cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internalization and Recycling of the CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor

Tolerance develops rapidly to cannabis, cannabinoids, and related drugs acting at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. However, little is known about what happens to the receptor as tolerance is developing. In this study, we have found that CB1 receptors are rapidly internalized following agonist binding and receptor activation. Efficacious cannabinoid agonists (WIN 55,212-2, CP 55,940, and HU 210) caused rapid internalization. Methanandamide (an analogue of an endogenous cannabinoid, anandamide) was less effective, causing internalization only at high concentration, whereas delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol caused little internalization, even at 3 microM. CB1 internalized via clathrin-coated pits as sequestration was inhibited by hypertonic sucrose. Internalization did not require activated G protein alpha(i), alpha(o), or alpha(s) subunits. A region of the extreme carboxy terminus of the receptor was necessary for internalization, as a mutant CB1 receptor lacking the last 14 residues did not internalize, whereas a mutant lacking the last 10 residues did. Steps involved in the recycling of sequestered receptor were also investigated. Recovery of CB1 to the cell surface after short (20 min) but not long (90 min) agonist treatment was independent of new protein synthesis. Recycling also required endosomal acidification and dephosphorylation. These results show that CB1 receptor trafficking is dynamically regulated by cannabimimetic drugs.
Organizational and Ideological Barriers to Sex Integration in Military Groups

This article summarizes salient factors affecting sex integration in traditionally all male fields that have emerged from prior studies. The operation of these variables in military groups is illus...
The Garden of Time: a tangible interactive video installation

In this paper we present the interactive video installation titled "The Garden of Time": a tangible interface designed specifically to emphasize the conceptual nature of the project and to provide a different and entertaining filmic experience to its users.
Therapy of ventricular tachycardia.

Abstract Therapeutic modalities for ventricular tachycardia include antiarrhythmic drugs, direct current cardioversion, electrical pacing and surgical intervention. Lidocaine, procainamide and bretylium are all capable of controlling recurrent ventricular tachycardia; bretylium has the advantage of also being antifibrillatory and of raising the threshold for ventricular fibrillation. Lidocaine and bretylium are available only in i.v. form. Procainamide is available in i.v. as well as oral form. Other oral antiarrhythmic agents include quinidine, disopyramide, β-blockers such as propranolol and verapamil. The latter may be useful in ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischemia; of these, only β-blockers appear to significantly raise the threshold for ventricular fibrillation. Control of ventricular ectopy does not always preclude ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. In treating ventricular tachycardia, bretylium tosylate is generally given 5 to 10 mg/kg i.v. over 10 to 20 minutes. Given too rapidly, it may cause nausea and vomiting. Orthostatic hypotension, a common side effect, generally abates with continued use and may be ameliorated with tricyclic antidepressants such as protriptyline. Significant supine hypotension may be encountered in patients with acute myocardial infarction and may be managed with presser agents or fluids, or both. The antiarrhythmic efficacy of bretylium was analyzed in 40 patients. Five etiologic groups were defined by cardiac catheterization: 19 patients had atherosclerotic heart disease, 6 had primary myocardial disease, 4 had mitral valve prolapse, 4 had rheumatic heart disease and 7 had miscellaneous or no heart disease. All patients had recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT); 23 had ventricular fibrillation (VF) as well. Other antiarrhythmic agents had failed in 38 patients. The overall success rate was 73% (group I, 69%; group II, 83%; group III, 50%; group IV, 75 %; and group V, 86%). One case of “chemical defibrillation” occurred. Age, type of heart disease, site of origin of VT, number of coronary arteries involved, presence or site of aneurysms, arrhythmia suppression time, degree of ventricular dysfunction, dose of bretylium and recent or perioperative myocardial infarction were not predictive of drug failure. Arrhythmia duration was longer in the failures (mean 111.77 days) compared with the successes (mean 54.39 days). Parenteral bretylium was safe, well tolerated and effective in controlling recurrent, refractory VT and VF.
Long-term effects of triethylenemelamine exposure on mouse testis cells and sperm chromatin structure assayed by flow cytometry.

The toxic and potentially mutagenic actions of triethylenemelamine (TEM) on mouse body and testis weights, testicular cell kinetics, sperm production, sperm head morphology, and sperm chromatin structure were assessed in two experiments. The first experiment examined effects of four dose levels of TEM, assayed 1, 4, and 10 wk after toxic exposure. In the second study, effects from five dosage levels were measured at 1, 4, and 10 wk, and the highest dosage level was evaluated over 44 wk. TEM produced an expected dose related loss of spermatogenic activity and subsequent recovery as determined by dual-parameter (DNA, RNA) flow cytometry (FCM) measurements of testicular cells. Both testicular weights and caudal sperm reserves remained generally below controls after 44 wk recovery following exposure to the highest (1.0 mg/kg daily x 5) dosage. Chromatin structure alterations, defined as increased susceptibility to DNA denaturation in situ, and sperm head morphology were highly correlated (.87-.93, P less than .001) with dose and with each other. Data obtained from the sperm chromatin structure essay (SCSA) on fresh sperm was highly correlated with measurements of aliquots of the same sample collected over 44 wk, frozen, and then measured on the same day. Sperm head morphology and sperm chromatin structure remained abnormal at 44 wk for the 1.0 mg/kg TEM dosage, suggesting that the abnormalities, present long after the initial toxic response, may be a result of mutation. This study demonstrates that flow cytometry provides a unique, rapid, and efficient means to measure effects of reproductive toxins and potential mutagens.
Broadband planar millimeter wave dipole with flip-chip interconnect

