cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Large-eddy simulations of an autorotating square flat plate

Abstract Large-eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models are underdeveloped in the area of fluid–structure interaction (FSI), specifically in autorotation applications. To gain a better understanding of FSI simulations, under the influence of strong turbulent interactions, several LES simulations were conducted to study the autorotation of a thin plate and compared to experimental measurements and RANS simulations found in literature. The plate is allowed to spin freely about its center of mass and is located near the center of a wind tunnel with a free stream velocity of 5 m/s . Wall effects from the wind tunnel enclosure are neglected. In this work, a coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – Rigid Body Dynamics (RBD) model is proposed employing the delayed-detached-eddy simulation (DDES) and the Smagorinsky turbulence models to resolve the subgrid-scale stress (SGS). The qualitative prediction of vortex structures and the qualitative computation of pressure coefficients are in good agreement with experimental results. When compared to RANS, the results from the LES models provide better predictions of the pressure coefficient. Moreover, LES accurately captures the transient behavior of the plate and close correspondence is found between the predicted and measured moment coefficient.
'Maximum Security:' Continuation and Reissue as Means of Obtaining Optimum Patent Protection After Festo

The purpose of this note is to propose a patent prosecution strategy that will yield optimum patent protection. The strategy proposed is counterintuitive because common sense suggests that the broadest patent protection should flow from the presentation of the broadest patent claims possible. While that may once have been true, changes in the availability of powerful doctrines of claim interpretation now render the traditional practice of presenting broad initial claims a particularly counterproductive approach to prosecution. A better way, proposed here, reverses the steps of the traditional approach. Rather than claiming broadly at first, claim narrowly. Rather than narrowing through amendment, broaden through continuation and reissue. While the literal breadth of the claims resulting from the two approaches might theoretically be the same, their functional reach will be very different. That is the lesson implicit in a series of United States Supreme Court decisions imposing prosecution history estoppel on most patent claims narrowed during prosecution.
Haji Mubarak and Fezzeh Khanum, Slaves of Mirza 'Ali-Muhammad, the Bab'

Little scholarly research has been undertaken on the history of African slavery in Iran in the nineteenth century. What has been written focuses, almost by necessity, on statistical information or on the lives of the wealthy and powerful. Haji Mubarak and Fezzeh Khanum offer a rare opportunity for historians of Iran to reconstruct the biographies of two ordinary slaves. Because of they were the slaves of the Shirazi merchant, Mirza ‘Ali-Muhammad, the founder of Babism, surviving Babi and Baha’i chronicles (and oral traditions) include them in their pious histories and record at least part of their lives. At the same time, these histories erase these persons by steadfastly refusing to acknowledge any significance in their presence.
The 4 September 1981 Santa Barbara Island, California, earthquake: Interpretation of strong motion data

Abstract Seven timed strong motion accelerograms were recorded between the distances of 45 and 80 km from the Santa Barbara Island earthquake. From the accelerograms, the average estimate for M L is 6.0, compared to an average of M L = 5.5 from more distant recordings. When M L is estimated from accelerograph data using the distance correction to the M L scale proposed by Luco (1982), an average of 5.3 is obtained. This suggests that the correction slightly overcompensates in this magnitude and distance range, in which Luco lacked data, at least for this earthquake. S -wave spectra, from three accelerograms which recorded the complete S wave, imply a seismic moment of 1.5 × 10 24 dyne-cm and, by the method of Brune (1970), a source radius of 2 km and a stress drop of 90 bars. If the displacement spectrum is assumed to be approximated by two asymptotes, f 0 at frequencies less than the corner frequency and f −2 at frequencies greater than the corner frequency, the level of the f −2 asymptote can be constrained by rms acceleration (Hanks, 1979). This leads to a smaller estimated source radius and a higher stress drop. In the process of matching these spectra, an average value of Q can be inferred to be consistent with the spectra at high frequencies. This value is between 300 and 500 for the assumed spectral shapes. One accelerograph, located on a ridge, recorded an anomalously high amplitude ringing at 2 Hz on the transverse component only. Subsurface geological structure is the most likely cause of the amplification.
Human airway epithelial cells express interleukin-2 in vitro

Human airway epithelial cells (AEC) produce the T cell growth factor interleukin (IL)-2 that likely modulates the T cell lung inflammatory response. IL-2 mRNA from cultured AEC and from Jurkat T cells was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern hybridization. IL-2 mRNA is present constitutively in AEC and is enhanced twofold after stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 20 ng/ml) + histamine (2 mM). Normal human AEC secrete IL-2 at rest (7 pg/ml), and IL-2 secretion is increased threefold after stimulation with PMA + histamine; this increase is inhibited by dexamethasone and diphenhydramine. Transcriptional regulation of IL-2 was investigated with a transgenic human AEC line, 16HBE/IL-2 luciferase; there is constitutive IL-2 transcription at rest, and IL-2 transcription is enhanced 8-fold by PMA and 25-fold by PMA + histamine. IL-2 regulation differs fundamentally between AEC and Jurkat T cells. AEC IL-2 likely promotes local proliferation of T cells and may contribute to pathological airway inflammation in asthma.
Hepatic Drug Clearance following Traumatic Injury

