cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sandboxes for Model-Based Inquiry

In this article, we introduce a class of constructionist learning environments that we call Emergent Systems Sandboxes (ESSs), which have served as a centerpiece of our recent work in developing curriculum to support scalable model-based learning in classroom settings. ESSs are a carefully specified form of virtual construction environment that support students in creating, exploring, and sharing computational models of dynamic systems that exhibit emergent phenomena. They provide learners with “entity”-level construction primitives that reflect an underlying scientific model. These primitives can be directly “painted” into a sandbox space, where they can then be combined, arranged, and manipulated to construct complex systems and explore the emergent properties of those systems. We argue that ESSs offer a means of addressing some of the key barriers to adopting rich, constructionist model-based inquiry approaches in science classrooms at scale. Situating the ESS in a large-scale science modeling curriculum we are implementing across the USA, we describe how the unique “entity-level” primitive design of an ESS facilitates knowledge system refinement at both an individual and social level, we describe how it supports flexible modeling practices by providing both continuous and discrete modes of executability, and we illustrate how it offers students a variety of opportunities for validating their qualitative understandings of emergent systems as they develop.
Comment on “Soil Moisture Response to Snowmelt and Rainfall in a Sierra Nevada Mixed-Conifer Forest”

[Bales et al(2011)][1] advance the understanding of soil moisture dynamics in response to water input, especially snowmelt, in the mixed conifer zone of the Sierra Nevada, California. In particular, we appreciate the authors” conclusion that regolith deeper than 1 m is important in supporting base
Oxidants and antioxidants in aquatic animals.

1. Oxidative stress, potentially, is experienced by all aerobic life when antioxidant defenses are overcome by prooxidant forces, and is the basis of many physiological abberations. 2. Environmental contaminants may enhance oxidative stress in aquatic organisms, e.g. highly elevated rates of ideopathic lesions and neoplasia among fish inhabiting polluted environments is increasingly related to oxidative stress associated with environmental pollution. 3. Metabolism of redox cycling xenobiotics in aquatic organisms is very similar to that of mammals suggesting similarities in the health consequences of exposure to such compounds. 4. The expression of specific lesions known to arise specifically from oxidative stress, e.g. lipid peroxidation, oxidized bases in DNA and accumulation of lipofuscin pigments are present in many aquatic animals exposed to contaminants. 5. Aquatic organisms contain the major antioxidant enzymes SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, albeit there are marked quantitative differences among the various species reported.
3-deoxy-d-lyxo-2-heptulosaric acid, a component of the plant cell-wall polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-II☆☆☆

Abstract 3-Deoxy- d - lyxo -heptulosaric acid (DHA) has been identified as a component of plant cell walls. This sugar was found in the pectic polysaccharide rhmanogalacturonan-II as a component of the disaccharide β- l -Ara f -(1→5)- d -DHA p . The structural formula and linkage position of DHA were determined by mass spectrometry of several derivatives. The lyxo configuration was determined by 1 H-n.m.r. spectroscopy of a derivative of the isolated disaccharide. The d configuration was determined by partial degradation of DHA to l -glyceric acid. DHA was found to be present in the primary cell walls of many higher plants, including several dicots, two monocots, and a gymnosperm, but was not detected in two bacterial lipopolysaccharides.
Tranquilizers or Anti-Depressants for Chronic Schizophrenics: A Long Term Study

SynopsisThe relative efficacy of 4 tranquilizers was investigated in 66 chronic schizophrenics who had been hospitalized for 10.01 years (mean). The role of adding an anti-depressant was also studied. Following a 4 week placebo period, high dosage tranquilizers were given for 16 weeks and amitriptyline was added for the following 16 weeks.Statistical analyses of the various change measures revealed that patients worsened significantly on placebo, all 4 tranquilizers were significantly better than placebo for symptom reduction and maximum improvement was attained within 16 weeks of tranquilizer administration. No significant differences in efficacy were observed among the 4 tranquilizers and addition of amitriptyline did not confer any additional therapeutic advantage.
Glutamine metabolism in rat small intestine : synthesis of three-carbon products in isolated enterocytes

Glutamine is a major respiratory fuel for enterocytes but the extent of glutamine decarboxylation in these cells is not certain. The metabolism of differentially labeled L-[14C]glutamine was studied in enterocytes isolated from fed rats. The results indicate that glutamine undergoes two decarboxylations and yields a three carbon end product. The first decarboxylation is presumably at alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase but the identity of the second reaction is not clear. The addition of 3-mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, was without effect on either the rate of glutamine metabolism or the extent of decarboxylation. Labeled glutamine carbon was recovered in three carbon products primarily as alanine with lesser amounts as lactate. The addition of glucose to the incubation medium did not change the rate of glutamine metabolism, or decarboxylation, but lactate became the major labeled three carbon end product. The results show that the fate, alanine or lactate, of glutamine derived pyruvate in enterocytes depends on the relative rate of flux through pyruvate and indicates that one cytosolic pool of pyruvate exists in these cells. The limited oxidation of glutamine in enterocytes ensures that the gluconeogenic potential of glutamine is conserved within the body.
To DOS or not to DOS

