cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Year behind on Estate and Gift Tax Law Review Articles? Read This Instead

In this article, Professor Crawford reviews ten excellent estate and gift tax-related law review articles published in 2016 in student-edited law reviews. They are (in alphabetical order by author's last name): (1) Evelyn Brody & Marcus Owens, “Exile to Main Street: The I.R.S.’s Diminished Role in Overseeing Tax-Exempt Organizations,” 91 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 859 (2016); (2) Richard Gershon, “The Socio-Economics of the Federal Estate Tax: Why do so Many People Hate (or Love) this Centenarian,” 49 Akron L. Rev. 329 (2016); (3) Iris J. Goodwin, “Access to Justice: What to Do About the Law of Wills,” 2016 Wis. L. Rev. 947; (4) Lily Kahng, “The Not-So-Merry Wives of Windsor: The Taxation of Women in Same-Sex Marriages,” 101 Cornell L. Rev. 325 (2016); (5) Gerald Korngold, Semida Munteanu & Lauren Elizabeth Smith, “An Empirical Study of Modification and Termination of Conservation Easements: What the Data Suggest About Appropriate Legal Rules,” 224 N.Y.U. Envtl. L.J. 1 (2016); (6) Stephen J. Leacock, “Lack of Marketability and Minority Discounts in Valuing Close Corporation Stock: Elusiveness and Judicial Synchrony in Pursuit of Equitable Consensus,” 7 Wm. & Mary Bus. L. Rev. 683 (2016); (7) F. Philip Manns, Jr. & Timothy M. Todd, “Issues Arising Upon the Death of the Sole Member of a Single-Member LLC,” 99 Marq. L. Rev. 725 (2016); (8) Lloyd Hitashi Mayer, “Fragmented Oversight of Nonprofits in the United States: Does It Work? Can It Work?” 91 Chi.-Kent L. Rev. 937 (2016); (9) Goldburn P. Maynard, Jr., “Perpetuating Inequality by Taxing Wealth,” 84 Fordham L. Rev. 2429 (2016); (10) Lee-ford Tritt, “Moving Forward by Looking Back: The Retroactive Application of Obergefell,” 2016 Wis. L. Rev. 873.
Influence of Research Experience on Recognition and Identity Development in the Engineering Graduate Student Population

This research category Work in Progress study explores the relationship between research experience and engineering identity development in the engineering graduate student population. Preliminary data from a national survey of engineering graduate students is used to explore correlations between research experience and domains of graduate student identity related to being an engineer, scientist, and researcher. Our analysis shows that the recognition subconstruct of researcher and scientist identity domains are significantly positively correlated with research experience. The recognition subconstruct of the engineer identity domain is not significantly correlated with research experience. The future analysis plans beyond correlation are discussed, and implications for the engineering education community are proposed.
Consequences of pelletized poultry litter applications on soil physical and hydraulic properties in reduced tillage, continuous cotton system

Abstract Keeping soil healthy as a medium that can supply adequate nutrients for plant growth is essential for sustainable agriculture. Large amounts of poultry litter are generated on commercial poultry farms in the southeastern United States. While applying poultry litter generally enhances soil nutrients and crop productivity, few studies have investigated changes in soil physical and hydraulic properties. As part of a larger study on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) response to pelletized poultry litter (PPL), this study investigated soil physical and hydraulic properties in a Marietta fine sandy loam soil at two times, in the fall of 2014 and spring of 2015, after repeatedly applying 6.7 Mg ha−1 PPL in a precision sub-surface band, 134 kg ha−1 N (as ammonium nitrate) in subsurface bands and no fertilizer (control) for four years (2010–2013). Soil measurements were made at 0–15 cm depth in three plots of each treatment randomized as a complete block design. As compared to unfertilized plots measured in fall 2014, annual applications of PPL increased soil aggregate stability, plant available water, field capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and infiltration by 10, 52, 26, 80, and 54%, respectively. These same soil properties measured in spring 2015 were greater in PPL than control plots by approximately 16, 28, 18, 90, and 100%, respectively. In fall 2014, soil bulk density and penetration resistance were approximately 6 and 19% lower, respectively, in PPL than unfertilized plots. In fall 2014 and as compared to commercial N fertilizer, annual PPL applications increased soil aggregate stability, plant available water content, field capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and infiltration by 6%, 18%, 11%, 38% and 44%, respectively. These results are useful for development of management practices that improve soil health and function.
Absence of Signal Peptide Peptidase, an Essential Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Glycoprotein K Binding Partner, Reduces Virus Infectivity In Vivo .

