cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aseptic laboratory techniques: volume transfers with serological pipettes and micropipettors.

Microorganisms are everywhere - in the air, soil, and human body as well as on inanimate surfaces like laboratory benches and computer keyboards. The ubiquity of microbes creates a copious supply of potential contaminants in a laboratory. To ensure experimental success, the number of contaminants on equipment and work surfaces must be minimized. Common among many experiments in microbiology are techniques involving the measurement and transfer of cultures containing bacterial cells or viral particles. To do so without contacting non-sterile surfaces or contaminating sterile media requires (1) preparing a sterile workspace, (2) precisely setting and accurately reading instruments for aseptic transfer of liquids, and (3) properly manipulating instruments, cultures flasks, bottles and tubes within a sterile field. Learning these procedures calls for training and practice. At first, actions should be slow, deliberate, and controlled with the goal being for aseptic technique to become second nature when working at the bench. Here we present the steps for measuring volumes using serological pipettes and micropipettors within a sterile field created by a Bunsen burner. Volumes range from microliters (μl) to milliliters (ml) depending on the instrument used. Liquids commonly transferred include sterile broth or chemical solutions as well as bacterial cultures and phage stocks. By following these procedures, students should be able to: •Work within the sterile field created by the Bunsen burner flame. •Use serological pipettes without compromising instrument sterility.• Aspirate liquids with serological pipettes, precisely reading calibrated volumes by aligning the meniscus formed by the liquid to the graduation marks on the pipette. •Keep culture bottles, flasks, tubes and their respective caps sterile during liquid transfers. •Identify different applications for plastic versus glass serological pipettes. •State accuracy limitations for micropipettors. •Precisely and accurately set volumes on micropipettors. •Know how to properly use the first and second stop on a micropipettor to aspirate and transfer correct volumes.
A modified state variable filter realization

This paper extended the idea and the technique of realizing 2nd-order state variable filters to the realization of single blocknth-order state variable filters and introduces a modified realization with different design procedures. The effects of gain-bandwidth on the performance of state variable filter realizations with respect to properties, such as, magnitude and phase characteristics are investigated and discussed.
Representations of ecotourism in the Hawaiian Islands: a content analysis of local media.

The tourism sector’s dominant presence in the State of Hawai‘i generates consistent media coverage. Representations of the tourist industry are, therefore, of interest as a measure of trends in public discourse. The tourism sector appears to be interested in expanding the opportunities for ecotourism because this market has economic potential, but given the reality of native habitat, species decline, and increasing community sensitivities to tourism development, the role is still marginal despite the rhetoric of support from the industry and State agencies. This paper contributes to the goal of more broadly understanding the current role of ecotourism in communities across the State by presenting an archive search of 82 media reports from five islands dated from 1990 to 2008. The challenges that ecotourism will face in the future are identified and strategies for dealing with these challenges are outlined.
Oligomers with pendant isocyanate groups as tissue adhesives: II. Adhesion to bone and other tissues

The adhesive properties of a series of oligomers prepared from 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylates (IEM) and/or m-isopropenyl-alpha,alpha-dimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI) and various acrylates or methacrylates were studied. The bond strength of bone, dentin, or soft tissue specimens joined with these oligomers respectively to bone, dental composite restorative, or denture base resin were determined by tensile adhesion or shear tests. These oligomers are more effective in forming stronger bonds to bone than are other tissue adhesives. Fracture occurs cohesively, usually within the bone. Thermocycling in water for 1 week between 5 degrees C and 55 degrees C did not decrease adhesion indicating that exposure to water or thermal shock produced no deterioration of the bond. Tensile adhesion of bovine or human dentin joined to composite restorative resin by means of the oligomers is similar to that of the best dental bonding agents such as Gluma (glutaraldehyde and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) or ferric oxalate + N-phenylglycine + dimethylacryloxyethyl-pyromellitate. These oligomers also strongly bond soft tissues and calfskin and to acrylic resins and composites.
Quantifying the indirect effects of a marketing contact

The Internet banner advertising has become an important marketing channel in recent years. There is a strong demand in the industry to quantify the expected return from a marketing contact. Contacts have both direct effects, such as a banner ad prompting the viewer to click and buy, and indirect effects, such as building awareness so that future exposures are more likely to result in a sale. While it is usually straightforward to track and model direct effects, models that fail to account for indirect effects produce inaccurate estimates of the contact value and allocate marketing resources inefficiently. Our research is based on a relational database for banner ads from a major American internet service provider, which records the complete information about the exposures, the clicks and the transactions. The indirect effect of marketing contacts is modeled with a decaying function of the time since the prospect gets into the system. Discrete survival analysis is used to estimate the marginal effects of each additional exposure. The approach is illustrated with a pedagogical example based on the estimates from the internet banner ad model.
Stabilization of chikungunya virus infectivity by human blood platelets.

