cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bivariate Flow Karyotyping, Sorting, and Peak Assignment of All Rat Chromosomes

A bivariate flow cytometric rat karyotype was established from second- and third-passage Copenhagen (Cop) rat embryo cell cultures. Chromosome suspensions from such cells (2n = 42 chromosomes) yielded bivariate flow karyotypes composed of 14-18 peaks, 10 of which were sortable into pools of single chromosome types. Conditions affecting resolution of peaks (including the length of colcemid treatment of cells and various combinations of fluorescent and nonfluorescent dyes) were optimized. Using chromosome suspensions from second-passage cultures of adult Cop male and female ear fibroblasts, peaks representing the X and Y chromosomes were identified. Assignment of chromosomes was accomplished by polymerase chain reactions of flow-sorted chromosomes using primers from mapped genes. Availability of this characterized rat flow karyotype should prove useful for assignment of genes to chromosomes as well as generation of chromosome-specific libraries in cloning assigned genes.
Spatial distribution functions: liquid CH3CN and CO2

Abstract Monte Carlo simulations of CH3CN and CO2 fluid phases exhibit anisotropy in the spatial distribution functions (SDFs) that is readily interpreted by mere inspection of 2D topographical plots of the SDFs: The local structure in condensed CH3CN and CO2 is dominated by dimer-like arrangements. The fact that this local structure derives from (directional) electrostatic interactions is obvious from comparisons of SDF topographies obtained from simulations with and without the partial changes associated with CH3CN and CO2.
A mathematical model of automaticity in the sinus node and AV junction based on weakly coupled relaxation oscillators

Abstract A general mathematical model is proposed for the study of the effects of changes in two interacting pacemaker rates on the nature of cardiac rhythms. The model is based on the weak interaction of two systems of differential equations each of which is capable of self-perpetuating oscillations. Some results of computer experimentation with the model are presented for one simple system of coupling the oscillators. The mathematical model reproduces satisfactorily the physiological results of experiments previously performed on dogs in this laboratory. The model is useful in both the design and analysis of biologic experiments to define most known determinants of either normal or abnormal cardiac rhythm.
Living Up to Expectations: Public Attitudes Toward Congress

Americans' feelings about the performance of Congress range across the spectrum from positive to negative, but tend to be negative What accounts for supportive or unsupportive orientations toward Congress? The effects of personal attributes like socioeconomic status, or beliefs about the efficacy of congressional processes, account for only part of citizens' evaluations of Congress We argue that discrepancies between what people expect Congress to be like and what they perceive it actually is like independently affect evaluations of Congress. We measure this "expectation-perception discrepancy" and demonstrate in a multivariate explanatory environment that this discrepancy affects the extent of Americans' favorableness toward Congress, drawing upon data gathered in a 1994 postelection survey (N = 808) conducted in Ohio by the Polimetrics Laboratory for Social and Political Research at Ohio State University.
DNA repair in human cells: quantitative assessment of bulky anti-BPDE-DNA adducts by non-competitive immunoassays

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of the ubiquitous environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene is mediated via its reactive diol epoxide metabolite, anti-BPDE, with the predominant formation of N(2)-deoxyguanine adducts in genomic DNA. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for (+/-)-anti-BPDE DNA adducts were used for the quantitative detection of genotoxic damage in DNA treated in vitro and in vivo with ( +/- )-anti-BPDE. In non-competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the polyclonal antiserum (BP1) exhibited higher affinity, avidity and sensitivity than the monoclonal antibody (5D2). A linear antibody binding response was observed over a wide carcinogen dose range with a detection limit of < 0.1 fmol adducts in immobilized DNA. Non-competitive immuno-slot blot assay could detect 0.2 adducts/10(6) nucleotides induced by < 1 nM ( +/- )-anti-BPDE. The high sensitivity and mono-adduct specificity of non-competitive immunoassays allowed the detailed study of ( +/- )-anti-BPDE-DNA adduct processing human cells exposed to very low levels of the genotoxin. Analysis of polyclonal antiserum binding sites in DNA from repair-proficient human fibroblasts revealed adduct removal rates directly proportional to the initial genotoxic insult. Despite efficient repair, substantial damage persisted in repair-proficient cells exposed to high doses of carcinogen. At low levels of initial damage (0.882 and 3.44 +/- 0.17 adducts/ 10(6) nucleotides) approximately 50% repair was observed after 4 and 8 h respectively. Cells removed approximately 40% of the lesions in 8 h at an intermediate level of damage (20.7 +/- 1.5 adducts/10(6) nucleotides). At higher DNA damage levels (105 +/- 8 and 177 +/- 1 adduct/10(6) nucleotides) 33 and 19% of the lesions respectively were repaired in 24 h. Repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum group A fibroblast cells did not show any significant loss of antibody binding sites at high or low initial modification levels. These data suggest that the level of initial DNA damage has a significant impact on the overall efficiency of cellular repair, with potential implications for the biological consequences of deleterious DNA lesions in mammalian cells.
Stress as an order parameter for the glass transition.

