cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bcl-2 OR Bcl-xL Overexpression Stimulates both Oxidative and Fermentative Components of Carbohydrate Metabolism

It is now well established that shifts in energy metabolism are associated with cancer development and progression. The most studied of these phenomena is the Warburg effect, which corresponds to an increase of anaerobic glycolysis vs mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy for cellular processes. However, the mechanisms related to these metabolic switches are still a matter of debate. Bcl-2 family proteins contain both pro- (e.g. Bax), and anti-apoptotic (e.g. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) members which are respectively encoded by tumor suppressors and proto-oncogenes. Up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL have been associated with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; and certain studies indicate that Bcl-2 family proteins play a role in the regulation of energy metabolism. However, the molecular players involved in this regulation are still to be defined. We recently observed that Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL (Bcl-2/xL) overexpression led to a significant increase lactate production rates in a mouse pro-lymphocyte B cell line. However, both lactate production and glucose consumption fluxes are stimulated by Bcl-2/xL overexpression: suggesting that both oxidative and fermentative carbohydrate metabolism are stimulated in these genetic contexts. This phenomenon was associated with a stimulation of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme specific activity; but only when Bcl-xL (and not Bcl-2) was overexpressed. These data suggest that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression levels may play an active role in the stimulation of lactic fermentation commonly observed in blood cancer cells; and that Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL-mediated stimulation of lactate production are the results of different molecular mechanisms.
Defense Spending and Economic Growth around the Globe: The Direct and Indirect Link

ABSTRACTIn this study, we combine both demand- and supply-side models to investigate the direct and indirect link between defense spending and economic growth. With data from 161 states for 1990–2012, we conduct a comprehensive examination of the defense-growth nexus in the post-Cold War world. Our findings suggest that at the global level, military spending significantly dampens private investment but somewhat reduces unemployment. However, the direct economic effects of defense spending on growth are minimal at best.
O16.4 The estimated impact and cost-effectiveness of nonavalent hpv vaccination in the united states

Introduction The objective of this study was to assess the health impact and cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination strategies in the United States. Specifically, we examined the incremental costs and benefits of the 9-valent HPV vaccine (9vHPV) compared to the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV). Like 4vHPV, 9vHPV protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18. 9vHPV also protects against 5 additional HPV types 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Methods We adapted a previously published model of the impact and cost-effectiveness of 4vHPV to include the five additional HPV types in 9vHPV. The vaccine strategies we examined were (1) 4vHPV for males and females; (2) 9vHPV for females and 4vHPV for males; and (3) 9vHPV for males and females. In the base case, we assumed 9vHPV cost $13 more per dose than 4vHPV. Our model included a wide range of HPV-associated health outcomes that could potentially be averted by vaccination: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; genital warts; juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis; and cervical, vaginal, vulvar, anal, oropharyngeal, and penile cancers Results Compared to no vaccination, 4vHPV for both sexes cost $5,100 to $22,300 (in 2013 US dollars) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) depending on assumptions regarding vaccine coverage and 4vHPV cross-protection against HPV 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. Providing 9vHPV for females instead of 4vHPV was cost-saving in most scenarios we examined. The cost per QALY gained by providing 9vHPV to males instead of 4vHPV varied substantially depending on assumptions such as vaccine coverage and cross-protection of 4vHPV. However, the strategy of 9vHPV for both sexes (compared to the strategy of 4vHPV for both sexes) was cost-saving under most scenarios. Conclusion A vaccination program of 9vHPV for both sexes can save money and improve health outcomes compared to a vaccination program of 4vHPV for both sexes. Disclosure of interest statement The authors have no conflicts to declare. No pharmaceutical grants were received in the development of this study.
Should this patient use supplemental oxygen during commercial air flight

A 65-year-old former smoker with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lives in a Midwestern city (20 feet above sea level) and reports to you that he plans to fly to his daughter's wedding in California. He has no history of anemia, coronary artery disease, or stroke, and he is eucapnic. Table 1 shows the results of his spirometry (without prior administration of a bronchodilator). Although he does not require supplemental oxygen currently, he asks whether you recommend his using oxygen while he is traveling aboard the airplane to the wedding.
Selecting field sites for the cultural ecosystems approach

The religious landscape is constantly changing, and Wilson and his colleagues challenge social scientists to take a more expansive and comprehensive approach to understanding the evolution of relig...
The Seven Sages at Sea

