cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving energy efficiency in handheld biometric applications

With improved smartphone and tablet technology, it is becoming increasingly feasible to implement powerful biometric recognition algorithms on portable devices. Typical iris recognition algorithms, such as Ridge Energy Direction (RED), utilize two-dimensional convolution in their implementation. This paper explores the energy consumption implications of 12 different methods of implementing two-dimensional convolution on a portable device. Typically, convolution is implemented using floating point operations. If a given algorithm implemented integer convolution vice floating point convolution, it could drastically reduce the energy consumed by the processor. The 12 methods compared include 4 major categories: Integer C, Integer Java, Floating Point C, and Floating Point Java. Each major category is further divided into 3 implementations: variable size looped convolution, static size looped convolution, and unrolled looped convolution. All testing was performed using the HTC Thunderbolt with energy measured directly using a Tektronix TDS5104B Digital Phosphor oscilloscope. Results indicate that energy savings as high as 75% are possible by using Integer C versus Floating Point C. Considering the relative proportion of processing time that convolution is responsible for in a typical algorithm, the savings in energy would likely result in significantly greater time between battery charges.
Characterization of β-hexosaminidase from liver and sera of diabetic patients and controls

Abstract β-Hexosaminidase activity is significantly elevated (P d -glucopyranoside (0.5–0.6 mm), comparable thermostability curves, and comparable isoelectric profiles with a major acidic isozyme at pI 4.8 to 4.9 (although diabetic sera may have increased amounts of an intermediate isozyme at pI 5.3 to 5.4). The activity levels and kinetic properties of β-hexosaminidase are comparable in liver supernatant fluids from diabetic patients and controls. Furthermore, the kinetic properties of the liver enzyme are very similar, if not identical, to those of the serum enzyme. By means of isoelectric focusing of β-hexosaminidase, comparable profiles for diabetic and control liver supernatant fluids with two forms with pI centered around 5.2 to 5.3 (Hex A) and 7.5 to 7.6 (Hex B) were obtained. However, increased relative amounts of Hex B appear to be present in diabetic livers: the average ratio of Hex B Hex A is 2.1 ± 0.1 for 3 diabetic livers and 1.0 ± 0.2 for 6 normal livers.
Cooperative Community Development: A Comparative Case Study of Locality-Based Impacts of New Generation Cooperatives

The research question was whether the presence of new generation cooperatives (NGCs), whose members do not necessarily live in the community, have secondary community impacts different from traditi...
Quantitative enrichment of trace levels of ions by electrodialysis

Abstract The effect of ionic strength on the rate of ion transport across ion-exchange membranes under either constant potential or constant current conditions in electrodialysis precludes direct application of this method to quantitative enrichment studies. Addition of an excess of electrolyte to a sample to normalize the ionic strength permits either dialysis mode to be employed. The rate of ion transport into a receiver electrolyte becomes directly proportional to concentration over at least 2.5 orders-of-magnitude. The concentration range for which linear enrichment is achieved for cations extends down to the 10-7 M level with 30-min dialyses into a mixed 0.1 M MgCl2—0.1 M HCl receiver. Alternatively, an internal standard approach can be used; however, the difficulty in matching the behaviour of membrane transport numbers as a function of ionic strength can limit the application of this approach.
Population dynamics of the Peruvian anchovy

Abstract The Peruvian anchovy industry grew at a compound rate of 42 percent between 1956 and 1965, making Peru the largest fish producer in the world. Between 1967 and 1971 annual catches averaged 10.5 million metric tons. However, in 1972 the anomalous ocean current known as El Nino combined with over-exploitation to decimate the anchovy stock. Anchovy harvests fell by 55 percent in 1972 and another 51 percent in 1973. Despite the efforts of the Institutio del Mar del Peru, an incomplete understanding of the anchovy's behavior and imperfect management practices led to severe economic hardship. This paper presents an anchovy population dynamics model implemented as a computer simulation. It incorporates aspects of several general population models in the literature, the peculiar characteristics of the anchovy ecosystem, and Peru's specific economic needs. Our goal was to find the optimal management policy that can be practically implemented and to develop a methodology that can be applied to other situations. The model indicated that Peru should limit fishing to the springtime and use quotas that favor large modern purse seiners.
Do workers who experience conflict between the work and family domains hit a “glass ceiling?”: A meta-analytic examination

Abstract Based in Conservation of Resources (COR; Hobfoll, 1989) and self-verification (Swann, 1987) theories, we argue that when workers experience conflict between the work and family domains, this should have implications for evaluations of their work performance and ultimately affect more “objective” career outcomes such as salary and hierarchical level attained, as well as the attitudinal outcome of career satisfaction. Our meta-analysis of 96 studies, for a combined sample size of 32,783, found that both work-to-family conflict (WFC) as well as family-to-work conflict (FWC) negatively impacted self-rated as well as manager-rated work performance. And our structural equation model found that WFC and FWC were negatively related to career satisfaction and hierarchical level attained. But while WFC was negatively related to salary, FWC was positively related to salary.
Net necrosis of potato tubers associated with primary, secondary, and tertiary infection of leafroll

