cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract B02: Matrix stiffness regulates local metabolism of breast carcinoma cells

Dense breast tissue is one of the single largest risk factors for the development of breast cancer, and one of the primary proteins responsible for increased breast density is the core extracellular matrix (ECM) component, collagen. Similar to other ECM proteins, collagen plays a structural role underlying tissue organization and increased collagen deposition correlates to a stiffer ECM and cellular microenvironment. Interestingly, changes to the stiffness of the ECM or microenvironment have profound and poorly-understood effects on cell migration, cell proliferation, and cancer progression. Consistent with an expanding role of ECM stiffness in cell signaling, we report that increased matrix stiffness also affects cellular metabolism and respiration. Using specific pharmacological inhibitors and quantitative imaging modalities like fluorescence lifetime microscopy, we are able to show that changes in collagen stiffness can cause a metabolic shift towards a more glycolytic, Warburg-like equilibrium in breast carcinoma cells. Matrix stiffness regulates the expression of several metabolic enzymes, including PDHK-1, which is poised to regulate this shift. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Brian Burkel, Suzanne Ponik, Brett Morris, Kevin Eliceiri, Patricia Keely. Matrix stiffness regulates local metabolism of breast carcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B02
Electroabsorption in polydiethynylsilane and soluble trans-(CH)χ

Abstract Electroabsorption spectra have been measured for polydiethynylsilane, PDES, and soluble trans -polyacetylene, (CH) χ , at 300 K in the spectral range 1.3 to 2.5 eV. Absorption and thermal modulation spectra are also obtained for the two materials. For both materials, the second derivative of absorption compares well with the electroabsorption spectrum. The electroabsorption spectra, however, are discussed in terms of the Stark effect on energy states of A g and B u symmetry. The absorption second derivative and the electroabsorption spectra are used to estimate the Stark shift of the 1B u exciton.
The presence of protein phosphokinase in connective tissues and the phosphorylation of enamel proteins in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. Protein phosphokinase (ATP: protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) activity has been extracted from several connective tissues including diaphyseal bone, epiphyseal cartilage, muscle connective tissue, enamel organ, skin and tendon. The enzyme has been assayed with partially dephosphorylated phosvitin as substrate. 2. 2. The protein phosphokinase from muscle connective tissue has been purified approx. 45-fold. 3. 3. Enamel matrix proteins are also substrates for the enzymes of connective-tissue origin, whereas they are not phosphorylated by the protein phosphokinase from yeast. 4. 4. 32 P-labeled serine phosphate has been identified in partial acid hydrolysates of the dephosphorylated phosvitin and enamel matrix protein after incubation with enzyme and [ 32 P]ATP.
Parental facilitation: parent-offspring relations in communally breeding birds

A view of parent-offspring relations is developed that stresses an increased role for mutualism and tolerance rather than conflict in evolutionary trends toward sociality. For example, in Aphelocoma jays, parental tolerance of offspring increases from asocial to social species, contrary to what parental manipulation or parent-offspring conflict models have suggested. A simple model is presented in which parents can leave more grand-offspring while having fewer offspring through a mutualistic relationship between parent and offspring. Consistent with the model are the following observations: (1) At the extreme of sociality, in Mexican jays, A. ultramarina, both sexes commonly inherit their natal territory, thus retaining productive territories largely under control of genotypes that tolerate persistence of young in the territory. Sons and daughters may breed on their natal territory in the presence of their mothers and presumed fathers. (2) Jays banded as nestlings in the study area achieved higher reproductive success when breeding on their natal territory than those that moved to other territories. It is hypothesized that plural breeding can evolve as an extension of the trend leading to singular breeding via a non-altruistic reduction in the number of offspring per parent. The concept of parental facilitation may prove to be important for many highly social types of animals, including insects, birds and mammals.
Substance P-induced depolarization in sympathetic neurons: not simple K-inactivation

Abstract Ionic mechanisms underlying substance P-induced depolarization of the inferior mesenteric ganglion cells of the guinea pig were analyzed by means of microelectrode methods. When the membrane potential was manually clamped at the resting level, substance P caused, in about equal number of neurons, increases and decreases of neuronal input resistance. In the majority of the cells tested the amplitude of substance P-induced depolarization was increased when the membrane was hyperpolarized to the level of E k ; it was markedly reduced in a Na + -free media. These results suggest that substance P causes depolarization by simultaneously increasing Na + and decreasing K + permeability.
The topography of cholesterol-induced fatty streaks☆

Abstract The appearance of the arterial endothelium of rabbits which had been fed cholesterol is examined by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Attention is drawn to the large number of circulating cells attached to the endothelial surface and the number of these as seen by TEM which appear to be penetrating into the intima. It is proposed that these penetrating cells form an important component of cholesterol-induced fatty streaks in the rabbit.
The effects of effort toward comprehension on recall

