cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overview of Major Studies on the Evacuation of World Trade Center Buildings 1 and 2 on 9/11

Following the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001, several large studies were undertaken to look at the evacuation. The studies began from 18 months to 4 years after the event, and although there were similarities in the data sets collected in these studies, each set out to answer or contribute to a somewhat different purpose—investigation into the collapse of the towers, emergency preparedness in the workplace, and enhancements in the computer simulation of the evacuation of high-rise buildings. The studies used a variety of data collection techniques. This paper briefly describes the studies, their study populations, summary findings and long-term impacts.
Impact Insensitive Dianionic Dinitrourea Salts: The CN4O52− Anion Paired with Nitrogen-Rich Cations†

Having examined the energetic properties of dinitrourea (DNU) as a monoanion, this study was extended to the syntheses and characterization of ten DNU dianionic salts by the metathesis of tetrazolium and guanidinium sulfates with in situ-generated barium DNU in aqueous solution. These materials are impact insensitive. They were fully characterized by NMR, elemental analysis, IR, DSC, and TGA. Bis(guanylguanidinium) DNU dianionic salt (9) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1. The detonation pressure (P) values calculated for these salts range from 19.6 to 29.1 GPa, and the detonation velocities (vD) range from 7521 to 8908 m/s, which make them competitive energetic materials. The chlorine-free DNU dianionic salts are green, and the straightforward synthesis process avoids the use of costly silver salts. The DNU dianion compares very favorably with dinitramide as a novel oxidative species.
Language Brokering, Autonomy, Parent-Child Bonding, Biculturalism, and Depression A Study of Mexican American Adolescents From Immigrant Families

This study examines the relationship between language brokering, parent-child bonding, perceived autonomy, biculturalism, and depression for Mexican American adolescents. It was hypothesized that adolescent language brokers who reported a strong parent-child bond and high levels of psychological autonomy, privilege, and responsibility would also report lower levels of depression. Unlike previous research with language brokers, no gender differences were found in language brokering activity. For girls (n = 141) and boys (n = 105), language brokering for more people is positively related to depression. For girls, responsibility moderates the relationship between language brokering in different places and depression, that is, girls who language broker in more places, and also receive more responsibilities, report less depression. For boys, parent-child bonding and biculturalism are negatively related to depression. Results are discussed in the context of immigrant Latino family socialization.
Parental Provision of Early Literacy Environment as Related to Reading and Educational Outcomes Across the Academic Lifespan

SYNOPSISObjective. The quantity of time mothers read to their young children and the print environment in their homes were examined for their relations to reading achievement and intrinsic motivation across the school years and to educational attainment in adulthood. Design. Data from the 28-year Fullerton Longitudinal Study were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results. Controlling for mothers’ education and the direct relation between mothers’ and children’s education at comparable chronological ages, time invested in reading to young children, rather than the print environment per se, related to reading achievement and motivation, which in turn related to educational attainment. Conclusion. The specific experience of being read to during the early years has long-term educational benefits that traverse the academic lifespan.
Analysis of Defects in Heavily-Doped MBE-GaAs

GaAs Has Been Grown By Molecular-Beam Epitaxy (MBE) With Large Concentrations (∼1018CM−2) Of Sn, Si, Ge, And Mn As Dopants. The Heavily-Doped N-Type Material Has Been Found To Contain Regions Of A Very High Dislocation Density. An Analysis Of The Less Complex Defect Areas Shows That The Dislocations Originate In The MBE-Grown Layer. These Observations And Others On More Complex Defect Clusters Are Compared With Recent Studies Of Defects In Material Grown By Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE). The More Heavily Doped P-Type Material Contains Discs Of Mn-Rich Material At The Surface Of The MBEgrown Epilayer. Both The Structure And Composition Of These Regions Have Been Examined.
Bargaining Power at Europe's Intergovernmental Conferences: Testing Institutional and Intergovernmental Theories

This article examines how European Union member states make choices about political institutions at intergovernmental conferences, the grand negotiations where many key institutional changes are made. Using data on member-state preferences from the intergovernmental conference leading to the Treaty of Amsterdam, I test competing bargaining theories, institutionalism, and intergovernmentalism, and present strong evidence that institutionalism better captures negotiations compared to intergovernmentalism. I present a formal model to discern between these competing theories of bargaining power, derive a statistical model directly from this formal model, and then use data from the European Union's Treaty of Amsterdam to test these theories and corresponding power sources. Veto power associated with institutional models better explains intergovernmental conference outcomes compared to power from size and economic might, often associated with intergovernmental analyses.I would like to thank Kathy Bawn, Julia Gray, Tim Groseclose, James Honaker, Joe Jupille, Thomas Konig, Jeff Lewis, Sven-Oliver Proksch, George Tsebelis, and the participants in UCLA's graduate student formal theory and statistical methods workshops for their insightful comments on various drafts of this article. I am also grateful for the comments from several anonymous reviewers and the editors at International Organization. An earlier version of this article was presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, April 2006. Data and replication material are available at 〈http://faculty.unlv.edu/jslapin〉.
Capturing Task-Evoked Functional Brain Connectivity Using Combined NIRS/EEG