This essay studies the transmission of framed narratives in the medieval Mediterranean, focusing on a narrative tradition that was at once immensely popular, particularly complex, and poorly documented: the Seven Sages of Rome 1 (known as the Book of Sindbad in the Eastern Mediterranean). Using the scholarship of political geographers and political scientists on territoriality, frontiers, and the ‘New Medievalism,’ and two theories borrowed from mathematics—fuzzy sets and game theory, the essay examines one story from the Seven Sages in particular: the last tale told in the western versions of the work, known as ‘Vaticinium.’ The essay contributes to the development of a scholarly methodology able to describe transmission histories so complex that previous philological studies have had difficulty accounting for them in their entirety.
Parallel Algorithms for Dense Eigenvalue Problems

Parallel solutions of dense eigenvalue problems have been active research topics since the implementation of the first parallel eigenvalue algorithm in 1971. In this paper we review Jacobi methods and spectral division methods in respective frameworks, introduce the issues arising for high performance implementation on contemporary computers, especially, parallel computers, and address problems that remain open.
Wireless nanosensor system for diagnosis of sleep disorders

A good night's sleep plays a vital role in physical and mental wellbeing by performing the recuperative function for the brain and the body. Notwithstanding the fact that, good sleep is an essential part of a person's life, an increasing number of people are experiencing sleep disorders and loss of sleep. According to the research by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), 50 to 70 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders and sleep deprivation. Although sleep disorder is a highly prevalent condition like diabetes or asthma, 80 to 90 percent of the cases remain undiagnosed. The short-term effects of sleep disorder are morning headaches, excessive daytime sleepiness, shot-term memory loss and depression, but the cumulative long-term effects result in severe health consequences like heart attacks and strokes. In addition, people suffering from sleep disorders are 7.5 times more likely to have a higher body mass index and 2.5 times more likely to have diabetes. Further, undiagnosed and untreated sleep disorders have a significant direct and indirect economic impact. The costs associated with untreated sleep disorders are far higher than the costs for adequate treatment. According to the survey, approximately 16 billion of dollars are spent on medical expenses associated with repeated doctor visits, prescriptions and medications.
Synthesis, properties, and applications of SiGeSn alloys: State of the art and future prospects

In 1991, Soref and Perry presented a concept paper on the properties of a hypothetical ternary Ge 1−x−y Si x Sn y alloy for silicon-compatible optoelectronic applications.1 The material was finally synthesized at Arizona State University in 2003,2 opening up a new field of research that is rapidly approaching its first one-thousand publications. A very recent review article by Wirths, Buca, and Mantl provides a detailed account of this progress.3
Efficient Synthetic Approach to Linear Dasatinib–DNA Conjugates by Click Chemistry

A pair of synthetic approaches to linear dasatinib–DNA conjugates via click chemistry are described. The first approach involves the reaction of excess azido dasatinib derivative with 5′-(5-hexynyl)-tagged DNAs, and the second involves the reaction of excess alkynyl-linked dasatinib with 5′-azido-tagged DNA. The second approach using alkynyl-derived dasatinib and 5′-azido-tagged DNA yielded the corresponding dasatinib-DNA conjugates in higher yield (47% versus 10–33% for the first approach). Studies have shown these linear dasatinib–DNA conjugates-derived gold nanoparticles exhibit efficacy against leukemia cancer cells with reduced toxicity toward normal cells compared to that of free dasatinib.
Nanocluster epitope presentation

Summary form only given. A fundamental goal at the intersection of nanotechnology, immunological function and nanomedicine is the design of biologically active interfaces. Recently, we have developed both linear and conformational loop peptides on nanoclusters that mimic immunological epitopes. The nanocluster-epitope interface was studied using a quartz crystal microbalance to examine the detailed kinetic and thermodynamic binding parameters of the nanocluster-peptide interface with antibodies. These results demonstrate that the conformational loop epitopes effectively recapitulate the native protein loop conformations, paving the way for new methods of epitope screening, monitoring of immunological challenge and the design of novel nano-based multivalent vaccines
Abstract B11: Re-wired E2F function in response to RB loss as a potential driver of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy, and second leading cause of cancer death in males in the United States, causing over 30,000 deaths per year. A crucial component to the development and progression of PCa is the activity of the androgen receptor (AR). AR promotes proliferation and is required for PCa cell growth and survival. As such, targeting the AR-signaling axis through androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the first line of therapy for PCa. However, cells invariably become resistant to this therapy and men relapse with the incurable form of the disease, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). It has been shown that an underlying mechanism of this resistance revolves around the retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor protein. RB functions to repress tumor development by negatively regulating the activity of the E2F family of transcription factors thus, resulting in a decrease in AR levels. RB additionally controls cell cycle progression through its ability to bind and inhibit E2F1 mediated transcription of genes required for G1/S progression. Surprisingly, genome-wide assessment of E2F activity in the absence of RB has been understudied. To better understand the molecular pathways that are altered upon RB loss and the roles they play in CRPC, RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq analyses were performed in isogenic RB cell lines in both hormone sensitive and CRPC models. Data to be discussed reveal new insight into the differential effects of RB loss on AR and E2F1 function and role as potential drivers of late stage disease. Citation Format: Amy C. Mandigo, Chris McNair, Matthew J. Schiewer, Kexin Xu, Fugen Li, Brown Myles, Karen E. Knudsen. Re-wired E2F function in response to RB loss as a potential driver of castration-resistant prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Cancer Cell Cycle - Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Response; Feb 28-Mar 2, 2016; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(11_Suppl):Abstract nr B11.
The Catholic Church Extension Society Records at Loyola University Chicago

