cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The nature and duration of adaptation following long-term odor exposure

Any individual living or working in an odorous environment can experience changes in odor perception, some of which are long lasting. Often, these individuals report a significant reduction in the perception of an odor following long-term exposure to that odor (adaptation). Yet, most experimental analyses of olfactory adaptation use brief odorant exposures which may not typify real-world experiences. Using a procedure combining long-term odor exposure in a naturalistic setting with psychophysical tests in the laboratory, we present evidence to show that reduced odor intensity following long-term exposure is accompanied by odorant-specific shifts in threshold. Subjects were exposed continuously to one of two odorants while in their home for a period of 2 weeks. Exposure produced an odorant-specific reduction in sensitivity and perceived intensity compared with preexposure baselines: Detection thresholds for the adapting odorant were elevated following exposure and perceived intensity ratings for weak concentrations were reduced. For most individuals, reduced sensitivity to the test odorant was still evident up to 2 weeks following the last exposure. The persistence of the change, as evidenced by the duration of recovery from adaptation, distinguishes this phenomenon from the adaptation seen following shorter exposures and highlights the need for the study of exposure durations that are more similar to real-world exposures.
Differential Tuning of the Electron Transfer Parameters in 1,3,5-Triarylpyrazolines: A Rational Design Approach for Optimizing the Contrast Ratio of Fluorescent Probes

A large class of cation-responsive fluorescent sensors utilizes a donor-spacer-acceptor (D-A) molecular framework that can modulate the fluorescence emission intensity through a fast photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer (PET) process. The emission enhancement upon binding of the analyte defines the contrast ratio of the probe, a key property that is particularly relevant in fluorescence microscopy imaging applications. Due to their unusual electronic structure, 1,3,5-triarylpyrazoline fluorophores allow for the differential tuning of the excited-state energy DeltaE(00) and the fluorophore acceptor potential E(A/A(-)), both of which are critical parameters that define the electron transfer (ET) thermodynamics and thus the contrast ratio. By systematically varying the number and attachment positions of fluoro substituents on the fluorophore pi-system, DeltaE(00) can be adjusted over a broad range (0.4 eV) without significantly altering the acceptor potential E(A/A(-)). Experimentally measured D-A coupling and reorganization energies were used to draw a potential map for identifying the optimal ET driving force that is expected to give a maximum fluorescence enhancement for a given change in donor potential upon binding of the analyte. The rational design strategy was tested by optimizing the fluorescence response of a pH-sensitive probe, thus yielding a maximum emission enhancement factor of 400 upon acidification. Furthermore, quantum chemical calculations were used to reproduce the experimental trends of reduction potentials, excited-state energies, and ET driving forces within the framework of linear free energy relationships (LFERs). Such LFERs should be suitable to semiempirically predict ET driving forces with an average unsigned error of 0.03 eV, consequently allowing for the computational prescreening of substituent combinations to best match the donor potential of a given cation receptor. Within the scaffold of the triarylpyrazoline platform, the outlined differential tuning of the electron transfer parameters should be applicable to a broad range of cation receptors for designing PET sensors with maximized contrast ratios.
The structure and disposition of crossbridges in deep-etched fish muscle.

Deep-etching and rotary-shadowing techniques were used to describe crossbridges in fish (Chanda ranga) muscle, relaxed and in iodoacetate rigor conditions. Three major fracture planes from rigor muscle were studied using stereomicroscopy and Fourier image analysis.
Institutional culture and individual behavior: creating an ethical environment.

Much of the work in professional ethics sees ethical problems as resulting from ethical ignorance, ethical failure or evil intent. While this approach gets at real and valid concerns, it does not capture the whole story because it does not take into account the underlying professional or institutional culture in which moral decision making is imbedded. My argument in this paper is that this culture plays a powerful and sometimes determinant role in establishing the nature of the ethical debate; i.e., it helps to define what are viable action options, what is the organization’s genuine mission, and what behaviors will be rewarded or criticized. Given these conclusions, I also argue that consulting ethicists need more than an understanding of ethics theory, concepts and principles; they also need a sufficiently rich understanding of organizational culture and a willingness and an ability to critique that culture.
Long-term hypoxia alters ovine fetal endocrine and physiological responses to hypotension

Exposure to long-term hypoxia (LTH) results in altered cortisol responses in the ovine fetus. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that LTH alters adrenal responsiveness to fetal h...
Determination of Sulfur Environments in Borosilicate Waste Glasses Using X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy

Abstract Sulfur can be the waste-loading limiting constituent for vitrification of sulfur-bearing radioactive wastes due to low solubility in silicate melts. Methods to improve sulfur loading would benefit from improved understanding of the structural aspects of sulfur incorporation in borosilicate and other glasses. To this end, sulfur XANES spectra were collected for eight crystalline standards and twenty-four glasses, including borosilicate, phosphate, and borate compositions. Spectra for the standards show a systematic energy shift of the sulfur K-edge from 2469 to 2482 eV, as sulfur valence increases from 2− (in sulfides) to 6+ (in sulfates). Most crucible glasses investigated have simple edges near 2482 eV that indicate sulfur in the form of sulfate only. Other glasses, some synthesized under reducing conditions, have complicated edges, indicating sulfate, sulfite, and more reduced species that may include S, S–S doublets, or short polysulfide chains. Sulfide species (S2−) were not dominant in any of the samples over the range of redox conditions investigated. These results indicate that sulfur incorporation is considerably more complex than would be suggested by the conventional interpretation of the redox-dependence of sulfur solubility, which considers only sulfate and sulfide species. Raman data indicate that several of the glasses investigated are not homogeneous with regard to all sulfur species.
Race, space and place in suburban Durban: an ethnographic assessment of gated community environments and residents

This paper explores gated community culture and development in the suburbs of North Durban in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa. Using perspectives from the anthropology of space and place as a theoretical and methodological framework, ethnographic fieldwork in one community in this area explores the cultural reasoning behind the movement to a fortified suburban enclave in South Africa by problematizing why, in a newly democratic society based on an ethos of desegregation, do individuals feel the need to segregate themselves along class and racial lines in fortified developments in a fashion reminiscent of homeland demarcation during apartheid? And, is the movement to gated communities within post-apartheid South Africa solely a white cultural and class phenomenon? While these questions are necessary, and perhaps commonsensical in terms of the unique social history of South Africa, research also attempts to complicate these lines of inquiry to apprehend the cultural reasoning and lifestyles of gated community residents to move past racial and class stereotypes and delve into the complex culture of these environments and the different rationalizations that individuals work with to justify their surroundings.
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during odontogenesis II. Intercellular matrix vesicles

Abstract The present study has demonstrated morphologically the probable sequential formation of matrix vesicles during embryonic rabbit incisor tooth formation. The observations presented suggest that these vesicles may have been selectively formed within each cell type and then exported into the matrix, or that matrix vesicles may have been formed by a pinocytotic mechanism. It is uncertain on the basis of our morphological data whether one or both of these explanations is adequate. Matrix vesicles were increasingly more concentrated in the matrix region adjacent to dividing inner enamel epithelia and preodontoblast mesenchyme. Thereafter, the concentration of matrix vesicles diminished with the cessation of cell division within each cell type. The vesicles varied considerably in size (500Ato 0.1 μm), shape and the electron density of their contents. They were limited by a unit trilaminar membrane, often coated with a filamentous mat, and contained materials of varying electron density. Morphological data indicate that vesicles observed in the developmentally more advanced dentine organic matrix (in association with nondividing cells) function in the initiation of calcification during dentinogenesis. On the basis of morphological information we anticipate that additional developmental events within dissimilar cell types and within the forming organic matrix may be mediated through matrix vesicles. The interpretation of vesicle functions on the basis of matrix vesicle ultrastructure and location with respect to each cell type must be highly qualified until additional criteria can be employed. However, with regard to possible informational and structural macromolecular transmission and/or ion transport by matrix vesicles, the morphological evidence presented may be highly significant.
Children's use of mutual exclusivity to constrain the meanings of words ☆

For children to acquire vocabulary as rapidly as they do, they must be able to eliminate many potential meanings of words. One way children may do this is to assume category terms are mutually exclusive. Thus, if a child already knows a label for an object, a new label for that object should be rejected. Six studies with 3-year-olds tested this hypothesis. Study 1 demonstrated that children reject a second label for an object, treating it, instead, as a label for a novel object. In the remaining studies, this simple novel label-novel object strategy was precluded. If the only object present is familiar, children cannot map a novel term to a novel object. Instead they must analyze the object for some other attribute to label. In Studies 2–6, children were taught either a new part term, e.g., trachea, or a new substance term, e.g., pewter, by showing them an object and saying, “This is a trachea” or (“It is pewter”). For unfamiliar objects, children tended to interpret the term as a label for the object itself. For familiar objects, they tended instead to interpret it as a part or substance term. Thus, mutual exclusivity motivates children to learn terms for attributes, substances, and parts as well as for objects themselves.
DOA estimation with local-peak-weighted CSP

This paper proposes a novel weighting algorithm for Cross-power Spectrum Phase (CSP) analysis to improve the accuracy of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation for beamforming in a noisy environment. Our sound source is a human speaker and the noise is broadband noise in an automobile. The harmonic structures in the human speech spectrum can be used for weighting the CSP analysis, because harmonic bins must contain more speech power than the others and thus give us more reliable information. However, most conventional methods leveraging harmonic structures require pitch estimation with voiced-unvoiced classification, which is not sufficiently accurate in noisy environments. In our new approach, the observed power spectrum is directly converted into weights for the CSP analysis by retaining only the local peaks considered to be harmonic structures. Our experiment showed the proposed approach significantly reduced the errors in localization, and it showed further improvements when used with other weighting algorithms.
Incidental healed postinfectious glomerulonephritis: a study of 1012 renal biopsy specimens examined by electron microscopy.

