cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New Preparative Chemistry of Silicon-Nitrogen-Phosphorus Compounds

Abstract Compounds containing the Si-N-P linkage, especially (silylamino)phosphines, (Me3Si)2NPR2, and N-silylphosphoranimines, Me3SiN=PR2X, are of interest as precursors to polyphosphazenes and/or other phosphorus-based polymer systems or to new types of organophosphorus or phosphorus-nitrogen compounds. In addition to reviewing the general preparative chemistry of these Si-N-P systems, this report describes some recent results on the synthesis and characterization of three new types of P-N compounds that either contain or were prepared from Si-N-P linkages. The new systems include; (1) a series of acetylene-substituted (silylamino)phosphines and N-silylphosphoranimines, (2) three types of aminoborane derivatives of N-silylphosphoranimines, and (3) several N-phosphoryl substituted phosphoranimines.
Attention allocation and habituation to anger‐related stimuli during a visual search task

A substantial amount of data has accumulated demonstrating that emotionally disordered subjects are prone to bias their attention toward threatening, emotionally relevant stimuli. Little attention has been reserved for the study of cognitive processes involved in anger arousal. In the present study, we investigated whether mood-congruent attentional biases could be demonstrated in subjects of varying levels of trait anger using a visual search task. This task also assessed whether mood-congruent biases diminished with repeated exposure to specific emotion stimuli. To investigate state-trait interaction effects, a naturalistic, anger-inducing insult was administered to half the subjects. There was a positive relation between participants’ level of trait anger and their degree of mood-congruent attentional bias toward anger-related cues only after an insult. As predicted, this effect diminished across blocks of trials. Aggr. Behav. 24:399‐ 409, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Improving Emergent Literacy Skills: Web Destinations for Young Children

Teaching pre-literacy skills to young children is an important educational goal that potentially can be assisted through the use of computer technologies. Preschool teachers and parents also want to help foster independent work on technological skills. Educational Web sites are being developed that might be useful in meeting both goals; however, there are important issues that must be addressed when evaluating such usefulness. Such issues are described in this article, and examples are given of Web sites that show great potential as well as some that could give children difficulty.
Topographic Effects on the Surface Radiation Balance in and around Arizona’s Meteor Crater

The individual components of the slope-parallel surface radiation balance were measured in and around Arizona’s Meteor Crater to investigate the effects of topography on the radiation balance. The crater basin has a diameter of 1.2 km and a depth of 170 m. The observations cover the crater floor, the crater rim, four sites on the inner sidewalls on an east‐west transect, and two sites outside the crater. Interpretation of the role of topography on radiation differences among the sites on a representative clear day is facilitated by the unique symmetric crater topography. The shortwave radiation balance was affected by the topographic effects of terrain exposure, terrain shading, and terrain reflections, and by surface albedo variations. Terrain exposure caused a site on the steeper upper eastern sidewall of the crater to receive 6% more daily integrated shortwave energy than a site on the lower part of the same slope. Terrain shading had a larger effect on the lower slopes than on the upper slopes. At the lower western slope site the daily total was reduced by 6%. Measurements indicate a diffuse radiation enhancement due to sidewall reflections. The longwave radiation balance was affected by counterradiation from the crater sidewalls and by reduced emissions due to the formation of a nighttime temperature inversion. The total nighttime longwave energy loss at the crater floor was 72% of the loss observed at the crater rim.
Optimization of dipeptide–protein mixtures in experimental diet formulations for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevins

Abstract It has previously been shown that diets in which the amino acid portion is based on synthetic dipeptides result in positive growth of rainbow trout alevins. However, the protein-based diets used as a control performed significantly better. One objective of the present study was to identify a protein–dipeptide mixture ratio that results in comparable growth to a protein-based control, in alevins over the first 6 weeks of feeding. Seven diets were tested, including the casein–gelatin control, three diets with differing proportions of the casein–gelatin replaced with synthetic dipeptides (50P, 75P and 100P), one diet based on free amino acids and one reference commercial diet. In the seventh diet, arginine-containing dipeptides were withdrawn from the 100P dipeptide-based diet. To evaluate the diets, effects on growth, survival, feed intake and free amino acid (FAA) concentrations in muscle tissues were studied. The results on rainbow trout alevin performance using synthetic dipeptide (100P)-based diets resulted in a relative growth of 34% of the growth observed when alevins were fed the casein–gelatin control diet. The free amino acid (FAA)-based diet, however, resulted in a negative growth of the alevins. In contrast, a 1:1 ratio of synthetic dipeptides to casein–gelatin (50P diet) resulted in similar growth as the casein–gelatin control diet fed fish. Furthermore, the 50P diet resulted in a survival that was not significantly different from that found when using a commercial diet, which showed the highest survival. The concentrations of indispensable FAA (IAA) in muscle were with few exceptions similar in the control and 50P group, while the 100P dipeptide- or free amino acid-based diet fed fish showed lower levels of free IAA in muscle. Alevins fed dipeptide-based diets without arginine (100P w/o Arg) showed high mortality within 2 weeks and negative or minimal growth. This dietary group was restarted at 2 and 4 weeks, and similar results were obtained. In conclusion, the present study indicates that a 50% replacement of the protein portion with synthetic dipeptides is an acceptable diet formulation for rainbow trout alevins in terms of growth, survival and muscle levels of indispensable FAA. The effects of arginine-containing dipeptide withdrawal on fish growth and survival indicates that arginine is an indispensable amino acid in first-feeding alevins, despite their expression of the ornithine–urea cycle and related enzymes that may function in net de novo synthesis of arginine. The synthetic dipeptide diets used here were able to identify such limiting amino acids and may be further used to re-evaluate indispensable amino acid requirements in fish early life stages characterized with high growth.
A Study of Project Management System Acceptance

