cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Karl Loewenstein, Robert Post and the Ongoing Conversation between Europe and America Over Hate Speech Laws

European countries restrict hate speech, the United States does not. This much is clear. What explains this difference? Too often the current discussion falls back on a culturally rich but normatively vacant exceptionalism (American or otherwise) or a normatively driven convergence perspective that fails to address historical, cultural and experiential differences that distinguish countries and legal systems. Inspired by the development discourse of historical sociology, this article seeks to record instances where Americans or Europeans have argued their approach to hate speech laws was more “advanced” or “modern.” This article focuses on two authors whose writing appears to make these claims: Karl Loewenstein and Robert Post. A German Jewish emigre fleeing Nazi Germany, Loewenstein warned Americans that fascism was a new, modern phenomenon that required a new democracy, one that could protect itself by restricting speech. Post’s position on democracy is quite different – he finds hate speech restrictions largely incompatible with democratic legitimacy. While at times Post shows an exceptionalist unwillingness to judge Europe for its lack of hate speech laws, at other points he is quite willing to say that a stable successful democracy does not ban hate speech. Tracking the competing claims of Loewenstein and Post opens the door to a more fluid analysis of European and American positions on hate speech – one that is both comparative and normative.
Dangerous drugs: adulterants, diluents, and deception in street samples.

Caveat emptor is not just an old proverb. “Let the buyer beware” is sound advice that the user of illicit drugs would be wise to heed. The buyer of these drugs—most of them clandestinely made—does not know what he is getting.
Effect of ACL graft material on joint forces during a simulated in vivo motion in the porcine knee: Examining force during the initial cycles

This study compared three-dimensional forces in knees containing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft materials versus the native porcine ACL. A six-degree-of-freedom (DOF) robot simulated gait while recording the joint forces and moments. Knees were subjected to 10 cycles of simulated gait in intact, ACL-deficient, and ACL-reconstructed knee states to examine time zero biomechanical performance. Reconstruction was performed using bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft (BPTB), reconstructive porcine tissue matrix (RTM), and an RTM-polymer hybrid (Hybrid). Forces and moments were examined about anatomic DOFs throughout the gait cycle and at three key points during gait: heel strike (HS), mid stance (MS), toe off (TO). Compared to native ACL, each graft restored antero-posterior (A-P) forces throughout gait. However, all failed to mimic normal joint forces in other DOFs. For example, each reconstructed knee showed greater compressive forces at HS and TO compared to the native ACL knee. Overall, the Hybrid graft restored more of the native ACL forces following reconstruction than did BPTB, while RTM grafts were the least successful. If early onset osteoarthritis is in part caused by altered knee kinematics, then understanding how reconstruction materials restore critical force generation during gait is an essential step in improving a patient's long-term prognosis.
Self and Sacrifice: A Phenomenological Psychology of Sacred Pain

In a previous article published in this journal, I discussed the relation between the neurological system and some culturally prescribed forms of self-inflicted pain. I showed that the way humans experience and communicate pain depends on the cybernetic features of the peripheral and central nervous system. The body-self, our sense of coherent and embodied agency, was also discussed in its relation to neural function—Ronald Melzack's “neurosignature.” These topics traced a basic epistemology of self-inflicted pain. I showed that an intentional manipulation of systemic neural features could result in states of “self-transcendence,” or effacement, to which many mystics have aspired. These dynamics take place beneath the level of consciousness. They constitute a neuropsychology. But what happens at the conscious level, in the awareness of the self-mutilator? How do the neurological processes translate into decisions to hurt oneself, and what are the consequences of such pain? These questions are the subject of the present work. The discussion now moves to the psychological level of the experience of pain, but it builds carefully on the neurocybernetics of the previous article. There will be no deus ex machina Self who becomes magically reborn through the ordeals of pain. For reasons that will become explicit shortly, I will adhere to the strict rules of phenomenology that regulated the first article. The subject who undergoes pain will only be discussed as an expansion of the body-self.
Survival gene transfer into leukemia specific donor lymphocytes for chemoprotection post allogeneic marrow transplantation

Abstract ALL is the least responsive of all leukemias to immunotherapy with DLI after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The absence of the GVL effect is probably due to 1) poor immunogenicity of ALL cells and 2) a high proliferative capacity of the leukemia, resulting in the need for frequent chemotherapy to control the leukemic clone which has the deleterious effect of eradicating any expanding ALL-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). We have shown that the immunogenicity of ALL cells can be increased by upregulating essential (co)stimulatory molecules (B7.1&2, CD40, ICAM-1, LFA-3) using CD40 ligand. CD40 ligated ALL cells are highly efficient in inducing allogeneic T-cells to proliferate compared to untreated ALL cells. CD40ligated ALL cells can also be used to generate ALL-specific CTLs from the donor. The CTLs are protected from the toxic effects of methotrexate (MTX) or trimetrexate (TMTX) chemotherapy by introducing a drug resistant variant of dihydrofolate reductase (L22YDHFR). Gene modified ALL-specific CTLs will allow for the administration of antifolate chemotherapy which will control the leukemia and reduce the leukemia burden while the ALL-specific CTLs will be protected from the chemotherapy, expand, and eradicate the leukemia. Transduction efficiency of T-cells was measured by flow cytometry after gene modification with a replication incompetent lentivirus-based vector encoding Green Fluorescent Protein & L22YDHFR. After TMTX selection the transduction efficiency was 50% compared to 13% of T-cells not exposed to TMTX. We are currently investigating if L22YDHFR transduction significantly alters the function of antigen specific CTLs.
Liquid phase epitaxial growth of AgGaS2 using chalcogenide (sulphide) fluxes

