cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cooperative Learning: A Model for Teaching in Post-Secondary Education

Cooperative learning is a viable yet generally underutilized method of instruction at the college level. This paper analyzes the “Five Pillars” of cooperative learning as outlined by Johnson, Johnson, & Smith (1991) as they relate to the utilization of this learning strategy by college faculty to prepare students for their professional endeavors and offers a model for the implementation of this strategy within the post-secondary classroom setting. This paper presents a rationale for using the cooperative learning strategy in post-secondary education and then provides a model for applying this strategy in the post-secondary classroom.
Clinical Interpretation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Ira Lee Zimmerman and James M. Woo-Sam/Assessment of Children's Intelligence. Jerome M. Sattler

(1975). Clinical Interpretation of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Ira Lee Zimmerman and James M. Woo-Sam/Assessment of Children's Intelligence. Jerome M. Sattler. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 263-265.
The impact of contamination and aging effects on the long-term laser-damage resistance of SiO2/HfO2/TiO2 high-reflection coatings for 1054nm

The laser damage thresholds of optical coatings can degrade over time due to a variety of factors, including contamination and aging. Optical coatings deposited using electron beam evaporation are particularly susceptible to degradation due to their porous structure. In a previous study, the laser damage thresholds of optical coatings were reduced by roughly a factor of two from 2013 to 2017. The coatings in question were high reflectors for 1054 nm that contained SiO2 and HfO2 and/or TiO2 layers, and they were stored in sealed PETG containers in a class 100 cleanroom with temperature control. At the time, it was not certain whether contamination or thin film aging effects were responsible for the reduced laser damage thresholds. Therefore, to better understand the role of contamination, the coatings were recleaned and the laser damage thresholds were measured again in 2018. The results indicate that contamination played the most dominant role in reducing the laser damage thresholds of these optical coatings, even though they were stored in an environment that was presumed to be clean.
A novel strategy to purify conductive polymer particles

The purification of conductive polymer (e.g., polyaniline) particles is a challenging task, especially when the particle size is small. Herein, we demonstrate a unique strategy (electrode-based) to purify polyaniline particles by exploiting the difference in surface charge between particles and surfactants, and compare the results with a commonly used purification strategy (washing).
Transnational security challenges in North Africa: Moroccan foreign fighters in Syria 2012–2016

In the early days of the Arab uprisings, street protests tended largely to be non-violent. Muslims, Christians, conservatives and secularists in Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco, and elsewhere walked side b...
Simulations of persistent current in disordered rings with axial magnetic field

Electrons in pure nanorings or tubes possess eigenstates with circular currents. In the presence of disorder the eigenstates become standing waves suppressing the circular current. A magnetic field parallel to the axis of the tube/ring recreates propagating electron states with circular persistent current. Numerical calculations for disordered rings are performed in the tight-binding approximation for finite disorder and magnetic field. The application of a gauge transformation contributes to an intuitive understanding of the persistent current and its absence for a flux Φ equal to a multiple of half the flux quantum and leads to a formula for the current in the disordered ring with magnetic flux. The derivative of the eigenstate energies with respect to the magnetic flux Φ through the ring, dEn∕dΦ, yields an effective circular group velocity and represents an alternative method to calculate the circular current in disordered systems. Current and energy obey the Aharonov–Bohm effect. For large disorder a competition between persistent current and electron localization is observed. Despite the random disorder in the rings the dependence of the energy and the current on the flux is smooth and shows an interesting symmetry. For each state with negative energy there is a state with positive energy that carries exactly the opposite current.
Ethnic-racial discrimination, family ethnic socialization and Latinx children’s emotion competence

Emotion competence is vital for success in a wide range of domains. Although a large body of research has demonstrated that universal socialization processes, such as parenting, influence children’s emotion competence, few studies have identified risk and protective factors that may also contribute to the development of emotion competence, particularly among children of Latin descent. This study evaluated hypothesized negative relations between Latinx children’s perceived experiences of ethnic-racial discrimination (ERD) and later emotion competence as indexed by children’s emotion knowledge and coping skills. Further, we explored both direct and interactive effects of family ethnic-racial socialization (FES) on Latinx children’s emotion competence in the wake of ERD. Latinx children (N = 100, 44% female) reported on their perceived experiences of ERD at age 7 and parents reported on FES at age 8. Emotion competence was assessed at age 8 using a laboratory assessment of the child’s emotion recognition and labeling skills to index emotion knowledge. Parents reported on children’s positive and maladaptive coping. Latinx children’s perceived experiences of ERD were related to lower levels of emotion knowledge and higher levels of maladaptive coping 1 year later. FES was also associated with higher levels of positive coping. Importantly, FES moderated the effect of ERD on children’s maladaptive coping, but not on children’s emotion knowledge or positive coping. The relation between ERD and maladaptive coping was significant at high FES levels, but not at low FES levels. These findings document the incidence and negative impact of young, Latinx children’s experiences of ERD on their emotion competence and highlight the influence of FES on Latinx children’s emotional development in contexts of ERD.
Knowing ourselves as social justice educators.

