cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Server I/O networks past, present, and future

Enterprise and technical customers place a diverse set of requirements on server I/O networks. In the past, no single network type has been able to satisfy all of these requirements. As a result several fabric types evolved and several interconnects emerged to satisfy a subset of the requirements. Recently several technologies have emerged that enable a single interconnect to be used as more than one fabric type. This paper will describe the requirements customers place on server I/O networks; the various fabric types and interconnects that have been used to satisfy those requirements; the technologies that are enabling network convergence; and how these new technologies are being deployed on various network families.
Approaches to the design of combinatorial libraries

Abstract It is not enough to select a chemistry, build a combinatorial library, and test it for biologically active compounds. Chemical libraries can serve different purposes and it is reasonable that they should be designed in light of their purpose and the information available on structural properties important for biological activity. There is a rapidly expanding literature on the design of chemical libraries. This paper reviews that literature and comments on possible future directions of research on the design of chemical libraries.
Size Reduction of Cellulosic Biomass in Biofuel Manufacturing: Separating the Confounding Effects of Particle Size and Biomass Crystallinity

Biofuels derived from cellulosic biomass offer an alternative to petroleum-based liquid transportation fuels. In order to convert cellulosic biomass into biofuels, size reduction is a necessary step along with pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. In the literature, there are inconsistent reports about why size reduction affects sugar yield (proportional to biofuel yield). An important reason for the inconsistence is that particle formation in current size reduction methods is not well controlled, causing effects of some biomass structural parameters confounded. In this study, a metal-cutting (milling) process is used for size reduction of poplar wood, where particle formation can be well controlled to prevent the effects of multiple parameters from being confounded. The results of this study provide explanations for some inconsistent reports in the literature. These results also reveal some opportunities for future research to understand the effects of size reduction on cellulosic biofuel manufacturing.
10 Are psychosocial factors of aetiological importance in functional dyspepsia

The causes of functional dyspepsia remain unclear. Research has linked other functional gastrointestinal disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome, to a history of physical or sexual abuse, psychosocial distress and certain psychiatric disorders. In functional dyspepsia, there is a possibility of certain psychiatric disorders, particularly alcohol abuse and eating disorders, indirectly influencing the development of functional dyspepsia-like symptoms. However, the literature on possible psychosocial correlates in functional dyspepsia is not as mature as the literature on irritable bowel syndrome. This paper critically reviews the psychosocial dimensions and implications for the psychotherapeutic treatment of functional dyspepsia.
A study on applications of energy storage for the wind power operation in power systems

Energy storage system (ESS) has been studied as a high-tech solution for managing power flows from wind turbine generator (WTG), and making them be competitive energy sources without putting power systems at risk. This paper illustrates possible applications of the energy storage for the wind power operating in power systems focusing on its short-duration prospective. Employing a sample power system, the control effect of ESS for suppressing the power flow fluctuation of the wind farm is studied, and the different configurations for connecting ESS to the multiple WTG is also compared. In addition, for the case when the wind power supplies a significant part of the load in the sample power systems, ESS application for mitigating the speed variations of other generators caused by the wind gust is studied. The response of the WTG/ESS to a system disturbance is also studied. This is an ongoing research and all results are preliminary.
Spatial resolution across the macaque retina

Grating acuity was measured as a function of eccentricity from the fovea in two macaques. A vertical-horizontal orientation discrimination was used to determine acuity, and the retinal locus of the test grating was controlled by training them to fixate a spot placed at various distances from the stimulus. Their head was fixed in place and fixation was monitored with a scleral search coil. The acuity of monkeys across the retina was similar to that previously measured in human subjects, reaching a peak of about 38 c/deg at the fovea, and decreasing about 10-fold by 30 deg eccentricity. Acuity was slightly higher in the temporal than in the nasal visual field. The shape of the acuity-eccentricity function suggested a dependence on cone density near the fovea, and on the density of P ganglion cells at eccentricities beyond 10 deg. Existing physiological data suggest the possibility that macaque acuity may also be limited in part by spatial averaging across the receptive field of retinal ganglion cells.
Epidermal growth factor receptor activation by diesel particles is mediated by tyrosine phosphatase inhibition.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major component of ambient PM and may contribute to PM-induced pulmonary inflammation. Proinflammatory signaling is mediated by phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways whose activation is opposed by the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) which thereby function to maintain signaling quiescence. PTPases contain an invariant catalytic cysteine that is susceptible to electrophilic attack. DEP contain electrophilic oxy-organic compounds that may contribute to the oxidant effects of PM. Therefore, we hypothesized that exposure to DEP impairs PTPase activity allowing for unopposed basal kinase activity. Here we report that exposure to 30 {mu}g/cm{sup 2} DEP for 4 h induces differential activation of signaling in primary cultures of human airway epithelial cells (HAEC), a primary target cell in PM inhalation. In-gel kinase activity assay of HAEC exposed to DEPs of low (L-DEP), intermediate (I-DEP) or high (H-DEP) organic content showed differential activation of intracellular kinases. Exposure to these DEP also induced varying levels of phosphorylation of the receptor tyrosine kinase EGFR in a manner that requires EGFR kinase activity but does not involve receptor dimerization. We demonstrate that treatment with DEP results in an impairment ofmore » total and EGFR-directed PTPase activity in HAEC with a potency that is independent of the organic content of these particles. These data show that DEP-induced EGFR phosphorylation in HAEC is the result of a loss of PTPase activities which normally function to dephosphorylate EGFR in opposition to baseline EGFR kinase activity.« less
Med19(Rox3) regulates Intermodule interactions in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mediator complex.

