cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Highly stable frequency-shift-keying exciter

The provision of a frequency-shift-keying system to meet present-day requirements presents the designer with three main difficulties; (a) the attainment of sufficient stability of the centre frequency, (b) the provision of a system suitable for keying at high digit rates, and (c) the prevention of out-of-band radiation. The paper indicates some problems inherent in systems commonly used in which the solution is often a compromise. A system is described in which a crystal-controlled master oscillator is used, and half the required shift frequency is added to, or subtracted from, the oscillator frequency by means of a pick-up coil turning in a rotating r.f. field. The method has the advantage that the stability of the frequencies of transmission is not appreciably degraded as in the case of frequency-pulled oscillators. Also, because the mark and space frequencies do not exist together, the problem of suppressing the alternative frequency does not arise, as in systems in which both frequencies are generated separately. After the f.s.k. signal has been generated at a convenient frequency, a second crystal-controlled oscillator converts it to the particular carrier frequency required. Out-of-band radiation is reduced by synchronizing the shift frequency with the basic square wave of the telegraph digits and correctly phasing it: this can easily be achieved with automatic telegraphy. In conclusion, a practical system including some design features is given.
Localization of the 70-kDa peroxisomal membrane protein to human 1p21-p22 and mouse 3

The 70-kDa peroxisomal membrane protein (PXMPI) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette transporter family. In humans, mutations in this gene may be responsible for a subset of patients with Zellweger syndrome, a lethal inborn error of peroxisome assembly. The PXMPI gene was assigned to human chromosome 1p21-p22 by in situ hybridization and its murine homologue (Pxmp-1) to chromosome 3 by interspecific backcross analysis. 19 refs., 2 figs.
Measurement of Material Flame Spread Properties

Abstract A concept was examined for measuring flame spread parameters suitable for predicting the performance of a material in fires. The study examines a radiant panel test apparatus used to measure downward and lateral flame spread, and ignition. An analysis of data from tests of Douglas fir particle board is presented. A procedure has been identified for measuring specific parameters useful in the general prediction of ignition and flame spread for complex materials.
Change and Stability in Sexism among College Students: A Three-Year Panel Study.

Results are reported of a 3-year panel study of sex-role attitude changes among Ball State University students. Two questions were posed: (1) To what extent do students change their sex-role attitudes? (2) What types of students are more likely to change their attitudes? Contrary to expectations, students did not become progressively less sexist each year they were in college. Apparently, changes in student sex-role attitudes were more reflective of changes in local public opinion rather than following the Bennington College pattern. An important finding of the study is that those who were initially the most sexist displayed the greatest degree of change in their attitudes. A mixed pattern prevails with regard to relationships between changes in attitudes and background characteristics, personal orientations, and political orientations.
The Functional Morphology of Gnathopods: Importance in Grooming, and Variation With Regard to Habitat, in Talitroidean Amphipods

ABSTRACT Six talitroidean amphipod species from terrestrial, semiterrestrial, fresh-water, and marine habitats were examined with scanning electron microscopy. A number of specialized and ornate grooming organs are described in which cuticular scales and setae have been modified into bristles, fans, combs, and brushes. Terrestrial, semiterrestrial, and aquatic groups possess grooming modifications quite distinct from each other, while individual species, within a single habitat group, differ much less. The structure and function of several nongrooming specializations is also discussed. Although sexual dimorphism of arthropod grooming structures is rare, such dimorphism is present in the Amphipoda. This dimorphism stems from the use of the major grooming appendages as precopulatory organs in the male. The cuticular structures described in this study are used to scrape and brush the body during grooming movements, presumably enabling these crustaceans to exploit better their environment.
TOADs have WARTs! ...and other oddities in CVs related to their secondary stars and accretion disks

Abstract Degenerate secondary stars, optically thin accretion disks, and starspots and stellar activity are discussed via a brief romp through the pages of some recent astrophysical literature.
Catalytic activity of aortic lysyl oxidase in an insoluble enzyme-substrate complex.

Abstract An insoluble form of lysyl oxidase is identified in the saline insoluble fraction of chick embryo aortae previously pulsed with [6- 3 H]lysinc. This enzyme is catalytically functional in this insoluble complex releasing tritium from the pellet and generating aminoadipic semialdehyde identifiable in the hot-alkali insoluble elastin of the aortic pellet after incubation for the expression of the activity of the bound enzyme. Thus, the enzyme may be insoluble because it is bound to its insoluble substrate. The enzyme as its insoluble complex is inhibited by β-aminopropionitrile, copper chelators, carbonyl reagents, and deoxygenation with nitrogen gas, consistent with the known properties of lysyl oxidase of other sources. This enzyme-substrate complex has a temperature optimum at approx. 52 °C and a pH optimum of approx. 8. The existence of such a tight, functional enzyme-substrate complex may be important in the maturation of elastic fibers in vivo. The present data also indicate that the tritiated aortic pellet, normally used as a substrate for assay of exogenous sources of lysyl oxidase, must first be heat-or acid-treated to inactivate the endogenous background enzyme activity to increase the sensitivity of such assays.
The Relative Pricing of Eurodollar Futures and Forward Contracts

