cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An O(N) parallel method of computing the Log-Jacobian of the variable transformation for models with spatial interaction on a lattice

A parallel method for computing the log of the Jacobian of variable transformations in models of spatial interactions on a lattice is developed. The method is shown to be easy to implement in parallel and distributed computing environments. The advantages of parallel computations are significant even in computer systems with low numbers of processing units, making it computationally efficient in a variety of settings. The non-iterative method is feasible for any sparse spatial weights matrix since the computations involved impose modest memory requirements for storing intermediate results. The method has a linear computational complexity for datasets with a finite Hausdorff dimension. It is shown that most geo-spatial data satisfy this requirement. Asymptotic properties of the method are illustrated using simulated data, and the method is deployed for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates for the spatial autoregressive model using data for the US economy.
Specialization of monodromy group and l-independence

Abstract Let E be an abelian scheme over a geometrically connected, smooth variety X defined over k, a finitely generated field over Q . Let η be the generic point of X and x ∈ X a closed point. If g l and ( g l ) x are the Lie algebras of the l-adic Galois representations for abelian varieties E η and E x , then ( g l ) x is embedded in g l by specialization. We prove that the set { x ∈ X closed point | ( g l ) x ⊊ g l } is independent of l and confirm Conjecture 5.5 in Cadoret and Tamagawa [3] .
A randomized controlled trial of continuous labor support for middle-class couples: effect on cesarean delivery rates.

Background: Previous randomized controlled studies in several different settings demonstrated the positive effects of continuous labor support by an experienced woman (doula) for low-income women laboring without the support of family members. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to examine the perinatal effects of doula support for nulliparous middle-income women accompanied by a male partner during labor and delivery. Methods: Nulliparous women in the third trimester of an uncomplicated pregnancy were enrolled at childbirth education classes in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1988 through 1992. Of the 686 prenatal women recruited, 420 met enrollment criteria and completed the intervention. For the 224 women randomly assigned to the experimental group, a doula arrived shortly after hospital admission and remained throughout labor and delivery. Doula support included close physical proximity, touch, and eye contact with the laboring woman, and teaching, reassurance, and encouragement of the woman and her male partner. Results: The doula group had a significantly lowercesarean delivery rate than the control group (13.4% vs 25.0%, p= 0.002), and fewer women in the doula group received epidural analgesia (64.7% vs 76.0%, p= 0.008). Among women with induced labor, those supported by a doula had a lower rate of cesarean delivery than those in the control group (12.5% vs 58.8%, p= 0.007). On questionnaires the day after delivery, 100 percent of couples with doula support rated their experience with the doula positively. Conclusions: For middle-class women laboring with the support of their male partner, the continuous presence of a doula during labor significantly decreased the likelihood of cesarean delivery and reduced the need for epidural analgesia. Women and their male partners were unequivocal in their positive opinions about laboring with the support of a doula. (BIRTH 35:2 June 2008)
Credibility effects of price controls in disinflation programs

Abstract This paper examines whether price controls may enhance the credibility of a disinflation program. The analysis indicates that a partial price freeze may paradoxically lead to inflation inertia. The authorities may determine optimally the intensity of price controls so as to minimize the policy loss associated with a discretionary monetary strategy. However, the optimal intensity of controls is different from zero only if the cost of enforcing price ceilings is not too high, or if the weight attached to price distortions in the policymaker's loss function is small.
New Equation of Motion for Classical Charged Particles

With the intuitive new ideas that (1) in classical electrodynamics, radiation reaction should be expressible by the external field and the charge's kinematics, (2) a charge experiences, in addition to the Lorentz forces, another "small" external force e_1F^(μλ)u_λ proportional to its acceleration, and (3) inertia plus radiation is balanced by these two external forces, we propose the new equation of motion, mu^μ − ((2e^3)/3m)F^(λα)_(ext)u_λu_αu^μ = eF^(μλ)_(ext)u_λ + e_1F^(μλ)_(ext)u_λ, where mass conservation requires e_1 = (2e^3)/3m. (The particle's spin is not considered in this work.) This equation for a classical charge is free from all the well-known difficulties of the Lorentz-Dirac equation. It conserves energy and momentum in a modified form in which the energy-momentum tensor contains a part t^(μν)(x) made of a new field-charge interaction φ^μ(x), in addition to the conventional "local" part made of F^(μν)_(ret)(x) and F^(μν)_(ext)(x) only, and therefore it no longer satisfies the conventional "local" conservation laws. It predicts correct radiation damping, as demonstrated here by applying it to various cases of basic physical importance. Also, it implies that a massless particle follows a null geodesic and cannot interact with the electromagnetic field whether it be charged or not; this implication may add a new degree of freedom to the charge-conservation law.
Grand unification in higher dimensions

