cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term follow-up of generalized anxiety disorder

The diagnostic stability and long-term prognosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) remain the subjects of considerable controversy. We report the results of an investigation of the long-term outcome of an original sample of 44 subjects who participated in a medication trial. Subjects were reinterviewed approximately 16 months after completion of the study, using structured interviews. Fifty percent continued to fulfill criteria for GAD. Other concurrent axis I diagnoses were as follows: dysthymia, 11%; major depression, 7%; and social phobia, 7%. Regarding axis II comorbidity, subjects with chronic GAD were more likely to fulfill criteria for one or more personality disorders, especially in clusters B and C. In addition, follow-up subjects with GAD and with remitted GAD reported a statistically equivalent number of recent life events, although subjects with chronic GAD were more likely to report significant dissatisfaction with life. The findings indicate that although many subjects with GAD do not follow a chronic course, many others remain symptomatic. The results also suggest that GAD symptoms are not simply the result of a subject's recent negative experiences, and that life satisfaction measures are an accurate reflection of GAD outcome.
A reassessment of mammalian alpha A-crystallin sequences using DNA sequencing: implications for anthropoid affinities of tarsier.

αA-crystallin, a major structural protein in the ocular lenses of all vertebrates, has been a valuable tool for molecular phylogenetic studies. This paper presents the complete sequence for human αA-crystallin derived from cDNA and genomic clones. The deduced amino acid sequence differs at two phylogenetically informative positions from that previously inferred from peptide composition. This led us to examine the same region of the αA-crystallin gene in 12 other mammalian species using direct sequencing of PCR-amplified genomic DNA. New sequences were added to the database, and corrections were made to all anthropoid sequences, defining clear synapomorphies for anthropoids as a clade distinct from prosimians. Within the anthropoids there are further synapomorphies delineating hominoids, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys. Significantly, sequence revisions and the addition of new sequence for a prosimian, the sifaka, eliminate the previous support for the proposed anthropoid affinities of the tarsier inferred from αA-crystallin protein sequences. In addition, DNA sequences provide greater resolution of certain relationships. For example, although they are identical in protein sequence, comparison of DNA sequences clearly separates mouse and the common tree shrew, grouping the tree shrew closer to prosimians. These results show that adding DNA sequences to the existing αA-crystallin database can enhance its value in resolving phylogenetic relationships.
Globalization and its Mal(e)Contents The Gendered Moral and Political Economy of Terrorism

Globalization changes masculinities - reshaping the arena in which national and local masculinities are articulated, and transforming the shape of men's lives. Gender becomes one of the chief organ...
Steady-state probabilities for attractors in probabilistic boolean networks

Boolean networks form a class of disordered dynamical systems that have been studied in physics owing to their relationships with disordered systems in statistical mechanics and in biology as models of genetic regulatory networks. Recently they have been generalized to probabilistic Boolean networks (PBNs) to facilitate the incorporation of uncertainty in the model and to represent cellular context changes in biological modeling. In essence, a PBN is composed of a family of Boolean networks between which the PBN switches in a stochastic fashion. In whatever framework Boolean networks are studied, their most important attribute is their attractors. Left to run, a Boolean network will settle into one of a collection of state cycles called attractors. The set of states from which the network will transition into a specific attractor forms the basin of the attractor. The attractors represent the essential long-run behavior of the network. In a classical Boolean network, the network remains in an attractor once there; in a Boolean network with perturbation, the states form an ergodic Markov chain and the network can escape an attractor, but it will return to it or a different attractor unless interrupted by another perturbation; in a probabilistic Boolean network, so long as the PBN remains in one of its constituent Boolean networks it will behave as a Boolean network with perturbation, but upon a switch it will move to an attractor of the new constituent Boolean network. Given the ergodic nature of the model, the steady-state probabilities of the attractors are critical to network understanding. Heretofore they have been found by simulation; in this paper we derive analytic expressions for these probabilities, first for Boolean networks with perturbation and then for PBNs.
On the validity of the amphoteric-defect model in gallium arsenide and a criterion for Fermi-level pinning by defects

Using the theoretically calculated point-defect total-energy values of Baraff and Schluter in GaAs, anamphoteric-defect model has been proposed by Walukiewicz to explain a large number of experimental results. The suggested amphoteric-defect system consists of two point-defect species capable of transforming into each other: the doubly negatively charged Ga vacancyVGa2− and the triply positively charged defect complex (ASGa+VAs)3+, with AsGa being the antisite defect of an As atom occupying a Ga site andVAs being an As vacancy. When present in sufficiently high concentrations, the amphoteric defect systemVGa2−/(AsGa+VAs)3+ is supposed to be able to pin the GaAs Fermi level at approximately theEv+0.6 eV level position, which requires that the net free energy of theVGa/(AsGa+VAs) defect system to be minimum at the same Fermi-level position. We have carried out a quantitative study of the net energy of this defect system in accordance with the individual point-defect total-energy results of Baraff and Schluter, and found that the minimum net defect-system-energy position is located at about theEv+1.2 eV level position instead of the neededEv+0.6 eV position. Therefore, the validity of the amphoteric-defect model is in doubt. We have proposed a simple criterion for determining the Fermi-level pinning position in the deeper part of the GaAs band gap due to two oppositely charged point-defect species, which should be useful in the future.
Some observations on the electronic structure of β-UD3

