cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-order flux reconstruction adaptive mesh refinement method for magnetohydrodynamics on unstructured grids

Summary We report our recent development of the high-order flux reconstruction (FR) adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) method for Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The resulted framework features a shock capturing duo of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) and artificial resistivity (AR), which can robustly capture shocks, rotational and contact discontinuities with a fraction of the cell counts that are usually required. In our previous paper [1], we have presented a shock capturing framework on hydrodynamic (HD) problems with artificial diffusivity (AD) and AMR. Our AMR approach features a tree-free, direct-addressing approach in retrieving data across multiple levels of refinement. In this article, we report an extension to MHD systems which retains the flexibility of using unstructured grids. The challenges due to complex shock structures and divergence-free constraint of magnetic field are more difficult to deal with than those of HD systems. The accuracy of our solver hinges on two properties in order to achieve high-order accuracy on MHD systems: removing the divergence error thoroughly and resolving discontinuities accurately. A hyperbolic divergence cleaning method with multiple sub-iterations is used for the first task. This method drives away the divergence error and preserves conservative forms of the governing equations. The sub-iteration can be accelerated by absorbing a pseudo time step into the wave speed coefficient, therefore enjoys a relaxed CFL condition. The AMR method rallies multiple levels of refined cells around various shock discontinuities, and it coordinates with the AR method to obtain sharp shock profiles. The physically consistent AR method localizes discontinuities and damps the spurious oscillation arising in the curl of the magnetic field. The effectiveness of the AMR and AR combination is demonstrated to be much more powerful than simply adding AR on finer and finer mesh, since the AMR steeply reduces the required amount of AR and confines the added artificial diffusivity and resistivity to a narrower and narrower region. We are able to verify the designed high-order accuracy in space by using smooth flow test problems on unstructured grids. The efficiency and robustness of this framework are fully demonstrated through a number of two-dimensional non-smooth ideal MHD tests. We also successfully demonstrate that the AMR method can help significantly save computational cost for the Orszag-Tang vortex problem. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The Star Gazer and the Flesh Eater: Elements of a Theory of Metahistory

Author(s): Krakauer, David C | Abstract: In this chapter, I have identified shared elements of historical explanations. Coming from a background in an historical, natural science, I have sought to describe a few key concepts that might prove of some value in an empirically-based historical analysis more generally. These include the concepts of regularity, complexity, criticality, coarse-graining, intensivity and extensivity, levels of selection, major transitions, and emergence. These are not in circulation in current historiography, which has tended to steer away from the analysis of large, quantitative data sets, but could provide new concepts for organizing phenomena when this tendency is overcome. In discussing these various mechanisms and principles, I have tried to establish the legitimacy of a meta-history – a field of history that encompasses elements of physics, biology, anthropology, archeology, and more recent human culture. This is distinct from the practice of Big History – seeking to explore grand narratives encompassing both naturalistic and cultural dynamics – and stresses a variety of problems, concepts and methods that might be applicable to all historical fields.
The research participant perspective related to the conduct of genomic cohort studies: A systematic review of the quantitative literature

Observational genome-wide association studies require large sample sizes. Evaluating the interplay between genomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors can require even larger sample sizes. The All of Us Research Program will recruit 1 million participants to facilitate research on genomic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Integrating participant preferences into the research process is a new paradigm and a necessary component of the All of Us Research Program. The purpose of the study is to summarize quantitative studies of participant preferences related to participation in observational genomic research studies, starting with consent through return of results. Integrating this information into the conduct of genomic studies may benefit participants, and improve participant satisfaction, recruitment, and retention. We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding participant views related to reconsent and broad consent, use of de-identified data, contribution of data to a biorepository, risk of identification, return of individual genetic results, and motivation for participation in genomic studies. Twenty-three articles met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study results found that most participants support broad consent; however, significant differences related to reconsent preferences have been shown by gender and age. Most participants support the return of individual genomic results and do not feel it is necessary to maintain a link to their de-identified data. Reasons given for joining research studies varied by population source. These findings, in addition to the knowledge that participants are more accepting of broad informed consent methods when the rationale is explained, can assist in developing guidelines for future observational genomic research.
“Not Miniature Men and Women”: Abraham Jacobi’s Vision of a New Medical Specialty a Century Ago

It does not require special powers of observation to note when you move into the pediatric section of a hospital, clinic, or emergency room. Health providers have frequently abandoned ties and whites; they cover over their formal name tags with Smurf characters; and they decorate their instruments with attention-diverting animals.
Urethral Stricture and Urethroplasty in the Pelvic Irradiated Patient

