cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Caregiver burden, health utilities, and institutional service use in Alzheimer's disease.

Objective This study examined the moderating effect of caregiver burden on the relationship between the health status of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and their use of institutional services (i.e., hospitalization, nursing home, and residential care). Methods Data were obtained at baseline and at 3, 6, and 9 months following study entry on 421 community-dwelling patients with AD in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness for AD. The outcome variable includes use of any institutional services. Logistic regression was employed to estimate the interaction between Health Utility Index Mark III score (a general health status measure) and four concurrent caregiver burden measures at outcome. Marginal effects were calculated and plotted using random effects models for observations at multiple time points per individual. Average effects were calculated across all observations using models without random effects. Results Random effects results suggest that caregiver burden weakens the inverse relationship between health utilities and institutional service use, leading to greater likelihood of institutional use than would be expected at a given level of health. This is indicated by positive and significant signs on the Health Utility Index Mark III*caregiver burden interaction when burden is measured using the Caregiver Distress Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Caregiver Assessment Survey (all p < 0.05). It is reinforced by positive and significant average effects deriving from Caregiver Distress and Beck Depression Inventory models without random effects (both p < 0.10). Results derived from the Burden Interview Scale, although positive, were non-significant and weak by comparison. Conclusion Caregiver support interventions should be offered to individuals caring for less-advanced AD patients. Otherwise, healthy patients may be at increased risk for institutionalization when caregivers experience high levels of burden. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency domain design of control systems using the simplex optimization procedure

A purely quantitative approach to the frequency domain design of control systems is described. The approach uses principles of computer-aided design. The proposed design technique is based on the computation of the system frequency response, evaluation of the discrepancy between the actual and required response, and numerical minimization of this discrepancy with respect to adjustable system parameters. The simplex optimization procedure is used in the proposed procedure. Results of the simulation of the transient response of the designed system indicate that design specifications are completely satisfied. >
Structure of a HoxB1-Pbx1 heterodimer bound to DNA: role of the hexapeptide and a fourth homeodomain helix in complex formation.

Abstract Hox homeodomain proteins are developmental regulators that determine body plan in a variety of organisms. A majority of the vertebrate Hox proteins bind DNA as heterodimers with the Pbx1 homeodomain protein. We report here the 2.35 A structure of a ternary complex containing a human HoxB1–Pbx1 heterodimer bound to DNA. Heterodimer contacts are mediated by the hexapeptide of HoxB1, which binds in a pocket in the Pbx1 protein formed in part by a three–amino acid insertion in the Pbx1 homeodomain. The Pbx1 DNA-binding domain is larger than the canonical homeodomain, containing an additional α helix that appears to contribute to binding of the HoxB1 hexapeptide and to stable binding of Pbx1 to DNA. The structure suggests a model for modulation of Hox DNA binding activity by Pbx1 and related proteins.
Psychiatric background and diagnoses of children evaluated for special class placement.

We assessed the psychiatric histories and DSM-III diagnoses of all schoolchildren ( N = 177) in one geographic area who were referred for potential placement in classes for children with social and emotional disturbances (SED). An extremely high prevalence of serious psychopathology was demonstrated among the entire group. In children aged 6–12 years, Attention Deficit Disorder was the most common diagnosis, while Affective Disorders were the most frequent in older children (13–18 years). The types of psychiatric disorders were similar but of significantly greater severity in children subsequently recommended for SED placement. The SED group had significantly more abused children and parents with psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, a majority of the children had not received previous psychiatric care or special educational help.
Social influences on judgments about tasks

Abstract The effects of the awareness of other workers' attitudes on individuals' judgments of the motivating potential of tasks were studied in a laboratory setting. Results showed that subjects' task judgments were significantly influenced by the attitudes of other workers as well as by objective task differences. Additionally, the influence of other workers' attitudes on task judgments was significantly stronger for Field Dependent subjects than for Field Independent subjects. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of socially provided information on workers' attempts to structure organizational experiences, factors which might influence the weight given to social information, and the problems associated with using perceptual measures of organizational characteristics.
Acute effects of physically active versus inactive video game play on executive functioning skills in children

Video games, especially the newest technologies, are prevalent and popular activities for children. However, few studies have explored the benefits of playing these games on cognition. The aim of my dissertation research is to investigate how cognitive engagement and physical activity in active versus inactive video game play influences short-term effects on executive functioning (EF) skills for children ages 6 to 11. Research has found that certain activities temporarily boost executive functioning skills. Studies with adults and undergraduates have found that video game play increases selective attention and inhibition. In addition, empirical research has demonstrated that aerobic activity can enhance executive functioning after a 30-minute bout of exercise. Therefore, exergames, physically active video games, may have the most potential to impact executive functioning skills based on the combination of exercise and cognitively engaging video game play. The research will examine differences in executive functioning immediately after game play. There will be four conditions: a non-playing control, an exercise condition, an exergame condition, and sedentary video game condition. One hundred forty participants ages 6 to 11 years old will be tested in pre- and posttest on three different executive functioning tasks. An ANOVA with repeated planned contrasts will examine the hypothesis that the children in the exergame condition will have significantly greater improvement in EF than children in the non-playing control, exercise or sedentary video game conditions.
Nuclear power source for electric propulsion

