cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Occlusion for fixed prosthodontics: A historical perspective of the gnathological influence

This article addresses the historical perspective of the gnathological influence upon the concepts of occlusion for fixed prosthodontics. A critical assessment and subsequent scientific validation of occlusal theories require an understanding of their evolution in the formative years and the subsequent development of effective models for clinical practice. While gnathological concepts offer a structured methodology for prosthodontic procedures, further research is needed to corroborate current occlusal treatment approaches. This review focuses on the "classic" fixed prosthodontic literature and the currently available scientific literature involving fixed prosthodontic dentate occlusion and gnathology. A MEDLINE search was performed to identify English-language peer-reviewed publications spanning the last 56 years, along with an extensive hand search for years prior. Electronic searches of the literature were performed in MEDLINE using the key words: case series, clinical trials, cohort studies, fixed partial denture occlusion, dental occlusion, dental occlusion research, centric relation, incisal guidance, maximal intercuspation, occlusal vertical dimension, and occlusion, in various combinations to obtain potential references for review. A total of 10,382 English-language nonduplicate titles were obtained for 1950-2006 for the key words "dental occlusion." Other key word searches produced smaller numbers of articles, many of which were duplicates due to multiple searches and were subsequently eliminated. Manual hand searching of the MEDLINE reference list and other journals of interest was performed to identify any articles missed in the original search. Articles were included for review if they contained emerging occlusal theories, new technologies, or occlusal studies that included multiple subjects in contrast to case reports.
Matchings in Graphs on Non-orientable Surfaces

We generalize Kasteleyn's method of enumerating the perfect matchings in a planar graph to graphs embedding on an arbitrary compact boundaryless 2-manifold S. Kasteleyn stated that perfect matchings in a graph embedding on a surface of genus g could be enumerated as a linear combination of 4g Pfaffians of modified adjacency matrices of the graph. We give an explicit construction that not only does this, but also does it for graphs embedding on non-orientable surfaces. If a graph embeds on the connected sum of a genus g surface with a projective plane (respectively, Klein bottle), the number of perfect matchings can be computed as a linear combination of 22g+1 (respectively, 22g+2) Pfaffians. Thus for any S, this is 22??(S) Pfaffians. We also introduce “crossing orientations,” the analogue of Kasteleyn's “admissible orientations” in our context, describing how the Pfaffian of a signed adjacency matrix of a graph gives the sign of each perfect matching according to the number of edge-crossings in the matching. Finally, we count the perfect matchings of an m×n grid on a Mobius strip.
Promotion of supervised classification for land use development

The dynamics of remote sensing (RS), a geographic information system (GIS) technique, and the applications of global positioning system (GPS) were used to respond to a wide geospatial need in Owerri Land use, in Nigeria. Promotion (further use) of supervised classification is an exclusive use of scientific analysis to decompose a supervised classification error. This method promoted community and economic development. The term promote, means further analysis for more applications of the error matrix, to gain knowledge of specific land use activities within different land use categories. The project finds that the regimes of the series of satellite imagery hold more data of information than the supervised classification alone. One of such knowledge or information was phase withdrawal of some land use categories, which was shared for agricultural and economic development, transportation planning, and Homeland Security management. The regimes of the land use and land cover change (LUCC) revealed some impact distribution on regional resources. It provided sufficient data and metadata for land use management. The results were geo-database development for land ownership and the Urban Pedestrian Resource Network (UPRN). This network created opportunities for minorities like women, who want to stay closer to home while actively engaged in business. This was due to market applications of a geo-database. The system is recommended for smaller cities, or rural communities with inherent land use management and development problems.
Inorganic Particles in Cigars and Cigar Smoke

A number of crystalline and optically isotopic inorganic materials are used in the manufacture of reconstituted tobacco sheets. These sheets, used primarily in inexpensive cigars, often contain diatomaceous earth, which exists in part in the silica mineral form cristobalite, a known fibrogen. Diatom fragments with this crystalline form have been observed in the main smoke stream of cigars made with these tobacco sheets.
Allozyme and shell variation in two marine snails (Littorina, Prosobranchia) with different dispersal abilities

