cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A global approach to error estimation and physical diagnostics in multidimensional computational fluid dynamics

An approach for simultaneously assessing numerical accuracy and extracting physical information from multidimensional calculations of complex (engineering) flows is proposed and demonstrated. The method is based on global balance equations, i.e. volume-integrated partial differential equations for primary or derived physical quantities of interest. Balances can be applied to the full computational domain or to any subdomain down to the single-cell level. Applications to in-cylinder flows in reciprocating engines are used for illustration. It is demonstrated that comparison of the relative magnitude of the terms in the balances provides insight into the physics of the flow being computed. Moreover, for quantities that are not conserved at the cell or control volume level in the construction of the numerical scheme, the imbalance allows a direct assessment of numerical accuracy in a single run using a single mesh. The mean kinetic energy imbalance is shown to be a particularly sensitive indicator of numerical accuracy. This simple and powerful diagnostic approach can be implemented for finite-difference, finite-volume or finite-element methods.
135. Correlations between RBC fatty acids and 31P MRS brain measures in schizophrenia

A key issue has been whether membrane deficits identified in peripheral cells has relevance to brain biochemistry, and whether peripheral membrane deficits parallel central membrane phospholipid metabolism in schizophrenia. To address this issue, we examined the relations between RBC polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), found to be low in schizophrenic patients, and brain membrane phospholipid metabolites from different regions of interest. Phosphomonoester (PME) and phosphodiester (PDE) were determined by the in vivo P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) in 9 first-episode, drug naive schizophrenic patients and 7 normal control subjects. A significant correlation was demonstrated between RBC phospholipid PUFAs and P MRS measures of phospholipid metabolites in the combined right and left frontal lobe, but not other brain regions including caudate, occipital, parietal and temporal areas. Specifically, both total and individual PUFA (20:4, 22:5, and 22:6) were significantly (p , 0.02) and positively correlated with PME levels. A significant and positive correlation was further demonstrated when ratio of PME to PDE was served as an index to compare with RBC phospholipid PUFAs. Since the quantified PME and PDE levels reflect the freely mobile water-soluble building blocks and breakdown products of the membrane phospholipids, respectively, our preliminary data thus support the notion that decreased RBC membrane phospholipid PUFAs may reflect a decreased membrane synthesis of phospholipids in brain. Moreover, such an association appears to be regionally specific, consistent with the involvement of prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Periodontal Services Rendered by General Practitioners

Background: There are few reports in the dental literature regarding the types of periodontal services offered by general practitioners (GPs). The purpose of this study was to determine the specific nature of periodontal services rendered by GPs and to investigate whether certain variables affect GPs’ practice patterns. Methods: A 13-item survey was mailed to a random sample of 600 dentists practicing in the state of Virginia. GPs were asked to identify the periodontal services rendered in their office within a 3-month period. Descriptive statistics, simple correlation, and stepwise multiple regression analysis were used to identify significant relationships between variables and periodontal services. Results: Ninety percent of GPs reported treating at least one patient with scaling and root planing, and 16% of GPs reported rendering this service to >36 patients. Eighty-six percent of GPs reported providing periodontal maintenance in their practices. Approximately 50% of dentists reported up to 24 patients having received periodontal maintenance. Fifty-eight percent of GPs reported that ‡90% of scaling and root planing was done by the hygienists. Fifty-five percent of GPs treated at least one patient with site-specific therapy using chemotherapeutic agents. Twenty-eight percent of GPs treated one to five patients with low-dose antibiotic. Seventy percent of GPs treated at least one patient with occlusal therapies, and 50% reported treating one to five patients with occlusal therapies. The most common surgical services performed included crown lengthening and pocket reduction surgery, which were done by 38% and 21% of GPs, respectively. A few GPs (N = 26) performed the majority of periodontal surgical services. Variables found to influence specific services rendered by GPs included year of dental school graduation, recent hours of continuing education related to periodontics, combined number of dental hygienist days per week, percentage of periodontal patients in practice, and referral for non-surgical periodontal therapy. Conclusions: A variety of periodontal services were offered by GPs. The most common services were non-surgical in nature. Certain variables affected specific periodontal services rendered in general dental offices. J Periodontol 2007;78:823-832.
The IMPORTANT framework for analyzing the Impact of Mobility on Performance Of RouTing protocols for Adhoc NeTworks