Growth of single crystal layers of AgGaS2 by liquid phase homoepitaxy is reported for the first time. Investigation of T- X phase equilibria of several binary sulphide AgGaS2 systems indicated Sb2S3 and PbS as suitable solvents for solution growth. The phase equilibria for the systems Sb2S3AgGaS2 and PbSAgGaS2 are described and liquid epigrowth of AgGaS2 from such solutions is presented. Growth rate of AgGaS2 epilayers, under optimum conditions, from Sb2S3 solutions i 0.12 μm/min and from PbS solutions is 0.08 μm/min.
Relevance-based learning in students' early engineering education experience

Providing instruction for a First Year Engineering (FYE) course with intensive use of MATLAB, and a sophomore fundamental engineering Thermodynamics course can present challenges when attempting to find ways to engage students in the deeper meaning of the content. However, the experience of incorporating everyday example framing to relate course materials to student's contextual environment appeared to favorably influence students' classroom attitudes about learning difficult concepts as well as help them remember essential elements of the course material. These independent classroom experiences led to the design of an exploratory study examining the students' self-confidence, motivation, content appreciation, and persistence after incorporating relevance-based activities in these two courses. Preliminary results suggest that students are more engaged in class and retain key conceptual knowledge of the subject. Further, while creating everyday examples, it became apparent that many examples may offer value when used in a variety of fundamental engineering and non-engineering courses.
Recent Advances in Micro/Meso-Scale Manufacturing Processes

The development of new manufacturing processes and process enhancements at the micro/meso-scale has expanded considerably in recent years due to the demand for miniaturized products. With this increased demand comes a critical need for a fundamental understanding of the role these reduced length scales play in the various process mechanisms. Significant research has been recently performed on a wide range of micro/meso-scale manufacturing processes to understand the role of the tribological effect, size effect and other mechanisms on process performance. This paper reviews the research and state-of-the-art for micro/meso-scale mechanical cutting and related machine technologies, micro-EDM, laser micro-machining and laser shock peening, microforming, and micro-scale bio-manufacturing and polymer fabrication. These latter areas may be of particular interest as they have not received as much attention as the traditional process areas.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Absorption Bands of Ammonia Gas in the Visible

The article describes an investigation of the absorption spectrum of ammonia gas in the visible region. At 5490A an absorption region was found which was too weak for a complete investigation with the means at hand. On a second band at 6474A measurements on 57 lines are given, and the structure of the band is discussed. These two bands are the fifth and fourth overtones of an ammonia band at 3μ. Some interesting alternations of intensity are pointed out, and comparison is made with other ammonia bands of the same harmonic series. Some features of other portions of the ammonia spectrum are discussed in connection with the bands here investigated.
Geochemistry of the Arvonia Formation, Chopawamsic terrane, Virginia: Implications for source area weathering and provenance

The metasedimentary Arvonia Formation in the Piedmont Province of central Virginia ranges primarily from slates to garnet schists, which unconformably overly Middle Ordovician metavolcanic rocks of the Chopawamsic arc terrane. The formation has typically been interpreted as Late Ordovician based on poorly preserved fossils, perhaps having formed as a successor basin following accretion of the Chopawamsic arc to Laurentia. However, alternative interpretations have been proposed, including deposition outboard of Laurentia on Chopawamsic arc crust (that is, prior to accretion). Furthermore, the origin of the Chopawamsic arc as peri-Laurentian or peri-Gondwanan is an unresolved issue. We report whole-rock major and trace element compositions as well as Nd-isotopic compositions of the Arvonia Formation, and use these results to evaluate further its origin. Samples collected along the length of the outcrop belt show similar major element compositions, which are typical of shales. Chemical Index of Alteration values (68-89), corrected for K-metasomatism, indicate intermediate to extreme levels of source weathering. A majority of the samples show uniform rare-earth element (REE) patterns that are light REE-enriched with negative Eu-anomalies. A few samples display anomalous REE patterns, indicative of some disturbance of the light REE at approximately the time of deposition. A variety of trace element values or ratios indicate that Arvonia sediments are similar to shale composites (thus upper continental crust). Nd-isotopic compositions for eight samples are similar, with eNd = −5.6 to −8.9 (400 Ma). Collectively, these results are consistent with derivation of Arvonia sediments from a single source or well-mixed sources of typical upper crustal composition. The isotopic data are compatible with a Laurentian provenance, however, they are equally compatible with a strictly Chopawamsic crustal source based on available Nd isotopic data.
VORTEX RINGS IN A BOSE FLUID

