cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Informing physician strategies to overcome language barriers in encounters with pediatric patients.

Abstract Objectives To describe physician perceptions of differences in limited English proficient (LEP) pediatric encounters and the behavioral adaptations they make to provide quality care to LEP pediatric patients. Methods We conducted 30 min, semi-structured interviews with 6 family physicians and 5 pediatricians in one health system. Audiotapes from each interview were transcribed verbatim then coded using content analysis. Results Multiple aspects of the LEP pediatric encounter were perceived by physicians as different from other encounters: trust and relationship between physician and LEP child/child’s family, continuity of care, encounter’s structure and flow, patient assessment, and communication barriers. Within each of these themes, physicians identified how they adapt their behavior to improve the quality of care provided to LEP children and families. Conclusions Physicians’ made both positive and negative adaptations in LEP pediatric encounters that may impact the quality of care provided to these patients. Practice implications By identification of specific positive and negative behavioral adaptations, this study emphasizes intervention targets, such as demonstrating interest in an LEP pediatric patient’s family story and individuality and using common niceties in conversations with LEP children.
Two-dimensional single grating phase contrast system

Phase contrast X-ray not only provides attenuation of tissue, but two other modalities (phase and scatter) in same scan. Scatter (dark-field) images provided by the technology are far more sensitive to structural and density changes of tissue such as lungs and can identify lung disease where conventional X-ray fails. Other areas poised to benefit greatly are mammography and bone joint imaging (eg. imaging arthritis). Of the various interferometer techniques, the two at the forefront are: Far-field Interferometry (FFI) (Miao et al, Nat. Phy. 2015) and Talbot-Lau interferometry (TLI) (Momose JJAP 2005, Pfeiffer Nature 2006). While the TLI has already made clinical strides, the newer FFI has advantage of not requiring an absorption grating (“analyzer”) and provides few-fold higher scatter sensitivity. In this work, a novel 2D single phase-grating (not requiring the analyzer), near-field phase contrast system was simulated using Sommerfeld- Rayleigh diffraction integrals. We observed 2D fringe patterns (pitch 800nm) at 50mm distance from the grating. Such a pattern period of 0.05mm, can be imaged by the LSU-interferometers with CT detector resolution (0.015mm) or Philips mammography detector resolution (0.05mm) making this practical system. Our design has a few advantages over Miao et al FFI system. We accomplish in one X-ray grating the functionality that requires 2-3 phase-grating in their design. And our design can also provide a compact system (source to detector distance < 1m) with control over the fringe pattern by fine tuning grating structure. We retain all the benefits of far-field systems -- of not requiring analyzer and high scatter sensitivity over Talbot-Lau interferometers.
Neal Koblitz: Attacks on Cryptosystems

This chapter discusses a survey article by Koblitz whose title speaks all: “The Brave New World of Bodacious Assumptions in Cryptography.” The issue is that sometimes those who prove security of systems based on hardness assumptions overlook attacks that are practical but do not fit their model.
Thioredoxin and germinating barley: targets and protein redox changes.

The endosperm and embryo of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain were investigated to relate thioredoxin h and disulfide changes to germination and seedling development. The disulfide proteins of both tissues were found to undergo reduction following imbibition. Reduction reached a peak 1 day earlier in the embryo than in the endosperm, day 1 vs. day 2. The profile in both cases resembled those observed with wheat and rice, i.e., the reduction of the storage proteins increased initially and then declined during the period of seedling growth. The extent of the increase in reduction observed with barley endosperm was, however, less pronounced than with the other cereals. Also, unlike wheat and rice, the storage proteins of the endosperm were highly reduced in the dry seed and the sulfhydryl content of glutelins showed no appreciable change during this period. The relative abundance of thioredoxin h during germination and early seedling growth differed in the embryo and endosperm: a progressive decrease in the endosperm (as seen with wheat) vs. an increase in the embryo. Thioredoxin h was found in the major seed tissues in characteristic forms. Three forms were found in the scutellum and aleurone, whereas two, which may represent isoforms, were identified in the root and the shoot. Using a recently developed strategy based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, several proteins were identified as specific targets for thioredoxin in the embryo following oxidation with H2O2, among them barley embryo globulin 1, peroxiredoxin and acidic ribosomal protein P3. The results confirm earlier findings with the endosperm of other cereals and extend the importance of thioredoxin-linked redox change to the germinating embryo for functions that potentially include dormancy, protection against reactive oxygen species, translation and the mobilization of storage proteins.
Human-Environment Research: Past Trends, Current Challenges, and Future Directions

This chapter reflects on issues and questions underscoring the preceding chapters while providing a brief overview of current and future directions in the study of human-environment interactions. A discussion of future directions begins with recognizing that the challenges of studying complex coupled human-environment systems are not new, although current processes of globalization and climate change render such challenges pressing, and of wider societal relevance. In this brief overview, we highlight questions related to institutions, ecosystem services, health, adaptation to climate change, urbanization, and methodological challenges.
Christian von Ehrenfels

