cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visual diagnosis: a 15-year-old female who has cough, rash, and painful swallow.

1. Laura K. Bullen, MD* 2. Joseph A. Zenel, MD* 1. *Doernbecher Children’s Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore A 15-year-old female was in good health until 2 weeks ago, when she developed a mild cough, sore throat, and rhinorrhea. One week ago, her physician diagnosed acute right otitis media and bronchitis and treated her with amoxicillin/clavulanate. Over the past 24 hours, she has developed a painful, itchy rash on her face and trunk, blisters in her mouth, and difficulty drinking. She has had no fevers, vomiting, diarrhea, dysuria, or hematuria. She complains of vague abdominal pain. She has taken no other medications besides the antibiotic and has had no exposures to other medicines or toxins. On physical examination, she displays significant discomfort and frequently wipes spit from her mouth. Her weight is 60 kg (75th percentile), temperature is 97.3°F (36.4°C), pulse is 98 beats/min, respiratory rate is 20 breaths/min, and blood pressure is 106/64 mm Hg. Her oxygen saturation on room air is 97%. Eye examination reveals conjunctival injection and marked yellow discharge (Fig. 1). Her lips are dry and cracked, with sloughing of her buccal mucosa (Fig. 2). Chest auscultation reveals rhonchi and diffuse crackles in both lungs. Cardiac examination shows normal S1 and S2 heart sounds and no murmur. Her abdomen is soft with normal bowel sounds and no tenderness, masses, or organomegaly. She has multiple lesions on her trunk and face that consist of erythematous macules that have necrotic or vesicular centers (Fig. 3). Several small vesiculopapules with surrounding erythema are scattered over her extremities (Fig. 4). The remainder of her examination is within normal limits. Figure 1. Conjunctival injection with purulent discharge. Note vesiculopapule on nose. Figure 2. Red, cracked lips. Figure 3. Asymmetric erythematous macule with separate necrotic and vesicular centers on abdomen. Figure 4. Vesiculopapule with surrounding erythema on leg A complete blood count demonstrates a hemoglobin of 13.2 g/dL (132 g/L), hematocrit of 38.6% (0.386), platelet count of 449×10 …
Genetic studies of spectrin: new life for a ghost protein.

Spectrin, together with actin and a number of other accessory proteins, forms a submembrane cytoskeletal network in the human erythrocyte ghost. Through an elegant combination of structural, biochemical, and genetic studies, spectrin was shown to be an important determinant of erythrocyte shape and membrane stability. Genetic studies of a novel nonerythroid spectrin (βH) in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans now reveal that spectrin can influence the shape and stability of whole organisms.(1,2) Nonerythroid spectrins are proposed to have roles in cell adhesion, establishment of cell polarity, and attachment of other cytoskeletal structures to the plasma membrane. The phenotypes of the βH spectrin mutations provide an exciting biological context in which to evaluate these roles and perhaps to uncover new ones. BioEssays 20:875–878, 1998. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CO−NO and CO−O2 Interactions on Cu(100) between 25 and 200 K Studied with Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy

Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) has been used to study CO−NO and CO−O2 interactions on Cu(100) between 25 and 200 K. A strong repulsive interaction between CO and NO on Cu(100) at 25 K causes tilting of the CO molecules away from the surface normal and a blue-shift of the CO vibrational frequency. Upon warming and decomposition of the NO, the CO molecules return to a bonding position normal to the surface plane. The vibrational frequency of CO blue-shifts from 2087 to 2136 cm-1 upon coadsorption with N and O atoms formed from NO decomposition. On the other hand, the interaction of CO with O2 at 27 K on Cu(100) in the submonolayer regime induces a red-shift of the CO vibrational frequency. Atomic oxygen, formed on Cu(100) by dissociation of O2 at 95 K, induces a blue-shift of the vibrational frequency of coadsorbed CO to 2116 cm-1. The CO vibrational frequency shifts to 2091 cm-1 when the surface is annealed to 140 K, implying a change in the adsorption geometry of the oxygen atoms on Cu...
Accessible contextual information for urban orientation

We present Talking Points, an urban orientation system based on the idea that an individual's walking journey can be enhanced by providing contextual information about points of interest (POIs) along their route. Our formative research revealed numerous ways to provide serendipitous and task-critical information for both sighted and visually impaired users as they navigate through an urban environment on foot. Based on this, we developed a prototype system comprised of the following: an unobtrusive mobile device to present the user with contextual information; a socially maintained online database containing information about POIs; software that is accessible via both a graphical and a speech user interface; and location "tags" to be detected by the unobtrusive device. This socially maintained urban orientation and contextual information system offers relevant, dynamic, and up-to-date information, a combination which may not otherwise be accessible.
The kids are all right but the lesbians aren't: Queer kinship in US culture

This article examines the troubling erasure of queer difference (and particularly feminist and lesbian difference) in the seemingly benign and inclusive depiction of gay parents and gay kids. Focus...
Technology innovation risk mitigation and organizational strategy: A balanced framework for technology managers