Magnetic, electrical resistivity, low-temperature specific heat and ESCA valence band studies have been performed on near-theoretical density UDa samples. The stoichiometry, structure and electronic properties ate discussed in terms of a pseudo-transition metal model, with both localized and itinerant f-electron behaviour. 1. Introduction. - Uranium and protactinium hy- dride are unique among metal hydrides, being at the same time stoichiometric compounds, yet possess- ing high electrical conductivity and at the same time a considerable magnetic moment. These compounds crystallize in the A-15 (P-tungsten) structure, and bear no apparent relationship to either the thorium hydrides or the hydrides of neptunium and beyond. Although a great deal (1) has been published on the properties of UH, and UD,, no attempt has hereto- fore been made to describe these unique materials in terms of electronic structure and possible f-electron effects.
Comparative study of LiMnPO4/C cathodes synthesized by polyol and solid-state reaction methods for Li-ion batteries

Abstract A systematic comparison of LMP prepared by solid-state reaction (SSR) and polyol methods was carried out through detailed analyses that included: X-ray and neutron powder diffractions, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical characterization. The LMP synthesized by the two different methods had a similar amount of Li/Mn cation mixing, ca. 4–5%. The polyol method provided a flower-like morphology to the LMP particles, in the form of platelet of which growth direction is parallel to the bc -plane. The LMP prepared by the polyol method was further optimized by carbon composite using two different kinds of carbon sources: Shawinigan acetylene black (AB) and Super-P Li carbon black (SP). With the smallest crystallite size and a homogeneous carbon particle network, the LMP processed with SP delivered better cathode performance than both the AB – mixed LMP and that prepared by the SSR method. AC-impedance spectroscopy of the LMP composite with SP showed an abrupt increase in impedance after 50% delithiation. Because of this difficulty of charging, the capacity of the LMP composite with SP was strongly influenced by the upper cut-off voltage used.
Comparison between step strains and slow steady shear in a bubble raft

We report on a comparison between stress relaxations after an applied step strain and stress relaxations during slow, continuous strain in a bubble raft. A bubble raft serves as a model two-dimensional foam and consists of a single layer of bubbles on a water surface. For both step strains and continuous strain, one observes periods of stress increase and decrease. Our focus is on the distribution of stress decreases, or stress drops. The work is motivated by apparent disagreements between quasistatic simulations of flowing foam and simulations of continuous strain for foam. Quasistatic simulations have reported larger average stress drops than the continuous strain case. Also, there is evidence in quasistatic simulations for a general divergence of the average size of the stress drops that only appears to occur in steady strain near special values of the foam density. In this work, applied step strains are used as an approximation to quasistatic simulations. We find general agreement in the dependence of the average stress drop on rate of strain, but we do not observe evidence for a divergence of the average stress drop.
Study of high quality GaN grown by OMVPE using an intermediate layer

Abstract The crystalline quality of heteroepitaxial GaN can be significantly improved if the threading dislocations originating from the interface are not allowed to reach the layer surface where they can propagate to the active device areas and act as harmful defects. Incorporation of an intermediate layer grown at low temperature has been shown to limit this defect propagation. This method has been proved to be effective but several interlayers have been required in order to reach dislocation density lower than 109/cm2. In this priority communication, we report on high-quality GaN layers grown with the use of only one intermediate layer. The defect analysis shows that the density of dislocation is only 8×107/cm2, compared to over 1010/cm2 for layers grown without the intermediate layer. Electron microscopy on cross-section samples shows that deposition under certain low-temperature conditions directly benefits the quality of the subsequently deposited GaN layer. The growth of the GaN top layer appears to be similar to growth observed for lateral epitaxial overgrowth layers. This observation opens the possibility for using standard GaN growth methods to achieve a dislocation density comparable to that achieved with lateral overgrowth epitaxy.
Effects of pH on Gegenion complex Langmuir-Blodgett films

Abstract Gegenion complex, Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface, composed of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI70000) and arachidic acid, ranging between pH 2 and pH 12, were prepared and the effect of the pH on the forming of the complex monolayer was investigated. Gegenion complex, Langmuir-Blodgett film depositions of varying pH on ZnSe wafers and transmission IR of the samples allowed analysis of the composition of the Langmuir-Blodgett film. The surfactant and polymer adhere to one another by means of protonation and deprotonation of the charged head group of arachidic acid and amine groups of PEI70000. By analyzing how the pH affects the interaction between the surfactant and the polymer, an optimum pH near 8 was determined, in which both the fatty salt and the polymer form the Gegenion complex, Langmuir layer at the air-water interface. For pH greater or less than 8, IR results of Gegenion complex, LB films show decreased adhesion of the polymer to the surfactant.
The photochemistry of (μ3-η2-CH3CH3CCCH2CH3)-(μ-CO)OS3(CO)9 and (μ-H)(μ3-η3-CH3CH2CCC(H)CH3)Os3(CO)9 in rare-gas matrices at 10 K