Christian von Ehrenfels was born in Rodaun, a village near Vienna, Austria, on June 2, 1859. Ehrenfels was also passionate about music. Around 1880, he was becoming more and more disillusioned with religious matters and gave up his faith in Catholicism. In his belief in the advancement of the human race, Ehrenfels supported Darwin's evolution theories and even supported eugenic breeding of superior males in polygamist relationships. Psychology in the late nineteenth century was essentially atomistic. That is, the mind or consciousness could be divided into individual components such as sensations and feelings. It has become evident that the work of Ehrenfels was one of the milestones that helped to establish the groundwork for the advancement of Gestalt psychology and Ganzheitspsychologie. A holistic approach to the study of the mind was to come in the form a Ganzheitspsychologie of the late nineteenth century and Gestalt psychology in the early part of the twentieth century.
Portal Hypertension and Shunting

Portal hypertension should be considered in a patient with signs such as ascites, hypersplenism, or thrombocytopenia. Etiologies are broadly classified into cirrhotic and noncirrhotic etiologies. The noncirrhotic etiologies are classified into prehepatic, intrahepatic, and posthepatic causes. Treatment is determined by etiology: sinistral portal hypertension can be treated with splenectomy, portal venous thrombosis can be treated with anticoagulation, and parasitic infections can be treated with antibiotics. In select patients with hepatic outflow obstruction, mesenteric shunts can be created if there is no evidence of liver failure. Often, treatment is directed at symptom control, with management of gastrointestinal bleeding or ascites. Patients with progressive liver failure should be referred to liver transplantation unless there is a specific contraindication.
Mixed-carbene cyclometalated iridium complexes with saturated blue luminescence

Cyclometalated iridium complexes have emerged as top-performing emitters in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and other optoelectronic devices. A persistent challenge has been the development of cyclometalated iridium complexes with deep blue luminescence that have the requisite color purity, efficiency, and stability to function in color displays. In this work we report a new class of cyclometalated iridium complexes with saturated blue luminescence. These complexes have the general structure Ir(C^C:NHC)2(C^C:ADC), where C^C:NHC is an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derived cyclometalating ligand and C^C:ADC is a different type of cyclometalating ligand featuring an acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC). The complexes are prepared by a cascade reaction that involves nucleophilic addition of propylamine to an isocyanide precursor followed by base-assisted cyclometalation of the ADC intermediate. All three emit deep blue light with good quantum efficiencies (ΦPL = 0.13–0.48) and color profiles very close to the ideal primary blue standards for color displays.
Dynamics of Free Speech on Modern College Campuses

In March 2017, Charles Murray--a highly controversial author and academic--visited Vermont’s Middlebury College. His visit was met with students protests; the protesters shouted Murray down, and, ultimately became violent, attacking Murray and injuring a Middlebury professor. The administration doled out discipline to 67 students.Some felt the Middlebury Administration lost control of the situation, and their efforts to reign in the chaos amounted to little more than a semi-random disciplinary response that fell short of imparting societal values on students in need of such a lesson. A Middlebury political science professor, critical of the college’s response stated: “[this] was an institutional failure...Students do not understand the value of free speech” (Saul 2017). After the penalties were handed down, Charles Murray criticized the leniency of the sanctions saying, “They will not deter anyone. They’re a statement to students that if you shut down a lecture, nothing will happen to you.”
Selective Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Method for Ultratrace Detection of Selenocyanate.

The recent interest in the determination of selenocyanate (SeCN–) in wastewater systems has spurred the development of analytical methods for its determination at the ultratrace level. Since most o...
An automated, cross-layer instrumentation framework for diagnosing performance problems in distributed applications

Diagnosing performance problems in distributed applications is extremely challenging. A significant reason is that it is hard to know where to place instrumentation a priori to help diagnose problems that may occur in the future. We present the vision of an automated instrumentation framework, Pythia, that runs alongside deployed distributed applications. In response to a newly-observed performance problem, Pythia searches the space of possible instrumentation choices to enable the instrumentation needed to help diagnose it. Our vision for Pythia builds on workflow-centric tracing, which records the order and timing of how requests are processed within and among a distributed application's nodes (i.e., records their workflows). It uses the key insight that localizing the sources high performance variation within the workflows of requests that are expected to perform similarly gives insight into where additional instrumentation is needed.
Maternal surgery and anesthesia during pregnancy and risk of birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011

