cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differences in the duration of reserpine action in the rat depending on the measure employed.

Abstract The effects of reserpine were determined on eleven measures of drug action at 2, 26, and 50 hr following an acute injection. All measures were almost equally affected at 2 hr after injection and estimates of ED-50 from the log dose-effect curves ranged from 1·20 to 2·12 mg/kg. There were large differences, however, between the various indices in the time required for recovery from reserpine action. Five separate patterns of recovery would be distinguished. (1) Complete recovery within 26 hr; tremor and conditioned escape. (2) Partial recovery at 26 hr and complete recovery by 50 hr; muscle tone and hunched posture. (3) Little or no recovery at 26 hr but complete recovery by 50 hr; ptosis, exploratory behavior and lever pressing on variable interval schedules. (4) No recovery at 26 hr and only partial recovery by 50 hr; spontaneous locomotor activity and lever pressing on a continuous reinforcement schedule. (5) No recovery at 26 or 50 hr; the conditioned avoidance response. These differences in the duration of reserpine action are discussed with respect to differences in duration of neurochemical effects of the drug on monoamine in the brain.
Electrochemical and spectroscopic characterization of a series of mixed-ligand diruthenium compounds.

The electrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry of a novel series of mixed-ligand diruthenium compounds were examined. The investigated compounds having the formula Ru2(CH3CO2)x(Fap)4−xCl where x ...
Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Of Food Components

Supercritical fluid (SF) technologies are being investigated extensively for applications in food processing. The number of SF-related patents issued testifies to the level of interest. Among the properties of materials at temperatures and pressures above their critical points (supercritical fluids) is density-dependent solvating power. Supercritical CO2 is of particular interest to the food industry because of its low critical temperature (31.3°C) and low toxicity. Many of the components in food matrices react or degrade at elevated temperatures and may be adversely affected by high temperature extractions. Likewise, these components may not be amenable to GC analyses. Our SF research has been in the development of methods employing supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and extraction (SFE) coupled to a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer to investigate food composition. The effects of processing techniques on the isomeric fatty acid content of edible oils and the analysis of lipid oxidation products using SFC/FT-IR with a flow-cell interface are described.
Polyaniline coatings: anionic membrane nature and bipolar structures for anticorrosion

Abstract Electrochemical impedance spectroscope (EIS) results show that polyaniline coatings act as anionic membranes in anticorrosion. Accordingly, polyaniline bipolar coatings, which are the anionic membranes covered by a cationic membrane, act as “electrical barriers” to inhibit anodic reaction and maintain high resistance to ionic flow, thereby, providing excellent corrosion protection.
Induced Reactivity of Intestinal CD4+ T Cells with an Epithelial Cell Lectin, Galectin-4, Contributes to Exacerbation of Intestinal Inflammation

Inflammatory bowel disease is an immune-mediated intestinal inflammatory condition that is associated with an increase in autoantibodies that bind to epithelial cells. However, it is unknown whether the epithelial cell-derived products that are recognized by such autoantibodies are involved in the pathogenic process. Through a combined antigen-screening approach utilizing humoral and cellular immune responses, we identify herein an epithelial lectin, galectin-4, that specifically stimulates IL-6 production by CD4(+) T cells. Interestingly, the reactivity of CD4(+) T cells to galectin-4 is precisely elicited under intestinal inflammatory conditions. The galectin-4-mediated production of IL-6 is MHC class II independent and induced by PKCtheta-associated pathway through the immunological synapse. The galectin-4-mediated stimulation of CD4(+) T cells is shown to exacerbate chronic colitis and delay the recovery from acute intestinal injury. These studies identify the presence of an immunogenic, endogenous lectin in the intestine and dissect the biological role of lectin/CD4(+) T cell interactions under inflammatory conditions.
Effect of Intravenous Tocopherol Injection on Tissue Content and Carcass Fat Stability in Chickens

ABSTRACT VARIOUS investigators have shown that the stability of carcass fats with respect to their resistance to oxidative rancidity is closely related to the tocopherol content of the fat. While the content of fatty acids of varying degrees of unsaturation is also reported to be directly related to the stability of carcass fats, Kummerow et al. (1950), Chu and Kummerow (1950), and Klose et al. (1951), there is general agreement that increasing the tocopherol content of depot fat results in greater resistance to rancidification. Phillips and Williams (1950) found that supplementing the diet of two-month old chickens with 50 mg. of alpha tocopherol acetate daily for 15 days appreciably increased the stability of the skin fat. Similar results for the fat of turkey tissues have been reported by Criddle and Morgan (1947). Mecchi et al. (1956), on the other hand, found that one to five week supplementation of the diet with . . .
Pitting and Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Nanostructured Al-Mg Alloys in Natural and Artificial Environments

