cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Distinction between Active and Passive Reaction in Grasp Stability Analysis

Stability analysis for multi-fingered robotic grasping is often formalized as the problem of answering the following questions: can the hand exert contact forces on the object either without a net resultant wrench (thus loading the contacts while creating purely internal forces) or in order to counterbalance an external disturbance (by applying an equal and opposite wrench). However, some of the most commonly used methods for performing this analysis do not distinguish between active torque generation and passive resistance at the joints (and, in fact, many commonly used methods disregard the actuation mechanism entirely). In this study, we introduce an analysis framework constructed to capture such di?erences, and present evidence showing that this is an important distinction to make when assessing the stability of a grasp employing some of the most commonly used actuation mechanisms.
Punctal eversion with silicone plug resulting in ocular surface trauma

A woman in her 70s with a history of chronic mixed mechanism ocular surface disease presented with an epithelial defect in her left eye. She was status post lower punctal cautery and was currently on Xiidra (lifitegrast ophthalmic solution, 5%) two times per day. On presentation, she endorsed
First experimental kinetic study of the atmospherically important reaction of BrHg + NO2

Abstract Atomic bromine is known to dominate the oxidation of Hg(0) to Hg(II) via a two-step process in the atmosphere– formation of BrHg and subsequent reactions of BrHg with atmospheric radicals, particularly NO2. We report the first experimental determination of the rate constants for this reaction, which we measured versus temperature (313–373 K) and pressure (80–700 Torr) using laser photolysis-laser induced fluorescence (LP-LIF). Rate constants for addition are 3–11 times lower than those predicted by a previous computational study. We also confirm the existence of competing channel, which we assign to the predicted mercury reduction reaction.
The Interplay between Message Framing and Message Recipients’ Regulatory Focus in Promoting HPV Prevention Strategies

Limited awareness and low uptake rate of Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevention strategies among females require the development of more effective educational interventions. Regulatory focus theory posits the matching of framing valence with the recipients' regulatory focus increases persuasiveness. Following regulatory focus theory, we examined how individual regulatory focus changed the effects of gain- and loss-framed messages on promoting consistent condom use and HPV DNA testing for HPV prevention. We also explored whether this interaction effect impacts the influences of target individuals' initial attitudes about condom use and HPV DNA testing on post attitudes and intentions. Results of Study 1 showed that, in general, the gain-framed message fit with regulatory focus (i.e., promotion focus) promoted more positive attitudes about consistent condom use than the gain-framed message nonfit with their regulatory focus (i.e., prevention focus).Nevertheless, the gain-framed message nonfit with regulatory focus (i.e., prevention focus) strengthened the negative relationship between initial attitudes and intentions, which promoted the intentions to use condom consistently among people who initially held negative attitudes toward consistent condom use. In Study 2, we did not observe a significant interaction effect of message framing and regulatory focus in the HPV DNA testing context. However, we observed that the gain-framed message nonfit with regulatory focus (i.e., prevention focus) led to the changes in the significance of the initial attitudes - post attitudes relationship from significant to non-significant. Thus, the reliance on initial negative attitudes about HPV DNA testing in decision-making decreased. Theoretical and practical implications of our research were discussed.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Festschrift of the 70th Birthday of Zeev "Valy" Vardeny

This guest editorial introduces and summarizes the Special Section on the Festschrift of the 70th Birthday of Zeev “Valy” Vardeny
Maternal and zygotic factors sequentially shape the tissue regionalization of chromatin landscapes in early vertebrate embryos

Abstract One of the first steps in cellular differentiation of vertebrate embryos is the formation of the three germ layers. Maternal pioneer transcription factors (TFs) bind to the regulatory regions of the embryonic genome prior to zygotic genome activation and initiate germ layer specification. While the involvement of maternal TFs in establishing epigenetic marks in whole embryos was addressed previously, how early pluripotent cells acquire spatially restricted epigenetic identity in embryos remain unknown. Here, we report that the H3K4me1 enhancer mark in each germ layer becomes distinct in germ layer specific regulatory regions, forming super-enhancers (SEs), by early gastrula stage. Distinct SEs are established in these germ layers near robustly regulated germ layer identity genes, suggesting that SEs are important for the canalization of development. Establishment of these enhancers requires a sequential function of maternal and zygotic TFs. By knocking down the expression of a critical set of maternal endodermal TFs, an overwhelming majority of the endodermal H3K4me1 marks are lost. Interestingly, this disappearance of endodermal marking coincides with the appearance of ectodermal and mesodermal H3K4me1 marks in the endoderm, suggesting a transformation in the chromatin state of these nuclei towards a more ecto-mesodermal state. De novo motif analysis to identify TFs responsible for the transformation recovers a profile for endodermal maternal TFs as well as their downstream target TFs. We demonstrate the importance of coordinated activities of maternal and zygotic TFs in defining a spatially resolved dynamic process of chromatin state establishment.
2 AI AND MACHINE LEARNING