Although much has been written about the content of social justice education courses, and some about how to engage students in learning about social justice, little attention has been paid to helping social justice educators cope with the emotional and intellectual challenges of this kind of teaching. Yet few would claim that raising issues of oppression and social justice in the classroom is a dispassionate activity. Content as cognitively complex and socially and emotionally charged as social justice inevitably challenges both personal and intellectual knowledge and commitments. In the social justice classroom, we often struggle alongside participants in our classes with our own social identities, biases, fears, and prejudices. We, too, need to be willing to examine and deal honestly with our values, assumptions, and emotional reactions to oppression issues. Accordingly, the self-knowledge and self-awareness that we believe are desirable qualities for any teacher become indispensable in social justice education.
Financial burdens (FB), quality of life, and psychological distress among advanced cancer patients (ACP) in phase I trials and their spousal caregivers (SC).

6117 Background: FBs have been identified as a significant predictor of stress for cancer patients and their caregivers/partners. FBs may indirectly affect the quality of life and psychological dis...
Devising a Method to Study if Wernicke’s Aphasia Patients are Aware That They Do Not Comprehend Language or Speak It Understandably

Wernicke’s Aphasia (WA) is characterized by an individual speaking fluent gibberish without the ability to understand anything that is said to them or anything they attempt to read. It is caused by damage to the left posterior temporoparietal cortex, also known as Wernicke’s area. An additional intriguing symptom of WA patients is their apparent obliviousness to their own lack of understanding despite their intact reasoning or other cognitive abilities. Their only deficit seems to be in the basic rules of language that define word meaning, also known as phonology. Growing out of a project in an undergraduate class, we devised a phonology-free approach to communicating with WA patients that attempts to answer the questions of whether WA patients know that they do not understand what is said to them, that others do not understand what they have said, and if these patients are distressed by this lack of communication. We here describe the process and the resulting method.
Does assisted hatching affect live birth in fresh, first cycle in vitro fertilization in good and poor prognosis patients?

To assess the effect of assisted hatching (AH) on live birth rate (LBR) in first cycle, fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) in good and poor prognosis patients. Retrospective cohort using cycles reported to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcomes Reporting System. Live birth rate was compared in women who underwent first cycle, autologous, fresh IVF cycles with (n = 48,858) and without (n = 103,413) AH from 2007 to 2015. The propensity-weighted LBR was 39.2% with AH versus 43.9% without AH in all patients. The rate difference (RD) with AH was − 4.7% ([CI − 0.053, − 0.040], P < 0.001) with the calculated number needed to harm being 22. AH affected live birth in both good prognosis and poor prognosis patients. The propensity-weighted monozygotic twinning (MZT) rate was 2.3% in patients treated with AH as compared to 1.2% patients that did not receive AH. The RD with AH on MZT in fresh, first IVF cycles was 1.1% ([0.008, 0.014], P < 0.001). AH may affect LBR across all patients and in poor prognosis patients in fresh IVF cycles. Caution should be exercised when applying this technology. More prospective research is needed.
Assessing the Precision and Recall of msTALI as Applied to an Active-Site Study on Fold Families.

Proteins execute various activities required by biological cells. Further, they structurally support and pro-mote important biochemical reactions which functionally are sparked by active-sites. Active-sites are regions where reac-tions and binding events take place directly; they foster pro-tein purpose. Describing functional relationships depends on factors that incorporate sequence, structure, and the biochem-ical properties of amino acids that form proteins. Our ap-proach to active-site description is computational, and many other approaches utilizing available protein data fall short of ideal. Successful recognition of functional interactions is cru-cial to advancements in protein annotation and the bioinfor-matics field at large. This research outlines our Multiple Structure Torsion Angle Alignment (msTALI) as a suitable strategy for addressing active-site identification by comparing results to other existing methods. Specifically, we address the precision of msTALI across three protein families. Our target proteins are PDBIDs 1A2B, 1B4V, 1B8S, 1COY, 1CXZ, 3COX, 1D7E, 1DPF, 1F9I, 1FTN, 1IJH, 1KOU, 1NWZ, 2PHY, and 1SIC.
Engaging in Political Talk on Facebook: Investigating the Role of Interpersonal Goals and Cognitive Engagement

The decision to engage in informal political talk within one’s interpersonal network is not easily undertaken, particularly when that communication takes place through social networking sites (SNSs...
Gene expression of adipokines and adipokine receptors in the tumor microenvironment: associations of lower expression with more aggressive breast tumor features

