cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of American Depositary Receipts in the Development of Emerging Markets

Using a sample of 28 stock markets, this chapter presents an empirical exploration of the effect of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) on emerging market development. We examine the role of ADRs on three aspects of market development: openness, defined as the degree of market transparency and reliability; liquidity, a measure of market activity; and growth, which attempts to measure the market’s ability to foster the formation of new enterprises and encourage economic growth. The preliminary evidence from the study is mixed. ADRs are instrumental in increasing openness, but negatively impact both liquidity and the ability of the local market to foster economic growth. Also, the effect of large firms listing ADRs is detrimental to the development of the local market.
Nifedipine block of capacitative calcium entry in cultured human uterine smooth-muscle cells.

Objective To determine whether nifedipine inhibits capacitative calcium entry at clinically relevant concentrations using cultured human myocytes as a model for human myometrium. Methods Myocyte cultures were initiated from the myometrium of term pregnant women who underwent cesarean delivery. Paired cells were chosen for study. The cell of interest was stimulated by an intercellular calcium wave from the adjacent cell. In this fashion, release of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium was accomplished with minimal disturbance of the plasma membrane and the subplasmalemmal space (SPS) of the cell studied. Depletion of the SR calcium stores by the calcium wave activated the capacitative calcium current, elevated calcium in the SPS, and activated calcium-activated potassium channels. A cell-attached patch clamp was used to monitor the outward current resulting from the calcium activation of these potassium channels. Calcium green-1 fluorescence was used to simultaneously monitor changes of the deep cytosolic calcium concentrations. Experiments were performed at varying concentrations of nifedipine (0-10 micromol/L). Results Nifedipine reduced outward potassium currents in a dose-dependent manner. Nifedipine at 100 nmol/L resulted in greater than a 50% reduction of outward current, indicating a significant inhibition of capacitative calcium entry at that concentration. Higher concentrations of nifedipine abolished outward current. Experiments designed to detect indirect effects of nifedipine on capacitative calcium entry were negative. Conclusions Nifedipine block of capacitative calcium entry occurred at concentrations similar to those required to block L-type voltage-activated calcium channels. These data suggest that block of capacitative calcium entry may be an important mechanism of action when nifedipine is clinically used for tocolysis of preterm labor.
A Value-Type Generalizations Test

(1944). A Value-Type Generalizations Test. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 53-79.
Fall and Winter Diets of Juvenile Coho Salmon in a Small Stream and an Adjacent Pond in Washington State

ABSTRACT The diets of coho fry in Baker Creek, Bellingham, Washington, and an adjacent pond were examined in November through January, 1988–89. Fry in both habitats had the larger numbers of prey in early December after heavy rain, when springtails comprised more than 70% of their food items in both habitats. In January, when rainfall was low, both populations fed more on benthic invertebrates, such as taeniopterygid nymphs and simuliid larvae in the creek, and chironomid larvae in both habitats. High rainfall and flooding played an important role in making available food for juvenile coho salmon in both off-channel and creek habitats in late fall and early winter.
Custom math functions for molecular dynamics

While developing the protein folding application for the IBM Blue Gene®/L supercomputer, some frequently executed computational kernels were encountered. These were significantly more complex than the linear algebra kernels that are normally provided as tuned libraries with modern machines. Using regular library functions for these would have resulted in an application that exploited only 5-10% of the potential floating-point throughput of the machine. This paper is a tour of the functions encountered; they have been expressed in C++ (and could be expressed in other languages such as Fortran or C). With the help of a good optimizing compiler, floating-point efficiency is much closer to 100%. The protein folding application was initially run by the life science researchers on IBM POWER3™ machines while the computer science researchers were designing and bringing up the Blue Gene/L hardware. Some of the work discussed resulted in enhanced compiler optimizations, which now improve the performance of floating-point-intensive applications compiled by the IBM VisualAge® series of compilers for POWER3, POWER4™, POWER4+™, and POWER5™. The implementations are offered in the hope that they may help in other implementations of molecular dynamics or in other fields of endeavor, and in the hope that others may adapt the ideas presented here to deliver additional mathematical functions at high throughput.
Turning Merit Scores into Salaries