The management of technology encompasses the ability of organizations to effectively manage the intersection of the creation and life cycle of technological innovations and business strategies. With aggressive efforts to transition to a more sustainable environment through energy-smart products and processes, it is critical that the leaders and managers leading the charge are effectively balancing the potential risks with the rewards, understanding that it is a gradual transformation, of use and behavior, over a period of time that holds the key in creating long-term change. This research seeks to create a framework of strategies and processes associated with technology risk mitigation, and organizational integration of cross functional/ interdisciplinary teams and activities of which are both critical in helping leaders have the right structure in place to ask the right questions, get the right answers and make the right decisions in effectively managing energy smart innovations for a sustainable future.
Design and analysis of an adaptive fuzzy power system stabilizer

Power system stabilizers (PSS) must be capable of providing appropriate stabilization signals over a broad range of operating conditions and disturbances. Traditional PSS rely on robust linear design methods. In an attempt to cover a wider range of operating conditions, expert or rule-based controllers have also been proposed. Fuzzy logic as a novel robust control design method has shown promising results. The emphasis in fuzzy control design centers around uncertainties in system parameters and operating conditions. Such an emphasis is of particular relevance as the difficulty of accurately modelling the connected generation is expected to increase under power industry deregulation. Fuzzy logic controllers are based on empirical control rules. In this paper, a systematic approach to fuzzy logic control design is proposed. Implementation for a specific machine requires specification of performance criteria. This performance criteria translates into three controller parameters which can be calculated off-line or computed in real-time in response to system changes. The robustness of the controller is emphasized. Small signal and transient analysis methods are discussed. This work is directed at developing robust stabilizer design and analysis methods appropriate when fuzzy logic is applied.
Adaptive 2D finite element simulation of metal forming processes

The development and integration of available current methods and the development of new methods for an adaptive finite element analysis of metal forming processes are presented
Adult smokers’ receptivity to a television advert for electronic nicotine delivery systems

Objective The aim of the present work was to examine adult smokers’ awareness of and receptivity to an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) television advert, and whether viewing the advert influenced urge to smoke and intention to try ENDS. Methods A television advert for ENDS brand blu eCigs was shown to an online convenience sample of 519 Florida adult smokers. We measured current smokers’ awareness of and receptivity to the advert, and whether seeing the advert influenced their thoughts about smoking or quitting, urge to smoke and intention to try ENDS. Results were stratified by prior ENDS use. Results Approximately 62.3% of current smokers were aware of the advert. Smokers found the advert informative (73.8%), attention grabbing (67.5%) and innovative (64.5%), with prior ENDS users rating the advert more favourably than non-users. Seeing the advert elicited an urge to smoke (mean 42.1, SD=1.9) and thoughts about smoking cigarettes (75.8%) as well as quitting (74.6%). Prior END users were significantly more likely than non-users to report thinking about smoking cigarettes after seeing the advert (P Conclusions Smokers are receptive to ENDS television adverts and report intention to try ENDS after viewing the advert. Future studies should monitor ENDS advertising and examine how exposure to ENDS adverts influences smokers’ use of ENDS, dual use with cigarettes and cessation behaviour.
Clues That Aid in the Diagnosis of Nonaccidental Trauma Presenting as an Apparent Life-Threatening Event

Background Apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) can encompass many different diagnoses. Nonaccidental trauma (NAT) is one potential serious diagnosis.Objective (1) To identify key elements in the history and physical exam in infants presenting with an ALTE that aid in the subsequent diagnosis of NAT; and (2) to evaluate the role of diagnostic studies in these infants in confirming the diagnosis of NAT.Design/Methods A retrospective chart review analysis, over a 2-year period, of infants with an ALTE was performed. From this group, all children with a discharge diagnosis of child physical abuse, shaken infant syndrome, or NAT were included in the study.Results 4 patients were found to be victims of NAT based on their clinical histories and physical examinations. Although confirmatory, ophthalmologic exams, skeletal surveys, and head CT scans had a lower sensitivity for NAT.Conclusions NAT should be considered when an infant is admitted for evaluation of an ALTE.
Retrieval of Ice Cloud Optical Thickness and Effective Particle Size Using a Fast Infrared Radiative Transfer Model

