cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tonic stimulation of GABAB receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius modulates the baroreceptor reflex

Previous studies have indicated that tonic stimulation of GABAB receptors in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contributes to the regulation of arterial blood pressure (AP). The present studies examined the hypotheses that (1) tonic stimulation of GABAB receptors in the NTS provides a tonic attenuation of the baroreceptor reflex and (2) enhanced stimulation of these GABAB receptors markedly attenuates the baroreceptor reflex resulting in an increase in AP. In chloralose-anesthetized rats electrical stimulation of the aortic depressor nerve elicited frequency-dependent decreases in AP and heart rate (HR). These responses were markedly attenuated, but not eliminated, by injection of the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen into the ipsilateral NTS. In contrast, the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol completely inhibited aortic depressor nerve-evoked responses. Blockade of GABAB receptors in the NTS by local injection of CGP-35348 elicited a dose-dependent decrease in AP, and a dose-dependent blockade of the pressor response elicited by injection of baclofen into the NTS. These results support the hypothesis that GABA acts tonically on GABAB receptors in the NTS to attenuate the baroreceptor reflex, thereby contributing to the regulation of AP.
Identity management tools for protecting online privacy

We use the Internet for shopping, staying in contact with friends, paying our bills, and declaring our taxes -- for almost everything. Thereby we emit a lot of sensitive information that is exchanged, processed, and stored at many different places. Sometimes we release our information voluntarily and consciously but quite often also unconsciously and unnoticed. In any case, once released, we can impossibly control the dispersal of this information, let alone remain aware where the information about us is stored and processed. However, the press reports daily on incidents where sensitive information has been lost, stolen, or misused -- often even information originally collected by large and reputable organizations. This situation puts our privacy and security at risk.Fortunately, there exist a fair number of privacy-enhancing technologies which can help in minimizing the amount of information that needs to be revealed in transactions, on the one hand, and in limiting the information's dispersal, on the other hand. Examples are the privacy-enhancing technologies developed by the PrimeLife project. PrimeLife was a three year project funded by the European Commission and involved about 50 participants from 15 academic, industrial and public organizations. PrimeLife's goals were threefold: first, to make the existing research results and technologies available and useable, second, to fill the gaps between research prototypes and the requirements of practical applications, and third, to invent and develop new solutions to the privacy issues raised by the recent Internet applications such as social networks, cloud storage, and wikis.In this talk we will present and discuss a number of results from the PrimeLife project. These include, for instance, the social network Clique url{clique.primelife.eu} where users can easily determine the audience of their postings, a concept that has found its way in Google+, and our tool Scamble! which ensure by encryption that indeed only the intended audience is able to decrypt a user's posting. We will further review PrimeLife's efforts to make privacy-enhancing technologies available and finally briefly discuss its successor ABC4Trust which will conduct two pilots with the privacy preserving credential technologies Identity Mixer and U-Prove.For more information we refer to the books by PrimeLife and its predecessor PRIME summarizing their results [1,2] and to their respective websites www.primelife.eu and www.prime-project.eu. Information on the ABC4Trust project is found at www.abc4trust.eu.
Biaryl piperidines as potent and selective delta opioid receptor ligands

The design and synthesis of novel opiates are reported. Based on the message-address principle a novel class of 4,4- and 3,3-biaryl piperidines was designed and synthesized. Biological evaluation confirmed that these compounds exhibit high affinity and selectivity for the delta opioid receptor. Key structure-activity relationships that influence affinity, selectivity, functional activity and clearance are reported.
Origin of Ionized Iron after Action of Acids on Blood and Influence of Carbon Monoxide

Summary1. The amount of labile iron derived from preformed pseudohemoglobins is not more than 2% of the total blood iron. 2. Under the influence of very dilute acids additional iron is split from the hemoglobin molecule itself. 3. Carbon monoxide inhibits the liberation of iron. 4. This inhibitory effect can be used for diagnostic purposes and confirms the presence of carbon monoxide in the blood of tobacco smokers.
Apparent disinhibition of successive but not of simultaneous negative contrast

In a series of three experiments, rats shifted from a 32% to a 4% sucrose solution, after 10 days’ exposure to the 32% solution, exhibited a negative contrast effect in lick rate. In each experiment, shifted rats that received a novel stimulus (tone) during the postshift period exhibited a higher lick rate (smaller contrast effect) than shifted subjects not receiving the tone. This increase in lick rate resembles Pavlovian disinhibition and is interpreted as supporting an inhibitory view of successive negative contrast effects. Control conditions included in Experiments 2 and 3 favored the disinhibition interpretation of the effect of the tone, as opposed to a rate-dependency hypothesis or to the nonspecific energization of behavior. In Experiments 4–6, the tone was introduced coincident with the occurrence of a simultaneous negative contrast effect. Rather than disinhibition, a decrease in licking occurred. These results were discussed in terms of differences between successive and simultaneous contrast.
Sub-leading logarithmic mass-dependence in heavy-meson form-factors

We calculate the two-loop anomalous dimension and the first-order coefficient function of weak-interaction currents in the heavy-quark effective field theory. Together with the two-loop QCD β-function, these quantities form the complete sub-leading logarithmic corrections to the mass-factorization of weak form factors.
Provocation of atrioventricular reentry tachycardia: a paradoxical effect of adenosine.

