cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isaria poprawskii sp. nov. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae), a new entomopathogenic fungus from Texas affecting sweet potato whitefly.

Abstract Isaria poprawskii is described as a new entomopathogenic species similar to Isaria javanica (= Paecilomyces javanicus). It was discovered on the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas (LRGV), USA. Morphological and DNA examinations indicated the distinctness of I. poprawskii from the ex-type isolate of I. javanica. I. poprawskii produced light yellow young colonies to darker yellow with a grayish-violet center to a taupe or a brownish-gray mature conidial mass; conidia hyaline, one-celled, 3.9 (2.9–4.6) μm long × 1.6 (1.4–2.1) μm wide; colored synnemata, but I. javanica ex-type produced white colony, hyaline conidia and no synnemata. A phylogenetic position of I. poprawskii was inferred by a nucleotide sequence analysis of β-tubulin along with standard β-tubulin sequences from GenBank. Fifteen unsequenced isolates, including eight from the LRGV, were investigated. The analysis confirmed that I. poprawskii could be recovered from LRGV fields, and that both I. javanica and I. poprawskii are present in the LRGV in sympatry. I. poprawskii was shown to be closely related to I. javanica; however, it formed its own unique clade, thus confirming its status as a new fungal species.
p53 and Sp1 Interact and Cooperate in the Tumor Necrosis Factor-induced Transcriptional Activation of the HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) is a potent activator of transcription directed by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR). We have recently reported that the p53 tumor suppressor gene product binds to a site within the Sp1 binding region of the HIV-1 LTR and contributes to the TNF induction of this promoter. In this study we show that the transcription factor Sp1 cooperates with p53 in the transcriptional activation directed by the HIV-1 LTR. The presence of Sp1 increased p53 binding to its recognition sequence in the HIV-1 LTR, and experiments in Drosophila cells show that Sp1 is necessary for full transactivation by mutant p53. Importantly, TNF induced the association between p53 and Sp1 in Jurkat T cells. These data demonstrate a synergistic role for these proteins in the mechanism of TNF induction of HIV-1 LTR-mediated transcription and suggest that Sp1 may play an important role in modulating certain functions of p53.
Gay male sexual assault survivors: The relations among internalized homophobia, experiential avoidance, and psychological symptom severity

This study explored the relations among internalized homophobia (IH), experiential avoidance, and psychological symptom severity in a community sample of 74 gay male sexual assault survivors. Results indicated that IH is associated with both depressive and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. IH accounted for more variance than assault severity in predicting both PTSD and depression symptom severity. IH and experiential avoidance similarly predicted PTSD symptom severity. In comparison with IH, however, experiential avoidance is a stronger predictor of depression symptom severity. Results also showed that experiential avoidance partially mediated the relation between IH and both depressive and PTSD symptom severity. The implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided.
Present Status of RFQS

Since its introduction and during its recent development, the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) has had a significant impact on the design, construction, and operation of ion accelerators. Characteristics of operating RFQs, those under construction and those in a preliminary design phase, will be highlighted with reference to the overall historical development. Advances in related technologies that have assisted development and establishment of the RFQ worldwide will be reviewed, including novel characteristics that could be incorporated in future devices. Predictions on where the technology is leading and what aspects require further development will be presented.
An Electrophoretic Characterization of the Glucocorticoid Response of the Fu5‐5 Rat Hepatoma Cell Line

In this study we have further characterized the response of liver-derived cells to glucocorticoid treatment using the rat hepatoma, Fu5-5. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis we have examined changes in the synthetic rates of cytosol proteins following glucocorticoid administration by using [35S]methionine. We have also demonstrated changes in the incorporation of 32P by several cytosol proteins after hormone treatment. One of these changes occurs within 1 h of hormone treatment. We were unable to detect any changes in the nuclear protein content of Fu5-5 cells after glucorticoid treatment. We then compared the glucocorticoid-regulated changes in cytosol protein synthesis in Fu5-5 cells with those of the H35 rat hepatoma, monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes and the response of rat liver in vivo. This examination revealed that although nearly all of the eighteen hormonally responsive proteins appeared to be present in all of the cell types, only three were responsive to glucocorticoid in more than one system. Moreover, the response patterns were often reversed in different cell types, the same protein being induced in one cell type and repressed in another.
Acausal relations between topographic slope and drainage area

[1] For real landscapes, the local slope is related to the area of the drainage basin. Such relations do not always indicate a causal link between drainage area and local slope. We provide a general and quantitative assessment of this statistical effect. Slope-area relations in which slopes decay slower than roughly the cube root of drainage area are insensitive to processes that have shaped the landscape. To illustrate this point, surfaces unrelated to erosion are compared to real landscapes. The fluctuations of slope for constant drainage area provide a means of distinguishing between causal and random effects.
The interaction of nucleotides and yeast hexokinase.

