cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indian Ocean SST and Indian summer rainfall : Predictive relationships and their decadal variability

Abstract The authors examine relationships between Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) variability and the variability of the Indian monsoon, including analysis of potential long-lead predictions of Indian rainfall by regional SST and the influence of ENSO and decadal variability on the stability of the relationships. Using monthly gridded (4° × 4°) SST data from the Global Sea-Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (GISST) dataset that spans 1945–94, the correlation fields between the All-India Rainfall Index (AIRI) and SST fields over the tropical Indian Ocean are calculated. In the boreal fall and winter preceding the summer Indian monsoon, SST throughout the tropical Indian Ocean correlates positively with subsequent monsoon rainfall. Negative correlation occurs between SST and the AIRI in the subsequent autumn in the northern Indian Ocean only. A strong correlation (0.53) is found between the summer AIRI and the preceding December–February Arabian Sea SST. The correlation between the AIRI and the SST...
Is Appropriateness Appropriate

Improvements in prevention and treatment have resulted in striking reductions in age-adjusted mortality rates related to cardiovascular disease during the past several decades ([1][1]). These impressive results have been catalyzed by new therapies, many of which have been substantiated in large-
A Web-Based Geographic Information Platform to Support Urban Adaptation to Climate Change

Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events and increasing population growth in cities bring to the forefront the need to easily evaluate risks in urban landscapes regarding critical infrastructure and vulnerable populations. In this chapter, we present an integrated framework for an urban climate adaptation tool (Urban-CAT) that will help cities plan for, rather than react to, possible risks to urban infrastructure and populations due to climate change. The core of the framework focuses on reducing risk by bringing together disparate, high-resolution data of risk indicators to characterize urban landscape and to develop resilience profiles. Additionally, the framework integrates climate and population growth data to better understand future impacts of these stressors on urban resiliency to develop effective adaptation strategies aimed at reducing socioeconomic costs associated with extreme weather events. This framework requires integration of the multitude of disparate, high-resolution data for analysis in a dynamic web environment. We address how to achieve this integration through the development of a distributed, high-performance geoprocessing engine.
Defining potency of CAR + T cells: Fast and furious or slow and steady

Genetically engineered T cells that express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR+) are heterogeneous and thus, understanding the immunotherapeutic efficacy remains a challenge in adoptive cell therapy. We developed a high-throughput single-cell methodology, Timelapse Imaging Microscopy In Nanowell Grids (TIMING) to monitor interactions between immune cells and tumor cells in vitro. Using TIMING we demonstrated that CD4+ CAR+ T cells participate in multi-killing and benefit from improved resistance to activation induced cell death in comparison to CD8+ CAR+ T cells. For both subsets of cells, effector cell fate at the single-cell level was dependent on functional activation through multiple tumor cells.
Single cell studies of the primate putamen. I. Functional organization.

In order to clarify the functional organization of the putamen and the nature of sensory inputs to this structure we studied the relation of single cell activity to active movements and somatosensory stimulation in the awake primate. Neurons (N = 707) were categorized on the basis of their relation to active movements or responses to sensory stimulation of individual body parts. 38% of neurons studied were related to the arm, 9% to the leg, 11% to the mouth or face, and 3% to axial portions of the body. The remaining neurons exhibited non-specific activation which could not be confidently localized to an individual body part (12%) or did not respond during the examination (26%). The high proportion of arm neurons was due to the focus of this study on cells related to arm movements. A large proportion (41%; N = 270) of the “arm” neurons was responsive to somatosensory stimulation. For these neurons the most effective stimulus (82%) was passive joint rotation. Six (5%) of the arm neurons responded to cutaneous stimulation. The putamen was found to be somatotopically organized. Neurons related to different body parts (leg, arm, and face) were segregated, and each body part was represented over a long anteroposterior extent of the nucleus. Clusters of 2–5 neurons with similar relations to active movements or responsive to passive movements of a single joint were often encountered over a 100–500 μ distance. Clusters of neurons with sensory driving were organized by joints. Rather than a single elbow or shoulder area, multiple clusters of neurons related to each joint were widely distributed over a long anteroposterior extent of the nucleus and were adjacent to clusters of neurons related to other joints of the arm. These clusters of neurons with similar functional properties may correspond to the subunits of the striatum which have been revealed by anatomic and morphologic studies. We propose that these clusters of neurons with similar functional properties represent the basic functional units of the striatum in a manner analogous to the functional columns of the neocortex.
Butazolidin plasma concentration and urinary excretion in normal individuals and in patients with rheumatoid spondylitis.

