cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parkinson's disease: 10 years of progress, 1997–2007

Many people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their family members ask their physicians "What is happening in research on Parkinson's disease? Is there anything new?" As the initial speaker at the symposium organized by the Parkinson's Disease Foundation in celebration of its 50th anniversary, I sought to address these questions, focusing on research published between the years 1997 and 2007. I cataloged the advances I considered most important in the field, recognizing my viewpoint is a subjective one and most likely differs from similar listings that others would put together. Space limitation allows me to discuss only a tiny fraction of the remarkable new findings that have been discovered during this 10-year span. Nevertheless, I expect the readers of this summation of advances in the field to be as impressed as I am on the wealth, breadth, and excitement stirring in the field of PD research. Included in this overview are highlights in both laboratory science and clinical science of PD research. In the former category are advances in knowledge on the genetics of PD; potential etiologic and pathogenic causes, especially the better understanding of endogenous factors within dopaminergic neurons; pathologic changes including deposition of alpha-synuclein aggregates; and the consequences of altered alpha-synuclein on the degradation of proteins by both the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway and the lysosome. Clinical science has also been very active and impressively productive with important clinical advances. In this category are new information on the epidemiology of PD, including awareness of additional factors (besides smoking) that might slow the onset and worsening of PD, such as caffeine and urate; neuroimaging with positron emission tomography and single photon emission tomography; keener awareness of nonmotor features of PD and their impact on quality of life for the persons with PD and their family; recognition of behavioral complications of medications utilized to treat PD, such as impulse control problems; appreciation of the natural history of PD with the increasing impairments as the disease relentlessly worsens over time; the many controlled clinical trials attempting to slow the progression of the disease and to provide new symptomatic therapies; and surgical approaches to alleviate symptoms and progression, including cellular and gene therapy as well as deep brain stimulation.
Race and Juvenile Incarceration: A Propensity Score Matching Examination

Disproportionate minority contact is an important issue in contemporary juvenile justice. Few studies have directly examined the link between race and judicial decision to incarceration. Using official data from Pennsylvania (n = 41,561), this study added to this literature in two ways. This study used propensity score matching to obtain a purer estimate of the influence race has on the decision to petition a case to juvenile court. The results indicated that prosecutors use perceptual shorthand in making this decision that hinges on race. Specifically, blacks were more 1.28 times more likely than whites to have their case petitioned to juvenile court.
Increased peptide promiscuity provides a rationale for the lack of N regions in the neonatal T cell repertoire

Abstract Making use of mice deficient for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) expression and a random peptide library, we have examined the diversity and peptide specificity of the neonatal T cell repertoire specific for a single H-2D b -restricted peptide. Consistent with the predicted decrease in repertoire diversity, polyclonal CTL lines and individual clones from different TdT° mice are more similar to each other than those from different wild-type mice in terms of their finger-prints of cross-reactivity to the library and their TCR sequences. We have also found that several TdT° CTL clones cross-react with many more library peptides than wild-type CTL clones. In a few instances, the degree of peptide promiscuity correlates with TCR sequence characteristics such as N region addition and homology-directed recombination, but not CDR3 loop length. Based on epitope titrations for each clone, TCR affinity for antigen is consistently high; thus, this reduced specificity for peptide may coincide with an accentuated affinity for the α helices of the MHC. Peptide promiscuity in the neonate may allow the relatively small numbers of T cells in the periphery to protect against a broader range of pathogens.
Flux of dissolved organic carbon and pore water through the substrate of a Spartina alterniflora marsh in North Carolina

Abstract The export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a sandy substrate Spartina alterniflora marsh in North Carolina was studied from August 1982 to July 1983. DOC of the pore water was determined using a total organic carbon analyzer and was reliably estimated by measuring the absorbance of the pore water. DOC ranged between 1 and 6 mg l −1 and was highest during summer and lowest in winter. Based on hydraulic conductivity calculations, over 34 000 1 year −1 of pore water was exported through the 1×25 m transect perpendicular to a tidal creek. Most of this flux (over 90%) occurred within 2 m of the creek bank. Based on this pore water flux, belowground DOC export was only 1·52 g Cm −2 year −1 .
High-energy product exchange-spring FePt/Fe cluster nanocomposite permanent magnets

Abstract In this paper, we report on the production of Fe cluster/FePt matrix nanocomposite permanent magnets. Monodispersed Fe clusters with sizes below 10 nm were formed by gas aggregation techniques. These Fe clusters were imbedded in an FePt matrix by alternate deposition from two sources. Specimens with a range of Fe cluster phase content from 0 to 30 vol% were produced by controlling deposition times from each source. As-deposited FePt formed in the A1 structure; thus, post-deposition heat treatment was necessary to form the hard magnetic L10 FePt compound. A single-step heat treatment at 600 °C for 10 min leads to nanocomposite structures with excellent magnetic properties. The coercivity decreased with increasing Fe cluster content, while the energy product initially increased, reaching a maximum of almost 18 MGOe, and then decreased at higher Fe cluster content. Secondary heat treatment at 500 °C significantly improved the magnetic properties when compared with the single-step heat treatment at 600 °C. Increased coercivity and remanence was observed, resulting in energy products of 21 MGOe. The energy products are close to 70 percent greater than expected for uncoupled systems.
Cartan invariants for the restricted toral rank two contact Lie algebra

