cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blood Glucose-6-Phosphate in Heterozygous Carriers and Patients with Liver Glycogen Disease (Von Gierke's Disease)

Hsia and Kot1 have reported that children with liver glycogen disease (von Gierke's disease) and their parents, presumably heterozygous for the disease trait, both have high levels of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate in red blood cells. If correct, this observation would have very important practical as well as theoretical implications. It would greatly simplify the diagnosis and study of this disease and would open the possibility of its control through a eugenic approach. However, Hsia and Kot presented no evidence that their analytical methods were appropriate or that the materials they measured were in fact glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. Furthermore, the values these authors cited for their normal control population (glucose-6-phosphate, 50–370 mgm. per 100 gm. red blood cells; fructose-6-phosphate, 120–570 mgm. per 100 gm. red blood cells) are much higher than those reported by other investigators2,3 or expected from theoretical considerations. Accordingly, their findings seemed questionable. We have re-examined this problem with respect to glucose-6-phosphate, using a specific enzymic analytical method. Our results are in sharp disagreement with those of Hsia and Kot.
The elucidation of novel SH2 binding sites on PLD2.

Our laboratory has recently reported [Horn, J, Lopez, I, Miller, M and Gomez-Cambronero (2005) Biochem Biophys Res Comm 332, 58–67] that the enzyme phospholipase D2 (PLD2) exists as a ternary complex with PTP1b and Grb2. Here, we establish the mechanistic underpinnings of the PLD2/Grb2 association. We have identified residues Y169 and Y179 in the PLD2 protein as being essential for the Grb2 interaction. We present evidence indicating that Y169 and Y179 are located within two consensus sites in PLD2 that mediate an SH2 interaction with Grb2. This was demonstrated with a SH2-deficient GSTGrb2 R86K mutant that failed to pull down PLD2 in vitro. In order to elucidate the functions of the two neighboring tyrosines, we created a new class of deletion and point mutants in PLD2. Phenylalanine replacement of Y169 (PLD2 Y169F) or Y179 (PLD2 Y179F) reduced Grb2 binding while simultaneous mutation completely abolished it. The role of the two binding sites on PLD2 was found to be functionally non-equivalent: Y169 serves to modulate the activity of the enzyme, while Y179 regulates total tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein. Interestingly, binding of Grb2 to PLD2 occurs irrespectively of lipase activity, since Grb2 binds to catalytically inactive PLD2 mutants. Finally, PLD2 residues Y169 and Y179 are necessary for the recruitment of Sos, but only over expression of the PLD2 Y179F mutant resulted in increased Ras activity, p44/42Erk phosphorylation and enhanced DNA synthesis. Since Y169 remains able to modulate enzyme activity and is capable of binding to Grb2 in the PLD2 Y179F mutant, we propose that Y169 is kept under negative regulation by Y179. When this is released, Y169 mediates cellular proliferation through the Ras/MAPK pathway.
Sea-Surface Temperature Anomaly Generation in Relation to Atmospheric Storms

An extended period of reduced surface heat and momentum fluxes due to the absence of atmospheric storms may result in upper-ocean temperature anomalies that persist for months. The predominance of either anomalously high or low temperatures is related to the ocean thermal structure that is established on the transition date between the winter and summer regimes.
Volatile compounds from triticum aestivum

Abstract Volatile compounds were isolated from aerial parts (foliage and culms) of wheat plants by reduced pressure steam distillation-extraction and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and co-chromatography with authentic compounds. Infrared spectra were also obtained on some constituents. Compounds identified included nonanal and related unsaturated C9 aldehydes and alcohols as major components and some additional aldehydes, alcohols and a ketone.
A REVIEW OF RECENT STUDIES ON DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT DURING SKILL ACQUISITION IN EARLY INTERVENTION

Although the use of differential reinforcement has been recommended in previous investigations and in early intervention curriculum manuals, few studies have evaluated the best method for providing differential reinforcement to maximize independent responding. This paper reviews previous research on the effectiveness of differential reinforcement as treatment and describes important areas of future research.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia in elderly men: What are the special issues in treatment?

PREVIEWAs the proportion of older people in the population rises, more men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia will need advice about possible treatments. Elderly men are more likely than their younger counterparts to have concomitant age-related disease and to be taking several medications, so a particularly careful assessment of their fitness for surgery and their predisposition to adverse drug reactions or interactions is essential. Dr Guthrie discusses the important and increasing role of primary care physicians in managing this widespread condition.
Regulatory SNPs and transcriptional factor binding sites in ADRBK1, AKT3, ATF3, DIO2, TBXA2R and VEGFA

Regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (rSNPs) which change the transcriptional factor binding sites (TFBS) for transcriptional factors (TFs) to bind DNA were reviewed for the ADRBK1 (GRK2), AKT3, ATF3, DIO2, TBXA2R and VEGFA genes. Changes in the TFBS where TFs attach to regulate these genes may result in human sickness and disease. The highlights of this previous work were reviewed for these genes.
Defensive burying of aversive fluids in rats: The possible role of odor