Summary1. Four hundred mg of Butazolidin were administered orally for 10 days to 11 normal students and to 6 patients with rheumatoid spondylitis. Plasma concentrations and total 24-hour urinary excretion values for the drug were estimated. 2. Butazolidin was demonstrated in the plasma of all individuals between the 1st and 3d days on treatment and appeared in the urine between the 1st and 5 th days thus proving its definite absorption in all 17 subjects. With the exception of 2 mild cases of edema in 2 females in the normal group, no toxic effects of the drug were encountered during therapy. There were no significant differences in the reactions in the 2 groups. No sex differences were noted in the rate of absorption or excretion of the drug although the number of subjects admittedly was small. 3. Butazolidin did not completely disappear from the urine in one patient with osteo arthritis until 12 days following cessation of therapy and it was still detected in small amounts in the plasma at the end of 15...
Some Logical and Methodological Problems in Community Research

T HIS paper examines some of the special methodological and technical problems in community research. Two general questions are discussed: (1) How has community research met the general considerations of the comparative community and community context methodological models? (2) What are the more common logical fallacies and technical errors in community studies? How have investigators of community phenomena met the general considerations of methodological models? We shall answer this question primarily by reference to the methodological models of the experiment and the case study. The discussion is organized around the two major research designs in community study-the comparative community study and the community context study. The comparative community study ideally begins with a set of hypotheses about community and two or more empirical instances of community are employed for a test of the hypothesis. The community context study investigates the effect of communal parameters on a specific relationship under observation or test.
Characterization and quantification of red cell lipids in normal man.

Human red cell lipids have been studied in a series of normal individuals. Cholesterol comprises 25% of total red cell lipid, and free fatty acid is present. Evidence is presented that the total amount of lipid phosphorus per average red cell is 1.40 × 10−11 mg and that most extraction procedures fail to extract 8% or more (some as much as 40–50%) of red cell phospholipid. The average percentage distribution of the individual phospholipids was: choline glycerophosphatides 30% sphingomyelin 24%, ethanolamine glycerophosphatides 26%, and serine glycerophosphatides 15%. Other minor phospholipid components were also identified. The normal range for total red cell plasmalogen was found to be 4.65–5.85 × 10−11 μmole/cell. Evidence for the presence of a carbohydrate-containing lipid which was eluted from silicic acid columns with serine and inositol glycerophosphatides is also given. The fatty acid distribution of each major phospholipid fraction is characteristic. Ethanolamine glycerophosphatides are high in 20:4, 22:5, and 22:6, while serine and inositol glycerophosphatides contain large amounts of 18:0 and 20:4. Lecithin is distinguished by 20–25 moles % 18:2 and sphingomyelin by high concentrations of 24:0 and 24:1.
Developmental Changes in Normal Fetal Bovine Whole Bladder Physiology

In the present study, normal and experimentally altered whole fetal bovine bladders have been used in vitro to study developmental changes in compliance and capacity. For the first time, we have attempted to define the relative contributions of the detrusor and mucosal layers to bladder compliance. Fetal bovine bladder compliance increases with fetal development. Elimination of the active component of smooth muscle tension improves compliance and increases capacity more than 60% in younger fetuses but only 35% in older fetuses. Active smooth muscle tension as evaluated by whole bladder cystometry is highest in the youngest fetuses and decreases with fetal age. Surgical removal of the detrusor layer (smooth muscle and connective tissue) also increases compliance and capacity substantially in all fetal bladders. These observations show that both smooth muscle and connective tissue are important in the function of the developing fetal bladder. Changes in both of these bladder wall components probably occur during development and are responsible for the physiologic changes observed.
Renovascular hypertension. When to operate, when to treat medically.

A physician who prescribes antihypertensive drugs for a patient with renovascular disease must assume the responsibility for close follow-up. Many factors must be considered in deciding for or against surgical intervention. Among them are age, duration of hypertension, coexisting diseases, nature and extent of the renal artery lesion, and significance of the lesion in the genesis of blood pressure elevation.
Use of peripheral nerve action potentials for intraoperative monitoring.

Intraoperative peripheral nerve action potential recording (INAP) detects regenerating axons crossing the site of physical injury earlier than clinical or EMG/NCS examination and prior to developing severe changes in distal tissues. With an INAP present, neurolysis is usually performed. If an INAP is absent, resection of the neuroma is undertaken followed by end-to-end suture or grafting. Peripheral nerve tumor resection can be aided by INAP identification of intact nerve fasicles.
Globalization and Technology Diffusion: The Case of Mobile Phones

Many of the world’s innovations are generated in a few developed countries and then adopted globally. Globalization has greatly facilitated the dispersal of foreign technologies by promoting international trade, foreign direct investment and migration. The world-wide diffusion of cell phones is a particular example for global technology diffusion, affecting economic growth and development through a variety of channels. Thus, this paper examines to what degree trade, FDI and migration promote cellphone usage in developed and developing countries. Since the usage of cellphones initially requires the installation of costly infrastructure, I analyze the intensive and extensive margin of cellphone diffusion separately. Estimating a two-part model for 27 developed and 89 developing countries between 1985 and 2010, I find that FDI accelerates cellphone usage along both the intensive and extensive margin. In contrast, the effect of trade is insignificant. Moreover, there exists a positive link between cellphone usage and migration along the intensive margin. However, this effect is muted by the migration of high skilled workers relative to low skilled workers. Evaluating the overall effect of migration at the mean indicates that the Brain Drain, in fact, more than offsets the positive spillovers from migration. Sensitivity analysis along several dimensions underline the robustness of these results.
The Map That Reveals the Deception of the 1737 Walking Purchase

