cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detection of faceted crystals in deep convective clouds via the antisolar peak

[1] It is shown that an antisolar peak can clearly be detected in backscattered near-infrared reflectances from deep convective cloud tops. This peak should be caused only by regularly faceted ice crystals, primarily columns and plates, rather than rimed or irregular particles. Using 13 years of AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) data, the average peak stands 22% above the background for sampled clouds having brightness temperatures below 220 K; the implied mean contribution of pristine crystals to total ice surface area, based on a published model, is 13 ± 5%. Local estimates of this percentage agree roughly with available field data. The distribution of peak strength is positively skewed, suggesting that a few deep cumuli may be rich in regular particles while a majority contain even less than the 13% mean. The antisolar peak varies geographically, with largest mean values over the central Atlantic and Pacific ITCZs, and smallest values over the Caribbean/American region during summer. Curiously, there is no significant land-ocean contrast in the antisolar peak, even though MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data indicate a strong land-ocean contrast in cumulus glaciation temperature, so it does not appear that supercooled water amounts at lower levels regulate the habit distribution observed at cloud top in any straightforward way. Variations in the antisolar peak may be significant for backscatter lidar retrievals of cloud extinction.
Third order optical nonlinearity of colloidal metal nanoclusters formed by MeV ion implantation

We report the results of characterization of nonlinear refractive index of the composite material produced by MeV Ag ion implantation of LiNbO(sub 3) crystal (z-cut). The material after implantation exhibited a linear optical absorption spectrum with the surface plasmon peak near 430 nm attributed to the colloidal silver nanoclusters. Heat treatment of the material at 500 deg C caused a shift of the absorption peak to 550 nm. The nonlinear refractive index of the sample after heat treatment was measured in the region of the absorption peak with the Z-scan technique using a tunable picosecond laser source (4.5 ps pulse width).The experimental data were compared against the reference sample made of MeV Cu implanted silica with the absorption peak in the same region. The nonlinear index of the Ag implanted LiNbO(sub 3) sample produced at five times less fluence is on average two times greater than that of the reference.
Natural Resource Management: The Need for Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Human influence is now so pervasive that every ecosystem on Earth is being managed, whether intentionally or inadvertently. It is therefore imperative for scientists and managers to work together so that appropriate management regimes can be put in place wherever possible. However, it is not always clear what is appropriate, and the difficulties that often arise when scientists and managers work together can be even further compounded by the inclusion of lay stakeholders in the decision-making process. The expansion of interdisciplinary undergraduate and graduate programs would help both scientists and managers to deal more effectively with sociological issues and to understand how economic and demographic changes impact on natural resources. In addition, continuing education programs in these areas should be made available to established professionals to help them deal with new challenges. The concept of ecosystem services should be used to communicate the importance of various ecosystem components and processes to a broader audience. Consensus on a management regime can often be achieved through adaptive management. The process by which interdisciplinary collaboration can lead to new insights and research initiatives is exemplified by a resource management study on the island of Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. As a paradigm of natural resource management, microcosms like this small island community offer a unique opportunity for training and education.
The evolution of the phenotypic covariance matrix: evidence for selection and drift in Melanoplus

Phenotypic variation in trait means is a common observation for geographically separated populations. Such variation is typically retained under common garden conditions, indicating that there has been evolutionary change in the populations, as a result of selection and/or drift. Much less frequently studied is variation in the phenotypic covariance matrix (hereafter, P matrix), although this is an important component of evolutionary change. In this paper, we examine variation in the phenotypic means and P matrices in two species of grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes and M. devastator. Using the P matrices estimated for 14 populations of M. sanguinipes and three populations of M. devastator we find that (1) significant differences between the sexes can be attributed to scaling effects; (2) there is no significant difference between the two species; (3) there are highly significant differences among populations that cannot be accounted for by scaling effects; (4) these differences are a consequence of statistically significant patterns of covariation with geographic and environmental factors, phenotypic variances and covariances increasing with increased temperature but decreasing with increased latitude and altitude. This covariation suggests that selection has been important in the evolution of the P matrix in these populations Finally, we find a significant positive correlation between the average difference between matrices and the genetic distance between the populations, indicating that drift has caused some of the variation in the P matrices.
Teaching the graphics processing pipeline: cosmetic and geometric attribute implications

Abstract The pipeline processing model for computer graphics typically includes stages for interpreting the display list 〈object entity descriptions, picture abstraction〉, geometric manipulation 〈scaling, rotational, skewing transformations〉, raster rendering 〈scanline conversion, dot image approximation〉, and finally presentation 〈scanline refresh, image display〉. At what point in the graphics processing pipeline do attributes actually become associated with picture entities? The answer depends upon the type of attribute and the specification intent for the attribute. I believe it is instructive for students to overtly and consciously become aware attributes such as line width and line style can have various interpretations. Cosmetic attributes are applied post-transformation; geometric attributes are applied pre-transformation. Two different types of clipping also can be considered as scissor clipping in post-rasterization discrete pixel space or as analytic clipping in pre-rasterization continuous space.
An MMPI-2 Infrequent Response Scale for Use with Psychopathological Populations: The Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale, "F(p).".

