cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Countering the Frankenstein Complex.

Introduction At 50 years old, the fields of artificial intelligence and robotics capture the imagination of the general public while, at the same time, engendering a great deal of fear and skepticism. Hollywood and the media exacerbate the problem while some well known authors and scientists lend credence to it. This fear is much older than the relatively modern concepts of AI and robotics. Isaac Asimov recognized this deepseated misconception of technology and created the Three Laws of Robotics intended to demonstrate how these complex machines could be made safe. For robots to be accepted in everyday society, we must examine the underlying fear of intelligent robots and reevaluate Asimov’s response. Not because he understood how to build robots, but to discover if there are lessons to be learned from his insights into society’s response to intelligent technology. Asimov knew that fear would be the greatest barrier to success and, consequently, implanted all of his fictional robots with the Three Laws of Robotics. Above all, these laws served to protect humans from almost any perceivable danger. Asimov believed that humans would put safeguards into any potentially dangerous tool and saw robots as just advanced tools.
Pathologic Effects of Pre-Cystectomy Therapy with Combination Intra-Arterial Doxorubicin Hydrochloride and Local Bladder Hyperthermia for Bladder Cancer

Nine patients with bulky pelvic bladder cancer underwent combination doxorubicin hydrochloride hypogastric artery infusion and local bladder hyperthermia as a preoperative adjunct to radical cystectomy in a phase I study. Pathologic examination of the cystectomy specimens showed extensive tumor necrosis on the bladder luminal side, with a gradient of tumor destruction to viable tumor on the bladder serosal surface in 8 of the 9 bladders. Normal portions of the bladder showed minor changes in the urothelium, marked submucosal edema and hyperemia, and viable detrusor muscle. One bladder showed no viable tumor and fibrosis of the entire bladder wall. Adjunctive preoperative hypogastric artery infusion of doxorubicin hydrochloride/bladder hyperthermia is safe, well tolerated and merits further study to determine the upper limits of safety of doxorubicin hydrochloride and hyperthermia temperature.
A History of Biomaterials

Abstract This chapter provide a brief overview of the development of the field of biomaterials from the days of adventurous practices by surgeon-heroes, to the many accidental discovery and development of unexpected biomaterials, and to the modern era where engineers, chemists, physicists, biologists and clinicians work together to engineer novel medical treatment technologies. It also encourages readers to help preserve and document first-hand accounts of the roots of many developmental stories by biomaterials pioneers who are still with us today.
Are Narcissists Really Angrier Drivers? An Examination of State Driving Anger among Narcissistic Subtypes

Abstract The present study examined the potential relationships between the 7-factor (Raskin & Terry, 1988) and 3-factor (Ackerman et al., 2011) models of narcissism and state driving anger. A total of 205 (113 women and 92 men) participants were recruited from a student population through in-class announcements, on-campus posters, and word of mouth. All participants drove their regular commute and completed a state measure of anger immediately upon arrival at school while in their vehicle. As expected, regression analyses showed that, after controlling for trait driving anger, state anger was predicted by Entitlement and Superiority in the 7-factor model as well as Entitlement/Exploitativeness and Leadership/Authority in the 3-factor model. In contrast narcissistic factors that emphasize Vanity, Exhibitionism, and Grandiosity did not predict state driving anger. This suggests that anger while driving may be more a function of threats to perceived power, control, and position rather than to image and attention seeking among those higher in narcissism. These outcomes support the notion of a multidimensional approach to understanding narcissism in predicting driving anger and potentially other negative driving outcomes.
Questions for Serious Game development for success

Examining issues and constructs developers of Serious Games should be aware of in order to make their endeavor successful from an educator acceptance and educational outcomes perspective: The distilled experiences from The Virtual Clinic Learning Environment development cycle.
Evolution of the baryon asymmetry through the electroweak crossover in the presence of a helical magnetic field

We elaborate upon the model of baryogenesis from decaying magnetic helicity by focusing on the evolution of the baryon number and magnetic field through the Standard Model electroweak crossover. The baryon asymmetry is determined by a competition between the helical hypermagnetic field, which sources baryon number, and the electroweak sphaleron, which tends to wash out baryon number. At the electroweak crossover, both of these processes become inactive; the hypermagnetic field is converted into an electromagnetic field, which does not source baryon number, and the weak gauge boson masses grow, suppressing the electroweak sphaleron reaction. An accurate prediction of the relic baryon asymmetry requires a careful treatment of the crossover. We extend our previous study [K. Kamada and A. J. Long, Phys. Rev. D 94, 063501 (2016)], taking into account the gradual conversion of the hypermagnetic into the electromagnetic field. If the conversion is not completed by the time of sphaleron freeze-out, as both analytic and numerical studies suggest, the relic baryon asymmetry is enhanced compared to previous calculations. The observed baryon asymmetry of the Universe can be obtained for a primordial magnetic field that has a present-day field strength and coherence length of ${B}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pc}$ and a positive helicity. For larger ${B}_{0}$ the baryon asymmetry is overproduced, which may be in conflict with blazar observations that provide evidence for an intergalactic magnetic field of strength ${B}_{0}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14--16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{G}$.
Charging a renewable future: The impact of electric vehicle charging intelligence on energy storage requirements to meet renewable portfolio standards

