cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optic Nerve: Atypical Nerves and Nerve Findings

It is now well recognized that structural changes in the head of the optic nerve often precede functional changes detected by perimetry. The evaluation of the optic disc has therefore become increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma, with an emphasis on early detection of the disease. As it contains the neural fibers of the optic nerve, the appearance, contour and substance of the neural rim, and inversely the extent of the optic cup, generally hold the examiner’s primary attention. However, other manifestations of glaucomatous optic neuropathy may also be useful in the detection and monitoring of glaucoma. These include PPA.
The commissioning of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter light monitoring system

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment, located at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, is a general purpose particle detector experiment with a high resolution electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL). I report on the commissioning of the light monitoring system, which tracks changes in transparency of the lead tungstate crystals and is thus crucial for maintaining the energy resolution of the calorimeter.
2D filter design for the reduction of beamforming artifacts in coarsely-sampled imaging apertures

We have previously introduced a k-space based 2D post-beamforming filter for restoring image contrast loss due to coarse sampling of the imaging apertures. The 2D regularized imaging operator was obtained and implemented on full frame data in k-space using computationally-efficient 2D fast Fourier transform (FFT). The computational efficiency of the 2D filter can be further improved by implementing the filter in the spatial domain provided the filter has finite region of support (ROS). We have developed a weighting algorithm for limiting the ROS to approximately 0.03% of the full k-space implementation. The algorithm was verified using Field II in imaging a speckle-generating cyst phantom. We simulated two 25 MHz linear arrays with lambda/2 and with 2lambda element spacing. The simulation results verify that the 2D spatial filter with finite ROS can achieve the same level of restoration in CR while maintaining the same level of spatial resolution achieved by the full k-space filtering approach. We also present the first experimental verification of the performance of our 2D PIO approach on linear array imaging of quality assurance phantom with contrast targets. RF frame data from cystic targets were collected and processed using an appropriately designed 2D PIO. The results show that the CR values were increased by approximately 8 dB without significant reduction in spatial resolution.
Bladder Antimuscarinics and Cognitive Decline in Elderly Patients

Introduction The evidence on the impact of bladder antimuscarinics initiation on cognitive function in older adults is inconsistent.
High Dose Cyclophosphamide for Moderate to Severe Refractory Multiple Sclerosis: 2-Year Follow-up (investigational new drug No. 65863).

Abstract Abstract 4744 Background High dose cyclophosphamide (HDC) is a chemotherapy treatment designed to eradicate autoreative B- and T-cells responsible for lymphocyte-mediated autoimmune illness, while sparing the pluripotent blood stem cell of any ill effects. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory and demyelinating immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system in young adults. Methods Patients with moderate to severe, refractory MS, defined as an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3.5 or higher after 2 or more Food and Drug Administration-approved disease-modifying agents, received 200 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide over 4 days. For the following 2 years, quarterly EDSS score evaluations and biannual brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuro-ophthalmologic evaluations were obtained. Results 15 patients were evaluated for clinical response. During follow-up, no patients increased their baseline EDSS score by more than 1.0. EDSS score stability or decrease was realized in 5 of 7 (71%) patients with relapsing remitting MS and 5 of 8 (62%) patients with secondary progressive MS patients. 4 patients required additional immunomodulatory treatment after treatment. Neurologic improvement involved changes in gait, bladder control, and visual function. Treatment response was seen regardless of the baseline presence or absence of contrast lesion activity. Conclusions HDC can effectively decrease symptoms, stop disease progression, and allow for disability regression in RR and SPMS patients. The most appropriate candidates for HDC, its duration of benefit and the potential need for prophylactic preventative immune manipulation after HDC all require further investigation. Disclosures: Off Label Use: cyclophosphamide: IND# 65863.
Nationalism, Patriotism and Multinational Decision-Making Competence: Evidence from a Situation Judgment Test

Multiple factors may influence Warfighters’ ability to team effectively with personnel from other nations in joint military operations. The present study (N = 696) used a situation judgement test (SJT) to assess multinational decision-making competence. We hypothesized that both social identity and general decision-making competencies would be associated with SJT performance. Performance was associated with lower nationalism, and with decision-making competencies including application of decision rules and knowledge of social norms. Multivariate analyses suggested social identity and decision-making competence predicted performance independently, although nationalism and competence were negatively associated. These findings suggest that training strategies for Warfighters might identify the individual’s strengths and weaknesses, and tailor explicit instruction and virtual learning scenarios accordingly.
Link Quality Measurement and Handoff Initiation

