cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alterations in Colonic Function in Man Under Stress: II. Experimental Production of Sigmoid Spasm in Healthy Persons

Summary In 45 experiments on 39 subjects who had no clinical disorder of the colon, the functional state of the sigmoid colon was studied either by proctoscopic observation or by inlying balloons. When subjected to cold pain, compression of the head, hypoglycemia, or the discussion of troublesome life situations, about one-half of these persons exhibited marked increases in the contractile state of the sigmoid colon. In all of those who reacted thus, there were associated bodily changes and emotional reactions which indicated that the person was under stress. Of those whose sigmoid colon did not react, only two gave evidence of a general reaction to stress. With all four experimental stimuli, the colonic response of the subject seemed to be related to his attitude toward the stimulus: i.e. , it occurred only when the stimulus was regarded as a threat to security.
Electrical Transport Degradation of Chemically Doped Electronic-Type-Separated Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes From Radiation-Induced Defects

The structural and electrical properties of purified and potassium tetrabromoaurate [KAuBr4(aq)] doped semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes (S-SWCNTs) and metallic SWCNT (M-SWCNT) thin films are characterized as defects are introduced through ion irradiation with 150-keV 11B+ with fluences ranging from $1 \times 10^{12}$ to $1 \times 10^{15}$ ions/cm2. Prior to irradiation, doping achieves conductivity enhancements of $20\times $ and $2\times $ in the S-SWCNTs and M-SWCNTs, respectively. Irradiation of the samples results in decreased electrical conductivity of both electronic types of purified and doped SWCNTs as defect density is increased. However, the relative conductivity enhancement provided by the chemical dopant is maintained, thereby yielding more radiation tolerant electrical conductors. The presence of the dopant does not influence the level of damage imparted to the SWCNTs, but rather modifies the electronic properties of the SWCNTs by enhancing the carrier concentration.
An exploratory study of student engagement in gamified online discussions

Abstract This is an exploratory study that examines the influence of the gamification approach on student engagement in online discussions. A gamified online discussion tool, gEchoLu, was implemented in an undergraduate level online course, which held 22 online discussions. The data was collected through gEchoLu database, survey, and individual interviews with 12 students and the teaching assistant. The triangulated results revealed that the gamification approach positively affected student engagement. Factors such as technical issues, classmates' behaviors that either promoted or impeded students from engaging in the gamified online discussions were identified. The interview with the teaching assistant (TA) further revealed the influence of the gamification approach on student engagement from an educator's perspective, and the obstacles that the TA encountered in the gamified online discussions. Lessons learned are also shared in detail.
The immune milieu of anal squamous cell carcinoma and implications of IDO expression on outcome.

659Background: Recent studies have examined the immune microenvironment in anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) with focus on T-cell infiltrate and PD-1/-L1 expression. This study examines a variety...
Virulence Factor Targeting of the Bacterial Pathogen Staphylococcus aureus for Vaccine and Therapeutics.

Background Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen capable of causing a range of infections in humans from gastrointestinal disease, skin and soft tissue infections, to severe outcomes such as sepsis. Staphylococcal infections in humans can be frequent and recurring, with treatments becoming less effective due to the growing persistence of antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains. Due to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, and the current limitations on antibiotic development, an active and highly promising avenue of research has been to develop strategies to specifically inhibit the activity of virulence factors produced S. aureus as an alternative means to treat disease. Objective In this review we specifically highlight several major virulence factors produced by S. aureus for which recent advances in antivirulence approaches may hold promise as an alternative means to treating diseases caused by this pathogen. Strategies to inhibit virulence factors can range from small molecule inhibitors, to antibodies, to mutant and toxoid forms of the virulence proteins. Conclusion The major prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains of S. aureus combined with the lack of new antibiotic discoveries highlight the need for vigorous research into alternative strategies to combat diseases caused by this highly successful pathogen. Current efforts to develop specific antivirulence strategies, vaccine approaches, and alternative therapies for treating severe disease caused by S. aureus have the potential to stem the tide against the limitations that we face in the post-antibiotic era.
Semen Analysis and Transrectal Ultrasound Findings in Men with Bladder Exstrophy

Although it has been reported that women with bladder exstrophy have relatively normal potential for fertility, little has been reported about such potential in men with this disorder. In 1991, Hamper et al. evaluated 7 men with bladder exstrophy with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and found that, although 6 had prostates and seminal vesicles, only 2 showed a normal appearance to these structures. In 1979, Lattimer et al. reported on semen analyses from 9 men with bladder exstrophy and found that 7 were oligo- or azoospermic. Since no study to date has simultaneously examined semen analyses, TRUS findings, and hormonal parameters in men with bladder exstrophy, we describe this data from 4 men with this disorder.
Leaves from Satan’s Book (Nordisk, 1921) and Dreyer’s Script Jesus of Nazareth (1950): The Jewishness of Jesus

