cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accountability, Risk, and Trust in Cloud Services: Towards an Accountability-Based Approach to Risk and Trust Governance

In this paper we propose an approach for enhanced data protection in the cloud, based upon accountability governance. Specifically, the relationships between accountability, risk and trust are analyzed in order to suggest characteristics and means to address data governance issues involved when organizations or individuals adopt cloud computing. This analysis takes into account insights from a variety of stakeholders within cloud ecosystems obtained by running an elicitation workshop.
Integrating Therapy Dog Teams in a Physical Activity Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

(2012). Integrating Therapy Dog Teams in a Physical Activity Program for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 83, No. 6, pp. 37-48.
Wall Rock Decarbonation and Forcible Emplacement of Birch Creek Pluton, Southern White Mountains, California

Birch Creek pluton is a small body of quartz monzonite and granodiorite of Cretaceous age that was emplaced within Precambrian argillite and dolomite comprising part of the steep eastern limb of the White Mountain anticline, a major south-plunging fold. The granitic magma was intruded initially along a nearly vertical fault parallel to and within the eastern limb of the anticline. The dolomitic rocks were heated and decarbonated during intrusion of the granite. We suggest that the liberated CO 2 entered the vapor phase of the magma, causing isothermal crystallization of the magma over and around most of the pluton. Moreover, the viscosity of the magma increased in the upper part of the magma column so that a relatively rigid shell of granite and metamorphosed wall rocks was formed which prevented continued upward and eastward intrusion. Yielding to the pressure of rising magma beneath, the viscous magma bulged laterally in a northwest direction where structural interpretations suggest the dolomite shell was very thin or absent. The forcible nature of this stage of emplacement is clearly shown in the core of the anticline by the curvilinear traces of strata, crestal axes of folds, and pre-pluton faults, which wrap concordantly around the northwest corner of the pluton.
Some effects of single doses of triiodothyronine and thyroxine in hypothyroid chicks.

Abstract Three-week-old propylthiouracil chicks were given a single injection of 1, 10, or 100 μg of T 3 and, in another experiment, T 4 . Liver weight and liver glycogen were determined at 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, and 96 hours and were found to be lowered maximally at 24 hours at all dose levels. The 10 and 100 μg doses of both hormones were almost equally effective until after 48 hours; thereafter the 100 μg dose showed more prolonged effectiveness. The 1 μg dose of both T 3 and T 4 was somewhat less effective at 24 hours and much less effective after 48 hours compared to the higher doses. For 100 μg, neither liver weight nor glycogen had again reached the hypothyroid level at 72 hours, but T 4 seemed to have somewhat more prolonged effects than T 3 . Serum cholesterol was lowered maximally at 60 hours by both hormones. Thyroid weight was reduced by the higher doses at 48 hours, but not earlier, and the weight reduction persisted through the 96th hour for the 100 μg level of T 4 . In a third experiment, T 3 and T 4 were compared at the 10 μg dose level. Liver weight was reduced by both hormones at 18, 24, and 36 hours but not at 12 hours. Glycogen was markedly reduced by both hormones from 12 through 36 hours; the T 3 effect was greater at 12 hours but less at 24 and 36 hours. At 18 hours after injection, T 3 and T 4 were equally effective.
Hypogastric artery embolization in endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Purpose: Iliac artery anatomy is a central factor in endoluminal abdominal aortic aneurysm therapy. It serves as the conduit for graft deployment and as the region of distal graft seal. Thirty-eight percent of iliac vessels in our patients require special treatment because of aneurysms, tortuosity, or small size. Bilateral hypogastric artery exclusion has been avoided because of concerns of colorectal ischemia, hip/buttock claudication, and impotence. We suggest that elective, staged, bilateral hypogastric embolization can be performed safely with reasonably low morbidity and can expand the anatomic boundaries for stent-graft abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Methods: This study was performed as a retrospective chart review of patients requiring hypogastric artery embolization for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms between June 1998 and June 2000. Patients with otherwise appropriate anatomy and common iliac artery aneurysms were informed of the option for stent-graft repair with internal iliac artery embolization with its risks of impotence, hip/buttock claudication, and bowel ischemia. Patients underwent unilateral or staged bilateral coil embolizations of their proximal hypogastric arteries with an approximate 1-week interval between procedures. Hospital and office records were reviewed; phone interviews were performed. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 12 months. Results: During a 24-month period, 65 patients underwent endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair; 18 patients (28%) required hypogastric artery embolization. Seven (39%) of these patients underwent bilateral embolization. There were no episodes of clinically evident bowel ischemia. Lactate levels were normal in all measured patients. Postoperative fevers (> 101.0°F) were documented in 10 (56%) of 18 patients. The average white blood cell count was 12.8 × 10 9 /L (range, 8.5-22.9). There were no positive blood culture results. The return to the full preoperative diet occurred in 1 to 3 days. Hip/buttock claudication occurred in approximately 50% of patients with persistent but improved symptoms at 6 months. Eighty-seven percent of patients had preoperative erectile dysfunction. Only two patients noted worsening of erectile function postoperatively. Conclusions: Preliminary results indicate that bilateral hypogastric artery embolization can be performed, when necessary, with reasonable morbidity in patients undergoing stent-graft abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. (J Vasc Surg 2001;33:1193-8.)
A Rapid Calcium Infusion Test for Hyperparathyroidism