We previously reported that herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoprotein K (gK) binds to signal peptide peptidase (SPP), also known as minor histocompatibility antigen H13. Binding of gK to SPP is required for HSV-1 infectivity in vitro SPP is a member of the γ-secretase family, and mice lacking SPP are embryonic lethal. To determine how SPP affects HSV-1 infectivity in vivo, the SPP gene was deleted using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase driven by the ubiquitously expressed ROSA26 promoter. SPP mRNA was reduced by more than 93% in the cornea and trigeminal ganglia (TG) and by 99% in the liver of tamoxifen-injected mice, while SPP protein expression was reduced by 90% compared to the level in control mice. Mice lacking SPP had significantly less HSV-1 replication in the eye as well as reduced gK, UL20, ICP0, and gB transcripts in the cornea and TG compared to levels in control mice. In addition, reduced infiltration of CD45+, CD4+, CD8+, F4/80+, CD11c+, and NK1.1+ T cells was observed in the cornea and TG of SPP-inducible knockout mice compared to that in control mice. Finally, in the absence of SPP, latency was significantly reduced in SPP-inducible knockout mice compared to that in control mice. Thus, in this study we have generated SPP-inducible knockout mice and shown that the absence of SPP affects virus replication in the eye of ocularly infected mice and that this reduction is correlated with the interaction of gK and SPP. These results suggest that blocking this interaction may have therapeutic potential in treating HSV-1-associated eye disease.IMPORTANCE Glycoprotein K (gK) is an essential and highly conserved HSV-1 protein. Previously, we reported that gK binds to SPP, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein, and blocking this binding reduces virus infectivity in vitro and also affects gK and UL20 subcellular localization. To evaluate the function of gK binding to SPP in vivo, we generated SPP-inducible knockout mice and observed the following in the absence of SPP: (i) that significantly less HSV-1 replication was seen in ocularly infected mice than in control mice; (ii) that expression of various HSV-1 genes and cellular infiltrates in the eye and trigeminal ganglia of infected mice was less than that in control mice; and (iii) that latency was significantly reduced in infected mice. Thus, blocking of gK binding to SPP may be a useful tool to control HSV-1-induced eye disease in patients with herpes stromal keratitis (HSK).
Analytical Solutions for ODEs

Many modeling problems in engineering applications can be formulated using ordinary differential equations. There are a few different definitions of differential equation; one of the simplest ones is “A differential equation is any equation which contains derivatives, either ordinary derivatives or partial derivatives” given in [1]. From this definition, we can derive that there are two types of differential equations: ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs). ODEs contain one type of derivative or one independent variable, while PDEs contain two or more derivatives or independent variables. For example, a general form for first-order ODEs can be expressed by:
Coenzyme Q 10 .

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is among the most widely used dietary and nutritional supplements on the market. CoQ10 has several fundamental properties that may be beneficial in several clinical situations. This article reviews the pertinent chemical, metabolic, and physiologic properties of CoQ10 and the scientific data and clinical trials that address its use in two common clinical settings: statin-associated myopathy syndrome (SAMS) and congestive heart failure (CHF). Although clinical trials of CoQ10 in SAMS have conflicting conclusions, the weight of the evidence, as seen in meta-analyses, supports the use of CoQ10 in SAMS overall. In CHF, there is a lack of large-scale randomized clinical trial data regarding the use of statins in patients receiving contemporary treatment. However, one relatively recent randomized clinical trial, Q-SYMBIO, suggests an adjunctive role for CoQ10 in CHF. Recommendations regarding the use of CoQ10 in these clinical situations are presented.
Exceptional points of degeneracy in lossless periodic multimode waveguides and applications in laser

Slow-light has enriched many intriguing optics phenomena in which nonlinearities and gain/absorption among other features can be significantly enhanced. We link the concepts of slow light and exceptional points of degeneracy (EPDs) and discuss the relation with PT-symmetry. They emerge in coupled waveguides when multiple eigenmodes coalesce in both their eigenvalues (wavenumbers) and eigenvectors (polarizations), when varying a specific system parameter, like coupling, dimension, frequency, etc. The number of eigenmodes that coalesce at the EPD determines the order of the EPD. For example, in lossless structures, the regular band edge (RBE), the stationary inflection point (SIP), and degenerate band edge (DBE); are 2nd, 3rd, and 4th order EPDs, respectively. We explore the existence of various orders of EPDs in mainly two types of periodic coupled waveguides: the modified coupled resonators optical waveguide (CROW) and in coupled dielectric slabs with multiple gratings. The formulation is based on coupled mode theory and it can be generally applied to several other periodic structures. The existence of EPDs in optical structures provide unique properties like the giant scaling of the quality factor and high density of states and these two can also be made independent of each other. The unique properties of EPDs make it possible to induce single-frequency lasing just by introducing a small level of gain. Guiding periodic systems with EPD exhibit unprecedented scaling of the lasing threshold. Such scaling in a N-unit cells periodic structure follows new physical scaling laws as a function of the order of the EPD. We show an example of CROW based on Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology and report the lasing action in such configuration using the finite-different time domain (FDTD).
Statistics of Individual Eigenchannels of Diffusive Random Medium

We measure correlations between individual transmission eigenchannels in a unique on-chip photonic platform that allows both selective coupling of light into a single eigenchannel and direct probe of its spatial structure inside the random medium.
Effects of anticholinergic medication use on brain integrity in persons living with HIV and persons without HIV.

