cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-Bond 19F−15N Spin−Spin Coupling Constants (2hJF-N) across F−H···N Hydrogen Bonds

Equation-of-motion coupled cluster calculations (EOM-CCSD) have been performed to determine two-bond 1 9 F- 1 5 N spin-spin coupling constants ( 2 h J F - N ) for thirteen neutral complexes stabilized by F-H...N hydrogen bonds. The proton acceptors include nitrogens that are sp (HCN and its derivatives), sp 2 (aromatic azines), and sp 3 (NH 3 and its derivatives) hybridized. 2 h J F - N is determined by the Fermi-contact term, which is strongly dependent on the intermolecular F-N distance but varies only slightly with small perturbations of the hydrogen bond from linearity. 2 h J F - N is more sensitive to the hybridization and bonding at the nitrogen in F-H...N hydrogen bonds than is 2 h J N - N for complexes stabilized by N-H-N and N-H + -N hydrogen bonds. As a result, 2 h J F - N at the same F-N distance for different complexes can vary by 10-15 Hz, and this reduces the quality of the quadratic curve used to relate 2 h J F - N to the F-N distance. However, if the complexes are grouped according to the hybridization of the nitrogen, excellent quadratic correlations are found between 2 h J F - N and the F-N distance. Moreover, if the same groupings are used, 2 h J F - N also correlates with the charge density at the bond critical point of the hydrogen bond.
Unusual behavior of isopropyl substituients in 9,10‐dihydroanthracenes: An NMR and molecular mechanics study

A collection of cis- and trans-9-isopropyl-10-R-9,10-dihydroanthracenes were investigated. The cis compounds show large H-9-isopropyl methine coupling constants in the series R Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu (8.8–9.9 Hz) due to a preferred orientation of the isopropyl group(s), caused by a transannular steric effect, wherein the H-9—isopropyl methine dihedral angle is close to 180°. These preferred conformations are predicted by molecular mechanics calculations (MM2 and MMP2) and data for the optimized geometries are presented. The trans compounds show considerably smaller coupling constants (J = 2.6, 5.0 and 7.8 Hz for R = t-Bu, i-Pr and Et, respectively) and these numbers are easily rationalized from the calculated geometries. However, the compound with R Me shows an unusually high value (9.6 Hz), and calculations suggested the presence of a structure with unusually large puckering of the dihydroanthracene central ring. This was confirmed by nuclear Overhauser enhancements and by proton and carbon relaxation measurements.
Biological Information on Copper Rockfish in Puget Sound, Washington

Abstract Copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus), a species that is becoming increasingly important as a sport fish, were studied in two shallow areas in Puget Sound, from 1963 to 1968, to obtain information on seasonal availability, growth, maturation, feeding habits, and ecology. Specimens examined ranged from 6.8 to 47.0 cm in fork length and from 0 to 8 years old. Availability was greatest in September and October and least in June and July. Length-weight regression was the same for both sexes but differed by time of year (W = 0.0000162313.040252 for September to November and W = 0.0000249452.953381 for December to March). Both sexes were usually mature at age IV. Crustacea and fish were the principal foods. The rockfish hid in rock interstices in the winter but not in the summer.
Characterizing the specificity of activated Factor XIII for glutamine-containing substrate peptides

Abstract Activated Factor XIII (FXIIIa) is a transglutaminase that catalyzes the formation of γ-glutamyl-ɛ-lysine crosslinks in the fibrin network. To better understand the source of FXIIIa substrate specificity, Q-containing substrates based on β-casein, K9-peptide, and α2-antiplasmin were characterized. α2AP (1–15, Q2, Q4) and α2AP (1–15, Q2, Q4N, K12R) are highly promising peptide models since they exhibited kcat/Km values comparable to intact β-casein. In the absence of a lysine-like donor, FXIIIa could promote deamidation of a reactive Q to an E and solution NMR served as an effective strategy for monitoring this reaction. A tendency toward deamidation allowed greater investigations of the α2-antiplasmin based peptides. FXIIIa preferentially selects the Q2 residue for carrying out crosslinking processes. The E3 and Q4 provide supporting roles in binding. When a crosslinking reaction occurs at Q2, the Q4 position is sterically blocked from reactivity. By contrast, deamidation of Q2 to E2 allows, for the first time, observation of reactivity at Q4. The K12 position provides an additional favorable site of interaction with the FXIIIa surface. The sensitivity of α2AP (1–15, Q2, Q4) to amino acid changes at Q2, Q4, and K12 suggests the importance of individual FXIIIa subsites that are controlled by chemical environment and sterics.
The dimensions of process knowledge