Adenosine has been used to diagnose latent preexcitation in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A case is reported in which intermittent preexcitation had been previously observed, however only retrograde accessory pathway conduction was documented at the time of invasive eiectrophysiological study, Administration of intravenous adenosine during sinus rhythm resulted in provocation of orthodromic atrioventricular reentry tachycardia.
The Mesopelagic Caridean Shrimp Notostomus Japonicus Bate in the Northeastern Pacific 1)

Notostomus japonicus wird neubeschrieben auf Grund von 32 Exemplaren, die in 225 bis 400 m Tiefe westlich von British Columbia, Washington, und Oregon entnommen wurden. Bei Individuen mit Carapaxlangen zwischen 9,3 bis 33,1 mm sind die diagnostischen Merkmale in beiden Geschlechtern in allen Altersklassen gleich und zeigen keine signifikante Variation.
Epithelial cell proliferation in the developing zebrafish intestine is regulated by the Wnt pathway and microbial signaling via Myd88.

Rates of cell proliferation in the vertebrate intestinal epithelium are modulated by intrinsic signaling pathways and extrinsic cues. Here, we report that epithelial cell proliferation in the developing zebrafish intestine is stimulated both by the presence of the resident microbiota and by activation of Wnt signaling. We find that the response to microbial proliferation-promoting signals requires Myd88 but not TNF receptor, implicating host innate immune pathways but not inflammation in the establishment of homeostasis in the developing intestinal epithelium. We show that loss of axin1, a component of the β-catenin destruction complex, results in greater than WT levels of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. Compared with conventionally reared axin1 mutants, germ-free axin1 mutants exhibit decreased intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, whereas monoassociation with the resident intestinal bacterium Aeromonas veronii results in elevated epithelial cell proliferation. Disruption of β-catenin signaling by deletion of the β-catenin coactivator tcf4 partially decreases the proliferation-promoting capacity of A. veronii. We show that numbers of intestinal epithelial cells with cytoplasmic β-catenin are reduced in the absence of the microbiota in both WT and axin1 mutants and elevated in animals’ monoassociated A. veronii. Collectively, these data demonstrate that resident intestinal bacteria enhance the stability of β-catenin in intestinal epithelial cells and promote cell proliferation in the developing vertebrate intestine.
What role for public health in genetics and vice versa

Some epidemiologists and geneticists claim that integrating genetics into public health policies and programs is necessary and unavoidable. Objective: To examine the extent to which
Performance visualization for parallel programs

We describe here a set of graphical performance visualization tools that have been developed at Argonne National Laboratory for increasing one's understanding of the behavior of parallel programs
A qualitative and quantitative review of cocaine-induced craving: The phenomenon of priming

Abstract Drug-induced craving is thought to play an important role in relapse occasioned by a “slip”, or an isolated use of a previously abused drug after a period of abstinence. Clinical experience suggests that acute exposure to cocaine elicits craving (hereafter referred to as “priming”); however, this has received surprisingly little attention in the clinical literature. Aims The intentions of this review are to provide a qualitative review of the literature as well as a more stringent quantitative review of the existence and presence of cocaine-induced priming effects. Methods In order to determine whether priming effects occur following cocaine administration, we conducted qualitative and quantitative reviews of studies in which participants received cocaine under experimentally controlled conditions in the laboratory. Results The results of the qualitative review were equivocal, while the quantitative review revealed that cocaine administration was associated with a significant increase in craving for cocaine, and the effect size of this relationship was large. Conclusion A review of the individual studies revealed marked variability, suggesting that priming effects did not occur consistently and that there may be factors that mediate or moderate the intensity of the priming effects induced by cocaine. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Effect of Triton X-100 concentration on NAA penetration through the isolated tomato fruit cuticular membrane

Abstract The effect of the surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) on penetration of 2-(1-naphthyl) acetic acid (NAA, 1 mM NAA in 20 mM citric acid buffer at pH 3.2) through enzymatically isolated tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit cuticular membranes (CM) was investigated at concentrations of 0.001–10% (w/v) using an infinite dose diffusion system. This system permits the study of penetration of an active ingredient under steady-state conditions from a donor solution through an interfacing CM into a receiver solution. NAA penetration was related to TX-100 concentration where increasing concentration up to 0.1% increased NAA flux and permeance, but concentrations >0.1% decreased both flux and permeance. Sorption of NAA by the CM was independent of TX-100 concentration up to 0.0475%, but decreased with higher concentrations. The decrease in the NAA permeance coefficient at higher surfactant concentrations (>0.1%) was less than the decrease in the partition coefficient. This finding is interpreted as evidence that the surfactant affected the permeability of the CM resulting in an increase in the diffusion coefficient of NAA and/or decrease in tortuosity of the diffusion path across the CM.
Varicella prevention in the United States: a review of successes and challenges.

