cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High glucose concentrations inhibit protein synthesis in retinal pigment epithelium in vitro.

There is mounting evidence suggesting functional and structural alterations in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in experimental and clinical diabetes. In this study we examined the effect of high glucose concentrations on human RPE cells in vitro. After 24-hr incubation in media supplemented with glucose (19·5 m M , 25·5 m M , and 45·5 m M ) and prepared both with and without osmotic adjustment, there was no significant effect on [ 3 H]thymidine or [ 3 H]uridine incorporation into TCA-precipitable material. There was, however, a significant decrease in [ 35 S]methionine incorporation which became more marked with increasing glucose concentrations. This could not be attributed to increased osmolarity caused by the additional glucose as it occurred in isosmolar high glucose media. 3- 0 -methyl glucose, a non-metabolized glucose analog, did not have the same effect, suggesting that metabolism of glucose may be important. Resolution of newly synthesized proteins by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography suggests a generalized decrease in protein synthesis. These data suggest that elevated glucose levels cause a significant metabolic alteration in RPE cells in vitro.
GUSHING PROMOTERS AND SUPPRESSANTS IN BEER AND HOPS

The fatty acids present in beer and hops were found to have pronounced effects on gushing, some at concentrations of I ppm or less. Saturated fatty acids are weak gushing promoters, while unsaturated acids are powerful suppressants. A parallel structure-activity correlation also exists in a series of α-acid derivatives and their analogues. Compounds with the unsaturated side-chains intact showed either weak suppressant activity or none at all. Loss of carbon-carbon unsaturation through hydrogenation or cyclization produced powerful gushing promoters, but reduction of carbonyl unsaturation as in ρ-isohumulones, or loss of side chains as in humulinic acids had no effect on gushing. Promoter and suppressant effects of the compounds tested were non-specific and mixtures of unsaturated fatty acids suppressed all instances of gushing, whether natural or artificially induced. The results indicate that beer normally contains both gushing promoters and suppressants, and gushing may sometimes be due to an imbalance between them.
Brittle and Ductile Behavior in Carbon Nanotubes

Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the response of carbon nanotubes to a tensile load. Plastic or brittle behaviors can occur depending upon the external conditions and tube symmetry. All tubes are brittle at high strain and low temperature, while at low strain and high temperature armchair $(n,n)$ nanotubes can be completely or partially ductile. In zigzag $(n,0)$ tubes ductile behavior is expected for tubes with $nl14$, while larger tubes are completely brittle. In both cases the curvature determines the mechanical response.
Recently tested strategies to reduce nosocomial infections in the neonatal intensive care unit

Recent years have witnessed a renewed interest in reducing hospital-acquired infections in critically ill patients. We review three recently tested strategies to decrease nosocomial infections specifically in the neonatal intensive care unit. These include improvement of hand hygiene, the incorporation of hand-hygiene practices into broader care bundles, and the prophylactic administration of antimicrobials, especially fluconazole, to infants at high risk prior to the onset of infection. The effectiveness of the first two interventions is well supported, particularly in older patient populations, while the effectiveness of the third is counterbalanced by the threat of the emergence of resistant-organism infections.
X-ray crystal structure of a recombinant human myoglobin mutant at 2.8 A resolution

We have grown crystals in trigonal space group P3(2)21 of a mutant human myoglobin, aquomet form, in which lysine at position 45 has been replaced by arginine and cysteine at position 110 has been replaced by alanine. Suitable crystals of native recombinant human myoglobin have not been obtained. We have used the molecular replacement method to determine the X-ray crystal structure of the mutant at 2.8 A resolution. At the present stage of refinement, the crystallographic R-value for the model, with tightly restrained stereochemistry, is 0.158 for 5.0 to 2.8 A data. As expected, the overall structure is quite similar to the sperm whale myoglobin structure. Arginine 45 adopts a well-ordered conformation similar to that found in aquomet sperm whale myoglobin.
Blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices utilizing cesium–carbonate-doped 2,4,6-tris(2',4'-difluoro-[1,1'- biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine

We report an alternative, high-yielding synthesis for the known compound 2,4,6-tris(2′,4′-difluoro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (tris-(dFB)Tz). The energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (ELUMO) for tris-(dFB)Tz is estimated to be −3.5 eV from electrochemical measurements. The deep ELUMO of tris-(dFB)Tz affords a material with excellent electron acceptor characteristics for use in n-doped electron transport layers. Tris-(dFB)Tz shows a four order of magnitude increase in the number of carriers on doping with 8 wt. % Cs2CO3. Enhanced electron injection was also observed on doping with Cs2CO3, which eliminated the necessity for a separate LiF electron injection layer. Blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) were fabricated using n-doped tris-(dFB)Tz electron transport layers. OLEDs with thick (700-A) Cs2CO3-doped tris-(dFB)Tz electron transport layers had lower operating voltages than OLEDS with an undoped electron transport layer of bis(diphenylphosphoryl)dibenzothiophene (PO15), which has previously been used in low-voltage, high-efficiency OLEDs. The tris-(dFB)Tz results indicate that aromatic substituted triazines may be promising materials for use as electron acceptors in n-doped organic electronic systems.
Equilibrium Theory of Liquid Helium-Four at Absolute Zero

