cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Context-Dependent Learning for Anomaly Classification in Hyperspectral Imagery

Many remote sensing applications involve the classification of anomalous responses as either objects of interest or clutter. This paper addresses the problem of anomaly classification in hyperspectral imagery (HSI) and focuses on robustly detecting disturbed earth in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) spectrum. Although disturbed earth yields a distinct LWIR signature that distinguishes it from the background, its distribution relative to clutter may vary over different environmental contexts. In this paper, a generic Bayesian framework is proposed for training context-dependent classification rules from wide-area airborne LWIR imagery. The proposed framework combines sparse classification models with either supervised or discriminative context identification to pool information across contexts and improve classification overall. Experiments are performed with data from a LWIR landmine detection system. Contexts are learned from endmember abundances extracted from the background near each detected anomaly. Classification performance is compared with single-classifier approaches using the same information as well as other baseline anomaly detectors from the literature. Results indicate that utilizing context for classifying anomalies in HSI could lead to more robust performance over varying terrain.
Addiction in LGBTQ Communities: Influences, Treatment, and Prevention

On June 28, 1969, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) patrons of the Stonewall Inn, a neighborhood bar in Greenwich Village, New York City, decided they were no longer going to t...
Latent semantic analysis for text-based research

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a statistical model of word usage that permits comparisons of semantic similarity between pieces of textual information. This paper summarizes three experiments that illustrate how LSA may be used in text-based research. Two experiments describe methods for analyzing a subject’s essay for determining from what text a subject learned the information and for grading the quality of information cited in the essay. The third experiment describes using LSA to measure the coherence and comprehensibility of texts.
Studies of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds. IV. Fusion characteristics and morphology analyses

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), PVC/chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), PVC/oxidized polyethylene (OPE), and PVC/CPE/OPE compounds were prepared in a Haake torque rheometer at various temperatures, rotor speeds, and totalized torques (TTQ). The fusion characteristics of these PVC compounds (fusion time, fusion torque, and fusion temperature) were studied. Longer fusion time results in higher fusion temperature. Higher fusion temperature results in lower fusion torque. The fusion time of PVC/OPE compounds is the longest among these PVC blends. However, the fusion time of PVC/CPE/OPE compounds is the shortest among these PVC blends. The fusion time of the PVC/CPE/OPE compound is significantly different from those of PVC, PVC/OPE, and PVC/CPE compounds at the medium starting temperature and the medium rotor speed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses successfully revealed the surface morphological changes of the fusion of PVC, PVC/OPE, PVC/CPE, and PVC/CPE/OPE compounds. The lubrication mechanisms of these PVC compounds have also been postulated. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Habakkuk 2:2–4 in the Light of Recent Philological Advances

The concluding line of the short eschatological passage in Hab 2:2–4 is a locus classicus both within the biblical tradition and for subsequent theological reflection in the light of that tradition. Within the Bible it connects by well-beaten paths with other classic loci such as Gen 15:6, Rom 1:16–17 and Heb 11:1 (through the latter's contiguity with Heb 10:37–39). Beyond the Bible its importance is perhaps best known, within the Christian tradition, through Martin Luther's sola fide interpretation of it as quoted in Romans.
Laparoscopically guided bipolar radiofrequency ablation of areas of porcine liver

Background: Bipolar radiofrequency ablation (BRFA) is a promising technique with which to treat unresectable primary and metastatic liver tumors. Its effects on normal liver tissue and postoperative liver function, however, are unknown. We performed this study to determine (1) the feasibility of using laparoscopic ultrasound to guide placement of BRFA needle electrodes in the liver and (2) the histopathologic, hepatic biochemical, and systemic hemodynamic responses to BRFA. Methods: Two BRFA lesions were created in the liver of adult domestic pigs to ablate 8–10% of the normal liver volume. Laparoscopic ultrasound was used to guide creation of one peripheral liver lesion and one central liver lesion (with a major hepatic or portal venous vein branch in the center of the BRFA lesions) in each animal. BRFA of liver tissue was performed by passing 12 W of RF power for 16 min across two 16-gauge active-needle electrodes placed 3 cm apart. Results: All animals survived the procedure without significant hemodynamic alterations during or after BRFA. All animals had a transient elevation in serum transaminase levels that returned to normal within 1 week of the BRFA of liver tissue. Gross and microscopic histopathology of the BRFA lesions revealed 2.0–2.5-cm zones of complete coagulative necrosis around and between the BRFA needle tracks without destruction of major blood vessel walls. Conclusions: This study demonstrates (1) that laparoscopic ultrasound can be used to guide placement of BRFA needles in the liver and (2) that BRFA produces focal destruction of liver without significant systemic hemodynamic responses or alterations in liver function. Further studies of this technique to ablate malignant liver tumors are ongoing.
View to prevention of cancer