Recent research reports significant differences between Eurodollar futures and forward interest rates. In this paper, we document that the futures-forward yield difference was economically and statistically significant only in the early years of the Eurodollar futures contract. The difference has steadily diminished and in recent years has been negligible of nonexistent. The primary explanation in the literature for the observed differences between the futures and forward Eurodollar yields has been the mark-to- market feature of the futures contracts. We derive closed form solutions for the futures-forward yield difference under two popular term structure models and show that the theoretical futures-forward yield difference is indeed small. We also find that liquidity differences and default risk premia cannot explain the large differences observed in the early part of the sample period. Furthermore, we find that there was a delay in the flow of information between the spot and the futures markets during the early years of the futures contract, but we find no evidence of such a delay in the later years. Our results suggest that the differences between the futures and forward rates observed in the early part of the sample period is likely to be attributable to the mispricing of futures contracts relative to the forward rates and that the mispricing was eliminated over time.
Polarization Multiplexed Optical Bullseye Antennas

We present and analyze a novel optical antenna structure in the form of a polarization multiplexed bullseye antenna with a central nanoaperture. By adjusting the parameters of two, orthogonally oriented, partial bullseye structures, the resonance response for each polarization can be tailored to a specific wavelength. Constructing these dual-polarization structures in aluminum, we predict intra-aperture intensity enhancements exceeding 20 at two independent resonance wavelengths spanning the UV–visible spectrum. Moreover, these resonances share significant intra-aperture excitation volumes.
Production of transmitochondrial mouse cell lines by cybrid rescue of rhodamine-6G pre-treated L-cells.

Treatment of mouse LMTK− cells with the toxic mitochondrial dye rhodamine 6G (R-6G) at 2.5 μg/ml for 7 days prevented cell growth while maintaining viability, with less than 10−6 cells recovering to form colonies. Pre-treatment of LMTK− cells with R-6G was followed by fusion with enucleated mouse 501–1 cells harboring a homoplasmic point mutation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 16S rRNA gene conferring chloramphenicol resistance (CAPR). Cybrids and any surviving unfused LMTK− cells were selected in BrdU with or without CAP and their mtDNAs screened for the presence of the CAPR marker. Approximately 1 colony per 2×105 LMTK− cells appeared in the fusion plates selected both with and without CAP. Most clones investigated were confirmed to be cybrids by showing the presence of the generally homoplasmic CAPR mutation, whether or not CAP selection was used. Hence, R-6G pre-treatment permits construction of transmitochondrial cybrid cell lines carrying a variety of mtDNAs, without the need for ρo cell lines.
Information flow and party influence: Theory, measurement, and policy consequences

In this paper I present a theory of party influence, based on Bayesian decision theory, as a process in which the voting decisions of individual legislators are influenced by information concerning the votes or intended votes of their rank-and-file colleagues. Procedures derived from the theory are then used to estimate the magnitude of party influence relative to the influence of the president and of party leaders, committee cue givers, and constituents on roll call voting in three policy domains in the U.S. House of Representatives. The results imply that party influence has important short-run and long-run consequences for public policy.
Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Chemotaxonomic Characters of Pine Engraver Beetles (Ips spp.) in the grandicollis Subgeneric Group

Cuticular hydrocarbons were extracted, identified, and evaluated as chemotaxonomic characters from all species of adult Ips pine engraver beetles in the grandicollis subgeneric group. The grandicollis group consists of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff), I. cribricollis (Eichhoff), I. lecontei Swaine, I. montanus (Eichhoff), I. paraconfusus Lanier, I. confusus (LeConte), and I. hoppingi Lanier. In order to provide outgroups for a phylogenetic analysis, cuticular hydrocarbons were also analyzed from Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff), I. latidens (LeConte) (latidens subgeneric group), and I. pini (Say) (pini subgeneric group). Two hundred forty-eight hydrocarbon components were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The members of the grandicollis group provided 206 of these compounds. The components represented eight classes: n-alkanes, alkenes, alkadienes, terminally branched methylalkanes, internally branched methylalkanes, dimethylalkanes, trimethylalkanes, and tetramethylalkanes. Different populations of O. caelatus, I. grandicollis, I. lecontei, I. montanus, I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi provided no evidence for interpopulational variation in cuticular hydrocarbons. Single populations only were analyzed for I. latidens, I. pini, and I. cribricollis. Sexual dimorphism in cuticular hydrocarbons occurred only in I. lecontei where females produced eight unique components with a pentatriacontane parent chain. Several phylogenetic analyses based on hydrocarbon phenotypes agreed in general with the established morphologically based system of relatedness and with published phylogenies reconstructed from protein and nucleic acid characters. Nearly all hydrocarbon analyses suggested a close relationship between I. grandicollis and I. cribricollis; between I. lecontei and I. montanus; and among the sibling species I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi. The presence or absence of specific n-alkanes (n-docosane, n-triacontane); certain dimethylalkanes (terminally branched with octacosane and triacontane parent chains and internally branched with heptacosane, hentriacontane, and docotriacontane parent chains); and 3,7,11-; 3,7,15-trimethylheptacosane permit facile discrimination of I. paraconfusus, I. confusus, and I. hoppingi. These three sibling species are difficult to resolve by external morphology. These data support the species status of I. hoppingi rather than it being considered a host race of the I. confusus complex. They also support the species status of I. cribricollis rather than it being considered part of I. grandicollis. In contrast to other published phylogenies reconstructed from molecular data, phylogenies reconstructed from cuticular hydrocarbons repeatedly place I. lecontei as an integral part of the grandicollis subgeneric group. Thus, cuticular hydrocarbon and pheromone alcohol composition of I. lecontei support its inclusion in the grandicollis subgeneric group.
Synthesis of novel texaphyrins containing lanthanides and boron

