cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
HIF-Independent Regulation of Thioredoxin Reductase 1 Contributes to the High Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species Induced by Hypoxia

Cellular adaptation to hypoxic conditions mainly involves transcriptional changes in which hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) play a critical role. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF protein is stabilized due to inhibition of the activity of prolyl hydroxylases (EGLNs). Because the reaction carried out by these enzymes uses oxygen as a co-substrate it is generally accepted that the hypoxic inhibition of EGLNs is due to the reduction in oxygen levels. However, several studies have reported that hypoxic generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is required for HIF stabilization. Here, we show that hypoxia downregulates thioredoxin reductase 1 (TR1) mRNA and protein levels. This hypoxic TR1 regulation is HIF independent, as HIF stabilization by EGLNs inhibitors does not affect TR1 expression and HIF deficiency does not block TR1 hypoxic-regulation, and it has an effect on TR1 function, as hypoxic conditions also reduce TR1 activity. We found that, when cultured under hypoxic conditions, TR1 deficient cells showed a larger accumulation of ROS compared to control cells, whereas TR1 over-expression was able to block the hypoxic generation of ROS. Furthermore, the changes in ROS levels observed in TR1 deficient or TR1 over-expressing cells did not affect HIF stabilization or function. These results indicate that hypoxic TR1 down-regulation is important in maintaining high levels of ROS under hypoxic conditions and that HIF stabilization and activity do not require hypoxic generation of ROS.
Regulation of small intestinal protein metabolism.

The gastrointestinal tract plays a signif­ icant role in protein metabolism of the whole body. 1 Endogenous proteins are di­ gested within the intestinal tract and largely reabsorbed. Of the 70 g estimated to be secreted daily into the gut lumen, less than 12 g of protein are excreted daily. Ingested protein also forms a large reser­ voir of amino acids within the lumen of the intestine. The amino acids from endoge­ nous and exogenous sources are then trans­ ported across the intestine for use in the body. These processes of protein diges­ tion and absorption have been extensively studied. 1 4 Less attention, however, has been paid to the metabolism of protein within the small intestinal epithelial cells themselves. The mucosa is one organ in which cell division and differentiation oc­ curs continuously throughout life. This process is subject to regulation by various stimuli, and it would necessitate the con­ trolled production of various specific pro­ teins.
Vanadium‐ und Chrom‐Katalysatoren für die Äthylenpolymerisation

Dieser Fortschrittsbericht enthalt eine Literaturubersicht uber losliche Katalysatorsysteme auf der Basis von Vanadium und Chrom, die durch eine kombinierte Untersuchung der magnetischen Eigenschaften und der Polymerisationsaktivitat solcher Systeme erganzt wird. Es zeigt sich, das Vanadium aktive Spezies mit den Oxidationsstufen V(III) und V(II) bildet, Chrom hingegen nur mit Cr(II). Fur den Polymerisationsverlauf werden Modelle vorgeschlagen. – Ein Vergleich mit heterogenen Systemen (Phillips-Katalysator) fuhrt zu einigen allgemeinen Prinzipien uber die Aktivitat von Katalysatoren und die Eigenschaften der damit hergestellten Polymeren.
Brachypodium as an Arabidopsis for the Grasses: Are We There Yet?

Brachypodium distachyon has recently been developed as a small, easily manipulated grass to further translational and applied agronomic research paradigms outside of the scope of the Arabidopsis programs. The aim of the workers behind this fledgling Brachypodium community is that this grass will lead to theoretical and practical advances within cereal, bio-energy, and forage research. Some of the successes of Brachypodium within the context of Arabidopsis are noted and structured around the research triad—basic, translational, and applied work—with a particular focus on Brachypodium as a tool for advancing plant virology and pathosystems biology work.
Review article: Acute stroke: basic concents and use of imaging for clinicians

In this article we review basic and some advanced concepts of stroke imaging. The benefits and caveats of both CT and MRI are stressed and we attempt to familiarize the reader with current concepts regarding collateral brain circulation, its nature, and its importance in acute stroke.
Growth of Thermophilic and Thermotolerant Fungi in Soil in Situ and in Vitro

SUMMARY Thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi were quantitatively isolated from soil samples collected near Bloomington, Indiana, on eight separate dates throughout the summer of 1975. Samples were collected from each of four different field sites which differed in amount of sun heating and in amendment with organic matter. Eighteen species of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi were isolated. Fungal growth is described on the basis of observation of in situ growth and results of plate counts. Growth rates of thermophilic and mesophilic soil fungi were measured in vitro in soil, alone and in pairs, at 20 and 37 C, and at fluctuating temperatures. The role of sun-heating of temperate soil in allowing growth of thermophilic and thermotolerant fungi, and in inhibiting growth of mesophilic fungi, is evaluated in view of the in vitro and in situ data presented. Evidence is presented in support of the conclusions that the high minimum temperature for growth of thermophilic fungi is not a laboratory artifact, and that tolerance to microbial antagonism is not necessarily low in thermophilic fungi. No evidence was found that production of antagonistic chemical compounds by thermophilic fungi was enhanced by exposure of the species tested to temperatures lower than those required for growth.
Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Planning Capacity