BACKGROUND There is little recent research on the teratogenicity of maternal anesthesia exposure. We used National Birth Defects Prevention Study data to describe surgical procedures conducted during pregnancy and to estimate the risk of birth defects associated with periconceptional anesthesia exposure. METHODS We used logistic regression to assess associations between general and local anesthesia for surgery during the periconceptional period and specific birth defects. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for 25 birth defects with at least five exposed cases (11,501 controls, 24,337 cases), adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity, age, body mass index, periconceptional exposure to X-ray, CT, or radionuclide scans, and study site. RESULTS The most commonly reported procedures were dental, dermatologic, and cervical cerclage procedures, regardless of gestational timing. Overall, 226 case and 73 control women reported periconceptional general anesthesia; 230 case and 89 control women reported periconceptional local anesthesia. Women who reported general or local anesthesia were disproportionately non-Hispanic white and were more likely to report periconceptional opioid use and at least one periconceptional X-ray/CT/radionuclide scan. Women who reported general anesthesia were also more likely to report periconceptional injury. We did not observe any significant associations between either type of anesthesia exposure and the birth defects studied. Odds ratios were generally close to null and imprecise. CONCLUSIONS Our study population reported a wide range of surgical procedures during pregnancy, requiring both general and local anesthesia. Our findings suggest that periconceptional anesthesia is not strongly associated with the birth defects assessed in this study.
Complex sex and estrous cycle differences in spontaneous transient adenosine

Adenosine is a ubiquitous neuromodulator that plays a role in sleep, vasodilation, and immune response and manipulating the adenosine system could be therapeutic for Parkinson's disease or ischemic stroke. Spontaneous transient adenosine release provides rapid neuromodulation; however, little is known about the effect of sex as a biological variable on adenosine signaling and this is vital information for designing therapeutics. Here, we investigate sex differences in spontaneous, transient adenosine release using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure adenosine in vivo in the hippocampus CA1, basolateral amygdala, and prefrontal cortex. The frequency and concentration of transient adenosine release were compared by sex and brain region, and in females, the stage of estrous. Females had larger concentration transients in the hippocampus (0.161 ± 0.003 µM) and the amygdala (0.182 ± 0.006 µM) than males (hippocampus: 0.134 ± 0.003, amygdala: 0.115 ± 0.002 µM), but the males had a higher frequency of events. In the prefrontal cortex, the trends were reversed. Males had higher concentrations (0.189 ± 0.003 µM) than females (0.170 ± 0.002 µM), but females had higher frequencies. Examining stages of the estrous cycle, in the hippocampus, adenosine transients are higher concentration during proestrus and diestrus. In the cortex, adenosine transients were higher in concentration during proestrus, but were lower during all other stages. Thus, sex and estrous cycle differences in spontaneous adenosine are complex, and not completely consistent from region to region. Understanding these complex differences in spontaneous adenosine between the sexes and during different stages of estrous is important for designing effective treatments manipulating adenosine as a neuromodulator.
The act of reading aloud: Animating the neoliberal speaking subject in post-Suharto Indonesia:

The global spreading of neoliberalism requires discursive technologies capable of producing forms of subjectivity congruent with the extension of market rationality to all dimensions of social life...
RxBlock: Towards the design of a distributed immutable electronic prescription system

Blockchains have received much hype lately and researchers and developers are seeking unique and innovative uses for this new technology. The medical field is no exception, specifically pharmaceutical uses for blockchains. To this effect, this proposed research aims to design a secure and efficient electronic prescription system leveraging blockchain technology. Using the unique properties of blockchains, the proposed application (RxBlock) seeks to explore how a blockchain could be used in electronic prescriptions. The proposed application creates an immutable ledger of transactions occurring over a network. This property of immutability provides the much-needed compliance and accountability for the electronic prescription system. It takes into consideration a simplified electronic prescription process to design and implement a prototype electronic prescribing system on a privatized Ethereum blockchain. The use of this application also seeks to serve as a potential Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) database. The goal is to enable the development of a PDMP database to provide the necessary attestation of the prescriptions, create accountability and reduce prescription overdose for patients. Evaluation studies of the proposed application (RxBlock) have been conducted with pre- and post-assessment studies at a partner nationally recognized HIMSS Stage 7 regional trauma center (> 600 beds) and its affiliated 31 associated clinical practices. Results confirm that the proposed solution demonstrates the potential to alleviate the drug overdose crisis and enables the design of an effective and accountable electronic prescription development/monitoring system. This would effectively aid in improving quality and reducing cost of such healthcare service systems.
Comparative population genetics of Amblyomma maculatum and Amblyomma americanum in the mid-Atlantic United States.

