cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Elastic Collision Frequency between Electrons and Neutral Atoms in a Cesium Plasma

The elastic scattering cross sections and momentum transfer cross sections for the collisions of low-energy electrons with atomic cesium have been calculated by the method of phase shifts. The scattering potential, used in the Schr\"odinger equation, is constructed from one-electron-type wave functions with appropriate screening constants. In addition to the potential arising because of the atomic electrons, a polarization potential is also used; the effect of exchange is considered only indirectly. This preliminary analysis reproduces the shape of the cross section vs energy curves as reported in some experiments but does not give detailed agreement. The theoretical cross sections are averaged over a Boltzmann distribution of electronic energies in the temperature range from 1000 to 10 000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Averaged values of the collision (for momentum transfer) frequency between electrons and cesium atoms are also calculated. Results are presented both in graphical and tabular form.
Pathways to Disability Income among Persons with Severe, Persistent Psychiatric Disorders

Persons with psychiatric disorders comprise the largest diagnostic group of disabled recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and Social Security Disability Income (SSDI). A 32-month prospective cohort study of pathways to application for and receipt of SSI and SSDI was conducted among 169 people with major psychiatric disorders who were at an early stage of their illness and who had never applied for or received disability income. Of the three pathways that formed the conceptual basis for the investigation—labeling, impairment, and needs/resources—the latter two emerged as significantly associated with receipt. Individuals with more severe symptoms who were African American, and who were psychologically dependent in a primary relationship and financially dependent on their families, were more likely to become recipients. Enabling and disabling aspects of disability income receipt suggest that it may be replacing prolonged hospitalization as the most enduring social role of persons with severe, persistent psychiatric disorders.
Salesmen and saleswomen job satisfaction

Abstract Men and women salespeople of two National companies were found to differ in the way they view their jobs. This is contrary to other research. Implications for the practicing sales manager are presented.
Deriving an estimate of the optimal reserve price: An application to British Columbian timber sales

Abstract In this paper, I use a simple game-theoretic model of behaviour at oral, ascendingprice auctions within the independent private-values paradigm to put structure upon data from a sample of timber sales held in the province of British Columbia, Canada where, to a first approximation, the independent private-values paradigm appears appropriate. I then estimate several different empirical specifications and use the methods of Vuong to decide which model is closer to the truth than the others. Under different assumptions concerning the seller's valuation of the timber, estimates of the optimal reserve price are calculated.
Automatic generation of hardware/software interfaces

Enabling new applications for mobile devices often requires the use of specialized hardware to reduce power consumption. Because of time-to-market pressure, current design methodologies for embedded applications require an early partitioning of the design, allowing the hardware and software to be developed simultaneously, each adhering to a rigid interface contract. This approach is problematic for two reasons: (1) a detailed hardware-software interface is difficult to specify until one is deep into the design process, and (2) it prevents the later migration of functionality across the interface motivated by efficiency concerns or the addition of features. We address this problem using the Bluespec Codesign Language~(BCL) which permits the designer to specify the hardware-software partition in the source code, allowing the compiler to synthesize efficient software and hardware along with transactors for communication between the partitions. The movement of functionality across the hardware-software boundary is accomplished by simply specifying a new partitioning, and since the compiler automatically generates the desired interface specifications, it eliminates yet another error-prone design task. In this paper we present BCL, an extension of a commercially available hardware design language (Bluespec SystemVerilog), a new software compiling scheme, and preliminary results generated using our compiler for various hardware-software decompositions of an Ogg Vorbis audio decoder, and a ray-tracing application.
Androgens and male physiology the syndrome of 5α-reductase-2 deficiency

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a potent androgen, is converted from testosterone by 5alpha-reductase isozymes. There are two 5alpha-reductase isozymes, type 1 and type 2 in humans and animals. These two isozymes have differential biochemical and molecular features. Mutations in type 2 isozyme cause male pseudohermaphroditism, and many mutations have been reported from various ethnic groups. The affected 46XY individuals have high normal to elevated plasma testosterone levels with decreased DHT levels and elevated testosterone/DHT ratios. They have ambiguous external genitalia at birth so that they are believed to be girls and are often raised as such. However, Wolffian differentiation occurs normally and they have epididymides, vas deferens and seminal vesicles. Virilization occurs at puberty frequently with a gender role change. The prostate in adulthood is small and rudimentary, and facial and body hair is absent or decreased. Balding has not been reported. Spermatogenesis is normal if the testes are descended. The clinical, biochemical and molecular genetic analyses of 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency highlight the significance of DHT in male sexual differentiation and male pathophysiology.
Optimizing synchronous systems for multi-dimensional applications