In this paper we develop a microscopic theory of liquid helium-four at absolute zero. Our method of attack is a free adaptation of the Bohm-Pines technique for describing the degenerate electron gas, and is an improvement in several ways on the collective treatment of liquid helium carried through by Bohm and Salt using the same technique. In consequence of our approach, we are able to treat the collective motions rather accurately and to give a microscopic derivation of the Feynman theory of liquid helium. We also show precisely how the latter is related to quantum hydrodynamics and how the Feynman-Cohen state vector for the excited states is the natural and rigorous outcome of relaxing a little the condition that density fluctuations in the liquid do not affect its kinetic energy. The ground-state wave function is computed and shown to be, to a very good approximation, of the same form as that postulated by Chester and his collaborators. This implies strongly that Bose condensation exists in liquid helium and that it is closely related to short-range correlations in the system. Lastly, we separate the microscopic Hamiltonian operator into truly independent collective and single-particle parts and verify that the coupling between the phonon modes and the short-range correlations can induce a velocity-dependent interaction between helium atoms. This new interaction is under certain conditions an attractive one and may play a role in determining the anomalous thermal properties of the liquid.
Communicated values as indicators of organizational identity: A method for organizational assessment and its application in a case study

Organizational identity (OI) has traditionally been defined as those core, distinctive, and enduring features unique to an institution (Albert & Whetten, 1985). However, organizational research (e.g., Ashforth & Mael, 1996; Cheney & Christensen, 2001; Vaugn, 1997) published in the last decade has prompted that Albert and Whetten's (1985) definition of OI be recast to emphasize message transmission and organizational values among its core properties. Subsequently, this paper advances a revised definition of OI, describes a content analytic method for OI assessment, and then applies it in a case study to determine the communicated values comprising the identity of a specific organization, the United Church of God, an International Association, during its first five years. Results of a longitudinal analysis indicate that United's identity reflects the following values: (a) during its first year of existence family security, obedience, mature love, helpfulness, and ambition; (b) during its third year of opera...
Students with Disabilities: Inclusionary Programming and the School Principal.

The principal's role is pivotal in expanding opportunities for more inclusionary programming while ensuring that students with disabilities receive services that have been carefully planned by the placement team to meet their individual needs.
On the Stability of Distributed Circuit Simulations

We examine the stability of distributed simulations of electric circuits via their representation as distributed discrete-time dynamical systems. Our framework leads to necessary and sufficient stability conditions for distributed circuit solvers, even when the inter-processor communication pattern changes dynamically. The proposed framework is not only suitable for analyzing the co-simulation of large-scale power systems but also for analyzing a variety of dynamical systems that operate over a network. Stability analysis for a distributed simulation model of coupled nonlinear oscillation-known as the Kuramoto model-is also examined
The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary: A Thought-Experiment in Medieval Philosophical Theology

On 8 December 1854, Pius IX issued Ineffabilis Deus, in which he dogmatized the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The bull reads, For the honor of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, for the glory and ornament of the Virgin Godbearer, for the exaltation of the catholic faith and the growth of the Christian religion, by the authority of Our Lord Jesus Christ, of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own, we declare, pronounce, and define the doctrine which holds that the Most Blessed Virgin Mary at the first instant of her conception was by a singular grace and privilege of Almighty God, in consideration of the merits of Christ Jesus, the Savior of the human race, preserved immune from every stain of original guilt; that this was revealed by God and therefore is firmly and constantly to be believed by all of the faithful.1
Do Ecological Analogues Assemble their Common Features in the Same Order? An Investigation of Regularities in Evolution, Using Sand-Dwelling Lizards as Examples

Ecological analogues provide an opportunity to assess the regularity of the evolutionary process and some of the factors that control this. By using cladistic methods of phylogeny reconstruction, it is possible to see if two or more stocks have responded in the same way to similar environments, or whether factors such as accident, contingency and previous history have restricted such orderliness. A method is described for comparing the sequences in which ecological analogues assemble their common traits, including ways of handling incomplete data and of testing the statistical significance of the results. The method is applied to situations that mainly involve lizard groups independently associated with aeolian sand habitats. A case where the lineages concerned are closely related is contrasted with two where this is not so. The first instance involves an intrafamilial comparison of three members of the lacertid genera Meroles and Acanthodactylus , which show strong concordance in trait order and great similarity in their independently acquired traits. The other comparisons are of members of different families: Meroles anchietae (Lacertidae), Uma (Phrynosomatidae), Phrynocephalus arabicus (Agamidae) and Pristurus carteri (Gekkonidae). Here concordance in trait order is much lower and independently developed traits often show substantial differences in the various groups. The principal reason for the disparity in results appears to be the much longer and more varied separate histories of the lineages involved in the interfamilial comparisons before they finally entered aeolian sand. These historical differences result in particular independently acquired features developing much earlier in some lineages than others and in the development of phylogenetic constraints and proclivities that influence the detailed ways some environmental problems are solved. Finally, no evidence could be found that traits which evolve in similar sequences in different lineages are developmentally interconnected.
Free Energies for Acid Attack Reactions of Lithium Cobaltate