This essay provides an overview of the Catholic Church Extension Society records available at the Loyola University Chicago Archives & Special Collections providing information on their value to researchers.
“We Can Help the People Who Can Make a Difference”: Motivations, Goals, and Outcomes in Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring

ABSTRACTThis research examines motivations and goals of individuals participating in volunteer water quality monitoring programs and the ways in which volunteer collected data are used as well as the potential impact on environmental governance. Findings indicate that participants are primarily motivated to protect water as a natural resource and seek to do so by sharing citizen-collected data with government environmental management agencies. The impact of monitoring programs is uniformly positive for raising citizen awareness about water quality issues and building data sets but is uneven when it comes to policy influence. The experience of volunteer water quality monitors and the outcomes of their work are shaped by social contexts of scientization and neoliberalism. These contexts facilitate openings for citizen participation in data collection and environmental governance but also create limits on the extent to which volunteer data can be used for policy-making.
“You can’t manage with your heart”: risk and responsibility in farm to school food safety

Farm to School (FTS) programs aim to connect school children with local foods, to promote a synergistic relationship between local farmers, child nutrition and education goals, and community development. Drawing from 18 months of ethnographic research with a regional FTS project and interviews with child nutrition program operators (POs) implementing FTS across Georgia, we identify perceptions of food safety as an emerging barrier in efforts to bring local foods into schools. Conducting a thematic analysis of data related to food safety, we find that FTS participation may be hindered by discourses and perceptions of safety risks attributed to local foods—and to local produce in particular. We argue that this results, paradoxically, from a core tenant of FTS and other local food movements: forging personal relationships with farmers, through which POs confront the transparency of local food production, in contrast to the opacity of food procured through standard supply chains. Faced with unfamiliar production practices, and responsibilized to protect students as “at risk” subjects, POs may decide that buying local food is “not worth the risk.”
Frequency of late-stage breast cancer diagnoses despite high mammography screening rates in an HMO

1526 Background: Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) led the nation in screening women for breast cancer (BCa) with a mammography rate of nearly 90% in 2007 according to 2008 Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measures. Despite successes in improving screening rates in this health plan that serves 3+ million diverse members, the percentage of women diagnosed with late stage BCa (stage III, IV) remained stable, varying from 12.9% (N∼323) in 2003 to 10.8% (N∼270) in 2007. To identify patient and health care factors associated with late stage diagnosis and the impact of its enhanced screening implementation guidelines, KPSC undertook this study. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a cohort of 10,580 BCa patients from 2003–2007. We compared women diagnosed with late stage disease versus those with early stage disease (stages I, II). P values (2-sided) were based on the chi-square distribution. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using uncon...
Fulde-Ferrell states in inverse proximity-coupled magnetically doped topological heterostructures

We study the superconducting properties of the thin film BCS superconductor proximity coupled to a magnetically doped time-reversal invariant topological insulator (TI). Using mean-field theory, we show that Fulde-Ferrell (FF) pairing can be induced in the conventional superconductor through the inverse proximity effect (IPE). This occurs when the IPE of the TI to the superconductor is large enough that the normal bands of the superconductor possess a proximity induced spin-orbit coupling and magnetization. We find that the energetics of the different pairings are dependent on the coupling strength between the TI and the BCS superconductor and the thickness of the superconductor film. As the thickness of the superconductor film is increased, we find a crossover from the FF pairing to the BCS pairing phase. This is a consequence of the increased number of the superconducting bands, which favor the BCS pairing, implying that the FF phase can only be observed in the thin film limit. In addition, we also propose transport experiments that show distinct signatures of the FF phase.
Neurologic Injury and Spasticity

Upper motor neuron injuries are more complicated than peripheral nerve injuries, and simply restoring power without addressing spinal reflexes and spasticity may not be sufficient to improve function. Multichannel dynamic EMG recordings can be critical in planning these procedures. In some cases, surgical functional restoration may include neurectomy followed by neurotization and/or tendon transfer – i.e., converting the upper motor neuron lesion into a simpler lower motor neuron lesion then fixing it.
Executive Dissociation Unbefitting the Social Contract