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of two developmental nanocrystalline 5083 alloys with varied composition and processing conditions was studied. The results were compared to a commercial aluminum AA 5083 (H111) alloy. The pitting densities, size and depths, and residual tensile strengths were measured after alternate immersion in artificial seawater and atmospheric exposure under different loading conditions. Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX was used to analyze the fracture surfaces of failed specimen after removal at selected intervals and tensile testing. One of the nanostructured Al-Mg alloys exhibited significantly superior pitting resistance when compared to conventional microstructured AA 5083. Under conditions where pitting corrosion showed up as local tunnels toward phase inclusions, transgranular cracking was observed, whereas under conditions when pitting corrosion evolved along grain boundaries, intergranular cracking inside the pit was observed. Pit initiation resistance of the nano alloys appears to be better than that of the conventional alloys. However, long-term pit propagation is a concern and warrants further study. The objective of this investigation was to obtain information regarding the role that ultra-fine microstructures play in their degradation in marine environments and to provide insight into the corrosion mechanisms and damage processes of these alloys.
Wallace on the evolutionary trail

Summary When Alfred Russel Wallace described himself late in life as a "red-hot radical" he was referring to his campaigns as social reformer. However, his most significant scientific contributions were equally radical in their day, none more so than his early embrace of ‘transmutation' (evolution, in modern terms). Wallace's eight years of travels in Southeast Asia (1854–1862) yielded an unprecedented bounty of specimens (with many species new to science) and detailed zoological, geographical, and ethnological observations recorded in a series of notebooks and journals. These provided rich source material for many of the approximately 60 papers and letters that Wallace published from the field in that period, as well as some of Wallace's most important later works, such as The Malay Archipelago [1] and The Geographical Distribution of Animals [2]. Several of Wallace's papers explore topics related to his overriding interest in the ‘species question' — the nature of species and varieties, and the idea of transmutation. Understanding the origin of species and varieties was one of the main motivators for Wallace's travels in South America and Southeast Asia (e.g., Wallace Correspondence Project [3], letters WCP345, WCP346, WCP348). One notebook from this period in particular stands out in articulating his interest far more explicitly than the circumspect language found in most of his published writings.
A wide-band monolithic quasi-optical power meter for millimeter- and submillimeter-wave applications

A novel monolithic power meter has been developed for submillimeter-wave applications (100 GHz to 10 THz). The detector is a large-area bismuth bolometer integrated on a 1.2- mu m-thick dielectric membrane. This approach results in a wide-band, high-responsivity detector. The power meter is simple to fabricate, is inexpensive, and can be easily calibrated using a low-frequency network. Quasi-optical measurements at 90, 140, and 240 GHz show that the bolometer is polarization-independent and could be modeled by a simple transmission line model. Absolute power measurements at 90, 140, and 240 GHz show a +or-5% accuracy and agree well with a calibration Anritsu power meter at 90 GHz. Potential application areas are power calibration, antenna coupling efficiency measurements, and absolute power measurements from solid-state devices and far-infrared lasers at submillimeter wavelengths. Absolute output power measurements on a 220-280 GHz tripler using the quasi-optical power meter are presented as an application example. >
Acquired hemophilia: a rare but life-threatening potential cause of bleeding in the intensive care unit