To capture the dynamics of brain interactions subjects were exposed to an auditory and a visual task while their EEG/NIRS data were simultaneously being collected. Data analysis highlighted connectivity between multiple parts of the brain.
Influence of Oral Contraceptive Use and Cigarette Smoking, Alone and Together, on Antipyrine Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine following a single 1-g intravenous dose was determined in 63 healthy women. Subjects were divided into 4 groups as follows: 1) cigarette smokers using low-dose oral contraceptives (n = 15); 2) nonsmokers using low-dose oral contraceptives (n = 12); 3) cigarette smokers not using oral contraceptives (n = 10); and 4) controls, neither cigarette smokers nor oral contraceptive users. Plasma antipyrine concentrations during 24 to 48 hours after dosage were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean kinetic variables in the nonsmoking, non-oral contraceptive using control group were: volume of distribution, 37.7 L; elimination half-life, 13.2 hours; and clearance, 34.4 mL/min. In cigarette smoking, non-oral contraceptive users versus controls, elimination half-life was reduced (8.0 vs. 13.2 hours, P < 0.05) and clearance increased (56.0 vs. 34.4 mL/min, P < 0.05). In nonsmoker oral contraceptive users, the reverse was true (elimination half-life was significantly increased: 16.6 vs. 13.2 hours, P < 0.05; and clearance was significantly decreased: 24.8 vs. 34.4 mL/min, P < 0.05). In smokers who were using oral contraceptives, values were not significantly different from controls (elimination half-life, 11.2 hours; clearance, 39.5 mL/min). Volume of distribution did not differ among the four groups. Thus the opposing effects on antipyrine clearance of the induction of metabolism by cigarette smoking and the inhibition due to low dose oral contraceptive use in effect negate each other when combined in humans.
Expression of Natural Killer (NK) Cells In Newborn Infants With Early Onset Sepsis 1461

Human newborn infants are believed to be more susceptible to sepsis due to immature host defense mechanisms. T-cells are essential for antigenic recognition. We previously have shown that there is a marked predominance of naive T-cells in newborns that is consistent with T-cell immune system immaturity. NK cells mediate cellular cytotoxicity independent of previous antigenic exposure. The role of NK cells in cytotoxicity against viral infection has been extensively studied. The role of these cells as a compensatory defense mechanism against neonatal sepsis is unclear. The purpose of the present study is to examine the expression of NK cells in newborn infants with and without early onset sepsis. We used flow cytometry to determine expression of cell surface markers on cord blood lymphocytes from 20 healthy newborn infants (GA 37±1 wks), peripheral blood lymphocytes from 15 newborn infants (GA 36±1 wks) with clinical or culture positive sepsis and 24 healthy adults. Comparisons among these 3 groups were made using ANOVA. Data presented are means and SE. The expression of NK cells was significantly higher in healthy newborn infants than adults (1160±144 vs 238±25 cells/μl, p<0.05). In septic newborn infants, NK cell expression was significantly lower at the time of diagnosis at 1.5±1 days of life than in healthy newborn infants (389±59 vs 1160±144 cells/μl, p<0.05).
Surgical lessons learned from the treatment of atrial fibrillation

In 1987, the MAZE procedure was introduced into clinical practice by Dr. James Cox. Prior procedures included AV node ablation and other procedures that had major limitations. The clinical success of the MAZE procedure was over 90% in most series. Adoptability was limited by its technical complexity. With the introduction of a variety of energy sources to replace the "cut and sew" lines of ablation without sacrificing clinical success, the procedure has been widely adopted in conjunction with other cardiac operations ("concomitant" Maze procedures). Surgical techniques for "stand alone" procedures continue to evolve as the technology to perform the procedure less invasively is developed.
Effects of N‐substituted analogs of (−)‐α‐acetylmethadol and (−)‐α‐methadol on schedule‐controlled behavior

The behavior of the pigeon maintained under a variable-interval schedule of food presentation was used to compare the activity of four novel N-substituted acetylmethadol and methadol analogs with that of methadone and (-)-α-acetylmethadol (LAAM). All of the acetylmethadol and methadol analogs had narcotic agonist activity, as defined by the reversibility of their behavioral effects by naloxone. The effect of the N-substituted analogs on variable-interval responding was similar to that of methadone and LAAM, but all these compounds had a slower onset of action than methadone and a shorter duration of action than LAAM. None of the N-substituted analogs showed narcotic antagonist activity when tested against methadone.
Copper’s Contribution to Amination Catalysis