Vortex rings are considered as flow patterns of a phenomenological Hartree-type fluid with parameters fitted to the observed phonon-roton spectrum. The basis of the calculations is variational, and density patterns which are constant except in vortex cores are employed. The energy of vortex lines and rings is expressed in terms of a core radius $c$, defined as the distance from the singular line of the vortex to the point of half the asymptotic density. The core size is determined by minimizing the energy and is found to be independent of the ring radius when the latter is larger than ten times the core radius. Comparing the results with the data of Rayfield and Reif, one finds $c=1.7$ \AA{}, while the phenomenological model yields half this value. The critical velocity associated with ring formation in a channel is considered following the lines of Fetter's earlier calculation. In the present calculation it is possible to incorporate the Fineman-Chase analysis of channel wall effects. Agreement with experiment is considerably improved.
Pavement Treatment Short-Term Effectiveness in IRI Change Using Long-Term Pavement Program Data

AbstractThis paper finds that pavement treatment short-term effectiveness in international roughness index (IRI) follows a polynomial relationship with a pretreatment pavement condition. Pretreatment pavement condition is an influential factor of the treatment effectiveness in the short term. This paper finds that (1) hot mill overlay can offer average reductions in IRI of 1.44 m/km IRI; (2) crack sealing can offer average reductions in IRI of 0.27 m/km IRI; (3) aggregate seal can offer average reductions in IRI of 0.31 m/km; and (4) chip seal can offer average reductions of 0.72.
Kitcher, Mathematical Intuition, and Experience

Mathematical apriorists sometimes hold that our non-derived mathematical beliefs are warranted by mathematical intuition. Against this, Philip Kitcher has argued that if we had the experience of encountering mathematical experts who insisted that an intuition-produced belief was mistaken, this would undermine that belief. Since this would be a case of experience undermining the warrant provided by intuition, such warrant cannot be a priori.I argue that this leaves untouched a conception of intuition as merely an aspect of our ordinary ability to reason. Thus the apriorist may still hold that some mathematical beliefs are warranted by intuition.
Densities of states, dynamics and intensity profiles of transmission eigenchannels of opaque media

We determine the frequency derivative of the composite phase of transmission eigenchannels and relate this to their contribution to the density of states, their dwell time and their intensity profile within the random medium.
Interface phenomena in multilayers

Abstract Critical phenomena in a variety of nanoscale multilayer materials include discontinuities of interdiffusivities at low temperatures, the “supermodulus effect” and “softening” of elastic constants of f.c.c.-b.c.c. structures. New calculations of elastic constants of (111) f.c.c. and (110) b.c.c. metallic superlattices show large changes as a function of lattice strains. The effect of structural relaxations on a number of electronic and magnetic properties is discussed and a new analytical model is developed to explain the origin of interference effects when interfaces are apart by a few interplanar spacings. This model can be extended to predict relaxations at interfaces for a variety of materials including metals, semiconductors and ceramics.
Ionospheric electron densities and temperatures in aurora

Auroral ionospheric electron densities and temperatures, discussing electron density variation and electron heating by auroral secondaries
Determination of the base composition of deoxyribonucleic acid from its thermal denaturation temperature.

The previously discovered linear relation between the base composition of DNA, expressed in terms of percentage of guanine plus cytosine bases, and the denaturation temperature, T m , has been further investigated. By means of measurements on 41 samples of known base composition the previously observed relation has been confirmed. It can be summarized thus : for a solvent containing 0·2 M -Na + , T m = 69·3 + 0·41 (G-C) where T m is in degrees Centigrade and G-C refers to the mole percentage of guanine plus cytosine. The deviations of experimental points from this relation are no more than that expected from the uncertainties of base analysis and the variations of a half degree in the reproducibility of determining the T m . Consequently it appears that the measurement of the T m is a satisfactory means of determining base composition in DNA. The T m values are most simply measured by following the absorbance at 260 m μ as a function of temperature of the DNA solution and noting the midpoint of the hyperchromic rise. Only 10 to 50 μ g of DNA are required. A number of other DNA samples of unknown base composition have been examined in this manner and their base compositions recorded.
Organic Carbon Burial and Phosphogenesis in the Antler Foreland Basin: An Out-of-Phase Relationship During the Lower Mississippian

