cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emulating the anatomy of acupuncture points with in vitro models

In traditional acupuncture, fine needles are inserted and rotated at specific locations on the body that correspond to specific therapeutic effects, which can occur locally or at a distance from the needling point. The majority of acupuncture points co-align with fascial planes under the skin, which present more subcutaneous connective tissue [1] (Fig 1). Needle insertion and rotation induces this connective tissue to couple to and wind around the needle, forming a whorl of alignment and generating measurable force on the needle that is significantly higher at fascial planes in comparison to insertion above a muscle [2, 3]. However, the effects of the varying tissue anatomy at fascial planes on fiber winding are not known. At these planes, the tissue is bounded on two sides by skeletal muscle and generally becomes narrower with increasing depth, presenting distinct boundary conditions compared to locations above a muscle, which resembles an infinite plane.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Parent–Child Discrepancies in Educational Expectations: Differential Effects of Actual Versus Perceived Discrepancies

This study explored how discrepancies between parents' and adolescents' educational expectations influenced adolescents' achievement using a nationally representative, longitudinal sample of 14,041 students (14 years old at baseline). Actual discrepancies (i.e., those between parents' and adolescents' actual educational expectations) and perceived discrepancies (i.e., those between adolescents' perceptions of their parents' educational expectations and adolescents' own) were examined. Achievement was higher when parents actually held higher expectations than adolescents held or when adolescents perceived that their parents' expectations were lower than their own. In contrast, achievement was lower when parents actually held lower expectations than adolescents held or when adolescents believed that their parents' expectations exceeded their own. Implications for identifying adolescents at risk and promoting adaptive parent-child educational expectations are discussed.
Learning to report.

Abstract Rationale and Objectives In radiology residency programs it is the task of residents to learn how to effectively report the findings and impressions from patient images they review, generally from an apprenticeship design. The authors sought to learn residents' perceptions of the value this apprenticeship model holds for them. Materials and Methods Thirty-eight residents were interviewed in a 1-month field study and asked four questions about their experiences: How did you learn to report? What formal or organized dictation instruction have you received? What feedback do you receive? What is your opinion about your experience? Results It was found that residents perceive that the apprenticeship model is inadequate when learning to report. The authors found reporting issues could be classified into three categories: perceived lack of transferable learning from observation, lack of explicit direction from faculty, and need for a more structured approach to learning. Conclusion Although residents agreed that learning the skills to report would be gained eventually through the apprenticeship model, they also believed that it did not give them the confidence or competence a more structured program could provide.
A systematic approach to parathyroid surgery.

A systematic approach to parathyroid surgery In the last 8 years 33 patients with hyperparathyroidism have been surgically treated by the authors. Thirty patients had primary, 2 secondary and 1 tertiary hyperparathyroidism. In the 30 patients with the primary disorder, 26 had a single adenoma and 28 of these patients had normal calcium levels postoperatively. Two patients were hypocalcaemic following surgery and required calcium supplements for 3 months and 9 months respectively. It is recommended that when a single adenoma is found its removal will render the patient normocalcaemic. When all 4 glands are hyperplastic the surgery should be subtotal (3^ glands) parathyroidectomy except in the case of secondary hyperparathyroidism when total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation and cryopreservation of the remainder should be performed.
Special considerations in vascular anomalies: hematologic management

Proper care of the patient with a vascular anomaly requires the expertise of multiple specialists. Because of the need for an interdisciplinary approach, several vascular anomalies centers have now been developed across the world. A hematologist/oncologist provides clinical acumen in establishing a correct diagnosis and guiding the medical management of these patients. These patients can have complicated coagulopathies and need medical therapy. This article emphasizes the hematologic complications and management of these patients.
Cyanotic congenital heart disease in one of identical twins: Report of two cases

Abstract 1. 1. Two pairs of identical twins are reported. One twin of each pair had cyanotic congenital heart disease. The other twin was completely normal. One set of twins was girls and the other, boys. The affected twin had pentalogy in the first pair, tetralogy of Fallot in the second pair. They were 9 years of age at the time of the examination. The diagnosis of congenital heart disease was established by clinical findings and cardiac catheterization. 2. 2. No detectable genetic history or definite environmental factors could be established in either pair. 3. 3. The monozygoticity of the twins was based on the “similarity method” as well as serologic identity. 4. 4. The finger- and palmprints of these twins were not identical. Uselessness of the finger- and palmprints as a diagnostic test in distinguishing identical from nonidentical twins has been emphasized. 5. 5. The literature concerning congenital heart disease affecting only one of identical twins and the causes of congenital heart diseases have been reviewed. No definite explanation could be concluded for the congenital heart disease involving only one of the identical twins.
A direct radioimmunoassay for 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol 17-glucuronide ☆

Abstract Synthesis of the 11α-hemiglutaryl derivative of 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol 17-glucuronide (androstanediol-17G) starting from androsta-4, 9(11)-diene-3,17-dione through a 10-step sequence and the preparation of its bovine serum albumin conjugate is described. By using this conjugate, antiserum was raised in rabbits which proved to be very specific for androstanediol-17G. A direct radioimmunoassay using a double antibody procedure is described for the measurement of androstanediol-17G from plasma without prior chromatography.
Angularly and Spectrally Resolved Light Scattering from Lead Zirconate Titanate Thin Films

The results of light-scattering measurements for a series of Pb(Zr,Ti)O{sub 3} thin films prepared by a sol-gel method are presented and analyzed. The films differed due to the addition of different concentrations of acetylacetone to the precursor solution immediately prior to film fabrication. Visual inspection of the films indicated improvements in optical quality with the addition of acetylacetone. To quantify these improvements, two types of light-scattering measurements were performed: angularly resolved light scattering and spectrally resolved light scattering. Surprisingly, only slight differences between the films were observed using angularly resolved light scattering at 633 nm. In contrast, the spectrally resolved scattering revealed large differences between the films, with the films prepared using the largest concentrations of acetylacetone exhibiting the lowest scattering. The apparent contradiction between these findings is resolved using a theoretical model for light scattering due to fluctuations in the dielectric constant occurring within the volume of the thin film and by noting that slight thickness differences exist between the films in the series. Analysis of the light scattering from the best sample yields estimates for the amplitude ({xi}{sub 0} = 0.08) and the characteristic size ({tau}{sub 0} = 110 nm) of the dielectric constant fluctuations. These estimates aremore » consistent with the variations of the dielectric constant expected due to the birefringent, polycrystalline nature of these films.« less
Diagnosis and treatment of refractive errors in the pediatric population.

Purpose of review The diagnosis and successful treatment of visually significant refractive errors in children are a subject of continued study and debate. Recent findings Treatment of significant refractive errors is widely accepted to reduce lifelong vision loss from amblyopia. Children aged 3-5 years may be screened for unexplained vision loss, refractive errors and amblyogenic factors using traditional eye charts as well as newer modalities such as autorefractors and photoscreeners. The accuracy of various screening methods is variable throughout the literature. Debate remains as to who is best suited to administer vision screening tests. Compliance with follow-up with an eye-care professional once a child is identified with an amblyogenic factor remains suboptimal. Treatment of significant refractive errors in certain populations of pediatric patients with refractive surgery shows promise but requires further study. Summary The timely diagnosis of significant refractive errors in children remains a significant challenge, especially for ages 3-5 years, but treatment may provide significant improvement of visual acuity and quality of life.
The implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: Clinical results

To evaluate the effectiveness of the automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD), a 7-year experience, from 1983-1990, was reviewed. A total of 111 patients received an AICD device. Their ages ranged between 8 and 83 years. Mean age was 63.9 years. There were 91 men and 20 women. Eighty of the patients received the AICD following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, while 31 were suffering from intermittent symptomatic ventricular tachycardia. The underlying etiology in 97 patients (87%) was ischemic coronary artery disease, in 11 patients (10%) dilated cardiomyopathy, and in 3 patients (3%) idiopathic ventricular fibrillation. Mean ejection fraction was 33.2%. Implantation of the AICD was performed via a left thoracotomy in 39 patients, median sternotomy in 49 patients and subxiphoid-subcostal approach in 23 patients. In-hospital mortality occurred in one patient who suffered an acute myocardial infarction 4 hours postoperatively. Out-of-hospital mortality was observed in 19 patients. There were two arrhythmic deaths. Follow-up was available for 107 patients. Mean follow-up was 33.1 months. Sixty-six patients (62%) had AICD shocks. The initial appropriate shocks occurred during the first postimplantation year in 91% of the patients. In 53 of the survivors, initial AICD shocks took place within 4.4 +/- 4.7 months from implantation. Thirteen of the 20 patients who died had received appropriate AICD shocks. In these patients, the time between implantation and first shock was 2.7 +/- 3.6 months whereas the time between implantation and death was 11.3 +/- 10.3 months (NS). We conclude that the AICD is effective in converting ventricular tachyarrhythmias and prolongs survival.
Lupus erythematosus in small animals.

Abstract In veterinary medicine, lupus erythematosus has been classically divided into systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and discoid (cutaneous) lupus erythematosus (DLE). These two subdivisions vary markedly in presenting clinical signs, laboratory evaluation, immunologic testing, aggressiveness of therapy and prognosis, and, therefore, will be discussed separately. Systemic LE has been reported in dogs, 1–15 cats, 16–19 and mice. 8 Discoid LE has been reported in dogs. 20–23 SLE is a rare disease in dogs and has been estimated to affect approximately one of every 4000. 24 Epidemiologic studies have shown no increased risk of SLE in human contacts of SLE dogs or dogs with high-titer antinuclear antibody tests. 25,26 Human contacts and controls showed no difference in antinuclear, anti-DNA, anti-RNA, and anti-lymphocyte antibody titers, lymphocytotoxic activity, rheumatoid factors, or elevation of serum immunoglobulins. Prior to these studies, one unfortunate clinical brief erroneously implied a possible correlation between human and canine SLE based on DNA binding studies. 27
Isolation of a new member of the ADP-ribosylation like factor gene family, ARL8, from a cartilage cDNA library

ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs) and ARF-like proteins (ARLs) are part of the ARF family within the RAS superfamily of regulatory GTPases. Guanine nucleotide binding proteins or GTPases are involved in a diverse spectrum of cellular activities, including regulating cell growth and signal transduction, organization of the cytoskeleton and regulating membrane trafficking along the exocytic and endocytic pathways. ARL proteins share 40-60% sequence identity with the ARF proteins, but ARLs can be distinguished from ARFs based on expression patterns and biological functions. We have identified a new ARL, ARL8, from a fetal cartilage cDNA library. ARL8 contains six exons and five introns, and encodes a 179 amino acid protein that shares homology to the other ARL proteins, especially ARL5. It also shows significant homology with orthologous proteins found in Mus musculus and Drosophila melanogaster. The expression pattern of the mouse ortholog revealed differential tissue expression and an alternate transcript was seen in brain that was age-dependent. ARL8 is an additional member of a family of closely related proteins that are conserved both within the family and across species.
Covariation between workplace physical and psychosocial stressors: evidence and implications for occupational health research and prevention

There is increasing interest in distinguishing the effects of physical and psychosocial workplace stressors on the aetiology of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Modest associations have been found between psychosocial stressors and MSD, such as intensive load, monotonous work and low job control. Interpretation of these results has been limited by likely covariation between physical and psychosocial stressors. This investigation examined exposure covariation among blue- and white-collar workers employed in a mass production manufacturing environment (N = 410). Physical stressors were assessed from questionnaire and accelerometry. Psychosocial stressors were assessed from questionnaire. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were computed. An exploratory factor analysis procedure identified possible common factors linking specific physical and psychosocial stressors. Moderate to high correlations between some physical and psychosocial stressors showed evidence of covariation both across and within groups. Covariation was strongest among blue-collar production and low-status office workers. Factor analysis results showed considerable shared variance between some physical and psychosocial stressors, such as repetition and job control, suggesting that these disparate stressors manifest from common work organization factors that govern the structure of work. While recognizing the conceptual differences between physical and psychosocial stressors, these results call attention to the strong empirical relationships that can exist between some stressors in the workplace setting. To guard against ambiguous study findings that can occur when exposures are mixed, it is critical that future epidemiologic studies include information about the degree of association between task-level stressors. Future research on work organization determinants of task-level stressors, and their coincident occurrence in jobs with greater specialization, may provide promising new insights into the nature of risk for MSD and effective prevention strategies.
Bacterial‐Endosymbiote‐Derived Lipopolysaccharides on Amoeba Symbiosome Membranes

. Monoclonal antibodies were obtained against lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacterial endosymbiotes in amoebae and were used to determine the origin and distribution of the antigens. The lipopolysaccharides were located on endosymbiote's surfaces as determined by indirect immunofluorescence staining under both light and electron microscopes. In addition, host symbiosome membranes enclosing the endosymbiotes also contained the same lipopolysaccharides on the cytoplasmic side as shown by indirect immunofluorescence staining after intracellular injection of anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies. This is the first report for the presence of symbiote-derived lipopolysaccharides on the host symbiosome membranes, and their possible roles are discussed in relation to the prevention of lysosomal fusion with symbiosomes.
Forming all pairs in a minimal number of steps

Abstract How can N individuals in a closed space meet and greet each other most efficiently? This paper presents a general solution to this problem—an algorithm or “dance” that will achieve universal pairing in the least possible number of moves or steps. A proof of the suggested algorithm is included, showing that it guarantees that every two participants will greet each other once and only once, and that no procedure with this property can be accomplished with fewer steps. Slightly different procedures are required for the odd and even cases. The algorithm has been applied in classroom settings, and could be applied in any social setting where the objective is to initiate efficiently a sense of group cohesion and common purpose.
Optimizing the second hyperpolarizability with minimally-parametrized potentials

The dimensionless zero-frequency intrinsic second hyperpolarizability γint=γ/4E10−5m−2(eℏ)4 was optimized for a single electron in a 1D well by adjusting the shape of the potential. Optimized potentials were found to have hyperpolarizabilities in the range −0.15⪅γint⪅0.60; potentials optimizing gamma were arbitrarily close to the lower bound and were within ∼0.5% of the upper bound. All optimal potentials possess parity symmetry. Analysis of the Hessian of γint around the maximum reveals that effectively only a single parameter, one of those chosen in the piecewise linear representation adopted, is important to obtaining an extremum. Prospects for designing chromophores based on the design principle here elucidated are discussed.
Solution infrared spectra of cellulose acetate butyrate

The solution infrared spectra of cellulose acetate butyrates (CABs) have been collected in three solvents. The relative merits of each solvent are presented with regard to the spectral information obtained about CAB. In addition, correlations between absorbances at 1235 cm−1 and 1176 cm−1 in acetonitrile and the acetyl and butyryl content of the CAB have been developed.
The effect of thyroxin on respiration and virus growth in chick embryo tissue cultures.

embryonated eggs with substances which are known to uncouple phosphorylation from oxidation, such as 2,4-dinitrophenol' and alkyl esters of 3,5-di-iodo4-hydroxybenzoic acid.2 Previous reports of preliminary experiments' indicated that relatively high concentrations of dl-thyroxin were slightly inhibitory to growth of influenza virus and also to proliferation of chorioallantoic epithelium, and oxygen consumption. Observations by Weiss, Moulder and Itatani3 had shown that thyroxin increased the susceptibility of mice to infection with murine pneumonitis virus although no increased titer of virus in the lungs of thyroxin-treated animals was found.
The Effect of Local Consideration Sets on Global Choice Between Lower Price and Higher Quality

A set of alternatives under consideration is often divided into subsets or local sets by some external e.g., product display format at the store or internal e.g., a decision rule factor. We propose that the manner in which a global set of alternatives varying in price and quality is divided into local sets can have a systematic effect on consumer choice between a lower price alternative and a higher quality alternative. Three such effects are investigated: 1 Consumers who first choose from pairs of products {A, B}, {B, C}, {A, C} and then choose from the set of all three products {A, B, C} are more likely to prefer the cheapest alternative than consumers who only choose from the complete set; 2 The choice share of a low-price, low-quality brand is greater when alternatives varying in price, quality, and features are displayed by brand i.e., each display presents different models of one brand as compared to a display by feature level i.e., each display presents comparable models of different brands; and 3 Consumers considering a pair of two-option local sets, each consisting of different brands and feature levels e.g., a feature enhanced model of a low quality brand vs. a basic model of a high quality brand, are more likely to select a feature enhanced model from the global set of four options than those who consider the same alternatives in other local set configurations or consider only the global set. These predictions were supported in seven studies, which also provided insights into the boundaries of the effects focusing on the paired-comparison effect. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.
A model for the acetylcholine binding site of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

A detailed model for the acetylcholine binding site on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is proposed. It is derived from assumptions based on existing biochemical, structural, and pharmacological data, combined with molecular modeling and principles of protein evolution and architecture. Acetylcholine is proposed to fit into a pocket on one face of an antiparallel beta-pleated sheet formed by residues 128-142 on the alpha-subunit. This sheet is flexible yet stable, in part because of a double cystine bridge at its end. Asp138, Thr133, and Gln140 provide a ring of negative charges around the quaternary ammonium group of acetylcholine, Ile131 and alkane segments of the other residues in the binding site provide hydrophobic interactions, and Gln140 provides a hydrogen bond for acetylcholine's carbonyl group; Glu129 would form part of the second anionic subsite for the bis-quaternary ammonium compounds and curares. The model is compatible with the available evidence pertaining to the binding site and with structure-activity relationship studies. It is precise and detailed, thereby making clear predictions, which are directly testable by affinity labeling and site-directed mutagenesis. It should prove useful in the design of such experiments.
Imagined Interaction and Interpersonal Communication

Imagined interactions are cognitive representations of conversation experienced as internal dialogues with significant others. Results of an investigation confirm four hypotheses. The self talks more in imagined interactions, imagined interactions primarily involve intimate partners and personal topics, they are more likely to occur before an actual communication event than after it, and they are less functional for lonely individuals.
Spanish Literature in 1936

ALTHOUGH Spanish literature in the first half of 1936 seems far removed from actual revolution, the unrest noted in Professor E. H. Hespelt's survey for 19351 is observable. Perhaps for this reason, the year was marked by the production of a few outstanding works. This is especially true of the theater. Felipe Sassone, in an article entitled "Se habla de crisis teatral" (Blanco y negro, April 26), declared that the sad state of Spanish dramatic art was caused not by a lack of authors but by the policy of the theaters: "Se cotiza el renombre de la firma"; and Antonio Obreg6n (El Sol, July 16) remarked that good actors were being ruined by the bad taste prevalent in the theater-chistes, palabreria. Evidence is not lacking to support these statements. Dan, by Enrique Suarez de Deza, one of the best plays of the year, proved too good for the public, which fled to other theaters. The management, faced with failure, replaced Dan with La cofradia de los amargados, by Antonio Paso, "comedia sencilla, anticuada, graciosilla y anodinisima." Crisis, another play by Paso"autor preterito y fecundo"-though much applauded, was regarded by critics as a "prueba de la desfachatez de nuestros autores mis prodigados." In like manner, great success attended three plays (Morena clara, La boia de plata, and Mi hermana Concha) by Antonio Quintero and Pascual Guillen, imitators of the brothers Alvarez Quintero on a more vulgar plane. The first had over three hundred preformances. These authors offer "la felicidad mas rudimentaria para los espiritus menos exigentes." Much more may be said for another "exitazo" of the year, Nuestra Natacha, by Alejandro Casona. Natacha (Natalia Valdes), having received her doctorate in pedagogical sciences, is placed at the head of a reformatory and exemplifies a sense of social duty profoundly felt, as compelling as the religious vocation of an earlier day. Though the play is not propaganda, its treatment of social problems caused it to be regarded with great favor and it ran until October 29.
Memory, processing, and routing applications of spatial-spectral holography in ultrahigh-speed computing systems

Real-time, wide band information storage and signal processing devices are critical to many computing and communication systems. Optical spatial-spectral holography has the potential to perform real-time storage and continuous signal processing at data rates up to a terahertz, with storage/pattern densities on the order of a terabit per centimeter squared, and with data block sizes/time-bandwidth products well over 10000. These attributes, coupled with spatial selectivity and the ability to process amplitude, phase and frequency modulated signals makes spatial-spectral holography an extremely versatile technology. Applications include time-, frequency-, or code-division multiplexed routing, pattern recognition; multi-dimensional cache memory; high density, high bandwidth database memory, associative memory, and look- up tables; temporal encryption and decryption for secure communications; interior memory for optical networks; real- time address decoder; all optical passive routing of data; header and data stripper and isolator for network packets; true time delays for phase arrays with simultaneous tracking of multiple targets; and dynamic pulse shaping and distortion compensation.
Strength of Gel-Derived SiO2 Fibers

Strengths of as drawn gel-derived SiO 2 fibers are found to depend on H 2 O and alcohol content of the sol, as well as drawing viscosity. Additional factors, including fiber diameter and drying and consolidation schedules are found to dramatically influence strengths of the consolidated glass fibers.
Predictors of Survival After Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation of Colorectal Cancer Metastases to the Liver: A Prospective Study

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of survival at the time of radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) in patients with colorectal liver metastasis. Patients and Methods One hundred thirty-five patients with colorectal liver metastases who were not candidates for resection underwent laparoscopic RFA. Results The median Kaplan-Meier survival for all patients was 28.9 months after RFA treatment. Patients with a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) less than 200 ng/mL had improved survival compared with those with a CEA more than 200 (34 v 16 months; P = .01). Patients with the dominant lesion less than 3 cm in diameter had a median survival of 38 v 34 months for lesions 3 to 5 cm, and 21 months for lesions greater than 5 cm (P = .03). Survival approached significance for patients with one to three tumors versus more than three tumors (29 v 22 months; P = .09). The presence of extrahepatic disease did not affect survival. Only the largest liver tumor size more than 5 cm was found to be a si...
Corporate Culture and Marketing in the American Railway Locomotive Industry: American Locomotive and Electro-Motive Despond to Dieselization

By the 1930s, the American Locomotive Company (ALCo) and the Electromotive Company (EMC) controlled the diesel locomotive industry. Although ALCo enjoyed sound financial status, decades of experience in steam locomotive production, and close ties with its customers, it quickly lost ground to the newly established EMC. Electromotive's founder, Harold Hamilton, emphasized the importance of marketing, including post-sales support services, and his strategy helped Electromotive to surpass ALCo's diesel locomotive production by 1935. ALCo continued to neglect its marketing capabilities, and remained a poor second to Electromotive until it ceased production altogether in 1969. ALCo failed in large part because it could not modify its corporate culture, which was superbly equipped for steam locomotive production but ill-suited to the diesel locomotive industry.
Stable isotope analysis as a tool for elasmobranch conservation research: a primer for non-specialists

Many elasmobranch species are undergoing population declines on a global scale; however, implementation of effective conservation and management strategies is hindered, to a large extent, by a lack of sufficient data on diet, life historyandbehaviour.Thisworkisaprimerofhowstableisotopeanalysiscanbeusedasacost-effective,relativelysimple tool for examining resource use patterns (e.g. diet, habitat) and generating relevant data in support of science-based elasmobranch conservation and management. Specifically, isotopes can resolve the feeding niches of elasmobranchs, detect ontogenetic trophic shifts and calculate relative diet breadth of different species. Stable isotope analysis can also be employed to investigate the extent of anthropogenic impacts on diet or to infer the source of toxins affecting elasmobranchs. Additionally, this tool can be used to study migration patterns and habitat usage. Depending on the tissueanalysed,thistechniquecanalsobenon-lethalandminimallyinvasive.Thelimitationsofstableisotopeanalysisare discussed, and recommendations for future work are presented. Additional keywords: dietary analysis, ecotoxicology, food web analysis, individual diet specialisation, migration. Received 24 October 2011, accepted 30 April 2012, published online 2 July 2012
The hubris penalty: biased responses to "celebration" displays of black football players

We posit that pride and arrogance are tolerated for high-status group members but are repudiated for low-status group members. Thus, we predict that Blacks, but not Whites, who behave arrogantly will be penalized. Specifically, we investigated the context of penalties against football players for “celebrating” after touchdowns. We propose that such celebrations reflect a racially biased “hubris penalty” because: (1) celebrations are primarily perceived as displays of arrogance (rather than exuberance), and (2) arrogance is penalized for Black but not White players. Three experiments demonstrate that all players who celebrated after touchdowns were perceived as more arrogant than those who did not celebrate. Although celebratory Black and White players were perceived as being equally arrogant, Black players were penalized with lower compensation whereas White players were not. Mediation analyses show that perceived arrogance mediated the effect of celebration on compensation, even when controlling for perceived aggression.
Criminal Violence and Democratization in Central America: The Survival of the Violent State

Why does Nicaragua have less violent crime than Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras? All these countries underwent political transitions in the 1990s. Many explanations point to the legacies of war, socioeconomic underdevelopment, and neoliberal structural reforms. However, these arguments do not fully explain why, despite economic reforms conducted throughout the region, war-less Honduras and wealthier Guatemala and El Salvador have much more crime than Nicaragua. This article argues that public security reforms carried out during the political transitions shaped the ability of the new regimes to control the violence produced by their own institutions and collaborators. In the analysis of the crisis of public security, it is important to bring the state back. The survival of violent entrepreneurs in the new security apparatus and their relationship with new governing elites foster the conditions for the escalation of violence in northern Central America.
Optical biosensor based on one-dimensional photonic crystal in a total-internal-reflection geometry

We report a novel sensor for label-free biomolecular assay using a one-dimensional photonic crystal in a total-internal-reflection geometry. This configuration creates a unique open biosensing interface for real-time detection with ultrahigh sensitivity.
The MerR-Like Regulator BrlR Confers Biofilm Tolerance by Activating Multidrug Efflux Pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

A defining characteristic of biofilms is antibiotic tolerance that can be up to 1,000-fold greater than that of planktonic cells. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm tolerance to antimicrobial agents requires the biofilm-specific MerR-type transcriptional regulator BrlR. However, the mechanism by which BrlR mediates biofilm tolerance has not been elucidated. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicated that brlR was required for maximal expression of genes associated with antibiotic resistance, in particular those encoding the multidrug efflux pumps MexAB-OprM and MexEF-OprN. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis revealed a direct regulation of these genes by BrlR, with DNA binding assays confirming BrlR binding to the promoter regions of the mexAB-oprM and mexEF-oprN operons. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis further indicated BrlR to be an activator of mexAB-oprM and mexEF-oprN gene expression. Moreover, immunoblot analysis confirmed increased MexA abundance in cells overexpressing brlR. Inactivation of both efflux pumps rendered biofilms significantly more susceptible to five different classes of antibiotics by affecting MIC but not the recalcitrance of biofilms to killing by bactericidal agents. Overexpression of either efflux pump in a ΔbrlR strain partly restored tolerance of ΔbrlR biofilms to antibiotics. Expression of brlR in mutant biofilms lacking both efflux pumps partly restored antimicrobial tolerance of biofilms to wild-type levels. Our results indicate that BrlR acts as an activator of multidrug efflux pumps to confer tolerance to P. aeruginosa biofilms and to resist the action of antimicrobial agents.
Absorption and elimination of D&C Red No. 28 in male F-344 rats

D&C Red No. 28 (Red 28) is a US certified color additive used in drugs and cosmetics. Little is known about the extent of systemic absorption and pharmacokinetic behavior of Red 28. Therefore, these studies were performed to determine oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic parameters of Red 28 in male F-344 rats following single and repeated oral dosing. Rats were administered either a single i.v. dose (50 mg/kg), a low oral gavage dose (50 mg/kg), or a high oral gavage dose (500 mg/kg) of Red 28. Plasma, urine and feces samples were subjected to solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by HPLC for Red 28. Regardless of the dose or route of administration, the terminal t1/2 of Red 28 was 2.5 h. The major route of elimination was fecal excretion, with 88% (i.v.) and 98% (50 mg/kg p.o.) of the dose recovered by 96 h. Urinary excretion of Red 28 accounted for 1% of the dose following i.v. administration. No Red 28 was detected in urine after p.o. administration. Biliary excretion was determined experimentally to be the primary route of elimination for systemically available Red 28. Bioavailability following p.o. administration was very low (1–2%) and was not altered significantly by 14 days of dietary pretreatment with Red 28. # 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
An Optimization Model of Tuberculosis Epidemiology

The problems of management of tuberculosis in developing nations are studied utilizing the tools of systems analysis. The tuberculosis system consists of interacting components which are the “states of nature” of the disease. The interaction of these components determine the future state of the disease. Controls in the form of therapy, vaccinations or prophylaxis may be superimposed on the natural processes, thus altering the future course of the disease. A descriptive mathematical model describing the flows between the various categories is used to predict the trends both with and without intervention. An optimization model is derived from the descriptive model under the assumption that a program of reduction of active cases has been specified. The optimization model selects the forms of control which achieve the specified reduction program at least cost. Optimization is accomplished via linear programming. The model is general in that the parameters, costs and initial conditions may be varied for different situations. The descriptive mathematical model and the optimization model which determines the most efficient controls are intended to improve decision-making in public health management of tuberculosis.
Time-varying, multivariate volume data reduction

Large-scale supercomputing is revolutionizing the way science is conducted. A growing challenge, however, is understanding the massive quantities of data produced by large-scale simulations. The data, typically time-varying, multivariate, and volumetric, can occupy from hundreds of gigabytes to several terabytes of storage space. Transferring and processing volume data of such sizes is prohibitively expensive and resource intensive. Although it may not be possible to entirely alleviate these problems, data compression should be considered as part of a viable solution, especially when the primary means of data analysis is volume rendering. In this paper we present our study of multivariate compression, which exploits correlations among related variables, for volume rendering. Two configurations for multidimensional compression based on vector quantization are examined. We emphasize quality reconstruction and interactive rendering, which leads us to a solution using graphics hardware to perform on-the-fly decompression during rendering.
An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part 1.: an account of basic findings

A model of context effects in perception is applied to the perception of letters in various contexts. In the model, perception results from excitatory and inhibitory interactions of detectors for visual features, letters, and words. A visual input excites detectors for visual features in the display. These excite detectors for letters consistent with the active features. The letter detectors in turn excite detectors for consistent words. Active word detectors mutually inhibit each other and send feedback to the letter level, strengthening activation and hence perceptibility of their constituent letters. Computer simulation of the model exhibits the perceptual advantage for letters in words over unrelated contexts and is consistent with the basic facts about the word advantage. Most importantly, the model produces facilitation for letters in pronounceable pseudowords as well as words. Pseudowords activate detectors for words that are consistent with most of the active letters, and feedback from the activated words strengthens the activations of the letters in the pseudoword. The model thus accounts for apparently rule-governed performance without any actual rules.
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) due to large B-cell lymphoma: the diagnostic significance of highly elevated alkaline phosphatase and serum ferritin levels.

Abstract Background Determining the cause of fever of unknown origin (FUO) is often a vexing and difficult diagnostic process. In most cases, the signs and symptoms in adult FUOs suggest a malignant, infectious, or rheumatic/inflammatory etiology. The diagnosis of FUO may be narrowed if specific findings are present (eg, hepatosplenomegaly) that limit the diagnostic possibilities. Infectious causes of FUO with hepatosplenomegaly include miliary tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and visceral leishmanosis (kala-azar). However, FUOs with hepatosplenomegaly are most often attributable to malignant neoplasms, ie, Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, hepatoma, hypernephroma (renal-cell carcinoma), or preleukemia. Methods and Results We present a middle-aged woman with FUO and hepatosplenomegaly. Inpatient nonspecific laboratory findings included a highly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and elevated levels of vitamin B12, lactate dehydrogenase, angiotensin-converting enzyme, ferritin, and alkaline phosphatase. These individual findings are nonspecific, but together point to a lymphoma. An important test in differentiating malignant from infectious FUOs is the Naprosyn test, and her Naprosyn test was positive, indicating malignancy. A gallium scan suggested a uterine lymphoma. A computed tomography scan revealed hepatosplenomegaly, but the gallium uptake was not increased in her liver and spleen. Uterine and bone marrow biopsies were negative for lymphoma. Conclusion We present a case of FUO with hepatosplenomegaly attributable to large B-cell lymphoma as diagnosed via liver biopsy.
Values and Diagnosis

Although some mental disorders have been shown to have a genetic component (e.g., dementia, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder), the categories that we understand as mental disorders are socially constructed constructs and are not categories with a purely biological essence. Instead, values affect what is considered to be a disorder; how decisions are made about what is a mental disorder and how to define it; how a clinician decides on a diagnosis and treatment; and how people with mental disorders are treated by society. Keywords: judgment and decision-making; psychopathology; stigma
Pathology of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) produces widely variable pathologic change in infected tissues, whether in the context of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or another form of immunosuppression, e.g., that noted after organ or bone marrow transplantation. Characteristic cytomegalic cells may be present with minimal or absent inflammatory response in a given organ, or there may be extensive associated inflammation and necrosis with clinically significant dysfunction. This chapter discusses and illustrates the histologic manifestations of CMV infection in the context of their clinical presentation, and complements other chapters that discuss molecular mechanisms of CMV pathogenesis and neuropathogenesis.
Evolution of corporate structure in turbulent technological fields

This paper presents a model of co-evolution among technology-based firms and their technological fields. Evolutionary trends in the technological environment, generated in part by aggregate organizational forces, place strong selective pressures on the structure and behavior of technology-based corporations. Corporate structures appear to be adapting to these pressures through the process of dynamic restructuring and creative recombination. The basic units of corporate adaptation (quasi-autonomous subassemblies) may, in turn, generate new forces of environmental change by enabling mature corporate hierarchies to survive and exploit technological discontinuities.
Stringlike Chemisorption and Rapid Dissociation of As4 and Sb4 on Si(100)

Dodson-type potentials have been constructed for As-As, Si-As, Sb-Sb, and Si-Sb interactions. The parameters were determined by fitting to the energies obtained in first-principles calculations for As-Si and Sb-Si clusters with a variety of geometries. These potentials have been applied in molecular dynamics simulations of As4 and Sb4 chemisorbing on Si(100) at high temperature (900K). We find that both molecules tend to chemisorb in stringlike configurations, and that dissociation into two dimers can occur within only a few picoseconds.
Use of compositional and combinatorial nanomaterial libraries for biological studies

The rapid development and production of nanomaterials has created some concerns about their potential hazard on the environment, human health and safety. However, since the list of materials that may generate such concerns is very long, it is impossible to test them all. It is therefore usually recommended to use some small compositional nanomaterial libraries to perform initial toxicity screening, based on which combinatorial libraries are then introduced for more in-depth studies. All nanomaterials in the compositional and combinatorial libraries must be rigorously characterized before any biological studies. In this review, several major categories of physicochemical properties that must be characterized are discussed, along with different analytical techniques that are commonly used. Some case studies from the University of California Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology are also chosen to demonstrate the effective use of compositional and combinatorial nanomaterials libraries to identify the role of some key physicochemical properties and to establish true quantitative structure–activity relationships. Examples on how to use the knowledge generated from those studies to design safer nanomaterials for improved biological applications are also presented.
The Study of Lightning Test Standard of OPGW in Ultra High Voltage Grid

Optical Fiber Composite Overhead Ground Wires(OPGW)is main wire that constitues power system telecommunication,regular OPGW has been widely applied to electric power system,which has positive influence to protection of power network under 500 k V and below voltage degrade. But under ultra-high voltage environment,whether regular OPGW can be adaptable to ultra-high voltage environment and operate normally or not, which still belongs to blank in the research at home and abroad,no one researches systematically,especially there are still short of related standards and test researches that meets ultra-high voltage environment.The article carries out test research of OPGW anti lightening strike performance through ultra-high voltage transmission line to determine the test method and judge standard of it.
Inquiry of a Current Leakage Protection for UPS

A mulfunction on a current leakage protection for UPS is discusesed. It includes the inquiry of power supply filter, a current leakage protection and transitional course when they are applied together. Final, some methodes of solving are advanced.
A microfluidic flow focusing platform to screen the evolution of crude oil–brine interfacial elasticity

Multiphase fluid flow dynamics dominate processes used to recover the majority of hydrocarbon resources produced by global energy industries. Micromodels have long been used to recapitulate geometric features of these processes, allowing for the phenomenological validation of multiphase porous media transport models. Notably, these platform surrogates typically preserve the complexity of reservoir conditions, preventing the elucidation of underlying physical mechanisms that govern bulk phenomena. Here, we introduce a microfluidic flow focusing platform that allows crude oil to be aged against brines of distinct composition in order to evaluate the pore-level effects of chemically-mediated interfacial properties upon snap-off. Snap-off is a fundamental multiphase flow process that has been shown to be a function of aqueous phase chemistry, which in turn establishes the limits of crude oil recovery during enhanced oil recovery operations. Specifically, this platform was used to evaluate the hypothesis that low salinity brines suppress crude oil snap-off, thus enhancing recovery. This hypothesis was validated and conditions that promote the effect were shown to, unexpectedly, develop over a matter of minutes on the pore scale. Microfluidic snap-off experiments were complemented by finite element fluid dynamics modeling, and further validated against a classical instability framework.