Glomerulonephritis (GN) characterized by immune complex deposits typical of postinfectious GN but with a paucity or absence of overt clinical symptoms and/or urinary abnormalities may occur after a group A streptococcus infection. The overall incidence of this type of subclinical GN is not known. To address this question, electron microscopy findings in 1012 consecutive renal biopsy specimens (952 native kidney, 60 transplant) examined by a single renal pathologist from August 1999 to April 2002 were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of distinct subepithelial and intramembranous deposits indicative of postinfectious GN. Such deposits were noted in 83 biopsy specimens, including 26 with a primary diagnosis of postinfectious GN (acute, persistent, or latent) and 57 in which these deposits were an incidental finding. In each of the latter 57 cases, some or all of the deposits showed partial or extensive loss of electron density typical of partially or largely resorbed deposits. A diagnosis of incidental postinfectious GN was not made in any biopsy specimen exhibiting another immune complex-related glomerular disease that could possibly account for the deposits, composing 443 of the 1012 biopsy specimens examined. Thirty of the 57 biopsy specimens with incidental postinfectious GN showed mesangial hypercellularity, although this was focal and segmental in all but 3 cases and was not accompanied by the endocapillary hypercellularity typical of acute postinfectious lesions. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed glomerular deposits of C3 in >90% of these biopsy specimens and IgM deposits in 66%, but only rare IgG, IgA, and Cq deposits. Twenty-three (40%) of these 57 biopsy specimens exhibited diabetic nephropathy, either alone or in combination with another lesion; for perspective, only 128 (13%) of the 1012 biopsy specimens examined showed evidence of diabetic nephropathy. In summary, incidental evidence of resolving or largely healed postinfectious GN was noted in up to 10.5% of renal biopsy specimens (57 of 543, not including specimens with a primary diagnosis of an immune complex-related glomerular disease). The recognition of such lesions is potentially important in the interpretation of certain renal biopsy specimens.
Historical time and economic theory

This paper explores the relationship between historical time and economic theory. We argue that the pervasive influence of history in determining long run economic outcomes cannot be overlooked, in spite of the tendency of most mainstream economic models to engage in such neglect. A definition of historical time is followed by a review of some previous contributions relating to this concept. The remainder of the paper comprises a survey and assesment of attempts to introduce historical time into economic models through constructs such as hysteresis, cumulative caustion and lock in.
Culture of macrophages from bovine bone marrow

Abstract Macrophages perform important immunoregulatory and host defense functions. Examination of this cell type in the bovine has been restricted because of lack of a means to obtain pure bovine macrophage populations reproducibly. We have developed a system for production of large numbers of macrophages from this species with greater than 99% purity. Stem cells were obtained from the bone marrow of neonatal calves and cultured in vitro in the presence of macrophagecolony-stimulating factor. Bovine bone marrow culture-derived macrophages were esterase-positive, expressed Fc receptors for aggregated IgG, and bovine macrophage differentiation markers. In addition, they displayed class I and class II major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens. The level of MHC antigen expressed could be further enhanced by treatment with recombinant bovine interferons. The macrophages exhibited expected functions, for example, Fc-mediated ingestion of opsonized sheep red blood cells. Augmentation of phagocytic capacity by either alpha or gamma interferon could also be demonstrated. The data reported here confirm that bone marrow culture is a convenient, reliable source of macrophages for investigations of this bovine cell type.
An approach to job pricing in a multi-programming environment

Computers are amazingly fast, amazingly accurate, and amazingly expensive. This last attribute, expense, is one which must be considered by those who would utilize the speed and accuracy of computers. In order to equitably distribute the expense of computing among the various users, it is essential that the computer installation management be able to accurately assess the costs of processing a specific job. Knowing job costs is also important for efficiency studies, hardware planning, and workload evaluation as well as for billing purposes.
The morphologic development of the sinoatrial node in the mouse

Abstract A plastic embedding technique was employed on mouse embryos after fixation with a gluteraldehyde-paraformaldehyde mixture and preparation of large, 1 to 2 μ sections cut on a rotary microtome with steel knives. It was then possible to trace the sinoatrial node back to mouse embryos of 4 sol1 2 mm crown-rump length ( 10 1 2 days gestational age, corresponding developmentally to 6 mm human embryos). In the mouse, the sinoatrial node lies anteromedially just above the cavoatrial junction. The nodal artery, which is located more or less centrally, is a branch of the internal mammary artery, not of the coronary arterial system. Even in the youngest embryos examined thus far, the node is strictly unilateral in structure.
Pathology of damaging electrical stimulation in the retina