OBJECTIVE This study examined relationships between anticholinergic medication burden and brain integrity in people living with HIV (PLWH) and people without HIV (HIV-). METHODS Neuropsychological performance z-scores (learning, retention, executive function, motor/psychomotor speed, language domains, and global cognition), and neuroimaging measures (brain volumetrics and white matter fractional anisotropy) were analyzed in PLWH (n = 209) and HIV- (n = 95) grouped according to the Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale (0 = no burden, 1-3 = low burden, >3 = high burden). Neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging outcomes were compared between HIV- and PLWH with high anticholinergic burden. Within a cohort of PLWH (n = 90), longitudinal change in ACB score over ∼2 years was correlated to the rate of change per month of study interval in neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging measures. RESULTS A higher number of anticholinergic medications and ACB was observed in PLWH compared with HIV- (P < 0.05). A higher ACB was associated with worse motor/psychomotor performance, smaller occipital lobe, putamen, subcortical gray matter and total gray matter volumes in HIV-; and poorer executive function, retention and global cognition, smaller brain volumes (frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, hippocampus, amygdala, cortex, subcortical gray matter and total gray matter), and reduced fractional anisotropy (posterior corpus callosum, perforant pathway) in PLWH. PLWH with high anticholinergic burden performed worse on tests of learning and executive function compared with HIV- with high anticholinergic burden. Longitudinally, PLWH who reduced their ACB over time had better neuropsychological performance and neuroimaging measures. CONCLUSION Anticholinergic medications were associated with worse neuropsychological performance and reduced structural brain integrity, and these effects were more widespread in PLWH. Use of anticholinergic medications should be carefully monitored in older adults with deprescription considered whenever possible.
On a new functional for extremal metrics of the conformal Laplacian in high dimensions

In this paper, we introduce a new functional for the conformal spectrum of the conformal Laplacian on a closed manifold M of dimension at least 3. For this new functional we provide a Korevaar type...
TLR7 Signaling in Lupus B Cells: New Insights into Synergizing Factors and Downstream Signals.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is driven by nucleic acid-containing antigens that stimulate endosomal TLRs. We review new advances in our understanding of how TLR7 signaling in B cells drives autoimmunity. Pathogenic B cell responses to TLR7 engagement are shaped by the disease-associated cytokine environment. TLR7, IFNγ, and IL-21 together promote the formation of autoreactive germinal centers and the ABC/DN2 B cell subset. BAFF and type 1 IFNs enhance autoantibody production from transitional B cells in concert with TLR7. TLR7 signaling components STAT1, BANK1, IRF5, SLC15A4, and CXorf21/TASL are associated genetically with SLE and important for lupus development in mice, while role of T-bet is controversial. Proper control of TLR7 trafficking by UNC93B1, syntenin-1, and αvβ3 integrin is critical for preventing autoimmunity. A better understanding of TLR7 signaling has revealed potential new therapeutic approaches for SLE, several of which are being tested in animal models or clinical trials.
Qué es la ética económica

Al observar la renuencia de muchos practicantes de la actividad empresarial para emplear la palabra etica o tan siquiera para estar dispuestos a discutir sobre etica, en este ensayo se hace un esfuerzo por definir lo que deberia ser la etica economica y empresarial. Se sugiere el enfasis sobre una “nueva practica”, un enfoque que reconoce la prioridad de la practica sobre la teoria. El centro de atencion esta en el mejoramiento de la calidad etica al tomar decisiones y al emprender acciones. Debe distinguirse tres niveles: el nivel micro o del individuo, el meso o nivel de las firmas y organizaciones, y el nivel macro de las economias nacionales y transnacionales. Tambien deben considerarse tres grupos de valores: personales, colectivos y generales. Siempre debe tenerse en mente las inter-relaciones entre estos niveles y valores. Se precisa de un modelo de cooperacion entre la economia y la etica que pueda superar los problemas del idealismo o de reducir la etica a un aparato instrumental. Un enfoque basado en la toma de decisiones ofrece la mayor de las promesas. Al mismo tiempo, debe enfrentarse el problema del pluralismo, problema que solo podra ser resuelto encontrando un consenso superpuesto. Lo simple de la pregunta -?que es la etica economica?- va de la mano con la dificultad de dar una respuesta clara y comprehensiva. Es sumamente confuso, colorido y variado lo que hoy se escucha en nombre de la “etica economica y empresarial”. Abundan las expectativas multiples, e incluso contradictorias en este campo. Si bien soy muy consciente de estos problemas tratare, sin embargo, de dar algunas respuestas provisionales y, con suerte, aclaratorias a nuestra pregunta simple. Ellas tienen el color personal, influenciado por mi experiencia europeo-occidental, e inspiradas por mi esperanza de que los esfuerzos en el campo de la etica economica contribuyan a hacer frente a los grandes retos de nuestro tiempo de manera mas inteligente y efectiva. Desde una perspectiva descriptiva y analitica, podriamos preguntar que es, en realidad, la etica economica y empresarial aqui, en este pais o en otros paises del mundo. No lo voy a hacer, pues ya hay muchos articulos que resumen la situacion de varios paises (De George, 1987; Enderle, 1988 y 1991; Mahoney, 1990; Steinmann ylohr, 1991; van Luijk, 1990; y otros). Mas bien, discutire el tema de lo que debe ser la etica economica y empresarial y como puede esto justificarse.
Pond Culture of Larval and Juvenile Cobia, Rachycentron canadum, in the Southeastern United States

