cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relações públicas e multiculturalidade: a sinergia no ambiente contemporâneo das organizações

Entrevistadora Maria Aparecida Ferrari Coordenadora do dossie “Interculturalidade e organizacoes” Traducao do ingles Maria Cristina Ferrari Foto Extraida do site da Purdue Universiy
Perturbation theory for the approximation of stability spectra by QR methods for sequences of linear operators on a Hilbert space

Abstract In this paper, we develop a perturbation analysis for stability spectra (Lyapunov exponents and Sacker–Sell spectrum) for products of operators on a Hilbert space (both real and complex) based upon the discrete QR technique. Error bounds are obtained in both the integrally separated and non-integrally separated cases that correspond to distinct and multiple eigenvalues, respectively, for a single linear operator. We illustrate our results using a linear parabolic partial differential equation in which the strength of the integral separation (the time varying analogue of gaps between eigenvalues) determines the sensitivity of the stability spectra to perturbation.
The Wor1-like Protein Fgp1 Regulates Pathogenicity, Toxin Synthesis and Reproduction in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum

WOR1 is a gene for a conserved fungal regulatory protein controlling the dimorphic switch and pathogenicity determents in Candida albicans and its ortholog in the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, called SGE1, is required for pathogenicity and expression of key plant effector proteins. F. graminearum, an important pathogen of cereals, is not known to employ switching and no effector proteins from F. graminearum have been found to date that are required for infection. In this study, the potential role of the WOR1-like gene in pathogenesis was tested in this toxigenic fungus. Deletion of the WOR1 ortholog (called FGP1) in F. graminearum results in greatly reduced pathogenicity and loss of trichothecene toxin accumulation in infected wheat plants and in vitro. The loss of toxin accumulation alone may be sufficient to explain the loss of pathogenicity to wheat. Under toxin-inducing conditions, expression of genes for trichothecene biosynthesis and many other genes are not detected or detected at lower levels in Δfgp1 strains. FGP1 is also involved in the developmental processes of conidium formation and sexual reproduction and modulates a morphological change that accompanies mycotoxin production in vitro. The Wor1-like proteins in Fusarium species have highly conserved N-terminal regions and remarkably divergent C-termini. Interchanging the N- and C- terminal portions of proteins from F. oxysporum and F. graminearum resulted in partial to complete loss of function. Wor1-like proteins are conserved but have evolved to regulate pathogenicity in a range of fungi, likely by adaptations to the C-terminal portion of the protein.
Chemotaxis of Pseudomonas spp. to the Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Naphthalene

Two naphthalene-degrading bacteria, Pseudomonas putida G7 and Pseudomonas sp. strain NCIB 9816-4, were chemotactically attracted to naphthalene in drop assays and modified capillary assays. Growth on naphthalene or salicylate induced the chemotactic response. P. putida G7 was also chemotactic to biphenyl; other polyaromatic hydrocarbons that were tested did not appear to be chemoattractants for either Pseudomonas strain. Strains that were cured of the naphthalene degradation plasmid were not attracted to naphthalene.
Does Fairness Matter in the Context of Anger About Nuclear Energy Decision Making

Several recent studies have questioned whether nonoutcome forms of fairness matter in decision-making situations where individuals feel strongly engaged by the issue at hand. This survey-based study focuses on perceptions about a decision-making process related to a proposal to expand a nuclear power plant in the U.S. Southeast. It finds that anger moderates the impacts of outcome and procedural fairness on willingness to accept a decision process as satisfactory and legitimate. The more anger a person said he or she would feel if a decision were to contradict that person's point of view, the more perceived outcome and procedural fairness mattered. The study also finds that interpersonal fairness is also moderated by anger, but in the opposite direction. Interpersonal fairness had less of an impact on willingness to accept a decision for those who said they would feel angry if the decision did not go their preferred way.
Comparison of approximate formulas for the capacitance of microstrip line

In the development of CAD routines at rf or microwave frequencies, closed form models for the capacitance per unit length of microstrip interconnects are easily incorporated. Numerous formulas have been proposed based on analytical, numerical, and empirical approaches. When there are a host of formulas found in the literature, knowledge of their accuracy against measured values and a case study of comparison is all the more vital in the design practice. This paper considers 12 such closed form models published over the past four decades and makes a critical comparison and seeks a way of improving the accuracy. While new formulas are proposed that give rise to less % error compared to few others taken as reference, it is found that composite formulas inherit combined goodness from which they are derived. Our case study provides some interesting results.
No difference in peak troponin level in immediate versus delayed (next working day) intervention for acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation

Commentary on: G Montalescot, G Cayla, JP Collet, et al..; ABOARD Investigators. Immediate vs delayed intervention for acute coronary syndromes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA2009;302:947–54.
Roles for both FtsA and the FtsBLQ subcomplex in FtsN-stimulated cell constriction in Escherichia coli.

