cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative affectivity and people's return intentions to hospitality and tourism activities: The early stages of COVID-19

Abstract The present study sought to analyze how hospitality service consumption changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following a national survey of U.S. consumers, the effects of customer affect were tested using regression analysis with squared values to ascertain their impact on consumer behavior. Results revealed the impact of negative customer affectivity on consumer's decisions to purchase hospitality and tourism services. More specifically, the timing, duration, and intensity of emotion affected consumer's willingness to purchase these services. Certain demographics, including age, gender, and income, impacted consumers' willingness to purchase services. The authors lay the groundwork for a behavioral-based segmentation, enabling marketers and managers to assess the consumers most likely to purchase following the pandemic and devise strategies to attract them. Finally, the authors suggest that crises can bring about temporary and permanent consumer purchase behavior changes.
Mentoring Underrepresented Students in Speech-Language Pathology: Effects of Didactic Training, Leadership Development, and Research Engagement.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to implement and track the outcomes of a yearlong, structured mentoring program aimed at enhancing the retention and success of underrepresented graduate and u...
Lithography Process Monitoring and Defect Detection

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with basic lithographic resist process defectivity and the potential yield limiting effect on device production yields. It is also presents a summary of defectivity detection systems used for basic lithographic process characterization and device yield enhancement efforts in general. In the manufacture of modern integrated circuits, the wafers in process are subjected to as many as 35 lithography steps. At each of these steps, there are opportunities for yield loss induced by process shifts ordefects. These problems can be caused by drift in tool parameters, material problems, or environmental factors. Problems can be the result of an unplanned change in a process parameter or the interaction of two or more process parameters. Wafer inspection tools used in production applications are typically judged on the following criteria: sensitivity, throughput, stability, automation, reliability, cost of ownership, and false defect rate. The weight assigned to each factor is dependent on the target application.
Energy Cost of Translational Proofreading in Vivo

In many cases, the intrinsic binding energies of amino acids to aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are inadequate to give the required accuracy of translation. This has necessitated the evolution of a second determinant of specificity, proofreading, or editing mechanisms that involve the expenditure of energy to remove errors. Studies of an error-editing function of bacterial methionyl-tRNA synthetase have led to the discovery of a distinct chemical mechanism of editing and to molecular dissection of the dual synthetic-editing function of the active site of the synthetase. Studies have also established the importance of proofreading in living cells and allowed direct measurements of energy costs associated with editing in vivo. An unexpected outcome of these studies was a discovery of functional and structural similarities between methionyl-tRNA synthetase and S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, suggesting an evolutionary relationship between the two proteins. The mechanism of editing involves a nucleophilic attack of a sulfur atom on the side chain of homocysteine in homocysteinyl adenylate on its carbonyl carbon, yielding homocysteine thiolactone. The model of the active site of methionyl-tRNA synthetase derived from structure-function studies explains how the active site partitions amino acids between synthetic and editing pathways. Hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions of active site residues Trp305 and Tyr15 with the side chain of methionine prevent the cognate amino acid from entering the editing pathway. These interactions are missing in the case of the smaller side chain of the noncognate homocysteine, which therefore enters the editing pathway. Homocysteine thiolactone is formed as a result of editing of homocysteine by methionyl-tRNA synthetase in bacteria, yeast, and some cultured mammalian cells. In mammalian cells, enhanced synthesis of homocysteine thiolactone, is, thus far, associated with oncogenic transformation. In E. coli, most of the energy cost of proofreading by methionyl-tRNA synthetase is due to editing of the incorrect product, homocysteinyl adenylate.
Human factors in management information systems

This text is designed to aid understanding of the broad context of human factors in a systems context and also provides guidelines and examples to aid in specific domains. This intergrated set of technical and behavioural readings are all directed at the human opportunities and problems associated with the design and implementation of information systems.
Data from ISEE-1 for the IMS period

It is pointed out that a great deal of data with potentially interesting collaborative applications has been obtained since the launch of ISEE-1 and ISEE-2 on October 22, 1977. ISEE-1 experiments are related to studies regarding electrons and protons, the plasma wave, the fast plasma, the plasma density, wave propagation, the E-field, cosmic rays and ions, energetic particles, the E-field, and ion composition. A diagram of the magnetosphere is presented, taking into account the approximate positions of the ISEE orbit at different times of the year. Procedures for obtaining data for collaborations are discussed. Early in the planning stage for the ISEE program it was suggested that collaborative experiments involving ISEE-1 and ISEE-3 on one side, and sounding rockets launched from the auroral zone on the other, might be a valuable approach for studying processes by which particles are precipitated into the auroral zone.
Transforming the Library: The Case for Libraries to End Incremental Measures and Solve Problems for Their Campuses Now

