cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung Edema Clearance During Hyperoxic Lung Injury

Prolonged exposure to elevated concentrations of oxygen causes extensive lung injury in all mammalian species studies to date1. Lung oxidant damage is characterized by alterations in the alveolo-capillary barrier which increases permeability to solutes and causes interstitial and alveolar edema leading to respiratory failure. These phenomena can be seen in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF) when airspace flooding occurs from damaged pulmonary vessels and alveolar membranes, thus interfering with oxygen transfer from the airspaces into the blood 2-4.
Very Rapid Prototyping of Wearable Computers: A Case Study of VuMan 3 Custom versus Off-the-Shelf Design Methodologies

The Wearable Computer Project is a testbed integrating research on rapid design and prototyping. Based on representative examples from six generations of wearable computers, the paper focuses on the differences in rapid prototyping using custom design versus off-the-shelf components. The attributes characterizing these two design styles are defined and illustrated by experimental measurements. The off-the-shelf approach required ten times the overhead, 30% more cost, fifty times the storage resources, 20% more effort, five times more power, but 30% less effort to port software than the embedded approach. An evaluation of the VuMan 3 design is presented to show its superior advantages in comparison to the off-the-shelf approach.
“If Rainbows Were Everywhere”: Nonmetropolitan SGM Youth Identify Factors That Make Communities Supportive

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth in nonmetropolitan communities face marginalization due to their SGM identities. Community support may mitigate the negative outcomes associated with marginal...
The effect of school capital investments on local housing markets and household sorting in California

In this paper, I investigate what effect school capital investments have on housing values and household location choice in the context of the Tiebout model. This research identifies an exogenous v...
The enduring relationship between myosin enzymatic activity and the speed of muscle contraction.

### Introduction There are many notable examples of physiological processes for which current mechanistic understanding seems obvious but in past times were unknown or at best faintly suggested by isolated correlative observations. The systematic determination by Michael [Barany (1967)][1] of the
ATLAS mPBPK: A MATLAB-Based Tool for Modeling and Simulation of Minimal Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Models

Minimal physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (mPBPK) models are frequently used to model plasma PK data and utilize and yield physiologically-relevant parameters. Compared to classical compartment and whole-body PBPK modeling approaches, mPBPK models maintain a structure of intermediate physiological complexity that can be adequately informed by plasma PK data. In this tutorial, we present a MATLAb-based tool for modeling and Simulation of mPBPK models (ATLAS mPBPK) of small and large molecules. This tool enables the users to perform: i) PK data visualization, ii) simulation, iii) parameter optimization, and iv) local sensitivity analysis (SA) of mPBPK models in a simple and efficient manner. Along with the theoretical background and implementation of the different tool functionalities, this tutorial includes simulation and SA showcases of small and large molecules with and without target-mediated drug disposition. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Antineoplastic Agents 491.1 Synthetic Conversion of Aaptamine to Isoaaptamine, 9-Demethylaaptamine, and 4-Methylaaptamine⊥

Aaptamine (1) was used as starting material for synthetic transformation to isoaaptamine (2), 9-demethylaaptamine (5), and 4-methylaaptamine (6). A general method for the selective O-demethylation of such 1H-benzo[de][1,6]-naphthyridine (1) marine sponge constituents at position C-9 has been developed. Selective O-demethylation of aaptamine (1) and 1-methylaaptamine (11) with 48% hydrobromic acid led to 9-demethylaaptamine (5) and isoaaptamine (2), respectively. A selection of other aaptamine derivatives were synthesized, and their structures were unambiguously determined by X-ray methods. In addition, their cancer cell growth inhibitory properties were evaluated against the murine P388 lymphocytic cell line and a minipanel of human cancer cell lines. Evaluation as inhibitors of the PKC signal transduction pathway and against a selection of microorganisms was also undertaken. Aaptamine derivatives 3 and 5 had broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
Performance Evaluation of Proof-of-Work and Collatz Conjecture Consensus Algorithms

Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin that allows a peer-to-peer distributed ledger with security and immutability. The core of a blockchain is the consensus mechanism that sets the rule for nodes in handling the shared data. Implementation of the consensus algorithm depends on the nature of targeted business environment. In this research, the performance of two consensus algorithms, Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Collatz Conjecture (PCC), are studied in the context of a private blockchain. A quantitative analysis on the execution time, deployment time, and latency time are done for 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10000 transactions and the results are presented. The results shows that PCC takes only (1/1000)th of the execution time that is required for PoW for these different sets of transactions. In addition, these timings are recorded for ten repeated executions for the same sets of transactions, and found that PCC has a nearly consistent execution time.
Progressing Cavity Pump

Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP), also known as Moineau pump, is an artificial lift method often used for pumping high viscosity and high solids content fluids from producing wells.
Street lighting and the uneasy coexistence of socialist and capitalist urban imaginaries

This essay examines the partial privatization of street lamps in Eisenhuttenstadt, Germany. Founded in 1950 as Stalinstadt, East Germany’s steel manufacturing hub and socialist utopia, today the ci...
Poststratification fusion learning in longitudinal data analysis.