Although Chap. 1 argued that separation consciousness is in decline, and Chap. 2 substantiated this with a review of business and society research, divisive consciousness is still a force with which to be reckoned, especially since it is encouraged by standard economic theory. Using ideal-type modeling, this chapter illustrates the dangers of executive decisions based on separation consciousness that dissociates self from others, facts from values, means from ends, humans from nature, and business from society. This chapter demonstrates that a dissociative mindset at the apex of corporate life will inevitably lead organizations to neglect or harm their stakeholders, which fuels perpetual alienation between business and society. According to this chapter, separation consciousness in executive decision making is a profound violation of the social contract between business and society based on symbiosis. The antidote of an associative mindset consistent with unity consciousness is taken up in Chap. 4.
Recall of a child's intake from one meal: are parents accurate?

Although the accuracy of dietary intake information for children has previously been studied, methodological issues make the results of those studies difficult to interpret. In order to address one of the major methodological issues, unobtrusive observations were performed on the lunch meal of 34 children. These children ranged in age from 4.0 to 9.5 years (mean = 5.8 years, standard deviation = 1.6 years). Each child was accompanied by both parents. Dietary recalls were obtained the following day from (a) the mother alone, (b) the father alone, and (c) the mother, father, and child reporting as a group (consensus recall). Recalls were analyzed with nutrition software that yields information on energy, protein, carbohydrate, sugar, total fat, cholesterol, sodium, iron, and calcium. Strong correlations were seen between each recall and the observation (mean r=.86). However, the group accuracy in correctly reporting different types of foods varied from the fathers’ under-reporting of breads (-27%) to fathers’ over-reporting of fruit (+ 50%). When regression analyses were used, only the consensus recall resulted in a regression line not significantly different from 1.0 for the majority of the nutrients analyzed. Thus, it appears that the consensus recall produced a better estimate of the observed intake from one meal than did recalls obtained from mother or father. J Am Diet Assoc 89:784-789, 1989.
A computational process for choosing the relaxation parameter in nonlinear SOR

We present here a computational process which establishes the convergence of nonlinear successive-overrelaxation in finding the minimum of a strictly convex functional. The algorithm is designed in such a manner that the SOR parameter is computed appropriately to guarantee convergence. Numerical examples are presented.
The Impacts of Globalization on Maya Dress Practices and Textile Artisanship in Contemporary YucatÃ¡n

Due to the importance of preserving Maya heritage in Mexico and Latin America, there have been many studies on this culture and its traditional craft. However, little has been studied on how the production of artisan crafts affects the consumption and use of traditional dress by the artisans who create it. This study focuses on textile artisan communities living in the YucatAin Peninsula today. It investigates how modern technology, global markets and tourism have altered the design and sale of the huipil (traditional Maya garment), and how this garment has come to be used as a commodity, and less an expression of cultural identity for female Maya artisans. Findings highlight the paradigm shift in dress practices and the reshaping of female indigenous Maya dress identity among younger generations of artisan communities in an increasingly globalized and connected world.
Surface Spiral Parallel and Antiparallel Winding Designs for High Efficiency, Low Spatial Voltage Stress, and Inductive Wireless Power Transfer Systems

Surface spiral winding (SSW) has been demonstrated to achieve low skin and proximity effects copper losses, and low air-gap magnetic flux density in MHz, kW level inductive wireless power transfer systems. The dielectric losses are still the limiting factor to further improve the coil-to-coil efficiency. In addition, high spatial voltage stress between the first turn and the end turn limits the maximum transferable power due to the voltage breakdown. This paper develops alternative coil configurations to reduce the copper loss, the dielectric losses, and the spatial voltage stress. Through emulating SSW using copper tubing, the dielectric losses and the spatial electric field between adjacent turns are reduced simultaneously. Two surface spiral parallel winding designs are proposed to reduce the equivalent series resistance and improve the coil-to-coil transfer efficiency. A surface spiral antiparallel winding design is proposed to equalize dynamic voltage stress between adjacent turns and improve power scalability while maintaining high coil-to-coil transfer efficiency.
Influence of irradiation temperature on void swelling in NiCoFeCrMn and NiCoFeCrPd

Abstract Using ion irradiation and transmission electron microscopy, temperature dependent void swelling and dislocation loop evolution in equiatomic NiCoFeCrMn and NiCoFeCrPd high entropy alloys were investigated. Voids were observed in all tested conditions. An order higher of swelling was observed in both HEAs as temperature increased from 420 to 580 °C. Alloying with Pd was found to have a stronger suppression effect on void and dislocation loop growth than alloying with Mn. Possible contributions to the swelling resistance were explored, including localized lattice distortion and higher defect migration barrier in NiCoFeCrPd. Additionally, no phase decomposition was observed in either alloy.
Isolated and Combined Duodenal and Pancreatic Injuries: A Review and Update