In an article published in the Chronicle of Higher Education, University of Texas System Chancellor Mark Yudof wrote, "Mark Twain would recognize the situation. Everyone talks about the governance and financing of higher education, although, as in the case of the weather, few feel that they can do anything about it"[sup1] Much agony has been expressed over higher education's immediate future in the United States and elsewhere, given the movement to regulate academic and financial management from the outside. Many colleges and universities respond to societal pressures by pursuing change in small, incremental steps. Yet those same pressures for accountability, affordability, and access to education require an institutional response that demonstrates agile planning to achieve high performance, including for libraries. What possibilities are there for transformational change in libraries? A case for appropriating transformational models in academic libraries is explored, focusing in particular on libraries in public colleges and universities.
TU-CD-BRB-05: Radiation Damage Signature of White Matter Fiber Bundles Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

Purpose: To develop an automated and scalable approach and identify temporal, spatial and dosimetric patterns of radiation damage of white matter (WM) fibers following partial brain irradiation. Methods: An automated and scalable approach was developed to extract DTI features of 22 major WM fibers from 33 patients with low-grade/benign tumors treated by radiation therapy (RT). DTI scans of the patients were performed pre-RT, 3- and 6-week during RT, and 1, 6 and 18 months after RT. The automated tractography analysis was applied to 198 datasets as: (1) intra-subject registration of longitudinal DTI, (2) spatial normalization of individual-patient DTI to the Johns Hopkins WM Atlas, (3) automatic fiber tracking regulated by the WM Atlas, and (4) segmentation of WM into 22 major tract profiles. Longitudinal percentage changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean, axial and radial diffusivity (MD/AD/RD) of each tract from pre-RT were quantified and correlated to 95%, 90% and 80% percentiles of doses and mean doses received by the tract. Heatmaps were used to identify clusters of significant correlation and reveal temporal, spatial and dosimetric signatures of WM damage. A multivariate linear regression was further carried out to determine influence of clinical factors. Results: Of 22 tracts, AD/MD changes in 12 tracts had significant correlation with doses, especially at 6 and 18 months post-RT, indicating progressive radiation damage after RT. Most interestingly, the DTI-index changes in the elongated tracts were associated with received maximum doses, suggesting a serial-structure behavior; while short association fibers were affected by mean doses, indicating a parallel-structure response. Conclusion: Using an automated DTI-tractography analysis of whole brain WM fibers, we reveal complex radiation damage patterns of WM fibers. Damage in WM fibers that play an important role in the neural network could be associated with late neurocognitive function declines after brain irradiation. NIH NS064973
Antiplatelet agents for the prevention of arteriovenous fistula and graft thrombosis: a meta analysis

Summary Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of antiplatelet agents on the thrombosis rates of arteriovenous fistulae and grafts used for haemodialysis access. Methods: In this meta analysis, a systematic search of the literature was used to identify randomised controlled trials evaluating the effect of antiplatelet agents in graft or fistula thrombosis or bleeding. Two authors identified eligible trials and abstracted data on outcomes and study characteristics. The incidence of thrombosis was the primary outcome of interest and was calculated separately for studies evaluating grafts and those evaluating fistulae. A random-effects model was used for statistical pooling. Results: Ten trials were included in the analysis, nine of which reported outcomes on graft or fistula thrombosis. Antiplatelet agents reduced the rate of arteriovenous fistulae thrombosis (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.31–0.94) but not grafts (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.16–1.53). Both analyses had a moderate degree of statistical heterogeneity, likely because of differences in study design, antiplatelet agent and dose, as well as other possible factors. Review of bleeding events did not reveal a concerning risk of bleeding, but could not be statistically evaluated. Conclusions: Antiplatelet agents reduce the rate of arteriovenous fistula thrombosis; however, at this time, research does not support the use of these agents for preventing arteriovenous graft thrombosis.
An obligate role for T-cell receptor αβ+ T cells but not T-cell receptor γδ+ T cells, B cells, or CD40/CD40L interactions in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis

Abstract Background: We recently described a murine model of atopic dermatitis (AD) elicited by epicutaneous sensitization with ovalbumin (OVA). The skin lesions in these mice were characterized by a dermal infiltrate consisting of eosinophils and T cells and by increased expression of the T H 2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5. Epicutaneous sensitization induces a rise in the levels of serum total IgE and OVA-specific antibodies, further indicating that it elicits a predominantly T H 2 response. Objective: This study was undertaken to assess the roles of T cells, B cells, and CD40L-CD40 interactions in AD. Methods: Mice with targeted gene deletions were sensitized with OVA. Histologic and immunohistochemical examinations, as well as measurements of IL-4 mRNA, were performed on OVA-sensitized skin. Total and antigen-specific serum IgE levels were determined. Results: RAG2 –/– mice, which lack both T and B cells, did not exhibit cellular infiltration, induction of dermal IL-4 mRNA, or elevation of serum IgE after OVA sensitization; all of these features were present in B-cell–deficient IgH –/– mice. T-cell receptor α –/– mice did not display cellular infiltration, IL-4 mRNA expression, or increased IgE levels after OVA sensitization, but these responses were elicited in T-cell receptor δ –/– mice after sensitization. Absence of CD40 had no effect on these responses. Conclusion: These results suggest that αβ T cells, but not γδ T cells, B cells, or CD40L-CD40 interactions, are critical for skin inflammation and the T H 2 response in AD. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001;107:359-66.)
AGGREGATE QUERY PROCESSING FOR SEMANTIC WEB DATABASES: AN ALGEBRAIC APPROACH