The attack of lithium-ion battery cathodes by stray aqueous HF, with resultant dissolution, protonation, and possibly other unintended reactions, can be a significant source of capacity fade. We explore the calculation of reaction free energies of lithium cobaltate in acid by a “hybrid” method, in which solid-phase free energies are calculated from first principles at the generalized gradient approximation + intrasite coulomb interaction (GGA+U) level and tabulated values of ionization potentials and hydration energies are employed for the aqueous species. Analysis of the dissolution of the binary oxides Li2O and CoO suggests that the atomic energies for Co and Li should be shifted from values calculated by first principles to yield accurate reaction free energies within the hybrid method. With the shifted atomic energies, the hybrid method was applied to analyze proton-promoted dissolution and protonation reactions of LiCoO2 in aqueous acid. Reaction free energies for the dissolution reaction, the reaction to form Co3O4 spinel, and the proton-for-lithium exchange reaction are obtained and compared to empirical values. An extension of the present treatment to consider partial reactions is proposed, with a view to investigating interfacial and environmental effects on the dissolution reaction.
Inhibition of mTOR suppresses UVB-induced keratinocyte proliferation and survival.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major risk factor for developing skin cancer, the most prevalent cancer worldwide. Several studies indicate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is activated by UVB and may play an important role in skin tumorigenesis. mTOR exists in two functionally and compositionally distinct protein complexes: the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and the rapamycin-resistant mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The purpose of these studies was to investigate the roles of the two mTOR complexes in UVB-mediated proliferation and apoptosis in the skin. We utilized rapamycin, a pharmacological inhibitor of mTORC1, and an inducible mTOR-deficient (K5-CreERT2;mTORfl/fl) mouse model that allows epidermal-specific disruption of mTOR following topical treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT). Rapamycin blocked UVB-induced phosphorylation of S6K, the downstream target of mTORC1, and significantly reduced UVB-stimulated epidermal proliferation and cell cycle progression, but had no effect on cell death. In contrast, mTOR deletion, which attenuated UVB-induced phosphorylation of both S6K and the mTORC2 target AKTSer473, significantly increased apoptosis both in vivo and in keratinocyte cultures, in addition to reducing hyperproliferation following UVB irradiation. The role of mTORC2 in UVB-induced pro-survival signaling was verified in Rictor-/- MEFs, which lack functional mTORC2 and were more sensitive to UVB-induced apoptosis than controls. These studies show that mTORC1 and mTORC2 play unique but complementary roles in controlling proliferation and apoptosis in the skin. Our findings underscore the importance of both mTOR complexes in mediating UVB-induced signaling in keratinocytes and provide new insight into the pathogenesis of skin cancer.
Estimates of microurie-days residence, bone dose equivalent, and (mpc) for thrium-232 in man using a mammillary model

A four-compartment mammillary model for the distribution and excretion of thorium and its daughter radium is studied and applied to the problem of estimating the radiation dose to organs and tissues of man for the case of a single intake of232Th. The long-lived daughter228Ra (∼6 y) grows in with time and gives birth to the other short-lived daughters (<0.4 day) which irradiate those tissues in the vicinity of their point of production. Some data on228Th and its daughter224Ra are available on dogs from which a model is derived and tested. Then, from some single-intake data (Th and Ra) on man, parameters for the model are estimated and estimates of residence times of the232Th daughters in man are made. Also, the 50-year radiation dose (dose equivalent) to bone from a single intake of232Th is estimated.
Glucose Regulates Foxo1 Through Insulin Receptor Signaling in the Pancreatic Islet β-cell

