cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction of robotic surgery leads to increased rate of segmentectomy in patients with lung cancer.

Background Pulmonary segmentectomy provides an anatomic lung resection while avoiding removal of excess normal lung tissue. This may be beneficial in patients with minimal pulmonary reserve who present with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the operative performance of a segmentectomy using a video-assisted thoracoscopic approach can be technically challenging. We hypothesized that introduction of the robotic surgical system would facilitate the performance of a segmentectomy as measured by an increase in the proportion of segmentectomies being pursued. Methods We completed a retrospective analysis of thoracoscopic and robotic anatomic lung resections, including lobectomies and segmentectomies, performed in patients with primary lung cancer from the time of initiation of the robotic thoracic surgery program in November 2017 to November 2019. We compared the proportion of thoracoscopic and robotic segmentectomies performed during the first year compared to the second year of the data collection period. Results A total of 138 thoracoscopic and robotic anatomic lung resections were performed for primary lung cancer. Types of lung cancer resected (adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or other), tumor size based on clinical T staging (T1-T4), and tumor location were not significantly different between years (P=0.44, P=0.98, and P=0.26, respectively). The proportion of segmentectomies increased from 8.6% during the first year to 25.0% during the second year (P=0.01). One out of 6 (16.7%) segmentectomies were performed using the robot during the first year versus 15 out of 17 (88.2%) during the second year (P=0.003). Conclusions Use of the robot led to a significant increase in the number of segmentectomies performed in patients undergoing anatomic lung resection. With increasing lung cancer awareness and widely available screening, a greater number of small, early-stage tumors suitable for segmentectomy will likely be detected. We conclude that robotic-assisted surgery may facilitate the challenges of performing a minimally invasive segmentectomy.
Verification of systems containing counters

It is pointed out that systems containing counters have very large and deep state spaces, and the verification of properties on these systems can be very expensive in terms of memory space and computation time. A technique for automatically reducing the state space associated with the system on which some properties that can express both safeness and fairness constraints have to be proved is presented. In particular, a set of conditions upon which some counters can be reduced to three-state, nondeterministic machines is given. The controllers can be simplified by removing the redundancy induced by their interaction with the counter, so that the verification tasks can be more easily performed. >
System-wide seismic vulnerability of aging multiple-span multiple-girder bridges in low-to-moderate seismic hazard regions:

This article describes the approach, methods, and findings of a quantitative analysis of the seismic vulnerability in low-to-moderate seismic hazard regions of the Central and Eastern United States...
Communication and Knowledge Creation in Multiteam Systems

This paper is based on findings of a qualitative study of 27 project team members functioning as multiteam systems in financial services firms. The findings included developing a process model of c...
Weddell Seal — Antarctic Cod Interactions in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

The impact of Weddell Seals, Leptonychotes weddellii, on Antarctic marine fish communities appears to be influenced by the behaviour of the Seals, which concentrates predation temporally and spatially. Movements of prey species, possibly in response to the distribution of the Seals, may determine which members of the fish community are most affected by predation. The distribution and movements of the Antarctic Cod, Dissostichus mawsoni, were monitored under shore-fast ice near Ross Island, Antarctica, by set-line fishing. The distribution and the age of Weddell Seals were studied in the same area, in conjunction with long-term research dealing with the species’ population dynamics. During the austral spring adult Weddell Seals concentrate in discrete breeding colonies near the shore, while sub-adults remain scattered in small groups at isolated breathing holes throughout the fast-ice areas. Experimental fishing success for Antarctic Cod was related to distance of fishing sites from Weddell Seal breeding colonies. Adult Seals from both sides of McMurdo Sound leave their colonies in mid-December and gradually concentrate along the edge of the permanent ice-shelf, when fishing success decreases rapidly. The diet of Weddell Seals in November, January and February consists mostly of small nototheniid fish (Pleuragramma and Trematomus spp.), decapod and amphipod crustaceans, and cephalopods. Although Weddell Seals apparently exclude Antarctic Cod from their preferred fast-ice areas, the Cod do not appear to be an important food resource for more than a limited time in December.
TNF-α Induced by Hepatitis C Virus via TLR7 and TLR8 in Hepatocytes Supports Interferon Signaling via an Autocrine Mechanism