Many researchers are of the view that a firm’s knowledge assets include its structure, culture, processes, employees and physical artifacts. The knowledge management (KM) literature has tended to emphasize employee knowledge as a locus for KM efforts. While this viewpoint is perfectly rational and justifiable, there is also a considerable amount of knowledge embedded in the firm’s operating procedures. In this paper, we espouse viewing organizational knowledge from this perspective and propose a framework to manage process knowledge. Starting with a definition, classification of processes, and a characterization of the knowledge generation process, we provide seven dimensions by which process knowledge can be viewed: structure, personnel and coordination, performance and tools, discourse, results, quality and implications. They are intended to serve as a starting point for managing process knowledge. The dimensions are illustrated with several examples and implications of the framework are pointed out. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathology of the Pulmonary Vascular Tree III. The Structure of the Intrapulmonary Arteries in Cor Triloculare Biatriatum with Subaortic Stenosis

The case to be reported is characterized by stenosis of the ostium infundibuli of the right ventricle and biventricular origin of the aorta. Certain of the anatomic features of the heart in this case are similar to those of the Eisenmenger complex. One difference between the two conditions is that in the case herewith reported subpulmonary (infundibular) stenosis existed, while in the Eisenmenger complex there is no anatomic barrier to pulmonary blood flow, either in the heart or great vessels. On these gross anatomic differences seem to depend the differences in structure of the intrapulmonary arteries in the two conditions.
Anticipatory contrast: Within-subjects analysis

Contrast in consummatory behavior occurs readily when a less preferred substance follows a preferred substance. A previous experiment indicated that contrast in consummatory behavior may also develop when a less preferred substance precedes a preferred substance in brief daily exposures. In the present experiment, the same animals sometimes received 0.15% saccharin followed, 15 sec later, by 32% sucrose (.15–32) and sometimes received 0.15% saccharin followed by the same 0.15% saccharin solution (.15-.15). One solution pair was given each day, and the two conditions, .15–32 and .15-.15, occurred in alternation across days. The two different solution conditions were correlated with different cues. Saccharin intake from the first tube was lower when the second tube contained 32% sucrose than when it contained .15% saccharin, both in original discrimination training and following a reversal of the cue-solution pairings. These results support the conclusion that contrast in this situation is based on the anticipation of the impending 32% sucrose each day, rather than on a retrograde comparison with the 32% sucrose received the previous day. These data are considered in terms of Pavlovian conditioning outcomes when the CS is a stimulus with hedonic value.
The myosin superfamily at a glance

The cytoskeleton is an interconnected network that provides support and organization to cells. In eukaryotes, its main components include actin and microtubules, two types of dynamic filaments. In addition to carrying out structural roles, these filaments act as tracks for the movement of molecular
Algorithm and hardware complexity reduction techniques for k-best sphere decoders

MIMO (Multi-Input Multi-Output) technology is garnering more interest in new wireless communication standards. In this work, we introduce three techniques to reduce the power consumption of MIMO detectors and increase their data rate. We decrease the complexity of the K-best sphere decoder effectively by using the MMSE-SQRD channel processing technique. This technique results in a smaller K which results in a great reduction in power consumption compared to the K-best detectors using ZF-SQRD with the same BER/throughput performance. We also propose a child reduction technique that reduces the number of multiplications and additions which results in 8% power reduction. Also, we utilized the odd-even merge algorithm for the merge unit which is on the critical path of the circuit, to achieve the best power/throughput tradeoff. We implemented a 4*4 16QAM detector in a commercial 0.18µm CMOS process; synthesis results show that the detector works at the maximum data rate of 768Mbps with the area of 91KGates.
Event-related potentials to time-deviant and pitch-deviant tones.

Twelve subjects were run in a paradigm designed to compare event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by infrequent pitch-deviant and time-deviant tones under different attentional conditions. Tones with a pitch of 500 Hz or 1000 Hz were presented at regular interstimulus intervals of 800 ms. Changes in pitch or a shortening of interstimulus interval to 400 ms each occurred with 10% probability. Three different tasks (reading or reaction time to pitch or to timing deviances) were assigned on separate runs. N150 to deviant tones was not influenced by task. Its amplitude, peak latency, and frontally maximum distribution did not differ between pitch and timing deviance, but to pitch deviance it had an earlier onset. P350 amplitude to both types of deviant tones was larger than to standard tones when subjects pressed to time-deviant tones; only P350 to pitch-deviant tones was larger than to standards when subjects pressed to pitch-deviant tones. P350 latency was longer to timing deviance regardless of task. Our results support the view that negativities generated by mismatches in expected timing and pitch are qualitatively the same. ERP differences between these two types of deviance were probably due to differences in stimulus salience or discriminability.
BCG vaccine for clinically isolated syndrome and MS: Infections and protective immunity

Infections may be harmful for people with multiple sclerosis (MS), resulting in fever, “pseudo-exacerbations,” and increased risk of relapses.1 Can infections ever be beneficial for MS? The long-held yet unproven “hygiene hypothesis” proposes that certain infections early in life might reduce the risk of developing autoimmune diseases by inducing protective immunity.2 In addition, parasitic intestinal infections in people with MS may reduce disease activity.3 It follows that better sanitation and common use of disinfectants and antibiotics may account in part for the increased prevalence of MS and other autoimmune diseases in North America and much of Europe, compared with Africa, South America, and parts of Asia. If true, might we harness this natural phenomenon to develop new treatments for MS?
Markov Chain Analysis of Carbonate Rocks: Applications, Limitations, and Implications as Exemplified by Pennsylvanian Carbonates in Southern Nevada: ABSTRACT

