cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The simulation theater: A theoretical discussion of concepts and constructs that enhance learning

The increasing role of simulation in medical education has paralleled the advancement of this technology. Full environment simulation (FES) can be used to effectively replicate rare medical catastrophes with exacting realism. It has been suggested that emotion can significantly enhance learning by producing memories that are processed and stored via the amygdaloid complex, which are relatively impervious to extinction and thus forgetting. Theoretically, the addition of emotional content to simulated crises during FES can be used to affect emotional changes in the participants and thus facilitate learning. Here, we discuss the theoretical benefit and the use of FES with emotional enhancement as it relates to improved memory and learning.
Laboratory effects models for interlaboratory comparisons

The statistical analysis of results from inter-laboratory comparisons (for example Key Comparisons, or Supplemental Comparisons) produces an estimate of the measurand (reference value) and statements of equivalence of the results from the participating laboratories. Methods to estimate the reference value have been proposed that rest on the idea of finding a so-called consistent subset of laboratories, that is, eliminating allegedly outlying participants. We propose an alternative statistical model that accommodates all participant data and incorporates the dispersion of the measurement values obtained by different laboratories into the total uncertainty of the various estimates. This model recognizes the fact that the dispersion of values between laboratories often is substantially larger than the measurement uncertainties provided by the participating laboratories. We illustrate the methods on data from key comparison CCQM–K25.
Optical and Photocurrent Spectroscopy Studies of Inter- and Intra-Band Transitions in Size-Tailored InAs/GaAs Quantum Dots

Combined inter- and intra-band spectroscopy studies are presented on structurally well-characterized InAs/GaAs(001) self-assembled quantum dots grown via conventional continuous deposition and the innovative punctuated island growth approach. Temperature and power dependent photoluminescence (PL) and PL Excitation (PLE) on these remarkably uniform quantum dot based samples (with typical PL linewidth 25 meV), reveal details of size-dependent electronic structure. These studies are complemented with systematic near- and middle-infrared photocurrent spectroscopy for interband through electron intra-band transitions as a function of temperature and applied electric field.
Online optimization in parametric dynamic environments

This paper describes a novel approach to online convex programming in dynamic settings. Many existing online learning methods are characterized via regret bounds that quantify the gap between the performance of the online algorithm relative to a comparator. In previous work, this comparator was either considered static over time, or admitted sublinear tracking regret bounds only when the comparator was piecewise constant or slowly varying. In contrast, the proposed method determines the best dynamical model from a parametric family to incorporate into the prediction process, and admits regret bounds which scale with the deviation of a comparator from that dynamical model. In other words, this approach can yield low regret relative to highly variable, dynamic comparators. This result is proved for loss functions corresponding to the negative log likelihood associated with an exponential family probability distribution, and several properties of the exponential family are exploited to ensure low regret.
Connecting the Sun to the heliosphere

To better understand the processes that connect the Earth environment to the Sun, NASA's Living With a Star program must address questions that cut across traditional science disciplines. To meet this challenge, the Targeted Research and Technology component of Living With a Star has developed an innovative strategy to focus research on the most complex science targets. The targets are drawn up each year by a panel of senior scientists. These targets are then publicized, and individual researchers can propose solutions. NASA then selects teams of researchers through a peer-review process for each targeted effort. This contrasts with other NASA programs in which individual and independent programs are selected for study.
A systematic review of ethical principles in the plastic surgery literature.

Background:This purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review to identify articles that discuss ethical issues relating to the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery and to evaluate whether ethical issues are underrepresented in the plastic surgery literature.Methods:Four medical dat
Centralization of Radical Prostatectomy in the United States

Purpose: Radical prostatectomy is a common treatment for organ confined prostate cancer and its use is increasing. We examined how the increased volume is being distributed and what hospital characteristics are associated with increasing volume.Materials and Methods: We identified all men age 40 to less than 80 years who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer from 2000 to 2008 in the NIS (Nationwide Inpatient Sample) (586,429). Ownership of a surgical robot was determined using the 2007 AHA (American Hospital Association) Annual Survey. The association between hospital radical prostatectomy volume and hospital characteristics, including ownership of a robot, was explored using multivariate linear regression.Results: From 2000 to 2008 there was a 74% increase in the number of radical prostatectomies performed (p = 0.05) along with a 19% decrease in the number of hospitals performing radical prostatectomy (p <0.001), resulting in an increase in annual hospital radical prostatectomy volume (p = ...
The introduction of alkyl, ester, carboxylate, amino, hydroxyl, and phosphate functional groups to the surface of polyethylene

