cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
METHOD FOR FREQUENT ASSESSMENT OF SYMPTOMOLOGY DURING PREGNANCY

Summary.-Women were asked early in pregnancy to rate in intensiry a list of 31 symptoms (e.g., cepression, insomnia, heartburn) each evening for the duration of their pregnancies. Each S was given a Pregnancy Symptom Diary which was a loose leaf binder with a number of sheets (adequate to complete the pregnancy) each containing the list of symptoms. Ss removed completed pages every 2 wk. and mziled them to the investigator. For a group of 20 women a mean of 129 pages were completed. Longitudinal trends of the various symptoms are described. It is now generally recognized that psychological discurbances can adversely affect the course of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Psychosomatic effects have been found to be involved in such problems of pregnancy as spontaneous abortion, hyperemesis gravidar~~m (as well as less serious cases of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy), toxemia of pregnancy, and premature and prolonged labor (Hetzel, Bruer, & Poidevin, 1961; Kartchner, 1950; Mam, 1956; Soichet, 1959; Squier & Dunbar, 19i6; Watson, 1959; Wortis & Freedman, 1962). Mosc of the research on the psychosomatic aspects of pregnancy has been based on retrospective studies which derive data from Ss after they have experienced complications during pregnancy, labor, or delivery. Retrospective research is certainly easier to conduct than sti~dies which involve following a large number of Ss prior to the occnrrence of the complication, but there is a strong possibility that the complication itself may have influenced the pregnant woman's perceptions of the pregnancy. In order to understand psychosomatic effects in pregnancy, labor, and delivery, the method of preference wo~lld be the longit~idinal approach in which attitudes and symptomolog) are scudied prior to the complications. This method would also be necessary for prediction which the obsteuician needs in his clinical practice. These dzta, in addition to possible theoretical implications, should have the practical effect of evenn~ally making possible the identification of "high risk" patients for which early medical, psychological, and/or psychiatric intervention might prove useful. In a previous study of 177 pregnant women (Erickson, 1965) a strong relationship was found between complicatior~ associated with pregnancy and attitudes and sympromology reported during pregnancy. That is, women who later experienced complications of labor 'This study was supported in part by a grant from the United Medical Research Foundation of North Carolina, Inc. The writer is also indebted to the obstetricians of the North Carolina Memorial Hospital, especially to Charles E. Flowers, M. D. for their cooperation in the conduct of the study.
Ultrastructural analysis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis induced by methylnaphthalene in mice.

Summary Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was induced at a 100% incidence in B6C3F1 female mice by twice weekly painting the back skin with methylnaphthalene for 30 weeks to give a total dose of 7.14 g/kg b.wt. Semithin sections were used for defining areas of type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy and associated proteinosis. Ultrastructurally, alveolar spaces were found to be filled with numerous myelinoid structures resembling the lamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes. Mononucleated giant cells (balloon cells, BC) containing numerous myelinoid structures, lipid droplets and many electron dense amorphous ascicular crystals were closely associated with this extracellular membranous material. Stacks of elastic fibers stained with tannic acid and bundles of collagen fibers were loose and discontinuous in the interstitium of affected areas. The following pathogenesis is hypothesized: type II pneumocytes produce increased amounts of lamellar bodies due to their hyperplasia and hypertrophy and develop to form BC which liberate numerous myelinoid structures on their rupture. Epidermal absorption of methylnaphthalene is an efficient reliable method of induction of this internal disease.
Report of the Committee on Ground Water, 1949–1950

The present report concludes the duties of the above Committee, and the Chairman takes this opportunity to thank the members and others for their splendid cooperation during the triennium ended June 30, 1950. Another in the series of reports on hydrology and physiography of limestone terranes, by A. C. Swinnerton, is given as an Appendix to this report.
Interleukin-2-activated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for breast cancer: investigation of dose level with clinical correlates.

Interleukin-2-activated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for breast cancer: investigation of dose level with clinical correlates
An assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements in comparability studies conducted by the Vitamin D Metabolites Quality Assurance Program.

Background The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements, established the first accuracy-based program for improving the comparability of vitamin D metabolite measurements, the Vitamin D Metabolites Quality Assurance Program.
The Effects of Acute Uterine Ischemia on Fetal Circulation1

The effects of acute maternal hemorrhage on uterine blood flow and fetal circulation were investigated in pregnant sheep. Nine chronically instrumented pregnant sheep (114-128 d gestation), phlebotomized from the iliac artery at the point of origin of the uterine artery, were studied at baseline, after acute hemorrhage, and immedi- ately and two h after replacement of the blood. Maternal hemorrhage caused a reduction in uterine blood flow as well as both fetal hypoxemia and acidemia. Changes in fetal organ blood flow measured by radionuclide-labeled microspheres showed that blood flow to the brain, heart, and adrenal glands increased (p < 0.05), whereas blood flow to the other major organs did not change significantly. Rapid replacement of blood restored all parameters to baseline values. We conclude that acute maternal hemor- rhage causes a reduction in uterine blood flow, fetal hypox- emia, and acidemia with a secondary increase in blood flow to the high priority organs. Rapid replacement of blood reverses these effects. (Pediatr Res 27: 552-556, 1990)
Solar activity and changes in atmospheric circulation