Planning researchers often use planning capacity as an independent variable in studies of plan making and implementation. Increased capacity is associated with higher quality planning processes and plans. Yet, unlike in other fields such as public administration, planners have not devoted much attention to understanding the nature, impacts, and implications of planning capacity. This article synthesizes the literature concerning capacity in planning and related fields and proposes criteria that future definitions and measures of capacity should include.
Relationships Between Program Size, Training Experience, and Career Intentions: Pediatrics Resident Reports From 2010 to 2014

Abstract Objective To determine the relationship between pediatric residency program size and resident demographic characteristics, career intentions, and training experiences. Methods Annual national random samples of 1000 graduating pediatrics residents were surveyed between 2010 and 2014. Response years were pooled for analysis, and trends in resident demographic characteristics, career intentions and job search, and training experiences were compared across program class size: small ( Results Overall response rate was 61% (3038 of 5000). Primary care goals at the end of residency varied according to program size: 45.9% for small programs, 43.4% for medium programs, and 35.1% for large programs. Reports of excellent or very good preparation for subspecialty fellowship and hospitalist positions increased across program size, whereas primary care preparation reports decreased. Only half of the residents in large programs who enter primary care believe they are prepared and less than half in small programs who accept subspecialty fellowship positions believe they are prepared for these new positions. Residents in medium and large programs report being most prepared for hospitalist work. Conclusions Notable numbers of residents in small programs pursue subspecialties and notable numbers in large programs enter primary care. However, residents believe they are less prepared for primary care as program size increases and less prepared for subspecialty training as program size decreases. These findings suggest that the training experiences of some residents do not optimally align with their future practice.
Sampling of formaldehyde migration in melamine tableware in Xinxiang City

Objective To understand the security situation in melamine tableware market, the melamine tableware was checked randomly in market in city XinXiang. Methods Some different priced melamine tableware were collected in Xinxiang city and surrounding counties daily wholesale market, native wholesale and retail grocery stores, and then formaldehyde monomer migration was measured by acetylacetone spectrophotometric. Results The pass rate of the assay sample was 53.7 %, exceeding the national limit 1~ 2 times was 31.7 %, exceeding the national limit more than 2 times was 14.6 %. Conclusions High formaldehyde migration was found in the melamine tableware on the market in Xinxiang City, and there was a security risk when melamine tableware was using as the catering food utensils.
Effects of dry and wet irrigation on the growth of rice under system of rice intensification

Effects of aerobic irrigation on the rice growth were conducted in the experimental station of China National Rice Research Institute under system of rice intensification.The result showed that: it saved water by 1.4%,12.4%,9.0% and 11.2% at returning green stage,tillering stage,booting stage and heading stage respectively,and the water use efficiency was 0.93 kg/m3,34.2% higher than that of the control;soil redox potential(Eh) changed circularly and advanced after drying 4 to 5 days,and rewatering 4 to 5 days;and the conditions of soil aerating and root activity were improved,furthermore,it promoted big panicle,and increased the grain yield of rice by 6.9%.
Gangliosides of the Vertebrate Nervous System

Gangliosides, sialylated glycosphingolipids, found on all vertebrate cells and tissues, are major molecular determinants on the surfaces of vertebrate nerve cells. Composed of a sialylated glycan attached to a ceramide lipid, the same four structures-GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b-represent the vast majority (>90%) of gangliosides in the brains of all mammals and birds. Primarily found on the outer surface of the plasma membrane with their glycans facing outward, gangliosides associate laterally with each other, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, and select proteins in lipid rafts-the dynamic functional subdomains of the plasma membrane. The functions of gangliosides in the human nervous system are revealed by congenital mutations in ganglioside biosynthetic genes. Mutations in ST3GAL5, which codes for an enzyme early in brain ganglioside biosynthesis, result in an early-onset seizure disorder with profound motor and cognitive decay, whereas mutations in B4GALNT1, a gene encoding a later step, result in hereditary spastic paraplegia accompanied by intellectual deficits. The molecular functions of brain gangliosides include regulation of receptors in the same membrane via lateral (cis) associations and regulation of cell-cell recognition by trans interaction with ganglioside binding proteins on apposing cells. Gangliosides also affect the aggregation of Aβ (Alzheimer's disease) and α-synuclein (Parkinson's Disease). As analytical, biochemical, and genetic tools advance, research on gangliosides promises to reveal mechanisms of molecular control related to nerve and glial cell differentiation, neuronal excitability, axon outgrowth after nervous system injury, and protein folding in neurodegenerative diseases.
Overview: Disease Recurrence After Liver Transplantation