OBJECTIVE. In 1995, the United States was the first country to introduce a universal 1-dose childhood varicella vaccination program. In 2006, the US varicella vaccine policy was changed to a routine 2-dose childhood program, with catchup vaccination for older children. The objective of this review was to summarize the US experience with the 1-dose varicella vaccination program, present the evidence considered for the policy change, and outline future challenges of the program. METHODS. We conducted a review of publications identified by searching PubMed for the terms “varicella,” “varicella vaccine,” and “herpes zoster.” The search was limited to US publications except for herpes zoster; we reviewed all published literature on herpes zoster incidence. RESULTS. A single dose of varicella vaccine was 80% to 85% effective in preventing disease of any severity and >95% effective in preventing severe varicella and had an excellent safety profile. The vaccination program reduced disease incidence by 57% to 90%, hospitalizations by 75% to 88%, deaths by >74%, and direct inpatient and outpatient medical expenditures by 74%. The decline of cases plateaued between 2003 and 2006, and outbreaks continued to occur, even among highly vaccinated school populations. Compared with children who received 1 dose, in 1 clinical trial, 2-dose vaccine recipients developed in a larger proportion antibody titers that were more likely to protect against breakthrough disease and had a 3.3-fold lower risk for breakthrough disease and higher vaccine efficacy. Two studies showed no increase in overall herpes zoster incidence, whereas 2 others showed an increase. CONCLUSIONS. A decade of varicella prevention in the United States has resulted in a dramatic decline in disease; however, even with high vaccination coverage, the effectiveness of 1 dose of vaccine did not generate sufficient population immunity to prevent community transmission. A 2-dose varicella vaccine schedule, therefore, was recommended for children in 2006. Data are inconclusive regarding an effect of the varicella vaccination program on herpes zoster epidemiology.
An Investigation of the Prevalence of Replication Research in Human Factors

Objective: The present studies investigated the nature of replication research within the human factors literature. Background: Many claim that researchers in certain fields do not replicate prior research. This is troubling because replications allow science to self-correct. A successful replication corroborates the original finding, whereas an unsuccessful replication falsifies it. To date, no one has assessed whether this issue affects the field of human factors. Method: In the first study, eight articles (parent articles) were selected from the 1991 issues of the journal Human Factors. Each article that had referenced one of the eight parent articles between 1991 and September 2006 (child articles) were also retrieved. Two investigators coded and compared each child article against its 1991 parent article to determine whether the child article replicated its parent article. The second study replicated these procedures. Results: Half or more of the parent articles in Study 1 and Study 2 (75% and 50%, respectively) were replicated at least once. Furthermore, human factors researchers conducted replications of their own work as well as the work of others. However, many researchers did not state that they replicated previous research. Conclusion: Replications seem to be common in the human factors literature. However, readers may not realize that a study replicated prior research. Thus, they may incorrectly assess the evidence concerning a given finding. Application: Human factors professionals should be taught how to identify replications and to be cautious of research that has not been replicated.
Dielectric relaxation of poly (phenylene sulfide) containing a fraction of rigid amorphous phase

The dielectric relaxation behavior of poly(phenylene sulfide), PPS, has been investigated from room temperature to 180°C. This study was undertaken to examine the mobility of the amorphous phase through the glass transition region, to determine the contribution that rigid amorphous phase material makes to the relaxation process. Semicrystalline samples contain a fraction of the rigid amorphous phase, which was determined from the heat capacity increment at the glass transition, using degree of crystallinity determined from x-ray scattering. In the dielectric experiment, we measured the temperature and frequency dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric function. e″ vs. e′ was used to determine the dielectric relaxation intensity, δe = es–e∞, at temperatures above the glass transition. For amorphous PPS, δe decreases as temperature increases, while for all semicrystalline PPS, δe increases with temperature. The ratio of semicrystalline intensity to amorphous intensity determines the total fraction of dipoles which are already relaxed at a given temperature. Results indicate that more and more rigid amorphous phase material relaxes as the temperature is increased. This provides the first evidence that rigid amorphous phase material in PPS contains chains that possess different levels of molecular mobility. Finally, to the temperature of the loss peak maximum, at a given frequency, we assign the value of the dielectric Tg. For both melt and cold crystallization, the dielectric Tg systematically decreases as the crystallization temperature increases, and as the fraction of rigid amorphous phase decreases.
PMOS-Only Sleep Switch Dual-Threshold Voltage Domino Logic in Sub-65-nm CMOS Technologies

