cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Symposium on the New Fight for Fluorides: Part I: The Opposition to Fluoride Programs: Report of a Survey

State dental directors were surveyed in spring 1984 regarding fluoridation and fluoride programs. Forty-four states reported existing fluoride mouth-rinse programs in schools; 22, fluoride tablets in schools. About 90 percent of directors felt that support for fluoride programs by state departments of health and constituent dental societies either had remained the same or increased over the previous five years. Approximately half felt the antifluoridation movement to be as strong as five years earlier. About one-third indicated a shift in focus by water fluoridation opponents to include other fluoride systems. Most felt this shift occurred during 1981-82. Information was reported on 255 individual challenges to fluoride programs. Results of this survey indicate that expenditure of considerable resources and effort continues to be necessary to ensure the longevity of public fluoride systems.
Dynamics of osmotic fluid flow

The classical thermodynamic treatment of osmotic pressure is quite sufficient to compute most quantities of interest without reference to any molecular model (see, for example, Finkelstein, 1987). However, one’s intuition is always aided by molecular models, and a microscopic picture can be quite useful when thinking about osmotic flow in unfamiliar situations. Therefore, we offer here a surprisingly simple and intuitive molecular model for describing solvent flow driven by osmotically generated pressure gradients. We will show that osmotic pressure arises from the external force on solute particles which is transmitted to the solute by viscous drag. This simple picture enables us to propose a simulation method that can be used to compute the osmotic flows associated with quite complex situations arising in polymer and gel swelling.
Inter-domain Authentication for Seamless Roaming in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

The inter-operation among heterogeneous wireless networks is crucial to support ubiquitous mobility and seamless roaming. Handoffs across wireless networks in separate administrative domains should ensure uninterrupted service and authenticity of the entities involved. However, the re-authentication of a mobile node (MN) during a handoff across administrative domains typically involves several round trips to the home domain which produce long latencies. A new authentication protocol based on the use of proof tokens is presented in this paper which allows a MN to authenticate in a foreign domain without requiring communication with its home domain. Moreover, the foreign domain is only required to have a trust relationship with any one of MN's previously visited domains, and not necessarily with the home domain. Our objective is to provide an improved authentication approach for ubiquitous mobility and seamless roaming that does not compromise the security of the handoff process while providing low delays.
Minimax Asymptotic Mean-Squared-Error of L-Estimators of Scale Parameter

We derive the AMSE (maximal asymptotic mean-squared-error) of the general class of L-estimators of scale that are location-scale equivariant and Fisher consistent. For non-normal error distributions, we determined estimators that have minimum AMSE over the subclass of (i) α-interquantile ranges and (ii) mixtures of at most two α-interquantile ranges. Finally, the L-estimators of scale symmetrized about the median were found to have the same AMSE as their nonsymmetrized counterparts, thus yielding the same results as in the symmetrized case.
Recruitment of an RNA Polymerase II Complex Is Mediated by the Constitutive Activation Domain in CREB, Independently of CREB Phosphorylation

The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is a bifunctional transcription activator, exerting its effects through a constitutive activation domain (CAD) and a distinct kinase inducible domain (KID), which requires phosphorylation of Ser-133 for activity. Both CAD and phospho-KID have been proposed to recruit polymerase complexes, but this has not been directly tested. Here, we show that the entire CREB activation domain or the CAD enhanced recruitment of a complex containing TFIID, TFIIB, and RNA polymerase II to a linked promoter. The nuclear extracts used mediated protein kinase A (PKA)-inducible transcription, but phosphorylation of CRG (both of the CREB activation domains fused to the Gal4 DNA binding domain) or KID-G4 did not mediate recruitment of a complex, and mutation of the PKA site in CRG abolished transcription induction by PKA but had no effect upon recruitment. The CREB-binding protein (CBP) was not detected in the recruited complex. Our results support a model for transcription activation in which the interaction between the CREB CAD and hTAFII130 of TFIID promotes the recruitment of a polymerase complex to the promoter.
A SelfRouting Multistage Switching Network for Broadband ISDN

Many switching networks have been proposed for broadband ISDN [1]. Switching networks which are capable of achieving maximum throughput of 100% either have large internal speedup [2], [3] or require large amounts of hardware [4], [5]. For example, the input-output difference self-routing network [3] and ATOM switch [2] require large internal speed-up factors. In order to maintain the non-blocking property, the internal speed of an N ?? N switching network has to be N times higher than the maximum rate of the incoming packets. The internal speed can be reduced by introducing parallel switching planes thereby increasing the hardware complexity. In this paper, we propose a new switching network that approaches a maximum throughput of 100% as buffering is increased. This self-routing switching network consists of simple 2 ?? 2 switching elements, distributors, and buffers located between stages and in the output ports. The proposed switching network requires speed-up of two. The structure and the operation of the switching network are described and the performance of the switching network is analyzed.
BAT Nexus Bill Would Undermine State Corporate Taxes and Harm the Economy