This article describes the development and initial validation of a new Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2; J. N. Butcher, W. G. Dahlstrom, J. R. Graham, A. Tellegen, & B. Kaemmer, 1989) scale designed to detect infrequent responding in settings characterized by relatively high base rates of psychopathology and psychological distress. The Infrequency-Psychopathology Scale, F(p), was developed by identifying a set of 27 MMPI-2 items answered infrequently by both inpatients and the MMPI-2 normative sample. The new scale's construct validity was examined through tests of a series of hypotheses derived from an analysis of the reasons for elevated Infrequency (F) and Infrequency-Back (Fb) scores in inpatient settings. The F(p) scale's incremental validity was explored by comparing its performance to that of the F scale. The results of this study suggest that F(p) may be used as an adjunct to F in settings characterized by relatively high base rates of psychopathology and psychological distress. An important feature contributing to the clinical usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) is the availability of scales that assess the validity of individual test protocols. The importance of appraising the validity of individual test scores was recognized by Hathaway and McKinley (1943), who included two validity scales, Lie (L) and Infrequency (F) in the original version of the MMPI. The F scale was developed as an infrequent-response indicator by identifying 64 items that were answered infrequently in the
Opposition or cooperation: the relationships between lawyers and non-lawyer professionals in the US, 1999–2008

AbstractDespite longstanding scholarly attention to professions in the US, the relationships between lawyers and non-lawyer professionals are not well explained. Socio-legal studies and studies of professions often take for granted conflicts as the nature of inter-professional relationships. However, this understanding ignores the possibility of cooperation in which a set of professional occupations jointly attains a limited supply of necessary resources. Based on the ecological concepts of interactions and environments, the author discusses the impact of non-lawyer professions on the population of lawyers in an attempt to understand the relationships between the occupational groups. Using the panel data model to test data from 50 US states and the District of Columbia over a 10-year period, the study reveals that the legal profession is in cooperation with professionals in financial and law-affiliated areas. The analysis of ecological interactions moves beyond conflict-oriented understanding of professio...
Correlating surgical clerkship evaluations with performance on the National Board of Medical Examiners examination

Abstract Background Evaluation of medical students during the surgical clerkship is controversial. Performance is often based on subjective scoring, whereas objective knowledge is based on written examinations. Whether these measures correspond or are relevant to assess student performance is unknown. We hypothesized that student evaluations correlate with performance on the National Board Of Medical Examiners (NBME) examination. Methods Data were collected from the 2011–2012 academic year. Medical students underwent a ward evaluation using a seven-point Likert scale assessing six educational competencies. Students also undertook the NBME examination, where performance was recorded as a percentile score adjusted to national standards. Results A total of 129 medical students were studied. Scores on the NBME ranged from the 52nd to the 96th percentile with an average in the 75th percentile (±9). Clerkship scores ranged from 3.2–7.0 with a mean of 5.7 (±0.8). There was a strong positive association between higher NBME scores and higher clerkship evaluations shown by a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.47 (P Conclusions A strong positive relationship exists between subjective ward evaluations and NBME performance. These data may afford some confidence to surgical faculty and surgical resident ability to accurately evaluate medical students during clinical clerkships. Understanding factors in student performance may help in improving the surgical clerkship experience.
Adolescent Psychopathy: Factor Structure and Correspondence With the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory

This study compared five proposed factor models of psychopathy in a sample of 227 adolescent incarcerated offenders and psychiatric inpatients. Results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated tha...
Insulin growth factor pathway.

The insulin growth factor pathway (IGF), a complex one with multiple receptors and ligands, is involved in essential steps of cancer development such as survival, proliferation, and metastases.1 Although expression of IGF signaling seems to have prognostic significance, predictive factors for benefit have not yet been identified. Cross talk between the IGF and other pathways, particularly EFGR, may be important for understanding and mitigating resistance. Several compounds, including monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors, are currently under clinical investigation for inhibition of the IGF pathway.
Critical review of Parsons' non-existent objects

Revue critique du livre de T. Parsons, Non existent objects (Princeton, 1981), qui defend une position "neo-meinongienne" contre la traduction russellienne d'analyse des objets non existants. Elle repose sur une distinction entre proprietes "nucleaires" et "extra-nucleaires" et sur une theorie de l'abstraction. L'A. argue que toutes deux sont incorrectes. Les objets fictionnels existent essentiellement selon l'A. du fait que des marques symboliques les creent.
The Future of Simulation

Abstract : This short paper outlines some of the author's thoughts on the future of simulation. After a brief motivation for the article and a recounting of the history of simulation, four major themes are explored: convergent simulations, serious games and simulation, human-simulator interfaces, and computing technology. The article concludes with a vision of what a future simulation might be.
Greater osteoporosis educational outreach is desirable among Chinese immigrants in Chinatown, Chicago.