Much to the disappointment of hard core disk operating system (DOS) wizards, many computer users have little knowledge of DOS commands and, in fact, they may not need much DOS knowledge in the future.Computer users today are able to manage files and move from application to application without directly invoking a DOS command. Application packages such as word processors, spread sheets, and data bases provide for file management. Special software programs are available that allow the user to backup an entire hard disk without any knowledge of DOS.Menu programs can be placed on a hard disk which allow the user to choose applications without knowing DOS commands. Perhaps the most creative programs to help the user avoid DOS, are the DOS management systems available on the market today which allow the user to speak English while the program speaks DOS to the system.On some campuses personnel are available to install and set up computers with hard disks using menu programs, applications, and DOS management programs. The user is trained in using the application and shown how to work with the menu system. As long as the system does not have a hardware or software problem, the user is able to be productive without extensive training in DOS commands. This process saves a great deal of time and money in training the computer user. Emphasis can be placed on training programs in areas where there is direct return for the time and money spent.Certainly a case could be developed to support DOS training for all computer users. Knowledge of the operating system, file management, backup procedures, etc. could be a tremendous advantage for the user. However, management must weigh the expenditure of time and cost against the advantages of training a staff in MS-DOS. Furthermore, not all computer users will find DOS friendly and their attempt to use the DOS commands could become frustrating and time consuming.
Composition Dependence of Segmental Dynamics of Poly(methyl methacrylate) in Miscible Blends with Poly(ethylene oxide)

We investigate the composition dependence of the segmental dynamics of poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA] in miscible binary blends with poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO] using quasi-elastic neutron scattering [QENS] in combination with deuterium labeling. Blends with 10, 20, and 30 wt % PEO are considered. Our main finding is that in all cases the segmental mobility of PMMA is controlled simply by the distance above the glass transition temperature. This holds for pure PMMA and all three blends and at all spatial scales over the 4−10 A range of observation. The best fits to the chain connectivity model are obtained with a self-concentration of zero, indicating that the local “effective” concentration defined over length scales comparable to our experiment is equal to the bulk composition. This is again consistent with segmental dynamics that follow the bulk [mixture] composition. Within the temperature range measured, the relaxation times are consistent with Arrhenius behavior: the resulting activation energy is...
Post-hospitalization treatment adherence of schizophrenic patients: Gender differences in skill acquisition

A cohort of acutely ill, hospitalized patients with chronic psychotic disorders participated in a study of a manualized community reintegration skills training program. Initial data analyses revealed that skill levels improved significantly over the course of treatment, and that higher post-training skill levels were associated with better post-discharge functioning for the group as a whole. Post-discharge treatment adherence rates were dramatically better in females, and analyses were conducted to determine the role of gender. Males and females had different predictors of post-training skill level and post-discharge treatment adherence. In males, who as a group were at higher risk for poor post-discharge outcome, there was a positive association between post-training skill level and post-discharge treatment adherence. Females, on the other hand, showed good post-discharge treatment adherence regardless of post-training skill or symptom levels. This report is consistent with prior studies suggesting that male and female individuals with schizophrenia show differential patterns of social skill, skill improvement, and social adjustment.
Contradictions in the social production of clinical knowledge: The case of schizophrenia

Abstract This paper is divided into two parts. In Part I, I contend that the current thrust to synthesize clinical and critical medical anthropology is misdirected and may serve to further fragment, rather than unify their concerns. I then suggest that instead of focusing on their differences, either in levels of analysis (‘micro-’ versus ‘macro-’) or in objects for analysis, we should emphasize instead the perspective that they share—one drawn from the common task their work assumes as a critical, emancipatory science of mankind. In Part II, keeping in mind this short prolegomenon, I utilize data regarding the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) to illustrate that medical knowledge is reducible to neither natural nor social forces; it is instead produced by living actors who are constrained by their social and historical conditions and the exigencies of the mode of production in which these actors produce. I show how NAMI members have succeeded in changing ‘blame-the-family’ ideologies about schizophrenia etiology and treatment, but I also explain how the medicalized alternative they produced in redefining schizophrenia as a disease of the brain is itself limited and fraught with contradictions (e.g. reinforcing a depersonalizing mind/body separation that inhibits healing). These contradictions highlight the difficulty of transcending the assumptions implicit in medical categories since they are tied to the dominant epistemology of the mode of production in which they are produced—one that binds our world views and limits the options we can generate. Anthropologists must draw attention to these constraints as an initial step to transcending them.
Generalized hydrodynamics for simple fluids

