cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Involvement of 5-HT2A Receptors in the Serotonin (5-HT) Syndrome caused by Excessive 5-HT Efflux in Rat Brain

Previous studies have demonstrated that serotonin (5-HT) syndromes, particularly for the malignant cases, can be alleviated by ice water mists, cooling blankets and many other external cooling measures. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that external cooling measures reduce the responsivity of 5-HT(2A) receptors to excessive 5-HT efflux, which may be a possible mechanism underlying the treatment of serotonin syndrome. To test this, rat experiments were carried out in the standard and cool ambient temperature (T(amb) ) by administration of the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan combined with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor clorgyline. The first set of experiments was to assess severity of the syndromes by measuring body temperature responses. Consistent with the hypothesis, we found that the syndrome was malignant at the standard T(amb) of 22°C but alleviated at 12 or 6°C, these results being similar to those in rats pre-treated with the 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonist ketanserin. The second set of experiments was to utilize microdialysis to determine the relationship between the syndrome severity and 5-HT levels at the above-mentioned T(amb) . We found that excessive 5-HT efflux consisted of primary and secondary components through two distinct mechanisms. Furthermore, the secondary component efflux, which can be ascribed to 5-HT(2A) receptor activation, was proportionally reduced at the cool T(amb) of 12 and 6°C. In conclusion, results of this study support the hypothesis that cooling T(amb) reduces the functional activity of 5-HT(2A) receptors, thus alleviating the malignant syndrome.
Geometry of the Standard Model

This is a brief description of the classical part of the Standard Model of particles and interactions, using the language of vector bundles over the spacetime and operations on them.
Response initiated multiple access (RIMA), a medium access control protocol for satellite channels

The means of achieving full duplex broadband access to either the home or office has been the focus of much research and entrepreneurial development in the past 5 years. This is the so-called "last mile" problem. One approach is duplex access to either a geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) or non-GSO satellite, through a relatively small satellite dish located at each home or office. This scenario gives rise to a multiple access problem in the uplink (i.e. terrestrial Earth terminal to satellite) channel. We present response initiated multiple access, RIMA, a medium access protocol which seeks to maximize the uplink system capacity while providing a suitable quality of service (QoS) for those terrestrial users accessing the satellite system. We assume an underlying TDMA physical layer and present simulation results which detail the performance of RIMA an environment where the dominant source of user traffic comes from the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
Earnings inequality within organizations

Abstract Although research has documented that earnings inequality within organizations affects many dimensions of organizational outcomes, we have little knowledge about what makes some organizations more unequal than others in terms of the earnings distribution. In order to study the relationship between organizational characteristics and within-organization earnings inequality, I analyze a nationally representative sample of manufacturing establishments in the National Employer Survey (NES). The analysis focuses on how organization-level characteristics such as workforce composition within the establishment and flexible workplace practices are associated with within-establishment earnings inequality. The results suggest that gender heterogeneity, percentage of newly hired workers within the organization, and flexible workplace practices such as job rotation and self-managed teams are significantly associated with earnings dispersion within manufacturing establishments.
Infants and young children with cystic fibrosis have high levels of serum sialyl Lewisa antigen

Previous studies suggest that serum levels of the mucin-associated sialyl Lewis(a) (Le(a)) antigen (NeuAC alpha 2-3 Gal beta 1-3 [Fuc alpha 1-4]GlcNAc beta 1...) correlate with the pulmonary status of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients who have Le(a) or Lewis(b) blood types and can form the antigen. However, there is little information on serum sialyl Le(a) antigen levels in CF patients or normal children younger than 9 y. We measured serum antigen levels using the MAb 19-9 in normal term neonates, CF infants and young children, and infants and children who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia or asthma. The mean serum sialyl Le(a) antigen level of the CF patients was 46.7 U/mL, significantly above (p < 0.01) the mean levels of the three other groups. The mean serum sialyl Le(a) levels of the three non-CF groups were not significantly different from one another or from published normal values. We conclude that serum sialyl Le(a) antigen levels are elevated early in CF, but are normal in asthma and bronchopulmonary dysplasia patients.
Tutorial: simulating chromatography with Microsoft Excel Macros.

Chromatography is one of the cornerstones of modern analytical chemistry; developing an instinctive feeling for how chromatography works will be invaluable to future generation of chromatographers. Specialized software programs exist that handle and manipulate chromatographic data; there are also some that simulate chromatograms. However, the algorithm details of such software are not transparent to a beginner. In contrast, how spreadsheet tools like Microsoft Excel™ work is well understood and the software is nearly universally available. We show that the simple repetition of an equilibration process at each plate (a spreadsheet row) followed by discrete movement of the mobile phase down by a row, easily automated by a subroutine (a “Macro” in Excel), readily simulates chromatography. The process is readily understood by a novice. Not only does this permit simulation of isocratic and simple single step gradient elution, linear or multistep gradients are also easily simulated. The versatility of a transparent and easily understandable computational platform further enables the simulation of complex but commonly encountered chromatographic scenarios such as the effects of nonlinear isotherms, active sites, column overloading, on-column analyte degradation, etc. These are not as easily simulated by available software. Views of the separation as it develops on the column and as it is seen by an end-column detector are both available in real time. Excel 2010™ also permits a 16-level (4-bit) color gradation of numerical values in a column/row; this permits visualization of a band migrating down the column, much as Tswett may have originally observed, but in a numerical domain. All parameters of relevance (partition constants, elution conditions, etc.) are readily changed so their effects can be examined. Illustrative Excel spreadsheets are given in the Supporting Information; these are easily modified by the user or the user can write his/her own routine.
Development of automated surface seawater nitrate mapping systems for use in open ocean and coastal waters