Abstract The kinetics of ethenoadenosine triphosphate (ϵATP) as the phosphate donor in the phosphoryl transfer reaction of hexokinase were examined to obtain the K m ′s, V 's, and K α 's for the nucleotide and sugar. Dissociation constants for eATP and ϵADP with hexokinase were obtained from fluorometric measurements and compared with similar constants obtained kinetically. Other selected nucleoside triphosphates were used as phosphate donors in the hexokinase reaction and their kinetic constants were obtained. Reactions were also performed using two nucleotides simultaneously as phosphorylating substrates for the hexokinase reaction in an attempt to find the individual dissociation constants, K m ′s and K i ′s. These were compared with the K m ′s obtained from using the nucleotides separately in the hexokinase reaction. From these kinetic and fluorescence binding studies, evidence is presented supporting the postulate that the K m ′s are primarily dissociation constants in a random bi-bi mechanism. Analysis of the K m values provides additional evidence to support the importance of the amino group in position 6 on the purine ring as a hydrogen-bond acceptor during binding. It was found that ϵCTP was a much better hexokinase substrate than CTP. These observations suggest that the V for this reaction is highly dependent upon the size of the nucleotide.
Fluidized bed gasification characteristics of Devonian oil shale char

A Kentucky oil shale char was gasified in a fluid bed reactor. The effects of mean solid residence time (MSRT), bed temperature, and steam and CO2 partial pressure were studied. Carbon reactions during gasification were found to be dependent on all three parameters. The steam/char reaction was the dominant primary gasification reaction. The CO2/char reaction did not proceed significantly under the conditions studied and COCO2 ratio was dependent on the steam partial pressure. Sulphur removal was less dependent on temperature and steam partial pressure and was essentially complete by 1800 s MSRT. Nearly complete sulphur conversion was the result of both thermal decomposition and steam reaction with pyrrhotite. Conversions of 80–85% sulphur and 70–75% carbon (raw shale basis) were obtained for combined pyrolysis/gasification. The implications of the results for the development of a retorting process for Devonian shales are discussed.
In vitro activity of ceftobiprole, daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin against methicillin-resistant staphylococci associated with endocarditis and bone and joint infection

We tested the in vitro activity of 4 antimicrobial agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci recovered from patients with endocarditis or bone and joint infection. Ceftobiprole, daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin MIC(90) values were 1, 1, 2, and 1 microg/mL, respectively. Ceftobiprole, daptomycin, linezolid, and vancomycin MBC(90) values were 2, 4, > or = 128, and 8 microg/mL, respectively. Ceftobiprole MIC and MBC values were or = 32) against 2 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients with bone and joint infection; one of these isolates was additionally daptomycin nonsusceptible (daptomycin MIC, 2 microg/mL). There was one additional daptomycin nonsusceptible (daptomycin MIC, 2 microg/mL) isolate (MRSA associated with bone and joint infection). Ceftobiprole demonstrated in vitro bactericidal activity against all MRSA and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci tested.
Intravenous dipyridamole thallium-201 SPECT imaging methodology, applications, and interpretations.

Dipyridamole TI-201 imaging is an ideal alternative to exercise TI-201 scintigraphy in patients who are unwilling or unable to perform maximum exercise stress. The use of intravenous dipyridamole, alone or in combination with exercise, has not been approved for clinical practice by the Food and Drug Administration. Once approval is granted, the test will become a widely used and important component of the cardiac work-up. The indications, methodology, side effects, and utility of dipyridamole cardiac imaging in the clinical setting are discussed and a variety of examples presented.59 references.
Cost considerations surrounding current and future anticoagulant therapies.

Because the costs of anticoagulation therapy are substantial and the difference between the risks and benefits of this therapy are often narrow, economic analyses are particularly valuable when weighing anticoagulation options. Economic analyses to date suggest that anticoagulation is most effective and results in the greatest cost savings when applied to populations at highest risk for thrombotic events. They also suggest that in situations where a more costly anticoagulant agent is available, that agent is cost-effective only if it is clearly more efficacious or if it substantially reduces costs in other areas, such as hospitalization. These principles should guide clinicians’ choices of anticoagulation strategies.
Human Slow Troponin T (TNNT1) Pre-mRNA Alternative Splicing Is an Indicator of Skeletal Muscle Response to Resistance Exercise in Older Adults

max. We propose that TNNT1 AS1, AS2 and the AS1/AS2 ratio are potential quantitative biomarkers of skeletal muscle adaptation to resistance training in older adults, and that their profile reflects enhanced single fiber muscle force in the absence of significant increases in fiber cross-sectional area.
Novel tumor growth inhibition mechanism by cell cycle regulator cdk2ap1 involves antiangiogenesis modulation

