cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards Patient-Specific Mitral Valve Surgical Simulations

Ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) occurs when a mitral valve (MV) is rendered incompetent by left ventricular (LV) remodeling induced by a myocardial infarction (MI). Hemodynamically significant, IMR affects at least 300,000 Americans. This important clinical problem is expected to grow substantially during the next 20 years as the population ages. MV repair with undersized ring annuloplasty has been the preferred treatment for IMR. However, 1/3 of all patients treated this way develop significant recurrent IMR within 6 months. Using real-time 3D echocardiography (rt-3DE) image analysis software, it has been demonstrated that IMR in humans is etiologically heterogeneous. In one subset of patients the predominant cause of IMR is annular dilatation and flattening; in the remaining patients, leaflet tethering is the dominant pathology. It has been demonstrated that recurrent IMR after ring annuloplasty occurs most commonly when leaflet tethering is the primary cause of IMR. There is now agreement that adjunctive procedures are required to treat IMR caused by leaflet tethering. However, there is no consensus regarding the best procedure. Multicenter registries and randomized trials would be necessary to prove which procedure is superior. Given the number of proposed procedures and the complexity and duration of such studies, it is highly unlikely that IMR procedure optimization will be achieved by prospective clinical trials. Novel computational approaches directed towards optimized surgical repair procedures can substantially reduce the need for such trial-and-error approaches. We thus present a state-of-the-art means to produce patient-specific MV computational models, which can directly utilize rt-3DE imaging data that can be used develop quantitatively optimized devices and procedures for MV repair.
Advice in the presence of external cues: The impact of conflicting judgments on perceptions of expertise

Abstract Past studies on advice-taking have typically not given decision makers a way to evaluate the quality of the advice, other than by comparing it to their own judgment. In reality, decision makers are often aware of cues that suggest which estimates or options are better. I consider this common, but neglected context, and examine how the relationship between advice and external cues affect perceptions of expertise. I propose that a recommendation that conflicts with external cues has opposing effects: it decreases perceptions of expertise as it lowers perceptions of accuracy, but it increases perceptions of expertise as it signals judgment independence. Because the latter is more affected by diminishing sensitivity than the former, the impact of level of conflict on expertise takes an inverted-U form. Further, consistent with the egocentric bias, I find that advisors underestimate the negative impact of a non-conflicting advice on perceptions of expertise.
Tarnishing victory? Contested histories & civil–military discord in the U.S. Navy, 1919–24

ABSTRACTAs the First World War came to an end, the U.S. Navy's leadership engaged in a bitter fight over the “lessons” of the war. Admiral William S. Sims and Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels...
Neuroprotective and neurotoxic outcomes of androgens and estrogens in an oxidative stress environment

The role of sex hormones on cellular function is unclear. Studies show androgens and estrogens are protective in the CNS, whereas other studies found no effects or damaging effects. Furthermore, sex differences have been observed in multiple oxidative stress-associated CNS disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and Parkinson’s disease. The goal of this study is to examine the relationship between sex hormones (i.e., androgens and estrogens) and oxidative stress on cell viability. N27 and PC12 neuronal and C6 glial phenotypic cell lines were used. N27 cells are female rat derived, whereas PC12 cells and C6 cells are male rat derived. These cells express estrogen receptors and the membrane-associated androgen receptor variant, AR45, but not the full-length androgen receptor. N27, PC12, and C6 cells were exposed to sex hormones either before or after an oxidative stressor to examine neuroprotective and neurotoxic properties, respectively. Estrogen receptor and androgen receptor inhibitors were used to determine the mechanisms mediating hormone-oxidative stress interactions on cell viability. Since the presence of AR45 in the human brain tissue was unknown, we examined the postmortem brain tissue from men and women for AR45 protein expression. Neither androgens nor estrogens were protective against subsequent oxidative stress insults in glial cells. However, these hormones exhibited neuroprotective properties in neuronal N27 and PC12 cells via the estrogen receptor. Interestingly, a window of opportunity exists for sex hormone neuroprotection, wherein temporary hormone deprivation blocked neuroprotection by sex hormones. However, if sex hormones are applied following an oxidative stressor, they exacerbated oxidative stress-induced cell loss in neuronal and glial cells. Sex hormone action on cell viability is dependent on the cellular environment. In healthy neuronal cells, sex hormones are protective against oxidative stress insults via the estrogen receptor, regardless of sex chromosome complement (XX, XY). However, in unhealthy (e.g., high oxidative stress) cells, sex hormones exacerbated oxidative stress-induced cell loss, regardless of cell type or sex chromosome complement. The non-genomic AR45 receptor, which is present in humans, mediated androgen’s damaging effects, but it is unknown which receptor mediated estrogen’s damaging effects. These differential effects of sex hormones that are dependent on the cellular environment, receptor profile, and cell type may mediate the observed sex differences in oxidative stress-associated CNS disorders.
Machine Learning-Aided Identification of Single AtomAlloy Catalysts