Uncertainty concerning the cycles and budgets of the major bioactive chemicals in the sea is partially a function of undersampling in relation to the actual spatial and temporal variability. However, technologies are becoming increasingly available for development of inexpensive devices for the continuous measurement of ocean properties. We have leveraged on these technologies and built two versions of a nitrate mapping system that is designed to operate with minimal operator intervention and provide near real-time surface seawater nitrate data. The analyzers are based on microprocessor-controlled Kloehn syringe pump modules operating in a batch mode. A rapid response nitrate analyzer uses two syringe pump modules and is capable of a 2-min sampling rate, allowing high temporal/spatial resolution. A simpler system which uses a single syringe pump and provides nitrate data every 20 min has also been built. Both systems can be integrated with other sensors (e.g. fluorometers) and navigation data to either display real-time maps or a scrolling display of multiple parameters. These systems have been deployed for extended periods on coastal and open ocean cruises.
A sufficient condition for robust stabilization of interval plants using generalized compensators

Abstract In this paper the existing results on robust stabilization of interval plants using special kinds of compensators are extended to that using general rational compensators. Such an extension is necessary because many interval (or nominal) plants can be stabilized only by generalized compensators. A sufficient condition is proposed, that is, the stability of four specified polynomials is sufficient to guarantee the stabilization of an interval plant
Gauge invariance of gravitational theory

Einstein's theory of gravitation is gauge invariant under SL(2, C) and GL(4, R). Here we discuss the latter invariance using the customary differential formulation.
Computer-aided design of single- and two-variable analogue function generators

Values for the resistances shunting sections of tapped potentiometers are rapidly computed from simple data using two alternative digital-computer programs which provide potentiometer-network designs, having a specified accuracy, for arbitrary monotonic and nonmonotonic functions.
Variable Photosynthetic Responses of Pinus resinosa Seedlings to Herbicides

HERBICIDES have shown variable toxicity to young gymnosperms; the susceptibility of these plants greatly varies according to the chemicals and dosage used, the species, and the age of the plants1–4. Among the more obvious deleterious responses of young Pinus plants to certain herbicides are twisting and curling of cotyledons, distortion of old needles, chlorosis, and subsequent plant mortality. The incorporation of herbicides by the soil usually causes greater injury to plants than does the application of them to the soil surface3,4. Comparisons of cross-sections of needles from young control Pinus resinosa and herbicide-treated plants showed marked effects on needle anatomy as a result of treatment5. Needles from control plants were approximately semicircular in outline. Their mesophyll cells were closely packed and infolded, and they contained large chloro-plasts. In contrast, needles of plants treated with atrazine, simazine or prometryne were distorted and chlorotic. Their mesophyll cells were often rounded and the infolding characteristic of normal mesophyll tissue no longer occurred. Frequently the mesophyll cells became vacuolated or nearly empty and sometimes large gaps were present among them5. These experiments have now been extended in order to evaluate the effects of five structurally different herbicides on photosynthesis of 3–0 Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings.
Self-Consistent-Field Theory of Linear and Nonlinear Crystalline Dielectrics Including Local-Field Effects

The linear and nonlinear responses of a crystalline dielectric to external fields are derived using a self-consistent-field formulation. Local-field effects arising from the rapidly varying charge density in a lattice are built into the analysis in order to identify properly the effect of the lattice on the macroscopic dielectric tensors. Formal solutions are obtained for a general lattice; standard results are deduced for special cases ranging from point dipoles to a free-electron gas. The self-consistent local fields are presented in a gauge that accounts for longitudinal electron-electron interactions and for transverse-optical properties.
Fingertip dermatitis in an ophthalmologist caused by proparacaine.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the late diagnosis of allergic response to proparacaine hydrochloride in an ophthalmologist. METHOD: Case report. In a 49-year-old practicing ophthalmologist, the history, clinical findings of fingertip dermatitis, skin pathology, and skin patch testing are described. RESULTS: Proparacaine, as the initiating agent, took almost 3 years to identify because of the unusual pattern of allergy. We explored numerous treatment options before identifying and removing the offending agent. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmologists may be exposed to proparacaine on a daily basis. This unique report heightens the awareness of this rare work-related complication.
Similar-sized collisions and the diversity of planets

