cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurochemical aspects of Alzheimer's disease: involvement of membrane phospholipids.

Alzheimer's disease is a slowly progressive, dementing disorder with the pathological hallmarks of cerebral cortical atrophy, senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and granulovacuolar changes. The demonstration that these pathological changes are frequently associated with dementia in the elderly has led to the recognition of Alzheimer's disease as one of the most common seriously disabling neurological disorders (Sinex and Merril, 1982; Katzman, 1986; Terry and Katzman, 1983). Generally, the onset of Alzheimer's disease is heralded by impairments in recent memory. Affected individuals may be able to recall considerable detail from the distant past, but they cannot remember what occurred just minutes earlier (Terry and Katzman, 1983). The etiology and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease remain unknown. However, the following causative factors should be carefully considered (Wurtman, 1985): (i) aging in general, (ii) transmissible agents called viroids, (iii) hereditary and familial predispositions, (iv) Down's syndrome, (v) environmental toxins such as aluminum in brain, (vi) a decrease in blood flow, and (vii) a decrease in acetylcholine in brain. Each of these primary etiologies may contribute to the specific changes which result in Alzheimer's disease.
Tenckhoff catheter cytology in patients with ovarian cancer

In order to expose malignant cells to high concentrations of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, drugs can be instilled directly into the peritoneal cavity of patients with ovarian carcinomas through a Tenckhoff catheter. The peritoneal dialysate removed during such therapy can be examined cytologically for the presence of carcinoma cells. The cytologic specimens from Tenckhoff catheters from 40 consecutive patients with primary ovarian (39) and tubal (1) cancer who received intraperitoneal chemotherapy have been reviewed retrospectively. A total of 237 specimens yielded 78 (33%) positive, 138 (58%) negative, and 21 (9%) inconclusive or suspicious fluids. The major diagnostic problem was the marked mesothelial atypia, which may be related to the high concentrations of cytotoxic agents intimately in contact with the peritoneum. Of the 15 patients who had tissue examined after placement of the catheter (mean interval, 5 months), results agreed with those of the catheter cytologic specimens in ten patients. The catheter cytologic specimen was never positive when histology was negative. Of the 36 patients with evaluable follow-up (mean, 19 months), agreement between the clinical course and the catheter cytologic results was found in 27 patients (75%). Again, interpretation of the catheter specimens was never positive in the face of a benign clinical course. Thus, evaluation of catheter specimens by cytologic examination has a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 59% and 100%, respectively. Tenckhoff catheter cytology has proven to be a rather valuable tool to monitor persistent or recurrent intraperitoneal ovarian carcinoma.
Blind image watermarking via derivation and quantization of robust semi-global statistics

We introduce a new approach for blind image watermarking: We derive robust semi-global features in wavelet domain and quantize them in order to embed the watermark. Quantization of statistics is carried out by adding scaled pseudo-random sequences that are visually unnoticeable. Our algorithm exhibits increased robustness against various attacks and it withstands standard benchmark attacks of wider trange than earlier methods (e.g., Stirmark, random bending etc.) and modifications such as compression, provided they do not cause too severe visual distortions.
Fatty acids of human platelet phosphatides.

SummaryThe fatty acids of blood platelet phosphatides have ben studied by silicic acid, and gas-liquid chromatography. PEPS fractions contain primarily arachidonic, stearic and oleic acids. Lecithin-sphingomyelin eluates contain principally palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. These components may be quantitatively related to the specialized function of platelets in blood coagulation.
A longitudinal examination of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette perceived norms among middle school adolescents.

Background Adolescents tend to overestimate the prevalence of substance use among their peers and these perceived norms are associated with their current and future use. However, little is known about how perceived norms change over time during middle school, a developmental period when adolescents are at-risk for initiating substance use.
Analysis of processes affecting oxidant and precursors in the Los Angeles reactive pollutant program (LARPP) operation 33

Abstract The purpose of this study was to gain qualitative and quantitative information concerning the emissions and meteorological processes affecting oxidants and their precursors in LARPP Operation 33. The analyses performed are particularly useful in applying the LARPP data for model or experimental validation. A graphic technique was developed for displaying individual concentration measurements and their spatial positions on a helicopter flight pattern. It was possible using this technique to assess the extent of inhomogeneity, to identify patterns with erroneous data and to note the general trends of concentrations at four altitude levels. The mean concentrations around helicopter patterns were computed, showing a region of the atmosphere with zero vertical gradient of pollutants emitted at the ground. The GC bag sample data were analyzed by least-squares source reconciliation to estimate the contribution of six hydrocarbon source categories to each sample as well as the nonmethane hydrocarbon which would be present in the absence of reaction. Based on concentration in the zero gradient region, the fluxes of CO and nonmethane hydrocarbons were estimated from an altitude of 50 m to the inversion base by numerical solution.
THE MISMATCH BETWEEN ATTENDING (ATTND) AND RESIDENT (RES) DESIRED EDUCATION DELIVERY STYLES IN PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE (PICU) † 1774

