cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Amino Acid Sequence of an Extracellular Nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus: I. Linear Order of the Fragments Produced by Cleavage with Cyanogen Bromide

Throughout the late 1960s, the primary concern of Anfinsen's laboratory was to understand the relationship between structure and function in staphylococcal nuclease. Anfinsen chose to study this enzyme because it was relatively small, with only 149 amino acids, and because it appeared to be entirely dependent on noncovalent binding for the maintenance of an ordered catalytically active structure. In this series of three articles, authored by Anfinsen and Taniuchi, but based primarily on research conducted by the latter, the two scientists presented the first analysis of the primary sequence of the enzyme.
Tribal Control in Federal Sentencing

Under the federal sentencing guidelines, each federal crime has an offense level that can go up or down depending on the crime’s circumstances. Combined with a defendant’s criminal history, the final level determines the range of sentences recommended under the guidelines. I propose that tribes alone decide offense levels for crimes committed in Indian country. This proposal aims to (1) enhance tribal sovereignty over on-reservation violence and thereby provide tribes with experience regulating felonies; (2) increase respect among tribal governments and their members for federal criminal prosecutions; and (3) decrease the racial sentencing disparity between Indians and non-Indians.
Nonstandard Work, Nonstandard Workers

Fran^oise Carre, Marianne A. Ferber, Lonnie Golden, and Stephen A. Herzenberg, eds., Nonstandard Work: The Nature and Challenges of Changing Employment Ar rangements (Urbana: Industrial Relations Research Association 2000) Christiaan Grootaert and Harry Anthony Patrinos, eds., The Policy Analysis of Child Labor: A Comparative Study (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999) Hugh D. Hindman, Child Labor: An American History (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe 2002) Jackie Krasas Rogers, Temps: The Many Faces ofthe Changing Workplace (Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2000) Bernard Schlemmer, ed., The Exploited Child (London: Zed Books 2000) Guy Standing, Global Labour Flexibility. Seeking Distributive Justice (New York: St. Martin Press 1999)
Short- and long-term impacts of economic policies on child labor and schooling in Ghana

While the issue of child labor in developing countries has received increased attention in recent years, most of the empirical analysis has been based on one-time cross sectional samples. While this may give an idea of the incidence, and determinants of child labor at one point in time, it is silent about the dynamics of child labor over time, and sometimes may even influence policy choices against child labor adversely. This paper attempts to fill this void, analyzing the dynamics of child labor and schooling in Ghana, aiming at investigating the impact of broad economic reforms on child labor and schooling in the short, medium and long-run. Starting from a premise that the simple - direct - relationship between poverty and child labor, which has often been seen as the feature of child labor, may not adequately capture the multi-facetted nature of child labor, we find evidence of asymmetries in the child labor-poverty link, as well as quite complex dynamics in the evolution of child labor and schooling, and their determinants over time. Most notably, child labor is found to be responsive to poverty in the short run, but not in the long run, while child schooling is unaffected by poverty in the short run, but responds in the medium- to long run. These results suggested that child labor acts as an economic buffer of the household in the short run, regardless of changes in the economic environment, or perceptions of the latter, following economic reforms, thus supporting - and refining - the poverty explanation of child labor.
Nonnative Speaker Teachers of Spanish: Insights From Novice Teachers

A sizable body of literature has been established surrounding native speaker teachers versus nonnative speaker teachers of English. Presently, a paucity of research exists related to teachers working with languages other than English. In an attempt to fill this research gap, this qualitative research study presents the experiences of novice nonnative speaker teachers of Spanish. Interviews were conducted to explore the teachers' perceptions regarding their own status as nonnative speakers. The interviews revealed several themes, some of which parallel previous findings on nonnative speaker teachers of English and others that diverge; this article reports on three of these themes. A discussion about what the language education field can do to afford nonnative speaker teachers the same status as native speaker teachers concludes the article.
Massive vein-filling gas hydrate: relation to ongoing gas migration from the deep subsurface in the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract A gas hydrate mound that contains massive, vein-filling, structure II gas hydrate occurs on the upper continental slope (∼540 m water depth) of the Gulf of Mexico, southwest of the Mississippi Delta. The mound is located in the Green Canyon (GC) Block 185, adjacent to Jolliet Field in GC 184. Jolliet Field contains oil and gas that filled fault traps caused by salt deformation during late Pleistocene–Holocene time. In contrast to reservoir oil in Jolliet Field, which shows bacterial oxidation effects, the C 1 –C 5 reservoir gas is unaltered by bacterial oxidation. Disassociated gas is assumed to have recently entered from the subsurface hydrocarbon system. Vertical migration of gas along faults is ongoing, manifested on the sea floor by gas vents, gas hydrate, complex chemosynthetic communities, and by a large gas plume that extends from the vents to the sea surface. The isotopic properties of C 1 –C 5 hydrocarbons from reservoirs, gas vents, and gas hydrate correlate closely. Although outcropping gas hydrate is transiently stable because of variations in seawater temperature, the bulk of buried gas hydrate at GC 185 is stable and perhaps increasing in volume because of the copious gas flux. The massive accumulation of gas hydrate at the GC 185 site is attributed to the gas that has recently entered the vents, largely from Jolliet Field, and to the synchronous activation of fault conduits allowing gas migration to the sea floor. Synchronous late gas charge and faulting could also explain the wide distribution of gas hydrate across the upper Gulf slope.
Thermoregulatory effects of purines and caffeine

