cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Missing: Native American Governance in American Public Administration Literature

Native American tribes have a unique status in American law, and Native organizations increasingly assert their rights in a variety of areas from adoption to fishing to gambling. State, local, and ...
Sheets of embryonic epidermis can be isolated and cultured with or without the basal lamina

In the current study, we determine the concentration of Dispase II, a neutral protease, and the incubation time necessary for isolation of embryonic avian epidermis. The epidermis can be isolated from the dermis consistently with or without the basal lamina. Because the action of Dispase II is selective and easily controlled, this study suggests that Dispase can serve as a powerful tool for studying epidermal-extracellular matrix interactions. In further experiments we study the response of sheets of epidermis isolated with and without its basal lamina to extracellular matrix. When the epidermis is isolated without the basal lamina, the basal surface blebs and the actin in the basal cytoplasm are disrupted. Epidermis isolated without the basal lamina and cultured on extracellular matrix reorganizes the basal actin mat and retracts the blebs. However, epidermis isolated without the basal lamina and cultured in the absence of extracellular matrix continues to have blebs and a disorganized actin cortical mat. In contrast, the control epidermis isolated with the basal lamina retains a flat basal surface and organized actin cortical mat after culturing either with or without extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix has been shown by many investigators to play an important role in cytoskeletal organization, metabolism, and differentiation. How the extracellular matrix interacts and influences these functions has not been completely elucidated. The ability to isolate tissue consistently with and without its basal lamina using Dispase II will facilitate addressing these and other epithelial cell biology questions.
Stacking Graphene Channels in Parallel for Enhanced Performance With the Same Footprint

Using the unique ability of graphene to be transferred to virtually any surface, field-effect transistors are demonstrated with vertically stacked graphene channels that are electrically connected in parallel. The graphene in each layer is double gated, with all gates in the stack connected to a common gate electrode. We show that the performance of these devices scales linearly with the number of stacked graphene channels at rates of approximately 500 μA/μm and 200 μS/μm per layer for the on-current and peak transconductance, respectively. This demonstration reveals the ability to employ graphene in a novel fashion for tuning and amplifying the performance of a transistor without changing the device footprint.
Improving outcomes of percutaneous coronary intervention through the application of guidelines and benchmarking: Reduction of major bleeding and blood transfusion as a model

Blood transfusions are a relatively common occurrence after performing any percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Although guidelines for blood transfusion have been previously specified, retrospective analysis of transfusion practices have suggested that these guidelines are rarely applied. We describe a model for the application of a continuous quality improvement program including benchmarking and available guidelines for blood transfusion, aimed toward reducing transfusion rates among patients undergoing PCI.
Effects of chlorpromazine on the disposition and beta-adrenergic blocking activity of propranolol in the dog.

The effects of chlorpromazine (100 mg p.o., 2 hr before propranolol) on the disposition and beta-adrenergic blocking actions of both intravenous (6 mg) and oral (40 mg) propranolol were studied in the dog. Chlorpromazine pretreatment significantly reduced (69%) the oral clearance of propranolol, resulting in significant increases in propranolol bioavailability (159%), and in the total beta-adrenergic blocking activity (111%) after the oral dose. The increase in the total beta-adrenergic blocking activity of oral propranolol after chlorpromazine pretreatment was mostly due to an increased contribution from the parent compound; the apparent activity from active propranolol metabolites was not affected by chlorpromazine. Chlorpromazine pretreatment had no significant influence on the systemic clearance, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution, and plasma binding of propranolol, or on the apparent hepatic blood flow. After intravenous propranolol, chlorpromazine pretreatment had no effect on either the total amount of beta-adrenergic blocking activity or the amount of activity attributable to active metabolites. The decreased oral propranolol clearance by chlorpromazine was seen as a shift to the left in the propranolol dose vs. AUC relationship, eliminating the apparent nonlinear kinetic behavior of oral propranolol, and reducing the apparent oral threshold dose. Chlorpromazine's major, if not only, effect on propranolol disposition was to reduce the presystemic elimination of propranolol, possibly through inhibition of its metabolism via a pathway other than ring oxidation.
Growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Highly Concentrated Ultrafiltered Skim Milk Potentates

Abstract Buffer capacity of ultrafiltered skim milk retentates at various protein concentrations and growth of direct set, frozen concentrated lactic starter cultures in such retentates were studied. Maximum buffering occurred at approximately pH 5.1 to 5.3. An average .48% lactic acid concentration was required to reduce the pH of plain skim milk to 4.6 compared with 1.01% for skim milk retentates concentrated 2.3:1 and 1.14% for skim milk retentate concentrated 2.6:1. Skim milk retentates concentrated 4.3:1 and 5.8:1 were unable to attain pH 4.6 even when titratable acid was greater than 1.8%. Lactic acid required to reduce pH to 4.6 for the two lower concentrated retentates (2.3:1 and 2.6:1) were 1.85 and 2.45%. Time to attain pH 4,6 was a function of the bacterial cell concentration of the cultures and the total protein level of retentates. Starter organism growth was unaffected by high total solids or ash of retentates. Growth rate and lactose metabolism decreased markedly below pH 5.2 at which point bacterial population was 10 9 cfu/ml.
Grain growth in nanocrystalline metal thin films under in situ ion-beam irradiation