Abstract The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyomma maculatum, is undergoing a northward expansion along the United States East Coast, most recently establishing populations in Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. This expansion has human health implications, as A. maculatum is the primary natural vector of the bacterium Rickettsia parkeri, which causes a spotted fever-type rickettsiosis. Newly established populations of A. maculatum in Virginia tend to have high prevalence of R. parkeri, compared to lower infection rates in the historical range. The factors contributing to high R. parkeri prevalence in Virginia are not known. Investigating connectivity between sites colonized with A. maculatum can help determine whether sites with higher prevalence are isolated or well-connected through migration, thus serving as a source of infected individuals. We characterized 16S rRNA haplotypes of A. maculatum and, for comparison, the congeneric Amblyomma americanum collected from sites where these species co-occur. We then explored connectivity and genetic structure among Virginia populations using pairwise ΦST and AMOVA analyses. Our study identified one recently restored native grassland site with low A. maculatum haplotype diversity and strong evidence of a founder effect, whereas most sites are haplotypically diverse but with no clear genetic structure or connectivity between sites. These findings contrast with high connectivity and a slight mainland/island structure among A. americanum populations. Our results suggest that A. maculatum populations occasionally arise following long-distance drop-offs of few individual ticks in suitable habitat, but no clear migration patterns were observed. The distinct population genetic patterns between species might result from differences in host utilization.
Urgent transcatheter aortic valve replacement may be performed with acceptable long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUND The wide availability of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and broadening of its indications to most patients with aortic stenosis may increase its utilization in the urgent setting. However, a comparison of long-term outcomes of patients undergoing urgent TAVR when compared to elective TAVR have not been well studied. METHODS All patients that underwent TAVR from 2011 to 2018 were included. Primary outcomes included operative (30-day), 1-, and 5-year survival and readmissions. RESULTS The total patient population undergoing TAVR was divided into urgent (n = 247) and elective (n = 946) cohorts. Thirty days mortality (6.5% vs. 2.3%; p = .001), acute kidney injury (2.8% vs. 0.6%; p = .003), and length of stay (12 vs. 3 days; p < .001) were higher for the urgent cohort. There was no significant difference between cohorts for 30-day all-cause (14.6% vs. 10.8%; p = .097) readmissions. Freedom from readmission for heart failure at 1-year (73.6% vs. 83.4%; p < .001) was lower for the urgent cohort. One- (79.0% vs. 87.1%; p < .001) and five-year (39.6% vs. 43.5%; p = .005) survival was lower for the urgent cohort. This difference was eliminated after risk adjustment (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.3; p = .158 and HR: 1.1; p = .639, respectively). CONCLUSION Unadjusted survival was significantly worse for the urgent cohort up to 1 year. This trend continued for 5-year survival, however, after risk adjustment there was no significant difference in survival between cohorts. Although urgent TAVR is associated with increased periprocedural risk due to more comorbid disease, outcomes and long-term survival are encouraging and support the consideration of urgent TAVR as a viable alternative for this patient population.
Black Race Is Associated With Higher Rates of Early-Onset End-Stage Renal Disease and Increased Mortality Following Liver Transplantation

Black race is a risk factor for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Racial disparities in the risks of early and long-term renal complications after liver transplantation (LT) have not been systematically studied. This study evaluated racial differences in the natural history of acute and chronic renal insufficiency after LT. This was a retrospective single-center cohort study of 763 non-Hispanic White and 181 Black LT recipients between 2008 and 2017. Black race was investigated as an independent predictor of the following outcomes: (1) receipt and duration of early post-LT hemodialysis and (2) time to post-LT ESRD. The interaction of race and post-LT ESRD on survival was also studied. Black recipients had higher rates of pre-LT hypertension (P 0.05). Overall, 15.2% of patients required early hemodialysis immediately after LT with no difference by race (covariate-adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; P = 0.71). Early dialysis discontinuation was lower among Black recipients (covariate-adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.47; P = 0.02), whereas their rate of post-LT ESRD was higher (aHR, 1.91; P = 0.005). Post-LT survival after ESRD was markedly worse for Black (aHR, 11.18; P < 0.001) versus White recipients (aHR, 5.83; P < 0.001; interaction P = 0.08). Although Black and White LT recipients had comparable pretransplant renal function, post-LT renal outcomes differed considerably, and the impact of ESRD on post-LT survival was greater for Black recipients. This study highlights the need for an individualized approach to post-LT management to improve outcomes for all patients.
A Review of: “The Transparent Body: A Cultural Analysis of Medical Imaging, by José van Dijck”: Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2005. 193 pages. $24.95 paper

It must have been amazing, in 1537: The 23-year-old professor of anatomy at Padua, Andreas Vesalius, came down from the lectern, took up the scalpel, and opened the cadaver himself! That very act o...
An Unusual Case of BIA-ALCL Associated with Prolonged/Complicated Biocell-Textured Expander, followed by Smooth Round Breast Implant Exposure, and Concurrent Use of Adalimumab.

