cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of breaking internal solitary waves on slopes

Using direct numerical simulations (DNS), we investigate the structure and energetics of breaking internal waves on slopes. We employ a Navier–Stokes code in an idealized three-dimensional domain where an internal solitary wave of depression impinges upon a sloping bottom. Seven cases with varying initial wave amplitude and bathymetric slope, but constant wave Reynolds number are considered. Volume-integrated values of dissipation and irreversible mixing are related to the density and velocity structure of the wave throughout the breaking process. The majority of dissipation (63 %) occurs along the no-slip bottom boundary. Most of the remaining dissipation (35 %) and nearly all irreversible mixing occurs in the interior after breaking, when density overturns are present at the interface. Breaking introduces three-dimensionality to the flow field that is driven by the lateral breakdown of density overturns and the lobe–cleft instability typical of gravity currents. The resulting longitudinal rolls (streamwise vorticity) increase dissipation by roughly 8 % and decrease irreversible mixing by roughly 20 % when compared with a similar two-dimensional simulation. The bulk mixing efficiency is shown to increase for larger and smaller values of the internal Iribarren number , with a minimum for intermediate values of and a peak near for plunging breakers. This trend is explained by the degree of two-dimensionality in the flow, and agrees with previous results in the literature after accounting for Reynolds number effects. Local turbulence quantities are also calculated at ‘virtual moorings’, and a location upslope of the breakpoint but downslope of the intersection of the pycnocline and the bottom is shown to provide a signal that is most representative of the volume-integrated dissipation and mixing results.
Physical Therapy Management of Patients with Total Ankle Replacement

Ankle arthrodesis has been the treatment of choice for patients who have arthritic or degenerative ankle disease with disabling pain and loss of motion. But the results of long-term retrospective studies show a significant percentage of arthrodeses are unacceptable to patients and considered to be clinically poor or failures by the physicians. Therefore, total replacement of the ankle joint is becoming recognized as an alternative to ankle arthrodesis. This procedure eliminates pain and provides sufficient ankle motion for resumption of normal activities. Objectives and indications for the procedure, two types of prostheses, and the surgical procedure are discussed. Guidelines are provided for preoperative and postoperative physical therapy for patients having total ankle replacements.
Controlling established invaders: integrating economics and spread dynamics to determine optimal management

We review studies that address economically optimal control of established invasive species. We describe three important components for determining optimal invasion management: invasion dynamics, costs of control efforts and a monetary measure of invasion damages. We find that a management objective that explicitly considers both costs and damages is most appropriate for determining economically optimal strategies, but also leads to large challenges due to uncertainty in components of the management problem. To address uncertainty, some studies have included stochasticity in their models; others have quantified the value of information or focused on decision-making with limited information. Our synthesis shows how invasion characteristics, such as costs, damages, pattern of spread and invasion and landscape size, affect optimal control strategies and goals in systematic ways. We find that even for simple questions, such as whether control should be applied at the centre of an invasion or to satellite patches, the answer depends on the details of a particular invasion. Future work should seek to better quantify key components of this problem, determine best management in the face of limited information, improve understanding of spatial aspects of invasion control and design approaches to improve the feasibility of achieving regional control goals.
Psychopharmacologic treatment of patients with HIV/AIDS

Psychiatric disorders are common among patients with HIV/AIDS, and psychopharmacologic treatment is a cornerstone of management. The efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatment for depression in HIV/AIDS is relatively well established. However, literature on the treatment of other disorders is limited, which means that we still must determine how standard treatment guidelines may need to be modified in consideration of several key aspects of HIV illness. These include the broad differential diagnosis for psychiatric symptoms and the potential for interactions between psychotropic medications and antiretroviral medications. This paper reviews the literature on psychopharmacologic treatments of key psychiatric disorders in HIV/AIDS as well as differential diagnosis and drug-drug interactions.
The Effect of Negative Feedback on Single Event Transient Propagation in Digital Circuits

Propagation and attenuation of Single Event Transient (SET) pulses in combinational logic circuits are examined. A Miller feedback mechanism that affects the minimum pulse width needed for SET propagation in combinational logic circuits is identified. Analytical models that are commonly employed to predict the combinational Soft Error Rate (SER) of future integrated circuit (IC) technologies do not include this feedback effect. Inclusion of this effect increases the critical charge required for SET propagation through a combinational logic circuit by more than 30%. This feedback phenomenon reduces the estimated SER, which is sensitive to changes in critical charge, by more than 40%
The Relation of the Hydrogen-ion Concentration to the Texture of Emmenthal or Swiss Cheese*