A computationally efficient radiative transfer model (RTM) is developed for the inference of ice cloud optical thickness and effective particle size from satellite-based infrared (IR) measurements and is aimed at potentialuse in operationalcloud-property retrievalsfrommultispectralsatelliteimagery.TheRTMemploys precomputed lookup tables to simulate the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) radiances (or brightness temperatures) at 8.5-, 11-, and 12-mm bands. For the clear-sky atmosphere, the optical thickness of each atmospheric layer resulting from gaseous absorption is derived from the correlated-k-distribution method. The cloud reflectance, transmittance, emissivity, and effective temperature are precomputed using the Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer model (DISORT). For an atmosphere containing a semitransparent ice cloud layer withavisibleopticalthickness t smallerthan5,theTOAbrightness temperaturedifferences(BTDs)between the fast model and the more rigorous DISORT results are less than 0.1 K, whereas the BTDs are less than 0.01 K if t is larger than 10. With the proposed RTM, the cloud optical and microphysical properties are retrieved from collocated observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) in conjunction with the Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data. Comparisons between the retrieved icecloudproperties(opticalthicknessandeffectiveparticlesize)basedonthepresentIRfastmodelandthose from the Aqua/MODIS operational collection-5 cloud products indicate that the IR retrievals are smaller. A comparison between the IR-retrieved ice water path (IWP) and CALIOP-retrieved IWP shows robust agreement over most of the IWP range.
Accuracy or consequential validity: which is the better standard for job analysis data?

The value of research on the accuracy of job analysis is questioned. It is argued that the traditional criteria employed to evaluate job analysis accuracy (i.e., interrater agreement and deviations from proxy true scores) provide information of little practical value. Alternative criteria focusing on the consequences of job analysis data are suggested. Consequence-oriented criteria are clarified through a review of the various inferential leaps or decision points that job analysis supports. In addition, the consequences of job analysis are also thought to be a function of the rules governing the making of job-analysis-based inferences which, unfortunately, are sometimes unspecified in even the most molecular job analysis methodologies. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Earnings‐Supplement Policies on Adult Economic and Middle‐Childhood Outcomes Differ for the “Hardest to Employ”

Data from the Minnesota Family Investment Program and the New Hope demonstration were used to determine whether experimental effects of antipoverty policies differ by parents' risk for nonemployment. Using propensity score analysis, increases in employment and income were largest in the harder-to-employ halves of both samples. However, only children in the moderately hard-to-employ quartiles (50th to 75th percentile) consistently showed improvements in school and behavior outcomes. The very-hardest-to-employ 25% experienced decreases in school engagement, and increases in aggressive behaviors, despite substantial increases in parental employment and income. In this group, increases in maternal depression, reductions in regular family routines, and smaller increases in job stability and center-based child care occurred. These factors may have counteracted the potential benefits of increased income on children.
Novel domain formation reveals proto-architecture in inferotemporal cortex

Primate inferotemporal cortex is subdivided into domains for biologically important categories, like faces, bodies, and scenes, as well as domains for culturally entrained categories, like text or buildings. These domains are in stereotyped locations in most humans and monkeys. To ask what determines the location of such domains, we intensively trained 7 juvenile monkeys to recognize 3 distinct sets of shapes. After training, the monkeys developed regions that were selectively responsive to each trained set. The location of each specialization was similar across monkeys, despite differences in training order. This indicates that the location of training effects does not depend on function or expertise, but rather some kind of proto-organization. We explore the possibility that this proto-organization is retinotopic or shape-based.
L-tryptophan: a rational anti-depressant and a natural hypnotic?

L-tryptophan is an essential amino acid which is the metabolic precursor of serotonin. Because of the evidence that serotonin deficiency may be an aetiological factor in some sorts of affective disorder and that serotonin is important in the biochemistry of sleep, L-tryptophan has been suggested as a “rational” anti-depressant and as a “natural” hypnotic. This paper reviews the biochemistry and pharmacology of L-tryptophan as well as the literature of the clinical trials that have been conducted with it and suggests that, by itself, L-tryptophan may be useful in mild cases of depression accompanied by endogenous features and cases of bipolar disorder resistant to standard treatments. It also potentiates the monoamine oxidase inhibitors and possibly the serotonergic tricyclic drugs. L-tryptophan may improve the depressed mood of Parkinsonian patients and has a clinically useful hypnotic action. There is evidence it may be useful in organic mental disorders induced by levodopa. Dosage schedules, contraindic...
Modeling, simulation and sensitivity analysis of hybrid systems

Hybrid (discrete/continuous) systems are systems that exhibit both discrete state and continuous state dynamics. In addition, these two aspects of system behavior interact to such a significant extent that they cannot be decoupled and must be analyzed simultaneously. We consider the modeling, simulation and sensitivity analysis of hybrid systems, with particular emphasis on the interactions between discrete and continuous subsystems. The discussion focuses on the hybrid automation representation of continuous time hybrid systems. Topics discussed include state event location, transfer functions for the continuous state at discontinuities, and parametric sensitivity analysis of hybrid systems.
Heat Shock Protein 90 Modulates the Unfolded Protein Response by Stabilizing IRE1α