Invasion by infectious pathogens can elicit a range of cytokine responses from host cells. These cytokines provide the initial host defense mechanism. In this report, we demonstrate that TNF-α, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, can be induced by hepatitis C virus (HCV) in its host cells in a biphasic manner. The initial induction of TNF-α by HCV was prompt and could be blocked by the antibody directed against the HCV E2 envelope protein and by chemicals that inhibit endocytosis, indicating the specificity of endocytic uptake of HCV in this induction. Further studies indicated that the induction of TNF-α was dependent on toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) but not on other intracellular pattern recognition receptors. Consistently, siRNA-mediated gene silencing of the downstream effectors in the TLR7/8 signaling pathway including MyD88, IRAK1, TRAF6, TAK1 and p65 NF-κB suppressed the expression of TNF-α. The role of p65 NF-κB in the induction of TNF-α via transcriptional up-regulation was further confirmed by the chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. TNF-α induced by HCV could activate its own receptor TNFR1 on hepatocytes to suppress HCV replication. This suppressive effect of TNF-α on HCV was due to its role in supporting interferon signaling, as the suppression of its expression led to the loss of IFNAR2 and impaired interferon signaling and the induction of interferon-stimulated genes. In conclusion, our results indicate that hepatocytes can sense HCV infection via TLR7/8 to induce the expression of TNF-α, which inhibits HCV replication via an autocrine mechanism to support interferon signaling.
Nucleic Acids: Base Stacking and Base Pairing Interactions

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Self-Association of Bases 3 Summary 4 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Mesopotamian fertile crescent nearly gone, new study indicates

Something is terribly amiss in the marshlands of the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia, where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flow, and where Gilgamesh, the hero of an epic that dates at least as far back as the third millennium B.C., ruled. The marshlands, which are located primarily in Iraq and once extended between 15,000 and 20,000 square kilometers, now have been reduced to less than 1,500 to 2,000 square kilometers, according to a new study issued May 18 by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The marshlands could disappear in the near future if no immediate corrective actions are taken, according to Hassan Partow, the principal author of the UNEP study and a scientist within the agency's division of early warning and assessment.
RANKING BEEF MUSCLES FOR WARNER–BRATZLER SHEAR FORCE AND TRAINED SENSORY PANEL RATINGS FROM PUBLISHED LITERATURE

ABSTRACT Meat scientists have long studied palatability traits of beef muscles, but few characterized numerous muscles over significant numbers of animals. The objective of this project was to rank the major beef muscles for Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBS) and sensory traits based on a comprehensive study of the literature, thereby compiling a large number of observations for each muscle. Muscles with three or more literature sources were ranked for WBS (n = 40), sensory tenderness (n = 14), juiciness (n = 13) and beef flavor (n = 9). Psoas major and infraspinatus were the top ranked for mechanical and sensory tenderness. Semitendinosus, gluteus medius, supraspinatus and pectoralis profundus were major muscles that were among the least tender. The Pearson correlation coefficient of WBS and sensory tenderness means was −0.84 (P = 0.001). These rankings may be useful as a reference for relative palatability of muscles. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Knowledge of the relative palatability and rank of individual muscle can serve as a resource at the retail and foodservice establishment to better meet consumers' needs, and through use in educational materials. The popularity and demand of the flat iron (infraspinatus) and petite tender (teres major) steaks are examples of better utilizing and merchandizing the carcass. Furthermore, it can aid processors and product development specialists in identifying additional muscles suitable for value-added processing and possibilities for acceptable muscle substitutions. Utilization by academics will be through reference for research needs and classroom instruction. The results of this ranking can be utilized by all sectors of the meat industry to ultimately provide an improved product for the consumer.
On constrained dynamics and a pseudo-normal form for nonlinear systems

A nonlinear system in pseudo-normal form has the property that its family of linearizations about constant operating points specifies a family of linear systems in normal form. The purpose of this paper is to show that under certain assumptions a pseudo-normal form can be defined that has the following properties in common with the exact normal form: a family of locally maximal controlled invariant submanifolds corresponding to a family of constant output constraints exists and is rendered invariant by a single static state feedback, and the associated family of internal system dynamics is clearly displayed. >
Advances in Laser Driven Accelerator R&D

Current activities (last few years) at different laboratories, towards the development of a laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) are reviewed, followed by a more in depth discussion of results obtained at the L'OASIS laboratory of LBNL. Recent results on laser guiding of relativistically intense beams in preformed plasma channels are discussed. The observation of mono-energetic beams in the 100 MeV energy range, produced by a channel guided LWFA at LBNL, is described and compared to results obtained in the unguided case at LOA, RAL and LBNL. Analysis, aided by particle-in-cell simulations, as well as experiments with various plasma lengths and densities, indicate that tailoring the length of the accelerator has a very beneficial impact on the electron energy distribution. Progress on laser triggered injection is reviewed. Results are presented on measurements of bunch duration and emittance of the accelerated electron beams, that indicate the possibility of generating femtosecond duration electron bunches. Future challenges and plans towards the development of a 1 GeV LWFA module are discussed.
An acoustic sensor for monitoring microelectronics packaging manufacturing processes