Copper complexes are used as catalysts in modern synthetic chemistry because of their low cost, versatile reactivity, and broad tolerance for functional groups on substrates. Oxidation states in copper complexes can range from Cu to CuIV, and the metal center can participate in either two-electron or single-electron processes, sometimes both in the same catalytic cycle ( 1 – 6 ). This perspective highlights copper's contribution to amination catalysis, specifically the formation of carbon-nitrogen (C–N) bonds by coupling amines or amides with aryl halides (ArX) and alkyl halides (Ullmann-Goldberg reaction), arenes and alkanes [carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bond amination], or alkenes (oxidative amination, aminooxygenation, carboamination, and diamination).
Metamaterial Nanocircuits in Optics

Using the properties of metamaterials, we develop the concept of optical "lumped" nanocircuit elements, such as nanoinductors, nanocapacitors, and nanoresistors at optical wavelengths, and we extend this idea to more complex circuits forming near-field nanoelectronics.
The therapeutic usefulness of dulcolax® (bisacodyl), a new nonpurgative laxative

A preliminary survey of the therapeutic usefulness of Dulcolax,® a new laxative, leads to the following conclusions: 1. The medication is effective. 2. The medication is nontoxic in our experience. 3. Laxation but not catharsis is induced. 4. Nursing care is diminished in preoperative, preroentgenographic, and presigmoidoscopic preparation. 5. Dulcolax® laxation for x-ray not only satisfactorily evacuates the colon but does not introduce air shadows. 6. Dulcolax® preparation for sigmoidoscopy not only affords a cleansed rectum but does not appear to irritate the mucosa. 7. Dulcolax® medication may be of considerable assistance to the patient with permanent colostomies—in some, irrigations may be obviated, in others, irrigation is facilitated. 8. Another effective laxative has been added to the medications useful in the palliation of chronic constipation; its ultimate usefulness here requires further scrutiny.
Evidence for an electrogenic ion pump in Nitella translucens. I. The effects of pH, K+, Na+, light and temperature on the membrane potential and resistance

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of external pH and K + in the light and dark were investigated to establish conditions in which the membrane potential of Nitella translucens was more negative than the diffusion potential for the major ions. 2. 2. At high external K + concentrations there is an apparent increase in K + permeability and the membrane potential becomes equal to the calculated K + equilibrium potential. It is then possible to calculate the K + equilibrium potential for individual cells in solutions having low K + concentrations. 3. 3. In a solution containing 0.5 mM K + at pH 6, the membrane potential in the dark is close to the K + equilibrium potential. At a light intensity of 1.0 mW · cm −2 the membrane potential is hyperpolarized by 50 mV and there is a decrease in the membrane resistance from 153 kΩ · cm 2 to 17 kΩ · cm 2 . 4. 4. In the dark, a decrease in the temperature depolarizes the membrane by 0.97 mV · °C − and there is no significant effect on the membrane resistance. In the light, the temperature coefficient for the membrane potential is 2.5 mV · °C −1 and the membrane resistance is approximately doubled by a 10 °C decrease in temperature. 5. 5. In the light, the current required to reduce the potential across thee plasmalemma to the K + equilibrium potential was equivalent to a flux of about 20 pmoles · cm −2 · s −1 . This was tentatively identified with the flux through the electrogenic H + pump postulated by H. Kitasato ( J. Gen. Physiol. , 52 (1968) 60). 6. 6. It is suggested that the results cannot be accounted for by the diffusion of the major ions or by an electrogenic pump in combination with a large passive H + flux. An alternative analysis in terms of a voltage-dependent, light-stimulated electrogenic pump (S.I. Rapoport, Biophys. J. 10 (1970) 246) is presented.
USING SPECIES–HABITAT MODELS TO TARGET CONSERVATION: A CASE STUDY WITH BREEDING MALLARDS

To make effective conservation decisions, managers must understand the ecology of species targeted for conservation and be able to apply that knowledge in decision-making. Most conservation research to date has focused on the first of these requirements, but lately ecologists and others have begun to address more systematically the decision-making component of conservation. In this paper, we develop an explicit model of species– habitat relations and incorporate it into an optimization framework for prioritizing sites for management. We then present a case study that applies these concepts to choosing sites for wetlands restoration to benefit breeding Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Central Valley of California, USA. First, a model of habitat selection by Mallards was estimated using count regression techniques. Our results indicate that breeding Mallard abundances depend not only on the amount of each land use type present, but also on the interspersion of particular land use types in the vicinity o...
Emotion-discrimination deficits in mild Alzheimer disease.

Objective Mild Alzheimer disease (AD) preferentially affects temporal lobe regions, which represent important structures in memory and emotional processes. This study investigated emotion discrimination in people with mild AD, versus Caretakers. Methods Twenty AD subjects and 22 caretakers underwent computerized testing of emotion recognition and differentiation. Performances between groups were compared, controlling for possible effects of age and cognitive abilities. Results AD subjects showed diminished recognition of happy, sad, fearful, and neutral expressions. They also exhibited decreased differentiation between happy and sad expressions. Controlling for effects of cognitive dysfunction, AD subjects differed on recognition of happy and sad, and differentiation of sad facial expressions, and in error patterns for fearful and neutral faces. Conclusions Diminished abilities for emotion discrimination are present in persons with mild AD. In persons with mild AD, who frequently reside in their own home or with close family, this diminished ability may adversely affect social functioning and quality of life.
EPR Dosimetry of Cortical Bone and Tooth Enamel Irradiated with X and Gamma Rays: Study of Energy Dependence