Duodenal and pancreatic injuries are challenging to diagnose and treat. Over the last several decades, appropriate and optimal surgical management of these injuries have been debated. This is a review of the latest literature regarding diagnosis and operative management of these injuries. In duodenal injury, primary repair should be pursued for partial or complete transection with little tissue loss and no ampulla involvement. In more complex injuries, where tension-free repair is not possible, Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy or pyloric exclusion with diverting gastrojejunostomy can be utilized. Wide external closed suction drainage is recommended for grade I, II, and IV pancreatic injuries. Distal pancreatectomy with or without splenectomy is recommended for grade III injuries. Pancreatoduodenectomy in a staged procedure is safe for grade V combined injuries with ductal disruption. Delayed diagnosis contributes to increased mortality in pancreatic and duodenal trauma. Establishing early diagnosis and ductal involvement followed by appropriate surgical intervention improves outcomes.
Postoperative Outcomes of Cubital Tunnel Release

Critical review of surgical outcomes is vital to optimizing patient care. Multiple studies have ventured to address outcomes after cubital tunnel surgery. Due to variation in surgical technique, limited objective data, and inconsistency in measured outcome variables between studies, obtaining any generalized conclusions on anticipated postoperative outcomes remains somewhat challenging. This chapter reviews the available literature on outcomes after cubital tunnel release.
Perception and knowledge of pediatric and emergency medicine residents about evaluation and management of febrile infants younger than sixty days.

Purpose: Recent studies have demonstrated that there is significant variation in practice among physicians in their approach to febrile infants. Consequently, what residents who rotate through pediatric ER and inpatient ward would learn depends in large part on their exposure to specific attending physicians. Our institution is participating in AAP QuINN’s REVISE Project, which is a national multi-institutional quality improvement project that seeks to standardize these practices and increase compliance with the evidence-based research. The aim of our study was to assess residents’ knowledge and perceptions concerning evaluation and management of …
Incubation recess behaviors influence nest survival of Wild Turkeys.

In ground nesting upland birds, reproductive activities contribute to elevated predation risk, so females presumably use multiple strategies to ensure nest success. Identification of drivers reducing predation risk has primarily focused on evaluating vegetative conditions at nest sites, but behavioral decisions manifested through movements during incubation may be additional drivers of nest survival. However, our understanding of how movements during incubation impact nest survival is limited for most ground nesting birds. Using GPS data collected from female Eastern Wild Turkeys (n = 206), we evaluated nest survival as it relates to movement behaviors during incubation, including recess frequency, distance traveled during recesses, and habitat selection during recess movements. We identified 9,361 movements off nests and 6,529 recess events based on approximately 62,065 hr of incubation data, and estimated mean nest attentiveness of 84.0%. The numbers of recesses taken daily were variable across females (range: 1‒7). Nest survival modeling indicated that increased cumulative distance moved during recesses each day was the primary driver of positive daily nest survival. Our results suggest behavioral decisions are influencing trade-offs between nest survival and adult female survival during incubation to reduce predation risk, specifically through adjustments to distances traveled during recesses.
The Rates of Any Breastfeeding at the Time of Postpartum Hospital Discharge for Early Term (370–386 Weeks) Versus Full Term (390–416 Weeks) Infants

Abstract Objective This study sought to compare the rates of any breastfeeding between early term (370–386 weeks) and full term (390–416 weeks) infants at the time of postpartum hospital discharge. Methods A retrospective cohort study of women with live, singleton pregnancies who were delivered in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, between April 2001 and March 2018 was completed. The primary outcome was any breastfeeding at the time of postpartum hospital discharge. Secondary analyses included a comparison of breastfeeding by week of gestational age at term and by maternal and neonatal demographics and outcomes of pregnancy. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Results A total of 34 511 women were included. Early term infants were less likely to be breastfed than were full-term infants (67.9 vs. 70.4%) (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.97). Multiple logistic regression analysis also showed a significant effect of maternal age (aOR 1.07; 95% CI 1.05–1.09), partner status (aOR 1.56; 95% CI 1.20–2.03), smoking (aOR 0.32; 95% CI 0.26–0.41), prenatal education (aOR 2.43; 95% CI 1.99–2.97), pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2) (aOR 0.97; 95% CI 0.96–0.98), and cesarean section (aOR 0.72; 95% CI 0.60–0.88). When compared by week of gestational age at term, the likelihood of breastfeeding significantly increased with each successive week (aOR 1.08; 95% CI 1.007–1.16). Conclusion Early term delivery is an independent risk factor for not breastfeeding at the time of postpartum hospital discharge. It is important to target and support these women to increase breastfeeding rates. Additionally, these findings further validate recommendations to avoid non–medically indicated early term deliveries because of the increased risks of adverse outcomes.
College Students’ Grief Over a Breakup

