cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Impact of Stakeholder Engagement in a School-Based Type 1 Diabetes Study

Objective Although the importance of stakeholder engagement (SE) for patient-centered research is recognized, few studies document SE processes and influence on research outcomes in the diabetes field. We applied a research-informed framework to evaluate the impact of SE on a pediatric diabetes study exploring school nurse perspectives on modern diabetes devices. Methods We recruited parents of children with type 1 diabetes, school nurses, and diabetes providers. Stakeholders convened virtually every 2 months for 12 months. Goals for SE included input on research materials, interpretation of findings, and future research directions. Processes were assessed using a validated survey. Immediate outcomes included changes to research materials and satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included research efficiency and value (acceptance by community partners). Results Each role was represented at every meeting. The majority of stakeholders (>70%) completed the survey at study midpoint and end points. All surveyed indicated that they had received all desired information, shared feedback, and felt valued. Stakeholders were satisfied with the meeting frequency. Participants appreciated learning from each other and expressed enthusiasm for continued research participation. They described their role as one of consultant rather than research team members. SE resulted in five additional interview questions. Nearly 70 comments added to the interpretation of qualitative themes. Findings were published within 12 months and recognized by the state school nursing organization. Conclusion SE was well received and led to meaningful changes in content and dissemination of a diabetes study. A systematic approach to evaluating SE can increase scientific rigor and reproducibility and contribute to best practices for SE in diabetes research.
Interleukin-1 Family of Cytokines and Cancer

The interleukin (IL)-l extended family (IL-lFx) of beta trefoil cytokines now includes a total of 11 members, many of which have been identified as being produced by dendritic cells (DC)s and acting on natural killer (NK) and T-cells. Their major role in immunity remains not fully explored but based on expression data and studies done over the last two decades it is expected that they are important for the initial critical events in NK cell/DC and T-cell/DC interactions, serving as cytokine danger signals or Signal Os alerting the host to damage or injury. They are likely important, following the delivery of antigen/MHC Signal 1 and B7/CD28 Signal 2s during polarization (Signal 3) of the immune response and during the effector phase, as potential Signal 4s associated with tissue specific signaling and homing, driving either inflammation or healing and the fibroblastic response, mediated by IL-Iβ during the effector phase of the immune response as Signal 5s (1,2). Alternatively they deliver activation signals across the immunologie synapse to T-cells and NK cells (3–9). A careful analysis of these factors and their role in NK cell/DC cross talk has not been performed, although analysis of these individual dendrikines in murine models and in vitro human studies suggest that at least IL-18 and a novel factor, IL-lF7b may play important antitumor roles. We will carefully extend observations with these IL-Is to other family members (IL-lFx), determine how they and their inhibitors regulate NK/DC interactions, and promote the adaptive immune response to tumor.
Fatty Acid Composition of Bovine Semen

Abstract Total lipid concentration in 610ml of bovine semen was found to be 4.10mg per milliliter, which was equal to 3.75% of whole semen on a dry weight basis. The fatty acids, analyzed as methyl esters, were as follows: (where the first numbers represent the number of carbon atoms: degree of unsaturation, and the number in parentheses represents the relative percentage found) 12:0 (0.6), 14:0 (26.4), 15:0 (0.2), 16:0 (40.9), 16:1 (1.0), 17:0 (0.1), 18:0 (12.9), 18:1 (10.5), 18:2 (7.4).
Toward an Inclusive Teacher Education Program

Although definitions of high quality teaching vary considerably, a good teacher capitalizes on the strengths of every student. Yet, novice teachers struggle to identify all students’ abilities. Many teachers describe inclusion practices as just another obstacle encountered in the classroom. Scholars seek to identify ways of changing this burden of inclusion mindset to a welcoming/enriching notion aligned with social justice agendas. In this paper, we discuss the need for pre-service teachers to enter the classroom with the disposition to focus on individual strengths and to understand how the diversity of students’ abilities and backgrounds contributes to the subjective well-being of the student population.
Corrosion behavior of stainless steel-zirconium alloy waste forms.

Stainless steel-zirconium (SS-Zr) alloys are being considered as waste forms for the disposal of metallic waste generated during the electrometallurgical treatment of spent nuclear fuel. The baseline waste form for spent fuels from the EBR-II reactor is a stainless steel-15 wt.% zirconium (SS-15Zr) alloy. This article briefly reviews the microstructure of various SS-Zr waste form alloys and presents results of immersion corrosion and electrochemical corrosion tests performed on these alloys. The electrochemical tests show that the corrosion behavior of SS-Zr alloys is comparable to those of other alloys being considered for the Yucca Mountain geologic repository. The immersion tests demonstrate that the SS-Zr alloys are resistant to selective leaching of fission product elements and, hence, suitable as candidates for high-level nuclear waste forms.
A Family of Graphical-Game-Based Algorithms for Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems

This paper addresses the application of distributed constraint optimization problems (DCOPs) to large-scale dynamic environments. We introduce a decomposition of DCOP into a graphical game and investigate the evolution of various stochastic and deterministic algorithms. We also develop techniques that allow for coordinated negotiation while maintaining distributed control of variables. We prove monotonicity properties of certain approaches and detail arguments about equilibrium sets that offer insight into the tradeoffs involved in lever-aging efficiency and solution quality. The algorithms and ideas were tested and illustrated on several graph coloring domains.
1 kHz rep-rate operation of a spark-gap switched gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission line array

This paper details the design, fabrication and performance of a coaxial ferrimagnetic nonlinear transmission line (NLTL), four element array, high power microwave (HPM) system operated at a 1 kHz repetition rate. Prime power is delivered from an 802L TDK Lambda power supply which charges a 5.2 nF capacitor bank up to −40 kV. The capacitors are discharged through a center pin trigatron spark gap. The trigger generator is optically isolated and battery powered for noise immunity and portability. It produces a 20 kV positive polarity pulse with a 20 ns risetime. The high dV/dt (1 kV/ns) is desirable to reduce jitter inherent to spark-gap switching. After the spark-gap switch has closed, the pulse is split four ways. The four pulses propagate through four adjustable delay lines for synchronization of the individual outputs. The four delay lines connect directly into four 76 cm NLTLs with NiZn ferrites where SF 6 is the insulating dielectric. Each NLTL is terminated into a custom fabricated, Rexolite-filled, TEM horn antenna via a zipper balun. Lastly, a LabVIEW based control system automates the whole system using a National Instruments cRIO controller. Experimental observations will include in-line D-dot measurements of voltage waveforms and radiated D-dot field measurements.
Two-dimensional heat transfer problem using the boundary integral equation

Mathematical properties of the variational solution and solution of the boundary integral equation of a two-dimensional heat transfer problem are studied. It is first reviewed that a boundary integral expression is valid for the classical solution, and then it is shown that a unique solution of the boundary integral equation is identical to the variational solution in Sobolev space H1(Ω) even when the classical solution does not exist. To represent the boundary integral equation for the two-dimensional problem, Green's formula in Sobolev space is utilized on the solution domain excluding a circle with a small radius ϱ centered at the singular point. By letting ϱ tend to zero it is shown that for the heat transfer problem, a boundary integral expression is valid for the variational solution. From this fact, one can obtain a numerical approximation of the variational solution by the boundary element method even when the classical solution does not exist.
Compensator design using the frequency - domain approach

This paper presents an analytical technique for com pensating a system in the frequency domain to meet phase margin and static-error coefficient require ments at a specified gain-crossover frequenc...
A transient isotopic labeling methodology for 13C metabolic flux analysis of photoautotrophic microorganisms

Abstract Metabolic flux analysis is increasingly recognized as an integral component of systems biology. However, techniques for experimental measurement of system-wide metabolic fluxes in purely photoautotrophic systems (growing on CO 2 as the sole carbon source) have not yet been developed due to the unique problems posed by such systems. In this paper, we demonstrate that an approach that balances positional isotopic distributions transiently is the only route to obtaining system-wide metabolic flux maps for purely autotrophic metabolism. The outlined transient 13 C-MFA methodology enables measurement of fluxes at a metabolic steady-state, while following changes in 13 C-labeling patterns of metabolic intermediates as a function of time, in response to a step-change in 13 C-label input. We use mathematical modeling of the transient isotopic labeling patterns of central intermediates to assess various experimental requirements for photoautotrophic MFA. This includes the need for intracellular metabolite concentration measurements and isotopic labeling measurements as a function of time. We also discuss photobioreactor design and operation in order to measure fluxes under precise environmental conditions. The transient MFA technique can be used to measure and compare fluxes under different conditions of light intensity, nitrogen sources or compare strains with various mutations or gene deletions and additions.
Computational Measurement of Steric Effects: the Size of Organic Substituents Computed by Ligand Repulsive Energies

Ligand repulsive energies, ER, have been demonstrated to provide reliable steric parameters for ligands in organometallic systems. ER values have now been computed for 167 different organic substituents. Three different fragments were employed for the calculation of the ligand repulsive energies: CH3, CH2COOH, and Cr(CO)5 . All compounds were modeled using molecular mechanics. Two different force fields were employed: Allinger's MMP2 and Rappe's Universal Force Field (UFF). Both molecular dynamics and stochastic mechanics were used to determine the lowest energy conformer for each species. Steric sizes were compared against standard steric measures in organic chemistry: Taft−Dubois steric parameter, E‘S, A-values, cone angles, θ, and solid angles, ΩS. Good correlations between ER and the model-based steric measures (θ and ΩS) were found. Experimental-based measures, E‘S and A-values, showed a mix of steric and electronic effects. On the basis of these correlations, the use of CH3, CH2COOH, and Cr(CO)5 ...
Gender Stereotypes: A Bias Against Men

