cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Sterility in Hybrids from Interspecific Crosses Between Heliothis virescens and H. subflexa

Interspecific hybrids were produced from reciprocal crosses between Heliothis virescens (F.) and H. subflexa (Guenee). When female H. subflexa were paired with male H. virescens , the offspring were abundant, but 40% of the hybrid females entered diapause. The hybrid females did not mate readily with males of either species; these females laid few eggs, but their sons were sterile as were those of the fertile daughters. When H. virescens females were paired with H. subflexa males, hybridization was more difficult, partly because of the poor performance of the H. subflexa males. They neither mated nor transferred sperm readily. Hybrid females from H. virescens females crossed with H. subflexa males did not enter diapause, mated readily, and had a reduced fertility. However, backcrossing these hybrid females to H. virescens males partially or completely restored the fertility of the males by the 3rd generation. The male hybrids of each reciprocal cross were nearly sterile when they were backcrossed to females of either species. Females mated with these hybrid males contained few eupyrene sperm in their spermathecae but copious amounts of apyrene sperm; these females mated repeatedly with the same male but laid less than the normal complement of eggs. Primary spermatocytes from both species had 31 pairs of chromosomes, but those from hybrid males generally contained only 20-28 bivalents.
Quantitative characterization of tissue using optical spectroscopy

To optimize the use of spectroscopic techniques as tools for disease diagnosis or for monitoring and guiding therapy, it is essential to understand the origins of the detected signals and to characterize in a quantitative manner the biochemical and morphological information that these techniques provide. This has been achieved for the case of three spectroscopic techniques: intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy (IFS), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and light scattering spectroscopy (LSS). Information from a combination of these techniques can be combined to provide a more complete picture of the tissue biochemistry and morphology and improved diagnostic capabilities.
Comparison of cardiac function in surgically corrected and congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries.

The capacity of the anatomic right ventricle to sustain normal function against systemic pressure long after atrial baffle procedures in patients with complete transposition of the great arteries remains unknown. Pulmonary and systemic ventricular function was measured by first-pass radionuclide studies in 11 children 7 ± 3 years (± standard deviation) after baffle procedures. For comparison, similar measurements were made in eight patients with isolated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries and in 10 children in a control group. Exercise increased heart rate and cardiac index to similar levels in all three groups. Ventricular volumes were greater than control volumes in both groups with congenital heart disease. Exercise increased pulmonary ventricular ejection fraction in the control and congenitally corrected groups, but not in the surgically corrected group. Systemic ventricular ejection fraction increased during exercise in the control group, but remained unchanged in both transposition groups. These results show that cardiac index during exercise is maintained in patients after baffle procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries. However, pulmonary and systemic ventricular ejection fractions fail to increase with exercise, and ventricular volumes are markedly greater than normal.
Characterization of season and sampling method effects on measurement of forage quality in fescue-based pastures

Information on seasonal changes and effects of sampling methods on the measurement of forage quality is limited for fescue-based pastures. Eight continuously grazed, 0.76-ha, fescue-based pastures were used to compare forage type, method of collection, and seasonal effects on forage quality in a repeated-measures, split-plot design. Four pastures were interseeded with red clover in March 2000. Masticate (M; from four ruminally cannulated steers) and hand--clipped (C) samples were collected every 28 d from April to October 2000. Interseeding red clover did not affect (P > 0.10) OM, CP, NDF, and ADF concentrations or CP degradability. Sampling method and season interacted (P 0.10) between C and M samples obtained in October. Differences in CP degradability estimates (using Streptomyces griseus protease) between the two sample types were greater in late-season samples than in samples obtained from April to June. When S. griseus protein degradability estimates were compared with in situ estimates for masticate samples, no differences (P > 0.10) were detected early in the season (April to June). However, the S. griseus procedure overestimated in situ values (P < 0.01) by an average of 3 percentage units in samples obtained between July and October. Differences in composition of C and M samples were substantial until late season, when opportunities for selective grazing were minimal. Small differences between S. griseus and in situ estimates of CP degradability indicate that the S. griseus procedure can yield useful CP degradability estimates for fescue-based pasture samples. Although it might be possible to apply correction values to clipped samples to estimate CP and fiber concentrations of diets selected by grazing cattle, inconsistent relationships preclude this approach for estimates of CP degradability.
Using administrative data to improve compliance with mandatory state event reporting.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The New York Patient Occurrence and Tracking System (NYPORTS) is a mandatory adverse event reporting system that was redesigned in 1998. Analysis of the first full year of its use showed large regional and hospital variation in reporting frequency not due to hospital or case mix differences. In early 2001, New York State mandated that all hospitals conduct retrospective review for unreported adverse incidents for the previous 2 years. Hospitals could submit previously unreported incidents within a defined window without penalty. The hospital used an ICD-9-CM (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) analysis to screen for missed NYPORTS cases, to assist in focusing review resources. Methods NYPORTS categories were matched to corresponding combinations of inpatient ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes. Other variables considered included discharge disposition, primary or secondary coding position, readmissions, and NYPORTS exclusions. Results Among more than 60,000 discharges in 2 years, 5,500 records were identified for NYPORTS review based on the ICD-9-CM criteria; 211 cases had already been reported through normal reporting processes. Thirteen of the NYPORTS codes had a 30% or greater match rate to the ICD-9-CM codes, with an average "hit rate" of 56%. Five-hundred sixty reviews identified 187 (33.4%) reportable events for the same code the case was being screened for and 26 additional reportable events for a code other than the screening code. NYPORTS categories for procedure and operative-related occurrences had the highest yields. Conclusions This retrospective effort helped identify previously unreported occurrences, increase institutional awareness of New York State's mandatory reporting process, and stimulate the redesign of our concurrent detection process.
Investigation of antigen-antibody interactions using a soluble, non-support-bound synthetic decapeptide library composed of four trillion (4×1012) sequences