The goal of this study was to examine the characteristics of electrically induced retinal damage. A retinal prosthesis must be both effective and safe, but most research related to electrical stimulation of the retina has involved measures of efficacy (for example, stimulus threshold), while relatively little research has investigated the safety of electrical stimulation. In this study, a single platinum microelectrode was inserted into the vitreous cavity of normally-sighted adult Long Evans pigmented rats. In one group of animals, no contact was made between the electrode and the retina and current pulses of 0.05 (n=3) and 0.2 (n=6) microC/phase were applied. In a second group, visible contact (slight dimpling of the retina) was made between the electrode and the retina and current pulses of 0.09 (n=4) microC/phase were applied. In both cases, stimulus pulses (biphasic, cathodic first, 1 ms/phase) were applied for 1 h at 100 Hz. Also, control experiments were run with no electrical stimulation with retina contact (n=4) and with no retinal contact (n=3). After stimulation, the animal was survived for 2 weeks with ocular photography and electroretinography (ERG) to document changes. During the follow-up period, retinal changes were observed only when the electrode contacted the retina, with or without electrical stimulation. No difference was noted in ERG amplitude or latency comparing the test eye to the stimulated eye. Histological analysis was performed after sacrifice at 2 weeks. A semi-quantitative method for grading 18 features of retina/RPE/choroidal appearance was established and integer grades applied to both test and control eyes. Using this method and comparing the most severely affected area (highest grade), significant differences (p<0.05) were noted between experiments with retinal contact and without retinal contact in all features except inner nuclear layer thickness. No difference was noted within a group based on the intensity of electrical stimulus applied. The size of the affected area was significantly larger with both retinal contact and electrical stimulation compared to with retinal contact alone. We conclude that mechanical pressure alone and mechanical pressure with excessive electrical stimulation causes damage to the retina but that electrical stimulation coupled with mechanical pressure increases the area of the damage.
Quantitative study of optic nerve head capillaries in experimental optic disk pallor.

We obtained quantitative measurements of capillary numbers, areas, and diameters in atrophic (pale) and normal primate optic nerve heads. The number of capillaries per square millimeter in pale optic disks was not significantly different from that in normal optic disks. Because the loss of all nerve fibers leads to a 50% decrease in nerve head substance, capillaries must atrophy to maintain a constant relationship between capillary number and tissue volume. The mean size of individual capillaries in atrophic nerve heads was smaller than normal, leading to a decrease of more than 27% in the percentage of tissue volume occupied by capillaries: When this decrease in capillary volume was mimicked in the normal optic disk by reducing the hematocrit value, optic disk pallor did not result. Hence, the development of optic disk pallor appears to be the result of thinning of the neural tissue of the rim of the optic disk and the consequent change in tissue composition and optical transparency, rather than of a loss of optic disk capillaries.
Electronic structure of small titanium clusters: Emergence and evolution of the 3d band.

The electronic structure of titanium clusters $({\mathrm{Ti}}_{n},n\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3--65)$ is probed by size-selected anion photoelectron spectroscopy. It is observed that the 3d band emerges at the eight-atom cluster beyond which the d band broadens and evolves toward that of the bulk. The electronic structure of the titanium clusters is found to become bulklike at relatively small cluster sizes. This is discussed in terms of the delocalization of the titanium 3d orbitals and the implications for the cluster structures.
Pulse modulated and continuous wave microwave radiation yield equivalent changes in operant behavior of rodents.

Abstract Long-Evans rats were trained to the point of stable performance on a multicomponent (fixed-ratio, timeout) operant task. Different groups were exposed to continuous wave (CW) and to pulse modulated (PM) microwave radiation (MWR) during daily three-hour behavioral sessions. The rates of responding under actual and sham exposure conditions were noted. With comparable MWR dose rates, CW and PM MWR (5.8 and 6.7 mW/g, respectively) were equally effective in reducing response rates during both the fixed-ratio and the timeout components of the operant sessions. Dose rates of this order were associated with an elevation in body temperature of 0.5 to 1.0°C. At 3.6 mW/g, whereas the mean rates of fixed-ratio responding were unchanged, the rates of responding during timeout were reduced significantly. Again, CW and PM MWR yielded essentially equivalent results. This MWR dose rate was not accompanied by a measurable increment in whole body temperature. It appears that (1) fixed-ratio operant responding of rats for food reward was more robust, that is, less subject to suppression by concurrent exposure to MWR than was bar-pressing during timeout, (2) PM and CW MWR, especially at the higher dose rate, effectively enhanced operant control over timeout responding and (3) the equivalent effects of CW and PM MWR support the hypothesis of a thermal basis for their effect despite the apparent inability to detect changes in whole body temperature.
Identification of Prelinguistic Phonological Categories

Purpose The prelinguistic infant’s babbling repertoire of syllables—the phonological categories that form the basis for early word learning—is noticed by caregivers who interact with infants around...
How Enzymes Control the Reactivity of Adenosylcobalamin: Effect on Coenzyme Binding and Catalysis of Mutations in the Conserved Histidine-Aspartate Pair of Glutamate Mutase