In-situ observations in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to study the microstructure evolution in metal Zr, Pt, Cu, and Au nanocrystalline thin films under ion-beam irradiation. Free-standing films were prepared by sputter deposition. Samples were irradiated in-situ at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope (IVEM) at Argonne National Laboratory with Ar and Kr ions to fluences in excess of 1016 ion/cm2. As a result of irradiation, grain growth was observed in all samples using Bright Field (BF) imaging in the TEM. The average grain size increased monotonically with ion fluence until it reached a saturation value. Similarly to thermal grain growth, the ion-irradiation induced grain growth curves could be best fitted with curves of the type: Dn-D0n=KΦ. The irradiations were done at temperatures ranging from 20 to 773 K. The results suggest the existence of three regimes with respect to irradiating temperature: (i) a purely thermal regime, which appears to start above the bulk coarse-grained recrystallization temperature, (ii) a thermally assisted regime where thermal diffusion and irradiation effects combine to increase the rate of grain growth relative to that resulting from either of these mechanisms alone, and (iii) an athermal regime (low-temperature regime) where irradiation can by itself cause grain growth. The transition temperature between the athermal regime and the thermally assisted regime depends on the material, but is in the range 0.14–0.22 times the melting point. The influence of the ion type was also investigated on Zr-Fe irradiated with 600 keV Kr ions versus 600 keV Ar ions.
SU-FF-T-40: A Robust Proton Treatment Planning Strategy to Account the Diaphragm Motion for the Esophagus Cancer Using 4D CT

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to design a treatment plan so that the target will be adequately covered on each phase of four‐dimensional computed tomography (4D CT) for patients with large diaphragm motion when the same treatment plan was recalculated in all 10 phases of the 4D CT.Method: We evaluate two planning strategies based on (1) average CT and (2) inspiration CT. For both strategies, smearing, proximal and distal margins were adjusted to improve the target dose coverage for 10 phases of 4D CT. For an esophagus patient with large diaphragm motion (∼5cm), a treatment plan was designed based on strategies (1) and (2). The same treatment plan was recalculated in all 10 phases of the 4D CT.Result: For strategy (1), internal target volume (ITV) prescription dose coverage at inspiration/expiration phase decreased/increased from 99.3%/91.5% to 94.6%/99.6% when the smearing margin was increased from 0.5 cm to 3.5 cm. Adjusting the distal and proximal margin had not effect on the ITV coverage. For strategy (2), using the smearing margin 3.5 cm and an increased distal margin for one of the three beams, the ITV prescription dose coverage is at least 99.5% for all ten phases of 4D CT.Conclusion: By designing a proton treatment plan on the inspiration phase with slightly adjusted planning parameters, it is possible to have the target adequately covered for the esophagus cancer patient with large diaphragm motion.
Age-related changes in reproductive effort of male bison

The behavior of male bison during the rut was studied, to test the prediction that reproductive effort should increase with age. Because bull bison do not show parental care, the major component of reproductive effort is competition with other bulls to obtain copulations with estrous females. Data were collected on activity budgets during the pre-rut and rut seasons, on interactions with other bulls, and on proximity to tended females during the rut. Participation in the rut started at ages 5–6. Older bulls showed greater percent time active and less percent time eating than younger bulls. The older bulls also had higher counts of dominance and fight-related interactions and lower counts for behavior associated with submission than did the younger bulls. Risk taken seemed to increase with age since bulls aged 6 to 12 participated more frequently in dangerous activities associated with fighting. Within the 6 to 12 year old group, activity patterns changed little with age. However, from the interaction information, peak ages of 8 to 11 years appeared. For the activities: back up, chase, clash, head nod, jump away, move away, run away, run toward, push heads, dominant, and risk, 11 and 12 year olds more closely resembled younger bulls. This suggests a reproductive effort curve that is flat at zero until about age 6, increases to age 8, flattens out again to around age 10, and then decreases somewhat. Reproductive effort in male bison thus generally conforms with life-history theory predictions.
Incorporating 12-Step Group Attendance in Addictions Courses: A Cross-Cultural Experience.

