cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Near-extinction and final burnout in coal combustion

The late stages of char combustion have a special technological significance, as carbon conversionsof 99% or greater are typically required for the economic operation of pulverized coal-fired boilers. In the present article, two independent optical techniques are used to investigate near-extinction and final burnout phenomena for Illinois #6 and Pittsburgh #8 bituminous coals. Captive-particle image sequences, combined with in situ optical measurements on entrained particles, provide dramatic illustration of the asymptotic nature of the char burnout process. Single-particle combustion to complete burnout is seen to comprise two distinct stages: (1) a rapid high-temperature combustion stage, consuming about 70% of the char carbon and ending with near-extinction of the heterogeneous reactions due to a loss of global particle reactivity, and (2) a final burnout stage occurring slowly and at lower temperatures. For particles containing mineral matter, the second stage can be further subdivided into (2a) late char combustion, which begins after the near-extinction event and converts carbon-rich particles to mixed particle types at a lower temperature and a slower rate, and (2b) decarburization of ash—the removal of residual carbon inclusions from inorganic (ash) frameworks in the very late stages of combustion. This latter process can be extremely slow, requiring over an order of magnitude more time than the primary rapid combustion stage. For particles with very little ash, the loss of global reactivity leading to early near-extinction is believed to be related to changes in the carbonaceous char matrix, which evolves over the course of combustion as a result of simultaneous oxidation and heat treatment. More realistic models are needed to predict the asymptotic nature of char combustion and to make accurate predictions in the range of industrial interest.
Sex, Attributions, and Leadership: A Brief Review

Review of attributional research on female and male leaders leads to the following conclusions: (1) Causal attributions for successful performance and evaluations of performance often differ for female and male leaders. (2) Female leaders are not evaluated or perceived differently from male leaders when engaging in the same behavior. (3) When group performance is high, both female and male leaders are evaluated more highly and seen to engage in more behavior than when group performance is low. (4) Female raters may tend to give higher evaluations to leaders and see more behavior of leaders than male raters.
Transcriptional control of IS1 transposition in Escherichia coli

The movement of the bacterial insertion sequence IS1 often generates cointegrate structures in which donor and target replicons are connected by direct repeats of IS1. The experiments reported here were designed to understand how IS1 transposition is controlled. Our physical characterization of the structures of cointegrates between an F factor ( pOX38 ) and a set of pBR322::Tn9-related plasmids indicate that the relative mobilities of the two IS1 elements of Tn9 are inversely correlated with the strength of promoters upstream in the vector DNA. This implies that transcription across the ends of an IS1 element inhibits its transposition. Transcriptional inhibition may be due to interference with either the synthesis or the action of transposase.
All-Trans Retinoic Acid Shifts Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Matrix Degradation Expression Profile toward Matrix Preservation in Human Monocytes

Propionibacterium acnes is a critical component in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, stimulating the production of various inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines, important in the local inflammatory response found in acne. This study explored the role of P. acnes and its ability to induce matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in primary human monocytes and how this induction is regulated by retinoids. MMP-1- and MMP-9-expressing cells were present in perifollicular and dermal inflammatory infiltrates within acne lesions, suggesting their role in acne pathogenesis. In vitro, we found that P. acnes induced MMP-9 and MMP-1 mRNA, and the expression of MMP-9, but not of MMP-1, was found to be Toll-like receptor 2-dependent. P. acnes induced the mRNA expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, the main regulator of MMP-9 and MMP-1. Treatment of monocytes with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) significantly decreased baseline MMP-9 expression. Furthermore, co-treatment of monocytes with ATRA and P. acnes inhibited MMP-9 and MMP-1 induction, while augmenting TIMP-1 expression. These data indicate that P. acnes-induced MMPs and TIMPs may be involved in acne pathogenesis and that retinoic acid modulates MMP and TIMP expression, shifting from a matrix-degradative phenotype to a matrix-preserving phenotype.
Augmented generalized estimating equations for improving efficiency and validity of estimation in cluster randomized trials by leveraging cluster‐level and individual‐level covariates

Recent methodological advances in covariate adjustment in randomized clinical trials have used semiparametric theory to improve efficiency of inferences by incorporating baseline covariates; these methods have focused on independent outcomes. We modify one of these approaches, augmentation of standard estimators, for use within cluster randomized trials in which treatments are assigned to groups of individuals, thereby inducing correlation. We demonstrate the potential for imbalance correction and efficiency improvement through consideration of both cluster-level covariates and individual-level covariates. To improve small-sample estimation, we consider several variance adjustments. We evaluate this approach for continuous and binary outcomes through simulation and apply it to data from a cluster randomized trial of a community behavioral intervention related to HIV prevention in Tanzania.
Decline of vaccine-induced antipneumococcal antibody in children with nephrotic syndrome.