The surface of polyethylene was derivatized with ester, carboxylate, amino, hydroxyl, and phosphate functional groups. α, ω bifunctional alkanes, containing on one end a primary amine, were coupled to oxidized polyethylene through an amide linkage. Polyethylene was first oxidized with chromic acid, the carboxylate groups were converted to the acyl chloride with phosphorus pentachloride, and then reacted with a primary amine to give the covalently bound amide. The copposing ends of the bifunctional alkanes were the methyl, tertiary amine, ester, and hydroxyl groups. The ester was converted to the carboxylate by acid cleavage and the hydroxyl group converted to the phosphate by treatment first with phosphorus oxychloride and then aqueous base. Attenuated total reflection FTIR, XPS, and pH-dependent contact angle wetting were used to characterize the surfaces. The FTIR data were used to confirm the formation of the amide and to detect an undesired carboxylate/ammonium ion complex formed in the presence of trace amounts of water. XPS data were used to confirm expected changes in elemental composition and to provide quantitative estimates of the yields. Oxidation of the polyethylene introduced 5 × 1014 carboxylate groups/cm2 in the 25 A XPS sampling depth. Of these, up to 98% could be converted to the amide. The advancing contact angle data confirmed the acid/base behavior of the functional groups.
Chemical and structural relationships of NAD+ and platinum binding to malate dehydrogenase.

Abstract Platinum compounds have been shown by chemical studies to inhibit the catalytic activity of pig heart cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase. Pseudo first-order rate constants for the inactivation are reduced by the presence of coenzyme. X-ray diffraction studies show that there are eight platinum binding sites in the crystalline state. These are paired between the two subunits, and the paired sites, for the most part, obey the molecular two-fold symmetry. Since the locations of the NAD + binding sites are also known from the crystallographic analysis, the steric relationships between all pairs of platinum sites and the coenzyme binding site can be described. Two pairs of heavy metal sites taken singularly or together could account for the inhibition which occurs in solution.
Sizing oxidation systems as heat and power recovery

There are large numbers of manufacturing processes that involve emissions of controlled chemical vapours also referred to as volatile organic compounds (VOC). The two most common processes used in industry to separate VOCs before they are emitted to the atmosphere are condensation and oxidation. Condensation requires a refrigeration system that would separate the VOC from the exhaust stream. Oxidation, sometimes known as afterburner or incineration, requires high thermal energy to combust the VOC. Both abatement technologies involve large capital costs. In the case of combusting the VOC, fuel is usually added to the air/VOC mixture for proper air/fuel ratio. The resulting high temperature gas from the energy intensive process is sometimes recovered as an offshoot of the VOC destruction process. Typically, oxidation systems are sized solely with elimination of VOC in mind; heat recovery from the system is opted for as a secondary opportunity, usually at a later stage. This paper demonstrates that combining the oxidation process with combined heat and power (CHP) to address the total site energy requirement could have significant energy saving and economic benefits to sizing the oxidation for VOC destruction marking heat recovery as a spin-off. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adding zinc to prenatal iron and folate tablets improves fetal neurobehavioral development

Abstract Objective: Our objective was to examine whether improvement in maternal zinc status during pregnancy is positively associated with fetal neurobehavioral development in a Peruvian population. Study Design: We electronically monitored, at 32 and 36 weeks' gestation, 55 fetuses whose mothers were randomly assigned to receive, during pregnancy, a daily supplement containing 60 mg iron and 250 μg folate, with or without 15 mg zinc. Fetal heart rate and movement patterns were quantified in 55 and 34 fetuses, respectively, as indexes of neurobehavioral development. Results: Fetuses of mothers who received zinc supplementation showed fewer episodes of minimal fetal heart rate variability, increased fetal heart rate range, an increased number of accelerations, an increased number of movement bouts, an increased amount of time spent moving, and an increased number of large movements. Differences by supplementation type increased with gestational age and were statistically significant at 36 weeks' gestation ( P Conclusion: Improving maternal zinc status through prenatal supplementation may improve fetal neurobehavioral development. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998;180:483-90.)
Nicotine-related brain disorders: The neurobiological basis of nicotine dependence

1. This paper was written at a moment when the dependence liability of nicotine, the psychoactive component from tobacco, was the center of a dispute between the tobacco manufacturing companies and the scientific community (Nowak, 1994a–c). Without being comprehensive, it tries to summarize evidence compiled from several disciplines within neuroscience demonstrating that nicotine produces a true psychiatric disease, behaviorally expressed as dependence to the drug (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Nicotine dependence has a biological substratum defined as “neuroadaptation to nicotine.”
Cerebral and somatic oxygen saturation decrease after delayed sternal closure in children after cardiac surgery.