Time-critical sections of multi-dimensional problems, such as image processing applications, are in general iterative or recursive. In this paper these sections are modeled us cyclic multi-dimensional data flow graphs (MDFGs), which are also used to represent the digital circuit designed to compute such problems. Each node in the MDFG is associated with a set of functional elements in the circuit. Memory elements and circuit paths are associated with graph edges representing data dependencies. This new optimization technique consists of a multi-dimensional re-timing being applied to the MDFG to reduce its cycle time while considering memory requirements. This technique guarantees that all functional elements of a circuit, designed to be applied to problems involving more than one dimension, can be executed simultaneously. The algorithm runs in O. >
Teaching design for assembly using product disassembly

This paper describes an effective pedagogical approach to teaching design for assembly (DFA). DFA is a well-established technique for reducing the difficulty of assembling a product through identifying design changes. DFA has significant direct and indirect benefits to reducing the manufacturing cost of a product, improving its reliability and ease of service and simplifying the entire manufacturing system. The pedagogical approach described emphasizes hands-on learning. The hands-on activities arise through exposing students to the concepts of DFA through disassembling industrial products. The approach includes lectures, a laboratory and an examination. The educational material is appropriate for mechanical, industrial, manufacturing or interdisciplinary engineering education.
FUTURES MARKETS AND FIRM DECISIONS UNDER PRICE, PRODUCTION, AND FINANCIAL UNCERTAINTY

only with price risk (Ward and Fletcher; Peck). Subsequently, research has considered Incorporation of futures markets into the Peck) Subseqently, research has considered theory of the firm under uncertainty has re- production and price risks (Rolfo), price and ceived considerable attention in risk manrisks (Harris and Baker) and price agement. A theoretical model of optimal firm production, and some dimensions of financial decisions in cash and futures markets con- isks (Lutgen and Helmers; Berck). However sidering price, production, and financial risks the financial risk arising from margins have is presented. Production and marketing strat- not been explicitly considered. In his review egies for corn and soybeans in Georgia and of past studies, Kenyon noted a need for more Illinois are analyzed to determine the optimal evaluation of marketing strategies involving amount of futures contracting which may be simultaneous consideration of production, a hedge or a speculative position. A partial price, and financial risks. hedge is optimal for most situations for risk Some of the studies mentioned suggest that averse producers when the amount hedged hedging can significantly reduce exposure to is variable. With fixed quantity transactions, risk. Although surveys of farmers have found speculative and cash positions, but not hedg- limited use of futures markets to manage ing, tend to be E-V efficient. price risk (Paul et al.), a new pricing environment may provide new opportunities
Stabilization of Tetragonal ZrO2 in ZrO2–SiO2 Binary Oxides

Gel-glasses of various compositions in the xZrO 2 .(10-x)SiO 2 system were fabricated by the sol-gel process. Precipitation due to the different reactivities between tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and zirconium(IV) n-propoxide has been eliminated through the use of 2-methoxyethanol as a chelating agent. Thermal treatment of these gels produced crystalline ZrO 2 particles. While monoclinic is the stable crystalline phase of zirconia at low temperatures, the metastable tetragonal phase is usually the first crystalline phase formed on heat treatment. However, stability of the tetragonal phase is low, and it transforms to the monoclinic phase on further heat treatment. In this study, it has been found that the transformation temperature increases as the SiO 2 content in the ZrO 2 -SiO 2 binary oxide increases. The most significant results were from samples containing only 2 mol% SiO 2 , where the metastable tetragonal phase formed at low temperatures and remained stable over a broad temperature range. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to elucidate the structure of these binary oxides as a function of temperature.
Characterization of posthospital bloodstream infections in children requiring home parenteral nutrition.

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is lifesaving for children with intestinal failure. Catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CA-BSI) are common in hospitalized patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN), but data evaluating CA-BSI in children receiving HPN are limited. Objective: To determine the incidence and characteristics of CA-BSI in children receiving HPN. Methods: Medical records of 44 children receiving HPN during a 3-year period were reviewed. End points were CA-BSI during the initial 6 months after discharge. CA-BSI was defined as isolation of pathogens from blood requiring antimicrobial therapy. Results: The primary indication for HPN was short bowel syndrome (46%), and 59 BSI were documented during the initial 6 months of HPN in 29 (66%) children. Of CA-BSI, polymicrobial infections accounted for 52%; gram-positive, 29%; gram-negative, 17%; and fungal, 2%. CA-BSI incidence per 1000 catheter-days was highest during the first month posthospital discharge (72 episodes; 95% confid...
Free space measurements of negative refraction with varying angles of incidence