For this study, we examined associations between relationship closeness and grief endorsement, as well as the perceived stigmatization grief following the end of an intimate partner relationship. P...
175 Variable trajectories of posttraumatic stress symptoms among violently injured youth

Statement of Purpose It is common for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) to decline after a traumatic event; symptom persistence can herald the development of PTSD. Understanding factors related to the PTSS trajectory for violently injured youth may provide novel opportunities for early intervention. We describe the change in PTSS over the first few weeks following a violence-related injury, and explore characteristics associated with these changes. Methods At two time points following interpersonal assault (T0 and T1), violently injured youth ages 8–18 completed either a self- or telephone-administered survey that included demographics and the Child PTSD Symptom Scale-5, CPSS. We summarized changes in CPSS scores between T0 and T1, and examined bivariate associations between demographics and PTSS change. Results We assessed 75 youth seen in the ED for a violent injury soon after the event and again within 2 months of the ED visit. Mean participant age was 14±2 years, 51% were female, 92% African-American. Youth completed the initial CPSS (T0) an average of 6(+6) days after ED visit and youth completed the follow-up CPSS (T1) an average of 15(¬+11) days after T0. Median CPSS scores were 22 at T0 and 18 at T1 (NS), with half of youth reporting a higher PTSS score (median change=+7) and half either unchanged or lower (median change=-8) at T1. Age or gender, did not differ between youth whose PTSS worsened and those who improved. Conclusions Youth who experience violent injury exhibit moderate levels of PTSS; whether these improve or worsen in the weeks following injury is not associated with age or gender. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention A large proportion of violently injured youth report worsening PTSS over time suggesting a need for early intervention. Future efforts are needed to identify youth at greatest risk for escalation of PTSS.
Making professional development more social: A systematic review of librarians' professional development through social media

Abstract To maintain relevancy with the ever-increasing competencies required of them, librarians on the job have frequently turned to professional development (PD) opportunities. One outlet that could potentially address barriers librarians face when accessing PD is social media, which can help librarians communicate across distances, are used at low to no cost, and can be accessed asynchronously as needed. Drawing from 25 studies conducted in 21 countries, this systematic literature review explored the empirical themes evident in the current research on librarians' adoption of social media for PD purposes. This review found (1) there is considerable potential in adopting social media for PD across contexts; (2) studies focused on the affordances provided by social media in areas where there is limited infrastructure, support, and resources for PD; (3) in congruence with prior research pertaining to the Technology Acceptance Model, librarians who felt more tech-savvy were more likely to adopt social media for PD; and (4) social media was viewed as democratic in creating a platform where diverse voices could participate. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for practitioners and recommendations for future research directions.
Novel corona 2019: virus above human defying laws

COVID-19 caused by SARS CoV-2 struck this world in the industrial city of Wuhan (China) in December 2019, and was crowned as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March, 2020. The virus had a high infectivity to begin with, but mortality way under 4% as was quoted in various guidelines and expert assessments belonging to COVID-19 effected countries.
Line scanning mechanical streak camera for phosphorescence lifetime imaging

Phosphorescence lifetime measurement holds great importance in life sciences and material sciences. Due to the long lifetime of phosphorescence emission, conventional approaches based on point scanning time-domain recording suffer from long recording time and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). To overcome these difficulties, we developed a line scanning mechanical streak camera for parallel and high SNR imaging. This design offers three key advantages. First, hundreds to thousands of pixels can be recorded simultaneously at high throughput. Second, hundreds of excitation can be accumulated on a single camera frame and read out at once with high quantum efficiency (QE) and low read noise. Third, the system is very simple, only requiring a camera and a scanner. Using a confocal line scanning configuration, we imaged samples of various lifetime ranging from tens of nanoseconds to hundreds of microseconds, which demonstrated the versatility and advantages of this method.
Identification of stem cells after transplantation

The ability to identify the donor stem cells following transplantation into injured hearts is critical. This is particularly important in evaluating stem cell survival and lineage differentiation into mature cardiovascular cells. Several approaches have been employed for tracking the donor stem cells, including fluorescent dyes and fluorescent protein gene transfer. Here, we will induce a protocol using lentivirus-mediated green fluorescent protein (GFP) to monitor the fate of donor stem cells following transplantation.
Impact of an SGLT2-loss of function mutation on renal architecture, histology, and glucose homeostasis