A decapeptide positional-scanning synthetic-peptide combinatorial library (PS-SPCL) made up of four trillion (4 x 10(12) decapeptides was synthesized; its use is illustrated here for the study of a peptide-antibody interaction. This library was prepared by a chemical-mixture approach using a specific ratio of amino acids empirically determined to give approximately equimolar incorporation of each amino acid during each coupling step. Despite the immense number of decapeptides making up each peptide mixture [approx. 200 billion (2 x 10(11)], specific sequences having nanomolar affinities for a peptide-antibody interaction could be readily identified. Upon screening this decapeptide PS-SPCL in this well characterized system, the known six-residue antigenic-determinant sequence was found, with the most specific residues appearing to ‘walk through’ the ten positions of the peptide library. More importantly, it appears that antibody recognition in this system is stronger when the antigenic determinant is located at the C-terminus of the decapeptide library. Individual decapeptides corresponding to sequences derived from the most active peptide mixtures at each position were synthesized to confirm the results of the screening; 15 peptides were found to have IC50 values between 0.6 and 9.5 nM, four of which were found to be 5-10 times more active than the known six- and 13-residue control peptides. These results further illustrate the power of the positional-scanning peptide library concept, and extend its practical range to a decamer library composed of four trillion (4 x 10(12) decapeptides.
Advanced File Input and Output

This chapter extends the input and output (I/O) concepts that were introduced in Chapter 3 . There are many different file types, which use different filename extensions. Thus far, using load and save, we have worked with files in the ASCII format that typically use either the extension .dat or .txt. The load command works only if there is the same number of values in each line and the values are the same type, so that the data can be stored in a matrix, and the save command only writes from a matrix to a file. If the data to be written or file to be read is in a different format, lower-level file I/O functions must be used. The MATLAB ® software has functions that can read and write data from different file types, such as spreadsheets. MATLAB also has its own binary file type that uses the extension .mat. These are usually called MAT-files, and can be used to store variables that have been created in MATLAB. In this chapter, we will introduce the programmatic methods using the lower-level file input and output functions, as well as some functions that work with different file types.
Type IV Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity Reaction Caused by Titanium Implant Following Medial Displacement Calcaneal Osteotomy and First Metatarsal-Cuneiform Arthrodesis

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Due to its inert character and desired biocompatibility, titanium (Ti) implants have been universally accepted as safer alternatives to the previous conventional orthopedic hardware implants. However, a recent emergence of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions to Ti have displayed symptoms that include eczema, contact dermatitis, prolonged fever, sterile osteomyelitis, and impaired fracture and wound healing. The following case presents a patient with postoperative incision dehiscence and devascularization of cortical surfaces in contact with Ti hardware after undergoing a medial displacement calcaneal osteotomy and a first metatarsal-cuneiform arthrodesis. To our knowledge, this is the only reported case of an allergic reaction to a Ti implant in the foot or ankle in the United States. METHODS: Diagnostic tools to confirm a Ti hypersensitivity reaction include a patch test and lymphocyte transformation test. The lymphocyte transformation test can be utilized if a false negative ...
Tunable band rejection of wideband arrays using digital variable capacitors

