cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical Localization of Protein Kinase C

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a key enzyme involved in regulation of growth and differentiated function (Nishizuka, 1986). In vitro, the enzymatic activity requires both calcium and phospholipids. The neutral lipid, diacylglycerol, also interacts with PKC and decreases the Kact for calcium to concentrations compatible with those found in the cytoplasm. DAG is considered to be the key regulator of PKC activation state in vivo. This is due to the fact that cellular levels of DAG are tightly coupled to hormonal activation of phospholipase C. Tumor promoting phorbol esters mimic diacylglycerol with respect to binding to and activating PKC. Infact, PKC is the major cellular receptor for phorbol esters (Castagna, et al., 1982; Niedel, et al., 1983). It is for this reason that phorbol esters are so often used as specific tools for exploring the role of PKC in biological processes.
Prospective evaluation of spinal reirradiation by using stereotactic body radiation therapy: The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center experience.

Background Stereotactic body radiotherapy for previously irradiated, progressive spinal metastases may be a viable option in selected patients. The authors review a prospective series of spinal metastasis patients reirradiated with stereotactic body radiotherapy. Methods A total of 59 patients with 63 tumors of the spine were reirradiated with stereotactic body radiotherapy between 2003 and 2009. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging was performed both before treatment initiation and at regular follow-up intervals. Stereotactic body radiotherapy was delivered to a peripheral dose of 30 grays (Gy) in 5 fractions (6 Gy per fraction), or 27 Gy in 3 fractions (9 Gy per fraction). The National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria 2.0 and McCormick neurological function system were used to evaluate toxicity and neurologic status, respectively. Results Mean follow-up was 17.6 months. Actuarial 1-year radiographic local control and overall survival for all patients were both 76%. Of the tumors that progressed after stereotactic body radiotherapy, 13 (81%) of 16 patients had tumors that were within 5 mm of the spinal cord, and 6 of them eventually developed spinal cord compression. Toxicity was most commonly grade 1 or 2 fatigue. Two patients experienced mild to moderate radiation injury (lumbar plexopathy) while remaining independently ambulatory and pain free. Freedom from neurologic deterioration from any cause was 92% at 1 year. Conclusions Reirradiation for progressive spinal metastases with stereotactic body radiotherapy results in good local control and limited toxicity. Initial surgery should be considered for tumors within 5 mm of the spinal cord. Radiation dose should be tailored for tumors near or invading the psoas muscle secondary to observed risk of lumbar plexopathy.
Production of spleen focus-forming virus and murine leukemia virus by early erythroblasts after Friend virus infection

Spleen cells removed from BALB/c mice as soon as 48 hr after infection with Friend polycythemia virus were separated by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Cell fractions were assayed for the production of spleen focus-forming virus and for Friend murine leukemia virus. The production of both viruses per nucleated cell was up to 100-fold greater by the fractions containing cells of highest sedimentation velocity and of which 80 to 90% were early erythroblasts, as compared to the fractions with cells of low sedimentation velocity of which fewer than 20% were erythroblasts. When spleen cells were obtained from mice at 48, 72, or 120 hr after Friend polycythemia virus infection, similar patterns of virus production were observed. Electron microscopy revealed C-type virus particles budding from the surface of the erythroblasts. Increased virus production by the rapidly sedimenting cells enriched in early erythroblasts was not due to the removal of inhibitory cells since inhibition of virus production was not observed after mixing the fractions enriched for early erythroblasts with cells from other areas of the gradient that were deficient in virus production. When the cells in the peak-virus-producing fractions were incubated in vitro in suspension culture, they produced a wave of heme synthesis, the time course of which closely approximated the rate of virus production. Cells from the same fractions also formed erythroid colonies without added erythropoietin in plasma clot cultures. These studies indicate that, as early as 48 hr after Friend polycythemia virus infection, the greater part of both spleen focus-forming virus and Friend murine leukemia virus found in the spleen is produced by early erythroblasts.
Airport surface operations data link communications and DGPS

NASA, FAA and a number of industry partners conducted flight tests and demonstrations of airport capacity and safety enhancement technologies at the Hartsfield Atlanta International Airport (ATL) during August, 1997. As part of this team effort, Rockwell Collins provided avionics for the NASA Low-Visibility Landing and Surface Operations (LVLASO) system that was deployed on NASA's Boeing 757 Research Aircraft. Among the systems supplied and supported were differential (D)GPS, VHF data links for DGPS, traffic and runway status information uplink broadcast, Mode-S for ADS-B and Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC), and a LCD head-down taxi display. This paper describes how these avionics elements were used in the LVLASO system and provides test results on data link and DGPS performance.
Parental involvement in college planning: Cultural considerations when working with African American families