The object of the work described herein was the determination of the relation of the march of hydrogen-ion concentration in Emmenthal or Swiss cheese to the texture. In this research differences in the proteolysis and the moisture of the cheese were correlated with the above factors. For the purpose of comparative study variations were produced by the use of two starters, the ga starter, a bulgaricus organism with a mycoderm, and the 39a starter, an old strain of Lactobacillus bulgar@us. Orla-Jensen (1) has studied the influence of the degree of acidity upon the consistency and ripening process of Emmenthal cheese and this work will be referred to later. Boekhout and Ott de Vries (2) found that an excessive amount of free lactic acid was the direct cause of brittle texture in the Edam cheese. Van Dam's (3) researches on Edam cheese indicated that the texture was a phenomenon of colloidal chemistry, and that an excess of hydrogen ions also produced a hard and brittle texture. He also found that the progress of ripening was dependent upon the proportion of acid present. Leiteh (4) who worked with English Cheddar cheese stated that the degree of acidification of the curd was the factor which exercised the greatest control over the texture of the cured cheese. In an investigation of Cheddar cheese Van Slyke and Hart (5) found that excess acid produced a dry, harsh, and hard texture and that cheese having the most moisture generally contained the largest amounts of soluble nitrogen. Van Slyke
Response of Japanese Barberry to Varying Degrees of Defoliation

Abstract Until recently, it was thought that Berberis thunbergii (Japanese Barberry), a non-native invasive plant that has become particularly widespread in certain regions of New Jersey, benefited from a lack of herbivorous defoliators. However, in 2007 extensive defoliation was documented across a wide geographical distribution in New Jersey, calling this assumption into question. We tested whether Japanese Barberry was negatively affected by partial defoliation by manually clipping 50% or 100% of leaves on current-year stems on small and large plants in the summer of 2008. We found almost no impact of defoliation on growth, carbon storage, or leaf-level physiology for either treatment. We noted some differences between large and small plants, but these were not related to defoliation treatments. Our results suggest that, even in the presence of herbivory, Japanese Barberry is capable of maintaining growth and carbon reserves, thus making it an effective competitor for resources.
Activities of visual cortical and hippocampal neurons co-fluctuate in freely moving rats during spatial behavior

Visual cues exert a powerful control over hippocampal place cell activities that encode external spaces. The functional interaction of visual cortical neurons and hippocampal place cells during spatial navigation behavior has yet to be elucidated. Here we show that, like hippocampal place cells, many neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) of freely moving rats selectively fire at specific locations as animals run repeatedly on a track. The V1 location-specific activity leads hippocampal place cell activity both spatially and temporally. The precise activities of individual V1 neurons fluctuate every time the animal travels through the track, in a correlated fashion with those of hippocampal place cells firing at overlapping locations. The results suggest the existence of visual cortical neurons that are functionally coupled with hippocampal place cells for spatial processing during natural behavior. These visual neurons may also participate in the formation and storage of hippocampal-dependent memories.
A Fibronectin Receptor Competitive Blocker Inhibits GnRH Induced Meiosis in Follicle-Enclosed Oocytes

Mammalian oocytes are arrested at the diplotene stage of the first meiotic division before ovulation and the preovulatory surge of gonadotropin initiates resumption of meiosis (1). Oocyte maturation can also be effectively induced by gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or GnRH agonist (2). The process which leads to oocyte maturation is probably mediated by follicular components and is not the result of a direct interaction between the female gamete and the hormone (3,4). During the process of follicular growth, a complex sequence of changes occur, including granulosa cells (GCs) differentiation, extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction with the GCs affecting the differentiation as well as the cytoplas-matic and nuclear maturation of the oocyte (1,5). Fibronectin (Fn) is a major component of the ECM and has been implicated in a wide variety of cellular properties, particularly those involving the interaction of cells with ECM (6). Recently, it has been demonstrated that GCs can synthesize and secrete Fn (7,8), and cytodifferentiation of GCs was induced by GnRH which, in turn, promoted Fn secretion (9).
Value of Determination of Serum Fibrin–Fibrinogen Degradation Products in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Serum fibrin–fibrinogen degradation products were examined in 140 consecutive patients admitted to a coronary care unit. Most patients with acute myocardial infarction had serum fibrin–fibrinogen degradation products amounting to less than 20 μ g per ml. in early stages of the disease. None of the patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction had serum fibrin–fibrinogen degradation products amounting to more than 40 μ g. per ml. It was found that the severity of myocardial infarction, elevation of various “cardiac enzymes,” and increased serum fibrin–fibrinogen degradation products are related. Elevated serum fibrin–fibrinogen degradation products may be a grave prognostic sign.
Habitat of B. Histolyticus in Human Intestine