Abstract Restricted modules for the restricted toral rank two contact Lie algebra are considered. Contragredients of the simple modules, Cartan invariants, and dimensions of the simple modules and their projective covers are determined.
Toxic Effects of Marihuana Tar on Mouse Skin

Tar obtained from Cannabis sativa was dissolved in acetone and painted on albino Swiss mice and black and white f1, hybrid mice. Microscopic examination of the skin showed squamous metaplasia of the sebaceous glands and hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and in some cases, enlargement and hyperehromasia of nuclei and poor cellular polarity in the squamous epithelium. Since metaplasia of sebaceous glands correlates with carcinogenicity, C sativa tar might prove to be carcinogenic.
The Adolescent Brain and the Emergence and Peak of Psychopathology

Adolescence is a period of heightened emotionality and increased risk for mental illness, affecting as many as one in five persons. This article reviews recent human imaging and animal studies that demarcate adolescent specific changes in brain and behavior that may help to explain this period of increased risk for psychopathology. We highlight adolescence as a sensitive period when: 1) the environment has particularly strong influences on brain and behavior and 2) normative changes in brain development can lead to an imbalance between rapidly changing limbic circuitry and relatively slower developing prefrontal circuitry. This imbalance can be exacerbated by both genetic and environmental influences leading to less capacity to regulate emotions and higher risk for psychopathology. We discuss these findings in the context of understanding who may be at greatest risk for psychopathology and when and how to best treat symptoms of emotional dysregulation.
A novel adaptive sliding mode control with application to MEMS gyroscope

This paper presents a new adaptive sliding mode controller for MEMS gyroscope; an adaptive tracking controller with a proportional and integral sliding surface is proposed. The adaptive sliding mode control algorithm can estimate the angular velocity and the damping and stiffness coefficients in real time. A proportional and integral sliding surface, instead of a conventional sliding surface is adopted. An adaptive sliding mode controller that incorporates both matched and unmatched uncertainties and disturbances is derived and the stability of the closed-loop system is established. The numerical simulation is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. It is shown that the proposed adaptive sliding mode control scheme offers several advantages such as the consistent estimation of gyroscope parameters including angular velocity and large robustness to parameter variations and external disturbances.
Do markets overreact: International evidence

Abstract In this paper, using the Conrad and Kaul's methodology we test for the overreaction hypothesis – which maintains that stock prices systematically overshoot and therefore their reversal can be predicted from past performance — in seven industrialized countries. Consistent with the findings of Conrad and Kaul, we see no evidence of overreaction in the US. However, returns to long-term contrarian strategies in other countries seem to be generally significant. Moreover, we find that in the majority of the countries, while returns to arbitrage portfolios based on price are higher than those based on size, the latter generally outperform the winner–loser arbitrage portfolios.
Effects of Exercise Training on Resting Energy Expenditure and Lean Mass During Pediatric Burn Rehabilitation

Severe burns cause profound hormonal and metabolic disturbances resulting in hypermetabolism, reflected in extreme elevation of resting energy expenditure (REE) and extensive skeletal muscle catabolism. Aerobic and resistive exercise programs during rehabilitation have shown substantial benefits, although whether such training potentially exacerbates basal metabolism is unknown. Therefore, the effects of exercise training on REE during the rehabilitation of severely burned pediatric patients were examined. Children with 40% total body surface area burns and greater were enrolled at admission to the burn intensive care unit to participate in a 12-week, hospital-based exercise program (EX) or a home-based standard of care program (SOC), commencing 6 months after injury. Twenty-one patients (aged 7-17 years) were enrolled and randomized to SOC (n = 10) or EX (n = 11). Age, sex, and total body surface area burned were similar. Mean change (+/-standard deviation) in REE, normalized to individual lean body mass, was almost negligible between SOC and EX group patients (SOC, 0.03 +/- 17.40% vs EX, 0.01 +/- 26.38%). A significant increase in lean body mass was found for EX patients (SOC, 2.06 +/- 3.17% vs EX, 8.75 +/- 5.65%; P = .004), which persisted when normalized to height (SOC, 0.70 +/- 2.39% vs EX, 6.14 +/- 6.46%; P = .02). Peak torque also improved significantly more in EX patients (SOC, 12.29 +/- 16.49% vs EX, 54.31 +/- 44.25%; P = .02), reflecting improved strength. Exercise training significantly enhanced lean mass and strength, without observed exacerbation of postburn hypermetabolism. Therefore, the use of exercise conditioning as a safe and effective component of pediatric burn rehabilitation is advocated.
Extension of equilibrium turbulent heat flux models to high-speed shear flows