The author criticizes H.R. 3220, a business activity nexus bill, saying it would stimulate a new wave of corporate tax sheltering. The bill would unfairly deprive states of the right to tax particular corporations on income earned in those states, the author says.
In situ Raman Study of Phase Stability of α-Li3V2(PO4)3 upon Thermal and Laser Heating

Monoclinic α-Li3V2(PO4)3 has a complex 3-D metal phosphate framework that provides mobility for all three lithium ions, giving it the highest gravimetric capacity (197 mAh/g) of all the transition-metal phosphates. Along with its high gravimetric capacity, its thermal and electrochemical stability make it of great interest as a cathode material for lithium-ion energy storage devices. Raman spectroscopy has proven to be a unique analytical tool for studying electrode materials of lithium-ion batteries due to its ability to probe structural changes at the level of chemical bonds. In this work, the calculated Raman spectrum of α-Li3V2(PO4)3 provided by density functional theory is presented along with symmetry assignments for all of the calculated and observed modes through Raman microscopy. Furthermore, the phase stability of microcrystalline α-Li3V2(PO4)3 was studied as a function of irradiation power density. Follow-up thermal studies confirm that two structural phase transitions, β and γ, occur at elevat...
Visual diagnosis: 12-month-old boy with persistent rash and lymphadenopathy.

1. William Sears, MHS* 2. Bethany Hodge, MD, MPH* 3. Brooke Jones, MD* 4. Matthew Thompson, DO, MS† 5. Navjyot Vidwan, MD* 1. *University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. 2. †Kosair Children’s Hospital, Louisville, KY. A 12-month-old Somali-American boy presents to the emergency department with subjective fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, and a 1-month history of a pruritic, papulovesicular eruption that predominantly affects the extremities after mild upper respiratory tract symptoms. The rash began as “small red bumps” on the thighs that spread during 2 weeks to include all 4 extremities ( Figure 1 ) and scalp ( Figure 2 ) and a few lesions on the chest and abdomen ( Figure 3 ) . At that time, the boy was taken to his pediatrician, who prescribed a treatment regimen of permethrin cream for putative scabies and oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for a concern of bacterial superinfection. During the next 2 weeks the symptoms continue unabated, so the mother brought the child to the emergency department, where he is admitted for diagnostic evaluation. Figure 1. Lesions on extremity. Figure 2. Lesions on scalp. Figure 3. Lesions on torso. The child does not take any medications, vitamins, or herbs, excluding the recently prescribed permethrin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. There have been no sick contacts to report and no household members have had a similar rash. The patient has no pets in the home, and there has been no recent travel. On physical examination, in addition to the rash, the boy is noted to be afebrile and fussy but alert and consolable. Head and neck examination reveals occipital and bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. There is splenomegaly 4 cm below the costal margin and hepatomegaly 1 cm below the costal margin. The remaining examination findings are normal. Laboratory results reveal elevated transaminase …
PARENTAL INVESTMENT PER OFFSPRING BY A SPECIALIST BEE: DOES IT CHANGE SEASONALLY?

Torchio and Tepedino (1980) have shown that the investment per offspring of the generalist solitary bee, Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, decreases over the foraging season. Average adult body size of offspring of both sexes from late provision masses was smaller than average adult body size of offspring from early provision masses. Also, a greater proportion of male offspring were produced late in the season than early in the season. Because males are smaller than females, increasing the sex ratio (males: females) leads to a further reduction in average investment per offspring late in the season. Two selective pressures suggested by the authors may favor a reduction in investment per offspring over the season: a) a reduction in the quality and quantity of floral resources, and b) reduced foraging rates of aging females. As a result of such seasonal changes, the mother bee presumably reduces the size of provision masses for each offspring. Torchio and Tepedino predict that such changes should be especially common among specialist bees. The specialist megachilid bee, Hoplitis anthocopoides (Schenck), forages for pollen and nectar only from flowers of Echium vulgare L. (Boraginaceae). Because of this bee's dependence on a single, seasonal resource, one might expect females to reduce their investment in individual offspring as flower resources decline over the season. An alternative response to seasonal changes might be the production of fewer provision masses of the same size by constructing fewer cells per individual and/or by a decline in the foraging population. The data reported here were collected as part of a study comparing foraging efficiencies of H. anthocopoides and four generalist bee species (Strickler, 1979). This study was not designed to detect seasonal changes in investment per offspring, so data are not as complete as those of Torchio and Tepedino. In particular, sex ratio changes over the season cannot be determined. However, adequate data are available to test the predictions that average investment per offspring and foraging rate decrease over the season.
Faulknerian Elements in Rolando Hinojosa's The Valley

