cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Severe Coronary Artery Disease with Quadruple and Quintuple Saphenous Vein Grafts: Review of 100 Consecutive Patients

In order to establish the anatomic criteria, the functional results, and the safety of complete myocardial revascularization for severe coronary artery disease, 100 consecutive patients who received four or five saphenous-vein grafts were analyzed. Ages ranged from 37 to 75 years (mean, 56 years). Men predominated by a ratio of 12:1. As an indication of the severity of multiple-vessel disease, 28 percent were in functional class 4, and left ventricular function was classified as good in 47 percent, as fair in 44 percent, and as poor in 8 percent. Coronary arterial scores ranged from 9 to 15 (average, 12.2). Fourteen patients had significant left main coronary arterial obstruction. All 100 patients had grafts to the left anterior descending coronary artery; 96 to the right coronary artery; 94 to the obtuse marginal branch of the circumflex; 78 to a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending; and 27 to the distal circumflex. Operative mortality was 5 percent Nonfatal perioperative myocardial infarction occurred in 10 percent, and only one of these had low cardiac output Follow-up from 5 to 23 months showed 95 percent of the patients to be improved, with 70 percent free of angina. Two late deaths occurred, for an overall mortality of 7 percent.
A finite strain, total Lagrangian finite element solution for metal extrusion problems

Abstract A detailed formulation for finite element analysis of metal forming problems is carried out in this work. It incorporates every aspect of the analysis, including the iterative solution procedures for geometric and material non-linearities, implementation of the material model, and formulation of curved contact surfaces. The finite element formulation is based on a total Lagrangian approach which by-passes the use of the Jaumann stress rate tensor commonly used in the updated Lagrangian formulation. The yield model used is of the Von Mises type with both kinematic and isotropic hardening and is formulated in the Eulerian space. This model is then transformed to the Lagrangian reference frame. Stresses and the plastic strain components are evaluated using an elastic predictor-radial corrector algorithm with subincrementation. The curved contact boundaries are modeled using Hermite parametric curves, although other formulations such as β-splines and Besier parametric curves may also be used with slight modifications. Applicability of these formulations in solving extrusion problems is examined through several runs performed using the UNIFES program developed by the authors. It is shown how the distance between the nodes on the die interface can lead to fluctuations in the extrusion pressure and how the amplitude of these fluctuations may be reduced by mesh refinement. A detailed account of the solution procedures is also provided.
A dry scrubbing model for SO2 removal

Abstract The use of dry injection of sorbents for control of S O2 in conjunction with a fabric filter is currently undergoing evaluation at the large pilot plant level, and is being considered for full scale application. This paper discusses a recently developed model for predicting the removal efficiencies of S O2 as a function of system operating parameters, and utilizing a semi-emperical pore plugging experience to account for the observed reaction die off behavior. The model assumes that the reaction between the gas and the solid occurs in two phases; (1) in a transport-line section where the finely powdered solid is injected and mixed with the flue gases, and (2) across the filter cake which develops at the fabric filter. In the current development of the model, isothermal conditions are assumed. Comparisons between predicted and reported values of S O2 removal are given for the Na2C03—S O2 system
Analytic Method to Derive Wetland Stage-Storage Relationships Using GIS Areas

The relationship between the depression area (A) , volume (V) , and depth of water (h) for wetlands, ponds, and lakes is often required for model studies. Area-depth (A-h) and volume-depth (V-h) relationships for wetlands, ponds, and lakes, which are important inputs to hydrologic models can be developed from detailed surveys and/or bathymetric maps that are costly and labor intensive to produce, or the use of simple geometric models. An analytical approach is introduced to describe wetland stage-storage (V-h) relationships using a single shape parameter, simple geometric data available from geographic information system coverages or field studies, and a power-function model. The dimensionless shape parameter defines the wetland prismatic conic shape, and together with the reference wetland pool area and associated maximum pool depth defines the V-h relationship to a high degree of accuracy. Shape parameters were developed for 42 wetlands to generate V-h relationships for each wetland. The study findings ...
An Analytic Longwave Radiation Formula for Liquid Layer Clouds

Abstract Many Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Cloud System Study (GCSS) intercomparisons of boundary layer clouds have used a convenient but idealized longwave radiation formula for clouds in their large-eddy simulations (LESs). Under what conditions is this formula justified? Can it be extended to midlevel layer clouds? This note first derives the GCSS formula using an alternative method to effective emissivity. A key simplifying assumption is that the cloud is isothermal in the vertical (and horizontal). However, this assumption does not turn out to be overly restrictive in practice. Then the GCSS formula is compared with a detailed numerical code, BugsRad. Sensitivity studies are performed in which cloud properties, cloud altitude, and thermodynamic profiles are modified. Here, the focus is primarily on midlevel, altostratocumulus layers. The results here show that the GCSS formula can be successfully extended to liquid (ice free), midlevel clouds. The GCSS formula produces remarkably ...
Estimating the effect of smoking on birth outcomes using a matched panel data approach