Abstract We have recently proposed an alternative picture for the physics at the scale of gauge coupling unification, where the unified symmetry is realized in higher dimensions but is broken locally by a symmetry breaking defect. Gauge coupling unification, the quantum numbers of quarks and leptons and the longevity of the proton arise as phenomena of the symmetrical bulk, while the lightness of the Higgs doublets and the masses of the light quarks and leptons probe the symmetry breaking defect. Moreover, the framework is extremely predictive if the effective higher dimensional theory is valid over a large energy interval up to the scale of strong coupling. Precise agreement with experiments is obtained in the simplest theory—SU(5) in five dimensions with two Higgs multiplets propagating in the bulk. The weak mixing angle is predicted to be sin2θw=0.2313±0.0004, which fits the data with extraordinary accuracy. The compactification scale and the strong coupling scale are determined to be M c ≃5×10 14 GeV and M s ≃1×10 17 GeV , respectively. Proton decay with a lifetime of order 10 34 years is expected with a variety of final states such as e+π0, and several aspects of flavor, including large neutrino mixing angles, are understood by the geometrical locations of the matter fields. When combined with a particular supersymmetry breaking mechanism, the theory predicts large lepton flavor violating μ→e and τ→μ transitions, with all superpartner masses determined by only two free parameters. The predicted value of the bottom quark mass from Yukawa unification agrees well with the data. This paper is mainly a review of the work presented in hep-ph/0103125, hep-ph/0111068, and hep-ph/0205067 [1] , [2] , [3] .
SDSS J080531.84+481233.0: An Unresolved L Dwarf/T Dwarf Binary

SDSS J080531.84+481233.0 is a peculiar L-type dwarf that exhibits unusually blue near-infrared and mid-infrared colors and divergent optical (L4) and near-infrared (L9.5) spectral classifications. These peculiar spectral traits have been variously attributed to condensate cloud effects or subsolar metallicity. Here I present an improved near-infrared spectrum of this source which further demonstrates the presence of weak CH4 absorption at 1.6 μm but no corresponding band at 2.2 μm. It is shown that these features can be collectively reproduced by the combined light spectrum of a binary with L4.5 and T5 components, as deduced by spectral template matching. Thus, SDSS J080531.84+481233.0 appears to be a new low-mass binary straddling the L dwarf/T dwarf transition, an evolutionary phase for brown dwarfs that remains poorly understood by current theoretical models. The case of SDSS J080531.84+481233.0 further illustrates how a select range of L dwarf/T dwarf binaries could be identified and characterized without the need for high angular resolution imaging or radial velocity monitoring, potentially alleviating some of the detection biases and limitations inherent to such techniques.
Conjugated Heat Transfer From a Hot-Film Probe for Transient Air Flow

On suppose un ecoulement de chaleur simultane dans l'air et la paroi adjacente. On considere le cas d'un ecoulement permanent laminaire et le cas d'un ecoulement laminaire avec une composante oscillante basse-frequence
Phosphine-Catalyzed Formation of Carbon−Sulfur Bonds: Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of γ-Thioesters

A method for catalytic asymmetric gamma sulfenylation of carbonyl compounds has been developed. In the presence of an appropriate catalyst, thiols not only add to the gamma position of allenoates, overcoming their propensity to add to the beta position in the absence of a catalyst, but do so with very good enantioselectivity. Sulfur nucleophiles are now added to the three families of nucleophiles (carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) that had earlier been shown to participate in catalyzed gamma additions. The phosphine catalyst of choice, TangPhos, had previously only been employed as a chiral ligand for transition metals, not as an efficient enantioselective nucleophilic catalyst.
Applications of multi-body dynamical environments: The ARTEMIS transfer trajectory design

Abstract The application of forces in multi-body dynamical environments to permit the transfer of spacecraft from Earth orbit to Sun–Earth weak stability regions and then return to the Earth–Moon libration (L1 and L2) orbits has been successfully accomplished for the first time. This demonstrated that transfer is a positive step in the realization of a design process that can be used to transfer spacecraft with minimal Delta-V expenditures. Initialized using gravity assists to overcome fuel constraints; the ARTEMIS trajectory design has successfully placed two spacecrafts into Earth–Moon libration orbits by means of these applications.
Long-term Care Insurance Policy Dropping in the U.S. from 1996 to 2000: Evidence and Implications for Long-term Care Financing

While the market for private long-term care insurance in the U.S. has grown dramatically, consumer advocates have argued for increased regulatory attention and for broadened consumer education programs concerning long-term care insurance. We analyse Health and Retirement Survey data from 1996, 1998, and 2000 using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model of the counts of consecutive periods of long-term care insurance coverage. We find that while a significant proportion of Americans over the age of 50 purchase long-term care insurance, many of these purchasers drop their coverage within a five-year period. This finding raises questions for long-term care insurance researchers and it contains implications for market regulators, public policy makers interested in financing long-term care, as well as for insurance companies and consumer advocates.
[2+3] Cyclopentene annulation and other trimethylsilyl iodide-mediated rearrangement pathways of vinylcyclopropanes

