cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantum Mechanical Considerations

We have seen in the previous chapter that the classical electromagnetic theory is quite capable of explaining the essentials of the magnetic properties of materials. Some discrepancies between theory and experiment have come to light, however, which need to be explained. Therefore, we now refine and deepen our understanding by considering the contributions which quantum mechanics provides to magnetism. We will see in the following that quantum mechanics yields answers to some basic questions. We will discuss why certain metals that we expect to be paramagnetic are in reality diamagnetic; why the paramagnetic susceptibility is relatively small for most metals; and why most metals do not obey the Curie-Weiss law. We will also see that ferromagnetism can be better understood by applying elements of quantum mechanics.
EXPRESS: a data EXtraction, Processing, and Restructuring System

EXPRESS is an experimental prototype data translation system which can access a wide variety of data and restructure it for new uses. The system is driven by two very high level nonprocedural languages: DEFINE for data description and CONVERT for data restructuring. Program generation and cooperating process techniques are used to achieve efficient operation.This paper describes the design and implementation of EXPRESS. DEFINE and CONVERT are summarized and the implementation architecture presented.The DEFINE description is compiled into a customized PL/1 program for accessing source data. The restructuring specified in CONVERT is compiled into a set of customized PL/1 procedures to derive multiple target files from multiple input files. Job steps and job control statements are generated automatically. During execution, the generated procedures run under control of a process supervisor, which coordinates buffer management and handles file allocation, deallocation, and all input/output requests.The architecture of EXPRESS allows efficiency in execution by avoiding unnecessary secondary storage references while at the same time allowing the individual procedures to be independent of each other. Its modular structure permits the system to be extended or transferred to another environment easily.
Electrodeposited Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 and Gd 2 O 3 Buffer Layers for YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ Superconductors

Non-vacuum electrodeposition (ED) was used to prepare a biaxially textured Gd2Zr2O7 (GZO) and GZO/Gd2O3 (GO) buffer layer on a Ni-W substrate. The YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) superconductor was deposited by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) on a simplified ED-GZO and ED-GZO/ED-GO buffer layer. The buffer layers and YBCO superconductor were characterized by X-ray diffraction (including θ/2θ, pole figure, omega scans, and phi scans) and atomic force microscopy. Full-width at half maximum values of the omega (ω) and phi (Φ) scans of the electrodeposited GZO and GZO/GO layer were better than those of the Ni-W base substrate. At 77 K and a self-magnetic field, the critical current density of PLD YBCO on the electrodeposited-based buffer layer was 3.3 × 106 A/cm2, using the field criterion of 1 μV/cm.
Effective elastic moduli under hydrostatic stress—I. quasi-harmonic theory

Abstract Fourth-order finite strain expressions for the effective elastic moduli of a solid under hydrostatic stress are derived from a general expression for effective elastic moduli. Expressions in terms of the strain tensors E and η are given. The expressions are then written in terms of the moduli and their pressure derivatives evaluated at an arbitrary reference state. The temperature dependence of these expressions is derived from the fourth-order quasi-harmonic expression for the lattice vibrational energy. Some general thermodynamic relations are derived between the parameters which specify the thermal effects and the pressure and temperature derivatives of the elastic moduli at the reference state. General relations between isothermal and isentropic elastic moduli and their pressure and temperature derivatives are also given. Much of the development is valid for materials of arbitrary symmetry, but the complete development is given only for materials of cubic symmetry.
Short versions of the telephone motor functional independence measure for use with persons with spinal cord injury

Abstract Objective: To determine if the motor ability of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) can be reliably estimated using a subset of the 13 Functional Independence Measure (FIM) items. Study Design: FIM item subsets of 5, 6, or 7 items were selected using one of five strategies: random, coefficient alpha maximization, spread across the range of item difficulties, optimization by neurologic category, and individual optimization. Motor ability estimated by these 15 subsets was compared to the 13-item estimate, using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Rasch calibration person reliability estimate, and other indices of reliability. Subjects: Subjects were 4,128 persons with SCI, 1 to 25 years postinjury, interviewed for annual research follow-up using the FIM. Results: All subsets had high ICC reliability (>.90). Subsets of 7 items performed generally better than those of 6 or 5 items. The best performance was provided by individual optimization subsets. The ICC for the 7-item set thus selected was .99. Conclusion: In annual follow-up, the number of FIM motor items can be reduced almost 50% while maintaining reliable estimates of subjects' motor ability. This approach may also be useful for other applications of interviewing to obtain FIM data, eg, for program evaluation.
The critical temperature in the initiation of plastic strain in nearly dislocation-free crystals of NiAl

Abstract The plastic deformation in nearly dislocation-free NiAl single crystals loaded along 〈0 0 1〉 is initiated at a well-defined temperature. This is found by the anisothermal creep test. The initiation temperature is rate-independent at low heating rates and defines a critical point.
Electrolithographic investigations of the hydrophilic channels in nafion membranes

