cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scarcity and survival: The role of oral tradition in mediating subsistence crises

Abstract Survival of periodic subsistence crises is largely dependent on a group memory of past crisis situations and of the strategies appropriate for dealing with the altered environmental conditions. One mechanism utilized by nonliterate societies for the preservation of survival knowledge is its incorporation in oral tradition. As a body of reference knowledge, oral traditions potentially operate over two time scales. Secular oral traditions (folktales, songs, and histories) depend on repetition for perpetuation with inherent potential for distortion. In contrast, sanctified oral traditions, such as ritual performances, rely on a correct reproduction of the ritual order to achieve supernatural efficacy. Rituals accordingly assume an invariant character appropriate for the transmission of survival information over extended periods of time. The role of oral tradition in mediating subsistence crises is examined for two hunter-gatherer groups: the Tareumiut and Nunamiut of northwest Alaska. Utilizing the ecological and ethnographic literature, the temporal variability in the primary faunal resources of these groups is modeled and the social means for buffering subsistence stress are presented. The survival strategies encoded in secular and sanctified forms of oral tradition are then evaluated and compared. The study concludes that secular forms provide a readily available medium for the enculturation of specific values or behaviors relating to group survival across seasonal or short-term interannual shortages, while ritual performances provide a model of resource variability and the appropriate responses relevant to crisis situations recurring on the pan-generational time scale.
Final adult height of children with inflammatory bowel disease is predicted by parental height and patient minimum height Z-score

textabstractBackground: This study was designed to elucidate the contribution of parental height to the stature of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), who often exhibit growth impairment. Accordingly, we compared patients' final adult heights and target heights based on measured parental heights and examined predictors of final adult height in pediatric IBD patients. Methods: We prospectively analyzed the growth of 295 patients diagnosed between ages 1 and 18 (211 Crohn's disease [CD], 84 ulcerative colitis [UC]) and their family members (283 mothers, 231 fathers, 55 siblings). Results: Twenty-two percent had growth impairment (height for age Z-score <-1.64, equivalent to <5th percentile on growth curve) in more than 1 measurement since diagnosis; most growth-impaired patients had CD (88% CD versus 12% UC). Parents of the growth-impaired group had lower mean height Z-scores compared to parents of nongrowth-impaired patients (-0.67 versus 0.02 for mothers [P < 0.001]; -0.31 versus 0.22 for fathers [P = 0.002]). For 108 patients who reached adult heights and had available parental heights, the growth-impaired group continued to demonstrate lower adult height Z-scores (-1.38 versus 0.07; P < 0.001). Adult heights were within 1 SD of target heights even for the growth-impaired group. Only 11.3% remained persistently growth-impaired in adulthood. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated lower parental height and minimum patient height Z-score as significant predictors of lower final adult height in IBD. Conclusions: Parental height is a powerful determinant of linear growth even in the presence of chronic inflammation, and should be an integral part of the evaluation of growth in IBD children.
Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. Further studies of the metabolism of 5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one in rat liver preparations

Abstract 5α-Cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one is a potent inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis in mammalian cells in culture and has significant hypocholesterolemic activity upon oral administration to rodents and non-human primates. The conversion of the 15-ketosterol to cholesterol upon incubation with the 10,000 × g supernatant fraction of rat liver homogenate preparations under aerobic conditions has been reported (D.J. Monger, E.J. Parish and G.J. Schroepfer, Jr. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 11122–11129). Presented herein are results of studies of the metabolism of [2,4- 3 H]5α-cholest-8(14)-en-3β-ol-15-one obtained upon incubation with the microsomal, cytosolic and the 10,000 × g supernatant fractions of liver homogenates of female rats under a variety of conditions. The results of these studies indicated metabolism of the 15-ketosterol to materials with the chromatographic properties of fatty acid esters of the 15-ketosterol, fatty acid esters of C 27 -monohydroxysterols, a component similar to the 15-ketosterol (possibly an isomer of the Δ 8(14) -15-ketosterol), and a polar component. Detailed studies of the C 27 -monohydroxysterols obtained from incubation of the 15-ketosterol under anaerobic conditions indicated the formation of labeled 5α-cholesta-8, 14-dien-3β-ol and a 5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol which were characterized by their behavior on silicic acid column chromatography, by the behavior of their acetate derivatives on medium pressure liquid chromatography on alumina-AgNO 3 columns, and by co-crystallization of the labeled sterols with authentic unlabeled standards. The identification of 5α-cholesta-8, 14-dien-3β-ol and 5α-cholest-7-en-3β-ol as metabolites of the 15-ketesterol, coupled with previous studies of the metabolism of 5α-cholesta-8, 14-dien-3β-ol and of 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3β, 15α-diol and 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3β, 15β-diol has permitted the formulation of a scheme for the overall metabolism of the 15-ketosterol to cholesterol.
Nitrogenase gene expression in the Chesapeake Bay Estuary