Trauma is a complex disease state associated with physiologic changes that have the potential to alter hepatic drug clearance mechanisms. These responses include alterations in hepatic blood flow, reduction in hepatic microsomal activity, reduction in hepatic excretion processes, and changes in protein binding. Hepatic blood flow is influenced by sympathomimetic activity. Both animal and human studies demonstrate an initial reduction and subsequent increase in hepatic blood flow, which coincides with an observed increase and subsequent return to normal in serum catecholamine concentrations. Unfortunately, there are no human studies that address the importance these findings may have to the clearance processes of high intrinsic clearance compounds. Animal studies of trauma indicate that hepatic microsomal activity is depressed during the post-traumatic period. Reduction in the hepatic clearance of antipyrine, a model low intrinsic compound, has also been demonstrated in animal models of trauma. In addition to these effects, hepatic excretion of substances such as indocyanine green and bilirubin have been demonstrated to be impaired in both traumatized animals and humans. Finally, substantial increases in the serum concentration of the binding protein alpha 1-acid glycoprotein occur in trauma patients. This has been reported to be associated with subsequent decreases in the free fraction of lidocaine and quinidine. In addition to changing serum drug concentration/response relationships, the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein should also change. Preliminary observations in our laboratory in a dog model of surgically-induced trauma have shown a reduction in the total clearance of lidocaine and reduction in free lidocaine concentration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Erythema Elevatum Diutinum

CASE PRESENTATION A50-year-old man presented with painful nodular lesions of the hand and elbow (Figure A). Laboratory findings revealed high serum immunoglobulin A level of 2,290 mg/dL and positive hepatitis C antibody with high viral load. Biopsy revealed lamellar fibrosis and preponderance of neutrophils with leukocytoclasts and histiocytes (Figure B) and the patient was diagnosed with erythema elevatum diutinum (EED). EED is a rare and distinctive form of chronic cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis belonging to the group of the neutrophilic dermatoses. The lesions manifest as symmetrical, firm, yellow or pinkish to red, purple or brown papules, plaques or nodules on the backs of the hands, feet and extensor surfaces of the extremities overlying joints. EED can occur in any age, but it is most common in the third to sixth decade. Extracutaneous symptoms may include arthralgia, constitutional symptoms and occular abnormalities. The exact
Conditioning Forum Non Conveniens

On the night of December 2, 1984, methyl isocynate, a highly toxic gas, began to leak in substantial quantity from an insecticide plant in Bhopal, India, owned by Union Carbide India Limited ("UCIL"). Winds carried this deadly gas into some of the most densely populated areas of the city, eventually resulting in over two thousand deaths and over two hundred thousand injuries. By December 7, 1984, Indian plaintiffs had filed suit in the United States against Union Carbide Corporation, the majority shareholder in UCIL.1 The district court hearing the consolidated action resulting from these suits ultimately dismissed the case under the doctrine of forum non conveniens,2 and this dismissal was upheld by the Second Circuit,3 effectively denying the plaintiffs an opportunity to vindicate their legal rights in a U.S. federal court. The explosion of international civil litigation in U.S. courts has rendered the course followed by this case typical. Foreign plaintiffs are increasingly drawn to the substantive and procedural advantages of U.S. courts, and the growing importance of international commerce has increased the number of international cases in which federal jurisdiction is proper.4 In response to this eruption of international civil
Synopsis of the History of Sea Otter Conservation in the United States

In the late 1860s, declining US sea otter populations elicited concern because of prior excessive harvests. Congress mandated protection of Alaskan sea otters in 1868, but hunting continued unrestrained. The Fur Seal Treaty of 1911 (abrogated in 1941) protected sea otters in international waters, but was not applicable to most sea otter habitats and failed to terminate all legal sea otter harvests. Between 1941 and 1972 only the State of California was consistently engaged in sea otter conservation, based on a 1913 state law. Trends in cultural values toward protection of species based on imperiled status rather than economics led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972), giving sea otters unambiguous protection in all US territorial waters. Sea otter habitat protection by the US government began in the 1890s. State marine protected areas potentially support sea otter conservation, particularly when paired with adjacent federal protected entities in or near sea otter habitat.
Fluorescence Histochemical Methods

