cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Superior sensation: superior colliculus participation in rat vibrissa system.

The superior colliculus, usually considered a visuomotor structure, is anatomically positioned to perform sensorimotor transformations in other modalities. While there is evidence for its potential participation in sensorimotor loops of the rodent vibrissa system, little is known about its functional role in vibrissa sensation or movement. In anesthetized rats, we characterized extracellularly recorded responses of collicular neurons to different types of vibrissa stimuli. Collicular neurons had large receptive fields (median = 14.5 vibrissae). Single units displayed responses with short latencies (5.6 ± 0.2 msec, median = 5.5) and relatively large magnitudes (1.2 ± 0.1 spikes/stimulus, median = 1.2). Individual neurons could entrain to repetitive vibrissa stimuli delivered at ≤ 20 Hz, with little reduction in phase locking, even when response magnitude was decreased. Neurons responded preferentially to vibrissa deflections at particular angles, with 43% of the cells having high (≥ 5) angular selectivity indices. Results are consistent with a proposed role of the colliculus in somatosensory-mediated orienting. These properties, together with the connections of the superior colliculus in sensorimotor loops, are consistent with its involvement in orienting, alerting and attentive functions related to the vibrissa system.
Enhanced Post-Receptor Insulin Effects in Women Following Dehydroepiandrosterone Infusion:

OBJECTIVE:We hypothesized that intravenous dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) would de crease insulin resistance in normal and insulin-resistant women.METHODS:Five insulin-resistant women diagnosed as having polycystic ovaries (PCO) with elevated testosterone and normal dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) with amenorrhea were recruited. Obese controls (OC) with normal menses and normal testosterone and DHEAS were recruited and matched to each PCO woman for age and weight. The PCO women had a mean testosterone of 3.2 ± 0.4 nmol/L, fasting serum insulin level of 330 ± 55 pmol/L, and DHEAS level of 3.4 ± 1.3 μmol/L. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed at 8 AM after an overnightfast. A DHEA infusion (1 mg/hour for 17 hours) was begun at 6 PM and continued until the completion of the second OGTT performed the following morning at 8 AM. T-lympho cytes were drawn at 8 AM each morning.RESULTS:The DHEA infusion had no significant effect on any of the in vivo indices of insulin sensitivity, ie, basal ...
Food Price Crisis, Poverty, and Inequality

This paper simulates how a doubling of food prices affects absolute poverty and the food-price-adjusted real income distribution. We assume unsubsidized world food prices in order to derive the cost of poverty deepening and poverty expansion. We also estimate the degree to which inequality increases if no measures are put in place to offset rising food prices. Both measures are vulnerability indicators useful for social policy planning. Our results show that low-income countries experience dramatic increases in absolute poverty as a result of doubling food prices. Middle-income countries experience the greatest decrease in absolute income, which contributes most to an increase in world income inequality. The paper estimates that the global dollar value of the absolute poverty gap ($1.25/day) has the potential to increase by 400%, with poverty deepening accounting for two thirds of the increase.
The elliptic Gromov-Witten invariants of CP^3

We present two explicit recursions which determine the elliptic Gromov-Witten invariants of CP^3 in terms of the rational ones, and give a table up to degree 5. Unlike the rational Gromov-Witten invariants, the coefficients are negative and fractional. In a further paper, we will prove that N^1_ab + (2n-1)N^0_ab/12 is the number of elliptic space curves through a generic lines and b generic points.
Ontogeny of B lymphocytes: I. In vitro appearance of Ig-bearing lymphocytes

Abstract During the immediate postnatal period, a striking increase in the fraction and number of splenic lymphocytes which bear easily detectable surface immunoglobulin (Ig) occurs in BALB/c and CDF1 mice. Thus, in mice
Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction.

To the Editor: In a recently published article in Circulation , Dr Zile and colleagues1 evaluated patients with a history of heart failure (HF) and a normal left ventricular (LV) systolic function. Invasive hemodynamic and/or Doppler echocardiographic indices of LV filling were abnormal in all patients, suggesting that diastolic HF can be diagnosed without the need for objective evidence of LV diastolic dysfunction. The hemodynamic correlate of pulmonary congestive symptoms is elevated pulmonary capillary pressure (PCP) (or mean left atrial [LA] pressure). Impaired LV relaxation, by itself, is not necessarily associated with elevated LA pressure. By LV catheterization, mean LA pressure is better predicted by preA pressure than by LV end-diastolic pressure,2 the focus of the current analysis. In fact, LV end-diastolic pressures are frequently elevated in hypertrophic ventricles without elevation of mean LA pressures. Although, on average, preA pressures were elevated in this study (16±8 mm Hg), obviously many patients had preA pressures that were not elevated and, therefore, not explanatory of HF symptoms. …
Development of an analytic breast phantom for quantitative comparison of reconstruction algorithms for digital breast tomosynthesis

We are developing an analytic breast phantom that allows for quantitative comparison of reconstruction algorithms for digital breast tomosynthesis. The phantom consists of simple shapes and aims at capturing the main features of the breast. Projection data can be computed analytically. We present volumes reconstructed from the phantom data using the filtered backprojection, expectation maximization and total variation algorithms. Our results indicate that the TV algorithm achieves highest contrast for mass lesions and best in-depth resolution.
Molten salt-based growth of bulk GaN and InN for substrates.

