cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of UAV Path Following and Collision Avoidance Using NFMGOA Control Algorithm

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) path following issue is a significant part of the UAV mission arranging framework, which needs to get an ideal way following and handle collision avoidance instantaneously. To resolve this issue, a hybrid algorithm termed NFMGOA is presented by combining the neuro-fuzzy and modified grasshopper optimization algorithm (NFMGOA). In the proposed work, unlike regularly utilized strategies, the consequent parameters of the neuro-fuzzy are updated by utilizing the modified grasshopper optimization algorithm for efficient collision avoidance. Furthermore, possible collisions must be recognized and automatically settled as the vehicle moves toward the way. Emergency avoidance is designed by autonomously changing the heading and speed of every UAV. Initially, the position of the obstacle is attained by Kalman filtering, the input UAV data. Subsequently, cooperative path flow is produced by the Lyapunov function. Finally, effective NFMGOA is utilized for better collision avoidance. The examining outcomes of single and multiple UAVs demonstrated that the presented technique outperforms the existing methodologies regarding convergence and execution time performance assessments.
The Effect of Central Nervous System Lesions in the Rat on Brain Serotonin

Publisher Summary Bilateral electrolytic brain lesions in the rat destroying either the medial forebrain bundle within the lateral hypothalamus or areas contributing fibers to this region of the medial forebrain bundle produced a significant fall in total brain serotonin levels. This chapter shows that the time course of serotonin fall following bilateral medial forebrain bundle lesions is in good agreement with the known time course for degeneration of such small central nervous system fibers. Unilateral medial forebrain bundle lesions also produced a fall in brain serotonin, which was restricted to the side of the brain containing the lesion. In addition, the time course of serotonin fall following a bilateral medial forebrain lesion was found to be in good agreement with the known time course for degeneration of such small central nervous system fibers. These results indicate the presence of serotonin producing fibers within the medial forebrain bundle of the rat.
WE-EF-BRD-03: I Want It Now!: Advances in MRI Acquisition, Reconstruction and the Use of Priors to Enable Fast Anatomic and Physiologic Imaging to Inform Guidance and Adaptation Decisions

MRI-guided treatment is a growing area of medicine, particularly in radiotherapy and surgery. The exquisite soft tissue anatomic contrast offered by MRI, along with functional imaging, makes the use of MRI during therapeutic procedures very attractive. Challenging the utility of MRI in the therapy room are many issues including the physics of MRI and the impact on the environment and therapeutic instruments, the impact of the room and instruments on the MRI; safety, space, design and cost. In this session, the applications and challenges of MRI-guided treatment will be described. The session format is: 1. Past, present and future: MRI-guided radiotherapy from 2005 to 2025: Jan Lagendijk 2. Battling Maxwell’s equations: Physics challenges and solutions for hybrid MRI systems: Paul Keall 3. I want it now!: Advances in MRI acquisition, reconstruction and the use of priors to enable fast anatomic and physiologic imaging to inform guidance and adaptation decisions: Yanle Hu 4. MR in the OR: The growth and applications of MRI for interventional radiology and surgery: Rebecca Fahrig Learning Objectives: 1. To understand the history and trajectory of MRI-guided radiotherapy 2. To understand the challenges of integrating MR imaging systems with linear accelerators 3. To understand the latest in fast MRI methods to enable the visualisation of anatomy and physiology on radiotherapy treatment timescales 4. To understand the growing role and challenges of MRI for image-guided surgical procedures My disclosures are publicly available and updated at: http://sydney.edu.au/medicine/radiation-physics/about-us/disclosures.php
Guided Elastic Interface Waves for Ceramic Joint Evaluation

Because of their excellent thermal and wear properties, structural ceramics are finding increasing use in applications that have traditionally been reserved for metals. Since many ceramics remain stable at temperatures well in excess of the melting points of virtually all of the common structural metals, one such application is in high-temperature engines, where the relatively low weight of ceramics provides an additional advantage over such competitors as refractory metals. Unfortunately, with the relatively low fracture toughness and poor machinability of ceramics, practical designs, at least for the near future, will probably consist of ceramic liners attached to metal substrates, thereby combining the wear and thermal properties of ceramics with the strength of metals.
Velocity and attenuation in young oceanic crust: New downhole log results from DSDP/ODP/IODP Holes 504B and 1256D