Abstract Increased usage of renewable energy resources is key for energy system evolution to address environmental concerns. Capturing variable renewable power requires the use of energy storage to shift generation and load demand. The integration of plug-in electric vehicles, however, impacts the load demand profile and therefore the capacity of energy storage required to meet renewable utilization targets. This study examines how the intelligence of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) integration impacts the required capacity of energy storage systems to meet renewable utilization targets for a large-scale energy system, using California as an example for meeting a 50% and 80% renewable portfolio standard (RPS) in 2030 and 2050. For an 80% RPS in 2050, immediate charging of PEVs requires the installation of an aggregate energy storage system with a power capacity of 60% of the installed renewable capacity and an energy capacity of 2.3% of annual renewable generation. With smart charging of PEVs, required power capacity drops to 16% and required energy capacity drops to 0.6%, and with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) charging, non-vehicle energy storage systems are no longer required. Overall, this study highlights the importance of intelligent PEV charging for minimizing the scale of infrastructure required to meet renewable utilization targets.
Biofilm on bone repair devices

Abstract Biofilm formation on bone repair devices is a devastating complication of orthopedic surgeries ( Costerton et al., 2005 ). Once biofilm is formed, prolonged antibiotic treatment is required, with additional surgeries and increased disability should the infection prove recalcitrant ( Parvizi et al., 2012 ). In this chapter, we review the etiology of infection in orthopedic devices with a focus on the Gram-positive staphylococci as the most commonly isolated pathogens in periprosthetic infections ( Aggarwal et al., 2014 ). This chapter describes the mechanism whereby these bacteria form biofilms in the synovial environment, regulate virulence factors, evade detection, and resist antibiotic action in vivo. Due to the challenges associated with bacteria in the synovial environment, surgical treatments are preferred for the treatment of many joint infections. However, new therapies that address the difficulties of treating infection in synovial fluid could greatly improve outcomes of orthopedic infections.
Characterizing the impact of model error in hydrologic time series recovery inverse problems

Abstract Hydrologic models are commonly over-smoothed relative to reality, owing to computational limitations and to the difficulty of obtaining accurate high-resolution information. When used in an inversion context, such models may introduce systematic biases which cannot be encapsulated by an unbiased “observation noise” term of the type assumed by standard regularization theory and typical Bayesian formulations. Despite its importance, model error is difficult to encapsulate systematically and is often neglected. Here, model error is considered for an important class of inverse problems that includes interpretation of hydraulic transients and contaminant source history inference: reconstruction of a time series that has been convolved against a transfer function (i.e., impulse response) that is only approximately known. Using established harmonic theory along with two results established here regarding triangular Toeplitz matrices, upper and lower error bounds are derived for the effect of model error on time series recovery for both well-determined and over-determined inverse problems. It is seen that use of additional measurement locations does not improve expected performance in the face of model error. A Monte Carlo study of a realistic hydraulic reconstruction problem is presented, and the lower error bound is seen informative about expected behavior. A possible diagnostic criterion for blind transfer function characterization is also uncovered.
The Role of Integrin α6 (CD49f) in Stem Cells: More than a Conserved Biomarker

Stem cells have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cells that form and repopulated all tissues and organs, from conception to adult life. Depending on their capacity for differentiation, stem cells are classified as totipotent (ie, zygote), pluripotent (ie, embryonic stem cells), multipotent (ie, neuronal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, epithelial stem cells, etc.), and unipotent (ie, spermatogonial stem cells). Adult or tissue-specific stem cells reside in specific niches located in, or nearby, their organ or tissue of origin. There, they have microenvironmental support to remain quiescent, to proliferate as undifferentiated cells (self-renewal), and to differentiate into progenitors or terminally differentiated cells that migrate from the niche to perform specialized functions. The presence of proteins at the cell surface is often used to identify, classify, and isolate stem cells. Among the diverse groups of cell surface proteins used for these purposes, integrin α6, also known as CD49f, may be the only biomarker commonly found in more than 30 different populations of stem cells, including some cancer stem cells. This broad expression among stem cell populations indicates that integrin α6 may play an important and conserved role in stem cell biology, which is reaffirmed by recent demonstrations of its role maintaining self-renewal of pluripotent stem cells and breast and glioblastoma cancer stem cells. Therefore, this review intends to highlight and synthesize new findings on the importance of integrin α6 in stem cell biology.
The Value of College Health Promotion: A Critical Population and Setting for Improving the Public’s Health