Little is known of the role of blood platelets in the pathogenesis of viral diseases. No viruses have yet been isolated from the platelet fraction of peripheral blood during naturally occurring or experimentally produced human infections [1-3]. However, thrombocytopenia is a prominent feature of many viral diseases, suggesting that viruses may interact with platelets so as to cause removal of platelets from the circulation [4, 5]. As a result of interaction with platelets, viruses may be protected from both virus-specific antibody and other host cells that could adsorb the virus particles and render them noninfective. Further, the formation of virus-platelet complexes may stabilize the virus by preventing thermal inactivation of viral infectivity. The present communication reports that chikungunya virus, a group A arbovirus, does form an association with human blood platelets which leads to stabilization of viral infectivity.
Modification of the properties of a translocation in the German cockroach by selection.

A stock of Blattella germanica bearing the interchange T(3; 12)/3;12 was subjected to close inbreeding with selection for random disjunction at metaphase I. After 3–4 generations of selection, interchange quadrivalent chiasma frequency decreased, variability in free bivalent chiasma frequency increased sharply, and individuals with either random or directed disjunction were present in the stock. Random disjunction was modified from a ratio of 2∶1∶1∶2 (adj.-1; alt.-1; adj.-2; alt.-2) to a ratio of 1∶1∶1∶1. After 7–8 generations of selection, chiasma frequency appeared to stabilize at lower than normal levels and variability decreased for both quadrivalents and free bivalents. Directed disjunction was modified from a ratio of 2∶1∶1∶4 to 1∶1∶1∶2, and no individuals with the original high level of directed disjunction were detected. Chains-of-four tended to orient randomly, especially in individuals where the ring quadrivalents showed directed disjunction. Relaxation of inbreeding, but not selection, produced an increase in chiasma frequency and variability in both free bivalents and quadrivalents, but the modified ratios for both random and directed disjunction were retained. These results are discussed with respect to inbreeding effects and genetic control of chiasma frequency and metaphase I disjunction in interchange quadrivalents.
The non‐custodial father's relationship to his child: Conflicts and solutions

Abstract Concern about the divorced single parent has, in the past, been focused on the parent with custody of the children, usually the mother. The psychological problems of the non‐custodial father, and the impact these may have upon his relationship with his children are discussed. Problems include: his poor socialization for parenthood, his deficient housekeeping skills, the. impact of mourning the simultaneous loss of his wife, his children and his dwelling place, and the discrepancy between his experience and society's view of him. Methods for easing the transition for the children to a new relationship with their non‐custodial father are described, as are methods for dealing with the problems of visiting, and the remarriage of the non‐custodial father.
Existential Computer Anxiety and Changes in Computer Technology: What Past Research on Computer Anxiety Has Missed:

In this article we propose that the existing literature on computer anxiety has neglected to consider two issues: 1) that there is an existential element to computer anxiety, and 2) that computer technology has undergone historical changes that bring with them subsequent changes in the metaphors we use to understand computers. Failure to consider these two issues has resulted in a vast body of literature that is inconsistent and ultimately of little practical or theoretical value. We discuss some of the problems in the literature that defines, develops measurement instruments for, posits correlates of, and attempts to “cure” computer anxiety and explain how attention to the two issues described above could mitigate some of these problems. Finally, we suggest ways in which attention to these two issues could help in the development of a meaningful theory to support investigation into computer anxiety.
Optical Fiber Waveguides for Spacecraft Applications

Optical fiber waveguides may be subjected to unique adverse environments onboard spacecraft, including wide temperature ranges and low dose rate radiation exposures. Since fiber reliability is essential, an accelerated lifetest has been designed to simulate deployment on the Space Station. The initial induced losses following exposure at -150 C are much lower in the fibers with pure than in those with doped silica cores. Good long term recovery is evident at this low temperature in fibers which do not contain P provided light is being transmitted in the waveguide since photobleaching is the dominant recovery mechanism in both types of fiber at -150 C. Except for the P-doped waveguides, the worst-case incremental losses are extrapolated to be < 10 dB/km for a 10 year, 1 rad/day exposure at -150 C with a -20 dBm signal in the fiber. Thus, optical fibers are attractive for use in spacecraft exposed to low dose rate natural space radiation environments.
Transformation of a dialkynyl ketone to a η1-(exo-alkylidene)cyclobutenone ligand by PtH addition and rearrangement reactions

Abstract The cationic PtH complex, [trans-PtH(PPh3)2(THF)], and OC(C≡CCMe3)2 undergo reaction in CH2Cl2 solution at −78 to 25°C to form, following a chloride quench of the reaction solution, a neutral Pt(II)(PPh1)2Cl complex containing a η1-(exo-alkylidene)cyclobutenone ligand. This carbocyclic ligand is formed through addition of the PtH bond to one of the alkynyl substituents of the dialkynyl ketone followed by an overall Pt-mediated insertion of the second alkynyl substituent into the resulting PtC(alkenyl) bond. A proposed mechanism for this reaction is presented along with supporting experimental data. The X-ray structurwe of this new Pt complex, trans-Pt[CC-(CMe3)C(O)CC(CMe3)(H)](PPh3)2(Cl)·1/2CH2Cl2·H2O, has been determined: space group, Pnma (No. 62); a = 18.829(1), b = 15.848(2), c = 17.019(2) A ; Z = 4 .
An Optimal Approach to Collaborative Target Tracking with Performance Guarantees

