cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decoupled bifunctional air electrodes for high-performance hybrid lithium-air batteries

Abstract Lithium-air batteries have become appealing in recent years, but one of the major challenges is the large overpotential associated with the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Tremendous efforts have been made on developing highly active and durable catalysts to lower the overpotentials for ORR and OER. In addition to the intrinsic activity and stability of the catalysts, construction of the air electrodes plays an important role in the overall performance of the air electrodes. Accordingly, three kinds of electrode configurations are herein compared: single, combined, and decoupled bifunctional air electrodes. The decoupled design of the air electrodes shows the best performance in terms of both the discharge and charge performance compared to the other configurations.
Multi-sensor fusion of Electro-Optic and infrared signals for high resolution visible images: Part II

Electro-Optic (EO) image sensors exhibit the properties of high resolution and low noise level, but they cannot reflect information about the temperature of objects and do not work in dark environments. On the other hand, infrared (IR) image sensors exhibit the properties of low resolution and high noise level, but IR images can reflect information about the temperature of objects all the time. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a novel framework to enhance the resolution of EO images using the information (e.g., temperature) from IR images, which helps distinguish temperature variation of objects in the daytime via high-resolution EO images. The proposed novel framework involves four main steps: (1) select target objects with temperature variation in original IR images; (2) fuse original RGB color (EO) images and IR images based on image fusion algorithms; (3) blend the fused images of target objects in proportion with original gray-scale EO images; (4) superimpose the target objects' temperature information onto original EO images via the modified NTSC color space transformation. Therein, the image fusion step will be conducted by the quantitative (Yang et al. proposed adaptive multi-sensor fusion algorithm) approach in this part. Revealing temperature information in EO images for the first time is the most significant contribution of this paper. Simulation results will show the transformed EO images with the targets' temperature information.
Electrocatalysis of the reduction of nitrate ion at cadmium electrodes by electrodeposited copper

Abstract The irreversible reduction of nitrate to nitrite at a cadmium electrode in slightly alkaline solution is electrocatalyzed by copper deposited on the electrode surface. Mass transport-limited currents were observed at a Cu—Cd disc electrode to rotational velocities of 1050 rad s -1 (10000 rev. min -1 ). Electron mugraphs revealed that the copper is plated as closely packed muspheres less than 1 μm in diameter.
The scale of resource specialization and the distribution and abundance of lycaenid butterflies.

Numerous hypotheses have been proposed for the commonly observed, positive relationship between local abundance and geographic distribution in groups of closely related species. Here I consider how hostplant specialization and abundance affect the relative abundance and distribution of lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). I first discuss three components of specialization: local specialization, turnover of specialization across a species’ range, and the minimum number of resources (or habitats) required by a species. Within this framework, I then consider one dimension of a lycaenid species’ niche, larval hostplant specialization. In a subalpine region of Colorado, I surveyed 11 lycaenid species and their hostplants at 17 sites. I compare this local information to continental hostplant use and large-scale distributions of the lycaenids and their hostplants. Local abundance of a lycaenid species is positively correlated with its local distribution (the number of sites occupied), but not with its regional or continental distribution. Neither local specialization (the number of hostplants used within one habitat) nor continental specialization (the number of hostplants used across many habitats) is correlated with local lycaenid abundance. Continental specialization is positively correlated with a species’ continental distribution, however. Finally, while generalist butterflies tend to have more hostplant available to them, differences in resource availability do not explain the differences in butterfly abundance. Although local abundance is correlated only with local distribution, I suggest that abundance-distribution relationships might emerge at regional and continental scales if local abundance were averaged across many habitat types. Consideration of the scale of a species’ resource specialization (within or among habitats) appears to be key to understanding the relationships between resource specialization, resource availability, and a species’ abundance and distribution.
Intracranial haemorrhage as initial presentation of severe haemophilia B: case report and review of Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Hemophilia Center experience.

Summary. A neonate who had intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) at birth received a diagnosis of severe haemophilia B at 6 months of age. ICH had been the initial presentation of his bleeding disorder. His family history was negative for haemophilia. Review of our institutional experience as well as the literature indicates that intracranial bleeding as the initial presentation of haemophilia is rare.
The variational formulation of a non-equilibrium traffic flow model: Theory and implications☆

The analysis and numerical solution of non-equilibrium traffic flow models in current literature are almost exclusively carried out in the hyperbolic conservation law framework, which requires a good understanding of the delicate and non-trivial Riemann problems for conservation laws. In this paper, we present a novel formulation of certain non-equilibrium traffic flow models based on their isomorphic relation with optimal control problems. This formulation extends the minimum principle observed by the LWR model. We demonstrate that with the new formulation, generic initial-boundary conditions can be conveniently handled and a simplified numerical solution scheme for non-equilibrium models can be devised. Besides deriving the variational formulation, we provide a comprehensive discussion on its mathematical properties and physical implications.
The Theoretical Basis For Relationships Between Language and Literacy in Development

