cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Growth characteristics of copper of tungsten grown through cementation, vapor deposition and electroplating

Abstract The growth characteristics of thin copper deposits grown through cementation, electrodeposition and vapor deposition were evaluated through imaging the coated samples in the field ion microscope at 78 K utilizing a 90% He-10% Ne gas mixture. Although the thicknesses of overgrowths were found to be varied with the method and time of deposition, copper in thin overgrowths (less than approximately 50 atom layers) was observed to grow epitaxially on the tungsten substrate surface. In thicker layer growths the epitaxial growth was found to change to a misfit zone with excessive defect structures followed by a polycrystalline copper arrangement. A prominent feature of these thick overgrowths was observed to be their instability under field-induced stresses of the field ion microscope imaging, thus rendering a layer-by-layer evaluation through the three-zone arrangement quite difficult. The initial tungsten surface was recovered upon controlled field evaporation only in the vapor deposition experiments while in the electroplating and cementation experiments the tungsten surface recovered was quite different from the original substrate imaged, thus indicating that an initial dissolution followed by deposition of copper had taken place in the electroplating and cementation processes. In spite of this initial surface reaction, the copper overgrowths were found to be deposited epitaxially. The observed epitaxy of the face-centered cubic copper on body-centered cubic tungsten substrate end forms at thin coverages was consistent with earlier studies of vapor deposition utilizing the copper overgrowth- tungsten substrate system.
Collapsing Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in a Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

We present a case of a 36-year-old female from Ghana who presented with atypical chest pain and shortness of breath and was found to have bilateral transudative pleural effusion and trivial pericardial effusion. Further work-up revealed serological markers consistent with active lupus and negative HIV. She developed rapid deterioration of her renal function requiring dialysis. Her renal biopsy showed collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, consistent with lupus nephritis class II along with tubular degenerative changes. She was started on high dose steroids and later on mycophenolate mofetil. Her renal function slowly recovered to baseline.
Bioinspired Bioadhesive Polymers: Dopa‐Modified Poly(acrylic acid) Derivatives

The one-step synthesis and characterization of novel bioinspired bioadhesive polymers that contain Dopa, implicated in the extremely adhesive byssal fibers of certain gastropods, is reported. The novel polymers consist of combinations of either of two polyanhydride backbones and one of three amino acids, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or Dopa, grafted as side chains. Dopa-grafted hydrophobic backbone polymers exhibit as much as 2.5 × the fracture strength and 2.8 × the tensile work of bioadhesion of a commercially available poly(acrylic acid) derivative as tested on live, excised, rat intestinal tissue.
Visualization of the Microcirculation of the Periodontium

T H E MICROVASCULATURE of the periodontium must be delineated anatomically and studied in function inasmuch as tissue behavior is related intimately to vascular competency. As the microcirculation may be altered in distribution, structure and behavior in many disease processes (viz, inflammation, occlusal traumatism, diabetes mellitus) knowledge of the basal details of periodontal vascularization is indispensable.
An evaluation of the interstitial nerve cells in the cerebellum

Large multipolar interstitial neurons, isodendritic in their morphology, present in the medullary regions of the cerebellum are described. Histochemically these nerve cells are characterized by an intense acetylcholinesterase activity. On the basis of their morphological criteria and histochemical properties, and in continuation with our earlier study on the interstitial neurons in the white-matter regions of the central nervous system, it is suggested that the interstitial nerve cells form a vast nerve net within the central nervous system, which is an extension of the diffuse reticular formation.
Structure development and property changes in high-density polyethylene/calcium carbonate blends during pan-milling

A new self-designed mechanochemical reactor, inlaid pan-mill, was used in studying high density polyethylene (HDPE) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) blends. The effects of CaCO3 on the crushing and structure of HDPE matrix and the properties of HDPE/CaCO3 blends were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed IR spectroscopy, dynamical mechanical testing analysis, capillary rheometer, and Instron material testing system were used to characterize the structure of HDPE and evaluate the properties of HDPE/CaCO3 blends. The introduction of calcium carbonate during milling improved milling efficiency, and time needed for each cycle was greatly reduced. Oxygen-containing groups on HDPE chains, which were produced during milling, increased interfacial interactions and improved the dispersion and distribution of calcium carbonate particles in HDPE/CaCO3 blends. Rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties were also improved. The elongation at break of milled blends with high concentrations of calcium carbonate was significantly higher than that of unmilled blends. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 1459–1464, 1999
Modeling recombinant immunotoxin efficacies in solid tumors.