This study surveyed 497 project management software users in a wide variety of project-driven organizations to examine the relationships among: computer self-efficacy, information quality, system functionality, ease of use, project complexity, performance impact, organization size, project size, and user education, training and experience level. The findings indicated that information quality and project complexity are the dominant factors in explaining the levels of perceived system utilization; system functionality and ease of use have a significant effect on software usage; and that a strong relationship exists between perceptions of usage of software and project managers' performance. Inconsistent with prior research, training level was found to have no influence on project management software usage. However, software experience and education level had a moderate effect on the use of the software. Both organization size and project size had significant effects on the use of the software.
Multi-scale gyrokinetic simulation of tokamak plasmas: enhanced heat loss due to cross-scale coupling of plasma turbulence

The transport of heat in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas is dominated by the complex nonlinear dynamics of plasma turbulence. In magnetically confined plasmas used for fusion energy research, turbulence is responsible for cross-field transport that limits the performance of tokamak reactors. We report a set of novel gyrokinetic simulations that capture ion and electron-scale turbulence simultaneously, revealing the dynamics of cross-scale energy transfer and zonal flow modification that give rise to heat losses. Multi-scale simulations are required to match experimental ion and electron heat fluxes and electron profile stiffness, establishing the applicability of the newly discovered physics to experiment. Importantly, these results provide a likely explanation for the loss of electron heat from tokamak plasmas, the 'great unsolved problem' (Bachelor et al (2007 Plasma Sci. Technol. 9 312–87)) in plasma turbulence and the projected dominant loss channel in ITER.
The pill and gynecologic cancer: controversy and mystery prevail.

Physicians must understand the effects of oral contraceptives (OCs) on gynecologic cancers in order to properly address the fears and concerns of their patients. The largest study providing data on this topic was a case-control study of breast ovarian and endometrial cancer in US women 20-54 years old. When interpreting the results of such a study the strengths and weaknesses of a retrospective case-control study must be considered and avoidance of subject and researcher bias must be addressed in the report. The statistical concept of relative risk quantifies the association between use of OCs and the risk of a cancer. A relative risk of 1.0 shows no difference a risk of 0.5 shows a diminished risk and one of 1.5 shows an increased risk. Current data show no increased risk of breast cancer associated with OC use a beneficial effect on ovarian cancer (producing a 40% reduction in risk) a relative risk of 0.5 of endometrial cancer (another beneficial effect of OC use) and an unknown effect on cervical cancer because of all of the confounding variables (such as increased screening the number of sexual partners age at first coitus and exposure to human papilloma virus).
Optimizing collimator selection for 90Y SIRT post therapy bremstrahlung imaging

2010 Objectives Bremstrahlung imaging routinely is performed after 90Y SIRT therapy to confirm that the 90Y microspheres are within the appropriate region of the liver as well as to identify extrahepatic areas of accumulation, such as the stomach. Although Bremstrahlung images offer limited resolution, it is desirable to maximaize image quality. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of collimator selection on post treatment Bremstrahlung images. Methods A Jaszak phantom with three syringes containing 2, 5 and 10 mCi, respectively, of 90Y microspheres in 2mL volume, was imaged. Three sets of planar and SPECT acqusitions were performed, each with a different collimator: LEHR, MEGP and HEHR parallel hole collimators. For all acqusiitions images were acquired for 10 minutes using a 128x128x16 matrix. Energy discrimination was accomplished by using a 57% window centered on a 78keV photopeak. Per manufacturer recommendations the standard 99mTc flood correction was used. All imaging was performed on the same dual head gamma camera. Planar images were acquired for 10 minutes per image. SPECT data were over 128 angles using 40 seconds per angular sampling, and were reconstructed using Butterworth filter with an order of 5.5 and a cut-off of .40 Patient planar imaging, using the same acquisition parameters also was performed. After de-identification, planar and SPECT images were reviewed by an experienced Nuclear Physician, who graded them as good, fair, or, poor Results For planar and SPECT phantom images and for the planar patient images the reader graded images performed with the HEHR collimators as good, images performed with the MEGP collimators as fair and images performed with the LEHR as poor. Images performed with using the HEHR collimators had the highest target to background ratios and the most clearly defined treatment area margins. Conclusions Because of the improved image quality, post 90Y-SIRT Bremstrahlung imaging should be performed with HEHR collimators
Difference and Deference, Models of Democratic Deliberation

In this draft I outline a model of structured deliberation in a heterogeneous social network and study the effects of heterogeneity and network structure on the accuracy of majority voting in the network. I show that diversity increases the accuracy of the majority rule when the voters deliberate beforehand. Without deliberation, diversity can result in inaccurate majority decisions.
The urea requirement and urease production of some human species of T-mycoplasmas.

