cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Campus Police Response to Mental Illness: Training, Collaboration, and Perceived Effectiveness

Most research on police response to mental illness has not included officers who work in college settings. This study examined the frequency with which campus police are asked to respond to mental health crises, their preparedness to do so, and their perceived effectiveness. Additionally, this study gathered information about campus and community partners and examined differences between mental health-focused calls involving students versus community members. Seventy-six campus police departments participated in the study and reported that 10% of calls involve a mental health issue, with wellness checks and suicidality being common student issues and homelessness, violence toward others, and substance abuse being common issues for calls involving community members. Over half of officers have Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training, and the number of CIT-trained officers was related to perceived effectiveness at managing student mental health calls. Implications for mental health resources on college campuses and the need for additional research in this area are discussed.
Alpha 1-adrenergic receptors promote phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis in MDCK-D1 cells. A mechanism for rapid activation of protein kinase C.

Hydrolysis of phosphoinositides can lead to mobilization of calcium and production of diacylglycerol, which together are proposed to activate protein kinase C. We have shown that phosphoinositide hydrolysis mediated by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK-D1) occurred with an early lag and increased over a prolonged time course (Slivka, S.R., and Insel, P.A. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 4200-4207). In this study we characterize another type of receptor-mediated phospholipid hydrolysis in MDCK-D1 cells, alpha 1-adrenergic receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. The predicted products of this hydrolysis, phosphorylcholine and diacylglycerol, were detectable as early as 0.5 min after alpha 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation by epinephrine. This hydrolysis appears to be a primary event after receptor occupancy because it occurred in the presence of neomycin, an inhibitor of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis, and the protein kinase C inhibitors, sphingosine and 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). In addition, we demonstrate alpha 1-adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of protein kinase C in MDCK-D1 cells. This activation was measured as a rapid translocation (0.5 min) of protein kinase C activity from the cytosolic fraction to the membrane fraction. This translocation also was not inhibited by neomycin. The time course and agonist concentration dependence of both phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis and protein kinase C activation by alpha 1-adrenergic receptors were similar. Thus, we propose that agonists acting at alpha 1-adrenergic receptors promote hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine which results in rapid generation of diacylglycerol for the activation of protein kinase C.
Studies on cyclitols—XVI : Conformational analysis of substituted cyclopentanes, cyclopentenes and cyclopentene oxides

Abstract PMR spectroscopy has been used to study the conformations at room temperature of several classes of cyclopentanoid compounds, including substituted cyclopentenes, cyclopentene oxides, tri- and tetrasubstituted cyclopentanes. The substituents are either halogens or -OR, where R is H, Ac, Bz or Me. Unlike the cyclohexanoid compounds, for most of which only the two chair forms need be considered, the cyclopentanoid compounds generally have several different conformers contributing significantly to the conformational equilibrium. The cyclopentane ring is so flexible that conformations with less than maximum puckering have little additional strain, and there appears to be considerable pseudolibration about the energy well representing a particular fully puckered conformation. The series whose conformations are most restricted is the cyclopentene oxides. Regardless of substituents, an endo-conformation is preferred, except for the cis-4-bromo-1,2-oxide which exists as an equal mixture of endo and exo conformers; all the other oxides seem to exist in fully puckered endo conformations. Unlike the cyclohexanes, the cyclopentanes easily tolerate 1,3-syn diaxial substituents, and 1,2-trans substituents are generally disposed diaxially rather than diequatorially; for example the tribenzoate esters of (1,3/2)-cyclopentane-triol and (1,3/2)-cyclopentenetriol contain 70–80° of all-axial conformers. The O-isopropylidene derivatives prefer conformations in which the average puckering is such that the fused dimethyldioxolane-cyclopentane ring system approximates an overall endo- or boat shape. Coupling constants involving oxirane protons ofcyclopentene oxides are much smaller than corresponding coupling constants observed in other ring systems: oxirane-oxirane, 2·7 ± 0·3 Hz; oxirane-cis vicinal, 1·4 Hz; and oxirane-trans vicinal 0·6 Hz. The bases for all these effects are discussed.
Cosmic ray studies with the gamma-ray observatory

The role of instruments aboard the Gamma-Ray Observatory (GRO) in solving problems regarding the origin of the diffuse Galactic gamma-ray emission is addressed. Prospects for improved data using the instruments are assessed. The instruments of the GRO and their functions are described.
Effects of acute tryptophan depletion on raphé functional connectivity in depression.