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes forming a temporary network without using any existing infrastructure. Since not many MANETs are currently deployed, research in this area is mostly simulation based. Random Waypoint is the commonly used mobility model in these simulations. Random Waypoint is a simple model that may be applicable to some scenarios. However, we believe that it is not sufficient to capture some important mobility characteristics of scenarios in which MANETs may be deployed. Our framework aims to evaluate the impact of different mobility models on the performance of MANET routing protocols. We propose various protocol independent metrics to capture interesting mobility characteristics, including spatial and temporal dependence and geographic restrictions. In addition, a rich set of parameterized mobility models is introduced including Random Waypoint, Group Mobility, Freeway and Manhattan models. Based on these models several test-suite scenarios are chosen carefully to span the metric space. We demonstrate the utility of our test-suite by evaluating various MANET routing protocols, including DSR, AODV and DSDV. Our results show that the protocol performance may vary drastically across mobility models and performance rankings of protocols may vary with the mobility models used. This effect can be explained by the interaction of the mobility characteristics with the connectivity graph properties. Finally, we attempt to decompose the reactive routing protocols into mechanistic ‘‘building blocks’’ to gain a deeper insight into the performance variations across protocols in the face of mobility. � 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Feeding the nuclear pipeline: enabling a global nuclear future

Nuclear energy, which exhibits a unique combination of environmental and sustainable attributes, appears strongly positioned to play a much larger and more pivotal role in the mix of future global energy supplies than it has played in the past. Unfortunately, enrolment patterns in nuclear engineering programmes have seriously eroded over the past decade – causing alarmingly low enrolment levels in many countries by the turn of the century and a sobering concern that the nuclear manpower pipeline cannot keep up with the emerging needs of the nuclear industry. On the positive side, enrolment patterns within the United States are now generally on the rise, at least at the undergraduate level. A few of the particularly successful efforts initiated by various sectors of the U.S. nuclear infrastructure to stimulate this rebound are shared in this paper with the hope that some of them might be beneficially employed in other global settings.
The Decline of the Medici Bank

The power of the Medici as a banking house, and their weakness also, become clearer when we examine the source of their funds. The main problem is whether the Medici bank operated mainly with the money invested by the partners or whether most of the operating capital was supplied from outside sources. It would be easy to settle this question if some balance sheets of the Medici bank were still available. As none have come down to us, another method of approach has to be used.
Global Attractor of a Coupled Two-Cell Brusselator Model

In this work the existence of a global attractor for the solution semiflow of the coupled two-cell Brusselator model equations is proved. A grouping estimation method and a new decomposition approach are introduced to deal with the challenges in proving the absorbing property and the asymptotic compactness of this type of four-variable reaction-diffusion systems with cubic autocatalytic nonlinearity and with linear coupling. It is also proved that the Hausdorff dimension and the fractal dimension of the global attractor are finite.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and its Clinical Utility in Patients with Visual Disturbances

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful, non-invasive technique for mapping human brain function. Because of the robust signal intensity changes associated with visual stimuli, fMRI is particularly useful for studying visual cortex (including both striate and extrastriate cortex). Also, activation of the lateral geniculate nuclei has been successfully demonstrated by fMRI. Therefore, fMRI may be potentially useful in patients with visual deficits by providing a non-invasive method for assessing the afferent visual pathways and higher cortical areas. Although there have been several reviews on fMRI, few have highlighted its clinical applicability in patients with visual disturbances. Our article will review fMRI principles and methodology, then focus on the possible applications and limitations of this technique in clinical ophthalmology.
Voronovskaya type asymptotic expansions for multivariate quasi-interpolation neural network operators

Here we study further the multivariate quasi-interpolation of sigmoidal and hyperbolic tangent types neural network operators of one hidden layer. We derive multivariate Voronovskaya type asymptotic expansions for the error of approximation of these operators to the unit operator.
The HP time vault service: exploiting IBE for timed release of confidential information

Digital information is increasingly more and more important to enable interactions and transactions on the Internet. On the other hand, leakages of sensitive information can have harmful effects for people, enterprises and governments.This paper focuses on the problems of dealing with timed release of confidential information and simplifying its access once public: it is a common issue in the industry, government and day-to-day life.We introduce the "HP Time Vault Service", based on the emerging Identifier-based Encryption (IBE) cryptography schema. IBE (public) encryption keys specify the disclosure time. These keys are used to encrypt confidential information. An independent time server generates and publishes IBE decryption keys correspondent to the current time, at predefined intervals.We discuss the advantages of this approach against current approaches based on traditional cryptography. A web-service based prototype is described, as a proof of concept.
A comparative study of target localization in MIMO radar systems

In the paper, a study of target localization performances is presented for coherent multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and single-input multiple-output (SIMO) radars systems with widely separated elements. The evaluation is based on the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE), providing the localization mean squared error (MSE) in a closed-form solution. This estimator elucidates the relation between the radar locations, target location, and localization accuracy through the use of the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) metric. Contour maps of the GDOP relate a given deployment of sensors and the achievable accuracy to the at various target locations. This metric is shown to represent the spatial advantage of the system. The best achievable accuracy for both configurations is derived. MIMO radar systems with coherent processing are shown to benefit from higher spatial advantage, compared with SIMO systems. The advantage of the MIMO radar scheme over SIMO is evident when considering the achievable accuracy for a radar system with M transmitters and N receivers, rather than 1 transmitter and MN receivers. It is shown that MIMO radar, with a total of M + N sensors, has twice the performance (in terms of localization MSE) of a system with (MN + 1) sensors.
Activity-Focused Motor Interventions for Children with Neurological Conditions