Limited epidemiologic data are available on the expression of adipokines leptin (LEP) and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) and adipokine receptors (LEPR, ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2) in the breast tumor microenvironment (TME). The associations of gene expression of these biomarkers with tumor clinicopathology are not well understood. NanoString multiplexed assays were used to assess the gene expression levels of LEP, LEPR, ADIPOQ, ADIPOR1, and ADIPOR2 within tumor tissues among 162 Black and 55 White women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Multivariate mixed effects models were used to estimate associations of gene expression with breast tumor clinicopathology (overall and separately among Blacks). Black race was associated with lower gene expression of LEPR (P = 0.002) and ADIPOR1 (P = 0.01). Lower LEP, LEPR, and ADIPOQ gene expression were associated with higher tumor grade (P = 0.0007, P < 0.0001, and P < 0.0001, respectively) and larger tumor size (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0005, and P < 0.0001, respectively). Lower ADIPOQ expression was associated with ER- status (P = 0.0005), and HER2-enriched (HER2-E; P = 0.0003) and triple-negative (TN; P = 0.002) subtypes. Lower ADIPOR2 expression was associated with Ki67+ status (P = 0.0002), ER- status (P < 0.0001), PR- status (P < 0.0001), and TN subtype (P = 0.0002). Associations of lower adipokine and adipokine receptor gene expression with ER-, HER2-E, and TN subtypes were confirmed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (P-values < 0.005). These findings suggest that lower expression of ADIPOQ, ADIPOR2, LEP, and LEPR in the breast TME might be indicators of more aggressive breast cancer phenotypes. Validation of these findings are warranted to elucidate the role of the adipokines and adipokine receptors in long-term breast cancer prognosis.
The Future of the Gynecologic Surgeon: Rationale for and Steps toward Subspecialization of Complex Gynecologic Surgery.

Precis The future of gynecologic surgery should entail a board-recognized sub-specialty in complex gynecologic surgery.
The Joint Effect of Childhood Abuse and Homelessness on Substance Use in Adulthood.

Childhood abuse and homelessness are independently associated with substance use. Though childhood abuse and homelessness are strongly correlated, research on the joint effect of exposure to both t...
Citizens of nowhere: illegal slavery and racial silence in the African and Indigenous histories of Postcolonial Brazil

Brazil, the largest slave society in the Americas, proposed a citizenship in its 1824 Constitution that had no race-based criteria. The nation remained steadfastly committed to slavery, however, im...
The Glow Still Shows: Effects of Facial Masking on Perceptions of Duchenne Versus Social Smiles.

Facial expressions of emotion have important communicative functions. It is likely that mask-wearing during pandemics disrupts these functions, especially for expressions defined by activity in the...
Genome mining methods to discover bioactive natural products.

Covering: 2016 to 2021 With genetic information available for hundreds of thousands of organisms in publicly accessible databases, scientists have an unprecedented opportunity to meticulously survey the diversity and inner workings of life. The natural product research community has harnessed this breadth of sequence information to mine microbes, plants, and animals for biosynthetic enzymes capable of producing bioactive compounds. Several orthogonal genome mining strategies have been developed in recent years to target specific chemical features or biological properties of bioactive molecules using biosynthetic, resistance, or transporter proteins. These “biosynthetic hooks” allow researchers to query for biosynthetic gene clusters with a high probability of encoding previously undiscovered, bioactive compounds. This review highlights recent case studies that feature orthogonal approaches that exploit genomic information to specifically discover bioactive natural products and their gene clusters.
CHAPTER 2 – Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Genes of Mouse

This chapter provides a complete definition of all the gene segments in the mouse locus that can be manipulated to answer questions about the immune repertoire and can be compared to human and other species. It has led to the novel findings of global changes in replication patterns, nuclear location, and chromatin structure that offer new avenues to study antibody gene actions, and B cell development. The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (Igh) in a mouse is an unusual genetic locus that undergoes molecular recombination to yield an active expressible gene for its antibody heavy chain product. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence variation occurs between mouse strains across the entire locus, so that it is helpful to analyze a single allelic state of the array as found in an inbred mouse strain. This allelic form of the entire length is termed as a haplotype. Igh is sequenced from a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig rather than assembled from shotgun reads. A deeply redundant BAC contig is assembled in a laboratory using a large number of landmarks derived from prior assembly of a C57BL yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig. in the nearly complete DNA sequence of this 3 Mb locus.
Some biochemical and pharmacological actions of (-) erythro-meta-(meta-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(1-aminoethyl)-benzyl alcohol. A derivative of metaraminol.