Nafion membranes are used as semisolid electrolytes in methanol and hydrogen fuel cells. The ion conduction takes place through those hydrophilic channels in the Nafion that can provide continuous pathways through the membrane. There is as yet limited information about the density, the size, and the shape of these channels. We have developed two electrochemical methods of visualizing the pore structure which involve the creation of metal lithographs using the membrane pores as templates. In the experiments, the membrane is supported on a flat solid surface on one side, and is in contact with an electrolyte on the other side. Using hydrogen-terminated n-doped Si(111), we deposited gold from an electrolyte containing a gold salt. The Au ions traverse the membrane through the pores, reach the silicon surface, and are spontaneously reduced. A metallic Au deposit is formed on the silicon surface, at the base of the hydrophilic channel. The Au deposits are imaged after the membrane is dissolved. Another method involves supporting the membrane on a Pt surface and depositing silver wires through the hydrophilic channels of the membrane. The scanning electron microscope pictures of these wires provide an image of the size and the shape of the hydrophilic channels.
Steroid Effects on the Secretory Modalities of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Release*

GnRH neurons isolated immunochemically from the brain of adult male rats were used to determine whether testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol-17β (E217β), 20H-estrone (OHE1, or progesterone (P4) have a direct effect on the spontaneous neurosecretion and/or cellular content of GnRH. Neurons harvested from individual rats were treated with a single steroid pulse; samples were collected before treatment, during the steroid pulse, and at 24 h post treatment. Ahdrogen treatments of 100 pg/ml or 1 ng/ml media elicited an increase in GnRH pulse frequency 1–6 min after steroid exposure without affecting the amplitude of release; these modalities persisted at 2 h. The frequehcy of GnRH pulses was increased 24 h after the neurons received the brief 100 pg/ml or 1 ng/ml T or 1 ng/ml DHT treatments. Neurons exposed to androgen treatments also appeared to express large amplitude GnRH pulses infrequently at this time whereas there was no androgen affect on the cellular GnRH concentration. In contrast, ...
Binding of HMG 17 to mononucleosomes of the avian β-globin gene cluster in erythroid and non-erythroid cells

The binding of HMG 17 to stripped core mononucleosomes containing DNA from the avian beta-globin gene cluster was examined to determine whether binding in vitro in this developmentally-regulated gene domain was associated with transcriptional activity or DNaseI-sensitivity in intact nuclei. Mononucleosomes were prepared from primitive and definitive stage embryonic red blood cells of chick embryos, adult reticulocytes, adult reticulocytes in which embryonic rho-globin transcription was induced, and adult thymus cells. Preferential binding by HMG 17 to mononucleosomes containing the beta-globin gene cluster was confined to erythroid-derived mononucleosomes that contain the embryonic rho-globin gene, the adult beta-globin gene, and DNA sequences located between these two genes, but not to those that contain the embryonic epsilon-globin gene. Comparison of these results to the known patterns of transcription and DNaseI-sensitivity within the beta-globin gene cluster shows that HMG 17 binding, although tissue-specific, does not correlate directly with either DNaseI-sensitivity or active gene transcription, but is dependent on other factors present in core mononucleosomes from this active gene domain.
Everett's “Many-Worlds” proposal

Hugh Everett III proposed that a quantum measurement can be treated as an interaction that correlates microscopic and macroscopic systems—particularly when the experimenter herself is included among those macroscopic systems. It has been difficult, however, to determine precisely what this proposal amounts to. Almost without exception, commentators have held that there are ambiguities in Everett’s theory of measurement that result from significant—even embarrassing—omissions. In the present paper, we resist the conclusion that Everett’s proposal is incomplete, and we develop a close reading that accounts for apparent oversights. We begin by taking a look at how Everett set up his project—his method and his criterion of success. Illuminating parallels are found between Everett’s method and then-contemporary thought regarding inter-theoretic reduction. Also, from unpublished papers and correspondence, we are able to piece together how Everett judged the success of his theory of measurement, which completes our account of his intended contribution to the resolution of the quantum measurement problem.
Plasma glucose and insulin responses to bananas of varying ripeness in persons with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

With progressive ripeness there is a decrease in starch and an increase in free sugar content of bananas. The starch also is considered to be poorly digestible. Therefore, we decided to study plasma glucose, serum insulin, C-peptide, and plasma glucagon responses to bananas with increasing degrees of ripeness. Seven male subjects with untreated noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ingested 50 g carbohydrate as bananas of stage 4 (more yellow than green), 5 (yellow with green tip), 6 (all yellow), and 7 (yellow flecked with brown) ripeness. They also received 50 glucose on two occasions for comparative purposes. On a separate occasion water only was given as a control. The area responses were quantified by determining incremental areas using the water control as baseline. The mean glucose area following the 50 g glucose meals was 15.1 +/- 1.9 mM.h. After the ingestion of bananas of 4, 5, 6 and 7 ripeness the glucose area response was 42, 41, 51 and 48% of that after glucose ingestion, respectively. The insulin area response following glucose meals was 888 pM.h. Responses to 4, 5, 6 and 7 bananas were 85, 70, 61, 85%, respectively, of that following glucose ingestion. C-peptide data were similar to the insulin data. The glucagon area response was negative after glucose ingestion but was positive following banana ingestion. In summary, the glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon area responses varied little with ripeness of the bananas.
Genetics, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome: The Professor Donald S. Fredrickson Memorial Lecture