We present one of the very first reconfigurable, ultra-wideband (UWB) tightly-coupled array (TCA) with tunable band-rejection capabilities. The array is dual-polarized, achieving a 4:1 bandwidth (1–4GHz) while scanning down to 60° in all planes with a VSWR 20dB is under fabrication, using digitally-biased tunable capacitors.
Information Quantification for Data Assimilation

In this paper we discuss the application of observability as a measurement of observation quality for data assimilation in numerical weather prediction (NWP ). Observability is a measure of well-posedness of a dynamical system and provides a flexible framework to address questions in data assimilation. We review the concept of observability for differential equations and high dimensional numerical models. We discuss the relationship of observability to observation impact . We conclude with a discussion of various applications of observability to data assimilation including optimal sensor placement and data thinning .
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Facial Pain

Abstract Facial pain is one of the most common pain syndromes encountered in adult patients. It is difficult to treat because pharmacological therapies are not always effective, presenting a significant challenge for neurologists, pain specialists, and neurosurgeons. Among new interventional procedures that have been developed for pain management, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has become an increasingly important approach in the field of neuromodulation, remaining the most diverse and rapidly expanding area of neuromodulation due to advances in both technology and surgical technique. PNS has been described as a safe and promising approach for the treatment of facial pain. In this chapter we focus on an overview of clinical data and describe the current state of PNS for clinicians to use in the treatment of facial pain.
Predictive study of academic stress with the irritable bowel syndrome in medicine students at a public university in Mexico.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder associated with stress, which may appear by an educational context, given that students are exposed to demands i...
Droplet Conductivity Strongly Influences Bump and Crater Formation on Electrodes during Charge Transfer

Aqueous droplets acquire charge when they contact electrodes in high voltage electric fields, but the exact mechanism of charge transfer is not understood. Recent work by Elton et al. revealed that electrodes are physically pitted during charge transfer with aqueous droplets. The pits are believed to result when a dielectric breakdown arc occurs as a droplet approaches the electrode and the associated high current density transiently locally melts the electrode, leaving distinct crater-like deformations on the electrode surface. Here we show that the droplet conductivity strongly modulates the pitting morphology but has little effect on the amount of charge transferred. Electron and atomic force microscopy shows that deionized water droplets yield no observable deformations, but as the salt concentration in the droplet increases above 10–3 M, the deformations become increasingly large. The observed intensity of the flash of light released during the dielectric breakdown arc also increases with droplet con...
Feedback Flow Control in Experiment and Simulation Using Global Neural Network Based Models

For feedback control of complex spatio-temporally evolving flow fields, it imperative to use a global flow model for both flow state estimation, as well as controller development. It is important that this model correctly presents not just the natural, unforced flow state, but also the interaction of actuators with the flow for both open and closed loop situations. In order to achieve this, a novel extension of POD is introduced in this chapter, which we refer to as Double POD (DPOD). This decomposition allows the construction of a POD basis that is valid for a variety of flow conditions, which may be distinguished by changes in actuation, Reynolds number or other parameters. While traditionally the velocity field has been used as input for POD, other variables, for example the pressure or density field, may be used as well. The mode amplitudes of the DPOD spatial modes are then used as input for a system identification process, the nonlinear ANN-ARX method is employed here. The result is a dynamic model that represents both the unforced, open loop forced and closed loop flow fields with good accuracy.
Risk-Spreading through Underwriting and the Insurance Institution

The insurance underwriting decision process is often viewed as scientific, precise, and capable of accurate risk assessment. In fact, it is frequently influenced by competitive forces, the availability of reinsurance, and the judgment of underwriters. Inflation and changing social values also add to underwriting uncertainty by causing claims distributions to be unstable over time.
Size dependent arsenic volatilization in ErAs nanoparticle powders

The thermal stability of ErAs nanoparticles and bulk-like powders, synthesized by pulsed laser ablation and direct reaction, respectively, is investigated up to 700 °C in N2. Thermogravimetric analysis and XRD are used to monitor the decomposition temperatures and crystalline compositions of the synthesized powders, respectively. Degradation of unagglomerated nanoparticle powders is observed at 350 °C accompanied by the crystallization of amorphous Er2O3. Mass balance analysis suggests that the mass loss occurs as a result of arsenic volatilization rather than congruent sublimation of ErAs. Conversely, micron-sized agglomerated particles grown by direct reaction show little evidence for degradation under similar thermal processing conditions. This significant decrease in ErAs stability compared to agglomerated powders suggests a size dependence on the degradation characteristics of ErAs.
Use of Dynamic Event Trees and Deep Learning for Real-Time Emergency Planning in Power Plant Operation

An initiating event that disrupts regular nuclear power plant (NPP) operation can result in a variety of different scenarios as time progresses depending on the response of standby safety systems a...
(372) Suboxone Therapy for Cancer Survivors with Opioid Use Disorder: A Case Report

