cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bias correction for covariance estimators to improve inference with generalized estimating equations that use an unstructured correlation matrix

Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are routinely used for the marginal analysis of correlated data. The efficiency of GEE depends on how closely the working covariance structure resembles the true structure, and therefore accurate modeling of the working correlation of the data is important. A popular approach is the use of an unstructured working correlation matrix, as it is not as restrictive as simpler structures such as exchangeable and AR-1 and thus can theoretically improve efficiency. However, because of the potential for having to estimate a large number of correlation parameters, variances of regression parameter estimates can be larger than theoretically expected when utilizing the unstructured working correlation matrix. Therefore, standard error estimates can be negatively biased. To account for this additional finite-sample variability, we derive a bias correction that can be applied to typical estimators of the covariance matrix of parameter estimates. Via simulation and in application to a longitudinal study, we show that our proposed correction improves standard error estimation and statistical inference.
Tris(trimethylsilyl)methane as an internal 13C NMR chemical shift thermometer

Tris(trimethylsilyl)methane has excellent properties for an internal chemical shift thermometer to measure temperatures in 13C DNMR spectroscopy (*d between the 13C signals of and CH carbons). It is Si(CH 3 ) 3 chemically inert, soluble in most organic solvents and has an almost linear dependence of *d on temperature. The sensitivity (approximately 1 iC Hz~1 at 90 MHz) allows the measurement of temperature to within 1 iC. The chemical shift is solvent dependent, so each solvent mixture must be calibrated. Calibrations are presented for seven solvents. 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (
The ponticulus posticus: implications for screw insertion into the first cervical lateral mass.

Background: The arcuate foramen is an important osseous anomaly of the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) that must be taken into consideration during placement of lateral mass screws into the atlas. Methods: The prevalence of this anomaly in our patient population was determined through a retrospective review of 464 lateral radiographs of the neck. The anatomy of the arcuate foramen was identified in a study of cadavers. Results: Seventy-two arcuate foramina, complete or incomplete, were identified on the 464 lateral radiographs of the neck; thus, the prevalence was 15.5% in our patient population. Conclusions: Although the arcuate foramen is a common anomaly, it is often not recognized. Proper identification of this anomaly on preoperative lateral radiographs should alert the surgeon to avoid using the ponticulus posticus as a starting point for a lateral mass screw in order to not injure the vertebral artery. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Wave impedance of the linear resonant gain medium characterized by a Doppler broadened Lorentz line

The wave impedance of a partially homogeneously broadened gas-laser amplifier is formulated by using the Voigt function and its Hilbert conjugate. The impedance of a typical high-gain gaslaser amplifier is evaluated.
High Energy Beam Transport System for a Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator

A beam transport system for a Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator is presented. The design allows for ease of tuning, similarity of tuning between different beam lines, and future expansion of the number of beamlines. An option for generating secondary beams with acceptable transmission losses to all treatment areas is also included in the design, as is a vertical beamline option for use with patients in a horizontal position.
Virtual Brokerage and Closure: Network Structure and Social Capital in a Massively Multiplayer Online Game

This study proposes a structural approach to examining online bridging and bonding social capital in a large virtual world. It tests the effects of individual players’ network brokerage and closure on their task performance and trust of other players. Bridging social capital is operationalized as brokerage, the extent to which one is tied to disconnected others, and bonding social capital as closure, the extent to which one is embedded in a densely connected group. Social networks were constructed from behavioral server logs of EverQuest II, a Massively Multiplayer Online Game. Results provided strong support for the structural model, demonstrating that players’ network brokerage positively predicted their task performance in the game and players embedded in closed networks were more likely to trust each other.
Phase III Trial of Fludarabine Plus Cyclophosphamide Compared With Fludarabine for Patients With Previously Untreated Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: US Intergroup Trial E2997

Purpose The combination of fludarabine and cyclophosphamide is an effective regimen for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, it may be accompanied by increased toxicity compared with fludarabine alone. E2997 is a phase III randomized Intergroup trial comparing fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC arm) versus fludarabine (F arm) alone in patients receiving their first chemotherapy regimen for CLL. Patients and Methods Symptomatic, previously untreated patients with CLL were randomly assigned to receive either fludarabine 25 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) days 1 through 5 or cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 IV day 1 and fludarabine 20 mg/m2 IV days 1 through 5. These cycles were repeated every 28 days for a maximum of six cycles. Results A total of 278 patients were randomly assigned in this Intergroup study. Treatment with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide was associated with a significantly higher complete response (CR) rate (23.4% v 4.6%; P < .001) and a higher overall response (OR) rate (74.3% ...
Advanced e-beam systems for manufacturing

