cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Favor referential representations.

Abstract Avrutin and Hickok (1993) argue that agrammatic patients have the ability to represent nonreferential or "government" chains ("who... e") but not referential or "binding" chains ("which girl... e"). By contrast, we propose the "referential representation hypothesis," which suggests that agrammatics attempt to cope with their well-known capacity limitations by favoring referential or content-based representations. This predicts that agrammatic patients′ performance should degrade noticeably as task demands increase, and referential demands should take priority over computational ones. In a semantic task, referential phrases should lead to better or more accurate performances. In syntactic tasks, the availability of a referential or content-based representation will interfere with the development of a syntactic representation, resulting in worse syntactic performance on the referential phrases than on nonreferential ones. This predicts that agrammatic patients should incorrectly accept (resumptive) pronoun sentences with a referential wh-phrase because the pronouns will find the semantic or discourse referent of the referential wh-phrase and take it as an antecedent for the pronoun. However, they should reject a (resumptive) pronoun in a sentence with the nonreferential question constituent "who" or "what." "Who" and "what" will remain in syntactic form, since they have only grammatical content and therefore will have only a "nonreferential" syntactic representation. Consequently, they cannot serve as the antecedent of the pronoun. These predictions were largely confirmed by the results of a grammaticality judgement study. Agrammatics performed well on questions with pragmatic biases but failed to distinguish reliably between grammatical and ungrammatical questions where pragmatic biases were neutralized. They assigned especially low ratings to object gap sentences with referential wh-constituents, as predicted. They assigned relatively high ratings to ungrammatical subject pronoun sentences with either type of wh-constituent. The agrammatics accepted ungrammatical reflexive sentences even though syntactic number and gender features alone could have been used to correctly judge the sentences. We attribute this, too, to the unavailability of a reliable syntactic representation of those phrases with referential or extragrammatical semantic content.
Individual differences in acquisition of derivational morphology

Eighth graders and superior fifth graders were given a vocabulary test consisting of simple words (e.g., bachelor, benign) and derived words (e.g., tubular, oceanic). The superiority of the fifth graders was greater for the derived words than for the simple ones. The fifth graders' advantage at defining derived words was due entirely to their greater tendency to analyze these words into roots and suffixes. Both groups tended to base their definitions on the root alone, ignoring the suffix, or to use the suffix incorrectly. In a test of ability to learn “meanings” of pseudowords, fifth-graders performed better when these words were derivationally related (e.g., skaf = steal, skaffist = thief) than when they were not; eighth graders showed no difference. (The interaction between grade and condition was significant.) We conclude that superior students are especially good at using derivational relations to learn new words, even when knowledge of simple vocabulary is (roughly) controlled. An attempt to train children to use derivational relations yielded promising but inconclusive results.
Elevation of circulating intestinal fatty acid binding protein in a luminal contents-initiated model of NEC

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) continues to produce significant morbidity and mortality, due in part to the difficulty in detecting its initial manifestations at a stage when compromised intestine may potentially be salvaged. We have previously reported our findings that intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) is a sensitive biochemical marker for early intestinal mucosal injury due to mesenteric ischemia. In this study we evaluated the potential of serum I-FABP as a marker for incipient NEC in a nonischemic model of NEC in the rat. Intraluminal instillation of a solution of casein (10 mg/mL) and calcium gluconate (50 mg/mL) in saline acidified to pH 4.0 with propionic acid resulted in a rapid and prolonged increase in serum I-FABP from a baseline of < or = 4.0 ng/mL to 171 +/- 40 ng/mL. Instillation of the same electrolyte solution with either casein or propionic acid alone resulted in a less dramatic elevation of serum I-FABP to 19 +/- 4 ng/mL and 76 +/- 30 ng/mL, respectively. In both cases baseline values of < or = 4.0 ng/mL were reached within 60 minutes. In control animals, which received saline alone, serum I-FABP was undetectable throughout the experiment. Simultaneously, we found that serum hexosaminidase, a putative biochemical marker for intestinal ischemia and NEC, was unchanged in all groups. Light microscopy of the intestinal specimens obtained three hours after instillation of casein and organic acid demonstrated superficial villus necrosis and villus blunting, but no areas of transmural necrosis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Archetypes for organizational safety

We propose an initial set of six system safety archetypes that model common dynamic organizational behaviours that often lead to accidents. The archetypes help clarify why safety-related decisions do not always result in the desired behaviour, and how independent decisions in different pans of the organization can combine to have a negative, and often unforeseen, impact on safety. Examples from the NASA manned space program and general industry are used to illustrate the archetypes. As accident analysis and investigation tools, the archetypes can be used to develop dynamic models that describe the systemic and organizational factors contributing to accidents. As risk analysis tools, the archetypes can be used to improve understanding of the ways that risk can arise in complex socio-technical systems.
Phase relationships and stability of the μ and ζ phases in the ag-a1-x (x = zn, ga, ge) systems

