cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The calcaneal nutrient foramen: A useful sign in the differentiation of true from simulated cysts

Visualization of the nutrient foramen of the calcaneus is a useful differential sign which indicates that the area of triangular radiolucency, seen in the mid-portion of the calcaneus, represents a normal variant (simulated cyst), rather than a true solitary cyst of the calcaneus.
Gordon Scott Fulcher: Renaissance Man of Glass Science

To a glass scientist, the name “Fulcher” conjures images of viscosity vs. temperature diagrams for glass-forming liquids. Indeed, Gordon Fulcher’s seminal 1925 publication, in which he proposed his three-parameter model of viscosity, is one of the most significant and influential papers ever published in the field of glass science. Fulcher developed this equation during the early part of his 14-year career at Corning Glass Works (1920-1934). However, Fulcher’s work in viscosity represents a small fraction of his highly diverse and accomplished career, which included pioneering the field of electrocast ceramics and developing the modern system of scientific abstracting that it still in use today. Fulcher also had a keen interest in social and economic problems, and his latter research focused heavily on the field of metacognition, i.e., the process of thinking.
Robbers in the Classroom: A Deindividuation Exercise.

(1985). Robbers in the Classroom: A Deindividuation Exercise. Teaching of Psychology: Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 89-91.
Reduced transformer insulation levels

FURTHER BIL reductions will result as more is learned of switching surges and as lightning arrester protective levels are improved. For system voltages of 230 kv and above, it appears likely that the ultimate reduction in BIL will be in the order of 50% of the fully insulated value. This reduction is equivalent to “4-steps-down” although this nomenclature is not very precise and is used only in the absence of a better one. With 50% BIL reduction, the transformer low-frequency test is in the range of 1.5 to 1.7 times maximum line-to-ground voltage, which appears to be a reasonable minimum ratio.
Supplemental choline does not attenuate the effects of neonatal ethanol administration on habituation of the heart rate orienting response in rats.

Abstract Several studies using rodent subjects have now shown that extra dietary choline may prevent or even reverse the deleterious effects of pre- and early post-natal ethanol administration. Choline supplementation has been shown to attenuate many, although not all, of ethanol's effects on brain development and behavior. Our laboratory has consistently reported impaired habituation of the heart rate orienting response to a novel olfactory stimulus in animals exposed to ethanol on postnatal days (PD) 4–9. Here we examine whether supplemental choline given both during and after ethanol administration could alleviate these ethanol-induced deficits. Subjects were given 5 g/kg/day ethanol or sham intubations on PD 4–9. Half of the subjects in each group were given a single daily s.c. injection of choline chloride on PD 4–20, while the other half were injected daily with saline. Pups were tested for heart rate orienting and response habituation in a single test session on PD 23. Results replicated the ethanol-induced impairment in response habituation. However, choline supplementation had no effect on orienting or habituation in either neonatal treatment group. These findings indicate that habituation deficits induced by ethanol are not alleviated by extra dietary choline using these parameters. Choline holds great promise as a treatment for some fetal alcohol effects, but is not an effective treatment for all ethanol-related deficits.
The Prevalence of Dental Attrition and its Association with Factors of Age, Gender, Occlusion, and TMJ Symptomatology

Dental attrition severity in 222 young adults was assessed from dental casts as the sum of the most severe facet in each arch segment. The attrition scores were compared by age, gender, bruxism awareness, prior bite adjustment, orthodontic class, maxillomandibular relationship, and temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms. Awareness of bruxism was not associated with the wear scores and should not be used to define bruxist groups. Attrition scores did not differ significantly between age groups, indicating that notable attrition, when present, often occurs early. Men had higher attrition scores than women (p<0.01), despite fewer signs and symptoms. Dental attrition was not associated with the presence or absence of TMJ clicking, TMJ tenderness, or masticatory muscle tenderness. Class II division 2 males had laterotrusive attrition scores lower than those of Class III (p<0.05). Class III females had lower incisor attrition scores than did other Angle Classes (p<0.05). Discernible dental attrition in a non-pa...
Indomethacin up-regulates the generation of lymphokine-activated killer-cell activity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by interleukin-2.