Abstract Linear response theory is used to derive generalized nonlocal macroscopic equations which descibe the free relaxation of a system initially constrained to be in a state not far from its unperturbed equilibrium state. When the complete set of macroscopic variables is the set of hydrodynamic variables, it is then demonstrated that the matrix of coefficients of these generalized equations can rigorously be used to relate the entire matrix of time-dependent conserved-variable correlation functions to the matrix of their equal-time correlation functions. By restricting the regime of interest to be the hydrodynamic regime, where the conserved variables vary much more slowly than the remaining dynamical variables of the system, the conservation laws are used to develop a procedure for obtaining the terms in the matrix of coefficients as an expansion in powers of the wavevector, k , with explicit molecular expressions worked out for the terms through order k4. The expressions are shown to involve limits of generalized current-density correlation functions containing no conserved parts which are therefore well behaved for small frequencies. The forms of the macroscopic equations and the correlation functios implied by this order approximation to the matrix of coefficients are discussed in detail. Reasons are given why a double generalization, which considers both the time dependence and k dependence of the terms in the matrix, is necessary beyond order k2 in simple fluids.
Cooperative Versus Competitive Structures in Related and Unrelated Diversified Firms

Herein we argue that different diversification strategies are associated with different sets of economic benefits. Firms that have diversified into related areas can realize benefits from economies of scope, while those that have diversified into unrelated areas can realize benefits from efficient internal governance mechanisms. We hypothesize that distinctly different internal organizational arrangements are required to realize these different benefits. Firms attempting to realize economies of scope need organizational arrangements that stress cooperation between business units. Firms attempting to realize economic benefits from efficient internal governance need organizational arrangements that stress competition between business units. If a diversified firm is to achieve high performance it must establish an appropriate fit between its diversification strategy on the one hand, and its organizational structure and control systems on the other. We test this thesis on 184 Fortune 1000 firms that participated in a survey of organizational arrangements. The results indicate that the appropriate fit between strategy, structure, and control systems is associated with superior performance. Firms attempting to realize economies of scope perform better if their organizational arrangements stress cooperation between business units, while firms attempting to realize economic benefits from efficient internal governance perform better if their organizational arrangements stress competition between business units.
The effect of chemical short range ordering on crystallization of Zr-Ni glasses

Abstract Previous measurements of low temperature specific heat (ref. 1) demonstrated the presence of phase separation and chemical short range ordering in Zr-Ni glasses with zirconium contents from 60 to 66 at. % Zr. This ordering is found to play a significant role in the crystallization process.
Corrections to finite-size-scaling in two dimensional Potts models

Abstract High resolution Monte Carlo simulations are used to examine the finite size behavior of Q-state Potts models in two dimensions. For Q=3 we find that at the critical point bulk properties are subject to much larger corrections to finite size scaling than were previously realized. For Q=4 we find that corrections to finite size scaling are subtle and that the multiplicative logarithmic correction is insufficient to correct the dominant terms.
Wool -- Its Effect on Flame-Retardant Properties of Blend Fabrics

Durable phosphorus-based flame retardants were applied to twill fabrics con taining cotton and wool to study the effect of wool on the flame retardancy and physical properties of the blend fabrics. The presence of wool in untreated blend fabrics caused burning rates to decrease and oxygen index values to increase as wool content increased in the blends. These effects were also observed in cotton/ wool blends treated with low levels of the Thps-urea-TMM flame retardant, but were less pronounced in fabrics treated at high levels. Thermogravimetric analyses were conducted to study the thermal degradation of the treated and untreated fabrics. The presence of wool in treated blend fabrics did not sig nificantly change strength retention, area shrinkage and wrinkle recovery values in comparison to similarly treated 100% cotton fabrics.
Quantitative Analysis of Mucosal Tissues in Patients Using Light Scattering Spectroscopy

We presented two approaches for separating a diffusive component of the backscattered signal originated in deep tissue layers and a non-diffusive single backscattering component which backscattered from a thin epithelial layer. Both approaches can be effective and have their advantages and disadvantages. The modeling technique can provide important information about hemoglobin concentration, oxygenation, and average scattering properties of the mucosal tissue. On the other hand, when applied to new tissues, it has to be adjusted to take into account tissue morphology. Also, the polarization technique can be very robust and more effective in background removal. However, it lacks extracting capabilities of the modeling technique. Both techniques can be quite valuable and compliment each other in a future clinical device.
Subjective and objective quality of life in schizophrenia.