We report free space, microwave measurements with varying incidence angle on a material that exhibits a negative index of refraction. The experiments measure the index of refraction directly, for normal incidence, on prisms with three different apex angles. Snell's Law and the measured index are then used to verify refraction for off-normal incidence. The metamaterials used to construct the prisms are comprised of parallel metallic layers of posts and either "Greek key" spiral or split ring resonators. Despite this highly anisotropic composition, the measured refractive index was found to be nearly constant for exit angles up to 52/spl deg/ off the normal to the prism hypotenuse. In addition to being the first free space experimental verification of Snell's Law off the optical axis for this type of metamaterial, the measurements prove that the common parallel plate structures of negative index metamaterials are not acting as guided wave media.
Production of fumonisin B1 by Fusarium proliferatum in liquid culture medium, and toxicity and metabolism of fumonisin B1 in rats

Groups of eight six-week old female Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 3 0 mg/kg). Control and initiated groups were fed a semipurified diet, or diets supplemented with Fusarium prollferatura-contaminated corn to contain 20 or 50 mg/kg fumonisin B, (FB^). Histochemical staining for gamma-glutamyltransferase (GOT) and immunochemical staining for placental glutathione Stransferase (PGST), markers of altered hepatic foci (AHF), were performed on serial frozen hepatic sections. Gammaglutamyltransf erase -(+) altered hepatic foci (AHF) were not found in any group. Treatment with DEN significantly increased the number of PGST(+) hepatocytes compared with the uninitiated groups (P<0.0004). Groups fed F. proliferatumcontaining diets also had a significantly increased number of PGST-(+) AHF compared with those fed no F. proliferatum (P<0.003). The volume percentage of liver occupied by PGST(+) foci was significantly greater in the groups treated with DEN (P<0.01) or F. proliferatum (P<0.03) compared with the controls. The mean focal volume occupied by AHF in the groups given DEN was also significantly greater than in the uninitiated groups (P<0.02). Fusarium proliferatum treatment also significantly increased mean focal volume (P<0.04). In conclusion, the feeding of F. proliferatum containing only 20
Representing and Accessing Design Knowledge for Service Integration

Process construction from existing services requires use of appropriate design knowledge. For services that are mapped to underlying legacy applications, this takes the form of enterprise integration solutions. Design knowledge in this domain is available in the form of enterprise integration patterns (EIP). These patterns are, however, difficult to understand; they also use primitives that are different from those used for process representation. As a result, accessing EIP based on process requirements remains a cognitively demanding task for designers. In this paper, we describe a knowledge-base that represents the EIPs, infusing them with semantics derived from speech acts; and a set of heuristics, which can be used to retrieve EIPs for a set of requirements. An example serves to illustrate how the two can work in tandem to assist the designer.
Accurate Measurement in Cultural Psychiatry: Will We Pay the Costs?

Research in cultural psychiatry aims to understand the variable contexts important for psychological development and psychiatric illness, and how culture interacts with health perception, treatment seeking, and health outcomes. This is complicated and painstaking work. Not only are there multiple interactive cultural variables to take into account, but there is also the additional problem of accurately measuring those variables and their interaction with the health constructs of interest. The Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture (SSPC) held its first annual thematic pre-conference meeting in 2001 on methodology in cultural psychiatry. This issue of Transcultural Psychiatry contains some of the papers presented at the conference as well as others on methodology in cultural psychiatry, all of which demonstrate the complexity of ‘culture,’ and the time and effort needed to conduct sound research. How does cultural psychiatry reconcile the potential non-generalizability of the ethnographic report with the limits on construct validity of an etic, quantitative approach? Cultural variables must be defined and tested using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to broaden the scope, validity and importance of their findings (Hollifield et al., 2002). In this issue, de Jong and Van Ommeren describe a model for conducting cultural epidemiological research that improves data validity by integrating both kinds of methods. The authors also draw attention to sampling and data collection methods in current epidemiological research that,
INTERGROUP PHAGE REACTIONS AND TRANSDUCTION BETWEEN GROUP C AND GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI

In a study of intergroup reactions, four virulent Group A streptococcal phages were found to form plaques in high titer on lawns prepared from a number of Group C streptococcal strains. Whether the phages were propagated on the homologous (Group A) strain or a heterologous (Group C) strain did not appear to influence consistently the plaque-forming efficiency on lawns prepared from a homologous (Group A) or a heterologous (Group C) strain or to alter significantly the percent of Group C strains which showed plaque formation. Considerable variability was found in the ability of temperate phages to lyse strains of a heterologous group. A single Group C indicator strain was lysed by a high percentage of freshly induced temperate Group A phages. A single temperate Group C phage lysed a significant proportion of Group A strains when freshly induced or when propagated on a Group A strain. Intragroup transduction of streptomycin resistance was demonstrated between Group C strains. Intergroup transduction of streptomycin resistance and also bacitracin resistance was achieved between Group C and Group A streptococci. These observations provide evidence that Group A streptococci can serve as recipients in intergroup transmission of genetic information. Ultraviolet irradiation of the transducing lysate and lowering the propagation temperature of the transducing lysate increased the frequency of transduction in both the intragroup and intergroup transduction systems.
Optimal Backpressure Routing for Wireless Networks with Multi-Receiver Diversity

