cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capabilities and Limits of Compact Error Resilience Methods for Algorithmic Self-Assembly

Winfree’s pioneering work led the foundations in the area of error-reduction in algorithmic self-assembly (Winfree and Bekbolatov in DNA Based Computers 9, LNCS, vol. 2943, pp. 126–144, [2004]), but the construction resulted in increase of the size of assembly. Reif et al. (Nanotechnol. Sci. Comput. 79–103, [2006]) contributed further in this area with compact error-resilient schemes that maintained the original size of the assemblies, but required certain restrictions on the Boolean functions to be used in the algorithmic self-assembly. It is a critical challenge to improve these compact error resilient schemes to incorporate arbitrary Boolean functions, and to determine how far these prior results can be extended under different degrees of restrictions on the Boolean functions. In this work we present a considerably more complete theory of compact error-resilient schemes for algorithmic self-assembly in two and three dimensions. In our error model, e is defined to be the probability that there is a mismatch between the neighboring sides of two juxtaposed tiles and they still stay together in the equilibrium. This probability is independent of any other match or mismatch and hence we term this probabilistic model as the independent error model. In our model all the error analysis is performed under the assumption of kinetic equilibrium. First we consider two-dimensional algorithmic self-assembly. We present an error correction scheme for reduction of errors from e to e 2 for arbitrary Boolean functions in two dimensional algorithmic self-assembly. Then we characterize the class of Boolean functions for which the error can be reduced from e to e 3, and present an error correction scheme that achieves this reduction. Then we prove ultimate limits on certain classes of compact error resilient schemes: in particular we show that they can not provide reduction of errors from e to e 4 is for any Boolean functions. Further, we develop the first provable compact error resilience schemes for three dimensional tiling self-assemblies. We also extend the work of Winfree on self-healing in two-dimensional self-assembly (Winfree in Nanotechnol. Sci. Comput. 55–78, [2006]) to obtain a self-healing tile set for three-dimensional self-assembly.
Detecting identity-based attacks in wireless networks using signalprints

Wireless networks are vulnerable to many identity-based attacks in which a malicious device uses forged MAC addresses to masquerade as a specific client or to create multiple illegitimate identities. For example, several link-layer services in IEEE 802.11 networks have been shown to be vulnerable to such attacks even when 802.11i/1X and other security mechanisms are deployed. In this paper we show that a transmitting device can be robustly identified by its signalprint, a tuple of signal strength values reported by access points acting as sensors. We show that, different from MAC addresses or other packet contents, attackers do not have as much control regarding the signalprints they produce. Moreover, using measurements in a testbed network, we demonstrate that signalprints are strongly correlated with the physical location of clients, with similar values found mostly in close proximity. By tagging suspicious packets with their corresponding signalprints, the network is able to robustly identify each transmitter independently of packet contents, allowing detection of a large class of identity-based attacks with high probability.
Design space exploration for optimizing on-chip communication architectures

Rapid growth in the complexity of system-on-chips is being accompanied by increasing volume and diversity of on-chip communication traffic, which in turn, is driving the development of advanced system-level communication architectures. While these architectures have the potential to improve system performance, they pose significant new challenges to the system designer, owing to the complex design space defined by the availability of numerous network topologies, communication protocols, and mapping alternatives for system communications. In this paper, we address the problem of mapping a system's communication requirements to a given communication architecture template. We illustrate the nature of the communication architecture design space, and describe an exploration methodology that uses efficient algorithms to help automate the process of mapping the system communications to the selected template. In addition, we demonstrate the importance of simultaneously optimizing the on-chip communication protocols in order to maximize system performance. Experiments conducted on example systems, including a cell forwarding unit of an ATM switch, indicate that the proposed techniques aid in automatically constructing communication architectures that have high performance. For the systems we considered, the solutions generated using our methodology had 53% superior performance (on average), over those based on conventional architectures and mapping approaches. The algorithms used in the proposed methodology are computationally efficient, and scale well with increasing communication architecture complexity.
A Supercell Storm Simulation Using a Nonhydrostatic Cloud-Resolving Model Based on a Hybrid Isentropic-Sigma Vertical Coordinate

AbstractA three-dimensional simulation of a supercell storm is performed with a nonhydrostatic model based on a hybrid isentropic-sigma vertical coordinate. The coordinate is a terrain-following, height-based coordinate near the surface that smoothly transitions to potential temperature with height. Using isentropic coordinates provides the advantage of having zero cross-coordinate vertical mass flux for adiabatic flow, which virtually eliminates the numerical error in the vertical transport. The model uses an adaptive grid algorithm by which the coordinate surfaces may deviate from their target isentropes to maintain a sufficiently smooth mesh, while allowing the turbulence and vertical motion associated with convection to develop. The storm simulated by the hybrid-coordinate model compares well with simulations by Eulerian-coordinate models, but with the key difference being that the cross-coordinate mass flux is significantly smaller in much of the domain with the hybrid-coordinate model. A semi-implic...
Optimal virtual topologies for one-to-many communication in WDM paths and rings