Stratification is a very commonly used approach in biomedical studies to handle sample heterogeneity arising from, for examples, clinical units, patient subgroups, or missing-data. A key rationale behind such approach is to overcome potential sampling biases in statistical inference. Two issues of such stratification-based strategy are (i) whether individual strata are sufficiently distinctive to warrant stratification, and (ii) sample size attrition resulted from the stratification may potentially lead to loss of statistical power. To address these issues, we propose a penalized generalized estimating equations approach to reducing the complexity of parametric model structures due to excessive stratification. Specifically, we develop a data-driven fusion learning approach for longitudinal data that improves estimation efficiency by integrating information across similar strata, yet still allows necessary separation for stratum-specific conclusions. The proposed method is evaluated by simulation studies and applied to a motivating example of psychiatric study to demonstrate its usefulness in real world settings.
Ipilimumab: an investigational immunotherapy for glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant central nervous system tumor and has a poor overall outcome despite an aggressive standard-of-care treatment. Hence, better therapeutic modal...
Protein identification from electron cryomicroscopy maps by automated model building and side-chain matching.

Using single-particle electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM), it is possible to obtain multiple reconstructions showing the 3D structures of proteins imaged as a mixture. Here, it is shown that automatic map interpretation based on such reconstructions can be used to create atomic models of proteins as well as to match the proteins to the correct sequences and thereby to identify them. This procedure was tested using two proteins previously identified from a mixture at resolutions of 3.2 A, as well as using 91 deposited maps with resolutions between 2 and 4.5 A. The approach is found to be highly effective for maps obtained at resolutions of 3.5 A and better, and to have some utility at resolutions as low as 4 A.
Self-induced vortex and anti-vortex singularities in laser arrays

This Conference Presentation, “Self-induced vortex and anti-vortex singularities in laser arrays,” was recorded at SPIE Optics + Photonics 2021 held in San Diego, California, United States.
Über Spannungsmessungen an Maschinenteilen und das hierzu verwendete Feinmeßgerät

Die Feststellung der in unseren Bauwerken, insbesondere in Maschinenteilen, auftretenden Beanspruchungen bereitet oft grose Schwierigkeiten. Die letzteren besitzen nur zu haufig so verwickelte Formen, das wir ihnen mit den Formeln der Festigkeitslehre auch nicht annahernd genugend zu Leibe rucken konnen. Man denke nur an doppelwandige Gusstueke mit Ventildurchbruchen, Rippen, Angossen usf. Bei kleinen und nebensachlichen Gusstueken mag Glas sog. „Gefuhl“ des erfahrenen Konstrukteurs eine hinreichende Sicherheit bieten; auch werden derartige Teile aus Gusrucksiehten gewohnlich bereits so stark, das sie eine genugende Festigkeit besitzen, endlich ist auch der Verlust beine Bruch kleiner Teile gering, so das man sieh hier leichter darauf verlassen kann, derartige Stucke nach reiner Empirie zu bauen. Anders liegt die Sache bei grosen und wichtigen Teilen. Hier erscheint es dringend wunschenswert, die auftretenden. Beanspruchungen moglichst genau kennenzulernen.
Concluding Remarks and Future Work

In this chapter, the important ideas of the monograph are summarized. Directions for future work are outlined. Finally, concluding remarks are provided.
Simulated Corrosion-Fatigue via Ocean Waves on 2024-Aluminum

The combined effect of corrosion and fatigue loading can be extremely detrimental to the service life of structures in and around bodies of salt water. 2000-series aluminum alloys are of special concern due to their tendency for pitting, which can lead to widespread crack initiation sites with relatively little loss in mass. In the current work, we present results from a series of experiments on 2024-T351 aluminum simulating the corrosive environment and wave loading of a structure in the North Sea. Details are presented about the method for constructing the simulated wave loading as well as the incorporation of periodic overloads. The effects of loading rate and grain orientation of the material on fatigue life are explored.
Collateralized debt obligations: A double edged sword of the U.S. financial system

Este trabajo senala una falla de diseno de las Obligaciones de Deuda Colateralizadas o ODC, uno de los instrumentos financieros mas altamente comercializados por los bancos de inversion. El trabajo sugiere que el diseno financiero del ODC no era compatible desde el punto de vista de los incentivos entre los participantes en la produccion, comercializacion e inversion en este instrumento. En un ODC, los deudores tienen el incentivo de no pagar la deuda y los acreedores tienen el incentivo para liquidar el contrato ya que los proveedores del seguro sobre hipotecas terminan pagando la misma. Los grandes perdedores en este tipo de transacciones son los protectores de las hipotecas (proveedores de seguros sobre hipotecas) como AIG (American Internacional Group) o la firma Lehman Brothers y finalmente los tenedores de ODCs
In vitro activity of vancomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and linezolid against intact and disrupted biofilms of staphylococci.