PICU program directors must decide on the best educational delivery process to implement resident educational guidelines as published by the American Board of Pediatrics and the Society of Critical Care. Our goal was to evaluate both RES and ATTND determinations of the optimal RES (PL-2) rotation in an intensivist directed, non-fellow PICU. METHOD: Using an orthogonal array design, a survey was constructed which included 9 unique 4-factor-3-intensity educational delivery profiles. Factors and intensities included: RES CLINICAL supervision [structured, flexible, independent], RES PROCEDURE supervision [structured, flexible, independent], ATTND TEACHING STYLE [interactive, formal lectures, RES independent study], and EVALUATION OF RES [standardized test, oral interview, RES formal presentation]. Conjoint analysis (using SYSTAT) evaluated the utility score (0-9), importance (%total utility range for each factor) and variability (intergroup utility range differences) of factors and intensities. RESULTS: The educational delivery factor of highest utility and importance for RES (n=34) was CLINICAL(flexible) (6.0, 34%) but for ATTND (n=23) was PROCEDURE (flexible) (5.8, 39%). The educational delivery factor of least utility and importance for RES was PROCEDURE (structured) (4.7, 10%) but for ATTND was EVALUATION OF RES(test) (4.7, 13%). When analyzed by RES year, TEACHING STYLE (44%) and EVALUATION OF RES (24%) importance showed the highest variability. ATTND response did not significantly vary by specialty type nor yrs of experience. CONCLUSION: There is a mismatch between RES and ATTND in terms of preferred allowed flexibility in performing procedures. ATTND are least concerned with the evaluation of the RES performance. RES value most the clinical interactive nature of a PICU rotation. RES PICU rotations should be designed to maximize their utility for both RES and ATTND and require reevaluation if RES composition or ATTND teaching opportunity time decreases.
Why the submillimeter? Why has it taken so long?

The cause and effect relations between the physics of the submillimeter spectral region and the past, present, and future scientific and technological applications of this region will be discussed.
Probing cataractogenesis associated with mevalonic aciduria

PURPOSE. Mevalonic aciduria in humans results from a genetic deficiency of mevalonate kinase and is characterized by very high plasma mevalonic acid levels, developmental malformations and cataracts. This study tested the possibility that the cataracts could result from direct toxicity of the accumulated mevalonate. METHODS. Young rat lenses were cultured for up to 4 days in medium TC199 containing 1 to 5 mM mevalonic acid. Changes in the water, sodium and potassium content of the lens were followed; electrolytes were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The identities of proteins leaked from the lens were determined by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Changes in cation flux were measured by 86 Rb uptake. Lens concentrations of mevalonic acid were measured from uptake of 3 H-mevalonolactone. RESULTS. Culture of young rat lenses with 3 to 5 mM mevalonic acid produced lens opacification and nuclear cataracts starting within 1 to 2 days of culture. Mevalon...
Relational Aggression and Hostile Attribution Biases: Testing Multiple Statistical Methods and Models.

The present study used both categorical and dimensional approaches to test the association between relational and physical aggression and hostile intent attributions for both relational and instrumental provocation situations using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development longitudinal Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (M = 8.3 years-old, SD = 0.19, N = 840). A one standard deviation threshold was used to create categorical aggression status groups. In categorical analyses, children who were both relationally and physically aggressive were found to attribute more hostile intent attributions in relationally provocative situations. Results from the dimensional analyses indicated that female gender, physical aggression, and hostile attribution biases for instrumental provocations each predicted increases in relational aggression over time. Further, relational aggression was not predictive of hostile attribution biases for relational provocations, and instead physical aggression was predictive. Implications for the fields of developmental psychology and psychopathology are discussed.
Suitability of Composts as Potting Media for Production of Organic Vegetable Transplants

Composts, used alone or in mixtures with other materials, can serve as horticultural potting media in organic production systems. In this study, we evaluated the suitability of two locally available composts as media for lettuce and tatsoi produced organically in an unheated greenhouse. One of the composts was produced from food residuals with landscape wastes as a bulking agent, while the other was generated from used horse bedding. Although the two materials had relatively similar total N contents, C:N ratios, and bulk densities, they performed very differently as potting media. Net N mineralization, measured in laboratory incubations, was high in the compost derived from food residuals, but the horse-bedding compost showed net N immobilization, perhaps due to high salinity. Crop production in the food residuals compost was statistically similar to a control treatment consisting of a commercial peat-based potting medium with synthetic fertilizer. Crop growth in the medium consisting of horse-bedding compost, used at 100% or in a 50%/50% mixture with a commercial substrate of bark, peat, and sand, was unacceptable for commercial production. Although the cost per flat of the food residuals compost was slightly higher than that of the commercial peat-based medium, for organic production this additional cost may be insignificant since there are limited potting media options, and price premiums are typically available.
Congratulations to the 2012 RSNA Outstanding Educator: Marilyn J. Goske, MD