Several related investigations of the possible influence of the solar and interplanetary magnetic sector structure on the atmospheric circulation are described. The area of low pressure troughs in the northern hemisphere has a minimum about one day after a warped heliospheric current sheet has been carried past the earth by the solar wind. Possible physical mechanisms could relate to phase changes in meteorological processes, changes in atmospheric electricity or changes in solar extreme ultraviolet irradiation. A quantitative analysis suggests that the accuracy of weather forcasting decreases during the two days after the warped heliospheric current sheet has passed the earth. A description is given of several further investigations in progress.
Precise wavelength measurements and optical phase shifts II. Applications

This paper calculates the optical phase shifts on reflection from dielectric coated mirrors. The technique consists of measuring the transmission spectrum of the mirrors. These data are fitted with a theoretical expression based on an equivalent, quarter-wave stack. This expression then gives the phase-shift corrections for the mirrors. A fast algorithm, based on a series representation for Chebyshev polynomials, calculates the reflectivity and phase shift for a single wavelength in 3 sec in basic on an inexpensive home computer. An application is to measure absolute wavelengths with equipment commonly present in laser laboratories, namely, scanning Fabry–Perot interferometers with dielectric coated mirrors. The method is that of exact fractions, which requires one primary wavelength standard, with a less accurate, secondary standard (or wavemeter). The accuracy of the technique is equal to that of the primary standard. The precision is that of reading the interferometer and can be many times that of the secondary standard.
Through-the-Thickness Tension Strength of 3-D Braided Composites

Low cost of manufacturing textile composites make them a candidate for manufacturing affordable aerospace vehicles. However the material test methodologies and database are needed before they can be confidently applied. The study thus far has been on characterization of mechanical properties of two-dimensional (2-D) textile composites. This paper presents through-the-thickness strength test methodology, analysis, and data for 3-D, triaxially braided composites. The braid preform [012k/±β12k] 45%axial was manufactured using a four-step circular braiding machine and BASF G30-500, 12k graphite fiber tows. The preform was consolidated with Tactix 123 matrix. L-beam specimens were tested in tension and through-the-thickness strength was calculated from the measured failure load and the curved beam equation. Strength of braided composites was compared with an equal thickness and ply stacking AS4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy laminated specimen. The average strength of braided, equivalent laminate, and unidirectional co...
Identification of Geologic Fault Network Geometry by Using a Grid-Based Ensemble Kalman Filter

Discrete geologic features such as faults and highly permeable embedded channels can significantly affect subsurface flow and transport characteristics. Therefore, they must be properly identified, parameterized, and represented in subsurface simulation models. In this work, we use an improved ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for history-matching fault network geometry from production data. EnKF is a sequential Monte Carlo data assimilation method that simultaneously propagates and updates an ensemble of model states, resulting in a set of calibrated model realizations that can be readily used for model prediction and uncertainty analysis. A pattern-based stochastic simulation algorithm was used to generate fault network realizations based on a priori fault trace data. The classic EnKF algorithm was enhanced with a grid-based covariance localization scheme to better handle non-Gaussian permeability distributions resulting from the presence of faults. Numerical experiments indicate that the modified EnKF can ...
Double-heterostructure InGaAs/InP PIN photodetectors

Abstract High-quality n + InP/InGaAs/ p + InP double-heterojunction PIN photodetectors have been grown by special liquid-phase-epitaxial techniques. This development allows front illumination which substantially facilitates device fabrication and operation. Furthermore, good control of pn junction location and layer thickness in these structures permits optimization of high-speed performance. For convenient device areas, low dark-current densities (2.5×10 −5 A/cm 2 ) and short response-times (50 ps) are obtained. High-speed design parameters are discussed, and the reduction of response times to 30 ps is predicted.
Mercury concentrations in water from an unconfined aquifer system, New Jersey coastal plain.