As a growing number of applications represent data as semantic graphs like RDF (Resource Description Format) and the many entity-attribute-value formats, query languages for such data are being required to support operations beyond graph pattern matching and inference queries. Specifically the ability to express aggregate queries is an important feature which is either lacking or is implemented with little attention to the peculiarities of the data model. In this paper, we study the meaning and implementation of grouping and aggregate queries over RDF graphs. We first define grouping and aggregate operators algebraically and then show how the SPARQL query language can be extended to express grouping and aggregate queries.
Environmental Sociology and the Sociology of Natural Resources: Institutional Histories and Intellectual Legacies

While environmental sociology and the sociology of natural resources nominally focus on the same subject matters, in practice the literatures in the two subdisciplines have tended to be quite separate intellectual enterprises. Environmental sociology and the sociology of natural resources have different origins, their practitioners tend to have distinctive institutional locations, their problematics are different, and their theoretical tendencies differ considerably. I provide an overview of the divergent courses that have been taken within these two areas of inquiry, with stress on their institutional histories and intellectual legacies.
The thermal stability of nanocrystalline copper cryogenically milled with tungsten

Abstract Copper (Cu) was cryogenically milled with tungsten (W) in a high-energy ball mill. The process created W particles dispersed in a nanocrystalline Cu matrix. These “alloys” were then annealed to a maximum temperature of 800 °C. The addition of W stabilized the Cu at∼40 nm during annealing to 400 °C for a 1 at% W composition and to 600 °C for 10 at% W. As evidenced through hardness measurement, the W provided a significant increase in strength over pure Cu, and the 10 at% W material maintained a 2.6 GPa hardness after annealing at 800 °C. The stabilization and strengthening mechanisms are compared against theoretical prediction and found to be in good agreement. Although the strength and stability are significantly improved over pure Cu, the maximum benefit was hindered by an extremely broad W particle size distribution (∼5–5000 nm). For the 10 at% W alloy, only half of the added W was reduced to nanoscale where kinetic pinning and strengthening become most effective.
Impact of dispersed PV generation on voltage rise of distribution grid

The paper studies voltage change before and after integration of dispersed PV generations in view of voltage drop, line voltage profiles after integration of single and multiple PV generations are analyzed respectively, one conclusion is gained: line voltage will be raised by the PV generation, and the voltage of one position on line is directly related to all load and PV capacity after this point; The factors affecting voltage are investigated, such as output of PV, PV location, line parameters and load. Finally, two examples are analyzed to verify the study.
Unibase/glycol as an Electrolyte Medium for Recording the Electrodermal Duct Filling Response

Two experiments with 12 subjects each compared electrodermal recordings taken simultaneously with four different electrolyte media. These were polyethylene glycol, Unibase/glycol, Unibase, and hydrated agar (i.e., a site recorded with agar electrolyte which had been attached to the skin long enough to attain a high degree of hydration). The primary purpose was to compare the electrolyte containing a mixture of Unibase/glycol with the other electrolytes. The glycol and the hydrated agar were assumed to reflect low and high levels of epidermal hydration, respectively. These comparisons were made for monophasic negative SPRs and slow recovery SCRs (and their associated prestimulus levels), which are believed to reflect the endosomatic and exosomatic manifestations of the epidermal duct filling response. Unibase/glycol was quite similar to glycol alone with the exception of the prestimulus SPL associated with negative SPRs. Taken in conjunction with previous findings, the results suggest that for most aspects of electrodermal activity Unibase/glycol is a convenient electrolyte medium for use when minimal hydration is required. It is argued on theoretical grounds that minimal hydration is preferable for skin potential recordings.
Sequence requirements for protein-primed DNA replication of bacteriophage PRD1.

In vitro studies have demonstrated that linear duplex, protein-free DNA molecules containing an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequence of the PRD1 genome at one end can undergo replication by a protein-primed mechanism. No DNA replication was observed when the ITR sequence was deleted or was not exposed at the terminus of the template DNA. We have determined the minimal origin of replication by analyzing the template activity of various deletion derivatives. Our results showed that the terminal 20 base-pairs of ITR are required for efficient in vitro DNA replication. We have found that, within the minimal replication origin region, there are complementary sequences. A site-specific mutagenesis analysis showed that most of the point mutations in the complementary sequences markedly reduced the template activity. The analyses of the results obtained with synthetic oligonucleotides have revealed that the specificity of the replication origin is strand specific and even on a single-stranded template a particular DNA sequence including a 3′-terminal C residue is required for the initiation of PRD1 DNA replication in vitro.
VOCABULARY LEARNING IN UNINSTRUCTED SILENT READING AND STORY REWRITING: EFFECTS OF READING WITH AND WITHOUT A VOCABULARY LIST