Rolando Hinojosa has said that William Faulkner is probably his favorite author,1 and an analysis of his work, especially The Valley, clearly reveals Faulkner's influence. Hinojosa and Faulkner use mythical counties populated by characters that appear in various works. Despite the fictional place names, the places are recognizable, and the factual sense of place is very strong in their work. Both writers similarly highlight significant historical developments in their areas with a mixture of delight and sorrow. Stylistically, Faulkner and Hinojosa shun using traditional plot structures and concentrate on fragmentary chapters to build tapestries that are ultimately nearly seamless. Finally, both writers concentrate on the theme of human endurance.
Observations of wave transformation over a fringing coral reef and the importance of low‐frequency waves and offshore water levels to runup, overwash, and coastal flooding

Many low-lying tropical islands are susceptible to sea level rise and often subjected to overwash and flooding during large wave events. To quantify wave dynamics and wave-driven water levels on fringing coral reefs, a 5 month deployment of wave gauges and a current meter was conducted across two shore-normal transects on Roi-Namur Island in the Republic of the Marshall Islands. These observations captured two large wave events that had waves with maximum heights greater than 6 m with peak periods of 16 s over the fore reef. The larger event coincided with a peak spring tide, leading to energetic, highly skewed infragravity (0.04–0.004 Hz) and very low frequency (0.004–0.001 Hz) waves at the shoreline, which reached heights of 1.0 and 0.7 m, respectively. Water surface elevations, combined with wave runup, reached 3.7 m above the reef bed at the innermost reef flat adjacent to the toe of the beach, resulting in flooding of inland areas. This overwash occurred during a 3 h time window that coincided with high tide and maximum low-frequency reef flat wave heights. The relatively low-relief characteristics of this narrow reef flat may further drive shoreline amplification of low-frequency waves due to resonance modes. These results (1) demonstrate how the coupling of high offshore water levels with low-frequency reef flat wave energetics can lead to large impacts along fringing reef-lined shorelines, such as island overwash, and (2) lend support to the hypothesis that predicted higher sea levels will lead to more frequent occurrences of these extreme events, negatively impacting coastal resources and infrastructure.
Hippocampal Abnormalities in Prolonged Febrile Seizures

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) measurements were used to characterize hippocampal edema within 5 days of a prolonged febrile seizure (PFS) in a study at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK.
Research and Application on Resource Integration in Zhejiang Electric Power Digital Library

The development and application of Zhejiang electric power digital library provide a platform for information integration and sharing.It can track and collect news on electric power science and technology,publish latest standard information in power industry,and demonstrate power technical information service products,such as information express and work safety information.At the same time it introduces massive digital resources of three levels:public resource,industry resource and self-produced resource,and builds a unified digital resource search platform for heterogeneous databases with different distributions and platforms.This paper explains the construction background,key techniques,heterogeneous resource integration,and development objectives of Zhejiang electric power digital library.
Analysis on the characteristics of cancer mortality in Luoyang urban areas in 2010

Objective To analyze the characteristics of cancer mortality in Luoyang urban areas and to provide the basis for prevention and control of cancer. Methods The data from Luoyang Cancer Registration in 2010 were analyzed by descriptive epidemiological methods. Results The cancer rude mortality rate was 138.44/105(173.46/105in male and 102.00/105in female), age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese population and by world Segi's population were 98.75/105and 139.67/105. The cumulative mortality rate(0 to 74 age years old) was 14.12%. Cancers of lung, liver, stomach, colorectal, esophagus, leukemia, pancreas, gallbladder, brain and breast were the top 10 of most common cancer sites, accounted for 82.45% of total cancer cases. The mortality rate of the cancer increased with the increasing of age, and rose sharply at or over the age of 50. Conclusions Cancer is one of major diseases threat-ening the health of people in Luoyang urban areas. Cancers of lung, liver and stomach were the most common cancers which should be prevented and controlled on a priority basis. The priority interventions are not the same according to different sex and age-groups.
Computer Simulation Studies of Acetylcholinesterase Dynamics and Activity

Computer simulations of the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) are shedding light on the origins of the selectivity, mechanism, and efficiency of the enzyme. In the following, a brief discussion is presented on two aspects of the the enzymatic activity: the role of the electrostatic field of the enzyme in speeding its binding of cationic substrates and inhibitors, and the role of fluctuations in the structure of the enzyme in facilitating this binding.
The Role of Consolidation in Memory

The theory of memory consolidation in its most basic form holds that there is a finite interval between the reception of a learning experience and its permanent storage. During this time the memory trace is held in a short term, impermanent system and is susceptible to disruption. Permanent or long term memory trace formation might occur through the short term system or be initiated independently. The evidence supporting a short term memory system has been obtained largely from studies using ECS in humans and experimental animals, that for a long term system from the effects, in animals, of inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the hypothetical nature of these assumptions and to reexamine them in the light of some of the psychological variables involved.
Becoming an Ilizarov nurse.

