cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of polymer concentrations in very dilute solutions by a cloud point method

Abstract A method is described for measuring the concentration of polymeric materials in extremely dilute solution (down to 1 p.p.m. or less) by mixed solvent precipitation. The method is characterised by precision and ease of performance but requires initial calibration for the particular material being investigated. At the lowest concentrations, a rapid rise of slope of the calibration curve compensates for the increasing difficulty in measuring end points. Sample curves are given for polymethyl methacrylate) and polystyrene.
Abstractions and implementations for architectural connections

The architecture of a software system shows how the system is realized by a collection of components together with the interactions among these components. Conventional design focuses the components, but the properties of the system depend critically on the character of the interactions. Although software designers have good informal abstractions for these interactions, these abstractions are poorly supported by the available languages and tools. As a result, the choice of interaction is often defaulted or made implicitly rather than deliberately chosen. Further, interactions are usually programmed in terms of underlying mechanisms rather than the designers natural abstractions. UniCon supports a rich selection of abstractions for the connectors that mediate interactions among components. Connector implementation presents special challenges. The "compiler" must produce and integrate not only the object code for components, but also a variety of other run-time products. The definition of a connector requires many connector-specific kinds of information in the compiler, graphical editor, and associated tools. Extending the set of connectors supported by UniCon requires this information to be provided by the connector designer and automatically integrated in the compiler. The paper describes the role of connector abstractions in software design, the connector abstractions currently supported by UniCon, and implementation issues associated with supporting an open-ended collection of connectors.
Thermal Control for Cryogenically Cooled Computer Systems

This paper summarizes the work that has been done at the University of Tennessee on the development of thermal control systems for computers designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures. A number of the major thermal design issues are discussed in detail. These include: (1) the selection of a working fluid, (2) the determination of the mode, or modes, of heat transfer to be employed, (3) the selection, or development, of any required heat transfer correlations, and (4) the selection of a refrigeration system. The results of a preliminary analysis of a candidate thermal control system is presented. The results of an extensive optimization study of the thermal control system are also briefly discussed.
Prediction of particulate loading in exhaust from fabric filter baghouses with one or more failed bags

Loss of filtration efficiency in a fabric filter baghouse is typically caused by bag failure, in one form or another. The degree of such failure can be as minor as a pinhole leak or as major as a fully involved baghouse fire. In some cases, local air pollution regulations or federal hazardous waste laws may require estimation of the total quantity of particulate matter released to the environment as a result of such failures. In this paper, a technique is presented for computing the dust loading in the baghouse exhaust when one or more bags have failed. The algorithm developed is shown to be an improvement over a previously published result, which requires empirical knowledge of the variation in baghouse pressure differential with bag failures. An example calculation is presented for a baghouse equipped with 200 bags. The prediction shows that a small percentage of failed bags can cause a relatively large proportion of the gas flow to bypass the active bags, which, in turn, leads to high outlet dust loading and low overall collection efficiency from the baghouse.
Nasofacial Reconstruction with Calvarial Bone Grafts in Compromised Defects

Objectives/Hypothesis: To determine the utility of calvarial bone grafting in multiple reconstructive settings. In particular to examine the success of calvarial bone grafting of the nasofacial skeleton in a compromised wound bed. Study Design: Case series. Methods: A retrospective review was performed to identify patients undergoing calvarial bone graft reconstruction of the nasofacial skeleton. Patients were identified from operative records and the medical record was reviewed to identify age, gender, site of defect, indication for the operation, size of bone graft harvested, postoperative and delayed complications, radiation exposure, need for additional soft tissue, and graft loss. Results: Eighty-seven patients who underwent split calvarial bone grafts were identified and had a complete medical record available for review. Ninety grafts were harvested. Five subsites in the nasofacial skeleton were identified as sites for reconstruction. Forty cases were performed for revision of a previous complication, including 13 who had a previous alloplastic implant. Twenty-four additional cases were performed in a compromised wound bed and 64% of all cases were performed in either a revision or compromised setting. There was an 11% incidence of early postoperative complications, but there were no major complications at the donor site and only two major complications at the recipient site. Conclusion: Calvarial bone is a very useful material in the primary, revision, and compromised settings. This series suggests that split calvarial bone grafts is an adaptable, durable, and reliable material. It can be reliably used in the setting of radiation, infection, and inflammation.
A study of coextrusion in a circular die

An experimental study has been carried out of concentric and eccentric two-phase flow of polymer melts in a circular die. For the study, a special die was constructed such that two separate streams of molten polymer could be supplied to the die inlet. Materials used for study were low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, and polystyrene. In the experiment, two different capillary length-to-diameter (L/D) ratios were employed: 4 and 18. For a die having an L/D ratio of 18, wall normal stresses were measured, permitting the determination of the pressure gradient and hence the viscous property. For each set of extrusion conditions (L/D ratio, flow rate, component ratio), extrudate samples were collected. These were later carefully cross sectioned and photographed in order to examine the shape of the interface between the two components. It has been found that the lower-viscosity components tends to wrap around the higher-viscosity component, which is consistent with the previous observations reported in the literature.
Karbala Drag Kings and Queens