Estimating the casual effect of smoking on birth outcomes is difficult since omitted (unobserved) variables are likely to be correlated with a mother's decision to smoke. While some previous work has dealt with this endogeneity problem by using instrumental variables, this paper instead attempts to estimate the smoking effect from panel data (i.e., data on mothers with multiple births). Panel data sets are constructed with matching algorithms applied to federal natality data. The fixed effects regressions, which control for individual heterogeneity, yield significantly different results from ordinary least squares and previous instrumental variable approaches. The potential inconsistency caused by ‘false matches’ and other violations of the fixed effects strict exogeneity assumption are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase transitions in mesophase macromolecules: The transitions of poly(p-acryloyloxybenzoic acid)

Abstract Poly(p-acryloyloxybenzoic acid) has been obtained in twelve single and two-phase physical states, which include the amorphous glassy and liquid states, the mesomorphic glassy and the mesomorphic liquid states and in addition eight two-phase semicrystalline states (crystal forms I and II). Using mainly differential scanning calorimetry, the transition temperatures, energies and heat capacity changes at the glass transitions have been studied. The time dependency of the glass transition has also been determined. The strongly heating rate dependent amorphous glass transition occurs at 348K (20k min−1 heating rate, ΔCp = 39 JK−1 mol−1), the mesophase glass transition, at 408K (also at 20k min−1, ΔCp = 43 JK−1 mol−1). The latter is less heating rate dependent. The amorphous to mesophase transition occurs between 375 and 475K (ΔH = −4.5 KJ mol−1); the peaks of melting transitions, which are also strongly heating rate dependent, were observed at 573K and 553K (20 K min−1 heating rate) for crystal forms I and II, respectively. The heat of fusion of crystal form I is estimated to be 22 KJ mol−1. There seems to be no partially amorphous-partially mesomorphic state.
Situationism, Skill, and the Rarity of Virtue

The Rarity Thesis is sometimes regarded as a problem for virtue ethics, or as an embarrassing implication of claims made by virtue ethicists. However, as many people have pointed out, Aristotle himself holds that the virtues are rare. So the purportedly problematic Rarity Thesis is in fact affirming an Aristotelian claim! This does not show that rarity is no problem for virtue ethics, but it raises the question of exactly what the problem is. It might be thought that the real trouble for virtue ethics comes from a specifically situationist reason for endorsing the Rarity Thesis, which is a different claim:
Fabrication of vertically standing metal nanowire arrays on silicon substrates using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and polycarbonate (PC) templates

We present a new fabrication method to grow vertically aligned nanowire arrays on a silicon substrate using commercially available anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and polycarbonate (PC) templates. This technique eliminates the preparation procedure of coating one side of the template with a conductive layer, which is required in most template assisted nanowire growth methods. In this study, vertically aligned nanowires with a high aspect ratio of over 10 were fabricated on silicon substrate by electrodeposition, potentially enabling mass production.
A Survey on Practitioner Attitudes Toward Research in Interior Design Education

The purpose of this study was to investigate interior design practitioners' perceived attitudes toward the inclusion of research at the undergraduate and graduate levels, minimum degree requirements for practice and teaching, and the value of the graduate degree in the field of interior design. Interior design practitioners who are members of the American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) were surveyed (n = 250) using an online questionnaire based on several existing scales. The questionnaire was distributed through a primary contact with ASID as an e-mail blast to all members within the organization. As a whole, the participants in this investigation believed that undergraduate and graduate students should have an understanding of research and be able to apply findings to design projects. However, practitioners did not respond positively to positioning the Master of Interior Design (MID) as the first professional degree or to a graduate degree in general as a minimum credential to practice. Some practitioners valued the graduate degree to increase marketability, enhance the prestige of the profession, and provide specialization. Others placed more emphasis on practical experience, continuing education, and innate talent rather than a graduate degree. More educated individuals with advanced degrees who were younger than 40 and were practicing commercial design were significantly more likely to value research. The fact that some educators have been advocating for the MID as the first professional degree for the discipline shows a disconnect between practice and academia.
How can the low levels of DNA sequence variation in regions of the drosophila genome with low recombination rates be explained

