cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automating crystal-structure phase mapping by combining deep learning with constraint reasoning

Crystal-structure phase mapping is a core, long-standing challenge in materials science that requires identifying crystal phases, or mixtures thereof, in X-ray diffraction measurements of synthesized materials. Phase mapping algorithms have been developed that excel at solving systems with up to several unique phase mixtures, where each phase has a readily distinguishable diffraction pattern. However, phase mapping is often beyond materials scientists’ capabilities and also poses challenges to state-of-the-art algorithms due to complexities such as the existence of dozens of phase mixtures, alloy-dependent variation in the diffraction patterns and multiple compositional degrees of freedom, creating a major bottleneck in high-throughput materials discovery. Here we show how to automate crystal-structure phase mapping. We formulate phase mapping as an unsupervised pattern demixing problem and describe how to solve it using deep reasoning networks (DRNets). DRNets combine deep learning with constraint reasoning for incorporating prior scientific knowledge and consequently require only a modest amount of (unlabelled) data. DRNets compensate for the limited data by exploiting and magnifying the rich prior knowledge about the thermodynamic rules governing the mixtures of crystals. DRNets are designed with an interpretable latent space for encoding prior-knowledge domain constraints and seamlessly integrate constraint reasoning into neural network optimization. DRNets surpass previous approaches on crystal-structure phase mapping, unravelling the Bi–Cu–V oxide phase diagram and aiding the discovery of solar fuels materials. Incorporating prior knowledge in deep learning models can overcome the difficulties of supervised learning, including the need for large amounts of annotated data. An approach in this area called deep reasoning networks is applied to the complex task of mapping crystal structures from X-ray diffraction data for multi-element oxide structures, and identified 13 phases from 307 X-ray diffraction patterns in the previously unsolved Bi-Cu-V oxide system.
Is the Future Bright or Bleak? Assessing Past and Future Outlooks Across the Adult Lifespan.

An individual's outlook on society can change over time and can be related to both their physical and mental health. Here, we developed an instrument to measure outlooks on the past and future in relation to the present in 413 adults ranging in age from 18 to 80 years. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on independent samples and test-retest reliability was assessed in a subset of participants. Construct validity of the two past and future scales was assessed by relating them to 1) pre-existing scales measuring related constructs, and 2) beliefs and safety behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. The final Bright or Bleak Scale (BOBS) consists of a past and future scale, each with two factors measuring societal and personal outlooks. Brighter future societal and personal outlooks were positively associated with longer future time perspectives, while self-reporting a higher likelihood of already having contracted COVID-19 was related to bleaker past societal and personal outlooks.
Computational Modeling of the Virucidal Inhibition Mechanism for Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Nanoparticles and HPV16 Capsid Segments

Solid core nanoparticles (NPs) coated with sulfonated ligands that mimic heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) can exhibit virucidal activity against many viruses that utilize HSPG interactions with host cells for the initial stages of infection. How the interactions of these NPs with large capsid segments of HSPG-interacting viruses lead to their virucidal activity has been unclear. Here, we describe the interactions between sulfonated NPs and segments of the human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) capsids using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations demonstrate that the NPs primarily bind at the interfaces of two HPV16 capsid proteins. After equilibration, the distances and angles between capsid proteins in the capsid segments are larger for the systems in which the NPs bind at the interfaces of capsid proteins. Over time, NP binding can lead to breaking of contacts between two neighboring proteins. The revealed mechanism of NPs targeting the interfaces between pairs of capsid proteins can be utilized for designing new generations of virucidal materials and contribute to the development of new broad-spectrum non-toxic virucidal materials.
Collaborative Method for Public Managers and NGO Leaders: Implementing Policy for Social Change

This article spotlights a collaborative partnership approach for developing and garnering support for Healthy and Smart , a HIV/AIDS prevention curriculum strategy. Focus is specifically placed on an action research method. The approach of the method is incremental and encompasses a transdisciplinary and culturally appropriate approach. In particular, the method instigates effective social change and public policy by forming collaborative partnerships. The essence of collaborative partnerships with key public policy and administrative actors is its alignment with a nation’s social development policy. Critical to the development of a comprehensive action research approach is investing time to fully explore each social factor. Healthy and Smart HIV/AIDS Prevention Program for Youth exemplifies a participatory program development model for public managers.
Triple radio structure in the “double-nucleus” galaxy Markarian 266