Abstract Objective Quality of life (QOL) is considered an important outcome in the treatment of schizophrenia, but the determinants of QOL are poorly understood in this population. Furthermore, previous studies have relied on combined measures of subjective QOL (usually defined as life satisfaction) and objective QOL (usually defined as participation in activities and relationships). We examined separately the clinical, functional, and cognitive predictors of subjective and objective QOL in outpatients with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that better subjective QOL would be associated with less severe negative and depressive symptoms, better objective QOL, and greater everyday functioning capacity, and that better objective QOL would be associated with less severe negative and depressive symptoms, better cognitive performance, and greater functional capacity. Method Participants included 88 outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who completed a comprehensive series of assessments, including measures of positive, negative, and depressive symptoms; performance-based functional skills; a neuropsychological battery; and an interview measure of subjective and objective QOL. Results In the context of multiple predictor variables, more severe depressive symptoms and better neuropsychological functioning were independent predictors of worse subjective QOL. More severe negative symptoms predicted worse objective QOL. Functional capacity variables were not associated with subjective or objective QOL. Conclusion Treatments to improve QOL in schizophrenia should focus on negative symptoms and depressive symptoms.
Angiotensin I (Phe8-His9) hydrolase - studies with renin substrates.

Abstract Angiotensin I [Phe8-His9] hydrolase produced a pressor substance (probably angiotensin II) from synthetic tetradecapeptide renin substrate but not from human renin substrate. The activity of angiotensin I [Phe8-His9] hydrolase was effectively inhibited by cupric ion. Tetradecapeptide renin substrate was also shown to competitively inhibit angiotensin I hydrolysis by angiotensin I [Phe8-His9] hydrolase.
Sediment management by jets and turbidity currents with application to a reservoir for flood and pollution control in Chicago, Illinois

Management of fine sediments presents an important engineering and environmental problem. The active dredging of large volumes of sediments from harbors and reservoirs involves the use of expensive equipments with large operational costs. In several situations, however, passive systems can afford an efficient and low operational cost alternative. This work assesses the feasibility of eroding fine bed sediment by jet discharges and the subsequent transport in suspension by an ensuing turbidity current.A calibrated numerical model is applied to study the flow transport capacity under field conditions. Results show that large amounts of sediment can be eroded from the bed in the near-field region of the jet discharge, and that part of this eroded sediment can be transported in suspension further downstream by turbidity currents. The flow transport capacity depends strongly on the initial conditions of the jet discharge. This work has implications on sediment management by passive methods and presents a simpl...
Eclipse Instrumentation for the Solar Corona

The expedition of the Harvard College Observatory, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the National Geographic Society to Miahuatlan, Mexico, to observe the total solar eclipse of 7 March 1970, is described. Instrumentation included a coronal spectrograph, television cameras recording on videotape, telescopes for photography of coronal polarization, and cameras for direct photography. Photographs and preliminary microphotometer tracings are included.
Signed Domination in Regular Graphs and Set-Systems

Suppose G is a graph on n vertices with minimum degree r. Using standard random methods it is shown that there exists a two-coloring of the vertices of G with colors, +1 and ?1, such that all closed neighborhoods contain more 1's than ?1's, and all together the number of 1's does not exceed the number of ?1's by more than (4logr/r+1/r)n. For large r this greatly improves earlier results and is almost optimal, since starting with an Hadamard matrix of order r, a bipartite r-regular graph is constructed on 4r vertices with signed domination number at least (1/2) r?O(1). The determination of limn?∞?s(G)/n remains open and is conjectured to be ?(1/r).
Cilengitide-induced temporal variations in transvascular transfer parameters of tumor vasculature in a rat glioma model: identifying potential MRI biomarkers of acute effects.

Increased efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) 4-8 h after Cilengitide treatment has been reported. We hypothesized that the effects of Cilengitide on tumor transvascular transfer parameters might underlie, and thus predict, this potentiation. Athymic rats with orthotopic U251 glioma were studied at ~21 days after implantation using dynamic contrastenhanced (DCE)-MRI. Vascular parameters, viz: plasma volume fraction (vp), forward volume transfer constant (K trans ) and interstitial volume fraction (ve) of a contrast agent, were determined in tumor vasculature once before, and again in cohorts 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after Cilengitide administration (4 mg/kg; N = 31; 6-7 per cohort). Perfusion-fixed brain sections were stained for von Willebrand factor to visualize vascular segments. A comparison of pre- and posttreatment parameters showed that the differences between MR indices before and after Cilengitide treatment pivoted around the 8 h time point, with 2 and 4 h groups showing increases, 12 and 24 h groups showing decreases, and values at the 8 h time point close to the baseline. The vascular parameter differences between group of 2 and 4 h and group of 12 and 24 h were significant for K trans (p = 0.0001 and ve (p = 0,0271). Vascular staining showed little variation with time after Cilengitide. The vascular normalization occurring 8 h after Cilengitide treatment coincided with similar previous reports of increased treatment efficacy when RT followed Cilengitide by 8 h. Pharmacological normalization of vasculature has the potential to increase sensitivity to RT. Evaluating acute temporal responses of tumor vasculature to putative anti-angiogenic drugs may help in optimizing their combination with other treatment modalities.
PERCUTANEOUS PUNCTURE OF NONDEFLATING ANGIOPLASTY BALLOONS