Depression remains a great societal burden and a major treatment challenge. Most antidepressant medications target serotonergic raphe nuclei. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) modulates serotonin function. To better understand the raphe's role in mood networks, we studied raphe functional connectivity in depression. Fifteen depressed patients were treated with sertraline for 12 weeks and scanned during ATD and sham conditions. Based on our previous findings in a separate cohort, resting state MRI functional connectivity between raphe and other depression-related regions (ROIs) was analyzed in narrow frequency bands. ATD decreased raphe functional connectivity with the bilateral thalamus within 0.025-0.05 Hz, and also decreased raphe functional connectivity with the right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex within 0.05-0.1 Hz. Using the control broadband filter 0.01-0.1 Hz, no significant differences in raphe-ROI functional connectivity were observed. Post-hoc analysis by remission status suggested increased raphe functional connectivity with left pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in remitters (n=10) and decreased raphe functional connectivity with left thalamus in non-remitters (n=5), both within 0.025-0.05 Hz. Reducing serotonin function appears to alter coordination of these mood-related networks in specific, low frequency ranges. For examination of effects of reduced serotonin function on mood-related networks, specific low frequency BOLD fMRI signals can identify regions implicated in neural circuitry and may enable clinically-relevant interpretation of functional connectivity measures. The biological significance of these low frequency signals detected in the raphe merits further study.
A Few New Developments in Primate Housing and Husbandry

Over the last few decades of the 20th century, laboratory animal scientists have made considerable advances in the development of avast array of animal models. This has been especially true for the establishment of nonhuman primate models as research resources. For these species, standards of care and criteria for definition, in terms of immunological, behavioral, and genetic factors, have been significantly enhanced in just the last few years. While these advancements are important, they represent only the initial steps toward the levels of care and definition that will be required in the 21st century. This paper will present a brief discussion of the past achievements, current practices, and future aims related to the development of nonhuman primate research resources at one primate facility in the United States. The discussion will focus on the primate colonies at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC) and our efforts to continue to enhance the definition of our primates and the samples we obtain from them. This philosophy of continuous refinement and definition of nonhuman primate models for research applies to many, if not all, primate facilities in the international laboratory animal community. A major focus of this paper will be to examine the complementary role that behavioral management strategies play in the establishment and enhancement of well-defined nonhuman primate research resources. I will mention the integral role of behavioral management in the development, maintenance, and enhancement of our rhesus macaque and chimpanzee breeding and research colonies. I will briefly describe why we converted our traditional rhesus monkey breeding colony into a Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) colony ( Schapiro et al., 1994 ; Buchl et al., 1997 ). Our current efforts to further define the colony in ter s of MHC haplotypes ( Doxiadis et al., 2000 ) and to breed for specific haplotypes, thereby making our colony Specific Haplotype Defined (SHD) in addition to SPF (using line breeding and potentially even embryo splitting techniques) will also be described. Additionally, I will discuss the use of positive reinforcement training techniques to obtain conscious and voluntary biological samples (blood samples) from chimpanzees. Conscious blood samples are obtained to improve welfare and to eliminate potential confounds related to unconsciousness, stress, and/or anesthetic agents, thereby enhancing the quality of the samples we use and thus the value of the research and the resource.
Extracting networks from expression data

We discuss the properties of some of the model-based identification methods used for the development of genetic networks from gene expression data. The performance of these methods is evaluated with respect to their ability to deal with different type of data, the dimensionality of the data, the combinatorial nature of gene expression regulation, and the mathematical representation of the genetic network. We identify several key issues that must be resolved in order to improve our ability to extract networks from expression data. Keywords: genetic networks; regulatory networks; identification methods; mathematical models; model-based methods; linear models; nonlinear models; mixed-integer methods
Synaptotagmin-1 and -7 Are Redundantly Essential for Maintaining the Capacity of the Readily-Releasable Pool of Synaptic Vesicles

In forebrain neurons, Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of readily releasable vesicles by binding to synaptotagmin-1 and -7, thereby inducing fast and slow vesicle exocytosis, respectively. Loss-of-function of synaptotagmin-1 or -7 selectively impairs the fast and slow phase of release, respectively, but does not change the size of the readily-releasable pool (RRP) of vesicles as measured by stimulation of release with hypertonic sucrose, or alter the rate of vesicle priming into the RRP. Here we show, however, that simultaneous loss-of-function of both synaptotagmin-1 and -7 dramatically decreased the capacity of the RRP, again without altering the rate of vesicle priming into the RRP. Either synaptotagmin-1 or -7 was sufficient to rescue the RRP size in neurons lacking both synaptotagmin-1 and -7. Although maintenance of RRP size was Ca2+-independent, mutations in Ca2+-binding sequences of synaptotagmin-1 or synaptotagmin-7—which are contained in flexible top-loop sequences of their C2 domains—blocked the ability of these synaptotagmins to maintain the RRP size. Both synaptotagmins bound to SNARE complexes; SNARE complex binding was reduced by the top-loop mutations that impaired RRP maintenance. Thus, synaptotagmin-1 and -7 perform redundant functions in maintaining the capacity of the RRP in addition to nonredundant functions in the Ca2+ triggering of different phases of release.
Localization of a chromosomal mutation affecting expression of extracellular lipase in Staphylococcus aureus.