The expected 1-year and 5-year patient survival rates after liver transplantation (LT) are 85–95 % and 75–85 %, respectively. The common causes of long-term mortality after LT are recurrence of primary liver disease or cancer for which LT was performed, cardiovascular events, de novo malignancy, and renal failure. In this book, we focus on disease recurrence after LT and critically analyze our current understanding of the incidence and diagnosis of disease recurrence, natural history, treatment options, and quality of life. Although disease recurrence is common after LT, only few conditions appear to have a major impact on graft survival. De novo diseases specific to LT recipients may also appear after LT in both adults and children. Early recognition of recurrent disease and de novo conditions will improve the survival of LT recipients.
Theory-Driven Graphic Organizers

Publisher Summary The development of semantic networking and concept mapping has interesting parallels and important distinctions. They both have a substantial research base demonstrating their effectiveness as research and metacognitive tools. While grid systems for drawing structures may be familiar to the engineer and the artist, they have also been demonstrated to be useful in biology education. Roundhouse diagrams are named after the circular buildings with central turntables that are used by railroads for housing and switching locomotives. Another graphic metacognitive tool is Gowin's epistemological vee. Otherwise known as a vee diagram, this graphic allows one to view the actual activities of science as it moves from events to data collection to data transformations to knowledge claims to values claims as a research project is being planned or completed. Concept mapping requires an understanding of what a concept entails and promotes the ability to use concepts as the basis of scientific language. Concept mapping requires the map designer to prioritize and make judicious use of selected concepts when mapping. This may well serve proponents of science education reform who advocate.
Introduction: “Our Rights as Moral Beings”

In the summer of 1837, two sisters from South Carolina, Angelina and Sarah Grimke, age 32 and 45 respectively, began a speaking tour of New England that permanently altered American perceptions of the rights of women. What began as a tour to promote the abolition of slavery ended by introducing the new concept of women’s rights into American public life.1 Between May and September the Grimkes ignited a debate about the equality of the sexes that first enveloped the abolitionist movement and then extended into the lives of women who were active in other reforms, precipitating large changes in consciousness in a relatively short period of time.
CHAPTER 1 – Aging through the Ages

This chapter offers an anthropological perspective on aging in relation to bone health and osteoporosis. Studies of past populations indicate that, in evolutionary terms, low bone mass was not a problem in human populations until relatively recently. Diseases of aging, including osteoporosis, are the manifestations of millions of years of genetic and cultural change and adaptation. It is difficult to explain the adaptive value of an increased life expectancy when many of the consequences of aging would seem to be maladaptive for the population as well as the individual. This is particularly true because natural selection, the primary force responsible for adaptation, presumably cannot affect biological characteristics that occur after the age of reproduction because, it acts through differential reproductive success. Thus, increasing longevity and a rising prevalence of debilitating conditions in the elderly are difficult to explain with traditional evolutionary models of adaptation. It would appear that unless the genetics of bone biology underlying low bone mass with fragility fractures in the elderly can be modified, the prevalence of osteoporosis and its public health costs might unavoidably increase as human life expectancy lengthens.
Can “Tumor-to-Cortex Echogenicity Ratio” Differentiate Angiomyolipomas from Other Hyper-Echoic Renal Masses

A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic value of tumor-to-cortex echogenicity ratio (TCER) in the characterization of hyper-echoic renal masses. The radiology database was queried between 2012 and 2014 for hyper-echoic renal masses on the basis of defined exclusion and inclusion criteria. Each included mass was characterized as either an angiomyolipoma (AML) or a non-AML based on pre-defined criteria. The ratio of renal mass echogenicity to that of adjacent renal cortex (TCER) was calculated for each mass using commercially available software. A total of 70 masses in 65 patients were identified, including 49 AMLs. TCER values >2.26 were associated with a sensitivity and specificity of 81.6% and 71.4%, respectively, for diagnosis of AML. Moreover, TCER values >3.98 resulted in 100% specificity for AML diagnosis with a sensitivity of 28.6%. These findings suggest that the TCER may be a valuable tool for the characterization of hyper-echoic renal masses.
When Will They Hear Our Voices? Historicizing Gender, Performance, and Neoliberalism in the 1930s