Like many estuaries, the Chesapeake Bay has pronounced gradients in salinity and nutrients. Previous studies have shown that there is a high diversity of nitrogenase (nifH) genes in the estuary, and that there are specific distributions of individual nifH phylotypes. In contrast to previous work that revealed the remarkable diversity of nifH phylotypes in the Chesapeake estuary, in this study of nifH expression we only detected two phylotypes, and both were phylogenetically related to cyanobacterial nifH genes. One of the phylotypes was closely related to a nifH sequence from the filamentous, heterocystous cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica, and was found at the head of the estuary. The other phylotype was found in a sample collected near the mouth of the estuary and was closely related to nifH sequences from Group A unicellular cyanobacteria, which has previously been reported in oceanic waters only. These nifH phylotypes had distinct patterns of expression that were restricted to different regions of the Chesapeake Bay. This study provides the first evidence of nifH expression in the Chesapeake Bay, and suggests that diazotrophic unicellular cyanobacteria have a broader distribution and activity than previously recognized.
Rapid computation of acoustic impulse scattering for rough penetrable surfaces

Chu’s theory for the impulse response of a point source to an isovelocity density contrast wedge [Chu D. Impulse response of density contrast wedge using normal coordinates. J Acoust Soc Am 1989;86:1883–96] enables wedge-assemblage rough surface scattering models to be extended to a broad range of penetrable seafloors, but is computationally intensive since it necessitates finding the multifold roots of a characteristic eigenvalue equation, and summing a power series, for each wedge apex. This present work considers the properties and relationships of the direct, reflected, and diffracted field components of a density contrast wedge. In particular, an analysis of the physical origin and behavior of diffractions associated with specular reflections of the source in the wedge faces leads to a simple extension of the Biot–Tolstoy theory [Biot MA, Tolstoy I. Formulation of wave propagation in infinite media by normal coordinates with an application to diffraction. J Acoust Soc Am 1957;29:381–91] to density contrast wedges with reflectivity ∣R∣ < 1, for wedge angles within the range 150 ≲ θw ≲ 210°, where the diffractions are predominantly associated with a single reflection in each wedge face. This facilitates rapid time domain calculations of acoustic bottom scattering and penetration for complex multilayered seafloors.
Liberalism and the problem of poverty

From the seventeenth to the mid‐nineteenth centuries, the language of natural law and natural rights structured the commitment of liberalism to the development of both a market society and democratic political institutions. The existence of widespread poverty was seen, at various times, as a problem to be resolved either by an expanding commercial/capitalistic society or through democratic political reform. As Thomas Home shows in Property Rights and Poverty, liberalism as apolitical theory has, from its origins, been deeply committed to (at least a minimalist) social welfare policy. Nevertheless, not only have the dimensions of the problem of poverty increased with the growth of democratic capitalist society, but also, viewed from an historical perspective, it is the problem of poverty that exposes the fundamental tensions at the heart of liberal political theory.
Metabolic brain networks in translational neurology: Concepts and applications

Over the past 2 decades, functional imaging techniques have become commonplace in the study of brain disease. Nevertheless, very few validated analytical methods have been developed specifically to identify and measure systems-level abnormalities in living patients. Network approaches are particularly relevant for translational research in the neurodegenerative disorders, which often involve stereotyped abnormalities in brain organization. In recent years, spatial covariance mapping, a multivariate analytical tool applied mainly to metabolic images acquired in the resting state, has provided a useful means of objectively assessing brain disorders at the network level. By quantifying network activity in individual subjects on a scan-by-scan basis, this technique makes it possible to objectively assess disease progression and the response to treatment on a system-wide basis. To illustrate the utility of network imaging in neurological research, we review recent applications of this approach in the study of Parkinson disease and related movement disorders. Novel uses of the technique are discussed, including the prediction of cognitive responses to dopaminergic therapy, evaluation of the effects of placebo treatment on network activity, assessment of preclinical disease progression, and the use of automated pattern-based algorithms to enhance diagnostic accuracy.
Long-term survival of a woman with well differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum: a case report and review of the literature.