Glucose controls islet beta-cell mass and function at least in part through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway downstream of insulin signaling. The Foxo proteins, transcription factors known in other tissues to be negatively regulated by Akt activation, affect proliferation and metabolism. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that glucose regulates Foxo1 activity in the beta-cell via an autocrine/paracrine effect of released insulin on its receptor. Mouse insulinoma cells (MIN6) were starved overnight for glucose (5 mmol/l) then refed with glucose (25 mmol/l), resulting in rapid Foxo1 phosphorylation (30 min, P < 0.05 vs. untreated). This glucose response was demonstrated to be time (0.5-2 h) and dose (5-30 mmol/l) dependent. The use of inhibitors demonstrated that glucose-induced Foxo1 phosphorylation was dependent upon depolarization, calcium influx, and PI3K signaling. Additionally, increases in glucose concentration over a physiological range (2.5-20 mmol/l) resulted in nuclear to cytoplasmic translocation of Foxo1. Phosphorylation and translocation of Foxo1 following glucose refeeding were eliminated in an insulin receptor knockdown cell line, indicating that the glucose effects are mediated primarily through the insulin receptor. Activity of Foxo1 was observed to increase with decreased glucose concentrations, assessed by an IGF binding protein-1 promoter luciferase assay. Starvation of MIN6 cells identified a putative Foxo1 target, Chop, and a Chop-promoter luciferase assay in the presence of cotransfected Foxo1 supported this hypothesis. The importance of these observations was that nutritional alterations in the beta-cell are associated with changes in Foxo1 transcriptional activity and that these changes are predominantly mediated through glucose-stimulated insulin secretion acting through its own receptor.
Time and frequency domain characteristics of polarization-mode dispersion emulators

We investigate both experimentally and theoretically a new technique to realistically emulate polarization-mode dispersion (PMD). We propose and demonstrate a PMD emulator using rotatable connectors between sections of polarization-maintaining fibers that generates an ensemble of high PMD fiber realizations by randomly rotating the connectors. It is shown that: (1) the DGD of this emulator is Maxwellian-distributed over an ensemble of fiber realizations at any fixed optical frequency; and (2) the frequency autocorrelation function of the PMD emulator resembles that in a real fiber when averaged over an ensemble of fiber realizations. A realistic autocorrelation function is required for proper emulation of higher order PMD and indicates the feasibility of using this emulator for wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems.
Protein Analyses Using Differential Ion Mobility Microchips with Mass Spectrometry

Differential ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) integrated with mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful new tool for biological and environmental analyses. Large proteins occupy regions of FAIMS spectra distinct from peptides, lipids, or other medium-size biomolecules, likely because strong electric fields align huge dipoles common to macroions. Here we confirm this phenomenon in separations of proteins at extreme fields using FAIMS chips coupled to MS and demonstrate their use to detect even minor amounts of large proteins in complex matrixes of smaller proteins and peptides.
Defective immunoregulation in RSV vaccine-augmented viral lung disease restored by selective chemoattraction of regulatory T cells

Human trials of formaldehyde-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (FI-RSV) vaccine in 1966–1967 caused disastrous worsening of disease and death in infants during subsequent natural respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. The reasons behind vaccine-induced augmentation are only partially understood, and fear of augmentation continues to hold back vaccine development. We now show that mice vaccinated with FI-RSV show enhanced local recruitment of conventional CD4+ T cells accompanied by a profound loss of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the airways. This loss of Tregs was so complete that additional depletion of Tregs (in transgenic depletion of regulatory T-cell mice) produced no additional disease enhancement. Transfer of conventional CD4+ T cells from FI-RSV–vaccinated mice into naive RSV-infected recipients also caused a reduction in airway Treg responses; boosting Tregs with IL-2 immune complexes failed to restore normal levels of Tregs or to ameliorate disease. However, delivery of chemokine ligands (CCL) 17/22 via the airway selectively recruited airway Tregs and attenuated vaccine-augmented disease, reducing weight loss and inhibiting local recruitment of pathogenic CD4+ T cells. These findings reveal an unexpected mechanism of vaccine-induced disease augmentation and indicate that selective chemoattraction of Tregs into diseased sites may offer a novel approach to the modulation of tissue-specific inflammation.
On the Parity of the Number of Partitions in Square Free Parts

Let \( \tilde p(n) \) be the number of partitions of a positive integer n in square free parts. We prove that for large N, (a) The number of n ≤ N such that \( \tilde p(n) \) is odd is ≫ log N (b) The number of n ≤ N such that \( \tilde p(n) \) is even is ≫ N/log N.
Accurate microarchitecture-level fault modeling for studying hardware faults

Decreasing hardware reliability is expected to impede the exploitation of increasing integration projected by Moore's Law. There is much ongoing research on efficient fault tolerance mechanisms across all levels of the system stack, from the device level to the system level. High-level fault tolerance solutions, such as at the microarchitecture and system levels, are commonly evaluated using statistical fault injections with microarchitecture-level fault models. Since hardware faults actually manifest at a much lower level, it is unclear if such high level fault models are acceptably accurate. On the other hand, lower level models, such as at the gate level, may be more accurate, but their increased simulation times make it hard to track the system-level propagation of faults. Thus, an evaluation of high-level reliability solutions entails the classical tradeoff between speed and accuracy. This paper seeks to quantify and alleviate this tradeoff. We make the following contributions: (1) We introduce SWAT-Sim, a novel fault injection infrastructure that uses hierarchical simulation to study the system-level manifestations of permanent (and transient) gate-level faults. For our experiments, SWAT-Sim incurs a small average performance overhead of under 3x, for the components we simulate, when compared to pure microarchitectural simulations. (2) We study system-level manifestations of faults injected under different microarchitecture-level and gate-level fault models and identify the reasons for the inability of microarchitecture-level faults to model gate-level faults in general. (3) Based on our analysis, we derive two probabilistic microarchitecture-level fault models to mimic gate-level stuck-at and delay faults. Our results show that these models are, in general, inaccurate as they do not capture the complex manifestation of gate-level faults. The inaccuracies in existing models and the lack of more accurate microarchitecture-level models motivate using infrastructures similar to SWAT-Sim to faithfully model the microarchitecture-level effects of gate-level faults.
Computer control of space-borne teleoperators with sensory feedback