[1] To characterize the acoustic properties of oceanic crust and investigate the nature of the oceanic layer 2/3 seismic boundary, we analyze sonic logging waveforms recorded in the two deepest holes ever drilled in intact oceanic crust: Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)/Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Hole 1256D and Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP)/ODP Hole 504B. Hole 1256D penetrated 15 Ma old crust on a superfast spreading segment of the Cocos plate, while Hole 504B was drilled in a ∼6 Ma old section of an intermediate spreading segment of the Nazca plate. Careful reprocessing of different sets of waveforms allows us to draw depth profiles of the primary parameters controlling wave propagation in the crust: compressional and shear velocities (Vp and Vs), and attenuation. The results underline the importance of proper filtering and processing parameters for the acquisition of acoustic logs in hard rocks. While the reprocessed Vp logs improve previous data, particularly at the bottom of Hole 1256D, the Vs logs represent significant enhancements in quality and in extent of previous profiles in the two holes. Attenuation results provide the first measure of intrinsic attenuation in these holes. The velocity and attenuation logs confirm that Hole 504B had reached oceanic layer 3 without recovering gabbros. Conversely, while gabbros were recovered in Hole 1256D, no layer 3 velocity values were recorded in the interval logged. However, the reprocessed data suggest that the transition to layer 3 might occur within the deepest 87 m of the hole that were not logged or immediately below. Accordingly, the layer 2/3 seismic boundary does not appear to be related to the top of the plutonic crust. Despite different ages, spreading rates, and mineralogy, however, the two sites display remarkably similar velocity and attenuation profiles through the entire crustal sections logged, suggesting that they can be reliably considered representative of the acoustic properties of the Nazca/Cocos spreading system and more generally of undisturbed oceanic crust.
Anatomical and physiological properties of the cortical and thalamic innervations of neostriatal tissue grafts.

Publisher Summary This chapter presents preliminary results on studies of the cortical and thalamic innervation of neostriatal grafts, including the spatial distribution of synaptic terminals arising from single axons, the morphological characteristics of the synapses formed in the grafts, and the varieties of physiological responses evoked in the grafts by stimulation of these inputs. The morphological features of Phaseolus leukoagglutinin (PHAL) stained corticostriatal and thalamostriatal axons in a neostriatal graft and of afferents from the host labeled by the same injections. The characteristic pattern of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal axonal arborizations in normal adult neostriatum is seen throughout the host tissue. Afferent axons form a meshwork of extremely fine, relatively straight, and unbranched axons that coursed for long distances through the neostriatum. In contrast, cortical and thalamic axons in the grafts formed focal arborizations in which a relatively coarse main axonal branch gives rise to the clusters of fine terminal side branches that form many boutons in a very confined volume.
Highly Effective Human Services Interest Groups

ABSTRACT Based on information collected from Washington, D.C.-based interest groups active in influencing social welfare policy, I have identified seven tactics that highly effective groups use more than least effective groups. Highly effective groups work more often to develop consensus among experts, pursue issues in court, aid the election of particular candidates, participate in public hearings, bring current regulations to executive branch attention, take changes to proposed regulations to the issuing agency and offer drafts of regulations prior to publication in The Federal Register. These results, by themselves and in conjunction with other research efforts, indicate more effective lobbying efforts and more empirically grounded policy practice by all social workers.
Mycoplasma-Associated Induction of Interferon in Ovine Leukocytes

A mycoplasmal species, Acholeplasma laidlawii, isolated as a contaminant from a fetal lamb kidney cell line, was shown to be associated with the induction of interferon in cultures of ovine peripheral blood leukocytes. Broth cultures of the mycoplasma induced between 20 and 230 U of interferon per ml in leukocytes from two adult ewes. The amount of interferon produced correlated with the inoculum size of mycoplasma. Interferon production was associated with replication of the mycoplasma in the leukocyte cultures. Interferon was not induced by sterile mycoplasmal broth, a cell-free filtrate of the mycoplasmal cultures, or heat-inactivated mycoplasmas. The antiviral substance was characterized as interferon by the usual criteria.
Integrating Social Responsibility Into Business School Undergraduate Education: A Student Perspective

Organizations and society at large recognize that ethically and socially responsible behavior plays a crucial role in good business practices. Debate about social responsibility centers on the responsibilities of consumers and businesses working towards a sustainable future with a new focus on business education. This realization has led employers to expect and demand that business schools facilitate the training of students in social responsibility. To accomplish this, key components to consider within undergraduate business school programs are the development of curriculum, pedagogy, and delivery methods best practices. The end result of this effort would be graduates possessing a range of perspectives and competences that increase their awareness of good socially responsible business practices. Yet, how best to develop the programs, curriculum, and pedagogy that deliver socially responsible business practices to students is still undecided. Equally important is to understand who these “students” are and what they want from business education programs. To develop a meaningful curriculum model, students from across a large northeast university campus were assessed on their perspectives of socially responsible business programs, curriculum, and pedagogy practices. The results suggest significant differences between the student groups in their interest in social responsible business practices and the importance of environmental issues and topics in the curriculum.
Increasing evidence of the role of gene flow in animal evolution: hybrid speciation in the yellow-rumped warbler complex.