As adults Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis have overlapping distributions, both on the shore and on a geographical scale, this implies that they are affected by similar selective forces to a large extent. The two species have, however, different reproductive strategies. Littorina littorea has a planktonic larval stage lasting 4–6 weeks, whereas L. saxatilis has direct development. This influences dispersal rates of the two species, and gene flow and effective population size are both assumed to be much smaller in L. saxatilis than in L. littorea. Intraspeciflc variation in morphological and allozyme characters differs between the two species. Littorina littorea is homogeneous for both types of characters, both within and between populations, while populations of L. saxatilis may show pronounced differences in shell characters with micro-environment changes, and allozyme variation is markedly higher in this species too. The polymorphism in shell characters of L. saxatilis and the monomorphism of L. littorea, may be expected from theory as a consequence of the different dispersal strategies. Also the lack of divergence between geographically separate populations of L. littorea, but the high degree of between population differentiation in L. saxatilis, could be attributed to the high and low dispersal rates, respectively. However, the larger allozyme variation within subpopulations of L. saxatilis compared to that of L. littorea, is surprising as the former species has a smaller effective population size than the latter. Furthermore, there is no correlation between dispersal ability and overall allozyme heterozygosity, when 10 additional species of Littorina are included in the comparison. It is suggested that different evolutionary backgrounds of different species will possibly explain this, as neither selectionist nor neutralist models alone account for the observation. That is, an earlier passage through a population bottleneck may, for example, influence the genetic variation for a long period of time.
Isoprenoids and Alzheimer's disease: A complex relationship

Cholesterol metabolism has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology, which is characterized by amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and neuroinflammation. Indeed, the use of statins, which inhibit cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis, as potential AD therapeutics is under investigation. Whether statins offer benefit for AD will be determined by the outcome of large, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. However, their use as pharmacological tools has delineated novel roles for isoprenoids in AD. Protein isoprenylation regulates multiple cellular and molecular events and here we review the complex roles of isoprenoids in AD-relevant processes and carefully evaluate isoprenoid pathways as potential AD therapeutic targets.
Research on Power Communication Network Integrated All-Optical Switching

In this paper, we give an introduction to all-optical switching in power communication network. We apply the all-optical technology into electric power communication network. Edge node is designed to complete the optical packet optical packet generation and split into groups of common features. The core node is designed to forward optical packet to complete way finding functionality. All-optical technology shows advantages in protecting the transmission of real-time business requirements to maximize bandwidth utilization and network availability.
Glucuronide formation in the transport of thyroxine analogues by rat intestine.

Abstract The acetic, propionic and formic acid analogues of thyroxine and the acetic and propionic acid analogues of triiodothyronine are transported by everted sacs of rat small intestine and colon. They accumulate in the serosal fluid in concentrations up to 14 times greater than those in the original medium. In all cases, the transport involves the accumulation in the serosal fluid of a glucuronide which appears to be linked through the phenolic hydroxyl of the transported compound. Similarly, glucuronides of L -thyroxine and L -triiodothyronine accumulate in the serosal fluid, but not in quantities sufficient to result in a concentration gradient. The glucuronides of these thyroxine analogues are not themselves transported by the everted gut sacs. Relative impermeability of the mucosa to these conjugates offers a reasonable explanation for their accumulation in the serosal fluid.
Magnetization of the Coqblin-Schrieffer model in the large- N limit at nonzero field

We study the large-$N$ limit of the Coqblin-Schrieffer model in a nonzero magnetic field at zero temperature. We show that at $N=\ensuremath{\infty}$ the model exhibits an unphysical singularity in the magnetization curve when the field lifts the degeneracy completely. However, if the spin degeneracy is lifted, leaving a large orbital degeneracy untouched, a smooth Kondo crossover is recovered.
Induction of carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) expression in human lung tissues and lung cancer cells by the cigarette smoke constituent benzo[a]pyrene

Abstract Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) reduces various xenobiotic carbonyl substrates to corresponding alcohol metabolites. Here we demonstrated that benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a potent pro-carcinogen and predominant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound in cigarette smoke and air pollutants, upregulates CBR1 gene expression in vitro and in vivo, and that a proximal xenobiotic response element (XRE) motif (−122XRE) mediates the induction effect of B[a]P. First, we observed 46% and 50% increases in CBR1 mRNA and CBR1 protein levels, respectively, in human lung tissue samples from smokers compared to never-smokers. Second, we detected 3.0-fold (p
T -graphs and the channel assignment problem

