cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumers Who Care

People care about others and have concerns for fairness. In a nutshell, this was the finding of early laboratory experiments in economics ( 1 , 2 ). That people parted with their own money either to benefit anonymous others or to punish unfair subjects, rocked the economic model of selfish decision-makers. But how exactly do people care? Although economists have made great progress in parsing the exact nature of this concern in laboratory experiments, little is known about how concern for others plays out in consumer markets and in corporate decision-making ( 3 ). On page 325 of this issue, Gneezy et al. present some interesting evidence in this regard ( 4 ). Their results indicate that the impact of consumer concerns about fairness can be at once powerful and subtle.
Propagation Kinetics of Methacrylic Acid Studied by Pulsed-Laser Polymerization

Propagation rate coefficients kp have been determined for free radical polymerizations of methacrylic acid (MAA) using pulsed-laser polymerizations (PLP) combined with size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The temperature dependence of kp has been studied for polymerizations of 33 vol % monomer in methanol in the temperature range from 20 to 60 °C. kp is described by the following Arrhenius relation: ln[kp/L·mol-1·s-1] = (13.31 ± 0.49) − (2132 ± 133)K/T. Variations in MAA concentration and the type of solvent do not influence kp significantly. Any distinctions elicited in kp by these variations are of the order of the experimental uncertainty and are much smaller than the relative changes in the MAA monomer−dimer equilibrium observed by FTIR spectroscopy. The magnitude of kp and its variation with temperature are similar to results reported for methyl methacrylate and the rest of the methacrylate family.
Fatty acid‐binding protein 4 and incident heart failure: the Cardiovascular Health Study

Aim To examine the association of plasma fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) with incident heart failure. Methods and results In a prospective study of 4179 participants from the Cardiovascular Health Study, we measured plasma FABP4 on blood specimens collected between 1992 and 1993. Incident heart failure was adjudicated by an endpoint committee and we used a Cox proportional hazards model to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) of heart failure. The average age at baseline was 75 years. During a median follow-up of 10.7 years, 1182 cases of incident heart failure occurred. We observed a positive association between FABP4 and heart failure in the minimally adjusted models [HR 1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.25–1.38 per 1 SD higher FABP4] that was attenuated upon adjustment for potential confounders, mostly kidney function and body mass index (corresponding HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.17). In a subsample of heart failure cases with available data on LV systolic function, FABP4 was not associated with heart failure with or without preserved LV systolic function. Exclusion of people with unintentional weight loss and self-reported fair/poor health status did not alter the conclusion. Conclusion An elevated plasma concentration of FABP4 was associated with a modestly higher risk of heart failure in older adults in the USA after adjustment for confounding factors.
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL REPORTS

After the European War came to an end it became apparent that there were literally hundreds of thousands of scientific research documents which had been written both by Allied and by Axis scientists but which had never been generally circulated due to their confidential character. On 12 June 1945 President Harry Truman issued an executive order charging the Office of the Publication Board, U.S. Department of Commerce, with dissemination of this information.
Multi-endpoint biological monitoring of phosphine workers.

Abstract The pesticide phosphine (PH3) is a suspected carcinogen and a known clastogen which has been shown to produce chromosome damage in agricultural workers. To confirm and extend these results we evaluated 22 phosphine appliers and 26 controls matched for age and smoking status. Two independent methods were used to evaluate exposure: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with whole-chromosome paints of chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 labeled in a single color to quantify translocations in peripheral lymphocytes, and the glycophorin A (GPA) assay to quantify phenotypically mutant (NO or NN) erythrocytes. No differences in the frequency of translocations were found in the phosphine appliers compared to the controls, and no effect of cigarette smoking was observed. However, a significant increase in the frequency of translocations with age (P
5-Endo-Dig Radical Cyclizations: "The Poor Cousins" of the Radical Cyclizations Family

Kinetics and thermodynamics of 5-endo-dig radical cyclizations were studied using a combination of DFT computations and Marcus theory. When the reactant is stabilized by conjugation of the radical ...
Improved prediction model for time-dependent deformations of concrete: Part 7—Short form of BP-KX model, statistics and extrapolation of short-time data

For structures that do not have a high sensitivity to creep or for preliminary design of any structures, practising engineers demand a short formula for predicting the material creep properties. Such a formula is given in the present addendum to a previous six-part paper. It is based on optimal fitting of the previously published log-double power law to the formulae of the BP-KX model. A simple formula giving directly the compliance function rate is also presented. Finally, a simple method of improving the predictions on the basis of short-time measurements is described, and tables giving the statistics of the deviations of the prediction formulas of the simplified model and its short form from the data in the literature are presented.
Bound States in Delta Function Potentials

We present a systematic treatment of the bound state structure of a short-range attractive interatomic potential in one, two, and three dimensions as its range approaches zero. This allows the evaluation of the utility of delta function potentials in the modeling of few-body systems such as nuclei, atoms, and clusters. The relation to scattering by delta function potentials is also discussed.
Demonstration and architectural analysis of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor/multiple-quantum-well smart-pixel array cellular logic processors for single-instruction multiple-data parallel-pipeline processing

