cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Reaction Intermediates in Ge Chemical Vapor Deposition on Silicon

Computational programs are often used for estimating molecular orbital energies and geometries. The results of these calculations can also provide information needed for investigation of adsorption and decomposition mechanisms on surfaces. In this study, ab initio methods are used to calculate properties of gas phase diethylgermane and GeHx-substituted silanes (x=1−3). The silanes are used as models for surface Ge hydrides. The calculated gas phase molecular orbital energies are then compared with experimentally determined molecular orbital energies for the adsorbed species. The surface species are prepared by germane, digermane, ethylbromide, or diethylgermane adsorption on the Si(100)-(2×1) surface and the molecular orbital energies are measured by photoelectron spectroscopy.
An evaluation of a worksite exercise intervention using the social cognitive theory: A pilot study

Purpose: To increase exercise adherence among insufficiently active adult employees.Design: A quasi-experimental separate samples pre-test–post-test group design was used to compare treatment and c...
Expression of the CMS-associated urfS sequence in transgenic petunia and tobacco

The expression of a 25 kDa protein, encoded by the fused mitochondrial pcf gene, is associated with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in petunia. To investigate the role of the 25 kDa protein in CMS we have transformed petunia and tobacco plants with constructs expressing a portion of the urfS sequence of the pcf cDNA which encodes the 25 kDa protein. The urfS sequence was fused with two different mitochondrial targeting sequences. The chimeric gene coding region was placed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter or a tapetum-specific promoter. Expression of the PCF protein was obtained in mitochondria of transgenic petunia and tobacco plants, yet fertility of the plants was not affected. Analysis of the location of the urfS-encoded protein revealed that it fractionates primarily into the soluble fraction in the transgenic plants whereas the genuine 25 kDa protein is found primarily in the soluble fraction but also in the membrane portion of immature buds from CMS petunia plants. Fertile transgenic plants were obtained which expressed the 25 kDa protein in the tapetal layer of post-meiotic anthers, while CMS plants express the endogenous 25 kDa protein in both the tapetal layer and sporogenous tissue of pre-meiotic anthers.
Nonlinear Processing Of Quantitative Thermographic Images

The minimum resolvable temperature difference in quantitative thermographic imaging is essentially determined by photo-detector noise processes. In fast scan devices the overall detector noise envelope may be ±0.5°C. When imaging quasistatic thermal scenes, integration of successive frames (signal averaging) can be used to reduce the effect of detector noise. However, many interesting thermal scenes are rapidly changing, such as the thermal pattern resulting from a laser pulse or from radio frequency energy applied to tissues, and frame integration cannot be applied. In the transient temperature measurement case, some smoothing operator must be used to improve the minimum resolvable temperature difference. Linear smoothing operators, such as averaging and gaussian filters, all have the undesirable side effect of smearing the few edges and other small details in the thermal image. Median filters offer the potential of filtering detector noise while preserving edges and other details. Because the median operator is inherently nonlinear, its effect on the accuracy of measured temperatures cannot be predicted a priori. For the photodetector studied, photoconductive mercury-cadmium-telluride, the detector noise process was determined to have a symmetrical probability density function. Thus the median filter yielded an excellent estimate of the uncorrupted signal with no degradation of edges or other details. The median filter is compared to a triangular window function.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Harvesting of the marine microalga Conticribra weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae) by cationic polymeric flocculants

Abstract The harvesting of microalgae is currently one of the bottlenecks hindering the commercial production of microalgae-based biofuels and products. The objective of this study was to determine the best flocculant and its optimum concentration in order to harvest the marine microalga Conticribra weissflogii (previously Thalassiosira weissflogii ) for further use in the production of biofuels or bioelements. Experiments were conducted with cultures in the logarithmic and stationary growth phases. The low-charge FLOPAM ® FO 4240 SH was the most effective at concentrations of 2 and 4 mg m −3 in the LOG phase cultures, with flocculation efficiencies >90%. Smaller flocculation efficiencies were observed for cells in the stationary growth phase, most likely due to the production of dissolved organic carbon by the microalga. The highest microalgae density generated higher flocculation rates, whereas the pH and salinity negatively impacted flocculant efficiency.
Comparison of the effects of graded concentrations of iodide on the in vivo and in vitro iodine metabolism of thyroids from intact and hypophysectomized rats.