Since microelectronics fabrication processes require numerous steps, cost and yield are critical concerns. In-situ monitoring is vital for process control. However, this goal is restricted by the shortage of available sensors capable of performing in this manner. This paper proposes a silicon acoustic sensor to be used for in-situ monitoring of electrochemical or plasma deposition processes. The sensor was fabricated using common integrated circuit (IC) and micromachining techniques. Such techniques enable the creation of extremely thin beams and membranes, thus enabling devices to be highly sensitive to a measurand such as pressure. The sensing element of the microphone is a deflectable thin diaphragm composed of silicon and a piezoelectric material, zinc oxide (ZnO). The transduction operation is based on the piezoelectric effect, where a mechanical pressure applied to a polarized ZnO crystal results in a mechanical deformation. This resulting strain induces an electrical charge on the ZnO surface. To collect these surface charges on the sensor optimally, we implement segmented electrodes in the regions of greatest bending stress. The measured sensitivity of this sensor is 195 /spl mu/V//spl mu/bar.
Hormone suppression silencing GUCY2C is required for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death. Transformation begins with activation of Wnt signaling through mutations in APC (80%) or its degradation target β-catenin (15%), producing a gain-of-function in TCF-dependent nuclear transcription underlying epithelial dysfunction and tumorigenesis. While a role for APC and β-catenin in colorectal cancer is well-established, steps leading from gene mutation to tumorigenesis, and their reversibility, remain incompletely defined. Guanylin is the paracrine hormone in colorectum for the receptor GUCY2C. This hormone is the most commonly lost gene product in colorectal cancer, and its universal suppression and associated silencing of GUCY2C at the earliest step in neoplasia contributes to tumorigenesis in a mechanism that is conserved across species. GUCY2C regulates homeostatic mechanisms organizing the intestinal crypt-surface axis, and its silencing through guanylin suppression drives hyperproliferation, DNA damage, metabolic reprogramming and desmoplasia contributing to tumorigenesis. Beyond this dysregulation of homeostatic mechanisms contributing to transformation, we recently discovered that guanylin suppression is required for tumorigenesis induced by mutant APC-β-catenin, reflecting a role for GUCY2C in β-catenin degradation that blocks tumorigenesis. Thus, inactivation of APC, or activation of β-catenin, induces TCF-dependent elimination of guanylin transcription and translation in human intestinal cells in vitro and in conditional genetic mouse models in vivo. Conversely, activation of GUCY2C induces cGMP protein kinase-dependent elimination of wild type or mutant β-catenin by amplifying proteosomal degradation, even in the context of mutations which inactivate the APC degradation complex. Importantly, enforced genetic expression of guanylin in intestinal epithelial cells completely eliminated tumorigenesis in all mouse models of colorectal cancer examined. These observations reveal a pathophysiologic model in which mutant APC-β-catenin signaling eliminates guanylin expression as an obligatory step in tumorigenesis. In turn, silencing GUCY2C reversibly disrupts epithelial homeostatic processes corrupted in tumorigenesis, and removes an essential block to transformation, creating a circuit which amplifies mutant APC-β-catenin signaling. These studies shift the prevailing paradigm for colorectal tumorigenesis from an irreversible oncogenomic mechanism to a reversible functional mechanism whose reconstitution abrogates those mutational defects. Indeed, they define a novel molecular pathway that is obligatory for tumorigenesis, to which the transformation process is addicted. In that context, they highlight how this addiction creates a unique disease-specific vulnerability that can be leveraged to eliminate tumorigenesis by GUCY2C hormone replacement. We have translated these observations to an NCI-funded clinical program exploring the utility of oral GUCY2C ligands to prevent colorectal cancer.
Purification and characterization of a phosphonic acid-containing glycoprotein from the cell membranes of Tetrahymena

Abstract A protein which contains 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (AEP) has been isolated from the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila . The protein contains about 30% carbohydrate with both N - and O -glycosidic linkages to the polypeptide and 8% AEP which is attached only to the O -linked glycoside. The amino group of AEP is unreactive to dansyl chloride as is the amino terminus of the protein. The polypeptide portion of the molecule, M r 22,500, contains 22% glycine, 5.5% hydroxyproline, and is quite acidic. The phosphoprotein is found in the cell membranes. Its synthesis is inhibited by tunicamycin to the same extent which the antibiotic inhibits cell division.
Adaptive Multilevel Modeling of Land-Atmosphere Interactions

Abstract Adaptive multilevel methods allow full coupling of atmospheric and land surface hydrological models by preserving consistency between the large-scale (atmospheric) and the regional (land) components. The methodology was investigated for three case studies involving the coupling of models with different levels of complexity and different spatial resolutions. The first case study consisted of coupling two simple models. One model provided the potential and the other the rotational components of atmospheric wind fields, which were used to drive a 3D orographic precipitation model used to investigate the long-term precipitation for the Olympic Mountains in Washington State. In the second case study, intermittent coupling (every 4 hours) of three versions of the orographic precipitation model operating at 40-m, 60-m, and 80-km resolution, respectively, was established to replicate the precipitation patterns of specifically chosen storms as they evolved across the central Sierra Nevada region. The thir...
The National Ocean Sciences AMS facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Abstract A new and highly automated AMS facility for producing and analyzing graphite samples from seawater and other marine sources is nearing completion. Simultaneous measurements of 12 C, 13 C and 14 C isotopes is planned with a throughput of up to 4500 samples per year.
High hopes: unwed parents' expectations about marriage