Charlotte Canning’s chapter historicizes neoliberalism through Flanagan and Clifford’s Can You Hear Their Voices?, written in 1931, and performed at Vassar College (a school for the daughters of wealthy US elites) by students, faculty, and local residents of Poughkeepsie, New York. In 1932, German economist Alexander Rustow, disillusioned by Soviet communism and equally troubled by classic liberal economics, coined the term ‘neoliberalism’ as a new way to theorize the relationship between ‘free markets’ and the democratic state. While Flanagan/Clifford could not have anticipated neoliberalism, their play contains a critique of Rustow’s ‘third way’ by offering an alternative to homo oeconomicus. In every scene of Can You Hear Their Voices? women characters drive the action, and the construction of their agency offers twenty-first-century feminism possibilities for rethinking and challenging neoliberalism.
Abstract WP201: Ischemic Stroke Risk After Traumatic Head or Neck Injury

Introduction: Traumatic arterial dissection is an important cause of ischemic stroke in the young, but data are needed to guide selection of trauma patients to screen with cerebrovascular imaging. Hypothesis: Ischemic stroke risk after head or neck trauma can be stratified by demographic and clinical factors. Methods: In a Northern California integrated health care system, we identified people (age Results: From 120,494 trauma encounters in the emergency department or for hospital admission, we confirmed 45 ischemic strokes related to head or neck trauma. The 4-week stroke incidence was 0.04% (95% CI 0.03-0.05%) (Figure: Kaplan-Meier stroke failure function and 95% CI). The majority of ischemic strokes occurred early after trauma, with 40% on the day of the trauma. Stroke risk was not associated with gender or race/ethnicity, but was age-related: for each decade older, stroke risk increased 70% (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4-2.2%, P Conclusions: Trauma patients with neck injuries or altered mental status have elevated stroke risk and should be considered for cerebrovascular imaging.
The feoABC Locus of Yersinia pestis Likely Has Two Promoters Causing Unique Iron Regulation

The FeoABC ferrous transporter is a wide-spread bacterial system. While the feoABC locus is regulated by a number of factors in the bacteria studied, we have previously found that regulation of feoABC in Yersinia pestis appears to be unique. None of the non-iron responsive transcriptional regulators that control expression of feoABC in other bacteria do so in Y. pestis. Another unique factor is the iron and Fur regulation of the Y. pestis feoABC locus occurs during microaerobic but not aerobic growth. Here we show that this unique iron-regulation is not due to a unique aspect of the Y. pestis Fur protein but to DNA sequences that regulate transcription. We have used truncations, alterations and deletions of the feoA::lacZ reporter to assess the mechanism behind the failure of iron to repress transcription under aerobic conditions. These studies plus EMSAs and DNA sequence analysis have lead to our proposal that the feoABC locus has two promoters: an upstream P1 promoter whose expression is relatively iron-independent but repressed under microaerobic conditions and the known downstream Fur-regulated P2 promoter. In addition, we have identified two regions that bind Y. pestis protein(s), although we have not identified these protein(s) or their function. Finally we used iron uptake assays to demonstrate that both FeoABC and YfeABCD transport ferrous iron in an energy-dependent manner and also use ferric iron as a substrate for uptake.
The influence of macrophage growth factors on Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) infection and activation of macrophages

Macrophages are common targets for infection and innate immune activation by many pathogenic viruses including the neurotropic Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV). As both infection and innate activation of macrophages are key determinants of viral pathogenesis especially in the central nervous system (CNS), an analysis of macrophage growth factors on these events was performed. C3H mouse bone-marrow cells were differentiated in culture using either recombinant macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), inoculated with TMEV (BeAn) and analyzed at various times thereafter. Cytokine RNA and protein analysis, virus titers, and flow cytometry were performed to characterize virological parameters under these culture conditions. GM-CSF-differentiated macrophages showed higher levels of TMEV viral RNA and proinflammatory molecules compared to infected M-CSF-differentiated cells. Thus, GM-CSF increases both TMEV infection and TMEV-induced activation of macrophages compared to that seen with M-CSF. Moreover, while infectious viral particles decreased from a peak at 12h to undetectable levels at 48h post infection, TMEV viral RNA remained higher in GM-CSF- compared to M-CSF-differentiated macrophages in concert with increased proinflammatory gene expression. Analysis of a possible basis for these differences determined that glycolytic rates contributed to heightened virus replication and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in GM-CSF compared to M-CSF-differentiated macrophages. In conclusion, we provide evidence implicating a role for GM-CSF in promoting virus replication and proinflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages, indicating that GM-CSF may be a key factor for TMEV infection and the induction of chronic TMEV-induced immunopathogenesis in the CNS.
You Look Human, But Act Like a Machine: Agent Appearance and Behavior Modulate Different Aspects of Human-Robot Interaction

