cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Norepinephrine modified thin film composite membranes for forward osmosis

Abstract Surface modification has been demonstrated as a valuable method for improving hydrophilicity of surfaces. A number of approaches have been used for facile modification of support layer chemistry including the use of polydopamine. In this work, norepinephrine is used as an alternative monomer to dopamine for surface modification. The chemistry of norepinephrine allows for a wider array of coating conditions and tighter control of deposition. This study compares surface modification through the application of polydopamine and polynorepinephrine on thin film composite membrane support layers for use in forward osmosis. It was found that polynorepinephrine under ambient conditions performs equally well as a polydopamine modified membrane. Controlling the rate of polynorepinephrine formation by using ammonium persulfate, an oxidizing agent, provided an additional lever for tuning the modification process speed.
Predictors of Interpersonal Violence in the Household in Humanitarian Settings: A Systematic Review:

Interpersonal violence against women and children has increasingly been recognized as a public health priority in humanitarian emergencies. However, because the household is generally considered a private sphere, violence between family members remains neglected. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify predictors of household violence in humanitarian emergencies. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched from January 1, 1998, to February 16, 2016. A predictor was defined as any individual, household, or community-level exposure that increases or decreases the risk associated with physical, sexual, or emotional interpersonal violence between two or more people living together. All studies reporting on quantitative research were eligible for inclusion. Results were analyzed using qualitative synthesis. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed as applicable. The search strategy resulted in 2,587 original records, of which 33 studies met inclusion criteria. Thirty-two of the 33 studies used a cross-sectional design. This was the first known systematic review of predictors of household violence in humanitarian settings. The household framework drew attention to several factors that are associated with violence against both women and children, including conflict exposure, alcohol and drug use, income/economic status, mental health/coping strategies, and limited social support. There is a need for longitudinal research and experimental designs that can better establish temporality between exposures and household violence outcomes, control for confounding, and inform practice. In the interim, programmers and policy makers should try to leverage the predictors identified by this review for integrated violence prevention and response strategies, with the important caveat that ongoing evaluation of such strategies is needed.
Thoracic reirradiation with SBRT for residual/recurrent and new primary NSCLC within or immediately adjacent to a prior high-dose radiation field

Abstract Purpose Local failure following concurrent chemoradiation and in-lobe failures following stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) are common. We evaluated our institutional experience using SBRT as salvage in this setting. Methods and materials Seventy-two patients were reirradiated with SBRT for residual, locally recurrent, or new primary non-small cell lung cancer within or adjacent to a high-dose external beam radiation therapy or SBRT field. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test were used to estimate endpoints and differentiate cohorts. Results Median follow-up was 17.9 months. Patients had residual or recurrent disease (54.2%); 45.8% had new lung primaries. Median reirradiated T size was 2.5 cm (range, 0.8-7.8 cm). Median pre-retreatment maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max ) was 7.15 (range, 1.2-37.6). The most common SBRT reirradiation regimen was 48 Gy in 4 fractions (range, 17-60 Gy in 1-5 fractions). Median progression-free survival was 15.2 months, and median overall survival was 20.8 months. Two-year local failure was 21.6%. Patients with SUV max at reirradiation P P P = .037). Median survival of patients treated for new primary was 25.2 months versus 16.2 months with residual or recurrent disease ( P = .049), and median survival for patients with reirradiation SUV max below the median was 42.0 months versus 9.8 months above the median ( P Conclusions SBRT appears to be a safe and effective means of salvaging recurrent, residual, or new primary NSCLC in or adjacent to a previous high-dose radiation field.
Sampling and Regression for Processes

Instead of observing a complete segment of a process on an interval, it is evidently desirable to consider suitable subsets, preferably countable ones, if they present the essential characteristics of the process on the bigger segment. A basic result in this direction for second order processes is the one due independently to Kotel’nikov and Shannon, and we present some results of this type for the stationary as well as some general processes, in Section 1.
Children’s explicit assessments of reliability influence their willingness to learn novel labels

Abstract This study examined how explicitly evaluating another person’s performance influences 3.5-year-old children’s willingness to learn from that person. Children interacted with a speaker who presented a series of familiar objects and labeled them either accurately or inaccurately. After establishing reliability, the speaker taught nonsense labels for two additional familiar objects. Half of the children were asked to explicitly judge whether the speaker was reliable before the novel labels were presented; half were asked to do so at the end of the experiment. Children who were given an opportunity to verbally assess the speaker’s accuracy prior to label learning were more likely than those evaluating afterward to avoid learning from the previously inaccurate labeler. These findings show that explicitly evaluating their knowledge can reduce children’s willingness to learn words from an unreliable source, expanding on prior research showing influences of explicit evaluations on children’s problem solving.
Cirrhosis is not a contraindication to cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in highly selected patients