Escherichia coli FtsN is a bitopic membrane protein that is essential for triggering active cell constriction. A small periplasmic subdomain (EFtsN) is required and sufficient for function, but its mechanism of action is unclear. We isolated extragenic EFtsN*-suppressing mutations that restore division in cells producing otherwise non-functional variants of FtsN. These mapped to the IC domain of FtsA in the cytoplasm and to small subdomains of the FtsB and FtsL proteins in the periplasm. All FtsB and FtsL variants allowed survival without EFtsN, but many then imposed a new requirement for interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of FtsN (NFtsN) with FtsA. Alternatively, variants of FtsA, FtsB or FtsL acted synergistically to allow cell division in the complete absence of FtsN. Strikingly, moreover, substitution of a single residue in FtsB (E56) proved sufficient to rescue ΔftsN cells as well. In FtsN+ cells, EFtsN*-suppressing mutations promoted cell fission at an abnormally small cell size, and caused cell shape and integrity defects under certain conditions. This and additional evidence support a model in which FtsN acts on either side of the membrane to induce a conformational switch in both FtsA and the FtsBLQ subcomplex to derepress septal peptidoglycan synthesis and membrane invagination.
Monitoring of Postoperative Bone Healing Using Smart Trauma-Fixation Device With Integrated Self-Powered Piezo-Floating-Gate Sensors

Objective: Achieving better surgical outcomes in cases of traumatic bone fractures requires postoperative monitoring of changes in the growth and mechanical properties of the tissue and bones during the healing process. While current in-vivo imaging techniques can provide a snapshot of the extent of bone growth, it is unable to provide a history of the healing process, which is important if any corrective surgery is required. Monitoring the time evolution of in-vivo mechanical loads using existing technology is a challenge due to the need for continuous power while maintaining patient mobility and comfort. Methods: This paper investigates the feasibility of self-powered monitoring of the bone-healing process using our previously reported piezo-floating-gate (PFG) sensors. The sensors are directly integrated with a fixation device and operate by harvesting energy from microscale strain variations in the fixation structure. Results: We show that the sensors can record and store the statistics of the strain evolution during the healing process for offline retrieval and analysis. Additionally, we present measurement results using a biomechanical phantom comprising of a femur fracture fixation plate; bone healing is emulated by inserting different materials, with gradually increasing elastic moduli, inside a fracture gap. Conclusion: The PFG sensor can effectively sense, compute, and record continuously evolving statistics of mechanical loading over a typical healing period of a bone, and the statistics could be used to differentiate between different bone-healing conditions. Significance: The proposed sensor presents a reliable objective technique to assess bone-healing progress and help decide on the removal time of the fixation device.
African Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles

The African Studies Center at U.C.L.A. was established in June 1959, with the following objects: to bring together scholars from all of the social sciences, the humanities, education, law, and linguistics; to provide a framework for interdisciplinary collaboration and communication; to promote the organisation and development of undergraduate and graduate teaching programmes; and to further research on African subjects by both staff and students. It also serves to provide liaison with other institutes, centres, and associations in the same field, and works to improve the University's resources of Africana. In addition to its academic and professional functions, the Center furthers interest in Africa among the University community and the public at large.
Fast alignment using rotation vector and adaptive Kalman filter

A fast and convenient alignment method is proposed. To improve the speed of convergence, we used rotation vectors instead of traditional Euler angles. Furthermore, we developed an algorithm to automatically tune the measurement noise covariance matrix using adaptive Kalman filtering. Finally, the developed algorithms were applied to an aerial imaging system to automatically geo-locate the centers of the images.
Heterogeneous fullerene-supported osmium tetroxide catalyst for the cis-dihydroxylation of olefins.

We report on the activity of fullerene-supported OsO4 catalysts in the achiral dihydroxylation of olefins using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide as co-oxidant. The fullerene-supported OsO4 catalysts can selectively dihydroxylate olefins with conversions up to 95% after 48 h without leaching, and the catalysts can be recovered and recycled several times.
Square-Triangular Numbers

In the preceding chapter we introduced triangular numbers and some of their properties, including some visual representations. This chapter focuses on a special class of triangular numbers, which has major ramifications.
Systemic Immune Activity Predicts Overall Survival in Treatment-Naïve Patients with Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer.