In a class on the psychology of male roles, 38 undergraduates (18 men, 20 women) participated in an activity designed to assess gender stereotypes. A chi-square analysis revealed that participants produced significantly more negative stereotypes for men than for women. These results, consistent with crosscultural findings, are discussed in terms of methodological issues and the differential socialization of men and women.
Altered drying regime controls distribution of endangered salamanders and introduced predators

Abstract Introduction of invasive species has been implicated in the decline of many native species. However, the mechanisms that underlie successful invasion and species replacement are often poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that disruption of the natural disturbance regime can facilitate invasion of habitats, resulting in the exclusion of native species. In Arizona’s San Rafael Valley, cattle ponds designed to hold water year-round have replaced seasonal marshes, and this altered drying regime has facilitated invasion by disturbance-intolerant fish and bullfrogs that negatively affect native Sonoran tiger salamanders. We investigated the relationships among pond drying regime, presence of introduced fish and bullfrogs, and presence of tiger salamander populations in 42 ponds. Both fish and breeding bullfrog populations disappeared following pond drying. Pond drying in cattle ponds negatively affected salamanders, but not to the same extent that it affected fish and bullfrogs. Metamorphosed bullfrogs ate salamander larvae in laboratory and field experiments, and the risk of local extinction among salamander populations was increased by introduced fish. Once fish eliminated salamanders from an aquatic habitat, salamanders seldom reappeared unless fish were killed by drying. Simple models were developed to predict change in salamander, fish, and bullfrog distributions with changes in cattle pond drying frequency. The models show that decreases in pond drying frequency could negatively affect salamanders by leading to a community dominated by disturbance-intolerant fish and bullfrogs, but increased drying frequency could negatively affect salamander populations by preventing salamander breeding. These results suggest that manipulation or restoration of disturbance regimes may be a powerful tool in managing for native species threatened by biotic invasions.
ON THE ORIGIN OF d-WAVE PAIR FUNCTIONS IN HIGH-Tc SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

We argue that the usual Hubbard's model produces only s-wave pairing functions and, even then, only at unphysically large values of the lumped parameter J≡4t2/U. It follows that a reliable theory of high-Tc superconductivity has to include additional features if it is to reproduce the d-wave gap. We test the effects of an alternating potential caused by a charge stripe, on the ground state of the Hubbard model in strong-coupling. If we "fine tune" we do find the d-waves. However, a better-formulated version of a three-band model yields a sturdier theory of pair formation in high-Tc superconductivity. The coupling constant g1=t2/V factors out, hence it serves only to establish the unit of energy; the underlying Hamiltonian is universal. We outline the principal properties of this model, including the intimate relation between charge-density stripes and the d-wave pair function, its rejection of 45° stripes (checkerboard pattern), and other concerns.
Determination of cetirizine in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method was developed for the quantitation of cetirizine in human plasma. Cetirizine and hydroxyzine (internal standard) were extracted from human plasma using a solid phase extraction porocedure with Oasis HLB cartridges. Elution from a reverse phase Xterra MS C18 high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column using a fast gradient was followed by MS-MS-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Cetirizine and the internal standard were ionised using the TurbolonsprayTM interface operating in positive ion mode. The characteristic ion dissociation transitionsm/z 389.3→201.1 andm/z 375.3→201.1 were monitored for cetirizine and internal standard respectively. The limit of quantitation was 5 ng·mL−1 using 250 μl of plasma. Inter and Intra batch precision expressed by relative standard deviation was less than 9%. The assay was robust, sensitive, and highly specific and there was no interference from human plasma observed. With a total run-time of 6 minutes, the method was suitable for supporting clinical studies and applied to the analysis of samples from a bioequivalence study.
Review of outcomes of primary liver cancers in children: our institutional experience with resection and transplantation.

Background Operative intervention plays an important role in the management of primary liver cancers in children. Recent improvements in diagnostic modalities, pre- and postoperative chemotherapy, and operative technique have all led to improved survival in these patients. Both hepatic resection and orthotopic liver transplantation are effective operations for pediatric liver tumors; which intervention is pursued is based on preoperative extent of disease. This is a review of our institution's experience with operative management of pediatric liver cancer over an 18-year period. Methods A retrospective chart review from 1990 to 2007 identified patients who were ≤18 years old who underwent operative intervention for primary liver cancer. Demographics, type of operation, intraoperative details, pre- and postoperative management, as well as outcomes were recorded for all patients. Results Fifty-four patients underwent 57 operations for primary liver cancer, 30 of whom underwent resection; the remaining 27 underwent orthotopic liver transplantation. The mean age at diagnosis was 41 months. Twenty patients had stage 1 or 2 disease and 34 patients had stage 3 or 4 disease. Forty-eight (89%) patients received preoperative chemotherapy. Postoperative chemotherapy was given to 92% of patients. Mean overall and intensive care unit duration of stay were 18 and 6 days, respectively. About 45% of patients had a postoperative complication, including hepatic artery thrombosis ( n = 8), line sepsis ( n = 6), mild acute rejection ( n = 3), biliary stricture ( n = 2), pneumothorax ( n = 2), incarcerated omentum ( n = 1), Horner's syndrome ( n = 1), and urosepsis ( n = 1). Only 6 patients had a recurrence of their cancer, 5 after liver resection, 3 of whom later received a transplant. There was only 1 recurrence after liver transplantation. There was 1 perioperative mortality from cardiac arrest. Overall survival was 93%. Conclusion Operative intervention plays a critical role in the management of primary liver cancer in the pediatric population. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be given if the tumor seems unresectable at diagnosis. If chemotherapy is unable to sufficiently downstage the tumor, orthotopic liver transplantation becomes the patient's best option. Our institution has had considerable experience with both resection and liver transplantation in the treatment of pediatric primary liver cancer, with good long-term outcomes.
Usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging analysis of tricuspid annular motion for determination of right ventricular function in normal infants and children.