Objectives Delayed sternal closure after pediatric cardiac surgery can temporarily impair cardiac output. Cerebral and somatic regional oxygen saturation measured by using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have been used as potential surrogates of cerebral and somatic mixed venous oxygen saturation. We hypothesized that cerebral and somatic regional oxygen saturation correlate with indicators of hemodynamic compromise after delayed sternal closure in children undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods We studied 36 postoperative children (median age, 10 days; range, 1–510 days) undergoing delayed sternal closure 3.7 ± 2 days after cardiac surgery. Twenty-five had biventricular physiology, whereas 11 had single-ventricle physiology. Cerebral regional oxygen saturation, somatic regional oxygen saturation, and other physiologic parameters (hemodynamic data, respiratory data, blood gas analysis, lactate levels, and inotrope scores) were analyzed at 16 different time points 24 hours before and after sternal closure. One-way analysis of variance and the paired t test were used for statistical comparisons. Results Cerebral and somatic regional oxygen saturation decreased after delayed sternal closure compared with preclosure levels ( P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). Higher heart rate ( P = .03), lactate levels ( P = .02), and left atrial pressure ( P = .001) were also noted, suggesting mild hemodynamic compromise. Arterial pressure and inotrope score were unchanged. Somatic regional oxygen saturation returned to preclosure levels earlier in the biventricular group than in the single-ventricle group, whereas cerebral regional oxygen saturation remained decreased after sternal closure with no evidence of return to preclosure levels during the observation period. Oxygen saturation, Pao 2 , and Paco 2 levels were unaffected by sternal closure, although greater positive-pressure ventilation was required ( P Conclusion Cerebral and somatic regional oxygen saturation decrease after delayed sternal closure in children recovering from congenital cardiac surgery. These indices are in agreement with other physiologic indicators of cardiac performance, suggesting mild and transient hemodynamic compromise after sternal closure. Cerebral and somatic regional oxygen saturation monitoring might be a useful adjunct during delayed sternal closure.
Accurate intraocular lens power calculation after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis, bypassing corneal power

Purpose To describe a novel method for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) without using the inaccuracies of the post-LASIK corneal power. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Wake Forest University Eye Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA. Methods This retrospective chart review comprised 9 eyes of 9 patients who had phacoemulsification after LASIK using our method for IOL calculation. This new method assumes the patient never had myopic LASIK to calculate IOL power and then targets the IOL at the pre-LASIK amount of myopia. The pre-LASIK keratometry values, pre-LASIK manifest refraction, and the current axial length are placed in the Holladay formula, bypassing the post-LASIK corneal power. In theory, assuming that the patient had satisfactory LASIK results, the correct IOL can then be determined. Results The mean spherical equivalent postoperative refraction was +0.03 diopter (D) ± 0.42 (SD) (range −0.625 to +0.75 D). In all 9 eyes, our method consistently chose the most accurate and precise IOL compared with other methods. Conclusions The new method of calculating IOL power after LASIK provided excellent results and the most accurate and precise results to date.
Temporal Discrimination of Brief Auditory Stimuli by Schizophrenics, Neurologically Impaired, and Normals:

36 normal, 36 schizophrenic, and 36 neurologically impaired Ss were compared for their ability to temporally discriminate brief auditory stimuli. The experimental task was the absolute judgment of ...
Ovarian vein thrombosis after debulking surgery for ovarian cancer: epidemiology and clinical significance.

Objective Ovarian vein thrombosis is associated with pregnancy and pelvic surgery. Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis is associated with infection and a high morbidity rate and is treated with anticoagulant and intravenous antibiotic therapy. The natural history of such thrombotic events after debulking surgery for ovarian cancer has not been well described. Our objective was to characterize the presentation and outcomes for patients with this condition at our institution. Study Design We conducted a retrospective study of patients who underwent surgical debulking for ovarian cancer at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center between the years 2001 and 2010. Patients were included if contrast computed tomography scans of both the abdomen and pelvis were performed within 12 weeks before and 12 weeks after the surgery. The images were reviewed to assess for the presence and extent of a new postoperative ovarian vein thrombosis. When available, subsequent studies were assessed for thrombus progression. Medical records were reviewed to determine whether anticoagulation was used for treatment of the thrombotic episode and to record the occurrence of any new significant venous thromboembolic event in the next year. Results One hundred fifty-nine patients had satisfactory imaging. New ovarian vein thrombosis was a common complication of debulking surgery, as found in 41 of patients (25.8%). Only 5 women with ovarian vein thrombosis were started on anticoagulation, of which 2 individuals had an independent venous thromboembolic event as indication for treatment. Only 2 of the ovarian vein thromboses (4.9%) progressed to the inferior vena cava or left renal vein on subsequent scan. The estimated cumulative incidence of venous thromboembolism 1 year after the first postoperative scan was 17.1% for patients in the new ovarian vein thrombosis group vs 15.3% of individuals for the group without a postoperative ovarian vein thrombosis ( P = .78). Conclusion Ovarian vein thrombosis is commonly encountered after debulking surgery for ovarian cancer. Anticoagulation is usually not indicated, and clinically meaningful thrombus progression rarely occurs.
Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC): Outcomes by Fractionation, Tumor Stage and Location, and Patient Operability