In this paper we examine the problem of constructing optimal virtual topologies for one-to-many communication in optical networks employing wavelength-division multiplexing. A virtual topology is a collection of optical lightpaths embedded in a physical topology. A packet sent from the source node travels over one or more lightpaths en route to its destination. Within a lightpath, transmission is entirely optical. At the terminus of a lightpath the data is converted into the electronic domain where it may be retransmitted on another lightpath toward its destination. Since the conversion of the packet from the optical to the electronic domain introduces delays and uses limited physical resources, one important objective is to find virtual topologies which minimize either the maximum or average number of lightpaths used from the source to all destination nodes. Although this problem is NP-complete in general, we show that minimizing the maximum or average number of lightpaths in path and ring topologies can be solved optimally by efficient algorithms.
Bilateral Brachial Artery Occlusion Decreases Internal Carotid Artery Volume Flow: A Simple Adjunct for Cerebral Protection?

l Purpose: To investigate if a decrease in internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow occurs with bilateral brachial artery occlusion (BBO), which may improve the effectiveness of cerebral protection devices during carotid interventions. Methods: Thirty-two asymptomatic patients (21 men; mean age 67 years) with carotid atherosclerosis between 15% and 79% were enrolled in the study. Carotid duplex ultra- sound was followed by volume flow rate (VF) determination in the right ICA, external carotid (ECA), and vertebral arteries. After baseline values were obtained, BBO was in- duced by bilateral arm pressure cuff inflation to 30 mmHg over the systolic pressure for no more than 3 minutes. VF measurements were repeated. Results: Seventeen patients (responders) had an ICA VF decrease from 4066109 mL/min (6SD) to 303690 mL/min (p50.005), while 15 patients (nonresponders) had no significant change in their ICA VF (3406192 versus 4476267 mL/min, p50.22). In responders, ECA VF increased (190665 to 2326125 mL/min), as did vertebral VF (77653 to 95660 mL/min; p.0.05). The ratio of ICA/ECA VF dropped from 2.13 to 1.31 in responders, but did not change in nonresponders. No patient exhibited any neurological symptoms during the study. Post cuff volume flows approximated baseline values. Cerebral magnetic resonance angiograms obtained in 10 responders revealed a complete circle of Willis in 8 (80%), while only 1 (16%) of 6 nonresponders had a complete pathway. Conclusions: A transient decrease in ICA VF, with concomitant elevations of the ECA and vertebral VFs, occurs with occlusion of the brachial arteries in the setting of a complete circle of Willis. Since no flow reversal occurs, this maneuver is insufficient to provide complete cerebral protection, but it may improve the effectiveness of cerebral protection devices and serve as an adjunctive maneuver in selected cases. Furthermore, changes in ICA VF may prove to be a noninvasive test for evaluating the integrity of the circle of Willis. J Endovasc Ther 2005;12:454-460
Experimental Study of Turbulent Mixing in the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability

An interface that separates two fluids of different densities is unstable to acceleration by a shock wave. In this interaction, called the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) [1, 2], vorticity is baroclinically deposited on interfacial perturbations. The vorticity drives the growth of perturbation amplitudes and can lead to turbulentmixing between the two fluids. This instability is relevant to inertial confinement fusion, where mixing between different layers of the capsule can degrade performance by cooling the central hot-spot or diluting the fuel with ablator material.
Eternal Flame: An Introduction to the Fire History of the Mediterranean

The physical geography of the Mediterranean renders it an ideal landscape for burning. But for thousands of years its fire regimes have been set directly and indirectly by humans. Because of the region’s significance in Antiquity, it has been studied for a long time and has become for good or ill a paradigm for thinking about fire. In this regard the Mediterranean has been both a place to export ideas and a place to receive them. Today’s thinking about the Mediterranean and fire is thus as complex as its intricate landscapes. But the fundamental reality remains, as first voiced by Theophrastus: fire is tame or feral as humans contain or unleash it, which they do not only by the torch but by close tending of the landscape.
Nocturnal patterns of macronutrient intake in freely feeding and food-deprived rats.