In his book Speaking the Language of Desire: The Films of Carl Dreyer , Raymond Carney notes that Carl Theodor Dreyer (1889-1968) is identifi ed most often as a silent fi lm director, 1 although his directorial career spanned both the silent and sound eras. While his last fi lm, Gertrud , came out in 1964, his fi rst fi lm, The President , dates from 1919, and the fi lm for which he is undoubtedly most famous is The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928). As a result, his other work, from both the silent and sound eras, is often overlooked and even unknown to most fi lmgoers. According to Carney, another reason why Dreyer’s work is not well-known is what he calls the “Kierkegaard syndrome,” namely that Dreyer’s work like Kierkegaard’s was in Danish and, therefore, not easily accessible abroad until more recently. 2 In what follows, I focus on one of Dreyer’s early works and one of special importance when it comes to the representation of Jesus in the early cinema-his second silent fi lm, Leaves from Satan’s Book ( Blade af Satans bog , 1921). This fi lm features an episode depicting the betrayal and arrest of Jesus, which we will discuss in some detail, focusing on the representation of Jesus and Judas. Less known even than some of the fi lms Dreyer did make, is the fact that he also wrote a script for a fi lm he wanted to make about Jesus. It was his lifelong dream but it never materialized, because he didn’t fi nd the necessary funding for it. However, when he died in 1968, Dreyer left behind him a vast collection of material he had collected in preparation for this fi lm, in addition to the script itself. The latter is a truly fascinating work which in my view deserves more attention. In the second part of this article, I will introduce this script and compare in more detail Dreyer’s representation of Jesus and Judas in his later script ( Jesus ) with the depiction of them in his earlier silent fi lm ( Leaves ).
In-situ Characterization of Bulk Carbon Nanotube Behavior in a Sheet under Tensile Load

Abstract The present study characterizes orientation changes of randomly oriented nanotubes in carbon nanotube (CNT) sheet under externally applied tensile load. The tensile loads were applied using a microtester placed inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that allowed in-situ observations of morphological changes in the CNT sheet as the applied load increased. It was observed that randomly entangled CNTs in a sheet align themselves along the applied loading direction. The aligned CNTs eventually form separate distinct bundles prior to catastrophic failure. The alignment of CNTs is permanent and irreversible. The overall stiffness and strength of the CNT sheet also increases with increasing alignment. Reloading a fully aligned CNT sheet in tension exhibits very stiff behavior with a higher Young’s modulus and proportional limit when compared to a virgin CNT sheet that goes through an alignment phase prior to failure. The strength of a virgin CNT sheet was evaluated to be 40 MPa, while that of a CNT sheet with pre-existing alignment was evaluated to be 95 MPa. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the CNTs exhibited preferential alignment in the loading direction after tensile testing. The CNT sheet fails closer to the grip region where the constraints created by the grip prevent full alignment of the CNTs resulting in an overall weaker region near the grip in comparison to the rest of the CNT sheet.
Compliance of a VA pharmacy with documentation requirements for human research.

In summer 2003, the National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA), in collaboration with the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JACHO), initiated the first survey for the Partnership for Human Research Protection, Inc., Accreditation Program (PHRP) to promote the safety
Phosphoinositides Break Microtubule Dynamics Symmetry in the Phragmoplast.

Plant cytokinesis rely on asymmetric behavior of microtubules: bulk polymerization at the phragmoplast leading zone and bulk depolymerization at the phragmoplast lagging zone. Recent findings demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4Kβ) plays an essential role in this asymmetry by facilitating the establishment of the phragmoplast lagging zone.
New pyrimidino‐crown ether ligands

Eight new macrocyclic ligands containing the pyrimidine subcyclic unit (3-10, Figure 1) have been prepared. Two of these new crown ethers are chiral. Pyrimidino-crowns 3-8 were prepared by treating the di-tosylate derivative of the appropriate oligoethylene glycol with 4-methoxy-5-raethyl-2,6-pyrimidinedimeth-anol in basic conditions. The yields were in the 30-50% range giving the crowns as viscous oils. Chiral dimethyl-substituted pyrimidino-crown 9 was prepared from 4-methoxy-5-methyl-2,6-pyrimidinedimethyl di-tosylate and chiral dimethyl-substituted tetraethylene glycol. Treatment of dimethyl 4-methoxy-5-methyl-2,6-pyrimidinedicarboxylate with the diamine derivative of chiral dibenzyl-substituted tetraethylene glycol gave the chiral dibenzyl-substituted pyrimidino-crown diamide 10. Starting 4-methoxy-5-methyl-2,6-pyrimidinedi-methanol was prepared by a six step process from acetamidine hydrochloride and diethyl oxalpropionate.
Strive for balance: Deviation from a balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms

Researchers have documented that exposure to traumatic events has negative effects on both physical and mental health. Much less research has examined mechanisms that may explain the link between traumatic experiences and adverse outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study examined direct and mediated links between lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms, with deviation from a balanced time perspective (individuals’ awareness and integration of past, present, and future time frames) as a potential mediator. Participants were 199 undergraduates (88.4% Caucasian; 82.4% female; mean age 23.90, SD = 8.18) who reported their lifetime trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and time perspectives via online surveys. Regression analyses indicated that more deviation from a balanced time perspective (DBTP) partially mediated the path from trauma exposure to PTSD symptoms, such that more lifetime trauma exposure was related to more DBTP, which likely resulted in more PTSD symptoms. Discussion focuses on implications for research and practice, as potential mechanisms may account for the link between trauma exposure and adverse outcomes. The importance of encouraging balanced time perspectives in therapeutic settings is highlighted, particularly for individuals adjusting to challenging life events.
Celecoxib-induced Liver Injury: Analysis of Published Case Reports and Cases Reported to the Food and Drug Administration.

BACKGROUND Celecoxib is a widely prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and has been associated with rare instances of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the salient features of published cases of celecoxib DILI. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search using common terms for liver injury cross-referenced with celecoxib was undertaken from the year 2000 through June 2016. Identified cases were analyzed with respect to reported demographic and clinical data with descriptive. RESULTS Celecoxib DILI was reported in 18 patients with a median age of 54 years (range, 29 to 84) and 15 (88%) were female. The median daily dose was 200 mg (range, 200 to 533), and median duration and latency were 13 days (1 to 730) and 17 days (2 to 730), respectively. In 15 (83%) cases, DILI occurred after relatively short treatment duration, median of 12 days (1 to 42). Rash and immunoallergic features were noted in these patients, with peripheral or histologic findings of eosinophilia in 6 (40%). In 3 cases, DILI occurred after prolonged exposure (range, 152 to 730 d), none with immunoallergic features. The pattern of liver injury included hepatocellular (6), mixed (5), and cholestatic (4), and was unknown in 3 cases. Clinical outcomes included 2 (11%) requiring liver transplantation, 4 (22%) with chronic liver injury and recovery in 12 (67%) cases. CONCLUSIONS Women are overrepresented in published reports of celecoxib DILI. Latency was short (<3 mo) in most patients but some subjects may present with DILI following prolonged celecoxib use. Although rare, celecoxib-DILI can have potentially life threatening consequences.
Topological edge states in phononic plates with embedded acoustic black holes

Abstract We report on the design of phononic plates based on a periodic lattice of acoustic black holes (ABH) and capable of supporting topological edge states. The design is based on the established concept of the acoustic valley Hall effect (AVHE) that is the elastic analogue of the quantum valley Hall effect (QVHE) for quantum mechanical systems. The basic structure consists of a triangular lattice of circular ABHs whose symmetry guarantees the existence of Dirac dispersion at the corners of the Brillouin zone. Starting from this symmetric lattice, space inversion symmetry (SIS) can be broken by introducing an angle-dependent scaling of the ABH taper profile. Depending on the sign of the scaling factor, two topologically distinct lattice configurations can be obtained and assembled in order to create a domain wall characterized by unconventional dynamic properties. More specifically, such domain wall supports the formation and propagation of quasi-unidirectional elastic guided modes that are topologically protected against back-scattering due to impurities or defects in the lattice.
Dispersive versus Dissipative Coupling for Frequency Synchronization in Lasers

Creating the conditions for frequency locking is essential for coupled light sources in a photonic system. Here researchers show that the nature of the coupling mechanism (dispersive versus dissipative) plays a crucial role in the frequency synchronization of lasers. In particular, dispersive synchronization is found to be a ``hard'' transition accompanied by bistability, while dissipative synchronization is a ``soft'' process that yields a single stable state. These results suggest that engineering the coupling mechanism can provide exciting opportunities in designing frequency-locked arrays of light sources.
Teaching networking with TIM

This paper details revisions to an upper-division computer networks class to adapt to external changes. These revisions include adopting a top-down approach, using network programming to motivate the discussion of network issues, providing an opportunity to experience the construction of a practical network application, and using student passion about network issues to develop research and argumentation skills.
Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, alone and with inulin, in nonhuman primate models.