Tuber net necrosis, caused by leafroll virus, was found to occur as a result of primary, secondary, and tertiary infection in six clones of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Differences were observed between clones in their reaction to the different types of infection. In most clones there was a higher percentage of net necrosis from primary than from secondary or tertiary infection. No significant difference was observed in the severity of the net necrotic symptoms due to the different types of infection.
Relationship between ambient temperature and respiratory water loss of small mammals

Abstract 1. 1. Temperature of the nasal mucosa of small mammals ( Peromyscus leucopus and Clethrionomys gapperi ) is directly related to ambient temperatures; nasal mucosa temperatures decreased from 30 to 14°C at ambient temperatures of 30-5°C. 2. 2. Cooling by the nasal mucosa decreases the absolute humidity of the expired air. 3. 3. Total respiratory water losses are much less than would occur if there were no cooling of the expired air; this is a significant factor in the water-balance of small mammals.
The Hypothalamus and Thermoregulation: A Review

Abstract The role of the hypothalamus in the control of body temperature can be studied by a number of different methods, e.g.: 1. Destruction of hypothalamic areas; 2. Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus; 3. Heating or cooling of the hypothalamus; 4. Studies of the biochemistry of the hypothalamus; 5. Injection of pharmacological agents into the third ventricle or into the hypothalamus; 6. Recording of the electrical activity of hypothalamic neurons during heating and cooling of the brain. We will review the evidence that has been gathered using these techniques, and we will attempt to interpret the results in comparison with the more thoroughly studied mammalian hypothalamic thermoregulatory control system. Destruction of Hypothalamic Areas. Care should be taken to ascertain that the effects observed are the result of destruction per se and are not the result of iron deposits from stainless steel electrodes. It has been shown, for instance, that lesions in . . .
Maternal nutrition and gastroschisis: findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study

Objective Gastroschisis is increasing in many countries, especially among young women. Because young women may have inadequate nutrition, we assessed the relationship between individual nutrients and the risk for gastroschisis. Study Design We analyzed data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based case-control study. Cases were ascertained from 10 birth defect surveillance systems. Controls were randomly selected from birth certificates or hospital records. Nutrient intake was estimated for the year prior to conception from maternal interviews based on a 58-item food frequency questionnaire and cereal consumption reported. A total of 694 cases and 6157 controls were available for analysis. Results Reported intake of individual nutrients did not substantially affect the risk for gastroschisis. Stratification by maternal age, preconception body mass index, folic acid–containing supplements, or energy intake (kilocalories) did not alter risk estimates. Conclusion This study does not support an increased risk for gastroschisis with decreasing tertiles of individual nutrients.
Tradeoffs between image quality and dose

Image quality takes on different perspectives and meanings when associated with the concept of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA), which is chiefly focused on radiation dose delivered as a result of a medical imaging procedure. ALARA is important because of the increased radiosensitivity of children to ionizing radiation and the desire to keep the radiation dose low. By the same token, however, image quality is also important because of the need to provide the necessary information in a radiograph in order to make an accurate diagnosis. Thus, there are tradeoffs to be considered between image quality and radiation dose, which is the main topic of this article. ALARA does not necessarily mean the lowest radiation dose, nor, when implemented, does it result in the least desirable radiographic images. With the recent widespread implementation of digital radiographic detectors and displays, a new level of flexibility and complexity confronts the technologist, physicist, and radiologist in optimizing the pediatric radiography exam. This is due to the separation of the acquisition, display, and archiving events that were previously combined by the screen-film detector, which allows for compensation for under- and overexposures, image processing, and on-line image manipulation. As explained in the article, different concepts must be introduced for a better understanding of the tradeoffs encountered when dealing with digital radiography and ALARA. In addition, there are many instances during the image acquisition/display/interpretation process in which image quality and associated dose can be compromised. This requires continuous diligence to quality control and feedback mechanisms to verify that the goals of image quality, dose and ALARA are achieved.
Carbon dioxide exchange and early old‐field succession