SUMMARY Breast implant-associated anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a malignancy associated with textured breast implants. BIA-ALCL is typically restricted to the periprosthetic capsule, presenting as a unilateral recurrent seroma years after placement of a textured breast implant. Current estimates suggest an incidence of one in 3300 for patients with Allergan Biocell textured implants. As of February 6, 2019, U.S. Medical Device Reporting associated with BIA-ALCL showed 457 unique cases of BIA-ALCL, with 24 "unverified and potentially inaccurate" cases associated with a nontextured implant. As of February of 2019, there were 688 reported cases to date worldwide. To date, there are no published case reports of BIA-ALCL associated exclusively with smooth implants or with smooth implants after textured expanders, and there has been no reported smooth-only case in any registry, database, or journal worldwide. The authors present a case of BIA-ALCL associated with smooth round implants and textured tissue expanders. A 56-year-old woman was treated for left stage IIA invasive ductal carcinoma with bilateral mastectomies and immediate reconstruction with bilateral subpectoral textured tissue expanders. She underwent exchange to Mentor smooth-round implants, and completed adjuvant chemotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging and examination 4.5 years after implant placement showed no abnormal findings. The patient had left breast trauma 5 years following implant placement while taking adalimumab, and developed an open wound requiring explantation. A recurrent seroma developed, and tested positive for BIA-ALCL on cytology. Surgical pathologic examination after total capsulectomy demonstrated stage IA BIA-ALCL. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report of BIA-ALCL in a patient with textured expanders followed by prolonged exposure to smooth round implants.
A neural simulation-based inference approach for characterizing the Galactic Center $\gamma$-ray excess

The nature of the Fermi gamma-ray Galactic Center Excess (GCE) has remained a persistent mystery for over a decade. Although the excess is broadly compatible with emission expected due to dark matter annihilation, an explanation in terms of a population of unresolved astrophysical point sources e.g., millisecond pulsars, remains viable. The effort to uncover the origin of the GCE is hampered in particular by an incomplete understanding of diffuse emission of Galactic origin. This can lead to spurious features that make it difficult to robustly differentiate smooth emission, as expected for a dark matter origin, from more "clumpy" emission expected for a population of relatively bright, unresolved point sources. We use recent advancements in the field of simulation-based inference, in particular density estimation techniques using normalizing flows, in order to characterize the contribution of modeled components, including unresolved point source populations, to the GCE. Compared to traditional techniques based on the statistical distribution of photon counts, our machine learning-based method is able to utilize more of the information contained in a given model of the Galactic Center emission, and in particular can perform posterior parameter estimation while accounting for pixel-to-pixel spatial correlations in the gamma-ray map. This makes the method demonstrably more resilient to certain forms of model misspecification. On application to Fermi data, the method generically attributes a smaller fraction of the GCE flux to unresolved point sources when compared to traditional approaches. We nevertheless infer such a contribution to make up a non-negligible fraction of the GCE across all analysis variations considered, with at least $38^{+9}_{-19}\%$ of the excess attributed to unresolved points sources in our baseline analysis.
Value Choices in Abortion

Abortion is a public and private problem that does not fade away. Private moral decisions, public policy conflicts, and theological and philosophical debates over abortion keep attention focused on the question. Prolife and prochoice activists continue to struggle for their opposing points of view. Americans remain divided, and there seems little hope of a quick consensus or a rapid resolution of the abortion controversy. Why does this conflict remain so intractable?
45-Gb/s SiGe BiCMOS PRBS generator and PRBS checker [pseudorandom bit sequence]

A 2/sup 7/-1 pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) generator chip set that operates up to 45 Gb/s was fabricated and tested. The circuits are implemented using bipolar transistors in a SiGe BiCMOS technology and operate from a single -3.3 V power supply. The PRBS generator, which consumes 1.32 W, uses a high speed 4:1 multiplexer to produce the final output from four quarter-rate streams. The automatic synchronizing PRBS checker consumes 1.2 W and uses a half-rate architecture, demultiplexing the full-rate data stream to lower rate streams that are checked in parallel.
Bortezomib interacts synergistically with belinostat in human acute myeloid leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells in association with perturbations in NF-κB and Bim.

Interactions between the HDACI inhibitor belinostat and the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib were investigated in AML and ALL cells. Co-administration of sub-micromolar concentrations of belinostat with low nanomolar concentrations of bortezomib sharply increased apoptosis in both AML and ALL cell lines and primary blasts. Synergistic interactions were associated with interruption of both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways, e.g., accumulation of the phosphorylated (S32/S36) form of IκBα, diminished belinostat-mediated RelA/p65 hyperacetylation (K310), and reduced processing of p100 into p52. These events were accompanied by downregulation of NF-κB-dependent pro-survival proteins (e.g., XIAP, Bcl-xL). Moreover, belinostat/bortezomib co-exposure induced up-regulation of the BH3-only prodeath protein Bim. Significantly, shRNA knock-down of Bim substantially reduced the lethality of belinostat/bortezomib regimens. Administration of belinostat ± bortezomib also induced hyperacetylation (K40) of α-tubulin, indicating HDAC6 inhibition. Finally, in contrast to the pronounced lethality of belinostat/bortezomib toward primary leukemia blasts, equivalent treatment was relatively non-toxic to normal CD34+ cells. Together, these findings indicate that belinostat and bortezomib interact synergistically in both cultured and primary AML and ALL cells, and raise the possibilities that up-regulation of Bim and interference with NF-κB pathways contribute to this phenomenon. They also suggest that combined belinostat/bortezomib regimens warrant further attention in acute leukemias.
Acceleration of high angular and spatial resolution diffusion imaging using compressed sensing with multichannel spiral data.