We conclude that RV systolic and diastolic function can be assessed noninvasively using DTI analysis of tricuspid annular motion. This study describes tricuspid annular motion patterns in normal infants and children and should provide the foundation because this technique is applied to infants and children with altered RV anatomy and hemodynamics.
On the response of a class of self-excited oscillators to stochastic excitation

Abstract The response of a class of self-excited oscillators to white noise is considered. The stationary Fokker-Planck equation is solved exactly to yield the stationary distribution, and from this the mean squared response and average frequency. An asymptotic expansion of the solution of the time dependent Fokker-Planck equation is obtained and used to find the power spectral density.
TopicView: Visually Comparing Topic Models of Text Collections

We present Topic View, an application for visually comparing and exploring multiple models of text corpora. Topic View uses multiple linked views to visually analyze both the conceptual content and the document relationships in models generated using different algorithms. To illustrate Topic View, we apply it to models created using two standard approaches: Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Conceptual content is compared through the combination of (i) a bipartite graph matching LSA concepts with LDA topics based on the cosine similarities of model factors and (ii) a table containing the terms for each LSA concept and LDA topic listed in decreasing order of importance. Document relationships are examined through the combination of (i) side-by-side document similarity graphs, (ii) a table listing the weights for each document's contribution to each concept/topic, and (iii) a full text reader for documents selected in either of the graphs or the table. We demonstrate the utility of Topic View's visual approach to model assessment by comparing LSA and LDA models of two example corpora.
Sucrose as a product of photosynthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts.

Sucrose has been detected as a seasonal photosynthetic product in spinach chloroplast preparations. Sucrose when present accounted for up to 30% of the CO2 fixed. Experiments in which sucrose was formed have been compared with experiments in which it was not formed, and a possible control mechanism for sucrose synthesis is discussed.
Gold nanorods as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates for sensitive and selective detection of ultra-low levels of dithiocarbamate pesticides.

We report the use of gold nanorods as solution-based SERS substrates for the detection of ultralow-levels of three different dithiocarbamate fungicides: thiram, ferbam and ziram. Gold nanorods are attractive to use as SERS substrates due to the ability to tune the surface plasmon resonance of the nanoparticles to the laser excitation wavelength of the Raman spectrometer equipped with a 785 nm diode laser. The gold nanorods are synthesized using a seed-mediated growth method and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, and TEM. The gold nanorods have an aspect ratio of 2.19 ± 0.21 and have an average length of 37.81 ± 4.83 nm. SERS spectra are acquired at different concentrations of each fungicide and calibration curves are obtained by monitoring the intensity of the band arising from the ν(C–N) stretching mode coupled to the symmetric δ(CH3) motion. The limits of detection and limits of quantitation are obtained for each fungicide. The limits of detection are 11.00 ± 0.95 nM, 8.00 ± 1.01 nM, and 4.20 ± 1.22 nM for thiram, ferbam, and ziram respectively. The limits of quantitation are 34.43 ± 0.95 nM, 25.61 ± 1.01 nM, and 12.94 ± 1.22 nM for thiram, ferbam, and ziram respectively. It can be seen that the three different dithiocarbamates can be detected in the low nM range based on the limits of detection that are achieved.
Ambient mass spectrometry for in vivo local analysis and in situ molecular tissue imaging

Abstract Recent technical innovations in mass spectrometry (MS) have extended the application of this powerful technique to direct chemical analysis at atmospheric pressure. These innovations have created an opportunity to appreciate the chemistry of biological systems in their native state, so tissues and single cells of plant, animal, or human origin can be interrogated in situ and in vivo . Ambient MS also allows label-free detection of compounds and gives unique insights into temporal changes and tissue architecture in two and three dimensions. Compounds studied range from natural products (e.g., neurotransmitters, metabolites, organic acids, polyamines, sugars, lipids, and peptides) to xenobiotics (e.g., pharmaceuticals), dyes, polymers, explosives, and toxins. This critical review covers analytical trends in ambient MS. Our discussions primarily touch on the mechanisms of sampling and the bioanalytical implications for in situ and in vivo experiments. We pay special attention to lateral imaging, depth profiling, and three-dimensional-MS imaging, all while working under atmospheric conditions. Our closing remarks highlight some of the present analytical challenges and developmental opportunities in this field.
Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Polymorphic Lymphoproliferative Disorders Occurring in Nontransplant Settings

Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Polymorphic Lymphoproliferative Disorders Occurring in Nontransplant Settings
Alternative approach in decision theory as applied to the resolution of two point images

The resolution of two point images is treated in the context of communication theory. By reducing the problem to one described by an equivalent “discrete correlation receiver”, many of the same concepts as developed in earlier papers result as well as further flexibility in the use of hypothesis testing. Also, the error performance is found to rely on parameters not normally discussed in the context of this problem.
Electrocaloric Effect in Ferroelectric Rochelle Salt

Measurements of the electrocaloric effect in crystalline Rochelle salt throughout the ferroelectric range have been made and have been used to determine the Devonshire "dielectric stiffness" coefficient, the ferroelectric Curie temperatures, and the spontaneous polarization close to both Curie temperatures. The results are shown to be consistent with the thermodynamic properties of Rochelle salt as determined from measurements of the spontaneous polarization and the low-field differential susceptibility.
Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules associated with high-intensity eccentric exercise

Unaccustomed, eccentrically biased exercise induces trauma to muscle and/or connective tissue. Tissue damage activates an acute inflammatory response. Inflammation requires the effective interaction of different physiological and biological systems. Much of this is coordinated by the de novo synthesis of families of protein molecules, cytokines. The purpose of the present paper was to determine changes in blood levels of various cytokines in response to exercise-induced muscle damage that was effected using high-intensity eccentric exercise. Six healthy, untrained, college-age male subjects were required to perform the eccentric phase of a bench press and a leg curl (4 sets, 12 repetitions/set) at an intensity equivalent to 100% of their previously determined one-repetition maximum. Samples of blood were drawn at the following times: before exercise and 1.5, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 h after exercise. These samples were analyzed for interleukins (IL): IL-lβ, IL-6, and IL-10; tumor necrosis factor-α; colony stimulating factors (CSF): granulocyte-CSF, macrophage-CSF, and GM-CSF; for cell adhesion molecules (CAM): P- and E-selectin, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1). Results were analyzed using a repeated-measures analysis of variance (P=0.05). Compared to baseline values, IL-1β was reduced (P=0.03) at 6, 24, and 96–144 h after exercise; IL-6 was elevated (P=0.01) at 12, 24, and 72 h after exercise; IL-10 was elevated (P=0.009) between 72 and 144 h after exercise; M-CSF was elevated (P=0.005) at 12 and 48–144 h after exercise; and P-selectin was reduced (P=0.01) between 24 and 144 h after exercise. It is concluded that when high-intensity eccentric exercise is compared to strenuous endurance exercise, post-exercise changes in cytokines do occur, but they are generally of a smaller magnitude, and occur at a later time period after the termination of exercise.
The relationship between race and comorbid symptoms in infants and toddlers with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Researchers have indicated that persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) population evince higher rates of comorbid symptoms. While the relationship between comorbid symptoms and factors such as autism symptom severity, IQ level, age, communication abilities, and degree of social impairment were previously examined, there has been limited research on the effect of race in this area. The current study examined the potential role of race in comorbid symptoms in toddlers with ASD and atypically developing toddlers without a diagnosis of ASD using The Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits – Part 2 (BISCUIT-Part 2). Based on the current findings, African-American toddlers evinced higher rates of comorbid symptoms than Caucasian toddlers and toddlers of other races. In addition, toddlers with ASD evinced higher rates of comorbid symptoms than atypically developing toddlers without a diagnosis of ASD. Implications regarding these findings are discussed.
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

Abstract St. Petersburg is the Russian Federation’s second major city and arguably its cultural capital. Western influences have shaped St. Petersburg’s origins and cultural life, including its architectural style and built fabric, more than any other Russian city, yet its full transition to a globalized and modern European city remains in question. St. Petersburg’s transition from Soviet central planning to market economy during the last two decades has been accompanied by dramatic economic and social upheaval, and spatial change and disruption in its built environment. This profile focuses on the city’s architectural inheritance, built fabric and the rapid transformation and impending loss of the ensemble of the city’s historical center as one of the most critical issues of public discussion and heightened concern among city residents today.
FEVER IN BURNED CHILDREN