Markarian 266 (-NGC 5256 -IZw67) appears optically as a peculiar system containing two compact nuclei separated by 10': Petrosian et al. (1980) showed that both nuclei exhibit optical Seyfert 2 properties, while Kollatschny and Fricke (1984) re-classified the NE nucleus as a Liner based on IUE data. We present mutli-frequency radio synthesis observations of Mrk 266 which reveal the presence of three separate non-thermal continuum sources at a resolution of HPBW = 2': Two of the radio components coincide with the optical nuclei, while the third is located between the nuclei. Higher resolution VLA data (HPBW = 0".3) reveal complex sub-structure in the central and SW (Seyfert 2) radio components. Radio synthesis data at 20 cm, 6 cm, and 2 cm are used to produce spectral indices for the three components, and possible interpretations of these results are discussed.
Schelling’s Contemporary Resurgence: The Dawn after the Night When All Cows Were Black

After a long period of neglect that began in his lifetime, why has Schelling reemerged as an important philosopher, germane to contemporary concerns? In the first part of this essay I offer a brief history of Schelling’s early descent into obscurity and gradual ascent back into the light of philosophical relevance. In the second and final part of the essay, I offer a brief survey of the current Schelling resurgence in the English speaking reception of Continental philosophy.
Combining Link and Content Information in Web Search

As the World Wide Web has grown, search engines have become the preferred method for finding information on the Web; it is now almost impossible to find specific information without them. This has given rise to a problem: How can we automatically determine the quality and relevance of a Web page to a particular query? The original search engines used the content of a page to determine its relevance, but recently it was found that results could be greatly improved by incorporating information gleaned from the link structure as well. In this chapter, we describe two of the most well-known algorithms that do this: HITS [17] and PageRank [18], and also survey some of their improvements. We then introduce our algorithm, Query-Dependent PageRank, which maintains query-time efficiency while alleviating the problem of topic drift. Experiments on two large subsets of the Web indicate that our algorithm significantly outperforms PageRank in the (human-rated) quality of the pages returned, while remaining efficient enough to be used in today’s large search engines. After presenting these results and a discussion of scalability, we leave the reader with some open questions and possible directions for future work.
Shopping and virtual communities for consumers with physical disabilities

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the use of virtual communities for clothing shopping by consumers with physical disabilities, and to explore the role that these communities play in their clothing shopping experiences. An international virtual community created for consumers with disabilities was identified using keywords through search engine directories. The content of discussion forums was identified and analysed with the assistance of the qualitative research software tool, QSR NVivo 9.0. The content was coded to allow categories and themes to emerge. Thirty-one categories, which were dispersed between three major themes (self, product, market), emerged from data analysis. In the discussions, various communication channels and social media sites were mentioned, and users enhanced their discussion topics with a photograph of a product or an Internet link, providing further assistance to peers. Consumers also shared personal information, such as life experiences. The results of this study may provide significant implications to retailers in their efforts to target these consumers, in various areas including product development, branding, marketing, customer relationship and managerial strategies. There may also be relevance for development of other consumer goods and sales to other target markets. Using online discussion forums to probe for product development and brand ideas has not been widely addressed, nor has the information search process for people with disabilities. The use of QSR NVivo software is new for a study such as this and should be explored in greater depth for future research with this type of data.
Original paper: Study of force distribution in the citrus tree canopy during harvest using a continuous canopy shaker

Mechanical harvesting is increasingly being employed in the citrus industry of Florida because of the faster and efficient harvesting it provides with comparatively lower cost when compared to manual harvesting. Continuous canopy shakers are the only mechanical harvesters commercially used in Florida. The main concerns regarding the use of these machines are damage to tree and detrimental effect on next year yield. Because of these concerns, only a very low percentage (6-7%) of the acreage is being harvested mechanically. To improve these machines and address the growers' concerns, experiments were conducted to study the force and acceleration distribution on the tree branches and fruits. The acceleration was measured at different locations in the canopy using tri-axis accelerometers attached to the branch and data was recorded using ZigBee^(R) transceivers. The distribution of force and acceleration along an individual branch in trees of two different sizes were studied at three different tine angles and frequencies of the shaker. Both distributions were modeled using the Curve Fitting Toolbox(TM) of Matlab^(R). The results suggested that the force was higher for the fruits inside the canopy than the ones at the edges. It was also observed that the maximum force required to remove the fruit mechanically was only 18% of the traditionally measured fruit detachment force. The force along the branch was found to be Gaussian in nature and the acceleration along the branch was found to be exponential.
The living, breathing actor

Summary Meticulous training in breathing techniques is essential for actors. Although there are many approaches to teaching breathing, the basic requirement is a sequential system of exercises that identify and isolate the parts of the respiratory process that strengthen and control the breath and that incorporate breathing into performance. Careful planning for a patient and specific method of training actors in breathing techniques is recommended
Predictability and Genesis of Hurricane Karl (2010) Examined through the EnKF Assimilation of Field Observations Collected during PREDICT