In this paper a broadband planar dipole superstrate antenna suitable for integration with millimeter wave (MMW) transceiver ICs is presented. The dipole is printed on the bottom of a fused silica substrate with a ground plane below. This enables packaging together with a transceiver IC using flip-chip interconnect technology. A 60 GHz dual dipole array was flip-chip mounted onto a coplanar waveguide (CPW) thru line to evaluate the antenna design together with the flip-chip interconnect. In the following measured antenna return loss and far field radiation pattern will be shown and discussed.
Systematic Screening for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders at the High School Level: A Formidable and Necessary Task

The authors examined the utility of a modified version of the Systematic Screening for Behavior Disorders for use at the high school level to address issues of comorbidity. Results suggested that the modified version was able to discriminate among students with varying degrees of risk in terms of academic performance as measured by GPA. In terms of convergent validity, teachers were able to differentiate between the social skills of students rated with typical behaviors and those at risk for externalizing or comorbid behaviors in terms of cooperation, self-control, school adjustment, and empathy skills. Furthermore, teachers were better able to discriminate externalizing behaviors relative to internalizing behaviors. Overall, solely relying on teacher nominations may be sufficient for discriminating between the presence versus absence of risk. However, it may not be sufficient to discriminate among the presence of different types of risk, particularly internalizing behaviors. Limitations and educational i...
Use of coarse ethylcellulose and PEO in beads produced by extrusion–spheronization

This study evaluated the potential of coarse ethylcellulose (CPEC) and high molecular weight polyethylene oxide (PEO) as excipients in the production of beads by extrusion-spheronization. CPEC was investigated as a diluent and PEO as an extrusion aid and a binder. Beads were manufactured with caffeine as a model drug. Release studies were conducted, and the bead size, shape, yield, and friability were determined. The effects of formulation and process variables and their interactions were studied by a sequential experimental design based on a response surface method. In the initial stage, a two level half fractional factorial design was employed as a screening design, which was subsequently augmented to a central composite design. Statistical analysis indicated that formulation variables including PEO content, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) content, and water content, and two process variables, namely spheronizer speed and spheronization time, significantly affected the properties of the beads. Interactions between two factors have significant effects on several of the measured responses. Simultaneous optimization of the responses was conducted and validated by performing experiments at the optimal conditions. Overall, the results confirmed that immediate release, spherical beads with low friability and narrow size distribution could be produced with minimal amounts of MCC.
Role of Rab9 GTPase in Facilitating Receptor Recruitment by TIP47

Mannose 6-phosphate receptors (MPRs) deliver lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to endosomes and then return to the Golgi complex. TIP47 recognizes the cytoplasmic domains of MPRs and is required for endosome-to-Golgi transport. Here we show that TIP47 also bound directly to the Rab9 guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) in its active, GTP-bound conformation. Moreover, Rab9 increased the affinity of TIP47 for its cargo. A functional Rab9 binding site was required for TIP47 stimulation of MPR transport in vivo. Thus, a cytosolic cargo selection device may be selectively recruited onto a specific organelle, and vesicle budding might be coupled to the presence of an active Rab GTPase.
Characterization of inhibitory GABA-A receptor activation during spreading depolarization in brain slice.

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a slowly propagating wave of near complete depolarizations of neurons and glia. Previous studies have reported large GABA releases during SD, but there is limited understanding of how GABA release and receptor activation are regulated and influence the propagating SD wavefront, as well as an excitatory phase immediately following the passage of SD. The present study characterized GABA-A type receptor (GABAAR) currents during SD generated by KCl microinjection in acute hippocampal slices from adult mice. Spontaneous GABAAR-mediated currents (sIPSCs) were initially enhanced, and were followed by a large outward current at the wavefront. sIPSC were then transiently supressed during the late SD phase, resulting in a significant reduction of the sIPSC/sEPSC ratio. The large outward current generated during SD was eliminated by the GABAAR antagonist gabazine, but the channel potentiator/agonist propofol failed to potentiate the current, likely because of a ceiling effect. Extracellular Cl− decreases recorded during SD were reduced by the antagonist but were not increased by the potentiator. Together with effects of GABAAR modulators on SD propagation rate, these results demonstrate a significant inhibitory role of the initial GABAAR activation and suggest that intracellular Cl− loading is insufficient to generate excitatory GABAAR responses during SD propagation. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for facilitating effects of GABAAR antagonists, and the lack of inhibitory effect of GABAAR potentiators on SD propagation. In addition, selective suppression of GABA transmission in the late SD period and the lack of effect of GABAA modulators on the duration of SD suggests that GABA modulation may not be effective approach to protect neurons during the vulnerable phase of SD.
Mobility of the conceptus and uterine contractions in the mare