Cancer: Risks and Prevention. Edited by M.P. Vessey and Muir Gray. Oxford University Press: 1985. Pp.301. 20, 27.95.
An Approach to Fair Applicative Multiprogramming

This paper presents a brief formal semantics of constructors for ordered sequences (cons) and for unordered multisets (frons) followed by a detailed operational semantics for both. A multiset is a generalization of a list structure which lacks order a priori; its order is determined by the a posteriori migration of computationally convergent elements to the front. The introductory material includes an example which demonstrates that a multiset of yet-unconverged values and a timing primitive may be used to implement the scheduler for an operating system in an applicative style. The operational semantics, given in PASCAL-like code, is described in two detailed steps: first a uniprocessor implementation of the cons/frons constructors and the first/rest probes, followed by an extension to a multiprocessor implementation. The center of either implementation is the EUREKA structure transformation, which brings convergent elements to the fore while preserving order of shared structures. The multiprocessor version is designed to run on an arbitrary number of processors with only one semaphore but makes heavy use of the sting memory store primitive. Stinging is a conditional store operation which is carried out independently of its dispatching processor so that shared nodes may be somewhat altered without interfering with other processors. An appendix presents the extension of this code to a ‚fair“ implementation of multisets.
The editor's roundtable: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk.

r. Friedewald receives honoraria for speaking from Noartis, East Hanover, New Jersey. Dr. Bennett receives ayment as a litigation expert from Weitz & Luxenburg, C, New York, New York. Dr. Packer receives payment as itigation expert from Pfizer, New York, New York. Dr. oberts receives honoraria for speaking from AstraZeneca, ilmington, Delaware; Merck, Whitehouse Station, New ersey; Novartis; and Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, New ersey. Dr. Williams receives honoraria for speaking and ontract payments for clinical trials from and is a consultant or the preparation and presentation of a science advisory to he United States District Court for Pfizer.
A hypothesis about the interaction of tree dominance and stand production through stand development

Abstract The development of forests over time involves changes in rates of growth of trees and stands, and changes in the competition and dominance between trees plays a large role in the overall development of stands. A hypothesis proposes that changes in the growth of trees and stands result from regular changes in dominance and the efficiency of resource use by dominant and non-dominant trees. Dominance is low prior to canopy closure, and efficiency of resource use is high for all trees. Increasing dominance near canopy closure reduces the efficiency of resource use by non-dominant trees, lowering overall stand growth. Later in stand development, the efficiency of resource use also declines for the largest trees, reducing the level of dominance in the stand. The dominance part of this hypothesis was examined for 150 years of stand development in two mixed-species stands in the Coast Range of Oregon. A quantitative index of dominance was minimal prior to the peak in stand growth near age 25–30 years, and then increased sharply as stand productivity declined. Dominance then declined after age 100 years as the growth rate of the 300 largest trees/ha began to decline. The dominance portion of the hypothesis was supported, and further testing may be useful.
Software engineering for expert systems: a 'proof' that software engineering really works

An attempt has been made to determine whether an expert system shell can be developed while following the tenets of software engineering. This question has been answered in the affirmative through a review of how a graduate software engineering class of 20 students worked together to complete such a program within a few weeks and learned more than software engineering in the process. >
Kidney Transplantation in the Elderly

There is an increase in the older incident end-stage renal disease population that is associated with an increasing prevalence of end-stage renal disease in the United States. This trend is paralleled by an increasing rate of kidney transplantation in the elderly. Although patient survival is lower in older versus younger kidney recipients, the elderly benefit from a reduction in mortality rate and improved quality of life with transplantation compared with dialysis. Immunologic, physiologic, and psychosocial factors influence transplant outcomes and should be recognized in the care of the elderly transplant patient. In this review, we discuss transplantation in the elderly patient, particularly the topics of access to transplantation, patient and graft survival, the impact of donor quality on transplant outcomes, immunology and immunosuppression of aging, and ethical considerations in the development of an equitable organ allocation scheme.
Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Accelerates Wound Healing and Upregulates TGF-β1 mRNA Levels through Tissue Macrophages

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) is produced by many cell types involved in wound repair, yet it acts specifically on monocytes and macrophages. The monocyte-derived cell is thought to be important in wound healing, but the importance of the role of tissue macrophages in wound healing has not been well defined. Dermal ulcers were created in normal and ischemic ears of young rabbits. Either rhM-CSF (17 μg/wound) or buffer was applied to each wound. Wounds were bisected and analyzed histologically at Days 7 and 10 postwounding. The amounts of epithelial growth and granulation tissue deposition were measured in all wounds. The level of increase of TGF-β1 mRNA level in M-CSF-treated wounds was examined using competitive RT-PCR. M-CSF increased new granulation tissue formation by 37% (N= 21,P< 0.01) and 50% (P< 0.01) after single and multiple treatments, respectively, in nonischemic wounds. TGF-β1 mRNA levels in rhM-CSF-treated wounds increased 5.01-fold (N= 8) over vehicle-treated wounds under nonischemic conditions. In contrast, no effect could be detected in ischemic wounds treated with rhM-CSF, and these wounds only showed a 1.66-fold increase in TGF-β1 mRNA levels when compared to ischemic wounds treated with vehicle alone. GAPDH, a housekeeping gene, showed no change. As mesenchymal cells lack receptors for M-CSF, the improved healing of wounds treated with topical rhM-CSF must reflect a generalized enhancement of activation and function of tissue macrophages, as demonstrated by upregulation of TGF-β. The lack of effect under ischemic conditions suggests that either macrophage activity and/or response to M-CSF is adversely affected under those conditions; this may suggest the pathogenesis of impaired wound healing at the cellular level.
N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in neurological disorders: mechanisms of action and therapeutic opportunities