Glutamate mutase is one of a group of adenosylcobalamin-dependent enzymes that catalyze unusual isomerizations that proceed through the formation of radical intermediates. It shares a structurally similar cobalamin-binding domain with methylcobalamin-dependent methionine synthase. In particular, both proteins contain the "DXHXXG" cobalamin-binding motif, in which the histidine provides the axial ligand to cobalt. The effects of mutating the conserved histidine and aspartate residues in methionine synthase have recently been described [Jarrett, J. T., Amaratunga, M., Drennan, C. L., Scholten, J. D., Sands, R. H., Ludwig, M. L., & Matthews, R. G. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 2464-2475]. Here, we describe how similar mutations in the "DXHXXG" motif of glutamate mutase affect coenzyme binding and catalysis in an adenosylcobalamin-dependent reaction. The mutations made in the MutS subunit of glutamate mutase were His16Gly, His16Gln, Asp14Asn, Asp14Glu, and Asp14Ala. All the mutations affect, in varying degrees, the rate of catalysis, the affinity of the protein for the coenzyme, and the coordination of cobalt. Mutations of either Asp14 or His16 decrease k(cat) by 1000-fold, and whereas cob(II)alamin accumulates as an intermediate in the wild-type enzyme, it does not accumulate in the mutants, suggesting the rate-determining step is altered. The apparent Kd for adenosylcobalamin is raised by about 50-fold when His16 is mutated and by 5-10-fold when Asp16 is mutated. There are extensive differences between the UV-visible spectra of wild-type and mutant holoenzymes, indicating that the mutant enzymes coordinate cobalt less well. Overall, the properties of these mutants differ quite markedly from those observed when similar mutations were introduced into methionine synthase.
The somatic marker hypothesis: still many questions but no answers: Response to Bechara et al.

The writing of this article was supported by a fellowship from the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (Portugal) to T.V.M. and by NIMH grant MH64445 to J.L.M.
Growth Under Different Nutritional Environments Following Selection in Japanese Quail Under Specific Environments

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate growth in quail lines selected under three nutritional environments when lines were exposed to several environments. Lines utilized were the P line selected for high 4-wk BW under a 28% CP diet, the T line selected for high 4-wk BW under a 20% CP diet containing .2% thiouracil (TU), and the S line derived from the T line in Generation 27 and thereafter selected for high BW under a 28% CP diet containing .2% TU. The randombred control (C) from which these lines originated was also utilized. In Experiment 1, quail progeny from Generation 70 breeders were fed diets containing 28% CP with 0, .05, .10, .20, and .40% TU added to the diet. In Experiment 2, P, T, S, and C progeny from Generation 72 breeders were evaluated under the three selection environments. Body weights were obtained weekly from 0 to 4 wk. In Experiment 1, P line quail had superior BW on the control diet whereas S and T line quail had superior BW on diets containing TU. Increasing TU levels resulted in progressive decreases in P and C line BW, however, TU had only minimal effects on BW in S and T line quail, resulting in line by diet interactions. In Experiment 2, the highest BW was found in quail receiving the 28% CP diet, however, all selected lines had superior BW to other lines under their respective selection environments. Across diets, T line quail had the highest 4-wk BW and P line quail had the lowest BW. The best overall performance was obtained from the line selected under the poorest environment.
Subchronic toxicity evaluation of potassium bromate in Fischer 344 rats.

Abstract Male F344 rats were exposed to potassium bromate (KBrO 3 ) in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 5, 20, 100, 200, or 400 mg/L for 2 or 13 weeks. Endpoints evaluated included clinical observations, body weights, serum chemistry, gross pathology, organ weights, and select tissue histopathology (kidney, lung, liver, thyroid, and tunica vaginalis). Weekly body weight and water consumption means were similar between KBrO 3 and control groups throughout the study. Increases in kidney weights were observed in rats of the 400 mg/L group following 2- or 13-weeks exposure. Hyaline droplets were observed in renal tubules of rats of the 200 and 400 mg/L groups following 2 weeks exposure and in rats of the 400 mg/L group at 13 weeks. There were no KBrO 3 -related microscopic findings in the lung, liver, thyroid, and tunica vaginalis at the 2- and 13-week time points. A no observed effect level of 100 mg/L KBrO 3 (8.1 mg/kg/day) was selected based on the absence of microscopic alterations in the kidney.
Multiple Reversals of Competitive Dominance in Ecological Reserves via External Habitat Degradation