Much has been written in the higher education administration literature about measuring the research, teaching, and service outcomes of faculty members (Braskamp and Ory 1994; Dilts, Haber, and Bialik 1994; Lewis 1996; Centra 1993). How each of many multiple outcomes enters salary determination equations is also well studied, with even similar departments of economics apparently adopting different fixed-weight formulae for assigning a salary index and/or changes to a salary index for multiple research, teaching, and service outcomes (Ragan, Warren and Bratsberg 1999).1 But the methods for allocating salary raises to individuals on the basis of an aggregate merit score, when faced with the constraint of a fixed amount of money for raises, receive little attention. For example, the authors of the four works on higher education administration previously mentioned addressed the measurement of faculty output, the weighting of output, and the assigning of merit points, but they did not address the algebra for converting merit points to salary raises given a fixed-budget constraint.2 A single formula for merit-raise salary schemes based on either a fixed cash amount, a percentage of base salary, or any combination of the two is provided here. What is unique about this formula is that it makes explicit how merit scores, together with prior salaries and the pot of money available for raises, determine individual salaries. There are no arbitrary thresholds or untraceable relationships between merit scores and the pot of money available for merit raises.
The organization and maintenance of the CDF offline code on IBM VM/CMS and DEC VAX/VMS operating systems

Abstract The CDF collaboration at FERMILAB is developing most of its offline data analysis software on the FNAL VAX cluster. However, the large amounts of computing time required to analyze the CDF data require this software to be available on several remote installations, ranging from small VAX mini-computers to large IBM and IBM-compatible mainframes. This need has been met be requiring the software to be Fortran-77 compatible and organizing the code in such a manner that it can be mapped in a natural way to several different machine architectures. The current version of the CDF code is now installed on both the FNAL VAX cluster and an IBM mainframe at University of Pennsylvania. To ensure that this rapidly evolving code remains up-to-date at the remote installation, an automated code-updating scheme has been implemented that performs daily updates of the CDF code via BITNET. This paper describes the implementation and current status of this multi-machine code management system.
Theory of energetic particle transport in the magnetosphere: A noncanonical approach

[1] This paper presents a new transport theory suitable for the study of energetic particles in the magnetospheric environment. A Fokker-Planck diffusion equation governing the variation of the particle distribution function, along with its isotropic and bounce average approximations, is established in the phase space of location and momentum, which is similar to how cosmic rays are treated by the heliospheric community. The equation includes essentially all the particle transport mechanisms: streaming, convection, drift, adiabatic energy change, acceleration by parallel electric field, focusing, and diffusions in location, momentum, and pitch angle. All the coefficients of the equation are directly linked to plasma and magnetic configurations including electromagnetic fluctuations. The theory can form a base for developing full-scale numerical models of energetic particle transport including acceleration in the magnetosphere. Unlike the conventional theory using canonical variables which is only applicable to the radiation belt of the inner magnetosphere, this theory includes the effects of nonuniform magnetospheric convection and thus is valid for the entire magnetosphere. The derivation of the transport equation has identified some important particle transport mechanisms that have not received careful study by the magnetospheric community. It is found that the compression of magnetospheric plasma can play a significant role in particle acceleration and trapping. The compressional acceleration is the first-order particle acceleration mechanism, very similar to particle acceleration at shock waves in other space plasma environments. This acceleration mechanism is operable to both electrons and ions. A model map of magnetospheric convection flow shows that the compressional particle acceleration is a large-scale phenomenon and it is the strongest in the near-Earth nightside plasma sheet. Magnetospheric compression can also drive particles toward the 90° equatorial pitch angle, which is ideal for trapping them in the geomagnetic field.
Risk of occupational infection with blood-borne pathogens in operating and delivery room settings

Surveillance data and case reports substantiate that health care workers are at risk for occupationally acquired infection with blood-borne pathogens. The risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens to a health care worker depends on the prevalence of blood-borne pathogen infection among patients, the likelihood of transmission of infection per blood contact, and the nature and frequency of occupational blood contacts. In surgical and obstetrical settings, blood contact varies with occupation, specialty, procedures performed, and precautions used. Many contacts appear to be preventable by changes in technique or instrument design and by use of protective barriers. Studies are needed to assess the impact of such interventions.
Five Diagnostic Tests for Unobserved Cluster Effects

This article compares two recently proposed test statistics for unobserved cluster effects (C, SSR w ) with three statistics frequently mentioned in panel econometrics (BP, SLM, F). Simulations include data generating processes with a cluster-level explanatory variable, scenarios with unequally sized clusters, processes that have an incorrectly specified cluster structure, and processes that have no cluster structure but rather spatial correlation. All but the F test exhibit small-sample deviation from the asymptotic distribution. The SLM, F, and SSR w tests show equivalent power when cluster sizes are balanced. SLM has greatest power when cluster sizes are unbalanced.
In vitro assays differentially recapitulate protein export from the trans-Golgi network.