Patient selection for cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is critically important to optimizing outcomes. There is currently no literature regarding the safety of CRS/HIPEC in patients with cirrhosis. The aim of this case series is to report the outcomes of three patients with well-compensated cirrhosis who underwent CRS/HIPEC. Patients were identified from a prospectively maintained peritoneal surface malignancy database. Patient, tumor, and operative-related details were recorded as short-term postoperative outcomes. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. All patients had well-compensated (Child-Pugh Class A) cirrhosis and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0. One patient had preoperative evidence of portal hypertension. All safely underwent CRS/HIPEC with completeness of cytoreduction (CC) scores of 0. The postoperative morbidity profile was unique, but all complications were manageable and resulted in full recovery to preoperative baseline status. Patient selection for CRS/HIPEC is critical for optimization of short- and long-term outcomes. This small series suggests that well-compensated cirrhosis should not be an absolute contraindication to CRS/HIPEC.
Ritual, Virtue, and Human Flourishing: Rites as Bearers of Meaning

Ritual is one of the foundations of virtue. This chapter will explore how different categories of ritual nurture virtue and support a culture. Moreover, ritual orients the participants to ultimate meaning. Because different systems of ritual are tied to different and competing cultural frameworks, the culture wars (political, social, and cultural struggles to define the public space) manifest themselves in ritual wars. The culture wars are in great measure about which rituals should define public interactions and the public space. Rituals can reach beyond a particular time and beyond a local community. Rituals expand the present into the past and to the future. Ritual functions as a primary source of education concerning the metaphysical, moral, and social commitments of a culture). In addition, rituals are performative acts. Rituals create social roles, and embed persons in socially established roles. They emphasize the appropriate scope of particular social roles. This chapter contends that rituals when rightly ordered sustain the moral life.
Simplified Factors for Analysis of Means When the Standard Deviation is Estimated from the Range

In many instances one-way analysis of means is performed using the range of the treatment subgroups to estimate the error standard deviation. When the subgroup sizes are equal, calculation of the decision limits can be simplified to multiplication of th..
Finding a Needle in a Virtual Haystack: Whois++ and the Whois++ Client Library

Powerful Directory Services are imperative in large networks to help keep users connected to the people and resources available on the net. This paper surveys previous work to build Internet Directory Services, and presents a set of requirements for the next generation of Directory Service technology. Next, the paper presents an overview of a new standards-track protocol named Whois++. Finally, client software written by the author is presented, and freely available server software is reviewed.
The Impact on Mortality and Societal Costs From Smoking Cessation in Aesthetic Plastic Surgery in the United States.

BACKGROUND:It is common practice to require patients to stop smoking prior to elective plastic surgery procedures. Scarce research exists describing the impact on mortality and associated societal cost savings with regard to smoking cessation in aesthetic surgery. OBJECTIVES:Our objective is to demonstrate that smoking cessation in anticipation for aesthetic surgery significantly reduces mortality and increases societal cost savings. METHODS:We performed a systematic literature review of 5 common aesthetic procedures (reduction mammaplasty, breast augmentation, facelift, rhinoplasty, and abdominoplasty) to determine patient smoking rates and subsequent recidivism. Sensitivity analyses estimated life years saved using ranges of recidivism from our literature review and assessed total lifetime savings, including direct and productivity costs, while adjusting for inflation (3%) and interest (5%). One life saved was equated to 45 life years saved. RESULTS:Between May 2008 and May 2013, 7867 patients stopped smoking prior to undergoing aesthetic plastic surgery procedures. Assuming a reported recidivism rate of 68%, smoking cessation prior to aesthetic plastic surgery is associated with 429 lives saved and a total lifetime savings of $524.4 million over the five-year period. Total lives saved ranged from 214 (84% recidivism) to 885 (34% recidivism), and total lifetime cost savings ranged from $262.2 million (84% recidivism) to $1.08 billion (34% recidivism). CONCLUSIONS:Presently, smoking cessation before aesthetic surgery significantly saves patient lives with yearly $104.9 million of societal cost savings in the United States. Future reductions in the presently high recidivism rate would lead to additional lives saved and reduced societal costs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4:
Roadmap to a Successful Product Development

This study details a product development process that accurately predicts the successful implementation of a new product into the market. This product development process evaluates the product development stage of a multi-stage-gate new product development system. It offers a systematic and a rational platform that describes multiple phases that allow for the determination of project viability at the onset of any small to medium product development process. These phases detail interconnected steps with a feedback loop that carry a product concept through a conceptual stage (Phase I) and the generation of a “proof of concept” or an alpha prototype that allows for the initiation of estimates for development cost, market risk analysis, performance evaluation, and product manufacturing cost estimation (Phase II). The final steps are the pre-product design stage (Phase III), which is an expansion of the broader development cost estimates generated in Phase II providing additional rigorous estimates of the product development costs. Notably, modification or redesign of failed product concepts and their conversion into successful prospects that garner market profitability is another tangible objective of the described product development process.
Predictors and outcomes of initial coming out messages: testing the theory of coming out message production

Sexual orientation disclosure can result in both positive and negative consequences. Utilizing the theory of coming out message production (COMP; Li & Samp, 2018), this study explored when and how ...
Photothermal Effects of Defocused Initiated Versus Noninitiated Diode Implant Irradiation.