There are a number of potential etiologies of severe bleeding encountered in the intensive care unit. Although rare, acquired hemophilia is one such etiology that often presents with major bleeding requiring intensive care. Despite the introduction of effective treatments, the reported mortality rate of patients with acquired hemophilia ranges from 6 to 8% and is in part attributable to sequential delays in diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The purpose of this review is to familiarize the intensive care specialist with this underrecognized cause of bleeding, with an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment. As the objective of this article was to provide a concise overview of the diagnosis and management of acquired hemophilia, a directed search of English-language literature was undertaken using the PubMed database, targeting such topics as the differential diagnosis of bleeding in the intensive care unit and the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of acquired hemophilia. Clinical study findings pertaining to the efficacy of specific treatments for acquired hemophilia were summarized. Recognition of acquired hemophilia presents a clinical challenge, given the rarity of this condition, a general lack of familiarity with acquired hemophilia, and the potential for confusion with other more common causes of bleeding in the intensive care unit. Nevertheless, there are sentinel clinical and laboratory findings that should raise suspicion of this diagnosis. The treatment of acquired hemophilia is a multi-step, physiologically focused process aimed at controlling both active and recurrent bleeding. Therefore, prompt diagnosis is central to prognosis. Consultation with a hematologist may facilitate efficient diagnosis and management.
Research note: C-AMTE: A location mechanism for flexible cache management in chip multiprocessors

This paper describes Constrained Associative-Mapping-of-Tracking-Entries (C-AMTE), a scalable mechanism to facilitate flexible and efficient distributed cache management in large-scale chip multiprocessors (CMPs). C-AMTE enables fast locating of cache blocks in CMP cache schemes that employ one-to-one or one-to-many associative mappings. C-AMTE stores in per-core data structures tracking entries to avoid on-chip interconnect traffic outburst or long distance directory lookups. Simulation results using a full system simulator demonstrate that C-AMTE achieves improvement in cache access latency by up to 34.4%, close to that of a perfect location strategy.
Male harassment influences female movements and associations in Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi)

In traditional models for social organization, female movements and association patterns track resource distribution, whereas males track females. More recently, this model has been expanded to include feedback effects of male behavior, especially sexual harassment, on female decisions. In Grevy’s zebra (Equus grevyi), males defend territories containing resources attractive to females, who form unstable groups. Past research has explained female behavior based on resource distribution and needs alone. Lactating females have been found to have restricted movements and fewer male associates than nonlactating females, a pattern we find in our study. This pattern has previously been attributed solely to the higher water needs of lactation. However, in our population, both lactating and nonlactating females are typically close to water. We test the hypothesis that male harassment also influences female ranging and associations with males. This effect is predicted to be greater for lactating females because harassment has higher costs to them. We find that lactating females experience higher harassment rates than those of nonlactating females. Lactating females tend to move faster during harassment periods, whereas nonlactating individuals do not. Lactating females experience lower harassment rates if they spend more time with a particular male, whereas nonlactating females’ harassment rates do not depend on their allocation of time to a primary male. We suggest that females concentrate their time with one male in order to reduce male harassment. Even in species such as Grevy’s zebra without strong male‐female bonds, social interactions may be a significant driver of female distribution. Key words: animal movement, associations, Equids, Grevy’s zebra, sexual harassment, social organization. [Behav Ecol]
Practical layered rateless codes for the gaussian channel: power allocation and implementation

Practical rateless codes for the additive white Gaussian noise channel based on the layer-dither-repeat construction of Erez, et al. [5] are developed and analyzed. We use an iteratively decoded base code for each layer and a maximal-ratio combining receiver, which provides suitable log-likelihood ratios to the decoder. For this construction we derive an algorithm for computing the optimal power allocation among the layers that takes into account the base code gap to capacity. We further derive the initial and limiting gaps to capacity of the rateless code. Finally, we verify the predicted performance characteristics via simulations using a turbo base code.
Vitamin D intake to attain a desired serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration

Background: Indirect evidence suggests that optimal vitamin D status is achieved with a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration 75 nmol/L. Objective: We aimed to determine the intake of vitamin D3 needed to raise serum 25(OH)D to 75 nmol/L. Design: The design was a 6-mo, prospective, randomized, doubleblinded, double-dummy, placebo-controlled study of vitamin D3 supplementation. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by radioimmunoassay. Vitamin D3 intake was adjusted every 2 mo by use of an algorithm based on serum 25(OH)D concentration. Results: A total of 138 subjects entered the study. After 2 dose adjustments, almost all active subjects attained concentrations of 25(OH)D 75 nmol/L, and no subjects exceeded 220 nmol/L. The mean (SD) slope at 9 wk [defined as 25(OH)D change/baseline dose] was 0.66 0.35 (nmol/L)/(g/d) and did not differ statistically between blacks and whites. The mean daily dose was 86 g (3440 IU). The use of computer simulations to obtain the most participantswithintherangeof75–220nmol/Lpredictedanoptimal daily dose of 115 g/d (4600 IU). No hypercalcemia or hypercalciuria was observed. Conclusions: Determination of the intake required to attain serum 25(OH)D concentrations 75 nmol/L must consider the wide variability in the dose-response curve and basal 25(OH)D concentrations. Projection of the dose-response curves observed in this conveniencesampleontothepopulationofthethirdNationalHealthand NutritionExaminationSurveysuggestsadoseof95g/d(3800IU) forthoseabovea25(OH)Dthresholdof55nmol/Landadoseof125
Reminiscence and life review: analysing each concept

