cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Risk Education and Hazard Management in the Workplace: The Role of Workers’ and Executives’ Social Relations

The recent emphasis on education, training and other risk communication programs as a means of improving workplace health and safety is likely to have limited success. This is partly because health and safety are also affected by availability of technology and capital. But worker response will be mediated by their general relations with corporate and union officials, views of work and alternate job opportunities, and perceptions of alternative corporate hazard management options. Executives’ verbal and non-verbal communications are a function of the multiple pressures upon them, of which a mandate for risk communication is only one. Thus these programs can be unwittingly sabotaged from above as well as from below. These social constraints must be taken into account in a realistic approach to occupational hazard management programs.
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia (DIPNECH) and the Role of Somatostatin analogs: A Case Series.

DIPNECH is a rare pre-neoplastic condition that often presents with a variety of non-specific pulmonary symptoms and sometimes seen in conjunction with pulmonary carcinoid tumors. There are very limited data on use of somatostatin analogs in patients with DIPNECH. We review the long-term outcomes of somatostatin analog therapy with regard to symptom control in patients with DIPNECH. Retrospective study out of our extensive registry of over 2000 neuroendocrine tumors identifies 184 pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors. Out of this, there were five histopathologically confirmed cases of DIPNECH. Appropriate institutional review board permission was taken for this analysis. All 5 patients were females, with a mean age at diagnosis was 65.5 years. Follow-up period includes 1–5 years. Cough was the presenting complaint in all five patients described as mostly dry, except for one patient who had productive early morning cough. Other symptoms seen in one of our patients included wheezing, flushing, and fluctuating blood pressure. No one reported weight loss, hemoptysis, and shortness of breath. One of our patients had a benign thyroid nodule and two patients had previous history of breast cancer. All five of our patients were histopathologically diagnosed by lung biopsy. 4 out of 5 patients were started on a somatostatin analog. All four patients reported drastic improvement in cough. One patient reported mild abdominal discomfort and diarrhea as side effects but remained on treatment. From our single institution review of neuroendocrine pulmonary tumor cases, we found only five cases of DIPNECH, which reaffirms rare nature of the pathology. It primarily affects females over 60 years with dry cough as the most common presenting symptom. Most of our patients responded to treatment with a somatostatin analog and had significant improvement in their presenting symptoms. Somatostatin analogs were well tolerated resulting in significant resolution of presenting symptoms in most of our patients. Further research is needed; however, a trial of somatostatin analogs should be considered in the treatment of patients with DIPNECH with responders being treated long term.
Dissimilar plasmids isolated from Pseudomonas diminuta MG and a Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 27551) contain identical opd genes.

Abstract The opd (organophosphate-degrading) gene derived from a 43-kilobase-pair plasmid (pSM55) of a Flavobacterium sp. (ATCC 27551) has a sequence identical to that of the plasmid-borne gene of Pseudomonas diminuta. Hybridization studies with DNA fragments obtained by restriction endonuclease digestion of plasmid DNAs demonstrated that the identical opd sequences were encoded on dissimilar plasmids from the two sources.
Leucine Antagonizes Protein Degradation Induced by Endotoxin in Skeletal Muscle of Neonatal Pigs

In neonatal animals, protein synthesis and degradation rates are high. Administration of the branched-chain amino acid, leucine (Leu), stimulates muscle protein synthesis in neonatal pigs but less ...
Isolation of the Lipid Intermediate in Peptidoglycan Biosynthesis from Escherichia coli

The lipid intermediate in peptidoglycan biosynthesis was isolated from Escherichia coli strain W and characterized as C55-isoprenyl-pyrophosphoryl N-acetylmuramyl(-pentapeptide)-N-acetyl-glucosamine.
Recovery of maximal insulin responsiveness and insulin sensitivity after induction of insulin resistance in primary cultured adipocytes.

Abstract Treatment of primary cultured adipocytes with 50 ng/ml insulin and 20 mM glucose for 0-6 h resulted in a loss of maximal insulin responsiveness (MIR) which was immediate (no lag period), rapid (t1/2 of 3 h), linear, and extensive (80% of that seen at 24 h), whereas loss of insulin sensitivity from 0-24 h was slow (t1/2 = 8 h), extensive (insulin ED50 of 0.3 and 1.45 ng/ml at 2 and 24 h, respectively), and was preceded by an initial 2-h lag. Recovery of MIR and insulin sensitivity was assessed by inducing desensitization for various times from 2-24 h, removing insulin and glucose, and then measuring MIR and insulin sensitivity over a subsequent 1-6-h period. After 2 h, recovery of MIR in desensitized cells was rapid (251 pmol of glucose/3 min/h), whereas after 24 h, recovery was much slower (35 pmol/3 min/h). In contrast, the opposite trend was seen for recovery of insulin sensitivity: at early times recovery of insulin sensitivity was slow (0.05 ng/ml/h) but was rapid after 24 h (0.12 ng/ml/h). Thus, it appears that MIR and insulin sensitivity can be independently regulated since recovery rates for MIR and insulin sensitivity diverged with the progression of insulin resistance. When the effects of insulin and glucose on recovery were examined, we found that insulin alone was unable to block recovery of MIR or insulin sensitivity. Glucose alone, however, was effective in preventing recovery of insulin sensitivity but not recovery of MIR. In the presence of 20 mM glucose, low doses of insulin (treatment EC50 = 0.22-0.46 ng/ml) effectively prevented recovery of both MIR and insulin sensitivity. De novo protein synthesis apparently is not involved in the development of insulin resistance or the reversal of desensitization since inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide had no effect on the loss of MIR and insulin sensitivity or recovery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Neutron Scattering in the Linear Chain Antiferromagnet CsMn Cl 3 ·2 H 2 O