Abstract Background: Diode lasers have been used for implant decontamination. However, the use of initiated or noninitiated tips remains unevaluated to verify potential photothermal risks. Objectiv...
Ethical Considerations for School Psychologists in Planning for Special Needs Children

School psychologists often face ethical dilemmas when planning for children under P.L. 94–142. Conflicts arise from budgetary constraints and professional disagreements. Results of a questionnaire ...
Prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among U.S. college students: a multi-institutional study

College students may be vulnerable to food insecurity due to limited financial resources, decreased buying power of federal aid, and rising costs of tuition, housing, and food. This study assessed the prevalence of food insecurity and its sociodemographic, health, academic, and food pantry correlates among first-year college students in the United States. A cross-sectional study was conducted among first-year students (n = 855) across eight U.S. universities. Food security status was assessed using the U.S. Department of Agriculture Adult Food Security Survey Module. Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Eating Attitudes Test-26 were used to assess perceived stress, sleep quality, and disordered eating behaviors, respectively. Participants self-reported their grade point average (GPA) and completed questions related to meal plan enrollment and utilization of on-campus food pantries. Of participating students, 19% were food-insecure, and an additional 25.3% were at risk of food insecurity. Students who identified as a racial minority, lived off-campus, received a Pell grant, reported a parental education of high school or less, and did not participate in a meal plan were more likely to be food-insecure. Multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and meal plan enrollment indicated that food-insecure students had significantly higher odds of poor sleep quality (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.43–3.76), high stress (OR = 4.65, 95% CI: 2.66–8.11), disordered eating behaviors (OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.20–4.90), and a GPA < 3.0 (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.19–3.07) compared to food-secure students. Finally, while half of the students (56.4%) with an on-campus pantry were aware of its existence, only 22.2% of food-insecure students endorsed utilizing the pantry for food acquisition. Food insecurity among first-year college students is highly prevalent and has implications for academic performance and health outcomes. Higher education institutions should screen for food insecurity and implement policy and programmatic initiatives to promote a healthier college experience. Campus food pantries may be useful as short-term relief; however, its limited use by students suggest the need for additional solutions with a rights-based approach to food insecurity. Retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT02941497.
Examining Reply Bias and Effectiveness of Online Community for Suicide Prevention: A Case Study of /r/SuicideWatch

Online community has become a new approach for suicide prevention with the rise of the Internet technology for the past decade. However, due to the various and dynamic ecosystem of online community, its effects on suicide prevention remain unknown. We selected SuicideWatch, a forum on reddit as our research context and investigated users’ response bias and the effects of online response to suicide posters by linguistic analysis. Our findings indicate two important phenomena: (1) users’ responses could be biased by linguistic cues in title and (2) online response has positive effects on suicide posters. We believe the findings and approach proposed in this study can offer insights for suicide prevention.
“Parent Leadership and Voice”: How Mid-Level Administrators Appropriate Pre-Kindergarten Parent Involvement Policy:

In the United States, where public pre-K has recently undergone rapid expansion, pre-K policies often include a mandate for parent involvement. We analyze a pre-K parent involvement policy in the s...
How Student Workers Saved the Day

Lehigh University currently utilizes a custom-built system to garner data on all active directory joined PCs owned by the University. This system replaced an antiquated login script based inventory system that was unable to accommodate a number of demands requested by our endpoint support teams and our management.This paper will focus on a few key areas, including why the need to start over was necessary and the original replacement that, while functional, still did not adequately meet the needs of our staff. The heart of this paper will cover the full revamp of the inventory, which included a full code rewrite of the front and back end. This will include brief discussions on what the project was previously built on (ColdFusion, HTML, JavaScript, and PowerShell) and what it was changed over to on the new system (Python, Flask, HTML/CSS, JavaScript, and PowerShell). It will cover the pivotal role of student workers in making this project a reality and discuss how projects that lack feasibility with current staffing may be possible with the help of properly empowered student workers. The paper will also include interview data with current and previous student workers. This is to showcase the value that they find in working with a technology group and to ascertain if their student work enhanced their marketability when applying for jobs. Finally, an actual look at the final product will be demoed.
Pitching and Flailing

The good news was that, by the time Jack Phillips kicked me out of the negotiations with Gabriel Tanner, I had made pretty much every mistake in fundraising there was to make, all on MCNC’s nickel. How could I possibly ask for more?
Implementation of a new cardiology hospital service leveraging nurse practitioners to improve patient access and outcomes.