Markov chain analysis is a simple, powerful, mathematical tool for testing the presence, absence, and length of "memory" in a sequence of events. Use of this method on the Pennsylvanian carbonates of southern Nevada revealed the presence of a "memory" (X2 = 32.55 with 15 df) in the thick basinal interval of the Bird Spring Group of the Arrow Canyon Mountains and a relative lack of memory (X2 = 20.5 with 15 df) in the thinner, age-equivalent, shelf deposits of the Callville Limestone on Frenchman Mountain. Covered intervals have little effect in situations End_Page 857------------------------------ where the number of intervals is less than 20% of the total number of identified units. Best results are obtained if coincident layers of identical lithology are treated as a unit facies rather than as multistory facies. The effect of varied identification of lithologies is critical. For example, grouping clay and shale gives markedly different results from cases in which they are distinguished. It can be concluded that (1) Markov tests support current beliefs in that they indicate relative lack of memory in shelf sediments indicating many breaks in sedimentation, and (2) consistent evaluation of facies is critical, as different labels for the same lithology cause large-scale variation in numerical results. End_of_Article - Last_Page 858------------
Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Workflow Robustness and Resiliency Modeling with Petri Nets

The increasing complexity and tight coupling between people and computer systems in military operations has led to improved efficiency, as well as greater vulnerability due to system failure. Careful management of workflow systems can minimize operational vulnerability in command and control. Tavana et al. (2011) developed a workflow management framework capable of both modeling structure and providing a wide range of quantitative analysis with high-level Petri nets (PNs). The framework is based on a sustainability index that captures the concepts of self-protecting and self-healing systems. This index uses crisp numerical values to measure the robustness and resiliency of the system. However, the observed values of data in real-world military operations are often imprecise or vague. These inexact data can be represented by fuzzy numbers to reflect the decision makersâ€™ intuition and subjective judgments. In this paper, the authors extend this model to a fuzzy framework by proposing a new fuzzy workflow modeling system with PNs. The new model plots the fuzzy robustness and resiliency measures in a Cartesian coordinate system and derives an overall fuzzy sustainability index for the system based on the theory of displaced ideals. The proposed model also considers multiple criteria to produce this fuzzy index.
Somalia: Militarism, Warlordism or Democracy ?

Somali politics have traditionally been structured in terms of the clan system which organises agro‐pastoral society. These clan‐based alignments have provided the lines of conflict along which struggles for recognition — for status and prestige but also, and significantly, for social justice and equality — have been fought. Under conditions of dependent capitalism and uneven class formation, clan consciousness takes on a trade union aspect, in defence of real material interests and in opposition to tendencies towards clan inequality. The Siyaad Barre regime disrupted the balance of clan interests by setting aside traditional tendencies to compromise and accommodate conflicts in order to impose clan hegemony on the country. The result has been to politicise and militarise clan groupings in opposition to the Siyaad government and to plunge the country into civil war. It has divided the country, given rise to regional and clan warlords, and imperilled moves towards democracy.
Effects of phorbol esters on insulin receptor function and insulin action in hepatocytes: evidence for heterogeneity

We investigated the effect of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator on insulin receptors and insulin action in freshly isolated and primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. PMA (1 x 10−7 M) did not alter insulin receptor numbers or affinity either acutely or chronically but within 60 minute inactivated insulin stimulated tyrosine kinase of the insulin receptor. PKC activation inhibitied insulin (1 x 10−7M) stimulation of glycogen and lipid synthesis with a decrease or no change in basal glycogenesis and lipogenesis respectively. However, PKC activation did not alter insulin stimulated or basal amino acid transport even though PCK activation inhibited insulin stimulation of the insulin. receptor tyrosine kinase. Thus, within one tissue, PKC activation has differential effect on insulin action depending on which pathway is examined. Furthermore, insulin stimulation of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase may not be a necessary step for all insulin signaling pathways.
Numerical simulation of a three-dimensional shock wave-turbulent boundary layer interaction generated by a sharp fin at Mach 4

Abstract The three-dimensional inviscid-viscous interaction generated by the intersection of an oblique shock with a turbulent boundary layer is examined theoretically. An incoming Mach 4 equilibrium turbulent boundary layer at Reynolds number Reδx = 2 × 105 interacts with an oblique shock formed by a 16° sharp fin mounted normal to the flat plate. The theoretical model is the three-dimensional compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with turbulence incorporated through the Baldwin-Lomax algebraic eddy viscosity model. The governing equations are solved using the hybrid explicit-implicit algorithm of the author. Computed results for the surface skin friction, surface pressure and surface streamline angles are compared with experimental measurements and previous numerical results. The present results display good agreement with experiment, except in specific isolated regions, and show the closest agreement with experiment of all computations.
A narrow circle of mutual friends.