Abstract The photochemistry of (μ 3 -η 2 -CH 3 CH 2 CCCH 2 CH 3 )(μ-CO)Os 3 (CO) 9 (compound I ) was studied by FITR spectroscopy at 10 K in argon matrices. Upon irradiation at 480 nm, compound I readily converted to a nonacarbonyl intermediate (compound II ), accompanied by the elimination of carbon monoxide. The isomer of II is (μ-H)(μ 3 -η 3 -CH 3 CH 2 CCC(H)CH 3 )Os 3 (CO) 9 (compound III ). III was not produced upon warming II in the matrix to 50 K. However, a 10 K matrix of III was prepared from a room-temperature sample. Compound III was found to form a new photoproduct ( IV ) at 10 K, which has a spectrum similar to I . Photolysis of III in the presence of N 2 , CO or rare gas indicates that the formation of IV does not involve the uptake of a tenth ligand to form the 48-electron species. A possible explanation is the II and IV are 46-electron nonacarbonyl isomers, presumably with the capping organic ligand oriented perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the metalmetal bond.
Continuous Pulmonary Capillary Blood Flow Estimation from Measurements of Respiratory Anesthetic Gas Concentration

A noninvasive, on-line estimation scheme has been developed for continuous determination of pulmonary capillary blood flow (PCBF) and related cardiopulmonary parameters from measurements of anesthetic gas concentration based on a gas uptake and distribution model of the body and the lungs. Two moving window algorithms, one based on the well-known off-line maximum likelihood algorithm, and the other based on a frequency response technique, have been investigated for this purpose. Special consideration was given to the sensitivity to various error sources that affect each estimation algorithm. Both computer simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the proposed estimation procedures can be used for on-line PCBF determination provided that the nonestimated system parameters can be measured with sufficient accuracy.
An Analysis Of 3-D Display Strategies

Development of a general purpose and practical 3-D display system appears feasible through the combination of fast data processing and transfer techniques with modern display methods. The technological problems and methods for effecting a merger of strategies and devices are discussed in this article.
Introduction: Financial infrastructure development in the NAFTA countries

Abstract There are two basic ways of analyzing the contributions of banking and finance to economic development. One is positive and oriented toward growth. The other is negativor preventative: It is concerned with stability and the avoidance of major crises. The positive approach investigates how various indicators of financial deepening, and the building of financial intermediary structures and institutions correlate with improved efficiency and economic growth. The negative approach examines whether the financial system is adequately fortified against becoming either a major source or propagator of economic crises. The growth approach is well represented by the lead article by Blommestein and Spencer, but the emphasis in most others is on crisis prevention. Disturbances, both external nd internal to the financial sector, can go so far as to give rise to systemic risk, disrupting the chain of payments and settlements. These are the core functions of the banking and financial systems of the NAFTA countries whose development and risk characteristics are considered in this issue.
Selective predation by Lestes (Odoiiata, Lestidae) on littoral microcrustacea

SUMMARY 1 Two experimental approaches were used to examine the predation risk of six littoral cladoceran and ostracod species to two size classes of the damselfly Lestes sp. Behavioural observations were conducted in a 2–1 arena and predation rate experiments in 1–1 jars in the laboratory. 2 Behavioural observations revealed that attack and capture efficiencies by Lestes were higher on smaller cladocerans (Polyphemus and Ceriodaphnia) than on other taxa. Small Lestes had little success ingesting the small ostracod Cypridopsis, whereas larger Lestes captured and ate it easily. 3 Predation-rate experiments showed that Lestes has a clear preference for smaller cladocerans over both a large cladoceran (Simocephatus) and all three ostracods (Cypricercus, Cyclocypris, and Cypridopsis). Most Lestes were unable to consume the larger Cypricercus. 4 Attack rates and predation rates were highly variable among individual predators. 5 These data indicate that damselfly larvae are size selective and consume all but very large cladocerans more readily than ostracods.
Critical ketoconazole dosage range for ciclosporin clearance inhibition in the dog.

Ciclosporin (CsA) is metabolized exclusively by the hepatic cytochrome P-450 mixed function oxidase system. Ketoconazole (KC) is a potent inhibitor of this enzyme system. CsA was administered alone an
Membrane ultrastructure of developing axons in glial cell deficient rat spinal cord