In the summer of 1737 four Delaware sachems agreed to give the Pennsylvania proprietors land west of the Delaware River that could be traversed by a walker in a day and a half. When the Walking Purchase, as it became known, was executed in September, the young men hired as walkers by the proprietors traveled faster and further northwest than Delawares assumed they would. Delawares documented the events of the Walking Purchase, but their version of the story was quickly buried under the considerable weight of the official narrative—a tale based on actual events but with significant details skillfully obfuscated by the Penns and their agents. What actually happened would remain obscure if not for the existence of a fragile map that can be found in the Chew Family and the Penn Family Papers at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. When examined in light of Delaware accounts, this map reveals how the Pennsylvania proprietors deceived the Delawares so they would agree to the purchase.
Development of replication-deficient adenovirus malaria vaccines.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Malaria remains a major threat to endemic populations and travelers, including military personnel to these areas. A malaria vaccine is feasible, as radiation attenuated sporozoites induce nearly 100% efficacy.Areas covered: This review covers current malaria clinical trials using adenoviruses and pre-clinical research. Heterologous prime-boost regimens, including replication-deficient human adenovirus 5 (HuAd5) carrying malaria antigens, are efficacious. However, efficacy appears to be adversely affected by pre-existing anti-HuAd5 antibodies. Current strategies focus on replacing HuAd5 with rarer human adenoviruses or adenoviruses isolated from non-human primates (NHPs). The chimpanzee adenovirus ChAd63 is undergoing evaluation in clinical trials including infants in malaria-endemic areas. Key antigens have been identified and are being used alone, in combination, or with protein subunit vaccines. Gorilla adenoviruses carrying malaria antigens are also currently being evaluated in pr...
MicroRNA-126 overexpression rescues diabetes-induced impairment in efferocytosis of apoptotic cardiomyocytes

Efferocytosis, a process of clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes, is essential for successful resolution of inflammation and maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Diabetes compromises the function of macrophages leading to adverse inflammatory response during wound healing, myocardial injury, atherosclerosis and autoimmune disorders. However, the effect of diabetes on macrophage-mediated efferocytosis of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (ACM) and the molecular mechanisms involved are not understood so far. In the present study we found that invitro efferocytosis of ACM was impaired in macrophages from db/db (diabetic) mice. Macrophages exposed to high glucose (HG) decreases microRNA-126 (miR-126) expression with a corresponding increase in ADAM9 expression. Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirms that ADAM9 3′UTR contains miR-126 target site. ADAM9 inhibition reduces HG-induced proteolytic cleavage of Mer tyrosine receptor kinase (MerTK, a proto-oncogene that plays a critical role in phagocytosis), resulting in shedding of soluble-Mer (sMER) and loss of MERTK function. Over-expression of miR-126 attenuates HG-induced impairment of efferocytosis. Furthermore, human diabetic hearts show lower miR-126 expression with a corresponding increase in ADAM9 expression vs. normal counterparts. These data suggests that diabetes impairs efferocytosis of ACM and that strategies to enhance efferocytosis might attenuate diabetes-induced impairment in inflammation resolution and cardiac repair after injury.
Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying phenotypic differences in pulmonary radioresponse

Differences in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced lung injury among murine strains offer a unique opportunity to elucidate the molecular mechanisms driving the divergence in tissue response from repair and recovery to organ failure. Here, we utilized two well-characterized murine models of radiation pneumonitis/fibrosis to compare and contrast differential gene expression in lungs 24 hours after exposure to a single dose of whole thorax lung irradiation sufficient to cause minor to major morbidity/mortality. Expression of 805 genes was altered as a general response to radiation; 42 genes were identified whose expression corresponded to the threshold for lethality. Three genes were discovered whose expression was altered within the lethal, but not the sublethal, dose range. Time-course analysis of the protein product of the most promising gene, resistin-like molecule alpha, demonstrated a significant difference in expression between radiosensitive versus radiotolerant strains, suggesting a unique role for this protein in acute lung injury.
TRPV4 Moves toward Center-Fold in Rosacea Pathogenesis.

Mascarenhas et al. report that TRPV4 expression is upregulated in mast cells in response to the proteolytic cathelicidin fragment LL37 in a murine rosacea model and that TRPV4 loss of function attenuates mast cell degranulation. These findings render TRPV4 a translational-medical target in rosacea. However, signaling mechanisms causing increased expression of TRPV4 await elucidation. Moreover, we ask whether TRPV4-mediated Ca++-influx evokes mast cell degranulation.
The Phenylephrine Test Revisited.

