cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solid Solutions in the System Ammonium Nitrate–Potassium Nitrate

BY phase work on the system ammonium nitrate–potassium nitrate–water, Janecke1,2 showed that below 23° C. two types of solid solution can exist: potassium nitrate dissolved in ammonium nitrate (form III) and ammonium nitrate in potassium nitrate (form II). At higher temperatures there is an increasing amount of another phase which is of a different crystalline form from any of the normal modifications of the two salts. Janecke suggests that this phase is a solid solution of ammonium nitrate in a metastable form of potassium nitrate, which is only formed on cooling, in the temperature-range 128°–115° C.
Growth and characterization of SiGe atomic layer superlattices

Abstract The MBE growth of ultrathin (Si m Ge n ) p atomic layer superlattices (ALSs) consisting of p periods of alternating m and n monolayers of silicon and germanium is reported. Various structures were prepared on (100) Si, (100) Ge and on a 20-nm Si 0.5 Ge 0.5 buffer on (100) Si. The physical properties of the ALSs were investigated by Raman scattering (RS), double-crystal X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence (PL). The samples were found to have accurate stoichiometry and thicknesses. Substrate-dependent variations in the growth morphology were observed. The microstructures showed some waviness on silicon or germanium substrates and were heavily defected when an alloy buffer was introduced. Phonon peaks due to folding of acoustic modes were seen in the frequency range 20–200 cm −1 . The optical modes in RS were calculated using a linear chain model and were compared with the experimental spectra. Good fits were obtained after introducing interdiffusion in the model by adjusting the mass of the interfacial atoms. The PL investigation revealed features related to defects in silicon. However, no strong luminescent features that could be ascribed to a direct band-gap transition were observed.
African women's perceptions of development: Contrasts between Tanzania and Zambia

Abstract How can government planners and donor agency personnel be assisted in selecting programs and projects which will meet objectives of rural African women as well as national goals'? Do rural women believe they have benefited from development efforts? Do they prefer ‘household projects’, i.e. nutrition education, home gardens, handicraft for sale, or income-generating projects, or labor-saving devices in farming? What priorities do they have which would allow development efforts to benefit them directly? This study compares responses from Tanzanian and Zambian farm women.
Comparison of four objective methods of monitoring digital venous congestion

This study sought to determine which of the four most commonly used objective monitoring modalities—pulse oximetry, laser Doppler flowmetry, skin surface temperature measurement, and skin surface fluorescence—is best able to detect early digital venous congestion. Digital venous congestion was induced in 12 hands by inflating a digital cuff to 5 mm Hg above the resting diastolic pressure. The cuff remained inflated for 1 hour while monitoring was done at 10-minute intervals. The baseline and experimental laser Doppler indices differed by at least 30% In each subject, and the laser Doppler index was always less than 40% during venous congestion. Skin surface fluorescence gave falsely normal results in three of eight hands, while pulse oximetry failed to detect venous congestion in any hand. The difference in temperature between the control and experimental fingers almost always exceeded the threshold of 2.5°C. The results indicate that both laser Doppler flowmetry and skin surface temperature measurement are highly accurate methods of monitoring early digital venous congestion that are noninvasive and easy to use. Skin surface temperature measurement has further advantages in that thermometers are less expensive and easier to transport than laser Doppler devices. In contrast, skin surface fluorescence is invasive and cumbersome in addition to being less sensitive to experimentally induced early digital venous congestion than either laser Doppler flowmetry or skin surface temperature measurement. Pulse oximetry is unreliable in detecting early digital venous congestion.
Myosin Binding Protein-C Slow: An Intricate Subfamily of Phosphoproteins

Myosin Binding Protein-C (MyBP-C), a family of accessory proteins of striated muscles, contributes to the assembly and stabilization of thick filaments, and regulates the formation of actomyosin cross-bridges. Three distinct MyBP-C isoforms have been characterized; cardiac, slow skeletal and fast skeletal. The slow isoform, sMyBP-C, consists of four alternatively spliced forms, variants 1-4 (v1-4) that share common structures and sequences. Variants 1-4 differ, however, in three regions; v1 and v2 contain a 25-residue long insertion within the NH2-terminus, v3 carries an 18-amino acid long segment within immunoglobulin domain C7 and v1 contains a unique COOH-terminus consisting of 26 amino acids, while v4 does not possess any of these insertions. Variants 1-4 are expressed in variable amounts among skeletal muscles, exhibiting different topographies and potentially distinct functions. To date, the regulatory mechanisms that modulate the activities of sMyBP-C are unknown. Using an array of proteomic approaches, we show that sMyBP-C comprises a family of phosphoproteins that are substrates for PKA and PKC. The levels of phosphorylated skeletal MyBP-C proteins (i.e. slow and fast) are increased in mouse dystrophic muscles, although their overall amounts are decreased. In vitro binding and motility assays indicate that sMyBP-C modulates the formation of actomyosin cross-bridges through interactions with both actin and myosin. Importantly, the presence of the novel insertions differentially affects the ability of sMyBP-C variants 1-4 to modulate cross-bridges formation. In summary, our studies are the first to show that sMyBP-C comprises a subfamily of phosphoproteins that differentially regulate actomyosin crossbridges.
The Validity of the Photographic Reciprocity Law for Alpha-Rays