A circuit technique is proposed in this paper for simultaneously reducing the subthreshold and gate oxide leakage power consumption in domino logic circuits. Only p-channel sleep transistors and a dual-threshold voltage CMOS technology are utilized to place an idle domino logic circuit into a low leakage state. Sleep transistors are added to the dynamic nodes in order to reduce the subthreshold leakage current by strongly turning off all of the high-threshold voltage transistors. Similarly, the sleep switches added to the output nodes suppress the voltages across the gate insulating layers of the transistors in the fan-out gates, thereby minimizing the gate tunneling current. The proposed circuit technique lowers the total leakage power by up to 77% and 97% as compared to the standard dual-threshold voltage domino logic circuits at the high and low die temperatures, respectively. Similarly, a 22% to 44% reduction in the total leakage power is observed as compared to a previously published sleep switch scheme in a 45-nm CMOS technology. The energy overhead of the circuit technique is low, justifying the activation of the proposed sleep scheme by providing a net savings in total energy consumption during short idle periods.
Food preferences in lambs after exposure to flavors in solid foods

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether experience with onion- or garlic-flavored food early in life affected subsequent intake of foods with those flavors. From 30 to 110 days of age, lambs were exposed to either an onion- or a garlic-flavored ration of ground alfalfa and rolled barley. Lambs were tested using both two-choice and single-choice tests. The two-choice tests were between: (1) onion- and garlic-flavored rations; (2) onion-flavored and unflavored rations; (3) garlic-flavored and unflavored rations. In the single-choice tests, acceptance of food was tested with each flavor at the concentration (2%) received during exposure and with 5, 10, 15, 20 and 2%% of each flavor. When offered a choice between onion- and garlic-flavored food, lambs exposed to garlic ate more ( P P P P >0.05) intake of garlic-flavored food when offered with unflavored food. In the single-choice tests, early experience with flavors did not ( P >0.05) increase intake of flavors at the 2% concentration. Lambs exposed to onion, however, ingested more ( P P >0.05) ingest more food with higher concentrations of garlic than did lambs exposed to onion. Despite differences between groups of lambs shortly after exposure to flavors (1998), there were no differences in intake of flavored foods 9 months later (1989).
Databases in the cloud: a work in progress

This paper describes a curricular initiative in cloud computing intended to keep our information technology (IT) curriculum at the forefront of technology. Currently, our IT degrees offer extensive database concentrations at both the undergraduate (BS-IT) and graduate (MS-IT) levels. Plus in the future, we plan to expand our offerings with a graduate degree focused on enterprise data management, initially on-campus, but ideally also in online learning format. Supporting this curriculum requires extensive lab facilities where students can experiment with different aspects of database architecture, implementation, and administration. Computing in the cloud may provide additional infrastructure and curricular flexibility.Cloud computing is the use of virtual computing technology that is scalable to a given application's specific requirements, without local investment in extensive infrastructure, because the computing resources are provided by various vendors as a service over the Internet. This paper describes our initial work with a graduate student in preparing to offer our foundation database administration course, Database Architecture and Implementation, in the cloud. The student has implemented the existing lab activities for this course under Oracle 11g using currently-available cloud resources. In addition to discussing the choices and pitfalls involved in this initial implementation, this paper discusses our plans to move forward in this area: testing cloud-based education with our database students; followed later by full scale implementation, along with the cost implications. If successful, this approach will open up the ability to move into new curricular areas and technologies without costly upfront investment in hardware and software.
A theoretical inter-organizational trust-based security model

This work examines the interplay of inter-personal and inter-organizational trust, two distinct but related concepts, through a theoretic inter-organizational trust-based security model for a multi-agent system information-sharing community. A calculus that mathematically models trust building at the inter-organizational level is at the heart of this model. In inter-organizational or inter-firm exchange, the role of the boundary spanner, an organizational representative, is important in reducing asymmetries that may exist between the two parties. Trust is a crucial component to the dyadic interaction at the inter-personal or boundary spanner level, and the trust established at this level also affects the overall quality of the relationship at the inter-organizational level. Trust, as an aspect of social control, is thus viewed as a more effective mechanism for security in an open, distributed system, like an information-sharing community. The inter-organizational trust-based security model proposed herein represents a soft security approach. It affords several important benefits over traditional hard security mechanisms used in open systems — robustness, scalability, and adaptability. The inter-organizational trust-based model is an important contribution to the computational security community, as other open systems applications of a distributed or pervasive nature could adapt it and realize its benefits. It is also one of a few attempts to model trust building at either the inter-organizational or inter-personal level.
The Identification of Mono-, Di-, Tri-, and Tetragalactosyl-diacylglycerols and their Natural Estolides in Oat Kernels

