cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Multibody Systems with Uncertainties. Part I: Theoretical and Computational Aspects

This study explores the use of generalized polynomial chaos theory for modeling complex nonlinear multibody dynamic systems in the presence of parametric and external uncertainty. The polynomial chaos framework has been chosen because it offers an efficient computational approach for the large, nonlinear multibody models of engineering systems of interest, where the number of uncertain parameters is relatively small, while the magnitude of uncertainties can be very large (e.g., vehicle-soil interaction). The proposed methodology allows the quantification of uncertainty distributions in both time and frequency domains, and enables the simulations of multibody systems to produce results with “error bars”. The first part of this study presents the theoretical and computational aspects of the polynomial chaos methodology. Both unconstrained and constrained formulations of multibody dynamics are considered. Direct stochastic collocation is proposed as less expensive alternative to the traditional Galerkin approach. It is established that stochastic collocation is equivalent to a stochastic response surface approach. We show that multi-dimensional basis functions are constructed as tensor products of one-dimensional basis functions and discuss the treatment of polynomial and trigonometric nonlinearities. Parametric uncertainties are modeled by finite-support probability densities. Stochastic forcings are discretized using truncated Karhunen-Loeve expansions. The companion paper “Modeling Multibody Dynamic Systems With Uncertainties. Part II: Numerical Applications” illustrates the use of the proposed methodology on a selected set of test problems. The overall conclusion is that despite its limitations, polynomial chaos is a powerful approach for the simulation of multibody systems with uncertainties.
ON TWO-DIMENSIONAL MANIFOLDS WITH CONSTANT GAUSSIAN CURVATURE AND THEIR ASSOCIATED EQUATIONS

The components for the frame field of a two-dimensional manifold with constant Gaussian curvature are determined for arbitrary nonzero curvature. The components of the frame fields are found from the structure equations and lead to specific nonlinear equations which pertain to surfaces with specific values of the Gaussian curvature. For negative curvature, the equation is of sine-Gordon type, and for positive curvature it is of sinh-Gordon type. The integrability and Backlund properties of these equations are then investigated by studying a differential ideal of two-forms which leads to the equations. As a consequence of studying the prolongation structure of each equation, a Lax pair and Backlund transformation are obtained.
Moving window detection for discrete data (Corresp.)

The moving window detection procedure for discrete data is studied. Bounds for the probabilities and expected values of the waiting time for a detection are derived. The bounds are evaluated for independent identically distributed zero-one Bernoulli trials, binomial, and Poisson random variables, and also for the two-state stationary Markov chain. The results are applicable to the theory of radar detection, time sharing systems, and quality control.
Clinical results and quality of life analysis for the MVAC combination (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin) in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: A Gynecologic Oncology Group study

Abstract Objectives. The Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) compared methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) with topotecan and cisplatin (TC) or cisplatin alone (C) in advanced cervical cancer. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), with response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and quality of life (QOL) as secondary objectives. Methods. Eligible patients were randomly allocated to receive either cisplatin 50 mg/m 2 q 3 weeks (C) or cisplatin 50 mg/m 2 day 1 and topotecan 0.75 mg/m 2 days 1–3 q 3 weeks (TC) or methotrexate 30 mg/m 2 days 1, 15, and 22, vinblastine 3 mg/m 2 days 2, 15, and 22, doxorubicin 30 mg/m 2 day 2, and cisplatin 70 mg/m 2 day 2 q 4 weeks (MVAC). QOL was assessed at four time points using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Cervix (FACT-Cx), Neurotoxicity Subscale (FACT/GOG-NTX subscale), and Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). Results. One hundred eighty-six patients (C = 60; TC = 63; MVAC = 63) were enrolled before MVAC was closed by the GOG Data Safety Monitoring Board after four treatment-related deaths occurred on that arm. MVAC produced a 22% overall response rate (95% CI: 0.13 to 0.34) and median PFS and OS of 4.4 months and 9.4 months, respectively. Compared with C and TC, there was more hematologic toxicity with MVAC. There were no appreciable differences in QOL scores after controlling for baseline scores. Conclusions. MVAC's clinical activity tended to be similar to that of TC but with an unacceptable risk of death from sepsis at this dose and schedule. Nevertheless, QOL, as measured by these instruments, was not substantially impaired by this regimen.
Too Few or Too Many Dermatologists?: Difficulties in Assessing Optimal Workforce Size