The effects of graded concentrations of 127I- on radioiodine uptake, organic binding of newly accumulated intrathyroidal iodine, and the DIT*/MIT*2 ratio of newly synthesized iodoamino acids were compared in the thyroids of intact and hypophysectomized iodine-deficient and iodine-replete rats. Both in vitro and in vivo the thyroids of hypophysectomized rats were much more sensitive than those of intact rats to inhibition by newly entering iodide. In the thyroids of intact animals increasing quantities of administered 127I- caused an initial rise in DIT*/MIT*, then a depression as inhibitory levels of iodide were reached. In lobes from hypophysectomized rats, increasing quantities of 127I- produced only a progressive depression of DIT*/MIT*. A marked acute depression of thyroid 131I accumulation was produced in vivo by amounts of 127I- which did not depress organic binding of intrathyroidal 131I; this was not observed in the in vitro studies. In the thyroids of intact rats, increasing quantities of 127I- p...
The electrochemical transfer-coefficient

Summary In discussions of the kinetics of electrode reactions, the central issue is the manner in which the rate constants depend on the electrode potential. It is often stated ex cathedra that this dependence is exponential and that constant fractions of the electrode potential appear in the exponential terms; these fractions are characterized by the “transfer coefficient, α” or “symmetry factor, β”. The impression is thereby given that we understand the physical nature of the “transfer” or “symmetry” that determines the magnitude of α or β. In fact, the terminology “transfer coefficient” was introduced in connection with a model for the electron transfer that is not accpted; and the interpretation of β as describing the symmetry of the energy barrier is inadequate since, by definition, β describes the change in the barrier as the potential changes, and not any property of the barrier at a particular potential. There is no adequate justification for an a priori introduction of the transfer coefficient as an implicitly potential-independent parameter.
Chronic in vivo imaging in the mouse spinal cord using an implanted chamber

Understanding and treatment of spinal cord pathology is limited in part by a lack of time-lapse in vivo imaging strategies at the cellular level. We developed a chronically implanted spinal chamber and surgical procedure suitable for time-lapse in vivo multiphoton microscopy of mouse spinal cord without the need for repeat surgical procedures. We routinely imaged mice repeatedly for more than 5 weeks postoperatively with up to ten separate imaging sessions and observed neither motor-function deficit nor neuropathology in the spinal cord as a result of chamber implantation. Using this chamber we quantified microglia and afferent axon dynamics after a laser-induced spinal cord lesion and observed massive microglia infiltration within 1 d along with a heterogeneous dieback of axon stumps. By enabling chronic imaging studies over timescales ranging from minutes to months, our method offers an ideal platform for understanding cellular dynamics in response to injury and therapeutic interventions.
Voyager 1 encounter with the Jovian system

An overview of the Voyager 1 encounter with Jupiter is presented, including a brief discussion of the characteristics of the spacecraft and trajectory and highlights of the results which are described in the subsequent reports.
Brief psychotherapy in the treatment of gastro-intestinal disorders.

The gastro-intestinal tract is peculiarly prone to be the site of disorders arising from emotional tension. As in any branch of medicine certain patients do not respond easily or at all to treatment but a great deal can be done for many if approach is made in a proper manner. These patients are ill and are earnestly seeking help, though they may not know what sort of help they require. Telling them not to worry and requesting that they stop bothering the doctor is only an admission of inability to handle such illnesses. It should be kept in mind that often much more can be done for patients suffering from these conditions than for those with frankly organic pathology such as malignant disease or liver cirrhosis. Certainly no patient is more grateful and makes a more lasting friend than one to whom the doctor has shown kindness and encouragement during a period of unhappiness.
Dimuon production in hadronic interactions

This report summarizes the new data submitted to the XXI International Conference on High Energy Physics on high mass dimuon production in ..pi../sup -/N and anti pN interactions by Fermilab Experiment E-537, CERN Experiment NA3 and Fermilab Experiment E-326. Successes and failures of the Drell-Yan model and low order QCD are reviewed. New results on the production of the J/psi from E-537, NA3 and CERN experiment WAll are also reported.
The natural history of superficial femoral artery stenoses.

Since the natural history of specific superficial femoral artery stenoses is not known, we examined progression rates of superficial femoral artery stenoses in 45 lower extremities found when arteriograms were obtained of 38 patients for symptomatic atherosclerotic disease in the opposite leg or abdomen. These initial superficial femoral artery arteriograms were compared with later arteriograms in 25 limbs, duplex scans in 27 limbs, and both modalities in 7 limbs. After a mean interval of 37 months, most superficial femoral artery stenoses (72%) did not progress. However, 12 superficial femoral artery stenoses progressed (28%; mean follow-up, 37 months, including 7 that occluded (17%). Superficial femoral artery stenoses progressed among patients who complained of symptom progression at a rate faster than that among asymptomatic patients (15.6%/year vs 3%/year; p = 0.006). Superficial femoral artery lesions also progressed more rapidly among patients whose contralateral superficial femoral artery was occluded (10%/year vs 1.6%/year; p = 0.04). By multivariate regression analysis, symptom progression and smoking history were predictive of superficial femoral artery stenosis progression. In the seven patients whose superficial femoral artery stenoses progressed to occlusion, the average rate of stenosis progression was 12%/year (maximum predicted rate, 30% per year by 95% confidence limit). These results indicate that superficial femoral artery stenoses usually progress with synchronous symptomatic deterioration. Other than symptom progression, only cumulative smoking history and contralateral superficial femoral artery occlusion could be associated with superficial femoral artery stenosis progression in this small series. By use of the maximum predicted progression rate of 30% per year, reasonable decision making regarding follow-up or prophylactic endovascular treatment of superficial femoral artery stenoses is possible until larger populations are studied. (J VASC SLIRG 1991;14:299-304.)
Intensive lipid intervention in the post-ENHANCE era.