This paper presents the conceptual design, analysis, synthesis and software organization of an advanced teleoperator control system with sensory feedback. The design requirements for the system are discussed in detail and an implementation strategy is presented. The resulting system features maximum autonomy of the local hand controller and remote manipulator subsystems, along with kinematic and dynamic coordination between these subsystems. The final design emphasizes cooperation and interaction between the human operator and the computers in control of the sensor-based manipulator system. The hardware and software modules being used to implement the system at JPL are described.
Cerebral Circulatory Effects of Acutely Induced Hypervolemia in Human Subjects

Expansion of the blood volume with 5 per cent albumin solution was associated with a 32 per cent increase in cerebral blood flow and a commensurate decrease in cerebral vascular resistance. Expansion of the intravascular volume with whole blood was not associated with any consistent cerebral hemodynamic alteration. It is suggested that the response of the cerebral circulation was largely governed by the factitious "anemia" induced by the selective expansion of the plasma volume.
Effect of rearranging sp2/sp3 hybridized-bonding on the field emission characteristics of nano-crystalline diamond films

Abstract The electron field emission properties of nano-crystalline diamond (ND) thin-film can be enhanced through nitrogen incorporation, resulting in increased sp2 carbon concentration leading to low binding energy beneficial for electron field emission. Three distinct ND films exhibiting differentiable grain structures and carbon chemical bonding were grown by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPCVD) using different growth conditions. The ND films were grown on highly conductive silicon substrates using MPCVD-facilitated reaction of CH4/H2/N2 precursor gases. The nitrogenated ND film deposited under relatively low-pressure low-power growth condition yielded a turn-on field of 3.5 V/µm, which is the lowest value of the three films. XPS results reveal that the lowest turn-on field corresponded with the highest sp2 intensity. The same film also exhibited the shallowest Fowler–Nordheim slope, indicating a stronger field enhancement factor and lower effective work function.
ACON: Activity-Centric Access Control for Social Computing

With increasing amount of sensitive user data stored in social computing systems (SCSs) and lack of consensus on how it should be protected under meaningful control by the average user, security and privacy has become a pressing problem that must be addressed. We propose the concept of user and SCS activity as a natural aspect of social computing which influences access control in a manner distinct to SCSs. We propose an activity-centric access control or Activity Control (ACON) framework for social computing to facilitate both privacy setting from user side and administration from SCS side. We further propose an ACONuser model for user activity control and session management. We illustrate how the model captures the user activities using several SC examples.
Repeatability of extra-pair mating in tree swallows.

Models of sexual selection assume that female mating preferences are heritable and, thus, repeatable for individual females across multiple mating episodes. Previous studies of the repeatability of female preference have examined individuals in captivity and focused presumably on social mate choice. However, extra-pair mating is widespread and can also influence sexual selection. We examined the repeatability of extra-pair mating in a wild population of tree swallows ( Tachycineta bicolor ) by experimentally inducing females to lay two clutches in rapid succession within the same season. We found that the proportion of extra-pair young and the number of extra-pair sires were highly repeatable for individual females. However, the repeatability of specific extra-pair sires was low. We suggest that this unusual pattern of mating may be due to females maximizing the heterozygosity of their offspring.
Management of pediatric pyocele using percutaneous imaging-guided aspiration

Introduction Pyocele of the scrotum is a rare clinical entity not well-described in the pediatric literature. With the exception of those patients who cannot undergo surgery, all published cases have been treated definitely with surgical drainage with severe cases leading to orchiectomy.
Neural crest-mediated bone resorption is a determinant of species-specific jaw length