Inhibitors of sodium/glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) are currently in clinical use for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment due to their anti-hyperglycemic effect exerted by the inhibition of glucose reabsorption in the kidney. Inhibition of SGLT2 is associated with improvement of renal outcomes in chronic kidney disease associated with T2D. Our study aimed to describe the renal-specific phenotypic consequences of the SGLT2-loss of function "Jimbee" mutation within the Slc5a2 mouse gene in a non-diabetic/non-obese background. The Jimbee mice displayed reduced body weight, glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, and hyperphagia but were normoglycemic, with no signs of baseline insulin resistance or renal dysfunction. Histomorphological analysis of the kidneys revealed a normal architecture and morphology of the renal cortex, but shrinkage of the glomerular and tubular apparatus, including Bowman's space, glomerular tuft, mesangial matrix fraction, and proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Immunofluorescent analysis of renal sections showed that SGLT2 was absent from the apical membrane of PCT of the Jimbee mice but remnant positive vesicles were detected within the cytosol or at the perinuclear interface. Renal localization and abundance of GLUT1, GLUT2, and SGLT1 were unchanged in the Jimbee genotype. Intriguingly, the mutation did not induce hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression in overnight fasted mice despite a high glucose excretion rate. The Jimbee phenotype is remarkably similar to humans with SLC5A2 mutations and provides a useful model for the study of SGLT2-loss of function effects on renal architecture and physiology, as well as for identifying possible novel roles for the kidneys in glucose homeostasis and metabolic reprogramming.
Note-A Note on The Use of Categorical Variables in Data Envelopment Analysis

A variant of Banker and Morey's Banker, R. D., R. C. Morey. 1986. The use of categorical variables in data envelopment analysis. Management Sci.3212, December 1613-1627. DEA model for controllable ordinal outputs. As opposed to the original model, this version allows the comparison of a Decision Making Unit DMU to other DMU's operating at equal or higher levels of the ordinal outputs.
The Impact of Non-Ophthalmic Factors on Intravitreal Injections During the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Purpose: Early on in the COVID-19 pandemic, it was difficult to know what factors would affect patient and physician decision-making regarding ophthalmic care utilization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of non-ophthalmic factors on patient decision-making to receive intravitreal injections during the COVID-19 lockdown. Patients and Methods: Data on patients who had intravitreal injection appointments at a tertiary care Veterans Health Administration clinic during a seven-week period (March 19, 2020-May 8, 2020) of the COVID-19 outbreak in Los Angeles County were collected and compared to patients who had intravitreal injection appointments during the same time period in 2019. Demographic characteristics, injection diagnoses, visual acuities, body mass indices, co-morbidities, and psychiatric conditions of patients and clinic volumes were tabulated and compared between the two time periods. Results: There were 86 patients in the injection clinic in 2020 compared to 176 patients in 2019. The mean age and gender of patients in the injection clinic did not differ between 2019 and 2020. Compared to 2019, the number of patients who identified as Hispanic or Latino remained nearly the same, but the number of patients who identified as White, Black, or Asian or Pacific Islander decreased by nearly half. In 2020, a greater proportion of patients came to the injection clinic for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (56.5% vs 39.3%, p=0.017), but a decreased proportion of patients diagnosed with a heart condition (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33, 0.96), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21, 0.91), or asthma (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01, 0.70) came to the injection clinic. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with behavioral changes in eyecare utilization influenced by race and systemic co-morbidities. These data can be used to design and implement strategies to address disparities in essential ophthalmic care among vulnerable populations.
REFICS: Assimilating Data-Driven Paradigms Into Reverse Engineering and Hardware Assurance on Integrated Circuits

Comprehensive hardware assurance approaches guaranteeing trust on Integrated Circuits (ICs) typically require the verification of the IC design layout and functionality through destructive Reverse Engineering (RE). It is a resource intensive process that will benefit greatly from the extensive integration of data-driven paradigms, especially in the imaging and image analysis phase. Although obvious, this uptake of data-driven approaches into RE-assisted hardware assurance is lagging due to the lack of massive amounts of high-quality labelled data. In this paper, a large-scale synthetic Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) dataset, REFICS, is introduced to address this issue. The dataset, the first open-source dataset in the RE community, consists of 800,000 SEM images over two node technologies, 32nm and 90nm, and four cardinal layers of the IC, namely, doping, polysilicon, contact and metal layers. Furthermore, a framework, based on uncertainty and risk, is introduced to compare the efficacy and benefits of existing RE workflows utilizing ad-hoc steps in its execution. These developments are critical in developing RE-assisted hardware assurance into a scalable, automated and fault-tolerant approach. Finally, the work is concluded with the performance analysis of existing machine learning and deep learning approaches for image analysis in RE and hardware assurance.
Dormancy Breaking Treatments in Northern Wild Rice (Zizania palustris L.) Seed Suggest a Physiological Source of Dormancy