Abstract Vinylcyclopropanes of type 2 were converted to either annulated cyclopentenes of type 3 or bicyclo [3.2.1] octenes of type 4 through carefully controlled rearrangement pathways. Factors affecting these rearrangements and their utility in synthesis are described.
Comorbidity in hoarding disorder

Background Hoarding Disorder (HD) is currently under consideration for inclusion as a distinct disorder in DSM-5 (1). Few studies have examined comorbidity patterns in people who hoard, and the ones that have suffer from serious methodological shortcomings including drawing from populations already diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), using outdated definitions of hoarding, and relying on inadequate assessments of hoarding. The present study is the first large-scale study of comorbidity in a sample of people meeting recently proposed criteria for hoarding disorder (1) and relying on validated assessment procedures. Methods We compared psychiatric comorbidity in a large HD sample (n = 217) to 96 participants meeting criteria for OCD without HD. Results High comorbidity rates were observed for major depressive disorder (MDD) as well as acquisition-related impulse control disorders (compulsive buying, kleptomania, and acquiring free things). Fewer than 20% of HD participants met criteria for OCD, and the rate of OCD in HD was higher for men than women. Rates of MDD and acquisition-related impulse control disorders were higher among HD than OCD participants. No specific anxiety disorder was more frequent in HD, but social phobia was more frequent among men with HD than among men with OCD. Inattentive ADHD was diagnosed in 28% of HD participants and was significantly more frequent than among OCD participants (3%). Conclusions These findings form important base rates for developing research and treatments for hoarding disorder.
GeV emission from gamma-ray burst afterglows

We calculate the GeV afterglow emission expected from a few mechanisms related to gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and their afterglows. Given the brightness of the early X-ray afterglow emission measured by Swift/X-Ray Telescope, Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST)/Large Area Telescope (LAT) should detect the self-Compton emission from the forward shock driven by the GRB ejecta into the circumburst medium. Novel features discovered by Swift in X-ray afterglows (plateaus and chromatic light-curve breaks) indicate the existence of a pair-enriched, relativistic outflow located behind the forward shock. Bulk and inverse-Compton upscattering of the prompt GRB emission by such outflows provide another source of GeV afterglow emission detectable by LAT. The large-angle burst emission and synchrotron forward-shock emission are, most likely, too dim at high photon energy to be observed by LAT. The spectral slope of the high-energy afterglow emission and its decay rate (if it can be measured) allow the identification of the mechanism producing the GeV transient emission following GRBs.
FLUORINE AND CHLORINE APICOPHILICITIES IN FIVE-COORDINATED PHOSPHORUS AND SILICON COMPOUNDS VIA MOLECULAR ORBITAL CALCULATIONS. A MODEL FOR NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION

Abstract Comparative ab initio molecular orbital calculations on pentacoordinated phosphorus and silicon model states are used to establish apicophilicities in a series of trigonal-bipyramidal molecules composed of all combinations of the ligand atoms, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. In agreement with experimental observations, it is shown that chlorine is in general more apicophilic than fluorine except when the collective electronegativity of equatorial atoms is increased sufficiently, e.g., as in the PCl n Fs-n series. The crossover in halogen apicophilicity for silicon has an even greater electronegativity requirement in equatorial sites than that for phosphorus. Further, as applied in nucleophilic substitution reactions, the apicophilicity of the leaving group is diminished by the composition of equatorial ligands in the order Cl > F > H. In contrast, the apicophilicity of the leaving group is enhanced by the opposite apical atom in this same order, Cl > F > H, in all cases except that in which the...
Buoyancy Effects in Strongly-Pulsed, Turbulent Diffusion Flames

The objective of this experiment is to better understand the combustion behavior of pulsed, turbulent diffusion flames by conducting experiments in microgravity. The fuel jet is fully-modulated (i.e., completely shut off between pulses) by an externally controlled valve system leading to enhanced fuel/air mixing compared to acoustically excited or partially-modulated jets. Experiments are conducted both in laboratories at UW and WPI and in the GRC 2.2s Drop Tower. A single fuel nozzle with diameter d = 2 mm is centered in a combustor 20 20 cm in cross section and 67 cm in height. The gaseous fuel flow (ethylene or a 50/50 ethylene/nitrogen mixture by volume) is fully-modulated by a fast-response solenoid valve with injection times from tau = 4 to tau = 300 ms. The nominal Reynolds number based on the fuel velocity during injection, U(sub jet), is 5,000. A slow oxidizer co-flow properly ventilates the flame and an electrically heated wire loop serves as a continuous ignition source. Diagnostic techniques include video imaging, fine-wire thermocouples and thermopile radiometers, and gas sampling and standard emissions instruments (the last in the laboratory only).
Multivariate Fractional Regression Estimation of Econometric Share Models