Discussions of the dermatology workforce have been dominated in the last 3 decades by concerns of an impending surplus. The aim of this article is to provide new data on the supply of dermatologists and to reassess estimates of future demand in light of growing anecdotal evidence suggesting a shortage. The US supply of dermatologists has risen to 3.3 per 100000 population, and this growing workforce continues to be geographically maldistributed. A number of factors, including a possible increase in the number of surgical and cosmetic procedures being performed, might make this growing supply less available for the care of medical dermatology patients, complicating any supply projections. Precise estimates of future demand are also difficult because changes in disease prevalence, medical technology, and the health care delivery system are not always predictable. In an era when regulatory bodies are making more centralized decisions about residency training, the field must attempt to estimate and anticipate future needs. Simply allowing others to make decisions about the future size of the workforce based on outdated data risks an oversupply or undersupply, either of which will have detrimental effects on dermatologists and their patients. Workforce research in dermatology and in medicine at large has generated successive alternating panics of shortage and oversupply. While the number of dermatologists can be adjusted more easily than the national supply of all physicians, efforts by numerous committees to predict future needs and plan accordingly have been difficult. Despite decades of data suggesting that all specialties were facing severe overpopulation, increasing anecdotal evidence from physicians and patients suggests that there might actually be a shortage of medical dermatologists.
Information, for testing the equality of two probabilities, from the margins of the 2×2 table

Abstract One justification offered for the use of the P -value of the Fisher Exact Test for comparing two probabilities, which involves conditioning on the margins, is that the margins carry very little if any relevant information. While the margins are conceded to be “almost” ancillary, no one has measured how much information is in the margins. We compare the total information available with the information in the margins. While the total is proportional to the sample size, the information in the margins is almost independent of the sample size, and if anything, tends to decrease as the sample size increases.
A Bold Move Forward for Neoclassical Realism

Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. By Randall Schweller. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. $29.95 (ISBN: 0-691-12425-6). Berating Kenneth Waltz for his “balancing proposition's” lack of predictive specificity has become a cottage industry among international relations theorists. What started with sympathetic emendations from Stephen Walt (1987) has blossomed into a scathing series of critiques of this core Waltzian proposition that the anarchic structure of the international system conditions states to respond to any accumulation of power by forming balancing coalitions. A recent volume edited by John Vasquez and Colin Elman (2003) is dedicated to exploring the validity of the balancing proposition. In it, Vasquez (2003), among others, contends that the lack of predictive specificity in Waltz serves to render the whole enterprise of structural neorealism into a degenerative research program—that is, one that provides no new knowledge but only creates loopholes that allow the agenda to survive another day. Unanswered Threats , by Randall Schweller, joins this cavalcade of voices criticizing Waltz, but it does so in a more constructive manner. Unlike other recent criticisms, Schweller posits an alternative theoretical explanation for state behavior in these situations. Schweller's explanation is less parsimonious than Waltz's original balancing proposition, but it has the merit of not only explaining previous anomalies in structural neorealism, but of offering testable hypotheses of its own. The core question in Unanswered Threats is why, despite the frequency of unbalanced power, does power balancing happen so infrequently. In other words, why do states “underbalance”? Schweller's answer goes beyond the specifics of this question to explore the question of effective resource mobilization more broadly. He argues that …
MEASURING SOCIAL DESIRABILITY AMONG SENIOR MEDICAL STUDENTS

The purpose of the study was to assess the role of medical students' social desirability scores on influencing their attitudes toward either a geriatric or hypochondriac patient. To carry out this investigation, we developed a social desirability scale that was domain-specific for medicine. Students' medical social desirability scores predicted negative attitudes and beliefs toward the geriatric but not the hypochondriac patient. This difference suggests that medical students find it acceptable to dislike the hypochondriac as a patient but not the elderly person. Social desirability scores were inversely related to Machiavellan scores, suggesting that medical students with a Machivellian response pattern tended to view their role as a physician in a less idealized way. Students who scored highest on social desirability tended to choose obstetrics-gynecology for their future career and those with the lowest scores either pathology or surgical subspecialties. Research with this scale should help access social desirability's role in medical students' in managing the impression they leave with patients.
On Fragility of Generalizations of Factoriality

Any class of domains, in particular a class of domains that arises from generalizations of factoriality, invites questions about its stability under the standard operations. One of these generalizations of factoriality is the one that requires that every nonzero element be contained in only finitely many principal prime ideals of height one. We use this property to settle all the open cases in the literature on stability of generalizations of factoriality under the standard ring extensions. The paper provides a compendium on the stability, under ring extensions, of all the known generalizations of factoriality. We also use stability properties of factorization in extensions of valuation domains to give a new characterization of discrete valuation domains.
A quasiclassical trajectory study of bond specific chemistry in the reaction H+HOD→H2+OD, HD+OH

Abstract We present a quasiclassical trajectory study of H+HOD(ν 1 , ν 2 , ν 3 ) with an emphasis on how the reaction cross section and the branching between OH and OD products varies with the initial vibrational state of HOD and with relative translational energy. Comparison of the results for initial states (100) and (001) with recent measurements by Zare and co-workers, and for the 4ν OH overtone with recent measurements by Crim and co-workers indicates good qualitative agreement.
Adaptive regulation of MDCK cell taurine transporter (pNCT) mRNA: Transcription of pNCT gene is regulated by external taurine concentration