The overall incidence of bulbo-membranous urethral stricture or bladder neck contracture after radiation therapy is roughly 3–16%. Time to stricture presentation is usually delayed (24 months) and insidious. Radiation urethral strictures typically have an unhealthy or pale appearance on cystoscopy, with varying degrees of local tissue induration or dense fibrotic scarring. Radiation induced urethral strictures are often refractory to urethrotomy or dilation, and more likely complex management dilemmas. Management methods include urethrotomy and intermittent self-catheterization, off-label use of an endourethral prosthesis, excision and primary urethral anastomosis urethroplasty, salvage prostatectomy with anastomotic urethrovesical urethroplasty, combined abdominal-perineal urethroplasty, onlay flap urethroplasty, and supravesical urinary diversion surgery. Grafts should generally be avoided in the radiated field unless buttressed by a muscle flap.
Arsenate Displacement from Fly Ash in Amended Soils

Arsenic (As) is the biggest environment contaminant in most of the soils where fly ash is applied. Usually, it is not mobile and strongly adsorbed on to soil particles. However, in gypsum and phosphorus amended soils As may be much more mobile. A study in repacked columns was conducted to determine whether or not As becomes mobile when Ca(H2PO4)2and CaSO4are used as leaching solutions, and to compare the competitive interactions between PO4-AsO4and SO4-AsO4. Arsenic concentration in leachate was found to be approximately ten times greater when Ca(H2PO4)2was used to leach the columns as compared to CaSO4. A maximum concentration of 800 μg As L-1was found in the leachate in this case, which is much higher than the groundwater limit of 50 μg L-1for drinking water established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In fly ash, the portion of arsenate non-specifically adsorbed is believed to be much lower than that of specifically adsorbed. Sulfate anions were able to displace only non-specifically adsorbed arsenate. In this case the concentration of As in leachate was found to be within acceptable limits. On the other hand, phosphate can compete with arsenate for all available adsorption sites, non-specific and specific. Phosphate displacement of both forms of arsenates increases As mobility in both control and fly ash treatments.
Patents and Proprietary Assays

Gene patents have been highly controversial in clinical diagnostics. Proponents claim that these patents promote gene discovery and encourage the production of novel diagnostic tests. Opponents argue that patents are unnecessary for discovery, and that they raise costs, decrease patient access, and harm innovation in the field of molecular pathology. In two recent Supreme Court cases, Mayo v. Prometheus and Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, the Court ruled that biological correlations and human DNA sequences represent natural laws that cannot be patented. These cases appear to have eliminated patent-based monopolization of testing for mutations in human genes and genotype–phenotype relationships, and will help facilitate the introduction of large-scale sequencing into clinical practice. The Supreme Court has thereby encouraged the advancement, development, and implementation of personalized medicine.
CRYOGLOBULINS AND CRYOGLOBULINS SECONDARY TO HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTION

ABSTRACT Cryoglobulins are a mixture of immunoglobulins and complement components that precipitate at temperature lower than 37°C. Cryoglobulinaemia (CG) means the presence of cryoglobulins in a patient's serum, but it is also referring to an inflammatory syndrome that generally involves small to medium vessel vasculitis due to cryoglobulin containing immune complexes. Prior to the identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 1989, CG was largely termed ‘essential' in patients who do not have associated lymphoproliferative disease or autoimmune disease. It is now recognized that up to 90% of patients with clinically evident CG have chronic HCV infection. The role of HCV in pathogenesis of CG and the treatment options are discussed here.
Environmental life cycle comparison of conventional and biological filtration alternatives for drinking water treatment

Drinking water utilities face challenges with meeting increasingly stringent regulations, often at higher costs and operational complexity, and all are expected to increase, especially with deteriorating source water quality. Biofiltration, which enables organic matter biodegradation, may be used as an alternative to conventional filtration to reduce chemical coagulant requirements while maintaining equivalent treatment. However, the advantages and disadvantages of filtration options depend on many factors, including source water, complex water chemistry interactions, and other site-specific conditions, such as the use of pre-ozonation to improve biofiltration performance and different types of chemicals for coagulation and disinfection. To identify and quantify the environmental and performance trade-offs between conventional and biological filtration, with and without pre-ozonation, a comprehensive modeling and systems approach is needed. To this end, life cycle assessment methodology was used to develop a new model in order to compare the environmental impacts of drinking water treatment trains that used conventional filtration, nonozonated biofiltration, and ozonated biofiltration. All were designed to produce the same water quality, in terms of total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and virus reductions. To account for different treatment targets, 4 treatment scenarios (summarized by differences in TOC removal requirements: 30%, 40%, 50%, and enhanced coagulation requirements based on U.S. regulation) were evaluated. The relative environmental impacts of all three treatment train alternatives, under each treatment scenario, were evaluated for 60 000 unique source waters. Generally, ozonated biofiltration had the worst environmental performance while nonozonated biofiltration had the lowest environmental impacts. However, the comparison of nonozonated biofiltration to conventional filtration depended on the treatment scenario and source water quality. For example, under the 50% TOC removal treatment scenario, nonozonated biofiltration had better relative environmental performance when the source water had high alkalinity (>50 mg L−1 CaCO3), low specific ultraviolet absorbance (SUVA) ( 7), and high temperature (especially >20 °C). Under the enhanced coagulation treatment scenario, both conventional filtration and nonozonated biofiltration had similar environmental impacts for most source waters. This new model and comprehensive water quality analysis can help utilities decide which filtration alternative best meets their needs, especially by reducing environmental impacts while improving drinking water quality.
The Fiscal Impacts of Energy: Perspectives from local governments in the Mountain West, USA