Precise control of jaw length during development is crucial for proper form and function. Previously we have shown that in birds, neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) confers species-specific size and shape to the beak by regulating molecular and histological programs for the induction and deposition of cartilage and bone. Here we reveal that a hitherto unrecognized but similarly essential mechanism for establishing jaw length is the ability of NCM to mediate bone resorption. Osteoclasts are considered the predominant cells that resorb bone, although osteocytes have also been shown to participate in this process. In adults, bone resorption is tightly coupled to bone deposition as a means to maintain skeletal homeostasis. Yet, the role and regulation of bone resorption during growth of the embryonic skeleton have remained relatively unexplored. We compare jaw development in short-beaked quail versus long-billed duck and find that quail have substantially higher levels of enzymes expressed by bone-resorbing cells including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), Matrix metalloproteinase 13 (Mmp13), and Mmp9. Then, we transplant NCM destined to form the jaw skeleton from quail to duck and generate chimeras in which osteocytes arise from quail donor NCM and osteoclasts come exclusively from the duck host. Chimeras develop quail-like jaw skeletons coincident with dramatically elevated expression of TRAP, Mmp13, and Mmp9. To test for a link between bone resorption and jaw length, we block resorption using a bisphosphonate, osteoprotegerin protein, or an MMP13 inhibitor, and this significantly lengthens the jaw. Conversely, activating resorption with RANKL protein shortens the jaw. Finally, we find that higher resorption in quail presages their relatively lower adult jaw bone mineral density (BMD) and that BMD is also NCM-mediated. Thus, our experiments suggest that NCM not only controls bone resorption by its own derivatives but also modulates the activity of mesoderm-derived osteoclasts, and in so doing enlists bone resorption as a key patterning mechanism underlying the functional morphology and evolution of the jaw.
Balancing the Numbers of Detected Faults for Improved Test Set Quality

Test set quality benefits from tests that detect large numbers of faults. However, test compaction procedures target decreasing numbers of faults as they generate more tests and drop faults from consideration. This paper describes a procedure that balances the numbers of faults that tests in a given test set detect in order to improve its quality. In the first step of an iteration, the procedure moves tests from the beginning to the end of the test set. This allows fault simulation with fault dropping to create target faults for tests that were generated with small numbers of target faults. In the second step, the procedure constructs a new test set where tests with small numbers of detected faults are modified to detect additional faults. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the ability of the procedure to improve the quality of a test set for single stuck-at faults as measured by its bridging fault coverage, and the numbers of detections of single stuck-at faults.
Child Beauty, Child Rights and the Devaluation of Women.

In the US existing initiatives to improve birth outcomes have been confined to fetal and infant concerns neglecting womens health. In most such programs women are not eligible for services until the moment of conception and are jettisoned from the program the moment they deliver or soon thereafter. Not only does this tight focus on fetal and infant concerns devalue womens interests but it may also prove of limited effectiveness in improving birth and infant outcomes. There is evidence indicating that a series of chronic conditions before pregnancy are important determinants of pregnancy complications and prematurity. Consequently focused prenatal care programs will have to be transformed to become a component of womens health care over a lifetime. Continued ambivalence over the social role of women and tortured political discourse over the direction of public policy in the US demand that the needs and rights of children be reframed to advance the needs and rights of women. Such a major revision will require the courage to confront deep often self- serving disciplinary isolation as well as the collective commitment to rebuild a coherent progressive agenda.
The effect of variations in layer thickness on Love waves

Abstract A model is considered in which Love waves propagate perpendicular to the trend of a structure that is varying in thickness as a sine function of distance. The period equation for this model is obtained and average values for phase and group velocities are found for several distance ranges. A method is proposed for finding relative amplitudes as a function of position along the structure for any specified period.
Cotton Yield and Quality Loss Caused by Various Levels of Stink Bug Infestations

Cage studies were conducted to investigate the effects of 2 stink bug species, Euschistus conspersus Uhler and Chlorochroa uhleri Stal, upon cotton. Damage was measured in terms of cotton seed weight, germination, and lint yields. Results showed damage to cotton was most severe in cages containing 8 bugs/plant.
Effect of Cortisone Acetate on an Experimental Purulent Infectious Arthritis of White Mice

the human throat capable of producing joint lesions in laboratory animals, three strains of alpha type Streptococcus have been isolated which cause an experimental infection in albino rats and mice characterized by a high incidence of polyarthritis and lesions in the heart and kidneys (Friedlander, 1951). The response in mice to intravenous inoculation of various doses of these organisms has been found to be highly uniform. The incidence of arthritis and
On the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals

(1982). On the Mean Value Theorem for Integrals. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 89, No. 5, pp. 300-301.
Effects of Secretin on Renal Hemodynamics and Excretion

SummaryThe infusion of secretin directly into a renal artery produced a dose related increase in RBF and CPAH and reduction in RVR. V and TcH2O were unaffected and no increase in UNaV was observed. This is surprising because dilators of renal vasculature produce a natriuresis which correlates with the increase in RBF.
A finite element method for simulating interface motion

