cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moral Pluralism and Philanthropy

The idea of moral pluralism generates a dilemma for the practice of philanthropy. Characteristically, the practice of philanthropy assumes unity, coherence, or convergence among the diverse virtues and moral aims that it pursues. In the philanthropic tradition, it is recognized that the goals of a particular philanthropy will vary. Yet, if these are sincere expressions of the philanthropic will, each represents some portion of the manifold activity of “doing good” according to particularized choice or style. The relevant analogy should be drawn to the slogan of “giving to the college of your choice” or to worship of the one god in your own way, where the plurality of expression is not only consistent with the residual value of education or of religion, but articulates the pragmatic way to realize the underlying values of a pluralistic society. Historically, this reflects the place of a unifying religious vision of the nature of the good or of a secular conception of a public philosophy which recognized the common good. Even etymologically, the love of mankind suggests a single passion that is directed beneficently to the shared values of mankind. The theory and practice of contemporary philanthropy is necessarily pluralistic, however, and it reflects the range of decisions by individuals with different interests and values in a pluralist, democratic society. The legitimized and recognized range of philanthropies in modern societies demonstrates divergent and even conflicting perceptions of the common good or the public interest. Thus, the range of philanthropies includes support for bird watching and for business opportunities of minorities, which may require some decisions on “comparable worth” and competitive allocation of resources.
High-resolution multifluid simulations of flux ropes in the Martian magnetosphere

[1] Three-dimensional multifluid simulations of the Martian magnetosphere show the development and dynamics of flux ropes. One flux rope, which is analyzed in detail, initiates at a reconnection region near the dusk terminator and travels tailward with a speed on the order of 40 km s−1. The reconnection region forms close to the planet at an altitude of 700 km. Both the location of the reconnection and energy spectra of the plasma in the reconnection region agree with Mars Global Surveyor observations of reconnection. The largest flux ropes have a spatial extent on the order of 2000 km. Energy spectra taken through the flux ropes show an inverted-V type structure similar to those measured by Mars Express, suggesting that some inverted-V observations may be transits through flux ropes. The simulations indicate that the formation of flux ropes can lead to enhanced loss of heavy ions from the atmosphere.
Earlier Appearance of Impaired Insulin Secretion Than of Visceral Adiposity in the Pathogenesis of NIDDM: 5-Year Follow-up of Initially Nondiabetic Japanese-American Men

OBJECTIVE--To identify risk factors for development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) during a 5-year longitudinal follow-up of second-generation Japanese-American (Nisei) men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--For 5 years, 137 initially nondiabetic Nisei men were followed with 75-g oral glucose tolerance tests at the initial visit and at 2.5- and 5-year follow-up visits. Body fat distribution was assessed by computed tomography (CT) and body mass index (BMI) calculated at each visit. Fasting insulin and C-peptide, the increment of insulin and C-peptide at 30 min after the oral glucose load, intra-abdominal and total subcutaneous fat by CT, and BMI were compared between those who remained nondiabetic (non-DM) and those who had developed NIDDM at 2.5 years (DM-A) and 5 years (DM-B). RESULTS--At baseline, the DM-A group had significantly increased intra-abdominal fat, elevated fasting plasma C-peptide, and lower C-peptide response at 30 min after oral glucose. At the 2.5-year follow-up, this group had markedly increased fasting plasma insulin and decreased 30-min insulin and C-peptide response to oral glucose. The DM-B group also had significantly lower insulin response at 30 min after oral glucose at baseline but no significant difference in intra-abdominal fat or fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide levels. When this group developed NIDDM by 5-year follow-up, however, an increase of intra-abdominal fat was found superimposed on the pre-existing lower insulin response. Fasting plasma insulin and C-peptide remained low. CONCLUSION--In DM-A, lower 30-min insulin response to oral glucose (an indicator of beta-cell lesion) and increased intra-abdominal fat and fasting C-peptide (indicators of insulin resistance) were the risk factors related to the development of NIDDM. DM-B subjects had a lower 30-min insulin response to oral glucose at baseline and increased intra-abdominal fat at 5-years, when they were found to have NIDDM. Thus, both insulin resistance and impaired beta-cell function contribute to the development of NIDDM in Japanese-Americans, and impaired beta-cell function may be present earlier than visceral adiposity in some who subsequently develop NIDDM.
Tradition and novelty in concert programming: Bringing the artist back into cultural analysis

Participation in many cultural activity systems, such as art worlds or scientific communities, is highly skewed toward an elite creating a pattern of activity that emphasizes rationality and repeated events. At the same time, the introduction of new works and participants in these systems promotes the opposite, that is, innovation. Rationality and innovative interests are usually approached and analyzed separately, but this article examines a social context in which they are jointly produced—concert music programming. To analyze the dominance of repertory, this paper documents concert programming over a single season and describes a model to illustrate the observed distribution of events. The skewed distribution of programming is then explained through reference to the aesthetic interests of concert artists, that is, composers and performers, and the congruence of a rationalized aesthetic to the recruitment of audiences and administrative rationality.
Ethical dilemmas in systems research

