cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in endogenous gene transcript and protein levels in maize plants expressing the soybean ferritin transgene

Transgenic agricultural crops with increased nutritive value present prospects for contributing to public health. However, their acceptance is poor in many countries due to the perception that genetic modification may cause unintended effects on expression of native genes in the host plant. Here, we tested effects of soybean ferritin transgene (SoyFer1, M64337) on transcript and protein levels of endogenous genes in maize. Results showed that the transgene was successfully introduced and expressed in the maize seed endosperm. mRNA abundance of seven tested iron homeostasis genes and seed storage protein genes differed significantly between seed samples positive and negative for the transgene. The PCR negative samples had higher zein and total protein content compared to the positive samples. However, PCR positive samples had significantly higher concentrations of calcium, magnesium and iron. We have shown that the soybean ferritin transgene affected the expression of native iron homeostasis genes in the maize plant. These results underscore the importance of taking a holistic approach to the evaluation of transgenic events in target plants, comparing the transgenic plant to the untransformed controls.
The effect of off-south orientation on the performance of flat-plate solar collectors

Abstract There are many instances in which an off-south installation of a flat-plate solar collector is more compatible with a building's orientation than a due-south installation. In these cases it is important to determine the magnitude of the performance sacrificed by conforming to the building architecture. This study investigates the collector performance and optimum tilt as functions of the off-south angle, collection temperature, number of glass covers and the relative amounts of direct and diffuse radiation. It was found that the yearly energy collection for a given collector tilt is insensitive to the off-south angle and that in some cases it actually improves with increasing azimuthal angle. It was also found that for a given azimuthal angle an optimum collector tilt exists which is between 3 and 10° less than the latitude. Calculations were based on New York City weather.
Use of Semantic Differential dimensions in concept learning

Twenty-four Ss learned to sort words into two categories on the basis of conceptual dimensions (Evaluative and Potency) drawn from the Semantic Differential. Another group learned to categorize the same words under conditions wherein the concept was irrelevant and only rote memory could be used. The results indicate that Ss can easily identify and utilize the semantic dimensions (when available), and that these dimensions are suitable for use in concept-learning experiments.
Full-motion videos: Bringing abstract chemical concepts to life in the classroom

Abstract A set of full-motion videos utilizing two-dimensional images and representations of three-dimensional chemical structures was made using a software suite, the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE). The videos highlight the drug’s structure–activity relationship (SAR) and their corresponding receptor interactions. The full-motion video set was created for use as a supplemental teaching aid for a medicinal chemistry course. The literature describes using full-motion videos in undergraduate courses, such as organic chemistry and biochemistry; however, there is no demonstration of movies being employed in pharmacy chemistry-based courses such as medicinal chemistry. Anecdotal feedback and unsolicited student comments on teaching evaluations from pharmacy students directly indicated increased student understanding and comfort with the course content. Student feedback has motivated the authors to develop a future study to purposefully assess if there is a benefit to using the videos in comparison to static 2D diagrams as a supplement to the medicinal chemistry lectures.
The General Atomic Coupled Electron Linear Accelerator

The General Atomic Linear Accelerator Facility consists of two L-band linear accelerators which can be operated independently or coupled together to form one machine. The first accelerator is a single section powered by a 20-MW klystron and is capable of operating over an energy range of one MeV to 17 MeV. Peak currents of 16 A at 12 MeV and 40 ns pulse length have been obtained with the first Linac. The second Linac, which is built in line with the first machine, consists of three sections powered by one 10-MW and two 20-MW klystrons. The second Linac is capable of producing a 35-MeV electron beam with an intensity of 2 A at pulse length less than 0.1 ?s. By rotating the injector of the second Linac it accepts the beam from the first machine, thereby creating a higher energy machine capable of delivering energies of up to 80 MeV. Other features of the facility include six independent irradiated cells, 15 target positions, and a high power positron converter; as well as monoenergetic gamma ray sources, high intensity neutron targets, and a single particle per pulse capability. In addition, a special cell contains the APFA-III accelerator-pulsed fast burst reactor, which is operated at a multiplication of 1000 to obtain neutron fluences of 1012 - 1013 n/cm2 in 5 ?s.
Mapping of settlements in high-resolution satellite imagery using high performance computing