Introduction Well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma of the peritoneum (WDPMP) is a rare subtype of epitheloid mesothelioma, which is usually seen in young women. WDPMP is generally considered of low malignant potential, however the long-term nature of the tumor remains poorly defined.
Dynamics of Gastrovascular Circulation in the Hydrozoan Podocoryne carnea: the One-Polyp Case

Time-lapse video microscopy and image anal- ysis algorithms were used to generate high-resolution time series of the length and volume of a single hydrozoan polyp before and after feeding. A polyp of Podocoryne carnea prior to feeding is effectively static in length and volume. At 20°C feeding elicits 8-millihertz (mHz) oscillations in polyp length and volume. A polyp connected to a colony by a single stolon displayed an abrupt transition from low- amplitude, S-mHz oscillations to large-amplitude, 6-mHz oscillations at 1.5-2 h after feeding. The transition was preceded by a substantial decrease in polyp volume and increase in length which coincided with the export of food items from the digestive cavity of the polyp into the colonial gastrovascular system. In contrast, S-mHz oscillations of a polyp isolated from a colony continued for 12.7 h after feeding, at which time particulates from the digestive cavity were exported into the hydrorhiza and a 4-mHz subhar- monic became briefly dominant. Regular oscillatory behav- ior was terminated by regurgitation at comparable intervals post-feeding in coupled and isolated polyps. These obser- vations are compatible with the hypothesis that the presence of nutrients in the digestive cavity induces polyp oscilla- tions and that release of nutrients into the gastrovascular system similarly induces unfed polyps to oscillate, thereby distributing the contents of the fed polyp throughout the colony.
Deficiency of the Cyclin Kinase Inhibitor p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) Promotes Apoptosis of Activated/Memory T Cells and Inhibits Spontaneous Systemic Autoimmunity

A characteristic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus is the accumulation of activated/memory T and B cells. These G0/G1-arrested cells express high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as p21, are resistant to proliferation and apoptosis, and produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. Herein, we show that ablation of p21 in lupus-prone mice allows these cells to reenter the cell cycle and undergo apoptosis, leading to autoimmune disease reduction. Absence of p21 resulted in enhanced Fas/FasL-mediated activation-induced T cell death, increased activation of procaspases 8 and 3, and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Increased apoptosis was also associated with p53 up-regulation and a modest shift in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 toward the proapoptotic Bax. Proliferation and apoptosis of B cells were also increased in p21−/− lupus mice. Thus, modulation of the cell cycle pathway may be a novel approach to reduce apoptosis-resistant pathogenic lymphocytes and to ameliorate systemic autoimmunity.
Thymus Atrophy and Changes in Thymocyte Subpopulations of BN Rats with Mercury-Induced Renal Autoimmune Disease

Administration of low doses of mercury induces autoantibodies to laminin and autoimmune glomerulonephropathy in BN, MAXX and DZB rats as well as in (BN x LEW)F1 hybrids. LEW strain rats are resistant to these immunotoxic effects. Susceptible rats also show lymphoid hyperplasia in spleen and lymph nodes and severe thymic atrophy. It is still uncertain whether these mercury-induced changes have any role in the induction of autoimmune responses to laminin. In the present study, we have examined the effects of mercury on the thymus of susceptible and resistant rats. Histological analysis of thymuses from BN rats revealed extensive disorganization within 15 days following mercury treatment, with loss of demarcation between cortex and medulla. Numbers of thymus cells were significantly decreased in both BN and (BN x LEW)F1 hybrid rats injected with HgCl2. There was no apparent increase in apoptotic cells in the thymus of these animals. By flow cytometry we detected a relative and absolute loss of double-positive CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes in BN (but not in LEW rats) within 15 days of mercury treatment. There was a corresponding increase in the relative proportion of single-positive (CD4+ or CD8+) and double-negative CD4- CD8- thymocytes in mercury-treated BN rats. Absolute increases in the number of CD4+ single-positive thymocytes were also observed. In contrast, mercury-treated LEW rats had no changes in thymus architecture or significant decreases in cell numbers. Since the thymus is important in both position and negative selection of developing thymocytes, immunotoxic effects of mercury on its structure and thymocyte subpopulations may have multiple consequences. Alternatively, we suggest the hypothesis that autoimmunity (and in particular autoantibodies to laminin) may be responsible for the changes observed in the thymus.
Three-dimensional resistivity inversion using alpha centers

The method of alpha centers represents a class of solutions to the three‐dimensional (3-D) dc conduction equation based on certain nonlinear substitutions for electric potential and earth conductivity. A solution is obtained which is sufficiently fast to make the inversion of 3-D resistivity data practical. The inversion routine results in a conductivity distribution defined by α centers which simultaneously fits the data from several parallel or perpendicular dipole‐dipole profiles. To illustrate the characteristics of this modeling approach, we apply the inversion algorithm to three theoretical and four field data sets. The four field data sets represent samples from massive sulfide and geothermal environments. The technique, when applied to theoretical data from prismatic bodies, gives fairly good estimates of the positions of conductive inhomogeneities but poor estimates of their actual conductivities. The entire inversion algorithm requires less than 15,000 words of computer memory, thus making it tr...
Examining Juvenile Delinquency Within Activity Space: Building a Context for Offender Travel Patterns