Prostaglandins can inhibit the generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells by interleukin-2 (IL-2) whereas indomethacin augmented the induction of LAK cells by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. In the present study we demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 substantially inhibited the generation of both LAK and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity by IL-2. In addition, indomethacin enhanced the induction of LAK activity and ADCC in splenocytes exposed to IL-2 in vitro. The effect of indomethacin was dose-dependent, reaching an optimal effect at 1 µM when 100–1000 units/ml IL-2 were employed. The effect of indomethacin on the generation of ADCC was seen in cells taken from both tumor-bearing mice and normal mice. ADCC induced by IL-2 was augmented by culturing cells from the spleen, liver and lungs, in the presence of indomethacin. ADCC induced in the presence of IL-2 and indomethacin was mediated by cells that were mainly plastic non-adherent cells and expressed the asialo-GM1 glycolipid. The potential of indomethacin in combined therapy with cytokines and specific anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies is discussed.
Congenital Lack of COX-2 Affects Mechanical and Geometric Properties of Bone in Mice

We compared the mechanical properties of bones from mice lacking either a functional cycloxygenase-1 (C57BL6/DBA COX-1−/−; n = 9) or COX-2 (C57BL6/DBA COX-2−/−; n = 9) gene and wild type mice (C57BL6/DBA; n = 10). Twenty-eight right femora from 3-month-old male mice were used to determine bulk structural and material properties of bone by three-point bending. Bone matrix properties were also measured by nanoindentation to access the changes in bulk mechanical properties due to changes in bone matrix or bone geometry. The bulk material properties (elastic modulus, P 0.2; breaking force, P > 0.1) were similar to those of the wild-type mice. COX-2−/− mice had a longer moment of inertia but their cortical bones were thinner and contained many more intra-cortical pores compared with the bones of the other two groups. Finally, the bone matrix properties of COX-1−/− mice, COX-2−/− mice and their heterozygous littermates were similar to those of C57BL6/DBA wild-type mice.
Advances in the Management of Benign Esophageal Diseases

In this issue of Thoracic Surgery Clinics, an amalgam of the most challenging clinical scenarios in benign esophageal diseases is addressed by experts in the field of esophagology. The recent introduction of novel technologies that have redefined the ways in which we diagnose and treat diseases of the esophagus occupies a prominent place in this issue. For example, an in-depth coverage of high-resolution manometry, a “game changer,” along with colored examples of normal and abnormal tracings are provided in a detailed atlas format to serve as a primer and enduring reference. The use of impedance testing in the context of laryngopharyngeal reflux and end-stage lung disease is reviewed and sets the stage for a paradigm shift in our understanding of proximal reflux. Endoscopic imaging in Barrett’s esophagus has undergone a revolution and we are ever closer to the “optical biopsy” and the reduction or elimination of sampling error. Because it is the endoscopist’s perception of the image that dictates the intervention in Barrett’s esophagus and early-stage adenocarcinoma, authors review the cutting edge technology in endoscopic imaging.
Estrogen receptors: Ligand discrimination and antiestrogen action

We have used affinity labeling, site-directed mutagenesis and regional chemical mutagenesis in order to determine regions of the estrogen receptor (ER) important in hormone binding, ligand discrimination between estrogens and antiestrogens, and transcriptional activation. Affinity labelling studies with the antiestrogen, tamoxifen aziridine and the estrogen, ketononestrol aziridine have identified cysteine 530 in the ER hormone binding domain as the primary site of labeling. In the absence of a cysteine at 530 (i.e. Cys530A1a mutant), C381 becomes the site of estrogen-competible tamoxifen aziridine labeling. Hence these two residues, although far apart in the primary linear sequence of the ER protein, must be close in the three-dimensional structure of the protein, in the ER ligand binding pocket, so that the ligand can reach either site. Site-directed and region-specific chemical mutagenesis have identified a region around C530 important in discrimination between estrogens and antiestrogens, and other mutants have allowed identification of residues important in hormone-dependent transcriptional activation. Some transcriptionally inactive ER mutants also function as potent dominant negative ERs, suppressing the activity of wild-type ERs at low concentrations. These studies are beginning to provide a more detailed picture of the ER hormone binding domain and amino acids important in ligand binding and discrimination between different categories of agonist and antagonist ligands. Such information will be important in the design of maximally effective antiestrogens. In addition, since there is now substantial evidence for a mixture of wild-type and variant ERs in breast cancers, our studies should provide insight about the bioactivities of these variant receptors and their roles in modulating the activity of wild type ER, and should lead to a better understanding of the possible role of variant receptors in altered response or resistance to antiestrogen and endocrine therapy in breast cancer.
Similarity of homoclinic tangles in open planar flows

Abstract An invariance of the structure of the homoclinic tangle with respect to a simultaneous rescaling of the perturbation amplitude and the coordinates in the neighborhood of the saddle was recently studied in low dimensional chaotic Hamiltonian systems. A similar property exists in open systems with transient chaotic behaviour. The scaling constant depends on the ratio of the perturbation frequency and the eigenvalue of the linearized system at the saddle. This result can be used to analyze the structure of the mixing layers in time-dependent two-dimensional open flows. The invariance of the homoclinic tangle is demonstrated numerically for a weakly perturbed flow of ideal fluid around a cylinder.
Where Are the Film Directors (Who Happen to be Women)

“For women today, directing films is like playing against the house in a Vegas casino. The odds suck, the game is rigged.”—B. Ruby Rich Film critic B. Ruby Rich's frank assessment describes the con...
Classical genetics goes high-tech

A combination of automated screening and next-generation sequencing makes it possible to identify Caenorhabditis elegans mutants at unprecedented speed and scale.
Predictors of unattempted central venous catheterization in septic patients eligible for early goal-directed therapy.