Classifying urban land cover from high-resolution satellite imagery is challenging, and those challenges are compounded when the imagery databases are very large. Accurate land cover data is a crucial component of the population distribution modeling efforts of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL) LandScan Program. Currently, LandScan Program imagery analysts manually interpret high-resolution (1–5 m) imagery to augment existing satellite-derived medium (30 m) and coarse (1 km) resolution land cover datasets. For LandScan, the high-resolution image archives that require interpretation are on the order of terabytes. The goal of this research is to automate human settlement mapping by utilizing ORNL’s high performance computing capabilities. Our algorithm employs gray-level and local edge-pattern co-occurrence matrices to generate texture and edge patterns. Areas of urban land cover correlate with statistical features derived from these texture and edge patterns. We have parallelized our algorithms for implementation on a 64-node system using a single instruction multiple data programming model (SIMD) with Message Passing Interface (MPI) as the communication mode. Our parallel-configured classifier performs 30–40 times faster than stand-alone alternatives. We have tested our system on IKONOS imagery. The early results are promising, pointing towards future large-scale classification of human settlements at high-resolution.
Predictors of Health-Related Quality of Life in Adolescents with Tetralogy of Fallot

Objective To assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of adolescents with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and whether impairments in HRQoL domains are associated with neurocognitive and medical factors. Study design Parents of subjects with TOF and healthy referents 13-16 years of age completed the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50, generating psychosocial (PsS) and physical (PhS) health summary scores. Adolescents completed the Child Health Questionnaire-Child Form 87 and concurrent in-person neurocognitive testing. We analyzed relationships of PsS and PhS scores with neurocognitive performance and medical factors. Results Compared with referents (n = 85), adolescents with TOF without a genetic diagnosis (n = 66) had lower PsS (50.9 ± 9.4 vs 57.2 ± 4.2, P P P = .52) but significantly lower PhS scores ( P = .01). Within adolescents with TOF without genetic disorders, lower PsS scores were highly associated with worse neurocognitive measures, particularly the parent-reported Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function composite ( r = −0.66, P r = −0.54, P Conclusions Psychosocial health status in adolescents with TOF without genetic disorders was worse than in healthy referents without risk factors for brain injury but similar to a normative sample; physical health status was worse in these adolescents than in either comparison group. Within these subjects with TOF, worse psychosocial health status was most highly associated with concurrent executive dysfunction and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Optimizing HRQoL constitutes another indication for attention to neurodevelopment in children with congenital heart disease.
Interference of two photons in parametric down conversion.

A theoretical treatment is given of the process in which the two photons produced simultaneously in the parametric frequency splitting of light are allowed to interfere. It is shown that, while there is no interference in the usual sense involving quantities that are of the second order in the field, fourth-order interference effects are present. These may be revealed by measuring the joint probability of detecting two photons at two points x,x' in the interference plane with photoelectric detectors as a function of the separation x-x'. The probability exhibits a cosine modulation with x-x', with visibility that can approach 100%, even though the integration time in the experiment may greatly exceed the reciprocal bandwidth of the photons. The interference effect has a nonclassical origin and implies a violation of local realism in the highly correlated two-photon state.
CIRCUMFERENTIAL SHEAR HORIZONTAL WAVE AXIAL-CRACK SIZING IN PIPES

Circumferential shear horizontal (SH) waves are used for the inspection and sizing of axial cracks in pipelines. Experiments on two sample pipes having notches with different depths and lengths were carried out utilizing magnetostrictive sensor (MsS) technology for generating circumferential shear horizontal guided waves. A simplified two-dimensional model for crack sizing in pipes was studied through wave-reflection amplitude coefficients. The wave-reflection amplitudes are affected by both defect depths and lengths. To estimate the defect depth, which is critical, length compensation was taken for defects shorter than the beam width. An axial scan was carried out for the defect length estimations and the length compensation. Based on this axial scan, an approximate two-dimensional theory has been developed that has improved the defect depth estimation greatly. Two-dimensional boundary element modeling analysis and normal mode expansion technology are used to study defect sizing theoretically in a pipe-l...
The Impact of High School Community Service Programs on Students’ Feelings of Civic Obligation

Proponents of community service programs often claim that such programs succeed in educating youth for democratic citizenship where traditional civics instruction falls short. Yet it is not clear that all service programs envision such citizenship as linked to political engagement and participation. It is hypothesized that only service programs that frame service within a wide political context and offer opportunities for public action increase political engagement as measured by feelings of civic obligation. This citizenship framework may likewise be incorporated in traditional social studies classes with similar effects. This hypothesis is confirmed using panel data comparing the effects of different high school service programs and social studies courses. Path analysis, analyzing a subsample of students in a particularly effective service program, shows that political socialization effects remain even when accounting for self-selection processes.
‘Yet even the dogs eat the crumbs that fall from their masters’ table’: Matthew’s gospel and economic globalisation