Gaze following occurs automatically in social interactions, but the degree to which gaze is followed depends on whether an agent is perceived to have a mind, making its behavior socially more relevant for the interaction. Mind perception also modulates the attitudes we have towards others, and deter-mines the degree of empathy, prosociality and morality invested in social interactions. Seeing mind in others is not exclusive to human agents, but mind can also be ascribed to nonhuman agents like robots, as long as their appearance and/or behavior allows them to be perceived as intentional beings. Previous studies have shown that human appearance and reliable behavior induce mind perception to robot agents, and positively affect attitudes and performance in human-robot interaction. What has not been investigated so far is whether different triggers of mind perception have an independent or interactive effect on attitudes and performance in human-robot interaction. We examine this question by manipulating agent appearance (human vs. robot) and behavior (reliable vs. random) within the same paradigm and examine how congruent (human/reliable vs. robot/random) versus incongruent (human/random vs. robot/reliable) combinations of these triggers affect performance (i.e., gaze fol-lowing) and attitudes (i.e., agent ratings) in human-robot interaction. The results show that both ap-pearance and behavior affect human-robot interaction but that the two triggers seem to operate in iso-lation, with appearance more strongly impacting attitudes, and behavior more strongly affecting per-formance. The implications of these findings for human-robot interaction are discussed.
De Novo Bodies and EU Integration: What is the Story behind EU Agencies' Expansion?

The contributions of EU agencies are significant components of the EU policy response to migration issues. The extent to which this has come to be in the context of migration, and the successive waves of policy and institutional reforms concerning these agencies in the last decade, pose several questions that the existing literature is only partially equipped to answer. This paper addresses this gap by charting the evolution of EU agencies through documentary analysis, reflecting on the meaning of this evolution for current trends in European integration as captured by the recent theorization on de novo bodies. Findings demonstrate that, far from being static entities, these bodies have constantly deepened their reach into the formation and application of migration policy, while posing no substantial erosion of the authority of the Commission. This incremental empowerment has created accountability issues from the beginning, many of which are still far from being resolved.
Impacts of Navy Sonar on Whales and Dolphins: Now beyond a Smoking Gun?

The risks military sonar poses to cetaceans received international attention with a highly-publicized mass stranding of Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris), Blainville’s beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) and northern minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the Bahamas in 2000. This was the first time that the US Government determined a stranding to be the result of mid-frequency active sonar use. Subsequently attention has been drawn to other mass strandings coincident with naval exercises, including events preceding the 2000 mass stranding. The list of species for which mass strandings have been linked to naval exercises has also increased to include other beaked whales, dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia spp.), pilot whales (Globicephala spp.), several dolphin species (Stenella sp. and Delphinus delphis) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). In particular, there have been several mass strandings in the northern Indian Ocean coincident with naval exercises - including one of the largest (200-250 dolphins) - which have received little attention. Changes in beaked whale behaviour, including evasive manoeuvring, have been recorded at received levels below <100 dB re 1µPa (rms) and mass stranding may occur at received levels potentially as low as 150–170 dB re 1 µPa. There is strong scientific evidence to suggest that a wide range of whale, dolphin and porpoise species can also be impacted by sound produced during military activities, with significant effects occurring at received levels lower than previously predicted. Although there are many stranding events that have occurred coincident with the presence of naval vessels or exercises, it is important to emphasize that even the absence of strandings in a region does not equate to an absence of deaths, i.e., absence of evidence does not mean evidence of absence. Strandings may be undetected, or be unlikely to be observed because of a lack of search effort or due to coastal topography or characteristics. There may also be “hidden” impacts of sonar and exercises not readily observable (e.g., stress responses). Due to the level of uncertainty related to this issue, ongoing baseline monitoring for cetaceans in exercise areas is important and managers should take a precautionary approach to mitigating impacts.
Progression and effect of cognitive-behavioral changes in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Abstract Background: To prospectively evaluate the progression of cognitive-behavioral function in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and examine the association of cognitive-behavioral deficits with disease progression, patient quality of life (QOL), and caregiver burden. Methods: We evaluated cognitive-behavioral function using the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Cognitive Behavioral Screen at enrollment and after 7 months in a cohort of patients with ALS. Paired t tests were used to evaluate the change in the 2 assessments. Linear regression and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied to investigate how initial cognitive or behavioral status related to outcomes. Results: The mean test-retest interval was 6.8 months (SD 1.6). Cognitive status of the study population (n = 49) overall did not change over the study period ( p = 0.06) despite progression of motor weakness ( p t = −2.8, p = 0.009). Decline in cognitive (β = −1.3, p = 0.03) and behavioral (β = −0.76, p = 0.002) status predicted increasing caregiver burden. Behavioral abnormalities predicted decline in forced vital capacity and ALS Functional Rating Scale–Revised score ( p = 0.008, 0.012) in the study population and patient QOL in the most severely affected group ( t = 4.3, p = 0.003). Conclusions: Cognitive-behavioral change is a key aspect of disease heterogeneity in ALS. Executive function in ALS overall remains stable over 7 months as detected by an administered screening tool. However, patients may develop caregiver-reported behavioral symptoms in that time period. Screening for caregiver-reported symptoms has a particular utility in predicting future clinical decline, increased caregiver burden, and worsening patient QOL.
Protein Requirements in Critically Ill Older Adults