Cellular systems must have the ability to maintain a call while a mobile station (MS) moves throughout a cellular service area. This is accomplished by performing a handoff to an alternate base station (BS) whenever the link quality with the serving BS becomes unacceptable. A variety of parameters such as bit error rate (BER) [54], carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I) [103], distance [209], [85], traffic load, signal strength [209], [130], [132], [225], [41], [319], and various combinations of these fundamental schemes have been suggested for evaluating the link quality and deciding when a handoff should be performed. Of these, temporal averaging signal strength based handoff algorithms that measure the received carrier plus interference power (C+I) have received the most attention due to their simplicity and good performance in macrocellular systems. As a reflection of this trend, much of this chapter will be devoted to these types of handoff algorithms. However, spectrally efficient cellular systems are interference limited and a large C+I does not necessary imply a large C/I. Since radio link quality is more closely related to C/I than to C+I, it is apparent that C/I based handoff algorithms are highly desirable for microcellular systems with their characteristically erratic propagation environments. Unfortunately, C/I measurements can be quite difficult to obtain in practice [180], [348] and, hence, practical resource allocation algorithms often resort to received (C+I) measurements as a quality measure. Nevertheless, some discussion of C/I measurement techniques will be presented in this chapter.
Externally applied compression therapy for Fontan patients

Background: Limited therapeutic options are available for Fontan patients with dysfunctional or failing single ventricle physiology. This study describes the evaluation of an alternative, non-invasive, at-home therapeutic compression treatment for Fontan patients. Our hypothesis is that routinely administered, externally applied compression treatments to the lower extremities will augment systemic venous return, improve ventricular preload, and thus enhance cardiac output in Fontan patients. Methods: To initially evaluate this hypothesis, we employed the NormaTec pneumatic compression device (PCD) in a pilot clinical study (n=2). This device is composed of inflatable trouser compartments that facilitate circumferentially and uniformly applied pressure to a patient’s lower extremities. Following an initial health screening, test subjects were pre-evaluated with a modified-Bruce treadmill exercise stress test, and baseline data on cardiorespiratory health was collected. After training, test subjects conducted 6 days of external compression therapy at-home. Subjects were then re-evaluated with a final treadmill stress test and data acquisition of new cardiorespiratory parameters. Results: Both subjects demonstrated improvement in exercise duration time, peak oxygen volume, and ventilator threshold, as compared to the baseline evaluation. Conclusions: These findings are promising and provide the foundation for future studies that will focus on increasing study participation (sample size) to better assess the clinical benefit of compression therapy for Fontan patients.
Darwin's prescient guess.

Pearce et al. (1) have made a bold and challenging attempt to provide a quantitative estimate for the accumulation of nucleobases, like adenine, on the Hadean Earth some 4 billion y ago, before life began. Why bold? There must have been a source of organic compounds for life to begin, and they chose an extraterrestrial source—carbonaceous meteorites—rather than the geochemical source more commonly assumed in origins of life research. Why challenging? The authors chose to model the origin of life in fresh-water ponds on volcanic land masses emerging from a global ocean, in direct contrast to the current paradigm that life originated in sea water using chemical energy associated with hydrothermal vents. The reason for these choices is that so little is known with certainty about the late Hadean Era, that it was essential to impose constraints to perform a mathematical treatment. This is why Pearce et al. (1) modeled extraterrestrial delivery and lifetimes of a nucleobase in the “warm little ponds” of the article’s title. The use of this phrase, which they abbreviate WLP, alludes to the site first proposed by Darwin in 1871 in a letter to his friend Joseph Hooke. Small, fresh-water ponds are common in volcanic regions of today’s Earth, making it feasible that there were multiple volcanoes and ponds 4 billion y ago. In fact, a recent publication reported evidence that the oldest fossil evidence of life on Earth 3.5 billion y ago are stromatolites produced by microbial mats that thrived in a fresh-water hydrothermal field (2). Pearce et al. (1) incorporated the adenine content of carbonaceous meteorites as one of the parameters and used the lunar cratering record to estimate the rate of deposition from meteorites between 4.5 and 3.7 billion y ago. They … [↵][1]1Email: dwdeamer{at}ucsc.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
The ALPINE In Situ Infrastructure: Ascending from the Ashes of Strawman

This paper introduces ALPINE, a flyweight in situ infrastructure. The infrastructure is designed for leading-edge supercomputers, and has support for both distributed-memory and shared-memory parallelism. It can take advantage of computing power on both conventional CPU architectures and on many-core architectures such as NVIDIA GPUs or the Intel Xeon Phi. Further, it has a flexible design that supports for integration of new visualization and analysis routines and libraries. The paper describes ALPINE's interface choices and architecture, and also reports on initial experiments performed using the infrastructure.
Lessons Learned From the Surgical Morbidity and Mortality Conference.