Abstract T -colorings arose from the channel assignment problem in communications. Given a finite set T of non-negative integers, a T -coloring of a simple graph G is an assignment of a non-negative integer (channel) on every vertex of G , such that the difference of channels of two adjacent vertices does not fall in T . The T -span of G , denoted by sp T ( G ), is the minimum span among all possible T -colorings of G , where the span of a T -coloring is the difference between the largest and smallest channels used. This article applies T -graphs to explore the sets T that belong to these two collections: G = { T : greedy (or first-fit) algorithm provides T -spans for all complete graphs}, and E = { T : spt ( G ) = sp T ( K χ ( G ) ) for all graphs G , where χ is the chromatic number}. Given T , its T -graph has the vertex set of all non-negative integers so that two vertices are adjacent if their difference does not fall in T . We show that for any a ∈ Z + , the T -graph of aT is isomorphic to a disjoint product of a copies of the T -graph of T , where aT is the set obtained by multiplying every element of T by a . Based on this characterization, the following two results are attained. For any a ∈ Z + , T ∈ E if and only if aT ∈ E , and T ∈ G if and only if aT ∈ G . The second fact has been proven by Cozzens and Roberts (1991) from a different approach. We will completely solve the family of sets T = {0, s , s + 1,…, l } by providing a different proof of the fact T ∈ G (Tesman, 1989), and showing that T ∈ E if and only if l is a multiple of s . In addition, complete solutions for a more general family are obtained: for any a , s , l ∈ Z + with s ⩽ l , T = {0, as , a ( s + 1), a ( s + 2),…, al } ∪ A ∈ E , and T ϵ E if and only if l = ms for some m , where A ⊆{ as + 1, as + 2, …, al - 1}.
Where did the day go?—A time‐motion study of hospitalists

BACKGROUND: Within the last decade hospitalists have become an integral part of inpatient care in the United States and now care for about half of all Medicare patients requiring hospitalization. However, little data exists describing hospitalist workflow and their activities in daily patient care. OBJECTIVE: To clarify how hospitalists spend their time and how patient volumes affect their workflow. DESIGN: Observers continuously shadowed each of 24 hospitalists for two complete shifts. Observations were recorded using a handheld computer device with customized data collection software. SETTING: Urban, tertiary care, academic medical center. RESULTS: Hospitalists spent 17% of their time on direct patient contact, and 64% on indirect patient care. For 16% of all time recorded, more than one activity was occurring simultaneously (i.e., multitasking). Professional development, personal time, and travel each accounted for about 6% of their time. Communication and electronic medical record (EMR) use, two components of indirect care, occupied 25% and 34% of recorded time respectively. Hospitalists with above average patient loads spent less time per patient communicating with others and working with the EMR than those hospitalists with below average patient loads, but reported delaying documentation until later in the evening or next day. Patient load did not change the amount of time hospitalists spent with each patient. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalists spend more time reviewing the EMR and documenting in it, than directly with the patient. Multi-tasking occurred frequently and occupied a significant portion of each shift. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;5:323–328. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Compulsory spitting: An unusual manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy

Abstract Spitting is a rare neurological complaint. Alimentary automatisms are a common part of temporal lobe epilepsy and usually manifest as chewing and swallowing. We report compulsory spitting as an ictal manifestation in three patients suspected of having temporal lobe epilepsy.
A Conditioning Analysis of Infant Memory

In one of the most famous quotations in the field of developmental psychology, William James (1890) wrote that the world of the infant “is one great blooming, buzzing confusion” (p. 488). In the ensuing 90 years investigators have proved James two-thirds correct, that is, the world of the infant is indeed blooming and buzzing; it is not, however, one of confusion. Nowhere is this truth more evident than in the area of infant learning (Lipsitt, 1971). In spite of the fact, however, that demonstrations of learning are ex post facto demonstrations of memory (Bolles, 1976), research on infant memorial abilities has lagged far behind that on infant learning. We believe that this situation has resulted from a paradigmatic error. Infant memory researchers have overlooked the logical relation between learning and memory, focusing almost exclusively on the encoding and storage of information that may have no present relevance for the infant (e.g., stimuli that lack signal value; cf. Thorpe, 1963) instead of on the subsequent utility of that which has previously been acquired. Underlying this research has been an allegiance to a multistore view of memory where information is believed to reside briefly (≤30 seconds) in a short-term memory store before either its transfer to a long-term store or its complete loss from the system. As a result, investigators of infant memory have found it convenient to use brief (2 to 8 minutes) single sessions to study long-term memory and have attributed performance deficits under these conditions to memory deficits arising from the permanent loss of information during either encoding, short-term storage, or transfer (Cohen & Gelber, 1975; Fagan, 1977; Olson, 1976; Werner & Perlmutter, 1979). In short, they have echoed the ancient biblical view that many are called but few are chosen: Only a small portion of the information in the short-term store is transferred to long-term memory; the rest is irrevocably lost.
Fibonacci and Galois representations of feedback-with-carry shift registers

