cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional simulations of SASI- and convection-dominated core-collapse supernovae

We investigate the effect of dimensionality on the transition to explosion in neutrino-driven core-collapse supernovae. Using parameterized hydrodynamic simulations of the stalled supernova shock in one-, two- (2D), and three spatial dimensions (3D), we systematically probe the extent to which hydrodynamic instabilities alone can tip the balance in favor of explosion. In particular, we focus on systems that are well into the regimes where the Standing Accretion Shock Instability (SASI) or neutrino-driven convection dominate the dynamics, and characterize the difference between them. We find that SASI-dominated models can explode with up to ~20% lower neutrino luminosity in 3D than in 2D, with the magnitude of this difference decreasing with increasing resolution. This improvement in explosion conditions is related to the ability of spiral modes to generate more non-radial kinetic energy than a single sloshing mode, increasing the size of the average shock radius, and hence generating better conditions for the formation of large-scale, high-entropy bubbles. In contrast, convection-dominated explosions show a smaller difference in their critical heating rate between 2D and 3D (<8%), in agreement with previous studies. The ability of our numerical implementation to maintain arbitrary symmetries is quantified with a set of SASI-based tests. We discuss implications for the diversity of explosion paths in a realistic supernova environment.
Enhancement of Exercise Performance in COPD Patients by Hyperoxia: A Call for Research

This essay summarizes 16 reports, published since 1956, that describe the effects of hyperoxia on exercise endurance in persons with COPD who have severe airflow obstruction (ie, FEV1 62 mm Hg or arterial oxygen saturation [Sao2] measured by pulse oximetry of > 91%). The term hyperoxia is used because, in a proportion of study participants, oxygen administration increased exercise endurance in a dose-dependent fashion, up to a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.5 or a flow of 100% O2 of 6 L/min. The process appears to be dependent on an increase in Pao2 rather than on the restoration of Sao2 to normal levels. The results of pulmonary function tests were not predictive of response. Increased exercise performance was associated with a decrease in dyspnea, respiratory frequency, and minute ventilation. The slowing of respiratory frequency and the decrease in pulmonary air trapping likely accounted for the decrease in dyspnea. Slowing of the respiratory rate, which occurred at the expense of the retention of CO2, is most likely due to a hyperoxia-induced decrease in chemoreceptor ventilatory drive from the aortic and carotid bodies. Research is called for to determine the following: (1) the prevalence of COPD patients who have severe airflow limitation accompanied by mild hypoxemia; (2) the proportion of these patients who show improvements in exercise performance during a test of hyperoxic exercise; and (3) whether enhanced exercise performance during a brief test translates into a meaningful increase in the ability to perform the activities of daily living.
A comparison of the flavor of green teas from around the world.

BACKGROUND Green teas can be grouped based on their flavor profiles. The country of origin appears to have a strong influence on the flavor of green tea probably because similar processing methods are widely used within each particular country and flavor is dependent, in part, on processing. The aim of this article is to determine what flavor differences exist among a wide range of green teas (n = 138) produced in various countries. RESULTS In this study we found that roast-processed teas were mostly responsible for brown-related flavors and steam-processed teas were responsible for green-related flavors. The prices of the green teas did not differentiate the flavors of the samples. Often highly priced green teas were grouped with low-priced green teas from the same manufacturer or country of origin according to their flavor attributes. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the tea plant varieties or cultivars likely affects flavors in green tea. However, those were not known for many samples in this research and more study will be needed to determine the effects of specific differences in varieties or cultivars. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Vascular Fistulas of the Sellar and Parasellar Region

Primary arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the pituitary gland and sellar region are exceedingly rare.
A Radioimmunoassay for Serum Calcitonin in the Rat

A radioimmunoassay for serum calcitonin in the rat is described. Materials for assay of human calcitonin are employed. The sensitivity of the assay is 3 pg and corresponds to a lower limit of detection of 60 pg/ml for peripheral serum. The normal range is up to 650 pg/ml in rats weighing between 125 and 200 g. Serum calcitonin is not detectable in thyroparathyroidectomized animals. It increases and varies directly with the serum calcium after intraperitoneal administration of the ion. Values for serum calcitonin in male and female rats are comparable under basal conditions and after calcium. The radioimmunoassay should allow the further characterization of calcitonin secretion in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic stimuli in this species.
Effect of Pulse Electric Discharging Modification on Plaster-mold Castings of Alloy ZL102

Pulse electric discharging modification (PEDM) is a technical method to refine the grain microstructure of aluminum alloy castings by using pulse electric current passing through the melt during solidification. The effects of applying pulsed current only, and compound-effect of PEDM with sodium modifier on α-Al dendrite and morphology of eutectic silicon flake in plaster-mold ZL102 Alloy (near eutectic composition 11.6% Si) castings are investigated. Comparing with traditional process of adding grain refiner (Al-5%Ti) and sodium modifier during refinement, the experimental results show that the refining microstructure effect of PEDM compounded with sodium modifier is similar to the effect of traditional refining grain methods, and that PEDM have not remarkable influence on morphology of eutectic silicon flake.
Tuning Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelengths of Silver Nanoparticles by Mechanical Deformation