Abstract Defensive burying of flavored fluids paired with lithium chloride injections was examined. Rats showed little inclination to bury conditioned saccharin or salt solutions (Experiments 1 and 2). However, they buried tabasco sauce or dilute milk solutions readily (Experiment 3). It was hypothesized that the amount of olfactory stimulation provided by a solution may determine whether a rat engages in burying. This hypothesis received support in a final experiment which demonstrated that rats readily buried an arbitrarily selected odorous solution which was previously paired with lithium chloride. Thus the present experiments begin the process of identifying the circumstances under which burying does and does not occur.
Diagnostic signs in compressive cardiac disorders. Constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion, and tamponade.

Thirty patients with primary cardiac compression due to constrictive pericarditis, lax effusion, or cardiac tamponade and an additional seven patients with spurious evidence of cardiac compression or with pericardial effusion playing an unimportant role in the circulatory disorder were studied. Rather stringently defined physical findings were sought which might allow discrimination between cardiac disorders. The following conclusions are drawn from the results. 1. Constrictive pericarditis is associated with venous and auscultatory phenomena which do not allow separation from other forms of heart disease causing congestive heart failure. Kussmaul's sign is present in less than 40%; pulsus paradoxus as classically defined is rare. 2. In lax pericardial effusion, Kussmaul's sign and Friedreich's sign, along with third heart sounds, are not present. Pulsus paradoxus is inconstant with tranquil breathing but is regularly induced by deep inspiration. There is inspiratory decrease in venous pressure and perica...
In Search of the Truth about History, Sexuality, and Black Women: An Interview with Gail E. Wyatt:

Tresmaine R. Grimes is Associate Professor of Psychology and Chair of the Department of Psychology and Sociology at South Carolina State University (Orangeburg, SC). Her research interests include ...
The effect of assessment scale and metric selection on the greenhouse gas benefits of woody biomass

Abstract Recent attention has focused on the net greenhouse gas (GHG) implications of using woody biomass to produce energy. In particular, a great deal of controversy has erupted over the appropriate manner and scale at which to evaluate these GHG effects. Here, we conduct a comparative assessment of six different assessment scales and four different metric calculation techniques against the backdrop of a common biomass demand scenario. We evaluate the net GHG balance of woody biomass co-firing in existing coal-fired facilities in the state of Virginia, finding that assessment scale and metric calculation technique do in fact strongly influence the net GHG balance yielded by this common scenario. Those assessment scales that do not include possible market effects attributable to increased biomass demand, including changes in forest area, forest management intensity, and traditional industry production, generally produce less-favorable GHG balances than those that do. Given the potential difficulty small operators may have generating or accessing information on the extent of these market effects, however, it is likely that stakeholders and policy makers will need to balance accuracy and comprehensiveness with reporting and administrative simplicity.
Relationship of situational preference to self‐disclosure and predisposition to communicate

The study examined the effects of interpersonal perspective, as measured by Edwards' [1973] Situational Preference Inventory, upon certain noncontent communicative behaviors, specifically, unwillingness‐to‐communicate, predisposition toward verbal behavior, and disclosiveness. Significant differences were obtained among persons with analytic, cooperational, and instrumental perspectives on a linear combination of (1) predisposition toward verbal behavior; (2) depth of disclosure, and (3) honesty/accuracy of disclosure.
Evaluation of a pediatric asthma awareness program.

Objective. To evaluate knowledge and attitudinal outcomes of an educational asthma program for third-grade children with and without asthma. Methodology. “The Lion Who Couldn't Roar” was presented to third-grade classes in three Chicago area Counties. Participant asthma knowledge and attitudes were assessed via a print-based pretest-posttest design. Teacher satisfaction was also assessed. Data were analyzed using Rasch analysis before paired t tests were performed. Results. Pre- and post-assessments were completed by 943 participants. A statistically significant increase in mean logit scores was identified on both knowledge and attitude evaluations (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Conclusions. The results provide evidence of program impact.
Seasonal dynamics of macrophyte communities from a stream flowing over granite flatrock in North Carolina, USA

The seasonal distribution and abundance of benthic macrophytes were characterized from second- and third-order segments of a stream flowing over granite flatrock in the southeastern United States. Eighteen genera were identified over two annual cycles including macroalgae (60% of the total), angiosperms (30%), and bryophytes (10%). Light availability as affected by riparian shading was a major factor influencing community structure. Based on strong agreement among two-way indicator species analysis, detrended correspondence analysis and cluster analysis, we identified four communities characteristic of distinct light regimes and seasons. In shaded sites the red alga Lemanea australis was dominant during cool seasons, and the aquatic moss Fontinalis sp. was dominant during warm seasons. By contrast, in open sites L. australis and the angiosperm Podostemum ceratophyllum were co-dominant during cool seasons, and P. ceratophyllum was also dominant in warm seasons. The prolific macrophyte communities followed a pattern of broad seasonal maxima for dominant species along with rapid fluctuations in ephemerals. The community dynamics suggest that competitive interactions control space partitioning among macrophytes on the granite flatrock.
Molecular Imaging Using a Targeted Magnetic Resonance Hyperpolarized Biosensor