Effectiveness of cancer therapy is improved by the use of recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) that target membrane proteins unique to malignant tumor cells. Although RIT antitumor activity in vivo can always be improved with larger doses, clinical restriction on the dose toleration makes it critical to explore how RIT antitumor activity can be maximized without resorting to dose elevation. In this work, a mathematical model was developed to explore functional correlations between the properties of several recombinant immunotoxins and their antitumor efficacies in vivo. Simulations were compared with experimental data of human tumor xenografts grown on nude mice to assess parameters critical to optimal antitumor activity. We dissected out or held constant as many parameters of the model as possible to investigate the effect of the remaining parameters on the behavior of the system as a whole. Empirical correlations between immunotoxin binding affinity and the target binding site density were obtained for several recombinant immunotoxins targeting either human A431 carcinoma or CD46 Burkitt’s lymphoma. Simulations reinforced the idea of binding site barrier for drug diffusion and suggested that optimal antitumor activity was achieved when the binding affinity is logarithmically dependent on the target binding site density.
Tight–loose coupling with customers: the enactment of customer orientation

This article argues that tight linkages with customers present a paradox for the firm. The research question of this study is: What is the behavioral and cognitive process by which a firm establishes close links with its customers, and how can this process be both beneficial and detrimental? Existing theory and data from apparel retailers suggest that firms forge these tight links by enacting their customer environment. In the process of enactment, cognitions and actions reinforce each other and become increasingly focused. The tight coupling generated through enactment comes at the price of increased commitment and restricted vision. The author argues that firms should balance the natural process of tight coupling with a deliberate effort at loose coupling, and draws implications for further research on the organization-environment interface. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-power microwave tubes

This short paper serves as an introduction to the four invited papers that follow it by describing their coverage and by commenting on recent trends in the design of microwave tubes for high-power applications.
Preserving sarcomere number after tenotomy requires stretch and contraction.

Introduction: Passive stretch therapy is utilized to improve the range of motion of chronically shortened muscles. However, human studies show conflicting results as whether passive stretch is clinically effective. Methods: The soleus muscles of adult rats were tenotomized to induce muscle shortening adaptation. Muscles included were non-treated normal, subjected to daily static stretch, or lengthened and isometrically contracted for 20 min/day. Muscle fiber structure was analyzed histochemically. Sarcomeres per millimeter length were counted to assess the effect of treatment. Results: Passive stretch significantly reduced central core lesion formation, but sarcomere loss was not prevented. The addition of isometric contraction during static stretch significantly (P < 0.001) reduced sarcomere loss. Conclusions: Passive stretch alone does not prevent shortening adaptation. Contraction is required in combination with stretch to preserve the number of sarcomeres in series. The combination of stretch and contraction is necessary to maintain proper muscle fiber length. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Cephalophus zebra (Zebra duiker)♂Cephalophus maxwelli (Maxwell’s duiker)♀

Skin biopsies of one male animal were available and are frozen. The karyotype of the female was prepared from lymphocyte culture and donated by Dr. W.L. Hard, Omaha, Nebraska. Although the X of the male is here shown as metacentric, this is not verified by other studies since only one animal was available. All other duikers studied so far possess 60 chromosomes, some with a metacentric element, presumptively an X-chromosome.
Ion exchange and recrystallization in fixation of Ca45 in the rabbit's skeleton.

SummaryUndecalcified bone sections of rabbits sacrificed at intervals between one hour and 3 weeks following Ca45 administration were treated in calcium acetate solutions. This procedure was designed to determine what portion of Ca45 remains on crystal surface of bone as a function of time following administration. The data are interpreted as indicating that recrystallization and crystallization processes are removing calcium to non-exchangeable positions at extremely rapid rates. At one hour following Ca45 administration, 1/2 of the isotope fixed in bone is no longer available to removal by ion exchange technic.
An analysis of underground forums

Underground forums, where participants exchange information on abusive tactics and engage in the sale of illegal goods and services, are a form of online social network (OSN). However, unlike traditional OSNs such as Facebook, in underground forums the pattern of communications does not simply encode pre-existing social relationships, but instead captures the dynamic trust relationships forged between mutually distrustful parties. In this paper, we empirically characterize six different underground forums --- BlackHatWorld, Carders, HackSector, HackE1ite, Freehack, and L33tCrew --- examining the properties of the social networks formed within, the content of the goods and services being exchanged, and lastly, how individuals gain and lose trust in this setting.
Multimedia content analysis and search: new perspectives and approaches

After 15 years of extensive research, multimedia retrieval has finally come to its prime time when everything becomes accessible on the web. However, web search provides both a new paradigm and poses a new challenge to the multimedia retrieval research community. It calls for a rethinking of the traditional content-based approaches, especially in how to make use of the massive yet noisy meta data associated with the web pages and links. In this talk, we will first review some familiar approaches in content-based multimedia retrieval. Then, we will present a set of efforts in web multimedia search to illustrate interesting new thoughts that potentially will lead to new breakthroughs in multimedia search and stimulate new research ideas.
TrustVisor: Efficient TCB Reduction and Attestation

An important security challenge is to protect the execution of security-sensitive code on legacy systems from malware that may infect the OS, applications, or system devices. Prior work experienced a tradeoff between the level of security achieved and efficiency. In this work, we leverage the features of modern processors from AMD and Intel to overcome the tradeoff to simultaneously achieve a high level of security and high performance. We present TrustVisor, a special-purpose hypervisor that provides code integrity as well as data integrity and secrecy for selected portions of an application. TrustVisor achieves a high level of security, first because it can protect sensitive code at a very fine granularity, and second because it has a very small code base (only around 6K lines of code) that makes verification feasible. TrustVisor can also attest the existence of isolated execution to an external entity. We have implemented TrustVisor to protect security-sensitive code blocks while imposing less than 7% overhead on the legacy OS and its applications in the common case.
Thickening the Plot