Twenty-five children with steroid-responsive idiopathic nephrotic syndrome were studied for persistence of antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharide antibody during relapse of their disease and at 1, 6, and 12 months after vaccination with the 14-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Nonrelapsers (group I) were compared to those who had at least one relapse but whose sera were obtained during remission (group II). Group II had a more rapid decline in total anticapsular antibody per month than group I (5.3% v 2.4%). Analysis by individual anticapsular types showed that differences between groups approached significance only for type 4 ( P = .07). Rates of decline of antibody against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide varied among types. One year after vaccination, 50% of patients had
On endomorphisms of free groups that preserve primitivity

It is proven that if $\phi $ is an endomorphism of a free group $F_n = \langle x_1, \dots , x_n \rangle $ of rank n such that $\phi (u)$ is primitive whenever so is $u \in $ F n and $\phi$ (F n ) contains a primitive pair (i.e., a pair $\alpha (x_1), \alpha (x_2)$ with $\alpha\in $ Aut F n ), then $\phi $ is an automorphism. Also, every endomorphism of F 2 that preserves primitivity is an automorphism.
Structural and functional aspects of Bufo americanus spermatozoa: Effects of inactivation and reactivation

Very little is known about the effects of manipulating toad sperm activity in vitro, and such information is important in the development of a genetic resource bank for bufonid species. The specific objectives of this study were to: 1) identify the optimal inactivation and reactivation solutions for toad spermatozoa colleted in urine; 2) establish the length of time toad spermatozoa can be exposed to an inactivation buffer and still resume motility upon reactivation; 3) evaluate the consequence of inactivation on specific sperm characteristics; and 4) characterize the sperm mitochondria vesicle (MV) and its relationship to motility. Reactivated sperm motility was similar after inactivation in either Simplified Amphibian Ringers (SAR) solution or DeBoer's (DB) solution. Diluting the buffer by 80% with water provided the best method for reactivating sperm. Dilutions with NaCl solutions (10-50 mM) produced inferior results. SAR-inactivated spermatozoa could remain suspended up to 4 hr and still regain 25% of initial motility upon reactivation in water. Compared to the controls, sperm motility was greater (Po0.01) over time for samples treated with SAR, although forward progression was significantly lower. Furthermore, SAR treatment resulted in sperm samples with a greater number of viable, morphologically normal, and intact MVs over time. Electron microscopy and fluorescent staining confirmed that the toad sperm's MV contains a large number of active mitochondria with very few other cytoplasmic structures. Nearly all spermatozoa exhibiting motility had an intact MV, and dissociation of this structure was clearly related to motility loss. In conclusion, toad spermatozoa can be effectively inactivated and reactivated by varying the osmolality of the external solutions and, although sperm forward progression is reduced, all other characteristics are well maintained. Moreover, the increased number of spermatozoa with intact MV after inactivation suggests the process may help preserve this important structure. J. Exp. Zool.
Epibranchial and lateral line placodes of the cranial ganglia in the gecko, Gymnodactylus kotschyi

A study of both the epibranchial and the lateral line placodes in forty-six embryos of Gymnodactylus kotschyi was carried out with a fairly continuous series of embryos, ranging from the first day of incubation to hatching. The findings were reported: 1 The opthalmic placode of the V, from stage 14 to 23, was found in 16 embryos out of 24 and in 1 embryo of stage 24. 2 The maxillo-mandibular placode of the V was found in 15 embroys out of 31 between stages 17 and 26. 3 The epibranchial placode of the VII was found in 29 out of 31 embroys between stages 14 and 26.
In situ roughening of polymeric microstructures.

A method to perform in situ roughening of arrays of microstructures weakly adherent to an underlying substrate was presented. SU8, 1002F, and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructures were roughened by polishing with a particle slurry. The roughness and the percentage of dislodged or damaged microstructures was evaluated as a function of the roughening time for both SU8 and 1002F structures. A maximal RMS roughness of 7−18 nm for the surfaces was obtained within 15−30 s of polishing with the slurry. This represented a 4−9 fold increase in surface roughness relative to that of the native surface. Less than 0.8% of the microstructures on the array were removed or damaged after 5 min of polishing. Native and roughened arrays were assessed for their ability to support fibronectin adhesion and cell attachment and growth. The quantity of adherent fibronectin was increased on roughened arrays by two-fold over that on native arrays. Cell adhesion to the roughened surfaces was also increased compared to native s...
Detection of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster infection from cutaneous lesions in different clinical stages with the polymerase chain reaction