A magnetic resonance approach is presented that enables high-sensitivity, high-contrast molecular imaging by exploiting xenon biosensors. These sensors link xenon atoms to specific biomolecular targets, coupling the high sensitivity of hyperpolarized nuclei with the specificity of biochemical interactions. We demonstrated spatial resolution of a specific target protein in vitro at micromolar concentration, with a readout scheme that reduces the required acquisition time by >3300-fold relative to direct detection. This technique uses the signal of free hyperpolarized xenon to dramatically amplify the sensor signal via chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST). Because it is ∼10,000 times more sensitive than previous CEST methods and other molecular magnetic resonance imaging techniques, it marks a critical step toward the application of xenon biosensors as selective contrast agents in biomedical applications.
Abstract 939: Chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis by EM011 in theApcMin/+mouse model

Abstract Germline mutation of the tumor suppressor gene, adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), is responsible for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) with nearly 100% risk for colon cancer at an early age. Although FAP is involved in only 1% of all colon cancer cases, over 80% of sporadic cancers harbor somatic mutations of APC. We show here that 9-bro-noscapine (EM011), a rationally-designed synthetic derivative of a natural non-toxic tubulin-binding alkaloid−noscapine, that reduces the dynamics of microtubules, causes a reversible G 2 /M arrest in wild type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), but an aberrant exit from a brief mitotic block, followed by apoptosis in MEFs isolated from Apc Min/+ mice. Furthermore, both β-catenin levels and activity fell to half the original levels with a concomitant reduction of cell proliferation-inducing cyclin D1, c-Myc, and induction of cytostatic protein p21 prior to caspase-3 activation. Additionally, we show a statistically significant reduction in the number of newly emerging intestinal polyps (to 35% compared with untreated mice) as well as the mean size of polyps (to 42% compared with untreated mice) in EM011-treated Apc Min/+ mice as compared to their sham-treated control littermates. The remaining polyps in the EM011 treated group of Apc Min/+ mice showed evidence of elevated apoptosis as revealed by immunohistochemistry. We failed to detect any evidence of histopathological and hematological toxicities following EM011 treatment. Taken together, our data are persuasive that a clinical trial of EM011 is possible for the prevention/amelioration of polyposis in FAP patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 939.
In vivo percutaneous absorption, skin barrier perturbation, and irritation from JP-8 jet fuel components.

JP-8 jet fuel has been reported to cause systemic and dermal toxicities in animal models and humans. There is a great potential for human exposure to JP-8. In this study, we determined percutaneous absorption and dermal toxicity of three components of JP-8 (i.e., xylene, heptane, and hexadecane) in vivo in weanling pigs. In vivo percutaneous absorption results suggest a greater absorption of hexadecane (0.43%) than xylene (0.17%) or heptane (0.14%) of the applied dose after 30 min exposure. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) provides a robust method for assessing damage to the stratum corneum. Heptane showed greater increase in TEWL than the other two chemicals. No significant (p < 0.05) increase in temperature was observed at the chemically treated site than the control site. Heptane showed greater TEWL values and erythema score than other two chemicals (xylene and hexadecane). We did not observe any skin reactions or edema from these chemicals. Erythema was completely resolved after 24 h of the patch removal in case of xylene and hexadecane.
The general factor of personality and general intelligence: Evidence for substantial association

Abstract Despite theoretical assertions derived from life history theory, research on the relationship between the general factor of personality and general intelligence has shown that there is little overlap between the two higher-order constructs. It is argued that the association between these general factors is largely attenuated by measurement error in assessing the general factor of personality. A substantial association between the general factors at multiple points in time was found when the general factor of personality was derived from rater Q-sorts. The results have important implications for the study of individual differences.
Metaphysics, mind, and the unity of science

Ross & Spurrett's (R&S's) rebuttal of recent reductionistic work in the philosophy of mind relies on claims about the unity of science and explanation. I call those claims into question.
THE ECONOMICS OF JACQUES MARITAIN