The molecular chaperone HSP90 regulates stability and function of multiple protein kinases. The HSP90-binding drug geldanamycin interferes with this activity and promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of most HSP90 client proteins. Geldanamycin also binds to GRP94, the HSP90 paralog located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Because two of three ER stress sensors are transmembrane kinases, namely IRE1α and PERK, we investigated whether HSP90 is necessary for the stability and function of these proteins. We found that HSP90 associates with the cytoplasmic domains of both kinases. Both geldanamycin and the HSP90-specific inhibitor, 514, led to the dissociation of HSP90 from the kinases and a concomitant turnover of newly synthesized and existing pools of these proteins, demonstrating that the continued association of HSP90 with the kinases was required to maintain their stability. Further, the previously reported ability of geldanamycin to stimulate ER stress-dependent transcription apparently depends on its interaction with GRP94, not HSP90, since geldanamycin but not 514 led to up-regulation of BiP. However, this effect is eventually superseded by HSP90-dependent destabilization of unfolded protein response signaling. These data establish a role for HSP90 in the cellular transcriptional response to ER stress and demonstrate that chaperone systems on both sides of the ER membrane serve to integrate this signal transduction cascade.
Characterization of angular channel response with lowpass filters by using semi-directional antennas

The use of semi-directional antennas with signal processing in the angular frequency domain of the received voltage signal is proposed to improve characterization of the angular channel measurements. Direct deconvolution of the received signal with the gain function of the deployed antennas has been proposed to extract an angular channel estimation from a measured signal received by rotating an antenna in a given environment. In practice, significant erroneous results are caused by noise variations and the overly sensitive nature of the measurement system. In this paper, we describe the error mechanisms in the channel characterization and a method of producing angle of arrival (AoA) information independent of features of the measurement antenna patterns by filtering in the angular frequency domain. Our proposed scheme enhances the flexibility and tolerance of the angular channel sounding systems.
Memory Protection through Dynamic Access Control

Current anomaly detection schemes focus on control flow monitoring. Recently, Chen et al. [2] discovered that a large category of attacks tamper program data but do not alter control flows. These attacks are not only realistic, but are also as important as classical attacks tampering control flows. Detecting these attacks is a critical issue but has received little attention so far. In this work, we propose an intrusion detection scheme with both compiler and micro-architecture support detecting data tampering directly. The compiler first identifies program regions in which the data should not be modified as per program semantics. Then the compiler performs an analysis to determine the conditions for modification of variables in different program regions and conveys this information to the hardware and the hardware checks the data accesses based on the information. If the compiler asserts that the data should not be modified but there is an attempt to do so at runtime, an attack is detected. The compiler starts with a basic scheme achieving maximum data protection but such a scheme also suffers from high performance overhead. We then attempt to reduce the performance overhead through different optimization techniques. Our experiments show that our scheme achieves strong memory protection with tight control over the performance degradation. Thus, our major contribution is to provide an efficient scheme to detect data tampering while minimizing the overhead.
Maternal Influenza Infection Causes Marked Behavioral and Pharmacological Changes in the Offspring

Maternal viral infection is known to increase the risk for schizophrenia and autism in the offspring. Using this observation in an animal model, we find that respiratory infection of pregnant mice (both BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains) with the human influenza virus yields offspring that display highly abnormal behavioral responses as adults. As in schizophrenia and autism, these offspring display deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the acoustic startle response. Compared with control mice, the infected mice also display striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drugs. Moreover, these mice are deficient in exploratory behavior in both open-field and novel-object tests, and they are deficient in social interaction. At least some of these behavioral changes likely are attributable to the maternal immune response itself. That is, maternal injection of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid causes a PPI deficit in the offspring in the absence of virus. Therefore, maternal viral infection has a profound effect on the behavior of adult offspring, probably via an effect of the maternal immune response on the fetus.
Diffusion of Te vacancy and interstitials of Te, Cl, O, S, P and Sb in CdTe: A density functional theory study

Abstract We present an ab initio study of the diffusion profiles in CdTe of native, Te adatom and vacancy, and anionic non-native interstitial adatoms P, Sb, O, S, and Cl. A high symmetry Wyckoff position, 4(d) site, happens to be a global minimum energy location, only for O and Cl interstitials. Adatoms of P, Sb and S show an asymmetric shape of the energy diffusion barrier with two minima and two maxima in the pathway. The others, O, Cl, and Te interstitial and vacancy, show a symmetric diffusion barrier with a unique maximum and minimum. Diffusion for Te and S interstitials proceeds along the [1 1 0] channel in the crystal in a near straight line path. Diffusion for O and Cl proceeds along two nearly straight line paths along [1 1 1] and [1 1 –1]. Diffusion for P and Sb are along the [1 1 0] channel however they deviate from the straight line paths along [1 1 1] and [1 1 –1]. The rate-limiting diffusion barriers range from a low of 0.49 eV for the asymmetric diffusion path of an Sb interstitial to a high of 1.51 eV for the symmetric diffusion path of an O interstitial. The rate-limiting barriers for the others are 0.65 eV for S, 0.68 eV for both Cl and P, 1.37 eV for Te interstitial and 1.42 eV for the Te vacancy. These barriers are in agreement with the available experimental data for interstitials Te 1.40±0.02 eV, Cl 0.63±0.10 eV and S 0.64±0.02 eV. The symmetric or asymmetric nature of the diffusion path as well as the bond length and atomic coordination at the energetic-extrema positions influence the size of the diffusion energy barrier. In addition there exist two electronic signatures in the local density of states: one for the bond breaking in the symmetric diffusion barrier paths and the other in the difference in hybridization between the global minimum and global maximum energy positions for asymmetric diffusion barriers. This work should serve as a motivation for experimental verification of other barriers and elucidates the diffusion mechanisms very difficult to discover experimentally.
MTHFR polymorphisms in gastric cancer and in first-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer.