11.7%, with chest wall toxicity constituting 5.8% vs 8.6% and pneumonitis 5.8% vs 3.0%, respectively. For central versus non-central lesions, 5-year actuarial local control, distant metastases-free, disease failure-free, and overall survivals (in %) were 79.0 vs 75.4, 49.5 vs 56.7, 37.2 vs 34.3, and 18.3 vs 20.3, respectively. At analysis, crude rates by lesion of local, lobar and regional nodal failure (in %) were 11.2, 4.1 and 13.5, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in the failure rates between central and non-central lesions for all parameters. Conclusions: A decade’s experience with Lung SBRT using 50 Gy in 5 fractions reveals excellent local control. Patterns of cancer failure are mainly distant. Co-morbidities drive mortality in this population. This schedule is effective independent of tumor location in the lung, with minimal toxicities that are location-dependent. Author Disclosure: G.M. Videtic: None. C. Reddy: None. N. Woody: None. T. Djemil: None. K. Stephans: None.
Critical limb ischemia.

Abstract Critical limb ischemia (CLI), the most advanced form of peripheral artery disease (PAD), carries grave implications with regard to morbidity and mortality. Within 1 year of CLI diagnosis, 40% to 50% of diabetics will experience an amputation, and 20% to 25% will die. Management is optimally directed at increasing blood flow to the affected extremity to relieve rest pain, heal ischemic ulcerations, avoid limb loss, and prevent cardiovascular events. This management is achieved by guideline-directed medical therapy and risk factor modification, whereas the mainstay of therapy remains revascularization by endovascular or surgical means for patients who are deemed potential candidates.
Metabolism of lipids in rat testes: Interconversions and incorporation of linoleic acid into lipid classes

Studies are reported on the mode of incorporation of linoleic acid into lipid classes of testicular lipids. 1-14C-linoleic acid was injected into the testes of adult rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain. Groups of animals were killed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hr after injections of the radioactive linoleic acid. The testes of each animal and livers of some animals were excised. Fatty acid and lipid class comkposition of the extracted lipids of the testes of each animal were determined as well as the distribution of radioactvity in these compounds. Radioactive linoleic acid and fatty acids derived from it by interconversion and catabolism were incorporated into all the lipid classes. Incorporation of linoleic acid into the lipid classes was much faster than its interconversion or catabolism to other fatty acids. The importance of the fatty acid pool in the mode of incorporation of the fatty acids into the lipid classes is demonstrated.
Neurosteroids and Their Role in Sex-Specific Epilepsies

Neurosteroids are involved in sex-specific epilepsies. Allopregnanolone and related endogenous neurosteroids in the brain control excessive neuronal excitability and seizure susceptibility. Neurosteroids activate GABA-A receptors, especially extrasynaptic αγδ-GABA-A receptor subtypes that mediate tonic inhibition and thus dampen network excitability. Our studies over the past decade have shown that neurosteroids are broad-spectrum anticonvulsants and confer seizure protection in various animal models. Neurosteroids also exert antiepileptogenic effects. There is emerging evidence on a critical role for neurosteroids in the pathophysiology of the sex-specific forms of epilepsies such as catamenial epilepsy, a menstrual cycle-related seizure disorder in women. Catamenial epilepsy is a neuroendocrine condition in which seizures are clustered around specific points in the menstrual cycle, most often around the perimenstrual or periovulatory period. Apart from ovarian hormones, fluctuations in neurosteroid levels could play a critical role in this gender-specific epilepsy. Neurosteroids also regulate the plasticity of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA-A receptors in the hippocampus and other regions involved in epilepsy pathology. Based on these studies, we proposed a neurosteroid replacement therapy for catamenial epilepsy. Thus, neurosteroids are novel drug targets for pharmacotherapy of epilepsy.
Two-temperature shape of pion spectra in relativistic heavy-ion reactions

Abstract We propose that the two-temperature shape of π − spectra observed in heavy ion collisions with beam energies of ≈ 1 GeV/ A is due to the different contributions of Δ-resonances produced early and late during the course of the heavy ion reaction. No significant effect of collective motion of the nucleons or the decay of N ∗ -resonances on the pion spectrum has been seen within the model calculations.
Microstructure Modeling: Scattering And Form Birefringence In Dielectric Thin Films

In-situ ellipsometry may be used to characterize thin films during growth. To interpret ellipsometric raw data, models must be assumed. The model for dielectrics is usually simple: a smooth, homogeneous, isotropic film of uniform thickness on a smooth substrate. This simple model causes index and thickness errors, especially in very thin films. More accurate models are required, and microstructure must be included in these models. Surface and bulk-like phenomena are caused by microstructure. As a result of surface roughness, light is scattered from the beam. At finite angles of incidence, s-polarized light is preferentially scattered. Furthermore, the microstructure breaks the film's inherent two-dimensional symmetry, and an isotropic bulk material becomes a birefringent thin film (form birefringence). Films with columnar microstructure on smooth substrates have been considered. As the films grow, the columnar microstructure develops. This leads to scattering and anisotropy in the films. Ellipsometer signals have been calculated using microstructure models. In CaF 2 films, form birefringence appears to be the dominant effect.
Comparison of high-frequency jet to conventional mechanical ventilation in the treatment of severe smoke inhalation injury