PURPOSE To characterize the phenylephrine test in ptotic patients to help clinicians perform the test more efficiently. METHODS Adults with involutional ptosis (n = 24, 30 eyes) were assessed with digital photographs for response to topical 2.5% phenylephrine drop instillation. Patient characteristics (age, gender, iris color, dermatochalasis, brow ptosis, and baseline marginal reflex distance-1 [MRD-1] height) were recorded. From the photographs, change in (MRD-1), presence of conjunctival blanching, pupillary dilation, and Hering effect were recorded at specified time intervals, 1 minute to 1 hour after drop placement. Correlations between patient characteristics and measured outcomes were evaluated using analysis of variance, Pearson coefficient, or chi-square tests. RESULTS The authors found that 73% of eyes had eyelid elevation with phenylephrine. Of these, 50% reached maximal eyelid elevation by 5 minutes, and 86% by 10 minutes after drop placement, but 14% did not reach maximal MRD-1 until 30 minutes. There is a negative correlation between the maximum MRD-1 and the baseline MRD-1 eyelid height (r = -0.5330, p < 0.01). There is no significant relationship between time to pupillary dilation with either time to max eyelid elevation or max eyelid elevation. No patient characteristic studied affected the likelihood of eyelid response to phenylephrine or presence of Hering effect. CONCLUSIONS Although most ptotic eyelids demonstrate a response to 2.5% phenylephrine within 10 minutes, there is a subset of patients that respond much later. More ptotic eyelids had greater eyelid elevation with phenylephrine. Pupillary dilation and conjunctival blanching are neither predictive of nor temporally associated with eyelid height elevation. The authors did not identify any patient factors (e.g., dermatochalasis, brow ptosis) that can predict the likelihood of response to phenylephrine.
Engineering Scalable Distributed Services for Real-Time Big Data Analytics

There is high demand for tools that analyze large sets of streaming data in both industrial and academic settings. While existing work has examined a wide range of issues, we focus on query support. In particular, we focus on providing analysts flexibility with respect to the types of queries they can make on large data sets in real time as well as over historical data. We have designed and implemented a lightweight service-based framework—EPIC Real-Time—that manages a set of queries that can be applied to user-initiated data analysis events (such as studying tweets generated during a disaster). Our prototype combines stream processing and batch processing techniques inspired by the Lambda Architecture. We investigate a core set of query types that can answer a wide range of queries asked by analysts who study crisis events. In this paper, we present a prototype implementation of EPIC Real-Time which makes use of event-driven and reactive programming techniques. We also present a performance evaluation on how efficiently the real-time and batch-oriented queries perform, how well these queries meet the needs of our analysts, and provide insight into how EPIC Real-Time performs along a number of dimensions including performance, usability, scalability, and reliability.
Effect of light on 2H/1H fractionation in lipids from continuous cultures of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana

Abstract Continuous cultures of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana were grown at irradiances between 6 and 47 µmol m −2 s −1 in order to evaluate the effect of light on hydrogen isotope fractionation in lipids. δ 2 H values increased with irradiance in phytol by 1.1‰ (µmol m −2 s −1 ) −1 and by 0.3‰ (µmol m −2 s −1 ) −1 in the C14:0 fatty acid, but decreased by 0.8‰ (µmol m −2 s −1 ) −1 in the sterol 24-methyl-cholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol (C 28 Δ 5,24(28) ). The anticorrelation between δ 2 H values in C 28 Δ 5,24(28) and irradiance is attributed to enhanced sterol precursor synthesis via the plastidic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway at high irradiance, relative to the cytosolic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, and the supposition that MEP precursors are 2 H-depleted compared to MVA precursors because they incorporate a greater proportion of hydrogen from photosynthetically produced NADPH. Increasing δ 2 H values of phytol and C14:0 with irradiance is attributed to a greater proportion of pyruvate, the last common precursor to both lipids, being sourced from glycolysis in the mitochondria and cytosol, where enhanced incorporation of metabolic NADPH and further hydrogen exchange with cell water can enrich pyruvate with 2 H relative to pyruvate from the chloroplast. Irrespective of the biosynthetic mechanisms responsible for the 2 H/ 1 H fractionation response to light, the high sensitivity of lipid δ 2 H values in T. pseudonana continuous cultures would result in −30‰ to +40‰ variations in δ 2 H over a 40 µmol m −2 s −1 range in sub-saturating irradiance if expressed in the environment, depending on the lipid.
Design and Implementation of Appropriate Progressions for Preservice Physical Educators