In vitro assays have been broadly applied to reconstitute traYcking events along the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways of eukaryotic cells [1]. Cell-based assays employ mild detergents or mechanical means to perforate the plasma membrane and release cytosolic components while maintaining the integrity of intracellular membrane compartments (Supplementary Fig. 1). In contrast, cell-free assays are performed using isolated membrane fractions enriched in a particular organelle. Cell-based assays can allow analysis of multiple steps along a traYcking pathway, while cell-free assays are generally designed to reconstitute an individual membrane Wssion or fusion step. Both cellbased and cell-free assays have proven useful for dissecting the roles of various components in intracellular traYcking events. In many instances, these assays have been utilized to dissect the requirements for polarized biosynthetic sorting of cargo molecules from the trans-Golgi network (TGN)1[2–5]. Interestingly, segregation of apical and basolateral marker proteins into distinct transport carriers that bud from the TGN appears to occur even in nonpolarized cells, enabling the use of nondiVerentiated cell types for such assays [6–8]. However, the extent to which these assays recapitulate in vivo sorting and regulation of membrane traYc has not been systematically examined. Here we have compared cell-based and a cell-free in vitro assays for their ability to reconstitute polarized protein sorting from the TGN. We previously found that eYcient apical delivery of the marker protein inXuenza hemagglutinin (HA) in polarized Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells requires TGN acidiWcation [9]. In particular,
Fundamental image quality parameters of poroelastography

Poroelastography is an emerging elastographic technique that aims at imaging the temporal mechanical behavior of fluid-filled tissues. While standard elastographic methods focus primarily on the visualization of soft and hard tissue regions as being indicative of tissue pathological changes, poroelastography allows imaging several novel parameters that are related to the tissue's effective compressibility and permeability. Medical areas where poroelastography could have a significant impact include cancer treatment imaging and lymphedema assessment. Despite compelling motivations driving the development of this novel modality, the current literature in this field is limited to a relatively small number of publications. These studies suggest the technical feasibility of poroelastography methods but do not comprehensively tackle fundamental issues of clinical importance. Image quality performance of poroelastography is still largely unknown. In this paper, we present the results of recent theoretical, simulation and experimental studies carried out in our laboratory, which address fundamental mechanical and noise limitations of various poroelastography techniques.
Proinsulin-transferrin fusion protein as a novel long-acting insulin analog for the inhibition of hepatic glucose production

Proinsulin-transferrin (ProINS-Tf) fusion protein was evaluated for its in vivo pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and mechanism. Our previous studies have shown that ProINS-Tf was converted to active insulin-transferrin (INS-Tf) via the transferrin (Tf)-receptor–mediated pathway in hepatoma cells. We hypothesized that this fusion protein can be administered as a prodrug and be converted to a biologically active protein with specificity for the liver versus other insulin (INS)-sensitive tissues (muscle and adipose). Administration as an inactive prodrug with liver-specific action compared with other INS-sensitive tissues conceivably reduces negative side effects seen with other INS analogs. In this report, the data show that ProINS-Tf exhibited a slow, but sustained, in vivo hypoglycemic efficacy and long plasma half-life. The fusion protein showed activity in the liver, as evidenced by decreased expression of two key hepatic glucose production (HGP) enzymes, PEPCK and glucose-6-phosphatase, and increased glycogen levels under feeding conditions. Furthermore, the INS receptor (IR) phosphorylation (activation) in liver and muscle tissues was compared with postinjection of INS or ProINS-Tf. While INS activated IR in both the liver and muscle, ProINS-Tf only showed activation in the liver. Thus, ProINS-Tf fusion protein can potentially be administered as a prodrug with sustained Tf-mediated activation and selectivity in inhibiting HGP.
The Indonesian national revolution, 1945-1950

The Indonesian revolution demands attention as a revolution, and as an important chapter in the collapse of Western colonialism. In the first place, however, it is the watershed of modern Indonesian history, and must be understood in terms of that history.
Moving Through MOOCs: Understanding the Progression of Users in Massive Open Online Courses

This paper reports on the progress of users through 16 Coursera courses taught by University of Pennsylvania faculty for the first time between June 2012 and July 2013. Using descriptive analyses, this study advances knowledge by considering two definitions of massive open online course (MOOC) users (registrants and starters), comparing two approaches to measuring student progress through a MOOC course (sequential versus user driven), and examining several measures of MOOC outcomes and milestones. The patterns of user progression found in this study may not describe current or future patterns given the continued evolution of MOOCs. Nonetheless, the findings provide a baseline for future studies.
Probing the molecular structure of the voltage-dependent sodium channel.