An atmospheric pressure approach to growth of bulk group III-nitrides is outlined. Native III-nitride substrates for optoelectronic and high power, high frequency electronics are desirable to enhance performance and reliability of these devices; currently, these materials are available in research quantities only for GaN, and are unavailable in the case of InN. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the reactions associated with traditional crystal growth techniques place these activities on the extreme edges of experimental physics. The novel techniques described herein rely on the production of the nitride precursor (N{sup 3-}) by chemical and/or electrochemical methods in a molten halide salt. This nitride ion is then reacted with group III metals in such a manner as to form the bulk nitride material. The work performed during the period of funding (February 2006-September 2006) focused on establishing that mass transport of GaN occurs in molten LiCl, the construction of a larger diameter electrochemical cell, the design, modification, and installation of a made-to-order glove box (required for handling very hygroscopic LiCl), and the feasibility of using room temperature molten salts to perform nitride chemistry experiments.
Random Words, Toeplitz Determinants and Integrable Systems. II

This paper connects the analysis of the length of the longest weakly increasing subsequence of inhomogeneous random words to a Riemnn-Hilbert problem and an associated system of integrable partial differential equations. In particular, we show that the Poissonization of the distribution function of this length can be identified as the Jimbo-Miwa-Ueno tau function.
Deformation Mechanisms in NiTi-Al Composites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing

Thermally active NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA) fibers can be used to tune or tailor the effective coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of a metallic matrix composite. In this paper, a novel NiTi-Al composite is fabricated using ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM). A combined experimental-simulation approach is used to develop and validate a microstructurally based finite element model of the composite. The simulations are able to closely reproduce the macroscopic strain versus temperature cyclic response, including initial transient effects in the first cycle. They also show that the composite CTE is minimized if the austenite texture in the SMA wires is 〈001〉B2, that a fiber aspect ratio >10 maximizes fiber efficiency, and that the UAM process may reduce hysteresis in embedded SMA wires.
Correlational Analysis of Murdocks 1957 Ethnographic Sample1

This paper parallels that of Sawyer and LeVine (1966) in some respects: it reduces Murdock's 210 categories to 30 variables, and intercorrelates and factor-analyzes the variables for the six world subdivisions as well as for the entire world. Differences from Sawyer's and LeVine's treatment include the use of Cramer's coefficient to compare all categories, the opposition of the modal category to the others to produce the 30 dichotomous variables, use of the phi coefficient, the testing of the correlations within each of the six areas for significant differences between areas, a different technique for measuring the amount of similarity between areas, a section on factor analysis as a method, and a section contrasting and interpreting correlations in the two areas that differed the most, North America and the Circum-Mediterranean.
Competing Against Experienced and Inexperienced Players

In certain markets success may depend on how well participants anticipate the behavior of other participants who have varying amounts of experience. Understanding if and how people’s behavior depends on competitors’ level of experience is important since in most markets participants have varying amounts of experience. Examining data from two new experimental studies similar to the beauty contest game first studied by Nagel (1995), the results indicate that (1) players with no experience behave the same against competitors with and without experience but (2) players quickly learn to condition their behavior on competitors’ experience level, causing (3) behavior to stop moving toward the equilibrium whenever new players enter the game and (4) experienced players to earn more money than less experienced players. The paper discusses the implications of the results for understanding and modeling behavior in markets in which participants have different amounts of experience.
ONSET OF POLYMER ENTANGLEMENT

We have developed a theory of polymer entanglement using an extended Cahn-Hilliard functional with two extra terms. One is a nonlocal attractive term, operating over mesoscales, which is interpreted as giving rise to entanglement, and the other is a local repulsive term indicative of excluded volume interactions. This functional can be derived using notions from gauge theory. We go beyond the Gaussian approximation, to the one-loop level, to show that the system exhibits a crossover to a state of entanglement as the average chain length between points of entanglement decreases. This crossover is marked by critical slowing down, as the effective diffusion constant goes to zero. We have also computed the tensile modulus of the system, and we find a corresponding crossover to a regime of high modulus. The single parameter in our theory is obtained by fitting to available experimental data on polystyrene melts of various chain lengths. Extrapolation of this fit yields a model for the crossover to entanglement. The need for additional experiments detailing the crossover to the entangled state is pointed out.
Null values in nested relational databases

