cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of economic incentives in the American film industry: an ecological approach.

ABSTRACTUS states have offered billions of dollars in film industry incentives, but despite the popularity of these incentives, the effects of these investments are unclear. This study adopts an ecological framework and tests the hypothesis that film incentives are effective when they produce changes in the composition of organizational communities. The results of longitudinal linear mixed-effects models, centred around incentive introduction in each state, show that above the impact of their dollar value, the simple presence of economic incentives, organizational diversity and the presence of dominant organizational populations are associated with increases in filming, employment and new establishments. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
"Enactment and the Relationship Between Incivility and Job Satisfaction, OCB, and Turnover Intent"

The current multi-sample investigation studied the previously unexamined relationship between workplace incivility and employee enactment. Extending the transactional model of stress, we argued tha...
Nonlinear Synaptic Integration in Neostriatal Spiny Neurons

The presence of a variety of voltage-gated channels which are activated at subthreshold membrane potentials increases the complexity of the computations that can be expected from individual neurons. This is especially so for neurons receiving large numbers of relatively weak synaptic inputs so that many spatially distributed inputs are required to excite each cell. In a model of one such neuron the spiny projection cell of the mammalian neostriatum inclusion of a simple and very common membrane nonlinearity the time-independent inwardly rectifying potassium conductance caused spatially distributed weak synapses to summate cooperatively while having no effect on the integration of spatially clustered synaptic input.
Features of Gene Structure, Organization, and Expression That Are Providing Unique Insights into Molecular Evolution and Systematics

Over the last 20 or so years, the study of amino acid sequences of proteins derived from different biologic species has greatly enriched our knowledge of both the mechanisms of molecular evolution and the phylogenetic relationships of the species. Increasingly sophisticated computer techniques have been employed in an effort to extract all of the phylogenetic information contained in such data sets. Several problems have arisen along the way, among the most persistent being the uncertainty of whether two sequences are truly orthologous and the species divergence is being examined, or whether they are paralogous and the gene divergences are being examined. Indeed, where gross discrepancies between gene phylogeny and species phylogeny occur, the probability is that paralogous genes are involved (Goodman, 1981; Goodman et al., this volume, Chapter 4).
Video vs. text for lab instruction and concept learning

Given the popularity of YouTube and other video dissemination websites, it is reasonable to assume that the digital natives of today might prefer video-based instruction, especially for a computer lab activity in an Information Systems course. Consider the specificity of a video that shows students exactly what to click versus the potential ambiguity of text instructions. At first look, video appears to offer a significantly superior instruction format compared to text, especially for the digital native generation. However, after two years of experimenting with video instructions, we no longer make this assumption. We present an experiment that examines the differences between online video and online text instructions with respect to concept learning, task completion time, retention, and student impression. Our results indicate that video and text perform similarly, which is surprising since we are investigating a type of task and an audience that appear, on the surface, to be well-suited for video instructions. Our experiments are supported by an innovative web-based lab delivery system that provides a framework for evaluating different forms of instruction and user interface designs by collecting students' responses, impressions of the experience, and timing data.
Residential Concentration/Segregation, Demographic Effects of

An abiding concern in the study of segregation is that the residential clustering would itself influence social outcomes, either by changing behavior, or by changing the structure of opportunities. The premise is that residential clustering carries behavioral consequences beyond those of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or life cycle stage. A number of models advance a causal connection between this geographic clustering of traits and social behaviors that result. Contemporary research approaches to the issue generally involve multivariate, multilevel models. Increasingly, the availability of such data allows a more sophisticated examination of this issue than heretofore. Several multivariate studies have detected effects of segregation and neighborhood composition. These include effects of neighborhood composition on child development and the detrimental effects of residential segregation on minority group outcomes in more segregated urban regions. Overall, such neighborhood and metropolitan influences are usually much smaller than those of personal demographic traits and family or household structure.
Abstract 2621: Genomic determinants of progression and response to therapy in prospectively characterized glioma patients