An algebraic heat flux truncation model was derived for high-speed gaseous shear flows. The model was developed for high-temperature gases with caloric imperfections. Fluctuating dilatation moments were modelled via conservation of mass truncations. The present model provided significant improvements, up to 20%, in the temperature predictions over the gradient diffusion model for a Mach number ranging from 0.02 to 11.8. Analyses also showed that the near-wall dependence of the algebraic model agreed with expected scaling, where the constant Prandtl number model did not. This led to a simple modification of the turbulent Prandtl number model. Compressibility led to an explicit pressure gradient dependency with the present model. Analyses of a governing parameter indicated that these terms are negligibly small for low speeds. However, they may be important for high-speed flow.
Physical insights on nanoscale multi-gate CMOS design

Several studies of multi-gate silicon MOSFETs are overviewed to convey physical insights on the (front-end) design of nonclassical nanoscale CMOS. The studies imply that double-gate (DG) FinFETs have mainstream potential, and the suggested device designs are pragmatic and doable. Numerical device simulations and UFDG/Spice3 device/circuit simulations suggest that pragmatic DG-FinFET CMOS can be optimally designed to yield outstanding performances in all applications, with good tradeoffs between speed and power consumption as the gate length is scaled to less than 10 nm.
Induction Heating of Long Cylindrical Charges

With the remarkable expansion of induction heating applications during recent years, a growing number of persons is being involved in the design and operation of induction heating equipment. While the general principle of induction heating is obvious to most, the concepts of certain important peculiarities such as skin effect, including its bearing on the intensity of heat generation, are not as widely understood. One reason for this state lies in the classic approach by partial differential equations1,2 involving operations with which many engineers interested in induction heating are not familiar. A previous paper by the author offered a new approach for the analysis of the induction heating effect by using concepts commonly applied to a-c engineering and not involving differential equations.3 A limitation of that paper consisted in the assumption that the radius of the charge will be very large in comparison with the so-called depth of penetration. It is the object of this paper to cast off this limitation and hence provide an analysis which is valid for any size of the radius of the charge and the depth of penetration. The generated heat is expressed in terms of rapidly converging series. The analysis is applied finally to the case where the charge is subdivided into a number of cylindrical rods. It is shown that for one certain radius of the individual rods, the inductor efficiency reaches a maximum. While in the case of a single (not subdivided) charge, the inductor efficiency cannot increase over a certain limit depending on the material of the charge, the subdivision of the charge removes such limitation, and inductor efficiencies can approach asymptotically 100 per cent for any material.
Molecular basis of phenotype expression in homocystinuria

Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) deficiency is the most common cause of homocystinuria in humans. The human gene maps to chromosome 21q22.3 and encodes the CBS subunit of 551 amino acid residues (63 kDa). CBS, a tetramer of these subunits, binds its two substrates, homocysteine and serine, and three additional ligands: pyridoxal 5′-phosphate,S-adenosylmethionine, and haem. Screening for mutations by expressing patient cDNA segments inE. coli permitted us to separate the parental CBS alleles, localize each mutation within one third of the cDNA, and functionally analyse the mutant protein. Using this method we identified the first 14 mutations in homocystinuria. The most common mutation in patients of predominantly ‘Celtic’ origin is the G919A transition which substitutes serine for glycine 307.
Functional group polysulphones by bromination-metalation

Abstract A variety of functional groups can be substituted on aromatic polysulphones by a process of bromination followed by metalation. Both Udel polysulphone and Radel polyphenylsulphone were brominated at room temperature using bromine without a catalyst. Repeat units containing two bromine atoms at the electrophilic site in the bisphenol portion were obtained when excess reagent was used. These polymers readily undergo metal-halogen exchange with n-butyllithium. The resulting polyanionic lithiated polysulphones are reactive to a variety of electrophiles and give polymers containing functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl. These polymers are useful as membrane materials.
α-Organoelement Nitrones: Synthesis, Properties, and IR and 13C NMR Spectral and X-ray Structural Characterization†

α-Organoelement-substituted nitrones have been synthesized for the first time through the reaction of the α-lithiated cyclic aldonitrones of 3-imidazoline 3-oxide, pyrroline 1-oxide, 2H-imidazole 1-oxide, and 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline 2-oxide series with electrophilic reagents such as HgCl2, (CH3)3SiCl, (C2H5)3GeCl, (n-C4H9)3SnBr, Ph2P(O)Cl, Ph2PCl, PhSSPh, PhSeSePh, TsCl, and TsF. Aldonitrones of the 3-imidazoline 3-oxide and pyrroline 1-oxide series were shown to readily afford the products of the lithiation−electrophilic substitution reaction. In contrast, aldonitrones of the 2H-imidazole 1-oxide and 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline 2-oxide series react smoothly only with halogen-free electrophiles. It was found that an aldonitrone group could be lithiated and selectively reacted with electrophiles even when kinetically more acidic methylene and amino groups are present in the molecule. Characteristic features of IR and 13C NMR spectra of the compounds synthesized are discussed. Selected α-organoelement nitrones ...
Flood Management: who Benefits and who Pays