Abstract Over the past two decades, the U.S. energy sector has undergone significant transition. Coal— historically the primary power source for the U.S. economy—has declined markedly in both production and consumption. Renewables like wind and solar have become much more economically viable in recent years. However, perhaps the most dramatic change has been the drastic increase in oil and gas production since the mid-2000s, due largely to the convergence of unconventional technologies like hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling. The changing energy system presents both opportunities and challenges for local governments, especially those in rural areas that face unique fiscal struggles. In this paper, we present results of a survey of local policy actors in the Mountain West states of Colorado and Utah. Policy actors assessed the fiscal and public service impacts of different types of energy development and we tie these survey responses to spatial energy development data. Results imply that policy actors have nuanced views of all types of energy, though fossil fuels (especially coal) are generally seen as more fiscally beneficial than renewables. Generally, the spatial proximity of a type of energy development has only a weak relationship with perceived fiscal and public service costs and benefits.
Fast Defect Reduction to Enable Customer Yield Ramp

Minimizing defects on production wafers is critical for fab yield ramp and high volume manufacturing. Understanding the defect reduction process is essential for successfully implementing and validating corrective measures. A structured approach to defect root cause identification and correction is essential for achieving increasingly smaller defects with technology scaling from 28nm planar to 7 nm FINFET and with increasing stacks of 3DNAND memory. Such an approach leverages a defect knowledge base, broad equipment design and process expertise, and proven best-known methods—in addition to state-of-the-art metrology, inspection, and analysis technologies.
Natural APOBEC3C variants can elicit differential HIV-1 restriction activity

The APOBEC3 (A3) family of DNA cytosine deaminases provides an innate barrier to infection by retroviruses including HIV-1. A total of five enzymes, A3C, A3D, A3F, A3G and A3H, are degraded by the viral accessory protein Vif and expressed at high levels in CD4+ T cells, the primary reservoir for HIV-1 replication in vivo. Apart from A3C, all of these enzymes mediate restriction of Vif-deficient HIV-1. However, a rare variant of human A3C (Ile188) was shown recently to restrict Vif-deficient HIV-1 in a 293T-based single cycle infection system. The potential activity of this naturally occurring A3C variant has yet to be characterized in a T cell-based spreading infection system. Here we employ a combination of Cas9/gRNA disruption and transient and stable protein expression to assess the roles of major Ser188 and minor Ile188 A3C variants in HIV-1 restriction in T cell lines. Cas9-mediated mutation of endogenous A3C in the non-permissive CEM2n T cell line did not alter HIV-1 replication kinetics, and complementation with A3C-Ser188 or A3C-Ile188 was similarly aphenotypic. Stable expression of A3C-Ser188 in the permissive T cell line SupT11 also had little effect. However, stable expression of A3C-Ile188 in SupT11 cells inhibited Vif-deficient virus replication and inflicted G-to-A mutations. A3C-Ile188 is capable of inhibiting Vif-deficient HIV-1 replication in T cells. Although A3C is eclipsed by the dominant anti-viral activities of other A3s in non-permissive T cell lines and primary T lymphocytes, this enzyme may still be able to contribute to HIV-1 diversification in vivo. Our results highlight the functional redundancy in the human A3 family with regards to HIV-1 restriction and the need to consider naturally occurring variants.
Effort-reward imbalance and ambulatory blood pressure among female Las Vegas hotel room cleaners.

BACKGROUND Effort-reward imbalance (ERI) was hypothesized to be associated with ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and pulse pressure (PP) among female hotel room cleaners. METHODS ERI, ABP, and PP were assessed among 419 cleaners from five hotels during 18 waking hours. Adjusted linear regression models were used to assess associations of ERI with ABP and PP during 18-hours, work hours, and after work hours. RESULTS There was a pattern of higher ERI being associated with higher 18-hour systolic ABP and 18-hour PP although the results were imprecise. An increase of ERI by half its range was associated with a 1.6 mmHg (95% CI, -1.6-4.7) increase in 18-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP) and a 0.7 mmHg (95% CI, -1.1-2.5) increase in 18-hour PP. An increase in rewards by half its range was associated with a 2 mmHg decrease in after-hours SBP (-2.2, 95% CI, -5.4-1.0) and after-hours PP (-1.9, 95% CI, -3.8-0.0). Among females 45 years or older, ERI was associated with 2.1 and 2.2 mmHg increase in 18-hour and work hours diastolic ABP, respectively, compared to a 0 mmHg change in 18-hour and work hours diastolic ABP in younger women. The number of dependents at home attenuated the association. CONCLUSIONS ERI was positively associated with ABP, particularly SBP, and the association was modified by age and the number dependents at home, although the estimates were imprecise. Workplace interventions that integrate stress management and active ABP surveillance appear warranted. However, larger studies with Latina women need to confirm our results.
Identifying and Anticipating Cyberattacks That Could Cause Physical Damage to Industrial Control Systems