Research has identified cancer survivors as a growing demographic of patients with opioid use disorder. Providers of this group may continue opioid medications despite remission of cancer, as clinical findings may be complicated by difficulty identifying a clear pain generator. We present a 57-year-old man with history of retroperitoneal liposarcoma that presented to the emergency department at a Veterans Affairs Hospital fifteen times between March 2017 and October 2018 with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. He had been in remission since 2016 after treatment with chemotherapy and radiation. Of the multiple hospital visits, he was admitted five times and seen by multiple specialists, including gastroenterology, hematology-oncology, palliative care, and pain management. Because of the severity of pain and recent cancer remission, he underwent multiple comprehensive evaluations, including multiple CT scans, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and PET scan. No evidence of recurrence was found. The patient was provided intravenous opioid therapy with relief at each encounter. After review of his clinical course, Pain providers identified he was consistently presenting prior to the anticipated renewal date of his opioids. The patient's symptoms were felt to be consistent with opioid withdrawal. Given the severity of symptoms and lack of indication for continuing opioids, the patient was determined to be a candidate for medication assisted therapy. He was subsequently tapered off opioids and started on buprenorphine 4 mg BID. He was titrated to 8 mg TID by addiction psychiatry with significant improvement in abdominal pain, sleep, and appetite. Since starting MAT, the patient hasn't presented to the ED for care. This case report highlights the need for vigilance against the development of OUD in cancer survivors. It also demonstrates the healthcare costs and concerns of continuing opioid therapy without indication. Identifying opioid use disorder and utilizing MAT may be crucial to treating OUD in this population.
The Myth of the Privacy Paradox

In this Article, Professor Daniel Solove deconstructs and critiques the privacy paradox and the arguments made about it. The “privacy paradox” is the phenomenon where people say that they value privacy highly, yet in their behavior relinquish their personal data for very little in exchange or fail to use measures to protect their privacy. Commentators typically make one of two types of arguments about the privacy paradox. On one side, the “behavior valuation argument” contends behavior is the best metric to evaluate how people actually value privacy. Behavior reveals that people ascribe a low value to privacy or readily trade it away for goods or services. The argument often goes on to contend that privacy regulation should be reduced. On the other side, the “behavior distortion argument” suggests that people’s behavior is not an accurate metric of preferences because behavior is distorted by biases and heuristics, manipulation and skewing, and other factors. Professor Solove argues instead that the privacy paradox is a myth created by faulty logic. The behavior involved in privacy paradox studies involves people making decisions about risk in very specific contexts. In contrast, people’s attitudes about their privacy concerns or how much they value privacy are much more general in nature. It is a leap in logic to generalize from people’s risk decisions involving specific personal data in specific contexts to reach broader conclusions about how people value privacy. The behavior in the privacy paradox studies does not lead to a conclusion for less regulation. On the other hand, minimizing behavioral distortion will not cure people’s failure to protect their own privacy. Managing one’s privacy is a vast, complex, and never-ending project that does not scale. Privacy regulation often seeks to give people more privacy self-management, but doing so will not protect privacy effectively. Professor Solove argues instead that privacy law should focus on regulating the architecture that structures the way information is used, maintained, and transferred.
Data Structures and Algorithms

The sections in this article are 1 Data Structures 2 Algorithms for Some Basic Problems 3 Sorting 4 Selection 5 Randomized Algorithms 6 Parallel Computing 7 Bibliographic Notes 8 Acknowledgments
A Verified Online Monitor for Metric Temporal Logic with Quantitative Semantics

We investigate the formalization, using the Coq proof assistant, of a procedure for constructing online monitors from specifications written in past-time metric temporal logic (MTL). We employ an algebraic quantitative semantics that encompasses the Boolean and robustness semantics of MTL and we interpret formulas over a discrete temporal domain. The class of Moore machines, a kind of string transducers, is used as a formal model of online monitors. The main result is that there is a compositional construction from formulas to monitors, so that each monitor computes (in an online fashion) the semantic values of the corresponding formula over the input stream. From our Coq formalization, we extract OCaml code for executable online monitors. We have compared the performance of our monitoring framework with Reelay, a state-of-the-art tool for monitoring temporal properties.
Bond order predictions using deep neural networks