Background Epigenetic modifiers are being investigated for a number of CNS malignancies as tumor-associated mutations such as isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations (IDH1/IDH2) and H3K27M mutations, which result in aberrant signaling, are identified. We evaluated the CNS exposure of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-azacytidine (5-AZA), in preclinical nonhuman primate (NHP) models to inform its clinical development for CNS tumors. Methods 5-AZA and 5-AZA+Inulin pharmacokinetics (PK) were evaluated in NHPs (n = 10) following systemic (intravenous [IV]) and intrathecal (intraventricular [IT-V], intralumbar [IT-L], and cisternal [IT-C]) administration. Plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), cortical extracellular fluid (ECF), and tissues were collected. 5-AZA levels were quantified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection assay and inulin via ELISA. PK parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. Results After IV administration, minimal plasma exposure (area under the curve [AUC] range: 2.4-3.2 h*µM) and negligible CSF exposure were noted. CSF exposure was notably higher after IT-V administration (AUCINF 1234.6-5368.4 h*µM) compared to IT-L administration (AUCINF 7.5-19.3 h*µM). CSF clearance after IT administration exceeded the mean inulin CSF flow rate of 0.018 ± 0.003 ml/min as determined by inulin IT-V administration. 5-AZA IT-V administration with inulin increased the 5-AZA CSF duration of exposure by 2.2-fold. IT-C administration yielded no quantifiable 5-AZA ECF concentrations but resulted in quantifiable tissue levels. Conclusions IT administration of 5-AZA is necessary to achieve adequate CNS exposure. IT administration results in pronounced and prolonged 5-AZA CSF exposure above the reported IC50 range for IDH-mutated glioma cell lines. Inulin administered with 5-AZA increased the duration of exposure for 5-AZA.
Cannabinoid Modulation of Food-Cocaine Choice in Male Rhesus Monkeys

Marijuana and other cannabinoid compounds are widely used by cocaine users. Preclinical animal studies suggest that these compounds can increase the reinforcing effects of cocaine under some schedules of cocaine self-administration and reinstatement, but not in all cases. To date, no studies have used a food-cocaine concurrent choice procedure, which allows for assessment of drug effects on response allocation, not just changes in cocaine self-administration. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of compounds differing in their efficacy at the cannabinoid receptor (CBR) on cocaine self-administration using a food-drug choice procedure in monkeys. Four adult male rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer cocaine in the context of an alternative food (1.0-g banana-flavored pellets) reinforcer, such that complete cocaine dose-response curves (0, 0.003-0.1 mg/kg per injection) were determined each session. Monkeys were tested acutely with the CBR full agonist CP 55,940 (0.001-0.01 mg/kg); the CBR partial agonist Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 0.03-0.3 mg/kg), which is also the primary active ingredient in marijuana and the CBR antagonist rimonabant (0.3-3.0 mg/kg). Cocaine choice increased in a dose-dependent manner. Acute treatment with CP 55,940 decreased cocaine choice, whereas THC and rimonabant enhanced the reinforcing effects of cocaine. Chronic (7-day) treatment with CP 55,940 resulted in tolerance to the decreases in cocaine choice. These findings with Δ9-THC provide support for a potential mechanism for co-abuse of marijuana and cocaine. Additional research with chronic treatment with full CBR agonists on attenuating the reinforcing strength of cocaine is warranted. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Co-abuse of tetrahydrocannabinol and cocaine is a significant public health problem. The use of animal models allows for the determination of how cannabinoid receptor stimulation or blockade influences the reinforcing strength of cocaine.
NOT YOUR TYPICAL OBSTRUCTION: SUBAORTIC MEMBRANE AFTER MITRAL VALVE REPLACEMENT

Subaortic membrane is the most common type of fixed left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. It is believed to be secondary to turbulent blood flow through the LVOT leading to fibrosis. A 77 year old female with mild aortic stenosis and rheumatic heart disease status post bioprosthetic
Online Tensor Completion and Free Submodule Tracking With The T-SVD

We propose a new online algorithm, called TOUCAN, for the tensor completion problem of imputing missing entries of a low tubal-rank tensor using the tensor-tensor product (t- product) and tensor singular value decomposition (t-SVD) algebraic framework. We also demonstrate TOUCAN's ability to track changing free submodules from highly incomplete streaming 2-D data. TOUCAN uses principles from incremental gradient descent on the Grassmann manifold to solve the tensor completion problem with linear complexity and constant memory in the number of time samples. We compare our results to state-of-the-art batch tensor completion algorithms and matrix completion algorithms. We show our results on real applications to recover temporal MRI data under limited sampling.
Chapter 19 – Hepatitis E

Beginning in late 1990s, locally acquired hepatitis E cases were reported in the developed world. The prevalence of an antibody against hepatitis E virus (HEV) is high among persons with close contact with pigs, suggesting possible animal-to-human transmission. A number of well-conducted investigations linked hepatitis E to consumption of undercooked pork, undercooked wild boar meat, undercooked pig and boar liver, and undercooked venison. Proper cooking practice and food hygiene will reduce the risk of HEV infection.
Frontolimbic brain volume abnormalities in bipolar disorder with suicide attempts