We evaluated the effect of expressing the cell cycle regulator protein cdk2-associating protein1 (cdk2ap1) in inhibiting growth of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Expression of cdk2ap1 correlated with reduction in several SCC malignant cell phenotypes, including reduced angiogenesis. We observed several alterations in gene expression consistent with classical functions of cdk2ap1, including upregulation of cell cycle inhibitory genes, and an upregulation in expression of genes belonging to both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic cascades. Interestingly, we also uncovered a profile of gene expression and activation of signaling pathways that may suggest new tumor-suppressive functions for cdk2ap1 through downregulation of invasion/metastasis and modulation of antiangiogenesis by upregulation of the TGFβ signaling pathway. Blocking of the TGFβ1 pathway resulted in inhibition of the cdk2ap1 antiangiogenesis phenotype. In combination, these data support the role of cdk2ap1 as a tumor suppressor gene that can regulate SCC tumor growth in a cell autonomous manner through decreases in invasiveness and a non-cell autonomous manner through decreases in angiogenesis phenotypes, and these are novel phenotypes induced by cdk2ap1.
Irreversibility of major chromosome changes in a mycoplasma-modified line of FL human amnion cells.

SummaryA line of mycoplasma-infected FL human amnion cells (F 138) has shown further chromosome changes from the first to the third year of cultivation, with mycoplasma present. Additional reduction in chromosome numbers to a present range between 61 and 66, with predominant numbers of 62 to 64 chromosomes per cell, an increase in some chromosome aberrations, in particular the frequency of dicentrics, and further increase in the number of metaphase plates with new chromosome varieties, most notably the large teleocentric chromosome, have occurred during this period. After elimination of mycoplasma from the cell line (F 138c1) with Aureomycin by a special method which is described, the chromosome numbers did not revert to higher numbers, and the large teleocentric chromosome persisted in practically all cells during one year of cultivation (present time). Many chromosome aberrations decreased in frequency to the level observed in uninfected (control) FL cells. The irreversible changes, which were correlate...
Egg-laying in response to prostaglandin injections in the Australian field cricket, Teleogryllus commodus

ABSTRACT. We report the effects of prostaglandin (PG) injection on egg-laying by sexually mature virgin crickets, Teleogryllus commodus Walker. High egg-laying activity is associated with PGE1 PGE2, 6-keto-PGE1 and 15-keto-PGE2, compounds that share the basic prostanoid backbone (C20 substituted fatty acid, 5 membered ring, a 7- and an 8-carbon aliphatic chain), and 9-keto, 11-hydroxyl ring substitutions. PGs without these ring features and other compounds that lack the prostanoid backbone have no or only intermediate egg-laying effects. Adding oxygen functionalities or an aliphatic double bond tends to increase egg-laying activity. Hence, 15-keto-PGF2 and TxB2, both of which have an additional backbone oxygen compared with their less active analogues, are highly active compounds. Two of the most active PGs, 15-keto-PGE2 and 15-keto-PGE2α, are the products of inactivating metabolism in mammalian systems, describing a fundamental difference in PG biochemistry with respect to mammals and insects.
Relationship of brain glutamine and brain neutral amino acid concentrations after portacaval anastomosis in rats.

. Evidence from several sources suggest that blood-brain transport of the large neutral amino acids (NAA) is abnormal in animals with a portacaval anastomosis (PCA) and in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal-systemic shunting and encephalopathy, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. After PCA, the concentration of glutamine (Gin) in brain is markedly increased as a by-product of cerebral ammonia detoxification, and the rate of efflux of Gin from brain is also increased. The following studies were undertaken to clarify the relationships among plasma and brain concentrations of NAA after PCA in rats and to examine the relationship of brain Gin concentration to plasma and brain NAA concentrations. After PCA plasma phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine were elevated and leucine, isoleucine and valine were lowered. In brain, phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine and methionine were markedly elevated after PCA and their concentrations in brain far exceeded the concentrations in plasma. Analyses of single, partial and multiple correlations of plasma NAA ratios expressed as plasma competitor function (PCF), brain NAA and brain Gin showed significant correlations between PCF and brain NAA in shunted rats. A better correlation was found between brain NAA and brain Gin. Correlation coefficients obtained from multiple correlation analysis equalled or exceeded those obtained in the partial correlation or in the single correlation, suggesting that the effects of PCF and brain Gin on brain NAA were separate and additive. Gin was shown to compete with other NAA for blood brain transport by inhibiting brain 14C phenylalanine uptake. This in combination with the relationship demonstrated between brain Gin concentration and brain NAA concentrations suggests that Gin exerts some effect on blood-brain NAA transport. This has therapeutic implications in patients with liver failure and encephalopathy.
Prof. Temes and Switched-Capacitor Circuits?Thirty-Five Years and Counting