Researchers modeling offender travel patterns typically assume that crime locations are well within the offenders’ activity space. Using information about the places frequented by 2,563 delinquent youths residing in Southern California, this study examined distances traveled to delinquent and nondelinquent hangout locations. Travel to known delinquent sites was substantively farther from home than expected and exhibited a segmented nonlinear curve, joining logarithmic and negative exponential functions. Significant variation was found for place-specific (trip distance) and person-specific (individual travel) distances by city classification, travel method, and age cohort; age effects disappeared in multivariate analyses. Several implications follow, highlighting the need to infuse a place-oriented approach to studying journey-to-crime.
Progress‐report of the National Research Council Interdivisional Committee on Density‐Currents

During the past year the Committee has concentrated its efforts on securing evidence as to the occurrence of silt-laden currents of water at the bottom, of Elephant Butte Reservoir and of Lake Mead. As reported last year in these Transactions, programs of cooperative field-observations and laboratory-studies in which a number of bureaus of the Federal Government were to participate were prepared at a meeting of the Committee in June 1937. These programs were carried out in somewhat modified form through the cooperative efforts of the United States Geological Survey, the United States Bureau of Reclamation, the Division of Western Irrigation Agriculture of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry, the United States Bureau of Fisheries, the International Boundary Commission, and the National Bureau of Standards. The United States weather Bureau office at Albuquerque also contributed by furnishing warnings of flood-flows on the Rio Puerco, and the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California assisted by analyzing samples of water from Lake Mead. The present progress-report is not complete, since information as to some parts of the program carried out will not be available until the next meeting of the Committee, presumably in June, 1938. However, sufficient interesting data are available, particularly from Lake Mead, to warrant presenting it at this time.
Preparation of Metal-Cluster-Ormosil Nanocomposites

A series of metal-cluster-organically modified silicate, or Ormosil, nanocomposites were prepared by the sol-gel method. Each of the metals (Ag, Au, Cu, and Pt), was incorporated individually into the Ormosil matrices at various weight percents by reduction of the appropriate metal salt. The preparation for these metal-cluster doped-Ormosils is described. Ormosil proved to be an ideal matrix material, offering excellent transparency and good cracking resistance. The presence of the metal clusters inside the Ormosil matrices was detected by transmission electron microscope and verified by X-ray diffraction. Optical absorption. measurements of these nanocomposites are also presented.
Of Coins and Conquest: The East African Currency Board, The Rupee Crisis, and the Problem of Colonialism in the East African Protectorate

En 1919, l'etablissement du East African Currency Board et le projet de retirer la roupie indienne en tant que monnaie legale a declenche une crise socio-politique et symbolique importante dans les territoires du Protectorat colonial britannique d'Afrique Orientale. L'A. analyse les processus qui ont mene a cette crise a partir de deux orientations de recherche. 1. Il decrit la relation entre la circulation monetaire et l'identite politique en explorant l'interaction entre les monnaies coloniales et la production du sujet colonial. Il montre notamment comment la crise de la roupie a destabilise la population indienne en remettant en cause leurs representations de l'alterite et l'opposition colonise/colonisateur. 2. Il retrace l'interaction entre la circulation monetaire et la pratique coloniale de pacification spatiale et de delimitation des frontieres a travers l'examen de la distribution geographique des monnaies concurrentes en Afrique Orientale. Selon l'A., le conflit entre les colons blancs et la communaute indienne revele les enjeux de la redefinition, d'une part, des hierarchies raciales et sociales, de l'orientation geopolitique de l'Afrique Orientale coloniale de l'autre.
Resolving semantic and proactive interference in memory over the short-term

Interference is a major source of short-term errors of memory. The present investigation explores the relationship between two important forms of interference: proactive interference (PI), induced by the need to reject recently studied items no longer relevant to task performance, and semantic interference (SI), induced by the need to reject lures sharing a meaningful relationship with current memoranda. We explore the possibility that shared cognitive control processes are recruited to resolve both forms of interference. In Experiment 1, we find that the requirement to engage in articulatory suppression during the retention interval of tasks that induce either PI or SI increases both forms of interference similarly and selectively. In Experiment 2, we develop a task to examine PI and SI within the same experimental context. The results show interactive effects between factors that lead to the two forms of interference. Taken together, these findings support contextual-cuing models of short-term remembering (Nairne, Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 53–81 2002), where the context in which retrieval occurs can influence susceptibility to interference. Lastly, we discuss several theoretical hypotheses concerning the cognitive control processes that are recruited to resolve SI and PI in short-term remembering.
Imaging via stochastic factorization of bioelectric signal matrices

Bioelectric signals are characterized by the fact that remotely sensed data can be organized into a space-time matrix which is the product of a spatial transfer matrix and a space-time matrix of potentials proximate to the source. The imaging problem is then expressed by FG=H+N, where given a matrix of scalp measurements H (for example), and transfer matrix F, it is required to estimate the matrix of cortical potentials G in the context of information regarding statistics of space-time noise matrix N. This source imaging problem is usually approached via sequential regularized solution estimates for the equations FG/sub :i/=H/sub :i/, where the subscript ":i" indicates the i-th matrix column, and one takes into account statistics of N/sub :i/ in the regularization. However, the optimal formal treatment of the stated source estimation problem has not been previously described, and is indicated by the new theorem here. The principle extends earlier algorithmic work on the inverse electrocardiography problem, which was not suitable for treating noise sources in the brain source imaging problem. The method's mathematically determined superior performance characteristics have been confirmed by another investigator who has applied it to the problem of localizing epileptic spikes.
Simultaneous activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) synergistically induces mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia cells.