While the genomic landscape of low- and high-grade gliomas has been characterized and incorporated into further disease classification, its relationship to disease progression and treatment response remains poorly understood. To address this question, we integrated prospective clinical sequencing of 1,007 primary and recurrent tumors from 924 glioma patients with clinical and treatment phenotypes. Genomic alterations in effectors of cell cycle progression were a biomarker of aggressive disease in 1p19q intact IDH-mutant disease, arising preferentially in enhancing and recurrent tumors. When present at recurrence, the lesions were associated with rapid disease progression. These alterations were also present in all astrocytic tumors that ultimately relapsed with alkylating therapy-associated hypermutation. Analysis of matched pre-treatment and post-progression tumors indicated that cell cycle alterations preceded the emergence of hypermutation. In total, 391 patients (42%) harbored a potentially therapeutically actionable lesion in their tumor of which 73 patients (19%) received a diversity of targeted therapies. Both the type of mutation and its clonality were associated with therapeutic sensitivity in this cohort. For instance, RAF dimer-dependent BRAF hotspot mutations arose predominantly in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas, were subclonal, and affected patients did not respond to MAPK-directed therapy. In contrast, BRAF V600 hotspot mutations arose clonally in histologically distinct gliomas, both low- and high-grade, and responded to MAPK-directed therapy (either RAF, MEK or ERK inhibition). Collectively, these data reveal previously unrecognized genomic determinants of disease progression and treatment response in diverse types of glioma and serve as a rationale for utilizing genomic information in clinical care of patients with glioma. Citation Format: Philip Jonsson, Andrew L. Lin, Shahiba L. Ogilvie, Shweta S. Chavan, Andrew T. McKeown, Natalie M. DiStefano, Marc Rosenblum, Lisa M. DeAngelis, Ingo K. Mellinghoff, Barry S. Taylor. Genomic determinants of progression and response to therapy in prospectively characterized glioma patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2621.
Measurement of the In 115 ( γ , γ ′ ) In 115 m inelastic scattering cross section in the 1.8 to 3.7 MeV energy range with monoenergetic photon beams

For the first time the excitation cross section of $^{115}\mathrm{In}$ to its first excited state at 336.24 keV has been measured with monoenergetic photon beams at 15 energies between 1.8 and 3.7 MeV. The measurements were performed at the High-Intensity Gamma-ray Source ($\mathrm{HI}\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{S}$) facility with natural In targets and incident photon fluxes ranging from $0.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\ensuremath{\gamma}/({\mathrm{cm}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\text{s})$ to $3.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}\ensuremath{\gamma}/({\mathrm{cm}}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\text{s})$. The inelastic scattering cross section was obtained from the yield of the 336.24 keV deexcitation $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays. The cross-section values varied between $l0.05$ and 28.7 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{b}$ at 1.8 and 3.7 MeV, respectively. Compared to standard photon inelastic scattering cross-section data in this energy range of medium-mass nuclei, these extremely small values are not completely unexpected, given the nature of the low-lying nuclear levels of $^{115}\mathrm{In}$. Model calculations, however, overestimate the measured cross-section data by approximately one order of magnitude. Using different choices for the $E1 \ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray strength function, the data can be well described. The data are important for improving our knowledge of the level scheme of $^{115}\mathrm{In}$, especially spin and parity assignments of already known states.
A Genetics Clustering-Based Approach for Weblog Data Cleaning

This paper addresses the issue of Weblog Data cleaning within the scope of Web Usage Mining. Weblog data are information on end-user clicks and underlying user-agent hits recorded by webservers. Since Web Usage Mining is interested in end-user clicks, user-agent hits are referred to as noise to be cleaned before mining. The most referenced and implemented cleaning methods are the conventional and advanced cleaning. They are content-centric filtering heuristics based on the requested resource attribute of weblog databases. These cleaning methods are limited in terms of relevancy, workability and cost constraints, within the context of dynamic and responsive web. In order to deal with these constraints, this contribution introduces a clustering-based cleaning method focused on the genetic features of the logging structure. The introduced cleaning method mines clicks from hits on the basis of their underlying genetics features and statistical properties. The genetics clustering-based cleaning experimentation demonstrates significant advantages compared to the content-centric methods.
Author Highlights for the Past 35 Years: An Analysis of the Most-Published Authors and Most-Cited Papers in The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems

This essay reviews leading contributions to The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems over the past 35 years, both in terms of identifying leading scholars who published most frequently in the journal as well as papers that have been cited most frequently. Using standard scientometric methods, I identify the leading authors who published five or more papers since 1982. In terms of analyzing highly cited papers, I organize the analysis into four time periods of nine years each, a structure that reveals that The DATA BASE has been a longstanding venue for IS scholars to introduce their early work - whether conceptual or empirical. Notably, several esteemed IS scholars published early conceptual versions of their ideas in The DATA BASE - often many years before they followed up with related work in other journals. In terms of highly cited papers, the analysis in this essay also reveals that The DATA BASE shifted toward publishing empirical papers after 1990 and, despite the prevalence of positivist, quantitative research during the past 25 years, qualitative research has also become prominent in the journal. More recently, the journal has also featured several literature review papers on important topic areas, such as virtual teams, technostress, IT outsourcing, and IT security. This essay reviews leading contributions to The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems over the past 35 years, both in terms of identifying leading scholars who published most frequently in the journal as well as papers that have been cited most frequently. Using standard scientometric methods, I identify the leading authors who published five or more papers since 1982. In terms of analyzing highly cited papers, I organize the analysis into four time periods of nine years each, a structure that reveals that The DATA BASE has been a longstanding venue for IS scholars to introduce their early work - whether conceptual or empirical. Notably, several esteemed IS scholars published early conceptual versions of their ideas in The DATA BASE - often many years before they followed up with related work in other journals. In terms of highly cited papers, the analysis in this essay also reveals that The DATA BASE shifted toward publishing empirical papers after 1990 and, despite the prevalence of positivist, quantitative research during the past 25 years, qualitative research has also become prominent in the journal. More recently, the journal has also featured several literature review papers on important topic areas, such as virtual teams, technostress, IT outsourcing, and IT security.
Snakes diffract like a light ray to put them on the right track