Background There is an expanding field of research investigating the benefits of medicines with multiple mechanisms of action across neurological disorders. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), widely known as an antidote to acetaminophen overdose, is now emerging as treatment of vascular and nonvascular neurological disorders. NAC as a precursor to the antioxidant glutathione modulates glutamatergic, neurotrophic, and inflammatory pathways. Aim and discussion Most NAC studies up to date have been carried out in animal models of various neurological disorders with only a few studies completed in humans. In psychiatry, NAC has been tested in over 20 clinical trials as an adjunctive treatment; however, this topic is beyond the scope of this review. Herein, we discuss NAC molecular, intracellular, and systemic effects, focusing on its potential applications in neurodegenerative diseases including spinocerebellar ataxia, Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, myoclonus epilepsy of the Unverricht–Lundbor type as well as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion Finally, we review the potential applications of NAC to facilitate recovery after traumatic brain injury, cerebral ischemia, and in treatment of cerebrovascular vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Who Is Steering the Ship? External Influences on Infection Control Programs

Over the past decade, hospital infection control programs have begun to face new external influences that affect day-to-day practice. The mainstream media's interest in hospital-acquired infection sparked consumer interest, which resulted in more legislative activity and government regulation. Industry's influence is also increasing. To meet the increased demands of external agencies, infection control programs will need additional resources, and the infection control community will need to be more proactive in educating the public and defining the priorities for practice and research.
Skipper: a microarchitecture for exploiting control-flow independence

Although modern superscalar processors achieve, high branch prediction accuracy, certain branches either are inherently difficult to predict or incur destructive interference in prediction tables, causing significant performance loss due to mispredictions. We propose a novel microarchitecture, called Skipper, to handle such difficult branches by exploiting control-flow independence. Previous approaches to handling difficult branches, one way or another, amount to executing incorrect instructions, squandering cycles and resources such as the i-cache bandwidth. Skipper, altogether avoids incorrect instructions by skipping over, without even fetching, the control-flow dependent computation conditioned by a difficult branch. Instead, Skipper fetches and executes the control-flow independent instructions, which are past the point where the branch's taken and not-taken paths reconverge, and which need to be executed irrespective of the branch outcome. Because Skipper executes the correct control-flow dependent instructions after the difficult branch is resolved, it conserves the valuable resources. Skipper is the first proposal to exploit control-flow independence by skipping over control-flow dependent computation in a superscalar pipeline. Skipper fetches the skipped control-flow dependent instructions after the post-reconvergent instructions, out of program order. We describe key mechanisms to implement Skipper without unduly complicating the pipeline despite out-of-order fetch. SPECint95 simulations show that Skipper performs 10% and 8% better than superscalar and the previously-proposed Polypath, respectively, when all three microarchitectures have equal i-cache bandwidth and hardware resources.
Processing and mechanical characterization of carbon nanotube reinforced syntactic foams

Carbon nanotube reinforced, syntactic foams are processed and evaluated for compressive and dynamic mechanical properties. Vertically aligned nanotubes were first grown on the microballoons surface and added into the epoxy system. The weight percent of the nanotubes were varied from 0% to 0.8%. The properties of carbon nanotube reinforced syntactic foams are compared with neat syntactic foams that did not contain nanotubes. Results show improvement in compressive modulus and damping coefficient values by 35%–41% and 10%–104%, respectively. Compressive strength, elastic modulus and glass transition temperature remained largely unchanged for most compositions.
OPIUM: Optimal Package Install/Uninstall Manager

Linux distributions often include package management tools such as apt-get in Debian or yum in RedHat. Using information about package dependencies and conflicts, such tools can determine how to install a new package (and its dependencies) on a system of already installed packages. Using off-the-shelf SAT solvers, pseudo-boolean solvers, and Integer Linear Programming solvers, we have developed a new package-management tool, called Opium, that improves on current tools in two ways: (1) Opium is complete, in that if there is a solution, Opium is guaranteed to find it, and (2) Opium can optimize a user-provided objective function, which could for example state that smaller packages should be preferred over larger ones. We performed a comparative study of our tool against Debian's apt-get on 600 traces of real-world package installations. We show that Opium runs fast enough to be usable, and that its completeness and optimality guarantees provide concrete benefits to end users.
The perils of commercially driven surgical innovation