Taziyeh historians claim that the introduction of veils into the passion play was meant to cover the fact that only men and children took part in the representa- tion of the Karbala tragedy. Women did not participate as actors—or, rather, role-carriers—on the public stage. To depict female characters such as the daugh- ter of the Prophet, Fatemeh, mortal men donned the veil. This minor "twist" has had major consequences for the ancient traditions of painting in Qajar Iran (- ). Samuel Peterson writes: During the last half of the fifteenth century and until the Qajar period, the veil was an exclusive attribute of holy personages and was not used to cover the faces of women. However, once it became in taziyeh produc- tions a standard part of the costume of women—a sign of their modesty (...) it becomes in Karbela paintings a standard feature of Alid women. No longer used so consistently as the sacred symbol it formerly had been, in Qajar religious painting the veil is ascribed somewhat arbitrarily to holy figures; thus the faces of the Shiih Imams appear veiled and unveiled. (:) On the stage, the tone of the voice and the presence of the veil indicate the gen- der of the character in the taziyeh performances. Young men with soft voices por- trayed female characters; young girls performed certain minor female roles until the age of nine—the age of maturity. One of the early Qajar performers of women's roles, Haji Mulla Hussein from Peek Zarand-Saveh, played female characters so well that each year he had to leave his farm for the months of Muharram and Safar in order to perform at the Takiyeh Dowlat (Royal Takiyeh). In the late Qajar period, Mulla Farjullah Sangani, Haji Mulla Hussein, and Gholi Khan Shahi were three of the most famous female role- carriers and were specifically hired to play the role of Imam Ali's daughter, Zinat (Beizai () :-). With the introduction of the gramophone to the Iranian court under the rule of Muzzaffar al-Din Shah, Gholi Khan Shahi's be- came one of the most recorded voices of the period (Rejai :). According to Bahram Beizai, the female role-carrier would wear a long black shirt which was sometimes decorated with flowers and which reached down to the back of the leg. A second black piece of fabric would cover the head, the arms, and the hands. A third would cover the face, so that only a sliver of the eyes and
Pre-amp EDFA ASE noise minimization for optical receiver transmission performance optimization

Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise mitigation from the pre-amp Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) to the photon detector (PD) in optical receivers can be reduced by optimizing the EDFA at the optical receiver level to achieve optimal optical receiver transmission Performance.
Effects of Guided Care on Family Caregivers

Purpose: Guided Care (GC) is a model of health care for multimorbid older adults that is provided by a registered nurse who works with the patients’ primary care physician (PCP). The purpose of this study was to determine whether GC improves patients’ primary caregivers’ depressive symptoms, strain, productivity, and perceptions of the quality of care recipients’ chronic illness care. Design and Methods: A cluster-randomized controlled trial of GC was conducted within 14 PCP teams. The study sample included 196 primary caregivers who completed baseline and 18-month surveys and whose care recipients remained alive and enrolled in the GC study for 18 months. Caregiver outcomes included the following: depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale), strain (Modified Caregiver Strain Index), the quality of care recipients’ chronic illness care [Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC)], and personal productivity (Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire, adapted for caregiving). Results: In multivariate regression models, between-group differences in depression, strain, work productivity, and regular activity productivity were not statistically significant after 18 months, but GC caregivers report ed the overall quality of their recipients’ chronic illness care to be significantly higher (adjusted beta = 0.40, 95% confidence interval : 0.14–0.67). Qual ity was significantly higher in 4 of 5 PACIC sub scales, reflecting the dimensions of goal setting, coordination of care, decision support, and patient activation. Implications: GC improved the quality of chronic illness care received by multimorbid care recipients but did not improve caregivers’ depressive symptoms, affect, or productivity.
Current trends in the community treatment of seriously emotionally disturbed youths.

