cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symmetry extensions of “neutrality” I: Advantage to the condorcet loser

This is the first of three papers introducing a theory for positional voting methods that determines all possible election rankings and relationships that ever could occur with a profile over all possible subsets of candidates for any specified choices of positional voting methods. As such, these results extend to all positional voting systems what was previously possible only for the Borda Count and the plurality voting systems. In this first part certain mathematical symmetries based on neutrality are used 1) to generalize the basic properties that cause the desired features of the Borda Count and 2) to describe classes of positional voting methods with new types of election relationships among the election outcomes. Some of these relationships generalize the well-known results about the positioning of a Condorcet winner/loser within a Borda ranking, but now it is possible for the Condorcet loser, rather than the winner, to have the advantage to win certain positional elections. Included among the results are axiomatic characterizations of many positional voting methods.
Constructing Boolean Algebras for cardinal invariants

We construct Boolean Algebras answering some questions of J. Donald Monk on cardinal invariants. The results are proved in ZFC (rather than giving consistency results). We deal with the existence of superatomic Boolean Algebras with ''few automorphisms'', with entangled sequences of linear orders, and with semi-ZFC examples of the non-attainment of the spread (and hL, hd).
Optically teasing apart neural swelling and depolarization

We measured birefringence, 90 degree scattered light, and voltage sensitive dye changes from lobster walking leg nerves. Systematic application of key chemical agents revealed separate cellular mechanisms underlying fast optical signals. Each agent exhibited mixed effects, some having a greater effect on cellular swelling and refractive index, and some altering membrane potential. Birefringence changes were tightly correlated with voltage sensitive dye signals and were perturbed by those agents that altered membrane potential. Signals from light scattered at 90 degrees corroborated the hypothesis that large angle scattering signals arise from changes in the interstitial spaces and were perturbed by those agents that altered cellular swelling and refractive index. We conclude that multiple cellular mechanisms can be exploited to measure rapid optical signals. Since birefringence produces much larger changes than scattering, the use of polarized light might lead to improvements in imaging neural activity with high temporal resolution, especially since birefringence changes corresponded closely to membrane potential.
A fast and accurate position-sensitive timing detector based on secondary electron emission

Abstract A position-sensitive timing detector suitable for detection of low-energy heavy ions is described. The device is based on the detection of secondary electrons emitted following ion impact on a surface. Using a combination of magnetic and electric fields these devices can deliver sub-nanosecond time definition and sub-millimeter position information for ion impact even at incidence rates above 10 6 p / s . When choosing a thin foil for the surface intercepting the heavy ion trajectory, multiple detectors can be used and reliable tracking of heavy ions with moderate energies (≥1 MeV / A ) becomes feasible.
Mid-Infrared and Submillimeter Observations of the Illuminating Source of MCNeil's Variable Nebula

We present post-outburst observations of the mid-infrared spectrum and submillimeter continuum of the illuminating source of the newly discovered McNeil's Nebula in the L1630 region of Orion. The 12 μm flux of this source has increased by a factor of ~25 after the outburst, whereas the submillimeter continuum remains at its pre-outburst level. The bolometric luminosity has increased by at least an order of magnitude, to ~34 L☉, and is likely less than 90 L☉. The mid-infrared spectrum exhibits a strong and red continuum with no emission or absorption features. The infrared slope of the spectral energy distribution identifies the illuminating source as a flat-spectrum protostar, in both its active and quiescent states. New CO spectral line observations show no evidence of a molecular outflow.
Structure and dynamics of the aluminum chlorohydrate polymer Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12Cl7

The Al13 polymer, Al13O4(OH)24(H2O)12Cl7, is thought to be a major component of the aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) polymer system. Although it plays important roles in various aluminum chlorohydrate applications, its structure is not well understood. We combine ab initio molecular dynamics simulations in both the gas-phase and aqueous solution, with small angle X-ray scattering experiments on a bulk ACH sample to determine the structure of Al13-mer. We find that Al13 entity is roughly spherical (∼10 A diameter), with a central tetrahedral Al3+ ion surrounded by four shells consisting of O, OH and H2O groups. Our ab initio molecular dynamics studies indicate that such a structure is stable on the picosecond time scale in an aqueous environment.
Server Hunt: Using Enterprise Social Networks for Knowledge Discovery in IT Inventory Management

Locating IT Inventory Management information is a challenging task, as the knowledge gets transferred among employees that move within or leave the context of a large organization. Information that relates to IT inventory is hidden in the knowledge of individual team members. This fact is not reflected in organizational expertise repositories and therefore locating those employees becomes a cumbersome manual process, if not intractable. We present an expert discovery service that leverages the professional social network of an employee, who was the last known person to hold the desired inventory information (such as application and server configuration settings, passwords, etc.) but is no longer available. Evaluation results suggest that this method reconstructs the desired information more than 80% of the time, as per our experiment involving 50 cases. We demonstrate how a carefully designed crowdsourcing approach can effectively extract the desired information from the employee's professional social network and discuss its limitations.
Neue Ergebnisse der Chemie von Insektenpheromonen