One of the effects of economic globalisation is that it strengthens the superiority of the developed and intensifies the dependency of the undeveloped nations. Christian ethicists typically address this problem by emphasising the need for social justice and the ethics of love expressed through sharing and generosity. This article offers another contribution to this discussion – an analysis of the subversive understanding of power and identity that underlies the story of Jesus in Matthew’s narrative. It concludes that Matthew’s Gospel offers a message of encouragement and accountability. It encourages the underprivileged to work for a change of conventional hierarchies that favour the privileged and calls them to actively participate in the creation of just relationships. At the same time, it reminds those who manage to improve their conditions that they should be transformed by the grace shown to them and strive for righteousness that exceeds the ethical standards of their former superiors.
Polymers for Controlled Release of Organotin Toxin

Abstract An extensive investigation of organotin polymers capable of simultaneously providing long-term fouling resistance and useful engineering properties is discussed. New synthetic routes have been developed for organotin epoxy polymers utilizing (i) the crosslinking reaction of diepoxides with the free carboxyl groups present on a base polymer partially esterified with tributyltin oxide (TBTO), (ii) the polymerization of TBT acrylate and TBT methacrylate with vinyl monomers carrying functional groups capable of crosslinking, and (iii) simultaneous vinyl polymerization and epoxide crosslinking reactions. Flexible polymers curing under ambient conditions have also been developed (iv) by first preparing epoxy-terminated prepolymers by reacting TBT esters of w-amino acids with diepoxides, and then crosslinking with diethylenetriamine. Room-temperature-curable organotin polymers developed also include (v) urethanes, (vi) aziridines and (vii) polyesters. Finally, (viii) an ablating polymer is developed by ...
Condom use and consistency among male adolescents in the United States.

Abstract Purpose To incorporate a behavioral model of health services utilization to examine whether male adolescents' family, individual, sex education, and partner factors are associated with several measures of condom use and consistency in heterosexual relationships. Methods We examine a sample of sexually experienced male adolescents 15–19 years of age in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) to identify factors associated with condom use at first sex and last sex, condom consistency with their most recent sexual partner, and condom consistency in the past 4 weeks. Results Male adolescents who were Hispanic and those who did not receive formal sex education had lower odds of condom use and/or consistency, whereas African-American male adolescents and those with more positive attitudes about condoms had greater odds. Males who were older at most recent sex, who had an older sexual partner or a casual first sexual partner, who had a partner who used a method of contraception, who were in longer relationships, or who engaged in more frequent sex had reduced odds of contraceptive use. Conclusions Findings highlight multiple domains of influence on condom use behaviors among male adolescents. Programs that provide targeted services, address condom use attitudes, and help teens to negotiate condom use decision making with sexual partners may help to reduce high rates of sexually transmitted infections among male adolescents in the United States.
Detecting gene-by-smoking interactions in a genome-wide association study of early-onset coronary heart disease using random forests.

Background Genome-wide association studies are often limited in their ability to attain their full potential due to the sheer volume of information created. We sought to use the random forest algorithm to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may be involved in gene-by-smoking interactions related to the early-onset of coronary heart disease.
b-bit minwise hashing in practice

Minwise hashing is a standard technique in the context of search for approximating set similarities. The recent work [26, 32] demonstrated a potential use of b-bit minwise hashing [23, 24] for efficient search and learning on massive, high-dimensional, binary data (which are typical for many applications in Web search and text mining). In this paper, we focus on a number of critical issues which must be addressed before one can apply b-bit minwise hashing to the volumes of data often used industrial applications. Minwise hashing requires an expensive preprocessing step that computes k (e.g., 500) minimal values after applying the corresponding permutations for each data vector. We developed a parallelization scheme using GPUs and observed that the preprocessing time can be reduced by a factor of 20 ~ 80 and becomes substantially smaller than the data loading time. Reducing the preprocessing time is highly beneficial in practice, e.g., for duplicate Web page detection (where minwise hashing is a major step in the crawling pipeline) or for increasing the testing speed of online classifiers. Another critical issue is that for very large data sets it becomes im- possible to store a (fully) random permutation matrix, due to its space requirements. Our paper is the first study to demonstrate that b-bit minwise hashing implemented using simple hash functions, e.g., the 2-universal (2U) and 4-universal (4U) hash families, can produce very similar learning results as using fully random permutations. Experiments on datasets of up to 200GB are presented.
Educational Marketing and the Public Schools: Policies, Practices, and Problems

Drawing from the research literature, the objectives of this article are to analyze the marketing concept and to illustrate its application to public school educational systems. Within these systems, there exists a crisis of confidence resulting in patterns of failed bond initiatives, increased political interventions, parent revolts, and community disenchantment. The inability of our schools to develop effective marketing techniques and strategies has rendered them relatively impotent in their struggles to counter the conditions of the crisis. This article identifies and analyzes the natural market forces that create bridges and/or barriers between schools and communities Private sector marketing strategies are proposed as means of establishing more effective school-community exchanges and ultimately more productive working relationships.
Mind Your Errors Evidence for a Neural Mechanism Linking Growth Mind-Set to Adaptive Posterror Adjustments