We consider the problem of optimal scheduling and routing in an ad-hoc wireless network with multiple traffic streams and time varying channel reliability. Each packet transmission can be overheard by a subset of receiver nodes, with a transmission success probability that may vary from receiver to receiver and may also vary with time. We develop a simple backpressure routing algorithm that maximizes network throughput and expends an average power that can be pushed arbitrarily close to the minimum average power required for network stability, with a corresponding tradeoff in network delay. The algorithm can be implemented in a distributed manner using only local link error probability information, and supports a "blind transmission" mode (where error probabilities are not required) in special cases when the power metric is neglected and when there is only a single destination for all traffic streams.
Out of the Tropics: Evolutionary Dynamics of the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient

The evolutionary dynamics underlying the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity have been controversial for over a century. Using a spatially explicit approach that incorporates not only origination and extinction but immigration, a global analysis of genera and subgenera of marine bivalves over the past 11 million years supports an "out of the tropics" model, in which taxa preferentially originate in the tropics and expand toward the poles without losing their tropical presence. The tropics are thus both a cradle and a museum of biodiversity, contrary to the conceptual dichotomy dominant since 1974; a tropical diversity crisis would thus have profound evolutionary effects at all latitudes.
Tracing Traffic through Intermediate Hosts that Repacketize Flows

Tracing interactive traffic that traverses stepping stones (i.e., intermediate hosts) is challenging, as the packet headers, lengths, and contents can all be changed by the stepping stones. The traffic timing has therefore been studied as a means of tracing traffic. One such technique uses traffic timing as a side channel into which a watermark, or identifying tag, can be embedded to aid with tracing. The effectiveness of such techniques is greatly reduced when repacketization of the traffic occurs at the stepping stones. Repacketization is a natural effect of many applications, including SSH, and therefore poses a serious challenge for traffic tracing. This paper presents a new method of embedding a watermark in traffic timing, for purposes of tracing the traffic in the presence of repacketization. This method uses an invariant characteristic of two traffic flows which are part of the same stepping stone chain, namely, elapsed time of the flows. The duration of each flow is sliced into short fixed-length intervals. Packet timing is adjusted to manipulate the packet count in specific intervals, for purposes of embedding the watermark. A statistical analysis of the method, with no assumptions or limitations concerning the distribution of packet times, proves the effectiveness of the method given a sufficient number of packets, despite natural and/or deliberate repacketization and perturbation of the traffic timing by an adversary. The method has been implemented and tested on a large number of synthetically-generated SSH traffic flows. The results demonstrate that 100% detection rates and less than 1% false positive rates are achievable under conditions of 2 seconds of maximum timing perturbation and 12% repacketization rate, using fewer than 1000 packets.
If Charity Begins at Home, Why Do We Go Searching Abroad? Why the Federal Adoption Tax Credit Should Not Subsidize International Adoptions

Currently, nearly half a million children reside in United States foster care, some “aging out” without ever having been adopted. As incentive for placing children from foster care in permanent homes, Congress passed a series of legislative measures, including a federal adoption tax credit, that were intended to promote adoption from foster care. However, recent years have seen a cultural trend, led by the unlikely pairing of celebrities and evangelical Christians, towards international adoption. Although the federal adoption tax credit was originally intended to benefit domestic orphans, those who adopt internationally are now receiving the same tax benefits as those who adopt from foster care. This Article examines the historical trends of domestic and international adoption, as well as the current international adoption movement. It looks at the issue from an intermediate approach to social distributive justice theories and asks whether American taxpayers should be underwriting international adoptions when more than 100,000 available children await adoption at home. Ultimately, Professor Gossett concludes that the federal adoption tax credit should not be used to subsidize international adoptions while the very ones who were the originally intended beneficiaries of the legislation — those “lost in the system” — remain there.
Eigenmode analysis of superradiance

Previous numerical work on the spatiotemporal distributions of the atomic polarization and of the difference in levels population of a one-dimensional system of two-level atoms initially inverted strongly suggested that the dynamics of the slab atomic ensemble in the linear regime of superradiance may best be treated by an eigenmode analysis. This method proved effective in obtaining both the time dependence of the atomic polarization and the spectral distribution of the emitted radiation from the slab in a number of physically interesting problems in the linear regime. In the present paper, I use the eigenfunction expansion technique to reduce the Maxwell-Bloch system of partial differential equations into a system of coupled first-order ordinary differential equations whose solutions clearly detail the contributions of the different modes to the system dynamics in the nonlinear regime of superradiant emission. I compute also the delay in time of the peak of the superradiant burst and its magnitude as functions of the ratio of the longitudinal decay rate to the transverse decay rate of the system.
Successful physician interventions with hospitalized alcoholic patients.