AbstractThe genesis of Hurricane Karl (2010) is explored using analyses and forecasts from a cycling ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) that assimilates routinely collected observations as well as dropsonde measurements that were taken during the Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign. A total of 127 dropsonde observations were collected from six PREDICT flight missions over a 5-day period before and during Karl’s genesis. EnKF analyses that take into account the PREDICT dropsondes provide a detailed four-dimensional overview of the evolving kinematic and thermodynamic structure within the pregenesis disturbance. In particular, the additional field observations are found to increase the low- and midlevel circulation and column moisture in the EnKF analyses and reduce the position error of the low-level vortex. Deterministic forecasts from these analyses show a 24-h improvement in predicting genesis over a control experiment that omits the dropsonde observations. I...
IκB Kinase Promotes Tumorigenesis through Inhibition of Forkhead FOXO3a

Nuclear exclusion of the forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a by protein kinase Akt contributes to cell survival. We investigated the pathological relationship between phosphoylated-Akt (Akt-p) and FOXO3a in primary tumors. Surprisingly, FOXO3a was found to be excluded from the nuclei of some tumors lacking Akt-p, suggesting an Akt-independent mechanism of regulating FOXO3a localization. We provide evidence for such a mechanism by showing that IkappaB kinase (IKK) physically interacts with, phosphorylates, and inhibits FOXO3a independent of Akt and causes proteolysis of FOXO3a via the Ub-dependent proteasome pathway. Cytoplasmic FOXO3a correlates with expression of IKKbeta or Akt-p in many tumors and associates with poor survival in breast cancer. Further, constitutive expression of IKKbeta promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenesis that can be overridden by FOXO3a. These results suggest the negative regulation of FOXO factors by IKK as a key mechanism for promoting cell growth and tumorigenesis.
Intercellular bridges and the fusome in the germ cells of the Cecropia moth

Intercellular bridge development was compared in Ceropia by transmission electron microscopy in the germ cells of males and females. Bridge formation begins in the fourth instar, and the spindle remnants in newly formed bridges are replaced at this time by an amorphous material known as the fusome. In the four- and eight-celled cystocyte clusters of the female, the newly formed intercellular bridges migrate centripetally, forming a central complex of bridges surrounded by a rosette of germ cells. The fusomes become continuous and occupy all of the bridges in the complex. At each division each mitotic spindle orients itself with one pole toward the continuous fusome. In the female, mitosis stops at the eight-cell stage, and the cystocytes all enter first meiotic prophase. At the end of the fifth instar, when nurse cell differentiation commences in seven of the cells, the continuous fusome is replaced by a continuous mass of mitochondria and microtubules. In the male, bridge migration and rosette formation are abandoned during the later mitotic and meiotic divisions; during these stages the fusome is no longer continuous. The fusome of males disappears during spermatid differentiation and is not replaced by mitochondria and microtubules. The ability of the centrally located continuous fusome to orient the mototic spindles of succeeding mitoses could account for the earlier observations that all pre-existing bridges remain in only one of the daughter cells at each successive cystocyte division in the female.
Abuse and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease Among Midlife Women The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

Background and Purpose— Some evidence suggests that abuse may be related to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among women. However, this relation has largely been addressed using self-reported measures of CVD. We tested whether a history of abuse was related to subclinical CVD among midlife women without clinical CVD. Methods— The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) is a longitudinal cohort study of women transitioning through the menopause. One thousand four hundred two white, black, Hispanic, and Chinese SWAN participants completed measures of childhood and adult physical and sexual abuse, underwent a blood draw, completed physical measures, and underwent a carotid artery ultrasound at SWAN study visit 12. Associations between abuse and intima media thickness and plaque were tested in linear and multinomial logistic regression models controlling for age, site, race/ethnicity, financial strain, education, body mass index, lipids, blood pressure, measures of insulin resistance, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and medication use. Results— Findings indicated that a history of childhood sexual abuse was associated with higher intima media thickness controlling for standard CVD risk factors and other confounders (β=0.022; SE=0.010; P Conclusions— Childhood sexual abuse was associated with higher intima media thickness controlling for CVD risk factors and other confounders. These findings indicate the importance of considering the potential impact of early-life stressors on women’s later cardiovascular health.
Out of the spotlight: face to face with attention

Figure-ground segmentation is a key early step in visual perception. A study now finds that V2 neurons in monkeys signal border ownership pre-attentively and that the effects of attention are predicted by the neurons' border preferences.
The social construction of sexual violence

This paper begins by defining metaphor and offering examples of how metaphorical concepts operate in our thinking. It will then show how we structure our sexuality with metaphors that are imbued with violent imagery and reasoning. Finally, some ideas of how metaphor can be used in therapy are offered.
Untangling Dynamic and Operational Capabilities: Strategy for the (N)ever-Changing World

We explain why the line between dynamic and operational (or ordinary) capabilities is unavoidably blurry, draw implications for capabilities that promote economically important but seemingly gradual change, and provide recommendations for future research that takes these issues into account. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of {Ni(NO)}10 and {Co(NO)2}10 complexes supported by thiolate ligands.