Shed cells or disrupted parts of the biofilm may enter the circulation causing serious and very hard to treat biofilm-associated infections. The activity of antimicrobial agents against the shed cells/disrupted biofilms is largely unknown. We studied the in vitro susceptibility of intact and disrupted biofilms of thirty clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant and methicillin–susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA) and Staphylococcus epidermidis to vancomycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, and linezolid and compared it to that of the suspended (planktonic) cells. Bacteria in the disrupted biofilms were as resistant as those in the intact biofilms at the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the antibiotics. At higher concentrations, bacteria in the disrupted biofilms were significantly (P < 0.001) less resistant than those in the intact biofilms but more resistant than the planktonic cells. Quinupristin/dalfopristin showed the best activity against cells of the disrupted biofilms at concentrations above MICs and vancomycin, at 500 and 1,000 μg/ml, was significantly more active against the biofilms of MRSA and S. epidermidis The difficulty of treating biofilm-associated infections may be attributed not only to the difficulty of eradicating the biofilm focus but also to the lack of susceptibility of cells disrupted from the biofilm to antimicrobial agents.
Applying Biomechanics in Coaching

Coaching athletics also involves teaching motor skills to a wide variety of performers. Traditionally, careers in coaching have focused on working with the physically gifted in interscholastic athletics; however, there are many other levels of coaching: from parents who volunteer to coach their child’s team, to the coach of a national team, and to a coach for an individual professional athlete. All these coaching positions benefit from application of biomechanics in coaching decisions. Coaches use biomechanics to analyze technique, determine appropriate conditioning, and treat injuries. Biomechanical knowledge is also important to coaches when coordinating efforts with sports medicine professionals.
Solved and Unsolved Problems Around One Group

This is a survey paper on various topics concerning self-similar groups and branch groups with a focus on those notions and problems that are related to a 3-generated torsion 2 group of intermediate growth G, constructed by the author in 1980, and its generalizations Gω, ω ∈ {0, 1, 2}ℕ.
Potent Vinblastine C20′ Ureas Displaying Additionally Improved Activity Against a Vinblastine-Resistant Cancer Cell Line

A series of disubstituted C20′-urea derivatives of vinblastine were prepared from 20′-aminovinblastine that was made accessible through a unique Fe(III)/NaBH4-mediated alkene functionalization reaction of anhydrovinblastine. Three analogues were examined across a panel of 15 human tumor cell lines, displaying remarkably potent cell growth inhibition activity (avg. IC50 = 200–300 pM), being 10–200-fold more potent than vinblastine (avg. IC50 = 6.1 nM). Significantly, the analogues also display further improved activity against the vinblastine-resistant HCT116/VM46 cell line that bears the clinically relevant overexpression of Pgp, exhibiting IC50 values on par with that of vinblastine against the sensitive HCT116 cell line, 100–200-fold greater than the activity of vinblastine against the resistant HCT116/VM46 cell line, and display a reduced 10–20-fold activity differential between the matched sensitive and resistant cell lines (vs 100-fold for vinblastine).
A genetic screen for yeast genes induced by sustained osmotic stress.

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, responds to changes in external osmolarity through the activation of an osmosensing signal transduction pathway. Using lacZ–reporter gene fusions, clonal cell lines were screened for levels of β-galactosidase activity in the presence or absence of osmotic stress. A screen of 9000 transformants displayed 663 (7%) gene fusions that were active in rich medium. Each of the transformants were also assayed for gene activity 24 h following a transfer to high osmolarity medium (0.6 M NaCl) and of the 9000 clonal cell lines, 86 (1%) displayed a decrease in expression, and seven (0.1%) displayed a reproducible increase in gene expression during primary screening. The chromosomal loci of the lacZ insertions were determined, and the gene(s) associated with that site was examined for osmotically induced expression using RNA blot analysis. Five stress-activated genes were analysed by RNA blot: YDL222C, NMD2, PTC7, FAA4 and YRF1. The genes identified by this screen encompass cellular adaptations to stress including signal transduction, protein myristoylation and fatty acid/sphingolipid content in the cell membrane. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and partial characterization of the heterophile antigen of infectious mononucleosis from bovine erythrocytes.