I first met Prof. Gabor C. Temes in early 1978 while a Ph.D. candidate at UC Berkeley working with Professors Paul R. Gray and Robert W. Brodersen. A few weeks earlier Prof. Donald O. Pederson had asked me to stop by his office to chat about an exciting academic opportunity. He informed me that Prof. Temes, who was then Chair of the Dept. of Electrical Engineering at UCLA, had called looking for faculty candidates in the circuits and systems area, and that he had recommended me for an interview. I was, of course, tremendously flattered but also surprised because Prof. Pederson knew I was planning to work in the industry after graduation. He expressed admiration and respect for Prof. Temes and opined that the possibility of working with him was a special opportunity.
Classification of Breast Cancer Malignancy Using Cytological Images of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsies

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), breast cancer (BC) is one of the most deadly cancers diagnosed among middle-aged women. Precise diagnosis and prognosis are crucial to reduce the high death rate. In this paper we present a framework for automatic malignancy grading of fine needle aspiration biopsy tissue. The malignancy grade is one of the most important factors taken into consideration during the prediction of cancer behavior after the treatment. Our framework is based on a classification using Support Vector Machines (SVM). The SVMs presented here are able to assign a malignancy grade based on preextracted features with the accuracy up to 94.24%. We also show that SVMs performed best out of four tested classifiers.
A 50-Year-Old Woman Addicted to Heroin: Review of Treatment of Heroin Addiction

Heroin addiction is a complicated medical and psychiatric issue, with well-established as well as newer modes of treatment. The case of Ms W, a 50-year-old woman with a long history of opiate addiction who has been treated successfully with methadone for 9 years and who now would like to consider newer alternatives, illustrates the complex issues of heroin addiction. The treatment of heroin addiction as a chronic disease is reviewed, including social, medical, and cultural issues and pharmacologic treatment with methadone and the more experimental medication options of buprenorphine and naltrexone.
Factors influencing warfarin dose requirements in African-Americans.

Introduction: African–Americans are under-represented in studies assessing contributors to warfarin response. Our primary objective was to determine whether the genes for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced, quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) are associated with warfarin dose requirements in African–Americans. Patients and methods: The following factors were assessed: demographics; clinical data; the CYP2C9 Arg144Cys (*2), Ile358Leu (*3) and Asp360Glu (*5); NQO1 Pro187Ser (*1/*2); and VKORC1 G6853C genotypes were analyzed in 115 African–Americans on stable warfarin doses. Results: Allele frequencies were 0.05 for the CYP2C9 *2, *3 or *5 alleles; 0.20 for NQO1 *2; and 0.25 for VKORC1 6853C. Possession of a CYP2C9*2, *3 or *5 allele was associated with a 38% lower warfarin dose compared with the *1/*1 genotype (30 ± 13 vs 48 ± 18 mg/week; p = 0.003). Neither the NQO1 *1/*2 nor VKORC1 G6853C genotype was associa...
Little Higgs bosons from an antisymmetric condensate

We construct an $\mathrm{SU}(6)/Sp(6)$ non-linear sigma model in which the Higgs bosons arise as pseudo Goldstone bosons. There are two Higgs doublets whose masses have no one-loop quadratic sensitivity to the cutoff of the effective theory, which can be at around 10 TeV. The Higgs potential is generated by gauge and Yukawa interactions, and is distinctly different from that of the minimal supersymmetric standard model. At the TeV scale, the new bosonic degrees of freedom are a single neutral complex scalar and a second copy of $\mathrm{SU}(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1)$ gauge bosons. Additional vector-like pairs of colored fermions are also present.
An electromyography study of wrist extension orthoses and upper-extremity function.

Objective This study examined the effect of commonly used long and short styles of commercially produced wrist extension orthoses on the activity of the proximal muscles of the shoulder and elbow and on wrist flexor and extensor muscle activity. Method While 17 women between 22 and 40 years of age (M = 26.6) performed a specified movement wearing each of the two styles of orthosis and without an orthosis, their motor unit recruitment of five proximal joint muscle groups, wrist extensors, and wrist flexors was measured by surface electromyography. Results Motor unit recruitment was significantly greater in both orthosis conditions for four of five proximal muscles and for wrist flexors. There were no significant differences between the short and long orthosis conditions for proximal muscle groups. Conclusion Wearing a wrist extension orthosis appears to place additional stress on the proximal joint musculature beyond that found without splint use. The study has implications for the prescription of wrist extension orthoses, especially for patients whose proximal joints are already compromised.
A Homogeneous Model for Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics Based on the Clifford Algebra for ℝ 3

We construct a homogeneous model for Computer Graphics using the Clifford Algebra for ℝ3. To incorporate points as well as vectors within this model, we employ the odd-dimensional elements of this graded eight-dimensional algebra to represent mass-points by exploiting the pseudoscalars to represent mass. The even-dimensional elements of this Clifford Algebra are isomorphic to the quaternions, which operate on the odd-dimensional elements by sandwiching. Along with the standard sandwiching formulas for rotations and reflections, this paradigm allows us to use sandwiching to compute perspective projections.
Complex immunomodulatory effects of interferon‐β in multiple sclerosis include the upregulation of T helper 1‐associated marker genes