Purpose: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with a 5-year survival rate Experimental Design: Peripheral blood was collected from 73 patients presenting with previously untreated metastatic PDAC. Extensive immunologic profiling was conducted to assess relationships between OS and the level of soluble plasma biomarkers or detailed immune cell phenotypes as measured by flow cytometry. Results: Higher baseline levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines IL6 and IL10 were strongly associated with poorer OS ( P = 0.008 and 0.026, respectively; HR = 1.16 and 1.28, respectively), whereas higher levels of the monocyte chemoattractant MCP-1 were associated with significantly longer OS ( P = 0.045; HR = 0.69). Patients with a greater proportion of antigen-experienced T cells (CD45RO + ) had longer OS (CD4 P = 0.032; CD8 P = 0.036; HR = 0.36 and 0.61, respectively). Although greater expression of the T-cell checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 on CD8 + T cells was associated with significantly shorter OS ( P = 0.020; HR = 1.53), the TIM3 molecule had a positive association with survival when expressed on CD4 + T cells ( P = 0.046; HR = 0.62). Conclusions: These data support the hypothesis that baseline immune status predicts PDAC disease course and overall patient survival. To our knowledge, this work represents the largest cohort and most comprehensive immune profiling of treatment-naive metastatic PDAC patients to date. Clin Cancer Res; 22(10); 2565–74. ©2015 AACR .
The Interaction of Hormones, Behavior, and Social Context in Nonhuman Primates

Hormones are often regarded as one independent variable responsible for the behavior (the dependent variable) of an individual. Hormones are seen as the physiological mechanism underlying behavior and are treated as a “cause” of certain behavioral patterns—“behavioral patterns,” because hormonal levels are not viewed as stimuli that release specific fixed action patterns but as the regulators of motivational states that increase or decrease the probabilities of specific classes of response to environmental stimuli.
Abstract 366: Novel self-folding tricyclic cholic acid-peptide hybrids as nanotherapeutic ligands targeting prostate and breast cancers and human embryonic stem cells

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in American men accounting for 10% of all cancer-related mortalities. According to NCI statistics from 2005-2007, 1 in 6 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. Despite the use of chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced or metastatic disease, cellular resistance to anticancer drugs and adverse side effects to healthy organs limit therapeutic efficacy. A targeted pro-apoptotic drug delivery system has been developed for the selective destruction of malignant tumors and tumorigenic stem cells. A novel self-folding tricyclic branched library was synthesized. Fixed hydrophobic amino acids near the N-terminus (position 5) of twin branched peptide arms fold back onto the hydrophobic face of the planar cholic acid molecule to form a compact tricyclic molecule. The novel bracelet library was screened using a One Bead Two Compounds (OB2C) combinatorial chemistry approach. Receptors expressed on cancerous cells serve as the targets for the tricyclic molecules to induce apoptotic signaling. Receptors for LDO 18, found on prostate cancer and stem cells, serve as the carrier vector, enabling the targeted delivery of the anticancer drug to the tumor mass. This approach spares normal tissues from toxic side effects of the peptidomimetic compounds. Preliminary studies suggest that tumors of ovarian and breast origin can also be targeted using LDO18. Lead therapeutic compounds will be conjugated to LDO18 nanocarriers along with LHRH analogues to evaluate the efficacy and combined potency to prostate, ovarian, and breast cancer xenografts in nude mice and orthotropic models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 366. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-366
Porating anion-responsive copolymeric gels.

A polymerizable ionic liquid surfactant, 1-(11-acryloyloxyundecyl)-3-methylimidiazolium bromide (ILBr), was copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in aqueous microemulsions at 30% (ILBr w/w) and various water to MMA ratios. The ternary phase diagram of the ILBr/MMA/water system was constructed at 25 and 60 °C. Homopolymers and copolymers of ILBr and MMA were produced by thermally initiated chain radical microemulsion polymerization at various compositions in bicontinuous and reverse microemulsion subdomains. Microemulsion polymerization reaction products varied from being gel-like to solid, and these materials were analyzed by thermal and scanning electron microscopy methods. Microemulsion polymerized materials were insoluble in all solvents tested, consistent with light cross-linking. Ion exchange between Br– and PF6– in these copolymeric materials resulted in the formation of open-cell porous structures in some of these materials, as was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Several com...
The Use of Heat Treated Meat in Chicken Frankfurters

Abstract Mechanically deboned chicken meat was heated to 65° C. (149° F.), a temperature that has been shown to reduce the bacterial load and destroy such pathogens as salmonellae in many food products. Frankfurters prepared from mixtures of heated and unheated mechanically deboned chicken meat (0, 30, 60, 80 and 100% heated fraction) were evaluated physically and organoleptically for their textural quality. In general, the frankfurters were satisfactory when they contained up to 30 percent heated meat but became progressively more inferior with higher levels of the heated meat. The loss in organoleptic quality as the percentage of heated meat was increased was related mainly to loss of firmness and juiciness and to inferior appearance. Increased proportion of heated meat also caused decreases in resistance to shear and increases in reheating loss.
Tapping Into Traditional Norms for Preventing HIV and Unintended Pregnancy: Harnessing the Influence of Grandmothers (Agogos) in Malawi