Abstract Considerable research now suggests that, in addition to the phonemic awareness skills which support early decoding, skilled reading also requires more general oral language competencies, particularly those involving the use of decontextualized language. The basic hypothesis of the Home-School Study of Language and Literacy development is that early development of skill with decontextualized language will be related to reading comprehension abilities when children are in the middle grades of school. A model is presented which illustrates this theory and an overview of the sample, the data collection techniques, and the types of analyses are described.
Properties of optical breakdown in BK7 glass induced by an extended-cavity femtosecond laser oscillator

Using an extended-cavity femtosecond oscillator, we investigated optical breakdown in BK7 glass caused by the accumulated action of many laser pulses. By using a pump-probe experiment and collecting the transmitted pump along with the reflected pump and the broadband light generated by the optical breakdown, we measured the build-up time to optical breakdown as a function of the pulse energy, and we also observed the instability of the plasma due to the effect of defocusing and shielding created by the electron gas. The spectrum of the broadband light emitted by the optical breakdown and the origin of the material modification in BK7 glass was studied. We developed a simple model of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasma that is consistent with the observed behavior of the reflection, absorption, and transmission of the laser light.
Two new species of Cassia Subgen. Senna (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)

Diagnoses and descriptions are given forC. (sect.Prososperma)apsidoneura from the Bolivian Chaco, which is placed in ser.Torae Benth. nearC. mucronifera Mart., and for C. (sect.Chamaesenna)cachimboEnsis from the northern limit of the Brazilian Planalto in Para, which is related toC. reniformis G. Don of a series as yet undescribed.
Impact of preexisting adenovirus vector immunity on immunogenicity and protection conferred with an adenovirus-based H5N1 influenza vaccine.

The prevalence of preexisting immunity to adenoviruses in the majority of the human population might adversely impact the development of adaptive immune responses against adenovirus vector-based vaccines. To address this issue, we primed BALB/c mice either intranasally (i.n.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) with varying doses of wild type (WT) human adenovirus subtype 5 (HAd5). Following the development of immunity against HAd5, we immunized animals via the i.n. or i.m. route of inoculation with a HAd vector (HAd-HA-NP) expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) of A/Vietnam/1203/04 (H5N1) influenza virus. The immunogenicity and protection results suggest that low levels of vector immunity (<520 virus-neutralization titer) induced by priming mice with up to 107 plaque forming units (p.f.u.) of HAd-WT did not adversely impact the protective efficacy of the vaccine. Furthermore, high levels of vector immunity (approximately 1500 virus-neutralization titer) induced by priming mice with 108 p.f.u. of HAd-WT were overcome by either increasing the vaccine dose or using alternate routes of vaccination. A further increase in the priming dose to 109 p.f.u. allowed only partial protection. These results suggest possible strategies to overcome the variable levels of human immunity against adenoviruses, leading to better utilization of HAd vector-based vaccines.
An operator perspective on net-centric underwater warfare

In March 2007, the Networked Underwater Warfare Technology Demonstration Project at Defence R&D Canada-Atlantic conducted an at-sea antisubmarine trial utilizing Net-centric warfare (NCW) constructs to demonstrate improved technologies for underwater warfare. User feedback was solicited during and after the trial for the purpose of documenting the manner in which the systems were used during the trial and gaining insight into their potential future usage in NCW activities. This paper describes some of the key issues raised and how they might be addressed in the future. Although some of the issues raised can be addressed through adjustments in the communications strategy, the way ahead for NCW will require a redefinition of the concept of operations for each platform and for the team in order to balance the advantages of the team and platform-centric approaches.
Glass: A critical material in the development of electronic displays

— Electronic displays may be grouped into two categories, vacuum based and solid state. In both cases, glass has served as the package for the active components making up the display. Thus, glass has often been the limiting factor in the development of these technologies. This paper discusses the interrelationships between the two.
Effects of freezing on intratumoral drug transport

Efficacy of many novel therapeutic agents are impaired by hindered interstitial diffusion in tumor. In the context of overcoming this drug delivery barrier, a hypothesis was postulated that freeze/thaw (F/T) may induce favorable changes of tumor tissue microstructure to facilitate the interstitial diffusion. This hypothesis may also be relevant to develop a mechanistically derived chemotherapeutic strategy for cryo-treated tumors. In the present study, this hypothesis was tested by characterizing the effects of F/T on the interstitial diffusion using an in vitro engineered tumor model (ET). The diffusion coefficients of FITC-labeled dextran was measured within the frozen/thawed and unfrozen ETs. The results showed that the diffusion coefficients increased after F/T but the extent of increase was dependent on the size of dextran. This implies that the combination of cryosurgery and chemotherapy should be designed considering the biophysical changes of tissues after freeze/thaw and the diffusion characteristics of drug molecules.
A Subjective Evaluation of Bode's Law and an ‘Objective’ Test for Approximate Numerical Rationality