The pathophysiology of smoke inhalation includes surfactant inhibition and pulmonary vascular injury leading to a high permeability pulmonary oedema. It has been shown in surfactant deficient animal models that methods of ventilation (i.e. high-frequency ventilation-HFV) avoiding a large pressure excursion (i.e. pressure change from end expiration to peak inspiration) improves oxygenation and decreases hyaline membrane formation. Therefore, we compared HFV with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) on lung function in an acute animal model of smoke inhalation (SI). Mongrel dogs were anaesthetized, surgically prepared for haemodynamic and blood gas monitoring, and placed on either CMV ( n =6) or HFV ( n =7). Following baseline (BL) measurements both groups were ventilated with wood smoke for 10 min. Ventilator settings were not adjusted from baseline following smoke inhalation in either groups; positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP, ≈6 mmHg) was added in both groups following smoke exposure. At the conclusion of the study (4h postsmoke inhalation) lung samples were taken for surfactant function and lung water measurements. Smoke inhalation immediately increased the A—a gradient (CMV-BL=6.9±2.4 to CMV-SI=77.3±1.9; HFV-BL=10.5±2.7; HFV-SI=72.8±3.7 mmHg), venous admixture (CMV-BL=6.9±2.8 to CMV-SI 69.8±6.6; HFV-BL=7±1.7 to HFV-SI=60.4±7.9 per cent) and decreased Pao 2 (CMV-BL=110±3.4 to CMV-SI=28±3.5;HFV-BL=103±3.6 to HFV-SI=31±1.7 mmHg) to a similar level in both groups. Air-way pressure excursion was significantly higher with CMV (10.7±0.5 mmHg) than with HFV (5.6±1.3 mmHg) 60 min following smoke inhalation. A—a gradient (CMV-70.5±5.4; HFV-45.9±7.8 mmHg) was significantly different with HFV as compared to CMV 4 h postsmoke inhalation. Lungs were oedematous (wet/dry weight ratio—CMV=8.0 ±0.2; HFV=9.6±1.4) and surfactant function was inhibited (surface tension minimum-CMV=23.7±0.7; HFV=19.4±2.6 dynes/cm) in both groups. Although HFV reduced the pressure excursion, as compared to CMV, it did not prevent oedema or improve lung function following smoke exposure.
Dependence of Plasma-Filled Diode Operation on Initial Plasma Distribution

Summary form only given. A plasma filled diode (PFD) can produce higher X-ray dose rates than a conventional vacuum bremsstrahlung diode. It is of interest to understand how the injected plasma distribution affects the PFD and, if possible, to tailor the injected plasma distribution to optimize the PFD dose rate. This paper reports on an experimental spatial-temporal interferometric mapping of the plasma injected into a PFD. The plasma is created by discharging a capacitor through a coaxial plasma gun located on axis perpendicular to the anode foil. The plasma from the gun is collimated by a 1-cm diameter cathode tube. The plasma map was done using a 40 MHz heterodyne optical ribbon interferometer at lambda = 532 nm in a test stand, and PFD performance was tested on GAMBLE II with in situ measurement of the initial axial density distribution. Preliminary results show that highest dose rates occur when the plasma density axial distribution is closest to constant
Review of the Economic Legislation in June 2014

In June, the following amendments were introduced into the legislation: the list of grounds for carrying out extraordinary inspection of non-profit organizations; amendments aimed at expansion of the methods of provision of insurance services by means of electronic sales by individual types of insurance.
A sensitive gas chromatographic method for human cholinesterase determination

Abstract A rapid and sensitive method is described for the determination of cholinesterase. Plasma or red cells are incubated with 3,3-dimethylbutyl acetate as the substrate. The reaction product, 2,2-dimethyl butanol, is extracted into carbon disulfide and determined by GLC. The method is suitable for the analysis of samples that are quite low in enzyme activity.
Transesophageal echocardiography in critically ill acute postoperative infants: comparison of AcuNav intracardiac echocardiographic and microTEE miniaturized transducers.