Texaphyrin macrocycles that contain gadolinium or lutetium, such as motexafin gadolinium and motexafin lutetium, are versatile anticancer therapeutics and diagnostics. Gadolinium texaphyrins substituted with carborane clusters could also find application in combined gadolinium and boron neutron capture therapy (GdB-NCT). The synthesis and characterization of novel texaphyrins containing gadolinium or lutetium in the pentaaza core and two carborane clusters bound to opposite pyrrol units of the macrocycle are described.
Treating the sick: capacity of the US Health Care System to respond to an epidemic.

Ken Bloema Recognizing from the outset that we have some, but not all, of the critical players who would be required in a response to a bioterrorist event, the question before our panelists is: Could our health care system adequately respond in the event of a bioterrorist attack? Are the pieces in place? Are the necessary players coordinated, aware, and prepared for the threat? Will there be adequate coordination and back-up from government agencies, civilian and military, and our private, nongovernmental health organizations? Do we have appropriate federal and state policies supportive of this coordinated or even integrated response? The first of five speakers is Jim Bentley, senior vice president for strategic policy planning at the American Hospital Association (AHA). Jim is one of the leaders of the AHA, and before that for 15 years he was one of the senior players at the Association of American Medical Colleges. He spent 5 years in the US Navy Medical Corps service, among many other activities. He’s been a member of the Board of Examiners for the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award. He’s published in a wide variety of journals. He was educated at Michigan State University and at the University of Michigan. Dr. John Bartlett is chief of infectious disease at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Bartlett received his medical degree from Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse, New York, and completed his training in internal medicine at Peter Bent Brigham, Boston, and the University of Alabama (Birmingham). He’s enjoyed faculty positions at University of California at Los Angeles and Tufts University. At Hopkins he’s been the principal investigator for more than $30 million of research funded projects, has written more than 600 articles and 13 books, and is truly one of the giants in his field. Jeff Rubin has been involved in health care administration planning at the level of disaster medical service planning of which he is the chief for the state of California, a state, by the way, that during his tenure has been tested time and again. He’s held leadership positions in public health programs, in primary care clinics, and in emergency medical services, among others. Admiral Robert Knouss is director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness of the US Public Health Service. Dr. Knouss was trained at the University of Pennsylvania and before that at the University of Wisconsin. He entered the
Two-dimensional high precision thermal neutron detector

A position resolution of 1.3 mm (fwhm) and integral non-linearity of ±0..1% is achieved in a two-dimensional 18 × 18 cm2 thermal neutron detector. The gas proportional detector operates at a moderate pressure (5–6 atm) with a 3HeC3H8 mixture and at very low required avalanche gain (∼30) by virtue of the high precision centroid finding position readout.
N-PENTENYL GLYCOSIDE METHODOLOGY IN THE STEREOSELECTIVE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TETRASACCHARYL CAP PORTION OF LEISHMANIA LIPOPHOSPHOGLYCAN

Efficient and high yielding stereoselective assembly of the tetrasaccharyl cap region of the lipophosphoglycan from the protozoan parasite Leishmania using the n-pentenyl glycoside protocol is described in this paper. Both convergent and linear syntheses lead to the protected tetrasaccharide 14; however, the convergent assembly is more efficient in terms of product recovery. Regioselective reductive cleavage of benzylidene acetal 4 with triethylsilane−trifluoroacetic acid system liberates the required C-4 OH in excellent yield, without affecting the resident chloroacetate functionality.
Comparisons of renewable warranties

Two types of warranties are commonly applied. There are replacement-free warranty and pro-rata warranty. The third warranty is the mixing of the above two. That is it has a replacement-free stage followed by a pro-rata stage. In addition to the above classification, warranties can also be a renewable or nonrenewable. No matter which warranty is used, it always incurs certain cost to the manufacturer. Moreover, often manufacturers want to improve the quality of products by burn-in before delivering them to consumers, and this incurs an extra cost. This article considers the random costs for both burn-in and renewable warranty, and derives the mean warranty cost. Then the mean costs corresponding to pure replacement-free warranty, mixing renewable warranty, and pure pro-rata warranty are compared. Furthermore, the mean costs under the same warranty policy associated with different lifetime distributions of products are also compared. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 46: 91–106, 1999
Effect of caffeine on hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450.