While her achievements in radiologic education are varied and numerous—helping create the Cleveland Clinic Web Curriculum and the pediatric research component of the American College of Radiology (ACR)’s Dose Index Registry, just to name a couple—Marilyn J. Goske, MD, is perhaps best known for her work with Image GentlyTM, the campaign she founded and chaired to promote “child-sized” imaging in the United States. Dr Goske is the Corning Benton Endowed Chair for Radiology Education and professor of radiology and pediatrics at the University of Cincinnati School of Medicine and staff radiologist at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her approach to education— whether her subjects are her pediatric radiology residents and fellows or the medical community at large—is one of innovation, capitalizing on technology and crafting unique strategies to maximize impact and effectiveness. With special expertise in ultrasound and gastrointestinal imaging, Dr Goske has written and presented extensively on subjects relating to professional standards of practice and patient care in radiology and has published 80 articles in peerreviewed publications and eight book chapters in addition to numerous electronic publications and scientific exhibits. She currently is a reviewer for Pediatric Radiology, Pediatrics, and the American Journal of Roentgenology. An Ohio native, Dr Goske received her bachelor’s degree at Ohio University in Athens in 1974 and her medical doctor degree at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine in Farmington in 1977. She completed a residency in diagnostic radiology, served as chief resident, and completed her fellowship in pediatric radiology at Strong Memorial Hospital in Rochester, NY, an affiliate of the University of Rochester School of Medicine. During her time in Rochester, Dr Goske attended her first Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) meeting and received the John Caffey Award for outstanding research paper, “Experimental Neonatal Intraventricular Hemorrhage: Clinical, Radiographic, and Pathologic Features.” Dr Goske joined the Cleveland Clinic in 1990 as the first full-time section head of pediatric radiology. As she built a new section, she also Richard L. Baron, MD—RSNA Board Liaison for Education
Student Perceptions of an Athletic Training Residential Living Community

Context: Colleges and universities are implementing new academic and social programs to retain students. One possible program is a residential living community (RLC) devoted to a content area. Objective: To understand the perceptions of athletic training students involved in an RLC. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Athletic training program. Patients or Other Participants: Ten athletic training students (8 female, 2 male; average age = 19.50 ± 0.97 years) who participated in an RLC during their first year in college volunteered to participate. Data Collection and Analysis: We used QuestionPro to complete in-depth interviews by having the participants journal their responses to open-ended questions. We used grounded theory to uncover the dominant themes and negotiated over the coding scheme, completed member checks, and performed a peer review to establish trustworthiness. Results: The overall theme of our data pertained to the supportive nature of the RLC allowing for early socialization. Specifically,...
Understanding Phase Stability in Silica/Surfactant Composites through the Study of a Curvature Driven Rectangular Intermediate

Hydrothermal chemistry is used to alter phase stability in ordered silica/surfactant composites. These materials, which are studied using real time X-ray diffraction, display a direct hexagonal-to-lamellar transformation when heated in water. When treated in a pH 11 buffer, however, low angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals an intermediate centered rectangular phase during the phase transformation. By examining the kinetics of this transformation under a range of temperature conditions, we can understand how silica chemistry, interfacial charge density, and surfactant packing interplay to control phase stability. For example, if a lower transformation temperature is used, a hexagonal-to-rectangular-to-lamellar phase progression is observed. Higher transformation temperatures display more complex phase behavior, showing both a direct hexagonal-to-lamellar phase transition and the hexagonal-to-rectangular-to-lamellar transformation occurring at the same time. The observed ordering of phases is consistent wi...
Exploring the Structure of Human Defensive Responses from Judgments of Threat Scenarios.

How humans react to threats is a topic of broad theoretical importance, and also relevant for understanding anxiety disorders. Many animal threat reactions exhibit a common structure, a finding supported by human evaluations of written threat scenarios that parallel patterns of rodent defensive behavior to actual threats. Yet the factors that underlie these shared behavioral patterns remain unclear. Dimensional accounts rooted in Darwin’s conception of antithesis explain many defensive behaviors. Across species, it is also clear that defensive reactions depend on specific situational factors, a feature long emphasized by psychological appraisal theories. Our study sought to extend prior investigations of human judgments of threat to a broader set of threats, including natural disasters, threats from animals, and psychological (as opposed to physical) threats. Our goal was to test whether dimensional and specific patterns of threat evaluation replicate across different threat classes. 85 healthy adult subjects selected descriptions of defensive behaviors that indicated how they would react to 29 threatening scenarios. Scenarios differed with respect to ten factors, e.g., perceived dangerousness or escapability. Across scenarios, we correlated these factor ratings with the pattern of defensive behaviors subjects endorsed. A decision tree hierarchically organized these correlation patterns to successfully predict each scenario’s most common reaction, both for the original sample of subjects and a separate replication group (n = 22). At the top of the decision tree, degree of dangerousness interacted with threat type (physical or psychological) to predict dimensional approach/avoidance behavior. Subordinate nodes represented specific defensive responses evoked by particular contexts. Our ecological approach emphasizes the interplay of situational factors in evoking a broad range of threat reactions. Future studies could test predictions made by our results to help understand pathological threat processing, such as seen in anxiety disorders, and could begin to test underlying neural mechanisms.
Conversión agroecológica de sistemas convencionales de producción: teoría, estrategias y evaluación