Commensal microbiota confers a goldilocks state of alertness to pathogens, yet restrains deleterious inflammation. In this issue of Immunity, Geuking et al. (2011) demonstrate that a minimal bacterial community of the Schaedler flora establishes a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory T cells in the gut.
Immediate early gene expression in cat visual cortex during and after the critical period: differences between EGR-1 and Fos proteins

Immediate early gene (IEG) expression in the cat visual cortex is highly responsive to visual input and may initiate genetic mechanisms responsible for neuronal plasticity. The present study used immunohistochemical methods to address two issues regarding IEG expression in response to visual input. One was to define the differential response of distinct IEG families by comparing EGR-1 (also termed zif-268, NGFI-A, and Krox-24) and Fos proteins. The second was to determine whether IEG expression, in addition to reflecting neural activity, is related to the state of plasticity by comparing young and adult visual cortex. Immunoreactivity of the two IEG proteins was compared between 5-week-old and adult cats under three conditions of visual input: ambient light to assess basal levels of expression, 1 week of darkness to assess the effect of reduced activity, and exposure to light after 1 week of darkness to determine rapid changes in expression as a result of visual input. At both ages, there were marked differences in the expression of the two IEG proteins. EGR-1 responded to visual input with sustained changes in its level of expression. It showed high basal levels, reduced expression in darkness, and a rapid return to high constitutive levels with the introduction of light. Fos showed a markedly different profile. It had very low basal expression which was not demonstrably affected by darkness and its principal response was a marked transient induction upon exposure to light after darkness. These unique changes in expression highlight the complex response across IEGs to environmental input and suggest a genetic "on/off' signaling mechanism. There were marked differences in the laminar distribution of EGR-1 and Fos proteins between young and adult cats. In young animals, cells in all visual cortical layers showed high levels of EGR-1 and Fos proteins. In adults, immunostaining was largely specific to cells located above and below layer IV and only very faint labeling occurred within layer IV. These differences in laminar distribution between ages are inconsistent with a simple explanation of IEG expression in terms of neural activity level; rather, they suggest a relation between IEG expression and the state of plasticity in visual cortex.
A Model Research Design for Comprehensive Evaluation of a Public Home Health Agency

The Mississippi State Department of Health developed a five-stage model to perform an evaluation study of its home health services program. A singular element in the process was the deferral of developing the final research design structure until the second stage of evaluation was completed. Primary areas of investigation included identification of verifiable, nonverifiable, and erroneously believed factors affecting program operations; recommendations for changes that could be made in light of research findings to improve program operations both to deliver services and to maximize program earnings; and elements affecting program performance held in common with other home health programs in Mississippi and in other states.
Preparation of glycosides of 2-deoxy-2-methylamino-D-mannose, 2-deoxy-2-methylamino-D-glucose, and 2-deoxy-2-methylamino-D-galactose: observations on N-methylation of amides

Abstract Benzyl 2-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)methylamino]-2-deoxy-α- D -mannopyranoside (10) and its furanose isomer ( 9 ), the derived N -methyloxazolidinones 11 and 6 , benzyl 2-[(benzyloxycarbonyl)methylamino]-2-deoxy-β- D -glucofuranoside (15) and methyl 2-deoxy-2-methylacetamido-β- D -galactofuranoside (20) , were prepared from appropriate diethyl dithioacetals. They were considered the most suitable starting materials for synthesis of O -methyl-2-deoxy-2-methylamino-hexoses because of their ease of preparation and the presence of suitable blocking groups. Oxazolidinones were prepared from N -benzyloxycarbonyl derivatives of 2-amino-2-deoxy- D -mannose by using methanolic sodium methoxide. Their use in preparation of 2-deoxy-2-methyl-amino derivatives is discussed. The Kuhn reagent was used in these syntheses for N -methylating amides. However, certain amides containing comparatively bulky substituents in the vicinity of the NH group are resistant to methylation.
Voice over Blue Force Tracking

The United States Army Aviation community requested that MITRE examine the possibility of transmitting Beyond Line of Sight (BLOS) voice over the preexisting Blue Force Tracking (BFT) infrastructure for properly equipped Apache A model helicopters. BFT is a low bandwidth satellite based command and control system originally intended to provide situational awareness for the platforms and command centers possessing this technology. By slightly enhancing the current BFT transceiver configuration on the helicopter and at the ground units while integrating a low data rate audio processing unit, MITRE proved successful in transmitting intelligible audio in pseudo real time utilizing less then 1300 bps.
Rural–urban differences in health care provider child passenger safety anticipatory guidance provision