Abstract Purines are putative neurotransmitters which appear to be involved in regulating several vegetative functions. We examined the effect of purines and their antagonist, caffeine, on colonic temperature of rats. Adenosine injected ip lowered colonic temperature in a dose responsive manner at ambient room temperatures. Adenine and AMP also lowered body temperature whereas 7-methylinosine and inosine only slightly influenced colonic temperature. Caffeine (50 mg/kg) injected sc, increased colonic temperature and when injected within 60 seconds of adenosine, counteracted the hypothermic effect of adenosine (50 mg/kg). Low ambient temperature (4°C) accentuated the thermoregulatory effects of adenosine. Thus adenosine appears to have a hypothermic effect on body temperature regulation when administered peripherally which can be reversed by caffeine.
Passive and hybrid modelocking of a grating-coupled surface-emitting laser (GCSEL)

We report the first passive and hybrid modelocking of a grating-coupled surface-emitting laser (GCSEL), exploiting the unpumped grating section of the GCSEL as a saturable absorber to generate short pulses, is demonstrated. Pulsewidths 2.8 psec with 1.1 nm bandwidth at 980 nm are obtained.
A Spatial Image Separator For Color Scanning

This paper describes an optical system which separates an image into separate discrete scan lines. The system, combined with diffraction optics is the major component of an experimental color scanner using a single TDI CCD imager (ref. 1).
The Left Vienna Circle, Part 1. Carnap, Neurath, and the Left Vienna Circle thesis

Abstract Recent scholarship resuscitates the history and philosophy of a ‘left wing’ in the Vienna Circle, offering a counterhistory to the conventional image of analytic philosophy as politically conformist. This paper disputes the historical claim that early logical empiricists developed a political philosophy of science. Though some individuals in the Vienna Circle, including Rudolf Carnap and Otto Neurath, believed strongly in the importance of science to social progress, they did not construct a political philosophy of science. Both Carnap and Neurath were committed to forms of political neutralism that run strongly against a political reading of their logical empiricism. In addition, Carnap and Neurath sharply differ on precisely the subject of the place of politics in logical empiricism, throwing into question the construct of the ‘Left Vienna Circle’ as a coherent, sociohistorical, programmatic unit within the Vienna Circle.
PDF calculations of major and minor species in a turbulent piloted jet flame

The joint probability density function (JPDF) approach is used to make calculations of a piloted jet diffusion flame of CH4-air (flame L of Masri et al. [1]). The calculations include detailed chemistry, involving 16 species and 41 reactions, to account for the finite-rate kinetics. The technique of in situ adaptive tabulation (ISAT [2,3]) enables the computationally efficient inclusion of detailed chemistry in the JPDF calculations. The results of these JPDF-ISAT calculations show good agreement with the experimental data, including those for the mean and rms of minor species such as CO and H2. These results are discussed in the context with the earlier numerical studies of this flame ([4–6]). The present calculations of minor species are significantly better than those from earlier studies.
The effect of oral support on sucking efficiency in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of oral support on feeding efficiency in preterm infants who were identified by the medical team as poor feeders. METHOD Thirteen premature infants between 34 and 40 weeks' postconceptional age were selected from a group of infants at Children's Hospital and Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. They were fed twice within a 26-hr period, once with oral support and once without. The order of occurrence of these two conditions was randomly selected without replacement to assure that an equal number of both conditions occurred during the first feed. Only the first 2 min of the feed were used in data analysis. RESULTS A statistically significant difference (z = -2.62, p < .01, two-tailed) in volume intake occurred between the oral support condition (M = 10.9 cc) and the no oral support condition (M = 4.8 cc). CONCLUSION This study validates the use of oral support as an effective treatment technique to enhance sucking efficiency in preterm infants.
Absence of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is associated with working memory impairment in Parkinson's disease

Abstract The apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele has been associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and weaker episodic memory among elderly. Although this APOE allele has been linked to earlier onset of Parkinson's disease (PD), an association with dementia in PD has been only inconsistently demonstrated. Given the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment patterns in PD, this study sought to determine whether an association exists between APOE genotype and specific cognitive deficits in PD. The neuropsychological test performance of 42 PD patients without an e4 allele (PD-Non4) and of 20 with at least one e4 allele (PD-e4) was compared to that of 146 elderly control subjects (NC). The PD groups were comparable in overall severity of cognitive impairment and disease duration, but the PD-e4 group was younger, had an earlier disease onset, and contained a higher proportion of persons with dementia. Both PD groups showed wide-ranging cognitive impairments relative to NC. Once age differences between groups were controlled for, the PD groups generally did not differ from each other in cognitive performance. However, only the PD-Non4 group demonstrated working memory/attention impairments (digit span, visual span, Trailmaking test) relative to the NC group. Results suggest that the APOE genotype may influence the cognitive phenotype of PD, and specifically that absence of the e4 allele is associated with working memory impairment. Additionally, results are consistent with prior findings showing an association between the e4 allele and earlier onset of PD and presence of dementia.
Vaccination with irradiated cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni preferentially induced the accumulation of interferon-γ producing T cells in the skin and skin draining lymph nodes of mice