Abstract Previously we reported that pretreatment of rats with caffeine did not result in any observable increase in the P-450 hemoprotein content of the liver microsomes. However, the measurement of ethyl isocyanide difference spectra of dithionite reduced microsomes showed a small but definite increase in the 455-nm peak in the caffeinetreated group. There was no significant increase in the 430-nm peak. In this respect, caffeine action resembled that of 3-methylcholanthrene. Caffeine treatment also increased the rate of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase activity. Microsomal enyzme induction by caffeine was not obliterated by adrenalectomy. The preferential increase in the 455-nm peak was more pronounced in the microsomes of the adrenalectomized animal after caffeine pretreatment.
Proteomic Challenges: Sample Preparation Techniques for Microgram-Quantity Protein Analysis From Biological Samples

Proteins regulate many cellular functions and analyzing the presence and abundance of proteins in biological samples are central focuses in proteomics. The discovery and validation of biomarkers, pathways, and drug targets for various diseases can be accomplished using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. However, with mass-limited samples like tumor biopsies, it can be challenging to obtain sufficient amounts of proteins to generate high-quality mass spectrometric data. Techniques developed for macroscale quantities recover sufficient amounts of protein from milligram quantities of starting material, but sample losses become crippling with these techniques when only microgram amounts of material are available. To combat this challenge, proteomicists have developed micro-scale techniques that are compatible with decreased sample size (100 μg or lower) and still enable excellent proteome coverage. Extraction, contaminant removal, protein quantitation, and sample handling techniques for the microgram protein range are reviewed here, with an emphasis on liquid chromatography and bottom-up mass spectrometry-compatible techniques. Also, a range of biological specimens, including mammalian tissues and model cell culture systems, are discussed.
Development of a new radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin using recombinant erythropoietin.

Development of a new radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin using recombinant erythropoietin. The development of a 24 hour radioimmunoassay for erythropoietin (EPO) using EPO derived from recombinant DNA as both immunogen and ligand is described in the present paper. Mixed breed rabbits immunized with 10 µg/kg of EPO derived from a stably transfected cell line (Elanex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Bothel, Washington, USA, through McDonnell Douglas Corp., St. Louis, Missouri, USA; "MD") produced antibodies to EPO with high titer (up to 1:896,000 final dilution in the tube), high affinity (8.4 × 10 11 liter/M), and good specificity. Purified EPO from the above source or from AmGen Biologicals (Thousand Oaks, California, USA; "AG") were successfully radioiodinated with the chloramine-T method and used as ligand in the radioimmunoassay. Standard dose-response curves prepared with EPO from both commercial sources were not significantly different and showed a sensitivity of 0.75 to 0.96 mU/tube. The dose-response curves in both systems also showed parallelism with serially diluted serum from a patient with aplastic anemia. Within-assay and between-assay precision were determined by assaying multiple replicates of a serum pool. Recovery of exogenous EPO added to a serum pool averaged 97% for both systems. The range of normal human serum EPO was determined by assaying the sera of 153 hematologically-normal adult subjects and was found to be 1.1 to 27.3 mU/ml for MD EPO and 0.5 to 16.7 mU/ml for AG EPO. Sera from several patients with hematologic abnormalities were also assayed, including those of 36 patients with anemia of end-stage renal disease (mean ± SEM, 29.5 ± 4.0 mU/ml; P
Education for Global Integration in Japan: A Case Study of the JET Program

At a time when nations around the world are struggling with ethnic unrest, Japan is under international pressure to solve a problem of precisely the opposite order: to "create" diversity and to expose its insulated population to foreigners in keeping with its growing status as a world economic leader. This article, based on two years of fieldwork in Japan, examines the contradictions and ironies in a high-profile government policy to transform the nation's vaunted "internationalization" campaign from rhetoric to reality. With an annual budget of over $300 million, the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Program invites nearly five thousand college graduates each year from primarily Western countries to team-teach foreign language classes and foster international perspectives in secondary schools throughout the country. Many observers thought the JET Program would equal Japan opening up to the West and freeing itself of biases; this article, however, chronicles the many ways in which the foreign teachers are...
Studies on the effect of collagenase and hyaluronidase on glycogen content of isolated rat liver parenchymal cells.