E-beam lithography systems are being employed as pattern generators in the semiconductor manufacturing process. The TV-like raster exposure of a scanning electron beam under computer control provides the resolution, flexibility, and accuracy needed for the generation of high density integrated circuit patterns. E-beam mask making has become the technology of choice, while e-beam direct writing on the wafer has remained largely a niche application. Here the throughput handicap of serial exposure presented an economic hurdle, which limited applications to exploratory research and prototyping rather than manufacturing--with few exceptions: IBM, for example, has applied its internally developed high-throughput EL-series systems worldwide in large scale manufacturing of ASIC-type bipolar logic products. The recent progress in state-of-the-art of manufacturing-oriented e-beam systems for mask making and direct writing, together with results achieved with these advanced systems, is the subject of this paper.
Multiple mice for retention tasks in disadvantaged schools

This study evaluates single-mouse and multiple-mice configurations for computer-aided learning in schools where access to computers is limited due to resource constraints. Multimouse, a single display groupware solution, developed to allow multiple mice to be used simultaneously on a single PC, is compared with single-user-single-mouse and multiple-user-single-mouse scenarios. Multimouse itself is trialed with two unique interaction designs -- one where competitive interaction among students is encouraged, and another where more collaborative interaction is expected. Experiments were conducted with 238 schoolchildren from underprivileged households in rural India on an English vocabulary retention task. On the whole, Multimouse configurations (five users each) were found to be at par with single-user scenarios in terms of actual words learned by students. This suggests that the value of a PC can be inexpensively multiplied by employing a multi-input shared-use design. Gender effects were found, where boys show significant differences in learning depending on interaction modality, whereas girls learned at similar rates across configurations. In addition, a comparison of the two Multimouse modes -- collaborative and competitive -- showed the striking difference in learning outcomes and user behavior that is possible due to even slight variations in interaction designs for multiple-mice.
Calibrating Inverted Echo Sounders Equipped with Pressure Sensors

Abstract The addition of an accurate pressure sensor to the inverted echo sounder (IES) has allowed for the development of a new method for calibrating the IES’s acoustic travel-time record without the need for coincident conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) or expendable bathythermograph profiles. Using this method, the round-trip travel-time measurement of the IES can be calibrated into various dynamic quantities with better accuracy than was possible with previous methods. For a set of four IES records from the Newfoundland Basin, the estimate of the accuracy of the geopotential height anomaly (integrated between 100 and 4000 db) calibrated from the IES measurements was reduced from 0.65 to 0.52 m2 s−2, which is a substantial reduction toward the intrinsic scatter of the geopotential height anomaly versus travel-time relationship for this region (0.42 m2 s−2). The addition of the pressure sensor to the IES results in reduced errors and eliminates the need for coincident CTD measurements. Moreover, the ...
Observations of electric discharge streamer propagation and capillary oscillations on the surface of air bubbles in water

The propagation of electric discharge streamers inside bubbles in liquids is of interest for the remediation of toxins in water and plasma-based surgical instruments. The manner of streamer propagation has an important influence on the production of reactive species that are critical to these applications. Streamer propagation along the surface of electrode-attached bubbles of air in water, previously predicted by numerical simulations, has been experimentally imaged using a fast frame-rate camera. The successive pulsing of the streamer discharge inside the bubbles produced oscillations along the air‐water interface. Subsequent streamers were observed to closely follow surface distortions induced by such oscillations. The oscillations likely arise from the non-uniform perturbation of the bubble driven by the electric field of the streamer and were found to be consistent with Kelvin’s equation for capillary oscillations. For a narrow range of applied voltage pulse frequencies, the oscillation amplitude increased over several pulse periods indicating, potentially, resonant behaviour. We also observed coupling between bubbles wherein oscillations in a second bubble without an internal discharge were induced by the presence of a streamer in a fixed bubble. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version)
B cell heterogeneity. II. Transplantation resistance in xid mice which affects the ontogeny of B cell subpopulations

F1 male offspring of CBA/N female mice carry an X-linked immune defect, one manifestation of which is their inability to mount plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to certain thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (T1) antigens. Reconstitution of PFC responses in (CBA/N × BALB/c)F1 (NBF1) male mice with immature, immunocompetent neonatal liver cells requires preparative host irradiation. The need for irradiation is not absolute since the radiosensitive “barrier” can be overridden if a sufficiently large number of donor cells are transferred, or if one waits a sufficiently long period of time between transfer and challenge. An additional characteristic is that this resistance distinguishes between subsets of trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific and phosphorylcholine (PC)-specific B cell progenitors. Comparisons of lethally irradiated NBF1 females with males indicate that the two are qualitatively similar as hosts: responses to TD PC antigens appear before those to TI PC antigens, and quantal responses can be elicited under the appropriate conditions. In sublethally irradiated male recipients, however, the NBF1 male environment seems to operationally slow down the development of antigen-reactive B cells; this is reflected as the transplantation barrier, which discriminates between compartments of B cell progenitors. It is precisely this differential delay of maturation which has enabled us to observe that the emergence of antigen-specific responses proceeds in cycles of quantal, all-or-none, events. We discuss how the resistance of the immunodefective host environment to transplanted immature B cells may influence their differentiation.
Transport of particulate organic matter by bubbles in marine waters 1