The validity of the photographic reciprocity law for alpha-rays has been confirmed for a ratio of source intensities of 171 to 1. The law had previously been confirmed for a ratio of source intensities of only 7 to 1. The source intensities used were equivalent to 1.38 millicuries/cm2 and 8.06×10−3 millicurie/cm2. The reciprocity law is found to hold for this ratio of source intensities when the exposures are made in a sequence which eliminates the effect of latent image growth. To avoid complications due to aggregate recoil the sources were coated with a layer of silver approximately 0.1μ in thickness.
Board to Board Optical Interconnect for Server Applications

We prototyped a waveguide based board to board optical interconnect system including 10 Gbps parallel optical transmitters and receivers, high line density waveguide and parallel optical connectors to evaluate optical interconnect technology suitable for servers.
Written Language Use Within the Context of Young Children's Symbolic Play.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and describe prekindergarten children's uses of written language within the context of their symbolic play. Videotapings during spontaneous symbolic play served as the primary means of data collection. The videotapes were supported by field notes taken by the observing teacher. Children's written language productions were collected, and teacher-child discussions further verified the meaning of each child's writings. Analyses of the children's uses of written language were based on Halliday's functional view of language in use. The children's written language productions were classified according to Halliday's seven functions served by language. The children wrote for instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, and informational purposes. They were not observed using the heuristic or imaginative functions of writing. Findings led to recommendations for early childhood educators.
Asymmetric Uncertainty Expression for High Gradient Aerodynamics

When the physics of the flow around an aircraft changes very abruptly either in time or space (e.g., flow separation/reattachment, boundary layer transition, unsteadiness, shocks, etc), the measurements that are performed in a simulated environment like a wind tunnel test or a computational simulation will most likely incorrectly predict the exact location of where (or when) the change in physics happens. There are many reasons for this, includ- ing the error introduced by simulating a real system at a smaller scale and at non-ideal conditions, or the error due to turbulence models in a computational simulation. The un- certainty analysis principles that have been developed and are being implemented today do not fully account for uncertainty in the knowledge of the location of abrupt physics changes or sharp gradients, leading to a potentially underestimated uncertainty in those areas. To address this problem, a new asymmetric aerodynamic uncertainty expression containing an extra term to account for a phase-uncertainty, the magnitude of which is emphasized in the high-gradient aerodynamic regions is proposed in this paper. Additionally, based on previous work, a method for dispersing aerodynamic data within asymmetric uncer- tainty bounds in a more realistic way has been developed for use within Monte Carlo-type analyses.
Chinese Statistics: The Impossible Dream

Chinese statistics are notorious. Even persons not involved with the study of China are usually aware of the problems associated with the quality and quantity of statistics emanating from Peking, while under normal circumstances persons who make a career out of watching China would only use figures published in a Chinese source or given by a Chinese official with some caveat or reservation. In this age of computers, however, the hunger for figures is so great that occasionally there is a tendency to become careless, grasp at the few figures that may be reported, and assign more validity to them than they merit. After all, one is apt to hear, the Chinese must know; they must have figures for their own use; considering their progress in other fields, surely they were able to establish a statistical system that would provide the necessary data. The contention here is that this is not the case, but that in fact, the Chinese themselves lack much of the statistical data we so desperately seek and that their traditional nonchalance toward accuracy in statistics persists among many of the people presently responsible for record-keeping. Those who anticipate that China's entry into the United Nations will be followed by a significant flow of statistical data are likely to be disappointed. Progress in establishing a viable statistical system has been sporadic and slow. To the Chinese leaders, however, this has not been the problem we expect it to be. Never having known the advantages (and, yes, the frustrations) of a good statistical base, they don't miss it nearly as much as do many of us who look at China from the outside.
NEPHRONEIS MACINTIREI, GEN. ET SP. NOV., A MARINE ARAPHID DIATOM FROM CALIFORNIA, U.S.A.