OBJECTIVE: To Investigate the effect of intensive lipid lowering with high-dose atorvastatin on the Incidence of major cardiovascular events compared with low-dose atorvastatin In patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes, with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Following 8 weeks' open-label therapy with atorvastatin (10 mg/d), 10,001 patients with coronary artery disease were randomized to receive double-blind therapy with either 80 mg/d or 10 mg/d of atorvastatin between July 1,1998, and December 31, 1999. Of 1501 patients with diabetes, renal data were available for 1431. Patients with CKD were defined as having a baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 60 mL/min per 1.73 m 2 , using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 4.8 years, 95 (17.4%) of 546 patients with diabetes and CKD experienced a major cardiovascular event vs 119 (13.4%) of 885 patients with diabetes and normal eGFRs (hazard ratio [HR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [Cl], 1.00-1.72; P<.05). Compared with 10 mg of atorvastatin, 80 mg of atorvastatin reduced the relative risk of major cardiovascular events by 35% In patients with diabetes and CKD (20.9% [57/273] vs 13.9% [38/273]; HR, 0.65; 95% Cl, 0.43-0.98; P=.04) and by 10% In patients with diabetes and normal eGFR (14.1% [62/441] vs 12.8% [57/444]; HR, 0.90; 95% Cl, 0.63-1.29; P=.56). The absolute risk reduction In patients with diabetes and CKD was substantial, yielding a number needed to treat of 14 to prevent 1 major cardiovascular event over 4.8 years. Both treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSION: Patients with diabetes, stable coronary artery disease, and mild to moderate CKD experience marked reduction in cardiovascular events with Intensive lipid lowering, In contrast to previous observations In patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease.
Subsistence, Sex, and Cultural Transmission in Folsom Culture

Abstract Archaeological and ethnographic data, as well as evolutionary theory, facilitate the understanding of key aspects of forager behavior in the northern Plains of North America during the Folsom period (10,900–10,200 B.P.). Some of these behavioral adaptations include: (1) given low and dispersed Folsom populations, foragers used high mobility to locate mates and maintain kinship, economic, and social networks; (2) because the hunting of bison was the optimal subsistence choice, Folsom groups were likely characterized by a disproportionate male contribution to the diet and, thus, a male-biased juvenile sex-ratio; and (3) given the relatively uniform nature of the Folsom tool kit across the Plains, a many-to-one (slow), concerted model of cultural transmission may have operated.
A simulation method for fluctuating temperatures in crawlspace foundations

Abstract Using the z -transfer function technique, hourly energy performance of below grade building envelope components is determined. In particular, the technique is integrated with a state-of-the-art hourly whole building simulation program to predict the effect of indoor temperature setback and foundation insulation configuration on the hourly variation of crawlspace temperature and ground-coupled heat loss of a residential building. It is found that the indoor temperature setback in the house affects significantly both the crawlspace temperature and the foundation heat loss. Typically, it was found that the setback and the setup in house temperature increases the amplitude of the fluctuations of both the crawlspace temperature and the foundation heat loss. A simple correlation is provided to determine the effect of the temperature setback on the foundation heat loss.
Spectral and redox properties of bacteriochlorophyll in its natural state.

The behaviour of bacteriochlorophyll in its natural state with regard to oxidative bleaching, photobleaching and temperature bleaching was investigated. Reversible changes in absorption by the addition of oxidative and reductive agents, previously measured in organic solution, were also found to be present when bacteriochlorophyll is in its natural state in chromatophores of purple bacteria. Only the absorption band of longest wavelength in Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rhodopseudomonas spheroides and Chromatium could be bleached reversibly. Also a reversible shift in position of the 800-mμ absorption band in Rh. rubrum occurs while there are indications of a similar shift in the other species. At a potential of approximately 515 mV the difference spectrum obtained by addition of ferri-ferrocyanide mixtures to chromatophores of Rh. rubrum was similar to the difference spectrum obtained by Duysens by illumination of living bacteria. Additional bleaching experiments were done by heating and illumination of the chromatophore extracts. The present experiments may yield a link between the in vitro and in vivo phenomena obtained with chlorophyllous pigments.
Molecular dynamics of the transition from L-selectin- to beta 2-integrin-dependent neutrophil adhesion under defined hydrodynamic shear