In May 2002, I attended the Ilizarov nurse and physiotherapist course at the Russian Ilizarov Scientific Centre for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics in Kurgan, Russia. The course was set u...
Enumeration and Differentiation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vuinificus by DNA-DNA Colony Hybridization Using the Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filtration Technique for Isolation.

We have developed a means of differentiating and enumerating Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vuinificus by DNA-DNA colony hybridization directly on HGMF filters. V. parahaemolyticus can be detected by a tdh-3-radiolabeled gene probe and V. vuinificus detected by a specific cytotoxin-hemolysin-radiolabeled probe with enumeration directly from autoradiograms. This procedure is more rapid than current techniques allowing enumeration and identification of these two species in samples as diverse as seawater, oyster ( Crassostrea gigas ), and shrimp (Pandalidae family) within 4 d. Our method is based on a rapid technique (18 h) for isolation and enumeration of V. parahaemolyticus from food using a membrane filtration technique with hydrophobic grid filters (HGMF). With the HGMF method, however, it is not possible to differentiate V. parahaemolyticus from V. vuinificus since on the HGMF-sucrose-based agar used, the two species are indistinguishable as both species are unable to ferment sucrose. Using a combination of the HGMF and selective gene probes, these two species can be differentiated.
High-temperature, high-pressure viscosities and densities of toluene

Abstract Toluene viscosities and densities, measured with a windowed, variable-volume, rolling-ball viscometer/densimeter (RBVD), are reported at temperatures from 296–535 K and pressures to 300 MPa. The combined expanded uncertainty in the reported viscosities and densities are 4.0% and 0.8% of the measured values respectively, each with a coverage factor, k = 2. Densities obtained with the RBVD exhibit an average absolute percent deviation (Δ AAD ) of 0.20% against densities calculated with the Lemmon and Span Equation of State. Viscosities obtained with the RBVD exhibit Δ AAD values of less than 4.0% for data from 18 of 20 available literature sources for high pressure data. The reported viscosities are generally in good agreement with calculated viscosities from the reference equation of Avgeri et al. The reported toluene viscosities extend the available database from 423–535 K and 40–300 MPa. Toluene viscosities are also reasonably correlated with the empirical Tait equation that allows for reliable interpolation of the data. Free Volume Theory (FVT) matches the reported viscosities to within 3.4% Δ AAD using FVT parameters fit to a viscosity data set limited to 373 K and using densities calculated with the Perturbed–Chain Statistical Association Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT). An improved fit of the viscosity data is obtained if temperature-dependent, FVT parameters are used. The challenge remains to predict the temperature dependence in the FVT parameters from first principles.
A survey of housestaff attitudes towards terminal care education

Medical and surgical housestaff have received little formal training to treat the medical or psychosocial problems associated with terminal illness. That more postgraduate terminal care education is needed is generally not debated but what should be taught and how it should be taught are unresolved issues. This paper presents data from a questionnaire given to 173 internal medical and surgical residents intended to provide information on their perceived needs in this area of education. Questions were developed to address four major areas: (1) whether and how terminal care issues should be taught; (2) residents' perceptions of their clinical competence in this area; (3) how personal issues affect care; (4) the residents' roles vis a vis the dying patient and family. A significant portion of the residents were able to acknowledge the importance of their own experience and the need to personally address these issues during training. Thirty-five percent of the sample indicated the need for more training in treating severe pain and 28% felt the need for more training in treating shortness of breath. About 50% of the sample felt that they needed more training in psychosocial areas. This paper presents a method by which training directors can survey their housestaff's perceptions and needs in this area in order to increase the likelihood that terminal care training will match the learning needs and styles of the particular resident group.
Immunophenotype Discovery, Hierarchical Organization, and Template-Based Classification of Flow Cytometry Samples.

We describe algorithms for discovering immunophenotypes from large collections of flow cytometry (FC) samples, and using them to organize the samples into a hierarchy based on phenotypic similarity. The hierarchical organization is helpful for effective and robust cytometry data mining, including the creation of collections of cell populations characteristic of different classes of samples, robust classification, and anomaly detection. We summarize a set of samples belonging to a biological class or category with a statistically derived template for the class. Whereas individual samples are represented in terms of their cell populations (clusters), a template consists of generic meta-populations (a group of homogeneous cell populations obtained from the samples in a class) that describe key phenotypes shared among all those samples. We organize an FC data collection in a hierarchical data structure that supports the identification of immunophenotypes relevant to clinical diagnosis. A robust template-based classification scheme is also developed, but our primary focus is in the discovery of phenotypic signatures and inter-sample relationships in an FC data collection. This collective analysis approach is more efficient and robust since templates describe phenotypic signatures common to cell populations in several samples, while ignoring noise and small sample-specific variations. We have applied the template-base scheme to analyze several data sets including one representing a healthy immune system, and one of Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) samples. The last task is challenging due to the phenotypic heterogeneity of the several subtypes of AML. However, we identified thirteen immunophenotypes corresponding to subtypes of AML, and were able to distinguish Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia from other subtypes of AML.
Modification of adenoviral nuclear localization signal for efficient drug delivery in retinoblastoma