Abstract Bode's law has usually been evaluated subjectively by means of overall judgment and opinions differ regarding its significance. Here we analyze it in some detail, with use of the axioms of probability, but still subjectively. The subjective Bayes factor in favor of Bode's law's being not a mere accident is given as between about 300 and 700. More tentatively, the existence of Bode's law seems to provide a factor of about 20 in favor of a non-cataclysmic origin of the solar system and hence in favor of there being an extremely large number of planetary systems in the galaxy. These factors would I think be much increased by taking into account “Dabbler's Law,” which is concerned with the mean distances of the saturnine satellites. It is pointed out that Dabbler's law has had predictive value and can be used for a further prediction. An “objective” test is given for whether a number is “nearly rational”. The ratios of the sidereal periods of pairs of solar bodies, for a given primary, are found not ...
The Arginine Finger Domain of ExoT Contributes to Actin Cytoskeleton Disruption and Inhibition of Internalization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Epithelial Cells and Macrophages

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important nosocomial pathogen of humans, expresses a type III secretion system that is required for virulence. Previous studies demonstrated that the lung-virulent strain PA103 has the capacity to be either cytotoxic or invasive. Analyses of mutants suggest that PA103 delivers a negative regulator of invasion, or anti-internalization factor, to host cells via a type III secretion system. In this work we show that the type III secreted protein ExoT inhibits the internalization of PA103 by polarized epithelial cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells) and J774.1 macrophage-like cells. ExoS, which is closely related to ExoT but has additional ADP-ribosylating activity, can substitute for ExoT as an anti-internalization factor. ExoT contains a signature arginine finger domain found in GTPase-activating proteins. Mutation of the conserved arginine in ExoT diminished its anti-internalization activity and altered its ability to disrupt the actin cytoskeleton. Cell fractionation experiments showed that ExoT is translocated into host cells and that mutation of the arginine finger did not disrupt translocation. In a mouse model of acute pneumonia, PA103ΔUΔT reached the lungs as efficiently as PA103ΔU but showed reduced colonization of the liver. This finding suggests that the ability to resist internalization may be important for virulence in vivo.
Torts: The Quest for Appropriate Standards

T HERE IS, I think, a fundamental mystery about evaluation of a judge's performance. Does the judicial function leave enough freedom to the actor so that we can discern distinctive performances? Or is the good judge, by definition, one whose performance is not individualized? I really do not understand what guides judgment in these matters, but my puzzlement does not inhibit my enthusiasm for making judgments about judges. This much at least is clear. We admire judges who can rework and restate old law and we admire judges who can creatively change law just the right amount. In any event, whatever are the criteria, Chief Justice Roger Traynor is an interesting case in point; indeed he offers an ideal case for exploring the theme of conservatism and creativity in judging. In his first twenty-five years on the bench, Chief Justice Traynor has written some one-hundred opinions in tort cases. The result is an impressive body of work which not surprisingly has touched virtually all bases. He has given us nothing less than his own personal casebook in torts.1
Breaking the deadlock: simultaneously discovering attribute matching and cluster matching with multi-objective simulated annealing

In this paper, we present a data mining approach to challenges in the matching and integration of heterogeneous datasets. In particular, we propose solutions to two problems that arise in combining information from different results of scientific research. The first problem, attribute matching, involves discovery of correspondences among distinct numeric-typed summary features ("attributes") that are used to characterize datasets that have been collected and analyzed in different research labs. The second problem, cluster matching, involves discovery of matchings between patterns across datasets. We treat both of these problems together as a multi-objective optimization problem. A multi-objective simulated annealing algorithm is described to find the optimal solution. The utility of this approach is demonstrated in a series of experiments using synthetic and realistic datasets that are designed to simulate heterogeneous data from different sources.
Mechanical Properties of Irradiated Iron and Iron Alloys