The desire to extend the applicability of the relational model beyond traditional data-processing applications has stimulated interest in nested or non-first normal form relations in which the attributes of a relation can take on values which are sets or even relations themselves. In this paper, we study the role of null values in the nested relational model using an open world assumption. We extend the traditional theory and study the properties of extended operators for nested relations containing nulls. The no-information, unknown, and non-existent interpretation of nulls are discussed and the meaning of “empty set” is clarified. Finally, contrary to several previous results, we determine that the traditional axiomatization of functional and multivalued dependencies is valid in the presence of nulls.
CXCR4 signaling identifies a role for IFT2 in ER-negative breast cancers

Commentary to:ITF2 is a target of CXCR4 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and is associated with reduced survival in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancerHitesh Appaiah, Poornima Bhat-Nakshatri, Rutika Mehta, Mangesh Thorat, Sunil Badve and Harikrishna Nakshatri
High-fidelity stack and system modeling for tubular solid oxide fuel cell system design and thermal management

Abstract Effective thermal integration of system components is critical to the performance of small-scale (
A Multidomain PSTD Method for 3D Elastic Wave Equations

A 3D multidomain pseudospectral time-domain method is developed for elastic wave equations. The method is based on the spectral derivative operator approximated by Chebyshev or Lagrange polynomials. Unlike the Fourier method that assumes periodic boundary conditions, the Chebyshev pseudospectral method allows for the incorporation of various boundary conditions (such as the free surface boundary condition) into the numerical scheme. In this multidomain scheme, the computational domain is decomposed into a set of subdomains conformal to the problem geometry. Each curved subdomain is then mapped onto a cube in the curvilinear coordinates so that a tensor-product Chebyshev grid can be utilized without the staircasing error. An unsplit-field perfectly matched layer is developed as the absorbing boundary condition. Numerical examples show that this scheme is efficient for simulating elastic waves phenomena in the presence of complex objects. The method is found to be significantly more efficient than the finite-difference time-domain method in terms of memory and run-time requirements.
Age, Growth, Maturity, and Seasonal Food Habits of Round Whitefish, Prosopium cylindraceum, in Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan

Abstract Round whitefish were studied in 1972 and 1974 as a portion of a broad ecological study of a near-shore area of eastern Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan. Of 690 fish taken by gill nets, Age III fish were predominant in 1972 and Age IV in 1974. Male and female fish were taken in approximately equal numbers. About 50% of Age II and 90% of Age III fish were mature. Comparative growth and length-weight data indicated that the round whitefish were larger at any given age than those from previously reported populations. On a seasonal basis, benthic insect larvae and small mollusks were the organisms most frequently ingested.
Wormhole induced supersymmetry breaking in string theory

Abstract It is shown that string wormholes have the right zero mode structure to generate a superpotential. It is thereby possible to break supersymmetry spontaneously at arbitrarily weak coupling with zero cosmological constant by tuning the α parameters.
The relation between gesture and language in aphasic communication.

Abstract Effective communication in aphasia depends not only on use of preserved linguistic capacities but also (and perhaps primarily) on the capacity to exploit alternative modalities of communication, such as gesture. To ascertain the capacity of aphasic patients to use gesture in their spontaneous communication, informally structured interviews were conducted with two Wernicke's aphasics and two Broca's aphasics, as well as with four normal controls. The performances of the patient groups were compared on the physical parameters of gesture, the points in the communication where gestures occurred, and several facets of the semantics and pragmatics of gesture. Generally speaking, the gestures of the aphasics closely paralleled their speech output: on most indices, the performance of the Wernicke's aphasics more closely resembled that of the normal controls. Wernicke's aphasics differed from normals in the clarity of their language and gestures: While individual linguistic units were often clear, the relation among units was not. In contrast, the Broca's aphasics equaled or surpassed the normal controls in the clarity of their communications. The results offer little support for the view that aphasic patients spontaneously enhance their communicative efficacy through the use of gesture; these findings can, however, be interpreted as evidence in favor of a “central organizer” which controls critical features of communication, irrespective of the modality of expression.
Religion and Identity: The Role of Ideological, Social, and Spiritual Contexts

Existing research demonstrates a positive relation between religion and identity among adolescents. A conceptual framework is presented suggesting that religion provides a distinct setting for identity exploration and commitment through offering ideological, social, and spiritual contexts. It is then suggested that the religious context promotes a sense of identity that transcends the self and promotes a concern for the social good and that religious institutions provide unique settings for adolescent identity formation. In addition to the potential developmental benefits of religion, negative consequences on identity development are considered. Finally, recommendations for empirical study are suggested.
Sandstone detrital modes support Magdalena Fan displacement from the mouth of the Gulf of California

Detrital modes of middle Miocene sandstone recovered at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 471 on the Magdalena Fan support the hypothesis that the fan has been displaced northward from a source hundreds of kilometers to the south near the present mouth of the Gulf of California. The modes are dissimilar to those of modern sand derived from onshore outcrops of Miocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, Neogene sedimentary rocks, and Mesozoic subduction complex. They most closely match sand associated with the mouth of Gulf of California. The overall stratigraphy, sand composition, and diagenesis at Site 471 are consistent with deposition of the Magdalena Fan on young oceanic crust near a spreading ridge at a triple junction.
The interaction between nitrous oxide and isoflurane on suppression of learning: a study using classical conditioning in rabbits.