ABSTRACT The development of cultural competency skills is important for a clinician in any cross-cultural setting where a working knowledge of the client's culture is important to the delivery of services. This paper suggests that incorporating attendance at Twelve Step recovery programs may begin to facilitate cultural competency for students, or at the very least provide exposure to the culture through a cross-cultural experience. From the perspective of cultural competency, an understanding of the culture of Twelve Step groups is important to any clinician working with clients who may be referred to, and/or are members of a Twelve Step group. This article defines cultural competency, applies this to the culture that has developed around Twelve Step groups, and provides a model of integrating Twelve Step meeting attendance into addictions coursework as a mechanism for development of cultural responsiveness with addicted clients.
Research Note---Business Value of Information Technology: Testing the Interaction Effect of IT and R&D on Tobin's Q

The business case for investing in information technology IT has received increasing scrutiny in recent years. We propose that IT investments create additional business value through interactions with other business processes. In this paper, we formalize the interaction effect of IT by focusing on one core function, namely, research and development R&D. We hypothesize that investments in IT can interact with and complement a firm's R&D investments, enhancing the firm's shareholder value creation potential. We test this by hypothesis by estimating the interaction impact of IT and R&D investments on Tobin's q, a forward-looking measure of firm performance using a recent multiyear, firm-level, archival data set. Our results suggest that the interaction effect of R&D and IT on Tobin's q is positive and significant after controlling for other firm-and industry-specific effects. Our findings provide rigorous empirical support for recent anecdotal evidence in the managerial literature with respect to the manner in which IT is enabling R&D-intensive innovation processes. Our analysis underscores the need for coordinated investments in IT and R&D, and permeating IT capabilities throughout other business processes such as R&D.
An Alternative Certification Program: Career Transition

Abstract Alternative certification programs hold promise for increasing the supply of qualified teachers in our schools. The Military Career Transition Program (MCTP) at Old Dominion University is an innovative teacher education program which certifies persons leaving the military and seeking a second career in teaching. The program provides counseling and advising for career transition as well as placement and follow-up seminars to assist with career induction. The MCTP has prepared approximately 250 people to begin teaching as a second career. As of July 1994, 172 of approximately 250 graduates had secured teaching positions in twenty-four states. This number is expected to increase as employment for the 1994–1995 school year begins. The MCTP has grown from the original 40 participants to over 800 students pursuing coursework leading to teacher certification and graduate degrees in elementary, secondary, special, and technical education.
Work in progress - identifying learning outcomes of a multi-semester international program in mechanical engineering

Global competencies are critical for new engineering graduates, but gaining actual international experience is difficult for engineering students. International programs are not easy to embed in tightly packed engineering curriculums. Additionally, programs are expensive for both students and for schools. Consequently, assessing international program impact is imperative. Understanding a broad range of learning outcomes contributes to sustaining and to scaling programs. Toward those ends, preliminary outcomes for participants in an innovative international program, the Global Engineering Alliance for Research and Education (GEARE) are presented. Work in progress encompasses written survey data and also data gathered in face-to-face "focus group" interaction. Students in the Purdue-Karlsruhe GEARE cohort report substantial change over time in accommodating to new cultural contexts but program impact differs across cultural groups. Purdue GEARE programs have been developed with Shanghai Jiao Tong University and with IIT-Mumbai. The Purdue-Karlsruhe group is the first GEARE group to undergo assessment
Correlates of Depression Among the Soviet Jewish Immigrant Elderly

This exploratory study examined the prevalence rates of depressive symptoms among the elderly Soviet Jewish immigrants living in Southern California. Structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 50 self-identified Jewish elderly immigrants from the former Soviet Union, assessing their level of depression, health status, primary need areas, and family support. According to the results, 72% of the respondents reported mild to severe levels of depression. Age and satisfaction with the family assistance turned out to be significantly correlated with the level of depression among this group. Implications for human services practice with vulnerable older immigrant populations are discussed.
Situational Judgment Tests: A Review of Practice and Constructs Assessed

In this article, we seek to summarize current practice concerning situational judgment tests in personnel selection. We begin by describing the manner in which situational judgment tests are developed and examining the diverse ways in which situational items are presented and scored. We then offer speculation concerning constructs assessed by situational judgment tests as well as discuss the legal aspect of situational judgment measures. We also review meta-analytic evidence concerning the construct validity of situational judgment tests and offer several new meta-analytic findings. Situational judgment tests are shown to be typically correlated moderately with general mental ability. Their primary personality correlates are emotional stability, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. Situational test scores also tend to increase with increasing years of job experience. The article concludes with a list of areas that need addressed in future research.
Scattering of 65 MeV helium ions from O16

Abstract In the inelastic scattering of 65 MeV helium ions by O16, the following levels of O16 were excited: 6.134, 6.918, 7.118, 8.876, 9.850, 10.363, 11.083, 11.52, 12.02, 12.443+12.528 (unresolved), 12.968+13.101 (unresolved), 13.981 and 14.94 MeV. Angular distributions were obtained for the particle groups corresponding to nearly all these O16 levels. The levels at 8.876, 11.083, 12.528, 12.968 and 13.981 are of unnatural parity (i.e., parity (−)J+1). At small angles the angular distributions of the 8.876 MeV 2− level oscillates in phase with the elastic angular distribution as a negative parity level should, but at angles greater than 45°, it behaves more like a positive parity level. The T = 1 levels at 12.968 and 13.101 MeV were excited about as strongly as neighbouring T = 0 levels. All negative parity levels of the p−1(s, d) configuration were observed where not forbidden by selection rules or obscured by their great width. The 9.59 MeV 1− level was not observed; this confirms that it is a level of three-particle excitation. The 3− level at 6.134 MeV showed collective enhancement of its cross section.
Working with Large Class Size: Dispositions of Early Childhood Teachers in India