Previous investigators have reported that the radiation-induced EPR signal intensity in compact or cortical bone increases up to a factor of two with decreasing photon energy for a given absorbed dose. If the EPR signal intensity was dependent on energy, it could limit the application of EPR spectrometry and the additive reirradiation method to obtain dose estimates. We have recently shown that errors in the assumptions governing conversion of measured exposure to absorbed dose can lead to similar "apparent" energy-dependence results. We hypothesized that these previous results were due to errors in the estimated dose in bone, rather than the effects of energy dependence per se. To test this hypothesis we studied human adult cortical bone from male and female donors ranging in age from 23 to 95 years, and bovine tooth enamel, using 34 and 138 keV average energy X-ray beams and 137Cs (662 keV) and 60Co (1250 keV) gamma rays. In a femur from a 47-year-old male (subject 1), there was a difference of borderline significance at the alpha = 0.05 level in the mean radiation-induced hydroxyapatite signal intensities as a function of photon energy. No other statistically significant differences in EPR signal intensity as a function of photon energy were observed in this subject, or in the tibia from a 23-year-old male (subject 2) and the femur from a 75-year-old female (subject 3). However, there was a trend toward a decrease (12-15%) in signal intensity at the lowest energy compared with the highest energy in subjects 1 and 3. Further analysis of the data from subject 1 revealed that this trend, which is in the opposite direction of previous reports but is consistent with theory, is statistically significant. There were no effects of energy dependence in the tooth samples.
A comparison study on hexapods with fixed-length legs

This paper summarizes a comparison study on a class of hexapods with fixed-length legs. The study is focused on investigation of the differences of the hexapods reported in the literature that slide in different directions including horizontal, vertical and slanted. A parameterized model is developed based on which investigation is carried out in terms of workspace and dexterity. Results of the comparison show that for the same geometric size, the slanted configuration may yield the greatest workspace, while the horizontal configuration may lead to the best dexterity. The workspace shapes of the three configurations are different, resulting in different moving ranges in x, y and z direction.
Area detector design Part I. Formulation of design criteria and application to X-ray crystallography

Abstract Classical expressions of area detector performance, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) and the dynamic range (DR), provide a description of the fundamental properties of a detector. However, since they contain no information regarding the experimental context in which the detector will be used, they do not necessarily provide an accurate prediction of how the detector will perform during data collection. In this paper, the standard definitions of the DQE and DR are extended to provide four new expressions of an area detector's performance: (1) the detective collection efficiency (DCE) — the fraction of the required measurements which can be made at one time by the detector, multiplied by the DQE; (2) the experimental detective quantum efficiency (XDQE) — the ratio of the variance in the measurement of interest made with the detector to that made with an ideal detector; (3) the experimental detective collection efficiency (XDCE) — the fraction of the required measurements which can be made at one time by the detector, multiplied by the XDQE; (4) the experimental dynamic range (XDR) — the dynamic range of the detector for the measurement of interest. Using these general expressions, equations are developed to model the performance of a CCD-based detector for X-ray crystallography. This formulation allows experimental conditions such as the unit cell size, peak size and profile, maximum reciprocal-space resolution and beam characteristics to be incorporated into the design of an area detector.
The effect of the Q wave infarct on left ventricular electromechanical function.

Abstract Objective: To assess the nature of left ventricular (LV) electrical and mechanical dysfunction in Q compared to non-Q anterior myocardial infarction (MI). Subjects: We used ECG and echocardiography to study 54 unselected patients, age 57±15 years, 32 male, with old (>6 months after) anterior MI (39 Q and 15 non-Q), confirmed by enzyme rise and regional wall motion abnormality, and compared them with 21 normals of similar age. Methods: Analysis of resting LV minor and long axis function and 12-lead surface electrocardiogram. Results: Only 10% of normals did not have a normal septal Q wave compared with 46% of non-Q wave MI and 84% Q wave MI ( P P P P Conclusion: Patients with Q wave MI have an increased LV dimension and reduced FS, whereas patients with non-Q wave MI appear to have morphologically normal LV minor axis dimensions and fractional shortening apart from the anterior wall hypokinesis. In the latter, however, long axis function shows significant systolic and diastolic disturbances affecting the anteroseptal and lateral walls. The absence of conduction disturbances in non-Q wave MI suggests intrinsic myocardial dysfunction that may be reversible.
Ultrafast time-gated detection of translucent objects hidden in biological and highly scattering random media

A 2.5 mm thin fat strip embedded in the middle of a 4 cm thick chicken breast tissue is located using ultrafast time-resolved transillumination.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Crash data partition methodology in development of active safety sensors and product solutions