Location of the embryonic vesicle within the uterus of mares was recorded every. five minutes for two consecutive hours (25 location determinations per trial) in three experiments. In Experiment 1 (n=7), the number of location changes among nine uterine segments (three body segments and three segments for each horn) was greater (P<0.05) on Day 13 than on Day 10. The vesicle was located in the body more frequently (P<0.05) and tended (P<0.1) to move to a more caudal position more frequently on Day 10 than on Day 13. Fixation occurred on Day 15 in four of seven mares and on Day 16 in the remaining three mares. The number of location changes was not significantly different between two days prior to fixation and one day prior to fixation. In Experiment 2, the effect of clenbuterol, a B2 sympathomimetic blocker of uterine contractions, was studied on Days 12 or 13 of pregnancy. Location changes occurred less frequently (P<0.05) in treated mares (n=9) than in controls (n=10), indicating involvement of uterine contractions in the mobility of the embryonic vesicle. In Experiment 3, when the initial direction of location changes was caudal within a horn and cranial within the uterine body, the vesicle was more likely (P<0.05) to continue moving in the same direction than in the opposite direction. However, when the direction within a horn was cranial, the next location change was as likely to be in the opposite direction as in the same direction (not significantly different from equality). When the direction within the uterine body was caudal, the next location change was more likely (P<0.05) to be in the opposite direction.
Resistance of mice immunized with irradiated and lyophilized stages of Trypanosoma cruzi to infections with metacyclics

Abstract Okanla E. O. , Stumpf J. L. & Dusanic D. G. 1982. Resistance of mice immunized with irradiated and lyophilized stages of Trypanosoma cruzi to infections with metacyclics. International Journal for Parasitology 12 : 251–256. BALB/c mice were immunized with either irradiated or lyophilized metacyclic, epimastigote or bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma cruzi in three weekly injections of 1 × 10 8 trypanosomes/injection. The lyophilized trypanosomes were emulsified in equal quantities of Freund's complete adjuvant. Two weeks following the final immunization, the mice were challenged subcutaneously with metacyclics obtained from either culture or the vector Triatoma infestans . The mice challenged with metacyclics from culture included groups of mice immunized with each of the three stages, while those challenged with metacyclics from the T. infestans included mice immunized with the epimastigotes or metacyclics. Mice immunized with the irradiated epimastigotes, metacyclics and blood-stream form trypomastigote challenged with metacyclics from culture exhibited reduced parasitemias compared to mice of the control groups. Parasitemias were lowest in those mice immunized with irradiated metacyclics. The parasitemias terminated in the immunized mice before those of the control animals. No protection was detected in the mice inoculated with lyophilized trypanosomes and challenged with culture metacyclics. Groups of mice injected with either irradiated or lyophilized epimastigotes or metacyclics and challenged with metacyclics from T. infestans exhibited resistance both by reduction of the parasitemias and the duration of the parasitemias when compared to the infected control animals. This study demonstrated the comparative effectiveness in mice of irradiated and lyophilized vaccines produced from either metacyclics, epimastigotes or bloodstream forms when challenged with metacyclics obtained from culture and the vector.
Monomaleimidogold labeling of the γ subunit of the Escherichia coli F1 ATPase examined by cryoelectron microscopy

A novel approach for locating sites of interest in a protein complex has been developed using monomaleimidonanogold (MMN). The Escherichia coli F1 ATPase, when prepared without the delta subunit, contains only a single reactive cysteine on one of the three copies of the alpha subunit. This site was reacted with MMN and the gold cluster visualized on the protein complex by cryoelectron microscopy. Additional sites for modification with MMN were added by introducing cysteine residues through site-directed mutagenesis. Labeling of two mutants, gamma S8-C and gamma T106-C, in which Ser8 and Thr106, respectively, had been replaced by a cysteine, placed the gold cluster on the central mass that is seen in the hexagonal projection of the ECF1 complex. The results establish that the central mass contains the N-terminal part of the gamma subunit.
Enhanced Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Practice and Outcomes in an Intensive Care Unit with a Hospital-Wide Performance Improvement Process