Nitric oxide is an important molecule in biology and modulates a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Some of its regulatory functions are exerted through interactions with redox-active elements, including iron, nickel, cobalt, and sulfur. Metalloenzymes containing [nFe-nS] (n = 2 or 4) clusters can be activated or inactivated by reaction with NO, affording dinitrosyl iron complexes. Studies of the NO chemistry of small-molecule iron thiolate complexes have provided insight into these biological processes and suggested probable intermediates. To explore this chemistry from a different perspective, we prepared nickel and cobalt thiolate complexes and investigated their reactions with NO and related compounds. We report here the first examples of anionic complexes containing {Ni(NO)}10 and {Co(NO)2}10 units, the reactivity of which suggests possible intermediates in the interconversion of iron thiolate nitrosyl compounds. Our results demonstrate new chemistry involving NO and simple co...
Adjustable adaptive compact fluidic phoropter with no mechanical translation of lenses

We demonstrate a compact optical phoroptor consisting of adjustable astigmatic and defocus lenses. The lenses are fluidically controlled and allow for an arbitrary refractive error to be corrected without mechanically moving lenses. Shack-Hartmann measurements were used to characterize the optical properties of the individual lenses. The lenses were then assembled into the phoropter and controlled with three separate fluid controls. The phoroptor was verified by correcting the vision of a model eye with an induced refraction error.
Solubility of Anthracene in Ternary Heptane + Propanol + 1-Pentanol and Heptane + Butanol + 1-Pentanol Mixtures

Experimental solubilities are reported for anthracene dissolved in ternary heptane + 1-propanol + 1-pentanol, heptane + 2-propanol + 1-pentanol, heptane + 1-butanol + 1-pentanol, and heptane + 2-butanol + 1-pentanol solvent mixtures at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. For each of the four ternary solvent systems, 19 compositions were studied. Results of these measurements are used to test the predictive ability of the ternary solvent form of the Jouyban−Acree model (also referred to in the literature as the Combined NIMS/Redlich−Kister model). Computations showed that the model predicted the observed solubility behavior to within an overall average absolute relative percentage deviation of about 1.8.
Dissolution rate limited absorption in man. Factors influencing drug absorption from prolonged-release dosage form

An experimental prolonged-release dosage form of aspirin was used as a biopharmaceutical probe to study dissolution rate limited intestinal absorption in man. This dosage form released drug in vitro by an exponential process which was highly sensitive to changes in agitation intensity, but relatively insensitive to pH and pancreatin. Plasma salicylate levels and urinary excretion of salicylate and metabolites were determined in humans after oral administration of 1 Gm. of aspirin in rapidly absorbable form (compressed tablets) and in prolonged-release form. Absorption from the prolonged-release dosage form was determined on two separate occasions in each subject to assess both inter- and intrasubject variations in absorption kinetics. The individual absorption data were found to be describable in most instances as first-order processes preceded by a lag time. In some cases, an initial slow absorption phase preceding the more rapid phase could be noted. It was found also that the averaged data yield a zero-order plot (which is indicative of absorption at a constant rate). This shows that interpretations based on averaged data of the type discussed may lead to erroneous conclusions. The experimental results suggest that the intersubject variation in drug absorption rates from the experimental prolonged-release dosage form studied was due mainly to individual differences in gastric emptying rate and intestinal peristaltic activity and to the pronounced sensitivity (with respect to dissolution rate) of the dosage form to variations in agitation intensity. Intrasubject variation of drug absorption rates appeared to be due primarily to variations in gastric emptying rates.
Physical Aspects of Developmental Biology: 21st Century Perspectives 'On Growth and Form'

There is a long and circuitous route from an organism_s genome to its steady-state adult form—all of which falls under the wide umbrella of developmental biology. Given this breadth, how does one answer the question: what is the mechanism by which developmental event X takes place? The answer depends strongly on what one considers an acceptable explanation. In some scientific circles, the answer would focus on the regulatory genes involved. In others, the focus would be on the signaling pathways activated, or on the associated cellular movements, or maybe even on the intra- and intercellular forces. In the long term, the goal must be to provide an explanation that connects all of these perspectives. During the last several decades, molecular biology has made enormous progress towards understanding development from the genome-side. Unfortunately, progress has been much slower on the relevant physical biology—which had a huge head start in the late 19th century age of developmental mechanics. It is just a slight exaggeration to claim that we_ve made little progress on the physical side since D_Arcy Thompson_s On Growth and Form in 1917. Hopefully, such statements will be recognized as large exaggerations in years to come as developmental mechanics is now in resurgence. This special issue of Physical Biology brings together current work in developmental mechanics from an international cadre of scientists—including physicists, biologists and engineers. The works include both models and experiments. They span scales from subcellular microrheology to finite element models of entire embryos. I hope that students looking for one of these articles will dive into the rest. The field of developmental mechanics is in the process of training a new generation of students who are comfortable with both the necessary biology and physics. Enormous opportunities are available for those who can work across those traditional disciplinary boundaries.
Reproduction of, and ultrastructural changes induced by,Spiroplasma citri in sieve tube of citrus leaves