Young girls in Malawi must be able to acquire sexual health information and skills to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS and prevent unintended pregnancies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a pilot training program that sought to enhance the skills of grandmothers (Agogos) to discuss issues related to sex and sexuality with young girls. Data from eight focus group discussions were analyzed, comparing trained Agogos and the girls they counseled to untrained Agogos and the girls they counseled. Trained Agogos and the girls they counseled, compared with untrained Agogos and the girls they counseled, reported being more comfortable in communicating sexual issues with young girls at earlier ages, were more likely to have interactive discussions, and were more likely to stress the importance of finishing school as reasons to delay sexual activity. More research is needed to determine if such an approach is effective and sustainable.
Ambulatory (Holter) Electrocardiography Technology

The electrocardiographic discipline of ambulatory ECG is a continuously evolving discipline in both its technology and clinical applications. Therefore, the ambulatory ECG must be evaluated and interpreted with knowledge of the limitations of the technical examination used, the duration of the examination, and the meaning of those data in the specific patient population examined. This article reviews the technology of ambulatory (Holter) ECG within the context of its current clinical applications.
Lipofectin-mediated versus adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in vitro and in vivo: comparison of canine and porcine model systems.

BACKGROUND Restenosis after coronary angioplasty might be prevented by locally delivered gene therapy in conjunction with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), since this approach should provide a sustained source of therapeutic protein within the dilated lesion. However, the potential application of gene therapy is limited by the technical barrier of efficiently transferring genes to vascular cells. METHODS We used cultured coronary smooth muscle cells of human, porcine, and canine origin to evaluate three methods of gene transfer: recombinant adenovirus, liposomal complexes (Lipofectin), and Lipofectin supplemented with hemagglutinin. We then compared Lipofectin- and adenovirus-mediated direct gene transfer in canine and porcine coronary arteries. RESULTS The lipofection of cultured smooth muscle cells was enhanced by adding hemagglutinin, yielding luciferase levels that were 631-fold (human), ninefold (porcine), and sevenfold (canine) higher than with Lipofectin alone. However, the recombinant adenovirus directed even higher levels of gene expression, yielding luciferase levels that were 113,000-fold (human), 450-fold (porcine), and 230-fold (canine) higher than with Lipofectin alone. After percutaneous transluminal local delivery to intact canine coronary arteries, the adenovirus produced 55 times more luciferase than did Lipofectin. In living porcine coronary arteries, adenovirus produced 95 times more luciferase than did Lipofectin. CONCLUSION Recombinant adenovirus produces far more recombinant protein than does Lipofectin after percutaneous transluminal direct gene transfer to canine and porcine coronary arteries. Adenoviral vectors may therefore prove useful in evaluating the potential of gene therapy in large animal models of coronary restenosis.
Impact of γ-Amino Acid Residue Preorganization on α/γ-Peptide Foldamer Helicity in Aqueous Solution

α/γ-Peptide foldamers containing either γ4-amino acid residues or ring-constrained γ-amino acid residues have been reported to adopt 12-helical secondary structure in nonpolar solvents and in the solid state. These observations have engendered speculation that the seemingly flexible γ4 residues have a high intrinsic helical propensity and that residue-based preorganization may not significantly stabilize the 12-helical conformation. However, the prior studies were conducted in environments that favor intramolecular H-bond formation. Here, we use 2D-NMR to compare the ability of γ4 residues and cyclic γ residues to support 12-helix formation in more challenging environments, methanol and water. Both γ residue types support 12-helical folding in methanol, but only the cyclically constrained γ residues promote helicity in water. These results demonstrate the importance of residue-based preorganization strategies for achieving stable folding among short foldamers in aqueous solution.
Cerebellar Atrophy and Autism

Magnetic resonance imaging scans (MRI) were obtained for 14 autistic patients, aged 4 to 19 yrs, diagnosed by DSM-III criteria at the Univ of Iowa Hospitals, Iowa City, and were compared to a control group.
The changing pattern of multiple births in the United States: maternal and infant characteristics, 1973 and 1990.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in the incidence and proportion of live births by plurality in the United States between 1960 and 1990, and to compare the distribution of singleton, twin, and triplet and higher-order births (triplet+) by maternal and infant characteristics for 1973 and 1990. METHODS Vital statistics data were used to conduct a population-based analysis of all live births from 1960-1990 and to compare changes in the incidence and outcomes of live births between 1973 and 1990 by maternal and infant characteristics. RESULTS Between 1960 and 1973, the number of twin births paralleled that of singletons, whereas the number of triplet+ births remained fairly constant. Between 1973 and 1990, twin births increased at twice the rate of singletons (65 versus 32%), and triplet+ births increased at seven times the rate of singletons (221 versus 32%). The resulting frequencies of occurrence changed from one in 55 to one in 43 births for twins and from one in 3323 to one in 1341 for triplet+ births. In 1990, preterm births accounted for 9.7% of singleton births, compared to 47.9% of twin births and 87.8% of triplet+ births. Because of the greater frequency of twin and triplet+ births in 1990, the observed number of very low and low birth weight infants was 24.2% greater among twin births and 142.3% greater among triplet+ births than would be expected if the 1973 ratios to singleton births had remained constant. CONCLUSION The rise in multiple births, with the associated greater risks of prematurity and low birth weight, is of national importance. Comprehensive and aggressive prenatal care to assure the best outcomes should be the goal for clinicians caring for these women.
Disenfranchisement and Ambiguity in the Face of Loss: The Suffocated Grief of Sexual Assault Survivors