Pheromone sind Wirkstoffe, die ein Tier, speziell ein Insekt, nach ausen abgibt und die auf andere Individuen der gleichen Art einwirken. Der Name ist vom griechischen „pherein” (ubertragen) und „horman” (erregen, anregen) abgeleitet. Zu den Pheromonen zahlen Sexuallockstoffe, Alarmstoffe, „Versammlungspheromone” u.a. Viele dieser Stoffe wirken bereits in uberaus niedriger Konzentration. Unter den Insektenpheromonen befinden sich auffallend viele Derivate langkettiger, wenig verzweigter Kohlenwasserstoffe.
Hypersonic viscous flow over large roughness elements

Viscous flow over discrete or distributed surface roughness has great implications for hypersonic flight due to aerothermodynamic considerations related to laminar–turbulent transition. Current prediction capability is greatly hampered by the limited knowledge base for such flows. To help fill that gap, numerical computations are used to investigate the intricate flow physics involved. An unstructured mesh, compressible Navier–Stokes code based on the space–time conservation element, solution element (CESE) method is used to perform time-accurate Navier–Stokes calculations for two roughness shapes investigated in wind tunnel experiments at NASA Langley Research Center. It was found through 2D parametric study that at subcritical Reynolds numbers, spontaneous absolute instability accompanying by sustained vortex shedding downstream of the roughness is likely to take place at subsonic free-stream conditions. On the other hand, convective instability may be the dominant mechanism for supersonic boundary layers. Three-dimensional calculations for both a rectangular and a cylindrical roughness element at post-shock Mach numbers of 4.1 and 6.5 also confirm that no self-sustained vortex generation from the top face of the roughness is observed, despite the presence of flow unsteadiness for the smaller post-shock Mach number case.
Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysis

Supported ionic liquid catalysis is a concept which combines the advantages of ionic liquids with those of heterogeneous support materials. The viability of this concept has been confirmed by several studies which have successfully confined various ionic phases to the surface of support materials and explored their potential catalytic applications. Although the majority of the evaluated supports were silica based, several studies focused on polymeric materials including membranes. The preparation of these materials was achieved by using two different immobilization approaches. The first approach involves the covalent attachment of ionic liquids to the support surface whereas the second simply deposits the ionic liquid phases containing catalytically active species on the surface of the support. Herein recent advances made in this area are described.
Globular Cluster Systems and the Missing Satellite Problem: Implications for Cold Dark Matter Models

We analyze the metallicity distributions of globular clusters belonging to 28 early-type galaxies in the survey of Kundu & Whitmore. A Monte Carlo algorithm that simulates the chemical evolution of galaxies that grow hierarchically via dissipationless mergers is used to determine the most probable protogalactic mass function for each galaxy. Contrary to the claims of Kundu & Whitmore, we find that the observed metallicity distributions are in close agreement with the predictions of such hierarchical formation models. The mass spectrum of protogalactic fragments for the galaxies in our sample has a power-law behavior, n(M) ∝ Mα, with an index of α -2. This spectrum is indistinguishable from the mass spectrum of dark matter halos predicted by cold dark matter models for structure formation. We argue that these protogalactic fragments—the likely sites of globular cluster formation in the early universe—are the disrupted remains of the "missing" satellite galaxies predicted by cold dark matter models. Our findings suggest that the solution to the missing satellite problem is through the suppression of gas accretion in low-mass halos after reionization, or via self-interacting dark matter, and argue against models with suppressed small-scale power or warm dark matter.
Diversification Benefits of iShares and Closed‐End Country Funds

We study the performance and diversification of iShares and their rival closed-end country funds from April 1996 to December 1999. International iShares are country-specific series of securities that track the price and yield of a specific Morgan Stanley Capital Internation (MSCI) country index and, presumably, should provide diversification benefits. Our single-index model demonstrates that iShares replicate the home index, showing some potential for diversification. However, our two-factor model, which isolates the “true” diversification virtues, documents that both iShares and closed-end country fund market prices maintain considerable exposure to the U.S. market. Furthermore, the net asset value returns of the closed-end funds demonstrate a strong home country exposure, suggesting there is no substitute for direct foreign investment.
Thermodynamics of crystalline linear high polymers. V. Extended‐chain copolymers of polyethylene