Background Nitrous oxide (N2O) is commonly combined with a volatile agent for administration of general anesthesia. We studied the effects of N2O and isoflurane on learning of the rabbit nictitating membrane responses (NMRs). Methods Classical conditioning of the NMR was accomplished by presenting a 400 ms tone conditioned stimulus before the presentation of a 100 ms shock unconditioned stimulus over 6 daily training sessions. The percentages of conditioned responses (CRs) were calculated for animals treated with 0% (n = 10), 33% (n = 11), 67% (n = 11), and 75% (n = 7) N2O and for those treated with 0% (n = 8), 0.2% (n = 7), 0.4%, (n = 13) and 0.8% (n = 9) isoflurane separately. ED-50 for suppression of learning for each drug were calculated. Percentages of CRs were calculated for treatments with combinations of 0.2% isoflurane with either 32 or 48% N2O (n = 14, for each). Results Isobolographic analysis demonstrated that the combination of the two drugs exerted no greater effect than that seen with either agent administered alone; for well-established CRs (mean of days 5 and 6), the estimated concentrations corresponding to a rate of 70% CRs were 0.31% isoflurane with no N2O, 65.3% N2O with no isoflurane, and 0.2% isoflurane combined with 32.4% N2O. Conclusions N2O and isoflurane interact additively on suppression of learning.
Scale invariant optical Mellin-wavelet joint transform correlation

This paper discusses the combination of the wavelet transform with the scale invariant Mellin transform in an optical joint transform correlator (JTC) architecture. A mathematical and numerical analysis are presented with three optical designs for performing the Mellin-wavelet joint transform.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Optimal observers for time varying linear systems

A method is presented for generating the optimal control of a linear system from measurements of the system input and output. The systems considered are n-th order, time invariant or time varying forced linear systems which are restricted to be bounded and uniformly completely state reconstructible. The control is generated from an estimate of the state vector which is obtained from an observer. The observer dynamics are derived from an optimal estimation formulation which is closely related to the concept of observability. Asymptotic stability of the observer is demonstrated and the effects of initial errors are considered. The result is a practical method of estimating the state of a linear system from noiseless measurements of the input and output. Additionally, theoretical results are obtained concerning the existence of observers for time varying linear systems.
Specificity of flaxseed lipoxidase

Mass spectrometric data indicate that products of linoleate oxidation by flaxseed lipoxidase consist of 80% 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoate and 20% 9-hydroperoxyoctadecodienoate; the products of linolenate oxidation by flaxseed lipoxidase consist of 88% 13-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoate and 12% 9-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoate. Flaxseed lipoxidase possesses a high degree of specificity for attachment of oxygen to linoleic and linolenic acid molecules.
Seroprevalence of Trichinella infection in domestic swine based on the National Animal Health Monitoring System's 1990 and 1995 swine surveys

Swine sera collected by the US Department of Agriculture's Center for Animal Health Monitoring during 1990 and 1995 was tested for antibodies to Trichinella spiralis using an enzyme immunoassay. From a total of 3048 sera collected from lactating sows in 1990, five sera tested positive for a prevalence of 0.16%. From a total of 7987 sera collected from both finishing pigs and gestating sows in 1995, one serum was positive for a prevalence of 0.013%. Responses to questionnaires administered at the time of serum collection showed that seropositive farms had management variables consistent with known risk factors for exposure to trichinae.
ON DECOMPOSING IDEALS INTO PRODUCTS OF COMAXIMAL IDEALS

ABSTRACT We consider integral domains for which each nonzero ideal (or each nonzero principal ideal ) can be written as a product , where the are pairwise comaximal and have some additional property. We determine the structure of integral domains having this property in the following cases: each has prime radical; each is primary; each is the power of a prime ideal.
The Camel Capillary

VARIOUS mechanisms have been proposed to explain the ability of the camel to survive the dehydration stresses of desert life. The use of the fatty hump as a water store has been excluded because calculations of the volume of water released from the metabolic breakdown of this amount of fat do not coincide with the measured losses of body water1. Consideration has been given to the stomach asthe organ in which the camel could store water for periods of severe dehydration. There is some evidence to indicate that the stomach of the camel may indeed play such a part. However, measurements of the amount of water which the camel stomach can store for such a purpose do not give clear evidence that such stores could in fact be completely adequate to see the camel through the prolonged periods of dehydration which it has been known to endure2. Peck has observed that camels develop a ‘physiological’ subcutaneous œdema immediately after rehydrating themselves, and he noted that this phenomenon may last as long as 24 h. On this basis he suggested that the subcutaneous tissue might act as a water-storage depot3.
Paronychia: A mixed infection: Microbiology and management