A low specific weight (20 to 40 Kg/Kwe), long life (6 to 10 year), 100 to 400 KWe nuclear electric propulsion (NEP) system can deliver 2,000 to 10,000 Kg payloads for intensive study of our solar system. The nuclear power source is about 80% of the NEP system mass, thus the NASA program is focused on developing the power source technology. Because of the long life requirements, direct thermal to electric energy conversion technology (thermionic and thermoelectric) is being pursued. In order to meet the low specific weight it is necessary to develop a 10 to 15% conversion module with a 875 K minimum heat rejection temperature and a 1675 K maximum input temperature. The thermoionic converter is about 9% efficient at these temperatures. The thermoelectric converter is limited to a 1300 K input temperature. So, the thermionic program is focused on improving the efficiency while the thermoelectric program is focused on increasing the temperature.
Synthesis and UV−Visible-Light Photoactivity of Noble-Metal−SrTiO3 Composites

The photocatalytic activity of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) perovskite films has been examined and compared with that of commercially available titania (TiO2, Degussa P25) in the degradation of a model pollutant, Victoria Blue dye. The effects of pH, synthesis temperature, and Sr/Ti ratio in the synthesis of the perovskite were examined. SrTiO3 was prepared using Ag, Pt, or Au and characterized using optical and surface analysis methods. We found no clear evidence of substitution of the noble metal into the SrTiO3 lattice, and most metal existed as zerovalent metal deposits. Addition of Ag to SrTiO3 showed the most promising catalytic activity toward dye degradation. Degradation of the dye under UV−visible light was also observed to be enhanced only for Ag−SrTiO3.
Spatiotemporal temperature patterns during hydrogen oxidation on a nickel disk

Spatiotemporal temperature patterns on a polycrystalline nickel disk were recorded using infrared video imaging during atmospheric hydrogen oxidation and characterized by the proper orthogonal decomposition pattern analysis technique. The system was studied at two different residence times, 3.2 s and 6.4 s. At moderate feed temperatures, steady-state multiplicity and rate oscillations were found. Oscillations at a residence time of 6.4 s were periodic and essentially spatially uniform. At a residence time of 3.2 s, however, the surface temperature became nonuniform, and rate oscillations occurred via traveling temperature waves which emanated from “pacemakers” (locally active regions) on the edge of the catalyst. During periodic oscillations, the waves were emitted synchronously from the pacemakers, while during chaotic oscillations, the pacemakers were desynchronized and emitted waves independently of each other. Nonlocal gas-phase coupling between distance surface elements caused spatial desynchronization during rate oscillations.
The effect of suramin-phthalanilide complexes on the chemotherapeutic activity and toxicity of 4′,4″-bis (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinyl)terephthalanilide (NSC 57153)

Abstract Suramin forms water-insoluble complexes with 4′,4″- bis (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-pyrimidinyl)terephthalanilide (NSC 57153). The mole ratio of Suramin-drug for maximum complex formation is 0·3:1 . Excess Suramin dissolves this precipitate whereas excess drug does not. The uptake of NSC 57153 by P815 mast cell leukemic cells in vitro is affected by the presence of Suramin. Excess moles of Suramin relative to drug inhibit uptake, whereas excess moles of drug enhance the uptake. Although Suramin administration has no effect on drug uptake by tumor cells in vivo and does not affect the antileukemic activity of NSC 57153, it does delay the onset of NSC 57153 toxicity in mice. Three drug components (lipid-bound, hydrophilic-bound, and “free” drug) are extracted from tumor cells and the ratio of the three drug components is not affected by the extracellular Suramin-drug ratios after the cells have been exposed to drug either in vitro or in vivo . Suramin lowers the concentration of NSC 57153 in both kidney and liver but not in muscle. The drug is extracted primarily as a lipid complex from all tissues, whether the animals have been treated with NSC 57153 or with Sumarin-NSC 57153 complexes.
Abstract: Lag as Moderator Models for Longitudinal Data

The magnitude of a relationship between constructs measured at different occasions will often depend upon the amount of time that passes between measurement occasions, or lag. One way to address th...
On some quasilinear elliptic boundary value problems with conditions at infinity

in various, possibly weighted, Sobolev spaces of real functions defined on a. In the case the function p depends on the third variable v in a special way, this problem has been considered by Benci and Fortunato [I]. They point out the necessity of considering Sobolev spaces with weights by giving an interesting example for which the BVP (I), (2) has no solution in IY’*p(0), p > 2. This means we have to accept solutions with more liberal behaviour at infinity depending on the weight function a(.) used. Benci and Fortunato prove the solvability in w’(Q, o) of the BVP (1) (2) under the assumption that it has an upper solution I,U and a lower solution q with c~ < w. It seems to us they make use in an essential way of the regularity of the solution of an elliptic inequality [ 31. Thus for their method to be applicable, apparently the coefficients of the elliptic operator A have to be reasonably smooth; the function p has to depend on the third variable q in a special way; the upper and lower solutions v, p, and the weight function CJ have to belong to C’(4). In Theorem 1, we shall establish solvability in I+“(.Q, a) under fewer smoothness requirements. Our proof is based on a result that we proved earlier [4] concerning the existence of a weak solution of the BVP (l), (2) assuming that it has a weak upper solution v/ and a weak lower solution v, with 9 < v/. Thus, in Theorem 1 we shall require, for example, only that 9, v/ belong to some Sobolev space W’(R, a). This improvement as compared to
HYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITY IN A POROUS LAYER SATURATED WITH A HEAT GENERATING FLUID.