The practice of gynecological surgery is being reshaped by commercial interests that are promoting the use of trochar-and-mesh surgical kits for the treatment of stress incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. In this article, we review the recent history of these surgical innovations and discuss the implications of changes in surgical practice that are driven by commercial interests of this kind. We situate this phenomenon within the general "life cycle" of surgical innovation and point out the dangers inherent in the adoption of new procedures without adequate evidence to support their safety and efficacy. We highlight the ethical responsibilities surgeons and their professional organizations have in making sure such innovations are safe and effective before they come into widespread use. Finally, we offer some policy suggestions to ensure that this process has proper oversight.
Diet and the decrease of coronary heart disease.

Abstract Total plasma cholesterol is a powerful predictor of death related to coronary heart disease (CHD). Strong evidence indicates that reducing the plasma cholesterol level results in a decrease in the expected incidence of CHD. The decline in the death rate from CHD in the U.S. population over the past 2 decades has occurred simultaneously with a reduction in the consumption of cholesterol and saturated fat and a dramatic increase in the use of unsaturated vegetable oils. Over the same period, the mean cholesterol level has decreased at least 5 %. This finding explains up to one-third of the decline in CHD mortality observed since 1968.
Performance Evaluation of a Bedside Cardiac SPECT System

This paper reports on the initial performance evaluation of a bedside cardiac PET/SPECT system. The system was designed to move within a hospital to image critically-ill patients, for example, those in intensive care unit (ICU) or emergency room settings, who cannot easily be transported to a conventional SPECT or PET facility. The system uses two compact (25 cm times 25 cm) detectors with pixilated NaI crystals and position sensitive PMTs. The performance is evaluated for both 140 keV (Tc-99m) and 511 keV (F-18) emitters with the system operating in single photon counting (SPECT) mode. The imaging performance metrics for both 140 keV and 511 keV included intrinsic energy resolution, spatial resolution (intrinsic, system, and reconstructed SPECT), detection sensitivity, count rate capability, and uniformity. Results demonstrated an intrinsic energy resolution of 31% at 140 keV and 23% at 511 keV, a planar intrinsic spatial resolution of 5.6 mm full width half-maximum (FWHM) at 140 keV and 6.3 mm FWHM at 511 keV, and a sensitivity of 4.15 countsmiddotmuCi-1 ldr s-1 at 140 keV and 0.67 counts ldr muCi-1 ldr s-1 at 511 keV. To further the study, a SPECT acquisition using a dynamic cardiac phantom was performed, and the resulting reconstructed images are presented.
Process Model-Based Force-Controlled Chamfering and Deburring

During the past decade, the manufacturing industry has experienced a dramatic increase in employ ees suffering from repetitive motion injuries. Hence, a renewed interest in the use of passive and active mi cromanipulators for automating deburring and finishing applications has arisen. In this paper, a new approach for the control of active micromanipulators used for automated edge chamfering and deburring applications is presented. The approach implements a process model into the controller's correlations and logic mod ule to provide a basis for determining adjustments in the controlled force levels. Based on sensor data and system/process knowledge, the module makes decisions on what corrective action, if any, is required to ensure burr removal and production of the desired chamfer. Both simulation and experimental results are presented, demonstrating the effectiveness of this new controller design.
Flame retardant antibacterial cotton high-loft nonwoven fabrics

Flame retardant treated gray cotton fibers were blended with antibacterial treated gray cotton fibers and polyester/polyester sheath/core bicomponent fibers to form high-loft fabrics. The high flame retardancy (FR) and antibacterial property of these high lofts were evaluated by limiting oxygen index, vertical flame testing, and antimicrobial tests against S. aureus (ATCC 6538), a Gram-positive bacterium, and K. pneumonia (ATCC 4352), a Gram-negative bacterium. The blended high-loft nonwoven fabrics, apart from the control blend number 5, had high LOI values greater than 24.7. Samples should have a higher LOI value than the threshold value of 20.95. All the blended high-loft nonwoven fabrics passed the vertical flame test and the char length increased with the decrease in the proportion of the SRRC FR cotton in the blends. The blended high-loft nonwoven fabrics were effective in reducing the bacteria by 99.9% for both types of bacteria tested. FR gray cotton fiber obtained from the treatment of SRRC 2 for...
Phototoxic syndrome induced in mice by rice cultures of Penicillium viridicatum and exposure to sunlight.