Osteoporosis beliefs were assessed in immigrant Chinese women in Chinatown, Chicago. Results from a survey utilizing the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale showed that women expressed concern about osteoporosis but lacked both knowledge of preventive care and health motivation. The objective of this study was to assess osteoporosis beliefs in immigrant Chinese women in Chinatown, Chicago. In a community-based health fair, osteoporosis knowledge and self-efficacy among postmenopausal Chinese immigrants were assessed using the translated Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed with calcaneal ultrasound. The study population included 94 women with mean age of 51 ± 9 years, mean length of residence in the United States of 9 ± 7 years, and 73% (n = 76) of whom were recent immigrants. Women expressed concern about the seriousness of osteoporosis and their relative susceptibility to osteoporosis. In particular, women with a prior fracture reported higher seriousness to osteoporosis. Nonetheless, women exhibited low health motivation and low awareness of the benefits of calcium and exercise. Bone densitometry results corresponded to a T score of −1.2 ± 1.5. Multiple regression analysis revealed that a younger age and longer length of residence in the USA were associated with higher BMD. Chinese immigrant women in Chicago exhibit concern regarding osteoporosis, but are unaware of the benefits of calcium and exercise, and exhibit low health motivation. Chinese women in Chinatown lack necessary knowledge about osteoporosis to develop adequate self-efficacy. Public health initiatives should be undertaken among recent immigrant Chinese women.
Avoiding superior tilt in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a review of the literature and technical recommendations

Superior tilt of the baseplate component in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty leads to tensile baseplate forces and may be a contributor to early loosening. The risk factors for this implant malposition include inadequate exposure through a superior approach and superior glenoid bone deficiency that obscures the native glenoid tilt. Here we review our preoperative evaluation and surgical management strategies to avoid superior tilt. Adequate exposure with a superior approach can be achieved but requires not just proper surgical technique but also careful patient selection. We propose that the superior approach be considered only for acute proximal humerus fractures or in patients when the following criteria are met: no prior open surgery on the shoulder; more than 30° of passive external rotation at 0° of abduction; no medial humeral osteophytes; and any superior migration must be reducible with a sulcus test during examination under anesthesia. Avoiding superior tilt when there is significant superior glenoid erosion can be accomplished with humeral head autograft, most easily performed through a deltopectoral approach. Preoperative templating is critical to determine proper graft thickness, inclination, reaming depth, and harvest technique.
Effects of coenzyme Q10 administration on its tissue concentrations, mitochondrial oxidant generation, and oxidative stress in the rat

Coenzyme Q (CoQ(10)) is a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and also a constituent of various cellular membranes. It acts as an important in vivo antioxidant, but is also a primary source of O(2)(-*)/H(2)O(2) generation in cells. CoQ has been widely advocated to be a beneficial dietary adjuvant. However, it remains controversial whether oral administration of CoQ can significantly enhance its tissue levels and/or can modulate the level of oxidative stress in vivo. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary CoQ supplementation on its content in various tissues and their mitochondria, and the resultant effect on the in vivo level of oxidative stress. Rats were administered CoQ(10) (150 mg/kg/d) in their diets for 4 and 13 weeks; thereafter, the amounts of CoQ(10) and CoQ(9) were determined by HPLC in the plasma, homogenates of the liver, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, and mitochondria of these tissues. Administration of CoQ(10) increased plasma and mitochondria levels of CoQ(10) as well as its predominant homologue CoQ(9). Generally, the magnitude of the increases was greater after 13 weeks than 4 weeks. The level of antioxidative defense enzymes in liver and skeletal muscle homogenates and the rate of hydrogen peroxide generation in heart, brain, and skeletal muscle mitochondria were not affected by CoQ supplementation. However, a reductive shift in plasma aminothiol status and a decrease in skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein carbonyls were apparent after 13 weeks of supplementation. Thus, CoQ supplementation resulted in an elevation of CoQ homologues in tissues and their mitochondria, a selective decrease in protein oxidative damage, and an increase in antioxidative potential in the rat.
Fingerprints theorems for zero crossings