Abstract Cytokine response to schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni was evaluated in the skin of mice during the initial 72 h following infection. These studies showed a significant increase in the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 message in the skin in areas of cercarial penetration. The IL-4 message was detectable in the skin as early as 8 h after infection and the message for IL-10 appeared from 16 h after infection. However, mRNA for IFN-γ was undetectable in the skin samples for up to 72 h after infection with normal cercariae. In sharp contrast, vaccination with irradiated cercariae induced IFN-γ and IL-2 responses in the skin within 24 h. Analysis of the cytokine profile of cells isolated from the skin during these early time points showed that T cells are probably not a source of IL-4 or IL-10 in the skin of mice infected with normal cercariae. However, in vaccinated animals, the majority of the IFN-γ is derived from skin-residing T cells. In vaccinated animals, responses in the skin were mirrored in the skin-draining lymph nodes as well. Analysis of the CD4/CD8 ratio showed a significant decrease in the skin following vaccination suggesting an increase in CD8 + cells. Interestingly however, when vaccinated animals were challenged with normal cercariae, there was a significant reduction in IFN-γ response in the skin and its draining lymph nodes. These results show that vaccination with irradiated cercariae of S. mansoni , preferentially induce the accumulation of IFN-γ producing T cells in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes of mice.
Identification of a disulfide between cysteine 214 and cysteine 277 in the β subunit of native (Na++K+)ATPase

Two peptides, produced during tryptic digestion and thermolytic digestion, respectively, and containing the same intact disulfide from the beta polypeptide of (Na+ + K+)ATPase from Torpedo californica, were isolated and unambiguously identified. The disulfide is between Cysteine 214 and Cysteine 277.
On the justification of multiple selection rules of conservation in particle physics phenomenology

Abstract Earlier we analyzed the logic of postulating selection rules of conservation in particle physics phenomenology, and wrote a computer program that recovered the strangeness quantum numbers from historical reactions and assumptions. We proved the theorem that one selection rule suffices to account for any reactions data that can be explained in terms of conserved quantum numbers. Since physics practice involves multiple selection rules, this raised the issue of how to justify multiple rules in the face of this theorem. This article analyses several simplicity criteria and procedures, of which two lead to the desired justification: a minimax simplicity criterion, and a divide-and-con quer approach that leads to allowing conservation exceptions, i.e., reactions that disconserve quantum numbers that are postulated in other contexts not involving the reactions.
Olfactory preferences in dogs: the response of male and female beagles to conspecific odors

In Experiment 1 male dogs were observed visiting either a tethered male or a tethered nonestrous female. The duration and frequency of visits and the parts of the stimulus animal that were investigated were recorded. In Experiment 2 male and female dogs were observed in a series of two-choice tests to determine their visiting preferences toward males and nonestrous and estrous females. In Experiment 3 similar two-choice olfactory tests were employed to demonstrate investigatory preferences for urine, feces, anal gland and vaginal secretions, saliva, and ear wax samples from the stimulus animals. The females were brought into artificial estrus with injections of estradiol benzoate, and changes were observed in their visiting and olfactory preferences and in their attractiveness to male dogs. Males spent less time visiting males than they spent visiting females, regardless of the physiological condition of the latter. However, the visiting time devoted to estrous females was longer than that spent with females not in heat. These preferences may be partially explained by the findings that male dogs find estrous urine and vaginal secretions more attractive than their nonestrous counterparts and that they prefer female urine and feces compared to corresponding samples from male dogs. Following the induction of artificial estrus, female subjects spent significantly more time investigating male dogs and male urine when compared to female dogs and female urine, respectively. Male dogs and to a lesser extent bitches urinated more frequently in the vicinity of the preferred animals and odor stimuli.
Motives for reading and articulating user-generated restaurant reviews on Yelp.com

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to examine why and when restaurant consumers use and contribute user-generated reviews. This research is needed to determine the relevance of user-generated restaurant reviews in the current marketplace. Design/methodology/approach – The research methodology is based on a quantitative approach, and focused on current Yelp.com users as its population. Questions focused on the amount of usage, motives for usage, level of trust, users’ tendencies to seek novelty in restaurants and motives for contribution. Findings – Users tend to trust the reviews on Yelp.com and engage in the community aspects of the platform. Yelp.com users also are altruistic in their motivation for contributing reviews to Yelp.com. Yelp.com users who access it tend to act on the information found within the reviews. Originality/value – Research articles have focused on user-generated reviews in the past; however, few have examined motivations of using and posting restaurant reviews. The value of...
HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATION DECREASES THE BAROREFLEX