ABSTRACTCollege students are an important priority population, and higher education is an opportune setting for chronic disease prevention and health promotion. Yet many people do not understand why enhancing the well-being of college students is of value. In this commentary, we address 3 common misperceptions about college health promotion: (1) College students are privileged and do not reflect most of the United States population; (2) college students are generally healthy; and (3) it is not the university’s responsibility to focus on students’ health. We contend that in actuality, college students increasingly represent the US population; that college students struggle with numerous health concerns and are in fact unhealthier than many other subpopulations; and that institutions of higher education are a unique setting that can not only improve the health of a large segment of the US population but that doing so is actually integral to the mission of higher education. Topics that merit additional resea...
A walnut-containing meal had similar effects on early satiety, CCK, and PYY, but attenuated the postprandial GLP-1 and insulin response compared to a nut-free control meal.

Regular nut consumption is associated with lower adiposity and reduced weight gain in adulthood. Walnut feeding studies have observed minimal effect on body weight despite potential additional energy intake. Several mechanisms may explain why consuming nuts promotes weight control, including increased early phase satiety, possibly reflected in postprandial response of gastrointestinal and pancreatic peptides hypothesized to affect appetite. The purpose of this study was to compare postprandial insulin, glucagon and gastrointestinal peptide response and satiety following a meal with ∼54% of energy from walnuts or cream cheese, using a within-subject crossover study design in overweight/obese adults (N = 28). Sixty minutes after the walnut-containing meal, glucagon-like peptide-1 was lower than after the reference meal (p=0.0433), and peptide YY, cholecystokinin and ghrelin did not differ after the two meals. Sixty and 120 min after the walnut-containing meal, pancreatic polypeptide (p = 0.0014 and p = 0.0002) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0079) were lower than after the reference meal, and 120 min after the walnut-containing meal, glucagon was higher (p=0.0069). Insulin and C-peptide increased at 60 min in response to both meals but were lower at 120 min after the walnut-containing meal (p=0.0349 and 0.0237, respectively). Satiety measures were similar after both meals. These findings fail to support the hypothesis that acute postprandial gastrointestinal peptide response to a walnut-containing meal contributes to increased satiety. However, inclusion of walnuts attenuated the postprandial insulin response, which may contribute to the more favorable lipid profile observed in association with regular walnut consumption.
Applying an Integrative Framework of Executive Function to Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose The first goal of this research was to compare verbal and nonverbal executive function abilities between preschoolers with and without specific language impairment (SLI). The second goal wa...
How blocking distractions affects workplace focus and productivity

Information workers are faced with ever-increasing online distractions in the workplace. Website blockers are one solution toward preventing unwanted distractions. We conducted an in situ field study with 32 information workers in their workplace to test if the use of blocking software can increase focus and productivity by preventing non-work-related distractions. Participants worked for five days in a baseline condition and then worked five days where online distractions were blocked with software. We discovered that with blocking software, participants assessed their productivity significantly higher and could focus significantly longer. People who benefited the most from the software were those who were most distracted by social media. Interviews revealed individual differences in self-control in managing distractions. Resultant changes in work behaviors included switching from online distractions to physical breaks of leaving the office. An unexpected consequence of cutting off distractions for people with less self-control was that they were more focused and worked longer without taking breaks and therefore, experienced higher stress. We present design recommendations to promote focus for the variety of coping behaviors we observed.
Causal control design for wave energy converters with finite stroke

Abstract Control design is of central importance in the optimization of power generation from ocean wave energy converters (WECs). The problem is made challenging by the fact that the resource is vibratory and stochastic, with a low quality factor. It has recently been shown that when constrained to causality, the optimal feedback controller for a WEC is solvable in closed-form as a sign-indefinite LQG problem, for the case in which the WEC exhibits linear dynamics and quadratic power transmission dissipation. However, most WECs exhibit stroke limits, which must be explicitly accounted for in control design to avoid end-stop collisions. This is important because such collisions lead to damage, and also because the introduction of unmodeled stroke limits can actually destabilize the otherwise-optimal closed loop. We illustrate a control design technique to address this issue, which consists of two design steps. In the first step, LMI techniques are used to optimize the mean power harvested from waves with a known power spectral density, subject to several competing objectives. In the second step, the controller is augmented via a nonlinear passivity-based outer-loop design which guarantees to prevent stroke saturation while also guaranteeing to preserve closed-loop stability. The technique is illustrated using a model of a simple heaving point absorber, and verified in simulation.
Cyber-physical risk management for PV photovoltaic plants

This paper presents a risk assessment method for evaluating a grid-connected Commercial Photovoltaic (PV) plants. Commercial PV plants are heavily dependent on technical information from control systems, some of which are dated relative to modern processors and communications. Through an initial case study of an existing PV plant, this paper explores the cybersecurity posture of a PV plant, examines the vulnerabilities and attack vectors against a PV plant, and identifies some issues that are unique to its Industrial Control System (ICS) architecture. Finally, the paper presents an initial risk management framework that addresses cybersecurity finding and best practices.
A Review of Road Salt Ecological Impacts