: The distribution of costs and benefits among groups in society of alternative flood management actions is examined in terms of their final incidence or resting place-their influence on real estate values. The alternatives examined include structures, disaster relief, floodproofing, watershed land treatment, floodplain zoning, and flood insurance. The impact of each alternative on the amount of flood disability cost paid by the landowner is examined and variations among alternatives are used to explain the past political success of structures and relief as compared to zoning, floodproofing, and insurance.
Palato-facial comparison ofDryopithecus (Proconsul) with extant catarrhines

Multivariate shape analysis of 15 palato-facial measurements of the RusingaD. africanus and MorotoD. major specimens in comparison with apes and monkeys fails to support the hypothesis of special relationship between the dryopithecine species and extant African pongids. TheD. africanus shares with gibbons and cercopithecoids the primitive catarrhine metrical pattern, while chimpanzees and gorillas show a different, derived pattern. TheD. major shows partial convergence on the shape pattern typifying gorillas.
A Sharp Analytical Bound on the Spatiotemporal Locality in General Two-phase Flow and Transport Phenomena☆

Abstract The objective is to understand, for any two-phase flow situation, the instantaneous spatiotemporal nature of the domain-of- dependence. The focal setting is generally nonlinear and heterogeneous, compressible two-phase flow and transport in porous media. The analytical approach develops a sequence of approximations that ultimately recast the general conservation equa- tions into an infinite-dimensional Newton process. Within this process, the spatiotemporal evolution is dictated by linear dif- ferential equations that are easily analyzed. We develop sharp conservative estimates for the support of instantaneous changes to flow and transport variables. Several computational examples are used to illustrate the analytical results.
Gluon production from non-Abelian Weizsäcker-Williams fields in nucleus-nucleus collisions.

We consider the collisions of large nuclei using the theory of McLerran and Venugopalan. The two nuclei are ultrarelativistic and sources of non-Abelian Weizs\ifmmode\ddot\else\textasciidieresis\fi{}acker-Williams fields. These sources are in the end averaged over all color orientations locally with a Gaussian weight. We show that there is a solution of the equations of motion for the two nucleus scattering problem where the fields are time and rapidity independent before the collision. After the collision the solution depends on proper time, but is independent of rapidity. We show how to extract the produced gluons from the classical evolution of the fields.
Exploring an informed decision-making framework using in-home sensors: older adults' perceptions.

Background Sensor technologies are designed to assist independent living of older adults. However, it is often difficult for older adults to make an informed decision about adopting sensor technologies. Objective To explore Bruce’s framework of informed decision making (IDM) for in-home use of sensor technologies in community-dwelling elders. Method The IDM framework guided development of a semi-structured interview. A theory-driven coding approach was used for analysis. Results Participants supported most of the elements of the framework, but not all aspects of each element were addressed. Perceived usefulness of technologies was identified as an area for framework extension. Conclusion This paper provides useful information for health care professionals to consider how to enhance IDM of older adults regarding the use of sensor technologies. The results also illuminate elements of the IDM framework that may be critical to facilitating independent living for older adults.
Enhanced Milieu Teaching: Incorporating AAC Into Naturalistic Teaching With Young Children and Their Partners

Abstract Enhanced Milieu Teaching (EMT) is an evidence-based naturalistic intervention strategy that teaches functional communication and language skills in everyday interactions with partners. In ...
Brucellosis Ontology (IDOBRU) as an extension of the Infectious Disease Ontology

Caused by intracellular Gram-negative bacteria Brucella spp., brucellosis is the most common bacterial zoonotic disease. Extensive studies in brucellosis have yielded a large number of publications and data covering various topics ranging from basic Brucella genetic study to vaccine clinical trials. To support data interoperability and reasoning, a community-based brucellosis-specific biomedical ontology is needed. The Brucellosis Ontology (IDOBRU: http://sourceforge.net/projects/idobru ), a biomedical ontology in the brucellosis domain, is an extension ontology of the core Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO-core) and follows OBO Foundry principles. Currently IDOBRU contains 1503 ontology terms, which includes 739 Brucella-specific terms, 414 IDO-core terms, and 350 terms imported from 10 existing ontologies. IDOBRU has been used to model different aspects of brucellosis, including host infection, zoonotic disease transmission, symptoms, virulence factors and pathogenesis, diagnosis, intentional release, vaccine prevention, and treatment. Case studies are typically used in our IDOBRU modeling. For example, diurnal temperature variation in Brucella patients, a Brucella-specific PCR method, and a WHO-recommended brucellosis treatment were selected as use cases to model brucellosis symptom, diagnosis, and treatment, respectively. Developed using OWL, IDOBRU supports OWL-based ontological reasoning. For example, by performing a Description Logic (DL) query in the OWL editor Protege 4 or a SPARQL query in an IDOBRU SPARQL server, a check of Brucella virulence factors showed that eight of them are known protective antigens based on the biological knowledge captured within the ontology. IDOBRU is the first reported bacterial infectious disease ontology developed to represent different disease aspects in a formal logical format. It serves as a brucellosis knowledgebase and supports brucellosis data integration and automated reasoning.
Performance of differential time-reversal for imaging and tracking of targets in clutter