In this paper, we present a discrete-time optimization framework for target tracking with multi-agent systems. The "target tracking" problem is formulated as a generic semidefinite program (SDP) that when paired with an appropriate objective yields an optimal robot configuration over a given time step. The framework affords impressive performance guarantees to include full target coverage (i.e. each target is tracked by at least a single team member) as well as maintenance of network connectivity across the formation. Key to this work is the result from spectral graph theory that states the second-smallest eigenvalue--? 2--of a weighted graph's Laplacian (i.e. its inter-connectivity matrix) is a measure of connectivity for the associated graph. Our approach allows us to articulate agent-target coverage and inter-agent communication constraints as linear-matrix inequalities (LMIs). Additionally, we present two key extensions to the framework by considering alternate tracking problem formulations. The first allows us to guarantee k-coverage of targets, where each target is tracked by k or more agents. In the second, we consider a relaxed formulation for the case when network connectivity constraints are superfluous. The problem is modeled as a second-order cone program (SOCP) that can be solved significantly more efficiently than its SDP counterpart--making it suitable for large-scale teams (e.g. 100's of nodes in real-time). Methods for enforcing inter-agent proximity constraints for collision avoidance are also presented as well as simulation results for multi-agent systems tracking mobile targets in both ?2 and ?3.
Dietary Intake in Relation to Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperacttvity Disorder

Abstract Subjects were fifty children with clinically diagnosed Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) that reported frequent symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency (EFA) and twenty-four children without AD/HD and reporting few EFA deficiency symptoms. Subjects were required to do three-day food records that were analyzed for nutrient content using the Minnesota Nutrient Database System. The intake records were analyzed to determine 1) whether intake of EFAs was sufficient, 2) whether intake of LCPUFA differed between groups, and 3) whether nutrient intake in the diets differed between ADHD children and the control group. The results of the diet record analysis indicated that the intake of total fat, total protein, sodium, and mono-unsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in the ADHD group as compared to the control group. Conversely, caffeine intake was greater in the control group. No differences between ^the two groups were observed with respect to intake of EFA and LCPUFAs, indicating that primary deficiency of EFA was not the cause for their reported higher frequency of symptoms.
Conflicts in collection development

Abstract Book collections, insofar as they represent organic unities, require special efforts for their defense. The attempt to promote quality in collections is handicapped, however, by special interests, by the nature of modern publishing, and by the forces to which scholarship is subject. Selection therefore encompasses more than the exercise of detached judgment; increasingly, it demands the ability to resolve conflicts which are personal, economic, and political.
Effects of double-doping on physical properties of V2O3-based alloys

Abstract The electrical resistivity of several types of (V 1−x−y M x M′ y ) 2 O 3 alloys have been investigated, where M and M′ represent Al, Ga, and 3d transition metal elements. It was found that effects previously obtained by incorporation of M = Al, Cr, may be counteracted by use of M′ = Ti or Ga. On the basis of this information 3-dimensional phase diagrams have been sketched out; several sets of critical points have been encountered. The physical characteristics of (Ti 1−y Cr y ) 2 O 3 have also been determined; the electrical properties of the alloy y = 0.4 and 0.6 are remarkably similar to those of (V 1−x Cr x ) 2 O 3 with x = 0.02, 0.03.
Isothermal crystallization of Random ethylene-butene copolymers : Bimodal kinetics

Random copolymers of ethylene and butene contain crystallizable sequences of different length l. Isothermal crystallization of model ethylene−butene random copolymers having 21 and 73 branches per ...
Sanitation coverage in Bangladesh since the millennium: consistency matters

Household surveys in Bangladesh between 1994 and 2009 assessed sanitation access using questions that differed significantly over time, resulting in apparently inconsistent findings. Applying the WHO and UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme’s 2008 definition for open defecation and improved sanitation facilities excluding shared facilities to the compiled data set, sensible sanitation coverage trends emerge. The percentage of households openly defecating declined at a rate of about 1.8% per year from 30% in 1994 to 6.8% in 2009, primarily due to changes in rural areas. Access to individual improved sanitation facilities nearly doubled from about 30% in 2006 to 57% in 2009, with both rural and urban areas showing impressive progress. Access to shared improved latrines also nearly doubled from about 13% in 2006 to 24% in 2009, with the urban slums recording the greatest gain from 17% in 2006 to 65% in 2009. Shared improved latrines are only slightly less clean than individual ones. Dependence on shared improved latrines increases with population density. In 2007, 20% of the poorest households still openly defecated, although more of them (38%) shared a latrine of any type. A poverty reduction program is recommended to address this equity issue, although applying consistent definitions is crucial to documenting progress.
Differences in reactivation of tuberculosis induced from anti-TNF treatments are based on bioavailability in granulomatous tissue.

The immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is complex. Experimental evidence has revealed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a major role in host defense against Mtb in both active and latent phases of infection. TNF-neutralizing drugs used to treat inflammatory disorders have been reported to increase the risk of tuberculosis (TB), in accordance with animal studies. The present study takes a computational approach toward characterizing the role of TNF in protection against the tubercle bacillus in both active and latent infection. We extend our previous mathematical models to investigate the roles and production of soluble (sTNF) and transmembrane TNF (tmTNF). We analyze effects of anti-TNF therapy in virtual clinical trials (VCTs) by simulating two of the most commonly used therapies, anti-TNF antibody and TNF receptor fusion, predicting mechanisms that explain observed differences in TB reactivation rates. The major findings from this study are that bioavailability of TNF following anti-TNF therapy is the primary factor for causing reactivation of latent infection and that sTNF—even at very low levels—is essential for control of infection. Using a mathematical model, it is possible to distinguish mechanisms of action of the anti-TNF treatments and gain insights into the role of TNF in TB control and pathology. Our study suggests that a TNF-modulating agent could be developed that could balance the requirement for reduction of inflammation with the necessity to maintain resistance to infection and microbial diseases. Alternatively, the dose and timing of anti-TNF therapy could be modified. Anti-TNF therapy will likely lead to numerous incidents of primary TB if used in areas where exposure is likely.
HAT(CN)6: a new building block for molecule-based magnetic materials

Abstract The ability of reduced forms of HAT(CN)6 to be used as ligands to construct novel magnetic materials is reported and discussed herein. Binary compounds of first row transition metals with discrete or extended polymeric structures are presented. All compounds exhibit characteristic paramagnetic behaviour except for a polymeric {Cu-HAT(CN)6} phase that behaves as a canted antiferromagnet below 6 K.
3-Bromoacetylamino benzoylurea (3-BAABU), a new antimicrotubule cancericidal agent applied in cytogenetic analysis in hematology.

Summary 3-Bromoacetylamino benzoylurea (3-BAABU) is a newly synthesized antimicrotubule cancericidal compound. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of using 3-BAABU as a mitotic blocking agent for hematologic karyotyping. Treatment with 3-BAABU caused scattering of metaphase chromosomes throughout the cytoplasm both in phytohemagglutinine (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes and in human leukemic cells. Kinetics showed a rapid uptake of 3-BAABU by treated cells and irreversibility of its effect. Using 3-BAABU in routine procedure, a karyotype of lymphocytes from a normal male was 46, XY, with normal structure and CEM leukemic line was 85, XX, in a representative spread with abnormalities similar to reports using other blocking agents. Using 3-BAABU in spectral karyotyping, details of translocations in CEM leukemic cells were readily detected in several chromosomes, such as 7 [t(7;ll)J, 8 [t(8;9)], 9 [t(8;9) & t(9;19)], 11 ft(7;ll)], 16 [t(16;18;20)] and 20 [t(1;20)]. 3-BAABU displayed two important characters in cytogenetics, 1) it caused dispersion of chromosomes, avoiding chance of overlap; 2) compared to the conventional mitotic blocking agent, vinblastine sulfate, 3-BAABU exhibited much gentle effect on chromosomes, thus providing more flexibility in time to perform karyotyping. © 1998 Elsevier, Paris.
Effect of lytic peptides on selected fish bacterial pathogens

. Two synthetic lytic peptides, derivatives of the naturally occurring lytic peptide cecropin B, were tested for their effect on eight pathogenic fish bacteria. All bacteria were grown on tryptic soy agar at 30°C. Four levels (dilutions) of lytic peptides were incubated with viable cells in the log phase for 1 h. Standard plate counts were made after 24±2h with control plates (no toxin) representing 100% survival. Significant differences (P<0.05) in the toxicity of the two peptides were found for six out of eight bacterial pathogens. Peptide concentration or dilution level also caused significant difference (P<0.01) in bacterial counts. Peptide type by dilution level interactions were significant (P<0.01) for only two bacterial pathogens. The LD50. in molar concentrations of the lytic peptides on the bacterial pathogens, ranged from approximately 10−6 to 10−9. The possible role of utilizing these peptides to enhance disease resistance in aquaculture is discussed.
What the private sector does not know about purchasing oncology services.