ABSTRACT Over 2.3 million people in the United States live with bipolar disorder. Sixty percent of those with a bipolar disorder diagnosis attempt suicide at least once in their lifetime and up to 19% die by suicide. However, the neurobiology of suicide attempts in bipolar disorder remains unclear. We studied the gray matter volume (GMV) of 81 participants with a bipolar-I diagnosis (age-range: 14-34 years old) and 40 healthy participants (age-range 14.7-32 years old) to compare their neuroanatomy and histories of suicide attempt. In the bipolar group, 42 were manic with ages ranging from 14-30.6 years, and 39 were depressed with ages ranging from 14-34.3 years). Twenty three bipolar participants had a suicide attempt history, and 58 had no suicide attempt history. All participants completed behavioral/diagnostic assessments and MRI. We focused on a predefined frontolimbic circuitry in bipolar disorder versus controls to first identify diagnostic GMV correlates and to specifically identify GMV correlates for suicide attempt history. We found reduced GMV in bipolar diagnosis versus controls in the subgenual cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Our observed regional GMV reductions were associated with histories of suicide attempts and measures of individual variations in current suicidal ideation at the time of scanning. Highlights Suicide is a significant health problem, especially in bipolar disorder, but the neurobiological basis for suicide attempts remains obscure. We found that GMV reduction in anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with bipolar disorder, and suicide attempt history also correlated with suicidal ideation scores.
Use of Population-Based Surveys for Estimating the Population Size of Persons Who Inject Drugs in the United States.

BACKGROUND In the United States, injection is an increasingly common route of administration for opioids and other substances. Estimates of the number of persons who inject drugs (PWID) are needed for monitoring risk-specific infectious disease rates and health services coverage. METHODS We reviewed design and instruments for 4 national household surveys, 2012-2016, for their ability to produce unbiased injection drug use (IDU) prevalence estimates. We explored potential analytic adjustments for reducing biases through use of external data on (1) arrest, (2) narcotic overdose mortality, and (3) biomarker-based sensitivity of self-reported illicit drug use. RESULTS Estimated national past 12 months IDU prevalence ranged from 0.24% to 0.59% across surveys. All surveys excluded unstably housed and incarcerated persons, and estimates were based on <60 respondents reporting IDU behavior in 3 surveys. No surveys asked participants about nonmedical injection of prescription drugs. Analytic adjustments did not appreciably change IDU prevalence estimates due to suboptimal specificity of data points. CONCLUSIONS PWID population size estimates in the United States are based on small numbers and are likely biased by undercoverage of key populations and self-report. Novel methods as discussed in this article may improve our understanding of PWID population size and their health needs.
The RNA Structurome in the Asexual Blood Stages of Malaria Pathogen Plasmodium falciparum

Abstract RNA as an effector of biological functions often adopts secondary and tertiary structural folds. Plasmodium falciparum is a deadly human pathogen responsible for the devastating disease called malaria. In this study, we measured the differential accumulation of RNA secondary structures in coding and noncoding transcripts from the asexual developmental cycle in P. falciparum in human red blood cells. Our comprehensive analysis, combining high-throughput nuclease mapping of RNA structures by duplex RNA-seq, immunoaffinity purification and RNA analysis, collectively measured differentially base-paired RNA regions during the parasite development. Our mapping data not only aligned to a diverse pool of RNAs with known structures but also enabled us to identify new structural RNA regions in the malaria genome. On average, ~71% of the genes with secondary structures are found to be protein coding mRNAs. Mapping pattern of these base-paired RNAs corresponded to all parts of protein-coding mRNAs, including 5’ UTR, CDS and 3’ UTR. In addition to histone family genes which are known to form secondary structures in their mRNAs, transcripts from genes which are important for transcriptional and post-transcriptional control, such as unique plant-like transcription factor family, ApiAP2, DNA/RNA binding protein family, Alba, ribosomal proteins and eukaryotic initiation factors involved in translational control and the ones important for RBC invasion and cytoadherence also show strong accumulation of duplex RNA reads in various asexual stages. Intriguingly, our study determined a positive relationship between mRNA structural contents and translation efficiency in P. falciparum asexual blood stages, suggesting an essential role of RNA structural changes in malaria gene expression programs.
Factorization Homology in Higher Dimensions

The goal of this chapter is to introduce higher-dimensional versions of associative algebras. The simplest of these are the \(\mathbb {E}_n\)-algebras. To many of you, these will contain new kinds of algebraic structure. Informally, \(\mathbb {E}_n\)-algebras have more commutativity than associative algebras, but they do not quite have all the commutativity one could wish for. This is a feature, not a bug; the lack of higher commutativity is in some sense what makes these algebras appropriate for detecting building blocks of manifolds of fixed dimension.
Stochastic Perturbations on Low-Rank Hyperspectral Data for Image Classification

Hyperspectral imagery (HSI) contains hundreds of narrow contiguous bands of spectral signals. These signals, which form spectral signatures, provide a wealth of information that can be used to characterize material substances. In recent years machine learning has been used extensively to classify HSI data. While many excellent HSI classifiers have been proposed and deployed, the focus has been more on the design of the algorithms. This paper presents a novel data preprocessing method (LRSP) to improve classification accuracy by applying stochastic perturbations to the low-rank constituent of the dataset. The proposed architecture is composed of a low-rank and sparse decomposition, a degradation function and a constraint least squares filter. Experimental results confirm that popular state-of-the-art HSI classifiers can produce better classification results if supplied by LRSP-altered datasets rather than the original HSI datasets.
Quantifying the Surgeon's Increased Burden of Postoperative Work for Modern Arthroplasty Surgery.