Critical Rayleigh numbers determined by linear stabiliy theory are presented for porous-fluid layers of infinite horizontal extent heated internally by a uniform volumetric energy source in the fluid. The thermal coupling between the layer and its environment is represented by a general mixed boundary condition for both the conduction state and the disturbance temperature. Rigid-rigid, rigid-constant pressure, and constant pressure-rigid boundaries are considered in the computations. For a fixed ratio of upper surface Biot number to that at the lower surface, decreasing the Biot number is strictly destabilizing for values of this ratio greater than or equal to one. A layer with a rigid upper surface is generally the most stable; however, a layer with a rigid upper surface and a constant pressure lower surface exhibits the largest values of critical Rayleigh numbers for large values of Biot number.
Hypospadias repair using laser tissue soldering (LTS): preliminary results of a prospective randomized study

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate laser tissue soldering using an 808 nm diode laser and wavelength- matched human albumin solder for urethral surgery in children. Methods: Currently, 30 boys, ages 3 months to 8 years were randomized to standard suturing (n equals 22) or 'sutureless' laser hypospadias repair (n equals 18). Laser soldering was performed with a human albumin solder doped with indocyanine green dye (2.5 mg/ml) using a laser power output of 0.5 W, pulse duration of 0.5 sec, and interval of 0.1 sec. Power density was approximately 16 W/cm2. In the laser group, sutures were used for tissue alignment only. At the time of surgery, neourethral and penile lengths, operative time for urethral repair, and number of sutures/throws were measured. Postoperatively, patients were examined for complications of wound healing, stricture, or fistula formation. Results: Mean age, severity of urethral defect, type of repair, and neourethra length were equivalent between the two groups. Operative time was significantly faster for laser soldering in both simple (1.6 plus or minus 0.21 min, p less than 0.001) and complex (5.4 plus or minus 0.28 min, p less than 0.0001) hypospadias repairs compared to controls (10.6 plus or minus 1.4 min and 27.8 plus or minus 2.9 min, respectively). The mean number of sutures used in the laser group for simple and complex repairs (3.3 plus or minus 0.3 and 8.1 plus or minus 0.64, respectively) were significantly (p less than 0.0001) less than for controls (8.2 plus or minus 0.84 and 20 plus or minus 2.3, respectively). Followup was between 3 months and 14 months. The overall complication rate in the laser group (11%) was lower than the controls (23%). However, statistical significance (p less than 0.05) was achieved only for the subgroup of patients undergoing simple repairs (LTS, 100% success versus suturing, 69% success). Conclusions: These preliminary results indicate that laser tissue soldering for hypospadias repair may be performed in a nearly sutureless fashion and in a more rapid manner than for conventional suturing. The trend towards a decreased rate of complications in the laser group at this time indicates that laser soldering may be an improved method of tissue closure for hypospadias repair. We continue to accrue patients to this study.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Capital Markets, the Development Industry, and Urban Office Market Dynamics: Rethinking Building Cycles

In this paper it is argued that more attention should be paid to the role of supply-side factors in accounting for the spatiotemporal evolution of urban office building cycles, particularly during the recent boom of the 1980s. Urban office building dynamics are critically related to changes in the structure and operation of finance capital, the development industry, and state intervention; changes which in turn are related to shorter term macroeconomic fluctuations and longer waves of economic and political restructuring at different geographic scales. A comparative analysis of the timing, periodicity, and magnitude of booms and slumps in downtown office construction activity between 1963 and 1986 in major metropolitan areas of the United States reveals a convergence in the timing of booms and slumps in downtown office construction between individual cities and on the national trend in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and a persistence of important differences in the relative volume of downtown office cons...
Modulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase by inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase: implications for insulin regulation.