Despite high morbidity and monality rates of alcoholism, physicians fail to diagnose alcoholism in up to 50 percent of alcoholic patients and offer adequate treatment to only 5 to 15 percent. l -4 Physicians' pessimistic attitudes toward alcoholism treatment are believed to be a major contributor to this problem. Many physicians manage the complications of alcoholism without addressing the underlying disease, assuming that patients are not interested in treatment, that they as physicians lack the time or skills needed to intervene with alcoholic patients, or that treatment itself will be of little benefit.S,6 The assumption, however, that interventions with alcoholic patients are "doomed to failure" is largely untested. Only two previous studies have examined the effectiveness of attempted interventions with hospitalized alcoholic patients, and neither of these involved physician interventions.7,8 A pilot study was undertaken to explore three different methods for referring hospitalized alcoholic patients for treatment.
Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation.

Background Whether antiarrhythmic drugs improve the rate of successful resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has not been determined in randomized clinical trials. Methods We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intravenous amiodarone in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Patients who had cardiac arrest with ventricular fibrillation (or pulseless ventricular tachycardia) and who had not been resuscitated after receiving three or more precordial shocks were randomly assigned to receive 300 mg of intravenous amiodarone (246 patients) or placebo (258 patients). Results The treatment groups had similar clinical profiles. There was no significant difference between the amiodarone and placebo groups in the mean (±SD) duration of the resuscitation attempt (42±16 and 43±16 minutes, respectively), the number of shocks delivered (4±3 and 6±5), or the proportion of patients who required additional antiarrhythmic drugs after the administration of the study drug (66...
Catenoidal Shape of the Interventricular Septum Acquired Secondary to Myocardial Infarction

A catenoidal, or saddle-shaped, configuration of the interventricular septum, concave toward the left ventricular cavity in the transverse plane, but convex toward the left ventricular cavity in the apex to base plane, occurs in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and possibly may lead to septal hypertrophy and immobility. The authors also have observed catenoidal shape of the interventricular septum in hearts with myocardial infarcts. They reviewed 1,415 hearts examined after postmortem arteriography and fixation in distention from patients autopsied at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. Among 586 hearts with myocardial infarcts, there were 54 (9%) with a catenoidal shape of the interventricular septum. The infarcts, 45 anterior septal and 9 inferior and lateral, appeared to account for the reversal of normal apex to base curvature, although coexistent idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis could not be excluded in 3 patients. There was moderate or marked infarct expansion in 25/54 (46%) and septal or free wall rupture in 8 (15%) hearts. Reduced average net septal curvature in the 54 hearts, highly significant compared with that in 80 hearts without infarcts ( P < 0.001), would reduce the septum’s contribution to left ventricular function and may contribute to the observed postinfarct congestive failure, 30/54 (56%), and hypoperfusion, 7/54 (13%). The results suggest that some myocardial infarcts may produce a catenoidal shape of the interventricular septum that could reduce the functional activity of the surviving uninfarcted basilar portion of the septum and thereby contribute to postinfarction cardiac dysfunction.
Ticlopidine: new option for stroke prevention.

A new inhibitor of platelet aggregation shows promise in preventing stroke, as well as cardiac events in patients at risk for stroke.
Automated mapping of phenotype space with single-cell data

Accurate identification of cell subsets in complex populations is key to discovering novelty in multidimensional single-cell experiments. We present X-shift (http://web.stanford.edu/~samusik/vortex/), an algorithm that processes data sets using fast k-nearest-neighbor estimation of cell event density and arranges populations by marker-based classification. X-shift enables automated cell-subset clustering and access to biological insights that 'prior knowledge' might prevent the researcher from discovering.
Analysis of the Adviser-Shareholder Relationship in the Mutual Fund Industry

The main attribute of mutual fund advisory services that makes them the subject of such extensive judicial and legal inquiry is the nature of the relationship between a mutual fund and the supplier of these services. The mutual fund and its adviser are not independent enterprises, since the mutual fund is the creation of the advisory enterprise. As a result, it may appear that there is no freedom to shop around and find the firm that is prepared to supply the advisory services on the most favorable financial terms. Proponents of industry regulation emphasize this feature of mutual funds, which, in their opinion, has permitted fund managers to charge excessive fees or otherwise engage in self-seeking behavior92 at the expense of mutual fund shareholders.
Biochip for the Detection of Bacillus anthracis Lethal Factor and Therapeutic Agents against Anthrax Toxins