Now let's take a detour and talk about AI, or artificial intelligence, in general and not limited to its application in building a virtual assistant. In fact, to understand most of the components of figure 1 used in today's virtual assistants, it is important to acquire a basic understanding of what AI is and its evolution toward the most recent technology known as deep learning.
Conjunctival Melanocytic Lesions

Pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva commonly present problems not only to the ophthalmologists but also to the dermatologists, ophthalmic pathologists, and dermatopathologists. Their histologic patterns often differ from those of the skin. With the discovery of the dysplastic nevus syndrome, it has been shown that patients with dysplastic nevi have an increased number of pigmented lesions involving the conjunctiva as well. One of the most problematic areas is the conjunctival melanosis that presents a spectrum that includes benign congenital racial pigmentation, primary acquired melanosis, as well as melanoses with cytologic atypia that is a probable precursor to conjunctival melanoma. In this chapter we will elucidate the importance of clinicopathological correlation and give guidelines as to how to assess these lesions including melanoma. The emphasis will be placed on the diagnostic pitfalls that accompany some of the atypical conjunctival lesions as well as therapeutic approaches.
Main neurodevelopmental study of Seychellois children following in utero exposure to methylmercury from a maternal fish diet: outcome at six months.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a human neurotoxin to which the developing fetal brain is especially sensitive. The lowest dose of MeHg that impairs neurodevelopment in the human fetus is not known. The Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) is testing the hypothesis that fetal MeHg exposure from a maternal diet high in oceanic fish is related to child neurodevelopmental outcomes. Fish is the majorprotein source in the Republic of Seychelles, where a cohort of 779 mother-infant pairs was enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study. Maternal total hair mercury values during pregnancy were determined by cold vapor atomic absorption and ranged from 0.5 ppm to 26.7 ppm with a median of 5.9 ppm. When the children were 6 1/2 months of age, an examiner blinded to the maternal mercury value performed a neurological examination, the Fagan test of visual recognition memory, and the Denver Developmental Screening Test -Revised (DDST-R). On the DDST-R 2% scored other than normal while 3.4% had an overall neurological score other than normal. The Fagan test of visual recognition memory showed a median score of 60.5%, and the Rose attention measure from that test showed a median score of 37.9. The association between fetal mercury exposure and neurodevelopmental endpoints was examined by multiple regression analyses. After adjusting for covariates, no association between the maternal hair mercury level during pregnancy and an adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of the child was identified at 6 1/2 months of age.
Microtechnology and the future of nursing

The purpose of this panel discussion is to propose some visions of the future for nursing information systems. These visions are compounded of knowledge, experience, speculations, and dreams. We hope they will stimulate thought and discussion, challenge and debate, so that all of us who are engaged in shaping the future of nursing information systems can benefit from one another's imagination, knowledge, and critique.
Modification of Control Chart Limits in the Presence of Data Correlation

The existing methodology for treating certain kinds of quality control data assumes the existence of normality and independence in the data. Under these conditions the data can be treated simply through the use of available tables and simple calculation..
Taking on the Challenge: Phase I of the Hyams Foundation Girls' Initiative

This report describes Phase I of The Hyams Foundation’s funding initiative for eight programs providing direct services to girls in Boston and Chelsea, Massachusetts. Although the programs varied in their sophistication and experience with gender-responsive approaches, in each case the programs served girls who were court involved and worked with the state social services or juvenile justice systems. The monograph describes the work of the initiative’s Learning Community, participation in which was a requirement of funding, and findings from the Learning Community’s participatory action research. Notably, the report describes nine lessons learned from the funding initiative, which are useful for foundations supporting girls’ programs, as well as agencies and community based programs working with this population.
Hypothalamic Amenorrhea and Hidden Nutritional Insults

OBJECTIVE We examined whether abnormal nutrition is an associated event in idiopathic hypothalamic amenorrhea. METHODS Eighteen amenorrheic subjects were compared to 36 normal controls using endocrine, nutritional, and psychological evaluations. RESULTS Controls were closer to their ideal weight (97.2 versus 89.7%; P < .05) than amenorrheics despite similar ages and heights. Amenorrheics denied eating disorders; however, our evaluation showed more eating disorders (55 versus 26%; P < .05), higher scores on a scale of eating behavior (22.28 versus 10.36; P < .001), twice as much fiber intake (26.14 versus 14.69 g/day) and less fat intake (20.7 versus 27.10 g/day) (P < .001), more aerobic activity (85 versus 58%) despite expending fewer calories per day (2303.7 versus 2576.7 kcal/day; P < .05), and similar caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS Significant abnormalities suggest that a greater percentage of hypothalamic amenorrhea occurs on a nutritional basis than previously suspected and should be searched for in depth.
Fabrication of multilayered particles with structured, complex three-dimensional architecture