We prove that the scale map of the zero crossings of almost all signals filtered by a Gaussian filter of variable size determines the signal uniquely, up to a constant scaling. The proof assumes that the filtered signal can be represented as a polynomial of finite, albeit possibly high, order. The result applies to zero and level crossings of linear differential operators of Gaussian filters. In this case the signal is determined uniquely, modulus the null space of the linear operator. The theorem can be extended to two-dimensional functions. These results are reminiscent of Logan’s theorem [ Bell Syst. Tech. J.56, 487 ( 1977)]. They imply that extrema of derivatives at different scales are a complete representation of a signal. They are especially relevant for computational vision in the case of the Laplacian operator acting on image intensities, and they suggest rigorous foundations for the primal sketch.
Bandwidth allocation strategies for wireless ATM networks using predictive reservation

In future wireless networks such as the wireless ATM networks, it is important to guarantee quality-of-service (QOS) for mobile terminals. However, guaranteeing QOS while ensuring high bandwidth utilization is difficult because of the unpredictable nature of the terminal mobility pattern. We propose a new scheme to improve the QOS of wireless ATM networks by using predictive reservation of bandwidth from mobility patterns dynamically. Simulation results show that under heavy load conditions, our proposed scheme will reduce the hand-off dropping probabilities by a significant amount while resulting in only a small increase in the blocking probabilities and a minimal sacrifice in bandwidth utilization.
Induction of Apoptosis by Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs Amiodarone and Imipramine

Phospholipidosis is the excessive accumulation of intracellular phospholipids in cell lysosomes. Drugs that induce this disease often share common physiochemical properties and are collectively classified as cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs). Although the cause of phospholipidosis and morphologic appearance of affected lysosomes have been studied extensively, less is known about the physiologic effects of the condition. In the current study, U-937 cells were incubated with the CADs amiodarone (2.5-10 microg/mL) and imipramine (2.5-20 microg/mL). Treatment of U-937 cells with these compounds for 96 h resulted in concentration-related increases in phospholipids, as assessed by flow cytometry using the fluorophore nile red. These results were verified by measuring the concentrations of choline-derived phospholipids, which were significantly increased in drug-treated cells. Cell number in amiodarone (10 microg/mL) and imipramine (20 microg/mL) cultures following the 96-h incubation period were markedly reduced compared to control cultures. These observations suggested that accumulation of cellular phospholipids could inhibit cell proliferation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed a decrease in the percentage of cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle following drug treatment, yet DNA replication still occurred in a significant portion of cells. Interestingly, amiodarone and imipramine induced apoptosis in U-937 cells as shown by annexin V-FITC staining and DNA fragmentation. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that amiodarone and imipramine induced the activity of caspases 2 and 3. These results suggest that disruption of cell lysosomes in U-937 cells following accumulation of phospholipids does not cause a cell cycle arrest but instead induces apoptosis by activation of caspase pathways.
SLO-1 Potassium Channels Control Quantal Content of Neurotransmitter Release at the C. elegans Neuromuscular Junction

Six mutants of SLO-1, a large-conductance, Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel of C. elegans, were obtained in a genetic screen for regulators of neurotransmitter release. Mutants were isolated by their ability to suppress lethargy of an unc-64 syntaxin mutant that restricts neurotransmitter release. We measured evoked postsynaptic currents at the neuromuscular junction in both wild-type and mutants and observed that the removal of SLO-1 greatly increased quantal content primarily by increasing duration of release. The selective isolation of slo-1 as the only ion channel mutant derived from a whole genomic screen to detect regulators of neurotransmitter release suggests that SLO-1 plays an important, if not unique, role in regulating neurotransmitter release.
The anticipatory profile. An attempt to describe anticipation as process

Inductive class representation and the more comprehensive evolving transformation system (ETS) are congenial to the subject matter of anticipation. In substantiating this assertion, we examine the epistemological premises of a new form of representation, of interest to pattern recognition and Artificial Intelligence (AI), but even more to the study of living systems. Some concepts, such as classes, time and time scale, and generative processes are examined in detail with respect to their pertinence to anticipation. Finally, pattern generation and ETS programming are suggested.
Building Patriotic African Leadership Through African-Centered Education:

Africa continues to be a continent in transition. Its education, economy, politics, and society are not reflecting 21st-century trends. As it appears, African leadership is still tied to European-centered frameworks that are counterproductive to the sacred existence of African peoples. Rarely does good news come from Africa; there are consistent problematic situations in self-governance. This article proposes proactive African-centered educational programs that could produce nationalistic and patriotic leadership willing to tackle Africa’s endemic problems.
The Genetic Control of Early Tooth Development