Introduction: Central venous catheterization (CVC) can be an important component of the management of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. CVC, however, is a time- and resource-intensive procedure associated with serious complications. The effects of the absence of shock or the presence of relative contraindications on undertaking central line placement in septic emergency department (ED) patients eligible for early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) have not been well described. We sought to determine the association of relative normotension (sustained systolic blood pressure >90 mmHg independent of or in response to an initial crystalloid resuscitation of 20 mL/kg), obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥30), moderate thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50,000 per μL), and coagulopathy (international normalized ratio ≥2.0) with unattempted CVC in EGDT-eligible patients. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of 421 adults who met EGDT criteria in 5 community EDs over a period of 13 months. We compared patients with attempted thoracic (internal jugular or subclavian) CVC with those who did not undergo an attempted thoracic line. We also compared patients with any attempted CVC (either thoracic or femoral) with those who did not undergo any attempted central line. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to calculate adjusted odd ratios (AORs). Results: In our study, 364 (86.5%) patients underwent attempted thoracic CVC and 57 (13.5%) did not. Relative normotension was significantly associated with unattempted thoracic CVC (AOR 2.6 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-4.3), as were moderate thrombocytopenia (AOR 3.9; 95% CI, 1.5-10.1) and coagulopathy (AOR 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3-5.6). When assessing for attempted catheterization of any central venous site (thoracic or femoral), 382 (90.7%) patients underwent attempted catheterization and 39 (9.3%) patients did not. Relative normotension (AOR 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.5) and moderate thrombocytopenia (AOR 3.9; 95% CI, 1.5-10.3) were significantly associated with unattempted CVC, whereas coagulopathy was not (AOR 0.6; 95% CI, 0.2-1.8). Obesity was not significantly associated with unattempted CVC, either thoracic in location or at any site. Conclusion: Septic patients eligible for EGDT with relative normotension and those with moderate thrombocytopenia were less likely to undergo attempted CVC at any site. Those with coagulopathy were also less likely to undergo attempted thoracic central line placement. Knowledge of the decision-making calculus at play for physicians considering central venous catheterization in this population can help inform physician education and performance improvement programs. [West J Emerg Med. 2014;15(1):67–75.]
The effect of Douglas-fir seedlings on the transfer of nutrients through soil columns

Plastic columns fitted with suction lysimeter plates were used to investigate the movement of ions through soil columns. The effects on this movement of temperature, nutrient concentrations, and the presence or absence of Douglas-fir seedlings were studied. The pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and cation composition of the leachates were determined as a function of time and other treatments. The data collected were used to calculate cation uptake and water loss as affected by the treatments. The processes influencing the leachate composition are discussed.
Emerging Therapeutic Options for the Management of COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide and is projected to be the third by 2020. COPD is characterized by chronic airflow limitation caused by airway inflammation and parenchymal destruction that is usually progressive. Inhaled bronchodilators continue to be the mainstay of the current management of COPD. Safety and efficacy data of the recently approved medications including aclidinium, glycopyrronium, roflumilast, and indacaterol are reviewed here.
Inhibition of moccasin (Agkistrodon piscivoris) venom proteolytic activity by the serum of the Florida king snake (Lampropeltis getulus floridana).

Abstract King snake serum appears to be an effective antivenin for mice against moccasin venom. Venom proteases were inhibited by serum on gelatin and casein substrates. Serum heated at 70°C for 30 min did not lose its effectiveness as an antivenin or its protease-inhibiting activity, but serum heated at 75°C for 30 min did not inhibit the digestion of gelatin by venom. The ring test, immunodiffusion, and immunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that king snake serum contained at least one antibody for antigens in moccasin venom. King snake serum proteins were separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8·9 with ten bands being resolved. The γ-globulin portion of king snake serum, when eluted from the first cm fraction of acrylamide gels, inhibited casein digestion by venom. No other fractions inhibited proteolytic activity. When a serum-venom mixture in which an antigen-antibody reaction had occurred was subjected to electrophoresis, the pattern of serum proteins was altered. None of the fractions eluted from this gel inhibited the digestion of casein by venom, indicating that antibodies in the serum had combined with antigenic venom proteases prior to electrophoresis. King snake serum that was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation was separated electrophoretically. All three fractions contained a γ-globulin band and inhibited the digestion of casein by venom.
Trace-element variation of individual plagioclase and hornblende phenocrysts.