[1] Old-field succession is a widespread process active in shaping landscapes in the eastern United States, contributing significantly to the terrestrial sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide, particularly at midlatitudes. However, few studies document ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide exchange during the early years of old-field succession, particularly during the temporal transition from cultivation to abandonment. Rates of carbon dioxide exchange were measured for 20 months over a field in Virginia during the transition from an actively cultivated crop field to an unmanaged old field, including one season of crop growth and two seasons of successional growth. Ecosystem carbon respiration exceeded carbon assimilation during growing seasons and dormant periods, resulting in a net flux of carbon dioxide from the biosphere to the atmosphere of between 1.27 and 1.85 kg C m−2 for the entire 20-month period (an average loss to the atmosphere of 2.07 to 3.01 g C m−2 day −1). Crop growth (from 10 January 2001 to 6 June 2001) resulted in a net loss of between 0.22 and 0.32 kg C m−2 to the atmosphere (an average daily loss of 1.5 to 2.2 g C m−2), whereas the two seasons of successional growth combined contributed an additional 1.05 to 1.53 kg C m−2 to the atmosphere (an average daily loss of 2.2 to 3.3 g C m−2). Empirical modeling was used to demonstrate control of ecosystem carbon respiration by soil temperature, soil moisture status, and the status of vegetation growth activity. Tower-based estimates of carbon loss were compared at both short (half hourly) and long (seasonal) timescales to independent, ground-based measurements. Using estimates of carbon exchange from previously published studies, these results are placed in the context of a trajectory of old-field succession.
Between Colonizers: Hong Kong's Postcolonial Self-Writing in the 1990s

Most debates on postcolonial politics center on issues that are by now familiar to those working in cultural studies. There are, first, the disputes and conflicts concerning the ownership of partic...
Meridional Momentum Flux and Superrotation in the Multiscale IPESD MJO Model

Abstract The derivation of the meridional momentum flux arising from a multiscale horizontal velocity field in the intraseasonal, planetary, equatorial synoptic-scale dynamics (IPESD) multiscale models of the equatorial troposphere is presented. It is shown that, because of the balance dynamics on the synoptic scales, the synoptic-scale component of the meridional momentum flux convergence must always vanish at the equator. Plausible Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) models are presented along with their planetary-scale meridional momentum fluxes. These models are driven by synoptic-scale heating fluctuations that have vertical and meridional tilts. Irrespective of the sign of the synoptic-scale meridional momentum flux (direction of the tilts) in each of the four MJO examples, the zonal and vertical mean meridional momentum flux convergence from the planetary scales always drives westerly winds near the equator: this is the superrotation characteristic of actual MJOs. The concluding discussion demonstrates...
Peasants against Globalization: Rural Social Movements in Costa Rica

Peasants against Globalization: Rural Social Movements in Costa Rica. Marc Edelman. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999. vii. 308 pp., photographs, appendix, notes, references cited, index.
Specific features of ice conditions in the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait in the winter season of 2005/06

Peculiarities of the ice situation in the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait during the cold winter of 2005/06 are considered using a set of satellite images in the visible range, accumulated at the Southern Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (in Kerch). The ice conditions of the water area over the last years are examined and compared to the climatic data.
Mass spectrometry: analytical capabilities and potentials

The mass range of mass spectrometers has been extended by almost an order of magnitude in the past decade, ionization procedures have been introduced which allow ionic, nonvolatile compounds to be examined, and new capabilities have been achieved through the successful integration of separation and analysis techniques. In combination with other techniques, mass spectrometry has been used in biological and environmental research to characterize constituents of mixtures, including those present in trace amounts; in metabolic profiling, where high throughput and large dynamic range are important; and in protein structure determinations. Measurements of stable isotope abundances by mass spectrometry have been used in enzymology, studies of photosynthesis, and carbon dating. Outside the area of chemical analysis, mass spectrometry has been used to study gas-phase acidities and basicities and to study organic reaction mechanisms in the gas phase. Trends in mass spectrometry include multidimensional experiments, use of ionization methods, direct analysis without extensive sample preparation, and the development of advanced instrumentation including an ion trap and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. It is likely that mass spectrometry will come to be much more widely used and that data will increasingly be other than conventional mass spectra.
Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively correlated with cerebral white matter integrity in healthy seniors

Abstract High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important protective factor reducing the risk of cardiac-related disability and mortality. Recent research suggests that high CRF also has protective effects on the brain's macrostructure and functional response. However, little is known about the potential relationship between CRF and the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure. This study explored the relationship between a comprehensive measure of CRF (VO 2 peak, total time on treadmill, and 1-minute heart rate recovery) and multiple diffusion tensor imaging measures of WM integrity. Participants were 26 healthy community dwelling seniors between the ages of 60 and 69 (mean = 64.79 years, SD = 2.8). Results indicated a positive correlation between comprehensive CRF and fractional anisotropy (FA) in a large portion of the corpus callosum. Both VO 2 peak and total time on treadmill contributed significantly to explaining the variance in mean FA in this region. The CRF–FA relationship observed in the corpus callosum was primarily characterized by a negative correlation between CRF and radial diffusivity in the absence of CRF correlations with either axial diffusivity or mean diffusivity. Tractography results demonstrated that portions of the corpus callosum associated with CRF primarily involved those interconnecting frontal regions associated with high-level motor planning. These results suggest that high CRF may attenuate age-related myelin declines in portions of the corpus callosum that interconnect homologous premotor cortex regions involved in motor planning.
A SIMPLE DEVICE FOR THE PLYGRAPHIC RECORDING OF JUDGMENTS