We present an optoelectronic-VLSI system that integrates complementary metal-oxide semiconductor/multiple-quantum-well smart pixels for high-throughput computation and signal processing. The system uses 5 × 10 cellular smart-pixel arrays with intrachip electrical mesh interconnections and interchip optical point-to-point interconnections. Each smart pixel is a fine grain microprocessor that executes binary image algebra instructions. There is one dual-rail optical modulator output and one dual-rail optical detector input in each pixel. These optical input–output arrays provide chip-to-chip optical interconnects. Cascading these smart-pixel array chips permits direct transfer of two-dimensional data or images in parallel. We present laboratory demonstrations of the system for digital image edge detection and digital video motion estimation. We also analyze the performance of the system compared with that of conventional single-instruction–multiple-data processors.
Testing of novel brain-penetrating oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agent surrogates

Abstract A critical need for combating the effects of organophosphate (OP) anticholinesterases, such as nerve agents, is the current lack of an effective oxime reactivator which can penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and therefore reactivate inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain. Our laboratories have synthesized and have initiated testing of novel phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes (patent pending) that are more lipophilic than currently approved oximes. This is a preliminary report on these novel oximes which have been tested in vitro in rat brain homogenates with highly relevant surrogates for sarin (phthalimidyl isopropyl methylphosphonate; PIMP) and VX (nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate; NEMP). The oximes demonstrated a range of 14–76% reactivation of rat brain AChE in vitro. An in vivo testing paradigm was developed in which the novel oxime was administered at the time of maximal brain AChE inhibition (about 80%) (1 h) elicited by nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (NIMP; sarin surrogate). This paradigm, with delayed administration of oxime to a time when brain AChE was starting to recover, was designed to minimize reactivation/reinhibition of peripheral AChE during the reactivation period which would decrease the availability of the surrogate for entry into the brain; this paradigm will allow proof of concept of BBB penetrability. The initial studies of these oximes in vivo with the sarin surrogate NIMP have indicated reactivation of up to about 25% at 30 min after oxime administration and substantial attenuation of seizure behavior from some of the oximes. Therefore these novel oximes have considerable potential as brain-protecting therapeutics for anticholinesterases.
Using Kinect for upper-limb functional evaluation in home rehabilitation: A comparison with a 3D stereoscopic passive marker system

The functional evaluation of the upper-limb can be clinically assessed through the analysis of the kinematics, the dynamics, and measures of motor control. Such measures are usually obtained in a clinical environment with commercial stereoscopic 3D devices that allow to sample kinematics at high frequency and with high accuracy and precision, but that are, on the other hand, expensive, time consuming, and, most of all, are not portable. Consequently, such assessments are available only in clinics. With the aim of developing applications for neurological patients movement analysis in home environment, an experimental study has been conducted to compare the performances of a passive-marker motion capture system with the Kinect. Data were acquired simultaneously with the two systems during reaching against gravity movements. Results suggest that Kinect may be a valid tool for studying reaching against gravity and assessing upper-limb functionality at home in neurological patients.
The influence of electrical stimulation of the rat brain on serum prolactin levels

Prolaktin wurde mittels Radio-immunbestimmung in Seren gemessen, die 30 und 60 min nach elektrischer Stimulation des Gehirns abgenommen wurden. Ahnliche Ergebnisse wurden in Kontrolltieren und elektrisch stimulierten Tieren erhalten. Die Serumprolaktinspiegel sanken, wenn die Elektroden in der praoptischen Region lagen. Ein vorubergehender Abfall wurde gemessen, wenn die Elektroden im ventralen, medialen Hypothalamus lagen. Keine Anderung im Prolaktinspiegel wurde gefunden, wenn die Elektroden im Neocortex lagen.
Localization of the oxaloacetate-binding site in the iron-flavoprotein subunit of the inhibitor-succinate dehydrogenase complex.

Abstract The oxaloacetate in the inhibitor-succinate dehydrogenase complex could be displaced by the substrate or inhibitors. The oxaloacetate-binding site is found in the iron-flavoprotein subunit of the enzyme by two methods of dissociation of succinate dehydrogenase into subunits.
Carbon Nanotube Sol−Gel Composite Materials

This paper describes a new class of composite materials designed by combining multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and sol−gels. These materials provide new capabilities for the development of electrochemical devices by taking advantage of the favorable electrochemical characteristics of MWNTs. Further, variations in the silane precursors used and in the carbon nanotube content of the composites results in materials with a range of capacitance, electron-transfer rates, and potential to control selectivity.
Clinical Recognition of AL Type Amyloidosis of the Luminal Gastrointestinal Tract