To honor the centenary of the birth of Jacques Maritain, the Cahiers Jacques Maritain, in the issue of November 1982, published a series of tributes to the famous Christian philosopher from friends and impor? tant personages throughout the world. In the midst of all these souvenirs and eulogies appeared a short text by Maritain himself which had never before appeared in print. The text was entitled "A Society Without Money, the Only Truly Radical Revolution." It was the very last text he wrote, completed on the eve of his death, "at the cost of a vast and fearful effort," "not only of his imagination," as he says, but also of his poor, fragile body. He knew his end was near. He had received the last sacrament more than a week before. On that day he lost consciousness for more than a half hour, and when he came to he went back to his work as if nothing had happened. From then on someone had to be with him at all times to help him when he moved. Four days before his death he had suffered a serious fall and bore an ugly bruise above his left eye. He could no longer rise from his bed without help. On the day of his death one of the Little Brothers of Jesus, in whose community Maritain had made his profession, wrote that "he continued to work until yester? day evening seated in his armchair, carefully seeking his words with that courage we know so well in him. . . . We all found him a little better, but he himself felt very, very tired." What he was writing and complet? ing that day was "A Society Without Money." He must have felt a particular urgency to put down in more specific detail his idea of that "third way, beyond both capitalism and socialism," of which he had spoken so often (in general terms) throughout his life. Though this text appears to be an original draft which Maritain had no time to show to anyone or to revise in any way, it is an historically important document for two reasons. First, because it indicates the importance of this subject for Maritain himself. It is a subject which "haunted" him from the time he first broached it in 1930 until his death, even in those years when he resolved to leave the public arena (in which he had struggled so long and so fruitfully) in order to devote himself completely to the life of prayer and contemplation he had so
Tetanic contraction in vocal fold muscle.

Active properties of canine vocalis muscle tissue were investigated through a series of experiments conducted in vitro. Samples of the vocalis muscle were dissected from dog larynges excised a few ...
Immune privilege in the eye: An evolutionary adaptation

The purpose of this study was to determine whether immune privilege exists in the eye of goldfish and to explore from an evolutionary point of view the relationship between the immunological and neurobiological microenvironments in the eye. Neural retinal or scale allografts and autografts were implanted into the vitreous cavity or the anterior chamber of goldfish eyes. Histological examinations were conducted to determine the fate of these grafts. In order to detect donor-specific immune suppression induced by intraocular retinal allografts, scale allografts obtained from the same donors were subsequently implanted orthotopically and evaluated. Neural retinal allografts implanted intraocularly were rapidly rejected by postimplantation day 8. In contrast, neural retinal autografts survived well within the eye with no inflammation. Prior intraocular allografts, either scale or retinal grafts, did not prevent rejection of subsequent scale allografts nor did they induce down-regulation of systemic immunity. Thus, immune privilege does not exist in the goldfish eye, implying that immune privilege in the eye (or central nervous system) may be an evolutionary adaptation acquired by higher vertebrates. Considering that the capacity for neural regeneration in the central nervous system diminishes during evolution, the hypothesis that immune privilege and neural regeneration may be mutually exclusive properties is addressed.
Early Emigration of Juvenile Coho Salmon: Implications for Population Monitoring

AbstractSalmon monitoring programs often measure juvenile production by operating migrant traps downstream of spawning and rearing areas during smolt migration. However, this approach does not account for individuals that move downstream of trapping locations prior to smolt sampling. We used a mark–recapture study with passive integrated transponder tagging to estimate the proportion of Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch juveniles, tagged in the fall in a Northern California stream, that migrated to rearing habitat downstream of a seasonally operated trap before spring smolt sampling. Emigrants were detected by using the migrant trap, located near the upstream limit of tidal influence, and continuously operated antennas located in tidal wetlands downstream of the trap. For all three cohorts sampled (2010, 2011, 2012), we identified two distinct emigration periods (not including fry emigrants that emigrated in spring at a size too small to tag): a fall–winter period, when early emigrant parr moved into a res...
Quantitative follow-up of patients with multiple sclerosis using MRI: technical aspects.

A highly reproducible automated procedure for quantitative analysis of serial brain magnetic resonance (MR) images was developed for use in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The intracranial cavity (ICC) was identified on standard dual-echo spin-echo brain MR images using a supervised automated procedure. MR images obtained from one MS patient at 24 time points in the course of a 1-year follow-up were aligned with the images of one of the time points. Next, the contents of the ICC in each MR exam were segmented into four tissues, using a self-adaptive statistical algorithm. Misclassifications due to partial voluming were corrected using a combination of morphologic operators and connectivity criteria. Finally, a connectivity detection algorithm was used to separate the tissue classified as lesions into individual entities. Registration, classification of the contents of the ICC, and identification of individual lesions are fully automatic. Only identification of the ICC requires operator interaction. In each MR exam, the program estimated volumes for the ICC, gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), white matter lesions (WML), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The reproducibility of the system was superior to that of supervised segmentation, as evidenced by the coefficient of variation: CSF supervised 45.9% vs. automated 7.7%, GM 16.0% vs. 1.4%, WM 15.7% vs. 1.3%, and WML 39.5% vs 52.0%. Our results demonstrate that this computerized procedure allows routine reproducible quantitative analysis of large serial MRI data sets.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1999;9:519–530. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Kalkitoxin Inhibits Angiogenesis, Disrupts Cellular Hypoxic Signaling, and Blocks Mitochondrial Electron Transport in Tumor Cells