Abstract Background: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to diagnose a variety of infectious processes. Objective: We sought to determine whether Tzanck smear debris, vesicle fluid swabs, crusts, or fixed tissue specimens are the best source for template herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV) DNA for the PCR. Methods: Patients with both clinical and histologic evidence of HSV ( n = 6) or VZV ( n = 16) infection were examined. Stained Tzanck smears, vesicle fluid swabs, dried crusts, and skin biopsy specimens were obtained at the same time from each patient. DNA was extracted from the different clinical specimens and then examined for HSV or VZV DNA with PCR. Fifteen control subjects did not have clinical or histologic evidence of herpesvirus infection. Results: In cases of suspected VZV infection, PCR detected VZV DNA sequences from all 15 Tzanck smears, all 15 vesicle swabs, one of one crust, and 14 of 16 fixed tissue specimens. HSV DNA sequences were detected from all six Tzanck smears, all four vesicle fluid swabs, two of two crusts, and five of six fixed tissue specimens. Conclusion: PCR can detect VZV and HSV DNA sequences from a variety of sources including formalin-fixed tissue specimens. Although viral DNA was detected slightly more frequently from Tzanck smear debris, crusts, and vesicle fluid swabs compared with fixed tissue specimens, each was an excellent source of target DNA for the PCR to confirm the diagnosis of herpesvirus infection.
Resin-Barrier Maintenance as a Mechanism of Differential Predation among Occupants of Red-Cockaded Woodpecker Cavities

Abstract. The endangered Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) is a cavity-limited cooperative breeder that excavates cavities in living pines and maintains a resin barrier that repels rat snakes (Elaphe obsoleta and E. guttata), its principal predators. Heterospecific occupants of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities (cavity kleptoparasites) exacerbate the limitation of cavities. However, heterospecifics do not maintain the resin barrier, which deteriorates without upkeep. Thus, we predicted that heterospecific occupants of Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities should suffer rates of nest predation higher than the Red-cockaded Woodpecker's. We compared the daily nest-survival rates of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and two heterospecific occupants of its cavities, the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus) and Great Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus), in two forests in northern Florida. Results from both forests supported the differential-predation hypothesis. Although during incubation the three s...
Tertiary Amine Appended Derivatives of N-(3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl)leucine as Chiral Selectors for Enantiomer Assays by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Derivatives of the chiral selector N-(3,5-dinitrobenzoyl)leucine were prepared and used as chiral selectors for enantiomer discrimination in single-stage electrospray ionization mass spectrometric experiments. The chiral selectors were designed to remove the ionization site from the sites required for effective chiral recognition. Addition of a chiral analyte to a solution of the two pseudoenantiomeric chiral selectors, which differ in absolute stereochemistry and the length of the tether connecting the tertiary amine site used for ionization via protonation and the rest of the chiral selector, affords selector−analyte complexes in the electrospray ionization mass spectrum where the ratio of these complexes is dependent on the enantiomeric composition of the analyte. The relationship between the ratio of the selector−analyte complexes in the electrospray ionization mass spectrum and the enantiomeric composition of the analyte can be used to relate the extent of enantioselectivity that is being observed an...
Histopathologic and Ultrasound Characteristics of Cutaneous Capillary Malformations in a Patient with Capillary Malformation–Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome

Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation (CM-AVM) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in RASA1. Multifocal, small, round-to-oval, pinkish-to-red cutaneous capillary malformations are seen in more than 90% of people with RASA1 mutations. These RASA1-associated cutaneous capillary malformations (CMs) can accompany internal or cutaneous arteriovenous malformation (AVM) or arteriovenous fistula to constitute CM-AVM syndrome. The cutaneous capillary malformations in CM-AVM syndrome are unusual in that some lesions have high-flow characteristics (according to Doppler or a white halo). We describe the histopathologic and corresponding ultrasound and Doppler findings in a CM from a patient with clinical CM-AVM syndrome and show that an arterial component is not present in the dermis or the most superficial portions of the subcutaneous fat but that there is ultrasound evidence that an AVM resides in the underlying adipose tissue.
Techniques for defining geographic boundaries for health regions

Abstract Many federal and state programs require the geographic partitioning of states into regions for health services planning, monitoring, and/or administration. A common consideration for such programs is that region boundaries should be drawn so as to maximize the proportion of the state's population that receives health care services in its region of residence. Defining region boundaries thus may be viewed as a problem of partitioning a set of N small areal units (e.g. counties) into M subsets (regions) so as to minimize interactions (patient flow) among subsets. This paper describes three algorithms for region design and compares them in terms of computer-processing efficiency and solution value based on results from a number of test cases. Application of two of the algorithms, one based on the greedy heuristic and the other incorporating a max-flow/min-cut procedure, to a problem of dividing a metropolitan region into separate service areas for clusters of hospitals is also described.
Individual differences in processing stimulus dimensions: relation to selective processing abilities.