The heterophile antigen (Paul-Bunnell antigen, PBA) of infectious mononucleosis was isolated by extraction of an aqueous suspension of bovine erythrocyte stromata with chloroform-methanol (2:1). The upper aqueous layer contained gangliosides, PBA, and a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein. PBA and gangliosides were separated from the high-molecular-weight glycoprotein by extraction of lyophilized upper layer with chloroform-methanol solvents. Separation of PBA from gangliosides was carried out by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose with chloroform-methanol solvents. PBA appeared to be a minor glycoprotein component of the erythrocyte membrane and had both hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties. It was soluble in either organic or aqueous solvents. On SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it migrated as a single component that stained for protein with Coomassie blue, for carbohydrate with periodic acid-Schiff reagent, and for lipid with oil red 0; it had an apparent molecular weight of 26,000. It was composed of 62% protein with major amino acids: glutamic acid, proline, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, and threonine (158, 116, 98, 90, 85, and 82 residues per 1,000 residues, respectively). Carbohydrate content was 9.2% with major sugar constituents: sialic acid, galactosamine, and galactose. Serologic activity of PBA was destroyed by pronase but not by trypsin.
Validating a custom IPv6 security application using OPNET modeler

The Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is being adopted in networks around the world as the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) address space is nearing maximum capacity. Security needs are changing because of various new aspects of IPv6, such as the way addresses are determined. There are security applications that are being developed to meet these needs; however, there are not many production IPv6 networks available for testing. Simulation solves this problem in a cost effective manner. Specifically, OPNET Modeler provides the capability to simulate an IPv6 network. Additionally, OPNET's System-in-the-Loop, an add-on module, allows for real devices to be tested over the simulated network. This software allows for custom IPv6 security applications to be tested before moving to a live network. This paper evaluates a custom IPv6 security application by simulating it using OPNET Modeler and the System-in-the-Loop module. The results show that the simulation was effective in pinpointing some flaws in design but ultimately it proved that the application is valid.
The binding of large calpastatin to biologic membranes is mediated in part by interaction of an amino terminal region with acidic phospholipids.

Abstract Animal cells contain a non-lysosomal proteolytic system which degrades various protein substrates in the presence of calcium ion. The calcium-dependent proteinases (calpains) co-exist in cells with a specific protein inhibitor called calpastatin. Distribution of this inhibitor to different subcellular sites could be important in overall regulation of the calpains. Previously, myocardial calpastatin was shown to be present in preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma. In the present work, we show that purified bovine myocardial calpastatin binds to the acidic phospholipids, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine, but not to the neutral phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyelthanolamine. Large forms of calpastatin from canine myocardium and rabbit liver also were bound to phosphatidylinositol. Smaller forms of calpastatin present in the preparations did not bind to acidic phospholipids. Bovine large calpastatin was subjected to CNBr digestion, and a phospholipid-binding fragment representing approximately one-sixth of the intact protein mass was purified. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the phospholipid-binding fragment was derived from the amino terminus of the large calpastatin.
Serial enrichment of spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells (SSCs) in culture for derivation of long-term adult mouse SSC lines.

Spermatogonial stem and progenitor cells (SSCs) of the testis represent a classic example of adult mammalian stem cells and preserve fertility for nearly the lifetime of the animal. While the precise mechanisms that govern self-renewal and differentiation in vivo are challenging to study, various systems have been developed previously to propagate murine SSCs in vitro using a combination of specialized culture media and feeder cells1-3. Most in vitro forays into the biology of SSCs have derived cell lines from neonates, possibly due to the difficulty in obtaining adult cell lines4. However, the testis continues to mature up until ~5 weeks of age in most mouse strains. In the early post-natal period, dramatic changes occur in the architecture of the testis and in the biology of both somatic and spermatogenic cells, including alterations in expression levels of numerous stem cell-related genes. Therefore, neonatally-derived SSC lines may not fully recapitulate the biology of adult SSCs that persist after the adult testis has reached a steady state. Several factors have hindered the production of adult SSC lines historically. First, the proportion of functional stem cells may decrease during adulthood, either due to intrinsic or extrinsic factors5,6. Furthermore, as with other adult stem cells, it has been difficult to enrich SSCs sufficiently from total adult testicular cells without using a combination of immunoselection or other sorting strategies7. Commonly employed strategies include the use of cryptorchid mice as a source of donor cells due to a higher ratio of stem cells to other cell types8. Based on the hypothesis that removal of somatic cells from the initial culture disrupts interactions with the stem cell niche that are essential for SSC survival, we previously developed methods to derive adult lines that do not require immunoselection or cryptorchid donors but rather employ serial enrichment of SSCs in culture, referred to hereafter as SESC2,3. The method described below entails a simple procedure for deriving adult SSC lines by dissociating adult donor seminiferous tubules, followed by plating of cells on feeders comprised of a testicular stromal cell line (JK1)3. Through serial passaging, strongly adherent, contaminating non-germ cells are depleted from the culture with concomitant enrichment of SSCs. Cultures produced in this manner contain a mixture of spermatogonia at different stages of differentiation, which contain SSCs, based on long-term self renewal capability. The crux of the SESC method is that it enables SSCs to make the difficult transition from self-renewal in vivo to long-term self-renewal in vitro in a radically different microenvironment, produces long-term SSC lines, free of contaminating somatic cells, and thereby enables subsequent experimental manipulation of SSCs.
A Parameterization for the Absorption of Solar Radiation by Water Vapor in the Earth's Atmosphere