Ethylene—propylene and ethylene—butene-1 copolymers with up to 1.7 side groups per 100 carbons have been crystallized at 227°C. and under 4100–4900 atm. pressure. The resulting crystalline polymers are at least partially of extended-chain crystal morphology. Comparison with the same polymers crystallized at atmospheric pressure, which gives folded-chain crystal morphology, revealed: (1) a density higher by 0.008–0.019 g./cm.3 depending on copolymer content; (2) a similar decrease of crystallinity with side group concentration; (3) a similar decrease of the beginning of melting from 125°C. for homopolymer to 65°C. for 1.7 side groups per 100 carbons; (4) a higher (138 ± 0.8°C.) experimental maximum melting point which, in contrast, is independent of copolymer content and seems to vary only with the fraction of low molecular weight material; (5) a decreasing amount of high-melting crystals with increasing copolymer content (72–8%) and an increasing amount of low-melting crystals (27–53%) with increasing copolymer content. In addition, superheating, which reached 5.5°C. for 50°C./min. heating rates, was detected. It was concluded that high-pressure crystallization leads, at least for part of the crystals, to solid solution formation, while atmospheric pressure crystallization does not. Which mode of crystallization is achieved seems kinetically determined. Experimental techniques were dilatometry, DTA, and calorimetry.
Daily and Intradaily Tests of European Put-Call Parity

Existing empirical studies of the put-call parity condition report frequent, substantial violations. An important problem in interpreting these results is that these studies all investigate American options. While some of these studies attempt to reduce the effects of possible early exercise on their tests, they cannot fully account for the effect of early exercise. Therefore, it is not possible to conclude from these studies whether, or to what extent, observed put-call parity violations are due to market inefficiency or due to the value of early exercise. We avoid the early exercise problem by testing put-call parity using European options. We find violations that are much less frequent and smaller than the studies using American options. Moreover, these violations reflect premia for liquidity (immediacy) risk.
A one parameter representation for the Isgur-Wise function

Abstract We use a 1 S lattice QCD heavy-light wavefunction to generate a single parameter, model independent description of the Isgur-Wise function. Using recent data we find the zero-recoil slope to be ξ ′(1) = −1.16±0.17, while the second derivative turns out to be ξ ″(1) = 2.64 ± 0.74.
Auditory evoked potentials, clinical vs. research applications

Evidence of abnormal auditory evoked potentials (EPs) in patients suffering from schizophrenia has been accumulating. In spite of the magnitude of the EPs in schizophrenia literature, EPs have not been found to be clinically useful thus far. In this study we attempted to replicate the findings in a large sample of schizophrenia patients, and describe how auditory EPs may be used as supplemental tests in the differential diagnostic process. Five subject groups were formed; paranoid (PAR) and disorganized/undifferentiated (disorg/undiff) schizophrenics, schizoaffective (SA), bipolar, and a normal control group. All patients were stable on medications. Subjects underwent one EP recording session. Classification and regression trees (CART) based on EP amplitudes were used to classify subjects into subgroups. The optimal Bayes classification rule that minimizes the expected misclassification cost was then constructed for various misclassification cost functions. In a standard 'Odd Ball' paradigm the N100 amplitudes were significantly decreased in the disorg/undiff group than in the bipolar or normal subjects. The P200 amplitude was smaller in the PAR, disorg/undiff and the SA groups than in the normal controls. Both the disorg/undiff and the PAR groups had significantly lower P300 amplitudes than the normal controls. Classification rules used to classify subjects into normal or ill were sensitive to the relative cost of misclassifying a subject, as well as the prior clinical probability that this subject was ill. Our data largely agree with the existing literature showing abnormally decreased N100, P200, and P300 amplitudes in schizophrenic patients, particularly the disorg/undiff patients. We conclude that whether EP measures are clinically useful depends on the clinical situation. In particular, the prior probability of the diagnosis in question being present and the cost of misclassifying the patient are critical.
Economic FAQs about the Internet

This is a set of Frequently Asked Questions (and answers) about the economic, institutional, and technological structure of the Internet. We describe the history and current state of the Internet, discuss some of the pressing economic and regulatory problems, and speculate about future developments. What is a FAQ? FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions. There are dozens of FAQ documents on diverse topics available on the Internet, ranging from physics to scuba diving to how to contact the White House. They are produced and maintained by volunteers. This FAQ answers questions about the economics of the Internet (and towards the end offers some opinions and forecasts).
Modulating Self‐Assembly of Amyloidogenic Proteins as a Therapeutic Approach for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Strategies and Mechanisms

Abnormal protein assembly causes multiple devastating disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and prion diseases. Due to the now extended human lifespan, these diseases have been increasing in prevalence, resulting in major public health problems and the associated financial difficulties worldwide. The wayward proteins that lead to disease self-associate into neurotoxic oligomers and go on to form fibrillar polymers through multiple pathways. Thus, a range of possible targets for pharmacotherapeutic intervention exists along these pathways. Many compounds have shown different levels of effectiveness in inhibiting aberrant self-assembly, dissociating existing aggregates, protecting cells against neurotoxic insults, and in some cases ameliorating disease symptoms in vivo, yet achieving efficient, disease-modifying therapy in humans remains a major unattained goal. To a large degree, this is because the mechanisms of action for these drugs are essentially unknown. For successful design of new effective drugs, it is crucial to elucidate the mechanistic details of their action, including the actual target(s) along the protein aggregation pathways, how the compounds modulate these pathways, and their effect at the cellular, tissue, organ, and organism level. Here, the current knowledge of major mechanisms by which some of the more extensively explored drug candidates work are discussed. In particular, we focus on three prominent strategies: 1) stabilizing the native fold of amyloidogenic proteins, 2) accelerating the aggregation pathways towards the fibrillar endpoint thereby reducing accumulation of toxic oligomers, and 3) modulating the assembly process towards nontoxic oligomers/aggregates. The merit of each strategy is assessed, and the key points to consider when analyzing the efficacy of possible drug candidates and their mechanism of action are discussed.
Is the EITC as Good as an NIT? Conditional Cash Transfers and Tax Incidence