O SCVIR, 1999 MODERN balloon angioplasty catheters are verv reliable. However. despite all t ce safeguards, catheters occasionallv fail. The most likelv cause of failure is not manufacturer error but kinkine of the deflation lumen or pluggi;g of the deflation lumen by an accidentally injected blood clot. Whatever the cause, interventional radiologists mav sometimes be in a situation in which an angioplasty balloon will not deflate. The deflation lumen can be cleared by injection of saline or CO, or by placement of a fine guide wire through the inflation lumen. When u
Alternative Vaccination Locations: Who Uses Them and Can They Increase Flu Vaccination Rates?

Since many unvaccinated individuals do not regularly contact the traditional health care system, we sought to determine the role that alternative vaccination locations (e.g., workplaces and retail clinics) could play in increasing influenza vaccination coverage. Between February 14, 2008 and March 10, 2008, a 25-question influenza vaccine questionnaire was administered to a nationally representative, stratified sample of panelists. Our results found that while alternative locations are covering some segments not captured by the traditional health care system (e.g., younger, working, white individuals in metropolitan areas), they are not serving many other segments (e.g., minority, rural, or lower income patients).
Determination of raffinose and lactobionic acid in ViaSpan® by anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

An anion exchange chromatographic method has been developed to quantify raffinose and lactobionic acid in ViaSpan, an organ preservation product. Separation was accomplished using an aqueous sodium hydroxide/acetate solvent system (pH 13) on a Carbopac PA1 column. Detection was performed using a pulsed amperometric detector equipped with a gold working electrode. The method was able to resolve raffinose,lactobionic acid and other ingredients in the ViaSpan product. Validation testing of the method for routine use produced excellent linearity, precision and accuracy. The limits of detection for raffinose and lactobionic acid were 1.0 ng (1.7 x 10(-12) mol, S/N = 3) and 2.0 ng (5.6 x 10(-12) mol, S/N = 3) respectively. The total analysis time is less than 15 min.
Nasolacrimal Duct Closure Modulates Ocular Mucosal and Systemic CD4+ T-Cell Responses Induced following Topical Ocular or Intranasal Immunization

Both topical ocular and topical intranasal immunizations have been reported to stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system (OMIS) and the systemic immune system. Nasolacrimal ducts (NLDs) are the connecting bridges between the OMIS and nasal cavity-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). These ducts drain topical ocularly administrated solutions into the inferior meatus of the nose to reach the NALT. Inversely, NLDs also drain intranasally administrated solutions to the mucosal surface of the eye and thus the OMIS. This unique anatomical connection between the OMIS and NALT systems provoked us to test whether the OMIS and NALT are immunologically interdependent. In this report, we show that both topical ocular administration and topical intranasal administration of a mixture of immunodominant CD4(+) T-cell epitope peptides from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) emulsified with the CpG(2007) mucosal adjuvant are capable of inducing local (in conjunctiva) as well as systemic (in spleen) HSV-peptide-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses. Interestingly, surgical closure of NLDs did not significantly alter local ocular mucosal CD4(+) T-cell responses induced following topical ocular immunization but did significantly enhance systemic CD4(+) T-cell responses (as measured by both T-cell proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production; P < 0.005). In contrast, NLD closure significantly decreased ocular mucosal, but not systemic, CD4(+) T-cell responses following intranasal administration of the same vaccine solution (P < 0.001). The study suggests that NALT and the OMIS are immunologically interconnected.
Species diversity and activity of insectivorous bats in three habitats in La Virgen de Sarapiquí, Costa Rica

Pineapple farms make up 45,000 ha of Costa Rican landscape and are the second most exported crop. This is economically beneficial for the Costa Ricans, but greatly affects the natural flora and fauna because it is such a low growing crop. This study examined the differences in insectivorous bat species diversity and activity in the habitat gradient between the forest in Tirimbina Biological Reserve in La Virgen de Sarapiqui, Heredia, Costa Rica and the nearby pineapple farm called Finca Corsicana. Over a four week period in March and April 2013, ultrasonic recorders were placed at different sites to pick up the bats' calls. Then the recordings were analyzed to identify the species. There were four families present and 19 different species. There was a significant decrease in the number of bat passes (the number of times a bat passes the recorder) in the pineapple farm (x = 22.6), in comparison to the border (x = 39.9), and the forest (x = 44.2) (p = 0.0028). Agricultural environ- ments affected and lowered bat presence. Also, a greater mean number of bats recorded between 1900-1930 hrs compared to 1730-1800 hrs, coincided with the setting of the sun and beginning of bat activity. More research is need throughout the night and the year to establish clearer patterns of bat use and activity in different habitats.
Combustion Characteristics of a Single-Cylinder Open-Chamber Diesel Engine