Grief, loss, and social injustice are vital elements in the distinct yet intersecting stories of sexual assault and post-assault survivorship. Yet survivors must frequently cope in isolation or in programs and therapeutic settings informed by literature that does not consistently account for grief and loss as central to their experiences. Utilizing a feminist framework, I review and critique literature on sexual assault survivorship and loss with focus on factors related to disenfranchisement and suffocated grief among young adult females. I also explore how these factors further complicate grief and mourning processes. Implications for socially just and culturally appropriate research and practice with bereaved sexual assault survivors are provided.
The Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Adult Mortality in a Developing Country: Evidence From a Nationally Representative Longitudinal Survey of Indonesian Adults.

Objectives To estimate the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and adult mortality in Indonesia and determine the contribution of adult behavioral risk factors to SES differences in mortality. Methods Discrete failure-time regression models and period life tables were used to estimate life expectancy at age 30 (e30) across wealth and consumption groups by sex and urban/rural residence. Results For urban men, e30 increases by an average of 1.10 years per wealth quartile (p = .014) from 38.7 years (95% confidence interval (CI): 37.4-40.5) in the bottom wealth quartile to 42.1 years (95% CI: 40.3-44.1) in the top quartile; for rural men, e30 increases by an average of 1.35 years per quartile (p = .007) from 40.6 years (95% CI: 39.2-42.5) in the bottom wealth quartile to 44.3 years (95% CI: 42.4-46.6) in the top quartile. SES differences are smaller for women. Behavioral risk factors are inconsistently patterned across SES and do not explain SES differences in mortality. Discussion The associations between SES and adult life expectancy in Indonesia are moderate when compared with developed countries and are not explained by traditional behavioral risk factors. In a context where behavioral risk factors are inconsistent across SES groups, mortality inequality may be driven by inequalities in health care access or other social factors.
Electricity Deregulation: California and Australia

The twentieth century saw regulation and deregulation of many industries, including transporta-tion, trucking, airline, banking and media. Toward the end of the century, there was an increasedinterest in, and implementation of, liberalizing policies in the energy industry. The U.S. and Aus-tralian deregulation system has been left mainly in the hands of their states1,2, which has led tomany interesting case studies. This paper will focus on two of these case studies, California andAustralia. California's \deregulation crisis" is often cited as an argument against liberalizing energymarkets.3Comparatively, the eastern provinces of Australia integrated into a single deregulatedmarket, demonstrating some early successes and some diculties associated with the deregulationmodel.
Human olfactory cortex contributes to emotional and perceptual aspects of aversive associative learning and memory

The role of the sensory cortex, beyond the amygdala, has been increasingly recognized in animal associative learning and memory. Here, we examined olfactory cortical plasticity in human olfactory associative learning and memory, while elucidating related changes in emotional and perceptual responses. Psychophysical and neurometric analyses were conducted across an odor-morphing continuum, with the two extreme levels differentially conditioned with aversive and neutral stimuli. Conditioned odors acquired distinct emotional values, tracked by ensemble response patterns in the orbitofrontal (high-level) olfactory cortex. Also observed were enhanced perceptual discrimination and divergent ensemble neuronal response patterns in the anterior and posterior piriform (low-to-intermediate-level) olfactory cortices. Whereas emotional-learning-related changes, both behavioral and neural, maintained 8 days later, perceptual-learning-related changes, also both behavioral and neural, recovered by then, highlighting the human aptitude of forming persistent emotional memory and related sensory cortical plasticity in contrast to transient perceptual alterations of sensory stimuli associated with mild aversive experiences.
Qualitative assessment of a Context of Consumption Framework to inform regulation of cigarette pack design in the U.S.