A parameterization for the absorption of solar radiation as a function of the amount of water vapor in the earth's atmosphere is obtained. Absorption computations are based on the Goody band model and the near-infrared absorption band data of Ludwig et al. A two-parameter Curtis-Godson approximation is used to treat the inhomogeneous atmosphere. Heating rates based on a frequently used one-parameter pressure-scaling approximation are also discussed and compared with the present parameterization.
Changes in physical and psychosocial functioning among adolescents with chronic kidney disease

Little research has been published assessing changes in the functional health status of children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We know little about which clinical parameters influence functional status or health-related quality of life in these young people. In a prospective study using data from semi-annual visits over a 4-year period from 78 adolescents with CKD aged 11 years to 18 years, we detail the impact of several clinical measures (i.e., kidney function, albumin, hematocrit, height) on short-term changes in health-related quality of life. The 50-item Child Health Questionnaire Parent Form, a validated health-related quality of life measure in children, was used to obtain physical and psychosocial functioning summary scores at each visit. After adjustment for the variables mentioned above, the physical summary score on the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) declined as glomerular filtration rate declined. Increasing height was associated with a positive change in physical and psychosocial summary scores. We conclude that decline in kidney function is associated with a subsequent decline in health-related quality of life, particularly in terms of physical activity.
Gene-Specific Transcriptional Mechanisms at the Histone Gene Cluster Revealed by Single-Cell Imaging

To bridge the gap between in vivo and in vitro molecular mechanisms, we dissected the transcriptional control of the endogenous histone gene cluster (His-C) by single-cell imaging. A combination of quantitative immunofluorescence, RNA FISH, and FRAP measurements revealed atypical promoter recognition complexes and differential transcription kinetics directing histone H1 versus core histone gene expression. While H1 is transcribed throughout S phase, core histones are only transcribed in a short pulse during early S phase. Surprisingly, no TFIIB or TFIID was detectable or functionally required at the initiation complexes of these promoters. Instead, a highly stable, preloaded TBP/TFIIA “pioneer” complex primes the rapid initiation of His-C transcription during early S phase. These results provide mechanistic insights for the role of gene-specific core promoter factors and implications for cell cycle-regulated gene expression.
The Role of αvβ3 in Prostate Cancer Progression

Integrin αvβ3 is involved in varied cell biological activities, including angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and migration on several extracellular matrix components. Although αvβ3 is not typically expressed in epithelial cells, it is expressed in macrophages, activated leukocytes, cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells, osteoclasts, and certain invasive tumors. Interestingly, the adhesion and migration of breast cancer cells on bone matrix are mediated, in part, by αvβ3. Similar to breast cancer cells, prostate cancer cells preferentially metastasize to the bone. The biological events that mediate this metastatic pattern of prostate cancer are not well defined. This review discusses the role αvβ3 plays in prostate cancer progression, with specific emphasis on bone metastasis and on αvβ3 signaling in prostate cancer cells. The data suggest that αvβ3, in part, facilitates prostate cancer metastasis to bone by mediating prostate cancer cell adhesion to and migration on osteopontin and vitronectin, which are common proteins in the bone microenvironment. These biological events require the activation of focal adhesion kinase and the subsequent activation of PI-3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway.
Inhibitors of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase induce morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cell culture.

Abstract Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase, papaverine, 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2 imidazolidinone (RO 20-1724) and 4-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone (RO-7-2956) induce morphological differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture as shown by the formation of axon-like processes. These differentiated cells showed morphological maturation as revealed by an increase in the size of soma and nucleus. On removal of papaverine and re-addition of fresh growth medium 1 day after treatment, the morphological differentiation was reversible; however, when the drug was removed 3 days after treatment, the morphological differentiation for the most part was irreversible. Although a maximal differentiation of cells was seen 24 h after papaverine treatment, a maximal inhibition of cell division was observed 2 days after treatment. This observation further supports the hypothesis that the inhibition of cell division may be secondary to the induction of differentiation.
Magnetoresistance and Magnetic Field Effect on Electroluminescence in Polyfluorene OLEDs

We report on the experimental observation of large magnet field effect (MFE) on current and electroluminescence (EL) in polyfluorene organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). We provide a comprehensive overview of the observed MFE. To the best of our knowledge, the mechanism causing these MFE is currently not known. Moreover, we show that these experiments do not allow determination whether the MFE acts on the carrier density or carrier mobility making any attempt of explaining it ambiguous. As a remedy, we performed magnetoresistance measurements in hole-only OLEDs and show that the MFE acts on the carrier mobility rather than carrier density.
Zimeldine: a review of its effects on ethanol consumption.