In this article we continue an examination of the consequences of habitat degradation on species interactions begun by Cantrell, Cosner and Fagan in Cantrell et al., J. Math. Biol. 37, 491–533 (1998). In Cantrell et al., J. Math. Biol. 37, 491–533 (1998), two competing species were thought to inhabit a pristine patch of habitat surrounded by ‘‘matrix’’ habitat whose level of degradation is variable. The dynamics of the species interactions was modeled by diffusive Lotka–Volterra competition equations in the patch supplemented by Robin boundary conditions on the interface between the pristine patch and the matrix habitat. Habitat degradation was incorporated into the model via a tunable hostility parameter in the boundary conditions. Analysis of the model showed that it is possible for a species to be competitively dominant in the pristine patch when the surrounding environs are only mildly unfavorable but to lose this advantage and be competitively inferior in the patch when matrix hostility is severe. In this article we address the question of just how delicately competitive advantage within the pristine patch depends on the level of degradation in the environs surrounding the pristine patch. We show that it is indeed possible for competitive advantage to reverse more than once as the level of degradation in the matrix habitat increases and also examine the effects thereof on the number and nature of equilibria through a detailed bifurcation analysis.
ILLEGITIMATE BIRTH STATUS AND FATHERLESSNESS

The Principle of Legitimacy as formulated by Malinowski (1930) states that the father is indispensable for the full status of the child and that distinctions are always drawn which stigmatise those who are fatherless in a social sense. The universality of this rule has been a moot point since there is empirical refutation of it in Caribbean societies, which have consistently high illegitimacy rates (Hartley, 1980) and more recently, the concurrent rise of illegitimacy rates in the U.S. (U.S. Bureau of Census, 1982:66) and in many European countries since the 1950s (Eurostat, 1983) suggests that the Principle of Legitimacy is an anachronism. Whether it is limited in its application or obsolete cannot be determined, however, without first considering the validity of illegitimacy rates as a measure of fatherlessness. That is, can high or escalating illegitimacy rates be taken as evidence that the father's role is diminished and the mother‐father‐child triad supplanted? In Scandinavian countries, it is clearly the case that they cannot. Trost (1977; 1978) has pointed out that in Sweden, cohabitation is increasingly regarded as a viable alternative to marriage and that many children born illegitimate are fatherless only according to a strictly legal definition. Similarly, Carter (1977: 131) discussing historical data from Great Britain, has maintained that illegitimacy rates denote official categorisation and do not necessarily reflect the formation of incomplete families. He argues that whereas birth and death are defined biologically, illegitimacy and suicide are social definitions. The same problems hindering the utility of suicide data, he asserts, arise in the construction of illegitimacy rates and ratios and in an equally intractable form.
The Puestow Procedure: How I Do It

The Puestow procedure, also called lateral pancreaticojejunostomy, has been the mainstay of surgical therapy for dilated duct chronic pancreatitis for decades. Principles that Puestow and Gillesby described in 1958 are pertinent to the modern conduct of this operation that is described with current practice guidelines.
Viral infection triggers central nervous system autoimmunity via activation of CD8 + T cells expressing dual TCRs

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, demyelinating, central nervous system disease mediated by myelin-specific T cells. Environmental triggers that cause the breakdown of myelin-specific T cell tolerance are unknown. Here we found that CD8(+) myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cell tolerance was broken and autoimmunity was induced by infection with a virus that did not express MBP cross-reactive epitopes and did not depend on bystander activation. Instead, the virus activated T cells expressing dual T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) that were able to recognize both MBP and viral antigens. Our results demonstrate the importance of dual TCR-expressing T cells in autoimmunity and suggest a mechanism by which a ubiquitous viral infection could trigger autoimmunity in a subset of infected people, as suggested by the etiology of multiple sclerosis.
The mammalian circadian clock shop.

In mammals, a master circadian pacemaker driving daily rhythms in behavior and physiology resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The SCN contains multiple circadian oscillators that synchronize to environmental cycles and to each other in vivo. Rhythm production, an intracellular event, depends on more than eight identified genes. The period of the rhythms within the SCN also depends upon intercellular communication. Many other tissues also retain the ability to generate near 24 -h periodicities although their place in the organization of circadian timing is still unclear. This paper focuses on the tissue-, cellular- and molecular-level events that generate and entrain circadian rhythms in behavior in mammals and emphasizes the apparent differences between the SCN and peripheral oscillators.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase up-regulation and mitochondrial glutathione depletion mediate cyanide-induced necrosis in mesencephalic cells.

We have previously shown in rat primary cultured mesencephalic cells that cyanide induces a high level of oxidative stress and necrotic death. To evaluate the mechanism of the cytotoxicity, the effects of cyanide on intracellular glutathione (GSH) pools and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-mediated reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation were studied. Cyanide rapidly depleted intracellular GSH. Restoration of GSH blocked cell death, whereas depletion of GSH by synthesis inhibition increased the necrosis. Selective depletion of mitochondrial GSH (mtGSH) increased oxidative stress and enhanced cell death, whereas the cytoplasmic pool was not critical to cell survival. These actions were accompanied by increased iNOS expression as determined by Western blot analysis, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Upregulation of iNOS led to increased generation of NO as reflected by elevated nitrite levels (an end product of NO metabolism). It was determined by use of a selective inhibitor that up-regulation of iNOS expression was transcriptionally regulated by activation of nuclear factor-jB, a redox-sensitive transcription factor. It was concluded that, in cyanide-mediated neurotoxicity, mtGSH is a vital component of the cellular antioxidant defense, and its depletion can lead to oxidative stress-mediated iNOS up-regulation, thus enhancing RNS generation and necrosis. V C 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New Cavitron system (CUSA/CEM): its application for kidney surgery