Background & Aims: Amyloidosis is characterized by the pathologic deposition of specific proteins throughout the body. Gastrointestinal involvement with amyloid associated with plasma cell dyscrasias (AL type amyloidosis) is common, but systematic description of the condition is lacking. The aim of this investigation was to characterize the clinical presentation, endoscopic findings, and histopathologic correlates in a series of patients with systemic AL amyloidosis of the luminal gastrointestinal tract. Methods: Eligible patients were identified by interrogating the histopathology database of our institution during a 14-year time period. Medical record, histopathologic, and laboratory data were collected, analyzed, and correlated with endoscopic findings. Results: Nineteen patients with systemic AL amyloidosis of the luminal gastrointestinal tract were identified. Gastrointestinal symptoms or signs related to amyloid involvement were noted in 95% of patients; abdominal pain, change in bowel habits, overt gastrointestinal bleeding, and complaints related to altered motility were the predominant presentations. Endoscopic abnormalities were found in nearly three fourths of patients, including ulcerations and submucosal hematomas. When gastrointestinal bleeding was the presenting symptom, submucosal hematomas were a common finding during endoscopic evaluation. Conclusions: AL type amyloidosis of the luminal gastrointestinal tract is a rare disease that presents with common, nonspecific complaints. The endoscopic detection of a submucosal hematoma in the setting of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with plasma cell dyscrasias should raise suspicion for the disease.
Evidence of cross-resistance to a juvenile hormone analogue in some insecticide-resistant houseflies.

THE widespread occurrence of resistance to present-day insecticides among pest species1,2 has prompted intensive research into alternative means of insect control. The discovery that application of the insect juvenile hormone (JH) or its mimics at certain critical stages of the life cycle leads to developmental abnormalities and death3 has raised hopes of the emergence of a “third generation” of pesticide chemicals4. It has been suggested that insects would be unable to develop resistance to their own juvenile hormone3. Arguments have also been advanced that resistance to hormonal insecticides is not unlikely5,6.
Apical branching in a temperature sensitive mutant of Aspergillus niger.

Abstract An apical branching, temperature-sensitive, mutant ofAspergillus niger(ramosa-1) was isolated by UV mutagenesis.Ramosa-1has a wild type morphology at 23°C, but branches apically when shifted to 34°C. The cytological events leading to apical branching were recorded by video-enhanced phase contrast microscopy. The first event was a momentary, localized, cytoplasmic contraction lasting approximately 1 s. This contraction was seen as a sudden unidirectional movement of visible organelles (mitochondria, spheroid bodies) toward the hyphal apex. During the contraction, there was a transitory sharp increase in refractive index in a localized area of cytoplasm in the apex or subapex of the cell. Within 5 s, the Spitzenkorper retracted from its normal position next to the apical pole and disappeared from view 20 to 50 s later. Hyphal elongation rate diminished sharply, and the typical distribution of organelles at the hyphal tip was disturbed. After 210–240 s, organelle distribution returned to normal, polarized growth resumed, but instead of one Spitzenkorper two new Spitzenkorper appeared, each giving rise to an apical branch. The second branch Spitzenkorper appeared with a 60- to 100-s delay. We did not observe the original Spitzenkorper dividing in two; instead, the new Spitzenkorper arosede novofrom vesicle clouds that formed in the apical region next to the future site of branch emergence. In all instances that we examined, the dislocation and disappearance of the Spitzenkorper was preceded by cytoplasmic contractions. We therefore suspect the existence of an intimate connection between the cytoskeletal network and the Spitzenkorper. Accordingly, we propose that the apical branching phenotype inramosa-1is triggered by a molecular event that induces a transient alteration in cytoskeleton organization.
The impact of digital imaging in the field of cytopathology

With the introduction of digital imaging, pathology is undergoing a digital transformation. In the field of cytology, digital images are being used for telecytology, automated screening of Pap test slides, training and education (e.g. online digital atlases), and proficiency testing. To date, there has been no systematic review on the impact of digital imaging on the practice of cytopathology. This article critically addresses the emerging role of computer-assisted screening and the application of digital imaging to the field of cytology, including telecytology, virtual microscopy, and the impact of online cytology resources. The role of novel diagnostic techniques like image cytometry is also reviewed.
Goal-Centric Traceability: Using Virtual Plumblines to Maintain Critical Systemic Qualities

Successful software development involves the elicitation, implementation, and management of critical systemic requirements related to qualities such as security, usability, and performance. Unfortunately, even when such qualities are carefully incorporated into the initial design and implemented code, there are no guarantees that they will be consistently maintained throughout the lifetime of the software system. Even though it is well known that system qualities tend to erode as functional and environmental changes are introduced, existing regression testing techniques are primarily designed to test the impact of change upon system functionality rather than to evaluate how it might affect more global qualities. The concept of using goal-centric traceability to establish relationships between a set of strategically placed assessment models and system goals is introduced. This paper describes the process, algorithms, and techniques for utilizing goal models to establish executable traces between goals and assessment models, detect change impact points through the use of automated traceability techniques, propagate impact events, and assess the impact of change upon systemic qualities. The approach is illustrated through two case studies.
Quantitation of Kappa and Lambda Light Chains for the Detection of Monoclonal Gammopathy