This paper describes and applies econometric strategies for estimating regression models of economic share data outcomes where the shares may take boundary values (zero and one) with nontrivial probability. The main focus of the paper is on the conditional mean structures of such data. The paper proposes an extension of the fractional regression methodology proposed by Papke and Wooldridge, 1996, 2008, in univariate cross-sectional and panel contexts. The paper discusses the stochastic aspects of share definition and measurement, and summarizes important features of the existing literature on econometric strategies for share model estimation. The paper then goes on to discuss the univariate fractional regression estimation strategies proposed by Papke and Wooldridge and to extend the fractional regression approach to estimation of and inference about regression models describing the multivariate share data. Some issues involving outcome aggregation/disaggregation are considered, as is a full likelihood estimation approach based on Dirichlet-multinomial models. The paper demonstrates the workings of these various empirical strategies by estimating models of financial asset portfolio shares using data from the 2001, 2004, and 2007 U.S. Surveys of Consumer Finances.
Structure and stability of the lamin A tail domain and HGPS mutant.

Abstract Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging syndrome caused by the expression and accumulation of a mutant form of lamin A, Δ50 lamin A. As a component of the cell’s nucleoskeleton, lamin A plays an important role in the mechanical stabilization of the nuclear envelope and in other nuclear functions. It is largely unknown how the characteristic 50 amino acid deletion affects the conformation of the mostly intrinsically disordered tail domain of lamin A. Here we perform replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations of the tail domain and determine an ensemble of semi-stable structures. Based on these structures we show that the ZMPSTE 24 cleavage site on the precursor form of the lamin A tail domain orients itself in such a way as to facilitate cleavage during the maturation process. We confirm our simulated structures by comparing the thermodynamic properties of the ensemble structures to in vitro stability measurements. Using this combination of experimental and computational techniques, we compare the size, heterogeneity of size, thermodynamic stability of the Ig-fold, as well as the mechanisms of force-induced denaturation. Our data shows that the Δ50 lamin A tail domain is more compact and displays less heterogeneity than the mature lamin A tail domain. Altogether these results suggest that the altered structure and stability of the tail domain can explain changed protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions and may represent an etiology of the disease. Also, this study provides the first molecular structure(s) of the lamin A tail domain, which is confirmed by thermodynamic tests in experiment.
Energetic neutral particles from Jupiter and Saturn

The Voyager 1 spacecraft has detected energetic neutral particles escaping from the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. These energetic neutrals are created in charge exchange reactions between radiation belt ions and ambient atoms or molecules in the magnetosphere. If the Io torus is assumed to be the dominant Jovian source region for energetic neutrals, the Voyager observations can be used to infer upper limits to the average ion intensities there below about 200 keV. No readily interpretable in-situ measurements are available in the Io torus at these energies. The middle and outer Jovian magnetospheres may also be a significant source of energetic neutrals. At Saturn, the observed neutral particle count rates are too high to be explained by charge exchange between fast protons and H atoms of the Titan torus. Most of the energetic neutrals may be produced by charge exchanges between heavy ions and a neutral cloud containing H2O in Saturn's inner magnetosphere. If so, the Voyager measurements of energetic neutral fluxes would be the first detected emissions from this region of Saturn's magnetosphere.
Studying QCD at low x and high mass with CMS

The CMS heavy ion program can study quark matter over an unprecedented range of Bjorken x and mass. CMS is equipped with excellent detectors to exploit the new physics probes available at s NN = 5.5 TeV . The high rate capability and wide rapidity coverage will allow us to study the correlations between low x and high mass phenomena.
What Is a Singularity in Geometrized Newtonian Gravitation

I discuss singular space-times in the context of the geometrized formulation of Newtonian gravitation. I argue first that geodesic incompleteness is a natural criterion for when a model of geometrized Newtonian gravitation is singular, and then I show that singularities in this sense arise naturally in classical physics by stating and proving a classical version of the Raychaudhuri-Komar singularity theorem.
Collapse, equilibrium, and fragmentation of rotating, adiabatic clouds

Numerical calculations of the collapse of adiabatic clouds from uniform density and rotation initial conditions show that when restricted to axisymmetry, the clouds form either near-equilibrium spheroids or rings. Rings form in the collapse of low thermal energy clouds and have a ratio of rotational kinetic energy to the absolute value of gravitational potential energy greater than approximately 0.43. When the axisymmetric constraint is removed and an initial m = 2 density variation is introduced, clouds either collapse to form near-equilibrium ellipsoids or else fragment into binary systems through a bar phase. Ellipsoids form in the collapse of high thermal energy clouds and have a rotational kinetic energy/absolute value of gravitational potential energy ratio less than approximately 0.27. The results are consistent with the critical values of the rotational kinetic energy/absolute value of gravitational potential energy ratio for instabilities in Maclaurin spheroids, and suggest that protostellar clouds may undergo a dynamic fragmentation in the nonisothermal collapse regime.
Gonadotropic regulation of aromatase activity in the adult rat testis.