Purpose To accelerate the acquisition of simultaneously high spatial and angular resolution diffusion imaging. Methods Accelerated imaging is achieved by recovering the diffusion signal at all voxels simultaneously from under-sampled k-q space data using a compressed sensing algorithm. The diffusion signal at each voxel is modeled as a sparse complex Gaussian mixture model. The joint recovery scheme enables incoherent under-sampling of the 5-D k-q space, obtained by randomly skipping interleaves of a multishot variable density spiral trajectory. This sampling and reconstruction strategy is observed to provide considerably improved reconstructions than classical k-q under-sampling and reconstruction schemes. The complex model enables to account for the noise statistics without compromising the computational efficiency and theoretical convergence guarantees. The reconstruction framework also incorporates compensation of motion induced phase errors that result from the multishot acquisition. Results Reconstructions of the diffusion signal from under-sampled data using the proposed method yields accurate results with errors less that 5% for different accelerations and b-values. The proposed method is also shown to perform better than standard k-q acceleration schemes. Conclusions The proposed scheme can significantly accelerate the acquisition of high spatial and angular resolution diffusion imaging by accurately reconstructing crossing fiber architectures from under-sampled data. Magn Reson Med 73:126–138, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calculation of Local Heat-Transfer Coefficients on Slender Surfaces of Revolution by the Mangler Transformation

T HEAT TRANSFER by convection from slender surfaces of revolution in axisymmetrical flow is of current interest with regard to projectiles, airplane fuselages, rocket motors, etc. At sufficiently high altitudes and speeds laminar boundary layers can exist at very high Reynolds Numbers. For a laminar boundary layer, the velocity and temperature profiles, momentum and displacement thicknesses, and wall shear stress can be evaluated by using the Mangier transformation. This enables direct use of the solution for flows over a two-dimensional body with a freestream velocity distribution for the determination of the boundary-layer quantities in the three-dimensional case. This paper extends the Mangier transformation into the evaluation of the local heat-transfer coefficient on slender three-dimensional surfaces of revolution in axisymmetrical flow. The mean heattransfer coefficient over the entire surface can be evaluated by integration. A typical example of this transformation technique is given for the case of laminar heat transfer from semi-ellipsoidal surfaces of fineness ratio 4.
Physical impairments & network limitations when interconnecting multiple DOD-N routers

An optical router that includes wavelength conversion and buffering will produce some non-idealities in the output data. We study-the extent to which system impairments due to this non-ideal data will limit the number of number of routers that can be interconnected as well as the total fiber transmission length for the network.
Asymptotic Curvature of Θ-Metrics

We give an explicit and reasonably simple expression for the curvature tensor of a Θ-metric at boundary points, in terms of the metric tensor and invariants of the Θ-structure. We examine the behavior of the induced metric on level sets of a defining function near the boundary and describe the asymptotic behavior of its curvature tensor. Some applications of these results are given.
On the implementation of RTD based CNNs

Resonant tunnelling diodes (RTD's) have found various applications in high-speed digital and analog circuits due to their specific advantages associated with the unique folded-back negative differential resistance (NDR) I-V characteristics. As a result of the nonlinearity of RTD's, cellular neural networks (CNNs) designed with RTD's can achieve higher integration density and higher processing speed in comparison to standard CMOS based implementations. This paper describes two implements of RTD's based CNNs: one with RTD's only where RTD's are represented by current sources describing physics-based models, and the other with RTD's and FET's configured in well-known monostable-bistable logic elements (MOBILEs) circuitry. The paper also proposes a new and simple cell structure of MOBILE based CNN for connected component detection. Several image processing operations have been successfully simulated for these two types of CNNs. Simulation results show that RTD based CNNs have excellent performance in terms of complexity, speed and compactness.
Active-site changes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex E1 apoenzyme component from Escherichia coli observed at 2.32 A resolution