A feedback-with-carry shift register (FCSR) with "Fibonacci" architecture is a shift register provided with a small amount of memory which is used in the feedback algorithm. Like the linear feedback shift register (LFSR), the FCSR provides a simple and predictable method for the fast generation of pseudorandom sequences with good statistical properties and large periods. In this paper, we describe and analyze an alternative architecture for the FCSR which is similar to the "Galois" architecture for the LFSR. The Galois architecture is more efficient than the Fibonacci architecture because the feedback computations are performed in parallel. We also describe the output sequences generated by the d-FCSR, a slight modification of the (Fibonacci) FCSR architecture in which the feedback bit is delayed for d clock cycles before being returned to the first cell of the shift register. We explain how these devices may be configured so as to generate sequences with large periods. We show that the d-FCSR also admits a more efficient "Galois" architecture.
Electron dynamics in n-doped In 0.4 Ga 0.6 As/GaAs quantum dot infrared detector structures

Time-resolved mid-infrared-pump, optical-probe differential transmission spectroscopy directly reveals electron dynamics in n-doped quantum dots infrared detector structure. Capturing and intradot relaxation time were measured. Nanosecond-scale dynamics in the n=1 state was also observed.
NMR structure of the [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin domain from soluble methane monooxygenase reductase and interaction with its hydroxylase.

The soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is a multicomponent enzyme system required for the conversion of methane to methanol. It comprises a hydroxylase, a regulatory protein, and a reductase. The reductase contains two domains: an NADH-binding and FAD-containing flavin domain and a ferredoxin (Fd) domain carrying a [2Fe-2S] cofactor. Here, we report the solution structure of the reduced form of the 98-amino acid Fd domain (Blazyk, J. L., and Lippard, S. J. Unpublished results) determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics calculations. The structure consists of six β strands arranged into two β sheets as well as three α helices. Two of these helices form a helix−proline−helix motif, unprecedented among [2Fe-2S] proteins. The [2Fe-2S] cluster is coordinated by the sulfur atoms of cysteine residues 42, 47, 50, and 82. The 10.9 kDa ferredoxin domain of the reductase protein transfers electrons to carboxylate-bridged diiro...
Statistical mechanics of complex networks

The emergence of order in natural systems is a constant source of inspiration for both physical and biological sciences. While the spatial order characterizing for example the crystals has been the basis of many advances in contemporary physics, most complex systems in nature do not offer such high degree of order. Many of these systems form complex networks whose nodes are the elements of the system and edges represent the interactions between them. Traditionally complex networks have been described by the random graph theory founded in 1959 by Paul Erdohs and Alfred Renyi. One of the defining features of random graphs is that they are statistically homogeneous, and their degree distribution (characterizing the spread in the number of edges starting from a node) is a Poisson distribution. In contrast, recent empirical studies, including the work of our group, indicate that the topology of real networks is much richer than that of random graphs. In particular, the degree distribution of real networks is a power-law, indicating a heterogeneous topology in which the majority of the nodes have a small degree, but there is a significant fraction of highly connected nodes that play an important role in the connectivity of the network. The scale-free topology of real networks has very important consequences on their functioning. For example, we have discovered that scale-free networks are extremely resilient to the random disruption of their nodes. On the other hand, the selective removal of the nodes with highest degree induces a rapid breakdown of the network to isolated subparts that cannot communicate with each other. The non-trivial scaling of the degree distribution of real networks is also an indication of their assembly and evolution. Indeed, our modeling studies have shown us that there are general principles governing the evolution of networks. Most networks start from a small seed and grow by the addition of new nodes which attach to the nodes already in the system. This process obeys preferential attachment: the new nodes are more likely to connect to nodes with already high degree. We have proposed a simple model based on these two principles wich was able to reproduce the power-law degree distribution of real networks. Perhaps even more importantly, this model paved the way to a new paradigm of network modeling, trying to capture the evolution of networks, not just their static topology.
The pre-theoreticality of moral intuitions

Moral intuitionism, once an apparently moribund metaethical position, has seen a resurgence of interest of late. Robert Audi, a leading moral intuitionist, has argued that in order for a moral belief to qualify as intuitional, it must fulfill four criteria: it must be non-inferential, firmly held, comprehended, and pre-theoretical. This paper centers on the fourth and seemingly most problematic criterion: pre-theoreticality. The paper begins by stipulating the defensibility of the moral cognitivism upon which moral intuitionism turns. Next, the paper develops the distinction between semantic and epistemic pre-theoreticality, and goes on to explore and reject the putative ubiquity of the theoreticality of first-order moral discourse: it argues that on a defensible understanding of theoryhood, both semantic and epistemic pre-theoretical moral belief is not only possible, but in fact frequently realized. The paper then briefly explores and rebuts objections to (epistemic) pre-theoreticality issuing from (i) the “Cornell Realists” and (ii) considerations of the epistemic relevance of the epistemic/valuational background of moral belief. The paper concludes that, so far as the pre-theoreticality criterion is concerned, moral intuitionism remains in the running as a viable thesis regarding foundationally justified first-order moral belief and knowledge.
Transcatheter embolization of multiple mycotic splenic artery aneurysms: a case report.