Electron microscope examination of ultrathin sections of leaf veins of “stubborn”—affected citrus seedlings revealed three morphotypes ofSpiroplasma citri free in the cytoplasm of mature sieve elements. In addition to these, inclusions believed to beSpiroplasma citri, some in various stages of degeneration, were occasionally found inside spherical, ovoid, or angular membraneous structures (= packets) which occurred in sieve elements devoid of any recognizable organelles. These packets which varied in size from 1.0 to 1.8 μm wide an 1.9 to 3.5 μm long were bounded by unit membrane ca. 9 to 10 nm thick. Spiroplasmas and packets were apparently absent in sieve elements of leaf veins of healthy citrus seedlings. Three types of packets were recognized based on the size of spiroplasmas contained: type I packets contained large, intermediate, and small spiroplasmas, but small forms predominated; type II packets contained a mixture of large and intermediate forms, while type III packets contained essentially tightly—packed large forms. Results of the study suggested that the spiroplasma-containing packets are either definite reproductive structures peculiar toSpiroplasma citri or are sieve-tube cells in various stages of plasmolysis. Evidence is presented indicating that within a given packet small spiroplasmas were produced from large spiroplasmas by some process of cell constriction followed by fission, or by budding. Since these spiroplasma—containing packets were infrequently observed in infected tissues we suggest that cell division by budding, of by constriction followed by fission into unequal daughter cells may be the principal mode of reproduction inSpiroplasma citri.
The demand ticket: A conversational device for getting the floor

This paper proposes a formal account of a conversational device we all use to secure the speaker turn and to obligate others to adopt a listener role. The analysis examines the primary presuppositions which underlie this “demand ticket,” formulating them as constitutive rules. Then, the interaction of the communicative context and the constitutive rules with a more general set of regulative rules or maxims of conversation is proposed as the mechanism by which people recognize a given utterance as “counting as” a demand ticket.
Neural-network-based approach to resist modeling and OPC

Resist modeling based on aerial image parameters is an attractive approach to account for resist effects in optical proximity correction. The goal of this work is to introduce neural networks as a means to tackle this problem. We first discuss some of the issues associated with resist modeling based on a fixed, predetermined set of aerial image parameters such as the maximum aerial image intensity. This methodology is found to encounter difficulties if used in conjunction with resolution enhancement techniques such as sub resolution assist features. More specifically we find that layouts characterized by identical values in the aerial image parameters used for modeling experimentally do not always require the same resist correction. As a result modeling errors are introduced that can only be resolved by searching for additional parameters. We have made an attempt to develop an alternate methodology with higher flexibility within the generic framework of a mapping technique. The model uses aerial images taken at a predefined set of sampling points as input parameters. A neural network is used to model the resist effects, taking advantage of the nonlinear non local capabilities of such a system. Using the well defined training methodologies available for neural networks resist models can be calibrated in a fashion similar to standard fitting routines. We first optimize the structure of the neural network based on simulations data derived from a lumped parameter model. A two- layer, non-linear network is found to provide good modeling capabilities for a wide range of resist conditions as well as real 193 nm resist data.
Differential regulation of islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein gene transcription by Pax-6 and Pdx-1.

Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein (IGRP) is selectively expressed in islet β cells and is a major autoantigen in a mouse model of type I diabetes. The analysis of IGRP-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion gene expression through transient transfection of islet-derived βTC-3 cells revealed that a promoter region, located between –273 and –254, is essential for high IGRP-CAT fusion gene expression. The sequence of this promoter region does not match that for any known islet-enriched transcription factor. However, data derived from gel retardation assays, a modified ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction in situ footprinting technique and a SDS-polyacrylamide separation/renaturation procedure led to the hypothesis that this protein might be Pax-6, a conclusion that was confirmed by gel supershift assays. Additional experiments revealed a second non-consensus Pax-6 binding site in the –306/–274 IGRP promoter region. Pax-6 binding to these elements is unusual in that it appears to require both its homeo and paired domains. Interestingly, loss of Pax-6 binding to the –273/ –246 element is compensated by Pax-6 binding to the –306/–274 element and vice versa. Gel retardation assays revealed that another islet-enriched transcription factor, namely Pdx-1, binds four non-consensus elements in the IGRP promoter. However, mutation of these elements has little effect on IGRP fusion gene expression. Although chromatin immunoprecipitation assays show that both Pax-6 and Pdx-1 bind to the IGRP promoter within intact cells, in contrast to the critical role of these factors in β cell-specific insulin gene expression, IGRP gene transcription appears to require Pax-6 but not Pdx-1.
A Statistical Model for Parsing and Word-Sense Disambiguation