Agroecological conversion of conventional production systems: theory, strategies and assessment. The conversion of high input conventional monocultures to diversified, low external input agroecosystems is based on two agroecological pillars: habitat diversification and organic soil management. Te optimal function of agroecosystems depends on the spatial-temporal designs that promote synergies between above and below ground key biodiversity components, which in turn determine the expression of ecological processes such as pest regulation, nutrient cycling and productivity. The evolution of this agroecological transition can be monitored using sustainability indicators which assess soil quality and plant health.
Development of wireless batteryless implantable blood pressure-EKG-core body temperature sensing microsystem for genetically engineered mice real time monitoring

Two wireless implantable microsystems; one for blood pressure sensing and one for EKG and core body temperature sensing; are developed for untethered genetically engineered mice real-time monitoring. A flat silicone blood pressure sensing cuff and a low power ASIC are employed to form a novel wireless less-invasive blood pressure monitoring microsystem, which demonstrates a packaged system weight of 130 mg representing at least ten times mass reduction compared to any commercially available implantable blood pressure sensing technology. The system is powered by an adaptively controlled external RF energy source at 4 MHz to ensure a stable on-chip 2V supply with 150 µA current load from the microsystem, and achieves a sensing resolution of 0.8 mmHg. A packaged EKG and core body temperature sensing microsystem exhibits a total size of 9 mm × 7 mm × 3 mm with a weight of 400 mg including a pair of stainless steel EKG electrodes and demonstrates wireless in vivo EKG and body temperature sensing capability under the same adaptive RF powering condition. On-going research effort is devoted to realize a standalone wireless implantable three-channel (blood pressure, EKG, and core body temperature) bio-sensing microsystem.
Comparative SO2 reactivity of CaO derived from CaCo3 and Ca(OH)2

Experimental data on sulfation rates of CaO particles derived from CaCO3 are compared to those derived from Ca(OH)2 using a product layer diffusion control model differing only in the shape of the CaO grain. Both the model and the experimental data indicate slightly higher reactivity for the Ca(OH)2-derived oxide due to the observed difference in grain shape. This effect is considered as a contributor to the greater performance of Ca(OH)2 in pilot-scale SO2 removal studies.
Regulation of antibody secretion by hybridoma cells. I. Suppression of antibody secretion by coculture of hybridoma cells with idiotype-induced suppressor cells.

Abstract In this study, we have demonstrated that antibody secretion by hybridoma cell lines can be down-regulated by idiotype-specific immune spleen cells or by nylon wool nonadherent spleen cells. This suppression of antibody secretion can be abolished by treating the idiotype-specific immune spleen cells with anti-Thy 1.2 plus complement. The hybridoma we used for most of our experiments secretes IgM specific for the cross-reacting haptens 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP). Suppression was achieved by direct coculture of hybridoma cells with immune cells from animals which were injected with affinity-purified hybridoma antibody-coupled syngeneic spleen cells. The suppressed and control cultures contained similar numbers of viable hybridoma cells, suggesting that a simple cytotoxic effect is not responsible. Idiotype specificity was established in experiments showing that two idiotype immune animals immunized with antibody from two different IgM anti-TNP hybridomas could suppress the hybridoma to which they were immunized but could not affect the other hybridoma. Immune spleen cells required 3–4 days of coculture with hybridoma cells before maximum suppression was achieved. The kinetics of the response suggest that the final effector suppressor cell is generated during the coculture period and that a second signal, perhaps a product of the hybridoma cells, may be required.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BAYLISASCARIS PROCYONIS PREVALENCE AND RACCOON POPULATION STRUCTURE

Abstract Parasite transmission is a dynamic process that can be affected by factors including host and parasite population dynamics. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) are the definitive host of Baylisascaris procyonis, an intestinal roundworm. Transmission of this parasite has been linked to raccoon behavior and human land-use patterns; however, we do not know the importance of host population structure. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between raccoon population attributes and prevalence of B. procyonis. We necropsied 307 trapped or road-killed raccoons collected during 2000–2006 from the Chicago area. In addition, we examined, via fecal samples (n = 433), the patterns of B. procyonis prevalence as they relate to population dynamics among 3 subpopulations within the larger study. Baylisascaris procyonis was seen in 39% of 307 necropsied raccoons. There were differences in prevalence as a function of host age and sex. Baylisascaris procyonis was observed in 18% of 433 feca...
Calcium channels in muscle cells isolated from rat mesenteric arteries: modulation by dihydropyridine drugs