The effects of fast neutron irradiation on the yielding, plastic flow, and fracture properties of pure iron: iron alloyed with carbon, and iron alloyed with chromium were studied as part of an investigation of irradiation damage in bcc metals. In addition, two documented steels, A212B and Mod HY80, were also analyzed. In the pure iron, the K/sub gamma / term in the relation correlating yield stress with grain size, namely 122 to 158 deg /sub ys/ = 122 to 158 deg /sub i/ + K/sub y/d/sup -1/2/, was reduced to zero by irradiation. Instead, the post irradiation yield stress was inversely proportional to the log l/T. Further, an exposure of 2 x 18/sup 18/ nvt or greater produced a sharp ductile to brittle transition point with a shift of 85 nif- K in pure iron. This same exposure level also had the effect of producing a linear true stress-true strain curve similar to that obtained from prestrained iron with the apparent elimination of the initial rapid work hardening portion of the curve. The effect of carbon additions up to 0.11 wt.% was to increase the yield strength and decrease the ductility before irradiation. However, the post irradiation mechanical properties regardlessmore » of the carbon content were approximately the same as those of pure iron. The linear variation of yield strength with the log l/T was not followed by the irradiated carbon alloys. The addition of chromium decreased the yield strength and increased the ductility of both unirradiated and irradiated iron. The linear true stresstrue strain curve was obtained and the yield stress varied with the log l/T after the 2 x 10/sup 18/ nvt exposure. No sharp ductile to brittle transition point was observed. The two steels generally showed increased strength and some decrease in ductility without a sharp ductile to brittle transition point after irradiation. These results are explained by attributing the initial increases in strength and decreases in ductility to radiation produced point defects. After a certain level of exposure was reached, these defects became saturated and vacancy loops were created which tangle with slip dislocations. These tangles create a dislocation cell structure similar to that found in cold worked metals. This structure resulted in the independence of yield strength on grain size and a linear flow curve in irradiated iron. Carbon atoms annihilated some of the vacancies requiring higher exposures for saturation to be reached while chromium was thought to tie up the carbon atoms in carbides facilitating the process. Similarly, the additional elements in the steels were thought in some way to impede the development of the radioinduced cell structure. (suth)« less
Witchcraft or mycotoxin? The Salem witch trials.

Background: The Salem witchcraft trials of 1692 have been studied by many historians looking for the complex social, political, and psychological determinants behind the community-wide hysteria that led to a travesty of justice and the deaths of 20 innocent Puritans. Recently, ergot poisoning has been put forth by some as a previously unsuspected cause of the bizarre behaviors of the young adolescent girls who accused the townsfolk of witchcraft. In this essay the circumstances behind the ergot poisoning theory for this historical event are described. When the evidence is weighed carefully both pro and con, it seems unlikely that ergotism explains much of what went on in colonial Salem.
Lemniscate transform: A new efficient technique for shape coding and representation

In this paper, a new algorithm for visual shape coding and representation using a powerful theorem on algebraic curve has been presented. The algorithm codes the closed shape, which does never intersect itself, by means of the foci of the closed curve and a distance parameter 'p' such that the product of distances of any point on the shape from the foci is approximately constant and is equal to 'p'. The computation of the foci co-ordinates and 'p' parameter has been presented as a solution to a linearized least-square problem. The reconstruction algorithm is based on straightforward implementation of the theorem. Some experimental results have also been provided indicating the success of the algorithm.
STUDIES ON FRACTIONATED HYPERTHERMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL SYSTEMS I. THE FOOT REACTION AFTER EQUAL DOSES: HEAT RESISTANCE AND REPOPULATION

Abstract The response of the mouse foot to fractionated hyperthermia was studied in vivo . Hyperthermia was given by immersing the mouse foot into a constant temperature water bath kept at 43.5 ± 0.1°C. Foot reaction was scored after treatment according to a numerical score system; at 43.5°C the time to induce loss of one toe or a greater reaction in half the treated animals (RD 50 ) was assayed. The equal dose fractions were used throughout the present experiments. The RD 50 for various time intervals (Ti) between two doses demonstrated rapid development of heat resistance which reached a maximum in 48 hours after first treatment. The resistance subsided thereafter and the complete decay of resistance required almost 2 weeks. If 2 doses were given with a Ti of more than 17 days, further increase of the RD 50 was observed, which might be attributed to repopulation of surviving cells. Isoeffect curves for treatment schedules with various Ti were obtained. These studies indicated that heat resistance develops repeatedly after each treatment and is the most important factor in fractionated hyperthermia. The kinetics of the resistance appeared to depend on the Ti and number of fractions as well as fraction size. In general the resistance developed fully in 48 hours after first hyperthermia, whereas it appeared to develop in 24 hours after the second treatment with a Ti of 2 days or after the third treatment with a Ti of 1 day. The resistance was less extensive for a large number of fractions with Ti of 2 days.
Supereulerian complementary graphs