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mediator is a 25-subunit complex that facilitates both transcriptional activation and repression. Structural and functional studies have divided Mediator subunits into four distinct modules. The Head, Middle, and Tail modules form the core functional Mediator complex, whereas a fourth, the Cyc-C module, is variably associated with the core. By purifying Mediator from a strain lacking the Med19(Rox3) subunit, we have found that a complex missing only the Med19(Rox3) subunit can be isolated under mild conditions. Additionally, we have established that the entire Middle module is released when the Δmed19(rox3) Mediator is purified under more stringent conditions. In contrast to most models of the modular structure of Mediator, we show that release of the Middle module in the Δmed19(rox3) Mediator leaves a stable complex made up solely of Head and Tail subunits. Both the intact and Head-Tail Δmed19(rox3) Mediator complexes have defects in enhanced basal transcription, enhanced TFIIH phosphorylation of the CTD, as well as binding of RNA Pol II and the CTD. The largely intact Δmed19(rox3) complex facilitates activated transcription at levels similar to the wild type Mediator. In the absence of the Middle module, however, the Δmed19(rox3) Mediator is unable to facilitate activated transcription. Although the Middle module is unnecessary for holding the Head and Tail modules together, it is required for the complex to function as a conduit between activators and the core transcription machinery.
New developments in acute diarrhea.

Introduction Diarrhea is defined as excess stool water, usually greater than 200 gm/day (or greater than 10 gmikglday in infants). Frequency per se, is not indicative of diarrhea, although they often coexist. Indeed, breast-fed infants may have up to 12 stools/day, and formula-fed infants, up to seven stools/day. The presence of undigested food particles merely indicates fast transit. Acute infective diarrhea is usually an obvious increase over the baseline with nausea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain variably present. Although most of the episodes in children are self-limited, diarrhea continues to be a major global problem, accounting for up to 3.5 million deaths in children less than 5 years old worldwide.’ In the United States, 220,000 patients are hospitalized per year, accounting for 10.6% of admissions in this age group, whereas most of the 300 to 400 deaths per year attributed to diarrhea occur in the first year.’ The established pathogens of pediatric diarrhea are listed in Table 1. In up to 40% of presumed acute infective diarrhea, no pathogen is isolated. Epidemiology is important in predicting likely pathogens, especially in terms of age, geography, season, water source, travel, and day-care exposure. The current approach to diarrhea in childhood is to establish whether we are dealing with a secretory or osmotic (malabsorptive) process. The immediate problem is to avoid or correct dehydration. High fever, particularly with bloody diarrhea, requires investigation for possible bacteremia and sepsis. Furthermore, documentation of the causative organism, bacterial, viral, or parasitic, is mandatory in infants. The susceptibility of young infants to bacterial toxins is becoming more apparent. On the one hand, the greater susceptibility of infants to enterotoxigenic Escherichia co/i is due to higher density of guanylate cyclase-associated receptors in the small intestinal enterocytes. On the other hand, Shiga toxin of shigellosis does not affect the infant as much because of underdeveloped glycolipid receptors on the enterocytes. Unusual organisms in the stool, like persistent cryptosporidium might raise the suspicion of AIDS and immunodeficiency. Nonspecific diarrhea may be a symptom of infection elsewhere, such as pneumonia, otitis media, and appendicitis, and is generally not dehydrating unless it coexists with anorexia and vomiting. Noninfectious causes such as dietary indiscretion, especially overfeeding and the use of large quantities of fruit juices that include fructose, sorbitol, and sucrose may precipitate diarrhea, and food poisoning from preformed toxins tend to cause brief problems (botulism an important exception) and may be suspected from the history. Ingestion of drugs and chemicals, for example, heavy metals, should always be considered. Many proprietary antipyrexial elixirs contain sig-
Risky Decision Making in Smoking and Nonsmoking College Students: Examination of Iowa Gambling Task Performance by Deck Type Selections

The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is used to assess risky decision making in clinical and nonclinical populations. Recent studies have begun to assess performance on the IGT not by number of advantageous and disadvantageous selections, but rather by the pattern of performance on each of the four individual decks (A, B, C, and D). The present study sought to further examine deck selection patterns among smoking and nonsmoking college students, as mixed results have been found on the IGT in nicotine and as a function of substance satiation level. Participants were 136 undergraduates (48 male; mean age 19.24 years), of whom 70 were nonsmokers. Thirty-one smokers abstained from smoking overnight. Performance on the IGT was broken into two blocks (Trials 1-40, Trials 41-100) for each of the four decks. Abstinent smokers selected more from Deck A on Block 2 than the ad libitum smokers. No group or block differences were found for Decks B or C. Selections from Deck D increased as the task progressed, regardless of smoking status. Ad libitum smokers preferred Deck B to Deck A on Block 2. The results provide some evidence that nicotine satiation level affects IGT deck selections among smokers.
Modeling crude oil droplet-sediment aggregation in nearshore waters.