Flotation experiments with surface marine waters collected from estuarine, continental shelf, slope, and open ocean waters showed that about half of the originally present particulate organic carbon and nitrogen was adsorbed and transported by bubbles to the surface froth. Recovery values were a function of primary production and other environmental parameters. In only one instance was there evidence of selective removal of particles with C:N ratios differing from those left behind. The estimated open ocean transport of POC by bubbles was five times higher than an earlier estimate due to the unexpected efficiency of the flotation column at low concentrations of open ocean POC. Budget calculations indicated little or no conversion of dissolved to particulate organic carbon. Large macroscopic particles quickly formed in the froth produced by bubbling, an aggregation phenomenon which may be of importance in the transport of large particle POC to deep waters. Particulate matter concentrated in the surface microlayer of the sea may be living or nonliving and is not limited to organic matter (e.g. Parker and Barsom 1970; Liss 1975a,b). Microlayer concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC) and nitrogen (PON) are substantially greater than the concentrations in the water column below the microlayer (Williams 1967; Nishizawa 197 1). Our work is an attempt to better define processes that lead to the enrichment of organic substances at the air-sea interface and the chemical and physical nature of the concentrated material. An adsorptive bubble separation technique was used to determine the removal and transport of POC and PON by rising bubbles from estuarine, coastal, and open ocean surface seawater samples. The fraction of organic particulate matter in surface waters that possessed an affinity for the air-water interface was thus empirically defined. Baylor and Sutcliffe (1963), Riley (1963), and others have investigated the role of bubbles in the transfer of organic carbon in marine waters from a dissolved
Can Communication Deviance Be Measured in a Family Problem-Solving Interaction?†

Communication deviance (CD) refers to confusing and fragmented communication that prevents family members from attaining a shared focus of attention and meaning. Levels of communication deviance based on individual parental projective test protocols — Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Rorschach — have repeatedly been found to be higher in parents of schizophrenic offspring than in parents of normal or nonpsychotic offspring. CD has also been measured in family transactions in which parents and their offspring interact with one another around a projective test stimulus, the Consensus Rorschach. There have been relatively few attempts to measure specific CD codes in familial interaction that is not initiated around an ambiguous visual stimulus. The present article examines the reliability and construct validity of an interactional measure (ICD) obtained from family transactions in which parents and patients are working toward the solution of a salient family problem. ICD from this family problem-solving task was compared to more traditional measures of CD from parental TAT protocols in a sample of 59 parents of 37 recent-onset schizophrenic patients. Results indicated that CD could be reliably measured in an interactive setting not initiated around a projective test stimulus, and provided evidence for the construct validity of ICD.
Influence of tactile feedback and presence on egocentric distance perception in virtual environments

A number of studies have reported that distance judgments are underestimated in virtual environments (VE) when compared to those made in the real world. Studies have also reported that providing users with visual feedback in the VE improves their distance perception and made them feel more immersed in the virtual world. In this study, we investigated the effect of tactile feedback and visual manipulation of the VE on egocentric distance perception. In contrast to previous studies which have focused on task-specific and error-corrective feedback (for example, providing knowledge about the errors in distance estimations), we demonstrate that exploratory feedback is sufficient for reducing errors in distance estimation. In Experiment 1, the effects of different types of feedback (visual, tactile and visual plus tactile) on distance judgments were studied. Tactile feedback was given to participants as they explored and touched objects in a VE. Results showed that distance judgments improved in the VE regardless of the type of sensory feedback provided. In Experiment 2, we presented a real world environment to the participants and then situated them in a VE that was either a replica or an altered representation of the real world environment. Results showed that participants made significant underestimation in their distance judgments when the VE was not a replica of the physical space. We further found that providing both visual and tactile feedback did not reduce distance compression in such a situation. These results are discussed in the light of the nature of feedback provided and how assumptions about the VE may affect distance perception in virtual environments.
Functional analysis of the long terminal repeats of intracisternal A-particle genes: sequences within the U3 region determine both the efficiency and direction of promoter activity.