The methods that have commonly been employed to investigate the morphology of the central nervous system have been directed toward two major goals. The first is to identify groups of neurons with similar morphological features, and the second is to demonstrate the axonal projections of such groups of neurons to define the precise neuronal circuitry of the brain and spinal cord. The massive volume of information currently available on the organization of the central nervous system attests to the effectiveness with which these methods have been applied. More recently, new methods have been developed that enhance our capacity to define specific neuronal groups, and these have added to our further definition of the functional organization of the central nervous system. The purpose of this chapter is to describe one group of these techniques, the fluorescence histochemical methods for intracellular demonstration of biogenic amines, methods that permit the designation of groups of neurons, not on the basis of their cellular morphology, location, or axonal projection, but on the basis of their production of a chemical that is utilized for the process of synaptic transmission. These methods have proven to be extraordinarily useful in the analysis of central nervous system structure (see Fuxe et al., 1970; Bjorklund et al., 1972b; Hokfelt and Ljungdahl, 1972a; Moore and Bloom, 1978, 1979, for reviews) and have led to discoveries of fundamental functional importance.
Nanoconfinement Inside Molecular Metal Oxide Clusters: Dynamics and Modified Encapsulation Behavior

Invited for the cover of this issue are Panchao Yin and collaborators at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The image depicts a 2.9 nm molybdenum oxide molecular cluster for the size-selective encapsulation of small alkane molecules. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201603239.
Predicting Methane Storage in Open-Metal-Site Metal–Organic Frameworks

The development of high-capacity methane adsorbents would accelerate the adoption of natural gas as a vehicular fuel, thereby lowering CO2 emissions from the combustion of gasoline. In this regard metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising methane storage materials due to their high capacities and tunable properties. Within this class, HKUST-1 ([Cu3(BTC)2]n, BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) is an important benchmark, as it exhibits methane densities that are among the highest reported. Furthermore, uptake in HKUST-1 can potentially be tuned by altering the methane–MOF interaction through metal substitution on coordinatively unsaturated sites (CUS). Predicting the impact of metal substitution remains a challenge, however, because general interatomic potentials commonly used in calculating uptake do not properly describe interactions involving CUS. Here, a new interatomic potential that explicitly accounts for these interactions is derived from quantum-mechanical calculations. The potential...
Collaborative human-machine communication: user-centered design of in-vehicle speech dialog systems

Evaluation of Speech Dialog Systems that make use of collaborative strategies from human conversations by providing continuous and appropriate feedback whilst showing dynamic interactionstructures.
Performance of the beamlet laser, a test bed for the national ignition facility

We present initial performance studies for beamlet, a single-beam prototype for megajoule- class neodymium-glass laser fusion drivers using a multipass main amplifier, adaptive optics, and efficient, high-fluence conversion to the third harmonic. The beamlet final amplifier uses Brewsters-angle glass slabs with a square 39 by 39 cm2 aperture and a full-aperture plasma-electrode Pockels cell switch. The laser has been tested at the fundamental wavelength over a range of pulselengths from 1 - 10 ns up to energies of 5.8 kJ at 1 ns and 17.3 kJ at 10 ns at a beam area of 35 by 35 cm2. A 39-actuator deformable mirror system corrects the beam to a Strehl ratio of 0.4.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaluating the risk of appendiceal perforation when using ultrasound as the initial diagnostic imaging modality in children with suspected appendicitis

BackgroundUltrasound scan has gained attention for diagnosing appendicitis due to its avoidance of ionizing radiation. However, studies show that ultrasound scan carries inferior sensitivity to computed tomography scan. A non-diagnostic ultrasound scan could increase the time to diagnosis and appendicectomy, particularly if follow-up computed tomography scan is needed. Some studies suggest that delaying appendicectomy increases the risk of perforation.ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of appendiceal perforation when using ultrasound scan as the initial diagnostic imaging modality in children with suspected appendicitis.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 1411 charts of children ≤17 years old diagnosed with appendicitis at two urban academic medical centers. Patients who underwent ultrasound scan first were compared to those who underwent computed tomography scan first. In the sub-group analysis, patients who only received ultrasound scan were compared to those who received initial ultrasound scan followed b...
Is robot-assisted laparoscopic bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation associated with greater morbidity than unilateral surgery? A comparative analysis