Abstract Dormancy is a limiting factor for breeding in northern wild rice (NWR; Zizania palustris L). This study developed a dormancy curve and tested a combination of scarification and hormone treatments, across three timepoints, for their ability to break dormancy in NWR and produce viable seedlings and plants. A dormancy curve was established across 9 months post-harvest, which showed maximum germination (95%) by 17 weeks post-harvest and high germination (≥81 %) through the rest of the testing period. Next, dormancy breaking treatments were tested. At 1 week post-harvest, few seeds germinated (≤ 15 %) across all treatment combinations. However, sulfuric acid increased germination shortly after harvest (5.8 %), compared to water (0.5 %) and NaClO (0 %) but resulted in stunted seedlings, all but one of which died shortly thereafter. At 7 weeks, sulfuric acid treated seeds did not result in significantly higher germination than water and maximum germination was still below 15%. By 11 weeks post-harvest, the water treatments had the highest germination and resulted in the most viable plants, indicating that dormancy had begun to break naturally and exceeded the effect of the other scarification treatments. Hormonal treatments had no significant effect on germination or seed viability and no strong conclusions could be drawn about their effect on seedling or plant health. Due to the inability of early germinated seed to consistently produce viable plants and the increase in germination following sufficient cold storage, it is likely that NWR seed has intermediate or deep physiological dormancy.
Normal Form Theorem for Bar Recursive Functions of Finite Type

Publisher Summary This chapter presents prove of Normal Form Theorem for the bar recursive functions of finite type. These functions will be represented by the bar recursive terms, which are built up from constants denoting the basic operators of explicit definition, primitive recursion and bar recursion. Rules of conversion will be introduced to express the action of these operators. The Normal Form Theorem asserts that every bar recursive term reduces, by means of a finite sequence of conversions, to a unique normal term. A normal term is one with no convertible subterms. The normal numerical terms (i.e., of type 0) are the numerals, and so, in particular, the theorem asserts that every numerical bar recursive term has a unique and computable value. The proof—that when t reduces to a normal term, the normal term is unique—is elementary. When such a normal term exists, it is called the normal form or value of t. The proof of the Normal Form Theorem will involve a modified version of the notion of convertible term, used to prove the normal form theorem for primitive recursive functions of finite type, with and without bar recursion of type 0.
Anterior Approach to the Cervicothoracic Spine

Anterior exposure of the cervicothoracic spine (C7 to T2) presents a significant challenge because of the limited access afforded by anatomical considerations. The junction of the cervical and thoracic spine not only represents the apex of two physiologic curvatures but is also crowded by important neurovascular structures, the trachea and the esophagus at the narrowed thoracic outlet. Median sternotomy as well as partial resection of the manubrium and part of the clavicle on one side have been described but may not be necessary for adequate exposure because of recent improvements in instrumentation and technique. In addition, the increasing familiarity of many surgeons with the anatomy of the area makes less radical approaches more desirable. We present a stepwise approach to the area that may obviate resection of the clavicle or the manubrium, depending on how much exposure can be obtained before proceeding with those steps.
Unobtrusive Data Analysis of Digital Reference Questions and Service at the Internet Public Library: An Exploratory Study.

This article presents the results of an exploratory study attempting to establish a methodology for the unobtrusive analysis of a major digital reference enterprise. Logs of over 3,000 questions asked of the Internet Public Library in early 1999 were analyzed on the basis of questions asked (subject area, means of submission, self-selected demographic information), how those questions were handled (professional determination of subject and question nature, questions sent back to users for clarification), and answered (including time to answer) or rejected. In addition, answers that received unsolicited thanks were analyzed separately. Users seem to have difficulty in assigning subject categories to their questions, and to determine whether they are factual or require sources for assistance, and these decisions were often overridden by question administrators. The median time to answer questions was just over two days, and about one in five answers received thank-you messages from users.
Predator-Prey Interactions

Predator-prey interactions have been among the most intensively studied areas of aquatic biology during the past several decades. Investigations have focused particularly on theories of “optimal foraging,” which seeks to describe predator behavior [e.g., Charnov (1976), Werner and Hall (1974), and Pyke (1984)], and “predator mediated community structure” (Hrbacek, 1962; Brooks and Dodson, 1965; Hall et al., 1976; Zaret, 1980; Werner and Gilliam, 1984; Sih et al., 1985; Kerfoot and Sih, 1987; Lampert and Sommer, 1997), which interprets community structure in relation to predatory activities. Many of these hypotheses still are speculative, although supporting evidence for some is growing. These concepts form a useful basis for the study of predator-prey relationships. The literature on this subject is extremely large; a few summary articles relative to limnology are cited in this exercise.