Highly unusual magnetic scattering of neutrons has been observed in CsMn${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}2${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O (${T}_{N}=4.89$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). The scattering in reciprocal space occurs in planes of constant intensity at temperatures as high as $10{T}_{N}$. These planes are perpendicular to the ${a}^{*}$ axis and peak strongly at $h$ odd. This is the first observation of definitive evidence for linear antiferro-magnetic chains. At approximately $2{T}_{N}$, the planes develop an intensity variation with peaks occurring in the vicinity of eventual magnetic Bragg peaks. The nature of the scattering here is indicative of long chains of spins becoming correlated in the remaining two dimensions through weak interchain coupling. The substance thereupon attains a three-dimensional ordering at ${T}_{N}$. The sublattice magnetization below ${T}_{N}$ follows a power-law behavior in the range $0.0005l\frac{({T}_{N}\ensuremath{-}T)}{{T}_{N}}l0.07$ with critical exponent 0.30.
Citation‐based plagiarism detection: Practicability on a large‐scale scientific corpus

The automated detection of plagiarism is an information retrieval task of increasing importance as the volume of readily accessible information on the web expands. A major shortcoming of current automated plagiarism detection approaches is their dependence on high character-based similarity. As a result, heavily disguised plagiarism forms, such as paraphrases, translated plagiarism, or structural and idea plagiarism, remain undetected. A recently proposed language-independent approach to plagiarism detection, Citation-based Plagiarism Detection (CbPD), allows the detection of semantic similarity even in the absence of text overlap by analyzing the citation placement in a document's full text to determine similarity. This article evaluates the performance of CbPD in detecting plagiarism with various degrees of disguise in a collection of 185,000 biomedical articles. We benchmark CbPD against two character-based detection approaches using a ground truth approximated in a user study. Our evaluation shows that the citation-based approach achieves superior ranking performance for heavily disguised plagiarism forms. Additionally, we demonstrate CbPD to be computationally more efficient than character-based approaches. Finally, upon combining the citation-based with the traditional character-based document similarity visualization methods in a hybrid detection prototype, we observe a reduction in the required user effort for document verification.
ACQUISITION OF THE ARTICLE THEBY NONNATIVE SPEAKERS OF ENGLISH: An Analysis of Four Nongeneric Uses

Linguistic analyses suggest that the nongeneric use of the English definite article the falls into four major categories: cultural, situation, structural, and textual. This study aims to determine whether these uses present different levels of difficulty for ESL students and whether they are acquired at the same time. The instrument consisted of 91 sentences containing 60 deleted obligatory uses of the (15 per category) and, as control items, 40 zero articles (10 per category) where the is not allowed. The participants (41 low-, 49 intermediate-, and 38 advanced-level students) were instructed to read the sentences and insert the wherever they deemed necessary. Statistical analyses of the participants' performance indicate the following: (a) The four nongeneric uses pose different levels of difficulty, which suggests that ESL acquisition of the is use dependent and follows a natural order; (b) The participants' performance on the suppliance of the in obligatory contexts for all four uses improved significantly with proficiency level, whereas the overuse of the followed a different pattern: an initial worsening followed by an improvement as the subjects' proficiency level increased. Pedagogical implications, including instructional sequence and strategies for the various uses of the, are discussed.
Demonstration of comet sample collection by penetrator

Abstract We describe laboratory tests to investigate and demonstrate the acquisition and encapsulation of a subsurface sample from a comet analogue using a coring penetrator. The penetrator imbeds itself in the target, coring out a sample during the impact itself. Mechanisms seal the sample in a canister and the canister is spring-ejected from the rear of the penetrator where it can be retrieved in free-flight by a mother spacecraft, which thus need not perform a landing. We describe the penetrator vehicle, sample preparation and testing technique using the large airgun at the University of Arizona, and the performance results which indicate the technique is an attractive option for comet nucleus sample return.
Settling properties of venous blood demonstrated in the peripheral vasculature using Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging (SWI)

Purpose To evaluate the settling properties of venous blood in the peripheral vasculature during periods of immobility. Materials and Methods Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) was performed for nine subjects at two time points: within 10 minutes of entering the magnet and after 40 minutes spent stationary in the magnet. Changes in the phase and in the distribution of phase of the veins were used to draw conclusions about the separation of red blood cells from plasma over time. Results Settling was observed to occur in eight of the nine subjects, the only exception being the youngest subject (18 years old). The bottom half of some veins was seen to darken while the top half showed little change often with a clear dividing line between the two. Phase values measured in the bottom layer were consistent with the layer consisting entirely of red blood cells. Settling was seen to increase with time spent stationary and to correlate with the size of veins in the calf. Conclusion Older subjects tended to have larger veins and consequently more settling of the red blood cells. Our results show that even 40 minutes of rest can easily lead to settling of the blood depending on the position of the leg. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:1465–1470. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Postoperative lateral femoral cutaneous neuropathy.