ABSTRACT Stratigraphic analysis of Lower Mississippian successions at four localities in Utah and Wyoming establish the relative timing of a large carbon isotope excursion ( +7‰) and episode of regional phosphogenesis in the Antler foreland basin and adjacent shelf (Delle Phosphatic Member). The 13C excursion, which appears global in scope, is marked by peak values of +7.3‰ in western Wyoming, which are among the heaviest known from Phanerozoic successions. The isotope excursion is well dated to the late Kinderhookian S. isosticha and early Osagean lower G. typicus zones and precedes the Delle phosphorites of upper G. typicus Zone age. The Delle phosphatic event, which resulted in the demise of the shallow-water carbonate factory over a wide area, is marked by a heterogeneous succession of pelletal phosphatic crusts, phosphatic pisolites, and winnowed and reworked grain aggregates. The observed stratigraphic relationship between the positive 13C excursion and Delle Phosphatic Member is consistent with a scenario in which high organic-carbon burial and seawater phosphate enrichment under anoxic conditions took place in deeper water masses of the Antler foreland system. This period of high 13C in surface waters above the pycnocline was followed by an episode of persistent upwelling into a salinity-stratified water column and phosphogenesis that was triggered by regional uplift within the Antler foreland basin system in response to tectonic loading. Despite the high productivity associated with upwelling and the accumulation of organic matter on the seafloor, 13C values remained low during phosphogenesis. This is attributed to the counterbalancing effects of organic-matter oxidation during lowstands of sea level, which ventilated the water mass and resulted in sediment winnowing and condensation of phosphatic particles and the incorporation of light carbon from the upwelling water mass. A low in 13C coincident with phosphorite deposition suggests that upwelling, carbon oxidation efficiency, and phosphogenesis reached maxima at approximately the same time, a situation that may be analogous to several Precambrian-Cambrian intervals and the Middle Ordovician but is opposite to that observed for the Early Cretaceous.
Significant reduction in circuit pressure with modified plasma separation chamber for a heparin removal device

The heparin removal device (HRD), using plasma separation and poly-L-lysine (PLL) affinity adsorption, has been shown to be an effective alternative to protamine after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Previous designs of the HRD used standard Luer-Lok ((phi = 2.3 mm) port connections between the extracorporeal tubing and the plasma separation chambers, which resulted in excessively high circuit pressures (> 750 mm Hg) at an HRD flow of 1,400 ml/min. To reduce circuit pressures, we enlarged the connection ports to phi = 4.2 mm, keeping other circuit components and sorbent amounts unchanged. The modified circuit HRD was divided into the SMALL PORT group (phi = 2.3 mm, A = 4.15 mm2) and the LARGE PORT group (phi = 4.2 mm, A = 13.85 mm2) in adult swine (70+/-5 kg) given 300 U/kg heparin. A dual lumen cannula was inserted into the right atrium and connected to the HRD. Inlet pressure ranged from 749+/-42 to 795+/-57 mm Hg in the SMALL PORT group during the HRD run at 1,400 ml/min, whereas it ranged from 345+/-5 to 372+/-34 mm Hg in the LARGE PORT group (p < 0.01 between groups). Likewise, the chamber pressure ranged from 447+/-21 to 452+/-27 mm Hg in the SMALL PORT group and from 190+/-14 to 204+/-19 mm Hg in the LARGE PORT group (p < 0.01 between groups). There were no significant differences in ACT between groups. We conclude that enlarged chamber ports significantly lower circuit pressures for the HRD without changing heparin removal capability.
The Chemical Development and Scale-Up of Sampatrilat1

The discovery and scale-up of two routes to sampatrilat are described. The first Chemical R and D route used a side product from another development project to accelerate drug supply and expedite the early development programme. The second, more efficient Chemical R and D route had the potential for commercialisation and used an environmentally friendly variant of the Baylis−Hillman reaction, and an asymmetric Michael addition as key steps. Full preparative details for the aminomethacrylate 4, a potentially useful chiral synthon, are given for the first time, along with full experimental details of the asymmetric Michael addition to make the chiral glutarate 5. Finally, a striking polymorph case history is described.
New Species of Pectis (Asteraceae) from the West Indies, Mexico, and South America

Four new species ofPectis are described:P. ericifolia from Barbuda,P. luckoviae from west-central Mexico,P. arida from Ecuador and Peru, andP. cajamarcana from Peru. Chromosome counts forP. ericifolia (n=48) andP. luckoviae (n=12) are presented. Relationships of the newly described taxa are discussed.
Creation of database for detection of unusual behaviour in surveillance videos

We propose a database schema for testing video-analytics algorithms and describe acquisition of the actual videos recorded for testing purposes. The recorded scenarios involve various kinds of behaviors that can be related to suspicious actions of human subjects. The work in progress involves automated segmentation of surveillance videos and optimization of database performance for real-time acquisition.
Laser material processing inspired by digitally-scripted genotype sequencing

Precise real time modulation of the laser energy flux during material processing enables the regulation of specific chemical/physical properties on a highly localized scale. The presentation focuses on a control-system architecture and its implementation that delivers well defined photon exposures at the proper location and time.
Neurite extension of primary neurons on electrospun piezoelectric scaffolds.