A hepatogenous phototoxic syndrome was induced in mice by the feeding of rice cultures of P. viridicaunn and exposure to sunlight. The pathologic changes in the livers and skin were similar to those described in facial eczema of sheep in New Zealand and Bermuda-grass and alfalfa-hay toxicoses in the United States of America. The phototoxic syndrome was characterized by congestion of the pinna followed by erythema and edema of the cars, muzzle, paws, and tail, occasionally accompanied by alopecia. In some mice the tip of the ears became gangrenous and sloughed. Keratitis and keratoeonus leading to blindness occurred. The incidence of phototoxic reactions was higher in older mice and in those subjected to delayed exposure to sunlight. Aspermatogenesis and formation of syncytial spermatids occurred in some mice.
Payments Systems Design in Deterministic and Private Information Environments

Abstract The first setup we study is a deterministic model with spatial separation where we consider alternative payments systems institutions and their implications for allocation and welfare. A payments system with period-by-period settlement in outside money improves on decentralized exchange. An efficient allocation is supported by a payments system where settlement is not imposed. In the second model, there is random matching and unobserved productivity shocks and preference shocks. We explore how risk should be shared optimally in this economy and interpret the results in terms of how actual payments systems should operate. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E4, E5.
A recursive procedure for ARMA modeling

This paper presents a two-part fast recursive algorithm for ARMA modeling. The algorithm first obtains estimates of the p autoregressive coefficients from a set of p extended Yule-Walker equations. An exact recursive lattice algorithm for this estimator is then derived. The q + 1 numerator spectrum coefficients are then obtained by using one of the output data sequences of this lattice algorithm. The complete recursive algorithm is fast in the sense that O(p + q) computations are required for each update. Moreover, an exponential forgetting factor is incorporated to facilitate tracking of time variations in the time series.
Engaging patients for drug repurposing: mapping the patient engagement continuum

Drug repurposing involves finding new indications for existing drugs or potential drug candidates. Drugs or candidates include those in clinical development with relevance to multiple diseases, drugs that have failed to demonstrate efficacy for a particular indication during clinical trials but have no major safety concerns, discontinued drugs, drugs not yet fully pursued and drugs for which patents are set to expire [1]. Opportunities for drug repositioning can arise from indirect observation as well as purposeful collaboration including physician and patient engagement. The focus of this editorial is primarily on the engagement of patients directly or through patient information to support drug repurposing endeavors. Engagement must permit the transition of patients from the role of simple participant to the mid-level informative role, and at the highest level of engagement the collaborative role. Table 1 outlines a newly devised continuum of patient engagement. The focus is on the engagement of the ‘lead patient’ [2]. ‘Lead patients’ – namely those patients that: are proactive with respect to their health, disease and treatment options, can provide a nuanced perspective to drug discovery, including through repurposing endeavors [2]. Specifically, patients can be a source of direct information with respect to off-label drug usage, patient records and patient communities can indirectly reveal drug repurposing opportunities, and patients can jointly collaborate in the search for new drug repurposing opportunities through the deciphering of information on drug pharmacology – system or – gene interaction or other design opportunities [3]. The engagement could not be more salient than for rare disease drug repurposing [4].
Firm Fundamentals and Sensitivity to Aggregate Earnings Growth

I examine whether accounting fundamentals are informative about the sensitivity of firm-level expected earnings growth to economy-wide expected earnings growth (i.e., earnings growth beta) and whether this sensitivity is a source of priced risk in the cross-section of returns. I find that smaller, less profitable firms, with higher leverage, and more volatile sales and earnings tend to have higher earnings growth beta. Cross-sectional and time-series pricing tests over 1981–2012 show that earnings growth beta has strong explanatory power for firm-level and portfolio-level returns. Overall, the results suggest that (1) systematic risk manifests itself in firm fundamentals; (2) beta estimates using earnings growth explain returns better than beta estimates using noisy returns; and (3) size, book-to-price, and earnings-to-price partially capture earnings growth risk.
Electrostatic painting of plastics using metal backing

The authors explain theoretically and experimentally the fundamental differences between spraying metal and plastic panels electrostatically. Mechanisms of charge dissipation from plastic surfaces are discussed, and a simple method is proposed for determining the electrostatic sprayability of plastic substrates. Using a one-dimensional analytical model, it is shown that the effect of charge accumulation can be minimized by appropriately placing a grounded metal backing behind the plastic substrate. Experiments were conducted in a spray booth environment, and the results showed good agreement with those predicted theoretically. Special metal backings with indentations and gaps were used to show that a mismatch between the plastic substrate and its metal backing can have a visually observable effect on the quality of the paint finish. >
Congenital Malformations of the Central Nervous System

Malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) are among the most common of the major congenital anomalies and are an important source of chronic disability in childhood. Exact incidence figures are difficult to determine, as they vary with geographical location, the population group under study, and the epidemiological techniques used. In addition, there are unexplained changes in incidence over long periods of time. It now appears, for instance, that the frequency of occurrence of spina bifida has been decreasing.1
Abstract WP403: A New Risk Index for Predicting Outcomes Among Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy in Large Administrative Datasets.