OBJECTIVE: The Morbidity and Mortality (M&M) conference is both a quality improvement and an educational conference. We sought to evaluate the educational and quality improvement value of different learners who attend the surgical M&M conference. Furthermore, we sought to evaluate if an educational intervention directed at medical students (MS) would improve their experience at this conference. DESIGN: Over a 2-month period, we used a third party, real-time audience polling software during 4 M&M conferences using questions concerning medical error, loop closure, learning value, applicability, and professionalism. After baseline data were obtained in Phase 1, MS attended a seminar on the subject of error as part of their orientation. Additionally, to facilitate their preparation, MS were supplied the cases to be presented at that week's conference, a few days before M&M. After this intervention, 3 additional M&M conferences were polled, as described above, as part of Phase 2. Differences between faculty (FAC) and MS experience were assessed by chi-square and ANOVA analyses as appropriate. Study was reviewed and received a waiver from the IRB. SETTING: Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, a tertiary care academic teaching hospital of Brown University. PARTICIPANTS: Audience participants were informed of the voluntary nature of this survey and asked to self-identify as MS, PA/NPs, junior residents, senior residents, or FAC. In phase 1, there were an average of 289 ± 18.7 responses per session, while in phase 2 there were an average of 267 ± 9.29 responses per session. RESULTS: In Phase 1, when asked to characterize the error as practitioner, system, both practitioner and system or neither, FAC were more likely to assign error as practitioner error than MS (15/38 − 39.5% vs 6/41 − 14.6%, p = 0.021). This trend continued in Phase 2, FAC (19/33 − 57.6%) vs MS (8/29 − 27.6%), p = 0.011. In terms of whether learners felt the conference was useful to their education (5 point scale – strongly agree to strongly disagree) the FAC felt conference more useful than MS (4.0 vs 3.63 p = 0.005). This trend continued even after intervention (4.24 vs 3.71 p Conclusion: Despite an educational intervention, we found FAC and MS maintained very divergent opinions as to what is practitioner error, and system error, and FAC found the M&M discussion more educational than MS. To maximize learning for MS during surgical M&M more interventions are needed.
Association of Medical Scribes in Primary Care With Physician Workflow and Patient Experience.

Importance Widespread adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) in medical care has resulted in increased physician documentation workload and decreased interaction with patients. Despite the increasing use of medical scribes for EHR documentation assistance, few methodologically rigorous studies have examined the use of medical scribes in primary care. Objective To evaluate the association of use of medical scribes with primary care physician (PCP) workflow and patient experience. Design, Setting, and Participants This 12-month crossover study with 2 sequences and 4 periods was conducted from July 1, 2016, to June 30, 2017, in 2 medical center facilities within an integrated health care system and included 18 of 24 eligible PCPs. Interventions The PCPs were randomly assigned to start the first 3-month period with or without scribes and then alternated exposure status every 3 months for 1 year, thereby serving as their own controls. The PCPs completed a 6-question survey at the end of each study period. Patients of participating PCPs were surveyed after scribed clinic visits. Main Outcomes and Measures PCP-reported perceptions of documentation burden and visit interactions, objective measures of time spent on EHR activity and required for closing encounters, and patient-reported perceptions of visit quality. Results Of the 18 participating PCPs, 10 were women, 12 were internal medicine physicians, and 6 were family practice physicians. The PCPs graduated from medical school a mean (SD) of 13.7 (6.5) years before the study start date. Compared with nonscribed periods, scribed periods were associated with less self-reported after-hours EHR documentation ( 900) and less than 25% of the visit on a computer (aOR, 31.5; 95% CI, 7.3-136.4). Encounter documentation was more likely to be completed by the end of the next business day during scribed periods (aOR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.2-7.1). A total of 450 of 735 patients (61.2%) reported that scribes had a positive bearing on their visits; only 2.4% reported a negative bearing. Conclusions and Relevance Medical scribes were associated with decreased physician EHR documentation burden, improved work efficiency, and improved visit interactions. Our results support the use of medical scribes as one strategy for improving physician workflow and visit quality in primary care.
A Sensorless Conductive Foreign Object Detection for Inductive Electric Vehicle Charging Systems Based on Resonance Frequency Deviation

A sensorless conductive foreign object detection (FOD) method for inductive power transfer (IPT) systems based on resonance frequency deviation monitoring is proposed. The proposed detection method is based on the fact that the proximity of conductive objects to the transmitter area will affect the resonant characteristics of the system, including resonance frequency. Thereby, the conductive object detection is achieved by constantly monitoring the resonance frequency deviation with respect to its nominal value. Self-tuning controllers for IPT systems are utilized to synchronize the switching power converters with the resonance current in order for the system to operate at the resonance frequency. The proposed method is specifically designed for standby mode FOD in which detection is performed at low power before the entrance of the vehicle to the charging station. Theoretical analysis of the proposed method based on circuit theory and 3D finite element analysis (FEA) is presented. Also, the proposed method is implemented in a case study IPT system and its effectiveness is verified experimentally by detecting different conductive objects. The results show that the proposed method is fast, sensitive, effective, and is capable of detecting conductive objects as small as a 5-cent coin in standby mode.
Programmable Orthogonal Frequency Coded SAW Correlator Filters