Abstract Background Arthroplasty payment traditionally includes 118 minutes for postoperative rounds and 69 minutes for postoperative office visits, amounting to 187 minutes and 7 work relative value units. Rapid recovery, ambulatory procedures, and bundled payments have altered the burden of care, with multiple studies showing an increase in physician work. Policy changes during the COVID-19 pandemic allow for precise documentation of patient touchpoints. We analyzed the duration of video, telephone, and text messaging to quantify modern arthroplasty work. Methods Consecutive primary hip, knee, and partial knee arthroplasties, performed 30 days before March 15, 2020 (date of practice closure), were included from a single institution, yielding 47 cases. We retrospectively quantified the duration of video telehealth documentation, telephone logs, and text messages over 90 days to calculate the postoperative work required in modern arthroplasty using descriptive statistics. Results An average of 9.4 touchpoints (2-14) by the surgeons occurred during the global period for this cohort, totaling 219 minutes (51-247 minutes). This included an average of 21 minutes of day-0 calls to family, 117 minutes for video visits, 52 minutes for phone calls, and 29 minutes for text messaging and wound photos. Conclusion We found an undervaluation of 32 minutes of work. AAHKS leadership advocates for the fair payment of modern arthroplasty work. Cell phones have opened channels of contact that did not exist before, including phone accessibility, text messaging, and video calls. These data help defend against current payer efforts to cut work relative value units for arthroplasty. Level of Evidence II.
Measuring Cognitive Aptitude Using Unobtrusive Knowledge Tests: A New Survey Technology

Abstract Five knowledge tests and one implicit-reasoning task were developed to be: (1) exceptionally short, (2) correlated with general cognitive aptitude, (3) unobtrusive, i.e., appear similar to attitudinal survey items as opposed to maximal performance measures, and (4) without formally “correct” answers. The intent was to design scales that could be administered in non-proctored environments to directly measure general cognitive aptitude while avoiding the possibility that participants could use references to provide “good” answers. The five knowledge tests used a Likert format to assess knowledge in verbal and practical domains, and were scored by computing distances between examinee and reference ratings. The implicit-reasoning task appeared to be a series completion “game” that required a dichotomous response. The scales were administered to 288 Air Force recruits and were validated against the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). Individual unobtrusive knowledge scales and ASVAB tests were substantially correlated with sample correlations ranging to .39 and population correlation estimates to .66 after correcting for range restriction. Two sets of factor scores, which were separately derived from the unobtrusive test battery and the ASVAB, were highly correlated in our sample, .54, yielding a population correlation of .80 after correcting for range restriction. This technology is important because few paper- or Internet-based surveys, and virtually no mail-based surveys accurately measure general cognitive aptitude, while many of these surveys address important social issues and commercial questions that could be better understood given an unobtrusive but accurate estimate of general cognitive aptitude.
Variant to Gene Mapping to Discover New Targets for Immune Tolerance.

The breakdown of immunological tolerance leads to autoimmune disease, and the mechanisms that maintain self-tolerance, especially in humans, are not fully understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of human genetic loci statistically linked to autoimmune disease risk, and epigenetic modifications of DNA and chromatin at these loci have been associated with autoimmune disease risk. Because the vast majority of these signals are located far from genes, identifying causal variants, and their functional consequences on the correct effector genes, has been challenging. These limitations have hampered the translation of GWAS findings into novel drug targets and clinical interventions, but recent advances in understanding the spatial organization of the genome in the nucleus have offered mechanistic insights into gene regulation and answers to questions left open by GWAS. Here we discuss the potential for ‘variant-to-gene mapping’ approaches that integrate GWAS with 3D functional genomic data to identify human genes involved in the maintenance of tolerance.
Speech-related auditory salience detection in the posterior superior temporal region

Abstract Processing auditory human speech requires both detection (early and transient) and analysis (sustained). We analyzed high gamma (70-110Hz) activity of intracranial electroencephalography waveforms acquired during an auditory task that paired forward speech, reverse speech, and signal correlated noise. We identified widespread superior temporal sites with sustained activity responding only to forward and reverse speech regardless of paired order. More localized superior temporal auditory onset sites responded to all stimulus types when presented first in a pair and responded in recurrent fashion to the second paired stimulus in select conditions even in the absence of interstimulus silence; a novel finding. Auditory onset activity to a second paired sound recurred according to relative salience, with evidence of partial suppression during linguistic processing. We propose that temporal lobe auditory onset sites facilitate a salience detector function with hysteresis of 200ms and are influenced by cortico-cortical feedback loops involving linguistic processing and articulation.
Osteocyte-Specific TGFβ Signaling Mitigates Obesity-Induced Deregulated Energy Metabolism and Compromised Bone Quality