A new marine diatom genus and species, Nephroneis macintirei Amspoker, has been identified from the epipsammon of Scripps Beach, La Jolla, California, U.S.A. This taxon is reniform in valve outline with a rimoportula at one or both poles. Poroid areolae are arranged in transapical striae over a broad mantle, but this organization is lost over the valve face, the areolae here being scattered. The valve lacks an axial area, raphe, apical pore fields, elevations, costae, pseudosepta, and a marginal ring of processes. Elements of the cingulum lack ligulae, antiligulae and septa. The genus is tentatively assigned to the heterogeneous araphid family, Diatomaceae sensu Simonsen 1979.
Allelic variation for a candidate gene for GS7, responsible for grain shape in rice

Grain shape is an important component of end-use quality in rice. The genomic location of the grain shape QTL GS7 was narrowed to lie within a 4.8-kb segment on chromosome 7. The homologous region in cv. Nipponbare contains no annotated genes, while two open reading frames were predicted, one of which (ORF2) represented a likely candidate for GS7 gene on the basis of correlation between sequence variation and phenotype. Semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR analysis of ORF2 transcription showed that the gene was active in both the leaf and panicle when the cv. D50 allele was present, but not in the presence of the cv. HB277 allele. A microsatellite-based phylogeny and a re-sequencing analysis of ORF2 among a set of 52 diverse rice accessions suggested that the cv. D50 GS7 allele may have originated from the tropical japonica genepool. The effect on grain length of the alternative alleles at GS7and GS3 showed that combination type 3/A was associated with longer grains than type 1/A. An Indel marker developed within the ORF2 sequence was informative for predicting grain length.
Duodenal atresia and stenosis: Reassessment of treatment and outcome based on antenatal diagnosis, pathologic variance, and long-term follow-up

Duodenal atresia and stenosis was observed in 103 infants and children from 1972 to 1991. There were 59 girls and 44 boys. Atresia was noted in 79 instances and stenosis in 24. Maternal hydramnios was detected in 33 cases, 46 babies were premature, and 31 had Down's syndrome. Fifty-four infants had significant associated anomalies including 35 with cardiac defects. Diagnosis was achieved by prenatal ultrasound examination in 14 cases, observation of a double-bubble sign on abdominal radiograph in 73, and contrast studies in 30 infants including 24 with stenosis. At operation annular pancreas was noted in 37 cases, malrotation in 37 cases, anterior portal vein in 4, and a second web in 3. Surgical treatment included duodenoduodenostomy in 85, duodenotomy and web excision in 8, and duodenojejunostomy in 10. Operative survival was 95%. Deaths were related to complex cardiac defects. Despite antenatal diagnosis, prompt intervention, and apparent early surgical success (95% survival), late deaths (5%) and late complications including motility disorders, megaduodenum, gastroesophageal reflux, duodenal-gastric reflux, gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, blind loop syndrome, and biliary-pancreatic conditions may be observed months to years after management during the neonatal period. Modifications in surgical technique including early tapering duodenoplasty may be useful, and close long-term follow-up is an essential component of patient care.
Direct actions of prostaglandins E1, A1, and F2α on myocardial contraction☆

Abstract The inotropic and chronotropic actions of prostaglandin (PG) types PGE 1 , PGA 1 , and PGF 2α were studied in isolated guinea pig right and left atria, and papillary muscles; rabbit atria; and toad ventricular strips in order to more completely define the cardiac contractile properties of PG. All three prostaglandins, in muscle bath concentrations of 10μg/ml, exerted positive inotropic and chronotropic actions on guinea pig atrium. These contractile effects were persistent after removal of PG from the muscle bath and appeared to limit the relative response to a subsequent dose of PG. The inotropic action of PGE 1 was present over a wide range of bath calcium concentrations (1.1 to 4.4 mM/L). Beta adrenergic receptor blockade, histamine blockade, and pretreatment with reserpine failed to significantly affect the inotropic actions of PG. Norepinephrine and histamine produced more potent inotropic and chronotropic effects on guinea pig atria than did PG and these contractile effects did not exhibit persistence or tachyphylaxis. The prostaglandins did not significantly affect dose response curves for norepinephrine inotropic and chronotropic actions. The prostaglandins had no effect on the force or frequency of contraction in rabbit atria. PGE 1 exerted a positive inotropic effect on toad ventricular myocardium whereas PGA 1 had no effect and PGF 2α had a negative inotropic action.
Radiative transfer in circumstellar 1612 MHz OH masers

A detailed investigation of radiative transfer in the 1612 MHz OH maser in the expanding envelopes around evolved stars is made in the context of the standard model in which the mass outflow is windlike. The most sensitive diagnostic of the models is the maser emission at the velocity of the star for which VLA and MERLIN data exist. Fully saturated models are analytically eliminated. Detailed numerical modeling also eliminates partially saturated models. The need to examine alternative models for the mass outflow is suggested by this conclusion. A model for the mass outflow from these stars is advocated in which all mass is lost by the ejection of blobs of material. These blobs, acted on by radiation pressure on grains, evolve into platelike structures in the OH maser region. It is shown that the peculiar difficulties of the standard model for the OH masers do not occur in this picture.
Effects of transfer from seawater to fresh water on the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-i axis and prolactin in the Tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