Cultures of paronychia of the fingers have grown aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Each was recovered individually in only about a quarter of the patients and a mixed aerobic/anaerobic flora was isolated in half of the patients. The predominant anaerobic organisms were Gram-positive anaerobic cocci, Bacteroides species and Fusobacterium species. The predominant aerobic organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, gamma-haemolytic streptococci, Eikenella corrodens, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, alpha-hemolytic streptococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Candida albicans was recovered in about 15% of the cases. The management of this infection is discussed.
Aggression in damselfish: habituation by adults of Pomacentous parritus to juvenile intruders

Successful recruitment of juvenile coral reef fishes may depend, in part, upon the aggressive behavior of adults already on the reef. In addition to initial levels of aggression, changes in aggressive behavior of adults, e.g., due to habituation, may have an even greater influence on recruiting juveniles. Adult males of the bicolor damselfish, Pomacentrus partitus, were used as subjects to study habituation of aggression toward conspecific and congeneric (P. variabilis) juveniles. Adults, held in a 1000 liter aquarium, habituated after 4 hours of constant exposure to juveniles restrained in a 1 liter ‘model bottle’. Stimulus strength of the juveniles depended on their species identity, size and proximity to the resident adult's shelter. There was a recovery of aggression with a change in stimulus location, but at the same location, a stimulus of greater strength was required to bring about recovery. The implications of these findings for coral reef fish community structure are discussed.
AMTRAN: automatic mathematical translation

AMTRAN is a time-sharing remote-terminal computer system ultimately intended to permit scientists and engineers to "converse" directly with a computer in a "natural" mathematical language. Its current objectives entail attainment of the following goals:a. "automatic" mathematical problem-solving,b. high-speed, on-line, scientific programming,c. a macro-compiler and operating system, andd. the development of low-cost, $5,000-15,000, graphic display terminals.
ON MOSAIC CRYSTALS.

Very little progress has been made during the last decade toward a theoretical understanding of the physical properties of matter in the solid state. The reasons for this stagnation are very clearly presented in a recent paper by A. Smekal.(1) According to Smekal, the properties of solids can be arranged in two large groups as follows.
CD4 T-cell count, viral load, and squamous intraepithelial lesions in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have reported an increased incidence of squamous intraepithelial lesions in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, to the authors' knowledge there are scarce data regarding the relation between the CD4 T-lymphocyte count (CD4+), HIV viral load, and the development of cervical dysplasia as evidenced by cervicovaginal cytology. The objective of the current study was to examine the association between cervicovaginal smears (with and without squamous lesions) from HIV-infected women and their CD4+ counts and HIV viral load. METHODS Two hundred ninety-six cervicovaginal smears from 108 HIV-infected women were reviewed and classified according to the Bethesda system. Abnormal cytologies (n = 74) were followed by colposcopy and/or biopsy. CD4+ counts and HIV viral loads were available at the time of the cytologic evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test and the Mann–Whitney U test. RESULTS The control group (n = 222) had significantly higher CD4+ counts (378 vs. 246 cells/μL; P < 0.001) compared with the group with cervical lesions. There was no apparent difference between the CD4+ counts from women with low grade lesions and those from women with high grade lesions. The HIV viral load was significantly higher in patients with cytologic abnormalities than in those with negative Papanicolaou smears (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The degree of immunosuppression may contribute to the development of intraepithelial lesions in HIV-positive women, but once the lesion is established disease progression may not be affected by the CD4+ counts. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2001;93:111–114. © 2001 American Cancer Society.
Gummel-Poon model for single and double heterojunction bipolar transistors

An analytical model for single and double heterojunction bipolar transistors has been developed by employing the concepts of the Gummel-Poon model. The equations for injected minority carrier concentrations are developed based on the thermionic diffusion theory. Linking current and total charges in the base are calculated. The Early voltages are treated as functions of the applied voltages rather than as constants. Tunnelling effect has been considered for abrupt heterojunctions. The resemblance of this model with the SPICE BJT model makes it easy to implement it in SPICE.
Norm statistics and the complexity of clustering problems

In this paper we introduce a new class of clustering problems. These are similar to certain classical problems but involve a novel combination of @?"p-statistics and @?"q norms. We discuss a real world application in which the case p=2 and q=1 arises in a natural way. We show that, even for one dimension, such problems are NP-hard, which is surprising because the same 1-dimensional problems for the 'pure' @?"2-statistic and @?"2 norm are known to satisfy a 'string property' and can be solved in polynomial time. We generalize the string property for the case p=q. The string property need not hold when [email protected]?p-1 and we show that instances may be constructed, for which the best solution satisfying the string property does arbitrarily poorly. We state some open problems and conjectures.
Search for CPT-odd decays of positronium.