Abstract Different regions of the Drosophila genome have very different rates of recombination. For example, near centromeres and near the tips of chromosomes, the rates of recombination are much lower than in other regions. Several surveys of polymorphisms in Drosophila have now documented that levels of DNA polymorphism are positively correlated with rates of recombination; i.e., regions with low rates of recombination tend to have low levels of DNA polymorphism within populations of Drosophila. Three hypotheses are reviewed that might account for these observations. The first hypothesis is that regions of low recombination have low neutral mutation rates. Under this hypothesis between-species divergences should also be low in regions of low recombination. In fact, regions of low recombination have diverged at the same rate as other regions of the genome. On this basis, this strictly neutral hypothesis is rejected. The second hypothesis is that the process of fixation of favorable mutations leads to the observed correlation between polymorphism and recombination. This occurs via genetic hitchhiking, in which linked regions of the genome are swept along with the selectively favored mutant as it increases in frequency and eventually fixes in the population. This hitchhiking model with fixation of favorable mutations is compatible with major features of the data. By assuming this model is correct, one can estimate the rate of fixation of favorable mutations. The third hypothesis is that selection against continually arising deleterious mutations results in reduced levels of polymorphism at linked loci. Analysis of this background selection model shows that it can produce some reduction in levels of polymorphism but cannot explain some extreme cases that have been observed. Thus, it appears that hitchhiking of favorable mutations and background selection against deleterious mutations must be considered together to correctly account for the patterns of polymorphism that are observed in Drosophila.
Mechanistic insights on chaotropic interactions of liophilic ions with basic pharmaceuticals in polar ionic mode liquid chromatography.

Abstract We report for the first time the effect of liophilic mobile phase additives on the mechanism of chiral recognition of basic chiral pharmaceutical on a vancomycin based chiral stationary phase (CSP). Using methanol as the mobile phase and 0.005% formic acid as pH modifier, we evaluated the effect of different concentrations of three types of liophilic anions, formate (HCOO − ), nitrate (NO 3 − ), and acetate (CH 3 COO − ), on enantioresolution (Rs), enantioselectivity ( α ) and retention factor ( k ) of enantiomers of fluoxetine and atenolol. The effect of liophilic ion types on k followed the Hofmeister series: CH 3 COO − > HCOO − > NO 3 − . Increasing concentration from 4 to 20 mM resulted in decreases in Rs and k in accordance to hydrophobicity of the liophilic anion. The effect of temperature or mobile phase composition on enantioseparation was determined at 13–40 °C. For both analytes, standard changes in enthalpy (Δ H °) and entropy (Δ S °) calculated using van’t Hoff plots (ln k against 1/ T ) to varied from −4.99 to −0.63 kJ/mol and −11.82 to 9.47 J/mol, respectively. The van’t Hoff plots showed elution order of the enantiomers of each analyte did not reverse in the temperature range studied. Chiral recognition of the enantiomers of atenolol and fluoxetine in the presence of liophilic ions was enthalpy driven.
Safety, Risk Acceptability, and Morality

The primary aim of this article is to develop and defend a conceptual analysis of safety. The article begins by considering two previous analyses of safety in terms of risk acceptability. It is argued that these analyses fail because the notion of risk acceptability is more subjective than safety, as risk acceptability takes into account potential benefits in a way that safety does not. A distinction is then made between two different kinds of safety—safety qua cause and safety qua recipient—and both are defined in terms of the probability of a loss of value, though the relationship between safety and the probability of loss varies in each case. It is then shown that although this analysis is less subjective than the previously considered analyses, subjectivity can still enter into judgments of safety via the notions of probability and value. In the final section of this article, it is argued that the difference between safety and risk acceptability is important because it corresponds in significant ways to the difference between consequentialist and deontological moral viewpoints.
Species variation in response to dimethylhydrazine.

Abstract In an attempt to develop a model of cancer of the colon in species other than rats, mice, or hamsters, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) was administered intragastrically or subcutaneously to dogs (60, 30, 15, or 5 mg/kg), miniature swine (60 or 30 mg/kg), and guinea pigs (60 or 30 mg/kg). The animals were dosed at weekly intervals to a maximum of 10 times. The carcinogen was hepatotoxic in all three species and caused the death of all animals except at the lowest dosage in each case; toxicity was greatest in the dog. Survivors were observed for 18 months after the final dosing. Hepatic fibrosis was observed in all surviving animals, but neither tumors of the digestive system nor of other systems were found, except in guinea pigs where bile duct cell carcinomas and hepatomas were observed in approximately half of the animals. As a positive control, DMH was administered to rats (30 mg/kg) once each week for 8 weeks. All developed tumors of the colon as expected within 7 months. Results of this preliminary study suggest marked differences in the metabolism of DMH among the various species. Colon tumors occurred only in the species (rat) showing the greatest tolerance for the carcinogen, although such tumors might have developed in the others (swine, dogs, guinea pig) had the observation period been longer.
Hyperreflective sign in resolved cotton wool spots using high-resolution optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography ophthalmoscopy.