A device for recording judgmental data on the Grass Model 7 polygraph is described. Various modifications of the simple apparatus are discussed.
Reliability challenges in large systems

Clusters built from commodity PCs dominate high-performance computing today, with systems containing thousands of processors now being deployed. As node counts for multi-teraflop systems grow to tens of thousands, with proposed petaflop system likely to contain hundreds of thousands of nodes, the assumption of fully reliable hardware and software becomes much less credible. In this paper, after presenting examples and experimental data that quantify the reliability of current systems, we describe possible approaches for effective system use. In particular, we present techniques for detecting imminent failures in the environment and that allow an application to run successfully despite such failures. We also show how intelligent and adaptive software can lead to failure resilience and efficient system usage.
Variations In Practice Quality In Five Low-Income Countries: A Conceptual Overview

Country studies from Indonesia, Tanzania, India, Paraguay, and Mexico document the quality of medical advice and variation in practice quality across a number of dimensions. This overview paper serves three purposes. First, the studies use several different measures; we contextualize these measures and discuss how they relate to each other. Second, we propose a three-way decomposition to analyze variations in the quality of care. These variations can arise from inequalities in access, inequalities in choices, or inequalities arising from discrimination. We discuss common elements across the studies and draw policy implications for future research and advocacy.
Plasma catechols and monoamine oxidase metabolites in untreated Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases

Prior studies have documented functional and pathological compromise of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system in patients with Parkinson's disease, suggesting the possibility of reduced catecholamine release into the circulation. We measured free plasma catechols in early and untreated patients with Parkinson's disease, but found no evidence of reduced concentrations, compared to control subjects or a group of patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Rather, there was a significant elevation of plasma norepinephrine within the Parkinson's disease group. Furthermore, 6 of 15 untreated Parkinson's disease patients (40%) displayed markedly elevated plasma concentrations of the catecholamine MAO metabolites, DOPAC or DOPEG. Despite this finding, platelet MAO-B activity measured in these and all other Parkinson's disease patients fell well within the range of the control subjects, and was also statistically similar to the group with Alzheimer's type dementia. Plasma dopa levels were similar in all groups, whereas the majority of patients in the three groups had plasma free dopamine and epinephrine concentrations below the limits of detection. These trends toward increased, rather than decreased, circulating catechol concentrations suggest that peripheral sympathetic nervous system catecholamine production and release is not severely compromised in patients with early Parkinson's disease. In addition, we were unable to confirm certain previous reports of elevated MAO-B activity in patients with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases.
Functional impact of oxidative posttranslational modifications on fibrinogen and fibrin clots

Fibrinogen is a circulating multifunctional plasma protein vital for hemostasis. Activation of the coagulation cascade converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble polymerized fibrin, which, along with platelets, forms the hemostatic clot. However, inappropriate formation of fibrin clots may result in arterial and venous thrombotic disorders that may progress to life-threatening adverse events. Often thrombotic disorders are associated with inflammation and the production of oxidants. Fibrinogen represents a potential target for oxidants, and several oxidative posttranslational modifications that influence fibrinogen structure and function have been associated with disease pathogenesis. Here, we review various oxidative modifications of fibrinogen and the consequences of these modifications on protein structure and the ability to form fibrin and how the resulting alterations affect fibrin architecture and viscoelastic and biochemical properties that may contribute to disease.
Sialidase (α‐N‐acetyl neuraminidase) deficiency: the enzyme defect in an adult with macular cherry‐red spots and myoclonus without dementia

A 31-year-old male is described who has macular cherry-red spots, increased deep tendon reflexes and and myoclonus without dementia. An older brother died at age 33 of a disease with similar symptomatology. Homogenates of cultured fibroblasts from the patient exhibited 2.6, 8.1 and 12.4% of normal mean sialidase (neuraminidase, N-acetyl-neuraminosyl glycohydrolase, EC 3.21.18) activity, respectively, against 2-(3'-methoxyphenyl)-N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminic acid, N-acetyl-neuramin-lactose and fetuin. Activities of 14 other lysosomal enzymes were within the range of normal control fibroblasts. The sialidase activities in fibroblasts from the patient's parents and children were 30 to 67% of normal. It is concluded that this is the first proven case of a new autosomal recessive disorder resulting in cherry-red spots, myoclonus and a sialidase deficiency.
Giving Our Volunteer Leaders Help

