cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Iridium and Ruthenium Complexes of N-Heterocyclic Carbene- and Pyridinol-Derived Chelates as Catalysts for Aqueous Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation and Formic Acid Dehydrogenation: The Role of the Alkali Metal

Hydrogenation reactions can be used to store energy in chemical bonds, and if these reactions are reversible, that energy can be released on demand. Some of the most effective transition metal catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation have featured pyridin-2-ol-based ligands (e.g., 6,6′-dihydroxybipyridine (6,6′-dhbp)) for both their proton-responsive features and for metal–ligand bifunctional catalysis. We aimed to compare bidentate pyridin-2-ol based ligands with a new scaffold featuring an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) bound to pyridin-2-ol. Toward this aim, we have synthesized a series of [Cp*Ir(NHC-pyOR)Cl]OTf complexes where R = tBu (1), H (2), or Me (3). For comparison, we tested analogous bipy-derived iridium complexes as catalysts, specifically [Cp*Ir(6,6′-dxbp)Cl]OTf, where x = hydroxy (4Ir) or methoxy (5Ir); 4Ir was reported previously, but 5Ir is new. The analogous ruthenium complexes were also tested using [(η6-cymene)Ru(6,6′-dxbp)Cl]OTf, where x = hydroxy (4Ru) or methoxy (5Ru); 4Ru and 5Ru were both r...
Remembering Alma Mater

This chapter features the participants’ narratives related to their relationship to their colleges as alumni and former students. Some have been very active with their alma mater, serving as trustees even, while others have not returned to the campus since their graduation. As may be expected, those who were able to make substantive and meaningful connections to faculty, staff, and other students through in-class and out-of-class activities were more likely to be deeply engaged with their colleges presently. Three types of alumni engagement featured among the participants are discussed.
Commercial Bank Competition, Riegle-Neal, and Dodd-Frank

An existing literature examines the degree to which modern commercial banking constitutes a competitive industry and the effects of various policies on the degree of competition in that market. This paper applies time series analysis to examine competitiveness over the period since the passage of the Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994, with particular attention to whether there are any observable changes in the state of competition since the passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010.
Resection of hepatic tumors with central venous and right atrial extension using cardiopulmonary bypass

Abstract Background Pediatric liver tumors occasionally present with vascular invasion. Standard anatomic resections usually result in complete resection when tumor is intra-hepatic; however, direct tumor extension into the inferior vena cava (IVC) and right atrium (RA) requires additional considerations. Here we present our surgical approach to resection of primary liver tumors directly extending into the IVC and RA. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing hepatic resection of primary liver tumors with direct extension into the IVC and RA from 1/2013-4/2015 was performed. Results Three patients were identified with tumors arising from the left hepatic lobe, extending into the suprahepatic IVC and RA. Two underwent in-situ parenchymal division, followed by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for en-bloc resection of the intra-atrial tumor. The third had a congested right lobe due to venous obstruction by tumor, thereby requiring total hepatectomy, en-bloc intra-caval tumor excision, ex-situ left hemihepatectomy, and auto-transplantation of the right lobe. All patients required partial IVC or RA resection and reconstruction. Postoperatively, one patient died from metastatic disease at 5 months and two patients were alive after 50 months and 33 months. Conclusion Cardiopulmonary bypass provides a safe, controlled approach for en-bloc resection of hepatic tumors extending into the IVC and RA. This minimizes the risk of tumor fracture or spillage, allowing for complete gross resection.
Elucidation of photoautotrophic carbon flux topology in Synechocystis PCC 6803 using genome-scale carbon mapping models.

Abstract Completeness and accuracy of metabolic mapping models impacts the reliability of flux estimation in photoautotrophic systems. In this study, metabolic fluxes under photoautotrophic growth conditions in the widely-used cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 are quantified by re-analyzing an existing dataset using genome-scale isotopic instationary 13C-Metabolic Flux Analysis (INST-MFA). The reconstructed carbon mapping model imSyn617 and implemented algorithmic updates afforded an approximately 48% reduction in computation time. The mapping model encompasses 18 novel carbon paths spanning Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, photorespiration, an expanded glyoxylate metabolism, and corrinoid biosynthetic pathways and 190 additional metabolites absent in core models currently used for MFA. Flux elucidation reveals that 98% of the fixed carbons is routed towards biomass production with small amounts diverted towards organic acids and glycogen storage. 12% of the fixed carbons are oxidized to CO2 in the TCA cycle and anabolic reactions in peripheral metabolism. Flux elucidation using instationary MFA reveals that these carbons are not re-fixed by RuBisCO and are instead off-gassed as CO2. A newly discovered modality is the bifurcated topology of glycine metabolism using parts of photorespiration and the phosphoserine pathways to avoid carbon losses associated with glycine oxidation. The TCA cycle is shown to be incomplete with a bifurcated topology. Inactivity of futile cycles and alternate routes results in pathway usage and (in)dispensability predictions consistent with experimental findings. The resolved flux map is consistent with the maximization of biomass yield from fixed carbons as the cellular objective function. Flux prediction departures from the ones obtained with the core model demonstrate the importance of constructing mapping models with global coverage to reliably glean new biological insights using labeled substrates.
In vitro stimulation of RNA synthesis in isolated rat liver nuclei by glucocorticoids