This study compared the quantitation of immunoglobulins and light chains with qualitative analysis by immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixation to determine the usefulness of these techniques for the detection of monoclonal gammopathy. Emphasis was on the recently available nephelometric technique for light chain quantitation. Quantitation of immunoglobulins and light chains correctly typed 142 of 159 cases of monoclonal gammopathy. False-negative results were only seen in 17 cases of minimonoclonal gammopathies (IgG-kappa, IgG-lambda, and kappa light chain), in which either the quantitation of light chains or of immunoglobulins, or the kappa/lambda ratio remained normal. Among 92 control cases, abnormal kappa/lambda ratios were seen in three AIDS patients, two cases of polyclonal gammopathy, and one case of hypogammaglobulinemia, but none of them were misdiagnosed as monoclonal gammopathy by quantitation. For clinical laboratories, quantitative assays have some advantages over qualitative analysis because they are less demanding with respect to technique and interpretation, and they allow earlier result reporting and discernment in patients' follow-ups. Qualitative analysis should be reserved for equivocal cases.
Low cost mobile robotics experiment with camera and sonar sensors

The aim of the paper is to demonstrate a design of a low cost mobile robotics experiment using camera and sonar sensors. The experiment is designed to be used as one of laboratory sessions of a course on Fundamentals of Autonomous Robots. This hands-on course aims to foster students' interests from different fields to autonomous mobile robotics and improve the education in this area. The proposed experiment setup consists of a low cost LEGO Mindstorms Robotic Invention System kit, Handy Board microcontroller board, CMU camera and SRF04 sonar sensor.
Evaluation of 18F-Annexin V as a PET Imaging Agent in an Animal Model of Apoptosis

Annexin V is a 36-kDa protein that binds with high affinity to phosphatidylserine lipids in the cell membrane. Because one of the earliest measurable events in apoptosis is the eversion of phosphatidylserine from the inner membrane leaflet to the outer cell surface, annexin V has proven useful for detecting the earliest stages of apoptosis. Methods: Annexin V was radiolabeled with 18F using N-succinimidyl-4-18F-fluorobenzoic acid chemistry, to a specific activity of 555–925 kBq/μg of protein. 18F-Annexin V (14.8–51.8 MBq) was administered intravenously to rats after pretreatment with cycloheximide (5 mg/kg) to induce liver apoptosis, and the injected rats were imaged by PET over 2 h. After imaging, rats were dissected and individual organs were weighed and counted. Results: Pretreatment of rats with cycloheximide resulted in a 3- to 9-fold increase in uptake of 18F-annexin V in the liver of treated animals at 2 h, compared with controls. By morphologic analysis, treated livers showed a 3- to 6-fold higher level of apoptosis than controls, with higher levels also seen with longer exposure to cycloheximide. Terminal deoxynucleotide end-labeling (TUNEL) assays performed on liver slices showed that cycloheximide induced a 5- to 8-fold increase in the number of TUNEL-positive nuclei. These TUNEL results correlated with the uptake of 18F-annexin V in dissected liver tissue, with an r2 value of 0.89. Biodistribution analysis of normal rats showed highest uptake of 18F-annexin V in the kidneys and urinary bladder, indicating rapid renal clearance of 18F-annexin V metabolites. Conclusion: The PET data, the organ-specific uptake data from dissection, and the morphologic and TUNEL measures of apoptosis together indicate that 18F-annexin V binds specifically to apoptotic tissues in this model of chemically induced apoptosis in rat liver. The short physical half-life of 18F-annexin V and the rapid clearance of its metabolites to the urinary system suggest that 18F-annexin V will be useful in early assessment of the clinical response to cancer therapy in individual patients.
Words, features, and cues: Processing fit to print

Word recognition has been taught traditionally through a skills approach. The subskills method of teaching new words is based upon an assumption that individual components such as context clues, phonic analysis and structural analysis, when taught in a systematic fashion, can be later applied by the reader in unlocking unknown words. The feasibility of that assumption is examined and the skills acquisition view is modified through a focus on features and cues which readers note when encountering a variety of text.
Improved p–n heterojunction device performance induced by irradiation in amorphous boron carbide films

Abstract Amorphous hydrogenated boron carbide films (a-B 10 C 2+ x :H y ) on Si p–n heterojunctions were fabricated utilizing plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). These devices were found to be robust when irradiated with 200 keV He + ions. For low doses of irradiation, contrary to most other electrical devices, the electrical performance improved. On the heterojunction I ( V ) curve, reverse bias leakage current decreased by 3 orders of magnitude, series resistance across the device decreased by 64%, and saturation current due to generation of electron–hole pairs in the depletion region also decreased by an order of magnitude. It is believed that the improvements in the electrical properties of the devices are due to an initial passivation of defects in the a-B 10 C 2+ x :H y film resulting from electronic energy deposition, breaking bonds and allowing them to reform in a lower energy state, or resolving distorted icosahedron anion states.
Scalable Syntheses of the Vaulted Biaryl Ligands VAPOL and VANOL via the Cycloaddition/Electrocyclization Cascade