The stress tensor has been considered as a possible order parameter for the liquid-glass transition, and its autocorrelation matrix (elements of which are the integrands in the Green-Kubo formulas for bulk and shear viscosity) have been measured in simulations. However, only the {ital k}=0 spatial Fourier component has apparently been previously measured. We have measured four Fourier components of all matrix elements of the stress-stress correlation function, and we find that some of those with nonzero wave vector are significantly more persistent (slower decaying) than the {ital k}=0 component.
Prostate‐specific antigen changes and prostate cancer in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone replacement therapy

OBJECTIVES To retrospectively review hypogonadal men receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), and evaluate the changes in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels over an extended period, and thus evaluate the occurrence of prostate cancer, as a primary concern in treating late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is the potential increased risk of prostate cancer; we also recorded the cardiovascular effects of TRT. PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 81 hypogonadal men (mean age 56.8 years) were followed for a mean (range) of 33.8 (6–144) months after starting TRT. All men had a normal baseline PSA level before TRT and had routine laboratory investigations, including measurements of body mass index (BMI), haematocrit, lipid profile, and liver function tests (LFTs). Testosterone and PSA levels were assessed every 6–12 months. Patients with a biopsy-confirmed or recent history of prostatitis before treatment were excluded. TRT was discontinued in men who developed prostate cancer. RESULTS Before and 36 months after treatment the total testosterone levels were 241.1 and 379.8 ng/dL (P < 0.05), respectively. Four men (4.9%) developed prostate cancer at a mean (range) of 32.5 (22–41) months after starting TRT. In men without prostate cancer (95.1%), PSA levels did not increase significantly at 1-year intervals for 5 years. There was no statistical difference in PSA level change from baseline to 36 months when patients without prostate cancer were stratified into groups according to age (≤50, 55–65 and ≥70 years). In men with prostate cancer there was an increase in mean PSA level from baseline to 18 months of 1.8 ng/mL, and to 36 months of 3.2 ng/mL (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol improved from 203.8 to 166.6 mg/dL (P < 0.05) after 36 months of TRT; the BMI, haematocrit and LFTs did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS LOH is an increasingly prevalent disease characterized by a symptomatically low testosterone level, and TRT is effective in normalizing serum testosterone levels, providing a beneficial cardiovascular effect, and improving sexual function and overall quality of life. PSA levels remain stable after normalization of testosterone for ≥5 years, prostate cancer can be effectively diagnosed and treated in men taking TRT, and the incidence of prostate cancer among men with LOH on TRT is no greater than that in the general population.
lmbench: an extensible micro-benchmark suite

lmbench is a powerful and extensible suite of micro-benchmarks that measures a variety of important aspects of system performance. It has a powerful timing harness that manages most of the ‘housekeeping’ chores associated with benchmarking, making it easy to create new benchmarks that analyze systems or components of specific interest to the user. In many ways lmbench is a Swiss army knife for performance analysis. It includes an extensive suite of micro-benchmarks that give powerful insights into system performance. For those aspects of system or application performance not covered by the suite, it is generally a simple task to create new benchmarks using the timing harness. lmbench is written in ANSI-C and uses POSIX interfaces, so it is portable across a wide variety of systems and architectures. It also includes powerful new tools that measure performance under scalable loads to analyze SMP and clustered system performance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caring for a loved one with cancer

I am a physician who had been diagnosed with throat cancer 4 years ago. I very much appreciate the care and support I received from my family. They endured with me the difficult times I went through, often neglecting their own needs. I personally experienced the great strain and challenges they faced in caring for me. I realized that there is a need to highlight and improve the attention given to caregivers of patients with cancer. Being a caregiver for a loved one with a serious illness such as head and neck cancer is very difficult. It can be extremely hard to watch their loved one suffer especially if there is little that they can do to reverse the illness. It can be physically and emotionally very taxing. Caregivers should, however, realize how important is what they are doing even when they get no or little appreciation. Caregivers often fear the potential death of their loved one and life without them. This can be very anxiety provoking and depressive. Some cope by refusing to accept the diagnosis of cancer and believe that their loved ones’ illness is less serious in nature. Caregivers often sacrifice their own well-being and needs to accommodate those of the person they care for. They often have to calm down their loved one’s fears and support them despite being often the target of their vented anger, frustrations, and anxieties. These frustrations may be exaggerated in those with head and neck cancer who have often difficulties in expressing themselves verbally. Caregivers frequently suppress their own feelings and hide their own emotions so as not to upset the sick person. All of this is very taxing and difficult. It is very useful for the patient and their caregivers to openly and honestly talk to each other, sharing their feelings, worries, and aspiration. This may be more difficult in those who have difficulties in speaking. Jointly meeting the health care providers allows for better communication and facilitates shared decision-making. Unfortunately, the well-being of caregivers is frequently ignored as all the attention is focused on the sick individual. It is essential, however, that the needs of the caregivers are not ignored. Getting physical and emotional support through friends, family, support groups, and mental health professionals can be very helpful for the caregiver. Professional counseling can be an individual or joint one with other family members and or the patient. They should find time for themselves to “recharge” their own batteries. Having time dedicated to their own needs can help them continue to be a source of support and strength for their loved ones. Dr. Brook is the author of the book My voice: a physician’s personal experience with throat cancer. The book can be read at http://dribrook.blogspot.com
Intersecting points: The ‘erotic as religious’ in the lyrics of Missy Elliott