Crash-avoidance and pre-crash active safety technologies are both being developed to assist in reducing the number of crashes and minimizing the severity of crashes. The root basis in the development of new and improved active safety technologies should begin with gaining further knowledge about crash kinds and causes.
Dean vortices with wall flux in a curved channel membrane system: 2. The velocity field

The velocity and pressure fields and the effect of wall flux on these fields in a spiral channel are presented. As fluid flows inward through a spiral channel with constant gap and permeable walls, the streamwise flux decreases while the curvature increases. Thus, by balancing the stabilizing effect of wall suction with the destabilizing effect of increasing curvature, established vortices can be maintained along the spiral channel. This approach is used to prescribe spiral geometries with different wall fluxes. Using a weakly nonlinear stability analysis, the influence of wall flux on the characteristics of Dean vortices is obtained. The critical Dean number is reduced when suction is through the inner wall only, is slightly reduced when suction is equal through both walls, and is increased when suction is through the outer wall only. The magnitude of change is proportional to a ratio of small numbers that measures the importance of the effect of curvature. In membrane filtration applications the wall flux is typically 2 to 5 orders of magnitude less than the streamwise flow. If the radius of curvature of the channel is of the order of 100 times the channel gap, the effect on the critical Dean number ismore » within 2% of the no-wall flux case. If the radius of curvature is sufficiently large, however, it is possible to observe effects on the critical Dean number that approach O(1) in magnitude for certain parameter ranges.« less
Rapid experience-dependent plasticity following somatosensory damage.

Summary Studies in nonhuman primates have provided evidence of rapid neural reorganization in somatosensory cortex after brain damage [1] and amputation [2]. Furthermore, there is also evidence of experience-dependent plasticity in both human [3–5] and nonhuman primates [6] that is induced by repetitive tactile stimulation. Given the evidence of plasticity subsequent to both neural damage and tactile experience, we hypothesized that somatosensory damage could lead to increased levels of experience-dependent tactile plasticity. To examine this hypothesis, the tactile localization judgments of two individuals with left hemisphere somatosensory damage subsequent to stroke were examined. Suprathreshold tactile stimuli were presented to the hand or forearm, and the effect of the location of previous stimulation on localization judgments for subsequent stimuli was examined. Results showed that, only on the contralesional limb, even a single tactile stimulation could induce a significant perceptual shift in localization judgments for subsequent stimuli, with shifts occurring in the direction of the preceding stimulation. These results provide novel evidence of a very rapid time course for substantive perceptual changes in tactile location perception in response to simple stimulation, revealing a highly plastic and dynamic tactile system even many years after neural damage.
On the mechanism of formation of arterenone in insect cuticular hydrolyzates.

Arterenone (2-amino-3′,4′-dihydroxy acetophenone) is an important hydrolytic product generated from lightly colored sclerotized cuticle that use N-acyldopamine derivatives for crosslinking reactions. It seems to arise from 1,2-dehydro-N-acetyldopamine (dehydro NADA) that has been crosslinked to the cuticular components. However, the mechanism of generation of arterenone, which has two protons on the α-carbon and no proton on the β-carbon atom from dehydro NADA crosslinks that have one proton each on these two side chain carbons, remained elusive and undetermined. To investigate the mechanism of this transformation, we synthesized specifically labeled β-deuterated dehydro NADA and incubated with Sarcophaga bullata cuticle undergoing larval puparial transformation. We also isolated the dimeric products formed during the tyrosinase-mediated oxidation of dehydro NADA. Hydrolysis of both β-deuterated dehydro NADA treated cuticle and β-deuterated dehydro NADA dimer generated arterenone as the major hydrolytic product. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of this arterenone revealed the retention of deuterium from the β-position of dehydro NADA at the α-carbon atom of arterenone. Hydrolysis of β-deuterated dehydro NADA also generated the labeled arterenone under oxidative conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. These results indicate the unique hydride shift from β-carbon to α-carbon during acid hydrolysis and reveal the mechanism of liberation of arterenone and related compounds from dehydro NADA linked cuticle.
A low-noise 3He ionization chamber for measuring the energy spectrum of a cold neutron beam

Abstract We developed a longitudinally and transversely segmented 3 He ionization chamber that can simultaneously measure the energy spectrum and total flux of a cold neutron beam ( T n =30 K , λ n =5.6 A ) in each of four transverse segments. The detector directly measures the neutron range along the beam direction and the energy distribution of the beam is obtained from the known energy dependence of the n- 3 He absorption cross-section, ( σ n ∝1/ v n ). For operating voltages in the ionization regime, the detector channels registered dark currents of 0.2 pA and typical signal currents of 30 nA for an integrated neutron flux of 10 7 n / s . The measured currents agreed at the 2% level with other independent measurements of the neutron flux and energy spectrum; the majority of this error is believed to arise from an inability to accurately characterize the neutron beam.
A presumptive pigovian tax : complementing regulation to mimic an emissions fee