Abstract Cortisol, 21-dehydrocortisol and cortisol 21-phosphate were added in vitro to isolated intact, and to fragmented liver nuclei obtained from adrenalectomized rats and the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities were measured. 21-dehydrocortisol possessed the greatest capacity to stimulate RNA synthesis of fragmented rat liver nuclei. It was effective at a concentration of 10−8 M which was comparable to the rate stimulated by cortisol at 10−4 M. The results suggest that the stimulation of RNA synthesis in rat liver nuclei by cortisol may be dependent upon its transformation to 21-dehydrocortisol in trace amounts and that this metabolite mediates the action.
Position and Orientation Distributions for Non-Reversal Random Walks using Space-Group Fourier Transforms

This paper presents an efficient group-theoretic approach for computing the statistics of non-reversal random walks (NRRW) on lattices. These framed walks evolve on proper crystallographic space groups. In a previous paper we introduced a convolution method for computing the statistics of NRRWs in which the convolution product is defined relative to the space-group operation. Here we use the corresponding concept of the fast Fourier transform for functions on crystallographic space groups together with a non-Abelian version of the convolution theorem. We develop the theory behind this technique and present numerical results for two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices (square, cubic and diamond). In order to verify our results, the statistics of the end-to-end distance and the probability of ring closure are calculated and compared with results obtained in the literature for the random walks for which closed-form expressions exist.
Self-Assembling Multidomain Peptides: Design and Characterization of Neutral Peptide-Based Materials with pH and Ionic Strength Independent Self-Assembly.

Self-assembly of peptides is a powerful method of preparing nanostructured materials. These peptides frequently utilize charged groups as a convenient switch for controlling self-assembly in which pH or ionic strength determines the assembly state. Multidomain peptides have been previously designed with charged domains of amino acids, which create molecular frustration between electrostatic repulsion and a combination of supramolecular forces including hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic packing. This frustration is eliminated by the addition of multivalent ions or pH adjustment, resulting in a self-assembled hydrogel. However, these charged functionalities can have profound, unintended effects on the properties of the resulting material. Access to neutral self-assembled nanostructured hydrogels may allow for distinct biological properties that are not available to highly charged analogues. Here, we designed a series of peptides to determine if self-assembly could be mediated by the steric interactions created by neutral hydroxyproline (O) domains, eliminating the need for charged residues and creating a neutral peptide hydrogel. The series of peptides, O n (SL)6O n , was studied to determine the effect of oligo-hydroxyproline on peptide self-assembly and nanostructure. We show that peptide solubility and nanofiber length increase with a higher number of hydroxyproline residues. Within this series, O5(SL)6O5 displayed the optimal properties for self-assembly and hydrogelation. In vitro, this hydrogel supports cell viability of fibroblasts, while in vivo it is infiltrated with cells and easily degraded over time without promoting a strong inflammatory response. This neutral self-assembling peptide hydrogel shows promising properties for biomedical, cell preservation, and tissue regeneration applications.
Combination image flow cytometry for single-cell analysis reveals novel methods for isolating subsets of megakaryocyte progenitor populations

Megakaryocytes (MKs) are rare cells that develop in the bone marrow and give rise to platelets. A major challenge in studying megakaryocyte development, and the diseases that arise from these cells, is the identification and classification of MK progenitor cells that are produced during hematopoiesis. Here, we utilize combination image flow cytometry to definitively identify rare progenitor cell populations originating from a heterogeneous sample of bone marrow cells using minimal antibody panels that can be used to isolate these rare cell populations.
MP31-07 SIMULTANEOUS VERSUS STAGED PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMIES FOR BILATERAL SYNCHRONOUS SOLID RENAL MASSES

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:The optimal surgical management for bilateral synchronous solid renal masses is controversial, particularly regarding the performance of bilateral partial nephrectomy (P...
Drawing a New Scientist: Why I Come Out to My Chemistry Class

Encouraging the persistence of underrepresented populations in STEM begins in gateway science courses like general chemistry. In these courses, success often depends on students’ ability to affirm their identity and sense of belonging in the science classroom. General chemistry suffers from an unfortunate lack of diverse role models; however, the instructor can use personal identity to help remedy this problem. Actively affirming identity in the classroom allows students from all backgrounds to feel like they belong in science. Additionally, by sharing information about oneself, the instructor is in a unique position to share power in the classroom, empowering students to develop their own voices as scientists.
Modifying Attitudes and Adjustment Through Social Work Training in an Agency Serving the Visually Handicapped.