In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Brelsford et al. (2011) present strong evidence for a case of hybrid speciation within the yellow-rumped warbler complex. Although homoploid hybrid speciation has now been documented in many animals (Mallet 2007), it seems rare in tetrapods (Mavarez & Linares 2008) and it has barely even been mentioned in birds (Price 2008). Brelsford and colleagues thus present the first detailed molecular evidence suggesting that hybrid speciation can occur in birds. Brelsford et al. (2011) posit that Audubon's warbler (Dendroica auduboni) constitutes a hybrid species originating from the admixture of two distinct parental lineages, represented today by myrtle warbler (D. coronata) and black-fronted warbler (D. nigrifrons). The authors present three major lines of molecular evidence suggesting that this is not simply a case of a hybrid swarm or limited introgression.
Mathematical modeling in lead-acid battery development

In Gereral Motors, mathematical modeling is used to assist in the design and improvement of the lead-acid battery. By using this computer aided technology, design ideas can be evaluated quickly, and the need for a massive build-and-test effort is eliminated. This paper gives an overview of this modeling activity - from (a) model formulation to (b) computer solution to (c) parameter estimation to (d) design optimization.
Harlequin Ichthyosis Keratinocytes in Lifted Culture Differentiate Poorly by Morphologic and Biochemical Criteria

Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a severe congenital ichthyosis in which massively thickened stratum corneum with abnormal barrier function often results in death of affected newborns. Survivors evolve into a severe nonbullous ichthyosiform erythroderma. Previously we have ascertained three biochemical phenotypes of HI, based on abnormal profilaggrin and K6 and K16 expression in epidermis. Submerged cultures of HI keratinocytes differentiated abnormally, but the three phenotypes were indistinguishable in vitro. We hypothesized that differentiation in submerged culture was insufficient to reflect in vivo biochemical abnormalities or that dermal components might be necessary for expression. To test these hypotheses HI keratinocytes and fibroblasts (n = 3) were grown on collagen gels at the air-medium interface in a cross-over design with normal keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Epithelia derived from lifted cultures were studied by light microscopy and immunocytochemistry and extracted for western blot analysis. In contrast to our prediction, lifted cultures of HI keratinocytes formed a poorly differentiated epithelium, and normal keratinocytes formed an epidermal-like tissue with expression of K1 and expression and processing of profilaggrin to filaggrin. In addition, the presence of HI fibroblasts consistently altered differentiation of both HI and normal keratinocytes, resulting in less complete morphologic differentiation. The findings suggest that both epithelial and mesenchymal elements of the skin from HI are affected but that the primary abnormality lies in the keratinocytes.
Determination of membrane-bound chloroplast RNA by the ethidium bromide fluorometric method.

Abstract The method of El-Hamalawi et al. [(1975) Anal. Biochem. 67 , 384–391] for the fluorometric determination of nucleic acids with ethidium bromide has been adapted for the assay of membrane-associated chloroplast RNA. Membranes are stripped of RNA by incubation in a high-salt buffer lacking Mg 2+ , and the RNA is collected by magnesium phosphate-ethanol coprecipitation. RNA levels are determined by measuring the degree of enhancement of ethidium bromide fluorescence.
Fluorometric assay of nitrite and nitrate in brain tissue after traumatic brain injury and cerebral ischemia.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is distributed within the brain, and nitric oxide (NO) is felt to be involved in the pathophysiology of deterioration after head injury and cerebral ischemia. This study determined the levels of the stable end products of NOS (NOx=nitrite+nitrate) after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and transient cerebral ischemia. A fluorometric assay using nitrate reductase and the NADPH regenerating system was used to quantitate NOx in ultrafiltered (10-kDa cutoff) cortical and hippocampal extracts after reduction of nitrate. In TBI rats, both the plasma and tissue showed a sharp increase in NOx levels 5 min after injury. Plasma NOx returned to control levels by 2 h after injury. Ipsilateral-cortex NOx levels returned to control levels approximately 6 h after injury and remained constant from 6-24 h. Contralateral-cortex returned near to control levels after 1 h. Hippocampus also followed a similar trend. In gerbils, there was a significant elevation in tissue NOx levels immediately after 10 min transient cerebral ischemia, which gradually returned to control levels over 24 h reperfusion. This striking burst of NO synthesis immediately after injury is clearly evident whether the injury is head trauma or ischemia, or whether the measurements were performed on tissue or plasma. It is unknown whether endothelial NOS, neuronal NOS, or both caused the elevation of the NO end products seen after the CNS insults.
Telemetry Component Tests in the FN Tandem Terminal

When an electrostatic tandem accelerator is used primarily for heavy ion acceleration, numerous communication channels with the high voltage terminal are desirable. The ANL FN tandem operates at a tank pressure of 100 psi SF/sub 6/ at terminal voltages up to 9.5 MeV. A low powered He-Ne laser with 15 percent modulation has been successfully tested in the terminal under normal operating conditions. Such a system allows the transmission of information without the use of light guides. Multistranded light guides did not withstand voltage gradients as low as 0.4 MV/m. Single core light guides with a diameter of 0.5 mm have been successfully operated at voltage gradients in excess of 1.7 MV/m. In addition to the laser a microprocessor has also been tested in the tandem terminal. With suitable protection, an 8080 microprocessor and a programmable ROM operated successfully for several weeks under normal operating conditions.
Acquisition of Representation-Mediated Conditioned Food Aversions.