Background Delays in patient access due to excessive wait times for clinic consult appointments impair timely diagnosis and treatment, resulting in worse outcomes. Local problem Average days wait (ADW) for clinic consult appointments for the cardiology group of a regional managed care organization was too long. A quality improvement project (QIP) was undertaken to improve efficiency/efficacy of patient coverage and reduce ADW by implementing a new cardiology hospital service with expanded roles for nurse practitioners (NPs). Methods and intervention The QIP used the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Model for Improvement. The new cardiology hospital service deployed a group of 11 cardiologists and three cardiology NPs who rotated between hospital and clinic service. Two cardiologists and one NP covered all cardiology inpatients, alleviating the need for clinic-assigned cardiologists to also see hospitalized patients, thus improving capacity. The primary measure was ADW, whereas secondary measures included patient satisfaction with access, hospital readmissions, clinic cancellations, and provider job satisfaction. Results All measures were assessed on pre/post 6-month averages. Average days wait reduced from 28 to 14; patient satisfaction improved from 39% to 52%; readmissions reduced from 13.2% to 9.7%, and provider job satisfaction with the intervention was 91% positive. There were no significant changes in potential confounding factors and no identified negative consequences. Conclusions Implementation of a cardiology hospital service leveraging NPs was feasible, increased capacity to improve patient access and associated outcomes, and did not manifest any known adverse impacts.
Cognition and Aging in Psychopathology: Focus on Schizophrenia and Depression

Aging has effects on many features of normal functioning, particularly in the domains of cognition and adaptive life skills. Several psychiatric conditions also affect cognition and adaptive functioning; most of the research on these topics has been performed on patients early in their lives. The amount of research on older patients is smaller than in younger patients, but there is a developing research literature in several aspects of aging and psychopathology. This chapter reviews aging effects on two major psychiatric conditions: schizophrenia and depression. We examine changes in symptoms and cognitive functioning with aging and the functional implications of the development or worsening of cognitive performance. We also identify risk factors for cognitive changes within each condition and examine the implication of early- versus late-life onset. We believe that cognitive changes with aging are potentially predictable, possibly sharing a mechanism with normal aging-related changes and certainly laden with prognostic implications. We see cognitive changes as a possible commonality across persistent psychiatric disorders as well as healthy aging in late life.
Phosphorus source and Epichloë coenophiala strain interact over time to modify tall fescue rhizosphere microbial community structure and function

Abstract Symbiosis between the fungal endophyte Epichloe coenophiala naturally found in the cool season grass tall fescue (Lolium arundinacea (Schreb) Darbysh.) is thought to provide a competitive advantage over endophyte-free grasses when grown under nutrient-limited conditions. The mechanisms involved in the purported improvement in phosphorus (P) uptake due to endophyte infection are still not understood. The present study tested the influence of endophyte strain and soil P form on P uptake. Plants were grown in acid, low-P soils and those same soils spiked with 30 mg P kg−1 of FePO4 or AlPO4. Soil P transformations, acid phosphatase activity, and soil microbial community composition were measured in rhizosphere soils of tall fescue infected with novel (AR542E+ and AR584E+) and common toxic fungal endophytes (CTE+) at 45, 90 and 135 days and compared to endophyte free (E−) tall fescue. We found that endophyte strain (notably AR542E+) had a distinct influence on plant biomass production and lesser P availability increased the endophyte specific effects on rhizosphere biogeochemical properties in a time and endophyte-dependent manner. Shoot specific endophytes had a greater effect on rhizosphere general fungi under P limiting conditions (i.e. control and Fe-Ps). As far as we know, this study provides some of the best evidence to date for shoot-specific fungal endophyte effects on rhizosphere microbial community composition and the roles that nutrient availability and plant development play in modulating this response.
Safety and Efficacy of Mevidalen in Lewy Body Dementia: A Phase 2, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND Mevidalen is a selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the dopamine D1 receptor subtype. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and efficacy of mevidalen for treatment of cognition in patients with Lewy body dementia (LBD). METHODS PRESENCE was a phase 2, 12-week study in participants with LBD (N = 344) randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to daily doses of mevidalen (10, 30, or 75 mg) or placebo. The primary outcome measure was change from baseline on Cognitive Drug Research Continuity of Attention (CoA) composite score. Secondary outcomes included Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale 13 (ADAS-cog13 ), Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS-CGIC). Numerous safety measures were collected. RESULTS Mevidalen failed to meet primary or secondary cognition endpoints. Mevidalen resulted in significant, dose-dependent improvements of MDS-UPDRS total score (sum of Parts I-III, 10 mg P < 0.05, 30 mg P < 0.05, 75 mg P < 0.01, compared to placebo). The 30 mg and 75 mg mevidalen doses significantly improved ADCS-CGIC scores compared to placebo (minimal or better improvement: 30 mg P < 0.01, 75 mg P < 0.01; moderate or better improvement: 30 mg P < 0.05, 75 mg P < 0.001). Increases in blood pressure, adverse events, and cardiovascular serious adverse events were most pronounced at the 75 mg dose. CONCLUSIONS Mevidalen harnesses a novel mechanism of action that improves motor symptoms associated with LBD on top of standard of care while improving or not worsening non-motor symptoms associated with traditional dopaminergic therapy. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Cooperation Over Coercion: The Importance of Unsupervised Childhood Play for Democracy and Liberalism