Advances in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have allowed the microfabrication of polymeric microparticles and the development of a novel class of controlled delivery devices. Multilayered asymmetric vehicles may be constructed with complex three-dimensional features which may provide the capacity to target cells, promote unidirectional controlled release, and enhance permeation across the intestinal epithelial barrier.
High volume microprocessor test escapes, an analysis of defects our tests are missing

This paper explores defects found in a high volume microprocessor when shipping at a low defect level. A brief description of the manufacturing flow along with definition of DPM is covered. Three defective devices are then root cause analyzed for defect type, electrical effect and possible ways to screen earlier in the device life cycle or manufacturing process. The implications of these defects along with process trends are used to forecast the need for better tools and methods to earlier achieve high quality goals.
Nonlinear conductivity in non-relativistic classical electron plasmas☆

Abstract A non-relativistic magnetic field-free classical electron plasma is perturbed from equilibrium by a small external scalar potential and the second order current response and conductivity are calculated.
Comparison of male and female nurses' attitudes toward obesity

The Attitudes Toward Obesity Scale was administered to 23 male and 45 female caregivers and 55 patients. There were no sex differences in reported negative feelings of caregivers, but the obese patients reported significantly more negative attitudes of caregivers than did the nonobese patients.
Psychological adjustment of 'surgery-only' pediatric neuro-oncology patients: a retrospective analysis.

A recent increase in diagnoses of pediatric neuro-oncology tumors combined with recent advancements in medical treatment of such tumors has resulted in a growing cohort of pediatric brain tumor survivors. These survivors are at risk for short and long-term psychological adjustment problems. Most studies regarding these survivors have focused on children who have received combinations of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy as medical treatment. The sub-group of pediatric neuro-oncology patients who receive surgery as the only form of medical treatment has not been closely followed for adjustment problems. In this study, data were retrospectively collected from semi-structured clinical interviews with 34 ‘surgery-only’ pediatric neuro-oncology patients who were 2 weeks to 5 years off medical treatment for their tumor. These data suggest that these survivors may be experiencing significant short and long-term mood, behavioral, and academic adjustment problems in comparison to national averages for children regarding these issues. Additional research examining the psychological adjustment process for surgery-only pediatric neuro-oncology patients is needed to validate these preliminary findings and facilitate the development of targeted interventions to address the identified adjustment problems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the time allocation of married couples since 1960

Abstract In the last half a century, married females more than doubled their workforce participation and significantly reduced their time spent on home production. Using a model of family decision making with home production and individual earnings heterogeneity, we subject two prominent explanations for this aggregate change, namely, the evolution of the gender earnings gap and the cost of home appliances, to quantitative tests with respect to changes in participation for disaggregated groups of couples and trends in time spent in leisure and home production activities. We find that both forces are needed to understand the evolution of married female time allocation over time, although the falling cost of home appliances is a dominant explanation for the time allocation outside of workplace, while the gender earnings gap is the dominant explanation for the workforce participation decision.
Season and physiological parameters modulate salmonid leucocyte androgen receptor affinity and abundance

Abstract Immune responses of ectothermic animals are known to vary seasonally. A loss of sensitivity to cortisol and testosterone (both normally immunosuppressive) in leucocytes from juvenile salmonids during winter has been previously documented. In an attempt to understand how the salmonid immune system changes in the winter, the present study investigated changes in androgen receptor affinity and abundance in salmonid leucocytes brought on by season, and physiological states such as stress and sexual maturation. In sexually immature fish, leucocyte androgen receptor affinity dropped more than four-fold during winter. TheKdrose from less than 1 n M in July to 4 n M in January. The number of androgen receptors present also rose dramatically in January (from 50 fmol mg−1protein to 400 fmol mg−1protein). An 18 h confinement stress caused a significant drop in leucocyte androgen receptor binding affinity in sexually immature fish (Kdrose to 6 n M from 2·7 n M ) but had no effect on the number of receptors present. Sexual maturation of rainbow trout led to an increased number of leucocyte androgen receptors, similar to the number seen in immature fish sampled during the spawning season (300 fmol mg−1protein), and leucocyte androgen receptor affinity decreased significantly after ovulation (Kd14 n M , up from 4 n M before ovulation).
An Untimely Intuition: Adding a Bergsonian Dimension to Experience and Education