Social work training oriented specifically toward the visually handicapped is not widely available in schools of social work, and it is consequently the responsibility of rehabilitative agencies to...
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, Human Rights, and Trauma

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs) are interventions designed to address human rights violations during or after times of political transition. TRCs pay particular attention to victims in an effort to heal the trauma suffered by individuals, groups, communities, and nations during the course of human rights violations. This chapter reviews TRCs’ history and basic functions. TRCs are also discussed from a trauma and resiliency perspective by reviewing how TRCs have dealt with individual and social trauma. Finally, TRCs are examined from a rights-based perspective.
High-NA, Achromatic, Visible-Frequency Metalenses by Inverse Design

We demonstrate broadband achromatic metalenses working in high NA regime via inverse design scheme at visible wavelength. Lithography compatible geometry showed constant focal length up to 0.9 NA while freeform geometry achieved near-unity NA.
Trypanosomiasis, tropical medicine, and the practices of inter-colonial research at Lake Victoria, 1902-07

As sleeping sickness appeared in epidemics across Africa c. 1900, it stimulated a race among colonial medical personnel and Europe-based scientists to discover its causative pathogen, its mode of t...
Anatomy of the Neck

The neck is a complicated, densely packed area with a bony skeleton consisting of the cervical vertebrae, clavicles, manubrium of the sternum, and the hyoid bone. The trachea with its various cartilages is in the anterior neck and has the larynx located within its thyroid cartilage. The esophagus lies deep to the trachea. The thyroid gland lies across the trachea. The anterior and posterior triangles of the neck and their associated muscles are outlined. The submandibular salivary gland is located inferior and medial to the mandible. The accessory nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, hypoglossal nerve, and cervical nerves are described. Several branches of the subclavian artery ascend in the neck. The common carotid artery bifurcates into the external and internal carotid arteries at the level of the hyoid bone as it travels toward the head. Their branches are explained.
Recent advances in carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications: A review

With the emergence of new pathogens like coronavirus disease 2019 and the prevalence of cancer as one of the leading causes of mortality globally, the effort to develop appropriate materials to address these challenges is a critical research area. Researchers around the world are investigating new types of materials and biological systems to fight against various diseases that affect humans and animals. Carbon nanostructures with their properties of straightforward functionalization, capability for drug loading, biocompatibility, and antiviral properties have become a major focus of biomedical researchers. However, reducing toxicity, enhancing biocompatibility, improving dispersibility, and enhancing water solubility have been challenging for carbon-based biomedical systems. The goal of this article is to provide a review on the latest progress involving the use of carbon nanostructures, namely fullerenes, graphene, and carbon nanotubes, for drug delivery, cancer therapy, and antiviral applications.
Effect of storage and processing on the immunodetectability of fish proteins using pooled monoclonal antibodies in ELISA and dot blot

Abstract Fish are listed as one of the “big-eight” major allergenic food groups. A previously developed indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA) based on three pooled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, including 2G9, 2F3 and 8F5) reliably can detect 63 commercially important fish species without cross reactivity with non-fish proteins. However, fish are often stored frozen or processed before preparation for consumption, both of which can induce structural changes in the muscle proteins that may affect the immunoreactivity and thus the detectability of the target fish protein in an immunoassay. In this study, we investigated the effects of the length of frozen storage (up to 11 months at −20 °C), cooking time (boiling 0–8 min), and processing method (smoking and salting) on the detectability of selected fish samples with two immunoassays, iELISA and dot blot, using the three pooled mAbs. The results from both immunoassays showed that all stored fish tissue and protein extracts could be detected after frozen storage for months after purchase. More decrease in immunoreactivity was observed in stored protein extracts than in the extracts prepared from stored fish tissue. Cooking increased the immunoreactivity of the fish samples tested. Although all the salted and smoked fish samples were detected by dot blot, not all were detected by iELISA. These findings confirm the effectiveness of these pooled mAb-based assays for rapid detection of fish protein in a variety of frozen and processed products.
Independent mechanisms underlie the protective effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and Gαz deficiency on the early type 1 diabetes phenotype of Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice

Abstract Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice deficient in Gz alpha subunit (Gαz) are protected from developing hyperglycemia, even with early islet insulitis similar to wild-type mice. Similarly, wild-type (WT) NOD mice are protected from glucose intolerance when fed a diet enriched in eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA). In the beta-cell, Prostaglandin EP3 receptor (EP3), whose primary endogenous ligand is the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolite, prostaglandin E2, is specifically coupled to Gαz. In this work, we tested whether dietary EPA supplementation, thereby reducing systemic PGE2 levels, would complement Gαz loss in the NOD mouse model. WT and Gαz-null NOD mice were fed an AA-enriched diet, EPA-enriched diet, or control diet upon weaning. After 12 weeks of diet feeding, glucose tolerance tests were performed and pancreatic islets and whole pancreas collected for ex vivo analyses, with the longer-term effect of an EPA-enriched diet on splenic T-cell populations quantified via flow cytometry. Our results reveal a polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched diet, whether AA or EPA, improves wild-type NOD glucose tolerance by the same magnitude as Gαz loss, but through almost completely different physiological and cellular mechanisms. Our results shed critical light on future research into novel pharmacological and dietary adjuvant therapies for T1D.
A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Modal Interactions on the Nonlinear Response of Structures