Nebeský in [12] show that for any simple graph with n ≥ 5 vertices, either G or Gc contains an eulerian subgraph with order at least n - 1, with an explicitly described class of exceptional graphs. In this note, we show that if G is a simple graph with n ≥ 61 vertices, then either G or Gc is supereulerian, with some exceptions. We also characterize all these exceptional cases. These results are applied to show that if G is a simple graph with n ≥ 61 vertices such that both G and Gc are connected, then either G or Gc has a 4-flow, or both G and Gc have cut-edges. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MAKING THE DIAGNOSIS OF OSTEOMYELITIS : THE ROLE OF PREVALENCE

Clinicians may have poor sensitivity in determining whether a given diabetic patient with a foot ulcer has osteomyelitis. Thus many turn to diagnostic tests. The literature was reviewed and data on the sensitivity and specificity of five commonly used diagnostic tests were compiled. Using Bayes' theorem, the authors' analysis suggests that pretest probability may be more important in the decision-making process than individual test characteristics. Also, a positive probe-to-bone test is as predictive of osteomyelitis as the other four tests. A negative magnetic resonance imaging test most likely rules out osteomyelitis. Interpretation of any test result is greatly influenced by the pretest probability of disease. Future work needs to focus on aiding the clinician in determining the patient's probability of disease prior to testing in order to optimize patient care.
ACT-Asthma Control Y Tratamiento Para Ninos: A Progress Report

A randomized clinical trial is in progress to evaluate an asthma educational program for Latino children and their parents. The intervention, "ACT-Asma Control y Tratamiento Para Ninos," was adapted from ACT for Kids, an asthma self-management program for English-speaking families. Results of a pilot study indicated that socioeconomic status was a critical variable to be considered in the design of such programs. Latino children and parents encounter significant barriers to access and continuity of medical care. Therefore, the intervention was redesigned to include "linkages" using a nurse to reduce barriers and to coordinate care. The lesson plans emphasize concrete, experimental learning experiences, with repetition of key points in each session.
Optimal Thermal Environments for Plant Metabolic Processes (Cucumis sativus L.) (Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Pigment-Protein Complex of Photosystem II and Seedling Establishment in Cucumber)

Analysis of the temperatures providing maximal photosystem II fluorescence reappearance following illumination and thermal kinetic windows (TKWs), obtained from the temperature characteristics of enzyme apparent Km values, have been proposed as indicators of the bounds of thermal stress in plants. In this study, we have evaluated the temperature optimum for the accumulation of the chlorophyll a/b light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCP II), its mRNA, and the mRNA of the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv Ashley) as a broader measure of metabolism than that provided by either the fluorescence reappearance or TKWs. The TKW for cucumber is between 23.5 and 39[deg]C, with the minimum apparent Km occurring at 32.5[deg]C. The photosystem II variable fluorescence reappearance following illumination was maximal between 30 and 35[deg]C. Maximum synthesis of the LHCP II occurred at 30[deg] C. The light-induced accumulation of the LHCP II and the small subunit of Rubisco mRNAs showed similar temperature characteristics. Suboptimal temperatures delayed germination, altered cotyledonary soluble sugar content, and broadened the temperature range for chlorophyll accumulation. These results demonstrate an effect of seed reserve mobilization on the range of temperatures for chlorophyll accumulation, and suggest that metabolic temperature characteristics may be broadened by increasing available substrates for enzyme utilization. This study provides new information about the relationship between TKWs and cellular responses to temperature. In addition, the results suggest that the temperature range outside of which plants experience temperature stress is narrower than traditionally supposed.
Evaluation of Phenylnaphthalenes as Heat Transfer Fluids for High Temperature Energy Applications

The thermodynamic properties of 1- and 2-phenyl substituted polyaromatic hydrocarbons have been measured and estimated under conditions relevant to heat transport applications almost to the critical point. Densities, vapor pressures, and heat capacity measurements were used to derive critical temperature, pressure, and density for the phenylnaphthalenes. The thermal and radiolytic stability of 1-phenylnaphthalene was examined using thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetery, and gamma irradiation. Low melting point, low vapor pressure, high critical temperature, and resistance to thermal decomposition may make phenylnaphthalenes suitable for heat transfer applications up to 800 K, including power generation and separations processes.
Regional velopharyngeal compliance in the rat: influence of tongue muscle contraction.