Three studies investigated individual differences in the tendency to process stimulus dimensions in a manner that is either primarily separable or integral. All employed a restricted classification task that allows participants to classify items on the basis of component dimensions (separable perception) or overall similarity (integral perception). Experiment 1 revealed that individual differences in the tendency to classify by dimensional structure versus similarity generalize to two types of stimuli (separate and moderately separable) which were thought to require different types of processing for the perception of their component dimensions. The study also indicated that individuals differ in their tendencies to increase the use of dimensional structure with more exposure to the stimuli. Experiment 2 revealed that both overall dimensional responding and the tendency to increase such responding with exposure to the stimuli were positively related to the ability to break stimuli into components, as measured by Embedded Figures Test performance. Experiment 3 also showed a relation between increased dimensional responding and performance on another selective processing task. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding both individual differences in the processing of stimulus dimensions and the separable-integral perception distinction.
Calciotropic Hormones and Arterial Physiology: “D”-lightful Insights

Vascular calcification increasingly afflicts our aging and dysmetabolic population ([1][1]). In the past decade, vascular calcification has emerged as an actively regulated form of calcified tissue metabolism, resembling mineralization of endochondral and membranous bone ([1][1]). Demer and
Suicide and creativity: the case of Sylvia Plath.

This article explores the idea that although much can be learned by viewing Sylvia Plath's poetry as an expression of her thinking and affect , additional insights are afforded by reversing the typical direction of effect and by viewing Plath's affect , and in particular her depression , as a result of her writing . Consistent with this interpretation is Plath's huge investment in writing . This may have contributed to the sensitivity that predisposed her to stress and depression . This perspective is tied to the existing creativity literature and interwoven and contrasted with existing descriptions of Plath's work and tragic death .
On the ferromagnetic Ising model in noninteger spatial dimension

Using the necessary and sufficient conditions in terms of the high-field series coefficients that the Yang-Lee theorem holds, we prove rigorously by counterexample that it cannot be extended to general noninteger dimension, when such models are defined by the “natural” analytic continuation.
The Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Preparations

Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals were precipitated by titration methods using solutions of different composition. Each preparation was analyzed for surface area, calcium to phosphate ratio, and mineralization kinetics, by X-ray, scanning, and transmission microscopy, using a constant composition method. The uptake of human serum albumin (HSA) was also determined in order to compare the surface properties of the crystals. All preparations were shown by X ray to have HAP as the only calcium phosphate phase present. In all cases, preparations made by slow titration at high pH and elevated temperature had calcium to phosphate ratios closest to HAP. The lower calcium/phosphate ratios in apatites made by rapid precipitation indicated the formation of calcium deficient apatites. Although the preparations had large differences in crystal size and surface area, the crystal growth rates in supersaturated solutions were very similar, as were the adsorption results.
Structure-activity relationship homology (SARAH): a conceptual framework for drug discovery in the genomic era

Extension of the traditional pharmacological approach of protein target classification to whole target systems has the potential to relate elements of protein sequence to the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of small molecules that can modulate protein action. Grouping potential drug discovery targets into families based on the relatedness of their SAR provides a means to translate the information from genome-sequencing efforts into knowledge that will aid in the discovery of drugs.
Effect of Salts on the Solubility of Casein and Paracasein

Summary The pH precipitation zone of paracasein is much wider than that of casein. Sodium fluoride, chloride and iodide increased the alkaline solubility zone of casein, but sodium iodide and chloride restricted the alkaline solubility zone of paracasein. Sodium fluoride showed an anomalous behavior with paracasein which is related to its plasticising action associated with the precipitation of calcium. Paracasein in the presence of a suitable concentration of sodium chloride shows solubility zones at pH 2.5, 6.0, and 9.5, and zones of insolubility at pH 1.0, 4.5, and 7.0–9.0. The texture of cheddar cheese is effected favorably by the peptizing action of sodium chloride on paracasein in the pH zone between 5.5 and 6.0. The following factors influence the body and texture of processed cheese: (1) Conditions of heating; (2) Composition; (3) Degree of ripening; (4) pH zone; (5) Removal of calcium from paracasein; (6) Peptization of the paracasein.
Microdetermination of pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acids

Abstract A colorimetric micro procedure for simultaneous determination of pyruvic and α-ketoglutaric acids in mixtures is described. The yellow color of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones of these acids, and the red colors produced on subsequent alkali treatment, are measured. The range is from 0.10 to 0.25 μmole of total keto acid contained in 1 ml. of sample. Each acid is determined within about 0.004 μmole at the lower concentration level, and slightly greater than proportional precision is obtained at other levels.
Hypoxic Regulation of Angiopoietin-2 Expression in Endothelial Cells