Tethered lipid bilayer membranes (tBLMs) have been used in many applications, including biosensing and membrane protein structure studies. This report describes a biosensor for anthrax toxins that was fabricated through the self-assembly of a tBLM with B. anthracis protective antigen ion channels that are both the recognition element and electrochemical transducer. We characterize the sensor and its properties with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance. The sensor shows a sensitivity similar to ELISA and can also be used to rapidly screen for molecules that bind to the toxins and potentially inhibit their lethal effects.
Technical Note: A new phantom design for routine testing of Doppler ultrasound

Purpose: The objective of this project is to demonstrate the principle and operation for a simple, inexpensive, and highly portable Doppler ultrasound quality assurance (QA) phantom intended for routine QA testing. A prototype phantom has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated. The phantom described here is powered by gravity alone, requires no external equipment for operation, and produces a stable fluid velocity useful for quality assurance. Many commercially available Doppler ultrasound testing systems can suffer from issues such as a lengthy setup, prohibitive cost, nonportable size, or difficulty in use. This new phantom design aims to address some of these problems and create a phantom appropriate for assessing Doppler ultrasound stability. Methods: The phantom was fabricated using a 3D printer. The basic design of the phantom is to provide gravity-powered flow of a Doppler fluid between two reservoirs. The printed components were connected with latex tubing and then seated in a tissue mimicking gel. Spectral Doppler waveforms were sampled to evaluate variations in the data, and the phantom was evaluated using high frame rate video to find an alternate measure of mean fluid velocity flowing in the phantom. Results: The current system design maintains stable flow from one reservoir to the other for approximately 7 s. Color Doppler imaging of the phantom was found to be qualitatively consistent with laminar flow. Using pulsed spectral Doppler, the average fluid velocity from a sample volume approximately centered in the synthetic vessel was measured to be 56 cm/s with a standard deviation of 3.2 cm/s across 118 measurements. An independent measure of the average fluid velocity was measured to be 51.9 cm/s with a standard deviation of 0.7 cm/s over 4 measurements. Conclusions: The developed phantom provides stable fluid flow useful for frequent clinical Doppler ultrasound testing and attempts to address several obstacles facing Doppler phantom testing. Such an ultrasound phantom can make routine testing more approachable for institutions that wish to initiate a Doppler QA program or complement a previously existing QA program.
Chapter 9 – Human Milk and Infant Formula

Human milk is the best reference standard by which all infant formula is compared and it has always been considered a species-specific food. Modern infant formulas are designed for infants based on the knowledge of human milk. There are numerous differences in chemical and biological properties between human milk and infant formula. In addition to nutritional components, human milk also contains immunoglobulin SlgA, lactoferrin, peptide and non-peptide hormones, growth factors, peptides, lipids, and other fractions. It is a living tissue much like blood or plasma. Each advance in infant formula, including formulation and processing, allows for the improvement of a product that continues to be increasingly similar to human milk. Although much is still unknown about human milk and how to produce the optimum infant formula, new information is constantly being discovered. Some of the recent progress made in infant formula formulation and processing includes fortification with ω-6 fatty acids, such as arachidonic, and ω-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenioc acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, nucleotides, and ingredients that promote healthy colonic microflora; effect of removal of phytate on soy formulas; trace mineral solubility and availability; component distribution and interactions; modification of whey protein profile and addition of bioactive peptide fractions.
"...it's your project, but it's not necessarily your work...": infrastructuring, situatedness, and designing relational practice

This paper builds on trajectories in PD that attend to designers' situatedness within the broader systemic contexts in which they work. It proposes (re)considering infrastructuring, understood as a range of approaches to designing socio-material systems, through attention to designers' locations, as one way to imagine what is at stake when designing with people. The paper draws upon a reflective analysis of long-term design research with a social justice organization. The local context of the group and the larger socio-political-historical context of systems of policing with which the group contends shaped our understandings of what was necessary, possible and strategic. Working at the intersections of these infrastructures, in turn, shaped how we designed together. I propose "relational practice" as a framework for critically engaging designers' dynamic positions in infrastructuring and argue that how we design relational practices, and how we understand them, is critical for how we approach infrastructuring as on-going work toward shared, if complex and difficult to imagine, social and political possibilities.
Virus Pneumonia and Pneumonitis Viruses of Man and Animals

A wide variety of viruses may cause pulmonary infections in man and in animals. Knowledge of virus pneumonia has developed not only from study of the human infections but also from the experimental production of this disease with various known viruses in animals, and the discovery of new pneumotropic agents in experimental animals during attempts to transmit the agents of human respiratory infections to them.
Influence of surface-treated SiO2 on the transport behavior of O2 and N2 through polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite membrane