This paper describes a first attempt at a statistical model for simultaneous syntactic parsing and generalized word-sense disambiguation. On a new data set we have constructed for the task, while we were disappointed not to find parsing improvement over a traditional parsing model, our model achieves a recall of 84.0% and a precision of 67.3% of exact synset matches on our test corpus, where the gold standard has a reported inter-annotator agreement of 78.6%.
Attitudes Toward Abortion among Religious Traditions in the United States: Change or Continuity?

Abortion continues to be a highly contentious issue in the United States, with few signs of abatement. The goal of this paper is to specify how variable positions about abortion across religious traditions have led to differential shifts in attitudes among their members. Based on culturally relevant events, position papers, and other religious media, the guiding hypotheses propose that Evangelicals have become increasingly opposed to abortion for elective reasons; yet changes in attitudes regarding abortion for traumatic reasons are due primarily to cohort shifts. Data from the cumulative General Social Surveys (1972-2002) are used to test the hypotheses. The first hypothesis is supported: Opposition to elective abortions among Evangelicals has increased relative to other religious traditions. However, contrary to the second hypothesis, they have also become more opposed to abortion for traumatic reasons. This increasing opposition is most prominent among Evangelicals born in the last 40 years or so. Implications for understanding Evangelical distinctiveness and the cultural context of abortion attitudes are discussed.
Constructing the Little House: Gender, Culture, and Laura Ingalls Wilder

With more than thirty-five million copies in print, the Little House series, written in the 1930s and 1940s by Laura Ingalls Wilder and her daughter, Rose Wilder Lane, has been a spectacular commercial success. What is it about this eight-volume serial novel for children that accounts for its enduring power? And what does the popularity of these books tell us about the currents of American culture? Ann Romines interweaves personal observation with scholarly analysis to address these questions. Writing from a feminist perspective and drawing on the resources of gender studies, cultural studies, and new historicist reading, she examines both the content of the novels and the process of their creation. She explores the relationship between mother and daughter working as collaborative authors and calls into question our assumptions about plot, juvenile fiction, and constructions of gender on the nineteenth-century frontier and in the Depression years when the Little House books were written. This is a book that will appeal both to scholars and to general readers who might welcome an engaging and accessible companion volume to the Little House novels.
International comparisons of prostate cancer mortality rates with dietary practices and sunlight levels

Prostate cancer mortality rates vary widely across the world. The purpose of this study is to identify environmental factors associated with prostate cancer mortality risk. Prostate cancer mortality rates in 71 countries were compared to per capita food intake rates using age-adjusted cancer rates (year 2000) from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and food consumption data (1990-1992) provided by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Simple regression models were applied to prostate cancer mortality rates and consumption rates for 38 foods (or food categories), and sunlight levels (latitude from the equator and ultraviolet indexes). The analysis found a correlation between increased prostate cancer mortality rates and the consumption of total animal calories, total animal fat calories, meat, animal fat, milk, sugar, alcoholic beverages, and stimulants. The consumption of cereal grains and rice, in particular, correlated strongly with decreasing prostate cancer mortality. The analysis found that increased sunlight levels and consumption of oilseeds, soybeans, and onions also correlate with decreased prostate cancer mortality risk. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to build a regression model with minimum colinearity between the variables. Cereals, total animal fat calories, sugar, and onions are the foods that resulted in a model with the best fit. Cereals, ultraviolet index, sugar, and onions were the variables found to provide the best fit in a model when ambient sunlight exposure was included as a factor.
Evidence for a Unique Long Chain Acyl-CoA Ester Binding Site on the ATP-regulated Potassium Channel in Mouse Pancreatic Beta Cells