Abstract The activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), the rate-limiting enzyme of fatty acid biosynthesis, can be regulated by both adenine and guanine nucleotides in vitro. We have employed two inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase, ribavarin and tiazofurin, to investigate a possible role for intracellular nucleotides in ACC regulation in rat adipocytes. Ribavarin, but not tiazofurin, leads to a profound time-dependent inhibition of ACC activity that is associated with a decrease in both intracellular ATP and GTP. This inactivating effect is largely reversed with guanosine, accompanied by increases in both ATP and GTP levels. Epinephrine-mediated inactivation of ACC in intact cells is not altered by ribavarin incubation. However, in these experiments, insulin-mediated activation is observed only after ribavarin-induced inhibition of the enzyme. These data suggest that nucleotides may modulate ACC activity and influence its regulation by insulin in intact cells. The possible mechanisms underlying the insulin activation of ACC and the role of intracellular nucleotides in insulin action are discussed.
Composition modulation of binary alkali-alloys in graphite

Abstract The ordering effects that occur for monolayers of binary mixtures of alkali-metal atoms on corrugated substrates depends on the strength of the substrate potential. In stage 1 K t−x Rb x C 8 compounds commensurate (2×2)Ro 0 structures are observed with complete site disorder for the K and Rb atoms, while in stage 2 compounds the corrugated graphite substrate potential induces a compositional modulation in addition to the discommensuration domain structure. X-ray results on stage 2 K 1−x Rb x C 24 compounds are discussed in the frame of a one-dimensional Frank van der Merwe model.
Cell cycle-dependent protein expression of mammalian homologs of yeast DNA double-strand break repair genes Rad51 and Rad52

Abstract Recently, human and rodent homologs of yeast repair genes Rad51 and Rad52 have been identified and proposed to play roles in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. In this study, cell cycle-dependent expression of human and rodent RAD51 and RAD52 proteins was monitored using two approaches. First, flow cytometric measurements of DNA content and immunofluorescence were used to determine the phase-specific levels of RAD51 and RAD52 protein expression in irradiated and control populations. The expression of both proteins was lowest in G0/G1, increased in S and reached a maximum in G2/M. No difference was found in the whole-cell level of RAD51 or RAD52 protein expression between γ-irradiated and control cell populations. Second, cell cycle-dependent protein expression was confirmed by Western analysis of populations synchronized in G0, G1 and G2 phases. Analysis of V3, a hamster equivalent of SCID, indicates that the protein level increases of RAD51 and RAD52 from G0 to G1/S/G2 do not require DNA–PK.
Construction and Validation of an Instrument Measuring Certain Attitudes Toward Mathematics.

The purpose of this study was to develop scales measuring four facets of attitude toward mathematics and to assess the reliability and validity of these scales. The four constructs of interest were: enjoyment of word problems; enjoyment of pictorial problems; appreciation of the utility of mathematics; and security with mathematics. The scales designed to measure these four constructs were administered to 299 seventh grade students. Split-half reliability coefficients were estimated for each scale and evidence related to the construct validity of each scale was obtained. All scales demonstrated an adequate degree of reliability and some degree of both convergent and discriminant validity.
Effects of setting and number of observations on generalizability of parent-child interactions in childhood obesity treatment

The generalizability of behaviors across observational conditions is a critical issue in behavioral assessment. Generalizability theory was used to examine two aspects of audio recorded parent-child interactions recorded over 6 days of home measurement and 1 day of laboratory measurement in a behavioral treatment program for childhood obesity. Families audiotaped parent-child home meetings during which they reviewed self-monitored diet and exercise records that were coded for the following types of interactions: praise statements, negative statements, prompts for new behaviors, and statements promoting problem solving. A similar meeting was audiotaped in our laboratory. The first question explored was the number of measurements needed to generalize to the universe of the six home measures. Results showed an increase in generalizability over measurements for each behavioral category. Using generalizability coefficients of .60 or more, praise, negative comments and prompts, respectively, could be reliably observed based on 1, 4, or 4 days of measurement. Second, the effects of setting (laboratory versus home) were assessed for 1 day of measurement in each environment. Again using generalizability coefficients of .60, generalizability analysis showed that the lab setting could not be generalized to the home setting based on 1 day of measurement, with generalizability coefficients ranging from .27 for negative comments to .57 for praise. Results suggest that 4 days of behavioral assessment in the home can be used to establish generalizable data for all the dependent measures studied. However, generalizability coefficients suggested that 1 day of laboratory measurement was not adequate to generalize to typical home behavior.
Detecting the light of the night sky in Mars

In this paper a new methodology is outlined to detect the dust content in the Martian atmosphere during nighttime. In the previous Lander missions to Mars, scientists were able to determine the dust load in the Martian atmosphere during daylight using spectral lines of the Sun. Since the dynamics of Martian dust storms had been determined to be very rapid changing over times of hours and not days, it is imperative to determine the dust load during nighttime, so future astronauts to Mars can take protective measures for their equipment. They can also factor this effect for their planned activities during daytime. The new methodology greatly improves on the classical method for determining the extinction in the Earth’s atmosphere. The classical method uses observations of bright stars from which the optical depth, ?total, can then be deduced from the classical brightness equation. The classical method succeeds reasonably well at high elevation angles from the horizon but fails dramatically at low elevation angles. It also determines ?total from the slope of a plot of observed brightness of a bright star vs. air mass at all elevations. The plot shows a straight line at high elevations angles, which then curves and becomes uncertain at low elevation angles. The new methodology bypasses this severe difficulty by simply eliminating this plot, and by acquiring the brightness of a bright star above the atmosphere (no extinction) and compares it to the observed bright- ness of the same star below the atmosphere at all elevations.
SU‐FF‐T‐188: Dose Verification for IMRT DMLC Delivery Using An EPID Imager