Four experiments examined free recall of generally incomprehensible sentences with appropriate cues that made the sentences comprehensible. A distinction is made between processes involved in an effort toward comprehension and elaboration processes that occur following comprehension. It was found that providing additional time for effort toward comprehension enhanced recall, while providing additional time for elaboration following comprehension did not enhance recall. It was also shown that the effects of effort toward comprehension were contingent upon eventual understanding of the sentence.
Radiative Width of Molecular-Cluster States

Molecular states are characterized by enhanced electromagnetic deexcitations of many different multipolarities. The expected enhancement of $E1$, $E2$, and $E3$ transitions is examined deriving molecular sum rules for radiative deexcitation widths and via a dimensionality approach. The enhancement of the $E1$ transitions is the most striking.
Humidity resistant live-dead stain for spermatozoa.

Abstract Live-dead slides of bovine spermatozoa, prepared using conventional procedures, were found to be unstable at high relative humidities (RH) because of migration of water soluble dyes, such as eosin, into previously unstained cells At 85 percent RH, complete loss of contrast between “live” and “dead” cells occurred within 60 minutes. Comparable slides, prepared using erythrosin B and brilliant green, were found to maintain satisfactory contrast between the “live” and “dead” cells, even at 98 percent RH, throughout the seven-day humidity exposure trials.
The efficiency of modified bentonite clays for removal of aromatic organics from oily liquid wastes

Abstract Clay-aromatic interactions have been investigated to assess the use of modified (organophilic) bentonite for binding benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene (BTEX compounds) in contaminated liquids. Sorption isotherm and column leach tests were carried out to assess the efficiency of the clay in removing organics from liquid solutions, and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to assess the changes in the basal spacing of bentonite as a result of its interaction with the organic compounds. This investigation indicates increases in the basal spacing of the modified bentonite as a result of the interaction between the clay and organics. In addition, the sorption isotherm and column leach test results revealed that the modified bentonite samples effectively removed benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene from liquid solutions. The efficiencies of the clays in removing BTEX compounds were 75%, 87%, 89%, and 89%, respectively, suggesting that the modified bentonite can be used as a practical organic adsorbent for waste water treatment systems, landfill liners, slurry walls, and underground storage tanks' barriers.
Purification of a 12,020-dalton protein that enhances the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase by MAP kinase kinase.

We have purified 3500-fold from rabbit skeletal muscle a 12,020-Da mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-enhancing factor (MEF) that stimulates both mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) autophosphorylation and the rate (24-fold) at which the enzyme is phosphorylated by MEK in vitro. This was manifest by the finding that in the presence of MEF, molar equivalents of MEK to MAPK were sufficient to produce fully phosphorylated (2.1 ± 0.4 mol/mol; S.D., n = 3) and activated MAPK. This contrasted with the 40:1 molar excess ratio of MEK to MAPK required to produce fully phosphorylated and activated MAPK in the absence of MEF. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that in the presence of MEF, phosphorylation of MAPK by MEK was ordered, with Tyr-185 phosphorylation preceding Thr-183 phosphorylation. However, the rate at which Thr-183 was phosphorylated relative to Tyr-185 was greatly increased. The finding that MEF stimulated MAPK autophosphorylation and increased its ability to be phosphorylated by MEK suggests a mechanism of action in which MEF interacts with MAPK to alter its conformation.
Comparison of rheological properties of short-chain perfluoropolyethers through simulation and experiment

Four short-chain perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) with varied architectural modifications have been studied rheologically using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation and experiment. An explicit-atom potential, which treats all fluorine atoms equivalently, is not capable of reproducing the experimentally observed trends in viscosity among the four compounds. Rather, the parameters of the potential governing the interaction of fluorine must reflect the proximity of the fluorine to the oxygen in the ether linkage. Defining four different types of fluorine atoms, we are able to reproduce the experimentally observed trends in viscosity among the four compounds. We examine the effect of this potential change on the structural properties as well.
BINARY SEARCH ON A TAPE.