The combustion characteristics of an open-chamber diesel engine were examined by means of heat-release analysis and flame luminosity measurements. Increasing the load was found to decrease premixed burning and correspondingly to increase diffusion burning. During most of the diffusion combustion the burning rate of the fuel appeared to be directly proportional to the amount of unburned fuel present in the cylinder. The duration of heat release in crank-angle degrees increased linearly with load and, in general, increased with decreasing engine speed and retarded injection timing. The measured duration of flame luminosity was significantly longer than the calculated duration of heat release, which suggested that emission of radiation continued long after the heat-release reactions ceased.
Spectral Properties of Americiuin(III) in Silicate Matrices-Concentration-dependent Up-conversion Emission.

We have been pursuing the spectroscopic properties of actinide ions in silicate matrices. One facet of these studies involves the behavior of Stokes and anti-Stokes emissions exhibited by Am3+ in these hosts. Several attributes have been found to influence the spectral profile, which include excitation wavelength, laser power, and dopant-concentration. Excitation with the 514.5 nm (19435 cm-1) line of argon laser provides anti-Stokes emissions at 21100 and ~19920 em-1 in the boro-silicate matrices. This up-conversion was found to proceed through a multi-photon scheme, and the efficiency increases with increased dopant concentration. Based on our concentration-dependent studies, the up-conversion is suggested to involve a cross-relaxation process [(5D1', 7F0') (7F6, 7F2')] between neighboring americium ions.
Rationalizability, adaptive dynamics, and the correspondence principle in games with strategic substitutes

New insights into the theory of games with strategic substitutes (GSS) are developed. These games possess extremal serially undominated strategies that provide bounds on predicted behavior and on limiting behavior of adaptive dynamics, similar to games with strategic complements (GSC). In parameterized GSS, monotone equilibrium selections are dynamically stable under natural conditions, as in parameterized GSC. Dominance solvability in GSS is not equivalent to uniqueness of Nash equilibrium, but is equivalent to uniqueness of simply rationalizable strategies. Convergence of best response dynamics in GSS is equivalent to global convergence of adaptive dynamics, is equivalent to dominance solvability, and implies uniqueness of equilibrium, all in contrast to GSC. In particular, Cournot stability is equivalent to dominance solvability in GSS. The results shed light on predicted behavior, learning, global stability, uniqueness of equilibrium, and dynamic stability of monotone comparative statics in GSS. Several examples are provided.
The continuum of translation research in genomic medicine: how can we accelerate the appropriate integration of human genome discoveries into health care and disease prevention?

Advances in genomics have led to mounting expectations in regard to their impact on health care and disease prevention. In light of this fact, a comprehensive research agenda is needed to move human genome discoveries into health practice in a way that maximizes health benefits and minimizes harm to individuals and populations. We present a framework for the continuum of multidisciplinary translation research that builds on previous characterization efforts in genomics and other areas in health care and prevention. The continuum includes four phases of translation research that revolve around the development of evidence-based guidelines. Phase 1 translation (T1) research seeks to move a basic genome-based discovery into a candidate health application (e.g., genetic test/intervention). Phase 2 translation (T2) research assesses the value of a genomic application for health practice leading to the development of evidence-based guidelines. Phase 3 translation (T3) research attempts to move evidence-based guidelines into health practice, through delivery, dissemination, and diffusion research. Phase 4 translation (T4) research seeks to evaluate the “real world” health outcomes of a genomic application in practice. Because the development of evidence-based guidelines is a moving target, the types of translation research can overlap and provide feedback loops to allow integration of new knowledge. Although it is difficult to quantify how much of genomics research is T1, we estimate that no more than 3% of published research focuses on T2 and beyond. Indeed, evidence-based guidelines and T3 and T4 research currently are rare. With continued advances in genomic applications, however, the full continuum of translation research needs adequate support to realize the promise of genomics for human health. Genet Med 2007:9(10):665–674.
Yield and reliability of 3DIC technology for advanced 28nm node and beyond

A stacked three-dimension integrated circuit (3D-IC) of 28nm chips was demonstrated. Key enabling technologies such as through silicon via (TSV) formation, wafer thinning, redistribution layer (RDL), micro bump and joint were developed for chip stacking and interconnect functions evaluation. The excellent performances of 3D-IC yield and reliability characteristics are key milestones in promising manufacturability of 3D-IC by silicon foundry technology.
FilterBoost: Regression and Classification on Large Datasets