ABSTRACT A rapid intravenous infusion of calcium (180 mg) was given to 10 normal subjects, to 7 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (subsequently proved by surgery), to 1 patient with untreated hypoparathyroidism and to 13 patients with various other diseases. All studies were performed between 8 AM and 12 noon, during which interval spontaneous urinary phosphorus excretion normally shows a rise. Within 2 hours after the calcium infusion, phosphorus excretion by the normal subjects fell below that before the infusion, whereas phosphorus excretion by the patients with hyperparathyroidism was essentially unaffected. The patient with hypoparathyroidism, however, showed neither spontaneous nor postinfusion changes in phosphorus excretion. The patients with sarcoid showed a pattern of phosphorus excretion characterized by a rise, a fall and a further rise during successive hours after the infusion. All other patients showed a pattern indistinguishable from that of the normal subjects. The use of this rap...
Affinity chromatography of solubilized opioid binding sites using CH-Sepharose modified with a new naltrexone derivative.

An affinity gel containing a newly synthesized derivative of naltrexone, β-naltrexyl-6-ethylenediamine (NED), was used to purify opioid binding sites by 300–450-fold. Binding sites solubilized from brains of toad, rat and cow using digitonin in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl are retained by the gel and can be eluted with naloxone (1–3 M) in yields of 20–25%. The biospecificity of the interaction of opioid binding sites with modified beads is supported by the following: 1) unmodified beads do not retain the binding sites, 2) binding sites prebound with an opioid are not retained, 3) dilution of NED gels with unmodified Sepharose progressively reduced efficiency of retention and 4) specific receptor ligands elute binding sites retained on the NED gels.
Clinician Bias in Evaluating Speech Proficiency

Summary The effect of clinician bias in evaluating the speech of children was studied. Case presentations were made to 30 clinicians by means of videotape. Prior to evaluation, graduate-student clinicians were exposed to fabricated case-histories containing positive-bias or negative-bias factors, or to no case-history information. The clinicians generated phonetic inventories, scaled judgments of articulatory proficiency, scaled prognoses, and scaled therapeutic judgments. The case-history preconditions had little effect on the measured behaviour of the clinicians. Implications for clinical evaluative procedures are discussed.
Neurofibromatosis 2: loss of merlin's protective spell

Abstract Schwannomas and meningiomas occur as multiple tumors in sufferers of neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) and as solitary tumors in the general population due to the inactivation of a gene chromosome 22q12. In 1993, a location cloning approach revealed this tumor suppressor, dubbed merlin, as a novel member of a family of proteins that link elements of the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane. Subsequent investigations have confirmed merlin's role in tumor formation, but have yet to reveal its mechanism of action.
Individualized smoking cessation treatment: roles for sets of genomic markers.

Tobacco smoking and nicotine addiction remain the major worldwide contributors to cancer, pulmonary disease, cardiac disease, stroke and other illnesses. Smoking, one of the largest preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, leads to more than 400,000 annual deaths in the USA alone [1,2]. While rates of smoking in the USA have declined substantially over the last several decades, approximately one in five Americans smoke [101]. Young people continue to begin smoking [102]. Each year, many smokers report attempts to quit. Most of those who try to quit relapse and return to smoking [3]. Several classes of medications increase success in achieving abstinence, including those with primary actions on the brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors where nicotine takes effect (e.g., nicotine replacement and varenicline) [4]. Bupropion also aids quitting and potently blocks the dopamine transporter, although it also displays a low potency in blocking nicotinic receptors. Strategies for using these agents more effectively include releasing nicotine more evenly from transdermal patches, applying these patches prior to targeted quit dates and using pharmacotherapies along with de nicotinized cigarettes [5]. However, even with the most effective current treatments administered with the most effective strategies, the majority of those who attempt to quit return to smoking within months.
Steady-state serum salicylate levels in hospitalized patients with rheumatoid arthritis

When the total daily drug dose was individualized to produce a steady-state serum salicylate concentration between 20 and 35 mg/dl, clinically acceptable fluctuations of serum concentrations occurred during both twice daily and three times daily administration. In 6 rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving choline magnesium trisalicylate, mean steady-state serum levels were the same, and the ranges of hourly mean concentrations during 8 and 12 hour dosage intervals were 19 to 27 mg/dl and 17 to 30 mg/dl, respectively. Changing the dosing interval from 8 to 12 hours required a 50% increase in the fractional doses, but resulted in an increase of only 3 mg/dl in mean peak concentration and a ddecrease of 1 mg/dl in mean minimum concentration.
Hormonal regulation of BCRP expression in human placental BeWo cells.