Most vertebrate organs begin their initial formation by a common, developmentally conserved pattern of inductive tissue interactions between two tissues. The developing tooth germ is a prototype for such inductive tissue interactions and provides a powerful experimental system for elucidation of the genetic pathways involved in organogenesis. Members of the Msx homeobox gene family are expressed at sites of epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryogenesis, including the tooth. The important role that Msx genes play in tooth development is exemplified by mice lacking Msx gene function. Msxl-deficient mice exhibit an arrest in tooth development at the bud stage, while Msx2-deficient mice exhibit late defects in tooth development. The co-expression of Msx, Bmp, Lefl, and Activin beta A genes and the coincidence of tooth phenotypes in the various knockout mice suggest that these genes reside within a common genetic pathway. Results summarized here indicate that Msxl is required for the transmission of Bmp4 expression from dental epithelium to mesenchyme and also for Lefl expression. In addition, we consider the role of other signaling molecules in the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions leading to tooth formation, the role that transcription factors such as Msx play in the propagation of inductive signals, and the role of extracellular matrix. Last, as a unifying mechanism to explain the disparate tooth phenotypes in Msxl- and Msx2-deficient mice, we propose that later steps in tooth morphogenesis molecularly resemble those in early tooth development.
Encapsulated out-of-plane differential square-plate resonator with integrated actuation electrodes

This paper presents a fully encapsulated 12.5 MHz transverse-mode differential square plate resonator that has out-of-plane actuation electrodes integrated into the thinfilm microshell encapsulation. The integration of electrodes minimizes the parasitic resistance, which is generally large for out-of-plane device, and the total footprint of the resonator. Feedthrough capacitance is also minimized by utilizing a differential topology. The AC power handling and DC tuning characteristics are also presented. The plate resonator has no noticeable frequency shift even for AC driving voltages ranging from 223 mV to 2.23 V. The center frequency is still tunable by changing the DC bias voltage, which is ideal for applications that require frequency tunability.
Explorations in Methodology: The Scientific Question as a Schemapiric Dimension

(1969). Explorations in Methodology: The Scientific Question as a Schemapiric Dimension. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 85-92.
Integrated Global Models That Run On Personal Computers

This article presents work the author has done to port several of the integrated global models developed in the 1970's and 1980's to widely available personal computers. The goal has been to give teachers and researchers access to these models for educational purposes. The article briefly describes each model to. help a potential user decide which one(s) he or she may wish to obtain from the author.
TEKTITES VS. TERRESTRIAL ROCKS- A COMPARISON OF VARIANCE IN COMPOSITIONS

Abstract Tektites are much more similar chemically to certain terrestrial rocks than to known meteorites; this fact supports the possibility that tektites have been formed by the melting and quenching of terrestrial rocks by impact of comets or meteorites or by lightning. This paper presents the results of an attempt to estimate the probability of such occurrences by analysis of the variation in chemical compositions in tektites and igneous and sedimentary rocks. Sixty chemical analyses each of igneous and sedimentary rocks with a range of SiO 2 content equal to that of analysed tektites were picked at random from the literature, subject to restrictions on quality and area. The variance, for each major oxide, of the rock compositions was compared to the corresponding variances for sixty-six analysed tektites by the variance ratio test, and was found to be significantly greater for both rock classes than the tektite variance. All basic assumptions, including representativeness of sample analyses, effect of analytical error on between-sample variance, and compositional changes due to fusion were justified. This study suggests that tektite formation by random occurrences such as cometary impact must do two things to account for tektite compositions: terrestrial rocks of fairly restricted composition must be selected for fusion, and the variance in composition within this selected sample must be suppressed. The probability that random processes will do both is shown to be considerably less than 0.001. The following conclusions were reached: 1. (1) Tektites are a distinct geochemical class characterized by restricted chemical composition and functional variation of major oxides with silica content. 2. (2) Tektites have not been formed from terrestrial materials by any natural process thus far suggested. 3. (3) Tektite formation involved some sort of systematic chemical differentiation. These conclusions point to an extra-terrestrial origin for tektites.
Using Information-theoretic Principles to Analyze and Evaluate Complex Adaptive Supply Network Architectures

Abstract Information-theoretic principles can be applied to the study of complex adaptive supply networks (CASN). Previous modeling efforts of CASN were impeded by the complex, dynamic nature of the systems. However, information theory provides a model-free approach to the problem removing many of those barriers. Understanding how principles such as transfer entropy, excess entropy/predictive information, information storage, and separable information apply in the context of supply networks opens up new ways of studying these complex systems. Additionally, these principles provide the potential for new business analytics which give managers of CASN new insights into the system's health, behavior, and eventual control strategies.
Asymptotic preserving space-time discontinuous Galerkin methods for a class of relaxation systems

Various models derived from the Boltzmann equation can be used to model heat conduction, neutron transport, and gas dynamics. These models arise when one expands the distribution function for the Boltzmann equation in spherical harmonics, which results in singularly perturbed hyperbolic systems scaled by a diffusive relaxation parameter e. In the diffusive limit where e 1, the perturbed equations limit to parabolic-type systems such as the heat equation and the advection-diffusion equation. Much work has been done in developing numerical schemes that are useful in the rarefied regime (when e is O(1)) and that preserve the diffusive limit (when e → 0) at the discrete level. A method that does this successfully is called asymptotic preserving (AP). One difficulty in using standard numerical methods for these models is that they have a very restrictive CFL condition on time-step size which vanishes in the diffusive limit. Some attempts to overcome this hurdle have used implicit time-integration schemes, but this requires computing the solution to very large linear systems at each time step. Our strategy is to develop a space-time discontinuous Galerkin method that will admit a less restrictive limit on the time-step size and will maintain its order of accuracy as the diffusive relaxation parameter becomes very small.
G6PD deficiency and chronic hemolysis: four new mutants--relationships between clinical syndrome and enzyme kinetics.