Anecdotal information from health professionals who work with burned patients suggests that these patients frequently have temperature elevations during their hospital courses. To investigate the natural course of fever in burned children and to identify those factors which correlate with fever occurrence, a retrospective study was undertaken. The charts of all patients ages 0 - 16 years admitted for burn care to Harborview Medical Center (the regional burn center for the Pacific Northwest) in the years 1979-82 were reviewed. There were 223 children admitted for burn care within 24 hours of the burn occurrence, and who stayed in the hospital longer than 48 hours. Each patient's highest temperature recorded for every 8 hour shift was plotted for the patient's entire hospital stay. We found that a significant rise in temperature, independent of culture-documented infection or physical findings suggestive of infection, occurs between 36 and 60 hours post-burn. Life-table and multiple regression analyses suggest that the percent surface area burned correlates most strongly with occurrence of fever, followed by age of the patient. Sex, race, etiology of burn, time and place of burn occurrence and body-location of the burn do not appear to be correlated with fever. This knowledge of a 'fever curve' may prevent unnecessary, costly and uncomfortable sepsis work-ups in burned children who have no other physical findings suggesting a source of infection.
Homocystinuria: a differential diagnosis of Marfan's syndrome.

Abstract Attention is drawn to a recently discovered condition which has clinical manifestations closely similar to those of Marfan's syndrome. The importance of recognizing the condition lies in the fact that treatment can be instituted to ameliorate the mental deterioration that frequently accompanies homocystinuria.
CHK and MEK inhibitors team up to trigger cancer cell suicide.

No Abstract AvailableCommentary to:Title: Inhibitors of MEK1/2 Interact with UCN-01 to Induce Apoptosis and Reduce Colony Formation in Mammary and Prostate Carcinoma CellsAuthors: Robert McKinstry, Liang Qiao, Adly Yacoub, Yun Dai, Roy Decker, Shawn Holt, Michael P. Hagan, Steven Grant and Paul DentPage Numbers: 243-253
Mathematical models for continuous culture growth dynamics of mixed populations subsisting on a heterogeneous resource base. II. Predation and trophic structure

Abstract Models are presented for the joint dynamics of predators and prey, maintained in continuous flow chemostat culture. The predators are visualized as subsisting on one or more prey organisms, which in turn are visualized as subsisting on one or more substrate resources supplied by the investigator. The dynamic equations are translated into an analogous Lotka-Volterra predation model, and the criteria for the existence and stability of various equilibria are indicated. Denoting the number of different predator organisms as NH, the number of different prey organisms by NI and the number of different substrates as NJ, it is shown that the joint coexistence of all components requires 0 ⩽ NI − NH ⩽ NJ. The model is extended to more complex situations by including additional trophic layers and by allowing trophic layer “leap-frogging.” The model may always be translated into an approximately quadratic differential equation of the Lotka-Volterra type. The α- and β-coefficients of these latter are really variables, and become quite complex for some of the multi-layered models.
A revised form for the Johnson-Cook strength model

Abstract Strength models play a key role in the numerical simulation of impact events. A revised form of the Johnson–Cook strength model is proposed in this paper. The revised model treats the sudden strengthening that many ductile metals exhibit at strain rates greater than 104/s. Strain rates of this magnitude are generally considered to be beyond the capability of the split-Hopkinson pressure bar and so such abrupt strengthening behavior is often not observed and reported. A method to economically estimate all eight coefficients of the revised strength model using quasi-static tension data and Taylor impact test data reduced with a modified version of the EPIC finite element code is also described. Revised strength model coefficients were determined for: 7075-T6 aluminum, OFHC copper, wrought iron, and a high-strength steel (Astralloy-V®). A good fit to the quasi-static tension data and Taylor impact test results was obtained for these four different metals. The behavior of the revised strength model at high strain rates also compared favorably with independent predictions from an analytical model calibrated with the Taylor impact data.
Domains of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor required for regulation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs)

To investigate the domains of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor required for regulation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), we created mutant PTH receptors lacking potential GRK-phosphorylation sites. Mutant #1 was truncated at amino acid 544 and, therefore, lacked nine hydroxyl group-containing amino acids at the C-terminus. In mutant #2, we replaced threonines 392 and 399 in the third intracellular loop with glycines. Co-transfection of HEK293 cells with the wild-type receptor and either GRK2, GRK3, or GRK5 inhibited PTH-induced cyclic (cAMP) generation; co-transfection of GRK4 or GRK6 had no effect on PTH receptor responsiveness. GRK2-mediated inhibition of PTH receptor signaling was associated with enhanced phosphorylation receptor proteins. Co-expression of GRK2 similarly reduced PTH-induced cAMP generation by the wild-type receptor and mutant #1, and caused phosphorylation of receptor proteins to a similar extent. Co-expression of GRK2 had little effect on PTH-induced cAMP generation by mutant #2 but enhanced agonist-induced phosphorylation of mutant #2 compared with that of either the wild-type receptor or mutant #1. Enhanced phosphorylation of mutant #2 was associated with a reduction in agonist-induced internalization of mutant #2 compared with the wild-type receptor. Thus, phosphorylation of mutant #2 failed to cause receptor desensitization and inhibited receptor internalization. These data are consistent with the notion that: (a) GRKs contribute to regulating PTH receptor responsiveness, and (b) domains in the third intracellular loop are not required for agonist-induced phosphorylation of PTH receptors, but are critical for both agonist-induced internalization of PTH receptors and GRK2-mediated regulation of PTH receptor signaling.
Saturation effects in field-oriented induction machines