Concentrations of total mercury (Hg) from 2 μg/L (the USEPA maximum contaminant level) to 72 μg/L in water from about 600 domestic wells in residential parts of eight counties in southern New Jersey have been reported by State and county agencies. The wells draw water from the areally extensive (7770 km2) unconfined Kirkwood–Cohansey aquifer system, in which background concentrations of Hg are about 0.01 μg/L or less. Hg is present in most aquifer materials at concentrations <50 μg/kg, but is at 100–150 μg/kg in undisturbed surficial soils. No point sources of contamination to the affected areas have been conclusively identified. To determine whether high levels of Hg in ground water are related to a particular land use and (or) water chemistry, water samples from 105 wells that tap the aquifer system were collected by the United States Geological Survey. These included randomly selected domestic wells, domestic and observation wells in selected land uses, and sets of clustered observation wells—including two sets that are downgradient from residential areas with Hg-contaminated ground water. Hg concentrations in filtered samples (Hgf) were at or near background levels in water from most wells, but ranged from 0.1 to 3.8 μg/L in water from nearly 20% of wells. Hgf concentrations from 0.0001 to 0.1 μg/L correlated significantly and positively with concentrations of other constituents associated with anthropogenic inputs (Ca, Cl, Na, and NO3) and with dissolved organic carbon. Hgf concentrations >0.1 μg/L did not correlate significantly with concentrations of the inorganic constituents. Hgf concentrations near or exceeding 2 μg/L were found only in water from wells in areas with residential land use, but concentrations were at background levels in most water samples from undeveloped land. The spatial distribution of Hg-contaminated ground water appears to be locally and regionally heterogeneous; no extensive plumes of Hg contamination have yet been identified.
Urinary acidic glycohydrolases as an index of kidney damage in juvenile diabetes mellitus.

Two lysosomal glycohydrolases, β-galactosidase and β-N-hexosaminidase which have been associated with kidney disease were measured in the urine of 110 youngsters with juvenile diabetes mellitus. The mean enzyme excretions in the diabetic group were intermediate between those of normal youngsters and those with active renal disease. Three youngsters with known kidney disease had elevations comparable to others in the diabetic group but no direct correlation could be shown between enzyme elevations and proteinuria or Addis count abnormalities. Positive correlations were seen between urine enzyme levels and indices of metabolic balance including blood sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides but not with urine sugar or ketones. Duration and estimated stage and control of diabetes also correlated with the urinary enzymes. These preliminary studies are consistent with the possibility that the excretion of these enzymes reflects the ongoing renal damage which occurs in most juvenile diabetics.
Engineering subjects in the college program

For each of a large number of technical institutions, the various electrical and related subjects in the 4-year college program of electrical engineering have been subjected to an analysis. The results of this study are presented herewith, with suggestions for improvement in existing curricula.
Compression du nerf interosseux postérieur au poignet

Resume Le nerf interosseux posterieur est un nerf uniquement sensoriel au niveau du poignet. Il innerve la capsule dorsale du poignet et les structures intra-articulaires ; il n’a pas de territoire cutane. De nombreux chirurgiens de la main considerent que ce nerf peut etre comprime par des kystes et d’autres pathologies au poignet, et que l’excision de cette branche nerveuse terminale peut ameliorer des douleurs, sans trop de complications. Cela est fonde sur des rapports anecdotiques d’elargissement de ce nerf au decours de traumatismes du poignet, et d’amelioration des douleurs apres l’excision du nerf. Dans cet article nous allons rappeler l’anatomie du nerf a la lumiere de la litterature qui soutient l’idee que la compression du nerf interosseux posterieur peut etre a l’origine de douleurs du poignet. La resection chirurgicale du nerf interosseux posterieur est associee a une amelioration des douleurs dans la majorite des cas qui sont rapportes dans la litterature. Il y a des preuves qu’une denervation partielle du poignet, par resection de la partie terminale du nerf interosseux posterieur, est un procede efficace pour reduire les douleurs qui sont associees aux pathologies intra-articulaires du poignet. Cependant, les benefices additionnels de la resection du nerf interosseux posterieur, en association avec une resection d’un kyste synovial ou pour le traitement de douleur dorsale du poignet dans le cas d’un poignet normal, n’ont pas ete confirmes par une etude prospective. Ainsi si les benefices de la resection du nerf interosseux posterieur, comme une sorte de denervation partielle du poignet, pour reduire des douleurs du poignet l’arthrosique ont ete clairement demontres, le cas d’une compression idiopathique du nerf interosseux posterieur reste a prouver, et le role de la resection du nerf interosseux posterieur dans d’autres circonstances, reste a etablir.
Nonexponential proton relaxation from cross-correlation in dissolved poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)

Abstract The methyl proton spin-lattice relaxation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) dissolved in CDCl 3 is strongly nonexponential at long times, but this behavior can be quantitatively accounted for by the cross-correlation descriptions of Hubbard and Werbelow and Marshall in combination with a dynamic model for local motions in randomly coiled polymer chains. The pronounced nonexponential decay stems from rapid anisotropic methyl group rotation, which is much faster than the other motions modulating the dipole-dipole interaction. An estimate of the correlation time for methyl group rotation is obtained by simulating the nonexponential character of the return to equilibrium, yielding values of 2 to 15 psec. The uncertainty in these values is rather high, a factor of 5, since three different exponential time constants describe the return to equilibrium; the difficulties associated with such a fitting procedure are well known. The initial spin-lattice relaxation is almost free of cross-correlation effects and independent of the value of the correlation time for methyl group rotation as long as it is short. This permits an analysis of the other motions contributing to relaxation.
The believability of hearsay testimony in a child sexual assault trial.