Physical control systems are increasingly controlled by reconfigurable, network-enabled devices to increase flexibility and ease commissioning and maintenance. Such capability creates vulnerabilities. Devices may be remotely reprogrammed by a malicious actor to act in unintended ways, causing physical damage to mechanical equipment, infrastructure, and life and limb. In this paper, past examples of actual damage to cyber-physical systems are shown, threats posed by software-controlled variable frequency drives (VFDs) are analyzed, and a small-scale version of an attack on ubiquitous VFD equipment is demonstrated.
Surface quality monitoring in abrasive water jet machining of Ti6Al4V–CFRP stacks through wavelet packet analysis of acoustic emission signals

Machining such as trimming and drilling of aerospace composite structures is often required to meet the intended geometric tolerances and functional requirements. Abrasive water jet (AWJ) is a primary candidate for high speed machining of difficult-to-cut materials. The AWJ process performance is sensitive to the online faults and non-optimal process parameters, necessitating efficient techniques for online process control. In this study, acoustic emission (AE) signals are used to monitor AWJ machining of stacked titanium-CFRP. Owing to the non-stationary nature of the AE signals, this work is focused on the precision-driven predictive approach in simultaneous time-frequency domain. The AE signals were analyzed using wavelet packet transform (WPT), and an algorithm was proposed to identify and characterize these signals. Thirty-five different mother wavelets and decomposition levels up to 10 were used. The wavelet parameters (mother wavelet and decomposition) were deemed optimal when the identified signal characteristics could strongly correlate with the process parameters and kerf wall quality (surface roughness). Coiflets and Symlets were identified as the optimal wavelets with energy-entropy coefficient as the qualifying characteristic of the wavelet packet resulting in R2 > 90%. A comparative study was conducted to qualify the proposed algorithm against standard time domain analysis measures. The maximum R2 and CV (RMSD)—coefficient of variation of root mean square deviation for time domain was observed as 88.6% and 12.5% respectively as opposed to R2 = 97.12% and CV (RMSD)= 6% for the proposed WPT algorithm. Overall, an efficient algorithm was proposed in monitoring the process quality and controlling the process parameters based on the identified signal signatures.
ATAC-seq on Sorted Adult Mouse Neurons

Transcription regulation is a key aspect of cellular identity established during development and maintained into adulthood. Molecular and biochemical assays that probe the genome are critical tools in exploring mechanisms of transcription regulation and cell type identity. The mammalian brain is composed of a huge diversity of cell types with distinct properties and functions. To understand these specific roles, it is necessary to selectively target cell populations for study. However, the need to selectively study restricted cell populations poses a challenge in neurobiology. It is often difficult to collect sufficient cellular input for many standard biochemical and molecular assays. Recently, important advances have been made to scale assays down, opening up new frontiers to explore molecular mechanisms in neurons. Concurrently, methodologies for preparing neurons for such assays has advanced taking into consideration specific methods to preserve the cell biology meant to be assayed. Here we describe a method for preparing live neurons from adult brain tissue for the Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin (ATAC).
Molybdenum solubility differences in MC phases formed in titanium and niobium modified austenitic stainless steels determined using AEM

MC particles were extracted on replicas from as-solution annealed (1 h at 1050/sup 0/C) type 316 + Ti (0.25 wt %), from SA 316 + Ti aged for 2770 h at 600/sup 0/C, and from as-solution annealed type 316 + Nb (0.15 wt %) stainless steels. Finally, MC particles were analyzed in foil for SA type 347 stainless steel, stabilized for several hours at approx.900/sup 0/C. Analysis was performed on JEM 100CX and Philips EM400 AEMs. Substantial molybdenum (approx.20 wt %) is dissolved in the Ti-rich MC particles formed in the SA 316 + Ti, in contrast to the behavior of MC in the other alloys. Most MC particles analyzed in the various specimens were larger than 10 nm in diameter. 4 references, 2 figures.
Unbounding ‘states of exception’, reconceptualizing precarity

This provocation unbounds ‘state of exception’ to account for its sustainability and its role in daily life. I argue that sustaining a ‘state of exception’ requires a governmentality to govern and ...
Magnitude thresholds and spatial footprints of damage from induced earthquakes

The rise in the number of anthropogenic small- to moderate-magnitude earthquakes in the central United States raises questions about the damageability of the built environment in such events. This ...
FILM NOIR AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF HOLLYWOOD By Nathaniel Deyo. Palgrave Macmillan, 2020. 225 pp. $84.99 hardcover

Published as part of the Palgrave Close Readings in Film and Television series, Nathaniel Deyo's recently released monograph, Film Noir and the Possibilities of Hollywood (2020), reexamines popular...
A pyridinic Fe-N 4 macrocycle models the active sites in Fe/N-doped carbon electrocatalysts.