Lateral femoral cutaneous (LFC) neuropathy was diagnosed in a woman who developed pain and paresthesias in the right thigh 6 days after abdominal hysterectomy by a suprapubic approach. After surgery, the patient slept in the fetal position to control the postoperative suprapubic pain. The LFC neuropathy improved with therapy including avoidance of hip flexion during sleep. Prolonged postoperative hip flexion to relieve the abdominal incisional pain provides an explanation for LFC neuropathy after abdominal surgery when the onset of symptoms is delayed.
Family and Neighborhood Violence: Predictors of Depressive Symptomatology among Incarcerated Youth

This study surveyed 178 children incarcerated in training schools in North Carolina to estimate the proportion of children who had been witnesses to or victims of neighborhood and family violence, the children's levels of depressive symptoms, and relationships between violence exposure and depressive symptoms. Neighborhood violence was assessed using questions adapted from Richters and Martinez, family violence was assessed using questions from the Conflict Tactics Scales, and depressive symptoms were assessed using the Children's Depression Inventory. Results showed that the majority of children reported having been exposed to neighborhood and family violence. Children evidenced high levels of depressive symptoms with more than 70% showing clinically relevant levels of symptomatology. Multiple linear regression procedures found that both neighborhood and family violence were predictive of the levels of depressive symptoms. These findings underline the need to provide highquality therapeutic services to c...
Fast Reconstruction Algorithms for Periodic Nonuniform Sampling with Applications to Time-Interleaved ADCs

A bandlimited signal can be reconstructed from its periodic nonuniformly spaced samples provided the average sampling rate is at least the Nyquist rate. Unlike many previously published methods, the algorithm derived in this paper is designed that pays special attention to various practical constraints. In particular, we propose a fast and numerically robust reconstruction method which can utilize FIR filters with a small number of taps and requires only a modest amount of oversampling to achieve high accuracy. The efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm is obtained by fully exploiting the sampling structure combined with utilizing localized Fourier analysis. We discuss applications in time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters where nonuniform periodic sampling arises due to timing mismatches. Finally, numerical simulations demonstrate the performance of our algorithm.
Quantum mechanical approach to decoherence and relaxation generated by fluctuating environment

We consider an electrostatic qubit, interacting with fluctuating charge of a single-electron transistor (SET) in the framework of an exactly solvable model. The SET plays role of an environment affecting the qubits' parameters in a controllable way. We derive the rate equations describing the dynamics of the entire system for an arbitrary qubit-SET coupling. Solving these equations we obtain decoherence and relaxation rates of the qubit, as well as the spectral density of qubit parameters' fluctuations. We found that in a weak-coupling regime decoherence and relaxation rates are directly related to the spectral density taken at either zero or Rabi frequency, depending on which qubit parameter is fluctuating. In the latter case our result coincides with that of the spin-boson model in the weak-coupling limit, despite different origin of the fluctuations. We show that this relation holds also in the presence of weak backaction of the qubit on the environment. In case of strong backaction such a simple relationship no longer holds, even if qubit-SET coupling is small. It does not hold also in the strong-coupling regime, even in the absence of the backaction. In addition, we found that our model predicts localization of the qubit in the strong-coupling regime, resembling that in the spin-boson model.
Glutathione mixed disulfide inhibitors of the human placental NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase

Six glutathione-containing inhibitors of the human NADP-linked 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase have been isolated from placental homogenates. Glutathione disulfide is one of these inhibitors. Although the structures of the other five have not been fully elucidated, all are disulfides. Studies with these compounds and with other mixed disulfides have shown that the glutathione mixed disulfides of beta-mercaptopyruvate, mercaptoacetate, and beta-mercaptolactate are more effective inhibitors of the enzyme than are the glutathione-containing mixed disulfides isolated from placental homogenates. beta-Mercaptolactate is particularly noteworthy because of its low Ki (0.13 microM). The results reported here suggest that the activity of the prostaglandin dehydrogenase may be influenced in vivo by various glutathione mixed disulfides.
Who will consent to emergency treatment trials for subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objectives: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a devastating disorder that still requires much clinical study. However, the decision to participate in a randomized clinical trial, particularly a neuroemergency trial, is a complex one. The purposes of this survey were to determine who would participate in a randomized clinical trial that intended to examine transfusion practices after SAH, to identify who could serve as potential proxy decision-makers, and to find which patient characteristics were associated with the decision to participate. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire, composed of a brief description of the proposed trial followed by questions about participation using a 5-point Likert scale. Information sought included potential decision-maker, demographic data, setting and reason for current health care access, and personal or family history of neurologic injury. Results: Nine-hundred five subjects were enrolled during emergency department (ED) visits, office visits, hospital admissions, or online, during a 1-month period: 63% were women and 46% were white. Nonneurologic problems were the leading reason (90%) for health care access, but 45% had a personal or family history of neurologic injury. Overall, 54% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 51% to 57%) of subjects stated they would definitely or probably consent to participate. No subject characteristics were associated with this decision: age (p = 0.28), sex (p = 0.16), race/ethnicity (p = 0.07), education (p = 0.44), religion (p = 0.42), clinical setting (p = 0.14), reason for visit (p = 0.58), and/or history of neurologic injury (p = 0.33). The vast majority (88%) identified a family member as the proxy decision-maker, again without differences among groups. Conclusions: Greater than half of respondents stated they would participate in a proposed emergency treatment trial for SAH. Our survey suggests that the decision to participate is highly individualized, because no demographic, pathologic, historical, or access-related predictors of choice were found. Educational materials designed for this type of trial would need to be broad-based. Family members should be considered as proxy decision-makers where permitted by federal and local regulations.
Mononuclear and polynuclear 5-coordinate zinc(II) model complexes: a quantum chemical calibration study of their structure and energy

To further our understanding of the properties of zinc-seamed pyrogallol[4]arene nanocapsules, we have investigated the energetic and geometric properties of the model complexes Zn(C2O2H3)2Y, Y = NH3, C5H5N, CH3OH, (CH3)2NCHO, or (CH3)2SO, with a zinc coordination sphere representative of that in the capsules. The effect of the choice of density functional, basis set, and zinc pseudopotential on the equilibrium structures and Y ligand bond dissociation enthalpies has been assessed. Among the ways in which the suitability of these models has been confirmed was the construction of polynuclear zinc complexes having 2, 4, 6, or 8 metal ions combined with C2O2H3 −, C4O3H4 2−, and NH3 ligands, which indeed show that a closed ring is formed. The natural curvature of these complexes suggests that pentacoordination of Zn may be a key factor in seaming the pre-existing cone-shaped pyrogallol[4]arenes to form dimer capsules.
Household income or household income per capita in welfare comparisons

In studies of income distribution, household income is the common measure of household welfare, although household per capita income is better since it automatically corrects for household size. Perhaps the continued use of the former is a consequence of the belief that in practice the two give very similar results. This paper shows that in many cases those results differ substantially. The disparity between two Malaysian distributions is illustrated by their cross tabulation. A quarter of the households in the lowest forty percent of the household income distribution is in the upper three quintiles of household per capita income; and 10 percent of the same lowest forty are in the highest two quintiles of the second distribution. The paper also shows that the distribution of benefits from public education is very inegalitarian if household income is used. The reverse occur if household per capita income is used. Similar reversals occur in comparisons involving partitions by occupation and sex of head of household. Woman headed households, for example, have sub-mean household incomes but their household income per capita equals the mean. The paper also examines the differences in the age-income profiles of the two distributions.
A comparison of immediate-type respiratory reactions to immunologic and pharmacologic agents in rhesus monkeys

Abstract Threshold cutaneous and respiratory reactivity to Ascaris antigen, histamine, compound 48–80, and bradykinin were compared in a group of 6 rhesus monkeys. Three of these monkeys had reproducible immediate-type respiratory reactivity of long duration following respiratory challenge with Ascaris antigen. The other 3 animals had cutaneous but no respiratory reactivity to Ascaris antigen. As a group, the animals with respiratory reactivity to Ascaris antigen did not demonstrate increased cutaneous or respiratory responsiveness to the pharmacologic agents. The patterns of respiratory response in animals reacting to aerosolized Ascaris antigen, aerosolized histamine, intravenous compound 48–80, and rabbit anti-IgE (reverse passive respiratory response) were similar in time of onset, time of peak abnormality, and time of recovery. All of these responses met the criteria established for an acute immediate-type airway reaction in rhesus monkeys. Although immediate-type cutaneous reactions to bradykinin and compound 48–80 were demonstrated, no response to these agents occurred after aerosolization under the conditions of the experiments.
Note: On a generalization of the Evans Conjecture

The Evans Conjecture states that a partial Latin square of order n with at most n-1 entries can be completed. In this paper we generalize the Evans Conjecture by showing that a partial r-multi Latin square of order n with at most n-1 entries can be completed. Using this generalization, we confirm a case of a conjecture of Haggkvist.
Discovery of naturally processed and HLA-presented class I peptides from vaccinia virus infection using mass spectrometry for vaccine development ☆