Background Multiple barriers to transthoracic echocardiography are present in critically ill infants immediately after surgery. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is sometimes needed to obtain specific important information that transthoracic echocardiography fails to demonstrate. Formerly, the investigators used the AcuNav intracardiac echocardiographic (ICE) intravascular ultrasound transducer (8 Fr, 2.5 mm, 64-element crystal array, multifrequency [5.5–10 MHz], single longitudinal plane, linear phased array [Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc., Mountain View, CA]). Recently, the investigators have also used the microTEE transducer (8-mm transducer tip, 5.2-mm shaft, multifrequency [3–8 MHz], multiplane phased array, 32-element probe [Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA]). Both transducers have two-dimensional, M-mode, color Doppler, and pulsed-wave and continuous-wave Doppler capabilities. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy, safety, ease of insertion, capabilities, utilization, and cost of the AcuNav ICE transducer versus those of the microTEE transducer. Methods A retrospective review of all 50 postoperative critically ill infants who underwent TEE using the AcuNav and microTEE in the past 5 years was conducted. TEE was performed as ordered by the attending physician to answer a specific question not answered by transthoracic echocardiography. Results In all cases, the clinical information sought was obtained. The AcuNav ICE transducer was safe, easy to insert through the transnasal route, and did not require paralysis; however, it had a limited number of echocardiographic views and had greater sterilization cost. The microTEE transducer had greater echocardiographic capabilities and lower sterilization cost; however, it was slightly more difficult to insert, had a few manageable complications, and required more sedation and paralysis. Conclusions TEE in this setting has increased because of demonstrated efficacy and safety. Both the AcuNav ICE and microTEE transducers are useful and effective in this critical clinical scenario.
Prediction of multicomponent liquid adsorption equilibria

A new method of predicting adsorption equilibria for multicomponent liquid solutions on solids has been developed which combines the thermodynamic and kinetic treatments of liquid adsorption. Multicomponent equilibria can be predicted using parameters obtained from binary adsorption data. The method requires the adsorbent capacities, the bulk and surface phase activity coefficients, and the binary adsorption equilibrium constants. The calculation procedure is simpler than other available methods. Predictions are made for the mixture of benzene, ethyl acetate, and cyclohexane on activated carbon at 303 K. The predictions are in quantitative agreement with published experimental data for this system.
The lower thermosphere coupling study of the cedar and wits programs

Abstract The Lower Thermosphere Coupling Study (LTCS) is a coordinated investigation of the lower thermosphere (80 – 150 km) combining observational (optical and radar) and numerical modelling efforts with the ultimate goal of better understanding the dynamic and electrodynamic processes coupling the mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and upper thermosphere regions. The study, which is being conducted under the auspices of the CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions) and WITS (World Ionosphere and Thermosphere Study) Programs, is intended to address such questions as: What is the relative importance of upward propagating tides, planetary waves, and gravity waves, related accelerations of the mean flow, and heating and momentum sources of magnetospheric origin, in determining neutral dynamical fields and ionospheric structures as a function of height between 90 and 150 km? What are the seasonal-latitudinal and diurnal variations in turbulent diffusivities due to gravity wave saturation, and related implications on the vertical transport of O and NO? What are the relative roles of magnetospheric currents, the E-region wind dynamo, and nighttime conductivities in determining ionospheric electric fields? Emphasis of the study will be placed on neutral winds, temperatures, electric fields, and currents during a series of coordinated measurements campaigns each consisting of a 30-day ‘background’ period and a 4–6 day ‘core period’. The first campaign was conducted during 15 September 1987 – 15 October 1987 with a core period during 21 – 25 September 1987. The scientific basis for the LTCS, its organization, and preliminary results from the 1987 campaign are reviewed in this paper.
LAPAROSCOPIC MANAGEMENT OF URACHAL CYSTS IN ADULTHOOD

Purpose: Managing persistent and symptomatic urachal anomalies requires wide surgical excision. Such intervention is recommended to prevent symptom recurrence and complications, most notably malignant degeneration. However, traditional open excision is associated with significant morbidity and prolonged convalescence. We report our experience with the laparoscopic excision of urachal remnants as a less morbid, minimally invasive surgical alternative.Materials and Methods: Between October 1993 and December 1999, 4 patients with a mean age of 43.3 years who had a symptomatic urachal cyst underwent laparoscopic radical excision of the urachal remnant. Using 2, 10 mm. and 1 or 2, 5 mm. ports the urachus and medial umbilical ligaments were divided at the umbilicus cephalad to the cyst. The specimen, which included the urachus, cyst and medial umbilical ligaments, was then separated from the bladder dome with or without the bladder cuff and removed intact. We reviewed the perioperative records to assess morbidi...
Monitoring the AIDS epidemic in the United States: a network approach

Respondents in the 1988 General Social Survey (GSS) were asked to scan their acquaintance networks to identify all those who had been a victim of a homicide or had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Estimates of the sex, race, age, and regional breakdowns for homicides in the last year and for people with AIDS were compared with official statistics. The GSS estimates for the distribution of homicide victims replicate the official statistics quite well. The GSS estimates for AIDS cases suggest that the data provided to the Centers for Disease Control may underestimate by a substantial margin the prevalence of AIDS in the white population of higher socioeconomic status, overstate the relative prevalence of the disease in the minority populations, underestimate the prevalence of the disease in the Midwest, and overstate it for the East.
Identification of potent and selective mechanism-based inhibitors of the cysteine protease cruzain using solid-phase parallel synthesis.