Unsupervised childhood play is how children learn the sort of informal rule-making and rule-enforcing that is so critical to a liberal society’s attempt to minimize coercion. It is a key way that children learn the skills necessary to engage in social cooperation in all kinds of social spaces within the market and, especially, outside of it. We learn how to problem solve in these ways without the need to invoke violence or some sort of external threat, which enables us as adults to cooperate peacefully in intimate groups as well as within what Hayek called the Great Society. A society that weakens children’s ability to learn these skills denies them what they need to smooth social interaction and undermines their ability to participate in what Tocqueville called “the art of association.” Losing the skills learned in unsupervised play makes coercion more likely by threatening our ability to create and sustain the rule-governed relationships that are at the core of liberal societies. If we parent or legislate in ways that make it harder for children to develop these skills, we are taking away a key piece of what makes it possible for free people to generate peaceful and productive liberal orders.
Multi-Sensor and Time-Space Processing: Quadratic Detection in Arrays Using TFDs

This chapter discusses the multi-sensor and time-space processing. It presents time–frequency methods suitable for multi-sensor and time-space processing. In underwater acoustics and telecommunications, separation of signal mixtures is traditionally based on methods such as independent component analysis (ICA) or blind source separation (BSS). These are formulated using time frequency distributions (TFDs) for dealing with the case when the signals are non-stationary. Multi-sensor data are processed with TFDs for channel estimation and equalization. In BSS and Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation problems, the time–frequency approach to array signal processing leads to improved spatial resolution and source separation performances. The methods under this include time–frequency MUSIC, AD-MUSIC, and TFD-based BSS. In sensor array processing, for source localization, TFDs provide a good framework for hypothesis testing as they possess additional degrees of freedom provided by the t and f parameters. TFD-based array detection is formulated using the Weyl correspondence. The TFD-based structure allows the optimal detector to be implemented naturally and efficiently.
Attenuated heat shock transcriptional response in aging: molecular mechanism and implication in the biology of aging.

A characteristic feature of aging is a progressive impairment in the ability to adapt to environmental challenges. The purpose of this review is to present the experimental evidence of an attenuated heat shock transcriptional response to heat and physiological stresses in a number of aging mammalian model systems. These include the human diploid fibroblasts in culture, whole animals and animal derived cells and cell cultures, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from human donors. The possibility that age-dependent changes in cellular redox status, as exemplified by the increased production of reactive oxygen intermediates and accumulation of oxidatively-modified proteins, affects the regulation and function of the heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) and contributes to the attenuated heat shock transcriptional response in aging cells and organisms is discussed. Given the fundamentally important role of HSPs in many aspects of protein homeostasis and signal transduction, it seems likely that the inability, or compromised ability, of aging cells and organisms to produce HSPs in response to stress would contribute to the well known increase in morbidity and mortality of the aged when challenged.
Can one predict outcome of medical coma

The combined evaluation of the motor response to stimulation and the oculovestibular (OV) reflex gives useful indicants to the outcome of medical coma. We examined 48 patients during the first 12 h and at 24 h after the onset of medical coma. We excluded patients who had ingested drugs or who had hypothermia. Motor responses to a noxious stimulus were scored on a 6 'best' and 1 'worst' scale, and the presence or absence of oculovestibular responses to icewater irrigations was recorded. Subjects were divided by outcome at three months into three groups: death or persistent vegetative state, severe disability, and moderate disability or good recovery. On the basis of the present series it was often possible to distinguish among the outcomes at or before 24 h. The patient's age and the presence or absence of pupillary responses, spontaneous eye movements and oculocephalic responses were not predictive of outcome, nor were the respiratory pattern, blood gases, blood pressure, heart rate and temperature. A minimal motor score and an absence of oculovestibular responses at 12 h always were assoicated with death. With higher motor scores, the absence of oculovestibular responses at either 12 or 24 h implied an outcome no better than severe disability. The results of the present study imply that early bedside assessments can yield accurate predictive information in medical coma.
Focused Ion Beam Systems: Basics and Applications