R (RB) is a vision threatening intraocular malignancy. Though chemoreduction has been effective in the early stages of Rb, it is not very effective against extensive and recurrent Rb tumors having vitreal and retinal seeds. There is an urgent need to design a novel targeted drug delivery system. Nuclear localization signal (NLS) can facilitate cargo entry across nuclear membrane. However NLS has limited application in drug delivery due to lack of specificity towards cancer cells. Moreover NLS sequences have not been optimized for selective nuclear transport. Hence this project aims to develop an optimum NLS which would carry cargo selectively to cancer .cells while not affecting normal cells. This optimized NLS will be later conjugated to nanoparticles for efficient drug delivery Synthesis of NLS Peptides-Modified NLSs have been synthesized by solid phase synthesis following general protocol for Fmoc chemistry. The peptide sequences have been purified by preparative HPLC. Structure of peptide and purity have been confirmed by LC/MS. Conjugation to Gold NanoparticlesGold nanoparticle has been conjugated to peptides following a published protocol with some modifications (Wang et al pubmed ID:22051699). Uptake of conjugated nanoparticle in y-79 and D407Uptake studies were performed to determine efficacy of the peptides to transport nanoparticles. Analysis was done with confocal and transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that modified NLSs were able to transport nanoparticles across the nuclear membrane selectively in the cancer cells while not affecting normal cells. Modification of Nuclear Localization Signal might be a novel approach for development of targeted therapeutics.
An effective hair detection algorithm for dermoscopic melanoma images of skin lesions

Dermoscopic images are obtained using the method of skin surface microscopy. Pigmented skin lesions are evaluated in terms of texture features such as color and structure. Artifacts, such as hairs, bubbles, black frames, ruler-marks, etc., create obstacles that prevent accurate detection of skin lesions by both clinicians and computer-aided diagnosis. In this article, we propose a new algorithm for the automated detection of hairs, using an adaptive, Canny edge-detection method, followed by morphological filtering and an arithmetic addition operation. The algorithm was applied to 50 dermoscopic melanoma images. In order to ascertain this method’s relative detection accuracy, it was compared to the Razmjooy hair-detection method [1], using segmentation error (SE), true detection rate (TDR) and false positioning rate (FPR). The new method produced 6.57% SE, 96.28% TDR and 3.47% FPR, compared to 15.751% SE, 86.29% TDR and 11.74% FPR produced by the Razmjooy method [1]. Because of the 7.27-9.99% improvement in those parameters, we conclude that the new algorithm produces much better results for detecting thick, thin, dark and light hairs. The new method proposed here, shows an appreciable difference in the rate of detecting bubbles, as well.
Cross-phenotype association tests uncover genes mediating nutrient response in Drosophila

Obesity-related diseases are major contributors to morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Molecular diagnostics and targets of therapies to combat nutritional imbalance are urgently needed in the clinic. Invertebrate animals have been a cornerstone of basic research efforts to dissect the genetics of metabolism and nutrient response. We set out to use fruit flies reared on restricted and nutrient-rich diets to identify genes associated with starvation resistance, body mass and composition, in a survey of genetic variation across the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP). We measured starvation resistance, body weight and composition in DGRP lines on each of two diets and used several association mapping strategies to harness this panel of phenotypes for molecular insights. We tested DNA sequence variants for a relationship with single metabolic traits and with multiple traits at once, using a scheme for cross-phenotype association mapping; we focused our association tests on homologs of human disease genes and common polymorphisms; and we tested for gene-by-diet interactions. The results revealed gene and gene-by-diet associations between 17 variants and body mass, whole-body triglyceride and glucose content, or starvation resistance. Focused molecular experiments validated the role in body mass of an uncharacterized gene, CG43921 (which we rename heavyweight), and previously unknown functions for the diacylglycerol kinase rdgA, the huntingtin homolog htt, and the ceramide synthase schlank in nutrient-dependent body mass, starvation resistance, and lifespan. Our findings implicate a wealth of gene candidates in fly metabolism and nutrient response, and ascribe novel functions to htt, rdgA, hwt and schlank.
Towards a more plausible dragon

Wizards, mermaids, dragons and aliens. Walking, running, flying and space travel. A hi-tech elevator, a computer, a propulsion engine and a black hole. What do all of these things have in common? This might seem like a really hard brainteaser but the answer is simple: they all obey the fundamental laws of our universe.
Sub-wavelength modulation of χ(2) optical nonlinearity in organic thin films.