We have limited a CPT-violating correlation in annihilationsof polarized ortho-positronium. We searched for an asymmetry in thetriple correlations dot k1 cross k2, where k1 and k2 are the two largestphoton momenta, and s is the spin of the positronium. Using theGammasphere array of Compton-suppressed high-purity germanium detectors,we detected 2.65e7 events of ortho-Ps annihila tion. The amplitude of aCPT-violating asymmetry in the data set is found to be 0.0026 plus orminus 0.0031, a factor of 6 smaller than previousexperiments.
Mesoporous alumina membranes: Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability and nonuniform distribution of catalyst

Abstract A new procedure for the synthesis of mesoporous alumina membranes is presented. Using this technique, catalytic membranes with precise active layer width and location were prepared by sequential slip-casting of Pt/alumina and alumina sols. Different distributions of catalyst within the membrane can be easily obtained by varying the thickness of the slip-cast layers as well as their arrangement. The layer widths are controlled by the slip-casting parameters, including slip-casting time, alumina content and particle size. The catalyst loading and dispersion of the active layer can be controlled precisely. The effects of sintering temperature (600–1200°C) on the membrane's pore structure, morphology, phase structure, surface area and gas permeability are studied. In addition, the influence of additives, such as platinum and polyvinyl alcohols, on the membrane structure and thermal stability is presented. Finally, thermal stability improvements by alkaline earth (Ba), rare earth (La and Ce) and III-B (Y) dopants are discussed, along with the effectiveness of multiple dopants.
A critique of Habermas' theory of practical rationality

Habermas' theory of practical rationality is a significant theoretical attempt to preserve both rationality and democracy at the level of political decision making that transcends both technocratic and decisionistic theories of rationality. Habermas' theory of rationality accords with his epistemological, sociological, psychological, and linguistic premises. His theory, however, overlooks the interactions between instrumental action and symbolic interaction, the relevance of professional knowledge of facts for the choice of ends, the conflict between the norms of efficiency and democracy, and the duality of subject and object in historical formation. The rational interest in reproduction of free communication, however, can be used to reformulate Habermas' theory of rationality.
Effect of Feeding Silage of Early and Late Maturing Corn Planted at Two Population Densities to Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract In two experiments, 36 multiparous Holstein cows were used to evaluate silages from early or late maturing hybrid corn, each planted at two population densities, 75,000 and 150,000 plants/ha. Silages in Experiment 1 were 1) an early and 2) a late maturing corn planted at 75,000 plants/ha, and in Experiment 2 1) an early and 2) a late maturing corn were planted at 150,000/ha. Cows in Experiment 1 were group-fed a total mixed ration in a 50:50 concentrate:forage ratio, whereas in Experiment 2, cows were individually fed a total mixed ration in a proportion of 60:40. In both experiments 75% of the forage was corn silage. Cows fed the rations containing the early and late corn planted at 75,000 plants/ha had similar milk production, composition, DM intake, efficiency of milk production, rumen pH, and concentration of NH 3 N and VFA. Cows fed the rations containing the early corn at 150,000 plants/ha had higher total milk production, DM intake, and total rumen VFA concentration than cows fed the late corn. Cows fed the late corn had higher milk fat test and feed efficiency. No differences were observed for milk protein, BW, rumen pH, and NH 3 N. If corn is planted at high population densities, it may be advantageous to plant a late hybrid. At low population densities the nutritive value for both hybrids was similar.
Vancomycin storage stability in multilayer thin film coatings for on-demand care.

Abstract A rise in drug-resistant bacteria coupled with a decline in the development of new classes of antibiotics has increased the need for new local antibiotic delivery methods. To address this need, we have previously developed layer-by-layer assembled films releasing the potent antibiotic, vancomycin, for use as coatings for on-demand care. In this work, we explore the potential for practical application of these films through an in-depth study of their long term storage stability over a wide range of temperatures, including refrigerator, room and elevated temperature (4, 25 and 37°C, respectively). Our results indicate that the drug-release profiles and minimum inhibitory concentration against Staphylococcus aureus of vancomycin released from films stored at these different conditions are not affected over a period of 1–6 months. Consequently, these films can be used where traditional refrigeration of prepared intravenous vancomycin solutions or immediate reconstitution of lyophilized vancomycin is ...
Sexually open versus sexually exclusive marriage: A comparison of dyadic adjustment

In a study conducted in 1978, using Spanier's (1976) Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS), couples in a sexually open marriage and couples in a sexually exclusive marriage were compared on dyadic adjustment. One hundred and thirty sexually open respondents were matched with 130 sexually exclusive respondents. It was found that there was no difference in response patterns between people in a sexually open marriage and those in a sexually exclusive marriage who were still living together with their spouses. On the other hand, persons who were no longer living together with their spouses, regardless of whether they were open or exclusive sexually, scored significantly lower on dyadic adjustment.
Malignant lymphoma of the small intestine in multiple family members. Association with an immunologic deficiency