Given n records stored alphabetically on a tape, any comparison search procedure can be characterized by a binary tree. The complete binary tree (binary search) uses the minimum number of comparisons but not the minimum number of movements. The linear binary tree (sequential search) uses the minimum number of movements but not the minimum number of comparisons. A tape-optimal tree is a tree which minimizes the total cost of comparisons and movements. The tape-optimal tree is a “hybrid” of the linear tree and the complete binary tree, and is characterized for arbitrary n.
Paul Tillich’s ‘Method of Correlation’ and the Unification of Korea: From Correlation to Co-Reconstruction

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the theological relevance and significance of Paul Tillich’s ‘method of correlation’ with regard to the Korean political situation, with a particular focus on the issue of the unification of North and South Korea. The first part of the article critically appropriates Tillich’s philosophical‐theological concepts such as the ‘demonic’, the ‘polarities’ and the ‘kingdom of God’ in order to analyse how the historical existence of the Korean people has been deeply shaped by the division of Korea. The second part of the article constructively applies an in-depth reading of Tillich’s theology of peace, in presenting a theological perspective on how the unification of the two Koreas might be attained through a co-reconstructive endeavour between the divided peoples of North and South Korea.
Band-bending effect of low temperature GaAs on a pseudomorphic modulation-doped field-effect transistor

Low temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements on pseudomorphic modulation-doped transistors with a low-temperature (LT) GaAs layer in the GaAs buffer layer clearly show a decrease in the quantum well PL transition energies compared to a structure with no LT GaAs. Self-consistent calculations of the electron and hole bandstructure suggest that the observed increase in the redshift in PL energies with increasing quantum well-LT GaAs spacing can be attributed to band bending induced by the Fermi level pinning at the undoped GaAs/LT GaAs interface and a novel carrier compensation effect of LT GaAs.
The role of ventriculoperitoneal shunting in patients with supratentorial glioma.

Objectives To assess the impact of ventriculoperitoneal (VPS) in patients with glioma. Methods Retrospective review of patients with grade II-IV glioma who had VPS placement from January 1995 to November 2012. Results We identified 62 patients. At time of VPS, 41 had gait disturbance, 40 cognitive impairment and 16 urinary incontinence; 10 had the classic triad. Thirty-eight (61%) improved after VPS. Median overall survival from VPS was 7 months for all patients, but 11 months for those who improved and 2 months for non-responders. Leptomeningeal disease, glioma grade or radiographic ventricular decompression did not predict benefit. Conclusions VPS can improve functional status in some patients with symptoms suggestive of hydrocephalus.
Fusion Peptide of Gp41 Self Associates in the Model Membrane and then Interacts with its Trans-Membrane Domain

We have examined the peptide structure and membrane packing when the fusion peptide (FP) of gp41 was added either in the membrane alone or in the membrane containing gp41 the trans-membrane domain (TMD). Circular Dichroism (CD) measurements showed that FP is mostly in a beta sheet conformation independent of FP concentration. TMD has ∼ 30% helical, ∼25% beta sheet and the complex of TMD and FP has less alpha helix than the TMD itself, which indicates the TMD looses its alpha helical structure upon interacting with FP. DPH and TMA-DPH fluorescence anisotropy revealed that FP alone increased the interior packing of the membrane, but FP in the presence of TMD increased the interior packing at lower concentrations of FP and then decreased it at higher concentrations. FP alone increased membrane surface packing at lower concentrations but increased it at higher concentrations. In the presence of TMD, FP addition decreased surface packing cooperatively. From the lifetime of TMA-DPH in H2O and D2O we documented water penetration into the membrane. FP alone increases water penetration slightly whereas FP in presence of TMD significantly increased water penetration into the interface region of the membrane in a cooperative fashion. The fluorescence lifetime of C6NBDPC revealed that FP alone fills more space than the FP in the presence of TMD. In summary, our results clearly demonstrate that gp41 FP forms a complex with the gp41 TMD to alter both TMD structure and membrane structure. It remains to be seen whether this complex promotes membrane fusion. Supported by NIGMS grant 32707 to BRL.
Responses to alarm calls by California ground squirrels: Effects of call structure and maternal status

1. The purposes of this study were to assess the response eliciting properties of five structural variants of the California ground squirrel alarm call system, and to compare the responsiveness of females with and without young to the vocalizations. Tape recordings of alarm calls and control sounds were played back in the field to adult female ground squirrels. The squirrels responded very little to control sounds. Following alarm calls, however, posture height and running increased; feeding, walking and non-locomotion movements decreased. None of the playbacks elicited vocalizations from the squirrels. 2. The four chatter-chat calls evoked patterns of response that were distinctly different from reactions to the whistle. The immediate running response to chatter-chats was followed quickly by upright posturing, which subsequently declined throughout the 3-min period following the call. Feeding was suppressed throughout the 3-min post-chatter-chat interval, but movement increased after initial inhibition. After the initial running response to whistles, walking was common and upright posturing was delayed until the second post-call minute. Feeding and nonlocomotion movement were initially suppressed but increased monotonically over time. We proposed that these differences were adaptively related to the fact that chatter-chats typically follow detection of terrestrial predators, whereas whistles usually signal flying raptors. 3. The responses to the four chatter-chat calls were graded in intensity, reaching higher levels in response to calls with more notes and lower noise content. The chat, a one-note call with high noise content, evoked the weakest reaction. We proposed that these two dimensions of calling (number of notes and noise content), in conjunction with several other semi-independent parameters, provide a sufficient diversity of signals to permit specification of the referent of the call (conspecific or predator) as well as the arousal level of the caller. 4. We hypothesized that kin selection was responsible for the greater responsiveness of parous than of nonparous females to the alarm calls, and we discussed some implications of this difference.
Theories of Nature and the Nature of Theories