Abstract The metabolic syndrome consists of a clustering of metabolic risk factors in one individual. These risk factors consist of atherogenic dyslipidemia (high triglycerides, high apolipoprotein B [apo B], small LDL particles, and low HDL), elevated blood pressure, insulin resistance±elevated plasma glucose, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state. Although the metabolic syndrome is increasingly common around the world and represents an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD), its pathogenesis is not well understood. The two major underlying causes appear to be obesity or other disorders of adipose tissue and insulin resistance. There is little doubt that genetic susceptibility plays an important role in the development of the metabolic syndrome. This paper addresses the question of the interaction between obesity and genetic susceptibility in the etiology of the metabolic syndrome. Genetic susceptibility appears to exist at three levels: within adipose tissue itself, in insulin signaling pathways, and in regulation of individual risk factors. A major research challenge for the future is to unravel the complex genetic architecture that gives rise to the metabolic syndrome once a person becomes obese.
Kujaama: Symbolic Separation among the Diola-Fogny'

The Diola-Fogny concept of kujaama represents a complex symbol that defines a set of pollution rules having to do mainly with blood and food avoidance between generations and between husband and wife at the death of one or the other. Analysis of the diverse manifestations of kujaama shows that each represents but one variant of a general principle, that is, the inauspiciousness of mixing separate categories. Further analysis places kujaama in the larger context of Fogny moral life and places the rituals associated with kujaama in the “grammar” of ritual acts and gestures.
Measuring Netted Muskmelon Maturity by Delayed Light Emission

Netted muskmelon fruits of Hale's Best, Magnum 45 and Saticoy cultivars in 6 different maturity classes, from immature to mature were examined. Maturity class was based on days after anthesis. The melons were evaluated for differences in delayed light emission (DLE) measurements and physical and chemical properties that relate to maturity. DLE, firmness, and chlorophyll decreased with increasing maturity, whereas Hunter a and soluble solids increased. DLE correlated highly (r =−0.94) with a calculated maturity index, indicating that DLE could be used as a nondestructive technique for measuring the maturity of netted muskmelon.
Microscale autoradiographic method for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of apoptotic DNA fragmentation

A method combining the advantages of electrophoretic DNA fractionation and autoradiography is described for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation that occurs during apoptosis, or “programmed cell death”. This procedure utilizes terminal transferase enzyme to uniformly add one molecule of [α 32P]-to the 3′-of DNA fragments. Following gel electrophoresis and autoradiographic analysis, the total amount of radiolabel incorporated into the low molecular weight DNA fraction can be quantitated and used to estimate the degree of apoptotic DNA fragmentation in any given sample. This method requires as little as 15 ng of total cellular DNA and increases the sensitivity of apoptotic DNA detection by at least 100-fold over the widely used ethidium bromide staining method. The procedure should prove valuable for the analysis of apoptosis in minute quantities of tissues and cultured cells. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Geomorphology and vegetation on hillslopes: Interactions, dependencies, and feedback loops

article i nfo The linkages between vegetation and hillslope geomorphology have been the subject of serious study for years, but traditionally, ecologists and geomorphologists have viewed these interactions as unidirectional. On the one hand, botanists and landscape ecologists have examined the effects of hillslope features, processes, and materials on vegetation structure, composition, and dynamics. Focus has been placed on the effects of topography (elevation, slope angle, slope aspect), edaphic factors, rock type, and geomorphic disturbance (mass movement, snow avalanches, land surface erosion). On the other hand, geomorphologists have traditionally treated vegetation as an independent variable that affects landforms and sediment routing at limited spatial-temporal scales. Hillslope vegetation and landforms, however, co-evolve. One key is to understand the role of time, disturbances, and feedbacks that link vegetation and geomorphology on hillslopes. The effects of vegetation on mass movement and landscape evolution are being studied in new ways. Many regional studies claim that vegetation becomes less relevant as one moves to larger and larger watershed scales, but ecoregion analysis offers a contrasting view. Whereas these efforts have produced vehicles of understanding that are simple, ordered, unified, and harmonious, they often do not reflect the complexity that leads to multiple possible outcomes—place-dependent results. Recent perspectives focus on the two-way interplay between vegetation and hillslope geomorphology, where establishing cause-and- effect linkages is made difficult by confounding factors (spatial-temporal scale, location, convergence, divergence, nonlinearity, thresholds, feedbacks). Vegetation and geomorphology interactions are controlled by a combination of global factors (independent of time and place) and the local environmental history. Continued refinement of fine-scale deterministic models should be encouraged, but the ability to translate these results to larger scales needs to be explored. At large scales, future research, especially those with predictive modeling as the goal, should concentrate on how to increase the generality of concepts and models and should seek to reduce the number of variables and factors considered.
The amount seen in brief exposures.