Effects of high frequency ventilation (HFV), such as apnea, are mediated by the autonomic nervous'system. To further define these effects, we studied an important autonomic reflex, the baroreflex, during HFV and conventional ventilation (CV) of 5 young adult male rabbits anesthetized with chloralose and paralyzed with metocurine. To keep FRC constant during change from CV to HFV, we continuously measured FRC by jacket plethysmograph, adjusting jet ventilator driving pressure as necessary. Ventilation (PaCO2) was also kept constant by adding CO2 to inspired gas as needed. We tested the baroreflex by increasing blood pressure (BP) with phenylephrine and plotting change in BP against change in R-R interval obtained from EKG. Measurements were made during baseline CV (pressure 25/4, rate 45), HFV (rate 600), and after return to CV. BP and heart rate were not affected by changes in ventilator frequency. The slope of the line of BP vs R-R interval was 31% to 62% less during HFV compared to CV (P<0.04). The slope of the baroreflex returned to baseline when CV was re-instituted. Since FRC and ventilation were constant, we speculate the decrease in baroreflex results from rapid pressure changes (dp/dt) during HFV stimulating pulmonary mechanoreceptors causing centrally mediated baroreceptor inhibition. We conclude that close cardiovascular monitoring of patients during HFV is warranted, especially when there is cardiovascular compromise (shock, hypovolemia, sedation or anesthesia). Neonates are especially at risk when the baroreflex is diminished because their relatively fixed stroke volume makes cardiac output heart rate dependent.
Dynamic response of doubly-curved anisotropic sandwich panels impacted by blast loadings

Problems related with the modeling and dynamic response to blast loadings of doubly-curved sandwich panels with laminated face sheets are developed. In this respect, the implications of the panel curvature, of anisotropy and stacking sequence of face sheets, of transverse orthotropy of the core, and of structural damping on dynamic response to time-dependent loads are highlighted. As concerns the blast pulses considered in this analysis, these are related to in-air explosions or of traveling shock-waves. Other parameters, mainly geometrical, are also considered in the numerical simulations, and their implications on the dynamic response are put into evidence. Due to the absence of similar results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to fill a gap in the state of the art of this problem, and provide pertinent results that are instrumental in the design of advanced sandwich shells operating in a dynamic environment. Moreover, the closed-form solutions developed in the paper, can serve as excellent references for comparison with numerical based solutions.
Global myocardial hypertrophy in conscious dogs with chronic elevation of plasma norepinephrine levels

Abstract Chronically elevated plasma norepinephrine is associated with many disease states in which myocardial hypertrophy is also found, yet whether the hypertrophy results from the hemodynamic actions of catecholamines or a trophic effect is still unknown. The goal of our study was to determine the extent of hypertrophy following 28 days of norepinephrine infusion and the role of altered hemodynamics as the stimulus for the hypertrophy in conscious dogs. In a retrospective study gross cardiac weights were examined in 25 control instrumented dogs (controls) and in 41 instrumented dogs with elevated norepinephrine (NE). In the NE dogs LV (94 ± 2.8 g), septum (33 ± 1.5 g) and total heart weights (172 ± 4.5 g) were greater than in controls (85 ± 5.0, 31 ± 1.9, and 158 ± 9.0 g, respectively). The LV (3.95 ± 0.10 g/kg), RV (1.91 ± 0.06), septum (1.38 ± 0.06) and total weight (7.23 ± 0.15) to body weight ratios were also significantly greater (3.32 ± 0.12, 1.73 ± 0.08, 1.24 ± 0.06, and 6.28 ± 0.23 g/kg). The dry/wet weight ratios were not different in the two groups. After cutting the hearts into 1 cm rings, the planimetered area of each ring showed that the wall thickness increased at all levels, e.g. at the base by 25 ± 3.2%. The chamber internal diameter was significantly increased only near the apex in the NE dogs making the heart more cylindrical in shape. There was no obvious sign of fibrosis in any layer of the myocardium. In physiologic studies, no index of contractility was altered including: LV d P d t , LV d D d t , shortening, LV d WT d t and there was also no change in preload. Heart rate was significantly reduced throughout the 28 days of study. Cardiac output was reduced and there were no significant changes in cardiac work. Thus in these dogs NE caused a 19% and 10% increase in LV and RV to body weight ratios, respectively, without any obvious hemodynamic stimulus.
The optical design of the SNS liquids reflectometer

We present the optical design of the liquids reflectometer currently under construction at the Spallation Neutron Source. By utilizing a multi-channel bender and a tapered guide, we can eliminate sample–moderator line-of-sight and provide angular dispersion for reflectivity measurements of liquid surfaces. The fast-neutron background of such an instrument is comparable to that present in a direct-view instrument employing a 30-cm thick Inconel t0 chopper.
The optical model potential for deuterons

Abstract The elastic scattering of deutrons from nuclei is compared with the predictions of an optical-model potential whose real part is obtained by averaging a neutron and proton optical potential over the internal motion of the deutron. Good agreement is obtained if the depth of the potential is changed by 10 to 20%. The optimum imaginary potentials extend to much larger radii than is predicted by this model. The significance of the results is discussed in some detail.
Educational assortative mating across marriage markets: non-Hispanic whites in the United States.