G6PD deficiency of the common type (GdA- and GdMediterranean) results in extremely mild chronic hemolysis. In contrast, 65 males (from 47 unrelated families) have been reported with a different syndrome of severe chronic hemolysis associated with a superficially similar deficiency in the activity of G6PD. Five new such patients (from four unrelated families) are reported. Biochemical characterization of the erythrocyte G6PD from these patients indicates that these four mutant enzymes are different from each other and from previously reported variants. These new mutants have tentatively been named G6PD New York, G6PD Englewood, G6PD Rotterdam and G6PD Den Haag. The congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemias associated with G6PD deficiency appear to be an extremely heterogeneous group from the point of view of biochemical kinetics. The relationships between the clinical syndrome and the various biochemical enzyme characteristics are discussed in the light of the information presently available.
Hypertension produced by a high sodium diet in the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR)

The effect of high dietary sodium (8%) on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), borderline hypertensive (BHR), and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats was determined weekly by tail cuff plethysmography for one week of baseline and four weeks of diet. After 4 weeks, significant elevations in systolic blood pressure were found in SHR and BHR groups, but not in WKY. BHR studied an additional 4 weeks showed a further progression of hypertension, reaching levels nearly equal to control SHR. Direct measurement of arterial pressure in conscious animals in their home cage confirmed the elevation in pressure in both SHR and BHR groups. Metabolic studies revealed that the high sodium diet reduced body weight in SHR and BHR strains, but not in WKY. Although both urinary volumes and sodium excretion values were significantly lower in SHR and BHR compared with WKY, this effect disappeared when adjustments for body weight were made. Plasma norepinephrine determinations revealed a significant response to cold stress in all groups. Plasma epinephrine was elevated in all strains in response to cold stress; however, a consistent statistical elevation was seen only in WKY. The BHR is discussed as a model for determining the triggers responsible for environmentally-induced hypertension.
NI-53PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY MIMICKING HIGH GRADE GLIOMA IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT: A CASE REPORT

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is an uncommon and fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is due to reactivation of the JC virus. It is most often seen in immunocompromised patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS or those on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. We present a case of biopsy-proven idiopathic PML in a presumed immunocompetent patient, with imaging characteristics suggestive of glioma. A 66-year-old white male with a history of cirrhosis presented with subacute onset of progressive deterioration of mental status, aphasia, and right hemiparesis. Laboratory and cerebrospinal fluid studies were unremarkable for any infection, autoimmune disease, and malignancy. MRI brain revealed a non-contrast enhancing lesion involving the left frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes with marked sparing of overlying cortex, characterized by increased T2/FLAIR hyperintensity, T1 hypointensity, and facilitated diffusion. MR spectroscopy of the lesion demonstrated elevated choline, with lactate peaks and decreased NAA. A high grade glioma was suspected and patient underwent a brain biopsy. Histological analysis revealed enlarged oligodendrocytes with myelin loss consistent with active demyelination. The enlarged oligodendrocytes had smudged nuclear chromatin, were positive for JC virus by in situ hydridization, and also showed strong staining for p53. A diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was made. Although rare in immunocompetent individuals, this unusual presentation suggests that PML be considered in the approach to the diagnosis and management of such lesions.
Structural Characterization of GA on Si(112) by Auger Electron Diffraction

The structure of Ga overlayers on stepped Si(112) surfaces is investigated using the technique of Auger electron diffraction (AED). Although previous studies suggest that the Ga adatoms form well-ordered chains along the stepped Si(112) surface, no studies to date have determined the exact Ga adsorption sites on the Si(112) surface. However, low energy AED measurements on adsorbate structures are very sensitive to the adsorption site position and geometry due to strong backscattering from substrate atoms. In this work, low energy Ga AED data is analyzed using single scattering cluster (SSC) calculations. The analysis is able to differentiate between step edge and terrace adsorption site models for the Ga/Si(112) structure, as well as determine the detailed adsorbate geometry on the surface. The Ga overlayer model deduced from the data places the Ga adatoms 1.0 A below the substitutions step edge sites of the non-primitive Si(112) surface.
Anharmonic vibrational modes of nucleic acid bases revealed by 2D IR spectroscopy.