In metal catalytic design, there is a well-established linear scaling relationship between reaction and adsorption energies. However, owing to the challenges of performing experimental and/or compu...
Total Charge Required to Induce a Seizure in a Retrospective Cohort of Patients Undergoing Dose Titration of Right Unilateral Ultrabrief Pulse Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Objectives The use of ultrabrief pulse (UBP) stimuli and individual seizure threshold determination have been proposed as ways of minimizing the cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), but large samples of patients receiving UBP ECT are lacking. This study reports a retrospective cohort of patients receiving an index course of right unilateral UBP ECT and characterizes the amount of charge required to induce a seizure. Methods A single-center retrospective chart review was conducted of adult patients receiving a first lifetime course of ECT using an UBP titration from 2005 to 2017. Results There were 2328 patients that received a dose titration during the study period, with a mean dose of 21.82 ± 21.61 mC applied to induce a seizure. During the early part of the study period, a mean dose of 18.73 ± 8.99 mC was used, with 28% of patients seizing at a dose of less than 19.2 mC. In the later period, the initial step of dose titration was standardized at 19.2 mC, yielding a mean initial dose to induce a seizure of 22.72 ± 24.00 mC. Conclusions Mean seizure thresholds may be lower than reported in previous studies, and a significant proportion of patients may have a seizure threshold lower than the first step of many existing dose titration protocols.
Association of Secondary Diagnosis of HF with 90-day Mortality in Acutely Ill Patients

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is a common concomitant diagnosis in the intensive care unit (ICU) population. Whether mortality is impacted by secondary diagnosis of HF is less well studied. We sought to assess the impact of secondary diagnosis of heart failure on 90-day mortality. Hypothesis A secondary diagnosis of HF is associated with increased mortality in acutely ill patients. Methods This was a retrospective study using the de-identified Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. We identified patients admitted between 2001 and 2012 to adult ICUs with secondary diagnosis HF which we defined as HF that coexisted before admission or developed during admission. Patients admitted for primary HF were excluded. We compared baseline characteristics of the two groups using parametric and non-parametric tests for continuous variables and Chi-Squares test for dichotomous variables. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of secondary diagnosis HF with 90-day mortality. Our analysis adjusted for age, sex, race, disease severity (simplified acute physiology scores [SAPS II]), length of stay (LOS), diuretics, average sodium, blood sugar levels and multiple co-morbidities. Results Among 34,540 admissions, there were 7,581 (22%) patients with a secondary diagnosis HF. Compared to Patients with HF, patients without HF were older (mean age 73 vs 62 years); had a higher mean length of ICU stay (4.95 days vs 3.75 days). Secondary diagnosis of HF was independently associated with increased risk of 90-day mortality (Table 1). Conclusion In this ICU population, a secondary HF diagnosis was significantly associated with higher 90-day mortality.
Can Auditor-Developed Independent Estimates Reduce Management’s Biasing Influence?

The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) acknowledges that developing independent estimates likely reduces the influence of management bias when auditing accounting estimates. We test this notion, finding evidence that both confirms and contradicts the PCAOB’s perspective. We find that auditors developing an independent estimate after receiving management’s persuasion tactic are, indeed, less susceptible to the tactic’s biasing influence. However, auditors developing an independent estimate before receiving management’s persuasion tactic remain susceptible to the tactic’s biasing influence. Recency effects explain these results. A supplemental experiment that omits independent estimate development confirms this theory. Without an independent estimate, auditors exhibit primacy effects. Our research informs auditing estimates, regulatory guidance, and the de-biasing ability of independent expectations.
Change in Diet Quality and Meal Sources During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Subset of Men and Women in the Cancer Prevention Study-3

Objectives The massive spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) and subsequent restrictive measures caused disruptions in daily routines and behaviors, including changes in diet that may have consequences on immediate health and longer term risk of chronic disease. Our objective was to assess two-year changes in diet quality among subgroups of the Cancer Prevention Study-3 (CPS-3) cohort.
A Proximate Remove : Queering Intimacy and Loss in The Tale of Genji