Abstract Neural tissue engineering may be a promising option for neural repair treatment, for which a well-designed scaffold is essential. Smart materials that can stimulate neurite extension and outgrowth have been investigated as potential scaffolding materials. A piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene (PVDF–TrFE) was used to fabricate electrospun aligned and random scaffolds having nano- or micron-sized fiber dimensions. The advantage of using a piezoelectric polymer is its intrinsic electrical properties. The piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF–TrFE scaffolds were shown to be enhanced by annealing. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons attached to all fibrous scaffolds. Neurites extended radially on random scaffolds, whereas aligned scaffolds directed neurite outgrowth for all fiber dimensions. Neurite extension was greatest on aligned, annealed PVDF–TrFE having micron-sized fiber dimensions in comparison with annealed and as-spun random PVDF–TrFE scaffolds. DRG on micron-sized aligned, as-spun and annealed PVDF–TrFE also had the lowest aspect ratio amongst all scaffolds, including non-piezoelectric PVDF and collagen-coated substrates. Findings from this study demonstrate the potential use of a piezoelectric fibrous scaffold for neural repair applications.
Asthma disparities in urban environments

Asthma continues to disproportionately affect minority and low-income groups, with African American and Latino children who live in low-socioeconomic-status urban environments experiencing higher asthma morbidity and mortality than white children. This uneven burden in asthma morbidity has been ever increasing despite medical advancement. Many factors have contributed to these disparities in the areas of health care inequities, which result in inadequate treatment; poor housing, which leads to increased exposure to asthma allergens; and social and psychosocial stressors, which are often unappreciated. Interventions to reduce individual areas of disparities have had varying successes. Because asthma is a complex disease that affects millions of persons, multifaceted comprehensive interventions that combine all evidence-based successful strategies are essential to finally closing the gap in asthma morbidity.
Treatment of pancreatic cancer tumors with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) using the volume at risk approach (VARA): Employing dose-volume histogram (DVH) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) to evaluate small bowel toxicity

The emergent use of a combined modality approach (chemotherapy and radiation) in pancreatic cancer is associated with increased gastrointestinal toxicity. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has the potential to deliver adequate dose to the tumor volume while decreasing the dose to critical structures such as the small bowel. We evaluated the influence of IMRT with inverse treatment planning on the dose-volume histograms (DVHs) of normal tissue compared to standard 3-dimensional conformal radiation treatment (3D-CRT) in patients with pancreatic cancer. Between July 1999 and May 2001, 10 randomly selected patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head were planned simultaneously with 3D-CRT and inverse-planned IMRT using the volume at risk approach (VaRA) and compared for various dosimetric parameters. DVH and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) were calculated using IMRT and 3D-CRT plans. The aim of the treatment plan was to deliver 61.2 Gy to the gross tumor volume (GTV) and 45 Gy to the clinical treatment volume (CTV) while maintaining critical normal tissues to below specified tolerances. IMRT plans were more conformal than 3D-CRT plans. The average dose delivered to one third of the small bowel was lower with the IMRT plan compared to 3D-CRT. The IMRT plan resulted in one third of the small bowel receiving 30.2+/-12.9 Gy vs. 38.5+/-14.2 Gy with 3D-CRT (p = 0.006). The median volume of small bowel that received greater than either 50 or 60 Gy was reduced with IMRT. The median volume of small bowel exceeding 50 Gy was 19.2+/-11.2% (range 3% to 45%) compared to 31.4+/-21.3 (range 7% to 70%) for 3D-CRT (p = 0.048). The median volume of small bowel that received greater than 60 Gy was 12.5+/-4.8% for IMRT compared to 19.8+/-18.6% for 3D-CRT (p = 0.034). The VaRA approach employing IMRT techniques resulted in a lower dose per volume of small bowel that exceeded 60 Gy. We used the Lyman-Kutcher models to compare the probability of small bowel injury employing IMRT compared to 3D-CRT. The BIOPLAN model predicted a small bowel complication probability of 9.3+/-6% with IMRT compared to 24.4+/-18.9% with 3D-CRT delivery of dose (p = 0.021). IMRT with an inverse treatment plan has the potential to significantly improve radiation therapy of pancreatic cancers by reducing normal tissue dose, and simultaneously allow escalation of dose to further enhance locoregional control.
Gradual Dinosaur Extinction and Simultaneous Ungulate Radiation in the Hell Creek Formation

Dinosaur extinction in Montana, Alberta, and Wyoming was a gradual process that began 7 million years before the end of the Cretaceous and accelerated rapidly in the final 0.3 million years of the Cretaceous, during the interval of apparent competition from rapidly evolving immigrating ungulates. This interval involves rapid reduction in both diversity and population density of dinosaurs. The last dinosaurs known are from a channel that contains teeth of Mantuan mammals, seven species of dinosaurs, and Paleocene pollen. The top of this channel is 1.3 meters above the likely position of the iridium anomaly, the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary.
Objective review of mediastinal lymph node examination in a lung cancer resection cohort