SummaryRat liver parenchymal cells were isolated with collagenase and hyaluronidase from fed and fasted rats. Addition of hyaluronidase significantly decreased intracellular glycogen content of cells in fed rats, although there was no effect on cell yields. The incorporation of 14C isoleucine, 14C-valine, and 14C-phenylalanine into proteins was significantly higher in younger as compared to older rats. The incorporation of these various 14C amino acids was lower in cells from fasted rats when compared to those from fed rats.
Short range order structure of amorphous B4C boron carbide thin films

B4C boron carbide thin films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering in the temperature ranging from room temperature to 650 °C are amorphous. In this article, pair distribution function (PDF) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the short range order (SRO) structure of amorphous B4C thin films. FTIR spectra indicated that icosahedrons exist in the amorphous B4C thin films. The existence of icosahedrons was further verified by the PDFs of amorphous B4C thin films, which were derived from digital selected area electron diffraction patterns. Furthermore, by comparing the PDFs of amorphous B4C thin films with those of three crystalline boron modifications and three structural models of boron carbides (B4C or B10C2), the SRO structure of amorphous B4C thin film was revealed to be similar to that of β-rhombohedral boron, but with the peak shifted to shorter distance.
Willard Thrust: Direction of Thrusting from Quartz Deformation Lamellae Measurements

Measurements of deformation lamellae in quartz grains from the Cambrian Tintic Quartzite near the Willard thrust east of Ogden, Utah, indicate a maximum compressive stress direction consistent with eastward thrusting.
Power amplifier resilient design for process and temperature variations using an on-chip PLL sensing signal

Abstract This paper presents RF power amplifier adaptive body bias compensation technique for output power and power-added efficiency resilience to process and temperature variations. The adaptive body biasing scheme uses a phase-lock loop for variability sensing to provide resilience through the threshold voltage adjustment to maintain power amplifier performance over a wide range of variability. Analytical equations are derived for physical insight. Circuit simulation results show that the adaptive body biasing design improves the robustness of the power amplifier in output power and power-added efficiency over process and temperature variations.
Alteration of the fatty acid composition of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell lipids.

Abstract The fatty acid composition of Ehrlich ascites tumor lipids was altered markedly in vivo by changing the type of fat fed to the tumor-bearing mice. As compared with regular chow, large differences were produced in polar and neutral lipid fatty acyl groups when the tumor cells were grown in mice fed coconut oil, sunflower oil or fat deficient diets. Subcellular membrane fractions obtained from these cells exhibited similar variations in fatty acyl composition. This experimental system provides large quantities of malignant cells for study of the relationships between membrane lipid structure and function.
Comparison of color, chemical and mineralogical compositions of mine drainage sediments to pigment

Forty-three untreated and actively and passively (wetland) treated coal mine drainage sediments and five yellow-red pigments were characterized using X-ray fluorescence, fusion-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tristimulus colorimeter. Primary crystalline iron-bearing phases were goethite and lepidocrocite, and iron phases converted to hematite upon heating. Quartz was nearly ubiquitous except for synthetic pigments. Gypsum, bassinite, calcite, and ettringite were found in active treatment sediments. Iron concentrations from highest to lowest were synthetic pigment>wetland sediment>natural pigment>active treatment (untreated sediments varied more widely), and manganese was highest in actively treated sediments. Loss on ignition was highest for passively treated sediments. No clear trends were observed between quantified color parameters (L*, a*, b*, and Redness Index) and chemical compositions. Because sediments from passive treatment are similar in chemistry, mineralogy, and color to natural pigments, the mine drainage sediments may be an untapped resource for pigment.
NC milling error assessment and tool path correction

A system of algorithms is presented for material removal simulation, dimensional error assessment and automated correction of five-axis numerically controlled (NC) milling tool paths. The methods are based on a spatial partitioning technique which incorporates incremental proximity calculations between milled and design surfaces. Hence, in addition to real-time animated five-axis milling simulation, milling errors are measured and displayed simultaneously. Using intermediate error assessment results, a reduction of intersection volume algorithm is developed to eliminate gouges on the workpiece via tool path correction. Finally, the view dependency typical of previous spatial partitioning-based NC simulation methods is overcome by a contour display technique which generates parallel planar contours to represent the workpiece, thus enabling dynamic viewing transformations without reconstruction of the entire data structure.
Modulation of Chicken Plaque-Forming Cells by Serotonin and Dopamine