This paper describes a modeling approach that simulates changes in particle size distribution and density due to aggregation by extending the Smoluchowski aggregation kinetic model to particles of different density. Batch flocculation studies were conducted for clay, colloidal silica, crude oil, clay−crude oil, and silica−crude oil systems. A parameter estimation algorithm was used to estimate homogeneous collision efficiencies (αHOMO) for single-particle-type systems and heterogeneous collision efficiencies (αHET) for two-particle-type systems. Homogeneous collision efficiency values (αHOMO) were greater for clay (0.7) and for crude oil (0.3) than for silica (0.01). Thus, clay and crude oil were classified as cohesive particles while silica was classified as noncohesive. Heterogeneous collision efficiencies were similar for oil−clay (0.4) and oil−silica (0.3) systems. Thus, crude oil increases the aggregation of noncohesive particles. Data from the calibrated aggregation model were used to estimate appar...
Clinical experience and grading of amiodarone keratopathy

Eighteen patients receiving the cardiac drug amiodarone were followed prospectively for the development of amiodarone keratopathy. Seventeen of 18 patients (94%) developed characteristic epithelial keratopathy in at least one eye within three months of the initiation of therapy. The pattern of the epithelial deposits was noted to undergo progressive changes in configuration as a function of the duration of amiodarone therapy. These evolving changes are well defined and allow development of a grading system for amiodarone keratopathy. A grading system as well as a proposed mechanism for evolving pattern of the keratopathy are presented.
Efficient synthesis of porphyrin-containing, benzoquinone-terminated, rigid polyphenylene dendrimers.

A series of rigid polyphenylene, free-base porphyrin-containing dendrimers terminated with either dimethoxybenzene or benzoquinone end-groups were prepared by a combined divergent and convergent synthesis. Unlike previous routes for preparing polyphenylene dendrimers that are incompatible with end-groups bearing certain functional moieties, the synthetic methodology chosen for this work enables incorporation of functional groups on the dendrimer end-groups during preparation of the dendrimer wedges and during synthesis of the final dendrimer. The basic strategy utilized a convergent preparation of dendrimer wedges using Suzuki coupling conditions, which were then either attached to a porphyrin core in a divergent coupling step or cyclized to form the porphyrin dendrimer in a convergent step. The latter approach was found to be more general and resulted in higher yields and more readily separated products. Steady-state absorption measurements for these dendrimers showed Soret and Q-band absorptions typical...
Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of flosequinan in patients with chronic heart failure

Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of flosequinan in chronic heart failure. Background. Flosequinan is a new vasodilator drug that acts by interfering with the inositol-triphosphate/protein kinase C pathway, an important mechanism of vasoconstriction. The drug dilates both peripheral arteries and veins, is orally active and has a long duration of action that permits once-daily dosing. Previous studies have shown that flosequinan produces sustained hemodynamic benefits in heart failure, but large scale studies evaluating its clinical efficacy have not been reported. Methods. One hundred ninety-three patients with chronic heart failure (New York Heart Association functional class II or III and left ventricular ejection fraction <40%) receiving digoxin and diuretic drugs were randomly assigned (double-blind) to the addition of flosequinan (100 mg once daily, n = 93) or placebo (n = 100) for 3 months. The clinical status and exercise tolerance of each patient was evaluated at the start of the study and every 2 to 4 weeks during the trial while background therapy remained constant. Results. After 12 weeks, maximal treadmill exercise time increased by 96 s in the flosequinan group but by only 47 s in the placebo group (p = 0.022 for the difference between groups). Maximal oxygen consumption increased by 1.7 ml/kg per in the flosequinan group (n = 17) but by only 0.6 ml/kg per min in the placebo group (n = 23), p = 0.05 between the groups. Symptomatically, 55% of patients receiving flosequinan but only 36% of patients receiving placebo benefited from treatment (p = 0.018). In addition, fewer patients treate with flosequinan had sufficiently severe worsening of heart failure to require a change in medication or withdrawal from the study (p = 0.07). By intention to treat, seven patients in the flosequinan group and two patients in the placebo group died. Conclusions. These findings indicate that flosequinan is an effective drug for patients with chronic heart failure who remain symptomatic despite treatment with digoxin and diuretic drugs. The effect of the drug on survival remains to be determined.
Outcomes Following Electroanatomic Mapping and Ablation for the Treatment of Ectopic Atrial Tachycardia in the Pediatric Population

Ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) is often resistant to medical therapy, with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) being a preferred treatment option. Three-dimensional (3-D) electroanatomic mapping was introduced as a tool for improved substrate localization, although there are no published data with this technology in pediatric patients with EAT. The objective of this study was to examine our experience with 3-D mapping and standard mapping in this patient population. We used retrospective chart review of pediatric patients with EAT requiring RFA from 1993 to 2004. We analyzed the method of ablation, acute success and recurrence rates, procedure and fluoroscopy times, and cardiac function. Twenty-five patients underwent 31 RFA procedures. All patients had been followed for >6 months (6 months to 7 years). Standard mapping (Group 1) was used in 11 patients (5F/6M, 1.4–11.8 years) who underwent 13 RFA procedures; 3-D mapping (Group 2, October 2000–2004) was used in 16 patients (8 F/8M, 2.7–17 years) who underwent 18 RFA procedures. Left-sided focus was present in 6/13 in Group 1 and 7/18 in Group 2 (all transeptal, NS). There was a trend toward fewer lesions with 3-D mapping (15 ± 14, median 9.5 in Group 1; 8 ± 6, median 6.5 in Group 2, NS). Acute success was more likely for patients in which 3-D mapping was utilized (10/13 Group 1 vs. 18/18 Group 2, p 1 year) success]. Procedure times (232 ± 84 vs. 268 ± 72 min, skin-to-skin) and fluoroscopy times (47 ± 24 vs. 40 ± 20 min) were similar (NS). Of the 25 pts, 17 (7 in Group 1, 10 in Group 2, NS) presented with cardiomyopathy [Ejection fraction (EF), 38.6 ± 12.1%]. Successful RFA resulted in improved EF (61.1 ± 11.6%, p < 0.0001) in the 14 patients in whom pre-RFA and post-RFA echocardiograms were available. Compared to standard techniques, 3-D electroanatomic mapping has resulted in no acute failures, statistically reduced recurrence rates, and improved overall success in the management of EAT.
Hydrogels with well-defined peptide-hydrogel spacing and concentration: impact on epithelial cell behavior().

The spacing of peptides away from a hydrogel matrix dramatically impacts their availability and subsequent interactions with cells. Peptides were synthesized with monodisperse poly(ethylene glycol) spacers of different lengths that separate the peptide from the monomeric functionality which reacts during hydrogel polymerization. Specifically, bioactive RGD ligands were conjugated to PEG5, PEG11 or PEG27 spacers via solid phase techniques and then functionalized with an acryloyl end group. These acryloyl-PEGx-RGD conjugates were then copolymerized with PEGDA to form an inert hydrogel network decorated with RGD ligands for cell interactions. As the PEG spacer length increases, the RGD concentration required to support cell attachment and spreading decreases. The competitive detachment of hTCEpi cells in the presence of soluble linear RGD also shows non-linear dependence on the PEG spacer length, as more cells remained attached and spread on gels functionalized with longer PEG-RGD conjugates in comparison to the shorter PEG-RGD conjugates. The strategy and synthetic techniques developed here allow for reproducible control over peptide-hydrogel spacing and peptide concentration, and may be extended for incorporation of multiple peptides and to other hydrogel platforms.
Multiple transcripts for higher plantrbcL andatpB genes and localization of the transcription initiation site of therbcL gene.

We have compared therbcL andatpB transcription units from spinach, maize, and pea. In most cases multiple transcripts were found for a given chloroplast gene. The 5′ termini of these transcripts were determined by S1 nuclease protection and primer extension analyses. TherbcL transcripts have 5′ termini 178–179 and 64 nucleotides (spinach), 300 and 59–63 nucleotides (maize), and 178 and 65 nucleotides (pea) upstream from their respective protein coding regions. TheatpB transcripts have 5′ termini (453–454, 272–273, 179, and 99 nucleotides (spinach), 298–302 nucleotides (maize), and 351–355 nucleotides (pea) upstream from their respective protein coding regions. The intergenic distance between therbcL andatpB genes is relatively constant (152 to 157 base pairs) among the three chloroplast genomes. In spinach, maize, and pea, the 80 base pairs surrounding the 5′ end of therbcL gene (±40 base pairs) have 85% sequence homology. Similarly, the 60 base pairs preceding theatpB gene have 48% sequence homology. Both genes have ‘−10’ and ‘−35’ regions that resemble the prokaryotic consensus promoter sequence. The larger, but not smaller,rbcL transcripts from spinach and pea can be labeled with alpha-32P-GTP by guanylyltransferase. These data suggest that DNA sequences 178–179 (spinach), 300 (maize), and 178 (pea) base pairs before therbcL protein coding regions represent sites of transcription initiation. The sequences 59–65 base pairs before therbcL protein coding regions may correspond to sites of RNA cleavage.
Oral immunization of mice with ricin toxoid vaccine encapsulated in polymeric microspheres against aerosol challenge