Analyses of rats' feeding behavior at the start and the end of the nocturnal cycle have revealed dramatic alterations in macronutrient intake over time. At dark onset, rats displayed a preference for carbohydrate, with the first meal of the night consisting of approximately 60% of this nutrient. This carbohydrate intake was soon followed by a shift toward protein-predominant meals. Superimposed on this pattern of meal-to-meal shifts in nutrient selection appears to be an additional rhythm in which carbohydrate ingestion was favored at dark onset and protein and fat ingestion were favored during the late dark hours. Differential feeding patterns were also apparent following mild food deprivation. A 2-h period of deprivation at dark onset produced a strong compensatory feeding response, particularly of fat and carbohydrate. This pattern was not observed at the end of the dark, when little compensatory feeding was demonstrated. It is suggested that these feeding patterns may be related to the activity of certain hypothalamic neurotransmitters, e.g., norepinephrine and serotonin, known to be important in modulating temporal feeding patterns and nutrient intake.
What Psychiatrists Should Know about Genes and Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is a devastating illness, and patients may be exceptionally concerned that they have genes that contribute to this illness, especially if there is a family history of Alzheimer's disease. This article reviews core findings regarding the genes that contribute to the early-onset (familial) and late-onset forms of Alzheimer's disease and related findings regarding the needs of psychiatrists when discussing the disease with patients. Previously, clinicians believed that patients who tested positive for the APOE gene linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease would be harmed by this knowledge to a greater extent than those who did not know they had the gene. Thus, clinicians were strongly recommending to patients that they not have this testing. This article includes the practice-changing relevance of a recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, which reported that a group of patients tested for the APOE gene who found out that they were positive for this gene were not significantly harmed by having acquired this knowledge.
The Normal, the Fat-Tailed, and the Contagious: Modeling Changes in Emerging Market Bond Spreads

We examine the statistical properties of daily changes in emerging market bond spreads over US treasuries, and simulate an agent-based model to attempt to replicate those properties. The actual data indicate that changes in spreads: 1) are definitely not normally distributed, exhibiting much fatter tails; 2) are serially correlated, suggesting deviation from market efficiency; and 3) exhibit excessive co-movement, suggesting contagion. A simple model of interacting traders produces alternating booms and crashes, as in reality, but is not capable of producing fat-tailed distributions or contagion. We focus on an extended model with market makers whose bid/asked spreads widen with increased volatility and the size of their inventory. This model highlights the role of liquidity (or lack of it) in explaining large rate movements and contagion.
Simulation of Titanium Metal/Titanium Dioxide Etching with Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride Gases Using the ReaxFF Reactive Force Field

In this study, a new ReaxFF reactive force field has been developed to describe reactions in Ti/O/Cl/H materials. This force field was applied to etching simulations for titanium metal and titanium dioxide with chlorine and hydrogen chloride gases. The ReaxFF force field parameters are fitted against a quantum mechanical (QM) training set containing structures and energies related to bond dissociations, angle and dihedral distortions, and reactions between titanium and chlorine gases as well as heats of formation of TiClx crystals. These newly developed Ti–Cl force field parameters were combined with a recently developed Ti–O–H force field. ReaxFF accurately reproduces the QM training set for structures and energetics of small clusters and TiClx crystals. In the etching simulations, titanium and titanium dioxide slab models with chlorine and hydrogen chloride gases were used in molecular dynamics simulations. The etching ratio between HCl and Cl2 are compared to experimental results, and satisfactory resu...
The Growth Mechanism of Al-doped ZnO using Oxygen Controlled Seed Layer in Si based Thin Film Solar Cells

We studied the growth mechanism of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films using seed layers for enhancing the performance of transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) in the thin film solar cells. We carried out two-step processes for the deposition of AZO films. Seed layers were deposited on glass substrate as a function of Ar/O2 gas flow ratio. We show the results of our investigation on the micro-structural properties of AZO seed layers using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The elemental composition and electronic structure changes with the deposition conditions were examined using energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and reflective electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS). The optical and electrical characteristics of AZO film using the seed layer with Ar/O2 = 9/1 show a high haze value of 88% at 500 nm and a resistivity value of 3.7 × 10 Ω·cm.
Teaching for All? Teach For America's Effects Across the Distribution of Student Achievement

This paper examines the effect of Teach For America (TFA) on the distribution of student achievement in elementary school. It extends previous research by estimating quantile treatment effects (QTE) to examine how student achievement in TFA and non-TFA classrooms differs across the broader distribution of student achievement. It also updates prior distributional work on TFA by correcting for previously unidentified missing data and estimating unconditional, rather than conditional QTE. Consistent with previous findings, results reveal a positive impact of TFA teachers across the distribution of math achievement. In reading, however, relative to veteran non-TFA teachers, students at the bottom of the reading distribution score worse in TFA classrooms, and students in the upper half of the distribution perform better.
Clinical Outcomes After Transapical and Transfemoral Transcatheter Aortic Valve Insertion: An Evolving Experience