How well people bounce back from mistakes depends on their beliefs about learning and intelligence. For individuals with a growth mind-set, who believe intelligence develops through effort, mistakes are seen as opportunities to learn and improve. For individuals with a fixed mind-set, who believe intelligence is a stable characteristic, mistakes indicate lack of ability. We examined performance-monitoring event-related potentials (ERPs) to probe the neural mechanisms underlying these different reactions to mistakes. Findings revealed that a growth mind-set was associated with enhancement of the error positivity component (Pe), which reflects awareness of and allocation of attention to mistakes. More growth-minded individuals also showed superior accuracy after mistakes compared with individuals endorsing a more fixed mind-set. It is critical to note that Pe amplitude mediated the relationship between mind-set and posterror accuracy. These results suggest that neural mechanisms indexing on-line awareness of and attention to mistakes are intimately involved in growth-minded individuals' ability to rebound from mistakes.
A New Objective Measurement of Eggshell Color.: 1. A Test for Potential Usefulness of Two Color Measuring Devices

Abstract A new technique for obtaining objective measurements of eggshell color was explored using the Hunter Lab Colorimeter D25A-9 and the Minolta Chroma Meter CR-200. A total of 1,299 eggs from 161 hens in five lines were measured on these two color meters. Measurements for individual eggs were highly repeatable (P>.25); differences between hens were significant (P
Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with altered cell wall polysaccharide composition

To analyze the synthesis, structure and function of the plant cell wall by a genetic approach, 5200 chemically mutagenized Arabidopsis plants were screened for changes in the monosaccharide composition of hydrolyzed cell wall material by gas chromatography of alditol acetates This screening procedure identified 23 mutant lines representing 11 different loci designated mur1 to mur11. The mur lines fall into essentially three groups: (1) complete absence of a monosaccharide, (2) significant reduction in the amount of a single monosaccharide, and (3) complex alterations in the relative amounts of several monosaccharides. All mutants in the first category represent alleles of the mur1 locus, and are deficient in the de novo synthesis of fucose. Mutants with reductions in a single monosaccharide have been identified for fucose (mur2, mur3), arabinose (mur4, mur5, mur6, mur7), and rhamnose (mur8). Mutants with complex changes in monosaccharide composition are represented by the mur9, mur10 and mur11 loci. Most of the mutant lines did not show obvious morphological or physiological alterations; however, lines mur1, mur9 and mur10 co-segregated with reduced vigor or dwarfism of the plants. These results demonstrate the feasibility of identifying plants with altered cell wall compositions via a biochemical screening procedure. The availability of these mutants provides novel opportunities to study the functions of cell wall polysaccharides, gain insight into the biosynthesis of cell wall material, and clone cell wall-related genes.
A distributed, parallel, interactive volume rendering package

This paper presents a parallel ray-casting volume rendering algorithm and its implementation on the massively parallel IBM SP-1 computer using the Chameleon message passing library. Though this algorithm takes advantage of many of the unique features of the SP-1 (e.g. high-speed switch, large memory per node, high-speed disk array, HIPPI display, et al.), the use of Chameleon allows the code to be executed on any collection of workstations. The algorithm is image-ordered and distributes the data and the computational load to individual processors. After the volume data is distributed, all processors then perform local ray tracing of their respective subvolumes concurrently. No interprocess communication takes place during the ray tracing process. After a subimage is generated by each processor, the final image is obtained by composing subimages between all the processors. The program itself is implemented as an interactive process through a GUI residing on a graphics workstation which is coupled to the parallel rendering algorithm via sockets. The paper highlights the Chameleon implementation, the GUI, some optimization improvements, static load balancing, and direct parallel display to a HIPPI framebuffer. >
Multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: symptom prevalence and risk factors in a military population.

