cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bilateral Lung Transplantation Offers Better Long-Term Survival, Compared With Single-Lung Transplantation, for Younger Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Background Single-lung transplantation (SLT) and bilateral lung transplantation (BLT) are both good options for patients with end-stage lung disease secondary to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It is, however, unclear whether BLT offers any survival advantage over SLT. The purpose of our study was to evaluate a large group of patients to determine if either SLT or BLT officered a long-term survival advantage for patients with IPF. Methods This was an Institutional Review Board-approved retrospective analysis of the United Network of Organ Sharing database from 1987 to 2008. Survival was determined using Kaplan-Meir estimates and the effect of laterality was determined by Cox proportional hazards and propensity analyses. Results Lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was performed in 3,860 patients (2,431 SLTs and 1429 BLTs). Multivariate and propensity analysis failed to show any survival advantage for BLT (hazard ratio=0.90, 95% confidence interval=0.78 to 1.0, p = 0.11). One-year conditional survival favored BLT (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.87, p = 0.00064). Risk factors for early death included recipient age over 57 and donor age over 36 years. Conclusions Bilateral lung transplantation should be considered for younger patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and results may be optimized when younger donors are used.
Syllogistic Logic with Complements

This paper presents a logic for statements of the form All X are Y and Some X are Y, where the X and Y are intended as (plural) nouns or other expressions whose natural denotation is as subsets of an underlying universe. Languages like this have been studied previously, and the novelty here is to add an explicit complement operator to the syntax. So we now can say, for example, All X′ are Y, or Some non-X are Y. The point of the paper is to present a sound and complete proof system for the associated entailment relation. In its details, the work is rather different from previous work in the area (for example, [1, 3, 5–7] and references therein). Our particular system is new as far as we know (but see just below) In addition, the work here builds models using a representation theorem coming from quantum logic.
Autoantibody-Mediated IL-6–Dependent Endothelin-1 Elevation Underlies Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia (PE) is a life-threatening hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Elevated circulating endothelin-1 (ET-1) is associated with the disease. However the molecular basis of increased ET-1 production and its role in PE are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the causative factors, pathological role of elevated ET-1 production in PE, and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we found that IgG from women with PE, in contrast to IgG from normotensive pregnant women, induced preproET-1 mRNA expression via angiotensin II type 1 receptor activation in kidneys and placentas in pregnant mice. The ET-A receptor-specific antagonist BQ123 significantly attenuated autoantibody-induced hypertension, proteinuria, and renal damage in pregnant mice, demonstrating that autoantibody-induced ET-1 production contributes to pathophysiology. Mechanistically, we discovered that IL-6 functioned downstream of TNF-α signaling, contributing to increased ET-1 production in pregnant mice. IL-6 blockade inhibited preeclamptic features in autoantibody-injected pregnant mice. Extending the data to human studies, we found that IL-6 was a key cytokine underlying ET-1 induction mediated by IgG from women with PE in human placental villous explants and that endothelial cells are a key source of ET-1. Overall, we provide human and mouse studies showing that angiotensin II type I receptor-agonistic autoantibody is a novel causative factor responsible for elevated ET-1 production and that increased TNF-α/IL-6 signaling is a key mechanism underlying increased ET-1 production and subsequent maternal features. Significantly, our findings revealed novel factors and signaling cascades involved in ET-1 production, subsequent disease symptom development, and possible therapeutic intervention in the management of PE.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Is Associated With Decreased Survival of Patients With Malignant Melanoma and Merkel Cell Carcinoma in a SEER Population-Based Study

Purpose To delineate outcomes of malignant melanoma (MM) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Patients and Methods We identified patients with MM or MCC reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and analyzed the effects of history of CLL/NHL on overall (OS) and cause-specific survival after MM or MCC. Expected survival was derived from patients with MM or MCC without CLL/NHL. Results From 1990 to 2006, 212,245 patients with MM and 3,613 patients with MCC were identified, of whom 1,246 with MM and 90 with MCC had a prior diagnosis of CLL/NHL. Patients with MM and a history of CLL/NHL had worse-than-expected OS as measured by standardized mortality ratio (SMR; SMR for CLL, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.3 to 3.0; SMR for NHL, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.1 to 2.6). MM cause-specific survival was worse than expected for patients with a history of CLL (SMR, 2.8; 95% CI, 2.2 to 3.4) or NHL (SMR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7 to 2.6). Among patients with MCC, OS was worse than expected for those with a history of CLL (SMR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.2 to 4.3) or NHL (SMR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3 to 2.8). MCC cause-specific survival was worse than expected for patients with a history of CLL (SMR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.5 to 5.9), but no difference was observed for NHL (SMR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.4 to 2.1). Conclusion Patients with CLL before diagnosis of MM or MCC have significantly worse OS and MM or MCC cause-specific survival than those without a history of CLL/NHL. J Clin Oncol 30. © 2012 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
The PARADIGM trial: A phase III study comparing sequential therapy (ST) to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in locally advanced head and neck cancer (LANHC).