The EITC is intended to encourage work. But EITC-induced increases in labor supply may drive wages down. I simulate the economic incidence of the EITC. In each scenario that I consider, a large portion of low-income single mothers' EITC payments is captured by employers through reduced wages. Workers who are EITC ineligible also see wage declines. By contrast, a traditional Negative Income Tax (NIT) discourages work, and so induces large transfers from employers to their workers. With my preferred parameters, $1 in EITC spending increases after-tax incomes by $0.73, while $1 spent on the NIT yields $1.39.
Connections between conjectures of Alon-Tarsi, Hadamard-Howe, and integrals over the special unitary group

We show the Alon-Tarsi conjecture on Latin squares is equivalent to a very special case of a conjecture made independently by Hadamard and Howe, and to the non-vanishing of some interesting integrals over SU ( n ) . Our investigations were motivated by geometric complexity theory.
Design of a framework for modeling, integration and simulation of physiological models

Highlights? We developed an information technology framework, Phy-SIM, with related analytical and computational tools that facilitates development, integration and simulation of physiological models. ? We proposed mechanisms of modularity that provided the separation of functional and structural aspects of multiscale physiological models, which is a novel contribution to the physiological model development domain. ? We also introduce the concept of information flow, that enables the representation of functional modularity. ? Phy-SIM will provide a modular framework with which more collaborative and integrative studies will be possible. Multiscale modeling and integration of physiological models carry challenges due to the complex nature of physiological processes. High coupling within and among scales present a significant challenge in constructing and integrating multiscale physiological models. In order to deal with such challenges in a systematic way, there is a significant need for an information technology framework together with related analytical and computational tools that will facilitate integration of models and simulations of complex biological systems. Physiological Model Simulation, Integration and Modeling Framework (Phy-SIM) is an information technology framework providing the tools to facilitate development, integration and simulation of integrated models of human physiology. Phy-SIM brings software level solutions to the challenges raised by the complex nature of physiological systems. The aim of Phy-SIM, and this paper is to lay some foundation with the new approaches such as information flow and modular representation of the physiological models. The ultimate goal is to enhance the development of both the models and the integration approaches of multiscale physiological processes and thus this paper focuses on the design approaches that would achieve such a goal.
Endothelial cell dysfunction in response to intracellular overexpression of amyloid precursor protein

Previous reports have shown that exposure of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells to exogenous amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide results in cell damage and toxicity via oxidative injury. In this study we demonstrate that overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is toxic to bovine aortic endothelial cells but not to bovine aortic smooth muscle cells. Intracellular coexpression of the free radical scavenger proteins metallothionein or MnSOD abolished the toxic effect of APP overexpression in endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate that endothelial cells are specifically susceptible to intracellular overexpression of APP and free radical generation is the likely mechanism of cell damage due to APP overexpression.
The Coulomb dissociation of 8B and the 8B solar neutrino flux

Abstract The rate of the 7Be(p, γ)8B reaction, directly related to the production of 8B in the sun, is most uncertain and yields one of the largest uncertainty in the standard solar model (SSM) estimate of the 8B solar neutrino flux. We discuss a first attempt to measure this reaction rate via the Coulomb dissociation method. The experiment utilized 46.5 MeV/u 8B radioactive beams, from the RIKEN-RIPS facility and our initial results are consistent with the lower value of the cross section, as measured by Filippone et al., as well as allow for an estimate of the p-wave contribution to the 7Be(p, γ)8B reaction that needs to be corrected for in the extrapolation to solar energies. Our preliminary result suggests a 8B solar neutrino flux which is 25–30% smaller than predicted by the various SSMs of Bahcall et al.
GRAPH-BASED HIERARCHICAL CONCEPTUAL CLUSTERING

Hierarchical conceptual clustering has proven to be a useful, although greatly under-explored data mining technique. A graph-based representation of structural information combined with a substructure discovery technique has been shown to be successful in knowledge discovery. The SUBDUE substructure discovery system provides the advantages of both approaches. This work presents SUBDUE and the development of its clustering functionalities. Several examples are used to illustrate the validity of the approach both in structured and unstructured domains, as well as compare SUBDUE to earlier clustering algorithms. Results show that SUBDUE successfully discovers hierarchical clusterings in both structured and unstructured data.
The carbon budget of California