This paper describes our recent progress in developing a finite element method for simulating interface motion. Attention is focused on two mass transport mechanisms: interface migration and surface diffusion. A classical theory states that, for interface migration, the local normal velocity of an interface is proportional to the free energy reduction associated with a unit volume of atoms detach from one side of the interface and attach to the other side. We express this theory into a weak statement, in which the normal velocity and any arbitrary virtual motion of the interface relate to the free energy change associated with the virtual motion. An example with two degrees of freedom shows how the weak statement works. For a general case, we divide the interface into many elements, and use the positions of the nodes as the generalized coordinates. The variations of the free energy associated with the variations of the nodal positions define the generalized forces. The weak statement connects the velocity components at all the nodes to the generalized forces. A symmetric, positive-definite matrix appears, which we call the viscosity matrix. A set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations evolve the nodal positions. We then treat combined surface diffusion and evaporation-condensation in a similar method with generalized coordinates including both nodal positions and mass fluxes. Three numerical examples are included. The first example shows the capability of the method in dealing with anisotropic surface energy. The second example is pore-grain boundary separation in the final stage of ceramic sintering. The third example relates to the process of mass reflow in VLSI fabrication.
Use of Social Media by Transportation Agencies for Traffic Management

Social media have become an integral part of modern communication. There is, however, no clear consensus among transportation managers about how social media could or should be used to collect or disseminate actionable information. To provide guidance on the potential use of social media in transportation, a better understanding is needed of the content of the message as well as the path taken from the sender to the potential user of actionable information during crises and other nonroutine events in the transportation system. This paper assesses how social media are used to support traffic management operations during planned special events, such as concerts and sporting events, and during unplanned disruptive events, such as accidents and weather events. This paper also examines best practices for traffic operations among various agencies and presents practices used to disseminate real-time, actionable information to motorists in a useful and engaging format via social media.
Study on AHP-based risk assessment method of A.D.HALL system for water resources and hydropower project

Based on analytic hierarchy process(AHP),A.D.HALL system for water resources and hydropower project is analyzed and the impacts from the risks of all the factors on the risk of a large-scale system are defined,and then a hierarchical model of A.D.HALL matrix is established.On the basis of this,the object layer,criterion layer and scheme layer within the large-scale system of A.D.HALL are constructed and the risks from all the phases of the construction process are integrated.Finally,the target of assessing the whole system of the water resources and hydropower project is got through the risk assessment made on the A.D.HALL system for water resources and hydropower project,consequently,the problems from the assessment made on the integrated risk of A.D.HALL large-scale system for water resources and hydropower project is solved as well.
Retention of Displaced Students after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the strategies that university leaders implemented to improve retention of displaced students in the aftermaths of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. The unive...
A Gaming-Simulation Environment for Learning Using Intelligent Tutoring

Intelligent Tutoring Systems, a pioneering application of Computer-Based Training, and Gaming-Simulation, a game-based simulation tool for teaching and learning, are both substantive research and development areas which cross a multitude of disciplines and have the potential for mutual enhancement that would increase the pedagogical effectiveness of the latter. This paper examines possible roles for an Intelligent Tutoring System within a Gaming Simulation Environment and suggests an architecture for a Computer-Based Training environment that integrates Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Gaming-Simulation.
Building Relationships in Physical and Virtual Spaces

The previous chapter centered on how I negotiated responsive teaching with prospective teachers. Relationship building was the cornerstone of this responsive teaching; after all, teaching is not just about delivering content but also about building relationships (Bingham & Sidorkin, 2004; Noddings, 1992; Russel & Loughran, 2007).
One Way to Select Many

Selecting items from a collection is one of the most common tasks users perform with graphical user interfaces. Practically every application supports this task with a selection feature different from that of any other application. Defects are common, especially in manipulating selections of non-adjacent elements, and flexible selection features are often missing when they would clearly be useful. As a consequence, user effort is wasted. The loss of productivity is experienced in small doses, but all computer users are impacted. The undesirable state of support for multi-element selection prevails because the same selection features are redesigned and reimplemented repeatedly. This article seeks to establish common abstractions for multi-selection. It gives generic but precise meanings to selection operations and makes multi-selection reusable; a JavaScript implementation is described. Application vendors benefit because of reduced development effort. Users benefit because correct and consistent multi-selection becomes available in more contexts.
Jetted tidal disruptions of stars as a flag of intermediate mass black holes at high redshifts