We describe a simple technique to alter the shape of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by rolling a glass tube over them to mechanically compress them. The resulting shape change in turn induces a red-shift in the localized surface plasmon resonance scattering spectrum and exposes new surface area. The flattened particles were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, single-nanoparticle scattering spectroscopy, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images show that the AgNPs deform into discs; increasing the applied load from 0 to 100 N increases the AgNP diameter and decreases the height. This deformation caused a dramatic red shift in the nanoparticle scattering spectrum and also generated new surface area to which thiolated molecules could attach, as evident from SERS measurements. The simple technique employed here requires no lithographic templates and has potential for rapid, reproducible, inexpensive, and scalable tuning of nano...
Metabolic Enzymes of Cocaine Metabolite Benzoylecgonine

Cocaine is one of the most addictive drugs without a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication. Enzyme therapy using an efficient cocaine-metabolizing enzyme is recognized as the most promising approach to cocaine overdose treatment. The actual enzyme, known as RBP-8000, under current clinical development for cocaine overdose treatment is our previously designed T172R/G173Q mutant of bacterial cocaine esterase (CocE). The T172R/G173Q mutant is effective in hydrolyzing cocaine but inactive against benzoylecgonine (a major, biologically active metabolite of cocaine). Unlike cocaine itself, benzoylecgonine has an unusually stable zwitterion structure resistant to further hydrolysis in the body and environment. In fact, benzoylecgonine can last in the body for a very long time (a few days) and, thus, is responsible for the long-term toxicity of cocaine and a commonly used marker for drug addiction diagnosis in pre-employment drug tests. Because CocE and its mutants are all active against coc...
Beliefs About Accountants' Risk Tendencies and Their Effect on the Integration of Accountants' Advice Regarding Expenditure Decisions

We investigate whether stereotypes of accountants' risk preferences influence how managers integrate accountants' advice into their decisions. One key role of accountants is to provide advice that facilitates business managers' decision making. Standards of accounting call for accountants to provide objective advice, and accountants believe their role is to provide objective advice. However, stereotypes of accountants as risk averse can lead managers to treat accountants' advice as not objective and, thus, lead to biased integration of accountants' advice into managers' decisions. The results of our three experiments indicate that people believe accountants are more risk averse than general business people. This belief leads to expectations that accountants are more likely to recommend reducing rather than increasing expenditures when risk is present. As a result, decision makers integrate less (more) of accountants' advice when accountants recommend decreasing (increasing) expenditures. This is the first study to demonstrate that a commonly held belief about accountants affects how decision makers respond to information accountants provide. Accountants who realize this can take steps to ensure unbiased integration of their advice into managers' decisions.
Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions

The most general approach to synthesis of five-membered heterocyclic compounds involves cycloaddition of a 1,3-dipole to an appropriate unsaturated substrate, the dipolarophile. Intermolecular cycloadditions result in the formation of one new ring only. When the 1,3-dipole and the substrate are part of the same molecule, cycloaddition is intramolecular and leads to a new bicyclic system. Thus, intramolecular cycloadditions are amenable to the construction of inherently more complex products than intermolecular cycloadditions. Markedly different regioselectivity, controlled by the geometric constraints of bringing the 1,3-dipole into correct internal alignment for reaction with the dipolarophile, is often observed in an intramolecular cycloaddition. Sometimes these geometric constraints overwhelm the normal regiochemical preference dictated by electronic factors. The greater steric constraint inherent to intramolecular cycloaddition often affords higher diastereofacial discrimination: accordingly, these reactions can exhibit very high stereoselectivity. Periselectivity can also be different for an intramolecular cycloaddition, leading to formation of unusual bicyclic systems, containing other than five-membered heterocycles.
Spatially filtered ridge regression (SFRR): A regression framework to understanding impacts of land cover patterns on urban climate

Understanding the impacts of land cover pattern on the heat island effect is essential for sustainable urban development. Conventional model fitting methods have restricted ability to produce accurate estimates of the land cover-temperature association due to the lack of procedures to address two important issues: spatial dependence in proximal spatial units and high correlations among predictor variables. In this study, we seek to develop an effective framework called spatially filtered ridge regression (SFRR) to estimate the variations in the quantity and distribution of land surface temperature (LST) in response to various land cover patterns. The SFRR effectively integrates spatial autoregressive models and ridge regression, and it achieves reliable parameter estimates with substantially reduced mean square errors. We show this by comparing the performance of the SFRR to other widely adopted models using Monte Carlo simulation followed by an empirical study over central Phoenix. Results highlight the great potential of the SFRR in producing accurate statistical estimates, providing a positive step toward informed and unbiased decision-making across a wide variety of disciplines. (Code and data to reproduce the results in the case study are available at: https://github.com/cfan13/SFRRTGIS.git.)
Post-9/11/2001 lung function trajectories by sex and race in World Trade Center-exposed New York City emergency medical service workers