Background Prior publications note increased adverse events after transapical compared with transfemoral access transcatheter aortic valve insertion (TAVI). We reviewed our TAVI experience to understand the differences in baseline patient characteristics and outcomes associated with the two access methods. Methods The records were reviewed of 567 patients who underwent transfemoral (n = 351, 61.9%) and transapical (n = 216, 38.1%) TAVI from November 2008 through July 2015. Results Compared with patients who underwent transfemoral access, the patients who underwent transapical access were older (82.0 ± 7.5 versus 79.6 ± 9.7 years; p = 0.006), had more peripheral vascular disease (78.2% versus 54.7%; p p p = 0.032). In-hospital and 30-day mortality rates, however, were similar between the two groups (transapical, n = 7, 3.2%; transfemoral, n = 13, 3.7%; p = 0.772). Follow-up echocardiography in 547 (100.0%) surviving patients at a median of 182 days (interquartile range, 35 to 420) demonstrated less paravalvular regurgitation grade of moderate or greater in patients who underwent transapical access (transapical, n = 6, 2.9%; transfemoral, n = 35, 10.4%; p = 0.001) but similar ejection fraction in the two groups (transapical, 55.4% ± 12.2%; transfemoral, 55.9% ± 13.0%; p = 0.419). Mortality rates at 1 year (transapical, 19.2% ± 3.0%; transfemoral,14.7% ± 3.2%) and 4 years (transapical, 47.4% ± 6.4%; transfemoral, 42.7% ± 4.9%) were also similar between the two groups ( p = 0.342). Conclusions Transapical and transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve insertions result in similar operative and longer term mortality rates, despite differences in baseline patient risk. The findings support the concept that access does not influence treatment-related mortality rates.
A simulation study on the US rehabilitation service process for patients with modest-to-severe traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating injury with severe consequences. In this paper, we conduct a simulation study on the commonly implemented care delivery process for TBI rehabilitation in the US, which covers three care categories: inpatient acute, outpatient sub-acute and general residential care. Our investigation is focused on assessing how coverage duration of publicly funded rehabilitation impacts two key system outcomes: sub-acute rehabilitation readmission and total rehabilitation spending. We develop prediction models on the above two outcomes for patients of different conditions. We introduce the notions of forceful transition and medical necessity adjustment, and embed the notions in a state-transition simulation model. Our simulation results suggest that to minimise the care spending, the duration of publicly insured outpatient sub-acute rehab be set smaller than what is currently implemented but not to the point where coverage should be completely removed. Our sensitivity analysis ...
Research of the cultivate of Pleurotus by response surface analysis using potato waste and mushroom residue

This work used potato waste and mushroom residue in the cultivation of Pleurotus, then optimized the cultivated method by response surface analysis. The optimal conditions of cultivation were: cultivation with 29% potato processing waste and 58% mushroom residue, at pH 7.0, 18 ℃. The actual output of Pleurotus was 98 g, which was closed to the theoretical value 104.717 g. The products were rich fragrance and brightly colored. The work fully utilized two industrial wastes which was valueless. It was not only economized on manpower and material resources in waste management, but also improved the economic benefit effectively.
Markedly Improved Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Following Direct Acting Antiviral Treatment of Genotype 1 Hepatitis C

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is often associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Successful HCV treatment may improve glycemic control and potentially induce remission of T2DM. We report a case of an obese 52-year-old woman with mixed genotype 1a/1b HCV infection with compensated cirrhosis and a 10-year history of poorly controlled T2DM on insulin therapy. Following successful therapy with sofosbuvir, simeprevir, and ribavirin, her insulin requirements decreased and her glycosylated hemoglobin (HgA1c) normalized despite weight gain. This case suggests an association between HCV and T2DM and the potential for significant improvement in glycemic control with eradication of HCV.
[Lead levels in children after 10-year use of unleaded gasoline in Guangzhou municipality].

Objective To investigate the blood lead levels(BLLs) in children after 10-year use of unleaded gasoline in Guangzhou and evaluate the effect of this measure. Methods Through stratified random sampling method,4 kindergartens and 4 elementary schools were selected from each of three districts among 12 districts of Guangzhan. Totally 2373 children were recruited into this survey and 1 - 2 mi blood was sampled from each child through vein. The lead concentration in blood samples was determined with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) after diluted with 0. 1% Triton X-100 and 0. 1% HNO3 in the ratio of 1:20. Results Among 2373 children,the highest BLL was 330 μg/L,while the lowest was 10 μg/L Geometric mean (GM) of BLL was 58. 28 μg/L with 61.11 μg/L of male and 55.37 μg/L of female(t =8. 671 ,P =0. 000). Sixty(2. 51% ) children were identified as elevated BLLs( ≥100 μg/L), including 36(2. 90% ) male and 24 ( 2. 09% ) female ( X2 = 1.594, P = 0.207 ). Compared to the surveys conducted in China 10-year ago,the children with elevated BLLs decreased 96.28% and the GM of BLLs reduced 58. 37%. BLLs in suburb children(60. 33 μg/L) were higher than those in downtown (58.09 μg/L) or in countryside(56.72 μg/L). Conclusion The BLLs in children and the ratio for children with elevated BLLs, had declined dramatically after 10-year implement of unleaded gasoline in Guangzhou. Key words: Children; Lead poisoning; Gasoline; Data collection
Prognostic models: evidence-based approach to predicting disease outcome.