Abstract Food aversions were established in rats by administering lithium chloride (LiCl) immediately after the presentation of an exteroceptive conditioned stimulus (CS) which previously had been paired with a food substance. In Experiment 1, rats which received first tone-food and then tone-LiCl pairings showed less food consumption in subsequent testing than rats which received only tone-food or tone-LiCl pairings. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated the stimulus specificity of aversions established in this manner. Rats which first received pairings of light and tone CSs with two different food substances and then received pairings of one of those CSs with LiCl showed greater aversion to the food previously associated with the LiCl-paired CS than to the other food substance. Experiment 3 also showed that specific aversions were not acquired if rats received CS-shock rather than CS-LiCl pairings. These results suggest that CS-evoked representations of events can substitute for those events themselves in the formation of new associations.
Oral fluid and hair in workplace drug testing programs: new technology for immunoassays

Workplace drug testing programs have embraced both oral fluid and hair as testing matrices. Saliva is popular due to its easy, rapid collection; its non-invasiveness compared to urine or blood; the convenience of collecting a specimen anywhere, anytime; and the difficulty of adulteration. The main advantage of saliva, however, remains its suitability for post-accident or ‘for-cause’ testing since the presence of a parent drug can assist in the determination of an individual being ‘under the influence’ of a drug. Hair, on the other hand, is useful for workplace programs, since its ability to provide historical information on drug intake ensures it is an excellent specimen for pre-employment testing. Both technologies have enjoyed collection and laboratory improvements for immunoassay screening over the last few years, and these are discussed in this perspective. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is Xenohormesis

Polyphenols such as resveratrol and quercetin, which are produced by stressed plants, activate sirtuin enzymes and extend the lifespan of fungi and animals, ostensibly by mimicking the beneficial effects of caloric restriction. This observation raises an interesting question: Why should foreign molecules that are non-nutritive and seemingly unrelated to any endogenous molecule modulate the same biochemical pathways that mediate the response to an energy deficit? A possible explanation is that the sirtuin enzymes have evolved to respond to plant stress molecules as indicators of an impending deterioration of the environment. This idea has become known as the Xenohormesis Hypothesis, the name stemming from a combination of the prefix xeno-(for stranger) with hormesis (a protective response induced by mild stress). Here we review the evidence for xenohormesis in a broader context, taking into account the diverse spectrum of phytochemicals to which animals are exposed. We also consider alternative hypotheses that may explain some of the beneficial effects of plant-based foods. We suggest that xenohormesis, defined as an adaptive response in the physiology of an organism to molecular cues that are neither nutritive nor direct stressors, most likely occurs at some level. Whether this can fully or partially account for the beneficial effects of resveratrol and other phytochemicals remains to be seen. However, there is already sufficient cause to re-evaluate the relationship between complex organisms, including humans and their food.
Estriol conjugates in amniotic fluid at midpregnancy and term.

ABSTRACT A method is described for the assay of estriol conjugates in amniotic fluid. Tritiated estriol-3 sulfate (E3-3S), estriol-16 glucosiduronate (E3-16G), estriol-3 glucosiduronate (E3-3G) and estriol-3 sulfate-16 glucosiduronate (E3-3S-16G) are added to the fluid. After removal of proteins, the conjugates are separated on a Celite partition column. Each conjugate is hydrolyzed with Glusulase and the E3 purified by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. Assay is by fluorescence. The method was applied to 7 samples obtained from midpregnancy and 7 samples from term pregnancy. The total E3 was 0.84 to 9.3 μg/ml in the former and 74 to 311 μg/100 ml in the latter. The most important relative difference was in the E3-16G to E3-3S-16G ratios. They were greater than 2 at term but only about 0.5 at midpregnancy. No significant changes in the percentage contribution of E3-3S and E3-3G were noted as gestation progressed.
Extracellular laccases and peroxidases from sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) cell-suspension cultures. Reactions with monolignols and lignin model compounds

We have investigated the abilities of extracellular enzymes from dark-grown cell-suspension cultures of sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) to oxidize monolignols, the precursors for lignin biosynthesis in plants, as well as a variety of other lignin-related compounds. Laccase and peroxidase both exist as a multiplicity of isoenzymes in filtrates of spent culture medium, but their abilities to produce water-insoluble, dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) from the monolignols (in the presence of hydrogen peroxide for the peroxidase reaction) appear identical whether or not the enzymes are purified from the concentrated filtrates or left in a crude mixture. The patterns of bonds formed in these DHPs are identical to those found in DHPs synthesized using horseradish peroxidase or fungal laccase, and many of these bonds are found in the natural lignins extracted from different plant sources. On the other hand, sycamore maple laccase is very much less active on phenolic substrates containing multiple aromatic rings than is sycamore maple peroxidase. We suggst that whereas laccase may function during the early stages of lignification to polymerize monolignols into oligo-lignols, cell-wall peroxidases may function when H2O2 is produced during the later stages of xylem cell development or in response to environmental stresses.
The geometric aspects of a class of differential games† II. Sufficient conditions