Critically ill elderly patients’ nutritional needs are not well understood and vary with the phase of illness and recovery. Patients’ nutritional needs should be assessed early in hospitalization and re-assessed throughout the stay with additional attention during the transitions from critical illness, to severe illness, to post-hospital rehabilitation. In this review, we summarize recent findings and highlight recommendations for protein supplementation in critically ill geriatric patients throughout the stages of recovery. Future research specifically focusing on protein dose, its relationship with caloric needs, and delivery modality must be conducted to provide more specific guidelines for clinical practice.
Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is a rare life-threatening disease of unregulated complement activation. Untreated, the prognosis is generally poor; more than one-half of patients die or develop end-stage renal disease within 1 year. Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome is characterized by thrombotic microangiopathy with evidence of hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and renal impairment. This systemic disease affects the kidneys, brain, heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and skin. Acquired and genetic abnormalities of complement regulation may be identified in approximately 70% of patients. Plasma therapy is generally ineffective. Eculizumab blocks terminal complement activation, prevents complement-mediated organ damage, and is currently recommended as front-line therapy.
Transgender Under Fire: Hetero-cis-normativity and Military Students’ Attitudes Toward Trans Issues and Trans Service Members Post DADT

The repeal of “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell, Don’t Pursue” (DADT) was a victory for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) military members but left most transgender (trans) military members closeted and failed to address trans military inclusion. The purpose of the current study is to explore military students’ attitudes toward trans issues and trans service members in the year 2012 (post DADT) through a framework of hetero-cis-normativity: a system of prejudice whereby it is “normal” to be both heterosexual and cisgender and it is not normal (and therefore acceptable to be prejudiced toward) non-heterosexual and non-cisgender individuals. Specifically, this study utilizes both closed- and open-ended survey responses from a college student sample of active and veteran members of the United States Reserve Officer Training Core (ROTC) and/or United States Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard, National Guard, and Reserves) enrolled at a southern US university (N = 374) to understand how gender, infantry/combat military occupation, and combat zone deployment (and interactions among these) as well as feminist identity and LGB supportive attitudes play a role in military students’ attitudes toward trans men and women, perspectives about gender-affirming surgeries (i.e., “sex change operations”), and opinions about trans individuals serving openly in the U.S. Armed Forces in the immediate aftermath of the DADT repeal. Consistent with the hetero-cis-normativity framework, both the qualitative and quantitative findings revealed that being a woman, being a feminist, being supportive of gay and bisexual men, infantry/combat military occupation, and combat zone deployment were all significantly related to military students’ trans perspectives. In addition, the qualitative findings situated military students across a spectrum of support of trans military service, with most students overall in the “do nothing to help trans people serve” category but a large percentage of women and LGB respondents comprising the “do more to help trans people serve” category. Implications for future research and policy recommendations are provided.
Selected Laws Relating to Operation of the Federal Government

The Constitution of the United States provides for the broad structure of the United States Government with its legislative, executive and judicial branches. To complement the constitutional guidelines, more definitive laws have been enacted. Those concerning the election, organization, composition and other features of the Congress are given in the United States Code under Title 2— The Congress. Title 3—The President, contains the laws concerning presidential elections, the office of and compensation of the president, and protection of the president. It also contains the laws giving the President authority to delegate responsibilities to others who assist him in administrative matters. Title 5—Government Organization and Employees, contains laws relative to agencies generally, the United States Civil Service Commission, employment procedures, payment, employee performance, attendance and leaves, employee relations, and insurance and annuities. Title 28—Judiciary and Judicial Procedures, contains laws concerning the organization of the courts and the Department of Justice, and defines their jurisdictions. It also covers judicial procedures and proceedings.
Biophysical and molecular properties of amiloride-inhibitable Na+ channels in alveolar epithelial cells.

The recent immunopurification and cloning of various lung Na+ channel proteins has provided the necessary tools to study Na+ transport at a fundamental level across a number of epithelial tissues. ...
Zinc-wool keratin reactions in nonaqueous solvents.

We have been studying chemical treatments of keratins, especially wool textiles, in order to improve processing methods and products for the benefit of wool growers, manufacturers, and consumers. Reactions of wool with zinc compounds in water have been reported (e. g., McPhee, 1965, and Habib et al., 1973), but data are lacking for similar studies with nonaqueous solvents. Zinc has an active role in certain proteins such as carboxypeptidase A, carbonic anhydrase, and alkaline phosphatase (Coleman, 1971; cf this volume: Kaiser et al.; Riordan and Vallee). This review summarizes our work with several reactions of wool with zinc salts in organic solvents, particularly dimethylformamide (DMF).
Immunomodulatory in vitro effects of oclacitinib on canine T-cell proliferation and cytokine production.