The 4-H program is recognized nationally and internationally as a successful program for youth development. Some strengths of the 4-H program as listed in 4-H in Century 111 are: cooperative relationships of university and government, staff of volunteer leaders, state extension specialists and local extension staff, extension family involvement, and effective education concepts used in 4-H. The overall objective of 4-H is the development of youth "building the creative, productive citizen." But one does not do youth development in a vacuum. The heart of 4-H education is its program (subject matter) content. Developing effective leadership is one of extension's primary functions. Helping young people and adults to develop leadership competencies and to develop abilities to function in groups is and will continue to be foremost among the objectives of the 4-H program. 4-H in Century III states that the key to the success of 4-H is the volunteer leader -both adult and youth. Such volunteers should be recruited for specific roles and special assignments. A larger number of volunteer leaders can be recruited, trained, placed, serviced, and supervised. County, area, and state youth specialists provide the direction and work force in this area. By working together with these youth development specialists, subject matter specialists, such as dairy extension, can work with more specialized leaders and be more efficient and effective in their efforts. Teenagers should be recruited and trained for leadership roles. One of the reasons for the success of volunteer leaders is the extensive talents and resources of subject-matter specialists of landgrant colleges and universities. Discussions from other states have told
Selective diamond seed deposition using electroplated copper

Abstract A process for selective seeding of conducting substrates (molybdenum and copper) with submicron diamond particles has been studied. In this process, copper is electroplated through a photoresist mask, and the electroplating is performed in a stirred solution of CuSO4 and H2SO4 into which ∼0.1 μm size diamond particles have been added. This results in a continuous layer of diamond particles embedded in the electroplated copper. After the removal of photoresist, this layer is used to seed further CVD diamond growth selectively. Morphology of both the as-plated copper/diamond matrix and the film that resulted after further CVD diamond deposition are reported.
Magnetic resonance imaging of glutamate

Glutamate (Glu) exhibits a pH and concentration dependent chemical exchange saturation transfer effect (CEST) between its -amine group and bulk water, here termed GluCEST. GluCEST asymmetry is observed at ~3 parts per million downfield from bulk water. Following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat brain, an approximately 100% elevation of GluCEST in the ipsilateral side compared to the contralateral side was observed, and is predominantly due to pH changes. In a rat brain tumor model with blood brain barrier disruption, intravenous Glu injection resulted in a clear elevation of GluCEST and a comparable increase in the proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy signal of Glu. GluCEST maps from healthy human brain at 7T were also obtained. These results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of GluCEST for mapping relative changes in Glu concentration as well as pH in vivo. Potential contributions from other brain metabolites to the GluCEST effect are also discussed.
Influence of Glucose on Pyruvate Carboxylase Expression in Pancreatic Islets

Pancreatic islets were cultured for 1 day in the presence of 1 to 20 mM glucose and islet proteins were separated on polyacrylamide gels and transferred to nitrocellulose. Pyruvate carboxylase and an unidentified biotin-containing protein were visualized with [125I]streptavidin followed by autoradiography. The amount of pyruvate carboxylase was proportional to the concentration of glucose. Estimates of the amount of the enzyme in islets were made by comparing the density of the islet pyruvate carboxylase band with a standard curve of various amounts of authentic pyruvate carboxylase. This indicated that the enzyme comprised 0.4% of total islet protein. Net synthesis of the enzyme was increased by cAMP and methyl succinate. A nuclear run-on assay showed that glucose caused increases in pyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha subunit transcripts and decreases in branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase E1 alpha transcripts in rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells. Pancreatic islets cultured in the presence of 1 mM glucose for 1 day cannot respond to glucose with insulin release. Previous studies demonstrated that carbon flux into the citric acid cycle intermediates via both carboxylation and decarboxylation is decreased in glucose-incapacitated islets (M. J. MacDonald, 1993, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 300, 205-214), 1993). The current results support the idea that carboxylation of glucose-derived pyruvate, as well as decarboxylation of pyruvate, is important for glucose-induced insulin secretion.
Convergence of temporal and spectral information into acoustic images of complex sonar targets perceived by the echolocating bat, Eptesicus fuscus.