Whether local marriage market conditions shape marriage behavior is a central social demographic question. Most work on this subject, however, focuses on one type of market condition—sex ratios— and on a single outcome—marital timing or sorting. We examine the impact of local marriage markets’ educational composition on educational assortative mating and on how sorting varies with age. We estimate a discrete-time competing-risks model of educational sorting outcomes, using individual data from the NLSY and community descriptors aggregated from census microdata. Results show that residents of educationally less favorable marriage markets are more likely to marry down on education, and that (for women) their chance of doing so increases with age more than for residents of more favorable markets.
Decreased Free Fraction of Serum Thyroid Hormones During Carbohydrate Overfeeding

The impact of the increased T3 production induced by overfeeding is likely to be lessened if overfeeding also decreases the free fraction of thyroid hormones. Therefore, we examined the effect of 17 to 20 days of carbohydrate overfeeding of five men on total serum T4 and T3 concentrations, the free fraction of these hormones, and serum concentrations of thyroid-hormone binding proteins, TBG, TBPA, and albumin. Total serum T4 concentrations were unchanged by overfeeding and total serum T3 concentrations increased 42%. However, the free fraction of both T4 and T3 decreased during the overfeeding period, so that free T3 concentrations increased only 21% and free T4 concentrations decreased 17%. There was an increase in serum concentrations of both TBG (12%) and TBPA (20%), but no change in the concentration of albumin. We conclude that there is an increase in free T3 concentrations during overfeeding, in spite of a decrease in the free fraction of T3. However, the physiological effects of this increase in free T3 concentrations may be diminished by the decrease in free T4 concentrations.
Simultaneous solution of strong CP and flavor problems

It is shown how, within a minimal SU(7) flavor unification scheme, a solution of the strong CP problem requires the existence of at least six flavors if one insists on naturalness in the sense of 't Hooft.
Intracellular calcium activity in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in the presence and absence of 60 Hz magnetic fields.

This study examined whether 60 Hz magnetic field (MF) exposure alters intracellular calcium levels ([Ca(2+)](i)) in isolated bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, a classic model of neural responses. [Ca(2+)](i) was monitored by fluorescence video imaging of cells loaded with the calcium indicator fluo-4 during exposures to magnetic flux densities of 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 1.4, or 2.0 mT. MFs generated by Helmholtz coils constructed from bifilar wire allowed both 60 Hz field and sham exposures. Following a 5 min monitoring period to establish baseline patterns, cells were subjected for 10 min to a 60 Hz MF, sham field or no field. Reference calcium responses and assessment of cell excitability were obtained by the sequential addition of the nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonist dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP) and a depolarizing concentration of KCl. Throughout an 8 day culture period, cells exhibited spontaneous fluctuations in [Ca(2+)](i). Comparisons of the number of cells exhibiting transients, the number and types of calcium transients, as well as the time during monitoring when transients occurred showed no significant differences between MF exposed cells and either sham exposed or nonexposed cells. With respect to the percentage of cells responding to DMPP, differences between 1 and 2 mT exposed cells and both nonexposed and sham exposed cells reached statistical significance during the first day in culture. No statistically significant differences were observed for responses to KCl. In summary, our data indicate that [Ca(2+)](i) in chromaffin cells is unaffected by the specific 60 Hz MF intensities used in this study. On the other hand, plasma membrane nicotinic receptors may be affected in a manner that is important for ligand-receptor interactions.
Manipulating DNA probe presentation via enzymatic cleavage of diluent strands.

We previously reported a system for the controlled redispersion of DNA-linked aggregates using secondary, competitive hybridization events and found that complete redispersion is contingent upon dilution of the active 20 base-long probe strands with 20 base-long nonhybridizing strands. Here, to reduce the steric interference of nonhybridizing or diluent strands on probe activity, we investigate the effect of shorter diluent strands on the hybridization activity of immobilized probes using the following two approaches: (1) simultaneously coupling shorter diluent strands and longer probe strands to microspheres and (2) simultaneously coupling diluent and probe strands of the same base length to microspheres and then clipping diluent strands with the restriction endonuclease AluI. Results indicate that one can reduce the duplex density down by 50−70% of its initial value, depending on the location of the recognition motif along the hybridization segment. In addition, tighter control over the number of probe-...
The renal axes in spina bifida: issues of confusion and fusion