Abstract The transcriptional activity of five intracisternal A-particle (IAP) long terminal repeats (LTRs) in mouse embryonal carcinoma PCC3-A/1 cells and in Ltk- cells was determined. We tested the promoter activity of the LTRs by coupling them to the reporter gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) or guanosine-xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (gpt). Each LTR was tested for promoter function in both the sense (5' to 3') and antisense (3' to 5') orientation preceding the reporter gene. The transcriptional activity of individual IAP gene LTRs varied considerably, and the LTR from IAP81 possessed promoter activity in both directions. The bidirectional activity of the IAP81 LTR confirmed by monitoring Ecogpt expression in stably transfected Ltk- cells, with the initiation sites for sense and antisense transcription being localized to within the IAP81 LTR by S1 nuclease mapping. Deletions of LTR81 show that for normal 5'-to-3' gene transcription (sense direction), the 3'U3/R region determines the basal level of transcription, whereas sequences within the 5'U3 region enhance transcription four- to fivefold. Deletion mapping for antisense transcription indicates that a 64-base-pair region (nucleotides 47 to 110) within the U3 region is essential for activity. These data indicate that the U3 region contains all the regulatory elements for bidirectional transcription in IAP LTRs.
SEASONALITY AND MOVEMENTS OF THE GULF COAST WATERDOG (NECTURUS BEYERI) IN EASTERN TEXAS

Abstract Although the ecology of the Gulf Coast waterdog, Necturus beyeri, has been studied in Louisiana, there is no information on eastern Texas populations. We document the seasonal activity and individual movements of this species in Smith County, Texas. Minnow traps were placed at 10-m intervals in Gilley Creek from 1996 to 1999 (20 total) and in Hill Creek in 2002–2003 (75 total) and checked once per week. Animals captured were sexed, measured, weighed, and tagged with PIT tags. Seasonal activity was determined from the number captured per month, and individual movements were based on distances moved between captures. Gulf Coast waterdogs in eastern Texas were active from October to March, generally moving only short distances. Occasionally, long distance movements were made, but these animals often returned to the initial capture site. Our results suggest that Gulf Coast waterdogs in eastern Texas behave much like those in southern Louisiana.
Cardiovascular risk and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The upregulation of inflammatory platelet transcripts suggest a role for platelets in the “inflammatory network” of NAFLD

median period of 30months. Metabolic risk factors, cardiovascular events and extra-hepatic malignancies were registered. Outcomes included liver failure, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death. Results: Median age was 66 years and women outnumbered men. Overweight/obesity (82.3%), altered glucose disposal (70%), hypertension (55.9%), metabolic syndrome (54%), hypothyroidism (14.4%), gallstones (58.7%), extra-hepatic malignancy (12.4%) and cardiovascular diseases (43.3%) were common co-morbidities. The prevalence of coronary artery disease was significantly higher in CC patients than in two age-matched cohorts. The majority of patients were Child Class B-C at diagnosis. 60.7% developed liver failure and 17.6% HCC during follow-up. Death occurred in 36.2% of patients with a median survival of 60 months. Liver-related causes accounted for79.4%ofdeaths,whichwere independentlypredicted by age and Child class. Conclusions: CC may result from unrecognized NASH, has a poor prognosis and liver-related complications and death are predicted by age and Child class. CC is associated with substantial cardiovascular and cancer risk, calling for more liberal surveillance policies in these individuals.
Sensor Fusion for Vibration Suppression Implemented on Arduino and Raspberry Pi

Arduino microcontrollers are popular and easy-to-program and can be a great option for student-owned control hardware or other embedded control applications. This paper investigates whether or not an Arduino microcontroller has the computational power to implement a sensor fusion observer/controller for vibration suppression of a slewing beam. An additional approach based on combining the Arduino with a Raspberry Pi is also investigated.Somewhat surprisingly, an Arduino microcontroller is experimentally shown to be capable of implementing a sensor fusion observer and state-space controller for a system with seven states. The floating-point matrix calculations are completed in roughly 2 milli-seconds, implying that real-time feedback control could have update frequencies in the range of 100–400 Hz. Additionally, sensor fusion leads to slight performance improvements over using just one sensor.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Interfacial Properties of Si−Si3N4formed by Remote Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition

This paper presents results on the interfacial properties of Si3N4on NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs. Silicon nitride, formed by remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, was found to display severely degraded interfacial properties, in which the PMOS interfaces were significantly more degraded than NMOS interfaces. This is believed to be indicative of a relatively high density of interface traps located below the Si mid-gap that inhibit hole channel formation. These traps are believed to originate from the intrinsic nature of Si- Si3N4interface. Bonding constraint theory was applied to conclude that the Si-Si3N4interface is over-constrained compared to the Si-SiO2interface and consequently results in a higher intrinsic defectivity. A systematic study of the oxygen and hydrogen content in the silicon nitride film and its effect on electrical properties is also presented. Based on the electrical results it is concluded that the presence of oxygen either as a) a monolayer at the interface or b) within the silicon nitride film can produce high quality interfaces suitable for aggressively scaled CMOS devices.
The pharmacologic basis for moxalactam therapy for gram-negative enteric bacillary meningitis of infancy.