Synthetic approaches to the VANOL and VAPOL ligands are developed which are straightforward, inexpensive, efficient, and amenable to large-scale preparation of the ligands since minimum chromatographic purification is required. The key step in each synthesis is a cycloaddition/electrocyclic ring-opening/electrocyclic ring closure/tautomerization cascade that provides a direct one-step route to the monomers from which each ligand is prepared. Improved phenol coupling protocols are developed which provide the racemic ligands. Finally, dramatic improvements in the resolution procedures feature the reduction of the number of chemical steps and the defining of new crystallization protocols that greatly enhance the ease and reliability of the separation of diastereomeric salts.
Global Business School Network

The mission of the Global Business School Network (GBSN) is to strengthen business education for the developing world. The organization was transitioning out of its startup phase and wants to shift its focus from capacity building activities driven by the organization to empowering the network to carry out GBSN's mission. The case asks, what is the best way to accomplish this objective?Learning Objective:To analyze how organizations can impact global, social and economic change and the best means by which to do so.
Reversion of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Matrix Mutation Affecting Gag Membrane Binding, Endogenous Reverse Transcriptase Activity, and Virus Infectivity

We previously characterized mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix (MA) protein that displayed reduced infectivity in single-round assays, defects in the stable synthesis of viral DNA in infected cells, and impaired endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. The mutants, which contained substitutions in a highly conserved Leu at MA amino acid 20, also increased binding of Gag to membrane. To elucidate further the role of MA in the virus replication cycle, we have characterized a viral revertant of an amino acid 20 mutant (20LK). The revertant virus, which replicates with essentially wild-type kinetics in H9 cells, contains second-site compensatory changes at MA amino acids 73 (E→K) and 82 (A→T), while retaining the original 20LK mutation. Single-cycle infectivity assays, performed with luciferase-expressing viruses, show that the 20LK/73EK/82AT triple mutant displays markedly improved infectivity relative to the original 20LK mutant. The stable synthesis of viral DNA in infected cells is also significantly increased compared with that of 20LK DNA. Furthermore, activity of revertant virions in endogenous reverse transcriptase assays is restored to near-wild-type-levels. Interestingly, although 20LK/73EK/82AT reverses the defects in replication kinetics, postentry events, and endogenous reverse transcriptase activity induced by the 20LK mutation, the reversion does not affect the 20LK-imposed increase in Gag membrane binding. Mutants containing single and double amino acid substitutions were constructed, and their growth kinetics were examined. Only virus containing all three changes (20LK/73EK/82AT) grew with significantly accelerated kinetics; 73EK, 73EK/82AT, and 20LK/82AT mutants displayed pronounced defects in virus particle production. Viral core-like complexes were isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of detergent-treated virions. Intriguingly, the protein composition of wild-type and mutant detergent-resistant complexes differed markedly. In wild-type and 20LK complexes, MA was removed following detergent solubilization of the viral membrane. In contrast, in revertant preparations, the majority of MA cosedimented with the detergent-resistant complex. These results suggest that the 20LK/73EK/82AT mutations induced a significant alteration in MA-MA or MA-core interactions.
Structural Transformations in Chemically Modified Graphene

Abstract In this article, we review our efforts to continuously tune mechanical and thermal properties in multilayer chemically modified graphene (CMG) films. An alteration of the graphene lattice by functional groups, by defects created during reduction, or by defect re-crystallization is used to control CMG mechanical and thermal properties. We attribute a notable increase in Young's modulus and film strength to an emerging network of sp2–sp3 crosslinks established between graphene layers. Control over the film stress and strength enabled us to dramatically improve the performance of radio frequency CMG resonators by fine tuning the fabrication process.
Mild hypothermia delays the development of stone heart from untreated sustained ventricular fibrillation--a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study.

Background 'Stone heart' resulting from ischemic contracture of the myocardium, precludes successful resuscitation from ventricular fibrillation (VF). We hypothesized that mild hypothermia might slow the progression to stone heart.
Active Immunization in the United States: Developments over the Past Decade

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified immunization as the most important public health advance of the 20th century. The purpose of this article is to review the changes that have taken place in active immunization in the United States over the past decade. Since 1990, new vaccines have become available to prevent five infectious diseases: varicella, rotavirus, hepatitis A, Lyme disease, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Improved vaccines have been developed to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcus, pertussis, rabies, and typhoid infections. Immunization strategies for the prevention of hepatitis B, measles, meningococcal infections, and poliomyelitis have changed as a result of the changing epidemiology of these diseases. Combination vaccines are being developed to facilitate the delivery of multiple antigens, and improved vaccines are under development for cholera, influenza, and meningococcal disease. Major advances in molecular biology have enabled scientists to devise new approaches to the development of vaccines against diseases ranging from respiratory viral to enteric bacterial infections that continue to plague the world's population.
The Selection of Foods by Rats, Humans, and Other Animals