Quine acknowledges that he uses the term 'theory' in two distinct ways; one use he terms 'technical',' the other I shall call the extended use of 'theory'. The technical sense, stemming from Tarski's use of 'theory', characterizes a set of sentences as a theory iff 'it consists of some subset S of sentences together with all the further sentences that are logically implied by S and do not exceed the vocabulary of S'.2 This technical sense is part of what is intended when Quine speaks of theories in the natural sciences. No actual scientific theory may, perhaps, be fully regimented in precisely this sense of 'theory'; the point is that the technical sense of 'theory' represents the Quinean ideal for the natural sciences. However, Quine uses the term 'theory' in an extended, epistemological sense when he speaks of all the sentences of a natural language which enjoy community-wide acceptance, i.e., where 'theory' means 'the generally accepted cultural lore'. He holds that 'such contexts are insensitive to a distinction between language and theory' (WsOs, p. 3io). In this sense of 'theory', our theory of the world is loosely identified with some subset of sentences of English. This looser sense of 'theory' represents Quine's most characteristic employment of the term. 'In Word and Object and related writings my use of the term "theory" is not technical. For these purposes a man's theory on a given subject may be conceived, nearly enough, as the class of all those sentences . . . that he believes to be true' (WsOs, p. 309). What escapes Quine's notice, however, is that his latter, looser use is ambiguous in an important respect. The extended sense of 'theory' is ambiguous with respect to whether Quine's statements about theories are to be held true only within some specific scientific framework or held true come what may in current scientific theory. For example, Quine, maintains that 'a sentence S is meaningless except relative to its own theory'3 and that 'we can never do better than occupy the standpoint of some theory or other, the best we can muster at the time' (WO, p. 2z). Here Quine is clearly talking about theories; indeed, he is offering a general pronouncement to the
Validation of the aberration-pattern-matching OPC strategy

This paper validates the pattern matching methodology for locating and quantifying worst-case aberration-distortion of patterns through the comparison of theoretically predicted and simulated images. The matching process identifies those pattern element that will be most affected by the aberrations specific to the given lens. Once the highly impacted layout structures are identified, the region is extracted and simulated with and without aberrations using SPLAT to observe the induced pattern distortions. It is shown that even for good quality lenses, the resulting line- edge and line-end perturbations of PSM layouts for residual amounts of aberrations can exceed half those of optical proximity effects and may be quantified as additional input into the OPC process. The resulting feature edge shift is large and linear with aberration level for odd aberrations and much smaller for even aberrations whose electric fields add in quadrature. The effects of aberrations on binary marks are about half as large as the effects on phase-shift and phase-edge masks. The goal of the system is to allow measurements of aberrations across the field and among tools to be utilized int eh design process to inform designers of problematic features and to apply appropriate compensation on the mask.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Expression of Saliva-Binding Epitopes of thePorphyromonas gingivalisFimA Protein on the Surface ofStreptococcus gordonii☆

Abstract Porphyromonas gingivalis, a gram-negative oral anaerobic bacterium, has been implicated in the onset and development of periodontitis. The P. gingivalis fimbriae which mediate bacterial adherence to host oral sites and induce host inflammatory responses have been suggested as a potential antigen candidate. for vaccine development. This study was undertaken to generate Streptococcus gordonii vectors expressing the major subunit protein (FimA) of P. gingivalis fimbriae for testing as a potential live vaccine against periodontitis. We report here the expression of the C-terminal saliva-binding epitopes of P. gingivalis FimA on the surface of S. gordonii and demonstrate that domains containing free cysteine residues are poorly expressed on the surface of S. gordonii.
The use of small scale experimentation in teaching chemistry. II. Use of semimicro and micro methods in advanced courses of preparative organic chemistry