Aromatase activity during gonadotropin action in vivo and in vitro was examined in purified Leydig cells to further define the early effects of LH and for elucidation of the enzymatic processes involved in the development of late lesions of androgen biosynthetic pathway. Aromatase was measured by the tritiated water release method using [1β-3H]testosterone as substrate. The enzyme activity was proportional to the amount of cells (0.1–1.0 × 106) incubated, increased with the incubation time (2–60 min), was inhibited by androstatriendione (ED50, 5.0 μm), and showed a Km for testosterone of 1.69 nm. Aromatase activity was stimulated (10–20%; P < 0.05) 1 h after treatment of rats with a single sc dose of 5 μg hCG. This activation preceded the late steroidogenic lesion at the site of 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase activity by 2-5 h. A RIA of improved sensitivity (0.5 pg) was developed to detect the very low cellular and secretory levels of estradiol. The testicular contents of testosterone and estradiol s...
Institutional factors in time to the doctorate

The aim of this study was to delineate departmental differences in the length of time that doctoral students take to receive their degrees and the institutional characteristics linked with it. Variables describing graduate departments in three disciplines (chemistry, English, and psychology) and their parent universities were obtained from available records. In analyses of departments in each discipline, a relatively small set of institutional variables correlated with average time to the doctorate for the department, after controlling for characteristics of students in the department, and these relationships differed from discipline to discipline. The clearest and most extensive findings emerged for psychology: the institutional variables identified primarily concerned faculty accessibility (student/faculty ratio and department size)—a longer time to the doctorate for departments with many students per faculty member or many students.
Gravi-burst: super-GZK cosmic rays from localized gravity

The flux of cosmic rays beyond the GZK cutoff ({approx} 10{sup 20} eV) may be explained through their production by ultra high energy cosmic neutrinos, annihilating on the relic neutrino background, in the vicinity of our galaxy. This process is mediated through the production of a Z boson at resonance, and is generally known as the Z-Burst mechanism. We show that a similar mechanism can also contribute to the super-GZK spectrum at even higher, ultra-GZK energies, where the particles produced at resonance are the Kaluza-Klein gravitons of weak scale mass and coupling from the Randall-Sundrum (RS) hierarchy model of localized gravity model. We call this mechanism Gravi-Burst. We discuss the parameter space of relevance to Gravi-Bursts, and comment on the possibility of its contribution to the present and future super-GZK cosmic ray data and place bounds on the RS model parameters. Under certain assumptions about the energy spectrum of the primary neutrinos we find that cosmic ray data could be potentially as powerful as the LHC in probing the RS model.
N,N-Dimethyl-S-difluoromethyl-S-phenylsulfoximinium tetrafluoroborate: A versatile electrophilic difluoromethylating reagent

Abstract Over the past decade, sulfur-based fluoromethyl containing compounds have been exhaustively investigated as versatile fluoroalkylating reagents by our research laboratory as well as many others. Lately, we have designed a novel electrophilic difluoromethylating protocol employing in situ prepared N,N-dimethyl-S-difluoromethyl-S-phenylsulfoximinium salt. The present reagent provides excellent reactivity toward a broad spectrum of nucleophilic species (N-, P-, S-, and O-nucleophiles) to yield the corresponding difluoromethylated products with high efficacy under mild conditions. Additional studies have been performed to elucidate the mechanistic fundamentals of the reactions.
Hydrogen bonding Part 34. Thermodynamics of dissociation, stoichiometry, and IR study of the hydrates of N, N-diphenylpiperazine dioxide and N, N-di- p-tolylpiperazine dioxide

Abstract Vapor pressure versus H 2 O content studies show that N , N -diphenylpiperazine dioxide does not form any hydrates other than the previously reported dihydrate and octahydrate. N , N -Di- p -tolylpiperazine dioxide forms a previously unreported dihydrate in addition to the known, tetrahydrate. Thermodynamic values for the dissociations of these four hydrates were determined through equilibrium dissociation vapor pressure measurements. The HOH⋯ON hydrogen bonds in the two dihydrates appear to be significantly weaker than those in the higher hydrates; this conclusion is supported by IR spectral observations. IR comparisons with other hydrates of known structure suggest that H 2 0 molecules in the two N , N -diarylpiperazine dioxide dihydrates bridge between two amine oxide oxygens.
Theoretical and Numerical Validation of the Stochastic Interrogation Experimental Method

Stochastic interrogation is an experimental method that uses transient trajectories starting at nu merous pseudo-random initial conditions to obtain detailed information about the flow of a dynamical system in phase space. From this flow information, various global dynamical phenomena can be studied, such as the transition to complex basin boundaries, chaotic transients, and strange non-attracting sets. The existence of these features in turn allows the occurrence of a homoclinic bifurcation to be inferred, even when all attractors in a system are nonchaotic. In this paper, the validity of inferences made using the stochastic in terrogation experimental method is checked with the aid of a numerical model, using theoretical predictions from Melnikov theory and direct computations of invariant manifolds.
Abstinence and abstinence-only education.