Gram-negative enteric bacilli account for 440%0 of all pathogens causing neonatal sepsis and meningitis [1]. Mortality for these diseases is 200o-50%o, and 50% of survivors have neurologic and/or developmental handicaps [1, 2]. Therapy usually consists of ampicillin with an aminoglycoside, or chloramphenicol. The increasing percentage of coliform organisms resistant to ampicillin [2], the narrow therapeutic index of the aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol, and the lack of bactericidal activity of chloramphenicol against many gram-negative enteric bacilli prompted us to evaluate moxalactam for therapy for neonatal meningitis due to gram-negative enteric bacilli. Moxalactam has excellent in vitro activity against gram-negative enteric bacilli that cause neonatal meningitis [3] and penetrates well into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neonates after single and multiple doses [4]. This report is a brief review of data from an experimental meningitis model [5, 6] and from clinical studies [4] that provide the basis for considering moxalactam in the treatment of infants with meningitis caused by gram-negative enteric bacilli.
Long-Term Persistence of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of the Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), in Forest Soil

The long-term persistence of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), in forest soil has been established by bioassaying soil and duff samples from an area in which the last tussock moth outbreak took place in 1936–38. Samples were taken from beneath each of 75 white fir, Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl., trees selected within 17 clusters in a study area in the Inyo National Forest, California. Virus was present in 15 soil samples from 9 of the clusters. Although present concentrations of active virus are low (<45 PIB/cm3), enough remains in the mineral soil from sheltered locations to infect tussock moth larvae. Absence of active nuclear polyhedrosis virus in the duff layers above the positive soil samples indicates the duff has accumulated since the last epizootic of tussock moth nuclear polyhedrosis.
Implications of delayed luminescence for conjugated polymer photophysics

We observe unusual decay dynamics of persistent luminescence in a model oligofluorene. Generation of interchain triplet polaron pairs can account for the dynamics but not the reduction of photoluminescence in films relative to dilute solution.
Aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae)

Reproductive and life-history parameters of the parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin et al.) were experimentally determined. Two cohorts of wasps originally reared on Drosophila simulans (Sturtevant) were used, one exposed to a laboratory strain of D. melanogaster (Meigen), the other a sympatrically collected strain of D. simulans . Parasitoids presented with D. melanogaster larvae produced significantly more male (163.8 ± 10.2), female (129.6 ± 9.8), and total progeny (293.4 ± 10.1), and exhibited a significantly higher sex ratio (0.55 ± 0.03) than did those presented with D. simulans larvae (90.9 ± 5.0, 93.5 ± 5.0, 184.4 ± 5.2, and 0.49 ± 0.02, respectively). These data confirm previous estimates of host species suitability. Mean length of life and schedules of progeny production did not differ significantly between groups. Both cohorts exhibited similar fertility distributions with peaks in oviposition rate occurring on the second day of host exposure. This peak was followed by a sharp decline, which attenuated slowly during a long period of post-reproductive survival—9.8 ±0.7 days for the cohort presented with D. melanogaster larvae; 8.4 ± 0.6 days for the cohort presented with D. simulans larvae.
Aepyornis as moa: giant birds and global connections in nineteenth-century science

This essay explores how the scientific community interpreted the discoveries of extinct giant birds during the mid-nineteenth century on the islands of New Zealand and Madagascar. It argues that the Aepyornis of Madagascar was understood through the moa of New Zealand because of the rise of global networks and theories. Indeed, their global connections made giant birds a sensation among the scientific community and together forged theories and associations not possible in isolation. In this way, this paper argues for a closer look at how the creation of science emerged from a world framework that involved multiple sites of discovery and interpretation that continually influenced and reshaped scientific theories. It also stresses the importance of local naturalists in participating in this global exchange of knowledge.
Symptomatic Heterotopic Ossification After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Clinical Significance and Treatment Outcome

Background:Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction is an increasingly common procedure being performed in overhead throwing athletes. Recently, postoperative imaging has revealed the presence of heterotopic ossification (HO) in symptomatic patients.Purpose:To determine the incidence of symptomatic HO after UCL reconstruction as well as the clinical outcomes after nonoperative or operative treatment of HO.Study Design:Case series, Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A search was performed of diagnostic codes for all UCL reconstructions at a single institution between 2002 and 2012, and the charts were then reviewed of patients who returned to clinic for symptomatic HO after UCL reconstruction. All relevant clinical information, imaging findings, and return-to-play data were obtained.Results:Eight patients were found to have developed symptomatic HO after UCL reconstruction. Of the 8 patients, 6 had gracilis tendon autograft at their primary surgery. All 8 patients had HO on the proximal end of their graft....
7-Azidoactinomycin D: a novel probe for examining actinomycin D-DNA interactions.