This article illustrates key steps to augment physical education teacher candidates' ability to develop their lessons following a more appropriate progression of movement tasks, which is aligned with the National Standards for physical education teacher education regarding planning and implementation.
Shorter Versus Longer Courses of Antibiotics for Infection in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background Infection is a leading cause of hospitalization with high morbidity and mortality, but there are limited data to guide the duration of antibiotic therapy. Purpose Systematic review to compare outcomes of shorter versus longer antibiotic courses among hospitalized adults and adolescents. Data sources MEDLINE and Embase databases, 1990-2017. Study selection Inclusion criteria were human randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English comparing a prespecified short course of antibiotics to a longer course for treatment of infection in hospitalized adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older. Data extraction Two authors independently extracted study characteristics, methods of statistical analysis, outcomes, and risk of bias. Data synthesis Of 5187 unique citations identified, 19 RCTs comprising 2867 patients met our inclusion criteria, including the following: 9 noninferiority trials, 1 superiority design trial, and 9 pilot studies. Across 13 studies evaluating 1727 patients, no significant difference in clinical efficacy was observed (d = 1.6% [95% confidence interval (CI), -1.0%-4.2%]). No significant difference was detected in microbiologic cure (8 studies, d = 1.2% [95% CI, -4.1%-6.4%]), short-term mortality (8 studies, d = 0.3% [95% CI, -1.2%-1.8%]), longer-term mortality (3 studies, d = -0.4% [95% CI, -6.3%-5.5%]), or recurrence (10 studies, d = 2.1% [95% CI, -1.2%-5.3%]). Heterogeneity across studies was not significant for any of the primary outcomes. Conclusions Based on the available literature, shorter courses of antibiotics can be safely utilized in hospitalized patients with common infections, including pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and intra-abdominal infection, to achieve clinical and microbiologic resolution without adverse effects on mortality or recurrence.
A Study of Adoptive Mothers in a Child Guidance Clinic

Exploration of adoptive mothers' attitudes reveals an important issue in treatment is the resolution of their troubled relationships with their own parents
Constraints on CD4 Recovery Postchemotherapy in Adults: Thymic Insufficiency and Apoptotic Decline of Expanded Peripheral CD4 Cells

To examine the mechanisms of CD4 reconstitution in an adult population, lymphocyte repopulation was assessed following dose-intense chemotherapy in 25 breast cancer patients, ages 33 to 69 years. Chemotherapy resulted in a greater than 60% reduction in total CD4 T cells and, in particular, a greater than 90% loss of the CD45RA+ CD4 cells. CD4 recovery was protracted, achieving less than 50% of pretreatment levels after 12 to 14 months. Two facets of the CD4 recovery were notable. First, generation of CD45RA+ CD4 cells played only a minor role in the first year, suggesting that thymic production was not the main route of CD4 regeneration. Indeed, recovery of CD45RA+ CD4 cell levels remained limited in half of the patients even after 2 years. Second, expansion of the mature peripheral CD4 cells (CD45RO+) remaining after chemotherapy was the main source of early CD4 repopulation, peaking at 3 to 6 months postchemotherapy. This expansion was limited in duration, however, and was followed by a secondary decline, such that the total CD45RO+ CD4 levels at 9 to 12 months were lower than at 6 months. When stimulated by mitogens, an increased susceptibility to apoptosis was observed in postchemotherapy CD4 cells as compared with those from normal donors. The elevated expression of markers such as HLA-DR during chemotherapy and for several months postchemotherapy is consistent with the presence of an activated T-cell population. CD4 apoptotic frequency correlated with the frequency of HLA-DR expression on T cells. Thus, CD4 recovery is constrained in adults by a limited thymic regenerative capacity and by an increased susceptibility to apoptosis within the expanding peripheral CD4 population.
A crowdsourcing triage algorithm for geopolitical event forecasting

Predicting the outcome of geopolitical events is of huge importance to many organizations, as these forecasts may be used to make consequential decisions. Prediction polling is a common method used in crowdsourcing platforms for geopolitical forecasting, where a group of non-expert participants are asked to predict the outcome of a geopolitical event and the collected responses are aggregated to generate a forecast. It has been demonstrated that forecasts by such a crowd can be more accurate than the forecasts of experts. However, geopolitical prediction polling is challenging because participants are highly heterogeneous and diverse in terms of their skills and background knowledge and human resources are often limited. As a result, it is crucial to refer each question to the subset of participants that possess suitable skills to answer it, such that individual efforts are not wasted. In this paper, we propose an algorithm based on multitask learning to learn the skills of participants of a forecasting platform by using their performance history. The learned model then can be used to recommend suitable questions to forecasters. Our experimental results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy can be increased based on the proposed algorithm as opposed to when questions have been randomly assigned.
Role of British Colonial Education on Reduction of Illiteracy for Wasukuma 1918-1961: A Case of Shinyanga District Tanzania