Two common mutations, 677 C→T and a1298 A→C, in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) reduce the activity of MTHFR and folate metabolism. Familial aggregation in a variable but significant proportion of gastric cancer (GC) cases suggests the importance of genetic predisposition in determining risk. In this study, we evaluate MTHFR polymorphisms in 57 patients with a diagnosis of GC, in 37 with a history of GC in first-degree relatives (GC-relatives), and in 454 blood donors. Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection was also determined. An increased risk was found for 677TT in GC patients with respect to blood donors (odds ratio (OR) = 1.98), and statistical significance was sustained when we compared sex–age-matched GC patients and donors (OR = 2.37). The 677TT genotype association with GC was found in women (OR = 3.10), while a reduction in the 667C allele frequency was present in both the sex. No statistically significant association was detected when 677–1298 genotype was stratified by sex and age. Men of GC-relatives showed a higher 1298C allele frequency than donors (OR = 4.38). Between GC and GC-relatives, HP infection frequency was similar. In conclusion, overall findings support the hypothesis that folate plays a role in GC risk. GC-relatives evidence a similar 677TT frequency to that found in the general population.
FABRICATION OF Si NANOCOLUMNS AND Si SQUARE SPIRALS ON SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER COLLOID SUBSTRATES

Amorphous silicon nanocolumns, square nanospirals, and multilayer spiral/column rods are fabricated on bare Si substrates and monolayer colloid substrates by glancing angle deposition. The grown films are studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The size of the deposited Si columns and spirals increases with the size of colloid particles for fixed incident angle of deposition flux. The feasibility of fabricating separated, well-ordered square spirals provides a cost effective and simple way to fabricate photonic crystals.
Application of Proanthocyanidins from Peanut Skins as a Natural Yeast Inhibitory Agent

: Proanthocyanidins were extracted from peanut skins and investigated for their antimicrobial activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and Zygosaccharomyces bisporus in traditional growth media (Sabouraud Dextrose and Maltose broth) and a simulated apple juice beverage. Peanut skins extracts (PSE) were prepared through a multisolvent extraction procedure. The PSE extended the lag phase growth of the 3 yeasts studied at a concentration of 1 mg/mL and at 10 mg/mL yeast growth was totally inhibited for 120 h. PSE was fractionated by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography and the active components/fractions were determined. Compounds present in the fractions were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine the compounds responsible for inhibition. Fractions consisting mostly of A-type proanthocyanidin dimers, trimers, and tetramers showed the highest percent inhibition toward the yeasts tested in this study. Both optical density (OD) and standard enumeration plating methods were performed in this study. The OD method led to an overestimation of the inhibitory effects of PSE, the 2 methods agreed in respect to treatment effects but not the severity of the inhibition. Practical Application: There is a growing consumer demand for “fresh like” products containing reduced amounts of chemical preservatives without compromising food safety and quality. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if an extract of peanut skins containing flavonoid rich compounds could function as a natural antimicrobial in a model beverage system. Proteins were removed through the process of producing the peanut skin extract, thus it is unlikely to contain peanut allergens. The antimicrobial compounds mentioned in this study were successfully integrated into a model beverage system, and were found to have antimicrobial effect. However, the incorporation of these compounds would likely lead to negative sensory attributes at the concentration needed to achieve an appreciable antimicrobial effect alone.
Electromigration and adhesion

It has been demonstrated that, in those instances where electromigration-induced mass transport is dominated by interfacial diffusion, the adhesion at the interface where mass transport is primarily taking place is related to the electromigration flux. Furthermore, it is shown that the cohesive energy of the interface is directly related to the activation energy for diffusion.
Lasers as Production Tools