Interactions between histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also known as Apo2 ligand, were examined in human leukemia cells (e.g., U937, Jurkat, and HL-60). Simultaneous exposure of cells to 100-ng/ml TRAIL with either 1-mM sodium butyrate or 2- micro M suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid resulted in a striking increase in leukemic cell mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Lethal effects were significantly diminished in U937 cells ectopically expressing dominant-negative caspase-8, dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain, CrmA (receptor pathway), or Bcl-2 or Bcl-X(L) (mitochondrial pathway). Analysis of mitochondrial events in U937 cells exposed to TRAIL/HDAC inhibitors revealed enhanced Bid activation and Bax translocation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and apoptosis-inducing factor. No changes were observed in expression of FLICE-like inhibitory protein, TRAIL receptors, or reactive oxygen species generation. TRAIL/HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis triggered caspase-dependent cleavage of p21(WAF1/CIP1); moreover, enforced expression of a nuclear localization signal deletant form of p21(WAF1/CIP1) significantly diminished lethality. Lastly, p27(KIP1), pRb, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and Bcl-2 displayed extensive proteolysis. These findings indicate that coadministration of TRAIL with HDAC inhibitors synergistically induces apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells and provide further evidence that simultaneous activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in such cells leads to a dramatic increase in mitochondrial injury and activation of the caspase cascade.
Conducting Child Custody Evaluations in the Context of Family Violence Allegations: Practical Techniques and Suggestions for Ethical Practice

A review of the literature (i.e., Austin, 2001) and the daily practice of conducting child custody evaluations has revealed that there is an inadequacy assessing and incorporating family violence issues, including both partner and child abuse, into the context of a child custody evaluation when such allegations occur. The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges has published attempts to address the lack of adequate assessments in family violence cases (e.g., Dalton, Drozd, & Wong, 2006), however more needs to be done. The current article discusses the existing approaches in conducting child custody evaluations when family violence is alleged and provides suggestions and practical techniques for adequately considering these issues in an evaluation. The various assessment and interview techniques that can be utilized in these complex custody evaluations are presented. The techniques discussed should aid child custody evaluators, attorneys, and judges in dealing with these complex cases, such th...
Novel partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection associated with brain abscess.

BACKGROUND Right-to-left vascular shunts are associated with brain abscess. CASE REPORT We present a 47-year-old female with a cryptogenic left thalamic abscess on which Streptococcus mitis grew upon aspiration. Computed tomography of the chest with contrast agent revealed an anomalous connection between the left superior pulmonary and brachiocephalic veins. A right-to-left shunt was confirmed in a transthoracic echocardiogram study in which bubbles were injected into the left arm; this shunt had not previously been noted upon right-arm injection. CONCLUSIONS We recommend aggressive evaluation for right-to-left shunts in patients who present with cryptogenic brain abscesses. In addition to imaging, this should include a bubble-based study with left-arm saline injection.
Fatigue Crack Propagation in Transformation-Toughened Zirconia Ceramic

Fatigue crack propagation under tension-tension loading is observed in a transformation-toughened partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) ceramic containing 9 mol% MgO. Such subcritical crack growth behavior is demonstrated to be cyclically induced, based on a comparison with behavior under sustained loading (at the maximum load in the fatigue cycle) and at varying cyclic frequencies. Crack extension rates, which are measured as a function of the cyclic stress intensity range ΔK over the range 10-10 to 10-6 m/cycle, are found to be load ratio dependent and to show evidence of fatigue crack closure, similar to behavior in metals. Cyclic crack growth rates are observed at ΔK levels as low as 3 MPa m1/2 and are typically many orders of magnitude faster than reported data on environmentally assisted, subcritical crack growth in PSZ under sustained-load conditions.
Settling up in CEO compensation: The impact of divestiture intensity and contextual factors in refocusing firms