Purpose: The purpose of this article was to describe Hossler and Gallagher’s (1987) college choice model and emphasize the predisposition phase of the model as the starting point for school counselors’ efforts to help African American parents foster their children’s college planning in the college choice process.Design/methodology/approach: The authors wrote this manuscript as a conceptual approach to helping school counselors work with African American parents in their children’s college planning process by including two case studies as examples.Findings: This is a conceptual article.Practical implications: School counselors should be culturally competent and aware of how African Americans reartheir children to help them successfully navigate college planning. For example, schoolcounselors can learn about and share information with families about colleges that have supportprograms assisting African American students toward college completion.Originality/value: This paper is important to the field of education as it contributes to the literature regarding how school counselors can assist students in becoming college and career ready by working with their parents using a college choice model.
Evaluating the effects of essential oils and condensed tannin on fermentation and methane production under in vitro conditions

The potential of five different essential oils (EO) and quebracho condensed tannin extract (QCT) as antimethanogenic additives in ruminant feeds were investigated. The first experiment was conducted to screen the effects rosemary oil, sage oil, cinnamon oil (CNO), eucalyptus oil and myrrh oil at 500 mg/L of culture fluid on methane (CH4) production under in vitro conditions. Rumen contents were collected from a cannulated Holstein dairy cow and used for a 24-h batch-culture experiment. Treatments were a control (CON) or CON plus EO at 500 mg/L. Results showed that CNO decreased CH4 production and, therefore, was selected for Experiment 2. The second experiment was designed to test the effects of CNO at three different dose levels on CH4 production and fermentation in 24-h batch-culture experiments. Treatments were CON or CON plus CNO supplemented at 125, 250 and 500 mg/L. Relative to CON, CNO decreased total gas production at the 250 and 500 mg/L doses. All doses of CNO decreased CH4 production. Total volatile fatty acid production was lower in cultures incubated with CNO at the 500 mg/L. Ammonia-N concentration decreased in cultures incubated with CNO at the 500 mg/L. The third experiment was designed to test the effects of QCT on CH4 production and fermentation in 24-h batch cultures. Treatments were CON or CON plus QCT at 25, 50 and 75 g/kg of diet DM. Relative to CON, total volatile fatty acid concentration increased with the 50 g/kg QCT, but was similar to the 25 and 75 g/kg QCT. The proportions of acetate decreased, while the proportions of propionate increased with the 25 g/kg QCT compared with CON. Methane production was not affected in cultures incubated with QCT. Relative to CON, all doses of QCT decreased ammonia-N concentration. In conclusion, results from the present study showed that except for CNO, EO tested in the study had no effects on rumen CH4 production. Addition of CNO to rumen cultures at 125 and 250 mg/L reduced CH4 production without negative effects on rumen fermentation. Quebracho condensed tannin-extract supplementation had no effects on CH4 production and fermentation parameters except for ammonia-N concentration.
L'immagine visibile di un Dio che può essere: Michel Henry e Richard Kearney in dialogo

This article attempts an exploration of Michel Henry’s I Am the Truth and Richard Kearney’s The God Who May Be , as each appropriate the Husserlian critique of Kantian epistemology. Although Henry and Kearney both develop a Christian theology rooted in this Husserlian inheritance, their explication of the truths Christianity asserts is strikingly different. It is the assertion of this essay that this difference is primarily a textual one; or, to put it another way, it is conditioned first by their scriptural gaze. Cet article se propose de reprendre le contenu de Michel Henry, C’est moi, la verite et Richard Kearney The God Who May Be , dans lesquels les auteurs analysent la critique husserlienne de l’epistemologie kantienne. Bien que Henry et Kearney tous les deux developpent une theologie chretienne enracinee dans cet heritage husserlien, leur explication des verites affirmees du Christianisme est tres differente. Pour nous, la difference entre eux est de type textuel, c’est a dire qu’elle depend de l’analyse qu’ils font de la Sainte Ecriture. Questo articolo si propone di riprendere il contenuto dei testi Io sono la verita di Michel Henry e The God Who May Be di Richard Kearney, nei quali i rispettivi autori analizzano la critica husserliana dell'epistemologia di Kant. Sebbene entrambi sviluppano una "teologia" cristiana radicata in questa eredita husserliana, la loro spiegazione delle verita cristiane e alquanto differente. Per noi, la differenza tra essi e di tipo testuale, vale a dire che dipende dall'analisi che essi fanno del testo biblico.
Modeling emotion and its expression in virtual humans

A growing body of work in psychology and the neurosciences has documented the functional, often adaptive role of emotions in human behavior This has led to a significant growth in research on computationalmodels of human emotional processes, fueled both by their basic research potential as well as the promise that the function of emotion in human behavior can be exploited in a range of applications Computational models transform theory construction by providing a framework for studying emotion processes that augments what is feasible in more traditional laboratory settings Modern research in the psychological processes and neural underpinnings of emotion is also transforming the science of computation In particular, findings on the role that emotions play in human behavior have motivated artificial intelligence and robotics research to explore whether modeling emotion processes can lead to more intelligent, flexible and capable systems Further, as research has revealed the deep role that emotion and its expression play in human social interaction, researchers have proposed that more effective human computer interaction can be realized if the interaction is mediated both by a model of the user's emotional state as well as by the expression of emotions.
Chromosomal rearrangement in Candida stellatoidea results in a positive effect on phenotype.