Background Oclacitinib is a Janus kinase inhibitor used to control pruritus and skin lesions in canine allergic skin disease; its effect on canine T cells is not well-characterized. Hypothesis/objectives To evaluate the impact of oclacitinib on cultured T cells using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from dogs. Animals Six bluetick coonhounds. Methods and materials Lymphocyte-enriched cells were incubated with or without the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A), oclacitinib (0.5, 1 or 10 μM), ciclosporin (200 ng/mL), Con A + oclacitinib 1 μM and Con A + ciclosporin. We assessed both T-cell proliferation and the secretion of cytokines. Results Ciclosporin and oclacitinib both inhibited the spontaneous proliferation of T cells; this effect was significant only after incubation with oclacitinib at 10 μM. At this concentration, oclacitinib significantly reduced the spontaneous secretion of clonal activator cytokines [interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15], pro-inflammatory cytokines (interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), IL-18) and the regulatory cytokine IL-10; tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-6 cytokine production was mildly inhibited. After Con A stimulation, only T cells co-treated with ciclosporin achieved a significant proliferation inhibition and reduction of IL-2, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IFN-γ and TNF-α. Surprisingly, oclacitinib at 1 μM (337 ng/mL, corresponding to the oral dosage of 0.4-0.6 mg/kg) did not significantly affect Con A-stimulated T-cell proliferation nor cytokine production (IL-2, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, IFN-γ and TNF-α). Conclusions Although a limited number of dogs were investigated, these preliminary results suggest that oclacitinib appears to have immunosuppressive properties, but only at dosages above those used to treat allergic pruritus in dogs.
From one to another: how robot-robot interaction affects users' perceptions following a transition between robots

Human-robot interactions that involve multiple robots are becoming common. It is crucial to understand how multiple robots should transfer information and transition users between them. To investigate this, we designed a $3\ \times\ 3$ mixed-design study in which participants took part in a navigation task. Participants interacted with a stationary robot who summoned a functional (not explicitly social) mobile robot to guide them. Each participant experienced the three types of robot-robot interaction: representative (the stationary robot spoke to the participant on behalf of the mobile robot), direct (the stationary robot delivered the request to the mobile robot in a straightforward manner), and social (the stationary robot delivered the request to the mobile robot in a social manner). Each participant witnessed only one type of robot-robot communication: silent (the robots covertly communicated), explicit (the robots acknowledged that they were communicating), or reciting (the stationary robot said the request aloud). Our results show that it is possible to instill socialness in and improve likability of a functional robot by having a social robot interact socially with it. We also found that covertly exchanging information is less desirable than reciting information aloud.
Suburbanization Increases Echinostome Infection in Green Frogs and Snails

An important contribution to infectious disease emergence in wildlife is environmental degradation driven by pollution, habitat fragmentation, and eutrophication. Amphibians are a wildlife group that is particularly sensitive to land use change, infectious diseases, and their interactions. Residential suburban land use is now a dominant, and increasing, form of land cover in the USA and globally, contributing to increased pollutant and nutrient loading in freshwater systems. We examined how suburbanization affects the infection of green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles and metamorphs by parasitic flatworms (Echinostoma spp.) through the alteration of landscapes surrounding ponds and concomitant changes in water quality. Using sixteen small ponds along a forest-suburban land use gradient, we assessed how the extent of suburban land use surrounding ponds influenced echinostome infection in both primary snail and secondary frog hosts. Our results show that the degree of suburbanization and concurrent chemical loading are positively associated with the presence and burden of echinostome infection in both host populations. This work contributes to a broader understanding of how land use mediates wildlife parasitism and shows how human activities at the household scale can have similar consequences for wildlife health as seemingly more intensive land uses like agriculture or urbanization.
Production of metallic patterns with the help of highresolution inorganic resists

Properties of chalcogenide inorganic resists and their applications, in particular in microelectronics, are considered. The development of microelectronics suppose the utilization of technologies providing elements sizes with submicron sizes and less. Important place in the microlithography processes have lightsensitive media to which rigid demands are applied, that are conditioned by the necessity of the high quality of microrelief patterns. Chalcogenide inorganic resists in recent time were succesfully applied for various spheres of application, including microlithography.
Second-order game problem: Decision dynamics in gaming phenomena

The paradigm of decision dynamics (Ref. 1) is used to describe the decision dynamics involving more than one decision-maker. The framework supplied in this paper is different from traditional game theory or differential games. Traditional simplicity assumptions are replaced by a more complicated, but more realistic, setting. Although many mathematically beautiful results in traditional game theory or differential games have disappeared in second-order games, the more realistic setting of the latter does make it easier for the decision-makers to find agood decision. Concepts of time optimality and time stability, and their necessary and/or sufficient conditions are described. Unconventional concepts of strategies and uncertainty involved in gaming phenomena are discussed. A highlight of the paper is a systematic discussion on reframing tactics of gaming situations, which do not exist in the context of traditional game theory or differential games. Various research topics are discussed at the end of the paper.
Latin America’s changing balance of class forces: An Introduction