The use of micro and semimicro techniques in the teaching of both elementary and advanced courses of Preparative Organic Chemistry has been extensively described by one of the authors.lW4 In courses dealing with advanced organic preparations the primary aim is to acquaint the student with a number of the important methods which are employed in the synthesis of organic compounds. The course as given in this laboratory consists of one hour’s discussion of reactions and techniques and seven hours devoted to the assigned preparations. Of the 10-12 preparations assigned to each student for a total of approximately 100 hours of laboratory work, about one half involve quantities which are expected to yield between 25 and 50 g. of the final product. Hence, the apparatus and techniques employed are those required in the common macro methods. Of the remaining assignments, 3-5 preparations are in the semimicro range-that is, the expected yield varies from 100 mg. to a few grams. The upper range is necessary when the product is a liquid, since it is difficult to purify less than l-2 ml. of a mixture. Finally, one preparation is assigned in which the expected yield is in the range of l-5 mg. Thus the student has experience not only in the usual macro procedures, but also in the technique of scaling down a preparation from several hundred grams to a few hundred milligrams and in becoming able to carry a synthesis yielding a few milligrams which must be fractionated and from which one or two physical constants must be measured to determine purity.
Asian Despotism? Mughal Government as Seen From the Dutch East India Company Factory in Surat

In the current debate about early modern European perceptions of Asia, the rich documentation produced by the Dutch East India Company has been largely overlooked. The Surat factory, whose correspondence is extant from 1636, was in close connection with the centers of Mughal authority, and the factory here, unlike in some other Dutch outposts, was never allowed to be transformed into a fortified enclosure from which the "hatmen" could challenge the agents of the state with impunity. In published accounts of Asian government, including those written in Dutch, "despots" held sway over lands whose only law was the ruler's whim. But Company documents from Surat (and elsewhere in India) consistently depict local officials as manipulating for their own profit their control over European trade, often in flagrant disregard of trading privileges carefully negotiated with the Mughal court. The image of an all-powerful sovereign, though not altogether absent, is sometimes evoked as a way of explaining to Company superiors in Batavia (Djakarta) or Amsterdam why their servants in Surat could not do as they were bidden. But if Company men developed over time a credible local knowledge of Mughal government, they were no different from stay-at-home European Christians in their view of the Mughal realm's Muslim elites: in this age of continuing warfare between Christendom and Islamdom, a "faithless Moor" was always and everywhere the same.
EFFECTS OF CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT FREQUENCY IN AN INTERMITTENT FREE-FEEDING SITUATION1,2

Key-pecking intermittently produced a set of brief exteroceptive stimulus changes under two-component multiple schedules of conditioned reinforcement. Throughout the study, free access to grain was concurrently provided on an intermittent basis via a variable-interval tape. Free food presentations scheduled by the tape were delivered if no peck had been emitted for 6 sec, and the brief stimulus changes produced by responding under the multiple schedules were those which accompanied food presentation. The second component of each multiple schedule was always associated with a 1-min, variable-interval schedule of conditioned reinforcement. The schedule associated with the first component was systematically varied and conditioned reinforcement was either absent (extinction) or programmed on a 1-, 3-, 6-, or 12-min variable-interval schedule. Under these conditions, rate of responding in the manipulated component decreased monotonically with a decrease in the frequency of conditioned reinforcement. In addition, contrast effects were often obtained in the constant, second component. These results are similar to those obtained with similar multiple schedules of primary reinforcement.
Flux Pinning in a Superconductor by an Array of Submicrometer Magnetic Dots

Triangular arrays of submicrometer magnetic dots, with typical spacing of 400{endash}600nm and diameters close to 200nm, have been fabricated by electron beam lithography to study pinning effects on Nb thin films. The resistivity versus magnetic field curves exhibit regular structure. Minima appear at constant field intervals, given by the lattice parameter of the dot array. The angular, current, and temperature dependencies of the resistivity imply synchronized pinning by the magnetic array which is relevant at high vortex velocities, when the order in the vortex lattice increases. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Cytotaxonomy of the triatominae (Reduviidae: Hemiptera)

The chromosome number and meiotic cycle of 20 species of Triatominae have been investigated. In the male, there are five types of chromosome complement: 20+XY, 20+X1X2Y, 20+X1X2X3Y, 18+XY and 22+XY.The cytological data suggest that the type number for the subfamily is 22 (20+XY). In the hybrids: Triatoma barberi (♀♀) and T. protracta (♂♂), anomalous behavior of certain chromosomes has been observed. Phylogenetic relationships based on chromosome evidence in the subfamily have been discussed. It is suggested that fragmentation is the major factor for chromosome evolution in the group.
Kinetics of the very low pressure pyrolysis of trimethylgallium and arsine