We describe a Tn551 chromosomal insertion in Staphylococcus aureus S6C that results in sharply reduced expression of extracellular lipase. With Tn917 as a probe, the insertion in the original mutant (KSI905) was localized to a 12.6-kb EcoRI DNA fragment. The 12.6-kb fragment was cloned and used as a probe to identify a 26-kb EcoRI fragment containing the Tn551 insertion site in the S6C parent strain. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the 12.6- and 26-kb EcoRI fragments confirmed that the Tn551 insertion in KSI905 was accompanied by a deletion of 18.7 kb of chromosomal DNA. Tn551 was transduced from KSI905 back into the S6C parent strain. All transductants exhibited the same lipase-negative (Lip-) phenotype and contained the same mutation with respect to both the insertion and the 18.7-kb deletion. The inability to produce lipase was not caused by disruption of the lipase structural gene, since all Lip- mutants carried intact copies of geh. Moreover, the Tn551 insertion was localized to a region of the staphylococcal chromosome at least 650 kb from geh. Taken together, these results suggest that the Tn551 insertion occurred in a region of the chromosome encoding a trans-active element required for the expression of extracellular lipase. A 20-bp oligonucleotide corresponding to a sequence within the region encoding RNA II near the Tn551 insertion site in ISP546 (H.L. Peng, R.P. Novick, B. Kreiswirth, J. Kornblum, and P. Schlievert, J. Bacteriol. 170:4365-4372, 1988) and a 1.75-kb DNA fragment representing the region encoding RNA III were used as gene probes to show that the Tn551 insertion did not occur in the agr locus. We conclude that the genetic element functions independently of agr or as an unrecognized part of that regulatory system.
The role of spin-exchange on transport in quantum dots

Abstract We analyze here a model for single-electron charging in semiconductor quantum dots that includes the standard Anderson on-site repulsion ( U ) as well as the spin-exchange ( J d ) that is inherently present among the electrons occupying the various quantum levels of the dot. A Schrieffer-Wolff-type transformation is developed to analyze this model. We show explicitly that for ferromagnetic coupling ( J d > 0), an s-d exchange for an S = 1 Kondo problem is recovered. In contrast, for the antiferromagnetic case, J d > 0, we find that the Kondo effect is present only if there are an odd number of electrons on the dot. Spin-exchange is then shown to produce a second period in the conductance that is consistent with experimental measurements.
Elastoplastic material with isotropic damage

The two damage parameters needed to describe isotropic damage are shown to define a damage domain and the evolution of damage is defined by a path within that domain. Physical limitations on the path to full damage are developed. A thermodynamically consistent set of constitutive equations with which the damage path can be evaluated is developed for a specific material.
The utility of endocervical curettage in routine colposcopy of patients with satisfactory examination

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the role of endocervical curettage (ECC) in the setting of a satisfactory colposcopic evaluation. Methods: A manual review was made of charts from all patients seen in a colposcopy clinic at an academic institution between January 1, 1996, and January 1, 1999. Patients were referred to the clinic for abnormal cytology—ASCUS or low-grade or high-grade lesions. Patients were included if they had had a satisfactory colposcopic exam and were HIV negative and not pregnant. Results: Included in the study group were 326 women. Every patient had an endocervical curettage performed as part of their evaluation. In total, 15 patients (4.6%) had positive ECC. When grouped by referring cytology, of 202 patients with ASCUS cytology, 2 had positive ECC (3.0%); of 93 referred with low-grade cytology, 3 had positive ECC (3.2%); and of 31 patients with high-grade cytology, 6 had positive ECC. One of 73 patients (1.4%) with no identifiable lesion had dysplasia identified on ECC. In patients with normal biopsies, 4 of 111 (3.6%) had a positive ECC. Of patients who had biopsy-proven low-grade lesions, 1 of 92 (1.1%) had positive curettage, whereas 9 of 50 patients with biopsy-proven high-grade lesions (18.0%) had positive endocervical dysplasia. Of the 15 patients with positive ECC, 13 ultimately underwent a cone or LEEP procedure. On the final pathology on those specimens, three showed no dysplasia, one had low-grade disease, and the remaining nine had high-grade lesions. Conclusion: ECC result had an impact on diagnosis and influenced treatment planning in 4.6% of patients. Recent debate has questioned the value of ECC in routine colposcopy. Our findings suggest that ECC remains a useful adjunct to colposcopic evaluation.
Defying Normative Male Identities: The Transgressive Possibilities of Jewish Boyhood