Abstract It is assumed in models of terrestrial planet formation that colliding bodies simply merge. From this the dynamical and chemical properties (and habitability) of finished planets have been computed, and our own and other planetary systems compared to the results of these calculations. But efficient mergers may be exceptions to the rule, for the similar-sized collisions (SSCs) that dominate terrestrial planet formation, simply because moderately off-axis SSCs are grazing; their centers of mass overshoot. In a “hit and run” collision the smaller body narrowly avoids accretion and is profoundly deformed and altered by gravitational and mechanical torques, shears, tides, and impact shocks. Consequences to the larger body are minor in inverse proportion to its relative mass. Over the possible impact angles, hit-and-run is the most common outcome for impact velocities vimp between ∼ 1.2 and 2.7 times the mutual escape velocity vesc between similar-sized planets. Slower collisions are usually accretionary, and faster SSCs are erosive or disruptive, and thus the prevalence of hit-and-run is sensitive to the velocity regime during epochs of accretion. Consequences of hit-and-run are diverse. If barely grazing, the target strips much of the exterior from the impactor—any atmosphere and ocean, much of the crust—and unloads its deep interior from hydrostatic pressure for about an hour. If closer to head-on ( ∼ 30 – 45 ° ) a hit-and-run can cause the impactor core to plow through the target mantle, graze the target core, and emerge as a chain of diverse new planetoids on escaping trajectories. A hypothesis is developed for the diversity of next-largest bodies (NLBs) in an accreting planetary system—the bodies from which asteroids and meteorites derive. Because nearly all the NLBs eventually get accreted by the largest (Venus and Earth in our terrestrial system) or by the Sun, or otherwise lost, those we see today have survived the attrition of merger, evolving with each close call towards denser and volatile-poor bulk composition. This hypothesis would explain the observed density diversity of differentiated asteroids, and of dwarf planets beyond Neptune, in terms of episodic global-scale losses of rock or ice mantles, respectively. In an event similar to the Moon-forming giant impact, Mercury might have lost its original crust and upper mantle when it emerged from a modest velocity hit and run collision with a larger embryo or planet. In systems with super-Earths, profound diversity and diminished habitability is predicted among the unaccreted Earth-mass planets, as many of these will have be stripped of their atmospheres, oceans and crusts.
Student performance on and attitudes toward peer assessments on Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience assignments

Abstract Purpose To compare student (peer) assessment and preceptor evaluation of required rotation assignments and assess students' attitudes toward this process. Methods Fourth-year students completing their Ambulatory Care rotation at Dreyer Medical Clinic from March 2009 to February 2010 were required to complete peer assessments on the rough drafts of three required assignments. Students were trained on proper use of peer assessment forms plus formative feedback questions. After receiving feedback, students had the opportunity to revise final submissions. Preceptors evaluated final versions using the same grading criteria. At the end of the rotation, students provided feedback on the process. A historical control was later created consisting of preceptors' evaluations of students completing their Ambulatory Care rotation at the same clinic the previous year who were not required to complete peer assessments. Results Twenty-two students completed the peer assessments. Mean total scores for peer assessments were similar to preceptor evaluations for case presentation (13.2 vs 12.6, P = .209), journal club (12.6 vs 13.1, P = .457), and drug information paper (12.7 vs 12.6, P = .882). Final feedback indicated that students liked receiving their peers' feedback and felt that assessing peers' assignments helped them improve their own assignments. Mean total scores for preceptor evaluations were similar to the historical control for case presentation (12.6 vs 12.8, P = .529), journal club (13.1 vs 13.3, P = .605), and drug information paper (12.6 vs 13.5, P = .121). Conclusion Although the opportunity for peer evaluation did not translate into a difference in final grades, it is still recommended based on student feedback and reduced faculty workload.
Exploring the transferability of a land-surface hydrology model

The utility of hydrological models as a research tool is strongly linked to their ability to capture changes in regional hydrologic regimes in response to changes in climate forcing, or to simulate the hydrologic regimes of distinct climatic regions: that is, model transferability. To assess the transferability of an existing land-surface hydrology model (LSHM), three case-studies were conducted without changing the model's physical parameterizations and without the calibration of model parameters. A 1D implementation of the LSHM was used with data sets from Cabauw in the Netherlands (field plot scale, one year), and from Valdai in Russia (small catchment scale, 18 years). Simulations of runoff, latent and sensible heat fluxes, soil moisture and soil temperature, and snow accumulation and melt were compared against observations at hourly, daily, monthly, annual and inter-annual time scales. The model can reproduce well the monthly, seasonal and interannual variability of the hydrological regime in response to applied forcing, especially regarding snow accumulation patterns, and the timing and duration of melting. The results also show that, where shallow watertable fluctuations are important in determining the mechanisms of runoff generation (i.e. Valdai), the dynamic interaction between the saturated and the unsaturated zones is an essential hydrologic process that cannot be ignored. Continental-scale simulations were performed using a 1°×1° global data set to assess the model's ability to capture seasonal cycles and interannual variability of hydrological variables across diverse climatic regions in the continental USA before and during the 1988 drought. The results obtained for the three case-studies suggest that the model can be used to study the range of variability caused by environmental change on mid-latitude hydrological regimes. Further work must be conducted for arid and semiarid regions.
The nuclear data of the major actinide fuel materials