Abstract The potential of growing larval and juvenile cobia, Rach-ycentron canadum, in ponds was investigated. Larval cobia, obtained from tank spawning of wild-caught adults, were stocked 48-72-h post-hatch at a rate of 700,000/ha into three fertilized 0.25-ha ponds. At one week post-stocking (WPS), fish were observed consuming formulated feed. Growth was rapid, with specific growth rates (SGR) ranging from 12.5-19.2% body weight/day. At harvest (5 WPS) fish reared in two ponds weighed 7.9 and 9.3 g and total length (TL) was 118.9 and 129.3 mm, respectively (all fish reared in remaining pond died the night prior to harvest due to aerator failure). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 3.8 for both ponds and survival was 5.3 and 8.5%. Low survival rates were thought to be due primarily to cannibalism. Immediately after harvest, fish were restocked into two 0.25-ha ponds at a stocking rate of 14,400/ ha. Fish were fed formulated, pelleted feeds. Growth was rapid up to ∼9 WPS, after which pond water temperatures ...
A Review of: “The Viability of the Rhetorical Tradition, by Richard Graff, Arthur E. Walzer, and Janet M. Atwill, eds.”

In 1971, Lloyd Bitzer and Edwin Black published papers from the Wingspread Conference and the National Conference on Rhetoric under the title The Prospect of Rhetoric. This volume signaled the bold...
Just Another Bomb

Five Days in August. How World War II Became a Nuclear War. By Michael D. Gordin. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2007. 225 pp. $24.95, £14.95. ISBN 9780691128184. Gordin centers this short, intriguing reconsideration of the role of the atomic bomb in ending the second world war on the military, strategic, and political aspects of the history.
Photon-counting detectors for optical communications

Photon counting direct detection allows communications past the classical limit of 2.88 bits/photon, and is an attractive solution for photon starved optical communications links, as in deep space scenarios. High bandwidth communications requires a corresponding high bandwidth detector with a high saturation fluence, especially in the presence of a large background noise flux, as is encountered during daytime optical link operations. Traditional photon counting optical detectors, such as Geiger mode avalanche photodiodes and photomultiplier tubes, have been developed primarily for low rate / low flux applications such as fluorescence spectroscopy. Ground based detectors have an additional requirement of large area since a single spatial mode transmit signal is scattered into many spatial modes by atmospheric turbulence, resulting in a solid angle times area (Lagrange) invariant that must be processed by the optical receiver train. As there is a physical limit to the solid area (2/spl pi/ steradians for single side illumination), there is thereby a corresponding minimum detector area that is proportional to the number of spatial modes.
Benign pigmented lesions of the skin. Treatment with the Q-switched ruby laser

background. The Q-switched ruby laser is a 694 nanometer (red light) pulsed (20–40 nsecond) laser that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of cutaneous pigmented lesions. objective. This article will review my experience in the use of the Q-switched ruby laser to treat a wide gamut of epidermal and dermal pigmented lesions. results. The Q-switched ruby laser is highly effective in treating epidermal pigmented lesions and can be efficacious in the treatment of some dermal pigmented lesions. conclusion. The Q-switched ruby laser is an effective addition to the cutaneous laser armamentarium.
A solid-phase immunoassay for human immunoglobulin E:Use of 125I-labeled protein A as the tracer

Abstract A solid-phase immunoassay has been developed for human immunoglobulin (Ig) E. The specific binding of 125 I-labeled protein A ( 125 I-PA) to the Fc region of rabbit IgG anti-IgE served as a quantitative measure of specific anti-IgE antibody bound to the IgE beads under optimal assay conditions. Inhibition of antibody binding by known amounts of standard IgE was reflected in a decreased binding of 125 I-PA. The degree of inhibition of 125 I-PA binding was related to the amount of fluid-phase IgE present and gave a standard curve which was used to determine the concentration of IgE in test samples. The sensitivity of this method and a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA), which was developed using the same IgE preparation and anti-IgE antibody, was approximately the same. These assays gave similar results when used to determine levels of IgE in normal human sera that had been absorbed with protein A—Sepharose to remove components responsible for specific and nonspecific interference in the assays.
Quality Controlled: An Ethnographic Account of Tea Party Messaging and Action†

What strategies do Tea Party movement organizers use to achieve frame alignment, that is, uniformity of grievance, purpose, and action, with their participants? Evidence to answer this question is gathered from a year-length participant-observation case study of one city-based Tea Party organization, primarily through the meetings of its localized grassroots chapters. Principal findings are that Tea Party organizers employ quality control of off-message grievances, for example, abortion, as well as any action or communication that would or could be perceived as racially prejudicial, or otherwise inflammatory. Formally, these findings demonstrate the influence of organizational hierarchy on grassroots practice. Substantively, they demonstrate the complex relationship between a broader conservative ideological repertoire as empirically deployed by participants, and the more focused frame alignment attempts of a particular social movement organization. In short, the findings elucidate the importance of interaction and organizational structure as they influence social movement messaging and action.
Influence of oxidation conditions on the properties of indium oxide thin films

