cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency, sites of relapse, and outcome of regional node failures following conservative surgery and radiation for early breast cancer.

Abstract Between 1970 and 1986, 990 patients underwent excisional biopsy and radiation for clinical Stage I or II breast cancer. A limited axillary dissection (levels I and II) was performed in 914 of these patients. The median follow-up was 40 months from the initiation of radiation. Thirty-one patients developed a regional node failure as their first site of recurrence either with (12 patients) or without (19 patients) simultaneous distant metastases. The median interval to recurrence was 27 months (range 4–59). The 5-year actuarial rate for an isolated regional node recurrence (without simultaneous distant metastases) was 3%. The most common site for a regional node failure was the axilla (17 patients) followed by the supraclavicular nodes (13 patients). Salvage therapy was effective for an axillary ± breast failure with 10 14 patients alive with no evidence of disease. Prognosis was related to the site of recurrence as well as the presence or absence of distant metastases. The 5-year actuarial survival from initial treatment for all patients with a regional node failure was 63% with a 3-year actuarial survival of 57% from diagnosis of recurrence. Regional node failure was related to the number of axillary nodes removed at the time of dissection and patient age.
Heat transfer mechanisms in fiber-reinforced polymer composites bonded to concrete

This research project investigated heat transfer mechanisms that occur during radiant heating of glass/epoxy composites bonded to concrete. The ultimate goal is to develop a field procedure for estimating the thickness of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites used to strengthen existing reinforced concrete structures. Thickness is an important parameter in the design and implementation of nondestructive testing procedures that evaluate bond in FRP systems. Four concrete samples (15 cm x 30 cm x 5 cm) were constructed with glass/epoxy composite bonded to the surface. The thickness of the composite varied from 1mm to 4mm and thermocouples were placed at 1mm intervals through the depth of the composite. Experimental data was compared with a simple theoretical model that predicts the surface temperature response of a layered system subjected to a uniform heat flux. Two factors were shown to significantly influence the heat transfer mechanism: surface absorptivity of the FRP composite and convective cooling. Additional analytical modeling using the finite element method was performed to account for these affects in an effort to obtain a better estimate of FRP thickness based on experimental data.
Maxwell, electromagnetism, and fluid flow in resistive media

Common wisdom has it that Darcy [1856] founded the modern field of fluid flow through porous media with his celebrated 1856 experiment on the steady flow of water through a sand column. For considerable time, Darcy's empirical observation, in conjunction with Fourier's [1807] heat equation, was used to analyze fluid flow in porous media simply by mathematical analogy. Hubbert [1940] is credited with placing Darcy's work on sound hydrodynamic foundations. Among other things, he defined an energy potential, interpreted permeability in the context of balancing impelling and resistive forces, and derived an expression for the refraction of flow lines. In 1856, James Clerk Maxwell constructed a theory for the flow of an incompressible fluid in a resistive medium as a metaphor for comprehending the emerging field of electromagnetism [Maxwell, 1890].
Two general problems in quantum biology

The questions considered are (1) How can “order” and entropy S(t) of a biological organism increase together during the growth process, in view of the common notion that entropy is a measure of disorder? The question is answered by an attempt to decouple entropy and disorder. The generalized point of view leads to the above “common notion” only if the number of possible states of the system n(t) is independent of time. However, in any given case one needs to know how S and n depend on time. (2) There are overwhelmingly more states of the matter of a living object which correspond to the absence of life than there are for the presence of life. This leads to the idea that spontaneous generation and replication of organisms are statistically unlikely. This is explained by presenting in a unified manner quantum mechanical considerations which go back twenty years or so. They resolve the “paradox” of the existence of life. They also show precisely what one needs to know about the statistical assumptions which one can reasonably make concerning the (uncertain) conditions which give rise to organisms and to replication.
Into the Breach at Pusan: The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade in the Korean War. By Kenneth W. Estes. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012. Pp. xx, 194. $29.95.)

The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when military forces of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea suddenly attacked the Republic of Korea across the 38th parallel. Soon thereafter, President...
Perspectives on the origin of plagiogranite in ophiolites from oxygen isotopes in zircon