NaCl-dependent taurine transporter (pNCT) activity of MDCK cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney) is up- or down-regulated by medium taurine manipulation. In this study we found that the abundance of pNCT mRNA was up- or down-regulated after cells were incubated in media containing 0 microM taurine or 500 microM taurine for 24 h. Down-regulation was observed after 12 h exposure to high taurine (500 microM) and mRNA abundance was appreciably reduced after 72 h exposure. Nuclear run-off assays show that the gene for pNCT is induced at the transcriptional level by taurine. Addition of cycloheximide blocked the adaptive response and reduced transcription of pNCT mRNA in MDCK cells. Cycloheximide had virtually no effect on pNCT mRNA stability, suggesting that ongoing protein synthesis is required for adaptive regulation of pNCT gene transcription.
“It helps me get closer to their writing experience” Classroom ethnography and the role of technology in third-year FL courses

Abstract Research has shown a disjunction between language instruction at the lower and upper levels of foreign language (FL) study. Whereas lower-division courses focus on grammatical patterns, upper-level courses focus on specific content. The third-year writing course is in a unique position to help learners prepare for the types of learning that they will encounter in more advanced language use contexts. Using grounded classroom ethnography, this multiple case study of two classrooms chronicles how a collaborative partnership between an instructor and an applied linguist facilitated the integration of two types of technology into a third-year Spanish writing course at a North American University. Technology was carefully chosen based on pedagogical considerations and teacher goals. Students in these courses included a mixture of heritage and FL Spanish learners with a mean age of 21 years. Findings included four ways that technology played a role in third-year Spanish language learning, including as: (a) a way to alleviate their workloads, (b) a motivator, (c) a way to improve the quality and quantity of feedback students received in the course, and in some cases (d) antagonistic to language learning. Implications of classroom ethnography for research on blended learning are drawn.
Influence of Lewis Acid and Solvent in the Hydrosilylation of Aldehydes and Ketones with Et3SiH; Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane B(C6F5)3 versus Metal Triflates [M(OTf)3; M = Sc, Bi, Ga, and Al] – Mechanistic Implications

The scope of the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed hydrosilylation of (X)Ph–CH=O and (X)Ph–C(R)=O was expanded to include a large set of substitutents (X = H, p-Me, o-Me, p-F, o-F, p-Cl, p-Br, p-NO2, m-NO2, p-Et; R = Me or CF3). Reactions proceed at room temperature with high chemoselectivity in a host of solvents (toluene, benzene, CCl4, 1,2-dichloroethane, and methylcyclohexane), or under solventless conditions, with hydrosilylation yields ranging from 85 to 95 % (for aldehydes) and 71 to 100 % (for ketones) and no noticeable solvent dependency of hydrosilylation yields. Replacing B(C6F5)3 for M(OTf)3 (M = Bi, Al, Ga, Sc) causes a dramatic change in chemoselectivity, forming dibenzyl ether and benzylated solvent (with toluene and benzene), with hydrosilylation products becoming negligible in most cases. The M(OTf)3-catalyzed reactions thus represent a practical method for the synthesis of dibenzyl ethers. Remarkably, substantial amounts of dibenzyl ether was formed in the B(C6F5)3-catalyzed reactions, when MeCN was used as solvent. Mechanistic implications of these Lewis acid catalyzed reactions are discussed.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The Mechanism of the Slippage Approach to Rotaxanes. Origin of the “All-or-Nothing” Substituent Effect†

Heating a solution of the circular bis-p-phenylene-34-crown-10 and a dumbbell-shaped bipyridinium component, terminated at both ends by 4-R-phenyl-bis(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)methane-based stoppers, affords the corresponding [2]rotaxane when R is equal to H, Me, and Et, following the slippage of the macrocycle over the stoppers of the dumbbell. By contrast, no [2]rotaxane is obtained when R is equal to i-Pr. Computational investigations with the AMBER* force field provide an explanation of this dramatic substitutent effect. The phenomenon was simulated by the passage of the bis-p-phenylene-34-crown-10 macrocycle over four 4-R-phenyl-bis(4-tert-butyl-phenyl)methane model stoppers. For R equal to H, Me, Et, and i-Pr, there are two main energy barriers which have to be surpassed in order to permit the passage of the macrocycle over the bulky stoppers. When R is equal to H or Me, the rate-determining step is the passage of the macrocycle over a t-Bu-C6H4- ring. By contrast, when R is equal to Et or i-Pr, the rate...
Ecotoxicology for risk assessment in arid zones: some key issues.