Embolization of splenic artery aneurysms is recommended in young women to prevent likely rupture and exsanguination during pregnancy. This report describes the successful coil occlusion of multiple mycotic aneurysms in such a patient, who was also treated interventionally for gastric hemorrhage and hy persplenism. Although infection or sepsis is a rare cause of visceral aneurysms, it is associated with a high incidence of rupture and peritonitis. Complications from elective embolization include abscess formation within the spleen and focal infarction in the upper alimentary tract. However, such risks should be mini mized by appropriate selection of embolic materials and prophylactic care of the patient.
Cloning of DNA involved in sporulation of Streptomyces griseus.

Twenty-two bald mutants of Streptomyces griseus were isolated and classified into four phenotypic groups, two of which showed conditional sporulation. A 3-kilobase fragment of DNA was cloned in a high-copy-number vector and detected by its ability to restore sporulation to one class of conditionally bald mutants. Analysis of subclones demonstrated that the sporulation property was contained within a 2.5-kilobase fragment. Hybridization studies and restriction analysis indicated that this DNA fragment was present in several Streptomyces species and was distinct from DNA that has been shown to complement afsA mutants of S. bikiniensis and bldA mutants of S. coelicolor. Images
Invasive species impact: asymmetric interactions between invasive and endemic freshwater snails

The strength of biotic interactions between native and invasive species is a key component of invasive species impact, but often is not quantified explicitly. We measured biotic interaction strengths between an invasive and a native endemic snail species in 2 streams in the western United States. The invasive freshwater New Zealand mudsnail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, was the dominant snail in a 3 rd - order stream, and a closely related endemic snail, Pyrgulopsis robusta, was the dominant snail in a 1 st -order tributary stream. We compared consumer-resource (C-R) and consumer-consumer (C-C) per biomass interaction strengths in both streams using field enclosure experiments. Consumer effects on algal resources were strong and equivalent for both snail species in both streams. Invasion success of P. antipodarum could not be attributed to an unusually high rate of resource acquisition at either site because the 2 snails exerted equivalent C-R interaction strengths. However, C-C interactions were asymmetric; the invasive snail significantly limited growth of the native snail, whereas the native snail facilitated growth of the invasive snail. These effects were stronger in the stream where P. antipodarum was dominant. Thus, per biomass interaction strengths indicated that asymmetric interactions could be contributing to patterns of dominance by invasive and endemic stream snails.
Effect of disease progression on liver apparent diffusion coefficient values in a murine model of NASH at 11.7 tesla MRI

Purpose: To evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of liver in a murine model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis using 11.7 Tesla (T) MRI. Materials and Methods: This animal study was IACUC approved. Seventeen male C57BL/6 mice were divided into control (n = 3) and experimental groups (n = 14) fed a methionine-deficient choline-deficient (MCD) diet to induce steatohepatitis. Livers underwent ex vivo diffusion-weighted MR imaging and ADC maps were calculated. A pathologist determined subjective scores of steatosis, classified from 0 to 3. Digital image analysis was used to determine percentage areas of steatosis. Graphs comparing ADC to subjective and digital image analysis (DIA) determinations of steatosis were plotted. Results: Subjective assessments of steatosis ranged up to values of 3 and DIA determined areas of steatosis to range up to approximately 16%. ADC values approximated 800 × 10−6 mm2/s (range, 749–811 × 10−6 mm2/s, mean 786 × 10−6 mm2/s) in controls and 500 × 10−6 mm2/s (range, 478–733 × 10−6 mm2/s, mean 625 × 10−6 mm2/s) in experimental mice. Moderate correlation between ADC and subjective scores of steatosis (R = −0.56) was observed. Strong correlation between ADC values and percentage areas of steatosis was between ADC values and percentage areas of steatosis was observed greater (R = −0.81) and very strong correlation was observed with the exclusion of a single outlying data point (R = −0.91). Conclusion: Based on the comparison of ADC values and steatosis determinations by DIA, increasing degrees of steatosis are seen to result in decreased hepatic ADC values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:882–888. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How and when environmental agents and dietary factors affect the course of Alzheimer's disease: the "LEARn" model (latent early-life associated regulation) may explain the triggering of AD.