An important approach for developing a safer smallpox vaccine is to identify naturally processed immunogenic vaccinia-derived peptides rather than live whole vaccinia virus. We used two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry to identify 116 vaccinia peptides, encoded by 61 open reading frames, from a B-cell line (homozygous for HLA class I A*0201, B*1501, and C*03) after infection with vaccinia virus (Dryvax). Importantly, 68 of these peptides are conserved in variola, providing insight into the peptides that induce protection against smallpox. Twenty-one of these 68 conserved peptides were 11 amino acids long or longer, outside of the range of most predictive algorithms. Thus, direct identification of naturally processed and presented HLA peptides gives important information not provided by current computational methods for identifying potential vaccinia epitopes.
Experimentally observed van der Waals modes and computed structures of benzene–cyclohexane clusters, BCn; n=1–3

Abstract One color resonant two-photon ionization spectra have been measured for benzene–(cyclohexane) n clusters, n =1–14. Van der Waals progressions dominate the n =1–3 spectra. Minimum energy structures were calculated for these three clusters via Monte Carlo simulated annealing. The van der Waals modes are analyzed and discussed with reference to cluster structures. Results support generalized cluster aufbau principles that predict maximization of nearest neighbor molecule–molecule interactions.
“The Difference Between a Hockey Mom and a Pit Bull”: Sarah Palin's Faux Maternal Persona and Performance of Hegemonic Masculinity at the 2008 Republican National Convention

Despite the presence of the first woman on the Republican national ticket, this article argues that the rhetoric of the 2008 Republican National Convention (RNC) followed traditional gender scripts to celebrate hegemonic masculinity and denigrate the feminine. First, the article argues that the key RNC speakers rhetorically constructed John McCain as the archetypal hegemonic man best-suited for the U.S. presidency while simultaneously emasculating the Democratic candidate, Barack Obama. Second, the article analyzes Sarah Palin's acceptance speech to argue that, although she crafted a persona of motherhood by employing domestic examples, maternal appeals, and a feminine discursive style, she effectively subverted that persona by joining the RNC's celebration of hegemonic masculinity. The analysis reveals the rhetorical texture and potential consequences of a faux maternal performance, particularly within a conservative rhetorical context.
An exact wave equation for sound in inhomogeneous, moving, and non-stationary fluids

Acoustic wave equation is typically the starting point in mathematical modeling of sound propagation, scattering, and diffraction as well as in solving inverse problems attendant to acoustic remote sensing. While acoustic wave equations are well known for motionless media, no exact, scalar wave equation has been found for sound in generic inhomogeneous, moving fluids. In this paper, an exact wave equation is derived which describes sound propagation and scattering in a wide class of inhomogeneous, moving fluids with time-dependent parameters. A number of previously proposed acoustic wave equations prove to be particular cases of the new equation.
Perceived School and Neighborhood Safety, Neighborhood Violence and Academic Achievement in Urban School Children

Community and school violence continue to be a major public health problem, especially among urban children and adolescents. Little research has focused on the effect of school safety and neighborhood violence on academic performance. This study examines the effect of the school and neighborhood climate on academic achievement among a population of 3rd–5th grade students in an urban public school system. Community and school safety were assessed using the School Climate Survey, an annual City-wide assessment of student’s perception of school and community safety. Community violence was measured using the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology, an objective observational assessment of neighborhood characteristics. Academic achievement was measured using the Maryland State Assessment (MSA), a standardized exam given to all Maryland 3rd–8th graders. School Climate Data and MSA data were aggregated by school and grade. Objective assessments of neighborhood environment and students’ self-reported school and neighborhood safety were both strongly associated with academic performance. Increasing neighborhood violence was associated with statistically significant decreases from 4.2 to 8.7% in math and reading achievement; increasing perceived safety was associated with significant increases in achievement from 16 to 22%. These preliminary findings highlight the adverse impact of perceived safety and community violence exposure on primary school children’s academic performance.
Direct enzymatic procedure for the determination of liver glycogen

Abstract A method is proposed to measure glycogen content in liver homogenates without extraction and acid hydrolysis of tissue glycogen. Homogenates were treated with amyloglucosidase, which degrades glycogen to glucose, and the glucose was the determined enzymatically by the use of glucose oxidase and peroxidase. The method was shown to yield nearly complete (99%) recoveries of standard glycogen, while 5 hr of acid hydrolysis of standard glycogen were required to obtain comparable recoveries. When compared to an acid hydrolysis method for liver, amyloglucosidase degradation of rat liver glycogen and subsequent determination of glucose resulted in higher values for glycogen content. The amyloglucosidase, glucose oxidase: peroxidase method has the advantage of rapidity, whereas the traditional method consisting of extraction, precipitation, and acid hydrolysis is not only time consuming, but may also be subject to losses of glycogen in each step.
Potential energy of KC24(NH3)4 on an ionic model: Order parameter of the ammonia molecule