Abstract PRWORA attempts to limit welfare use and encourage self-sufficiency in families headed by unmarried parents by promoting the goal of marriage. This paper addresses some important issues that underlie policy discussions of encouraging marriage and strengthening fragile families. In particular, the paper analyzes data from the first seven cites of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Survey to investigate how economic factors, cultural and gender beliefs, and relationship characteristics shape unmarried mothers' and fathers' expectations about marrying their child's other parent. The results show that unmarried parents, and cohabiting parents in particular, have high hopes about marriage at the time of their child's birth. The analysis also finds that reporting drug or alcohol problems, frequent conflict, physical violence, and gender distrust are associated with lower marriage expectations, while perceiving benefits to marriage and living with the other parent are associated with higher expectations. Mothers with employed partners also hold higher expectations for marriage before controlling for cohabitation. For parents who desire marriage, it might be possible to support them in this transition, particularly through policies that help families overcome economic and structural barriers to their stability. At the same time, it is important to recognize the reasons unmarried parents have low expectations about marriage, such as drug or alcohol problems, conflict, distrust, and perceiving little benefit to marriage. Encourage marriage for parents in these circumstances might not only be inappropriate but deterimental to families.
Emergency Therapy of Diabetic Crises: Insulin Overdose, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, and Hyperosmolar Coma

Three types of diabetic crises occur: insulin overdose, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar coma. Neurologic signs may accompany each of these syndromes, and each must be differentiated quickly by the emergency clinician so that an appropriate treatment plan can be initiated. The basic goal is to restore metabolic derangements and to stabilize the patient so that it can then be managed more routinely as an uncomplicated diabetic.
27Al, 29Si, and 23Na MAS NMR study of an Al, Si ordered alkali feldspar solid solution series

Solid-state 27Al, 29Si and 23Na MAS NMR spectra have been obtained for an Al,Si ordered low albite to low microcline ion exchange series for which unit-cell parameters and 29Si NMR data have previously been reported. 27Al δi vary continuously with composition from 63.4 (±0.5) ppm for albite to 58.9 (±0.5) ppm for microcline, and parallel the 29Si chemical shifts assigned to the T2m-site. The 27Al and 29Si chemical shifts for this series correlate well with composition-dependent lattice parameters, most notably cell volume and the angle [201]1b. The linewidths of the 29Si and 27Al resonances indicate a significant amount of structural disorder in the intermediate compositions due to Na, K substitution. The 1 σ width of the distribution of average Si-O-T angles for each T-site is estimated to be about 1° for the Or33 sample. The average 23Na δi varies monotonically from -8.5 (±1) ppm for albite to -24.3 (±1)ppm for Or83. Similarly, the average 23Na nuclear quadrupole coupling constant decreases from 2.60 to 1.15 (±0.05) MHz and the asymmetry parameter of the electric field gradient increases from 0.25 to 0.6 with increasing K-content from albite to Or83. The observed variations in the quadrupole coupling parameters are consistent with simple electrostatic calculations. Higher resolution 23Na spectra of the intermediate compositions obtained at 11.7 T indicate the presence of an inhomogeneous linebroadening which is related to the distribution of Na-environments. A model based on a random distribution of local compositions does not simulate the spectra, suggesting that the distribution of Na is skewed toward Na-rich clusters. Observation of the 23Na NMR lineshape of Or49 after short periods of heat treatment indicate that 23Na NMR is very sensitive to the changes in the Na, K distribution accompanying the early stages of exsolution. Reversible changes occur after heating at 530° C for 3 h, whereas heating at 600° C produces no changes, possibly bracketing the position of the coherent spinodal for Al, Si ordered alkali feldspars at this composition.
Planning for Evacuation : Insights from an Efficient Network Design Model

In the context of evacuation planning at a strategic level, an efficient model is proposed to augment network capacity under a budget constraint so as to enhance operational performance under a security threat. Contraflow strategies and lane additions are considered for capacity augmentation. The corresponding mathematical programming model is obtained through a case-specific graph theoretic transformation of Daganzo's cell transmission model, exploiting problem characteristics to enhance computational efficiency. This paper focuses on experiments and sensitivity analyses to provide insights: (1) on the computational efficiency of the proposed model; and (2) for strategies for evacuation planning and operations. Sensitivity analyses are performed for a test network in terms of the budget for contraflow operations, the evacuee population size, and the amount and spatial distribution of origin-destination (O-D) demand. The results suggest that there is a threshold budget beyond which benefits, in terms of the network clearance time, are negligible. They also indicate that the network clearance time varies linearly with uniformly distributed population size. Finally, greater spatial uniformity of O-D demand reduces clearance times, suggesting that specifying multiple destinations in the safety zone may lead to more efficient evacuation in many instances. From a response standpoint, the study suggests that operational effectiveness requires predetermined contraflow strategy plans with designated and well-trained personnel, rather than just reacting to a security event in real-time.
Potassium halide adducts as reagent ions in infrared laser desorption/ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