The biologically active lipopeptide kalkitoxin was previously isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Moorea producens (Lyngbya majuscula). Kalkitoxin exhibited N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated neurotoxicity and acted as an inhibitory ligand for voltage-sensitive sodium channels in cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. Subsequent studies revealed that kalkitoxin generated a delayed form of colon tumor cell cytotoxicity in 7-day clonogenic cell survival assays. Cell line- and exposure time-dependent cytostatic/cytotoxic effects were previously observed with mitochondria-targeted inhibitors of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). The transcription factor HIF-1 functions as a key regulator of oxygen homeostasis. Therefore, we investigated the ability of kalkitoxin to inhibit hypoxic signaling in human tumor cell lines. Kalkitoxin potently and selectively inhibited hypoxia-induced activation of HIF-1 in T47D breast tumor cells (IC50 5.6 nM). Mechanistic studies revealed that kalkitoxin inhibits HIF-1 activation by suppressing mitochondrial oxygen consumption at electron transport chain (ETC) complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase). Further studies indicate that kalkitoxin targets tumor angiogenesis by blocking the induction of angiogenic factors (i.e., VEGF) in tumor cells.
Persistence of the fetal circulation: a commentary.

Summary Persistence of the fetal circulation (PFC) syndrome secondary to elevated pulmonary vascular resistance has been documented to occur among infants with various disease processes: hyperviscosity, atypical respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia, and idiopathic. In the first three types experimental or clinical data have suggested an explanation for the syndrome, but there remain some infants with mild to severe disease (idiopathic) in whom the pathogenesis of the elevation of pulmonary resistance has not been demonstrated. The classification of the various mechanisms and specific system diseases associated with cyanosis and respiratory distress in the neonatal infant is the starting point from which the pediatrician can utilize clinical information to establish a specific diagnosis and institute rational management.
Regulation of electrospun scaffold stiffness via coaxial core diameter

Abstract Scaffold mechanics influence cellular behavior, including migration, phenotype and viability. Scaffold stiffness is commonly modulated through cross-linking, polymer density, or bioactive coatings on stiff substrates. These approaches provide useful information about cellular response to substrate stiffness; however, they are not ideal as the processing can change substrate morphology, density or chemistry. Coaxial electrospinning was investigated as a fabrication method to produce scaffolds with tunable stiffness and strength without changing architecture or surface chemistry. Core solution concentration, solvent and feed rate were utilized to control core diameter with higher solution concentration and feed rate positively correlating with increased fiber diameter and stiffness. Coaxial scaffolds electrospun with an 8 wt./vol.% polycaprolactone (PCL)-HFP solution at 1 ml h –1 formed scaffolds with an average core diameter of 1.1 ± 0.2 μm and stiffness of 0.027 ± 3.3 × 10 –3 N mm –1 . In contrast, fibers which were 2.6 ± 0.1 μm in core diameter yielded scaffolds with a stiffness of 0.065 ± 4.7 × 10 –3 N mm –1 . Strength and stiffness positively correlated with core diameter with no significant difference in total fiber diameter and interfiber distance observed in as-spun scaffolds. These data indicate that coaxial core diameter can be utilized to tailor mechanical properties of three-dimensional scaffolds and would provide an ideal scaffold for assessing the effect of scaffold mechanics on cell behavior.
Kidney and liver transplantation in children with fibrocystic liver–kidney disease: Data from the US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients: 1990–2010

The natural history and survival of children with fibrocystic liver-kidney disease undergoing solid organ transplantation have infrequently been described. We report outcomes in a cohort of US children with fibrocystic liver-kidney disease receiving solid organ transplants over 20 yr. Retrospective cohort study of pediatric transplant recipients with diagnoses of fibrocystic liver-kidney disease from 1/1990 to 3/2010, using data from the SRTR. Subjects were categorized by the first transplanted organ: LT, KT, or SLK. Primary outcomes were death, re-transplant, transplant of the alternate organ, or initiation of dialysis. Seven hundred and sixteen subjects were transplanted in this period. Median age at first transplant was 9.7 yr. Of the LT, 14 (19%) required a second liver transplant at median of 0.2 yr, and five (7%) required kidney transplant or dialysis at a median of 9.0 yr. Of the KT, 188 (31%) required a second kidney transplant or dialysis at a median of 5.9 yr. Twenty-nine (5%) subsequently received liver transplant at a median of 6.0 yr. Among patients in this registry, far more children underwent kidney than liver transplants. The risk of subsequently needing transplantation of an alternate organ was low.
Familial interactions of male rhesus monkeys in a semi-free-ranging troop.