Targeted libraries of ketone-based cysteine protease inhibitors were synthesized and screened against cruzain, a cysteine protease implicated in Chagas' disease. A number of single digit nanomolar, low molecular weight inhibitors were identified and optimized for solubility and potency. Specifically, the best inhibitors identified have Ki values of 0.9−10 nM and molecular weights between 499 and 609 Da. The most effective inhibitor was also found to be greater than 1000-fold selective for cruzain relative to cathepsin B and 100-fold selective for cruzain relative to cathepsin L.
Energy Relaxation and Diffusion of Photoexcited Carriers in Symmetric and Asymmetric GaAs Quantum Wells

Subpicosecond time-resolved photoluminescence studies of a symmetric multiple quantum well structure and an asymmetric quantum well with a similar well thickness have revealed several important experimental results on the behavior of photoexcited carriers in these microstructures: (1) The energy relaxation process is substantially suppressed due to the existence of a large population of nonequilibrium phonons after an initial rapid cooling. (2) The two different well structures do not show any difference in the energy relaxation process under the same experimental conditions. (3) The photoexcited carrier density deduced from exact and consistent fittings of the time-resolved photoluminescence profiles at various emitted photon energies decreases nonexponentially and very rapidly within the first 30 ps after the end of a 0.5 ps pulse. An effective carrier depletion time is determined to be as short as 10 ps in either well. A mechanism which leads to such short carrier depletion time is found to be associated with the nonequilibrium phonon enhanced phonon replica emission. Unlike conventional stimulated emission behavior, this mechanism is even more effective in exhausting carriers from the system at higher temperatures. (4) The difference in potential well profile corresponds to a very different behavior of carrier diffusion process in the lateral well plane. The carrier diffusion is enhanced in the well plane of the asymmetric well by restricting carrier diffusion in the growth direction. Diffusivity D of the photoexcited carriers in the asymmetric well has been directly determined to be 106cm2/s at 4.3K, which is about four orders of magnitude larger than the value in bulk GaAs.
Trajectory of social mobility: Asian Indian children coming of age in New York City

Contextualized within constructivist paradigm and the phenomenological hermeneutic framework, this minority performance ethnographic study on social mobility and second-generation Asian Indian immigrants examines the intergenerational and intragenerational social mobility of children post-1965 Indian immigrants in the metropolis of New York. This study explores two issues: first, to what extent the current challenges in the US economy hinder upward social mobility of the children of Indian immigrants. Second, how parental messages of taking advantages of both worlds contributes to second-generation Asian Indians' success or failure in American society. While economic and financial globalization facilitated mobilization across national borders the recent economic crisis poses tough challenges for Indian immigrants and their children. Findings indicate that positive ethnic structure, social mobility and the cultural capital provide the younger generation with an adaptive advantage to the meet challenges of ...
The hermeneutics of ecological simulation

Computer simulation has become important in ecological modeling, but there have been few assessments on how complex simulation models differ from more traditional analytic models. In Part I of this paper, I review the challenges faced in complex ecological modeling and how models have been used to gain theoretical purchase for understanding natural systems. I compare the use of traditional analytic simulation models and point how that the two methods require different kinds of practical engagement. I examine a case study of three models from the insect resistance literature in transgenic crops to illustrate and explore differences in analytic and computer simulation models. I argue that analyzing simulation models has been often inappropriately managed with expectations derived from handling analytic models. In Part II, I look at simulation as a hermeneutic practice. I argue that simulation models are a practice or techne. I the explore five aspects of philosophical hermeneutics that may be useful in complex ecological simulation: (1) an openness to multiple perspectives allowing multiple levels of scientific pluralism, (2) the hermeneutic circle, a back and forth in active communication among both modelers and ecologists; (3) the recognition of human factors and the nature of human practices as such, including recognizing the role of judgments and choices in the modeling enterprise; (4) the importance of play in modeling; (5) the non-closed nature of hermeneutic engagement, continued dialogue, and recognizing the situatedness, incompleteness, and tentative nature of simulation models.
Diffractions of flexural waves by a cavity in an elastic plate

Based on Mindlin's theory of flexural motions of plates, which takes into account the rotatory inertia and shear effects, diffractions of flexural waves by a circular inclusion in an elastic plate are investigated. An incident plane flexural wave passing through the inclusion is scattered into three types of flexural waves. From the combined incident and scattered waves, moment and shear on the boundary of the cavity are computed. They are the dynamical moment and shear concentrations in a vibratory plate with a cavity. Moment concentration factors are found to be lower in the dynamic case than in the static case.
Waiting: integrating social and psychological perspectives in operations management