Purpose We investigated whether the pregnancy-related hormones, estriol (E3), testosterone, human placental lactogen (hPL), human prolactin (hPRL), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) affect BCRP expression in human placental BeWo cells.
Exponential function rational expansion method for nonlinear differential–difference equations

Abstract An exponential function rational expansion method for solving exact traveling wave solutions to nonlinear differential–difference equations is proposed. By this method, new exact traveling wave solutions to some nonlinear differential–difference equations such as Langmiuir lattice, discrete mKdV lattice equation, Hybrid lattice equation, etc., are obtained.
Photocycles of bacteriorhodopsin in light- and dark-adapted purple membrane studied by time-resolved absorption spectroscopy

Nanosecond time-resolved absorption spectra have been measured throughout the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin in both light-adapted and dark-adapted purple membrane (PM). The data from dark-adapted samples are interpretable as the superposition of two photocycles arising independently from the all-trans and 13-cis retinal isomers that coexist in the dark-adapted state. The presence of a photocycle in dark-adapted PM which is indistinguishable from that observed for light-adapted PM under the same experimental conditions is demonstrated by the observation of the same five relaxation rates associated with essentially identical changes in the photoproduct spectra. This cycle is attributed to the all-trans component. The cycle of the 13-cis component is revealed by scaling the data measured for the light-adapted sample and subtracting it from the data on the dark-adapted mixture. At times less than 1 ms, the resulting difference spectra are nearly time-independent. The peak of the difference spectrum is near 600 nm, although there appears to be a slight (approximately 2 nm) blue-shift in the first few microseconds. Subsequently the amplitude of this spectrum decays and the peak of the difference spectrum shifts in two relaxations. Most of the amplitude of the photoproduct difference spectrum (approximately 80%) decays in a single relaxation having a time constant of approximately 35 ms. The difference spectrum remaining after this relaxation peaks at approximately 590 nm and is indistinguishable from the classical light-dark difference spectrum, which we find, in experiments performed on a much longer time scale, to peak at 588 nm. The decay of this remaining photo-product is not resolvable in the nanosecond kinetic experiments, but dark adaptation of a completely light-adapted sample is found to occur exponentially with a relaxation time of approximately 2,000 s under the conditions of our experiments.
Phenomenological Philosophy as the Basis for a Human Scientific Psychology

First of all, I would like to thank Dr. Leswin Laubscher, the current Chair of the Psychology Department at Duquesne University, for inviting me to speak to the department more than half a century after I started my career here as a phenomenological psychologist. It is also my first visit to the department in more than a quarter of a century, so you must forgive me if certain nostalgic feelings come through. However, it is good to see that there is still a phenomenological presence in the department because the development of a phenomenological psychology was the very raison d’etre of the department. In my talk today, I shall try to indicate how we believed that the application of phenomenological philosophical thought to psychology would be helpful to a psychology that wanted to understand human persons in an adequate way. If in the 1950s some of us found psychology to be lacking, what was wrong with it and how would one go about correcting it? What was holding back its vigorous development? Why was our understanding of the human person not advancing the way that our knowledge of nature was progressing? Well, for one thing, the human person was not so much the theme of the research psychologists of that era as an animal was, and if a human was thematized, it was not the essential human that was studied so much as human phenomena with primarily sensorial and physiological manifestations. Why did this state of affairs exist? Because psychology strove to become a natural science and the phenomena that were studied had to show characteristics that were similar to nature and they had to have an empirical basis. In that era, whether or not such an approach clarified human phenomena was not as important as psychology’s scientific status. More important than the clarification of human phenomena was psychology’s determination to be a natural science, although mainstream psychologists honestly believed they were doing both.
RECONSTRUCTIVE DEMOCRATIC THEORY

While the idea of democracy has never been more universal or more popular, both democratic theory and the empirical study of democratic possibilities are in some disarray. We seek a productive reconnection of these two endeavors with democratic discourse through close attention to the language of democracy as used by ordinary people and political actors. Reconstructive inquiry determines how the individuals who are the potential constituents of any democratic order themselves conceptualize democracy and their own political roles and competences. We deploy an intensive method—Q methodology—for the study of individual characteristics, capabilities, and dispositions in combination with political discourse analysis. Four discourses are discovered in an analysis of selected U.S. subjects: contented republicanism, deferential conservatism, disaffected populism, and private liberalism. These results can be used to relate democratic theory to live possibilities in democratic discourse.
Design and Fabrication of Absorber Coupled TES Microbolometers on Continuous Silicon-Nitride Windows

The implementation of TES based microbolometer arrays will achieve unprecedented sensitivities for mm and sub-mm astronomy through fabrication of large format arrays and improved linearity and stability arising from strong electro-thermal feedback. We report on progress in developing TES microbolometers using Mo/Au thin films and Au absorbing structures. We present measurements of suppressing the thermal conductance through the etching of features on a continuous Silicon-Nitride window.
Profundal benthos of a multibasin foothills reservoir in Colorado, U.S.A.