Among the rarer organisms which were found to be concerned in wound infections during the World War was B. histolyticus. This bacillus, unique as regards its pathogenesis, was first described by Weinberg and Sequin 1 in 1916. They were able to isolate it from 8 cases of gaseous gangrene, and seem to have been the only investigators of that period to do so. It was surmised to be an intestinal organism and to find its entrance into wounds from polluted soil. Although the British Medical Research Committee in their report2 stated that it has been obtained from soil, the first definite information in regard to these points were the reports of Petersen and Hall2 on its isolation from arable soil in California and of Hall3 on its recovery from a human stool specimen. As regards the levels in the human intestine at which this organism may be found, whether it passes through the intestine as a mere "casual" or under certain conditions may find the intestinal environment so favorable as to permit active growth and presumably the production of its toxin, believed by Weinberg to be of an extracellular nature, are questions in regard to which there seems to be no published information. It is the purpose of this communication to present rather complete data in regard to some of these points as determined by the bacteriologic study of material from two human intestines.
Helping LIS Students Understand the Reference Librarian's Teacher Identity

The library and information science (LIS) classroom setting for reference education is complex and busy. In a semester-long class, students are taxed with understanding concepts and acquiring skill...
Optimization Algorithm Study of the Pump's Running Parameters in Multi-stations Water Flooding Constituted Plunger Pumps

The multi-stations water flooding system constituted plunger pumps is studied and a second-order optimization algorithm method for the pump's running parameters is given.The objective function was divided into optimize of stations and within stations.It can be used to guide in optimizing energy conservation in the operation of water flooding system.First of all,the minimum energy consumption was used as the objective function.Then reasonable determine the system boundary conditions.The optimal value of flow and pressure for every station through iterative method for solving the nonlinear optimization problem are calculated.Based on the calculated results.Plunger pump models,plunger diameter series and the efficiency of pumps and motors and other factors for every station are considered and at last the program for pump how to run is determined.This model was proved to be right and precision.The optimization method has much meaning for saving and reducing energy in the similarity oil fields.
Study on biological peptide preparation from rice dreg protein by enzymatic hydrolysis and its antioxidative activity

In order to high-valued utilize the rice dreg resources,a natural antioxidative peptide with high effective and low toxic properties was produced from rice dreg protein by the enzymatic hydrolysis method.The results showed that the neutral enzyme was optimum among seven protease.The optimum enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were 10g/100mL rice dreg protein concentration(S),8% neutral enzyme concentration(E/S,w/w),pH 6.0,temperature of 60℃ and time of 30min.Under the optimum condition,rice dreg biological peptide had the yield of 18.50%,degree of hydrolysis of 2.84% and DPPH· scavenging rate of 90.10%.The results also showed that rice dreg biological peptide had strong scavenging capabilities on DPPH· and hydroxyl free radicals with IC50 values of 1.136 and 0.169g/L.Moreover,the rice dreg biological peptide had strong reducing capability and chelating Fe2+ ability with IC50 value of 2.127g/L.It was concluded that rice dreg protein was a good source for producing antioxidative peptide and the rice dreg biological peptide was an ideally natural antioxidants.
Artists and Signatures in Ancient Greece

Part I. On the Status, Originality, and Difference of the Greek Artist: 1. Euthykartides' toes: signatures and the status of the Greek artist 2. Greek exceptionalism in the ancient world Part II. Who Signed What, Where, How?: 3. Gems 4. Coins 5. Architecture 6. Wall- and panel-painting 7. Mosaics 8. Vases 9. Metalwork 10. Sculpture Part III. Speculation: 11. Why? Glossary Appendix: ancient sources.
Convulsive Memory: The Spanish Civil War and Post-Franco Spain

In 1937 Pablo Picasso painted his large black and white canvas, “Guernica,” after the bombing of this Basque village by Italian and German warplanes on April 26 of that year. Commissioned by the as-yet undefeated Spanish republican government for the Spanish pavilion at the 1937 Paris International Exposition of Art and Technology in Modern Life (“Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne”), this painting has gained worldwide renown as a representation of the suffering inflicted upon civilian populations in modern warfare.
Cost Analyses of Homelessness: Limits and Opportunities

The past decade has seen a rapid growth in both academic and nonacademic research on the cost dynamics of homelessness in the United States. Such studies either examine the extent and cost of acute public service utilisation by homeless persons or aim to demonstrate that the cost of housing interventions targeted towards homeless persons may be entirely or partially offset by reductions in service utilisation subsequent to housing placement. These cost analyses of homelessness have become important factors in the formulation of policy and programmes at both the local and national levels and have been useful in garnering additional resources for new investments in housing programmes, especially in permanent housing for chronically homeless persons. Despite the many benefits and opportunities associated with cost-related research on homelessness, there are potential shortcomings and limitations that must be recognised. Cost analyses will continue to play a role in policy and programme formulation, and determining the appropriate role and level of importance attributed to such research will be an important challenge for researchers and policymakers.
The Great Idea