2. NUCLEAR DATA OF THE FISSILE MATERIALS 2.1. The Thermaland Resonance-Energy Ranges 2.1.1. Thermal parameters of the fissile nuclides 2.1.2. Resolved-resonance ranges of 233U, 235U and 239pu 2.1.3. Unresolved-resonance ranges of 233U, 23sU and 239pu 2.1.4. The thermal and resonance ranges of 241pu 2.2. The Fast-Neutron-Energy Range 2.2.1. Neutron-induced fission data 2.2.2. Neutron-induced radiative-capture cross-sections 2.2.3. Neutron total and scattering cross-sections
Hormonal changes during the mating and conception seasons of wild northern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus).

We investigated hormonal and behavioral changes in wild male and female northern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus) at the Estacao Biologica de Caratinga, Minas Gerais, Brazil, during a 6-mo period that encompassed the onset of the 1998-1999 mating and conception seasons. Individual females resumed mating with the resumption of ovarian cycling, which was not synchronized among them or related to their cortisol levels. Females experienced two to seven cycles prior to conceiving, and the first conception occurred 2 mo after the onset of the group's mating season. There were no differences in female cortisol levels across their premating, mating, and conception conditions. Cortisol levels were significantly higher in females than in males prior to the conception season, consistent with the prediction that energy reserves may be associated with breeding readiness in females, but not males, in this species. The sustained elevation in male cortisol occurred after the peak in their sexual activity, which resulted in the first conception of the year. Male cortisol levels were positively correlated between years that were similar in rainfall, but differed in the timing of sexual and reproductive events. The timing of cortisol elevations in males appears to be generally regulated by environmental cues, but is responsive to fine-tuning by social and behavioral cues related to the unpredictable timing of reproductive opportunities within their extended mating season.
Chemical syntheses of 5α-cholesta-6,8(14)-dien-3β-ol-15-one and related 15-oxygenated sterols

Abstract Hydroboration of 5α-cholesta-8,14-dien-3β-ol (I) gave 5α-cholest-8-en-3β,15α-diol (IV) in 89% yield. 5α-Cholest-7-en-3β,15α-diol (V) was prepared in 91% yield by hydroboration of 5α-cholesta-7,14-dien-3β-ol (II). Hydroboration of 27:63 mixture of I and II gave IV and V in 18% and 70% yields, respectively. 5α-Cholest-8-en-15α-ol-3-one and 5α-cholest-7-en-15α-ol-3-one were prepared in high yields from IV and V, respectively, by either selective oxidation with silver carbonate-celite or by enzymatic oxidation using cholesterol oxidase. 7α,8α-Epoxy-5α-cholestan-3β,15α-diol (VIII) was prepared in 93% yield by treatment of V with m-chloroperbenzoic acid. 5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-7α-ol-3,15-dione (IX) was prepared in 56% yield by oxidation of VIII with pyridinium chlorochromate followed by treatment of the crude product with acid. Compound IX was also obtained in 72% yield by selective chemical oxidation of 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β,7α,15α-triol. 5α-Cholesta-6,8(14)-dien-3,15-dione (X) was prepared in 89% yield by treatment of IX with p-toluenesulfonic acid under controlled conditions. Reduction of X with lithium tri-tert-butoxyaluminum hydride under controlled conditions gave 5α-cholesta-6,8(14)-dien-3β-ol-15-one in 84% yield.
Technology for the deaf: remembering to accommodate an invisible disability

Beck discusses the need to improve library and information services for the deaf community. The technological support available to libraries to serve the deaf is identified and described. Turnkey systems are found to be lacking in applications devoted to those who cannot hear or who are hard of hearing. Other technologies, like captioned videos, TDDs, and assistive listening systems, are examined for levels of service and excellence as well as cost. Examples of technology in transition and for the future are offered, along with experiments on speech and sound. These include inner ear implants, the “data glove” experiments, and tactile translators. Technological conflicts that may arise due to one person having multiple disabilities are presented with a discussion on the prevention of dangerous or difficult situations. Possible difficulties and ways to handle opposing technologies are examined briefly. Appropriate sections of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Guidelines are grouped with the technologies that aid compliance. Additional laws are mentioned where their inclusion is appropriate. Suggested guidelines for serving the deaf/disabled community are offered for librarians working in all library types.
Bicuculline and strychnine suppress the mesencephalic locomotor region-induced inhibition of group III muscle afferent input to the dorsal horn