Homotypic adhesion o2 neutrophils stimulated with chemoattractant is analogous to capture on vascular endothelium in that both processes depend on L-selectin and beta 2-integrin adhesion receptors. Under hydrodynamic shear, cell adhesion requires that receptors bind sufficient ligand over the duration of intercellular contact to withstand hydrodynamic stresses. Using cone-plate viscometry to apply a uniform linear shear field to suspensions of neutrophils, we conducted a detailed examination of the effect of shear rate and shear stress on the kinetics of cell aggregation. A collisional analysis based on Smoluchowski's flocculation theory was employed to fit the kinetics of aggregation with an adhesion efficiency. Adhesion efficiency increased with shear rate from approximately 20% at 100 s-1 to approximately 80% at 400 s-1. The increase in adhesion efficiency. Adhesion efficiency increased with shear rate from approximately 20% at 100 s-1 to approximately 80% at 400 s-1. The increase in adhesion efficiency with shear was dependent on L-selectin, and peak efficiency was maintained over a relatively narrow range of shear rates (400–800 s-1) and shear stresses (4–7 dyn/cm2). When L-selectin was blocked with antibody, beta 2-integrin (CD11a, b) supported adhesion at low shear rates (
Transport entropy and tunneling between vortices in type I superconductors

Abstract The effect of tunneling between vortices on the vortex transport entropy in a type I superconductor is calculated and compared with experiment. Agreement is satisfactory in Sn + 0.05 at .% In, and in a 7500A Pb film.
Near-Death Experiences and the Possibility of Disembodied Consciousness Challenges to Prevailing Neurobiological and Psychosocial Theories

Claims from those having near-death experiences (NDEs), as well as those sympathetic to such claims, challenge the prevailing assumption that consciousness is dependent on a functioning brain. Extant theories, both neurobiological and psychosocial, that attempt to explain NDEs are examined and found unable to adequately account for the full range of NDE reports, especially electromagnetic after-effects and out-of-body experiences with veridical perception. As a result, many leading NDE researchers have proposed that a new model is needed to explain how consciousness could possibly exist independently of the brain, mainly relying on theories from quantum physics. Our paper critically evaluates a range of extant neurobiological and psychosocial theories of NDEs, as well as examines theories that might offer more promise in fully explaining NDEs, especially those using insights derived from quantum physics. We conclude that the “hard problem” of consciousness is not yet solved, but that NDEs provide an important avenue for exploring the relationship between consciousness and brain, as well as possibly understanding a disembodied concept of consciousness.
Importance of cholesterol in dopamine transporter function.

The conformation and function of the dopamine transporter (DAT) can be affected by manipulating membrane cholesterol, yet there is no agreement as to the impact of cholesterol on the activity of lipid-raft localized DATs compared with non-raft DATs. Given the paucity of information regarding the impact of cholesterol on substrate efflux by the DAT, this study explores its influence on the kinetics of DAT-mediated DA efflux induced by dextroamphetamine, as measured by rotating disk electrode voltammetry (RDEV). Treatment with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβCD), which effectively depletes total membrane cholesterol––uniformly affecting cholesterol–DAT interactions in both raft and non-raft membrane domains––reduced both DA uptake and efflux rate. In contrast, disruption of raft-localized DAT by cholesterol chelation with nystatin had no effect, arguing against a vital role for raft-localized DAT in substrate uptake or efflux. Supranormal repletion of cholesterol-depleted cells with the analog desmosterol, a non-raft promoting sterol, was as effective as cholesterol itself in restoring transport rates. Further studies with Zn2+ and the conformationally biased W84L DAT mutant supported the idea that cholesterol is important for maintaining the outward-facing DAT with normal rates of conformational interconversions. Collectively, these results point to a role for direct cholesterol–DAT interactions in regulating DAT function.
Chaotic dynamical systems: an introduction

In his Memoirs, Stigler (1988, p. 78) observed that economic "theorists like new and strange constructs that create a new world or change the way of looking at the current one". I f this is a correct description of the preferences of economic theorists, one ought to expect continued interest in the fascinating development of the literature on dynamical systems and complexity. The literature certainly offers a variety of 'new and strange constructs ' , and forces us to look at some of the old issues f rom a different perspective. The advances over the last two decades have been due to truly multi-disciplinary efforts, and have benefited f rom a collaboration between the more 'abstract ' analytical work and a careful exploration of 'concrete ' examples through increasingly sophisticated computer experiments. The first "break through" for dynamic economic theory and stability analysis "probably occurred during the twenties and thirties thanks to economists such as Frisch, Tinbergen, Kalecki, Robertson, Lundberg and Hicks;" and Samuelson's Foundations also played its role " to set the stage for further theoretical work" [Lindbeck (1970)]. A useful compendium of the trade cycle models of Hicks, Samuelson, Goodwin, Kalecki and Phillips was available in Allen (1956), and a number of the classic papers were compiled in Cass and McKenzie (1974). Subsequent research in dynamic economics continued in several directions, involving descriptive models of growth and market disequilibrium as well as models involving intertemporal optimization with their duals interpreted as intertemporal equilibria. By now we have a relative abundance of examples which generate complex
A Medication Surveillance System Model to Improve Patient Safety: A National Veterans Study of Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors and Risks of Stroke or Myocardial Infarction