When type I Candida stellatoidea is plated onto sucrose agar at levels in excess of 10(8) cells, some isolates spontaneously form sucrose-positive colonies. These isolates do not display typical type I phenotypes but instead exhibit phenotypes intermediate between type I C. stellatoidea and C. albicans. Also, this phenotypic change only occurs in conjunction with a chromosomal rearrangement. These rearrangements have been studied in a strain naturally marked for methionine auxotrophy. Chromosome-size DNA bands separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis were probed with genes cloned from C. albicans. The hybridization pattern indicated that the genes on several chromosomes underwent extensive rearrangement. Images
CNS neutrophilic vasculitis in neuro-Sweet disease

Sweet syndrome is an acute multisystem disorder marked by fever, painful red skin lesions, and neutrophils in the upper dermis, and is often associated with malignancy or drug exposure.1 Neurologic manifestations of Sweet syndrome—neuro-Sweet disease (NSD)—are meningoencephalitis and, less commonly, parenchymal brain lesions causing hemiparesis, psychiatric disturbances, or even movement disorders.2 Little is known about the pathology of NSD, with only one autopsy report of a patient with NSD.3 We present a patient with Sweet syndrome and enhancing brain lesions, which showed neutrophilic infiltration with vasculitis on neuropathologic examination. Our case affords a rare opportunity to study NSD in its acute stage.
The Impact of Website Design Dimensions on Online

Despite exponential growth in e-commerce, there is limited research on its potential effect on online brand trust, website design factors, and consumer online purchase intentions.
The Prison Letters of Martin Sostre: Documents of Resistance

On July 14, 1967, Martin Sostre, owner of an Afro-Asian bookstore in Buffalo's Black ghetto, was arrested and charged with inciting to riot, arson, and possession and sale of narcotics. Unable to raise $50,000 in bail (later reduced to $25,000), Sostre remained locked in the County Jail until his trial. On March 7, 1968, eight months later, the arson and riot charges had been dropped; he was convicted by an all-white jury for selling $15 worth of heroin and sentenced to prison for 31 to 41 years. One hour later he was in prison, where he remained until Governor Hugh Carey of New York State granted clemency to Sostre on Christmas Eve, 1975. This case has attracted national attention because of the real possibility of Sostre's innocence in the accused crime.' The only witness for the state, Arto Williams, a known drug addict, testified that he bought the heroin from Sostre. But in May of 1973, Williams admitted perjuring his original testimony, claiming a deal was made with police for his own
The Role of Phenolic Groups in Vancomycin-Type Glycopeptide Antibiotics

Abstract The complexes of vancomycin group antibiotics with peptides are stabilized by hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Association is sharply reduced at high pH. The basis for this pH effect has been examined to discover whether hydrogen bonding between phenolic hydroxyl groups of the antibiotic and carbonyl groups of the binding peptide contributes to complex stabilization. A high-field NMR study of the glycopeptide antibiotic ψ-aglycoristocetin ( 1 ) and its complexes with the bacterial cell-wall mimetic peptides Ac-D-ala-D-ala ( 2 ), methyl succinyl-D-ala-D-ala ( 3 ), and Ac 2 -L-lys-D-ala-D-ala ( 4 ) has been carried out in methanol at low temperature so that the phenolic proton signals could be observed individually. The 1 H chemical shifts of the phenolic protons were very sensitive to the structure of the complexes but no evidence was found for strong hydrogen bonds between the peptides and any of the phenols. It is concluded that sharply decreased peptide binding of 1 and related antibiotics at high pH is due to ionization of the phenols leading to electrostatic repulsion between the antibiotic and the negatively charged peptide.
Photophysical studies of pyrene in micellar sodium taurocholate at high salt concentrations

Abstract The photophysics of excited pyrene solubilized in micellar sodium taurocholate (NaTC) has been studied by transient emission and absorption techniques. The fine structure of the fluorescence spectrum indicates complicated behavior of the surfactant in the absence of high salt concentrations. Conventional micellar behavior was observed in NaCl concentration of 1 M , and here excited pyrene is efficiently quenched by cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC1) and N,N -dimethylaniline (DMA) via an intramicellar mechanism. Similar behavior has been observed previously for sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS), and analysis of the data produced an aggregation number of 18 ± 3 for sodium taurocholate in 1 M NaCl. Excited pyrene in NaTC in 1 M NaCl is also quenched by several inorganic cations, and the kinetics follow a Stern-Volmer relationship. The derived quenching rate constants were independent of the micellar concentrations. These data suggest that the quenching occurs via simple collisional dynamics, and is quite unlike the behavior observed for these photosystems in micellar NaLS, where the reactions are still intramicellar. Quenching of excited pyrene by Cu 2+ leads to the pyrene cation and Cu + , while quenching by DMA leads to the pyrene anion and DMA cation. The yields of photo-produced ions are higher in micellar NaTC than in micellar NaLS, and compare favorably with the yields in methanol-water mixtures or in aqueous caffeine solutions. The mechanism leading to photo-induced electron transfer and subsequent escape of ions is discussed, and emphasis is placed on a comparison of micellar NaTC and NaLS.
Breeding status affects motoneuron number and muscle size in naked mole-rats: Recruitment of perineal motoneurons?