A voltage-sensitive sodium channel plays a fundamental role in the gen­ eration and propagation of action potentials in most multicellular organ­ isms. This transmembrane protein controls a timeand voltage-dependent conductance to sodium ions that produces the rapid depolarization in membrane potential characterizing the beginning of an action potential. Because of its central role in signaling and information transfer, the sodium channel has traditionally been the subject of intensive elec­ trophysiological and biophysical research. During the past ten years, advances in biochemistry and molecular biology have led to rapid pro­ gress in the molecular characterization of this ion channel, and it is this aspect of sodium channel research that is reviewed in detail here. Since the biochemistry of the sodium channel has been the topic of a number of review articles in the past (c.f. Agnew 1984, Barchi 1 982, Catterall 1 986), we concentrate here on work carried out since 1982.
Temperature-Shifted White-Light Interferometry for Equalization of a Fiber Coupler to Near-Zero Path Length Difference

A method for equalizing the path lengths of two arms of an optical fiber coupler is presented as a critical step towards construction of a high-resolution 3-D interferometric imaging system. Based on white-light interferometry (WLI), the technique combines absolute measurement capability with the ability to accurately measure near-zero path length differences. A controlled temperature increase in one arm of the coupler generates a shift in the WLI measurement, allowing the fibers to be polished to near-equal lengths. The technique is demonstrated to equalize the fiber lengths to better than 0.6 mum.
Setpoint Generation for Constant-Velocity Motion of Space-Based Scanners

amount of acceleration has been used to denote the required energy consumption for the landing process. 1,3,4 In this study, we adopt the same idea to employ the norm of the control input u for expressing the required energy for landing. The relationship between control effort and mass of propellant m p required for landing can be expressedas 11 k uk dt / [m0/(m0 i m p)], where m0 is the initial vehicle mass. Conclusion We have considered the rendezvous of a space vehicle with a celestial object. The study included the effects of drag and disturbance. By employing the variable structure control technique, a continuous guidance law has been proposed to guarantee the tracking performance and alleviate the classical chattering drawback. The tracking performance has the property of exponential convergence rate, which can be assigned by the designer. Finally, an illustrative example was presented to demonstrate the use of the main results.
Isolation and characterization of nine microsatellite markers for Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) Beauv., a recently invasive grass species in Oregon.

The patterns of genetic diversity caused by rapid range expansions following recent colonizations are best observed using highly polymorphic genetic markers. We characterized nine microsatellite markers for Brachypodium sylvaticum, a bunchgrass invasive in the Northwestern United States and native to Eurasia. Loci exhibited from two to 10 alleles, and generally had high FIS values. These loci will help identify sources of new populations in the region, and they will be useful for studying patterns of genetic diversity during rapid range expansions.
Learning Time-Varying Coverage Functions

Coverage functions are an important class of discrete functions that capture the law of diminishing returns arising naturally from applications in social network analysis, machine learning, and algorithmic game theory. In this paper, we propose a new problem of learning time-varying coverage functions, and develop a novel parametrization of these functions using random features. Based on the connection between time-varying coverage functions and counting processes, we also propose an efficient parameter learning algorithm based on likelihood maximization, and provide a sample complexity analysis. We applied our algorithm to the influence function estimation problem in information diffusion in social networks, and show that with few assumptions about the diffusion processes, our algorithm is able to estimate influence significantly more accurately than existing approaches on both synthetic and real world data.
The CSU sodium lidar facility: Current observation capability and science

A novel narrowband lidar, probing the fluorescence of atmospheric Na atoms was deployed in Fort Collins, CO. We discuss the novelty of our lidar system, followed by a number of interesting and important atmospheric phenomena.
Dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic composition of low-temperature axial and ridge-flank hydrothermal fluids of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

We analyzed stable carbon (δ 13 C) and radiocarbon (Δ 14 C) isotopes of ocean crustal fluid samples from two low-temperature environmentsonandneartheJuandeFucaRidge(JDFR),aseafloorspreadingcenterinthenortheasternPacificOcean.Themajorgoals
Zeno behavior in homogeneous hybrid systems

The link between Zeno behavior and homogeneity in hybrid systems is pursued. Zeno behavior is associated with homogeneous hybrid systems having negative degree. Zeno behavior is typically ruled out in homogeneous hybrid systems with nonnegative degree. Next, asymptotic stability in homogeneous systems is shown to be robust to homogeneous perturbations. In turn, homogeneous perturbations are used to characterize local, approximate homogeneity. For systems that are locally, approximately homogeneous with negative (respectively, nonnegative) degree, Zeno behavior can be established (respectively, ruled out typically). In addition, stability results based on linear and conical approximations are established.
The Prognosis of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease after Hospitalization for Acute Respiratory Failure

We followed the course of 36 consecutive patients hospitalized with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic bronchitis in order to clarify the prognosis in this common group of patients. All of the patients had spirometric evidence of severe, poorly reversible airflow limitation and all had a similar cause of acute respiratory failure. In addition, all received similar treatment during hospitalization and follow-up. Patients with asthma and pneumonia were excluded by clinical, spirometric, and roentgenographic criteria. Hospital survival was 94 percent, and only one patient required intubation. Two-year survival was 72 percent, and none of the patients died during a readmission for acute respiratory failure. This prognosis is much better than commonly recognized and compares favorably to that of stable outpatients with similar degrees of airflow limitation. An episode of acute respiratory failure, triggered by an exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, does not necessarily alter the prognosis of patients with COPD.
Client demographics and therapeutic approach as predictive factors in the in-treatment outcomes of opiate users.