In order to investigate axolemmal development in a glial cell deficient environment, normal and irradiated dorsal funiculus in rat lumbosacral spinal cord was examined by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. At 3 days of age, normal fibres are all unmyelinated and of small (less than 0.5 micron) diameter. The unmyelinated axons have a moderate density (approximately 850 microns-2) of intramembranous particles (IMPs) on P-fracture faces and a low IMP density (approximately 300 microns-2) on E-faces. IMPs are homogeneously distributed along both fracture faces. By 19 days of age, the normal dorsal funiculus is well populated with myelinated axons and glial cells, as well as a sizable population of unmyelinated fibres. Nearly all of the myelinated fibres have a large (greater than 1.0 micron) diameter; whereas, most unmyelinated axons are of small (less than 0.5 micron) calibre. The axolemma of unmyelinated axons is relatively undifferentiated, with an asymmetrical distribution of IMPs (P-face: approximately 1100 microns-2; E-face: approximately 450 microns-2). Myelinated fibres show nodal and paranodal regions with P-face and E-face ultrastructure similar to previous descriptions. Internodal axolemma appears relatively homogeneous, with P-faces being highly particulate (approximately 2100 microns-2) and a low IMP density (approximately 200 microns-2) on E-faces. Following irradiation of the lumbosacral spinal cord at 3 days of age, there is a severe reduction in the number of glial cells and myelinated fibres in this region when the tissue is examined at 19 days of age. Despite the deficiency of glial cells in this tissue, axonal and axolemmal development continue. Numerous large (greater than 1.0 micron) diameter axons are present in this irradiated tissue. Large diameter axons show a high (approximately 2000 microns-2) density of IMPs on P-faces; E-face IMP density remains at approximately 440 micron-2. Small calibre axons also have an asymmetrical distribution of particles (P-face: approximately 1100 microns-2; E-face: 280 microns-2). The axolemmal E-faces of some glial cell deprived fibres exhibit regions with greater than normal (approximately 750 microns-2) density of IMPs. These results demonstrate that some aspects of axonal and axolemmal development continue in a glial cell deficient environment, and it is suggested that axolemmal ultrastructure is, at least in part, independent of glial cell association.
Using student evaluations and course management reviews to strengthen basic sciences teaching

This report describes a multifaceted process to strengthen teaching in the basic sciences at Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine and presents data from a 3‐year study of the effectiveness of the process. A standardized evaluation system was implemented in which students rated both the overall quality and individual elements of courses. In addition, course directors developed objectives for courses and provided detailed information to their peers regarding course management policies. Initial data and faculty responses showed that this project resulted in marked improvement in several courses by providing faculty with substantive proof of areas of strengths and weaknesses. Corollary evidence confirmed that students can distinguish degrees of effectiveness among the various elements of course presentation, and that systematic evaluation can result in improved teaching in the basic sciences.
Infection prophylaxis in antirheumatic therapy: emphasis on vaccination.

Purpose of review To assess data concerning vaccination among persons with rheumatic diseases, focusing on the effects of immune-modulating therapeutic agents on the responses. Recent findings Patients with rheumatic diseases receiving certain therapeutic agents may exhibit less robust responses to vaccination. However, data in various studies are conflicting. In general, even in studies demonstrating attenuation of vaccine response, increases in titers are observed and may be protective. Summary Vaccinations are an important strategy to prevent infections. Although antirheumatic therapies may affect responses, patients should still be considered candidates for all appropriate vaccinations.
Unemployment insurance and the intertemporal substitution of consumption and labor supply

A central feature of modern business cycles is the procyclical pattern of consumption and labor supply. It has proved difficult, however, to construct a market-clearing model that is consistent with this fact and yet retains appealing assumptions and realistic implications. This paper demonstrates the possibility of positive comovements in contemporaneous consumption and labor supply in a model in which the unemployment insurance (UI) replacement ratio links future benefits to previous wage earnings. Specifically, in our model, an increase in the probability of future unemployment unambiguously increases present labor supply and may increase present consumption as well. One testable implication of our analysis is that the positive co-movement of consumption and labor supply is more pronounced in economies with an earnings-based UI system.
On free‐floating attention

This paper is an experimental effort to invite the reader into an interplay between two modes of comprehension: the one predominantly narrative and emotive, and the other predominantly rational and analytic. The interplay of these modes of writing may (or may not, depending on the reader) amplify the thesis of the paper: that Freud's clinical technique of evenly‐suspended attention involves a tension between attentional modes—a paradoxical willing‐not‐to‐will—and this willing unwilling (a kind of free will) undercuts both rational and emotive modes of comprehension, thereby permitting novel prehension of self and other.
Analysis of growth zones and microstructure in otoliths of two macrourids from the North Pacific abyss

The microstructure of the sagittae of Coryphaenoides armatus variabilis and C. yaquinae from the North Pacific abyss was studied in thin sections with light microscopy. Growth increments fitting the general description of daily growth increments known from sagittae of shallow-living fishes (e.g., hake) were observed and numerically related to larger-scale ring patterns. These larger-scale patterns included rings which appeared to be annual (i.e., tertiary rings) and those of an unknown periodicity (i.e., secondary rings). The ratio of the number of increments to tertiary rings ranged between 181:1 and 406: 1 in C. a. variabilis. These values essentially agree with observed ratios between increments and yearly annuli of hake sagittae. It is suggested that large abyssal macrourids may be relatively young and thus have extraordinarily rapid rates of growth.
New material for probing spin-orbit coupling in iridates