Two experiments investigated how mock jurors react to hearsay testimony in a case involving child sexual assault. Participants read a fictional criminal trial summary involving the sexual assault of a 4-(Experiment 2 only), 6-, or 14-year-old female. The summaries were presented in one of four conditions: (a) child condition—the alleged victim testified; (b) hearsay condition—the alleged victim did not testify, but an adult hearsay witness did testify; (c) multiple condition (Experiment 1 only)—both the alleged victim and the adult hearsay witness testified; and (d) no-witness condition—neither the alleged victim nor the hearsay witness testified. The hearsay testimony was believed to a considerable degree, and this testimony led to an increase in the perceived guilt of the defendant. Moreover, these results were comparable to those of conditions in which the alleged victim testified. The results are discussed in terms of the psychosocial factors affecting the perception of hearsay testimony in a child sexual assault trial.
VALIDATING LANGUEDGE™ COURSEWARE SCORES AGAINST FACULTY RATINGS AND STUDENT SELF‐ASSESSMENTS

LanguEdge™ Courseware is a software tool that is designed to help teachers of English as a second language (ESL) build and assess the communicative skills of their students. The purpose of this study was to generate information to help LanguEdge Courseware users understand better the meaning (or validity) of the assessment scores bases on the LanguEdge Courseware. Specifically, the objective was to describe, for each of the four sections of the LanguEdge assessment, relevant characteristics of test takers at various test score levels. To accomplish this objective, we gathered data that represent two different perspectives—those of instructors and those of students themselves. Approximately 3,000 students each took one of two parallel forms of the LanguEdge assessment at domestic and international testing sites. Participants also completed a number of self-assessment questions about their English language skills. In addition, for some study participants, instructors rated selected language skills. LanguEdge test scores related moderately (correlations mostly in the .30s and .40s) with student self-assessments. Of the four LanguEdge tests, Listening exhibited the strongest relationships to self-assessments; Speaking, the next strongest; Reading, the next; and Writing, the least. The correlations of faculty ratings with each of the LanguEdge section test scores were generally in the .40s, with some reaching the .50s. The correlations between the various student self-assessment scales and faculty ratings were modest, mostly in the .30s. These correlations suggest that students and faculty had different perspectives on students' English language skills.
Measurement of Xe 129 − Cs binary spin-exchange rate coefficient

We report the first measurement of the spin-exchange rate coefficient for binary collisions between Cs and $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms in the temperature range $110lTl150\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ at a $9.4\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{T}$ magnetic field. Under these conditions, binary spin-exchange collisions dominate the longitudinal nuclear spin-relaxation rate $1∕{T}_{1}$ of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ gas. We measured $1∕{T}_{1}$ of a thermally polarized Xe gas using the saturation-recovery of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance. We also directly measured the Cs atomic number density [Cs] by using Faraday rotation of the linear polarization of a probing laser beam passing through the sample. The measured rate coefficient is $\ensuremath{\kappa}(9.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T})=d(1∕{T}_{1})∕d[\mathrm{Cs}]=(2.81\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}∕\mathrm{s}$, which is about a factor of 1.6 higher than the previously measured spin-exchange rate coefficient of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Rb}$ binary collisions. Using a calculated magnetic decoupling factor, we extrapolate our result to zero magnetic field: $\ensuremath{\kappa}(0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T})=(4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{3}∕\mathrm{s}$.
Effects of lidocaine on relation between defibrillation threshold and upper limit of vulnerability in open-chest dogs.

BACKGROUND The purpose of the present study was to test the effects of lidocaine on the relation between the defibrillation threshold and the upper limit of vulnerability. METHODS AND RESULTS The shock strength associated with a 50% probability of successful defibrillation (DFT50) and the shock strength associated with a 50% probability of reaching the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV50) were determined in 11 open-chest dogs by using the delayed up-down method before and during lidocaine (seven dogs) or normal saline (four dogs) infusion. The ventricles were paced at a cycle length of 300 msec. Shocks of various strengths were then given via a patch-patch electrode configuration on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the ventricle to determine the ULV50. Once ventricular fibrillation was induced, shocks were given 15-20 seconds later via the same electrode configuration to determine the DFT50. Lidocaine infusion resulted in a serum level of 15 +/- 4 micrograms/ml. This was associated with a lengthening of the QT interval but not with the widening of the QRS complex. In all dogs, both the ULV50 and the DFT50 increased significantly when tested during lidocaine infusion. Mean ULV50 during lidocaine infusion was 496 +/- 70 V or 13.1 +/- 4.3 J, which were significantly higher than the baseline values of 333 +/- 67 V or 5.3 +/- 2.2 J (p less than 0.001 for both voltage and energy). Mean DFT50 during lidocaine infusion was 407 +/- 41 V or 8.7 +/- 1.7 J, which were significantly higher than the baseline values of 300 +/- 38 V and 4.4 +/- 1.1 J (p = 0.004 for voltage and p = 0.013 for energy). The r values between the ULV50 and the DFT50 were 0.79 (p = 0.037) for voltage and 0.80 (p = 0.030) for energy at baseline and 0.85 (p = 0.016) for voltage and 0.88 (p = 0.009) for energy during the lidocaine infusion. However, the increments of the ULV50 (163 +/- 88 V or 7.8 +/- 4.6 J) were significantly greater than the increments of the DFT50 (107 +/- 51 V or 4.4 +/- 1.9 J, p = 0.035 for voltage and p = 0.023 for energy). Normal saline infusion did not alter DFT50 or ULV50. CONCLUSIONS Lidocaine infusion significantly increases both ULV50 and DFT50. These results are compatible with the upper limit of vulnerability hypothesis of defibrillation. However, the greater increase of the upper limit of vulnerability than the defibrillation threshold with lidocaine infusion indicates that other factors may also need to be considered to explain the results.
COLOR DISCRIMINATION AT THRESHOLD: THE APPROACH THROUGH INCREMENT THRESHOLD SENSITIVITY