5501 Background: PARADIGM is a multicenter phase III study comparing TPF (docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil)-based ST (Arm A) to upfront cisplatin CRT (Arm B) in patients (pts) with LAHNC. P...
Prostaglandin E2 inhibits phosphoinositide metabolism in isolated pancreatic islets

Isolated islets of the rat labelled with myo-[3H]inositol showed decreased accumulation of total inositol phosphates (InsPs) and [3H]polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in response to glucose after preincubation with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The response was concentration-dependent and specific for PGE2. PGE2 did not affect basal [3H]phosphoinositide hydrolysis or InsPs accumulation. Pertussis-toxin pretreatment antagonized the response to PGE2, whereas 8-bromo cyclic AMP was without effect. The PGE2-induced decrease in InsPs may contribute to the suppression of insulin secretion.
Talking to children about science is harder than we think: characteristics and metacognitive judgments of explanations provided to children and adults

Adults modify the way they speak to children to support children’s learning across several domains. However, no previous research has studied whether adults change their language when explaining science to children. The current study examined if and how adults change the manner in which they talk about science when providing explanations to children vs. providing explanations to other adults. Participants (N = 81) were video recorded while explaining basic science concepts to children and adults. Recordings were later analyzed to determine if and how participants changed the quality and content of their explanations. The results confirmed that adults did change their explanations when talking to children about science by providing more potentially beneficial, but also disadvantageous, information. Participants perceived that they provided more accurate explanations to children, but appeared to be making metacognitive judgments largely based upon the changes made that could be beneficial to learning. Taken together, this work suggests that science may be a domain in which adults are not well equipped to modify and monitor their language to children.
Multiple schedules in practical application: Research trends and implications for future investigation

Researchers began studying multiple schedules in basic laboratories, but recent advances have extended research on multiple schedules to a wide variety of socially significant applications, especially during the last decade. Applied researchers have used multiple schedules to (a) promote stimulus control over high-rate appropriate behaviors, (b) thin the schedule of reinforcement following functional communication training, and (c) obtain stimulus control over problem behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement. In the current paper, we reviewed 31 studies with 147 applications identified through a search of the applied literature on multiple schedules. Using these studies, we (a) reviewed the empirical literature on multiple schedules, (b) recommended multiple-schedule procedures that serve as best practice guidelines for applied behavior analysts, (c) identified the generality and boundaries of current knowledge about the effectiveness of multiple schedules, and (d) critically analyzed the literature to provide directions for future multiple-schedule research.
Ground Spray Equipment for Applying Bacillus thuringiensis Suspension on Soybeans

Effects of several ground application treatments when using a microbial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, were assessed by evaluating volumetric deposits, deposit densities, and larval mortalities of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). A small nozzle (TX-1) operated at high pressure (552 kPa) deposited larger volumes and densities than did larger nozzles (TX-4) operating at lower pressures (373 kPa) when application rates were equal. However, the TX-l nozzle resulted in significantly inferior larval mortality when compared to the larger nozzles operated at lower pressures. Bioassays indicated that high pressure or high shear was not detrimental to the insecticidal activity or crystals of B. thuringiensis . Scanning electron microscopy showed a 10.8% crystal loss from droplets sprayed at 552 kPa as compared with those emitted at 138 kPa.
The Land-Grant System of Higher Education

It is important to observe and to emphasize that: (1) the Morrill Act of 1862 establishing the Land-Grant System of higher education was signed by Abraham Lincoln at a time when the United States was experiencing the darkest days of the bloodiest war in our history. This Act set this country on the road to emancipation of its system of higher education from outmoded traditions, just as the Emancipation Proclamation of the same time (January 3, 1863) proclaimed the intention of the United States to provide freedom for all its people.
Glass Formation near Covalently Grafted Interfaces: Ionomers as a Model Case

In materials ranging from ionomers to semicrystalline polymers, the glass transition—the central phenomenon determining the dynamic and mechanical behavior of amorphous materials—can reflect profound alterations by covalent grafting to surfaces or inclusions. The understanding of these alterations in ionomers has long been underpinned by the view that these grafts serve as “tethers”, suppressing dynamics of attached chains out to a distance related to their molecular stiffness. Here we describe simulations of model ionomers suggesting the need for a fundamental reconsideration of this understanding. Specifically, as in nanocomposites and nanoconfined glass-formers, we find that near-interface mobility suppression is mediated by cooperative rearrangements intrinsic to glass-forming liquids rather than by a unique covalent tethering effect. While remaining consistent with many earlier predictions, these results bring dynamics near ionomeric aggregates and other grafted interfaces into agreement with a body ...
A young male runner with a posterior knee mass—not just your typical Baker's cyst