Polarization-dependent two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectra of the purine and pyrimadine base vibrations of five nucleotide monophosphates (NMPs) were acquired in D2O at neutral pH in the frequency range 1500–1700 cm–1. The distinctive cross-peaks between the ring deformations and carbonyl stretches of NMPs indicate that these vibrational modes are highly coupled, in contrast with the traditional peak assignment, which is based on a simple local mode picture such as C═O, C═N, and C═C double bond stretches. A model of multiple anharmonically coupled oscillators was employed to characterize the transition energies, vibrational anharmonicities and couplings, and transition dipole strengths and orientations. No simple or intuitive structural correlations are found to readily assign the spectral features, except in the case of guanine and cytosine, which contain a single local CO stretching mode. To help interpret the nature of these vibrational modes, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculati...
Abstract 5427: Combination of aflibercept (VEGF trap) and docetaxel produces increased antitumor effects associated with enhanced changes to tumor vasculature

VEGF blockade in combination with chemotherapy has shown increased anti-tumor efficacy in preclinical models and clinical studies. However, the mechanism by which combination treatments result in enhanced effects is not well understood. In this study, we sought to characterize the mechanism for improved effects of aflibercept plus docetaxel on HT1080, a human fibrosarcoma line that is resistant to anti-VEGF treatment. Immunodeficient SCID mice bearing subcutaneous HT1080 tumors (size ∼100 mm3) were treated with either control protein (hFc) plus docetaxel vehicle, aflibercept (25 mg/kg s.c.), docetaxel (4.5 mg/kg i.v.), or the combination. Following three treatments administered every 3-4 days, tumors were left to grow and harvested when the average size of the treatment group reached ∼600mm3. We found that combination treatment with aflibercept plus docetaxel was significantly more efficacious than either single agent. Although treatments with docetaxel alone and in combination with aflibercept both initially regressed tumor size, the combination was significantly more effective at delaying long-term tumor regrowth. In tumors harvested 24 hrs after the last treatment, combination treatment produced a dramatic decrease in the number of proliferating cells and a concomitant increase in pyknotic cells. Aflibercept or docetaxel alone had only modest effects on the vessels in this tumor, whereas the combination treatment resulted in pruned vessels with less branching, some vessels with punctate endothelial cell staining, and an increase in TUNEL-positive endothelial cells. These results suggest that combination of aflibercept plus taxols (docetaxel) causes enhanced effects on the tumor vessels, thus improving efficacy in tumors with vasculature that exhibit resistance to VEGF blockade. Further understanding the mechanistic basis underlying these combination treatments may provide insight into improving current strategies to manage tumors resistant to antiangiogenic therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5427.
Multi-Indenter Device for in Vivo Biomechanical Tissue Measurement

Biomechanical tissue properties have been hypothesized to play a critical role in the quantification of prosthetic socket production for individuals with limb amputation. In this investigation, a novel indenter platform is presented and its performance evaluated for the purposes of residual-limb tissue characterization. The indenter comprised 14 position- and force-controllable actuators that circumferentially surround a biological residuum to form an actuator ring. Each indenter actuator was individually controllable in position ( ${{97.1}}~\mu {\text {m}}$ accuracy) and force (330 mN accuracy) at a PC controller feedback rate of 500 Hz, allowing for a range of measurement across a residual stump. Data were collected from 162 sensors over an EtherCAT fieldbus to characterize the mechanical hyperviscoelastic tissue response of two transtibial residual-limbs from a study participant with bilateral amputations. At five distinct anatomical locations across the residual-limb, force versus deflection data—including hyperviscoelastic tissue properties—are presented, demonstrating the accuracy and versatility of the multi-indenter platform for residual-limb tissue characterization.
Effect of hypertonic intracarotid infusions on plasma vasopressin concentration.

The effect of short-term bilateral intracarotid infusions of hypertonic saline on plasma vasopressin concentration (pAVP) was evaluated in five dogs. Intracarotid infusion of saline at 90 mumol . kg-1 . min-1 . artery-1 significantly (P less than 0.05) increased jugular vein osmolality (pOsm) and sodium concentration (pNa+) within 2 min. Saphenous vein pOsm was not altered during the 6 min of infusion, whereas pNa+ was increased (P less than 0.05) from 0.8 +/- 0.1 to 2.3 +/- 0.3 pg/ml. Subsequent experiments using hypertonic saline infusions of 90 and 180 mumol . kg-1 . min-1 administered intracarotidly and intravenously for 6 min were performed. Intracarotid isotonic infusions and intravenous hypertonic infusions did not significantly alter pAVP. Hypertonic intracarotid saline increased jugular vein pOsm and pNa+ in a dose-related fashion, whereas saphenous vein pOsm and pNa+ were not significantly changed after 6 min of infusion. Plasma vasopressin, compared with the isotonic intracarotid infusion (1.5 +/- 0.3 pg/ml), was increased (P less than 0.05) after hypertonic saline to 3.2 +/- 0.6 and 4.8 +/- 0.2 pg/ml for the 90 and 180 mumol . kg-1 . min-1 infusions, respectively. The cerebral osmolality indicated by jugular vein pOsm was therefore increased in the absence of changes in systemic pOsm during intracarotid hypertonic infusions. The increase in pAVP in response to these changes in pOsm supports the presence of central osmoreceptors regulating vasopressin release in the area of distribution of the common carotid arteries.
Ambient Ions and the Voltage Across Crayfish Gills