Abstract High-flux instrumental neutron-activation analysis was used to evaluate trace-element variation in individual plagioclase and individual hornblende crystals. For plagioclase crystals coefficients of variation for elemental abundances ranged from 4.9–11.1% for Fe, Ba, La, Sm and Eu while the major element Na exhibited a coefficient of variation of 2.5%. For a carefully selected group of hornblende crystals, coefficients of variation were 6, 10 and 11% for Fe, Sc and Co, respectively. The rare-earth elements and Cr displayed coefficients of variation ranging from 56–105% for the hornblende crystals. Correlation coefficients between (1) individual phenocryst masses and trace element contents of the phenocrysts, and (2) between elements, were calculated. Several possible causes for the observed trace-element variation are suggested.
Effects of climatic variability on phytoplankton community structure and bloom development in the eutrophic, microtidal, New River Estuary, North Carolina, USA

The roles of climatically driven freshwater flow, nutrient loading, and temperature on phytoplankton community biomass and composition were examined along a downstream transect within the New River Estuary, North Carolina from 2007 to 2010. This microtidal system has a history of eutrophication symptoms, including harmful algal blooms. Riverine discharge strongly controlled nutrient loading to the estuary. Except during very high flow conditions, loads were generally assimilated near the head of the estuary and low concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate, <2 and 0.4 μmol L−1, respectively, were found throughout most of the estuary. Total phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a) was maximal under moderate discharge conditions when flushing time was approximately four days and salinity was in the range of 3–18 psu. The observed non-monotonic relationship between phytoplankton biomass and flushing time reflects a balance between nutrient stimulation of phytoplankton biomass and advective losses associated with river flow. Pigment indicators of major phytoplankton taxa also revealed non-monotonic responses to flushing time with some significant inter-taxa differences in slopes and peak location. These differences suggest that flushing time or environmental covariates of flushing time are important determinants of community composition. We suggest these group-specific differences are due to advantages gained by phytoflagellates through vertical migration, ability of pico-cyanobacteria to exploit low residual nutrient concentrations, and subsidies to the diatom population via sediment resuspension events. In addition to effects of flow, pico-cyanobacteria and harmful raphidophyte taxa demonstrated positive relationships with temperature. Overall, results demonstrate a strong linkage between the phytoplankton community and two important climatic drivers, flow and temperature. The observed sensitivity of phytoplankton biomass to nutrient loads suggests that load reductions (or increases) are likely to decrease (or increase) total phytoplankton biomass in this system. However, phytoplankton community composition appears to be largely determined by environmental factors other than nutrient loading, particularly temperature, stratification and sediment resuspension.
Genetics and mapping of barley stripe mosaic virus resistance in barley

The inheritance of resistance to barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) in barley was investigated in the Steptoe/Morex doubled haploid population developed by the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project. The number of resistant (66) and susceptible (84) progeny approximated a 1 :1 ratio, indicating that a single gene was involved in conferring resistance to BSMV strain CV42 in Morex barley. This resistance gene was mapped to the centromeric region of the plus (short) arm of chromosome 1, based on its linkage to molecular markers on the Steptoe/Morex map, and was found to cosegregate with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker ABC455. Marker ABG011 was located 6.1 centimorgans (cM) distal to the resistance locus. The nearest opposite flanking marker mapped was Amy2, located at a distance of 8.1 cM and on the other side of the centromere. The identification of a cosegregating marker may facilitate both the selection for BSMV resistance in barley breeding programs and the high resolution mapping of the centromeric region in the vicinity of this locus.
Helicobacter pylori Lewis expression is related to the host Lewis phenotype

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Lewis antigens occur in human gastric epithelium and in Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide; their expression is polymorphic in both. Autoimmune mechanisms induced by bacterial Lewis expression have been proposed to cause gastritis. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between bacterial and host gastric Lewis expression, as determined by the erythrocyte Lewis(a/b) phenotype, and between gastric histopathology and bacterial Lewis expression. METHODS: H. pylori Lewis expression was determined by enzyme immunoassays, erythrocyte Lewis phenotype was assessed by agglutination tests, and gastric histopathology was scored blindly. RESULTS: The host Lewis phenotype was (a+b-) in 15, (a-b+) in 34, and (a-b-) in 17 patients, therefore expressing Lewis x, y, or neither as their major gastric epithelial Lewis type 2 antigen. H. pylori from patients with Lewis(a+b-) expressed Lewis x more than y (1147 +/- 143 vs. 467 +/- 128 optical density units [ODU]; P=0.006), isolates from patients with Lewis(a-b+) expressed Lewis x less than y (359 +/- 81 vs. 838 +/- 96 ODU; P=0.0001), and isolates from Lewis(a-b-) patients expressed Lewis x and y approximately equally. Gastritis was unrelated to H. pylori Lewis expression. CONCLUSIONS: In mimicking host gastric epithelium, H. pylori cells not only express Lewis x and y, but the relative proportion of expression corresponds to the host Lewis phenotype, suggesting selection for host-adapted organisms. (Gastroenterology 1997 Oct;113(4):1091-8)
Energy hierarchy and transformity in the universe