Objective To assess the prevalence of and risk factors for self-reported symptoms suggestive of multiple chemical sensitivities/idiopathic environmental intolerance (MCS/IEI) in Persian Gulf War (PGW) veterans from Iowa and a comparison group of PGW-era military personnel. Methods A population-based sample of Iowa military personnel was surveyed using a cross-sectional telephone interview. Study participants were randomly drawn from 1 of 4 domains: PGW active duty, PGW National Guard/Reserve, non-PGW active duty, and non-PGW National Guard/Reserve. A complex sample survey design was used selecting participants from the following substrata: age, sex, race, rank, and military branch. The criteria for MCS/IEI were developed using expert consensus and the medical literature. Results A total of 3695 study participants (76% of those eligible) completed the telephone survey. The prevalence of symptoms suggestive of MCS/IEI in all participants was 3.4%. Veterans of the PGW reported a significantly higher prevalence of symptoms suggestive of MCS/IEI than did non-PGW military personnel (5.4% vs 2.6%); greater sensitivity to organic chemicals, vehicle exhaust, cosmetics, and smog; and more lifestyle changes. The following risk factors for MCS/IEI were identified with univariate analysis: deployment to the Persian Gulf, age (>25 years), female sex, receiving a physician diagnosis of MCS, previous professional psychiatric treatment, previous psychotropic medication use, current psychiatric illness, and a low level of preparedness. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified several independent risk factors for MCS/IEI, including deployment to the Persian Gulf, age, sex, rank, branch of service, previous professional psychiatric treatment, and current mental illness. Conclusions Self-reported symptoms suggestive of MCS/IEI are relatively frequent in a military population and are more common among PGW veterans than comparable controls. Reported chemical sensitivities and accompanying behavioral changes were also frequent. After adjusting for age, sex, and training preparedness, previous professional psychiatric treatment and previous psychotropic medication use (before deployment) showed a robust association with symptoms suggestive of MCS.
On the optimality of conditional expectation as a Bregman predictor

We consider the problem of predicting a random variable X from observations, denoted by a random variable Z. It is well known that the conditional expectation E[X|Z] is the optimal L/sup 2/ predictor (also known as "the least-mean-square error" predictor) of X, among all (Borel measurable) functions of Z. In this orrespondence, we provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the general loss functions under which the conditional expectation is the unique optimal predictor. We show that E[X|Z] is the optimal predictor for all Bregman loss functions (BLFs), of which the L/sup 2/ loss function is a special case. Moreover, under mild conditions, we show that the BLFs are exhaustive, i.e., if for every random variable X, the infimum of E[F(X,y)] over all constants y is attained by the expectation E[X], then F is a BLF.
Effectiveness of Environmental Surrogates for the Selection of Conservation Area Networks

Rapid biodiversity assessment and conservation planning require the use of easily quantified and estimated surrogates for biodiversity. Using data sets from Quand Queensland, we applied four methods to assess the extent to which environmental surrogates can represent biodiversity components: (1) surrogacy graphs; (2) marginal representation plots; (3) Hamming distance function; and (4) Syrjala statistical test for spatial congruence. For Quwe used 719 faunal and floral species as biodiversity components, and for Queensland we used 2348 plant species. We used four climatic parameter types (annual mean temperature, minimum temperature during the coldest quarter, maximum temperature during the hottest quarter, and annual precipitation), along with slope, elevation, aspect, and soil types, as environmental surrogates. To study the effect of scale, we analyzed the data at seven spatial scales ranging from 0.01 ◦ to 0.10 ◦ longitude and latitude. At targeted representations of 10% for environmental surrogates and biodiversity components, all four methods indicated that using a full set of environmental surrogates systematically provided better results than selecting areas at random, usually ensuring that ≥90% of the biodiversity components achieved the 10% targets at scales coarser than 0.02 ◦ .T he performance of surrogates improved with coarser spatial resolutions. Thus, environmental surrogate sets are useful tools for biodiversity conservation planning. A recommended protocol for the use of such surrogates consists of randomly selecting a set of areas for which distributional data are available, identifying an optimal surrogate set based on these areas, and subsequently prioritizing places for conservation based on the optimal surrogate set.
Role of aquaporin-4 in airspace-to-capillary water permeability in intact mouse lung measured by a novel gravimetric method.