Abstract Indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) thin films have been prepared by thermal evaporation of indium in vacuum on a glass substrate at room temperature, followed by thermal oxidation in air. It was experimentally established that the heating velocity during the oxidation process has a strong influence on the electrical and optical properties of films as prepared. The temperature was increased from room temperature to 450°C, with velocities ranging between 0.1°C/s and 0.5°C/s. In 2 O 3 thin films as obtained have been examined for optical transparency function on wavelength. The calculated values of optical band gap range between 2.99 and 3.31 eV. Electrical conductivity measurements have also been carried out on the above oxide thin films as a function of temperature. Both the electrical and optical studies showed that In 2 O 3 thin films with higher transparency and electrical conductivity are obtained at higher oxidation velocities. Also, the experimental results show linear dependences of transmission coefficient on the oxidation velocity.
The effect of heavy metals on plants: Part I. Inhibition of gas exchange in sunflower by Pb, Cd, Ni and Tl

Abstract Relatively low concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Tl inhibit photosynthesis and transpiration of detached sunflower leaves ( Helianthus annuus L.). The primary mode of action is the interference with stomatal function. Photosynthesis is reduced by 50% of maximum when left tissue concentrations in mM · g −1 are 0·31 (63 ppm) Tl, 0·85 (96 ppm) Cd, 0·93 (193 ppm) Pb, or 1·35 (79 ppm) Ni.
Changes of Onion Epidermal Cell Permeability Due to the Treatment with Alanap

The effect of Alanap, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), on the permeability of onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells was studied by means of a plasmometric method. Urea, 1,3-dimethylurea, and water were used for the test of permeability. It was found that the treatment of onion epidermis with NPA at various concentration (5 × 10–3 to 5 × 10–6M) altered the deplasmolysis rates and the absolute permeability constants. However, NPA did not alter the osmotic value of the treated cells. It was suggested that NPA treatment altered the permeability of onion epidermal cells due to the effect of this herbicide on the plasma membrane.
Decomposition of peracids and their salts with activated carbon

Activated carbon-mediated reductive decomposition of several commonly used peracids, peracid salts, and alkyl hydroperoxides was investigated, and oxygen release was measured. Environmentally unfriendly reagents such as dimethyl sulfide, trimethyl phosphite, and triphenyl phosphine were ineffective in reducing the peracid salts. However, the environmentally friendly and waste-minimizing activated carbon proved an effective, simple, and safe method for the decomposition of peracids, peracid salts, and alkyl hydroperoxides.
In vitro culture and in vitro maturation of mouse preantral follicles with recombinant gonadotropins

Abstract Objective: To develop an effective method for in vitro maturation of preantral follicles isolated from mice ovarian tissue. Design: Isolated preantral follicles were randomly allocated to designed experimental groups for study. Setting: University-based research lab. Patient(s): Healthy, normal mice. Intervention(s): Superovulation with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and hCG. Main Outcome Measure(s): Morphological changes and E 2 production were assessed. Result(s): To obtain competent oocytes, preantral follicles must be cultured with medium containing insulin and recombinant gonadotropins (i.e., recombinant FSH and recombinant LH), with a change of medium daily. A high initial recombinant LH or recombinant FSH facilitates E 2 secretion, enhances granulosa cell outgrowth, and has earlier antral formation. However, prolonged culture in high-recombinant LH or recombinant FSH triggers early differentiation and luteinization of granulosa cells, which results in low metaphase II oocyte and blastocyst formation. Conclusion(s): We have developed a culture system that allows the successful maturation of preantral follicles in vitro. The matured follicles are a physiologically functional unit that not only secrete E 2 but also generate competent oocytes. In a special condition, 90% of the cultured follicles survived, 53.5% of them produced MII oocytes, and 50% of the derived MII oocytes were fertilized and reached the blastocyst stage after culture in vitro.
Methylcytosine and Normal Cytosine Deamination by the Foreign DNA Restriction Enzyme APOBEC3A

Multiple studies have indicated that the TET oxidases and, more controversially, the activation-induced cytidine deaminase/APOBEC deaminases have the capacity to convert genomic DNA 5-methylcytosine (MeC) into altered nucleobases that provoke excision repair and culminate in the replacement of the original MeC with a normal cytosine (C). We show that human APOBEC3A (A3A) efficiently deaminates both MeC to thymine (T) and normal C to uracil (U) in single-stranded DNA substrates. In comparison, the related enzyme APOBEC3G (A3G) has undetectable MeC to T activity and 10-fold less C to U activity. Upon 100-fold induction of endogenous A3A by interferon, the MeC status of bulk chromosomal DNA is unaltered, whereas both MeC and C nucleobases in transfected plasmid DNA substrates are highly susceptible to editing. Knockdown experiments show that endogenous A3A is the source of both of these cellular DNA deaminase activities. This is the first evidence for nonchromosomal DNA MeC to T editing in human cells. These biochemical and cellular data combine to suggest a model in which the expanded substrate versatility of A3A may be an evolutionary adaptation that occurred to fortify its innate immune function in foreign DNA clearance by myeloid lineage cell types.
Improving Class II malocclusion as a side-effect of rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective clinical study.