We examined the effect of iontophoretic application of bicuculline methiodide and strychnine hydrochloride on the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR)-induced inhibition of dorsal horn cells in paralyzed cats. The activity of 60 dorsal horn cells was recorded extracellularly in laminae I, II, V-VII of spinal segments L7-S1. Each of the cells was shown to receive group III muscle afferent input as demonstrated by their responses to electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve (mean latency and threshold of activation: 20.1+/-6.4 ms and 15.2+/-1.4 times motor threshold, respectively). Electrical stimulation of the MLR suppressed transmission in group III muscle afferent pathways to dorsal horn cells. Specifically the average number of impulses generated by the dorsal horn neurons in response to a single pulse applied to the tibial nerve was decreased by 78+/-2.8% (n=60) during the MLR stimulation. Iontophoretic application (10-50 nA) of bicuculline and strychnine (5-10 mM) suppressed the MLR-induced inhibition of transmission of group III afferent input to laminae I and II cells by 69+/-5% (n=10) and 29+/-7% (n=7), respectively. Likewise, bicuculline and strychnine suppressed the MLR-induced inhibition of transmission of group III afferent input to lamina V cells by 59+/-13% (n=14) and 39+/-11% (n=10), respectively. Our findings raise the possibility that GABA and glycine release onto dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord may play an important role in the suppression by central motor command of thin fiber muscle afferent-reflex pathways.
Prenatal and Perinatal Characteristics Associated with Pediatric-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Background The majority of studies that report early life risk factors for pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) do not account for potential confounding, which can lead to spurious associations and incorrect inferences.
A RAFT THAT FLOATS: EXPERIENCE, TRADITION, AND SCIENCES IN GUSTAFSON'S THEOCENTRIC ETHICS

. Although James Gustafson's use of the Christian Bible and tradition is not fully displayed in the essays published here, Bible and tradition are a crucial part of a composite rationale, which includes experience and the sciences, for his theocentric ethics. Gustafson's theocentric ethics employs the sciences to back, inform, and correct the Christian tradition and offers grounds for respecting the natural piety and morality of “nonreligious” persons while explaining and justifying why Christians draw on major themes and metaphors from their tradition that should penetrate their piety and morality. His proposal should reorient the thinking of theological ethics more than it has thus far.
To mind the mind: An event-related potential study of word class and semantic ambiguity

The goal of this study was to jointly examine the effects of word class, word class ambiguity, and semantic ambiguity on the brain response to words in syntactically specified contexts. Four types of words were used: (1) word class ambiguous words with a high degree of semantic ambiguity (e.g., 'duck'); (2) word class ambiguous words with little or no semantic ambiguity (e.g., 'vote'); (3) word class unambiguous nouns (e.g., 'sofa'); and (4) word class unambiguous verbs (e.g., 'eat'). These words were embedded in minimal phrases that explicitly specified their word class: "the" for nouns (and ambiguous words used as nouns) and "to" for verbs (and ambiguous words used as verbs). Our results replicate the basic word class effects found in prior work (Federmeier, K.D., Segal, J.B., Lombrozo, T., Kutas, M., 2000. Brain responses to nouns, verbs and class ambiguous words in context. Brain, 123 (12), 2552-2566), including an enhanced N400 (250-450 ms) to nouns compared with verbs and an enhanced frontal positivity (300-700 ms) to unambiguous verbs in relation to unambiguous nouns. A sustained frontal negativity (250-900 ms) that was previously linked to word class ambiguity also appeared in this study but was specific to word class ambiguous items that also had a high level of semantic ambiguity; word class ambiguous items without semantic ambiguity, in contrast, were more positive than class unambiguous words in the early part of this time window (250-500 ms). Thus, this frontal negative effect seems to be driven by the need to resolve the semantic ambiguity that is sometimes associated with different grammatical uses of a word class ambiguous homograph rather than by the class ambiguity per se.
Measuring the neutrino mass using intense photon and neutrino beams

We compute the cross section for neutrino-photon scattering taking into account a neutrino mass. We explore the possibility of using intense neutrino beams, such as those available at proposed muon colliders, together with high powered lasers to probe the neutrino mass in photon-neutrino collisions.
Pharmacokinetics of Intraventricular Vancomycin in Hydrocephalic Rats

Patients treated for hydrocephalus are susceptible to developing infectious complications. Ventriculitis is associated with a high mortality and morbidity rate and is often treated with antibiotics administered intraventricularly. Despite the widespread use of intraventricular antibiotics, little is known about the pharmacokinetics of this route of administration in the setting of hydrocephalus.
Evaluation of renal function in saccharin treated rats.

Abstract Renal function and transport have been examined in male and female rats at various times during a 6-month exposure to sodium saccharin. The animals were maintained on special diets containing 0%, 1%, 5% or 7.5% sodium saccharin. Development patterns for renal transport and renal function in the control animals were normal. The 5% and 7.5% concentrations of saccharin caused a reduction in the renal slice steady-state accumulation of p -aminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA) which became significant after the animals were 30 days of age or older. Enhanced sodium excretion was observed in every age group of animals tested when these animals consumed sodium saccharin concentrations ⩾ 1% in the diet. At 60 days of age, increased urine volume, a decrease in urine osmolality, and increased potassium excretion were also found. All effects of saccharin on renal function and transport were promptly and completely reversible when the animals were removed from the saccharin diet for as little as 24 h. The effects of saccharin on PAH transport apparently were attributable to competitive inhibition. Although effects on TEA transport and other renal function parameters were not defined as to mechanism, the effects were as readily reversible as those on PAH when saccharin was removed from the diet.
Generalized Model for Photoinduced Surface Structure in Amorphous Thin Films