Summary Introduction Voiding dysfunction after bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux has long remained a concern. Robotic approach with improved visualization that enables focused and minimal dissection may help with this concern. Objectives To compare postoperative outcomes after bilateral robot-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation to unilateral robot-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation. Study design This was a retrospective study using data abstracted from an institutional review board-approved registry prospectively maintained at our institution since 2012. Patient demographics, preoperative characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Patients with postoperative febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) underwent voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Surgical success is defined as absence of febrile UTI or febrile UTI with negative VCUG. Results 92 patients with a median follow-up of 14 (25th and 75th IQR 5, 28) months. Median operative time (150 vs. 178 min, p = 0.01) and median hospital stay (33 vs. 37 h, p = 0.01) were longer in the bilateral cohort. Weight-adjusted morphine equivalents requirement was also higher in the bilateral group (0.45 vs. 0.59, p = 0.019). Discussion Early postoperative voiding dysfunction is influenced by anesthesia, postoperative pain, analgesics, age, surgical dissection, and preoperative voiding issues. Effective preoperative management of voiding dysfunction, minimizing surgical dissection and cautery, and minimizing opiate use will aid improving outcomes after surgery and enable bilateral surgeries on uretero-vesical junction. A robotic approach to facilitate such strategies could help outcomes after bilateral ureteral reimplantation. Limitations of this study include its retrospective design, the absence of routine postoperative VCUG after ureteral reimplantation, and unknown confounding variables. Conclusion Robot-assisted laparoscopic bilateral extravesical ureteral reimplantation is not associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity compared with unilateral surgery. Table . Summary of important pre-operative variables and post-operative outcomes. Unilateral (N = 57) Bilateral (N = 35) p-value Age, years, median (25th and 75th IQR) 4 (2, 6) 3.75 (2, 5) 0.86 VUG grade median (25th and 75th IQR) 3 (2, 4) 3 (2, 3) 0.55 Toilet-trained children, N (%) 34 (59.6%) 21 (60%) 0.9 Preoperative voiding dysfunction, N (%) 13 (22.8%) 8 (22.9%) 0.99 Postoperative voiding dysfunction, new, N (%) 7 (12.3%) 5 (14.3%) 0.32 Voiding dysfunction resolved after surgery, N (%) 3 (5.2%) 4 (11.4%) 0.09 Postoperative febrile UTI and +ve VCUG, N (%) “Clinical and radiological failure = Surgical failure” 5/57 (8.7%) 3/35 (8.6%) 0.98
Integrating Community Health Workers (CHWs) into Health Care Organizations

Health care organizations increasingly employ community health workers (CHWs) to help address growing provider shortages, improve patient outcomes, and increase access to culturally sensitive care among traditionally inaccessible or disenfranchised patient populations. Scholarly interest in CHWs has grown in recent decades, but researchers tend to focus on how CHWs affect patient outcomes rather than whether and how CHWs fit into the existing health care workforce. This paper focuses on the factors that facilitate and impede the integration of the CHWs into health care organizations, and strategies that organizations and their staff develop to overcome barriers to CHW integration. We use qualitative evaluation data from 13 awardees that received Health Care Innovation Awards from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to enhance the quality of health care, improve health outcomes, and reduce the cost of care using programs involving CHWs. We find that organizational capacity, support for CHWs, clarity about health care roles, and clinical workflow drive CHW integration. We conclude with practical recommendations for health care organizations interested in employing CHWs.
Retroviral Transduction and Reporter Assay: Transcription Factor Cooperation in Th9 Cell Development.

Naive CD4+ T cells differentiate into different T helper subsets in response to specific cytokine environment and transcription factors. Th9 cells are induced in response to signals from cytokines, TGF-β and IL-4. Transcription factors that are downstream of these cytokines converge to drive the development of Th9 cells. Retroviral transduction allows the genetic modification in T cells thereby helping us to better understand the molecular mechanisms that control their development as well as function. In this chapter, an optimized protocol for retroviral transduction of murine Th9 cells as well as transient transfection of Th9 cells with luciferase reporter constructs is described.
Early detection of the aflatoxin B1 mutational fingerprint: A diagnostic tool for liver cancer

Using duplex-consensus sequencing technology, we recently identified the characteristic high-resolution mutational spectrum of the liver carcinogen aflatoxin B1 in a mouse model, many months before aflatoxin-induced tumors are detectable. The diagnostic power of this spectrum is then demonstrated by accurately identifying, among the sequenced human liver tumors, the subset of cancers associated with aflatoxin B1 exposure.
Employment Trends for Doctor of Pharmacy Graduates of Research Intensive Institutions 2013-2017

Objective. To determine the current state of employment for doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) graduates based on 5-year trends among graduates of research-intensive institutions and the Pharmacist Demand Index. Methods. Data from a cross-sectional survey of PharmD graduates from 10 research-intensive colleges of pharmacy conducted over a 5-year period were used to generate an overview of graduating students' experiences and the outcomes of their job searches. Results. The average response rate of graduates of programs over the 5 years was 75.4%. Overall, 86% of graduates had postgraduate placements (ie, jobs, residencies, fellowships, further education) at the time of graduation. Across all years, 85% of respondents who had placements indicated they were satisfied with the postgraduation offer they received. Conclusion. An examination of postgraduate outcomes of research-intensive schools and the Pharmacist Demand Indicator over the past 5 years indicates a trend toward a balance between the supply and demand for pharmacists. Careful attention needs to be given to these two metrics moving forward.
Structural characterization and strengthening mechanism of forsterite nanostructured scaffolds synthesized by multistep sintering method