Abstract To improve patient outcomes at a 455-bed community health care facility, a performance improvement process was implemented for the delivery of enteral and parenteral nutrition in a 28-bed intensive care unit (ICU). In 1992, the study group consisted of all patients who were started on either enteral or parenteral nutrition while in the ICU during a 2-month period. These patients were followed up until discharge from the hospital or death to determine practice patterns and outcomes. Three actions were identified as opportunities to change practice and improve outcomes: increase use of the enteral route of alimentation compared with the parenteral route; start alimentation sooner, especially via the enteral route; and meet protein and energy needs of patients. Educational programs were developed targeting physician and nursing staff. Through an interdisciplinary approach, a nutrition support decision tree and patient outcome statement were developed. In 1994, evaluation of a group meeting the same criteria as the original group indicated that the goals for nutrition support practice improvement were met in all three areas identified. Providing a systematic approach to an interdisciplinary performance improvement process, as part of an organization-wide plan, enhanced nutrition support practice in a community hospital and resulted in quality improvement and cost savings. J Am DietAssoc. 1996; 96:484-489 .
Hadron Correlations and Parton Recombination

Abstract Parton recombination has been found to be an extremely useful model to understand hadron production at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. It is particularly important to explore its connections with hard processes. This article reviews some of the aspects of the quark recombination model and places particular emphasis on hadron correlations.
Inertial confinement fusion reactors based on the gas protection concept

Abstract Two inertial confinement fusion reactor designs based upon ‘gas protection’ of the first wall from pellet debris and X-rays are reviewed. These are the laser fusion reactor design, SOLASE, and a light ion beam cavity and first wall study conducted at the University of Wisconsin in collaboration with Sandia Laboratory. The dynamics of low pressure noble gas (xenon) for the laser fusion reactor and high pressure noble gas (argon) for the LIB fusion reactor are computed. Low pressure noble gases appear to release the explosion energy in a radiation pulse that is too short for acceptable first wall response. The same characteristic is true for the high pressure gas in the LIB reactor cavity. This leads to the future investigation of gas mixtures where the noble gas provides the heat capacity and a small concentration of impurity material provides sufficient opacity to reduce the radiation release.
Industry-sponsored negative trials and the potential pitfalls of post hoc analysis.

JAMA Efficacy and Safety of Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate (MC-1) in High-Risk Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: The MEND-CABG II Randomized Clinical Trial MEND-CABG II Investigators Context: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is frequently performed and effective; however, perioperative complications related to ischemia-reperfusion injury, including myocardial infarction (MI), remain common and result in significant morbidity and mortality. MC-1, a naturally occurring pyridoxine metabolite and purinergic receptor antagonist, prevents cellular calcium overload and may reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury. Phase 2 trial data suggest that MC-1 may reduce death or MI in high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery. Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of MC-1 administered immediately before and for 30 days after surgery in patients undergoing CABG surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: The MC-1 to Eliminate Necrosis and Damage in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery II Trial, a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, with 3023 intermediate- to high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass enrolled between October 2006 and September 2007 at 130 sites in Canada, the United States, and Germany. Interventions: Patients received either MC-1, 250 mg/d (n = 1519), or matching placebo (n = 1504) immediately before and for 30 days after CABG surgery. Main Outcome Measures: The primary efficacy outcome was cardiovascular death or nonfatal MI, defined as a creatine kinase (CK) MB fraction of at least 100 ng/mL or new Q waves through postoperative day 30. Results: The primary efficacy outcome occurred in 140 of 1510 patients (9.3%) in the MC-1 group and 133 of 1486 patients (9.0%) in the placebo group (risk ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.30;P = .76). All-cause mortality was higher among patients assigned to MC-1 than placebo at 4 days (1.0% vs 0.3%;P = .03) but was similar at 30 days (1.9% vs 1.5%;P = .44). There was no difference in the 8- to 24-hour CK-MB area under the curve between the MC-1 and placebo groups (median, 270 [interquartile range, 175-492] vs 268 [interquartile range, 170-456] hours × ng/mL;P = .11). Conclusion: In this population of intermediate- to high-risk patients undergoing CABG surgery, MC-1 did not reduce the composite of cardiovascular death or nonfatal MI. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00402506 JAMA. 2008;299(15):1777-1787.
Phase evolution during the formation of α-tricalcium phosphate

The formation of α-tricalcium phosphate from monobasic ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate was investigated using a number of complementary techniques. Differential thermal analysis showed five distinct thermal events attributed to melting of the ammonium phosphate, decomposition of acidic calcium orthophosphate into an amorphous calcium metaphosphate, crystallization of β-calcium metaphosphate, crystallization of β-calcium pyrophosphate, and calcination of calcium carbonate. X-ray diffraction analyses as a function of temperature supported the evolution of these events and phases and also showed the formation of other intermediates, including an amorphous phase, apatite, lime, and β-tricalcium phosphate. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a large weight loss occurring between 150° and 250°C due to reaction between the acidic phosphate liquid and the calcium carbonate. This resulted in an amorphous intermediate with a Ca/P ratio between 0.5 and 1.0 from which both β-calcium metaphosphate and β-calcium pyrophosphate crystallized. Mass spectroscopy indicated that the ammonia and carbon dioxide were evolved in four different steps, while water was evolved in at least five steps. These decomposition steps correlated with those observed by TGA. Scanning electron microscopy indicated the formation of an intermediate phase that coated the calcium carbonate by 250°C. The proposed mechanistic reaction path to alpha-tricalcium phosphate involves the formation and consumption of the following sequence of intermediates: an acidic amorphous condensed phosphate; β-calcium metaphosphate and β-calcium pyrophosphate; lime, apatite, and β-tricalcium phosphate.
Does Ischemia Contribute to Energy Failure in Severe TBI