The patch clamp technique was used to make whole-cell recordings of calcium channel currents from single muscle cells freshly isolated from rat mesenteric arteries. The cells were found to contain two types of calcium channels; one type is activated by small depolarizations and inactivates quickly, whereas the other requires stronger depolarizations for activation and inactivates more slowly. Nitrendipine blocked the second type of channels with a potency that depended on membrane potential. Interpreted by a modulated receptor hypothesis, these results suggest that nitrendipine binds to the inactivated state of the channel with a KD of about 0.5 nM, similar to concentrations effective in relaxing blood vessels. The magnitude of the calcium channel current was small compared with other excitable cells, but the "calcium agonist" drug BAY K8644 produced a 10-fold augmentation of calcium channel current, suggesting the existence of a large "reserve" of calcium channel current.
Muscle Disuse: Adaptation of Antioxidant Systems Is Age Dependent

This study investigated the age effect on antioxidant adaptation to muscle disuse. Adult and old rats were randomized into 4 groups: weight bearing (control), 3 days of hind-limb unloading (HU), 7 days of HU, and 14 days of HU. Activities of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione (GSH), as well as GSH peroxidase levels were measured in the soleus. Neither disuse nor aging changed the activity of Cu-Zn SOD. The old rats had greater GSH peroxidase activity, whereas the activity of catalase had a compensatory increase with disuse, independent of age. Reduced GSH level and total glutathione (tGSH) level had age-related change with disuse. In old rats, the GSH and tGSH levels were lower with disuse, whereas the levels remained stable with disuse in adult rats. The depletion of intracellular GSH and tGSH levels of muscles from aged animals with disuse may make aged muscles more susceptible to oxidative damage.
Spontaneous action potential generation due to persistent sodium channel currents in simulated carotid body afferent fibers.

The mechanism by which action potentials (APs) are generated in afferent nerve fibers in the carotid body is unknown, but it is generally speculated to be release of an excitatory transmitter and s...
Daily Foraging Patterns of Adult Double-crested Cormorants During the Breeding Season

Abstract We recorded the daily presence of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) at the nesting island on Oneida Lake, New York, by monitoring the activities of 15 radio-tagged adults from July through September, 2000, using an automated data-logging receiver. A total of 24,464 acceptable detections was obtained for adult cormorants actively attempting to nest on the lake. Tagged cormorants had a bimodal daily activity pattern during the first month, with the fewest birds detected on the island at 09.00 h and 15.00 h Eastern daylight time. The pattern of activity appeared to change slightly in the second month of the study, representative of a post-breeding period for the colony, with a shift from a less synchronous pattern of departures to a greater focus on morning activity also centered around 09.30 h. These results correspond with daily observations of Great Cormorant (P. carbo) foraging activities reported for colonies in Africa and Poland. The data also support the possibility of nocturn...
Stiffness Investigation of Synthetic Flapping Wings for Hovering Flight

Tests on a single active degree of freedom flapping platform are used to investigate the relationship between span-wise/chord-wise stiffness and hovering performance. The intended application is to establish constraints in a multi-objective optimization (thrust-power) that avoid selection of wings that perform poorly. It can also have utility as an alternative engine for identifying favorable performance. The procedure used to make the stiffness measurements is detailed along with the post-processing approach. Twelve wing designs, adapted from a previous study, were tested in both directions to extract a figure of merit that combines both stiffness values into a non-dimensional parameter (SCratio). The wings were also tested for thrust performance and current consumption across three different flapping frequencies (20, 25, and 30 Hz). A comparison is provided that identifies the added benefit of considering power consumption when selecting a wing for favorable performance. The data for 20 and 25 Hz flapping frequencies suggest a decrease in efficiency with increased SCratio, while the 30 Hz flapping frequency data was unimodal. This suggests the presence of a point or region on the spectrum of SCratio that provides optimum efficiency.
Ecological Problems of Power Engineering - Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electromagnetic Safety

Man-caused electromagnetic fields affect dangerously to the health of the people, population for its specific significance. The professional staff being forced to work at the high and wide frequency spectrum of electromagnetic fields for a long time. Active electromagnetic safety from radiations of sanitary-epidemiological standards are being analyzed. The results of numerous full-scale study of electromagnetic fields of power frequency in the Azerbaijan high voltage electric power system are being presented. Summary of real state of electromagnetic safety proposing concrete protective actions is presented.
Evaluation of Effects of Bursa Fabricius Extracts on Development of Immunocompetence in Neonatally Bursectomized Cockerels