Modulating the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(2)) of materials at the nanoscale represents an ongoing technological challenge for a variety of integrated frequency conversion and nonlinear nanophotonic applications. Here we exploit the large hyperpolarizability of intermolecular charge transfer states, naturally aligned at an organic semiconductor donor–acceptor (DA) interface, as a means to control the magnitude and sign of χ(2) at the nanoscale. Focusing initially on a single pentacene-C60 DA interface, we confirm that the charge transfer transition is strongly aligned orthogonal to the heterojunction and find that it is responsible for a large interfacial nonlinearity probed via second harmonic generation that is sufficient to achieve d33>10 pm V−1, when incorporated in a non-centrosymmetric DA multilayer stack. Using grating-shadowed oblique-angle deposition to laterally structure the DA interface distribution in such multilayers subsequently enables the demonstration of a χ(2) grating with 280 nm periodicity, which is the shortest reported to date. Materials with spatially modulated nonlinear optical properties are used for quasi-phase matching. Here, Yanet al. exploit the nonlinearity of intermolecular charge transfer states together with oblique-angle deposition to achieve nanoscale modulation of the second-order susceptibility.
Student perceptions of social work practice skills: A comparison of blended and traditional learning

Blended learning is a growing trend in social work education. Students are increasingly enrolling in blended or online classes as a part of traditional undergraduate degree programs, and several programs are developing programs that rely heavily on online delivery. However, there are questions about whether students are adequately receiving the training needed, particularly in practice courses, to effectively intervene with individuals, families, and communities. The purpose of the present descriptive study was to compare students’ (N = 45) perceptions of social work practice skills gained in two different blended and traditional face-to-face courses. Results of the study were that students’ perceptions did not significantly differ between the blended and traditional course. We also explore future directions for social work education using blended and online delivery. Keywords: Blended learning; hybrid courses; online programs; practice behaviors; social work education
Abstract 12989: Attenuation of Renal Fibrosis and Inflammation in Npr1 Haplotype Mice by Retinoic Acid and Sodium Butyrate via Interactive Modulation of STAT1, HDACs and NF-κB

Introduction: Mice lacking functional guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) gene (Npr1) exhibit hypertension, kidney disease, and heart failure. In this study, we investigated...
Scholarly Concerns About a Proposed Small Copyright Claims Tribunal

Bills recently introduced in the House of Representatives, in 2016 and again in 2017, would implement a proposal by the U.S. Copyright Office to establish a small claims tribunal within the Office. The Copyright Alternatives in Small-Claims Enforcement (CASE) Act of 2017, H.R. 3945, would authorize creation of a centralized tribunal system to adjudicate small copyright infringement claims as well as abuse of notice-and-takedown claims under 17 U.S.C. § 512(f). The bill, like its predecessors in 2016, is largely based on draft legislation developed by the Copyright Office in its 2013 Report on Copyright Small Claims. Recognizing that enactment of legislation of this sort may have profound effects on copyright in the U.S., the Berkeley Center for Law & Technology (BCLT) and UC Hastings College of the Law convened a workshop In February 2017. Eighteen scholars specializing in economics, civil procedure, and intellectual property law discussed the small copyright claims legislation contemplated in the Copyright Office Report and the bills introduced in 2016. This report describes the range of issues discussed. Reservations expressed at the workshop fell into six principal categories: 1) constitutionality concerns; 2) breadth of jurisdiction; 3) process concerns about claiming, adjudicating, and appealing the outcomes if the proposal was enacted as is; 4) potential for abuses; 5) underexplored alternatives; and 6) larger questions about the proposal, including whether copyright is so special that it should have a tribunal of its own, given that many federal laws are underenforced because of the high costs of litigation. The range and seriousness of concerns lead to the conclusion that further consideration is warranted before moving forward with proposed legislation.
Administrator Perspectives of Advantages and Challenges of Employing Part-Time Faculty in Nursing Education Programs: Two Sides of the Same Coin.

Aim The purpose of this qualitative research was to explore perspectives of administrators (n = 581) regarding advantages and challenges of employing part-time nurse faculty (PTNF) in schools of nursing in the United States. Background The nursing faculty shortage has resulted in increased reliance on PTNF who are clinical experts but often inexperienced as educators. A broader evidence base is necessary to develop effective strategies to support and retain these faculty members. Method Deans and directors of schools of nursing were invited to complete an online survey with two open-ended questions about the use of PTNF. Results Five themes emerged from the qualitative descriptive analysis: clinical practice as primary role, diversity of educational approaches, effects on full-time faculty role, economic impact, and contracted educator role. Both positive and negative aspects of each theme were identified. Conclusion Results of this study support specific efforts to provide professional development and support to PTNF.
Computational design of metal oxides to enhance the wetting and adhesion of silver-based brazes on yttria-stabilized-zirconia