![Graphic][1] Snakes travel in the form of an undulating S-shape produced by a wave of muscle contractions propagating from their head to their tail. How do snakes preserve their motion when they encounter unexpected obstacles on their way? Perrin Schiebel and her colleagues at the Georgia
Abstract 5290: Loss-of-Irf5in mammary epithelial cells drives spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis by regulating EMT

Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a member of the IRF family of transcription factors. In human breast cancer (BC), IRF5 expression is lost in ~ 60% of ductal carcinoma in situs (DCISs) and ~90% of invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). BCs expressing the lower quartile of IRF5 transcript expression were found to significantly correlate with poor prognosis for recurrence-free survival. To examine how loss-of-Irf5 promotes breast tumor initiation and progression, we generated Irf5 knockout (Irf5-/-) mice on a BALB/C background that are susceptible to spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis. At 1 year-old, female nulliparous Irf5-/- mice (n=21) had a >3-fold increase in the incidence of spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis as compared to Irf5+/+ littermate mice (WT, n=25). As early as 6 months old, we detected dramatic differences in the presence of atypical ductal hyperplasia, and at 9 months old, ~50% of Irf5-/- mice had ADH while only 17% of WT littermates had detectable ADH (n=12/group). Immunofluorescence (IF) staining showed expansion of the luminal epithelial compartment in Irf5-/- mice with ADH and/or mammary tumors. Further, proliferation of Irf5-/- luminal epithelial cells was significantly increased over WT mice (15 week-old, n=3/group, 2-way ANOVA, Genotype factor F (1, 4) = 0.04493), supporting a loss of cell growth control in this compartment. To identify the molecular mechanism(s) driving enhanced mammary tumorigenesis, we performed RNA-seq on FACS-sorted luminal and basal epithelial cells from 9 month-old Irf5-/- and Irf5+/+ littermate mice (n=3 mice/group). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified signatures that were either positively or negatively regulated in Irf5-/- luminal and basal epithelial cells as compared to WT littermates. We found that epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)-transcription factors were significantly enriched in both Irf5-/- luminal (p=0.046) and basal (p=0.004) epithelial cells. A diverse array of signaling pathways and molecules that participate in EMT induction were also found enriched in Irf5-/- cells, including Wnt/β-catenin (Luminal p=0.021; basal p=0.294), Sonic hedgehog (Shh) (luminal p=0.849), Gli1 (Irf5-/- vs. WT, luminal 3.56 vs. 1.35; basal 10.04 vs. 8.88) and PI3K signaling (luminal p=0.941; basal p=0.970). Findings suggest that loss-of-Irf5 promotes EMT through one or more of these pathways, thus contributing to the striking increase in spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis that occurs in Irf5-/- mice. Results from this study are expected to identify mechanisms and pathways that may be therapeutically targeted in patients with IRF5-negative BC. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Su Song, Dan Li, Kyle Kampta, Betsy Barnes. Loss-of-Irf5 in mammary epithelial cells drives spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis by regulating EMT [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5290.
Dos para bailar el Tango: Fomento de la motivación en estudiantes de lenguas extranjeras por medio de contenidos en disciplinas específicas

Este trabajo describe las sinergias de programaticas y organizativas entre estudios de lengua y disciplinas academicas para la instruccion basada en contenidos (CBI, por sus siglas en ingles). Se centrara en los beneficios de un planteamiento basado en contenidos para maximizar el aprendizaje y la voluntad del estudiante en contextos disciplinares diferentes. Primero, el articulo examina la colaboracion con diferentes partes interesadas. Segundo, se describen maneras de fortalecer la agencia del estudiante a traves de contenido profesional. Tercero, se resumen los criterios para la seleccion de materiales autenticos, se explica el andamiaje linguistico y se proporcionan ejemplos de tareas que se usan en clases de espanol que siguen el formato CBI. Cuarto, se destacan innovaciones para evaluar el idioma a traves de contenido en clases de espanol.
Photogrammetry is for everyone: Structure-from-motion software user experiences in archaeology