This study examines the effect of pretreatment role involvements and therapeutic environment on the level of in-treatment client performance in a sample of 704 nonopiate users. Within the sample, treatment type is found to have minimal predictive utility for success on selected measures of performance.
Autobiographic Narratives as Data in Applied Linguistics

In the past decade, language memoirs, linguistic autobiographies, and learners' journals and diaries have become a popular means of data collection in applied linguistics. It is not always clear however how one should go about analyzing these data. The aim of this paper is to offer a critical review of analytical frameworks applied to second language users' personal narratives. I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these frameworks in relation to the type of information they seek: subject reality, life reality, and text reality. I argue that some analytical approaches, in particular content and thematic analyses, are insensitive to the interpretive nature of autobiographic data. Subsequently, I offer recommendations for systematic analysis of bi- and multilinguals' narratives on macro- and micro-levels in terms of content, context, and form.
New paradigm of predictive MOSFET and interconnect modeling for early circuit simulation

A new paradigm of predictive MOSFET and interconnect modeling is introduced. This approach is developed to specifically address SPICE compatible parameters for future technology generations. For a given technology node, designers can use default values or directly input L/sub eff/, T/sub ok/, V/sub t/, R/sub dsw/ and interconnect dimensions to instantly obtain a BSIM3v3 customized model for early stages of circuit design and research. Models for 0.18 /spl mu/m and 0.13 /spl mu/m technology nodes with L/sub eff/ down to 70 nm are currently available on the web. Comparisons with published data and 2D simulations are used to verify this predictive technology model.
High-performance heat sinking for VLSI

The problem of achieving compact, high-performance forced liquid cooling of planar integrated circuits has been investigated. The convective heat-transfer coefficient h between the substrate and the coolant was found to be the primary impediment to achieving low thermal resistance. For laminar flow in confined channels, h scales inversely with channel width, making microscopic channels desirable. The coolant viscosity determines the minimum practical channel width. The use of high-aspect ratio channels to increase surface area will, to an extent, further reduce thermal resistance. Based on these considerations, a new, very compact, water-cooled integral heat sink for silicon integrated circuits has been designed and tested. At a power density of 790 W/cm2, a maximum substrate temperature rise of 71°C above the input water temperature was measured, in good agreement with theory. By allowing such high power densities, the heat sink may greatly enhance the feasibility of ultrahigh-speed VLSI circuits.
Modeling parallel computers as memory hierarchies

A parameterized generic model that captures the features of diverse computer architectures would facilitate the development of portable programs. Specific models appropriate to particular computers are obtained by specifying parameters of the generic model. A generic model should be simple, and for each machine that it is intended to represent, it should have a reasonably accurate specific model. The Parallel Memory Hierarchy (PMH) model of computation uses a single mechanism to model the costs of both interprocessor communication and memory hierarchy traffic. A computer is modeled as a tree of memory modules with processors at the leaves. All data movement takes the form of block transfers between children and their parents. The paper assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the PMH model as a generic model. >
Recovery of cells in vitro from the effects hypoxia and hyperoxia.

The cytotoxic effect of high, as well as low, oxygen tension of proliferation and metabolism of Low line cells in culture is reversible even after several days of exposure provided the cells are returned to 95% air + 5% CO2 environment. This suggests that the activity of certain mechanisms within the cells may have been altered or in other ways inhibited by the abnormal environments but are quite rapidly regenerated once the adverse condition is removed. The cells tolerate a low O2 exposure for at least 20 days while continuous exposure to high O2 atmosphere results in degeneration and death after 7–10 days. Both glucose utilization and lactic acid production are elevated in cultures exposed to either low or high O2 tensions, although they are markedly higher in the latter condition. When cell so exposed are returned to an air + 5% CO2 atmosphere, rate of glucose uptake and lactic acid formation soon approaches that found in control cultures.
Petrology on Mars