This essay explores Henri Bergson's intuition as a philosophical and methodological concept, specifically considering how it might be useful in thinking about education. The main argument is that the repetition-succession model of time — or time as measure — that became established in modernity, and to which we are habituated, edits out of consciousness an organic, qualitative, nonhomogeneous aspect of time that is more true to our being-in-the world, resulting in an unfortunate thinning of our lives. An understanding of this different dimension of time, called duration here, awakens the intuition, making us less dependent on mechanical time, which is finitude, and more open to the nonmeasurable, qualitative aspects of phenomena. Pedagogically, this essay offers a praxis that aims toward a liberatory awakening to the conditions of our experience.
Primary sensory cortices, top-down projections and conscious experience

Abstract Beginning with a prominent article by Crick and Koch in 1995 (Nature 375, 121–123), cognitive neuroscience has witnessed an intensive debate about whether or not neural activity in primary visual cortex correlates with conscious visual experience. While some studies – especially those employing functional magnetic resonance imaging – imply that this is the case, others – particularly those recording from single neurons – suggest that it is not. In the light of this ongoing controversy, it is surprising that the analogous question in other sensory modalities has received far less attention. The first part of the present article reviews studies relevant to the role of primary auditory and primary somatosensory cortices in conscious auditory and tactile experience. As will become evident, the results of these studies, at least at first sight, appear no less contradictory than those obtained in the visual modality – in fact, they evidence discrepancies that resemble those found in the visual system to an impressive degree. The second part of the article attempts to reconcile the seemingly contradictory data by suggesting that only activity induced in the primary sensory cortices through cortico-cortical top-down signals can become consciously accessible, whereas activity induced by bottom-up signals from the thalamus cannot. This conclusion is in line with the earlier proposals of several prominent neuroscientists that portrayed conscious perception as the result of an active interpretative process by the brain, rather than a passive reflection of the environment.
Properties of thin IrMn in exchange biased multilayers

We report striking behavior in thin IrMn exchange-biased heterostructures. We have studied exchange-biased multilayers with IrMn thicknesses from 2 to 80 A with 50-A Ti over- and underlayers. The resistance of spin valves with Si/50-A Ti/40-A NiFe/8-A Co/30-A Cu/30-A Co/tIrMn/50-A Ti as a function of temperature shows anomalous behavior for 12 A<tIrMn<26 A. These features are not seen for spin valves in which the ferromagnetic layers are replaced with CoFe. To isolate the effects of the IrMn, resistance and magnetization versus temperature for structures of 50 A Ti/ tIrMn /50 A Ti were measured. Our measurements are suggestive of a model involving a mixed hcp/fcc phase of IrMn, in which the hcp phase undergoes a magnetic phase transition, and the resistance is influenced by a combination of the magnetic transition and the structural properties of the IrMn layer.
Left atrial mechanical responses to right ventricular pacing in heart failure patients: implications for atrial fibrillation.

Left Atrial Function During Right Ventricular Pacing. Background: RV pacing (RVP), even with preserved atrioventricular (AV) synchrony, may lead to left atrial (LA) enlargement and atrial fibrillation. However, inciting events are unknown. We hypothesized that RVP acutely impairs LA function by mechanisms affecting atrial contraction and/or ventricular diastole. Methods: LA function in ICD patients (n = 31, LVEF ≤ 40%) and controls (n = 14, LVEF > 50%) was contrasted between intrinsic conduction versus RVP during asynchronous (ICD, n = 17, control, n = 7), and synchronous (ICD, n = 14, control, n = 14) pacing at long (LAVd, 107 ±16 ms) and short (SAVd, 31 ± 5 ms) AV delays. LA maximal volume (LAMax), minimal volume (LAMin), and emptying fraction {LAEmF = (LAMax–LAMin)/LAMax} were measured echocardiographically. Six-segment mean mitral annular tissue doppler E′ (global E′) assessed diastolic recoil during baseline and LAVd. Results: In the ICD group, LAMin increased by 42% (P < 0.0009) during VVI, by 31% (P = 0.0002) during SAVd, and by 17% (P < 0.0007) during LAVd. LAEmF decreased by 44% (P < 0.0008), 27% (P < 0.0001), and by 15% (P = 0.003) during VVI, SAVd, and LAVd respectively. LAMax was unaltered. Global E′ was reduced by 12%. In control, LAMin increased and LAEmF decreased significantly during VVI (82 and 58%) and SAVd (46 and 41%), but not during LAVd. Conclusion: In patients with LV dysfunction, RVP acutely impaired LA emptying, and increased minimal volume, most prominently when atrial contraction was impeded (VVI, DDD-SAVd) but also when completed (DDD-LAVd), indicating impaired diastolic recoil as an important mechanism. When LV function was normal, similar changes were present when atrial filling is impeded (VVI, SAVd), but not when completed (LAVd). (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 866-874, August 2011)
Sensory and cognitive influences on the training-related improvement of reading speed in peripheral vision.