We present the case of a 28-year-old man with a growing mass in his right popliteal fossa causing pain on exertion. The differential diagnosis included Baker's cyst, entrapment syndrome of the popliteal artery, as well as a benign or malignant neoplasm. An ultrasound was non-specific. Follow-up MRI of the knee demonstrated cystic adventitial disease (CAD). With only about 500 cases reported in the literature since its discovery in 1947, CAD is a rare entity. The disease is characterised by mucinous or gelatinous cysts in the arterial or venous adventitia. The disease is predominantly seen in the popliteal artery and typically affects otherwise healthy males in the fourth to fifth decade of life. It presents clinically as intermittent exertional claudication. Examination of our case and a review of the literature will highlight the importance of considering CAD in patients who report of a popliteal mass and intermittent claudication.
Huxleys' Missing Filament: Form and Function of Titin in Vertebrate Striated Muscle.

Although superthin filaments were inferred from early experiments on muscle, decades passed before their existence was accepted. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that titin, the largest known protein, first appeared in the common ancestor of chordates and nematodes and evolved rapidly via duplication. Twitchin and projectin evolved later by truncation. Sallimus mutants in Drosophila exhibit disrupted sarcomere and chromosome structure, suggesting that giant proteins may have evolved as chromosomal scaffolds that were co-opted for a similar purpose in striated muscles. Though encoded by only one gene, titin comprises hundreds of exons and has the potential for enormous diversity. Shorter isoforms typically confer greater passive stiffness associated with smaller in vivo muscle strains. Recent studies demonstrate unequivocally that titin stiffness increases upon muscle activation, but the mechanisms are only now being uncovered. Although some basic principles have been established, a vast opportunity remains t...
Binding Of Immune Serine Proteases To Nucleic Acids Enhances Their Nuclear Localization and Promotes Their Cleavage Of Nucleic Acid-Binding Protein Substrates

When released from cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, Granzyme (Gzm) serine proteases induce programmed cell death of pathogen-infected cells and tumor cells. The Gzms rapidly accumulate in the target cell nucleus by an unknown mechanism. Many of the known substrates of GzmA and GzmB, the most abundant killer cell proteases, bind to DNA or RNA. Gzm substrates predicted by unbiased proteomics studies are also highly enriched for nucleic acid binding proteins. Here we show by fluorescence polarization assays that Gzms bind DNA and RNA with nanomolar affinity. We hypothesized that Gzm binding to nucleic acids enhances nuclear accumulation in target cells and facilitates their cleavage of nucleic acid-binding substrates. In fact, RNase treatment of cell lysates reduced cleavage of RNA binding protein (RBP) targets by GzmA and GzmB. Moreover, adding RNA to recombinant RBP substrates greatly enhanced in vitro cleavage by GzmB, but adding RNA to non-nucleic acid binding proteins did not. For example, exogenous RNA enhanced GzmB cleavage of recombinant hnRNP C1 (an RBP) but not LMNB1 (a non-RBP). In addition, GzmB cleaved the RNA-binding HuR protein efficiently only when it was bound to an HuR-binding RNA oligonucleotide, but not in the presence of an equal amount of non-binding RNA. Thus, nucleic acids facilitate Gzm cleavage of nucleic acid binding substrates. To evaluate whether nucleic acid binding influences Gzm trafficking in target cells, we incubated fixed target cells with RNase and then added Gzms. RNA degradation in target cells reduced Gzm cytosolic localization and increased nuclear accumulation. Similarly, pre-incubating Gzms with exogenous competitor DNA reduced Gzm nuclear localization. The Gzms form a monophyletic clade with other immune serine proteases including neutrophil elastase (NE) and cathepsin G (CATG). Upon neutrophil activation, NE translocates to the nucleus to drive the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NE and CATG, but not non-immune serine proteases such as trypsin and pancreatic elastase, also bind DNA with high affinity and localize to the nucleus of permeabilized cells. Consistent with this finding, competitor DNA also blocks the nuclear localization of NE. Moreover NE and CATG localization to NETs depends on DNA binding. Thus the antimicrobial activity of NETs may depend in part upon the affinity of these proteases for DNA. Our findings indicate that high affinity nucleic acid binding is a conserved and functionally important property of serine proteases involved in cell-mediated immunity. Disclosures: Lieberman:Alnylam Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Isolating and Tolerating SDN Application Failures with LegoSDN