In the hot arid zones of the world, ecotoxicological research is in statu nascendi. In these zones, the major sources of contamination by toxicants are: (1) plant protection and vector control in wet zones; (2) large-scale crop protection campaigns in dry and ephemeral wet zones; (3) refuse and obsolete pesticides in dry zones; and (4) mining. Economic development in many of these zones requires an adequate knowledge of certain basic principles, i.e., where extrapolating existing knowledge does not apply. The vulnerability of ecosystems to contaminants is closely related to water flow. In dry areas, species are susceptible to factors that interfere with the ecophysiological properties regulating water loss. Most hot arid areas are found at low latitudes where temperatures show striking extremes both in time and space. Living organisms are physiologically resistant and/or show adaptive behavior to these temperature extremes. Very little is known about the effects of toxicants on these key resistant and adaptive functions, although by extrapolation a few assumptions can be made. The effects of hyperthermia, for instance, can be aggravated by GSH depleting substances, and the temporary disabling effects characteristic of many pesticides may prove fatal under these circumstances. Most wet areas show a spatial concentration of both human activity and wildlife. In mesic zones, the contamination of water represents a health risk to both humans and other living organisms. The vast majority of aquatic communities are those inhabiting temporary pools and streams. Their populations are characterized by short reproductive cycles and/or long dormant stages. Toxicants affecting growth in these areas have been shown to have a deleterious effect. In a synthesis of existing knowledge the most prominent gaps are identified and priorities for further research are made.
Changes in left ventricular systolic performance immediately after percutaneous aortic balloon valvuloplasty

To evaluate the acute changes in left ventricular (LV) performance before and immediately after percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty, 25 patients underwent first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography for construction of pressure-volume loops. Simultaneously, high-fidelity micromanometric aortic and LV pressures were recorded. Echocardiographic wall thickness was used to define wall stress. After valvuloplasty, no acute changes were observed in the heart rate, aortic systolic pressure, cardiac output or degree of aortic insufficiency. Valvuloplasty decreased the peak aortic valve gradient from 73 to 40 mm Hg (p < 0.001) and the mean gradient from 61 to 30 mm Hg (p < 0.001); aortic valve area increased from 0.55 to 0.80 cm2 (p < 0.001). Meridional end-systolic wall stress decreased from 83 to 55 × 103 dynes/cm2 (p < 0.01). LV ejection fraction increased from 0.41 to 0.48 (p < 0.01). LV end-diastolic volume decreased from 186 to 160 ml (p < 0.001), end-systolic volume decreased from 115 to 87 ml (p < 0.001) and end-diastolic pressure decreased from 22 to 17 mm Hg (p < 0.01). LV stroke work decreased from 16.0 to 14.0 × 106 erg (p < 0.001). No change was observed in peak positive LV soldPdt or the end-systolic pressure-volume ratio. This study documents variable and complex changes in the measures of cardiac function after aortic valvuloplasty. A decrease in the amount of LV outflow obstruction with maintenance of the cardiac output at a decreased level of LV filling occurs.
Bullet wound of the heart, with coronary artery ligation

Abstract 1. 1. Serial electrocardiograms, made after ligation of the anterior descending branch of the left cororary artery, which had been severed by a bullet, are reported. This is the third case in which chest leads were recorded after a heart wound in man. 2. 2. Persistent ventricular extrasystoles and Q- and T-wave changes were observed, and their nature is discussed. The patient is apparently normal, in spite of persistent abnormalities in the electrocardiogram.
Karyopherin binding interactions and nuclear import mechanism of nuclear pore complex protein Tpr

Tpr is a large protein with an extended coiled-coil domain that is localized within the nuclear basket of the nuclear pore complex. Previous studies [1] involving antibody microinjection into mammalian cells suggested a role for Tpr in nuclear export of proteins via the CRM1 export receptor. In addition, Tpr was found to co-immunoprecipitate with importins α and β from Xenopus laevis egg extracts [2], although the function of this is unresolved. Yeast Mlp1p and Mlp2p, which are homologous to vertebrate Tpr, have been implicated in mRNA surveillance to retain unspliced mRNAs in the nucleus[3, 4]. To augment an understanding of the role of Tpr in nucleocytoplasmic trafficking, we explored the interactions of recombinant Tpr with the karyopherins CRM1, importin β and importin α by solid phase binding assays. We also investigated the conditions required for nuclear import of Tpr using an in vitro assay. We found that Tpr binds strongly and specifically to importin α, importin β, and a CRM1 containing trimeric export complex, and that the binding sites for importins α and β are distinct. We also determined that the nuclear import of Tpr is dependent on cytosolic factors and energy and is efficiently mediated by the importin α/β import pathway. Based on the binding and nuclear import assays, we propose that Tpr is imported into the nucleus by the importin α/β heterodimer. In addition, we suggest that Tpr can serve as a nucleoporin binding site for importin β during import of importin β cargo complexes and/or importin β recycling. Our finding that Tpr bound preferentially to CRM1 in an export complex strengthens the notion that Tpr is involved in protein export.
Vesicle traffic: Get your coat!