Naked mole-rats live in large colonies and exhibit a strict reproductive hierarchy. Each colony has one breeding female and one to three breeding males; all other individuals are nonreproductive subordinates. Subordinates show a remarkable lack of sex differences in behavior and anatomy, but can become reproductive if removed from the colony. We recently reported that the striated perineal muscles and their innervating motoneurons, which are sexually dimorphic in all other mammals examined to date, are not dimorphic in subordinate naked mole-rats. Here we asked whether sexual differentiation of this neuromuscular system occurs when a subordinate becomes a breeder. The size and number of cells within Onuf's nucleus (homologue of the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus) as well as perineal muscle volume were examined in subordinate and breeding naked mole-rats of both sexes. Sex differences in perineal motoneurons were not observed, regardless of social status. To our surprise, however, counts of motoneurons in Onuf's nucleus were increased approximately 30% in breeders of both sexes. This was accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in cells in Onuf's nucleus that were characterized by small soma size, and lacked a clear nucleus or nucleolus. Although not exhibiting typical motoneuron morphology, some of these small cells were positive for the motoneuron marker, SMI-32. The neuronal changes correlate with increased perineal muscle volumes in breeders. We propose that small, relatively undifferentiated cells are recruited to the pool of large Onuf's nucleus motoneurons when subordinate naked mole-rats become breeders.
“To Seek New Worlds, for Gold, for Praise, for Glory”: El Dorado and Empire in Sixteenth‐Century Guiana

In the spring of 1595, Sir Walter Raleigh undertook an expedition to the north coast of South America with the express purpose of discovering El Dorado, the fabled golden city. Upon his arrival in the area, Raleigh quickly came into conflict with Antonio de Berrio, the governor of Spanish Trinidad, who was gripped by a similar enfermedad doradista. Berrio and Raleigh met at a critical historical moment. Theirs was an inflection point in the trajectory of the European enterprise in the New World, as for a fleeting interval during the decades surrounding the turn of the seventeenth century mutually exclusive paradigmatic frameworks for the future of the colonizing project existed in a delicate balance. Surprisingly, Berrio and Raleigh were more alike than different in their words and actions. Insofar as the men were representatives of the expansionary vanguards of their respective empires, their interwoven narratives offer a vantage point onto the similar ideological crossroads at which the Atlantic ambitions of Spain and England had arrived by the turn of the seventeenth century. The conjunction of Berrio and Raleigh in pursuit of El Dorado crystallized the role of the golden myth in characterizing a wasteful and wanton approach to the subordination of the Americas to European ends with distinct temporal delimitations. Berrio, who died in 1597, would not live to see the end of this moment, but Raleigh would – his second expedition to Guiana in 1617, which would ultimately cost him his head, was already an anachronism.
Cavity Nucleation and Evolution in He-Implanted Si and GaAs

The criteria for forming stable cavities by He{sup +} implantation and annealing are examined for Si and GaAs. In Si, implanting at room temperature requires a minimum of 1.6 at. % He to form a continuous layer of cavities after annealing at 700{degrees}C. The cavities are located at dislocations and planar defects. Implanting peak He concentrations just above this threshold produces narrow layers of cavities at the projected range. In GaAs, room-temperature implantation followed by annealing results in exfoliation of the surface layer. Cavities were formed instead by implanting Ar followed by overlapping He, both at 400{degrees}C, with additional annealing at 400{degrees}C to outgas the He. This method forms 1.5--3.5 nm cavities that are often on [111] planar defects.
School Completion Issues in Special Education

Students identified as having a high-incidence disability, including specific learning disability (SLD), behavior or emotional disability (BED), other health impairment (OHI) under Section 504, or ...
Is any explanation better than no explanation? Intolerance of uncertainty and paranormal beliefs

Conditions of uncertainty and anxiety are thought to provide fertile ground for paranormal beliefs to take root and flourish (Shermer, 2011). Few researchers have examined the condition of uncertainty, and, specifically, the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and paranormal beliefs. The purpose in this study was to address this notable omission in the literature.
Development of New Advanced Resist Materials for Microlithography

This paper reviews development of advanced resist materials which I have been involved in for more than a quarter century. First, our attempts to increase the main chain scission susceptibility are described. Next, a simple lift-off process for fabrication of magnetoresistive heads for storage devices is presented, which became the industry-standard manufacturing technology. Then, the major focus is going to be placed on the development of chemical amplification resists. Chemical amplification resists achieve a high sensitivity through a catalytic action of a photochemically generated acid. This drastically novel imaging concept was considered laboratory curiosity initially. However, the very first chemically amplified tBOC resist was quickly implemented in mass production of 1 megabit dynamic random access memory devices by deep UV lithography at IBM. Since then the chemical amplification concept has become the paradigm of advanced resist systems, enabling the industry to continue to migrate to shorter wavelengths (from 365 to 248, and then to 193 nm) for higher resolution and to follow the Moore's law. The chemical amplification resist invented for 1 μm resolution can now resolve
Viscosupplementation: A New Concept in the Treatment of Sacroiliac Joint Syndrome