It is a pleasure to initiate this column on child and adolescent psychiatry. Psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals who work with children and adolescents have needed a forum for discussing issues related to community practice—in particular, for bringing innovations in community programs for youths into our professional dialogue. Through federal and private grants, programs have emerged that have realized the ideals of the original initiatives of the Child and Adolescent Service System Program (CASSP) for the community treatment of youths (1). These initiatives promote CASSP values and principles—that is, that care should be family centered, child focused, culturally competent, community based, and integrated. This system-of-care reform movement has been greatly advanced by The Children’s Mental Health Initiatives Grants from the Center for Mental Health Services. These grants have created laboratories for experimenting with ever more effective ways of addressing the needs of our most challenging young people. Many of these programs address the fragmentation of services in poorly conceived systems of care. I hope this column will be a forum for those who have experience in in
Detecting Regions of Abrupt Change in Maps of Biological Variables

The areas where the rates of change of biological variables across space are partic- ularly high may correspond to either steep ecological gradients or regions of limited admixture among demes. A method for detecting such biological boundaries was proposed by Womble (1951), who suggested averaging the absolute values of the derivatives of the functions describing biological variation in space at various locations. We present here algorithms that quantify both the mean magnitude and the mean direction of change in surfaces representing distributions of biological measures (such as gene frequencies, measures of quantitative traits, etc.). Infer- ences on the microevolutionary processes affecting the populations can be made by comparing the boundaries detected with the distribution of environmental characteristics, or with the location of factors that may have prevented population admixture. Examples of the application of this method to both simulated data and gene frequencies of two natural populations are given. (Boundary detection; gene frequencies; Wombling)
The 1993 Superstorm Cold Surge: Frontal Structure, Gap Flow, and Tropical Impact

In the wake of the eastern United States cyclone of 12‐14 March 1993, a cold surge, originating over Alaska and western Canada, brought northerlies exceeding 20 m s21 and temperature decreases up to 158C over 24 h into Mexico and Central America. This paper addresses the multiscale aspects of the surge from the planetary scale to the mesoscale, focusing on 1) the structure and evolution of the leading edge of the cold surge, 2) the reasons for its extraordinary intensity and equatorward extent, and 3) the impact of the surge on the Tropics, specifically, on the strength of the trade winds and on the sea surface temperature in the eastern Pacific. The cold surge was initiated as a developing cyclone over the Gulf of Mexico, and an upstream anticyclone east of the Rockies caused an along-barrier pressure gradient to form, forcing topographically channeled northerlies along the Rocky and Sierra Madre Mountains to transport cold air equatorward. On the mesoscale, the leading edge of the cold surge possessed nonclassical frontal structure. For example, as the cold surge entered Mexico, the coldest air and the strongest wind arrived at about 900 hPa before affecting the surface, suggestive of a tipped-forward leading edge to the surge. Also, satellite imagery and surface observations indicate that the leading edge appeared to be successively regenerated in the warm presurge air. The cold surge had characteristics reminiscent of a Kelvin wave, a tipped-forward cold front, a pressure-jump line, a bore, and a gravity current, but none of these conceptual/dynamical models was fully applicable. Associated with the cold surge, gap winds up to 25 m s21 were observed in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec (a tehuantepecer), Fonseca, Papagayo, and Panama, owing to the strong cross-mountain pressure gradient. In the case of the tehuantepecer, a rope cloud emanated from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and turned anticyclonically, consistent with an inertial oscillation. On the synoptic and planetary scales, the extraordinary equatorward extent of the cold surge was aided by topographic channeling similar to cold-air damming, by a low-latitude upper-tropospheric trough, and by the lower branch of the secondary circulation associated with a confluent jet-entrance region aloft. The cold surge also impacted the tropical atmosphere and ocean, by contributing to the strengthening of the northeast trade winds over the eastern Pacific Ocean and by inducing local cooling of the sea surface temperature in the Gulfs of Tehuantepec and Papagayo by about 48‐88C.
Modifications to WRF's dynamical core to improve the treatment of moisture for large‐eddy simulations

Yamaguchi and Feingold (2012) note that the cloud fields in their large-eddy simulations (LESs) of marine stratocumulus using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model exhibit a strong sensitivity to time stepping choices. In this study, we reproduce and analyze this sensitivity issue using two stratocumulus cases, one marine and one continental. Results show that (1) the sensitivity is associated with spurious motions near the moisture jump between the boundary layer and the free atmosphere, and (2) these spurious motions appear to arise from neglecting small variations in water vapor mixing ratio (qv) in the pressure gradient calculation in the acoustic sub-stepping portion of the integration procedure. We show that this issue is remedied in the WRF dynamical core by replacing the prognostic equation for the potential temperature θ with one for the moist potential temperature θm=θ(1+1.61qv), which allows consistent treatment of moisture in the calculation of pressure during the acoustic sub-steps. With this modification, the spurious motions and the sensitivity to the time stepping settings (i.e., the dynamic time step length and number of acoustic sub-steps) are eliminated in both of the example stratocumulus cases. In conclusion, this modification improves the applicability of WRF for LES applications, and possibly more » other models using similar dynamical core formulations, and also permits the use of longer time steps than in the original code. « less
Sub-Eddington star-forming regions are super-Eddington: momentum-driven outflows from supersonic turbulence