Ischemia has long been regarded as a cause of secondary brain injury following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). This manuscript will present the viewpoint that, except for cases of extremely low cerebral perfusion pressure, efforts to establish the presence of ischemia in TBI patients using a variety of techniques have been inconclusive. Early studies found that cerebral blood flow (CBF) was low in acute TBI patients, suggesting ischemia. However, CBF can be low but adequate to meet tissue energy needs in the presence of a low cerebral metabolic rate; so in such situations, measurement of blood flow, metabolism and oxygen update are necessary to detect ischemia. There is little doubt that ischemia occurs in severe TBI when cerebral oxygen delivery is markedly compromised, however, the role of ischemia outside of this extreme remains unresolved at present. Early after injury, global blood flow, metabolism, and oxygen extraction are reduced suggesting suppressed metabolism rather than active ischemia. Multiple factors including over excitation, calcium influx, and oxidative stress, and hyperacute ischemia may contribute to this process, but evidence of ongoing ischemic injury is mixed. Data from microdialysis probes provide differing results depending on what is measured and how it is interpreted and yield results that are inconsistent with brain tissue oxygen tension data. PET studies, depending on how they are analyzed and the thresholds used, indicate either no ischemia or a small volume of ischemic brain.
An extremal problem on group connectivity of graphs

Let A be an Abelian group, n>=3 be an integer, and ex(n,A) be the maximum integer such that every n-vertex simple graph with at most ex(n,A) edges is not A-connected. In this paper, we study ex(n,A) for |A|>=3 and present lower and upper bounds for 3@?|A|@?4 and an upper bound for |A|>=5.
Isomers and Tautomers of Hymenialdisine and Debromohymenialdisine

Abstract - The 10E-stereoisomers of hymenialdisine and debromohymenialdisine were isolated from the marine sponge Stylotella aurantium from Palau. The structures of (10E)-debromohymenialdisine (3) and (10E)-hymenialdisine (4) were elucidated by interpretation of spectral data. The two sets of signals in the NMR spectra of DMSO solutions of hymenialdisine and debromohymenialdisine are due to tautomerism.
Understanding High Heat Transfer in Spray Cooling for Different Droplet Velocities and Wall Superheats by 3D Multiphase Flow Modeling

Spray cooling with phase change has the advantage of relatively large amount of heat transfer from the hot surface of many power electronics system. In our previous works in 2-D model of spray cooling, the importance of moving the cooler liquid quickly to heated dry surface which causes the high heat flux due to transient conduction is recognized to be the main reason for high heat transfer. In reality the phenomena of spray cooling are three dimensional in nature. The major draw back in extending the 2-D model to 3-D model is huge computing time in serial computer. Here the 3-D model is developed in parallel computing environment to reduce the turn around time. The 3-D multiphase model used here considers the effect of surface tension between liquid and vapor, gravity, phase change and viscosity. The level set method is used to capture the movement of the liquid vapor interface. The governing equations of multiphase flow are solved using the finite difference method. In this work the spray cooling phenomena is studied in 3-D multiphase model where a vapor bubble is growing in a thin liquid film on a hot surface and a droplet is impacting on the thin liquid film. This study has been done for different droplet velocities and for different wall superheats with our 3-D multiphase model to understand the high heat removal mechanism in spray cooling for different velocities and wall superheat situations.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Hydrothermal synthesis of monodisperse single-crystalline alpha-quartz nanospheres.

Uniformly-sized, single-crystal alpha-quartz nanospheres have been synthesized at 200 °C and 15 atm under continuous stirring starting from uniform, amorphous Stober silica colloids and using NaCl and alkali hydroxide as mineralizers. Quartz nanosphere size is controlled by the colloid particle size via direct devitrification. Uniform, high-purity nanocrystalline quartz is important for understanding nanoparticle toxicology and for advanced polishing and nanocomposite fabrication.
Mites and Related Disease

Parasitic mites cause a variety of dermatoses in domestic animals. The clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of canine and feline demodicosis, canine scabies, notoedric mange, cheyletiellosis, otodectic mange, and other mite infestations are discussed.
Comparison of student and practitioner viewpoints relative to first employment opportunities for architectural engineering students