BACKGROUND Oncology, as a medical specialty, is usually purchased as part of a comprehensive health care plan offered by a health care network or carrier and is given the same weight in purchasing decisions as all other specialties. Individual practitioners and care facilities generally meet contemporary availability and quality standards. More detailed information generally is not sought and may be difficult to communicate to participants. The cost of network care is the most consistent and easy variable to obtain. Providing health plan participants with contemporary treatment information in any specialty area requires consistent information flow and presumes the ability to communicate this information to participants. METHODS Providing credible information regarding prevention protocols, success rates for treatment modalities, remission data, and support therapies will help better educate private sector purchasers. More can be done to highlight clinical research and present this information in readily understandable terms. RESULTS More detailed information could have an impact on the future design of network-based health care plans and could assist participants in selecting among several networks. Quality of life issues would be supported by comprehensive information leading to personal life-style decisions. CONCLUSIONS Private purchasers need to work with oncologic professionals, care networks, and health carriers to develop more precise information regarding oncologic care specifically and to become better educated regarding each area of specialty care in general. Information, once available, must be available to participants in terms that are easy to understand. Cancer 1998;82:2035-8. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
LEARNING A MOTOR SKILL WITH SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PARAMETERS

The purpose of this study was to determine how individuals learned a motor skill having temporal and spatial parameters. For scores of 10 adult males one-way repeated-measures multivariate analysis indicated that subjects learned the skill but follow-up analysis showed acquisition occurred on accuracy only. Some processing limitations were possible with the number of trials a possible limiting factor.
A Mosaic Filter Daylight Source for Aerophotographic Sensitometry in the Visible and Infrared Region

An unconventional filter is described which converts the light of a tungsten lamp of 2660°K color temperature to daylight. The filter consists of 169 small Corning glass filters, each 3 by 3 mm in size and cemented, in the form of a mosaic, on a common glass base. A good approximation to natural daylight is obtained in the region between 5200 and 9000 angstroms which enables panchromatic and infrared sensitometry through the entire region useful in general photographic reconnaissance. The new light source is compared with a number of other sensitometric light sources. Its spectral characteristics are superior to any of the other glass filter sources investigated.
Decisive factors: a transcription activator can overcome heterochromatin silencing

Eukaryotes organize certain chromosomal intervals into domains capable of si lencing most genes. Examples of silencing domains include the HML/HMR loci and subtelomeric chromatin in yeast, the Barr body X chromosome in mammals, and the pericentric heterochromatin of Drosophila. Silencing chromatin is often correlated with more regularized nucleosomal array than that found in active chromatin, and transcriptional activators appear to be missing from their target sites in silent chromatin. In Drosophila, gene silencing by heterochromatin is often variegated, indicating that a gene may escape silencing in some cells. In a recent study, Ahmad and Henikoff(1) show that a yeast activator can compete successfully with Drosophila heterochromatic silencing factors for target sites in DNA. This competition, together with developmental change in the stability of heterochromatin itself, decides the transcriptional state for a gene subject to heterochromatin repression. BioEssays 23:767–771, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Excitability changes in trigeminal primary afferent fibres elicited by dental pulp stimulation in the cat

Abstract The effect of monopolar and bipolar dental pulp stimulation and mechanical facial stimulation on the level of excitability of trigeminal primary afferent fibres was studied. Mechanical facial stimulation resulted in increased excitability of trigeminal primary afferents. Monopolar dental pulp stimulation resulted in a period of increased excitability similar in amplitude and time course to that with mechanical stimulation. This excitability increase was reduced in amplitude, but not abolished, in both cases by dorsolateral medullotomy at the level of the obex. Bipolar dental pulp stimulation resulted in a brief early period of increased excitability of lower amplitude than that seen with monopolar stimulation. This was followed by a prolonged consistent period of decreased excitability. Monopolar dental pulp stimulation also elicited a late period of decreased excitability, but it was inconsistent and of much lower amplitude than that seen with bipolar stimulation. Dorsolateral medullotomy at the level of the obex abolished the excitability decrease seen with both types of dental pulp stimulation. We suggest that monopolar dental pulp stimulation activated large mechanoreceptive periodontal afferent fibres, in addition to pulp fibres, with resultant primary afferent depolarization. Bipolar stimulation apparently activated afferents which were confined almost exclusively to the pulp and resulted in primary afferent hyperpolarization. These results suggest that studies which employ electrical stimulation of dental pulp as a painful stimulus should use exclusively bipolar stimulation, whenever possible. Studies of the sensation or physiologic changes evoked by dental pulp stimulation are difficult to interpret if monopolar stimulation is used. For strictly clinical localization of teeth with pulp pathology, however, the monopolar algesiometers used at present are probably satisfactory.
Dysfunctional attitudes as a moderator of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for chronic depression