Although the central and stable position of female rhesus monkeys in semi-free-ranging bands has been observed and described, the position of the developing male in the social group is not as well delineated. The present study is an attempt to describe interactions of 18 males with members of their families. Quantitative observations were made on one band (E) of rhesus monkeys on Cayo Santiago. Incidences of behavior recorded were joining, grooming, and threatening. The resulting data were analyzed by comparing the behavior of the males studied toward members of their genealogy as well as unrelated members of the social group. Behavior of family and non-relatives toward the males was also revealed. Statistical analysis revealed that the male subjects engaged in more positive social interactions within the matrifocal family than with other members of the genealogy, and in turn, more such behavior was observed within the genealogy than with unrelated monkeys. Threatening behavior within the genealogies was infrequent. Age effects were noted in that family members directed more interactions toward younger males and as males matured, they groomed more but joined family members less frequently. These data suggest mechanisms of socialization within the genealogy that may be different from those employed within the unrelated social group.
Lack of IL-10 alters inflammatory and immune responses during pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Summary Failure of mice to produce IL-10 has no effect on the bacterial burden of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the lungs over the first 4–5 months of the disease. We show here that after 185 days of the infection, IL-10 gene disrupted (IL-10 KO) mice showed evidence of bacterial regrowth, began to show signs of wasting, and were moribund. We assessed the status of the acquired immune response and compared the lung lymphocyte cell populations, as well as the expression of Th1 (IL-12 and IFNγ) and immunosuppressive (TGFβ) cytokines, between IL-10 KO and wild type mice. The results demonstrated that at 60 days of the infection in the absence of IL-10 there was an increased expression of Th1 type immunity and an overall lack of control of the inflammatory responses. After 185 days of the infection, in the absence of IL-10 there was excessive pulmonary inflammation and increased expression of inflammatory cytokine TNFα. These results imply therefore that IL-10 plays a central role in dampening of the Th1 response and protection against chronic lung inflammation in the M. tuberculosis infected lung, and the complete removal of this regulatory component eventually leads to disease progression.
VIBRATIONAL CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF MONOSACCHARIDES

Abstract Vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra of several monosaccharides in the 1500–1180 cm −1 region are presented. The spectra are analyzed for similarities and differences among anomeric, homomorphic and epimeric pairs of sugars. Among the anomeric sugars, distinct bands characteristic of anomers are present that can be used to characterize the anomers. The homomorphic sugars are found to give rise to similar vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) sign patterns provided that the substituents do not have interfering VCD bands, or those interfering bands can be identified and properly accounted for. The epimeric sugars have markedly different VCD spectra, indicating that VCD is sensitive to the chirality at individual chiral centers.
Prediction of enthalpy and entropy departures using a two-fluid corresponding-states principle

The generalized corresponding-states principle (GCSP), based on the properties of two nonspherical reference fluids, has been shown to be a powerful technique for the correlation and prediction of thermodynamic properties. In this work we show GCSP calculations of enthalpy and enropy departures for pure fluids and fluid mixtures. The mixtures studied include those conforming well to traditional corresponding states theory (e.g., n-pentane + n-octane), as well as those that have not hitherto been amenable to such treatments (e.g., n-pentane + ethanol). It is shown that the GCSP method works well for all classes of mixtures and compares favorably with other methods of prediction. The use of cubic equations of state to represent the reference fluids gives the GCSP method flexibility while maintaining accuracy in the prediction. No adjustable parameters are required in the GCSP calculations of enthalpy and entropy departures.
Reduction of p53 gene expression in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with promoter region methylation without coding region mutation.

Abstract Functional inactivation of tumor suppressor genes during tumor progression has been shown to occur by either coding region mutation or promoter region methylation. Because of the functional equivalence of these two mechanisms, loss of tumor suppressor function generally occurs by one or the other mechanism, but rarely by both. Aberrant de novo methylation in most tumor suppressor promoter regions is found within CpG islands that occur near the transcription start site. The p53 promoter region is unique in that it does not contain a CpG island and therefore it is possible that methylation at critical CpG sites may be more important in gene silencing than total CpG methylation density. Other than site-specific aflatoxin B 1 -induced mutations, p53 coding region mutations are not frequently observed in most human primary hepatocellular carcinomas. In the present study, paired samples of human primary liver carcinoma and uninvolved tissue obtained from the same individual were evaluated for site-specific p53 promoter methylation status by methylation sensitive single nucleotide primer extension (Ms-SNuPE) and also for coding region mutations using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)- single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). The methylation pattern in the uninvolved tissue was variable at specific CpG sites, whereas the same sites had become highly methylated in tumor tissue from the same individual. Associated with de novo methylation, the level of p53 mRNA was significantly reduced in the tumor DNA relative to the uninvolved tissue DNA. None of the samples exhibited coding region mutations. Given that p53 mutations are rare in primary human liver tumors, these data suggest that transcriptional repression by p53 promoter methylation may contribute to tumor progression.
An overview of the Fuel Characteristic Classification System — Quantifying, classifying, and creating fuelbeds for resource planningThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum on the Fuel Characteristic Classification System.