Abstract In this study, highly porous forsterite scaffolds with interconnected porosities were synthesized using multi-step sintering (MSS) method. The starting powder was nanosized forsterite, which was synthesized from talc and magnesium carbonate powders. The phase composition, average particle size and morphology of the produced forsterite powder were characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) and transition electron microscopy (TEM). Forsterite scaffolds were produced by foamy method using polymeric sponges. MSS process including three steps was used to efficiently sinter the forsterite nanopowders without destroying the initial porous structure of polymeric sponges. The results showed that MSS technique is an efficient and appropriate procedure to produce highly porous forsterite scaffolds with pore size in the range of 100–300 μm. The compressive strength, compressive modulus and porosity of C12 specimen (sintered at 1650 °C for 1 h with subsequent annealing at 1000 °C for 1000 min) was 1.88 MPa, 29.2 MPa, and 72.4%, respectively, which is very close to that of cancellous bone. The approach studied in this research can be developed for other nanostructure ceramics to produce highly porous scaffolds with interconnected porosities for load bearing applications.
Comparison of the efficacy of Lea Symbol chart and Sheridan Gardiner chart for preschool vision screening

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of Lea symbols (LS) chart and Sheridan Gardiner (SG) chart for vision screening among preschool children, in a semi-urban district of South India. Methods: Vision screening was conducted among 260 preschool children aged 3–5 years in cluster sampled kindergartens using LS chart and SG chart. Pass/fail scores and time taken for visual acuity (VA) estimation were compared. VA scores and time taken were compared using unpaired t -test. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were compared between the charts. Results: There was a significant difference between LS and SG charts in the VA score in both the eyes ( P = 0.04). LS showed 76.09% pass score and 23.90% fail score, whereas SG showed 87.65% pass score and 12.35% fail score with a cutoff value of > 0.3 log MAR. Time for screening using LS was higher, when compared to SG, both for the right eyes ( P P Conclusion: LS chart showed better sensitivity and negative predictive value when compared to SG chart. However, SG chart showed better specificity and positive predictive value, and screening was less time-consuming. Considering the high sensitivity and negative predictive value, LS is the preferred tool, when compared to SG chart in preschool vision screening in our population.
Advertising the Census: A commentary on the ``Census 2000 Partnership and Marketing Program Evaluation'', Population and Policy Review, Special Issue: Census 2000

The United States Census Bureau faces an especially daunting task: finding and counting every person in the United States every ten years. Response to the census count has long been problematic but it has become an increasingly troublesome issue during the past several decennial censuses. Past efforts to encourage participation in the census count have relied on voluntary programs and pro bono efforts that are difficult to coordinate, largely unfocused, and dependent on the goodwill and competence of many different local community partners, public organizations and volunteers from the commercial sector. As Rivers, Poyer and Norris (2002) observe, the Census 2000 Partnership and Marketing Program was the first effort of the Census Bureau to use an integrated marketing campaign and paid advertising to encourage participation in the decennial census count. A commentary on the Census 2000 Partnership and Marketing Program Evaluation on this program provides an opportunity to do two things: (1) commend the Census Bureau for a job well done and (2) provide some thoughts about the uses of advertising and advertising research in general and in the more specific context of government programs such as the Census 2000 Partnership and Marketing Program. The Census Bureau does a remarkable job that is not fully appreciated. Its work should be commended for three reasons. First, despite the enormity and difficulty of its task the Census Bureau provides some the best, most reliable and most useful data collected anywhere by anyone. The import of the decisions informed by the data obtained by the Census Bureau makes the Bureau the frequent target of criticism and its methods and results are increasingly subjected to second-guessing by legislative bodies, in litigation, and in other venues. Yet, the high profile second guessing that accompanies
Conference Report: Overcoming the Disincentives to Modernization in the Defense Industry

The Procurement Committee of the National Security Industrial Association held its annual winter meeting on 7-10 February 1988. The meeting was attended by more than one hundred Procurement Committee members and individuals from government and the private sector. The theme for the conference was "Overcoming the Disincentives to the Modernization in the Defense Industry." The conference addressed two questions: (1) What are the most vexing issues? (2) What actions could (must) be taken by industry and the executive and legislative branches to overcome these problems? This conference report documents the keynote address by Mr. Thomas J. Murrin, Distinguished Service Professor in Management and Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, along with panel sessions on the topics of "Regulatory and Statutory Direction of Acquisition" and "Financial Aspects of Disincentives to Modernization."
Iterative Processes for Resilient Transboundary Water Management: Collaboratively Governing the Okavango for Adaptation

When the availability of a vital resource varies between times of overabundance and extreme scarcity, management regimes must manifest flexibility and authority to adapt while maintaining legitimacy. Unfortunately, the need for adaptability often conflicts with the desire for certainty in legal and regulatory regimes, and laws that fail to account for variability often result in conflict when the inevitable disturbance occurs. Additional keys to resilience are collaboration among physical scientists, political actors, local leaders, and other stakeholders, and, when the commons is shared among sovereign states, collaboration between and among institutions with authority to act at different scales or with respect to different aspects of an ecological system. At the scale of transboundary river basins, where treaties govern water utilization, particular treaty mechanisms can reduce conflict potential by fostering collaboration and accounting for change. One necessary element is a mechanism for coordination and collaboration at the scale of the basin. This could be satisfied by mechanisms ranging from informal networks to establishment of an international commission to jointly manage water, but a mechanism for collaboration at the basin scale alone does not ensure sound water management. To better guide resource management, study of applied resilience theory has revealed a number of management practices that are integral for adaptive governance. In this article we describe key resilience principles for treaty design and adaptive governance and then apply the principles to a case study of one transboundary basin where the need and willingness to manage collaboratively and iteratively is high- the Okavango River Basin of southwest Africa. This descriptive and applied approach should be particularly instructive for treaty negotiators, transboundary resource managers, and aid program developers.
New Insights into the Interactions of a DNA Oligonucleotide with mPEGylated-PAMAM by Circular Dichroism and Solution NMR.