Andrew Carnegie (November 25, 1835–August 11, 1919) was a Scottish immigrant who epitomized the American Dream during its Gilded Age. He oversaw an immense expansion of both the transportation and steel industries in the United States which allowed a new America to overtake his former homeland of Great Britain as the world’s largest economy. Carnegie achieved his remarkable success through the adoption of a new and distinctly American model of entrepreneurship and free markets. In turn, Andrew Carnegie went on to develop a philanthropic philosophy which he chronicled in his 1889 article that was later reprinted and commonly called The Gospel of Wealth.1
Correction and Calibration

Remote-sensing images require various types of systematic corrections for noise and geometric distortion. They also require radiometric calibration for accurate comparisons between dates and sensors. Rectification of system-corrected products to maps can be implemented over limited areas with moderate topographic relief by global polynomial functions. Resampling for geometric correction alters the local spatial and global radiometric properties of the image. Nearest-neighbor resampling does not introduce any new pixel spectral vectors into the data, bilinear resampling introduces new vectors within the original digital number (DN) range, and cubic resampling introduces new vectors within and outside the original DN range. Noise correction is necessary only if the noise will affect information extraction. It is best done before any resampling of the imagery. Local noise is removed with a variety of spatial filters, while global periodic noise is removed with Fourier filters. Unequal detector calibration noise or striping can be corrected by a global image-based adjustment of each detector's response. Uncorrelated noise in multispectral images may be removed by spectral decorrelation techniques such as the principal component transfer (PCT). Full calibration of remote sensing imagery requires sensor calibration and atmospheric and topographic effects correction. Hyperspectral imagery presents special calibration challenges but also provides some atmospheric data that is useful for calibration.
A bioinformatics approach for exploring text-processing: calculating protein weights nifty assignment

Even in today's big data, database world, data processing requires extensive use of sequential text files for managing the I/O needs of a problem or project; files form the basis to much "Data Science" [4]. As such, instruction pertaining to "batch processing" is a relevant leaning objective within any computer programming curriculum.
Thyroid hormone inhibits pulmonary fibrosis through enhancement of mitochondrial function in alveolar epithelial cells

Background: Thyroid hormone (TH) is critical for maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis during stress responses, but its role in lung fibrosis is unknown. Methods and Results: Microarray data analysis revealed that DIO2 was significantly increased in IPF lungs compared to controls (9 fold). DIO2 mRNA and protein were significantly increased, 8- and 3-fold respectively in IPF lungs compared to controls. Genetic ablation of DIO2 or inhibition of TH synthesis by propylthiouracil enhanced bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis as assessed by significant increases in hydroxyproline (1.35-fold) and Masson Trichrome. Aerosolized TH delivery reversed bleomycin-induced fibrosis, as assessed by significant reductions in hydroxyproline (1.4 fold) and Masson Trichrome. Bleomycin injury caused mitochondrial dysfunction in primary murine alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECIIs) while TH therapy reversed these abnormalities as assessed by seahorse extracellular flux and electron microscopy technology. Aerosolized TH therapy induced lung mRNA levels of regulators of mitochondrial function, PPARGC1A and PINK1 (1.5- and 1.8-fold,respectively). TH treatment did not blunt fibrosis in PPARGC1A or PINK1 knockout mice. Conclusions: We conclude that TH treatment is protective against fibrotic lung injury through restoration of AECIIs mitochondrial homeostasis and may represent an effective therapy for IPF.
Faster Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging of Cardiac Microstructure

An article in this issue of Radiology demonstrates ways to markedly speed up the use of diffusion-weighted MR imaging to study the microstructure of the heart in vivo.
Detection and localization with multi-scale models

Object detection and localization in images involve a multi-scale reasoning process. First, responses of object detectors are known to vary with image scale. Second, contextual relationships on a part-level, object-level, and scene-level appear at different scales of the image. This paper studies efficient modeling of these two components by training multi-scale template models. The input to the proposed algorithm involves image features computed at varying image scales, hence operating on volumes in the feature pyramid. The approach generalizes single-scale, local-region detection approaches (e.g. sliding window or region proposals), jointly learning detection and localization cues. Extending the common single-scale detection to a multi-scale volume allows learning scale-specific models as well as analyzing the importance of contextual information at different scales. Experimental analysis on the PASCAL VOC dataset shows the method to considerably improve both detection and localization performance for different type of features, histogram of oriented gradients and deep convolutional neural network features.
Dynamical Evolution of the Electroweak Phase Transition