Alzheimers disease (AD) is currently the most prominent form of dementia among the elderly. Although AD manifests in late adult life, it is not clear when the disease actually starts and how long the neuropathological processes take to develop AD. The major unresolved question is the timing and the nature of triggering leading to AD. Is it an early or developmental and/or late phenomenon and what are the factors that trigger the cascade of pathobiochemical processes? To explain the etiology of AD one should consider the neuropathological features, such as neuronal cell death,θ tangles, and amyloid plaque, and environmental factors associated with AD, such as diet, toxicological exposure, and hormonal factors. Current dominant theories of AD etiology are “protein-only”, they attribute the cause of the disease directly to the activities of associated proteins once they have been produced; the major limitation is that protein aggregations occur “late in the game”. Development and progression of AD has not been explained by protein-only models. In view of this limitation, we propose a “Latent Early-Life Associated Regulation” (LEARn) model, which postulates a latent expression of specific genes triggered at the developmental stage. According to this model, environmental agents (e.g., heavy metals), intrinsic factors (e.g., cytokines), and dietary factors (e.g., cholesterol) perturb gene regulation in a long-term fashion, beginning at early developmental stages; however, these perturbations do not have pathological results until significantly later in life. For example, such actions would perturb APP gene regulation at very early stage via its transcriptional machinery, leading to delayed overexpression of APP and subsequently of Aβ deposition. This model operates on the regulatory region (promoter) of the gene and by the effect of methylation at certain sites within the promoter of specific genes. Promoters tend to have both positive and negative regulatory elements, and promoter activity can be altered by changes in the primary DNA sequence and by epigenetic changes through mechanisms such as DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides or oxidation of guanosine residues. The basis of the LEARn model is that environmental factors, including metals and dietary factors, operate by interfering the interaction of methylated CpG clusters with binding proteins, such as MeCP2 and SP1. The LEARn model may explain the etiology of AD and other neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders.
Improved Extraction and HPLC Methods for Ergovaline from Plant Material and Rumen Fluid

Ergovaline, the main ergopeptine alkaloid produced in tall fescue infected with Acremonium coenophialum, is known to cause tall fescue toxicosis. Current methods in use for quantifying ergovaline in plant material have several disadvantages, including large solvent volumes and long analysis time. We report here improvements in extraction and cleanup and the high-pressure liquid chromatographic methods. Our improvements include a 24-hour extraction time, the use of smaller solvent volumes during sample preparation, and fast analysis on the polymeric reverse-phase column. In addition to allowing the analysis of large batches to assist practitioners in the accurate diagnosis of fescue toxicosis, our method is also easily modified for other matrices, such as rumen fluid.
A Shared System of Representation Governing Quantity Discrimination in Canids

One way to investigate the evolution of cognition is to compare the abilities of phylogenetically related species. The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), for example, still shares cognitive abilities with the coyote (C. latrans). Both of these canids possess the ability to make psychophysical “less/more” discriminations of food based on quantity. Like many other species including humans, this ability is mediated by Weber’s Law: discrimination of continuous quantities is dependent on the ratio between the two quantities. As two simultaneously presented quantities of food become more similar, choice of the large or small option becomes random in both dogs and coyotes. It remains unknown, however, whether these closely related species within the same family—one domesticated, and one wild—make such quantitative comparisons with comparable accuracy. Has domestication honed or diminished this quantitative ability? Might different selective and ecological pressures facing coyotes drive them to be more or less able to accurately represent and discriminate food quantity than domesticated dogs? This study is an effort to elucidate this question concerning the evolution of non-verbal quantitative cognition. Here, we tested the quantitative discrimination ability of 16 domesticated dogs. Each animal was given 9 trials in which two different quantities of food were simultaneously displayed to them. The domesticated dogs’ performance on this task was then compared directly to the data from 16 coyotes’ performance on this same task reported by Baker and colleagues (2011).The quantitative discrimination abilities between the two species were strikingly similar. Domesticated dogs demonstrated similar quantitative sensitivity as coyotes, suggesting that domestication may not have significantly altered the psychophysical discrimination abilities of canids. Instead, this study provides further evidence for similar nonverbal quantitative abilities across multiple species.
Local Government Fragmentation: Does it Drive up the Cost of Government?

For decades a debate has lingered about the ramifications of local government fragmentation, and the arguments traditionally are based on political ideologies and impressionistic views rather than on empirical analysis. In this empirical study, a fiscal perspective is added to the issue. A fragmentation measure, based on the dispersion of expenditures among local governments, is used to examine the relationship between fragmentation and the cost of government in Illinois, including the very fragmented Chicago metropolitan region. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between fragmentation and the cost of government.
Neural, Behavioral and Psychological Effects of Injury in Athletes