Synthesis of a new material in the iridate family with a continuously tunable valence of Ir shows the dominant role played by spin-orbit coupling in determining the magnetic properties.
Polymer-templated mesoporous carbons with nickel nanoparticles

Abstract Soft-templating synthesis of mesoporous carbons in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and nickel nitrate was carried out to introduce nickel nanoparticles and create additional microporosity in these materials. This strategy was employed to synthesize phenolic resin-based mesoporous carbons with two different loadings of nickel nanoparticles and to obtain nickel-containing mesoporous carbon–silica hybrids. Removal of silica with NaOH solution from the hybrid composites gave mesoporous carbons with Ni particles and inversely, burn off carbon from the aforementioned composites gave NiO-containing mesoporous silicas. Nitrogen adsorption, small and wide angle X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis showed good adsorption and structural properties of the aforementioned materials.
Text mining neuroscience journal articles to populate neuroscience databases.

We have developed a program NeuroText to populate the neuroscience databases in SenseLab (http://senselab.med.yale.edu/senselab) by mining the natural language text of neuroscience articles. NeuroText uses a two-step approach to identify relevant articles. The first step (pre-processing), aimed at 100% sensitivity, identifies abstracts containing database keywords. In the second step, potentially relevant abstracts identified in the first step are processed for specificity dictated by database architecture, and neuroscience, lexical and semantic contexts. NeuroText results were presented to the experts for validation using a dynamically generated interface that also allows expert-validated articles to be automatically deposited into the databases. Of the test set of 912 articles, 735 were rejected at the pre-processing step. For the remaining articles, the accuracy of predicting database-relevant articles was 85%. Twenty-two articles were erroneously identified. NeuroText deferred decisions on 29 articles to the expert. A comparison of NeuroText results versus the experts' analyses revealed that the program failed to correctly identify articles' relevance due to concepts that did not yet exist in the knowledgebase or due to vaguely presented information in the abstracts. NeuroText uses two "evolution" techniques (supervised and unsupervised) that play an important role in the continual improvement of the retrieval results. Software that uses the NeuroText approach can facilitate the creation of curated, special-interest, bibliography databases.
Observations on Certain Shell Variations of Hens’ Eggs

Abstract Several interesting variations of egg shells have been produced by a small backyard flock of hens during the past year. The birds are crossbred from Barred P.R. cock with R.I. Red hens, and have been maintained under the ordinary type of conditions, with very good production records. In rubbing off a little dirt from one egg, it was found that the brown pigment came off also. In fact, when rubbed more vigorously with a damp handkerchief, it yielded almost all its color and was made nearly white. This surprising discovery led to further rubbing tests and observations. These showed that most of the eggs would give up some pigment when rubbed, but some, especially those with a somewhat glossy surface, were very tenacious of their color. On the other hand, a few lost the pigment so readily that they were already partially “wiped” when found in the nest. A second . . .
Refactoring of Timing Graphs and Its Use in Capturing Topological Correlation in SSTA

Reconvergent paths in circuits have been a nuisance in various computer-aided design (CAD) algorithms, but no elegant solution to deal with them has been found yet. In statistical static timing analysis (SSTA), they cause difficulty in capturing topological correlation. This paper presents a technique that in arbitrary block-based SSTA reduces the error caused by ignoring topological correlation. We interpret a timing graph as an algebraic expression made up of addition and maximum operators. We define the division operation on the expression and propose algorithms that modify factors in the expression without expansion. As a result, the algorithms produce an expression to derive the latest arrival time with better accuracy in SSTA. Existing techniques handling reconvergent fanouts usually use dependency lists, requiring quadratic space complexity. Instead, the proposed technique has linear space complexity by using a new directed acyclic graph search algorithm. Our results show that it outperforms an existing technique in speed and memory usage with comparable accuracy. More important, the proposed technique is not limited to SSTA and is potentially applicable to various issues due to reconvergent paths in timing-related CAD algorithms.
Dietary Quality, Caloric Intake, and Adiposity of Childhood Cancer Survivors and Their Siblings: An Analysis from the Cardiac Risk Factors in Childhood Cancer Survivors Study

Childhood cancer survivors are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, in part because of adiposity. Whether survivors have healthy diets and whether dietary quality is associated with adiposity among survivors are not known. Survivors and siblings from the Cardiac Risk Factors in Childhood Cancer Survivors Study completed 3-day food records that were used to estimate daily caloric intake relative to recommended and dietary quality using the Healthy Eating Index-2005 (HEI). Medical records were reviewed for cancer therapies. Body composition was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Of 91 childhood cancer survivors and 30 sibling controls, there were no marked differences in mean daily caloric intakes (98% vs. 100% of recommended) or HEI total scores (55.5 vs. 53.3), respectively, with both groups scoring worst for the consumption of dark green vegetables and whole grains. Survivors exposed to cranial irradiation had lower total HEI scores (−6.4, P = 0.01). Among survivors, better dietary qua...
George Gaylord Simpson as mentor and apologist for paleoanthropology.