The effect of freshwater (FW) transfer on growth and on the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis was examined in the tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Tilapia were raised in seawater (SW) for 5 months and then transferred to FW for an additional 40 days. The growth rate of the fish transferred to FW was significantly reduced compared with the growth rate of fish that remained in SW. Plasma levels of GH were significantly elevated in FW-transferred fish, as were plasma IGF-I levels. Pituitary GH and liver IGF-I mRNA levels, on the other hand, were significantly reduced in the fish transferred to FW. There was a significant correlation between body mass and mRNA levels of GH and IGF-I, but not with plasma levels of GH and IGF-I. Fish transferred to FW had significantly higher prolactin (PRL)(177) levels than the SW control fish, although there was no difference in plasma PRL(188) levels. Consistent with the hyperosmoregulatory effects of PRL, mRNA levels of both PRL(177) and PRL(188) were significantly higher in FW-transferred fish than in the fish in SW. These results suggest that transferring tilapia from SW to FW activates the GH/IGF-I axis, but growth is still inhibited, possibly due to the greater metabolic cost of osmoregulation in FW than in SW.
Regulation of chemokine expression by cyclosporine A in alveolar macrophages exposed to hypoxia and reoxygenation

Abstract Background . We have recently demonstrated a role for selected chemokines in a rat model of lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI). We have further shown that pretreatment with cyclosporine A (CSA) is protective. The precise cellular events regulating this model are unknown. The alveolar macrophage (AM) is a key effector cell in multiple models of acute lung injury, and it likely plays a central role in LIRI as well. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether CSA functions in part by modifying the chemokine response of AMs to hypoxia and reoxygenation in vitro. Methods . Alveola macrophages were rendered hypoxic (0.5%) for 2 hours and reoxygenated for 6 hours. The secreted chemokine content in the media was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and nuclear protein was analyzed after electro-mobility shift assay. When employed, CSA was administered 30 minutes before hypoxia. Results . Alveolar macrophages demonstrated a marked increase in the secretion of the chemokines, MIP-2, MIP-1α, CINC, and MCP-1, in response to hypoxia and reoxygenation. This increase was dependent on mRNA transcription and de novo protein synthesis. It was also blocked by a specific inhibitor of the nuclear translocation factor, NF-κB. Pretreatment with CSA (500 ng/mL) significantly reduced expression of chemokines and activation of NF-κB. Conclusions . Cyclosporine A attenuates the chemokine response of AMs in vitro to hypoxia and reoxygenation at the pretranscriptional level through modulation of NF-κB. These findings suggest the potential mechanism of action of CSA's protective effects in lung ischemia reperfusion injury.
Modification of amorphous hydrogenated silicon by co-sputtered aluminum

The electronic and optical properties of a-Si1−xHx have been modified by the incorporation of aluminum. Samples were prepared by rf sputtering in a hydrogenated atmosphere from a composite silicon-aluminum target. This paper reports on several modified material parameters including the optical band gap, electrical conductivity, and thermal activation energy. Aluminum concentrations up to 10.6% in the target have been investigated. It is observed that the optical band gap remains constant at 1.83 eV for Al concentrations up to 2.7%. For higher concentrations there is a marked decrease in optical gap. The conductivity initially decreases with small Al concentration and the activation energy increases, characteristic of compensation of the inherently n-type material. For higher Al concentrations the conductivity increases by seven orders of magnitude and the activation energy decreases to a minimum of about 0.2 eV. The increase in conductivity can be explained by both the movement of the Fermi level and the shrinking band gap. Microprobe analyses have also been performed to determine the amount of Al actually incorporated into the films. Finally, implications of these results are discussed and compared to previously reported results on gas phase doping and ion implantation.
Immune Complexes in Sarcoidosis: A Correlation with Activity and Duration of Disease

Samples of serum from patients with sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of immune complexes, using the Raji cell line. An indirect immunofluorescent technique was used to detect the binding of immune complexes to the complement receptors of Raji cells. Preliminary studies indicated that the method was sensitive and specific We studied 44 patients with sarcoidosis who were separable into the following three distinct clinical groups: (1) acute disease (one year or less); (2) chronic active disease (five years or more); and (3) resolved disease (five years or more). In the 26 patients with acute disease, 12 had circulating immune complexes; immune complexes were present in two of the ten patients with chronic active disease. In contrast, immune complexes were absent in patients with resolved disease and normal control subjects. In patients with active disease, there was no apparent correlation between the presence of immune complexes and the stage of disease; however, immune complexes were present in five of the 11 patients with extrapulmonary disease, in seven of 12 patients with elevated concentrations of γ-gtobulin, and in four of five of those patients with autoantibodies to lymphocytes.
Differential pathogenicity of five Streptococcus agalactiae isolates of diverse geographic origin in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