Abstract Ag–CuO is a broadly used reactive air brazing (RAB) system for effectively bonding ceramics and metal interfaces, especially for sealing yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) to metals in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). To understand the superior performance of this braze, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate two mechanisms that can potentially increase the work of adhesion ( W adh ) and hence reduce the wetting angle of Ag on YSZ. It was found while the formation of Ag–dissolved O clusters at the Ag–YSZ interface can promote wetting, a much greater wetting angle reduction comes from the formation of CuO interlayers between Ag and YSZ. Further, the W adh of an Ag/CuO and CuO/YSZ interface was found to be significantly higher than that of an Ag/YSZ interface. Based on simulation-obtained insights into metal to oxide bond formation, a simple descriptor was developed to predict the Ag/oxide interface energies, the Ag/oxide W adh , and to search for potential oxide interlayers capable of promoting the wetting and adhesion of Ag on YSZ. Many simple metal oxides (single cation) were examined, however their W adh with Ag were less than that of an Ag/CuO interface. Expanding the search to multi-cation oxides led to several promising candidates, such as CuAlO2, CuGaO2, and Cu3TiO4; all of which are also stable in the reducing SOFC conditions. Depending upon their solubility in molten Ag, these newly-identified oxides could either be pre-applied as wetting promoting interlayers or directly incorporated into Ag to form new reactive air brazes.
A Hardware View of Biological Organization

This chapter focuses on the nature of the physical ordering principles that presumably were operative in the prebiotic world and played a role in structuring the chemistry of the evolving planet. In looking at biological organization, we must first understand the hardware before we can move to the software. Examining the physics underlying prebiotic chemistry, we see a number of examples of high organization: vesicle formation, electron and proton coupling between chemical reactions, Pauli’s exclusion principle applied to reacting electrons, and the principle of detailed material balances in a stable, recycling system.
Doppler-Free Optogalvanic Spectroscopy

There has been considerable interest in optogalvanic detection of atomic and molecular transitions since GREEN and his collaborators [1] reported impressive signal to noise ratios using this method. The history of the optogalvanic effect is summarized elsewhere [1,2]. We simply note that several researchers have observed electrical changes in a discharge when it is exposed to radiation corresponding to atomic transitions in the discharge. The potential of this detection method was vastly increased with the development of tunable dye lasers. Optogalvanic detection is different from charged particle detection methods involving space charge limited diodes because of the presence of a plasma with a relatively high electron temperature. This plasma allows one to conveniently observe transitions between excited levels. The spectra of nonvolatile materials are also conveniently observed using optogalvanic detection with sputtering in hollow cathode discharges. The potential analytical application of optogalvanic detection was demonstrated by trace element detection at the 0.1 ppb level [3]. Optogalvanic detection has also been used to lock a dye laser to an atomic transition [4]. Our research at Stanford has concentrated on the development of Doppler-free techniques using this detection method [5,6], and on improvements in the sensitivity of this detection method.
Tailoring and testing an event history calendar of lifetime sexual partnerships for military Veterans

Researchers have explored broadly the effects of military service and service-related experiences on sexual and intimate relationships among Veterans. However, descriptions of patterns of relations...
A Mixed‐methods Comparison of Participant and Observer Learner Roles in Simulation Education

Background Traditional simulation-based education prioritizes participation in simulated scenarios. The educational impact of observation in simulation-based education compared with participation remains uncertain. Our objective was to compare the performances of observers and participants in a standardized simulation scenario. Methods We assessed learning differences between simulation-based scenario participation and observation using a convergent, parallel, quasi-experimental, mixed-methods study of 15 participants and 15 observers (N = 30). Fifteen first-year residents from six medical specialties were evaluated during a simulated scenario (cardiac arrest due to critical hyperkalemia). Evaluation included predefined critical actions and performance assessments. In the first exposure to the simulation scenario, participants and observers underwent a shared postevent debriefing with predetermined learning objectives. Three months later, a follow-up assessment using the same case scenario evaluated all 30 learners as participants. Wilcoxon signed rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare participants and observers at 3-month follow-up. In addition, we used case study methodology to explore the nature of learning for participants and observers. Data were triangulated using direct observations, reflective field notes, and a focus group. Results Quantitative data analysis comparing the learners' first and second exposure to the investigation scenario demonstrated participants' time to calcium administration as the only statistically significant difference between participant and observer roles (316 seconds vs. 200 seconds, p = 0.0004). Qualitative analysis revealed that both participation and observation improved learning, debriefing was an important component to learning, and debriefing closed the learning gap between observers and participants. Conclusions Participants and observers had similar performances in simulation-based learning in an isolated scenario of cardiac arrest due to hyperkalemia. Findings support current limited literature that observation should not be underestimated as an important opportunity to enhance simulation-based education. When paired with postevent debriefing, scenario observers and participants may reap similar educational benefits.
Finding and Conjuring