The relationship between the erotic and religion has received attention within both black theology and womanist theology. Figures such as Baker-Fletcher and Kirk-Duggan have offered both literature and music as source material for unpacking the nature and the meaning of the erotic as religious force. While methodologically, the ‘polyvocal’ approach Baker-Fletcher and Kirk-Duggan offer has allowed scholars to explore the erotic with more creativity and epistemological flexibility, certain complexities associated with the erotic's nature and function still remain under-explored. I suggest in this essay that correction of this dilemma at least in part involves an examination of new source material. I argue that greater attention to rap music, such as the work of Missy Elliott, as source material offers a more robust exploration of the religious significance of the erotic.
Abel Wolman's the metabolism of cities revisited : A case for water recycling and reuse

Factors affecting the feasibility of water reclamation and reuse in an urban environment are discussed with special focus on reclaimed water quality and reuse applications. Water supplied to a city undergoes only small changes in quality and thus becomes a valuable resource ready for reuse and under local control. Successful development of water reuse must take into consideration technical, financial and social aspects. The quality of the reclaimed water must be matched to its intended use and alternative means of its distribution should be considered. Regional population growth patterns and their influence on economic feasibility of water reuse are examined.
Computer-aided reconstructive morphology of the baboon abducens nucleus.

Our previous effort at reconstructive morphology included the marriage of the horseradish perioxidase (HRP) neurohistochemical method to a Lucite plate reconstruction technique. Limitations imposed by this combination of methods has led us to develop a computer-based system that utilizes image-processing techniques and the data obtained from HRP processed serial light microscope sections. Labeled neurons of the baboon abducens nucleus were identified by HRP conjugated to wheat germ agglutinin. Using the resulting serial sections and a unique imaging process involving a pattern recognition algorithm, our computer-based system automatically differentiates neuronal from nonneuronal features, delineates the surface boundaries of the neuronal population, and then assembles these serial sections into a solid three-dimensional structure that can be rotated and further analyzed. A computer-generated solid model of this neuronal population has been reconstructed and reproduced in a two-dimensional publishable format. It is anticipated that with further development this system will be able to utilize data from the same specimen to study spatial relations through three-dimensional reconstruction, as well as to study the quantitative morphology of a neuronal population. Other computer-aided systems are noted, as are the advantages and shortcomings of the present method.
On evidence in support of male circumcision in HIV prevention: what next?

The study by Auvert et al. will certainly go into the history of HIV prevention as a landmark. The study is important because the results are the first blinded randomized study demonstrating that HIV can be prevented by male circumcision (MC). Double-blinded studies are considered to be the gold standard in research but because of the nature of this intervention double blinding was impossible--i.e. it was impossible for the men to be circumcised without them knowing that they had been circumcised. The study suggests that MC could join the interventions for HIV/AIDS already available--i.e. highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) short-course antiretroviral therapies and caesarean section in preventing mother-to-child transmission postexposure prophylaxis condoms abstinence and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Like many other health interventions MC (if its effectiveness is further demonstrated in subsequent randomized studies and then adopted within national policies) will be indicated and suitable for some people but not for others for a variety of reasons. It would therefore be unfortunate if we were to start promoting MC at the expense of other intervention measures. The authors did not suggest that we should do so but there is always the danger that some people will seek to boost efforts on one intervention whilst neglecting others. (excerpt)
An Instrument for the Measurement of the Index of Refraction of Liquids in the Wave-Length Range 200 m μ to 1000 m μ

An instrument which can be used from 200 mμ to 1000 mμ with transparent liquids for the determination of the refractive index, relative to air with an error of ±.0002 is described. A cell consisting of two quartz plates and an air space is rotated in the liquid through which is passing a parallel monochromatic beam of light, and the critical angle at the quartz air interface is determined. The instrument in its present form is particularly adapted for use with a Beckman Model DU quartz spectrophotometer. Results for water and n-hexane are given as examples.
Semi-Blind Channel Estimation for OFDM using Least Squares