Purpose To reconstructdose distributions using EPIDimages acquired during treatment. Method and Materials This study used a Varian aS500 EPIDimager located at SDD = 150 cm and operated in integration mode. The absolute dose of non‐uniformity corrected EPIDimages was cross‐calibrated with ion chamber measurements in the slab phantom for experiments. A method based on Monte Carlo simulation was developed to estimate dose spread within the imager and scatter radiation from the phantom/patient to EPID. The scatter calculation accounts for imager composition, treatment fluence, patient anatomy and air gap using convolution/superposition algorithm. The primary radiation reaching EPID was extracted by removing the scatter part from the measurement. The fluence without patient was then obtained by correcting for the patient attenuation estimated from the CT images. The dose distribution was calculated by convolution of the reconstructed fluence with the dose deposition kernel from Monte Carlo simulation. For verification we compared our reconstructed results with TPS (Varian Eclipse™) calculation and EDR2 film measurements for different IMRT beams and gantry angles. A polyethylene slab phantom (25×25×15 cm3) was used for measurements with SSD = 93.7 cm and film insert depth of 5.30 cm. Comparison using profiles, isodoses as well as the gamma evaluation (criteria: 3%/3 mm) was presented. Results Our results indicate that the isodose curves of reconstructeddose overlap well with film measurement. The agreement is better than that between TPS calculation and film measurement. The 2D gamma evaluation between EPIDreconstructeddoses and film measurements shows a maximum γ of 1.70, a mean of 0.42 and 97.6% points with γ< 1. Close comparisons of their profiles reconfirm the results. Conclusion We reconstructed the dose distributions using EPIDimages acquired during treatment and it was verified with filmdose measurements. The proposed method provides a reliable tool for IMRT verification.
Syntheses and Properties of New Layered Alkali-Metal/Ammonium Vanadium(V) Methylphosphonates: M(VO(2))(3)(PO(3)CH(3))(2) (M = NH(4), K, Rb, Tl). Single-Crystal Structures of K(VO(2))(3)(PO(3)CH(3))(2) and NH(4)(VO(2))(3)(PO(3)CH(3))(2).

The hydrothermal syntheses of a family of new alkali-metal/ammonium vanadium(V) methylphosphonates, M(VO2)3(PO3CH3)2 (M = K, NH4, Rb, Tl), are described. The crystal structures of K(VO2)3(PO3CH3)2 and NH4(VO2)3(PO3CH3)2 have been determined from single-crystal X-ray data. Crystal data: K(VO2)3(PO3CH3)2, Mr = 475.93, trigonal, R32 (No. 155), a = 7.139(3) A, c = 19.109(5) A, Z = 3; NH4(VO2)3(PO3CH3)2, Mr = 454.87, trigonal, R32 (No. 155), a = 7.150(3) A, c = 19.459(5) A, Z = 3. These isostructural, noncentrosymmetric phases are built up from hexagonal tungsten oxide (HTO) like sheets of vertex-sharing VO6 octahedra, capped on both sides of the V/O sheets by PCH3 entities (as [PO3CH3]2- methylphosphonate groups). In both phases, the vanadium octahedra display a distinctive two short + two intermediate + two long V−O bond distance distribution within the VO6 unit. Interlayer potassium or ammonium cations provide charge balance for the anionic (VO2)3(PO3CH3)2 sheets. Powder X-ray, TGA, IR, and Raman data for ...
A leveling system for the CDF central muon chambers

Abstract The electronic level sensors used in aligning the drift chambers of the CDF central muon tracking system are described. Operation and readout of the level transducers using CAMAC is outlined. Calibration studies and field use show angle measurement to be better than 0.3 mrad.
Occupancy of Striatal and Extrastriatal Dopamine D2 Receptors by Clozapine and Quetiapine

Clozapine and quetiapine have a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects at clinically effective doses, which appears to be related to their significantly lower occupancy of striatal dopamine D2 receptors (DA D2r) compared to typical antipsychotic drugs (APDs). Animal studies have indicated that clozapine and quetiapine produce selective effects on cortical and limbic regions of the brain and in particular on dopaminergic neurotransmission in these regions. Previous PET and SPECT studies have reported conflicting results regarding whether clozapine produces preferential occupancy of cortical DA D2r. To examine whether clozapine and/or quetiapine produce preferential occupancy of DA D2r in cortex and limbic regions, we studied the occupancy of putamenal, ventral striatal, thalamic, amygdala, substantia nigra, and temporal cortical DA D2r using PET with [18F]fallypride in six schizophrenic subjects receiving clozapine monotherapy and in seven schizophrenic subjects receiving quetiapine monotherapy. Doses were chosen clinically to minimize psychopathology at tolerable levels of side effects such as drowsiness. All had minimal positive symptoms at the time of the study. Regional receptor occupancies were estimated using mean regional DA D2r levels calculated for 10 off-medication schizophrenic subjects. Both clozapine and quetiapine produced lower levels of putamenal DA D2r occupancy than those reported for typical APDs, 47.8 and 33.5%, respectively. Clozapine produced preferential occupancy of temporal cortical vs putamenal DA D2r, 59.8% (p=0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons), and significantly lower levels of occupancy in the substantia nigra, 18.4% (p=0.0015, corrected for multiple comparisons). Quetiapine also produced preferential occupancy of temporal cortical DA D2r, 46.9% (p=0.03, corrected for multiple comparisons), but did not spare occupancy of substantia nigra DA D2r. The therapeutic effects of clozapine and quetiapine appear to be achieved at less than the 65% threshold for occupancy seen with typical APDs, consistent with the involvement of non-DA D2r mechanisms in at least partially mediating the therapeutic effects of these drugs. Preferential occupancy of cortical DA D2r, sparing occupancy of substantia nigra receptors, and non-DA D2r-mediated actions may contribute to the antipsychotic actions of these and other atypical APDs.
Methyl bromide alternatives for weed and soilborne disease management in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).