The dynamics of first-order phase transitions has fascinated scientists at least since the time of Maxwell and van der Waals. Much work on the classical theory of nucleation of gases and liquids was carried out in the early part of this century, culminating in the theory of Becker and Doring4. There were and still are many important applications, such as cloud and bubble chambers, freezing of liquids, and precipitation in the atmosphere. The modern theory of nucleation was pioneered by Langer5. Langer’s theory is based in a more fundamental way on the microscopic interactions of atoms and molecules. It can also be applied close to a critical point where in fact most of the current interest in the condensed matter community has been. Finally nucleation theory has been extended to relativistic quantum field theory by Callan and Coleman6 for zero temperature and by Affleck7 and Linde8 for finite temperature. Applications here are to elementary particle phase transitions in the early universe9, 10 and even to the nucleation rate for black holes11.
Using real options theory to explain patterns in the valuation of research and development expenditures

Real options theory posits that the value of the firm is a combination of the value generated by the assets in place and the value of the option to invest in the future. It is based on the idea that many decisions are difficult to reverse, and valuing the outcome of these decisions is more complicated than estimating the present value of future cash flows. RD however, recent work has raised questions about whether this positive relation occurs across firms reporting both profits and losses. Consistent with real options theory, I find that the negative coefficient on the R&D expenditures of profitable firms documented by prior studies only exists for low growth firms. In addition, for all R&D firms experiencing high sales growth, the market places a lower value on assets in place and a higher value on R&D expenditures.
Interactive Effects of Cultivation, Insect Control, and Fungal Disease Control in Organic Peanut Production

ABSTRACT During previous organic peanut weed management trials, maintenance pesticides were not applied and it was observed that insect infestations and disease epidemics were not problematic. This...
Sex differences in pericardial adipose tissue assessed by PET/CT and association with cardiometabolic risk.

Background Recent studies suggest that pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) is associated with whole body adiposity and insulin resistance. Moreover, the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) differs between men and women. Although CVD is more prevalent in men, women suffering from CVD have a higher mortality compared to men. Differences in PAT may account for some of the observed sex differences in manifestations of CVD. Purpose To assess pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) as a biomarker for cardiometabolic risk and to assess potential sex differences. Material and Methods We studied 303 individuals (151 women, 152 men; mean age = 57 ± 17 years) across the weight spectrum. PAT and abdominal adipose tissue were quantified using clinical computed tomography (CT) scans obtained as part of a positron emission tomography (PET)/CT. Cardiometabolic risk factors were assessed from medical records. Linear regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to evaluate associations between PAT and cardiometabolic risk. Results PAT was higher in overweight and obese individuals compared to lean individuals and higher in men compared to women. PAT was positively associated with body mass index, abdominal fat ( P < 0.0001), fasting glucose, and serum lipids ( P < 0.05) with stronger associations in women than in men. PAT was accurate in detecting the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome with 74% sensitivity and 76% specificity (AUC = 0.80). Conclusion PAT is associated with measures of cardiometabolic risk and these associations are stronger in women compared to men. PAT could serve as a biomarker for opportunistic screening for cardiometabolic risk in patients undergoing chest CT.
Makisterone A: The major ecdysteroid from the pupa of the honey bee, Apis mellifera

Abstract Makisterone A , a 28-carbon moulting hormone, has been identified as the major free pupal ecdysteroid in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The pupal ecdysteroid was isolated and identified by normal and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography in conjunction with a radioimmune assay. The compound was further characterized physico-chemically by both mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. No C27 ecdysteroids (i.e. 20-hydroxyecdysone or ecdysone) were detected at this stage of development. This is the first isolation and identification of a 28-carbon ecdysteroid in an insect species from the order Hymenoptera. Utilization of dietary sterols by honey bees is also discussed.
Early Biochemical Events in T-Lymphocyte Activation by Mitogens

From the original discovery by Hungerford et al (1959) that extract of kidney bean Phasiolus vulgaris caused altered morphology and mitosis in lymphocytes has grown a considerable field of study on the early biochemical events of lymphocyte transformation by plant lectin mitogens. In 1971, the first textbook in the field emerged (Ling, 1971) and was followed in 1975 by a second (Ling and Kay, 1975). Throughout this period, numerous workshops and symposia, including the International Congresses of Immunology (see Progresses in Immunology II-VI), Leukocyte Culture Conferences, and a Cold Spring Harbor Conference on Cell Proliferation (Clarkson and Baserga, 1974), have chronicled the evolution of this field. The list of mitogens has grown from the original phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to include concanavalin A (Con A), and several other plant lectins, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore (A23187), and sodium periodate. The relative selectivity of the actions of these mitogens on thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes has been demonstrated and the general biochemical parameters have been well documented. Central to the study of T- lymphocyte activation by mitogens has been the quest to attach causal significance to early changes and to establish a mitogen signal sequence leading to cellular replication. In some senses this quest has recreated the parable of the blind men and the elephant and to this day there exist schools of adherents to one causal notion or another.
Leaf Amino Acid Supply Affects Photosynthetic and Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency under Nitrogen Stress