The occurrence of horseshoe kidneys in myelodysplasia has been suggested to be overestimated because of the concurrent prevalence of kyphotic spine in the spina bifida population. Pseudohorseshoe kidneys result from the actual medial migration and apposition of the lower renal poles in the deep fossa created by the gibbus deformity. The presence of a lumbosacral kyphosis, however, does not imply there is not a true horseshoe kidney. In our myelodysplasia population of 189 patients, occurrence of true horseshoe kidneys (13 patients) and pseudohorseshoe kidneys (14 patients) was increased. The finding of lumbosacral kyphosis was twice as common in the pseudohorseshoe population as in the true horseshoe population. True horseshoe kidneys were three times more commonly seen in association with congenital vertebral anomalies cephalad to the dysraphic spine. Diagnosis in this study was predominantly based on renal cortical scintigraphy with the posterior pin-hole magnification technique.
Toward a Theoretical Perspective on the Legislation of Adolescence

A theoretical perspective on the historical origins of adolescence in the United States is outlined. Based on a materialist theory of social change, it is argued that adolescence is best understood...
Estrogens and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in man: evidence for normal feedback regulation by corticosteroids.

Estrogen treatment and pregnancy are associated with higher than normal plasma free (nonprotein-bound) cortisol levels. In spite of this, clinical manifestations of steroid excess are not seen in these conditions. To explain this seeming discrepancy, it has been postulated that estrogens may induce tissue resistance to the actions of cortisol, and that one aspect of this resistance may be a higher set-point for ACTH suppression by corticosteroids. This possibility was studied in seven normal women. Plasma total and free cortisol levels as well as urinary cortisol excretion were measured during a control period and during treatment with ethinyl estradiol (100 μg/day). During both periods, graded doses of dexamethasone (0.2-mg increments; 0–1.4 mg/day) were administered. Estrogen treatment resulted in elevated plasma total and free cortisol levels, but urinary cortisol excretion was not affected. Dexamethasone administration resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of plasma total and free cortisol as well as...
Activation of long chain fatty acids with acyl carrier protein: demonstration of a new enzyme, acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase, in Escherichia coli

Abstract A soluble enzyme activity which catalyzes the synthesis of acyl-acyl carrier protein from acyl carrier proteins, a long chain fatty acid, and ATP has been demonstrated in E. coli. The reaction requires high concentrations of both Ca++ and Mg++ for activity, and cleaves ATP to AMP and PPi. The fatty acyl product has been identified as acyl-acyl carrier protein by its solubility, thioester linkage, molecular weight, charge, and biological activity. Several criteria indicate the enzyme is distinct from acyl-CoA synthetase. The fatty acid specificity of the enzyme suggests a role of acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase in the incorporation of fatty acids into phospholipid.
Sensation Seeking and Psychological Reactance as Health Risk Predictors for an Emerging Adult Population

Two personality traits, sensation seeking (SS) and psychological reactance (PR), were examined as predictors of health risk behaviors within an emerging adult population. Results using items from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBS) survey developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate both personality traits are predictive of risky substance use behaviors, but only PR was found to be predictive of risky sexual activity. Furthermore, a significant interaction involving PR and sex emerged concerning alcohol use. Results emphasize the importance of considering SS and PR as critical personality variables when designing and evaluating health risk messages and campaigns targeting adolescent and emerging adult populations.
The experimental charge-density approach in the evaluation of intermolecular interactions. Application of a new module of the XD programming package to several solids including a pentapeptide.

A new module interfaced to the XD programming package has been used in the evaluation of intermolecular interactions and lattice energies of the crystals of p-nitroaniline, l-asparagine monohydrate and the pentapeptide Boc-Gln–d-­Iva–Hyp–Ala–Phol (Boc = butoxycarbonyl, Iva = isovaline = ethylalanine, Phol = phenylalaninol). The electrostatic interactions are evaluated with the atom-centered distributed multipoles from KRMM (κ′-restricted multipole model) refinements, using the Buckingham expression for non-overlapping charge densities. Results for p-nitroaniline are compared with Hartree–Fock (HF), density functional (DFT) and Moller-Plesset (MP2) supermolecular calculations and with HF and DFT periodic calculations. The HF and DFT methods fail to predict the stability of the p-nitroaniline crystal but the results of the experimental charge-density approach (ECDA) are in good agreement with both MP2 interaction energies and the experimental lattice energy. ECDA results for l-asparagine monohydrate compare well with those from DFT supermolecular and periodic HF calculations. The disorder of the terminal group in the pentapeptide, which persists at the experimental temperature of 20 K, corresponds to an energy difference of only 0.35 kJ mol−1, which is too small to be reproduced with current methods.
Clinical evaluation of a prototype intraoral source x-ray system.