Abstract The formation of oceanic plagiogranite has been attributed primarily to either 1) extreme fractional crystallization of a mantle melt, or 2) partial melting of hydrated mafic crust, with support for the latter from field evidence and recent melting experiments. Remelting of hydrothermally-altered ocean crust could yield rocks (and minerals) with diverse primary magmatic δ 18 O values forming proximal to the magmatic center where crustal growth is occurring. To constrain the magmatic δ 18 O of a wide range of silicic rocks in oceanic crust and evaluate their petrogenesis, we characterized the δ 18 O of zircons in 22 plagiogranite samples (tonalite and trondhjemite) from 8 different ophiolites and one dacite sampled along the East Pacific Rise using Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). The δ 18 O values of 202 magmatic zircons from ophiolites range from 3.9 to 5.6‰ (n = 244 spots; average 4.9 ± 0.6‰; 2SD), extending ~ 1‰ below typical zircon in equilibrium with mantle and from gabbroic massifs along slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges (4.7–5.9‰). East Pacific Rise dacite zircons range from 4.6 to 5.0‰ (n = 12 spots). Plagiogranite from the dike-gabbro transition zone of the northern Oman Ophiolite yield the lowest δ 18 O(Zrn), with rock-average values of 4.3–5.0‰. The low-δ 18 O values are best explained by remelting of crust altered by hydrothermal fluids with seawater-like isotopic compositions at high temperatures, possibly due to vertical migration of the boundary between an active magma chamber and a vigorous high-temperature hydrothermal system in the overlying crust. If the partial melt was assimilated into a fractionating melt lens with MORB-like δ 18 O, as envisioned for km-scale plagiogranite bodies in Oman, up to 20% contamination by a protolith with δ 18 O = 2‰ would be required. Previous oxygen isotope constraints from quartz in Oman plagiogranite suggested melting of both high and low δ 18 O crust had occurred; comparison of quartz–zircon pairs indicates that quartz has been modified in most samples, and we find no evidence for the involvement of high-δ 18 O rocks during plagiogranite formation.
Effects of Oxygen Tension on the Growth and Pigmentation of Normal Human Melanocytes

The effects of oxygen tension on human melanocyte growth, tyrosinase activity, and melanin production were assessed. Melanocytes, seeded at 10(4) cells/cm2, were grown in modified Eagle's medium (MEM) with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 10 ng/ml 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Flasks were equilibrated with gas mixtures containing 5% CO2 and various partial pressures of oxygen (PO2 7-620 mm Hg) and kept in incubators, which were electronically maintained at the desired oxygen tensions. Melanocytes grew best at PO2 from 6-34 mm Hg. Growth was reduced by 30% at PO2 142 mm Hg, and even more at O2 tensions greater than 230 mm Hg. A PO2 of 603 mm Hg was cytotoxic. Tyrosinase activity (assayed by the method of Pomerantz) was 300 microU/mg protein at PO2 7-34 mm Hg. At PO2 235 and 355 mm Hg tyrosinase activity decreased to about 100 microU/mg protein. The apparent Km for tyrosine was unchanged in melanocytes cultured at all experimental oxygen tensions. The Vmax, however, was decreased at the higher oxygen tensions (PO2 235 mm Hg). At PO2 6-135 mm Hg the melanin content was proportional to tyrosinase activity. At cytostatic oxygen tensions (PO2 235 and 355 mm Hg) the intracellular melanin content increased somewhat, although tyrosinase activity was decreased. Low oxygen tension is favorable for both melanocyte proliferation and tyrosinase activity.
PLACING INNOVATION: AN APPROACH TO IDENTIFYING EMERGENT TECHNOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

Identifying the elements of physical and organizational infrastructure most important for technological innovation is challenging for at least two reasons: measuring technological innovation is difficult; and establishing causality is difficult. In this paper, we partially address these paired challenges by (1) describing a new approach for measuring innovation, and (2) employing that approach to compare established technology regions with emerging ones, and to describe how technologies migrate as they develop.
What phase III trials are needed to improve the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer?

What phase III trials are needed to improve the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer?
Studies on the effect of iron overload on rat cortex synaptosomal membranes

Abstract Iron as ferrous ammonium sulfate was injected into the cerebral spinal fluid of rats. After three consecutive days of injection of 4 μmol of iron, the total iron content of brain cortex synaptosomes from the iron-treated animals was 2-fold higher than that from control animals receiving the saline vehicle only. Spin label studies of the synaptosomal membranes demonstrated that the lipid region of the membranes became more rigid and, in addition, the mobility of labeled SH groups of membrane proteins decreased after the iron treatment. The cholesterol content was significantly higher in iron-treated animals as compared to controls. Centrophenoxine pretreatment (100 mg/kg body weight daily for 6 weeks) diminished the iron effects. Synaptosomal membrane alterations observed after iron treatment were similar to changes observed previously during aging. This lends support to the notion that free-radical induced damage occurs in brain membranes with increasing age.
Probing the P3′ pocket of stromelysin with piperazic acid analogs

Abstract The preparation and SAR of several piperazic acid-based stromelysin (MMP-3) inhibitors is presented. The standard P3′ methyl amide substituent can be replaced by other carboxy based substituents and maintain good binding affinity. Removal of a hydrogen-bond acceptor results in a 30-fold decrease in activity.
Calculation of carbon-13 chemical shifts in simple hydrocarbons