Exposure of endothelial cells to hypoxia-induced angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) expression. The increase in Ang2 mRNA levels occurred by transcriptional regulation and by post-transcriptional increase in mRNA stability. Induction of Ang2 mRNA resulted in an increase of intracellular and secreted Ang2 protein levels. Since the transcriptional regulation of several genes involved in angiogenesis during hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), it was conceivable that Ang2 expression might be regulated by the same oxygen-dependent mechanism. However, our data showed that pharmacological HIF inducers, CoCl2 and DFO, did not affect Ang2 expression. Moreover, HIF-1-deficient hepatoma cell (Hepa1 c4) and its wild-type counterpart (Hepa1 c1c4) up-regulates Ang2 during hypoxia. These results indicated that hypoxia-driven Ang2 expression may be independent of the HIF pathway. Using neutralizing VEGF antibody or pharmacological inhibitors of VEGF receptors, we showed that hypoxia-induced VEGF participates but could not account completely for Ang2 expression during hypoxia. In addition, hypoxia elicited an increase of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and a parallel increase in prostanglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2) production. COX-2 inhibitors decreased the hypoxic induction of Ang2 and the hypoxic induction of PGE2 and PGI2 in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, COX-2 but not COX-1 antisense treatment decreased hypoxic induction of Ang2 expression, and this effect was reversed by exogenous PGE2. Finally, exogenous PGE2 and PGI2 were able to stimulate Ang2 under normoxic conditions. These findings suggest that COX-2-dependent prostanoids may play an important role in the regulation of hypoxia-induced Ang2 expression.
Stability Criteria for Nonlinear Differential-Integral Systems Arising from Nuclear Reactor Dynamics

Nonlinear stability analysis has been performed for differential integral equations describing nuclear reactor dynamics. New stability criteria in bounded domains of initial perturbations have been established for a large class of reactor models with both linear and nonlinear reactivity feedbacks. Also, relationships have been studied between the magnitude of perturbed trajectories and that of initial perturbations. The theoretical results obtained have been illustrated with examples of selected reactor models.
An evaluation of rate equations for calcite precipitation kinetics at pCO2 less than 0.01 atm and pH greater than 8

We used a reproducible seeded growth technique with a pH-stat to study the kinetics of calcite precipitation at 25°C. We performed different experiments at initial Ca2+ and HCO3− concentrations ranging from 0.7–2 and 4–7 mmol L−1, pH values ranging from 8.25 to 8.70, pCO2 values ranging from 0.0006 to 0.01 atm, and ionic strengths ranging from 0.015 to 0.10 mol L−1. With this experimental data set, we used initial rate measurements and integral methods to test several precipitation rate equations. Rate equations that possess a disequilibrium functional dependence, such as the BURTON et al. (1951) dislocation model, forms of the Davies and Jones (1955) model, and the model used by Reddy and Nancollas (1973), did not adequately describe the kinetics of calcite precipitation at pH greater than 8 and pCO2 less than 0.01 atm. Rate equations that describe independent dissolution and precipitation mechanisms with elementary reactions, such as the equation presented by Plummeret al. (1978), and nancollas and Reddy (1971) were more successful. However, Plummer's model did not adequately describe the rate of all experiments due to the presence of an OH− surface term in the precipitation rate equation. The elementary reaction of the Nancollas and Reddy model is written in terms of bulk Ca2+ and CO3− concentrations, and appears to be the most successful model which describes calcite precipitation at pH > 8 and pCO2 < 0.01 atm. The Nancollas and Reddy model, altered to account for varying ionic strengths, adequately described the rate of all experiments and yielded a precipitation rate constant of 118.2 ± 13.9 dm6 mol−1 m−2 s−1, with an apparent Arrhenius activation energy of 48.1 kJ mol−1.
Age, Puberty, and Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence in Adolescence

This paper links sociological and epidemiologic research on violence and the life course to biosocial perspectives on pubertal maturation to examine risk factors associated with exposure to intimate partner violence in adolescence. While prior research has established early puberty as a risk factor for delinquent behavior, studies to date have not yet investigated whether early puberty is also linked to intimate partner violence in adolescence. Prior epidemiologic research has found that increasing age in adolescence is a risk factor for dating violence, but this work has not yet incorporated the element of pubertal maturation. The present study examines the relative effects of chronological age and maturational age in a biosocial model predicting risk for intimate partner violence among adolescent females, net of established control variables, using three waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. These findings indicate that early maturation in females is an additional risk factor for exposure to intimate partner violence in adolescence. The importance of disentangling types of age effects as raised in the developmental literature and as supported by these findings is discussed in relation to the prevention of youth violence.
Analysis and design of furniture frames