Abstract The budding of transport vesicles from the Golgi complex is initiated by activation of the small GTPase ARF; the discovery of enzymes that can convert soluble ARF–GDP to the active, membrane-associated form ARF–GTP will shed light on the mechanism and regulation of the formation of transport vesicles.
The effects of lossy solvents on quantitative EPR studies

Abstract To examine the correction factors which must be used to compare integrated EPR signal intensities in lossy solutions, we measured the effects of 12 solvents with different dielectric properties on cavity Q, resonant frequency, and integrated signal intensity. We also measured the effect of a quartz Dewar insert on these parameters. When the lossy sample was in a tube with an internal radius of 0.064 cm and the Dewar insert was present in the cavity, cavity Q and unsaturated integrated signal intensity decreased by up to a factor of 3, relative to the values for a nonlossy solvent at the same incident microwave power. The lens effect of the solvent increased the integrated signal intensity by up to 55%. The lens effect of the Dewar insert caused the integrated signal intensity to increase by a factor of 2.48. In the presence of the Dewar insert, cavity Q and resonant frequency were about 2.2 and 3.5 times more sensitive, respectively, to the changes in solvents ϵ′ and ϵ″ than those values in the absence of the Dewar. The lens effects of the solvents were about the same in the presence and absence of the Dewar.
Androgen receptor, estrogen receptor alpha, and estrogen receptor beta show distinct patterns of expression in forebrain song control nuclei of European starlings.

In songbirds, singing behavior is controlled by a discrete network of interconnected brain nuclei known collectively as the song control system. Both the development of this system and the expression of singing behavior in adulthood are strongly influenced by sex steroid hormones. Although both androgenic and estrogenic steroids have effects, androgen receptors (AR) are more abundantly and widely expressed in song nuclei than are estrogen receptors (ERα). The recent cloning of a second form of the estrogen receptor in mammals, ERβ, raises the possibility that a second receptor subtype is present in songbirds and that estrogenic effects in the song system may be mediated via ERβ. We therefore cloned the ERβ complementary DNA (cDNA) from a European starling preoptic area-hypothalamic cDNA library and used in situ hybridization histochemistry to examine its expression in forebrain song nuclei, relative to the expression of AR and ERα messenger RNA (mRNA), in the adjacent brain sections. The starling ERβ cDNA...
Structure of Amylopectins from ae-Containing Maize Starches

Le fractionnement de l'amidon de mais donne de l'amylose, de l'amylopectine et un materiau intermediaire . L'amylopectine ne peut etre precipite par l'alcool isoamylique et le butanol. Les travaux concernant la determination de la structure fine et des branchements de l'amylopectine sont presentes ici.
A Simple Method to Facilitate Difficult Intraaortic Balloon Insertions

Abstract Intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) is the supportive treatment of choice for the management of refractory left ventricular power failure. Concurrent arteriosclerotic disease, however, may make balloon insertion difficult. A new technique of insertion is described in which the proximal dual-chambered balloon is bent to facilitate the negotiation of tortuosities and arteriosclerotic junctures, thereby broadening the application of clinical IABP.
The roles and limitations of robotic surgery for obese endometrial cancer patients: a common challenge in gynecologic oncology

In the United States, the epidemic of obesity is readily apparent in women diagnosed with endometrial cancer, the most common gynecologic malignancy. Overall, the benefits of minimally invasive surgery and its oncologic outcomes are similar among laparoscopy and robotic approaches. However, in stratifying obese patients by BMI, more data is needed on morbidly obese patients and their candidacy for robotic surgery along with the technical challenges of staging procedures. Cost analysis studies targeted specifically to the obese and morbidly obese patient is needed to further justify efforts at promoting robotic surgery in this patient population.
Characterization of Na+/K+/Cl- cotransport in cultured HT29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells.

Abstract A Na + /K + /Cl − cotransport pathway has been examined in the HT29 human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line using 86 Rb as the K congener. Ouabain-resistant bumetanide-sensitive (OR-BS) K + influx in attached HT29 cells was 17.9 ± 0.9 nmol/min per mg protein at 25°C. The identity of this pathway as a Na + /K + /Cl − cotransporter has been deduced from the following findings: (a) OR-BS K + influx ceased if the external Cl − (Cl 0 − ) was replaced by NO 3 − or the external Na + (Na 0 + ) by choline; (b) neither OR-BS 24 Na + nor 36 Cl − influx was detectable in the absence of external K + (K 0 + ); and (c) concomitant measurements of 86 Rb + , 22 Na + , and 36 Cl − influx indicated that the stoichiometry of the cotransport system approached a ratio of 1N + : 1K + :2Cl − . In addition, OR-BS K + influx was exquisitely sensitive to cellular ATP levels. Depletion of the normal ATP content of 35–40 nmol/mg protein to 10–15 nmol/mg protein, a concentration at which the ouabain-sensitive K + influx was unaffected, completely abolished K + cotransport. OR-BS K + influx was slightly reduced by the divalent cations Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ , Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ . Although changes in cell volume, whether shrinking or swelling, did not influence OR-BS K + influx, ouabain-sensitive K + influx was activated by cell swelling. As in T84 cells, we found that the OR-BS K + influx in HT29 cells was stimulated by exogenous cyclic AMP analogues and by augmented cyclic AMP content in response to vasoactive intestinal peptide, forskolin, norepinephrine and forskolin or prostaglandin E 1 .
Pathological gambling: A review of the literature (prepared for the American Psychiatric Association task force on DSM-IV committee on disorders of impulse control not elsewhere classified)