The composition, temporal and spatial distribution, and productivity of profundal benthos were investigated in a Colorado Front Range reservoir which impounds water diverted from the Western Slope of the Rocky Mountains. Horsetooth Reservoir, 10.6 km × 1.0 km, consists of three basins with depths greater than 50 m connected by two equalizing channels ca. 30 m deep. Water quality parameters did not vary significantly between sites, but temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen varied seasonally. The composition and organic content of sediment exhibited a gradient from inlet to outlet which significantly influenced faunal density and distribution patterns. Although 28 genera of macroinvertebrates were collected, the oligochaetes Tubifex tubifex (Muller) and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede comprised 97.6% of the total organisms. Chironomids comprised 2.2%. The relative contribution of chironomids to total biomass decreased with increasing depth; the reverse was true for oligochaetes. Mean annual density ranged from 3,827 to 51,901 total organisms/m2 for six sampling sites. Mean annual biomass varied from 0.16 to 2.3 g ash-free dry wt/m2. Annual turnover ratios ranged from 3.6 to 4.5. Annual production estimates varied from 7.2 to 82.8 kg/ha ash-free dry weight, averaging 39.3 kg/ha or 26.9 kcal/m2.
Malignancy, electrophoretic mobilities and sialic acids at the electrokinetic surface of TA3 cells.

The influence of incubation with neuraminidase on the electrophoretic mobilities of TA3 mouse ascites carcinoma cells was investigated. TA3 cells characterized by extreme karyotypic stability and uniform lethality for all mouse strains (LD100 <3,000 cells) were procured from six different strains of mice at the same stage of tumour growth and were compared. Despite significant differences in “malignancy”, depending on the iso-immune gap between tumour and host and assessed by survival times, there was no corresponding difference in electrophoretic mobility and/or the density of sialic acids at the electrokinetic surfaces of the cancer cells. Therefore, in this system, the net negative charge at the surface of the individual cancer cell bears no functional relation to degree of malignancy, as has been speculated for tumours in general. MALIGNITE, MOBILITES ELECTROPHORETIQUES ET ACIDES SIALIQUES A LA SURFACE ELECTROCINETIQUE DES CELLULES TA3 L'influence de l'incubation en presence de neuramidinase sur les mobilites electrophoretiques des cellules TA3 d'epithelioma ascitique de souris a ete etudiee. Les cellules TA3, caracterisees par une extrěme stabilite caryotypique et une letalite uniforme pour toutes les souches murines (LD100 3,000 cellules), ont ete prelevees sur six souches differentes de souris arrivees au měme stade de croissance tumorale, puis ont ete comparees. En depit de differences notables quant a la “malignite”, qui sont dues a l'ecart iso-immun existant entre la tumeur et l'hǒte et qui ont ete evaluees d'apres le temps de survie, on ne trouve aucune difference correspondante en matiere de mobilite electrophoretique et de densite des acides sialiques a la surface electrocinetique des cellules cancereuses. Par consequent, dans ce systeme, la charge negative nette a la surface de chaque cellule cancereuse n'a pas de rapport fonctionnel avec le degre de malignite, comme on l'a suppose pour ce qui est des tumeurs en general.
The Decline of North Africa Since the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human?

(1951). The Decline of North Africa Since the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human? Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 116-132.
A memory adjustable software system for clustering and retrieval

This paper describes the structure and capabilities of a memory adjustable, menu driven software system, mostly written in C programming language for the classification and retrieval of multidimensional data.To group patterns, the system uses the single linkage clustering algorithm method, which requires the storage of a similarity matrix in the internal computer memory. Depending on the size of the data file, this requirement may limit the use of this method to computers with large memory. To overcome this problem, a new memory conservative single linkage clustering algorithm was developed and employed.In most existing systems, the user is required to declare the number of desired groupings. However, because the proper number of clusters significantly impacts the outcome of clusters, the system presented in this paper may determine the optimum number of clusters by calculating a measurement index.Finally, given a new pattern, the system determines its k most similar patterns in the data set by using an efficient branch and bound algorithm.The system is capable of graphing the results in any two dimensional plane.
The efficiency value of effluent tax revenues

The concept of the efficiency value of effluent tax revenues is developed. It is defined as the reduction in excess burden resulting from the substitution of these revenues for current or future resource distorting tax revenues, such as those raised from federal corporate and personal income taxes. The annual efficiency value of revenues raised by national effluent taxes on two major air pollutants is estimated to range from $0.63 to $3.05 billion, if substituted for federal personal income tax revenue, and from $1 to $4.87 billion, if substituted for corporate income tax revenue, expressed in 1982 dollars. Thus previous estimates of the efficiency gain from substitution of an effluent tax scheme for current pollution regulation policy have been too low, because the efficiency value of the tax revenues has been excluded.
Simple formula for light scattering by a large spherical dielectric