Antecedents : Il importe, tant pour les cliniciens que pour les chercheurs, de bien comprendre les techniques qui sous-tendent la modelisation pronostique, les limites possibles des modeles pronostiques et leur applicabilite a la dermatologie. Objectif: Distinguer entre modeles pronostiques et modeles explicatifs (causals); discuter de certaines des techniques employees pour elaborer un modele pronostique et evoquer les limites de la generalisation des modeles. Conclusion : Certes, les modeles pronostiques sont utiles au clinicien, mais il faut les utiliser avec prudence. Il importe d'en faire une evaluation critique et de s'assurer qu'ils conviennent a la population a l'etude. Or, la capacite d'evaluer les modeles pronostiques d'un oeil critique repose sur une comprehension approfondie des techniques qui president a leur elaboration et a leur evaluation.
Regulation of energy metabolism by bone

In terms of feedback regulation in Endocrinology, one question was arisen from the evidences that energy metabolism regulates bone metabolism. "Does bone metabolism regulates energy metabolism?" To address this question, Dr. Gerard Karsenty and his colleagues studied energy metabolism in the mice lacking Osteocalcin, an osteoblast-specific gene. The mutant mice exhibited abnormal energy metabolism phenotypes, diabetes and obesity. Here I would like to remind you his previous and recent works so that we can discuss how to apply bone metabolism information to therapeutic strategy for metabolic syndrome.
Reduction of GPSM3 expression akin to the arthritis-protective SNP rs204989 differentially affects migration in a neutrophil model

G Protein Signaling Modulator-3 (GPSM3) is a leukocyte-specific regulator of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which binds inactivated Gαi·GDP subunits and precludes their reassociation with Gβγ subunits. GPSM3 deficiency protects mice from inflammatory arthritis and, in humans, GPSM3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are inversely associated with the risk of rheumatoid arthritis development; recently, these polymorphisms were linked to one particular SNP (rs204989) that decreases GPSM3 transcript abundance. However, the precise role of GPSM3 in leukocyte biology is unknown. Here, we show that GPSM3 is induced in the human promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cell line following retinoic acid treatment, which differentiates this cell line into a model of neutrophil physiology (NB4*). Reducing GPSM3 expression in NB4* cells, akin to the effect ascribed to the rs204989 C>T transition, disrupts cellular migration toward leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and (to a lesser extent) interleukin-8 (a.k.a. IL-8 or CXCL8), but not migration toward formylated peptides (fMLP). As the chemoattractants LTB4 and CXCL8 are involved in recruitment of neutrophils to the arthritic joint, our results suggest that the arthritis-protective GPSM3 SNP rs204989 may act to decrease neutrophil chemoattractant responsiveness.
THE SISTER'S HILL SITE AND ITS BEARING ON THE WYOMING POSTGLACIAL ALLUVIAL CHRONOLOGY

Alluvial sediments exposed at the Sis ter's Hill Site near Buffalo, Johnson County, Wyoming shed new light on the stratigraphy of the Ucross and Kaycee formations and reveal that another strati graphic unit occur s between the se forma tions in some places. At the Sister's Hill Site, Hell Gap artifacts occur in the lower part of the new unit and in associa tion with a Carbon-14 date of 9650 B.P. On the basis of an extensive geological survey covering more than half of Wyo ming and parts of the neighboring states of Montana, South Dakota, and Nebraska, Leopold and Miller (1954) demonstrated that a consistent sequence of alluvial events is represented in the stream val leys of this area and that this sequence preserves a record of climatic events from late Wisconsin time to the present. The generalized alluvial sequence demonstrated by Leopold and Miller is shown in Figure 1. The alluvial record reveals that at some unknown time in the past the majority of streams in the area incised their channels into bedrock and subsequently filled with gravels to form an overlapping gravel fill called the Ar vada formation. After a period of stabil ity and subaerial weathering this sequence of events was repeated to deposit gravels and silts of the Ucross formation in a similar overlapping relationship. Again a period of subaerial weathering ensued followed by downcutting but this time the subsequent filling consisted of silt and sand that again overlapped the valley slopes. This fine-grained fill is called the Kaycee formation and because no sub sequent fill has attained the level of its surface it forms a persistent terrace, the Kaycee terrace, which is easily rec ognized along most drainage s of the area. After streams had attained grade at the level of the Kaycee terrace they deepened their channels into the Kaycee alluvium and established a new grade at a lower level. Further downcutting followed with out an intervening period of alluviation. The stream-cut surface thus formed is the Moorcroft terrace. The channel cut through this surface was filled by inter bedded silt, sand, and gravel that repre sents the last period of alluviation. In most valleys the modern streams are incised a foot or so into this youngest fill and thus form the Lightning terrace. In some valleys the Lightning surface is the modern flood plain. The weathering profile developed in the Arvada gravels is characterized by strong iron oxidation and involutions, but
Single-Branch Truss-Z (STZ)