Abstract Waiting time is an important issue in service operations management because of its impact on customer satisfaction and operations capabilities. This paper examines waiting time from a social and psychological perspective. It provides a conceptual framework which identifies social and psychological factors that affect perceptions of waiting. The conceptual framework enables service managers to rethink operational issues, such as layout design, process choices, and service delivery from customers’ perceptions of waiting. Assimilation–contrast theory suggests that perceived waiting time be linked to expected waiting time and its gap leads to customers’ overall evaluation of service. A customer’s willingness to accept delay is related to the causes for delay as explained by attribution theory. Approaching waiting time from a stress management theory, this paper provides service managers with various stress-reduction mechanisms such as giving customers advance notice of expected waiting time, speeding up pre-process waiting time, and acknowledging customers’ rights to quick service. These practical suggestions can aid service managers in reducing perceived waiting time, enhancing customers’ waiting experience, and improving queue management.
A worn tool force model for three-dimensional cutting operations

Abstract Previous studies have shown that there is a region on the flank of a worn cutting tool where plastic flow of the workpiece material occurs. This paper presents experimental data which shows that in three-dimensional cutting operations in which the nose of the tool is engaged, the region of plastic flow grows linearly with increases in total wearland width. A piecewise linear model is developed for modeling the growth of the plastic flow region, and the model is shown to be independent of cutting conditions. A worn tool force model for three-dimensional cutting operations that uses this concept is presented. The model requires a minimal number of sharp tool tests and only one worn tool test. An integral part of the worn tool force model is a contact model that is used to obtain the magnitude of the stresses on the flank of the tool. The force model is validated through comparison to data obtained from wear tests conducted over a range of cutting conditions and workpiece materials. It is also shown that for a given tool and workpiece material combination, the incremental increases in the cutting forces due to tool flank wear are solely a function of the amount and nature of the wear and are independent of the cutting condition in which the tool wear was produced.
Mechanism of Injury in a High Ankle Sprain: A Simulation Study

Injury to the tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments, which bind together the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, is commonly referred to as a high ankle sprain [8]. While lateral ankle sprains are the most common injury, high ankle sprains represent a more disabling problem and require a longer recovery period [1] and different treatment [4]. The mechanism associated with a high ankle sprain is primarily thought to involve external rotation of the foot [1,7]. However, both a cadaver study [6] and a simulation study [5] show that tibiofibular syndesmosis ligaments are not stretched the most during an excessive, pure external foot rotation.© 2011 ASME
Therapy of chronic graft-versus-host disease

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a common complication after hematopoietic-cell transplant and remains the leading cause of late non-relapse mortality. Standard treatment includes a combination of a calcineurin inhibitor and corticosteroids. Prolonged steroid use is required, with more than 50% of patients continuing immunosuppression beyond 2 years. There is no standard second-line therapy for cGVHD. Many agents have been reported in small case series, but the studies are heterogeneous in patient selection and response criteria. There is a need for a systematic study of agents for secondary therapy of cGVHD. In addition, both cGVHD and its treatment are associated with severe complications, including life-threatening infections, reduced quality of life, and psychosocial disturbances. A multidisciplinary approach to evaluating and managing patients with cGVHD is preferred, and disciplined, prospective study of new therapies is essential to make further progress in its understanding and treatment.
The internal aqueous volume of small unilamellar vesicles changes at the phase transition temperature of the phospholipid

Abstract Changes in the fluorescence of partially self-quenched 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein trapped within the internal aqueous compartment of small unilamellar dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles indicate that the trapped volume of these vesicles decreases when the phospholipid undergoes the liquid crystalline to gel state transition. This volume change is completely reversible and is not caused by vesicle-vesicle fusion. Furthermore, this decrease in volume of the internal aqueous compartment may be attributed to a change in vesicle shape upon undergoing the phase transition.
The Complex Association Between Religious Activities and Functional Limitations in Older Adults

Purpose of the Study: To examine the longitudinal associations between 3 dimensions of religious involvement—religious attendance, use of religious media, and private religious activities—and 3 domains of functional status—limitations in basic activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and mobility in older adults. Design and Methods: Using the data from a survey of 2,924 adults aged 65+, with self-reported religious involvement and functional status collected at baseline, 3, 6, and 10 years postbaseline, we used repeated measures mixed models to predict functional change by religious status at the prior interview. Results: Increased religious attendance was associated with fewer ADL, IADL, and mobility limitations 3–4 years later, controlling for demographic, health, and social variables as well as prior functional status. Neither use of religious media nor private religious activities was associated with functional change in controlled analyses. Use of religious media, however, was associated with developing more IADL and mobility limitations in uncontrolled analysis, suggesting a potential indirect association. Implications: Religious attendance may protect against decline in functional limitations in older adults. Clinicians may wish to consider the importance of attendance at services in preventing disability for those patients for whom religious involvement is important. Gerontologists may