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and dopamine (DA) are endogenous components of the central nervous and endocrine systems of the chicken. To determine the effects of these monoamines on antibody-mediated immunity. New Hampshire chickens of Line UNH 105 were injected intravenously with 5-HT (100 micrograms/kg of body weight) and DA (1 mg/kg of body weight). One milliliter of a 5% SRBC suspension was injected intravenously 30 min later. Both IgM and IgG splenic plaque-forming cells were assayed 5 days after antigen injection. For in vitro studies, spleen lymphocytes from SRBC-primed chicks were incubated with DA and 5-HT followed by quantitation of IgM and IgG plaque-forming cells. The in vivo incubation of splenic lymphocytes with specific antagonists was used to ascertain the presence of monoamine receptors on lymphocytes. The 5-HT significantly enhanced IgM plaque-forming cells compared with controls following in vivo [550 +/- 85 (SE) cells/10(6) splenic lymphocytes versus 359 +/- 44] but not in vitro exposure. The IgG plaque-forming cells were not affected by 5-HT. The DA significantly suppressed IgM plaque-forming cells responses following in vivo (284 +/- 46 versus 499 +/- 66) and in vitro (254 +/- 57 versus 451 +/- 51) exposure. Significant suppression of IgG plaque-forming cells was found in vivo (287 +/- 40 versus 462 +/- 75) and in vitro (153 +/- 36 versus 371 +/- 81) following treatment. Specific DA antagonists, apomorphine and metoclopramide, did not alleviate the in vitro suppressive effect of DA.
Soviet operational intelligence in the Kursk operation, July 1943

Abstract : On 22 June 1941, the German Army unleashed a devastating surprise attack on the Soviet Union. This attack heavily damaged the Red Army and ultimately shook the foundations of the Soviet state. The June disaster was, in part, the product of a Soviet strategic intelligence failure. In early September 1941, Guderian's Second Panzer Group turned abruptly southward from Smolensk, thrust by surprise into the rear of the Soviet Southwestern Front defending Kiev, and swallowed up over 600,000 Soviet troops. The September catastrophe was due in part to faulty Soviet intelligence. In October 1941 German armies launched their expected thrust on Moscow through sectors the Soviet had not expected them to use. The intelligence failure proved fatal for four Soviet armies and almost led to a loss of the capital. On 17 May 1942 German armies crushed a Soviet attacking force in the Khar'kov region of southern Russia, encircling and capturing over 250,000 men as a prelude to the surprise German strategic thrust that culminated at Stalingrad. Again Soviet intelligence failures played a major role. This document describes this operation.
A study of the acidic properties of pure and composite oxides by inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution

Abstract A family of n -alkenes and alkenes has been used in conjunction with the technique of inverse gas chromatography (IGC) to study the acidic properties of pure and composite oxides. Commercial and laboratory-prepared silica and alumina and alumina on silica composites derived from them were subjected to a modified Benesi titration scheme, and the results are compared to those obtained from IGC. We find that changes in acidity due to changes in composition of the samples can be determined from IGC data and the results are consistent with those obtained from the more conventional colorimetric titration. On the other hand, acidity changes due to dehydroxylation of the oxides can be easily monitored using IGC while the results from the modified Benesi titration are not sensitive enough to disclose any acidity changes. To our knowledge, this is the first application of IGC to study the surface acidity properties of composite oxides. The simplicity, sensitivity, and flexibility of IGC for study of catalysts and catalyst supports point toward its potential to add to the arsenal of techniques that characterize both commercial and laboratory prepared materials.
Effects of cotinine on information processing in nonsmokers

Cotinine, the major proximate metabolite of nicotine, is present in smokers in higher concentrations and for a longer time than nicotine, yet its effects on information processing have not previously been reported. We studied the cognitive effects of cotinine in non-smokers. Sixteen subjects were tested on three doses of cotinine (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg cotinine base/kg), and placebo, on a choice reaction time (RT) task and on a verbal recall task with short and long lists. Cotinine significantly impaired recall on the long list and displayed non-significant but generally consistent dose-related slowing of RT and N100 latency. The acute effects of cotinine were small, and probably do not account for the cognitive deficits observed in tobacco withdrawal, although the cognitive effects of chronic cotinine administration need to be investigated.
A comparison of plane rotor and Ising models

Abstract Let βcI be the critical inverse temperature in an Ising ferromagnet with pair interactions and let βcR be the critical temperatures in the plane rotor (classical xy model) with the same couplings. We prove that βcR ⩾ 2βcI. This yields the lower bound βc ⩾ 0.88 for the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition.
A new stable hybrid three-dimensional finite difference time domain (FDTD) algorithm for analyzing complex structures

In this paper, we propose it new hybrid generalized FDTD 3D algorithm, implemented by the cell method, for the analysis of fine details. It can analyze complex objects with fine features without placing a heavy constraint on the maximum time step imposed by the stability criterion. Additionally, the matrix notation of the cell method has enabled us to carry out a stability analysis of the hybrid algorithm, and to derive two conditions that guarantee stable numerical solutions. Finally, we have demonstrated, via extensive testing, that there were no instabilities when applying the proposed algorithm to test cases.
Effect of hyperphenylalaninemia on Na+ + K+-ATPase in rat brain.