SummarySeven species of human T-mycoplasmas that grow in Fraction A and 20 μg urea/ml died when the urea was omitted. Two species would not grow in Fraction A broth containing 10 μg/urea/ml. The other five strains grew in broth containing 10 μg/urea/ml and were adapted by serial passage in broth containing decreasing concentrations of urea to grow in broth containing 2.5 μg/ml urea, but not in broth containing 1.25 μg/ml. Therefore the minimal urea requirement is not the same for the growth of all strains of T-mycoplasmas. In exponential phase broth cultures, urease was detected only intracellularly, none being found in the medium.We wish to thank Ms. Marsha Trocola for her excellent technical assistance. This research was supported by grant number RO1 A108282 from the Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Stimulation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate formation by alpha and beta adrenergic agonists in rat cerebral cortical slices: effects of clonidine.

Clonidine has no significant effect on basal levels of cyclic 39,59-AMP in incubated slices of rat cerebral cortex, but this drug and oxymetazoline antagonize norepinerphrine-elicited accumulation of cyclic AMP to a degree which corresponds to the alpha adrenergic component of the norepinephrine response. Phenylephrine has virtually no agonist or antagonist activity in the brain slice system. Clonidine does not antagonize the accumulation of cyclic AMP elicited by maximal concentrations of a beta adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol, and markedly potentiates the stimulatory effects of submaximal concentrations of this agonist. Clonidine completely antagonizes the formation of cyclic AMP elicited by methoxamine, an alpha adrenergic agonist. The results indicate that clonidine and oxymetazoline function as potent antagonists with respect to norepinephrine- and methoxamine-stimulated formation of cyclic AMP in brain tissue, presumably at an alpha adrenergic locus. In addition, clonidine, oxymetazoline, and phenylephrine appear to interact synergistically with the beta adrenergic component of cyclic AMP-generating systems, thus functioning as partial agonists in brain slices under certain conditions.
Crystal structure of 2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridone hemihydrate.

The title compound (systematic name: 2,6-dimethyl-1H-pyridin-4-one hemihydrate), C7H9NO·0.5H2O, has a single planar mol-ecule in the asymmetric unit with the non-H atoms possessing a mean deviation from planarity of 0.021 A. There is also half of a water mol-ecule present in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, infinite (001) sheets are formed by N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Improving efficacy of cancer immunotherapy by genetic modification of natural killer cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are members of the innate immune system that recognize target cells via activating and inhibitory signals received through cell receptors. Derived from the lymphoid lineage, NK cells are able to produce cytokines and exert a cytotoxic effect on viral infected and malignant cells. It is their unique ability to lyse target cells rapidly and without prior education that renders NK cells a promising effector cell for adoptive cell therapy. However, both viruses and tumors employ evasion strategies to avoid attack by NK cells, which represent biological challenges that need to be harnessed to fully exploit the cytolytic potential of NK cells. Using genetic modification, the function of NK cells can be enhanced to improve their homing, cytolytic activity, in vivo persistence and safety. Examples include gene modification to express chemokine, high-affinity Fc receptor and chimeric antigen receptors, suicide genes and the forced expression of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-15. Preclinical studies have clearly demonstrated that such approaches are effective in improving NK-cell function, homing and safety. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the genetic manipulations of NK cells and their application for cellular immunotherapeutic strategies.
Ribosome•RelA structures reveal the mechanism of stringent response activation

Stringent response is a conserved bacterial stress response underlying virulence and antibiotic resistance. RelA/SpoT-homolog proteins synthesize transcriptional modulators (p)ppGpp, allowing bacteria to adapt to stress. RelA is activated during amino-acid starvation, when cognate deacyl-tRNA binds to the ribosomal A (aminoacyl-tRNA) site. We report four cryo-EM structures of E. coli RelA bound to the 70S ribosome, in the absence and presence of deacyl-tRNA accommodating in the 30S A site. The boomerang-shaped RelA with a wingspan of more than 100 A wraps around the A/R (30S A-site/RelA-bound) tRNA. The CCA end of the A/R tRNA pins the central TGS domain against the 30S subunit, presenting the (p)ppGpp-synthetase domain near the 30S spur. The ribosome and A/R tRNA are captured in three conformations, revealing hitherto elusive states of tRNA engagement with the ribosomal decoding center. Decoding-center rearrangements are coupled with the step-wise 30S-subunit 'closure', providing insights into the dynamics of high-fidelity tRNA decoding.
General Systematic Position of the Truffles: Evolutionary Theories