Sufficient conditions are developed for a class of game problems. They are the necessary conditions derived in the companion paper plus the condition of the continuity of the value of game in (x, t) space. Examples are given to illustrate the application of the theory.
The X-ray tomographic microscope: Three-dimensional perspectives of evolving microstructures

Abstract Recent advances in X-ray tomography using synchrotron radiation enable three-dimensional microscopic images to be obtained nondestructively from relatively large samples. With both increased sample size and improved spatial resolution, it is now possible to quantify experimentally-induced microstructural and microchemical changes in materials as they occur in situ, in vitr, and even in vivo. With the X-ray tomographic microscope, we have begun to improve our understanding of the processing of ceramic matrix composites, bone loss in osteoporosis, and the development of caries lesions in teeth.
Natural Flexibility of Type I Collagen Molecules

Research concentrated around the extracellular matrix (ECM) and its tissue mechanics maintains prevalence in the biophysics area. A key player in the human connective tissue is type I collagen fibrils which make up a significant portion of the interstitial matrix, basement membranes, and the bone matrix. The formation of fibrils depends largely on individual collagen molecules and assumedly the amino acids that compose each helix in type I tropocollagen. Comprehensive examination of the flexibility within individual type I collagen molecules has not yet been completed. We have used atomic force microscopy to image and retrieve objective statistical data about deviations from the natural curvature in the molecule. This information will allow us to find the ranges in which the ‘hinges’ are occurring and determine if they are characteristic to the non-helical or helical domains. Additionally, we can utilize the information known about the sequence of type I collagen helices and the mechanical properties of the molecules to match the ranges to specific amino acids.
Regulation of sodium channel activity by phosphorylation

Voltage-gated sodium channels carry the major inward current responsible for action potential depolarization in excitable cells as well as providing additional inward current that modulates overall excitability. Both their expression and function is under tight control of protein phosphorylation by specific kinases and phosphatases and this control is particular to each type of sodium channel. This article examines the impact and mechanism of phosphorylation for isoforms where it has been studied in detail in an attempt to delineate common features as well as differences.
A numerical study of the formation and propagation of traveling bands of chemotactic bacteria

Abstract A model for chemotaxis in a bacteria-substrate mixture, previously given by Keller & Segel (1971), is studied. Initial conditions representing experiments of Adler are chosen. These correspond to an initial inoculum of bacteria at one end of the tube which is initially filled with a uniformly distributed chemical attractant. The partial differential equations of the model and the initial conditions are analyzed numerically by a Crank-Nicolson method. Non-uniform traveling band solutions are found for various values of the parameters. The effect of these parameters on the solution is discussed. The separation process is analyzed wherein some of the initial inoculum is left near the origin and the rest breaks away to form the traveling band. Comparison is made to the analytic results of Keller & Segel and to the experimental results of Adler. The effects of initial conditions and of the form of the coefficient functions are studied and compared to experimental data.
Meanders of the Gulf Stream Downstream from Cape Hatteras 1975–1978

Abstract Weekly Gulf Stream paths within 1000 km downstream of Cape Hatteras were obtained for 1975–78 from the Navy's weekly EOFA charts based on satellite IR imagery. They displayed two dominant meander modes: first, a standing meander energetic over periods between 4 months and at least 4 years; and second. down-stream-propagating meanders that were most energetic at periods of several weeks. The long-period standing meander was confined between nodes located at the separation point near Cape Hatteras (i.e., where the Stream's mean path turns seaward) and at a point about 600 km farther downstream. The rms amplitude was 36 km at the antinode. The amplitude of propagating meanders increased rapidly in the first 200 km downstream of the separation point, where the capture of warm-core eddies was common. Farther down-stream, the predominant meanders had a wavelength averaging 330 km, a period averaging 1.5 month, a phase speed averaging 8 cm s−1, a downstream group speed averaging 17 cm s−1, and downstrea...
The distribution of four lysosomal integral membrane proteins (LIMPs) in rat basophilic leukemia cells.

Abstract The intracellular distribution of four distinct lysosomal integral membrane proteins (LIMPs), recognized by four monoclonal antibodies, was determined in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. The monoclonal antibodies were generated against hepatocyte LIMPs and have been characterized previously (Barriocanal et al. , 1986a, b). Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that all four LIMPs are found in secretory vesicles of RBL cells. Ultrastructural immunolocalization, using a pre-embedding peroxidase technique, confirmed these results and also showed the distribution of LIMPs 1 and 4 at the cell surface. The relative, cell surface concentrations of the four LIMPs was determined using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). In resting RBL cells the concentration of LIMP 1 at the cell surface was highest, followed by LIMP 4. LIMPs 2 and 3 could not be detected at the cell surface. Following stimulation of secretory vesicle exocytosis by A23817, the cell surface concentration of LIMP 4 was increased, whereas the concentration of LIMPs 1–3 remained unchanged. These results are discussed within the context of intracellular sorting during the biogenesis of membrane, secretory vesicle components.
An oxygenator with increased capacity; multiple vertical revolving cylinders.

