cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Diet on Calcium Flux in Fresh Beef

ObjectivesDistillers grains (DG) contribute to cattle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane instability by increasing poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in the SR membrane, possibly resulting in early postmortem calcium (Ca) leakage and improved tenderness. Mitochondria, the secondary Ca-sequestering organelles in the muscle, are relatively easy to isolate intact and provide the opportunity to study Ca release under carefully controlled and tightly defined conditions. Our objective was to isolate mitochondria from cattle fed DG and corn to determine the influence of diet and oxidation on Ca release.Materials and MethodsCattle (n = 48) were fed a corn-based finishing diet with or without deoiled, dried DG (50% DM basis). After harvest, strip loins were collected and steaks from each loin were aged for 2, 8, and 14 d, powdered, and stored at –80°C for analysis. Samples (n = 12) were randomly selected from each diet group for all aging periods. Mitochondria were isolated using high speed centrifuge from d 2, 8, and 14. The SR was isolated from each d 2 sample. Both mitochondria and SR samples were analyzed for PUFA content using gas chromatography, and phospholipid content using thin layer chromatography. Mitochondria from d 2 and 8 were artificially oxidized using an iron and ascorbic acid mixture.ResultsIn both organelles, the DG diet samples had higher 18:2 and total PUFA content (p < 0.0001) compared to corn samples. Day 14 mitochondria had higher 18:2 (p = 0.0009) and total PUFA (p = 0.028) contents compared to d 2 and 8 mitochondria, as expected from aging of unsaturated fats. Phospholipid contents (phosphatidylethanolamine phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol) of the mitochondria and SR were unaffected by diet. Oxidized mitochondria retained significantly less Ca than non-oxidized (p = 0.001) mitochondria. Day 2 mitochondria retained significantly less Ca than d 8 (p = 0.009) mitochondria. Overall, mitochondria from cattle finished on corn tended (p = 0.08) to retain more Ca than mitochondria from cattle finished on DG.ConclusionResults indicate that greater PUFA content deposited in organelles may affect Ca flux by increased susceptibility to oxidation. A DG diet may influence Ca flux and ultimate tenderness by this mechanism.
Understanding Gradient Clipping in Private SGD: A Geometric Perspective

Deep learning models are increasingly popular in many machine learning applications where the training data may contain sensitive information. To provide formal and rigorous privacy guarantee, many learning systems now incorporate differential privacy by training their models with (differentially) private SGD. A key step in each private SGD update is gradient clipping that shrinks the gradient of an individual example whenever its L2 norm exceeds some threshold. We first demonstrate how gradient clipping can prevent SGD from converging to stationary point. We then provide a theoretical analysis that fully quantifies the clipping bias on convergence with a disparity measure between the gradient distribution and a geometrically symmetric distribution. Our empirical evaluation further suggests that the gradient distributions along the trajectory of private SGD indeed exhibit symmetric structure that favors convergence. Together, our results provide an explanation why private SGD with gradient clipping remains effective in practice despite its potential clipping bias. Finally, we develop a new perturbation-based technique that can provably correct the clipping bias even for instances with highly asymmetric gradient distributions.
Intramolecular distribution of 13 C/ 12 C isotopes in amino acids of diverse origins

Carbon stable isotope analysis can provide information about the origin and synthetic pathways that produce organic molecules, with applications in chemical, medical and (bio)geochemical sciences. The 13C/12C isotope ratios of organics such as amino acids are most commonly obtained as whole molecule averages. In this study, we apply proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to conduct position-specific carbon isotope analyses of l-/d-alanine, l-threonine and l-histidine from different sources, in addition to molecule average stable isotope analyses obtained via mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrate that carbon isotope ratios can vary significantly between the individual carbon positions within an amino acid. For example, the β- and γ- carbons of l-threonine can differ in 13C/12C ratio by > 20 ‰. Comparisons of the position-specific and whole molecule average stable isotope abundances show that whole molecule analyses can mask the intramolecular isotope variation. These results provide the first experimentally measured position-specific isotope ratios for alpha and side chain carbons of alanine, threonine and histidine. Comparison with previous ab initio calculations of intramolecular equilibrium fractionation shows that the carbon isotope distributions are not at equilibrium, thus kinetic isotope effects play a significant role in amino acid synthesis. We hypothesize that position-specific 13C/12C isotope ratios provide an “isotopic fingerprint” that can give insight into the origin or synthesis pathway that formed an amino acid, and that this emerging analytical field will be a valuable addition to traditional stable isotope analysis.
Modeling the Pathways to Self-Confidence for Graduate School in Computing