Mucosal (oral) immunization of mice with carrier-delivered ricin toxoid (RT) vaccine was accomplished by one long (7 weeks) or two short (4 weeks) immunization schedules. For the long and short immunization schedule two lots of vaccine were administered prepared with the same procedure but at different occasions. The long schedule consisted of a total of seven doses of 50 microg of vaccine in microencapsulated (lot #108) or aqueous form administered on days 1, 2, 3, 28, 29, 30 and 49. With the short schedule a total of seven or six doses of 25 microg (lot #111) were administered on days 1, 2, 3, 14, 15, 16 and 30, or on 1, 2, 14, 15, 30, 31 and 32, respectively. Mice immunized orally with the long schedule, 50 microg of RT vaccine incorporated into poly-DL-lactide-co-glycolyde (DL-PLG) microspheres (MS) produced serum IgG, IgG2a and IgA ELISA antibodies. All mice immunized with RT in DL-PLG MS (RT-MS) were protected against a lethal ricin aerosol challenge. In contrast, with the same schedule and with the same dose, the aqueous vaccine (RT) failed to stimulate IgG, IgG2a and IgA antibodies, and these mice were not protected against an aerosol ricin toxin challenge. With the shorter immunization scheme, seven doses of 25 microg RT-MS stimulated a significant, though reduced, protection with the microencapsulated, but not with the aqueous vaccine. When the first and second 3-day cycles of the short immunization schedule was reduced to two doses, and the 3-day cycle was administered at the end of the schedule, neither RT-MS nor RT stimulated protection against the challenge. These results indicated that successful oral immunization with RT-MS depended on both the dose and the schedule, consisting of three consecutive days of administration in two cycles, 4 weeks apart. Altering this schedule and the dose, resulted in a reduced protection or no protection at all. Furthermore, under the conditions of this study, the advantage of the microencapsulated RT vaccine over the aqueous vaccine for effective oral immunization was well demonstrated.
Temperature Coefficient of Endodiurnal Leaf Movements in Phaseolus

THE effect of temperature on the length of cycle of endodiurnal rhythms has been investigated in various processes in plants and animals. It was repeatedly found that within the physiological range the length of cycle is independent of temperature1–3. Several other endodiurnal rhythms, however, showed various temperature coefficients between 0.8 and > 3 (refs. 4–6). Went7,8 reported a temperature coefficient in leaf movements of Phaseolus of 1.2 which is in agreement with early observations of Bunning9. Went, however, does not state under what conditions his plants were grown before measuring the cycle. As I have pointed out10, the external conditions under which the seedlings are grown will determine the response. Etiolated plants, grown at 15, 20 and 25 ° C., showed a constant cycle-length of 28.0–28.3 hr. When the plants were grown in the greenhouse and then transferred to constant conditions, a Q 10 of 1.2 was observed for the first two cycles ; the Q 10 changed in the subsequent cycles to 0.9, thus revealing a temperature-compensating mechanism.
Fixed-Antenna Pointing-Angle Calibration of Airborne Doppler Cloud Radar

AbstractDoppler velocity measurements from airborne meteorological Doppler radars require removal of the aircraft motion contribution in order to provide radial velocity of hydrometeor targets. This is a critical step for hydrometeor motion and wind retrievals. The aircraft motion contribution is defined as the scalar product between the radar antenna beam-pointing vector and the aircraft velocity vector at the antenna phase center. The accuracy in the removal of the aircraft velocity contribution is determined by the accuracy of the beam-pointing vector, the rigidity of the antenna mount, and the accuracy of the aircraft attitude and velocity measurements. In this paper an optimization technique is proposed to determine the antenna beam-pointing vector and to analyze its uncertainties using aircraft attitude and velocity data from a GPS-aided inertial measurement unit and radar observations of the earth surface. The technique is applied to Wyoming Cloud Radar (WCR) on the University of Wyoming King Air (...
Accuracy Analysis of Machining Process Using a Spindle Probe and a CMM to Reduce the Scrap

In-process part inspection using a spindle touch probe has gained a significant importance, mainly because parts can remain on the machine without disrupting the machine setup while inspection is being conducted. This practice leads to a shorter inspection time, improved part accuracies, and reduction of scraps. Recently, intense domestic and international competition has put more importance on part quality in terms of producing parts right the first time and maintaining the consistent quality standards. A literature review revealed that a comparative analysis between in-process gauging using a touch probe and post-process inspection using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to ascertain part quality has not been adequately studied. Therefore, there is a need for a study to measure the characteristics of the two inspection techniques. To address the problem, cutting experiments were conducted and measurement data were analyzed using a state-of-the-art CNC machine, a CMM, a touch probe, and a high-precision ballbar system. The experimental data show that machined features and touch probe measurements are affected by the inherent shortcomings in machine tool structure, suggesting a machine tool capability analysis be undertaken in tune with the required tolerance specifications prior to machining operations, rather than solely relying on the touch probe inspection for part quality assessment.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
On normal flow boundary conditions in finite element codes for two-dimensional shallow water flow