The laser is a unique source of electromagnetic radiation. Its monochromatic wavelength lies in the electromagnetic spectrum between the ultraviolet and the infrared. It is a coherent light source whose rays can be focused to extremely small spots, thus delivering brightness high enough to drill holes in diamonds.
Social networks, social capital, and the use of information technology in the urban village: A study of community groups in Manchester, England

underresourced or socially excluded communities in manchester, england demonstrate active use of information technologies despite continuing digital inequalities. a systematic look at 31 grassroots community groups, at how they use it and who helps them, reveals possible mechanisms towards a more inclusive network society. social network and social capital theories help make apparent how people are self-organizing with respect to information technology in ways that reach across ethnicity, class, gender, and generations for skilled help, yet stay close to their strong-tie, bonding-social-capital networks, relying largely on people in their own communities. based on 25 measures of it use, the groups fall into three progressively more extensive categories: downloaders (using computers and the internet, particularly e-mails), uploaders (maintaining a group web presence), and cyberorganizers (helping others to become uploaders or downloaders). these categories align with each individual group's purpose.
A Theoretical Foundation of Ambiguity Measuremet

Ordering alternatives by their degree of ambiguity is a crucial element in decision-making processes. The current paper introduces an empirically applicable, stake-independent ambiguity measure that allows for such ordering. This measure relies upon the idea that, in the presence of ambiguity, probabilities are themselves uncertain, and related preferences are applied to these probabilities such that aversion to ambiguity is defined as aversion to mean-preserving spreads in probabilities. Thereby, the degree of ambiguity can be measured by the volatility of probabilities. The applicability of this measure is demonstrated by incorporating ambiguity into an asset pricing model.
Large Q 2 electrodisintegration of the deuteron in the virtual nucleon approximation

The two-body breakup of the deuteron is studied at high-Q{sup 2} kinematics, with the main motivation to probe the deuteron at small internucleon distances. Such studies are associated with the probing of the high-momentum component of the deuteron wave function. For this, two main theoretical issues have been addressed: electromagnetic interaction of the virtual photon with the bound nucleon and the strong interaction of produced baryons in the final state of the breakup reaction. Within virtual nucleon approximation we developed a new prescription to account for the bound nucleon effects in electromagnetic interaction. The final-state interaction at high-Q{sup 2} kinematics is calculated within the generalized eikonal approximation (GEA). We studied the uncertainties involved in the calculation and performed comparisons with the first experimental data on deuteron electrodisintegration at large Q{sup 2}. We demonstrate that the experimental data confirm the GEA's early prediction that the rescattering is maximal at approx70 deg. of recoil nucleon production relative to the momentum of the virtual photon. Comparisons also show that the forward recoil nucleon angles are best suited for studies of the electromagnetic interaction of bound nucleons and the high-momentum structure of the deuteron. Backward recoil angle kinematics show sizable effects owing to themore » DELTA-isobar contribution. The latter indicates the importance of further development of the GEA to account for the inelastic transitions in the intermediate state of the electrodisintegration reactions.« less
Untimely Interventions?: David Kennedy on Humanitarianism as a Vocation

This is a short Book Review of David Kennedy', THE DARK SIDES OF VIRTUE: REASSESSING INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIANISM. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press (2004), originally published on the Global Law Books site.
Nanodomain Size Distribution in Relaxor Ferroelectrics Determined from Temperature Dependent Raman Scattering

Relaxors (PZN, in particular) is an important class of self-assembled nanostructure composite ferroelectric oxides (or perovskite) materials. The interesting features associated with the nanoregions/nanodomains required to describe these relaxors give rise to the most relevant device related characteristics and peculiar physical properties in these materials. In addition, they possess astronomical property coefficients by themselves or when modified with lead titanate (PT) forming solid solution. In the past, we conducted temperature dependent Raman scattering studies on solid solution (1−x)PZN−xPT relaxors single crystals with varying composition; x = 0.02, 0.085, and 0.11. These studies were performed to obtain relevant information about lattice/phonon dynamics for matching the application criteria such as electromechanical actuators. We showed that the sharp structural phase transition occurs at or near 460 K which is a first-order transition by fitting two spectroscopic variables in Raman spectra for one of the representative bands occurring at 277 cm−1. Besides structural phase transition, polarization mechanism for the unpoled (x = 0.02) and poled (x = 0.05) specimens is also investigated to understand the polarization mechanism in relaxors using Raman spectroscopy. The difference in the case of poled specimen is accounted for by the influence of residual electric field. Poling also suggested an enhanced local ordering and the increase in the volume of the polar nano-regions. In the present report, we attempted to determine the nanopolar region size and distribution using the above mentioned temperature dependent Raman spectra. We discuss the most suitable mathematical form of nanodomain size distribution for such inhomogeneous material is log-normal and it is bimodal depending upon the temperature regime in addition to composition. These studies helped to determine the size distribution of nanoscopic embodiments in relaxor ferroelectrics using Raman spectroscopy as a function of temperature which is a dynamical phenomenon.
Analysis of influenza A( H3N2) subtype epidemic characteristics and HA1 gene characteristics in Ningbo in 2012