Objective: Individuals with chronic depression exhibit heterogeneous responses to treatment. Important individual differences may therefore exist within this particularly difficult to treat population that act as moderators of treatment response. Method: The present study examined whether pretreatment levels of dysfunctional attitudes (DA) moderated treatment response in a large sample of chronically depressed individuals. Data were taken from the Research Evaluating the Value of Augmenting Medication with Psychotherapy (REVAMP) treatment study e a multi-site treatment and augmentation study of 808 chronically depressed individuals. REVAMP comprised two phases: 1) a 12-week open-label antidepressant trial and 2), a subsequent phase, in which phase 1 non-remitters (N ¼ 491) were randomized to either receive an ongoing medication algorithm alone, medication plus cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy, or medication plus brief supportive psychotherapy. Result: In phase 1, compared to the pharmacotherapy response of patients with lower DA scores, the response for patients with higher DA scores was steeper, but leveled off toward the end of the phase. In phase 2, DA predicted a differential response in the medication only arm, but not in the two psychotherapy þ medication conditions. Specifically, in the phase 2 medication only condition, patients with higher DA improved while those with lower DA scores did not. Conclusion: These results indicate that the relation between DA and treatment response in chronic depression is complex, but suggest that greater DA may be associated with a steeper reduction and/or better response to pharmacotherapy.
A clinical study of subacute bacterial infection confined to the right side of the heart or the pulmonary artery.

Abstract In less than 4 per cent of patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis, the vegetations are confined to the right side of the heart. In patients with patent ductus arteriosus with subacute bacterial endarteritis the infection may be confined to the ductus and the pulmonary artery. A study of thirty-six such cases reported in the literature and five newly reported cases forms the basis for a description of the clinical features of subacute bacterial infection confined to the right side of the heart and the pulmonary artery. The four cardinal diagnostic features of left-sided subacute bacterial endocarditis are of chief importance in the diagnosis of the right-sided type as well, but because the blood cultures are often sterile and embolism is sometimes absent or obscure, greater diagnostic significance may be attached to the other features of the disease.
Applications of reciprocity in diffusive optical tomography

The photon diffusion approximation provides an accurate description for the propagation of light in a highly scattering medium such as most tissue. However, complications arise at the boundaries between such a highly scattering medium and a clear medium, as at the locations where the light enters and exits the medium. Several approximations have been developed to address the input of light from a laser through an optical fiber, and several others have been developed to address the collection of light by an optical fiber and detector. The principle of reciprocity suggests that source and detector fibers could be treated identically, resulting in a simplification of the diffusive optical model. Such a formulation agrees quite well with Monte-Carlo and other models. In the present work, we apply the technique to some different situations, including the important practical problem of source and detector fibers which are not aligned to be normal to the surface. Simple analytical results based on this model will be compared to Monte-Carlo results.
Deformation of polyethylene oxide, nylon-11 and polyethylene terephthalate by rolling

The tensile properties and structural changes in rolled polymers were studied for several systems, including: polyethylene oxide (PEO), nylon-11 and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). All showed tensile properties typical for rolled systems, i.e. increase in strength along the roll direction, and a corresponding decrease perpendicular to the roll direction. Wide angle X-ray diffraction showed that for PEO and PET the chains were aligned parallel to the roll direction. Molecular chains for nylon-11 are preferentially tilted from 20 to 25° to the roll direction at low deformation. This tilt decreased with increased rolling and the chains were aligned in the roll direction at high deformation. Nylon-11 and PET showed four-point patterns typical of such systems in the small angle X-ray region.
Analysis and Design of Multistage Electrostatically-Actuated Micro Vacuum Pumps

A new concept for a MEMS-fabricated micro vacuum pump is proposed. The pump is designed to operate in air and can be easily integrated into MEMS-fabricated micro fluidic systems. The pump consists of a series of pumping cavities with electrostatically actuated membranes interconnected by electrostatically actuated microvalves. A thermodynamic model of the micropump has been developed and used to determine the pump performance. It is shown that volume ratio plays an important role in the operation of the pump. For a fixed number of stages, at high volume ratio, pumping action is uniformly distributed among the stages. In contrast, at low volume ratio most of the pumping takes place in the latter stages of the pump. Detailed calculations of the flow through key components of the micropump are also reported. In particular the flow through a checkerboard microvalve and electrode perforations is discussed, and new correlations for the pressure loss in these components are proposed.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Identification of nucleotide-binding regions in the chaperonin proteins GroEL and GroES.

THE chaperonin GroEL, a tetradecameric cylinder consisting of subunits of Mr∼60,000 (60K), and its cofactor GroES, a heptameric ring of 10K subunits, mediate protein folding in the cytosol of Escherichia coll1–3. In the presence of nucleotide, GroES forms a 1:1 complex with GroEL which binds unfolded protein in its central cavity and releases it to allow folding upon ATP hydrolysis4–7. Using labelling with azido-ATP, we have identified a protease-stable nucleotide-binding domain of Mr 40K in the GroEL subunits (residues 153-531). Azido-ATP is crosslinked to the highly conserved Tyr 477, indicating that this residue is close to the purine ring of the bound nucleotide. Surprisingly, GroES also binds ATP cooperatively and with an affinity comparable to that of GroEL. Azido-nucleotide labelling of GroES subunits occurs at the conserved Tyr 71 in a protease-stable 6.5K domain (starting at residue 33). Proteinase K cleavage at residue 32 is prevented when GroES is bound to GroEL. ATP binding to GroES may be important in charging the seven subunits of the interacting GroEL ring with ATP to facilitate cooperative ATP binding and hydrolysis for substrate protein release.
Career expectations and aspirations of youth with and without handicaps