Abstract Two field trials were conducted to examine the efficacy of methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives in the control of Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) and Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen (Fusarium wilt) in fresh market tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Various treatments compared combinations of soil fumigants and herbicides based on methyl bromide, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene, metam sodium, dazomet, and pebulate. The data show that consistently 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin at both doses in combination with the herbicide pebulate can be considered alternatives to methyl bromide in fresh market tomato. These treatments had excellent purple nutsedge and Fusarium wilt control, and marketable tomato yields were similar to that for methyl bromide plus chloropicrin.
Effects of prostaglandin E1 on the metabolism in rat parathyroid gland in vitro.

Abstract We investigated some effects of prostaglandin E 1 on the metabolism of rat parathyroid glands using a culture system containing basal Eagle's medium supplemented with 5–10% heat-inactivated rat serum. Rat parathyroid glands incorporate [ 3 H]fucose and 14 C-labeled amino acids into cellular glycoproteins and secrete some of these into the culture medium. Gel filtration chromatography separates these glycoproteins into three classes, the smallest of which (peak 3) is secreted with immunoreactive parathyroid hormone. In cultures of 48 h, prostaglandin E 1 (1 μg/ml) specifically inhibits the secretion of peak 3 and of parathyroid hormone but has no effect on the incorporation of [ 3 H]-fucose, 14 C-labeled amino acids, or [ 3 H]uridine into parathyroid glands. Cytochalasin B inhibits the secretion of parathyroid hormone and the incroporation of isotopic fucose and amino acids. Cortisol stimulates incorporation of [ 3 H]fucose and the secretion of parathyroid hormone even in the presence of inhibitory doses of prostaglandin E 1 . It is concluded that, in organ culture, prostaglandin E 1 inhibits the secretion of parathyroid hormone and of a specific glycoprotein the function of which may be related to the secretion of the hormone.
Estimating the residual demand curve facing a single firm

This paper presents an econometric technique for estimating the single firm residual demand curve that does not require the estimation of demand cross-elasticities. The technique is particularly suited for the estimation of firm market power in product differentiated industries, where cross-elasticities are notoriously difficult to measure. One estimated parameter is directly related to a firm's markup of price over marginal cost when product differentiation is extensive, when an industry consists of a dominant firm and a price-taking fringe, when a Consistent Conjectures Equilibrium is the correct oligopoly solution concept, when firms are Stackelberg leaders relative to their environment, or when firms are perfect competitors. The estimates can indicate power over price in other circumstances. An instrumental variables technique is employed, using firm-individuated factor prices to identify firm-specific residual demand. Yet even when instruments are unavailable, the technique produces elasticity estimates biased in the conservative direction of disproving market power. This methodology is applied to estimate the market power of three firms in an industry characterized by product differentiation: brewing. Over our 1962–82 sample period, Pabst and Coors had similar national market shares and each had high shares in several states. Yet Pabst was virtually a price-taker while Coors possessed substantial market power. Anheuser-Busch had market power in the early part of the sample, but little after 1975 when Miller Brewing changed the competitive nature of the industry.
Acid-leached α-MnO2 nanowires for electrochemical energy storage

We present synthesis, acid-leaching, characterization and electrochemistry of α-MnO 2 nanowires with tunnel crystal structure. This material is used as a matrix for lithium ions intercalation to provide insights into the effects of postsynthesis treatment on charge storage properties. Hydrothermal treatment of precursors produced 20 - 200 nm thick and tens of microns long nanowires. Acid leaching was carried out in the concentrated nitric acid at room temperature and resulted in the change of material composition and surface area. Original α-MnO 2 nanowires showed initial discharge specific capacity of 96 mAh/g, while acid-leached material exhibited higher capacity values. This work forms the basis for future study aimed at understanding of correlation between crystal structure, composition and morphology of the “host” matrix and nature of the “guest” ions for beyond lithium electrochemical energy storage. In addition, we demonstrate single nanowire electrochemical cells for the study of electrochemically-correlated mechanical properties of the nanowires.
Stability Analysis of Modified Multilag Methods for Volterra Integral Equations