This article presents a model to guide activity-focused physical therapy and occupational therapy interventions for children with neurological conditions. Activity-focused interventions involve structured practice and repetition of functional actions and are directed toward the learning of motor tasks that will increase independence and participation in daily routines. According to this model, the pediatric therapist: (1) develops activity-related goals in collaboration with the child and the family; (2) plans activity-focused interventions by adapting knowledge of motor learning to the child's individual learning strengths and needs; and (3) integrates impairment-focused intervention with activity-focused intervention.
Do airway epithelium air-liquid cultures represent the in vivo airway epithelium transcriptome?

Human airway epithelial cells cultured in vitro at the air–liquid interface (ALI) form a pseudostratified epithelium that forms tight junctions and cilia, and produces mucin. These cells are widely used in models of differentiation, injury, and repair. To assess how closely the transcriptome of ALI epithelium matches that of in vivo airway epithelial cells, we used microarrays to compare the transcriptome of human large airway epithelial cells cultured at the ALI with the transcriptome of large airway epithelium obtained via bronchoscopy and brushing. Gene expression profiling showed that global gene expression correlated well between ALI cells and brushed cells, but with some differences. Gene expression patterns mirrored differences in proportions of cell types (ALIs have higher percentages of basal cells, whereas brushed cells have higher percentages of ciliated cells), that is, ALI cells expressed higher levels of basal cell–related genes, and brushed cells expressed higher levels of cilia-related gen...
Aldosterone as a mediator of progressive renal disease: Pathogenetic and clinical implications

End-stage renal disease is an enormous public health burden with an increasing incidence and prevalence. This escalating prevalence suggests that newer therapeutic interventions and strategies are needed to complement current antihypertensive approaches. Although much evidence shows that angiotensin II mediates progressive renal disease, recent evidence also implicates aldosterone as an important pathogenetic factor in progressive renal disease. Several lines of experimental evidence show that selective blockade of aldosterone, independent of renin-angiotensin blockade, reduces proteinuria and nephrosclerosis in the spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rat model and reduces proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in the subtotally nephrectomized rat model (ie, remnant kidney). Although pharmacological blockade with angiotensin II-receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduces proteinuria and nephrosclerosis and/or glomerulosclerosis, selective reinfusion of aldosterone restores these abnormalities despite continued renin-angiotensin blockade. Based on this theoretic construct, randomized clinical studies will be initiated to delineate the potential renal-protective effects of antihypertensive therapy using aldosterone-receptor blockade. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use.
Tracing Problem Solving in Real Time: fMRI Analysis of the Subject-paced Tower of Hanoi

Previous research has found three brain regions for tracking components of the ACT-R cognitive architecture: a posterior parietal region that tracks changes in problem representation, a prefrontal region that tracks retrieval of task-relevant information, and a motor region that tracks the programming of manual responses. This prior research has used relatively simple tasks to incorporate a slow event-related procedure, allowing the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response to go back to baseline after each trial. The research described here attempts to extend these methods to tracking problem solving in a complex task, the Tower of Hanoi, which involves many complex steps of cognition and motor actions in rapid succession. By tracking the activation patterns in these regions, it is possible to predict with intermediate accuracy when participants are planning a future sequence of moves. The article describes a cognitive model in the ACT-R architecture that is capable of explaining both the latency data in move generation and the BOLD responses in these three regions.
Single Cell Analysis of Switch-Like Induction of CYP1A1 in Liver Cell Lines

The shape of the dose-response curve may vary depending on whether one examines response at a population or a single cell level. Populations of cells may exhibit a graded response whereas single cell responses may have threshold or switch-like behavior. Studies in vivo and in vitro using primary hepatocyte cultures have shown that induction of CYP1A1 in the liver exhibits switch-like behavior in response to PCB 126 (3,3,4,4,5-pentachlorobiphenyl). The goal of the present study was to determine if two liver cell lines (H4IIE rat hepatoma and Hepa 1c1c7 mouse hepatoma) also show switch-like behavior and develop experimental models for studying mechanisms of these switch-like responses. Both cell lines were analyzed via concentration-response and time-course studies using quantitative real-time PCR, revealing a sigmoidal concentration-response curve for CYP1A1 mRNA induction at the population level. To study CYP1A1 protein induction on a single cell level, flow cytometry was employed. In both cell lines the distribution of fluorescence increased with increasing concentrations of PCB 126. The switch behavior was more pronounced in the H4IIE cells than in the Hepa 1c1c7 cells, exhibiting a well-defined shift of induction from the “off ” to the “on” state. The concentrationresponse curve at the single cell level appeared more switch-like with two populations of cells— basal levels and maximally induced. Immunocytochemistry studies of individual cells also support these conclusions. Our data support the hypothesis that PCB 126 induces CYP1A1 in a switch-like fashion in H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. These cells can now be used to study the mechanism of
Determination of SU(6) Clebsch-Gordan coefficients and baryon mass and electromagnetic moment relations