In considering the persistent ways that haunting, as a metaphoric operation, informs our attentions to history and human experience, this article introduces this special issue by asking what qualit...
What factors predict the type of person who is willing to fly in an autonomous commercial airplane

Abstract There has been much discussion and research lately highlighting autonomous commercial flight, with most of the focus on engineering design and legal issues. Some prior research has shown that many people are generally not willing to fly in fully autonomous aircraft; however, there is a significant proportion of society that is willing to use these types of airplanes. It is critical for the aviation industry to be able to identify these individuals as they will likely be the early adopters. The current study was designed with the purpose of determining what factors predict the type of person who would be willing to fly in fully autonomous commercial airplanes. We provided a hypothetical scenario to 1042 potential passengers from the United States and asked them to rate their willingness to fly in that situation. We also collected demographic data, along with ratings of various scales to determine what predictors were significant in a regression model. In Stage 1, we built the model from a dataset of 522 participants and determined that the significant factors were familiarity with autonomous flight, fun factor, general wariness of new technology, happiness, fear, age, and educational level. This model accounted for 85.9% of the variance in the data. In Stage 2, we tested the model with 520 participants and found excellent model fit. We discuss the practical and theoretical implications of these findings.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Accommodating Obesity-Related Disabilities in the Workplace

Several factors are combining to make it increasingly important that employers recognize their obligation to accommodate job applicants and employees with obesity-related disabilities, and respond effectively to requests for such accommodations when they arise. This article provides analysis and guidance that is intended to assist employers and practitioners in anticipating and responding to requests for obesity-related workplace accommodations. It is based on a review and analysis of all identified U.S. judicial decisions involving obesity-related workplace accommodations that were either voluntarily provided or disputed by an employer. The results of that review and analysis are summarized in a table by the type of accommodation, job, and court ruling (when the accommodation was not voluntarily provided). The table provides a list of potential obesity-related accommodations that is both more comprehensive and more specific than any list previously published in the legal, behavioral sciences, or health literatures. Key legal issues are identified and discussed, and practical guidance is provided. Although the focus is U.S. law, the guidance provided has relevance to employers and practitioners in the European Union, and those countries whose laws recognize that obesity may involve a legally protected disability that entitles an individual to reasonable accommodation in at least some circumstances.
GhostSZ: A Transparent FPGA-Accelerated Lossy Compression Framework

High-performance computing (HPC) applications often generate enormous amounts of data that must be transferred for check-pointing, in situ processing, or post-execution analysis. To reduce the related network traffic and storage consumption, lossy compression schemes that target scientific data are often used. SZ compression emerged three years ago and has gained much attention because of its high compression ratio. However, performing SZ compression can take half a day per Terabyte of data; this could be a drawback to adoption. We propose GhostSZ an FPGA framework for accelerating tasks in SZ at line rate, and so transparently. The critical problem to be overcome is the tight data dependence central to SZ. GhostSZ solves this with a data transfer path having novel staged hardware. We test our implementation with both synthetic and real HPC application data and show 9.5×-80× core versus pipeline speedup over the optimized production version running on a state-of-the-art CPU and 8.2× per chip. Much of the variance in performance is due to the FPGA already running at line rate and so benefiting less from optimizations applicable to the CPU only on the most favorable data sets. The significance of this work is the possibility of a major reduction in required networking and storage in HPC installations. For example, using GhostSZ, fewer than 10 FPGAs would be sufficient to handle the entire I/O bandwidth of the top entry on the latest IO-500 list.
Inhaled nebulized nitrite and nitrate therapy in a canine model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Dysfunction in the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway can lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in mammals. Discovery of an alternative pathway to NO generation involving reduction from nitrate to nitrite and to NO has motivated the evaluation of nitrite as an alternative to inhaled NO for PH. In contrast, inhaled nitrate has not been evaluated to date, and potential benefits include a prolonged half-life and decreased risk of methemoglobinemia. In a canine model of acute hypoxia-induced PH we evaluated the effects of inhaled nitrate to reduce pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). In a randomized controlled trial, inhaled nitrate was compared to inhaled nitrite and inhaled saline. Exhaled NO, PAP and systemic blood pressures were continuously monitored. Inhaled nitrite significantly decreased PAP and increased exhaled NO. In contrast, inhaled nitrate and inhaled saline did not decrease PAP or increase exhaled NO. Unexpectedly, we found that inhaled nitrite resulted in prolonged (>5 h) exhaled NO release, increase in nitrate venous/arterial levels and a late surge in venous nitrite levels. These findings do not support a therapeutic role for inhaled nitrate in PH but may have therapeutic implications for inhaled nitrite in various disease states.