The influence of two-to-one internal or autoparametric resonances on the nonlinear response of metallic and composite structures subjected to a harmonic excitation has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The experimental observations are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. When the excitation frequency is near the natural frequency of the second flexural mode, the autoparametric resonance gives rise to the saturation phenomenon and two-period quasi-periodic and chaotically modulated motions.
Effect of random aperiodicity on threshold gain of a distributed feedback semiconductor laser

The effect of a small perturbation such as an irregularity in spatial periodicity in the periodic structure of a distributed feedback semiconductor laser is studied. The threshold condition, which takes into account the presence of this perturbation, is derived with the aid of a linearized one‐dimensional solution of the wave equation by the truncated Floquet‐Bloch approach. To illustrate the effect of a small random perturbation, variations of mean gain and mean phase parameters, with the coupling parameter τ = (κL) and the perturbation parameter ρ0, are investigated with the aid of approximate expressions obtained by using a truncated MacLaurin series and the first‐order stationary Gauss‐Markov process. For example, it is shown that when the device is operated in the region of moderate coupling, e.g., 0.1<(κL)<6, the effect of perturbation on the effective gain parameter can be significant. Here, κ and L denote the coupling coefficient and the length of periodic structure, respectively.
Malignant chordoma: Abbreviated case report

Abstract A case of a rare tumor, malignant chordoma, occurring in the neck of a patient referred for sialography, is reported. A negative sialogram was an important diagnostic adjunct in this case, emphasizing that negative findings may be as important as positive ones in the inexact area of sialography.
Vitamin A status and immunoglobulin G subclasses in rats immunized with tetanus toxoid.

Vitamin A deficiency severely compromises the magnitude of the primary and secondary antibody response to tetanus toxoid (TT) but does not impair the development of immunologic memory. To further characterize this immunodeficiency in antibody production, we have quantified the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG2c) during the primary and secondary response to TT in normal, vitamin A-deficient, and retinol-repleted rats. In the primary response in normal rats, anti-TT IgG1 and IgG2b predominated. In vitamin A-deficient rats the production of anti-TT IgG2b was severely impaired, with little change in either IgG1 or IgG2a. In the secondary response vitamin A-deficient rats produced low levels of all anti-TT IgG subclasses. However, when vitamin A-deficient rats were repleted with retinol 2 days before reimmunization their secondary anti-TT IgG response was normal both in magnitude and IgG subclass distribution. This result implies that although vitamin A deficiency during the prima...
Narrowing the Options: The Process of Deciding on Prostate Cancer Treatment

Prostate cancer is a pressing health concern in the United States and one surrounded by continual Controversy. Currently there is no consensus regarding the efficacy of routine screening, nor has one treatment modality been demonstrated as superior. Patients and spouses are asked to choose from several options: radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, or the “watch and wait” approach. A grounded theory design was used to examine the actual treatment decision-making process as it occurred over time among 18 newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients and their wives in western North Carolina. Couples were interviewed conjointly and individually to explore their perceptions of the decision process. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using content analysis techniques. Couples negotiated decisions through their common and unique personal and family histories, biases, and individual coping styles. They narrowed the options based on these factors. Most couples received their counse...
Postembryonic nongonadal cell lineages of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus: Description and comparison with those of Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract The postembryonic nongonadal cell lineages of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus are described and compared with those of Caenorhabditis elegans . The newly hatched larvae of P. redivivus females and males and C. elegans hermaphrodites and males are very similar. An almost identical set of blast cells divides postembryonically in P. redivivus and C. elegans to produce similar changes in the neuronal, muscular, hypodermal, and digestive systems. Most of these cell lineages are invariant; however, there is substantial variability in the number of cell divisions in the relatively extensive lineages of the lateral hypodermis of P. redivivus . Typically, in P. redivivus females, 55 blast cells generate 635 surviving progeny and 29 cell deaths; in P. redivivus males, 59 blast cells generate 758 surviving progeny and 35 cell deaths. The lineages generating the cells of the male tails of P. redivivus and C. elegans are almost identical; thus, the grossly different characteristics of these structures must reflect differences in the morphogenesis of cells equivalent in lineage history. Laser ablation experiments demonstrate that the gonad induces vulva development and that cell-cell interactions are important in specifying the fates of hypodermal precursor cells. The lateral hypodermal lineages provide striking examples of the apparent construction of complex lineages from modular sublineages; one simple pattern of cell divisions and cell fates occurs 70 times in the P. redivivus female. The differences in cell lineage between P. redivivus and C. elegans are relatively minor, and many appear to have involved two types of evolutionary change: the replacement of sublineages, and the modification of sublineages by the four classes of lineage transformations previously proposed based on a comparison of P. redivivus and C. elegans gonadal cell lineages (Sternberg and Horvitz, 1981). These types of differences suggest that the genetic programming of cell lineage includes instructions specifying where and when a particular sublineage is utilized, and other instructions specifying the nature of that sublineage.
Application of Ultrafiltered Sweet Buttermilk and Sweet Buttermilk Powder in the Manufacture of Nonfat and Low Fat Yogurts