Dendrimers are well-defined, highly branched, synthetic three-dimensional molecules with a large number of reactive end groups. PAMAM dendrimers form stable complexes with DNA chemistries and const...
Rapidly tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) system for higher order Bessel beams integrated in time (HOBBIT)

Beams with fast and continuously-tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) have potential applications in classical and quantum optical communications, sensing, and in the study of beam propagation through turbulence. An acousto-optical deflector (AOD) is a sophisticated, well-studied device that continuously and rapidly tunes the deflection angle of an output beam. The log-polar HOBBIT setup can generate beams with OAM by wrapping elliptically shaped Gaussian beams with linear phase tilt to a ring. By combining the linear tilted output from the AOD with the OAM generation capabilities of the HOBBIT system, the generated OAM modes become continuously tunable at high speeds measured on the order of 400 kHz.
Invasive Myriophyllum spicatum and nutrients interact to influence algal assemblages

Abstract Eutrophication and invasive species are widespread stressors that have the potential to interact and alter the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic ecosystems. We conducted a two-way factorial mesocosm experiment testing interacting effects of nutrient loading and presence of the invasive macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum on the composition, biomass, and productivity of attached and suspended algal assemblages. Chlorophyll a concentrations, a proxy for suspended algal biomass, were an average of 75% higher on all sampling dates in high nutrient treatments than in low nutrient treatments. By the end of the 30-day experiment, biovolume of attached algae suspended in the water column (e.g., Bulbochaete sp. and Cladophora sp.) was 35 × higher in treatments containing M. spicatum than in those that did not and 11 × higher in high nutrient treatments than in low nutrient treatments. This increase in attached algae was associated with changes in ecosystem productivity, including a 10% increase in dissolved oxygen saturation during the day and 1.3–2.4 × higher rates of gross primary production in high nutrient treatments with M. spicatum. NMDS analysis revealed major taxonomic shifts in the algal assemblage as the experiment progressed, including a loss of large diatoms and an increase in cryptomonads, planktonic chlorophytes, and attached chlorophytes. Nutrient enrichment may be critical in affecting rates of overall ecosystem productivity, but the structure of the assemblage contributing to that productivity may be influenced by interactions between nutrient enrichment and the presence of rooted macrophytes.
Vigilante justice and informal policing in post-Euromaidan Ukraine

During and after the Euromaidan, the Ukrainian society experienced an emergence of non-state groups that combined elements of civic activism and paramilitarism. They operated independently from the...
GERHARD VON RAD (1901–1971): A RELUCTANT MODERNIST’S APPROACH TO WISDOM LITERATURE

ABSTRACT: Gerhard Von Rad Defended The Importance Of The Old Testament For Christians In The Face Of Nazi Pressure. Reacting To The Sterility Of A Religionsgeschichte Approach, He Was A Part Of The Biblical Theology Movement And Sought To Set Forth The Theological Material Of The Old Testament In Roughly Historical Order As A Summary Of Israelite Faith. Attempting To Set Forth The “saving Acts Of God,” His Equivocal Use Of The Category “history” Failed To Bridge His Modernist Assumptions That Reality Is Unbreachably Divided Into The Phenomenal And The Noumenal. Though A Number Of His Assumptions About Wisdom Literature Have Since Been Discredited, Von Rad Strove To Approach Old Testament Wisdom On Its Own Terms, With Poetic Sensitivity, Respect, And Deep Appreciation. KEYWORDS:
Eosinophilic esophagitis: novel concepts regarding pathogenesis and clinical manifestations

This report explores two hypotheses regarding eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): (1) that the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) might contribute to the pathogenesis of EoE by preventing peptic digestion of food allergens, by increasing gastric mucosal permeability to enable gastric absorption of those undegraded food allergens, and by causing microbial dysbiosis, and (2) that EoE, like eosinophilic gastroenteritis, might have mucosal-predominant and muscle-predominant forms, and that the muscle-predominant form of EoE might cause a variety of esophageal motility disorders including achalasia.
Energy of a finite three-dimensional electron gas of spinless electrons