We study boosting in the filtering setting, where the booster draws examples from an oracle instead of using a fixed training set and so may train efficiently on very large datasets. Our algorithm, which is based on a logistic regression technique proposed by Collins, Schapire, & Singer, requires fewer assumptions to achieve bounds equivalent to or better than previous work. Moreover, we give the first proof that the algorithm of Collins et al. is a strong PAC learner, albeit within the filtering setting. Our proofs demonstrate the algorithm's strong theoretical properties for both classification and conditional probability estimation, and we validate these results through extensive experiments. Empirically, our algorithm proves more robust to noise and overfitting than batch boosters in conditional probability estimation and proves competitive in classification.
TAVERN CULTURE AND TELEVISION VIEWING: The Influence of Local Viewing Culture on Patrons' Reception of Television Programs

This article is concerned with the relationship between tavern culture and television viewing. The author explores this relationship using ethnographic data collected during fieldwork in an African...
Exploring the Cognitive and Affective Mechanisms Behind Subjective Assessments of Travel Amounts

Travel demand models focus on explaining how much individuals actually travel but offer no insight into how much individuals think they travel. The authors propose that the latter is an important determinant of traveler behavior, and that actual mobility is refracted through a variety of filters that magnify or diminish those subjective evaluations of travel amounts. Linear regression models of subjective mobility measures provided by 1,358 San Francisco Bay Area commuters were estimated earlier; the focus of this article is on identifying the potential cognitive and affective mechanisms that influence subjective mobility upward or downward, after controlling for objective mobility. The authors find three major types of mechanisms: awareness-heightening, affective, and comparison-inducing. Recurring patterns of effects in these three categories are analyzed in the light of psychological and marketing research concepts including the availability heuristic, social comparison, relative deprivation, autobiographical memory, and motivation theory.
New attitude penalty functions for spacecraft optimal control problems

A solution of a spacecraft optimal control problem, whose cost function relies on an attitude description, usually depends on the choice of attitude coordinates used. A problem could be solved using 3-2-1 Euler angles or using classical Rodriguez parameters and yield two different ``optimal`` solutions, unless the performance index in invariant with respect to the attitude coordinate choice. Another problem arising with many attitude coordinates is that they have no sense of when a body has tumbled beyond 180{degrees} from the reference attitude. In many such cases it would be easier (i.e. cost less) to let the body complete the revolution than to force it to reverse the rotation and return to the desired attitude. This paper develops a universal attitude penalty function g() whose value is independent of the attitude coordinates chosen to represent it. Furthermore, this function will achieve its maximum value only when a principal rotation of {plus_minus}180{degrees} from the target state is performed. This will implicitly permit the g() function to sense the shortest rotational distance back to the reference state. An attitude penalty function which depends on the Modified Rodriguez Parameters (MRP) will also be presented. These recently discovered MRPs are a non-singular three-parameter setmore » which can describe any three-attitude. This MRP penalty function is simpler than the attitude coordinate independent g() function, but retains the useful property of avoiding lengthy principal rotations of more than {plus_minus}180{degrees}.« less
Conservation versus Competition? Environmental Objectives in Government Contracting

Government contracts increasingly incorporate environmental objectives or preferences for sustainable products. I show how such environmental restrictions can influence contract bids through firm costs, strategic bidding behavior, and bidder participation decisions. Using data from Michigan timber auctions, I find that conservation restrictions impose compliance costs of up to 15% of the winning bid. These costs are found to be fully borne by the state. Loggers capture a larger share of auction surplus for restricted contracts, indicating that the policy blunts competitive pressure in the auctions. Optimal reserve prices can partially mitigate the revenue disparity between more- and less-restricted contracts.
The “Looseness” Factor in Speed and O2 Consumption of an Anaerobic 100-Yard Dash

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that the “looseness” factor in sprint running would be enhanced through lessening the resistance of antagonistic muscles and/or their connective tissues by stretching. On the basis of this hypothesis, it was predicted that running times would be improved and metabolic cost reduced as the result of improving joint mobility through stretching. Static stretching was used as a warm-up procedure to allow evaluation of a relatively pure flexibility factor as a contributor to muscular efficiency or “looseness.” Four subjects each ran ten 100-yd. time trials anaerobically. Five trials followed no warm-up and five followed a period of static stretching. Respiratory gas samples were analyzed for gross and net O2, CO2, ventilation rate, and true O2. Differences in running time and all respiratory measures were small in magnitude and none achieved significance at the .05 level.
U.S. Nuclear Weapon Locations, 1995

(1995). U.S. Nuclear Weapon Locations, 1995. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 51, No. 6, pp. 74-75.
Outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression in two annual monoecious herbs, Begonia hirsuta and B. semiovata