We examine the relationship between strategic change and CEO compensation by studying how a firm's refocusing program influences CEO compensation after completing the change. We contribute to the �settling up� literature by arguing that strategic change is often uncertain for both the CEO and the board of directors responsible for executive compensation. As such the firm is likely to settle up with the CEO by paying for compensation risk and effort undertaken during refocusing after the extent and impact of strategic change are better known. We find that refocusing intensity is positively related to post-refocusing CEO total compensation, suggesting that �settling up� through post hoc compensation is an important factor in strategic change. We also find that prior firm performance, governance structure and industry dynamism are important moderators of this relationship.
Supercapacitor Electrodes Produced through Evaporative Consolidation of Graphene Oxide-Water-Ionic Liquid Gels

Weusecolloidalgelsofgrapheneoxideinawater-ethanol-ionicliquidsolutiontoassemblegraphene-ionicliquidlaminatedstructures for use as electrodes in electrochemical double layer capacitors. Our process involves evaporation of water and ethanol yielding a graphene oxide/ionic liquid composite, followed by thermal reduction of the graphene oxide to electrically conducting functionalized graphene. This yields an electrode in which the ionic liquid serves not only as the working electrolyte but also as a spacer to separate the graphene sheets and to increase their electrolyte-accessible surface area. Using this approach, we achieve an outstanding energy density of 17.5 Wh/kg at a gravimetric capacitance of 156 F/g and 3 V operating voltage, due to a high effective density of the active electrode material of 0.46 g/cm 2 . By increasing the ionic liquid content and the degree of thermal reduction, we obtain electrodes that retain >90% of their capacitance at a scan rate of 500 mV/s, illustrating that we can tailor the electrodes toward higher power density if energy density is not the primary goal. The elimination of the electrolyte infiltration step from manufacturing makes this bottom-up assembly approach scalable and well-suited for combinations of potentially any graphene material with ionic liquid electrolytes.
Statistical Approaches for Detecting Transgenerational Genetic Effects in Humans

Transgenerational genetic effects occur when the genes of one generation influence the phenotype of subsequent generations without Mendelian transmission of alleles, possibly through inherited epigenetic effects. The evidence for transgenerational genetic effects in humans comes predominantly from genetic epidemiology studies, which thus presents a number of statistical challenges to their analysis and interpretation. In this chapter, we outline some of the genetic epidemiologic study designs and statistical analysis approaches that have been used to detect these effects and discuss their strengths and weaknesses.
Corrigendum to “Optimization of remotely delivered intensive lifestyle treatment for obesity using the Multiphase Optimization Strategy: Opt-IN study protocol” [Contemp. Clin. Trials 38 (2014) 251–259]

In Pellegrini et al. [1], we reported the use of a fractional factorial experimental design to examine five intervention components under consideration for inclusion in a weight loss intervention. We recently discovered that due to a clerical error, the experimental design we presented in that article, which is the design we had been implementing, was not identical to the design we originally selected and intended to implement. In this corrigendum, we present the fractional factorial design we intended to apply in Pellegrini et al., and explain how we decided to address the problem of inadvertent implementation of a partially incorrect experimental design.
Eliminating workplace hazards in the OR

Abstract Healthcare workplaces are among the most hazardous in the nation. In 2010, the Department of Labor reported 653,900 workplace injuries/illnesses occurred in healthcare, 152,000 more than the next most afflicted industry sector, manufacturing. A team from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA adapted techniques used in industry to make the OR a safer place to work through formal observations of work performed and subsequent mitigation of recognized hazards. To help guide observations, the team identified critical safe behaviors and hazardous conditions in the OR using injury data, input from a staff survey, job safety analysis, direct observation and cause and effect analysis. An observation tool from industry was customized to address hazards unique to the healthcare environment such as sharps safety. Implementation of the process has been so successful in reducing or eliminating identified hazards, which led to a 68% reduction in days away from work due to injury in the east campus operating suite, that it is being spread to other areas of the hospital including Central Processing and Environmental Services.
Some Empirical Observations on a Ten-Point Poor-to- Excellent Scale

The ordinary procedure is to give the respondent a card on which the scale has been reproduced. At the same time the respondent is shown an object to be rated -an advertisement, a package, or a product. He is then asked to state the number on the scale which comes closest to his attitude toward the object. The words in the scale are used to give meaning to the numbers, and the numbers are used to give the researcher the impression that he has a roughly equal-interval measuring instrument [2, pp. 12-16]. The device works well, and few respondents have difficulty with it. Most respondents, regardless of education, can confidently give numbers for an interviewer to record in precoded slots. A few respondents will say, "Well, somewhere between a 5 or 6," and have to be forced to make a decision. Other respondents pick a number-6, for example-and assign that rating to all objects presented. One problem is that scale data are meaningless except in context. Is a dinnerware design with a rating of 7.2 good or bad? Should a firm proceed with a design rated 5.6? Firms usually must get considerable experience using scales before their data can be usefully interpreted. This article records experience gained using a tenpoint scale in over 50 studies involving ratings of 158 objects by variegated samples of 200-300 respondents in each study. The objects rated were 81/2 x 11 black and white photographs of automobiles, mostly American, taken using controlled lighting and camera angles. Five views were shown of each automobile. The re-
Relevance of Goodwill Impairments to Cash Flow Prediction and Forecasting