Machine learning is an extremely powerful tool for the modern theoretical chemist since it provides a method for bypassing costly algorithms for solving the Schrodinger equation. Already, it has proven able to infer molecular and atomic properties such as charges, enthalpies, dipoles, excited state energies, and others. Most of these machine learning algorithms proceed by inferring properties of individual atoms, even breaking down total molecular energy into individual atomic contributions. In this paper, we introduce a modified version of the Hierarchically Interacting Particle Neural Network (HIP-NN) capable of making predictions on the bonds between atoms rather than on the atoms themselves. We train the modified HIP-NN to infer bond orders for a large number of small organic molecules as computed via the Natural Bond Orbital package. We demonstrate that the trained model is extensible to molecules much larger than those in the training set by studying its performance on the COMP6 dataset. This method has applications in cheminformatics and force field parameterization and opens a promising future for machine learning models to predict other quantities that are defined between atoms such as density matrix elements, Hamiltonian parameters, and molecular reactivities.
Effect of Manual Data Cleaning on Nutrient Intakes Using the Automated Self-Administered 24-Hour Dietary Assessment Tool (ASA24).

Background Automated dietary assessment tools such as ASA24® are useful for collecting 24-hour recall data in large-scale studies. Modifications made during manual data cleaning may affect nutrient intakes. Objectives We evaluated the effects of modifications made during manual data cleaning on nutrient intakes of interest: energy, carbohydrate, total fat, protein, and fiber. Methods Differences in mean intake before and after data cleaning modifications for all recalls and average intakes per subject were analyzed by paired t-tests. The Chi-squared test was used to determine whether unsupervised recalls had more open-ended text responses that required modification than supervised recalls. We characterized food types of text response modifications. Correlations between predictive energy requirements, measured total energy expenditure (TEE), and mean energy intake from raw and modified data were examined. Results After excluding 11 recalls with invalidating technical errors, 1499 valid recalls completed by 393 subjects were included in this analysis. We found significant differences before and after modifications for energy, carbohydrate, total fat, and protein intakes for all recalls (P < 0.05). Limiting to modified recalls, there were significant differences for all nutrients of interest, including fiber (P < 0.02). There was not a significantly greater proportion of text responses requiring modification for home compared with supervised recalls (P = 0.271). Predicted energy requirements correlated highly with TEE. There was no significant difference in correlation of mean energy intake with TEE for modified compared with raw data. Mean intake for individual subjects was significantly different for energy, protein, and fat intakes following cleaning modifications (P < 0.001). Conclusions Manual modifications can change mean nutrient intakes for an entire cohort and individuals. However, modifications did not significantly affect the correlation of energy intake with predictive requirements and measured expenditure. Investigators can consider their research question and nutrients of interest when deciding to make cleaning modifications.
Homestead together: Pediatric palliative care telehealth support for rural children with cancer during home-based end-of-life care.

Background Children with terminal cancer and their families describe a preference for home-based end-of-life care. Inadequate support outside of the hospital is a limiting factor in home location feasibility, particularly in rural regions lacking pediatric-trained hospice providers. Methods The purpose of this longitudinal palliative telehealth support pilot study was to explore physical and emotional symptom burden and family impact assessments for children with terminal cancer receiving home based-hospice care. Each child received standard of care home-based hospice care from an adult-trained rural hospice team with the inclusion of telehealth pediatric palliative care visits at a scheduled minimum of every 14 days. Results Eleven children (mean age 11.9 years) received pediatric palliative telehealth visits a minimum of every 14 days, with an average of 4.8 additional telehealth visits initiated by the family. Average time from enrollment to death was 21.6 days (range 4-95). Children self-reported higher physical symptom prevalence than parents or hospice nurses perceived the child was experiencing at time of hospice enrollment with underrecognition of the child's emotional burden. At the time of hospice enrollment, family impact was reported by family caregivers as 46.4/100 (SD 18.7), with noted trend of improved family function while receiving home hospice care with telehealth support. All children remained at home for end-of-life care. Conclusion Pediatric palliative care telehealth combined with adult-trained rural hospice providers may be utilized to support pediatric oncology patients and their family caregivers as part of longitudinal home-based hospice care.
Validation of a coupled electromagnetic and thermal model for estimating temperatures during magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia

Alternating magnetic field (AMF) tissue interaction models are generally not validated. Our aim was to develop and validate a coupled electromagnetic and thermal model for estimating temperatures i...
Do Disability Policies Shape How People Perceive Work Limitation? An International Perspective:

This study explored the role that cross-country disability policy differences play in shaping individuals’ work limitation reporting styles. We used anchoring vignettes available in comparable U.S....
Optimism, Resilience, and Other Health-Protective Factors among Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) suffer disproportionately from coronavirus-related illness, death, and financial loss. The aim of this retrospective, qualitative study was to better understand the experiences of BIPOC students at a Bronx-based public university during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected from a reflective final exam in a health sciences course in May 2020. Responses (n = 28) were coded and analyzed using the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) framework. Several themes were identified in structural and intermediary determinant areas, including occupation, education, social cohesion, and psychosocial factors. Participants demonstrated optimism, resilience, and perseverance-protective factors against exposure to adverse SDH. Findings indicate that COVID-19 negatively impacted BIPOC students in multiple SDH areas which may have a compounding effect, hindering equity and justice. Providers of social and academic support are critical levers in addressing SDH barriers and helping students strengthen protective factors to reduce adverse impacts of health-damaging determinants.
Planetary Lake Lander - A Robotic Sentinel to Monitor a Remote Lake

The Planetary Lake Lander Project is studying the impact of rapid deglaciation at a high altitude alpine lake in the Andes, where disrupted environmental, physical, chemical, and biological cycles result in newly emerging natural patterns. The solar powered Lake Lander robot is designed to monitor the lake system and characterize both baseline characteristics and impacts of disturbance events such as storms and landslides. Lake Lander must use an onboard adaptive science-on-the-fly approach to return relevant data about these events to mission control without exceeding limited energy and bandwidth resources. Lake Lander carries weather sensors, cameras and a sonde that is winched up and down the water column to monitor temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and other water quality parameters. Data from Lake Lander is returned via satellite and distributed to an international team of scientists via web-based ground data systems. Here, we describe the Lake Lander Project scientific goals, hardware design, ground data systems, and preliminary data from 2011. The adaptive science-on-the-fly system will be described in future papers.
Gastric carcinoma

Although gastric cancer is still a worldwide major public health concern, it remains relatively uncommon in the Western countries. Despite improvement in surgical morbidity and mortality, as well as significant advancement of chemotherapy and radiotherapy options, the survival for gastric cancer has not significantly improved over the past decades. In the United States, standard of care for localized resectable gastric cancer is with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. In this article, we summarize salient randomized and phase II and III clinical trials representing current treatment for gastric cancer.
Spinal Tuberculosis Secondary to Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin Treatment for Bladder Cancer.

Intravesical administration of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is an important component of the gold standard in treating non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, complications of this treatment include infections caused by the dissemination of Mycobacterium bovis. We present a case of a 62-year-old man who had been treated with intravesical BCG for bladder cancer and developed an M. bovis infection of his vertebral column. About four months after completing the BCG treatment, he developed an acute onset of severe upper thoracic radicular back pain, with radiation anteriorly to his sternum. Examination revealed the presence of early myelopathy. After other causes were ruled out, he was diagnosed with the infection four months later. He was investigated for the pain, with resulting imaging identifying an erosive ventral epidural mass at the T4-T5 levels causing cord compression. The patient underwent a transthoracic procedure to evacuate the paraspinal mass lesion and obtain a diagnostic biopsy, followed by a posterolateral decompression of the lesion and posterior instrumented stabilization. Pathology resulted in the identification of a granuloma with a single acid-fast bacillus (AFB) from the paraspinal abscess, thus being diagnostic of a mycobacterial granuloma with paraspinal involvement. We subsequently performed an extensive review of current literature, looking at articles on spinal osteomyelitis following intravesical BCG treatment of bladder cancer. We identified 26 documented cases in English literature. We present our case report with a good outcome at 24 months, resolving with appropriate chemotherapy. Additionally, we completed a systematic review of the literature and discuss this infrequent iatrogenic pathology. Our report reveals the good response to targeted therapy in the case of osteomyelitis at other skeletal sites and that practitioners caring for these patients maintain a high degree of suspicion in the workup of these patients. Early identification and treatment can appropriately treat osteomyelitis with good long-term outcomes.
E. coli septicemia in pregnancy associated with the shield intrauterine contraceptive device

Abstract Two cases of E. coli septicemia in pregnancy associated with the shield type of intrauterine contraceptive device are presented. The septicemia and septic shock developed late in the first trimester. In both cases the clinical condition rapidly became worse until the uterus was emptied.
Highest Weight Vectors

If G is a compact connected Lie group, we will show in Chap. 22 that its irreducible representations are parametrized uniquely by their highest weight vectors. In this chapter, we will explain what this means and give some illustrative examples. This chapter is to some extent a continuation of the example Chap. 19. As in that chapter, we will make many assertions that will only be proved in later chapters, mostly Chap. 22.
Moral Disharmony: Human Embryonic Stem Cell Patent Laws, Warf, and Public Policy