“Though their plots are mostly about keeping secrets, soap operas derive their principal strength from the fact that they conceal so little.”
Analysis of Intra-Aneurysmal Flow for Cerebral Aneurysms with Cerebral Angiography

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemodynamics is an important factor in the development and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. Current techniques for measuring blood flow in cerebral aneurysms suffer from various limitations and have not been able to address our clinical needs. A new technique has been developed for effective evaluation of intra-aneurysmal flow based on high-frame-rate cerebral angiography, especially for flow-diverters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients with 7 unruptured ICA aneurysms were imaged with a specially designed DSA protocol (a 3D DSA and a 2D DSA acquired at 30 frames/s, with a 2-mL/s contrast injection rate). Images of these cases were analyzed to determine the intra-aneurysmal flow based on the newly developed technique. Patient-specific aneurysm models were used for CFD calculation, and intra-aneurysmal flow rates were computed numerically. The intra-aneurysmal flow rates from the 2 methods were then compared. RESULTS: There is a linear relationship between intra-aneurysmal flow ratios obtained from high-frame-rate cerebral angiography and CFD calculation (R = 0.99). A high frame rate (30 frames/s) provides a better estimate of intra-aneurysmal flow than low frame rates (7.5 frames/s and 15 frames/s). CONCLUSIONS: The CFD calculation validates the estimate of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics from cerebral angiography. The linear relationship obtained by using these 2 techniques can be used for real-time assessment of intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics for cerebral aneurysms.
An Elementary Derivation of The Black Hole Entropy in Any Dimension

Carlos CastroCenter for Theoretical Studies of Physical Systems, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA. 30314.E-mail: castro@ctsps.cau.eduReceived: 30 April 2000 / Accepted: 22 November 2000 / Published: 26 March 2001Abstract: An elementary derivation of the Black Hole Entropy area relation in anydimension is provided based on the New Extended Scale Relativity Principle and Shan-non’s Information Entropy. The well known entropy-area linear Bekenstein-Hawkingrelation is derived. We discuss briey how to derive the most recently obtained Log-arithmic and higher order corrections to the linear entropy-area law in full agreementwith the standard results in the literature.Keywords: Entropy, New Relativity, Cli ord Oscillator; p-branes, Black Holes.c 2001 by the author. Reproduction for noncommercial purposes permitted.
TRAPATT-diode model for circuit design

A simple model of a diode operating in the TRAPATT mode is proposed which should be useful in the design of TRAPATT circuits. The model consists of only two elements; a nonlinear capacitance shunted by a voltage- and current-controlled switch. Initial simulations using this model have yielded good results without the use of excessive computer time.
A novel Dual Probe complex trial Protocol for detection of concealed information

In simply guilty (SG), countermeasure-using guilty (CM), and innocent (IN) subjects, a new concealed information test, the P300-based Dual Probe Complex Trial Protocol was tested in a mock crime scenario. It combines an oddball protocol with two stimuli (probe, irrelevant) and another with three stimuli (probe, irrelevant, target) into one trial, doubling detected mock crime information per unit time, compared to previous protocols. Probe-irrelevant amplitude differences were significant in SG and CM, but not IN subjects. On a measure from both two and three stimulus protocol parts of the Dual Probe Complex Trial Protocol trial, accuracy was 94.7% (based on a .9 bootstrap criterion). The criterion-independent area (AUC) under the receiver operating characteristic (from signal detection theory) measuring SG and CM versus IN discriminability averaged .92 (in a range of 0.5-1.0). Countermeasures enhanced irrelevant (not probe) P300s in CM groups.
HYPERKETONEMIA INCREASES MONOCYTE ADHESION TO ENDOTHELIAL CELLS AND IS MEDIATED BY LFA-1 EXPRESSION IN MONOCYTES AND ICAM-1 EXPRESSION IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Frequent episodes of hyperketonemia are associated with a higher incidence of vascular disease. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that hyperketonemia increases monocyte-endo...
A frequency-controlled beam-steering array with mixing frequency compensation for multichannel applications