Details of phase relationships in three ternary systems, Ag-Al-X (X = Zn, Ga, Ge), near the Ag-rich corner at 400 °C are presented. Metallography, XRD, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy have been used to establish the respective isothermal sections at 400 °C. In each case, the μ phase and the ζ phase of the Ag-Al binary system extend into the ternary system and terminate at a three-phase region involving the Ag-rich primary solid solution (α1 phase) in the Ag-Al-Zn and Ag-Al-Ga systems and the Ge-rich primary solid solution (α2 phase) in the Ag-Al-Ge ternary system. The stability ranges of the μ and ζ, phases follow approximately constant electron concentration lines. The solid solubilities of Zn, Ga, and Ge in the μ phase are relatively small compared with those in the ζ, phase (up to 18 at.%). No ternary phase appears to exist in the Ag-rich portions studied in the three ternary systems.
Quadratic functions and smoothing surface singularities

LET (X, 0) be an isolated complex analytic surface singularity which is reduced and irreducible. This paper is concerned with certain necessary conditions (X, 0) must satisfy in order that it admits a smoothingf: ( ?Z-, 0) + (A, 0); so,fis a flat morphism of analytic germs with smooth general fibre and X as special fibre. The general fibre of such an f may be represented by a Stein manifold of complex dimension 2, which is the interior of a compact 4manifold with boundary (M, dM); M is called the Milnorjbre of the smoothing. Moreover, there is a diffeomorphism of ZM onto a link L of (X, 0) (i.e. the intersection of X with a small sphere about 0 in an ambient space), which is well-defined up to isotopy. So, L may be regarded as the boundary of both M and a resolution .? of X. An important invariant of M is its middle homology group Hz(M) (which is free) equipped with the intersection product (which is symmetric). Note H2 (2) is also free and has a natural set of generators (the fundamental classes of the irreducible exceptional curves); the intersection pairing is negative-definite, but not necessarily even (even if X is a hypersurface). One would like to say as much as possible about the inner product lattice H2 (M) in terms of X or 2. For instance, if X is a Gorenstein singularity, then rk HI (M) = 0 [ll], the pairing on H2 (M) is even [38], and the Sylvester invariants (p,, , p + , p _ ) of the corresponding real pairing can be expressed in terms of x ( [41]: here, ~1 = p, + p+ + p- = rk H, (M)). Our principal contribution is the construction of natural and compatible “quadratic functions” on Hz (M), Hz(x), and H,(L), (where r means torsion subgroup). The construction and its properties are of a topological nature; we therefore need some topological discussion. If L is any compact 3-manifold, then there exists a natural symmetric non-degenerate linking pairing I: H, (L), x H, (L), + Q/Z defined geometrically [39]. Motivated by a result of Morgan-Sullivan [27], we prove that there is a finer object than 1. The singularity determines a homotopy class 9 of complex structures on 5‘ @ iw, (the tangent bundle of L plus a trivial bundle) whose first Chern class is torsion. Then (first part of Theorem 3.7) 9 determines a natural function 4 : H 1 (L), +Q/H such that 4(5*+9)-4(5)-4(rl)=1(5,~). Since 1 is bilinear, we call 4 a quadratic function; if furthermore 4 (no = n2 4 (<) (n E Z), then 4 is called a quadratic form. The function 4 derives its main interest from a universal property with respect to the intersection pairings of compact almost-complex 4-manifolds which have
Protein tyrosine kinase signaling is necessary for NO donor-induced late preconditioning against myocardial stunning

Although protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) signaling has been implicated in the late phase of ischemic preconditioning (PC), it is unknown whether PTK signaling is necessary for the development of nitric oxide (NO) donor-induced late PC. Thus conscious rabbits underwent a sequence of six 4-min coronary occlusion (O)/4-min reperfusion (R) cycles followed by a 5-h recovery period of reperfusion for 3 consecutive days (days 1, 2, and 3). On day 0 (24 h before the 6 O/R cycles on day 1), rabbits received no treatment (control), the NO donor diethylenetriamine (DETA)/NO (DETA/NO), the PTK inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (PP2), or DETA/NO plus PP2 (DETA/NO + PP2). In control rabbits (n = 6), the six O/R cycles on day 1 resulted in delayed functional recovery, indicating severe myocardial stunning. In rabbits pretreated with DETA/NO (n = 5) on day 1, myocardial stunning caused by the six O/R cycles on day 1 was markedly attenuated, with a significant reduction ( approximately 60%) in the total deficit of wall thickening (WTh) compared with controls, indicating that DETA/NO induced a late PC effect against stunning. However, in rabbits pretreated with DETA/NO + PP2 (n = 5), the total deficit of WTh was significantly greater than that in rabbits treated with DETA/NO alone and was similar to that in controls, indicating that PP2 prevented the development of DETA/NO-induced late PC. In rabbits pretreated with PP2 on day 0 (n = 4), the total deficit of WTh was similar to that in controls, indicating that PP2 does not affect myocardial stunning in itself. We conclude that a PTK-dependent signaling mechanism is necessary for the development of NO donor-induced late PC against myocardial stunning in conscious rabbits.
Principles and Process in the Development of the Mayo Clinic's Individual and Institutional Conflict of Interest Policy