Reading speed in normal peripheral vision is slow but can be increased through training on a letter-recognition task. The aim of the present study is to investigate the sensory and cognitive factors responsible for this improvement. The visual span is hypothesized to be a sensory bottleneck limiting reading speed. Three sensory factors—letter acuity, crowding, and mislocations (errors in the spatial order of letters)—may limit the size of the visual span. Reading speed is also influenced by cognitive factors including the utilization of information from sentence context. We conducted a perceptual training experiment to investigate the roles of these factors. Training consisted of four daily sessions of trigram letter-recognition trials at 10° in the lower visual field. Subjects' visual-span profiles and reading speeds were measured in pre- and posttests. Effects of the three sensory factors were isolated through a decomposition analysis of the visual span profiles. The impact of sentence context was indexed by context gain, the ratio of reading speeds for ordered and unordered text. Following training, visual spans increased in size by 5.4 bits of information transmitted, and reading speeds increased by 45%. Training induced a substantial reduction in the magnitude of crowding (4.8 bits) and a smaller reduction for mislocations (0.7 bits), but no change in letter acuity or context gain. These results indicate that the basis of the training-related improvement in reading speed is a large reduction in the interfering effect of crowding and a small reduction of mislocation errors.
Medicaid: A potential source of revenue for special education

Currently, over 4.3 million children are receiving special services within the nation's schools because of physical, developmental, and educational disabilities. It is estimated that twice this number would benefit from special education services. Public Law 94–142, the Education for the Handicapped Act, offered the first real opportunity for many children with disabilities to receive special health and educational services. Public schools have become a primary setting for provision of services to these children, however, many states have encountered difficulty in procuring funding. One federally mandated source of revenue is the Medicaid program. In the fall of 1991, all state Medicaid and special education programs were asked to provide information concerning current or planned use of Medicaid funds for special education services. Responses were received from 36 states. Only 19 states reported using Medicaid funding in any capacity, and of these, only four required schools to bill Medicaid for services rendered. The majority of these programs are in the pilot stages of development. Special education services covered by Medicaid vary widely, as do reimbursement mechanisms. All 19 states allow Medicaid coverage for speech, physical, and occupational therapy. Only about half of those states provide allowances for diagnostic evaluation and assessment, while coverage for psychological services is provided by three-fourths of those states, and EPSDT screens by half of the states. Only two programs had been evaluated formally at the state and/or federal level. Medicaid remains a largely untapped source of revenue that could be used to help fund services for disabled children.
Computer simulation of heart-pacemaker interaction.

The electrical interaction between the heart and an artificial pacemaker is often complex. Because of the sophistication and variability of dual-chamber device algorithms, even experienced cardiologists have difficulty interpreting paced electrocardiograms (ECGs). To study heart-pacemaker interaction (HPI), a computer model of the cardiac conduction system has been developed which includes the effects of artificial pacemaker function and failure. The cardiac conduction model, based upon automata theory, consists of nine vertices each representing a functional electrophysiological element. Connections between vertices include normal and accessory, anterograde and retrograde pathways. Electrophysiological multidimensional conditional probability functions determine the depolarization status of each vertex. A depolarization event occurs at a vertex if its probability of occurrence at time t is greater than a pseudorandom number. The atrioventricular (AV) node is emulated using a mathematical model that includes the inlluence of past cycle lengths on AV nodal conduction time. Twentyfive classes of arrhythmias may be simulated and any one of 12 antibradycardia pacing modes and 6 electrophysiology study protocols may be chosen.
Financial Markets and Online Advertising: Reevaluating the Dotcom Investment Bubble

While the dotcom period is often dismissed as a false start in the history of the web's commercial development, it is better conceived of as highly generative of modern structures of online advertising. Soaring investment markets and the developing online advertising sector entered into a pattern of mutual reinforcement that began in 1995 and intensified until the bubble collapsed in 2000, transforming the character of the web in the process. This article sketches the contours of this generative capacity, focusing on the production of demand for online advertising services. Taking the approach of critical political economy [Pickard, V. (2013). Being critical: Contesting power within the misinformation society. Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies, 10(2–3), 306–311], this narrative is contextualized as an outgrowth of broader social trends, namely the increased importance and interconnection of marketing communications, media technologies, and finance within the changing capitalism of ‘the new gilde...
Killing of Trypanosoma brucei by Concanavalin A: Structural Basis of Resistance in Glycosylation Mutants