Background: The recent withdrawal of Vioxx (rofecoxib) from the market and emerging evidence that cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 inhibitors as a class of drugs may raise the risk of adverse cardiovascular events have highlighted the limitations of current postlicensing surveillance systems in the United States. We explored the use of linking national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) administrative datasets into a medication surveillance system to examine hospitalizations for stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) among COX-2 users compared with nonusers. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of 719,058 inpatient hospitalizations within the VHA system over a 2-year period, 2002-2003. We analyzed the frequencies of strokes or MI among COX-2 users and nonusers, as well as mutually exclusive celecoxib or rofecoxib groups. We identified a total of 110,583 unique COX-2 users who had 708,617 COX-2 prescriptions. We then linked the COX-2 patients to acute hospital care for stroke or MI and analyzed frequencies by age strata. Results: Approximately 2% of COX-2 users (2246 individuals) had a stroke or MI, which represents 9.2% of all 24,452 hospitalized COX-2 patients. This is slightly higher than the 8.8% of all stroke or MI patients (63,548) accounted for in the total of 719,058 unique hospitalizations. However, adjustments for age produced mixed results in all analyses. Conclusions: Currently in the United States, medication safety programs are largely focused on monitoring and voluntary reporting of known risks and side effects of drugs as identified by the drug manufacturers, and medication administration process measure reporting. These approaches do not facilitate identification and analysis of a medication's safety where the drug is an independent risk factor for an adverse health outcome that may not have been previously identified. This study demonstrates that a medication surveillance system based on large-scale national administrative datasets can be used to rapidly evaluate a reported medication risk or harm. More importantly, in the absence of a reported medication risk or harm, especially for outpatient medications, a medication surveillance system based on the emerging VHA model could be used to facilitate efficient, timely, and proactive postlicensing medication surveillance.
Sources of Capital and Structures of Influence Banks in the Russian Corporate Network

A number of theories have been employed to explain positions of banks in the corporate networks of developed economies. This article investigates whether these theories are consistent with the empirical findings about banks in the Russian corporate network. Russian banks are subject to many ties created by the executives of industrial corporations on boards of banks. A similar network position is interpreted as an indicator of the power of banks in the US, but this interpretation is not applicable in Russia. This article argues that the network position of Russian banks reflects a subordinate role of banks in today’s Russian economy. This subordinate role is explained by the fact that Russian banks are dependent on large industrial corporations (first of all, exporters of raw materials) as major sources of financial capital. An empirical test of hypotheses about the association between banks’ reliance on different sources of financial capital and their network positions provides support for this context-s...
Mechanical properties testing and results for thermal barrier coatings

Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC's) provide a significant challenge in the evaluation of their mechanical properties in ways that provide data that is not specimen dependent. The paper reviews various developments of the principal author over the past several years for both plasma sprayed and physical vapor deposited (PVD) materials, as well as new data on the fatigue behavior of one material system. The test methods that have been employed address tensile and compressive modulus and ultimate strength, tensile and compressive fatigue strength, and interfacial strength. This testing is now underway. Property testing is especially difficult for TBC's owing to the limitation on fabrication thickness of the coating. Bending tests are not used as these tests do not provide sufficiently uniform states of strain for property evaluations. Test specimens with uniform states of axial stress have been devised for each material system. The results show that the material property results between various experimenters and experimental methods are not yet consistent. However, the results provide critical design data at a suitable level of accuracy for life prediction. The paper will review both tensile and compressive mechanical testing of uniaxial specimens showing property dependencies on material density and temperatures for both material systems. Successful test results for both tensile and compressive fatigue loadings will be given. The test data shows that the fatigue strength of the TBC's is highly stress dependent in both loading conditions and is likely to depend on stress range and not mean stress. The fatigue strength of the plasma sprayed TBC's appears to increase with elevated temperatures in a range of temperatures below the creep activation temperature for the materials. The plasma sprayed TBC materials have been confirmed to have cyclic hysteresis at all temperature levels down to room temperature. Limited failure analysis data for various specimens suggest that the failure modes are driven by normal geometric discontinuities in the TBC's.
Integrated Actuator–Sensor Placement and Hybrid Controller Design of Flexible Structures Under Worst Case Spatiotemporal Disturbance Variations