Streptococcus agalactiae is an emerging pathogen of fish and has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The main objective of this study is to assess whether pathogenic differences exist among isolates from different geographic locations. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) were administered an intraperitoneal injection of suspension containing USA, Brazil, Honduras, Israel, or Kuwait S. agalactiae isolates at concentrations ranging from 102 to 107 cfu mL−1. The LD50 values 7 days after challenge were as follows: USA (1.0 × 102 cfu mL−1), Brazil (1.5 × 103 cfu mL−1), Honduras (6.8 × 103 cfu mL−1), Israel (1.0 × 104 cfu mL−1) and Kuwait (7.2 × 105 cfu mL−1). Fish from all groups exhibited lethargy, anorexia, exophthalmia, corneal opacity, erratic swimming, petechiae and mortality. Opercular clearing and ascites were only found after infection with certain geographic isolates. The findings in this study indicate that S. agalactiae isolates of different geographic origin can cause significant mortalities after experimental challenge and can have different pathogenic capacities. Isolates from the Americas (USA, Brazil and Honduras) were more pathogenic to Nile tilapia than isolates from the Middle East/Asia (Israel and Kuwait).
Computed tomography—old ideas and new technology

Several recently introduced ‘new’ techniques in computed tomography—iterative reconstruction, gated cardiac CT, multiple-source, and dual-energy CT—actually date back to the early days of CT. We review the historic origins and evolution of these techniques, which may provide some insight into the latest innovations in commercial CT systems.
Sensitivity analysis of differential cross sections to the intermolecular potential

This paper considers the sensitivity of both final state summed and state to state differential cross sections to the variation of parameters within a model intermolecular potential. In order to simplify the calculation of the cross sections and first order sensitivity coefficients (i.e., the partial derivative of cross sections with respect to potential parameters) attention is restricted to the scattering of an atom and rigid rotor. Furthermore, the collision dynamics are approximated by using the infinite order sudden (IOS) approximation. Particular emphasis is given to an examination of the sensitivity of angular features of the cross sections to potential parameter variations. This is facilitated by fitting the cross sections to functional forms which contain several adjustable parameters, each of which controls a particular feature. First order sensitivity coefficients are then used to derive quantitities which measure the sensitivity of a ’’feature parameter’’ with respect to the variation of a pot...
Metallic interface at the boundary between band and Mott insulators

Motivated by experiments on atomically smooth layers of LaTiO3, a Mott insulator, sandwiched between layers of SrTiO3, a band insulator, a simple model for such heterostructures is studied using quasi one-dimensional lattices and the Lanczos method. Taking both the local and long-range Coulomb interactions into account, and computing the layer dependent local density of states, a metallic state was found at the interface whose extent strongly depends on the dielectric constant of the material. We also observed that the antiferromagnetic correlations in the bulk Mott phase persist into the metallic region. Our conclusions are in excellent agreement with recently reported results for this model in the opposite limit of infinite dimensions6,7, thus providing an alternative tool to study electronic reconstruction effects in heterostructures.
Edge Emission and Zeeman Effects in CdS

Some of the sharp, characteristic emission lines, observed in "blue" and "green" edge-fluorescence spectra of CdS platelets, have been examined experimentally at low temperatures (\ensuremath{\sim}1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K). Zeeman effects, in magnetic fields up to 45 000 G, have been studied in doublets of previously reported lines, as well as in several new lines. In particular, the magnetic splitting of ${I}_{5}$ (a characteristic "blue" emission line appearing at 4869.14 \AA{}) has been studied as a function of magnetic field orientation (angular orientation of $c$ axis with respect to field direction). In accordance with the Thomas-Hopfield analysis, arguments are presented for the association of ${I}_{5}$ with a bound exciton complex; this line was observed to split linearly as a function of field strength and a $g$ value of -1.76 ($c\ensuremath{\perp}H$) is reported. Several zero-field split lines (fluorescent doublets) have been studied as a function of field orientation: ${I}_{1}$ (4888.47, 4888.18 \AA{}), ${I}_{2}$ (4867.17, 4866.98 \AA{}), and ${I}_{3}$ (4861.66, 4862.25 \AA{}). The lines ${I}_{1}$ (doublet) and ${I}_{2}$ (doublet) were observed to split linearly as a function of field strength and a $g$ value of -1.77 ($c\ensuremath{\perp}H$) is reported for ${I}_{1}$. In particular crystals, pronounced thermalization effects have been observed in the fluorescent singlets ${I}_{1}$ (4888.47 \AA{}), ${I}_{2}$ (4867.17 \AA{}) and ${I}_{5}$, i.e., line thermalization was observed as a function of magnetic splitting at constant temperature. Two sharp, long-wavelength lines have also been observed, namely ${I}_{6}$ (5068.54, 5069.18 \AA{}) and ${I}_{7}$ (5084.81 \AA{}). The polarization and magnetic splittings of ${I}_{6}$ and ${I}_{7}$ are reported.
The combined impact of vineyard origin and processing winery on the elemental profile of red wines

The combined effects of vineyard origin and winery processing have been studied in 65 red wines samples. Grapes originating from five different vineyards within 40 miles of each other were processed in at least two different wineries. Sixty-three different elements were determined with inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and wines were classified according to vineyard origin, processing winery, and the combination of both factors. Vineyard origin as well as winery processing have an impact on the elemental composition of wine, but each winery and each vineyard change the composition to a different degree. For some vineyards, wines showed a characteristic elemental pattern, independent of the processing winery, but the same was found for some wineries, with similar elemental pattern for all grapes processed in these wineries, independent of the vineyard origin. Studying the combined effects of grapegrowing and winemaking provides insight into the determination of geographical origin of red wines.
The Use of Sudan Black B as a Bacterial Fat Stain