1. FM echolocating bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were trained to discriminate between a two-component complex target and a one-component simple target simulated by electronically-returned echoes in a series of experiments that explore the composition of the image of the two-component target. In Experiment I, echoes for each target were presented sequentially, and the bats had to compare a stored image of one target with that of the other. The bats made errors when the range of the simple target corresponded to the range of either glint in the complex target, indicating that some trace of the parts of one image interfered with perception of the other image. In Experiment II, echoes were presented simultaneously as well as sequentially, permitting direct masking of echoes from one target to the other. Changes in echo amplitude produced shifts in apparent range whose pattern depended upon the mode of echo presentation. 2. Eptesicus perceives images of complex sonar targets that explicitly represent the location and spacing of discrete glints located at different ranges. The bat perceives the target's structure in terms of its range profile along a psychological range axis using a combination of echo delay and echo spectral representations that together resemble a spectrogram of the FM echoes. The image itself is expressed entirely along a range scale that is defined with reference to echo delay. Spectral information contributes to the image by providing estimates of the range separation of glints, but it is transformed into these estimates. 3. Perceived absolute range is encoded by the timing of neural discharges and is vulnerable to shifts caused by neural amplitude-latency trading, which was estimated at 13 to 18 μs per dB from N1 and N4 auditory evoked potentials in Eptesicus. Spectral cues representing the separation of glints within the target are transformed into estimates of delay separations before being incorporated into the image. However, because they are encoded by neural frequency tuning rather than the time-of-occurrence of neural discharges, the perceived range separation of glints in images is not vulnerable to amplitudelatency shifts. 4. The bat perceives an image that is displayed in the domain of time or range. The image receives no evident spectral contribution beyond what is transformed into delay estimates. Although the initial auditory representation of FM echoes is spectrogram-like, the time, frequency, and amplitude dimensions of the spectrogram appear to be compressed into an image that has only time and amplitude dimensions. The spectral information is not lost but manifests itself as equivalent time-domain information.
Investigation of optic nerve development using neuronal tracing dyes

Numerical techniques are described which allow quantitative interpretation of 2D and 3D histological imagery obtained from tissue samples which are stained with the neuronal tracer Fast Blue. The methods illustrated in this investigation are readily extensible to many different types of micro neuro-anatomy, and are particularly well suited for investigating pharmacological or environmental perturbations on neuron development. These techniques were used to quantitatively describe neurological development of the optic nerve in the pigmented rat. This analysis was used to show that most of the significant refinement in the retinotectal map occurs during the second to fourth week of life and with coincident with eye opening.
Man's food supply in ancient times: some aspects indicated by archaeological remains*

Summary The authors show how fresh interpretation of archaeological evidence can lead to new information on the developments of foods and their preservation.
Lasing characteristics of InAs quantum dot microcavity lasers as a function of temperature and wavelength.

A Strong temperature dependence of microdisk lasers and photonic crystal nanocavity lasers with InAs quantum dot active regions is reported. These lasers operate at 1.3 μm at room temperature under optical pumping conditions. T0, microdisk = 31 K. T0, photonic crystal nanocavity = 14 K. The lasing threshold dependence on the lasing wavelength is also reported. We observe a minimum absorbed threshold pump power of 9 μW. This temperature and wavelength dependent lasing behavior is explained qualitatively by a simple model which attributes the experimental observations predominantly to surface recombination at threshold and the high quality factors of these cavities.
Flexible arithmetic and logic unit for multimedia processing

Novel arithmetic units are needed to achieve the cost, performance, power, and functionality requirements of emerging multimedia systems. This paper presents the design and implementation of a 64-bit arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) for multimedia processing. The 64-bit ALU supports subword-parallel processing by allowing one 64-bit, two 32-bit, four 16-bit, or eight 8-bit operations to be performed in parallel. In addition to conventional ALU operations, the ALU also supports several operations for enhanced multimedia processing including parallel compare, parallel average, parallel minimum, parallel maximum, and parallel shift and add. To efficiently implement a variety of multimedia applications, the ALU supports saturating and wrap-around arithmetic operations on unsigned and two's complement operands. This paper compares the area and delay of the 64-bit multimedia ALU to those of a more conventional 64-bit ALU.
CONSUMER CREDIT INSURANCE IN NEBRASKA

SINCE WORLD WAR II, there has been a very rapid increase in the use of life and disability insurance in connection with consumer credit transactions. This special type of insurance, called "consumer credit insurance," names the credit-granting institution as the first beneficiary and provides that an insured person's debt will be paid in full if he should die or that periodic instalments will be paid if he should become disabled. It is divided, thus, into two major categories: credit life insurance and credit accident and health insurance. Credit granters can make the insurance available to their customers by offering individual policies or by offering certificates of insurance under a group policy. In either case the insurance is issued without benefit of a medical examination, with no restrictions for physical impairments or occupational hazards and with a uniform charge regardless of the debtor's age. Individual credit life insurance policies were first writen in 1917 for the benefit of loan customers of Morris Plan banks. Group policies were introduced in 1926, and accident and health coverage was developed in the late 1930's. The amount of credit insurance in force increased vastly following World War II, and it is now written by more than 350 insurance companies. Its recent growth is attributed to the increased use of consumer credit, the benefits provided by the insurance, the number and variety of creditors offering it, the public's desire for security, and the enactment of favorable state legislation. In Nebraska, credit insurance is made available by virtually all consumer finance companies, industrial loan and investment companies, sales finance companies, and credit unions. It is also offered by most banks and by a few retail stores. There are many indications that the majority of consumers desire to protect their debts with credit insurance. It was found, through a mail survey conducted among 1,000 Nebraska residents, that 53 per cent of those who had no experience with the insurance and 95 per cent of those who had would choose to purchase credit insurance in connection with a future debt.
Effective low energy custodial symmetry and Weinberg mixing