Nonfat and low fat yogurts are soft, low in solids, and exhibit whey separation unless they are heavily stabilized. In this study, the quality of nonfat (9.55 to 10.39% total solids) and low fat (13.40%) yogurts that had been fortified with ultrafiltered sweet buttermilk or buttermilk powder was compared with that of a control yogurt that had been fortified with nonfat dry milk. The titratable acidity and pH of low fat yogurts were higher than those of nonfat yogurts. Low fat yogurt that had been fortified with ultrafiltered sweet buttermilk had the highest pH and titratable acidity. As shearing speed increased, the apparent viscosity of yogurts decreased, indicating a shear thinning property. At a high shearing speed, shearing time had little effect on the apparent viscosity. Nonfat yogurts with tested ingredients were similar to the control in flavor, appearance, texture, aroma, smoothness, and sourness. At a high level of fortification, ultrafiltered sweet buttermilk lacked typical yogurt flavor but had good appearance. The microstructures of nonfat yogurts were more open than those of low fat yogurts, possibly because of the higher protein contents of the latter. Ultrafiltered sweet buttermilk yielded the densest matrix. The addition of up to 4.8% sweet buttermilk powder to low fat yogurt mixes yielded a soft and smooth product.
Relation Between Finger Reaction Time and Voice Reaction Time in Stuttering and Nonstuttering Children and Adults

Nine stutterers and nine nonstutterers at each of three age levels (5 years, 9 years, and 18 years and above) responded to the onset of 21 1-kHz tones by depressing the index finger of their preferred hand on a response key. Finger reaction times (FRTs) were measured to the nearest millisecond and compared to the voice reaction times (VRTs) obtained from the same subjects. Increased speed and stability of the finger reaction times were observed as an inverse function of age for both groups. The stutterers, as a group, exhibited mean FRTs which were significantly longer and more variable than those of the nonstutterers at each of the three age levels. High correlations also were found between the finger and voice reaction scores for both the stutterers and the nonstutterers. Results support the inference that some stutterers may exhibit difficulty in the consistent execution of motor control strategies common to both speech and nonspeech movements.
Asymmetric α-Alkylation of N‘-tert-Butanesulfinyl Amidines. Application to the Total Synthesis of (6R,7S)-7-Amino-7,8-dihydro-α-bisabolene

A highly diastereoselective α-alkylation of N‘-tert-butanesulfinyl amidines has been developed along with methods for converting the alkylation products to enantiomerically enriched amines that incorporate both α- and β-stereocenters. The utility of this chemistry is further demonstrated by the first asymmetric synthesis of the antimicrobial marine natural product (6R,7S)-7-amino-7,8-dihydro-α-bisabolene.
Observation of collisionless shocks in a large current‐free laboratory plasma

We report the first measurements of the formation and structure of a magnetized collisionless shock by a laser-driven magnetic piston in a current-free laboratory plasma. This new class of experiments combines a high-energy laser system and a large magnetized plasma to transfer energy from a laser plasma plume to the ambient ions through collisionless coupling, until a self-sustained MA∼ 2 magnetosonic shock separates from the piston. The ambient plasma is highly magnetized, current free, and large enough (17 m × 0.6 m) to support Alfven waves. Magnetic field measurements of the structure and evolution of the shock are consistent with two-dimensional hybrid simulations, which show Larmor coupling between the debris and ambient ions and the presence of reflected ions, which provide the dissipation. The measured shock formation time confirms predictions from computational work.
Interpreters theatre: Theatre of the mind

(1963). Interpreters theatre: Theatre of the mind. Quarterly Journal of Speech: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 157-164.
Gentamicin disposition kinetics in humans with spinal cord injury.