Using sociocultural-historical constructivism, and post-colonial theory, the author conducted a study to examine, through the perceptions of teachers, school principals, and teacher educators, the relationship between the preparation and practice of early childhood teachers in private schools in New Delhi, India. The research questions collectively focused upon the aims of education that were prioritized by the educators, the philosophical and theoretical sources these educational aims drew upon, and the teachers' perceptions of their classroom practice, of the effectiveness of teacher education programs, and of the strongest influences on their teaching practice. One emergent finding of the study illustrated how early childhood teachers worked in classes that averaged 43 children. This article describes the aims of education that were prioritized by the early childhood teachers, and how they implemented these aims in their large classes. The author provides examples of teaching strategies and teacher dispositions through her own observations and through the teachers' articulation of their practice. The author also presents the teachers' perceptions of successful teaching and how they evaluated themselves as being successful, or not, at the end of a school year. The article concludes with an analysis that contextualizes large class size in Indian schools and a discussion on the relationship between small class size, Western developmental discourse, and issues of privilege and power.
"Beaned": A 5-Year Analysis of Baseball-Related Injuries of the Face.

OBJECTIVES: Baseball remains one of the most popular and safest games played by children and adults in America and worldwide. Rules and equipment changes have continued to make the game safer. For youth leagues, pitching restrictions, safety balls, helmets, and face mask equipment continue to make the game safer. With increased utilization of safety equipment, the objective was to analyze recent trends in baseball-related facial injuries. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of a national database. METHODS: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was searched for baseball-related facial injuries with analysis of incidence, age, and sex and specific injury diagnoses, mechanisms, and facial locations. RESULTS: From 2009 to 2013, there were 5270 cases entries, or 187,533 estimated emergency department (ED) visits, due to baseball-related facial injuries. During this time, there was a significant decline in the incidence of ED visits (P =.014). Inclusion criteria were met by 3208 visits. The majority of injuries occurred in patients ≤18 years old (81.5%). The most common injury was laceration (33.2%), followed by contusion (29.7%) and fracture (26.9%), while the most common injury site on the face was the nose (24.9%). The injuries were most commonly due to impact from a baseball (70%) or a bat (12.5%). CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of ED visits due to baseball-related facial injuries has decreased over the past 5 years, concurrent with increased societal use of protective equipment. Nonetheless, these injuries remain a common source for ED visits, and a continued effort to utilize safety measures should be made, particularly in youth leagues. Language: en
Faster antenna optimization using a hybrid EP-PSO algorithm

In this paper, we outlined the application of a new hybrid of EP and PSO algorithms to two antenna problems: side-lobe-level minimization of a non-uniformly spaced linear array and pattern synthesis of a partially reflective surface fed by a microstrip dipole. It was shown that in both cases the hybrid EP-PSO algorithm outperform the EP only and PSO only algorithms. Examples of other optimization problems together with the use of alternative mutation operators in equation (5) will be discussed in the presentation.
Developmental Implications of Earlier Dates for Early Aztec in the Basin of Mexico

Archaeologists working in the Basin of Mexico have long accepted a chronology in which sequential ceramic phases (Metepec, Coyotlatelco, Mazapan, Aztec I, and Aztec II) define the period between the last stages of Classic Teotihuacan and the immediate antecedents of Late Postclassic Tenochtitlan. The absolute chronology of these phases has remained tentative, and there have been hints of possible temporal overlap between some of them. A series of 37 new radiocarbon dates from three deep, stratified sites in the Basin of Mexico suggest (1) that the traditional sequence of phases is essentially valid; (2) that both Coyotlatelco and Aztec I may have begun significantly earlier than traditionally believed; (3) that there may have been partial chronological overlap between Late Coyotlatelco and Early Aztec I in some parts of the basin; (4) that there was probably little significant temporal overlap between Aztec I and Aztec II; and (5) that the ethnohistorically recognized sociopolitical complexity of the long era in question is amply reflected in a regional ceramic sequence that still requires considerable refinement in both time and space.
Liver vitamin content and adrenal cortical function.