The mammalian peripheral lung contains at least three aquaporin (AQP) water channels: AQP1 in microvascular endothelia, AQP4 in airway epithelia, and AQP5 in alveolar epithelia. In this study, we determined the role of AQP4 in airspace-to-capillary water transport by comparing water permeability in wild-type mice and transgenic null mice lacking AQP1, AQP4, or AQP1/AQP4 together. An apparatus was constructed to measure lung weight continuously during pulmonary artery perfusion of isolated mouse lungs. Osmotically induced water flux (Jv) between the airspace and capillary compartments was measured from the kinetics of lung weight change in saline-filled lungs in response to changes in perfusate osmolality. Jv in wild-type mice varied linearly with osmotic gradient size (4.4 × 10−5 cm3 s−1 mOsm−1) and was symmetric, independent of perfusate osmolyte size, weakly temperature dependent, and decreased 11-fold by AQP1 deletion. Transcapillary osmotic water permeability was greatly reduced by AQP1 deletion, as measured by the same method except that the airspace saline was replaced by an inert perfluorocarbon. Hydrostatically induced lung edema was characterized by lung weight changes in response to changes in pulmonary arterial inflow or pulmonary venous outflow pressure. At 5 cm H2O outflow pressure, the filtration coefficient was 4.7 cm3 s−1 mOsm−1 and reduced 1.4-fold by AQP1 deletion. To study the role of AQP4 in lung water transport, AQP1/AQP4 double knockout mice were generated by crossbreeding of AQP1 and AQP4 null mice. Jv were (cm3 s−1 mOsm−1 × 10−5, SEM, n = 7–12 mice): 3.8 ± 0.4 (wild type), 0.35 ± 0.02 (AQP1 null), 3.7 ± 0.4 (AQP4 null), and 0.25 ± 0.01 (AQP1/AQP4 null). The significant reduction in Pf in AQP1 vs. AQP1/AQP4 null mice was confirmed by an independent pleural surface fluorescence method showing a 1.6 ± 0.2-fold (SEM, five mice) reduced Pf in the AQP1/AQP4 double knockout mice vs. AQP1 null mice. These results establish a simple gravimetric method to quantify osmosis and filtration in intact mouse lung and provide direct evidence for a contribution of the distal airways to airspace-to-capillary water transport.
Addition, elimination, exchange, and epimerization in nitro sulfones

Three reactions were studied in the diastereomers of 1-(benzenesulfonyl)-2-nitro-1-phenylpropane (1A and 1B) and briefly in related compounds: elimination of the benzenesulfonyl group, epimerization of one diastereomer to the other, and deuterium/hydrogen exchange at the methine group next to nitro in starting material. The two diastereomers showed quite different reactivity. The high melting diasteromer showed rapid elimination and some exchange. The low melting diastereomer (at approximately a half-life) showed extensive epimerization, and elimination to the alkene, but little exchange. There is little effect of aromatic substituents on reaction course. The situation is complicated by re-addition of benzenesulfinate to the alkene. The addition reaction was similar to elimination in agreement with the Principle of Microscopic Reversibility expectations. An electron transfer mechanism for addition is calculated to be comparatively favorable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity of metal‐contaminated sediments from keswick Reservoir, California, USA

Keswick Reservoir, California, USA, receives metal-laden acid-mine drainage (AMD) from the abandoned Iron Mountain Mine. Mixing of the AMD with reservoir water causes precipitation and deposition of metal-rich sludge in the reservoir. Hydroelectric generation activities can scour the sediments and mobilize trace metals cadmium, copper, and zinc into the water column, thus creating potentially toxic conditions to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Sediment samples collected from Keswick Reservoir in 1993 and 1994 were analyzed for acid-volatile sulfides and for simultaneously extractable metals (SEM), and whole sediments and sediment elutriates were tested for toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and cladocerans (Ceriodaphnia dubia). Acid-volatile sulfide concentrations in the sediments were low (<10 μmol/g H2S), indicating that dissolved metals in the sediment pore water were not limited by sulfide. The SEM concentrations were generally high (up to 11 μg/g Cd, 4,800 μg/g Cu, and 1,600 μg/g Zn, dry weight) in the sediments. Whole sediments and 20% w/w sediment elutriates from 16 sites were tested for toxicity. Low survival (as low as 0%) in whole sediments was generally associated with copper and zinc, and to a lesser extent cadmium, concentrations that exceeded probable effect level values for freshwater sediments; survival also may have been influenced by low pH and alkalinity conditions. Low survival (as low as 0%) in sediment elutriates was also generally associated with higher concentrations of dissolved zinc. Further study is required to formulate sediment cleanup levels that are protective offish and wildlife. Source control in the Iron Mountain Mine drainage will eventually significantly lessen the production of sediments.
Computational Science and Engineering Advances Understanding of Complex Unsteady Flows in High Performance Fans and Compressors

The ability of high fidelity simulations to more accurately model complex flow phenomena in high performance military fans and compressors is demonstrated. Challenge Project C1I continues to investigate how blade row interactions and distortion transfer impact fan and compressor performance. Simulations accomplished through this Challenge Project have produced improved geometric, physical, and numerical fidelity results than previously possible, allowing the design of next generation engines to achieve unprecedented performance.
A case against subtyping in schizophrenia

In this paper we consider the generally accepted view that schizophrenia is 'heterogeneous'. We point out that the view derives from prima facie evidence from clinical presentation, studies of course, and factor analysis. However, upon closer examination internal contradictions are apparent, e.g., subtypes change, different groupings of symptoms cooccur in the same individual. Another type of paradigm, depending on careful study of case controls (e.g., monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia) and distributions, indicates that abnormalities in neurocognition, regional cerebral blood flow, and regional neuroanatomy may be present in nearly every patient, irrespective of absolute level or diagnostic subtype. These results suggest that a simple model in which patients vary along a severity dimension might parsimoniously explain much of the variance. Thus, while it is possible and even probable that schizophrenia may have many etiologies, phenocopies may represent the expression of a unitary pathogenesis of greater or lesser impact.
Identification of electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy due to mitral stenosis.