Given the significant need to increase and diversify graduate enrollments within computing fields, it is vital to understand what shapes students’ pathways to computing graduate school. This study examines the predictors of undergraduate students’ self-confidence in being admitted to computing graduate school among students who enrolled in an introductory computing course during the 2015–2016 academic year and completed both an end-of-intro-course survey as well as a follow-up survey two years later. Guided by social cognitive career theory, this longitudinal and multi-institutional study uses structural equation modeling to illustrate the direct and indirect relationships between students’ social identities (specifically gender and race/ethnicity), psychosocial beliefs, perceptions of support, and self-confidence for computing graduate admission. Findings suggest that gender and racial/ethnic inequities in self-confidence for graduate admission are present during introductory computing courses, and women’s early perceptions in intro courses (e.g., math self-concept) seem to play an especially vital role in explaining why women ultimately report lower self-confidence for computing graduate admission than men. Findings also highlight the key mediating role of computing self-efficacy in cultivating students’ self-confidence for computing graduate admission. Taken together, these results have important implications for understanding intro computing students’ perceptions about their graduate school trajectories and how to foster a more diverse graduate applicant pool.
0042 Work productivity and stress of emergency nurses working with trauma patients

Statement of purpose Our research purpose was to examine the effects on the productivity and stress of emergency nurses working with acute trauma patients in the emergency department (ED) setting. Methods/Approach A cross-sectional survey design was used. Participants were recruited from three trauma center EDs in the Midwest United States. Participants completed the Impact of Events Scale—Revised (IES-R) and Healthcare Productivity Scale (HPS) based on a trauma care experience within the preceding 30 days. Item responses to IES-R and HPS were summed to yield stress and work productivity scores. Descriptive statistics were calculated to describe the study sample. A 2- tailed Pearson correlation was calculated to explore the relationship between stress impact of providing trauma care and emergency nurses’ work productivity. Results Of the 255 respondents, the majority was White (n=231, 90.9%), female (n=206, 86.2%), treated both adult and pediatric patients (n=190, 74.5%), and had access to employer-provided Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) (n=147, 59%). About a third reported high stress (n=97, 38%) and 72 (28.2%) reported decreased work productivity. The correlation between stress and work productivity was not significant (r=-0.005, p=0.933). Conclusions Although only mild to moderate stress and work productivity changes due to caring for trauma patients were reported, more research is needed to capture real-time stress/response or data reflecting the stress/work productivity changes immediately following the caring for a trauma patient. The availability of CISD may have been a protective factor to mitigate the negative impact of stress. Further investigation is warranted to study the impact of CISD and training on self-reported stress levels of emergency nurses. Significance Identifying characteristics of trauma patient care leading to increased stress, particularly when coupled with decreased work productivity, is important for the safety of the trauma patients receiving clinical care. TweetHandle Emergency nurses globally are committed to the care of traumatically injured patients. This care can adversely impact the mental health of emergency nurses and their overall work productivity. @glgillespie2 @UCnursing
Experimental data on water soluble polymers thermal and hydrolytic stability, reactivity ratios of monomers and Frr calculation for thermally stable preformed particle gels therefrom.

Abstract Experimental data on water soluble polymer thermal and hydrolytic stability in acidic, neutral and basic pH conditions in aqueous solution is presented. Thermal and hydrolytic stability of polymer aqueous solutions were monitored in variable pH medium by aging at 130 °C temperature for different aging time. Polymer viscosity measurements were performed periodically for 3 months. Furthermore, this data can serve as a basis of monomer selection for thermally stable hydrogels for applications like oil recovery, hydrogel coatings for steam sterilized medical devices and other applications. Reactivity ratios were determined for monomers associated to the most stable polymers using 1H NMR analysis. Monomer reactivity ratios for DMA (M1) and NaSS (M2) depicted to be r1 = 0.031 and r2 = 5.379 using Fineman-Ross method and r1 = 0.028 and r2 = 5.495 using Kelen-Tudos method. The performance of preformed particle gels developed based on these monomers, in plugging the open fractures is explained using residual resistance factor (Frr) calculation.
Plutonism across the Tujunga-North American terrane boundary: A middle to upper crustal view of two juxtaposed magmatic arcs

Opportunities to study middle crust magmatic arc construction are uncommon. Petrologic studies in southern California have revealed middle to upper crustal portions of two juxtaposed Mesozoic magmatic arcs, one being a native terrane of the Cordilleran orogen and the other the “suspect” Tujunga (or San Gabriel) terrane. Crystallization thermobarometry of successively intruded and dated plutons provide “crustal nails” that track the variable depth history of orogenic crust in both terranes. Deep crust is now exposed at the surface by virtue of two contrasting tectonic settings — lower plates of extensional detachment faults in Tertiary metamorphic core complexes and upper plates of Mesozoic basement-involved thrust faults.
Adding Distributional Semantics to Knowledge Base Entities through Web-scale Entity Linking

Web-scale knowledge bases typically consist entirely of predicates over entities. However, the distributional properties of how those entities appear in text are equally important aspects of knowledge. If noun phrases mapped unambiguously to knowledge base entities, adding this knowledge would simply require counting. The many-to-many relationship between noun phrase mentions and knowledge base entities makes adding distributional knowledge about entities difficult. In this paper, we argue that this information should be explicitly included in web-scale knowledge bases. We propose a generative model that learns these distributional semantics by performing entity linking on the web, and we give some preliminary results that point to its usefulness.
EGFR mutation and striking response to gefitinib in a patient with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis and erlotinib-refractory adenocarcinoma lung cancer