Programmable surface acoustic wave (SAW) correlator filters are demonstrated for use with simultaneous transmit and receive (STAR) radios. Programmable binary phase shift keying (BPSK) is implemented using electronic switches in conjunction with fixed OFC codes. The prototype devices presented have moderate insertion loss, but using methods previously demonstrated, insertion loss can be reduced to make programmable correlator filters that are useable in practical communication systems.
Multi-period process flexibility with inventory

Motivated by challenges faced by a biopharmaceutical firm, we extend the traditional process flexibility modeling literature by integrating inventory storage capabilities into these models, and develop general guidelines on how to design an effective supply chain network in this setting. Given the expense of inventory storage in the biopharmaceutical industry, the firm is considering incorporating flexible plants that can produce multiple types of product into their current dedicated supply chain in order to better respond to demand uncertainty while limiting the need for inventory. We develop models leading to insights for related strategic questions, including whether or not a new plant should be flexible, and whether and which plants should be modified to include inventory storage capabilities.
On the Relative Frequency of Residue Classes in PASCAL’S Triangle Modulo a Prime

When the entries of Pascal’s triangle which are congruent to a given nonzero residue modulo a fixed prime are mapped to corresponding locations of the unit square, a fractal-like structure emerges....
Far-Infrared Optical Properties of Ca F 2 , Sr F 2 , Ba F 2 , and Cd F 2

The absorption coefficients and indices of refraction of pure Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, Sr${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, Ba${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, and Cd${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ at 300, 200, 80, and 5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K have been measured at all accessible frequencies between 300 Gc/sec and the transverse-optic (TO) frequencies of the crystals. The absorption has been interpreted in terms of 2-phonon difference processes involving high-energy phonons. The indices of refraction can be described by a harmonic rigid-ion approximation to the crystal. The temperature dependences of the long-wavelength dielectric constants and the TO frequencies have been measured and related to the Szigeti expression for the effective ionic charges.
Pulsatile Tinnitus Secondary to Dehiscent Right Sigmoid Sinus (4083)

Objective: Sigmoid sinus dehiscence (SSD) is an occasional but a treatable cause of tinnitus. Resolution of symptoms have been reported with surgical repair. We describe a case of a patient who developed pulsatile tinnitus as a result of SSD who underwent surgical repair with complete resolution of symptoms Background: A 33-year-old obese woman presented with right-sided pulsatile tinnitus for several months along with subsequent headaches. Symptoms were alleviated by neck turning to the right or manual compression of the jugular vein. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a dominant right-sided sigmoid sinus which extended laterally towards the cortex of the mastoid segment of the temporal bone. Computed tomography of the temporal bone revealed significant thinning and an area of dehiscence along the posterior wall of the right mastoid bone in close association with the sigmoid sinus. Patient underwent a lumbar puncture which revealed an opening pressure of 18 cm H2O; a trial of acetazolamide did not alleviate her symptoms. The patient was evaluated by Otorhinolaryngology and was deemed a candidate for resurfacing of the dehiscence with an autogenous bone graft. The patient underwent complete mastoidectomy, cranioplasty, and repair of the malformation. Patient had complete resolution of symptoms in the post-operative period Design/Methods: NA Results: Up to 25% of cases of pulsatile tinnitus may be a consequence of bony anomalies of the sigmoid sinus including dehiscence or diverticula. SSD is effectively treated with a cortical mastoidectomy with resurfacing of the dehiscence with an autogenous bone graft or bone cement. Instant alleviation of the pulsatile tinnitus have been reported in up to 80% of cases. Conclusions: Our case report describes a case of a patient who developed tinnitus secondary to dehiscent right sigmoid sinus and thinning of temporal bone. Patient’s symptoms completely resolved following resurfacing the bone overlying the sinus. Disclosure: Dr. Purushothaman Ravichandran has nothing to disclose. Dr. Berman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yacoub has nothing to disclose. Dr. Varrato has nothing to disclose.
Collaborative survival and the politics of livability: Towards adaptation otherwise