Abstract This review evaluates the literature and describes an extensive series of experiments which examined the effects of zimeldine, its metabolite norzimeldine and other serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on voluntary ethnol consumption in rats. The results of these experiments indicate that drugs which specifically inhibit serotonin reuptake are capable of decreasing voluntary ethanol consumption. The behavioral mechanism through which these drugs exert their effects seems to be extinction of the primary reinforcing properties of alcohol. These effects seem to be partially attenuated both by drugs which modulate the norepinephrine system as well as by the serotonin postsynaptic receptor blocker methergoline. The data presented in this review are discussed in terms of the involvement of the serotonin and norepinephrine systems in the mechanism of action of these drugs. In addition, several alternative hypotheses concerning the nature of the phenomenon are offered. Finally, the implications of these data for the possible development of a treatment procedure for problem drinkers is discussed.
Determination of Outside Heating Distribution Using an Inverse Algorithm for an Industry Hydrothermal Autoclave With Three-Dimensional Flows

Hydrothermal growth is the industry method of preference to obtain high quality single crystals. Due to the high pressure and high temperature growth conditions, growth process is carried out in closed containers. During a growth run, the only flow and heat transfer that control crystal growers have is the outside heating. An inverse algorithm, used to obtain the heating distribution for an autoclave with a two-dimensional flow, is further developed and used to determine the heating distribution for an industry autoclave with three-dimensional flows. A cross-section area average temperature distribution is set as a target. With the three steps, including CFD simulation of the fluid flow, heat conduction in the metal wall, and heat conduction in the insulation layer, the heater heat flux distribution is determined. The distributions appear close to linear from the median height to the top/bottom with small magnitude deviation in the circumferential direction. Linearly distributed heaters, based on the determined heat flux distribution, are then used and heat transfer and fluid flow is numerically simulated with a conjugate model. The achieved temperature agrees well with the targeted one. The distribution and heating rates of linearly distributed heaters can be applied to industry autoclaves.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Hypothalamic catecholamine changes under acute stress occur independently of nicotinic stimulation

Abstract Nicotine and acute stress both decrease hypothalamic epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations and increase the concentration of the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. The nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine blocks the effects of nicotine on hypothalamic catecholamines, yet fails to alter the stress induced changes in hypothalamic catecholamines. These results suggest that the stress-induced changes in hypothalamic catecholamines occur independently of nicotinic receptor activation.
Context, cortex, and associations: a connectionist developmental approach to verbal analogies

We present a PDP model of binary choice verbal analogy problems (A:B as C:[D1|D2], where D1 and D2 represent choice alternatives). We train a recurrent neural network in item-relation- item triples and use this network to test performance on analogy questions. Without training on analogy problems per se, the model explains the developmental shift from associative to relational responding as an emergent consequence of learning upon the environment’s statistics. Such learning allows gradual, item-specific acquisition of relational knowledge to overcome the influence of unbalanced association frequency, accounting for association effects of analogical reasoning seen in cognitive development. The network also captures the overall degradation in performance after anterior temporal damage by deleting a fraction of learned connections, while capturing the return of associative dominance after frontal damage by treating frontal structures as necessary for maintaining activation of A and B while seeking a relation between C and D. While our theory is still far from being complete it provides a unified explanation of findings that need to be considered together in any integrated account of analogical reasoning.
5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl (dansyl) derivatives of saccharides

Abstract 6′-O-Dansylgentiobiose, 6-O-(6-O-dansyl-β- d -galactopyranosyl)- d -galactose, and methyl 6-O-dansyl-β- d -galactopyranoside have been prepared.
Englacial phase changes and intergranular flow above subglacial lakes

Glaciers are permeated by liquid veins that line the triple junctions between ice grains and act as conduits for material transport. The density difference between water and ice produces a hydraulic gradient that drives liquid flow down towards the glacier bed. We investigate how variations in this transport rate are manifest in the lower regions of a glacier that floats on a subglacial reservoir. When the temperature rises towards the glacier bed, the associated permeability increase leads to more rapid fluid transport; internal melting supplies the changing flow. A reduction in hydraulic gradient results from surface energy effects, and causes a decreasing transport rate near the base; hence, freezing occurs within the polycrystalline ice. For representative values of the heat flux, soluble impurity loading and grain-size, the downward flux peaks at approximately 1-100 mm a -1 several tens of centimeters above the glacier bed. Beneath this level, the effects of surface energy control the fluid transport and cause the flow to reverse directions, pulling liquid upwards into the polycrystalline ice so that the flow does not introduce glacial material into the underlying reservoir.
Parenting perfectionism and the parenting role