A new Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator system (CUSA/CEM), which contains electrocautery function at the hand piece, was used for partial nephrectomies in dogs without clamping the renal artery. The advantages of this new device (CUSA/CEM) over the original CUSA are: (1) it enabled more precise resection of the tissue in a dry field, (2) shorter operating time, and eventually (3) helpful for reduction of blood loss. The microscopic examination of the resected kidney revealed minimal reaction and damage to the adjacent kidney tissue as compared with the effect by electrocautery or microwave tissue coagulator.
Protein expression changes in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala of inbred alcohol-preferring rats given either continuous or scheduled access to ethanol

Chronic ethanol (EtOH) drinking produces neuronal alterations within the limbic system. To investigate changes in protein expression levels associated with EtOH drinking, inbred alcohol-preferring (iP) rats were given one of three EtOH access conditions in their home-cages: continuous ethanol (CE: 24 h/day, 7 days/week access to EtOH), multiple scheduled access (MSA: four 1-h sessions during the dark cycle/day, 5 days/week) to EtOH, or remained EtOH-naive. Both MSA and CE groups consumed between 6 and 6.5 g of EtOH/kg/day after the 3rd week of access. On the first day of EtOH access for the seventh week, access was terminated at the end of the fourth MSA session for MSA rats and the corresponding time point (2300 h) for CE rats. Ten h later, the rats were decapitated, brains extracted, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and amygdala (AMYG) microdissected, and protein isolated for 2-dimensional gel electrophoretic analyses. In the NAcc, MSA altered expression levels for 12 of the 14 identified proteins, compared with controls, with six of these proteins altered by CE access, as well. In the AMYG, CE access changed expression levels for 22 of the 27 identified proteins, compared with controls, with 8 of these proteins altered by MSA, as well. The proteins could be grouped into functional categories of chaperones, cytoskeleton, intracellular communication, membrane transport, metabolism, energy production, or neurotransmission. Overall, it appears that EtOH drinking and the conditions under which EtOH is consumed, differentially affect protein expression levels between the NAcc and AMYG. This may reflect differences in neuroanatomical and/or functional characteristics associated with EtOH self-administration and possibly withdrawal, between these two brain structures.
Infrared absorption of inhomogeneous media with metallic inclusions

Abstract The absorption of far infrared radiation by small metal particles and metal-insulator composite materials is reviewed. The possibility of observing quantum size effects is examined. Recent experimental and theoretical progress in understanding the anomalous enhancement of the far infrared absorption coefficient is discussed.
The Meaning of the Sound of Rattling By Rattlesnakes To California Ground Squirrels

California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) approach, harass and even attack one of their important predators, the rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis). In some of these encounters, rattlesnakes respond with defensive behavior, including rattling. Although the rattle functions primarily as an aposematic signal, we hypothesized that the squirrels extract from the sound the following additional information which indicates the risk associated with interacting with the snake. 1. Rattling indicates that the snake is in a defensive motivational state, which appears to be associated with both a low probability of envenomation and a high probability of retreat by the snake. 2. The intensity and spectral composition of the rattling sound indicates the size of the snake, and risk to the squirrel is positively correlated with snake size. The purpose of these two experiments was to test these hypotheses by exaemining the influence of the rattling sound on the snake-directed behavior of California ground squirrels. In the first experiment we video taped the responses of squirrels to a rattlesnake when it could rattle normally, and to the same snake when its rattle was silenced. In the second experiment, we compared the reactions of squirrels to recordings of the rattling sounds of a large and a small rattlesnake. We found the following. 1. The rattling sound potentiated both contact-promoting and contact-reducing snake-directed behavior by the squirrels. Although the onset of a rattle episode startled the squirrel, the rattle's overall effect was to intensify harassment by the squirrel. Squirrels sand kicked more and at a higher rate and harassed the snake longer when the snake could rattle than when the rattles were silenced. 2. The nature of the rattle's potentiating effect on snake-directed behavior by the squirrel depended on the size related information in the rattling sound. Squirrels turned and ran away from a recording of a large rattlesnake, but approached and investigated a recording of a small rattlesnake. These results suggest both that the squirrels' snake-directed behavior is sensitive to risk and that squirrels extract information from the snake's rattling sounds about the potential costs and benefits of interacting with a rattlesnake.
Effects of Narrow-Band Filters on the Output Envelopes and Phases of Joint AM-FM Inputs: An Analytical Extension of the Bedrosian-Rice Formulation

The problem of determining the waveform distortion produced by a (symmetrical) narrow-band linear filter when an off-tune, simultaneously amplitude- and angle-modulated carrier is introduced, is analytically solved by an extension of the Bedrosian-Rice approach [1]. Here, both the instantaneous angle and envelope of the resulting narrowband output are determined. These results provide a basis for numerical calculations and extension to the more complex problem of interference effects produced by multiple inputs of the above type.
Adaptations for Controlled Hand Movements in Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