Abstract (—)Erythro-meta-(meta-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(1-arninoethyl)-benzyl alcohol, a meta-chlorobenzyl ether of metaraminol, administered to mice, rats and dogs, causes depletion of peripheral stores of norepinephrine and their partial replacement with metaraminol. Consequently, the ether depresses adrenergic nerve transmission in dogs and lowers blood pressure in renal hypertensive rats. However, acute presser responses are either minimal (rats) or absent (dogs) following administration of the ether, due to the slow formation of metaraminol. Unlike α -methyl- m -tyrosine, the chlorobenzyl ether of metaraminol does not produce central nervous system effects. In the brain the amino acid is converted to metaraminol, while metaraminol as derived from the ether is absent or appears only in low concentration.
FINANCIAL REPORTING IN 1920: THE CASE OF INDUSTRIAL COMPANIES

This study uses the 1920 Moody's Analysis of Industrial Investments to assess the extent of financial reporting by U.S. industrial companies. The reporting of an income statement and a balance sheet, as well as the amount of disclosure in both of these statements, is examined empirically to determine which economic factors influence this reporting. The results show that corporate-governance, operating, and financing factors all significantly influence the reporting of financial statements and the extent of disclosure within those statements. However, the significant factors vary across the two financial statements and the two decisions considered (reporting a particular statement and the amount of disclosure within the statement to report). All factors are shown to influence significantly the decision to report both a balance sheet and an income statement and the amount of information to report in a balance sheet. The decision regarding the amount of information to report in an income statement is only in...
Interaction between ILD-process and metal-etch induced gate charging effect

Interaction between ILD-process and metal-etch induced gate charging damage was investigated using via-intensive test structures and edge-intensive metal antenna structures. Strong interaction between the two effects was observed in multiple metal layer test structures. This interaction results in a marked turnaround behavior of the charging damage. This study also reveals that charging damage to gate oxide during via etch is dominated by the ILD deposition or etch process. This damage is independent of the number of vias but strongly depends on the relative position and the area of the metal holding the vias. The study also concludes that via-etch induced charging risk can be assessed by the metal area (to gate area) ratio rule DRC check at the layer of the metal holding the vias.
Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners

Review of: "Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners," by James M. Gillispie.
Modeling Expected Utility of Multi-session Information Distillation

An open challenge in information distillation is the evaluation and optimization of the utility of ranked lists with respect to flexible user interactions over multiple sessions. Utility depends on both the relevance and novelty of documents, and the novelty in turn depends on the user interaction history. However, user behavior is non-deterministic. We propose a new probabilistic framework for stochastic modeling of user behavior when browsing multi-session ranked lists, and a novel approximation method for efficient computation of the expected utility over numerous user-interaction patterns. Using this framework, we present the first utility-based evaluation over multi-session search scenarios defined on the TDT4 corpus of news stories, using a state-of-the-art information distillation system. We demonstrate that the distillation system obtains a 56.6% utility enhancement by combining multi-session adaptive filtering with novelty detection and utility-based optimization of system parameters for optimal ranked list lengths.
jPopGen Suite: population genetic analysis of DNA polymorphism from nucleotide sequences with errors

1. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is being increasingly used in ecological and evolutionary studies. Though promising, NGS is known to be error-prone. Sequencing error can cause significant bias for population genetic analysis of a sequence sample.2. We present jPopGen Suite, an integrated tool for population genetic analysis of DNA polymorphisms from nucleotide sequences. It is specially designed for data with a non-negligible error rate, although it serves well for "error-free" data. It implements several methods for estimating the population mutation rate, population growth rate, and conducting neutrality tests.3. jPopGen Suite facilitates the population genetic analysis of NGS data in various applications, and is freely available for non-commercial users at http://sites.google.com/site/jpopgen/.
Observer Construction for Nonlinear Discrete-Time Systems with Inputs

One of the typical approaches to construct an observer for nonlinear systems is to seek a change of coordinates such that the observer design can be implemented in a relatively easier way. Thus for such an approach the main challenge is how to find such a change of coordinates? In this paper we will provide an explicit expression of a change of coordinates which can transform a nonlinear discrete-time system with inputs into a linear system with an output injection. We also discuss the observability and controllability issues which are related to the proposed change of coordinates.
Odontogenic keratocysts in the anterior maxilla: report of two cases, one simulating a nasopalatine cyst

Two odontogenic keratocysts occurring in the anterior portion of the maxilla, an unusual location, are reported. In one instance, the clinical and radiographic features simulated a nasopalatine cyst. It is suggested that a likely origin for an odontogenic keratocyst in this location is the primordium of a mesiodens that fails to develop.
Numerical study of turbulent flow with heat removal from a flat plate using the finite volume‐based method of lines