The coordinated distribution of nitrogen to source leaves and sinks is essential for supporting leaf metabolism while also supplying sufficient nitrogen to seeds for development. This study aimed to understand how regulated amino acid allocation to leaves affects photosynthesis and overall plant nitrogen use efficiency in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and how soil nitrogen availability influences these processes. Arabidopsis plants with a knockout of AAP2, encoding an amino acid permease involved in xylem-to-phloem transfer of root-derived amino acids, were grown in low-, moderate-, and high-nitrogen environments. We analyzed nitrogen allocation to shoot tissues, photosynthesis, and photosynthetic and plant nitrogen use efficiency in these knockout plants. Our results demonstrate that, independent of nitrogen conditions, aap2 plants allocate more nitrogen to leaves than wild-type plants. Increased leaf nitrogen supply positively affected chlorophyll and Rubisco levels, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, and carbon assimilation and transport to sinks. The aap2 plants outperformed wild-type plants with respect to growth, seed yield and carbon storage pools, and nitrogen use efficiency in both high and deficient nitrogen environments. Overall, this study demonstrates that increasing nitrogen allocation to leaves represents an effective strategy for improving carbon fixation and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. The results indicate that an optimized coordination of nitrogen and carbon partitioning processes is critical for high oilseed production in Arabidopsis, including in plants exposed to limiting nitrogen conditions.
Paralytic Lagophthalmos: Comprehensive Approach to Management

Facial paralysis can lead to lagophthalmos, loss of corneal protection, and devastating ocular consequences like corneal ulcers or even blindness. The purpose of this review is to discuss the importance of comprehensive and early eye care. Treatment of paralytic lagophthalmos should be individualized to each patient’s situation; depending on the severity of the problem and the prognosis for recovery, treatment modalities are broad and include lubrication, selective chemodenervation, filler injection, fat augmentation, and surgical procedures like canthopexy and tarsorrhaphy. This paper serves to highlight the importance of treating paralytic lagophthalmos and provides an overview of the optimal management algorithm of the compromised periocular complex to help improve function and quality of life. Prospective studies and long-term comparisons of surgical techniques for repair of paralytic lagophthalmos will help improve our understanding of this complex problem and perhaps introduce novel treatment strategies.
Comparative analysis of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide-moxifloxacin versus standard perioperative eyedrops in cataract surgery.

Purpose To compare the effectiveness of intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide–moxifloxacin (Tri-Moxi) to a standard eyedrop regimen in controlling postoperative inflammation, corneal edema, and the rate of high intraocular pressure (IOP) among cataract patients. Setting Loma Linda University Eye Institute, California, USA. Design Retrospective longitudinal comparative study. Methods The electronic medical records of patients who underwent cataract surgery using triamcinolone acetonide–moxifloxacin injection along with a postoperative nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug drop were reviewed (Group 1). Group 1 was compared with patients who received a standard eyedrop (Group 2) in terms of intraocular inflammation and corneal edema severity, and the rate of high IOP, postoperatively. Results A total of 1195 consecutive eyes (Group 1 [681 eyes], Group 2 [514 eyes]) of 919 patients were included in the study. The anterior chamber cell reaction severity decreased by 34.0% and 35.7% at 1 week and 1 month, respectively, after surgery following triamcinolone acetonide–moxifloxacin injection compared with standard eyedrop therapy (P = .001 and P = .02, respectively). Group 1 was associated with increased severity of corneal edema (odds ratio, 1.48; P = .001) on postoperative day 1, with no statistically significant difference at 1 week and 1 month postoperatively (P = .25 and P = .48, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of high IOP between the two groups at different timepoints postoperatively. Conclusions Triamcinolone acetonide–moxifloxacin injection is an effective method to control intraocular inflammation after cataract surgery. It is a promising substitute for standard eyedrop therapy, especially for patients who have poor compliance with eyedrop usage.
Higher Education Reform in China

This report is the result of visits to Chinese university campuses in Spring 2003. As a Fulbright scholar I became interested in proposals for reform of Hong Kong higher education; that interest expanded to mainland universities as well. My focus was on key comprehensive universities, the best institutions in the country and ones under the direct control of the national Ministry of Education. I visited ten mainland universities, almost all of them are in the large urban centers of the east coast of China, government offices, and several education research institutes. I also interviewed individuals at several Hong Kong institutions.
Importance of Primates to Tacana Indigenous Subsistence Hunting in the Bolivian Amazon