Objective To understand the epidemic characteristics of influenza A( H3N2) virus and study the HA1 gene variation situation in Ningbo city in 2012. Methods The specimens were collected from suspected cases in sentinel hospital weekly during 2012 to isolate influenza A( H3N2) subtype virus. Then the amino acid sequences were deduced and the HA1 gene characteristics were analyzed according to the nt sequence determination in HAl domain of hemagglutinin gene. Results The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the influenza A( H3N2) virus isolates in Ningbo in 2012 and the representative strains in recent years were not in the same genetic branch. More than 8 amino acid sites in HA1 domain showed difference between the influenza A( H3N2) strains in 2012 and the representative strains in 2011,and the difference of 5 amino acid sites was also found when comparied with the vaccine strain in 2012-2013. Conclusion Large variation of H3N2 strains of influenza A virus was found in HA1 gene in 2012 in Ningbo,indicating that the H3N2 strains of influenza A virus mutates frequently in recent years.
PML plays both inimical and beneficial roles in HSV-1 replication

After entry into the nucleus, herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA is coated with repressive proteins and becomes the site of assembly of nuclear domain 10 (ND10) bodies. These small (0.1–1 μM) nuclear structures contain both constant [e.g., promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), Sp100, death-domain associated protein (Daxx), and so forth] and variable proteins, depending on the function of the cells or the stress to which they are exposed. The amounts of PML and the number of ND10 structures increase in cells exposed to IFN-β. On initiation of HSV-1 gene expression, ICP0, a viral E3 ligase, degrades both PML and Sp100. The earlier report that IFN-β is significantly more effective in blocking viral replication in murine PML+/+ cells than in sibling PML−/− cells, reproduced here with human cells, suggests that PML acts as an effector of antiviral effects of IFN-β. To define more precisely the function of PML in HSV-1 replication, we constructed a PML−/− human cell line. We report that in PML−/− cells, Sp100 degradation is delayed, possibly because colocalization and merger of ICP0 with nuclear bodies containing Sp100 and Daxx is ineffective, and that HSV-1 replicates equally well in parental HEp-2 and PML−/− cells infected at 5 pfu wild-type virus per cell, but poorly in PML−/− cells exposed to 0.1 pfu per cell. Finally, ICP0 accumulation is reduced in PML−/− infected at low, but not high, multiplicities of infection. In essence, the very mechanism that serves to degrade an antiviral IFN-β effector is exploited by HSV-1 to establish an efficient replication domain in the nucleus.
Simulation of Thermal Behavior of Design and Management Strategies for Cool Pavement

This chapter uses the validated model to run temperature simulations for various factors and then identifies the significant factors affecting thermal behavior. The validated model is first used to simulate temperature for a typical pavement structure under typical climate conditions in summer (July) in Sacramento, California, a location with high summertime temperatures. Sensitivity analysis based on the simulation is conducted on some variables. Findings about the specific effects of some factors show complex correlations between these factors and temperatures of pavement and near-surface air. Depending on the identified significant factors affecting the thermal behavior, effective potential alternative design strategies are then proposed.
Facing famine: Somali experiences in the famine of 2011.

Abstract In 2011–12, Somalia experienced the worst famine of the twenty- first century. Since then, research on the famine has focused almost exclusively on the external response, the reasons for the delay in the international response, and the implications for international humanitarian action in the context of the “global war on terror.” This paper focuses on the internal, Somali response to the famine. Themes of diversification, mobility and flexibility are all important to understanding how people coped with the famine, but this paper focuses on the factor that seemed to determine whether and how well people survived the famine: social connectedness, the extent of the social networks of affected populations, and the ability of these networks to mobilize resources. These factors ultimately determined how well people coped with the famine. The nature of reciprocity, the resources available within people’s networks, and the collective risks and hazards faced within networks, all determined people’s individual and household outcomes in the famine and are related to the social structures and social hierarchies within Somali society. But these networks had a distinctly negative side as well—social identity and social networks were also exploited to trap humanitarian assistance, turn displaced people into “aid bait,” and to a large degree, determined who benefited from aid once it started to flow. This paper addresses several questions: How did Somali communities and households cope with the famine of 2011 in the absence of any state-led response—and a significant delay in a major international response? What can be learned from these practices to improve our understanding of famine, and of mitigation, response and building resilience to future crises?
Characteristics of Maple Syrup Processed from Bleach-Treated Sap1

Recently an undefined off-flavor was detected in syrup produced from sap flowing from tubing systems cleaned with bleach. To identify if bleach was the source of the off-flavor, samples of maple sap, to which various concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (a common sanitizing solution) were added, were processed to syrup. Three tasters detected off-flavors in all experimental syrups, except the control, and associated them with the sodium and chloride level. An off-flavor was described as "salty" with a minimum sodium level of 2,500 ppm and a minimum chloride level of 3,930 ppm and an off-flavor called "undefined" was detected in syrups with a minimum sodium level of 139 ppm and chloride level of 380 ppm. A dramatic two-color-grade change occurred in syrup produced from sap with the highest bleach-to-sap ratio, and was associated with a pH decrease and invert sugar increase.
Review: Two Films by Errol Morris: The Thin Blue Line and Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr.: Two Films by Errol Morris