Abstract We have studied the mechanism and kinetics of the decomposition reactions of trimethylgallium (TMG) and arsine in a very low pressure pyrolysis (VLPP) reactor. We have observed in situ the surface-catalyzed decomposition reactions of TMG and arsine on a growing GaAs surface. The primary step in the decomposition of TMG involves the adsorption and the successive release of the methyl radicals from the surface. The decomposition reactions of TMG in our Knudsen cell flow reactor exhibit a different type of behavior in the higher ( p TMG > 10 −3 Torr ) and lower pressure ( p TMG −4 Torr ) regime. The decomposition of TMG on a growing GaAs surface in the lower pressure regime shows an activation energy of about 26±3 kcal/mol and an A -factor of about 10 13.3 s −1 . In the higher pressure regime the initially growing GaAs surface shows an activation energy of about 26 kcal/mol. The surface is deactivated slowly before the TMG signal reaches a steady state and the activation energy is reduced to 10±2 kcal/mol. The pre-exponential factor decreases even faster to about 10 10.3 s −1 . We have suggested an overall reaction scheme to explain our observations. The SEM/EDS analysis of the growing film in the high pressure regime shows a carbon signal unlike the films grown in the low pressure regime. We attribute the significant carbon build-up on the surface to the secondary bimolecular reactions of the methyl radical producing carbon species (CH x ) covering the surface. The introduction of arsine increases the decomposition of TMG and the methyl radical production. However, the activation energy for the production of the methyl radicals is not affected by the presence of arsine staying constant at about 20±3 kcal/mol and there is no evidence for the recombination of methyl and H species on the surface. This apparent activation energy is much lower than the average Ga-C bond energy probably due to the heat of adsorption and the concerted nature of the surface reactions.
The Effect of Observation Length and Presentation Order on the Reliability and Validity of an Observational Measure of Teaching Quality

Observational methods are increasingly being used in classrooms to evaluate the quality of teaching. Operational procedures for observing teachers are somewhat arbitrary in existing measures and vary across different instruments. To study the effect of different observation procedures on score reliability and validity, we conducted an experimental study that manipulated the length of observation and order of presentation of 40-minute videotaped lessons from secondary grade classrooms. Results indicate that two 20-minute observation segments presented in random order produce the most desirable effect on score reliability and validity. This suggests that 20-minute occasions may be sufficient time for a rater to observe true characteristics of teaching quality assessed by the measure used in the study, and randomizing the order in which segments were rated may reduce construct irrelevant variance arising from carry over effects and rater drift.
Elementary Particles and the Laws of Physics: The 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures

Foreword John C. Taylor 1. The reason for antiparticles Richard P. Feynman 2. Towards the final laws of physics Steven Weinberg.
The Zn(II)/Zn exchange reaction in KOH solution—III. Exchange current measurements using the potentiostatic method

Abstract The results of short time (50μ s ) and longer (1000μ s ) time potentionstatic experiments are presented. At higher overpotentials, > |10| mV, results are complicated by metallurgical effects. At low overpotentials the apparent exchange cds are dependent upon the elapsed time of the experiment. This dependency is discusssed in relation to these and previously reported experimental data. The exchange cds of systems Zn/Zn(II), OH − are independent of the zincate-ion concentration in the bulk electrolyte. The mechanism of the Zn/Zn(II) exchange in alkali is discussed in the light of data presented in this and earlier papers of this series. It is shown that the charge-transfer reaction involves the participation of both molecules of water and hydroxide. The possible reason for this is discussed in the light of the present state of knowledge.
Cooperative multi-cell MIMO downlink precoding for finite-alphabet inputs

This work studies the design of linear precoders for cooperative multi-cell MIMO downlink systems with finite alphabet inputs. Traditionally, multi-cell MIMO downlink precoder designs rely on Gaussian input assumption, which may lead to performance loss when the true inputs admit discrete non-Gaussian symbols. In this work, we present optimized precoders by maximizing weighted sum rate (of finite-alphabet-input) under a set of single base station power constraints. Specifically, we propose a simple gradient algorithm for general multi-cell MIMO downlink channel and a block diagonalization gradient algorithm while supporting interference cancellation.
CLARA: A Contemporary Approach to Physics Data Processing

CLARA (CLAS12 Reconstruction and Analysis framework) is CLAS12 physics data processing (PDP) application development framework based on a service oriented architecture (SOA). This framework allows users to design and deploy data processing services as well as dynamically compose PDP applications using available services. Services can be written in Java, C++, and Python languages. The PDP service bus provides a layer on top of a distributed pub-sub middleware implementation. This allows complex service composition and integration without writing a code. We believe that by deviating from the traditional self contained, monolithic PDP application models we can improve maintenance, scalability and quality of physics data analysis. The SOA approach also helps us to separate a specific service programmer from a PDP application designer. Examples of service creation and deployment, along with the CLAS12 track reconstruction application design are presented.
Lifecycle-Based Data Center Design