This qualitative study discovers teenage boys whose connections to Judaism and Jewish life offered them resilience and contextual opportunities for identity development. Those who have active, positive Jewish identities describe adaptations that are more independent of adolescent peer norms and freer, in terms of masculine pressures, than less Jewishly identified boys. Finding countercultural vitality in these boys’ masculine identities, reflecting their rootedness in community support, contributes to the understanding of male development on a number of levels. For the Jewish community, the study findings underscore how critically important culturally based connections can be for boys. In a world dominated by restrictive ideals for being male, a boy’s ability to consider alternatives is likely to depend on his relationships and access to other ecological resources. And for those hoping for a better world for boys, and for everyone else, these teens’ commitments convey the essential fact, that just as chil...
Vibronic intensities in diatomic molecules

The object of this work is to use vibronic intensity distributions to determine the bond lengths of diatomic molecules in excited electronic states without having to evaluate Franck–Condon (FC) integrals. More specifically, the intent is to derive simple linear or quadratic expressions that provide good correspondence of bond lengths obtained from experimental vibronic intensity ratios with the experimental bond lengths. To that end, we will construct power-series expressions for the FC integral in the harmonic approximation in terms of a parameter that approaches zero as the vibrational frequencies of the two combining electronic states approach equality, show how these expressions may be truncated, and evaluate the range of bond length changes over which the various approximate equations are valid. The study covered 60 different electronic transitions in 40 different diatomics. Of these, 40 electronic transition data sets were considered good enough to merit analysis. It will be shown that both approximations perform well within the limit of their applicability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Granulosa-thecal cell interaction in ovarian steroidogenesis.

Abstract 1. 1. It is clear from all studies of follicles in many species that the theca under LH control favors androgen production and the granulosa stimulated by FSH favors aromatization. This is consonant with synergism of FSH and LH in follicle development and the synergism of the two cells in oestrogen production. 2. 2. While granulosa and theca from all species have a qualitatively similar production pattern, they differ quantitatively and the human deviates the most with more thecal aromatization and granulosa androgen production than other species. 3. 3. The spectrum of cell steroid production appears to change after luteinization, especially after the acquisition of LH receptors by the granulosa. 4. 4. While the theca may be the sole major source of preovulatory ovarian vein oestrogen in the primate, its limited aromatization in other species precludes this as an absolute phenomenon. 5. 5. Two-cell interaction must be viewed as a species variable dynamic process with changes occurring as each follicle develops during the ovarian cycle.
Ovid's use of Lucretius in Metamorphoses 1.67–8

Here Ovid treats the demiurge's disposition of weightless aether over the other elements. This section of the cosmogony follows one that is devoted to the sphere of aer (52–66) where the creator settles the turbulent winds and other threatening meteorological phenomena. Recently Denis Feeney has suggested that Ovid's demiurge ‘does not act in a very epic manner’ by placing weightless aether on top of the winds. He argues: ‘The oddness of the control is caught in a moment of comparison with Vergil's universe: Vergil's Jupiter controls the winds by putting on top of them a mass of mountains(Aen. 1.61), while Ovid's mundi fabricator places above them the aether, explicitly “liquid and lacking weight, containing nothing of earthly sediment” (liquidum et gravitate carentem / aethera nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem, 1.67–8)’. Feeney's observation has much to recommend it. To begin with, Ovid's excursus on the cardinal winds (57–66) evokes Vergil's set piece on the cave of Aeolus in Aeneid l. And the demiurge's subsequent placement of aether (‘haec super inposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem / aethera’) seems to echo the action of the Vergilian Jupiter(‘hoc metuens molemque et montis insuper altos / imposuit,’ Aen. 1.61–2). However, Feeney's conclusion that the demiurge's action is ‘redolent of anti-epic allegiances’ needs some adjustment.4 For his reading neglects an important verbal and structural allusion to the cosmogony of Lucretius (D.R.N. 5.495–501). Accordingly, the conclusion to be drawn from lines 67–8 may be, not that Ovid momentarily reveals his Callimachean colours in an epic context, but that he plays Lucretius off against Vergil and so establishes his own position in the epic tradition of cosmological poetry.
SiC and GaN bipolar power devices

Abstract The present status of the silicon carbide and gallium nitride bipolar power semiconductor devices is reviewed. Several unipolar and bipolar figures of merit have been examined to demonstrate the potential performance gain to be obtained from silicon carbide and gallium nitride based power devices. Several conventional as well as novel device structures have been examined, some of which have already been demonstrated and others are in their early stages of development. Conventional silicon theory has often been found to be inadequate to explain the characteristics of silicon carbide. Appropriate modifications have been applied to investigate more complicated characteristics of silicon carbide devices.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of designer acylglycerols rich in residues of eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, conjugated linoleic, and/or stearic acids

Lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of a commercial acylglycerol (TG500), rich in eicosapentaenoic residues, and subsequent reaction of the product acylglycerols via esterification and/or transesterification reactions were investigated for the purpose of preparing acylglycerols enriched in particular fatty acid residues. An immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica (fraction B) was employed as biocatalyst for these reactions. The effects of enzyme loading, molar ratio of substrates, type of acyl donor, and use of a continuous purge stream of nitrogen were evaluated. The transesterification reactions were carried out using the ethyl esters of 3 different fatty acids, namely stearic, conjugated linoleic, and docosahexaenoic acids. Final yields of triacylglycerols of 75-80% were obtained for the transesterification reactions with the 3 different types of fatty acid ethyl esters.
Ultrafast dynamics of electron thermalization in gold.