Subspace blind channel estimation which takes advantage of induced cyclostationarity in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been explored by many researchers. This method however, requires the knowledge of the probabilistic model of the channel input which is not always available. In this paper, a semi-blind channel estimation method is proposed which considers the OFDM channel input as an unknown deterministic signal. This method is Semi-blind because pilot tones provided by the IEEE 802.1la std. are used to better track channel variations. Simulation results show the proposed approach provides an equally efficient Bit Error Rate performance.
A parallel-symmetric thinning algorithm

Abstract This paper presents a parallel-symmetric thinning algorithm (PSTA), which is a modification of the one-pass thinning algorithm (OPTA). The OPTA is applied on raster scanned binary images to produce their skeleton, using a set of 10 predefined templates of 3 × 3 and 3 × 4 elements. The PSTA uses almost the same 10 templates of 4 × 4 elements in order to create the skeleton of the picture elements received by a parallel-symmetric manner, which applies the raster method and its vertical symmetric. Here, both the OPTA and PSTA algorithms are implemented sequentially in software for comparison purpose in accuracy (using ideal skeletons), memory requirements and execution time.
Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation by Hypothesis-Driven Multiple-Stage Mass Spectrometry

We describe a strategy, which we term hypothesis-driven multiple-stage mass spectrometry (HMS-MS), for the sensitive detection and identification of phosphopeptides derived from enzymatic digests of phosphoproteins. In this strategy, we postulate that any or all of the potential sites of phosphorylation in a given protein may be phosphorylated. Using this assumption, we calculate the m/z values of all the corresponding singly charged phosphopeptide ions that could, in theory, be produced by the enzyme employed for proteolysis. We test ions at these m/z values for the presence of phosphoserine or phosphothreonine residues using tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) in a vacuum MALDI ion trap mass spectrometer, where the neutral loss of the elements of H3PO4 (98 Da) provides a sensitive assay for the presence of phosphopeptides. Subsequent MS3 analysis of the (M + H − 98)+ peaks allows us to confirm or reject the hypotheses that the putative phosphopeptides are present in the sample. HMS-MS was successfully applie...
Measurement of thermal stratification in large single-cell buildings

Abstract This paper describes measured temperature profiles and thermal stratification in eight aircraft hangar buildings during the heating season. Presented also is the predicted impact of thermal stratification on heating energy requirements. The hangar buildings included two main ceiling heights (9.35 and 17.1 m (31 and 56 ft)), two ceiling types (flat and Quonset), two types of heating systems (vertical discharge forced warm air and downdraft convective unit heaters), and various types of large external doors. Measured stratification, expressed by floor-to-ceiling temperature differential, is in the range 4–11 °C (7.2–20 °F). Two air layers existed in the hangar bay area, a warm upper air layer and a cooler lower air layer. The lower air layer (up to 2 m (7 ft) high from the floor) is characterised by a steep vertical temperature gradient in the range 0.8–2.6 °C/m (0.4–1.4 °F/ft). In the upper air layer, above 2 m, the vertical temperature gradient shallows considerably to 0.5 °C/m (0.3 °F/ft). Results indicate that thermal stratification can have a significant impact on the building's heating energy requirements. In the hangar buildings studied, predicted excess heating energy requirements due to 8 °C floor-to-ceiling temperature differential can be as much as 38% as compared to the case with no stratification.
Empirical evaluation of training and a work analysis tool for participatory ergonomics

Abstract A controlled laboratory experiment was performed to test the effects of ergonomics training and the NIOSH lifting equation on the participatory redesign of a simulated manual material handling job. Before performing the job, 16 subjects were given ergonomics training and 16 were instructed on how to use the NIOSH lifting equation for manual lifting tasks. Compared to a control group, subjects who received the ergonomics instruction identified and eliminated more risk factors in the simulated job. While subjects who used the NIOSH lifting equation also identified more risk factors, they did not eliminate any more risk factors than the control group. No additive benefit was found using both the training and the lifting equation over either method alone. Ergonomics training led to better improvements than use of the lifting equation in terms of risk factors identified and eliminated. Implications for use of training and tools in participatory ergonomics approaches are discussed. Relevance to industry This study supports that ergonomics training should be a requisite for any participatory ergonomics approach. Given a fundamental level of ergonomics training, subjects demonstrated that they were better capable of identifying and eliminating risk factors in the job.
Interpreting self-directed search profiles :Validity of the 'Rule of Eight'

Based on the standard error of measurement, Holland (1985) suggested the “rule of eight” for determining the meaningfulness of differences between two summary scores on the Self Directed Search. The present study empirically examined the rule's validity for practice. The participants were 2397 (1497 females and 900 males) undergraduate students enrolled in the exploratory major at a large Midwestern university. The results strongly supported the interpretive rule of eight. For those participants who scored a primary-code distinction of eight or more points, the hit rate was 55% with a kappa of .38. This compared to a hit rate of 40% with a kappa of .21 for those participants with less than eight-point distinction between their top two scores. The authors also discuss the practical implications for interpreting SDS results using the “rule of eight.”
Tardive Dyskinesia and Institutional Practice: Current Issues and Guidelines

Despite increasing public and legal pressures to minimize the occurrence of tardive dyskinesia, the practicing clinician often feels there are no alternatives to the use of neuroleptic medication in the treatment of psychosis. However, there are many clinical situations in which the use of neuroleptics may be avoided; guidelines for such situations, including the treatment of affective disorders and of chronic schizophrenia, are presented. The authors also discuss the use of alternative treatment programs and psychosocial interventions that may allow significant reduction in neuroleptics, and they describe new areas of research aimed at preventing and treating tardive dyskinesia.
Solubility of iodine in glycol-water solutions.