Abstract A close correlation between Stiles's increment threshold (π-mechanism) approach and color discrimination at threshold was found: a sharp transition from detection of two lights via two π-mechanisms (π 1 and π 4 ) to detection via only one π-mechanism (π 1 ) was paralleled by a sharp decline from excellent discrimination between those two lights (even with the rods bleached) to no discrimination. This parallel between detection and discrimination suggests that Stiles's approach can isolate single visual pathways with distinct perceptual correlates.
On the Recognition of Primes by Automata

A study of the problem of recognizing the set of primes by automata is presented. A simple algebraic condition is derived which shows that neither the set of primes nor any infinite subset of the set of primes can be accepted by a pushdown or finite automaton.In view of this result an interesting open problem is to determine the “weakest” automaton which can accept the set of primes. It is shown that the linearly bounded automaton can accept the set of primes, and it is conjectured that no automaton whose memory grows less rapidly can recognize the set of primes. One of the results shows that if this conjecture is true, it cannot be proved by the use of arguments about the distribution of primes, as described by the Prime Number Theorem. Some relations are established between two classical conjectures in number theory and the minimal rate of memory growth of automata which can recognize the set of primes.
Assessment of muscle function in severely burned children.

Abstract Introduction The posttraumatic response to a severe burn leads to marked and prolonged skeletal muscle catabolism and weakness, which persist despite standard rehabilitation programs of occupational and physical therapy. We investigated the degree to which the prolonged skeletal muscle catabolism affects the muscle function of children 6 months after severe burn. Methods Burned children, with >40% total body surface area burned, were assessed at 6 months after burn in respect to lean body mass and leg muscle strength at 150°/s. Lean body mass was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Leg muscle strength was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry. Nonburned children were assessed similarly, and served as controls. Results We found that severely burned children ( n = 33), relative to nonburned children ( n = 46) had significantly lower lean body mass. Additionally they had significantly lower peak torque as well total work performance using the extensors of the thigh. Conclusions Our results serve as an objective and a practical clinical approach for assessing muscle function and also aid in establishing potential rehabilitation goals, and monitoring progress towards these goals in burned children.
Philosophical Parameters of Karl Mannheim's Sociology of Knowledge

(1971). Philosophical Parameters of Karl Mannheim's Sociology of Knowledge. The Sociological Quarterly: Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 531-547.
Roosevelt's Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal

By any measure, Harold Ickes was one of the towering figures of the New Deal. With remarkable energy and a genius for organization, he transformed a tradition-bound, much-maligned Department of the Interior into a progressive and highly respected organization. He was known for his sharp wit and brilliant intellect. He could be crusty, temperamental, and self-righteous. And he was just the kind of tenacious fighter FDR needed. In this political biography of the nation's most influential secretary of the interior, Jeanne Clarke examines Harold Ickes's tenure in the Roosevelt administration and his role as a powerful champion of New Deal policies. She offers an unprecedented examination of the internal conflicts that raged within Roosevelt's bureaucracy and provides new insights into the public career and private life of FDR's "liberal lightning rod." Ickes led the Interior Department for all of Roosevelt's thirteen years in the White House, a tenure longer than any Interior secretary before or since. Soon after his appointment as secretary in 1933, Ickes took on the added duties and political clout of public works administrator and oil administrator. As a popular public speaker, he was an important player in FDR's reelection campaigns. He often deflected criticism and attention away from the president by assuming the role of the administration's "hatchet man." In a variety of ways, Clarke concludes, Ickes helped to define the role of the modern political executive. 'Roosevelt's Warrior' is also a revealing look at FDR himself. Clarke describes the president as a figure so genuinely attractive that he managed to keep even self-styled curmudgeons like Ickes orbiting around him. To this day, Clarke notes, FDR has the capacity to attract our attention and influence our political life. This study of his close friend and political partner Harold Ickes helps to explain why.
Critical Indicators of Effective Teaching for Preservice Teachers: Relationship Between Teaching Behaviors and Ratings of Effectiveness:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validiy of critical indicators of teaching effectiveness for preservice student teachers in special education. Critical indicators are behaviors that can be used to make decisions about the effectiveness of student teachers. In this study, the relationship between behaviors of preservice student teachers and ratings of their teaching effectiveness by a panel of observers is investigated. Ten preservice teachers (nine female and one male) completing their student teaching in the area of emotional disturbedlbehavior disorders participated in the study. Teachers were observed using the Pupil Observation Procedure form. The observation form is designed to sample both student and teacher behaviors, and focuses on behaviors that occur during instruction. Videotaped sections of participants' lessons were shown to eight raters who judged the effectiveness of each preservice teacher. Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated to determine the relation betwe...
Enhancing communication, facilitating shared understanding, and creating better artifacts by integrating physical and computational media for design