The engineering design of furniture frames was investigated. The stiffness method of matrix structural analysis was applied to furniture frame design, and modifications of it which are needed to treat frames with semi-rigid, elastically non-linear joints of finite size were developed. A method of designing two-pin moment-resisting dowel joints was also developed. An experimental furniture frame was designed using the theories formulated. Results of tests performed on this frame agreed satisfactorily with those predicted theoretically.
COMPATIBILITY INCENTIVES OF A LARGE NETWORK FACING MULTIPLE RIVALS

Under network effects, we analyze when a firm with the largest market share of installed-base customers prefers incompatibility with smaller rivals that are themselves compatible. With incompatibility, consumers realize that intra-network competition makes the rivals' network more aggressive than a single-firm network in adding customers. Consequently, under incompatibility the unique equilibrium can entail tipping away from the largest firm whatever its market share. The largest firm is more likely to prefer incompatibility as its share rises (above fifty per cent is necessary) or the potential to add consumers falls; the number of rivals and strength of network effects have ambiguous implications.
Comparative Analysis of Soluble Phosphate Amendments for the Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminants: Effect on Sediment Hydraulic Conductivity

Environmental Context. The contamination of surface and subsurface geologic media by heavy metals and radionuclides is a significant problem within the United States Department of Energy complex as a result of past nuclear operations. Water-soluble phosphate compounds provide a means to inject phosphorus into subsurface contaminant plumes, to precipitate metal ions from solution. However, phosphate phases can form within the sedimentary pore structure to block a fraction of the pore space and inhibit further remediation of the contaminant plume. A series of tests have been conducted to evaluate changes in sedimentary pore structure during the application of several proposed phosphate remediation amendments. Abstract. A series of conventional, saturated column experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effect of utilizing in situ, soluble, phosphate amendments for subsurface metal remediation on sediment hydraulic conductivity. Experiments have been conducted under mildly alkaline and calcareous conditions representative of conditions commonly encountered at sites across the arid western United States, which have been used in weapons and fuel production and display significant subsurface contamination. Results indicate that the displacement of a single pore volume of either sodium monophosphate or phytic acid amendments causes approximately a 30% decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the sediment. Long-chain polyphosphate amendments afford no measurable reduction in hydraulic conductivity. These results demonstrate (1) the efficacy of long-chain polyphosphate amendments for subsurface metal sequestration; and (2) the necessity of conducting dynamic experiments to evaluate the effects of subsurface remediation.
Analysis and characterization of an odorant receptor gene cluster in the zebrafish genome.

A 140.7-kb segment of zebrafish genomic DNA known to contain odorant receptor (OR) genes was fully sequenced to characterize more completely the organization of this gene cluster. A total of 20 OR genes were identified in this region. The most highly related genes are grouped in closest proximity to one another and in the same transcriptional orientation, indicating that a series of tandem duplications was responsible for the expansion of the OR gene family in teleost fish. Our analysis also revealed sequences that may be involved in the transcriptional regulation of OR genes within the cluster.
Immunoblastic sarcoma with features of Sjögren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus in a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.

A patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and features of Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus is presented. Clinical features included generalized lymphadenopathy, rash, alopecia, and synovitis, with associated laboratory abnormalities of a positive antinuclear factor and double-stranded DNA antibodies, positive lupus band test, and hemolytic anemia. Symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome included dry eyes and mouth and swollen parotid gland; biopsy results of the accessory salivary glands were positive. At autopsy immunoblastic sarcoma was found that involved the myocardium, which stained for both kappa and lambda light chains by immunoperoxidase techniques.
Intra-articular injections for joint disease in horses

Lameness remains an important source of reduced performance in many types of horses. Pain referable to joints is among the most common causes, and intra-articular injections remain a common and important means of addressing lameness referable to joints in horses.
Cocaine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization and Conditioning in Male Japanese Quail

Repeated intermittent cocaine treatment often results in behavioral sensitization or an augmented response to cocaine. Cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization may be an important contributor to cocaine addiction and abuse. Some studies have also shown that conditioned drug effects may play a role in behavioral sensitization. The current experiment utilized a simplified discrimination paradigm to investigate behavioral sensitization and the role of conditioning in an avian species. Male Japanese quail received alternating injections of cocaine (10 mg/kg ip) paired with a context and saline injections paired with a different context. They were later given a cocaine challenge followed by and a saline challenge in the drug-paired context. Results showed that birds that received cocaine paired with one context also demonstrated behavioral sensitization to a cocaine challenge given after a withdrawal period and they developed conditioning to the drug-paired context. A saline control and a control group that received cocaine that was not paired with the test context failed to demonstrate sensitization or conditioning. The findings demonstrate visual discrimination learning and implicate the role of Pavlovian conditioning in behavioral sensitization.
The Shape of Electron Bubbles in Liquid Helium and the Line Width of Optical Transitions