Abstract In this study, Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetric software was used to create 3D models of the Tyler house (Mound, TX) and Eyrie house (Holyoke, MA), both mid-19th century ruins. We compared the resulting models to evaluate the user experience for non-specialists between two different but popular software options for SfM modeling used by archaeologists. We addressed the differences in rendered models by acquisition method, UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) or terrestrial photography and, compared models using metric and interpretive outputs. We used AgiSoft’s PhotoScan (v. 1.4, now Metashape) and Autodesk ReCap Photo (v. 2018) to generate models for this study. Using CloudCompare (v.2.9.1), we calculated cloud-cloud distances, average distances between points, and the standard deviation between model pairs. Clouds were accurate to within 0.03 cm with varying degrees of standard deviation. This result is likely due to differences in methodology, such as the degree of photo overlap between acquisition methods and software rendering parameters. These results may help the archaeological community in selecting software, increasing awareness of point cloud and user-induced variations, and refining acquisition methods when recording archaeological sites. This paper is targeted towards informing non-specialists about options when selecting SfM software.
Circuit development in somatosensory cortex

Abstract Neocortical circuits sit hierarchically atop somatosensory, visual, and auditory sensory processing in the mammalian brain. These circuits are complicated because each cortical area contains a vast range of excitatory and inhibitory cell types and each cell type integrates a variety of local and long-range input. Unraveling this circuitry is essential to understanding how the neocortex works, but this process has been slow due to the absence of means to reliably identify, visualize, record, and manipulate distinct cell types in most species. Furthermore, because the function of different areas across the cortical surface varies, relating cortical activity to function has been challenging. Primary somatosensory cortex has emerged as one model with clear functional representation of incoming information about touch, along with clearly differentiated cellular components in different layers. The connections of these elements and how they develop is the subject of this chapter. This chapter begins by describing what is known about the adult connectivity of the circuitry. It then describes the birth and migration of excitatory and inhibitory neurons of cortex and proceeds to address thalamic innervation, the main ascending input to sensory cortex. A description of function and anatomy of the barrel cortex, the rodent whisker sensory processing area, is added, as many of the rules for development and plasticity of circuits are known from this model system. A description of critical period plasticity in these circuits follows. The chapter closes with a description of adult plasticity.
Doing Entrepreneurship in Regional Communities

Entrepreneurship is as important in regional Australia as it is in cities. In both academic and business circles regional entrepreneurship is largely neglected. Entrepreneurship literature has shown a tendency to disproportionately emphasise initial public offerings (IPOs) and venture capital (VC) financing in examining entrepreneurial intentions and processes while ignoring a large segment of small businesses who often remain small either due to market constraints or owner preferences.
The Unique Advantage of Adolescents in Probabilistic Reversal: Reinforcement Learning and Bayesian Inference Provide Adequate and Complementary Models

Abstract During adolescence, youth venture out, explore the wider world, and are challenged to learn how to navigate novel and uncertain environments. We investigated whether adolescents are uniquely adapted to this transition, compared to younger children and adults. In a stochastic, volatile reversal learning task with a sample of 291 participants aged 8-30, we found that adolescents 13-15 years old outperformed both younger and older participants. We developed two independent cognitive models, one based on Reinforcement learning (RL) and the other Bayesian inference (BI), and used hierarchical Bayesian model fitting to assess developmental changes in underlying cognitive mechanisms. Choice parameters in both models improved monotonously. By contrast, RL update parameters and BI mental-model parameters peaked closest to optimal values in 13-to-15-year-olds. Combining both models using principal component analysis yielded new insights, revealing that three readily-interpretable components contributed to the early-to mid-adolescent performance peak. This research highlights early-to mid-adolescence as a neurodevelopmental window that may be more optimal for behavioral adjustment in volatile and uncertain environments. It also shows how increasingly detailed insights can be gleaned by invoking different cognitive models.
Specifying and Interpreting Reinforcement Learning Policies through Simulatable Machine Learning.