Oat kernels were extracted with methanol, and glycolipid-enriched fractions were prepared using silica solid phase extraction. Using direct infusion electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ESI-MS, and HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS, we confirmed previous reports that digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) was the most abundant glycolipid in oat kernels and confirmed a previous report of the presence of a DGDG mono-estolide in oat kernels. In the current study we also identified several additional natural galactolipid estolides: two new DGDG estolides (di- and tri-estolides), two trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TriGDG) estolides (mono- and di-estolides), and one tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol (TetraGDG) estolide (mono-estolide). The levels of total galactolipid estolides in oat kernels were estimated to be about 29% of the total glycolipid fraction. To our knowledge, this report is the first evidence of natural di- and tri-estolides of polar lipids.
The appearance of new phantom fingers post-amputation in a phocomelus

We report the unusual case of a woman with right upper limb phocomelia who, post-amputation of her right hand following trauma, sprouted a phantom hand that contained five digits, including a phantom thumb and index finger that had been absent since her birth. These two phantom digits were initially half normal size, however, more than three decades later, with mirror visual feedback treatment, she was able to elongate them to normal length. This suggests that a hardwired representation of a complete hand had always been present in her brain, but inhibited by the presence of afferents from the phocomelic hand. Amputation of the phocomelic hand then led to disinhibition of this dormant representation, and the emergence of a phantom hand with five fingers, which was then further enhanced by false visual feedback from a mirror. The case powerfully demonstrates the interaction of nature and nurture in creating and sustaining body image.
Prioritization of chemical carcinogenesis testing: the use of production data

Abstract Based on previous work, this paper aims to show how approximate methods of estimating exposure can lead to a preliminary ranked list of chemicals for regulation of carcinogens. This list is likely to be more reliable, than those so far generated. The paper argues four main points. Firstly that an indication of the route by which the total production of a hazardous material is distributed and enters the human body should be explicitly included in calculations. Second, simple calculations based on conservative bounds should be made to establish a ranking or set of priorities for regulation. Third, an improved system for establishing regulatory priorities can be based on formal analysis using regret functions. Finally some simple, bounded, calculations based on commonly used herbicides and pesticides are made and it is shown how some regulatory processes could be modified.
Characteristics of back-arc regions

A compilation is given of the geophysical and geological characteristics of 21 back-arc regions published before April, 1982.
Pulse coupled neural networks for image processing

Studies of cat's and monkey's visual cortex has led to the development of pulse coupled neurons which are significantly different from the conventional artificial neurons. Pulse coupled neural networks (PCNN) are modeled to capture the essence of recent understanding of image interpretation process in biological neural systems. It is shown that pulse coupled neural networks are capable of image smoothing, image segmentation and feature extraction.
Ultrastructure of the corpus luteum of the white‐tailed deer during pregnancy

The fine structure of corpora lutea from 14 white-tailed deer was studied from early through near-term pregnancy. The corpora contained both thecal and granulosal lutein cells. The small, elongate and cylindrical thecal lutein cells contained many lipid droplets, juxtanuclear Golgi elements, abundant agranular endoplasmic reticulum, and other cytoplasmic organelles. These cells were observed throughout pregnancy. Some of the thecal lutein cells became modified during early to midpregnancy. The modified thecal lutein cells possessed many lipid droplets, several lysosomes, packets of PAS-positive glycogen granules, and numerous small membranous whorls of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The granulosal lutein cells had highly folded and/or ruffled plasma membranes, abundant tortuous tubular and cisternal agranular endoplasmic reticulum, numerous rod-shaped to round mitochondria with tubular and lamellar cristae, Golgi elements, and a few packets of granular endoplasmic reticulum. Many granulosal lutein cells became modified during mid- to near-term pregnancy by the addition of numerous small membrane-bound osmiophilic droplets and variable numbers of large nonmembrane-bound lipid droplets. The granulosal and thecal lutein cells appeared more active in steroid biosynthesis than the modified granulosal and thecal lutein cells.
An analytic measure predicting information retrieval system performance

Abstract The performance of information retrieval, hypertext linkage, and text filtering systems may be measured by using historical data or by estimating performance using Bayesian probabilistic or artificial intelligence methods. The measurement of performance is necessary to evaluate document retrieval systems, electronic mail filters, office information systems, and, in general, retrieval from databases when the searcher has incomplete information about the characteristics of the records to be retrieved. We provide a method for estimating precision or retrieval quality without examining individual database documents. This method requires knowledge of only the query or expressed information need and a set of database parameters constant for all queries. The concepts of historic and expected precision are examined. The analytic expected precision measure is used to examine the performance of a system using relevance feedback to increase the accuracy of parameter estimates. Use of a precision-document graph instead of the commonly used precision-recall graph is examined, and several uses of the precision-document graph for a computer-human interface are suggested, including its use as a graphic aid assisting users in deciding when to stop searching. An economic model of information retrieval and the stopping problem is provided, and the conditions are examined under which the user should stop searching when either using or not using relevance feedback.
Full length articles: Some examples of matrix-valued orthogonal functions having a differential and an integral operator as eigenfunctions