Dans la modelisation des eaux de surface la methode de selection de la direction normale appropriee depend en un nœud limite d'element fini de la grille et du type de developpement de la fonction de base (en vitesse ou en flux). On montre que lorsque le developpement est effectue en termes de vitesse, la direction normale appropriee en un nœud varie au cours du temps. Pour la plupart des applications cette variation sera faible
Mechanical properties of polycrystalline gadolinium from 78 to 675 K

Abstract The flow stress temperature dependence, strain-rate sensitivity, strain-hardening exponent and ductility of gadolinium were determined from 78 to 675 K at strain rates of 0.005, 0.01, 0.10 and 1.0 min −1 . The results are presented and similarities of some of the results to those obtained for other rare-earth metals are discussed.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Two Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Levels after Extubation in Preterm Infants

Objective To compare extubation failure rate with two ranges of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) in oxygen dependent preterm infants. Study design Preterm infants of birth weight 500-1000 g and gestational age 23-30 weeks, extubated for the first time during the first 6 weeks while requiring fraction of inspired oxygen ≥ 0.25, were randomly assigned to a NCPAP range of 4-6 (low NCPAP) or 7-9 (high NCPAP) cmH 2 O. Results Infants were randomized to low (n = 47) or high NCPAP (n = 46) at day 16.3 ± 14.7 and 15.5 ± 12.4, respectively. Rates of extubation failure per criteria (24% vs 43%, P = .04, OR and 95% CI: 0.39 [0.16-0.96]) and re-intubation (17% vs 38%, P = .023, 0.33 [0.016-0.85]) within 96 hours were significantly lower in the high- compared with the low NCPAP group. This was mainly due to a strikingly lower failure rate in the 500-750 g birth weight strata. Duration of ventilation, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia did not differ significantly. No infant developed pneumothorax during 96 hours post-extubation. Conclusions Extubation failure in preterm infants with residual lung disease was lower with NCPAP range of 7-9 compared with 4-6 cmH 2 O. These findings suggest the need for higher distending pressure post-extubation in the more immature infants who are still oxygen dependent.
Profile analysis of organic volatiles in urine of tobacco smoke-exposed beagles

Abstract Volatile organic components were determined in the urine of beagle dogs exposed to cigarette smoke and sham in an effort to identify possible biochemical changes resulting from the exposures. The data obtained from high-resolution chromatograms were subjected to principal component and discriminant analysis. Principal component analysis was used to reduce the dimensionality of the data and discriminant analysis was used to develop a classification model. Classification of the profiles into their respective exposure groups based on quantitative variations was 92% correct using only five peaks in the chromatograms. Compounds present in the urine of smoke-exposed dogs were identified by mass spectrometry.
Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements with Costly Monitoring for Compliance

Theoretical analyses of international environmental agreements (IEAs) have often employed the concept of self-enforcing agreements to predict the number of parties to such an agreement. The term self-enforcing, however, is a bit misleading. The concept refers to the stability of cooperative agreements, not to enforcing compliance with these agreements once they are in place. In this paper we analyze an IEA game in which parties to an agreement finance an independent monitor who audits the compliance performance of the members of an agreement. These audits reveal instances of noncompliance so they can be sanctioned. We find that costly monitoring of compliance limits the circumstances under which international cooperation to protect the environment is worthwhile, but when IEAs do form they will often involve greater participation than IEAs that do not require costly monitoring. Consequently, costly monitoring of IEAs can produce higher international environmental quality. Moreover, under certain conditions, aggregate welfare is higher when IEAs require costly monitoring.
Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Current Information Sources

We have long been obsessed with the dream of creating intelligent machines. This vision can be traced back to Greek civilization, and the notion that mortals somehow can create machines that think has persisted throughout history. Until this decade these illusions have borne no substance. The birth of the computer in the 1940s did cause a resurgence of the cybernaut idea, but the computer's role was primarily one of number‐crunching and realists soon came to respect the enormous difficulties in crafting machines that could accomplish even the simplest of human tasks.
White, exophytic lesion of the left lateral surface of the tongue

Verrucous carcinoma is an unusual variant of squamous cell carcinoma; it comprises approximately 5% of all oral malignancies. The buccal mucosa, gingiva, and tongue are the most commonly involved areas within the oral cavity. Histologically, verrucous carcinoma can present a diagnostic dilemma. The basement membrane is often intact, which may cause the pathologist to misinterpret these carcinomas as hyperkeratosis and severe dysplasia. The preferred treatment for this lesion is wide local excision. Regional lymph node dissection is usually not necessary and radiation therapy appears to be contraindicated. Close follow-up is recommended.
Effect of Room Size on Critical Interpersonal Distance.