We present a calculation of the effect of zero-point and thermal fluctuations on the shape of electron bubbles in liquid helium. The results are used to determine the line shape for the 1S to 1P optical transition. The calculated line shape is in very good agreement with the experimental measurements of Grimes and Adams (Phys. Rev. B45, 2305 (1992)). PACS numbers: 67.40.Yv, 43.35.+d.
The “feminine mystique” in male-dominated jobs: A comparison of attitudes and background factors of women in male-dominated versus female-dominated jobs

Abstract This paper examines various background factors plus success and work-related atttudes of 324 women as aggregated into one of three groups: those women working in male-dominated jobs, those in female-dominated jobs, and those in relatively sex-ratio balanced jobs. Overall results show that women holding male-dominated jobs are more likely to be older, better educated, have fathers with higher educational levels, and are more likely to be childless as compared to women in female-dominated jobs. Holding age and education constant, women in male-dominated jobs usually rated definitions of success as more important to their feelings of well-being than did women in female-dominated jobs. With these same constants, there were few differences in work attitudes among the three groups, but contrary to expectations, women in female-dominated jobs rated the importance of their work higher than did women in male-dominated jobs . The variables best predicting whether a woman held a male-dominated job were college attainment, problems related to sex discrimination, the age of the participant, her feelings toward achieving a very high salary, her feelings of the importance of her work, and her feelings about becoming an authority in her job.
An improved synthesis of a ketone catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins.

An efficient synthesis of a ketone catalyst for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins from D-glucose in six steps is described.
miR-34a repression in proneural malignant gliomas upregulates expression of its target PDGFRA and promotes tumorigenesis.

Glioblastoma (GBM) and other malignant gliomas are aggressive primary neoplasms of the brain that exhibit notable refractivity to standard treatment regimens. Recent large-scale molecular profiling has revealed distinct disease subclasses within malignant gliomas whose defining genomic features highlight dysregulated molecular networks as potential targets for therapeutic development. The “proneural” designation represents the largest and most heterogeneous of these subclasses, and includes both a large fraction of GBMs along with most of their lower-grade astrocytic and oligodendroglial counterparts. The pathogenesis of proneural gliomas has been repeatedly associated with dysregulated PDGF signaling. Nevertheless, genomic amplification or activating mutations involving the PDGF receptor (PDGFRA) characterize only a subset of proneural GBMs, while the mechanisms driving dysregulated PDGF signaling and downstream oncogenic networks in remaining tumors are unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by binding loosely complimentary sequences in target mRNAs. The role of miRNA biology in numerous cancer variants is well established. In an analysis of miRNA involvement in the phenotypic expression and regulation of oncogenic PDGF signaling, we found that miR-34a is downregulated by PDGF pathway activation in vitro. Similarly, analysis of data from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that miR-34a expression is significantly lower in proneural gliomas compared to other tumor subtypes. Using primary GBM cells maintained under neurosphere conditions, we then demonstrated that miR-34a specifically affects growth of proneural glioma cells in vitro and in vivo. Further bioinformatic analysis identified PDGFRA as a direct target of miR-34a and this interaction was experimentally validated. Finally, we found that PDGF-driven miR-34a repression is unlikely to operate solely through a p53-dependent mechanism. Taken together, our data support the existence of reciprocal negative feedback regulation involving miR-34 and PDGFRA expression in proneural gliomas and, as such, identify a subtype specific therapeutic potential for miR-34a.
TURNOUT CHOICE IN PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS A Case Study

Theoretical cost/benefit propositions involving individual participation choices in the presidential nomination process are examined through an aggregate data analysis of turnout in the 1976 Democr...
Joint inversion of surface wave dispersion and receiver functions: a Bayesian Monte-Carlo approach

A non-linear Bayesian Monte-Carlo method is presented to estimate a Vsv model beneath stations by jointly interpreting Rayleigh wave dispersion and receiver functions and associated uncertainties. The method is designed for automated application to large arrays of broad-band seismometers. As a testbed for the method, 185 stations from the USArray Transportable Array are used in the IntermountainWest, a region that is geologically diverse and structurally complex. Ambient noise and earthquake tomography are updated by applying eikonal and Helmholtz tomography, respectively, to construct Rayleighwave dispersion maps from 8 to 80 s across the study region with attendant uncertainty estimates.Amethod referred to as ‘harmonic stripping method’ is described and applied as a basis for quality control and to generate backazimuth independent receiver functions for a horizontally layered, isotropic effective medium with uncertainty estimates for each station. A smooth parametrization between (as well as above and below) discontinuities at the base of the sediments and crust suffices to fit most features of both data types jointly across most of the study region. The effect of introducing receiver functions to surface wave dispersion data is quantified through improvements in the posterior marginal distribution of model variables. Assimilation of receiver functions quantitatively improves the accuracy of estimates of Moho depth, improves the determination of the Vsv contrast across Moho, and improves uppermost mantle structure because of the ability to relax a priori constraints. The method presented here is robust and can be applied systematically to construct a 3-D model of the crust and uppermost mantle across the large networks of seismometers that are developing globally, but also provides a framework for further refinements in the method.
About the Stability of Gas Balls