The technique of photoaffinity labeling is applied to the actinomycin D system to provide a novel probe for the examination of the interactions of actinomycin D with nucleic acids. The capacity for covalent attachment of actinomycin D will aid greatly in the study of target-site specificities and the correlations of biological effects with biophysical DNA interactions. Through chemical modification of the parent actinomycin D molecule with a photoreactive azido substituent, a functional analog of the parent actinomycin D is generated having equilibrium binding properties identical to those of the parent molecule yet with the capacity to form a covalent attachment to DNA upon photolysis. The results presented here describe the noncovalent interactions of this photoreactive probe to DNA (absence of light) and compares the binding properties observed to those of the parent actinomycin D and 7-aminoactinomycin D analog. These studies demonstrate that the DNA binding properties (i.e. binding affinity, binding site size, and sequence specificity) retained by the 7-azidoactinomycin D, thus providing a suitable probe for examining actinomycin D-DNA interactions.
The View from Sand Island: Reconsidering the Peripheral Economy, 1880–1940

The bird's-eye view that western historians typically assume to analyze economic development directs attention away from the point of production and obscures the local conditions that shaped economic life in the rural West. On Sand Island, Wisconsin, seasonal limitations, local transportation patterns, and the intersections of seemingly distinct industries dictated the daily activities of an economic frontier.
Isoscapes in a Rapidly Changing and Increasingly Interconnected World

“Isoscapes” have recently emerged as a coherent framework for the analysis, visualization, distribution, and application of environmental isotope data and have already created new disciplinary and interdisciplinary research opportunities. The chapters in this volume document the diverse and important roles that spatial monitoring and data analysis play in the application of isotope chemistry within contemporary science. The authors of this volume demonstrate how isoscapes serve as a tool for basic research, a template for data analysis and visualization, and a common platform and language for establishing a dialogue among specialists and non-specialists. The diversity and depth of the work demonstrates the relevance of isoscapes-based research to the needs of science and society in the twenty-first century, especially where problems are recognized to involve complex systems with widely distributed impacts, necessarily studied at large spatial scales (also see Bowen et al. 2009). Many chapters also highlight the significant challenges and gaps in understanding that must be overcome if the potential of these methods are to be realized. These are clear targets for future research that promise to expand discovery through improved understanding and application of spatio-temporal isotope variability.
Re-examining The Zhengming Jing: The Social and Political Life of an Apocryphal Maitreya Scripture

This article investigates the Zhengming jing 證明經 (T. no. 2879) and its diverse functions, using the text as a case study for placing apocryphal scriptures in their social and political contexts. Ex...
Quantum Field Theory and Condensed Matter: An Introduction

Providing a broad review of many techniques and their application to condensed matter systems, this book begins with a review of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, before moving onto real and imaginary time path integrals and the link between Euclidean quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics. A detailed study of the Ising, gauge-Ising and XY models is included. The renormalization group is developed and applied to critical phenomena, Fermi liquid theory and the renormalization of field theories. Next, the book explores bosonization and its applications to one-dimensional fermionic systems and the correlation functions of homogeneous and random-bond Ising models. It concludes with Bohm–Pines and Chern–Simons theories applied to the quantum Hall effect. Introducing the reader to a variety of techniques, it opens up vast areas of condensed matter theory for both graduate students and researchers in theoretical, statistical and condensed matter physics.
Affective Flexibility: Relations to Expressive Flexibility, Feedback, and Depression

Theory and research on emotion regulation have shifted from emphasizing the adaptiveness of specific strategies to flexible regulation. Studies on the modulation of emotional expression, or express...
Southern Culture and Aggravated Assault: Exploring the Generality of the Southern Cultural of Violence

Numerous studies have investigated the Southern culture of violence (SCOV). In particular, prior analyses have focused on white argument-based homicide in rural areas, a context in which the SCOV s...
An Update of Oral Health Curricula in US Family Medicine Residency Programs.