Road-salt runoff is an increasing problem in areas of North America that receive snow. Its effects include groundwater salinization, loss or reduction in lake turnover, and changes in soil structure. Road-salt runoff can affect biotic communities by causing changes in the composition of fish or aquatic invertebrate assemblages. It also poses threats to birds, mammals, and roadside vegetation.
Following ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, professional baseball position players return to play faster than pitchers, but catchers return less frequently

Background Although much as been done to characterize trends of medial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction in pitchers, outcomes in position players (PPs) (non-pitchers) remain undefined in the current literature. Methods Three resources were combined to identify all known Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) PPs who have ever undergone UCL reconstruction. A multitude of player and surgical variables were included. Trends over time were analyzed collectively, based on level of play, revision status (primary vs revision), and position. Additional comparisons were made with a known cohort of professional baseball pitchers having undergone UCL reconstruction. Results We identified 168 UCL reconstructions in professional PPs. The annual rate of primary UCL reconstruction rose significantly from 1984 to 2015 (P Conclusions The incidence of UCL reconstruction in PPs continues to rise, a trend that is significantly more pronounced at the MiLB level. Although PPs (particularly catchers) are less likely to return to professional baseball compared with pitchers, those who are able to RTP do so more rapidly.
Fluid flow distribution in fractures for a doublet system in Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)

Abstract Extraction of heat from an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) is a renewable and environmentally benign technology. Process involves circulation of colder water in hot rock through a flow path consisting of injection well, several vertical fractures, and production well. In this process, distribution of water among the vertical fractures is one of the key factors for optimization of heat recovery. Geometry such as dimensions or total flow area and fluid velocity in wells and fractures play major role in the hydrodynamics in the loop. A mathematical model is developed from the analogy of electrical circuit applying Kirchhoff’s law to determine the pressure drop between two points. Accordingly, the flow rates through fractures are calculated. Maintenance of sufficient pressure in a fracture is necessary to avoid closure due to horizontal stress. In this model, variation of fracture width with pressure is considered. The impacts of injection rate, well diameter and number of fractures on the distribution of flow in fractures are also investigated in this study. Since the frictional loss along the well decreases with the increase in well diameter, less variations of flow rates in fractures are observed. Similarly, low fluid velocity due to low total flow rate causes less frictional loss, thus more even distributions of flow in the fracture is observed. The number of fractures completed in an EGS is an important parameter for optimization. The flow distribution among the fractures depends on the total number of fractures present in the system. Although, more fractures improve the heat recovery, the cost of completion increases with the number of fracture. The analytical model for flow distribution developed in this study is helpful to evaluate the effectiveness of an EGS and to optimize the completion and operational parameters.
Pilot study of combined FDG-PET and dynamic contrast-enhanced CT of locally advanced cervical carcinoma before and during concurrent chemoradiotherapy suggests association between changes in tumor blood volume and treatment response.

Modern PET/CT radiotherapy simulators offer FDG-PET and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) CT imaging for combined volumetric assessment of tumor metabolism and perfusion. However, the clinical utility of such assessment has not been clearly defined. Thus, in a prospective longitudinal study of primary cervical tumors treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) we evaluated: (1) whether PET and perfusion parameters correlate or provide complementary information; (2) what imaging changes occur during CCRT; and (3) whether any parameters are predictive of treatment response as assessed by PET/CT 3 months posttherapy. FDG-PET/CT and DCE-CT scans were performed on 21 patients prior to and during CCRT. Coregistered volumetric parametric maps of standardized uptake value (SUV) measures and perfusion parameters blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV), and permeability were generated. Summary statistics for these parameters and their changes were calculated within the metabolic tumor volume (MTV). Correlations between SUV and BF/BV/permeability on local and global bases were assessed with Pearson's coefficient r. MTV, maximum SUV, and mean SUV decreased significantly between the pre- and during-treatment time points, while mean BV and permeability increased significantly. Global correlations between mean BF/BV/permeability and mean SUV values (-.15 < r < .29) were at most moderate. An increase in mean tumor BV during treatment was significantly correlated with complete metabolic response on 3-month posttreatment PET/CT. Weak correlations of SUV and perfusion parameters suggest a complementary role of FDG-PET and DCE-CT for tumor characterization. The association between relative change in mean BV and outcome suggests a potential role for DCE-CT in early evaluation of cervical tumor response to chemoradiotherapy.
The Development of Plasma-Material Interaction Facilities for the Future of Fusion Technology

A new era of fusion research has started with ITER being constructed and DEMO for power demonstration on the horizon. However, the fusion nuclear science needs to be developed before DEMO can be de...
Indicators of vegetation development in restored wetlands