A hybrid computational method has been developed for the calculation of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent boundary layer flows along flat plates. The proposed method, the finite volume‐based method of lines, replaces a partial differential equation and two independent variables by a system of ordinary differential equations of first order and one independent variable. Using the simplest assumptions for modeling the turbulent diffusivity of momentum and heat, the system of differential equations may be readily integrated with a fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta algorithm. To validate the numerical predictions, comparisons with experimental data for air have been done in terms of axial velocities, temperatures, skin friction coefficients and Stanton numbers. For the wide range of Reynolds numbers tested, the hydrodynamic and thermal characteristics of turbulent air flows are predicted correctly.
Psychogenic pseudosyncope: diagnosis and management

Psychogenic pseudosyncope (PPS) is the appearance of transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) in the absence of true loss of consciousness. Psychiatrically, most cases are classified as conversion disorder, which is hypothesized to represent the physical manifestation of internal stressors. The incidence of PPS is likely under-recognized and the disorder is under investigated in the unexplained syncope population, yet it can be diagnosed accurately with a focused history and confirmed with investigations including head-up tilt testing (HUTT), electroencephalogram (EEG; sometimes combined with video) or, in some centers, transcranial Doppler (TCD). Patients are more likely to be young females with an increased number of episodes over the past 6months. They frequently experience symptoms prior to their episodes including light-headedness, shortness of breath and tingling. Conversion disorder is associated with symptomatic chronicity, increased psychiatric and physical impairment, and diminished quality of life. Understanding the epidemiology, biological underpinnings and approach to diagnosis of PPS is important to improve the recognition of this disorder so that patients may be managed appropriately. The general treatment approach involves limiting unnecessary interventions, providing the patient with needed structure, and encouraging functionality. While there are no treatment data available for patients with PPS, studies in related conversion disorder populations support the utility of psychotherapy. Psychotropic medications should be considered in patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders.
New Citizens, New Rights: Undocumented Immigrants and Latino Cultural Citizenship

Traditional theories of citizenship often link membership and rights, with one defining the other. Thus, becoming a citizen entitles the new member of society to a certain set of rights-civic, political, and social-that are generally unavailable to noncitizens (Turner, 1993). As has that of other democratic societies, U.S. history has been marked by the efforts of excluded groups to obtain full membership in society. While the incorporation of new citizens into the polity may temporarily stabilize the social system, it can also produce frustration if these rights are curtailed, denied, or unevenly distributed: "As citizenship institutionalizes social expectations which cannot be satisfied by the state under all circumstances, citizenship entitlements fuel political dissent" (Turner, 1991: 217). Rights, however, are neither arbitrary nor finite. New citizen groups bring new needs to the polity and begin to enunciate and claim new rights. In the United States, the link between membership and rights is a critical but vexing one, particularly for groups that have been excluded from full membership in society. Karst (1991) contends that minorities achieve membership in U.S. society through the struggle to claim rights as citizens. Similarly, Patricia Williams (1991: 164) argues that, for African-Americans, obtaining the rights enjoyed by white Americans is the "marker of citizenship." In this sense, citizenship rights are not bestowed by the simple act of birth but must be fought for and achieved. Citizenship is an active process of claiming rights rather than the passive acquisition of an arbitrary and limited set of rights. Denying minorities full citizenship militates against their citizenship and hinders their active participation in the political system, but by struggling to
Genotype imputation in a coalescent model with infinitely-many-sites mutation

Abstract Empirical studies have identified population-genetic factors as important determinants of the properties of genotype-imputation accuracy in imputation-based disease association studies. Here, we develop a simple coalescent model of three sequences that we use to explore the theoretical basis for the influence of these factors on genotype-imputation accuracy, under the assumption of infinitely-many-sites mutation. Employing a demographic model in which two populations diverged at a given time in the past, we derive the approximate expectation and variance of imputation accuracy in a study sequence sampled from one of the two populations, choosing between two reference sequences, one sampled from the same population as the study sequence and the other sampled from the other population. We show that, under this model, imputation accuracy—as measured by the proportion of polymorphic sites that are imputed correctly in the study sequence—increases in expectation with the mutation rate, the proportion of the markers in a chromosomal region that are genotyped, and the time to divergence between the study and reference populations. Each of these effects derives largely from an increase in information available for determining the reference sequence that is genetically most similar to the sequence targeted for imputation. We analyze as a function of divergence time the expected gain in imputation accuracy in the target using a reference sequence from the same population as the target rather than from the other population. Together with a growing body of empirical investigations of genotype imputation in diverse human populations, our modeling framework lays a foundation for extending imputation techniques to novel populations that have not yet been extensively examined.
Frequency dependence of viscoelastic properties of bread crumb and relation to bread staling