Human-AI collaborative policy synthesis is a procedure in which (1) a human initializes an autonomous agent's behavior, (2) Reinforcement Learning improves the human specified behavior, and (3) the agent can explain the final optimized policy to the user. This paradigm leverages human expertise and facilitates a greater insight into the learned behaviors of an agent. Existing approaches to enabling collaborative policy specification involve black box methods which are unintelligible and are not catered towards non-expert end-users. In this paper, we develop a novel collaborative framework to enable humans to initialize and interpret an autonomous agent's behavior, rooted in principles of human-centered design. Through our framework, we enable humans to specify an initial behavior model in the form of unstructured, natural language, which we then convert to lexical decision trees. Next, we are able to leverage these human-specified policies, to warm-start reinforcement learning and further allow the agent to optimize the policies through reinforcement learning. Finally, to close the loop on human-specification, we produce explanations of the final learned policy, in multiple modalities, to provide the user a final depiction about the learned policy of the agent. We validate our approach by showing that our model can produce >80% accuracy, and that human-initialized policies are able to successfully warm-start RL. We then conduct a novel human-subjects study quantifying the relative subjective and objective benefits of varying XAI modalities(e.g., Tree, Language, and Program) for explaining learned policies to end-users, in terms of usability and interpretability and identify the circumstances that influence these measures. Our findings emphasize the need for personalized explainable systems that can facilitate user-centric policy explanations for a variety of end-users.
Reliability of testing measures in Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy.

Abstract In a multiinstitutional collaborative study, we ascertained the interevaluator and intraevaluator reliability of six physical therapists who performed assessment measures on 36 boys (11.7 ± 3.9 years) with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy. Upper and lower extremities were evaluated by manual muscle testing for function, range of motion, and strength. The data were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). For the interevaluator phase, ICCs were as follows: average muscle strength, .90; range of motion, .76; and upper extremity functional performance, .58. For the intraevaluator phase, corresponding ICCs were .80 to .96; .33 to .97; .34 to 1.00. Our results confirm and extend observations by others that these assessment measures are sufficiently reliable for use in a multiinstitutional collaborative effort. Such results can be used to design clinical trials that have sufficient statistical power to detect changes in the rate of disease progression. Investigators planning clinical trials in a multiinstitutional collaborative setting should first standardize the assessment methods, provide evaluator training, and document reliability.
Direct Stresses in Shells of Arbitrary Shape

In the two preceding chapters the membrane theory of shells has been developed for two important types: shells of revolution and cylinders. In both cases the theory made use of every advantage which the particular shape of the middle surface offered, thus arriving at the simplest possible solution of many important problems but
A Preliminary Gravitational Model to Degree 2160

The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) of the USA has embarked upon the development of a new Earth Gravitational Model (EGM), to support future realizations of NGA’s World Geodetic System. Current plans call for the development of the new EGM (EGM05) by the end of 2005. The new model will be complete to degree and order 2160, and aims at a ±15 cm global Root Mean Square (RMS) geoid undulation error requirement. The new model will combine optimally the gravitational information that is extracted from dedicated geopotential mapping satellite missions (CHAMP, GRACE), with the information contained within a global gravity anomaly database of 5′×5′ resolution. This paper describes the development of a Preliminary Gravitational Model (PGM2004 A). We developed PGM2004A by combining the GRACE-only model GGM02S, with a 5′×5′ global gravity anomaly database compiled by NGA. PGM2004A is complete to degree and order 2160, and is accompanied by propagated error maps at 5′×5′ resolution, accounting for the entire bandwidth of the model (from degree 2 to degree 2160), for various model-derived gravimetric quantities (Δg, N, ξ, η). We have evaluated PGM2004A through comparisons with independent data including GPS/Leveling data, astronomic deflections of the vertical over the conterminous US (CONUS), and altimeter data from TOPEX. The results of these comparisons indicate that the goal set for EGM05 is well within reach. We summarize in this paper our current status and technical accomplishments, and discuss briefly our next steps towards the development of EGM05.
A note on holomorphic maps with unipotent Jacobian matrices

We prove that a holomorphic map H : C2 -C2 is invertible if its Jacobian matrix JH is unipotent.
Clinical and metabolomic predictors of weight loss in overweight and obese adults in an energy-restricted controlled feeding trial (248.5)

Weight loss (WL) induced by energy restriction is highly variable even in controlled clinical trials. An integrative analysis of the plasma metabolome coupled to traditional clinical variables may ...
Annotated logic programming

We give a formal account of an annotated logic programming language, describe its semantics, and provide a meta-interpreter written in Prolog for performing deductive reasoning. The goal is to enhance the expressiveness of logic programs while simultaneously retaining the computational advantages of efficiency and simplicity of the underlying logic programming machinery.
A basic scientific understanding of diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is classified into nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), with the latter identified by the growth of new retinal blood vessels. In this chapter, we will review our current understanding on the pathophysiology of DR.
Hydrogen storage in destabilized chemical systems

We describe approaches for modifying the thermodynamics and kinetics of hydrogen sorption reactions in light-metal hydrides. Thermodynamic destabilization is achieved using additives that form new compounds during dehydrogenation. This lowers the enthalpy and increases the equilibrium pressure. We review current research in this area, emphasizing destabilization reactions involving LiBH4. We also describe the use of nano-engineering approaches for reducing diffusion distances and increasing surface area, thereby increasing the hydrogen exchange rate. We focus on improving reaction rates by incorporating metal hydrides into nanoporous scaffolds.
On capacity outer bounds for a simple family of wireless networks