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the selection of food by rats, humans, and other animals, and focuses on the complex problems, especially in food recognition and choice, in the omnivores or generalists. Food selection implies food ingestion. Food ingestion implies the presence of food. Therefore, background for the study of food selection includes the food search process: search images and search mechanisms for finding appropriate food stimuli in the environment. Honey bees provide fine examples of a highly developed food search system. Food selection also implies the ability to obtain or capture food, and to assimilate it, for which many often exotic mechanisms have been evolved. Given the presence of potential food, ingestion then usually depends on an internal state or detector indicating a “need” for the particular food or class of foods, and recognition of the potential food as food. Omnivores, such as rats and humans, faced with an enormous number of potential foods, must choose wisely. They are always in danger of eating something harmful or eating too much of a good thing. Although there are some helpful internal mechanisms, such as poison detoxification, nutrient biosynthesis, and nutrient storage, the major share of the burden for maintaining nutritional balance must out of necessity come from incorporation of appropriate nutrients in the environment and, hence, behavior. The most striking parallel between human and rat feeding is in the neophobia seen in both. The chapter discusses the multiple determinants of food selection in man that are divided into biological factors and effects of individual experience, on one hand, and cultural influences, on the other.
Distillation of Bulk Chemicals

This chapter discusses various aspects of the distillation of bulk chemical processes—that is, distillation columns with diameters of 6 ft (2 m) and larger. These large columns form the basis of all separations in state-of-the-art industrial (petro-) chemical plants. Competitive world-scale plants require hydraulically balanced (high-capacity) column internals that can be reliably scaled over several orders of magnitude in capacity. The design of such industrial columns requires attention to negative performance factors that are less well defined, such as foaming, wetting, polymerization/fouling, scaling, or entrainment. These factors often change over time and relate to catalyst aging or the handling of different feed-stocks. Chemical distillation processes must account for high turndown or complicated chemical interactions stemming from the nonideality of the components to separate, such as the presence of salts. The removal of trace components to produce high-purity products also requires nonstraightforward distillation process configurations. These topics are illustrated by means of distillation column internals layouts in actual industrial process plants. The first part of this chapter describes generic issues related to the design of distillation column internals in chemical process plants. In the second part, it will be shown how these translate to specific design aspects for the column internals of existing industrial processes; issues relating to unit operation lineup, column operation, configuration, integration, and design will be considered.
Lawyers & the Secret Welfare State

Lawyers play an outsized role in the distribution of public benefits in the United States. This article suggests that, in assisting clients to circumvent stringent eligibility requirements for programs such as Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) and Medicaid, attorneys have created a secret welfare state that favors comparatively well-off Americans at the expense of the truly needy. Lawyers’ handling of evidence of non-disability in SSDI proceedings and participation in Medicaid planning is used to illustrate the argument.The article concludes by analyzing whether attorneys should serve as gatekeepers of the public benefits regime.
The Merger of Hewlett-Packard and Compaq (B): Deal Design

In 2002, a money manager is considering how to vote her shares in Hewlett-Packard on the proposal to merge with Compaq. The A case (UVA-F-1450) presents information about the strategic and financial motivations of the merger. Included are completed valuations of both HP and Compaq and detailed summaries of the leading advocate (Carly Fiorina) and critic (Walter Hewlett). The tasks for the student are to value the prospective synergies in the deal and critically assess the strategic arguments (pro and con). The B case affords a detailed examination of the terms of the proposed merger. The tasks for the student are to critically assess the specific design of the deal and its impact on shareholders. Of particular interest are the impact on earnings per share (i.e., EPS dilution), the governance of the new firm, and whether this is, indeed, a merger of equals. The C case (UVA-F-1452) describes the outcome of the proxy contest. The task for the student is to evaluate the strategies of each side in communicating with shareholders and presenting arguments. The objectives of the case module are to expose students to the mechanics of proxy contests, exercise skills in valuation and strategic analysis, and critically evaluate deal terms. The A and B cases can be taught in sequential classes or in one class. The C case is typically distributed at the end, followed by a brief discussion.
Changes in growth and antioxidant status of alfalfa sprouts during sprouting as affected by gamma irradiation of seeds.