The purpose of the present research was to provide evidence for the validity of the Multidimensional Parenting Perfectionism Questionnaire (MPPQ), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure multiple aspects of parenting perfectionism. Data from two separate samples provided evidence that the MPPQ parenting perfectionism tendencies were systematically related to parenting styles, parenting satisfaction, parental bonding, and attachment tendencies. The discussion focuses on the implications of these research findings and future directions for research with the Multidimensional Parenting Perfectionism Questionnaire.
The DNA damage checkpoint and PKA pathways converge on APC substrates and Cdc20 to regulate mitotic progression

The conserved checkpoint kinases Chk1 and Rad53-Dun1 block the metaphase to anaphase transition by the phosphorylation and stabilization of securin, and block the mitotic exit network regulated by the Bfa1-Bub2 complex. However, both chk1 and rad53 mutants are able to exit from mitosis and initiate a new cell cycle, suggesting that both pathways have supporting functions in restraining anaphase and in blocking the inactivation of mitotic cyclin-Cdk1 complexes. Here we find that the cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) pathway supports Chk1 in the regulation of mitosis by targeting the mitotic inducer Cdc20. Cdc20 is phosphorylated on PKA consensus sites after DNA damage, and this phosphorylation requires the Atr orthologue Mec1 and the PKA catalytic subunits Tpk1 and Tpk2. We show that the inactivation of PKA or expression of phosphorylation-defective Cdc20 proteins accelerates securin and Clb2 destruction in chk1 mutants and is sufficient to remove most of the DNA damage-induced delay. Mutation of the Cdc20 phosphorylation sites permitted the interaction of Cdc20 with Clb2 under conditions that should halt cell cycle progression. These data show that PKA pathways regulate mitotic progression through Cdc20 and support the DNA damage checkpoint pathways in regulating the destruction of Clb2 and securin.
Economic Modeling of Sealing Primary Molars Using a “Value of Information” Approach

The objective was to evaluate 2 primary molar sealant strategies for publicly insured children using an "expected value of perfect information" (EVPI) approach. We converted a 10,000-observation tooth-level cost-effectiveness simulation model comparing 2 primary molar sealant strategies - always seal (AS) and standard care (SC) - with a 1,250-observation child-level model. Costs per child per restoration or extraction averted were estimated. Opportunity losses under the AS strategy were determined for children for whom SC was the optimal choice. We determined the EVPI by multiplying mean opportunity losses by the projected incident population of publicly insured 3-year-olds in the US over 10 years with costs discounted at 2%. All analyses were conducted under assumptions of high and low intrachild correlations between at-risk teeth. The AS strategy cost $43.68 over SC (95% CI: -$5.50, $92.86) per child per restoration or extraction averted under the high intrachild correlation assumption and $15.54 (95% CI $7.86, $23.20) under the low intrachild correlation. Under high intrachild correlation, mean opportunity losses were $80.28 (95% CI: $76.39, $84.17) per child, and AS was the optimal strategy in 31% of children. Under low correlation, mean opportunity losses were $14.61 (95% CI: $12.20, $17.68) and AS was the optimal strategy in 87% of children. The EVPI was calculated at $530,813,740 and $96,578,389 (for high and low intrachild correlation, respectively), for a projected total incident population of 8,059,712 children. On average, always sealing primary molars is more effective than standard care, but widespread implementation of this preventive approach among publicly insured children would result in large opportunity losses. Additional research is needed to identify the subgroups of publicly insured children who would benefit the most from this effective and potentially cost-saving public health intervention.
Hemodilution with anesthesia in the bat, Antrozous pallidus

Lavia must provide effective insulation during cool times, and Rosevear (1965) thought the long fur might shield the bats from excessive insolation. The broad wing membranes allow for rapid heat dissipation in hot weather. Significantly, bats never remained at the primary roost site when temperatures even closely approached body temperature (assumed to be near 380C). Thus, by roosting at sites with temperatures well below 380C, bats could always dissipate heat passively from the wing membranes to the relatively cool air. Throughout this study my wife Rosemary helped locate and observe bats, and in May and June Jill E. Varnum assisted with this work.
Q branches in the rotational spectrum of HOCl

The far IR rotational spectrum of HOCl from 70-263/cm have been obtained. The most prominent features of the rotational spectrum are the Q branches, for which positions have been measured. Statistical strengths for the Q branches have been calculated and mu sub b, the component of the dipole moment that allows Q branch transitions, has been determined from P and R branch line intensities. It is found that mu sub b = 1.4 + or - 0.2 D. Q branch strengths and shifts at stratospheric temperature are calculated.
Developing a Dissertation Research Problem: A Guide for Doctoral Students in Human Resource Development and Adult Education.