The influence of George Gaylord Simpson (1902–1984) on paleoanthropology provides a well-documented, historical example of how one scientific discipline can impact upon another, bringing the latter quickly “up to speed” without having to retrace ground covered by the former. Paleoanthropologists were bystanders during the formulation of the evolutionary synthesis (1936–1947). After World War II, the younger paleoanthropologists looked to George Gaylord Simpson as one of several mentors regarding the implications of the synthesis for their own discipline. But why Simpson? Having earlier defined the superfamily Hominoidea (1931) as holding the Pongidae and Hominidae and monographed lower primate fossils (e.g., “Studies on the earliest primates,” 1940), Simpson's “Principles of classification and a classification of mammals” (1945) further solidified his reputation as a mammalian systematist. Simpson's Meaning of Evolution (1949) was widely read as an introduction to the synthesis, and his Tempo and Mode in Evolution (1944) made accessible the more complex aspects. Consequently, in the 1950s and 1960s paleoanthropologists invited Simpson to participate in their symposia (e.g., “Some principles of historical biology bearing on human origins,” 1951; “The meaning of taxonomic statements,” 1964), used his books as classroom texts, and cited his publications to support claims for their own work. Later in the 1960s, Simpson moved from mentor to apologist, as the paleoanthropologists were by then familiar with the synthesis and incorporated its theoretical concepts in their interpretations of the many newly discovered hominoid fossils. Simpson now took special care to celebrate these results in his more general, less technical writings, acting as a forceful apologist for the materialistic view of human origins (e.g., “The biological nature of man,” 1966; “The evolutionary concept of man,” 1972). During the 1970s, Simpson's influence waned, and he became just another practitioner at the margin of the discipline. However, anthropologists acknowledged Simpson's earlier impact, for example, when he was invited, yet again, to address them at the 50th anniversary celebration of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 1981.
Accounting for leases by lessees

Abstract This study examines factors that affected managements' choices in accounting for leases prior to the implementation of SFAS No. 13. Empirical evidence indicates that financial contracting and management bonus incentive variables help explain the choice. Empirical results do not support the political cost hypothesis; rather, tax return considerations also seem to influence managements' lease accounting choice.
The word superiority effect: A comparison between restricted and unrestricted. alternative set

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the word superiority effect (WSE) (Reicher, 1969). The first two experiments used mixed presentations of words and nonwords, and positional uncertainty of the critical letter. Experiment 1 used an unrestricted set of alternatives, while Experiment 2 used only two alternatives (R and L). Experiment 3 compared letter detection in nonwords with a restricted and unrestricted alternative set. WSE was found for both Experiments 1 and 2, at about the same level. Experiment 3 showed superior performance when alternatives were known in advance. It was concluded that context has an effect on letter recognition even with prior knowledge of alternatives if the critical position is not known in advance. Some incompatibilities between the present results and those of other investigators in the field are discussed.
Deep Ocean Response to Hurricanes as Revealed by an Ocean Model with Free Surface. Part I: Axisymmetric Case

Abstract An axisymmetric, hydrostatic ocean model containing a rigid bottom and a free surface is constructed to study the barotropic and baroclinic response in the upper and deep ocean to a wind stress corresponding to a stationary tropical cyclone. The numerical model covers a domain of 800 km and 1475 m in r- and z-directions, respectively, with a uniform radial resolution of 20 km and a stretched vertical resolution from 5 to 54 m. The vertical mixing is parameterized based on a local Richardson number and a mixing length. The model ocean is spun up with the wind stress of Hurricane Eloise. A strong tangential circulation develops that extends to the ocean floor with a maximum speed of 1.2 m s−1 at the surface. The circulation on the r-z plane, which also extends to the ocean floor, oscillates with time with a maximum upwelling of 0.1 cm s−1 at the center. Surface height has a maximum depression of 57 cm. The deep overturning causes density changes deep in the ocean. A maximum temperature decrease of ...
Microparticle impacts at ultra-high velocities: Their relation to macroparticle impacts

Abstract In recent years the Hypervelocity Microparticle Impact (HMI) project at Los Alamos has utilized electrostatically accelerated iron spheres of microscopic dimensions to generate ultra-high velocity impact experiments to about 100 km/sec, about an order of magnitude beyond the data range for precisely controlled impact tests with ordinary macroscopic projectiles. But the extreme smallness of the micro impact events brings into question whether the usual shock-hydrodynamic size scaling can be assumed. It is to this question of the validity of size scaling (and its refinement) that the present study is directed. Impact experiments are compared in which two comparable impact events at a given velocity, a microscopic impact and a macroscopic impact, are essentially identical except that the projectile masses and crater volumes differ by nearly 12 orders of magnitude—linear dimensions and times differing by 4 orders of magnitude. Strain rates at corresponding points in the deforming crater increase 4 orders of magnitude with the size reduction. Departures from exact scaling, by a factor of 3.7 in crater volume, are observed for cooper targets—with the micro craters being smaller than scaling would predict. This is attributed to a factor 4.7 higher effective yield stress occurring in the micro cratering flow. This, in turn, is because the strain rate there is about 108/sec as compared to a strain rate of only 104/sec in the macro impact. The measurement of impact craters for very small impact events leads to the determination of metal yield stresses at strain rates an order of magnitude greater than have been obtained by other methods. The determination of material strengths at these exceedingly high strain rates is of obvious fundamental importance. Results are compared to recent theoretical models by Follansbee, Kochs and Rollett. Finally, the problem is addressed of predicting crater sizes in a target material with strain rate effects. First some basic results are recalled pertaining to the late stage equivalence of hypervelocity impacts. It is then seen, for a strain rate dependent material, that the curve of dimensionless crater volume versus impact velocity is replaced by a family of curves, each member of which is for one final crater size. The spacing of the curves is determined by the stress versus strain properties of the material.
Trusted Computing: An Elusive Goal