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an autoimmune disease that is mediated by proinflammatory T helper-1 lymphocytes. The putative mechanism of interferon-beta (IFN-beta), an approved treatment for MS, includes the inhibition of T-cell proliferation, blocking of blood-brain-barrier opening and T-cell transmigration into the brain via interference with cell adhesion, and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, a gene expression analysis of IFN-beta-treated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by cDNA microarray documents the broad effects of IFN-beta that are not purely anti-inflammatory. Specifically, we addressed the effect of IFN-beta on T helper-1 differentiation- or lineage markers such as the IL-12 receptor beta2 chain and the chemokine receptor CCR5 that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. Both markers were significantly upregulated in vitro and in vivo under IFN-beta therapy, supporting that this cytokine exerts complex effects on the immune system. The combination of cDNA microarray and quantitative PCR will expand our knowledge of the immunological effects of such pleiotropic agents as IFN-beta, may provide a key to why certain patients fail to respond, and eventually may influence our view of the disease pathogenesis.
Il-6 signaling between ductal carcinoma in situ cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts mediates tumor cell growth and migration

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor lesion of invasive breast cancer in which approximately half the patients will progress to invasive cancer. Gaining a better understanding of DCIS progression may reduce overtreatment of patients. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 increases with pathological stage and grade, and is associated with poorer prognosis in breast cancer patients. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are present in the stroma of DCIS patients are known to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote tumor progression. We hypothesized that IL-6 paracrine signaling between DCIS cells and CAFs mediates DCIS proliferation and migration. To test this hypothesis, we utilized the mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering or MAME model to study the interactions between human breast CAFs and human DCIS cells in 3D over time. We specifically inhibited autocrine and paracrine IL-6 signaling to determine its contribution to early stage tumor progression. Here, DCIS cells formed multicellular structures that exhibited increased proliferation and migration when cultured with CAFs. Treatment with an IL-6 neutralizing antibody inhibited growth and migration of the multicellular structures. Moreover, selective knockdown of IL-6 in CAFs, but not in DCIS cells, abrogated the migratory phenotype. Our results suggest that paracrine IL-6 signaling between preinvasive DCIS cells and stromal CAFs represent an important factor in the initiation of DCIS progression to invasive breast carcinoma.
Using a classic paper by I. E. Lawton and N. B. Schwartz to consider the array of factors that control luteinizing hormone production.

Two significant benefits derived from reading and discussing classic scientific papers in undergraduate biology courses are 1) providing students with the realistic perspective that science is an o...
Building a better neonatal mouse model to understand infant respiratory syncytial virus disease

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the number one cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants; and severe RSV infection in infants is associated with asthma development. Today, there are still no vaccines or specific antiviral therapies against RSV. The mechanisms of RSV pathogenesis in infants remain elusive. This is partly due to the fact that the largely-used mouse model is semi-permissive for RSV. The present study sought to determine if a better neonatal mouse model of RSV infection could be obtained using a chimeric virus in which the F protein of A2 strain was replaced with the F protein from the line 19 clinical isolate (rA2-19F). Five-day-old pups were infected with the standard laboratory strain A2 or rA2-19F and various immunological and pathophysiological parameters were measured at different time points post infection, including lung histology, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cellularity and cytokines, pulmonary T cell profile, and lung viral load. A cohort of infected neonates were allowed to mature to adulthood and reinfected. Pulmonary function, BALF cellularity and cytokines, and T cell profiles were measured at 6 days post reinfection. The rA2-19F strain in neonatal mice caused substantial lung pathology including interstitial inflammation and airway mucus production, while A2 caused minimal inflammation and mucus production. Pulmonary inflammation was characterized by enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 and effector CD8+ T cells compared to A2. As with primary infection, reinfection with rA2-19F induced similar but exaggerated Th2 and reduced Th1 and effector CD8+ T cell responses. These immune responses were associated with increased airway hyperreactivity, mucus hyperproduction and eosinophilia that was greater than that observed with A2 reinfection. Pulmonary viral load during primary infection was higher with rA2-19F than A2. Therefore, rA2-19F caused enhanced lung pathology and Th2 and reduced effector CD8+ T cell responses compared to A2 during initial infection in neonatal mice and these responses were exacerbated upon reinfection. The exact mechanism is unknown but appears to be associated with increased pulmonary viral load in rA2-19F vs. A2 infected neonatal lungs. The rA2-19F strain represents a better neonatal mouse model of RSV infection.
Nonmaligmant IgG and IgA Gammopathies