Bone fragility associated with obesity is well recognized and is attributed to a cumulative decline in bone quality despite high BMD. Moreover, novel insights into skeletal physiology have revealed that bone-derived factors are key regulators of systemic energy balance. Despite the revelation that bone is both a target and a driver of energy metabolism, it is not entirely clear how obesity compromises the metabolic function of bone and whether deregulated energetics in bone play a causal role in declining bone quality. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ), a key mediator of bone homeostasis, was recently shown by us to play a positive role in osteocytes, where its ablation (TβRIIocy-/-) compromised bone quality. TGFβ signaling has been previously implicated in etiologies of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Also, our unpublished unbiased transcriptomic analysis in TβRIIocy-/- mouse bones (osteocyte-enriched RNA) has shown that osteocytic ablation of TGFβ signaling causes profound changes in the expression of genes implicated in glucose and fatty metabolism. Together these observations led us to hypothesize that osteocytic TGFβ plays an integral role in regulating obesity impacted bone architecture and function in metabolism. Using hyperglycemia to model the metabolic milieu of obesity in vitro, we found that hyperglycemia upregulated TGFβ signaling in osteocytes. We also found that TGFβ acts similarly to hyperglycemia in reprogramming osteocyte cellular metabolism to promote glycolysis at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation. Thus, TGFβ may be a crucial mediator of hyperglycemia-induced metabolic reprogramming in osteocytes. In TβRIIocy-/- mice, inhibition of osteocyte-intrinsic TGFβ signaling reduced age-dependent weight gain and improved glycemic control relative to littermate controls. When subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD, 18 weeks), TβRIIocy-/- mice continued to be leaner, with lower food intake, and higher levels of activity and fatty acid metabolism in the liver compared to HFD fed littermate controls. This implicates osteocyte-intrinsic TGFβ signaling as a crucial regulator of systemic energy metabolism. TβRIIocy-/- mice on HFD also showed increased trabecular and cortical bone mass, increased bone mineral density, and protection against reduced bone strength compared to littermate controls on a similar diet. Overall, our study identifies a novel role for osteocytic TGFβ signaling in regulating energy metabolism and bone health in obesity.
Multinomial-Based Decision Synthesis of ML Classification Outputs.

With the explosion of interest in machine learning (ML)-based classification algorithms applied to streaming data sources, there is a decided benefit to the rapid decisions that a neural network (NN) can provide. However, there is also a desire to integrate successive real-time decisions on streaming data, which likely have temporal correlations, into an overall higher confidence result. This paper offers a predictive approach to aggregating the results of discrete classification outputs based upon that duration of temporal correlation, with specific examples for both an image processing (facial mask recognition) application and two radio frequency (RF) ML applications (specific emitter identification and automatic modulation classification). The decision aggregation technique employs a multinomial distribution representation of conditional decision probabilities, drawn from the confusion matrices of the classification problems, to show that an ML classifier possessing even a marginal ability to improve upon random guessing has the potential to drastically improve overall decision accuracy when operating on large continuous streams of data, boosting confidence in the resulting decision.
Ordinal regression increases statistical power to predict epilepsy surgical outcomes

Objective: Studies of epilepsy surgery outcomes are often small and thus underpowered to reach statistically valid conclusions. We hypothesized that ordinal logistic regression would have greater statistical power than binary logistic regression when analyzing epilepsy surgery outcomes. Methods: We reviewed 10 manuscripts included in a recent meta-analysis which found that mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) predicted better surgical outcome after a stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampectomy (SLAH). We extracted data from 239 patients from eight studies which reported four discrete Engel surgical outcomes after SLAH, stratified by the presence or absence of MTS. Results The rate of freedom from disabling seizures (Engel I) was 64.3% (110/171) for patients with MTS compared to 44.1% (30/68) without MTS. The statistical power to detect MTS as a predictor for better surgical outcome after a SLAH was 29% using ordinal regression, which was significantly more than the 13% power using binary logistic regression (paired t-test, p<0.001). Only 120 patients are needed to achieve 80% power to detect MTS as a predictor using ordinal regression, compared to 210 patients that are needed to achieve 80% power using binary logistic regression. Conclusion: Ordinal regression should be considered when analyzing ordinal outcomes (such as Engel surgical outcome), especially for datasets with small sample sizes.
Why psychopathy matters: Implications for public health and violence prevention☆

Psychopathy is an early-appearing risk factor for severe and chronic violence. The violence largely attributable to psychopathy constitutes a substantial portion of the societal burden to the public health and criminal justice systems, and thus necessitates significant attention from prevention experts. Yet, despite a vast base of research in psychology and criminology, the public health approach to violence has generally neglected to consider this key variable. Fundamentally, the public health approach to violence prevention is focused on achieving change at the population level to provide the most benefit to the maximum number of people. Increasing attention to the individual-level factor of psychopathy in public health could improve our ability to reduce violence at the community and societal levels. We conclude that the research literature on psychopathy points to a pressing need for a broad-based public health approach with a focus on primary prevention. Further, we consider how measuring psychopathy in public health research may benefit violence prevention, and ultimately society, in general.
Women Therapists and Impulsive Violent Patients