Background and Objectives We describe a new therapeutic modality for sacroiliac joint syndrome that represents an alternative to other treatment modalities. We report on four cases of sacroiliac joint syndrome with severe pain. Methods Three patients had undergone operative treatment of the lumbar spine and one patient suffered from severe osteoarthritis of the spine. All patients were diagnosed with sacroiliac joint syndrome by means of patient history, physical examination, and intra-articular local anesthetic injection preceded by sacroiliac arthrogram. All patients received three injections of Hylan GF 20 in the sacroiliac joints 2 weeks apart. Results Twelve to 16 weeks after the injections, the pain was reported to be 40–67% better when measured on the visual analog scale. The duration of the beneficial effect of Hylan on arthralgia and joint function was undetermined. Conclusions Viscosupplementation of the sacroiliac joint induced a significant degree of analgesia in all four patients. This treatment modality could represent an option in the management of sacroiliac joint pain and dysfunction. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999: 24: 84–88.
Price vs. Non-Price Performance Measures in Optimal CEO Compensation Contracts

We empirically examine standard agency predictions about how performance measures are optimally weighted to provide CEO incentives. Consistent with prior empirical research, we document that the relative weight on price and non-price performance measures in CEO cash pay is a decreasing function of the relative variances. Agency theory speaks to the weights in total compensation (annual total pay and changes in the CEO's equity portfolio value), however, and we document that very little of CEOs' total incentives comes from cash pay. We also document that variation in the relative weight on price and non-price performance measures in CEO total compensation is an increasing function of the relative variances. The conflicting results using total compensation indicate that existing findings on cash pay cannot be interpreted as evidence supporting standard agency predictions. Based on our results, we suggest approaches for future research on performance measure use in CEO total compensation.
Structure of the human glucagon gene.

Abstract A clone containing the complete human glucagon gene was isolated and sequenced. The gene is approximately 9.4 kilobases in length and comprises six exons and five introns. The putative preproglucagon encoded by this gene, 180 amino acids in length and containing glucagon and two glucagon-like peptides, is very similar to that of other mammalian species (greater than 90% amino acid sequence homology). There is 88% nucleotide sequence homology between the proximal 130 base pairs of the 5' flanking regions of the human and rat glucagon genes. These sequences, highly conserved throughout evolution, are likely involved in the regulation of glucagon gene transcription.
Optimality properties of balanced realizations: Minimum sensitivity

It has been well established that the so-called balanced state space realizations of linear time-invariant systems have certain desirable computational properties. But the complete relationship between balanced realizations and the general parameter sensitivity problem is not yet fully appreciated. In this paper we present a geometric approach to the robust design problem and its solution using a specific optimality criterion. In particular, for discrete-time linear systems, a minimum sensitivity parameterization of a linear system with a given input-output relationship will be linked to the balanced realization.
Feminist theatre: A rhetorical phenomenon

A phenomenon of the 1970's, the growth of feminist theatres is an example of a grassroots movement seldom witnessed in the American theatre. Both the formation and the characteristics of feminist theatres can be explained by analyzing the groups as tactical responses to certain rhetorical problems faced by women's liberationists.
For the Benefit of Another: Children, Moral Decency, and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures

Parents are usually appreciated as possessing legitimate moral authority to compel children to make at least modest sacrifices in the service of widely shared values of moral decency. This essay argues that such authority justifies allowing parents to authorize a child to serve as an organ or tissue donor in certain circumstances, such as to authorize bone marrow donations to save a sibling with whom the potential donor shares a deep emotional bond. The approach explored here suggests, however, that at least under some conditions, parents have legitimate authority to authorize donations forbidden by current guidelines.
Selection of landmarks as a correlate of cognitive map organization.

The relationship between the organization of cognitive maps and the ability to evaluate environmental features as landmarks was assessed for 59 college students. Analysis showed that lower levels of cognitive map organization were related to a tendency to select spatially ambiguous landmarks as representative of an unfamiliar route. The results are interpreted as indicating that variability in basic cognitive mapping skills contributes to variability in the rate at which adults' cognitive maps undergo changes in organization.
Sulfur speciation, oxidation state, and sulfur concentration in backarc magmas