In this introductory article, we present the special collection by outlining the shared theoretical underpinnings of our attempt to understand the current crisis of the left in Latin America. Challenging state-centred perspectives that over-emphasize state autonomy and the role of charismatic leaders, we propose a relational approach, one that focuses on the interactions between governments, popular movements, and elites. While acknowledging the importance of international economic and geopolitical tendencies, our specific concern is to assess the internal balance of forces, which from our perspective is central in mediating broader external forces. The main conclusions that emerge from this collection are that: first, left governments were not successful at undermining the influence and power of economic elites in society in an enduring way. Second, interactions between governments and popular movements did not lead to the strengthening of popular sector capacities in a way that could counter-balance the power of economic elites and further radicalize the process of change in the region. Our outlook for the future points to the emergence of a new form of authoritarian state. Resumen: Cambiando el equilibrio de fuerzas de clase de Latinoamerica: Una introduccion En este articulo introductorio, presentamos la coleccion especial delineando los fundamentos teoricos compartidos de nuestro intento de comprender la crisis actual de la izquierda en Latinoamerica. Desafiando las perspectivas centradas en el estado que enfatizan demasiado la autonomia del estado y el papel de los lideres carismaticos, proponemos un enfoque relacional, que se centre en las interacciones entre gobiernos, movimientos populares y elites. Si bien reconocemos la importancia de las tendencias economicas y geopoliticas internacionales, nuestra preocupacion especifica es evaluar el equilibrio interno de fuerzas, que desde nuestra perspectiva es fundamental para mediar en fuerzas externas mas amplias. Las principales conclusiones que surgen de esta coleccion son: primero, los gobiernos de izquierda no tuvieron exito en socavar la influencia y el poder de las elites economicas en la sociedad de forma duradera. Segundo, las interacciones entre gobiernos y movimientos populares no condujeron al fortalecimiento de las capacidades del sector popular de una manera que pudiera contrarrestar el poder de las elites economicas y radicalizar aun mas el proceso de cambio en la region. Nuestra perspectiva para el futuro apunta al surgimiento de una nueva forma de estado autoritario.
Diagnostic Performance of Emergency Physician Gestalt for Predicting Acute Appendicitis in Patients Age 5 to 20 Years.

OBJECTIVES Pediatric appendicitis remains a challenging diagnosis in the emergency department (ED). Available risk prediction algorithms may contribute to excessive ED imaging studies. Incorporation of physician gestalt assessment could help refine predictive tools and improve diagnostic imaging decisions. METHODS This study was a subanalysis of a parent study that prospectively enrolled patients ages 5 to 20.9 years with a chief complaint of abdominal pain presenting to 11 community EDs within an integrated delivery system between October 1, 2016, and September 30, 2018. Prior to diagnostic imaging, attending emergency physicians enrolled patients with ≤5 days of right-sided or diffuse abdominal pain using a Web-based application embedded in the electronic health record. Predicted risk (gestalt) of acute appendicitis was prospectively entered using a sliding scale from 1% to 100%. As a planned secondary analysis, we assessed the performance of gestalt via c-statistics of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves; tested associations between gestalt performance and patient, physician, and facility characteristics; and examined clinical characteristics affecting gestalt estimates. RESULTS Of 3,426 patients, 334 (9.8%) had confirmed appendicitis. Physician gestalt had excellent ROC curve characteristics (c-statistic = 0.83, 95% confidence interval = 0.81 to 0.85), performing particularly well in the low-risk strata (appendicitis rate = 1.1% in gestalt 1%-10% range, negative predictive value of 98.9% for appendicitis diagnosis). Physicians with ≥5 years since medical school graduation demonstrated improved gestalt performance over those with less experience (p = 0.007). All clinical characteristics tested, except pain <24 hours, were significantly associated with physician gestalt value (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Physician gestalt for acute appendicitis diagnosis performed well, especially in low-risk patients and when employed by experienced physicians.
An automated flow chemistry platform to decouple mixing and reaction times

Although a vital parameter in many colloidal nanomaterial syntheses, precursor mixing rates are typically inconsistent in batch processes and difficult to separate from reaction time in continuous flow systems. Here, we present a flow chemistry platform that decouples early-stage precursor mixing rates from reaction time (residence time) using solely off-the-shelf, commercially available, and standard dimension components. We then utilize the developed flow chemistry platform towards time- and material-efficient studies of the mass transfer-controlled synthesis of cesium lead bromide perovskite quantum dots.