Peripheral neuropathy has been reported in patients with IgG or IgA monoclonal gammopathies in the absence of multiple myeloma, lymphoma, or leukemia. Such patients are said to have a benign or nonmalignant monoclonal gammopathy or a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). The significance of the association is unclear, as approximately 1% of adults above age 50 have a monoclonal gammopathy (Axelsson et al., 1966; Fine et al., 1972; Kyle et al., 1972; Saleun et al., 1982), and serum monoclonal antibodies can be found in such diverse conditions as chronic infections, cirrhosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer (Saleun et al., 1982). However, in some patients the neuropathy is associated with amyloidosis, or endocrinopathy, which may be seen in multiple myeloma, suggesting that similar mechanisms may be involved. In addition, some patients with nonmalignant IgG or IgA monoclonal gammopathies progress to frank myeloma, making the distinction even more tenuous (Kyle, 1978). The following are the types of neuropathies which have been described in association with nonmalignant IgG of IgA monoclonal gammopathies.
The role of opioid receptors in morphine withdrawal in the infant rat

Exposure to opiates such as morphine can lead to psychological and physical dependence in both adult and infant humans. Infant rats experience opiate withdrawal behaviors that are qualitatively different from the withdrawal behaviors displayed by adult rats. In the adult, withdrawal is largely mediated by the mu-opioid receptor. We sought to understand more about what role each opioid receptor (mu, kappa, and delta) plays in the display of the physical withdrawal in the infant rat. Beginning on postnatal day 1, infant rats were injected with morphine sulfate twice a day for 6.5 days. On the afternoon of the seventh day the infant rats were given an i.c. injection of a vehicle, the mu-opioid receptor antagonist CTOP, the kappa-opioid receptor antagonist nor-BNI, or the delta-opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole. CTOP precipitated withdrawal behaviors in the 7-day-old rat in a dose-dependent manner. Neither nor-BNI nor naltrindole induced any significant changes in the frequency of the withdrawal behaviors. These data suggest that in the infant rat control of certain behavioral withdrawal signs is modulated primarily by the mu-opioid receptor, as is the case in the adult rat.
Using Coupling-Based Weights for the Class Integration and Test Order Problem

During component-based and object-oriented software development, software classes exhibit relationships that complicate integration, including method calls, inheritance and aggregation. Classes are integrated and tested in specific orders, where each class is added and tested one by one to see if it integrates successfully. A difficulty arises when cyclic dependencies exist—the functionality that is used by the first class to be tested must be mimicked by creating ‘stubs’ (sometimes called ‘mock objects’), an expensive and error-prone operation. This problem is generally called the class integration and test order (CITO) problem, and solutions must fully be automated for integration and testing to proceed smoothly and efficiently. This paper describes new techniques and algorithms to solve the CITO problem. New results include improved edge weights to more precisely model the cost of stubbing, and the use of node weights, which allows more information to be used. These weights are derived from quantitative measures of couplings between the integrated and the stubbed classes. Also, a new algorithm for computing the integration and test orders is presented. The technique is compared with an existing approach and found to be cheaper, get the same results when using edge weights exclusively, and yield better results when using node weights.
EPR Studies of Nanomaterials

Abstract Nanotechnology is broadly defined as the practical applications of nanoscale objects having dimensions from ca. 1 to 100 nm. At such atomic scale small clusters of atoms and molecules are exhibiting some rather intriguing physical, chemical, and biological properties that are absent in bulk materials of the same composition and the surface interactions become the dominant factors. Furthermore, one can combine manmade nanoobjects with genetically programmed self-assembled biomacromolecules to produce bionanomaterials – a fruitful avenue of research and technology development. The growth in bionanomaterials’ research creates additional demands for spectroscopic and analytical methods capable of characterizing the nanoscale objects and especially interfacial phenomena in a non-destructive way. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is one of the techniques that could meet this challenge. This chapter discusses some recent applications of EPR in studies bionanomaterials with particular emphasis on the interfacial properties of the nanoobjects and their interactions with biomacromolecules.
Controlling state crime and alternative reactions

Since its original conceptualization by scholars such as Chambliss (1989), and with modifications by a handful of researchers (e.g., Barak, 1991a; Ross, 2000a, 2000b; Green and Ward, 2004; Rothe, 2009a, 2009b), a significant amount of research has been produced in the field of state crime.Both activists and researchers know that the state can be challenged and changed, and there are numerous ways to control state crimes. The state is subject to scrutiny, change and reform not only from inside its agencies but also from outside. And on rare occasions, due to numerous factors, the government and its respective bureaucracies changes its harmful policies and practices because of different kinds of pressure (Ross, 1995/2000; 2000a, 2010).But controlling state crimes is not easy. Indeed, there is a range of reactions to state crime, from public apathy (Cohen, 2001), to efforts to prevent, challenge, redress, and/or to the abolishment/dismantling of the state (Martin, 1995/2000). Each response uses different resources (i.e., actors, expertise, and experience), and these may be used (successfully or unsuccessfully) under different conditions.In an attempt to better contextualize the notion of control of the state, this chapter outlines the traditional types of internal and external control mechanisms. It then examines alternative reactions to these controls and the state's responses to those controls, which include victim, activist and opposition group resistance, apathy, state/organizational resistance to control and state/organizational public relations efforts.
Development and application of a microfabricated multimodal neural catheter for neuroscience