This study assessed the role of British Colonial Education on the reduction of Illiteracy for Wasukuma of Shinyanga Rural District from 1918-1961. It took place in Shinyanga Rural because for years especially after independence Wasukuma were claimed to be behind in development compared to other ethnic groups such as the Chagga people. From the study conducted, responses given show how illiteracy was one of the challenges these people were facing the reason that made the researcher find out the role of British Colonial Education on a reduction of illiteracy for Wasukuma societies. The objective of this study was to assess the people's perception of the roles of British Colonial Education on the reduction of illiteracy for Wasukuma. Emphasis was put on the positive aspects British colonial education has contributed to illiteracy reduction for Wasukuma and also some few negative aspects of British colonial education are involved in the study. Considering the nature of the study being historical, the researcher employed qualitative research approach by using a case study strategy. The data collection methods included interviews, focus group discussion, documentary review and the use of open-ended questions. The study had a total of 90 respondents where the majority were elders making the total of 70, 5 doctors, 5 secondary school teachers, 5 district administrators who happened to work in colonial and early post-colonial times in Tanganyika and had the colonial experience. Findings revealed that British colonial education had played a great role on illiteracy reduction among Wasukuma societies and other ethnic groups in Tanzania and Africa in general. Study shows that colonial education by the British contributed in educating people on matters such as hygiene, time management, agricultural methods, trade and even primary education which later awakened people on their rights as a free being
UNIT 2.1 An Introduction to Recognizing Functional Domains

This unit provides an overview of issues involved in domain recognition in protein and DNA sequences. It opens with a discussion of the two primary methods of domain representation, namely consensus sequences and alignment matrices (e.g., the log-odds matrix). The unit continues with a brief overview of some of the resources available for identifying functional domains in nucleotide sequences (e.g., transcription factor binding sites). In addition, it reviews databases such as Pfam and InterPro, which are available for protein analysis. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 34:2.1.1-2.1.6. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: functional domains; protein domains; transcription factor binding sites; regulatory sites; promoters
Tuning the biomimetic behavior of scaffolds for regenerative medicine through surface modifications

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine rely extensively on biomaterial scaffolds to support cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation physically and chemically in vitro and in vivo. Changes to the surface characteristics of the scaffolds have the greatest impact on cell response. Here, we discuss five dominant surface modification approaches used to biomimetically improve the most common scaffolds for tissue engineering, those based on aliphatic polyesters. Scaffolds of aliphatic polyesters such as poly(l-lactic acid), poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid), and poly(e-caprolactone) are often used in tissue engineering because they provide desirable, tunable properties such as ease of manufacturing, good mechanical properties, and nontoxic degradation products. However, cell-surface interactions necessary for tissue engineering are limited on these materials by their smooth postfabrication surfaces, hydrophobicity, and lack of recognizable biochemical binding sites. The surface modification techniques that have been developed for synthetic polymer scaffolds reduce initial barriers to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Topographical modification, protein adsorption, mineral coating, functional group incorporation, and biomacromolecule immobilization each contribute through varying mechanisms to improving cell interactions with aliphatic polyester scaffolds. Furthermore, rational combination of methods from these categories can provide nuanced, specific environments for targeted tissue development.
Capitalism, Social Class, and Family Praxis

In this chapter, I explore social class in capitalist societies relying heavily on feminist, neo-Marxist class analysis. I consider how social class is maintained, reproduced, and diminished through dynamics of social, economic, symbolic, and cultural capital. I highlight interclass families as a special topic and offer a case example to demonstrate how the concepts in this chapter can be applied in family therapy.
Celestinas en el imaginario del siglo XVI

This article focuses on other Celestinas, following the original one, flourishing, not to say swarming, in the pages of books in prose, in the verses of poems, and in the early pre-lopescos stages of the sixteenth century. All they intend to be a kind of ‘alter ego’ of the most unforgettable go-between of Spanish letters. Some share her name and others do not, but most importantly they are figures born in other creative minds that have invented other destinations for their go-betweens, called Celestina’s “prole” in the title of a fascinating book by Roberto Gonzalez Echevarria. My purpose is not limited to cite authors and works, but I want to comment texts with the idea of showing once again the unlimited power of the original work to inspire and generate new facets of Celestina seen by new creators.
Medicaid IT as a System of Systems

This paper illustrates how information technology (IT) systems of systems (SoS) exist at three hierarchical levels, a micro, a meso, and a macro level, in the environment of the U.S. Medicaid program. An example at the micro level is used to illustrate the opportunity inherent in the Medicaid SoS to integrate Internet-of-Things technologies to advance specific outcomes in managing the delivery of Medicaid services.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2

An enantioselective synthesis of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 is reported. The synthesis begins with the preparation of enantiopure 3-oxodicyclopentadiene by a lipase-mediated kinetic resolution. A three-component coupling followed by a retro-Diels-Alder reaction provides the C8 stereochemistry of the prostaglandin skeleton with high enantioselectivity. Stereoretentive olefin metathesis followed by a Pinnick oxidation affords 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in high enantiopurity.
RF Soil Moisture Sensing via Radar Backscatter Tags