We have determined the Fe3+Fe2+ ratio, S content, and the SO2−4S2− ratio (by SKα X-ray peak shift) for a suite of twelve mid-ocean ridge and backarc basin glasses. These samples range in oxidation state from two orders of magnitude below to 1.5 orders of magnitude above the Ni-NiO oxygen buffer. Sulfur speciation in the glasses is strongly dependent on magmatic oxidation state. We propose that the solubility mechanism for S in basaltic melts changes over the |O2 range which characterizes convergent margin magmas. In low |O2, sulfide saturated basaltic melts, such as most MORBs, S is present largely as S2−, and its concentration is controlled by sulfide melt-silicate melt equilibrium and varies positively with |O2. At higher |O2's, where sulfide melt becomes unstable, S concentration is controlled by melt-vapor equilibrium and decreases with increasing |O2. For the range of |O2's in the back arc basin basalts in this study (NNO−1 to NNO+1.5), S is dissolved in the silicate in both oxidized and reduced forms. For the lower |O2 end of this range, S2− dominates and equilibria involving reduced S-species control S melt concentration. At higher |O2's, the proportion of oxidized S increases and melt-vapor equilibria involving these species become more important. Because S partitions strongly into the vapor phase over the |O2 range investigated, magmatic degassing may be effective at stripping S from the melt. The low S concentrations in island arc and backarc lavas do not necessarily reflect a low S source but rather result from higher |O2 in the convergent margin environment.
Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases: Rate limiting enzymes of triacylglycerol biosynthesis

Four homologous isoforms of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), each the product of a separate gene, catalyze the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid from glycerol-3-phosphate and long-chain acyl-CoA. This step initiates the synthesis of all the glycerolipids and evidence from gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies in mice and in cell culture strongly suggests that each isoform contributes to the synthesis of triacylglycerol. Much work remains to fully delineate the regulation of each GPAT isoform and its individual role in triacylglycerol synthesis.
Mechanisms of lysine-induced acute renal failure in rats.

Mechanisms of lysine-induced acute renal failure in rats. We have previously found that lysine produces acute renal failure in rats. To define the acute effects of lysine, rats given lysine at 8.9 mg/kg/min, i.v. for 4.5hr were compared with control rats receiving equiosmolar dextrose. Systemic blood pressure was stable in both groups. Mean intratubular pressure, inulin clearance (C In ), and renal blood flow were determined at 45-min intervals. Intratubular pressures measured with a servonulling micropressure device were elevated by 90min in lysine-treated animals, with tubular heterogeneity, while pressures in dextrose-treated rats were normal and homogeneous. By 135min C In in lysine-treated rats was 45% of C In in dextrose rats. Urine output fell in ly sine-treated rats. Renal blood flow determined by flow probe remained normal in ly sine-treated rats through 135min and did not decline significantly until 180min. Significant dilatation of surface tubules was documented by intravital microscopy beginning at 90min in lysine-treated rats. The sequence of elevated intratubular pressure and tubular dilatation, followed by decreased C In , and then by decreased renal blood flow suggests that lysine produces acute renal failure primarily through tubular obstruction. The tubular obstruction is followed later by an increase in renal vascular resistance. Mecanismes de l'insuffisance renale aigue induite par la lysine chez des rats. Nous prealablement trouvâmes que la lysine entraine une insuffisance renale aigue chez les rats. Afin de definir les effets aigus de la lysine, des rats ayant recu de la lysine a 8,9mg/kg/min i.v. pendant 4.5hr ont ete compares a des rats controles recevant du glucose equimolaire. La pression arterielle systemique etait stable dans les deux groupes. La pression intratubulaire moyenne, la clearance de l'inuline (C In ) et le flux sanguin renal ont ete determines a des intervalles de 45min. Les pressions intratubulaires mesurees avec un appareil a micropression asservi etaient elevees des 90min chez les animaux traites avec la lysine, avec une heterogeneite tubulaire, tandis que les pressions des rats traites au glucose etaient normales et homogenes. Au bout de 135 min, C In des rats traites par la lysine etait de 45% de C In des rats glucose. Le debit urinaire a chute chez les rats traites par la lysine. Le debit sanguin renal determine par une sonde de flux est reste normal chez les rats traites par la lysine pendant 135min, et n'a pas decline significativement jusqu'a 180min. Une dilatation significative des tubules superficiels a ete documentee par microscopie intravitale, comencant a 90min chez les rats traites par la lysine. La sequence de pression intratubulaire elevee et de dilatation tubulaire, suivie par une C In diminuee, puis par une diminution du flux sanguin renal suggere que la lysine entraine une insuffisance renale aigue essentiellement par obstruction tubulaire. L'obstruction tubulaire est suivie plus tard d'une elevation de la resistance vasculaire renale.
Foreign Film as a Gateway to Cultural Studies

The purpose of this article is to share an example of how a foreign film has been used as a pedagogical vehicle to understand and study the culture and society of a foreign country. It also explains how this teaching method was used to go beyond just showing the film, through a post-viewing artistic activity that used a medium reflective of the culture portrayed in the film. This article considers the following questions: How was the foreign film used as an interactive teaching tool? How did the foreign film capture and portray the country’s culture and societal issues in a visual manner? What was the role of metaphor and symbolism in the film? What were the viewer’s connections with the images, dialogues and sounds in the film? Did the activity of creating a visual artwork using the materials native to the culture in the film enhance the viewer’s understanding of the foreign culture?
In vitro Ig heavy chain isotype suppression of spleen cells from immunized rabbits.