Abstract Youth with handicaps were found to have much lower career aspirations than their nonhandicapped peers. Discriminant function analyses demonstrated that each group had the same components contributing to their career expectations, and that handicapping status was not a significant factor. The results of an examination of other factors possibly contributing to these aspiration differences indicate that the youth with handicaps were more likely to be in vocational preparation streams and the nonhandicapped youth in academic streams. These differences had emerged by the sophomore year. It was also found that the expectations of parents, teachers, counselors, friends and relatives perceived by the students with handicaps were for the lower-status occupational outcomes. Implications of these findings were discussed in relation to the practice of streaming students with handicaps into areas that would lower their chances for success in later life.
Parametric plate-bridge dynamic filter model of violin radiativity.

A hybrid, deterministic-statistical, parametric “dynamic filter” model of the violin’s radiativity profile [characterized by an averaged-over-sphere, mean-square radiativity ⟨R(ω)2⟩] is developed based on the premise that acoustic radiation depends on (1) how strongly it vibrates [characterized by the averaged-over-corpus, mean-square mobility ⟨Y(ω)2⟩] and (2) how effectively these vibrations are turned into sound, characterized by the radiation efficiency, which is proportional to ⟨R(ω)2⟩/⟨Y(ω)2⟩. Two plate mode frequencies were used to compute 1st corpus bending mode frequencies using empirical trend lines; these corpus bending modes in turn drive cavity volume flows to excite the two lowest cavity modes A0 and A1. All widely-separated, strongly-radiating corpus and cavity modes in the low frequency deterministic region are then parameterized in a dual-Helmholtz resonator model. Mid-high frequency statistical regions are parameterized with the aid of a distributed-excitation statistical mobility function (no bridge) to help extract bridge filter effects associated with (a) bridge rocking mode frequency changes and (b) bridge-corpus interactions from 14-violin-average, excited-via-bridge ⟨Y(ω)2⟩ and ⟨R(ω)2⟩. Deterministic-statistical regions are rejoined at ∼630 Hz in a mobility-radiativity “trough” where all violin quality classes had a common radiativity. Simulations indicate that typical plate tuning has a significantly weaker effect on radiativity profile trends than bridge tuning.
Effects of peripheral neurotensin on behavior of the rat.

Abstract Neurotensin (NT), a tridecapeptide found in brain and gut neurons, inhibito feeding and grooming, increases drinking, and enhances ethanol-induced sedation in rats after central injection. We tested the behavioral effects of IP injection of NT (0.1–100 μg/kg) in water-deprived rats given access to 5 or 10% ethanol for 30 min, followed by 30-min access to water. Behaviors during alcohol access were quantified with an instantaneous time-sampling observational technique. Food intake and observed feeding and grooming behaviors were significantly inhibited by large doses of NT (10–100 μg/kg) and water intake and resting behavior were increased. When the “limited access procedure” was used to induce ethanol selection in nondeprived rats, NT did not affect ethanol or water intake. Peripheral NT affects intake of food and water and observed feeding, grooming, and resting after peripheral injection in deprived rats, but doesw not affect ethanol consumption. These actions suggest physiological roles for endogenous neurotensin and its receptors in regulation of specific behaviors.
Interactive Design of Hypersonic Waverider Geometries

The paper deals with an inverse design code utilizing the method of oscillating cones; the code integrated into an interactive graphics software package allows manipulation of both the exit-plane shock profile and leading edge of the vehicle. Another interactive feature of the system is the ability to vary freestream conditions and reevaluate the governing conditions. The development of the oscillating cones is shown on five classes each of which is chosen to demonstrate an aspect of improved design flexibility over previous studies. Results are evaluated using a robust flow solver, insuring that the shock shapes specified in the design process are recovered. It is pointed out that the expanded range of waverider geometries that may be generated using the oscillating cones technique may provide insight into visually oriented optimization parameters such as volumetric efficiency and practical planform.
Use and characterization of very large devices for adaptive optics

The cost of adaptive optics technology is dominated by the cost of current deformable mirror technology which has a range of price going from $2K to $15K per channel. Liquid crystal technology promises to be at least a couple of orders of magnitude cheaper. Liquid crystals offer other advantages such as reliability, low power consumption and with a huge technological momentum based on a wide variety of industrial applications. In this paper we present some preliminary characterizations of a new, large format liquid crystal device. Such devices have the potential for extremely high-resolution wave-front control due to the over 10,000 corrective elements.
Spectroelectrochemical investigation of the pH dependent aggregation state of iron TAP