Analyse de la stabilite des methodes a retards multiples pour les equations integrales de Volterra de premiere et de seconde espece. Avantages de telles methodes sur celles des quadratures pour les equations de Volterra
Speaking Out in the Corporate Community

Freedom of speech is substantially alien to the corporate community. But recent legal developments suggest the impending expansion of protection for those whose speech is unacceptable to the organization. The long-term self-interest of the corporation calls for voluntary adoption of a free speech ethic.
Modeling and performance analysis of ad hoc broadcasting schemes

Broadcasting is a technique widely used for distributing control packets in ad hoc networks. The traditional flooding scheme has been proven to unnecessarily consume network capacity and may lead to severe packet collisions in high-density networks. New schemes have been proposed for alleviating this so-called broadcast storm problem and their efficiencies are usually analyzed and compared by ns-2 simulations. However, little work has been done on mathematical modeling and rigorous analysis. In this paper, we focus on two popular ad hoc broadcasting schemes and provide their detailed analysis in one-dimensional and two-dimensional ideal networks. The statistical results obtained have revealed new relationships between network parameters and the performance metrics. These results are useful for optimally setting network parameters in designing protocols. It is also expected that the analytical methods developed will lay a solid foundation for the development of mathematical models for other ad hoc broadcast and multicast schemes.
A novel optic flow pattern speeds split-belt locomotor adaptation

Visual input provides vital information for helping us modify our walking pattern. For example, artificial optic flow can drive changes in step length during locomotion and may also be useful for augmenting locomotor training for individuals with gait asymmetries. Here we asked whether optic flow could modify the acquisition of a symmetric walking pattern during split-belt treadmill adaptation. Participants walked on a split-belt treadmill while watching a virtual scene that produced artificial optic flow. For the Stance Congruent group, the scene moved at the slow belt speed at foot strike on the slow belt and then moved at the fast belt speed at foot strike on the fast belt. This approximates what participants would see if they moved over ground with the same walking pattern. For the Stance Incongruent group, the scene moved fast during slow stance and vice versa. In this case, flow speed does not match what the foot is experiencing, but predicts the belt speed for the next foot strike. Results showed that the Stance Incongruent group learned more quickly than the Stance Congruent group even though each group learned the same amount during adaptation. The increase in learning rate was primarily driven by changes in spatial control of each limb, rather than temporal control. Interestingly, when this alternating optic flow pattern was presented alone, no adaptation occurred. Our results demonstrate that an unnatural pattern of optic flow, one that predicts the belt speed on the next foot strike, can be used to enhance learning rate during split-belt locomotor adaptation.
Photoisomerization of dichlorocarbene adducts of 2,4-cyclohexadienones

Irradiation of the nπ* band of the dichlorocyclopropyl enones 1 and 7 resulted in ring expansion and 1,2-chlorine migration to give 2 and 8 respectively, whereas the dihydrogen analog 11 gave the vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement product 12.
Public opinion: Bringing the media back in

(2003). Public opinion: Bringing the media back in. Critical Review: Vol. 15, No. 3-4, pp. 239-260.
Fabrication and Testing of Highly Nonconventional Optics

A variety of highly non-conventional optical elements is being developed in laboratories around the world. Because these optical elements differ far more from conventional spherical dielectric reflective optics than do simple aspheres, they offer new challenges in both fabrication and testing. Some of the new kinds of optics to be discussed include fly's-eye lens, holographic optical elements, and panaramic lens.
Stage-related changes in steroid-converting enzyme activities in Squalus testis: synthesis of biologically active metabolites via 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/ isomerase and 5α-reductase

Abstract To investigate the relationship between steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis, two key enzymes of androgen biosynthesis, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3β-HSD) and 5α-reductase, were compared at premeiotic (PrM), meiotic (M) and postmeiotic (PoM) stages. Staged tissues were obtained by dissection from the testis of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, in which spermatogenesis is a simple diametric progression. Microsomal 3β-HSD activity was measured by conversion of [3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to androstenedione (AE). Reaction constants were: Km = 3.2 μM and Vmax = 243 pmol/min/mg protein. 3β-HSD increased progressively with maturation, resulting in three- to four-fold higher levels in PoM than in PrM stages. Absolute values and stage-related differences were the same, whether microsomes were derived from whole testis or from isolated spermatocysts (germ cell/Sertoli cell units), thus supporting microscopic studies showing that Sertoli cells are the primary steroidogenic elements of dogfish testis. In vitro conversion of [3H]testosterone to [3H]dihydrotesterone (DHT) was used to estimated 5α-reductase activity. Apparent substrate affinity was similar to that of 3β-HSD (Km = 2.9 μM), but maximal product yields were two to three orders of magnitude lower (Vmax = 208 fmol/min/mg protein). Also, the stage-related pattern of 5α-reductase activity (PrM > PoM >> M) differed from that of 3β-HSD (PoM >> M > PrM). Together with previously measured steroidogenic enzyme activities using the shark testis model, these results predict that de novo androgen biosynthesis is highest in testicular regions with mature spermatids and fully differentiated Sertoli cells, and also suggest that availability of T versus DHT for androgen receptor binding may be developmentally regulated during spermatogenesis.
Postoperative Readmissions to Hospital Do Not Result From Controlled Early Discharge