In 1995, federal regulations required all academic medical centers to implement policies to manage individual financial conflict of interest. At the Mayo Clinic, all staff are salaried, and all medically related intellectual property from the staff belongs to the clinic. Hence, it was necessary to develop a policy for institutional conflict of interest to complement the policy for individual conflicts of interest. This article addresses the principles and process that led to the development of the Mayo Clinic's policies that guide the management of conflict of interest of individuals and of the institution. Empowered by the Bayh-Dole Act, the Mayo Clinic participates in technology transfer through its entity Mayo Medical Ventures. Individual conflicts of interest arising from such technology transfer are associated with institutional conflicts because all individual intellectual property belongs to the institution, per clinic policy. This policy addresses conflicts of interest that arise in research, leadership, clinical practice, investments, and purchasing. Associated with the statutory annual disclosure on personal consulting and other relationships with industry, which are guided by federal regulations, all research protocols or grant applications require financial disclosure on initial submission and in annual progress reports. The clinic's Conflict of Interest Review Board was established to review each disclosure and recommend management of individual and institutional conflicts of interest according to policy.
GW182 controls Drosophila circadian behavior and PDF-receptor signaling.

Summary The neuropeptide PDF is crucial for Drosophila circadian behavior: it keeps circadian neurons synchronized. Here, we identify GW182 as a key regulator of PDF signaling. Indeed, GW182 downregulation results in phenotypes similar to those of Pdf and Pdf-receptor (Pdfr) mutants. gw182 genetically interacts with Pdfr and cAMP signaling, which is essential for PDFR function. GW182 mediates miRNA-dependent gene silencing through its interaction with AGO1. Consistently, GW182's AGO1 interaction domain is required for GW182's circadian function. Moreover, our results indicate that GW182 modulates PDFR signaling by silencing the expression of the cAMP phosphodiesterase DUNCE. Importantly, this repression is under photic control, and GW182 activity level—which is limiting in circadian neurons—influences the responses of the circadian neural network to light. We propose that GW182's gene silencing activity functions as a rheostat for PDFR signaling and thus profoundly impacts the circadian neural network and its response to environmental inputs.
Relationship between Individual Variables and Students' Selection and Performance in Competency-Based Education.

This study determined if students with varying grade point averages and self-concept, internal- external locus of control, and self-directedness scores selected and performed differentially under two approaches to competency-based teacher education. Two hundred and eighty students enrolled in various home economics education classes at Texas Tech University participated in the study. The students elected to study particular competency areas by either a teacher-directed approach or a student-directed modular approach. Cognitive criterion tests and Likert-type attitude scales were used for pre- and post-assessments. Students who selected the student-directed modular approach scored significantly higher in self-directedness than did those choosing the teacher-directed ap proach. The two groups did not vary significantly on the other variables. Comparison of students selecting teacher-directed instruction and student-directed instruction revealed no significant difference with regard to attitudinal gains but there was a significant difference in cognitive gains. Students in the teacher-directed group gained significantly more in the cognitive area than did those in the student-directed group.
A colorimetric procedure for measuring the enzymatic hydrolysis of terminal galactose from GM1 ganglioside

Abstract The enzymatic hydrolysis of the terminal galactose from GM1-ganglioside is monitored by a colorimetric procedure. The NADH generated from the oxidation of released galactose with NAD and galactose dehydrogenase is employed to reduce p-iodonitrotetrazolium and the absorbance of the product, p-iodonitrotetrazolium formazan, is measured. The method can detect as little as 0.5 nmol of galactose. Hydrolysis of GM1-ganglioside is accomplished using β-galactosidase from the marine gastropod Turbo cornutus. The enzymatic release of galactose is maximal at pH 3.5, and the reaction rate is linearly proportional to incubation time for 30 min, under the conditions employed. The presence of GM2-ganglioside in the reaction mixture, after hydrolysis has occurred, is demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography.
Power optimization for FPGA look-up tables

We explore a new method for reducing power consumption/dissipation for FPGAs which is complementary to existing FPGA technology-mapping power-reduction techniques (e.g., [12]). Our approach is to reorder the input signals to the k-input look-up tables (k-LUTs) so that switching activity (and hence power dissipation) inside the look-up tables is minimized. We present algorithms which compute switching activity inside k-LUTs in optimal time. Our experimental results indicate that k-LUT input ordering is very e ective at reducing power dissipation within k-LUTs, providing savings of 26% on average [2] (savings vs. maximum are even greater).
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) nucleation as studied by shrinkage of film of low orientation level