Despite software-defined networking's proven benefits, there remains a significant reluctance in adopting it. Among the issues that hamper SDN's adoption, two issues stand out: reliability and fault tolerance. At the heart of these issues is a set of fate-sharing relationships: the first between the SDN control applications and controllers, wherein the crash of the former induces a crash of the latter, thereby affecting the controller's availability; and, the second between the SDN-Apps and the network, wherein the failure of the former violates network safety, e.g., network-loops, or network availability, e.g., black holes. In this paper, we argue for a redesign of the controller architecture centering around a set of abstractions to eliminate these fate-sharing relationships and thus improve the controller's availability. We present a prototype implementation of a framework, called LegoSDN, that embodies our abstractions, and we demonstrate the benefits of our abstractions by evaluating LegoSDN on an emulated network with five real SDN-Apps. Our evaluations show that LegoSDN can recover failed SDN-Apps 3x faster than controller reboots while simultaneously preventing policy violations.
In-Plane Thermal and Thermoelectric Properties of Polycrystalline Highly Preferred Orientation [(W)x(WSE2)y]z Superlattice Thin Films

It was recently found by using the time domain thermal reflectance method that polycrystalline highly preferred orientation WSe2 and [(W)x (WSe2 )y ]z superlattice films possess extremely low cross-plane thermal conductivity, which is desirable for thermal insulation and thermoelectric energy conversion applications. However, it is difficult to obtain the in-plane thermal conductivity by using the laser reflectance or the 3-ω method. Here we employ a suspended microdevice developed for measuring thermoelectric properties of individual nanowires and nanofilms to obtain the in-plane thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient of [(W)x (WSe2 )y ]z superlattice films. The measurement results show that the in-plane thermal conductivities of these films are much higher than the cross-plane values, making the thermal conductivity of the films highly anisotropic.© 2007 ASME
THE METABOLISM OF 3- AND 9-HYDROXYBENZO(a)PYRENE BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMAL FRACTIONS

Publisher Summary The formation of an ultimate carcinogenic form of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), the trans–7, 8–dihydro–7, 8–diol–9, 10–oxide, requires several metabolic steps. This realization has increased interest in the further metabolism of the various dihydrodiols, quinones, and phenols that are derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon model. Several studies have suggested that the 3– and 9–phenols can be metabolized to yield products that bind to cellular nucleophiles, such as DNA. This chapter describes the metabolite profiles obtained during the oxidative metabolism of 3– and 9–hydroxy–B(a)P by rat liver microsomes and the potential reactivity for certain of the metabolic products. The potential biological reactivity of B(a)P and its metabolites have been studied using assays that either measure the induction of mutation in prokaryotes or the alkylation of DNA. Results suggest that 3– and 9–hydroxy–B(a)P are further metabolized by the cytochrome P-450–dependent monooxygenase of liver microsomes and that in the case of the 9–phenol, a biologically reactive molecule is formed capable of inducing mutations in prokaryotes and alkylating DNA.
From NWICO to Global eCommerce: Telecommunications Restructuring and the GII

This chapter reminds us of the key concepts of international regime formation and points to several relevant historical international regimes. It then takes us back to the global contestation of the New World Information and Communications Order (NWICO), where some of the more influential civil society actors in the information society got their start. This chapter also illustrates how the ideological battles being fought in NWICO were continued into the broader restructuring of the international telecommunications regime (ITR), leading to what the chapter calls the Global Electronic Commerce versus the Global Information Society (GIS) debate. This framing of the debate highlights the differences between the principles and values required to facilitate the development of a corporate-driven global electronic commerce (GEC) regime in contrast to an open and people-centered GIS regime.
K2 AND DIFFEOMORPHISMS OF TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS

This article discusses same low dimensional examples of the K2 invariant for diffeomorphisms defined in [18], [19]. It is well-known from [4] how the geometry of one parameter families of Morse functions fits in with the definition of K2 in terms of the Steinberg relations. Some of the examples below show the geometric significance of the three relations occurring in Matsumoto's presentation [8, §11] of K2 of a field. There is also an application to the mapping class group.
New Insights on Complement Inhibitor CD59 in Mouse Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization: Mislocalization After Injury and Targeted Delivery for Protein Replacement

Abstract Purpose: The membrane attack complex (MAC) in choriocapillaris (CC) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) increase with age and disease (age-related macular degeneration). MAC assembly can be inhibited by CD59, a membrane-bound regulator. Here we further investigated the role of CD59 in murine choroidal neovascularization (CNV), a model involving both CC and RPE, and tested whether CR2-CD59, a soluble targeted form of CD59, provides protection. Methods: Laser-induced CNV was generated in wild type and CD59a-deficient mice (CD59−/−). CNV size was measured by optical coherence tomography, and CR2-CD59 was injected intraperitoneally. Endogenous CD59 localization and MAC deposition were identified by immunohistochemistry and quantified by confocal microscopy. Cell-type-specific responses to MAC were examined in retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). Results: CD59 levels were severely reduced and protein was mislocalized in the RPE surrounding the lesio...
Assessing anesthesiology residents' out-of-the-operating-room (OOOR) emergent airway management.