Abstract Climate change promises to bring forth a future of uncertain and challenging events in which divergent worlds collide, conflict, and collaborate for survival in transitionary times. Yet, collaborative adaptation responses remain not well understood, particularly in terms of the relational and political dimensions of this practice. This paper seeks to push beyond collaboration as an assumed good and contributes to deeper theorization and conceptualization of the arts of collaborating within the context of climate adaptation and sustainable development. The paper draws upon participatory and ethnographic engagements in the struggle for collaborative adaptation to rapid glacier melt in the Peruvian highlands between 2015 and 2018. Insights are derived from various qualitative methods that allowed for following through a network of local to global adaptation actors (State institutions, development NGOs, and campesinos) as they worked towards a common goal of becoming resilient to ensuing radical landscape changes. By paying attention to divergent adaptation imaginaries, as well as historically produced uneven geographies of power upon which current adaptation strategies are materializing, this study illuminates “frictions” that emerge from collaborative engagements and the systemic oppression of local ways of knowing and being. This study finds that, through a privileged adaptation discourse, State and transnational actors enact a techno-scientific and developmentalist-adaptation reality that is indifferent to the needs and preferences of highland inhabitants. I argue that, adaptation in this way performs a “coloniality of power” that perpetuates the erasure of social alterity from world-making projects. As a counter-proposal, I call for doing adaptation otherwise, that is, decolonially. This practice is informed by the relational ontology of highland campesinos, and strives to create an alternative approach to formal adaptation that allows for rights of self-determination and the empowerment of designs from “below”.
Impact of nuclear data evaluations on data assimilation for an LFR

The Lead-cooled Fast Reactor is one of the three technologies selected by the Sustainable Nuclear Energy Technology Platform that can meet future European energy needs. The main drawbacks for the industrial deployment of LFR are the lack of operational experience and the impact of uncertainties. In nuclear reactor design the uncertainties mainly come from material properties, fabrication tolerances, operation conditions, simulation tools and nuclear data. The uncertainty in nuclear data is one of the most important sources of uncertainty in reactor physics simulations. Furthermore, it is known that the uncertainties in reactor criti-cality safety parameters are severely dependent on the nuclear data library used to estimate them. However, the impact of using different evaluations while performing data assimilation to constraint the uncertainties in the criticality parameters has not been properly assessed yet. In this work, a data assimilation for the main isotopes contributing to the uncertainty in k eff of the ALFRED lead-cooled fast reactor has been performed with the SUMMON system using JEFF-3.3, ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JENDL-4.0u2 state-of-the-art nuclear data libraries, together with critical mass experiments from the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project that are representative of ALFRED, in order to assess the impact of using different evaluations for data assimilation.
Interplay between Oxo and Fluoro in Vanadium Oxyfluorides for Centrosymmetric and Non-Centrosymmetric Structure Formation

Herein, we report the syntheses of two lithium-vanadium oxide-fluoride compounds crystallized from the same reaction mixture through a time variation experiment. A low temperature hydrothermal route employing a viscous paste of V2O5, oxalic acid, LiF, and HF allowed the crystallization of one metastable phase initially, Li2VO0.55(H2O)0.45F5⋅2H2O (I), which on prolonged heating transforms to a chemically similar yet structurally different phase, Li3VOF5 (II). Compound I crystallizes in centrosymmetric space group, I2/a with a = 6.052(3), b = 7.928(4), c = 12.461(6) A, and β = 103.99(2)°, while compound II crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric (NCS) space group, Pna21 with a = 5.1173(2), b = 8.612(3), c = 9.346(3) A. Synthesis of NCS crystals are highly sought after in solid-state chemistry for their second-harmonic-generation (SHG) response and compound II exhibits SHG activity albeit non-phase-matchable. In this article, we also describe their magnetic properties which helped in unambiguous assignment of mixed valency of V (+4/+5) for Li2VO0.55(H2O)0.45F5⋅2H2O (I) and +4 valency of V for Li3VOF5 (II).
The Morality of the Market Process and the Normative Implications of Catallactic Competition

Do markets make the conditions for moral action possible? To answer to this question, I will develop the normative implications of competition in the market process. As a value-free science, positive economics illustrates the economic consequences of different forms of competitive behavior for resource allocation and income distribution. In this paper, I explore the normative implications of competition under alternative institutional arrangements. I distinguish between catallactic competition, based upon an individual’s willingness and ability to pay for resources generated through trade and productive specialization, and non-catallactic competition, based upon legal status and privilege generated through political exchange. I argue that the normative implications of substituting market, or catallactic, competition for non-market, or non-catallactic, competition is to provide the conditions for human flourishing. Whereas catallactic competition tends to liberate the individual from arbitrary assignments of resources and income based on creed, gender, race, or legal status, non-cattalactic competition tends to confine an individual’s potential for self-actualization to such arbitrary assignments.
Future Proof and Real-World Ready: The Role of Live Project-Based Learning in Students’ Skill Development:

The rapid pace of technological change taking place today makes it even more important for marketing educators to incorporate relevant technical and higher level meta-skills in their digital market...
Submesoscale Mixing Across the Mixed Layer in the Gulf of Mexico