Abstract Many properties of the universe discovered in recent years by progress in astrophysics and cosmology are found consistent with the principles of energy hierarchy developed for other scales of time and space. Energy and mass are converged and concentrated by autocatalytic self organization of aggregates of matter, galaxies, stars, and black holes. As energy passes through energy transformation series, concentrations at centers increase, energy flows decrease, territories of support increase, intervals between feedback pulses to lower levels increase, and intensity of episodes of recycles of mass and energy increase. Emergy (spelled with an ‘m”) puts structures and processes on a common basis. Transformities (emergy/energy) indicate position of each form of energy of the universe in the universal energy hierarchy. High energy radiation is returned to background radiation by a dispersing cascade of absorption by matter and reradiation. The red shift increase with distance may be attributed to the greater mass and gravity of centers of systems of increasing scale. The second law of thermodynamics accounts for energy tranformations at each scale of size and time, except at the lowest level where self organization of background radiation and background materials can form an equilibrium hierarchy. Using estimates of density of the background energy and matter, a preliminary calculation is made of the sun’s share of the universe’s resources, deriving transformities of the sun, earth, and life in units of the universe’s background emergy.
Loss of the deltoid after shoulder operations: An operative disaster

A series of 36 patients who had a postoperative loss of the anterior or anterior lateral deltoid muscle after shoulder operations (i.e., acromioplasties, anterior shoulder reconstructions, or arthroplasty procedures) was referred to the senior author. Three patients last the function of their deltoid after an injury to the axillary nerve, and 33 patients lost deltoid function after loss of the origin of the deltoid from the clavicle and acromion. All patients were significantly disabled. All patients were dissatisfied with the result of the previous operation, and eight patients experienced painful anterior or anterior/superior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. Treatment was nonspecific and supportive. The authors conclude that loss of anterior deltoid function secondary to denervation or detachment results in irrevocable pain and impairment of function. Careful attention to the surgical technique of deltoid reattachment and protection of the axillary nerve are essential to the prevention of dire consequences to shoulder function.
Potentiation of nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in p53-/- vascular smooth muscle cells.

The functional role of p53 in nitric oxide (NO)-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis remains unknown. In this study, VSMC from p53−/− and p53+/+ murine aortas were exposed to exoge...
Anatomical brain asymmetry in monkeys: Frontal, temporoparietal, and limbic cortex in Macaca

Measurements evaluating possible cerebral hemispheric asymmetries were taken by hand on frontal, parietal, and temporal cortex on 60 formalin-fixed Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis brain specimens. No statistically significant (P less than 0.05) right/left side differences in the mean length of four sulci in visual-processing areas of the cortex were found. The sulcus adjacent to the region cytoarchitecturally homologous to the motor speech area in the human brain did not show pronounced asymmetry. In both species, however, a small parietal lobe sulcus showed greater development on the left hemisphere than in the right. In measurements made using digital planimetry, right/left side differences in the area of the dorsal cingulate gyrus were not found. Behavioral evidence suggests that monkeys do not exhibit a consistent pattern of cerebral dominance for functions associated with most of these regions of the brain.
Diagnostic Procedures for Diseases Found in Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Cultured American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)

The ability to detect infection or disease is a key element in mariculture. Routine examination of dead and sick animals is required to achieve this objective. Such a procedure is practiced in the lobster (Homarus americanus) culture program at Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California. Techniques and observations are presented to demonstrate problems encountered in semi-closed recirculating seawater systems. Examination procedures lead to early detection and possible prevention of epizootics. Some infections or infestations may initially be detected without the aid of a microscope. Microscopic examination of eggs and larvae allows detection of filamentous epibionts and the fungus Lagenidium sp. Larvae are also examined for molt-related difficulties, cannibalism, and air embolism. Internal bacterial infections are rarely encountered in larval or juvenile stages, yet are included in the examination. Juvenile lobsters are examined for epibionts that might cause gill occlusion or molting difficulties and for the fungal disease agent Haliphthoros milfordensis. Internal organs are examined for signs of chemical toxicity and bacterial degradation. Similar techniques have been used for cultured shrimp and crab populations under study.
Eye/Photophore Coordination and Light-following in Krill, Euphausia Superba

SUMMARY Eight of the 10 photophores of the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, are located at the ends of muscular stalks and exhibit coordinated orientation responses to incident white light; light emitted from the photophores is directed away from the incident light. Moreover, eye rotation occurs synchronously with photophore movement. Immobilization of one or both eyes eliminated the photophore lightfollowing response in 40% of the trials, but in the remaining 60%, photophores continued to exhibit oriented, but less stable responses. In the presence of a stationary light source the eyes could be passively rotated without affecting photophore position. Furthermore, eye removal or covering the head with an opaque hood eliminated coordinated photophore movement. We conclude that vision is necessary for light-following responses by the photophores. In addition, the control signal for that movement is CNS-derived, may occur spontaneously or may be lightinduced, and appears to be accompanied by a parallel signal governing eye rotation. Subtle differences in photophore response when krill were oriented other than horizontally imply that krill may have a gravity sense that could help them orient in darkness.
Spatiotemporal Control of Apical and Basal Living Subcellular Chemical Environments Through Vertical Phase Separation