At many academic institutions, anesthesiology residents are responsible for managing emergent intubations outside of the operating room (OOOR), with complications estimated to be as high as 39%. In order to create an OOOR training curriculum, we evaluated residents’ familiarity with the content and correct adherence to the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Difficult Airway Algorithm (ASA DAA). Residents completed a pre-simulation multiple-choice survey measuring their understanding and use of the DAA. Residents then managed an emergent, difficult OOOR intubation in the simulation center, where two trained reviewers assessed performance using checklists. Post-simulation, the residents completed a survey rating their behaviors during the simulation. The primary outcome was comprehension and adherence to the DAA as assessed by survey responses and behavior in the simulation. Sixty-three residents completed both surveys and the simulation. Post-survey responses indicated a shift toward decreased self-perceived familiarity with the DAA content compared to pre-survey responses. During the simulation, 22 (35%) residents were unsuccessful with intubation. Of these, 46% placed an LMA and 46% prepared for cricothyroidotomy. Nineteen residents did not attempt intubation. Of these, only 31% considered LMA placement, and 26% initiated cricothyroidotomy. Many anesthesiology residency training programs permit resident autonomy in managing emergent intubations OOOR. Residents self-reported familiarity with the content of and adherence to the DAA was higher than that observed during the simulation. Curriculum focused on comprehension of the DAA, as well as improving communication with higher-level physicians and specialists, may improve outcomes during OOORs.
Immunogenicity assessment during the development of protein therapeutics.

Objective Here we provide a critical review of the state of the art with respect to non-clinical assessments of immunogenicity for therapeutic proteins. Key findings The number of studies on immunogenicity published annually has more than doubled in the last 5 years. The science and technology, which have reached a critical mass, provide multiple of non-clinical approaches (computational, in vitro, ex vivo and animal models) to first predict and then to modify or eliminate T-cell or B-cell epitopes via de-immunization strategies. We discuss how these may be used in the context of drug development in assigning the immunogenicity risk of new and marketed therapeutic proteins. Summary Protein therapeutics represents a large share of the pharma market and provide medical interventions for some of the most complex and intractable diseases. Immunogenicity (the development of antibodies to therapeutic proteins) is an important concern for both the safety and efficacy of protein therapeutics as immune responses may neutralize the activity of life-saving and highly effective protein therapeutics and induce hypersensitivity responses including anaphylaxis. The non-clinical computational tools and experimental technologies that offer a comprehensive and increasingly accurate estimation of immunogenic potential are surveyed here. This critical review also discusses technologies which are promising but are not as yet ready for routine use.
Counting Statistics of Mesoscopic Noise

The measurement performed by optical detectors, such as photon counters, is extended in the time domain, which makes it sensitive to temporal correlations of photons [1]. It has been known long ago in the theory of photodetection [2] that understanding photon counting distribution is essentially a problem of many-particle statistics. Similar considerations apply to the electrical noise measurement, which is fundamentally different from photodetection in that the electrons are not destroyed but just counted. The noise measurement, very much like photodetection, is a sensitive probe of temporal correlations between different transmitted electrons.
Epitope Preservation Methods for Tissue Microarrays: Longitudinal Prospective Study.

Objectives We sought to test recent guidelines for preserving immunoreactivity of precut slides, to quantify loss of immunoreactivity, and to determine potential for preservation by altering storage conditions. Methods Precut slides from tissue microarrays were stored under one of several conditions: exposed to ambient air at room temperature, 4°C, or -20°C or in a vacuum-sealed container at room temperature, -20°C, -80°C, or with paraffin coating. At multiple intervals over 1 year, slides were stained with antibodies against p53, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, Ki-67, synaptophysin, and androgen receptor and evaluated. Results Compared with time 0, the overall median percentage immunoreactivity was 66% at 6 months and 51% at 1 year. During the experiment, this was as low as 55% for precut slides stored in paraffin coating and up to 87% for those stored at -20°C. Vacuum sealing was an effective preservative for some antibody targets and detrimental for others. Storage at -80°C did not have added value. Conclusions For precut slides, there is a time, storage condition, and antibody-dependent loss of immunoreactivity that could compromise analysis of prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic markers. Our findings support previous recommendations and suggest that the best storage conditions are at -20°C, without paraffin coating or vacuum sealing.
Criminal Justice Contact, Stressors, and Depressive Symptoms Among Black Adults in the United States