As a relatively young field, systems science is fortunate in experiencing few if any major ethical controversies. However, as a multidisciplinary approach ranging from pure to applied and from theory to method, systems science faces the potential for ethical dilemmas posed by its member specialties. The purpose of this paper is to begin discussion of the contemporary status of ethical concerns in systems research. We begin by discussing five reasons for increased interest in ethics. We next present an interaction model of ethical dilemmas in systems research, including a discussion of systems concerns in a related field (statistics). We next turn to eight methods by which ethical dilemmas can be avoided or diminished, and discuss these in detail for systems research. We close with a discussion of three salient features of systems (holistic analysis, system state, and boundary) and the ramification of these systems features for the problem of ethics in research.
Teoría versus uso: análisis sobre el pretérito y el imperfecto

El proposito de este trabajo fue analizar los diferentes planteamientos gramaticales que se han hecho sobre el preterito y el imperfecto para luego compararlos con el uso de ambas formas aspectuales en el habla espontanea. Esta investigacion se dividio en dos partes;en la primera parte se analizaron diferentes investigaciones sobre el preterito y el imperfecto. Dentro de este analisis se revisaron trabajos de adquisicion de espanol como segunda lengua, trabajos teoricos y trabajos sociolinguisticos. En la segunda parte del trabajo se realizo un analisis de los usos del preterito y del imperfecto en el habla espontanea de hablantes nativos de espanol de Puerto Rico para contrastar con los planteamientos gramaticales esbozados en la primera seccion del trabajo. Esta investigacion encontro que las gramaticas plantean una gama diversa de usos para el preterito y el imperfecto. Asimismo, se evidencio que las gramaticas no representan exactamente el uso de ambas formas aspectuales en hablantes nativos. Las gramaticas atribuyen una gran cantidad de usos para el preterito y el imperfecto, sin embargo, los hablantes nativos no utilizan todos estos usos. Los hablantes puertorriquenos utilizan la semantica lexica, la especificidad del evento y el marco de referencia temporal. Se asumen dos posibles explicaciones para estos hallazgos: primero, las gramaticas presentan variacion diacronica (Poplack y Dion 2009). Segundo, las gramaticas pueden ser representativas de un dialecto en particular, por lo que se admitiria cierta variabilidad del preterito y el imperfecto.
Effects of hypoxia on lung volume in the garter snake.

Abstract Ventilation and lung volume were measured in unanesthetized garter snakes using a headout body plethysmograph. The breathing cycle consisted of expiration, inspiration and a prolonged post-inspiratory breath-holding period, which lasted until the onset of the next expiration. Hypoxia induced increases in Vt and in the volume at which the breath was held between cycles. Hypercapnia usually elicited hyperpnea after an initial, transient inhibition of breathing movements, but was accompanied by little or no increase in breath-holding lung volume. Snakes with T-tube tracheostomies failed to maintain the normal positive intrapulmonary pressure during the breath-holding period and failed to increase breath-holding lung volume in hypoxia, despite increased inspiratory excursions. These studies demonstrate a pronounced increase in lung volume during hypoxia and indicate that this response requires an intact upper airway. These findings in a reptile may be related in evolutionary terms to the increase in lung volume and post-inspiratory laryngeal narrowing that occur in mammals during hypoxia.
Interaction of Ascorbic Acid and Tocopherolon β-Carotene Modulated Carcinogenesis

Epidemiological studies suggested that above average intake of beta-carotene (betaC) might reduce cancer risks. However, clinical trials found that betaC supplementation did not reduce the occurrence of non-melanoma skin cancer and that smokers suffered a significant increase in lung cancer incidence. Further, supplementing semi-defined diets with betaC failed to provide photoprotection as reported earlier for closed-formula rations, but actually exacerbated carcinogenesis. A redox mechanism, based upon one-electron transfer rate constants, proposed interactions between tocopherol, betaC and ascorbic acid in which the carotenoid radical cation, a strongly oxidizing radical, would be repaired by ascorbic acid. If the carotenoid radical cation remained unrepaired, this strongly oxidizing species could account for the pro-carcinogenic activity of betaC. Data from nutritional studies supported an interaction of tocopherol and betaC but not with ascorbic acid. The repair of the betaC radical cation must be dependent on factors other than ascorbic acid, e.g., other carotenoids or unidentified phytochemical(s).
Thymidine triphosphate content of regenerating rat liver.