We evaluate the performance of two differential time-reversal techniques for detecting, tracking and imaging moving targets in clutter. The proposed techniques provide real-time tracking capabilities with outstanding clutter rejection performance. They also exploit the distinctive features of time-reversal such as superresolution and statistical stability.
Survey of antibiotic prophylaxis for intraoral orthognathic surgery

A survey was sent to 114 oral and maxillofacial surgery residency programs to determine the prophylactic use of antibiotics with intraoral orthognathic procedures. Seventy-four percent of the programs responded. Review of the data showed that all programs used antibiotic prophylaxis for intraoral orthognathic procedures, and that penicillin or a cephalosporin were the drugs most often used. However, there was no consistent protocol for the method or duration of drug administration. A discussion of rationale for antibiotic usage, concentration, and duration is presented.
The Egg Cell: Development and Role in Fertilization and Early Embryogenesis.

Flowering plant reproduction is unusual in many features, as evidenced by the different topics discussed in this issue of THE PLANT CELL. The egg cell of flowering plants in particular displays several unique features. First, the egg cell is an integral part of the several thousands of cells forming the ovule, and it cannot be released without the aid of enzymes or microdissection. The egg cell appears to be part of a functional assemblage of cells that are fragile in isolation. Surrounding the egg cell in situ are the two synergids (collectively forming the egg apparatus) and the adjacent central cell, as shown in Figure 1. These are almost always derived from the same initial meiotic cell as the egg cell. The surrounding cells appear to provide nutrition for the egg cell and are involved in the positioning of the sperm cells to the precise site where gametic fusion occurs. Different developmental programs are invoked in both the egg and central cells by the fusion of each with a sperm cell in an event characteristic of flowering plants known as “double fertilization.” During this event, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form the zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with the two (or more) central cell nuclei, resulting in the formation of the nutritive endosperm. The developmental potential, biochemical identity, and char
Doing gender for different reasons: why gender conformity positively and negatively predicts self-esteem.

Past research has shown that valuing gender conformity is associated with both positive and negative consequences for self-esteemandpositiveaffect.Thecurrentresearch(women,n =226;men,n =175)exploredtheseconflictingfindings by separating out investing in societal gender ideals from personally valuing one’s gender identity (private regard )a nd investigating the relationship to self-esteem, through either autonomous (behaviors that are freely chosen) or pressured (behaviors engaged in due to pressure from others or situation) motivation for gender-consistent behavior (communal behavior for women and agentic behavior for men). Confirming predictions, structural equation modeling revealed that investment in gender ideals predicted pressured but not autonomous motivation whereas private regard predicted autonomous but not pressured motivation. Additionally, autonomous motivation for gender-consistent behavior was positively associated with self-esteem whereas pressured motivation was negatively associated with self-esteem. Thus, investing or valuing one’s gender identity was not shown to be costly for the self directly, but to instead influence self-esteem through motivation to enact gender-conforming behavior. Although the present research demonstrates a positive link between some aspects of gender conformity and self-esteem, we discuss how gender-conforming behavior can still have negative consequences (e.g., communal behavior in the context of male-sex-typed domains).
5‐(Methoxymethyl)‐1,3‐cyclopentadiene

[39872-54-3] C7H10O (MW 110.17) InChI = 1S/C7H10O/c1-8-6-7-4-2-3-5-7/h2-5,7H,6H2,1H3 InChIKey = RIFOWKSBHNPXRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Diels–Alder cycloaddition diene, particularly useful in prostaglandin synthesis) Solubility: sol most organic solvents. Preparative Methods: prepared via the alkylation of freshly sublimed Thallium(I) Cyclopentadienide with Chloromethyl Methyl Ether in ether (−20 °C) according to the method of Corey and co-workers.1, 2 Thallium(I) cyclopentadienide is prepared via the reaction of cyclopentadiene with thallium(I) sulfate and aqueous potassium hydroxide (eq 1).2-4 Caution: thallium and its salts are known to be highly toxic.5 Other 5-alkyl-substituted 1,3-cyclopentadienes (e.g. 5-(benzyloxymethyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene2, 6) are prepared similarly. (1) Handling, Storage, and Precautions: 5-alkyl-substituted 1,3-cyclopentadienes undergo facile double bond migration;7, 8 as such, 5-(methoxymethyl)-1,3-cyclopentadiene is typically prepared fresh and used without isolation.
Cost effectiveness of recombinant factor VIIa for treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage

Phase I/II placebo-controlled clinical trials of recombinant Factor VIIa (rFVIIa) suggested that administration of rFVIIa within 4 hours after onset of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is safe, limits ICH growth, and improves outcomes. We sought to determine the cost-effectiveness of rFVIIa for acute ICH treatment, using published Phase II data. We hypothesized that rFVIIa would have a low marginal cost-effectiveness ratio (mCER) given the poor neurologic outcomes after ICH with conventional management. We performed an incremental cost-effectiveness analysis from the societal perspective, considering conventional management vs. 80 ug/kg rFVIIa treatment for acute ICH cases meeting Phase II inclusion criteria. The time frame for the analysis was 1. 25 years: data from the Phase II trial was used for 90 day outcomes and rFVIIa complications – arterial thromboembolic events (ATE). We assumed no substantial cost differences in care between the two strategies except: 1) cost of rFVIIa (for an 80 mcg/kg dose in an 80 kg patient, assumed cost of $6,408); 2) cost of ATE side effects from rFVIIa (which also decrease quality of life and increase the chance of death); and 3) differential monetary costs of outcomes and their impact on quality of life, including disposition (home vs. nursing home), and outpatient vs. inpatient rehabilitation. Sensitivity analyses were performed to explore uncertainty in parameter estimates, impact of rFVIIa cost, direct cost of neurologic outcomes, probability of ATE, and outcomes after ATE. In the "base case", treating ICH with rFVIIa dominates the usual care strategy by being more effective and less costly. rFVIIa maintained a mCER < $50,000/QALY over a wide range of sensitivity analyses. Sensitivity analyses showed that the cost of rFVIIa must exceed $14,500, or the frequency of ATE exceed 29%, for the mCER to exceed $50,000/QALY. Varying the cost and/or reducing the utility of health states following ATE did not impact results. Based on data from preliminary trials, treating selected ICH patients with rFVIIa results in lower cost and improved clinical outcomes. This potential cost-effectiveness must be considered in light of the Phase III trial results.
Separation and analysis of iodide, bromide, and chloride ions with the packed-bed silver electrode

Summary Current-potential curves are presented for flow of solutions containing iodide, bromide, and chloride ions through a packed-bed silver electrode. It is shown that with the proper arrangement of experimental conditions these ions may be quantitatively removed from the stream. Precise separation and analysis of the halide ions within certain limits of concentration may therefore be carried out with this device.
Real Estate Valuation Under Rent Control: The Case of Santa Monica

"The object of the game is to become the wealthiestplayer through buying, renting and selling property." "Parker Brothers (1973)" Copyright American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association.
Frege and the Paradox of Analysis

In an unpublished manuscript of 1914 titled ‘Logic in mathematics’, Gottlob Frege offered a rich account of the paradox of analysis. I argue that Frege there claims that the explicandum and explicans of a successful analysis express the same sense and that he furthermore appreciated that this requires that one cannot conclude that two sentences differ in sense simply because it is possible for a (minimally) competent speaker to accept one without accepting the other. I claim that this is shown by Frege’s suggestive remarks about a cloudy grasp of a sense. I then argue that this fact calls into question a key assumption behind Frege’s master argument for the sense/reference distinction.
Growing networks with superjoiners.

We study the Krapivsky-Redner (KR) network growth model, but where new nodes can connect to any number of existing nodes, $m$, picked from a power-law distribution $p(m)\ensuremath{\sim}{m}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\alpha}}$. Each of the $m$ new connections is still carried out as in the KR model with probability redirection $r$ (corresponding to degree exponent ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{KR}}=1+1/r$ in the original KR model). The possibility to connect to any number of nodes resembles a more realistic type of growth in several settings, such as social networks, routers networks, and networks of citations. Here we focus on the in-, out-, and total-degree distributions and on the potential tension between the degree exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, characterizing new connections (outgoing links), and the degree exponent ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\mathrm{KR}}(r)$ dictated by the redirection mechanism.
Installation, preoperational testing and initial operation of the TFTR neutral beam deuterium-tritium gas delivery system