INTRODUCTION Researchers and regulators need to know how changes to cigarette packages can influence population health. We sought to advance research on the role of cigarette packaging by assessing a theory-informed framework from the fields of design and consumer research. The selected Context of Consumption Framework posits cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to visual design. To assess the Framework's potential for guiding research on the visual design of cigarette packaging in the U.S., this study seeks to understand to what extent the Context of Consumption Framework converges with how adult smokers think and talk about cigarette pack designs. METHODS Data for this qualitative study came from six telephone-based focus groups conducted in March 2017. Two groups consisted of lesbian, gay, and bisexual participants; two groups of participants with less than four years college education; one group of LGB and straight identity; and one group the general population. All groups were selected for regional, gender, and racial/ethnic diversity. Participants (n=33) represented all nine U.S. Census divisions. We conducted a deductive qualitative analysis. RESULTS Cigarette package designs captured the participants' attention, suggested the characteristics of the product, and reflected (or could be leveraged to convey) multiple dimensions of consumer identity. Particular to the affective responses to design, our participants shared that cigarette packaging conveyed how the pack could be used to particular ends, created an emotional response to the designs, complied with normative expectations of a cigarette, elicited interest when designs change, and prompted fascination when unique design characteristics are used. CONCLUSIONS Use of the Context of Consumption Framework for cigarette product packaging design can inform regulatory research on tobacco product packaging. Researchers and regulators should consider multiple cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses to cigarette pack design.
Flat optics with dielectric metasurfaces (Conference Presentation)

Miniaturized optical systems with planar form factors and low power consumption have many applications in wearable and mobile electronics, health monitoring devices, and as integral parts of medical and industrial equipment. Flat optical devices based on dielectric metasurfaces introduce a new approach for realization of such systems at low cost using conventional nanofabrication techniques. In this talk, I will present a summary of our recent work on dielectric metasurfaces that enable precise control of both polarization and phase with large transmission and high spatial resolution. Optical metasurface components such as high numerical aperture lenses, efficient wave plates, components with novel functionalities, and their potential applications will be discussed. I will also present the results of our efforts on optimizing and increasing the diffraction efficiency of metasurfaces. Furthermore, by using metasurface cameras and planar retroreflectors as examples, I will discuss a vertical on-chip integration platform that introduces a new architecture for the on-chip integration of conventional and novel optical systems and enables their low-cost manufacturing.
Racial Differences in Quality of Care and Outcomes After Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Guideline adherence and variation in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) outcomes by race in the modern era of drug-eluting stents (DES) are not well understood. Previous studies also fail to capture rapidly growing minority populations, such as Asians. A retrospective analysis of 689,238 hospitalizations for ACS across all insurance types from 2008 to 2011 from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project database was performed to determine whether quality of ACS care and mortality differ by race (white, black, Asian, Hispanic, or Native American), with adjustment for patient clinical and demographic characteristics and clustering by hospital. We found that black patients had the lowest in-hospital mortality rates (5% vs 6% to 7% for other races, p
Impact of scribe line (kerf) defectivity on wafer yield

Scribe line (also known as kerf or frame) is an area in a silicon wafer which is used to separate individual die at the end of wafer processing. This area also contains features which assist in the manufacturing process but are not present in a final product. Examples of such features include lithography alignment and overlay marks, thickness measurement pads and electric test macros. The overall design of scribe line features can be drastically different from the die layout. In the chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process, regions of low pattern density have higher polishing rates compared to those of high pattern density, leading to overpolishing or "dishing". The scribe line, with intermittent regions of low and high pattern density, is naturally more prone to dishing, an issue which is exacerbated by thickness variation at the wafer edge. In this work, we present examples of how interaction between process variation and scribe line design can result in yield loss for the prime die.
Teaching and research in fusion plasmas and technology at the University of Illinois

Teaching in fusion at the University of Illinois is an integrated part of the nuclear engineering curriculum. Through the use of two key courses, ''Introduction to Fusion'' and ''Fusion Systems,'' basic preparation for those wishing to specialize in fusion is provided. These courses are primarily directed to plasma aspects of fusion, but materials and other engineering aspects have been integrated into the curriculum through a broadened coverage in such existing courses as nuclear materials, shielding, and reactor physics. Research is primarily focused at the PhD level, although some MS studies are in progress. While current theses involve a wide variety of topics, one major area being pursued is the study of advanced fuel (non-deuterium-tritium) reactors based on two-component fusion and other concepts. This effort consists of a series of loosely knit subtasks related to such problems as cyclotron emission and direct energy conversion. Also, various research involving charge-exchange losses during neutral-beam injection, vacuum-wall sputtering, and related topics has developed as a direct outgrowth of the PROMETHEUS project, which involved the conceptual design of a power-consuming mirror-type reactor for materials and engineering tests. (auth)
The problem is getting us to stop. What teens say about smoking cessation.