Several approaches to violence are common to most cultures. Among them are punishment, containment, and channelling of aggression. Retaliation, protection, and sometimes hope of change are elements in these interventions. In our own individualistic society there is, historically, a good deal of ambivalence concerning expectations and sanctions in regard to harming others. It is generally accepted that an individual has choices; but if he wants to get anywhere he has to search out opportunities, make his presence felt, compete and win. There are moral and legal constraints on the degree and methods of competition, but also an unspoken admiration and envy of those who circumvent these limits. Just one example of this is documented in Matthew Josephson’s book, The Robber Barons, which describes the careers of a few men who amassed great fortunes and power on the fringes of dishonesty and public acceptance. We balance on a fine line between the use and misuse of aggression. However, uncontrolled aggression, and particularly physical violence, is not generally accepted and is considered “bad” except under certain ritualized circumstances. Yet we are aware to varying degrees of the potential presence of aggression in ourselves. Each, according to his biological and environmental experience, makes what peace he can with this valued and devalued attribute. For the most part, it is kept out of conscious awareness. Nonetheless, violence is a subject which has been attracting an increasing amount of attention in recent years.
Detection of Feigning of Head Injury Symptoms on the MMPI-2

Current epidemiological data suggest that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is among the most common neurological hospital discharge diagnoses in the United States (Kraus & Chu, 2005). These data also indicate that head injuries range considerably in severity. Although a number of alternative indices are available, the most well-accepted indicator of initial head injury severity is the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which quantifies disturbance of consciousness on a scale ranging from 3 to 15 (Eisenberg & Weiner, 1987). Head injuries producing GCS scores in the moderate (9–12) to severe (3–8) range, particularly if accompanied by cerebral hemorrhage and/or skull fracture, are often associated with increased mortality and morbidity (Kraus & Chu, 2005). Head injuries resulting in GCS scores of 13–15 are classified as mild, and approximately 80% of all head injuries fall in this category (Kraus & Chu, 2005). In contrast to the outcome literature on moderate-to-severe head injury, the largest and best-controlled studies to date suggest that by 1-year postinjury, neuropsychological and psychosocial outcome for patients suffering an uncomplicated mild head injury (disturbance of consciousness lasting no more than 1 h and no other indicators of neurological disorder) is comparable to that experienced by patients suffering peripheral trauma not involving brain damage (Dikmen, Machamer, Winn, & Temken, 1995; Dikmen, Ross, Machamer, & Temkin, 1995). Of course, the general trends observed in group studies, however methodologically sound, do not preclude the possibility of poor outcome in selected individual cases.
Multiple-quark-scattering analysis of hadron charge-exchange scattering

We investigate the hadron charge-exchange (CEX) scattering processes in terms of the multiple-quark-scattering formalism. We extend the Glauber formalism to include the spin and isospin effects of the constituent particles, and the nucleons and mesons are assumed to belong to 56- and 35-dimensional representations of the nonrelativisticSU6 group. The fundamental quark-scattering amplitudes are expressed as Regge-pole exchange amplitudes. We explain the energy and momentum transfer dependences of the π−p, np and\(\bar p\)p CEX scattering differential cross-sections and polarization data of π−p CEX scattering. The multiple-scattering picture provides natural explanations of the π−p CEX scattering polarization effect and the forward peak in np CEX scattering differential cross-section without invoking the extra ϱ′ and pion-conspirator trajectories. New understandings of the connections of the multiple-scattering model, the absorptive-correction model and the Regge-pole model are discussed.
The Regenstrief medical record: 1991 a campus-wide system.

We will demonstrate a medical information management system that has been in continuous operation at one hospital (WLshard Memorial) since 1973 [1]. Over the last few years we have expanded the scope of the operation to two other campus hospitals, have begun the collection of "complete" doctor collected data in one specialty (obstetrics) and have completed the one year of a study of physician order entry on our inpatient service. These efforts have taught us many lessons about politics, about the difficulty of extrapolations, and about the importance of small environmental differences. We will demonstrate our system and describe some of these lessons in the demonstration.
Must Instructionally Useful Performance Assessment Be Based in the Curriculum

The purpose of this article is to examine the importance of the most salient feature of a performance-assessment approach known as curriculum-based assessment: that testing material be drawn from the students' instructional curricula. First, we review the literature on (a) the match between tests and curricula and (b) comparisons of measurement validity and instructional utility when sampling student performance in and out of the instructional curriculum. Second, we discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages of sampling performance in the curriculum. After concluding that sampling from the curriculum is not essential, we discuss three critical features to ensure the instructional utility of measurement.
Tear film osmolarity and dry eye disease: a review of the literature.

Objective To evaluate the evidence in the peer-reviewed literature regarding the use of tear osmolarity as a physiological marker to diagnose, grade severity, and track therapeutic response in dry eye disease (DED). In addition, to review the evidence for the role of tear osmolarity in the pathophysiology of DED and ocular surface disease.