THAT extracts of the adrenal gland are capable of elevating the blood sugar level and liver glycogen stores has been known for some time (Britton and Silvette, 1932). Moreover, the ability to cause deposition of glycogen in the livers of adrenalectomized rats and mice has provided a useful basis for the assay of corticoid substances (Reinecke and Kendall, 1942; Venning, et al., 1946). In view of the importance of B-vitamins in carbohydrate metabolism, it seemed desirable to determine whether the effect of the adrenal cortex on glycogen formation in the liver is accompanied by an alteration in the vitamin content of the liver. This approach also seemed of interest in view of the reported implication of pantothenic acid in adrenal function and in cholesterol metabolism (Ralli and Dumm, 1952; Guehring et al., 1952). METHODS Adult female Holtzman rats were adrenalectomized under ether anaesthesia through a lumbar approach.
Chebyshev's inequality for nonparametric testing with small N and α in microarray research

Summary. Microarrays are a powerful new technology that allow for the measurement of the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously. Owing to relatively high costs, sample sizes tend to be quite small. If investigators apply a correction for multiple testing, a very small p-value will be required to declare significance. We use modifications to Chebyshev's inequality to develop a testing procedure that is nonparametric and yields p-values on the interval [0, 1]. We evaluate its properties via simulation and show that it both holds the type I error rate below nominal levels in almost all conditions and can yield p-values denoting significance even with very small sample sizes and stringent corrections for multiple testing.
Fabrication of Au/p-Si Schottky barrier for EBIC study

A simple method for the fabrication of a Au/p-Si Schottky barrier suitable for electron beam induced current (EBIC) study has been developed. The mechanical and electrical properties of the fabricated Au/p-Si Schottky barriers have been tested, and EBIC measurements of the dislocation contrast have been conducted using the fabricated Schottky barriers.
Dynamics of a Class of Horizontal Setback Buildings with Flexible Floor Diaphragm

This technical note presents a convenient modeling/design procedure for a class horizontal setback building to minimize the adverse effect of in-plane floor flexibility. Existence of such a class requires proportional eigenvalue problems of all the constituting frames regardless of the floor properties. For L, T, + etc. shape of buildings, the eigenvalue problem (of the frames) along two orthogonal directions need not be proportional. Moreover, the presence of a nonrectangular joint region theoretically precludes the existence of such a class. A step-by-step proportioning procedure, in the presence of a nonrectangular joint region, is outlined such that (1) “nearly” rigid floor modes exist, and (2) participation of the flexible floor modes under spatially uniform ground motion is close to zero.
Assessment of fine-needle aspiration sampling technique in thyroid nodules.

BACKGROUND A prospective two-yr study was undertaken to assess the heterogentity of thyroid nodules using the fine-needle aspiration (FNA) technique of systematic regional sampling. In addition, we determined the number of regions to be sampled to minimize non-diagnostic results, and to optimally characterize thyroid nodules. DESIGN: FNA was performed on 74 nodules ≥ 1.5 cm. in diameter in five distinct regions in sequence (center, then four quadrants starting at 12:00, clockwise). Slides from each region were coded, randomized, subjected to blind review, and categorized as non-diagnostic (ND), benign (B), indeterminate (ID), suspicious/neoplastic (S/N), or malignant (M). Final cytologic diagnosis (CD) was made from all slides of each nodule. RESULTS The ND rate for center FNAs alone was 16%, but addition of the 12:00 region decreased it to 5.3%. With 3, 4, or 5 sequential sites the nondiagnostic rates were 4, 2.6, and 2.6%. The center region diagnosis was identical to the final CD in 71% of the cases. Addition of the 12:00 region increased the concordance to 88%. Three sequential regions equaled the CD in 93% of cases, and 4 regions equaled the CD in 99% of cases. All nodules characterized as M or S/N were resected as were 76% of the ID nodules. Of the 43 nodules characterized as B, 3 were resected, 24 involuted, 6 were unchanged, and 10 were lost to follow-up. All 3 M nodules proved malignant by histology, as did 7/10 S/N, 0/17 ID, and 0/43 B nodules; 3/10 S/N, 1/17 ID and 1/43 B were adenomas. Likelihood ratios for diagnosing neoplasia were ND:0, B:0.10, ID:0.21, S/N:∞, M:∞. CONCLUSIONS Sampling of at least four distinct regions accurately assesses thyroid nodules while minimizing ND results. Regional sampling also addresses intranodular heterogeneity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1998;18:76–80. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The United Nations and Decolonisation, 1960–70

Between 1960 and 1970 decolonisation under the auspices of the U.N. has produced issues which were not foreseen by the drafters of the Charter in 1945. If decolonisation from 1945 to 1960 was governed by the general provisions of Chapters XI, XII, and XIII of the Charter relating to non-selfgoverning and trust territories, the last decade's efforts in the same area have been governed by principles enunciated in the Declaration on Independence adopted by the U.N. General Assembly in 1960 and by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948. The latter period also witnessed action by the United Nations, for the first time in its history, under Chapter VII of the Charter, which deals with enforcement measures.
Application of a Building Management System to Automate a 90-Day Chloroform Inhalation Study