Abstract Potassium halide adducts of the form K 2 X + (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) desorbed from neutral salts by high power, pulsed, infrared laser radiation are detected in abundance by Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. FT-ICR detection of the K 2 X + adduct is favored at increased laser power densities (> 10 8 W/cm 2 ) and at trapping potentials below 3 V, independent of X. In contrast, detection of K + is promoted at laser power densities below 10 8 W/cm 2 or at higher trapping potentials, with a threshold for trapping that is strongly dependent on X. When laser desorption/ionization (LDI)/FT-ICR is performed on 1:1 mixtures of KX and organic molecules, ejection pulses applied continuously at the cyclotron resonance frequency of K 2 X + inhibit formation of the cation-attached product, [M + K] + . Conversely, resonance ejection of K + enhances [M + K] + , apparently by reducing the matrix ion population trapped in the cell. In evaluating higher molecular weight adducts, only K 3 F 2 + formed in abundance by laser desorption of KF is found through double resonance experiments to contribute significantly to formation of [M + K] + . Finally, among the potassium halides, KI generates the highest ratio of detected K 2 X + to K + at low trapping potentials and is therefore best suited for cationtransfer reactions in infrared LDI/FT-ICR experiments performed at power densities in the 10 8 W/cm 2 range.
CaMKII inactivation by extracellular Ca2+ depletion in dorsal root ganglion neurons

A mechanism by which Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) is autophosphorylated by changes in extracellular calcium in the absence of detectable changes in cytoplasmic [Ca2+] has been identified. We find that when the external Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]O) is lowered, Ca2+ is released from intracellular stores to maintain a constant cytoplasmic Ca2+ level, gradually depleting the endoplasmic Ca2+ stores. Accompanying the store-depletion is a rapid decrease in CaMKII activity. Approximately 25% of the measured CaMKII autophosphorylation in DRG neurons in culture can be regulated by Ca2+ flux from intracellular stores caused by manipulating [Ca2+]O, as shown by blocking refilling of store-operated Ca2+-channels with SK&F 96365, Ruthenium Red, and a partial block with Ni2+. Blocking voltage-gated Ca2+-channels with either isradipine or SR 33805, had no effect on CaMKII autophosphorylation induced by restoring Ca2+O to normal after depleting the intracellular Ca2+ stores. These results show that removal of Ca2+O has profound effects on intracellular Ca2+ signaling and CaMKII autophosphorylation, in the absence of measurable changes in intracellular Ca2+. These findings have wide-ranging significance, because [Ca2+]O is manipulated in many experimental studies. Moreover, this explanation for the paradoxical changes in CaMKII phosphorylation in response to manipulating [Ca2+]O provides a possible mechanism linking activity-dependent depletion of Ca2+ from the synaptic cleft to a protein kinase regulating many neuronal properties.
Preservation of Acidified Cucumbers with a Natural Preservative Combination of Fumaric Acid and Allyl Isothiocyanate that Target Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts

Without the addition of preservative compounds cucumbers acidified with 150 mM acetic acid with pH adjusted to 3.5 typically undergo fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Fumaric acid (20 mM) inhibited growth of Lactobacillus plantarum and the lactic acid bacteria present on fresh cucumbers, but spoilage then occurred due to growth of fermentative yeasts, which produced ethanol in the cucumbers. Allyl isothiocyanate (2 mM) prevented growth of Zygosaccharomyces globiformis, which has been responsible for commercial pickle spoilage, as well as the yeasts that were present on fresh cucumbers. However, allyl isothiocyanate did not prevent growth of Lactobacillus plantarum. When these compounds were added in combination to acidified cucumbers, the cucumbers were successfully preserved as indicated by the fact that neither yeasts or lactic acid bacteria increased in numbers nor were lactic acid or ethanol produced by microorganisms when cucumbers were stored at 30 degrees C for at least 2 mo. This combination of 2 naturally occurring preservative compounds may serve as an alternative approach to the use of sodium benzoate or sodium metabisulfite for preservation of acidified vegetables without a thermal process.
A summary of regional water quality for Eastern UK rivers