If regulations are used to make cars and fuels cleaner, should gasoline taxes be used to manage demand for trips that pollute? Anaysis of a well-composed program for Mexico City indicates that the emission reductions would cost 24 percent more if a tax on gasoline was not introduced. A simple analytical framework is developed to analyze the use of abatement requirements to make cars cleaner, and a gasoline tax to economize on the use of cars. The two instruments should be combined to mimic the incentives that would have beeen provided by an emissions fee. Thus, cleaner cars and fewer trips are analogous to competing suppliers of emission reductions; the planner should buy from both so that marginal costs are equal. Applying that rule, the marginal cost of emission reductions is, simply, the gasoline tax rate divided by emissions per liter.
Nuclear‐pumped 3He‐Ar laser modeling

Theoretical models of nuclear‐pumped lasers are of interest for the purpose of system optimization and identification of new and more efficient nuclear‐pumped laser systems. A first‐order model of the 3He‐Ar 1.79‐μm laser is developed, compared to experimental results, and used to explain the qualitative features of this system. The results indicate that direct excitation of the argon upper level is at best very inefficient for population inversion. For argon concentrations which give the most efficient laser operation, the 3He(n,p)3H energy is used to produce atomic helium ions that quickly convert into helium molecular ions. These molecular ions subsequently form argon atomic ions through charge transfer. The dominant pumping mechanism is collisional‐radiative recombination of the argon atomic ion and subsequent radiative cascading into the upper laser level. The formation of argon molecular ions is in competition with argon atomic ion recombination; this combined with the dissociative recombination of argon molecular ions into the lower laser level terminates laser action for argon concentrations above 20%.
Reducing Poverty among Older Women: Social Security Reform and Gender Equity:

The authors document the higher poverty rate of older women, especially women of color, compared with older men-a pattern created and maintained by the intersection of the structural factors of age, race, and marital status. They then review how the U.S. Social Security program generally benefits older women and reduces their late-life economic vulnerability. A persistent gender inequity, however, is that women are more likely to disrupt their paid employment to meet family care responsibilities, which may increase the number of zero-earnings years and reduce the amount paid into Social Security. Current proposals to privatize the Social Security system are critiqued in terms of their gender inequities. Three relatively revenue-neutral proposals that could increase Social Security's protection against poverty and differentially affect lowincome women are briefly discussed.
A focal adhesion-like process underlies induction of long-term potentiation in the Schaffer collateral-CA1 region of the hippocampus

In the series of experiments reported here we provide evidence that a focal adhesion-like process underlies the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the Schaffer Collateral-CA1 projection in the hippocampus. Here we show that an integrin-binding peptide (RGD) impairs induction of Schaffer Collateral-CA1 LTP in hippocampal slice preparations in vitro. The heparin-binding peptide that binds heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) and blocks the formation of focal adhesions also impairs induction of LTP. Either the integrin-binding peptide or heparin-binding peptide reduces LTP partially. However, when the two peptides were administered simultaneously, there was no LTP 1 hour after induction. This indicates that these two molecules might function together and that a focal adhesion-like process might be involved in the induction of LTP. Additionally, we report that the RGD effect on LTP is time dependent and occurs only in the first few minutes following LTP induction, that the binding of the RGD peptide in CA1 stratum radiatum increases after LTP induction and that this increased binding depends on Ca2+. Using electron microscopy we show that integrins are present in synapses.
Do Animals Have Religion? Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Religion and Embodiment

ABSTRACTThe field of religious studies has recently begun to explore a number of aspects of the relationship between animals and religion. The bulk of these explorations have been focused on reconsidering human ethical relationships with animals in light of religious values or exploring the textual and ritual meanings of animal bodies against the background of human religions. Another line of inquiry, the topic of this paper, looks at the religious experiences of animals themselves, and draws these questions into methodological conversations within the study of religion generally. This paper surveys a variety of approaches to animal religion from two disciplinary perspectives: comparative religion and cognitive ethology. From comparative religion, building on the work of Kimberley Patton, Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, Creek, Cherokee, Christian, and Islamic understandings of the religious lives of animals are explored in turn. From cognitive ethology, two approaches are developed: a cross-species look at anima...
Human luteinizing hormone in serum during the menstrual cycle: determination by radioimmunoassay.

Human luteinizing hormone (LH) has been quantitated by radioimmunoassay in sera obtained daily from 11 subjects during 16 menstrual cycles. In each cycle, a brief surge in LH was found prior to the rise in basal body temperature. Peak serum LH concentrations, expressed in terms of the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin, have ranged from 0.027 to 0.054 IU/ml. The concentration of serum LH was usually lowest at the onset of menstruation, followed by somewhat higher, relatively constant levels throughout the follicular phase. More variable LH levels were found in the luteal phase following the midcyclic peak. Sera were obtained throughout 5 cycles from 3 subjects who had a history of abdominal pain at midcycle. In each cycle, the pain was reported prior to, rather than after, the surge in LH.
Thermoelectric power and Hall coefficient measurements on Ba ( Fe 1 − x T x ) 2 As 2 ( T = Co and Cu)