SummaryThis experiment was designed to serve as a careful test of the hypothesis that the bursa of Fabricius produces a hormone responsible for the development of immunocompetence. Cell- and bacterium-free extracts of the bursa or pancreas were administered subcutaneously for 23 days to neonatally bursectomized cockerels. Immune responses were tested at 30 and 77 days of age. The bursal extracts produced no significant repair of the immuno-deficient state. The responses to BSA and B. abortus antigens did not differ in bursectomized birds receiving bursal or pancreas extract. However, all bursectomized birds showed significantly lower primary and secondary responses than did sham operated birds. No significant differences were measured in the number of splenic bursal dependent centers between bursectomized birds receiving bursal extract and their controls. On the basis of our findings, we conclude that prior evidence for a humoral function of the bursa should be challenged.
Effect of Insecticide Placement on Predator Numbers and Cabbage Maggot Control

As bands of granular insecticides were moved away from the crucifer seed furrow, phytotoxicity to seedlings and control of Hylemya brassicae (Bouche) decreased. In addition, larger numbers of predatory beetles survived. Broadcast applications with greater rates per acre than the narrow-band placements were most detrimental to predator populations and least effective from the standpoint of maggot control. Consequently, with broadcast applications, greater maggot-feeding damage was incurred when materials were used which were inefficient in control (diazinon) or to which the maggot was highly resistant (aldrin), than if the crop had been left untreated. Samples from the field at 3½ months after insecticide application showed that the slight movement of diazinon from a concentrated granular band in Parr silt loam was more pronounced than dieldrin (in an identical placement). In addition, more movement occurred vertically than horizontally with both compounds. There was some indication that insufficient amounts of diazinon were present (for maggot control) at distances beyond ½ in. from the original band of insecticide. Also, it appeared that tolerance to diazinon was greater in one strain of Wisconsin cabbage maggots than in another.
Cytomegalovirus infections of the adult human nervous system.

Abstract Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the Herpesvirus family which is ubiquitous, and usually causes a primary infection which is asymptomatic or very mild, but occasionally severe disease, with neurologic involvement, results. Reactivation of the virus is often asymptomatic but can have catastrophic consequences in certain populations, especially those with immunodeficiency. We begin with a discussion of the general properties of the virus, its structure and lifecycle, followed by the clinical aspects of acute infection. The pathogenesis of CMV disease mostly is due to direct cytolysis, but the nature of the infection depends on the host's immune background. The effects of CMV infection on the nervous system are listed and cataloged as CMV encephalitis, myelitis, and myeloradiculitis in normal and immunosuppressed hosts. The natural history of CMV disease of the nervous system is not known, since our knowledge is based on case series and case reports. Diagnosis is made by the clinical history and laboratory findings, as well as appropriate detection of virus. Antiviral therapy is problematic in that its benefits are limited, especially in the immunosuppressed, and the medications are toxic.
Behavioral Medical Epigenetics

Abstract Emerging evidence suggests that early-life experiences and exposure to environmental factors are strong determinants of behavior. One of the most studied and well-characterized environmental factors is stress. Exposure to stress and its primary agent cortisol is a strong risk factor for many behavioral disorders. Studies show that stress and cortisol can influence gene function through epigenetic mechanisms, which may lead to persistent changes in behavior. In this chapter, we explain how stress and our perception of the stressor activate our hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and how exposure to chronic stress influences behaviors such as mood and addiction to drugs. Specifically, we will cover how chronic stress impacts the HPA axis itself and genes that are critical for brain function, especially those that regulate the activity of neurotransmitters. Together, evidence suggests that stress exposure affects multiple neurotransmitter systems, and behavioral disorders likely arise from a combination of deficiencies in multiple systems.
The “War” Against Terrorism

America's war in Vietnam is the textbook example of great-power arrogance and self-deception, of the abuse and dissipation of wealth and power. American leaders discovered Indochina early in World War II, when the Japanese intruded on the French empire. Indochina became enormously important to the Dwight Eisenhower administration primarily because it was perceived in 1954 as the site of the next round in the battle with the Sino-Soviet split. John F. Kennedy's first emergency in Indochina came in Laos, where Eisenhower's attempts to create a pro-Western, anti-Communist regime had proven counterproductive. M. Nixon, Republican presidential candidate, had persuaded the South Vietnamese to reject any peace terms the Lyndon Johnson administration might be prepared to accept. The American military had long advocated a strike at Vietnamese sanctuaries in Cambodia, including what they believed to be the headquarters for the Communist insurgency in the South. Fifty-five thousand Americans and millions of Vietnamese died in the American phase of the Vietnamese revolution.
Reduced cognitive control demands after practice of saccade tasks in a trial type probability manipulation