The aim of this study is to propose a methodology for placing actuating devices in flexible structures that, in addition to possible modal controllability and enhanced performance, may also address spatiotemporal effects of disturbances. The resulting actuator locations enhance the controllability properties of selected modes, improve the performance of the closed-loop system by integrating the controller design and actuator location, and finally address the spatial variability of disturbances by minimizing the location-parameterized norm of an associated transfer function. When the spatial distribution of disturbances is known a priori, it should be utilized in the placement criteria, and if it is unknown, then a “worst” such distribution may be assumed and subsequently used for actuator placement in order to attain spatial robustness. To further address possible “moving” disturbances, where the spatial distribution of disturbances is changing with time and space, a supervisory scheme is proposed where b...
A mathematical model to predict the inelastic response of a steel frame: Establishment of parameters from shaking table experiments

The purpose of this research is to use data from experiments to formulate a mathematical model that will predict the non-linear response of a single-storey steel frame to an earthquake input. The process used in this formulation is system identification. In experiments performed on a shaking table, the frame was subjected to two earthquake motions at several intensities. In each case the frame underwent severe inelastic deformation. A computer program which incorporates the concepts of system identification makes use of the recorded data to establish four parameters in a non-linear mathematical model. When different amounts of data are used in the program, parameter sets are established which give the best model response for that amount of test data. The resulting sets of parameters reflect the way in which the properties of the structure change during the excitation. However, when the full durations of the different excitations are used, the sets of parameters are almost identical. For each of these sets of parameters, the correlation of the computed accelerations with the measured is excellent, and the shape of the computed displacement response compares very well with the measured response, although the permanent offset of the displacements is not computed exactly. Suggestions are given on how to overcome this deficiency in the mathematical model.
Soft Real-Time Semi-Partitioned Scheduling with Restricted Migrations on Uniform Heterogeneous Multiprocessors

We present EDF-sh, which is the first soft real-time scheduling algorithm with restricted migrations for heterogeneous multiprocessors. EDF-sh does not restrict total utilization as long as the system is not overutilized. However, it requires a per-task utilization constraint, which is not too constraining but nonetheless renders EDF-sh non-optimal. We evaluate the effectiveness of EDF-sh by means of schedulability experiments. In these experiments, more than 87% of the feasible task sets that were considered were soft-real-time-schedulable under EDF-sh. Additionally, tardiness bounds for these task sets under EDF-sh were found to be quite low in almost all cases.
Enhancement of transient gene expression and culture viability using Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing Bcl‐xL

Transient gene expression (TGE) provides a method for quickly delivering protein for research using mammalian cells. While high levels of recombinant proteins have been produced in TGE experiments in HEK 293 cells, TGE efforts in the commercially prominent CHO cell line still suffer from inadequate protein yields. Here, we describe a cell-engineering strategy to improve transient production of proteins using CHO cells. CHO-DG44 cells were engineered to overexpress the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-x(L) and transiently transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI) in serum-free media. Pools and cell lines stably expressing Bcl-x(L) showed enhanced viable cell density and increased production of a glycosylated, therapeutic fusion protein in shake flask TGE studies. The improved cell lines showed fusion protein production levels ranging from 12.6 to 27.0 mg/L in the supernatant compared to the control cultures which produced 6.3-7.3 mg/L, representing a 70-270% increase in yield after 14 days of fed-batch culture. All Bcl-xL-expressing cell lines also exhibited an increase in specific productivity during the first 8 days of culture. In addition to increased production, Bcl-x(L) cell lines maintained viabilities above 90% and less apoptosis compared to the DG44 host which had viabilities below 60% after 14 days. Product quality was comparable between a Bcl-xL-engineered cell line and the CHO host. The work presented here provides the foundation for using anti-apoptosis engineered CHO cell lines for increased production of therapeutic proteins in TGE applications.
The Nuclear Threat and the Hidden Human Image

The nuclear threat is both cause and effect of the hiding of the human image. The revealing of the hidden human image can take place in response to the challenge of the nuclear threat and is perhaps the only way in which we can hope to overcome that threat. The debate between Hobbes and Rousseau as to whether "man in nature" is evil or good had a modern counterpart in the debate between Freud and Einstein as to whether war is inevitable and the still more contemporary dialogue between Martin Buber and Car Rogers (1957) and the interchange on evil between Rogers and Rollo May in the Journal of Humanistic Psychology (1982) in which both Rogers and May were centrally concerned about the nuclear threat. Philosophical anthropology goes beyond "human nature" to the wholeness and uniqueness of the human, and the image of the human, as Maurice Friedman has unfolded it in his books Problematic Rebel, To Deny Our Nothingness and The Hidden Human Image, has gone beyond that to two typical responses to the "problemat...
Are situational contingencies limiting job attitude—job performance relationships?☆

Abstract A model for job attitudes and job performance is proposed which hypothesizes that relationships occur in situations where job behaviors are primarily worker controlled. The empirical literature on job attitudes and absences, turnover, grievances, and objective performance is reviewed from the perspective of the model. Data collected in two union representation elections are presented as a test of the proposition that when an employee is free of situational constraints in choosing among behavioral alternatives, his attitudes predict his performance.
A framework for locomotional design: toward a generative design theory

Generative design theories are needed to bridge the gaps between pure scientific knowledge, individual ("point") designs and systematic generation of viable design alternatives. This papers suggests a framework for locomotional design that uses knowledge of navigation and spatial cognition to inform design. Examples of the implications of two such pieces of knowledge are sketched out, suggesting how this framework might lead to a generative design theory.
The development of the Hill-Burton legislation: interests, issues and compromises.