Concanavalin A (Con A) kills procyclic (insect) forms of Trypanosoma brucei by binding to N-glycans on EP-procyclin, a major surface glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein which is rich in Glu-Pro repeats. We have previously isolated and studied two procyclic mutants (ConA 1-1 and ConA 4-1) that are more resistant than wild-type (WT) to Con A killing. Although both mutants express the same altered oligosaccharides compared to WT cells, ConA 4-1 is considerably more resistant to lectin killing than is ConA 1-1. Thus, we looked for other alterations to account for the differences in sensitivity. Using mass spectrometry, together with chemical and enzymatic treatments, we found that both mutants express types of EP-procyclin that are either poorly expressed or not found at all in WT cells. ConA 1-1 expresses mainly EP1-3, a novel procyclin that contains 18 EP repeats, is partially N-glycosylated, and bears hybrid-type glycans. On the other hand, ConA 4-1 cells express almost exclusively EP2-3, a novel non-glycosylated procyclin isoform with 23 EP repeats and no site for glycosylation. The predominance of EP2-3 in ConA 4-1 cells explains their high resistance to ConA killing. Thus, switching the procyclin repertoire, a process that could be relevant to parasite development in the insect vector, modulates the sensitivity of trypanosomes to cytotoxic lectins.
Estimating manifold dimension by inversion error

Video and image datasets can often be described by a small number of parameters, even though each image usually consists of hundreds or thousands of pixels. This observation is often exploited in computer vision and pattern recognition by the application of dimensionality reduction techniques. In particular, there has been recent interest in the application of a class of nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithms which assume that an image dataset has been sampled from a manifold.From this assumption, it follows that estimating the dimension of the manifold is the first step in analyzing an image dataset. Typically, this estimate is obtained either by using a priori knowledge, or by applying one of the various statistical and geometrical methods available. Once an estimate is obtained, it is used as a parameter for the nonlinear dimensionality reduction algorithm.In this paper, we consider reversing this approach. Instead of estimating the dimension of the manifold in order to obtain a low dimensional representation, we consider producing low dimensional representations in order to estimate of the dimensionality of the manifold. By varying the dimensionality parameter, we obtain different low dimensional representations of the original dataset. The dimension of the best representation should then correspond to the actual dimension of the manifold.In order to determine the best representation, we propose a metric based on inversion. In particular, we propose that a good representation should be invertible, in that we should be able to reverse the reduction algorithm's transformation to obtain the original dataset. By coupling this metric with any reduction algorithm, we can estimate the dimensionality of an image manifold. We apply our method in the context of locally linear embedding (LLE) and Isomap to six frequently used examples and two image datasets.
Conformational dynamics for chemical sensing : simplicity and diversity

Controllable switching between two stable conformations of inherently dynamic chemical architectures can be exploited as a potent signal transduction mechanism for chemical sensing. In this article are highlighted selected examples of this emerging class of shape-adaptive molecular sensors that are built with simplicity in their operating principles but with diversity in their structural designs.
Endovascular repair of traumatic aortic injury using a custom fenestrated endograft to preserve the left subclavian artery.

Purpose: To describe the use of custom fenestrated endografts to preserve left subclavian artery (SCA) flow when requiring coverage during endovascular repair of blunt aortic injury (BAI). Case Report: A 39-year-old male involved in a motor vehicle accident sustained injuries including intracranial hemorrhage, BAI, and extremity fractures. Immediate neurosurgical intervention was required. Once neurologically stabilized, endovascular repair was performed with a commercially available device modified with a custom fenestration to preserve flow into the left SCA. Serial follow-up CT angiography (CTA) demonstrates satisfactory repair with prograde left SCA flow and no evidence of endoleak. Conclusion: Left SCA coverage is often required for successful endovascular repair of BAI. A subgroup of patients who undergo left SCA coverage will require revascularization. The use of custom fenestrated endografts for preserving left SCA during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for BAI is an innovative and fea...
Some key historical highlights in the evolution of the modern concept of valence

Abstract The closely related concepts of valence and chemical bonding have played a pivotal role in the development of theoretical chemistry, and are now viewed as two of the most important concepts in the entire history of chemistry. The occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the appearance of C.A. Coulson's book Valence affords a convenient opportunity to survey some of the major developments in the evolution of the concept of valence, and to place the pioneering contributions of Coulson in an appropriate historical setting. Our review starts from the earliest speculations on the subject by ancient Greek philosophers, traces the evolution of the concept down to modern times, and ends up by examining possible ways in which our ideas on valence could mature over the next forty years.
The potential for interspecific competition among African carnivores

The general importance of interspecific competition as an ecological factor for carnivores is unknown and its conservation significance may have been inflated by intensive research conducted on a few vulnerable species. We therefore examined the potential for interspecific competition across carnivores on one continent, Africa, by calculating, for each of 70 carnivore species, the number of other carnivore species that overlapped it in geographic range, habitat, and diet, and that could potentially kill the species in question. The average carnivore in Africa shares some of its geographic range and habitat with 26 other species suggesting competition could be pervasive. More specifically, carnivores may have to share food resources with 22 other carnivore species, on average, although the potential for food stealing is far lower. The average African carnivore may be vulnerable to predation by 15 other species although it is unlikely to be eaten by other carnivores. These analyses indicate that exploitative competition and interspecific killing are of potential widespread importance for a large number of carnivores in Africa, rather than being restricted to a few selected carnivores highlighted in the current literature.
Doing it directly: the experiential design of cyberspaces