This paper explores models for finding outer bounds on the capacities of a simple family of wireless networks. Each wireless network is comprised of a collection of independent, memoryless channels with no more than three nodes: one transmitter and two receivers in each broadcast channel, two transmitters and one receiver in each multiple access channel, and one transmitter and one receiver in each point-to-point channel. The approach taken applies prior network equivalence results for modeling the individual components in each network and then bounds the difference between the modeling network capacity and the capacity of the original network. For binary channels, the modeling network guarantees capacities within a constant multiplicative factor of the true network capacity for all possible demand types. The results for networks of Gaussian channels yield cuts across each channel within an additive constant of the optimal cut value. These constant gaps in cut values give additive bounds on the accuracy of capacities for demand types where cut-sets are tight. The bounding network capacity is also tight for some example networks where the gap between the capacity region and the traditional cut-set outer bounds can be made arbitrarily large.
Student background and implications for design of technology-enhanced instruction

AbstractKnowledge of students’ construction and technology background is an important input to the process of designing technology-enhanced instruction. Current literature in student background is either not specific for the construction/civil engineering student population or lacks direct implications for pedagogical design. This paper presents a survey study that assesses students’ self-reported technology skills and attitude, learning preferences, and baseline construction knowledge. The survey is designed as a questionnaire with three sections: demographic and background information, technology attitude and exposure, and construction-related knowledge. From the 280 data points collected, it was found that today’s students are exposed to a wide range of technology applications. They had a positive attitude toward technology, were enthusiastic video-game players, and strongly preferred learning activities that involved interactions, whether these interactions were face-to-face or mediated by technology....
The effect of a bioengineering unit across high school contexts: An initial investigation in urban, suburban, and rural domains

This chapter describes the implementation and assessment of a high school-level bioengineering curriculum unit in urban, suburban, and rural settings.
The Obstetric Nursing Self‐Efficacy Scale: A Report of Initial Reliability and Validity Data for a New Instrument

Professional Issues Poster Presentation Objective The Obstetric Nursing Self-Efficacy instrument was developed to measure perception of selfefficacy related to the ability to provide safe obstetric nursing care among nursing students after the completion of an obstetric clinical rotation. The purpose of this poster is to report promising preliminary findings related to the reliability of the Obstetric Nursing Self-Efficacy instrument and encourage psychometric testing of the instrument in other populations.
Boards of Directors for Small Businesses and Small Private Corporations: The Changing Role, Duties and Expectations

Today the governance and management structure of business organizations, particularly publicly traded corporations uti lizes a board of directors. Organization use of boards of directors is considered an openly accepted and utilized structure to provide leadership and management direction in business organization. Because large public companies recognize the value to the corporation and because of the increased regulatory requirements placed on publicly traded companies, the use of boards of directors are strongly endorsed. For small businesses and privately held companies, however, a board of directors is not always viewed as a useful part of the corporate structure. This paper reports on the results of a study which focused on the board functions and operations of small privately held corporations. A survey of 180 small, of ten family owned, non‐public corporations was conducted in one Mid western state. The study corroborated the expanding body of literature suggesting the lack of formality in board functions for small privately held companies. Critical factors influencing board function and action included needs of the company, abilities of the directors, sophistication of ownership and management, as well as life cycle stage, percent of family ownership and trading status of the corporation’s stock.
Characterization of the 5' end of the mouse Ent gene encoding the basement membrane protein, entactin.

Abstract Entactin (Ent) is a 150-kDa basement membrane glycoprotein that forms a complex with laminin and also binds to type-IV collagen. For the initial characterization of the 5′ end of the mouse Ent gene, we isolated genomic clones that encompass the first three exons of the gene. A 3.5-kb Eco RI fragment at the 5' end of the gene was sequenced and shown to contain 1226 bp of the 5′-flanking DNA, the 260-bp first exon, and 2060 bp of the first intron. The second exon is separated from the first exon by an intron that spans greater than 18 kb. The major transcription start point ( tsp ) was mapped to 35 nucleotides upstream from the translation start codon. The 5′-flanking DNA contains a putative TATA box, two CAAT boxes and two GC boxes. Nine potential AP-2- and two potential AP-1-binding sites were found in the upstream region and the first intron. The first 248 bp of the promoter region are G + C rich, and they are 65% identical to the promoter of human Ent . Fragments of the 5'-flanking DNA linked to a reporter gene were shown to have promoter activity in transient transfection assays.
Premarital sexual experience of married women in Kinshasa, Zaire.