ABSTRACT The viscoelastic behavior of bread crumb was studied using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) in the compression mode with the frequency sweep. The dynamic storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), and tanδ (E″/E′) were measured for bread crumb aged up to three days at ambient temperature. The viscoelastic properties of bread crumb showed a characteristic frequency dependence similar to that of a soft rubberlike solid. Typical behavior of bread crumb involved a transition from rubberlike to glasslike consistency with increasing frequency. At a low frequency region, the E′ and E″ values were relatively small and nearly constant, showing characteristics of the rubbery plateau. Then, they increased rapidly with increasing frequencies and approached a glasslike state. Tanδ was low and almost constant at low frequencies before the transition, then went through a prominent peak with increasing frequency. The frequency at which the tanδ of bread crumb started to rapidly increase was defined as the onset f...
Postasphyxial lung disease in newborn infants with severe pennatal acidosis

The pulmonary course and respiratory management of 65 asphyxiated infants with at least one arterial pH ≤7.00 within the first 2 hours of life was determined. Asphyxia in the preterm and term infants in the absence of respiratory distress syndrome or meconium aspiration syndrome was associated with a transient respiratory insufficiency requiring assisted ventilation which markedly improved in the first 24 hours of life. In contrast, infants with asphyxia complicated by respiratory distress syndrome or meconium aspiration syndrome developed profound lung disease including pulmonary hemorrhage and persistence of the fetal circulation. The course of their illness was significantly worse than control infants without asphyxia. Ineffective neonatal resuscitation allowing for the development of meconium aspiration syndrome and persistent respiratory acidosis contributed to the severity of illness in more than 50% of the infants. Central nervous system pathologic conditions were present in asphyxiated infants with and without severe pulmonary disease. We conclude that severe asphyxia in the absence of underlying lung disease results in a predictable postasphyxial transient respiratory insufficiency, with marked improvement in the first 24 hours of life.
Fine Line Metallization of Silicon Solar Cells via Collimated Aerosol Beam Direct Write

The global push for affordable sources of renewable energy has sparked rapid growth in photovoltaic research directed at improving the efficiency of the overall cells. Efficiency gains related to the optimization of the top metallization layer and current collector are largely limited by the minimum collector line width (∼100 μm) that can be printed using industrial processes such as screen printing. An alternative direct-write process termed Collimated Aerosol Beam Direct-Write (CAB-DW) is capable of depositing collector lines as thin as 15μm wide while still allowing heights up to 7 μm. In this paper we present data demonstrating improvements to efficiency of silicon solar cells with optimized grid designs along with a theoretical/experimental comparison confirming these results. Finally, results demonstrating collector grid induced light trapping possible with direct-written traces which reduces shadowing and further increases collection efficiency are presented.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
New Application of Bromotrimethylsilane: Elaboration of Aldehydes/Ketones into Homologous Alpha-Beta-Unsaturated Esters via Beta-Hydroxy Esters

Abstract α,β‐Unsaturated esters are formed when β‐hydroxy esters react with bromotrimethylsilane which is generated from chlorotrimethylsilane‐lithium bromide in acetonitrile. #Dedicated to Professor Goverdhan Mehta on his 60th birthday.
Thermal mapping of the northern equatorial and temperate latitudes of Mars

The paper describes the mapping of nighttime temperatures over the northern hemisphere of Mars by using Viking infrared thermal mapping observations. It is shown that large variations of the temperature residual, -45 to +19 K, are related primarily to the thermal inertia of the surface. A general hypothesis is given for the transport of loose material on the Martian surface, which invokes the stability of the smooth, fine-grained surfaces to account for the bimodal thermal behavior observed.
Superplastic deformation of an ultrafine grained intermetallic alloy prepared by crystallization of a metallic glass

Abstract A metallic glass (Ni 75 Si 8 B 17 ) was crystallized to produce an ultrafine grained alloy. The alloy was found to be superplastic with a strain rate sensitivity of approximately O.5. The flow stress data exhibited considerable scatter, which appeared to be related to the sensitivity of the microstructure to slight variations in the heat treatment used to crystallize the glass. The microstructure consisted of two phases. Ni 3 Si and Ni 3 B. In addition the grain size distribution was bimodal. Transmission electron microscopy of deformed specimens showed that the small grains were free from dislocations while the large grains contained dislocations and twins. This result is consistent with the model for mixed mode deformation in bimodal microstructures in which it is argued that, in the superplastic regime, small grains may deform by diffusional creep and the large grains by dislocation creep.
Chemical modification of bovine liver rhodanese with tetrathionate: differential effects on the sulfur-free and sulfur-containing catalytic intermediates.