We develop a new method to compute and tabulate the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients of the SU(6){contains}SU(3){times}SU(2) product 5{bar 6}{direct_product}56, which are relevant to the nonrelativistic spin-flavor symmetry of the lightest baryons. Under the assumption that the largest representation in this product, the 2695, gives rise to operators in a chiral expansion that produce numerically small effects, we obtain a set of relations among the masses of the baryons, as well as among their magnetic dipole and higher multipole moments. We compare the mass relations to experiment, and find numerical predictions for the {Sigma}{sup 0-}{Lambda} mass mixing parameter and 18 of the 27 magnetic moments in the 56.
Declining global per capita agricultural production and warming oceans threaten food security

Despite accelerating globalization, most people still eat food that is grown locally. Developing countries with weak purchasing power tend to import as little food as possible from global markets, suffering consumption deficits during times of high prices or production declines. Local agricultural production, therefore, is critical to both food security and economic development among the rural poor. The level of local agricultural production, in turn, will be determined by the amount and quality of arable land, the amount and quality of agricultural inputs (fertilizer, seeds, pesticides, etc.), as well as farm-related technology, practices and policies. This paper discusses several emerging threats to global and regional food security, including declining yield gains that are failing to keep up with population increases, and warming in the tropical Indian Ocean and its impact on rainfall. If yields continue to grow more slowly than per capita harvested area, parts of Africa, Asia and Central and Southern America will experience substantial declines in per capita cereal production. Global per capita cereal production will potentially decline by 14% between 2008 and 2030. Climate change is likely to further affect food production, particularly in regions that have very low yields due to lack of technology. Drought, caused by anthropogenic warming in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, may also reduce 21st century food availability in some countries by disrupting moisture transports and bringing down dry air over crop growing areas. The impacts of these circulation changes over Asia remain uncertain. For Africa, however, Indian Ocean warming appears to have already reduced rainfall during the main growing season along the eastern edge of tropical Africa, from southern Somalia to northern parts of the Republic of South Africa. Through a combination of quantitative modeling of food balances and an examination of climate change, this study presents an analysis of emerging threats to global food security.
Multiple hypotheses testing of fish incidence patterns in an urbanized ecosystem

Ecological and evolutionary theories have focused traditionally on natural processes with little attempt to incorporate anthropogenic influences despite the fact that humans are such an integral part of virtually all ecosystems. A series of alternate models that incorporated anthropogenic factors and traditional ecological mechanisms of invasion to account for fish incidence patterns in urban lakes was tested. The models were based on fish biology, human intervention, and habitat characteristics. However, the only models to account for empirical patterns were those that included fish invasiveness, which incorporated species-specific information about overall tolerance and fecundity. This suggests that species-specific characteristics are more important in general distributional patterns than human-mediated dispersal. Better information of illegal stocking activities is needed to improve human-mediated models, and more insight into basic life history of ubiquitous species is needed to truly understand underlying mechanisms of biotic homogenization.
Foreign involvement in China's colleges and universities: A historical perspective

Abstract For over a century foreign educators have entered China as teachers and administrators. While political turmoil and change has dictated the numbers and the nationalities of those participating, there has been no period since the 1860s when foreign educators were absent from Chinese institutions of higher learning. The purpose of this study is to look at the role played by these foreigners and to judge how they perceived their responsibilities in China and how the Chinese viewed their presence. The introduction of this study outlines the differences between Chinese and foreigners concerning educational mission and pedagogical issues. Because of divergent cultural backgrounds, the differences prove striking. The second section of the study takes a look at the role of foreigners in China's higher education system from the days of the Qing dynasty up to the present. This study shows that, despite a new wave of openness in China today, foreign and Chinese educators still face cross-cultural problems that foster misunderstanding and distrust. While the future may hold promise for more understanding, the immediate past and present give no hints of such changes arriving soon.
Room‐Temperature Strength and Fracture of ZrO2‐Y2O3 Single Crystals