The Tacana Amerindian subsistence includes fish, wildlife, and other renewable natural resources harvested from their territory in the Andean foothills and Amazonian floodplain of northern Bolivia. Subsistence hunting registered by 117 participants of 5 Tacana villages for 7 years and 4 months (2001–2008) is analyzed in this chapter and summed a total of 16,979 individual animals and 152,689 kg of biomass harvested. Primates represented 13% of the biomass total, with 4693 individual primates harvested in this period. Primates, especially Ateles chamek, are culturally important as reciprocity and honor gifts which hunters save for important people. This may be because their meat is considered the tastiest and most tender of wild meats. The age-sex structure of the Tacana primate harvest was dominated by adult males, except for Ateles chamek where adult females dominated. The average distance to Ateles harvest locations was greater than for other primate and wildlife species, suggesting selective hunting, although less than 20% of hunting trips brought in more than one individual primate. The fact that hunters forego smaller prey that may be harvested closer to the community, in order to hunt Ateles further away, is an indication of their importance to the culture, an importance that is protected by the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention ILO 169 international agreement. The information presented feeds the internal dialog of the Tacana people led by their organization CIPTA, including strategic plans that include wildlife management in the territory. The analysis presented here represents a baseline to inform decision-making processes and develop rules and other mechanisms to ensure the continued existence of primates in the Tacana culture and forests.
Transactional Causal Consistency for Serverless Computing

We consider the setting of serverless Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) platforms, where storage services are disaggregated from the machines that support function execution. FaaS applications consist of compositions of functions, each of which may run on a separate machine and access remote storage. The challenge we address is improving I/O latency in this setting while also providing application-wide consistency. Previous work has explored providing causal consistency for individual I/Os by carefully managing the versions stored in a client-side data cache. In our setting, a single application may execute multiple functions across different nodes, and therefore issue interrelated I/Os to multiple distinct caches. This raises the challenge of Multisite Transactional Causal Consistency (MTCC): the ability to provide causal consistency for all I/Os within a given transaction even if it runs across multiple physical sites. We present protocols for MTCC implemented in a system called HYDROCACHE. Our evaluation demonstrates orders-of-magnitude performance improvements due to caching, while also protecting against consistency anomalies that otherwise arise frequently.
Power, solidarity and tag questions in crisis negotiations

This article examines the use of tag questions in five crisis negotiations to simultaneously minimize power asymmetries and assert influence over subjects. I utilize an Interactional Sociolinguistic approach to identify the discursive functions that different types of tag questions fulfill for the crisis negotiators. I find that facilitative tag questions reinforce a ‘collaborative problem solving’ frame (Tannen & Wallat 1993) and minimize the significance of the subject’s negative actions, while softening tag questions turn orders into requests to influence the subject’s decision-making. The successful use of tag questions for these purposes allows the negotiator to appear empathic while maintaining control of the overall situation. This paper contributes to linguistic and practitioner understandings by 1) operationalizing goals like 'rapport' and 'influence' and 2) identifying the functions that tag questions can serve in this high-stakes interactional context.
Analysis of the Proton Transfer Bands in the Infrared Spectra of Linear N2H+···OC and N2D+···OC Complexes Using Electric Field-Driven Classical Trajectories.

In this work, we describe ab initio calculations and assignment of infrared (IR) spectra of hydrogen-bonded ion–molecular complexes that involve a fluxional proton: the linear N2H+···OC and N2D+···...
Shark-Bitten Hesperornithiform Bird Bone from a Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) Marine Deposit of Northeastern South Dakota, U.S.A.

In this paper, a shark-bitten partial tibiotarsus of a hesperornithiform bird is described from the Upper Cretaceous of Grant County, South Dakota, U.S.A. Whether the bite marks represent a predatory attack or scavenging is uncertain, but they are attributed to an anacoracid shark, Squalicorax cf. S. falcatus. The specimen is significant because it further indicates that hesperornithiform birds were common food sources for carnivores in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway of North America, and that Squalicorax was a trophic generalist.
Interdisciplinary care of children with trisomy 13 and 18

Children with trisomy 13 and 18 (previously deemed "incompatible with life") are living longer, warranting a comprehensive overview of their unique comorbidities and complex care needs. This Review Article provides a summation of the recent literature, informed by the study team's Interdisciplinary Trisomy Translational Program consisting of representatives from: cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery, neonatology, otolaryngology, intensive care, neurology, social work, chaplaincy, nursing, and palliative care. Medical interventions are discussed in the context of decisional-paradigms and whole-family considerations. The communication format, educational endeavors, and lessons learned from the study team's interdisciplinary care processes are shared with recognition of the potential for replication and implementation in other care settings.
Continuous Classification of Locomotion in Response to Task Complexity and Anticipatory State.