Molecular distribution within living cells is organized through multiscaled compartmentalization that enables specialized processes to occur with high efficiency. The ability to control the chemical environment at a subcellular level is limited due to deficient positional control over the aqueous stimulant. Here, a multilayered microfluidic system built from polydimethylsiloxane to separate chemical stimulants over single living cells vertically through aqueous-phase separation under laminar flow is demonstrated. Cells are cultured on top of single micrometer-scale channels inside a larger channel, allowing labeling of the apical domain of single cells through the main channel with simultaneous and distinct labeling of the basal domain via the lower microchannels. The system is transparent, which allows the use of optical microscopy to investigate the spatiotemporal response of labeled components. By employing this technique, the examination of localized subcellular domain responses in polarization, lipid bilayer mobility, and apical-to-basal signal transduction can be explored.
The One-Dimensional Exactly 1 Cellular Automaton: Replication, Periodicity, and Chaos from Finite Seeds

In the Exactly 1 cellular automaton (also known as Rule 22), every site of the one-dimensional lattice is either in state 0 or in state 1, and a synchronous update rule dictates that a site is in state 1 next time if and only if it sees a single 1 in its three-site neighborhood at the current time. We analyze this rule started from finite seeds, i.e., those initial configurations that have only finitely many 1’s. Three qualitatively different types of evolution are observed: replication, periodicity, and chaos. We focus on rigorous results, assisted by algorithmic searches, for the first two behaviors. In particular, we explain why replication is observed so frequently and present a method for collecting the smallest periodic seeds. Some empirical observations about chaotic seeds are also presented.
Effects of Mother and Infant Hearing Status on Interactions at Twelve and Eighteen Months

Eighty mother-infant dyads, evenly distributed among the four possible hearing status combinations, were videotaped during free play when infants were 12 months old and again when they were 18 months old. Pairs of trained observers evaluated interactive behaviors of mothers, infants, and dyads. At time 1, hearing mothers and deaf infants ranked lowest, hearing mothers and hearing infants ranked highest, with the two deaf-mother groups intermediate. At time 2, deaf mothers and hearing infants received more negative rankings, leading to concern for the effect of mismatched hearing status, regardless of the functional capabilities of mothers and infants to communicate in a mutually comprehensible mode. Discussion focuses on possible explanations for the negative influence of hearing status differences.
Does Body Mass Index Adequately Capture the Relation of Body Composition and Body Size to Health Outcomes

Body mass index (BMI) has become the most commonly used index of body composition in epidemiologic research. It has displaced weight, height, and other measures of body composition. In this paper, the authors show that use of BMI alone does not always capture adequately the joint relation of body composition and body size to health outcomes, and that such use often represents implausible restrictions on the relation. Use of body mass index and height or weight and height will often be needed to describe this relation and to control confounding by these variables.
“I’m Indian Too!” Claiming Native American Identity, Crafting Authority in Mascot Debates

The author examines the ways in which people who are not “ethnically Indian” have, nevertheless, strategically claimed Indianness to argue in favor of Native American mascots. The selective (mis)use and inflation of American Indian identity is hardly a new practice, but in this context, it occurs to very specific political ends. This debate has important consequences for all Native Americans. Indeed, it is argued here that a number of White people are now rhetorically fabricating Indianness in debates, not to realign themselves psychically or sympathetically withNative Americans but rather to obscure, if not dissolve, Native voices.
Tree Based Behavior Monitoring for Adaptive Fraud Detection

The general basis for anomaly detection and fraud detection is pattern recognition. An effective online fraud detection system should be able to discover both known and new attacks as early as possible. The detection process should be self-adjustable to allow the system to deal with the constantly changing nature of online attacks. In this paper, we present an anomaly detection technique based on behavior mining and monitoring that work at both the individual and system level. Frequent pattern tree is utilized to profile the normal behavior adaptively. A novel tree-based pattern matching algorithm is designed to discover individual level anomalies. An algorithm for computing tree similarity is proposed to solve the system level problems. Empirical evaluations of our technique on both synthetic and real-world data show that we can accurately differentiate anomalous behaviors from the profiled normal behavior.
THYMIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE SYNTHESIS IN TETRAHYMENA: I. Studies on Thymidine Kinase.