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)s of weight average MW 74,000 and 30,000 have been uniaxially stretched, cooled under restraint, reheated, and shrunk unrestrained. Five stretch temperatures between 80 and 120°C and elongations up to 280 percent have been employed. Density and wide-angle X-ray diffraction results indicate conventional crystallization to have occurred only for the highly oriented samples, e.g., stretching above 200 percent at 90°C. The majority of stretching conditions studied produced only nucleated polymer. A sensitive, qualitative measure of nucleation is the degree of stretch imposed. Sufficiently high stretch temperature and low stretch rate lead to negligible nuclei formation. Nucleation in stretched, unshrunk films correlates with relatively high shrinkage, low orientation, low density and the absence of crystallinity until after the film has been shrunk. Crystallization on the other hand correlates with relatively high density, relatively low shrinkage and high orientation.
Long-distance radical cation transport in DNA: horizontal charge hopping in a dimeric quadruplex

A series of DNA hairpins were synthesized and shown to associate to form quadruplexes formed by stacking five G-quartets in an antiparallel orientation. One of the hairpins in the quadruplex was linked covalently at the 5′-end to an anthraquinone (AQ) group and a 32P label was incorporated either at the 3′-terminus of the AQ-containing hairpin or on its partner hairpin in the quadruplex. Irradiation of the AQ group with UV light leads to the one-electron oxidation of the DNA and concomitant introduction of a radical cation into the DNA. Analysis by PAGE and autoradiography shows that the radical cation reacts at guanines both on the AQ-containing strand and with its partner hairpin in the quadruplex. This observation demonstrates that charge migration in DNA occurs vertically along a DNA chain and horizontally within a G-quartet.
Relative microbial activity and mineralization associated with water masses in the lower Cook Inlet, Alaska

A study of the microbial uptake and respiration (mineralization) of radioactive glutamic acid was made in 141 surface water samples in the Cook Inlet, Alaska during three sampling periods (October, 1976; April, 1977; and November, 1977). The rate at which the test substrate was incorporated into cell material plus that respired as CO2 was used to calculate the relative microbial activity. A northern water mass with salinities less than 31‰ showed high rates of relative microbial activity but low mineralization rates as indicated by respiration of14CO2. The reverse pattern was seen in the water mass (salinity higher than 31‰) to the south which was more typical of coastal water. These data suggest that the organic nutrients in these two water masses are quite different either qualitatively or quantitatively. This study illustrates how the observed measurement of relative microbial activity might be helpful in defining specific water masses.
A low-level jet along the Benguela coast, an integral part of the Benguela current ecosystem

The Benguela Current Ecosystem of Southern Africa is the strongest wind-driven coastal upwelling system known. This is one of the most productive ocean areas in the world, extremely rich in fishery resources with a total catch in excess of one million tons per annum. Marine life off the coast relies heavily on the nutrient-rich upwellings of the cold Benguela current. Warming events occur along this coast in association with many El Ninos. These tremendously disrupt the coastal ecosystem, reducing productivity and devastating the anchovy and sardine fisheries. This article demonstrates for the first time the existence of a low-level atmospheric jet along the Benguela Coast of the southeastern Atlantic. Blowing parallel to the coast, this jet drives the coastal upwelling system and is part of a mechanism that links Pacific El Nino events to Southern Africa. The existence of such a jet has tremendous implications for the Benguela current and its response to climatic variability and change because a positive feedback exists between the intensity of this jet and the intensity of coastal upwelling. This may enhance the response of the Benguela Current Ecosystem to climatic variability, making it particularly susceptible to the impacts of global climate change.
Recent improvement in technique of continuous seismic profiling

Abstract This paper reports improvements in continuous seismic profiling techniques. modifications have been made in both source and receiver systems to obtain increased signal to noise ration, These include use of directional broad band arrays and the simple summation of the outputs of separately towed arrays.
A 50-fA junction-isolated operational amplifier

A monolithic op amp with 50-fA input current, 0.25-mV offset voltage, and 5- mu m V/ degrees C offset drift has been fabricated on a linear bipolar junction-isolated process. The low input current is achieved by using a pair of low-leakage four-terminal JFETs as input devices. Drift and offset voltage are adjusted by laser trimming on-chip thin-film resistors. The input JFET and the design of the amplifier are discussed. >
Relative Risk of Attention Deficits in Siblings of Patients With Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Impaired attention has frequently been observed in studies of unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia. To assess the suitability of impaired attention for use as an intermediate phenotype in genetic studies, the authors estimated the relative risk of impaired attention in a large group of siblings. METHOD: The authors used the Continuous Performance Test, 1-9 version, with and without a distraction condition, to study 147 patients with schizophrenia, 193 of their siblings, and 47 normal comparison subjects. Relative risk (l) was estimated by using cutoff scores that were one, two, and three standard deviations below the mean sensitivity index value (d¢) of the normal comparison group in both Continuous Performance Test conditions. RESULTS: Patients but not their siblings performed worse than the normal comparison subjects in both conditions. Fifty percent of the patients, 24% of their siblings, and 18% of the normal comparison subjects scored one standard deviation below the mean sco...
Parcellation of human inferior parietal lobule based on diffusion MRI