Introduction The objective of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the dentoalveolar and skeletal effects induced by rapid maxillary expansion (RME) therapy in mixed dentition patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion compared with a matched untreated Class II Division 1 control group. Methods The treatment sample consisted of cephalometric records of 50 patients with Class II malocclusion (19 boys, 31 girls) treated with an RME protocol including an acrylic splint expander. Some patients also had a removable mandibular Schwarz appliance or maxillary incisor bracketing as part of their treatment protocol. Postexpansion, the patients were stabilized with a removable maintenance plate or a transpalatal arch. The mean age at the start of treatment of the RME group was 8.8 years (T1), with a prephase 2 treatment cephalogram (T2) taken 4.0 years later. The control sample, derived from the records of 3 longitudinal growth studies, consisted of the cephalometric records of 50 Class II subjects (28 boys, 22 girls). The mean age of initial observation for the control group was 8.9 years, and the mean interval of observation was 4.1 years. All subjects in both groups were prepubertal at T1 and showed comparable prevalence rates for prepubertal or postpubertal stages at T2. Independent-sample Student t tests were used to examine between-group differences. Results Class II patients treated with the described bonded RME protocol showed statistically significant increases in mandibular length and advancement of pogonion relative to nasion perpendicular. The acrylic splint RME had significant effects on the anteroposterior relationship of the maxilla and the mandible, as shown by the improvements toward Class I in the maxillomandibular differential value, the Wits appraisal value, and the ANB angle. Patients treated with the bonded RME showed the greatest effects of therapy at the occlusal level, specifically highly significant improvement of Class II molar relationship and decrease in overjet. Treatment with the acrylic splint RME had no sustainable effects on the skeletal vertical dimension, maxillary skeletal position, or maxillary dentoalveolar dimensions. Conclusions This study suggests that the protocol described including treatment with a bonded rapid maxillary expander used in the early mixed dentition in Class II Division 1 patients can help to improve the Class II malocclusion as a side-effect, both skeletally and dentally. Evidence for this phenomenon was based previously on anecdotal data; the results of this study show that the improvements are far more pervasive than anticipated.
A Comparison of a Multilayer Regional-Scale Acid Rain Assessment Model (MLRAPT) with a Single-Layer Assessment Model, RAPT

This study, which is part of the 1985 Assessment on Current Damages of Acid Deposition, examines uncertainty due to treating transport processes using a single-layer model compared to a multilayer model. The Multilayer Regional Air Pollutant Transport Model, MLRAPT, was run in both modes, single layer and multilayer, using 224 sources during a 22-day period in July 1978 for the northeastern United States. Comparison between the two modes indicated that the average air concentrations were highly correlated (a correlation coefficient of 0.98). However, for wet deposition of SO 4 = , a correlation coefficient of 0.55 between the two predicted wet deposition fields was obtained. Results of the comparison of the two modes with the observed air concentration fields and with a limited comparison of observed wet deposition indicate that caution should be used when interpreting results of a single-layer model to develop source/receptor relationships.
Flying under the radar: social engineering

Purpose – One of the key components to fraud prevention is strong internal controls. However, the greatest threat to an organization's information security is the manipulation of employees who are too often the victims of ploys and techniques used by slick con men known as social engineers. The purpose of this paper is to help prevent future incidents by increasing the awareness of social engineering attacks.Design/methodology/approach – A review of the more common social engineering techniques is provided. Emphasis is placed on the fact that it is very easy for someone to become a victim of a social engineer.Findings – While many organizations recognize the importance and value of having strong internal controls, many fail to recognize the dangers associated with social engineering attacks.Practical implications – Individuals and organizations remain vulnerable to social engineering attacks. The focus on internal controls is simply not enough and is not likely to prevent these attacks. Raising awareness ...
Using the decay of intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence of core particles to monitor conformational changes

This paper examines the effect of ionic strength on the decay of intrinsic tyrosine fluorescence from chromatin core particles. All measured decays were complex, showing at least four components. At 0.1 M salt the average lifetime was approximately 0.5 ns with 67% of the emitting tyrosines having lifetimes on the order of 0.3 ns, 30% near 0.8 ns, and the remainder around 1.8 ns. The average lifetime increases continuously by about 50% as the ionic strength is decreased to very low values. The decrease was characterized by a small shift in contributions from components with approximately 0.3 ns lifetimes mainly to components with lifetimes on the order of 1.8 ns. The rate of change was greatest over the range of the low-salt transition ([Na]> 0.5 mM). As the salt concentration was increased beyond 0.1 M a large increase in average lifetime is observed as the histone proteins within the core particle dissociate from the DNA. The average lifetime increased to a maximum of approximately 1.6 ns due to a large decrease in contribution from components with approximately 0.3 ns lifetimes accompanied by the appearance of components with lifetimes mainly from approximately 1.8 to approximately 4.0 ns. Throughout the range of salt examined the changes in average decay lifetime paralleled changes in the steady-state fluorescence intensity. This agreement indicates that all tyrosines contributing to the fluorescence at very high and very low salt also contribute at intermediate (0.1 M) salt. It is not necessary, as suggested by others, to consider some tyrosines to be statically quenched in the intact core particle.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Quinpirole attenuates striatal c-fos induction by 5-HT, opioid and muscarinic receptor agonists