This chapter describes various methods of creating single-branch Truss-Z (STZ) structures. First, the alignment to the given path is described, followed by backtracking-based method illustrated with the Case Study I. Next, various evolutionary algorithms are implemented for optimization of STZ illustrated with the Case Study II.
The Myths of Liberty and the Realities of the Corporate State: A Review Article

The volumes reviewed here are quite disparate, but their joint consideration is useful to the understanding of both.1 They differ in their purpose and in their comprehension of legal—economic reality. Arthur Selwyn Miller attempts a comprehensive description and interpretation of a system with which he is of not entirely happy. James M. Buchanan, upon the identification of a situation with which he is quite unhappy, attempts to create a defensible case for certain principles and the lines of reasoning intended conceptually to support a more congenial system. The authors perceive both the status quo and the nature of constitutional order quite differently. This is the result, in part, of their conflicting preconceptions and values concerning the nature of a free society, its problems, and what enables its existence; of their (not unrelated) different specifications of the legal-economic world, its actualities and possibilities; and of the difference in the tasks they have undertaken. Together the books raise the question of the relation of systemic myths to institutional realities, a question complicated by the problem of differentiating myth from reality.
Economics and evolutionary mismatch: humans in novel settings do not maximize

Standard economic theory does not consider the deep evolutionary history of humans. As such, economics ignores the notion that human nature can be ‘out of sync’ with certain aspects of modern life. In contrast, the theory of ‘evolutionary mismatch’ argues that novel products and situations might present particular difficulties. The assumptions of economics are discussed and examined from an evolutionary perspective including both equilibrium and mismatch. The conclusion is that economics would be changed by evolutionary thinking in general, and evolutionary mismatch in particular.
A Bayesian Framework For Reconstruction Of Accelerated MRI Using Graph Cuts

A statistical interpretation of existing parallel magnetic resonance imaging methods reveals that simple least squares or Tikhonov regularization methods are unable to completely remove aliasing and noise from parallel MRI data during reconstruction. We present a Bayesian framework called EPIGRAM which overcomes these problems by introducing powerful edge-preserving spatial coherence priors. We show examples of in vivo reconstructed data which demonstrate significant improvement in SNR, aliasing and root mean square error properties of reconstructed images. Some extensions of the proposed method are suggested and preliminary examples are presented.
Infantile Lhermitte-Duclos Disease Treated Successfully With Rapamycin

Lhermitte-Duclos disease is a rare hamartomatous tumor of the cerebellum resulting from a mutation in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene: it has been reported in fewer than 10 infants. Rapamycin treatment has not yet been described in Lhermitte-Duclos disease. The infant underwent shunt placement shortly after birth for aqueductal stenosis. Her clinical progression included failure to thrive, seizures, episodes of decerebrate posturing, loss of respiratory drive, and pituitary insufficiency from mass effect. The characteristic "tiger stripe" sign on imaging prompted diagnosis. Rapamycin therapy was initiated at 18 months. Within 5 months, our patient has become responsive to her surroundings and had return of spontaneous breathing. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reveals lack of brainstem compression or distortion of pituitary stalk. Rapamycin should be considered in cases of Lhermitte-Duclos disease where surgical removal may not be an option, as in our case where the cerebellum was entirely involved.
Regulation of Genomic Testing in the Era of Precision Medicine

The concept of precision medicine is to explore the individual's genetic makeup for better assessment of the disease risk, contrive the course of disease and subsequent tailoring of the management plan according to the patient unique needs. Over the last few years the idea of precision medicine along with advancement in automated sequencing technology has revolutionized today's health care system, making it more feasible to offer genetic testing to individuals. To succeed in pursuing this discipline, there is a dire need to regulate these genetic testing systems at various platforms. The chapter describes various aspects of the regulation of genomic testing, the perspective of “beyond the clinic” approaches, and related ethical/confidentiality issues associated with genetic testing, followed by discussing the imperative role of quality assurance in genetic testing. Nevertheless, the significance of the patient and physician feedback responses in strengthening the regulatory system cannot be overlooked. The last section describes the crucial need for a federal regulatory body which should encompass and deal the critical regulatory issues related to genetic testing. These approaches would assist in developing patients and health care community's confidence in the concept of precision medicine; eventually encouraging to adhere to the goal of better health.
Disease associations with isolated elevations of each of the four IgG subclasses