The disposition kinetics of gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, were studied in seven tetraplegic and six paraplegic volunteers. The volume of distribution of gentamicin in 1/ kg of body weight varied in a statistically significant way from values of this parameter measured in normal subjects. The elimination of gentamicin in spinal man proceeded in a log-linear fashion accurately characterized by a one compartment open-model with a half-life of approximately 2 hours. The clinical significance of altered disposition kinetics and an increased inter subject variability in gentamicin disposition in spinal man as compared to normal subjects is unknown. The existence of these observed differences in pharmacokinetic parameters, however, emphasizes the need to define individual pharmacokinetic profiles and individualize dosing regimens in spinal man. The data presented are supportive of the hypothesis that spinal man constitutes a discreet therapeutic population.
Population Size Estimation Using Individual Level Mixture Models

We revisit the heterogeneous closed population multiple recapture problem, modeling individual-level heterogeneity using the Grade of Membership model (Woodbury et al., 1978). This strategy allows us to postulate the existence of homogeneous latent "ideal" or "pure" classes within the population, and construct a soft clustering of the individuals, where each one is allowed partial or mixed membership in all of these classes. We propose a full hierarchical Bayes specification and a MCMC algorithm to obtain samples from the posterior distribution. We apply the method to simulated data and to three real life examples.
Some Relativistic Oddities in the Quantum Theory of Observation

The orthodox quantum theory of observations is summarized and then applied to particle detection. Probabilities and state vectors are worked out for instantaneous observations, at stated times, by one counter, two counters, and three counters. The same cases are then examined in the context of a relativistic theory. It is found that, if attempts are made to detect a given particle in two space-time regions that have space-like separation, the nonrelativistic probability formulas have to be supplemented by additional conditions, and the wave function of the particle being detected becomes ambiguous and noncovariant. This ambiguity does not affect any probabilities for observations whose effect on the wave function has already been taken into account, and these are, by implication, the only observations whose probabilities could possibly be affected by the ambiguities in question. Possible consequences of these results are briefly discussed.
A Systems Framework for Evaluating Nursing Care Quality in Nursing Homes

Given the ongoing concerns about the quality of care in nursing homes, a theoretical framework to guide a systems approach to quality is important. Existing frameworks either do not model causality, or do so in a linear fashion in which the actual linkages between components of quality may not be well specified. Through a review of frameworks for nursing home quality, and empirical studies on the subject, the authors construct a framework for nursing home quality that links contextual components of quality with structure, structure with process, and process with outcomes, focusing on nursing care quality. Intrastructural relationships and feedback mechanisms are also modeled. The framework is matched with a discussion of multilevel structural equation analysis for statistical application. Future research should expand the framework to include non-nursing components of quality.
Labor Specialization and the Transformation Problem

An extended formal model of value and price is constructed that includes within it "specialized labor" according to occupation, and therefore variations in real wage rates between workers. A "classical Marxist" approach is taken, and the "new approach" of Dumenil, Foley and Lipietz is criticized. It is demonstrated that the "fundamental theorem" as usually stated only applies to a simple model in which the wage-good rate is assumed to be uniform across occupations. In the context of the more complex model introduced, negative rates of exploitation associated with certain occupations and/or negative rates of surplus value associated with certain industries are shown to be be compatible with a viable capitalist economy. Nonetheless, it remains the cs I &a capitalist economy is viable only if the class of workers as a whole generates more value than iyreates)he fundamental model thereby is modified, but not gainsaid.
Evaluation of time correlation functions from a generalized Enskog equation

Numerical results for the density and current correlation functions in dense hard-sphere fluids are obtained from a kinetic equation which is the extension of the linearized Enskog equation to finite wavelengths in order to demonstrate the convergence of the method of solution. Comparison is made to a previously proposed approximate solution.
Echocardiographic and clinical risk factors for atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients with ischemic stroke.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cause of ischemic stroke. Because anticoagulation can prevent many of these strokes, identifying patients with occult intermittent AF is important. Hypertension is a common precursor of stroke and AF. Prolonged nonselective electrocardiographic monitoring of patients after ischemic stroke has yielded only a small number of patients with occult intermittent AF. To determine the importance of AF in nonhemorrhagic stroke, we retrospectively studied 799 patients admitted with ischemic stroke over 31 months. AF was present on the admitting electrocardiogram in 154 patients (19.3%), diagnosed later during the stroke admission in 58 (7.3%), and found only during another admission before/after the stroke admission in 46 (5.8%). AF was intermittent in 123 patients, 47.7% (95% CI 41.6 to 53.8) of patients with AF, and not present on initial electrocardiogram in 40.3% of patients with AF. In 633 patients with hypertension, AF occurred in 34.9% versus 22.2% without hypertension (p or =4.0 cm in 81.3% of patients with AF versus 42.4% of those without AF (odds ratio [OR] 5.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.87 to 8.96, p or =5.6 cm in 13.8% in patients with AF versus 6.7% in those without AF (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.61 to 3.04, p <0.01). Clinically, congestive heart failure (31% vs 10.4%, OR 3.89, 95% CI 2.76 to 5.73) and coronary disease (31% vs 21.4%, OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.37) were present more often in patients with AF (p <0.001). Left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, and diabetes were common in all hypertensive patients with stroke. In conclusion, hypertensive patients with these risk factors should undergo prolonged electrocardiographic event monitoring to identify occult intermittent AF so measures can be taken to prevent a second stroke and possibly a first stroke.
Direct Anterior versus Miniposterior THA With the Same Advanced Perioperative Protocols: Surprising Early Clinical Results