The endogenous thymidine triphosphate pool has been examined in regenerating rat liver under conditions designed to minimize the breakdown of this substance which is biologically unstable. Thin-layer chromatographic techniques are described that are reliable for small samples (4–5g) of regenerating liver, but inadequate for the low dTTP levels of normal liver. 1. 1. The labeling of thymidine phosphates following a single intravenous injection of [14C]thymidine is initially highest in the monophosphate, but comes to equilibrium after several minutes with approximately 25–30% of the radioactivity in the monophosphate, 10% in the diphosphate and 60–65% in the triphosphate form. 2. 2. The rate of thymidine phosphorylation remains normal for approximately the first half day after partial hepatectomy, then rises steeply, approximately coinciding with DNA replication. 3. 3. The endogenous dTTP pool is 3–4 nmoles per mg of DNA in both 24- and 45-h regenerating livers, being increased by probably 2–3-fold over normal.
The curl of graphs and networks

Abstract We investigate a vector calculus for graphs and networks, thereby initiating a corresponding classification and structure theory. In particular, any network G(V, E, σ, c) may be decomposed as G = G1 ⊕ G2 ⊕ G3, where G1 is divergence-free and curl-free, G2 is divergence-free but not curl-free, and G3 is curl-free but not divergence-free. A number of questions, implications, and future directions are discussed in this semi-expository study.
Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for the Formation of Several Uranium Hydride Molecules

The primary reaction products of laser-ablated uranium atoms with dihydrogen (UH, UH2, UH3, UH4, U2H2, and U2H4) have been isolated for the first time in solid argon and identified by the effects of isotopic substitution on their infrared spectra. Calculations, using DFT methods, have been performed to provide theoretical support for the spectral assignments. The molecules U(μ-H2)U and U2H4 represent the first examples of an actinide-actinide bond.
A Painters' Quarrel on Use of Photographs

On a Friday evening, last November, the New York Studio School played host, with a panel discussion concerning the use of photographs in relation to painting. Rather, it was the consequence of a series of reviews and interjections. It all began with a review in the Village Voice on Howard Kanovitz's exhibition of recent paintings at the Jewish Museum. In it, Peter Schjendahl mentioned that Kanovitz shared his methods with fellow realists Alex Katz and Phillip Pearlstein in projecting photo images onto canvas, the only difference being his refusal to disguise the photographness. This drew a rightfully outraged response from Phillip Pearlstein, since he does not use photographs at all, drawing continuously from live models at considerable expense at that. All might have ended here had he resisted his closing bomb, “I aim at making the camera obsolete.” This was obviously going too far for John Gruen, critic of the now defunct World Journal Tribune. He saw in this an attack on what to him are perfectly legit...
High-Temperature Magnetic Susceptibility of Dilute Alloys in the Mean-Random-Molecular-Field Approximation

An examination of the high-temperature magnetic susceptibility in the mean-random-field approximation gives new information on the interaction mechanism between the impurities in a dilute-magnetic-alloy system. More specifically, the experimental "high"-temperature susceptibilities of Au-Fe, Au-Cr, and Au-Mn are analyzed and found to be in good semiquantitative agreement with theory. A theoretical connection between the high- and low-temperature properties of the alloy system agrees well with experiments on Au-Fe and Au-Cr.
Pillar Talk : Local Sustainability Initiatives and Policies in the United States—Finding Evidence of the “Three E’s”: Economic Development, Environmental Protection, and Social Equity

This article examines local sustainability initiatives in the United States through the lens of the “three pillars” of sustainability: economic development, environmental protection, and social equ...
Interplanetary dust particles collected from the stratosphere: physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties and implications for their sources

The suggestion that significant quantities of interplanetary dust are produced by both main-belt asteroids and comets is based on the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) detection of dust trails or bands associated with these objects. Gravitational focusing strongly biases all near-Earth collections of interplanetary dust in favor of particles with the lowest geocentric velocities, that is the dust from main-belt asteroids spiraling into the Sun under the influence of Poynting-Robertson radiation drag. The major dust bands in the main-belt appear to be associated with the catastrophic disruptions which produced the Eos, Themis and Koronis families of asteroids. If dust particles are produced in the catastrophic collision process, then Poynting-Robertson radiation drag is such an efficient transport mechanism from the main-belt to 1 AU that near-Earth collections of interplanetary dust should include, and perhaps be dominated by, this material. Interplanetary dust particles from 5 to 100 micrometers in diameter have been recovered from the stratosphere of the Earth by NASA sampling aircraft since the mid-1970s. The densities of a large fraction of these interplanetary dust particles are significantly lower than the densities of their constituent silicate mineral phases, indicating significant porosites. The majority of the particles are chemically and mineralogically similar to, but not identical to, the carbonaceous chondrite meteorites. Most stony interplanetary dust particles have carbon contents exceeding those of Allende, a carbonaceous chondrite meteorite having a low albedo. Higher albedo particles corresponding to S-type asteroids are underrepresented or absent from the stratospheric collections, and primitive carbonaceous particles seem to be overrepresented in the stratospheric collections compared to the fraction of main-belt asteroids classified as primitive. This suggests that much of the interplanetary dust may be generated by a stochastic process, probably preferentially sampling a few most recent collisional events.
Soil respiration in northern forests exposed to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and ozone