An inhalation exposure study typically requires significant personnel time to control the temperature, relative humidity, air flow, and concentration of the test compound in an inhalation chamber. Static pressure, light cycles, sampling sequence, and other variables may also be controlled. We report on the automation of a whole-body inhalation system using a building management system. The existing building environmental management system (Infinity, Andover Controls, Andover, MA, USA) at the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CUT) was adapted to control the whole-body inhalation facility. Among the features offered by this system are feedback control of exposure parameters, automatic logging of data and user activity, report writing capability, multilevel password security to limit access, simple scheduling procedures, simple programming language, and distributed computer system. A 90-day exposure to chloroform was completed at 0.3, 2, 10, 30, 90, and 300 ppm using the adapted building management ...
Early Effector CD8 T Cells Display Plasticity in Populating the Short-Lived Effector and Memory-Precursor Pools Following Bacterial or Viral Infection

Naive antigen-specific CD8 T cells expand in response to infection and can be phenotypically separated into distinct effector populations, which include memory precursor effector cells (MPECs) and short-lived effector cells (SLECs). In the days before the peak of the T cell response, a third population called early effector cells (EECs) predominate the antigen-specific response. However, the contribution of the EEC population to the CD8 T cell differentiation program during an antimicrobial immune response is not well understood. To test if EEC populations were pre-committed to either an MPEC or SLEC fate, we purified EECs from mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes (LM) or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), where the relative frequency of each population is known to be different at the peak of the response. Sorted EECs transferred into uninfected hosts revealed that EECs were pre-programmed to differentiate based on early signals received from the distinct infectious environments. Surprisingly, when these same EECs were transferred early into mismatched infected hosts, the transferred EECs could be diverted from their original fate. These results delineate a model of differentiation where EECs are programmed to form MPECs or SLECs, but remain susceptible to additional inflammatory stimuli that can alter their fate.
Factors determining per acre market value of hunting leases on Sixteenth Section Lands in Mississippi

We examined hunting lease prices on Sixteenth Section Lands in Mississippi. Hunting leases are auctioned to the highest bidder via sealed bids with the current lessee given the right to match the highest bid. The hedonic method was used to measure the impact of cover type, average Boone and Crocket score and location on hunting lease revenue. Lands in southwest MS with a greater proportion of hardwoods and higher B&C scores generated more revenue than otherwise similar lands in the rest of Mississippi. A policy implication was that land managers may be able to increase revenue by investing in habitat improvement.
Closing Three Common Corporate Tax Loopholes Could Raise Additional Revenue for Many States

The author suggests closing three state corporate tax loopholes to raise revenues. He proposes that states should enact a "throwback rule," enact laws to nullify a corporate tax avoidance strategy based on the use of passive investment companies, and amend the definition of apportionable "business income" to strengthen states' ability tax capital gains realized on the sale of corporate subsidiaries and other assets.
Administrative agencies as creators of administrative law norms: evidence from the UK, France and Sweden

This paper highlights the role of administrative agencies in developing norms of administrative law. Administrative agencies are not just recipients of legal norms; they are important, sophisticated actors that can and do create norms later accepted and adopted by other actors. This can be seen in a variety of contexts. This article focuses on one in particular: the development of norms of transparency and consultation by the agencies regulating telecommunications and electricity in England, France and Sweden.
Response Quality in Telephone Surveys Do Prepaid Cash Incentives Make a Difference

Prepaid survey incentives are an attractive tool for attempting to combat declining response rates. However, researchers have expressed concern that the use of incentives may bring less motivated respondents into the sample, reducing response quality. In this paper, we explore whether a prepaid cash incentive in a telephone survey affected the prevalence of 11 indicators of response quality by comparing the answers of respondents who received a $5 incentive with those of respondents who did not receive one. Significant differences between the incentive and control groups are observed for only two of these 11 indicators; the respondents who received the incentive had less item nonresponse but spent less time per question. We find some evidence that these effects may be limited to the second half of the questionnaire. We also assess whether the effect of the incentive varied according to respondent characteristics, such as age, educational attainment, and household income, finding minimal evidence that this was the case. Overall, these findings should be reassuring for researchers considering the use of prepaid cash incentives.
The NCAA's Exploitation of Student-Athletes

For decades, the NCAA has trumpeted "amateurism" and "student-athletes." But what if this is all a facade? What if these are empty phrases the NCAA hides behind in its embrace of commercialism on the backs of athletes?These are the questions at the heart of Joe Nocera and Ben Strauss’s gripping book Indentured. The authors rip the lid off the NCAA’s celebrated morals, weaving a complex — and sad — story of student exploitation, extravagant riches, and blatant hypocrisy.This short review highlights (1) the commercialism of NCAA football and men’s basketball, (2) students' physical and financial suffering, and (3) a 400-page rulebook selectively wielded by the NCAA to punish the most minor transgressions while ignoring some of the most major lapses.
Consciousness as Presence: An Exploration of the Illusion of Self