Abstract Background Low participation and high dropout in many teen cessation programs may be due to lack of fit between teens' needs and the way programs are delivered. Qualitative studies, designed to identify and understand preferences of intervention participants and barriers to participation, offer opportunities to customize programs and improve their reach and effectiveness. Methods Two sets of focus groups with high school students were held in the Portland, OR, metropolitan area to elicit reactions to two smoking cessation programs and discuss motivations for and experiences with quitting. Thirty-three students (15 girls, 18 boys) participated in the first set of four focus groups; 40 students (21 girls, 19 boys) in the five focus groups for the second. Results Participants preferred programs that respect the challenges that teens face in quitting, and acknowledge their choice in making the decision to quit. Teens wanted nonjudgmental and confidential support from cessation counselors, and preferred counselors who are ex-smokers, give useful quit tips, and can provide support for quit attempts. Private, computer-based programs and personalized telephone services were options for delivering cessation information and support. Conclusion Teen smokers can supply valuable information to improve youth cessation programs to fit teen lifestyles, respect the challenges teens face, and acknowledge their choice in making the decision to quit.
Predictive Centroiding for Star Trackers with the Effect of Image Smear

Star centroiding, locating the star center in a star image frame, is a fundamental process for any star tracker. In this paper, the approximate locations of the stars in successive image frames are predicted using the angular velocity as provided by a rate gyro, then the centroid is updated based upon local image processing. When the rate gyro data are not available, then the angular velocity is estimated using the attitude kinematics equation and successive attitude estimates from the Lost-In-Space Algorithm. Also considered are the special features of noncircular star image shapes associated with optical tagging of starlight and/or image smear. Finally, an approach is presented to implement these ideas with the recently introduced Active Pixel Sensors, allowing dynamic pixel access and selected subarray analog-to-digital conversion of the pixel information is feasible, with logic dictated by most recent image and the instantaneous angular velocity estimate. This novel process that predicts the star image starlight locations is termed predictive centroiding. The problem of the image smear is also treated, in which the relatively high angular velocity of the spacecraft will affect the shape of the star images. These approaches, coupled with active pixel sensors, should enable near-optimal image processing and high frame rates. The paper includes analytical, computational, and night sky experimental results.
On the equation μ = S t μ * μ t

We discuss solutions of equation μ = S t μ*μ t and study their structure. The relationship with Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes will also be considered.
Kidney teratoma: A case report and literature review

Abstract Teratomas are rare germline tumors that originate from embryonic germ cell layers. Teratoma of the kidney is extremely rare. We report the main radiologic features of an unusual case of mature cystic teratoma arising from the right kidney in a two-year-old boy. A left-sided abdominal mass was detected on physical examination and B-Mod Ultrasound (US) examination revealed a heterogeneous mass with central cystic component. Nephrectomy was performed and a large, fatty mass arising from the right kidney was excised. The final pathologic diagnosis was confirmed as cystic-solid renal teratoma.
Editorial for Special Issue on Flexible Electronics: Fabrication and Ubiquitous Integration.

Based on the premise “anything thin is flexible”, the field of flexible electronics has been fueled from the ever-evolving advances in thin-film materials and devices. [...]
Reactions of 3-pyrrolin-2-ones

Abstract This review presents a systematic survey of the literature (through the end of 2017) that reports on the reactivity of 3-pyrrolin-2-ones. The discussion starts with site-specific reactivity (N, C2, C3, C4, and C5), followed by reactions across the C3–C4 π-bond, and then transformations of 3-pyrrolin-2-ones to other heterocycles. Throughout the narrative, there is an attempt to show pertinent examples of 3-pyrrolin-2-ones being used as building blocks and intermediates leading to natural products and other complex heterocyclic targets. The review article contains a total of 601 references.
Peripheral Artery Disease Is Associated with a Deficiency of Erythrocyte Membrane n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids.

Population-based data suggest that individuals who consume large dietary amounts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have lower odds of peripheral artery disease (PAD); however, clinical studies examining n-3 PUFA levels in patients with PAD are sparse. The objective of this study is to compare erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (FA) content between patients with PAD and controls. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 179 vascular surgery outpatients (controls, 34; PAD, 145). A blood sample was drawn and the erythrocyte FA content was assayed using capillary gas chromatography. We calculated the ratio of the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA) as well as the omega-3 index (O3I), a measure of erythrocyte content of the n-3 PUFA, EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), expressed as a percentage of total erythrocyte FA. Compared with controls, patients with PAD smoked more and were more likely to have hypertension and hyperlipidemia (p < 0.05). Patients with PAD had a lower mean O3I (5.0 ± 1.7% vs 6.0 ± 1.6%, p < 0.001) and EPA:ARA ratio (0.04 ± 0.02 vs 0.05 ± 0.05, p < 0.001), but greater mean total saturated fats (39.5 ± 2.5% vs 38.5 ± 2.6%, p = 0.01). After adjusting for several patient characteristics, comorbidities, and medications, an absolute decrease of 1% in the O3I was associated with 39% greater odds of PAD (odds ratio [OR] 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-1.86, and p = 0.03). PAD was associated with a deficiency of erythrocyte n-3 PUFA, a lower EPA:ARA ratio, and greater mean total saturated fats. These alterations in FA content may be involved in the pathogenesis or development of poor outcomes in PAD.
Evidence of pair-density wave in spin-valley locked systems