Objective To determine whether lung function trajectories after 9/11/2001 (9/11) differed by sex or race/ethnicity in World Trade Center-exposed Fire Department of the City of New York emergency medical service (EMS) workers. Method Serial cross-sectional study of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) taken between 9/11 and 9/10/2015. We used data from routine PFTs (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1 ) and FEV 1 % predicted), conducted at 12–18 month intervals. FEV 1 and FEV 1 % predicted were assessed over time, stratified by sex, and race/ethnicity. We also assessed FEV 1 and FEV 1 % predicted in current, former and never-smokers. Results Among 1817 EMS workers, 334 (18.4%) were women, 979 (53.9%) self-identified as white and 939 (51.6%) were never-smokers. The median follow-up was 13.1 years (IQR 10.5–13.6), and the median number of PFTs per person was 11 (IQR 7–13). After large declines associated with 9/11, there was no discernible recovery in lung function. In analyses limited to never-smokers, the trajectory of decline in adjusted FEV 1 and FEV 1 % predicted was relatively parallel for men and women in the 3 racial/ethnic groups. Similarly, small differences in FEV 1 annual decline between groups were not clinically meaningful. Analyses including ever-smokers were essentially the same. Conclusions 14 years after 9/11, most EMS workers continued to demonstrate a lack of lung function recovery. The trajectories of lung function decline, however, were parallel by sex and by race/ethnicity. These findings support the use of routine, serial measures of lung function over time in first responders and demonstrate no sex or racial sensitivity to exposure-related lung function decline.
Journey Through Anxiety: The Landscape Poetry of Hsieh Ling-Yün

The fifth century poet Hsieh Ling-yun (385–433) is generally considered the “founder” of “landscape poetry” in China. As Mather points out, “his fame seems to have rested largely on his ability to depict the natural beauties of the Chekiang mountains which he loved, and to evoke in his readers the moods which they inspired in him.”1 Hsieh’s love for mountains and streams needs to be seen in the historical context of his life: the descendant of a wealthy and illustrious family, Hsieh was caught between two conflicting loyalties — he had pledged both to the Chin dynasty, under which his grandfather held high military office, and to the usurper of Chin, the Sung dynasty. With a political allegiance tentative and ambivalent, Hsieh failed to extricate himself from “the careerist intrigues of a court [Sung] which eventually forced him to his knees on the blood-soaked execution ground.”2 We are told that throughout his tumultuous political career, Hsieh “continuously skirted his duties, spending all his time roaming among the mountains....”3 How do we understand this inveterate tendency of the poet to roam among the mountains? The general consensus recognizes the obvious, namely that his “love of mountains” signifies “an escape from a violent and unpleasant life.”4 This paper intends to probe deeper than the obvious by looking at the poet’s “escapist” tendencies from an ontological point of view.
Gastrostomy in the era of minimally invasive head and neck cancer surgery

OBJECTIVE Minimally invasive transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is less likely to necessitate gastrostomy tube (GT) following resection of head and neck lesions versus conventional open procedures. However, the incidence of and indications for GT after TORS have not been reported in detail. This study defines the incidence of intra- and postoperative gastrostomy following robotic resection of advanced head and neck disease. It seeks to clarify the relevance of GT after TORS. STUDY DESIGN Adult patients undergoing TORS and neck dissection from 2008 to 2014 were identified in the New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System all-payer administrative database. METHODS Demographic data and timing of GT in relation to surgery were recorded. Emergency department (ED) visits and inpatient readmissions were compared with multivariable logistic analysis. RESULTS Of the 441 included patients, immediate, delayed, and total GT incidence within the first postoperative year was 9.5%, 11.6%, and 21.1%, respectively. Gastrostomy tube complications resulted in 4.5% of 30-day ED visits, 3.3% of 30-day readmissions, and 3.5% of 90-day readmissions. Thirty-nine percent of 90-day readmissions were linked to poor postoperative oral intake. Delayed GT status was associated with an increase in 30-day ED visits, and 30- or 90-day readmissions attributable to poor oral intake (P = 0.10, P < 0.0001, 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSION Even in the era of minimally invasive TORS, impaired oral intake is a significant postoperative burden to head and neck cancer patients with advanced disease. Attention to patient risk factors combined with a complicated hospital course may identify patients benefiting from early GT. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2c. Laryngoscope, 128:847-851, 2018.
Innate Lymphoid Cells in Mucosal Homeostasis, Infections, Autoimmune Disorders, and Tumors