List of contributors Preface 1. Introduction to the focused ion beam system Nan Yao 2. Interaction of ions with matter Nobutsugu Imanishi 3. Gas assisted ion beam etching and deposition Hyoung Ho (Chris) Kang, Clive Chandler and Matthew Weschler 4. Imagining using electrons and ion beams Kaoru Ohya and Tohru Ishitani 5. Characterization methods using FIB/SEM DualBeam instrumentation Steve Rentjens and Lucille A. Giannuzzi 6. High-density FIB-SEM 3D nanotomography: with applications of real-time imaging during FIB milling E. L. Principe 7. Fabrication of nanoscale structures using ion beams Ampere A. Tseng 8. Preparation for physico-chemical analysis Richard Langford 9. In-situ sample manipulation and imaging T. Kamino, T. Yaguchi, T. Ohnishi and T. Ishitani 10. Micro-machining and mask repair Mark Utlaut 11. Three-dimensional visualization of nanostructured materials using focused ion beam tomography Derren Dunn, Alan J. Kubis and Robert Hull 12. Ion beam implantation of surface layers Daniel Recht and Nan Yao 13. Applications for biological materials Kirk Hou and Nan Yao 14. Focused ion beam systems as a multifunctional tool for nanotechnology Toshiaki Fujii, Tatsuya Asahata and Takashi Kaito Index.
Effect of Fuel Impurity on Structural Integrity of Ni‐YSZ Anode of SOFCs

Electricity production through the integration of coal gasification with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) may potentially be an efficient technique for clean energy generation. However, multiple minor and trace components are naturally present in coals. These impurities in coal gas not only degrade the electrochemical performance of Ni-YSZ anode used in SOFCs, but also severely endanger the structural integrity of the Ni-YSZ anode. In this paper, effect of the trace impurity of the coal syngases on the mechanical degradation of Ni-YSZ anode was studied by using an integrated experimental/modeling approach. Phosphorus is taken as an example of impurity. Anode-support button cell was used to experimentally explore the migration of phosphorous impurity in the Ni-YSZ anode of SOFCs. X-ray mapping was used to show elemental distributions and new phase formation. The subsequent finite element stress analyses were conducted using the actual microstructure of the anode to illustrate the degradation mechanism. It was found that volume expansion induced by the Ni phase change produces high stress level such that local failure of the Ni-YSZ anode is possible under the operating conditions
Aid versus Trade: Comparing their Growth Effects for a Panel of Developing Countries

Abstract This paper investigates the growth effects of foreign aid and trade openness using panel data for a sample of 71 aid-receiving developing economies over 1960-1997. The results show that the effects of both foreign aid and trade openness on economic growth are positive, permanent, statistically significant, and sizable: increasing foreign aid by $30 per person of the receiving country raises the growth rate of real GDP per capita by approximately 0.20 percent, while raising aid by 1 percent of the receiving economy's GDP raises growth by roughly 0.18 percent. An increase in total trade by 10percent of the economy's GDP accelerates growth by approximately 0.30 percent. These estimates have straightforward implications for the extent to which foreign aid can be gradually phased out by trade-promoting policies, which are more sustainable and less distorting.
Metastatic inefficiency: Intravascular and intraperitoneal implantation of cancer cells

The clinicopathologic progression of metastasis is not an uninterrupted process, and many studies have shown that most cancer cells are lethally damaged when introduced into a variety of anatomic sites; this general phenomenon has been termed metastatic inefficiency [1]. In this chapter some general aspects of cancer cell loss during and after delivery to target sites will first be considered, followed by a discussion of some of the factors relevant to inefficincy in the formation of peritoneal carcinomatosis.
Targeted Intracellular Delivery of Resveratrol to Glioblastoma Cells Using Apolipoprotein E-Containing Reconstituted HDL as a Nanovehicle

The objective of this study is to transport and deliver resveratrol to intracellular sites using apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3). Reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL) bearing resveratrol (rHDL/res) was prepared using phospholipids and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr)-binding domain of apoE3. Biophysical characterization revealed that resveratrol was partitioned into the phospholipid bilayer of discoidal rHDL/res particles (~19 nm diameter). Co-immunoprecipitation studies indicated that the LDLr-binding ability of apoE3 was retained. Cellular uptake of resveratrol to intracellular sites was evaluated in glioblastoma A-172 cells by direct fluorescence using chemically synthesized NBD-labeled resveratrol (res/NBD) embedded in rHDL/res. Competition and inhibition studies indicate that the uptake is by receptor mediated endocytosis via the LDLr, with co-localization of apoE3 and res/NBD in late endosomes/lysosomes. We propose that rHDL provides an ideal hydrophobic milieu to sequester resveratrol and that rHDL containing apoE3 serves as an effective “nanovehicle” to transport and deliver resveratrol to targeted intracellular sites.
Echocardiography in pulmonary embolism.