Time-resolved surface second-harmonic generation (SHG) is used to probe electron relaxation processes in gold following intense laser excitation at 1.55 eV. For the first time, an electron temperature ( ${T}_{e}$) dependent enhancement in the SHG signal is clearly observed at ${T}_{e}$ above 0.7 eV, which is shown to relate to the thermalization of nonequilibrium hot electrons. Therefore, the relaxation dynamics of the transient nonequilibrium electrons in the high ${T}_{e}$ regime is directly resolved by monitoring the time evolution of the SHG signal.
Outcomes of conservation alliances with women’s community-based organizations in southern Mexico

Through alliances with local community-based organizations, including groups of women, conservationists have used integrated conservation and development projects as a strategy to integrate conservation and poverty alleviation goals; yet an antiessentialist critique of ecofeminism suggests little grounds for alliances between women and conservationists. This study questions that premise through a presentation of analysis results from interviews with women in three communities surrounding Mexico's Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. I compare the households of conservation-allied women with other households, on (1) the use of various farming practices on women's group parcels and on other land managed by households (conservation-related outcomes) and (2) women's access to and control of land and project income (women's livelihood-related outcomes). I find that alliances were partially successful in meeting conservation interests, contributed to the production of livelihoods for the women, and increased their relat...
Somatostatin signaling and the regulation of growth and metabolism in fish

The study of the somatostatins (SS) signaling system in fish has provided important information about the structure, function, and evolution of SSs and their receptors. The SS signaling system elicits widespread biological actions via multiple hormone variants, numerous receptor subtypes, and a variety of signal transduction pathways. SSs alter growth via both direct and indirect actions, including inhibiting growth hormone release at the pituitary, decreasing hepatic GH sensitivity, and lowering plasma IGF-I levels. Metabolism also is significantly influenced by SSs. SSs stimulate the breakdown of energy stores and influences digestion, food intake, nutrient absorption, and food conversion both directly and through the modulation of other hormonal systems. The study of fish, which display a diversity of habitat types and life history forms, reveals that the SS signaling system helps regulate energy partitioning and integrate metabolism with growth and other biological processes.
A consultant's view of expert systems

Abstract There is enormous potential for using expert systems, once the tools and expertise are available for developing the systems. After building an expert system for use in process control plants, several useful lessons have been learnt. There are various theoretical problems still to be overcome, but the major obstacle to the commercialization of expert systems is the practical problem of building cost-effective, usable systems. To solve this, tools will become more powerful and cheaper, while systems will become vertically-oriented, containing some application specific knowledge from the start. Artificial intelligence products will provide the means whereby computers will become useful to a whole new population of users.
From Angel Food Cake to Porous Titanium – A Novel Powder Metallurgical Approach for Metallic Foam Utilizing Food Processing and Ceramic Processing Techniques

Porous Ti6Al4V was attempted to be produced by using the protein forming method. This study characterizes slurry compositions and processing parameters aimed to obtain porous Ti6Al4V with open porosity, an interconnected porous networks and controllable pore size. Laboratory egg white powder was used as a binding and a foaming agent. A porous Ti6Al4V green body was produced through a gelling process at 80°C and a drying process at 120°C. A good strength porous Ti6Al4V specimen is available after a protein burnout process in an air atmosphere and a sintering process in a vacuum environment. Optical microscopy was performed on the porous Ti6Al4V specimens after each processing step to inspect their porous structure. Carbon and oxygen contents were also analyzed in the specimens during intermediate processing steps. Optimal temperature for protein burnout process is identified to be between 400°C to 450°C for an egg white concentration in the range of 6vol% - 24vol%. Pore sizes approximately 200–700 μm were observed after the sintering process. These experimental results demonstrate prospects on fabricating porous titanium and other metals using the protein forming method.
New Computational Procedure for Incorporating Computational Fluid Dynamics into Sonic Boom Prediction

A new computational approach for the inclusion of computational fluid dynamics flow solutions into predicting sonic boom signatures is developed. Using existing computational fluid dynamics tools, a near-field flow solution is obtained over the surface of a computational cylinder a certain distance away from the aircraft’s longitudinal axis. Near-field to far-field multipole-matching methodology is performed to calculate the corrected far field without calculating the multipole coefficients. The analytical derivation is provided and some results are presented and discussed.
Performance of a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer adapted for ion/ion reaction studies