Cyberspace is a new computer-based medium that enables groups of people to play the roles of characters in simulations of three dimensional worlds. This paper describes a theatrical approach to design in cyberspace, in which the designer, called a spacemaker, plays the role of a magician in an evolving space. In most computer aided design systems, the designer is regarded as a third person observer of a static three dimensional model. In the approach described here, the spacemaker is considered to be a direct participant in a virtual reality.
Combinatorial Properties of Matrices of Zeros and Ones

This paper is concerned with a matrix A of m rows and n columns, all of whose entries are 0’s and 1’s. Let the sum of row i of A be denoted by r i (i = 1, ... , m) and let the sum of column i of A be denoted by S i (i = 1, ... ,n).
Determination of glycogen with the anthrone reagent

Abstract 1. 1. A method for the determination of glycogen has been developed. The procedure involves digestion of tissue in boiling NaOH, deproteinization of the alkaline digest with HClO4, precipitation with alcohol, washing with alcohol, and color production with anthrone reagent. 2. 2. Experiments with glycogen added to liver, skeletal muscle, and heart showed mean recoveries of 92 to 101%. 3. 3. The method combines the advantages of the classical alkaline extraction technique and the rapid colorimetric anthrone procedure. The possibility of interference from glycoprotein is removed by the perchloric acid treatment.
Negative transfer as a function of IQ and mode of presentation in paired-associate learning.

Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate negative transfer effects in paired-associate learning in normal (IQs 90–110) and retarded (IQs 60–80) children. Seventy-two S s, ages 11–13, learned two paired-associate lists by one of three modes of presentation: memory drum, slides or tape recorder. A Modified Free Recall procedure was employed to test for recall of List 1 items. The results indicated that the retarded S s took significantly longer than the normal to learn both lists, made significantly more intrusion errors in List 2, and recalled significantly more List 1 items. The results were interpreted as supporting an inhibition deficit theory of mental retardation. Significant differences between modes of presentation were also demonstrated. Lists presented by tape recorder required fewer trials to criterion than lists presented by slides, which in turn required fewer trials than those presented by memory drum.
Inframanubrial parathyroid glands in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism: alternatives to sternotomy.

Deep inframanubrial parathyroid tumors have traditionally been excised through a median sternotomy. With the advent of minimally invasive surgical access, we chose to examine the treatment options and outcomes of patients with inframanubrial mediastinal parathyroid tumors. Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism seen at a university medical center over a 12-year period were retrospectively reviewed. The utility of localization studies, methods of treatment, complications, and outcomes were examined in patients with a parathyroid tumor located in the mediastinum inferior to the manubrium. Patients with parathyroid adenomas located at the thoracic inlet were excluded. Sixteen patients with inframanubrial mediastinal tumors were treated during the study period. Altogether, 81% of the patients had undergone at least one prior neck exploration for primary hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were 12.4 ± 0.36 mg/dl and 273 ± 70 pg/ml, respectively. Localization studies identified mediastinal parathyroid adenomas in the following locations: anterior mediastinum (n = 8), middle mediastinum (n = 7), posterior mediastinum (n = 1). Mediastinal computed tomography and technetium-sestamibi scans demonstrated the best sensitivity, 92% and 85%, respectively. Seven patients underwent successful excision of the mediastinal adenoma by transcervical mediastinal exploration with the Cooper retractor. The other patients underwent angiographic ablation (n = 4), anterior mediastinotomy (n = 3), video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) (n = 1), and VATS plus thoracotomy (n = 1). The mean hospital stay for the study group was 2.9 ± 0.7 days. The complication rate was 25%. All patients were normocalcemic after a mean follow-up of 15 ± 7 months. Most inframanubrial mediastinal parathyroid tumors can be successfully managed without median sternotomy.
Object movement in preschool children's word learning.