Abstract The experimental carbon-13 chemical shifts of acetylene, dimethyl acetylene, and allene are reported and compared with existing values for methane, ethane, ethylene, methylacetylene, and benzene. The relative importance of first-, second-, and third-order perturbation terms in the shift calculation is considered. It is concluded that second-order terms dominate the shielding but significant third- and possibly fourth-order terms indicate that overly refined second-order calculations are not warranted when higher-order terms are neglected. A comparison of the average energy method for calculating chemical shifts with the sum-over-states or coupled Hartree-Fock perturbation method is made, and the two methods are found to be similar in many details. The effects of symmetry and of electron radial character as specified by the Slater orbital exponent were examined and found to affect significantly the shielding expression. The methods presented are applicable to larger molecules where both INDO and MINDO, widely used MO programs may be employed. While the dominant structural features are revealed in chemical shielding calculations, this work indicates that excessive refinement is not warranted so long as one neglects higher-order effects, variations in orbital radial character, and details of admixtures of higher electronic states by the magnetic field into the electronic description of the molecule.
The alpha and beta subunits of nematode actin capping protein function in yeast.

Abstract We cloned and analyzed two genes, cap-1 and cap-2, which encode the alpha and beta subunits of Caenorhabditis elegans capping protein (CP). The nematode CP subunits are 55% (cap-1) and 66% (cap-2) identical to the chicken CP subunits and 32% (cap-1) and 48% (cap-2) identical to the yeast CP subunits. Purified nematode CP made by expression of both subunits in yeast is functionally similar to chicken skeletal muscle CP in two different actin polymerization assays. The abnormal cell morphology and disorganized actin cytoskeleton of yeast CP null mutants are restored to wild-type by expression of the nematode CP subunits. Expression of the nematode CP alpha or beta subunit is sufficient to restore viability to yeast cap1 sac6 or cap2 sac6 double mutants, respectively. Therefore, despite evolution of the nematode actin cytoskeleton to a state far more complex than that of yeast, one important component can function in both organisms.
Numerical study of reaction-mineralogy-porosity changes in porous media

We develop a one-dimensional, nonlinear, nonlocal model that governs the advection and dispersion of a chemical solute that reacts with a porous, mineral fabric to produce a change in porosity and a change in mineralogy. The flow is either driven by a pressure gradient, consistent with Darcy's law, or an imposed boundary velocity. Constitutive equations based on geometric considerations relate volume changes to the replacement reactions that occur. Numerical methods are used to analyze the behavior of the system.
Kinetics of the reaction of methyl radical with hydroxyl radical and methanol decomposition.

The CH3 + OH bimolecular reaction and the dissociation of methanol are studied theoretically at conditions relevant to combustion chemistry. Kinetics for the CH3 + OH barrierless association reaction and for the H + CH2OH and H + CH3O product channels are determined in the high-pressure limit using variable reaction coordinate transition state theory and multireference electronic structure calculations to evaluate the fragment interaction energies. The CH3 + OH → 3CH2 + H2O abstraction reaction and the H2 + HCOH and H2 + H2CO product channels feature localized dynamical bottlenecks and are treated using variational transition state theory and QCISD(T) energies extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. The 1CH2 + H2O product channel has two dynamical regimes, featuring both an inner saddle point and an outer barrierless region, and it is shown that a microcanonical two-state model is necessary to properly describe the association rate for this reaction over a broad temperature range. Experimental chann...
Mutations in the fusion peptide and adjacent heptad repeat inhibit folding or activity of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein.

Paramyxovirus fusion proteins have two heptad repeat domains, HR1 and HR2, which have been implicated in the fusion activity of the protein. Peptides with sequences from these two domains form a six-stranded coiled coil, with the HR1 sequences forming a central trimer (K. A. Baker, R. E. Dutch, R. A. Lamb, and T. S. Jardetzky, Mol. Cell 3:309–319, 1999; X. Zhao, M. Singh, V. N. Malashkevich, and P. S. Kim, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:14172–14177, 2000). We have extended our previous mutational analysis of the HR1 domain of the Newcastle disease virus fusion protein, focusing on the role of the amino acids forming the hydrophobic core of the trimer, amino acids in the “a” and “d” positions of the helix from amino acids 123 to 182. Both conservative and nonconservative point mutations were characterized for their effects on synthesis, stability, proteolytic cleavage, and surface expression. Mutant proteins expressed on the cell surface were characterized for fusion activity by measuring syncytium formation, content mixing, and lipid mixing. We found that all mutations in the “a” position interfered with proteolytic cleavage and surface expression of the protein, implicating the HR1 domain in the folding of the F protein. However, mutation of five of seven “d” position residues had little or no effect on surface expression but, with one exception at residue 175, did interfere to various extents with the fusion activity of the protein. One of these “d” mutations, at position 154, interfered with proteolytic cleavage, while the rest of the mutants were cleaved normally. That most “d” position residues do affect fusion activity argues that a stable HR1 trimer is required for formation of the six-stranded coiled coil and, therefore, optimal fusion activity. That most of the “d” position mutations do not block folding suggests that formation of the core trimer may not be required for folding of the prefusion form of the protein. We also found that mutations within the fusion peptide, at residue 128, can interfere with folding of the protein, implicating this region in folding of the molecule. No characterized mutation enhanced fusion.
Refraction of microwave signals by water vapor