4029 Although various mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene have been identified to confer sensitivity towards the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), gefitinib and erlotinib, it is not known if there are mutations that may result in differential activities of the two inhibitors. We describe a 70 year-old Japanese-American never-smoker woman with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung who developed symptomatic brain metastases while on erlotinib. She failed further chemotherapies, including temozolomide and irinotecan, and subsequently developed extensive symptomatic leptomeningeal carcinomatosis. The patient then demonstrated prompt striking clinical response as early as three weeks of starting monotherapy gefitinib (150mg p.o. daily), which was subsequently confirmed radiographically by repeat CT and MRI. Using laser microdissection (LMD) and EGFR gene sequencing, we identified two heterozygous somatic EGFR mutations, L858R and E884K, in her pretreatment tumor biopsy specimen and tumor cells isolated from her cerebrospinal fluid. In vitro transfection and biochemical studies demonstrated that the novel E884K mutation confers opposite effects in sensitivity to the two EGFR inhibitors. EGFRE884K and EGFRL858R+E884K enhanced the sensitivity of the mutated receptor to gefitinib inhibition. Conversely, the E884K mutation resulted in decreased responsiveness of the receptor to erlotinib, and it significantly abrogated the drug sensitivity conferred by L858R (EGFRL858R+E884K). This study demonstrates that it is possible to have EGFR mutation mediating differential responses to gefitinib and erlotinib. This also represents the first case to describe a striking response to single-agent gefitinib in a patient with leptomeningeal metastases and erlotinib-refractory lung adenocarcinoma.
Composite-object views in relational DBMS: an implementation perspective

We present a novel approach for supporting Composite Objects (CO) as an abstraction over the relational data. This approach brings the advanced CO model to existing relational databases and applications, without requiring an expensive migration to other DBMSs which support CO. The concept of views in relational DBMSs (RDBMS) gives the basis for providing the CO abstraction. This model is strictly an extension to the relational model, and it is fully upward compatible with it. We present an overview of the data model. We put emphasis in this paper on showing how we have made the extensions to the architecture and implementation of an RDBMS (Starburst) to support this model. We show that such a major extension to the data model is in fact quite attractive both in terms of implementation cost and query performance. We introduce a CO cache for efficient navigation through components of a CO. Our work on CO enables existing RDBMSs to incorporate efficient CO facilities at a low cost and at a high degree of application reusability and database sharability.
Stability and Resonance in Grooved­ Channel Flows

The stability and resonant response of incompressible moderate Reynolds number flow in periodically-grooved channels is investigated by direct numerical simulation using the spectral element method. For Reynolds numbers less than a critical value, the flow is found to approach a stable steady-state. The two-dimensional linear stability of this flow is then analyzed, and it is found that the least stable modes closely resemble Tollmien-Schlichting channel waves, forced by Kelvin-Helmholtz shear layer instability at the groove edge. A theory for frequency prediction based on the Orr-Sommerfeld dispersion relation is presented, and verified by variation of the geometric parameters of the problem. For Reynolds numbers greater than the critical value, the flow is shown to take the form of self-sustained oscillations similar to those observed experimentally. A preliminary investigation of the three-dimensional linear stability of spanwise homogeneous grooved-channel flows is also presented, in which a Fourier (spanwise)/spectral element algorithm is used to directly simulate the three-dimensional perturbation equations.
Blast Furnace Analysis with Neural Networks

Nowadays blast furnace operation is supervised by extensive measurements and controlled accordingly. Characteristic indications concerning process quality are given by the analysis of the radial temperature profile in the upper part of the furnace. Optimising this temperature distribution would lead to considerable savings of input material. To achieve an optimisation, quantitative relations between furnace parameters are needed. As those relationships are unknown, a process model can be provided using neural networks and fuzzy methods. In this paper we show the application of fuzzy clustering and neural networks to classify temperature profiles and to build a model of the interdependence betwenn process operation parameters and the resulting temperature profiles. These investigations have been carried out in a plant of a German steel producer.
Evidence for non-independent gating of P2X2 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

Background P2X2 receptor is an ATP-activated ion channel which is widely expressed in the nervous system, and mediates synaptic transmission.
Modeling Willingness to Pay for Land Conservation Easements: Treatment of Zero and Protest Bids and Application and Policy Implications

This study compares an ordered probit model and a Tobit model with selection to take into account both true zero and protest zero bids while estimating the willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation easements in Macon County, NC. By comparing the two models, the ordered/unordered selection issue of the protest responses is analyzed to demonstrate how the treatment of protest responses can significantly influence WTP models. Both models consistently show that income and knowledge are positive and significant factors, while distance to poorer quality streams and duration of residency are negative and significant factors on WTP.
Large-Scale Demonstration of Low-Level Waste Solidification in Saltstone