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are lymphocytes that lack specific antigen receptors. It has recently become apparent that ILCs comprise disparate subsets and that their diversity can be conceptualized using developmental and functional modules similar to those that designate CD4 T helper cells. ILC1 produce interferon-γ, ILC2 secrete interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, and ILC3 produce IL-22 and/or IL-17. ILCs preferentially localize close to the epithelial barriers at the interface between the environment and the associated lymphoid tissues. Upon pathogen invasion, ILCs detect cytokines produced by epithelial cells and antigen-presenting cells and respond by producing cytokines that preserve barrier integrity. Conversely, inappropriate or sustained activation of ILCs can lead to excessive inflammation and tissue damage. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the characterization of ILCs in the oral and gastrointestinal mucosa and their contributions to homeostasis, defense against infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and tumors.
J M Keynes's Main Argument in the General Theory Is Not Expressed in Terms of His Aggregate Demand (D) and Aggregate Supply (Z) Model. Keynes's D-Z Analysis Supports a Specific Y=C plus I, Marginal Propensity to Consume, Income Expenditure, Investment Multiplier Result (I=S) that Keynes Combined with His Liquidity Preference Function (L=M) to Determine the Rate of Interest in His IS-LP (LM) Model

Keynes’s Theory of Effective Demand model of Expected Aggregate Demand (D) and Expected Aggregate Supply (Z) was used by Keynes to construct the Aggregate Supply Curve (ASC), which is a locus of the set of all possible expected D=Z equilibrium results that satisfy the necessary and sufficient first and second order conditions for an expected profit maximum in the output market. Only one D=Z combination will be optimal and provide a full employment level of output at non inflationary levels so that there will be no involuntary unemployment in the labor market. All other equilibriums from the ASC will not provide a full employment level of output at non inflationary levels. There will be some amount of involuntary unemployment that will show up as a disequilibrium in the labor market. Only one of the set of D-Z equilibriums will be the actually realized result. This actually realized value of D (=D1 plus D2) is called Y by Keynes. This gives a specific actual, realized Y=C plus I, marginal propensity to consume, Income expenditure, Investment Multiplier result (I=S) that Keynes combined with his Liquidity Preference Function (L=M) to determine the Rate of Interest in his IS-LP (LM) model of chapters 15 and 21. Thus, the IS-LP (LM) model is primary while the D-Z model is secondary. Both models are needed since Y, aggregate Income, is used in the IS-LP (LM) model. Y is provided by the D-Z model. The Neoclassical Synthesis Keynesians have correctly emphasize the IS-LP (LM) model as being the major result of the General Theory, but overlooked that it was Keynes, and not Hicks, Harrod, Meade or anyone else, who originated, taught, developed and applied the IS-LP (LM) model. However, the Neoclassical Synthesis Keynesians have also overlooked the full D-Z model provided by Keynes in chapter 20 of the General Theory and concentrated on chapter 3, which has no D-Z analysis in it. The Post Keynesians have, incorrectly, ignored Keynes’s IS-LP(LM) model, painstakingly constructed sequentially by Keynes in chapters 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 21 and concentrated on the introductory chapter 3 of the General Theory alone, which only contains a brief outline of the D-Z model. Keynes fully develops the D-Z model in chapters 20 and 21 of the General Theory. What Keynes did in chapters 19-21 is ignored by the Post Keynesians. Thus, Keynes’s complete contribution in the General Theory, which involves both the IS-LP (LM) model and the D-Z model, has never been acknowledged. This is the result of the vast confusion about “What did Keynes really mean in the General Theory” that can be traced to three main sources-Joan Robinson, Austin Robinson, and Richard Kahn.
A Template-Based Mixed-Integer Linear Programming Sequence Alignment Model

The similarity of DNA or protein sequences between species is an approximate measure of the evolutionary distance between them. By identifying and aligning pairs of sequences, knowledge of the genetic importance of a gene or protein of one species can be extended to a second, relatively unknown species with a similar sequence.
DNA microarray reveals increased expression of thioredoxin peroxidase in thioredoxin-1 transfected cells and its functional consequences.