In the very broadest sense, truffles are fungi that sequester their spores within differentiated fruiting structures and produce these fruiting bodies below the soil or leaf litter. However, for the purpose of this book, we use the term truffle to reference the “true truffles” that belong to the genus Tuber (e.g., Tuber melanosporum, Tuber magnatum, and related species). Truffles typically fruit on the forest floor just below the leaf litter or sometimes within the mineral horizon. Truffles are diverse in species and exhibit a range of macroscopic characteristics that vary, such as color, shape, size, texture, and aroma. With the advent of new molecular tools and phylogenomic approaches in truffle research, we expect novel insights and knowledge on truffle development, symbiosis-related genes, molecular crosstalk between fungus and host, genome organization and evolution, and consequences of bacteria on fungal growth, function, and development will ensue.
Dynamic Parameter Selection in Packet Radio Transmissions

The special characteristics of multi-hop packet radio networks result in dynamic channel behavior and time-varying network topology whih cause variations in the signal-to-noise ratio of received packets and in the congestion levels. Transmission parameters such as power, bit rate, code rate, and inter-transmission time can be used to stabilize the network characteristics as seen by high level protocols and to enhance the network performance. Adaptive protocols that control these parameters are described and their effects on the network performance and their interactions are discussed.
Is there an association between current cigarette use and weight control behaviors among U.S. high school students

A96 Purpose: Approximately one quarter of high school students currently use cigarettes. Previous research has suggested some youth use smoking as a method for losing weight. The purpose of this study was to describe the association of current cigarette use with specific healthy and unhealthy weight control practices among 9th-12th grade students in the United States. Methods: Data were analyzed from the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, conducted among a representative sample of 13,917 students in grades 9-12. Behaviors assessed included current cigarette use (past 30 days), trying to lose weight, past 30 day participation in five behaviors to lose weight or to keep from gaining weight, including two healthy (exercising; eating less, fewer calories, or foods low in fat) and three unhealthy (going without eating for ≥ 24 hours; taking diet pills, powders, or liquids; vomiting or taking laxatives) weight control behaviors, and body weight perception. Body mass index was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Separate logistic regression models were run to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for the association of current cigarette use with trying to lose weight (Model 1) and the five weight control behaviors controlling for trying to lose weight (Model 2). All models adjusted for gender, race/ethnicity, grade, perceived weight, and BMI category. Results: In Model 1, compared to students who were not trying to lose weight, students who were trying to lose weight had higher odds of current cigarette use (AOR=1.30, 95% CI: 1.15- 1.49). In Model 2, the association of current cigarette use with the two healthy weight control behaviors was not statistically significant. However, each of the three unhealthy weight control practices was significantly associated with current cigarette use, with adjusted odds ratios for each behavior approximately two times as high among those who engaged in the behavior compared to those who did not. These associations did not vary by gender, race, or grade. Conclusion: Some students, particularly those who engage in unhealthy weight control practices, may smoke cigarettes as a method of weight control. These results suggest that inclusion of smoking prevention messages into existing weight management interventions may be beneficial.
Trafficking of calcium-permeable and calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors in nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons co-cultured with prefrontal cortex neurons

AMPA receptor (AMPAR) transmission onto medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the adult rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) is normally dominated by GluA2-containing, Ca2+-impermeable AMPAR (CI-AMPARs). However, GluA2-lacking, Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors (CP-AMPARs) accumulate after prolonged withdrawal from extended-access cocaine self-administration and thereafter their activation is required for the intensified (incubated) cue-induced cocaine craving that characterizes prolonged withdrawal from such regimens. These findings suggest the existence of mechanisms in NAc MSNs that differentially regulate CI-AMPARs and CP-AMPARs. Here, we compared trafficking of GluA1A2 CI-AMPARs and homomeric GluA1 CP-AMPARs using immunocytochemical assays in cultured NAc MSNs plated with prefrontal cortical neurons to restore excitatory inputs. We began by evaluating constitutive internalization of surface receptors and found that this occurs more rapidly for CP-AMPARs. Next, we studied receptor insertion into the membrane; combined with past results, the present findings suggest that activation of protein kinase A accelerates insertion of both CP-AMPARs and CI-AMPARs. We also studied constitutive cycling (net loss of receptors from the membrane under conditions where internalization and recycling are both occurring). Interestingly, although CP-AMPARs exhibit faster constitutive internalization, they cycle at similar rates as CI-AMPARs, suggesting faster reinsertion of CP-AMPARs. In studies of synaptic scaling, long-term (24 h) activity blockade increased surface expression and cycling rates of CI-AMPARs but not CP-AMPARs, whereas long-term increases in activity produced more pronounced scaling down of CI-AMPARs than CP-AMPARs but did not alter receptor cycling. These findings can be used to evaluate and generate hypotheses regarding AMPAR plasticity in the rat NAc following cocaine exposure.
Influence of rice straw on priming of soil C for dissolved organic C and CH 4 production