The saltstone lysimeters are a large-scale demonstration of a disposal concept for decontaminated salt solution resulting from in-tank processing of defense waste. The lysimeter experiment has provided data on the leaching behavior of large saltstone monoliths under realistic field conditions. The results also will be used to compare the effect of capping the waste form on contaminant release. Three saltstone lysimeters were installed in December 1983 and January 1984, each containing a buried monolith formed from 9500 L of decontaminated salt solution solidified with a blended cement. The decontaminated salt solution was produced using actual Savannah River Plant waste. One lysimeter has a gravel cap and another has a clay cap placed over the buried monolith. The monolith in the third lysimeter is uncapped. Each lysimeter has provision to collect leachate from a sump below the buried monolith and soil moisture samplers for gathering samples adjacent to the waste form. Biweekly monitoring of sump leachate from all three lysimeters has continued on a routine basis for approximately three years. The uncapped lysimeter has shown the highest levels of nitrate and 9 9 Tc release. The gravel-and-clay-capped lysimeters have shown levels equivalent to or slightly higher than background rainwater levels. Mathematical model predictions are compared with lysimeter results and are applied to predict the impact of saltstone disposal on ground-water quality.
A Multiple Decrement Life Table Reveals That Host Plant Resistance and Parasitism Are Major Causes of Mortality for the Wheat Stem Sawfly

This study investigated the dynamics of parasitism, host plant resistance, pathogens, and predation on the demography of wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), developing in susceptible (hollow stem) and resistant (solid stem) wheat hosts. This study is also the first to investigate the prevalence and impact of cannibalism on wheat stem sawfly mortality. Wheat stem sawflies were sampled in two commercial wheat fields over 4 yr from the egg stage through adult emergence, and multiple decrement life tables were constructed and analyzed. Cannibalism, host plant resistance, or unknown factors were the most prevalent factors causing egg mortality. Summer mortality of prediapause larvae ranged from 28 to 84%, mainly due to parasitism by Bracon cephi (Gahan) and Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck, cannibalism, and host plant resistance. Winter mortality ranged from 6 to 54% of the overwintering larvae, mainly due to unknown factors or pathogens. Cannibalism is a major cause of irreplaceable mortality because it is absolute, with only a single survivor in every multiple infested stem. Subsequent to obligate cannibalism, mortality of feeding larvae due to host plant resistance was lower in hollow stem wheat than in solid stem wheat. Mortality from host plant resistance was largely irreplaceable. Irreplaceable mortality due to parasitoids was greater in hollow stem wheat than in solid stem wheat. Host plant resistance due to stem solidness and parasitism in hollow stems cause substantial mortality in populations of actively feeding larvae responsible for all crop losses. Therefore, enhancing these mortality factors is vital to effective integrated pest management of wheat stem sawfly.
Umbilical Arterial Blood Sampling Alters Cerebral Tissue Oxygenation in Very Low Birth Weight Neonates.

Objective To evaluate the magnitude, consistency, and natural history of reductions in cerebral regional tissue oxygenation (CrSO 2 ) during umbilical arterial (UA) blood sampling in very low birth weight neonates. Study design Data were collected during a prospective observational near-infrared spectroscopy survey conducted on a convenience sample of 500-1250 g neonates during the first 10 postnatal days. A before-after analysis of UA blood sampling effects on CrSO 2 absolute values and variability was performed. The present analysis was not designed a priori and was conducted following the bedside observation of CrSO 2 decrements contiguous with UA blood draws. Results Fifteen very low birth weight neonates had 201 UA blood draws. Baseline CrSO 2 (mean ± SEM) decreased following UA blood sampling, from 70 ± 1% to a nadir of 63 ± 1% ( P 2 subsequently increased to 70 ± 1% ( P P P 2 variability following UA blood sampling. Conclusions UA blood sampling is associated with significant CrSO 2 decrements with increased variability over clinically significant intervals. Whether these changes impact complications of prematurity, including intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia, remain unknown.
REFLECTANCE AND PHOTOEMISSION FROM Ag IN LIQUID NH3