Background and objectives National initiatives have encouraged oral health training for family physicians and other nondental providers for almost 2 decades. Our national survey assesses progress of family medicine residency programs on this important health topic since our last survey in 2011. Methods Family medicine residency program directors (PDs) completed an online survey covering various themes including number of hours of oral health (OH) teaching, topics covered, barriers, evaluation, positive influences, and program demographics. Results Compared to 2011, more PDs feel OH should be addressed by physicians (86% in 2017 vs 79% in 2011), yet fewer programs are teaching OH (81% vs 96%) with fewer hours overall (31% vs 45% with 4 or more hours). Satisfaction with the competence of graduating residents in OH significantly decreased (17% in 2017 vs 32% in 2011). Program directors who report graduates being well prepared to answer board questions on oral health topics are more likely to have an oral health champion (Pl0.001) and report satisfaction with the graduates' level of oral health competency (Pl0.001). Programs with an oral health champion, or having a relationship with a state or national oral health coalition, or having routine teaching from a dental professional are significantly more likely to have more hours of oral health curriculum (Pl0.001). Conclusions Family medicine PDs are more aware of the importance of oral health, yet less oral health is being taught in residency programs. Developing more faculty oral health champions and connecting programs to dental faculty and coalitions may help reduce this educational void.
The Visible Heart® project and methodologies: novel use for studying cardiac monophasic action potentials and evaluating their underlying mechanisms.

Introduction This review describes the utilization of Visible Heart® methodologies for electrophysiologic studies, specifically in the investigation of monophasic action potential (MAP) recordings, with the aim to facilitate new catheter/device design and development that may lead to earlier diagnosis, treatment, and ultimately a higher quality of life for patients with atrial fibrillation. Areas covered We describe the historically proposed mechanisms behind which electrode is responsible for the MAP recording, new catheters for recording these signals, and how Visible Heart methodologies can be utilized to develop and test new technologies for electrophysiologic investigations. Expert opinion When compared to traditional electrogram recordings, MAP waveforms provide clinical information vital to the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. New catheters and ablation technologies are routinely being assessed on reanimated large mammalian hearts (swine and human) in our laboratory. These abilities, combined with continued enhancements in imaging modalities and computational systems for electrical mapping, are being applied to the MAP catheter design process. Through this testing we are hopeful that the time from concept to product can be reduced, and that an array of MAP catheters can be placed in the hands of physicians, where they will improve patient outcomes.
SURFACES AND CURVES

This chapter presents graphs of surfaces with the equation F(x, y,z) = 0, wherein arbitrary values have been set to two variables. If a plane intersects a surface, a plane curve is the result. The curves of intersection of a surface with the coordinate planes and planes parallel to them are particularly useful in sketching surfaces. The curves of intersection between the coordinate planes and a surface are called the traces of the surface in the coordinate planes. The curves of intersection between planes parallel to the coordinate planes and a surface are called sections of the surface. The chapter explains a general method of finding traces and sections of a surface. Intercepts on the coordinate axes may be found in much the same manner as in two dimensions, as points on any one of the coordinate axes have two of their coordinates zero.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections in Specific Types of Patients and Clinical Settings

P. aeruginosa can cause fatal disease, result in local infection that is non-life threatening, or simply colonize the airway, skin or urinary tract of patients who are completely asymptomatic. The reasons for this array of clinical manifestations are complex. The major determinant of illness following colonization or exposure to P. aeruginosa is the type of host infected or colonized with Pseudomonas.Other factors such as the route of infection (e.g. following a burn injury or trauma) and the presence of foreign bodies (such as catheters or prosthetic devices) also influence the type and severity of illness that may occur following acquisition of the organism. This chapter will discuss some of the major clinical syndromes and specific types of patients who develop infections due to P. aeruginosa.
The effect of intravenous histamine administration on the level of the white blood count in the peripheral blood.

1. By simultaneously sampling venous and arterial blood by cardiac catheterization or vessel cannulation, the number of leukocytes entering and leaving the lungs was observed in 12 patients on 14 occasions. 2. The intravenous administration of histamine phosphate in doses of 0.1 to 0.3 mg. (as base) over 10 to 60 seconds, was accompanied by a prompt decrease in leukocyte number in the arterial blood 20 to 60 seconds before the venous white cell count fell. This was interpreted as demonstrating that the leukocytes were removed from tine peripheral blood in the pulmonary circulation. The granulocytic series appeared to be more involved in the leukopenia, although a similar but less apparent change was noted in the agranulocytes. 3. The leukopenia persisted for 40 to 180 seconds following which the arterial leukocyte count exceeded that in the venous blood indicating a return of leukocytes from the lungs into the peripheral circulation. 4. The intravenous administration of histamine also resulted in an immediate decrease in clotting time as determined both by glass and siliconed tube technics. 5. The intravenous injection of histamine affords a relatively simple technic to study one type of leukocyte removal mechanism present in the pulmonary circulation.
Noise-tolerant range analysis for autonomous navigation

Techniques for detecting horizontal regions, obstacles, ditches, and shoulders along a road from range data are described. The noise level in each scan line of the range image is computed and an adaptive threshold is used for noise compensation. The sources of noise and the scanning geometry for a time-of-flight range sensor are discussed and experimental results of applying these techniques to ERIM range images are presented.
;Evolution of Photosynthesis' (1970), re-examined thirty years later.