Abstract The carbon budget of a region can be defined as the sum of annual fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) greenhouse gases (GHGs) into and out of the regional surface coverage area. According to the state government's recent inventory, California's carbon budget is presently dominated by 115 MMTCE per year in fossil fuel emissions of CO2 (>85% of total annual GHG emissions) to meet energy and transportation requirements. Other notable (non-ecosystem) sources of carbon GHG emissions in 2004 were from cement- and lime-making industries (7%), livestock-based agriculture (5%), and waste treatment activities (2%). The NASA-CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) simulation model based on satellite observations of monthly vegetation cover (including those from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS) was used to estimate net ecosystem fluxes and vegetation biomass production over the period 1990–2004. California's annual NPP for all ecosystems in the early 2000s (estimated by CASA at 120 MMTCE per year) was roughly equivalent to its annual fossil fuel emission rates for carbon. However, since natural ecosystems can accumulate only a small fraction of this annual NPP total in long-term storage pools, the net ecosystem sink flux for atmospheric carbon across the state was estimated at a maximum rate of about 24 MMTCE per year under favorable precipitation conditions. Under less favorable precipitation conditions, such as those experienced during the early 1990s, ecosystems statewide were estimated to have lost nearly 15 MMTCE per year to the atmosphere. Considering the large amounts of carbon estimated by CASA to be stored in forests, shrublands, and rangelands across the state, the importance of protection of the natural NPP capacity of California ecosystems cannot be overemphasized.
Status Quo Bias in Bargaining: An Extension of the Myerson–Satterthwaite Theorem with an Application to the Coase Theorem☆

We use a generalized version of the Myerson-Satterthwaite theorem to study inefficiencies in bilateral bargaining over trade of an indivisible good, where there is two sided private information on the valuations. We show that when preferences are convex and quasi linear, and when the private information represents the magnitude of the utility gain or loss and follows a uniform distribution, that the most efficient mechanism always exhibits a bias towards the status quo. In the case that utility functions are quadratic in the amount traded, we prove that for any incentive compatible direct mechanism, there is an expected bias towards the disagreement point. In other words, for the class of preferences we study, there is a strategic advantage to property rights in the Coase bargaining setup in the presence of incomplete information.
The Assembly of Diversity in the Morphologies and Stellar Populations of High-Redshift Galaxies*

We have used deep images from the Hubble Space Telescope to study the evolution in the morphologies, sizes, stellar masses, colors, and internal color dispersion of galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field-North. We selected two galaxy samples at 0.7 ? z ? 1.4 and 1.9 ? z ? 3.0 from a near-infrared, flux-limited catalog with complete photometric and spectroscopic redshift information. At z ~ 1 the majority of galaxies with M(B) ? -20.5 have rest-frame optical morphologies of early- to mid-type Hubble-sequence galaxies, and many galaxies show strong transformations between their rest-frame UV and optical morphologies. In stark contrast, galaxies at z ~ 2.3 all have compact and irregular rest-frame optical morphologies with little difference between their rest-frame UV and optical morphologies, and with no clearly evident Hubble-sequence candidates. The mean galaxy size increases from z ~ 2.3 to z ~ 1 by roughly 40%, and the number density of galaxies larger than 3 kpc increases by a factor of ?7. The size-luminosity distribution of z ~ 1 galaxies is broadly consistent with that in the local universe, allowing for passive evolution. However, we argue that galaxies at z ~ 2.3 are not the fully formed progenitors of present-day galaxies, and they must continue to grow in both their sizes and stellar masses. We have quantified the differences in morphology by measuring the galaxies' internal UV-optical color dispersion, which constrains the amount of current star formation relative to older stellar populations. The mean and scatter in the galaxies' UV-optical total colors and internal color dispersion increase from z ~ 2.3 to z ~ 1. At z ~ 1 many galaxies with large internal color dispersion are spirals, with a few irregular and interacting systems. Few z ~ 2.3 galaxies have high internal color dispersion, and we infer that those that do are also actively merging. Using simple models, we interpret the change in the total color and internal color dispersion as evidence for the presence of older and more diverse stellar populations at z ~ 1 that are not generally present at z 2. The z ~ 2.3 galaxies do not increase their stellar diversity as rapidly as they could given basic timescale arguments and simple models. We conclude that the star formation histories of galaxies at z 2 are dominated by discrete, recurrent starbursts, which quickly homogenize the galaxies' stellar content and are possibly associated with mergers. The increase in the diversification of stellar populations by z ~ 1 implies that merger-induced starbursts occur less frequently than at higher redshifts, and more quiescent modes of star formation become the dominant mechanism. This transition in the mode of star formation coincides with the emergence of Hubble-sequence galaxies, which seems to occur around z ~ 1.4.
The Effects of Not‐for‐Profit Hospital Reported Profits and Charitable Care on Perceptions of Tax‐Exempt Status