The mechanism by which long chain acyl-CoA (LC-CoA) esters affect the ATP-regulated potassium channel (KATP channel) was studied in inside-out patches isolated from mouse pancreatic beta cells. Addition of LC-CoA esters dramatically increased KATP channel activity. The stimulatory effect of the esters could be explained by the induction of a prolonged open state of the channel and did not involve alterations in single channel unitary conductance. Under control conditions, absence of adenine nucleotides, the distribution of KATPchannel open time could be described by a single exponential, with a time constant of about 25 ms. Exposing the same patch to LC-CoA esters resulted in the appearance of an additional component with a time constant of >150 ms, indicating a conformational change of the channel protein. LC-CoA esters were also able to potently activate channel activity at different ratios of ATP/ADP. Simultaneous additions of MgADP and LC-CoA esters resulted in a supra-additive effect on channel mean open time, characterized by openings of very long duration. Following modification of the KATP channel by a short exposure of the patch to the protease trypsin, the stimulatory effect of ADP on channel activity was lost while activation by LC-CoA esters still persisted. This indicates that LC-CoA esters and MgADP do not bind to the same site. We conclude that LC-CoA esters may play an important role in the physiological regulation of the KATPchannel in the pancreatic beta cell by binding to a unique site and thereby inducing repolarization of the beta cell-membrane potential.
Congestive heart failure in children

Congestive heart failure in children is unusual as a presenting problem, and the nonspecific nature of the signs and symptoms in the pediatric population makes recognition difficult. Congenital heart disease is most common in the infant whereas older children most commonly develop congestive heart failure due to cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, electrolyte abnormalities, dysrhythmias, and, more rarely, endocarditis, and rheumatic carditis. Management focuses upon stabilization of the airway and ventilation while improving circulatory function. This is achieved by the use of inotropic agents, combined with attention to the volume and pressure overload, pulmonary problems, dysrhythmias, and ongoing follow-up.
Sensitivity studies for space-based laser measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentration towards future NASA mission ASCENDS

NASA Goddard Space Flight Center is developing an active laser approach for global atmospheric CO 2 concentration measurement from space as a candidate for NASA's future mission ASCENDS - the Active Sensing of CO 2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons. This pulsed laser approach provides several advantages with respect to passive approaches and other laser techniques toward high-precision CO 2 concentration measurement from space. Sensitivity studies conducted for this development identify the best line and ideal wavelengths for the lower atmospheric CO 2 and O 2 abundance measurement that allow the estimate of CO 2 concentration in the lower atmosphere associated with CO 2 sources and sinks. Studies also identify the ancillary data requirements, laser system and other measurement optimizations in order to achieve the high-precision measurement.
Four Eras of Study of College Student Suicide in the United States: 1920-2004

Studies of college student suicide can be grouped into the following 4 eras: 1920-1960, 1960-1980, 1980-1990, and 1990-2004. The suicide rate for students has declined monotonically across these 4 eras, from 13.4 to 8.0 to 7.5 and, most recently, to 6.5. The decreasing proportion of men in the student populations studied largely accounts for this decline. Since 1960, the suicide rate for students has consistently been about half the rate of the general US population, matched for age and gender. This highly favorable relative suicide rate is the result of firearms having been effectively banned from campuses. Additional population-oriented approaches warrant implementation to further reduce student-suicide rates. Approaches focused on high-risk groups also hold promise. These findings are based upon and may be most valid for the 70% of all students who attend 4-year colleges and universities full time.
Biomechanics of trailing leg response to slipping - Evidence of interlimb and intralimb coordination

This gait study characterizes the trailing leg's biomechanical response to slips. Twenty-eight healthy participants divided into two age groups (20-33 years and 55-67 years) were asked to walk in two conditions: a known dry floor and a glycerol-contaminated floor expected to be dry, inducing an unexpected slip of the leading foot at heel contact. Four slip-related trailing leg response strategies were identified, ranging from a minimal disruption of the swing phase to a premature ( approximately 50 ms after toe off) interruption of the swing phase. Aging effects were minimal. The response of the leading/slipping leg preceded that of the trailing limb. The magnitude of the trailing leg's response was associated with that of the knee in the leading/slipping leg, suggesting interlimb coordination. The corrective moment at the knee of the trailing leg was also correlated with that measured at the hip in the same leg, suggesting intralimb coordination. The specific trailing leg's strategy used in a slip is partially determined by pre-slip walking patterns and early stance slip dynamics.
The Effects of the National School Lunch Program on Education and Health

This paper estimates the effects of participating in the National School Lunch Program in the middle of the 20th century on adult health outcomes and educational attainment. I utilize an instrumental variables strategy that exploits a change in the formula used by the federal government to allocate funding to the states. Identification is achieved by the fact that different birth cohorts were exposed to different degrees to the original formula and the new formula, along with the fact that the change of the formula affected states differentially by per capita income. Participation in the program as a child appears to have few long-run effects on health, but the effects on educational attainment are sizable. These results may suggest that subsidized lunches induced children to attend school but displaced food consumption from other sources. Alternatively, the program may have had short-run health effects that dissipated over time but that facilitated higher educational attainment. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Managing the Human Resources of Work: A Review of Personnel/Human Resource Management Texts

The article discusses a survey of personnel and human resources management (PHRM) textbooks. The attitudes of faculty towards PHRM textbooks in a modern teaching environment are looked at. One of these challenges facing the editors and authors of PHRM textbooks is agreeing upon the nature of the ideal textbook. Textbooks can only present a limited amount of materials despite the wealth of research materials available to teachers. The article focuses on six PHRM textbooks and discusses the characteristics of each. The table of contents for each book is also presented.
Is It Time for CONFER, a Computer-Based Conference for Dental Public Health?