Strength and fracture toughness results are presented for ZrO2 single crystals stabilized with Y2O3. The crystals (2 cm in diameter by 5 cm long) were prepared by skull melting. The partially stabilized compositions with 4 to 6 wt% Y2O3 showed a dramatic improvement in mechanical properties over the fully stabilized samples containing 20 wt% Y2O3, i.e. a strength exceeding 1000 MPa and a fracture toughness of 8 Mpa,.m 1/2 were achieved compared to 200 MPa and 2 Mpa.m1/2, respectively, for fully stabilized ZrO2 single crystals.
Host Inflammatory Response Inhibits Escherichia coli O157:H7 Adhesion to Gut Epithelium through Augmentation of Mucin Expression

Escherichia coli O157:H7, a major Shiga toxin-producing pathogen, has a low infectious dose and causes serious illness in humans. The gastrointestinal tract of cattle is the primary reservoir of E. coli O157:H7, and thus, it is critical to eliminate or reduce E. coli O157:H7 gut colonization. Given that E. coli O157:H7 produces effectors that attenuate inflammatory signaling, we hypothesized that the host inflammatory response acts to perturb E. coli O157:H7 intestinal colonization. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) treatment of HT-29 cells resulted in increased expression of inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-8, and TNF-α genes and increased IL-8 protein and resulted in decreased adhesion of E. coli O157:H7. Similarly, E. coli O157:H7 adhesion to cattle colonic explants was reduced by TNF-α treatment. Irrespective of the presence of E. coli O157:H7, TNF-α enhanced activation of p65, the key mediator of NF-κB inflammatory signaling, whereas E. coli O157:H7 infection suppressed this pathway by inhibiting p65 activation in HT-29 cells. To further explore the mechanisms linking the inflammatory response to attenuated E. coli O157:H7 adhesion, mucin 2 (MUC2) expression was analyzed, considering that the intestinal mucus layer is the first defense against enteric pathogens and MUC2 is the major secretory mucin in the intestine. MUC2 expression in HT-29 cells was increased by TNF-α treatment and by E. coli O157:H7 infection. However, reducing mucin expression by blocking mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and/or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling increased E. coli O157:H7 adherence to HT-29 cells. These data suggest that the inflammatory cytokine response acts to protect host epithelial cells against E. coli O157:H7 colonization, at least in part, by promoting mucin production.
Mixing characteristics and performance of the anaerobic upflow blanket filter (UBF) reactor

Mixing characteristics (using a radioactive tracer) and reactor performance of the upflow blanket filter (UBF) reactor operated at different loading rates (up to 32 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m−3 day−1) were compared. The results indicated that mixing profiles of the reactor operated with effluent recirculation and without biomass were of the perfectly mixed type. Operation without recirculation resulted in about 18% dead space. The filter made of plastic rings and located in the top third of the reactor had no negative effect on reactor mixing. Operation at loading rates of up to 25 kg COD m−3 day−1 permitted a soluble COD removal rate of 95% with a methane production rate of 5.9 m3 m−3 day−1. At higher loading rates, the efficiency of COD reduction decreased with a decrease of the specific acetoclastic activity to 0.5 kg acetate removed per kg volatile suspended solids (VSS) day−1. At all loading rates studied it was observed that the performance was not related to the mixing characteristics, which had remained of the perfectly mixed type with an occasional small dead space (below 10%). The good mixing characteristics of the UBF reactor coupled with the high biomass content and the effective action of the filter make this reactor one of the most promising designs for the treatment of soluble wastes.
Treating Isolated Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly

OBJECTIVE:To review the prevalence, pathophysiology, vascular risk, and treatment of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) in the elderly.DATA SOURCE:A MEDLINE search of the English language literature was performed to identify pertinent literature. Key search terms were hypertension, systolic, and elderly.STUDY SELECTION:All studies available evaluating drug therapy for ISH or hypertension in the elderly as well as review articles discussing the prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of ISH were selected.SYNTHESIS:ISH occurs commonly in the elderly and is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Although the mechanism for ISH in the elderly is not completely understood, the primary factor is believed to be a reduction in arterial compliance. Results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program demonstrated that control of ISH using a diuretic alone or in combination with a beta-blocker significantly reduced the incidence of strokes and cardiovascular events...
Vector Backscattered Signals Improve Piggyback Modulation for Sensing With Passive UHF RFID Tags

We expand our “piggyback modulation” technique to integrate sensing functions with existing standard passive UHF RFID tags through wireless coupling. Instead of focusing on the scalar backscattered power that is proportional to the radar cross section (RCS), we exploit the vector backscattered signal with piggyback modulation. Measuring both amplitude and phase of the backscattered wave makes advanced demodulation possible. The measurement setup, experimental results, demodulation analysis, and numerical simulation for the conventional amplitude-shift keying (ASK) and quasi-4-quadrature amplitude modulation (quasi-4-QAM) are presented. Quasi-4-QAM demodulation reduces the interference between two independent data streams and improves the bit error rate for the same RF power. While we do not show explicit data from any given sensor, we do show that a generic sensor signal will be improved with our technique.
Test case prioritization: a family of empirical studies