We have made simultaneous observations of reflectance and photoyield from Ag films in liquid NH3. Photoyield is at the angle for surface plasmon excitation. The yield varies linearly with laser intensity. The results can be interpreted in terms of the classical Fresnel equations. The effective dielectric constant for NHg is 1.95 instead of 1.75. Photoinjection thresholds in insulating fluids, such as CH3 or Ar, provide a measure of the location of the conduction band in the material and of photoelectron mobilities 11-31. There are two effects when a polar fluid is placed adjacent to a photocathode /4,5/. First, a potential shifts all electronic levels in the fluid relative to those in the electrode 151. The second effect is that the photo-threshold is reduced, as electrons are injected into electronic states of the fluid /I/ rather than the vacuum. Bennett, et al. 161 have documented these effects for Ag electrodes in liquid NH3. Disagreement exists as to the photoyield dependence on cell potential, and as to any effect of the dipole field on measurement of the position of the conduction band 14-12]. Watanabe and Gerischer /lo/ attributed the tail on the photothreshold curve to oxide on their Au electrode. In an oxide, charge is pulled from the metal to the oxygen In contrast, with Cs, charge is shifted from the atom toward the metal. Cs is well known to lower thresholds; therefore, one expects oxides to raise the threshold. Mee and coworkers 1141 have demonstrated an increase in threshold on Ag with the addition of 0 2 and S2. We prefer a tail on the density of states. The position of the surface plasmon polariton, SPP, resonance, es, is shifted by the dielectric constant of a semi-infinite fluid, such as NH3, placed in contact with the Ag: n2sin 2 e ~ = [&I (Ag) &I (NH3)M ~1 &I (NH3)I (i) where ~1 (Ag) and &1 (NH3) are the real parts of the Ag and NH3 dielectric constants, respectively, and n is the prism index of refraction 1141. The critical angle also depends on &I (NH3) and n. Measurements 1151 on Ag films in H20 show the electrode potential changes the SPP resonance energy, as well as the Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1991508 C5-72 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV dispersion curve near the potential of zero charge. Potential extracts charge from the electrode and causes a shift in the metal surface dielectric constant. We have measured photocurrents in liquid NH3 in the attenuated total reflection, ATR, configuration. In contrast to the gas case 1161, we find the photoyield to depend only on the first power of the laser intensity. We have looked at the trends of photoyield with bias /6-8,101. Separately, we have also examined the dic?lectric constants derived from the reflectance data and inferred from them the nature of the interface between the metal and fluid 15,151 The photoyield may be calculated from the measured dielectric constants.
Fork head and Sage maintain a uniform and patent salivary gland lumen through regulation of two downstream target genes, PH4αSG1 and PH4αSG2

(Fkh) is required to block salivary gland apoptosis, internalize salivary gland precursors, prevent expression of duct genes in secretory cells and maintain expression of CrebA, which is required for elevated secretory function. Here, we characterize two new Fkh-dependent genes: PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2. We show through in vitro DNA-binding studies and in vivo expression assays that Fkh cooperates with the salivary gland-specific bHLH protein Sage to directly regulate expression of PH4alphaSG2, as well as sage itself, and to indirectly regulate expression of PH4alphaSG1. PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2 encode alpha-subunits of resident ER enzymes that hydroxylate prolines in collagen and other secreted proteins. We demonstrate that salivary gland secretions are altered in embryos missing function of PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2; secretory content is reduced and shows increased electron density by TEM. Interestingly, the altered secretory content results in regions of tube dilation and constriction, with intermittent tube closure. The regulation studies and phenotypic characterization of PH4alphaSG1 and PH4alphaSG2 link Fkh, which initiates tube formation, to the maintenance of an open and uniformly sized secretory tube.
An Alternate Conformation and a Third Metal in PstP/Ppp, the M. tuberculosis PP2C-Family Ser/Thr Protein Phosphatase

Abstract Serine/threonine protein phosphatases are central mediators of phosphorylation-dependent signals in eukaryotes and a variety of pathogenic bacteria. Here, we report the crystal structure of the intracellular catalytic domain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PstPpp, a membrane-anchored phosphatase in the PP2C family. Despite sharing the fold and two-metal center of human PP2Cα, the PstPpp catalytic domain binds a third Mn 2+ in a site created by a large shift in a previously unrecognized flap subdomain adjacent to the active site. Mutations in this site selectively increased the Michaelis constant for Mn 2+ in the reaction of a noncognate, small-molecule substrate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The PstP/Ppp structure reveals core functional motifs that advance the framework for understanding the mechanisms of substrate recognition, catalysis, and regulation of PP2C phosphatases.
Mode of action of common anthelmintics

The primary physiological mode of action of nearly all drugs used to control helminth parasites is not well understood. Examination of the general modes of action in terms of parasite requirements for survival may, however, provide guidelines to continue our present investigations and direct us for future research. Two general areas of drug activity are (1) interference with energy-generating metabolism, and (2) interference with proper neuromuscular coordination. Few exceptions are found to these areas because the target organisms require little else for survival. The target of most previously effective and many presently effective anthelmintics is an adult parasite. Adult helminth parasites must maintain an advantageous feeding site and must transport and metabolize substrates (primarily glucose) to generate life-maintaining energy. Adult worms have almost no other short-term requirements for survival because they have little or no metabolic activity in either lipid synthesis or oxidation, nucleic acid synthesis, or protein synthesis (except egg-laying). Examination of specifics of energy-generating metabolism and putative neurochemical transmitters allows us certain predictions in relating a given drug activity to an individual species. These examinations indicate that such diversity exists among helminth metabolic or nervous systems that a broad-spectrum anthelmintic would most likely inhibit at several sensitive points. Published information on drug action and differences in data interpretation are discussed. Two novel areas for future anthelmintic investigations may be (1) juvenile hormone or ecdysone analogs, and (2) pheromones. A combined empirical and rational approach to the development of new drugs may be the most efficient avenue of future research.
Piece of Cake: Children's Birthday Celebrations and Alternatives to Consumer Culture