We present a generalized model to explain the spatial and temporal evolution of photoinduced surface structure in photosensitive amorphous thin films. The model describes these films as an incompressible viscous fluid driven by a photoinduced pressure originating from dipole rearrangement. This derivation requires only the polarizability, viscosity and surface tension of the system. Using values of these physical parameters, we check the validity of the model by fitting to experimental data of As2S3 and demonstrating good agreement.
Plasma triglyceride levels correlate with body weight, age and gender influence body weight changes in Spermophilus lateralis during prehibernation and hibernation

Our experimental groups consisted of a total 16 male (M) and 15 female (F), juvenile and adult Spermophilus lateralis. This study evaluated weight gain rate (WGR) and mass-specific rate of gain (MSRG) during prehibernation, and weight loss rate (WLR), mass-specific rate of loss (MSRL) plus changes in the levels of plasma triglyceride (TG) during hibernation in these squirrels (SQ). Between January and March, the plasma samples were obtained from 26 SQ. Plasma TG was determined enzymatically, and it averaged 189 mg% with no significant difference in gender. Correlations were observed between plasma TG and sacrificed body weight (r = 0.441, p < 0.05), and between plasma TG and MSRL (r = 0.409, p < 0.05), although plasma TG was not correlated with WLR during hibernation. Juvenile female SQ had a higher WGR than adult female SQ, but no significant difference was found between juvenile and adult males. Both juvenile males and females showed a significantly higher MSRG than adult male and female SQ. Conversely, adult male SQ had a higher WLR and MSRL than juvenile male SQ, but no significant difference was observed between adult and juvenile females. Moreover, juvenile male SQ showed a significantly lower WLR but not MSRL than juvenile females. For these animals, our results suggest that the age factor influences on WGR and MSRG during prehibernation, and also influences on WLR and MSRL during torpor.
Photochemical kinetic analysis

Abstract A fast photokinetic method for the determination of Fe(III) is reported, which employs photoreduction of Fe(III), in situ complexation of the Fe(II) produced, and continuous recording of the absorbance of the colored complex. Complete photoconversion is not necessary; the total photolysis time is approximately one minute. Linear calibration plots were obtained using the initial slope method over the range 2 to 10 micromoles of Fe(III) with relative standard deviation of 1.5%.
Hexose and hexose-phosphate metabolism in barley leaves and roots. Role of glucose 1,6-biphosphate

Abstract Photosynthetic intermediate levels were measured in barley leaves ( Hordeum vulgare L.) as a function of light, carbon dioxide concentration and leaf excision. The results were related to changes in starch, and hexose metabolism. Glucose 6-phosphate (Glc 6-P) and fructose 6-phosphate (Fru6-P) pools in barley primary leaves decreased when net photosynthesis was eliminated after a light-to-dark transition or when leaves were exposed to CO 2 -free air. However, the glucose 1-phosphate (Glc1-P) concentration remained constant during transitions in leaf metabolism. Glucose 1,6-biphosphate (Glc1,6-P 2 ) levels were about 1 and 3 nmol (mg chlorophyll) −1 in dark and light barley leaves, respectively. This finding suggests that Glc1,6-P 2 in plants functions primarily in gluconeogenic metabolic pathways. Changes of Glc1,6-P 2 level were slower than the rapid adjustments observed in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru2,6-P 2 ) during shifts in metabolism, indicating that the former compound is unlikely to be a signal metabolite in plants. Hexose-bisphosphate and hexose-phosphate levels, other than Glc1-P, decreased in 72-h old barley roots after seedlings were exposed to anoxia for 24-h. Changes in Glc1,6-P 2 levels in barley leaves and roots were proportional to alterations in the hexose-phosphate pool, except during the 60–90-min transition period following an abrupt shift in metabolism. Metabolite ratios indicated that phosphoglucose isomerase was slightly displaced from equilibrium in illuminated barley leaves but was near equilibrium in darkened leaves and roots. Glc1-P to Glc1-P ratios were about 6 and 2 in light and dark barley primary leaves, respectively, indicating that phosphoglucomutase was closer to equilibrium in the light than in the dark.
Beliefs, feelings and insight of patients with schizophrenia about taking medication