The important effects of saturation are outlined, and a simple first-order piecewise-linear representation of the saturation characteristic that explains these effects in an easy to understand manner is presented. Machine properties explored include saturation effects on available torque per stator ampere, practical limits on available torque and torque linearity, and a general analysis of the influence of parameter variations (detuning) in adjustable-flux systems. An experimental technique for evaluating the d-axis current level associated with peak torque per stator ampere in a saturated machine is also presented. >
Extended training: Delay of reward

Rats run in a straight alley were given either 10- or 30-sec prereinforcement delay in the goalbox. Subgroups were later shifted. There was no PCE or NCE. Early in training the 10-sec group ran fastest; late in training this difference disappeared.
Model studies of blood-glucose regulation

A simplified, linearized model of the system regulating blood-glucose concentrations is reviewed. This model, which predicts a damped sine wave response to an oral glucose load, lumps the large number of kinetic parameters into a much smaller number which can, at least in part, characterize the human glucose regulatory system. The predictions based on the model are compared with measurements of blood-glucose and blood-insulin concentrations during the oral glucose-tolerance test. Various other conditions are simulated and their implications are discussed in terms of the mathematical model used.
‘Single-stranded’ DNA from φX174 and M13 is cleaved by certain restriction endonucleases

DURING a systematic survey of the substrate specificities of a variety of restriction endonucleases, it was discovered that the Haemophilus aegyptius restriction endonuclease III (HaeIII) specifically cleaved ‘single-stranded’ DNA from φX174 and M13. Since these DNAs are not double-stranded1 and restriction enzymes recognise duplex DNA with twofold sequence symmetry2, this result was unexpected. This finding is significant with regard to the conformation of single-stranded viral DNA as well as the biochemical mechanism and physiological role of restriction enzymes.
Image/source statistics of surfaces in natural scenes

Perceiving surfaces in a manner that accords with their physical properties is essential for successful behaviour. Since, however, a given retinal image can have been generated by an infinite variety of natural surfaces with different geometrical and/or physical qualities, the corresponding percepts cannot be determined by the stimulus per se. Rather, resolution of this quandary requires a strategy of vision that incorporates the statistical relationship of the information in retinal images to its sources in representative environments. To examine this probabilistic relationship with respect to the features of object surfaces, we analysed a database of range images in which the distances of all the objects in a series of natural scenes were measured with respect to the image plane by a laser range scanner. By taking any particular scene obtained in this way to be made up of a set of concatenated surface patches, we were able to explore the statistics of scene roughness, size-distance relationships, surface orientation and local curvature, as well as the independent components of natural surfaces. The relevance of these statistics to both perception and the neuronal organization of the underlying visual circuitry is discussed.
Conjugated heat transfer in a concentric annular pipe

Abstract Combined convection and radiation heat transfer for adsorbing-emitting gas in the entrance region of a finite length concentric annular duct is numerically investigated. The thermal boundary conditions imposed on the two duct walls are of a mixed type; a constant heat flux, attributed by both radiation and conduction, is imposed at the inner wall, and a constant temperature is imposed at the outer wall. An approximation model, namely the method of moments, is employed to consider the radiation contribution. The method of lines (MOL) is employed to discretize the nonlinear partial differential energy and radiation transport equations into a set of ordinary differential equations. The fifth-order Runge-Kutta-Verner method is used to solve the ordinary differential equation set. The effects of six major parameters on the conjugate behavior in the entrance region of a concentric annular duct are discussed. Compared to the isothermal boundary condition, the results indicate that the local Nusselt number exhibits many different behaviors for the mixed boundary condition.
The exchangeability and leachability of metals from select green roof growth substrates

Batch extraction and leaching studies were conducted with potential green roof substrates (e.g., Axis, Arklayte, coal bottom ash, Haydite, Lassenite, lava rock, and composted pine bark). The results indicated that these materials would not likely be sources of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, or Zn and that Lassenite would be considered a source of Mn if the leachate concentrations were compared to USEPA drinking water standards for these elements. Lassenite would not be a source of Mn if the data was compared to a USEPA standard for Mn toxicity to aquatic life. All of the substrates tested leached Cd and/or Pb concentrations that exceeded the USEPA water quality standards at least once during the 6-month leaching study, so these materials may be potential sources of Cd and Pb in green roof storm water runoff. The leaching of Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn was differentially influenced by time and/or the presence of a single Sedum hybridum ‘immergrauch’ plant. The leaching of Cd, Cu, and Pb displayed complex, three-way interactions between main effects (substrate type and the presence or absence of a plant) and between leaching events. For all substrates except Lassenite, the presence of a S. hybridum plant decreased the leaching of Pb over time. The leaching of Cd was generally enhanced by plants for most substrates with time. Collectively the results suggest that changes in the biogeochemical conditions within green roof systems may alter metal solubility, decreasing the leaching of some elements and increasing the leaching of others.
Kinetics of radiation-induced segregation in Ni--12. 7 at. % Si