Every spring thousands of students graduate from this nation’s colleges and universities and begin full-time employment for the first time. By the time this editorial is published, most companies interested in hiring these soon-to-graduate students will be well into the recruiting and placement process as it relates to entrylevel engineering students. Architectural engineering ~AE! students in these programs have endured years of examinations, semester projects and papers, class lectures, and untold hours of studying. Backed with education, knowledge, excitement, and the energy of youth, they feel ready to become members of the profession. However, these promising AE graduates are faced with yet one more monumental task: the selection of a company with which to begin their careers. The dilemma of employment selection cannot be solved in an hour, a day, or even a week. It requires many hours of careful thought and research. Complicating matters for the student is that employment is a two-way street. The student must “select” the firm, but the firm must be willing and able to hire the student. Although the current job market continues to be excellent for AE graduates, fluctuations in the market from year to year and employer attitudes sometimes provide additional barriers for the students to overcome. There are those individuals and organizations that will not hire entry-level personnel because they say they either can’t afford it or that they don’t have the resources to train them. Some of these same companies will tell you that students should be both fully trained and fully educated when they graduate. A few will even shamelessly state that their work is too important or too complicated to be trusted to an entry-level engineer. When I hear this, I often wonder who gave that person their first job in the industry. Fortunately, the numbers of responsible employers in the industry far outweigh those who have negative attitudes toward engineering graduates looking for their first fulltime employment opportunity. It is true that due to downturns in the industry from time to time, there are years where the search for employment must intensify. It is also true that in other years, the number of job opportunities easily exceed the available number of qualified graduating students. Regardless of the level of opportunity in a particular year, both the student and the employer must study each other carefully if success is to be obtained and maintained. Student and employer alike are looking for a good match relative to employment. The first employment engagement is a big investment for both parties. AE students seek employment in a wide variety of fields, including, but not limited to, architectural and AE firms, consulting engineers, industry trade organizations, contractors, builders, developers, equipment and material manufacturers, facilities groups,
The Question of Hegelian Influence upon Durkheim's Sociology

Durkheim is commonly viewed as the founder of sociology as an empirical or even a positivist, empiricist discipline. The connection between empirical sociological theory and Marxist, Weberian, symbolic interactionist, phenomenological, hermeneutic, and other tendencies is illuminated by viewing the parallels between Durkheim and Hegel. These parallels should not obscure important contrasts, but they include a large number of the most distinctive doctrines of the two theorists. The comparison illuminates relationships within sociology as well as relationships between sociology and such other disciplines as philosophy, history, literary criticism, jurisprudence, theology, or ethics. The importance within Durkheim's milieu of figures who were deeply influenced by Hegel shows that Hegel's influence on Durkheim should not be obscured by current views of Durkheim as a positivist in the tradition of Comte.
Differences in the expression of GABAA receptors between functionally innervated and non-innervated granule neurons in neonatal rat cerebellar cultures

Abstract We had earlier found that granule neurons in cultures of small explants of neonatal rat cerebellar cortex could be placed in two groups: cells in one group showed spontaneous synaptic activity and also had a large response to applications of 1 μM γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) while cells in the other lacked spontaneous activity and also showed much lower sensitivity to GABA [25]. For convenience, the more responsive cells will be termed A-type neurons, while the less responsive cells will be termed B-type. We have undertaken a comparison of the responses mediated by activation of GABAA receptors for the two types of neurons. A-type neurons have a larger maximal response to GABA (about 10 times that for B-type neurons), suggesting that they express more functional GABAA receptors. The concentration of GABA. producing half-maximal activation of A-type neurons is somewhat less (12 μM) than that for B-type neurons (41 μM), while the Hill coefficients are similar. Responses of both types of cell desensitize to prolonged applications of GABA. At a given concentration of GABA the responses of A-type neurons desensitize more rapidly than the responses of B-type neurons, indicating that the physiological properties of the receptors differ. Responses of A-type neurons are also potentiated to a significantly lesser extent by either chlordiazepoxide or alphaxalone than are the responses of B-type neurons, indicating that the pharmacological properties of the receptors differ. These data indicate that A-type and B-type granule neurons in our cultures express GABAA receptors which differ in number, physiological properties and pharmacological responsiveness. We have also confirmed the observation that almost all A-type neurons also show spontaneous synaptic currents, while almost no B-type neurons do.
MIMO-assisted MPR-aware MAC design for asynchronous WLANs

The use of multiple-packet reception (MPR) in wireless networks is known to improve throughput especially in high-traffic conditions. The lack of synchronization among the nodes in random access systems introduces significant challenges toward the adoption of MPR in the PHY and the MAC design for systems using MPR. In this paper, we propose an asynchronous MPR method for the PHY and also design a compatible random access MAC for wireless local area networks (WLANs). Relying on space-time coding techniques, our MPR method detects multiple asynchronous packets while providing diversity and low bit error rates at the PHY layer. Extending the design of IEEE 802.11, our MPR MAC design encourages simultaneous packet transmissions and handles multiple packet receptions. Simulation results show that the throughput of a WLAN significantly improves in many scenarios of operation using our proposed PHY/MAC MPR framework.
Adenovirus-mediated expression of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in rat liver induces a neutrophilic hepatitis