Background: Accurate staging of resected lung cancer requires mediastinal lymph node (MLN) examination. MLN dissection (MLND) and systematic sampling (SS) are acceptable procedures; random sampling (RS) and no sampling (NS) are not. Forty percent of US lung cancer resections have NS. We closely examined the pattern of MLN examination in a lung resection cohort. Methods: This is a retrospective review of all lung cancer resections in Memphis, TN, from 2004 to 2007. We compared operating surgeons' claims to the pathology report and an audit of the operation narrative by an independent surgeon. Results: Forty-five percent of resections were reported by surgeons as MLND, 8% RS, and 48% NS. None met pathology criteria for MLND, 9% were SS, 50% were RS, and 42% were NS. The concordance rate between the operating surgeon and pathology report was 39%. The surgeon audit suggested 29% of resections had MLND, 26% RS, and 45% NS. Concordance between operating and auditing surgeons was 71%. Sublobar resection, T1 stage, and age were associated with NS. Conclusions: Most resections had suboptimal MLN examination. Concordance was poor between surgeon claims, objective review of pathology reports, and an independent surgeon audit. The higher concordance between operating and auditing surgeons may suggest incomplete pathology examination of MLN material. The terms used by operating surgeons to describe MLN retrieval were often inaccurate.
Measurement of the QT interval and the risk associated with QTc interval prolongation: A review☆

The accurate measurement of the QT interval and its correction or adjustment for cycle length, age, and gender have been topics of increasing interest over the course of the past 70 years. The availability of digitized electrocardiographic recordings on large normal populations together with statistical adjustment for pertinent covariates has provided useful data for defining QT interval prolongation. Data from the International Long QT Syndrome Registry indicate that the probabilistic risk of developing malignant arrhythmias in patients with QT prolongation is exponentially related to the length of the QTc interval. The risk is further accentuated by the development of T-wave alternans, particularly at very prolonged QTc intervals.
Adjunctive Antidepressant Drug Therapies in the Treatment of Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

The negative symptoms of schizophrenia comprise one of several identified symptom clusters associated with the disorder. Although consensus on the precise components of the negative syndrome and on definitions for specific negative symptoms have not been reached, for the purpose of this review, negative symptoms include blunted affect, poverty of thought content and speech, apathy, social withdrawal and anergia. Negative symptoms are among the most disabling and treatment-resistant symptoms of schizophrenia, and various approaches to treatment have been taken, including augmentation of conventional antipsychotic treatment with antidepressants. Assessment of the effect of treatments on negative symptoms can be problematic and, therefore, clinical trials need to be of adequate duration and systematic attempts need to be made to rule out secondary causes of negative symptoms that may mimic or exacerbate them. Placebo-controlled studies of fluoxetine and fluvoxamine, which controlled for secondary negative symptoms, have demonstrated substantial improvement in negative symptoms compared with placebo. Significant exacerbation in psychotic symptoms was not reported in these controlled trials. This, therefore, represents a promising clinical option for treating negative symptoms. It appears that the maximum benefit of antidepressant augmentation may not be achieved until at least 12 weeks after initiation of therapy. Therefore, trials of shorter duration may understate the potential efficacy of this combination.
Quasi‐one‐dimensional solution for the power of CO2 gasdynamic lasers

A theory has been developed for calculating the laser power of CO2 gasdynamic lasers. A three‐mode vibrational gas model was assumed and the coupled rate and one‐dimensional conservation equations were solved by the time‐dependent technique. The results were compared with experimental data and the agreement was good.
Sensory properties and instrumental texture analysis of chevon patties from intact male Boer and Kiko goats harvested at four endpoints

Abstract Intact male Boer and Kiko goats (n = 48) were harvested after 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks on a 16% crude protein concentrate diet. Boneless goat carcass left sides were ground and formed into patties to evaluate cook loss, texture profile analysis, and descriptive sensory characteristics. Increasing feeding duration increased percent fat and decreased moisture in raw ground meat ( P P P > 0.05). Increased feeding duration increased aroma intensity and goaty, bloody, musty, and liver/organy aromas; salty, bitter, umami, grassy, goaty, fat, liver/organy, metallic, earthy, and chemical flavors; and juiciness and oiliness, while decreasing chewiness and crumbliness ( P
The expression of cardiac output in the albino rat, Rattus rattus.

Abstract 1. 1. Cardiac output determinations by thermodilution in small animals appeared to be 1·6 times higher when compared to the direct Fick method and other indicator dilution techniques. 2. 2. The cardiac output (CO,ml/min) body weight (W, g) was found to be best expressed as an allometric equation: CO = 3·826 W0·582. 3. 3. Comparison of cardiac output expressed in ml/min, ml/min per kg, and ml/min per m2 indicated that the cardiac index (ml/min per m2) was the most suitable unit for CO expression in rats of various weights.
Coordinated Function of Cellular DEAD-Box Helicases in Suppression of Viral RNA Recombination and Maintenance of Viral Genome Integrity