Sudan black B was introduced as a specific fat stain for the detection of lipids in tissue sections by L. Lison in 1934. Saturated solutions of Sudan black B in 70% alcohol or in ethylene glycol stain the fat bodies of bacteria a deep blue-black color, and this dye is recommended as superior to the other Sudans.The method used in staining the bacteria was to suspend a loopful of the cells in a drop of the stain solution and to prepare flat wet mounts. The organisms giving positive fat tests with Sudan black B included Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Azotobacter beijerinckii, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium leprae, Oospora lactis, Bacillus tumescens, water spirilla, and fungi.
Secondary liability in the post Napster era: Ethical observations on MGM v. Grokster

The principal theme of this paper is secondary liability ‐ to what extent should we hold those who cooperate in wrongdoing and illicit behavior accountable? We probe this question by considering a lawsuit filed by the entertainment industry against the file‐swapping services of Grokster and StreamCast. Our focus is on the legal and moral implications of this case. We argue that the courts, which have so far ruled in favor of the defendants, have misapplied the socalled Sony precedent for two reasons. The business model of these companies depends on copyright infringement with advertising (and revenue) volume directly proportionate to the level of that infringement. Also, Sony’s safe harbor should not apply if there is active inducement of infringement. The key ethical question is the extent to which technological innovators must design and write their code to deal with infringement ex ante. We argue that purveyors of peerto‐ peer technology are formal cooperators in wrongdoing if they deliberately configu...
Linkages between Financial Variables, Financial Sector Reform and Economic Growth and Efficiency

This paper analyzes the different channels through which financial variables and financial sector reform can affect economic growth and efficiency, using panel data for 40 countries which reformed their financial systems. Financial sector reform is hypothesized to affect economic growth and efficiency through three main channels: the real interest rate representing the interest cost of capital, the volume of intermediation, and financial sector efficiency. The results indicate that financial reforms have structural effects; that financial variables and reforms are important determinants of economic performance; that the impact depends on whether countries did or did not face a financial crisis; and that the "quality" of financial sector reform matters.
SU-C-12A-06: A Universal Definition for CT Irradiated Length

Purpose: The length of scan shown or calculated from the console is the distance between the center of the starting and ending images. The irradiated length for such a set of images can vary substantially from this distance, depending on the acquisition mode. We propose that the rise to equilibrium function h(λ) be used to uniquely define an irradiated length independent of the details of the scanning process. This method also seamlessly accommodates recent developments in active collimation. Method: h(λ) is determined along the central axis of a long cylindrical phantom, ideally from integration of the dose spread function. For practical reasons h(λ) may be approximated from helical scans with real-time dose rate measurements or from a series of central dose measurements using finite irradiated length exposures. For a particular scan then, the irradiated length λ is calculated from a central dose measurement of h and then applying the inverse function h(λ)-1. Results: h(λ) was determined from measurements made in a prototype ICRU/TG200 phantom, 60 cm long and 30 cm in diameter. The resultant λ generally agreed with indicated scan length plus one beam width for axial and indicated scan length for helical scans if overscanning was accounted for. For most scanners, DLP/CTDIvol is a good measure of irradiated length allowing for another index of comparison. Conclusion: Central dose measurements with a small chamber along with the rise to equilibrium function h(λ) provide us with a robust and consistent means of determining scan length independent of the means of irradiation over a variety of scanners and scanning conditions. The method is limited to λ significantly less than the equilibrium.
Corporate voice and ideology: An alternate approach to understanding public relations history

Abstract Scholars in the U.S. generally agree that the origins of corporate public relations correspond to the rise of the U.S. Industrial Revolution during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This essay explores the under-theorized relationship between ideology and public relations by examining the role of the corporate voice in public relations history. Evidence suggests that public relations counsel, serving as the corporate voice, created messages that produced and reproduced certain ideological meanings about the corporation. These ideological meanings provided important guidance on how members of the public should think about, relate to, and experience the corporation as a necessary, natural and benevolent organization in society. By incorporating ideological theory as an analytical tool to study public relations history, this article explores an important, but not often studied aspect of public relations history – the development and use of the corporate voice as a site of ideological production.
S-Adenosylmethionine:Juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase in male accessory reproductive glands of Hyalophora cecropia (L.).