The amount of thymidine-H3 converted to thymidine-H3 monophosphate in 30 min formed the basis for assays of thymidine kinase in cell extracts from Tetrahymena pyriformis. The optimal concentration of adenosine triphosphate is lower than that required by other cell types. Thymidine triphosphate does not exercise any feedback control of the enzyme. Other deoxyprimidine nucleotides were tested, but these also failed to exhibit any feedback inhibition. At suboptimal adenosine triphosphate levels, thymidine triphosphate and other deoxypyrimidine nucleotides stimulate the reaction, suggesting that these nucleotides may act either directly or indirectly as phosphate donors in the crude enzyme preparations. This possibility was affirmed when thymidine triphosphate and deoxycytidine triphosphate were shown to be capable of limited phosphorylation of thymidine. Comparison of enzymatic activities in logarithmically growing culture and stationary phase culture, in which nuclear DNA synthesis has virtually ceased, reveals no change in enzymatic activity. The results suggest that thymidine kinase is a constitutive enzyme in Tetrahymena.
Nonexistence of localized band tail states in substitutional semiconductor alloys and some other disordered systems

Abstract A recent theory of semiconducting glasses seems to imply a substantial density of localized band tail states in substitutional semiconductor alloys, such as Sie or GaAsP, and also in homogenous strain-free amorphous Si and Ge. Experimental evidence against the existence of such states in these non-glassy disordered materials is overwhelming. The paradox is resolved by noting that if the material is in thermodynamic equilibrium, the disorder of the atomic potentials will not result in disorder of the valence or conduction band energy levels.
Roles for Iron and Copper in Connective Tissue Biosynthesis

Both iron and copper play critical biochemical roles in the post-translational modifications of collagen and elastin. These modifications are essential to the maturation and structural integrity of these proteins. Iron functions in the hydroxylation of specific prolyl and lysyl residues in collagen, a process that must occur before the triple helix can form and be extruded from the cell. Copper functions in the oxidative deamination of specific lysyl residues in the soluble forms of both elastin and collagen. This process is essential for crosslink formation and the structural integrity of these proteins. While there is no evidence that nutritional iron deficiency results in connective tissue pathology, copper deficiency impairs crosslink formation and results in gross pathology of bones, lungs and the cardiovascular system of many animal species.
Optimization of parameter values for complex pulse sequences by simulated annealing: Application to 3D MP‐RAGE imaging of the brain

A number of pulse sequence techniques, including magnetization-prepared gradient echo (MP-GRE), segmented GRE, and hybrid RARE, employ a relatively large number of variable pulse sequence parameters and acquire the image data during a transient signal evolution. These sequences have recently been proposed and/or used for clinical applications in the brain, spine, liver, and coronary arteries. Thus, the need for a method of deriving optimal pulse sequence parameter values for this class of sequences now exists. Due to the complexity of these sequences, conventional optimization approaches, such as applying differential calculus to signal difference equations, are inadequate. We have developed a general framework for adapting the simulated annealing algorithm to pulse sequence parameter value optimization, and applied this framework to the specific case of optimizing the white matter-gray matter signal difference for a T1-weighted variable flip angle 3D MP-RAGE sequence. Using our algorithm, the values of 35 sequence parameters, including the magnetization-preparation RF pulse flip angle and delay time, 32 flip angles in the variable flip angle gradient-echo acquisition sequence, and the magnetization recovery time, were derived. Optimized 3D MP-RAGE achieved up to a 130% increase in white matter-gray matter signal difference compared with optimized 3D RF-spoiled FLASH with the same total acquisition time. The simulated annealing approach was effective at deriving optimal parameter values for a specific 3D MP-RAGE imaging objective, and may be useful for other imaging objectives and sequences in this general class.
Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcome of Nocardia Infection in Organ Transplant Recipients: A Matched Case-Control Study

Background. Risk factors for Nocardia infection in organ transplant recipients have not been formally assessed in the current era of transplantation.
Evidence for the hierarchical structure of instrumental learning

In three experiments using rats, we examined the role of a discriminative stimulus (S) in governing the relation between a response (R) and an outcome (O) in an appetitive instrumental learning paradigm. In each experiment, we attempted to distinguish between a simple S-O association and a hierarchical relation in which S is associated with the R-O association. We used three variations on discriminative training procedures and three different assessment techniques-for revealing the hierarchical structure. In Experiment 1, we employed a training procedure in which S signaled a change in the R-O relation but no change in the likelihood of O. Although such an arrangement should not produce an excitatory S-O association, it nevertheless generated an S that controlled responding and transferred that control to other responses. In Experiment 2, we used a discrimination procedure in which two Ss each had the same two Rs and Os occur in their presence but each S signaled that a different R-O combination would be in effect. This design provided the opportunity for equivalent pairwise associations among S, R, and O but unique hierarchical relations. The subjects learned the hierarchical structure, as revealed by the specific depressive effect of a subsequent lithium-chloride-induced devaluation of O on responding only in the presence of the S in which that response had led to that outcome. In Experiment 3, one S signaled two different R-O outcomes. Then, two new stimuli were presented with the original S; the R-O relations were retained in the presence of one of the added stimuli but were rearranged in the presence of the other. The added S came to control less responding when it was redundant with respect to the R-O relations than when it was informative. Although all of the results were of modest size and each has an alternative interpretation, together they provide converging evidence for the hierarchical role of S in controlling an R-O association.
Early perception-late comprehension of grammar? The case of verbal - s: a response to de Villiers & Johnson (2007).