Iron- and nitrogen-doped carbon (Fe-N-C) materials are leading candidates to replace platinum catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells; however, their active site structures remain poorly understood. A leading postulate is that the iron-containing active sites exist primarily in a pyridinic Fe-N4 ligation environment, yet, molecular model catalysts generally feature pyrrolic coordination. Herein, we report a molecular pyridinic hexaazacyclophane macrocycle, (phen2N2)Fe, and compare its spectroscopic, electrochemical, and catalytic properties for ORR to a typical Fe-N-C material and prototypical pyrrolic iron macrocycles. N 1s XPS and XAS signatures for (phen2N2)Fe are remarkably similar to those of Fe-N-C. Electrochemical studies reveal that (phen2N2)Fe has a relatively high Fe(III/II) potential with a correlated ORR onset potential within 150 mV of Fe-N-C. Unlike the pyrrolic macrocycles, (phen2N2)Fe displays excellent selectivity for four-electron ORR, comparable to Fe-N-C materials. The aggregate spectroscopic and electrochemical data demonstrate that (phen2N2)Fe is a more effective model of Fe-N-C active sites relative to the pyrrolic iron macrocycles, thereby establishing a new molecular platform that can aid understanding of this important class of catalytic materials. Iron- and nitrogen-doped carbon materials are effective catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction whose active sites are poorly understood. Here, the authors establish a new pyridinic iron macrocycle complex as a more effective active site model relative to legacy pyrrolic model complexes.
Inference for Estimable and Predictable Functions

As regards the estimation of estimable functions of β and the prediction of predictable functions of β and u, we have, to this point in our development, considered only point estimation and prediction. Now that we have added distribution theory related to the multivariate normal distribution to our arsenal, we may consider interval and “regional” estimation/prediction and hypothesis testing for such functions under normal linear models. Furthermore, we may use hypothesis testing or other procedures that require a normality assumption to choose the linear model upon which further inferences may be based. This chapter takes up all of these topics.
Pain after a motor vehicle crash: The role of socio-demographics, crash characteristics and peri-traumatic stress symptoms.

Background The vast majority of individuals who come to the emergency department (ED) for care after a motor vehicle collision (MVC) are diagnosed with musculoskeletal strain only and are discharged to home. A significant subset of this population will still develop persistent pain and posttraumatic psychological sequelae may play an important role in pain persistence. Methods We conducted a multisite longitudinal cohort study of adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae (APNS) among patients seeking emergency department (ED) treatment in the aftermath of a traumatic life experience. We report on a sub-group of patients (n=666) presenting after an MVC, the most common type of trauma and we examine associations of socio-demographic and MVC characteristics, and persistent pain eight weeks after MVC. We also examine the degree to which these associations are related to peritraumatic psychological symptoms and 2-week acute stress reactions using an applied approach. Results Eight-week prevalence of persistent moderate or severe pain was high (67.4%) and positively associated with patient sex (female), older age, low socioeconomic status (education and income), and pain severity in the ED. Peritraumatic stress symptoms (distress and dissociation) appear to exert some influence on both acute pain and the transition from acute to persistent pain DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: The early aftermath of an MVC may be an important time period for intervening to prevent and reduce persistent pain. Substantial variation in mediating pathways across predictors also suggests potential diverse and complex underlying biological and psychological pathogenic processes are at work in the early weeks following trauma. Significance The first several days after trauma may dictate recovery trajectories. Persistent pain, pain lasting beyond the expected time of recovery, is associated with pain early in the recovery period, but also mediated through other pathways. Future work is needed to understand the complex neurobiological processes in involved in the development of persistent and acute post-traumatic pain.
Chapter 27 – Modernization and Disease

Modernization describes a process in which societies relying on traditional patterns of subsistence, with long-established and usually kin-based social structures, are transformed by interaction with market-oriented industrial societies. Modernization is broadly associated with an increase in the risk of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease. Anthropological research over the past 40 years has focused on unraveling the factors associated with that risk. This has been a fruitful area of research that has contributed substantially to the development and refinement of a biocultural perspective.
Autosomal dominant smooth hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta: Report of a case

Abstract Amelogenesis imperfecta implies a hereditary defect in enamel without any known clinical changes in other body tissues. A familial incidence of smooth hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta without any related systemic abnormalities was noted to occur in four generations. An autosomal dominant mode of inheritance was observed for this enamel defect.
Lookahead and pathology in decision tree induction

The standard approach to decision tree induction is a top-down greedy agorithm that makes locally optimal irrevocable decisions at each node of a tree. In this paper we empircally study an alternative approach in which the algorithms use one-level lookahead to decide what test to use at a node. we systematically compare using a very large number of artificial data sets the quality of dimension trees induced by the greedy approach to that of trees induced using lookahead. The main observations from our experiments are (1) the greedy approach consistently produced trees that were just as at accurate as trees produced with the much more expensive lookahead step and (n) we observed many instances of pathology, i.e, lookahead produced trees that were both larger and less accurate than trees produced without it.
Assessment of Neuropsychological Functioning