Viking 3000 alfalfa seeds irradiated with gamma rays to doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 kGy were sprouted and allowed to grow for up to 8 days at 23°C. Germination, growth (yield and length), antioxidant capacity, and ascorbic acid (AA) were measured during sprouting. Results showed percent germination of the seeds and the rates of growth of the sprouts were inversely related to the radiation dose absorbed by the seeds. Both antioxidant capacity and AA content expressed on a fresh weight basis decreased during growth of the sprouts. Sprouts grown from irradiated seeds had greater antioxidant capacity and AA content on a fresh weight basis than those grown from nonirradiated seeds. However, when the nutritive values were expressed on a per gram of seed basis, irradiation had no effect on the nutritive values of sprouts.
The Ethics of Enclosure: The Loss of the Public Domain

In this short piece I argue that the positions of large industrial producers of cultural and information goods in both extolling the virtues (and seeking the protection of) freedom of speech while at the same time trying to further extend their rights in information goods through intellectual property protection are ethically inconsistent. Using brief examples from a variety of ethical theories, I argue that it is unethical to both seek to strengthen freedom of speech protections on one hand while arguing for increased property rights protection in information goods that inherently diminishes the free speech rights of others.
Biology of Autogenous Horse Flies Native to Coastal California: Apatolestes actites (Diptera: Tabanidae)

At a sandy ocean beach in Marin County, Calif., immatures of the pangoniine horse fly, Apatolestes actites Philip and Steffan, inhabited the supralittoral zone to depths of 8 to 36 cm in relatively saline soil that is aridic for at least 6 months yearly. Adults flew from early June to mid-July. Flies emerged between 0751 and 1258 h (PST); they dispersed to the littoral/lower supralittoral zones, where they basked up to 3 h and then disappeared. Only gravid females returned to the beach area, where parous flies apparently remained after ovipositing. Longevity of confined, newly emerged males and females averaged 5.0 (2–11) and 9.3 (4–17) days, respectively. Females developed their first batch of eggs autogenously in 6 days at 25°C and 67% relative humidity (RH); four wild-caught flies had also produced, or were in the process of developing, a second batch of eggs autogenously. Fecundity averaged 322 (218–415, n = 8) eggs in the first gonotrophic cycle, and 43 (32–54, n = 2) in the second. Eggs hatched in 6 to 8 days, and the mean fertility of three masses was 69%. Females laid their eggs in amphipod or isopod burrows, and rarely in driftwood. This is the first tabanid species known to oviposit subterraneously. The mandibular and maxillary stylets of female A. actites are much reduced and, presumably, unable to pierce the skin of vertebrates. The barn swallow, Hirundo rustica L., the most important predator of A. actites adults, captured newly emerged flies resting on the sand or those they had flushed off the beach by swooping down on them. The song sparrow, Melospiza melodia (Wilson), picked teneral adults off the sand near emergence sites in the upper supralittoral.
Influence of DCA and cortisone on adrenal glands of fed and acutely starved hamsters.

SummaryCompensatory adrenal atrophy is produced readily in fed hamsters by DCA (2-5 mg), whereas cortisone acetate (5-10 mg) does not affect adrenal weight significantly. The cytological changes observed in adrenals of fed animals after cortisone acetate administration are similar to those found in adrenals of acutely starved hamsters. Neither DCA nor cortisone acetate alter significantly the adrenal changes produced by acute starvation.
Binary group 15 polyazides. structural characterization of [Bi(N3)4]-, [Bi(N3)5]2-, [bipy·Bi(N3)5]2-, [Bi(N3)6]3-, bipy·As(N3)3, bipy·Sb(N3)3, and [(bipy)2·Bi(N3)3]2 and on the lone pair activation of valence electrons.

The binary group 15 polyazides As(N3)3, Sb(N3)3, and Bi(N3)3 were stabilized by either anion or donor−acceptor adduct formation. Crystal structures are reported for [Bi(N3)4]–, [Bi(N3)5]2–, [bipy·Bi(N3)5]2–, [Bi(N3)6]3–, bipy·As(N3)3, bipy·Sb(N3)3, and [(bipy)2·Bi(N3)3]2. The lone valence electron pair on the central atom of these pnictogen(+III) compounds can be either sterically active or inactive. The [Bi(N3)5]2– anion possesses a sterically active lone pair and a monomeric pseudo-octahedral structure with a coordination number of 6, whereas its 2,2′-bipyridine adduct exhibits a pseudo-monocapped trigonal prismatic structure with CN 7 and a sterically inactive lone pair. Because of the high oxidizing power of Bi(+V), reactions aimed at Bi(N3)5 and [Bi(N3)6]– resulted in the reduction to bismuth(+III) compounds by [N3]–. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern of Bi(N3)3 was recorded at 298 K and is distinct from that calculated for Sb(N3)3 from its single-crystal data at 223 K. The [(bipy)2·Bi(N3)3]2 adduct is dimeric and derived from two BiN8 square antiprisms sharing an edge consisting of two μ1,1-bridging N3 ligands and with bismuth having CN 8 and a sterically inactive lone pair. The novel bipy·As(N3)3 and bipy·Sb(N3)3 adducts are monomeric and isostructural and contain a sterically active lone pair on their central atom and a CN of 6. A systematic quantum chemical analysis of the structures of these polyazides suggests that the M06-2X density functional is well suited for the prediction of the steric activity of lone pairs in main-group chemistry. Furthermore, it was found that the solid-state structures can strongly differ from those of the free gas-phase species or those in solutions and that lone pairs that are sterically inactive in a chemical surrounding can become activated in the free isolated species.
Enterprise Architectures: Surrounded by Historical Structures