Abstract The only significant ordering potential energy of an NH 3 molecule in KC 24 (NH 3 ) 4 is that due to the interaction of its dipole (taken as distributed charges) with the K + ion: V = 15750(1 − cos χ ) cal/mole of NH 3 . This is sufficient to maintain the C 3 axis parallel to the layer planes of the compound and thereby to support those planes at the observed d-spacing. The K + ion finds itself in a flat minimum with “particle in a box” energy level spacing of ≅5.6 mev at room temperature. The magnitude and temperature dependence calculated for the NMR order parameter S for the C 3 axis of the co-intercalated NH 3 agree with experiment and fix the sign of S as negative.
A l p -norm MTMKL framework for simultaneous detection of multiple facial action units

Facial action unit (AU) detection is a challenging topic in computer vision and pattern recognition. Most existing approaches design classifiers to detect AUs individually or AU combinations without considering the intrinsic relations among AUs. This paper presents a novel method, l p -norm multi-task multiple kernel learning (MTMKL), that jointly learns the classifiers for detecting the absence and presence of multiple AUs. l p -norm MTMKL is an extension of the regularized multi-task learning, which learns shared kernels from a given set of base kernels among all the tasks within Support Vector Machines (SVM). Our approach has several advantages over existing methods: (1) AU detection work is transformed to a MTL problem, where given a specific frame, multiple AUs are detected simultaneously by exploiting their inter-relations; (2) l p -norm multiple kernel learning is applied to increase the discriminant power of classifiers. Our experimental results on the CK+ and DISFA databases show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods for AU detection.
Spreadsheet-based user-interface for a crop model

Abstract A user-interface was developed to facilitate simulation of rice crop production using the Arkansas Rice Model (ARMOD). The interface was programmed using spreadsheet software. Initially, the intended users were researchers involved in calibrating and validating ARMOD. The interface will be adapted for use by rice farmers in making management decisions. The interface provided interactive creation of input files prior to simulation and then displayed model predictions in tabular and graphical formats. Although the interface was functional, the spreadsheet software was cumbersome to program and execution was relatively slow.
Translation of reovirus RNA species m1 can initiate at either of the first two in-frame initiation codons

Abstract The m1 species of reovirus RNA, which encodes the minor protein component mu 2, possesses two initiation codons, one "strong" according to Kozak rules and preceded by 13 residues (IC1), the other "weak" and located 49 codons downstream of the first (IC2). In reovirus-infected cells only IC2 is used, but initiation from IC1 can be activated, and efficiency of initiation from either initiation codon modulated over a wide range, by coupling unrelated sequences to either or both ends of m1 RNA. For example, when the M1 genome segment is cloned into the thymidine kinase gene of vaccinia virus in such a way that various "irrelevant" stretches of nucleotides comprising restriction endonuclease cleavage sites or promoter remnants are coupled to the 5' end of m1 RNA, translation of the resultant transcripts is also initiated at IC2, with frequencies controlled by the nature of the attached sequences. However, in rabbit reticulocyte lysates these same transcripts are translated from IC1 as well as from IC2, and transcripts in which m1 RNA is preceded by long sequences of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA (from the T7 polymerase-controlled pTM1 vector) are translated exclusively from IC1. By contrast, m1 RNA itself is translated only from IC2. It appears that the most important factor that controls the extent to which translation is initiated from IC1 and IC2 is their "availability," which is likely to be a function of the extent to which the regions on either side of them interact with each other (and also, to a lesser extent, with the 3' untranslated region) either directly or via interaction with host cell proteins. The effects described here are of considerable potential significance when genetic material is rearranged as a result of translocations, insertions, deletions, and amplifications--that is, when sequences that are normally separated are brought into apposition.
Analysis of the Deposit Layer from Electrolyte Side Reaction on the Anode of the Pouch Type Lithium Ion Polymer Batteries: The Effect of State of Charge and Charge Rate

Abstract The formation of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer on the surface of the anode electrode of a lithium ion battery prevents further electrolyte decomposition reaction. However, at certain battery operating conditions, the SEI breakdown leading to more electrolyte decomposition reactions that form several species on the anode electrode surface. This paper focuses on the effect of battery potential and charge rate on the decomposition side reaction on the anode electrode of a lithium ion polymer battery, as a result of the breakdown of the SEI layer. The results from this study indicate that raising the state of charge (SOC) increases the rate of the electrolyte decomposition side reaction that resulted in formation of a thick deposit layer at the electrolyte/electrolyte interface. This deposit layer contains lithium that can no longer participate in the reversible electrochemical reaction. In addition, at high cycling potential and charge rates the amount of lithium in the graphite after complete cell discharge increased due to the entrapment of lithium in the graphite. The amount of irreversible capacity loss for the batteries cycled at high potential and current correlates with the amount of trapped lithium in the graphite and the growth of the deposit layer thickness at the electrode/electrolyte interface.
Cosmic ray issues for accelerator experiments

Abstract Cosmic ray experimentalists seek to understand the physics of the first interaction of primary cosmic rays with air nuclei a) to comprehend the character of particle interactions at very high energies, and b) to correctly simulate that interaction in order to properly interpret data collected (in most cases) under an overburden of atmosphere. With regard to b), John Ellis (CERN) has suggested that the cosmic ray community develop a compendium of specific questions to address to the accelerator experiment community, in the context of current and planned accelerator experiments at LHC, RHIC, and the Tevatron. This paper is an attempt to begin such a discussion.
Group representation theory, bifurcation theory and pattern formation