Abstract We study a finite three-dimensional electron gas system consisting of an arbitrary number of electrons embedded in a finite cubic domain. The electrons are treated as spinless particles implying that the system under consideration represents a fully spin-polarized Fermi quantum phase of electrons. The cubic region is uniformly filled with a positive background that ensures overall charge neutrality. We apply a Hartree-Fock approach that starts with a Slater determinant wave function of normalized plane wave orbitals. The treatment enables us to obtain the energy per particle of the finite system at any given number of electrons. The potential (exchange) energy is conveniently obtained by simplifying the calculation of the ensuing two-particle integrals over the finite cubic domain in terms of expressions that involve compact analytic auxiliary functions. Results are provided for both the kinetic and potential energy per particle for various numbers of electrons. It is shown that the kinetic and the potential energy per particle converge towards their bulk thermodynamic limit values in a non-monotonic way as a function of the number of particles. The results derived may apply to finite systems of delocalized electrons in alkali metal nanoclusters in which the positive ionic core is approximated as a cubic jellium region.
Symmetry Fractionalization, Defects, and Gauging of Topological Phases

This paper develops a comprehensive theory of symmetry fractionalization together with the properties of symmetry defects in topologically ordered phases of matter in two spatial dimensions. To do this, the authors also introduce the full set of data, consistency conditions, and equivalences for a mathematical theory, known as a G-crossed braided tensor category, that characterizes the algebraic braiding and fusion properties of symmetry defects. This theoretical framework can completely characterize and classify symmetry-enriched topological phases of matter in the presence of arbitrarily strong interactions in quantum many-body systems in two spatial dimensions.
TNM Cancer Stage Detection from Unstructured Pathology Reports of Breast Cancer Patients

Cancer staging system is the most important prognostic factor and performs key role in most of the cancer subtypes. It helps to interpret patient’s prognosis and helps to decide treatment option. It is also used by cancer registry to analyze cancer statistics, existing cases and death rate. Cancer staging system is also known as TNM staging system which includes factors T—attributes of tumor, N—involvement of lymph node and M—distant metastasis. Pathological reports of cancer patients include information related to cancer stage. Most of the pathological digital reports are in unstructured form. Specialists have to read all reports thoroughly for detection of cancer stage. This is often tough process and takes lot of time. Tumor registrars of cancer registry perform manual cancer stage data collection required for cancer registry which may cause accidental human mistake and degrades data of cancer registry. This study proposes automated extraction of TNM cancer staging from free text pathological reports of breast cancer patients. To find out most accurate stage of cancer, pTNM will be extracted from pathological reports using combination of pattern matching and rule-based technique. The main goal of proposed work is to make generalized system for breast cancer stage detection by collecting reports from different institutions. Because different hospitals have different ways of describing staging information, report format, structure and style of medical terms representation and it is difficult task in natural language processing.
Characters, Brauer characters, and local Brauer groups

Let p be a prime. Let G be a finite group, and let χ be an irreducible character of G. Suppose F is a finite extension of Qp, the field of p-adic numbers. If all the values of χ are in F, then, ass...
Nonlinear Dynamics at the Bedside

Heart rhythms in health and disease display complex dynamics. The clinical data suggest that concepts developed in nonlinear mathematics, such as bifurcations and chaos, will be appropriate to describe some of these complex phenomena. Careful analysis will be needed to establish the presence of deterministic chaos in cardiac rhythms. Data that appear highly periodic such as normal sinus rhythm may in reality be quite variable. In contrast, chaotic-appearing rhythms such as ventricular fibrillation often contain strong periodicities.
Heterobilayer with Ferroelectric Switching of Topological State.

The realization of multifunctional nanomaterials is both fundamentally intriguing and practically appealing to be used in nanoscale devices. Here, a heterobilayer consisting of realistic 2D-materia...
What Doctors Want: A Comment on the Financial Preferences of Organized Medicine.

Organized medicine's persistent demand for high payments is one factor that contributes to the rising costs of health care. The profession's longstanding preference for private and fee-for-service practice has pressured payers to increase reimbursement rates in fee-based systems; and it has stalled, thwarted, or otherwise co-opted attempts to contain costs in other payment systems. Yet what doctors want in fact varies. This comment revisits classic comparative studies of organized medicine in the advanced democracies to highlight two underemphasized findings: (1) physicians' financial preferences can deviate from traditional expectations, and (2) the structure of the organizations that represent doctors can shape whether and how those preferences are expressed. These findings remain relevant today, as a discussion of contemporary American health politics illustrates.
Cardiac 18 F-Dopamine PET Distinguishes PD with Orthostatic Hypotension from Parkinsonian MSA

Background Parkinson's disease with orthostatic hypotension (PD + OH) can be difficult to distinguish clinically from the parkinsonian form of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P). Previous studies examined cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging to differentiate PD from MSA but without focusing specifically on PD + OH versus MSA-P, which often is the relevant differential diagnostic issue. Objective To investigate the utility of cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging by 18F-dopamine positron emission tomographic (PET) scanning for separating PD + OH from MSA-P. Methods Cardiac 18F-dopamine PET data were analyzed from 50 PD + OH and 68 MSA-P patients evaluated at the NIH Clinical Center from 1990 to 2020. Noradrenergic deficiency was defined by interventricular septal 18F-dopamine-derived radioactivity <6000 nCi-kg/cc-mCi in the 5' frame with mid-point 8' after initiation of 3' tracer injection. Results 18F-Dopamine PET separated the PD + OH from the MSA-P group with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 96%. Conclusion Cardiac 18F-dopamine PET scanning efficiently distinguishes PD + OH from MSA-P.
LCA Framework, Methods, and Application