We present an overview of the Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS), a tool that enables land managers, regulators, and scientists to create and catalogue fuelbeds and to classify those ...
One-dimensional palladium wires: influence of molecular changes on supramolecular structure.

Nanostructured materials based on one-dimensional (1D) metal wires are of potential utility; however, to date, there is a lack of synthetic methods that allow for variation of structure and therefore properties. Here we report the use of molecular control elements to alter the solid-state structures of 1D palladium wires, including Pd–Pd bond distances and the porosity of the supramolecular framework.
Thermal oxidation of 6H-silicon carbide at enhanced growth rates

A new oxidation scheme with enhanced growth rate for silicon carbide is reported in this paper. It is based upon the formation of a thick amorphous layer created using high dose ion implantation followed by thermal oxidation. The oxide thickness has been demonstrated to be larger in the amorphized region when compared to the unimplanted (monocrystalline SiC) region. The breakdown field strength of this oxide (8 MV/cm) is comparable to that obtained for thermal oxide grown on silicon. C-V measurements indicate the presence of large negative charge in the oxide grown using this method. >
Growth and electrical characterization of the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) single crystals for piezoelectric devices

The lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate is one of the new generations of piezoelectric materials with outstanding properties. Single crystals of 0.67Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.33PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) show superior properties as compared to piezoelectric ceramics and piezoelectric films in device applications. Large size crystals are required for specific applications. Previously, transparent and high quality PMN-PT single crystals have been grown in our laboratory using the high temperature flux method. The size of the obtained crystals was small and varied from 2 to 8 mm3, mostly showing regular prismatic shape. In present attempt, PMN-PT crystals are grown from the vertical gradient freeze method with no flux using congruent melt. Processing conditions and growth parameters have been optimized to increase the size and yield of the perovskite crystals including cooling rate, soak time and soak temperature. The size of the grown crystals obtained by this method is very large relatively and varied from 5 to 30 mm3. The microstructure of the as grown single crystals is investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Piezoelectric properties of the grown crystals are also investigated. PMN-PT plates show excellent piezoelectric properties. Samples were poled under an applied electric field of 5 kV/cm. Dielectric properties at a frequency of 1 kHz are examined. Finally, the variation of pyroelectric coefficient with temperature is studied. The grown PMN-PT crystals show typical relaxor dielectric properties.
LEDs challenge the incandescents

Past, present, and future developments in the field of light-emitting diode (LED) chips are discussed. It is argued that the performance of AlGaAs has enabled LEDs to penetrate markets requiring high flux and/or low power consumption and that AlInGaP technology, which yields high performance from red-orange to green, will accelerate the use of LEDs in new applications. Emerging blue devices and recent ZnSe developments which suggest that blue performance comparable to AlGaAs and AlInGaP may be possible are described. The development of an adequate blue device would permit the fabrication of full-color, large-area, sunlight-viewable, flat-panel displays. >
Enemy-Free Space for Parasitoids

Natural enemies often cause significant levels of mortality for their prey and thus can be important agents of natural selection. It follows, then, that selection should favor traits that enable organisms to escape from their natural enemies into "enemy-free space" (EFS). Natural selection for EFS was originally proposed as a general force in structuring ecological communities, but more recently has become conceptually narrow and is typically only invoked when studying the evolutionary ecology of host plant use by specialized insect herbivores. By confining the application of EFS to specialist herbivores, its potential value to community and evolutionary ecology has been marginalized. As a first step toward exploring the potential explanatory power of EFS in structuring ecological niches of higher trophic-level organisms, we consider host use by parasitoids. Here, we present three distinct mechanisms from our studies of caterpillar host-parasitoid interactions suggesting that parasitoids may be under selection to exploit traits of their hosts and the plants on which those hosts feed to garner EFS for their developing offspring. The neglect of EFS as a top-down selective force on host use by parasitoids may be a serious limitation to basic and applied ecology, given the great diversity of parasitoids and their significance in controlling herbivore populations in both natural and managed ecosystems. Parasitoids and other mesopredators represent excellent candidates for further developments of EFS theory and testing of its broader importance.
Combining imitation and reinforcement learning to fold deformable planar objects

Research on robotic manipulation has primarily focused on grasping rigid objects using a single manipulator. It is however evident that in order to be truly pervasive, service robots will need to handle deformable objects, possibly with two arms. In this paper we tackle the problem of using cooperative manipulators to perform towel folding tasks. Differently from other approaches, our method executes what we call a momentum fold - a swinging motion that exploits the dynamics of the object being manipulated. We propose a new learning algorithm that combines imitation and reinforcement learning. Human demonstrations are used to reduce the search space of the reinforcement learning algorithm, which then quickly converges to its final solution. The strengths of the algorithm come from its efficient processing, fast learning capabilities, absence of a deformable object model, and applicability to other problems exhibiting temporally incoherent parameter spaces. A wide range of experiments were performed on a robotic platform, demonstrating the algorithm's capability and practicality.
Welded rhyolitic tuffs in southeastern Idaho