Objective: Intent recognition in lower-extremity assistive devices (e.g., prostheses and exoskeletons) is typically limited to either recognition of steady-state locomotion or changes of terrain (e.g., level ground to stair) occurring in a straight-line path and under anticipated condition. Stability is highly affected during non-steady changes of direction such as cuts especially when they are unanticipated, posing high risk of fall-related injuries. Here, we studied the influence of changes of direction and user anticipation on task recognition, and accordingly introduced classification schemes accommodating such effects. Methods: A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifier continuously classified straight-line walking, sidestep/crossover cuts (single transitions), and cuts-to-stair locomotion (mixed transitions) performed under varied task anticipatory conditions. Training paradigms with varying levels of anticipated/unanticipated exposures and analysis windows of size 100-600 ms were examined. Results: More accurate classification of anticipated relative to unanticipated tasks was observed. Including bouts of target task in the training data was necessary to improve generalization to unanticipated locomotion. Only up to two bouts of target task were sufficient to reduce errors to < 20% in unanticipated mixed transitions, whereas, in single transitions and straight walking, substantial unanticipated information (i.e., five bouts) was necessary to achieve similar outcomes. Window size modifications did not have a significant influence on classification performance. Conclusion: Adjusting the training paradigm helps to achieve classification schemes capable of adapting to changes of direction and task anticipatory state. Significance: The findings could provide insight into developing classification schemes that can adapt to changes of direction and user anticipation. They could inform intent recognition strategies for controlling lower-limb assistive to robustly handle “unknown” circumstances, and thus deliver increased level of reliability and safety.
Cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancers and considerations for survivorship care: A systematic review.

Abstract Purpose We performed a systematic review to assess the clinical features of cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer. Materials and Methods MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to August 2020 according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies that associated bladder cancer with prior cyclophosphamide use on an individual level were included. Results We identified 121 studies spanning over a 50-year period with 285 patients. The most common malignant indication for cyclophosphamide was lymphoma (25%), while the most common non-malignant indication was ANCA-associated vasculitides (26%). Hematuria and dysuria were the most prevalent symptoms prior to a cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer diagnosis, and median age at diagnosis was 55 years. Conventional urothelial carcinoma (UC) was the most common bladder-associated diagnosis (74%), although a broad range of cancer types were represented, notably leiomyosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma. About half of bladder cancers were muscle invasive at diagnosis and median latency time was 10.0 years; 33% of patients had a bladder cancer related death. Conclusions We describe the largest pooled analysis of patients with cyclophosphamide-associated bladder cancer. These bladder cancers have a propensity for younger age at diagnosis, more advanced stage at diagnosis, and variant histology. There was a substantial number of patients with latency time of ≥20 years independent of cumulative cyclophosphamide dose. These findings support consideration of screening and long-term surveillance of cancer survivors with a history of cyclophosphamide therapy for bladder cancer.
An analytic solution to the Kozai–Lidov evolution equations

A test particle in a non-coplanar orbit about a member of a binary system can undergo Kozai–Lidov oscillations in which tilt and eccentricity are exchanged. An initially circular highly inclined particle orbit can reach high eccentricity. We consider the non-linear secular evolution equations previously obtained in the quadrupole approximation. For the important case that the initial eccentricity of the particle orbit is zero, we derive an analytic solution for the particle orbital elements as a function of time that is exact within the quadrupole approximation. The solution involves only simple trigonometric and hyperbolic functions. It simplifies in the case that the initial particle orbit is close to being perpendicular to the binary orbital plane. The solution also provides an accurate description of particle orbits with non-zero but sufficiently small initial eccentricity. It is accurate over a range of initial eccentricity that broadens at higher initial inclinations. In the case of an initial inclination of π/3, an error of 1 per cent at maximum eccentricity occurs for initial eccentricities of about 0.1.
Linking childhood trauma and cytokine levels in depressed adolescents.

Abstract Background Evidence supports raised circulating levels of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), among clinically depressed adults, although preliminary findings in adolescents are mixed. Independently, meta-analyses identify correlations between childhood trauma and elevated cytokine levels in adulthood. Here, we examine the possible role of individual differences in exposure to childhood trauma in contributing to variability in cytokine levels in depressed adolescents. Methods 52 depressed adolescents and 20 healthy adolescents completed measures of childhood trauma and provided blood for the assessment of plasma IL-6 and TNFα. Cross-sectional associations of childhood trauma and cytokine measures were assessed in both depressed and healthy adolescents, along with exploratory analysis of childhood trauma subtypes. Longitudinal relationships between childhood trauma and cytokine measures were also studied in an exploratory fashion within a subset of depressed participants (n = 36). Results Higher childhood trauma (particularly emotional abuse) was positively associated with TNFα in depressed adolescents. Childhood trauma was not linked to longitudinal changes in cytokine levels. Discussion In depressed adolescents, childhood trauma may relate to higher levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα and contribute to heterogeneity in cytokine elevation among depressed adolescents. Such findings may ultimately help guide more effective individualized treatments for adolescents with depression.
Dietary plant lectins affect lifespan and dopaminergic neurons in Ceanorhabditis elegans model organism

Braak proposes that an “unknown pathogen” penetrates the gastrointestinal and nasal wall, and by retrograde/anterograde transport, enters the central nervous system. Dietary plants' lectins can tra...