Abstract The performance characteristics of a new ion trap system adapted for ion/ion reaction experiments are described. Significantly improved mass analysis figures of merit over previously used ion/ion reaction instrumentation have been realized. For example, the present system has a demonstrated upper mass-to-charge ratio limit of at least 150,000, mass measurement accuracy of better than 200 ppm at m / z m / z 20,000. The system also has high flexibility with respect to defining MS n experiments involving both ion/ion reactions and collision-induced dissociation. An experiment is demonstrated involving three distinct ion/ion reaction periods, one collision-induced dissociation step and two ion isolation steps. This experiment has been used to effect the gas-phase concentration, charge state purification, and dissociation of a multiply charged protein ion. Two of the ion/ion reaction periods involved inhibition of the reaction rates of selected ions, referred to as ion parking, whereby resonance excitation is effected during the reaction period. The combination of this high degree of experimental flexibility and improved mass analysis figures of merit over previously used instruments leads to a significantly improved system for the study and application of ion/ion reactions involving multiply-charged ions.
Meson nucleus dynamics

Abstract A diagrammatic perturbation theory for the interaction of a pion with a finite nucleus is developed. The theory allows us to identify the various pieces of the physics which are believed to be important and to put into a unifying language the understanding which is emerging from apparently diverse studies. The theory proposed here is arranged so that it maintains the use of the nearly free pion-nucleon T-matrix and contemporary nuclear structure work which utilizes a nucleon-nucleon Bethe-Goldstone g-matrix. Within this framework, we calculate in momentum space and without approximation the first-order optical potential. This potential includes: (1) an exact performance of the Fermi-averaging integral (delta propagation), (2) covariant kinematics including the recoil of the nuclear target, (3) the use of invariant amplitudes and invariant normalizations and phase space factors, (4) the inclusion of the delta-nucleus interaction through a mean-spectral approximation, and (5) a realistic off-shell extrapolation of the pion-nucleon amplitude. The elastic scattering cross sections predicted by this potential are remarkably close to the data. The higher-order effects are classified and their inter-relationships discussed. Three of the higher-order corrections, Pauli effects, pion true-absorption, and short range correlation effects, are calculated and the success of the first-order potential is found to be validated by a large cancellation between the Pauli and true-absorption corrections. A detailed discussion of and comparison to alternate approaches to investigating pion-nucleus dynamics is provided.
Predictors of postconcussion symptom complex in community dwelling male veterans.

The presence of a persistent postconcussion symptom complex (PPCSC) was examined in a non-referred sample of male veterans with a history of mild head injury and a comparison group without a history of head injury. Hierarchical logistic regression procedures were used to determine possible predictors of PPCSC using variables supported by previous research (i.e., preexisting psychiatric difficulties, demographic and social support variables, and history of an accidental injurious event). Although PPCSC was common in all groups (23% of the total sample), a significantly greater proportion of individuals in the mild head injury with loss of consciousness group (37.2%) had PPCSC compared with three other groups (head injury without loss of consciousness = 26.1%; motor vehicle accident without head injury = 23%; and control = 17.3%). However, the most salient predictors of PPCSC were early life psychiatric difficulties such as anxiety or depression, limited social support, lower intelligence, and interactions among these variables. The predictive value of loss of consciousness was significant, but low (1.4% of unique variance). The findings provide support for the premise that PPCSC is mediated in part by individual resilience, preexisting psychological status, and psychosocial support. (JINS, 2003, 9, 1001–1015.)
Change in hoof phosphorus content for bulls in a 112-day postweaning feedlot performance test

Abstract Hoof samples for mineral analysis from four breed groups of bulls—Angus (n=20), Brangus (n=19), Hereford (n=31) and Simmental (n=53)—obtained during a 112-d postweaning feedlot performance test were used to study effects on the change in hoof phosphorus (P) concentrations. Hoof samples were obtained for mineral analysis from the right front foot of all bulls on d 1 and 112 of four tests conducted in three locations in Arkansas. Data were analyzed using least-squares analysis of variance. The model included terms for common element, an effect due to test, breed, farm of origin within breed, hoof pigment, initial age and residual error. Breed means were separated using repeated t-test. Residual correlations between P and other hoof minerals were obtained. Breed was the only significant source of variation on the change in hoof P. The model explained 45% of the variation (R 2 ). Breed means for the change in P showed both Angus and Brangus bulls significantly different ( P P P
A measure of the denseness of a phylogenetic network

The concept of phylogenetic denseness bears critically on the accuracy of evolutionary pathways inferred from experimentally sequenced proteins isolated from extant species. In this paper I develop an objective measure,ρ, of denseness to supplement previous intuitive concepts and which permits one to use this concept in comparing the quality of different evolutionary reconstructions. This measure is used to examine several published phylogenetic trees: insulin, a-hemoglobin,β-hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromec, and the parvalbumin family. The paper emphasizes 1) the importance of denseness in accurately estimating the number of nucleotide replacements which separate homologous sequences when this estimation is made by the method of parsimony, 2) the value of this concept in assessing the quality of those estimates, and 3) the use of this concept as a biologically practical heuristic method for identifying poorly studied regions in a phylogenetic tree, whether or not the tree was obtained by the parsimony method.
Parental Misperceptions of Children’s Underweight Status: A Meta-analysis