We show that the turbulent gas in the star-forming regions of galaxies is unstable to wind formation via momentum deposition by radiation pressure or other momentum sources like supernova explosions, even if the system is below the average Eddington limit. This conclusion follows from the fact that the critical momentum injection rate per unit mass for unbinding gas from a self-gravitating system is proportional to the gas surface density and that a turbulent medium presents a broad distribution of column densities to the sources. For an average Eddington ratio of ~0.1 and for turbulent Mach numbers >30, we find that ~1% of the gas is ejected per dynamical timescale at velocities larger than the local escape velocity. Because of the lognormal shape of the surface density distribution, the mass loss rate is highly sensitive to the average Eddington ratio, reaching 20-40% of the gas mass per dynamical time for =1. Using this model we find a large scatter in the mass-loading factor for star-forming galaxies, ranging from 0.001-10, but with significant uncertainties. Implications for the efficiency of star formation in giant molecular clouds are highlighted. For radiation pressure feedback alone, we find an increasing star formation efficiency as a function of initial gas surface density. Uncertainties are discussed.
Identification of a target antigen in human anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis

Identification of a target antigen in human anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis. Sera from two patients with primary anti-tubular–basement–membrane–mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis, one a renal allograft recipient and the other with spontaneous anti-tubular–basement–membrane disease, were analyzed for the specificity of their autoantibodies. Both sera had circulating antibodies that reacted by ELISA with extracts of tubular basement membrane from several species, but failed to react significantly with extracts of glomerular basement membrane. Reactive antigen was solubilized with 6 M guanidine-HCl, 6 M urea, with reduction and alkylation, and with sodium dodecylsulfate. Digestion of the basement membrane with collagenase released relatively small quantities of antigen from the membrane, and trypsin and pepsin destroyed its antigenicity. The antigenic activity was characterized with respect to its size distribution by gel filtration and by immuno-overlay analysis of protein blots. Collectively, the results indicate that the major reactivity of both sera is directed towards a M r 58,000 component that is unique to the tubular basement membrane. Minor reactivities toward high molecular weight components common to both glomerular and tubular basement membranes were detected by immuno-overlay analysis. This study identifies an antigen that is involved in human anti-tubular–basement–membrane–mediated tubulointerstitial nephritis, and demonstrates an advantage of the use of denaturing extraction over proteolytic methods to prepare the antigen.
A Laboratory Evaluation of Sorbent Tubes for use with a Thermal Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection Technique

A method is described whereby tubes packed with several different solid sorbent combinations are evaluated for their ability to retain and to be thermally desorbed of an assortment of solvent vapors. The results of this evaluation indicate that several of the sorbent bed tube designs perform well for collecting a diverse range of organic compounds. These tubes have potential widespread application in the fields of environmental and occupational health for air sampling of low-level organics
Effect of Beam Geometry on the Accuracy of Pseudo-Rigid-Body Models

Pseudo-rigid-body models serve as a convenient numeric tool for the analysis of compliant elements. However, most PRB models are derived on the basis of Euler beam equations, without accounting for the effect of deformation on beam geometry. In this paper, we look at the effects of deformation on length and cross section of the beam, and try to understand these phenomena with respect to some dimensionless parameters. These effects are more pronounced for short beams of soft materials. A few PRB models listed in literature are compared against FEA results, and optimization methods are used to determine more accurate PRB models for varying beam geometry. A study of these results will guide the discussion on how the accuracy of the PRB models changes with the beam parameters. An example of a compliant mechanism which experiences significant axial loads will be used to prove the validity of these results.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Partisan Preemption: the Strategic use of Federal Preemption Legislation

Federal preemption by both parties has risen dramatically since the 1960s. Scholars note that Democrats and Republicans routinely employ preemption to advance partisan political goals, but we know very little about how each party uses this tool of federal power. Are policymakers from both parties employing preemption in similar ways, or do strategic partisan differences exist? Using an original dataset, we show that Democrats and Republicans systematically vary in their use of preemption. Democrats put forward preemption legislation that maximizes regulation by mandating a floor of protection across the states, particularly for policies that promote consumer protection and expand civil rights. In contrast, Republicans enact preemptions that cap regulation by utilizing ceilings that curtail the states’ ability to regulate, particularly for business and commerce policy. Ultimately, both parties have enhanced federal power and limited state authority, but they do so in dramatically different ways and for vastly different political goals.
The Technology of State Monitoring System and its Application in Smart Substation

Intelligent state monitoring of substation equipment is an essential factor to realize digitalization of substation information,networking of communication platform and standardization of information sharing.It can also support real-time automatic control,online analysis and decision,cooperative interaction and other advanced features,thus to realize interaction with neighboring substation and dispatching center when necessary.Intelligent state monitoring of electrical equipment can not only ensure proper operation of electrical equipment,but also realize electrical equipment integrated diagnostics using its run state database based on its expert system,so it is the basis of the smart substation.Focused on the present technology of equipment monitoring in substation and combined with the status in this area and the development direction of smart grid in recent years,this paper gave summary of intelligent condition monitoring system for substations.
Process variation aware crosstalk mitigation for DWDM based photonic NoC architectures