Recent high-profile cyberattacks such as the massive data leak at Sony leave us wondering where such lack of trustworthiness will take us. The answer, of course, is nowhere we want to go.
The frequency of the spontaneous behavioral response in Paramecium tetraurelia is simultaneously modulated by both ultradian and circadian rhythms

The behavioral response of Paramecium tetraurelia is due to changes in the direction of swimming, which is initiated by the generation of an action potential that causes the re-orientation of the ciliary beat. The frequency of spontaneous behavioral responses displays an ultradian rhythm, with a periodicity of approximately 50 min. Furthermore, this rhythm is disrupted by the addition of LiCl, due to the interruption of the inositol signaling pathway. The present work is an observation of the frequency of the behavioral response for a 72-h period. The frequency of the behavioral response is influenced by a circadian clock, in that the frequency of behavioral responses changes during a 24-h period, while the periodicity of the ultradian clock remains unchanged. The addition of LiCl also disrupts the circadian rhythm, lengthening the circadian period from 24 h to 27.4 h. However, unlike the ultradian rhythm, where the addition of myo-inositol inhibits the LiCl effect, myo-inositol has no effect on the disru...
Steady-state transport in mesoscopic systems illuminated by alternating fields.

In this paper we present a Landauer-type expression for the time-averaged dc current in a mesoscopic device illuminated by a coherent ac field, assuming phase-breaking processes to be restricted to the contacts. This expression is derived starting from the nonequilibrium Green-function formalism which rigorously accounts for the exclusion principle. However, the (1-f) factors that are often assumed do not appear in our expression. This does not affect the result if the transmission is reciprocal. But for traveling wave fields the transmission is nonreciprocal even in zero magnetic fields and the magnitude of the resulting current is affected by the presence or absence of the (1-f) factor.
Adverse drug reactions associated with antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy.

Introduction: Antiretroviral (ARV) drug use during pregnancy significantly reduces mother-to-child HIV transmission, delays disease progression in the women and reduces the risk of HIV transmission to HIV-serodiscordant partners. Pregnant women are susceptible to the same adverse reactions to ARVs as nonpregnant adults as well as to specific pregnancy-related reactions. In addition, we should consider adverse pregnancy outcomes and adverse reactions in children exposed to ARVs during intrauterine life. However, studies designed to assess the safety of ARV in pregnant women are rare, usually with few participants and short follow-up periods.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss studies reporting adverse reactions to ARV drugs, including maternal toxicity, adverse pregnancy outcomes and the consequences of exposure to ARV in infants. We included results of observational studies, both prospective and retrospective, as well as randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses.Expert opinion...
Pituitary responsiveness to GH-releasing hormone, GH-releasing peptide-2 and thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in critical illness