This is a review of the literature on pathological gambling prepared for the work group on disorders of impulse control, not elsewhere classified of the American Psychiatric Association. It introduces the new DSM-IV criteria as well as outlines the phases of the career of the pathological gambler. Research discussed includes that on pathological gambling and psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, family issues, children, finances, and crime. Psychoanalytic, personality, behavioral, sociological, psychologically based addiction theories, and physiological research are also summarized. Finally, treatment outcome studies are outlined.
Alternative splicing of human dystrophin mRNA generates isoforms at the carboxy terminus

DYSTROPHIN is the protein product of the Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy locus. It has a relative molecular mass of 427,000 and is encoded by a large RNA transcript processed from more than 65 exons spread over two million base pairs of the human X chromosome1–5. We have used the polymerase chain reaction6 to see whether any of these exons are used alternatively in the different tissues that express dystrophin. As reported for rat dystrophin7, we find that the first exon of the human dystrophin transcript is different in brain and muscle, indicating that dystrophin expression could be differentially regulated in these tissues by usage of distinct promoters. The 3′ end of the dystrophin transcript can be alternatively spliced to create numerous isoforms differing at their carboxy 1 domains; this is the only domain of dystrophin that does not share any similarity with the related cytoskeletal α-actinins3. These alternative transcripts yield dystrophin molecules which may interact with different proteins of the tissues expressing dystrophin.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. VI. THE AUTOLOGOUS PHASE OF NEPHROTOXIC SERUM NEPHRITIS.

Nephrotoxic serum nephritis was studied in rats receiving variable amounts of kidney-fixing antibody and active or passive immunization to the heterologous gamma globulin of the species supplying the nephrotoxic antibody. Rats injected with a moderate to a large amount of kidney-fixing antibody (180 to 380 µg) and immunized to the heterologous gamma globulin developed a more severe nephritis than rats receiving similar amounts of antibody without further immunization. Rats injected with minimal amounts of kidney-fixing antibody (2 to 45 µg) and immunized to the heterologous gamma globulin developed a moderate nephritis in contrast to rats receiving similar amounts of antibody without further immunizations which showed no evidence of renal injury. In the rats receiving small doses of kidney-fixing antibody and immunization to the heterologous gamma globulin a lag period existed between the appearance of circulating antibody and kidney-fixed host antibodies and the appearance of renal injury. This delay apparently reflects the need for a continuing antigen-antibody reaction for some time in order to produce detectable injury with the small amounts of reactants involved. From these data it appears that, in the presence of excess circulating antibody, antigens occupying at most a few per cent of the glomerular capillary surface can provide an antigen-antibody interaction which will over a period of time cause detectable morphological and functional alterations of the glomerulus.
Exact solitary wave solutions of coupled nonlinear evolution equations using MACSYMA

Abstract A direct series method to find exact travelling wave solutions of nonlinear PDEs is applied to Hirota's system of coupled Korteweg-de Vries equations and to the sine-Gordon equation. The straightforward but lengthy algebraic computations to obtain single and multi-soliton solutions can be carried out with a symbolic manipulation package such as MACSYMA.
A lower bound for read-once-only branching programs

Abstract We give a C n lower bound for read-once-only branching programs computing an explicit Boolean function. For n = ( 2 ν , the function computes the parity of the number of triangles in a graph on ν vertices. This improves previous exp ( c √ n )) lower bounds for other graph functions by Wegener and Zak. The result implies a linear lower bound for the space complexity of this Boolean function on “eraser machines,” i.e., machines that erase each input bit immediately after having read it.
A LAWYER FOR EVERY CHILD: CLIENT-DIRECTED REPRESENTATION IN DEPENDENCY CASES

The article begins with a due process analysis concluding that children are legally entitled to counsel and continues by presenting examples of federal and state legislation, court decisions, and public policy arguments that support this right. The article then goes a step further to advocate for a traditional, client-directed model of representation, which empowers children and leads to better judicial decision making. Finally, the article discusses the impact of high caseloads and lack of training on attorney performance. This article serves as an important addition to the academic literature examining the need for and role of the child's attorney in dependency proceedings.
A single amino acid can determine the DNA binding specificity of homeodomain proteins

Many Drosophila developmental genes contain a DNA binding domain encoded by the homeobox. This homeodomain contains a region distantly homologous to the helix-turn-helix motif present in several prokaryotic DNA binding proteins. We investigated the nature of homeodomain-DNA interactions by making a series of mutations in the helix-turn-helix motif of the Drosophila homeodomain protein Paired (Prd). This protein does not recognize sequences bound by the homeodomain proteins Fushi tarazu (Ftz) or Bicoid (Bcd). We show that changing a single amino acid at the C-terminus of the recognition helix is both necessary and sufficient to confer the DNA binding specificity of either Ftz or Bcd on Prd. This simple rule indicates that the amino acids that determine the specificity of homeodomains are different from those mediating protein-DNA contacts in prokaryotic proteins. We further show that Prd contains two DNA binding activities. The Prd homeodomain is responsible for one of them while the other is not dependent on the recognition helix.
Action of insulin on deposition of glycogen and storage of fat in adipose tissue.