Criminal justice contact—defined as lifetime arrest, parole, or incarceration is associated with higher odds of experiencing depressive symptoms. Findings from this study suggest that there is a mechanism that links family, neighborhood, and financial stressors among Black adults with criminal justice contact to depressive symptoms. Using the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), modified poisson regression analyses were used to determine the association between criminal justice contact, stressors, and depressive symptoms among a national sample of Black adults (n = 3570). In the full model, the odds of experiencing depressive symptoms for Black adults who had criminal justice contact was reduced (PR: 1.14 to PR: 1.07). Black adults who reported experiencing family stressors (PR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.16), neighborhood stressors (PR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.13), and financial stressors (PR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.19) were statistically significant and higher than those who reported not experiencing any of these stressors. Stressors partially mediates the relationship between criminal justice contact and depressive symptoms (OR: 1.05, Bias-corrected 95% CI: 1.04, 1.07); causing the effect of criminal justice contact to reduce to 1.06, leaving a significant indirect effect of 1.05. The total effect is 1.93 times larger than the direct effect, and 48.3% of the total effect is due to stressors. These findings emphasize the need to further explore the family, neighborhood, and financial stressors for Black adults with criminal justice contact in order to further our understanding of their depressive symptoms.
Considerations for Developing a Student Evaluation of Teaching Form

Abstract Student evaluations of teaching (SET) provide feedback to nursing faculty for improving courses and teaching and to administrators for making personnel decisions affecting faculty. We surveyed the literature to better understand the content of and types of rating scales on SET forms. In this article, we summarize our findings and use the information gathered to provide guidance for development of SET forms for use in nursing programs.
Evolutionary Convergence of Pathway-Specific Enzyme Expression Stoichiometry.

Summary Coexpression of proteins in response to pathway-inducing signals is the founding paradigm of gene regulation. However, it remains unexplored whether the relative abundance of co-regulated proteins requires precise tuning. Here, we present large-scale analyses of protein stoichiometry and corresponding regulatory strategies for 21 pathways and 67–224 operons in divergent bacteria separated by 0.6–2 billion years. Using end-enriched RNA-sequencing (Rend-seq) with single-nucleotide resolution, we found that many bacterial gene clusters encoding conserved pathways have undergone massive divergence in transcript abundance and architectures via remodeling of internal promoters and terminators. Remarkably, these evolutionary changes are compensated post-transcriptionally to maintain preferred stoichiometry of protein synthesis rates. Even more strikingly, in eukaryotic budding yeast, functionally analogous proteins that arose independently from bacterial counterparts also evolved to convergent in-pathway expression. The broad requirement for exact protein stoichiometries despite regulatory divergence provides an unexpected principle for building biological pathways both in nature and for synthetic activities.
Evaluation of HIV/AIDS prevention through peer education, counselling, health care, training and urban refuges in Ghana

Abstract Since 1996, Ireland Aid has supported UNICEF Ghana in the implementation of five activities that promote behaviour change to limit the spread of HIV/AIDS and STIs. The interventions are run by different local organisations, and have provided over 75,000 in and out-of-school youth and commercial sex workers with preventive education. People retained the information given, are knowledgeable about how HIV is transmitted, and can name key preventive methods. They pass on the information to their friends. Commercial sex workers were empowered to support one another in negotiating for safer sex. The programme was supported by community members, leading to demand for condoms and for education on HIV/AIDS/STIs. One project gave support to pregnant girls, including health care and vocational training. A drawback in the programme has been the occasional delays in the supply of the educational materials to the peer educators.
INTERNAL FRACTURE FIXATION WITH PARTIALLY DEGRADABLE PLATES

Bone plates have been produced of a composite material of carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid polymer (PLA). Since PLA is an absorbable polymer, the device is mechanically degradable in-vivo. As the fracture heals, the fixation device degrades, avoiding stress protection osteoporosis and the necessity for device removal. The usefulness of this concept has been demonstrated in a canine animal experimental study.
Option Pricing Anomalies in Times of Financial Distress

Classical finance theory asserts that option prices should simultaneously reflect equilibrium market expectations about the underlying asset and conform to the no-arbitrage requirements of put-call parity. We explore whether these requirements hold during times of financial distress by investigating S&P 500 index option prices during the stock market crash of 2008-2009. We show that during this period, homogeneous expectations for put and call option markets violate put-call parity. The illusion of market segmentation, however, is a spurious byproduct of put-call parity restoration. We also find that market homogeneity and put-call parity are mutually compatible in a theoretically frictionless market absent subjective investor sentiment.
Computational Analysis of Structural Variation in Cancer Genomes.