The solubility of iodine at 25° in ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and dipropylene glycol increases in the order of solvents named, reaching a concentration of 88.16 Gm. of iodine in 100 cc. of dipropylene glycol solution. Addition of water to the respective glycols markedly reduces the solubility of iodine. Absorption spectra of iodine in the glycols, as well as in glycerin, indicate the presence of solvate complexes analogous to triiodide ion. The mechanism of solution of iodine in the solvents studied may involve a Lewis type of acid-base interaction, the iodine functioning as the acid and the solvent as the base.
ON REDUCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

The paper begins with a statement of the differential equations of equilibrium and compatibility for circular cylindrical shells in the form first given in a pioneering work by Schaefer, and with constitutive equations incorporating transverse shear deformations and moment components normal to the shell surface as stated earlier by the present author. It is then shown that this system of equations may be reduced, for a rather general class of orthotropic shells, to four simultaneous third-order equations for two stress functions and two displacement variables. Subsequent to this it is shown that for the case that transverse shear deformations and shell surface normal moment components are absent the four simultaneous equations degenerate in such a manner that a further reduction to two simultaneous fourth order equations, for one stress function and one displacement variable, becomes possible. For the case of the isotropic shell these are equivalent to results by Morley, Simmonds, and Wan which were obtained by somewhat different reduction procedures.
Optimization techniques for queries with expensive methods

Object-relational database management systems allow knowledgeable users to define new data types as well as new methods (operators) for the types. This flexibility produces an attendant complexity, which must be handled in new ways for an object-relational database management system to be efficient. In this article we study techniques for optimizing queries that contain time-consuming methods. The focus of traditional query optimizers has been on the choice of join methods and orders; selections have been handled by “pushdown” rules. These rules apply selections in an arbitrary order before as many joins as possible, using th e assumption that selection takes no time. However, users of object-relational systems can embed complex methods in selections. Thus selections may take significant amounts of time, and the query optimization model must be enhanced. In this article we carefully define a query cost framework that incorporates both selectivity and cost estimates for selections. We develop an algorithm called Predicate Migration, and prove that it produces optimal plans for queries with expensive methods. We then describe our implementation of Predicate Migration in the commercial object-relational database management system Illustra, and discuss practical issues that affect our earlier assumptions. We compare Predicate Migration to a variety of simplier optimization techniques, and demonstrate that Predicate Migration is the best general solution to date. The alternative techniques we present may be useful for constrained workloads.
Resistance of Spores of Bacillus Species to Ultraviolet Light

Dormant spores of the various Bacillus species, including B. subtilis, are 5 to 50 times more resistant to UV radiation than are the corresponding growing cells. This elevated spore UV resistance is due to: a) the photochemistry of DNA within spores, as UV generates few if any cyclobutane dimers, but rather a photoproduct (Fig. 1) called spore photoproduct (SP; 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine); and b) DNA repair, in particular SP-specific repair, during spore germination. The novel UV photochemistry of spore DNA is largely due to its saturation with a group of small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP), which are unique to spores and whose binding alters the DNA conformation and thus its photochemistry. SP-specific repair is also unique to spores and is carried out by a light-independent SP-lyase, an iron-sulfur protein that utilizes S-adenosylmethionine to catalyze SP monomerization without DNA backbone cleavage.
Effects of heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind

The effects of the reduction in the thermal conductivity due to heavy ions on electron temperatures in the solar corona and solar wind are examined. Large enhancements of heavy ions in the corona appear to be necessary to give appreciable changes in the thermal gradient of the electrons.
Economic burden of psoriatic arthritis.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis in association with skin psoriasis (Ps). PsA may show a heterogeneous and variable clinical course, with involvement of peripheral and axial diarthrodial joints, periarticular structures such as entheses, as well as the skin and nails. Evidence is increasing that affected patients can have significant radiographic joint damage, functional impairment, reduced quality of life (QOL) and long-term work disability. The economic burden of PsA can be considerable.
Characterization Of Structure In Thin Polymer Resist Films