Buddhism teaches that ‘self’ as a substantial, enduring entity is an illusion. But for self to be an illusion there must be something in our experience that is misinterpreted as self. What is this? The notion of an experiential self plays an important role in phenomenological investigations of conscious experience. Does the illusion of self consist in mistaking a purely experiential self for a substantial self? I argue against this and locate the source of the illusion in time-consciousness. It is the essence of consciousness to flow, but the flow of consciousness presupposes an experiential present. The experiential present — an abiding sense of ‘now’ — is the dimension through which experiences are experienced as streaming. It is this, I argue, that is misinterpreted as an enduring self. I support my account by arguing that the synchronic and diachronic unity of consciousness can be accounted for in terms of impersonal, temporal experience, and that conceiving of consciousness as the presence-dimension rather than as the I-dimension affords a solution to the brain-bisection puzzle.
Ionic Polyurethanes: Surface and Blood-Contacting Properties

Sulfonated polyetherurethanes, synthesized by the substitution of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the urethane nitrogens with propane sultone, were evaluated in this study. The water absorption properties are dramatically affected by the sulfonate content. The surface properties are also found to be influenced by the percentage of sulfonate incorporation. The blood-contacting properties, as determined by both an acute and chronic canine ex vivo experiment, show increased thromboresistance with increased propyl sulfonate incorporation. A unique characteristic of the highly sulfonated polymers is the negligible platelet activation and spreading observed using scanning electron microscopy.
Analgesic drugs for neuropathic and sympathetically maintained pain.

Neuropathic and sympathetically maintained pain often presents diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas for clinicians; such pain often is resistant to opioids and other conventional analgesics. Chronic pain syndromes that result frequently require multimodal management. The pathophysiologic basis of these types of pain is reviewed briefly. Sympathetically maintained pain is managed largely with sympathetic nerve blocks and rehabilitation. Calcium channel blockers can be useful adjuncts. Drugs that are useful in neuropathic pain including tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, systemic local anesthetics, and topical capsaicin are described. Other systemic and topical agents that have been used for this indication also are addressed. Several N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists currently being investigated offer promise of improved neuropathic pain management. The use of antiviral agents to decrease severity of postherpetic neuralgia is described.
Surfactant-Polymer Flooding

In this chapter, the fundamentals of surfactant flooding are covered, which include microemulsion properties, phase behavior, interfacial tension, capillary desaturation, surfactant adsorption and retention, and relative permeabilities. The surfactant–polymer interactions are discussed. The mechanisms and screening criteria are briefly discussed. The field cases presented include low-tension waterflooding (Loma Novia, Wichita County Regular field), sequential micellar/polymer flooding (El Dorado, Sloss), micellar/polymer flooding (Torchlight and Delaware-Childers), and Minas SP project preparation and SP flooding (Gudong).
“Why Wait Years to Become Something?” Low-income African American Youth and the Costly Career Search in For-profit Trade Schools

Increasing numbers of low-income and minority youth are now pursuing shorter-duration sub-baccalaureate credentials at for-profit trade and technical schools. However, many students drop out of the...
Computational Study of Reduction Potentials of Th4+ Compounds and Hydrolysis of ThO2(H2O)n, n = 1, 2, 4.

The stability of Th4+ to reduction in water is studied by DFT methods. The standard reduction potential (SRP) of homoleptic complexes including Th(H2O)94+, Th(H2O)104+, Th(NO3)4, Th(NO2)62–, Th(NO3)62–, Th(COT)2, Th(acac)4, ThCp4, ThF4, and ThCl4 have been investigated. The values vary widely (from −3.50 V for Th(OH)4 to −0.62 V for Th(NO3)4 depending on whether the ligands are redox active (noninnocent) or not. Several additional topics of thorium chemistry are explored, including the hydrolysis mechanism of ThO2(H2O)n, n = 1, 2, 4, and the solution phase nonzero dipole moment of ThCp4. Dinuclear complexes are also characterized, including Th2O4, Th2O2(OH)4, Th2O2(H2O)8, Th2(OH)8(H2O)4, and Th2(OH)2(NO3)6(H2O)4 and condensed thorium complexes as [Th4(OH)6(H2O)12]10+ and [Th6(OH)14(H2O)12]10+. For the Th2(OH)2(NO3)6(H2O)4 dinuclear complex, the first SRP is −0.82 V and the second is 1.59 V. The first SRP corresponds to the reduction of the ligand NO3–, and the second SRP corresponds to dissociative electr...
Spectroscopic elucidation of energy transfer in hybrid inorganic–biological organisms for solar-to-chemical production