The aspen free-air CO2 and O3 enrichment (FACTS II-FACE) study in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA, is designed to understand the mechanisms by which young northern deciduous forest ecosystems respond to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and elevated tropospheric ozone (O3) in a replicated, factorial, field experiment. Soil respiration is the second largest flux of carbon (C) in these ecosystems, and the objective of this study was to understand how soil respiration responded to the experimental treatments as these fast-growing stands of pure aspen and birch + aspen approached maximum leaf area. Rates of soil respiration were typically lowest in the elevated O3 treatment. Elevated CO2 significantly stimulated soil respiration (8-26%) compared to the control treatment in both community types over all three growing seasons. In years 6-7 of the experiment, the greatest rates of soil respiration occurred in the interaction treatment (CO2 + O3), and rates of soil respiration were 15-25% greater in this treatment than in the elevated CO2 treatment, depending on year and community type. Two of the treatments, elevated CO2 and elevated CO2 + O3, were fumigated with 13C-depleted CO2, and in these two treatments we used standard isotope mixing models to understand the proportions of new and old C in soil respiration. During the peak of the growing season, C fixed since the initiation of the experiment in 1998 (new C) accounted for 60-80% of total soil respiration. The isotope measurements independently confirmed that more new C was respired from the interaction treatment compared to the elevated CO2 treatment. A period of low soil moisture late in the 2003 growing season resulted in soil respiration with an isotopic signature 4-6 per thousand enriched in 13C compared to sample dates when the percentage soil moisture was higher. In 2004, an extended period of low soil moisture during August and early September, punctuated by a significant rainfall event, resulted in soil respiration that was temporarily 4-6 per thousand more depleted in 13C. Up to 50% of the Earth's forests will see elevated concentrations of both CO2 and O3 in the coming decades and these interacting atmospheric trace gases stimulated soil respiration in this study.
Radiation Damage Mechanisms In Scintillator Materials: Applications to BaF2 and CeF3

Results from recent radiation damage studies in high quality BaF2 and CeF3 crystals are presented. Optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques are used to identify specific radiation damage mechanisms. Specific attention is given to the role of oxygen and hydrogen in the room temperature damage of BaF2. Also, Mn2+ ions are shown to change valence state in BaF2 during room temperature irradiation. Numerous optical absorption bands are created in CeF3 during irradiations at low temperature. These bands are associated with electron traps (either F centers or Ce2+ ions) and they thermal anneal below room temperature. An EPR spectrum, assigned to F centers, is observed in low-temperature irradiated CeF3.
Fully relativistic density functional calculations on hydroxylated actinide oxide surfaces

The linear combinations of Gaussian-type orbitals-fitting function (LCGTO-FF) method has been used to investigate the cohesive properties of three fluorite structure actinide oxides (ThO 2 , UO 2 , and PuO 2 ), and their clean and hydroxylated (111) surfaces, within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) to density functional theory (DFT). Relativistic effects have been considered at both the scalar-relativistic and the fully relativistic (spin-orbit coupling included) levels of approximation. It is found here that the 5f states have only a minimal effect on the cohesive properties of these systems, despite the fact that the two heavier actinide oxides (both Mott-Hubbard-type insulators) are incorrectly predicted to be good metals. The cause of this insensitivity to the spurious metallic nature of the 5f states is elucidated.
The contribution of medical anthropology to a comparative study of culture: susto and tuberculosis.

Results of studies of the popular illness susto and the biomedical entity pulmonary tuberculosis are offered to illustrate how comparisons of sick and well people can elucidate societal processes in cultural anthropology. [comparative methods, susto, tuberculosis]
Self-gravity and quasi-stellar object discs