The intricate interactions between viruses and hosts include an evolutionary arms race and adaptation that is facilitated by the ability of RNA viruses to evolve rapidly due to high frequency mutations and genetic RNA recombination. In this paper, we show evidence that the co-opted cellular DDX3-like Ded1 DEAD-box helicase suppresses tombusviral RNA recombination in yeast model host, and the orthologous RH20 helicase functions in a similar way in plants. In vitro replication and recombination assays confirm the direct role of the ATPase function of Ded1p in suppression of viral recombination. We also present data supporting a role for Ded1 in facilitating the switch from minus- to plus-strand synthesis. Interestingly, another co-opted cellular helicase, the eIF4AIII-like AtRH2, enhances TBSV recombination in the absence of Ded1/RH20, suggesting that the coordinated actions of these helicases control viral RNA recombination events. Altogether, these helicases are the first co-opted cellular factors in the viral replicase complex that directly affect viral RNA recombination. Ded1 helicase seems to be a key factor maintaining viral genome integrity by promoting the replication of viral RNAs with correct termini, but inhibiting the replication of defective RNAs lacking correct 5’ end sequences. Altogether, a co-opted cellular DEAD-box helicase facilitates the maintenance of full-length viral genome and suppresses viral recombination, thus limiting the appearance of defective viral RNAs during replication.
Histochemical evaluation of mouse and rat kidneys with lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates

Paraffin sections of mouse and rat kidney were stained with a battery of ten lectin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates and lectin binding was correlated with the ultrastructural distribution of periodate-reactive sugar residues as determined by the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate technique. Various segments of the uriniferous tubule in both species showed differential affinity for labelled lectins. Significant differences were also evident between comparable tubular segments in mouse and rat kidneys. Neutral glycoconjugates containing terminal beta-galactose and terminal alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine were prevalent on the luminal surface of the proximal convoluted tubule in the rat, but alpha-N-acetylgalactosamine was absent in this site in the mouse. In both species, terminal N-acetylglucosamine was abundant in the brush border of proximal straight tubules but absent in proximal convolutions. Fucose was demonstrated in both proximal and distal segments of mouse kidney tubules but only in the distal nephron and collecting ducts in the rat. Lectin staining revealed striking heterogeneity in the structure and distribution of cellular glycoconjugates. Such cellular heterogeneity was previously unrecognizable with earlier histochemical methods. The marked cellular heterogeneity observed with several lectin-conjugates in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of both species raises a prospect that lectins can provide specific markers for intercalated and principal cells in the mammalian kidney. Glycoconjugates containing terminal sialic acid and penultimate beta-galactose were present on vascular endothelium in both rodent kidneys, as were terminal alpha-galactose residues; but both species lacked reactivity for Ulex europeus I lectin in contrast to human vascular endothelial cells. The constant binding pattern of lectin conjugates allows convenient and precise differentiation of renal tubular segments and should prove valuable in the study of changes in kidney morphology promoted by experimental manipulation or pathologic changes.
Some factors influencing the formation of reaction-bonded silicon nitride

Several salient factors influencing the formation of reaction-bonded silicon nitride (RBSN) compacts have been studied. These include the effects of mullite and alumina furnace tubes typically employed during “high-purity” nitridation studies, pre-sintering of green silicon compacts, free powder versus compact nitridation, and the influence of metal/metal oxide additions. The latter studies have provided experimental evidence for enhancement due to dissociated nitrogen, and suggest that (1) β-Si3N4 formation does not necessarily require a liquid phase, (2) atomic nitrogen stimulates β-phase formation, and (3) the liquid phase provides an efficient source for volatile silicon, promoting α-Si3N4. These conclusions are consistent with accepted mechanisms for the formation of the two phases.
Role of angiotensin II, sympathetic stimulation and salt in the development of structural vascular changes in rat kidney

1. Functional and structural vasoconstriction of renal cortical arteries is the earliest change leading to hypertension. In the present study, the interaction of a subpressor dose of angiotensin (Ang) II, a 2% NaCl diet and sympathetic stimulation in the form of overnight cold exposure was investigated in the development of renal structural vascular changes in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. Morphometric measurements of renal cortical resistance arteries and volume density measurements of renal cortical components were performed in eight groups of rats after 12 weeks of treatment: AngII; 2% NaCl diet; cold exposure (5 degrees C); AngII plus 2% NaCl diet; AngII plus cold exposure; cold exposure plus 2% NaCl diet; ANG II plus 2% NaCl diet plus cold exposure; and sham operation and treatment (control). 3. The average weekly systolic blood pressure of AngII-treated plus salt-fed rats was increased, whereas that of cold-stressed plus salt-fed rats at room temperature decreased compared with controls. The blood pressure rise of the former group was accompanied by an increased wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) of cortical resistance arteries and decreased glomerular volume, whereas the reduction in blood pressure in the latter group was accompanied by a decreased WLR of cortical resistance arteries and increased volume density of cortical renal tubules. There were no changes in either the blood pressure or renal structure of the other groups. 4. There is a parallel relationship between changes in preglomerular structural vascular resistance and changes in blood pressure in rats. It remains to be determined whether renal cortical structural changes are the cause of, or are compensatory for, chronic changes in blood pressure.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity changes during spermatogenesis: possible relevance to X-chromosome inactivation.