The experiments reported are a series of attempts to test the consequences of assuming that a subject exposed to briefly presented tachistoscopic information does not have access to a visual image. The partial report procedure is examined under several conditions with the letter row cues immediately following stimulus exposure, and at different levels of cue delay. The results of eye movement monitoring, and of instructing subjects where to look, agree with the guessing data of a previous experiment in showing a sharp decline in the number of letters correctly reported when the subject is looking at the wrong row, in conformity with the anticipative selection hypothesis. The result of varying the subject's uncertainty about what is to be reported is to vary the slope of the delay curve; with the implication that inefficient strategies of rehearsal, rather than visual image decay, are responsible for the reported delay effects.
Characterization of gyromagnetic materials using a partially-filled waveguide technique

Summary form only given. The use of engineered materials in electronic systems is becoming increasingly common, and thus the need for an accurate method to characterize their electromagnetic properties is essential. These materials often have anisotropic behavior, and their permittivity or their permeability characteristics must be described using a tensor with non-zero off-diagonal entries. Few techniques are currently available for measuring these tensor constitutive parameters. Rectangular waveguide methods are appealing for measuring anisotropic materials because of high signal strength due to field confinement, and the ability to control the polarization of the applied electric field. As a stepping stone to developing methods for characterizing materials with fully-populated tensor characteristics, techniques are being studied to characterize gyromagnetic materials for which a single parameter describes the behavior of the off-diagonal entries. Unfortunately, the available sample size for these materials is too small to completely fill the waveguide cross-section, and so standard transmission/reflection techniques, such as a modified Nicolson-Ross-Weir method, are not available. Recently the authors have developed a method for characterizing gyromagnetic materials using a reduced-aperture waveguide in which the sample completely fills the cross-section of a narrow waveguide section. This method has several drawbacks, such as the need of a special sample holder, potential for air gaps along four walls, and reduced energy transmission due to the restriction of the narrow guide. In this paper the authors introduce a method for characterizing gyromagnetic material by placing a narrow sample into the center of a fullaperture waveguide. The drawback to this approach is the need to establish a modal description of the fields in a rectangular waveguide partially-filled with a gyromagnetic material, and to use these in a mode-matching approach for a sample section placed into a wave-guiding system. This approach is analytically more complex than the reduced-aperture method, and thus its implementation is numerically more complicated. However, the benefit of not needing a special sample holder is significant, and the potential exists for combining the two approaches to improve the values of the extracted parameters. The underlying theory will be described and the forward problem validated using synthetic data. The inverse problem will be formulated and its solution discussed.
Imbalance and gait disturbance from tyrosine kinase inhibition in hepatocellular cancer.

A 69-year-old male with chronic autoimmune hepatitis and hepatocellular cancer presented with progressive imbalance and gait disturbance 2 weeks after initiating treatment with the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor agent sunitinib malate (SU11248, Sutent; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY) in an Institutional Review Board approved Phase II clinical trial [1]. Approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, sunitinib inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-1 and 2), platelet-derived growth factor receptors α and β, c-Kit, and FLT-3 [2–4].
"A study in nature": the Tuskegee experiments and the New South plantation.

This essay rethinks the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiments in light of a long history of experimentation in plantation geographies of the U.S. South. Turning to late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century discourses of the New South and to Booker T. Washington’s Tuskegee Institute, this essay illuminates the extension of the laboratory life of the plantation into the twentieth century. The focus on personal hygiene at the Tuskegee Institute opened the door for alliances with public health initiatives early on, making the school’s student population as well as residents of surrounding counties subjects of intense hygienic surveillance well before the official start of the syphilis study.
Hearing voices: What can we learn from them?

This article is an exploration of how auditory hallucinations have been experienced as meaningful to individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. This perspective is supported by the survey of the literature, which suggests that for many centuries, individuals experiencing auditory hallucinations have been given much more credence than their counterparts in modern society. Using case studies from the author’s own work, as well as drawing from other researchers and theorists, the article provides concrete illustrations of how individuals have derived insight from their auditory hallucinations.
Hemoprotein from wheat germ