Background: Administrative datasetsare used frequently without risk adjustment to determine regional and national level characteristics pertaining to performance of carotid endarterectomy (CEA). We...
Age differences in recovery after sport-related concussion: A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes

Context: Younger age has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for prolonged recovery after sport-related concussion, yet few studies have directly evaluated age differences in acute recovery. Objective: To compare clinical recovery patterns for high school and collegiate athletes. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Large, multicenter prospective sample collected from 1999–2003 in a sports medicine setting. Subjects: Concussed athletes (n = 621; 545 males and 76 females) and uninjured controls (n = 150) participating in high school and collegiate contact and collision sports (79% in football, 15.7% in soccer, and the remainder in lacrosse or ice hockey). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants underwent evaluation of symptoms (Graded Symptom Checklist), cognition (Standardized Assessment of Concussion, paper-and-pencil neuropsychological tests), and postural stability (Balance Error Scoring System). Athletes were evaluated preinjury and followed serially at several time points after concussive injur...
Clue to the Origin of Anucleate Flame Bulbs in Some Flatworms

Two of three investigated species of kalyptorhynch turbellarians showed evidence of degenerating nuclei in voluminous terminal flame bulbs (protonephridia). No cell boundaries separated the flame bulbs from the proximal canals. This situation may represent the developmental and evolutionary pathway from the plesiomorphic nucleated flame bulbs of many flatworm taxa to the apomorphic, anucleate flame bulbs found in the majority of rhabdocoel taxa that have been studied. Additional key words: Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela, protonephridia, autolysis The structure of the protonephridial system has been studied in a number of platyhelminth taxa, and differences have been used in phylogenetic analyses (see reviews by Rohde 1990, 1991). In most groups protonephridia comprise many terminal flame bulbs connected to a duct or canal system that empties through one or more excretory pores. The flame consists of a number of cilia that beat together, giving the appearance (in the light microscope) of a flickering flame. Cilia of the flame are located inside a cup-shaped structure with filtration slits through its wall. The flame bulbs found in most groups investigated so far are discrete cells with a nucleus near the flame and with cell membranes separating each terminal cell from the adjacent canal region. Exceptions to this construction are found in Lecithoepitheliata and many members of
Herbert Hoover, the U. S. Food Administration, and the dairy industry, 1917-1918.

When the United States entered World War I, economic interest groups were far better developed and vocal than they had been at the beginning of the Progressive era. Resolving differing views of equitable policy as entertained by these groups resulted in government economic planning for prosecution of the war effort that, so far from being expertly organized and scientific, was confused and ad hoc. Further dramatic proof of this generalization is provided by Professor Guth in his essay on the marketing of fluid milk and its surplus during the war emergency. Producers had been moving towards marketing cooperatives, with all the risk of violation of antitrust laws that entailed. Much of the volume of milk sales had become concentrated in the previous three decades in a few large dealers who were economically strong, especially in the major milksheds. And a new force, the consumer groups, emerged to try the patience of all concerned with orderly marketing of milk in a time of rising production costs, including Herbert Hoover and his subordinates in and around the Food Administration. Quickly dismantled after the Armistice, the mechanisms they worked out nevertheless became the foundation for massive intervention in a highly demoralized industry after 1933.
Epitaxy in the Presence of Very Large Misfit: High Resolution TEM Study of Al/Si, Ag/Si, Al/CaF2/Si and Ag/CaF2/Si

We summarize high resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of interfaces with 33% misfit. We explain the existence of epitaxial interfaces for this systems by a geometrical argument similar to the 0-lattice models used to study high angle grain boundaries. Differences between systems very similar in structures are explained. We use the thus found epitaxial interfaces to build multilayered structures of the type metal/insulator/semiconductor.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS IN PARAFFIN EMBEDDED TISSUES OF EARLY CHICK EMBRYOS.

SummaryParaffin embedded tissues have been found to be suitable for immunofluorescent studies of Newcastle disease virus-induced defects in chick embryos inoculated at early stages of incubation. In embryos inoculated at 48 hours incubation and harvested 16 to 24 hours later viral antigen was observed in many tissues of the embryo proper and in cells of the extraembryonic membranes. The viral antigen was most concentrated in the organs subject to the virus-induced developmental defects, i.e., in tissues differentiating from the body ectoderm, including lens primordia, auditory vesicles, visceral arch ectoderm, olfactory epithelium and it was also found in the visceral arch mesoderm and in the epimyocardium of the heart. However, virus was not restricted to these tissues but was also observed in some cells of the general body ectoderm and was widely distributed in cells of the chorion, amnion, and in the yolk sac entoderm. In late infections the specific viral fluorescence was also seen in mesodermal tissu...
Booms, Bailouts, and Blame News Framing of the 2008 Economic Collapse