The first enzymatic component, E1 (EC 1.2.4.1), of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDHc) utilizes thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and Mg(2+) as cofactors. The structure of a branched-chain-specific E1 apoenzyme from the heterotetrameric alpha(2)beta(2) E1 family was recently reported and showed that disorder-to-order transformations in two active-site loops take place upon cofactor binding. To ascertain what effect the absence of cofactor may have in the homodimeric alpha(2) Escherichia coli PDHc E1, the corresponding apoenzyme has been prepared and its three-dimensional structure determined and analyzed at 2.32 A by crystallographic methods. This represents the first reported apoenzyme structure for any E1 component from the homodimeric alpha(2) family. Electron-density features occurring in the region where the cofactor pyrimidine ring would normally be expected to bind are of size, shape and location compatible with water molecules that form a hydrogen-bonded linkage between residues Glu571 and Val192, which normally make conserved interactions with the ThDP cofactor. A histidine side chain that normally forms hydrogen bonds to ThDP is disordered in its absence and partially occupies two sites. Unlike in the reported heterotetrameric branched-chain apo-E1, no disorder/order loop transformations are evident in apo-PDHc E1 relative to the holo-E1 enzyme (PDHc E1-ThDP-Mg(2+)). Differences in the extent of hydrogen-bonding networks found in the apo-E1 enzyme, the holo-E1 enzyme and in an inhibitor complex with bound thiamine 2-thiazolone diphosphate (ThTDP), PDHc E1-ThTDP-Mg(2+), are described.
INCREASED SEROTONIN-2 BINDING SITES IN FRONTAL CORTEX OF SUICIDE VICTIMS

Abstract Differences in serotonin-2 (5-HT 2 ) receptor properties were studied in frontal cortex from suicide victims and controls. The number of 5-HT 2 receptors was significantly higher (44%) in the suicide group. The postsynaptic receptor changes were consistent with previous findings of a reduced number of presynaptic serotonin receptors in the same post-mortem series. The combined findings of both studies support the decreased use of serotonin in suicide victims and may also throw light on the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs.
Family Life Cycle: 1980.

Recent trends in marriage divorce and childbearing [in the United States] indicate that individuals and families are undergoing more transitions as they pass through the life course than in the past. This study using data from a national sample survey conducted in 1980 shows differences in the timing of major family life-cycle events according to age social and economic characteristics and marital history. Results suggest that age generational differences more than any other factor influence the timing and frequency of life-cycle events but that significant variations within age groups are associated with other socioeconomic characteristics. (EXCERPT)
Ecophysiological analysis of two arctic sedges under reduced root temperatures.

Shoot physiological activity in arctic vascular plants may be controlled by low soil temperatures. While leaves may be exposed to moderate temperatures during the growing season, root temperatures often remain near freezing. In this study, two tundra sedges, Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex bigellowii, were subjected to reduced soil temperatures, and photosynthetic parameters (light saturated photosynthesis A max , variable to maximal fluorescence and F v /F m stomatal conductance) and abscisic acid concentrations were determined. Stomatal conductance and A max for both E. vaginatum and C. bigellowii strongly decreased with declining soil temperatures. Decreasing soil temperature, however, impacted F v /F m to a much lesser degree. Root and leaf ABA concentrations increased with decreasing root temperature. These observations support the contention that soil temperature is a significant photosynthetic driving factor in arctic sedges exposed to variable root and shoot temperatures. Because these two species comprise approximately 30% of the vascular ground cover of wet tussock tundra, the soil temperature responses of these sedges potentially scale up to significant effects on ecosystem carbon exchange.
The Effect of Symbols on Warning Compliance

The present study investigated whether different warning designs, specifically those with symbols, affect compliance rates. Five conditions were tested: a verbal warning, a pictographs warning with...
Zinc transport across an endothelium includes vesicular cotransport with albumin

Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (BPAEC) were grown on permeable polycarbonate membrane filters suspended between two compartments representing the blood vessel lumen and the interstitium. This in vitro model of an endothelium was subjected to a battery of tests to unravel the mechanisms of zinc transport from the blood into peripheral tissues. Transport of 65Zn across BPAEC from media containing zinc concentrations up to 50 μmol/L exhibited both saturable and nonsaturable kinetics. Vmax of the saturable component was 246 ± 43 pmol/(h × cm2) and Km was 2.3 ± 1.3 μmol/L. Transport was pH and temperature sensitive and substantially influenced by albumin and histidine concentrations, but not influenced by analogous minerals or metabolic inhibitors. Inhibition of coated vesicle formation by depletion of intracellular potassium reduced 65Zn transport. Albumin carrying a zinc ion crossed the endothelium more rapidly than zinc-free albumin. When evaluated together, this body of evidence supports the existence of two major pathways of zinc transport across the pulmonary endothelium, but neither involves entry into the endothelial cells. One pathway involves receptor-mediated cotransport with albumin by transcytotic vesicles. The other is nonsaturable and involves cotransport with albumin and low molecular weight ligands, principally histidine, through intercellular junctions and nonselective, bulk-fluid transcytosis. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
FACILITATING PAPER RECYCLING: EFFECTS OF PROMPTS, RAFFLES, AND CONTESTS1