The outer parts of standard steady-state accretion discs around quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) are prone to self-gravity, and they might be expected to fragment into stars rather than feed the central black hole. Possible solutions to this well-known problem are examined with an emphasis on general dynamic constraints. Irradiation by the QSO is insufficient for stability even if the outer disc is strongly warped. Marginal local gravitational instability enhances viscous transport but extends the stable regions only modestly. Compton cooling in the observed QSO radiation field rules out hot thick discs unless the local accretion rate is vastly superEddington. The formation of stars or stellar-mass black holes, and the release of energy in these objects by fusion or accretion, may help to stabilize the remaining gas in an otherwise standard disc. But at fixed mass accretion rate, the energy inputs required for stability increase with radius; beyond a parsec, they approach the total QSO luminosity and are probably unsustainable by stars. Magnetic torques from a wind or corona, and gravitational torques from bars or global spirals, may increase the accretion speed and reduce the density of the disc. But dynamical arguments suggest that the accretion speed is at most sonic, so that instability still sets in beyond about a parsec. Alternatively, the QSO could be fed by stellar collisions in a very dense stellar cluster, but the velocity dispersion would have to be much higher than observed in nearby galactic nuclei containing quiescent black holes. In view of these difficulties, we suggest that QSO discs do not extend beyond a thousand Schwarzschild radii or so. Then they must be frequently replenished with gas of small specific angular momentum.
A new trapdoor spider species from the southern Coast Ranges of California (Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae, Aliatypus coylei, sp. nov,), including consideration of mitochondrial phylogeographic structuring

The trapdoor spider genus Aliatypus (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Antrodiaetidae) includes 11 described species, 10 of which are endemic to California. Aliatypus species are known from most physiographic provinces in California, with the noticeable absence of described species from the southern Coast Ranges. This paper describes a new species ( Aliatypus coylei , sp. nov.) that is shown to occur at more than 20 locations, most of which are in the southern Coast Ranges. This species is morphologically most similar to members of the A. erebus species group ( A. erebus Coyle and A. torridus Coyle), but males differ from those of these latter species in several features. Female specimens are more difficult to distinguish from A. erebus and A. torridus , but can be easily separated using DNA characters. Collection of mitochondrial DNA sequence data from 21 sites shows that A. coylei is genetically very divergent from all described Aliatypus species, and reveals extreme population subdivision across the fragmented southern Coast Range landscape.
Investigation of Three-Dimensional Stress Fields and Slip Systems for fcc Single-Crystal Superalloy Notched Specimens

Metals and their alloys, except for a few intermetallics, are inherently ductile, i.e. plastic deformation precedes fracture in these materials. Therefore, resistance to fracture is directly related to the development of the plastic zone at the crack tip. Recent studies indicate that the fracture toughness of single crystals depends on the crystallographic orientation of the notch as well as the loading direction. In general, the dependence of crack propagation resistance on crystallographic orientation arises from the anisotropy of (i) elastic constants, (ii) plastic deformation (or slip), and (iii) the weakest fracture planes (e.g. cleavage planes). Because of the triaxial stress state at the notch tips, many slip systems that otherwise would not be activated during uniaxial testing, become operational. The plastic zone formation in single crystals has been tackled theoretically by Rice and his co-workers and only limited experimental work has been conducted in this area. The study of the stresses and strains in the vicinity of a FCC single crystal notch tip is of relatively recent origin. We present experimental and numerical investigation of 3D stress fields and evolution of slip sector boundaries near notches in FCC single crystal tension test specimens, and demonstrate that a 3D linear elastic finite element model that includes the effect of material anisotropy is shown to predict active slip planes and sectors accurately. The slip sector boundaries are shown to have complex curved shapes with several slip systems active simultaneously near the notch. Results are presented for surface and mid-plane of the specimens. The results demonstrate that accounting for 3D elastic anisotropy is very important for accurate prediction of slip activation near FCC single crystal notches loaded in tension. Results from the study will help establish guidelines for fatigue damage near single crystal notches.
Change Detection and Object Tracking in IR Surveillance Video

The appeal of change detection methods for surveillance systems arises from the need to monitor perturbations in the sensorpsilas field of view. Applications of change detection include satellite imagery, digital video compression algorithms, medical diagnosis, damage monitoring, and object tracking. The algorithm developed in this study is capable of extracting features from static background IR (infra-red) surveillance video by a spatio-temporal change detection frame work. Those features are then tracked by application of a similarity metric. The system is trained by observing the background for an extended period of time. The constructed background model helps the algorithm to detect non-stationary objects and extract their time-varying features such as motion and shape deformation. Spatial and spectral characteristics of these dynamic features enable the algorithm to identify targets of known nature and isolate them from the surrounding background cluttered by various objects and foreground.
Cycles of Fear A Model of Lesbian and Gay Educational Leaders’ Lived Experiences

Purpose: The article’s purpose is to highlight a national qualitative study that generated a model for understanding how society’s actions and attitudes affect and inform the lived experiences of lesbian/gay (LG) educational leaders. Research Methods/Approach: Three bodies of literature informed the methods of the study: queer legal theory, critical phenomenology, and poststructural hermeneutics. Seventeen volunteer participants identified as out or closeted LG educational leaders and replied via e-mail (to a safe contact) to a national invitation to participate. To provide anonymity, a virtual laboratory allowed participants to interact anonymously through the use of focus groups, interviews, written responses, and private/public messaging tools. Data analysis was conducted after themes or categories emerged and data was coded and categorized. Findings: The findings culminated in conclusions illustrated in the Cycles of Fear model. First, study participants moved from silence to voice and back again, with varying intensity. Second, participants move beyond oppression was extremely difficult. Third, participants conquered fear and oppression, thereby creating gains. Fourth, experiences of fear were integrated into participants’ very being—their identity. Fifth, as leaders’ strength/visibility increased, society’s homophobic fears created increased intolerance and hostility. Finally, when a new fear cycle began, the
Management of Pneumonia in the Nursing Home

Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among nursing home residents. The approach to managing these patients has lacked uniformity because of the paucity of clinical trials, complexity of underlying comorbid diseases, and heterogeneity of administrative structures. The decision to hospitalize nursing home patients with pneumonia varies among institutions depending on staffing level, availability of diagnostic testing, and laboratory support. In the absence of comparative studies, choice of empirical antibiotic therapy continues to be based on expert opinion. Validated prognostic scoring models are needed for risk stratification. Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination are the primary prevention measures. As of January 2010, Medicare no longer pays for consultation codes; thus, practitioners must instead use existing evaluation and management service codes when providing these services.
THE POLITICS OF WOMEN STATE LEGISLATORS: A SOUTH/NON‐SOUTH COMPARISON

As a result of the 1992 elections, women now make up 20.4 percent of the elected representatives in United States state legislatures nationwide, yet women comprise only 13 percent of southern legislators. The literature supports several theories as to why women in the South are less likely to seek and win office than women outside the South. What has yet to be examined, however; is what difference these factors make in the kind of woman that is ultimately successful in winning a legislative seat in a southern state. Based on an original survey and a representative sample of over 600 women serving during the 1991–1992 legislative session, we find that southern women legislators are in fact significantly different from non-southern women legislators in both attitudes and behaviors; that regionalism exerts a powerful influence on women state legislators' attitudes toward themselves, their job, and their behavior once elected. These findings are important in exploring the diversity of women serving at the state level, particularly as their numbers continue to grow.
The molecular weights of some crystalline enzymes from muscle and yeast. I. Aldolase and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Abstract The molecular weights of four crystalline enzymes have been determined from measurements of the sedimentation constant in the Spinco ultracentrifuge, of the diffusion constant, and of the partial specific volume by a gradient tube method. For three enzymes from rabbit skeletal muscle, the molecular weights are, of aldolase 149,000, of d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 120,000, and of phosphoglucomutase 74,000. The molecular weight of d -glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from yeast is 122,000.
The role of the microbiome in immune cell development.

matic of the GI tract is shown inFigure 1. The composition of the gut microbiome varies along the length of the GI tract based on the specific microenvironment. The small intestine harbors far fewer bacterial numbers than the more distal cecum and large intestine and contains larger numbers of aerobes and facultative anaerobes, such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus species. Although facultative anaerobes persist, obligate anaerobes dominate the populations in the cecum and large intestine, with Bacteroides species making up the majority of gram-negative organisms and Clostridia species as the dominant gram-positive organisms. 4 Overall, there are more than 1,000 different bacterial species that have been identified as contributing to the colonic microbiome, although any individual appears to harbor consortia of 400 to 500 species. Although individuals vary with respect to bacterial species, the functional capacity of the microbiota (total gene content) seems to show significant similarities, suggesting common microbial functions contribute to colonization and host physiology. 5
Genetic Variation at the O-Antigen Biosynthetic Locus in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The outer carbohydrate layer, or O antigen, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa varies markedly in different isolates of these bacteria, and at least 20 distinct O-antigen serotypes have been described. Previous studies have indicated that the major enzymes responsible for O-antigen synthesis are encoded in a cluster of genes that occupy a common genetic locus. We used targeted yeast recombinational cloning to isolate this locus from the 20 internationally recognized serotype strains. DNA sequencing of these isolated segments revealed that at least 11 highly divergent gene clusters occupy this region. Homology searches of the encoded protein products indicated that these gene clusters are likely to direct O-antigen biosynthesis. The O15 serotype strains lack functional gene clusters in the region analyzed, suggesting that O-antigen biosynthesis genes for this serotype are harbored in a different portion of the genome. The overall pattern underscores the plasticity of the P. aeruginosa genome, in which a specific site in a well-conserved genomic region can be occupied by any of numerous islands of functionally related DNA with diverse sequences.
Do state mental health plans address the New Freedom Commission's goals for children's mental health?