Abstract Variations in water quality and chemical loads are described for UK rivers draining to the North Sea. These variations are related to regional differences in geology, climate, land use and population distribution. The study uses water quality data collected under the Harmonised Monitoring Scheme. Regional maps of average concentrations and tables of loads, concentrations and loads per unit area are used to present the data. For all the examined determinands, industrial and domestic inputs cause significant increases in river concentrations. For some, such as nickel, ammonium, orthophosphate, lindane and dieldrin, industrial/domestic inputs dominate all other sources. For others, there are comparable inputs from diffuse sources from either mine contaminated sediments (e.g. zinc, lead and copper to the North) or from weathering of bedrock (e.g. calcium to the South, because of the dominance of limestones and calcareous clays). Even for determinands such as nitrate, which are widely recognised as having diffuse sources, industrial inputs can be very significant. For many substances around 60–80% of the total riverine load to the North Sea (as measured at the tidal limits between the Tweed and the Yare) is derived from the Humber rivers, even though this region supplies only a half of the flow. The Aire and Don contribute particularly high loads relative to their catchment area. The much larger Trent, which provides about a fifth of the flow from the LOIS region, also carries substantial loads and it contrasts strongly with the Tweed which carries almost as much water, but only a fraction of the load. Northern rivers generally contribute low loads of most determinands, the exception being for metals such as iron, lead and zinc, which account for over a third of the total North Sea input from the UK. East Anglian rivers provide only 8% of total flow and are generally a relatively minor source of materials. Most significant inputs from the East Anglian region are for calcium, nitrate, sulphate and orthophosphate.
Nonlinear boundary value problems on semi-infinite intervals

Abstract A boundary value problem approach to solving nonlinear differential equations on the half line is discussed. Several examples are presented to illustrate the ideas.
EcoRI endonuclease cleavage map of bacteriophage P4-DNA.

Abstract Satellite bacteriophage P4-DNA is cleaved by EcoRI endonuclease at three specific sites, 0.702, 0.737, and 0.985 fractional lengths as measured from the left end of the molecule. The EcoRI cleavage map was determined by electron microscopic length measurements and agarose-gel electrophoresis. The cleavage map was oriented relative to the P4 partial denaturation map where the most readily denatured end is defined as the right end of the molecule. It was observed that the EcoRI cleavage sites on P4-DNA were not cleaved with equal efficiency.
Feeding Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows as Measured by Time-Lapse Photography

Evaluation of feeding behavior of ad libitum-fed lactating dairy cows by time-lapse photography revealed 68% of the total feeding activity occurred between the daylight hours of 0600 and 1800. Cows consumed an average of 12.1 meals/day, each 20.9 min in duration. Only 58% of the total defined meal time actually was spent eating, or 253.6 min/cow per day. Estimated meal size and rate of eating, as well as total daily time spent eating, were greater for cows as compared to animals with lower energy demand. Certain feeding characteristics, such as meal frequency and duration, were variable among animals, suggesting that these behaviors may be characteristics of individual cows. Results by time-lapse photography compared well with direct measurement by weigh-cell apparatus.
Radiometric Linearity Calibration

Two causes of nonlinearity are identified in cryogenic radiometric and interferometer systems: (1) multiple time constant response in doped germanium and silicon detectors, and (2) voltage sensitive thick-film resistors used as detector load or transirnpedance feedback resistors. Experimental methods used to evaluated the nonlinear coefficients include the variable source temperature method and the precision aperture method. The effects of nonlinear response upon radiometric systems is minimal: The multiple time con-stant effect results in an "S" shaped response curve as the detector responsivity varies with average signal. The voltage sensitive resistor effect causes a full-scale (10 V) nonlinearity of from 20 to 80%. The effect of nonlinear response upon the performance of an interferometer system results in the generation of false spectral. The linearity data are analyzed using least squares solution so the sensor precision can be determined over the range of measured values. The variable temperature method yields an rms error of about ±10% while the precision aperture method yields an rms error of about ±4% over 4 to 5 orders provided multiple data sets are used to extend the dynamic range of the apertures and to eliminate area dependent data.
Public television and the public sphere

The historical ambiguities over what makes U. S. public television public were foregrounded in the 1988 creation of the Independent Television Serivce. This article analyzes those historical ambiguities in relation to the concept of the public sphere, a social realm separate from economic and state interests. It proposes that public television's survival depends on its becoming an electronic space within the public sphere.
Shock-Lithification of Unconsolidated Rock Materials

Loose quartz grains packed around chemical explosives are forced during cratering explosions into compacted, coherent masses resembling sand stone blocks found at certain meteorite craters. Sandstone-like lumps found at the Wabar (Arabia) meteorite craters are similar to these shock-lithified sands. Shock-lithification by impact may be effected on Moon as large meteorites strike surfaces covered with rubble from earlier collisions.
Relationship between Phenotypic and Genotypic Florfenicol Resistance in Escherichia coli

This study evaluated the relationship between florfenicol resistance and flo genotypes in 1,987 Escherichia coli isolates from cattle. The flo gene was detected in 164 isolates, all of which expressed resistance to florfenicol at MICs of ≥256 μg/ml. The florfenicol MICs for all isolates that lacked flo were ≤16 μg/ml.
Detection of lipid in atherosclerotic vessels using ultrasound-guided spectroscopic intravascular photoacoustic imaging