There has been little systematic study of the attitude of clients with schizophrenia toward treatment, specifically about taking medication. This study measured the attitude of 100 clients with schizophrenia toward taking their medication in the hospital. They include 47 males and 53 females ranging in age from 18 to 75 years (mean = 33). Interviews occurred on the 1st to 32nd hospital day (mean = 4). Fishbein's expectancy-value model provided the theoretical base for this study. Both open-ended and fixed-response estimates of attitude were made. Insight was measured, and the relationship between insight and attitude and between hallucinations and insight were analysed. Age and sex were evaluated in order to determine their effects, if any, on attitude. Internal consistency of both the fixed-response instruments and the insight instrument was evaluated. Clients were able to provide information about beliefs and feelings about taking medication and about insight into illness and treatment. Attitudes varied tremendously; clients frequently held both strongly positive and strongly negative beliefs at the same time. The range for the fixed-response estimate of attitude was -52 to +76; the range for the open-ended estimate was -84 to +24. However, the instruments were significantly correlated (r = 0.5640, P = less than 0.000). Clients also varied widely in their insights with some having good insight and some having poor insight. The insight instrument correlated with the fixed response instrument (r = 0.2585; P = 0.005) suggesting that insight may be related to positive attitude. Attitudes were not affected either by age or sex. Insight was negatively affected by hallucinations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Taxometric Analysis of Psychopathic Personality

Although a common assumption throughout much of the professional and popular literature is that psychopaths are qualitatively different from others, very few studies have examined the latent structure of psychopathy. Whether psychopathy is a discrete category or a continuous dimension may have implications for research on the assessment, etiology, and treatment of this disorder. This study examined the latent structure of psychopathy in a sample of 309 jail and prison inmates. Three taxometric procedures were used to analyze indicators drawn from the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (S. O. Lilienfeld & B. P. Andrews, 1996), a self-report instrument. Consistent with prior studies that used other measures of psychopathy, none of the analyses was consistent with a taxonic solution, suggesting that psychopathic personality may be best understood as existing on a continuum.
Beyond fathering behaviors: Types of dads.

Sixty-nine maritally intact, middle-class Caucasian families rearing their 15-month-old firstborn male child participated in a study of fathering. Two 1-hr naturalistic home observations per family were conducted near dinnertime to record father-child interactions, which were then used to rate father involvement. Cluster analysis of fathering ratings revealed 4 groups of dads: caretakers, playmates-teachers, disciplinarians, and disengaged fathers. Information on demographics, personality, marital quality, relatedness, moods and hassles, and infant emotionality was gathered via parental reports. Analysis of antecedent variables indicated that the caretaker and playmate-teacher fathers were more educated, had more prestigious occupations, were less neurotic, had more confidence in the dependability of others, and experienced fewer daily hassles than the disciplinarian and disengaged fathers. Discriminant analysis demonstrated the collective ability of the antecedent variables to distinguish the 4 groups of fathers.
Streamwise computation of three-dimensional flows using two stream functions

An approach to compute 3D flows using two stream functions is presented. The independent variables used are chi, a spatial coordinate, and xi and eta, values of stream functions along two sets of suitably chosen intersecting stream surfaces. The dependent variables used are the streamwise velocity, and two functions that describe the stream surfaces. Since the value of a stream function is constant along the solid boundaries, this choice of variables makes it easy to satisfy the boundary conditions. To illustrate the approach, computations of incompressible potential flow through a circular-to-rectangular transition duct are also presented.
Microstructural evolution of injection molded gas- and water-atomized 316L stainless steel powder during sintering

The present study investigates the microstructural evolution and densification behavior of water- and gas-atomized 316L stainless steel powder. Dilatometry and quenching studies were conducted to determine the extent of densification and corresponding microstructural changes. Results indicate that water-atomized powder could be sintered to 97% of theoretical density, while gas-atomized powders could be sintered to near-full density. The difference in the densification behavior is examined in terms of the particle morphology, initial green density and the particle chemistry.
Nomenclature of cryptorchidism

Despite the fact that cryptorchidism is a common congenital anomaly, our understanding of this problem is hampered by confusion and uncertainty regarding diagnosis and treatment. A major factor producing this confusion is the lack of a common terminology that describes to the reader (or listener) exactly what the author means by a given term. Herein is proposed a classification system that, if adopted and utilized, could ameliorate this problem.
Reliability and Validity of a State Metacognitive Inventory: Potential for Alternative Assessment

Abstract An assumed advantage of alternative assessments is that they result in more higher level thinking or metacognitive skills. We believe that this advantage should be measured directly and explicitly. Unfortunately, few standardized measures of metacognitive skills (planning, monitoring, cognitive strategies, and awareness) exist. In our studies, for 12th graders, alpha reliability estimates and factor analysis indicated that our metacognitive subscales are reliable (alpha above .70) and unidimensional (one factor per subscale). Because the subscales have only 5 items each, they meet brevity standards. Construct validity of our state metacognitive inventory is acceptable. Results indicate that our state metacognitive inventory yields useful information about both the assessment and students.
The use of locally delivered doxycycline in the treatment of periodontitis. Clinical results