Conclusions1. An oxygenator consisting of 8 concentric revolving cylinders which utilizes a funnel to deliver the blood into a small cup is described.2. Animal perfusions demonstrate that its efficiency as an oxygenator is high enough to make it possible to perfuse the entire animal body without using an impractically large amount of blood in extra-corporeal circulation.
Fabrication and performance characteristics of high-frequency micromachined bulk acoustic wave quartz resonator arrays

This paper reviews the fabrication and performance of micromachined quartz resonator arrays. Using inductively coupled plasma etching techniques, we have successfully fabricated micromachined quartz resonator arrays with fundamental frequencies in the range of 25?85 MHz in an array format. These resonators have been experimentally evaluated for their performance in viscous (liquid) and viscoelastic (a biomolecular film in liquid) loading conditions. The paper discusses the ultimate sensitivity to mass and other properties of the adsorbates/contacting materials onto high-frequency quartz resonator surfaces. Measuring the frequency and Q-factor changes at the fundamental and third overtone of a 66 MHz resonator upon adsorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein film on a hexadecanethiol functionalized surface, we were able to deduce: (i) the film thickness = 18 nm, (ii) density = 1040 kg m?3, (iii) elastic modulus = 6.7 MPa and (iv) viscosity = 5.5 mPa s. Furthermore, from the adsorption isotherm for the IgG film, two different Langmuir equilibrium constants (K) were deduced. In the low-concentration region K = 2.13 ? 108 M?1 and in the high-concentration region K = 6.53 ? 106 M?1 were obtained. The thickness and density values obtained for IgG are consistent with the bilayer model predicted from interfacial packing of spherical protein molecules as a function of the molecular weight, and K values are consistent with earlier reported values for adsorption of IgG films. This is the first reporting of the elastic modulus and viscosity of IgG films in phosphate buffer solution.
SEM evaluation of etch patterns by three etchants on three porcelains

Three etchants (Super Etch, Stripit, and Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride Gel) were evaluated for their ability to create micromechanical retentive areas in three commercial porcelains (Ceramco II, Mirage, and Vita).
The effect of morphine on responses of ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) neurons to colorectal distension in the rat.

In 49 halothane-anesthetized rats, we characterized the responses of single neurons in the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) to a noxious visceral stimulus (colorectal balloon distension, CRD), and studied the effects of intravenous morphine on these responses using standard extracellular microelectrode recording techniques. One hundred and four neurons were isolated on the basis of spontaneous activity. Fifty-seven (55%) responded to CRD, of which 32% had excitatory and 68% had inhibitory responses. Neurons showed tendencies toward graded responses to graded CRD pressures (20-100 mmHg), with maximum excitation or inhibition occurring at 80 or 100 mmHg, respectively. Responses to noxious (pinch, heat) and innocuous (brush, tap) cutaneous stimuli were studied in 80 of the VLO neurons isolated. Thirty-three (41%) of these neurons (21 CRD-responsive and 12 CRD-nonresponsive) had cutaneous receptive fields, of which 79% were large and bilateral, 18% were small and bilateral, 3% were small and ipsilateral. Ninety-four percent of these neurons responded only to noxious cutaneous stimulation, 6% responded to both noxious and innocuous stimulation. No neurons responded solely to innocuous stimulation. Cumulative doses of morphine (0.0625, 0.125 and 0.25 mg/kg i.v.) produced statistically significant dose-dependent attenuation of neuronal responses to CRD. Naloxone (0.4 mg/kg i.v.) reversed the effects of morphine. Morphine and naloxone had no significant effects on spontaneous activity. These data support the involvement of VLO neurons in visceral nociception.
Multiple Chromosome Triplication in Liatris

A plant with four and one with six extra A chromosomes were discovered in a hybrid swarm involving Liatris aspera and Liatris spicata. In each plant, the extra chromosomes formed trivalents with chromosomes of the normal complement. This pairing behavior indicates that of the ten chromosomes in the complement the plants are triplicate for four and six chromosomes, respectively.
Microwave tomography in the context of complex breast cancer imaging

The notion of applying microwave imaging to breast cancer imaging has been studied at various levels by numerous scientists. The earliest appeal of this concept related to the presumably high property contrast between benign and malignant tissue that was unique to the breast. Subsequent published studies have shown that this assumption was overly simplistic and that the tissue property heterogeneity is considerable within the breast. As we have expanded the clinical use of our microwave tomographic system, we are now using this approach to monitor tumor progressions during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In these cases, while we can still characterize and track the tumor progression, we have observed a new phenomenon. Very often these cancer patients exhibit skin thickening near the tumor site. Our images have reconstructed elevated dielectric properties along the breast surface associated with the accompanying edema. These observations further add to the complex nature of breast dielectric properties and the challenges for imaging them using microwave interrogation.
Pharmacologic Therapy for the Irritable Bowel Syndrome