Environmental sustainability is an increasingly important design constraint for next-generation servers and datacenters. Unlike prior studies that focus on operational energy use, we study the environmental impact of current designs across the entire lifecycle, including embedded impact factors related to material use and manufacturing. Based on the insights provided by this study, we propose a solution co-designed across system architecture and physical packaging, including (1) material-efficient physical organization, (2) environmentally-efficient cooling infrastructures, and (3) effective design of system architectures to reuse components — all working together to improve sustainability. We provide a detailed evaluation of our proposed solution in terms of sustainability, thermal manageability, and computational performance. Our results show that the proposed approach is effective in addressing the (often non-intuitive) tradeoffs between performance and different components of sustainability.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Analysis of Gear Static Transmission Error and Mesh Stiffness

In this paper, the object of study is one pair increasing gear with building a two-dimensional plane model in ANSYS. According to the gears meshing theory, considering the gear deformation, solve the static transmission error and the gear mesh stiffness in different conditions. The influence of the centre errors on static transmission error and mesh Stiffness are basis for modal analysis based on the mesh stiffness of gear and unbalanced harmonic response.
A bioenergetic profile of non-transformed fibroblasts uncovers a link between death-resistance and enhanced spare respiratory capacity

Apoptosis-resistance and metabolic imbalances are prominent features of cancer cells. We have recently reported on populations of human fibroblasts that exhibit resistance to mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, acquired as a result of a single genotoxic exposure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the intrinsic bioenergetic profile of the death-resistant cells, as compared to the clonogenic control cells. Therefore, we analyzed the basic bioenergetic parameters including oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates, coupling efficiency, and spare respiratory capacity. Our data demonstrate a strong correlation between enhanced spare respiratory capacity and death-resistance, which we postulate to be indicative of the earliest stages of carcinogenesis.
The nature of the arrestin-receptor complex determines the ultimate fate of the internalized receptor

The vast majority of G protein-coupled receptors are desensitized by a uniform two-step mechanism: phosphorylation of an active receptor followed by arrestin binding. The arrestin·receptor complex is then internalized. Internalized receptor can be recycled back to the plasma membrane (resensitization) or targeted to lysosomes for degradation (down-regulation). The intracellular compartment where this choice is made and the molecular mechanisms involved are largely unknown. Here we used two arrestin2 mutants that bind with high affinity to phosphorylated and unphosphorylated agonist-activated β2-adrenergic receptor to manipulate the receptor-arrestin interface. We found that mutants support rapid internalization of β2-adrenergic receptor similar to wild type arrestin2. At the same time, phosphorylation-independent arrestin2 mutants facilitate receptor recycling and sharply reduce the rate of receptor loss, effectively protecting β2-adrenergic receptor from down-regulation even after very long (up to 24 h) agonist exposure. Phosphorylation-independent arrestin2 mutants dramatically reduce receptor phosphorylation in response to an agonist both in vitro and in cells. Interestingly, co-expression of high levels of β-adrenergic receptor kinase restores receptor down-regulation in the presence of mutants to the levels observed with wild type arrestin2. Our data suggest that unphosphorylated receptor internalized in complex with mutant arrestins recycles faster than phosphoreceptor and is less likely to get degraded. Thus, targeted manipulation of the characteristics of an arrestin protein that binds to a G protein-coupled receptors can dramatically change receptor trafficking and its ultimate fate in a cell.
Heavy-ion excitation of 3− states in deformed nuclei

Abstract Previously measured data for 70.4 MeV 12C excitation of 3− states in 148, 150Nd are reanalyzed using a third-order rotational-vibrational model. Calculations using 3− quadrupole moments which are expected if they are K = 0 states are in reasonable agreement with the magnitude of the large-angle data, but the quality of the fit in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region is only fair. It is found that the matrix element 〈2+∥M(E3)∥3−〉 plays an important role in the calculations making the “measurement” of the 3− quadrupole moments very difficult, if not impossible.
On a model of nonlocal continuum mechanics part I: existence and regularity

In this work we assume that the total stored energy functional for a body $\B$ depends not only on the local strain field, but also on the spatial average of the strain field over the body weighted with an influence kernel. We investigate the problem of minimizing the total stored energy subject to a given bulk displacement $\Delta\geq 0$. After the general setup for this problem is reviewed, we give sufficient conditions for an energy minimizing strain field $e(\cdot)$ to satisfy an integro-differential Euler--Lagrange equation. The result is general and applies to material energies that display a wide variety of singular behavior. Through analysis of this Euler--Lagrange equation for a special class of influence kernels, we arrive at a regularity theorem which ensures that energy minimizing strain fields must be periodic, piecewise smooth, and possess a finite number of simple discontinuities. We then combine this with a well-known existence result for relaxed minimization problems to arrive at a genera...
Phonon radiative heat transfer and surface scattering.