Cognitive control is engaged to facilitate stimulus-response mappings for novel, complex tasks and supervise performance in unfamiliar, challenging contexts-processes supported by pFC, ACC, and posterior parietal cortex. With repeated task practice, however, the appropriate task set can be selected in a more automatic fashion with less need for top-down cognitive control and weaker activation in these brain regions. One model system for investigating cognitive control is the ocular motor circuitry underlying saccade production, with basic prosaccade trials look toward a stimulus and complex antisaccade trials look to the mirror image location representing low and high levels of cognitive control, respectively. Previous studies have shown behavioral improvements on saccade tasks after practice with contradictory results regarding the direction of functional MRI BOLD signal change. The current study presented healthy young adults with prosaccade and antisaccade trials in five mixed blocks with varying probability of each trial type 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% anti vs. pro at baseline and posttest MRI sessions. Between the scans, participants practiced either the specific probability blocks used during testing or only a general 100% antisaccade block. Results indicated an overall reduction in BOLD activation within pFC, ACC, and posterior parietal cortex and across saccade circuitry for antisaccade trials. The specific practice group showed additional regions including ACC, insula, and thalamus with an activation decrease after practice, whereas the general practice group showed a little change from baseline in those clusters. These findings demonstrate that cognitive control regions recruited to support novel task behaviors were engaged less after practice, especially with exposure to mixed task contexts rather than a novel task in isolation.
Growth at 2 Years of Age in HIV-exposed Uninfected Children in the United States by Trimester of Maternal Antiretroviral Initiation.

Background:Abnormal childhood growth may affect future health. Maternal tenofovir (TFV) use was associated with lower body length and head circumference at 1 year of age in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) US children.Methods:We studied 509 HEU children in the US-based Surveillance Monitoring of Antiret
Material nonlinearity in asphalt binder fatigue testing and analysis

Abstract Fatigue cracking is a primary distress in asphalt pavements caused by the accumulation of damage under repeated traffic loading. Asphalt binder is the weakest constituent of asphalt mixture. Therefore, the inherent fatigue resistance of the asphalt binder contained within the pavement is anticipated to influence pavement performance. The simplified viscoelastic continuum damage (S-VECD) model has been applied to predict fatigue life of asphalt binders under varying loading and thermal conditions using time sweep and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test results. The majority of past efforts using S-VECD analysis protocol have neglected the effects of material nonlinearity and attributed all material integrity loss to damage for the sake of simplicity. Herein, experimental and analytical methods are evaluated for delineating damage and nonlinearity in fatigue testing of asphalt binder. None of the experimental methods evaluated enabled accurate separation of damage and nonlinearity at the high strain amplitudes included in LAS tests. Therefore, an analytical method using S-VECD modeling was proposed to back calculate nonlinear dynamic shear moduli from LAS test results. Results can be used to generate a nonlinear S-VECD model which allows for improved fatigue life predictions.
The Local Perspective

This chapter identifies individual hurdles and issues that can arise amongst trainees at various stages of their STEM education. These include impostor syndrome, lack of self-confidence, mental health concerns, conflicts with colleagues and advisors, mentorship, resilience, work–life balance, time management, and thinking beyond academia.
The Spiritual Quest amid Loneliness, Depression, and Disability: Reflections on The Fault in Our Stars by John Green

John Green's best-selling The Fault in Our Stars (2012) recounts two teenagers' quest for meaning in the face of loneliness, depression, disability, and loss, all intensified by a cancer diagnosis....
John Berryman and the American Legacy of Dylan Thomas

Lost in the celebration of the 2014 Dylan Thomas centenary was why Thomas’s reputation, at least among literary historians and particularly fellow poets, had declined so much in the nearly sixty years since his death. That those poets once influenced by Thomas – and they were legion – produced a kind of ‘Dylan Effect’, diluting what was once impressive is one thesis of this article, even as non-professional readers continue to this day to revere some of his work. Another poet whose reputation has perhaps declined as greatly, a man born days apart from Thomas, is the American John Berryman. Berryman met Thomas only a handful of times over twenty-six years, but Thomas remained not an influence but a ghostly presence for Berryman. As this article tries to explain, Berryman’s greatest work, The Dream Songs, does not so much imitate Thomas as assimilate his forms of oral performance and gaiety, if not his existential optimism. To use a legal term, the legacy of Thomas in the work of Berryman is the casus omissus – the missing case – among the statutory narratives of literary history. This article contextualises Berryman’s very belated elegy for Thomas, with the Tennysonian title ‘In Memoriam’, which came well after the deeply elegiac 385 Dream Songs were completed. It is, in effect, both a post-scripted Dream Song as well as a kind of weirdly posthumous Dream Song for Berryman himself, whose own death would follow shortly after its composition.
Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis. Part 2: Effect on White Matter Integrity.