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) of stars by single or binary supermassive black holes (SMBHs) brighten galactic nuclei and reveal a population of otherwise dormant black holes. Adopting event rates from the literature, we aim to establish general trends in the redshift evolution of the TDE number counts and their observable signals. We pay particular attention to two types of TDEs which are expected to be observable out to high redshifts, namely (i) jetted TDEs whose luminosity is boosted by relativistic beaming, and (ii) TDEs around binary black holes. We show that the brightest (jetted) TDEs are expected to be produced by massive black hole binaries if the occupancy of intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs) in low mass galaxies is high. The same binary population will also provide gravitational wave sources for eLISA. In addition, we find that the shape of the X-ray luminosity function of TDEs strongly depends on the occupancy of IMBHs and could be used to constrain scenarios of SMBH formation. Finally, we make predictions for the expected number of TDEs observed by future X-ray telescopes as a function of their sensitivity limits. We find that an instrument which is 50 times more sensitive than the Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) on board the Swift satellite is expected to trigger ~10 times more events than BAT with 50% of the events coming from z>2. Because of their long decay times, high-redshift TDEs can be mistaken for fixed point sources in deep field surveys such as the 4Ms survey with the Chandra X-ray Observatory and targeted observations of the same deep field with year-long intervals could reveal TDEs. If the occupation fraction of IMBHs is high, 6-20 TDEs are expected in each deep field observed by a telescope 50 times more sensitive than Chandra.
Minichromosome maintenance protein 7 and geminin expression: Prognostic value in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in patients treated with radiotherapy and cetuximab.

Background Minichromosome maintenance protein 7 (MCM7) is a downstream of human epidermal growth receptor (HER1) signaling. We examined MCM7, geminin, and HER1 expression in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with radiotherapy and cetuximab. Methods MCM7, geminin, and HER1 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry on 61 patients with laryngeal SCC. The follow-up (median, 32.1 months; range, 2–139 months) went from the beginning of therapy to tumor progression-free survival (PFS) and death (overall survival [OS]). Results MCM7, but not geminin, was associated only with HER1 expression, whereas no association was found with other clinicopathological characteristics. Patients with MCM7 high - geminin high and MCM7 high - geminin low tumor status had a risk of progression 3.1 times and 17.7 times greater, respectively, than patients with MCM7 low – geminin high tumor status. Tumor site, MCM7, and geminin were independent determinants of PFS, whereas MCM7 was an independent prognostic marker of OS. Conclusion MCM7-geminin tumor status may be prognostic for patients with laryngeal SCC treated with cetuximab and radiotherapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2016
In Situ O xide, G aN Interlayer-Based Vertical Trench MOS FET ( OG-FET ) on Bulk GaN substrates

In this letter, we report on high breakdown voltage in situ oxide, GaN interlayer-based vertical trench MOSFETs (OG-FETs) on bulk GaN substrates. Following our previous work on OG-FETs on GaN on sapphire, utilizing a low damage gate-trench etch and using bulk GaN substrates, a breakdown voltage of 990 V with an on-resistance 2.6 $\text{m}\Omega ~\cdot $ cm2, was achieved. Without edge termination, a high breakdown field of 1.6 MV/cm was achieved in these devices.
Post-Thyroidectomy Hypocalcaemia: An Institutional Study

Background : The transient and permeanent hypocalcaemia causes considerable loss of health as well as wealth of the patient. The patients undergoing for thyroid surgery should allow elimination of the particular disease for which it was done and also keeping this post-operative complication of hypocalcaemia to a minimum. Study design : Case series Aim of the study: To identify the risk factors, that predispose to post-operative hypocalcaemia. Methodology: This prospective study was conducted up on 278 patients in surgical unit of Mahathma Gandhi Memorial Hospital, Kakatiya Medical Collage, Warangal, Telangana State, India., from January 2011 to February 2016. Different thyroid surgeries were done for various thyroid disorders and observed for post-operative hypocalcaemia. Results were analysed. Results: 26 patients were with post-operative transient hypocalcaemia (9.35%) which were treated immediately with intravenous calcium gluconate and followed by serial serum calcium levels and 8 patients remained as persistent hypoparathyroidism (2.87%) which was confirmed by serum paratharmone levels. Hypocalcaemia developed in first 3 days of post-operative period. Permeanent hypoparathyroidism confirmed after 6 months of followup and confirmed with serum paratharmone (PTH) estimation. No mortality (0%). Conclusion: Proper pre-operative evaluation, preservation of parathyroids with refined surgical technique can lower the incidence of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia. Grave's disease, retrosternal goitres, large volume goitres and recurrent goitres are considered to be risk factors.
Factors associated with latent fingerprint exclusion determinations

Exclusion is the determination by a latent print examiner that two friction ridge impressions did not originate from the same source. The concept and terminology of exclusion vary among agencies. Much of the literature on latent print examination focuses on individualization, and much less attention has been paid to exclusion. This experimental study assesses the associations between a variety of factors and exclusion determinations. Although erroneous exclusions are more likely to occur on some images and for some examiners, they were widely distributed among images and examiners. Measurable factors found to be associated with exclusion rates include the quality of the latent, value determinations, analysis minutia count, comparison difficulty, and the presence of cores or deltas. An understanding of these associations will help explain the circumstances under which errors are more likely to occur and when determinations are less likely to be reproduced by other examiners; the results should also lead to improved effectiveness and efficiency of training and casework quality assurance. This research is intended to assist examiners in improving the examination process and provide information to the broader community regarding the accuracy, reliability, and implications of exclusion decisions.