Purpose of reviewTo review recent literature on medical accuracy, program effectiveness, and ethical concerns related to abstinence-only policies for adolescent sexuality education.Recent findingsThe federal government invests over 175 million dollars annually in ‘abstinence-only-until-marriage’ pro
Optical character recognition errors and their effects on natural language processing

Errors are unavoidable in advanced computer vision applications such as optical character recognition, and the noise induced by these errors presents a serious challenge to downstream processes that attempt to make use of such data. In this paper, we apply a new paradigm we have proposed for measuring the impact of recognition errors on the stages of a standard text analysis pipeline: sentence boundary detection, tokenization, and part-of-speech tagging. Our methodology formulates error classification as an optimization problem solvable using a hierarchical dynamic programming approach. Errors and their cascading effects are isolated and analyzed as they travel through the pipeline. We present experimental results based on a large collection of scanned pages to study the varying impact depending on the nature of the error and the character(s) involved. This dataset has also been made available online to encourage future investigations.
Coping with physical and psychological symptoms: a qualitative study of advanced lung cancer patients and their family caregivers.

Purpose Advanced lung cancer patients have high rates of multiple physical and psychological symptoms, and many of their family caregivers experience significant distress. However, little is known about strategies that these patients and their family caregivers employ to cope with physical and psychological symptoms. This study aimed to identify strategies for coping with various physical and psychological symptoms among advanced, symptomatic lung cancer patients and their primary family caregivers.
Theoretical stability analysis of flowing oil wells and gas-lift wells

The unsteady equations of motion for flow out of naturally flowing and gas-lift wells are derived and then solved by the Laplace transform method. This analysis produces a characteristic equation with coefficients that allow determination of the stability of a particular well.
Market Structures and Liquidity: A Transactions Data Study of Exchange Listings

Abstract This paper examines the change in trading costs for firms that choose to move from a dealer market to a specialist system. Using transactions data, our empirical results reveal structurally induced average trading cost reductions of 4.7 (5.2) cents per share for firms that moved from the NASDAQ/NMS to the NYSE (AMEX) in 1990. For NYSE listed stocks, the trading cost reductions are equally divided between quote improvements and the routing of trades to the NYSE. Trading cost improvements vary inversely with trade sizes and positively with dollar spreads. Finally, the greatest liquidity benefits from listing accrue to the less liquid stocks. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D40, G12, G20.
The underpricing of initial public offerings and the partial adjustment phenomenon

Abstract This paper documents that the relation of the final offer price to the range of anticipated offer prices disclosed in the preliminary prospectus is a good predictor of initial returns. Issues that have final offer prices which exceed the limits of the offer range have greater underpricing than all other initial public offerings, and are also more likely to increase the number of shares issued. These results are consistent with the pricing and allocation schedule proposed by Benveniste and Spindt (1989), in which shares in an offering are rationed and prices only partially adjust to new information.
Accounting for site-selection bias in before–after studies for continuous distributions: Characteristics and application using speed data

The before–after study is still the most popular method used by traffic engineers and transportation safety analysts for evaluating the effects of an intervention. Compared to the cross-sectional study, the before–after study has lower within-subject variability since it directly accounts for changes that have occurred at the study sites. However, although this kind of study may offer superior performance, it can still be plagued by important methodological limitations, which could significantly alter the study outcome. They include the regression-to-the-mean (RTM) and site-selection effects. The primary objective of this study consists of presenting a method that can reduce the selection effects when an entry criterion is used in before–after studies for continuous data (e.g. speed, reaction times, etc.), without relying on the use of a control group. The distribution of the data could follow a normal or lognormal distribution. The study objective was accomplished using simulated and observed speed data collected in Florida. The proposed method documented in this paper was compared to the Naive, Control Group (CG) and the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) methods. The simulation results show that the proposed method provides a more precise estimate than the Naive method, as expected. In addition, the method performs better than the CG and the ANCOVA methods when similar control group data are not available. The results also show that higher entry criteria, lower between-subject variances, and higher within-subject variances cause higher selection biases. When traffic engineers and urban planners evaluate or compare different strategies, the proposed method can be applied to adjust naive estimators of treatment effectiveness documented in previous studies without similar control group data.
Innovation and wage effects of international outsourcing

Abstract We investigate the effects of increased outsourcing of production to a low wage country. Such international outsourcing lowers the marginal cost of production and thus increases profits, creating greater incentives for innovation. A reduction in the resource requirement in adapting technology relative to improving products or an expansion in the portion of production that can be outsourced generates a greater extent of international outsourcing, a lower relative wage and a faster rate of innovation. An increase in production taxes in the North, production subsidies in the South, or a subsidy to adapting technologies has similar effects.
Fossil fuel supply, leakage and the effectiveness of border measures in climate policy