We have performed thermal-conductance measurements on polished single crystals of pure silicon in the low-temperature boundary-scattering regime. Our data show that the thermal conductance depends not only on the sample size, but also on the size and spacing of the thermometers used to measure the temperature gradient along the crystal. We have analyzed the heat transport in terms of phonon blackbody radiation subject to surface scattering from the attached thermometers and from the free surfaces of the crystal. We have made this analysis quantitative by using Monte Carlo techniques, and have calculated the magnitude of both surface scattering effects. We show that thermal-conductance measurements provide a very sensitive and precise technique for studying diffuse phonon scattering at crystal surfaces, and find that our highly polished and clean silicon surfaces will specularly reflect more than 99% of the incident phonons below 1 K, temperatures which correspond to dominant phonon frequencies less than 90 GHz.
Comparison of tyrosine and tryptophan decay kinetics in small peptides

The fluorescence intensity decay of many tryptophan and tyrosine analogues and single tryptophan- or tyrosine-containing peptides and proteins exhibits complex kinetic behavior. Many kinetic schemes have been proposed, invoking either ground-state or excited-state interactions, but the multi-exponentional decays have yet to be explained by a comprehensive model. Our approach has been to try to resolve ground-state from excited-state interactions. We have recently demonstrated that the complex fluorescence decay of tyrosine in model compounds and small peptides can be explained by a ground-state model which predicts a single exponential decay for each rotamer about the Ca-0 bond of the aromatic residue.1'2 This model also predicts that the interconversion between rotamers is much slower than the decay of the excited state of the aromatic side chain. Consequently, the weighting of the expo-nential components should correlate with the ground-state rotamer populations, which can be estimated from proton NMR results. To incorporate the ground-state rotamer populations directly into the analysis of the fluorescence decay data, we developed a linked-function analysis3 which restricts the parameter search space; as a result, proposed kinetic mechanisms can be more rigorously tested. The linked-function can be applied either to the analysis of a single decay curve or to a global analysis4 of a set of related decay curves.
Optimal interpolation for medical images using MAP method

The problems of high resolution image reconstruction are approached in this project as an optimization problem. Assuming an ideal image is blurred, noise corrupted, and sub-sampled to produce the measured image, we pose the estimation of the enlarged image as a maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) restoration process and the mean field annealing optimization technique is used to solve the multi-model objective function. The iterative interpolation process incorporates two terms into its objective function. The first term is the 'noise' term which models the burring and subsampling of the acquisition system. By using the system point spread function and the noise characteristics, the measured pixels at the sub-sampled-grid are mapped into the grid of the original image. A second term, the a-priori term is formulated to fore the prior constraints such as noise smoothing and edge preserving into the interpolation process. The resulted image is a noise reduced, deblurred, and enlarged image. The proposed algorithm are used to zoom several medical images, along with existing techniques such as pixel replication, linear interpolation, and spectrum extrapolation. The resulted images indicate that the proposed algorithm can smooth noise extensively while keeping the image features. The images zoomed by other methods suffer from noise and look less favorable in comparison.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Biospecimens and Biorepositories: From Afterthought to Science

Biospecimens are recognized as critical components of biomedical research, from basic studies to clinical trials and epidemiologic investigations. Biorepositories have existed in various forms for more than 150 years, from early small collections in pathology laboratories to modern automated facilities managing millions of samples. As collaborative science has developed, it has been recognized that biospecimens must be of consistent quality. Recent years have seen a proliferation of best practices and the recognition of the field of "biospecimen science." The future of this field will depend on the development of more evidence-based practices in both the research and clinical settings. As the field matures, educating a new generation of biospecimen/biobanking scientists will be an important need.
Binding of adenovirus VA RNA to mRNA: A possible role in splicing?

Most, though not all, of the messenger RNAs of higher cells are composed of transcripts from two or more non-contiguous DNA segments that are 'spliced' together by mechanisms which are poorly understood. There has been recent speculation that small RNA molecules may play a part in the splicing reaction, acting as templates or adaptors to stabilize the appropriate conformation of a precursor RNA. Adenovirus-2 codes for two low molecular weight RNAs, the virus-associate (VA) RNAs I and II, major and minor species, respectively. These RNAs are about 160 nucleotides long and have both been sequenced. They originate from closely spaced genes which are transcribed by RNA polymerase III, but have not been definitively associated with any function. We have shown previously that a fraction of the VA RNA of infected cells is complexed with high molecular weight RNA in a denaturation-sensitive fashion. Results presented here show that the VA RNAs bind to unfractionated late virus mRNA and to a cloned copy of a single mRNA species, but not to corresponding cloned segments of viral genomic DNA. It is suggested that VA RNA may act as a template in the splicing reaction.