The management of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains unsatisfactory. For abdominal pain, antispasmodics are, at best, of only modest efficacy. Tricyclic antidepressants in low dose are useful (with the number needed to treat being three), but side effects and patient concerns regarding use of a centrally acting agent for depression remain limitations. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are of uncertain efficacy in IBS. Opioid agonists, especially loperamide, are useful for diarrhea but not for pain in IBS; rebound constipation also remains a problem. Bile salt sequestering agents are not of established value in IBS but seem to be useful clinically in a small group of IBS patients with diarrhea. Aloestron, a 5HT(3) antagonist, should be reserved, if available, for women with severe diarrhea predominant IBS who have failed to respond to conventional therapy, and started at a low dose. Fiber and bulking agents may help constipation in some trials, but the evidence that they are efficacious in IBS is equivocal; they are frequently prescribed as first-line drugs for IBS regardless of the primary bowel disturbance but often increase bloating, gas, and pain. Laxatives are not of established value in IBS but are often taken by patients with constipation predominant IBS. Tegaserod, a partial 5HT(4) agonist, is now available in the United States and other countries for use in women with IBS whose primary bowel symptom is constipation; its efficacy in men and in those with alternating bowel habits is unknown. Probiotics are of uncertain efficacy. Chinese herbal medicine data are insufficient. Other new drugs in development include the cholecystokinin antagonists and novel visceral analgesics. Both current and potential therapies for IBS are reviewed in this article.
An investigation of the tensile strength of nickel-chromium alloy dental solder joints.

Le but de cet article est de determiner la resistance de traction de joints de soudure postceramique et preceramique a un intervalle determine pour trois alliages nickel-chrome. Ces resistances de traction des joints de soudure seront comparees avec les resistances de traction des joints de soudure determines de facon semblable pour un alliage or-palladium
Orbital debris impact simulation using a parallel hybrid particle-element code

Simulations of three dimensional orbital debris impact problems, using a parallel hybrid particle-finite element code, show good agreement with experiment and good speedup in parallel computation. The simulations included single and multi-plate shields as well as aluminum and composite shielding materials, at an impact velocity of eleven kilometers per second.
Cooperative generation of dislocation loops and the brittle-to-ductile transition

A mechanism of cooperative generation of dislocation loops above a critical temperature in loaded solids is described. We model the massive dislocation activity which commences near the crack tip at the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature in terms of this mechanism and show that it can explain the main features of the transition.
The quadratic hazard model for analyzing longitudinal data on aging, health, and the life span

A better understanding of processes and mechanisms linking human aging with changes in health status and survival requires methods capable of analyzing new data that take into account knowledge about these processes accumulated in the field. In this paper, we describe an approach to analyses of longitudinal data based on the use of stochastic process models of human aging, health, and longevity which allows for incorporating state of the art advances in aging research into the model structure. In particular, the model incorporates the notions of resistance to stresses, adaptive capacity, and "optimal" (normal) physiological states. To capture the effects of exposure to persistent external disturbances, the notions of allostatic adaptation and allostatic load are introduced. These notions facilitate the description and explanation of deviations of individuals' physiological indices from their normal states, which increase the chances of disease development and death. The model provides a convenient conceptual framework for comprehensive systemic analyses of aging-related changes in humans using longitudinal data and linking these changes with genotyping profiles, morbidity, and mortality risks. The model is used for developing new statistical methods for analyzing longitudinal data on aging, health, and longevity.
A STUDY OF FOG CLEARING USING A CO2 LASER

Abstract : It has been suggested that haze and fog may be dissipated by using a 10.6 micron laser beam. This radiation is strongly absorbed by liquid water but only weakly absorbed by water vapor. Thus, the laser selectively deposits its energy in the water droplet, ultimately evaporating it. In this paper, the physics of fog removal by a CO2 laser is explored and the possibility of clearing airport runways is evaluated. While initial estimates of the power required to clear a runway are large for present-day laser devices, they may not be excessive requirements for future systems. (Author)
Eliminating spatiotemporal distortions from angular dispersion in noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers

Spatiotemporal aberrations from megahertz-repetition-rate noncollinear optical parametric amplifiers are characterized using spatially resolved spectral interferometry. Pulse-front tilt is eliminated by optimizing the signal's angular gain spectrum, increasing the intensity at focus.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Advanced Prostate Cancer

Complimentary and alternative medicines (CAM) have increased drastically in popularity in the past decade. These are largely in the form of nutritional supplements. Despite a wealth of information sources on the subject, the fundamental problem with CAM therapies is a dearth of evidence-based medicine. Advanced prostate cancer has significant long-term morbidity, and there is a growing interest in alternative and complimentary forms of therapy that will improve the outcomes of patients who have recurrent or advanced prostate cancer while obviating the need for more toxic forms of therapy. In this article we summarize the use of some of the more common CAM nutritional supplements and review the scientific data that are available to support their use.
Tools for atmospheric radiative transfer: Streamer and FluxNet