Contents. 1. Symmetry-Breaking Instabilities. 2. The Onset of Instability. 3. Group Action on the Kernel. 4. “Planform” Functions of Hydrodynamics. 5. Computation of the Invariant Bifurcation Equations. 6. Analysis of the Bifurcation Equations. 7. Stability of the Bifurcating Solutions. 8. Stability of the Square and Rectangular Solutions. 9. Stability in the Hexagonal Lattice. 10. Gradient Structure of the Bifurcation Equations. 11. Concluding Remarks. 12. Appendix: The Boussinesq Equations. 1. SYMMETRY-BREAKING INSTABILITIES In this paper the phenomenon of pattern formation is regarded as a “symmetry breaking instability”. For a given range of a parameter X we suppose that a physical system possesses a stable solution invariant under a symmetry group 9, but that as h crosses a critical parameter h, new solutions appear which are invariant only under a subgroup H. The appearance of convection cells in the BCnard problem constitutes a classical example of such a bifurcation phenomenon. Prior to the onset of instability the fluid is motionless and the solution is invariant under the entire group of rigid motions in the plane; but after the onset of instability hexagonal or roll-like cellular motions appear which suggest the existence of stable doubly periodic motions in the plane. An excellent account of the BCnard problem is given in the review articles by L. A. Segel [32], and Palm, Ellingsen, and Gjevck [20]. See also [2], 151, and [9]. Plates showing the hexagonal convection cells discovered by BCnard may be found in the article by Koschmieder [ 121. Other familiar examples of symmetry breaking instabilities are the bifurcation of time periodic solutions from an equilibrium solution (the Hopf bifurcation theorem); the buckling of spheres; the onset of convection in spherical
Problem Solving through Design.

To design is to solve problems. The author describes a model of problem solving through design that can be used to restructure courses, programs of study, or entire institutions.
Clonal Characteristics of Cutaneous T Cell Lymphomas: Cytogenetic Evidence from Blood, Lymph Nodes, and Skin

Chromosome studies were done on mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from one or more tissues (blood, lymph nodes, skin lesions) in 15 patients with mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome. A cytogenetically abnormal clone was found in 10 individuals, including 6 with data from several tissues. In 4 cases the same aberrant clone was identified in a skin lesion as well as in blood and/or lymph node. The abnormal chromosome patterns ranged from hypodiploid to hypertetraploid, and there was no evidence of unrelated karyotypically-altered lines at different sites. A 6q − chromosome, previously reported in acute lymphocytic leukemia, was found in 2 patients. The results support the concept that cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are clonal disorders, presumably unifocal in origin, with the skin lesions populated by cells from the same neoplastic clone that involves lymph nodes and blood.
Disappearance and reappearance of resident macrophages: Importance in C. parvum-induced tumoricidal activity

We have investigated the role of resident macrophages in the early tumoricidal response to C. parvum. The bacteria were labeled with FITC and resident cells were labeled in situ with blue fluorescent covaspheres to enable subsequent monitoring of cellular changes by flow cytometry. Macrophages disappeared within 5 hr of administration of bacteria. At 24 hr, fibrinous adhesions containing double labeled macrophages were observed at numerous sites on the peritoneum. Macrophages associated with large numbers of bacteria, levels of beads similar to control animals, and elevated plasminogen activator-like activity did not reappear in washings in significant numbers until 72 hr. Thus, the large bacteria-containing cells that account for the majority of the early tumoricidal activity are likely to be derived from resident macrophages.
Interconnecting networks in the plane: The steiner case

It is required to interconnect n existing networks in the plane by new links of minimal total length. We assume that the edges of the networks are straight and that it is possible to make connections along the edges or to the vertices. The use o f Steiner points is also allowed. Though the theoretical number of solutions to the problem is uncountable, we prove that it is enough to consider a finite set of locally optimal solutions with a limit on the number of connections along edges. This makes it possible to solve the problem in finite time by methods similar to those used for the Euclidean Steiner tree problem. The problem can be generalized to include flow-dependent costs for the various links.
Ventilatory control of the 'isocapnic buffering' region in rapidly-incremental exercise.