Abstract Purpose Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a relatively newly defined disease entity that refers to a group of immune-mediated disorders that have certain histopathologic, serologic, and clinical features in common. IgG4-RD is often associated with elevated serum IgG4. The discovery of IgG4-RD highlights the scarcity of literature examining elevations in other IgG subclasses and their potential associations to disease. In this retrospective chart review study, we aim to address that gap, by exploring disease associations in patients with isolated IgG subclass elevations. Methods We identified 552 patients with an isolated elevation of one of the IgG subclasses, and performed a systematic chart review to identify the diagnoses of those patients. We examined the distribution of diagnoses, using the Fisher’s exact test to determine if a diagnosis was significantly associated with an isolated elevation in one of the subclasses. Results Autoimmune pancreatitis, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), nasal polyps, eosinophilia, and celiac disease were significantly associated with an isolated elevation in IgG4. Hepatitis C and monoclonal gammopathy were significantly associated with isolated elevations in IgG1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was associated with both an isolated elevation in IgG1 and IgG3. Hypothyroidism and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were significantly associated with isolated elevations in IgG2. Conclusion These results confirmed some established associations between autoimmune pancreatitis, AERD, nasal polyps, and eosinophilia and elevated serum IgG4, and between monoclonal gammopathy and hepatitis C with elevated serum IgG1. It uncovered novel associations between RA and elevated IgG1 and IgG3, hypothyroidism and IBS and elevated IgG2, and between celiac disease and elevated IgG4.
Post-operative MRSA infections in head and neck surgery.

Abstract Purpose Surgical site infection (SSI) with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious post-operative complication, with head and neck cancer patients at greater risk due to the nature of their disease. Infection with MRSA has been shown to be costly and impart worse outcomes on patients who are affected. This study investigates incidence and risks for MRSA SSIs at a tertiary medical institution. Materials and methods This study reviewed 577 head and neck procedures from 2008 to 2013. Twenty-one variables (i.e. tumor characteristics, patient demographics, operative course, cultures) were analyzed with SPSS to identify trends. A multivariate analysis controlled for confounders (age, BMI, ASA class, length of stay) was completed. Results We identified 113 SSIs of 577 procedures, 24 (21.23%) of which were MRSA. Of all analyzed variables, hospital exposure within the preceding year was a significant risk factor for MRSA SSI development (OR 2.665, 95% CI: 1.06–6.69, z statistic 2.086, p = 0.0369). Immunosuppressed patients were more prone to MRSA infections (OR 14.1250, 95%CI: 3.8133–52.3217, p Conclusions Patients who have a history of chemotherapy, immunosuppression, or recent hospital exposure prior to their surgery are at higher risk of developing MRSA-specific SSI and may benefit from prophylactic antibiotic therapy with appropriate coverage. Additionally, patients who develop MRSA SSIs are likely to have an extended postoperative inpatient stay.
Neuromyths in Music Education: Prevalence and Predictors of Misconceptions among Teachers and Students.

In the last decade, educational neuroscience has become increasingly important in the context of instruction, and its applications have been transformed into new teaching methods. Although teachers are interested in educational neuroscience, communication between scientists and teachers is not always straightforward. Thus, misunderstandings of neuroscientific research results can evolve into so-called neuromyths. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of such music-related neuromyths among music teachers and music students. Based on an extensive literature research, 26 theses were compiled and subsequently evaluated by four experts. Fourteen theses were selected, of which seven were designated as scientifically substantiated and seven as scientifically unsubstantiated (hereafter labelled as “neuromyths”). One group of adult music teachers (n = 91) and one group of music education students (n = 125) evaluated the theses (forced-choice discrimination task) in two separate online surveys. Additionally, in both surveys person-characteristic variables were gathered to determine possible predictors for the discrimination performance. As a result, identification rates of the seven scientifically substantiated theses were similar for teachers (76%) and students (78%). Teachers and students correctly rejected 60% and 59%, respectively, of the seven neuromyths as scientifically unsubstantiated statements. Sensitivity analysis by signal detection theory revealed a discrimination performance of d’ = 1.25 (SD = 1.12) for the group of teachers and d’ = 1.48 (SD = 1.22) for the students. Both groups showed a general tendency to evaluate the theses as scientifically substantiated (teachers: c = -0.35, students: c = -0.41). Specifically, buzz words such as “brain hemisphere” or “cognitive enhancement” were often classified as correct. For the group of teachers, the best predictor of discrimination performance was having read a large number of media about educational neuroscience and related topics (R² = .06). For the group of students, the best predictors for discrimination performance were a high number of read media and the hitherto completed number of semesters (R² = .14). Our findings make clear that both teachers and students are far from being experts on topics related to educational neuroscience in music and would therefore benefit from current education-related research in psychology and neuroscience.
Anchoring on Self and Others During Social Inferences

When making inferences about similar others, people anchor and adjust away from themselves (Tamir & Mitchell, 2013). However, research on relational self theory (Andersen & Chen, 2002) suggests the possibility of using knowledge about others as an anchor when they are more similar to a target. We investigated whether social inferences are made on the basis of significant other knowledge through an anchoring and adjustment process, and whether anchoring on a significant other is more effortful than anchoring on the self. Participants answered questions about their likes and habits, as well as the likes and habits of a significant other, a target similar to their significant other, and a yoked control. We found that prediction differences between the significant other and similar target led to longer response times, and we found the opposite effect for self and target differences, suggesting anchoring and adjustment from the significant other rather than the self. These effects were moderated by the source-relative salience of the dimension being evaluated. The evidence was mixed with respect to the question of whether anchoring on a significant other is more effortful than anchoring on the self.
Batch Verification with Applications to Cryptography and Checking