Four cases of malignant lymphoma all in male members of a family are described. In three of the affected individuals the primary tumor arose in the small intestine and in the other the site of origin was the retroperitoneum. Immunologic studies were carried out on the two surviving patients and on all other living members of their families. Low levels of immunoglobulins were found in one of the affected boys. During a recurrence of the tumor, the other boy showed temporary partial impairment of cellular immunity as measured by failure to react to delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, although lymphocyte transformation studies were normal. Nine months after treatment was completed his response to skin tests was normal. No immunologic defect was detected in the studies of the non-involved family members. The histologic appearance of the tumors was similar in the tissue sections which were available for review from three of the four patients; the tumor was classified as a malignant lymphoma, diffuse, mixed cell type (lymphocytic and histiocytic).
Economic Segregation, Race, and Homicide†

Objective. Prior research assessing the association between structured inequality and homicides has produced inconsistent findings, particularly in regard to establishing an association between economic disadvantage and black homicide rates. In this study, we employ a measure of the spatial distribution of income, Jargowksy's (1996) economic segregation measure, to assess overall and race-specific homicide rates. Methods. Using cross-sectional Census data and Supplemental Homicide Report data across 166 Metropolitan Statistical Areas, the present analysis uses negative binomial regression models to examine the association between economic segregation and homicide rates. Results. We find that both economic segregation and absolute deprivation (i.e., the overall extent of economic disadvantage) are robust predictors of black, white, and overall homicide rates. However, an alternative measure of economic segregation, a measure capturing poverty concentration, was not found to be a significant predictor of black homicide rates. Conclusion. We suggest that further studies should consider the extent of isolation across the income continuum, instead of focusing solely on poverty concentration.
Intensity, Wavelength, and Polarization Dependence of Nonphotochemical Laser-Induced Nucleation in Supersaturated Aqueous Urea Solutions

We have measured the intensity dependence of nonphotochemical laser-induced nucleation (NPLIN) in 11.9 M aqueous urea solutions at 532 and 1064 nm, using both linearly and circularly polarized light. In all cases, we observed a nonlinear intensity dependence of the nucleation efficiency with thresholds of approximately 0.02−0.06 GW/cm2. The threshold at the green wavelength is lower than the threshold at the near-infrared wavelength. Moreover, the green nucleation efficiency is greater than the near-infrared efficiency at the same intensity. We attribute these differences to the greater absorption coefficient of water at 1064 nm compared to that at 532 nm. At both 532 and 1064 nm, the threshold for NPLIN is lower, and the efficiency of NPLIN at a given intensity is higher for linear polarization than for circular polarization. These differences are consistent with an optical Kerr effect mechanism for NPLIN.
Using the Ultimate Natural Laboratory to Teach Evolution, Natural Selection and Biodiversity

Abstract The Galapagos Islands provide the ultimate natural laboratory for illustrating the amazing variety of flora and fauna that can develop in a relatively isolated location. While many educators use the Galapagos Islands to teach biodiversity and natural selection, few venture with students to this incredible landscape. This paper discusses the development of a study abroad experience designed to enhance classroom instruction on the topics of biodiversity and evolution by natural selection. Students began in the classroom, learning about the natural history of the islands, Charles Darwin, natural selection, speciation, and the diverse flora and fauna of the Galapagos. During the trip abroad, students followed in Darwin's footsteps, discovering the new world around them. They kept a detailed journal documenting everything they observed, just as Darwin did. Students gained essential skills that allow them to think like scientists: making observations, forming questions, and developing research projects with real world implications. Upon return to the classroom, students discussed their experiences and the impact their travels had on them, and completed coursework. While the use of a natural laboratory is not a completely novel approach to teaching, this experience is different than others described in the literature because it was developed as part of an interdisciplinary set of courses designed to provide insight into the various aspects of both the natural and social sciences, allowing students to see how these areas complement one another in such a way as to provide a more complete understanding of the world around us.
Nuclear factors in sevenless signalling.

Recent studies in both vertebrates and invertebrates support an ‘hourglass' model for signal transduction from receptor tyrosine kinases: Ras channels signals from diverse receptor tyrosine kinases into a common cytoplasmic kinase cascade, the targets of which are an even more diverse collection of nuclear proteins. What are these nuclear factors, and how do they interact to direct specific cellular responses to a generic signal? The past year has brought considerable progress in our quest to answer these questions in one model genetic system, the Drosophila eye.
Immunogenicity of low-pH treated whole viral influenza vaccine

Low pH treatment of influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) exposes its relatively conserved stalk domain, suggesting a potential immunogen with capability to induce broader immune responses. Here, we describe characterization, immunogenicity, antigenicity, and protective immunity induced by low pH treated inactivated whole viral vaccine in comparison with the untreated vaccine. The acidic pH treated viral vaccine showed high susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage and low hemagglutination activity indicating conformational changes. Immunization of mice with low pH treated viral vaccine induced lower levels of homologous or heterologous virus-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies compared to the untreated vaccine. Also, low pH treated influenza viral antigen showed lower antigenicity compared to the untreated influenza viral antigen. Lower efficacy of cross-protection against heterosubtypic virus was observed in the low-pH treated vaccine group. The results provide evidence that there is a correlation between protective efficacy and the stability of vaccines.
Net energy payback and CO2 emissions from three midwestern wind farms: An update