Cancer onset and progression is often triggered by the accumulation of structural abnormalities in the genome. Somatically acquired large structural variants (SV) are one class of abnormalities that can lead to cancer onset by, for example, deactivating tumor suppressor genes and by upregulating oncogenes. Detecting and classifying these variants can lead to improved therapies and diagnostics for cancer patients.This chapter provides an overview of the problem of computational genomic SV detection using next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms, along with a brief overview of typical approaches for addressing this problem. It also discusses the general protocol that should be followed to analyze a cancer genome for SV detection in NGS data.
Rapid pre-concentration of mercury in solids and water for isotopic analysis.

Abstract The precise quantification of mercury (Hg) stable isotope compositions in low concentration or dilute samples poses analytical challenges due to Hg mass limitations. Common Hg pre-concentration procedures require extended processing times, making rapid Hg stable isotope measurements challenging. Here we present a modified pre-concentration method that combines commonly used Hg reduction and gold trap amalgamation followed by semi-rapid thermal desorption (less than 1 h) and chemical trapping. This custom designed system was demonstrated to perform adequately on multiple trapping matrices including a new bromine monochloride (BrCl) wet oxidant trap (40% 3HNO3:BrCl), capable of trapping consistently in 2 mL volume over a wide range of Hg masses (5–200 ng). The procedure was also shown to work effectively on natural matrices, waters and sediments, producing comparable isotope results to the direct digestion analyses. Here, we present a method that can effectively triple sample throughput in comparison to traditional procedures, and also access lower concentration matrices without compromising the accuracy or precision of Hg isotope measurements.
Consumer Intelligence, Creativity, and Consciousness: Implications for Consumer Protection and Education:

This research represents an exploratory investigation of the relationship between consumers’ intellegence, creativity, and ability to activate consumption-relevant information. Within the cohort sa...
Multiple Autoimmune Disorders in Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome.

Abstract Background Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome is an early-onset encephalopathy with presumed immune pathogenesis caused by inherited defects in nucleic acid metabolism. It is a model disease to study systemic autoimmunity, and there are many clinical, genetic, and basic science considerations that underline a possible overlap between Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Results We describe a 15-year-old girl with Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome due to compound heterozygous pathogenic variants in SAMHD1 (sterile alpha motif domain and HD domain-containing protein 1). Over time, she developed multiple autoimmune diseases (vitiligo, alopecia areata, immune thrombocytopenia, positive antithyroglobulin antibodies) without positive antinuclear antibody or features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Her thrombocytopenia was refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin but responded to a standard course of rituximab. Conclusion This is the first report of a multiple autoimmune syndrome in a patient with molecularly proven Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome. This study illustrates an emerging pattern of the natural history of Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome characterized by early encephalopathic presentation followed by symptoms of systemic autoimmunity.
The mouse curly whiskers (cw) mutations are recessive alleles of hephaestin-like 1 (Hephl1).

Abstract The spontaneous, curly whiskers mutation (abbreviated cw) generates kinky, brittle vibrissae in homozygous mice. Although cw has been mapped to the centromeric end of mouse Chromosome 9, no particular gene has been causally implicated, and this lack of genetic assignment has stymied cw's complete molecular and functional analysis. As a foundation for its positional cloning, we have fine-mapped cw to a small, 0.57 Mb interval that contains only three skin-expressed genes, including hephaestin-like 1 (Hephl1), which encodes a membrane-bound, multi-copper ferroxidase. Sequence analysis of all Hephl1 coding regions in cw/cw mutants revealed a single-base-pair substitution that alters Hephl1 mRNA splicing, and is specific to the cw allele, only. Sequence analysis of a second, independent, re-mutation to curly whiskers (that we verified by complementation testing with cw and have designated cw2J) revealed a distinct defect in Hephl1 (a frame-shifting, single-base-pair insertion) that is specific to cw2J. The results presented strongly suggest that defects in the Hephl1 gene are the molecular basis of the classical, curly-whiskers mutant phenotypes.
The Role of Innate Immunity in Asthma Development and Protection: Lessons from the Environment.

Asthma, a complex, chronic disease characterized by airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness and remodelling, affects over 300 million people worldwide. While the disease is typically associated with exaggerated allergen-induced type 2 immune responses, these responses are strongly influenced by environmental exposures that stimulate innate immune pathways capable of promoting or protecting from asthma. The dual role played by innate immunity in asthma pathogenesis offers multiple opportunities for both research and clinical interventions and is the subject of this review.
Biosynthetic Approaches towards the Design of Artificial Hydrogen-Evolution Catalysts.