To reduce the cost of regression testing, software testers may prioritize their test cases so that those which are more important, by some measure, are run earlier in the regression testing process. One potential goal of such prioritization is to increase a test suite's rate of fault detection. Previous work reported results of studies that showed that prioritization techniques can significantly improve rate of fault detection. Those studies, however, raised several additional questions: 1) Can prioritization techniques be effective when targeted at specific modified versions; 2) what trade-offs exist between fine granularity and coarse granularity prioritization techniques; 3) can the incorporation of measures of fault proneness into prioritization techniques improve their effectiveness? To address these questions, we have performed several new studies in which we empirically compared prioritization techniques using both controlled experiments and case studies.
Psychological aspects of diabetes mellitus in children

Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease of childhood. Many children with diabetes have disease-related problems (e.g., family conflict over regimen adherence, peer relationship difficulties) that are best understood and approached from a psychological perspective. Effective treatment, therefore, requires consideration of psychological and behavioral factors, as well as biomedical factors (Drash, 1981; Fisher, Delamater, Bertelson, & Kirkley, 1982; Hamburg, Lipsett, Inoff, & Drash, 1980). In recent years, as the psychological aspects of childhood diabetes have been better understood, psychologists have played an increasingly important role in diabetes care.
Aspartame Consumption in Normal Individuals and Carriers for Phenylketonuria

Aspartame, a widely used sweetener, was studied in 53 adults, 28 of whom were carriers for phenylketonuria (PKU). The study was divided into a loading test followed by chronic intake for a period of 12 weeks. Two doses of aspartame were used in the loading test, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. Blood levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine were measured hourly, and the aromatic acid metabolites of phenylalanine were determined in urine. During the chronic intake, blood phenylalanine and tyrosine and urinary phenylalanine metabolites were determined every two weeks. The level of blood phenylalanine rose 5-to 10-fold when carriers for PKU ingested the 100-mg/kg load, as opposed to 2.5-to 6-fold in the normal controls. With a dose of 50 mg/kg, blood phenylalanine was increased from 2 to 7 times in the carriers, and from 2 to 3.5 times in the control group (p < 0.02). Blood tyrosine levels did not rise sharply, unlike blood phenylalanine. The normal blood phenylalanine-to-tyrosine ratio is 1.0. The ratio reached as high as 20.9 in carriers and 5.8 in normals. During 12 weeks of aspartame intake, blood phenylalanine levels were greater than 10 mg/dl in 12% of carriers for PKU and in 5% of the normal controls. Among the controls, the range of blood phenylalanine was 0.3 to 11.1 mg/dl. These data are of concern since blood phenylalanine levels are elevated above physiological levels even among normal individuals who take aspartame.
Using Optimization Model to Control Workpiece Rigidity and Deformation in Workholding to Achieve Precision Machining

The basic criterion in precision machining is to machine a workpiece that satisfies dimensional accuracies and low tolerance variations. Precise machining demands the work-piece to be rigidly fixed, which in turn requires high clamping forces. The clamping forces, as well as cutting forces, result in deformation of the workpiece. This deformation of the work-piece hinders the final goal of the machinist, which is to machine within low dimensional and geometric tolerance band-widths.
Abstract LB-327: Validation of a breast cancer risk prediction model in African American women

Existing breast cancer risk prediction models, such as the Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (BCRAT), are less reliable for predicting risk in African American women than they are in white women. Gail et al. (2007) modified the BCRAT model for risk prediction of breast cancer in African American women based on data from the Women9s Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences (CARE) study; the CARE model uses information on a woman9s age, age at menarche, family history of breast cancer, and number of previous breast biopsies to estimate absolute breast cancer risk. They validated the model among postmenopausal African American women aged 50 or older in the Women9s Health Initiative and found it to be well calibrated but with limited discriminatory accuracy. We assessed calibration and discrimination of the CARE model in both pre- and postmenopausal women using data from the Black Women9s Health Study (BWHS), an ongoing follow-up study of African American women 21-69 years of age at enrollment in 1995. We based our validation on 36,713 women who at baseline were 35 years and older, had no history of cancer, and had complete data on the risk factors in the model. We compared the expected number of invasive breast cancer cases predicted by the model to the observed number of cases identified in the BWHS overall and within subgroups of risk factors. We measured the discriminatory accuracy using the concordance statistic, the area under the receiver-operating curve. During a mean follow-up of 9.4 years, we identified 773 invasive breast cancer cases. The model predicted 691.9 cases, yielding an expected-to-observed ratio (E/O) of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.96). Of the risk factors included in the CARE model, the E/O ratio was lowest among women with a previous biopsy (E/O = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.88); the E/O ratio was close to 0.90 across categories of the other factors in the model. The CARE model does not include age at first birth, which was included in the BCRAT; we found the CARE model to be well calibrated among women with an age at first birth Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-327. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-327
Inhibition of Urinary 17-Ketosteroid Excretion Produced by “Benemid”