Let R(·) be a polynomial time-computable boolean relation. Suppose we are given a sequence inst 1,..., inst n of instances and asked whether it is the case that R(inst i )=1 for all i=1,...,n. The naive way to figure out the answer is to compute R(inst i ) for each i and check that we get 1 each time. But this takes n computations of R. Can one do any better?
Room temperature operation of InAs quantum dot lasers formed by diblock-copolymer lithography and selective area MOCVD growth

Semiconductor Laser diodes (LD) employing quantum dot (QD) active regions have attracted attention due to the theoretical predictions: low threshold current density and low temperature sensitivity originated from the delta-function-like density of states and small active volume [1]. However, while high performance devices have been demonstrated, the realization of all the predicted advantages has remained challenging. Self-assembled QDs grown by Stranski-Krastanov (SK) growth mode can suffer from an inhomogeneity in the QD size distribution, as well as an inherent wetting layer [2]. Nanopatterning and selective metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth offer a more controllable pathway for QD formation, allowing the QD size to be decoupled from the strain state of the material. This process results in the formation of dense arrays of wetting-layer-free QDs, although the challenges stemming from surface state formation and efficient carrier injection into the QDs remain problematic issues [3]. As such, previously reported LDs employing these In0.3Ga0.7As QD active regions only operate at low temperatures [3]. It has been contended that embedding the SK QDs within an InGaAs quantum well (QW) improves carrier capture into the quantum dots [4]. Here, we demonstrate an In 0.1 Ga 0.9 As QW placed adjacent to a wetting layer-free InAs QD active region leads to improved active region carrier collection, allowing for room temperature (RT) lasing. The LDs employ an active region consisting of a dense single-layer array of compressively-strained InAs QDs (Density ∼ 4×1010cm−2), selectively grown by MOCVD on top of a 4nm thick In0.1Ga0.9As QW.
Assessing the factor structure of models for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a war-related civilian sample

A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to assess the factor structure of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL–5) in a non-Western sample (N = 444) of former refugees and internal...
Research Utilization: A Challenge for Nursing Graduate Education to Improve Patient Care

To improve patient care, hospitals and other health care facilities are looking to improve patient outcomes through examining how nursing care can be changed or modified based on research. The process of applying research results into clinical practice is called research utilization (RU). In this article, a master's level research utilization course is described. The process of research utilization is highlighted along with specifics regarding course development and evaluation methods. Graduate level research courses such as this one can assist students to demonstrate competency in research utilization including: synthesis of research literature, development of practice guidelines based on research, and identification of strategies to carry out RU protocols and evaluate outcomes.
Oxidation kinetics of plutonium in air from 500 to 3500°C: Application to source terms for dispersal

Abstract The oxidation kinetics of plutonium in air are described for the autothermic regime using literature data and are applied in defining source-term relationships for dispersal. The oxidation rate of static plutonium is temperature independent ( E a =0) above the 500°C ignition point, but that of ignited droplets is temperature dependent ( E a =9.6 kcal mol −1 ) during free fall in air. Kinetic dependences on humidity and alloying with gallium are absent. The appearance of a constant rate (0.2 g PuO 2 cm −2 min −1 ) for oxidation of static metal above 500°C is attributed to formation of an oxygen-depleted boundary layer of nitrogen at the gas–solid interface during oxidation. The rate is temperature dependent under dynamic conditions that disturb or destroy the boundary layer. The ignition point of Pu is accurately predicted using a first-principles kinetic model and rate data for dynamic conditions. Arrhenius behavior, which is defined by combining the kinetic results with data for low temperature oxidation, is reflected in aerosol release rates reported for self-sustained oxidation of plutonium. The time-dependent source term for continuous release of PuO 2 particles during reaction is defined, and the dependences of the airborne release fraction on oxidation temperatures and air velocity are described.
Chapter 27 Neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), delineating where broad areas of consensus exist and, where there is disagreement, outlining the primary issues to be resolved. The chapter emphasizes that the cognitive deficits in AD and MCI are the result of selective alterations in the brain and discusses the relationship between neuropsychological deficits and neuropathological or brain imaging findings. The neurological examination is generally unremarkable in the early stage of AD. Thus, it is most useful for identifying whether signs and symptoms of disorders other than AD are present (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, etc.). All randomized controlled clinical trials in the USA of medications aimed at treating patients with AD have used neuropsychological tests as one of the two primary markers of drug efficacy (the other measure is a global clinical rating). The most widely used test in these clinical trials is the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale—Cognitive Subscale (ADAS:Cog).