Tropospheric water vapor causes a refractive path length effect which is typically 5-10% of the 'dry' tropospheric effect and as large as several meters at elevation angles below 5 deg. The vertical water vapor profile is quite variable, and measurements of intensive atmospheric parameters such as temperature and humidity limited to the surface do not adequately predict the refractive effect. It is suggested that a water vapor refraction model that is a function of the amount of precipitable water alone can be successful at low elevation angles. From an extensive study of numerical ray tracings through radiosonde balloon data, such a model has been constructed. The model predicts the effect at all latitudes and elevation angles between 2 and 10 deg to an accuracy of better than 4% (11 cm at 3 deg elevation angle).
Scattering and radiation from planar structures containing small features using a finite element-fast integral method

Fast integral equation algorithms such as the adaptive integral method (AIM) have been demonstrated to reduce memory and execution time associated with moment method solutions for computing electromagnetic scattering and radiation from arbitrarily shaped three-dimensional geometries. The authors examine the efficiency of AIM in modelling planar structures that contain small and intricate details as is the case with spirals and slot antennas. Such geometries require high tessellation due to the inclusion of very small features resulting in a large number of unknowns. The AIM, with its ability to translate the original grid into an equivalent sparser uniform grid, is uniquely suited to the analysis of such geometries. The application of the AIM in connection with finite element-boundary integral formulation for cavity-backed antennas is also presented.
Numerical simulations of bijel morphology in thin films with complete surface wetting.

Bijels are a relatively new class of soft materials that have many potential energy and environmental applications. In this work, simulation results of bijel evolution confined within thin films with preferential surface wetting are presented. The computational approach used is a hybrid Cahn-Hilliard/Brownian dynamics method. In the absence of suspended particles, we demonstrate that the model accurately captures the rich kinetics associated with diffusion-based surface-directed spinodal decomposition, as evidenced by comparison with previous theoretical and simulation-based studies. When chemically neutral particles are included in the films, the simulations capture surface-modified bijel formation, with stabilized domain structures comparable with the experimental observations of Composto and coworkers. Namely, two basic morphologies — bicontinuous or discrete — are seen to emerge, with direct dependence on the film thickness, particle volume fraction, and particle radius.
Vibration welding of thermoplastics. Part IV: Strengths of poly(butylene terephthalate), polyetherimide, and modified polyphenylene oxide butt welds

In vibration welding of thermoplastics, frictional work done by vibrating two parts under pressure, along their common interface, is used to generate heat to effect a weld. The main process parameters are the weld frequency, the amplitude of the vibratory motion, the weld pressure, and the weld time or weld penetration.; The effects of these parameters on weld quality were systematically studied by first butt welding thermoplastic specimens under controlled conditions, over a wide range of process parameters, and by then determining the strengths and ductilities of these welds by tensile tests. The three thermoplastics investigated are poly (butylene terephthalate), polyetherimide, and modified polyphenylene oxide. Changes in the weld pressure are shown to have opposite effects on the strengths of polyetherimide and modified polyphenylene oxide welds; Also, the weld frequency is shown to have a significant effect on the weldability of polyetherimide. The weldability data for these three thermoplastics are compared with data for polycarbonate. Under the right conditions, the strengths of butt welds in these materials are shown to equal the strength of the virgin polymer.
Developing Canadian seed oils as industrial feedstocks

Vegetable oils have enormous potential as alternatives and replacements for fossil oil in high-value industrial applications. A major research thrust in Canada involves delivering the next generation of industrial oil profiles in the seeds of non-food crucifers. Progress in increasing the range of available fatty acids and improving the chemical homogeneity of Canadian crucifer seed oils are herein reviewed. © 2008 Crown in the Right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Predictive displays and shared compliance control for time-delayed telemanipulation

Considers the ground station control of space robots in which a communication time delay problem arises. The round-trip time delay of the communication link between the ground station and a space robot in low earth orbit (via one or more geosynchronous satellites) is expected to be as long as 2-8 seconds. In order to enhance time delayed telemanipulation performance, the authors have recently developed two schemes at JPL: predictive display and shared compliance control. During free motion, predictive display is used. During contact or insertion, compliance control is used. Therefore the authors' strategy for time-delayed telemanipulation employs predictive display and shared compliance control alternately to enhance human task performance. >
Vaginal laser Doppler flowmetry pre- and posthysterectomy.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of laser doppler flowmetry to pre- and posthysterectomy vaginal blood flow assessment. We used laser Doppler flowmetry to measure pre-and postoperational vaginal blood flow in 8 premenopausal women undergoing benign hysterectomies; we also measured serum E2, FSH, FT and administered a brief sexual function questionnaire. We analyzed data using two tailed t-test for paired samples. We found no significant differences at the P < .05 level of significance for vaginal blood flow. Accompanying values of estradiol, FSH, and free testosterone remained unchanged as well. A brief sexual function assessment revealed improvement or stability of libido, arousal, orgasm, and partner relatedness. Laser doppler flowmetry is an objective, reproducible measure of vaginal blood flow and may be used to investigate posthysterectomy sexual function.
Kinetic Mechanism of Human DNA Ligase I Reveals Magnesium-dependent Changes in the Rate-limiting Step That Compromise Ligation Efficiency