Abstract A current issue in L2 reading research is whether extensive reading promotes vocabulary development. This study examined vocabulary acquisition in uninstructed silent reading of a short story with and without a vocabulary list followed by a story rewriting task. Time constraints of a public school setting prevented an extended period of study required for extensive reading research, but vocabulary learning strategies and outcomes of this study are applicable to extensive reading. This study also explored Hinkel’s (2006) recommendation to modify the goal of extensive reading programs to meet the pedagogical ideal of integrated skills learning, that is, reading and vocabulary learning. Questioning the traditional goal of extensive reading to read relatively quickly for general ideas, Hinkel (2006) also proposes that it should draw learner attention to some aspect of language such as vocabulary. Similarly, Nation (2005) emphasizes need for deliberate vocabulary learning in extensive reading which should form a substantial and obligatory part of language courses (p.15). Due to the assumption that uninstructed sustained silent reading encourages students to read widely, I will refer to research on “extensive reading,” using Hinkel’s (2006) and Day, Omura, and Hiramatsu’s (1991) operational definition of sustained silent reading as extensive reading for pleasure over time.
Efficacy and Persistence of Heterorhabditis marelatus (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) Against Root Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Strawberry

We compared the efficacy of Heterorhabditis marelatus Liu & Berry, a newly described species of entomopathogenic nematode, with that of H. bacteriophora Poinar against the root weevils, Otiorhynchus ovatus (L.) and O. sulcatus in strawberry. In the laboratory, H. marelatus was significantly more virulent than H. bacteriophora on O. ovatus and O sulcatus 7 d after nematode application at 14°C. In field experiments, H. marelatus applied at concentrations of 52 and 136 infective juveniles (IJs) per square centimeter, reduced root weevil larvae and pupae 75.3 and 77.4%, respectively, 20 d after nematode application. H. bacteriophora applied at concentrations of 128 and 379 IJs per square centimeter reduced root weevils 50.0 and 74.0%, respectively. Both nematode species were detected up to 30 d after application by baiting with Galleria mellonella larvae in soil samples collected from the field.
Umlaut and Plurality in Old High German: Some Problems with a Natural Morphology Account

SUMMARYThis article examines the interplay between umlaut and plurality in Old High German as well as the modern language, a diachronic problem central to the theoretical literature on 'Natural Morphology' (NM). The NM analysis of these relations is revised on a variety of theoretical and emplrical counts. This examination results first in a reformulation of iconicity and markedness in the NM morphological typology, namely that umlaut+affix plurals are better understood as hypericonic but at the same time highly marked with regard to other parameters. Further, the rise of such forms in Old High German must be fundamentally philologically reanalyzed. For the masculine /-stems, the evidence points to a phonological origin of the connection of umlaut to plurality, rather than the morphologically-driven account usual in the previous NM literature.RESUMECet article examine l'effet reciproque entre la pluralite et les mutations vocaliques ('umlaut') en Vieux Haut Allemand ainsi que la langue moderne. Le probleme diachronique est au centre du debat theorique de la 'morphologie naturelle' (MN). L'analyse du point de vue de MN de cette relation est revisee en consideration de plusieurs aspects theoriques et emplriques. Cette investigation propose une formulation nouvelle de l'iconicite et de la theorie de la 'markedness' dans la typologie morphologique de MN; a savoir les pluriels de combinaison 'mutation vocalique-affixe' sont 'hyper-iconiques' alors que fort marques relativement a d'autres parametres. En outre, il faut reanalyser l'augmentation de ces formes en Vieux Haut Allemand dans une perspective philologique. Quant aux noms masculins a radicaux i, l'evidence suggere une origine phonologique de la correspondance entre la mutation vocalique et la pluralite, plutot que morphologique comme dans les analyses auparavant.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Umlaut und Pluralitat im Althochdeutschen sowie im modernen Deutschen, ein Problem der historischen Sprachforschung, das im Mittelpunkt der theoreti-schen Diskussion zur 'Naturlichen Morphologie' (NM) steht. Die NM-Analyse dieser Wechselbeziehungen wird anhand von mehreren theoretisehen und em-plrischen Uberlegungen revidiert. Dabei fiihrt die Untersuchung zunachst zu einer Neubearbeitung von Ikonizitat und Markiertheit in der NM morpho-logischen Typologie, namlich dadurch, daB Umlaut+Affix Pluralformen eher als 'hyperikonisch', aber gleichzeitig hinsichtlich anderer Parameter als stark markiert zu verstehen sind. Weiter mus die Entstehung solcher Formen im Althochdeutschen philologisch neu bewertet werden. Im Falle der maskulinen i-Stamme deuten die Daten darauf hin, daB der Ursprung der Verknupfung des Umlauts mit der Pluralmarkierung phonologische Griinde hat und nicht mor-phologisch motiviert ist, wie man gewohnlich in der NM-Literatur ange-nommen hat.
Macromolecular transport in rabbit blastocysts: evidence for a specific uteroglobin transport system