Abstract Sulfhydryl groups of bovine liver rhodanese (thiosulfate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) were modified by treatment with tetrathionate. There was a linear relationship between loss of enzyme activity and the amount of tetrathionate used. At a ratio of one tetrathionate per mole of rhodanese, 100% of enzyme activity was lost in the sulfur-free E-form as compared with a 70% loss for the sulfur-containing ES-form of the enzyme. Addition of up to a 100-fold molar excess of tetrathionate to ES gave no further inactivation. Addition of cyanide to the maximally inactivated ES-tetrathionate complex gave complete loss of activity. Kinetic studies of maximally inactivated ES and partially inactivated E gave Km (K5) values that were essentially the same as native enzyme, indicating that the active enzyme, in all cases, bound thiosulfate-similarly. Reactivation was faster with the ES-form than with the E-form. The substrate, thiosulfate, could reactivate the enzyme up to 70% in 1 h with ES as compared to 24 h with E. Tetrathionate modification of rhodanese could be correlated with the changes in intrinsic fluorescence and with the binding of the active site reporter 2-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (2,8-ANS). Circular dichroism spectra of the protein suggested increased ordered secondary structure in the protein after reaction with tetrathionate. Cadmium chloride and phenylarsine oxide totally inactivated the enzyme at levels usually associated with their effect on enzymes containing vicinal sulfhydryl groups. Further, cadmium inhibition could be reserved by EDTA. Tetrathionate modification of rhodanese may proceed through the formation of sulfenylthiosulfate intermediates at sulfhydryl groups, close to but not identical with the active-site sulfhydryl group, which then can react further with the active-site sulfhydryl group to form disulfide bridges.
Determining Ten Synthetic Pyrethroids in Lettuce and Ground Meat by Using Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry and Electron-Capture Gas Chromatography

Conventional extraction procedures with acetonitrile were compared with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 for determining 10 pyrethroids in fortified lettuce and meat samples. Because SFE utilized a minimal cleanup procedure, nonvolatiles may accumulate on the capillary column in both the gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry (GC-ITMS) and electron capture (EC) detection modes shortening the lifetime of the columns after multiple injections. The GC-ITMS method proved satisfactory for analysis of lettuce whereas EC-GC proved more suitable for residue analysis of meat samples. Improvements in multiresidue methods for monitoring of synthetic pyrethroids in raw agricultural commodities should aid in registration and reregistration activities. Keywords: SFE; insecticides; meat; fat; ion-trap
Ge cluster formation with monolayer and submonolayer coverages on the GaAs(110) surface

Abstract We examine the deposition process of Ge adatoms on the GaAs(110) surface. We use total energy calculations based on ab initio pseudopotentials constructed within the local density approximation. The equilibrium morpholoies for the adatoms, and the growth pattern determined for monolayer and submonolayer coverages, are calculated. Also, the binding energy of different sites, vibrational frequencies of adatoms on these sites, and the migration energy barrier along the [110] direction are presented. Our theoretical model for Ge cluster formation and morphology on the GaAs surface is consistent with recent scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements for this surface.
Grain Size Refinement in Cu bottom lead in CPP GMR Stack

GMR current-in-plane (CIP) spin valves are currently used in production of high density recording heads. For the next generation of heads, with recording densities higher than 100 billion bits per square inch (Gbpsi), confined-current-path (CCP), current- perpendicular-plane (CPP) GMR heads are the subject of intensive study. For the CPP stack, thick (150 nm) Cu leads are required to minimize the potential drop across the leads. This often leads to a rough film surface in the bottom lead which translates up into the GMR stack, thereby reducing the GMR effect because of roughening of the interfaces. Thick bottom leads also have large average grain sizes, leading to an increase in the coercivity of the ferromagnetic layers deposited on top of these leads. In order to decrease the grain size and roughness of the bottom Cu lead, lamination of the thick (150 nm) Cu with Ta interlayers was carried out, keeping the total Cu and Ta thicknesses constant. As the number of Ta-Cu bilayers was increased, the roughness decreased significantly. It was observed that the roughness decreased from over 1 nm for a single bilayer to about 0.3 nm for 10 bilayers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine the roughness of the samples and in-plane grain size. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm the in-plane grain size. X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the out-of-plane grain size of the Cu/Ta laminates. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was also utilized to analyze the interface quality. An increase in the resistance of the laminated lead was seen with increase in the number of laminations. This undesirable side effect can be minimized by improvement of the base vacuum of the sputter system, deposition at relatively high rates, and reduction of the latency time between successive film depositions. The in-plane film stress was also studied as a function of lamination frequency, and found constant for the same total thickness of Ta and Cu, as expected. The coercivity of Co90Fe10 layers deposited over laminated Cu/Ta leads was seen to decrease with increasing lamination frequency, also as expected. An even stronger effect on the CoFe coercivity was produced by using a 5nm Ta layer to cap the thick Cu lead, yielding significantly lower coercivity
Histology of the Compound Eye of Heliothis zea