Two tools for the solution of radiative transfer problems are presented. Streamer is a highly flexible medium spectral resolution radiative transfer model based on the plane-parallel theory of radiative transfer. Capable of computing either fluxes or radiances, it is suitable for studying radiative processes at the surface or within the atmosphere and for the development of remote-sensing algorithms. FluxNet is a fast neural network-based implementation of Streamer for computing surface fluxes. It allows for a sophisticated treatment of radiative processes in the analysis of large data sets and potential integration into geophysical models where computational efficiency is an issue. Documentation and tools for the development of alternative versions of Fluxnet are available. Collectively, Streamer and FluxNet solve a wide variety of problems related to radiative transfer: Streamer provides the detail and sophistication needed to perform basic research on most aspects of complex radiative processes while the efficiency and simplicity of FluxNet make it ideal for operational use.
'Geometric' Viscous Damping Model for Nearly Constant Beam Modal Damping

This paper considers the damped transverse vibration of flexural structures. Viscous damping models available to date, such as proportional damping, suffer from the deficiency that the resulting modal damping is strongly frequency dependent, which is a situation not representative of experiments with built-up structures. The focus model addresses a viscous geometric damping term in which an internal resisting shear force is proportional to the time rate of change of the slope. Separation of variables does not lead directly to a solution of the governing partial-differential equation, although a boundary-value eigenvalue problem for free vibration can nevertheless be posed and solved. For small damping the method of weighted residuals provides an alternate approach to the development of approximate modal equations of motion and estimation of modal damping. In a discretized finite-element context the resulting damping matrix resembles the geometric stiffness matrix used to account for the effects of membran...
Cell migration in the formation of the pronephric duct in Xenopus laevis.

To determine if cell migration is involved in the formation of the pronephric duct in Xenopus, we used morphometry, ablation, and videomicroscopy of vitally stained cells to study duct formation. In St 23–24 (Nieuwkoop and Faber, 1956) embryos, a ridge of cells forms caudal to the pronephric rudiment. The ridge lengthens at approximately the same rate as the embryonic trunk from St 23 to St 31. Ablation experiments demonstrated that the ridge constitutes the pronephric duct rudiment (PDR); when the ridge was ablated at St 23–24, little or no duct formation occurred, whereas a duct formed when the pronephric rudiment was ablated and the ridge left intact. Vital dye injections showed that the PDR forms from the intermediate mesoderm ventral to myotomes IV–VIII. From St 29/30 to St 33/34, the PDR actively elongates along the ventral edge of the myotomes as far as myotome XIV, where it joins the cloaca as the pronephric duct. Videomicroscopy of vitally stained cells showed that the PDR elongates throughout its length and does not incorporate additional cells from the mesoderm over which it elongates. The results strengthen the case for a common mode of pronephric duct formation among amphibian species.
PROPERTIES OF ELECTROPLAX PROTEIN II.

Abstract 1. A particulate fraction from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus was obtained by high speed centrifugation and showed significant binding of dimethyl- [ 14 C]-(+)-tubocurarine at concentrations of 10 −8 −10 −6 MM. 2. Binding was measured by partition dialysis and by centrifugation and it was observed that similar results were obtained with either method. The most marked effects on the binding activity were produced by variations in ionic strength, while variations in pH, temperature and time of exposure produced only slight changes. 3. Attempts to solubilize the components with the binding activity failed and a simple model, thought to contain approximately the same mass and charges, was a much less efficient curare receptor than the electroplax particulate fraction. 4. It was concluded that “the acetylcholine receptor” was not necessarily identical with the curare binding site, and that the method of precipitating receptors with excess drugs was not likely to lead to the isolation of the acetylcholine receptor. 5. It is proposed that an acetylcholine receptor derives its specificity from a spatially oriented matrix consisting of a lipid bilayer and interdigitating proteins. Fragmentation of the matrix into its biochemical components would result in the loss of receptor activity.
Activated protein C resistance in ischemic stroke not due to factor V arginine506-->glutamine mutation.

Background and Purpose Resistance to activated protein C (APC), a natural plasma anticoagulant, is the most common identifiable risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease. One point mutation in coagulation factor V that renders it APC-resistant is found in >90% of APC-resistant venous thrombosis patients. To determine the prevalence of APC resistance and of this factor V mutation in stroke, we screened a group of ischemic stroke patients. Methods Hispanic ischemic stroke patients were screened using two different activated partial thromboplastin time-based assays. One assay using neat patient plasma determined APC resistance, and the other assay using patient plasma diluted into factor V-deficient plasma determined APC-resistant factor V, including the Arg506→Gln mutation. Results were compared with those in 31 Hispanic control subjects of similar ages. Results Six of 63 (9.5%) stroke patients had APC resistance compared with none of 31 (0%) control subjects. No patient or control subject had APC-resis...