Purpose To characterize retinal changes in areas of cotton wool spots (CWSs) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to determine the optical density changes of the retina after CWSs have disappeared clinically. Design Prospective, noninterventional, observational study. Participants Thirty-one patients with CWSs who underwent imaging studies. Methods The study groups included patients with CWSs resulting from diabetic retinopathy (n = 12), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) retinopathy (n = 10), hypertensive retinopathy (n = 3), branch retinal vein occlusion (n = 3), uveitis (n = 2), and radiation retinopathy (n = 1). The single line scan mode of the StratusOCT Model 3000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) was used for imaging of acute CWSs, CWSs 3 months after their resolution, and adjacent normal retina. A fundus photograph served as a template for localization of OCT scanning of CWSs. Retinal tissue reflectivity images were compared across lesion types and time. Additional imaging in 14 patients was performed to localize lesions better and to provide coronal OCT sections using the combined OCT and scanning laser ophthalmoscope. Main Outcome Measures Changes in retinal reflectivity in areas of normal retina and retina with acute and resolved CWSs. Results The average reflectivity of normal retina was 58.4±2.1 dB, the average reflectivity in the area of active CWSs was 62.6±2.5 dB, and the average reflectivity in the same area after CWSs resolved was 61.0±2.4 dB. A significant difference ( P Conclusions Acute CWSs show a hyperreflective pattern on OCT. As they become ophthalmoscopically invisible, the OCT still shows signs of hyperreflectivity in the areas of previous CWSs (hyperreflective sign). The authors observed the same phenomenon using 2 imaging machines.
Population characteristics of pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes & Richardson, )) in the Lower Missouri River

Summary Population characteristics of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River are relatively unknown. Therefore, data collected from the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program was synthesized to (i) document the population structure of pallid sturgeon by origin (hatchery-reared or wild), gender, and reproductive readiness, (ii) document the minimum size and age-at-maturity by gender, and (iii) document the fecundity rates of the fish that were successfully spawned in the hatchery. During this 4-year study (2008–2011), relative abundance for wild and hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon collected with gill nets did not significantly change whereas relative abundance for wild fish using trot lines declined significantly. The proportion of hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon increased annually, with the population being composed primarily of hatchery-reared fish. The proportion of reproductively ready females to non-reproductively ready females was 1 : 2.0, compared to male ratios at 1 : 0.9. Minimum fork length-at-maturity was estimated for females at 788 mm and for males at 798 mm. Minimum age-at-maturity for hatchery-reared released fish was age-9 for females and age-7 for males. Highest relative fecundity, based on the ovosomatic index, was 10% with an overall mean of 7%. The number of eggs per ml (egg size) was not correlated with fork length (P = 0.0615) or weight (P = 0.0957). Relative condition factor (Kn) for females was significantly different by reproductive condition (P = 0.0014) and Kn for males did not differ between reproductive conditions (P = 0.2634). Detecting shifts in population characteristics are essential not only to understand population dynamics since hatchery inputs and natural perturbations continue to change the population structure but also to assess species recovery efforts to ensure long-term species sustainability.
Harnessing the SHM of ocean waves

Renewable energy is such a hot topic today that not only do articles appear in science journals but intelligently written articles concerning this subject also appear in fashion, celebrity, and weekend periodicals. Within this topic are many different solutions being researched and developed to solve the problem(s) of finding a source of enery that is renewable, sustainable, and profitable. Among the most popular are solar pv cells, wind turbines, wave and tidal turbines, nuclear, and even petroleum products derived from daily grown algae. Of all of these, only one solution offers a resource that spas nearly seventy one percent of the earth's surface [1], about 361,300,000 km2, of the oceans of the world. The earth's oceans contain two types of energy — thermal energy received from the sun and absorbed by marine waters, and the kinetic or mechanical energy of moving water: such as waves and tides. Tides are caused by the pull of the moon's gravity field and its distance from earth's surface. Waves on the surface of the sea are formed by winds that blow across the ocean imparting their motion and direction. Strong winds and those that last over long distances cause larger and more powerful waves, which are the type of waves that I hope to capitalize on.
Genetic and biochemical characterization of a human surface determinant on somatic cell hybrids: The 4F2 antigen

We have mapped the gene which codes the species-specific determinant defined by monoclonal antibody 4F2 to human chromosome 11. All human chromosomes, except Y, were included in a group of four humanmouse hybrid lines. Hybrids heterogeneous for 4F2 antigen expression were sorted using the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) to yield populations homogeneous with respect to the presence or absence of this determinant. Isozyme analysis indicated corresponding genetic selection for or against human chromosome 11. This map assignment was confirmed using a hybrid line which contained only human chromosome 11. Immunoprecipitation of the 4F2 determinant from the 11 only hybrid resulted in a heavy subunit of molecular weight (Mr)=100,000 and a light subunit of Mr=41,000. This contrasts with results obtained from nonhybrid human cells of different lineages. These results demonstrate the importance of FACS techniques in the rapid mapping of genes which code human cell surface antigens.
Learning and social change: using interviews as tools to prompt reflection on practice