I investigate whether the hospital tax‐exemption decision is a function of (1) reported profits and (2) the amount of charitable care provided. Tax practitioners from public accounting firms made decisions about whether the hospital should maintain federal and state income tax and local property tax exemptions. A between‐subject design was used with cases at two dimensions: reported profits (high and low) and level of charitable care (high and low). Findings revealed that the main effects of reported profits and charitable care do not independently appear to affect respondents' perceptions about tax exemption. However, when charitable care is low, respondents' perceptions about tax exemption were negatively influenced by high reported profits.
Intertemporal budget policies in an endogenous growth model with nominal assets

Abstract Intertemporal budget policies are assessed in an endogenous growth model with nominal assets. The paper provides relative rankings of policies and policy instruments in terms of the tax liabilities of the private sector necessary to guarantee intertemporal government budget solvency and in terms of the welfare of the representative agent. The role of nominal assets is shown to be of relative importance.
The axioms and principal results of classical test theory

Abstract Following an approach due to Guttman the axioms of the classical test theory model are shown to be derivable as constructions from a specified sampling rule and from the assumption that the observed score of an arbitrarily specified or randomly selected person may be considered as an observation of a random variable having finite and positive variance. Without further assumption the reliability of a test is defined. Parallel measurements are then independently defined, and the concept of replication is explicated. The derived axioms of the classical test theory model are then stated in a refined form of Woodbury's stochastic process notation, and the basic results of this model are derived. The assumptions of experimental independence, homogeneity of error distribution, and conditional independence are related to the classical model and to each other. Finally, a brief sketch of some stronger models assuming the independence of error and true scores or the existence of higher-order moments of error distributions or those making specific distributional assumptions is given.
Silanediols: A New Class of Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalysts

Silanediols are introduced as a new class of hydrogen bond donor catalysts for the activation of nitroalkenes toward nucleophilic attack. Excellent yields of product are obtained for the conjugate addition of indole to β-nitrostyrene catalyzed with a stable, storable dinaphthyl-derived silanediol. The preparation and structural characterization of a C2-symmetric chiral silanediol is also reported along with its ability to catalyze the conjugate addition reaction.
Pd-catalyzed C-H fluorination with nucleophilic fluoride.

The palladium-catalyzed C–H fluorination of 8-methylquinoline derivatives with nucleophilic fluoride is reported. This transformation involves the use of AgF as the fluoride source in combination with a hypervalent iodine oxidant. Both the scope and mechanism of the reaction are discussed.
Resonant enhancement of flavor-changing neutrino interactions

The resonant amplification of neutrino oscillations in the presence of flavor-changing neutrino interactions with matter is analyzed. It is shown that a significant {mu}-flavor conversion can take place even in the absence of neutrino mixing in vacuum. To account for the solar neutrino deficit, the strength of the new interactions should be {approximately} 10{sup {minus}2}G{sub F} and the resulting neutrino suppression and spectrum is similar to that in the ordinary MSW effect. I discuss some extensions of the standard model where these interactions can be present, taking into account the experimental constraints that arise mainly from the induced leptonic rare decays.
A Morphological Study of Gamma-Ray Burst Host Galaxies

We present a comprehensive study of the morphological properties of 42 γ-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies imaged with the Hubble Space Telescope in the optical band. The purpose of this study is to understand the relation of GRBs to their macroenvironments and to compare the GRB-selected galaxies to other high-redshift samples. We perform both qualitative and quantitative analyses by categorizing the galaxies according to their visual properties and by examining their surface brightness profiles. We find that the majority of the galaxies have approximately exponential profiles, indicative of galactic disks, and have a median effective radius of about 1.7 kpc; ~20% of the hosts are better fit with a bulge-dominated profile. Inspection of the visual morphologies reveals a high fraction of merging and interacting systems, with ~30% showing clear signs of interaction and an additional 30% exhibiting irregular and asymmetric structure, which may be the result of recent mergers; these fractions are independent of redshift and galaxy luminosity. The fraction of mergers appears to be elevated compared to other high-redshift samples (i.e., the HDF), particularly for the low luminosities of GRB hosts (MB ~ -16 to -21 mag). Finally, we show that GRB hosts clearly follow the size-luminosity relation present in other galaxy samples, but thanks to spectroscopic absorption redshifts they help to extend this relation to fainter luminosities.
Loline alkaloids: Currencies of mutualism.