Life cycle assessment (LCA) offers a robust, internationally standardized method for determining environmental costs and benefits of product systems. For credible and consistent results, the broadly accepted method should be applied with transparent reporting of data, assumptions, and results. In this chapter, the four stages of the LCA method—goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation—are explained in detail, using gas-fired power to exemplify how to develop a process-based LCA.
Paleodischarge reconstruction using oxbow lake sediments complicated by shifting hydrological connectivity

Abstract Alluvial sedimentary records attract great attention for quantitative paleoflood studies because they may preserve continuous high-resolution archives in lowland floodplains that are most vulnerable to inland flooding. The coarse-grained flood deposit in oxbow lakes emerges as a promising paleoflood proxy due to its sensitivity to flood magnitude and high preservation potential. Previous work has established a coarseness-discharge correlation for the instrumental period that was subsequently used to retrodict paleodischarge of older flood deposits. However, it has not been tested whether this correlation applies to older deposits that may represent different lake hydrological connectivity due to plug-bar growth and river migration. Furthermore, overbank sedimentation is known to be episodic and may not scale with flood magnitude. Here we investigate this issue by comparing peak annual discharge and the coarseness of a two-stage infill sequence of a ~60 yr old oxbow lake in South Carolina, USA. We found that local morphology had the first-order control and was responsible for the sedimentation shift in the lake. There is a strong linear coarseness-discharge correlation in the upper section of the lake infill. However, this correlation overestimated the flood magnitude for flood deposits in the lower section. This finding suggests that oxbow lake sediments can be greatly useful for paleoflood reconstruction, but this may be complicated by shifting hydrological connectivity. Therefore, the stratigraphic context of an oxbow lake needs to be well understood to derive paleodischarge from the sediments properly.
Effect of Compost Application at Transplant Stage and before Planting to the Field on Plant Growth and Fruit Yield in Bell Pepper (Capsicum annum L.)

Compost improves the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. The objectives of the present study were to determine (1) the impact of compost-amended substrate on transplant growth a...
Chapter 26 Chaperonin-mediated protein folding

Publisher Summary The central dogma of molecular biology defines the major avenue for the transfer of genetic information encoded in linear genomic DNA to three-dimensional effectors of function and structure, the proteins. Until recently, it has been hypothesized that this transfer of information required only two types of machinery, one to transcribe a DNA template into an RNA message, and a second to translate RNA into protein. It has been postulated that newly translated polypeptide chains contain sufficient information in their primary amino acid sequences to direct spontaneous folding into active tertiary structures. Recent experiments, however, indicate that in the intact cell both newly synthesized proteins and proteins translocated through several biological membranes do not in general fold spontaneously but rather utilize a third type of machinery, a folding machinery, to reach biologically active conformations. The best-studied class of components catalyzing such folding is the so-called chaperonins, groEL, hsp60, and RUBISCO binding protein, found, respectively, in the eubacterial cytoplasm and inside the evolutionarily related organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts. At the level of primary structure, these three components share nearly 60% of their amino acids. At the level of quaternary structure, each is a homo-oligomeric complex composed of two stacked rings each containing seven radially arranged members. The functions of groEL and hsp60 have been shown to be essential for cell viability
Longitudinal dynamics of body weight change in the development of type 2 diabetes.

Objective The aim of this study was to test the obesity–type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) link in the context of longitudinal changes in body weight during the progression to diabetes in mature adult nonhuman primates (NHP). Design and Methods A colony of 245 adult rhesus monkeys aged 8-41 years with 179 males were used to define overweight in males as a body weight: ≥13.5 kg or body fat (BF) ≥18% and obesity as ≥16.5 kg or BF ≥27%, and overweight in nonpregnant females was identified as a body weight >8.5 kg or BF >21% and obesity as ≥10.5 kg or BF ≥30%. A subgroup of 48 males (24 T2DM and 24 age-matched non-T2DM) males were studied before and following the onset of overt T2DM for the effects of changes in body weight and obesity in inducing this conversion to overt T2DM. Results Three years before overt T2DM, mean body weight was 18.4 ± 3.3 kg. The DM-destined group body weight was 3.2 ± 1.1 kg greater and had a longer duration and greater severity of obesity, with peak body weight reached at 3.2 ± 1.8 years before overt T2DM. At DM onset the two groups did not differ significantly in body weight or adiposity. Conclusions The natural progression from pre-DM to overt T2DM is caused neither by the amount of excess body weight at DM onset nor by the proximate increases in body weight/adiposity during the pre-DM period of impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity was, however, essential preceding all NHP cases that developed T2DM.