Echocardiography was performed on 10 patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism. In 3 patients with normal echocardiograms, the diagnosis was excluded by pulmonary angiography. Two with small emboli on angiography had a pulmonary arterial pressure≤35mmHg and normal echocardiograms. Five had an increased right ventricular end-diastolic dimension (RVEDD) and 4 had a left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) below normal or in low normal levels. The RVEDD/LVEDD ratio was increased in 4 patients, 3 of whom had paradoxical interventricular septal motion. The mitral valve E-F slope and left atrial dimension changed variably. The posterior aortic wall O-V excursion (PAW-OV-Ex) decreased in 5 and was correlated with LVEDD (r=+0.92, p<0.01) and the RVEDD/LVEDD ratio (r=-0.87, p<0.025). Follow-up echocardiography in 3 cases after recovery showed a decreased RVEDD/LVEDD ratio, normal septal motion and improved LVEDD and PAW-OV-Ex.The PAW-OV-Ex seems to mirror the abnormalities in volume changes of the left side of the heart resulting from pulmonary embolism. An entirely normal echocardiogram would be unlikely in the presence of a hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism.
234Th/238U disequilibrium as an indicator of the seasonal export flux of particulate organic carbon in the North Water

Abstract Water-column deficits of 234Th (half-life=24.1 d) relative to its parent 238U were used to estimate fluxes of 234Th and particulate organic carbon (POC) through the euphotic zone of the North Water, a polynya in northern Baffin Bay. Samples collected in May 1998, early in the seasonal development of the polynya, showed small deficits of 234Th in the upper 100 m. Deficits were greater in July 1998 and August–September 1999. Sinking fluxes of POC were calculated from the water-column 234Th deficits by multiplying the latter by the POC/234Th ratio on sinking particles (assumed to be the >70-μm filterable fraction). POC fluxes were greatest in July 1998 (mean 27.4±13.4 mmol C m−2 d−1) and declined in August 1999 (mean 8.7±1.7 mmol C m−2 d−1), largely due to a decrease in the POC/Th ratio in the 1999 samples. Regionally, POC fluxes were greatest in the western and northern portions of the North Water in July 1998 and markedly lower in the west in August 1999. This pattern resembles spatial and temporal changes in primary production in the polynya determined independently. POC fluxes determined from water-column 234Th profiles agreed within factors of 2–5 with values determined from floating sediment traps deployed in the upper 100 m. Thorium-based indices of new production (ThE ratios) obtained within the polynya encompassed a wide range (0.1–0.9), with western areas showing substantially higher transfer efficiency of carbon fixed by phytoplankton at the surface. Thorium-derived POC fluxes at 100 m for both July 1998 and August 1999 correlated positively with biomass of the dominant diatom in the North Water, Chaetoceros socialis, suggesting that regional variations in carbon export can be further understood by factors controlling the distribution of this species.
Neurodegenerative models in Drosophila: Polyglutamine disorders, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Neurodegenerative diseases encompass a large group of neurological disorders. Clinical symptoms can include memory loss, cognitive impairment, loss of movement or loss of control of movement, and loss of sensation. Symptoms are typically adult onset (although severe cases can occur in adolescents) and are reflective of neuronal and glial cell loss in the central nervous system. Neurodegenerative diseases also are considered progressive, with increased severity of symptoms over time, also reflective of increased neuronal cell death. However, various neurodegenerative diseases differentially affect certain brain regions or neuronal or glial cell types. As an example, Alzheimer disease (AD) primarily affects the temporal lobe, whereas neuronal loss in Parkinson disease (PD) is largely (although not exclusively) confined to the nigrostriatal system. Neuronal loss is almost invariably accompanied by abnormal insoluble aggregates, either intra- or extracellular. Thus, neurodegenerative diseases are categorized by (a) the composite of clinical symptoms, (b) the brain regions or types of brain cells primarily affected, and (c) the types of protein aggregates found in the brain. Here we review the methods by which Drosophila melanogaster has been used to model aspects of polyglutamine diseases, Parkinson disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and key insights into that have been gained from these models; Alzheimer disease and the tauopathies are covered elsewhere in this special issue.
Fumigation of Pecans with Methyl Bromide and Phosphine to Control the Pecan Weevil