Several species of Lolium and other cool-season grasses (Poaceae subfamily Pooideae) tend to harbor symbiotic, seed-transmitted, fungi that enhance their fitness by various means. These fungal endophytes--species of Neotyphodium or Epichloe (Clavicipitaceae)--are known for production of antiherbivore metabolites such as the bioprotective loline alkaloids. Lolines are saturated pyrrolizidines with an exo-1-amine and an ether bridge between C-2 and C-7. The ether bridge is an unusual feature for a biogenic compound in that it links two bridgehead carbon atoms. Much of the loline-biosynthetic pathway has been elucidated by administering isotopically labeled precursors to fungal cultures and by comparisons of loline biosynthesis genes to known gene families. The first step appears to be an unusual gamma-substitution reaction involving an enzyme related to O-acetylhomoserine (thiol) lyase, but which uses the secondary amine of L-proline rather than a sulfhydryl group as the nucleophile. The strained ether bridge is added after formation of the pyrrolizidine rings. Lolines with dimethylated or acylated 1-amines have insect antifeedant and insecticidal activities comparable to nicotine, but little or no toxicity to mammals. Considering the surprising abundance of lolines in some grass-endophyte symbiota, possible additional effects on plant stress tolerance and physiology are worth future consideration. In this review, we discuss the history of loline discovery, methods of analysis, biological activities and distribution in nature, as well as progress on the genetics and biochemistry of their biosynthesis, and on the chemical synthesis of these alkaloids.
NGC 7538S—A HIGH-MASS PROTOSTAR WITH A MASSIVE ROTATING DISK

We report the detection of a massive rotating disk around the high-mass Class 0 candidate NGC 7538S. The disk is well resolved with the Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array (θA = 37) in the 3.4 mm continuum and in H13CN J = 1 → 0. It is seen nearly edge-on and has a size of ~30,000 AU. A young, powerful outflow perpendicular to the rotating disk is mapped in SiO J = 2 → 1 and HCO+ J = 1 → 0. The dynamical age of the outflow is ≤10,000 yr. The velocity gradient seen in H13CN is consistent with Keplerian rotation. Assuming that the gas is gravitationally bound, the mass of the central object is ~40 M☉. The mass of the continuum "disk" is ≥100 M☉ and has a luminosity of ~104 L☉. H13CN gives a mass of ~400 M☉ for the rotating disk and of ~1000 M☉ for the extended (20'') envelope. Our observations confirm that this is an extremely massive protostar in its earliest stages.
Pd(II)-catalyzed ortho- or meta-C-H olefination of phenol derivatives.

A combination of weakly coordinating auxiliaries and ligand acceleration allows for the development of both ortho- and meta-selective C–H olefination of phenol derivatives. These reactions demonstrate the feasibility of directing C–H functionalizations when functional groups are distal to target C–H bonds. The meta-C–H functionalization of electron-rich phenol derivatives is unprecedented and orthogonal to previous electrophilic substitution of phenols in terms of regioselectivity. These methods are also applied to functionalize α-phenoxyacetic acids, a fibrate class of drug scaffolds.
Computational geometry column 35

The subquadratic algorithm of Kapoor for finding shortest paths on a polyhedron is described.
2,3-Disubstituted tetrahydrofuran synthesis via radical and anionic cyclization

Abstract Cyclization of the radicals derived from Cbond homolysis as well as via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer afforded tetrahydrofurans in high yield. An alternative anionic cyclization method provided the anti diastereomer preferentially.
THE CONTINUOUS SPECTRUM IN DISCRETE SERIES BRANCHING LAWS

If G is a reductive Lie group of Harish-Chandra class, H is a symmetric subgroup, and π is a discrete series representation of G, the authors give a condition on the pair (G, H) which guarantees that the direct integral decomposition of π|H contains each irreducible representation of H with finite multiplicity. In addition, if G is a reductive Lie group of Harish-Chandra class, and H ⊂ G is a closed, reductive subgroup of Harish-Chandra class, the authors show that the multiplicity function in the direct integral decomposition of π|H is constant along "continuous parameters". In obtaining these results, the authors develop a new technique for studying multiplicities in the restriction π|H via convolution with Harish-Chandra characters. This technique has the advantage of being useful for studying the continuous spectrum as well as the discrete spectrum.
Multimedia security: the 22nd century approach

In this paper I will describe where I think multimedia security will be headed in the next century. Will anything useful happen in the next 100 years? Will our content feel any safer? This paper is based on the keynote address I gave at the ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop in Magdeburg, Germany on September 21, 2004. Why am I writing this paper? I am not clairvoyant! I cannot see the future! I will be long dead before we get to the 22nd century – hence I am not in trouble or wrong. I will give you my opinions and ideas.1 I will attempt to discuss various concepts in multimedia security and particularly data hiding and watermarking and predict how they will be affected in the next 100 years with respect to the impact of the technology on society, the legal aspects, and how research in this area will be driven. I will describe how data hiding and watermarking will be viewed at the dawn of the 22nd century. With respect to impact of the technology in the next 100 years, the following issues will be important:
Assessment of impact damage in toughened resin composites