DNA ligase I (LIG1) catalyzes the ligation of single-strand breaks to complete DNA replication and repair. The energy of ATP is used to form a new phosphodiester bond in DNA via a reaction mechanism that involves three distinct chemical steps: enzyme adenylylation, adenylyl transfer to DNA, and nick sealing. We used steady state and pre-steady state kinetics to characterize the minimal mechanism for DNA ligation catalyzed by human LIG1. The ATP dependence of the reaction indicates that LIG1 requires multiple Mg2+ ions for catalysis and that an essential Mg2+ ion binds more tightly to ATP than to the enzyme. Further dissection of the magnesium ion dependence of individual reaction steps revealed that the affinity for Mg2+ changes along the reaction coordinate. At saturating concentrations of ATP and Mg2+ ions, the three chemical steps occur at similar rates, and the efficiency of ligation is high. However, under conditions of limiting Mg2+, the nick-sealing step becomes rate-limiting, and the adenylylated DNA intermediate is prematurely released into solution. Subsequent adenylylation of enzyme prevents rebinding to the adenylylated DNA intermediate comprising an Achilles' heel of LIG1. These ligase-generated 5′-adenylylated nicks constitute persistent breaks that are a threat to genomic stability if they are not repaired. The kinetic and thermodynamic framework that we have determined for LIG1 provides a starting point for understanding the mechanism and specificity of mammalian DNA ligases.
High speed coherent switching below the Stoner-Wohlfarth limit

Measurements of the switching characteristics of high coercivity magnetic tapes for field pulse widths /spl ges/0.6 ns have been reported previously. In an effort to develop a simple theoretical framework in which to develop a simple magnetization dynamics, the well established Gilbert form of the Landau-Lifshitz equation, applied to a uniaxial, single domain particle with uniform magnetization was chosen. The results which were obtained using straightforward numerical methods show that when the damping constant /spl alpha/ >
Cellular-phone radiation effects on cancer in genetically modified mice

A television interview, given by the authors of a paper reporting the results of an Australian study on the occasion of its publication (Utteridge et al. 2002) in the September, 2002, issue of the joumal Radiation Research, proclaimed that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (900 MHz) from Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) phones is safe. Moreover, the paper's authors asserted their findings as countering a previous Australian study (Repacholi et al. 1997), which reported an increased incidence of lymphomas in mice of the same transgenic strain and from the same supplier as those used in their experiment. The study has been widely reported by the popular media. A closer reading of the scientific paper reveals that it is fraught with inconsistencies, which make it very difficult to accept its results and conclusions as published with confidence, without further clarification and/or candid answers to some compelling questions. It appears that the study was conducted with care, but there was a lapse somewhere in the execution of the experiment, or in the sourcing of animals, or in the analysis of data, or in the environmental conditions under which the investigation was conducted. Thus, instead of shedding light on whether cell-phone radiation is safe, the latest report has abetted the controversy.
Regional modeling of liquefaction-induced ground deformation

Liquefaction-induced ground deformations are permanent ground displacements resulting from earthquakes, which can extend over areas as large as a few square kilometers and have amplitudes ranging from a few centimeters to few tens of meters. This type of ground deformation caused substantial damage to lifelines and pile-foundations of buildings and bridge piers along the Kobe shoreline during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu, Japan, earthquake. This paper presents a four-parameter multiple-linear-regression model for estimating the amplitude of liquefaction-induced ground displacement for both ground-slope and free-face conditions at a regional scale. The applicability of the model for mapping the amplitude of liquefaction-induced ground deformation is investigated over selected regions. The paper also presents a regional model for estimating the probability for the displacements to exceed some threshold amplitude, and to fall within confidence intervals. Both models are useful for risk assessment to spatially distributed lifeline networks resulting from future earthquakes. [DOI: 10.1193/1.1463409]
Pornography and Divorce

We test whether pornography causes divorce. Using state-level panel data on the divorce rate and sales of Playboy magazine, we document a strong cross-sectional and time-series relation between lagged sales of Playboy and the divorce rate. The simple correlation between divorce and sales lagged two years is 44 percent, with a T-statistic of 20. This large correlation is robust to using only the first half of the sample, adjusting for all state-level heterogeneity and for any time trends by including state and year fixed effects, and using an instrumental variable to correct for any possible endogeneity in Playboy sales. Divorce rates are also significantly correlated with sales of Penthouse but they are not correlated with sales of Time magazine. Our overall estimates suggest that pornography probably caused 10 percent of all divorces in the United States in the sixties and seventies.
Distinctive hydrocarbons of the black dump fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae).

Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann), the black dump fly, is a potential biological control agent originally from the western hemisphere, now found in many parts of the Palearctic region except for the United Kingdom, where it cannot be imported for any reason. A complication of classical biological control is the problem of strain identification, as one must be able to somehow mark or follow a particular strain that has been introduced into the field or is contemplated for release. Gas chromatographic analysis of the surface hydrocarbons of pooled and individual dump fly adults resulted in reproducible hydrocarbon patterns that differentiated widely distributed strains of H. aenescens and showed similarities between strains that were related. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the surface hydrocarbons. Conspecific similarities included identities of the hydrocarbons found in colony material collected worldwide, with differences being found in the quantities of compounds present. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 48:167‐178, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Human Non-Germinal Center B Cell Interleukin (IL)-12 Production Is Primarily Regulated by T Cell Signals CD40 Ligand, Interferon γ, and IL-10: Role of B Cells in the Maintenance of T Cell Responses

Interleukin (IL)-12 is expressed mainly in antigen-presenting cells after challenge with microbial material or after CD40 activation. Although IL-12 was cloned from human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell lines, surprisingly, CD40 ligation on murine B cells did not lead to IL-12 production, suggesting that murine B cells do not produce IL-12. Here we demonstrate that a subset of human tonsillar B cells can be induced to express and secrete bioactive IL-12. The major stimulus to produce IL-12 in human B cells was CD40 ligation. In contrast, B cell receptor cross-linking did not induce IL-12. Expression of IL-12 after CD40 activation was restricted to CD38−IgD± non-germinal center (non-GC) B cells. CD40 ligation and interferon (IFN)-γ exhibited synergistic effects on IL-12 production, whereas IL-10 abrogated and IL-4 significantly inhibited IL-12 production by these B cells. In contrast to IL-12, production of IL-6 is conversely regulated, leading to significant increase after CD40 ligation in the presence of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine IL-4. Cord blood T cells skewed towards either a Th1 or a Th2 phenotype maintained their cytokine expression pattern when restimulated with allogeneic resting B cells. Blockade of CD40 and/or IL-12 during T–B interaction significantly reduced IFN-γ production by the T cells. This suggests a model whereby B cells produce either IL-12 or IL-6 after contact with T cells previously differentiated towards Th1 or Th2. Furthermore, IL-12 and IL-6 might provide a positive feedback during cognate T–B interactions, thereby maintaining T cells' differentiation pattern during amplification of the immune response.
Relevant and Rigorous: Human-Centered Research and Design Education

Introduction The process of human-centered research and design rightfully demands the active consultation of people (users). However, the approach to research and the selection of methods employed in this process are a matter of frequent debate, particularly when placed in an interdisciplinary context. Bartneck, for example, presents a discussion of the evident conflict between designers and scientists within the human-computer interaction (HCI) community.1 Designers often must answer to critics well versed in research methods, and this dialogue frequently centers on issues of rigor and relevance. If the argument were simplified into extremes, two propositions would exist. Designers could ignore the critique of the established scientific (and social scientific) disciplines, highlighting a creative process that resonates with a strictly qualitative approach, small sample sizes, and anecdotal evidence, bolstered by an argument of relevance in connecting real-world research to real, human situations. At the other extreme, the design community could prescriptively follow the strategies and methods of science and the social sciences, recognizing the need for rigor in research, and understanding the necessity of employing established, replicable protocols, particularly when attempting to generalize outcomes or target design applications to large, diverse audiences. However, holding such a polarized view of the world does little to advance the status of human-centered research and design. A more useful model is to understand all realms of the qualitative, ethnographic and quantitative experimental paradigms, and to seek balance in employing methodologies appropriate to the context and timing of research questions in the human-centered design process. This paper will present an argument for equipping designers with such a balanced view of research for human-centered designing. The argument is grounded in several years of teaching project-based courses and studios in human-centered research and design, as well as consulting. The term “human-centered research and design” is used here to indicate an integrated process that includes active consultation with people (users) through various means of primary research during all phases of design development. Expertise is based
A Two-Stage Gene Selection Algorithm by Combining ReliefF and mRMR

Gene expression data usually contains a large number of genes, but a small number of samples. Feature selection for gene expression data aims at finding a set of genes that best discriminate biological samples of different types. In this paper, we present a two-stage selection algorithm by combining ReliefF and mRMR: In the first stage, ReliefF is applied to find a candidate gene set; In the second stage, mRMR method is applied to directly and explicitly reduce redundancy for selecting a compact yet effective gene subset from the candidate set. We also perform comprehensive experiments to compare the mRMR-ReliefF selection algorithm with ReliefF, mRMR and other feature selection methods using two classifiers as SVM and Naive Bayes, on seven different datasets. The experimental results show that the mRMR-ReliefF gene selection algorithm is very effective.
Uniform hazard versus uniform risk bases for performance-based earthquake engineering of light-frame wood construction