A frequency-controlled beam-steering planar array with mixing frequency compensation is presented for cost-effective multichannel phased array applications. The new feed networks for frequency compensation not only operate in wide band but also ensure radio-frequency (RF) amplitude imbalance cancellation and progressive phase distribution. The parallel equal power dividers installed in both LO and intermediate-frequency (IF) feed networks provide uniform amplitude and phase distribution, while the fixed delay lines installed in the LO feed network exhibit precise phase progression, compared to a series feed structure. The LO power imbalance caused by the unequal delay line loss between elements is corrected by pumping each mixer into the LO saturation region, leading to linear IF-RF response. Thus, sidelobe degradation and pattern distortion caused by the RF amplitude imbalance, as well as the beam-steering error and beam squint caused by the phase errors of the delay lines, are removed. The proposed feed networks combined with quasi-Yagi antenna arrays and microwave monolithic integrated circuit mixers realize a broad bandwidth of more than 3 GHz in K band for multichannel wireless applications. The K band transmitter/receiver pair proposed in this paper successfully demonstrates two-channel simultaneous RF transmission and single channel 50-Mb/s data communication with 40/spl deg/ scanning. This simple, compact, yet cost-effective planar array ensures multichannel broadband wireless communications with beam-steering capability.
Nonlinear Estimation of Vehicle State and Tire Forces

Vehicle motion and tire force histories are estimated from an incomplete, noise-corrupted measurement set using an extended Kalman filter. A nine degree-of-freedom vehicle model and an analytic tire force model are used to simulate true vehicle motion, and a five degree-of-freedom vehicle model is used in the estimator. Simulation demonstrates that real-time filtering can provide state estimates required for advanced feedback control of ground vehicles. In addition, filtered histories of forces and motion can be used to construct tire models through off-line analysis. No prior knowledge of tire force characteristics or external factors that affect vehicle motion is required.
Abundance of amino sugars and peptidoglycan in marine particulate and dissolved organic matter

Several recent studies indicated that amino sugars were likely to be major components of marine carbon and nitrogen cycles, but there has been insufficient data to investigate this hypothesis. In the present study, hydrolyzable amino sugars were measured in a variety of marine organisms and particulate organic matter (POM) and in ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter (UDOM) from various ocean basins and depths. Glucosamine (GlcN) and galactosamine (GalN) were abundant and common to all samples. Concentrations of these two amino sugars were similar to their neutral sugar counterparts, glucose and galactose, and in surface water they accounted for up to ;1.5% of C and N in POM and 2.5% of C and 7.1% of N in UDOM. Chitin, a polymer of glucosamine, is produced by many marine organisms, but based on the low GlcN : GalN ratios (1.0‐2.5) in POM and UDOM, it does not appear to be a primary source of glucosamine in these samples. Muramic acid, an amino sugar found only in the bacterial cell wall polymer peptidoglycan, was relatively abundant in POM, indicating that bacterial detritus is a principal component of submicron particles in seawater. Muramic acid was measured in all UDOM samples, but its concentrations were low (,1 nmol L 21 ), indicating that intact fragments of peptidoglycan were a relatively minor component of UDOM. The abundance of GlcN and GalN and their similar concentrations in POM and UDOM provide novel information suggesting a major prokaryotic source. Amino sugars are often considered to be abundant components of marine organic matter, yet there are surprisingly few measurements of amino sugars in the marine environment. Chitin, a structural polymer of the amino sugar Nacetyl-glucosamine, is produced by a large variety of marine organisms (Muzzarelli 1977), and the production of chitin in the oceans is undoubtedly quite large. Kirchman and White (1999) estimated that about 10% of marine bacterial production could be supported by chitin. In addition to chitin and its derivatives, amino sugars are found in other polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids that are common to many organisms (Sharon 1965). Amino sugars are important structural components of prokaryotic cell walls, where they occur in peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides, and pseudopeptidoglycan (Brock et al. 1994). Several studies provide measurements of amino sugars in marine particles ) )
From Community Engagement to Political Engagement

Community engagement through service learning has become well institutionalized in American education, yet there has been considerable debate over its effectiveness, especially with regard to its impact on explicitly political engagement. While participation in community service and volunteerism clearly has a positive impact on the propensity of young people to dedicate themselves to further service, the evidence of the effects of service on political engagement is, at best, mixed.
Price Strategies for Idiosyncratic Goods—The Case of Housing

We determine the mechanism that a rational, profit-maximizing seller would use to revise his reservation price for a heterogeneous or infrequently exchanged good. For instance, while one dimension of a home's quality may be easily determined in competitive markets (e.g., the valuation of floor size, location, etc.), other dimensions of quality may be idiosyncratic (unit specific) and unobservable by the seller (e.g., aesthetics of the home). Here, a seller of a new or infrequently exchanged housing unit may use sales success information to revise his expectation of the unit's market-determined value and hence revise his reservation price. The rational seller will, upon arrival of the first buyer inspecting the unit, determine a sequence of reservation prices for this and expected subsequent buyers. This price sequence falls for subsequent buyers and starts from a lower initial price if the first buyer arrives later than expected. Through this mechanism, we offer an explanation for price dispersion and vacancy durations in housing markets. While we explicitly model the real estate market here, this price revision mechanism is also applicable to rental markets, labor markets, used car markets, and other markets characterized by heterogeneity and infrequent sales.
Quality of life, heart rate, breathing, and pain: palliative care parameters and symptoms