Photonic network-on-chip (PNoC) architectures are a potential candidate for communication in future chip multiprocessors as they can attain higher bandwidth with lower power dissipation than electrical NoCs. PNoCs typically employ dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for high bandwidth transfers. Unfortunately, DWDM increases crosstalk noise and decreases optical signal to noise ratio (SNR) in microring resonators (MRs) threatening the reliability of data communication. Additionally, process variations induce variations in the width and thickness of MRs causing shifts in resonance wavelengths of MRs, which further reduces signal integrity, leading to communication errors and bandwidth loss. In this paper, we propose a novel encoding mechanism that intelligently adapts to on-chip process variations, and improves worst-case SNR by reducing crosstalk noise in MRs used within DWDM-based PNoCs. Experimental results on the Corona PNoC architecture indicate that our approach improves worst-case SNR by up to 44.13%.
IL-10 Modulates Th17 Pathogenicity During Autoimmune Diseases

The immune system is essential for host defense against pathogen infections; however dysregulated immune response may lead to inflammatory or autoimmune diseases. Elevated activation of both innate immune cells and T cells such as Th17 cells are linked to many autoimmune diseases, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS), arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To keep immune homeostasis, the immune system develops a number of negative feedback mechanisms, such as the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, to dampen excessive production of inflammatory cytokines and uncontrolled activation of immune cells. Our recent studies uncover a novel immunoregulatory function of interferon (IFN) pathways on the innate and antigen-specific immune response. Our results show that IFNα/β induced IL-10 production from macrophages and Th17 cells, which in turn negatively regulated Th17 function in autoimmune diseases such as Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of human MS. In a chronic colitis model resembling human IBD, we also found that IL-10 inhibited inflammasome/IL-1 pathway, and the pathogenicity of Th17 cells, leading to reduced chronic intestinal inflammation. Results from our and other studies further suggest that IL-10 produced by both macrophages and regulatory T cells may shift Th17 into more regulatory phenotypes, leading to reduced inflammatory response.
Die großen Mystiker, Hysterie und Neurasthenie

Viel von dem, was wir in dem biographischen Kapitel berichtet haben, weist auf nervose Storungen und vielleicht Hysterie bei unseren grosen Mystikern. Da man lange einen standigen Zusammenhang zwischen dieser Krankheit und sexuellen und moralischen Perversionen angenommen hat, hat man es einer moralischen Vet urteilung gleich geachtet, wenn jemand der Hysterie uberfuhrt wurde. Da diese Ansicht in masgebenden medizinischen Kreisen nicht mehr gilt, braucht auch der Glaube an die moralische Integritat eines Menschen die Anerkennung dieser Krankheit in ihm nicht mehr zu verhindern.
Changes in Live Plant Biomass, Primary Production, and Species Composition along a Riverside Toposequence in Arctic Alaska, U.S.A.

In the arctic landscape, vegetation composition and structure are strongly affected by topographic position and associated variation in microclimate. Along a single riverside toposequence in northern Alaska, six distinct plant communities were studied including a riparian shrub community, a wet sedge tundra, a footslope Equisetum community, a hillslope shrub/lupine community, a hilltop birch-heath community, and a moist tussock tundra. Total live plant biomass varied threefold along the toposequence (450-1400 g m-2) while live vascular plant biomass (including belowground stems and rhizomes but not roots) varied sevenfold (160970 g m-2). Aboveground vascular plant production varied less than fourfold (80265 g m-2). Although all six communities showed some signs of nutrient limitation, measures of soil nutrient availability were highly variable among communities. Contrary to expectations, the most productive community along the toposequence was the hillslope shrub/lupine community, where a late-lying snowbank delayed the start of the growing season by 2 wk. The second most productive community was the hilltop birch-heath, which was exposed to winter winds and where snow melted earliest; most of the production in this community occurred in relatively protected depressions where there were dense accumulations of plant mass. A conclusion is that soil fertility, soil thaw, and protection from wind are more important than length of the snow-free season in regulating productivity along the toposequence. Also contrary to expectations, overall production:live biomass ratios of the six communities varied little despite large differences in growth form composition among communities and in biomass turnover among growth forms. High-biomass, highly productive communities had the lowest production:live biomass ratios, and thus the lowest biomass turnover. Because production and live biomass were linearly correlated over the entire range sampled, it may be possible to use live biomass and/or leaf area as a reasonably accurate predictor of productivity at the landscape or regional level in the Arctic.
Comment on “Beyond Clickers, Next Generation Student Response Systems for Organic Chemistry”