The generalized eikonal equation for light scattering by a dielectric sphere obtained earlier is further studied. It is found that all the integrals in the equation can be carried out, and the result is a simple algebraic formula for the scattering amplitude. The formula provides a quick way to compute the intensity of scattered light and brings about deeper physical insights of the scattering processes.
Defect-Tolerant Hybrid CMOS/Nanoelectronic Circuits

Summary form only given. This paper reviews recent work on devices, circuits and defect-tolerant architectures for hybrid semiconductor/nanodevice integrated circuits. Such a circuit is essentially a CMOS stack with a simple add-on in the form of a nanowire crossbar, with similar two-terminal devices (with the functionality of programmable diodes) formed at each crosspoint. Special attention was given to the so-called "CMOL" variety of the hybrids, in which the crossbar is connected to the CMOS circuit with an area-distributed interface. Such interface allows the CMOS subsystem to address each and every of the crosspoint devices, even with no nanoscale alignment between the CMOS and crossbar subsystems. The recent detailed studies have shown CMOL may enable (at least) the following applications: (i) terabit-scale memories with access time below 100 ns and defect tolerance up to 10%, (ii) FPGA-like reconfigurable logic circuits with even higher (~20%) defect tolerance, and the density at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of CMOS FPGAs fabricated with similar design rules and power per unit area, and (iii) mixed-signal neuromorphic networks ("CrossNets") which may exhibit extraordinary defect tolerance (up to 90%) and provide unparalleled performance for some important information processing tasks. Recently, the hybrid circuit concept has received a strong boost from the experimental demonstrations of reproducible crosspoint devices (programmable diodes) based on amorphous silicon, and nanowire crossbars with 15-nm-scale half-pitch. However, the transfer of semiconductor IC industry to the hybrid technology still requires a very substantial effort, and the paper describes the most significant challenges on that way. References may be found at http://rsfql.physics.sunysb.edu/~likharev/nano/.
Evaluation of five commercial systems for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci to species level.

Five commercially available systems for identification of coagulase-negative staphylococci to the species level were evaluated using 163 clinical staphylococcal isolates. The conventional method of Kloos and Schleifer served as reference method. The API 20GP system showed the highest rate of agreement with the reference method, correctly identifying 98.8% of the isolates. The Microscan system had an overall rate of agreement of 96.3 %, and Staph-Trac, Sceptor and Staph-Ident rates of 88.8 %, 87.6 % and 84. % respectively.
Expanding Access to the Secondary Mortgage Markets: The Role of Central City Lending Goals

Access to credit in lower-income communities has become an increasingly central public policy issue in financial sector regulation over the past five years. One important reform was the establishment of purchasing goals for the government-sponsored secondary mortgage markets (Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) in 1992. This paper examines the central city lending goal, using the St. Louis MSA as a case study. Census tracts are clustered according to five variables argued to impede secondary market purchases of home loans in some neighborhoods. Borrower characteristics and lending patterns are compared across the clusters of tracts, and across central city and suburban tracts. Clustered tracts are found to be more strongly related to a set of key lending variables than are tracts divided according to central city/ suburban boundaries. The paper concludes that targeting affirmative lending requirements on the basis of neighborhood characteristics rather than political or statistical divisions may provide a more appropriate framework for efforts to expand access to credit. However, the analysis of spatial differences in lending patterns raises a number of questions that require further research.
Hepatic infarction: unusual complication of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

O SCVIR, 1997 THE transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure has been used with increasing frequency as a safe and effective method for treating variceal bleeding and ascites in patients with portal hypertension. The technical aspects and success rates of the procedure have been well delineated in several reports (1-3). Most short-term and long-term followup reports have focused on the wellknown problems of postprocedural shunt stenosis or occlusion, and new or worsening encephalopathy. Less common ( ~ 1 0 % ) procedure-related complications that have been reported include semis. contrast material. , related nephropathy, puncture site hematoma, cardiac arrhythmia, stent malposition, and extracapsular needle puncture with associated bleeding (2-5). TIPS-related hepatic artery injury and associated traumatic hepatic artery occlusion are distinctly uncommon, with TIPS-associated hepatic infarction being extremely rare (6-9). Hepatic infarction, in general, is unusual because of the dual vascular supply to the liver via the portal vein and hepatic artery. We describe a patient who developed hepatic infarction after TIPS, which was not initially identified with ultrasound (US) but was seen a t computed tomography (CT). The infarction was noted to resolve almost completely over the course of 3 weeks without clinical consequence.
Thermodynamic and structural parameters of the body-center tetragonal TiAl phase