The field of neuropsychology and neuroscience in general has a history that is quite a bit older than one would think. Written records of the nervous system date back as far as 1700bc as ancient Egyptians appear to have engaged in treating head and brain injuries. This chapter reviews the historical development of modern clinical neuropsychology and presents some of the recent developments and opportunities in the field, then focuses on some innovative issues in neuropsychology. Our intent is to selectively introduce these advances and explain some of the basic components of each. We focus on how these new developments and progress in neuropsychology advance experimental and clinical neuropsychology, how they contribute to our knowledge of brain–behavior relationships and treatment of patients, and how they are shaping the field of neuropsychology as a whole. Future developments and their potential impact are also presented. Keywords: clinical applications; neuropsychological assessment; neuropsychology
Pretreatment of Donor Mice With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Polarizes Donor T Lymphocytes Toward Type-2 Cytokine Production and Reduces Severity of Experimental Graft-Versus-Host Disease

The incidence and severity of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic transplantation using peripheral blood progenitor cells mobilized by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) appear to be no worse than those after bone marrow transplantation, despite the presence of large numbers of T cells in the donor infusion. Experimental studies have shown that type-1 T cells (secreting interleukin-2 [IL-2] and interferon-gamma) mediate acute GVHD, whereas type-2 T cells (secreting IL-4 and IL-10) can prevent acute GVHD. We tested the hypothesis that G-CSF modulates T-cell function toward a type-2 response and thus reduces the severity of acute GVHD. B6 mice were injected with G-CSF or diluent for 4 days, and their splenic T cells were stimulated in vitro with alloantigen or mitogen in the absence of G-CSF. T cells from G-CSF-treated mice showed a significant increase in IL-4 production, with a simultaneous decrease in IL-2 and interferon-gamma production in response to both stimuli. We also examined the effect of G-CSF pretreatment of donors in a GVHD model (B6-->B6D2F1). Survival was significantly improved in recipients of G-CSF-treated donors. Concanavalin-A-induced cytokine production at day 13 after transplantation also showed an increase in IL-4 along with a decrease in IL-2 and IFN-gamma production by splenocytes from recipients of G-CSF-treated bone marrow and T cells. These data show that pretreatment of donors with G-CSF polarizes donor T cells toward the production of type-2 cytokines, which is associated with reduced type-1 cytokine production and reduced severity of acute GVHD.
The notch pathway intermediate HES-1 silences CD4 gene expression.

We have previously identified a transcriptional silencer that is critical for proper expression of the CD4 gene during T-cell development. Here we report that the Hairy/Enhancer of Split homologue HES-1, a transcription factor in the lin12/Notch signaling pathway, binds to an important functional site in the CD4 silencer. Overexpression of HES-1 leads to the silencer site-dependent repression of CD4 promoter and enhancer function as well as the downregulation of endogenous CD4 expression in CD4+ CD8− TH cells. Interestingly, overexpression of an activated form of Notch1 (NotchIC) leads to the repression of CD4 promoter and enhancer function both in the presence and absence of the silencer. NotchIC-mediated CD4 silencer function is not affected by the deletion of the HES-1-binding site, indicating that multiple factors binding to CD4 transcriptional control elements are responsive to signaling from this pathway, including other silencer-binding factors. Taken together, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that the lin12/Notch signaling pathway is important in thymic development and provide a molecular mechanism via the control of CD4 gene expression in which the lin12/Notch pathway affects T-cell developmental fate.
Photic threshold for stimulation of testicular growth and pituitary FSH release in male Djungarian hamsters.

Abstract While the effects of photoperiod on neuroendocrine-gonadal activity have been extensively studied in a number of species, surprisingly little information concerning the quantitative aspects of light regulating reproductive activity is available. In the present experiment, Djungarian hamsters were exposed to two 10 min pulses of light per day and the light irradiance was systematically varied to determine the threshold for photostimulation by white light. After 10 days testes weight and serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were determined. The data indicate that the irradiance threshold necessary for induction of significant increases of both serum FSH levels and testes weight lies between 0.1 and 0.34 μW/cm 2 for 10 min pulses of light. These results demonstrate a strong correlation between the effects of light on serum FSH levels and testes weight and provide the first quantitative assessment of the irradiance threshold for light involved in photoperiodic stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal axis of a mammalian species.
Die Infrarot-Spektroskopie als Methode zur chemischen Charakterisierung von dünnen Schichten auf Metallen