Abstract Mixed matrix membranes were prepared with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and different weight percent surface-treated fumed silica (SiO2) to investigate the influence of SiO2 on transport behavior of O2 and N2 gases in the nanocomposite membranes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that OH functional group on the surface of SiO2 was consumed upon incorporation of the silica into the polymer matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results revealed that SiO2-PDMS has improved thermal property over neat PDMS, supporting the argument that there is good interaction between the polymer and the fumed silica. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of SiO2-PDMS membranes showed uniform dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles in PDMS matrix. SiO2 nanoparticles disrupted and altered the PDMS polymer chains packing arrangement resulting in different membrane transport behavior of both O2 and N2 gases in SiO2-PDMS compared to the neat PDMS membrane. While the O2 flux through SiO2-PDMS membranes was observed to increase with time, N2 flux decreased with time before attaining steady state. The 10 wt%SiO2-PDMS membrane exhibited improved performance compared to neat PDMS membranes with O2/N2 selectivity and O2 permeability increased from 2.43 to 3.46 and 590 Barrer to 640 Barrer, respectively, at 30 psig. This improvement is attributed to the influence of the well dispersed SiO2 nanoparticles in the PDMS matrix.
The Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) and Its Applications

Abstract Cannabis is the most widely used illegal psychoactive substance in the world. There are many self-report screenings that are designed to detect the problematic use of cannabis, but in order to compare the various studies in different countries, and to effectively monitor phenomena related to problematic-cannabis-use, the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) suggests the use of the Cannabis-Abuse Screening Test (CAST). Recently, several studies have investigated the association between problematic-cannabis-use detected by CAST and other components relating to the subject and the social and family environments. This study shows that the problematic-cannabis-use is positively related with the use of other substance (tobacco, alcohol, and other illegal substances) and truancy from school, as well as poor scholastic performance and gambling for money. The protective variables regarding problematic-cannabis-use are high self-esteem and satisfaction with health status. These results must be taken into consideration when designing interventions of prevention and of treatment targeting young people and families.
Effects of energy supplementation on energy losses and nitrogen balance of steers fed green-chopped wheat pasture I: Calorimetry

Cattle grazing wheat pasture in the southern Great Plains are sometimes fed an energy supplement; however, the benefits of supplementation on nutrient balance, energy metabolism, and greenhouse gas emissions have not been elucidated. Therefore, we used 10 British crossbred steers (206 ± 10.7 kg initial BW) in a respiration calorimetry study to evaluate the effects of energy supplementation on energy losses, N balance, and nutrient digestibility of steers fed green-chopped wheat forage. The study design was an incomplete replicated 4 × 4 Latin square with treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Steers ( = 8) were assigned to 1 of 2 BW blocks (4 steers per block) with dietary factors consisting of 1) no supplementation (CON) or supplemented with a steam-flaked corn-based energy supplement (that also contained monensin sodium) at 0.5% of BW daily (SUP) and 2) NEm intakes of 1 times (1x) or 1.5 times (1.5x) maintenance. Wheat forage was harvested daily and continuously fed as green-chop to steers during the 56-d study. There were no differences ( ≥ 0.32) between CON and SUP for OM (78.3 vs. 80.7%, respectively) or NDF (68.3 vs. 64.8%, respectively) digestibility. At the 1.5x level of intake, there was no difference ( ≥ 0.16) in energy lost in feces (4.27 vs. 3.92 Mcal/d) or urine (0.58 vs. 0.55 Mcal/d), heat production (8.69 vs. 8.44 Mcal/d), or retained energy (3.10 vs. 3.46 Mcal/d) between supplementation treatments. Oxygen consumption (1,777 vs. 1,731 L/d; = 0.67) and CO production (1,704 vs. 1,627 L/d; = 0.56) of CON and SUP steers, respectively, were not different; however, SUP steers tended to have ( = 0.06) lower CH production (115 vs 130 L/d) than CON steers. Methane, as a proportion of GE intake, was similar for CON (6.87%) and SUP (6.07%; = 0.18), as was the ME:DE ratio ( = 0.24; 86.3% for CON and 87.9% for SUP). Fractional N excretion in urine and feces, as a proportion of total N excreted ( ≥ 0.84) or N intake ( ≥ 0.63), was not different between treatments. Calculated NEm and NEg values for CON were 1.76 and 1.37 Mcal/kg DM, respectively, whereas the NEm and NEg values for the SUP treatment were 2.32 and 1.61 Mcal/kg DM, respectively. Calculated NE values for steers fed additional energy were approximately 17.5% greater than the expected difference in energy content. This was probably the result of the inconsistent response at the 1x DMI level. Under these circumstances, energy supplementation did appear to enhance NEm and NEg value of the supplemented wheat forage diet.
Pragmatic flexibility in primate vocal production