The clinical safety and effectiveness of a subgingivally delivered biodegradable drug delivery system containing doxycycline hyclate (DH) has been evaluated in 3 large 9-month multicenter randomized parallel-design controlled clinical trials. A total of 1002 patients having at least 2 quadrants with a minimum of 4 qualifying pockets > or = 5 mm that bled on probing were enrolled. Each subject had > or = 7 mm probing depths in 2 of the qualifying pockets. Study 1 (n=180) compared DH to sanguinarine chloride (SC) and vehicle control (VC). Study 2 (n=411) and study 3 (n=411) compared DH to VC, scaling and root planing (SRP), and oral hygiene (OH). Clinical measurements included probing depth reduction (PDR), attachment level gain (ALG), bleeding on probing reduction (BOP) and plaque index (PI). Analysis of efficacy data from these 3 trials show all treatments gave significant positive clinical changes from baseline at most time points. Study 1 results indicate that DH was superior to SC and VC in PDR at all time points. Similar results were obtained for ALG when DH was compared to SC and VC. For BOP reductions, DH was superior to VC at all time points and to SC at months 5 through 9. For DH, mean ALG in deep (> or = 7 mm) pockets was 1.4 mm; mean PDR for DH was 2.6 mm. For moderate (5 to 6 mm) pockets, ALG was 0.8 mm and PDR 1.5 mm. Studies 2 and 3 reported mean month 9 ALG for SRP as 0.7 mm and 0.8 mm, respectively. For DH, ALG was 0.8 mm in both studies 2 and 3. At month 9 in studies 2 and 3, 29% and 31% of DH sites and 27% and 34% of SRP sites showed ALG > or = 2 mm. Probing depth reductions followed the same pattern, with 32% of DH sites and 32% of SRP sites showing > or = 2 mm PD reductions in study 2, and 41% of DH and 43% of SRP sites showing PDR of > or = 2 mm in study 3. Comparisons between DH, VC, and OH treatment groups in studies 2 and 3 showed DH treatment was statistically superior to VC and OH at most time points. Results of these 3 large clinical trials demonstrate that treatment of periodontitis with 10% doxycyline hyclate in a bioabsorbable delivery system is equally as effective as SRP and superior in effect to VC and OH in reducing the clinical signs of adult periodontitis.
Scanning force microscopic exploration of the lubrication capabilities of n-alkanethiolate monolayers chemisorbed at gold : Structural basis of microscopic friction and wear

This paper explores the ability of n-alkanethiolates chemisorbed at Au(111) to function as boundary lubricants at microscopic length scales as probed by scanning force microscopy (SFM). Through an examination of the influence of alkyl chain length, we show that the macroscopic structure of this system, as developed from insights into the chain-packing density via infrared reflection spectroscopy, greatly influences the observed friction and wear. That is, the longer chain monolayers exhibit a markedly lower friction and a reduced propensity to wear than the shorter chain monolayers, a situation that reflects the more extensive cohesive interactions between chains. From the combined weight of these findings, we examine the frictional process within the context of an activation mechanism that involves pressure and shear activation volumes. The ability of longer chain alkanethiolate monolayers to lubricate features that arise from changes in substrate topography is also presented, and the resulting mechanist...
Effects of Mircobiological Decontamination on the Storage Stability of Fresh Fish

The effect of microbiological decontamination on the storage stability of fresh fish was investigated, using chlorine pretreatment in combination with various packaging techniques as a means of delaying microbial growth. A 3½ min dip in a 1000 μ/ml free chlorine solution, in combination with either a vacuum pack or polyethylene bag with 10% v/w tap water, yielded a 12-day extension of fresh fish quality. Hypoxanthine accumulation was considerably delayed and TBA numbers were significantly lowered.
DOES ASCORBIC ACID AND FREE IRON IN PLASMA OF PRETERM INFANTS CAUSE OXIDATIVE DAMAGE? † 1156

Background: Ascorbic acid (AA) is a powerful antioxidant. In the presence of free iron (Fefree), however, AA can act as a pro-oxidant and contribute to the production of hydroxyl radicals, which in turn may cause lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Cord plasma concentrations of AA are high in preterm (PT) infants, and Fefree is detectable in the plasma of many PT infants.
The wavelet transforms and statistical models for near infrared spectra analysis

Often extensive spectral data is collected on multiple samples with the goal of predicting one or more properties of the sample. For example, measurements can be made at hundreds of wavelengths along with the more expensive assay values. The predictor variables are often highly correlated and it is expected that only small sections of the wave are pertinent to the measured analytes. There is a need to simplify or compress the predictors to both save data storage and possibly de-noise the data prior to making predictive models. Our idea is to use a factorial design (a two-step frame work) to explore two wavelet transformations, Haar wavelets and Daubechies wavelets, with progressively better approximation to the raw data curves in combination with several statistical prediction methods, including stepwise regression, principal component regression, ridge regression and partial least squares regression. The plan is to study prediction quality using Haar-Step, Haar-PCR, Haar-PLS, Haar-Ridge, Daubechies-Step, Daubechies-PCR, Daubechies-PLS and Daubechies-Ridge. Often PLS and stepwise regression can predict substance concentrations equally well. In such situations, the preferred statistical method should be the simplest method. From our studies, we conclude that the type of wavelet is unimportant, the number of wavelets should be large enough to capture most of the variability in the wave forms, and the choice of the statistical method depends on the analyte.