Abstract Though uterine proteins are found within the blastocoel of the rabbit blastocyst, the mechanisms involved in protein entry into the blastocoel have not been studied. To investigate potential avenues of protein entry into the blastocoel, we have monitored uptake of a fluorescent, fluid-phase marker (lucifer yellow) into the rabbit blastocyst trophectodermal cell. In addition, we have measured the trans-trophectodermal permeabilities of several uterine proteins (uteroglobin (UTG), rabbit serum albumin, rabbit IgG), and radiolabeled fluid-phase markers (sucrose, polyethylene glycol, dextran) in the 6- and 7-day post-coitus rabbit blastocyst. Extrablastocoelic lucifer yellow (LY) was rapidly endocytosed by the trophectodermal cell and was subsequently trapped in a perinuclear compartment for at least 30 min after removal of the extracellular dye. The slow rate of LY turnover within the endocytic compartments implies that the rate of fluid-phase transcytosis was negligible. Permeability coefficients of the fluid-phase markers and proteins, with the exception of UTG, decreased with increasing molecular weight of each compound tested. These data are consistent with the conclusion that these compounds traverse the trophectoderm via a ‘leak’ pathway, as opposed to a transcytotic pathway. In contrast, permeability of 125I-UTG when compared to the other compounds, was 10-fold greater than would be predicted based on its molecular weight. Furthermore, the flux of radioiodinated UTG displayed saturation kinetics with a Km of 19.5 μg/ml and a Vmax of 132 ng · cm−2· h−1. Sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the radioiodinated protein recovered from the blastocoel was of a lower molecular weight than native UTG and was not immunoreactive with goat anti-UTG antibody. Our data are consistent with the idea that UTG is transported across the trophectoderm by a receptor-mediated system, and UTG is modified intracellularly during transport to a protein of a lower molecular weight.
Lake Sediments and Environmental History

This book is a collection of review papers covering a wide range of scientific disciplines dealing with paleolimnology and paleoecology. It is dedicated to Winifred Tutin of the Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside, U.K.
Antagonism of the behavioral effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and quipazine by metergoline

Abstract The present study examined the disruptive effects of the phenethylamine hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphatamine (DOM) and the putative 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) agonist quipazine on fixed ratio-40 (FR-40) operant responding alone or after pretreatment with the putative 5-HT antagonist metergoline. Food-deprived male rats were trained to bar press on a FR-40 schedule for food reinforcements; control responding under this schedule is characterized by a rapid, constant rate of responding (approximately 100 responses/min). In control animals, both DOM and quipazine produced dose-dependent disruptions of FR-40 performance characterized by periods of non-responding or “pausing.” Following pretreatment with 1.0 mg/kg, and to a lesser extent 0.1 mg/kg, metergoline (180 min prior to the session) the dose-response curves for the “pausing” produced by both DOM and quipazine were shifted significantly to the right. Moreover, increasing the dose of DOM about 16-fold and that of quipazine about 8-fold appears to completely override the antagonism by 1 mg/kg metergoline. These results suggest that the “pausing” produced by DOM or quipazine is the result of activation of 5-HT receptors.
Bile glycoprotein mucin in sludge occluding biliary stent.

Abstract Endoscopic biliary stenting is a common treatment for the palliation of obstructive jaundice caused by inoperable malignant hepatobiliary tumors and benign strictures. The biliary stent, however, often becomes nonfunctional as a result of occlusion. In this study, we sought to confirm that bile glycoprotein mucin was a factor in stent occlusion and to investigate its possible role in biliary-stent blockage. The high–molecular-weight glycoprotein fraction was isolated from stent sludge with the use of gel filtration and a cesium chloride density gradient. This fraction was analyzed for amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions and was identified by means of immunoblotting with a specific monoclonal antibody against human gallbladder mucin. Furthermore, the distribution of bile glycoprotein mucin in stent sludge was immunologically demonstrated with fluorescent antibody, and the relationship between bile glycoprotein mucin and bacteria (demonstrated with DAPI stain) was observed. The high–molecular-weight glycoprotein extracts isolated from 11 patients’ stent sludge showed strongly positive immunoreactivity with the monoclonal antibody against human gallbladder mucin. Immunofluorescence studies showed that very bright fluorescent signals of bile glycoprotein mucin often appeared on the surface of pigmented deposits, at the periphery of clumps of bacteria and along the inner wall of stents. In nonpigmented sludge, we noted fluorescent signals of bile glycoprotein mucin dispersed among clumps of bacteria. Bile glycoprotein mucin is a constituent of stent sludge. It may play a role in stent occlusion by affecting bacterial adherence to the stent surface or by promoting stent-sludge accumulation as one kind of cement among substances such as calcium bilirubinate and clumps of bacteria.
In response to Dr Shabih Manzar regarding ACTH and cortisol response to critical illness in term and late-preterm neonates