Abstract Many children do not travel safely in vehicles, with rural children often traveling less safely than urban children. Motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of death of children aged from 1 to 14 years in the United States in 2011. Lack of education or inadequate parental education during well-child visits regarding proper child restraint within vehicles by health care providers (HCPs) in rural areas could be resulting in increased misuse of child restraints and lack of restraint use in rural areas. This study sought to determine rural–urban differences in frequency and accuracy of anticipatory guidance related to child passenger safety (CPS) provided by HCPs, in addition to rural–urban differences in HCP confidence in providing this counseling. HCPs from rural and urban areas in several upper Midwest states were surveyed about frequency and confidence of advice provided to parents related to CPS and their knowledge level on this subject. Urban HCPs were significantly more likely than rural HCPs to consistently provide advice to parents related to CPS across all age groups for children aged 12 years or younger. Differences were found between rural and urban HCPs regarding confidence in their ability to address parents׳ questions/concerns, and knowledge related to specific CPS issues. Significant differences exist in the frequency of CPS anticipatory guidance provision and confidence in accurate provision of CPS anticipatory guidance by rural and urban HCPs to parents. Significant differences also exist between rural and urban HCPs in relation to CPS knowledge. Differences may be due to increased levels of training for urban HCPs. This research is important as it adds to the compendium of knowledge related to CPS counseling patterns focused on reducing motor vehicle-related injuries and fatalities in children.
Open GL: agent of change or sign of the times?

Although curriculum is a recurring theme of conversation in the hallways at conferences involving graphics and education, Curriculum 91[1] marks the most recent formal discussion regarding the topics in an introductory computer graphics course, and it was published in February 1991, nearly nine years ago. Nine years represents a significant percentage of the discipline’s life span. Further, Steve Cunningham, author of the computer graphics course that appears in Curriculum 91, points out that although the document was published in 1991, it reflects accepted practice from the late 1980s. So in fact it has been ten years or even longer since substantive discussions on this topic have taken place. Much has changed in that time.
Changing preservice teacher perceptions of minority schools

This study compared education students’ attitudes toward working in urban schools as they entered teacher preparation and later after student teaching. Given descriptions of four schools differing ...
Pathways of NADPH in rat liver. Evidence favoring a single cytosolic pool

Abstract A steady state model has been applied to the pathways of NADPH formation and utilization in rat liver, including the A or B stereospecificities of the dehydrogenases involved. The tritium distribution between fatty acids and cholesterol was calculated with alternate substrates e ither [3T]glucose (which produces initially [4B-T]NADPH in the pentose cycle) or l -[2T]malate (which produces initially [4A-T]NADPH in the malic enzyme reaction). The calculated results are similar to published experimental results ( M. S. Kong and B. R. Landau, 1977 , Arch. Biochem. Biophys.180, 69–74). These results are thus shown to be consistent with a single cytosolic pool of NADPH. However, the calculations neglect possible isotope discrimination effects, and also possible NADH contribution to cholesterol synthesis.
Cowboys & Cave Dwellers: Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand Gulch.

Cowboys & Cave Dwellers: Basketmaker Archaeology in Utah's Grand Gulch. Fred M. Blackburn and Ray A. Williamson. santa fe: school of american research press, 1997 188pp.
Effectiveness of early intervention for children prenatally exposed to cocaine: moderating effects of low birth weight on behavioral outcomes

This study examined the moderating effect of low birth weight on the effectiveness of an early intervention program to improve cognitive, language and behavioral outcomes for children prenatally exposed to cocaine. Participants included 293 primarily minority, low SES children who were enrolled in the intervention during their first year and assessed at 36 months. Main effects for intervention and birth weight in the hypothesized direction were found for cognitive, receptive and expressive language ability, and for problem behaviors. There were also significant interaction effects between intervention and birth weight on problem behaviors and prosocial behavior, such that there was an intervention effect on problem behaviors and prosocial behavior for children with low birth weight, but not for children with normal birth weight. These results suggest that, among prenatally cocaine‐exposed children, those who have low birth weight may benefit more from intervention than those with normal birth weight.
An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance.

Introduction Complicated grief is a prolonged grief disorder with elements of a stress response syndrome. We have previously proposed a biobehavioral model showing the pathway to complicated grief. Avoidance is a component that can be difficult to assess and pivotal to treatment. Therefore we developed an avoidance questionnaire to characterize avoidance among patients with CG.
Red-light-regulated growth: changes in the abundance of indoleacetic acid in the maize (Zea mays L.) mesocotyl

The etiolated maize (Zea mays L.) shoot has served as a model system to study red light (R)-regulated growth. Previous studies have shown that R inhibition of maize mesocotyl elongation involves a change in the auxin economy. Shown here is that R causes an increased tension in the epidermis relative to the inner tissue indicating that the growth of the epidermis is preferentially inhibited by R irradiation. This observation, taken together with previous indirect estimates of auxin within the epidermis, has prompted the hypothesis that R mediates the inhibition of mesocotyl elongation by preferentially decreasing auxin in the epidermis, a tissue which constrains the growth of the organ. We tested this hypothesis using gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring-mass spectrometry analysis of free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in both the apical 1 cm of the mesocotyl and the corresponding epidermis of etiolated and 4-h, R-irradiated seedlings. Red light irradiation caused a 1.4-fold reduction in free IAA within the whole section of the apical mesocotyl. However, within the peeled mesocotyl epidermis, R irradiation caused at least a 1.9-fold reduction in free IAA. To determine if the nearly twofold decrease in epidermal auxin occurring after R is physiologically significant, IAA was differentially applied to opposite sides of shoots. A twofold difference in IAA application rate caused asymmetrical growth. Thus, the twofold R-induced decrease in free IAA level in the epidermis, a difference sufficient to affect growth, and the rapid R-induced change in growth rate in the epidermis are consistent with the hypothesis that R causes growth of the mesocotyl to decrease by preferentially regulating the free IAA level in the mesocotyl epidermis.
Some Relationships Between Audiometry and Cochlear Microphonics in Man