We investigated the priming effect (PE) of plant residue on soil organic carbon (SOC) to release substrates for methane (CH4) production. Carbon-13-labeled rice straws were anaerobically incubated with paddy soils with a range of SOC contents (2%, 6% and 15%) for 32 days. Stable isotope techniques were used to partition the production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CH4 into their sources, and the PE was quantified. Straw addition resulted in up to a 3-fold increase in the release of DOC from SOC with the largest magnitudes found in the 15% SOC soils, where the priming of DOC production was associated with the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. In straw-amended soils, SOC was always the dominant source of DOC. Nonetheless, the primed DOC production did not result in a proportional increase of CH4 production. The contribution of SOC to CH4 production increased 30 to 50% with residue addition, depending on SOC content. However, more than 52% of the total CH4 production was straw-derived. The straw-induced priming of CH4 from SOC sources was positively correlated to the degree of residue decomposition, while the priming efficiency of straw on CH4 production was seemingly negated by the existence of various electron acceptors. Our results suggest that field residue incorporation will exacerbate the role of rice paddies as significant sources of atmospheric CH4, and likely DOC as well.
Not with a Bang . . . Silence, Noise and Musical Nihilism in Béla Tarr’s A torinói ló

Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA HE In this paper, we analyze the soundtrack of Bela Tarr’s A torinoi lo from multiple perspectives. We consider each of the distinct categories of sonic elements and consider their interactions in terms of their dramatic, symbolic, and structural roles. These primary elements—repetitive sample loops of pink noise, broadband noise, and highly redundant melodic fragments, all layered and sequenced in a variety of configurations, along with the musical deployment of silence, dominate the film—interrupted only by the voice of the narrator and the occasional voices of actors.
Technology-assisted L2 research in immersive contexts abroad

Abstract The recent technological shift in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research has expanded our understanding of L2 development. Today, SLA research is equally as interested in the product of learning (accuracy) as in the cognitive processes that underlie changes in performance. Technological tools are necessary to investigate both, especially cognitive processes, which are more difficult to identify without precise procedures. The Study Abroad (SA) domain has echoed this trend. SA researchers have sought to explore the influence of the immersive experience on L2 development by combining concurrent data elicitation techniques – latency, eye-tracking, event-related potentials – with assessments of L2 performance, often in conjunction with measures of individual differences. In this article, we examine the contributions from recent cognitively-oriented SA studies that employ these techniques. We also include an overview of other technological resources employed in non-cognitively oriented studies, such as online surveys, blogs (i.e., public discussions and posts meant to be shared), and e-journals (i.e., on-going personal reflections), which have proved useful when answering important question related to learners’ motivation, identity, and intercultural competence. We conclude with recommendations for future research.
Chordomas and Chondrosarcomas of the Skull Base: Retrosigmoid Approaches

Abstract The surgical treatment of clivus chordomas and chondrosarcomas presents a challenge to neurosurgeons and ENT-surgeons. These tumors are rare and the complex anatomy of the clivus region and their infiltrative behavior make radical resection very difficult. Aggressive surgery with removal of the infiltrated bone is the treatment of choice. Several surgical approaches have been used. Recently, endoscopic approaches are increasingly used. Endoscopy permits a better visualization of the lesion but large dura defects are difficult to close with this technique. There is no postoperative curative therapy. Radiation therapy with proton beam and radiosurgery are indicated in the majority of cases. These tumors are refractory to currently used chemotherapy drugs. Better knowledge of the phenotype and molecular profile of these lesions may in the future help in the development of new target therapies.
Tale of a misguided central venous catheter.

A 47-year-old man with a history of end-stage renal disease, chronic heart failure, hypertension and diabetes mellitus was brought to the emergency department for dizziness and respiratory distress following cocaine and alcohol use. He was found to be in cardiogenic shock and pulmonary oedema requiring administration of vasopressor agents and positive pressure ventilation. Laboratory findings were significant for metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia. A right internal jugular triple lumen venous catheter insertion was attempted for medication administration, and to provide access for continuous renal replacement therapy . The procedure was performed under ultrasound guidance and the withdrawal of the guidewire was met with significant resistance after catheter insertion. The patient did not have any …
Bounds of passivity indices via feedforward/feedback passivation

Passivity indices are a pair of real numbers that quantitatively measure the shortage/excess of passivity of a system, which provide us with a useful tool for the analysis and design of compositional systems. For a system whose passivity indices are known, it can be passivated by adding the feedforward and/or feedback loop(s), such that its passivity indices both become non-negative. We investigate the achievable bounds of passivity indices of the passivated system and the corresponding bounds for the feedforward/feedback gains. Three cases depending on the sign of the original indices are discussed separately.
Biomarkers of operational tolerance following kidney transplantation - The immune tolerance network studies of spontaneously tolerant kidney transplant recipients.