Human embryonic stem cells have unique regenerative properties and the ability to develop into a variety of different cell types. Based on these properties, stem cell research is considered a promising biomedical field for the development of cell-based therapies to treat diseases. It is also a highly contentious field because these cells are derived from human embryos. The United States, unlike the European Union, does not have a moral component to the patent grant process and has granted several stem cell patents. This Note examines the intersection of these broad patents and U.S. policies limiting stem cell research funding and highlights their deleterious effects on the progress of human embryonic stem cell research. This Note also evaluates the feasibility of incorporating ethical criteria, as used in the European Union, for U.S. patent grants and concludes that uniform moral standards would be impossible to determine and effectuate for this process.
The Chirally Normalized Vector Meson Dominance Model and Semihadronic Tau Decays

We discuss and test the assumptions of the chirally normalized vector meson dominance model (CN-VMD), as it is used for tau decays. We compare the CN-VMD amplitudes with those using on-shell couplings, derived directly from experimental data. We discuss in detail the $3\pi$, $K K \pi$ and $2\pi$ final states. We suggest that the true values for the $K_1$ widths might be larger than those quoted in the Review of Particle Physics.
Chapter 1 How Long Can I Stay

Abstract Aging in place has long been a focus for proponents of assisted living housing. However, the reality of life for seniors in assisted living is often tenuous, and this homelike setting repeatedly ends up being a temporary stop for older adults. Residents frequently ask, “How long can I stay?”, only to find that there is no easy answer. Increasing frailty and declining health can mean that an elderly resident may be asked to leave assisted living, reducing aging in place in this housing/health care option to what I have termed “prolonged residence.” Based on eighteen months of anthropological fieldwork at two assisted living sites in Chicago, Illinois, this article presents the individual struggles providers and residents face in interpreting aging in place. Although grappling with disparate aspects of the same issue, residents and providers both share conflicted feelings about how long one should remain in assisted living and what aging in place actually means.
Susceptibility of germfree or antibiotic-treated adult mice to Cryptosporidium parvum.

Adult mice are more resistant than neonatal mice to intestinal colonization with the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum. Development of a mature intestinal flora may play a role in this resistance. We compared susceptibilities to colonization with C. parvum in adult conventional mice, adult germfree mice, and adult conventional mice treated with oral antibiotics to deplete the intestinal flora. Germfree mice of both CD1 and BALB/c strains were colonized at day 7 following inoculation with C. parvum oocysts isolated from the feces of an infected, diarrheic calf. Age-matched conventional mice of the same strains were comparatively resistant to colonization. Conventional mice treated with antibiotics remained resistant to colonization. These results suggest that the microflora in the intestine was not the sole determinant of resistance or susceptibility to colonization. The germfree adult mouse as an experimental model of cryptosporidiosis is discussed. Images
Banking reform in India and China

This paper analyzes the important process about financial reform in the area of bank illiquidity in low-income emerging markets. This process is taking place within the context of a debate as to whether or not governments should try to rehabilitate existing state-owned banks or allow a new or parallel banking system to emerge in order to reduce non-performing assets from state-owned commercial banks. A comparison of institutional development in China and India suggests that new entry rather than the rehabilitation approach may work more favorably to reduce non-performing assets. The paper offers an explanation as to why governments choose rehabilitation over new entry. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elaborative processing of pictures in verbal domains.

Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of semantic and nonsemantic verbal elaboration of the names of pictures on free recall, picture-name recognition, and picture recognition. Elaboration was manipulated by having subjects decide if the names of pictures contained two letters, rhymed with another word, or were appropriate in a sentence frame. Semantic elaboration of the names of pictures in sentence contexts requiring positive responses resulted in better name recall (Experiment 1) and name recognition (Experiments 1 and 2) than did nonsemantic elaborations (rhyme- and letter-identification tasks). However, the effects of elaborating pictures-names were greatly reduced for picture recognition (Experiments 3 and 4). The results are described in terms of elaborative processing after semantic access. Following initial semantic access, the names of pictures may be further elaborated. Semantic elaboration of the names of pictures typically leads to better retention than does nonsemantic elaboration. However, perceptual records about the appearance of objects may be relatively independent of orienting tasks that elaborate pictures- names.
The Frequency Distribution of Nucleotide Variation in Drosophila simulans