Abstract It is well known that carbon/epoxy composites, because of their brittle nature, are highly susceptible to impact damage. While high and medium levels of impact energy cause surface damage that may be detected visually, low-energy impact can produce internal delaminations with little visible surface damage. This “barely visible impact damage” or BVID may only be detected using sophisticated non-destructive inspection (NDI) techniques such as ultrasonic C-scan. BVID is of major concern in the design of composite aircraft structures from a damage tolerance viewpoint because it causes a significant reduction in compressive strength and it reduces fatigue strength as a result of delamination growth under compression cyclic loading. The Structures and Materials Laboratory initiated a program to investigate the impact resistance of several improved epoxy-resin composites. An instrumented drop-weight impact procedure was used to produce impact damage in three commercially-available high strain/toughened epoxy composites as well as in T300/5208 which was tested as a baseline material system. The load-time history obtained during an impact test was used to indicate the energy required to produce the onset of damage in the monolithic specimens. The impact damage was assessed nondestructively using ultrasonic C-scan techniques and destructively using a sectioning procedure. The residual strength properties were determined by a compression-after-impact test under laboratory temperature and humidity conditions. In this paper, experimental results as well as a discussion on failure modes are presented.
UBV photometry of Iapetus

Abstract UBV observations of Iapetus on 34 nights have revealed a 0.30-mag difference in the depths of two successive minima in the light curve of this satellite. The difference can be explained by a two-hemisphere model with the leading darker hemisphere having a much stronger variation in brightness with solar phase angle than the trailing brighter hemisphere. Aside from the variation in the depths of the minima, the general character of the light and color curves is similar to that reported by earlier investigators.
Signed differential posets and sign-imbalance

We study signed differential posets, a signed version of differential posets. These posets satisfy enumerative identities which are signed analogues of those satisfied by differential posets. Our main motivations are the sign-imbalance identities for partition shapes originally conjectured by Stanley, now proven in [T. Lam, Growth diagrams, domino insertion and sign-imbalance, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 107 (2004) 87-115; A. Reifergerste, Permutation sign under the Robinson-Schensted-Knuth correspondence, Ann. Comb. 8 (2004) 103-112; J. Sjostrand, On the sign-imbalance of partition shapes, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 111 (2005) 190-203]. We show that these identities result from a signed differential poset structure on Young's lattice, and explain similar identities for Fibonacci shapes.
Asymptotic Efficiency for Discriminatory Private Value Auctions

We consider discriminatory auctions for multiple identical units of a good. Players have private values, possibly for multiple units. None of the usual assumptions about symmetry of players' distributions over values or symmetry of equilibrium play are made. Because of this, equilibria will typically involve inefficient allocations. Equilibria also become very difficult to solve for. Using an approach which does not depend on explicit equilibrium calculations we show that such auctions become arbitrarily close to efficient as the number of players, and possibly the number of objects, grows large, and provide a simple characterization of limit equilibria.
Turbulence spectra in a reacting gas.

The statistics of a locally isotropic turbulent field are investigated for a gas with a densitysensitive heating mechanism. A spectrally selective power source arises in addition to the usual external supply feeding energy into turbulence. Solutions of dynamic equations are obtained for the central region of the spectrum and for the viscous subrange. Spectral distortion in each case is measurable by the evaluation of a single parameter. The energycontaining region of the spectrum is affected strongly by the added effect of the distributed power sources. Moments of the power spectra are employed to assess the influence on collective properties of the eddy ensemble. Modifications are suggested for the usual methods of calculating the power flow, the turbulence Reynolds number, and the eddy diffusivity. A scaling law is suggested for calculating the spectral width.
Beauty baryons: Recent CDF results

Using data collected between 1992 and 1995 at the Fermilab Tevatron, CDF has searched for the Λ b baryon through both semileptonic and hadronic decay channels. This presentation reviews measurements of the Λ b mass, lifetime, and production and decay rates performed with this data.
Industry Distributional Characteristics of Financial Ratios: An Acquisition Theory Application

This study explores the importance of capturing industry-specific distributional characteristies in analyses based on financial ratios. As a test case, the study replicates Palepu (1986), who employs financial ratios in logit models to investigate the usefulness of six acquisition hypotheses in predicting takeover targets. Without adjustment for industry-specific distributional characteristics, this study's findings are only consistent with one of the six acquisition hypotheses. After adjusting for distributional properties, the results are consistent with four of the six acquisition hypotheses. Furthermore, the adjusted model produces a classification accuracy significantly greater than chance, as well as significantly greater than that observed for the unadjusted model.
FINAL STATE INTERACTION IN HEAVY HADRON DECAY

I present a critical account of the final-state interaction (FSI) in two-body B decays from viewpoint of the hadron picture. I emphasize that the phase and the magnitude of decay amplitude are related to each other by a dispersion relation. In a model phase of FSI motivated by experiment, I illustrate how much the magnitude of amplitude can deviate from its factorization value by the FSI.
Electroweak corrections to the toponium decay width

Abstract We discuss one-loop electroweak corrections to the decay width of toponium. We calculate the energy-level shifts by expanding around the solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation in the instantaneous approximation, in analogy with the positronium case. We show that first-order electroweak effects are suppressed by at least four powers of the strong coupling constant, and are therefore negligible compared with QCD corrections. The calculation is manifestly gauge invariant and takes into account the contributions to the decay rate due to both Coulomb enhancement and phase space reduction effects.