The velopharynx is the most collapsible segment of the upper airway in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. However, we do not know if velopharyngeal compliance is uniform throughout its length, or if compliance is modified by contraction of upper airway muscles. We tested the hypothesis that rostral and caudal velopharyngeal (VP) compliance differs, and that tongue muscle contraction reduces compliance. High-resolution MR images of the VP were made at nasopharyngeal pressures ranging from −9 to 9 cmH2O in anesthetized rats. Images were obtained twice at each pressure, once with and once without bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulation. The volume of the caudal and rostral VP was computed at each pressure. The caudal VP was significantly (P = 0.0058) more compliant than the rostral VP, but electrical stimulation of the tongue muscles did not change compliance. VP critical pressure (Pcrit; pressure at zero airway volume) averaged −25.2 and −12.1 cmH2O in the rostral and caudal VP, respectively (P < 0.0001). Coactivation of tongue protrudor and retractor muscles or contraction of protrudor muscles alone dilated the VP and made Pcrit more negative (P < 0.0001), but only in the caudal VP. In the rat, the caudal VP is more collapsible than the rostral VP, and either coactivation of tongue protrudor and retractor muscles or contraction of protrudor muscles alone makes this region more difficult to close. Thus, tongue muscle contraction protects the caudal VP, which appears to be a particularly vulnerable segment of the nasopharyngeal airway. With suitable modification, the methods described here, including tongue muscle stimulation at different pharyngeal pressures, may be appropriate for experiments in human subjects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of fibrinogen concentration upon plasma prothrombin time.

The effect of the normal variations of fibrinogen concentration (180 mg. per cent to 650 mg. per cent) on the diluted (12.5 per cent) plasma prothrombin time in man, as observed in this study, is not significant.
P.r.n. medications in child psychiatric patients: a pilot placebo-controlled study.

Background The administration p.r.n. (as needed) of sedative medications is a widespread practice in the management of acute dyscontrol of child psychiatric inpatients. Its efficacy, however, has never been tested in a controlled clinical trial. Method Twenty-one male inpatients, aged 5-13 years, participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the p.r.n. use of diphenhydramine, a sedative antihistaminic often used in child psychiatry wards. The patients' DSM-III-R diagnoses were conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity, and major depression. Each patient in acute dyscontrol blindly received either oral or intramuscular doses of diphenhydramine 25-50 mg (N = 9) or placebo (N = 12). The Conners Abbreviated 10-Item Teacher Rating Scale and the Clinical Global Impressions scale were completed before and 0.5, 1, and 2 hours after the dose. Results Repeated measures ANOVA showed significant time effects, but no difference due to drug. The intramuscular route tended to be more effective than the oral, regardless of whether active drug or placebo was given. Conclusion The data indicate that if p.r.n. administrations are effective, this is a placebo effect. Likewise, intramuscular administrations are more effective because of a route effect ("the needle") and not because of a specific pharmacologic activity.
Predictors of fetal outcome in pregnant trauma patients: a five-year institutional review.

Injury Severity Score (ISS) and lactate are controversial in predicting fetal outcome. A retrospective review was conducted to determine whether ISS and lactate are valuable in predicting fetal sur...
What You Do and How You Speak Matter: Behavioral and Linguistic Determinants of Performance in Virtual Teams

The primary goal of the present study is to investigate complex relationships among interpersonal behaviors, language use, and group performance in short-term virtual teams. Thirty-four, four-perso...
Trade Study of Using and Refueling Large Upper Stages as In-Space Stages for Flexible Path Missions

In October 2009, the Review of Human Spaceflight Committee presented the Flexible Path concept for NASA’s future human spaceflight program. This concept of visiting increasingly demanding destinations requires a flexible transportation architecture to meet the varying demands of the potential destinations. This paper presents a trade study of using and refueling upper stages as in-space propulsive stages. A Shuttle-derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) and the commercial Falcon Heavy launch vehicle. These two vehicle options are compared based on performance and cost. The result of the trade study is that the use of a suborbital burning upper stage as an in-space stage after on-orbit refueling provides significant performance benefit over dedicated upper stages without refueling. Also, the use of the small, commercial launch vehicle provides order of magnitude cost savings over the development and operation of a HLLV for a range of Flexible Path destinations while still delivering the required payloads.
Cognitive Outcome of Hemispherectomy

Long-term neuropsychological outcome was studied in 71 children who underwent hemispherectomy for severe and intractable seizures at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1968 and 1997.
A comedian sees the world

“The tourist’s opinions of countries he visits are usually in error”, warns the famed comedian and auteur Charlie Chaplin, “especially a celebrity’s, who sees things through a glamor of excitement”...
New Progress on Power Quality Standards

The paper introduces the power quality standards of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),outlines the establishment and modification of national power quality standards recent years in China,presents some suggestions for perfecting national power quality standard system.
Glial cell activation, recruitment, and survival of B-lineage cells following MCMV brain infection.