Temperature-dependent thermoelectric power (TEP) data on $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}T{M}_{x})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ ($TM=\text{Co}$ and Cu), complemented by the Hall coefficient data on the samples from the same batches, have been measured. For Co doping we clearly see a change in the temperature-dependent TEP and Hall coefficient data when the sample is doped to sufficient $e$ (the number of extra electrons associated with the $TM$ doping) so as to stabilize low-temperature superconductivity. Remarkably, a similar change is found in the Cu-doped samples at comparable $e$ value, even though these compounds do not superconduct. These changes possibly point to a significant modification of the Fermi surface/band structure of $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}T{M}_{x})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$ at small electron doping, that in the case of Co doping is just before, and probably allows for, the onset of superconductivity. These data further suggest that suppression of the structural/magnetic phase transition and the establishment of a proper $e$ value are each necessary but, individually, not sufficient conditions for superconductivity.
184 FOLLICULOGENESIS AND DONOR AGE INFLUENCE MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-2 EXPRESSION IN THE DOMESTIC CAT

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are known to play key roles in the remodelling of extracellular matrix during ovarian folliculogenesis, especially during the final stage of follicle development. To date, little is known about the significance of MMPs and TIMPs during preantral follicle development. This study determined the expression of MMPs and TIMP-1 during various stages of cat folliculogenesis, largely for the purpose of securing information useful to improving in vitro follicle culture. Primordial (~10 follicles/cat), primary (~5 follicles/cat), secondary (~9 follicles/cat), early antral (~9 follicles/cat), and antral (~4 follicles/cat) follicles were physically isolated from ovaries recovered from 15 cats (5 months to 3 years old during follicular stage) undergoing ovariohysterectomy and assessed for expression of MMP-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, and -13 as well as TIMP-1 using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR; 2–4 replicates/follicle stage). Additional ovaries were obtained from three prepubertal (6 months old) and three adult (1 year old) cats and ovarian pieces were fixed in Bouin's solution and assessed for MMP-2 and -13 localization using immunohistochemistry. MMP expression data were analysed using the Kruskull-Wallis one-way ANOVA. Follicles from all stages of development expressed MMPs and TIMP-1. Specifically, expression of MMP-2 increased (P 0.05) in the expression of other MMPs among follicular classes. For TIMP-1, there was a tendency (P = 0.07) for increased expression after antrum formation (early antral and antral stages). Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that MMP-2 was expressed in both the oocyte and somatic cells of all follicular stages in prepubertal cats. However, MMP-2 expression was limited to granulosa and theca cells of antral follicles in adult females. MMP-13 was expressed in the granulosa and theca cells of primary, secondary, and antral stage follicles, and there were no differences (P > 0.05) in localization patterns for this protein between prepubertal and adult females. In summary, the study is the first to report the expression of MMPs as well as TIMP-1 in isolated cat follicles. The difference in MMP-2 expression between prepubertal and adult cats suggests that there may be age-specific requirements for in vitro follicle growth. We are keenly interested in this information for underpinning the development of new in vitro microenvironments for growing immature cat follicles. We suspect that such information will be crucial for understanding how to promote the remodelling of the extracellular matrix by creating degradable biomaterials containing MMP-sensitive peptides to allow optimal follicle expansion.
PHTHALOCYANINE PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY : DISPARATE EFFECTS OF PHARMACOLOGIC INHIBITORS ON CUTANEOUS PHOTOSENSITIVITY AND ON TUMOR REGRESSION

The phthalocyanines are promising second-generation photosensitizers that are being evaluated for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of malignant tumors. In vivo studies with the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4 have shown that it is highly effective at causing regression of RIF-1 tumors in C3H/HeN mice in PDT protocols. Because cutaneous photosensitivity is the major complication of photosensitizers used for PDT, experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of inhibitors of the inflammatory response (cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] antibodies) on Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity and tumor regression. The C3H/HeN mice were injected with either Pc 4 or Photofrin and were exposed to 86 J/cm2 of filtered radiation emitted from a solar simulator. Animals were irradiated at 1, 3, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days postinjection. Cutaneous photosensitivity was assessed using the murine ear-swelling response. Cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline and TNF-alpha antibodies were administered prior to illumination to assess their ability to block Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity and to evaluate whether such treatment adversely influenced Pc 4 PDT-induced tumor regression. Compared to Photofrin, Pc 4 produced cutaneous photosensitivity that was transient, resolving within 24 h, and that could be elicited for only 10 days after administration. In contrast, Photofrin caused photosensitivity that required 4 days to resolve and could be elicited for at least 1 month after it was administered. The Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity could be blocked by corticosteroids and an inhibitor of vasoactive amines (cyproheptadine). The TNF-alpha gene transcription was found to increase in keratinocytes following treatment with Pc 4 and light. The anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of cytokine transcription, also prevented cutaneous photosensitivity, implicating TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of Pc 4-induced cutaneous photosensitivity. None of these agents had any effect on Pc 4 PDT-induced tumor regression. Cyproheptadine, dexamethasone, pentoxifylline and TNF-alpha antibodies may be valuable pharmacologic agents in the management of cutaneous photosensitivity associated with PDT without altering the efficacy of this new therapeutic modality. The findings suggest that it should be possible to devise PDT protocols that block cutaneous photosensitivity without impairing the anti-tumor response to the agents.
Preference structure analysis: A nonmetric approach☆