Injury is one of the unfortunate risks that collegiate athletes are faced with today. Even worse, is the possibility that some athletes experience re-injury or multiples injuries during their athletic careers. Athletes who experience multiple injuries are often labeled as injury prone and are treated numerous times for their physical injuries, but are never examined or treated for possible neural, behavioral or psychological deficits. For standard orthopedic injuries, it is assumed that the athlete is healthy once motor performance has reached pre-injury levels. For athletes that suffer concussions, it is assumed that the athlete is healthy once they are asymptomatic. Recent research has begun to target these misconceptions by providing data which suggest that neural symptoms, behavioral and psychological factors may exist as a by product of injury. Additionally, if injured athletes harbor any of these deficits during return to play, they may become more susceptible to re-injury. This paper attempts to attack the issue of re-injury by specifically addressing the psychological issues of fear related to re-injury of all sorts as well as neural substrates and behavioral deficits existing in concussed athletes. Using neural (EEG) basis of behavioral data (Balance), and psychological data (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia) we will ultimately be able to identify athletes at risk for re-injury. The results presented differences in athletes related to fear levels and gender, severity of injury and number of injuries experienced. EEG data was consistent in its findings in that concussed subjects showed an increase in the frequency bands of delta and theta, and a decrease in alpha compared to non-concussed subjects. Differences were also found in Balance levels in which concussed subjects showed high levels of instability particularly during eyes closed conditions in comparison to non-concussed subjects. Specific data analysis gives rise to psychological interventions that may help to identify athletes at risk for re-injury. With this identification athletes may seek the training needed to address neural, behavioral and psychological deficits.
Tele-Operation Through Apertures: Mission Impassable or Mission Undrivable?:

Previous research has shown that search and rescue robots get stuck. We ask why. Perhaps operators attempt to drive through apertures larger than the robot, but too small to be driven through unhindered. If this is the case, then operators should base their decisions to enter apertures on their ability to drive the robot instead of other physical dimensions. This assumes that operators are cognizant of their abilities to drive the robot through the aperture. To test this assumption, participants viewed an image transmitted from a camera mounted on a robot and drove towards apertures of varying width. Half of the participants judged whether the robot could pass through, half judged whether they could drive the robot through. Finally, all participants attempted to drive the robot through the aperture. Results indicated that pass-ability judgments were accurate, but drive-ability judgments were not. Implications for training and interface design are discussed.
Vortical-acoustic interactions in a flow-excited Helmholtz resonator at low Mach numbers

Grazing flow over a deep cavity can produce a flow exctied resonance over a specific range of flow velocities. This phenomenon is observed in many common situations such as flow over the opening of a glass bottle or automobile window, which is commonly referred to as ”buffeting.” The low frequency pressure oscillations in an automobile with an open side window can exceed 130 dB, which can be both distracting and painful to the vehicle occupants. A vehicle with an open side window can be classified as a Helmholtz resonator. A rigid, thin walled cavity was placed in a baffle with grazing flow over the orifice to study the physical mechanisms of the flow-acoustic interactions. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements were acquired in the cavity orifice to characterize the flow. This talk will present results of some PIV measurements along with a simplified model of window buffeting. ∗Aeroacoustics Group †Advisor
Results of sinusoidal harmonic acceleration test in one thousand patients: preliminary report.

One thousand patients with dizziness were tested by sinusoidal harmonic acceleration with frequencies of .01, .02, .04, .08, and .16 Hz. Two hundred fifty (25% of data base) were randomly selected for this study. One hundred forty-eight diagnoses were confirmed: 66 (45%) patients had a clinical diagnosis of peripheral vestibular dysfunction, 28 (19%) had central vestibular dysfunction, and 53 (36%) had dizziness of undetermined cause. This preliminary study investigated the response patterns of phase (latency), asymmetry (slow phase preponderance), and gain (output/input) as they correlated with each of the above patient groups. The main response pattern was a varying degree of asymmetry with normal or abnormal latency. Persistent abnormal phase pattern indicated permanent vestibular damage and could not be used reliably to differentiate peripheral from central vestibular dysfunction. Asymmetry changed with time and correlated with patients' symptoms. The dynamic pattern of asymmetry could be used to differentiate peripheral from central vestibular dysfunction. Gain was a reliable and essential measure of the sensitivity of the vestibular system and the validity of the rotational response.
French Visual Culture and the Making of Medieval Theater

Introduction: from theatricality to theater 1. 'Vocamus personagias': the enlivened figures of ephemeral stagings 2. 'Ouvrez vos yeux et regardez': illuminated passion plays and the commemoration of performance 3. 'Faire semblant': make-believe and the experience of heroic battles 4. 'Cy s'ensuit le mystere': creating a spectator and a reader of French plays 5. 'C'etait qu'un jeu industrieux': artifice and authenticity in the devil's play Conclusion: mysterious ends, 1548-77.
Attitudes of Parents and Children Toward Children’s Television Advertising