Petrologic investigations of martian rocks have been accomplished by mineralogical, geochemical, and textural analyses from Mars rovers (with geologic context provided by orbiters), and by laboratory analyses of martian meteorites. Igneous rocks are primarily lavas and volcaniclastic rocks of basaltic composition, and ultramafic cumulates; alkaline rocks are common in ancient terranes and tholeiitic rocks occur in younger terranes, suggesting global magmatic evolution. Relatively uncommon feldspathic rocks represent the ultimate fractionation products, and granitic rocks are unknown. Sedimentary rocks are of both clastic (mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate, all containing significant igneous detritus) and chemical (evaporitic sulfate and less common carbonate) origin. High-silica sediments formed by hydrothermal activity. Sediments on Mars formed from different protoliths and were weathered under different environmental conditions from terrestrial sediments. Metamorphic rocks have only been inferred from orbital remote-sensing measurements. Metabasalt and serpentinite have mineral assemblages consistent with those predicted from low-pressure phase equilibria and likely formed in geothermal systems. Shock effects are common in martian meteorites, and impact breccias are probably widespread in the planet’s crustal rocks. The martian rock cycle during early periods was similar in many respects to that of Earth. However, without plate tectonics Mars did not experience the thermal metamorphism and flux melting associated with subduction, nor deposition in subsided basins and rapid erosion resulting from tectonic uplift. The rock cycle during more recent time has been truncated by desiccation of the planet’s surface and a lower geothermal gradient in its interior. The petrology of Mars is intriguingly different from Earth, but the tried-and-true methods of petrography and geochemistry are clearly translatable to another world.
The never-ending story on coronary calcium: is it predictive, punitive, or protective?

High-risk atherosclerotic plaques are pathologically characterized by a thin fibrous cap and substantial plaque burden with a large necrotic core, intense macrophage infiltration, and spotty calcification [(1–5)][1]. Multiple invasive imaging modalities can reliably identify these markers but
Effect of C/Si Ratio and Nitrogen Doping on 4H-SiC Epitaxial Growth Using Dichlorosilane Precursor

Application of dichlorosilane (DCS) in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth on 4° off-cut substrates has been studied. The effect of C/Si ratio and N2 gas flow rate on epilayer properties is investigated in detail. It is found that the C/Si ratio has a significant influence on the growth rate, epilayer surface roughness (step-bunching), conversion of basal plane dislocations (BPDs), and generation of morphological defects and in-grown stacking faults. A wide range of doping concentration from p- to n+ can be controlled in DCS growth. High quality 4° off-cut SiC epilayers are achieved for C/Si=1.3 – 1.8. Addition of N2 has no obvious influence on growth rate and defect densities. The BPD conversion greater than 99.8% is achieved independent of N doping without any pretreatment.
How much asthma is occupationally related

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease that is increasing in both prevalence and mortality in developed countries around the world. Occupational exposures to sensitizers and irritants are causes of both asthma cases and asthma exacerbations in adults. The determination of how many cases of asthma may be caused or worsened by occupational exposures is highly dependent on how asthma is defined, what constitutes work-relatedness, and what specific methodology is employed. Surveillance-based methods generally have found the lowest proportion of work-related asthma, ranging from 1-8% of cases. Other types of studies, using exposed-unexposed methodology or interviews of incident asthma cases, have determined that 10-25% of cases are occupationally related. Ultimate determination of how much asthma may be related to occupational or environmental exposures will require better surveillance of asthma, along with a better understanding of this disease and its natural history.
Congenital and Inflammatory Arteritides

Congenital vascular abnormalities and inflammatory arteritides are rare causes of renovascular hypertension with unique epidemiology and diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Patients with these disorders require lifelong clinical management and can develop cardiovascular complications. This chapter provides an in-depth review of coarctation of the aorta and Takayasu arteritis as prototypical congenital and inflammatory disorders and provides an overview of other clinically relevant vascular disorders associated with renovascular hypertension.
Adaptation to Certain Tensions of Oxygen as Shown by Gonococcus and Other Parasitic and Saprophytic Bacteria

Practically all our knowledge concerning the respiration of bacteria has been thoroughly reviewed by Kruse,1 and an especially illuminating discussion of this subject has been given by Meyer.2 We shall not go into detail concerning the influence of oxygen tension on sporulation, germination, division, and motility. We would remind the reader, however, that chiefly through the investigation of Chudiakow, Winogradski, Porodko, Wundt, and others, it became known that the optimal conditions for the growth of any single species do not depend so much on the presence or absence of oxygen as on its tension, and further, that through the work of Beijerinck3 we became acquainted with a group of bacteria which thrive only at a partial atmospheric tension of oxygen?the microaerophiles. Among these may be mentioned the bacteria studied in bean infusions by Beijerinck; the sulfur bacteria, the peculiar behavior of which was reported by Winogradski; Amylobacter butylicum, which, according to Beijerinck's observation, only grows and ferments wort under anaerobic conditions but grows better at a lower temperature in peptone-starch water under more nearly aerobic conditions; B. abortus, which von Bang and Stribolt found required a partial tension for its growth; a bacillus isolated from fowl diphtheria by Miiller;4 and certain pyogenic streptococci, as shown by Wittneben.5 It seems remarkable to us that greater attention has not been paid to the oxygen requirements of parasitic bacteria. A few recent experiences have suggested to us that the cultivation of many of the unknown viruses of infectious diseases may depend more on the presence of the right oxygen tension than on the composition of the
Plasma Levels of Prolactin, FSH and LH in the Pseudopregnant Rat