This article argues that interviewing is a process in which interviewees can reflect on critical decisions about their academic careers. Reflective practice is a course of action where a person ponders significant incidents in her or his life. In so doing, she or he can make critical decisions about her or his own well-being. Drawing on our experiences collecting qualitative data for ADVANCE Purdue, an NSF-funded project to increase the number and success of women faculty in STEM academic disciplines, we illustrate how interviews triggered our interviewees to think differently about accessing or interpreting promotion and tenure policies of the university. Hence, we argue that interviews can be considered as a form of reflective practice where interviewees decide to take alternative actions to enhance their well-being. In this paper, we ask: (a) How do interviews trigger new realizations among interviewees?; and (b) How do interviews act as agents of potential social change? Data are derived from semi-str...
Early Development of the Clingfish, Gobiesox strumosus Cope'

Descriptions and illustrations of the egg, early larval stages, and young of the clingfish,Gobiesox strumosus, are presented for the first time. The eggs and early larvae are compared briefly with those of ecologically similar species. Morphometric and meristic data are also provided for 95 specimens ranging from 2.85 to 50 mm total length (T.L.). Skeletal drawings of stained and cleared specimens show propression of ossification. The eggs of the clingfish are laid in empty oyster shells and are distinguished from other ecologically similar species in upper Chesapeake Bay area by their ovate shape. The egg number per cluster ranges from about 300 to 2500. A single cluster may contain eggs in several different developmental stages. The diagnostic feature of the pre-hatching embryo is lack of pigment on the yolk and head and heavy pigmentation on the trunk. Eggs hatch within five to seven days. Chances of survival are much greater for eggs tended by an adult fish throughout the incubation period. The average hatching length of larvae is between 3.4–3.8 mm T.L. with yolk already absorbed, but artificial conditions may cause the embryo to hatch between 2.8–3.4 mm with yolk still present. Diagnostic features include a broad head and laterally compressed body with spatulate tail; large, heavily-pigmented eyes; 10–15 stellate melanophore saddles: and the absence of pigment on the posterior 30 per cent of the body. By 12 mm T.L. the young clingfish, is essentially similar to the adult in appearance, although some osseous structures are still incomplete and pigmentation has not yet developed into the definitive reticulated patterns of the adult. By 40 mm T.L. the clingfish can properly be considered an adult. When measured against standard length, the dependent variables of head length, snout-to-anus length, eye length, disc length, and greatest body depth are seen to be proportional in their rate of growth. The head increases while the eye decreases, relative to body growth.
Inhaled nitric oxide improves exercise capacity in patients with severe heart failure and right ventricular dysfunction

Fourteen cardiac transplant candidates were studied with cardiopulmonary exercise testing at baseline and while breathing nitric oxide (40 ppm). Oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold was improved by breathing nitric oxide in patients with pulmonary hypertension and in patients with an elevated left ventricular end-diastolic volume index.
Low-scale Inflation and Supersymmetry Breaking in Racetrack Models

In many moduli stabilization schemes in string theory, the scale of inflation appears to be of the same order as the scale of supersymmetry breaking. For low-scale supersymmetry breaking, therefore, the scale of inflation should also be low, unless this correlation is avoided in specific models. We explore such a low-scale inflationary scenario in a racetrack model with a single modulus in type IIB string theory. Inflation occurs near a point of inflection in the Kaehler modulus potential. Obtaining acceptable cosmological density perturbations leads to the introduction of magnetized D7-branes sourcing nonperturbative superpotentials. The gravitino mass, m{sub 3/2}, is chosen to be around 30 TeV, so that gravitinos that are produced in the inflaton decay do not affect big-bang nucleosynthesis. Supersymmetry is communicated to the visible sector by a mixture of anomaly and modulus mediation. We find that the two sources contribute equally to the gaugino masses, while scalar masses are decided mainly by anomaly contribution. This happens as a result of the low scale of inflation and can be probed at the LHC.
Concerning the induction of dormancy in spores of Agaricus bisporus.