Following the lines of Little (1965), who investigated the effect of various simulated and/or imagined spaces on critical interpersonal distance, the present study determined the distance at which Ss would move away from an approaching experimenter in a large, a small, a long, and a wide space. The dimensions of the spaces were, respectively, 12 ft. x 29 ft., 4 ft. x 6 ft., and 7.5 ft. x 65 ft. In the latter space they were tested at both the wide and the narrow wall. Ss were 13 male and 24 female student volunteers from introductory psychology. Each S was tested in each space, with order counterbalanced. S stood about 3 ft. from one wall, but was told he could move around a little in order to appreciate the room's spatial qualities. E (P. W. S.) asked S questions about the space, including feelings of crowding. E, while moving about and writing, at one point approached S and estimated to the nearest .5 ft. the distance between E's foot nearest S and S's first foot that moved away.' After being tested in each space S filled out the California F scale, the dogmatism scale, and the Rotter I-E scale. The distances ranged from less than 0.5 ft. to 3.0 ft. The greatest mean distances were in the large (1.2 ft.) and the long (1.3 ft.) spaces, followed by the small (1.0 ft.) and the wide (0.5 ft.) spaces (F = 7.37, df = 3/108, p < .01). However, of the three per:onalicy scales employed, only one, dogmatism, was significantly correlated with distance (r = .39, p < .01), even when interaction vectors were generated by taking the two- and three-way products of the personality scores and generating prediction equations in a stepwise fashion (Draper & Smith, 1966). Except for dogmatism, the largest F for increase in R' was less than 1.0. Thus, at most only about 16% of the variance in distance is associated with the personality measures employed, and, cons~dering the small N, even this value must be considered as tentative. The small space yielded 18 reports of crowding, with 3, 6, and 9 reports from the large, long, and wide rooms. This finding, considered with the fact that both the largest and the smallest distances were found in the same room, suggests that neither area nor perceived crowding per se determines the distance, but the extent of a single dimension of the space. The shortest distance was obtained with the longest (65 ft.) dimension to S's side. This finding tends to confirm Little (1965), who found the shortest distance in a simulated open space. The small but significant relationship between distance and dogmatism suggests that further research along these lines would be in order.
Encouraging Participation in Case Discussions: A Comparison of the MICA and the Harvard Case Methods.

This article investigates the relative merits of two methods of case discussion. The first is the Harvard Case Method (HCM), and the other is the McAleer Interactive Case Analysis (MICA) method. In the literature, MICA has been proposed as a remedy for the weaknesses of HCM. Here, we report the results from an experiment that assesses the relative effectiveness of these two methods. Our results support the claim that MICA is better than HCM. In particular, we find that MICA enhances student participation in case discussions. This is useful, inasmuch as one important component of active learning is participation.
HoxA10 Activates CDX4 Transcription and Cdx4 Activates HOXA10 Transcription in Myeloid Cells

HoxA10 is a homeodomain transcription factor that influences a number of developmental processes, including hematopoiesis. During definitive hematopoiesis, expression of HoxA10 is maximal in committed myeloid progenitor cells and decreases as differentiation proceeds. Aberrantly increased expression of HoxA10 was found in bone marrow cells in a poor prognosis subset of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Consistent with this, AML developed in mice transplanted with HoxA10-overexpressing bone marrow. However, relatively few target genes have been identified that explain the role of HoxA10 in leukemogenesis. In the current study, we identified CDX4 as a HoxA10 target gene. Cdx4 is a homeodomain transcription factor that was also implicated in myeloid leukemogenesis. Although relatively few Cdx4 target genes have been identified, Cdx4 was known to influence HOX gene transcription. We identified a HoxA10-binding cis element in the CDX4 promoter that activated transcription. We also identified a Cdx4-binding cis element that activated the HOXA10 promoter. Therefore, increased Cdx4 expression in HoxA10-overexpressing cells augmented transcription of the endogenous HOXA10 gene. Increased endogenous HoxA10 in these cells induced additional CDX4 transcription. We found that Cdx4 influenced transcription of HoxA10 target genes in a HoxA10-dependent manner. Similarly, HoxA10 influenced transcription of HOX genes in a Cdx4-dependent manner. We previously found that HoxA10-overexpressing myeloid progenitors were hypersensitive to a variety of cytokines. In the current studies, we found that Cdx4 knockdown decreased cytokine hypersensitivity of HoxA10-overexpressing cells. Therefore, these studies identified a positive feedback relationship between HoxA10 and Cdx4, which potentially amplified the contribution of either transcription factor to the pathogenesis of AML.
Term effects and the time‐varying risk premium in tests of forward foreign exchange rate unbiasedness

The term (or number of days) until a 1-month forward contract is delivered may play a systematic role in the empirical estimates of the coefficient on the forward premium in tests of forward foreign exchange rate unbiasedness. These term effects arise because a 1-month forward contract is not equal to a pre-specified number of days and, thus, the risk of valuation changes over the life of the contract depend on the contract's exact term. The term effect is consistent with a time-varying risk premium. However, empirical results provide no evidence of a term effect and so other explanations must be considered. Copyright @ 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
Are endothelin-receptor antagonists the preferred treatment for PAH associated with scleroderma?

