear dynamical systems is considered. An adaptive feedback law is constructed that is based on the switching adaptive strategy proposed by the author and uses linear-in-the-weights neural networks accompanied with appropriate robust adaptive laws in order to estimate the time-derivative of the control Lyapunov function (CLF) of the system. The closed-loop system is shown to be stable; moreover, the state vector of the controlled system converges to a ball centered at the origin and having a radius that can be made arbitrarily small by increasing the high gain K and the number of neural network regressor terms. No growth conditions on the nonlinearities of the system are imposed with the exception that such nonlinearities are sufficiently smooth. Finally, we mention that neither the system dynamics or the CLF of the system need to be known in order to apply the proposed methodology.
Performance Potential of the Colloid Core Reactor Concept in Near-Earth Applications

An Air Force research program has produced performance estimates for the colloid core nuclear reactor rocket engine concept. These values are parametrically varied to determine their individual influence on an advanced nuclear upper stage to the Space Transportation System. Pessimistic and optimistic performance of the concept is estimated. The concept is compared with other propulsion schemes on the basis of velocity capability (as an indication of performance) and the mass which must be initially boosted into orbit (as an indication of cost). Based upon the analysis, it is concluded that the concept warrants further consideration for development as a future operational system. (10 references) (auth)
Liquidity and Financial Market Runs

In contrast to the financial institutions literature (e.g., Diamond and Dybvig [1983]), runs on financial markets have not been a prime subject of inquiry. Our paper offers such a model, in which investors fear (but do not necessarily experience) future liquidity shocks. This creates two scenarios. In the good scenario, a risk-neutral public holds most of the risky shares. Investors hit by a liquidity shock in the future will sell to the risk-averse market-making sector at a “low-inventory price,” which will be close to the risk-neutral value of the asset. In the good scenario, the market-making sector provides the public with low-cost insurance against liquidity shocks. In the bad scenario, every investor conjectures that other investors intend to sell today, thus causing a “run.” By joining the pool of selling requests today, an individual investor can expect to receive the average price that is necessary to induce the marketmaking sector to absorb all tendered shares today. The investor’s alternative is to not enter the pool and instead to hold onto the shares. In making this decision, this investor is better off if he can wait out the storm and realize the eventual expected asset value. However, if he were randomly hit by the possible liquidity shock, this investor would need to sell his shares behind the rest of the public. But, with the market-making sector already holding the shares of other investors who had joined the run, this postrun price will be worse than the average in-run price today. If the average in-run price is greater than the expected payoff achieved by waiting, this investor will join the herd and also sell into the run. If other investors act alike, the conjecture that other inves
The status of optimal control theory and applications for deterministic systems

The purpose of this paper is to present some recent developments in the field of deterministic optimal control. Topics dealing with advances in the theory, as well as with applications of the theory to problems of engineering interest, will be discussed. A selected list of references is also included.
Communicating the Difference of Correlated Gaussian Sources over a MAC

This paper considers the problem of transmitting the difference of two positively correlated Gaussian sources over a two-user additive Gaussian noise multiple access channel (MAC). The goal is to recover this difference within an average mean squared error distortion criterion. Each transmitter has access to only one of the two Gaussian sources and is limited by an average power constraint. In this work, a lattice coding scheme that achieves a distortion within a constant of a distortion lower bound is presented if the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is greater than a threshold. Further, uncoded transmission is shown to be worse in performance to lattice coding methods for correlation coefficients above a threshold. An alternative lattice coding scheme is also presented that can potentially improve on the performance of uncoded transmission.
PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION OF QUADTREES AND QUALITY TRIANGULATIONS

We describe efficient PRAM algorithms for constructing unbalanced quadtrees, balanced quadtrees, and quadtree-based finite element meshes. Our algorithms take time O(log n) for point set input and O(log n log k) time for planar straight-line graphs, using O(n+k/log n) processors, where n measures input size and k output size.
Improving the performance scalability of the community atmosphere model

The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM), which serves as the atmosphere component of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM), is the most computationally expensive CCSM component in typical configurations. On current and next-generation leadership class computing systems, the performance of CAM is tied to its parallel scalability. Improving performance scalability in CAM has been a challenge, due largely to algorithmic restrictions necessitated by the polar singularities in its latitude-longitude computational grid. Nevertheless, through a combination of exploiting additional parallelism, implementing improved communication protocols, and eliminating scalability bottlenecks, we have been able to more than double the maximum throughput rate of CAM on production platforms. We describe these improvements and present results on the Cray XT5 and IBM BG/P. The approaches taken are not specific to CAM and may inform similar scalability enhancement activities for other codes.
NONLINEAR SUPERSYMMETRIC EFFECTIVE LAGRANGIAN AND GOLDSTINO INTERACTIONS AT HIGH ENERGIES

We show that the nonlinear supersymmetric effective Lagrangian can be used for model-independent parametrization of the light gravitino scattering amplitude at energies up to and above the soft supersymmetry-breaking masses. This provides the most convenient framework for systematic studies of goldstino phenomenology both at low energies and in high energy colliders.
Synchrotron-betatron parametric instability in free-electron lasers

Analysis of the synchrotron-betatron coupling in a free-electron laser indicates that the particle motion is susceptible to an instability that is of a fundamentally different physical character to those examined previously. The domain of this instability, which is of a parametric type and causes an exponential growth of the betatron amplitude, is identified, and the growth rate therein determined.