Abstract We tested whether purified antibodies (Ab) to immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain isotoypes could suppress immune Ig-secreting lymphocytes in vitro . Rabbit immune spleen cells (SpC) were treated with purified goat Ab to IgM (anti-μ Ab) or to IgG (anti-γ Ab) in vitro for 24 hr (Day 1). After this treatment, the SpC were washed and recultured to Day 5. The cells were again washed and then tested for Ig-bearing cells by a rosette forming cell assay and tested for Ab-secreting cells by the conventional plaque forming cell assay. In addition, the supernatant fluids were quantitated for secreted Ig by a radial immune hemolysis in gel assay. The number of Ig-bearing cells, the number of Ab-secreting cells and the amount of secreted b4 Ig decreased when “primary immune” SpC were pretreated with anti-μ but not when the SpC were pretreated with anti-γ Ab. Thus, SpC from rabbits injected once with SE were suppressed by anti-μ but not by anti-γ Ab. In contrast, SpC from rabbits injected several times with SE (hyperimmunized) were not suppressed by either anti-μ or by anti-γ Ab. This susceptibility of primary immune (IgM-secreting) SpC and resistance of hyperimmune (IgG-secreting) SpC to suppression may depend on the stage of B lymphocyte differentiation. That is, more differentiated cells such as IgG-secreting cells are insensitive to anti-μ and anti-γ Ab presumably due to lack of surface Ig molecules or for other reasons.
Influence of river drying and insect availability on bat activity along the San Pedro River, Arizona (USA)

Abstract We evaluated the effects of flow reduction and drying on prey availability and bat activity along a desert river in southeastern Arizona. We sampled bat activity and insect availability during the dry season at perennial and intermittent sites along the San Pedro River. Intermittent sites included both temporally flowing and dry conditions during the study period. Bat activity significantly declined between May and June sampling periods but was not related to whether sites had perennial or intermittent flow. Declines in bat activity corresponded to reductions in insect availability, but only at perennial sites. Bats tracked aquatic insect availability at perennial sites but not at intermittent sites, where insects appear to actively aggregate above localized wet portions of the intermittent reaches. Finally, both bat and insect availability declined to nearly undetected levels when the river dried at 2 of 16 sites in despite increases in terrestrial insect availability. Our results indicate that intermittency affects bat activity indirectly via its effects on prey availability. Seasonal river drying appears to have complex effects on foraging decisions by bats, initially causing imperfect tracking by consumers of localized concentrations of resources, but later resulting in disappearance of both insects and bats after complete drying.
Collapsing carbon nanotubes with an electron beam

Abstract We report the first in situ study of the dynamical behavior of carbon nanotubes. We have used high energy electrons to collapse multi-walled tubes in an atomic resolution transmission electron microscope. Our video recorded observations show the real time dynamics of collapse of the tubular structure. We propose that the orientation dependent damage and channeling effects of the incident 800 keV electrons enable the multi-walled tube to flatten parallel to the flow of electrons. Evidence is seen for a zipper-like closure effect initiated by van der Waals interactions between the inner tube walls.
Micromachined optical microphone structures with low thermal-mechanical noise levels.

Micromachined microphones with diffraction-based optical displacement detection have been introduced previously [Hall et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 118, 3000–3009 (2005)]. The approach has the advantage of providing high displacement detection resolution of the microphone diaphragm independent of device size and capacitance—creating an unconstrained design space for the mechanical structure itself. Micromachined microphone structures with 1.5‐mm‐diam polysilicon diaphragms and monolithically integrated diffraction grating electrodes are presented in this work with backplate architectures that deviate substantially from traditional perforated plate designs. These structures have been designed for broadband frequency response and low thermal mechanical noise levels. Rigorous experimental characterization indicates a diaphragm displacement detection resolution of 20fm∕√Hz and a thermal mechanical induced diaphragm displacement noise density of 60fm∕√Hz, corresponding to an A-weighted sound pressure level detec...
Neurofibromatosis-1 Regulates Neuronal and Glial Cell Differentiation from Neuroglial Progenitors In Vivo by Both cAMP- and Ras-Dependent Mechanisms

Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) develop abnormalities of both neuronal and glial cell lineages, suggesting that the NF1 protein neurofibromin is an essential regulator of neuroglial progenitor function. In this regard, Nf1-deficient embryonic telencephalic neurospheres exhibit increased self-renewal and prolonged survival as explants in vivo. Using a newly developed brain lipid binding protein (BLBP)-Cre mouse strain to study the role of neurofibromin in neural progenitor cell function in the intact animal, we now show that neuroglial progenitor Nf1 inactivation results in increased glial lineage proliferation and abnormal neuronal differentiation in vivo. Whereas the glial cell lineage abnormalities are recapitulated by activated Ras or Akt expression in vivo, the neuronal abnormalities were Ras- and Akt independent and reflected impaired cAMP generation in Nf1-deficient cells in vivo and in vitro. Together, these findings demonstrate that neurofibromin is required for normal glial and neuronal development involving separable Ras-dependent and cAMP-dependent mechanisms.
Influences of traits and assessment methods on human resource practitioners’ evaluations of job applicants