The mammalian thioredoxins are a family of small redox proteins that undergo NADPH dependent reduction by thioredoxin reductase. Reduced thioredoxins reduce oxidized cysteine groups on proteins including transcription factors to increase their binding to DNA, and is a source of reducing equivalents for enzymes such as thioredoxin peroxidase which removes H2O2and alkyl peroxides. Thioredoxin-1 is over expressed in many human tumors where it is associated with aggressive tumor growth, inhibited apoptosis and decreased patient survival. Transfection of cells with thioredoxin-1 has been shown to increase cell growth and inhibit apoptosis. We have used DNA micro array to investigate the effects of thioredoxin-1 transfection on the expression of a panel of 520 redox, apoptosis and cell growth related genes in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. One of the genes whose expression was increased as a result of thioredoxin-1 over expression was thioredoxin peroxidase-2. This increase was confirmed by Northern blotting. Transfection of mouse WEHI7.2 thymoma cells with human thioredoxin peroxidase-2 was found to protect the cells from apoptosis induced by H2O2but not from apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, doxorubicin or etoposide. Thus, increased thioredoxin peroxidase-2 expression does not explain the widespread antiapoptotic effects of thioredoxin-1.
The Social Psychophysics of Human Face Color: Review and Recommendations

An emerging body of research has demonstrated that facial color can influence a range of social judgments. The current article reviews facial color for three interconnected lines of research: exploring how faces might change color due to psychological and physiological processes, how changes in facial color influence social perception and judgments, and how facial color is processed by the human visual system. Additionally, the article offers methodological and conceptual recommendations, and highlights the author's view of promising future directions, for researchers interested in pursuing related work within each of these lines of research.
Perspective: The role of mechanobiology in the etiology of brain metastasis

Tumor latency and dormancy are obstacles to effective cancer treatment. In brain metastases, emergence of a lesion can occur at varying intervals from diagnosis and in some cases following successful treatment of the primary tumor. Genetic factors that drive brain metastases have been identified, such as those involved in cell adhesion, signaling, extravasation, and metabolism. From this wealth of knowledge, vexing questions still remain; why is there a difference in strategy to facilitate outgrowth and why is there a difference in latency? One missing link may be the role of tissue biophysics of the brain microenvironment in infiltrating cells. Here, I discuss the mechanical cues that may influence disseminated tumor cells in the brain, as a function of age and disease. I further discuss in vitro and in vivo preclinical models such as 3D culture systems and zebrafish to study the role of the mechanical environment in brain metastasis in an effort of providing novel targeted therapeutics.
Artificial Intelligence and Policing: First Questions

Artificial intelligence is playing an increasingly larger role in all sectors of society, and that includes policing. Many police departments are already using artificial intelligence to help predict and identify suspicious persons and places. Increased computational power and oceans of data have given rise to inferences about violence and threats. Artificial intelligence (AI) will change policing just as it will healthcare, insurance, commerce, and transportation. But what questions should we ask about AI and policing?
Minimally Invasive Thymectomy and Lung Volume Reduction in a Patient With Myasthenia Gravis

We describe the case of a patient with myasthenia gravis and severe pulmonary emphysema who underwent concomitant bilateral video/robotic-assisted thymectomy with unilateral lung volume reduction surgery. We review the important pathophysiologic considerations that must be appreciated to ensure safe surgery in this unusual situation with two diseases that independently affect the respiratory system—each of which requires preoperative optimization.
Three-dimensional models of δ opioid pharmacophore: Molecular modeling and QSAR study of peptide and non-peptide ligands

Selective agonists of the opioid receptor have potential clinical advantages as analgesics that cause minimal side effects. The conformationally constrained peptide enkephalin is known as a highly potent and selective receptor agonist. Recently, we designed DPDPE analogs with topographically constrained methyl-2 ,6 dimethyltyrosine (TMT) residues in position 1 [1]. Four stereoisomers of TMT prefer different side-chain rotamers, and only the (2S,3R)-isomer of showed high potency and enhanced selectivity for the receptor. Here we present comparative molecular modeling and QSAR study of analogs and high-affinity nonpeptide receptor ligands aimed at the development of a three-dimensional (3D) model for the receptor pharmacophore.
The Role of Construct Definition in the Creation of Formative Assessments in Game-Based Learning

Recently there has been a push to consider assessment, and specifically formative assessment, in conjunction with game-based learning. Formative assessment is meant to provide feedback to students that can guide their learning process. Central to the production of effective formative assessments are the concepts of validity and reliability. Validity refers to the extent to which assessment scores indicate the amount that a learners has of an underlying construct, defined as an unobservable trait. This chapter focuses on the first stages of the process of formative assessment creation—the specification of constructs underlying learning goals. Constructs are specified by the process of theory specification, construct generation, test item development, and construct refinement. By considering construct validity in assessment development, game developers can collect needed data to optimize games and provide evidence of learning.
Discrete Charges on Biological Membranes

The main objective of this chapter is to derive an exact expression for the potential due to a single charge at an interface. then examine the validity of the limiting Debye-Huckel expression when the dielectric constant of the membrane phase has a finite value characteristic of a biological membrane.
They Shall Be One: Sexual Satisfaction Among Men and Women Married in the LDS Faith.