Studies of kidney transplant recipients who have developed spontaneous and sustained tolerance have revealed an association with B cells. Unexpectedly tolerant individuals are characterized by increased numbers and frequencies of B cells in the blood and increased expression of genes associated with B cells in the blood and urine. Comparisons of the B cell repertoires of tolerant individuals and those receiving immunosuppression reveal that not only are the B cells more numerous but developmental differences result in a repertoire comprised of more naive and transitional B cells in the tolerant cohort. B cells isolated from tolerant individuals also display functional differences compared to those from individuals receiving immunosuppression. Many of these differences may serve to suppress alloimmunity. Lastly a significant number of transplant recipients receiving standard immunosuppression display B cell-biased patterns of gene expression predictive of tolerance or a pro-tolerogenic state. Interestingly, this pattern is associated with improved renal allograft function. While recent studies have raised the concern that immunosuppressive drugs heavily influence B cell-based "signatures of tolerance", a substantial body of work suggests that differences in B cells may be a useful tool for identifying tolerant kidney transplant recipients or guiding their immunosuppressive management.
Gender and Emotion Management

Arlie Hochschild’s work shifted sociological attention to how emotions are not just felt but managed. She argued we cultivate emotional experiences in ourselves and others, what she termed “emotion work,” in gendered and classed ways. Critical to emotion work are the “feeling rules” or the social scripts for what we should feel, how we should express our feelings, how much feeling to express, and for how long in a given social context. This chapter examines how we gender emotions through the socialization of gendered feeling rules and performing and policing gendered emotion work. It also examines the institutionalization of feeling rules and emotion work within families, schools, and workplaces. In each case, emotions are not just a byproduct and constituent of the gender social structure but also race, class, and sexuality. The chapter ends with a call for more research on the intersection of gendered emotions with disabilities and a thorough accounting of the role of the beneficiaries of emotion work in policing feeling rules.
Single-Case Designs

The evaluation of the single case has had a long and varied history, ranging from the case study method of psychoanalysis to the careful experimental analysis of behavior from the laboratories of operantly oriented psychologists. As an experimental method, single-case designs were first applied to clinical problems by Shapiro (1966) and then were received with great favor by the behavior therapists, who used them to evaluate the efficacy of their newly developed therapeutic strategies (Barlow & Hersen, 1973; Barlow, Blanchard, Hayes, & Epstein, 1977; Hersen, 1990; Hersen & Barlow, 1976; Martin & Epstein, 1976; Risley & Wolf, 1972; Thoresen, 1972; Thomas, 1978; Yates, 1970). First categorized for use in psychiatric research by Barlow and Hersen (1973), single-case experimental designs (in which the patient serves as his or her own control) were described as an “alternative approach” to the more costly and time-consuming group designs, in which experimental and control conditions (using carefully matched patients) are contrasted.
Passenger travel demand forecasting: applications of disaggregate models and directions for research

The Williamsburg Conference on Urban Travel Demand Forecasting held in 1972 observed that: “The confidence in that approach (conventional aggregate travel demand models) has been shaken and significant changes must be made to restore it” (Transportation Research Board Special Report 143, page 11)
Apoptosis and Human Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms

Diabetes is a world wide epidemic with a growing rate of incidence in the United States. Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, leading to oxidative stress and diabetic complications such as diabetic neuropathy. The role of oxidative stress in diabetes is pervasive and complex. Oxidative stress stimulated by diabetic conditions is involved in many pathways that end in cell damage and programmed cell death. Considering the importance of oxidative stress in diabetic complications, it is important to explore antioxidant therapies as ways in which to protect cells. In this chapter, the conditions that lead to oxidative stress, the effects of such stress, and the importance of antioxidants as a major potential treatment of diabetic neuropathy will be explored in detail.
“Be Ready for It”: School Counselors’ Experiences With Subpoena and Testifying in Court

School counselors’ experiences with subpoenas and testifying in court remain relatively unknown. In this narrative study, we examined 14 school counselors’ experiences with the legal system. The da...
PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT OF AORTIC ROOT ENLARGEMENT IN MARFAN SYNDROME: A COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE EVALUATION FROM ALL THE RANDOMIZED TRIALS

Aortic root dissection is the leading cause of death in Marfan syndrome (MFS). There has been inconsistent evidence for treatment of MFS in preventing aortic root dilatation. Beta-blockers (BB) are first-line, but several recent studies with mixed results have shown questionable relative efficacy of
Review of proximal splenic artery embolization in blunt abdominal trauma