To the Editor: Dr J.C. Baldwin’s editorial comment1 criticized the report by Dr S.J. Lahey et al, “Hospital Readmission After Cardiac Surgery: Does ‘Fast Track’ Cardiac Surgery Result in Cost Saving or Cost Shifting?”2 as follows: “It does appear that the ‘fast track’ program …
Latino Identity in Allende's Historical Novels

In her article "Latino Identity in Allende's Historical Novels" Olga Ries analyzes the concept of individual and group identity found in five historical novels by Isabel Allende. Ries argues that while Allende's protagonists come from different background psychological transformation and that affects their identity formation. The result is the formation of a transnational "Hispanic" identity, group as well as individual. In Ries's reading of Allende's texts, transnational Hispanic identity is based simultaneously on the Mexican/Hispanic concept of and on the US-American concepts of the "melting pot" and the "American Dream." > ISSN 1481-4374
Solid state power controller circuits and their effect upon power conditioning requirements

This paper examines the effort of solid state switching upon aerospace electric power conditioning equipment. During the past ten years, aerospace solid state switching concepts have undergone laboratory and flight test evaluations to establish the feasibility of the systems approach. This extension of the program to include power conditioning studies reveals several parameters affecting the design of power conditioning equipment and decsribes several new systems capabilities.
Systematic Evaluation of Allele-Specific Real Time PCR for the Detection of Minor HIV-1 Variants with pol and env Resistance Mutations

Allele-specific PCR (ASPCR) is a highly sensitive, and reproducible method for the study of minor HIV-1 variants harboring resistance mutations and is significantly less labor-intensive and time-consuming than other techniques used for similar purposes. Furthermore, ASPCR has multiple applications in HIV research: it provides earlier and more sensitive detection of evolving resistance mutations, a more accurate assessment of transmitted drug-resistant mutants and a better evaluation of resistance selection after post-exposure or mother-to-child-transmission prophylaxis programs. This article outlines the principles of ASPCR and illustrates technical challenges in the design and application of ASPCR protocols by describing ASPCR assays developed for detecting resistance mutations in the protease (PR)- and reverse transcriptase (RT)-coding regions of pol and env. The assays achieved sensitivities of <1% for the D30N mutation in HIV-1 PR, M184V and I mutations in RT, and V38A in gp41. This method can be easily adapted to the quantitative detection of other mutations in HIV-1 or other viruses by introducing minor modifications to the methods described. In addition, ASPCR can be used to assess the dynamics of mutant populations in the viral quasispecies in response to changing selection pressures, allowing inferences on viral fitness in vivo through mathematical modeling.
NRF2 Is a Novel Oncogene and Biomarker of Therapeutic Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

(uncompensated). K. Advisory Board; Bristol Myers Squibb, Clovis, Helix Bio, PUMA (uncompensated). G. Blumenscheine: None. H.A. Wakelee: None. T.H. Arkenau: A. Employee; Sarah Cannon Research Institute. G. Dukart: G. Consultant; Xcovery Holding Company. M. Stock; Xcovery Holding Company. N. Stock Options; Xcovery Holding Company. K. Harrow: A. Employee; Xcovery Holding Company. M. Stock; Xcovery Holding Company. N. Stock Options; Xcovery Holding Company. C. Liang: A. Employee; Xcovery Holding Company. M. Stock; Xcovery Holding Company. N. Stock Options; Xcovery Holding Company. S. Leadership; Xcovery Holding Company. J.J. Gibbons: A. Employee; Xcovery Holding Company. M. Stock; Xcovery Holding Company. N. Stock Options; Xcovery Holding Company. S. Leadership; Xcovery Holding Company. C.M. Lovly: F. Honoraria; Qiagen, Abbott Molecular. K. Advisory Board; Pfizer. J.R. Infante: None.
Controlling nucleation in protein solutions

A simple one-step technique for controlling the nucleation stage in protein solutions without the use of a seed crystal was developed using a specially designed apparatus in which the nucleation and growth processes can be separated. The method can be applied only to species that have a temperature-dependent solubility. The effectiveness of this 'thermonucleating' device was demonstrated with the nucleation and growth of ice, Rochelle salt, and lysozyme.
International Humanitarian Law and the Interpretation of ‘Persecution’ in Article 1A(2) CSR51

The article examines the relationship of international humanitarian law (IHL) to the definition of ‘persecution’ at article 1A(2) CSR51. Armed conflict has been a pervasive part of the human experience, and was within the immediate historical experience of the drafters of CSR51. It is argued that the reference of CSR51 to international human rights law (IHRL) and the receptivity of IHRL to external standards where necessary, enable IHL in appropriate cases to inform the application of a test more generally based upon IHRL. On this understanding IHL indirectly informs the scope of ‘persecution’ at article 1A(2) through the medium of IHRL.