Cochlear microphonic potentials, recorded with round window electrodes, were obtained from six patients in the operating room. The response criterion consisted of the sound pressure level, for whic...
The fate of diphenyl in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. A study of the fate of diphenyl in the rat has been carried out. 2. 2. Five metabolites, including 4-hydroxydiphenyl, 4-phenylcatechol, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl, diphenylmercapturic acid and p-β- d -glucu-ronosidodiphenyl have been isolated from the urines of these animals. 3. 3. The role of sulfur in the metabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons is discussed.
Unemployment induced adaptations: Relationships among economic responses and individual and marital well-being

This study explores the impact of consumption changes, implemented during unemployment, on perceived economic, marital, and emotional functioning of 34 husbands and 34 wives. Questionnaires completed at the onset of unemployment assessed initial level of perceived functioning. Questionnaires completed one year later assessed the level of functioning in three areas and the extent to which seven categories of consumption changes were implemented. Multivariate analyses determined that credit use and income raising are significant predictors of economic satisfaction. Changes in income raising, credit use, planning, and store choice are significant predictors of marital adjustment. None of the changes predict depression.
Effects of intracarotid injection of hypertonic saline on spinal reflex excitability.

DURING the past few years1 we have been able to demonstrate that increasing the extracellular osmotic pressure by subcutaneous injection of hypertonic saline not only induces thirst and drinking in the rat, which has been extensively studied by others2, but also produces an increase in the responsiveness of the animal and a relatively intense facilitation of previously learned thirst-associated simple motor acts3 like running through an enclosed alley. The purpose of the present series of experiments was to measure this facilitatory effect in terms of an electrophysiological change in the final common path involved in the expression of this behaviour.
Community Participation as a Predictor of Recovery-Oriented Outcomes Among Emerging and Mature Adults with Mental Illnesses

Objective: The promotion of recovery and quality of life is a major focus of national and local mental health system transformation efforts. There has been simultane - ous interest in enhancing community participation as a facilitator of recovery. This study examines the community participation experiences of emerging adults and mature adults with serious mental illnesses and the relationship between various types of participation and recovery, quality of life, and meaning of life. Methods : Baseline data from the Consumer-Operated Service Program multisite study were utilized. The sample was recruited from traditional mental health services and con - sisted of 233 emerging adults and 1,594 mature adults. Ten areas of participation were examined: parenting, employment, volunteering, college student, group membership, civic engagement, peer support, friendships, intimate relationships, and engagement in religious/spiritual activities. Results: Emerging and mature adults differed in developmentally appropriate ways. Emerging adults and those who participated more had higher scores on the recovery, quality of life and mean - ing of life measures. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: The higher scores on the dependent variables may be explained by younger adults having greater hope and higher expectations that are typical for those at that stage of life and that living longer with a serious mental illness and being exposed longer to the mental health system may dampen hope. Participation in general, and specific areas of participation, were predictive of recovery-oriented outcomes. These re - sults should inspire future developmentally-oriented research examining factors that facilitate recovery and provide direction to providers about participation areas that may be most beneficial in facilitating recovery.
Genetic analysis of simultaneous geographic atrophy and choroidal neovascularization

To investigate clinical presentation and genotypes in patients with simultaneous geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and to compare with patients with GA or CNV only. Twenty patients with combined CNV–GA and 154 CNV only and 154 GA only were chosen based on clinical exam and imaging. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)—rs2274700 and rs1061170 (complement factor H), rs10490924 and rs11200638 (HTRA1/LOC387715), rs2230199 (C3), rs9332739 (C2)—were genotyped using the SNaPshot method. Chi-squared tests were used for genetic analysis. In patients with CNV–GA, GA progressed slowly and often preceded CNV. CNV presented as subretinal haemorrhage or fluid, with a sudden drop in visual acuity (VA). Comparing combined CNV–GA to GA and CNV only, patients with both had a higher frequency of at-risk alleles at both SNPs within the HTRA1 gene—rs10490924 (52.5%), rs11200638 (52.6%). Statistical significance was not achieved. CNV–GA patients had no protective alleles at SNP rs9332739 (C2), compared with GA (27%) and CNV only (10%). There is a paucity of reports describing simultaneous CNV–GA. Clinical and genetic results may support the fact that GA and CNV fit on an age-related macular degeneration (AMD)-disease continuum and may clarify the disease processes in AMD.
Iteration Principles in Epistemology I: Arguments For

Epistemic iteration principles are principles according to which some or another epistemic operator automatically iterates---e.g., if it is known that P, then it is known that P, or there is evidence that P, then there is evidence that there is evidence that P. This article provides a survey of various arguments for and against epistemic iteration principles, with a focus on arguments relevant to a wide range of such principles.
Association between spirituality and depression in adults with type 2 diabetes.