Hydrogen is a clean and sustainable form of fuel that can minimize our heavy dependence on fossil fuels as the primary energy source. The need of finding greener ways to generate H2 gas has ignited interest in the research community to synthesize catalysts that can produce H2 by the reduction of H+ . The natural H2 producing enzymes hydrogenases have served as an inspiration to produce catalytic metal centers akin to these native enzymes. In this article we describe recent advances in the design of a unique class of artificial hydrogen evolving catalysts that combine the features of the active site metal(s) surrounded by a polypeptide component. The examples of these biosynthetic catalysts discussed here include i) assemblies of synthetic cofactors with native proteins; ii) peptide-appended synthetic complexes; iii) substitution of native cofactors with non-native cofactors; iv) metal substitution from rubredoxin; and v) a reengineered Cu storage protein into a Ni binding protein. Aspects of key design considerations in the construction of these artificial biocatalysts and insights gained into their chemical reactivity are discussed.
Machine-learning methods for identifying social media-based requests for urgent help during hurricanes

Abstract Social media is increasingly used by people during large-scale natural disasters to request emergency help. Previous work has had success in applying machine-learning classifiers to detect tweets in coarse-grained categories, such as disaster type and relevance. However, there is a dearth of work that focuses on detecting tweets containing requests for help that are actionable by first responders. Using over 5 million tweets posted during 2017’s Hurricane Harvey in Houston, U.S., we show that though such requests are uncommon, their often life-or-death nature justifies the development of tweet classifiers to detect them. We find that the best-performing classifiers are a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on word embeddings, support vector machine (SVM) trained on average word embeddings, and multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained on a combination of unigrams and part-of-speech (POS) tags. These models achieve F1 scores of over 0.86, confirming their efficacy in detecting urgent tweets. We highlight the utility of average word embeddings for training non-neural models, and that such features produce results competitive with more traditional n-gram and POS features.
The Duality of Patterning in Language and Its Relationship to Reading in Children With Hearing Loss

Purpose Duality of patterning has long been recognized as a unique design feature of human language and refers to the distinct bilevel structure in which words comprise one level (semantic) and wor...
High-throughput, parallelized and automated protein purification for therapeutic antibody development

Abstract Antibody therapeutic development often involves significant demands for purified protein samples, from initial assessments of numerous constructs from early stage screening campaigns through to lead identification and then for process development and pilot scale runs. Efforts to reduce timelines and cost per sample are common to both platform purification and for process development. In the earliest stages, high-throughput purification platforms that utilize liquid handlers or other small volume approaches can be suitable, as the quantity requirements for assays are minimal. However, as the number of candidate molecules diminishes, the scope of assays can quickly expand and include a variety of cell-based and in vivo experiments which can require tens or hundreds of milligrams of products of defined purity and with low endotoxin levels. Purification of these samples in a high-throughput, parallelized manner represents a significant challenge with relatively few available off-the-shelf solutions. Process development requirements are also amendable to high-throughput purification strategies combined with statistical approaches in order to optimize the design space and narrow initial process operation parameters suitable for a given purification unit operation. While less often utilized, non-chromatographic purification methods may also be amenable to automation and parallelization at the initial stages of purification development.
The millennia-long use history of triangular bifaces:

Relatively small, triangular bifaces often considered to be projectile points have a demonstrable use history that includes the Middle Archaic, Late Archaic, Early Woodland, late Middle Woodland, L...
A Free-Electron Traveling Wave Tube

A device for the amplification and generation of the unguided TM 01 gaussian mode of radiation by int eraction of a beam of electrons with the longitudinal electric field of the mode is proposed. Such a device requires that the average electron velocity be greater than the phase velocity of the radiation. Methods for achieving a reduction in the phase velocity of a millimeter wave mode in an open structure are discussed.
Suppressing and sharing: how school principals manage stress and anxiety during COVID-19

The purpose of this study was to better understand how school principals in the United States (U.S.) describe and manage their stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data come from 31 interviews with 16 public school principals in the U.S. state of New Jersey. An analysis of the data shows principals have experienced increased levels of stress and anxiety since the pandemic began. The principals describe managing this increased stress and anxiety in two prominent ways: (1) suppressing much of this stress and anxiety in an effort to put on a brave face for students, teachers, parents, and the community;and (2) relying on activities and individuals outside of their school (family members/other principals in the district) as outlets to help manage their stress and anxiety. The findings of this work have several practical implications, including the need for formalised stress and anxiety supports for school principals, particularly during times of crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of School Leadership & Management is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
The cobordism of Real manifolds

We calculate completely the Real cobordism groups, introduced by Landweber and Fujii, in terms of homotopy groups of known spectra.