We present a sensing system that determines soil moisture via RF using backscatter tags paired with a commodity ultra-wideband RF transceiver. Despite decades of research confirming the benefits, soil moisture sensors are still not widely adopted on working farms for three key reasons: the high cost of sensors, the difficulty of deploying and maintaining these sensors, and the lack of reliable internet access in rural areas. We seek to address these obstacles by designing a low-cost soil moisture sensing system that uses a hybrid approach of pairing completely wireless backscatter tags with a mobile reader. We designed and built two backscatter tag prototypes and tested our system both in laboratory and \emph{in situ} at an organic farm field. Our backscatter tags have a projected battery lifetime of up to 15 years on $4\times$AA batteries, and can operate at a depth of at least 30cm and up to 75cm. We achieve an average accuracy within 0.01-0.03$cm^3/cm^3$ of the ground truth with a 90th percentile of $0.034cm^3/cm^3$, which is comparable to state-of-the-art commercial soil sensors, at an order of magnitude lower cost.
CLASSIFICATION OF ACL TEARS IN THE PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT POPULATION

Background:There have been previous imaging classification schemes in the literature that described ACL tears in adults and pediatric patients. More recent publications have described the epidemiol...
Identifying geographic differences in children's sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice intake using health system data.

Background Identifying areas with higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake could help tailor policy and public health efforts intended to reduce sugary beverage consumption. Objective Demonstrate the feasibility of using health system data to examine the geographic distribution of sugar-sweetened beverage intake and evaluate neighbourhood characteristics associated with intake. Methods We extracted electronic health record data from a sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice screener used for children ages 1 to 17 years in eight pediatric practices in North Carolina (March 2017-2018) and dichotomized intake to high (≥3 sugar-sweetened beverages/day) vs not. We geocoded address and mapped the proportion of consumers in each census tract. We combined electronic health record data with US census data and evaluated associations of census tract income and race/ethnicity with intake. We used multivariable models to evaluate the association between geographic concentrations of income and race/ethnicity and sugar-sweetened beverage intake, controlling for demographics extracted from the electronic health record and clustering by tract. Results Of 19 451 patients, 4579 (23.5%) reported consuming ≥3 sugar-sweetened beverages/day. In multivariable models, children living in tracts with high concentrations of low-income (OR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.26, 1.68) and non-white residents (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.21, 1.71) were more likely to consume ≥3 sugar-sweetened beverages/day than children in tracts with a high concentration of high-income and white residents. Conclusion We demonstrate how health system data could be used to characterize geographic variation in sugar-sweetened beverage and 100% fruit juice consumption. This approach could help target public health efforts and monitor the effects of community-level interventions.
Hydrodynamics of Non-Newtonian Fluids

If the assumption is made that a fluid is incompressible, then the most general possible relations between the stress components (txx,tyy, …) and the strain-velocity components (a, b, …) can be obtained, as
Use of frothers to improve the absorption efficiency of dilute sodium carbonate slurry for post combustion CO2 capture

Abstract With current environmental regulations, CO2 capture is very crucial for the survival of coal-fired power plants in the near future. In this work, the CO2 absorption performances of Na2CO3, NaOH, Monoethanolamine (MEA) and frother-enhanced Na2CO3 were investigated experimentally in a pilot scale gas−liquid countercurrent column. A surfactant was added to the sodium carbonate solution in order to increase the surface area available for CO2 transport within the packed bed. This increased the CO2 capture efficiency of dilute sodium carbonate slurry from 55.6% to 99.9%, before reaching saturation. The main intent of this study is to compare the efficiency of frothers and conventional reagents for chemical absorption CO2 capture. We analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each of these reagents along with frother-enhanced sodium carbonate slurry.
Association between physical function and perceived stress among U.S. Chinese older adults.

Objectives Physical function impairment can cause great stress to older adults. The purpose of the study is to investigate the association between self-reported and directly-observed physical function on perceived stress among U.S. Chinese older adults. Methods Data were from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (PINE) of 3,157 Chinese older adults who were 60 and above in the Greater Chicago Area. Self-reported and directly-observed physical function measures, and Perceived Stress Scale were used. Results Participants had a mean age of 72.8 ± 8.3 years old (range 60-105). Higher scores of Katz activities of daily living impairments (odds ratio [OR]=1.77), Lawton instrumental activities of daily living impartments (OR=1.10, p<0.01), Rosow-Breslau index of mobility scale (OR=1.39, p<0.05), and Nagi index of basic physical activities scale (OR=1.19, p<0.001) were associated with higher levels of perceived stress. In addition, higher scores of directly-observed physical function measurements, including chair stand (OR=0.93), tandem stand (OR=0.71, p<0.05), timed walk (OR=0.73, p<0.001), and the overall measurement (OR= 0.87, p<0.01) were associated with lower level of perceived stress. Discussion Findings suggested that poor physical function was associated with perceived stress among U.S. Chinese older adults. Longitudinal studies are needed to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the pathways between physical function and perceived stress. Implications for practice Health care professionals could provide personalized physical activity interventions to encourage older adults to engage in regular exercise in order to maintain and promote older adults' physical function and psychological well-being.
An Improved Ptychographic Algorithm for Multi-Pulse Phase Retrieval