Determination des parametres thermodynamiques de la phase L1 0 obtenus a partir du calcul du diagramme de phase Ti-Al, et des parametres structuraux. Comparaison avec des autres phases L1 0
Measuring carotid artery intima-media thickness: simplicity versus complexity?

doi:10.1016/j. We believe that the report by Peters et al. in this issue of JASEmakes a significant contribution to our understanding of how to perform carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) measurements in clinical trials and possibly in clinical practice. In their report, the investigators describe the level of data completeness achieved when acquiring carotid IMT data using a clinical trial protocol applied in theMeasuring Effects on Intima-Media Thickness: An Evaluation of Rosuvastatin (METEOR) study. The investigators conclude in favor of complex protocols for IMTacquisition and measurements to achieve greater precision and to improve over what can be achieved with less complex imaging protocols. Peters et al.’s data, as presented, give us an opportunity for an open discussion of what carotid IMT protocols can and cannot achieve. Although the investigators’ findings address the very focused and technical aspects of an IMT clinical trial, we believe that there is room to extrapolate some of their findings to the clinical realm. We also offer a plausible alternate interpretation of their results. Our conclusions are different from those reached by the investigators: we believe that the data they present should not discourage the use of a relatively simple IMT scan protocol and that the benefits of multiple-angle IMT protocols do not necessarily outweigh their costs. In METEOR, each side of the carotid bifurcation was scanned from five different angles of interrogation. The method of segmenting the carotid artery near the bifurcation conforms to the three-level protocol used in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Sampling from five angles was repeated in the common carotid artery, the carotid bifurcation, and the proximal internal carotid artery on each side. The number of images generated at each level and on each side wasfive,with a possiblemaximumof30 images for each enrollee.Measurements were attempted for all these segments. The investigators then conducted ananalysis of thenumberof imagesof sufficientquality to measure IMT. The data completeness achieved by such a comprehensive approachwould seem to set a new standard forwhat is needed in IMT imaging protocols, whether they are used for clinical trials or for clinical risk assessment. This concept is echoed by Peters et al.’s conclusion: ‘‘Extensive ultrasound protocols are required to obtain the highest precision to observe a treatment effect and to fully cover the degree of atherosclerotic burden.’’ But is this really the case?
MTAAP 2010 Welcome

We are pleased to welcome you to the 4th Workshop on Multi-threaded Architectures and Applications (MTAAP 2010), which is once again collocated with the International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS).
Characterization of diagenetically altered carbonate reservoirs, South Cowden Grayburg Reservoir, West Texas

Much of the difficulty in constructing carbonate reservoir models for fluid-flow simulation results from diagenetic overprinting of depositional permeability patterns. In the South Cowden field, diagenetic effects result in (1) low porosity and permeability in the western and northern areas due to reduction of porosity by means of dolomitization and post-dolomitization compaction, (2) elimination of the petrophysical effects of depositional texture resulting from changes in particle size due to dolomitization, and (3) creation of a touching-vug pore system due to anhydrite dissolution. The extent of anhydrite alteration can be mapped to show three distinct diagenetic areas: those dominated by unaltered, altered, or dissolved anhydrite. Each alteration type has a unique acoustic-porosity transform that can be used to map the diagenetic areas and to calculate porosity when only acoustic logs are available. A single porosity-permeability transform characterizes the areas having unaltered and altered anhydrite, and the depositional stratigraphy is useful in constructing a reservoir model. A more favorable transform characterizes the area of dissolved anhydrite, and depositional stratigraphy is not useful in constructing a reservoir model because of the large effect of the diagenetic overprint.
Absolute motion and evolution of the Bouvet triple junction

The absolute motion of the Bouvet triple junction has an important role in its mechanical evolution. At present, the relative velocity vectors of the South American, African and Antarctic plates form an obtuse isosceles triangle, and both the ridge–ridge–ridge (RRR) and ridge–transform–transform (RFF) configurations of the Bouvet are potentially stable. Sclater1 demonstrated that the Bouvet twice alternated between RRR and RFF in the past 20 Myr. The reasons for these changes are unclear, but the analysis of the absolute velocities of the two configurations presented here provides some insight; The motion of the RRR configuration of the Bouvet, with respect to a hotspot reference frame, carries the junction to the north-west (343°) at 14.7 km Myr−1, whereas the RFF form moves to the south-east (157°) at only 5.8 km Myr−1. The RFF configuration is stable only when the relative velocity triangle is precisely isosceles. As the RFF junction migrates away from the isosceles line, it becomes increasingly unstable, until it is forced to switch to RRR. The RRR junction then drifts back to the isosceles line where it reverts to RFF.
The frustration vigor effect (FVE) as a function of number of rewarded barpress trials

An increment in response vigor was observed in extinction performance as a function of the number of massed training responses, with total number of training rewards controlled. This empirical demonstration of a frustration vigor effect on the learned response is seen as offering a methodological alternative to the double-runway for the analysis of frustration effects.
Hypothesis of Mobilization of Residual Stress in Rock