Patterns of codon bias in Drosophila suggest that silent mutations can be classified into two types: unpreferred (slightly deleterious) and preferred (slightly beneficial). Results of previous analyses of polymorphism and divergence in Drosophila simulans were interpreted as supporting a mutation-selection-drift model in which slightly deleterious, silent mutants make significantly greater contributions to polymorphism than to divergence. Frequencies of unpreferred polymorphisms were inferred to be lower than frequencies of other silent polymorphisms. Here, I analyzed additional D. simulans data to reevaluate the support for these ideas. I found that D. simulans has fixed more unpreferred than preferred mutations, suggesting that this lineage has not been at mutation-selection-drift equilibrium at silent sites. Frequencies of polarized unpreferred polymorphisms are not skewed toward rare alleles. However, frequencies of unpolarized unpreferred codons are lower in high-bias genes than in low-bias genes. This supports the idea that unpreferred codons are borderline deleterious mutations. Purifying selection on silent sites appears to be stronger at twofold-degenerate codons than at fourfold-degenerate codons. Finally, I found that X-linked polymorphisms occur at a higher average frequency than polymorphisms on chromosome arm 3R, even though an average X-linked site is significantly less likely to be polymorphic than an average site on 3R. This result supports a previous analysis of D. simulans indicating different population genetics of X-linked versus autosomal mutations.
Learner-created lexical databases using web-based source material

The use of authentic text has been argued to increase learner awareness of lexical form, function, and meaning (for example, Willis 1990; Johns 1994). The Web provides ready-made material and tools for both learner-centred reading and vocabulary tasks. This study reports on the results of a project in which Japanese university EFL students made use of the Web as a living corpus to investigate the specific contexts and collocative properties of lexis. Using an online database, students created a communal dictionary composed of lexis and example sentences culled from web sources, along with examples of their own devising. The language database was then used to facilitate peer teaching of lexis. Work produced indicates that learners paid attention to lexical form, function, and meaning when composing.
Analysis of Android Applications' Permissions

We developed an architecture that automatically searches for and downloads Android applications from the Android Market. Furthermore, we created a detailed mapping of Android application programming interface (API) calls to the required permission(s), if any, for each call. We then performed an analysis of 141,372 Android applications to determine if they have the appropriate set of permissions based on the static analysis of the APK bytecode of each application. Our findings indicate that the majority of mobile software developers are notusing the correct permission set and that they either over-specify or under-specify their security requirements.
A theoretical comparison of information transmission in the peripheral auditory system: normal and impaired frequency discrimination

A theoretical analysis of auditory signal processing and the distortions introduced by various types of hearing impairments can aid in the design and development of digital hearing aids. In this paper, we investigate the differences between normal and impaired auditory processing on a frequency discrimination task by analyzing the responses of a computational auditory model using signal detection theory. Hearing impairments that were simulated included a threshold shift, damage to the outer hair cells, and impaired neural synchrony. We implemented two detectors, one using all of the information in the signal, the other using only the number of neural firings, and used them to generate theoretical predictions of performance. Evaluation of performance differences between theoretical detectors and experimental data allows quantification of both the type of information present in the auditory system and the efficiency of its use. This method of analysis predicted both the trends observed in comparable experimental data and the relation between normal and impaired behavior. Finally, a very simple hearing aid was simulated and the gains in performance in the impaired cases were related to the physiological bases of the impairments. This demonstrates the utility of the proposed approach in the design of more complex hearing aids.
The vitamin a content of polar bear liver: Range and variability

Abstract The vitamin A content of fourteen samples of polar bear livers spanned a twofold range (15,000–30,000 units/g liver) and showed no correlation with age or sex. The findings were in agreement with those reported earlier by Rodahl.
New method for the determination of the diffusion tensor of solutes in tissues by FRAP technique

Diffusion is an important transport mechanism for nutrition supply into avascular cartilaginous tissues, such as intervertebral disc [1].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Recent activities and achievements of the Global Space-based Inter-Calibration System (GSICS) research working group

GSICS was established in response to the challenge of providing accurate satellite data acquired by instruments of different types, at different times, and operated by different agencies. This paper summarizes the recent activities and achievements of the GSICS Research working Group.
Hardware realization of BSB recall function using memristor crossbar arrays

The Brain-State-in-a-Box (BSB) model is an auto-associative neural network that has been widely used in optical character recognition and image processing. Traditionally, the BSB model was realized at software level and carried out on high-performance computing clusters. To improve computation efficiency and reduce resources requirement, we propose a hardware realization by utilizing memristor crossbar arrays. In this work, we explore the potential of a memristor crossbar array as an auto-associative memory. More specificly, the recall function of a multi-answer character recognition based on BSB model was realized. The robustness of the proposed BSB circuit was analyzed and evaluated based on massive Monte-Carlo simulations, considering input defects, process variations, and electrical fluctuations. The physical constrains when implementing a neural network with memristor crossbar array have also been discussed. Our results show that the BSB circuit has a high tolerance to random noise. Comparably, the correlations between memristor arrays introduces directional noise and hence dominates the quality of circuits.