Abstract We examined the effect of experimental hyperphenylalaninemia in rats on Na+ + K+-ATPase activity in various subcellular fractions from brain. The hyperphenylalaninemia was induced by treatment with phenylalanine plus p-chlorophenylalanine. The data indicated that the activity of Na+ + K+-ATPase in mitochondria and synaptosomes from brains of hyperphenylalaninemic rats was significantly reduced. We suggest that the reduction in ATPase activity is related to the reduction in unsaturated fatty acid in brain phospholipids known to occur in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia. In view of the central role of ATPase activity in neuronal function, it is possible that the reduction in the ATPase activity may be implicated in the functional abnormalities observed in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia and perhaps in the genetic disease phenylketonuria in humans.
Randomized Clinical Trial of Endobronchial Ultrasound Needle Biopsy With and Without Aspiration

Background Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is performed with a dedicated 22- or 21-gauge needle while suction is applied. Fine-needle sampling without suction (capillary sampling) has been studied for endoscopic ultrasound and for biopsies at various body sites and has resulted in similar diagnostic yield and fewer traumatic samples. However, the role of EBUS-guided transbronchial needle capillary sampling (EBUS-TBNCS) is still to be determined. Methods Adults with suspicious hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes (LNs) were included in a single-blinded, prospective, randomized trial comparing EBUS-TBNA and EBUS-TBNCS. The primary end point was the concordance rate between the two techniques in terms of adequacy and diagnosis of cytologic samples. The secondary end point was the concordance rate between the two techniques in terms of quality of samples. Results A total of 115 patients and 192 LNs were studied. Concordance between EBUS-TBNA and EBUS-TBNCS was high, with no significant difference in adequacy (88% vs 88%, respectively [ P = .858]; concordance rate, 83.9% [95% CI, 77.9-88.8]); diagnosis (36% vs 34%, respectively [ P = .289]; concordance rate, 95.8% [95% CI, 92–92.8]); diagnosis of malignancy (28% vs 26%, respectively [ P = .125]; concordance rate, 97.9% [95% CI, 94.8–99.4]); or sample quality (concordance rate, 83.3% [95% CI, 73.3–88.3]). Concordance between EBUS-TBNA and EBUS-TBNCS was high irrespective of LN size (≤ 1 cm vs > 1 cm). Conclusions Regardless of LN size, no differences in adequacy, diagnosis, or quality were found between samples obtained using EBUS-TBNA and those obtained using EBUS-TBNCS. There is no evidence of any benefit derived from the practice of applying suction to EBUS-guided biopsies. Trial registry ClinicalTrials.gov ; No.: NCT00886847 ; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov
The Effects of Biogeography on Ant Diversity and Activity on the Boston Harbor Islands, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Many studies have examined how island biogeography affects diversity on the scale of island systems. In this study, we address how diversity varies over very short periods of time on individual islands. To do this, we compile an inventory of the ants living in the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, Boston, Massachusetts, USA using data from a five-year All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of the region's arthropods. Consistent with the classical theory of island biogeography, species richness increased with island size, decreased with island isolation, and remained relatively constant over time. Additionally, our inventory finds that almost half of the known Massachusetts ant fauna can be collected in the BHI, and identifies four new species records for Massachusetts, including one new to the United States, Myrmica scabrinodis. We find that the number of species actually active on islands depended greatly on the timescale under consideration. The species that could be detected during any given week of sampling could by no means account for total island species richness, even when correcting for sampling effort. Though we consistently collected the same number of species over any given week of sampling, the identities of those species varied greatly between weeks. This variation does not result from local immigration and extinction of species, nor from seasonally-driven changes in the abundance of individual species, but rather from weekly changes in the distribution and activity of foraging ants. This variation can be upwards of 50% of ant species per week. This suggests that numerous ant species on the BHI share the same physical space at different times. This temporal partitioning could well explain such unexpectedly high ant diversity in an isolated, urban site.
Enhanced luminance of organic light-emitting diodes with metal nanoparticle electron injection layer

Improvement of the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was achieved by implementing Magnesium-Nickel nanoparticles at the cathode–organic interface using pulsed laser deposition technique. The small geometry of Mg-Ni nanoparticles acts to enhance the localized electric field around them, thus increasing electron injection through tunneling, from the cathode to the organic layer. Improved current and luminance characteristics were demonstrated for both small molecule and polymer-based OLEDs when the nanoparticle layer was incorporated.
Statistical detection for communication channels with intersymbol interference

The optimum detector under a fixed delay constraint D is derived for channels having memory and additive noise. The resulting receiver is recursive and does not grow with the message length. Its structure is presented for linear channels (AM and PSK) with known (or estimated) impulse response and noise statistics. The intersymbol interference is assumed to extend for L sampling periods and the receiver is allowed a "look-ahead" at D future received samples. Simulation results using actual channel characteristics show the detector to outperform a transversal equalizer even for relatively small values of D.
HEAVY TAILS IN FINANCE FOR INDEPENDENT OR MULTIFRACTAL PRICE INCREMENTS