Abstract A prototype dental roentgenographic system which incorporates a tightly collimated intraoral x-ray source and an extraoral Polaroid film screen cassette was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Findings indicate that the detectability of artificially induced incipient enamel lesions was significantly less than that demonstrable for conventional roentgenograms produced with an extraoral source, longcone geometry, and Kodak Ultra Speed D film. Larger lesions were found to be reliably detected by either technique. The new intraoral approach reduces the dose to the patient by possibly as much as 98 per cent and yields positive dry prints in 15 seconds. This system was clinically tested and found to be useful in endodontics and presurgical evaluation. Modifications are discussed which could reduce some of the technical problems and many of the shortcomings encountered.
Looking time: The effects of stimulus complexity and familiarity

During a 10 min. stimulus familiarization period, three groups of 60 Ss each received either 0, 10, or 20 sec. of familiarization on each of 30 experimental stimuli: 10 each of low, medium, and high stimulus complexity. All Ss then viewed the experimental stimuli in a second task, during which they could look at each stimulus for as long as they wished (free looking). For half the Ss in each group, free looking was administered immediately after the familiarization period. The remaining Ss received free looking 48 hr. later. The results replicated earlier research which has shown that free looking time is inversely related to stimulus familiarity, and directly related to stimulus complexity. Unlike earlier findings, the data suggested that with a 48 hr. delay between familiarization and free looking, a stimulus can, at least partially, recover from the decrement in looking time produced by 10 sec. of familiarization.
Neonatal opiate abstinence syndrome in term and preterm infants.

Data on 178 term and 34 preterm infants born to methadone-maintained mothers were analyzed to assess the effects of neonatal opiate abstinence in infants of varying gestational ages. More mothers in the term group (79%) than in the preterm group (53%) had abused other drugs during pregnancy (p p
Phospholamban: Dissociation of the 22,000 molecular weight protein of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum into 11,000 and 5,500 molecular weight forms

Phospholamban, originally identified as a 22,000 dalton protein of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum where it is involved in the regulation of calcium transport, can be dissociated into 11,000 and 5,500 dalton forms as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 22,000 dalton form is obtained by solubilizing microsomes in sodium dodecyl sulphate at 37°. Immersing sodium dodecyl sulphate-denatured microsomes in boiling H2O for one min or five min results in a shift to the 11,000 and 5,500 dalton forms, the latter predominating and presumably representing the monomeric form of phospholamban. These findings can reconcile some of the discrepant findings on phosphoproteins in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum reported by different laboratories.
Intrametropolitan planning for community-based residential care: A goals programming approach

Small community-based residential facilities have increasingly supplanted large-scale institutions as treatment settings for mentally and physically disabled, indigent, elderly and ex-offender populations in the United States. Because the intrametropolitan assignment of these service-dependent populations and their community care facilities has not been purposively planned, most facilities and clients have clustered in inner cities, resulting in the formation of service-dependent population ghettos. This paper outlines a goals programming approach to the client/facility assignment problem. The model provides a basis for an intrametropolitan distribution of residential service facilities that balances equity and efficiency goals and that protects both client and community rights. A regional fair-share plan that incorporates negotiation and arbitration techniques is offered as an institutional mechanism for implementing the goals programming framework.
Determination of accommodation coefficients for N2 at disk-drive air-bearing surfaces

Thermal and tangential momentum accommodation coefficients have been obtained for N 2 colliding with various surfaces of relevance to the disk-drive air bearing using molecular beam scattering techniques. Analysis of the velocity and angular distributions of scattered species indicates that N 2 is essentially fully accommodated at the relevant surfaces for energies characteristic of room temperature gas.
A pilot study of immunosuppression minimization after pancreas-kidney transplantation utilizing thymoglobulin induction and sirolimus maintenance therapy

Abstract Aims To determine outcomes utilizing thymoglobulin and sirolimus immunosuppression, with early steroid withdrawal in low-immune responder pancreas-kidney (SPK) recipients, and conversion from cyclosporine (CsA) to mycophenolic acid (MPA) in all recipients at 6 months posttransplantation. Methods SPK recipients received thymoglobulin, sirolimus, and reduced-dose CsA immunosuppression. Low immune responders (non-African-Americans with a pretransplant PRA Results With a mean follow-up of 9 ± 4 months, one pancreas was lost to pancreatitis, with no patient or kidney losses and no acute rejection episodes. All eight low immune responder patients were steroid-free at 9 ± 5 months posttransplantation. Seven patients (five low and two high immune responders) with at least 6-month follow-up were converted from CsA to MPA. One high immune responder with a pretransplant PRA of 43% remained with a PRA of 53% ± 2% postconversion. The second high immune responder had a pretransplant PRA of 34% and a postconversion PRA of 0%. The five low immune responders had a mean pretransplant PRA of 16% ± 15% and a postconversion PRA of 0% (P Conclusion Thymoglobulin induction with sirolimus maintenance therapy permitted immunosuppression minimization in selected pancreas transplant recipients. Posttransplant evaluation revealed a diminished (regulated) immune response in six of seven patients.
Catchment response to bark beetle outbreak and dust-on-snow in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