Summary and Conclusions(1) The data presented demonstrate that Benemid in doses of 2 g per day per adult produced approximately 50% diminution in urinary 17-keto-steroids. This diminution was not exaggerated by increasing the dose of Benemid to 4 g per day. (2) Spectrophotometric studies showed that Benemid did not change the androsterone-dehydroisoandrosterone ratio of urinary 17-ketosteroids. (3) Urinary estrogens were diminished in one subject. In another subject this diminution was questionable. (4) Urinary 11-oxycorticosteroids (neutral reducing lipids) did not appear to be affected by Benemid.
Maine’s Working Waterfront: Preserving Coastal Access for the Future of Commercial Fishing and Other Water-Dependent Businesses

The working waterfront is an integral part of Maine’s coastal communities, raising millions of dollars in state revenues and generating roughly $740 million of income by way of over 26,000 fishing-related jobs in the state each year. Working waterfront property is shoreline property that supports commercial fishing and other water-dependent businesses. Although commercial fishing is often a predominant concern, other water-dependent uses include boat building, boat yards, and marinas. Despite the substantial contributions made by commercial
Alcohol breath test: gas exchange issues

The alcohol breath test is reviewed with a focus on gas exchange factors affecting its accuracy. The basis of the alcohol breath test is the assumption that alveolar air reaches the mouth during exhalation with no change in alcohol concentration. Recent investigations have shown that alcohol concentration is altered during its transit to the mouth. The exhaled alcohol concentration is modified by interaction with the mucosa of the pulmonary airways. Exhaled alcohol concentration is not an accurate indicator of alveolar alcohol concentration. Measuring alcohol concentration in the breath is very different process than measuring a blood level from air equilibrated with a blood sample. Airway exchange of alcohol leads to a bias against certain individuals depending on the anatomic and physiologic characteristics. Methodological modifications are proposed to improve the accuracy of the alcohol breath test to become fair to all.
An Ounce of Prevention: Toward Preventing Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Complications

This article provides a preventive or preemptive approach to endoscopic complications based on the premise that the informed and prepared physician can better ensure that an endoscopic procedure will be performed under optimal conditions that result in maximal patient safety. A directed patient history is one of the keys to this preventive approach. This information can then provide the basis for other preventive measures such as the administration of prophylactic antibiotics or the discontinuation of an anticoagulant.
A group method for obtaining dietary recalls of children.

A self-administered workbook for dietary assessment in small groups was compared with 24-hour dietary recall interviews. Forty-seven 10-to 18-year-olds, in groups of 5 to 8, recorded consumptions during the previous 24 hours and responded to individual recall interviews. Photographs and names of foods served as probes. Standardized food models were used to estimate portions. Nutritionists calculated gram amounts of foods and beverages consumed and analyzed diets for nutrient intakes. Significantly higher niacin (17.4 mg vs. 15.8 mg, p
Prosodic style-shifting in preadolescent peer-group interactions in a working-class suburb of Paris

In this chapter, we study the variable use of phrase-final intonation contours in French by male adolescents recorded in guided interviews in a multi-ethnic working-class suburb of Paris. We show that speakers use pragmatically neutral rising or falling intonation when listing target words depicted on images shown by a fieldworker, but resort to a characteristic rising-falling intonation attributed to a working-class youth vernacular in contact with immigrant languages when negotiating the interpretation of pictures or competing for the floor with their friends listening to the interview. These instances of intra-speaker prosodic variation are analyzed as style-shifting (Bell 1984, 2001) where speakers draw on different prosodic resources to signal change in footing, i.e. their orientation to their own and others’ role in the interaction (Goffman 1981) or the propositional content of utterances put forward by other participants in the conversational exchange. It is argued that phrase-final rising-falling intonation, typical in certain types of imperative in French, has a much broader pragmatic meaning in working-class youth vernacular where it seems to function as a micro-level style feature indexing common ground and in-group affiliation with members of the adolescent peer group.
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO HEPATITIS VIRUSES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of immune response to hepatitis viruses. The immune responses to the viruses of hepatitis type A and type B provided the first tools for specifically identifying these agents and the diseases they cause. The development of sensitive assays for detecting hepatitis B virus antigens and antibodies to them has led to the partial understanding of the immune response to hepatitis B virus. The development of assays for antigens and antibodies associated with hepatitis A virus infection was still in a rudimentary state. Like hepatitis B virus infection, infection with hepatitis A virus can result in a spectrum of host responses ranging from unapparent infection to severe clinical illness. However, there is little evidence that hepatitis type A can progress to chronic hepatitis and it has not been serologically confirmed that fulminant hepatitis not associated with HBs Ag is caused by hepatitis A virus. Additional evidence that both hepatitis type A and hepatitis type B may be immunologically mediated diseases is found in the similarity of the histologic lesions seen in the liver in these two infections, despite the fact that they are caused by markedly different viruses.
Estimation of effective temperatures in quantum annealers for sampling applications: A case study with possible applications in deep learning