We are investigating the structure and homogeneity of thin, multi-component resists prepared by spin casting and Langmuir Blodgett film formation technologies. Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to evaluate various casting solvents for spin casting of multi-component films. Films of novolac containing pyrene as a small molecule probe were cast from various ethers and ether alcohols. The small molecules aggregated less when the dipole moment of the solvent closely matched that of the polymer. Langmuir-Blodgett techniques were used to create very thin (40 nm) films of novolac/diazoquinone. Images down to 1 jim were developed in these films and transferred into 50 nm of chrome. These very thin resist films could have various applications in advanced resist technologies, including mask making and deep UV lithography.
Identification of a faulted carbide phase in an annealed Nd10Dy6Fe76B1C7 cast magnet

Abstract A rare-earth-rich iron carbide phase commonly observed in annealed cast magnets of Nd10Dy6Fe76B1C7 composition has been characterized using electron diffraction. The crystal structure is identified as hexagonal with unit cell parameters a = 0.462 nm, c = 0.787 nm and c/a ≈ 1.7. The ratio of R to Fe is estimated to be about 2 3 .
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Lemierre’s Syndrome

Lemierre's syndrome is an infectious disease defined by the presence of septic thrombophlebitis with associated embolic phenomenon, most commonly to the lungs. Here we present two cases from a single institution of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) developing as a result of Lemierre's syndrome in previously healthy young adult men. ARDS can occur as a consequence of pulmonary septic emboli and sepsis, both of which are well-described consequences of Lemierre's syndrome. We describe important diagnostic and management considerations in the care of patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure and Lemierre's syndrome. Essential components of management include prompt antibiotic therapy, lung-protective ventilation strategies, and supportive care.
Derivation of wildlife values for mercury

A procedure has been developed to estimate surface water concentrations of toxicants ("wildlife values") that will protect the viability of wildlife populations associated with aquatic resources. This procedure was designed primarily to protect piscivorous birds and mammals from compounds that bioaccumulate in fish and was used in the Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative (GLI) to calculate wildlife values (WV) for mercury, DDT/DDE, total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD). Published in 1995, and expressed as total mercury in unfiltered water, the final wildlife value (WVf) for mercury derived in the GLI was 1300 pg Hg/L. This value was selected as the wildlife criterion (WC) for mercury in the Great Lakes basin. A second WVf for mercury was derived in 1997 as part of a Congressionally mandated report on airborne mercury emissions. These calculations were based upon mercury speciation data that were largely unavailable when the GLI was developed. Important feature...
The effect of pole and zero locations on the transient response of sampled-data systems

The effect of the location of the poles and zeros of the transfer function of a sampled-data system on the location and magnitude of the maxima and minima of transient response resulting from a step function input is studied. Theorems are given relating to the necessary conditions for the production of monotonic and non-monotonic time response expressed in terms of pole and zero locations in the z-plane. It is shown that, under certain conditions of pole and zero locations, the normalized time-sequence response may well be approximated by a single dominant time term. A method is presented of ascertaining from the pole and zero location whether these conditions exist. On the basis of dominant term approximation, the methods of synthesis applied to second-order systems can be generally extended to general systems. The results of this investigation are directly applicable to the design problems in the field of pulsed networks and sampled-data control systems.
Sound discrimination ability of children with misarticulation of the r-sound.

The ability of 40 children with the consistent misarticulation of the /r/ sound to perceive their error production was evaluated in two tasks of sound discrimination, one, an interoceptive or self-monitoring task in which the child compared his own live-voice sound with that of another speaker; the other, an exteroceptive task in which the child compared both his own sound and that of another speaker, recorded and played back from an external source. Results indicated that the error sound, in contrast to standard sound production, was discriminated more accurately in the exteroceptive than in the interoceptive task. The role of sensory feedback in sound discrimination is discussed along with implications for therapy for misarticulation.
Sodium thiosulfate inhibits cisplatin induced mutagenesis in somatic tissue of Drosophila

The antitumor agent cisplatin was evaluated for genotoxicity in the somatic tissue of Drosophila melanogaster in combination with the nucleo-philic compound sodium thiosulfate (STS). Third instar larvae transheterozygous for mwh and flr3 were grown on media containing (1) water, (2) 200 mM STS, (3) 0.05 mM cisplatin in 200 mM STS, or (4) 0.05 mM cisplatin. Wings of surviving adults were scored for the presence of twin spots and both small and large single spots; 200 mM STS was nongenotoxic in the assay. Whereas 0.05 mM cisplatin significantly induced all three endpoints, 0.05 mM cisplatin in combination with 200 mM STS was found to have no genotoxic activity. Hence, STS possessed antimutagenic activity in the wing-spot assay and completely inhibited cisplatin-induced mutagenesis and mitotic recombination.
The rise and fall of the physician practice management industry

PROLOGUE: “Ivory-tower teachers of finance,” says Uwe Reinhardt, have been trying for years to drum a simple lesson into their students' heads: To enhance value for shareholders, the return on an a...
Lattice-scale imaging of mica and clay (001) surfaces by atomic force microscopy using net attractive forces