Abstract We present a model of the weak interactions in which a custodial symmetry not present in the starting lagrangian emerges in the effective low energy sector of the theory. This symmetry maintains the relation M W = M Z cos θ W to any required degree of accuracy while leaving the quark mass spectrum completely unconstrained.
The effects of reordering the response categories on the area under the ROC

The area under the rating ROC can be a useful index of stimulus discriminability. It has the advantage that few assumptions must be made about the underlying distributions of signal and noise. One of the assumptions that must be made is the order of the subject’s response scale. A procedure is outlined for determining the order of the response scale actually used by the subject, and some of the implications of reordering the scale used in analysis are discussed. Results of computer simulation of the effects of varying some important experimental parameters are presented.
Analysis of lidocaine interactions with serum proteins using high-performance affinity chromatography

High-performance affinity chromatography was used to study binding by the drug lidocaine to human serum albumin (HSA) and alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein (AGP). AGP had strong binding to lidocaine, with an association equilibrium constant (K(a)) of 1.1-1.7 x 10(5) M(-1) at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4. Lidocaine had weak to moderate binding to HSA, with a K(a) in the range of 10(3) to 10(4) M(-1). Competitive experiments with site selective probes showed that lidocaine was interacting with Sudlow site II of HSA and the propranolol site of AGP. These results agree with previous observations in the literature and provide a better quantitative understanding of how lidocaine binds to these serum proteins and is transported in the circulation. This study also demonstrates how HPAC can be used to examine the binding of a drug with multiple serum proteins and provide detailed information on the interaction sites and equilibrium constants that are involved in such processes.
Ground water geochemistry of 228Ra, 226Ra and 222Rn

Abstract 228Ra, 226Ra, and 222Rn activities were determined on over 150 ground water samples collected from drilled, public water supply wells throughout South Carolina. A wide range of aquifer lithologies were sampled including the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont and sedimentary deposits of the Coastal Plain. A significant linear relationship between log 228Ra and log 226Ra (n = 182, r = 0.83) was indistinguishable between Piedmont and Coastal Plain ground water. Median 228 Ra 226 Ra activity ratios for the Piedmont, 1.2, and Coastal Plain, 1.3, ground water are close to estimated average crustal 232 Th 238 U activity ratios of 1.2 to 1.5 corresponding to Th/U weight ratios of 3.5 to 4.5. A linear correlation was also found between log 222Rn and log 226Ra for Piedmont (n = 68, r = 0.62) and Coastal Plain (n = 89, r = 0.64) ground water. However, the median 222 Rn 226 Ra activity ratio for Piedmont ground water, 6100, was much higher than for Coastal Plain ground water, 230. Higher excess 222Rn activities may be due to greater retention of 226Ra by the chemically active Piedmont aquifers compared to the more inert sand aquifers sampled in the Coastal Plain. The relationship between log 228Ra and log 226Ra was used to predict total Ra ( 228 Ra + 226 Ra ) distributions in Appalachian and Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain ground water. Predictions estimate that 2.4% of Appalachian and 5.3% of Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain ground water supplies contain total Ra activities in excess of the 5 pCi/l limit established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. These predictions also indicate that 40–50% of these ground water wells may be overlooked using the presently suggested screening activity of 3.0 pCi/l of 226Ra for 228Ra analysis.
Amorphous materials in a spodosol: Some mineralogical and chemical properties

Abstract The amorphous soil colloids present in spodosols were separated by a pH 3.7 acid dispersion technique instead of the conventional alkali dispersion procedure. The separated fraction contained 54–64% of amorphous material, the rest being crystalline components. The procedure, however, recovered only 14–33% of the clay obtained by the normal procedure, but appears to be a promising method for obtaining a concentrate of the amorphous material for the study of their properties. The B 2ir horizon of Onaway sandy loam, a spodosol, contained relatively greater amounts of amorphous material than the other horizons in the same profile. The silica-sesquioxide ratio of the amorphous colloid varied from 1.25 to 1.71 and was thus different from most allophanes of volcanic origin. About 1.5–2.0% of Fe 2 O 3 were associated with the amorphous fraction and were not removed by an initial dithionite-citrate extraction. The amorphous colloid fraction contained 15–22% of OH water which varied in the different horizons. The cation exchange capacity of the amorphous fraction varied from 66–95 me/100 g and followed the same trend as silica-sesquioxide ratio. Amorphous material fixed K up to 5 me/100 g of clay, and so in samples where large amounts of amorphous materials are present, this should be taken into consideration in the quantitative mineralogical analysis scheme.
Alanine-scanning mutagenesis in the signature disulfide loop of the glycine receptor alpha 1 subunit: critical residues for activation and modulation.