Many rocks appear to contain systems of internally balanced forces in static or dynamic equilibrium, even though free from exterior loads. Removal of a sample from a rock in such a state of residual stress causes both sample and host to adjust to new states of equilibrium involving changes in size and shape, and in level of balanced forces and internal strain energy. If these adjustments are time dependent, small samples may relax faster than large ones, and magnitude of internal forces that can be balanced may depend upon size and shape of the body. The implications for interpretation of in situ stress measurements are serious. Tunnels driven into rocks with residual stress may initiate relaxation of internal restraints and mobilize residual stress that can do work on supports and adjacent rock not predicted by conventional rock-load analysis.
The use of primary rat hepatocytes to achieve metabolic activation of promutagens in the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase mutational assay.

A method is described in which primary rat hepatocytes have been cocultured with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to provide metabolic activation of promutagens in the Chinese hamster ovary/hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (CHO/HGPRT) mutational assay. Single cell hepatocyte suspensions were prepared from male Fischer-344 rats using the in situ collagenase perfusion technique. Hepatocytes were allowed to attach for 1.5 hours in tissue culture dishes containing an approximately equal number of CHO cells in log growth. The cocultures were exposed to promutagens for up to 20 hours in serum-free medium. The survival and 6-thioguanine-resistant fraction of treated CHO cells were then determined as in the standard CHO/HGPRT assay. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) were found to produce increases in the mutant fractions of treated CHO cells as a function of concentration. The time required for optimum expression of the mutant phenotype following exposure to DMBA and AFB1 was approximately 8 days. Primary cell-mediated mutagenesis may be useful in elucidating metabolic pathways important in the production and detoxification of genotoxic products in vivo.
Shattering of Peptide Ions on Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces

Time- and collision energy-resolved surface-induced dissociation (SID) of des-Arg(1)- and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin on a fluorinated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surface was studied by use of a novel Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) specially equipped to perform SID experiments. Time-resolved fragmentation efficiency curves (TFECs) were modeled by an RRKM-based approach developed in our laboratory that utilizes a very flexible analytical expression for the internal energy deposition function capable of reproducing both single- and multiple-collision activation in the gas phase and excitation by collisions with a surface. Both experimental observations and modeling establish a very sharp transition in the dynamics of ion-surface interaction: the shattering transition. The experimental signature for this transition is the appearance of prompt (time-independent) fragmentation, which becomes dominant at high collision energies. Shattering opens a variety of dissociation pathways that are not accessible to slow collisional and thermal ion activation. This results in much better sequence coverage for the singly protonated peptides than dissociation patterns obtained with any of the slow activation methods. Modeling demonstrated that, for short reaction delays, dissociation of these peptides is solely determined by shattering. Internal energies required for shattering transition are approximately the same for des-Arg(1) and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin, resulting in the overlap of fragmentation efficiency curves obtained at short reaction delays. At longer delay times, parent ions depletion is mainly determined by a slow decay rate and fragmentation efficiency curves for des-Arg(1) and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin diverge. Dissociation thresholds of 1.17 and 1.09 eV and activation entropies of -22.2 and -23.3 cal/(mol K) were obtained for des-Arg(1) and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin from RRKM modeling of time-resolved data. Dissociation parameters for des-Arg(1)-bradykinin are in good agreement with parameters derived from thermal experiments. However, there is a significant discrepancy between the thermal data and dissociation parameters for des-Arg(9)-bradykinin obtained in this study. The difference is attributed to the differences in conformations that undergo thermal activation and activation by ion-surface collisions prior to dissociation.
State of the Art Reviews: Relationship Between Diet/ Physical Activity and Health

Obesity and 4 of the leading causes of death—heart disease, cancer, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus—are related to lifestyle. The combination of a healthy weight, prudent diet, and daily physical activity clearly plays a role in primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of these and other chronic diseases. Because nearly 65% of the adult population is overweight or obese, weight loss and maintenance are central to this review article. Improved lipid profiles, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and euglycemia are associated with weight loss or a normal body weight; thus, maintaining a healthy weight is a universal recommendation for health. The methods for improving lifestyle described in the section on obesity include assessing nutritional status and stages of change of the client, setting realistic goals, eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables with low-fat sources of dairy and protein, and achieving appropriate physical activity levels. The importance of physicians discussing weight with cl...
Tissue plasminogen activator and the corneal endothelium.

• There is a potential risk of bacterial or fungal contamination of the initial preparation, which could then result in contamination of each of the individual doses. It is essential, therefore, that the tissue plasminogen activator be reconstituted under strict aseptic conditions in a sterile hood. As an additional safeguard, we recommend that random samples be cultured for evidence of bacterial contamination before using the divided doses in patients. • • • •
The relationship of heat-shock proteins, thermotolerance, and protein synthesis.