Background. Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a method of physical rehabilitation that has demonstrated clinical efficacy in patients with chronic stroke, cerebral palsy, and multiple s...
Perspectives on Protest: Introduction

This chapter describes the methods used for coding participants’ responses to two items on the Personal and Institutional Rights to Governmental Aggression and Peace Survey: “Individuals have the right to stage protests against war and in favor of peace” and “police are beating peaceful anti-war demonstrators. What would you want to do?” First, this chapter provides a brief overview of laws concerning the right to protest. Next, the process of creating the protest manual is described, along with the coding manual itself. This chapter concludes with an explanation of how the responses were analyzed and an overview of the subsequent chapters’ structure.
Network Awareness in Internet-Scale Stream Processing.

Efficient query processing across a wide-area network requires network awareness, i.e., tracking and leveraging knowledge of network characteristics when making optimization decisions. This paper summarizes our work on network-aware query processing techniques for widely-distributed, large-scale stream-processing applications. We first discuss the operator placement problem (i.e., deciding where to execute the operators of a query plan) and present results, based on a prototype deployment on the PlanetLab network testbed, that quantify the benefits of network awareness. We then present a summary of our present focus on the operator distribution problem, which involves parallelizing the evaluation of a single operator in a networked setting.
Environmental observation, social media, and One Health action: A description of the Local Environmental Observer (LEO) Network

As a result of the close relationships between Arctic residents and the environment, climate change has a disproportionate impact on Arctic communities. Despite the need for One Health responses to climate change, environmental monitoring is difficult to conduct in Arctic regions. The Local Environmental Observer (LEO) Network is a global social media network that recruits citizen scientists to collect environmental observations on social media. We examined the processes of the LEO Network, numbers of members and observations, and three case studies that depict One Health action enabled by the system. From February 2012 to July 2017, the LEO Network gained 1870 members in 35 countries. In this time period, 670 environmental observations were posted. Examples that resulted in One Health action include those involving food sources, wild fire smoke, and thawing permafrost. The LEO network is an example of a One Health resource that stimulates action to protect the health of communities around the world.
Informing the design of exercise programs for persons with multiple sclerosis who use wheelchairs: a qualitative inquiry of perceived components.

Purpose: We investigated the perceptions of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) who use wheelchairs regarding preferences for the design of exercise programs.Materials and methods: We conducted on...
Harmonizing Wearable Biosensor Data Streams to Test Polysubstance Detection

Wearable biosensors, as a key component of wireless body area network (WBAN) systems, have extended the ability of health care providers to achieve continuous health monitoring. Prior research has shown the ability of externally placed, non-invasive sensors combined with machine learning algorithms to detect intoxication from a variety of substances. Such approaches have also shown limitations. The difficulties in developing a model capable of detecting intoxication generally include differences among human beings, sensors, drugs, and environments. This paper examines how approaching wireless communication advances and new paradigms in constructing distributed systems may facilitate polysubstance use detection. We perform supervised learning after harmonizing two types of offline data streams containing wearable biosensor readings from users who had taken different substances, accurately classifying 90% of samples. We examine time domain and frequency domain features and find that skin temperature and mean acceleration are the most important predictors.
Fostering Partnerships with the Safety Net: An Evaluation of Kaiser Permanente's Community Ambassador Program in the Mid-Atlantic States.

Introduction Kaiser Permanente (KP) Mid-Atlantic States has partnered with communities in its service area since 2011 to provide health services to underserved individuals. As part of KP's Community Benefit investment, the Community Ambassador Program places KP advanced-practice clinicians in safety-net clinics to share best practices and to improve access and quality of care. Objective To report program outcomes and disseminate lessons learned. Methods Using data from participating clinics, we retrospectively evaluated the program and estimated Community Ambassadors' contributions to clinic capacity, patient access, evidence-based care, and clinical quality measures. Furthermore, we conducted 29 semistructured phone interviews with stakeholders. Questions focused on program benefits, challenges, learning, and sustainability. Results From 2013 to 2017, Community Ambassadors filled up to 32.8 full-time equivalent positions and conducted 294,436 patient encounters in 19 clinics. In certain years and for subsets of clinics, Community Ambassadors performed above average on 2 high-priority quality measures: Cervical cancer screening for women aged 21 to 64 years and diabetes (blood glucose) control. Interviews with 15 Community Ambassadors, 15 health centers leaders, and 7 KP Mid-Atlantic States staff members revealed that Community Ambassadors improved patient access, clinic capacity, and care quality. Ambassadors also exported KP best practices and supported KP's community relations. Challenges included patient acuity, clinic resources, staff turnover, and long-term sustainability. Conclusion The Community Ambassador Program achieved its goals and had clear benefits, offering a model for large health care systems wanting to collaborate with community-based clinics. Careful planning is needed to ensure that positive results are sustained.
Abstract MP35: Automated Office Blood Pressures For Making A Diagnosis Of Hypertension And The Effect Of Attendance And Rest Time

Context: Automated office blood pressure (AOBP) where three to five blood pressures (BP) are taken using an oscillometric device without an attendant in the room may decrease white coat effect. Obj...