This study examines the contribution of goodwill impairment information to the prediction and forecasting of future operating cash flows. Extending the framework of Barth, Cram, and Nelson, we find...
Swelling and deswelling of rabbit corneas in response to rigid gas permeable, hydrogel and elastomer contact lens wear

We determined diurnal variation in corneal thickness in rabbits prior to and following overnight wear of: (i) selected rigid contact lenses with different Dk values; (ii) hydrogel lenses of low and high water content; and (iii) elastomer lenses. The degree of contact lens-induced corneal swelling observed during 24 hours of lens wear, and the rates of deswelling in the subsequent 24 hours, correlated well with the different oxygen transmissibilities of the individual RGP contact lenses. The greatest swelling (21.6 +/- 5.4%) followed the wear of PMMA lenses. The least swelling, 2.9 +/- 4.0%, followed the wear of rigid gas permeable (RGP) Menicon SF-P (melafocon A) lenses, a value nearly identical to the swelling observed in the morning following sleep without lenses, (0.0 +/- 3.1%). By contrast, low-water content hydrogel soft contact lens use was associated with drastic corneal deswelling rates (-15.1 +/- 4.5%) during the hours after lens wear. The difference between these and control corneas was significant by paired t-test (P less than 0.01). Eyes wearing high water content lenses had less deswelling than eyes with their low-water counterparts. Corneal swelling produced by elastomer lenses was similar to that seen with RGP lenses.
Marketing in Four East European Countries

Sixty-seven managers of U.S. firms in Poland, Hungary, former Czechoslovakia, and former Yugoslavia responded to a mail questionnaire on their evaluation of the business climate in their host country. About 25% were in manufacturing, 25% in sales/marketing; 50% in basic services such as consulting, accounting, engineering, etc. They had neutral to positive feelings toward most factors in marketing except for the availability and ease of market research. The positives were surprising in view of the lack of marketing structure in the former command economies.
Incorporating Contemplative Neuroscience and Mindfulness-Based Therapies Into Pastoral Care and Counseling: a Critical Correlational Method

This paper puts forward a methodology for engaging and incorporating the findings of contemplative neuroscience into pastoral care and counseling, guided by the theological foci of critical correlation and emancipatory praxis. A key finding is that the regular practice of mindfulness, whether in the context of daily meditation and/or contemplative prayer, can reduce activity in regions of the brain associated with fear and stress. The use of mindfulness has become a central feature of several of the third-wave cognitive therapies, including Emotion Regulation Therapy (ERT), with the clinical approach to treatment guided by research on the neural bases of emotion.
Diabetes Mellitus and Outcomes of Cardiac Resynchronization With Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Therapy in Older Patients With Heart Failure.

Background— Large-scale data on outcomes with cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator in patients with diabetes mellitus are limited. We compared outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator implantation among patients with heart failure who have diabetes mellitus versus those without diabetes mellitus. Methods and Results— Survival curves and covariate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio were used to assess the risks for death, readmission, and device-related complications by diabetes mellitus status among 18 428 patients at least 65 years old receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry between 2006 and 2009, with up to 3 years of follow-up. Accounting for differences between groups, compared with those without diabetes mellitus (n=11 345), patients with diabetes mellitus (n=7083) had a higher risk of death both at 1 year (HR, 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05–1.29]; P =0.0037) and 3 years (HR, 1.21 [1.14–1.29]; P <0.001) after device implantation and higher risks of all-cause readmission (sub-HR, 1.16 [1.11–1.21] at 1 year; P <0.0001; sub-HR, 1.15 [1.11–1.19] at 3 years; P <0.0001) and heart failure–related readmission (sub-HR, 1.18 [1.09–1.28] at 1 year; P <0.0001; and sub-HR, 1.22 [1.15–1.30] at 3 years; P <0.0001). Device-related complications within 90 days did not differ between those with and without diabetes mellitus (odds ratio: 0.90 [0.77–1.06]; P =0.37). Interactions of age, sex, ischemic cardiomyopathy, renal failure, or QRS duration were not significant. Conclusions— In older patients with heart failure receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator, diabetes mellitus was independently associated with greater risks of death and rehospitalization, but similar risks of procedural complications.
G2E3 Is Required for Early Embryonic Development.