Abstract An inhibitor of succinic oxidase, γ- l -glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene, appears in the gill tissues of the meadow mushroom, Agaricus bisporus , in temporal relationship with sporulation. This report reviews the morphologic features of spore formation in this species and in this light evaluates the possibility that this inhibitor, by depression of mitochondrial energy production, plays a role in the induction of dormancy in the spores.
The Drosophila melanogaster RPS17 gene encoding ribosomal protein S17

A human ribosomal protein S17 cDNA [Chen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 (1986) 6907-6911] was used as heterologous probe to isolate S17 clones from Drosophila genomic and cDNA recombinant libraries. Five S17 genomic clones were recognized; all contained overlapping regions of a single chromosomal site. Subsequently the Drosophila RPS17 gene was mapped by in situ hybridization to chromosome 3L, band 67B1-5. The locus spans approximately 1000 bp of DNA and includes four exons. It is preceded by conventional CAAT and TATA RNA polymerase II promoter motifs. The 131 amino acid protein encoded within Drosophila RPS17 is similar to ribosomal proteins from several other eukaryotes. Comparison of eukaryotic S17 proteins' primary structures as well as the number and location of their genes' intervening sequences suggest that S17 is a relatively recent addition to the ribosomal protein family, probably post-dating divergence of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
What Is a Good Forecast? An Essay on the Nature of Goodness in Weather Forecasting

Abstract Differences of opinion exist among forecasters—and between forecasters and users—regarding the meaning of the phrase “good (bad) weather forecasts.” These differences of opinion are fueled by a lack of clarity and/or understanding concerning the nature of goodness in weather forecasting. This lack of clarity and understanding complicates the processes of formulating and evaluating weather forecasts and undermines their ultimate usefulness. Three distinct types of goodness are identified in this paper: 1) the correspondence between forecasters’ judgments and their forecasts (type 1 goodness, or consistency), 2) the correspondence between the forecasts and the matching observations (type 2 goodness, or quality), and 3) the incremental economic and/or other benefits realized by decision makers through the use of the forecasts (type 3 goodness, or value). Each type of goodness is defined and described in some detail. In addition, issues related to the measurement of consistency, quality, and value ar...
Application of graph theory to the synthesis of single-contact networks

Abstract This paper considers one special type of switching network, namely, the single contact (SC) network. A minimal set of definitions is introduced, and several known theorems, which are useful in the later development, are stated without proof. Certain functional transformations are then derived. Based on these functional transformations, a set of necessary realizability conditions are developed. From these realizability conditions, several theorems are obtained which may be used as part of the procedure in the synthesis of SC networks.
Antimalarial activity of aureomycin against Plasmodium gallinaceum in the chick.

SummaryAureomycin acted as a causal prophylactic and was therapeutically active against erythrocytic parasites and late exoerythrocytic forms of P. gallinaceum in the chick.
Immunogold localization of nodule-specific uricase in developing soybean root nodules

Immunogold labeling was used to study the time of appearance and distribution of a nodule-specific form of uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) in developing nodules of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. The enzyme was detected in thin sections of tissue embedded in either L R White acrylic resin or Spurr's epoxy resin, by employing a polyclonal antibody preparation active against a subunit of soybean nodule uricase. Antigenicity was better preserved in L R White resin, but ultrastructure was better maintained in Spurr's. Uricase was first detectable with protein A-gold in young, developing peroxisomes in uninfected cells, coincident with the release of Bradyrhizobium bacteroids from infection threads in adjacent infected cells. As the peroxisomes enlarged, labeling of the dense peroxisomal matrix increased. Gold particles were never observed over the paracrystalline inclusions of peroxisomes, however. Despite a close association between enlarging peroxisomes and tubular endoplasmic reticulum, uricase was not detectable in the latter. In mature nodules, labeling of uricase was limited to the large peroxisomes in uninfected cells. Small peroxisome-like bodies present in infected cells did not become labeled.
Performance Assurance via Software Rejuvenation: Monitoring, Statistics and Algorithms

We present three algorithms for detecting the need for software rejuvenation by monitoring the changing values of a customer-affecting performance metric, such as response time. Applying these algorithms can improve the values of this customer-affecting metric by triggering rejuvenation before performance degradation becomes severe. The algorithms differ in the way they gather and use sample values to arrive at a rejuvenation decision. Their effectiveness is evaluated for different sets of control parameters, including sample size, using simulation. The results show that applying the algorithms with suitable choices of control parameters can significantly improve system performance as measured by the response time.
Simultaneous Discovery of Reusable Detectors and Subroutines Using Genetic Programming

This paper describes an approach for automatically decomposing a problem into subproblems and then automatically discovering reusable subroutines, and a way of assembling the results produced by these subroutines in order to solve a problem. The approach uses genetic programming with automatic function definition. Genetic programming provides a way to genetically breed a computer program to solve a problem. Automatic function definition enables genetic programming to define potentially useful subroutines dynamically during a run. The approach is applied to an illustrative problem. Genetic programming with automatic function definition reduced the computational effort required to learn a solution to the problem by a factor of 2.0 as compared to genetic programming without automatic function definition. Similarly, the average structural complexity of the solution was reduced by about 21%.
Work in progress - Designing an elective course on fault tolerant systems, aiming partnership between industry and academia