Two studies examined whether preschool children preferred to select a moving object over stationary objects when determining the referent of a novel word. In both studies three- and four-year-olds observed three novel objects, one moving object and two stationary objects. In Study I, children (n=44) were asked to select the object that best matched a novel word. In Study 2 , children (n=45) were asked to select the object that best matched a novel fact. Results across the two studies indicated that three- and four-year-olds showed a preference for selecting the moving object and that this preference was similar for both words and facts. These results suggest that preschool children are able to use movement to determine the referent of a novel word, especially when other cues are unavailable or unhelpful, but that movement may not be uniquely helpful for word learning.
From networks to human behavior

Highly interconnected networks with amazingly complex topology describe systems as diverse as the World Wide Web, our cells, social systems or the economy. Recent studies indicate that these networks are the result of self-organizing processes governed by simple but generic laws, resulting in architectural features that makes them much more similar to each other than one would have expected by chance. I will discuss the amazing order characterizing our interconnected world and its implications to network robustness and spreading processes. Finally, most of these networks are driven by the temporal patterns characterizing human activity. I will use communication and web browsing data to show that there is deep order in the temporal domain of human dynamics, and discuss the different ways to understand and model the emerging patterns.
Highly stable polymer coated nano-clustered silver plates: a multimodal optical contrast agent for biomedical imaging

Here, we present a new optical contrast agent based on silver nanoplate clusters embedded inside of a polymer nano matrix. Unlike nanosphere clusters, which have been well studied, nanoplate clusters have unique properties due to the different possible orientations of interaction between the individual plates, resulting in a significant broadening of the absorption spectra. These nanoclusters were immobilized inside of a polymer cladding so as to maintain their stability and optical properties under in vivo conditions. The polymer-coated silver nanoplate clusters show a lower toxicity compared to the uncoated nanoparticles. At high nanoparticle concentrations, cell death occurs mostly due to apoptosis. These nanoparticles were used for targeted fluorescence imaging in a rat glioma cell line by incorporating a fluorescent dye into the matrix, followed by conjugation of a tumor targeting an F3 peptide. We further used these nanoparticles as photoacoustic contrast agents in vivo to enhance the contrast of the vasculature structures in a rat ear model. We observed a contrast enhancement of over 90% following the nanoparticle injection. It is also shown that these NPs can serve as efficient contrast agents, with specific targeting abilities for broadband multimodal imaging that are usable for diagnostic applications and that extend into use as therapeutic agents as well.
Viscoelastic analysis of bonded tubular joints under torsion

Abstract In this paper, a theoretical analysis to evaluate the stress field in the adhesive layers of tubular bonded joints subjected to torsional loading is presented. The formulation is suitable to study the static behavior of the joint under general loading conditions as well as steady-state behavior under cyclic loading conditions. The adhesive material is modeled using linear viscoelasticity and numerical results for the shear stresses in the adhesives, joint compliance and joint loss factor are presented for various cases that provide some insights and guidelines in the design of the joint.
The Relation Between the Raman Spectra and the Structure of Organic Molecules

The following procedure is proposed for identifying the type of vibration in the molecule to which an observed frequency in a Raman spectrum corresponds. It is assumed that the only forces acting between the atoms in the molecule are those produced by the chemical bonds, and that there is a restoring force if the bond is stretched or if the angle which the bond makes with the other bonds on an atom is altered from the normal equilibrium value. It is also assumed that all non-polar chemical bonds have the same force constants in organic compounds. The different frequencies observed in the Raman spectra may then be considered as due solely to the variation in mass of the atoms concerned and to their space relation to each other, that is, whether they are in a straight chain, a branching chain, a ring, etc. It is possible to calculate in this way the number of Raman lines which should be observed for any compound, and the frequencies they should have. There is fair agreement with the observed spectra close enough so that the lines can be identified with different types of motion in the molecule.
Building large area CZT imaging detectors for a wide-field hard X-ray telescope—ProtoEXIST1

Abstract We have constructed a moderately large area ( 32 cm 2 ), fine pixel (2.5 mm pixel, 5 mm thick) CZT imaging detector which constitutes the first section of a detector module ( 256 cm 2 ) developed for a balloon-borne wide-field hard X-ray telescope, ProtoEXIST1. ProtoEXIST1 is a prototype for the High Energy Telescope (HET) in the Energetic X-ray imaging Survey Telescope (EXIST), a next generation space-borne multi-wavelength telescope. We have constructed a large (nearly gapless) detector plane through a modularization scheme by tiling of a large number of 2 cm × 2 cm CZT crystals. Our innovative packaging method is ideal for many applications such as coded-aperture imaging, where a large, continuous detector plane is desirable for the optimal performance. Currently we have been able to achieve an energy resolution of 3.2 keV (FWHM) at 59.6 keV on average, which is exceptional considering the moderate pixel size and the number of detectors in simultaneous operation. We expect to complete two modules ( 512 cm 2 ) within the next few months as more CZT becomes available. We plan to test the performance of these detectors in a near space environment in a series of high altitude balloon flights, the first of which is scheduled for Fall 2009. These detector modules are the first in a series of progressively more sophisticated detector units and packaging schemes planned for ProtoEXIST2 & 3, which will demonstrate the technology required for the advanced CZT imaging detectors (0.6 mm pixel, 4.5 m 2 area) required in EXIST/HET.