Abstract G2E3 is a putative ubiquitin ligase (E3) identified in a microarray screen for genes encoding mitotic regulatory proteins and DNA damage responsive genes. This protein was predicted to function as an ubiquitin ligase based on the presence of a c-terminal HECT domain, a common E3 catalytic domain. Three n-terminal PHD domains likely function as protein-protein interaction domains. We have demonstrated that G2E3 localizes to the nucleus and nucleolus of HeLa cells with dynamic localization responsive to external stimuli. For example, G2E3 rapidly delocalized from the nucleolus after treatment with DNA damaging agents, a property shared with several other proteins involved in DNA damage responses. The protein is extremely labile as a result of proteasome-mediated degradation, accumulating in nucleoli and aggresomes after proteasome inhibition. In this study, we determined the effect of G2E3 gene disruption. Mice were generated with a germline mutation inactivating the G2E3 gene. Animals with a heterozygous inactivation of the G2E3 gene were phenotypically normal with no overt change in development, growth, longevity, or fertility. In contrast, mice with disruption of both alleles did not survive to birth. We genotyped mice from G2E3+/− intercrosses at several embryonic stages and found that no homozygous mutant animals were identified as early as E8.5. To determine whether G2E3−/− animals survive through the earliest stages of development, blastocysts were isolated and genotyped by nested PCR. At E3.5, G2E3 gene disruption does not appear to affect viability since the numbers of wild-type, heterozygous knockout, and homozygous knockout blastocysts are similar to the expected 1:2:1 ratio. Therefore, G2E3 gene disruption does not appear to impair viability in the earliest stages of development but causes embryonic lethality prior to or at about the time of implantation. We further show by β-galactosidase staining that G2E3 is predominantly expressed within the central nervous system of the developing embryo and in the early stages of limb bud formation. These studies show that G2E3 plays an essential role in early mammalian development. The development of conditional knockout animals may be very valuable in determining the precise function of G2E3 in development and the DNA damage response.
Rate of never smokers in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.

e19007 Background: There has been significant debate about whether the percentage of never smokers is increasing in lung cancer patients (pts). Using our institutions’ registry data, our objective was to determine if the rate of never smokers is increasing among lung cancer pts. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study using lung cancer registry data from our university hospital at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and our county hospital, Parkland. These registries were queried year by year between 1990 and 2013 for gender, age at diagnosis, diagnosis of NSCLC or small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and self-reported smoking history. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the rate of never smokers in NSCLC (N=5,392) and SCLC (N=792) pts. Results: The percentage of never smokers increased among NSCLC pts between 1990 and 2013 [Table]. Univariate logistic regression demonstrated an increasing proportion of never smokers among NSCLC cases (p<0.0001 for year) and multivariate log...
Role of GPER in estrogen-dependent nitric oxide formation and vasodilation

Estrogens are potent regulators of vasomotor tone, yet underlying receptor- and ligand-specific signaling pathways remain poorly characterized. The primary physiological estrogen 17β-estradiol (E2), a non-selective agonist of classical nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) as well as the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), stimulates formation of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) in endothelial cells. Here, we studied the contribution of GPER signaling in E2-dependent activation of endothelial NO formation and subsequent vasodilation. Employing E2 and the GPER-selective agonist G-1, we investigated eNOS phosphorylation and NO formation in human endothelial cells, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the aortae of wild-type and Gper-deficient mice. Both E2 and G-1 induced phosphorylation of eNOS at the activation site Ser1177 to similar extents. Endothelial NO production to E2 was comparable to that of G-1, and was substantially reduced after pharmacological inhibition of GPER. Similarly, the clinically used ER-targeting drugs 4OH-tamoxifen, raloxifene, and ICI182,780 (faslodex, fulvestrant™) induced NO formation in part via GPER. We identified c-Src, EGFR, PI3K and ERK signaling pathways to be involved in GPER-dependent NO formation. In line with activation of NO formation in cells, E2 and G-1 induced equally potent vasodilation in the aorta of wild-type mice. Gper deletion completely abrogated the vasodilator response to G-1, while reducing the response to E2 by ∼50%. These findings indicate that a substantial portion of E2-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation and NO formation is mediated by GPER. Thus, selective targeting of vascular GPER may be a suitable approach to activate the endothelial NO pathway, possibly leading to reduced vasomotor tone and inhibition of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
Understanding and preserving caves and karst landscapes

ABSTRACT Beginning in 1903 with the creation of Wind Cave National Park, ten National Park Service units have been created because of the caves they contained. Since the establishment of the National Park Service in 1916, over 5,360 caves are known to exist within at least 99 park units. These caves are found in different types of rocks and were formed by several different mechanisms. The most prolific landscapes that have formed caves are those in soluble rocks such as limestone. Known as karst landscapes, at least 114 park units contain some amount of karst. In the early days, cave parks were developed for their commercial and recreational values. Little was known of the processes that created caves or the many resources that encompassed these entire landscapes. With the help of cave and karst enthusiasts and researchers, and the advent of cave and karst resource managers, the National Park Service has made great strides in understanding these resources. This has led to increased educational opportuniti...