This study examines the framing of economic news in national television newscasts during the height of the economic crisis of 2008. Specifically, the authors examine the manner in which the broadcast media presented the question of who is responsible for causing and fixing the problem. Agents responsible for causing or solving the economic crisis include government, businesses, individuals, and foreign entities. Other variables studied include the volume and scope of economic news coverage and source attribution. A content analysis of 357 broadcast news transcripts revealed that corporations were most commonly presented as causing the economic news being reported while government was most commonly framed as able to provide a solution to the economic news being reported. Implications of these findings in the context of the media’s tapping into public outrage toward corporations are discussed.
Human Herpesviruses-6 and -7 Encephalopathy in UK

In a three year prospective study in Britain and Ireland, blood samples of 205 children (2-35 months of age) hospitalized with fever and convulsions and/or suspected encephalitis were tested for primary HHV-6 and -7 infections and reported from Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
‘There’s No Losing It”: Disability and Voyeurism in Rear Window and Vertigo

Alfred Hitchcock’s diptych of films, Rear Window (1954) and Vertigo (1958), share many things in addition to the use of James Stewart as the male lead. In both films Stewart spends time with a woman whose characterization is a complication of both the maternal and the roman- tic. Both films contain themes of voyeurism and isolation within society and introduce the concept of voyeurism in the opening credit sequence. Particularly striking is that James Stewart’s character begins each film in a state of disability. The form of disability in each film, physical or mental, is closely related to the form of voyeurism practised. Thus, a compari- son of the relationship between physical disability and what I will term “public voyeurism” in Rear Window, and between mental disability and what I refer to as “personal voyeurism” in Vertigo, provides a lens through which we can compare the two films’ resolutions as a result of this dis- tinction between public and private. Specifically, Hitchcock seems to use the public voyeurism in Rear Window to emancipate voyeurism by nor- malizing it; whereas the isolation in Vertigo and the subsequent murders condemn voyeurism.
Demethylation by rat hepatic microsomal fraction and deuterium isotope effect of artemether

Metabolism of artemether was studied in the hepatic microsomal fraction of the phenobarbital-treated rats. The Michaelis constant Km and the maximum rate Vm calculated from the linear regression line of Hanes plot were 0.19 mmol / L and 3.97 nmol ?min-1 ?mg-1, respectively, for the demethylation of artemether by phenobarbital induced rat liver microsomes; while with control microsomes, the Km was found to be 0.12 mmol/L and the Vm was 0.42 nmol ?min-1 ?mg-1. The isotope effect of the four deuterium-labelled artemether [(Vm/Km)D0/ (Vm/Km)D4]was equal to 2.37±SD 0.08 for thedemethylation, and 1.66±SD 0.08 for the elimination of the parent compound. The demethylation rate of artemether and that of labelled artemether were estimated to be 53 and 37%, respectively. These results revealed the role of cytochrome P450 in artemether metabolism and suggested that O-demethylation was an important metabolic pathway and a metabolism switching of labelled artemether was involved.
Femoral osteotomy in the treatment of congenital dysplasia of the hip.

Summary A discussion of the rationale and technique of femoral osteotomy in the treatment of congenital dysplasia of the hip is presented. The femoral osteotomy includes derotation to correct anteversion, creation of varus, and extension to correct a flexion deformity. Preliminary and accessory treatments and the techniques thereof are presented, including multiposition x-ray examinations, skeletal traction, and cast reduction. The importance of the lateral x-ray view in treatment and reduction is emphasized.
Pharmacologic Advances in Seizure Control

Rational application of basic pharmacologic principles and therapeutic drug monitoring techniques can now result in seizure control for 70 to 80 per cent of children. The characteristics of several important anticonvulsants, including phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, clonazepam, and valproic acid, are described.
How to Become a Law Professor

This is an informal and user friendly introduction for how to obtain a teaching position in a United States law school. It is regularly updated, usually on at least an annual basis, in particular with regard to an extensive bibliography that is included. It is designed for those with little knowledge of the legal teaching market. The primarily focus is upon doctrinal tenure-track teaching, which is likely of most interest to law students and recent law graduates. It also includes other topics that may be of interest to them as well as to practicing attorneys, such as Ph.D.s/S.J.D.s; fellowships/visiting assistant professor (VAP) positions; LL.M.s; legal writing positions; clinical teaching; and adjunct positions. The bibliography covers the following topics: Internet resources; dedicated law journal issues; law professor hiring; scholarship/publishing; working as a law professor; and women & minorities in law teaching.
Glucuronidase-negative Escherichia coli in the ECOR Reference Collection.