Abstract A nonmetric procedure is suggested to analyze the structure of preferences among multivariate groups. This data analysis technique enables one to compete with discriminant analysis as a special case as well as with some other more complicated problems. The goal of the article is mainly twofold: 1. 1. to suggest a nonmetric procedure in which goodness of discrimination is higher than or equal to that of Fisher's discriminant function (FDF) (the number of misclassification errors for given data will be less or equal to that obtained by FDF while using the nonmetric procedure); 2. 2. to exemplify the fact that very different discriminant functions could yield the very same number of errors. The latter issue was revealed due to the apparent drawback of non-uniqueness of the discriminant function (solution) obtained by our procedure. Non-uniqueness usually seems to be a drawback, nevertheless it might be an advantage, as exemplified later by real examples. Non-uniqueness is a common property of data analysis methods.
Boundary effects on localized structures in spatially extended systems

Abstract We present a general method of analyzing the influence of finite size and boundary effects on the dynamics of localized solutions of non-linear spatially extended systems. The dynamics of localized structures in infinite systems involve solvability conditions that require projection onto a Goldstone mode. Our method works by extending the solvability conditions to finite sized systems, by incorporating the finite sized modifications of the Goldstone mode and associated nonzero eigenvalue. We apply this method to the special case of non-equilibrium domain walls under the influence of Dirichlet boundary conditions in a parametrically forced complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, where we examine exotic nonuniform domain wall motion due to the influence of boundary conditions.
Syringolide elicitor-induced oxidative burst and protein phosphorylation in soybean cells, and tentative identification of two affected phosphoproteins

Abstract The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea carrying an active allele of avirulence gene D (avrD) elicits a hypersensitive defense response (HR) specifically in soybean cultivars carrying the disease resistance gene Rpg4. Expression of avrD leads to production of a low molecular weight elicitor known as syringolide. Infiltration of syringolide into soybean leaves elicits an Rpg4-specific HR and also induces Rpg4-specific Ca2+, H+, and K+ ion fluxes and cell death in soybean cell suspensions. We have demonstrated that syringolide treatment of soybean cell suspensions further induces an Rpg4-specific hydrogen peroxide burst and subsequent shifts in protein phosphorylation. Furthermore, proteins co-migrating with two affected phosphoproteins (45 and 20 kDa) were collected from preparative 2D-PAGE gels and internal peptide amino acid sequences were obtained. Partial amino acid sequence from the 45 kDa protein showed strong identity to a family of plant EF-hand calcium-binding proteins and sequences from the 20 kDa protein showed strong identity to a family of plant glycine-rich RNA-binding proteins (GRPs). The soybean GRP cDNA was cloned and sequenced.
Walks, walls, wetting, and melting

New results concerning the statistics of, in particular,p random walkers on a line whose paths do not cross are reported, extended, and interpreted. A general mechanism yielding phase transitions in one-dimensional or linear systems is recalled and applied to various wetting and melting phenomena in (d=2)-dimensional systems, including fluid films and p×1 commensurate adsorbed phases, in which interfaces and domain walls can be modelled by noncrossing walks. The heuristic concept of an effective force between a walk and a rigid wall, and hence between interfaces and walls and between interfaces, is expounded and applied to wetting in an external field, to the behavior of the two-point correlations of a two-dimensional Ising model belowTc and in a field, and to the character of commensurate-incommensurate transitions ford=2 (recapturing recent results by various workers). Applications of random walk ideas to three-dimensional problems are illustrated in connection with melting in a lipid membrane model.
4D scan registration with the SR-3000 LIDAR

An algorithm and data management scheme is presented to utilize the data output of the SR-3000, a 3D LIDAR sensor. The SR-3000 generates a 4D point cloud at video frame rates where each point is described by its 3D coordinates and its optical intensity. The implementation of each major component of the algorithm is described, including a projective ICP algorithm, reverse calibration equations for the SR-3000 sensor, the processing of the intensity data, and a point selection algorithm which includes the use of a 3D volume feature extraction algorithm. This ICP based alignment algorithm is used in the context of a data management scheme that stores and retrieves scan data and intermediate data products to realize pseudo-global scan alignment, data compression, and real time data display.
Optimal reduced-order filtering

An optimal reduced-order filter is developed which can provide a full vector of state estimates for the case where the dimension of the measurement vector is smaller than that of the state vector and no measurements are noise-free. The reduced-order filter consists of an observer type subfilter and a complementary subfilter, each of which provides a subset of the optimal estimate. A two-step L-K transformation is employed to minimize the estimate error covariance of each subfilter. A target tracking problem is studied as an example. >