C-X-C chemokines are potent chemoattractants that are believed to mediate neutrophilic inflammation in several organs. Recent studies suggest a role for C-X-C chemokines in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic hepatitis but do not prove causation. We investigated the biological consequences of hepatic chemokine production in vivo by transiently overexpressing cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC), a member of the C-X-C chemokine family, in intact rats. Rats were injected intraportally with a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus containing the CINC complementary DNA (cDNA). Within 4 days, treated animals had high levels of CINC in both liver tissue and plasma Rats overexpressing CINC exhibited an eightfold increase in circulating neutrophils; they also developed severe hepatic injury, characterized by a 6- to 25-fold increase in plasma transaminases and marked hepatic inflammation on biopsy. Liver disease in CINC-producing rats correlated positively with the number of neutrophils sequestered in the hepatic parenchyma. Tissue injury was attributed directly to chemokine overproduction, because control rats infected with adenoviruses lacking the CINC cDNA did not produce CINC and developed only minor hepatic abnormalities. These experiments provide direct evidence that C-X-C chemokines, when expressed in sufficient quantity in the liver in vivo, induce neutrophil recruitment and tissue invasion and provoke severe liver injury. The data suggest that C-X-C chemokines have important pathogenic potential in both clinical and experimental liver disease.
An examination of the role of market share position in the strategy-performance equation

The authors propose and test a theoretical model addressing direct and indirect (through market share) linkages between Porter's generic business strategies of low cost and differentiation, and profitability (Competitive Strategy, New York: Free Press 1980). Results of a structural equation analysis provide support for a direct, positive relationship between low cost strategies and profitability. The results reveal a primary indirect effect of image differentiation strategies on profitability through market share. Insights are provided regarding the relevance of the market share goal under alternate strategic orientations.
Vaginal Delivery After Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis: A Word of Caution

This study was designed to evaluate the impact of childbirth on anal sphincter integrity and function, functional outcome, and quality of life in females with restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. The patients who had at least one live birth after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis were asked to return for a comprehensive assessment. They were asked to complete the following questionnaires: the Short Form-36, Cleveland Global Quality of Life scale, American Society of Colorectal Surgeons fecal incontinence severity index, and time trade-off method. Additionally, anal sphincter integrity (endosonography) and manometric pressures were measured by a medical physician blinded to the delivery technique. Anal sphincter physiology also was evaluated with electromyography and pudendal nerve function by nerve terminal motor latency technique. Of 110 eligible females who had at least one live birth after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, 57 participated in the study by returning for clinical evaluation to the clinic and 25 others by returning the quality of life and functional outcome questionnaires. Patients were classified into two groups: patients who had only cesarean section delivery after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (n = 62) and patients who had at least one vaginal delivery after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (n = 20). The mean follow-up from the date of the most recent delivery was 4.9 years. The vaginal delivery group had significantly higher incidence of an anterior sphincter defect by anal endosonography (50 percent) vs. cesarean section delivery group (13 percent; P = 0.012). The mean squeeze anal pressure was significantly higher in the patients who had only cesarean section delivery (150 mmHg) after restorative proctocolectomy than patients who had at least one vaginal delivery (120 mmHg) after restorative proctocolectomy (P = 0.049). Quality of life evaluated by time trade-off method also was significantly better in the cesarean section delivery group (1) vs. vaginal delivery group (0.9; P < 0.001). The risk of the sphincter injury and quality of life measured by time trade-off method are significantly worse after vaginal delivery compared with cesarean section in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. In the short-term, this does not seem to substantially influence pouch function or quality of life; however, the long-term effects remain unknown, thus obstetric concern may not be the only factor dictating the type of delivery in this group of patients. A planned cesarean section may eliminate these potential and factual concerns in ileal pouch-anal anastomosis patients.
Institutional investors, antitakeover defenses and success of hostile takeover bids☆

Abstract In this study we investigate the question of whether institutional investors enhance or reduce efficiency in the market for corporate control. In particular, given unequivocal evidence that target stockholders gain in successful takeover bids, we investigate the impact of institutional ownership in target firms on the adoption of the type of antitakeover defense as well as the outcome of takeover bids. We find that target firms are more likely to adopt value-reducing antitakeover defenses and successfully thwart takeover bids when a higher percentage of target common stock is owned by ‘pressure-indeterminate’ investors (investment counsel firms in particular). On the other hand, the probability of a successful takeover rises with the ownership of both ‘pressure-sensitive’ and ‘pressure-resistant’ investors. The above findings support the view that institutional investors do not play a homogeneous role in the market for corporate control.
REFORM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Attitudinal Dimensions of Metropolitan Consolidation

: This study examines the degree to which citizen perceptions of the need for government reform and economic development relate to their support for city-county consolidation. Findings from a study of residents in the Roanoke Valley of Virginia, a metropolitan area that attempted merger in 1991, indicate that attitudinal dimensions of reform and economic development are more efficacious in predicting support for, or opposition to, consolidation than either locational or sociodemographic factors. The authors conclude that economic development, as a consolidation issue, may play a dual role in merger outcomes, increasing support of those who do not favor reform but desire growth and diminishing support of reformers who oppose growth.
Interferometry for wafer dimensional metrology