The function of a brain region can be constrained by its anatomical connections. The Inferior Parietal Lobule (IPL) is a cortical region with marked functional heterogeneity, involved in visuospatial attention, memory, language and mathematical cognition. In this work three different variants of the normalized graph-cut clustering algorithm were applied to obtain a parcellation of the IPL of living subjects into component regions based on the estimate of anatomical connectivity obtained from diffusion tensor tractography. Results over the three different algorithms were compared and a new metric proposed to measure the quality of individual parcellations by comparing to standard atlas regions. In this study of 19 subjects, an average of 64% overlap with the Juelich brain atlas was observed.
Global beam-based alignment method

This paper presents an algorithm for orbit centering in the quadrupole magnets developed specifically for the early commissioning stage of SPEAR3 light source. During commissioning many factors can reduce the effectiveness of simpler beam-based alignment techniques. Our method is more tolerant towards inaccurate optics model, undetected large alignment errors, systematic errors and faults in the BPM system.
Consuming a balanced high fat diet for 16 weeks improves body composition, inflammation and vascular function parameters in obese premenopausal women

Objective Inflammation, insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction characterize obesity and predict development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although women experience CVD events at an older age, vascular dysfunction is evident 10 years prior to coronary artery disease. Questions remain whether replacing SFA entirely with MUFA or PUFA is the optimal approach for cardiometabolic benefits. This study tested the hypotheses that: a) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve with a high fat diet (HFD) when type of fat is balanced as 1/3 SFA, 1/3 MUFA and 1/3 PUFA; and b) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve more when balanced HFD is supplemented with 18C fatty acids, in proportion to the degree of 18C unsaturation.
In vitro characteristics of normal and cataractous mouse lens epithelial cells

When individual lens epithelial cells from normal and cataractous mice are cloned, they undergo a finite number of replications in culture. Within each clone there is a heterogeneity of replicative states. The Nakano cataractous lens cells have far greater replication potential than the CatFr cells, they also exceed the replication potential of normal cells. There is an increase in the cell size and nuclear diameter as well as the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio with replication in vitro. Noticeable alterations in morphology are characterized throughout the in vitro life span, and the conditions for inducing spherical bodies, a possible form of differentiation of lens cells in vitro, are discussed.
Side effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

The side effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation are largely unexplored and the limits of safe exposure have not been determined except as regards the acute production of seizures. Although tissue damage is unlikely, however, cognitive and other adverse effects have been observed and the possibility of unintended long-term changes in brain function are theoretically possible.
Mining undiscovered public knowledge from complementary and non-interactive biomedical literature through semantic pruning

Two complementary and non-interactive literature sets of articles, when they are considered together, can reveal useful information of scientific interest not apparent in either of the two document sets. Swanson called the existence of such knowledge, undiscovered public knowledge (UDPK). This paper proposes a semantic-based mining model for UDPK. Our method replaces manual ad-hoc pruning with using semantic knowledge from the biomedical ontologies. Using the semantic types and semantic relationships of the biomedical concepts, our prototype system can identify the relevant concepts collected from Medline and generate the novel hypothesis between these concepts. The system successfully replicates Swanson's two famous discoveries: Raynaud disease/fish oils and migraine/magnesium. Compared with previous approaches, our methods generate much fewer but more relevant novel hypotheses, and require much less human intervention in the discovery procedure.
Recognition of the F&H motif by the Lowe syndrome protein OCRL

The protein OCRL is linked to Lowe syndrome and Dent disease, two related diseases. Mutations in the OCRL Ash-RhoGAP domain abolish its interactions with the F&H motifs in APPL1, Ses1 and Ses2. Structural and biochemical analysis of the OCRL Ash-RhoGAP domain with F&H motifs shows that clinical mutations destabilize the Ash-RhoGAP domain, abolishing the interactions between OCRL- and F&H-motif-containing proteins.
Transient thermal hydraulic modeling and analysis of ITER divertor plate system

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed/updated to simulate the steady state and transient thermal-hydraulics of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) divertor module. The model predicts the thermal response of the armour coating, divertor plate structural materials and coolant channels. The selected heat transfer correlations cover all operating conditions of ITER under both normal and off-normal situations. The model also accounts for the melting, vaporization, and solidification of the armour material. The developed model is to provide a quick benchmark of the HEIGHTS multidimensional comprehensive simulation package. The present model divides the coolant channels into a specified axial regions and the divertor plate into a specified radial zones, then a two-dimensional heat conduction calculation is created to predict the temperature distribution for both steady and transient states. The model is benchmarked against experimental data performed at Sandia National Laboratory for both bare and swirl tape coolant channel mockups. The results show very good agreements with the data for steady and transient states. The model is then used to predict the thermal behavior of the ITER plasma facing and structural materials due to plasma instability event where 60 MJ/m2 plasma energy is deposited over 500 ms. The results for ITER divertor response is analyzed and compared with HEIGHTS results.
Breaking a tradition: Hester Pulter and the English emblem book