This paper investigates the implications of designing for uniform hazard versus uniform risk for light-frame wood residential construction subjected to earthquakes in the United States. Using simple structural models of one-story residences with typical lateral force-resisting systems (shear walls) found in buildings in western, eastern and central regions of the United States as illustrations, the seismic demands are determined using nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses, whereas the collapse capacities are determined using incremental dynamic analyses. The probabilities of collapse, conditioned on the occurrence of the maximum considered earthquakes and design earthquakes stipulated in ASCE Standard 7-05, and the collapse margins of these typical residential structures are compared for typical construction practices in different regions in the United States. The calculated collapse inter-story drifts are compared with the limits stipulated in FEMA 356/ASCE Standard 41-06 and observed in the recent experimental testing. The results of this study provide insights into residential building risk assessment and the relation between building seismic performance implied by the current earthquake-resistant design and construction practices and performance levels in performance-based engineering of light-frame wood construction being considered by the SEI/ASCE committee on reliability-based design of wood structures. Further code developments are necessary to achieve the goal of uniform risk in earthquake-resistant residential construction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pre- and post-test assessment of concept learning in research design

Abstract Objective To assess concept learning and topic difficulty in a concept-based research methods course. Methods A pre–post exam was given to second professional year Doctor of Pharmacy students enrolled at the University of Arizona College of Pharmacy using 25 concept-based multiple choice questions. Rasch analysis was used to determine the change in student ability and to assess question difficulty. Results A total of 94 students completed both pre- and post-tests (response rate = 96.9%). As a group, student ability significantly increased from the pre- to post-test ( p p Conclusions Students learned the material over the semester as indicated by the overall increase in student ability. Changes in question difficulty provide evidence for the importance of practice when learning concepts.
American State Building in the Post-9/11 and Iraq Era

The United States is currently in the midst of a war in Iraq and a broader “war on terror.” What will be the long-term consequences of these conflicts on the American state?
Syntheses and characterizations of thermally reworkable epoxy resins II

In flip-chip technology, the development of reworkable underfill materials has been one of the keys to the recovery of highly integrated and expensive board assembly designs through the replacement of defective chips. This article reports the syntheses, formulations, and characterizations of two new diepoxides, one containing secondary ester linkages and the other containing tertiary ester linkages, that are thermally degradable below 300 °C. The secondary and tertiary ester diepoxides were synthesized in three and two steps, respectively. Both compounds were characterized with NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and formulated into underfill materials with an anhydride as the hardener and an imidazole as the catalyst. A dual-epoxy system was also formulated containing the tertiary ester diepoxide and a conventional aliphatic diepoxide, 3,4-epoxy cyclohexyl methyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexyl carboxylate (ERL-4221E), with the same hardener and catalyst. The curing kinetics of the formulas were studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thermal properties of cured samples were characterized with DSC, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermomechanical analysis. The dual-epoxy system showed a viscosity of 18.7 and 0.87 P at 25 and 100 °C, respectively. The cured secondary, tertiary, and dual-epoxy formulas showed decomposition temperatures around 265, 190, and 220 °C, glass-transition temperatures around 120-140, 110-157, and 140-157 °C, and coefficients of thermal expansion of 70, 72, and 64 ppm/°C below their glass-transition temperatures, respectively. The shear strength of the cured dual-epoxy system decreased quickly with aging at 230 °C. The reworkability test showed that the removal of a chip underfilled with this material from the board was quite easy, and the residue on the board could be thoroughly removed with a mechanical brush without obvious damage to the solder mask. In summary, the synthesized tertiary epoxide can be used as a reworkable underfill for flip-chip applications.
Computational Study of Network-Based Mixed-Integer Programming Approaches for Chemical Production Scheduling

The goal of this paper is to discuss the modeling aspects and study the computational performance of scheduling approaches for batch process networks that are based on discrete-time and continuous-...
Dimethyl ether of d-tubocurarine iodide as an adjunct to anesthesia.

SummaryThe administration of the dimethyl ether of d-tubocurarine iodide (M-curare) to 100 patients produced relaxation comparable to that of d-tubocurarine chloride. Respiratory depression was seldom observed and was of minor degree when present. Less M-curare than d-tubocurarine chloride is needed on a mg-for-mg basis.
Modeling Lipid-Lipid Correlations across a Bilayer Membrane Using the Quasi-chemical Approximation.

Mixed fluid-like lipid membranes exhibit interactions not only among the lipids within a given leaflet but also across the bilayer. The ensuing collective interleaflet coupling of entire membrane domains has been modeled previously using various mean-field approaches. Yet, also on the level of individual lipids have correlations across the bilayer been observed experimentally for binary mixtures of charged/uncharged lipids with mismatching combinations of short and long acyl chain lengths. The present study proposes a lattice gas model to quantify these correlations. To this end, we represent a macroscopically homogeneous lipid bilayer by two coupled two-dimensional lattice gases that we study using the quasi-chemical approximation. We demonstrate that the rationalization of previous experimental results is only possible if besides two-body lipid–lipid interactions within and across the bilayer our model also accounts for an additional multibody interaction mechanism, namely the local hydrophobic height m...
Knowledge of Concussions by High School Coaches in a Rural Environment.

The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge and opinions on concussions of high school coaches from a geographically large yet rural state in the northern Rocky Mountains of the United States. Few medical issues in sport are more important, or have had as much publicity recently, as concussions. The exposure gleaned from tragic health issues among professional athletes postconcussion has motivated college and professional sport agencies to modify and enact strict guidelines in the diagnosis and treatment of suspected concussions. Yet underdiagnosis and mistreatment by some (former University of Michigan coach in 2014) highlight the need for continued education and enforcement of the current guidelines. Obviously, when a head coach from a major NCAA Division I university still places an athlete's health in jeopardy by disregarding a head injury, it is imperative that coaches' knowledge of concussions in smaller, more rural and remote programs is considered as well. We used a commercial electronic product to survey coaches across the state. Coaches responded voluntarily with their opinions and their current knowledge of issues related to concussions. The purpose was to identify the current status of knowledge and attitudes in hopes that any weaknesses can be addressed in additional coach education opportunities. Keywords concussions; high school coaches; rural state; knowledge; attitudes Language: en
Ultimate issues in apocalyptic literature with special reference to Walker Percy's Love in the Ruins and the Thanatos syndrome

L'A. etudie comment historiquement l'apocalyptique de l'ancien Israel et de la communaute chretienne jusqu'en 1900 a transforme la branche de la theologie s'occupant de la mort et de la resurrection, du jugement et de l'immortalite en un principe d'interpretation des evenements. Il analyse ensuite la litterature apocalyptique et les intentions de deux romans de l'ecrivain americain Walker Percy.
Labour and the 1950 Election: The Prospect and the Outcome

By 1948, the approach of the next general election was beginning to concern all the party leaders. The Conservatives were convinced that a major reason for their failure in 1945 was the weakness of their party organisation; and in the summer of 1946 Churchill invited Lord Woolton, the wartime Minister of Food and a business man of proven ability, to take over the chairmanship of the party’s Central Office.1 Woolton agreed rather reluctantly, and at first was very disappointed at the ‘ramshackle’ organisation that he encountered in the party.2 The recruiting campaign that he launched in his first year of office met with only limited success; but in 1947 criticism of the Government mounted, and at the Party Conference in October of that year Woolton boldly appealed for £1 000 000 for the central fund — and obtained it before the end of the year.3 In the first six months of 1948 alone over a million new members were added to the party strength.4 A committee under Sir David Maxwell Fyfe recommended improvements in the salaries and status of Conservative agents; and it was proposed that henceforth constituency associations, rather than candidates, should pay the entire election expenses of their contests, with support if necessary from the central fund.5 Many candidates had already been adopted by local associations under the old terms, or were sitting MPs, and so this change took time; but by 1950 the number of full-time agents in the constituencies of England and Wales amounted to 527 out of 542 — far beyond anything that Labour could match. On the eve of the election in 1950, the Labour agents numbered only 279.6
Message from the General Chair and Program Chair

The Twelfth Annual International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS) will be held in Washington DC, USA on May 26-28, 2016. This conference broadly focuses on the design, development, and optimization of large scale networked sensor systems. In addition to the established tracks in the previous editions of DCOSS, such as Algorithms and Performance Analysis, Applications, Systems, Real Deployments and Tools, Signal Processing and Information Theory, this twelfth edition includes a new Track of the Year, called "Cloud Computing and Applications to Sensing Systems." DCOSS 2016 includes a high-quality technical program consisting of keynotes, research papers, Poster and Demo session, and Ph.D. Forum. This year we received 65 submissions in response to the call for papers. Each paper was reviewed by at least three experts in the field. After detailed on-line discussions with the Track Chairs, 24 papers were finally accepted, leading to an acceptance ratio of 37%. Specifically, the program covers important aspects of distributed computing in sensor systems, such as mobile crowdsourcing, energy efficiency and communication, routing, tracking and localization, security, and applications and outdoor testbed, to name a few. Additionally, there is one workshop that addresses challenging research topics in sensor networking. We believe the technical program will provide an exciting forum for researchers and practitioners to exchange cutting-edge ideas in distributed sensor systems.
Structural properties of scandium inorganic salts

Abstract The structural properties of reported inorganic scandium (Sc) salts were reviewed, including the halide (Cl, Br, and I), nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate salts. Additional analytical techniques used for characterization of these complexes (metrical data, FTIR and 45Sc NMR spectroscopy) were tabulated. A structural comparison of Sc to select lanthanide (La, Gd, Lu) salt complexes was briefly evaluated.