Submesoscale circulations influence momentum, buoyancy and transport of biological tracers and pollutants within the upper turbulent layer. How much and how far into the water column this influence extends remain open questions in most of the global ocean. This work evaluates the behavior of neutrally buoyant particles advected in simulations of the northern Gulf of Mexico by analyzing the trajectories of Lagrangian particles released multiple times at the ocean surface and below the mixed layer. The relative role of meso- and submesoscale dynamics is quantified by comparing results in submesoscale permitting and mesoscale resolving simulations. Submesoscale circulations are responsible for greater vertical transport across fixed depth ranges and also across the mixed layer, both into it and away from it, in all seasons. The significance of the submesoscale-induced transport, however, is far greater in winter. In this season, a kernel density estimation and a detailed vertical mixing analysis are performed. It is found that in the large mesoscale Loop Current eddy, upwelling into the mixed layer is the major contributor to the vertical fluxes, despite its clockwise circulation. This is opposite to the behavior simulated in the mesoscale resolving case. In the ‘submesoscale soup’, away from the large mesoscale structures such as the Loop Current and its detached eddies, upwelling into the mixed layer is distributed more uniformly than downwelling motions from the surface across the base of the mixed layer. Maps of vertical diffusivity indicate that there is an order of magnitude difference among simulations and in the submesoscale permitting case values are distributed around 10-3 m2s-1 in the upper water column in winter, in agreement with recent indirect estimates off the Chilean coast. Diffusivities are greater in the eastern portion of the Gulf, where the submesoscale circulations are more intense due to sustained density gradients supplied by the warmer and saltier Loop Current.
The Role of Race in Admission to a Dual Diagnosis Unit Versus General Inpatient Psychiatric Unit in those with Active Substance Use

Psychiatric disorders are highly comorbid with substance use disorders, and the presence of co-occurring conditions increases severity of illness and complicates recovery. Those with comorbid mental illness and substance use disorders may benefit from specialized services, specifically integrated dual diagnosis treatment. Admission to a dual diagnosis unit requires health care providers to consider a number of factors, including severity of illness, psychiatric history, bed availability, and providers’ perceived likelihood of benefit of specialized services. Ideally, decisions regarding the necessity of substance use treatment are made independent of race, and yet, racial disparities exist among those who are offered substance use treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic differences of patients who are identified as having active substance use admitted from the comprehensive psychiatric emergency program (CPEP) to a dual diagnosis unit versus those admitted to a general inpatient psychiatric unit. Our study consists of a retrospective analysis of patients, aged 18–90 (n = 100), admitted to either a dual diagnosis unit (8B) or general psychiatric unit (6K) at Mount Sinai Beth Israel (MSBI), a private metropolitan hospital in New York City, between November 1st to November 30th, 2020. We hypothesized that there are racial disparities in unit assignments while accounting for a variety of potentially relevant demographic and clinical variables. The primary outcome was a comparison of demographic factors, particularly racial composition, of those admitted to the dual diagnosis unit versus those admitted to the general psychiatric unit. After accounting for 6 clinical and 3 other demographic variables, patients of Black race were over 5 times more likely (adjusted odds ratio 5.31; P = 0.011) to be assigned to 8B than patients of White, Asian, or Other race. Additional contributors to 8B assignment were male gender, IM or IV PRNs, and documented substance use (Table 1). There were no significant differences between Black and Non-Black patients in rates of substance use detected on toxicology (Table 2). These findings suggest that race may be a driving factor in unit assignment, and unconscious racial bias may potentially confound admission decision-making, limiting access to available resources and services for some populations. More research is needed to understand factors contributing to racial disparities in substance use treatment.
Differential Diagnosis of Biliary Atresia

Biliary atresia is the most common causative disease of neonatal cholestasis. Causes of neonatal cholestasis that should be distinguished from biliary atresia include various diseases, such as congenital biliary dilatation, genetic diseases, metabolic disorders, infections, and idiopathic neonatal hepatitis. In cases with neonatal cholestasis, biliary atresia is considered first, and diagnosis and treatment are performed as quickly as possible. If biliary atresia is suspected or cannot be excluded, intraoperative cholangiogram should be performed earlier. If biliary atresia is negative, various tests for differential diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis are performed.
Techniques for Timing-Driven Routing

With every new generation of fabrication technology for VLSI we see an increased influence of interconnect on system performance. With device scaling interconnect parasitics become increasingly influential. Issues such as layer assignment, via resistance, wire-to-wire coupling capacitance, wire width and signal buffering now play major roles in determining signal delay.
Gap-2 Morasses of Height $\omega$

Conditions necessaires et suffisantes d'existence des morasses simplifiees d'ecart 2 et de hauteur ω
Foreign Bondholders Protective Organizations