The Gas Delivery System for the TFTR Neutral Beam (NB) Heating System has been replaced with a new system which permits injection of either hydrogen/deuterium or tritium into each of the twelve Long Pulse Ion Sources (LPIS). The new gas delivery system will provide throughputs up to 100 torr-l/s of deuterium or 50 torr-l/s of tritium to each of the LPISs. The desired gas can be selected and the throughput adjusted between pulses on an individual source basis. The throughput is maintained uniform to /spl plusmn/1% throughout the injection pulse by utilizing a closed loop controller which varies the voltage applied to a piezoceramic element within piezoelectric valve as a function of the measured pressure within individual local storage plenums. The capability to "condition" the LPISs with deuterium between tritium injection pulses and maximum operational flexibility is provided by installing independent deuterium and tritium subsystems on each LPIS, A programmable logic controller provides central control, interlocks and permissives for all twelve LPISs. This paper presents the final installation and the results from preoperational testing and initial operation of the Neutral Beam Deuterium-Tritium Gas Delivery System (NB D-T GDS).
Tapered Multi-Mode Interference Waveguide for High-Power Self-Organizing Single-Mode Semiconductor Laser Arrays

A 1 × N, tapered, multi-mode interference (MMI) coupler is numerically studied for use in a self-organizing semiconductor laser-array system. The MMI structure is linearly tapered in a way such that the single-port side is wider than the N-port side. The single-port waveguide is N times wider than the other ports to maintain intensity similar to that in each of the N-port waveguides. Using such a device, the N-ports of a semiconductor laser array can be coherently combined in a self-organizing architecture. This modified MMI design increases the output power threshold for catastrophic optical damage while maintaining only single-mode excitation of a wide single port output. The device is nonadiabatic with a single-pass power transmission of 98%. A power imbalance up to 40% in a single port reduces the device efficiency by less than 1%, while a waveguide roughness as large as 70 nm rms detracts only 3% from the device efficiency. When designed to work at 1 μm wavelength, the structure has a full-width half-maximum pass-band of 10 nm, which can provide wavelength selectability when used in a self-organized semiconductor laser-array system.
Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia

Nation and Religion: Perspectives on Europe and Asia. Peter Van Der Veer and Hartmut Lehmann. eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. vii. 231 pp., bibliography, index.
Clinical experiences with minimally invasive mitral valve surgery using a simplified port accessTM technique

Objective: Using the initial experiences with the Port-Access TM technique for the treatment of mitral valve disease some changes were made thus resulting in more simple and faster procedures. Methods: Twenty-nine patients (13 male, 16 female, aged 30 to 75 years, median 62.5 ∠ 11.0 years) underwent minimally invasive mitral valve surgery between May 1996 and December 1997. The underlying diseases were: mitral valve insufficiency (n = 16), mitral valve stenosis (n = 7) and combined mitral valve disease (n = 6). Through a small right thoracotomy (5‐7 cm) access to the pericardium and the heart was gained. Cardiopulmonary bypass was instituted through femoral cannulation and an intraaortic balloon-catheter was introduced for aortic occlusion, aortic root venting and delivery of cold crystalloid cardioplegia. Mitral valve repair (five patients) or replacement (24 patients) was performed. Results: There was no death during the whole follow-up period. There was no perivalvular leak and only minor residual mitral valve regurgitation was observed on intraoperative or postoperative (3 months) transesophageal echocardiography in three patients. There was no postoperative study-related complication. Time of ventilation and intensive care unit were comparable with the data of patients undergoing conventional mitral valve surgery but hospital stay was shorter in the last 10 consecutive cases. Conclusions: This simplified technique of mitral valve surgery combines the advantage of less invasive operative and good cosmetic results with the safety of conventional mitral valve surgery. At our institution this technique presents in well selected patients suffering from mitral valve disease the procedure of choice. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
The showy invasive plant Ranunculus ficaria facilitates pollinator activity, pollen deposition, but not always seed production for two native spring ephemeral plants

Showy invasive plants can reduce pollinator visitation to native plants, resulting in a reduction of seed-set in insect-pollinated species. Seed set in native plants may also be reduced due to the presence of foreign pollen. Alternatively, additional floral resources provided by invasive plants may increase pollinator activity, and facilitate pollination of native species. Ranunculus ficaria is a perennial herb invading deciduous forests of the eastern United States. It produces many showy flowers that may influence pollinator activity in heavily invaded habitats. We compared pollinator visitation rates, stigma pollen loads, and seed production of two sympatrically flowering, entomophilous native species (Claytonia virginica and Cardamine concatenata) between habitats invaded by R. ficaria and uninvaded habitats. We found significantly higher pollinator activity (visits to plots) in invaded plots. We also found significantly higher per flower visitation rates to C. virginica in invaded plots. Claytonia virginica stigmas from invaded habitats had more conspecific pollen resulting in more seeds per capsule in invaded areas. There was more conspecific pollen on C. concatenata stigmas in invaded compared to uninvaded habitats, but there were significantly more seeds per silique in uninvaded habitats. Our results indicated that this invasive species increases pollinator activity and conspecific pollen deposition on sympatrically flowering native ephemerals, but may have differential effects on native seed production. Management options should consider the facilitative effects of this species on pollination services, as well as the possible negative competitive effects.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose by Adolescents With Diabetes: Technical Skills and Utilization of Data