The latest initiative to address mental health needs of the nation, including those of children and youth, is the President’s New Freedom Commission on Mental Health (NFC). The NFC formulated a benchmark of six goals and related recommendations toward which the U.S. should strive, including the recommendation that each state develop a comprehensive mental health plan. It is not clear, however, whether the states’ developed plans address the goals established by the NFC and to what degree. This project provides a summary of 50 state mental health plans regarding children and youth in the U.S. by examining components that address each of the six NFC goals and is a test of federal leadership on a state issue. Results indicate that state mental health plans addressed the NFC goals to differing degrees with specific attention to children and youth mental health services. Overall, the NFC goal of eliminating disparities in mental health services was addressed most completely, while the NFC goal of understanding that mental health and physical health are associated was addressed least often. The information provided by this analysis represents a first step in gaining a comprehensive picture about public policies for the mental health of children, adolescents, and their families.
The Approximative Boundary

In this chapter, several topics will be discussed which illustrate the error analysis capabilities offered by the CVBEM. First, the CVBEM will be expanded into a finite series of products (complex logarithms with complex polynomials). This expansion of the CVBEM provides a direct link to the Analytic Function Method of van der Veer (1978). It will also be demonstrated that this expanded logarithmic-form of series can be applied to upper half-plane boundary-value problems, that is, the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation type of problems.
Unfavorable-risk cytogenetics in acute myeloid leukemia

Cytogenetic analysis at diagnosis is one of the most significant prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML patients with unfavorable-risk cytogenetic abnormalities account for 16-30% of younger adult patients and have poor response to standard treatment, with only 32-55% achieving a complete response. Overall survival is also extremely poor with only 5-12% patients alive at 5-10 years after diagnosis. Owing to the poor response in this subset of patients, risk-adapted treatment has been investigated. Allogeneic stem cell transplant has been shown to provide a survival benefit in patients with unfavorable-risk cytogenetic abnormalities in complement receptor 1. Other risk-adapted treatment strategies, such as reduced-intensity conditioning regimens prior to allogeneic stem cell transplant for older patients with AML, have also shown some survival benefit, without increasing treatment-related toxicities. Risk-stratification models that include cytogenetic abnormalities, as well as other molecular markers, are being developed to allow for individualized risk-adapted treatment for patients with AML. Prospective multicenter trials will be needed to validate these prognostic models.
Inheritance of Permethrin Resistance in the Soybean Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

A permethrin-resistant strain of soybean looper, Pseudoplusta includens (Walker), was developed from collections in Lousiana. After 9 generations of selection, this strain was 93-fold resistant and was crossed to a susceptible strain. Data from reciprocal crosses (R ? x S ?, S ? x R ?) indicated no sex-linked or maternal effects on resistance. Resistance appeared to be a codominant trait. Standard chi-square analysis of data from backcross to the susceptible strain suggested resistance was conferred by >1 gene ; this conclusion was supported by bioassays done with the synergist piperonyl butoxide, which is diagnostic for metabolic resistance. Implications for resistance management are discussed.
Multicollinearity may lead to artificial interaction: an example from a cross sectional study of biomarkers.

Collinearity is the situation which arises in multiple regression when some or all of the explanatory variables are so highly correlated with one another that it becomes very difficult, if not impossible, to disentangle their influences and obtain a reasonably precise estimate of their effects. Suppressor variable is one of the extreme situations of collinearity that one variable can substantially increase the multiple correlation when combined with a variable that is only modestly correlated with the response variable. In this study, we describe the process by which we disentangled and discovered multicollinearity and its consequences, namely artificial interaction, using the data from cross-sectional quantification of several biomarkers. We showed how the collinearity between one biomarker (blood lead level) and another (urinary trans, trans-muconic acid) and their interaction (blood lead level * urinary trans, trans-muconic acid) can lead to the observed artificial interaction on the third biomarker (urinary 5-aminolevulinic acid).
The selective permeability barrier in the nuclear pore complex

ABSTRACTThe nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates the shuttle transport of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells. The permeability barrier formed by intrinsically disordered phenylalanine-glycine-rich nucleoporins (FG-Nups) in the NPC functions as the critical selective control for nucleocytoplasmic transport. Signal-independent small molecules (< 40 kDa) passively diffuse through the pore, but passage of large cargo molecules is inhibited unless they are chaperoned by nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). NTRs are capable of interacting with FG-Nups and guide the cargos to cross the barrier by facilitated diffusion. The native conformation of the FG-Nups permeability barrier and the competition among multiple NTRs interacting with this barrier in the native NPCs are the 2 core questions still being highly debated in the field. Recently, we applied high-speed super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to map out the natural structure of the FG-Nups barrier and determined the compe...
School Climate in Secondary Schools

This chapter discusses conceptual and methodological problems that arise when teachers' perceptions are used to measure dimensions of organizational structure and climate in American high schools. Using data from a survey of approximately 10,000 teachers in nearly 300 schools that participated in the High School and Beyond Study, five measures of high school organization and climate are constructed. These data then are analyzed using a two-level hierarchical linear model as described by Raudenbush and Bryk (1986). The analysis investigates the psychometric properties of the measures and develops a model of the sources of within and between-school variation in teachers' perceptions of school organization and climate.
Uterine Histotroph and Conceptus Development. II. Arginine and Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 Cooperatively Stimulate Migration and Adhesion of Ovine Trophectoderm Cells via Focal Adhesion-MTORC2 Mediated Cytoskeleton Reorganization.