Two recent papers (de Villiers & Johnson, 2007 ; Johnson, de Villiers & Seymour, 2005) have claimed that children have difficulty with verbal -s until five–six-years-old. This contrasts with perceptual studies showing evidence for sensitivity to the grammatical properties of verbal -s as young as 1;4. These apparently conflicting findings can be reconciled by differentiating between early perceptual grammatical knowledge and later semantic comprehension. A recent paper, ‘The information in third-person /s/ : acquisition across dialects of American English ’, by de Villiers & Johnson (2007), argues that speakers of Mainstream American English (or Standard American English) cannot reliably use the third-person verbal agreement marker -s to determine whether the stem is a noun compound or generic verb (the penguin dress/dresses), or whether a stem verb is past tense or generic (Who cut/cuts the bread ?) until they are six years old. In a clever design, children were shown pairs of pictures, for example one in which a penguin was about to put on a pair of pants, and another a dress with penguins on it. When asked to find the penguin dress (noun compound) or the penguin dresses (generic verb), their pattern of responses did not show evidence of sensitivity to the presence of the -s marker until at least five years of age. Previously, the same authors described similar findings with respect to the use of verbal -s to determine the number (plural or singular) of the preceding noun (Johnson et al., 2005; I will refer to these two studies together as JV). The JV findings together suggest a very late acquisition of this verbal inflection.
Studies on the use of the indirect hemagglutination test in the diagnosis of amebiasis.

Summary 1.In an evaluation of 121 patients with amebic liver abscess, 96% had positive serology when sera were tested by an indirect hemagglutination (HA) test for amebic antibodies. 2.The indirect HA test is also useful in confirming current or past clinically active intestinal amebiasis. Serological titers are high and remain so for several months in patients with symptoms, falling slowly after effective amebicidal therapy. 3.One should look for other possible causes to explain the symptoms in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms who harbor Entamoeba histolytica and have negative titers. 4.Titers are frequently (91%) negative in asymptomatic individuals with E. histolytica in their stools. 5.Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, who reside in nonendemic areas and whose sera show a positive HA titer should submit several stool specimens to a competent laboratory for examination. 6.Further evaluation is necessary to determine the rapidity of the antibody response and its persistence following infection. The indirect HA test should be used as an adjunct and not as a substitute for proper microscopic examination of stool specimens to establish an etiological diagnosis of amebiasis.
Stretching Impacts Inflammation Resolution in Connective Tissue

Acute inflammation is accompanied from its outset by the release of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), including resolvins, that orchestrate the resolution of local inflammation. We showed earlier that, in rats with subcutaneous inflammation of the back induced by carrageenan, stretching for 10 min twice daily reduced inflammation and improved pain, 2 weeks after carrageenan injection. In this study, we hypothesized that stretching of connective tissue activates local pro-resolving mechanisms within the tissue in the acute phase of inflammation. In rats injected with carrageenan and randomized to stretch versus no stretch for 48 h, stretching reduced inflammatory lesion thickness and neutrophil count, and increased resolvin (RvD1) concentrations within lesions. Furthermore, subcutaneous resolvin injection mimicked the effect of stretching. In ex vivo experiments, stretching of connective tissue reduced the migration of neutrophils and increased tissue RvD1 concentration. These results demonstrate a direct mechanical impact of stretching on inflammation-regulation mechanisms within connective tissue.
Structural Modifications to Tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylate Esters en Route to the Discovery of M5-Preferring Muscarinic Receptor Orthosteric Antagonists

The M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is suggested to be a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of drug abuse. We describe herein the discovery of a series of M5-preferring orthosteric antagonists based on the scaffold of 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid. Compound 56, the most selective compound in this series, possesses an 11-fold selectivity for the M5 over M1 receptor and shows little activity at M2-M4. This compound, although exhibiting modest affinity (K(i) = 2.24 μM) for the [(3)H]N-methylscopolamine binding site on the M5 receptor, is potent (IC50 = 0.45 nM) in inhibiting oxotremorine-evoked [(3)H]DA release from rat striatal slices. Further, a homology model of human M5 receptor based on the crystal structure of the rat M3 receptor was constructed, and docking studies of compounds 28 and 56 were performed in an attempt to understand the possible binding mode of these novel analogues to the receptor.