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to examine the association between spirituality and depression among patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis study included 201 adult participants with diabetes from an indigent clinic of an academic medical center. Participants completed validated surveys on spirituality and depression. The Daily Spiritual Experience (DSE) Scale measured a person’s perception of the transcendent (God, the divine) in daily life. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression scale assessed depression. Linear regression analyses examined the association of spirituality as the predictor with depression as the outcome, adjusted for confounding variables.ResultsGreater spirituality was reported among females, non-Hispanic blacks, those with lower educational levels, and those with lower income. The unadjusted regression model showed greater spirituality was associated with less depression. This association was mildly diminished but still significant in the final adjusted model. Depressio...
Notch1 is an effector of Akt and hypoxia in melanoma development.

Melanomas are highly aggressive neoplasms resistant to most conventional therapies. These tumors result from the interaction of altered intracellular tumor suppressors and oncogenes with the microenvironment in which these changes occur. We previously demonstrated that physiologic skin hypoxia contributes to melanomagenesis in conjunction with Akt activation. Here we show that Notch1 signaling is elevated in human melanoma samples and cell lines and is required for Akt and hypoxia to transform melanocytes in vitro. Notch1 facilitated melanoma development in a xenograft model by maintaining cell proliferation and by protecting cells from stress-induced cell death. Hyperactivated PI3K/Akt signaling led to upregulation of Notch1 through NF-κB activity, while the low oxygen content normally found in skin increased mRNA and protein levels of Notch1 via stabilization of HIF-1α. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Notch1 is a key effector of both Akt and hypoxia in melanoma development and identify the Notch signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target in melanoma treatment.
Model based decoding of spike trains

Reliably decoding neuronal responses requires knowing what aspects of neuronal responses are stimulus related, and which aspects act as noise. Recent work shows that spike trains can be viewed as stochastic samples from the rate variation function, as estimated by the time dependent spike density function (or normalized peristimulus time histogram). Such spike trains are exactly described by order statistics, and can be decoded millisecond-by-millisecond by iterative application of order statistics.
An inter-element phase-detecting retrodirective array for nonuniform wavefronts

A retrodirective array designed to respond to nonuniform wavefronts is presented. The design overcomes the limitations of existing phase-detection-based retrodirective array architectures by measuring the phase difference between adjacent element pairs to increase array resolution. The transmit and receive frequencies are 2.45 and 2.4 GHz, respectively. Measurements demonstrate the ability to retrodirect to both single and multiple interrogators.
Meniscectomy in children: A long-term follow-up study

In order to more accurately document the effects of meniscus removal, 20 children and adolescents with isolated meniscal tears were examined an average of 5.5 years after surgery. All patients with concomitant ligamentous injuries and a history of prior surgery on either knee, and those with bilateral knee pathology or knee pathology outside the meniscus, were excluded. At followup, 60% of the 20 study patients had unsat isfactory results. The clinical results did not correlate with the site of meniscectomy, the type of meniscal tear, the severity of radiographic changes, or whether the patient had total or partial meniscectomy. Evalua tion of lower extremity muscle function revealed a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in hip ab ductor strength in patients with unsatisfactory results. This study indicates that meniscectomy in the child or adolescent is not a benign procedure, and that failure to rehabilitate hip abductor strength to normal levels significantly comprises the clinical end results.
BLACK DRUM X RED DRUM HYBRIDIZATION AND GROWTH

Hybridization, development, juvenile growth in ponds, and morphological characteristics of black drum (Pogonias cromis) female x red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) male hybrids are described. Hormone (HCG) injection was used to induce ovulation in a field collected black drum. Spermatogenesis was induced in a laboratory maintained red drum by temperature and photoperiod manipulation. Hybridization was accomplished by strip-spawning with a fertilization rate of 66%. Hatching began 30 hours post-fertilization at 21–22°C, and mean total length of newly hatched fry was 1.6 mm. Mouthpart development was complete 58 hours post-hatch, at which time larval fish were stocked into a 0.8 hectare fertilized pond. After 34 days, mean total length was 33.1 mm and survival was 16.6%. Approximately 13,000 hybrids were retained, fed commercial salmon feed, and harvested after 197 days. Mean total length at harvest was 189 mm. Mean daily growth rate was 0.81 mm/day while the food conversion efficiency was 1.9. Hybrid pigmentation patterns, number of anal rays, and the number of gill rakers were intermediate between the parent species.
Design and implementation of mixed-mode transducers