Pretreatment with the dopamine D2 receptor agonist quinpirole (0.025–2.5 mg/kg) produced a marked, dose-dependent, attenuation of the striatal Fos expression induced by the serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) releasing agent fenfluramine (25 mg/kg). Quinpirole (2.5 mg/kg) was also able to drastically attenuate the striatal Fos response produced by injections of the direct 5-HT1/2 receptor agonist N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride (TFMPP) (5 mg/kg), the selective 5-HT2 receptor agonist 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane hydrochloride (DOI) (6.64 mg/kg), the 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonist RU-24969 (5-methoxy-3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)1H-indole) (5 mg/kg), the μ-opioid receptor agonist morphine (5 mg/kg) and the muscarinic cholinergic receptor agonist pilocarpine (50 mg/kg). These results are in marked contrast to the previously reported ability of quinpirole to potentiate the response to D1 dopamine receptor agonists and demonstrate that stimulation of D2-like receptors can have differential effects on the Fos responses induced by various drugs.
The case for a new tenure policy

Caught between serious concern about their tenure levels and the paucity of feasible policy options, many institutions have reacted by making all new appointments outside the tenure system. The secondary purpose of this paper is to show that this conservative and seemingly safe solution is not without its faults and has, in fact, a very wide spectrum of faults. The primary purpose is to show how a modification of this tenure-system-freeze policy can eliminate most of the deficiencies of the policy and yet sacrifice only a small increment of the advantage. This modification is arrived at using an analytical model of the tenure system, and the theoretical results are demonstrated in the concrete form of a numerical example.
Buprenorphine and naloxone co-administration in opiate-dependent patients stabilized on sublingual buprenorphine

Buprenorphine and naloxone sublingual (s.l.) dose formulations may decrease parenteral buprenorphine abuse. We evaluated pharmacologic interactions between 8 mg s.l. buprenorphine combined with 0, 4, or 8 mg of naloxone in nine opiate-dependent volunteers stabilized on 8 mg s.l. buprenorphine for 7 days. Combined naloxone and buprenorphine did not diminish buprenorphine's effects on opiate withdrawal nor alter buprenorphine bioavailability. Opiate addicts stabilized on buprenorphine showed no evidence of precipitated opiate withdrawal after s.l. buprenorphine-naloxone combinations. Buprenorphine and naloxone bioavailability was approximately 40 and 10%, respectively. Intravenous buprenorphine and naloxone produced subjective effects similar to those of s.l. buprenorphine and did not precipitate opiate withdrawal.
Traveling waves in chains of pendula

Abstract The existence of traveling wave solutions for the discrete, forced, damped sine-Gordon equation, which serves as a model of arrays of Josephson junctions and coupled pendula, in the case of small coupling coefficient has been addressed before. In this paper we prove the existence of a discrete traveling wave in a lattice of coupled pendula with a large coupling coefficient in the presence of damping and forcing, and show the global stability of this wave.
Nonaccidental Poisoning in a Two-Month-Old Child

AbstractA case of nonaccidental poisoning in a 2-month old child is reported. This unusual event should be considered as part of the syndrome of child abuse and neglect. The diagnosis of a toxin exposure can be accomplished if the physician recognizes the episodic nature and the lack of an adequate pathophysiologic explanation for the child's symptoms. Appropriate laboratory tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.Before the age 9 months, children are relatively protected from exposures to toxins because of their limited mobility and dexterity [1]. It is therefore uncommon for a physician to consider a toxin in the etiology of an illness in a patient in this age group. The present case indicates the need to include toxin exposures in the differential diagnosis of illnesses in patients of all ages.
Characterization of the human peripheral lung adenosine receptor.

Because adenosine narrows asthmatic airways, is released during hypoxia and by mast cells, and is antagonized by theophylline, it may play a role in asthma. I characterized the first step in pulmonary responses to adenosine: its adenosine receptor. Plasma membranes, prepared from macroscopically normal human peripheral lung, were incubated with 10 nM 5′-N-ethylcarboxamido[3H]adenosine ([3H]NECA) and various concentrations of competing ligand under experimentally determined optimal conditions: 4° C, pH 7.4, 5 mM MgCl2, 1.8 mg protein/ml, 30-min incubation time. Bound and free ligand were separated by rapid vacuum filtration, and the radioactive counts were analyzed using a weighted, non-linear, least-squares curve-fitting program, LIGAND. Analyzed together, the data from the lungs of 6 patients revealed a single binding site with a dissociation constant (Kd) for NECA of 200 nM ± 14% and a receptor concentration of 543 fmol/mg protein ± 13%. Analyzed separately, the individual Kds ranged from 133 to 430 nM ...
Analysis of residual cancer after diagnostic breast biopsy: an argument for fine-needle aspiration cytology.