OBJECTIVE Protein hypercatabolism and preservation of fat depots are hallmarks of critical illness, which is associated with blunted pulsatile GH secretion and low circulating IGF-I, TSH, T4 and T3. Repetitive TRH administration is known to reactivate the pituitary-thyroid axis and to evoke paradoxical GH release in critical illness. We further explored the hypothalamic-pituitary function in critical illness by examining the effects of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and/or GH-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) and TRH administration. PATIENTS AND DESIGN Critically ill adults (n=40; mean age 55 years) received two i.v. boluses with a 6-hour interval (0900 and 1500 h) within a cross-over design. Patients were randomized to receive consecutively placebo and GHRP-2 (n=10), GHRH and GHRP-2 (n=10), GHRP-2 and GHRH+GHRP-2 (n=10), GHRH+GHRP-2 and GHRH+GHRP-2+TRH (n=10). The GHRH and GHRP-2 doses were 1μg/kg and the TRH dose was 200μg. Blood samples were obtained before and 20, 40, 60 and 120 minutes after each injection. MEASUREMENTS Serum concentrations of GH, T4, T3, rT3, thyroid hormone binding globulin (TBG), IGF-I, insulin and cortisol were measured by RIA; PRL and TSH concentrations were determined by IRMA. RESULTS Critically ill patients presented a striking GH response to GHRP-2 (mean±SEM peak GH 51±9 μg/l in older patients and 102±2μg/l in younger patients; P=0.005 vs placebo). The mean GH response to GHRP-2 was more than fourfold higher than to GHRH (P=0.007). In turn, the mean GH response to GHRH+GHRP-2 was 2.5-fold higher than to GHRP-2 alone (P=0.01), indicating synergism. Adding TRH to the GHRH+GHRP-2 combination slightly blunted this mean response by 18% (P=0.01). GHRP-2 had no effect on serum TSH concentrations whereas both GHRH and GHRH+GHRP-2 evoked an increase in peak TSH levels of 53 and 32% respectively. The addition of TRH further increased this TSH response < ninefold (P=0.005), elicited a 60% rise in serum T3 (P=0.01) and an 18% increase in T4 (P=0.005) levels, without altering rT3 or TBG levels. GHRH and/or GHRP-2 induced a small increase in serum PRL levels. The addition of TRH magnified the PRL response 2.4-fold (P=0.007). GHRP-2 increased basal serum cortisol levels (531±29nmol/l) by 35% (P=0.02); GHRH provoked no additional response, but adding TRH further increased the cortisol response by 20% (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS The specific character of hypothalamic-pituitary function in critical illness is herewith extended to the responsiveness to GHRH and/or GHRP-2 and TRH. The observation of striking bursts of GH secretion elicited by GHRP-2 and particularly by GHRH+GHRP-2 in patients with low spontaneous GH peaks opens the possibility of therapeutic perspectives for GH secretagogues in critical care medicine.
Asymmetric Ring Opening of Meso Epoxides with TMSCN Catalyzed by (pybox)lanthanide Complexes

The asymmetric ring opening of meso epoxides with TMSCN is catalyzed by (pybox)YbCl3 complexes, yielding the β-trimethylsilyloxy nitrile ring-opened products with good enantioselectivities (83−92% ee). The reaction exhibits a second-order kinetic dependence on catalyst concentration and a first-order dependence on epoxide concentration, consistent with a bimetallic pathway involving simulataneous activation of epoxide and cyanide.
From Boltzmann’s Equation to the Incompressible Navier–Stokes–Fourier System with Long-Range Interactions

We establish a rigorous demonstration of the hydrodynamic convergence of the Boltzmann equation towards a Navier–Stokes–Fourier system under the presence of long-range interactions. This convergence is obtained by letting the Knudsen number tend to zero and has been known to hold, at least formally, for decades. It is only more recently that a fully rigorous mathematical derivation of this hydrodynamic limit was discovered. However, these results failed to encompass almost all physically relevant collision kernels due to a cutoff assumption, which requires that the cross sections be integrable. Indeed, as soon as long-range intermolecular forces are present, non-integrable collision kernels have to be considered because of the enormous number of grazing collisions in the gas. In this long-range setting, the Boltzmann operator becomes a singular integral operator and the known rigorous proofs of hydrodynamic convergence simply do not carry over to that case. In fact, the DiPerna–Lions renormalized solutions do not even make sense in this situation and the relevant global solutions to the Boltzmann equation are the so-called renormalized solutions with a defect measure developed by Alexandre and Villani. Our work overcomes the new mathematical difficulties coming from the consideration of long-range interactions by proving the hydrodynamic convergence of the Alexandre–Villani solutions towards the Leray solutions.
Learning curves and breast cancer lymphatic mapping: institutional volume index.

Introduction. To date, studies of breast cancer lymphatic mapping (LM) have analyzed success with respect to individual surgeons. However, LM and sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNBx) are procedures that require institutional multidisciplinary cooperation between the departments of radiology, pathology, and surgery. Thus, it is important to evaluate these procedures with respect to the institution. This study examines 30 institutions to clarify the value of the institutional volume index (IVI) (cases/month) to the outcome of LM and SLNBx in breast cancer. Methods. From July 1997 to July 1999, 30 institutions participated in the Department of Defense national breast LM trial. All participants underwent a 2-day training course for surgeons, nuclear medicine physicians, and pathologists. The records for each institution were prospectively accrued and submitted to a database. The false negatives, failure rates, and IVI were calculated for each institution. A logistic regression model plots the relationship between IVI and institutional failure rate. Using a multivariate analysis, mapping failure was analyzed as a function of case number with respect to the individual surgeon and the institution as a whole. Results. False negative results were demonstrated in only 5 (4%) cases among all institutions and were excluded from further analysis due to small numbers. Mapping failures were found in all but 7 of the 30 institutions whose data were complete. There were 71 mapping failures among 74 surgeons over 555 cases, which yielded an overall failure rate of 12.79% (71 555). The logistic regression model revealed an inverse relationship between IVI and institutional failure rate. However, the multivariate analysis revealed that the individual surgeon performance was the most significant factor in determining institutional mapping success. Conclusion. Failure to map can be a function of multiple factors including surgical skill, surgical volume index, and injection method of the SLN patient, all under the quality control of an institution. The surgical failure rate on the other hand is a function of surgical skill, surgical volume, and injection methods. While differences in mapping success exist across institutions, this disparity is not due to factors associated with the institution as a whole, but lie with the individual surgeon.