In response to Dr Shabih Manzar regarding ACTH and cortisol response to critical illness in term and late-preterm neonates
Optimization of steel piles under rigid slab foundations using optimality criteria

Steel pile foundations are optimized to find least weight systems. The pile cross-sections and orientations (batters) are optimized using an optimality criteria approach. The Lagrange multipliers are found using linear simultaneous equations with an innovative approach for assuming which constraints are active. The handling of topological variables by the optimality criteria approach is thoroughly discussed. The placement of the local coordinate systems for topological variables affects the convergence of the design. The examples are for a retaining wall for which a two-dimensional pile layout can be used to represent a segment of the wall. The algorithm quickly converges to a final design. All of the applied constraints are precisely controlled. It is demonstrated that the pile slope problem has locally optimal designs.
Radiation response of inorganic scintillators: insights from Monte Carlo simulations

The spatial and temporal scales of hot particle thermalization in inorganic scintillators are critical factors determining the extent of second- and third-order nonlinear quenching in regions with high densities of electron-hole pairs, which, in turn, leads to the light yield nonproportionality observed, to some degree, for all inorganic scintillators. Therefore, kinetic Monte Carlo simulations were performed to calculate the distances traveled by hot electrons and holes as well as the time required for the particles to reach thermal energy following γ-ray irradiation. CsI, a common scintillator from the alkali halide class of materials, was used as a model system. Two models of quasi-particle dispersion were evaluated, namely, the effective mass approximation model and a model that relied on the group velocities of electrons and holes determined from band structure calculations. Both models predicted rapid electron-hole pair recombination over short distances (a few nanometers) as well as a significant extent of charge separation between electrons and holes that did not recombine and reached thermal energy. However, the effective mass approximation model predicted much longer electron thermalization distances and times than the group velocity model. Comparison with limited experimental data suggested that the group velocity model provided more accurate predictions. Nonetheless, both models indicated that hole thermalization is faster than electron thermalization and thus is likely to be an important factor determining the extent of third-order nonlinear quenching in high-density regions. The merits of different models of quasi-particle dispersion are also discussed.
Active scurvy in an infant receiving orange juice

Summary 1. Scurvy developed in an infant who apparently received 4 drams of orange juice every day. 2. Clinical symptoms of scurvy were first noted at the age of two and a half months. 3. Scurvy remained active notwithstanding large doses of vitamin C per oram, until vitamin C was given intravenously.
The relationship of somatic cell hybridization to carcinogenesis

Abstract A cell line derived from normal hamster embryo cells was treated with inactivated Sendai virus, and inoculated into the cheek pouches of Syrian hamsters. Progressive tumor growth resulted at the sites of inoculation. The malignant nature of of these growths was confirmed by successfully allografting tumor fragments to a second hamster, with resultant invasive growth.
Social networks and discovery in the enterprise (SaND)

Traditional information discovery methods are based on content: documents, terms, and the relationships between them. In Web 2.0, people come into play as they create documents and tags in many forms. Personalized search, social graphs, content and people recommendation, are some of the tasks that can take advantage of this newly formed ecosystem. The Social Networks and Discovery (SaND) platform is an aggregation tool for information discovery and analysis over social data gathered from Web 2.0 applications in the enterprise. It leverages complex relationships between content and people as surfaced through the social applications to unleash the value of information. Its integrated index supports combining content-based analysis and people-based analysis over a rich data foundation. Enterprise social data is easily modeled and ingested into SaND, and can be further combined with data from external social applications. This demo will present three main functions provided by SaND: Social search: SaND supports search over the social data using a unified approach [1] in which all system entities (documents, people, tags) are searchable and retrievable (See Figure 1). The search UI enables the searcher to get a wider view on the query topic through results from all entity types, while uncovering the relationships between the on-screen entities. Entity recommendation: SaND can be utilized to recommend people and content for the searcher (Figure 2 shows the “Do You Know” widget for people recommendation). People are recommended according to their “social similarity” relations with the searcher, e.g. organizational and friending ties, similar tagging activity and more. Similarly, content that is related to people that are “socially related” to the searcher is recommended as valuable interesting data. Personalization: Search results are personalized by considering the relations of retrieved entities with the searcher. Entities are ranked according to their relevance to the query as well as according to their relationship strength with the searcher.
Accumulation of Carbon and Nitrogen in Residential Soils with Different Land-Use Histories