Wafer shape and thickness variation are important parameters in the IC manufacturing process. The thickness variation, also called flatness, enters the depth-of-focus budget of microlithography, and also affects film thickness uniformity in the CMP processing. The shape mainly affects wafer handling, and may also require some depth-of-focus if the wafer shape is not perfectly flattened by chucking. In the progression of technology nodes to smaller feature sizes, and hence smaller depth-of-focus of the lithography tool, the requirement for the PV-flatness over stepper exposure sites is becoming progressively tighter, and has reached 45nm for the next technology node of 45nm half pitch. Consequently, in order to be gauge-capable the flatness metrology tool needs to provide a measurement precision of the order of 1nm. Future technology nodes will require wafers with even better flatness and metrology tools with better measurement precision. For the last several years the common capacitive tools for wafer dimensional metrology have been replaced by interferometric tools with higher sensitivity and resolution. In the interferometric tools the front and back surface figure of the wafer is measured simultaneously while the wafer is held vertically in its intrinsic shape. The thickness variation and shape are then calculated from these single-sided maps. The wafer shape, and hence each wafer surface figure, can be tens of microns, necessitating a huge dynamic range of the interferometer when considering the 1nm measurement precision. Furthermore, wafers are very flexible, and hence very prone to vibrations as well as bending. This presentation addresses these special requirements of interferometric wafer measurements, and discusses the system configuration and measurement performance of WaferSightTM, KLA-Tencor's interferometric dimensional metrology tool for 300mm wafers for current and future technology nodes.
The surface structure of α-Al2O3 determined by low-energy electron diffraction: aluminum termination and evidence for anomolously large thermal vibrations

The temperature dependence of the first three interlayer distances of the Ag(111) surface was studied by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) over the temperature range 128K to 723 K. The first three interlayer spacings and the effective Debye temperatures were extracted from the LEED analysis. At the lowest temperature, the first two interlayer spacings are slightly (0.5 percent) contracted. All three interlayer spacings increase with temperature, finally reaching expansions relative to the bulk of about 0.8 percent at the highest temperature studied. The effective surface Debye temperature is lowest for the outermost layer, increasing toward the bulk value for successive layers.
The Emerging Lexicon of Children with Phonological Delays: Phonotactic Constraints and Probability in Acquisition.

The effects of phonotactic constraints (i.e., the status of a sound as correctly or incorrectly articulated) and phonotactic probability (i.e., the likelihood of a sound sequence) on lexical acquis...
Intraperitoneal deferoxamine therapy for aluminum intoxication in a child undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

ville, Md.: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1978. (DHEW publication no. (HSA)78-5207). 4. G(athrie R, Susi A. A simple phenylalanine method for detecting phenylketonuria in large populations of newborn infants. Pediatrics 1963;32:338. 5. Levy HL, Waisbren SE. Effects of maternal phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia on the fetus. N Engl J Med 1983;309:1269. 6. Guthrie R, Murphey WH. Microbiologic screening procedures for detection of inborn errors of metabolism in the newborn infant. In: Bickel H, Hudson FP, Woolf LI, eds. Phenylketonuria and some other inborn errors of amino acid metabolism: biochemistry/genetics/diagnosis/therapy. Stuttgart: George Thieme Verlag, 1971:132-136. 7. Paigen K, Pacholec F, Levy HL. A new method of screening for inherited disorders of galactose metabolism. J Lab Clin Med 1982;99:895. 8. Levy HL, Shih VE, Madigan PM. Routine newborn screening for histidinemia: clinical and biochemical results. N Engl J Med 1'974;291:1214. 9. Guthrie R. Screening for "inborn errors of metabglism" in the newborn infant: a multiple test program. Bi~:th Defects 1968;4:92. 10. Medical Research Council Steering Committee for the MRC/DHSS Phenylketonuria Register. Routine neonatal screening for phenylketonuria in the United Kingdom 196478. Brit Med J 1981;282:1680. I I. Shih VE, Levy HL, Karoikewicz V, Houghton S, Efron ML, Isselbacher K J, Beutler E, MacCready RA. Galactosemia screening of newborns in Massachusetts. N Engl J Med 197l;284:753. 12. Urbanowski JC, Cohenford MA, Levy HL, Crawford JD, Dain JA. Nonenzymatieally galactosylated serum albumin in a galactosemia infant. N Engl J Med 1982;306:84.
Theory of oscillation type viscometers V: Disk oscillating between fixed plates

A disk oscillating between two fixed plates is considered as an instrument for absolute measurements of viscosity. The existing theories relating the viscosity to the decrement of oscillation are improved by calculating the effects of the edge. This is done by assuming that the separation between the plates is small compared with both the radius of the disk and the boundary layer thickness. A comparison is made with the experimental data ofKestin andPilarczyk for which the present theory is estimated to be correct to 0·1%.