Frequently, the design of interactive systems focuses exclusively on the capabilities provided by the dynamic nature of computational media. Yet our have provided many examples ill which physical models provide certain strengths not found in computational models. Rather than viewing this as a dichotomy-where one must choose between one or the other-we are exploring the creation of computational environments that build on the strengths of combined physical and virtual approaches. Over the last decade, we have developed different design environments to support stakeholders engaged in design processes by enhancing communication, facilitating shared understanding, and creating better artifacts. Until a few years ago, our work explored physical and computational media separately. In this paper we present our efforts to develop integrated design environments linking physical and computational dimensions to attain the complementary synergies that these two worlds offer. Our purpose behind this integration is the development of systems that can enhance the movement from conceptual thinking to concrete representations using face-ta-face interaction to promote the negotiation of meaning, the direct interaction with artifacts, and the possibility that diverse stakeholders can participate fully in the process of design. To this end, we analyze the strengths, affordances, weaknesses, and limitations of the two media used separately and illustrate with our most recent work the value 00ded by integrating these environments.
The role of early childhood settings for 4–5 year old children in early academic skills and later achievement in Australia

Abstract Formal early childhood education programs have been shown to promote the early academic skills of young children. However, the academic benefits acquired through program attendance fade quickly in the early elementary school years. Using a nationally representative sample of Australian children, we describe the programmatic and teacher differences between different types of formal early childhood programs for children between 4 and 5 years old—pre-year 1, school-based preschool, standalone preschool, and center-based child care. We examine the child and family background characteristics that are correlated with selection into different settings and how these settings are associated with children's early academic skills and on their subsequent achievement. We focus on understanding if there are differential academic benefits accrued from each program type and whether or not these benefits persist into the early elementary school years. Results indicate that maternal employment and economic disadvantage are correlated with program participation and that pre-year 1 and preschool teachers have higher qualifications. Results also show that children who attended a pre-year 1 program held an initial, significant advantage in early academic skills compared to children enrolled in center child care. Center child care was associated with higher early math skills than preschools. Children who did not attend any early childhood programming lagged behind their peers in school readiness skills. By middle childhood, all the early skill advantages had disappeared, showing rapid fadeout of academic benefits acquired from these specific types of early childhood programs. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Gustav von Schmoller: Social Economist

The author′s purpose is to show by reference to Schmoller′s own writings that he can be classified as a social economist. Schmoller rejected the study of economics in isolation, but preferred a holistic approach. He eschewed laissez‐faire and thought little of self‐seeking entrepreneurs who made no contribution to the common good.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene paleoenvironments of the North Pacific coast

Abstract Unlike the North Atlantic, the North Pacific Ocean probably remained free of sea ice during the last glacial maximum (LGM), 22,000 to 17,000 BP. Following a eustatic low in sea level of ca. −120 m at 19,000 BP, a marine transgression had flooded the Bering and Chukchi shelves by 10,000 BP. Post-glacial sea-level history varied widely in other parts of the North Pacific coastline according to the magnitude and timing of local tectonism and glacio-isostatic rebound. Glaciers covered much of the continental shelf between the Alaska Peninsula and British Columbia during the LGM. Maximum glacier extent during the LGM was out of phase between southern Alaska and southern British Columbia with northern glaciers reaching their outer limits earlier, between 23,000 and 16,000 BP, compared to 15,000–14,000 BP in the south. Glacier retreat was also time-transgressive, with glaciers retreating from the continental shelf of southern Alaska before 16,000 BP but not until 14,000–13,000 BP in southwestern British Columbia. Major climatic transitions occurred in the North Pacific at 24,000–22,000, 15,000–13,000 and 11,000–9000 BP. Rapid climate changes occurred within these intervals, including a possible Younger Dryas episode. An interval of climate warmer and drier than today occurred in the early Holocene. Cooler and wetter conditions accompanied widespread Neoglaciation, beginning in some mountain ranges as early as the middle Holocene, but reaching full development after 3000 BP.
Cordaiteans in paleotropical wetlands: An ecological re-evaluation