Abstract Based on qualitative interviews with 20 mothers and 12 fathers from diverse class and racial backgrounds, this article develops a grounded theory of parents' complex experiences with their children's birthday celebrations. Like a piece of cake, these experiences are multi-layered, multi-textured, and cooked up by parents and children as they choose from the array of products available in consumer culture. Parents savor these celebrations as times to do something their children enjoy, to be with family, and to foster children's relationships with each other. At the same time, however, many parents also struggle with the effects of consumer culture. They both embrace and critique it, enjoying and seeking to resist the emphasis on consuming things and experiences. They use their imaginations to create a variety of celebrations, many of which have alternative qualities, where children engage in shared activities, develop their relationships with their friends and families, and de-emphasize high level...
Fault tolerant networks with small degree

In this paper, we study the design of fault tolerant networks for arrays and meshes by adding redundant nodes and edges. For a target graph G (linear array or mesh in this paper), a graph G′ is called a k-fault-tolerant graph of G if when we remove any k nodes from G′, it still contains a subgraph isomorphic to G. The major quality measures for a fault-tolerant graph are the number of spare nodes it uses and the maximum degree it has. The degree is particularly important in practice as it poses constraints on the scalability of the system. In this paper, we aim at designing fault-tolerant graphs with both small degree and small number of spare nodes. The graphs we obtain have degree O(1) for arrays and O(log3 k) for meshes. The number of spare nodes used are O(k log2 k) and O(k2/log k), respectively. Compared to the previous results, the number of spare nodes used in our construction has one fewer linear factor in k.
Pressure Driven Ligand Rearrangement Reaction in a Cobalt−Chloride Complex

We report experimental results concerning the occurrence and rate of the reaction CoCl2(EtOH)2 + 4EtOH → Co(EtOH)62+ + 2Cl- induced by transient high pressure. The experimental probe used to interrogate the system was time-resolved visible light spectroscopy. The transient high pressures induced in the samples were produced by projectiles launched by a single-stage gas gun; consequently, the hydrodynamic flows experienced by the samples were well-defined. The pressures the test samples were subjected to were in the range 0.75−6.7 GPa. Ambient-pressure control experiments, in which the reaction was induced by altering sample temperature, are also reported. For a 20/80 wt % CoCl2·6H2O/EtOH solution, shocked to ca. 6.7 GPa, we observed the disappearance of signature spectrum of the CoCl2(EtOH)2 species and the appearance of the spectrum of the Co(EtOH)62+ structure. The cobalt structure on the left side of the equilibrium equation above is tetrahedral, while that on the right is octahedral. In shock-pressuri...
Politicians, Deficits, and Monetary Policy in the U.S. Revisited

This paper reconsiders the evidence regarding the existence of executive and congressional influences on monetary policy in the U.S. Results regarding the source of the federal deficit (cyclical or structural) provide evidence that structural deficits occurring under Democratic presidential administrations have a significant impact on money growth rates, but those occurring under their Republican counterparts may not. Although the evidence regarding cyclical deficits is statistically weaker, their more limited influence on monetary growth rates appears to be similar regardless of whether they occur under Democratic or Republican presidents. This contrasts with previous research which suggests that cyclical deficits influence monetary growth rates under Democratic administrations while structural deficits generated a similar monetary response regardless of which party held the presidency.
Conductive hydrogel for bio-electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen

Abstract An enzyme-immobilized electrode represents an important kind of biosensor or bioelectronic device. In this paper, a method of incorporating laccase on an electrode was demonstrated using the electrosynthesis of polypyrrole (pPy) with its redox mediator and alginate as co-dopants. Linear sweep voltammetry showed that the pPy film exhibited biocatalytic activity towards oxygen to water reduction. The catalytic activity and the stability of the film could be controlled by the concentration of alginate used during electrosynthesis. A micropattern of the film revealed its bi-layer structure—where an inner layer of pPy was covered with an outer layer of alginate gel, and demonstrated the geometric control of the film deposition.
The role of neighborhood ecological assets and activity involvement in youth developmental outcomes: Differential impacts of asset poor and asset rich neighborhoods

Developmental system theories recognize that variables from multiple levels of organization within the bioecology of human development contribute to adolescent development, including individual factors, family factors and the neighborhood which includes extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities provide a context for youth development, and participation has been linked with positive developmental outcomes. This study uses data from a subsample of early adolescents in the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development to determine whether neighborhood assets moderate the effect of adolescent activity involvement on positive and negative developmental outcomes. The relationship between activity involvement and neighborhood assets was different for girls as compared to boys when assessing outcomes of positive youth development, risk behavior, and depression. Consistent with a developmental systems perspective, the findings affirm the need for researchers and practitioners to consider multiple contextual influences when seeking to understand or promote, respectively, positive youth development.
Solid-State Reaction Kinetics Determination via in Situ Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction

Abstract Novel sample preparation and data reduction techniques were used to determine quantitative phase abundances from in situ time-resolved X-ray diffraction data and to follow the rate of solid-state reactions. This is illustrated by a study of the formation of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6 from an intimate mixture of BaCO 3 , CuO, anti Y 2 O 3 under controlled atmospheres. Thin layers of precursor powder were used as samples to minimize thermal gradients and obtain suitable data for Rietveld refinement. The mass fractions of the reacting phases were determined by comparing the integrated intensities of selected reflections acquired over short time intervals during the reaction to those at the end of the reaction. Phase abundances were quantified via Rietveld refinement of room-temperature diffraction data taken upon completion of the reactions.
The Importance of Taxonomy to Biological Control as Illustrated by the Cryptic History of Aphytis Holoxanthus N. Sp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), a Parasite of Chrysomphalus Aonidum, and Aphytis Coheni N. Sp., A Parasite of Aonidiella Aurantii

Past misidentification of Aphytis holoxanthus n. sp. as Aphytis lingnanensis Comp. retarded its use and distribution in various countries for the biological control of Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.). To a lesser degree the same applies also to Aphytis coheni n. sp., a parasite on Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) in Israel, which was thought to be Aphytis lingnanensis. The correct identification makes an additional parasite species available for testing in biological control attempts against Aonidiella aurantii. Aphytis holoxanthus and Aphytis coheni are described as new species. A key separating them from other similar appearing species is given.
The structure of helical interplanetary magnetic fields

The interplanetary magnetic field is known to be highly helical. Although the detailed spatial structure of the fields has yet to be elucidated, the helicity spectrum has been conjectured to result from a random walk in the direction of a constant magnitude magnetic field vector. A model using three-dimensional fluctuations with variations in B is demonstrated giving a good fit to the helicity spectrum as well as to other properties of the interplanetary magnetic field.
Competence motivation and interpersonal evaluation

Interpersonal attraction in a face-to-face setting is examined in relation to attitude similarity-dissimilarity and accomplice liking for the S. In contrast to previous research (Byrne & Griffitt, 1966), attraction scores in the dislike range were observed. Ss reciprocated the stranger's evaluation and attraction toward them regardless of the degree of attitude similarity. Both reciprocal attraction and similarity attraction effects are discussed in terms of Byrne and Clore's (1967) competence-reinforcement theory of attraction. The association between attitude similarity and interpersonal attraction is well documented in a number of studies (Byrne, 1971). Byrne has argued that similar attitudes function as positive reinforcements; attraction then increases as a linear function of the proportion of similar attitudes (Byrne & Clore, 1967). Aronson and Worchel (1966) have proposed an alternative account of the similarity attraction effect. Rather than reinforcements, similar attitudes function as cues to the likelihood that the stranger would like the S. The individual has presumably learned to expect approval from persons with similar attitudes. The expectancy of being liked elicits attraction toward the similar stranger. In support of this inferred attraction hypothesis, Aronson and Worchel (1966) found that "liking" had a Significant effect on attraction regardless of attitude similarity-dissimilarity . Subsequent research (Byrne & Griffitt, 1966) indicated that the absence of a relationship between similarity and attraction in the Aronson et al study was attributable to their use of a restricted range of attitude Similarity-dissimilarity . Byrne and Griffitt (1966) concluded, however, that personal evaluations were much more important influences on attraction than similar attitudes. In both the Aronson and Byrne studies the accomplice not only evaluated the S negatively, but also insulted the S by describing him as "shallow, uninteresting, and uniformed." In no condition was a mean attraction score less than 8.0, which indicates liking, observed with the interpersonal judgment scale. Two possible accounts are suggested, (a) that Ss found the situation unbelievable or (b) that "dislike" ratings do not occur in face-to-face paradigms. Research by Gormly (in press) suggests that the latter hypothesis is inadequate, because this investigator reported mean attraction scores in the dislike range in response to face-to-face disagreements. The absence of scores in the dislike range in the Aronson-Byrne studies is probably attributable to S suspicion.
Association Between Self-Reported Prior Wrist Fractures and Risk of Subsequent Hip and Radiographic Vertebral Fractures in Older Women: A Prospective Study†