The usual methods of information exchange within a specialty, such as journals and newsletters, have deficiencies in terms of speed. Adjuncts to them such as the telephone, traditional correspondence, and meetings have other problems with coverage and cost. Advances in computing and telecommunications provide an additional medium for group communication that can be a complement to the strengths of the other media. By using a computer-based conference, a geographically dispersed group can have an efficient and orderly exchange of information and ideas in a way that makes it easy for all members of the group to participate without the usual time or place requirements. Use of such a facility by those in the specialty of dental public health could provide an important focus for ideas, information, discussion, and group identity.
Separation of chromosomal DNA molecules from yeast by orthogonal-field-alternation gel electrophoresis

A simple agarose-gel apparatus has been developed that allows the separation of DNA molecules in the size range from 50 kb to well over 750 kb, the largest size for which size standards were available. The apparatus is based on the recent discovery that large DNA molecules are readily fractionated on agarose gels if they are alternately subjected to two approximately orthogonal electric fields. The switching time, which was on the order of 20-50 sec in our experiments, can be adjusted to optimize fractionation in a given size range. The resolution of the technique is sufficient to allow the fractionation of a sample of self-ligated lambda DNA into a ladder of approximately 15 bands, spaced at 50 kb intervals. We have applied the technique to the fractionation of yeast DNA into 11 distinct bands, several of which have been shown by DNA-DNA hybridization to hybridize uniquely to different chromosome-specific hybridization probes. In this paper, we describe the design of the apparatus, the electrophoretic protocol, and the sample-handling procedures that we have employed.
A linear dynamic model for flexible robotic manipulators

The design of lightweight links for robotic manipulators results in flexible links. Accurate control of lightweight manipulators during the large changes in configuration common to robotic tasks requires dynamic models that describe both the rigid-body motions, as well as the flexural vibrations. This paper describes a linear state-space model for a single-link flexible manipulator and compares simulation of the model to measurements made on a 4-ft-long direct-drive arm.
Cinema particle imaging velocimetry time history of the propagation velocity of the base of a lifted turbulent jet flame

Several basic assumptions in the theories of the liftoff of non-premixed turbulent jet flames were investigatedexperimentally. A new cinema particle imaging velocimetry (CPIV) technique was used to record the time evolution of the gas velocity field and the flame boundary. The time resolution (8000 CPIV images/s) was sufficient to obtain time histories of gas flame, and propagation velocities conditionally measured at the rapidly moving flame base. Conditionally averaged flame propagation velocities (0.7 S L and 1.2 S L ) are similar to the laminar flame speed S L in the test cases considered (Reynolds numbers 4200 and 8500, respectively). The propagation velocities vary nearly linearly with conditionally measured turbulence levels, consistent with theory. The relatively low propagation velocities could be explained by strong flame-flow interactions that are not considered by theory. The gas and flame velocities are highly correlated in time. Average gas velocities ahead of the flame are reduced by factors of 3 to 4 compared to the non-reacting cases. Flow reversals (upstream gas velocities) ahead of the flame are observed. The dilatation velocity field induced by heat release influences the flow similar to a bluff body, reducing or reversing gas velocities ahead of the flame as it moves upstream. Some dynamics of flame stabilization are seen: individual vortices cause roll-up of the flame base and move it radially inward, subjecting it to larger gas velocities. Time histories show the appearance of isolated islands of flame upstream of the previous base location, suggesting azimuthal wrinkling of the flame.
Relating Landsat digital count values to ground reflectance for optically thin atmospheric conditions.

The data from seven separate investigations that relate corrected Landsat digital count (DCc) values to ground-measured bidirectional reflectance R were summarized and examined as a single data set. As shown in the results these seven different sources of data were in significant agreement in estimating R from DCc. Thus a simplified linear formulation was derived for estimating R (0–100%) from Landsat DCc for conditions that approximate optically thin atmospheres. The relations are R4 = −5.9 + 0.476DCc4, R5 = −1.94 + 0.373DCc5, R6 = −1.40 + 0.412DCc6, and R7 = −0.49 + 1.220DCc7. The original Landsat digital count (DCo) data were corrected to a sun zenith angle of 39° and for the 1/22/75–7/15/75 Landsat-2 calibration period to determine DCc.