Abstract The accessory reproductive glands of the adult male Hyalophora cecropia contain S-adenosylmethionine:juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase. The enzyme is soluble and can be found in the gland epithelium as well as in the glandular secretion, but not in any other part of the genital tract of the unmated male. The appearance of this enzyme activity in the pharate adult precedes the formation of a measurable pool of its substrate, juvenile hormone acid, and the onset of the juvenile hormone accumulation in the accessory reproductive glands. The accessory reproductive glands of Antherea pernyi and Manduca sexta, species which do not accumulate juvenile hormone, lack methyltransferase activity. It is concluded that the methyltransferase is an essential component of the juvenile hormone accumulation mechanism in H. cecropia.
An IgG primary sequence exposure theory for complement activation using synthetic peptides.

To establish the mechanism by which IgG, aggregating with antigen1, triggers the first complement component2 (the C1q·C1r·C1s complex), it is important to distinguish the potential sites on the Fc region which may be involved in the interaction. Several studies have implicated the CH2 region of IgG3–5. C1 binds weakly to monomeric IgG but strongly to aggregated IgG6,7, and an analytical ultracentrifugation study of the binding of different IgG subclasses to the C1q subunit suggested that each C1q molecule may have from 12 to 18 receptor sites for immunoglobulin8. Although there are conflicting reports of conformational changes in antibody molecules induced by antigens9–11, electron microscopic studies of rabbit IgG antibody12 have shown that reduction of a single disulphide bond between the heavy chains in the hinge region allows this immunoglobulin, on contact with its antigen, to undergo strain-release conformational changes in the Fc region, suggesting a potential energy release and perhaps exposure of a cryptic site. Chemical modification of the tryptophanyl residues of both rabbit and human IgG or their Fc fragments has been shown to reduce then-C1-fixing potentials13,14. These findings, together with examination of crystallographic structural data15 and amino acid sequence analyses16,17 of the CH2 region of human IgG1, support the possibility that a tryptophanyl residue in position 277 on human IgG (near the hinge region) could be in or near a site involved in the reaction with C1q. To explore this possibility, we have synthesised a series of small peptides resembling the portion of the CH2 region around the tryptophanyl residue at 277 (Table 1). A series of C1 consumption, C2 destruction, and C3 conversion tests was used to determine the most effective sequence for complement activation and to gain information about the functional nature of the interactions between the peptides and the human complement system. On the basis of these experiments we suggest that the primary structure of a small peptide segment is necessary for effective C1 binding and activation and that conformational changes caused by the reaction of IgG molecules with antigens, by heat aggregation, or by interfacial forces18 may expose this cryptic biologically active sequence.
Simultaneous Components in Phonology

This paper1 investigates the results that may be obtained when phonemes, or utterances in general, are broken down into simultaneously occurring components: as when the English phoneme /b/ is said to consist of voicing plus lip position plus stop closure, all occurring simultaneously.2
Estimation of flow through bronchial-pulmonary vascular anastomoses with use of T-1824 dye.

A dye-dilution method devised to estimate the individual outputs of the ventricles has been used to assess the magnitude of the flow through bronchial-pulmonary anastomoses in patients with chronic lung disease. In 10 normal subjects the output of the left ventricle was, on the average, 0.9 per cent larger than the output of the right. In six patients with advanced pulmonary tuberculosis, the average value was 2.9 per cent, and in 11 patients with bronchiectasis 9.3 per cent. One patient, who had had her left main pulmonary artery ligated, exhibited an anastomotic flow of 20 per cent. In all groups the flow calculated from the Fick equation agreed within 20 per cent with that from the right ventricle. In the normal subjects and the patients with tuberculosis, the same general agreement between the Fick and the left ventricular output was observed. But in the patients with bronchiectasis and the woman with the ligated pulmonary artery, the Fick calculation underestimated the left ventricular output. This underestimation suggests that the blood traversing the bronchial-pulmonary anastomoses had an oxygen content approximating that in the systemic arterial blood.
The degree of PCB chlorination determines whether the rise in urinary homovanillic acid production in rats is peripheral or central in origin.

Abstract Commercial mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, Arcolor 1016, 1254, and 1260) differing in their degree of chlorination and their accumulation in the brain were employed along with a peripheral monoamine oxidase inhibitor, debrisoquin sulfate (Declinax, DS) to dtermine whether the rise in urinary homovanillic acid (UHVA) following exposure to these PCBs is derived from the peripheral or central nervous system. Rats were gavaged with either corn oil or corn oil containing Aroclor 1016 or a mixture of Aroclors 1254 and 1260 and 24-hr UHVA production was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. All animals also received ip injections of DS to inhibit peripheral production of HVA. Analysis of variance indicated that, following DS treatment, 24-hr UHVA production remained significantly elevated in the Aroclor 1254 1260 - exposed animals; while no significant differences between Aroclor 1016-exposed animals and controls were noted. The rise in UHVA in the Aroclor 1254 1260 group involves HVA of central origin whereas the rise in the Aroclor 1016-treated animals is only peripheral. Thus, PCBs that differ in their degree of chlorination alter dopaminergic functions in anatomically different locations.
The Sauvé-Kapandji procedure: a salvage operation for the distal radioulnar joint.