University of Illinois, *Adapted by the author and printed with publisher permission. Adapted from: Jacobs, R. L. (2011). Developing a research problem and purpose statement. In Tonette S. Rocco & Tim Hatcher (Eds.), The Handbook of Scholarly Writing and Publishing. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp. 125-141. Corresponding Author: Ronald L. Jacobs, University of Illinois E-mail: rljacobs@illinois.edu For most doctoral students, the dissertation represents the most gratifying, and perhaps the most challenging, phase of their academic programs. Until this point, students have focused mostly on the scholarly works of others. Now they have the opportunity through their dissertation to focus exclusively on which topic interests them the most. A review of the many doctoral programs in human resource development and adult education suggests that they vary widely in terms of their expectations for the dissertation. Some doctoral programs explicitly seek to prepare future researchers or academics, leading to the expectation that their students’ dissertations will advance some theoretical model and likely use a sophisticated data-analysis technique as well. Other doctoral programs with a different focus might seek to prepare scholar-practitioners, leading to a different expectation for the purpose of the dissertation. These studies might examine some aspect of professional practice or a topical organizational issue, without a particular emphasis on building theory as an outcome.
Cross-cultural invalidity of alcohol dependence measurement across Hispanics and Caucasians in 2001 and 2002.

Aims Do assessments of alcohol dependence demonstrate similarly validity across Hispanics and non-Hispanic Caucasians? This investigation examined this question.
Fluorescence line-narrowing spectrometry: a versatile tool for the study of chemically initiated carcinogenesis.

Abstract An important initiating step in the induction of tumors is believed to be the covalent binding of an active carcinogenic species to a cellular macromolecule, e.g. DNA. Therefore, a spectroscopic technique which allows for positive identification of the intact (macromolecular) DNA adduct and/or isolated damaged nucleosides/nucleotides is highly desirable. It is shown that fluorescence line-narrowing spectroscopy (FLNS) is a rapid, versatile, highly sensitive and selective analytical technique, which can be used directly to characterize DNA adducts and isolated nucleosides. FLNS possesses sufficient resolution to distinguish between the major DNA adducts derived from different enantiomers of benzo[a]pyrene diol-epoxide (BPDE). With the present limit of detection (∼1 adducted base per 10 8 normal base pairs for 100 μg of DNA), the technique is applicable to in vivo samples. Analysis of liver DNA from fish exposed to benzo[a]pyrene (BP) (100 mg BP/kg fish) showed that a major DNA adduct is derived from syn-BPDE.
In Vitro Formation of β Cell Pseudoislets Using Islet-Derived Endothelial Cells

β cell pseudoislets (PIs) are used for the in vitro study of β-cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) configuration. Current methods of PI induction require unique culture conditions and extensive mechanical manipulations. Here we report a novel co-culture system consisting of high passage β-cells and islet-derived endothelial cells (iECs) that results in a rapid and spontaneous formation of free-floating PIs. PI structures were formed as early as 72 h following co-culture setup and were preserved for more than 14 d. These PIs, composed solely of β-cells, were similar in size to that of native islets and showed an increased percentage of proinsulin-positive cells, increased insulin gene expression in response to glucose stimulation, and restored glucose-stimulated insulin secretion when compared to β-cells cultured as monolayers. Key extracellular matrix proteins that were absent in β-cells cultured alone were deposited by iECs on PIs and were found in and around the PIs. iEC-induced PIs are a readily available tool for examining β cell function in a native 3-D configuration and can be used for examining β-cell/iEC interactions in vitro.
A peak at death: Assessing continuity and change in an underdocumented language

Neither historical nor linguistic records reveal exactly when the shift from Negerhollands to English and English Creole began in the Danish West Indies. In order to assess phonological continuity and change in the last stage of this moribund creole, the following discussion (1) contrasts earlier and current views of Negerhollands and sketches language contact in the Danish West Indies; (2) examines the language history and the vowel systems of the last speaker; and (3) assesses variation in a Negerhollands corpus produced by 10 elderly bilinguals. The article demonstrates how using a variety of approaches can enhance the investigation of an underdocumented language.
Peritonitis as a risk factor of acute renal failure in nephrotic children

Idiopathic acute renal failure (IARF) is an uncommon but severe complication in children with relapsing nephrotic syndrome and may require long-term dialytic support until recovery of renal function takes place. Due to limited understanding of the pathophysiology of IARF, specific guidelines for its prevention and therapy have not been developed. Among triggering factors, peritonitis was present in half of all pediatric patients with this complication described in the English literature over the past 15 years. We report an additional nephrotic child who developed IARF following spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. The renal biopsy showed tubular epithelial changes consistent with acute tubular necrosis. A discussion of related literature and possible pathogenesis of this association is presented.