The attitudes of parents and their children to television advertising were explored through personal interviews with 435 subjects in their homes. Attitudes of the two groups correlated, although children were consistently more favorable. Parents' reactions to a proposed ban of children's television advertising correlated positively with their level of education and extent of employment outside the home. Children's reactions to the proposed ban correlated positively with family income.
Homology of Certain H-Spaces as Group Ring Objects

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses homology of certain H -spaces as group ring objects. The chapter focuses on a group ring object for connected groups in the category of commutative coalgebras, that is, co-commutative Hopf algebras. A ring object in a category with finite products is triple where the pair is a commutative group object and the operation is associative. A connected ring can be defined as a ring with unit such that it induces an isomorphism in degree zero. There are two preliminaries needed for the construction of the group ring object. The chapter also presents the basic classes of examples of group rings.
Time‐restricted feeding for prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disorders

The soaring prevalence of obesity and diabetes is associated with an increase in comorbidities, including elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). CVDs continue to be among the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. While increased nutritional intake from an energy-dense diet is known to disrupt metabolic homeostasis and contributes to the disease risk, circadian rhythm disruption is emerging as a new risk factor for CVD. Circadian rhythms coordinate cardiovascular health via temporal control of organismal metabolism and physiology. Thus, interventions that improve circadian rhythms are prospective entry points to mitigate cardiometabolic disease risk. Although light is a strong modulator of the neural circadian clock, time of food intake is emerging as a dominant agent that affects circadian clocks in metabolic organs. We discovered that imposing a time-restricted feeding (TRF) regimen in which all caloric intakes occur consistently within ≤ 12 h every day exerts many cardiometabolic benefits. TRF prevents excessive body weight gain, improves sleep, and attenuates age- and diet-induced deterioration in cardiac performance. Using an integrative approach that combines Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) genetics with transcriptome analyses it was found that the beneficial effects of TRF are mediated by circadian clock, ATP-dependent TCP/TRiC/CCT chaperonin and mitochondrial electron transport chain components. Parallel studies in rodents have shown TRF reduces metabolic disease risks by maintaining metabolic homeostasis. As modern humans continue to live under extended periods of wakefulness and ingestion events, daily eating pattern offers a new potential target for lifestyle intervention to reduce CVD risk.
General PFG signal attenuation expressions for anisotropic anomalous diffusion by modified-Bloch equations

Abstract Anomalous diffusion exists widely in polymer and biological systems. Pulsed-field gradient (PFG) anomalous diffusion is complicated, especially in the anisotropic case where limited research has been reported. A general PFG signal attenuation expression, including the finite gradient pulse (FGPW) effect for free general anisotropic fractional diffusion { 0 α , β ≤ 2 } based on the fractional derivative, has not been obtained, where α and β are time and space derivative orders. It is essential to derive a general PFG signal attenuation expression including the FGPW effect for PFG anisotropic anomalous diffusion research. In this paper, two recently developed modified-Bloch equations, the fractal differential modified-Bloch equation and the fractional integral modified-Bloch equation, were extended to obtain general PFG signal attenuation expressions for anisotropic anomalous diffusion. Various cases of PFG anisotropic anomalous diffusion were investigated, including coupled and uncoupled anisotropic anomalous diffusion. The continuous-time random walk (CTRW) simulation was also carried out to support the theoretical results. The theory and the CTRW simulation agree with each other. The obtained signal attenuation expressions and the three-dimensional fractional modified-Bloch equations are important for analyzing PFG anisotropic anomalous diffusion in NMR and MRI.
Data for Sochi 2014 Olympics discussion on social media.

Abstract Presented data is related to the research article “Sochi 2014 Olympics on Twitter: Perspectives of Hosts and Guests” [2] . The data were collected through regular API Twitter search for five months windowing 2014 Sochi Olympic Games and further used for cluster analysis and analysis of the sentiment on the Games. The main dataset contains 616 thousand tweets, rigorously cleaned and filtered to remove irrelevant content. To comply with the Twitter API user agreement, the dataset presented in this article includes only generalized daily data with all information contained in individual tweets removed. The proposed use of the dataset is academic research of changing discussion on the topics related to Mega-events in conjunction with political events.
Pressure–Volume Curves

The pressure–volume curve is a physiological tool that describes the mechanical behavior of the lungs and the chest wall during a respiratory cycle. It has been most extensively studied in patients with ARDS, with the ultimate goal of providing data for the physician to customize the ventilator for each individual patient, improve compliance, and prevent ventilator-associated lung injury. Although sometimes it is challenging to obtain and difficult to interpret, analysis of this curve with attention to its shape and inflection points could potentially assist the physician in finding the optimal level of PEEP for a given patient. Despite the theoretical benefit, no studies have shown significant impact in morbidity and mortality.