This paper updates a life-cycle net energy analysis and carbon dioxide emissions analysis of three Midwestern utility-scale wind systems. Both the Energy Payback Ratio (EPR) and CO2 analysis results provide useful data for policy discussions regarding an efficient and low-carbon energy mix. The EPR is the amount of electrical energy produced for the lifetime of the power plant divided by the total amount of energy required to procure and transport the materials, build, operate, and decommission the power plants. The CO2 analysis for each power plant was calculated from the life-cycle energy input data. A previous study also analyzed coal and nuclear fission power plants. At the time of that study, two of the three wind systems had less than a full year of generation data to project the life-cycle energy production. This study updates the analysis of three wind systems with an additional four to eight years of operating data. The EPR for the utility-scale wind systems ranges from a low of 11 for a two-turbine system in Wisconsin to 28 for a 143-turbine system in southwestern Minnesota. The EPR is 11 for coal, 25 for fission with gas centrifuge enriched uranium and 7 for gaseous diffusion enriched uranium. The normalized CO2 emissions, in tonnes of CO2 per GWeh, ranges from 14 to 33 for the wind systems, 974 for coal, and 10 and 34 for nuclear fission using gas centrifuge and gaseous diffusion enriched uranium, respectively.
Malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast: local control rates with surgery alone.

Purpose Patients with malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast (MPTB) are routinely treated with surgery alone. We performed a retrospective study to determine local control rates based on tumor size and type of surgery performed. Methods and Materials We reviewed records of 478 patients with MPTB treated between March 1964, and August 2005. The data were extracted from the IMPAC National Oncology Database consisting of merged tumor registries from 130 hospitals. Results Median follow-up was 64 months (range, 0–410 months). Actuarial 5-year local control rates were 79.4% for 169 lumpectomy patients and 91.2% for 207 mastectomy patients treated by surgery alone. Five-year local control rates for lumpectomy based on tumor size were 91% for 0–2 cm tumors, 85% for 2–5 cm tumors, and 59% for 5–10 cm tumors. For mastectomy patients, 5-year local control rates were 100% for 0–2 cm tumors, 95% for 2–5 cm tumors, 88% for 5–10 cm tumors, and 85% for 10–20 cm tumors. Multivariate analysis of overall survival found several factors to be significant including advancing age with each decade after 50 years of age, appearance of distant metastases, larger primary tumor size, and local control vs. local recurrence (Hazard Ratio [HR] 2.5, p Conclusions Malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast local recurrence rates are 15% or greater for patients with tumors >2 cm treated by lumpectomy alone and tumors >10 cm treated by mastectomy alone. Adjuvant radiation therapy should be evaluated for these patients. This may be especially important because our study showed that local recurrence impacted on survival rates.
Fatigue behavior of spot friction welds in lap-shear and cross-tension specimens of dissimilar aluminum sheets

Abstract Fatigue behavior of spot friction welds or friction stir spot welds in lap-shear and cross-tension specimens of dissimilar aluminum 5754-O and 7075-T6 sheets is investigated based on experimental observations and three fatigue life estimation models. Optical micrographs of the 5754/7075 and 7075/5754 welds before and after failure under quasi-static and cyclic loading conditions are examined to understand the fracture and failure mechanisms of the welds. Under cyclic loading conditions, the micrographs show that the 5754/7075 welds in lap-shear specimens mainly fail from the kinked fatigue crack through the lower sheet thickness. Also, the micrographs show that the 7075/5754 welds in lap-shear specimens mainly fail from the kinked fatigue crack through the lower sheet thickness and from the fracture surface through the upper sheet thickness. Under cyclic loading conditions, the micrographs show that the 5754/7075 and 7075/5754 welds in cross-tension specimens mainly fail from the fatigue crack along the interfacial surface and from the fracture surface through the upper sheet material. A kinked fatigue crack growth model based on the stress intensity factor solutions for finite kinked cracks, a structural stress model based on the closed-form structural stress solutions, and a through-nugget fatigue crack growth model based on the analytical stress intensity factor solutions for cracks growing through the weld nugget are adopted to estimate the fatigue lives of the 5754/7075 and 7075/5754 welds in lap-shear and cross-tension specimens. The fatigue life estimations based on the kinked fatigue crack growth model, the structural stress model and the through-nugget fatigue crack growth model agree well with the experimental results. Finally, the effective stress intensity factor and J integral solutions at the critical locations of the welds obtained from three-dimensional finite element analyses appear to be good fracture mechanics parameters to correlate the experimental fatigue data for the 5754/7075 and 7075/5754 welds in lap-shear and cross-tension specimens.