Abstract A mixture of hemoproteins from wheat germ was partially resolved and its major component, WGHP550 (wheat germ hemoprotein 550 mμ), was purified. The WGHP550 was homogeneous by ultracentrifugation at pH 7, and 97 per cent to 99 per cent homogeneous by electrophoresis at pH 7·62 and pH 8·45. It contained no flavin. Oxidized WGHP550 was crystallized as light red-brown needles; when free ammonia was present, white crystals were obtained which may have represented the apoprotein of WGHP550. The molecular weight of WGHP550, 38,900 g/mole by ultracentrifugation, agreed with its equivalent weight, 38,700 g/mole heme showing there is one heme per molecule. The pyridine hemochromogen was indistinguishable from that of protoheme. Eighty per cent of the protoheme could be removed by extraction with acid–acetone. Reduced or oxidized ammonia hemochromogen spectra also indicated a protoheme type of prosthetic group. WGHP550's isoelectric point was estimated at pH 10·5–11. At neutral pH, WGHP550 in the oxidized form reacted with cyanide, and in reduced form with CO, but neither fluoride nor azide reacted with oxidized or reduced WGHP550. The absorptivity at 398 mμ of oxidized WGHP550 is 107 (±6) × 10 6 cm 2 /mole; coefficients relative to this for other spectral regions of WGHP550 and of its CN and CO complexes are recorded. WGHP550 apparently occurs as such in wheat germ and its chemical and spectrophotometric properties indicate that it may be equivalent to peroxidase 556 isolated from wheat germ. The 556 mμ band reported, evidently is not characteristic of peroxidase as such but of a mixture of the native hemoprotein and its ammonia hemochromogen.
Phylogenetic Inference of Colony Isolates Comprising Seasonal Microcystis Blooms in Lake Taihu, China

Blooms of the toxin-producing cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp., are an increasingly prevalent water quality problem and health hazard worldwide. China's third largest lake, Lake Taihu, has been experiencing progressively more severe Microcystis blooms over the past three decades. In 2009 and 2010, individual Microcystis colonies, consisting of four different morphospecies, were isolated and genotyped using a whole-cell multiplex PCR assay. The 16S-23S rDNA-ITS sequences were aligned based on Bayesian inference and indicated that one morphospecies was genetically unique (Microcystis wesenbergii) and three were indistinguishable (Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis flos-aquae, and Microcystis ichthyoblabe). Microcystin (mcyB) genes were detected intermittently in two of the morphospecies while the other two morphospecies lacked the mcyB gene in all samples. Water temperature was found to influence bloom formation and morphotype prevalence, and chlorophyll a and temperature were positively and significantly correlated with microcystin concentration. Cooler water temperatures promoted toxigenic strains of Microcystis. Wind appeared to influence the distribution of morphotypes across the lake, with M. aeruginosa and M. ichthyoblabe being more susceptible to wind stress than M. wesenbergii and M. flos-aquae. The results of this study indicated that the blooms were composed of a variety of Microcystis morphospecies, with more genotypes observed than can be attributed to individual morphotypes. We conclude that morphology is not a reliable indicator of toxigenicity in Lake Taihu, and caution should be exercised when the M. aeruginosa morphotype is present because it is capable of producing MC-LR, the most toxic microcystin isoform.
The history and present concepts of autoimmunization in thyroid disease

Summary The history of autoimmunization and autodestruction in thyroid disease has been reviewed. Multiple types of antibodies, including agglutinating antibodies, 2 types of complement-fixing antibodies, and precipitating antibodies, can currently be demonstrated in the serums of some patients with various thyroid diseases. These antibodies usually reflect the presence of thyroid disease. It cannot definitely be stated whether these antibodies initiate or perpetuate the disease process. A cytotoxic factor, other than these antibodies, has been observed in the serums of some patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and spontaneous myxedema. The specific identification of this substance and its role in producing or perpetuating thyroid disease remains to be elucidated. The current concepts relating to the interrelation of autoimmunization and autodestruction in thyroid disease have been discussed.
The decomposition of cones in modules over ordered rings

Abstract : A proper cone is prime if it has no non-trivial direct summand. If a cone has a prime decomposition, then it is unique. Under certain chain conditions finite prime decompositions exist. In a wide class of modules- the PFmodules - every non-trivial summand of a cone lies in its boundary. Certain topological and ring theoretic notions arising from the above are studied in detail. Many clarifying examples and applications are given. In particular, some new results on Hermitian matrices are derived. (Author)
Breakdown of the Fermi liquid due to long-range interactions

Fermions interacting via a long-range repulsive potential are considered in [ital D] spatial dimensions, where 1[lt][ital D][le]2. The standard screening picture is found to break down, i.e., the screened effective interaction cannot be treated as instantaneous. For a bare potential which behaves at long distances as [ital r][sup [minus](2[minus][ital D])] [as ln [ital r] in two dimensions (2[ital D])] and within the random-phase approximation, the retardation effects induce an infrared catastrophe that changes the Fermi liquid into a Luttinger liquid in which the occupation number in momentum space is continuous across the Fermi surface. In 2D, the quantum liquid which we investigate may be called a [ital Z]=0 Fermi liquid'' (where [ital Z] is the strength of the quasiparticle pole at the Fermi surface) since the electron propagator has an isolated pole with a constant residue that scales to zero as the size of the system increases to infinity. For 1[lt][ital D][lt]2, the quantum liquid resembles the 1D Luttinger liquid as the single-particle propagator exhibits a branch cut structure. Moreover, we present a ground-state wave function which reproduces the Luttinger-liquid exponent of the momentum distribution near the Fermi surface.
An experimental study of fluid mechanics and heat transfer in an impinging slot jet flow