A 24-h fumigation of inshell pecans with methyl bromide applied at a dosage of 32 mg/liter killed 100% of larvae of Curculio caryae (Horn) inside nuts with exit holes; however, dosages of 80 and 112 mg/liter (5 and 7 lb/100 f3) at 27° and 15°C, respectively, were required to kill larvae inside nuts without exit holes. A 96-h fumigation of inshell pecans with phosphine applied at concentrations as high as 2000 ppm gave no control of the larvae. Sorption of both fumigants by the pecans was rapid (≥95 and ≥60% in 24 h for phosphine and methyl brolarvae mide, respectively) and was probably a major factor in the failure of phosphine to control the larvae and in the need for such high dosages of methyl bromide to kill larvae in intact pecans.
Maximum Mean Square Projection Filters

The maximum mean square projection (MMSP) filter is proposed for distortion invariant recognition. It classifies images according to the energy projected onto an N-dimensional subspace. The MMSP filter is implemented in an updatable optical correlator where correlations from multiple filters are time integrated on the output detector array.
Unwanted Sex Among Young Adults in the United States The Role of Physical Disability and Cognitive Performance

This study examined associations between unwanted sexual experiences and both physical disability and cognitive performance in a nationally representative sample of young adults. We used data from 11,878 participants (ages 26-32) in Waves I, III, and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Logistic regressions determined associations between physical disability and level of cognitive performance (using a modified Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and the odds of experiencing physically forced and nonphysically coerced sex. Approximately 24% of females and 4% of males reported unwanted sexual experiences. Compared to respondents without disabilities, females with a physical disability had greater odds of experiencing forced sex (OR = 1.49; 95% CI [1.06, 2.08]), whereas males with a physical disability had greater odds of coerced sex (OR = 1.90; 95% CI [1.02, 3.52]). Compared to those with average cognitive performance scores, females with scores above 110 had slightly higher...
Detachable balloon occlusion of vascular malformations in young patients

Two patients (11 and 23 months old, respectively) had successful transcatheter occlusion of congenital arterio-venous or veno-venous malformations using detachable silicone balloons. Patient 1 with a cervicofacial hemangioma had selective embolization of the feeding artery with two balloons. Patient 2, with a veno-venous malformation between a systemic vein and pulmonary vein also had selective embolization of the lesion with two balloons. Follow-up examinations confirm a successful outcome in both cases.
Gas and moisture equilibriums in transformer oil

OIL IS the major electrical insulation component of large high-voltage transformers. It must withstand, free of corona, the severe short-time electrical stresses imposed during factory test or abnormal service conditions, as well as the less severe normal-service stresses of long duration. It follows that best insulation design demands precise knowledge not only of the stresses imposed on the oil during test and operation, but also a sound understanding of the oil's ability to withstand successfully the stresses under a wide variety of adverse conditions.
Regularization in radio tomographic imaging

This paper demonstrates methods to select and apply regularization to the linear least-squares model formulation of the radio tomographic imaging (RTI) problem. Typically, the RTI inverse problem of image reconstruction is ill-conditioned due to the extremely small singular values of the weight matrix which relates the link signal strengths to the voxel locations of the obstruction. Regularization is included to offset the non-invertible nature of the weight matrix by adding a regularization term such as the matrix approximation of derivatives in each dimension based on the difference operator. This operation yields a smooth least-squares solution for the measured data by suppressing the high energy or noise terms in the derivative of the image. Traditionally, a scalar weighting factor of the regularization matrix is identified by trial and error (adhoc) to yield the best fit of the solution to the data without either excessive smoothing or ringing oscillations at the boundaries of the obstruction. This paper proposes new scalar and vector regularization methods that are automatically computed based on the weight matrix. Evidence of the effectiveness of these methods compared to the preset scalar regularization method is presented for stationary and moving obstructions in an RTI wireless sensor network. The variation of the mean square reconstruction error as a function of the scalar regularization is calculated for known obstructions in the network. The vector regularization procedure based on selective updates to the singular values of the weight matrix attains the lowest mean square error.
Role of horizontal thermal conduction and finite time thrust emplacement in simulation of pressure-temperature-time paths

Abstract Comparison of metamorphic thermal histories produced by (1) one- vs. two-dimensional conductive models and (2) instantaneous vs. finite emplacement time thrusting indicates that the simple 1D or instantaneous models applied by many petrologists generally produce pressure-temperature ( PT ) paths with topologies similiar to those generated by 2D, time-transitive models. However, maximum temperatures attained by footwall rocks are significantly lower in 1D than in 2D conductive models, leading us to recommend that 2D thermal effects be incorporated into models whenever possible. PT paths produced by instantaneous and finite-duration thrust emplacement differ significantly during the synthrusting period, but the peak metamorphic conditions ( T MAX and pressure at T MAX ) eventually attained by footwall rocks during erosional unroofing are the same within minimum analytical uncertainties ( ± 50 K, ± 100 MPa) on geothermobarometric data. Thus, if erosion begins only after the end of the thrusting event, instantaneous thrusting is a reasonable simplifying assumption that introduces relatively little inaccuracy into PT models devised to examine peak metamorphic conditions.