Abstract Specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) have been measured in mouse testicles during the first wave of spermatogenesis and in spermatogenic cells separated by the staput technique. The data are compatible with a premeiotic synthesis of spermatozoal G6PD. Thus, the presence of this X-linked gene product in spermatozoa seems not to be in conflict with the theory of X-inactivation during spermatogenesis.
Growth factors for bone growth and repair: IGF, TGFβ and BMP

Current research is reviewed regarding the actions of three growth factor systems on bone formation: insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), transforming growth factor-betas (TGF betas), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Each growth factor family consists of multiple related growth factor genes. TGF betas and BMPs 2-7 are subfamilies of a larger TGF beta superfamily. IGFs, TGF betas and BMPs are produced by osteoblasts and other bone cells and affect osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. They are also incorporated into mineralized bone matrix and retain activity when extracted from bone. Various hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress influence bone cell production of IGFs, TGF betas, and BMPs. Thus these growth factors may function in local regulation of bone formation. Currently there is much interest in the function of IGF binding proteins, which are also produced by bone cells, in regulating IGF activities in bone. Recently, mechanisms for activation of the TGF beta serine/threonine kinase receptors have been investigated, and receptors for BMPs have been identified which are structurally related to TGF beta receptors. In vivo studies are discussed which demonstrate the applicability of IGFs, TGF betas and BMPs to increasing bone formation systemically, promoting fracture healing and inducing bone growth around implants.
SU(2)×U(1) effects in e+e− annihilation: Generalized charge asymmetry

Abstract The observability of the SU(2)×U(1) electroweak charge asymmetry effects in e + e − annihilation at s =29 GeV is addressed in the context of a Feynman-Field type fragmentation model. We assume three colors of five flavored quarks and one heavy lepton τ. We neglect, at this time, the hard gluon bremsstrahlung events. We take b→c+X as the b-decay mode and we assume all τ's and heavy hadrons decay within the resolution of the detector so thatonly light hadrons and leptons are detected. Allowing all these decays to occur, we then compute the expected front-back asymmetry of negatively charged particles weighted with z n for z ⩾0.0175, where n = 0.5, 1…, 7, 10, and z is the light-cone momentum fraction. We find, for example, that such an asymmetry is ≈5% for n =2for sin 2 θ w =0.236 and Λ QCD=0.34 GeV . In other words, due to the large number of charge particles produced per event, this SU(2)×U(1) charge asymmetry may be accessible experimentally in e + e − → X already at PEP and PETRA energies.
Vibration Serviceability of a Building Floor Structure. I: Dynamic Testing and Computer Modeling

Buildings with large column-free floors or long-cantilevered structures can be susceptible to annoying vibrations due to everyday occupants’ activities such as walking. Computer modeling and analytical representation of building structural properties to predict the floor response subjected to excitations due to human activities are important issues that require further studies. Vibration testing and analysis of built structures can assist in more accurate estimation of structure dynamic properties. This paper presents the results of the modal testing conducted on an office building floor and analysis of the collected vibration measurements. It compares these results with the structural response using computer analyses. It also presents a sensitivity study to assess the importance of various structural parameters on the floor dynamic response. From the results presented, it is concluded that for the structure used in this study the raised flooring and nonstructural elements acted mainly as added mass and d...
Inhibition of renal cell carcinoma angiogenesis and growth by antisense oligonucleotides targeting vascular endothelial growth factor

Angiogenesis is critical for growth and metastatic spread of solid tumours. It is tightly controlled by specific regulatory factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor has been implicated as the key factor in tumour angiogenesis. In the present studies we evaluated the effects of blocking vascular endothelial growth factor production by antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides on the growth and angiogenic activity of a pre-clinical model of renal cell carcinoma (Caki-1). In vitro studies showed that treating Caki-1 cells with antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides directed against vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA led to a reduction in expressed vascular endothelial growth factor levels sufficient to impair the proliferation and migration of co-cultured endothelial cells. The observed effects were antisense sequence specific, dose dependent, and could be achieved at a low, non-toxic concentration of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides. When vascular endothelial growth factor antisense treated Caki-1 cells were injected into nude mice and evaluated for their angiogenic potential, the number of vessels initiated were approximately half that induced by untreated Caki-1 cells. To test the anti-tumour efficacy of vascular endothelial growth factor antisense, phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides were administrated to nude mice bearing macroscopic Caki-1 xenografts. The results showed that the systemic administration of two doses of vascular endothelial growth factor antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides given 1 and 4 days after the tumours reached a size of *200 mm 3 significantly increased the time for tumours to grow to 1000 mm 3 .
Strategic Voting Under Conditions of Uncertainty: A Re-Evaluation of Duverger's Law

Political scientists have long recognized that the number of parties in a country influences the way that interests are represented in that country. One explanation for the number of parties in a system relies on the idea of strategic voting, i.e. voters may not want to ‘waste a vote’ by voting for a third party. However, work in this area does not address the role of an important factor that may affect party systems through strategic voting: information. Without polls, how could voters know which parties were likely to win, and hence how to vote strategically? Using an agent-based model, this article assesses the role that information plays in shaping the party system through strategic voting. The results of this model demonstrate that, contrary to Duverger's Law, more than two parties may emerge in single-member plurality systems, even when all voters are strategic.