Soon after the discovery of insulin, clinical observers reported the occurrence of atrophies (Depisch, 1926; Barborka, 1926) and hypertrophies (Eeg-Olofsson, 1930; Rowe and Garrison, 1932) of subcutaneous adipose tissue at the site of repeated insulin injections. A number of case reports and statistical studies have since been published. It has been shown that in insulin atrophies the abnormal process consists of simple disappearance of fat without evidence of inflammatory reaction (Marble and Smith, 1942). Moreover, lipodystrophy without evidence of inflammation has not been reported following injection of substances other than insulin. The production of insulin lipodystrophies in animals has been attempted by Reed, Anderson, and Mendel (1930), Marble and Smith (1942), Goldner (1943) and Oesterreicher (1947) with conflicting results. In the search for an explanation of the effect of insulin on the adipose tissue of diabetics, various factors not concerned with the actual metabolic action of insulin have ...
EM and circuit co-simulation of a reconfigurable hybrid wireless NoC on 2D ICs

The feasibility of the dynamic reconfigurability of the network layer of a hybrid wireless network-on-chip (NoC) that uses on-chip antennas for the wireless network layer and metal interconnects for the wired network layer is studied. The reconfigurability of the NoC is analyzed using a circuit co-simulation technique with a 3D finite element method (FEM) based full-wave electro-magnetic analysis of the antennas. The die and the circuits are modeled according to a typical complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. It is shown that, it is possible to have 1) at least two different frequency domains for the signal sources and 2) the dynamic switching of the signal sinks between the two frequency domains, with minimal design and area overhead. When implemented, the proposed reconfigurable hybrid network architecture can reduce the latency and increase the network throughput.
Automated hazard analysis of digital control systems

Abstract Digital instrumentation and control (I&C) systems can provide important benefits in many safety-critical applications, but they can also introduce potential new failure modes that can affect safety. Unlike electro-mechanical systems, whose failure modes are fairly well understood and which can often be built to fail in a particular way, software errors are very unpredictable. There is virtually no nontrivial software that will function as expected under all conditions. Consequently, there is a great deal of concern about whether there is a sufficient basis on which to resolve questions about safety. In this paper, an approach for validating the safety requirements of digital I&C systems is developed which uses the Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology to conduct automated hazard analyses. The prime implicants of these analyses can be used to identify unknown system hazards, prioritize the disposition of known system hazards, and guide lower-level design decisions to either eliminate or mitigate known hazards. In a case study involving a space-based reactor control system, the method succeeded in identifying an unknown failure mechanism.
Split Signals: Television and Politics in the Soviet Union

Television has changed drastically in the Soviet Union over the last three decades. In 1960, only five percent of the population had access to TV, but now the viewing population has reached near total saturation. Today's main source of information in the USSR, television has become Mikhail Gorbachev's most powerful instrument for paving the way for major reform. Containing a wealth of interviews with major Soviet and American media figures and fascinating descriptions of Soviet TV shows, Ellen Mickiewicz's wide-ranging, vividly written volume compares over one hundred hours of Soviet and American television, covering programs broadcast during both the Chernenko and Gorbachev governments. Mickiewicz describes the enormous significance and popularity of news programs and discusses how Soviet journalists work in the United States. Offering a fascinating depiction of the world seen on Soviet TV, she also explores the changes in programming that have occurred as a result of glasnost.
Estimation and assessment of high temperature mix performance grade for select bio-based WMA additives

Abstract The Hirsch and Al-Khateeb models are commonly used to predict an asphalt mixture’s dynamic modulus (E*) at intermediate temperatures. However, G*b and the mix volumetrics are needed to make these predictions. The main objectives of this paper are to demonstrate how mix testing and binder results can be used to estimate the high temperature performance grade (PG) of warm mix asphalts (WMA) with and without bio-based additives and to compare dynamic modulus performance between different asphalt binders and select bio-based additives. The results indicate that prediction of high temperature performance grade for an asphalt mixture cannot be done using the Hirsch model, but is possible using the Al-Khateeb model and that the additives and non-modified binder were not found to be statistically different from one another overall as well as within each binder type.
A mediational model of the association between socioeconomic status and three-year-old language abilities: The role of parenting factors