Retrospective data from a random sample of 515 married women and 507 married men from Kinshasa Zaire was collected during April-May 1991 in two administrative zones and analyzed. The aim was to describe premarital sex behavior and to explain the relationship between premarital sexual activity and marriage. Two theories were examined. One theory predicts a negative association between premarital sexual activity and marriage desirability and the other holds that premarital sexual behavior is a precursor to marriage. Potential predictors of premarital activity are identified as age education parental education and culture. Descriptive findings indicate 64% with at least some secondary education and about 50% are Catholics. 44% are of the Kwilu-Kwango ethnic group. Premarital behavior is indirectly constructed from questions about the age at first marriage and age at first intercourse. 52% of currently married women had premarital intercourse. The Bangala are found to be the most likely to have intercourse before marriage. Other women with high rates of premarital activity are women with highly educated parents. 51% of all women had intercourse before the age of 18 years. 75% of women with premarital sexual activity had intercourse before the age of 18 years. The median age was 17.4 years. In the logistic models education is the most important predictor of premarital sexual activity. A university level educated woman is 28 times more likely to have had premarital sexual intercourse. Other significant predictors of premarital activity are fathers attainment of at least a secondary education age and ethnic group. Mothers educational level was not significant. Bangala women were 4 times more likely to engage in premarital actions than Kwilu-Kwango women. Among the Bakongo premarital sexual activity is more likely among younger women. Marriage age averaged 4 years after premarital intercourse. First premarital partners were an average of 4 years younger in age than first marriage partners. 49% of all women and 92% of women with premarital experience had first intercourse with males other than their husbands. Premarital sexual behavior with a man is not a precursor to marriage with the same man.
Pricing Models Using Real Data

Summary A practical hands-on classroom exercise is described and illustrated using the price of an item as dependent variable throughout. The exercise is well-tested and affords the instructor a variety of approaches and levels.
Calculation of 2-D profiles for the plasma and electric field near a tokamak separatrix

A boundary layer exists around the magnetic separatrix of a diverted tokamak where the inherently 2-D structure of the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma is transformed into a nearly 1-D structure with quantities depending dominantly on the magnetic flux surface index. As the separatrix is crossed, the anomalous viscosity from edge turbulence allows the electrostatic potential to be calculated from the current continuity equation which contains a fourth-order derivative of the potential in the radial direction. Simulations from the UEDGE transport code illustrate the 2-D profiles and plasma flows near the separatrix when both E×B and ∇B drifts are included.
On the correlation between motion data captured from low-cost gaming controllers and high precision encoders

Gaming controllers are attractive devices for research due to their onboard sensing capabilities and low-cost. However, a proper quantitative analysis regarding their suitability for use in motion capture, rehabilitation and as input devices for teleoperation and gesture recognition has yet to be conducted. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the sensors of two of these controllers, the Nintendo Wiimote and the Sony Playstation 3 Sixaxis, is presented. The acceleration and angular velocity data from the sensors of these controllers were compared and correlated with computed acceleration and angular velocity data derived from a high resolution encoder. The results show high correlation between the sensor data from the controllers and the computed data derived from the position data of the encoder. From these results, it can be inferred that the Wiimote is more consistent and better suited for motion capture applications and as an input device than the Sixaxis. The applications of the findings are discussed with respect to potential research ventures.
Clinical trial experience with transcatheter aortic valve insertion

Surgical aortic valve replacement has long been considered the standard of care for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, however, an aging population with increasing complex comorbidities now represents a growing population of patients that is often considered inoperable for a traditional surgical approach. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation is a developing technology that offers an alternative treatment modality for these very high risk patients. This manuscript will review the currently available clinical trial data with transcatheter aortic valve implantation and offer perspective as to the future of this novel technology.
Sex differential of survival during perinatal period: an immunologic phenomenon?

Extract: The sex-differential early neonatal mortality experienced by a population of 27,243 neonates has been analyzed in relation to sex-related reproductive antecedents of their mothers. An association between the risk of dying of a neonate and the sex of previous pregnancies of its mother has been found: the risk decreases with a previous pregnancy of the same sex as the neonate, and increases with one of the opposite sex. Repeated pregnancies of same sex increase the phenomenon. An immunologic hypothesis has been formulated from these results: sex-differential survival of conceptuses during the perinatal period would be due to sex-differential conceptomaternal immunologic interactions. An advantage in survival of the female fetus results from these interactions in primiparous mothers. However, immunologic behavior of the mother is altered by previous contact with fetal antigens. Consequently sex-differential survival varies with sex-related antecedents of the gravida. Previous sensitization of the gravida by male pregnancy provides an advantage in survival for a subsequent male conceptus, and previous sensitization by female pregnancy provides an advantage in survival for a subsequent female conceptus. Speculation: A confirmation of an association between mortality during the overall perinatal period and sex-related reproductive antecedents of the mother could support an immunologic explanation of sex-differential survival. This would provide a new approach for analyzing sex-differential biologic phenomena.
A Structural Framework for the Polymodal Pain Sensor TRPV1