AbstractSexual satisfaction is understudied among highly religious communities, such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). Through an Internet-based self-report survey, this study (N = 266) examined potential predictors of sexual satisfaction among adults living in Utah who had married in the LDS faith, regardless of current faith practice. Both men and women reported their perceived partner satisfaction as the top contributing factor to their own overall sexual satisfaction. These findings have implications for clinicians, educators, and researchers evaluating the sexual lives, including sexual satisfaction, of men and women who have married in the LDS faith.
Entering the Oversight World

This chapter provides an overview of Congressional investigations and the role they’ve played in U.S. history. It also summarizes the Constitutional and legal basis for Congress’ investigative powers. In addition, the chapter describes how the narrator was hired by Senator Carl Levin and learned the skills and responsibilities of a Congressional investigator while working for the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management. It includes a description of a year-long Subcommittee investigation into campaign finance issues that tarnished the 1996 Presidential election.
Systematically Prioritizing Targets in Genome-Based Drug Repurposing

Drug repurposing is the use of currently-approved drugs to treat diseases separate and distinct from their originally-approved indications. With the rise of precision medicine and quantitative systems pharmacology, there is heightened emphasis on the application of genomic data to guide drug development. Herein, we propose an algorithmic approach to the selection of drug repurposing candidates using relevant drug profiles from DrugBank, a publicly available database of pharmacological agents, and genomic data from BioVU, a largescale DNA repository linked to de-identified longitudinal electronic health record information based at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Specifically, we propose a method of repurposing candidate prioritization through the integration of structured data from DrugBank, such as marketing start date, number of targets with known mechanism of action, target names, and drug class, with quality control thresholds for the genomic data derived from the DNA samples housed within BioVU. Through the synergy of delineated "target-action pairs," along with target genetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics, we identify a new method of repurposability screening and candidate prioritization, which generates a select, manageable subset of approximately 250 drugs with unique mechanisms of action, target selectivity, and real-world repurposing potential from a total of nearly eleven thousand (11,000) agents.
Racial disparities exist among burn patients despite insurance coverage.

Abstract Background Age, total burn surface area (TBSA), and inhalation injury are proven predictors of mortality and morbidity following burn injury. Most previous studies have also found that African Americans and females with burns also fare worse. We sought to determine whether these disparities were reduced when burn victims were analyzed separately by categories of insurance coverage. Methods We evaluated records in the National Burn Registry (NBR) from 2002 to 2011. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine factors associated with inpatient mortality, including age, TBSA, inhalation injury, race, and sex, and allowing for clustering by hospital. Separate models were constructed for each category of insurance. 95% confidence intervals (CI) not including 1 for any odds ratio were considered evidence of statistical significance (designated by * in the table below). Results NBR included records from 172,640 patients (55.8% Caucasian, 18.1% African American, 14.2% Hispanic, 6.4% other minority groups, 5.4% unknown). Age, TBSA, and inhalation were strong predictors of mortality as expected. Non-African American males were the largest group for all insurance categories, and had the lowest mortality. Controlling for these factors, and compared with non-African American males, African American males had consistently increased odds of mortality regardless of insurance coverage. African American females had increased odds of mortality if they had Private, Medicare, or Medicaid insurance, and Non-African American females had increased odds of mortality if they had Private or Medicaid insurance. Insurance Category African American Males African American Females Non-African American Females Private 1.74 (CI 1.19, 2.55)* 1.58 (CI 1.02, 2.46)* 1.54 (CI 1.15, 2.05)* Medicare 1.80 (CI 1.41, 2.30)* 1.36 (CI 1.02, 1.80)* 1.04 (CI 0.90, 1.21) Medicaid 1.65 (CI 1.12, 2.42)* 1.94 (CI 1.44, 2.62)* 1.61 (CI 1.13, 2.31)* Worker's Comp 1.69 (CI 1.06, 2.69)* 1.04 (CI 0.27, 3,92) 0.70 (CI 0.37, 1.33) Uninsured 1.91 (CI 1.06, 3.46)* 1.37 (CI 0.95, 1.97) 1.13 (CI 0.90, 1.42) The association of Hispanic ethnicity with mortality was inconsistent or insignificant, and other minority groups had too few members to evaluate. Most patients were missing comorbidity data, and no other socioeconomic or hospital data were available in NBR. Conclusions African American males with burn injury are at increased risk of mortality regardless of insurance coverage, and most females are at increased risk regardless of race. Analyzing the reasons for these disparities will require databases containing more complete comorbidity, socioeconomic, and/or hospital data.
Machine-learning-accelerated high-throughput materials screening: Discovery of novel quaternary Heusler compounds