Abstract Understanding fossil fuel supply behaviour is crucial for interpreting carbon leakage and assessing the potential effectiveness of border measures in climate policy. In most computable general equilibrium models, this fossil fuel supply is derived from a constant elasticity of substitution production function, in which a natural resource is treated as a fixed factor. We show that this leads to endogenously decreasing supply elasticities and sharply increasing marginal leakage rates for large coalitions that have ambitious emissions targets, particularly when fuel exporters participate in the coalition. We propose an alternative production function that has a constant elasticity of fuel supply, which results in more stable leakage rates and a different share of trade-related leakage. The role of this model variation for the assessment of border measures in climate policy turns out to be limited. In those cases where the model versions differ most (i.e. large coalition, ambitious targets), border measures have a small effect anyway.
Kinetic modeling of temperature driven flows in short microchannels

Abstract The temperature driven gas flows in both a two-dimensional finite length microchannel and a cylindrical tube have been studied numerically, with a goal of investigating performance optimization for a nanomembrane-based Knudsen Compressor. The numerical solutions were obtained using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method and a discrete ordinate method for the ellipsoidal statistical and Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook models. The Knudsen number was 0.2 and the length-to-height ratio 5. Three different wall temperature distributions were considered: linear, step-wise, and a non-monotonic profile typical for a radiantly heated Knudsen Compressor's membrane. The short channel end effects are characterized, and the sensitivity of the mass flow to a non-monotonic temperature distribution is shown.
Anatomy of a weak matrix element

Abstract Although the weak nonleptonic amplitudes of the Standard Model are notoriously difficult to calculate, we have produced a modified weak matrix element which can be analyzed using reliable methods. This hypothetical nonleptonic matrix element is expressible in terms of the isovector and axialvector spectral functions ϱv(s) and ϱA(s), which can be determined in terms of data from tau lepton decay and e+e− annihilation. Chiral symmetry and the operator product expansion are used to constrain the spectral functions respectively in the low energy limits. The magnitude of the matrix element thus determined is compared with its “vacuum saturation” estimate, and in the future may be accessible with lattice calculations.
Embedding sexual and reproductive health and rights in a transformational development framework: lessons learned from the MDG targets and indicators

This paper explores the intended and unintended consequences of the selection of MDG 5 as a global goal, together with its respective targets and indicators, and places what happened to MDG 5, and sexual and reproductive health and rights more broadly, into the context of the development model that was encoded in the MDGs. Over the last decade, as the MDGs increasingly took centre stage in development and their use evolved, they were inappropriately converted from global goals into national planning targets. This conversion was particularly detrimental in the case of MDG 5. It not only created a narrowing in terms of policies and programming, but also had an enormous impact on the discourse of development itself, reshaping the field in terms of the organization and dissemination of knowledge, and underscoring that the process of setting targets and indicators is far from neutral but encodes normative values. Looking forward, it is not adequate to propose an MDG+ framework based on the same structure. Sexual and reproductive health and rights must be placed back into the global discourse, using development to empower women and marginalized populations, and to address structural inequalities that are fundamental to sustained social change. The new development framework should include a strong narrative of social transformation in which fit-for-purpose targets and indicators play a role, but do not overtake or restrict the broader aims of advancing social, political, and gender justice.
Gate Oxide Degradation in the Polysilicon Doping/Activation Process

The use of doped polysilicon films in the manufacture of MOS circuits has become a very important part of semiconductor technology. In this report however, it is shown that defect generation in the polysilicon doping/activation process can seriously impact gate oxide quality. Regardless of whether the doping process is by ion implant, in situ dopant deposition with polysilicon, or spin‐on source diffusion into polysilicon, capacitor yields for 150–400A of gate oxide are increasingly reduced by increasing dopant concentration, increasing activation temperature, and increasing activation time. In a highly doped polysilicon, gate process for submicron CMOS, defect densities in the gate oxide are shown to be near 10 cm−2 after or As+, self‐aligned, source/drain implant and activation. On the other hand, after a low dose implant and activation such as used in a silicided polygate process, the defect density is only 0.002 cm−2. These results can have a large effect on megabit memory yields.
Downhole Pneumatic Turbine Motor: Testing and Simulation Results

A new motor was developed for use in air/gas drilling operations. Numerical simulation indicates that such a motor was feasible, and a prototype was built. The prototype underwent extensive bench testing and two successful field tests. The downhole pneumatic turbine drilling motor is expected to prove useful in directional drilling operations in areas where formation damage is a problem.
The counterflow cooling of feed pellets