The potential difference across open-circuited amphibian skin (the TEP) is generated by Na+ transport from medium to blood. Transport of other ambient ions contributes little although an effect of high [CI-] has been described (Harck and Larsen, 1986) and will be illustrated below. Ion transport systems in fishes and crustaceans resemble those in amphibians (Kirschner et al, 1973) but the electrical pictures are very different. The purpose of this review is to describe the contributions of Na+, Ca2+ and CI- to electrogenesis in crayfish gills the procedures for measuring the TEP in crayfish have been recently described (Kirschner, 1994).
Inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3) suppresses glucose metabolism and the growth of HER2+ breast cancer

Purpose Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) has been implicated in the progression of multiple tumor types, including breast cancer, and many downstream effectors of HER2 signaling are primary regulators of cellular metabolism, including Ras and Akt. A key downstream metabolic target of Ras and Akt is the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 isozyme (PFKFB3), whose product, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F26BP), is a potent allosteric activator of a rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase (PFK-1). We postulate that PFKFB3 may be regulated by HER2 and contribute to HER2-driven tumorigenicity.
Optimal operation of energy storage to minimize wind spillage and mitigate wind power forecast errors

Wind spill occurs due to the non-correlation between load and wind profiles, and also wind power forecast errors. Scheduling energy storage units to reduce wind spillage gets complicated considering the difference between day-ahead wind power forecast range, hour-ahead wind power forecast, and actual wind power. This paper presents an algorithm that optimally schedules energy storage to address both applications - minimizing wind spillage and mitigating wind power forecast errors. First, energy storage is scheduled to minimize wind spillage by a mixed integer linear programming, given day-ahead wind power forecast range. Then, day-ahead energy storage operation is updated to mitigate the error between day-ahead wind power forecast and hour-ahead wind power forecast, using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Finally, energy storage operation is updated by DWT to mitigate the error between actual wind power and hour-ahead wind power forecast. Wind spillage and required back-up generation is calculated for different scenarios of day-ahead wind power forecast, energy storage technologies (e.g. compressed air energy storage, and sodium sulfur battery), and state of charge values. To showcase the applicability of the proposed approach, a case study based on the real world wind and load data obtained from the Bonneville Power Administration in 2013 is presented.
Clinical potential of psilocybin as a treatment for mental health conditions

Psilocybin, a classic hallucinogen, is a chemical produced by more than 100 species of mushrooms worldwide. It has high affinity for several serotonin receptors, including 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C, located in numerous areas of the brain, including the cerebral cortex and thalamus. With legislation introduced in 1992, more work is being done to further understand the implications of psilocybin use in a number of disease states. Certain mental health disease states and symptoms have been studied, including depressed mood, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcohol use disorder, and tobacco use disorder. This article provides an in-depth review of the study design and results of psilocybin in each of these conditions and discusses the clinical potential for use.
Governing roles for Trib3 pseudokinase during stress erythropoiesis

In response to anemia, the heightened production of erythropoietin (EPO) can sharply promote erythroid progenitor cell (EPC) formation. Specific mediators of such EPO- accelerated erythropoiesis, however, are not well understood. Presently, we first report that the expression of Trib3 in adult bone marrow EPCs in vivo is nominal at steady state, but strongly activated on EPO challenge. In a knockout mouse model, Trib3 disruption modestly increased steady-state erythrocyte numbers and decreased mean corpuscular volume. Following 5-fluorouracil myeloablation, however, rebound red blood cell production and hemoglobin levels were substantially (and selectively) compromised in Trib3−/− mice versus Trib3+/+ congenic controls. Erythrocytes from 5-fluorouracil-treated Trib3−/− mice additionally were more prone to lysis and exhibited elevated peroxide-induced reactive oxygen species. Ex vivo, the development of CD71posTer119pos erythroblasts from Trib3−/− bone marrow progenitors was attenuated, and this was associated with heightened EPO-dependent Erk1/2 activation and moderately increased Akt activation. For developmentally staged EPCs, gene profiling provided further initial insight into candidate mediators of EPO-induced Trib3 gene expression, including Cebp-beta, Atf4, Egr-1, and Nab1. Overall, Trib3 is indicated to act as a novel EPC-intrinsic governor of stress erythropoiesis.