We present a microfabricated neural catheter for real-time continuous monitoring of multiple physiological, biochemical and electrophysiological variables that are critical to the diagnosis and treatment of evolving brain injury. The first generation neural catheter was realized by polyimide-based micromachining and a spiral rolling packaging method. The mechanical design and electrical operation of the microsensors were optimized and tailored for multimodal monitoring in rat brain such that the potential thermal, chemical and electrical crosstalk among the microsensors as well as errors from micro-environmental fluctuations are minimized. In vitro cytotoxicity analyses suggest that the developed neural catheters are minimally toxic to rat cortical neuronal cultures. In addition, in vivo histopathology results showed neither acute nor chronic inflammation for 7 days post implantation. The performance of the neural catheter was assessed in an in vivo needle prick model as a translational replica of a "mini" traumatic brain injury. It successfully monitored the expected transient brain oxygen, temperature, regional cerebral blood flow, and DC potential changes during the passage of spreading depolarization waves. We envisage that the developed multimodal neural catheter can be used to decipher the causes and consequences of secondary brain injury processes with high spatial and temporal resolution while reducing the potential for iatrogenic injury inherent to current use of multiple invasive probes.
Design and implementation of coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging of cancerous and healthy breast tissue samples

A scatter imaging technique for the differentiation of cancerous and healthy breast tissue in a heterogeneous sample is introduced in this work. Such a technique has potential utility in intraoperative margin assessment during lumpectomy procedures. In this work, we investigate the feasibility of the imaging method for tumor classification using Monte Carlo simulations and physical experiments. The coded aperture coherent scatter spectral imaging technique was used to reconstruct three-dimensional (3-D) images of breast tissue samples acquired through a single-position snapshot acquisition, without rotation as is required in coherent scatter computed tomography. We perform a quantitative assessment of the accuracy of the cancerous voxel classification using Monte Carlo simulations of the imaging system; describe our experimental implementation of coded aperture scatter imaging; show the reconstructed images of the breast tissue samples; and present segmentations of the 3-D images in order to identify the cancerous and healthy tissue in the samples. From the Monte Carlo simulations, we find that coded aperture scatter imaging is able to reconstruct images of the samples and identify the distribution of cancerous and healthy tissues (i.e., fibroglandular, adipose, or a mix of the two) inside them with a cancerous voxel identification sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 92.4%, 91.9%, and 92.0%, respectively. From the experimental results, we find that the technique is able to identify cancerous and healthy tissue samples and reconstruct differential coherent scatter cross sections that are highly correlated with those measured by other groups using x-ray diffraction. Coded aperture scatter imaging has the potential to provide scatter images that automatically differentiate cancerous and healthy tissue inside samples within a time on the order of a minute per slice.
Role of Increased Serine1176 Phosphorylation in Maintaining Normal Endothelial Responses in Male and Female Heterozygous Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)-Deficient Mice

Although endothelial responses in male and female heterozygous endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-deficient mice are normal, it is not known whether there is compensation for the loss of a si...
Brief report: Identifying defenders of peer victimization ☆

Betweenness centrality quantifies the amount of network flow that a network member controls as hypothetical traffic passes between network members. Those with high betweenness centrality within the peer social network based on nominations of liking may be especially important connectors between individuals who do not like each other. This study tested the hypothesis that individuals' betweenness centrality would predict their defending of victimized peers. After controlling for popularity, perception of being liked, and defenders' victimization, betweenness centrality predicted defending. Those found to be connectors within the peer group were more likely to be those who defend peer victims. This investigation showed that analysis of betweenness centrality is a viable way to identify potential defenders in research and also those who could potentially act as mediators.
Selves, societies, and social sciences: Pluralism in a changing global world

This essay reviews two books addressing the nature of the self, and relationships between self and others in the context of modernity and globalization. While each book has many merits of its own, they provide for a particularly interesting and thought-provoking joint reading. I see them as opening up a broader debate about pluralism of self and philosophy of the social sciences. Rather than a self in the singular characteristic of Adams’ post-Freudian account, the contemporary self may have a psychology, for example, of superegos, identities, and reflexivities. Furthermore, in order to address the nature of selves, relationships, and societies in a way that is valid and applicable in a global world, we also need to rethink the social sciences in plural terms. The challenge and opportunity that we face today, in my view, is one of bridging universal theories with cultural ones.
The effect of repeated attempts and test-retest reliability in children’s singing accuracy