The emblem book genre has long been dismissed as unworthy of serious critical study. But the recently discovered mid-seventeenth century manuscript of Hester Pulter, and the generic existential crisis figured therein, imply otherwise. A vehement royalist, Pulter suggests that the events of the English civil wars have broken established emblem form by defying analogy in their horror; according to her, emblems cannot continue as they were after the deposition and regicide of Charles I. Yet, rather than succumbing along with the monarchy, Pulter’s emblems formally reimagine emblem structure, adopting a new devotionalism at odds with conventional emblem form. Thus, even while Pulter’s poems register political crisis, they prepare for a political order beyond that of the Commonwealth and demonstrate emblems’ ability to comment upon their own contemporary world.
Correlation of Hot-Carrier and Radiation Effects in MOS Transistors

The effects of processing variations on the hot-carrier susceptibility of radiation-hardened CMOS transistors have been examined. It has been determined that many process variations which enhance radiation hardness also reduce hot-carrier-induced device degradation. The interactions of radiation and hot-carrier effects are demonstrated not to be additive.
Regeneration of Oxalis triangularis ssp. triangularis from suspension cells cultured in three different systems (solid, liquid-flask and bioreactor cultures)

In attemps to establish in vitro cultures of Oxalis triangularis ssp. Triangularis, the explants of leaves, petioles, bulb scales and suspension cells derived from regenerated bulbs were examined using solid (petri dish), liquid-flask and bioreactor cultures. Only bulb-derived suspension cells were able to regenerate in all culture systems. The liquid-flask and bioreactor cultures supported organogenesis and yielded larger amount of buds than solid culture. The inclusion of AC in the culture medium delayed bud initiation but promoted plantlet development by minimising callusing of the buds. Morphological differences in regenerated plantlets affected by AC, such as the length and diameter of the petiole, leaf unfolding and the development of a red colour development on leaves and petioles, varied with the culture systems. Upon transfer to pots normal plants were recovered from buds regenerated in various culture systems.
Neonatal development of rat kidney adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase

Abstract 1. 1. The activity of adenyl-cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase was measured in renal homogenates at various times after birth. 2. 2. Adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase activities were found to be highest on the first day after birth. 3. 3. Activation of the neonatal adenyl cyclase by parathyroid hormone and by vasopressin was observed at all time periods studied. The quantitative level of activation of adenyl cyclase by these hormones was, however, markedly reduced in homogenates prepared from animals of 7 to 14 days of age. 4. 4. The ratio of adenyl cyclase levels (units/g kidney) to phosphodiesterase levels in the developing rat kidney was found to be multiphasic. Adenyl cyclase level decreased from the first day after birth to the seventh day whereas phosphodiesterase level increased over the same time period.
System for Lossless Digital Image Coding/Decoding

This study revisits simple methods, subsampling and modulo differentiation, to combine them in a system suitable for operation in ISDN as well as non-ISDN environments with good overall performance. The modulo difference of selected pairs of pixels in a digital image enables the design of a hierarchal code which represents the original digital image without any information loss. The pixels are selected by pairing together consecutive non-overlapping pixels in the original image and then in successive subsampled versions of it. The subsampling is 2:1 and, as the pairing, is alternated horizontally and vertically. This algorithm uniquely combines hierarchal and parallel processing. Further processing of the hierarchal code through an entropy coder achieves good compression. If a Huffman code is used, default tables can be designed with minimum penalty. Parallel processing allows the coder to operate at various speeds, up to real time, and the hierarchal data structure enables operations in a progressive transmission mode. The algorithm's inherent simplicity and the use of the modulo difference operation make this coding scheme computationally simple and robust to noise and errors in coding or transmission. The system can be implemented economically in software as well as in hardware. Coder and decoder are symmetrical. Compression results can be slightly improved by using 2-D prediction but at the cost of an increase in system complexity and sensitivity to noise.
Cholesterol metabolism in the baboon.