Urban areas are growing in size and importance; however, we are only beginning to understand how the process of urbanization influences ecosystem dynamics. In particular, there have been few assessments of how the land-use history and age of residential soils influence carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools and fluxes, especially at depth. In this study, we used 1-m soil cores to evaluate soil profile characteristics and C and N pools in 32 residential home lawns that differed by previous land use and age, but had similar soil types. These were compared to soils from eight forested reference sites. Residential soils had significantly higher C and N densities than nearby forested soils of similar types (6.95 vs. 5.44 kg C/m2 and 552 vs. 403 g N/m2, P < 0.05). Results from our chronosequence suggest that soils at residential sites that were previously in agriculture have the potential to accumulate C (0.082 kg C/m2/y) and N (8.3 g N/m2/y) rapidly after residential development. Rates of N accumulation at these sites were similar in magnitude to estimated fertilizer N inputs, confirming a high capacity for N retention. Residential sites that were forested prior to development had higher C and N densities than present-day forests, but our chronosequence did not reveal a significant pattern of increasing C and N density over time in previously forested sites. These data suggest that soils in residential areas on former agricultural land have a significant capacity to sequester C and N. Given the large area of these soils, they are undoubtedly significant in regional C and N balances.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL REGRESSION FOR INTERFEROMETRIC PHASE EXTRACTION

An approach based on two-dimensional iterative nonlinear regression for retrieving phase information from single-frame interferograms was formulated and tested for fluid- and heat-flow measurements. Even though an initial crude phase assignment—i.e., fringe-order numbers at limited data points—is needed, the approach does not require complete phase unwrapping as in conventional techniques. Testing of computer-simulated and real interferometric data shows stable convergence and accurate phase extraction. The method works well under a high noise level, including broken fringes or contaminated regions, with a good noise-cleansing capacity. It provides accuracy at image- or opaque-object boundaries and directly offers spatial-gradient values. A weakness, however, can be intensive computation in the iterative estimation. The method is a good candidate for single-frame interferogram reduction.
Reliability estimation of complex numerical problems using modified conditional expectation method

A simulation-based structural reliability analysis method is presented. It is intended as an alternate approach to estimate reliability for problems for which most-probable point of failure methods fail and when computational resources are limited. The proposed method combines conditional expectation and estimating the PDF or CDF of a selected portion of the limit state. In the proposed approach, complex limit state functions are simplified to two random variable problems. The success of the simplification depends on the quality of the CDF estimate. Results indicate that the method may provide accurate and efficient solutions for some difficult reliability problems.
Electron imaging system for ultrafast diagnostics of HEDLP

A high energy electron beam is proposed to be used for time resolved imaging measurements of hydrodynamic processes in High Energy Density Laboratory Plasma (HEDLP). Generation of a high quality sub-picosecond electron beam with present RF photocathode technologies is technologically mature and cost effective. An electron bunch train with a flexible time structure is used to penetrate a time varying high density target. By imaging the scattered electron beam, the detailed target profile and its density evolution can be accurately determined. To illustrate the concept design, an experiment is proposed based on Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) beamline. An imaging lattice design and particle tracking simulation is finished.
The “moral witness” and the two world wars

Resume Le « temoin moral » et les deux guerres mondialesCet article applique la categorie de « temoin moral » developpee dans la litterature philosophique a deux individus. Le premier est Jean Norton Cru, un ancien combattant de la Grande Guerre et auteur de deux etudes importantes consacrees a des recits de soldats. Le second est Leon Weliczker Wells, qui a survecu a la Shoah. Comme J. N. Cru, ses souvenirs furent rediges en tant qu’actes de temoignages moraux, entendus comme le recit de l’experience du mal absolu face aux temoins immoraux qui racontent ce passe en termes anodins ou euphemises.
DYNAMICAL PROPERTIES OF STELLAR CORONAS AND STELLAR WINDS. II- INTEGRATION OF THE HEAT FLOW EQUATION

Dynamical properties of stellar coronas and stellar winds - integration of heat flow equation - thermoconductivity
Relationships between the structures of chlorinated phenols, their toxicity, and their ability to induce glutathione S-transferase activity in Daphnia magna

Abstract The effects of six chlorinated phenols on Daphnia magna were assessed with respect to acute toxicity, as well as their abilities to induce activity of the chemical detoxification enzyme glutathione S-transferase. Toxicities were demonstrated to be directly related to lipophilicity, with those compounds having higher numbers of chlorine substitutions being more toxic. All of these compounds induced enzyme activity; however, there was no evident relationship between compound structure and potency as an inducer. It is suggested that in fact all of these compounds act in a similar manner internally to modulate enzyme activity, and that apparent differences in activity are a reflection of differences in bioconcentration of the different compounds.
Exciting Cell Membranes with a Blustering Heat Shock

Brief heat shocks delivered to cells by pulsed laser light can evoke action potentials in neurons and contraction in cardiomyocytes, but the primary biophysical mechanism has been elusive. In this report we show in the neuromuscular junction of Caenorhabditis elegans that application of a 500°C/s heat shock for 500 μs evoked ~35 pA of excitatory current and injected ~23 fC(femtocoulomb) of charge into the cell while raising the temperature only 0.25°C. The key variable driving the current was the rate of change of temperature (dT/dt heat shock), not temperature itself. The photothermal heat shock current was voltage-dependent and was from thermally driven displacement of ions near the plasma membrane. The charge movement was rapid during the heat shock and slow during thermal relaxation, thus leading to an asymmetrical capacitive current that briefly depolarized the cell. A simple quantitative model is introduced to describe modulation of the membrane potential and facilitate practical application of optical heat shock stimuli.
Etiologies of associations between childhood sleep disorders and behavioral problems in China