The present globalization trends and needs drive universities offering engineering degrees to find new avenues in the programs that they are offering, in order to be attractive for their prospective students and competitive on the job market. Universities and departments within universities are concerned about the curricula, the type and content of offered courses. Under these auspices, the elective courses have to be chosen carefully, providing the students with updated topics, research opportunities and the skills needed by today's demanding industry. An elective course on the Design of Fault tolerant Systems is the main focus of this paper, trying to relate the topics of the course to the industry's needs as much as possible. What the course will try to bring new is a set of integrated laboratories using industrial CAD tools performing various dependability (reliability, availability, safety) analyses, Fault Tree Analysis and Failure Modes, Effects and Criticality Analysis.
Academic and Psychosocial Antecedents of Academic Performance for Minority and Nonminority College Football Players

This study investigated the effects of academic and psychosocial variables on the academic performance of minority and nonminority college student athletes. Analyses revealed that higher levels of competitive trait anxiety and negative life stress were associated with lower fall-term grade point averages for certain nonminority athletes. The academic variable was weakly related to the academic performances of minority and not related to nonminority football players' performances. These findings call into question the use of standardized test scores for predicting academic performance and suggest that academic counselors may want to consider the effects of noncognitive variables in their work with student athletes.
Time-course measurements of phosphorus depletion and cyst formation in the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour

Abstract Time-course measurements were made during the transition from asexual to sexual reproduction and cyst formation in phosphorus-limited batch cultures of the dinoflagellate Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour. The initial phase of growth was predominantly asexual, during which time the intracellular and extracellular phosphorus pools decreased steadily in the light and the dark. Cellular P dropped to a subsistence cell quota of 27 pg · cell−1 as division ceased. This gradual decrease in cellular P in the presence of micro-molar PO43− concentrations suggests that this species may encyst in natural waters in response to nutrient limitation at concentrations above analytical detection limits. As the cells approached plateau phase, asexual growth ceased and sexual reproduction occurred, marked by: 1. (1) an initial decrease in average cell diameter; 2. (2) a subsequent increase in diameter through time as gametes fused, forming swimming zygotes (planozygotes); and 3. (3) a possible surge in division rate. Although the motile population appeared to reach a typical plateau or stationary growth phase, the population was changing in composition as planozygotes formed and cysts fell from suspension. Planozygote numbers increased gradually over a 4-day interval, followed 6 days later by a parallel increase in cyst numbers. These gradual increases indicate that gamete formation and/or fusion did not occur in sudden, synchronized fashion, or alternatively that the duration of planozygote development varied as the batch cultures aged. Approximately 20% of all motile cells successfully completed encystment.
Factors Determining Prevalence of Maternal Antibody to Measles Virus throughout Infancy: A Review

The effectiveness of vaccination against measles, the leading cause of vaccine-preventable deaths in infants globally, is greatly impacted by the level of maternal antibody to measles virus (or "measles maternal antibody"; MMA) during infancy. Variation in the prevalence of maternal antibody to measles virus between infant populations across countries and sociodemographic strata is poorly understood. We reviewed the literature on the prevalence of MMA, focusing on 3 principal determinants: starting level of maternal antibody, placental transfer of maternal antibody, and rate of decay of maternal antibody after birth. Our review identified placental transfer as an important determinant, with greater efficiency found in studies performed in developed countries. Placental transfer was influenced by gestational age, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and malaria. Antibody levels in mothers varied widely between countries, although predictably according to vaccination status within populations. Rates of antibody decay across studies were similar. Future studies should evaluate the utility of the cord blood level of MMA as a predictor of vaccine efficacy in infancy; inclusion of World Health Organization international reference sera will facilitate comparisons. Greater understanding of the determinants of the prevalence of MMA will help national policy makers determine the appropriate age for measles vaccination.
An Evaluation of Survey Methods for Estimating Northern Bobwhite Abundance in Southern Texas

Abstract Distance sampling has been identified as a reliable and well-suited method for estimating northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) density. However, distance sampling using walked transects requires intense sampling to obtain precise estimates, thus making the technique impractical for large acreages. Researchers have addressed this limitation by either resorting to the use of indices (e.g., morning covey-call surveys) or incorporating the use of aerial surveys with distance sampling. Both approaches remain relatively untested. Our objectives were to 1) compare density estimates among morning covey-call surveys, helicopter transects, and walked transects; 2) test a critical assumption of distance sampling pertinent to helicopter surveys (i.e., all objects on line are detected); and 3) evaluate the underlying premise of morning covey-call surveys (i.e., that the no. of calling coveys correlates with bobwhite density). Our study was conducted on 3 study sites in Brooks County, Texas, USA, during Oct...
Effect of web-browsing interfaces in web-based instruction: a quantitative study