In this large prospective cohort study of elderly women, the relationships between prior wrist fracture and incident hip and radiographic vertebral fractures were significantly attenuated when adjusted for BMD. This study suggests that BMD thresholds for drug therapy to prevent osteoporotic fracture should be only modestly adjusted in those with prior wrist fracture compared with those without prior wrist fracture. Validation of such an approach would require intervention trials in patients with prior wrist fracture. Introduction: Prior wrist fracture has been identified as a risk factor for incident hip and vertebral fractures and proposed as a criterion for determining who should be offered drug therapy to prevent osteoporotic fracture, even if their hip BMD T score is > −2.5. Previously published studies of the relationships between prior wrist fracture and incident hip and vertebral fractures did not adjust for BMD. Materials and Methods: We ascertained prior history of wrist fracture since age 50, measured calcaneal and hip BMD, and performed lateral spine films in a cohort of 9704 elderly community-dwelling women, and then followed them prospectively for incident vertebral and hip fractures. Incident vertebral fractures were defined by morphometry using lateral spine radiography at the first examination and an average of 3.7 years later. Incident hip fractures were confirmed with radiographic reports over a mean follow-up period of 10.1 years. Results: Prior wrist fracture was associated with an age-adjusted 72% increased odds of incident radiographic vertebral fracture (odds ratio [OR], 1.72; 95% CI, 1.31–2.25). After adjustment for calcaneal BMD, the association of prior wrist fracture with incident radiographic vertebral fracture was attenuated (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05–1.83). Prior wrist fracture was also associated with an age-adjusted 43% excess rate of incident hip fracture (hazards ratio [HR], 1.43; 95% CI, 1.17–1.74). After adjustment for hip BMD, the association of prior wrist fracture with rate of incident hip fracture was no longer statistically significant (HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.92–1.38). Conclusion: In elderly women, prior wrist fracture is a risk factor for radiographic vertebral fracture independent of BMD. The association between prior wrist fracture and incident hip fracture is largely explained by hip BMD. Modest adjustment of BMD drug treatment thresholds for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in those with prior wrist fracture compared with those without prior wrist fracture may be reasonable, but validation of such an approach would require intervention trials in patients with prior wrist fracture.
Scanning-tunneling-microscopy study of Pb on Si(111)

Scanning-tunneling microscopy has been used to study temperature and coverage dependence of the structure of lead on the Si(111)-7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surface. For low Pb coverage, the Pb atoms favored the faulted sites. The ratio between the number of Pb atoms on faulted to unfaulted sites increased after sample annealing. An energy difference of 0.05 eV associated with a Pb atom on these two sites is estimated. The mobility of Pb atoms on Si(111) was observed at a temperature as low as 260 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for a coverage of 0.1 and 1 ML.
Ocular manifestations of Behçet's disease.

The manifestations, possible etiological factors and therapeutical modalities of ocular Behcet are outlined. The major ocular findings involve both the anterior and posterior uvea. The vasculitis retinae, the periphlebitis and the pipe stem sheathing along with the recurrent vitreous hemorrhages lead to the visual impairment. Exacerbation and remission of the ocular inflammatory processes are characteristic. However, the impairment of visual function occurring after each attack is generally irreversible. The effectiveness of the present modalities of treatment is uncertain. Chlorambucil ® in doses of 6–8 mg daily appears to have an outstanding beneficial effect. However, carefully monitored control studies are lacking and should be conducted before any unequivocal conclusions can be reached. It appears to us that the etiology-pathology of Behcet's disease might be a sequence of events triggered by an interaction between a virus and specific receptors on the host cell membrane (HLA determined?). This initial interaction is followed by a malregulation of the host immune mechanism leading to autoimmune phenomena which are characteristics of the disease.
A Tale of Two Paramilitaries The Political Economy of Local Paramilitary Rule in the Magdalena Medio, Colombia

This essay analyzes the emergence of different forms of paramilitary rule in the Magdalena Medio region of Colombia. The Magdalena Medio was home to the most notoriously successful anti-insurgent paramilitary movement of the Colombian conflict. By the late 1980s, paramilitary forces had violently evicted leftist insurgents, and had begun constructing a model anti-revolutionary order. However, within this economically diverse region that spans four departments and 29 municipalities, paramilitary rule varied significantly, particularly between rural and urban zones. The emergence of distinct models of paramilitary rule is puzzling given the strong organizational ties that connected Magdalena Medio paramilitary leaders. The object of this analysis is to explain this variation with a comparison of paramilitary rule in two Magdalena Medio municipalities: urban Puerto Boyaca and rural Puerto Triunfo. I argue that local variation in paramilitary rule is primarily due to political, economic and class structural differences between urban and rural zones.
Investigations on the structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus Neoformans type B

Abstract 1. 1. The composition and structure of the capsular polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans Type B were studied. 2. 2. Xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid were isolated from hydrolysates of the polysaccharide and identified by their derivatives. Galactose was isolated and identified by paper chromatography. 3. 3. Partial hydrolysis yielded several oligosaccharides. All of these contained mannose at the reducing end. 4. 4. The findings on the composition of these oligosaccharides and the results on the rate of release of the specific monosaccharides suggest that the polysaccharide consists of a mannan backbone with branches of xylose and glucuronic acid.
Approach to implementing a DICOM network: incorporate both economics and workflow adaptation

This paper describes an approach to aide in the decision-making process for the justification and design of a digital image and information management system. It identifies key technical and clinical issues that need to be addressed by a healthcare institution during this process. Some issues identified here are very controversial and may take months or years for a department to determine solutions which meet their specific staffing, financial, and technical needs.