THE unfortunate experience in recent years of the American holders of defaulted foreign bonds led to the passage by Congress on May 27, 1933, of the Corporation of Foreign Bondholders Act, as Title II of the Federal Securities Act.1 It was designed to furnish a medium through which American bondholders could act jointly in the adjustment of their claims against defaulting governments or other foreign entities. The holders of the defaulted bonds of a foreign state occupy a peculiar position. They cannot sue in the bondholders' state, nor, even where foreign governments permit themselves to be sued, have they any effective remedy in the courts of the foreign country.2 The diplomatic channel has been occasionally opened to them, but in most countries only on proof of discrimination against them as nationals of a particular country or on some evidence of denial of justice or bad faith, such as the diversion of security, or the repudiation of specific pledges or guaranties. Mere failure by reason of inability to pay is not alone deemed ipso jure, a violation of international law.3 While unofficial good offices have often been extended by the governments of the bondholders in an effort to assist them in obtaining payment or adjustment of rightful claims, and while the line separating good offices from official representations is not so clearly defined as is often supposed, bondholders have had no assurance of legal protection either judicial or diplomatic. That fact has forced them to rely upon their own endeavors to effect an adjustment of their claims,4 and they have learned
Progress in intervention programs to eradicate foodborne helminth infections.

Abstract: This chapter discusses the intervention methods used to control two helminthic diseases of public health importance. Trichinella and Taenia are transmitted by undercooked contaminated meat. Important changes made to animal husbandry and animal feeding have led to a decrease in these diseases in parts of the world. Specific information is provided on disease transmission coupled with the success achieved by intervention programs.
Protection and Prevention: an Overview

The focus of this section is on protecting assets, networks, systems, and humans by preventing and/or mitigating physical attacks and damage. This article provides an overview and addresses the question “what do protection and prevention mean from a homeland security and defense perspective?” Definitions and terminologies are included in the article. Most of the emphasis is on protecting a wide variety of infrastructure elements and the people who work or reside in them. A broad range of threats and attack modes is considered—from the use of small arms and weapons to explosives to biological and chemical agents. The article discusses important auxiliary elements such as assessments, training, and preparations. Many forms of defensive components and systems are treated—from body armor to blast shields to “smart” ventilation systems. Concepts such as robustness and resilience, response and recovery, deterrence, and devaluation of potential targets/sites are discussed. Finally, advanced concepts and designs using innovative components and materials are highlighted as areas of future research and development. This overview focuses on protecting assets, networks, systems, and humans by preventing and/or mitigating physical attacks and damage (see also Cyber-Security). Background information includes the historical development of the concept of homeland security and defense following acts of terrorism on US soil in the late 1990s. A number of plans for federal and national research and development (RD we must therefore be smart about our utilization of resources. We must be prepared to accept some risk and to rapidly recover if we are attacked (the fear of terrorism can do more damage to our way of life than actual attacks). Threats are dynamic and involve a wide range of possible means of attack ranging from the use of conventional explosives to biological agents to nuclear explosives. The number of possible targets is enormous and some vulnerabilities are part of the nature of a free and open society. Consequences of possible terrorist actions range from tens to thousands of lives lost and millions to billions of dollars of economic losses. Protecting our infrastructure and citizens from terrorist acts and preventing catastrophic impacts is a truly daunting challenge that will involve the efforts of many global R&D organizations. Science and technology can assist the development of systems to inform us about the status of our critical infrastructure and ultimately design advanced infrastructure that will be inherently secure, safe, and resilient. Keywords: protection; prevention; mitigation; response; recovery; resilience; defense; infrastructure
Delaunay meshing of surfaces

Meshing of surfaces is an ubiquitous problem in many applications of science and engineering. Among different approaches available for meshing surfaces, Delaunay meshing is often favored because of its directional independence and good quality in general. As application varies, so does the input form of the surface to be meshed. We present algorithms to compute Delaunay meshes for various forms of input surfaces. Specifically, we consider surfaces input with (i) point cloud data, (ii) implicit equations, and (iii) polyhedra. These algorithms come with theoretical guarantees and some of them have been successfully implemented. In this talk we detail the algorithms, provide the mathematical reasoning behind their designs, and show the results of some experiments.
Widespread RNA segregation in a spiralian embryo

Asymmetric cell divisions are a crucial mode of cell fate specification in multicellular organisms, but their relative contribution to early embryonic patterning varies among taxa. In the embryo of the mollusc Ilyanassa, most of the early cell divisions are overtly asymmetric. During Ilyanassa early cleavage, mRNAs for several conserved developmental patterning genes localize to interphase centrosomes, and then during division they move to a portion of the cortex that will be inherited by one daughter cell. Here we report an unbiased survey of RNA localization in the Ilyanassa embryo, and examine the overall patterns of centrosomal localization during early development. We find that 3-4% of RNAs are specifically localized to centrosomes during early development, and the remainder are either ubiquitously distributed throughout the cytoplasm or weakly enriched on centrosomes compared with levels in the cytoplasm. We observe centrosomal localization of RNAs in all cells from zygote through the fifth cleavage cycle, and asymmetric RNA segregation in all divisions after the four-cell stage. Remarkably, each specifically localized message is found on centrosomes in a unique subset of cells during early cleavages, and most are found in unique sets of cells at the 24-cell stage. Several specifically localized RNAs are homologous to developmental regulatory proteins in other embryos. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms of localization and segregation are extraordinarily intricate in this system, and suggest that these events are involved in cell fate specification across all lineages in the early Ilyanassa embryo. We propose that greater reliance on segregation of determinants in early cleavage increases constraint on cleavage patterns in molluscs and other spiralian groups.
Factors associated with farm-level variation, and farmers' perception and climate change adaptation in smallholder mixed-farming livestock production system in Nepal