Background Although some surgeons strongly advocate for one approach over the other, there are few data directly comparing the direct anterior approach with a miniposterior approach for total hip arthroplasty (THA).
It Is Not Just About the Schedule: Key Factors in Effective Reference Desk Scheduling and Management

ABSTRACT Reference desk scheduling is one of the most challenging tasks in the organizational structure of an academic library. The ability to turn this challenge into a workable and effective function lies with the scheduler and indirectly the cooperation of all librarians scheduled for reference desk service. It is the scheduler's sensitivity to such factors as dealing with human nature that each librarian brings to the reference desk. There are certain dynamics at play between librarians and patrons. Combining these dynamics with the components for the reference desk schedule, adding management techniques for conflict resolution, evolves into an effective reference desk schedule beneficial to the patrons and librarians.
Antifungal Dosing in Critically Ill Patients

This article reviews appropriate dosing for antifungals and emphasizes factors specific to the critically ill patient, along with drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The rationale for doses of the echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin), triazoles (fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole), amphotericin B (including lipid formulations), and flucytosine are discussed.
Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy in women veterans with borderline personality disorder

Twenty women veterans who met criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD) were randomly assigned to Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) or to treatment as usual (TAU) for 6 months. Compared with patients in TAU, those in DBT reported significantly greater decreases in suicidal ideation, hopelessness, depression, and anger expression. In addition, only patients in DBT demonstrated significant decreases in number of parasuicidal acts, anger experienced but not expressed, and dissociation, and a strong trend on number of hospitalizations, although treatment group differences were not statistically significant on these variables. Patients in both conditions reported significant decreases in depressive symptoms and in number of BPD criterion behavior patterns, but no decrease in anxiety. Results of this pilot study suggest that DBT can be provided effectively independent of the treatment's developer, and that larger efficacy and effectiveness studies are warranted.
Separation of Monovalent Cations by Electrodialysis

Abstract Electrodialysis has been used to separate sodium and cesium ions in aqueous solution. Experiments utilizing a Nafion 417 cationic membrane and an RAI Raipore R-1030 anionic membrane in a three-compartment cell resulted in an increased flux of cesium over sodium through the cationic membrane. A maximum separation efficiency ranging from 2 to 3 was observed at currents below the mass-transport-limited plateau. At currents above the mass-transport-limited value, the separation efficiency decreased to approximately 1.27, which compared well with that determined by the relative ionic mobilities. When the flow rate of the anolyte, catholyte, and feed was varied, it was shown that the process scaled linearly, which demonstrates the potential for large-scale equivalent ion separation by electrodialysis.
Evaluation of IPsec overhead for VoIP using a bare PC

In a bare PC softphone, the VoIP application runs directly on the hardware without any Operating System (OS). Such softphones are useful when security and/or performance concerns outweigh the need for a conventional system. We evaluate the overhead of IPsec for VoIP in a small test LAN using a bare PC softphone The results show that 1) for incoming packets, the difference between the processing time in tunnel and transport modes is about 0.02 ms regardless of voice packet size; 2) the processing overhead increase percentage for incoming packets compared to outgoing packets is largest for ESP without authentication in tunnel mode, and smallest for ESP with either authentication option in transport mode; 3) if UDP processing is eliminated, a throughput increase between 6–14% may be achieved for incoming packets; 4) the throughput increase on a bare PC softphone relative to an OS-based softphone is between 8–15%, and the difference due to varying the voice packet size (except for 40 ms packets) is less than 3%; 5) intrinsic jitter on a bare PC softphone is negligible, and maximum delta (packet inter-arrival time) on a compatible Linux softphone is twice that on a bare PC softphone.
Mixing proteomics and alcohol

Techniques for high-throughput measurement of protein expression and posttranslational modification are just beginning to be applied to alcohol research. Studies using this proteomic approach to examine tissue from alcoholic humans and alcohol-exposed nonhuman primates have appeared in the last year. In the present issue of Alcohol, Bell et al. present the first such analysis of brain protein expression in relation to alcohol drinking in rodents. This study found changes in several interesting classes of proteins, including molecules involved in vesicular neurotransmitter release, cellular metabolism, and cell structure. These new and exciting findings are discussed in relation to the proteomics studies in primates, and the future of proteomics in the alcohol research field.
Suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication by CD8+ cells from infected and uninfected chimpanzees.