Abstract Significant wetland losses across the globe have motivated large-scale restoration efforts to improve the quality of wetland habitats. However, previous studies have shown a high variability in the outcomes of restoration treatments. Post-restoration monitoring is critical to identifying factors constraining wetland recovery and diverting sites away from restoration goals but is often limited by a lack of funding. To circumvent limitations to the large-scale monitoring of wetlands, it is pivotal to identify metrics that can be implemented at low cost yet provide a reliable signal of restoration progress. We review scientific literature on methods to appraise post-restoration progress in wetland ecosystems, focusing on vegetation-based indicators. We present a synthesis of demonstrated relationships between these indicators, site conditions, landscape context, and key ecosystem functions to highlight benefits and potential limitations to the widespread applications of these indicators to post-restoration monitoring. Based on this literature synthesis, we suggest adopting a multi-metric approach to fully measure ecosystem recovery. Potential solutions identified in this review to reduce costs associated with large-scale monitoring include: identifying correlation among indicators, focusing on the most widespread species, and using remote sensing to expand the spatiotemporal scope of monitoring and inform monitoring efforts.
Absence of recipient C3aR1 signaling limits expansion and differentiation of alloreactive CD8+ T cell immunity and prolongs murine cardiac allograft survival

Activation, differentiation, and expansion of alloreactive CD8+ T cells, the dominant effectors that mediate murine heart allograft rejection, requires allorecognition, costimulation, and cytokine-initiated signals. While previous work showed that alloreactive CD4+ T cell immunity entails immune cell-produced and locally activated complement, whether and how C3a receptor 1 (C3aR1) signaling impacts transplant outcomes and the mechanisms linking C3aR1 to alloreactive CD8+ T cell activation/expansion remain unclear. Herein we show that recipient C3aR1 deficiency or pharmacological C3aR1 blockade synergizes with tacrolimus to significantly prolong allograft survival versus tacrolimus-treated controls (median survival time 21 vs. 14 days, P < .05). Recipient C3aR1-deficiency reduced the frequencies of posttransplant, donor-reactive CD8+ T cells twofold. Reciprocal adoptive transfers of naive WT or C3ar1-/- CD8+ T cells into syngeneic WT or C3ar1-/- allograft recipients showed that T cell-expressed C3aR1 induces CD8+ T proliferation, mTOR activation and transcription factor T-bet expression. Host C3aR1 indirectly facilitates alloreactive CD8+ T cell proliferation/expansion by amplifying antigen presenting cell costimulatory molecule expression and innate cytokine production. In addition to expanding mechanistic insight, our findings identify C3aR1 as a testable therapeutic target for future studies aimed at improving human transplant outcomes.
Conscious sedation and reduction of fractures in the paediatric population: an orthopaedic perspective

Abstract Purpose Closed reduction under conscious sedation in the emergency department (ED) has been demonstrated to provide cost-effective, timely care. There has been little research into the eff...
Pleural Effusion in Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Blastomycosis.

Objective Pleural effusion secondary to blastomycosis infection is an uncommon clinical manifestation of the disease. We undertook a retrospective study to assess the incidence and involvement of pleural effusion in patients with blastomycosis infection. Study design Institutional cytology and surgical pathology records were searched from December 1995 to October 2017 for cases of blastomycosis. The cytologic, surgical pathology, and clinical pertinent information was reviewed in detail. Results A total of 77 cases of blastomycosis infection were recorded, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.7:1.0. Forty-eight cases of blastomycosis were pulmonary (62.3%), while 29 cases of blastomycosis were found in extrapulmonary sites (37.7%). The diagnosis of pulmonary blastomycosis was established by 24 lung biopsies/wedge resections, 22 bronchial alveolar lavages, and 2 lung fine needle aspirations. The 29 cases of extrapulmonary blastomycosis included 13 cases of bone (44.8%), 8 cases of skin (27.6%), 6 cases of soft tissue (20.7%), and 2 cases of brain infections (6.8%). Twenty-eight of 48 pulmonary cases were complicated by unilateral or bilateral pleural effusion (58.3%) detected by imaging studies. Four of the 28 pleural effusions were aspirated and examined by cytology. Two of the 4 pleural fluid cytologies showed involvement by blastomycosis (50%). In the extrapulmonary blastomycosis group, 9 of 29 patients showed unilateral or bilateral pleural effusions (31.0%), including 4 cases of bone, 4 cases of skin, and 1 case of brain involvement. Only 2 of the 9 pleural effusions were aspirated for cytology study. One of the 2 pleural fluid cytologies showed blastomycosis (50%). Conclusion Pleural effusion detected by imaging is common in blastomycosis patients. Blastomycosis can involve pleural fluid in both pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases. A broad infectious differential that includes blastomycosis should be considered to make a timely diagnosis and initiate antifungal therapy to prevent systemic infection and further dissemination of the disease.
Community Based Cancer Biomarker Identification from Gene Co-expression Network