The kinetics of radiation-induced segregation in Ni--12.7 at. % Si alloys was investigated using in situ, simultaneous Rutherford-backscattering spectrometry. It was observed that a precipitate layer of ..gamma..'--Ni/sub 3/Si grew at the specimen surface during 2.0-MeV He and 2.75-MeV Li irradiations. The thickness of the ..gamma..' layer was measured as a function of dose, dose rate, and temperature. For all of the irradiation conditions the ..gamma..' layer thickness grew proportionately to the square root of dose. The proportionality constant, or growth-rate constant, was dependent on temperature and dose rate. Below approx.570 /sup 0/C the growth-rate constant displayed Arrhenius behavior with an apparent activation enthalpy of 0.30 +- 0.04 eV, and it depended approximately on the -(1/4)th power of the dose rate. Above 590 /sup 0/C the growth-rate constant also displayed Arrhenius behavior but with an apparent activation enthalpy of -0.75 +- 0.15 eV; moreover, it was independent of dose rate in this temperature regime. A simple model for radiation-induced segregation is described which relates the segregation results to high-temperature point-defect properties in alloys. It shows that the apparent activation enthalpy of the growth-rate constant at low temperatures is equal to (1/4) the enthalpy of vacancy migration, and that at highmore » temperatures it is equal to -(1/2) the enthalpy of vacancy formation. The model also correctly predicts the observed dose-rate dependences of the growth-rate constant in the two temperature regimes.« less
Study on Vibration Friction Mechanism and Vibration Response Analysis Based on Vibration Compaction System

Friction of two objects or inner friction of loose materials in vibration case can present different characteristics that are different from conventional conditions. The practice shows that vibration can reduce friction coefficient and friction force between two objects, lighten abrasion of objects, reduce energy consumption and increase greatly working efficiency. The mechanism of friction in vibration case was revealed in this paper. The Curve of vibration intensity to internal friction of soil was given. The investigation indicated that friction converts from static to sliding in vibration case. The internal friction is reduced with frequency increasing and there exists the optimal vibration intensity to make internal friction least. At last, nonlinear dynamic model of vibration friction system about compaction equipment was established and its resonance response was obtained.
Development of PIXE, PESA and transmission ion microscopy capability to measure aerosols by size and time

Abstract We describe a new capability that consists of a combination of proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), proton elastic scattering analysis (PESA) and transmission ion microscopy (all performed at the same location on the sample) techniques to address some of the research needs associated with time series and size-dependent composition of atmospheric aerosols. Simultaneous measurements of PIXE and PESA can be performed on aerosols collected using 3 stage improved rotating DRUM impactor by size (Stage A: 2.5–1.15 μm; Stage B: 0.34–1.15 μm; Stage C: 0.07–0.34 μm) with time resolution set by the rotation rate from 1 mm every 4 h to 1 mm every 6 min on a 16.8 cm long impaction strips that can be coated with Mylar, stretched Teflon, or aluminum, depending on the analysis method chosen. Preliminary measurements carried out using a 1 mm diameter proton beam were made on industrial test samples, yielding promising results at a time resolution of only 6 min.
The Adaptation Effect for Six Types of Speech Disfluency

Each of 121 stutterers and 121 nonstutterers read a passage three times consecutively. The following types of speech disfluency were identified from tape recordings of the readings: part-word repet...
How self-enhancers adapt well to loss: : the mediational role of loneliness and social functioning

Objective: The tendency toward unrealistically optimistic self-serving biases, known as trait self-enhancement, has been associated with both adaptive benefits and negative social consequences. This study explored these potential benefits and costs in the context of conjugal bereavement. Method: The study included 94 individuals who had experienced the death of a spouse 1.5–3.0 years prior. The sample (62 female, 32 male) ranged in age from 37 to 60 (M = 51.45, SD = 6.08). To examine benefits, we used relatively objective measures of overall adjustment: structured clinical interviews and ratings from participants’ close friends and relatives. To examine social adjustment, we examined friends’/relatives’ ratings of the quality of social interactions and the possible mediating roles of perceived loneliness and friend/relative ratings. Results: Trait self-enhancement was uniformly associated with positive adjustment: relatively lower symptom totals, and friend/relative ratings of both overall better adjustme...
Bounded quadrupole operator for constrained variational calculations

A bounded operator is introduced so that rigorous constrained variational calculations can be performed. With this operator the calculations are no more complex than previous, nonrigorous calculations and no dependence on unphysical parameters is introduced. It is shown that results previously obtained in a mathematically invalid way are, to large extent, reproduced by these valid calculations.