Die ublichen Nachweisempfindlichkeiten in der Infrarot-Spektroskopie [27] erlauben Reflexionsmessungen an dunnen Filmen auf Metallen bis herab zu Schichtdicken von ca. 1μ. Sollen noch wesentlich dunnere Filme analysiert werden, so bedarf es spezieller Methoden. Hierzu gehort die Reflexions-Absorptions-Spektroskopie (IR-RAS), bei der mit parallel zur Einfallsebene polarisierter IR-Strahlung und grosen Einfallswinkeln gearbeitet wird. Der Empfindlichkeitsgewinn der IR-RAS wird am vorteilhaftesten mit rechnergekoppelten dispersiven oder Fourier-Transform-Spektrometern genutzt. Auf Grund ihrer hohen Aussagekraft uber die unzersetzte molekulare oder ionogene Oberflachen-Spezies ist die IR-RAS eine wichtige Ergan zung zu Methoden wie ESCA, Auger und SIMS.
Negrito Racial Strain in India

THE remnants of the Negrito race in the aboriginal population of South India were first discovered by Dr. B. S. Guha and reported in NATURE1. In an extensive survey of the Perambiculam Hills within the Cochin State and the adjoining Anaimallais Hills of the Coimbatore district he found, in all, 16 individuals with spirally curved hair of whom one was a Pulayan, one a Mlser and the rest were Kadars. The hair of these people was of a frizzly type equivalent to No. g of Martin's scheme2, with the exception of two individuals whose hair was of the woolly type and more like No. h of the same scheme. In a recent survey of the Hill People of the Rajmahal Hills of Santal Parganas, I came across a boy of about fourteen years of age in a place called Lilkotidhor (Rajmahal subdivision) belonging to the Bgdi group with short spirals of a distinctly woolly type (No. h) (Fig. 1). He was very short (1,354 mm.). The head was round and short, the maximum length and breadth being 166 mm. and 142 mm. respectively, and the proportions between the two was 85.54. The nose was flat and broad and the face was round and short. The lips, however, were moderate and no prognathism was noticed. The skin colour was black, corresponding to No. 33 of von Luschan scale.
The admittance of a parallel-plate waveguide aperture illuminating a metal sheet

The admittance of a parallel-plate waveguide aperture having an infinite flange and illuminating a metal sheet is determined by two separate methods: 1) wedge diffraction theory; 2) an integral transform solution. Numerical computations obtained by either method are in excellent agreement and are verified experimentally. A Smith chart is employed to show that, for a given aperture width, the admittance locus coalesces about the half-space value as the metal sheet recedes to infinity. A strong interaction between the aperture and the metal sheet occurs for distances in the vicinity of integral multiples of one half-wavelength. The interaction becomes much more localized with respect to distance as the distance to the sheet is increased; however, the admittance is always infinite at these distances.
Lipase Catalysis on Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface. 1. Kinetic Rate Constants on Quasi-Two-Dimension

Chemical reactions on a cell membrane surface are of pivotal importance for cellular functions such as intracellular signal transduction. Of the variety of membrane proteins, those imbedded in hemi-leaflets of bilayer membranes can be mimicked structurally and dynamically on monomolecular layers of phospholipids at the air/water interface. This is to report the kinetics of lipase (Pseudomonas cepacia) catalyzed hydrolysis of a substrate (umbelliferone stearate) on uniphasic l-α-dilauroylphosphatidylcholine monolayers at the air/water interface. A novel experimental protocol of the interfacial reaction is employed to probe the enzymatic kinetics. The kinetic rate constants on the monolayers are extracted from the substrate and the enzyme concentration dependences of the initial hydrolysis rate. The lipase on monolayers at the air/water interface is highly activated over that in bulk solution, and the turnover number of the lipase catalysis is strongly dependent on the surface pressure of monolayers.
A TEMPORARY PULSE-STORAGE UNIT

Abstract A temporary pulse-storage unit (stretcher) has been developed and built at this Laboratory. The unit is capable of storing and reshaping individual pulses. The voltage droop of the stored pulse in the stretcher is less than one channel for storage periods up to 10 msec. A description of the unit, which utilizes a capacitor-type storage device, electronic switches and conventional timing circuits, is given here. Considerations on timings and circuit components are also given. Applications in a pulse-derandomizer system and a multiparameter recording system are mentioned. Energy resolutions better than 0.1% are reported for systems that use the stretcher.
Metastatic colonic carcinoma to epididymis

Abstract Metastatic carcinoma to the epididymis is rare. One such type of metastasis occurred in the patient herein reported. High ligation of the cord with orchiectomy was performed.
The effects of specialist supply on populations' health: assessing the evidence

ABSTRACT: Analyses at the county level show lower mortality rates where there are more primary care physicians, but this is not the case for specialist supply. These findings confirm those of previ...
A method to quantitate the neutralizing capacity of anti-therapeutic protein antibodies in serum and their correlation to clinical impact