Are endothelin-receptor antagonists the preferred treatment for PAH associated with scleroderma?
Electronic Structures of Polyatomic Molecules and Valence. IV. Electronic States, Quantum Theory of the Double Bond

The possible types of electronic states of polyatomic molecules (assuming fixed nuclei and neglecting spin fine structure) are discussed and tabulated (Table I) with the help of simple group theory methods, applying results of Bethe and Wigner. A notation for electronic states ($\ensuremath{\psi}'\mathrm{s}$) and molecular orbitals ($\ensuremath{\varphi}'\mathrm{s}$) for molecules having any type of symmetry to be found among the 32 crystal classes, is adopted; this is essentially the same as that used by Placzek for designating the vibrational states of molecules. It is shown how the possible $\ensuremath{\psi}'\mathrm{s}$ corresponding to any given electron configuration (set of $\ensuremath{\varphi}'\mathrm{s}$) can be determined for any type of symmetry; for the more complicated cases, the results are tabulated (Table V). It is shown how all the selection rules for transitions between electronic states of molecules can be easily determined. Limitations resulting here from the application of the Franck-Condon principle are discussed. Extending work of Bethe, tables are given (Tables II-IV) showing how the various types of electronic states of atoms and of diatomic and polyatomic molecules ($S$, $P$, ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}A$, etc.) go over into various other types of states if the symmetry of the original system is decreased. Examples are given showing how electronic wave functions ($\ensuremath{\psi}'\mathrm{s}$) of molecules can be constructed which conform to the possible types (Table I) allowed by the symmetry of the nuclear skeleton, and which at the same time, with Slater's method, are antisymmetrical in the electrons (cf. section 2 and Eqs. (9-12)). It is shown that for molecules having all their electrons in closed shells or electron-pair bonds, zeroth approximation $\ensuremath{\psi}'\mathrm{s}$ which conform to the identical representation of the molecule's symmetry group (analogous to $^{1}S$ of atoms and $^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ or ${^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{g}}^{+}$ of diatomic molecules) can be built up either by using electron-pair bonds or by using molecular orbitals. The approximate construction of molecular orbitals as linear combinations of atomic orbitals, in such a way that they conform to the types allowed by the symmetry of the molecule, is discussed and illustrated (cf. Eqs. (3, 8)). Several statements made in a previous paper (III) of this series, on the quantum theory of the double bond, are here justified by the methods mentioned above, thereby also providing examples of the application of the latter. Some additional details concerning the nature of the double bond are given. Finally, it is shown that the model of the double bond given in III should according to the theory be altered somewhat for the perp. form of the molecule, in a way which offers the possibility of improved agreement with experiment.
Laser parameter extraction for tunable vertical cavity lasers

A novel technique for extraction of diode laser parameters is demonstrated. With tunable vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), the internal quantum efficiency, internal loss, average gain coefficient, and transparent current density can be extracted on the same device. This technique enables evaluation of critical elements and design of VCSEL structures.
From Neoliberalism to Social Justice The Feasability of Full Employment in Tunisia

The educated unemployed youth of Tunisia have played a crucial role in the 2010 uprisings that have sparked revolutions across the entire Arab world (and beyond). It has been argued that the recent...
Third-world debt and tropical deforestation

Abstract The deforestation and degradation of tropical forests are taking place at an extremely rapid pace. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the estimated annual rate of tropical deforestation during the 1981–1985 period was 113 846 square kilometers or 0.6% of the 1981 total forested area. The implications of the loss of these forests are staggering (Myers, N., 1989. Deforestation Rates in Tropical Forests and Their Climatic Implications. Friends of the Earth, London). Tropical forests are extremely rich ecosystems which support a disproportionately large share of the world's plant and animal species. Forests play a crucial role in both nutrient and hydrological cycling and may provide sustainable economic benefits through managed harvesting of timber and the collection of non-timber products such as fruits, nuts, and rubber. Also, deforestation is a significant source of global warming through its effects on the global carbon cycle. This paper focuses on the relationship between debt and deforestation, examining conceptual and empirical arguments that debt is a source of deforestation pressure. Our study develops a behavioral model which suggests that debt can lead to myopic behavior, leading to deforestation rates that may not be optimal in the long run, but are necessary in the short run to meet current constraints. Then, country-by-country data on debt, deforestation, and other variables are analyzed with regression analysis. It is shown that debt is significantly correlated with deforestation under a wide variety of assumptions and specifications. Our results indicate that debt is an important factor in the deforestation of tropical countries. There are certainly other sources of deforestation, both micro- and macroeconomic, which may vary significantly from country to country. However, we focus on debt because of its dominant role in the economies of developing countries, and because of the increased use of debt-for-nature swaps. The link between debt and deforestation that is suggested in this paper implies that debt-for-nature swaps may have a dual effect on deforestation. First, the contractual agreement is designed to preserve forests as part of the swap. Second, the reduction in debt may itself reduce the pressure to deforest, although this indirect effect is small. Our research provides evidence that reducing debt reduces deforestation, which may be an argument to offer deforesting third-world countries some form of debt relief, and to utilize more fully debt-for-nature swaps as a tool for preserving environmental quality.