During incremental exercise PCO2 does not fall for several work rates ('isocapnic buffering') above the anaerobic threshold (theta an). We explored this apparent lack of compensatory hyperventilation in 24 normal subjects who underwent incremental cycling (15 W/min) to exhaustion. Ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, and end-tidal gas tensions were computed breath-by-breath. In 10 subjects, arterial blood was sampled every 2 min throughout the test. Our findings confirmed the 'isocapnic' supra-theta an region, but it consistently followed a progressive increase of PETCO2 in the sub-theta an region. A similar pattern was evident for PaCO2. The leveling-out of PETCO2 and PaCO2 was a result of breathing frequency increasing at theta an, thereby shortening expiratory time, i.e., progressively truncating the continued increase in the alveolar PCO2 slope. Consequently 'isocapnic buffering' during incremental exercise does not reflect PCO2 which continues to be regulated at a constant sub-theta an value. Rather it reflects a ventilatory response to the metabolic acidosis which levels a systematically-rising phase of PETCO2 and PaCO2, largely through a change in breathing pattern. Respiratory compensation, as reflected by a declining PETCO2 and PaCO2, does not occur typically for a subsequent 2 or more minutes.
Aspartame stability in commercially sterilized flavored dairy beverages

Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the stability of aspartame in commercially sterilized skim milk beverages that contained different buffer salts, buffer concentrations, and flavor. The effects of pH and temperature on aspartame stability in these dairy beverages were also studied. The pH and storage temperature appeared to be the two most important factors for a successful dairy beverage sweetened with aspartame. The half-lives were 1 to 4 d at 30°C and 24 to 58 d at 4°C. Decreasing the pH from 6.7 to 6.4 doubled the stability of aspartame. The type and concentration of buffer had only a minor influence on the aspartame stability. The addition of vanilla did not enhance the degradation of aspartame in dairy beverages.
Why do we still not have cardioprotective drugs

Despite thousands of publications describing agents that limit infarct size in animals, all we have available today is reperfusion therapy. In this review, we examine why these drugs have not been translated into clinical practice. Many of the first interventions tested in clinical trials were very controversial in animal trials and their actual efficacy is still in question. Interventions based on the preconditioning mechanism have been very reproducible in animals, but clinical testing of them has just begun. Only approximately 25% of reperfused patients have infarcts large enough to put them at risk of heart failure and would require additional treatment. Inclusion of the 75% of patients with small infarcts in treatment groups has greatly diluted the significance of data in past clinical trials. Size of the risk zone has emerged as a reliable way to identify the vulnerable 25%. Recent small-scale clinical trials using risk stratification algorithms have shown clear infarct size limitation using ischemic and pharmacological postconditioning, confirming that the human heart responds like hearts of animal models. Most cardioprotectants have been studied in healthy animals, but recent studies indicate that aging and diabetes, common in coronary patients, do interfere with preconditioning-based interventions in animals. Clearly more study is needed to identify which interventions are adversely affected by comorbidities.
Effect of in vitro selenium repletion on bovine lymphocyte proliferation

Abstract Deficient or toxic levels of selenium (Se) are known to impair immune function. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated from Holstein heifers of adequate Se status. PBMC were plated at densities of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 × 10 5 cells/well in 96-well microtiter plates and stimulated with T-cell mitogens, concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin-P (PHAP), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), a T-dependent B-cell mitogen. Sera incorporated into the incubation system were from two newborn calves born to Se-deficient dams and averaged 20 ng Se/ml. Se additions of 50-400 ng/ml resulted in significant enhancement of PWM-stimulated proliferation relative to controls (no added Se). Enhancement of proliferation was cell density dependent, occurring predominately at a density of 0.5 × 10 5 cells/well. In contrast, proliferative responses of PBMC to ConA and PHAP were generally not enhanced by repletion with the lower levels of Se. Supplementation with higher levels of Se (1600–3200 ng/ml) inhibited proliferative responses to all mitogens tested regardless of cell density in culture. In summary, repletion with physiological levels of Se selectively stimulated B-cell proliferation an effect which was dependent on cell density.
A 57-to-75 GHz dual-mode wide-band reconfigurable oscillator in 65nm CMOS

A dual-mode LC-tank based VCO for mm-wave applications is described. The design employs reconfiguration of the active negative resistance core around the LC tank, in order to provide two oscillation modes. The frequency spacing of the two modes is determined by an inductor ratio. The design is implemented in a 65nm CMOS process, with measured tuning ranges of 56.9 GHz to 65.4 GHz, and 64.6 GHz to 75.3 GHz in the two modes respectively, for a net tuning range of 28%. The oscillator consumes 13 mW from a 1 V supply. The minimum switch size that is required to ensure mode switching is analyzed.
Working with Students on a Mixed-Methods, Social Justice Approach to Understanding Haiti's Internally Displaced Persons Camps

Haiti's earthquake inspired one of the most generous outpourings of aid ever. Over half of United States households and 80 percent of African American households contributed something to the effort. In addition to an astonishing $1.3 billion contributed in cash donations, many people wanted to volunteer their time and efforts. To accommodate this demand, daily flights to Haiti doubled, and a new air carrier joined the two major United States companies. I was at one of the schools with the highest percentage of Haitian students, York College, so I fielded dozens of requests-from Haitian Americans as well as others, students as well as faculty and staff-to take them with me on a trip to Haiti. Would this have been useful? I pondered. In addition, echoing similar concerns of the National Science Foundation (NSF) program officer, would they be safe? More basically, is this desire to help useful, beyond the tangible results seen in a local effort accompanied by the good feelings of having done something? Also,...