This Letter is in response to a 2016 Technology Report regarding the use of web-enabled devices (e.g., cell phones) as student response systems. The letter argues that sometimes old-fashioned “technologies” (like whiteboards) can accomplish effective instructor–student communication as well, if not better than, some modern devices.
Hierarchical Diversity-Embedding Space-Time Block Coding

We1 propose a novel space-time transmission scheme with an unequal error protection (UEP) capability by providing different diversity levels and coding gains to the information bits according to their quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. This is achieved by transmitting the information symbols in layers each designed to operate at a different rate and diversity levels. Then, by selecting the information symbols from a hierarchical phase-shift-keying (PSK) constellation with carefully-designed separation angles, a variable coding gain is also realized. Applying this highly-flexible scheme to wireless multicasting, we demonstrate the performance gains in terms of information rates and coverage regions for both the basic and additional multicasting messages.
Multifractal and Gaussian fractional sum–difference models for Internet traffic

Abstract A multifractal fractional sum–difference model (MFSD) is a monotone transformation of a Gaussian fractional sum–difference model (GFSD). The GFSD is the sum of two independent components: a moving sum of length two of discrete fractional Gaussian noise (fGn); and white noise. Internet traffic packet interarrival times are very well modeled by an MFSD in which the marginal distribution is Weibull; this is validated by extensive model checking for 715,665,213 measured arrival times on three Internet links. The simplicity of the model provides a mathematical tractability that results in a foundation for understanding the statistical properties of the arrival process. The current foundation is time scaling: properties of aggregate arrivals in successive equal-length time intervals and how the properties change with the interval length. This scaling is also the basis for the widely discussed multifractal wavelet models. The MFSD provides a more fundamental foundation that is based on how changes in the fGn and white noise components result in changes in the arrival process as various factors change such as the aggregation time length or the traffic packet rate. Logistic models relate the MFSD model parameters to the packet rate, so only the rate needs to be specified in using the MFSD model to generate synthetic packet arrivals for network engineering simulation studies.
The Effects of Consumer Weight Level on Attitude Towards Food and Advertisements

This study examines the link between consumer weight level, food types (meat and fruit/ vegetables), and consumer attitude towards both food and food ads. Further, we intend to examine how food advertisements containing emotional or informational claims influence the attitude of both overweight and normal-weight consumers. Two experiments were conducted to study the interaction between food types (meat vs. vegetables), weight levels (normal-weight and overweight), and ad claims (emotional vs. informational). The results showed mixed support for the ten hypotheses. Our findings indicate that consumer weight level interacts with food types, which impact food evaluation and attitude towards food advertisements. Also, weight level interacts with emotional/information appeals affecting food evaluation and attitudes toward food advertisements. Managerial implications for advertisers are discussed.
Premature Contractions—Can They Reflect Ischemia?

Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) frequently have PVC’s both at rest and during exercise. These ectopie beats may arise from almost any location in the ventricle and unless they are frequent enough to produce ventricular tachycardia, they are considered by most physicians to have little clinical significance. PVCs are, in fact, more common(10–40%) in CAD patients than in those without CAD.1 The voltage and configuration of these ectopie beats vary a good deal and, to our knowledge, the ST segment depression in these complexes have not been correlated with the presence or absence of ischemia.
Outsmart HPV: Acceptability and short-term effects of a web-based HPV vaccination intervention for young adult gay and bisexual men.

Abstract Background Effective interventions to promote human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination are needed, particularly among populations at increased risk of HPV-related disease. We developed and pilot tested a web-based intervention, Outsmart HPV, to promote HPV vaccination among young gay and bisexual men (YGBM). Methods In 2016, we recruited a national sample (n = 150) of YGBM ages 18–25 in the United States who had not received any doses of HPV vaccine. Participants were randomized to receive either standard HPV vaccination information (control) or population-targeted, individually-tailored content (Outsmart HPV intervention). We assessed between group differences in HPV vaccination attitudes and beliefs immediately following the intervention using multiple linear regression. Results There were no differences in HPV vaccination attitudes, beliefs and intentions between groups at baseline. Compared to participants in the control group, intervention participants reported: greater perception that men who have sex with men are at higher risk for anal cancer relative to other men (b = 0.34); greater HPV vaccination self-efficacy (b = 0.15); and fewer perceived harms of HPV vaccine (b = −0.34) on posttest surveys (all p 4.4 on a 5-point scale). Conclusions Findings from this study provide preliminary support for a brief, tailored web-based intervention in improving HPV vaccination attitudes and beliefs among YGBM. An important next step is to determine the effects of Outsmart HPV on HPV vaccine uptake. Clinical trials registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02835755.
Acute Chest Syndrome Among Hospitalized Children with Vaso-Occlusive Crisis: A Nationwide Study in the United States