A number of neuropathologies such as Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD), cause disability in the upper extremity due to the loss of muscle strength. This will eventually prevent the individual from moving their arms in three-dimensional space so it has been proposed that a robotic orthosis could support and augment movement. This orthosis would need to accommodate the movement capabilities of the user. To accomplish this, knowledge of how movements are formed and controlled in the presence of neuromuscular disease needs to be determined. While the arm was supported in a floatation device, DMD subjects were asked to make pointing movements to several targets in the transverse plane. This was done from two start positions while torso movement was constrained and unconstrained. The hand trajectories formed while the torso was constrained were essentially straight but at a cost to the uni-modality of the hand velocity profile. In this configuration the velocity profile contains several phases of acceleration and deceleration producing a multi-modal profile. However, the additional degrees of freedom introduced in the unconstrained torso configuration were employed is such a manner as to produce a smooth uni-modal hand velocity profile.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Effects of Soybean Hull Additions to Molasses Supplements on Performance of Primiparous Beef Cows

ABSTRACT These studies evaluate the impact of supplemental soybean hulls on performance of primiparous beef cows and calves grazing pastures. In Exp. 1, 48 pregnant cows (385 ± 20 kg) were allocated to 12 pastures and assigned supplemental soybean hulls at 0, 1.6, or 3.2 kg DM/cow daily, in addition to a base supplement of 1.6 kg of liquid molasses and 0.8 kg of cottonseed meal. Cow BW and BCS were recorded every 28 d, and calf BW and cow milk production were evaluated on d 113 and 141. Pastures with cows receiving no supplemental soybean hulls had a greater (P
BDNF stimulates migration of cerebellar granule cells

During development of the nervous system, neural progenitors arise in proliferative zones, then exit the cell cycle and migrate away from these zones. Here we show that migration of cerebellar granule cells out of their proliferative zone, the external granule cell layer (EGL), is impaired in Bdnf–/– mice. The reason for impaired migration is that BDNF directly and acutely stimulates granule cell migration. Purified Bdnf–/– granule cells show defects in initiation of migration along glial fibers and in Boyden chamber assays. This phenotype can be rescued by exogenous BDNF. Using time-lapse video microscopy we find that BDNF is acutely motogenic as it stimulates migration of individual granule cells immediately after addition. The stimulation of migration reflects both a chemokinetic and chemotactic effect of BDNF. Collectively, these data demonstrate that BDNF is directly motogenic for granule cells and provides a directional cue promoting migration from the EGL to the internal granule cell layer (IGL). Movies available on-line
A New Value Iteration method for the Average Cost Dynamic Programming Problem

We propose a new value iteration method for the classical average cost Markovian decision problem, under the assumption that all stationary policies are unichain and that, furthermore, there exists a state that is recurrent under all stationary policies. This method is motivated by a relation between the average cost problem and an associated stochastic shortest path problem. Contrary to the standard relative value iteration, our method involves a weighted sup-norm contraction, and for this reason it admits a Gauss--Seidel implementation. Computational tests indicate that the Gauss--Seidel version of the new method substantially outperforms the standard method for difficult problems.
Differential muscarinic and NMDA contributions to visuo-spatial paired-associate learning in rhesus monkeys.

Rationale: Early, accurate detection of degenerative neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is essential for therapies designed to slow disease progression. Performance of a touch-screen mediated visuo-spatial paired-associates learning (vsPAL) task predicts neurocognitive decline in elderly populations presenting with mild cognitive impairment and distinguishes AD patients from elderly depressed individuals. Translation of this cognitive task to a non-human model may therefore provide an improved tool for study of the etiology and treatment of dementia. Objective: The goal of the current study was to contrast cholinergic and glutamatergic contributions to performance of this AD-sensitive task by challenging rhesus monkeys performing vsPAL with muscarinic antagonist and non-competitive NMDA antagonist drugs. Methods: Seven monkeys were trained to perform vsPAL and then serially challenged with acute doses of scopolamine (3, 10, 17 µg/kg, IM) and ketamine (0.3, 1.0, 1.78 mg/kg, IM). Results: Scopolamine produced a dose×difficulty related impairment of both recognition memory and incremental acquisition aspects of task performance. In contrast, ketamine administration resulted in a dose-dependent impairment of recognition memory but not incremental acquisition. Conclusions: Monkeys' performance of a task sensitive to AD in humans was impaired by two classic pharmacological models of cognitive impairment, therefore supporting the use of this nonhuman model to explore mechanisms of AD-associated cognitive decline. The differential pattern of impairment observed is consistent with a hypothesis that muscarinic mechanisms are required for linking external events with an existing internal representation, whereas NMDA mechanisms are required for the formation/strengthening of such an internal representation.