Accurate parental perceptions of their children’s underweight status are needed to prevent overlooking potential disordered eating patterns or health conditions affecting growth. The aim of this study is to determine overall proportion of parents who misperceive children’s underweight status and correlates of such misperceptions. Original studies published to January 2013 were chosen through a literature search in established databases. Studies included assessed parental perceptions of their children’s underweight and then compared perceptions to recognized standards for defining underweight based on anthropometric measures. Random- and mixed-effects models were used. Thirty-seven articles (representing 39 studies; N = 4,039) were included. Pooled effect sizes indicated that 46.58 % (95 % CI 40.90–52.35 %) of parents misperceive their children’s underweight status, though the extent of misperceptions depended on a number of moderators. Nearly half of parents perceive their underweight children as weighing more than they actually do. Health care professionals are well positioned to take steps to remedy misperceptions and encourage healthy behaviors.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN COOKED BEEF UNDER ISOTHERMAL AND DYNAMIC CONDITIONS

The main objective of this study was to develop a numerical technique to solve a set of biologically-based differential equations used to describe the growth behaviors of bacteria under isothermal conditions in food systems. A 4th-order Runge-Kutta method was incorporated to a computer program to solve these equations covering the entire range of bacterial growth, including lag, exponential, and stationary phases. The differential growth models were tested using the spores of Clostridium perfringens inoculated to ground beef and incubated under various isothermal conditions between 17–50C. Results of numerical analysis showed that the differential equations could accurately describe the growth of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef under isothermal conditions. The differential equations were also used to estimate the growth of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef under four different dynamic temperature profiles: 2-square waves, exponential and linear cooling. In combination with a secondary kinetic model, the growth of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef under dynamic conditions was accurately estimated. Results showed the differences between the estimated and experimentally observed growth curves under dynamic conditions were generally less than 0.5 log (CFU/g). The methodology developed in this study can be a new approach for the food industry, food retailers and consumers, and regulatory agencies to predict and estimate the bacterial growth in cooked meat products under dynamic temperature abuse and deviation conditions.
Geology and structural history of the southwest Precordillera margin, northern Mendoza Province, Argentina

Abstract Rocks and structures in the southwest Precordillera terrane, located in western Argentina, constrain the Paleozoic distribution of continents and the development of the western margin of Gondwana. Detailed mapping of an area in the southwest Precordillera allowed identification of several pre-Carboniferous rock units formed in distinct tectonic environments and were later tectonically juxtaposed. The pre-Carboniferous rock units comprise carbonate metasiltstone, metasandstone, massive diabase, and quartzo-feldspathic gneiss intruded by ultramafic rocks and layered gabbro. Preliminary structural analysis indicates that the present distribution of units is due to two contractional deformation episodes, an east-directed Devonian ductile event and a west-directed Tertiary brittle event. The metasedimentary rocks, which form the structural base of the area and are part of the western Precordilleran passive margin sequence, were juxtaposed along minor ductile shear zones early in the ductile event. Their contact was then folded during continued ductile deformation; at this time the ultramafic/layered gabbro complex and the massive diabase were emplaced over the metasedimentary units along narrow ductile shear zones. Brittle deformation, associated with the Andean orogeny, involved open folding, thrust faulting, and reactivation of some ductile features.
Male density, female density and inter-sexual conflict in a stream-dwelling insect

Abstract Male and female densities were experimentally manipulated to determine their effects on inter-sexual conflict over mating in the water strider,Aquarius remigis. Upon encounter, males and females engage in a pre-mating struggle. The two components of female mating behaviour were the rate of evasive behaviours displayed, termed the index of female resistance, and struggle duration. The behaviour patterns of individuals of each sex changes depending on their previous experience. Females held at the high male density performed fewer resistance behaviours during struggles and struggled longer than did females held at the low male density. Female mating frequency was positively related to male density. A measure of male behaviour (male insistence) was derived from a regression of struggle duration on the index of female resistance. Males held at the high male density had greater insistence than those held at the low male density. Female density had no effect on male insistence. Male mating frequency was not related to male or female density. Overall, male and female body length were related to neither behaviour pattern nor mating frequency, although mated males were significantly longer than unmated males at low male density. The results are consistent with the view that mating frequency depends on female resistance, which varies in response to the costs of struggling that depend upon previous male harassment. Male mating behaviour changed with male density. Males harass both males and females, but females generally stay at the edge or out of the water when males are present. Since encounter rate is consistently low, males assess their probability of mating via their encounter rate with other males. A high male density leads males to increase their effort when they do encounter a female. Female mating behaviour was not related to male phenotype, suggesting that female choice is not present inA. remigis.
Hydrogenation characteristics of the hyperstoichiometric ZrCrFeTx system (T = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu)