Lipid is a common constituent in atherosclerotic plaques. The location and area of the lipid region is closely related to the progression of the disease. Intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging, a minimally invasive imaging modality, can spatially resolve the optical absorption property of arterial tissue. Based on the distinct optical absorption spectrum of fat in the near infrared wavelength range, spectroscopic IVPA imaging may distinguish lipid from other water-based tissue types in the atherosclerotic artery. In this study, a bench-top spectroscopic IVPA imaging system was used to ex-vivo image both atherosclerotic and normal rabbit aortas. By combing the spectroscopic IVPA image with the intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) image, lipid regions in the aorta were identified. The results demonstrated that IVUS-guided spectroscopic IVPA imaging is a promising tool to differentiate lipid in atherosclerosis.
Estimation of Secondary Structure in Ribonucleic Acids

A simple method for estimating the secondary structure of an RNA molecule has been proposed on the basis of the knowledge of its sequence.
Serotonergic neurotransmission in the ventral hippocampus is enhanced by corticosterone and altered by chronic amphetamine treatment

The ventral hippocampus modulates anxiety-like behavior in rats, and serotonergic transmission within the hippocampus facilitates adaptation to stress. Chronic amphetamine treatment results in anxiety-like behavior in rats and reduced monoamine concentrations in the ventral hippocampus. Since reduced hippocampal serotonergic transmission in response to stress is observed in rats that display high anxiety-like behavior, anxiety states in amphetamine-treated rats may be associated with reduced stress-related serotonergic transmission in the hippocampus. Therefore, using in vivo microdialysis in anesthetized rats, we investigated the effect of corticosterone infused locally into the ventral hippocampus on serotonergic transmission, and the effect of chronic amphetamine pretreatment on corticosteroid receptor protein expression and the corticosterone-induced serotonergic response. Extracellular serotonin in the ventral hippocampus was increased by corticosterone in drug naive rats, and this corticosterone-induced serotonin augmentation was blocked by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone. Furthermore, chronic pretreatment with amphetamine abolished the serotonin response to physiologically relevant corticosterone levels and reduced glucocorticoid receptor protein expression. Together, our results suggest that chronic amphetamine exposure reduces serotonergic neurotransmission, in part via alterations to glucocorticoid receptor-facilitation of serotonin release in the rat ventral hippocampus. Reduced serotonergic activity in the ventral hippocampus may contribute to altered stress responses and adaptive coping following repeated drug exposure.
Variation in Growth of Dover Soles and English Soles as Related to Upwelling

Abstract Variations in growth rates of Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) off Astoria and Brookings, and of English sole (Parophrys vetulus) off Astoria and Coos Bay, Oregon were studied by means of increments between annuli on scales and interoperculum bones for Dover and English sole, respectively. Age-specific growth rates of both species were statistically different among years. The maximum variation for Dover sole was 19% of the mean growth rate for the period 1958–1975. English sole growth varied as much as 17% from the mean growth between 1961 and 1974. Dover and English sole showed the same good or poor years for growth simultaneously among all locations. The growth increments were significantly greater for Dover sole captured off Astoria than for Dover sole captured off Brookings. There were no significant growth differences for English sole by location. Dover sole off Astoria had a general long-term increase in growth rate between 1958 and 1966 followed by a gradual decrease through 1969. Large ...
Personality and Conjugal Bereavement in Older Widow(er)s

This study examined the degree to which an individual's propensity to experience emotional distress and restraint are predictive of grief intensity in a sample of older widow(er)s (N = 51). Charact...
Experimental and theoretical spectral reflection properties of ice clouds generated in a laboratory chamber

In a preliminary experimental program, the measured bidirectional reflection properties between 1.0 and 3.5 µm from a grating spectrometer with a resolution of approximately 0.1 µm for ice crystal clouds generated in a cold chamber are compared with theoretical results computed from a line-by-line equivalent solar radiative transfer model. The theoretical calculations are based on the measured habits, concentrations, and sizes of the ice particles from replicas of the ice crystals that show a mean maximum size of approximately 7 µm. The experimental design was first tested with transmission measurements in a pure water-vapor environment that compare closely with theoretical expectations. Within the uncertainties and in consideration of the assumptions necessitated by the preliminary nature of this program, there is a close comparison between the experimental and theoretical results.
Avoidance learning by squirrel monkeys: Measures and motivators

Air-blast US led to more rapid acquisition of consistent shuttle avoidance behavior in squirrel monkeys than did continuous or discontinuous electric grid-shock US. The noise of the air-blast alone did not elicit consistent avoidance or escape behavior. A measure of the development of consistent behavior, trials to successively more stringent runs criteria, was shown to reveal group differences that were obscured by the conventional plot of percentage avoidances as a function of trials.
Central and peripheral contributions of deafferentation-induced norepinephrine increase in the habenula.