We examined human resource (HR) practitioners’ subjective evaluations of job applicants as a function of specific traits and the assessment methods used to measure those traits. HR practitioners (N = 277) rated the hirability of a hypothetical job applicant who was described according to one trait (intelligence, conscientiousness, or agreeableness) assessed by one method (interview, paper-and-pencil test, or assessment center). We found main effects for trait and method as well as an interaction. HR practitioners gave highest hirability ratings to job applicants described as conscientious and to those assessed by an interview. Job applicants evaluated on conscientiousness assessed by an interview were rated more highly than all other combinations of trait and method.
Survival and reproductive performance of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon n. nevadensis (Eigenmann and Eigenmann), in acid waters

Desert pupfish, Cyprinodon n. nevadensis, were exposed to pH levels of 8·3 (control), 7·0, 6·5, 6·0, 5·5 and 5·0 to determine the effects of acidity on reproduction. Egg production was significantly reduced at every pH level tested below the control. Egg-laying virtually ceased at pH 5·0, while egg viability was reduced to less than 50% of the control value at pH 6·5, when eggs were tested at the same pH at which they were laid. The 96 h LC50 for this species was pH 4·56, considerably below that for successful reproduction. Larvae were less tolerant to acid stress than were adults. Acclimation of reproductive performance to increased acid levels did not occur. Reproductive performance did not fully recover to control levels when the fish were placed in more favourable conditions after prolonged exposure to low pH. Reduction in the number and development of oocytes was observed in the ovaries of acid stressed fish resulting in the decreased reproductive potential.
Improved estimation of the detector response function for converging beam collimators

Converging beam collimator geometries offer improved tradeoffs between resolution and noise for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The major factor limiting the resolution in SPECT is the collimator-detector response blurring. In order to compensate for this blurring it is useful to be able to calculate the collimator response function. A previous formulation presented a method for calculating the response for parallel and converging beam collimators that assumed that the shape of the holes did not change over the face of the collimator. However, cast collimators are fabricated using pins with a constant cross-section (shape perpendicular to the pin axis). As a result, due to the angulation of the pins, the holes made by these pins have shapes on the front and back faces of the collimator that change with position. This change in hole shape is especially pronounced when the angle between the collimator hole and the collimator normal is large, as is the case for half-fan-beam or short-focal-length collimators. This paper presents a derivation of a modification to the original method that accounts for the change in shape of the collimator holes. The method has been verified by comparing predicted line spread functions to experimentally measured ones for a collimator with a maximum hole angle of with respect to the normal. This formulation is useful for predicting the response of fan-beam collimators in the design process and for use in detector response compensation algorithms.
Catastrophic Storms, El Niño, and Patch Stability in a Southern California Kelp Community

Strong winter storms in southern California destroyed most of the canopy ofthe giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera but not the patches of understory kelps in the Point Loma kelp forest near San Diego. Subsequent massive recruitment of Macrocystis juveniles and adults that survived the storms had low survival in the summer during the California El Nino of 1983. The combined disturbance may have long-lasting structural consequences for this community because, once established, the understory patches can resist invasion by Macrocystis.
The social concomitants of competitive and impatient/aggressive components of the Type A behavior pattern in preschool children: peer responses and teacher utterances in a naturalistic setting.

The Matthews Youth Test for Health (MYTH) was used to classify 120 children from 9 preschool classrooms as high or low on behaviors associated with the Type A pattern. Peer responses to the children were gathered sociometrically and utterances of classroom teachers were tape recorded in a naturalistic setting. Boys gave higher sociometric ratings to high competitive girls and girls gave higher ratings to low-competitive boys. Teacher verbal utterances addressed to high-competitive children were characterized by less challenging cognitive processes and lower affective quality. Teacher verbal utterances addressed to children high on impatience/aggression were characterized by lower affective quality, fewer opportunities for child autonomy, more social/behavioral instructions, and more physical expressions of affection. Language: en
Error as Means to Discovery

This paper argues, first, that recent studies of experimentation, most notably by Deborah Mayo, provide the conceptual resources to describe scientific discovery's early stages as error‐probing processes. Second, it shows that this description yields greater understanding of those early stages, including the challenges that they pose, the research strategies associated with them, and their influence on the rest of the discovery process. Throughout, the paper examines the phenomenon of “chemical hormesis” (i.e., anomalous low‐dose effects from toxic chemicals) as a case study that is important not only for the biological sciences but also for contemporary public policy. The resulting analysis is significant for at least two reasons. First, by elucidating the importance of discovery's earliest stages, it expands previous accounts by philosophers such as William Wimsatt and Lindley Darden. Second, it identifies the discovery process as yet another philosophical topic on which the detailed studies of the “new...