Abstract An experimental study of flow field, surface pressure, and heat transfer rates of a submerged, turbulent, slot jet impinging normally on a flat plate is presented. Two nozzle-to-surface spacings of 3.5 and 0.5 nozzle exit hydraulic diameters, which correspond to transitional and potential-core jet impingement, respectively, are considered. Fluid mechanical data include measurements of mean flow field and variance of normal and cross velocity fluctuations, mean surface pressure, and RMS surface pressure fluctuations along the nozzle minor axis. Local heat transfer coefficients are calculated from detailed surface temperature measurements. The heat transfer data follow a trend similar to previous studies, exhibiting high heat transfer rates in the impingement region for transitional jet impingement, and a non-monotonic decay in heat transfer coefficient for potential-core jet impingement. The fluid flow results indicate that past impingement, locations of high streamwise fluctuating velocity variance occur in the wall jet flow for both nozzle spacings. The RMS surface pressure fluctuation profile exhibits a maximum at the impingement line for the transitional jet impingement, and corresponds well with the rise in near-wall velocity fluctuation variance in the free jet prior to impingement. For potential-core jet impingement, the streamwise location of peak RMS pressure fluctuations corresponds to the highly correlated turbulence in the outer region of the wall-bounded flow. Further, there is a good correspondence between the locations of secondary peak in heat transfer and near-wall streamwise fluctuating velocity variance. The occurrence of the outer peak prior to the near-wall peak in streamwise velocity variance for the potential-core jet impingement suggests that the interaction between correlated motion in the outer region and near-wall turbulence causes the rise in heat transfer coefficient towards a secondary peak.
Reaction kinetics and chemical changes during polymerization of multifunctional (meth)acrylates for the production of highly crosslinked polymers used in information storage systems

Abstract Crosslinked polymer samples of a wide range of triacrylates, tetraacrylates, pentaacrylates and of their corresponding methacrylates were prepared by u.v. photopolymerization of the monomers using 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetophenone as a photoinitiator. The monomers studied varied in rank, pendant group size and structure, and functionality or number of double bonds. The reaction kinetics was followed by differential photocalorimetry. Autoacceleration and autodeceleration phenomena were observed depending on the structure and molecular complexity of the monomer used. Conversion after 1 h, conversion at peak reaction rate, induction time, and time at peak reaction rate were dependent on the rank and functionality of the monomers used. Volume shrinkage during the reaction was measured by a modified thermomechanical analysis experiment and correlated to calorimetric data. A delay in volume shrinkage during polymerization was observed and correlated to rank and functionality. Dynamic mechanical studies were used to determine α, β, γ relaxations and linear expansion coefficients which were correlated to the polymer network structure.
Mechanical and bending characteristics of invar sheets

Abstract Invar materials, with their extraordinarily low coefficient of thermal expansion, are increasingly becoming important for producing high precision and reliable components for instruments and electronic devices. As a result, springback behavior becomes extremely critical in forming these intricate precision parts from sheet base materials. To provide the reliable information needed for fabricating these components, the micro and macro properties of a commercially available cold-rolled invar sheet were examined, in order to provide basic information and to assess its forming behavior. Experiments were conducted to investigate the forming related tensile and springback properties of the sheet, with an emphasis on the springback evaluations. An analytical solution, based on a bilinear relationship between stress and strain, was selected and used to predict the springback of the sheets. A good correlation was found between the predictions and experimental data. As a result, the analytical formula selected is accurate enough to predict the springback behavior of an invar alloy. With the tensile properties being obtained, the analytical solution can be used to provide the springback information needed for designing complicated sheet-metal parts, as illustrated in the present study.
Separate and Coordinate Transcriptional Control Mechanisms Link Expression of the Potentially Lethal KilB Spread Locus to the Upstream Transmission Operon on Streptomyces Plasmid pIJ101

Efficient conjugation of the high copy plasmid pIJ101 among members of the bacterial genus Streptomyces depends on a single plasmid gene (tra) for initial inter-mycelial transfer, and involves three additional pIJ101 functions (spdA, spdB, and kilB), which may promote intra-mycelial spread of the plasmid upon its entrance into the recipient. The genes tra, spdA, and spdB are co-transcribed as part of an operon, whose expression is negatively controlled by the pIJ101 repressor KorA. Downstream of this transmission operon and in the same orientation, the kilB spread gene possesses its own promoter, which is recognized by the pIJ101 KorB repressor protein; binding of KorB appears to prevent the lethal overexpression of the KilB protein, which otherwise shows a temporally increasing pattern of production or accumulation during the streptomycete life cycle. To define better the mechanism(s) controlling the concentration of the potentially toxic KilB protein in cells, a variety of transcriptional analyses involving the kilB promoter and kilB-specific mRNA were performed. These studies demonstrated that transcription originating from the kilB promoter on pIJ101 is dramatically reduced by KorB binding under non-mating conditions; more significantly, however, as judged by evidence of readthrough transcription across the kilB promoter region and polarity effects of upstream insertion and deletion mutations, kilB was found to be expressed also as part of the transmission operon with optimal KilB production being necessarily tied to such co-transcription. Our data indicate that the genes tra, spdA, spdB, and kilB comprise an unusual operon in which separate tight control of the distal gene (kilB) by the KorB repressor is superimposed on coordinate regulation of full operon transcription by KorA. Moreover, our results imply that potential interactions between elongating RNA polymerase molecules synthesizing transmission operon transcripts and KorB repressor bound to the intercistronic kilB promoter region are important for modulating kilB expression.
Compatibility of airport surface wireless networks in the 5091–5150 MHZ band