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of repeated attempts at singing accuracy tasks. Test-retest reliability of singing accuracy was examined in a second administration of the test. A secondary purpose was to analyze individual variability in children’s singing accuracy. Test stimuli were designed using five attempts each at a single pitch, interval, and four-note pattern, and song singing. Children aged 6–11 were given the one-on-one singing accuracy test, and an identical form of the test was administered again within 1–6 weeks. Pitch matching items were scored by measuring the deviation in Hertz from the stimuli. The song singing item was scored by singing teachers using an 8-point scale with acceptable inter-rater reliability (r = .86). Participants’ individual best attempt out of five was equally distributed, with overall performance increasing across subsequent attempts measured in signed cent deviation. A repeated-measures ANOVA with the task type (single, interval, and pattern) and ...
Development of a Reliable, Efficient, Lightweight and Compact Centrifugal Compressor

The development of a reliable and compact 90K (liquid oxygen) cryocooler is important in future space applications. This cryocooler will also be very useful in many terrestrial applications such as high temperature superconductivity (HTS). The compactness of this cryocooler makes it especially attractive in mobile situations. The reverse turbo Brayton cycle (RTBC) cryocooler is a promising candidate for a miniature LO2 cryocooler. This cycle features low pressure ratio, direct flow circulation and turbomachinery components. These features allow the RTBC cryocooler to be lighter, smaller, simpler and more efficient than the state-of-the-art. In this paper, the design of a centrifugal compressor, the major component of the miniature RTBC cryocooler, is presented. This miniature compressor development is based on an earlier version of a miniature compressor prototype. The major issues of that prototype and its improvements are described. This design shows that the compressor can be made very compact (about 6 inches or less in any direction) and can work for a longer period of time than the prototype. The motor and controller are also improved to enhance the performance of the compressor.
Undergraduate Education Update: Coping With Change

As a result of the recent changes in clinical laboratory operations, medical technology educators are revising traditional curricula to prepare students for laboratories of the future. This article describes a flexible universitybased undergraduate medical technology program designed to train students for a variety of medical technology positions and suggests several ways to begin socialization of undergraduates into their profession. This type of educational background facilitates the development of careers both in and out of the clinical laboratory environment
Automated differential white blood cell counts in the young pediatric population

The significance of the white blood cell differential in young children is not well defined. The relationship of the new automated flow cytometric techniques to the manual differential, moreover, has not been established for this age group. We compared automated white counts with manual differential white counts performed on peripheral blood collected from children younger than 3 years. We compared these results with those obtained on adults. The automated neutrophil and lymphocyte counts showed poorer correlations (r = 0.86 and 0.90, respectively) with manual counts compared with the adult results (r = 0.94 and 0.96). Correlations for eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils also were lower. When flagged and nonflagged samples were analyzed separately, correlations of nonflagged differentials with manual counts were better but remained lower than correlations for adults. Seventy-one percent of the specimens “flagged” abnormalities that required microscopic evaluation, compared with 33% in the adult hospital population.
Design and implementation of crop diseases and pests information collecting and diagnostic system

To quickly and accurately collecting and transmitting crop diseases and pests information,and timely abtaining the diagnosis and preventive measures,a collecting and diagnostic system based on mobile GIS is designed and implemented.A fusion method for space multimedia images information based on matched time is presented.The application of SQLite embedded database on crop diseases and pests information collection,storage and management on the mobile client,is described.For the implementation of information transmission between mobile client and server-side,real-time diagnoses feedback on server-side,GPRS wireless communication tech-nology is applied.Experiment showed that is effective way for guiding people to improve the crop diseases and pests prevention and mana-gement efficiency.
Chronic Obstructie Pulmonary Disease (COPD) resources

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has risen more rapidly than that of any of the other nine leading causes of death. It is a debilitating disease that reduces quality of life and eventually leads to functional impairment and the loss of independence. The Internet has many useful resources that may be of help to COPD patients and their families. This article describes some of these resources and provides tips to effectively search for and evaluate additional resources.
The Manufacturer and the Market around mid-Century

In the late 1740s, Samuel Hill of the parish of Halifax, a substantial manufacturer and merchant dealing in kerseys and worsteds, made a concerted effort to break into the Russian market.1 He began by making enquiries of several of his London correspondents, none of whom were particularly enthusiastic. John Thornton wrote back to say that his only dealings ‘with your business’ (that is Yorkshire cloth) was providing soldier’s cloth for the Empress of Russia but in that he was already engaged with a Leeds merchant, Jeremiah Dixon.2 Abel Fonnereau, however, was at least willing to help: The woollen trade in Russia is so low and the demand so small that I fear your attempt to make cloth for that country at this time will be a disadvantage to you. Not withstanding, if you have an inclination to do it, begin by 10 pieces to be cut in 20 [half] pieces which must be measured by an archeen of 28 inches English measure; inclosed is patterns of cloth such as I have sent large quantities which this year cost £4 per piece [of 44 yards]; for dying 16s., dressing 8s. per piece; the charges to Hull amount to 8s., 9s., or 10s. per bale of 10 half pieces which includes packing, wrapper, ropes etc.3