The Hill-Burton Hospital Survey and Construction Act has its roots in the social health and welfare programs of the New Deal. This paper traces its development and the positions of three groups-the hospital industry, the U.S. Public Health Service, and the Senate Subcommittee on Wartime Health and Education-on four issues: the nature of federal funding to states, the use of public funds by private hospitals, the oversight powers of a Federal Hospital Council, and health services for the poor. The analysis involves two lines of thought: the political strategy of incrementalism and the roles of the three interest groups in reaching compromises to quickly pass an "unsponsored" bill. Relevance to the current effort to pass a single payer national health insurance is explored.
Emulation and Policy Adoptions in the Canadian Provinces

Previous research has analyzed the various characteristics associated with the adoption of policies by the Canadian provinces. Since a number of provinces have appeared as regional leaders in the adoption of these policies, there would seem to be an emulation effect among the provinces similar to that found for the adoption of policies by states in the United States. The provinces that demonstrated leadership varied to some extent, depending upon the types of policies in question.
Uridine-5'-phosphate synthase: evidence for substrate cycling involving this bifunctional protein.

Abstract Uridine 5′-phosphate (UMP) synthase contains two sequential catalytic activities for the synthesis of orotidine 5′-phosphate (OMP) from orotate (EC 2.4.2.10, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase) and the decarboxylation of OMP to form UMP (EC 4.1.1.23, OMP decarboxylase). Previous kinetic studies had indicated that partial channeling of OMP might occur [ T. W. Traut and M. E. Jones (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252 , 8374–8381 ]; in the presence of a nucleotidase, there was no measurable formation of orotidine from OMP under conditions where OMP was maintained at a steady-state concentration [ T. W. Traut (1980) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 200 , 590–594 ]. Recently claims were made that (i) the steady-state activities of UMP synthase could be modeled by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and (ii) the nucleotidase activity in Ehrlich ascites cells was insufficient to degrade any significant amount of OMP [ R. W. McClard and K. M. Shokat (1987) Biochemistry 26 , 3378–3384 ]. The present studies show that UMP synthase has cooperative kinetics toward OMP, and that a substrate cycle involving orotate phosphoribosyltransferase, cytoplasmic nucleotidase, and uridine phosphorylase maintains the cyclic interconversion: orotate → OMP → orotidine → orotate, etc. It is therefore the complex steady-state kinetics of UMP synthase in the presence of OMP, and the existence of a substrate cycle that account for the results which were interpreted as channeling in the earlier studies.
The role of cultural protocol in media choice in a confucian virtual workplace

This paper presents the results of an empirical investigation on the role of cultural protocol in media choice in a Confucian virtual workplace, like those found in Far-East-Asian countries, such as Korea and Japan, which are heavily influenced by the Confucius tradition of emphasizing respect for the social order in all forms of social communication. A Confucian virtual workplace in Korea is studied regarding the role of cultural protocol in the use of email. The survey results show that use of email is significantly influenced by cultural protocol, such as showing respect for seniors, within a Confucian virtual workplace. When a worker is faced with media choices for communication in a workplace where showing respect is considered essential, media richness of the chosen media is found to be less important than the capability of providing features to convey cultural protocol.
Observation of parametric amplification with a femtosecond vacuum-ultraviolet four-wave difference-frequency mixing source

The high conversion efficiency of the Xe-atom four-wave difference-frequency mixing (ω3 = 2ω1 − ω2) vacuum UV (VIJV) femtosecond source relies on a coincidental near two-photon resonance occurring when the ω1 light pulses are at ≃248.5 nm. It also depends on the coherence properties of the input pulses. As in previous studies of this system, high-intensity femtosecond light pulses at ω1 were produced by amplification in a KrF-excimer discharge, but the required 248.5-nm seed pulses were obtained from a new source based on near-threshold continuum generation. Nonlinear mixing in Xe of the pulses prepared at ω1 with femtosecond visible light pulses of ω2 yielded ω2 → ω3 energy conversions of ~1 and VUV pulse energies as high as 60 μJ. At low input energies the beam at ω2 was observed to be parametrically amplified by a factor ≃150.
Effects of aortic nerve on hemodynamic response to obstructive apnea in sedated pigs

In this study we test the hypothesis that aortic nerve traffic is responsible for the pressor response to periodic apneas. In nine intubated, sedated chronically instrumented pigs, periodic obstruc...
Accuracy of noninvasively determined pulmonary artery systolic pressure.