TRPV1 is an important polymodal cellular sensor for heat, capsaicin, and other noxious stimuli. How the channel is activated by diverse physical and chemical stimuli remains largely unknown. Structural information is critical for mechanistic investigation but is currently lacking for TRPV1 and its homologs. In order to provide a structural framework for the study of TRPV1 gating mechanism, we have first modeled the transmembrane region in both the closed and open states using the Rosetta method. Reliability of predicted structural models is supported by results from a combination of mutagenesis, fluorescence imaging and patch-clamp recording tests. We found that while the overall predicted structural architectures resemble those of other six-transmembrane tetrameric cation channels, there are a number of interesting unique structural features that may contribute to capsaicin sensitivity, coupling of conformational changes in the turret and other extracellular structures to the pore, as well as pore dilation upon activation. Extending these modeling efforts to the intracellular regions further indicated potential structural elements that may mediate subunit assembly and modulation by intracellular factors. Therefore, our model has setup a framework for further investigation of the molecular events that lead to TRPV1 activation.
Dynamic Re-Discretization Allows Simulation of Biopolymers Across Length-Scales

The dynamic behavior of polymers like DNA and proteins, such as actin filaments, plays a key role in many cellular functions from gene regulation to cell mobility. A major challenge to gaining better physical insight into the role of these polymers inside a cell lies in accessing all the relevant time and length scales within a simulation. Recent published work by Koslover and Spakowitz has highlighted a new technique that correctly captures the behavior of stretchable, shearable Wormlike chains (ssWLC) across length-scales, allowing simulations that were previously too large or complex to be run much faster on a single machine. We have extended this work to look at the complex nature of polymer-polymer interactions, which are a hallmark of cellular processes. Our first application is on the timescales for DNA looping, and we discuss simulation results that can capture the looping time for DNA segments regardless of the initial discretization of the DNA chain. A second example focuses on the interactions of actin, where our simulation methodology makes it possible to capture the behavior of many interacting polymers in solution. Our work is closely matched to recent experimental results that would have been computationally impossible to simulate previously. These results highlight the power of this technique to address the interactions that play a key role in the dynamic behavior of DNA and proteins within a crowded cellular environment.
Fine resolution synthesis of microwave frequencies from a photonic oscillator

We demonstrate using a photonic microwave frequency synthesizer based on a dual-pumped stimulated Brillouin scattering laser with Diophantine frequency synthesis, for a fine frequency step resolution. Output at 5 GHz is generated with a 184 kHz step resolution by using a photonic frequency synthesizer with a 10.3 MHz free spectral range.
Impact of ozone on grain sorghum yield

Grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) is an important animal feed crop, and it is sometimes planted as a substitute for field corn. Although sorghum is grown in areas of the central and southern U.S. where potentially damaging concentrations of O3 exist, no data are available regarding the sensitivity of grain sorghum to O3. Plants of grain sorghum (DeKalb A28+ ) were field-grown in open-top chambers and exposed to O3(7-hr day−1 seasonal mean concentrations of 0.016, 0.040, 0.059, 0.078, 0.102, and 0.129 ppm) for 85 days to determine the impact of O3 on grain yield. A randomized complete block design incorporated three replicates of all treatments. Foliar injury was noted at the two highest 03 treatments. Analysis of variance of the data indicated highly significant O3 effects on overall grain yield. There was a general decrease in yield as O3 increased, and the overall grain yield reductions were caused primarily by reductions in individual seed weight. Quadratic, Weibull, and plateau-linear models all adequately described the response of grain sorghum to O3. Yields were not markedly affected at O3 concentrations below the 0.10 ppm treatment, and the predicted yield loss of 15% at a seasonal 7-hr mean O3 concentration of 0.13 ppm indicates that grain sorghum exhibits considerable tolerance to O3.
FIH-1/c-Kit Signaling: A Novel Contributor to Corneal Epithelial Glycogen Metabolism

Purpose. Corneal epithelial cells have large stores of glycogen, which serve as their primary energy source. Recently, we demonstrated that factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (FIH-1) diminished glycogen stores in vitro and in vivo, working through the Akt/Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)-3β pathway. In this study we investigated the relationship between FIH-1 and c-kit as it pertains to limbal and corneal epithelial glycogen stores.