Finding the biomarkers of cancers and the analysis of cancer-driving genes that are involved in these biomarkers are essential for understanding the dynamics of cancer. Gene expression profiling has been widely used for cancer research, and its patterns, combined with statistical and computational techniques have been explored in many types of cancer. Genes having correlations in terms of expression may form complexes, pathways, or participate in regulatory and signaling circuits [1]-[3]. Clusters of genes in co-expression networks are commonly used as functional units. Gene co-expressed across multiple samples are more likely to correspond to functional groups. Analysis of gene co-expression networks of different types of cancer found that various cancers share common characteristics and functions and genes related to these characteristics were found in [4]-[6]. This work is based on the hypothesis established by previous works that the dense clusters or communities in the gene co-expression networks of cancer patients may represent functional units regarding cancer initiation and progression.
Public feedback on a proposed statewide virtual translational research community.

Introduction: Researchers have explored using the internet and social media to recruit participants to specific research projects. Less systematic work has been done to inform the engagement of large populations in virtual communities to advance clinical and translational science. We report on our first step to use social media to engage Minnesota residents by studying the willingness of participants to engage in a virtual (Facebook) community about the concepts of health and health-related research. Methods: Data were collected at the 2018 Minnesota State Fair using a cross-sectional, 46-item survey with assessment including sociodemographics and willingness to engage in a Facebook group for health-related research. Quantitative analysis included univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Content analysis was used to generate themes from open-ended survey responses. Results: Five hundred people completed the survey; after data cleaning, 418 participant responses informed this report. A majority were younger than age 50 (73%), female (66%), and married/partnered (54%). Overall, 46% of participants agreed/strongly agreed they are willing to join the Facebook group. Multivariate logistic regression identified social media use over the past 6 months as the sole variable independently associated with willingness to join the Facebook group (once a day vs. never or rarely OR = 1.82 (0.86, 3.88), several hours a day vs. never or rarely OR = 2.17 (1.17, 4.02, overall p-value 0.048). Conclusion: Facebook holds potential for reaching a broader community, democratizing access to and engagement with clinical and translational research. Social media infrastructure and content could be disseminated to other institutions with Clinical and Translational Science Awards.
Analyzing Happiness Index Based on Geographical Locations

Social media has grown in popularity for past few decades and millions of people have expressed information about themselves and their feelings on sites like Twitter. Geography is a predictor of moods that is expressed on Twitter. Using geotagged tweets can help correlate happiness with region on lifestyle measures such as gun violence and natural disasters. In this study, we provide Bag Data Analytics methods to perform a sentiment analysis based on geographical location to analyze where are people happy about particular trending topics on Twitter.
Methadone's Effect on Cardiac Repolarization: Safety in the PICU.

Objectives Opioids are routinely used in the PICU. Methadone is an effective method of preventing and treating iatrogenic opioid withdrawal; however, it carries an Food and Drug Administration Boxed Warning due to the potential to prolong the corrected QT interval and potentially lead to life-threatening arrhythmias. Guidelines on the safe use of methadone have limited applicability to children since their cardiac intervals differ from those of adults. There is little data on the electrophysiologic effects in the pediatric population. We set out to describe the safety of methadone use in the PICU, hypothesizing that methadone does not cause a significant change in corrected QT interval from baseline. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. Patients Fifty-one patients, age less than or equal to 18 years old, initiated on methadone during PICU admission, over an 11-month period, for the prevention or treatment of opioid withdrawal. Interventions Retrospective data queried from the electronic health record and stored telemetry waveforms obtained from an automated real-time patient data acquisition software system (BedMasterEx; Anandic Medical Systems AG, Feuerthalen, Switzerland). Measurements and main results Corrected QT intervals were not significantly different at 12 hours, 96 hours, or PICU discharge (p values: 0.57, 0.54, and 0.34) when compared to baseline. The median change in corrected QT from baseline to 12 hours after the first dose of methadone was 5 ms (interquartile range, -12 to 11 ms), 0 ms to steady state (interquartile range, -18 to 18 ms), and 5 ms from baseline to 12 hours after the highest dose of methadone (interquartile range, -14 to 16 ms). The most common primary diagnosis was structural heart disease (29% of subjects) in our cohort and every subject that experienced an increase in corrected QT interval greater than or equal to 40 ms had some form of structural heart disease. Conclusions Methadone did not significantly prolong the corrected QT interval in a population of critically ill children, suggesting that it can be safely used in this population, although patients with structural heart disease may warrant closer monitoring.
An Overview of the Progress Made on the Coronavirus Vaccine