The spleen is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma. Unstable patients undergo laparotomy and splenectomy. Stable patients with lower grade injuries are treated conservatively; those stable patients with moderate to severe splenic injuries (grade III-V) benefit from endovascular splenic artery embolization. Two widely used embolization approaches are proximal and distal splenic artery embolization. Proximal splenic artery embolization decreases the perfusion pressure in the spleen but allows for viability of the spleen to be maintained via collateral pathways. Distal embolization can be used in cases of focal injury. In this article we review relevant literature on splenic embolization indication, and technique, comparing and contrasting proximal and distal embolization. Additionally, we review relevant anatomy and discuss collateral perfusion pathways following proximal embolization. Finally, we review potential complications of splenic artery embolization.
Treatment of Multiple System Atrophy

Multiple system atrophy is a neurodegenerative disorder (one of the atypical parkinsonian syndromes) characterized by the presence of akinetic-rigid parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic failure, and pyramidal signs. Other features include REM sleep behavior disorder, respiratory stridor, disproportionate anterocollis, orofacial dystonia, and mood disorder. There are no diagnostic tests available. There are also no disease-modifying treatments. Treatment is symptomatic. This chapter will review clinical diagnosis and the roles of levodopa, botulinum toxin injections, nonmedical and medical approaches to urinary incontinence, constipation and orthostatic hypotension, as well as antidepressants and anxiolytics for symptomatic treatment.
Lattice dynamics and low-frequency excitations of transition-metal hydrides:NbD/sub x/, NbH/sub x/, and TaD/sub x/

Phonon dispersion curves have been measured on single crystals of Nb${\mathrm{D}}_{0.85}$ along the [100], [011], and [111] directions. The dispersion curves of the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase of Nb${\mathrm{D}}_{0.85}$ at $T=160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ were fit with a Born\char22{}von K\'arm\'an model of the interatomic force constants out to the seventh neighbors. From these constants the acoustic-phonon density of states is calculated. The results are compared with previous measurements on $\mathrm{Nb}{\mathrm{D}}_{x}$ with $x=0.45$, $x=0$, and with the Nb-Mo system. A new dispersionless excitation is observed in Nb${\mathrm{D}}_{0.85}$ at $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=18.4$ meV. A similar feature is observed in Nb${\mathrm{H}}_{0.82}$ at $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=19.0$ meV and in Ta${\mathrm{D}}_{0.78}$ at $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=15.0$ meV. The linewidth of this excitation in Nb${\mathrm{D}}_{0.85}$ decreases as the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase is entered and its position shifts slightly to higher energies. A detailed examination of the dispersion curves within the $\ensuremath{\beta}$ phase reveals interaction between the acoustic modes and this dispersionless excitation. Possible origins of this new feature are discussed. Also observed is an anomalous broadening of the [110] zone-boundary LA phonon with the ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase.
Abstract 928: Preventing melanoma from healing itself after therapy-induced immune attack through IPRES blockade

Over the past few years, therapeutics development for melanoma has led the oncology field, including the development of mutant BRAF-targeted therapies (e.g., BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi)) and immune checkpoint blockade therapies (e.g., anti-PD-1 or aPD-1, aPD-L1, etc). Based on the complementary qualities of aPD-1/L1 immunotherapy (long duration of response) and MAPKi (high rate of initial response), there are currently clinical trials testing the combination of the two. However, despite a more durable tumor suppression, resistance still eventually develops in patients treated by the combination (ref: KEYNOTE-022). My earlier study reported significant intra-patient and intra-tumoral heterogeneity which affect patient-specific responses to therapy. Furthermore, I also observed complex transcriptomic and tumor microenvironment reprogramming associated with resistance to targeted- or immuno-therapies in melanoma. However, the increased immune/stromal cells in the tumor under therapy has prevented us from definitively accounting the source of such reprogramming. To address this need, I utilized the novel single cell transcriptomic analysis to discover therapy-response-associated gene programs across different types of cells within a tumor. In murine mutant BRAF melanoma YUMM1.7, regressing/responding tumors on the 6th day of BRAFi treatment showed significant infiltration of the T cells and other immune cell population and, by the 15th day, the tumor showed activation of IPRES related processes. Combination of BRAFi and aPD-L1 in YUMM1.7 increased the proportion of lymphoid population in the tumor on the 7th day but only incrementally delayed the development of BRAFi resistance. Inhibition of IPRES-related processes (anti-VEGF and/or anti-TGFB) further delayed BRAFi resistance but no complete responses were observed. However, when we employed a UV-mutated subline of the same model, named the YUMMER (Bosenberg lab, Yale), combination of BRAFi, aPD-L1 and IPRES inhibition started to result in durable complete responses in our mouse model. We are now in midst of analyzing the differential response that we observed with this model; our current working hypothesis is that YUMMER induces higher level of antigen-specific antitumor response, which is augmented by the addition of immune checkpoint blockade and IPRES suppression. The results from our study will eventually pave the way to a novel therapeutic combination to overcome melanoma. Citation Format: Marco Piva, Lu Sun, Gatien Moriceau, Zhentao Yang, Antoni Ribas, Willy Hugo, Roger S. Lo. Preventing melanoma from healing itself after therapy-induced immune attack through IPRES blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 928.
Coding for fun and mathematics