Chemokines produced by reactive glia drive migration of immune cells and previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that CD19+ B cells infiltrate the brain. In this study, in vivo and in vitro experiments investigated the role of reactive glial cells in recruitment and survival of B-lineage cells in response to (murine cytomegalovirus) MCMV infection. Flow cytometric analysis was used to assess chemokine receptor expression on brain-infiltrating B cells. Real-time RT-PCR and ELISA were used to measure chemokine levels. Dual-immunohistochemical staining was used to co-localize chemokine production by reactive glia. Primary glial cell cultures and migration assays were used to examine chemokine-mediated recruitment. Astrocyte: B cell co-cultures were used to investigate survival and proliferation. The chemokine receptors CXCR3, CXCR5, CCR5, and CCR7 were detected on CD19+ cells isolated from the brain during MCMV infection. In particular, CXCR3 was found to be elevated on an increasing number of cells over the time course of infection, and it was the primary chemokine receptor expressed at 60 days post infection Quite different expression kinetics were observed for CXCR5, CCR5, and CCR7, which were elevated on the highest number of cells early during infection and decreased by 14, 30, and 60 days post infection Correspondingly, elevated levels of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL13, as well as CCL5, were found within the brains of infected animals, and only low levels of CCL3 and CCL19 were detected. Differential expression of CXCL9/CXCL10 and CXCL13 between microglia and astrocytes was apparent, and B cells moved towards supernatants from MCMV-infected microglia, but not astrocytes. Pretreatment with neutralizing Abs to CXCL9 and CXCL10 inhibited this migration. In contrast, neutralizing Abs to the ligand of CXCR5 (i.e., CXCL13) did not significantly block chemotaxis. Proliferation of brain-infiltrating B cells was detected at 7 days post infection and persisted through the latest time tested (60 days post infection). Finally, astrocytes produce BAFF (B cell activating factor of the TNF family) and promote proliferation of B cells via cell-to-cell contact. CXCR3 is the primary chemokine receptor on CD19+ B cells persisting within the brain, and migration to microglial cell supernatants is mediated through this receptor. Correspondingly, microglial cells produce CXCL9 and CXCL10, but not CXCL13. Reactive astrocytes promote B cell proliferation.
Response attenuation during coincident afferent excitatory inputs.

Response attenuation during coincident afferent excitatory inputs. The linearity of the synaptic summation of two unitary excitatory synaptic events was investigated during whole cell recordings fr...
Kant and the Ethics of Humility: Humility and self-respect

Humility is an attitude which, though it incorporates all judgments and affects implicit in the moral disposition, is most centrally defined by those judgments and affects related to the self as agent. This definition of humility suggests, then, a close connection between our definition of humility (a recognition of one's limits as an agent) and what Stephen Darwall has called “recognition self-respect” (a recognition of one's worth as an agent which leads the agent to constrain her treatment of herself in light of that basic worth). On our definition of humility, based in the maxim of the moral disposition, these two apparently distinct states cannot in fact be understood in isolation from each other, but only as flip sides of the same coin, that is, as different aspects of an overall proper valuing of the self as agent under the auspices of a recognition of the pre-eminent value of moral principles. It seems unusual, though, to suggest that self-respect and humility are only aspects of a single attitude, and this is a claim that needs to be further considered, refined, and defended. We have already spoken generally of how Kantian virtue involves a strong unity of virtues claim, and have seen more recently, in our definition of humility, that a belief in the equal dignity and shared limits of all persons, and a resulting attitude of respect for persons generally, are necessary conditions of humility. The relationship between humility and recognition self-respect seems even tighter than these connections, though.
Double Binds: Talismans of Immaturity

The “separateness” that exists between the stories of the “unified” scheme of Dubliners only becomes apparent on the rare occasion when a character who appears in an earlier story is mentioned in a later one, so that we become aware of how contained each of the narratives had been. Yet many aspects of Dublin life and its interpersonal relationships invisibly bind and interconnect the participants in that paralytic world of the Catholic bourgeoisie that is Joyce’s Dublin. In parallel proportions each of the protagonists is bound within his or her own world, caught in binds both of their own making and externally conditioned under circumstances at once indeterminate and overdetermined. The spaces that separate individuals often narrow dangerously and yet persist as unbridgeable, and the Dublin that becomes apparent is simultaneously a diffuse metropolis and a provincial town.
Identifying an Effect of Simulation Role Assignment on Critical Thinking Development in Baccalaureate Nursing Students A Proof of Concept

With an increase in the number of nursing students and the limited number of open clinical positions, high-fidelity patient simulators (HFPS) have become the new norm. Multiple studies have evaluated HFPS effectiveness and several suggest that HFPS does has an effect on critical thinking. This study intends to provide data to support that suggestion. In addition, this study was designed to identify a possible correlation between role assignment and improvements in critical thinking after completion of a HFPS scenario. Analysis revealed that role assignment, for most of the roles, did have a statistically significant effect on the post-simulation critical thinking assessment scores. The relationship between role assignments and HFPS scenario outcomes (such as critical thinking), as well as the nature of the correlation, may help scenario developers better understand how critical thinking improvement can be affected by the involvement of the participant based on the roles assigned to them.
Modeling and compensation design for a power hardware-in-the-loop simulation of an AC distribution system