Background: Acute chest syndrome (ACS) remains a leading cause of mortality among children with sickle cell disease (SCD); overall, nearly 50% of ACS is diagnosed during hospitalizations for other complications including painful vaso-occlusive crises (VOC). Methods: The present study assesses epidemiological features of children hospitalized with VOC and evaluates factors potentially associated with development of ACS utilizing the large national all-payer Kid9s Inpatient Database over a recent 9 year period. Records of children (age Results: Total annual hospitalization rates with VOC were variable, ranging from 26.4 per 100,000 children in 2009 to 29.5 in 2012. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed children age 5-9 years had 2.38 times higher odds of developing ACS than children age 15-19 (95%CI, 2.22 to 2.56). Comorbidity of asthma was a risk factor for ACS (OR, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.36 to 1.53). ACS was as common in Hb SC patients hospitalized for VOC as those with SS. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that despite increasing use of hydroxyurea in children shown in other reports, there has been no reduction in hospitalization rate for pain, and even young children are at risk for ACS. Though de novo ACS is less common in Hb SC, vigilance and prophylactic measures are required for those hospitalized for pain. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy of prophylactic interventions including bronchodilator therapy for asthmatics hospitalized for VOC. Disclosures Miller: Pfizer Pharmaceutical: Research Funding.
Advanced aortic imaging and intervention.

This special issue of Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy focuses on updates in advanced aortic imaging and intervention. Aortic diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, only likely to increase in incidence with an everaging population.
The Forensic Historian: Using Science to Reexamine the Past

Modern forensic science has significantly affected historical debate over some well-known past crimes or mysteries, utilizing modern DNA, nuclear, and chemical analyses to reexamine the past. This book takes an in-depth look at 20 significant cases where investigators have applied new forensic techniques to confirm, dispute, or revise accepted historical accounts. Among the cases included are the murder of King Tut, the validity of the Vinland Map, the authenticity of the Hitler diaries, Joan of Arc's ashes, the bones of Anastasia, arsenic and the death of Napoleon, and the dating of the Shroud of Turin, plus 13 more.
Some Variations on a Theme of Irina Mel'nichuk Concerning the Avoidability of Patterns in Strings of Symbols

The set of all doubled patterns on $n$ or fewer letters can be avoided on an alphabet with $k$ letters, where $k$ is the least even integer strictly greater than $n+1$, with the exception of $n=4$. The set of all doubled patterns on $4$ or fewer letters can be avoided on the $8$-letter alphabet. The set of all avoidable patterns on $n$ or fewer letters can be avoided on an alphabet with $2(n+2)$ letters.
Sex and age modulate the visual perception of distance

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of 28 younger and older adults to visually bisect distances in depth both indoors and outdoors; half of the observers were male and half were female. Observers viewed 15-m and 30-m distance extents in four different environmental settings (two outdoor grassy fields and an indoor hallway and atrium) and were required to adjust the position of a marker to place it at the midpoint of each stimulus distance interval. Overall, the observers’ judgments were more accurate indoors than outdoors. In outdoor environments, many individual observers exhibited perceptual compression of farther distances (e.g., these observers placed the marker closer than the actual physical midpoints of the stimulus distance intervals). There were significant modulatory effects of both age and sex upon the accuracy and precision of the observers’ judgments. The judgments of the male observers were more accurate than those of the female observers and they were less influenced by environmental context. In addition, the accuracies of the younger observers’ judgments were less influenced by context than those of the older observers. With regard to the precision of the observers’ judgments, the older females exhibited much more variability across repeated judgments than the other groups of observers (younger males, younger females, and older males). The results of our study demonstrate that age and sex are important variables that significantly affect the visual perception of distance.
Mathematical Summarizations of Individual Neuron Structures

From Chapter 1 you may recall that there are two major reasons for using a computer to model neuroanatomical structures: to present views of the tissue that are superior to those visible in the unassisted microscope and to generate mathematical summaries that describe individual structures and compare one population of them to another population. Figure 9-1 shows a scientist summarizing a botanical tree, making the measurements on the actual growing tree. You are not so lucky, for usually you cannot measure a growing neuron. However, with help from computer programs, you may summarize the data base that represents the neurons.
Regulation of Auxin-Induced Ethylene Biosynthesis in Etiolated Pea Stems

The etiolated pea stem was one of the first model systems for studying auxin-induced ethylene production. Besides being useful for examining the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, pea seedlings exhibit a number of well-described growth responses mediated, at least in part, by ethylene. This chapter will discuss some of these responses, attempting to integrate earlier observations with more recent information provided by mutants and molecular analysis. It will also summarize our work on the regulation of auxin-induced ethylene biosynthesis and how it may be applicable to the understanding of ethylene-mediated growth responses.
Introduction to Finite Elements