For millennia, mobility was all about horses. That was until the automobile revolution began about a century ago, when the era of the mass production of identical products started to affect mobility too. Nowadays, digitalisation is once again turning everything upside down and taking us – in a new, different way – from the pre-fabricated product for anyone back to the idea of individual solutions. In the automotive industry, with its structures oriented towards vehicle architecture which have developed over decades since the times of Henry Ford, it is often hard to know which is the right path to take towards the future, which will be shaped by digitalisation. Personalised vehicles? Connected vehicles? Car-sharing? There is no shortage of ideas. But how can they be used to complement the existing business model?
Neutronic, steady-state, and transient analyses for the Kazakhstan VVR-K reactor with LEU fuel: ANL independent verification results

Calculations have been performed for steady state and postulated transients in the VVR-K reactor at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Kazakhstan. (The reactor designation in Cyrillic is BBP-K; transliterating characters to English gives VVR-K but translating words gives WWR-K.) These calculations have been performed at the request of staff of the INP who are performing similar calculations. The selection of the transients considered started during working meetings and email correspondence between Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and INP staff. In the end the transient were defined by the INP staff. Calculations were performed for the fresh low-enriched uranium (LEU) core and for four subsequent cores as beryllium is added to maintain critically during the first 15 cycles. These calculations have been performed independently from those being performed by INP and serve as one step in the verification process.
High-current Generating Methods for On-site Calibration Tests of GIS Current Transformers

GIS is widely used in substations currently. As the current transformers were packaged in the closed tube,the on-site calibration test of GIS current transformers became difficult because of the long test loop and the large loop impedance. In this case,big quantity of high-current generating equipments was needed and the test Current is hard to achieve the rated value. As indirect methods,the CT analyzer and the error characteristics simulation method were often used to carry out the calibration operation which reduced the reliability of the test data. The reactive power compensation with capacitors is an effective way to reduce the demand of the current generating equipment. This paper brought forward three kind of compensation methods,analyzed their characteristics and applications,and introduced the practical experience of on-site calibration tests for GIS current transformer in Chinese 1000kV UHV power grid project and 750kV substations.
Metal Finishing — A Key Technology?

This chapter focuses on metallic and nonmetallic materials which require enormous amount of energy for their production. These materials have a limited lifetime, which depends strongly on the action of external factors and operative environment. There are usually mechanical interactions between components in contact with one another. Sometimes chemical or electrochemical reactions occur with the environment that attack the surface damaging their functionality, leading to catastrophic breakdown, and hazardous after effects. The chapter focuses on the procedures that can protect the metals from deterioration like coating technology (vacuum evaporation, weld-surfacing, metalizing, thermal spraying molten metal coating processes, and organic coating and painting), and electroplating processes (rack plating, mass plating, continuous plating, and in-line plating processes). However, coating properties can be influenced by countless factors like type of substrate material, the nature of the surface prior to plating, cleaning and pretreatment of the component surface, the composition of the electrodeposition electrolyte and the conditions under which it operates, and finally any mechanical, thermal, or chemical posttreatment of the substrate/coating combination.
29.—The Possibility of Second-Class Currents in Gamow-Teller β-Decay

Mirror Gamow-Teller β-decay takes place from members of isospin multiplets to a common final state or to final states that are mirrors of each other. It is found that in these cases the intrinsic speed of the positon emission is systematically lower, by 10–15 per cent, than that of the mirror negaton emission. This difference could be due to a fundamental weak interaction effect, a second-class term in the weak hadronie current, or to a failure of exact symmetry in the nuclear structure. The influence of binding energy differences is studied in the latter context and it is concluded that they cannot be responsible for the empirical asymmetry. The effects of changes of configurational mix across the multiplets is also considered; very few estimates have ben explicitly made but it would be surprising if this effect turned out to be of constant sign and magnitude over the wide range of A involved. No present firm conclusion can be made but none of the empirical evidence is inconsistent with the reality of a largely momentum-transfer-independent second-class current.
Measuring and Reasoning: Numerical Inference in the Sciences

In Measuring and Reasoning, Fred L. Bookstein examines the way ordinary arithmetic and numerical patterns are translated into scientific understanding, showing how the process relies on two carefully managed forms of argument:Abduction: the generation of new hypotheses to accord with findings that were surprising on previous hypotheses, andConsilience: the confirmation of numerical pattern claims by analogous findings at other levels of measurement.These profound principles include an understanding of the role of arithmetic and, more importantly, of how numerical patterns found in one study can relate to numbers found in others. More than 200 figures and diagrams illuminate the text. The book can be read with profit by any student of the empirical nature or social sciences and by anyone concerned with how scientists persuade those of us who are not scientists why we should credit the most important claims about scientific facts or theories.