The aim of this paper is to show some examples of matrix-valued orthogonal functions on the real line which are simultaneously eigenfunctions of a second-order differential operator of Schrodinger type and an integral operator of Fourier type. As a consequence we derive integral equations of these functions as well as other useful structural formulas. Some of these functions are plotted to show the relationship with the Hermite or wave functions.
One-way imaging through an aberrator with spatially incoherent light by using an optically addressed spatial light modulator

A real-time holographic technique employing an optically addressed spatial light modulator was used to correct an incoherently illuminated image that had made a single pass through an aberrator. Aberrations that change slowly compared with the integration time of the spatial light modulator are fully corrected.
The aromatase inhibitor, 4-hydroxyandrostenedione, restores immune responses following trauma-hemorrhage in males and decreases mortality from subsequent sepsis

Studies have shown that immune responses are depressed in male mice, but not in proestrus females after trauma-hemorrhage (TH), resulting in increased mortality from subsequent sepsis in male mice compared with female mice. These gender-specific alterations in immune function are believed to be due to differences in sex steroid levels. Aromatase is a key enzyme in the sex steroid biosynthesis. Although earlier studies have shown that aromatase inhibitors prevent thymic atrophy in aged male rats, it remains unknown whether the use of 4-hydroxy-androstenedione (4-OHA) after TH in male mice has any salutary effects on the depressed immune responses. Male C3H/HeN mice were sham operated or subjected to trauma (i.e., midline laparotomy) and hemorrhagic shock (30+/-5 mmHg for 90 min) followed by adequate fluid resuscitation. 4-OHA (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administrated s.c. just before resuscitation. At 2 h after resuscitation, the mice were killed, and spleens were harvested. Splenocyte proliferation, interleukin (IL-2), interferon (IFN-gamma), and IL-10 release and expression of androgen (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER)-alpha and -beta by immunoblot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were assessed. In another group, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 3 days after resuscitation, and survival was measured over a period of 10 days. A significant decrease in splenocyte proliferation, IL-2, and IFN-gamma release and increased release of IL-10 were observed in vehicle-treated mice. Animals treated with 4-OHA showed increased splenocyte proliferation, IL-2, and IFN-gamma release, and decreased IL-10 release. Immunoblot analysis showed decreased expression of the cytosolic AR, but no significant difference in the cytosolic and nuclear ER-alpha and -beta expression was observed in the vehicle-treated group after TH. In addition, AR and ER-beta mRNA expression was increased, whereas ER-alpha expression decreased in the vehicle-treated group after TH. ER-alpha expression decreased and ER-beta expression increased in the nucleus of 4-OHA treated mice as determined by immunoblot. There was no difference in the cytosolic AR expression in the 4-OHA-treated group after TH. AR and ER-beta mRNA expression was unaffected, whereas ER-alpha expression increased under such conditions. In additional groups, the increased mortality rate after TH and subsequent sepsis was significantly reduced by 4-OHA treatment. Thus, 4-OHA seems to be a novel and useful adjunct for restoring the depressed immune functions in males after TH and for decreasing mortality rates from subsequent sepsis.
Rapid prototyping of frequency selective surfaces by laser direct-write

In this work we describe the use of laser direct-write for the rapid prototyping of frequency selective surfaces. Frequency selective surfaces are generally described by a periodic array of conducting or dielectric features (i.e. crosses, loops, grids, etc.) that when properly designed can pass or reject specific frequency bands of incoming electromagnetic radiation. While simple frequency selective surfaces are relatively straight forward to design and fabricate, operational demands, particularly military, have motivated the design and fabrication of much more complicated patterns. These new designs combine features of significantly different length scales, randomly dithered patterns and combinations of passive and active elements. We will demonstrate how laser direct-write is an ideal tool for the rapid prototyping of these new more complicated frequency selective surface designs. We will present experimental results for devices fabricated using several different laser direct-write processes.
LSI and the Equipment Designer

Evolution of the integrated circuit technology into the era of large-scale integration (LSI) has already resulted in a dramatic improvement in device density. Indications are that this improvement will continue for some time to come. This increased device density, with its promise of decreased cost, size, weight, power dissipation and increased reliability, has made many equipment designers eager to design with LSI. Although the literature abounds with articles on the various aspects of LSI, there appears to be a shortage of papers which tie all the tradeoffs inherent in LSI together to provide a useful tool for the designer. This is attempted by looking at LSI through the eyes of an equipment designer who has not previously designed with LSI. A background is provided which will aid the designer in evaluating the many tradeoffs inherent in making a design "LSI-able."
Co-regulation of dark and light reactions in three biochemical subtypes of C4 species.