Abstract The force between a sample and the tip during an AFM experiment consists of both attractive and repulsive components. In air, attraction is a combination of capillary adhesion from adsorbed water and attraction from van der Waals and Coulombic interactions. Opposing these attractive components is the repulsive force resulting from overlap of electron orbitais at the point of tip-sample contact. If the tip is very sharp, this Pauli-exclusion force is localized enough to obtain atomic- and lattice-scale resolution. In air, repulsive contact is present even while scanning with a net attractive force, as indicated by atomic- or lattice-scale resolution in the attractive-imaging mode. In this paper, we present lattice-scale images of mica and clay (001) surfaces that were obtained in air with a net attractive force on the cantilever. These images demonstrate that contact forces at the point of tip-sample contact oppose the capillary forces acting on the AFM tip in air.
A self-assembling protein template for constrained synthesis and patterning of nanoparticle arrays

Self-assembling biomolecules that form highly ordered structures have attracted interest as potential alternatives to conventional lithographic processes for patterning materials. Here, we introduce a general technique for patterning nanoparticle arrays using two-dimensional crystals of genetically modified hollow protein structures called chaperonins. Constrained chemical synthesis of transition metal nanoparticles is initiated using templates functionalized with polyhistidine sequences. These nanoparticles are ordered into arrays because the template-driven synthesis is constrained by the nanoscale structure of the crystallized protein. We anticipate that this system may be used to pattern different classes of nanoparticles based on the growing library of sequences shown to specifically bind or direct the growth of materials.
The Effects of Three Instructional Strategies on Problem-Solving Behaviors in Secondary School Mathematics.

Problem-solving ability as demonstrated by a learner has been frequently cited as an essential goal of secondary school mathematics education. Nevertheless, the major emphasis of the role of problems in a mathematics curriculum has been relegated to what are commonly referred to as word, or verbal, problems and translating these into number sentences. In addition, behaviors exhibited by the learner in solving mathematical problems frequently have focused on the narrow range of possible answers and not on the possible means or methods of solving these problems. There are three comprehensive reviews of problem-solving research, Riedesel (1969), Kilpatrick (1969), and Suydam (1972), which support the claim that most problem-solving research is related to answers or solutions of verbal, or word, problems.
Why are the United States and the European Union failing to regulate the internet efficiently? Going beyond the bottom-up and top-down alternatives

This paper analyzes the different approaches for Internet regulation. We use the United States and European Union to illustrate the alternative approaches of self-regulation and government intervention. Our research suggests that both systems have serious shortcomings that could be ameliorated by the use of a mixed system for Internet regulation in which both the private and public sector have a role. The case study of privacy rights self regulation in the United States and its failure to effectively provide privacy regulation serves as our empirical evidence. We provide guidelines for both the government and the private sector in defining and enforcing privacy regulation.
Preferential Option for the Poor. Making a Pedagogical Choice

(2006). Preferential Option for the Poor. Making a Pedagogical Choice. Childhood Education: Vol. 82, Educating The Urban Child: Special Challenges—Promising Programs, pp. 266-270.
Composition dependent intrinsic defect structures in SrTiO3

Intrinsic point defect complexes in SrTiO3 under different chemical conditions are studied using density functional theory. The Schottky defect complex consisting of nominally charged Sr, Ti and O vacancies is predicted to be the most stable defect structure in stoichiometric SrTiO3, with a relatively low formation energy of 1.64 eV per defect. In addition, the mechanisms of defect complex formation in nonstoichiometric SrTiO3 are investigated. Excess SrO leads to the formation of oxygen vacancies and a strontium–titanium antisite defect, while a strontium vacancy together with an oxygen vacancy and a titanium–strontium antisite defect are produced in an excess TiO2 environment. Since point defects, such as oxygen vacancies and cation antisite defects, are intimately related to the functionality of SrTiO3, these results provide guidelines for controlling the formation of intrinsic point defects and optimizing the functionality of SrTiO3 by controlling nonstoichiometric chemical compositions of SrO and TiO2 in experiments.
Performance of flash ADCs in the 100 MHz range. II. Results from 8 bit devices

For pt.I see ibid., vol.38, p.102 (1991). Using a test bench that was previously described, the authors have performed tests on 8-b flash analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). For each device they have measured parameters such as linearity, number of effective bits, noise level, aperture jitter, integral and differential nonlinearity, analog bandwidth, and total harmonic distortion. The tests were characterized according to input signal. The tests consisted of sampling the input waveform by taking an event record of up to 2048 consecutive digitizations and then applying the appropriate analysis to this event record. The test results are given. >
Peripheral selection rather than thymic involution explains sudden contraction in naive CD4 T-cell diversity with age