SummaryThe present study provides a comprehensive assessment of the dynamic changes that occur in the secretion of prolactin, LH and FSH during pseudopregnancy. Prolactin levels are elevated during the first 5 days of pseudopregnancy and suppressed during the remainder of the term. LH levels are suppressed during the duration of pseudopregnancy and show very little fluctuation. Finally, FSH levels, while lower than values of this hormone in proestrus, show a peak on Day 3 and a steady rise beginning Day 8 of pseudopregnancy.
Analysis of Government Responsibility in the Circulation Economy Development

Recycle economy is a new kind of economic development model.It is an economic growth mode that con- forms to the sustainable development idea.This mode takes the resources highly effective utilization and the circulation utili- zation as the core,on the principle of“reduction,re-utilization,converting into resources”,with the essential feature of low consumption,low emission,high efficiency.The foreign developed country's recycle economy experience and lessons reveal that the government serves as the leading role in circulation economic development.The government is undertaking the responsibility to establish the recycle economy idea,to guarantee the system supplies of the circulation economic,and to construct the Chinese characteristic the circulation economic system combining the Chinese national condition.
Shot in the dark

In 1933 the astronomer Fritz Zwicky unearthed a puzzle that has kept researchers busy ever since. He showed that galaxies in the Coma Cluster, the massive cluster of galaxies closest to us, are moving so fast relative to one another that they should have escaped – but yet there they are. There are two possible solutions to this puzzle: either the stars that we observe are merely a tracer (about 1%) of the total amount of matter in the cluster and the rest is in the form of some kind of exotic "dark" matter; or gravity is much stronger on million light-year scales than the expected Newtonian 1/r2 force law. However, neither Zwicky's observations nor those made in the intervening years have allowed researchers to distinguish conclusively between these solutions.
Early hospital discharge in the myocardial reperfusion era

The prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction has improved dramatically over the past several decades. New treatment strategies, however, have incrementally increased the expense of treating these patients. Early hospital discharge is one potential way of offsetting some of this expense. Cardiac catheterization can greatly facilitate patient selection for early discharge by defining patients with low-risk anatomy who do not require additional diagnostic testing or therapy, by documenting infarct artery patency, an important predictor of a favorable prognosis, and by diagnosing patients who can expeditiously be revascularized by coronary angioplasty.
Islets of Langerhans in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis. A quantitative study

The incidence of fasting hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus (DM) in older patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is reported to be 8%, but few quantitative studies of the islets of Langerhans in this disease have been done. Three groups of patients were studied in this morphometric autopsy analysis: patients with CF and insulin-dependent DM (n = 7), normoglycemic patients with CF (n = 4), and age-matched adolescents and young-adult controls (n = 11). The islets of Langerhans were stained with immunoperoxidase for insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. The percentage of the total islet surface area occupied by each immunoperoxidase positive cell type was determined by a point-counting method. The mean percent surface area occupied by insulin-producing cells (28.3%) in diabetics with CF was significantly less than normoglycemics with CF (46.7%) and controls (53.4%). The mean percent surface area occupied by glucagon-producing cells was similar in all three groups: 21.9% in CF diabetics, 25.4% in normoglycemics with CF, and 22.4% in controls. The mean percent surface area occupied by somatostatin was increased in both CF groups compared with controls: diabetics with CF, 29.3%; normoglycemics with CF, 26.2%; and controls, 15.5%. These findings correlate with published clinical endocrine studies of hyperglycemia in CF. Endocrine cell quantitation in diabetics with CF differs from that in both juvenile (type 1) and adult-onset (type 2) DM.
Cloacal exstrophy reconstruction for urinary continence.

AbstractFrom 1978 to 1989 we treated 16 patients with cloacal exstrophy, including 8 who have been treated since birth. To achieve urinary continence bladder reconstruction was required in 12 patients, including 3 ileocystoplasties, 4 gastrocystoplasties and 5 gastric continent urinary reservoirs. All 12 patients underwent simultaneous bladder neck/urethral continence procedures. Of the 12 patients with completed reconstruction 10 were evaluable for continence. All 10 patients are dry for periods of 3 or more hours, and 5 are totally dry day and night. All but 1 patient are totally dependent on clean intermittent catheterization. Followup ranges from 2 to 66 months, and all except 1 patient have stable upper tract function. Patients with cloacal exstrophy can undergo reconstruction in a fashion to maintain urinary continence, and stomach is the ideal tissue for such reconstruction.
Regulation of ANG II receptor in hypertension: role of ANG II.