Current electrocardiographs (ECG) criteria for diagnosing right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) have low sensitivity. In this study maximally specific and sensitive ECG criteria for RVH due to mitral stenosis (MS) were developed that incorporated the principles derived from spatial changes in the QRS complex observed on the vectorcardiogram and any existent ECG criteria that supplement the diagnostic capability of the criteria derived from the vectorcardiogram. The standard 12-lead electrocardiograms of a control group of 500 consecutively selected subjects with 50 women and 50 men in each decade between ages 20 and 69 years were compared with the electrocardiograms of a study population of 50 patients with RVH due to MS. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of MS by catheterization, normal coronary arteriographic and left ventriculographic findings and no other valvular abnormalities. It was hypothesized that patients with RVH resulting from MS would have QRS forces that are maximaily anterior (A) and rightward (R) and minimally posterolateral (PL); thus, the A + R − PL value in the study group would be greater than that in the control group. The subsequently derived formula criterion (A + R − PL ≥ 0.7 mV) and 2 additional criteria, R < 0.2 mV in lead I and P < 0.25 mV in leads II, III, aVF, V1 or V2, were tested in both groups. The specificity and sensitivity of each individual criterion was determined; when combined, the criteria yielded 94% specificity and 64% sensitivity. Moderate to severe RVH due to MS was detected in two-thirds of the patients using the proposed criteria.
Modeling and Measurement: The Criterion of Empirical Grounding

A scientific theory offers models for the phenomena in its domain; these models involve theoretical quantities, and a model’s structure is the set of relations it imposes on these quantities. A fundamental demand in scientific practice is for those quantities to be clearly and feasibly related to measurement. This demand for empirical grounding can be articulated by displaying the theory-dependent criteria for a procedure to count as a measurement and for identifying the quantity it measures.
Efficacy and safety of routine thrombus aspiration in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background Randomized clinical trials evaluating the role of thrombus aspiration (TA) in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) have yielded contrasting results. Therefore, the efficacy and safety of TA in STEMI is unclear. Objective We sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TA during PPCI for STEMI compared with conventional PPCI alone. Methods We included study-level data from 25 randomized, controlled trials, involving 21,733 patients with STEMI and PPCI. The primary efficacy endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE) according to study definitions; the primary safety endpoint was stroke. Results The mean weighted follow-up time across studies was 8.2 months. Compared with conventional PPCI, TA was associated with significant lower risk for MACE [relative risk (RR): 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83–1.00; P = 0.042). However, this benefit in MACE was counterbalanced by a significant increase in the risk for stroke (RR: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.11–2.25; P = 0.011). There were no differences in the risk of myocardial infarction (RR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.78–1.12; P = 0.486), target vessel revascularization (RR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.82–1.04; P = 0.2), and definite or probable stent thrombosis (RR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.66–1.07; P = 0.148). TA was associated with an ostensible lower risk for all-cause mortality, which did not reach statistical significance (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78–1.00; P = 0.059). Conclusions Compared with conventional PPCI for STEMI, adjunctive TA reduces the risk of subsequent MACE. However, the benefit in MACE is counterbalanced by an increased risk in stroke. Considering the above potential risks and benefits, TA should be considered in selected patients lesions rather than routinely. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self Reported Perceptions of Physical Demands on Athletic Training Students

Context: According to the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) Standards for the Accreditation of Entry-Level Athletic Training Education Programs, athletic training s...
EL SALVADOR COPPER MINE BIG SCALE SOLAR COLLECTOR PLANT PROJECT

ABSTRACT The paper reports the design details of a solar collector plant, optimised to satisfy the intermitent demand of warm water of the “change house Nr. 3” of the El Salvador copper mine in Chile. Plat plate collectors with forced flow, form the three collector devices with a total collector surface of 708 square meters, connected each to a storage tank with an approximately total storage tank capacity of 45.000 liters. Joining the collector-storage tank devices to the existing boiler-storage tanks system, it is possible to produce 60.000 liters/day of warm water at 40 °C replacing partially, approximately 94 %, the traditional energy source, fuel, by Solar Energy.
A.P.S., S.A.