ABSTRACT In all mammalian species, critical events, including uterine receptivity and development of the conceptus (embryo/fetus and its associated extraembryonic membranes), must be intricately orchestrated and carefully timed during the window of implantation. Otherwise, failure of conceptuses to implant is inevitable, which accounts for 50%–75% of failures to establish pregnancy. Unlike human and rodent blastocysts, the blastocysts of pigs and ruminants undergo rapid transitions from spherical to tubular and filamentous conceptuses in response to histotroph during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy. Both arginine and secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1; also known as osteopontin) are multifunctional molecules that increase significantly in ovine uterine histotroph during early pregnancy; however, little is known about their relationship and synergistic effects on conceptus development. Therefore, we conducted in vitro experiments using our established ovine trophectoderm cell line (oTr1) isolated fr...
The Impact of Values Clarification and Expression of Beliefs on Dysfunctional Leadership Among Church Lay Leaders

THE IMPACT OF VALUES CLARIFICATION AND EXPRESSION OF BELIEFS ON DYSFUNCTIONAL LEADERSHIP AMONG CHURCH LAY LEADERS
Valuing Water in a Multiple-Use System – Irrigated Agriculture and Reservoir Fisheries

Irrigation projects often provide water formany uses beyond crop irrigation. Sincewater uses within an irrigation system areoften interdependent, failure to addressall uses may result in inefficient,inequitable, unsustainable, or unsafe waterallocations. Accounting for the multipleuses of irrigation water leads to moreinformed decision making, resulting in moreproductive, equitable, and sustainableoutcomes. This paper demonstrates theimportance of accounting for alternativeuses of irrigation water by examining theeconomic contribution of agriculture, arecognized consumptive water use, andreservoir fisheries, an unrecognizednonconsumptive water use. The economicvalues of water for these uses areestimated for the irrigation project areaas a whole and on a per-cubic-meter basis. These values are used to examine theeconomic implications of alternativeintegrative water management practices. Theanalysis focuses on the Kirindi Oyairrigation system, located in southeasternSri Lanka, and has broader implications forother multiple-use systems.
Suitability of the National Health Care Surveys to Examine Behavioral Health Services Associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The National Institutes of Health, Office of Disease Prevention, has described polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) as a major public health problem for women in the USA. This study examines the suitability of the National Health Care Surveys, collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, to understand patient demographics and behavioral health services associated with PCOS-related medical visits. Data were from the 2005–2010 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. PCOS-related medical visits were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification code 256.4. Items on mental health and health education ordered or provided did not meet the National Center for Health Statistics criteria necessary to produce reliable national estimates (i.e., at least 30 unweighted records and a relative standard error <30%). Findings underscore the need to strengthen national surveillance to further understand behavioral health care for patients with PCOS.
The Happiest Years (1923–1938)

Returning from America, August turned his attention not only to insulin production and capillary physiology but also to getting a larger, better equipped laboratory. On January 10, 1923, he wrote a letter to Dr. Rufus Cole at the Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York: “I take the liberty to approach you with a proposition which you will perhaps consider extremely preposterous. I am inclined to look upon it in that way myself but on the other hand it might be possible to take it seriously and I venture to believe that it would, if carried out, be of such value in furthering the study of experimental medicine that I feel justified in asking your opinion.” He explained that the rooms in his present laboratory were few, small, and poorly lighted with no room for a library or even for a secretary, as they had to use every inch of space for experimental work. He regretted that there was never enough room for the American graduate students who wished to work with him. With improved laboratory facilities, he felt, it would be possible to increase, probably by 100 percent, “the amount of research work done in my laboratory without in any way lowering its standards.... I am now 48 years old. I am perfectly sound and expect to have about 20 years of useful experimental work before me. I believe that there is a fair chance that I shall repay in scientific work and in training of workers the outlay which it would require to put me in a position in which my capabilities for work could be utilized to the full.”1
European Globalization Fund – a New EU Support Instrument Regarding the Adjustment of Employees to Globalization Processes

Article present a new intervention instrument of European Commission (EC) European Globalisation Adjustment Fund (EGF). Dynamically developing process of internalization is one of the determinants in present economy. The EU member states are able to use instruments of supports their responsive sectors of economies in this process. Analysis of EGF resources absorption clearly confirms domination of textile industry, although – in relation to the whole available budget of the Fund – a remark has to be made that activity of EU member states in the domain of use of this instrument is very low.