Power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) simulation, where actual hardware under text is coupled with a real-time digital model in closed loop, is a powerful tool for analyzing new methods of control for emerging distributed power systems. However, without careful design and compensation of the interface between the simulated and actual systems, PHIL simulations may exhibit instability and modeling inaccuracies. This paper addresses issues that arise in the PHIL simulation of a hardware battery inverter interfaced with a simulated distribution feeder. Both the stability and accuracy issues are modeled and characterized, and a methodology for design of PHIL interface compensation to ensure stability and accuracy is presented. The stability and accuracy of the resulting compensated PHIL simulation is then shown by experiment.
Composite aster Inula L. (Asteraceae): a new generic record for Nicobar Islands, India

This paper presents a new generic record for the flora of Nicobar Islands, Inula L. (Asteraceae) represented by the species Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC., collected from Chowra Island, Great Nicobar Islands.
Conceptualizing Character Focalization

This chapter focuses on the conceptual framework used to examine character focalization in ten children’s novels. It defines the terms focalization and character focalization and identifies, describes, and illustrates the three facets of character focalization used to examine character perception in ten children’s novels. The chapter includes information about the author’s emerging interests in the concept of character focalization, his previous research in this area, and the evolution of his heuristic framework. The chapter grounds the conceptual framework in seminal research on focalization by Genette (Narrative discourse. Trans. Jane Lewin. Oxford: Blackwell, 1980; Narrative discourse revisited. Trans. Jane Lewin. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988) and Rimmon-Kenan (Narrative fiction: Contemporary poetics, 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2002), presents a summary of markers of focalization and point of view identified by narrative theorists, stylisticians, and children’s literature scholars, and situates the study’s conceptual framework in relevant fields.
Search for MSSM Higgs Bosons at the Tevatron

p collisions at √ s = 1.96 TeV. No significant excess of events above the Standard Model backgrounds is observed. The measurements are used to set upper limits on the Higgs production cross sections. The results are interpreted in the framework of the Minimal Supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model.
Volunteering 2.0: How Can Volunteer Organizations Employ Online Social Networks?

The effectiveness of online social networks such as Facebook and Twitter for managing an organization is an area ripe for investigation in information systems research. Volunteer organizations in particular (who typically lag rather than lead in technology) stand to benefit from online social networks, if equipped with the knowledge to strategically implement these tools. This research context is especially unique because volunteers and employees approach work differently, which affects how they interact with the organization and its systems. We use the theory of functionalist motivations to support the use of online social networks to manage volunteers. Because this research area is relatively new, this study provides a theoreticallygrounded exploration into how volunteer organizations are using online social networks to manage their volunteer workforce, in what ways they are using these systems, and their effectiveness compared to previous systems.
Opioid Epidemic and Heart Transplantation: A Trainee's View.

The first heart procurement that I observed was from the body of a motor vehicle accident victim in South Carolina. Her face and body were draped by the time our team arrived. I was a second-year medical student, too young to comprehend the bewilderingly complex art and ethics of organ
Diagramming and Algebraic Word Problem Solving for Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities.

Algebra is considered an important high school course because it is recognized as the gateway to higher mathematics, college opportunities, and well-paying jobs. In the United States, most secondar...
Seeing is not always believing: crop loss and climate change perceptions among farm advisors

As climate change is expected to significantly affect agricultural systems globally, agricultural farm advisors have been increasingly recognized as an important resource in helping farmers address these challenges. While there have been many studies exploring the climate change belief and risk perceptions as well as behaviors of both farmers and agricultural farm advisors, there are very few studies that have explored how these perceptions relate to actual climate impacts in agriculture. Here we couple survey data from United States Department of Agriculture farm service employees (n = 6, 514) with historical crop loss data across the United States to explore the relationship of actual climate-related crop losses on farm to farm advisor perceptions of climate change and future farmer needs. Using structural equation modelling we find that among farm advisors that work directly with farms on disaster and crop loss issues, there is a significant positive relationship between crop loss and perceived weather variability changes, while across all farm advisors crop loss is associated with reduced likelihood to believe in anthropogenic climate change. Further, we find that weather variability perceptions are the most consistently and highly correlated with farm advisors' perceptions about the need for farm adaptation and future farmer needs. These results suggest that seeing crop loss may not lead to climate change belief, but may drive weather variability perceptions, which in turn affect farm adaptation perceptions. This lends further evidence to the debate over terminology in climate change communication and outreach, suggesting that weather variability may be the most salient among agricultural advisors.