Studies on the transport of exogenous and endogenous cholesterol in the baboon have been carried out using14C-acetate,14C-mevalonic acid, or3H-cholesterol. The results suggest the following characteristics of cholesterol metabolism in the baboon: the serum α- and β-lipoproteins show no preference in the transport of exogenous or endogenous cholesterol; the half-life (t1/2) of disappearance of cholesterol from the whole animal varied between 31 and 50 days; the daily rate of whole body cholesterol biosynthesis in the baboon (47 mg/kg/day) is comparable with that rate observed in the human being (18–41 mg/kg/day); after administration of14C-acetate,14C-mevalonic acid, or3H-cholesterol to baboons, newly synthesized cholesterol esters appear to be incorporated to a greater extent into the serum α-lipoproteins.
Failure of Evidence-based Medicine in the Treatment of Hypertension in Older Patients

OBJECTIVE: Throughout the 1990s, the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommended initial antihypertensive therapy with a thiazide diuretic or a β-blocker based on evidence from randomized, controlled trials, unless an indication existed for another drug class. The committee also recommended β-blockers in hypertensive patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Our objective was to determine whether prescribing practices for older hypertensive patients are consistent with evidence-based guidelines.
Preliminary Predictors of within-Session Adherence to Exposure and Response Prevention in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Background Cognitive-behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention (ERP) is an effective treatment for pediatric OCD; however, up to 30 % of children are treatment non-responders and as many as 40 % are partial responders. Although poor treatment adherence has been linked to attenuated response in adults with OCD, little research has examined treatment adherence in pediatric OCD.
Numerical simulations of convectively generated stratospheric gravity waves

A 2D model of a mesoscale convective flow is used to simulate the excitation and vertical propagation of gravity waves. Data obtained show that, in the absence of storm-relative mean winds in the stratosphere, the primary mode of excitation of gravity waves is by mechanical forcing owing to oscillatory updrafts. The stratospheric response consists of waves whose periods match the primary periods of the forcing. Due to the tendency of the oscillating updrafts to propagate toward the rear of the storm, gravity wave propagation is limited primarily to the rearward direction. Results suggest that squall-line-generated gravity waves arise from mechanical forcing rather than thermal effects.
Morphine induces redox-based changes in global DNA methylation and retrotransposon transcription by inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter type 3-mediated cysteine uptake.

Canonically, opioids influence cells by binding to a G protein–coupled opioid receptor, initiating intracellular signaling cascades, such as protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and extracellular receptor kinase pathways. This results in several downstream effects, including decreased levels of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and elevated oxidative stress, as well as epigenetic changes, especially in retrotransposons and heterochromatin, although the mechanism and consequences of these actions are unclear. We characterized the acute and long-term influence of morphine on redox and methylation status (including DNA methylation levels) in cultured neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Acting via μ-opioid receptors, morphine inhibits excitatory amino acid transporter type 3–mediated cysteine uptake via multiple signaling pathways, involving different G proteins and protein kinases in a temporal manner. Decreased cysteine uptake was associated with decreases in both the redox and methylation status of neuronal cells, as defined by the ratios of GSH to oxidized forms of glutathione and S-adenosylmethionine to S-adenosylhomocysteine levels, respectively. Further, morphine induced global DNA methylation changes, including CpG sites in long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1) retrotransposons, resulting in increased LINE-1 mRNA. Together, these findings illuminate the mechanism by which morphine, and potentially other opioids, can influence neuronal-cell redox and methylation status including DNA methylation. Since epigenetic changes are implicated in drug addiction and tolerance phenomenon, this study could potentially extrapolate to elucidate a novel mechanism of action for other drugs of abuse.
A mechanism of pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana on larvae of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri.

Abstract Peroral infection of Solenopsis richteri larvae with spores of Beauveria bassiana was demonstrated. The fungal spores were observed to germinate (37%) in the gut within 72 hr postinfection. The hyphal tips penetrated the gut wall between 60 and 72 hr allowing the digestive juices to enter the hemocoel. The digestive juices p H had changed from 7.0 to 5.0 by 72 hr. The hemolymph p H changed with penetration of gut wall by the hyphae.
In Search of New Measures

En 1994, en accord avec leur nouveau programme de statistiques et de mesures, les membres de l'ARL (Association of Research Libraries) ont adopte un nouvel objectif strategique consistant a decrire et mesurer les performances des bibliotheques de recherche ainsi que leurs contributions a l'enseignement, a la recherche, au savoir et au service pour la communaute. L'article retrace les progres realise pour remplir cet objectif.
Conceptualizing Context in Message‐Production Research

Most current theories of message production treat context as an indeterminant, catch-all category for everything that is left unspecified by the theory. We propose that context can be conceptualized in terms of perceived empirical regularities in social reality (i.e., social densities) and the configurations of interpersonal goals that follow from them (i.e., goal structures). An illustration from recent research is provided.
Using time-resolved THz spectroscopy to study carrier dynamics and solar energy conversion in nanostructured materials

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy has emerged over the last two decades as a versatile probe of a large variety of materials and processes. Because the transient THz electric field rather than its power is measured, frequency-dependent material properties such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, and complex conductivity in the far-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum are determined in a very straightforward manner. Optical-pump THz-probe studies characterize the photo-induced response of a material with sub-picosecond temporal resolution. One of the most important applications of time-resolved THz spectroscopy (TRTS) has been to probe transient photoconductivity and carrier dynamics in a variety of nanomaterials of interest in renewable energy research.
Effects of Classroom Assessment on Student Motivation in Fifth-Grade Science