Background: Diagnostic breast biopsy (DxBx) requires an effective strategy for strategy for successful treatment of breast cancer by lumpectomy or mastectomy. Clearance of margins is required to achieve local control. Methods: We reviewed 844 malignant diagnostic biopsies. The strategy was to perform DxBx on all nonpalpable lesions and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) on all palpable lesions. When FNA was equivocal, DxBx was performed. After positive DxBx, either the biopsy cavity or FNA-positive breast mass was excised, and margins were documented with touch preparation cytology analysis (TPC) and frozen section (FS) as necessary to achieve negative margins. Results: Ourside institutions referred 430 excisional biopsies. Two hundred twenty-five (52.3%) were found to have residual cancer at surgical excision. Our institution performed 414 biopsies: 169 were performed on nonpalpable lesions in which 58% had residual tumor at resection; 245 were diagnosed by FNA of palpable lesions. Residual disease was found in 12 (5%). Conclusions: Of patients who undergo DxBx, >50% have residual breast cancer. It is recommended that (a) FNA be performed on all palpable masses or DxBx of nonpalpable masses; when cancer is diagnosed, proceed to surgical excision. (b) When lumpectomy is the option, margins should be reexcised and intraoperatively evaluated with TPC and FS at the time of axillary dissection.
The central nervous system solitary fibrous tumor: A review of clinical, imaging and pathologic findings among all reported cases from 1996 to 2010

Abstract Objective Central nervous system (CNS) solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a rare lesion first identified as a unique entity in 1996. We describe two cases treated at the University of Florida followed by a review of all reported cases of CNS SFT between 1996 and 2010. Methods A review of the literature was performed to identify all reported cases of CNS SFT. Results 189 cases (including the two presented herein) were discovered, of which 46 were spinal and 143 were intracranial. Demographic, imaging, and pathologic findings are presented. Roughly 6% of reported lesions are malignant. Subtotal resection (STR) was associated with a 16-fold increased odds of recurrence (OR 15.9, 95% CI 5.5–46.1), although mean follow-up was shorter in those cases of GTR without recurrence. Conclusion CNS SFT is a rare lesion. Six percent of lesions are malignant. GTR is superior to STR although the degree of superiority is not clear.
Crank-Angle Resolved In-Cylinder Friction Measurements With the Instantaneous IMEP Method

The instantaneous IMEP method is used to measure crank-angle resolved in-cylinder friction force in a series production spark ignition engine as a function of design parameters and operating conditions. An improved telemetry system, which continues to provide data after 50+ hours of operation at speeds as high as 2000 rpm, is presented. Primary sources of error associated with the technique will be presented. These include intra-cycle engine speed fluctuations, the effect of thermal shock on pressure transducers, the effect of connecting rod force calibration and measurement error. The instantaneous IMEP method is used to measure crank-angle resolved in-cylinder engine friction as functions of engine speed and coolant (oil-film) temperature. Both crank-angle resolved and cycle-integrated results are compared.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Failure loads of spot weld specimens under impact opening and shear loading conditions

Failure loads of spot weld specimens are investigated under impact combined loading conditions. A set of test fixtures was designed and used to obtain failure loads of mild steel spot weld specimens under combined opening and shear loading conditions. Three different impact speeds were applied to examine the effects of separation speed on failure loads. Micrographs of the cross-sections of failed spot welds were obtained to understand the failure processes in mild steel specimens under different impact combined loads. The experimental results indicate that the failure mechanisms of spot welds are very similar for mild steel specimens at various impact speeds. These micrographs show that the sheet thickness can affect the failure mechanisms. For 1.0 mm specimens, the failure occurs near the base metal in a necking/shear failure mode. For 1.5 mm specimens, the failure occurs near the heat-affected zone in a shear failure mode. Based on the experimental results, the effects of the inertia force, the separation speed, and the loading angle on the failure loads of spot welds are investigated. Failure criteria are proposed to characterize the failure loads of spot welds under impact combined opening and shear loads for engineering applications. The failure load can be expressed as a function of the tensile strength of the base metal, the nugget size, the sheet thickness, the maximum separation speed, the loading angle, and empirical coefficients for a given welding schedule.
Extending the Limits of Field Research: Encounters with Chinese Workers Protesting Fraudulent Privatization

While I didn't anticipate the possibility, th type of research that I was doing in China on the role of ideology in the moment of state workers'anti-privatization protests (Philion 2004) led me to become involved in a unique participant-observer research opporunity. In a nutshell, I ended up participating with activist supporters of state owned enterprise (SOE) workers strategizing sessions for confronting fraudulent privatizations of SOEs in Hena Province and elsewhere in China
High coercivity in heterogeneous Co-rich CoAg very thin films

A study of the microstructural and magnetic properties of phase separated Co-rich CoAg very thin films is presented. In the as-deposited state these films form in a very fine grained metastable alloy and are magnetically soft (H/sub c/ 65%). After annealing at 420/spl deg/C for 30 minutes phase separation and grain growth occur and the coercivity is now thickness dependent with a maximum around 15 nm. The maximum coercivity as a function of composition is expected to occur around a volume concentration of 50% for bulk or thick film granular materials. However, for films thinner than 20 nm we have found a maximum H/sub c/>800 Oe at a Co concentration of 70 vol%. This shift in the percolation threshold may originate in the reduced dimensionality of very thin films. Magnetic force microscopy images show a transition in the magnetic domain structure as a function of film thickness that is consistent with this description and the results obtained by transmission electron microscopy.