Discovering novel, multicomponent crystalline materials is a complex task owing to the large space of feasible structures. Here we demonstrate a method to significantly accelerate materials discovery by using a machine learning (ML) model trained on density functional theory (DFT) data from the Open Quantum Materials Database (OQMD). Our ML model predicts the stability of a material based on its crystal structure and chemical composition, and we illustrate the effectiveness of the method by application to finding new quaternary Heusler (QH) compounds. Our ML-based approach can find new stable materials at a rate 30 times faster than undirected searches and we use it to predict 55 previously unknown, stable QH compounds. We find the accuracy of our ML model is higher when trained using the diversity of crystal structures available in the OQMD than when training on well-curated datasets which contain only a single family of crystal structures (i.e., QHs). The advantage of using diverse training data shows how large datasets, such as OQMD, are particularly valuable for materials discovery and that we need not train separate ML models to predict each different family of crystal structures. Compared to other proposed ML approaches, we find that our method performs best for small $(l{10}^{3})$ and large $(g{10}^{5})$ training set sizes. The excellent flexibility and accuracy of the approach presented here can be easily generalized to other types of crystals.
Experimental N and P additions alter stream macroinvertebrate community composition via taxon-level responses to shifts in detrital resource stoichiometry

Increases in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability are changing animal communities, partly by altering stoichiometric imbalances between consumers and their food. Testing relationships between resource stoichiometry and consumer assemblage structure requires ecosystem‐level manipulations that have been lacking to date. We analysed patterns of macroinvertebrate community composition in five detritus‐based headwater streams subject to experimental whole‐stream N and P additions that spanned a steep gradient in dissolved N:P ratio (2:1, 8:1, 16:1, 32:1, 128:1) over 2 years, following a 1‐year pre‐treatment period. We predicted that shifts in leaf litter stoichiometry would drive overall patterns of community composition via greater responses of shredders to enrichment than other taxa, as shredders dominate primary consumer biomass and experience larger consumer–resource elemental imbalances than other functional groups in stream ecosystems. Specifically, we expected litter C:P to be a significant predictor of shredder biomass given the greater relative imbalances between shredder and litter C:P than C:N. Finally, we tested whether shredder responses to enrichment were related to other taxon‐level traits, including body size and stoichiometry, larval life span and growth rate. Whole‐community composition shifted similarly across the five streams after enrichment, largely driven by increased shredder and predator biomass. These shifts were limited to the autumn/winter seasons and related to decreased leaf litter C:P, highlighting important links between the quality of seasonal litter subsidies and community phenology. Among 10 taxa that drove structural shifts, two declined while other taxa from the same functional/taxonomic groups responded positively, suggesting that specific life‐history traits may determine sensitivity to enrichment. Increases in total shredder biomass, and in biomass of several common shredders, were associated with lower litter C:P. Body C:P did not predict shredder response to enrichment. However, weak negative relationships between shredder response and body size, and larval life span, suggest that small‐bodied and short‐lived taxa may be more responsive to shifting resource stoichiometry. Moderate anthropogenic increases in N and P availability affect resource stoichiometry and can alter animal communities, influencing additional food web and ecosystem properties. We provide support for ecological stoichiometry as a framework for predicting such outcomes based on changes in the elemental composition of resource pools. A plain language summary is available for this article.
Normalization enhances brain network features that predict individual intelligence in children with epilepsy

Background and purpose Architecture of the cerebral network has been shown to associate with IQ in children with epilepsy. However, subject-level prediction on this basis, a crucial step toward harnessing network analyses for the benefit of children with epilepsy, has yet to be achieved. We compared two network normalization strategies in terms of their ability to optimize subject-level inferences on the relationship between brain network architecture and brain function. Materials and methods Patients with epilepsy and resting state fMRI were retrospectively identified. Brain network nodes were defined by anatomic parcellation, first in patient space (nodes defined for each patient) and again in template space (same nodes for all patients). Whole-brain weighted graphs were constructed according to pair-wise correlation of BOLD-signal time courses between nodes. The following metrics were then calculated: clustering coefficient, transitivity, modularity, path length, and global efficiency. Metrics computed on graphs in patient space were normalized to the same metric computed on a random network of identical size. A machine learning algorithm was used to predict patient IQ given access to only the network metrics. Results Twenty-seven patients (8-18 years) comprised the final study group. All brain networks demonstrated expected small world properties. Accounting for intrinsic population heterogeneity had a significant effect on prediction accuracy. Specifically, transformation of all patients into a common standard space as well as normalization of metrics to those computed on a random network both substantially outperformed the use of non-normalized metrics. Conclusion Normalization contributed significantly to accurate subject-level prediction of cognitive function in children with epilepsy. These findings support the potential for quantitative network approaches to contribute clinically meaningful information in children with neurological disorders.
The importance of culture and support for workplace flexibility: An ecological framework for understanding flexibility support structures

Abstract Firms use flexible work arrangements (FWAs) to attract, retain, and satisfy human resource capital, while workers use them to manage work and nonwork demands and to reduce stress and conflict. Yet, even when firms have such policies on the books, employees often do not use them because they perceive a lack of support from their organization or their supervisor. Employees may even feel that they will be stigmatized for using such policies. Using an ecological framework, we examine factors that influence support for FWAs at multiple levels: the organization or business unit, the supervisor or work group, and the individual. We offer recommendations to address the mechanisms that affect FWA support at these levels of analyses and present ways organizational leaders may positively influence a work environment by supporting workplace flexibility.
Model-independent form-factor constraints for electromagnetic spin-1 currents