The production of vocalizations by monkeys and apes is often described as highly constrained and fundamentally different from human speech. We review recent field studies of baboons and bonobos that suggest greater flexibility. Calls function to reduce the uncertainty inherent in social interactions. Vocal production, like individuals’ responses to calls, is subtly tuned to variation in the social context, including a caller's assessment of how a listener is likely to respond. We suggest parallels between the decision to vocalize and laboratory, neurophysiological tests of social decisions. We also discuss implications for theories of language evolution.
Exercise Training and Cardiovascular Health in Cancer Patients

Cancer patients nearly universally experience a decline in quality of life, with fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance as cardinal reflections. A routine exercise program can improve these signs and symptoms as well as overall outcomes. The review provides an updated overview of the field and its translation to clinical practice. A wealth of clinical studies have documented the safety and benefits of exercise after and during cancer therapy, and pilot and larger-scale studies are currently ongoing to integrate exercise into the treatment program for cancer patients undergoing active therapy (EXACT pilot, OptiTrain, and TITAN study). More recently, efforts have emerged to commence exercise programs before the start of cancer therapy, so-called pre-habilitation. The concept of increasing the cardiovascular reserve beforehand is intuitively attractive. In agreement, preclinical studies support exercise as an effective preventive means before and during cardiotoxic drug exposure. Assuming that a pronounced drop in exercise tolerance will occur during cancer therapy, pre-habilitation can potentially curtail or raise the nadir level of exercise tolerance. Furthermore, such efforts might serve as pre-conditioning efforts in reducing not only the nadir, but even the magnitude of drop in cardiovascular reserve. Initiated beforehand, cancer patients are also more likely to continue these efforts during cancer therapy. Finally, an active exercise routine (≥ 150 min/week moderate intensity or ≥ 75 min/week vigorous intensity or combination) in conjunction with the other six American Heart Association’s cardiovascular health metrics (BMI < 25 kg/m2, blood pressure < 120/80 mmHg, fasting plasma glucose < 100 mg/dL, total cholesterol < 200 mg/dL, 4–5 component healthy diet, no smoking) reduces not only the cardiovascular but also the cancer disease risk. Exercise can reduce the risks of developing cancer, the detrimental effects of its treatment on the cardiovascular system, and overall morbidity and mortality. Exercise should become an integral part of the care for every cancer patient.
Keratinocytes Can Regulate Prostaglandin Synthesis by Fibroblasts: Potential Role for Interleukin 1

Skin can be considered as a two-compartment tissue consisting of an overlying epidermis and an underlying dermis separated by a selectively permeable basement membrane. Studies on the communication between these skin compartments have shown that the keratinocyte, which is the constitutive cell of the epidermis appears susceptible to modulation by dermally derived influences. In tissue recombinant experiments, Billingham and Silvers (1967) found that regional epidermal histomorphology in guinea pigs (e.g. sole versus ear) was determined by the origin of the dermal component. Melbye and Karasek (1973) and Mackenzie and Fusenig (1983) further found that facilitation of epidermal proliferation may depend on diffusable, dermally-derived factors.
A Brief History of Milk Hygiene and Its Impact on Infant Mortality from 1875 to 1925 and Implications for Today: A Review

The objective of this review is to provide an integrated historical account of the complex, often convoluted events impacting milk hygiene and its resultant effect on infant mortality from 1875 to 1925. Heat pasteurization of cow's milk is necessary for rendering this important nutrient source safe for humans-particularly infants. Developed by Louis Pasteur in 1864, pasteurization evolved from the commercially important parboiling of wine and beer when the Industrial Revolution was effecting rapid societal change in Western societies. In European and American societies of the early and mid-19th century, infant mortality rates were 30- to 60-fold higher than the current rates of five or six deaths per 1,000 live births per year. With proof of the germ theory of disease came convincing evidence of the role of microbes in the transmission of infections, which led to the discovery that microbial pathogens were transmissible via milk. Diseases caused by milkborne pathogens include human and bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, salmonellosis, streptococcal infections, diphtheria, and "summer diarrhea." With pasteurization of milk, infectious diseases with their high infant mortality rates decreased by only half by the early 20th century, despite concurrent medical and dairy hygiene advances. To further mitigate unacceptably high infant mortality rates, social support providers-including public health nurses and midwives-encouraged breastfeeding, especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged mothers. Improvements in pulsating vacuum milking machines also favorably impacted food safety by providing a clean, enclosed environment. Currently, bottle feeding still competes with breastfeeding as the preferred method, and the sale of raw, unpasteurized milk remains a contentious issue. Informed and responsible food safety professionals, physicians, and public health officials currently view breastfeeding as the preferred feeding method and milk pasteurization as the safer and more prudent alternative.
Observation of Square-Planar Distortion in Lanthanide-DopedSkutterudite Crystals

Skutterudite crystals are of interest for their thermoelectric properties and in particular for the flexibility the structure offers for tuning such properties. One strategy to enhance the thermoel...