The ommatidium of the compound eye of the bollworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie), was found under a light microscope to be 660 μ long, 25 μ wide at the lens, and 7 μ wide at the basement membrane. It consists of a hexagonal lens resting on 4 crystalline cone cells (Semper Cells), each shaped like quadrants of a circle. The crystalline cone cells rest on the elongate crystalline cone. A spindle-shaped clump of 6–8 retinual cell nuclei is situated midway between the cone and the distal end of the rhabdom along the crystalline thread. Each crystalline thread and each retinula cell nuclei spindle is surrounded by the 6 pieces of the pie-shaped pigment envelope sections. The pigment envelopes extend from the cones to the distal end of the rhabdoms. Active pigment movement occurs within each envelope depending on the amount of light striking the ommatidium. The rhabdom is composed of 6—8 lobed rhabdomeres situated in the center of the hexagonal structure formed by the retinula cells. Each retinula cell appears to be served by a single axon. The axons leave the retinula cells, penetrate through a 10- to 12-μ layer of (highly reflective) tracheoles, spread apart, pass around a basal cell, and then converge to exit through the basement membrane as an axon bundle. The axon bundle converges with other bundles to form larger bundles which enter the optic ganglion. The cell walls of the basal cell are pigmented.
Effect of self-correlation on the relation between QT interval and cardiac cycle length

The electrocardiographic QT interval, with a wide variety of practical and theoretic applications in medicine, pharmacology, and cardiology, is critically dependent on heart rate as expressed by cycle length (RR). To account for this and permit intraindividual and interindividual comparisons of changing QT intervals, a wide variety of formulas have been offered as single rate-correcting expressions over the range of heart rates. Yet as rate rises, the QT interval occupies more and more of the cycle length, until at the highest heart rates almost the entire cycle length is QT interval, and the QT-RR correlations become largely self-correlation. To elucidate this we investigated 150 consecutive patients divided into high, mid, and low rate terciles. For the entire group, and in each tercile, we determined the level of correlation between the QT interval and cycle length (RR interval). To remove the self-correlation, we repeated the calculations, correlating QT interval with RR interval minus QT interval. For the group, correlation (r) of QT with RR was 0.65. For the high, mid, and low rate terciles, correlation fell sharply, respectively: 0.58 to 0.36 to 0.25. When the self-correlation was removed by subtracting QT from cycle length (RR-QT), all correlations were even further sharply reduced for each tercile, respectively: 0.35, 0.16, and 0.03 (the latter being virtually no correlation). We conclude that at low heart rates, when it is not being correlated with itself, the correlation between QT and RR is low; at high heart rates the higher correlation is spurious because it is mainly self-correlation.
Dynamic Interplay of Smooth Muscle α-Actin Gene-Regulatory Proteins Reflects the Biological Complexity of Myofibroblast Differentiation

Myofibroblasts (MFBs) are smooth muscle-like cells that provide contractile force required for tissue repair during wound healing. The leading agonist for MFB differentiation is transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) that induces transcription of genes encoding smooth muscle α-actin (SMαA) and interstitial collagen that are markers for MFB differentiation. TGFβ1 augments activation of Smad transcription factors, pro-survival Akt kinase, and p38 MAP kinase as well as Wingless/int (Wnt) developmental signaling. These actions conspire to activate β-catenin needed for expression of cyclin D, laminin, fibronectin, and metalloproteinases that aid in repairing epithelial cells and their associated basement membranes. Importantly, β-catenin also provides a feed-forward stimulus that amplifies local TGFβ1 autocrine/paracrine signaling causing transition of mesenchymal stromal cells, pericytes, and epithelial cells into contractile MFBs. Complex, mutually interactive mechanisms have evolved that permit several mammalian cell types to activate the SMαA promoter and undergo MFB differentiation. These molecular controls will be reviewed with an emphasis on the dynamic interplay between serum response factor, TGFβ1-activated Smads, Wnt-activated β-catenin, p38/calcium-activated NFAT protein, and the RNA-binding proteins, Purα, Purβ, and YB-1, in governing transcriptional and translational control of the SMαA gene in injury-activated MFBs.
59.5: Invited Paper: Visual Perception and Holographic Displays

Holographic displays have the potential to reproduce the natural parallax and focusing affordances of real scenes. Although holographic displays are still far from maturity, no other display technologies have the potential to reproduce these affordances as accurately. This paper outlines current methods for generating images using electronic holography, and reviews visual human-factors considerations for current and future holographic displays.