To identify factors associated with farm-level variability, to understand farmers' perception on climate change impacts, and to assess livestock climate change adaptation, a full-fledged household survey was launched in May 2012 in the Thulokhola watershed of Nuwakot district in Nepal. Factors identified for farm-level variation included land holding size and land types (irrigated, non-irrigated), male and female labours in a household, number of goats and cattle owned, fodder and forages, forest products utilised, number of animal grazing days, and income diversification. Drought conditions, erratic rain events, livestock diseases and parasites, decreasing pregnancy rate in animals, fodder and water shortages, and forest degradation were major climate change impacts in this watershed. To cope with these impacts, farmers have practiced introducing new animal breeds, stall feeding, planting grasses, storing feed for feed shortage months, purchasing feed, constructing ponds, and installing pipelines for water supply. However, they are limited and lacking scientific rigors.
On the reconstruction capabilities of microwave tomography imaging

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) systems are non-invasive diagnostic tools able to provide high resolution images of the inner structure of the probed spatial region. Owing to this capability, GPR systems are nowadays more and more considered in a large number of applications as geology, archaeology, civil engineering, demining, and so on. In particular, beyond the most common down-looking systems, airborne and forward-looking GPR are gaining attention as subsurface imaging tools able to survey wide, possibly non accessible, areas and/or to assure a standoff distance between the operator and the targets.
Solutions of the refraction and extinction integrals for use in inversions and image formation

Analytic solutions to the refraction and extinction integrals are presented for the case of a horizontally or spherically stratified medium. These solutions are not only useful for the calculation of the images that would be seen through a lens with a continuously varying index of refraction, such as the atmosphere, they also provide a solution to the inverse problem of determining the refractive structure from measurements of the image. A remarkably simple inversion scheme is presented for determining the refractive (temperature) structure of the earth’s atmosphere by observations of the setting sun. The same scheme works for determination of vertical profiles of the extinction coefficient.
High‐molecular‐weight flexibilizers in low‐smoke flame‐retardant PVC compounds

Ethylene copolymer resin (ECR) modifiers play an important role in low-smoke PVC. As high-molecular-weight flexibilizers, these resins reduce smoke and add strength and low temperature flexibility. This combination allows compounders to increase the amounts of flame-retardant additives without compromising strength or flexibility or by adding liquids which increase smoke. This paper demonstrates these attributes versus liquid plasticizers used in PVC compounds.
Ampacities for Cables in Randomly Filled Trays

The allowable current which may be carried by a given conductor size cable has been thoroughly investigated in almost every conceivable type of cable installation. One area which has not had much attention up to now is the allowable current which can be carried by cables in cable trays, or troughs. This paper presents a completely general method for calculating the ampacities of cables in cable trays; it has been derived from elementary heat transfer theory and amply verified with many full-scale tests. The method shows that currently published ampacities for small cables in highly filled trays must be reduced, but the large cable ampacities can be safely increased.
In vitro binding capacity of wheat bran, rice bran, and oat fiber for Ca, Mg, Cu, and Zn alone and in different combinations.

Wheat bran (WB), rice bran (RB), and oat fiber (OF) were analyzed for their proximate constituents and mineral content and evaluated for their binding capacity for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Protein, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber, and endogenous mineral contents varied significantly among the three dietary fiber sources. With the exception of Mg, in higher concentration in RB, WB contained significantly (P < 0.05) more endogenous Ca, Cu, and Zn than RB or OF. Overall, WB bound significantly more Ca and Mg (alone or combined with other minerals) than RB and OF, respectively. OF bound more Cu than RB or WB. Zn (alone or in the presence of other minerals) was bound more strongly in WB and RB than OF. Re-acid washing stripped most of the bound minerals from the dietary fiber sources. Keywords: Mineral binding; wheat bran; rice bran; oat fiber; dietary fiber
How much penicillin cures early syphilis

Excerpt If there has seemed to be one fixed point in the therapeutic armamentarium, one axiom of medical treatment, it has been that early syphilis is cured by 2.4 mIU (million international units)...