Two studies of adolescent patients were conducted to determine their technical skills and utilization of data obtained by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG). In Study 1, direct observations of 58 adolescents revealed an overall SMBG technical accuracy score of 82 %. Most frequent errors were not cleaning fingers (45 %), not placing blood on strips correctly (21 %), and wiping strip at wrong time (14%). Technical performance was inversely correlated with blood glucose concentration, but was unrelated to other variables. In Study 2, a questionnaire was used to determine SMBG practices among 64 adolescents. Although the majority of patients reported doing daily SMBG, most did not record results in logbooks every time or utilize such data for self- management. No significant relationships were found between SMBG behaviors and other variables. We conclude that periodic evaluation and retraining are required for maintenance of SMBG skills and that methods to enhance utilization of SMBG data be developed fo...
Support Vector Machines for Classification

In this article, we introduce the subject of support vector machines (SVMs), describing their applications to binary and multiclass classification as well as different SVM formulations that are used in such supervised learning problems. This article is not exhaustive and many approaches have not been considered. More detailed treatments are discussed in the books by Abe, Cristianini and Shawe-Taylor, Scholkopf, and Smola and Vapnik. Keywords: support vector machines; statistical learning; multiclass classification; optimization
The Dedekind eta function

In many applications of elliptic modular functions to number theory the eta function plays a central role.
The Effects of Variations in Jet Width on the Growth of Baroclinic Waves: Implications for Midwinter Pacific Storm Track Variability

The effects of variations in jet width on the downstream growth of baroclinic waves are studied, using a simple quasigeostrophic model with a vertically varying basic state and variable channel width, as well as a simplified primitive equation model with a basic state that varies in latitude and height. This study is motivated by observations that in midwinter in the Pacific the storm track is weaker and the jet is narrower during years when the jet is strong. The linear models are able to reproduce the observed decrease of spatial growth rate with shear, if the narrowing of the jet is accounted for by assuming it decreases the meridional wavelength of the perturbations, which hampers their growth. A common suggestion has been that perturbations are weaker when the jet is strong because they move faster out of the unstable storm track region. The authors find that one needs to take into account that the jet narrows when it strengthens; otherwise, the increase of growth rate is strong enough to counteract the effect of increased advection speed. It is also found that, when the model basic state is Eady-like (small or zero meridional potential vorticity gradients in the troposphere), the short-wave cutoff for instability moves to large-scale waves as shear is increased, due to the accompanying increase in meridional wavenumber. This results in a transition from a regime where upper-level perturbations spin up a surface circulation very rapidly, and normal-mode growth ensues, to a regime where the initial perturbations take a very long time to excite growth. Since waves slow down when a surface perturbation develops, this can explain the observations that the storm track perturbations are more ‘‘upper level’’ during strong jet years and their group velocities increase faster than linearly with shear.
Physical model study of bridge contraction scour

Because scour has contributed to the collapse of a large number of bridges, many researchers have tried to find a general method of predicting scour to prevent the failure of bridge foundations. However, existing scour depth equations recommended by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in the United States generally give excessively conservative estimates of the scour depth. One reason is that these equations are based primarily on idealized and simplified laboratory experiments in rectangular flumes. In addition to idealized and simplified laboratory experiments, another possible reason for scour depth overprediction is the current practice of adding separate estimates of contraction scour and local scour when in fact these processes occur simultaneously and interact. This study focuses specifically on the hydraulic modeling of local pier scour and contraction scour. Scaled field site was constructed in the Hydraulics Laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology based on their Froude number similarity. We used several flow rates, including the 50- and 100-year peak flood discharge and the 1998 historical flood discharge from field measurements provided by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and used them to compare scour measurements (contraction scour and local scour) in the laboratory and in the field. Based on the findings, a procedure for hydraulic modeling with scaled field geometry is suggested.
Common Law Copyright and the Archivist

literary creation before publication. As such, this concept also is called the right of first publication or common law copyright. A written expression need not possess literary merit to warrant such protection. Furthermore, literary property, an intangible quality which is distinct from physical possession, does not end with the death of the author, but it exists in perpetuity until the unpublished writing is published or otherwise placed in the public domain. Common law copyright differs radically from statutory copyright, which governs published works protected under the Copyright Act. Difficult to grasp as a concept, common law copyright is complicated by legal interpretations of publication, photocopying policy, donor relations, and the privacy issue. Archivists necessarily must deal with common law copyright problems in administering unpublished writings, and they may wait years more for the salutary effect on these problems of the proposed revision of the copyright law. Letters or other writings of a donor's correspondents pose a particularly vexing problem. While a donor (or his heirs or assigns) holds literary property rights in his own writings, he has no control over literary property in a correspondent's writings even though these writings may constitute a substantial part of his papers. This discussion recognizes problems inherent in this situation, but it does not attempt to resolve them. When a donor gives his papers to a repository, he parts with physical possession of them. He retains literary property in his unpublished writings, however, unless he expressly transfers it.