The noninvasive estimation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) has become a standard component of the echocardiographic examination. Our aim was to evaluate the accuracy of this modality in a large series of unselected studies obtained in clinical practice. All right heart catheterizations during a 4-year period were reviewed. Studies with echocardiographic findings available within 48 hours were evaluated for PASP agreement. In an effort to mirror clinical practice, the right heart catheterization findings were used as the reference standard and the PASP values were taken directly from the respective clinical reports. Overall, 792 right heart catheterization–echocardiogram pairs were identified. Echocardiographic PASP could not be estimated in 174 of these studies (22.0%). The correlation between modalities was moderate, but agreement was poor (bias 9.0%, 95% limits of agreement −53.2% to 71.2%, r = 0.52, p
A Certificate-Based Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol for SIP-Based VoIP Networks

As various applications of SIP-based VoIP networks have been proposed, security has become one of the big research challenges and is receiving increasing attention. In this paper, we present a certificate-based two party authentication key agreement protocol for SIP-based VoIP networks and prove its security in the random oracle model. Additionally, our scheme could be used for multiple CAs environment where all the CAs use different system parameters by introducing a slight modification. Compared with other AK protocols regarding the robustness and computation overheads, our scheme is more efficient and more suitable for SIP-based VoIP networks.
Coordination limits in MIMO networks

Communication quality in interference-limited wireless networks depends heavily on the collective coordination among the users for mitigating the interference. Coordinating the users, viable through information exchange across the network, consumes communication resources and, therefore, is desired to be free of redundancy. This paper focuses on dense multi-cell multi-antenna networks and assesses the minimum coordination level that ensures achieving the optimal scaling law of the downlink sum-capacity of the network. It is demonstrated that exchanging a finite number of bits across the network, in the form of feedback and cooperation, suffices to achieve the optimal capacity scaling. This coordination level is considerably less than those required by the existing coordination strategies which necessitate exchanging infinitely many bits across the network. A constructive proof is provided.
A Coevolutionary Approach to the Capitalist Space Economy

What happens to technologies, firms, regional outputs, interregional accessibility, and trade when they are understood as coevolving? This paper offers a relational mathematical approach to this question, one whose embrace of disequilibrium, context, history, uncertainty, both monetary and material perspectives on economic activity, and complexity resonates productively with many qualitative theoretical approaches. I present a multiregion, multisector, multifirm model of a society shaped by the pursuit of profit and explore some of its theoretical implications through the narration of simulations, including points of contrast with the approaches and implications of geographical economics. Under different conditions, various economic geographies emerge, including interregional divergence and convergence, specialisation and diversification, as well as the possibility of transitions between these dynamical paths. The relational quantitative method advanced here suggests directions for future research into th...
Wideband electrical modeling of large three-dimensional interconnects using accelerated generation of partial impedances with cylindrical conduction mode basis functions

For wideband modeling of large and complicated three-dimensional interconnects, this paper proposes an efficiency improvement in solving electric field integral equation with cylindrical conduction mode basis functions. Based on the multifunction method, the improved method reduces computational cost by using smaller number of higher-order basis functions for computing mutual inductances between far-separated conductors. From the modeling examples of through-hole vias and bonding wires in stacked IC’s, the proposed method is verified for application to real three-dimensional interconnects.
Hydrodynamic fragmentation of drops

Studies of the morphology of fragmentation of liquid drops in a liquid medium due to shock-induced flows are reported. For such high-density-ratio and high-interfacialtension systems, the fragmentation is found to be primarily due to the penetration of the drop by unstable waves. An envelope of conditions which characterize drop breakup in these systems has been deduced. Analytical models, which involve the time constants of both the drop-piercing Taylor instability and the wake-forming shear effects, reflect our experimental results well. In addition, it is found that the mercury/water system studied here should simulate the uranium dioxide/sodium pair, which is of interest in safety studies of fast reactors.
On the Challenges and Opportunities of Sensing Materials Growth Within Production Deposition Tools

Scanning probe microscopy has yielded extraordinary advances in our ability to characterize surfaces at the atomic scale. These advances are paralleled by improvements in computational methods and platforms that now yield realistically complex multi-scale models of deposition processes. Combining these developments, it might now be possible to sense the dynamic state of an atomic surface, consulting with models to analyze the path of a deposition process. This real-time information might allow us to tweak the growing materials towards particularly unique and desirable final configurations. What we are largely missing are sensors that can monitor atomic scale evolution without, themselves, compromising the commercial deposition process. In a manufacturing environment, sensors cannot shadow the deposition process or contaminate the material. They cannot add significantly to the complexity of the deposition tool nor require that tool’s extensive redesign. Importantly (at least over the long term) the sensors cannot even require us, that is, highly trained (and paid) individuals to operate and interpret their data!