Abstract Electrochemical and surface spectroscopic techniques (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, thin-layer spectroelectrochemistry, and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy) were utilized to investigate the pH dependent aggregation state and reductive electrochemistry of iron(III) tetrakis(N,N,N-trimethyl-4-aniliniumyl) porphyrin (FeTAP). UV–visible absorption spectroscopy indicates that at pH 3 FeTAP exists as the monomer, and as the dimer at pH 11. Cyclic voltammetry of FeTAP on a Ag electrode showed a reductive wave at −1.0 V at pH 3, and reversible waves at −0.40 V, and −0.70 V at pH 11. Potential-dependent shifts in the Soret band from 398 to 424 nm (pH 3) and 406 nm to 442 nm (pH 11), both on a gold minigrid electrode, is evidence of a reduction of the porphyrin central metal from the FeIII to FeII state. Potential dependent shifts in the wavenumber of the oxidation state marker band in the SERS spectra provided further confirmation of the oxidation state of the adsorbed FeTAP and its reduction products. The observation of the symmetric Fe–O–Fe stretching vibration at 420 cm−1 in the SERS spectrum of FeTAP at pH 11 indicates that the molecule absorbs onto the electrode surface as the μ-oxo dimer.
Glucose uptake and phosphorylating activities in two species of slow-growing Rhizobium

Glucose uptake and phosphorylating activities were studied in two strains of slow-growing Rhizobium: Rhizobium japonicum (USDAI-110) and cowpea Rhizobium (USDA3278). Cultured cells of both species actively took up glucose, and at least two systems appeared to be involved, whereas purified bacteroids of both species failed to accumulate glucose actively. In both cell types, glucose phosphorylation was ATP-dependent, and no evidence was obtained for a phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glucose phosphotransferase system.
Identification of genes associated with perianth senescence in Daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. ‘Dutch Master’)

We used a PCR-based subtractive procedure to isolate genes that increased in abundance in the perianth of incipiently senescent daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. ‘Dutch Master’) flowers. Using RNA gel blot analysis we confirmed that 18 of the transcripts were senescence-associated. A number of these have homologs in previously-studied senescing floral and leaf tissue systems (cysteine proteases, serine proteases, endonuclease, vacuole processing enzyme). Some showed homology to genes encoding proteins with transport functions (auxin efflux carrier protein, low affinity nitrate transporter), others to enzymes that may have a role in cellular signaling (RSH-like protein). A surprising number of the isolated genes either showed no homology with previously-reported sequences or were sequences with no known function. A strong association of some of the transcripts with senescence was also indicated by their enhanced accumulation in the perianth of detached daffodil flowers, which senesce earlier than attached flowers. # 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Preferential binding of HIF-1 to transcriptionally active loci determines cell-type specific response to hypoxia

Background Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) plays a key role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. To better understand the determinants of HIF-1 binding and transactivation, we used ChIP-chip and gene expression profiling to define the relationship between the epigenetic landscape, sites of HIF-1 binding, and genes transactivated by hypoxia in two cell lines.
Application of Azolla in Crop Production

Rice paddies in Vietnam and southern China have been fertilized for centuries utilizing biological nitrogen fixation of the Azolla pinnata-Anabaena azollae association (Liu, 1979; Mishustin and Shil-Nikova, 1971). Within the past 25 years, research has expanded the areas of Azolla cultivation in China to 1,340,000 ha and to 400,000 ha in Vietnam (Liu, 1979; Tran and Dao, 1973), and the practice may spread to areas of high rainfall on the east coast of India (Singh, 1977; 1979). The principle advantage of cultivating Azolla rather than leguminous green manures is that the former can be cultivated simultaneously with rice (Liu, 1978).
Energy cost and muscular activity required for propulsion during walking

We reasoned that with an optimal aiding horizontal force, the reduction in metabolic rate would reflect the cost of generating propulsive forces during normal walking. Furthermore, the reductions in ankle extensor electromyographic (EMG) activity would indicate the propulsive muscle actions. We applied horizontal forces at the waist, ranging from 15% body weight aiding to 15% body weight impeding, while subjects walked at 1.25 m/s. With an aiding horizontal force of 10% body weight, 1) the net metabolic cost of walking decreased to a minimum of 53% of normal walking, 2) the mean EMG of the medial gastrocnemius (MG) during the propulsive phase decreased to 59% of the normal walking magnitude, and yet 3) the mean EMG of the soleus (Sol) did not decrease significantly. Our data indicate that generating horizontal propulsive forces constitutes nearly half of the metabolic cost of normal walking. Additionally, it appears that the MG plays an important role in forward propulsion, whereas the Sol does not.
Homogeneity Around the World? Comparing the Systemic Determinants of International News Flow between Developed and Developing Countries

This study investigates and compares the impact of systemic determinants on international news flow between developed and developing nations. Systemic factors are defined as traits of nation, interaction and relatedness, and logistics of news gathering and distribution. Trade volume is found to be the dominant predictor of news flow. Trade and presence of news agencies impact news flow regardless of the nation's development level. Population and distance, however, are found to be predictors only in the developing countries, while GDP is an exclusive predictor in the developed counterparts. Globally speaking, trade, population, news agencies and geographic proximity emerge as conducive factors to transnational news flow.