Most models of mating-system evolution predict inbreeding depression to be low in inbred populations due to the purging of deleterious recessive alleles. This paper presents estimates of outcrossing rates and inbreeding depression for two highly selfing, monoecious annuals Begonia hirsuta and B. semiovata. Outcrossing rates were estimated using isozyme polymorphisms, and the magnitude of inbreeding depression was quantified by growing progeny in the greenhouse produced through controlled selfing and outcrossing. The estimated single-locus outcrossing rate was 0.03 ? 0.01 (SE) for B. hirsuta and 0.05 ? 0.02 for B. semiovata. In both species, the seed production of selfed flowers was on average 12% lower than that of outcrossed flowers (B. hirsuta P = 0.07, B. semiovata P < 0.05, mixed model ANOVAs). There was no significant effect of crosstype on germination rate or survival, but selfed offspring had a lower dry mass than outcrossed offspring 18 weeks after planting in both species (on average 18% lower in B. hirsuta and 31% lower in B. semiovata). Plants that were the products of selfing began flowering later than plants produced through outcrossing in B. semiovata, but not in B. hirsuta. The effects of crosstype on seed production (B. semiovata), days to first flower and offspring dry mass (both species) varied among maternal parents, as indicated by significant crosstype x maternal parent interactions for these characters. Both species showed significant inbreeding depression for total fitness (estimated as the product of seed production, germination rate, survival and dry mass at 18 weeks). In B. hirsuta, the average total inbreeding depression was 22% (range -570/-98%; N= 23 maternal parents), and in B. semiovata, it was 42% (-1I1I/%-84%; N= 21). This study demonstrates that highly selfing populations can harbor substantial inbreeding depression. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a high mutation rate to mildly deleterious alleles contributes to the maintenance of inbreeding depression in selfing populations.
The Role of Phase Matching in Pulsed Second harmonic Generation: Walk-Off and Phase-Locked Twin Pulses in Negative Index Media

We present evidence that a phase locking mechanism characterizes harmonic generation under phase mismatched conditions. The SH and TH signals display two peaks, a normal and a phase-locked component that phase-locks to the pump.
ME-13LOSS OF SOCS3 IN MYELOID CELLS DELAYS TUMOR GROWTH AND PROLONGS SURVIVAL IN A SYNGENEIC MODEL OF GLIOBLASTOMA

Glioblastoma (GBM), a particularly devastating type of brain tumor, remains a challenging and difficult disease to treat. Despite aggressive therapies, patients diagnosed with GBM have a median survival of 12-16 months. On a cellular level, GBM tumors are extremely heterogeneous, consisting of resident tumor cells, tumor initiating cells, infiltrating immune cells, endothelial cells, and other tumor associated stromal cells, which makes developing targeted therapies a challenge. In GBM, microglia (MG) and macrophages (MP) are the largest population of tumor-infiltrating cells. GBM tumor cells recruit MG/MP via the secretion of chemo-attractants; however, upon arrival at the tumor, the MG/MP adopt an anti-inflammatory phenotype, and in turn accidentally aide in tumor promotion through the secretion of various cytokines. We have previously determined that macrophages with deletion of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 (SOCS3), the negative regulator of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), have an enhanced M1 (pro-inflammatory) response. Herein, we sought to determine the role of SOCS3 in MG/MP functionality in GBM. In this report, we utilized a conditional model in which SOCS3 deletion is restricted to the myeloid cell population. We found that deletion of SOCS3 in the myeloid cell population delays intracranial tumor growth and increases survival of mice bearing orthotopic glioma tumors. Intracranial tumors from mice with SOCS3 deficient myeloid cells have an increase in the number of infiltrating immune cells, including monocytes, neutrophils and macrophages. Lastly, SOCS3 deficient bone marrow derived macrophages display enhanced and prolonged expression of pro-inflammatory M1 cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) when exposed to tumor cell conditioned medium in vitro. Therefore, loss of SOCS3 in MG/MP in the tumor promotes an inflammatory, immune response early and thus delays tumor growth. These preliminary findings highlight an important role of the STAT3/SOCS3 signaling axis in MG/MP in GBM tumors.
Investigation on human follicle mite infection in college students and analysis on relative factors

Objective:To investigate the methods for detecting follicle mites and the relationship between human follicle mites infection and the facial dermatogic diseases.Methods: 540 local college students were selected for the diagnosis of human follicle mites infection using transparent adhesive tape method and squeezing method.Facial skin of each student was examined.Results: The infection rate of human follicle mites in the local university student was 54.44%.The detection rate of squeezing method was significantly higher than that of transparent adhesive tape method,which was of statistical significance(P0.05).In 294 infected students,33.88% were infected with Demodex folliculorum and 11.48% were infected with Demodex brevis.The infection rate of the university students who had facial dermatogic diseases was higher than the normal ones(P0.01).Conclusion: The infection of human follicle mites was common in the college.The detection rate of squeezing method was higher than that of transparent adhesive tape method.The facial dermatogic diseases had direct relationship with infection of human follicle mites.