Standards are being developed for airport surface wireless networks. Such networks have been denoted as Airport Network and Location Equipment (ANLE) or Aeronautical Mobile Airport Communications System (AeroMACS). The term ANLE/AeroMACS will be used in this paper.
Identification of α-Alumina Surface Structures by Electron Diffraction

Single-crystal thin foils of a-alumina were annealed i:i air and examined by transmission electron microscopy. Weak reflections, which are kinematically forbidden for the a-alumina unit cell, were obscrxed in selected-area diffraction patterns obtained from foils prepared parallel to (0001), (1012), and (1120) planes. These reflections are interpreted as giving evidence for surface periodicities which differ from those expected for the simple termination of the bulk crystal.
Folic Acid: Pteroylglutamic Acid and Related Substances

Therapeutic Uses The diseases in which pteroylglutamic acid has proved to be therapeutically effective are as follows: blood dyscrasias, including Addisonian pernicious anemia (hematologic phase), ...
Functional compartmentalization of energy production in neural tissue.

Previous work in our laboratory has shown that neural trauma results in a disparity between oxidative and glycolytic rates. In non-neural tissue, glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation have been shown to work independently of one another, a phenomenon known as “energy compartmentalization”. We believe that functional compartmentalization of energy production may also occur in the brain with glycolysis providing energy for membrane bound ionic pumps. Spreading depression, induced in rodent brain by topical KCl application, results in K+ shifts. The restoration of K+ gradients is accomplished by energy dependent Na+-K+ pumps. If these pumps depend upon glycolysis, blocking glycolysis should prevent reconstitution of normal [K+]c levels. The present series of experiments were designed to suggest that energy compartmentalization may also exist in brain, and that glycolytic energy production is preferentially used by Na+-K+ pumps to maintain normal ionic homeostasis by observing the dynamics of spreading depression induced K+ shifts before and after glycolytic blockade. Spreading depression was associated with increased K+ (48.6 ± 16.6 mM over control) that normalized within 2.9 ± 0.3 minutes. Following superfusion with a glycolytic blocking agent, spreading depression produced similar increases in [K+]c (40.6 ± 12.0 mM over control) but time for reconstitution of the normal [K+]c was 400% longer than controls (2.9 ± 0.3 to 14.9 ± 2.1 minutes, P < 0.001). Time required for recovery of EEG was identical pre- and post-blockade. We believe these data suggest that energy compartmentalization may exist in neural tissue and that glycolytic pathways of energy production are functionally tied to membrane Na+-K+ pumps. Although lactate, a by-product of glycolysis, has traditionally been considered an indication of ischemia or mitochondrial damage, we suggest that it may also reflect glycolytic energy production required to re-establish disturbed trans-membrane ionic gradients.
On recursive averaging processes and Hilbert space extensions of the contraction mapping principle

Abstract If T maps a convex domain DT into itself, and if {ωn} is a real sequence with range in (0, 1] then the recursive averaging process, X n+1 =(1−omega; n ) X n +ω n +ω n T x n , x 0 =ξϵD T generates a sequence {xn}; with range in DT. Under suitable conditions on DT, T and {ωn} the sequence {xn} will converge in some sense to a fixed point of T. We prove that if DT is a closed convex subset of a complex Hilbert space H, if Tω = (1 − ω) I + ωT is a strict contraction for some ω ϵ (0, 1], and if {ωn} satisfies the conditions, ω n → 0 and ∑ n=0 ∞ ω n =∞ then, for arbitrary ξ ϵ DT, {xn} converges strongly to (the unique) fixed point of T. We also prove that if DT and {ωn} satisfy the foregoing conditions, if T has at least one fixed point, and if Tω is non-expansive for some ω ϵ (0, 1], then for all ξ ϵ DT, {xn} converges at least weakly to some fixed point of T. Finally, we apply these results to linear equations involving bounded normal operators and obtain an extension of the classical Neumann operator series.
Mental health help seeking among Filipinos: a review of the literature