The rise of inorganic-biological hybrid organisms for solar-to-chemical production has spurred mechanistic investigations into the dynamics of the biotic-abiotic interface to drive the development of next-generation systems. The model system, Moorella thermoacetica-cadmium sulfide (CdS), combines an inorganic semiconductor nanoparticle light harvester with an acetogenic bacterium to drive the photosynthetic reduction of CO2 to acetic acid with high efficiency. In this work, we report insights into this unique electrotrophic behavior and propose a charge-transfer mechanism from CdS to M. thermoacetica Transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy revealed that photoexcited electron transfer rates increase with increasing hydrogenase (H2ase) enzyme activity. On the same time scale as the TA spectroscopy, time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy showed spectral changes in the 1,700-1,900-cm-1 spectral region. The quantum efficiency of this system for photosynthetic acetic acid generation also increased with increasing H2ase activity and shorter carrier lifetimes when averaged over the first 24 h of photosynthesis. However, within the initial 3 h of photosynthesis, the rate followed an opposite trend: The bacteria with the lowest H2ase activity photosynthesized acetic acid the fastest. These results suggest a two-pathway mechanism: a high quantum efficiency charge-transfer pathway to H2ase generating H2 as a molecular intermediate that dominates at long time scales (24 h), and a direct energy-transducing enzymatic pathway responsible for acetic acid production at short time scales (3 h). This work represents a promising platform to utilize conventional spectroscopic methodology to extract insights from more complex biotic-abiotic hybrid systems.
Vitamin D and Postpartum Multiple Sclerosis Relapses (P4.364)

Objective: To determine if lower vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of postpartum relapses. Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects more than 280,000 American women, most of whom develop the disease during their reproductive years. The fear of postpartum relapses influences family planning, treatment and breastfeeding choices, yet little is known about how to minimize relapse risk. An attractive hypothesis is the vitamin D-MS relapse relationship because vitamin D deficiency is endemic worldwide, particularly in pregnant and lactating women, offering a potentially high-impact strategy to reduce postpartum relapses. Design/Methods: We prospectively followed 89 pregnant women with MS from Kaiser Permanente Southern and Northern California for one year postpartum. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was measured using liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry during third trimester, one and three months postpartum. Other exposures and outcomes were collected from structured interviews and electronic health records. Data were analyzed using longitudinal multivariable methods. Results: During pregnancy, most women (88%) were vitamin D sufficient (>30 ng/mL) and took prenatal vitamins (93%) but no additional vitamin D supplements (78%). The median 25OHD level was 38 ng/mL (interquartile range, 32–42). Lower pregnancy levels were not associated with an increased risk of postpartum relapses ( Conclusions: Lower vitamin D levels during pregnancy or early postpartum were not associated with an increased risk of postpartum relapses. Taken together with previous studies, our findings imply that extra vitamin D supplementation beyond prenatal vitamins is unlikely to decrease the risk of postpartum MS relapses. Study Supported by: National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG4809-A PI: Langer-Gould) Disclosure: Dr. Smith has nothing to disclose. Dr. Leimpeter has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albers has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kerezsi has nothing to disclose. Dr. McClearnen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Van Den Eeden has nothing to disclose. Dr. Langer-Gould has nothing to disclose.
Acoustic Tomography: Serial Versus Parallel Computation

Acoustic tomography is a numerical technique used to obtain material properties of a medium using ultrasonic measurements. The computationally intensive nature of tomography is further complicated by the bending of acoustic rays in heterogeneous media. Since both the ray paths and the material properties are unknown, a double iterative technique is required for the solution. A conventional serial approach to the problem can become unwieldy and restrict the ability to define sharp velocity contrasts in a heterogeneous material. In this paper, a parallel approach to the tomography problem is discussed. Parallel computations allow the calculation of all ray paths simultaneously along with a simultaneous update of all the velocities in the sample grid. Thus, the number of source-receiver measurements and grid size can increase dramatically without a significant increase in computation time. This work was implemented on a Connection Machine CM200, a supercomputer with a massively parallel architecture. The Connection Machine is located at the Naval Research Laboratory.
Families of Related Cortical Areas in the Extrastriate Visual System

Microelectrode studies in the last ten years have uncovered an elaborate multiple representation of the visual field in the posterior association cortex of cats and primates. As many as thirteen “visual areas” have been identified (1, 22, 30, 34, 35), each containing a representation of at least part of the visual field, and still other cortical areas, well beyond the visual association cortex even most generously defined, have been shown to contain neurons responsive to visual stimuli (19,21). There is no longer any doubt that such multiple representation is a general characteristic of the posterior association cortex, for qualitatively comparable organizations have been demonstrated in the auditory and somatic sensory fields (14, 19, 20, 24, 25, 32, 33).
The Process of Quantification

In the last few decades, most social sciences disciplines have attempted to develop problem solving methodologies which are based on mathematical modeling and quantitative approaches.
Induced Representations of Locally Compact Groups and Applications

Roughly the first half of this paper is an introductory exposition of some of the main ideas of the theory of induced representations with special emphasis on the influence of the work of M. H. Stone. The second half deals with applications and with certain extensions and refinements of known results demanded by these applications.
Clinical Positron Imaging in Oncology

The advances in medical imaging technology pose a challenge to both the imaging specialist and the clinician. In this decade a major impact has been made in the field of oncology, where the goals of diagnostic imaging are to: (a) help establish the patients diagnosis; (b) streamline patient management; and (c) enhance the development of accepted treatment protocols.