Palliative care is specialized medical care for patients with serious illnesses. Palliative care focuses on providing patients with relief from the symptoms from their illness to improve quality of life both for patients and their families. In this issue of Annals of Palliative Medicine , Agarwal et al. report their findings from their prospective study assessing quality of life before and 12 months after definitive therapy for oral tongue cancer (1). They found that treatment with resection and adjuvant radiation therapy improves pain scores, overall activity, recreational activities, and mental status. This is in keeping with prior reports showing that cancer-directed therapy with the intent to treat the underlying malignancy and improve clinical outcomes, when combined with early palliative care, can improve quality of life and also improve overall survival (2).
Entering a Culture of Teaching: Teacher Induction in Shanghai

Li Mei is an energetic, cheerful woman who feels that teaching “is the hardest job under the sun, but the happiest”. [2] In her second year of teaching lower secondary mathematics, she teaches thirteen periods a week (the average load for most lower secondary teachers in Shanghai): six each to two different sixth-grade classes and one to an elective ‘activity class’ (huodong ke) that is geared at strengthening and deepening pupils’ interest in mathematics and helping them develop ‘divergent’ ways of thinking that stretch beyond the textbook. Her load is like that of most teachers in her school.
Lessons in Collaboration: Learning from the Post-Virginia Tech Task Force Reports

This paper provides suggestions for colleges about how to improve risk-management procedures, especially regarding students, in light of various task force reports issued in response to the tragedy at Virginia Tech. Designed primarily for university student affairs professionals, the essay emphasizes the importance of collaboration and training.
Control of Cotton Insects with an Insect-Collecting Machine

A total of 7950 insects representing 9 orders, 44 families, and 127 species were collected in 6 samples with an insectcollecting machine; also 313 spiders were collected. The cotton fleahopper, Psallus seriatus (Reuter), was the most abundant injurious insect, and the rapid plant bug, Adelphocoris rapidus (Say), was second. Boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, were collected at the rate of 46 per acre, even though 1944 was not considered a “weevil” year. The machine collected 70% of the estimated population of boll weevils, 77% of the cotton fleahopper adults, and 80% of the rapid plant bug adults in first-run operations. In field-plot tests, the machine reduced populations of cotton fleahoppers and rapid plant bugs below those of the check, but a mixture of calcium arsenate and sulfur dust gave better control. The machine could not be used when plants became large and did not compete with insecticides in controlling migrating cotton fleahoppers when it was operated on the 5- to 7-day interval used to apply the insecticides. Also, the machine treated only a small portion of the cotton plant. It was most efficient in collecting cotton fleahopper adults and boll weevils when the cotton plants were in the presquare stage.
[2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction to Sc3N@Ih-C80. The Formation of Very Stable [5,6]- and [6,6]-Adducts

The [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of Sc3N@Ih-C80 with benzyne was successfully conducted for the first time. The reaction affords both the [5,6]- and [6,6]-monoadducts with a four-membered ring attached to the cage surface on 5,6- and 6,6-ring fusions, respectively. The compounds were characterized by MALDI-TOF, NMR, UV−vis−NIR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. The electrochemical behavior of both monoadducts was investigated. The [5,6]-regioisomer displays reversible cathodic behavior similar to that observed for the fulleropyrrolidines with a 5,6-addition pattern. Surprisingly, the [6,6]-regioisomer also exhibits reversible cathodic behavior. The interconversion reaction of the isomers was also explored, and the results showed that both monoadducts are thermally very stable.
Pater Familiae et Magister

The article presents a speech honoring Academy of Management member Ralph Currier Davis, delivered at Ohio State University on November 12, 1964.
Molecular basis of osteogenesis imperfecta and related disorders of bone

Recent work has demonstrated that more than 90% of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) have mutations in the gene for either the pro alpha 1 (I) chain or the gene for the pro alpha 2 (I) chain of type I procollagen. Three molecular mechanisms have explained the devastating effects of these mutations. In addition, the data provide several general conclusions about mutations in collagen genes. Studies in cell cultures with antisense oligonucleotides and studies in transgenic mice with an antisense gene raised the possibility that several strategies eventually may be developed to treat OI by converting severe forms of the disease to milder forms.
Retroviral vector expression in TCR transgenic CD4+ T cells

The regulation of gene expression is key to understand the function of genes of interest. To explore the biological functions of genes, transgenic knock-in or knockout technologies have served as invaluable tools. While recent advances in molecular biology have introduced new techniques (i.e., CRISPR mediated gene editing) (Cong et al., Science 339(6121):819-823, 2013; Wang et al., Cell 153(4):910-918, 2013) for the generation of transgenic mice in a relatively short period of time, it can still take a long time to test biological hypotheses from scratch to design how to generate knock-in or knockout mice. Here, we describe methods to manipulate gene expression in T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD4 T cells, which allow us to investigate gene functions in the study of differentiation pathways of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells.
What does religion and spirituality mean to a racially diverse group of social work practitioners