This study aims to provide a review of potential barriers to seeking mental health services among Filipinos. Research on help-seeking behaviours among Filipinos living in the Philippines and other countries (e.g., US, Canada, and Australia) suggest that mental health services in the Philippines are inaccessible and monetarily prohibitive, and beliefs about the aetiology and nature of mental illness are inconsistent with the medical model. Other cultural variables such as shame, stigma, and collectivist beliefs also discourage Filipinos from seeking help from mental health professionals. Furthermore, these variables could account for the preference for folk healers and lay networks in treating mental illnesses. As such, cultural and economic factors need to be accounted for in conceptualizing Filipinos’ utilization of mental health services. Implications and suggestions to aid practice were also discussed.
House Allocation with Transfers

We consider the Shapley–Scarf house allocation problem where monetary transfers are allowed. We characterize the class of mechanisms that are strategy-proof, ex post individually rational, ex post budget-balanced, and “collusion-proof.” In these mechanisms, the price of each object is fixed in advance, and the objects are reallocated according to the (unique) core assignment of the Shapley–Scarf economy associated with the prices. The special case in which all prices are zero is the core mechanism studied by Shapley and Scarf. Our mechanisms are compelling alternatives to the Groves mechanisms, which satisfy neither budget balance nor our condition of collusion-proofness. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C71, C78, D71, D78, D89.
The influence of television news depictions of the images of war on viewers

Results of an experiment about the influence of network television news coverage of combat in Iraq on viewers indicated that, compared with a control condition which featured news stories about combat operations in Iraq described by news anchors, news reports also featuring footage of combat operations increased viewer involvement levels about the war and reduced viewer support for continued military presence in Iraq. Television news footage of combat operations also reduced viewers' pride in U.S. military presence but did not affect other emotions. However, regardless of how news stories were packaged, women experienced greater emotional response to network news stories about combat operations than men. The results also shed light on the potential of inoculation to deflect such influence.
Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin levels in 159 neurologically asymptomatic persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1): relationship to immune status.

ABSTRACT Monocytes and brain macrophage–microglial cells are thought to play a crucial role in the neurologic dysfunction associated with HIV-1 disease. Since neopterin is produced by monocytes–macrophages, we asked whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin levels increase before the onset of HIV-1 neurologic disease and whether they correlate with other CSF and peripheral blood immunologic parameters. In this study, CSF neopterin levels from 159 neurologically asymptomatic HIV-positive persons were found to increase as the blood CD4+ T-cell count decreased and as CSF IgG, IgG synthesis, IgG index, and β2-microglobulin increased. Neopterin levels in the CSF exceeded those in the serum in 32% of patients, while 25% had CSF levels >13.5 nmol/liter. CSF neopterin levels vary with immune status, may reflect intrathecal production, and can be elevated in asymptomatic HIV-positive patients with normal neurologic examinations. Long-term follow-up of this patient population should be able to define the clinical...
Conserved Target for Group II Intron Insertion in Relaxase Genes of Conjugative Elements of Gram-Positive Bacteria

The lactococcal group II intron Ll.ltrB interrupts the ltrB relaxase gene within a region that encodes a conserved functional domain. Nucleotides essential for the homing of Ll.ltrB into an intronless version of ltrB are found exclusively at positions required to encode amino acids broadly conserved in a family of relaxase proteins of gram-positive bacteria. Two of these relaxase genes, pcfG from the enterococcal plasmid pCF10 and the ORF4 gene in the streptococcal conjugative transposon Tn5252, were shown to support Ll.ltrB insertion into the conserved motif at precisely the site predicted by sequence homology with ltrB. Insertion occurred through a mechanism indistinguishable from retrohoming. Splicing and retention of conjugative function was demonstrated for pCF10 derivatives containing intron insertions. Ll.ltrB targeting of a conserved motif of a conjugative element suggests a mechanism for group II intron dispersal among bacteria. Additional support for this mechanism comes from sequence analysis of the insertion sites of the E.c.I4 family of bacterial group II introns.
Force production during pereiopod power strokes in Calanus finmarchicus

Abstract Copepods achieve the dramatic speeds of 300–1000 body lengths/s during escape reactions. We investigated the details of this behavior in Calanus finmarchicus. Pereiopod movements during the power strokes were monitored in tethered individuals using high-speed video, while simultaneously measuring force production. At 8–10 °C, the power strokes for each pair of pereiopods registered as separate peaks in the force record, with the largest force being produced by the fourth and third pairs. Peak forces of 500–600 μN were attained within 3.5 ms of initiation of the power stroke sequence. During the power strokes, the pereiopods maximized their surface area by splaying distal segments and setae. During the return stroke, the pereiopods and the setae collapsed, minimizing surface area and thus generating only a weak reverse force. During power stroke sequences in free swimming C. finmarchicus, multiple peaks in acceleration (200 m s−2) corresponded to the power strokes of different pereiopod pairs. During the escape, C. finmarchicus produced maximum swimming speeds of 800 mm s−1 and an estimated muscle-mass specific power output of 300 W kg−1. Comparisons to other organisms indicate that this behavioral performance is particularly powerful and fast. How the copepods achieve this performance remains to be determined.