Regulation of light harvesting in response to changes in light intensity, CO2 and O2 concentration was studied in C4 species representing three different metabolic subtypes: Sorghum bicolor (NADP-malic enzyme), Amaranthus edulis (NAD-malic enzyme), and Panicum texanum (PEP-carboxykinase). Several photosynthetic parameters were measured on the intact leaf level including CO2 assimilation rates, O2 evolution, photosystem II activities, thylakoid proton circuit and dissipation of excitation energy. Gross rates of O2 evolution ( $$ J_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$ , measured by analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence), net rates of O2 evolution and CO2 assimilation responded in parallel to changes in light and CO2 levels. The C4 subtypes had similar energy requirements for photosynthesis since there were no significant differences in maximal quantum efficiencies for gross rates of O2 evolution (average value = 0.072 O2/quanta absorbed, ~14 quanta per O2 evolved). At saturating actinic light intensities, when photosynthesis was suppressed by decreasing CO2, ATP synthase proton conductivity (g H +) responded strongly to changes in electron flow, decreasing linearly with $$ J_{{{\text{O}}_{2} }} $$ , which was previously observed in C3 plants. It is proposed that g H + is controlled at the substrate level by inorganic phosphate availability. The results suggest development of nonphotochemical quenching in C4 plants is controlled by a decrease in g H +, which causes an increase in proton motive force by restricting proton efflux from the lumen, rather than by cyclic or pseudocyclic electron flow.
Test Equality between Three Treatments under an Incomplete Block Crossover Design.

Under a random effects linear additive risk model, we compare two experimental treatments with a placebo in continuous data under an incomplete block crossover trial. We develop three test procedures for simultaneously testing equality between two experimental treatments and a placebo, as well as interval estimators for the mean difference between treatments. We apply Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the performance of these test procedures and interval estimators in a variety of situations. We note that the bivariate test procedure accounting for the dependence structure based on the F-test is preferable to the other two procedures when there is only one of the two experimental treatments has a non-zero effect vs. the placebo. We note further that when the effects of the two experimental treatments vs. a placebo are in the same relative directions and are approximately of equal magnitude, the summary test procedure based on a simple average of two weighted-least-squares (WLS) estimators can outperform...
Deceased‐donor kidney transplant following ethylene glycol‐induced brain death

We report on a deceased-donor kidney transplant following ethylene glycol-induced brain death. The donor was a 53-year-old man with a history of depression who presented to the emergency department after drinking a “cocktail amount” of windshield wiper ﬂuid each day for the past 3 weeks. Upon presentation he became unresponsive and suffered a seizure. Fomepizole 1.2 g IV followed by emergent hemodialysis was initiated as indicated for acute treat-ment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Unfortunately, the patient never regained consciousness and progressed to brain death. At the time of procurement his urine output was over 250 mL/h, and serum creatinine was 2.2 mg/dL. Renal biopsy following procurement revealed minimal tubule injury without evidence of intratubular oxalate crystals. The kidney recipient was a 76-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease secondary to diabetes and hypertension. Cold ischemia time was 31 hours, 45 minutes. The only postoperative complication was delayed graft function and one episode of mild acute cellular rejection 7 weeks post transplant that resolved with IV methylprednisolone. Two years post transplant the patient continues to do well clinically with a baseline serum creatinine of 2.5 mg/dL.
Analysis of Efficiency Sensitivity Associated With Tip Clearance in Axial Flow Compressors

The effects of tip clearance changes on efficiency in axial compressors are typically established experimentally. The ratio of change of efficiency with change of clearance gap varies significantly for different compressors in the published data. An analysis of this sensitivity range in terms of the blade and stage design parameters was initiated. The analysis revealed that the sensitivity range largely resulted from a derivation at constant flow of the efficiency decrement. It was also found that a generalized loss method of generating the sensitivities produced a much improved correlation of the change in efficiency with change in clearance over a variety of machines, configurations and speeds.Copyright © 1988 by ASME
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Intestinal Epithelial Cell Function and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

In eukaryotic cells, perturbation of protein folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causes accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, which activates intracellular signaling pathways termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). Recent studies have linked ER stress and the UPR to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The microenvironment of the ER is affected by a myriad of intestinal luminal molecules, implicating ER stress and the UPR in proper maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Several intestinal cell populations, including Paneth and goblet cells, require robust ER function for protein folding, maturation, and secretion. Prolonged ER stress and impaired UPR signaling may cause IBD through: (1) induction of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis, (2) disruption of mucosal barrier function, and (3) induction of the proinflammatory response in the gut. Based on our increased understanding of ER stress in IBD, new pharmacological approaches can be developed to improve intestinal homeostasis by targeting ER protein-folding in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs).
Cost-Effectiveness of Differential Techniques for Mail Questionnaires.