To investigate the role of angiotensin II (ANG II) in the development of hypertension induced by reduced renal mass (RRM) and the gene expression of ANG II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptors in the remnant renal tissue, four groups of rats were given 1% NaCl in water and subjected to RRM, RRM + ramipril, RRM + losartan, or sham surgery (control). Tail-cuff systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in RRM rats than in the other three groups. Northern blot showed that AT 1 gene expression was significantly decreased in RRM, RRM + ramipril, or RRM + losartan vs. control. There was no significant difference among the three RRM groups. Renal transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β 1 ) mRNA levels were increased threefold (P < 0.05) in RRM, RRM + ramipril, and RRM + losartan vs. control. There was no significant difference among the three RRM groups. We conclude that the development of RRM hypertension is ANG II dependent but not mediated by AT1 gene expression. RRM downregulates AT 1 mRNA and upregulates TGF-β1 mRNA in the remnant renal tissue, regardless of blood pressure or plasma levels of ANG II, suggesting that these gene responses are triggered by an effect of local injury.
Endocrine Effects of Valproate in Adolescent Girls with Epilepsy

The effects of epilepsy and/or valproate (VPA) monotherapy on physical growth, weight gain, pubertal development, and hormonal status of 68 consecutive female patients aged 6-20 years (20 premenarche, 60 postmenarche) were studied at the Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center, and Tel Aviv University, Israel.
Nozzles for Airbreathing Engines

Nozzle characteristics and the simplifying assumptions used in their analysis are introduced. The effects of friction and heat release are treated and the properties of isentropic flow in nozzles in which only the cross-sectional area changes are covered in detail. Calculation of the mass flow in such nozzles and the conditions for maximum mass flow are presented. Nozzle operation as controlled by the nozzle pressure ratio, including the presence of shocks, is discussed. Two-dimensional considerations in nozzle flows and illustrative cases of overexpanded nozzles and underexpanded nozzles are presented. The use of afterburning for increased thrust is covered and different nozzle configurations for subsonic and supersonic flight are discussed. Thrust-vectoring nozzles and practical nozzle losses are considered.
Trouble in the niche? Send in a statin.

In this issue of Blood , Shi et al report on functional deficits of marrow endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in patients with poor graft function (PGF) after allotransplant which could be improved in vitro with atorvastatin exposure. 1
Green Relay Assisted D2D Communications with Dual Battery for IoT

As the era of Internet of Things (IoT) approaches, we are facing a new level of awareness about our world. It has been predicted that almost 50 billion devices will be connected by 2020 to realize the Internet of Things. A large number of devices will communicate with each other to gather, share and forward information to connect people in a more intelligent, convenient and efficient way. Therefore, Device-to-Device (D2D) communications is expected to be the intrinsic part of IoT. However, most existing researches in D2D communications are based on the D2D and cellular communications coexisted architecture. Provisioning D2D and cellular communications in the same cellular network quickly exhaust the limited resources, thus leading to performance degradation. We envision a novel architecture of green relay assisted D2D communications with dual battery for IoT. We adopt low power small base stations (BSs) as the relay BSs in the network. By optimally allocating the network resource, our proposed architecture enables the source- destination device pairs to reach their required transmission data rates to satisfy their different application services. The relay BSs are powered by both green energy and on-grid energy, and equipped with dual battery. By balancing the residual green energy among the relay BSs, we maximize the utilization of green energy in the network and achieve the goal of furthest saving the on-grid energy. Finally, we validate the performance of the proposed architecture through extensive simulations.
Patenting nonassociated polymeric structures (NAPS): implications for structural genomic data release.

The intellectual property laws that govern patent rights should provide a reasonable balance between the competing concerns of open access and exclusivity. Open access can facilitate knowledge dissemination and collaboration in furthering science. On the other hand, exclusivity can ensure interest and financial investment in scientific research and development. In recent days, the appropriate balance between open access and exclusivity has been a focus of public debate, particularly with regard to genomic inventions and their applications. In seeking to reconcile the timing of structural genomic data release with certain efforts to secure intellectual property rights, the International Structural Genomics Organisation joins others confronting this controversy. This paper seeks to inform the discussion with an overview of the U.S. standards for patenting nonassociated polymeric structures (NAPS), which include polynucleotides or polypeptides of unknown biological significance, and their corresponding structural data. In the United States, the present ability to obtain patent rights to these discoveries appears problematic given the requirement of specific, substantial and credible utility, among other things. Without demonstrable utility, NAPS and NAPS-related data likely will not be entitled to patent protection, whether the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office rejects NAPS claims as unpatentable in the first instance, or the U.S. federal courts invalidate NAPS claims in later patent litigation. As such, the improbability of obtaining enforceable patent rights to NAPS might undermine the rationale for delaying structural genomic data release to allow for the filing of patent applications in this regard.