The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a critical economic crash around the globe, affecting billions of people worldwide. Without a cure, the number of cases continues to increase exponentially. Countries, including the United States, Brazil, and India, currently lead in the number of cases with numbers soaring in the millions. Immunization is crucial to preventing the spread of infectious diseases and can help a large number of individuals quickly while keeping current cases under control. Following the publication of the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2, vaccine development has been accelerated at an unprecedented rate. 115 vaccine candidates are currently under study with the hope of finding an ideal solution and mitigating the Coronavirus incidence rate. With some vaccine candidates having more potential than others, this review focuses on the characterization of different vaccine options. The analysis of probable vaccines, including mRNA vaccines and adenovirus vaccines, is conducted, and the scientific reasoning behind the vaccines is also discussed. In this review, the latest strategy vaccine is introduced and the effective vaccines are analysed.
Multimodal imaging and genetic findings in a case of ARSG-related atypical Usher syndrome.

Background: Atypical Usher syndrome has recently been associated with arylsulfatase G (ARSG) variants. In these cases, characteristic findings include progressive sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) ...
Abstract P188: Anxiety Is Associated With Six-year Blood Pressure Change And Incident Hypertension: Findings From The Hispanic Community Health Study/ Study Of Latinos

Introduction: Prior research on the association of anxiety with hypertension has yielded mixed results. Despite the high burden of both conditions in Hispanics/Latinos, little is known about their ...
Lack of In-Brace X-Rays in Compliant AIS Patients Wearing Full-Time TLSO Braces Associates with Failure

BACKGROUND In-brace correction and brace compliance with thoraco-lumbo-sacral orthotic (TLSO) braces are associated with successful treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). This paper compares patients who had consistent radiographic documentation of in-brace correction to those who did not. METHODS All skeletally immature (Risser 0-2) patients were treated for AIS (25-45°) with full-time TLSO braces that had compliance temperature monitors. All patients wore their braces at least 12 h a day. Brace failure was defined as curve progression to a surgical magnitude (≥ 50°). All patients were followed until brace discontinuation. RESULTS Ninety patients (F 82, M 8) with an average age of 12.1 (10.1-15.0) years, Risser grade 0 (0-2), BMI percentile 48.5 (0.0-98.8), and daily brace wear of 16.5 (12.1-21.6) h/day were treated for 24.3 (8.0-66.6) months. Patients went through 1.7 (1-4) braces on average. Forty-two out of 90 (46.7%) patients had some amount of brace time with an unknown in-brace correction, which, on average, was 66.1% of their total treatment course (11.5-100). On univariate analysis, patients that did not have a repeat in-brace x-ray with major brace adjustments or new brace fabrication tended to be more skeletally immature (Risser 0 and tri-radiate open, p = 0.028), wear more braces throughout their treatment (2.0 vs 1.4, p < 0.001), were treated for a longer period of time (27 vs 22 months, p = 0.022), and failed bracing more often (47.6% vs 22.9%, p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Patients who did not have new in-brace x-rays with major brace adjustments and/or new brace fabrication were 3.1 (95% CI 1.2-7.6) times more likely to fail bracing than patients who were re-checked with new in-brace x-rays. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov- NCT02412137 , initial registration date April 2015 LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
Real-Effort Incentives in Online Labor Markets: Punishments and Rewards for Individuals and Groups

Economic environments involving information goods often suffer from an extensive free-riding problem. For example, social loafing and lurking on content and discussion forums, leeching on file-sharing networks, and pirating of digital goods. Despite the use of interventions, it is not clear what types of interventions result in the best outcomes for all players involved. We conduct a lab experiment using a public goods game to explore the role of rewards and sanctions at both the individual and group levels on mitigating free-riding behavior. The results of the experiment provide interesting insights on the behavior of free-riding and the use of negative and positive incentives to improve total welfare. Interestingly, sanctioning and rewarding individuals has non-obvious consequences. Sanctioning only the worst free-rider in the group results in a significant decrease in free-riding for the worst free-rider and marginal decreases in free-riding for all other group members. Rewarding only the highest contributor in the group results in a significant increase in free-riding for that individual and everyone else in the group. Overall, our research offers significant insights for the design and implementation of interventions and incentive schemes in information goods environments having the free-rider problem.
Release of ferulic acid from sugar‐beet pulp by using arabinanase, arabinofuranosidase and an esterase from Aspergillus niger