This chapter has two goals. Section 1 sketches the history of heavy tails in finance through the author’s three successive models of the variation of a financial price: mesofractal, unifractal and multifractal. The heavy tails occur, respectively, in the marginal distribution only (Mandelbrot, 1963), in the dependence only (Mandelbrot, 1965), or in both (Mandelbrot, 1997). These models increase in the scope of the “principle of scaling invariance”, which the author has used since 1957. The mesofractal model is founded on the stable processes that date to Cauchy and Levy. The unifractal model uses the fractional Brownian motions introduced by the author. By now, both are well-understood. To the contrary, one of the key features of the multifractals (Mandelbrot, 1974a, b) remains little known. Using the author’s recent work, introduced for the first time in this chapter, the exposition can be unusually brief and mathematically elementary, yet covering all the key features of multifractality. It is restricted to very special but powerful cases: (a) the Bernoulli binomial measure, which is classical but presented in a little-known fashion, and (b) a new two-valued “canonical” measure. The latter generalizes Bernoulli and provides an especially short path to negative dimensions, divergent moments, and divergent (i.e., long range) dependence. All those features are now obtained as separately tunable as-pects of the same set of simple construction rules. My work in finance is well-documented in easily accessible sources, many of them reproduced in Mandelbrot (1997 and also in 2001a, b, c, d). That work having expanded and been commented upon by many authors, a survey of the literature is desirable, but this is a task I cannot undertake now. However, it was a pleasure to yield to the entreaties of this Handbook’s editors by a text in which a new technical contribution is preceded by an introductory sketch followed by a simple new presentation of an old feature that used to be dismissed as “technical”, but now moves to center stage. The history of heavy tails in finance began in 1963. While acknowledging that the successive increments of a financial price are interdependent, I assumed independence as a first approximation and combined it with the principle of scaling invariance. This led to (Levy) stable distributions for the price changes. The tails are very heavy, in fact, power-law distributed with an exponent α < 2. The multifractal model advanced in Mandelbrot (1997) extends scale invariance to allow for dependence. Readily controllable parameters generate tails that are as heavy as desired and can be made to follow a power-law with an exponent in the range 1 < α < ∞. This last result, an essential one, involves a property of multifractals that was described in Mandelbrot (1974a, b) but remains little known among users. The goal of the example described after the introduction is to illustrate this property in a very simple form.
Toward developing an optimal cooperative search algorithm for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles

In search and surveillance operations, a team of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can provide a robust solution that surpasses in efficiency what can be achieved by a single aircraft with comparatively superior mobility and sensors. The key to unlock such potential is in cooperative decentralized control strategies that allow each UAV to independently determine its actions while aiming at optimizing the team's objectives through collaboration. In this paper we present the results of a statistical analysis that demonstrates the efficacy of the distributed search technique proposed by the authors in P. DeLima, et al., (Mar 2007). Three metrics are used to measure the search performance: dynamic coverage, heterogeneity of the coverage, and energy consumption.
Menarcheal age and subsequent patterns of family formation

We examine whether age at menarche affects age at first marriage or first birth using two samples of U.S. women. Data are drawn from the Tremin Trust, a longitudinal study of menstrual cycles that recruited white women who were students at the University of Minnesota and from a survey of a nationally representative sample of white women born between 1900 and 1910. Regression models with cubic splines were used to analyze the relationship between age at menarche and age at first marriage. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the effect of age at menarche on the interval between marriage and first birth. Unlike earlier work, we found that once secular trends in both age at marriage and age at menarche were taken into account, there was no evidence that age at menarche affects either age at marriage or the timing of first births in these U.S. women.
Location of the Appendix in the Gravid Patient

Abstract Background Several studies have attempted to support or dispel the teaching of appendix movement away from the right lower quadrant (RLQ) during pregnancy with contradictory results. Objective This study investigated the location of the appendix in the gravid patient in an emergency department (ED) setting using computed tomography (CT). Methods This was a retrospective chart review of consecutive gravid patients presenting to the ED for trauma who required abdominal CT. The patient population was obtained using the Vidant Medical Center Trauma Registry from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2006. The abdomen was divided into nine regions using the mid-clavicular lines, superior anterior iliac spine, and umbilicus. A single Board-certified radiologist determined the region location of the appendix. Results Forty-five patients were identified and 35 were studied. Ten patients were excluded due to appendix not identified, unknown gestational age, or inability to review the CT study. In 21 of 22 third-trimester pregnancies, the appendix was not found in the right lower region (RLR), which corresponded to the RLQ. All 11 patients in the second trimester did not have the appendix in the RLR. Two patients were identified in the first trimester and neither appendix was found in the RLR. Conclusions The appendix in the gravid patient was not found in the RLR with increasing frequency as pregnancy progressed.