The Sauve-Kapandji procedure, a distal radioulnar arthrodesis with surgical creation of a pseud-arthrosis in the distal ulna, was used to treat 11 patients. Although all patients had had at least one previous operation on the involved wrist, they were still having pain and functional limitations. Ten patients were available for follow-up, which averaged 33 months. Of the nine patients with posttraumatic arthritis, six had excellent results (a painless wrist that averaged 82 degrees of pronation and 83 degrees of supination). Three patients had good results (mild pain during activities with an identical range of forearm rotation). One patient who had rheumatoid arthritis had an excellent result for 3 years but recently had a radiocarpal wrist fusion because of radiocarpal arthritis. We have found the Sauve-Kapandji procedure to be a reliable treatment option for intractable disorders of the distal radioulnar joint and recommend it as a salvage procedure when previous treatment has failed.
Plastic Flow in Oriented Glassy Polymers

Abstract A manufactured product often possesses residual texture which was either incidentally or deliberately acquired during its processing history. This is particularly true for the case of polymers, where the ability to easily preferentially preorient the material in specific directions is exploited in order to obtain a higher strength product. Specific examples include synthetic fibers, and biaxially-oriented films and containers. The response of the preoriented/textured product to normal service life loading conditions will differ considerably from that of a product composed of isotropic material. This paper addresses the issue of the effects of texture on the deformation behavior of glassy polymers. Here, the physically-based constitutive model of Boyce, Parks, and Argon describing the rate, temperature, and pressure dependent inelastic deformation of initially isotropic glassy polymers is used to model the effects of preorientation (i.e., initial texture), via the use of appropriate initial conditions on internal state variables. The model is then utilized in an analysis of the effects of texture on the yield of glassy polymers and the shear localization which normally follows yielding in oriented polymers. These results are compared with trends found in experiments as reported in the literature. The effectiveness of the proposed model for the present application is also compared with earlier models of yielding of anisotropic materials such as Hill's criterion.
1‐Benzyl­sulfanyl‐2‐(benzyl­sulfanyl­methyl)­propanaminium chloride

The title quaternary ammonium salt, C18H24NS2+·Cl−, was reported several decades ago, but its structure was not determined at the time. The crystal structure displays extensive hydrogen bonding, linking cations and anions into infinite chains. There are two cations and two anions in the asymmetric unit.
Stabilization of coordinatively unsaturated Ir4 clusters with bulky ligands: a comparative study of chemical and mechanical effects

The synthesis and characterization of new cluster compounds represented by the series Ir4(CO)12−xLx (L = tert-butyl-calix[4]-arene(OPr)3(OCH2PPh2); x = 2 and 3) is reported using ESI mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Thermally driven decarbonylation of the cluster compound series represented by x = 1–3 according to the formula above is followed viaFTIR and NMR spectroscopies, and dynamic light scattering in toluene solution. The propensity of these clusters to decarbonylate in solution is shown to be directly correlated with number density of adsorbed calixarene phosphine ligands and controlled via Pauli repulsion between metal d and CO 5σ orbitals. The tendency for cluster aggregation unintuitively follows a trend that is exactly opposite to the cluster's propensity to decarbonylate. No cluster aggregation is observed for clusters consisting of x = 3, even after extensive decarbonylationvia loss of all bridging CO ligands and coordinative unsaturation. Some of the CO lost during thermal treatment viadecarbonylation can be rebound to the coordinatively unsaturated cluster consisting of x = 3. In contrast, the clusters consisting of x = 1 and x = 2 both aggregate into large nanoparticles when treated under identical conditions. Clusters in which the calixarene phosphine ligand is replaced with a sterically less demanding PPh2Me ligand 6 lead to significantly less coordinative unsaturation upon thermal treatment. Altogether, these data support a mechanical model of accessibility in coordinatively unsaturated metal clusters in solution, which hinges on having at least three sterically bulky organic ligands per Ir4 core.
A Mixed-Methods Approach to Understanding Loneliness and Depression in Older Adults

Objectives. Depression in late life may be difficult to identify, and older adults often do not accept depression treatment offered. This article describes the methods by which we combined an investigator-defined definition of depression with a person-derived definition of depression in order to understand how older adults and their primary care providers overlapped and diverged in their ideas about depression. Methods. We recruited a purposive sample of 102 persons aged 65 years and older with and without significant depressive symptoms on a standardized assessment scale (Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale) from primary care practices and interviewed them in their homes. We applied methods derived from anthropology and epidemiology (consensus analysis, semi-structured interviews, and standardized assessments) in order to understand the experience and expression of late-life depression. Results. Loneliness was highly salient to older adults whom we asked to describe a depressed person or themselves when depressed. Older adults viewed loneliness as a precursor to depression, as self-imposed withdrawal, or as an expectation of aging. In structured interviews, loneliness in the week prior to interview was highly associated with depressive symptoms, anxiety, and hopelessness. Discussion. An improved understanding of how older adults view loneliness in relation to depression, derived from multiple methods, may inform clinical practice.