%^ing various types of coding can provide pleasurable practice in mathematical skills at many levels of sophistication. This article provides many examples of possible ways to combine mathematics and coding, giving a wide variety of applications. At the most basic level, codes show a use of one-to-one correspondence. Two types of coding assign either a distinct letter or number to each letter of the alphabet. Primary grade students can practice sending and reading "secret messages" in simple codes. For the primary level, it is probably easiest to assign numbers to letters as follows: A «-> 1, В «-> 2, . . . , Z «-> 26. For a letter-to-letter correspondence, cyclic permutations of the alphabet may be used (e.g., A «-> В, В «-> С . . . , Y «-> Z, Z ~ A). If
Frankenstein’s ROMster: Avoiding pitfalls of reduced-order model development

Abstract Reduced-order models (ROMs) are a widely used and powerful approach to reducing the complexity of predictive physics-based numerical simulations for a wide range of applications, including electronics and fluid mechanics such as geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS). ROMs are critical for optimization, sensitivity analysis, model calibration and uncertainty quantification where full-order models cannot be feasibly executed many times. Traditional approaches generate a single ROM for each simulated response (e.g., CO2 injection rates, pH changes) based on a set of training simulations. Here, we demonstrate that a single ROM can display excellent overall predictive statistics, but have predictions that dramatically and unacceptably deviate from simulator responses especially when the response variable has a large range (i.e., vary over multiple orders of magnitude). For example, we show that a traditional statistically-high-performing GCS ROM (coefficient of determination R2 of 0.99) can have average absolute relative errors of over 200%. To address this, we propose a new and novel approach where a set of sub-ROMs are generated to overcome the potential pitfalls in traditional single ROM development. The effectiveness of the proposed approach—the ROMster framework—is demonstrated using a case study of predicted CO2 injection rates for GCS. We find our approach is a robust and general framework for ROM development, reducing the average “error” from 200% to only 4% in our case study.
A dynamic EFM-based model for antibody producing cell lines and model based evaluation of fed-batch processes

Abstract Based on elementary flux mode (EFM) analysis, a novel approach is presented for monoclonal antibody (MAb) production by GS-CHO cells. A kinetic model is developed on the basis of a set of macro-reactions, which can predict the time-dependent concentrations of metabolites, cell growth, and MAb productivity over a range of culture conditions. The model incorporates energy metabolism with biomass and MAb formation, with the specific ATP production rate being decided by the central carbon metabolism and used for estimation of biomass and MAb synthesis rates. The reaction rate expressions are represented by Michaelis–Menten kinetics based on extracellular metabolite concentrations, which determine ATP production by glycolysis and respiratory chain. Glutamine and asparagine are considered as regulatory metabolites for GS-CHO cells. Glutamine determines asparagine utilization route and energetic state of cells, while asparagine regulates the uptake rates of aspartate and glutamate. The model was calibrated for glutamine-free and glutamine-available cases and validated for fed-batch cultures supplied with glutamine. Unoptimized fed-batch cultures have been simulated for daily and constant feeding. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data reported in literature.
Attention cognitive deficiency in 6-8-year-old children with sleep disordered breathing: an ERP study

Objective To investigate the cognitive dificiency characteristics and the neuro electrophysiological mechanism of sleep disordered breathing(SDB) in school-age children. Methods 20 cases of SDB children and 20 cases of normal group at 6-8 years old participated in the continue performance test(CPT-AX). The amplitude and latency of N2, P3 of event related potentials(ERPs) were measured and analysed at Fz leads, and the behavioral results were recorded at the same time. Results There were no significant differences between SDB group and normal group in behavioral correct number (36.10±4.69 vs 35.05±3.49), the reaction time ((523.77±68.73)ms vs (496.59±78.65)ms) and false alarm number (1.0 (0.25, 3.75) vs 0.5 (0.00, 3.00))(all P>0.05). The SDB group showed significant increase in Go-P3 amplitudes compared with the normal group((10.25±6.46)μV vs (6.56±4.63)μV, P<0.05). The Go-P3 latency in SDB group was significantly prolonged than that in the normal group((438.80±59.72)ms vs (406±36.30)ms, P<0.05), and the Nogo-N2 amplitude in SDB group significantly decreased compared with the normal group ((-12.46±4.75)μV vs (-15.50±3.82)μV, P<0.05). Conclusion The children aged 6 to 8 years old with sleep disordered breathing consume more resources and time to complete the attention process, like a compensatory response. And during the monitoring process there is a resource shortage that results in obvious defect in process of inhibition. Key words: Sleep disordered breathing; Event related potential; Children; Go-P3; Nogo-N2; Executive function
Understanding Reactivities of Ni-Rich Li[NixMnyCo1–x–y]O2 Single-Crystal Cathode Materials

While Ni-rich Li[NixMnyCo1–x–y]O2 (NMC, x ≥ 0.8) compounds are considered the most promising cathode materials for high-energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a significant challenge is the higher re...