How might queer theory transform our interpretations of medieval Japanese literature and how might this literature reorient the assumptions, priorities, and critical practices of queer theory? Through a close reading of The Tale of Genji, an eleventh-century text that depicts the lifestyles of aristocrats during the Heian period, A Proximate Remove explores this question by mapping the destabilizing aesthetic, affective, and phenomenological dimensions of experiencing intimacy and loss. The spatiotemporal fissures Reginald Jackson calls “proximate removes” suspend belief in prevailing structures. Beyond issues of sexuality, Genji queers in its reluctance to romanticize or reproduce a flawed social order. An understanding of this hesitation enhances how we engage with premodern texts and how we question contemporary disciplinary stances. “A brave and groundbreaking work. Jackson’s queer reading of The Tale of Genji— where ‘queer’ does not index a particular sexual identity or mode of erotic exchange but, rather, provides a provocative critical lens—throws into sharp relief practices of Heian sexual politics. Intimately researched and engagingly written.” CHARLOTTE EUBANKS, author of Miracles of Book and Body: Buddhist Textual Culture and Medieval Japan “A Proximate Remove offers a bold and provocative reading of the eleventh-century classic The Tale of Genji. It begins the much-needed task of exposing the ideological limitations that define the parameters of existing premodern Japanese studies.” ATSUKO UEDA, author of Language, Nation, Race: Linguistic Reform in Meiji Japan (1868–1912) REGINALD JACKSON is Associate Professor of Premodern Japanese Literature and Performance at the University of Michigan. He is the author of Textures of Mourning: Calligraphy, Mortality, and the Tale of Genji Scrolls.
Ensemble Learning Using Matrices of Classifier Interactions and Decision Profiles on Riemannian and Grassmann Manifolds

This paper introduces a new topic and research of geometric classifier ensemble learning using two types of objects: classifier prediction pairwise matrix (CPPM) and decision profiles (DPs). Learni...
FEMORAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA FOLLOWING VENIPUNCTURE.

A case of traumatic femoral arteriovenous fistula in a 3-year-old female is reported. The fistula is thought to have resulted from venipuncture at a level distal to the inguinal ligament where the femoral artery is immediately anterior to the vein. This case emphasizes the importance of performing femoral venipuncture at a level near the inguinal ligament where the artery is lateral to the vein. Arteriovenous fistula is demonstrated to be a potential hazard of attempts at femoral venipunctures.
Processing of behaviorally relevant temporal parameters of acoustic stimuli by single neurons in the superior olivary nucleus of the leopard frog.

Response characteristics of 130 single neurons in the superior olivary nucleus of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens pipiens) were examined to determine their selectivity to various behaviorally relevant temporal parameters [rise-fall time, duration, and amplitude modulation (AM) rate of acoustic signals. Response functions were constructed with respect to each of these variables. Neurons with different temporal firing patterns such as tonic, phasic or phasic-burst firing patterns, participated in time domain analysis in specific manners. Phasic neurons manifested preferences for signals with short rise-fall times, thus possessing low-pass response functions with respect to this stimulus parameter; conversely, tonic and phasic-burst units were non-selective and possessed all-pass response functions. A distinction between temporal firing patterns was also observed for duration coding. Whereas phasic units showed no change in the mean spike count with a change in stimulus duration (i.e., all-pass duration response functions), tonic and phasic-burst units gave higher mean spike counts with an increase in stimulus duration (i.e., primary-like high-pass response functions). Phasic units manifested greater response selectivity for AM rate than did tonic or phasic-burst units, and many phasic units were tuned to a narrow range of modulation rates (i.e., band-pass). The results suggest that SON neurons play an important role in the processing of complex acoustic patterns; they perform extensive computations on AM rate as well as other temporal parameters of complex sounds. Moreover, the response selectivities for rise-fall time, duration, and AM rate could often be shown to contribute to the differential responses to complex synthetic and natural sounds.
Semiconductor spintronics: Doppler speed gun for spins

An experimental technique based on Doppler velocimetry provides a detailed picture of electronic spins as they diffuse, drift and turn under the action of an electric field in a two-dimensional electron gas.
Emission spectrometric determination of the gaseous elements in metals—IX. Direct-reading determination of oxygen in steels☆

Abstract The d.c. carbon-are extraction technique for the emission spectrometric determination of the gaseous element content of metals has been adapted to the direct-reading determination of oxygen in high and low alloy steels. A near-infrared sensitive phototube (EMI 9558B), having a low dark current, is used as the detector. The O 7772 A line is isolated with a small, 0·5 meter, table-model spectrometer and a group of argon lines near 7635 A is selected by an interference filter and used as the internal standard. The method has been applied to high and low-alloy steels having oxygen concentrations ranging between 0·0048 and 0·085 wt.%. Over a period of 1 month the analytical results showed a coefficient of variation of 5·6%.
Association between cedar decline and hillslope stability in mountainous regions of southeast Alaska

Old-growth forests experiencing widespread decline of yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) in southeast Alaska have a 3.8-fold increase in the frequency of landslides. We report here on an investigation of the cause of this increased slope instability. Time since death of cedar was assessed using surveys around landslide sites. Root decay on dead trees was used to estimate the decline in the apparent soil strength provided by roots. Changes in soil hydrology were measured with 120 piezometers located in areas of healthy cedar, healthy spruce/hemlock, and sites with cedar decline. Relative influences on slope stability by changes in soil moisture and root strength were evaluated with a simple stability model. At most sites, soil depth is <0.7 m, and the loss of root strength has an important and possibly dominant influence on slope instability. In soils deeper than 1 m, changes in pore pressure have a proportionately larger influence on slope stability. Landslides appear most likely when cedar decline reaches snag class IV (approximately 50 years after tree death), when most of the cedar root strength is lost and root strength from secondary growth has yet to develop.
Error-adaptive classifier boosting (EACB): Exploiting data-driven training for highly fault-tolerant hardware

Technological scaling and system-complexity scaling have dramatically increased the prevalence of hardware faults, to the point where traditional approaches based on design margining are becoming un-viable. The challenges are exacerbated in embedded sensing applications due to constraints on system resources (energy, area). Given the importance of classification functions in such applications, this paper presents an architecture for overcoming faults within a classification processor. The approach employs machine learning for modeling not only complex sensor signals but also error manifestations due to hardware faults. Adaptive boosting is exploited in the architecture for performing iterative data-driven training. This enables the effects of faults in preceding iterations to be modeled and overcome during subsequent iterations. We demonstrate a system integrating the proposed classifier, capable of training its model entirely within the architecture by generating estimated training labels. FPGA experiments show that high fault rates (affecting >3% of all circuit nodes) occurring on >80% of the hardware can be overcome, restoring system performance to fault-free levels.
Far-infrared and high-field magnetotransport studies on a new superlattice: HgTe/CdTe

Abstract Far-infrared (FIR) photoconductance studies on HgTe/CdTe superlattice (thickness 110/220 A.) show an absorption line near 16 cm -1 associated with a resonant acceptor state. Quantum oscillations in ϱ xx and ϱ xy are consistent with an electron density n s of 6 × 10 11 cm -2 . Combining the ϱ xx data with the FIR data we deduce a Fermi energy of 45 mev. A temperature dependent high-field anomaly in ϱ xx near 20 T suggestive of a new electronic phase is also observed.
Detecting Sparse Signals in Random Fields, With an Application to Brain Mapping

Brain mapping data have been modeled as Gaussian random fields, and local increases in mean are detected by local maxima of a random field of test statistics derived from these data. Accurate p values for local maxima are readily available for isotropic data based on the expected Euler characteristic of the excursion set of the test statistic random field. In this article we give a simple method for dealing with nonisotropic data. Our approach has connections to the model of Sampson and Guttorp for nonisotropy in which there exists an unknown mapping of the support of the data to a space in which the random fields are isotropic. Heuristic justification for our approach comes from the Nash embedding theorem. Formally, we show that our method gives consistent unbiased estimators for the true p values based on new results of Taylor and Adler for random fields on manifolds, which replace the Euclidean metric by the variogram. The results are used to detect gender differences in the cortical thickness of the b...
Glutathione transferase pi class 2 (GSTp2) protects against the cardiac deformities caused by exposure to PAHs but not PCB-126 in zebrafish embryos

Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are phase II enzymes that detoxify a wide range of toxicants and reactive intermediates. One such class of toxicants is the ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Certain PAHs are known to cause developmental cardiac toxicity in fish. Herein, we explored the role of GST pi class 2 (GSTp2) in PAH- and PCB-induced cardiac toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. We measured expression of GSTp2 in embryos exposed to individual and co-exposures of the PAHs benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and fluoranthene (FL) as well as 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126). GSTp2 mRNA expression was induced by exposure to BkF, BaP, PCB-126, and BaP+FL and BkF+FL co-exposure. A splice junction morpholino was then used to knockdown GSTp2 in developing zebrafish. GSTp2 knockdown exacerbated the toxicity caused by co-exposures to BkF+FL and BaP+FL. However, GSTp2 knockdown did not affect PCB-126 toxicity. These results further suggest that pi class GSTs serve a protective function against the synergistic toxicity caused by PAHs in developing zebrafish.
Homologous recombination in DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance

Homologous recombination (HR) comprises a series of interrelated pathways that function in the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) and interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). In addition, recombination provides critical support for DNA replication in the recovery of stalled or broken replication forks, contributing to tolerance of DNA damage. A central core of proteins, most critically the RecA homolog Rad51, catalyzes the key reactions that typify HR: homology search and DNA strand invasion. The diverse functions of recombination are reflected in the need for context-specific factors that perform supplemental functions in conjunction with the core proteins. The inability to properly repair complex DNA damage and resolve DNA replication stress leads to genomic instability and contributes to cancer etiology. Mutations in the BRCA2 recombination gene cause predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer as well as Fanconi anemia, a cancer predisposition syndrome characterized by a defect in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks. The cellular functions of recombination are also germane to DNA-based treatment modalities of cancer, which target replicating cells by the direct or indirect induction of DNA lesions that are substrates for recombination pathways. This review focuses on mechanistic aspects of HR relating to DSB and ICL repair as well as replication fork support.
BHV-1-specific CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T cells in calves vaccinated with one dose of a modified live BHV-1 vaccine

Expression of the high-affinity interleukin 2 receptor α chain (CD25) was used to monitor antigen-specific activation of T lymphocyte subsets (CD4+, CD8+, and γδ T cells) from cattle immunized with...
Effect of lignite pyrolysis conditions on calcium oxide dispersion and subsequent char reactivity

A demineralized North Dakota lignite was loaded with 2.9 wt% Ca by ion exchange. Chars were prepared by pyrolysis in N2 at 1275 K and residence times between 0.3 s and 1 h. Major differences were observed in their subsequent reactivities in 0.1 MPa air. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out to obtain information on the state and dispersion of the Ca species on the various chars. The results clearly indicate that CaO is the predominant species responsible for catalysis of lignite char gasification. It is concluded that pyrolysis residence time also has a profound effect on CaO dispersion. Thus, a correlation was established between a fundamental physical property (catalyst dispersion) and the observed gasification behaviour of lignite chars prepared under different pyrolysis conditions.
Identifying and treating urinary incontinence. The crucial role of the primary care physician.

PREVIEWUrinary incontinence is a widespread problem with significant social, psychological, and economic repercussions. Many patients are reluctant to discuss this problem with their physician; thus, incontinence often goes undiagnosed and untreated. Dr Knapp reviews the main types of incontinence and their causes and emphasizes the primary care physician's role in evaluating and treating this often reversible disorder.
Comparative effects of 1, 10-phenanthroline and 1, 7-phenanthroline on DNA and RNA synthesis in mouse spleen

Abstract When 1, 10-phenanthroline at 10 −4 mole/kg was administered intraperitoneally to C3H mice, a significant decrease of ( 32 P) Na 2 HPO 4 incorporation into splenic DNA and RNA was noted within 15 min. The same dose or higher was required to significantly inhibit the incorporation of (5- 3 H) uridine and (methyl- 3 H) thymidine into splenic nucleic acid. 1, 10-phenanthroline also decrease the incorporation of the 32 P into DNA and RNA in 6C3HED ascites tumor. 1, 7-phenanthroline, a non-chelating analogue at 10 −4 mole/kg, less effectively altered the rate of the 32 P incorporation into splenic nucleic acid within 15 min, but significantly inhibited the incorporation within 1 hr.
Team Learning and Reflexivity in Technology-Mediated Collaboration

This study examines technological, educational/learning, and social affordances associated with the facilitation of team learning during technology-mediated collaborative problem solving. An empirical interpretive research approach using direct observation is used to interpret, evaluate and rate observable manifested behaviors and qualitative content i.e., discussions associated with team learning and team reflexivity. The theory of affordances and social impact theory are integrated to develop a conceptual model that asserts that collaboration mode collocated vs. non-collocated and videoconferencing supported will dictate the quality of information exchange, progressive elaboration of ideas, and the social processes that influence team learning. Team learning is then suggested to give rise to task and social reflexivity behaviors aimed at monitoring and evaluating acquired understanding, adaptation of task strategy, and maintenance of quality intra-team interactions. Results showed that collocated teams did engage in better quality team learning behaviors. Further, persistent reflection on task progress and solution accuracy yielded better team productivity while maintenance of a mutual supportive and positive climate yielded higher perceived quality interpersonal interactions. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications of the study are also discussed.
Unrealistic optimism in internet events

This study assessed the tendency for individuals to be unrealistically optimistic about internet related activities. Ninety-seven participants estimated their chances of experiencing 31 positive and negative internet events compared to the average student at their school. The data indicated that students believed positive internet events were more likely to happen to them and negative events were less likely to happen to them compared to the average student. Heavy internet users reported more optimistic responses than did light users. Perceptions of event characteristics (controllability, desirability, and personal experience) were also significantly correlated with optimistic bias.
Limited impact on health and access to care for 19- to 25-year-olds following the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

Importance The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) allowed young adults to remain on their parents’ insurance until 26 years of age. Reports indicate that this has expanded health coverage. Objective To evaluate coverage, access to care, and health care use among 19- to 25-year-olds compared with 26- to 34-year-olds following PPACA implementation. Design, Setting, and Participants Data from the Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System and the National Health Interview Survey, which provide nationally representative measures of coverage, access to care, and health care use, were used to conduct the study among participants aged 19 to 25 years (young adults) and 26 to 34 years (adults) in 2009 and 2012. Exposure Self-reported health insurance coverage. Main Outcomes and Measures Health status, presence of a usual source of care, and ability to afford medications, dental care, or physician visits. Results Health coverage increased between 2009 and 2012 for 19- to 25-year-olds (68.3% to 71.7%). Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, after adjustment, the likelihood of having a usual source of care decreased in both groups but more significantly for 26- to 34-year-olds (DID, 2.8%; 95% CI, 0.45 to 5.15). There was no significant change in health status for 19- to 25-year-olds compared with 26- to 34-year-olds (DID, –0.5%; 95% CI, –1.87 to 0.87). There was no significant change for 19- to 25-year-olds compared with 26- to 34-year-olds in the percentage who reported receiving a routine checkup in the past year (DID, 0.3%; 95% CI, –2.25 to 2.85) or in the ability to afford prescription medications (DID, –0.4%; 95% CI, –2.93 to 1.93), dental care (DID, –2.6%; 95% CI, –5.61 to 0.61), or physician visits (DID, −1.7%; 95% CI, –3.66 to 0.26). There was also no change in the percentage who reported receiving a flu shot (DID, 1.9; 95% CI, –1.93 to 4.93). Insured individuals were more likely to report having a usual source of care and a recent routine checkup and were more likely to be able to afford health care than uninsured individuals. Conclusions and Relevance Implementation of the PPACA was associated with increased health insurance coverage for 19- to 25-year-olds without significant changes in perceived health care affordability or health status. Although the likelihood of having a usual source of care declined between 2009 and 2012 for all, this decrease was smaller among 19- to 25-year-olds, and younger adults were more likely than 26- to 34-year-olds to have a usual source of care.
Lightning detection technology and applications of lightning data

International Lightning Detection Conference/International Lightning Meteorology Conference; Broomfield, Colorado, 2–5 April 2012 More than 100 lightning scientists, meteorologists, and engineers attended the 22nd International Lightning Detection Conference (ILDC) and the 4th International Lightning Meteorology Conference (ILMC) sponsored by Vaisala Inc., in Broomfeld, Colo., this spring. Nearly half of the attendees were from outside the United States, making this event a truly international forum for discussing the science of lightning detection and its applications. ILDC has been held every other year for the past 17 years and took place annually before then. Traditionally, ILDC/ILMC has been a forum for designers and operators of lightning detection networks and users of network data to discuss the latest advances in technology and applications of lightning data for research and operational purposes, as well as technological innovations required to meet future operational challenges.
Effects of temperature and chemical additives on the response of transgenic herbicide-resistant soybeans to glufosinate and glyphosate applications

Abstract The influence of temperature and chemical additives on the response of transgenic crops to herbicide treatments was investigated using soybeans engineered with either a metabolism-based resistance (Liberty-Link) or an altered target site resistance (Roundup-Ready). Transgenic soybeans at the V1 stage were grown in chambers with constant temperature settings of 15, 25, or 35°C. Liberty-Link (LL) soybeans were treated with glufosinate rates ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 kg/ha, whereas Roundup-Ready (RR) soybeans were treated with glyphosate rates ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 kg/ha. Chlorophyll measurements revealed a dose-dependent loss of chlorophyll in the first trifoliolate of glufosinate-treated LL soybeans which was greater at 15°C than at 25 or 35°C. Conversely, chlorophyll loss in the terminal trifoliolate of glyphosate-treated RR soybeans was greater at 35°C than at 15 or 25°C. The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of [ 14 C]glufosinate in LL soybeans and [ 14 C]glyphosate in RR soybeans were examined in order to explain the observed injury from these herbicides at 15 and 35°C, respectively. Absorption of foliar-applied [ 14 C]glufosinate by LL soybeans was significantly greater at 25°C than at 15°C at 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after treatment (HAT). Translocation of [ 14 C]glufosinate was similar in LL soybeans grown at 15 and 25°C at all times except 48 HAT. The metabolic conversion of [ 14 C]glufosinate to the [ 14 C]acetyl-glufosinate metabolite at 3 and 12 HAT was slower in LL soybeans grown at 15°C than those grown at 25°C. After 12 HAT, glufosinate metabolism was similar at the two temperature settings. Foliar absorption of [ 14 C]glyphosate by RR soybeans grown at 15 or 35°C was similar at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment (DAT). RR soybeans grown at 35°C translocated more radioactivity to shoots and leaves above the treated leaf, while those kept at 15°C translocated more herbicide to shoots and leaves below the treated leaf. Treatment with 5% (w/v) of ammonium sulfate (AMS) increased glufosinate absorption in LL soybeans but did not affect its translocation and metabolism. Treatment with 3% (v/v) of pelargonic acid (PA) did not affect glufosinate absorption, translocation, and metabolism. AMS and PA treatments reduced glyphosate absorption in RR soybeans but had no effect on its translocation. These results suggest that glufosinate injury to LL soybeans at 15°C may be due to a slower rate of glufosinate metabolism under cooler conditions. Glyphosate injury to RR soybeans at 35°C may result from an increased translocation of the herbicide to new meristematic areas and could be due to secondary effects caused by glyphosate.
View labeling for automated interpretation of engineering drawings

Abstract A method is presented for segmenting engineering drawings into views and identifying the corresponding view points. A set of 2.5D view-based coordinate systems is introduced as an intermediate between the 2D drawing-based system and the 3D object-based coordinates, and a formal technique is developed for constructing transformation matrices between coordinates. The method accommodates auxiliary views in addition to the standard orthogonal set, and the number of views and their positions need not be known a priori. Drawings with moderate errors in line placement and view alignment can also be handled. A rule based approach, using evidential reasoning, is applied for labeling the views.
Educational Paths and Substance Use From Adolescence Into Early Adulthood

This study examined how substance use trajectories from ages 15 to 23 in a community sample (N = 921) were related to educational pathways. Rates of heavy drinking converged across different paths, but starting college at a 2-year college before transferring to a 4-year college was related to later increase in drinking after high school. Higher future educational attainment was negatively associated with high school marijuana use, but marijuana use increased after high school for individuals who went to 4-year colleges compared with those who did not. Noncollege youth had the highest rates of daily cigarette smoking throughout adolescence and early adulthood, whereas college dropouts had higher rates of smoking than college students who did not drop out. The findings support the need for universal prevention for early adult heavy drinking, addressing increases in drinking and marijuana use in 4-year colleges and targeting marijuana use and cigarette smoking interventions at noncollege youth and college dropouts. Language: en
Temperamental precursors of infant attachment with mothers and fathers

The degree to which parent sensitivity and infant temperament distinguish attachment classification was examined. Multilevel modeling was used to assess the effect of parent sensitivity and infant temperament on infant-mother and infant-father attachment. Data were collected from mothers, fathers, and their infants (N = 135) when the infant was 3-, 5-, 7-, 12-, and 14-months old. Temperament was measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (Gartstein & Rothbart, 2003); parent sensitivity was coded during the Still Face Paradigm (Tronick, Als, Adamson, Wise, & Brazelton, 1978); attachment was coded using the Strange Situation (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978). Results indicate that mothers and fathers were less sensitive with insecure-avoidant infants. Whereas only one difference was found for infant-mother attachment groups and temperament, five significant differences emerged for infant-father attachment groups, with the majority involving insecure-ambivalent attachment. Infants classified as ambivalent with fathers were higher in perceptual sensitivity and cuddliness and these infants also showed a greater increase in low-intensity pleasure over time compared with other infants. Results indicate the importance of both parent sensitivity and infant temperament, though operating in somewhat different ways, in the development of the infant-mother and infant-father attachment relationship.
The global digital divide; beyond hICTeria

Questions the values and wisdom of those proposing to tackle the global digital divide. Why, for instance, the concern for the digital divide and not the health divide? Questions too the methods for determining and measuring the divide and the naive assumption that the Internet itself can transform the destinies of the digitally poor. What is really at issue is not finding the best way of bringing the Internet to the poor, but finding the best way for the poor to take advantage of the Internet in order to improve their lot.
Fast-updating and nonrepeating Lissajous image reconstruction method for capturing increased dynamic information

We present a fast-updating Lissajous image reconstruction methodology that uses an increased image frame rate beyond the pattern repeat rate generally used in conventional Lissajous image reconstruction methods. The fast display rate provides increased dynamic information and reduced motion blur, as compared to conventional Lissajous reconstruction, at the cost of single-frame pixel density. Importantly, this method does not discard any information from the conventional Lissajous image reconstruction, and frames from the complete Lissajous pattern can be displayed simultaneously. We present the theoretical background for this image reconstruction methodology along with images and video taken using the algorithm in a custom-built miniaturized multiphoton microscopy system.
Dynamics of equatorial F region irregularities from spaced receiver scintillation observations

Spaced receiver observations of amplitude scintillations on a 244 MHz signal, at an equatorial station, have been used to study random temporal changes associated with the scintillation-producing irregularities and the variability of their motion. The computed drift of the scintillation pattern shows the presence of velocity structures associated with equatorial bubbles in the early phase of their development. On magnetically quiet days, after 22:00 LT, the estimated drifts fall into a pattern which is close to that of the ambient plasma drift. There is considerable decorrelation between the two signals until 22:00 LT. The power spectra of the most highly correlated scintillations recorded by spaced receivers indicate that the associated irregularities are confined to a thin layer on the bottomside of the equatorial F region. This suggests that the convection pattern associated with bottomside irregularities is stable due to the dominance of ion-neutral collisions over ion inertia.
Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of a DC Cast Hypereutectic Al-Si Alloy

The hot deformation behavior and microstructure evolution of a DC cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloy was studied in the temperature range of 400-500 °C and strain rate range of 0.001-1 s-1. The results show that the as-cast microstructure of the alloy consists of polygonal primary Si particles and α-aluminum dendritic halos with Al-Si eutectics and intermetallic compounds segregated into the interdendritic regions. The flow stress of the alloy is a strong function of temperature and strain rate, and the peak stress is increased with the decrease of deformation temperature and the increase of strain rate. All the true stress-true stain curves in the experiments exhibit dynamic softening. The fracture frequency of primary Si particle is decreased with the increase of deformation temperature and the decrease of strain rate. The dynamic flow softening is mainly as a result of dynamic recrystallization.
Cognition, schizophrenia, and the atypical antipsychotic drugs

Schizophrenia was originally called dementia praecox by Emil Kraepelin, the great 19th century psychiatric nosologist, who coined the term to categorize a group of young psychotic patients who went on to develop dementia. A decade later, Eugen Bleuler, noting that most patients who had similar psychotic and affective features did not become severely demented, renamed the illness schizophrenia and in the process decreased the central importance of cognitive impairment to the broader entity, although he, too, conceptualized schizophrenia as a neurocognitive disorder (1). Recognition of the central importance of cognitive impairment to schizophrenia further diminished in the 1950s, after the development of antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol, which had, as their signature characteristics, the ability to improve delusions and hallucinations, although, at the same time, causing significant extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). The evolution of diagnostic schema for schizophrenia during the 1970s and 1980s further emphasized delusions and hallucinations (now generally referred to as positive symptoms), which, in about 70% of cases, respond to the haloperidol-like drugs (now called typical antipsychotics, for reasons explained below). However, these drugs were found not to improve cognitive function and, sometimes, to impair some aspects of cognition, such as memory and fine motor function (2–4). Research on the cognitive impairment of schizophrenia, nevertheless, went forward, and its major features were reliably described: (i) all domains of cognition, including attention, executive function, secondary (storage) memory, working memory, and semantic memory, may be affected (5); (ii) the pattern of deficits may vary widely among individuals with schizophrenia (5); (iii) the mean deficit in these domains may be 1–3 standard deviations below normal (5–7), although about 15% of patients with schizophrenia test within the normal range in all domains (8); (iv) for most patients, impairment is only slowly progressive after the first …
State of the art; the hypereosinophilic syndromes.

Abstract Many disease states such as parasitic infestations, malignancies, collagen vascular diseases, and allergies are associated with eosinophilia. The diagnosis of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) requires a persistent elevation in the total eosinophil count (> 1500/mm 3 ) for over 6 months, associated organ damage and no detectable underlying cause. This review provides an updated summary of the cytokine cascade that controls eosinophil production and delineates our current understanding of the clinical features of hypereosinophilic states. We also examine the central role of T-lymphocyte activation in eosinophilia, and have attempted to integrate current treatment strategies for HES with the physiology of eosinophilopoiesis.
Geometric continuity of ruled surfaces

This paper develops a theory for higher order continuity of ruled surfaces constructed from ruled surface patches. Continuity is defined by the equivalence of a minimal set of geometric properties for the ruled surfaces and their evolutes using the dual arc element as the parameter of the surface. The method used is a completely new approach to higher-order continuity of ruled surfaces. Also, contact continuity is compared to continuity of the Frenet trihedrons and the curvatures. These continuity conditions can be used in design procedures for ruled surface segments in CAGD.
Wideband silicon-photonic thermo-optic switch in a wavelength-division multiplexed ring network.

Using a compact (0.03 mm2) silicon-photonic bias-free thermo-optic cross-bar switch, we demonstrate microsecond-scale switching of twenty wavelength channels of a C-band wavelength-division multiplexed optical ring network, each carrying 10 Gbit/second data concurrently, with 15 mW electrical power consumption (no temperature control required). A convenient pulsed driving scheme is demonstrated and eye patterns and bit-error rate measurements are shown. An algorithm is developed to measure the power-division ratio between the two output ports, the insertion and switching losses, and non-ideal phase deviations.
Sintering of (Ca1-x, Mgx)Zr4(PO4)6 ceramics

Densification and grain growth of (Ca1−x, Mgx)Zr4(PO4)6 (CMZP; where x=0.0, 0.1, and 0.4) ceramics at the intermediate stage of sintering have been investigated. A lattice-diffusion model proposed by Coble with tetrakaidecahedron as a grain shape was employed and appears to be applicable to the sintering of CMZP. The apparent diffusion coefficient of the CMZP ceramics for x=0.0 is lower by approximately three and one orders of magnitude than for x=0.1 and x=0.4, respectively. The grain growth in CMZP at the intermediate stage of sintering follows a third-power kinetics, i.e. n=3. A modified expression using the lattice-diffusion model associated with grain-growth kinetics has been derived which makes the microstructures of CMZP controllable.
Adaptive Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion Control of an Autonomous Airship for the Exploration of Titan

With the arrival of the Huygens probe at Saturn’s moon Titan in January 2005, there is considerable interest in a follow-on mission that would use a substantially autonomous airship to explore Titan's surface. In this paper, an autonomous flight controller developed for a Titan airship is discussed. The controller is composed of a proportional-derivative controller for position control and a nonlinear dynamic inversion controller for velocity control. Since the airship will be flying in an unknown and changing environment, the control system is able to adapt to ensure the safety of the vehicle. It is shown that the proposed control system successfully controls a simulated Titan airship along a three dimensional trajectory within mission error tolerances and adapts to increase robustness in the presence of parameter uncertainty.