ABSTRACTIn order to develop understanding of the meaning of religion and spirituality to social workers, a survey was conducted of a diverse sample of 2,100 practitioners obtained through racial stratification of membership in the National Association of Social Workers. Findings indicate that while a majority of social work practitioners (70.4%–97.9%), regardless of racial group, has a belief in God or some other higher power, their definition of religion and spirituality was complex and individualistic. Religion/spirituality provide significant personal context to participants. This pervasiveness has important implications for social work educators and challenges current practice of separating worker and client beliefs.
Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

ABSTRACT Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) can suffer from the same causes of acute kidney injury as the general population. Affected individuals may present with hematuria and proteinuria (usually less than 1g/day). However, nephrotic syndrome and proliferative glomerulonephritis are uncommon in patients with polycystic kidney disease. Development of nephrotic syndrome and / or rapid deterioration in kidney function suggest the presence of another, more aggressive disorder, requiring prompt diagnosis and appropriate interventions to mitigate further injury and progression to end stage kidney disease. In this chapter, we will discuss rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in association with ADPKD.
Religion and Radicalism: The Reverend Albert B. Cleage, Jr., and the Rise of Black Christian Nationalism in Detroit

On Easter Sunday, 1967, the Reverend Albert B. Cleage, Jr., rechristened Detroit’s Central Congregational Church as the Shrine of the Black Madonna, and formally launched his ecumenical Black Christian Nationalism movement. With an overflow crowd and with much fanfare— including the unveiling of a seven-foot painting of the Black Madonna and Christ-child2—Cleage dedicated himself and his congregation to the cause of redefining Christianity and bringing the church in line with the political logic of black nationalism. As one of the founders of black theology, his actions were guided, in part, by the notion of a black Christ as a black revolutionary, and of a (new) black church as the cornerstone of a (new) black nation. “We reject the traditional concept of church,” Cleage explained: In its place we will build a Black Liberation movement which derives its basic religious insights from African spirituality, its character from African and I can communicate better with people now than before because I was always locked up in bedroom, you know, studying, studying, studying. I’d be with my books, and I feel like I just came out into the world again, and I just went with them. And you know I love those prayer meetings. I like to go to those prayer meetings. I like to be with Christian people. They’re more understanding. They help me a lot.
Using Single Myosin and Small Myosin Ensembles to Examine Thin Filament Activation in a Laser Trap Assay

Thin filament activation in muscle requires both Ca++ binding to troponin and myosin strongly binding to actin. Despite extensive study, the relative importance of each of these processes to overall thin filament activation remains unclear. To determine the role of Ca++ we examined the effect of increasing Ca++ concentrations on the frequency of single molecule binding events in a single molecule laser trap assay using reconstituted thin filaments. The frequency of actomyosin binding events increased from 0.03 at low Ca++ (pCa7), to 0.30 at pCa6 to 0.44 events/sec at pCa5. Increasing the myosin concentration so that the regulated filament interacted with a mini-ensemble of myosin (∼6 heads) in the laser trap assay was performed to gain insight into the cooperative nature of actomyosin binding. Binding events were broadly distributed at the highest Ca++ (pCa5), generating forces from 0.2 to 6.75pN, but averaged 1.38±0.05pN. As Ca++ was decreased the high force events were lost, reducing the average force to 0.76pN at pCa6, 0.61 at pCa7 and 0.2pN at pCa9. In addition the total number of actomyosin interactions decreased from 3.7/sec at pCa5 to just 0.05/sec at pCa9. Finally, we measured filament velocity in a motility assay as a function of Ca++ and ATP to distinguish rigor activation vs. Ca++ activation in a large ensemble of myosin. At pCa9 filaments were activated at ATP levels <200 μM while at intermediate Ca++ levels (pCa6.5) filaments achieved only half of the maximum velocity observed at saturating Ca++ (pCa5). Preliminary modeling efforts suggest that these observations are consistent with a model where Ca++ regulates myosin's weak to strong binding transition but once bound strongly an actomyosin interaction activates the filament locally, facilitating neighboring molecules to bind.
Mind Wandering While Driving What Does it Mean and What do we do about it

Distracted driving has been identified as a major concern in highway safety. Research to-date, however, has largely focused on distraction related to external events or intentional engagement in non-driving activities. Internal distraction (“mind wandering”) is now being recognized as a significant source of driver distraction that requires rigorous study. There are substantial challenges in detecting, measuring, and addressing mind wandering while driving. Panelists with expertise in driver distraction in general, and mind wandering in particular, will discuss both scientific and pragmatic issues in addressing this problem. Each panelist will present a brief perspective on the problem from the point of view of their experience and expertise. This will be followed by an open discussion period.
Differential Chemotactic Behavior of Developing T Cells in Response to Thymic Chemokines