Counterflow pellet coolers have recently become commercially available in the feed industry. The design has mainly been by trial and error. This study presents the first published experimental and analytical investigation of counterflow pellet cooling. It establishes that the most important operating and design parameters of a counterflow pellet cooler with respect to the cooling rate and moisture loss are the cooling-bed depth and the air-to-pellet mass flowrate ratio. For the conditions evaluated, a flowrate ratio of 0·5 was insufficient to cool feed pellets adequately with a 0·30 m bed depth, while a bed depth of 0·15 m sufficed at a ratio of 1·1. In the counterflow cooler evaluated a bed depth of 0·45 m maximized the moisture loss.
EFFECTS OF PREPARATION PROCEDURE AND ELECTRIC FIELD FREQUENCY ON THE DIELECTRIC CONSTANTS AND ELECTRORHEOLOGY OF A ZEOLITE/SILICONE OIL SUSPENSION

Determined were the effects of preparation procedure and electric field frequency f=dc to 105 Hz on the dielectric constants and ER response (shear rate ) of a suspension in silicone oil of 23 wt.% zeolite particles originally containing 19 wt.% H2O. Heating the oil and the zeolite particles at 110°C both prior to, and following, mixing decreased the conductivity of the suspension more than simply heating the suspension following mixing. The double heating procedure reduced the complex dielectric constant of the particles and the complex mismatch parameter β*. The ER shear stress τE was proportional to for the single heating and for the double heating, where is the complex dielectric constant of the silicone oil. The lower exponent corresponds to a higher water content and in turn higher conductivity of the suspension. Erratic ER response occurred for f=10 Hz in tests with , but not in tests with .
An Integrated Picture of Star Formation, Metallicity Evolution, and Galactic Stellar Mass Assembly*

We present an integrated study of star formation and galactic stellar mass assembly from -->z = 0.05 to 1.5 and galactic metallicity evolution from -->z = 0.05 to 0.9 using a very large and highly spectroscopically complete sample selected by rest-frame NIR bolometric flux in the GOODS-N. We assume a Salpeter IMF and fit Bruzual & Charlot models to compute the galactic stellar masses and extinctions. We determine the expected formed stellar mass density growth rates produced by star formation and compare them with the growth rates measured from the formed stellar mass functions by mass interval. We show that the growth rates match if the IMF is slightly increased from the Salpeter IMF at intermediate masses (~10 M?). We investigate the evolution of galaxy color, spectral type, and morphology with mass and redshift and the evolution of mass with environment. We find that applying extinction corrections is critical when analyzing galaxy colors; e.g., nearly all of the galaxies in the green valley are 24 ?m sources, but after correcting for extinction, the bulk of the 24 ?m sources lie in the blue cloud. We find an evolution of the metallicity-mass relation corresponding to a decrease of -->0.21 ? 0.03 dex between the local value and the value at -->z = 0.77 in the 1010-1011 M? range. We use the metallicity evolution to estimate the gas mass of the galaxies, which we compare with the galactic stellar mass assembly and star formation histories. Overall, our measurements are consistent with a galaxy evolution process dominated by episodic bursts of star formation and where star formation in the most massive galaxies (1011 M?) ceases at -->z < 1.5 because of gas starvation.
Predicting Unobserved Exposures from Seasonal Epidemic Data

We consider a stochastic Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) epidemiological model with a contact rate that fluctuates seasonally. Through the use of a nonlinear, stochastic projection, we are able to analytically determine the lower dimensional manifold on which the deterministic and stochastic dynamics correctly interact. Our method produces a low dimensional stochastic model that captures the same timing of disease outbreak and the same amplitude and phase of recurrent behavior seen in the high dimensional model. Given seasonal epidemic data consisting of the number of infectious individuals, our method enables a data-based model prediction of the number of unobserved exposed individuals over very long times.
Impacts of highway congestion on freight operations: perceptions of trucking industry managers

To better understand how road congestion adversely affects trucking operations, we surveyed approximately 1200 managers of all types of trucking companies operating in California. More than 80% of these managers consider traffic congestion on freeways and surface streets to be either a "somewhat serious" or "critically serious" problem for their business. A structural equations model (SEM) is estimated on these data to determine how five aspects of the congestion problem differ across sectors of the trucking industry. The five aspects were slow average speeds, unreliable travel times, increased driver frustration and morale, higher fuel and maintenance costs, and higher costs of accidents and insurance. The model also simultaneously estimates how these five aspects combine to predict the perceived overall magnitude of the problem. Overall, congestion is perceived to be a more serious problem by managers of trucking companies engaged in intermodal operations, particularly private and for-hire trucking companies serving airports and private companies serving rail terminals. Companies specializing in refrigerated transport also perceive congestion to be a more serious overall problem, as do private companies engaged in LTL operations. The most problematic aspect of congestion is unreliable travel times, followed by driver frustration and morale, then by slow average speeds. Unreliable travel times are a significantly more serious problem for intermodal air operations. Driver frustration and morale attributable to congestion is perceived to be more of a problem by managers of long-haul carriers and tanker operations. Slow average speeds are also more of a concern for airport and refrigerated operations.