Abstract The relationship of heat-induced inhibition of protein synthesis (HIIPS) and thermotolerance, the transient ability to survive otherwise lethal heat treatments, was studied in HA-1 Chinese hamster fibroblasts exposed to various treatments. A mild heatshock or exposure to sodium arsenite induced a refractoriness to HIIPS, while exposure to the amino acid analog of proline, azetidine, did not. The development and decay of refractoriness to HIIPS after exposure to heat or sodium arsenite paralleled in the increase and decrease of the rate of synthesis of the heat-shock proteins (HSP), and was associated with neither the persistence of elevated levels of HSP nor the persistence of the thermotolerant state. Refractoriness to HIIPS was not associated with the elevated synthesis of HSP in the presence of amino acid analogs regardless of the mode of induction, indicating a requirement for functional HSP for the effect. The refractoriness to HIIPS was also found in heat-resistant variants of HA- I cells that express elevated levels of hsp 70, implicating a role for this protein in this process. Our observation establish an unique biological effect associated with the period of elevated synthesis of the HSP, especially the lisp 70.
Quantitative model of transport-aperture coordination during reach-to-grasp movements

It has been found in our previous studies that the initiation of aperture closure during reach-to-grasp movements occurs when the hand distance to target crosses a threshold that is a function of peak aperture amplitude, hand velocity, and hand acceleration. Thus, a stable relationship between those four movement parameters is observed at the moment of aperture closure initiation. Based on the concept of optimal control of movements (Naslin 1969) and its application for reach-to-grasp movement regulation (Hoff and Arbib 1993), it was hypothesized that the mathematical equation expressing that relationship can be generalized to describe coordination between hand transport and finger aperture during the entire reach-to-grasp movement by adding aperture velocity and acceleration to the above four movement parameters. The present study examines whether this hypothesis is supported by the data obtained in experiments in which young adults performed reach-to-grasp movements in eight combinations of two reach-amplitude conditions and four movement-speed conditions. It was found that linear approximation of the mathematical model described the relationship among the six movement parameters for the entire aperture-closure phase with very high precision for each condition, thus supporting the hypothesis for that phase. Testing whether one mathematical model could approximate the data across all the experimental conditions revealed that it was possible to achieve the same high level of data-fitting precision only by including in the model two additional, condition-encoding parameters and using a nonlinear, artificial neural network-based approximator with two hidden layers comprising three and two neurons, respectively. This result indicates that transport-aperture coordination, as a specific relationship between the parameters of hand transport and finger aperture, significantly depends on the condition-encoding variables. The data from the aperture-opening phase also fit a linear model, whose coefficients were substantially different from those identified for the aperture-closure phase. This result supports the above hypothesis for the aperture-opening phase, and consequently, for the entire reach-to-grasp movement. However, the fitting precision was considerably lower than that for the aperture-closure phase, indicating significant trial-to-trial variability of transport-aperture coordination during the aperture-opening phase. Implications for understanding the neural mechanisms employed by the CNS for controlling reach-to-grasp movements and utilization of the mathematical model of transport-aperture coordination for data analysis are discussed.
What Can Be Learned From Taxometric Analyses

Taxometric analyses can be useful in indicating that a particular set of beliefs, attitudes, feelings, or behaviors have coherence as manifest class taxa. However, there is little reason to believe that taxometric analyses identify latent class taxa with specific etiologies, pathologies, or treatment implications. Taxometric analyses can, in fact, be quite misleading if their results are taken too seriously. Mental disorders are most likely the result of polygenetic dispositions and multifactorial etiologies. The optimal understanding of the etiology, pathology, and treatment of mental disorders is more likely to be multifactorial than taxonic.
Power Awareness through Selective Dynamically Optimized Traces

We present the PARROT concept that seeks to achievehigher performance with reduced energy consumptionthrough gradual optimization of frequently executed codetraces. The PARROT microarchitectural framework integratestrace caching, dynamic optimizations and pipelinedecoupling. We employ a selective approach for applyingcomplex mechanisms only upon the most frequently usedtraces to maximize the performance gain at any givenpower constraint, thus attaining finer control of tradeoffsbetween performance and power awareness.We show that the PARROT based microarchitecture canimprove the performance of aggressively designed processorsby providing the means to improve the utilizationof their more elaborate resources. At the same time, rigorousselection of traces prior to storage and optimizationprovides the key to attenuating increases in thepower budget.For resource-constrained designs, PARROT based architecturesdeliver better performance (up to an average16% increase in IPC) at a comparable energy level,whereas the conventional path to a similar performanceimprovement consumes an average 70% more energy.Meanwhile, for those designs which can tolerate a higherpower budget, PARROT gracefully scales up to use additionalexecution resources in a uniformly efficient manner.In particular, a PARROT-style doubly-wide machinedelivers an average 45% IPC improvement while actuallyimproving the cubic-MIPS-per-WATT power awarenessmetric by over 50%.