An increase in the efficiency of sampling from Boltzmann distributions would have a significant impact on deep learning and other machine-learning applications. Recently, quantum annealers have been proposed as a potential candidate to speed up this task, but several limitations still bar these state-of-the-art technologies from being used effectively. One of the main limitations is that, while the device may indeed sample from a Boltzmann-like distribution, quantum dynamical arguments suggest it will do so with an instance-dependent effective temperature, different from its physical temperature. Unless this unknown temperature can be unveiled, it might not be possible to effectively use a quantum annealer for Boltzmann sampling. In this work, we propose a strategy to overcome this challenge with a simple effective-temperature estimation algorithm. We provide a systematic study assessing the impact of the effective temperatures in the learning of a special class of a restricted Boltzmann machine embedded on quantum hardware, which can serve as a building block for deep-learning architectures. We also provide a comparison to $k$-step contrastive divergence (CD-$k$) with $k$ up to 100. Although assuming a suitable fixed effective temperature also allows us to outperform one-step contrastive divergence (CD-1), only when using an instance-dependent effective temperature do we find a performance close to that of CD-100 for the case studied here.
Toward resource-optimal averaging consensus over the wireless medium

We carry out a comprehensive study of the resource costs of distributed averaging consensus in wireless sensor networks. In particular, we consider two metrics appropriate to the wireless medium: total transmit energy and time-bandwidth product. Most previous approaches, such as gossip algorithms, suppose a graphical network, which abstracts away crucial features of the wireless medium, and measure resource consumption only in terms of the total number of transmissions required to achieve consensus. Under a path-loss dominated protocol interference model, we study the performance of several popular gossip algorithms, showing that they are nearly order-optimal with respect to transmit energy but strictly sub-optimal with respect to time-bandwidth product. We also propose a new scheme, termed hierarchical averaging, which is tailored to the wireless medium, and show that in general this approach is nearly order-optimal with respect to time-bandwidth product but strictly sub-optimal with respect to transmit energy. For the special case of free-space propagation, however, the proposed hierarchical scheme is approximately order-optimal with respect to both metrics.
Other Primary Neoplasms of the Pleura

All primary neoplasms of the pleura are very rare. As noted in Chap. 1, DMM is the most frequent primary neoplasm of the pleura and only about 2,000 new cases occur per year in the USA. Other primary neoplasms of the pleura may be unfamiliar to the surgeon and pathologist because of the infrequency with which they are encountered, making diagnosis challenging. Since some of these neoplasms are benign or borderline and, even when malignant, are localized, they are often treated and may be cured by complete surgical excision. Therefore, it is often important to differentiate these exceedingly rare neoplasms at frozen section from processes that may not be treatable by resection, including DMM and metastatic cancers on the one hand and reactive or inflammatory diseases on the other.
Balancing for Discrete Periodic Nonlinear Systems

Abstract This paper extends earlier work on balanced realizations for smooth nonlinear systems The main idea behind the global balanced structure, if it exists, is that the linearized system along a nominal solution is balanced in the usual linear time-varying sense. Hence the global nonlinear balanced system is defined as the one that closes the commutative diagram between linearization and balancing. It was shown earlier that such a global balanced realization may not exist in dimensions larger than one (or, if one relaxes the notion of balancedness to uncorrelatedness, in dimensions larger than two.) In this paper, it is shown that by focusing on the orbit points, balancedness or uncorrelatedness can be obtained via interpolation. Extensions for chain recurrent systems are given.
The Banality of Good and Evil: Ethics Courses in Business Management Education

This research explores how ethics is taught in various business management programs, how programs differ from place to place, and how differences are reflective of the larger cultural values pertaining to business practices. I apply Hannah Arendt’s theoretical framework as a heuristic device to examine interviews with business school faculty, students, and graduates from 13 different countries. Arendt’s analysis contends that most individuals are likely to become unthinking followers, carried away by the momentum of the ethical standards manifest in their immediate social surroundings, regardless of what those standards are. Arendt suggests that when individuals apply critical scrutiny, this process can be short-circuited. Her theory is supported by several sets of experiments and endorsed by the data gathered here about beliefs on how ethics and diversity should be taught in business schools.