Abstract This work examined the contributions of sympathetic and central noradrenergic (NA) innervation to habenular norepinephrine (NE) increase after partial deafferentiation. Adult rats received bilateral stria medullaris lesions and after 4 weeks a second lesion was produced which removed bilaterally the dorsal NA bundle or the superior cervical ganglia. The rats were sacrificed 7 days after the second lesion. The data show that strial lesions induced a non-uniform NE increase in discrete habenular regions, which was contributed to by sympathetic innervation in the medial habenula and by central NA projections in both medial and lateral habenular nuclei. It is suggested that NE increase in response to strial lesions is attributed to differential sprouting of peripheral and central NA innervation in the habenula.
Curriculum Theory: Give Me a “For Instance”

Often, in our attempts to make sense out of social and intellectual movements, we use guideposts to set off the route our subject has taken. The publication of Origin of Species in 1859 is frequently taken as the starting point for a massive intellectual upheaval that went far beyond the realm of scientific inquiry alone. There is, of course, nothing in the curriculum field comparable to Darwin's revolutionary theory. Nevertheless, we do have a few modest guideposts which help us mark our way in the development of curriculum as a field of study. One is the publication in 1918 of Franklin Bobbitt's The Curriculum, which set off curriculum as a field of professional specialization in its own right and not simply, as had been considered earlier, an offshoot of general educational considerations. While the publication of Bobbitt's book cannot be said to have actually initiated the movement toward a distinctive field of study called curriculum, it is reflective of that movement as it developed in the early part of this century, at least insofar as it embodied the particular assumptions and predispositions that were to dominate the thinking of those who were identified with the curriculum field for at least half a century and extending to the present. The publication of The Curriculum may be taken as the starting point of the era of so-called scientific curriculum making with all that implied for how the curriculum was to be conceived, how the development of the curriculum was to take place, and what constituted the criteria of success by which the curriculum was to be judged. A second milestone in the development of the field was the publication, in 1927, of the Twenty-Sixth Yearbook of the National Society for
The relationship of sulfur emissions to sulfate in precipitation—III. subregional budget analysis

Abstract A climatological box model is applied to each state in the eastern United States in order to infer the extent of interstate sulfur transport. Measured wet S deposition and dry period durations are input for the model. Exponential distributions are applied to calculate dry loss and boundary fluxes. We find that for every state, a significant fraction of S in wet deposition in the state originates elsewhere. Furthermore, for each northeastern state, 60–99% of the wet S is of external origin. For the northeastern states in aggregate plus Pennsylvania, 50–75% of the wet-deposited sulfur originates outside the region.
Late Pleistocene Vegetation and Climate in the Southern Cascade Range and the Modoc Plateau Region

Pollen and sediment from Grass Lake, California provide a history of vegetation and climate in the southern Cascade Range from 36 to 19 cal ka, revealing climate changes that led to the glacial advances recorded at Upper Klamath Lake (Rosenbaum and Reynolds 2004a – this issue). Variations in the percentages of conifer and Artemisia (sagebrush) pollen at Grass Lake recorded shifts in vegetation that reflect changes in precipitation. Between 36 and 34 cal ka, a progression from steppe to open pine forest to dense pine forest indicates that precipitation increased. After 32 cal ka, the forest became more open and by 30 cal ka sagebrush steppe surrounded the lake, implying that precipitation decreased. The area was arid for most of the interval between 30 and 19 cal ka. Increases in conifer pollen recorded increases in precipitation from 21 through 19 cal ka, when open pine forest colonized the lake area. Throughout the period from 36 to 19 cal ka, centennial- to millennial-scale intervals with increased conifer pollen imply that the arid interval was interrupted by periods of increased precipitation. Pollen data also provide evidence that the major fluctuations in sand concentration in the Grass Lake core reflect temperature shifts. Changes in sediment particle size are closely related to variations in pollen concentration and accumulation rate, which in turn reflect changes in plant cover, implying that sand was deposited in the lake due to deflation of clay- and silt-sized particles from sparsely-vegetated alpine areas of the watershed. Sand deposition increased as climatic cooling led to reductions in the elevation of upper treeline and alpine conditions affected a larger part of the watershed. There is no evidence of glaciation in the basin, but pollen data show the area was above upper treeline during Cold Period III (34–32 cal ka), one of several very cold intervals. Vegetation decreased at about 28 cal ka and remained sparse for at least 9000 years, implying that the climate became cooler and remained cool until after 19 cal ka. Cold Period II developed at about 25 cal ka and terminated by 23 cal ka. The Grass Lake watershed was again above upper treeline with the onset of Cold Period I, soon after 19 cal ka. Comparison of the Grass Lake record with those from Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon and Tulelake, California suggests a persistent pattern of environmental changes in this time interval throughout the Modoc Plateau region.