Abstract Researchers have suggested that assessment has the potential to affect learner behavior in terms of cognitive strategy use and motivation. The authors attempted to provide an understanding of the nature of the effect of particular assessment types on motivation. Students in 3 5th-grade science classes were exposed to 3 different classroom assessment conditions: traditional paper-and-pencil tests, a laboratory task format of assessment, and a performance assessment Measures of attitudes about science, goal orientation, and cognitive engagement (J. L. Meece, P. C. Blumenfeld, & R. K. Hoyle, 1988) were used. Analyses indicate a significant effect attributable to assessment type on goal orientation only, with the traditional paper-and-pencil tests and the performance assessments fostering more task-focused orientations than the laboratory tests.
Why Does the United States Intervene Abroad? Democracy, Human Rights Violations, and Terrorism

Democracy, human rights, and terrorism are major foreign policy issues. However, among these issues, what do the US leaders care about the most? This study assesses the degree to which Washington responds militarily to threats to democratic institutions, human rights abuses, and terrorist activity in other countries. Based on a cross-national, time-series data analysis of 164 countries for the years 1981 to 2005, this study presents empirical models that evaluate the relative importance of these issues for contemporary American foreign and security policy. It turns out that, all other things being equal, the United States is likely to engage in military campaigns for humanitarian reasons that focus on human rights protection rather than for its own security interests such as democracy promotion or terrorism reduction. This finding is extremely robust and reinforced by case illustrations that support a causal explanation for US intervention with a basic and sustained place for human rights protection.
Multilocus sequence analysis of Thermoanaerobacter isolates reveals recombining, but differentiated, populations from geothermal springs of the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka, Russia

Abstract: Thermal environments have island-like characteristics and provide a unique opportunity to study population structure and diversity patterns of microbial taxa inhabiting these sites. Strains having ≥98% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the obligately anaerobic Firmicutes Thermoanaerobacter uzonensis were isolated from seven geothermal springs, separated by up to 1600 m, within the Uzon Caldera (Kamchatka, Russian Far East). The intraspecies variation and spatial patterns of diversity for this taxon were assessed by multilocus sequence analysis of 106 strains. Analysis of eight protein-coding loci (gyrB, lepA, leuS, pyrG, recA, recG, rplB, and rpoB) revealed that all loci were polymorphic and that nucleotide substitutions were mostly synonymous. There were 148 variable nucleotide sites across 8003 bp concatenates of the protein-coding loci. While pairwise FST values indicated a small but significant level of genetic differentiation between most subpopulations, there was a negligible relationship between genetic divergence and spatial separation. Strains with the same allelic profile were only isolated from the same hot spring, occasionally from consecutive years, and single locus variant sequence types were usually derived from the same spring. While recombination occurred, there was an "epidemic" population structure in which a particular T. uzonensis sequence type rose in frequency relative to the rest of the population. These results demonstrate spatial diversity patterns for an anaerobic bacterial species in a relative small geographic location and reinforce the view that terrestrial geothermal springs are excellent places to look for biogeographic diversity patterns regardless of the involved distances.
Polarization beam shaping

Spatial engineering of polarization is proposed as a novel method of beam shaping. It is shown that a flat-top-shaped focus can be obtained in the far field by changing the polarization in the pupil plane in a spatially inhomogeneous manner. Experiments have been carried out to verify the validity of this method in one dimension. By comparison with traditional beam shaping methods, polarization beam shaping yields the smallest flat-top focus while maintaining high efficiency.
The reliability and minimal detectable change of shoulder mobility measurements using a digital inclinometer

The present study investigated the intrarater reliability, interrater reliability and minimal detectable change at the 90% confidence interval (MDC₉₀) of active shoulder range of motion measurements using digital inclinometry. Two investigators each measured two repetitions of active flexion, abduction, external rotation (ER), and internal rotation (IR) on the nondominant shoulder of 30 asymptomatic participants in a blinded repeated measures design. Results indicated good intrarater reliability with Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) (3, k) of Flexion=0.83, Abduction=0.91, ER=0.94 and IR=0.87. Interrater ICC values (2, k) were moderate to good with Flexion=0.58, Abduction=0.95, ER=0.88 and IR=0.93. The MDC₉₀ for the interrater analysis indicated that a change of equal to or greater than 8° (Flexion), 4° (Abduction), 8° (IR), and 9° (ER) would be required to be 90% certain that the change is not due to intertrial variability or measurement error. Digital inclinometry appears to be a reliable instrument for quantifying normal shoulder mobility when strict measurement protocols are adhered to. Clinicians and researchers should consider the MDC values presented when interpreting change values during subsequent measurement sessions.