Aspergillus niger cinnamoyl esterase (CinnAE) is shown to be active towards a wide range of feruloylated oligosaccharides derived from sugar-beet pulp (SBP). The esterase hydrolysed ferulic acid ester-linked to either C-2 of arabinose or C-6 of galactose residues, and demonstrated the highest activity towards the feruloylated arabinose trisaccharide. However, CinnAE was able to release only 0.88% of total alkali-extractable ferulic acid from SBP in 24 h when acting alone. To determine whether cell-wall-degrading enzymes could increase the release of ferulic acid by CinnAE, SBP was incubated with various carbohydrases [cellulase, polygalacturonase, endo-arabinanase, alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, endo-(1,4-beta-D-galactanase, beta-D-galactosidase]. These were added alone and in pairs, both in the presence and absence of CinnAE. We showed that all the carbohydrases tested were free of esterase activity. When individual carbohydrases were incubated with SBP, whether in the presence or absence of CinnAE, less than 1% of the feruloyl groups were released. When incubated with a mixture of endo-arabinanase and alpha-L-arabinofuranosidase, the esterase was able to release 14 times more of the alkali-extractable ferulic acid present in the whole pulp as free acid than CinnAE alone. Ferulic acid is linked either to L-arabinose or D-galactose in SBP, but no corresponding increase in ferulic acid release was detected when SBP was incubated with CinnAE plus endo-(1,4)-beta-D-galactanase and beta-D-galactosidase (both from A. niger). Hence feruloylated arabinans in SBP are readily available for hydrolysis by arabinan-degrading enzymes, whereas feruloylated galactans are not available for hydrolysis by galactan-degrading enzymes.
Stimulated Ĉerenkov Radiation

Publisher Summary This aim of this chapter is to establish the criteria necessary for producing usable levels of stimulated Cerenkov radiation at short wavelengths compared to the characteristic scale length of both the transverse and longitudinal dimensions of a dielectric resonator. The electromagnetic wave produced by a charged particle moving faster than light in a dielectric medium is known universally as Cerenkov radiation. A number of experiments are designed to explore the properties of Cerenkov radiation produced by prebunched electron beams moving in close proximity to a dielectric surface. The chapter discusses the use of the combination of the electron beam and the dielectric resonator to generate coherent radiation in the millimeter through infra-red (IR) portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It describes Cerenkov maser, which is a device consisting of a dielectric resonator, an electron beam, and an output coupling structure. Special emphasis is given on resonators that are separate from the beam. A series of calculations aimed at establishing the current beam energy, and velocity spread required to obtain the growth of stimulated Cerenkov radiation is presented. The chapter examines the exponential gain of stimulated Cerenkov radiation obtained when it is assumed that either a strongly magnetized or a completely unmagnetized monoenergetic electron beam passes directly through a dielectric medium. The limit implied by the assumption that the beam is monoenergetic is also examined and modified gain formulas are derived.
Rethinking Modern European Intellectual History

The editors of Rethinking Modern European Intellectual History, Darrin M. McMahon and Samuel Moyn, present essays written by some of the most prominent practitioners in the field on developments in...
Abstract P238: Marijuana Use and Incident Diabetes: Results from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study

Marijuana use is common in the United States, but the cardiometabolic effects of marijuana use are unclear, specifically the association with incident diabetes. We examined the association between self-reported marijuana use and incident diabetes in the CARDIA Study, including 3,506 men and women aged 18-30 at the time of enrollment (1985-1986). In order to establish antecedent marijuana use, we classified marijuana use at enrollment and at exams 2, 5, and 7 (years later), and then followed individuals free of diabetes at year 7 for incident events. Marijuana use was modeled in three categories: never users (20% of the population), ever-past use (44% of the population), and ever-recent use (36% of the population). From 1992-2011, we observed 396 incident cases of diabetes ascertained at each exam via fasting glucose values (≥126 mg/dL), oral glucose tolerance test results (≥200 mg/dL), percentage of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c ≥6.5%), or use of diabetes medications. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for incident diabetes according to marijuana use category, after adjustment for age, sex, race, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education, study center, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol, caloric intake, physical activity, and other illicit drug use. Results from crude analysis suggested decreased risk of incident diabetes for both ever-past (HR=0.81; 95% CI = 0.62 - 1.04) and ever-recent (HR=0.86; 95% CI = 0.66 - 1.13) marijuana use when compared to never users. In the multivariable model, neither ever-past (HR=1.03; 95% CI = 0.78 - 1.36) or ever-recent (HR=0.97; 95% CI = 0.70 - 1.36) marijuana use was associated with incident diabetes when compared to never users. The findings were not materially different after excluding the first three years of follow up. Marijuana use in young adulthood was not associated with incident diabetes in middle age.
Task-dependent role of the cerebellum in motor learning

This chapter reviews several findings from our laboratory supporting the hypothesis that the cerebellum's role in motor learning is task-dependent. Namely, its contribution is dependent on the specific task being learned. Several studies are reviewed to demonstrate that the effect of temporary or permanent cerebellar lesions on a specific process such as storage varies depending on the behavior. Furthermore, this task-dependency is reflected also in the modulation of Purkinje cells and nuclear neurons recorded during the learning process. The behavioral correlates of this modulation are very paradigm specific. These observations support the above hypothesis and emphasize the importance of paradigm selection in designing experiments focused on elucidating the cerebellum's role in learning a specific motor behavior.