The ECOR collection, consisting of Escherichia coli isolates from many countries, includes β-D-glucuronidase-negative strains. Ten of 29, or 34% of human fecal isolates, were glucuronidase-negative after 24 h at 37°C in lauryl tryptose broth supplemented with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (LT-MUGUR, Difco). Seven of 29, or 24% of human fecal isolates, were glucuronidase-negative when tested in Autoanalysis-Colilert "MMO-MUG" medium (Access Medical Systems). In contrast, none of the 11 urinary tract isolates were glucuronidase-negative on either medium. These data suggest that LT-MUGUR and Colilert media may be more appropriate for detecting urinary tract E. coli than they are for human fecal E. coli .
Cholestyramine as a promising, strong anion exchange resin for direct capture of genetic biomarkers from raw pancreatic fluids.

The ability to capture cell-free DNA from the gastrointestinal tract, in a minimally invasive manner, could enhance our ability to diagnose gastrointestinal disease, or gain a better understanding of the spatial mapping of the intestinal microbiota. We, therefore, sought to identify a class of capture agents that could directly and efficiently sequester genetic material from intestinal fluids. As a particular case study, we examined the ability to capture DNA from pancreatic secretions, for potential application in enabling the sequestration of early, genetic biomarkers of pancreatic disease. We hypothesized that the cholestyramine series of strong cation exchange resins, which are FDA approved for the treatment of high cholesterol, may be capable of capturing DNA from pancreatic secretions. We identified a particular cholestyramine resin, DOWEX 1 × 2 100-200 mesh, which is able to efficiently capture and purify DNA from pancreatic fluid. Using only 200 μL of pancreatic secretions, we are able to recover 247 ± 182 ng of amplifiable human DNA, giving an estimated pancreatic fluid DNA content of 1.23 ± 0.91 ng/μL. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a material that can effectively capture and purify DNA directly from untreated pancreatic fluids. Thus, our approach could hold high utility for the in vivo capture of DNA and disease biomarkers if incorporated into an appropriate sampling device. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 934-938. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The quantum step in parallel execution through dynamic adaptive runtime and programming strategies

With the technology asymptote of nano-scale and the approaching end of Moore's Law, continued performance gains must rely on other than incremental extensions of conventional practices and exploit innovations in execution concepts, system (hardware and software) structures, and operational methods. An expanding community of researchers and developers are actively exploring the quantum step of dynamic adaptive computing techniques for significant gains in efficiency and scalability for performance advantage. These approaches have severally involved runtime control, programming models, compiler enhancements, and even architecture extensions to break the bottlenecks of blocking due to overheads, contention, latencies and starvation due to static supervision. Instead, these new tools and environments enable dynamic resource management and task scheduling with various degrees of introspection including parallelism discovery from extracted and exploited from meta-data. But this inchoate revolution is challenged in an exciting way with a diversity of open issues, wide variation in integrated semantics, and alternatives of implementation mechanisms. Perhaps most importantly is that the opportunity for advantage has still yet to be proven or rigorously bounded. This presentation will provide a discussion of the domain of choices and questions that this pioneering discipline is investigating and the cross-cutting system solutions that have yet to be determined. Specific examples will be drawn from the speakers experiences with HPX-5 runtime but references to the broad range of endeavors will be included. Questions from the audience are welcome and encouraged throughout this address.
Pregnancy and delivery in women with spinal muscular atrophy.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To expand the limited available knowledge about pregnancy and delivery in women with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) using a cohort of genetically proven SMA patients from USA. Methods: This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study. We mailed questionnaires to 58 women with confirmed SMA. Results: Thirty-two women responded, reporting 35 pregnancies, including 19 women with at least one pregnancy. In this cohort, preterm labor and delivery by cesarean section were more common in mothers with SMA particularly SMA type 2. Seventy-four percent of mothers reported increased weakness during pregnancy that persisted after delivery in 42%. SMA mothers generally had a positive experience and good outcomes and elected to have more than one pregnancy. Conclusion: This information regarding pregnancy in women with genetically confirmed 5q SMA will prove useful in guiding future research and in providing counseling to women with SMA.
Operator and Network Structure

If behavior is viewed as a series of operator applications, the only requirement for intelligent behavior is that each input pattern results in the appropriate response, or conversely, that each operator is a category detector for those conditions under which it should fire. Since the input features to an operator can be the output of any other node, this is consistent with both externally and internally generated behavior. The current domain is restricted to Boolean inputs and outputs, so for completeness an operator should be able to detect any Boolean function. There are Boolean functions a single node (a linear function) cannot detect, (e.g., Exclusive Or), so an assembly is needed to represent them. In particular, there are 22 Boolean functions while there are at most 2d2 LTU functions. Biologically, it is frequently suggested that the proper unit of analysis for neural systems is not the individual neuron, but small assemblies of neurons whose combined activity can be functionally described. For example, the cortical column is one possible unit of description (Mountcastle, 1978, 1979; Hubel, 1981; Kohonen, 1984 ch. 8; Kuffler et al., 1984 ch. 3). In this chapter, the minimum structure necessary for Boolean completeness is developed. Possible variations are described which provide distinct capabilities and different time/space characteristics. If goals are included as input features, goal-seeking structures can be easily constructed.