In this article, the major studies on the etiologies of associations between childhood sleep disorders and behavioral problems in children in China are reviewed. PUBMED was used to locate original articles published in China and international journals in both the Chinese and English languages. About 50 articles were selected on the basis of their having a sufficiently high scientific standard. Reviewing these articles indicates that there has been an increased interest in recent years in the association between sleep disorders and behavioural problems in young children. Behavioural problems include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, emotional problems (including anxiety and depression), Tourette's syndrome and autism. Possible reasons for these associations are discussed; they appear to be complex and diverse, and many aspects of the problems and details of causal links are still poorly understood. Further work is required to address these problems specifically and so provide advice to clinic...
Surface-Engineered Nanomaterials for Nanomedicine

An important feature of nanoparticles is the increased ratio of surface area to volume resulting in large percentage of the atoms on the surface, making them very reactive and offers opportunities to manipulate the properties through these surface atoms. For the most efficient use of nanoparticles in various applications, including biology and medicine, it is important to be able to manipulate the surface chemistry. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles and the various surface engineering techniques that are utilized for optimizing their applications in nanomedicine.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
DIAGNOSTIC MECHANISM MODELING

Diagnostic models of complex mechanisms are designed specifically to support diagnostic reasoning. Diagnostic reasoning is that aspect of troubleshooting which determines a set of component faults that can account for observed abnormalities in system performance. A system’s performance is evaluated by comparing observations of the system’s behavior with its functional specifications. As such, diagnostic models must incorporate elements of both function as well as behavior. We define two necessary properties of diagnostic models reflecting this outlook: architectural fidelity and functional adequacy. We then discuss two general principles of diagnostic modeling, based upon observations from expert protocols: model variables assume values relative to normal levels (the normality principle) and these values are propagated through the model to account for the production of single outputs (the single output principle). These two principles allow significant simplification in the definition of diagnostic models of complex mechanisms. We illustrate our approach to diagnostic modeling and reasoning with examples from xerography.
A Brain Specific G Protein Gamma Subunit

Abstract Two different cDNAs for G protein γ subunits have been isolated from mouse brain. One encodes a novel γ subunit, γ4, the expression of which is detected only in brain. A fragment of this cDNA had been isolated previously. The other cDNA encodes γ3, a subunit type previously isolated from bovine brain. The primary structure of the γ3 subunit is conserved completely across species indicating that the diversity in the structure of the γ subunits is of functional consequence. Moreover, γ2, γ3 and γ4, which are predominantly expressed in brain, are more homologous to each other than other γ subunits,indicating that the G protein γ subunits belong to distinct subfamilies similar to the α subunits.
Estimation of gas-phase heat capacities for hydrofluoroethers with two carbon atoms

Density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31g* level of theory are used to predict gas-phase heat capacities as a function of temperature for the two-carbon hydrofluoroethers and dimethyl ether. We use equilibrium thermodynamic calculations to determine weighting factors for different rotameric forms to find an observable heat capacity estimate. Hindered rotor corrections were made to the partition functions for these weightings and for the heat capacity contributions for the modes where the harmonic oscillator approximation was inappropriate. We find close agreement with experimental values for the two hydrofluoroethers where heat capacities have been measured and good agreement over a wide temperature range for dimethyl ether. This agreement indicates that the heat capacities we report for the other seven species are accurate and would represent experimental data if it were available in the open literature. This work populates a needed database for the evaluation of these materials as heat transfer media in the temperature range from 100 to 3000 K.
Synthesis and structure of 4-[(4-Nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-NNO-azoxyl]-1, 2,5-oxadiazol-3-amine

The synthesis of the energetic compound 4-[(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-NNO-azoxyl]-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-amine (3) was achieved in two steps from diaminofurazan (1). Compound 3 was characterized by X-ray diffraction. From the X-ray structure a bifurcated intramolecular H bond between O(2)-H(2)-N(4) was observed. In addition, intramolecular H bonding was observed between H(1) and N(7)′ of an adjacent molecule. One molecule of ethanol and one-half molecule of water per molecule of3 was observed in the crystal lattice. However, no H bonding was observed between the solvent molecules and3 in the crystal lattice. Despite the presence of solvent in the crystal lattice,3 was found to have a high crystal density (d=1.856 g/cm3).
A Reservoir Simulation Study of Naturally Fractured Lenticular Tight Gas Sand Reservoirs

The results of parametric studies of two naturally fractured lenticular tight gas reservoirs, Fluvial E-1 and Puludal Zones 3 and 4, of the U.S. Department of Energy Multi-Well Experiment (MWX) site of Northwestern Colorado are presented and discussed. The three-dimensional, two-phase, black oil reservoir simulator that was developed in a previous phase of this research program is also discussed and the capabilities further explored by applying it to several example problems