Using local gauge invariance in the form of the Ward-Takahashi identity and the fact that properly constructed current operators must be free of kinematic singularities, it is shown that the magnetic moment $\ensuremath{\mu}$ and the quadrupole moment $Q$ of an elementary spin-1 particle with mass $m$ and charge $e$ are related by $2m\ensuremath{\mu}+{m}^{2}Q=e$, thus constraining the normalizations of the Sachs form factors. This relation holds true as a matter of course at the tree level in the standard model, but we prove that it remains true in general for dressed spin-1 states derived from elementary fields. General expressions for spin-1 propagators and currents with arbitrary hadronic dressing are given, which show that the result is independent of any dressing effect or model approach.
The nuclear network: multiplex network analysis for interconnected systems

States facing the decision to develop a nuclear weapons program do so within a broader context of their relationships with other countries. How these diplomatic, economic, and strategic relationships impact proliferation decisions, however, remains under-specified. Adding to the existing empirical literature that attempts to model state proliferation decisions, this article introduces the first quantitative heterogeneous network analysis of how networks of conflict, alliances, trade, and nuclear cooperation interact to spur or deter nuclear proliferation. Using a multiplex network model, we conceptualize states as nodes linked by different modes of interaction represented on individual network layers. Node strength is used to quantify factors correlated with nuclear proliferation and these are combined in a weighted sum across layers to provide a metric characterizing the proliferation behavior of the state. This multiplex network modeling approach provides a means for identifying states with the highest relative likelihood of proliferation—based only on their relationships to other states. This work demonstrates that latent conflict and nuclear cooperation are positively correlated with proliferation, while an increased trade dependence suggests a decreased proliferation likelihood. A case study on Iran’s controversial nuclear program and past nuclear activity is also provided. These findings have clear, policy-relevant conclusions related to alliance posture, sanctions policy, and nuclear assistance.
NP18 The Impact of a Comprehensive Home Food Environment Intervention for College Freshmen Living in a Residence Hall

Objective While many interventions designed to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) intake focus on increasing knowledge and changing behaviors, improving the domains of the comprehensive home food environment (HFE) (Home Food Availability and Cues; College Students’ Food Practices; Social Support and Modeling) also appears to be an important target. Determine the impact of a comprehensive HFE intervention on the HFE and FV intake of college freshmen living in a residence hall participating in the Get FRUVED study. Description Baseline data were collected online during Fall 2016 from new freshmen (n = 149; 18 to 25 years) at the University of Florida. Participants were recruited through the Get FRUVED study and listservs, lived on campus, and stored food at their dorm. Eligible participants were randomized to one of the following groups: standard Get FRUVED group (GF) or Get FRUVED plus intense comprehensive HFE intervention group (GF+H). Surveys were completed again at post-intervention. Participants received $40 for completing both surveys. The intervention was based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The comprehensive HFE intervention included a grocery shopping tour and ten nutrition education classes that included a brief nutrition lesson, a hands-on cooking class, and a dinner discussion. Participants completed the Comprehensive HFE Survey, Dietary Screener Questionnaire, and demographic questionnaire. Differences in HFE characteristics and FV intake between groups post-intervention were assessed using ANCOVA. Evaluation Seventy-five students completed pre- and post-surveys. While the HHS did not change FV intake, the intervention did result in more improved food preparation attitudes (under the HFE College Students’ Food Practices Domain) in the GF+H participants compared to GF participants at post. The lack of effect of the intervention was likely due to the poor attendance rate of the nutrition education classes. Conclusions and Implications Providing education on improving the comprehensive HFE may help improve certain HFE characteristics of freshmen residence halls. Research is needed to understand what motivates a student to choose to participate in campus-based nutrition education programs. Funding 2014-67001-21851.
Nonevaporable getter coating chambers for extreme high vacuum

Techniques for nonevaporable getter (NEG) coating a large diameter chamber are presented along with vacuum measurements in the chamber using several pumping configurations, with base pressure as low as 1.56 × 10−12 Torr (N2 equivalent) with only a NEG coating and a small ion pump. The authors then describe modifications to the NEG coating process to coat complex geometry chambers for ultracold atom trap experiments. Surface analysis of NEG coated samples is used to measure the composition and morphology of the thin films. Finally, pressure measurements are compared for two NEG coated polarized electron source chambers: the 130 kV polarized electron source at Jefferson Lab and the upgraded 350 kV polarized electron source, both of which are approaching or within the extreme high vacuum range, defined as P < 7.5 × 10−13 Torr.