Abstract The formation and characteristics of the hydride of ZrCrFeTx (T = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu and x = 0.8) were studied at various temperatures and in the pressure range up to ∼60 atm. The hydrogen vapor pressure of the ZrCrFeH system is raised approximately 10- to 400-fold by the addition of excess d-element or Cu to the ZrCrFe lattice. The equilibrium vapor pressure of ZrCrFeCo0.8H is unusually high relative to the other quaternary systems and is consistent with the observed unit cell dimensions. This pronounced effect suggests that the Co has a striking influence on the ZrCrFe band structure. The enthalpy and entropy of dehydrogenation, ranging between 19.4 and 32 kJ(mole H2)−1 and 77.2 and 100 J(kmole H2)−1, are significantly lower than that of the ZrCrFeH. The high effective entropies of the hydride (high configurational entropy of H in the lattice) is attributed to extensive hydrogen disorder in the ZrCrFeT0.8 lattice. The kinetics of hydride formation and decomposition are extremely fast. The favorable thermodynamic features and rapid kinetics make these substances rather attractive for practical applications.
Polyamines in adventitious and somatic embryogenesis in mango (Mangifera indica L.)

Summary Polyamines were measured in nucelli, embryogenic and non-embryogenic nucellar calli, adventitious nucellar embryos, nucellar somatic embryos and zygotic embryos of monoembryonic and polyembryonic mango types. In vitro conditions caused a 50-fold increase in putrescine concentration in non-embryogenic nucellar callus of monoembryonic mango. Polyamine concentrations were greater in nucellar calli from monoembryonic mangos than from polyembryonic mangos, and were greater in non-embryogenic than in embryogenic calli. Polyamines added to the culture medium generally had no effect on callus initiation or somatic embryogenesis from nucellar explants except spermidine, which suppressed callus formation from the monoembryonic «Keitt». Callus induction was enhanced by the presence of 2,4-D, although somatic embryogenesis was not affected by this phytohormone.
Natural variation of the expression of HLA and endogenous antigen modulates CTL recognition in an In vitro melanoma model

Increasing attention has been devoted to elucidating the mechanism of lost or decreased expression of MHC or melanoma-associated antigens (MAAs), which may lead to tumor escape from immune recognition. Loss of expression of HLA class I or MAA has, as an undisputed consequence, loss of recognition by HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). However, the relevance of down-regulation remains in question in terms of frequency of occurrence. Moreover the functional significance of epitope down-regulation, defining the relationship between MHC/epitope density and CTL interactions, is a matter of controversy, particularly with regard to whether the noted variability of expression of MHC/epitope occurs within a range likely to affect target recognition by CTLs. In this study, bulk metastatic melanoma cell lines originated from 25 HLA-A*0201 patients were analyzed for expression of HLA-A2 and MAAs. HLA-A2 expression was heterogeneous and correlated with lysis by CTLs. Sensitivity to lysis was also independently affected by the amount of ligand available for binding at concentrations of 0.001 to 1 mM. Natural expression of MAA was variable, independent from the expression of HLA-A*0201, and a significant co-factor determining recognition of melanoma targets. Thus, the naturally occurring variation in the expression of MAA and/or HLA documented by our in vitro results modulates recognition of melanoma targets and may (i) partially explain CTL-target interactions in vitro and (ii) elucidate potential mechanisms for progressive escape of tumor cells from immune recognition in vivo.
Phylogenetic analysis of nitrate- and sulfate-reducing bacteria in a hydrogen-fed biofilm

Using two membrane biofilm reactors in which hydrogen (H2) was the only exogenous electron donor, we studied the microbial community structure of biofilms composed primarily of denitrifying bacteria (DB) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In steady-state EDvSS, H2 availability was restricted and varied. In steady-state EAvSS, the input nitrate () concentration was varied relative to a fixed sulfate () concentration. SRB co-existed with DB, even when reduction was absent due to restricted H2 availability. UniFrac and principal coordinate analysis indicated that H2 availability and electron-acceptor loadings framed the microbial community structure, with H2 availability having a greater impact. In EDvSS, restricted H2 availability favored heterotrophic DB (i.e. Burkholderiales) compared with autotrophic DB (e.g. Hydrogenophilales and Rhodocyclales). In EAvSS, reduction lowered the relative abundance of some DB (e.g. Hydrogenophilales), and the biofilm was colonized by Desulfovibrionales and Bacteroidales. Reinforcing the impact of H2 availability, EAvSS showed a higher microbial diversity and more even distribution among microbial groups than did EDvSS. Thus, the biofilm community in a H2-fed biofilm with DB and SRB became more heterotrophic when the H2 availability was constrained, while low loading allowed more reduction, causing a shift to more SRB.