Differentiation-dependent thymocyte migration in the thymus may be important for T lymphopoiesis and might be regulated by thymic chemoattractants. We examined modulation of chemotactic responsiveness of thymocyte subsets during their early to late stages of development in response to 2 thymus-expressed chemokines, SDF-1 and CKbeta-11/MIP-3beta/ELC. SDF-1 shows chemotactic preference for immature thymocytes (subsets of triple negative thymocytes and double positive [DP] subset) over mature single positive (SP) thymocytes. CKbeta-11/MIP-3beta/ELC shows low chemotactic activity on the immature thymocytes, but it strongly attracts mature SP thymocytes, effects opposite to that of SDF-1. SDF-1-dependent chemoattraction of immature thymocytes is not significantly desensitized by a negative concentration gradient of CKbeta-11/MIP-3beta/ELC, and chemoattraction of mature SP thymocytes to CKbeta-11/MIP-3beta/ELC is not antagonized by SDF-1, demonstrating that these two chemokines have different chemoattractant preferences for thymocyte subsets and would probably not inhibit each other's chemotaxis in the event of microenvironmental coexpression. The chemotactic responsiveness of thymocytes and mature T cells to the 2 chemokines is respectively enhanced after selection process and migration to the spleen. These studies demonstrate the presence of thymocyte chemoattractants with differential chemotactic preference for thymocytes, a possible mechanism for thymocyte migration in the thymus.
Berufsgenossenschaftliches Heilverfahren und Alterstraumazentren

Die demografische Entwicklung unserer Gesellschaft bringt Veranderungen mit sich, auf die sich die Traumatologie einstellen muss. Vielerorts sind in den vergangenen Jahren spezialisierte Alterstraumazentren entstanden, in denen in interdisziplinarer und interprofessionaler Zusammenarbeit die Behandlung geriatrischer Traumapatienten erfolgt. Wissenschaftlich konnte der Nutzen solcher Zentren gegenuber der Standardbehandlung in der Zwischenzeit nachgewiesen werden. Abgeleitet vom § 1 des SGB VII mussen die gesetzlichen Unfallversicherungstrager damit darauf drangen, dass ihre Versicherten in eben solchen Einrichtungen behandelt werden, die uber ein entsprechendes Zertifikat verfugen. Das Zertifikat selbst sollte von den beiden Fachgesellschaften fur Unfallchirurgie und Geriatrie gemeinsam erarbeitet werden, da die Zusammenarbeit der beiden Facher eben solche Alterstraumazentren ausmacht. Die Moglichkeit zur Beteiligung an einem stationaren Heilverfahren fur geriatrische Traumapatienten sollte dabei unabhangig von der dreistufigen Einordnung DAV (Durchgangsarztverfahren) – VAV (Verletzungsartenverfahren) – SAV (Schwerstverletzungsartenverfahren) moglich sein. Allerdings muss auch eine adaquate Finanzierung fur diese kostenintensive Behandlung sichergestellt werden.
Leadership Reflections: Advisory Bodies

ABSTRACTAn important component of librarianship is the connection between a library and its community. Advisory committees or boards are a valuable tools for a leader to manage this connection and provides a leader with external expertise that can make a significant impact on a library community. However, advisory bodies need to be established for specific purposes and require a significant time commitment to ensure that members are contributing in a meaningful way. There are cautions in working with advisory bodies but the benefits of tapping into the potential benefits are worth the time and effort in working with community volunteers.
Analyzing three dimensional radar voxel data using the discrete Fourier transform for SAEH detection

The detection of side-attack explosive hazards (SAEHs) is a challenging task especially if the SAEHs are camouflaged. Three-Dimensional Radar is one of the most prominent sensors that has shown a great capacity for detecting concealed SAEHs. This system produces high-resolution volumetric images where each voxel’s intensity represents the radar signal return at a specific point in the three-dimensional space. It has the capability to enhance the signal response from a SAEH nested in camouflage materials and suppress the interference from the surroundings. Nevertheless, processing the radar data in the spatial domain has some limitations in differentiating SAEH from clutter objects. In this paper, we propose the use of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to analyze the voxel data and capture the spatial frequency characteristics of the radar signal from SAEHs. Through a machine learning approach, our proposed algorithm is able to identify the frequency signatures of SAEHs and to differentiate them from anomalies caused by the background or clutter. This approach yields a confidence value indicating the likelihood of a SAEH at a particular location. The detection ability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves generated using a dataset collected from a U.S. Army test site.
An Initial Examination of the U.S. E.P.A.’s 33/50 Program

Voluntary Environmental agreements between Industry and state or federal Environmental Protection agencies are becoming increasingly common in Europe. Voluntary Environmental Agreements, or simply Environmental Agreements, are defined by the European Environment Agency (EEA) as covering “only those commitments undertaken by firms and sector associations, which are the result of negotiations with public authorities and/or explicitly recognized by the authorities.”1 This implies that other voluntary initiatives, such as codes of conduct, fall outside the definition. Using this limited definition the EEA found that by 1996 there were more than 300 voluntary agreements at the national level in EU Member Countries.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Surface and Interfacial Tension of Graft Polymer Melts.