We present a ptychographic phase retrieval algorithm which solves the square root problem in second order pulse measurement techniques and reconstructs the fields of multiple incoherent pulses simultaneously from a single dispersion scan trace.
Domain specificity of sex differences in competition

Abstract There has been much recent literature about sex differences in competition, mostly noting that women are innately less competitive than men ( Croson and Gneezy, 2009 ). This article examines the hypothesis that sex differences in propensity to compete are domain specific. We conducted a 2 (sex) × 4 (domain) experiment with 434 participants examining competition decisions, familiarity with the domain, and performance. We find no overall sex differences in rates of competition when collapsing across all four domains, but do find sex differences in rates of competition for individual domains. Additionally we examined the importance of winning at competition on self-esteem using the Contingencies of Self-Worth, Competition subscale ( Crocker et al., 2003 ) and find that the subscale fully mediates the effect of sex on the strength of competitive pay preferences.
Relationship of Preeclampsia With Maternal Place of Birth and Duration of Residence Among Non-Hispanic Black Women in the United States.

Background: Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in the United States. It disproportionately affects non-Hispanic Black (NHB) women, but little is known about how preecla...
A Case of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reaction Following Administration of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccine.

On 21 January 2021, an interim analysis of a phase-3 clinical trial revealed that the investigational, recombinant-vector COVID-19 vaccine developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Janssen Ad26.COV2.S, was both effective and safe in preventing moderate and severe COVID-19 in adults.1 The vaccine was approved in late February 2021 by the Food and Drug Administration, following Pfizer's BNT162b2 and Moderna's messenger RNA-1273 approval in in December 2020. All 3 vaccines are considered safe by clinical trials. Fatigue, myalgias, and headaches have been reported in up to 10% of both of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccine recipients.2 About 1.5% of the patients who received the Moderna vaccine reported hypersensitivity reactions, such as rash and urticaria, and similar morbilliform hypersensitivity rashes have been reported with the Pfizer vaccine.3,4 Johnson and Johnson's vaccine had generally mild side effects in clinical trials, including fever in 9% of volunteers.1 As the number of vaccinated individuals in the general population rises, sporadic, atypical reactions are more likely to be observed and reported. Herein, we report a case of a 74-year old man who experienced a severe cutaneous adverse reaction (SCAR) following administration of the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. The differential diagnosis included acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and AGEP-DRESS overlap.
Health Disparities among adults cared for at an urban cystic fibrosis program.

Background Evidence is conflicting regarding differential health outcomes in racial and ethnic minorities with cystic fibrosis (CF), a rare genetic disease affecting approximately 28,000 Americans. We performed a cross-sectional analysis of health outcomes in Black/Latinx patients compared with non-Hispanic Caucasian patients cared for in a CF center in New York City. Adult patients enrolled in the CF Foundation Patient Registry at the Columbia University Adult CF Program and seen at least once during 2019 were included. Health metrics were compared between Black/Latinx and non-Hispanic Caucasian patients. Results 262 patients were eligible. 39 patients (15%) identified as Black/Latinx or non-Hispanic Caucasian. Descriptive statistics are reported with mean (standard deviation). Current age was 35.9 (13.3) years for non-Hispanic Caucasian and 32.0 (9.3) years for Black/Latinx patients (p = 0.087). Age of diagnosis did not differ between groups; 9.56 (15.96) years versus 11.59 (15.8) years for non-Hispanic Caucasian versus Black/Latinx respectively (p = 0.464). Pulmonary function, measured as mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was 70.6 (22.5) percent predicted in non-Hispanic Caucasian versus 59.50 (27.9) percent predicted in Black/Latinx patients (p = 0.010). Number of visits to the CF clinic were similar between groups. When controlled for age, gender, co-morbidities, median income, and insurance status, there was a continued association between minority status and lower FEV1. Conclusions Minorities with CF have significantly lower pulmonary function, the major marker of survival, than non-Hispanic Caucasians, even when controlled for a variety of demographic and socioeconomic factors that are known to affect health status in CF. Significant health disparities based on race and ethnicity exist at a single CF center in New York City, despite apparent similarities in access to guideline based care at an accredited CF Center. This data confirms the importance of design of culturally appropriate preventative and management strategies to better understand how to direct interventions to this vulnerable population with a rare disease.