I have re-examined my 1970 article ‘Evolution of Photosynthesis’ (Olson JM, Science 168: 438–446) to see whether any of my original proposals still survive. My original conviction that the evolution of photosynthesis was intimately connected with the origin of life has been replaced with the realization that photosynthesis may have been invented by the Bacteria after their divergence from the Archea. The common ancestor of all extant photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria probably contained bacteriochlorophyll a, rather than chlorophyll a as originally proposed, and may have carried out CO2 fixation instead of photoassimilation. The first electron donors were probably reduced sulfur compounds and later ferrous iron. The common ancestor of all extant reaction centers was probably similar to the homodimeric RC1 of present-day green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) and heliobacteria. In the common ancestor of proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, the gene for the primordial RC1 was apparently duplicated and one copy split into two genes, one for RC2 and the other for a chlorophyll protein similar to CP43 and CP47 in extant cyanobacteria and chloroplasts. Homodimeric RC1 and homodimeric RC2 functioned in series as in the Z-scheme to deliver electrons from Fe(OH)+ to NADP+, while RC1 and/or RC2 separately drove cyclic electron flow for the production of ATP. In the line of evolution leading to proteobacteria, RC1 and the chlorophyll protein were lost, but RC2 was retained and became heterodimeric. In the line leading to cyanobacteria, both RC1 and RC2 replaced bacteriochlorophyll a with chlorophyll a and became heterodimeric. Heterodimeric RC2 further coevolved with a Mn-containing complex to utilize water as the electron donor for CO2 fixation. The chlorophyll–protein was also retained and evolved into CP43 and CP47. Heliobacteria are the nearest photosynthetic relatives of cyanobacteria. The branching order of photosynthetic genes appears to be (1) proteobacteria, (2) green bacteria (Chlorobiaceae plus Chloroflexaceae), and (3) heliobacteria plus cyanobacteria.
Introduction to Homological Mirror Symmetry

Mirror symmetry states that to every Calabi-Yau manifold \(X\) with complex structure and symplectic symplectic structure there is another dual manifold \(X^\vee \), so that the properties of \(X\) associated to the complex structure (e.g. periods, bounded derived category of coherent sheaves) reproduce properties of \(X^\vee \) associated to its symplectic structure (e.g. counts of pseudo holomorphic curves and discs).
Obstacles to digital, multimodal pedagogy in rural high schools

The author reports findings from two iterations of a formative experiment focusing on improving students' conventional and digital, multimodal arguments. The first iteration of this experiment occurred in a rural school district in the United Sates with an eleventh-grade English/language arts teacher, and the second iteration was implemented in the same school district, but in a different high school with both a ninth- and tenth-grade English/language arts teacher. The findings focus upon obstacles the teachers encountered while implementing an intervention that entailed elements of argument; digital, multimodal tools; and the writing process. These obstacles led the author to make six recommendations for the future professional development of rural teachers integrating digital, multimodal tools into conventional writing curriculum.
Publication Activity and Impact of the International Pediatric Simulation Society Cureus Channel: 2014 to 2018.

Introduction In November 2013, the International Pediatric Simulation Society (IPSS) launched a channel on Cureus.com. We performed the following analysis to examine the use of the channel, the reach of its publications, and their impact within the medical literature. Methods The IPSS Cureus channel's Administrative Dashboard was used to collect data on manuscript type, manuscript submission date, publication date, total views, and total downloads for each article from publication date through December 31, 2018. Web of Science and Google Scholar were used to determine which channel publications had been cited during the study period, and those citations were reviewed to develop an estimate of the global reach of the publications. Results A total of 15 articles were published via the IPSS Cureus channel from April 18, 2014 to December 31, 2018, with a mean time between submission and publication of 46 days. These articles have been viewed an average of 736 times per article. The PDF download rate averaged 446 per article. These 15 articles have been cited a total of 37 times, averaging 2.5 citations per article. The sources for those citations were published in English (29), Spanish (4), Portuguese (2), Arabic (1), and Ukrainian (1). Conclusion Publications on the IPSS Cureus channel have a clear impact, in terms of the number of views, number of downloads, citation counts, and global reach. The channel also offers a rapid publication cycle. Further education in the pediatric simulation community on the use of the channel and promotion of the benefits of this resource for scholarships are warranted.