Understanding the surface properties of polymer melts is crucial for designing new polymeric coatings, adhesives, and composites. Here, we study the effect of molecular architecture on surface and interfacial tension of melts of graft and linear polymers by molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, we elucidate the effect of the degree of polymerization of the side chains nsc and their grafting density 1/ng on the surface tension of the graft polymer/vacuum interface, γG, and the interfacial tension of the interface between graft and linear polymer melts, γGL. For the case of the graft polymer/vacuum interface, our simulations confirm that the surface tension is a linear function of the fraction of the backbone ends fbe and side chain ends fse, γG = γ∞ – γbefbe – Δγfse, where γ∞ is the surface tension of the system of graft polymers with infinite molecular weight and γbe and Δγ are surface tension contributions from backbone ends and difference between contributions coming from the side chain ends an...
The Vestibular System

The sections in this article are: 1 Peripheral Receptor Mechanisms 1.1 Morphology of Vestibular Apparatus 1.2 Mechanisms of Sensory Transduction 1.3 Resting Discharge 1.4 Fiber Caliber and Afferent Response 1.5 Physiology of Semicircular Canals 1.6 Physiology of Otolith Organs 2 Centrifugal Systems 2.1 Efferent System 2.2 Sympathetic Innervation 2.3 Receptor-Receptor Neurons 3 Vestibular Nuclei 3.1 Functional Organization 3.2 Physiology of Canal-Related Secondary Neurons 3.3 Physiology of Otolith-Related Secondary Neurons 3.4 Sensitivity to Nonlabyrinthine Inputs 3.5 Vestibuloocular Reflexes 3.6 Canal-Related Reflexes 3.7 Otolith-Related Reflexes 3.8 Barbecue Nystagmus 3.9 Vestibulospinal Relations 3.10 Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract 3.11 Medial Vestibulospinal Tract 3.12 Functional Considerations 3.13 Vestibulocerebellar Relations 3.14 Inputs to Vestibulocerebellum 3.15 Cerebellar Influences on Vestibular Pathways 4 Vestibulocortical Projections 4.1 Cortical Representation 4.2 Thalamic Representation and Brain Stem Pathways 5 Plasticity in Vestibular Pathways 5.1 Compensation from Labyrinthectomy 5.2 Habituation 5.3 Adaptive Control of Vestibuloocular Reflex
Carbon Cycling in Global Drylands

The aim of this paper is to describe the carbon cycle in drylands in relation to the processes, factors, and causes affecting it. A specific focus is placed on both biotic and abiotic mechanisms of carbon sequestration in drylands in relation to mitigation of the anthropogenic climate change. Global dryland area is increasing along with an increase in risks of desertification, salinization, and eolian/hydrologic processes of accelerated soil erosion with strong impacts on the carbon cycle. Nonetheless, drylands contribute strongly towards the land-based sink of the atmospheric carbon dioxide through sequestration of carbon in the soil, ground water, and biomass. Thus, dryland ecosystems affect inter-annual variability in the global carbon cycle and create a negative feedback through carbon sequestration. Global drylands, covering 66.7 M km2 or 45.36% of the Earth’s land area, strongly impact the ecosystem carbon stock, contribute to the land-based carbon sink, and provide a negative feedback to the global carbon cycle. Whereas the net primary productivity is limited by the water scarcity, especially in hyper-arid and arid ecoregions, sequestration of inorganic carbon in soil and ground water is an important control of the carbon cycle. Desertification, caused by eolian and hydrologic erosion along with salinization, must be controlled and reversed to enhance carbon sequestration, achieve land degradation neutrality, and create a negative feedback. Carbon sequestration strategy recognizes “soil” as a rights holder to be protected, restored and naturally evolve.
Enabling STT-MRAM in High Volume Manufacturing for LLC Applications

There is a growing interest in using Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Random-Access Memory (STT-MRAM) technology for SRAM replacement, particularly for Last Level Cache (LLC) applications. Besides LLC requirements of high performance of the MRAM cell, and array patterning, MRAM remains challenging for high volume manufacturing (HVM) because of the process complexity: deposition and growth of up to 50 layers with sub-Angstrom precision required to optimize device performance. In this paper, we demonstrate systematic process monitoring and optimization of magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) stack, pattering unit-processes, and fabrication hardware and capabilities to address these challenges. We present our novel solution for precision process control required for HVM: On-board Metrology (OBM™), which is integrated into the Applied Materials Fndura® PVD System used for MTJ stack deposition. OBM technology, for the first time, truly enables volume production of STT-MRAM by providing commercial in-vacuum monitoring of MTJ film properties on product wafers in real-time. OBM is a novel optical technique, which demonstrates $\mu\mathrm{m}^{2}$ , having world-class tunneling magnetoresistance $(\mathbf{TMR}) \ \ > 150{\%}$ with stable RA, TMR, and magnetic properties post 400°C anneal. We present our most recent device data with patterned MTJ diameter below 40 nm and pitch, down to 88 nm, with well-behaved switching distributions for write pulses as short as 5 ns and with excellent device stability against 400°C back-end-of-line (BEOL) baking up to 3hr.
Birder's Exchange

Conserving birds by getting tools to people who need themBirder’s Exchange is a program of the American Birding Association