Rocks of rhyolitic type in eastern Idaho and adjacent parts of Wyoming were observed by the Teton Division of the Hayden Surveys under Orestes St. John (Report of the geological field work of the Teton Division, U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 11th Ann. Rep., pp. 498–504, 1879), who described them as trachytes. He noted their relations to different types of underlying sedimentary rocks and their tendency to conform with the preexisting topography, but considered them all as flows.
Constrained clustering for data assignment problems with examples of module placement

The authors introduce a method that aims to avoid local optima and improve upon conventional solutions to data assignment problems, viewing them in the context of constrained clustering. The clustering algorithm is an extension of the deterministic annealing method which incorporates clustering constraints, initially generates soft data assignments, and then reduces the fuzziness of these assignments by lowering an effective temperature. In the low temperature limit, a legal data assignment solution is obtained, which seeks to minimize the desired objective function. The method was implemented on the two-dimensional module placement problem. For the minimum squared wire length objective, the algorithm outperformed several other methods on module placement examples from the literature. >
Immediate nipple reconstruction utilizing the DIEP flap in areola‐sparing mastectomy

The surgical treatment of breast cancer has dramatically evolved over the past decade toward an approach combining oncologic safety with aesthetic outcomes. The skin-sparing mastectomy initiated this paradigm shift amongst breast surgeons and can be oncologically safe, in some cases sparing both the areola and the nipple. In accordance with the emphasis on aesthetics, some general surgeons have adopted new methods of resecting only the nipple, sparing the areola in select patients. The superior aesthetic results, durability, and decreased donor site morbidity of perforator flaps have brought autologous reconstruction back to the forefront of breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap as the gold standard. We describe a technique utilizing the DIEP flap skin paddle for immediate nipple reconstruction at the time of mastectomy and reconstruction, eliminating the need for delayed reconstruction and limiting donor site morbidity by concealing the donor site below the mastectomy skin flaps. In the six cases described performed between 2010 and 2012 (mean with 53 years; range 46-59 years), there have been no complications to the flap or the nipple postoperatively, nor has there been a need for further nipple revisions for 6 months. The nipple position relative to the flap breast mound has remained unchanged for up to 6 months. The immediate nipple reconstruction does not significantly lengthen operative time, requiring approximately 30 additional operative minutes per nipple. Immediate nipple reconstruction utilizing the DIEP flap can be a cost-effective and feasible technique for recreating a natural-appearing and aesthetic nipple in select patients.
Temperature- and Doping-Dependent Anisotropic Stationary Electron Velocity in Wurtzite GaN

The influences of temperature, dopant density, free-carrier density, and field orientation on the electron drift mobility and velocity-field relationship in wurtzite c -axis GaN are quantified by means of theoretical investigation. Electron velocity perpendicular to the growth plane is uniformly lower than that parallel to the growth plane for field strengths below 500 kV/cm, although anisotropy within the basal plane itself is found to be insignificant. The calculated low-field electron mobility is demonstrated to be consistent with recent Hall measurements over a range of dopant densities. Low-field mobility is enhanced under the influence of free-carrier densities above the background doping due to both increased screening of ionized impurities and a reduction in A1-LO phonon lifetime through the plasmon-phonon interaction.
What the People Want: State Planning and Political Participation in Peronist Argentina, 1946–1955

This study examines an episode in the social history of state planning by focusing on the 1951 Peronist letter writing campaign. Peron's request for popular suggestions to the Second Five-Year Plan was met with enthusiasm from men and women across Argentina. As with other cases of state planning in the postwar world, the Peronist model of planned progress inspired many popular sector individuals and organisations, in part by offering them an intimate mode of political participation within an increasingly restrictive order. This appeal cannot be attributed to Peronist mass politics alone; rather, the regime's ideal of macro-level national planning also reinforced pre-existing practices of social activism in Argentine local communities.
Inelastic electron scattering study of Ni(111) surface phonons

Abstract Inelastic electron scattering has been used to obtain the surface phonon dispersion relations for clean Ni(111) along the \ gG M symmetry direction. Kinematic conditions were varied in order to selectively examine the Rayleigh mode and “gap” mode, as well as contributions from bulk phonons. Comparison of the experimental phonon dispersion relations and inelastic scattering cross sections with lattice dynamical and quantum multiple scattering calculations demonstrate that the intraplanar surface force constant is 11 ± 3% softer than in bulk nickel, and that tensile surface stress is present at the level of 1.6 ± 0.2 N/m.