This work assumes a basic familiarity with the finite element method. For those readers desiring a better understanding of the method, there are a number of excellent books varying from an introductory treatment to advanced topics listed in the bibliography [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]. In this chapter, we will review the fundamentals of the finite element method and introduce the notation which will be used throughout the book. For the examples shown in this book, either first or second order elements were used. For the worked examples first order triangles are used. The use of first order triangular elements simplifies the arguments and in no way reduces generality. In all cases the procedures given in this book can be used with high order and/or curved elements.
Assessment of the potential allergenicity of genetically-engineered food crops

An extensive safety assessment process exists for genetically-engineered (GE) crops. The assessment includes an evaluation of the introduced protein as well as the crop containing the protein with ...
A 24–72-GS/s 8-b Time-Interleaved SAR ADC With 2.0–3.3-pJ/Conversion and >30 dB SNDR at Nyquist in 14-nm CMOS FinFET

A 24–72-GS/s 8-b time-interleaved analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented which exceeds 39-dB SNDR at low input frequency and 30-dB SNDR at Nyquist. High SNDR at Nyquist is achieved by 16 parallel sampling switches driven by short clock pulses. Clock-pulse edges can be shifted digitally to reduce the impact of timing mismatch. A total of 64 asynchronous 8-b successive approximation (SAR) ADCs at low supply voltage convert sampled voltages. The SAR ADCs use a differential capacitive DAC, one comparator per decision, and include a reference voltage DAC and buffer. The ADC consumes 2.0 pJ/conversion at 48 GS/s and 3.3 pJ/conversion at 72 GS/s and is implemented in 14-nm CMOS FinFET on 0.15 mm2.
Opportunities for materials science: From molecules to neural networks

This article addresses why biomaterials are a growing part of materials science. We consider two areas at two different scales. At the nanometer scale, enzymes are heterogeneous nanoparticles of extraordinary deformability; this property allows us to view biomolecules informed by concepts of materials science and nonlinear physics. A degree of universality in the mechanical behavior of the molecules appears in the ubiquitous softening transitions; some results obtained dynamically by nanorheology, and others obtained in equilibrium experiments through the method of the DNA springs are summarized. These soft molecules represent an opportunity for studies of dissipation at the atomic scale. At the mesoscopic scale, composite functional materials with biological components hold promise for applications such as low power, chemically driven, biodegradable devices. A concrete example, and a program for the future, is the artificial axon. It is a synthetic structure that supports action potentials based on the same physical mechanism as the voltage spikes in nerve cells. A network of such axons, which is yet to come, would constitute an artificial brain. Beyond device applications, the focus here is on the basic science, namely, a constructivist approach to cybernetics, algorithmic mathematics, and the brain.
Limits of detection and decision. Part 2

Abstract Extensive Monte Carlo studies of instrumental limits of detection (LODs) were performed on a simple univariate chemical measurement system having homoscedastic, Gaussian measurement noise and using ordinary least squares (OLS) processing of tens of millions of independent calibration curve data sets. It was found that experimental decision and detection limits in the content domain were distributed as scaled reciprocals of noncentral t variates. In the response domain, the decision and detection limits were distributed as scaled χ variates. Rates of false negatives were found to be as expected statistically and no bias was found. However, use of detection limit expressions based on critical values of the noncentrality parameter of the noncentral t distribution were found to be significantly biased, resulting in substantial bias in rates of false negatives.
Diagnosis of acquired generalized lipodystrophy in a single patient with T-cell lymphoma and no exposure to Metreleptin

Metreleptin, a recombinant methionyl -human -leptin, was approved to treat patients with generalized lipodystrophy (GL) in February 2014. However, leptin therapy has been associated with the development of lymphoma. We present a unique case of a patient with prior history of T cell lymphoma in remission, who was diagnosed with Acquired Generalized Lipodystrophy (AGL) during the following year after a clinical remission of her lymphoma without receiving leptin therapy. A 33-year-old woman with a diagnosis of stage IV subcutaneous panniculitis like T-cell lymphoma in 2011, underwent chemotherapy. Shortly after completion therapy, she had a relapse and required more chemotherapy with complete response, followed by allogenic stem cell transplant on June 28, 2012. Since that time, she has been on observation with no evidence of disease recurrence. Subsequent to the treatment, she was found to have high triglycerides, loss of fat tissue from her entire body and diagnosis of diabetes. Constellation of these findings led to the diagnosis of AGL in 2013. Her leptin level was low at 3.4 ng/mL (182 pmol/mL). She is currently not receiving any treatment with Metreleptin for her AGL. Causal association between exogenous leptin therapy and T-cell lymphoma still remains unclear. We hereby present a case of a young woman who was diagnosed with AGL after going into remission from T-cell lymphoma and who has never been treated with Metreleptin. Steroid therapy and chemotherapy might have masked the diagnosis of AGL in this patient. We believe that patients can develop these 2 conditions independent of each other.