Abstract Cordaiteans in cordaite-dominated permineralized peat from Pennsylvanian coals in Iowa have been reconstructed as mangroves using root anatomy, peat taphonomy, and geochemical data. Macrofloral, palynofloral, and conodont biostratigraphy indicate that these peats come from the latest Atokan Blackoak coal and earliest Desmoinesian Cliffland coal (mid-Moscovian), both in the Kalo Formation. Thus, their depositional setting can be used to evaluate the mangrove hypothesis. In Recent mires, thick mangrove peats have accumulated in tropical to subtropical carbonate systems; in contrast, thick tropical freshwater peats have accumulated in siliclastic systems. Kalo Formation coals, which we interpret as freshwater deposits, formed in siliciclastic depositional settings, similar to those of modern tropical freshwater peat, and to other Pennsylvanian coals in North America interpreted as freshwater deposits. In the late Atokan and earliest Desmoinesian (mid-Moscovian), cordaiteans and tree ferns predominated in the Western Interior and Illinois Basins; lycopsids and cordaiteans predominated in the Appalachian and Donets Basins. The scarcity of lycopsid-only mires in North America during the late Atokan–earliest Desmoinesian (mid-Moscovian) suggests drier climates than during the mid-to-late Desmoinesian (late Moscovian). Rather than indicating mangrove swamps, cordaite-dominated peat may indicate climates with a ‘low-rain’ season. Although most plants in cordaite-dominated peat probably grew in freshwater, coastal mires in climate zones with seasons of ‘low-rain’ may harbor mangrove taxa. The Changuinola Swamp of Panama, a modern peat-accumulating wetland that has a ‘low-rain’ season, is a possible analog of ancient cordaite-dominated mires. In Changuinola, most plants require freshwater; however mangroves, sustained by salt-water influx into the swamp, grow along the seaward edge and along blackwater creeks. The ‘low-rain’ season hypothesis has implications for understanding rainfall amount and continuity during Pennsylvanian cyclothem deposition. The floral succession in diverse cordaite coals, from cordaiteans to tree ferns to lycopsids, suggests increasingly wet climate during coal accumulation. The position of these coals immediately above the sequence boundary suggests humid climate during early glacial melting for these cyclothems.
A Kaposi's sarcoma virus RNA element that increases the nuclear abundance of intronless transcripts.

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus produces a 1077 nucleotide noncoding, polyadenylated, exclusively nuclear RNA called PAN that is highly expressed in lytically infected cells. We report that PAN contains a novel post-transcriptional element essential for its abundant accumulation. The element, PAN–ENE (PAN RNA expression and nuclear retention element), increases the efficiency of 3′-end formation in vivo and is sufficient to enhance RNA abundance from an otherwise inefficiently expressed intronless β-globin construct. The PAN–ENE does not concomitantly increase the production of encoded protein. Rather, it retains the unspliced β-globin mRNA in the nucleus. Tethering of export factors can override the nuclear retention of the PAN–ENE, supporting a mechanism whereby the PAN–ENE blocks assembly of an export-competent mRNP. The activities of the PAN–ENE are specific to intronless constructs, since inserting the PAN–ENE into a spliced β-globin construct has no effect on mRNA abundance and does not affect localization. This is the first characterization of a cis-acting element that increases RNA abundance of intronless transcripts but inhibits assembly of an export-competent mRNP.
The use of functionalized polymers as photosensitizers in an energy storage reaction

Abstract Insoluble polymer bound photosensitizers, useful for the conversion of norbornadiene ( 1 ) to quadricyclene ( 2 ), have been synthesized. An acetophenone analogue was produced by Friedel-Crafts acylation of polystyrene resin while treatment of chloromethylated resin with salicyladehyde and triethylamine produced an anlogue of benzyloxybenzaldehyde. Reaction of lithiopolystyrene resin with methyl 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzoate gave a ketone equivalent to 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)benzophenone ( 3 ). Quantum yields for the conversion of 1 and 2 using the polymer bound sensitizers were generally comparable to, but slightly lower than, the analogous compound in homogeneous solution. The quantum yield of polymer bound 3 was less solvent dependent than that of the homogeneous counterpart. The advantages of isolating the photosensitizer to the photochemical reactor stage of a photochemical solar energy storage device are discussed. Efficient sensitization by polymer bound photosensitizers demonstrates the feasibility of this approach.
On the Automorphisms of Incidence Algebras

Abstract Given a locally finite partially ordered set, X , a ring with identity, R , and an automorphism, φ, of the incidence algebra of X over R , it is determined when φ is the composite of an inner automorphism, an automorphism of X , and an induced automorphism of R .
44 Bone Density in Children with Hemangiomas Treated with Systemic Glucocorticoids.