Abstract Over a 4-year period, infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been recovered from cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of virus-infected animals only intermittently and at relatively low titers. In examining the possible mechanism for this observation, CD4+ cells or CD8+ cells were removed by panning from the PBMC before culture. A dramatic increase in frequency of HIV-1 recovery as well as in the level of virus replication was observed in the CD4+ cell-enriched or CD8+ cell-depleted cultures of PBMC from 3 3 infected animals. Moreover, addition of purified CD8+ effector cells from all 6 HIV-infected and 5 10 uninfected animals to an equal number of HIV-1 acutely infected purified CD4+ target cells resulted in 75–100% suppression of virus production. CD8+ cells from 3 additional uninfected animals caused delayed replication kinetics and moderate to low suppression of peak virus production. These findings contrast with the previously recognized absence of this HIV-1-suppressing activity of CD8+ cells from seronegative humans. This CD8+ cell-mediated suppression of viral replication could help explain the natural resistance of chimpanzees to HIV-induced disease.
Regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome by bimAAPC3 and proteolysis of NIMA.

Surprisingly, although highly temperature-sensitive, the bimA1APC3 anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) mutation does not cause arrest of mitotic exit. Instead, rapid inactivation of bimA1APC3 is shown to promote repeating oscillations of chromosome condensation and decondensation, activation and inactivation of NIMA and p34cdc2 kinases, and accumulation and degradation of NIMA, which all coordinately cycle multiple times without causing nuclear division. These bimA1APC3-induced cell cycle oscillations require active NIMA, because a nimA5 + bimA1APC3 double mutant arrests in a mitotic state with very high p34cdc2 H1 kinase activity. NIMA protein instability during S phase and G2 was also found to be controlled by the APC/C. The bimA1APC3 mutation therefore first inactivates the APC/C but then allows its activation in a cyclic manner; these cycles depend on NIMA. We hypothesize that bimAAPC3 could be part of a cell cycle clock mechanism that is reset after inactivation of bimA1APC3. The bimA1APC3 mutation may also make the APC/C resistant to activation by mitotic substrates of the APC/C, such as cyclin B, Polo, and NIMA, causing mitotic delay. Once these regulators accumulate, they activate the APC/C, and cells exit from mitosis, which then allows this cycle to repeat. The data indicate that bimAAPC3 regulates the APC/C in a NIMA-dependent manner.
Impacts of Climate Change on Milk Production in the United States

Climate change is likely to affect milk production because of the sensitivity of dairy cows to excessive temperature and humidity. We use downscaled climate data and county-level dairy industry data to estimate milk production losses for Holstein dairy cows in the conterminous United States. On a national level, we estimate present-day production losses of 1.9 percent relative to baseline production and project that climate impacts could increase these losses to 6.3 percent by the end of the twenty-first century. Using present-day prices, this corresponds to annual losses of $670 million per year today, rising to $2.2 billion per year by the end of the century. We also find that there is significant geographic variation in production losses and that regions currently experiencing the greatest heat-related impacts are also projected to experience the greatest additional losses with climate change. Specifically, statewide average estimates of end-of-century losses range from 0.4 percent in Washington to a 2...
Pleiotropic effects of statins: moving beyond cholesterol control.

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors or “statin” medications are the most commonly prescribed therapy for lowering cholesterol. In use for over a decade, they have demonstrated both safety and tolerability across a broad range of patients. The ability to inhibit the biosynthesis of cholesterol and reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels is known to play a major part in reducing cardiovascular risk. Multiple clinical trials have cemented their role in both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease. Clinical evidence also supports the principle that reductions in cardiovascular risk are interdependent on mechanisms beyond cholesterol reduction alone. These pleiotropic effects of statins have underscored a widening focus and understanding into the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and injury. They have also brought a new perspective to a broad spectrum of clinical uses that has implications for specialties as varied as infectious disease, rheumatology, and oncology.
Patients' decisions for treatment of end-stage renal disease and their implications for access to transplantation.

Abstract Gaining access to kidney transplantation is a complex process that involves treatment decisions made by patients. Despite several advantages of kidney transplantation, some patients choose to remain on hemodialysis for treatment of end-stage renal disease. The present study was undertaken to describe the sociocultural factors influencing patients’ decisions to remain on dialysis compared to those who sought a transplant. The study also examined whether African Americans made decisions different from European Americans which would offer insights into one of many factors resulting in them receiving disproportionately fewer kidney transplants. Using a qualitative approach supplemented by a quantitative approach, interviews employing open-ended questions and a card sort technique were conducted with 79 hemodialysis patients. Patients who preferred to remain on dialysis were significantly older and more likely to be unmarried and Protestant. The relationship between treatment decisions and ethnicity was inconclusive due to multiple, interrelated covariates. The three most common reasons patients reported for remaining on dialysis included: doing well on dialysis, fear of being “cut on” from a transplant, and knowing other patients whose kidney transplant failed. This study identified sociocultural and ethnomedical beliefs and values about the body and transplantation that inform patients’ treatment decisions. This study also generated data that illuminate the complexity of patients’ decisions and how these affect patients’ preferences regarding transplantation. The results emphasize the need for policy makers to recognize patients’ decisions when accounting for alleged difficulties in gaining access to transplantation.