Two major problems were identified in reviewing current research in Web-based instruction: 1) assessment of irrelevant learning outcome variables and 2) weak methodological design in conducting quantitative research. This quantitative study was designed to investigate whether different types of Web-browsing interface in Web-based instruction influence students' learning achievement of varied educational objectives. The studied interfaces were 1) browser scroll, 2) frame-based, and 3) pop-up-window interfaces. This study also investigated a potential interaction between the interface and students' prior knowledge, since prior knowledge had long been considered an important learning variable for acquiring new information. A total of 137 undergraduate students participated in the study. A statistical multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze collected data. Results showed significant main effects of independent variables in all criterion tests except for the treatment effect on a comprehension knowledge test.
Predicting Evolutionary Potential. I. Predicting the Evolution of a Lactose-PTS System in Escherichia coli

Genomes contain not only information for current biological functions, but also information for potential novel functions that may allow the host to adapt to new environments. The field of experimental evolution studies that potential by selecting for novel functions and deducing the means by which the function evolved, but until now it has not attempted to predict the outcomes of such experiments. Here I present a model system that is being developed specifically to examine the issue of what kind of information is most useful in predicting how novel functions will evolve. The system is the evolution of a Lac-PTS transport system and a phospho-beta-galactosidase hydrolase system as a novel pathway for metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli. Two kinds of information, sequence-based phylogenetic inference and biochemical activity, are considered as predictors of which E. coli genes will evolve the required new functions. Both biochemical data and phylogenetic inference predict that the cryptic celABC genes, which currently specify a PTS-beta-glucoside transport system, are most likely to evolve into a PTS-lactose transport system. Phylogenetic inference predicts that the bglA gene, which currently specifies a phospho-beta-glucosidase, is most likely to evolve into a phospho-beta-galactosidase. In contrast, biochemical data predict that the cryptic bglB gene, which also currently specifies a phospho-beta-glucosidase, is most likely to evolve into a phospho-beta-galactosidase.
Massive Atrial Septal Lipomatous Hypertrophy.

A 73-year-old man was referred for aortocoronary bypass surgery. Before the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, routine intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed. Unexpectedly, a large, lobulated, homogenous mass was noted to fill the right atrium (RA). It had a broad base of attachment to the interatrial septum but spared the fossa ovalis (Fig. 1). The surgical procedure then was modified. In addition to the planned triple bypass grafting, atriotomy of the right atrial free wall was performed. On opening the RA, a large, multilobulated, smooth, yellow, fatty mass filling the RA was noted. It had no pedicle but had a broad attachment to the interatrial septum in the high RA. Subsequently, resection of the right atrial mass together with excision of a small margin of adjacent endocardium was performed. This was followed by repair of the atrial septum. A surgical specimen (Fig. 2) revealed a large (12.5 X 6.5 cmj multilobulated mass. Microscopy of the specimen revealed a mass entirely made of mature adipose tissue without signs of malignancy. The fatty mass extended between myocardial fibers at the point of attachment to the atrial septum. It was partially covered with normal endocardium. No definitive capsule was recognized. The finding is consistent with
Hypermedia and governance in Saudi Arabia

The advent of new media has altered the information dynamics that shape public discourse. Convergence, miniaturization, personalization, interactivity, and mobility have blurred the boundaries between producers, consumers, and regulators of information. The role and impact of old mass media such as radio, television and the press, has changed as a result of their interaction with electronic mail, cellular phones, digital cameras, among others. Through an examination of public discourse surrounding Star Academy, the most popular and most controversial program in Arab television history, this article explores how dynamics of information among different media have shaped the Arab public sphere. Based on five months of fieldwork in 2004, the analysis focuses on electronic fatwas, press commentary, new legislation to “protect morality”, SMS messages from fans, cellular phone voting, participatory television talk–shows, and media marketing strategies. The article examines new articulations among political, cultural religious and commercial factors that have been enabled by new technologies and the impact of these interactions on Arab public discourse. The analysis suggests a model of inter–media dynamics.
Sonar-induced temporary hearing loss in dolphins

There is increasing concern that humanproduced ocean noise is adversely affecting marine mammals, as several recent cetacean mass strandings may have been caused by animals’ interactions with naval ‘mid-frequency’ sonar. However, it has yet to be empirically demonstrated how sonar could induce these strandings or cause physiological effects. In controlled experimental studies, we show that mid-frequency sonar can induce temporary hearing loss in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Mild-behavioural alterations were also associated with the exposures. The auditory effects were induced only by repeated exposures to intense sonar pings with total sound exposure levels of 214 dB re: 1 mPa 2 s. Data support an increasing energy model to predict temporary noise-induced hearing loss and indicate that odontocete noise exposure effects bear trends similar to terrestrial mammals. Thus, sonar can induce physiological and behavioural effects in at least one species of odontocete; however, exposures must be of prolonged, high sound exposures levels to generate these effects.