This case examines the financing options available to a U.S. multinational to provide funds for a Spanish subsidiary. The analysis is largely driven by tax considerations and the outlook for currency changes.
Outdoor Living Spaces Company: Financial Statement Overview

This material presents students with an opportunity to have another shot at cementing their understanding of the general format of the three basic financial statements, some of the content of those statements, and a few of the basic principles undergirding those statements. The tasks presented in the material are relatively direct and manageable as homework within an hour’s time.
Constitutional Form and Civil Society: The Case of Jamaica

The nation of Jamaica began a new process of considering amendments to its constitution in 19992 Many of the proposals would introduce separation of powers and other similar features of the United States Constitution into the Jamaican constitutional system.I visited the Norman Manley Law School in Kingston in 1999 as the first law professor in Jamaica on a Fulbright scholarship. While there, I was asked to teach a course in Comparative Constitutional Law, and the proposed constitutional changes sparked lively discussion. During my lectures, I compared Jamaican constitutional arrangements and civic culture with those of the United States. My general view was that the answers lie not in constitutional structures, but in civic culture. Subsequent outbreaks of political violence in Jamaica have only strengthened my convictions in this regard.
Evidence for presence of Ca2+ channel-gated Ca2+ stores in neonatal human atrial myocytes

The characteristics of Ca2+ signaling in fura 2-loaded whole cell-clamped myocytes obtained from samples of human atrial appendages of 3-day to 4-yr-old patients were examined. In isolated myocytes, activation of Ca2+ current (ICa) (2.47 +/- 0.23 pA/pF) at 0 mV elicited sizable intracellular Ca2+ (Cai) transients (240 +/- 45 nM), which were caused by the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores as they were suppressed in the presence of ryanodine or caffeine. The voltage dependence of both Cai transients and ICa were similar and bell shaped. The rate of release of Ca2+, normalized for the maximal Ca2+ release, increased with age, indicating increased efficiency of Ca2+ signaling in more mature myocytes. The results suggest that ICa-gated release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the primary mechanism regulating the signaling of contraction in early postnatal as well as older human atrial myocytes.
A pilot trial to examine the association between circulating endothelial cell levels and vascular injury in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

Objective While albuminuria is a marker for progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), both albuminuric and normoalbuminuric patients appear prone to vascular injury. This pilot study examines the association between circulating endothelial cell (CEC) levels and vascular injury in patients with T2DM and CKD. Methods In this cross-sectional study, eligible adult patients had T2DM, and stage 3 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73m 2 ). CEC levels were tested by Janssen Diagnostics, LLC using an immuno-magnetic bead-based assay. CEC levels were compared to levels in a previously tested normal population. Correlations between CEC levels and other vascular injury markers (urine albumin, von-Willebrand factor antigen, hs-CRP, uric acid) were performed. Results Patients included 40 adults of which nineteen were normoalbuminuric. Mean CEC levels (38.7, SD 38.1 cells) were significantly higher than the normal population (M = 21±18 cells, p<0.001; N = 249), including in the normoalbuminuric subgroup (M = 42.9±42.5 cells, p<0.001). CEC levels were significantly correlated with uric acid levels (r=0.33, p=0.039). Conclusions CEC levels in patients with T2DM and CKD, both albuminuric and normoalbuminuric, are significantly higher than a normal population, suggesting the presence of vascular injury in both groups. Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of CECs as a biomarker to predict outcomes in normoalbuminuric patients with CKD.
Staphylococcal enterotoxins B and C. Structural requirements for superantigenic and entertoxigenic activities.

Abstract The staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are a subgroup of related protein exotoxins in the pyrogenic toxin (PT) family produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (1). Like other members of the PT family, the SEs are superantigens and elaborate a set of biological activities linked to their ability to stimulate cells of the immune system (2). These activities contribute to their ability to induce toxic shock syndrome, immunosuppression, and probably other diseases (3). However, as is evident from the fact that they are designated as enterotoxins, the SEs are distinguishable from other members of the PT family by their ability to induce gastroenteritis when ingested. Hence, they are the causative agents in staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), a very common form of food-associated gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide (4).
Asking the Right Questions: Remembering David Montgomery

David and Marty Montgomery had enormous influence over my life and intellectual work, in ways that I continue to discover on a daily basis. I first heard about David in the early 1980s when I started Yale College because he was well known for being a wonderful lecturer. When I went to college, we were deep in the middle of Reagan's first term as president. Those were conservative times. Many of us undergraduates had no direct memories of the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, or the political unrest of the late 1960s and looked forward to becoming lawyers or working on Wall Street. Someone recommended that I take David Montgomery's class because he was a well-known professor. So along with a few hundred of my classmates, I trooped along to the Lindsley-Chit 101 classroom. I do not remember much of those initial lectures, but I do remember how David had great stage presence as he strode around the stage and told us stories about everyday people who fought for workers' rights.