A robust, quantitative method for assessing the neutralizing capacity of anti-therapeutic protein antibodies was developed and tested using 4 analytical assay platforms typically used for detection of anti-drug neutralizing antibodies. The method described here utilized titration of increasing concentrations of therapeutic protein into serum containing anti-therapeutic protein antibodies, either positive control antibodies or clinical samples. Neutralizing capacities were calculated by determining the EC50 from the titration curves. The neutralizing capacity of purified anti therapeutic protein antibodies was expressed in terms of "μg of drug neutralized per μg of anti-TP antibody" present. In the case of serum originating from clinical study subjects, the neutralizing capacity of the samples was expressed as "μg of drug neutralized per mL of serum". A relative shift in EC50 values was observed as the amount of serum or antibody was changed resulting in a proportional shift of the calculated neutralizing capacity. Application of this approach using different assay platforms was consistent providing evidence for its potential to be a useful approach to characterize, qualify and compare neutralizing positive control antibody preparations or clinical samples. Using this methodology, we were able to draw a clear correlation between the neutralizing capacity and the effect of these antibodies on a clinical pharmacodynamic (PD) marker. Determination of the neutralizing capacity of antibody positive samples from subjects in a clinical study indicated direct correlation of pharmacodynamic results with non-response, partial response and response to high, mid and low neutralizing capacities respectively.
Adsorption on nanotubes having equilateral triangular geometry with first- and second-neighbor interactions: attractive first neighbors.

The recently published general method of studying adsorption on terraces and nanotubes is applied to adsorption on nanotubes in hollows or on-tops, which form a zigzag equilateral triangular adsorbate lattice. We consider adsorbate−adsorbate first- and second-neighbor interactions, with attractive first neighbors. In addition to empty and full coverage, there are three phases of occupational characteristics which are independent of the diameter of the nanotube. The low temperature energy phase diagram is the same for nanotubes of increasing diameters and, thus, is also valid in the infinite-diameter limit. As expected, this diagram is the same as that of the infinite-width limit of an equilateral triangular terrace, on which we have recently reported. The current study also includes temperature effects on the phases and the transition between phases.
Fusion capability of rat embryonic oral tissue in vitro.

Abstract Epithelial mesenchymal interaction in the fusion process was studied by the means of fusing different extremities of a 15 day 16 hr rat foetus. The extremities used were the hands, feet, and tails, which at this stage of embryologic development appear to have a similar type of epithelial covering but differ markedly in the degree of specialization of the underlying mesenchyme. Two hands from one embryo were placed in palm to palm contact and grown under organ culture conditions for 72 hr with ten pairs of hands making up the experimental group. Ten pairs of feet made up the second experimental group with two feet from the same embryo being placed in sole to sole contact and grown under organ culture conditions. The third experimental group consisted of ten pairs of tails from littermate embryo's and were placed side by side and cultured for 72 hr. In all three experimental groups, fusion with epithelial breakdown occurred though to different extents. It was noted that the degree of mesenchymal penetration across the interrupted epithelial barrier was related to the extent of specialization of the mesenchymal tissue. The greater the degree of specialization of the mesenchyme the less was the intermingling with the mesenchyme of the opposite member. The most specialized extremity the hand, also showed the lowest incidence of the fusion process progressing as far as the epithelial breakdown stage.
Probing Radiation-Reaction in the High Acceleration Regime

In this talk, we will explore the radiation-reaction models that were previously suggested in the literature. The case of an electron colliding head-on with an intense laser beam will be studied. It will be shown that the Lorentz Force, the Landau-Lifshitz and the Lorentz-Abraham-Dirac equations result in dierent radiation emission that could be distinguished in experiment using current technology.
Magnetic spheres in a superconductor

We consider a cubic lattice of small magnetic spheres imbedded in a type II superconductor. We compute the field distribution for one sphere and the interaction energy when the moments are aligned. It is pointed out that the dipolar field due to the nearest neighbors, in opposition to the normal situation, is nonzero in the superconducting state and induces then an antiferromagnetic ordering of the moments.
Clinical stage Bo or T1c prostate cancer: Nonpalpable disease identified by elevated serum prostate-specific antigen concentration

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the clinical and pathologic characteristics of 60 patients with a palpably benign prostate gland, but with biopsy-proved prostate cancer. All patients underwent prostate biopsy because of elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration, and subsequently underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP). Similar analysis was performed for a randomly selected group of 60 clinical Stage B1 prostate cancers from the same period (control cohort). Patients with nonpalpable prostate cancers had a higher preoperative PSA level as compared with the clinical Stage B1 group (median value: 12.3 ng/mL versus 4.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to clinical parameters (voiding symptoms, hematuria, age). The nonpalpable prostate cancers exhibited a significant tumor volume (mean: 7.4 cc; range: 0.3-56 cc), and 18 (30%) demonstrated capsular perforation to involve the periprostatic tissues. Of these, three (5%) had seminal vesicle invasion, and one (2%) had pelvic lymph node involvement. There was no difference between these pathologic characteristics and those of the clinical Stage B1 prostate cancers. These findings suggest that nonpalpable prostate cancers identified by an elevated serum PSA level can be of clinical significance and warrant therapeutic consideration. Although nonpalpable, these cancers are peripherally located and were clinically suspected prior to biopsy. Therefore, we propose that these cancers be classified as clinical Stage B0 in the Whitmore-Jewett staging system; in the new TNM staging system, they are designated as clinical Stage T1c.