A diverse array of T cells is required for defense against pathogens. The naive CD4 T-cell repertoire reaches its peak diversity by early human adulthood and is maintained until older age. Surprisingly, around age 70, this diversity appears to plummet abruptly. A similar qualitative pattern holds for the CD4 T memory-cell population. We used mathematical models to explore different hypotheses for how such a loss of diversity might occur. The prevailing hypotheses suggest that the loss of diversity is due to a decline in emigration of cells from the thymus or a contraction in total number of cells. Our models reject these mechanisms because they yield only a gradual and minimal decline in the repertoire instead of the observed sudden and profound decrease later in life. We propose that an abrupt decline in the repertoire could be caused by the accumulation of mutations (defined here as any cell-intrinsic heritable event) that provide a short-term fitness advantage to a small number of T-cell clones (e.g., by an increased division rate or decreased death rate), with the person as a whole incurring the long-term cost of a decreased ability to fight infections.
Modeling and digital control of LCLC resonant inverter with varying load

This paper presents modeling and design techniques to control the output power of an LCLC resonant inverter over a wide range of loads. A small signal model that relates the output power to the phase shift command is developed using the envelope modeling technique. The model is used to design a digital power control loop for the resonant inverter with the load varying over 5∶80 Ω range. The results are verified through simulations and experiments on a prototype 200 W LCLC resonant inverter.
Myosin heavy chain isoform composition influences the susceptibility of actin-activated S1 ATPase and myofibrillar ATPase to pH inactivation.

The objectives of this study were to determine the inXuence of pH and MyHC isoforms on myoWbrillar and actin-activated myosin subfragment 1 (S1) ATPase activity and the protective eVect of actin. Red (RST) semitendinosus and white (WST) semitendinosus myoWbrils were incubated at pH 7, 6, or 5.5 with 0 or 2 mM ATP. RST and WST S1 isolates were incubated at pH 7, 6, or 5.5 in the presence or absence of actin. Maximum calcium-activated myoWbrillar and actin-activated S1-ATPase activity were then assayed at pH 7. Incubation of myoWbrils with ATP caused ATPase activity of myoWbrils to decrease (p < 0.05) with the pH of the incubation. RST myoWbrils maintained a higher (p < 0.0001) relative activity than WST myoWbrils after incubation at pH 6 with ATP. MyoWbrils incubated without ATP exhibited higher (p < 0.001) activities than those incubated with ATP following pH 5.5 treatments. WST myoWbrils had a lower (p < 0.05) relative activity than RST following incubation at pH 5.5 without ATP. S1 ATPase activities decreased (p < 0.05) with incubation pH in WST samples, but not in RST samples. WST S1 activity was higher (p < 0.01) in samples exposed to pH 6 and 5.5 with actin bound compared to those incubated without actin. RST S1 exhibited a higher (p < 0.01) relative activity than WST samples following pH 5.5 treatment with bound actin. These data show that low pH inactivates myoWbrils by altering actin-activated S1 ATPase. Furthermore, these results suggest that muscles with high proportions of fast Wbers are more susceptible to pH inactivation of ATPase activity and that the protective eVect of actin binding to myosin is less in fast Wbers.  2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Hypermutation of ApoB mRNA by rat APOBEC-1 overexpression mimics APOBEC-3 hypermutation.

Abstract APOBEC-3 proteins induce C-to-U hypermutations in the viral genome of various viruses and have broad antiviral activity. Generally, only a small proportion of viral genomes ( − 2 ) are hypermutated by APOBEC-3s, but often many cytidines (up to 40%) are converted into uridine. The mechanism of this unique selective hypermutation remains unknown. We found that rat APOBEC-1 overexpression had a hypermutation pattern similar to that of APOBEC-3s on its substrate apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA. Transient plasmid transfection of rat APOBEC-1 resulted in 0.4% and 1.8% hypermutations with apoB mRNA in HepG2 and McA7777 cells, respectively. The low frequency of hypermutated apoB mRNA targets was enriched by differential DNA denaturation PCR at 72–76 °C, with hypermutation levels increasing up to 67%. Up to 69.6% of cytidines in HepG2 and up to 75.5% of cytidines in McA7777 cells were converted into uridines in the hypermutated apoB mRNA. When rat APOBEC-1 was overexpressed by adenovirus, the hypermutation frequency of apoB mRNA increased from 0.4% to ∼ 20% and was readily detected by regular PCR. However, this higher expression efficiency only increased the frequency of hypermutation, not the number of affected cytidines in hypermutated targets. Rat APOBEC-1 hypermutation was modulated by cofactors and eliminated by an E181Q mutation, indicating the role of cofactors in hypermutation. The finding of an APOBEC-3 hypermutation pattern with rat APOBEC-1 suggests that cofactors could also be involved in APOBEC-3 hypermutation. Using hepatitis B virus hypermutation, we found that KSRP increased APOBEC-3C and APOBEC-3B hypermutation. These data show that, like rat APOBEC-1 hypermutation, cellular factors may play a regulatory role in APOBEC-3 hypermutation.