We prove the nonlinear stability of the motionless, spherically symmetric equilibrium states of barotropic, self-gravitating viscous fluids with respect to perturbations of zero total angular momentum. These equilibrium states as well as the non-stationary solutions occupy part of space, and a constant pressure is assumed on the free surface, but no surface tension.
Comparison of vibration-dissociation coupling and radiative transfer models for AOTV/AFE flowfields

A series of detailed studies comparing various vibration dissociation coupling models, reaction systems and rates, and radiative heating models has been conducted for the nonequilibrium stagnation region of an AFE/AOTV vehicle. Atomic and molecular nonequilibrium radiation correction factors have been developed and applied to various absorption coefficient step models, and a modified vibration dissociation coupling model has been shown to yield good vibration/electronic temperature and concentration profiles. While results indicate sensitivity to the choice of vibration dissociation coupling model and to the nitrogen electron impact ionization rate, by proper combinations accurate flowfield and radiative heating results can be obtained. These results indicate that nonequilibrium effects significantly affect the flowfield and the radiative heat transfer. However, additional work is needed in ionization chemistry and absorption coefficient modeling.
Puzzling groin pain in a 15-year-old boy.

15-year-old boy presented to the Emergency Departent (ED) complaining of groin pain for 3 h. The patient tated he had stepped on the handle of a baseball bat ausing it to strike him in the groin. He described his ain as throbbing in nature, predominately right-sided, nd worse with activity. The pain was localized at the ase of the scrotum and associated with dysuria and ross hematuria. The patient denied additional trauma, ack, flank, or abdominal pain. He also denied recent asturbation or intercourse. The patient’s past medical history was remarkable for ttention deficit hyperactivity disorder for which he was aking Citalopram. He denied any previous episode of simlar symptoms or a history of previous urinary tract infecions (UTI) or sexually transmitted diseases. The surgical, ocial, and family histories were non-contributory. On physical examination, the patient was clutching is groin while lying on the right side. His initial vital igns were: a blood pressure of 143/67 mm Hg, a heart ate of 69 beats/min, a respiratory rate of 22 breaths/min, nd a temperature of 36.5°C. The genitourinary examiation revealed an uncircumcised phallus with easily
A ‘Collagen Hug’ model for Staphylococcus aureus CNA binding to collagen

The structural basis for the association of eukaryotic and prokaryotic protein receptors and their triple‐helical collagen ligand remains poorly understood. Here, we present the crystal structures of a high affinity subsegment of the Staphylococcus aureus collagen‐binding CNA as an apo‐protein and in complex with a synthetic collagen‐like triple helical peptide. The apo‐protein structure is composed of two subdomains (N1 and N2), each adopting a variant IgG‐fold, and a long linker that connects N1 and N2. The structure is stabilized by hydrophobic inter‐domain interactions and by the N2 C‐terminal extension that complements a β‐sheet on N1. In the ligand complex, the collagen‐like peptide penetrates through a spherical hole formed by the two subdomains and the N1–N2 linker. Based on these two structures we propose a dynamic, multistep binding model, called the ‘Collagen Hug’ that is uniquely designed to allow multidomain collagen binding proteins to bind their extended rope‐like ligand.
A Study of Interaction of Clouds of Inert Particles with Detonation in Gases

Interaction of a cloud of inert particles with a detonation in gaseous mixture is simulated and studied. The structure of both two- and three-dimensional detonations are modeled using a simplified chemical model with Arrhenius kinetics. Particle clouds are characterized based on the initial solid phase volume fraction ( ) of the particle cloud and the initial cloud length (L 0). The results show that the minimum average detonation speed decreases with increase in at fixed L 0, and with an increase in L 0 at fixed . The detonation propagation through inert particle clouds is observed to fall into three regimes based on and L 0. In the first regime, the detonation speed is suppressed, but the reaction zone and leading shock remain coupled, and the triple points are nearly unaffected. In the second regime, the detonation is temporarily quenched but restored as the particle cloud moves away from the detonation front. In the third regime, the detonation is quenched permanently or at least does not get restored...