As part of a follow-up study of a national sample of 59,000 freshmen who enrolled in colleges or universities in the fall of 1966, 14 random samples of approximately 1000 students each were assigned to various mail survey techniques. Cost and response rate data were examined to determine the relative “cost-effectiveness” of the techniques. The results indicated that use of nonprofit outgoing postage, window envelopes, and business reply returns lowered the costs per contact and did not significantly impair rate of return. Use of a second-wave questionnaire was a very effective technique for increasing the response rate.
The association between the sea anemone Metridiumsenile (L.) and the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.) reduces predation by the starfish Asterias forbesii (Desor)

Abstract The sea anemone Metridium senile (L.) is commonly found in association with the mussel Mytilusedulis (L.). Under laboratory conditions, the presence of Metridium senile on the valves of Mytilus edulis significantly reduces predation on the mussel by the starfish Asterias forbesii (Desor).
Depth profiling analysis of semiconductor materials by accelerator mass spectrometry

Abstract With the continual reduction in semiconductor device size, the identification and location of impurities is extremely important. A Trace Element Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (TEAMS) system is being used for analysis of elemental and compound semiconductors. The TEAMS system, which was developed by the University of North Texas (UNT) and Texas Instruments, Inc. (TI), may be used for both bulk and depth profiling measurements. Computer control of magnetic and electrostatic analyzers allows automated mass scans of stable isotopes in solid materials. A low sample contamination ion source is based upon clean Si components for ion optics and magnetic analysis of the Cs sputtering beam. The TEAMS system removes molecular interferences, which are present in Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), by electron stripping of molecular ions to high charge states. As a result, the TEAMS system will allow higher sensitivities for some elements than SIMS. At present, bulk sensitivities of sub ppb (1 part in 109 or 1013 atoms/cm3) are possible for many elements in the periodic table. The TEAMS system design and operation are briefly discussed. Depth profiling results for F, P, and As implanted Si are demonstrated.
Dynamics associated with a quasiperiodically forced Morse oscillator: Application to molecular dissociation

The dynamics associated with a quasiperiodically forced Morse oscillator is studied as a classical model for molecular dissociation under external quasiperiodic electromagnetic forcing. The forcing entails destruction of phase-space barriers, allowing escape from bounded to unbounded motion. In contrast to the ubiquitous Poincare map reduction of a periodically forced system, we derive a sequence of nonautonomous maps from the quasiperiodically forced system. We obtain a global picture of the dynamics, i.e., of transport in phase space, using a sequence of time-dependent two-dimensional lobe structures derived from the invariant homoclinic tangle of a persisting invariant saddle-type torus in a Poincare section of an associated autonomous system phase space. Transport is specified in terms of two-dimensional lobes mapping from one to another within the sequence of lobe structures, and this provides the framework for studying basic features of molecular dissociation in the context of classical phase-space trajectories. We obtain a precise criterion for discerning between bounded and unbounded motion in the context of the forced problem. We identify and measure analytically the flux associated with the transition between bounded and unbounded motion, and study dissociation rates for a variety of initial phase-space ensembles, such as an even or weighted distribution of points in phase space, or a distribution on a particular level set of the unperturbed Hamiltonian (corresponding to a quantum state). A double-phase-slice sampling method allows exact numerical computation of dissociation rates. We compare single- and two-frequency forcing. Infinite-time average flux is maximal in a particular single-frequency limit; however, lobe penetration of the level sets of the unperturbed Hamiltonian can be maximal in the two-frequency case. The variation of lobe areas in the two-frequency problem gives one added freedom to enhance or diminish aspects of phase-space transport on finite time scales for a fixed infinite-time average flux, and for both types of forcing the geometry of lobes is relevant. The chaotic nature of the dynamics is understood in terms of a traveling horseshoe map sequence.
Herbicide effects on typha latifolia (Linneaus) germination and root and shoot development

Aqueous 7-d germination and growth experiments were performed to compare responses of T. latifolia to exposures of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamine-s-atrazine) and paraquat dichloride (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dichloride). T. latifolia seed germination was < 50 % in concentrations ≥ 1.0 mg/L of paraquat dichloride. No observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for paraquat and root growth were 0.001 and 0.01 mg/L, respectively, while NOEC and LOEC for paraquat and shoot growth were 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively following 7-d exposures. Greater than 72 % of seeds germinated in each concentration up to 30 mg/L atrazine. After 7-d exposure, NOEC and LOEC for atrazine and root growth were 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L, while atrazine and shoot growth NOEC and LOEC values were 15 and 30 mg/L, respectively. This research provides data concerning relative sensitivity of T. latifolia seedlings to the herbicides atrazine and paraquat, as well as the potential use of T. latifolia as a representative plant test species.