The glycine receptor enables the generation of inhibitory postsynaptic currents at synapses via neurotransmitter-dependent activation. These receptors belong to the ligand-gated ion channel gene su...
Evidence for hexose transport in acetone-dried yeast.

Abstract The effects of several glucose analogs on metabolism were studied in intact, nongrowing baker's yeast and in a lyophilized, acetone-extracted “dried” yeast. The fermentation of any one of the sugars, glucose, fructose, or mannose, was inhibited equally by 2-deoxyglucose in the two types of yeast. The K m values for glucose fermentation and the apparent K m ( K p ) values for 2-deoxyglucose-inhibited glucose fermentation were respectively equal in the two yeasts. Neither N -acetylglucosamine nor 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate appreciably affected fermentation in the two yeasts. Endogenous respiration in the “dried” yeast was not inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, although this compound markedly inhibited respiration of alcohol by this yeast. The apparent inhibitiory effects of 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate on the respiration of alcohol by intact yeast were slight. It is concluded that the lyophilization and acetone-extraction procedure leaves relatively intact a transfer mechanism in “dried” cells which are still capable of fermentation. Other results are discussed.
RESEAU ASTROMETRY WITH PALOMAR SCHMIDT PLATES

Classical reseau techniques are revived in the hope of acquiring positions to good accuracy with original Palomar Schmidt plates. It is noted that the method is simple and very inexpensive and that it uses products that are commercially available. It is found that if 15 or more standard stars are used, accuracy of better than about 3 arcsec (rms) is possible. The method presented is therefore seen as suitable for deriving positions to moderately good accuracy of large numbers of objects in a reasonable period of time. It is concluded that the accuracy attainable at present is sufficiently good that, when coupled with color, magnitude, and morphological information, it will permit unambiguous identification of candidate quasars in uncrowded fields such as those currently under investigation at high galactic latitude.
The Contribution of Behavioral Economics to Political Science

Behavioral economics has become an important part of the economics profession. As a subfield, it tries to make sense of persistent violations of the standard model for economics. The major classes of violations involve social preferences (taking the well-being of others into account), time discounting (inconsistencies in valuing present and future commodities), and context (the effects of framing). Other violations involve well-known psychological heuristics such as overconfidence, constraints on strategic reasoning, emotions, and status differentials. These concepts are discussed in separate sections, and key experimental and empirical studies are noted.
Laser filamentation of a femtosecond pulse in air at 400 nm

Summary form only given. Nonlinear propagation of ultrashort laser pulses in air has been a subject of great interest in recent years, with a large amount of work being done at 800nm due to the availability of broadband IR laser materials. Recent studies have begun to examine the nonlinear propagation of laser pulses at wavelengths other than 800nm. In this paper we present what to the best of our knowledge is the first rigorous measurements of the characteristics of laser filaments at 400 nm.
Electric‐Field‐Driven Deracemization

We demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that it is possible to use an electric field to drive the formation of macroscopic chiral (conglomerate) domains from an initially homogeneous fluid racemate. Field-induced segregation is exhibited in a fluid smectic liquid-crystal phase of a racemic mesogen, wherein enantiomerically-enriched domains are readily identifiable by their chiral electro-optical response. The sharp field-generated boundaries that form between opposite-handed domains broaden by diffusion in the absence of field, but reform rapidly if the field is switched on again, providing unambiguous evidence for the field-driven physical separation of enantiomers. A mean-field model successfully describes the steady-state and the dynamic evolution of conglomerate formation.
Lithium Bis[1,1′‐binaphthalene]‐2,2′‐diolatogallate

[185760-78-5] C40H24GaLiO4 (MW 645.280) InChI = 1S/2C20H14O2.Ga.Li/c2*21-17-11-9-13-5-1-3-7-15(13)19(17)20-16-8-4-2-6-14(16)10-12-18(20)22;;/h2*1-12,21-22H;;/q;;+3;+1/p-4 InChIKey = JUXKTQVHOFRCRD-UHFFFAOYSA-J (reagent used as a catalyst for enantioselective ring opening of epoxides) Physical Data: satisfactory 13C and MS data are reported for the title compound.1 Closely related complexes have been isolated and confirmed by X-ray analysis.2 Solubility: soluble in THF, Et2O, and toluene. Form Supplied in: the reagent is prepared and used in solution. Preparative Methods: binaphthol (2 equiv) is treated with n-BuLi (4 equiv) at 0 °C for 10 min. The reaction is warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for 30 min. The dialkoxide is transferred to a flask containing GaCl3 (1 equiv, 0.43 M in Et2O) and THF. The reaction mixture is then normally concentrated to dryness in the presence of molecular sieves (4 A) and then redissolved in toluene prior to use. Purification: the reagent is prepared and used in solution. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: although the researchers did not make specific comments about this reagent, it would be prudent to use this reagent using standard techniques for air and water sensitive reagents.