The Thin Blue Line American Playhouse, Channel Four Television Corporation, Third Floor Productions, 1988, 102 min. Mr. Death: The Rise and Fall of Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. Channel Four Films, Fourth Floor Pictures, Independent Film Channel, and Scout Productions, 1999, 90 min. > The historical world, [Bill] Nichols suggests, is not just something that we imagine, even though we can have no perception of it that is not mediated by our imagination of it. The historical world is something that lies outside and beneath all our representations of it. It is a “brute reality” in which “objects collide, actions occur, [and] forces take their toll.” Documentary is therefore not the representation of an imaginary reality; it is an imaginative representation of an actual historical reality. This aligns Nichols's definition of documentary more closely with the common-sense definition of [John] Grierson than with those that suggest that documentary is no more than a kind of fiction that denies its fictional status. Of course, our perceptions of and ideas about historical (i.e., actual) reality can only be communicated to others in conventional ways. > > — Dirk Eitzen , 19951 > Rashomon is not a movie about the subjectivity of truth. That there's no objective truth, just subjective truth. A truth for you, a truth for me. On the contrary, it's a movie about how everybody sees the world differently. But the claim that everybody sees the world differently is not a claim that there's no reality. It's a different kind of claim. What really surprised me on re-watching Rashomon is that you know what really happened at the end. It's pretty damn clear. > > — Errol Morris , 20042 In 1985, director (and erstwhile private investigator) Errol Morris became interested in the trial of Randall Adams, who by then had served almost a decade for the murder of a Dallas police officer. As a product of his investigation, Morris released The Thin Blue Line , a film that documents gaping flaws in Adams's conviction through a series of revealing interviews that culminate in a taped confession to the murder by the prosecution's chief witness, David Ray Harris. The …
Two-dimensional heterojunction interlayer tunnel FET (Thin-TFET): From theory to applications

We review the conception and development of two-dimensional heterojunction interlayer field effect transistor (Thin-TFET), where a steep subthreshold swing (SS) and a high on-current are estimated theoretically. The Thin-TFET has been experimentally demonstrated using WSe 2 /SnSe 2 stacked heterostructures, where the SS is mostly likely limited by the interfacial trap density of states and the parasitic MOSFET. Due to its vertical stacking structure, Thin-TFET intrinsically has a smaller gate-drain capacitance compared to the conventional lateral pin-TFET. In turn, this results in mitigated Miller Effect in Thin-TFET thus reducing dynamic energy dissipation in circuits.
Clinical Significance of Deeper Molecular Responses with Four Modalities of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors As Frontline Therapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Abstract 164 Background: The achievement of a major molecular remission (MMR) after imatinib therapy in pts with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in chronic phase (CP) predicts for decreased risk of events, but has little impact in overall survival (OS) among patients with complete cytogenetic response (CCyR). Deeper molecular responses (MR), including undetectable transcripts, are frequently sought in patients with CML treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), but the prognostic significance of these responses is not known. Objectives: To determine the long-term clinical significance of achieving deeper level of MR achieved after therapy with TKI for CML in CP. Methods: Pts were included in clinical trials for initial therapy for CML with one of the following modalities: imatinib 400mg/day (IM400), imatinib 800mg/day (IM800), nilotinib (NILO) and dasatinib (DASA). We defined the level of MR as MMR, MR4, MR4.5 and undetectable transcripts (UND), corresponding to an ABL/BCR-ABL ratio (International Scale) of ≤0.1%, ≤0.01%, ≤0.0032%, and undetectable transcripts (minimum sensitivity 4.5-log), respectively. Results: A total of 495 pts were treated: 83 pts with IM400, 204 with IM800, 106 with NILO and 102 with DASA. At presentation leukocyte counts were higher in the NILO group (41.5 vs 22.2, 27.5 and 27×10 9 /L for IM400, IM800 and DASA pts). All other patient characteristics were equally distributed across the 4 treatment groups. After a median follow-up of 73 months (2 to 142), complete cytogenetic response (CCyR) was achieved in 88%. CCyR rates for IM400, IM800, NILO and DASA pts were 82%, 88%, 90% and 90%, respectively. Best level of MR for the entire population was: Conclusion: Most patients treated with TKI as initial therapy for early CP CML achieve a MR during the course of treatment. BCR-ABL transcripts become undetectable in a significant fraction of them. Achieving a MMR or better at 18 months or 24 months is associated with significantly superior 6-years OS, TFS and EFS. These result suggest that deeper molecular responses (MMR and beyond) are associated with clinical benefit, with a particularly good outcome for those achieving undetectable transcript levels. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Imatinib, dasatinib and nilotinib frontline for chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia on clinical trial. Kantarjian: Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Ariad: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding. Jabbour: Pfizer: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria. Ravandi: Bristol-Myers-Squibb: Research Funding. Cortes: Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ariad: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding.