cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ERBB3 (HER3) is a key sensor in the regulation of ERBB‐mediated signaling in both low and high ERBB2 (HER2) expressing cancer cells

Aberrant expression and activation of EGFR and ERBB2 (HER2) have been successfully targeted for cancer therapeutics. Recent evidence from both basic and clinical studies suggests that ERBB3 (HER3) serves as a key activator of downstream signaling through dimerization with other ERBB proteins and plays a critical role in the widespread clinical resistance to EGFR and HER2 targeting cancer therapies. As a result, HER3 is actively pursued as an antibody therapeutic target for cancer. Ligand binding is thought to be a prerequisite for dimerization of HER3 with other ERBB proteins, which results in phosphorylation of its c-terminal tyrosine residues and activation of downstream AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. In this study, we report that an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (HER2Mab), which blocks HER2 dimerization with HER3, induces HER3 dimerization with EGFR in both low and high HER2 expressing cancer cells. Treatment of the low HER2 expressing MCF7 cancer cells with HER2Mab promoted cell proliferation and migration in the absence of HER3 ligand stimulation. Follow-up studies revealed that HER2Mab-induced HER3 signaling via EGFR/HER3 dimerization and activation of downstream AKT signaling pathways. These results suggest that equilibrium of dimerization among the ERBB proteins can be perturbed by HER2Mab and HER3 plays a key role in sensing the perturbation.
Finding the Mule in the Network

There exist a variety of procedures for identifying clusters in large networks. This paper focuses on finding the connections between such clusters. We employ the concept of closed sets to reduce a network down to its fundamental cycles. These cycles begin to capture the global structure of the network by eliminating a great deal of the fine detail. Nevertheless, the reduced version is completely faithful to the original. No connection in the reduced version exists unless it was in the original network, connectivity is preserved. Reduction of as much as 80% can be observed in real networks. Just reducing the size makes comprehension of the network much easier.
Outnumbered, Outgunned, Undeterred: Twenty Battles Against All Odds. By Rob Johnson. (London, England: Thames & Hudson, 2011. Pp. 208. $27.95.)

In this brief volume, the author examines those occasions when soldiers have faced formidable enemies and overwhelming odds, sometimes to triumph, sometimes to perish, but in all events behaving in...
Resistance Is Futile: Cognitive Dissonance, Temporal Refusal, and the E-Learning Environment as Cyborg.

This study uses interpretive sociological methods to explore parallels between fictional accounts of cyborgs and educational technology-based practices currently present in some e-learning environm...
SU‐FF‐T‐35: A Practical Monte Carlo Method for Modeling Dose Deposition in Intensity Modulated Radiation Treatment Planning

Purpose: To determine dose deposition coefficients for a beamlet with improved accuracy using a limited Monte Carlo method that will be practical for use in a clinical setting, as well as in IMRToptimization techniques, which require smooth dose models. Method and Materials: To model the depth dose curve and lateral penumbra, smoothing functions are applied to the data from Monte Carloexperiments with histories ranging from one million to one billion. The quality of each approximation is determined by comparison to the approximation obtained from the one‐billion history experiment. The depth dose curve is approximated by the most accurate polynomial fit from polynomials with degrees ranging from 10 to 45. Such high‐degree polynomials are able to capture the behavior of the depth dose curve, even in the presence of heterogeneous tissues. The lateral penumbra can be modeled as the average of several error function pairs. A Levenberg‐Marquardt quasi‐Newton minimization method is employed to determine the parameters of each error function, as well as the number of error functions required. This method is applicable to both homogeneous and heterogeneous mediums. Results: Examination of the models obtained for both the depth dose curve and the lateral penumbra show that for both homogeneous and heterogeneous mediums, the models obtained provide satisfactorily accurate approximations using as few as 100 million Monte Carlo histories. Conclusion: This work indicates that it is possible to obtain very accurate dose deposition coefficients using Monte Carlo techniques in a reasonable amount of time using the smoothing functions methods presented. Because the resulting dose model is smooth, in contrast to the inherently noisy Monte Carlo data, the dose model is suitable for optimization techniques. Further testing and refinement could lead to even fewer required Monte Carlo histories.
Preclinical Investigation of Hsp27 LNA as a Novel Radiosensitizer in Head-and-Neck Cancer

chemoradiation therapy regimens, cisplatin is one of the most commonly utilized agents. Although cisplatin is highly effective as a radiosensitizer, its use has been limited by toxicity. Therefore, one of the goals of radiation oncology research has been identifying methods to improve cisplatin’s efficacy while lowering its toxicity. While traditional drug delivery strategies such as intra-arterial delivery have failed, the development of nanoparticle (NP) drug delivery vehicles offers an unprecedented opportunity. NPs are known to preferentially accumulate in tumors while depositing lower dose to normal tissues such as kidneys. Such unique biodistribution is ideally suited for chemoradiation therapy. We hypothesized that the development of a NP formulation of cisplatin can improve therapeutic efficacy and lower the toxicity of cisplatin-based chemoradiation therapy. Materials/Methods: We have developed a novel formulation of cisplatin using the Polysilsesquoxane (PSQ) NP platform. The cisplatin-PSQ NPs were characterized physically using transmission electron microscopy. Its drug release profile was determined. First, we evaluated cisplatin-PSQ NP as a radiosensitizer in vitro using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells lines H460 and A549. We then compared the toxicity profiles of cisplatin-PSQ NP to that of cisplatin in vivo. The efficacy of cisplatin-PSQ NP in chemoradiation therapy was compared to that of cisplatin using mouse models of NSCLC. Results: Cisplatin-PSQ NPs were w65 nm in diameter with cisplatin loading of up to 42% (weight) of NP. The cisplatin-PSQ NPs were highly stable with minimal drug release in neutral pH. Cisplatin release was rapid from NPs in reducing environments similar to that of tumor. In vitro evaluation showed cisplatin-PSQ NP is an excellent radiosensitizer with radiation survival curves similar to that of cisplatin. Toxicity evaluations showed cisplatin-PSQ NP has a significantly lower toxicity overall toxicity profile than that of cisplatin. Furthermore, cisplatin-PSQ NP has lower renal toxicity than cisplatin. Lastly, we demonstrated that cisplatin-PSQ NP is more effective than cisplatin in chemoradiation therapy using two mouse xenograft models of NSCLC. Conclusions: We have engineered a novel NP formulation of cisplatin. Cisplatin-PSQ NP has been shown to have lower toxicity and higher efficacy than cisplatin in chemoradiation therapy using NSCLC as a model disease. We believe cisplatin-PSQ is a promising radiosensitizer with high potential for clinical translation. Author Disclosure: A.Z. Wang: P. Ownership Other; Co-Founder, Coordination Therapeutics, Inc. J. Della Rocca: None. N.D. Cummings: None. R. Sukumar: None. M.E. Werner: None. W. Lin: P. Ownership Other; CoFounder, Coordination Therapeutics, Inc.
Oxgen-burning hydrodynamics. 1: Steady shell burning

With new hydrodynamic techniques, the relatively fast evolutionary stages of a star prior to core collapse may be explicitly computed in two spatial dimensions, with a treatment of the microphysics (e.g., nuclear reactions, equation of state, neutrino cooling) which is comparable to typical one-dimensional simulations. The nature of shell oxygen burning in a massive star, prior to core collapse, is used as a first example; it is of particular interest because it is (1) the region in which Ni-56 will be produced by the supernova shock, (2) the region of the 'mass cut', which will separate the collapsed core from the ejected mantle, (3) the site of much of the explosive nucleosynthesis, and (4) a suggested source of symmetry breaking to drive mixing instabilities which were observed in SN 1987A. The nature of the shell burning affects the size of the core which will collapse. The method is illustrated on this test case, and the character of the convection is examined.
Partition function zeros and the three-dimensional Ising spin glass

We have computed the exact partition function of the 3D Ising spin glass on lattices of effective size 3×3×Lz, 4×4×Lz, and 5×5×Lz forL z up to 9, and several random bond configurations. Studying the distribution of zeros of the associated partition functions, we find further evidence that these systems have a singularity in the thermodynamic limit.
Pendent polyimides using mellitic acid dianhydride. III. The effect of pendent group functionality on polymer properties

Methyl, methoxy, and nitrile (cyano) functional groups were incorporated into the metal–organic pendent group of a co-polyamic acid, co-PAA[(3,4′-ODA/ODPA)0.9(3,4′-ODA/{MADA-p-Zr(adsp)(Rdsp)})0.1], in various locations to investigate their effects on polymer chain interactions and film quality. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) performed on solutions of these products were consistent with the expected 10% (mol) functionalized pendent polymeric structures. Thermogravimetric analysis performed on ether-precipitated samples revealed little functional group effect on imidization temperature (decreases of 5–8°C), but showed a somewhat-greater effect on decomposition temperature (decreases of 6°C for the 3-methoxy derivative to 28°C for the methyl derivative). Differential scanning calorimetry performed on imidized powder samples showed that glass transition temperatures increased with the addition of the functional groups from 2°C for the methyl derivative to 19°C for the 3-methoxy derivative. Imidized films were solvent resistant, transparent, and flexible, with the nitrile derivative least susceptible to crack formation. Light scattering results revealed that the nitrile derivative had the lowest second virial coefficient of the functional groups tested and formed aggregates at room temperature in NMP with n = 2, thus rationalizing its superior film forming properties. Results of contact angle measurements and atomic oxygen exposure of functionalized pendent co-PI films are included. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Photoelectric cross-sections for fixed-orientation atomic orbitals: Relationship to the plane-wave final state approximation and angle-resolved photoemission

Abstract Differential photoelectric cross sections for fixed-orientation p- and d-orbitals have been derived within the one-electron, central-potential model and the dipole approximation for a completely general experimental geometry. Also, for the special geometry of a polarized source with polarization parallel to the electron emission direction, it is shown that such cross sections are exactly proportional to the probability distribution of the initial orbital, a result equivalent to that derived by using a plane-wave final-state approximation. Detailed numerical calculations of cross sections for Cu3 and O2p orbitals in various geometries and at various energies exhibit significant differences in comparison to plane-wave cross sections. By contrast, certain prior angular-resolved X-ray photoemission studies of single-crystal valence bands are found to have been carried out in an experimental geometry that fortuitously yields cross-sections close to the plane-wave predictions.
Breakthroughs in Photonics 2014: Phase Change Materials for Photonics

Materials that undergo an electronic phase change in a reversible manner open up new directions for research in light-matter interactions and photonic devices. The highly tunable dielectric properties, along with the spatial control of insulating and metallic domains, create photonic-crystal-like environments to control light propagation. In this brief overview, recent advances in photonics that utilize solid-state phase-change systems such as vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) and chalcogenides are discussed. The controllable optical properties such as the refractive index and the optical conductance between two distinct phases in these materials pave the way for switchable photonic devices with memory. Furthermore, the intermediate states with the coexistence of two phases in the vicinity of phase transition in these materials behave as a tunable metamaterial with extraordinary optical properties that is promising for applications such as perfect absorbers.
The Study of Fusion Reactor Materials Behavior Using Dual-Ion Irradiation

Small concentrations of transmutant helium (e.g., 10-7 He·disp-1 in Type 316 stainless steel) are produced by neutrons during irradiation in fast-reactors and have been simulated in charged-particle irradiations by He preinjection. In a D-T magnetic fusion reactor (MFR), the 14-MeV plasma neutrons produce higher and more significant concentrations of transmutant helium (e.g., 1.5 × 10-5 He·disp-1 in Type 316 stainless steel). These levels of helium are sufficient to impact heavily on the irradiation microstructure development, and hence, on the mechanical properties of candidate MFR structural materials. We have used simultaneous dual-ion (heavy ions + 3He+) irradiations to simulate the radiation environment in an MFR for our studies of microstructural evolution during irradiation of candidate MFR alloys. Single and dual-ion irradiations of an Fe-20Ni-15Cr alloy, a V-15Cr binary alloy, and selected Ti alloys (Ti-64, Ti-811, and Ti 15333) have been performed over a range of doses, helium to dpa ratios, and temperatures. For the Fe-20Ni-15Cr alloys, a dose dependence study at 700°C revealed that swelling decreased as the rate of helium injection was increased from 2.3:1 to 21:1 (appm He:dpa). Furthermore, the simultaneous injection of helium did not cause a signficant change in the peak swelling temperature of this alloy but did tend to inhibit cavity growth at higher temperatures. A dose dependence study (5-55 dpa) on the V-15Cr alloy at 650° revealed ~20% void swelling at 55 dpa with void diameters approaching 900 A.
Concept-based search and questionnaire systems

World Wide Web search engines including Google, Yahoo and MSN have become the most heavily-used online services (including the targeted advertising), with millions of searches performed each day on unstructured sites. In this presentation, we would like to go beyond the traditional web search engines that are based on keyword search and the Semantic Web which provides a common framework that allows data to be shared and reused across application. For this reason, our view is that "Before one can use the power of web search the relevant information has to be mined through the concept-based search mechanism and logical reasoning with capability to Q&A representation rather than simple keyword search". In this paper, we will first present the state of the search engines. Then we will focus on development of a framework for reasoning and deduction in the web. A new web search model will be presented. One of the main core ideas that we will use to extend our technique is to change terms-documents-concepts (TDC) matrix into a rule-based and graph-based representation. This will allow us to evolve the traditional search engine (keyword-based search) into a concept-based search and then into Q&A model. Given TDC, we will transform each document into a rule-based model including it's equivalent graph model. Once the TDC matrix has been transformed into maximally compact concept based on graph representation and rules based on possibilistic relational universal fuzzy-type II (pertaining to composition), one can use Z(n)-compact algorithm and transform the TDC into a decision-tree and hierarchical graph that will represents a Q&A model. Finally, the concept of semantic equivalence and semantic entailment based on possibilistic relational universal fuzzy will be used as a basis for question-answering (Q&A) and inference from fuzzy premises. This will provide a foundation for approximate reasoning, language for representation of imprecise knowledge, a meaning representation language for natural languages, precisiation of fuzzy propositions expressed in a natural language, and as a tool for Precisiated Natural Language (PNL) and precisation of meaning. The maximally compact documents based on Z(n)-compact algorithm and possibilistic relational universal fuzzy-type II will be used to cluster the documents based on concept-based query-based search criteria.
Infiltration of glass flaws by alkoxide coatings

Abstract Controlled flaws were produced in silica glass by Vickers indentations. The flaws were examined after formation, after coating with a tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) solution, and after removal of the coating using Ar + ion sputtering. Flaws with widths less than 35 nm were healed by the solutions, while wider flaws were unaffected by the coatings. For the healed regions, the solutions infiltrated into the flaw to a depth of at least 70 nm. A model of the strengthening of glass due to filling-in and healing by sol-gel coatings is modified to take into account the effect of flaw width on infiltration.
Community Economic Development in Utah

This article reports on a recent survey of community economic development (CED) professionals in Utah. The survey was conducted in two stages. In the first, a questionnaire was mailed to 113 officials in development or development-related departments in state, county, city, and quasigovernmental agencies throughout the state. Then, a follow-up in-depth telephone interview was conducted with a subset of this group. The project was motivated by a dearth of published information on development policy and the use of various development tools in the area and the perceived strengths or weaknesses of these tools. The research objectives were to elicit information about three components of local development efforts, including perceptions about the effectiveness of various development tools and the identification of factors that have contributed to strength or weakness in the local economy, and to assess the success of differential strategies for development. Emphasis was given to the differential ratings of tools and programs by officials in large urban areas and those in smaller cities. Not surprisingly, those in the larger areas (where growth has been especially rapid in recent years) view their efforts as having been quite successful; those in the smaller urban and rural areas indicated mixed results. The article is organized as follows: In the next section, information on Utah’s socioeconomic environment is provided as background or context for the survey results. The design of the written survey is described in the following section, which is followed by a discussion of the results. Next, the important findings from the telephone survey are reviewed. We conclude with a summary of key findings.
Card sorts, commonsense, and thresholds: a case study in CS education research

It is easy and sometimes necessary -- for example when you're finishing your doctoral thesis -- to focus only on your current research project. But what will you do when that project is done? Taking a longer perspective, what is your research agenda for the next ten years?In this talk, I will outline what ten years of research might look like, with examples from a variety of projects I've worked on during the past ten years, and then open the discussion with the question, "What research would you like to do in the next 5-10 years?"
ON THE EFFECT OF FOUNDER EVENTS ON EPISTATIC GENETIC VARIANCE.

Mayr (1963) proposed that small isolated propagules from a large panmictic population would occasionally undergo a genetic revolution due to loss of genetic variability. More recently Templeton (1980a) has suggested that founder events may be much more important in systems that have strong epistasis. Because of the work of these and other authors it becomes an interesting theoretical problem to study the distribution of epistatic variance in a population following a founder event. In the model presented here measures of coancestry (Cockerham, 1967, 1984; Cockerham and Weir, 1973; Weir and Cockerham, 1973, 1977; Tachida and Cockerham, unpubl.) are used to examine the effect of founder events on additive-by-additive epistasis. Using this approach, the coancestries, or intraclass correlations, within individuals and within demes, together with the genetic variance components in the ancestral population are used to obtain the variance within and among demes following a founder event. Examples are analyzed for single founder events of 1-25 individuals and multiple founder events of two individuals. Following a single founder event, the contribution of the additive variance to the variance within demes relative to the additive variance in the ancestral population is always less than one. However, the contribution of epistatic variance to the variance within demes relative to the epistatic variance in the ancestral population is always greater than one. Thus, while a founder event decreases the contribution of additive variance to the variance within demes, it increases the contribution of epistatic variance to the variance within demes. The contribution of epistatic variance to the variance among demes following a single founder event is not qualitatively different from the contribution of additive variance to the variance among demes. These results indicate that epistatic variance is less likely than additive variance to cause a genetic revolution following a single founder event. When populations undergo multiple founder events the situation changes considerably. Epistatic variance may contribute as much as four times its original value to the variance among demes, while additive variance can contribute maximally twice its original value to the variance among demes. Thus, epistasis, which is relatively unimportant following a single founder event, may have major evolutionary implications if drift is allowed to continue for several generations.
Do-It-Yourself Fabrication of Electronic Devices

This article discusses how digital fabrication affects the production of electronic devices, drawing on the author's experience making radios, speakers, mice, and cellphones. Several case studies demonstrate the differences between digital fabrication and traditional mass-production or do-it-yourself (DIY) practices. The author analyzes how the digital nature of design files and the flexibility of fabricating them into physical objects transform the design and production of enclosures and circuit boards, but has less effect on component sourcing, circuit assembly, and programming. The author also explores how different people can get involved in the process of fabricating devices, the skills required, and relevant motivations. This article is part of a special issue on printing and fabrication.
Dynamic vs. static Young's moduli: a case study

Abstract For one material, a 316LN austenitic steel, a comparison is made between the Young's modulus measured statically with usual commercial equipment and that measured dynamically at megahertz frequencies. The first gives a ± 6% uncertainty; the second a ± 0.5% uncertainty. The two Young's moduli, 207 GPa (static) and 202 GPa (dynamic), agree within the statistical bounds of the static measurement, 195 GPa and 219 GPa, the extreme static values being 178 GPa and 229 GPa. Simple thermodynamics that shows the difference between dynamic and static elastic constants is also presented.
Stimulatory effect of prepartum milk removal on secretory cell differentiation in the bovine mammary gland

Prepartum milk removal elicits dramatic ultrastructural changes in the secretory cells of the bovine mammary gland. A majority of the epithelial cells from quarters milked prepartum were considered to be more mature than epithelial cells from quarters first milked postpartum in the same animal. Cells from prepartum-milked quarters exhibited rounded basally located nuclei, abundant parallel lamellae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous mitochondria, hypertrophied Golgi with associated protein-containing vesicles, a mixed array of large and small lipid droplets, smaller estimated nuclear/cytoplasmic ratios, and nuclear displacement associated with active secretory epithelia. Most epithelial cells from quarters first milked 2 days postpartum were poorly developed. These immature cells had heteromorphic, centrally located nuclei, sparse cytoplasm containing few organelles, no large secretory vesicles, and few lipid droplets. Lipid droplets, when present, were either very large or very small.
Congenital paraesophageal hiatal hernia.

A healthy newborn baby with a left cleft lip and palate presented to our institution at 18 hours of life because of persistent emesis after feeds. Initial evaluation with chest radiography and a contrast swallow at the outside facility demonstrated an intrathoracic stomach (A, arrows outline the stomach with retained contrast). A repeat contrast swallow, performed at our institution to help better define the anatomy of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum revealed a congenital paraesophageal hiatal hernia with an intrathoracic stomach without any evidence of gastric volvulus (B, arrow outlines gastroesophageal junction). The stomach appeared to be herniating through a posterior midline defect in the diaphragm. At laparotomy, a large paraesophageal hiatal hernia with an intrathoracic stomach and hernia sac was identified. The hernia sac was resected, the stomach was returned to its intraabdominal position, and closure of the large hiatal hernia was accomplished by reapproximating the crura using interrupted nonabsorbable sutures. On the second postoperative day, oral feeds were initiated and the baby was advanced to full feeds by the fourth postoperative day. Congenital paraesophageal hiatal hernia is a rare condition in neonates and infants. Clinical presentation is nonspecific and usually consists of persistent emesis or pulmonary infections. Diagnostic workup usually includes chest radiograph with confirmation by a barium swallow study. Once the diagnosis is established, prompt surgical repair is mandatory to avoid potentially lethal complications, such as gastric volvulus and perforation. Operative repair consists of resecting the hernia sac, reduction of the stomach, and repair of the hiatal defect with reapproximation of the crura. Because this is such a rare entity, the addition of a fundoplication, gastropexy, or both remains controversial.
A commercially available serum-free medium appropriate for studies of macrophage functions in vitro

Abstract This report presents results using a commercially available serum-free medium, HL-1, to study growth and differentiation of the macrophage-like cell line Mm-1. Mm-1 cells grown in RPMI 1640 plus 5% calf serum were compared with the same cells acclimated to and maintained in HL-1. The two medium formulations are compared for their ability to support replication of the line as well as their ability to support the expression of non-specific esterase production, lysozyme secretion, Fc receptor expression, and phagocytosis of latex beads. The serum-supplemented RPMI promoted growth of Mm-1 cells slightly better than HL-1, but the HL-1 medium consistently supported differentiated functions of the cells 8–10% above the level expressed in serum-supplemented RPMI at the same cell density. Based on these findings and the low endotoxin levels of HL-1, we conclude that the medium is appropriate for refined physiological studies of macrophage functions in this cell line.
Usability of multi-scale interfaces for 3d workbench displays

We consider that multi-scale visualization interfaces support users to view different levels of scales simultaneously and to understand large-scale, complex 3D information in 3D display environments. This article presents a user evaluation on three multi-scale interfaces on a 3D workbench display: focus + context (f + c), fixed f + c, and overview + detail (o + d). The interfaces differ in terms of (1) window arrangement and (2) positioning of detailed information relative to the user. Our goal is to identify the effect of these interface differences in large scale information visualization on a 3D workbench. To address the usability of the interfaces for a wide range of applications, we designed two tasks that differ by the level of information integration and cognitive demand. The evaluation results suggest that focus-based interfaces (i.e., the f + c and fixed f + c interfaces) are useful for tasks that require tight coupling between information layers and the o + d interface is useful for tasks performed in a densely populated information space. In terms of interface design on a 3D workbench, it is important to provide an up-close view of the current region of interest for fast scene navigation and an easy way to change viewing direction to see the 3D information from more comfortable directions. The detailed design guidelines based on the evaluation analysis are presented in this article.
Mechanical properties of a low-pressure-plasma- applied Co-Cr-Al-Y coating

Abstract The low pressure plasma spray process was used to deposit coatings of a Co- 29Cr-6A1-1Y alloy onto IN-738 test specimens and to make free-standing deposits from which specimens were machined. Tensile tests, stress rupture tests and high cycle fatigue test were run on the coated specimens from room temperature to 870°C and results showed no significant effect of the coating process. A strain-to-coating-cracking test was also run on coated specimens and a coating ductile-to-brittle transition was found between 760 and 870°C. Free-standing Co- 29Cr-6Al-1Y tensile specimens were machined from the thick low-pressure- plasma-sprayed deposits. The tensile properties of these deposits were measured from room temperature to 980°C and results showed that the tensile strength of the deposits ranged from 50% above to 100% below the strength of cast IN-738, while elongation went from 0% to 130%. It is shown that the low pressure plasma process produced clean low defect coatings which perform well in mechanical cycling. However, it is also shown that the Co-29Cr-6Al-1Y coating, at low temperatures (less than 540°C), has relatively low ductilities which could cause early cracking in high strain level testing or service conditions. Some scanning electron microscopy replica and metallographic evaluations are also presented to illustrate the tensile cracking behavior of the coating.
Using video feedback as a tool in training parent coaches: promising results from a single-subject design

The Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC) parenting program focuses on three intervention targets: increasing parental nurturance, increasing parental synchrony, and decreasing parental frigh...
ISOLATION OF A VIRUS FROM CHIMPANZEE LIVER CELL CULTURES INOCULATED WITH SERA CONTAINING THE AGENT OF NON-A, NON-B HEPATITIS

A membrane-coated virus having a diameter of 85-90 nm and containing a 40-45 nm core was found to replicate in cell cultures derived from chimpanzee liver after inoculation of serum containing infective non-A, non-B (NANB) hepatitis viruses from two independent sources. Replication of this agent was not observed when the same cells were inoculated with a chloroform-extracted inoculum or were left uninoculated. Replication involves assembly of virus cores on tubular structures similar to those seen in liver cells of chimpanzees infected with most isolates of NANB virus.
Spatial modeling of dimerization reaction dynamics in the plasma membrane: Monte Carlo vs. continuum differential equations.

Bimolecular reactions in the plasma membrane, such as receptor dimerization, are a key signaling step for many signaling systems. For receptors to dimerize, they must first diffuse until a collision happens, upon which a dimerization reaction may occur. Therefore, study of the dynamics of cell signaling on the membrane may require the use of a spatial modeling framework. Despite the availability of spatial simulation methods, e.g., stochastic spatial Monte Carlo (MC) simulation and partial differential equation (PDE) based approaches, many biological models invoke well-mixed assumptions without completely evaluating the importance of spatial organization. Whether one is to utilize a spatial or non-spatial simulation framework is therefore an important decision. In order to evaluate the importance of spatial effects a priori, i.e., without performing simulations, we have assessed the applicability of a dimensionless number, known as second Damkohler number (Da), defined here as the ratio of time scales of collision and reaction, for 2-dimensional bimolecular reactions. Our study shows that dimerization reactions in the plasma membrane with Da approximately >0.1 (tested in the receptor density range of 10(2)-10(5)/microm(2)) require spatial modeling. We also evaluated the effective reaction rate constants of MC and simple deterministic PDEs. Our simulations show that the effective reaction rate constant decreases with time due to time dependent changes in the spatial distribution of receptors. As a result, the effective reaction rate constant of simple PDEs can differ from that of MC by up to two orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we show that the fluctuations in the number of copies of signaling proteins (noise) may also depend on the diffusion properties of the system. Finally, we used the spatial MC model to explore the effect of plasma membrane heterogeneities, such as receptor localization and reduced diffusivity, on the dimerization rate. Interestingly, our simulations show that localization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can cause the diffusion limited dimerization rate to be up to two orders of magnitude higher at higher average receptor densities reported for cancer cells, as compared to a normal cell.
One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the United States and sociodemographic characteristics : the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study

The associations between the one-month prevalence rates of mental disorders and sociodemographic characteristics were investigated for 18,571 people interviewed in the first-wave community samples of all 5 sites in the US National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Epidemiologic Catchment Area program. Men were found to have a significantly higher rate of cognitive impairment than women after controlling for the effects of age, race or ethnicity, marital status and socioeconomic status. Marital status was one of the most powerful correlates of mental disorder risk: the odds of separated or divorced people having any NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule disorder were twice that of married people after controlling for age, gender, race or ethnicity and socioeconomic status. The odds of those in the lowest socioeconomic status group having any Diagnostic Interview Schedule disorder was about 2.5 times that of those in the highest socioeconomic status group, controlling for age, gender, race or ethnicity and marital status. For all disorders except cognitive impairment, race or ethnicity did not remain statistically significant after controlling for age, gender, marital status and socioeconomic status.
Modeling Tall Fescue Cultivar Response to Applied Nitrogen

Models can be used to estimate yields and nutrient utilization by forage grasses. The objective of this study was to model response of three cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to applied N over a 3-yr period at Watkinsville, GA. The procedure uses analysis of variance to evaluate linear parameter A and the exponential parameters b and c for the logistic equation. It was shown that yields could be averaged across years and that all differences among cultivars could be assigned to the b (intercept) parameter. 'AU-Triumph' proved to he more efficient at converting soil N to dry matter without applied N than either 'Johnstone' or 'Kentucky 31' cultivars. Endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams) infection did not affect dry matter response relationships of Kentucky 31 [...]
Influence of metallic diffusion on the adhesion of screen printed silver films

It is known that the peel strength of a soldered silver thick film will decrease with time of exposure to elevated temperature. The cause of this phenomenon was investigated. Cross sections of thick silver films on dielectric bodies and of the silver film dielectric interface were examined using the electron microprobe. The silver film is bonded to a glass layer, which in turn is bonded to the dielectric body. The bond failure before thermal aging most often occurs at the glass-dielectric interface. After thermal aging, the failure occurs at the silver-glass interface and the magnitude of the peel strength is reduced compared to the former value. In the latter case, the tin from the tin-lead solder was found to have replaced the silver at the silver-glass interface. No lead was found at the interface. The sources of metallic diffusion are considered to be lattice diffusion of the silver into the tin component of the solder, and surface diffusion of the tin over the silver.
Wet Deposition Estimation Using Scavenging Ratios

Calculating wet deposition is still an inexact science, but for monthly or seasonal estimation of wet deposition over large areas such as Great Lakes, the scavenging ratio method is probably the best available. Current evidence suggests that scavenging ratios increase with particle size and distance from urban sources, and decrease with amount of precipitation. Additional knowledge is probably still to be gained from measurement programs currently in progress in North America and Europe. However, the problem of precipitation deposition in NE North America following long-distance transport requires operation of an appropriate sampling network for an extended period of time. 4 figures, 2 tables.
Mycotic rumenitis in American bison (Bison bison).

Necropsies were performed on 2 American bison (Bison bison) cows, 1 of which died acutely and the other that died after a week of illness. Gross and microscopic lesions were consistent with severe mycotic infection of the forestomachs. Both animals had been abruptly placed on a breeder ration 1 month after calving, and had developed acidosis and subsequent fungal invasion of tissues. History and lesions in this case indicate that bison are susceptible to rumen acidosis and its sequelae.
Mytilus trossulus hsp70 as a biomarker for arsenic exposure in the marine environment: laboratory and real-world results.

AbstractThe highly conserved heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) is induced by heat and chemical toxins, particularly heavy metals such as arsenic (As). The use of Mytilus trossulus (bay mussel) hsp70 as a ‘screening’ biomarker for marine heavy metals contamination was assessed. Some studies have found high hsp70 sensitivity to heavy metals, while others have found the opposite. Few studies have realistically used low heavy metals exposures, and fewer have used real-world contamination exposures. Clean sub-tidal mussels from the Puget Sound, Washington State (WA), USA, were acclimatized for 2 weeks and exposed for 24 h to As-spiked seawater (n=9) or to contaminated seawater from an arsenical pesticide plant in Tacoma, WA (n=10) followed by a Western blot for hsp70. Hsp70 inductions were insignificant at 10 µg l−1 AsIII, but were strong at 100 µg l−1 (p<0.05) and 1000 µg l−1 (p<0.01), with the induction threshold estimated at 30–50 µg l−1 AsIII. Hsp70 induction roughly correlated with arsenical toxicity, with As...
War is Not Healthy for Children and other Living Things

In opposition to the Vietnam war, the US-based group Another Mother for Peace (AMP) coined the compellingly simple slogan, ‘War is not healthy for children and other living things’. I analyze the changing ways in which these women connected health and war. They transformed the imagined geography of where war is not healthy from the fields of Vietnam to include their own backyards. In this way they reworked Cold War strictures of motherhood and challenged the sturdy fiction that war is about real men protecting vulnerable women and children. Nonetheless, by failing to examine social hierarchies among different groups of mothers and children, they obscured differential vulnerabilities to premature death domestically. Because AMP did not adequately confront the privileging of white domesticity that structured national security discourses, I argue that it unwittingly reproduced the racial–gender common sense for war. I draw upon intersectional analyses to situate discourses of health within the racial–gendere...
Inelastic parameter estimates for regular steel moment-resisting frames

Abstract This paper introduces empirical equations to estimate key inelastic parameters for regular steel moment-resisting frames (SMRF). The proposed equations depend only on parameters that can be obtained using linear-elastic analysis and, on readily available data such as weight and height. The first equation allows to estimate the frame’s yield displacement based only on its effective height. The second equation permits to estimate the frame’s strength based on the effective weight, effective height and fundamental period squared. Regression analyses of data, collected from nonlinear static and modal analyses of 22 SMRFs, provides the empirical base for the proposed equations.
Biotechnology in Aquaculture: Transgenics and Polyploidy

ABSTRACT: Although capture fisheries have experienced slow to stagnant growth in recent years, the world population has been increasing, with subsequent rises in demands for marine-based foods. One possibility for alleviating potential food shortages and price increases is through aquaculture, which has experienced rapid worldwide expansion. A major focus of research in the aquaculture industry is on the use of biotechnology to increase food availability and reduce production costs, specifically through the manipulation of the genes and chromosomes of cultivated species. Examples include transgenic fish with properties such as increased growth rates, feed conversion efficiency, disease resistance, cold tolerance, and improved metabolism of land-based plants. However, use of transgenic organisms in aquaculture is a very controversial topic due to a number of environmental and human health concerns such as escapement and introduction of genetically modified organisms into the food chain. In response, some transgenic research has also been focused on inducing sterility to reduce the risk of transgenic organisms breeding with wild species. A method of chromosome manipulation, referred to as polyploidy, provides the option of creating sterile organisms, some of which also exhibit increased growth rates. This review paper will discuss recent advances in biotechnology research, specifically in regards to the manipulation of genes and chromosomes, for enhanced cultivation of fish and invertebrates. Major environmental and human health concerns will also be addressed.
Helical myofiber orientation after myocardial infarction and left ventricular surgical restoration in sheep.

Objectives It has been proposed that successful left ventricular surgical restoration should restore normal helical myofiber orientation. A magnetic resonance imaging technique, magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, has been developed to measure myocyte orientation. By using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, this study tested the hypothesis that (1) myocyte orientation is altered after anteroapical myocardial infarction and (2) left ventricular surgical restoration restores normal helix angles. Methods Thirteen sheep underwent anteroapical myocardial infarction (25% of left ventricular mass). Ten weeks later, animals underwent either aneurysm plication (n = 8) or sham operations (n = 5). Six weeks after this operation, hearts were excised, perfusion fixed in diastole, and underwent magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging. Hearts from normal sheep (n = 5) were also harvested and imaged. Primary eigenvectors of the diffusion tensors from magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging were resolved into helix angles relative to a local wall coordinate system. Transmural samples of the helix angles were compared at the border zone of the aneurysm or repair (or a comparable distance from the base in normal sheep), 1 cm below the valves, and halfway between. Results The helical myofiber orientation did not change after myocardial infarction. However, aneurysm plication caused myofibers in the anterior border zone to rotate counterclockwise (−35.6 ± 10.5°, P = .028) and those in the lateral border zone to rotate clockwise (34.4 ± 8.1°, P = .031). Conclusions Surgical restoration alters myocyte orientation adjacent to the surgical repair. However, myofiber orientation is not abnormal after myocardial infarction, and thus surgical restoration techniques intent on restoring normal helix angles might not be warranted.
Translation attenuation regulation of chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria: A review

The chloramphenicol (Cm)-inducible cat and cmlA genes are regulated by translation attenuation, a regulatory device that modulates mRNA translation. In this form of gene regulation, translation of the CmR coding sequence is prevented by mRNA secondary structure that sequesters its ribosome-binding site (RBS). A translated leader of nine codons precedes the secondary structure, and induction results when a ribosome becomes stalled at a specific site in the leader. Here we demonstrate that the site of ribosome stalling in the leader is selected by a cis effect of the nascent leader peptide on its translating ribosome.
The simple analytics of slack-maximizing bureaucracy

Using a utility-based graphical model of bureaucratic choice, this paper develops four empirical predictions from the theory of slack-maximizing bureaucracy. These predictions are compared to those resulting from the Niskanen budget-maximizing model of bureaucracy. Slack-maximizing and budget-maximizing bureaucracies are similar in their response to changes in cost and in their generation of “flypaper effects”, but they differ in their responses to matching and lump-sum grants.
The isolation and analysis of one functional type of pyr-3 mutant in Neurospora.

Twenty-seven pyrimidine-requiring mutants were isolated as suppressors of anarg-3 mutant. All 27 are deficient for ATCase activity and show linkage to thecol-4 marker located on linkage group IV. Analyses of prototroph frequencies resulting from crosses of the new mutants to previously mappedpyr-3 mutants indicate that this functional type ofpyr-3 mutant is restricted to one region of the genetic map. Complementation studies with 11 of the new mutants further extend and subdivide the complementation map of thepyr-3 locus.
Beam-guiding instruments for simplified dental radiography, with a training device.

Abstract Needs for exposure procedures in dental radiography with improved reliability and radiation hygiene, which can be applied with a minimum expenditure of time, have been documented. This article presents dental instruments designed for use in recently published general purpose x-ray procedures which may meet such requirements. They can provide accurate radiographs in endodontic, periodontic, and general practice and are adaptable to more time-consuming special-purpose procedures, including “serial identical” exposures and exposures of handicapped or anesthetized patients.