Cooper pairs with a finite center-of-mass momentum form a remarkable state in which the superconducting order parameter is modulated periodically in space. Although intense interest in such a “pair-density wave” (PDW) state has emerged due to recent discoveries in high Tc superconductors, there is little theoretical understanding of the mechanism driving this exotic state. The challenge is that many competing states lie close in energy in seemingly simple models, such as the Hubbard model, in the strongly correlated regime. Here, we show that inversion symmetry breaking and the resulting spin-valley locking can promote PDWs over more commonly found spin stripes through frustration against magnetic order. Specifically, we find the first robust evidence for a PDW within density matrix renormalization group simulation of a simple fermionic model. Our results point to a tantalizing possibility in hole-doped group VI transition metal dichalcogenides, with spin-valley locked band structure and moderate correlations.
The Teacher and the Forest: The Pennsylvania Forestry Association, George Perkins Marsh, and the Origins of Conservation Education

Pennsylvania was named for its vast forests, which included well-stocked hardwood and softwood stands. This abundant resource supported a large sawmill industry, provided hemlock bark for the tanning industry, and produced many rotations of small timber for charcoal for an extensive iron-smelting industry. By the 1880s, the condition of Pennsylvania’s forests was indeed grim. In the 1895 report of the legislatively created Forestry Commission, Dr. Joseph T. Rothrock described a multicounty area in northeast Pennsylvania where 970 square miles had become “waste areas” or “stripped lands.” Rothrock reported furthermore that similar conditions prevailed further west in north-central Pennsylvania. In a subsequent report for the newly created Division of Forestry, Rothrock reported that by 1896 nearly 180,000 acres of forest had been destroyed by fire for an estimated loss of $557,000, an immense sum in those days. Deforestation was also blamed for contributing to the number and severity of damaging floods. Rothrock reported that eight hard-hit counties paid more than $665,000 to repair bridges damaged from flooding in the preceding four years.
Operator Size for Holographic Field Theories

We formulate a state-dependent definition of operator size that captures the effective size of an operator acting on a reference state. We apply our definition to the SYK model and holographic 2-dimensional CFTs, generalizing the Qi-Streicher formula to a large class of geometries which includes pure AdS$_3$ and BTZ black holes. In pure AdS$_3$, the operator size is proportional to the global Hamiltonian at leading order in $1/N$, mirroring the results of Lin-Maldacena-Zhao in AdS$_2$. For BTZ geometries, it is given by the sum of the Kruskal momenta. Higher $1/N$ corrections become relevant when backreaction gets large, and we expect a transition in the growth pattern that depends on the transverse profile of the excitation. We propose a bulk dual that captures this profile dependence and exhibits saturation at a size of order the black hole entropy. This bulk dual is an averaged eikonal phase over a class of scattering events, and it can be interpreted as the "number of virtual gravitons" in the gravitational field created by an infaller.
Detection probabilities of bird carcasses along sandy beaches and marsh edges in the northern Gulf of Mexico

We estimated detection probabilities of bird carcasses along sandy beaches and in marsh edge habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico to help inform models of bird mortality associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. We also explored factors that may influence detection probability, such as carcass size, amount of scavenging, location on the beach, habitat type, and distance into the marsh. Detection probability for medium-sized carcasses (200–500 g) ranged from 0.82 (SE = 0.09) to 0.93 (SE = 0.04) along sandy beaches. Within sandy beaches, we found that intact/slightly scavenged carcasses were easier to detect than heavily scavenged ones and did not find strong effects of location on the beach on detection probability. We estimated detection rate for each combination of scavenging state, carcass size, and position along sandy beaches. In marsh edge habitats, detection ranged from 0.04 (SE = 0.04) to 0.86 (SE = 0.10), with detection rates rapidly increasing from small ( 1000 g) carcasses regardless of vegetation type (Spartina or Phragmites). Carcasses of all sizes were generally harder to locate in Spartina-dominated marshes than in Phragmites-dominated ones. A subset of the data for which we could adequately assess the effect of distance into the marsh indicated that detection rates generally declined the farther a carcass was into marsh vegetation. Based on power analyses, our ability to identify predictors that influence detection rates would be higher with larger numbers of carcasses, greater numbers of search trials per carcass, or more balanced sampling distributions across predictor values.
Insights from the Experts

This chapter provides insights from experts in the industry on most of the topics covered in earlier chapters. For instance, these experts offer a more qualitative perspective on the quantitative analyses that we explored. Also, they shed light on what each of them believes makes a great movie and in the process demonstrate how the opinions of experts can strongly differ with both each other and audiences as well.