Purpose: To evaluate the long-term effects of systemic glucocorticoid therapy on bone mineral status in children previously treated for complicated infantile hemangiomas. Methods: Bone density was evaluated by tibial ultrasound (Omnisense 7000P) and DEXA bone scan (Lunar Prodigy 10667) in children with hemangiomas previously treated with glucocorticoids (off treatment ≥ 1 year) and healthy controls. In addition, Tanner stage, bone age, and body mass index (BMI) were determined for all patients. Results: The control group consisted of 24 patients with a mean age of 52 months (range 16-104). The treated group consisted of 30 patients with a mean age of 44 months (range 20-75). Mean duration of glucocorticoid treatment was 8.6 months (range 4-15.5) and mean maximum dose of prednisolone was 2.2 mg/kg/day (range 1-4.3). All patients were Tanner stage I and there were no significant differences in bone age or BMI between the treated and control groups. Mean spinal (L2-L4) bone mineral density (BMD) did not differ between the treated group (0.6 g/m2, S.D.=0.07) and the control group (0.58 g/m2, S.D.=0.11) (95% C.I. for mean difference of -0.07 to 0.03). There were also no significant differences between treated and control groups for mean total body BMD or tibial ultrasound z-scores. Conclusion: Preliminary data analysis reveals no significant differences in bone density between children who received systemic glucocorticoids and children who did not.
A second chance: meanings of body weight, diet, and physical activity to women who have experienced cancer.

Abstract Objective To understand the meanings of diet, physical activity, and body weight in the context of women's cancer experiences. Design Grounded theory using 15 qualitative interviews and 3 focus groups. Setting Grassroots community cancer organizations in the northeastern United States. Participants Thirty-six white women cancer survivors; 86% had experienced breast cancer. Main Outcome Measures Participants' views of the meanings of body weight, diet, and physical activity in the context of the cancer. Analysis Procedures adapted from the constant comparative method of qualitative analysis using iterative open coding. Results Themes emerged along 3 intersecting dimensions: vulnerability and control, stress and living well, and uncertainty and confidence. Diet and body weight were seen as sources of increased vulnerability and distress. Uncertainty about diet heightened distress and lack of control. Physical activity was seen as a way to regain control and reduce distress. Conclusions and Implications Emergent themes of vulnerability–control, stress–living well, and uncertainty–confidence may aid in understanding and promoting health behaviors in the growing population of cancer survivors. Messages that resonated with participants included taking ownership over one's body, physical activity as stress reduction, healthy eating for overall health and quality of life, and a second chance to get it right.
The use of urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in human renal toxicology I. Partial biochemical characterization and excretion in humans and release from the isolated perfused rat kidney☆

Abstract Selected biochemical properties and the human excretory pattern of urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase were characterized. A renal origin of the urinary enzyme was demonstrated by comparison of the release from the isolated perfused rat kidney with excretion from the in situ organ. The rate of activity excretion from both the perfused and in situ organ was 22% of the total organ content per day. The basal enzyme release was into tubular luman only, and contralumenal release into the renal lymphatic system was essentially zero. The human urinary activity exhibited unusual properties which indicated that the rate of excretion is directly proportional to the corresponding rate of release by the tubular epithelium. In urine, 0.2% of the activity is lost per hour at 37°C, and the activity is not denatured by physiologic variations in urine pH and osmolarity. The urinary activity is not associated with cells, is almost entirely soluble and exhibits no latency upon addition of Triton X-100. A cortico-medullary activity gradient exists in the human kidney. The rate of activity excretion in 30 human subjects was constant under maximal variations in urine flow rate. The 3-day excretion in 21 subjects fluctuated around a fairly constant mean rate, which was characteristic of each individual, and subsequent 3-day collections up to 3 weeks later were identical. The rate of excretion was independent of body mass, lean body mass, and sex. The pattern of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase excretion fluctuated identically with that of several other acid hydrolases. It is concluded that, with certain restrictions, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase excretion can be employed as a marker of the rate of release of at least several acid hydrolases from the human kidney.
The Limits of Intuition in Medicine: A Review of Hillel Braude's Intuition in Medicine: A Philosophical Defense of Clinical Reasoning

Intuition in Medicine is as much a history as a set of arguments. More than half the text is spent setting the table for a rich, historically informed discussion of the appropriate use of intuition...
Effects of parental divorce on mental health throughout the life course

The long-term effects of parental divorce on individuals' mental health after the transition to adulthood are examined using data from a British birth cohort that has been followed from birth to age 33. Growth-curve models and fixed-effects models are estimated. The results suggest that part of the negative effect of parental divorce on adults is a result of factors that were present before the parents 'marriages dissolved. The results also suggest, however, a negative effect of divorce and its aftermath on adult mental health. Moreover, a parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in his or her twenties and early thirties
Real income growth and optimal credit use

Abstract Borrowing may be optimal if real income is expected to increase. If income growth is uncertain, optimal credit use is not obvious. A two period model of consumption for determining optimal credit use is presented. The impact of real income growth is analyzed with numerical analysis. The results may be useful for financial counselors and educators, as well as for insight into empirical patterns of credit use. The income growth rate expected by the household plays a crucial role in determining optimal credit use for current consumption.