Summary Since 2002, the headwaters of the Colorado River and nearby basins have experienced extensive changes in land cover at sub-annual timescales. Widespread tree mortality from bark beetle infestation has taken place across a range of forest types, elevation, and latitude. Extent and severity of forest structure alteration have been observed through a combination of aerial survey, satellite remote-sensing, and in situ measurements. Additional perturbations have resulted from deposition of dust from regional dry-land sources on mountain snowpacks that strongly alter the snow surface albedo, driving earlier and faster snowmelt runoff. One challenge facing past studies of these forms of disturbance is the relatively small magnitude of the disturbance signals within the larger climatic signal. The combined impacts of forest disturbance and dust-on-snow are explored within a hydrologic modeling framework. We drive the Distributed Hydrology Soil and Vegetation Model (DHSVM) with observed meteorological data, time-varying maps of leaf area index and forest properties to emulate bark beetle impacts, and parameterizations of snow albedo based on observations of dust forcing. Results from beetle-killed canopy alteration suggest slightly greater snow accumulation as a result of less interception and reduced canopy sublimation and evapotranspiration, contributing to overall increases in annual water yield between 8% and 13%. However, understory regeneration roughly halves the changes in water yield. A purely observation-based estimate of runoff coefficient change with cumulative forest mortality shows comparable sensitivities to simulated results; however, positive water yield changes are not statistically significant ( p ⩽ 0.05). The primary hydrologic impact of dust-on-snow forcing is an increased rate of snowmelt associated with more extreme dust deposition, producing earlier peak streamflow rates on the order of 1–3 weeks. Simulations of combined bark beetle and dust-on-snow produced little compounding effects, due to the relatively exclusive nature of their impacts. Potential changes in water yield and peak streamflow timing have important implications for regional water management decisions.
The development of blinking in response to impending collision in preterm, full-term, and postterm infants*

A series of studies on the development of depth perception investigated the effects of age from birth and age from conception on the frequency of defensive blinking at an approaching object. The initial study found that at 10 weeks after birth preterm infants respond less frequently to an approaching object than full-term and postterm infants. When preterm infants were tested at the same age from conception as a group of full-term infants, response rates were equal. In a second study, postterm infants at 6 weeks after birth blinked at the approaching object more frequently than 6-week-old full-term infants; this finding was replicated in a subsequent study. In a final experiment with 8-week-old full-term infants, we found that the individual infant tested on two successive days was highly consistent in his or her level of responding. These results argue that maturation plays an important role in the development of responsiveness to spatial information.
Methods for Uncertainty Analysis: A Comparative Survey

This paper presents a survey and comparative evaluation of methods which have been developed for the determination of uncertainties in accident consequences and probabilities, for use in probabilistic risk assessment. The methods considered are: analytic techniques, Monte Carlo simulation, response surface approaches, differential sensitivity techniques, and evaluation of classical statistical confidence bounds. It is concluded that only the response surface and differential sensitivity approaches are sufficiently general and flexible for use as overall methods of uncertainty analysis in probabilistic risk assessment. The other methods considered, however, are very useful in particular problems.
Evaluation of a mainstream capnometer and end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in mechanically ventilated infants.

We evaluated a new lightweight capnometer with a less than 1 mL deadspace neonatal airway adapter and endotracheal tube connector unit (NAC) for use in mechanically ventilated neonates. The evaluation consisted of: 1) a bench test comparison of air flow resistance between the standard endotracheal tube and connector with the new NAC (flow rates, 1.5 to 12.8 L/min); 2) a determination of the effect of NAC placement on Paco2; 3) pre- and post-NAC pulmonary mechanics; and 4) analysis of paired PetCO2 and PACO2 in 16 infants requiring mechanical ventilation. Paired t test of the slopes of the resistance curves was significant (P = 0.002) while analysis of variance of differential pressures was not (P = 0.29). All post-NAC placement Paco2 were smaller than pre-placement values; there were no differences in pulmonary mechanics, and Petco2 correlated closely with Paco2 (n = 132, r = 0.79) defined as Petco2 = 0.68.Paco2 + 5.52; means +/- 1 SD, Paco2 -Petco2 was 4.7 +/- 4.7 torr and Petco2/Paco2 was 0.86 +/- 0.14.
Numerical simulation of particle accelerators

Abstract Numerical simulation of particle accelerators using representative “macroparticles” is important for: (i) the design of new accelerators, (ii) to understand and optimize existing accelerators, and (iii) model-based control of accelerators. Accelerator simulation involves the repeated solution of equations of the dynamics of a “herd” of relativistic particles in electro-magnetic fields, produced by accelerator modules (magnets and RI cavities) and by the particles themselves (space charge forces in the presence of accelerator chamber walls). These calculations are very time consuming and in many cases, in particular for high beam current accelerators, can be sensibly only done using parallel computing.
Proving geometry theorems with rewrite rules

We investigate the application of rewrite rules to proving theorems from elementary geometry. We have proven 80 theorems, some of them quite difficult. There is a discussion of the formulation of the problem and degenerate conditions.