In order to design a mixed-mode transducer with high efficiency and broad bandwidth for both longitudinal and shear wave modes, a theory is developed to determine the properties of this transducer with arbitrary acoustic loads at both ends of the piezoelectric element. Several Y-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO/sub 3/) transducers were made on both [110] single-crystal bismuth germanium oxide (Bi/sub 12/GeO/sub 20/) and fused quartz. The piezoelectric plates were attached to indium bonding and later polished to operate in the 100-MHz frequency range. The experimental data of round-trip insertion loss for both longitudinal and shear modes showed an excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. >
Cr3 + -Doped Lanthanum Gallogermanate Phosphors with Long Persistent IR Emission

Lanthanum gallogermanate co-doped with chromium (La 3 Ga 5 GeO 14 :Cr 3+ ,M, where M = Li, Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ , Eu 3+ , Tm 3+ , and Dy 3+ ) samples have been prepared using a solid-state chemical reaction method. The phosphor with Dy 3+ is observed to have a persistent IR emission for more than 8 h, which is recorded using a spectrometer. The wavelength of the major IR emission is in the range from 700 to 1100 nm. The intensity of the phosphorescence and persistent time can be modified by co-doping proper trapping centers.
Analytical dynamic displacement response of rigid pavements to moving concentrated and line loads

This paper presents the formulation of a plate of infinite dimensions (without boundary conditions) on an elastic foundation, subjected to a moving concentrated and line load of constant amplitude and speed, using a triple Fourier transform. The solution is carried out integration by residues. A closed-form solution of displacement field has been obtained for a moving load with subsonic, transonic and supersonic speeds. It is found that the maximum response of the slab occurs beneath the moving load and travels with the load at the same speed. It is also shown that a critical speed exists. If the moving load travels at critical speed, slab displacement becomes infinite in amplitude.
Chapter 7 Economic (Classical) and Antitrust Markets: Official and Scholarly Proposals

In 1950, the United States Congress passed the Celler-Kefauver Act to amend the “merger and acquisition” section of the Clayton Act (Section 7) by adding the language “in any line of commerce in any section of the country” to its prohibition of acquisitions of stock or assets whose effect “may be substantially to lessen competition.” The addition of this language to the Clayton Act in 1950 by the Celler-Kefauver Act led U.S. antitrust courts and antitrust-enforcement agencies to analyze the legality of all business conduct covered by the Clayton Act by defining relevant product and geographic markets (“lines of commerce” and “sections of the country”) and deriving competitive-impact predictions from relevant-market-aggregated data—inter alia, data on firm market shares, traditional seller-side concentration ratios, and (more recently) HHI figures. Indeed, since that time, U.S. courts have virtually always insisted that a relevant market or set of relevant markets be defined not only in Clayton Act cases but also in Sherman Act Section 2 (monopolization and attempt-to-monopolize) cases. European antitrust institutions—the European Court of Justice (ECJ), the Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI), the European Commission (E.C.), and the courts and antitrust-enforcement agencies of most, if not all, of the member states of the E.C. have also all adopted market-oriented approaches to antitrust-law analysis.
Width of Ion and Monopole Tracks in Emulsion

The width of the tracks of ions in emulsion has been calculated from the assumption that a developable image is formed when the energy dosage deposited by delta rays exceeds a threshold value, here found to be 6000 ergs/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ in $G\ensuremath{-}5$ emulsion. The theory agrees with measurements of track width obtained by projecting track images to a magnification of 3000\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} and tracing around their outline, while truncating isolated delta rays at their bases. Agreement is to within a grain diameter to a range of about 4 cm. From the theory we infer that there is no $Z$ intelligence contained in the last 10 \ensuremath{\mu} of track length, and that very poor resolution in $Z$ (above 15) is obtained in thin-down region (last 150 \ensuremath{\mu}). The calculation has been extended to infer the width of the track of a Dirac monopole as a function of its range. The length of track required for discrimination between ions and monopoles depends on the monopole mass. Thus monopoles of mass 5 amu, unit pole strength ($\frac{137e}{2}$), and energy 1500 MeV will have a range of 1000 \ensuremath{\mu} and can be confused in width with ions of charge 20. On the other hand 3-amu unit-strength monopoles of 100-MeV energy will have a range of 100 \ensuremath{\mu} and can be clearly distinguished from any ion. If 1 cm of track is available, any monopole (to mass 50 amu) can be clearly distinguished from all ions by the fact that its track width does not diminish with increasing range, and achieves a value of about 4 \ensuremath{\mu}, in G-5 emulsion.
A Metamathematical Model for A/O Opposition in Scientific Inquiry

The paper looks at the logic of scientific inquiry through the lens of physical chemistry in order to offer an account of the function of counter-examples to generalizations in scientific inquiry. A metamathematical model of emerging truth (MET) offers an image of truthlikeness in terms of model progressiveness, which supports an analysis of warrant strength that is connected with adaptive logic. The MET is exemplified by the history of the Periodic Table and examples from the history of chemistry are included by way of illustration. The discussion supports a rethinking of the relation of counter-examples to generalizations in terms of relative warrant strength challenging the standard view that calls for the rejection of a generalization in light of available counter-evidence.