Abstract The mechanisms through which socioeconomic status (SES) influences three-year-old expressive and receptive language abilities were examined in a sample of 1016 families from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that maternal sensitivity and cognitive stimulation were significant partial mediators of the relation between SES and verbal comprehension, expressive language, and receptive verbal conceptual abilities. Path analyses revealed that a unified model including both parenting factors and distal SES factors demonstrated solid fit indices. Implications for research and intervention are discussed.
Ultrastructure of odontogenesis in the pike (Esox lucius). Role of dental epithelium and formation of enameloid layer

The role of the dental epithelial cells in the formation of teeth in the pike (Esox lucius) was investigated by electron microscopy. Initial dentine deposition, consisting primarily of bundles of coarse collagen bundles, formed under the influence of relatively undifferentiated dental epithelial cells similar to those related to initial dentine formation in developing mammalian and amphibian teeth. Following initial tooth dentine deposition, a calcifying granular enameloid layer, 0.5 μm thick, formed on the tooth surface between the inner dental epithelial cells (IDE) and the dentine. The inner dental epithelial cells which produced the enameloid matrix showed ultrastructural features similar to secreting mammalian ameloblasts. The thin calcified surface enameloid layer in pike teeth is regarded to be similar to true ectodermal enamel. It lacked collagen, was produced by IDE cells (ameloblasts), and showed crystal arrangement perpendicular to the tooth surface. The differentiation of the outer dental epithelium, which occurred at the same time as enameloid deposition and tooth calcification, showed fine structure specialization for efficient transport of ions and water. An uncalcified cuticle, produced by the IDE, is deposited on the calcified tooth enamel surface.
On the covering of vertices for fault diagnosis in hypercubes

Abstract We investigate the optimal covering of vertices by Hamming balls of radius t in a hypercube Z2n such that any vertex in Z2n can be uniquely identified by examining the vertices that cover it. Given Z2n and an integer t ⩾ 1, we find a (minimal) set C of vertices such that every vertex in Z2n belongs to a unique set of balls of radius t centered at the vertices in C . This is useful in diagnosing processor faults in hypercube-based multiprocessor systems.
The adolescent transvestite on a psychiatric service: Family patterns

The symptom of transvestism is explored in a study of 18 adolescent boys who dressed in women's clothing and of their families. Twelve of this group who exhibit similar manifest behavior and family interaction are designated as transvestites. Their stated or apparent purpose in cross-dressing is to appear as a girl, with masturbation apparently of secondary importance. A sister is present in these families and is always the mother's preferred child. The mother—daughter relationship is characterized by relative absence of overt hostility. There is an intense interdependent interaction between the mother and the transvestite son; hostility is directed by the mother toward masculinity and specifically toward the son's masculine strivings. Dressing as a girl is openly or subtly encouraged by the mother. The father is present but relates to the son in a distant and passive manner. These observations are tentative, and further study is needed of the dynamics of transvestism. Direct observation of entire families may provide important information about the dynamics of many sexual deviations.
Binding of Denatured Protein Decreases the Chaperone Properties of α Crystallin

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that partially denatured forms of the β and γ crystallins preferentially bind to a central region of the α crystallin particle, both in vitro and in vivo . These experiments were designed to ascertain if binding of a partially denatured protein to α crystallin could result in a diminished ability of α crystallin to protect against further protein denaturation and aggregation. A constant amount of α crystallin was incubated with increasing amounts of purified γ s crystallin and then heated at 65°C for 45 min. Under these conditions, the partially denatured γ s crystallin binds to α crystallin. The resulting complexes were tested for their ability to protect against heat-induced denaturation and aggregation of alcohol dehydrogenase heated at 44°C. As increasing amounts of partially denatured γ s bound to α crystallin, the resulting complexes possessed a decreased ability to protect against heat-induced denaturation and aggregation. These results demonstrate that binding of partially denatured forms of a purified protein to α crystallin results in a complex with decreased ability to protect against denaturation, suggesting a possible mechanism whereby the molecular chaperone properties of α crystallin may be diminished in vivo .
The Manufacture of Low-Dose Oral Solid Dosage Form to Support Early Clinical Studies Using an Automated Micro-Filing System

Automated powder dispensing systems enable supplying early clinical studies using drug-in-capsule approach, which is material sparing and requires a minimum amount of resources. However, the inability of accurately filling the capsule with a small amount, e.g., several micrograms, of drug limits the use of these systems for potent drugs. We demonstrate that formulated powder blends can be used to successfully fill capsules containing 5 μg to 5 mg of drug with adequate content uniformity. Effective formulation and process strategies that enable this approach are presented with examples.
Precipitation hardening of cast SiCp reinforced Mg-6Zn

Age hardening behaviour of 20 vol % SiC particulate reinforced Mg-6Zn has been studied using hardness, eddy current and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The results show that the precipitation processes in this composite, although accelerated, are similar to those in the unreinforced Mg-Zn alloys; i.e., supersaturated solid solution → GP zones → β′ → β