The effects of prompts and reinforcement to promote paper recycling were compared in six university dormitories. For a Prompt condition, residents were urged to recycle paper for ecological reasons via flyers distributed to each room. For a Raffle contingency, residents were given one raffle ticket for every pound of paper brought to a collection center. For a Contest contingency, two dorms were paired and the dorm whose residents delivered the most paper won $15 for its treasury. Contingency awareness was strengthened via a flyer placed under the door of each resident's room. Flyers alone had little effect in increasing paper-recycling behaviors, but the raffle (substantially) and the contest (somewhat) increased the amount of paper brought to a dorm's recycling center. Students whose rooms were closest to the collection center showed the greatest participation. Removal of the reinforcement contingencies resulted in a return to baseline levels.
Palaeoclimate: Climate sensitivity in a warmer world.

Comparison of climate records from the Pliocene and Pleistocene geological epochs of the past five million years suggests that positive climate feedbacks are not strengthened during warm climate intervals. See Article p.49
Nonlinear Periodic Systems: Bands and Localization

We consider the dynamics of nonlinear mono-coupled periodic media. When coupling dominates over nonlinearity near-field standing waves and spatially extended traveling waves exist, inside stop and pass bands, respectively, of the nonlinear system. Nonlinear standing waves are analytically studied using a nonlinear normal mode formulation, whereas nonlinear traveling waves are analyzed by the method of multiple scales. When the nonlinear effects are of the same order with the coupling ones a completely different picture emerges, since nonlinear resonance interactions are unavoidable. As a result, infinite families of strongly and weakly localized nonlinear standing waves appear with frequencies lying in pass or stop bands of the corresponding linear periodic medium. Moreover, in the limit of weak coupling these solutions develop sensitive dependence on initial conditions, and the possibility of spatial chaos in the system exists. Some additional results on chaotic dynamics in linear periodic media with strongly nonlinear disorders are reviewed.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
A nanostructured Fabry-Perot interferometer

A polymer-based micromachined Fabry-Perot interferometer (µFPI) with embedded nanostructures in its cavity, called nanostructured-FPI, is reported. The nanostructures inside the cavity are a layer of Au-coated nanopores. As a refractive-index sensitive optical sensor, it offers the following advantages over a traditional µFPI for label-free biosensing applications, including increased sensing surface area, extended penetration depth of the excitation light and amplified optical transducing signals. For a nanostructured-FPI with nanopore size of 50 nm in diameter and the gap size of FPI cavity of 50 µm, measurements find that it has ~20 times improvement in free spectral range (FSR), ~2 times improvement in finesse and ~4 times improvement in contrast of optical transducing signals over a traditional µFPI even without any device performance optimization. Several chemicals have also been evaluated using this device. Fourier transform has been performed on the measured optical signals to facilitate the analysis of the transducing signals.
“I don't know, I've never been to college!” Dual enrollment as a college readiness strategy

This chapter provides a theoretical framework through which to understand the experiences of dual enrollment students. Through anticipatory socialization and role rehearsal, participants “try out” the role of college student and develop the skills necessary for future postsecondary success.
Subducted lithosphere, hotspots, and the geoid

Abstract The earth's largest positive geoid height anomalies are associated with subduction zones and hotspots. Although the correlation with subduction has been noted for many years, the correlation with hotspots is fully evident only when the subduction-related geoid highs are removed from the observed field. Using the assumption that subducted lithospheric slabs are uncompensated and are thermally re-equilibrated with the asthenosphere at the maximum depth of earthquakes, the expected geoid anomaly over subduction zones is calculated. This field provides a satis-factory fit to the observed circum-Pacific high. Subtraction of this predicted anomaly leaves a residual field which is correlated, at greater than the 99% confidence level, with the distribution of hotspots. Broad residual geoid highs occur over the central Pacific and the Africa/eastern Atlantic regions, the same areas where the hotspots are concentrated. The mass anomalies associated with hotspots and subducted slabs apparently control the location of the earth's spin axis.
Stroke in the young: Coming of age

Early-onset stroke has a major impact on the lives of young people and may serve as a window to understanding stroke in general. It is also common. The prevalence of cerebrovascular disease is more than twice that of MS in adults 18 to 44 years old.1 Almost 120,000 females and 105,000 males in the United States younger than 45 have had a stroke.2 Nevertheless, stroke in the young has received little attention from the scientific community, perhaps because the high incidence of stroke in the elderly overshadows the problem of early-onset stroke and because of the difficulty of conducting research in this population. Articles in this issue of Neurology by Leys et al.3 and Fullerton et al.4 take a step toward filling this gap. Prognosis is an important issue in premature stroke because of the longer expected survival compared with older people with stroke. In addition, those affected by stroke in young adulthood often have primary responsibility for providing …