Gerontological nurses are currently using life review and reminiscence with clients. The terms are used interchangeably in practice and in the literature as though both were the same modality. Much confusion has resulted from lack of definitions of the modalities. Therefore, potentially effective nursing interventions are neither clearly understood nor correctly operationalized. This paper presents an analysis of each modality in an effort to clarify differences and further elucidate the current usage of them as concepts in nursing practice.
Managerial accounting applications in radiology

We review the core issues in managerial accounting for radiologists. We introduce the topic and then explore its application to diagnostic imaging. We define key terms such as fixed cost, variable cost, marginal cost, and marginal revenue and discuss their role in understanding the operational and financial implications for a radiology facility by using a cost-volume-profit model. Our work places particular emphasis on the role of managerial accounting in understanding service costs, as well as how it assists executive decision making.
Information effects on consumer attitudes toward three food technologies: Organic production, biotechnology, and irradiation

It is important to understand how information supplied to consumers affects their attitudes about food technologies because these attitudes can impact market behavior. As technologies are actively promoted and cross-promoted, the relation between one’s knowledge of, and attitude toward, a technology may well depend on the source of one’s information. We examine the relation between knowledge and attitudes toward food technologies and find that greater self-rated knowledge of each technology is associated with positive attitudes about that technology. We also find strong negative cross-informational effects; increased knowledge of one technology leads to more negative attitudes of other technologies. This effect may be due to negative information being provided by opponents of specific technologies.
Misremembrance of Options Past: Source Monitoring and Choice

This study reveals that when remembering past decisions, people engage in choice-supportive memory distortion. When asked to make memory attributions of options' features, participants made source-monitoring errors that supported their decisions. They tended to attribute, both correctly and incorrectly, more positive features to the option they had selected than to its competitor. In addition, they sometimes attributed, both correctly and incorrectly, more negative features to the nonselected option. This pattern of distortion may be beneficial to people's general well-being, reducing regret for options not taken. At the same time, it is problematic for memory accuracy, for accountability, and for learning from past experience.
Increasing Homework Completion by Incorporating Student Interests

Incorporating topics of student interest into nonpreferred academic activities is a strategy that has been used successfully to increase engagement and decrease problematic behavior. In the current...
Alternative Neural Crest Cell Fates Are Instructively Promoted by TGFβ Superfamily Members

How growth factors influence the fate of multipotent progenitor cells is not well understood. Most hematopoietic growth factors act selectively as survival factors, rather than instructively as lineage determination signals. In the neural crest, neuregulin instructively promotes gliogenesis, but how alternative fates are determined is unclear. We demonstrate that bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) induces the basic–helix-loop-helix protein MASH1 and neurogenesis in neural crest stem cells. In vivo, MASH1^+ cells are located near sites of BMP2 mRNA expression. Some smooth muscle differentiation is also observed in BMP2. A related factor, transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), exclusively promotes smooth muscle differentiation. Like neuregulin, BMP2 and TGFβ1 act instructively rather than selectively. The neural crest and hematopoietic systems may therefore utilize growth factors in different ways to generate cellular diversity.
Use of Multiple Chemical Tracers to Define Habitat Use of Indo-Pacific Mangrove Crab, Scylla Serrata (Decapoda: Portunidae)

The mangrove or mud crab, Scylla serrata, is an important component of mangrove fisheries throughout the Indo-Pacific. Understanding crab diets and habitat use should assist in managing these fisheries and could provide additional justification for conservation of the mangrove ecosystem itself. We used multiple chemical tracers to test whether crab movements were restricted to local mangrove forests, or extended to include adjacent seagrass beds and reef flats. We sampled three mangrove forests on the island of Kosrae in the Federated States of Micronesia at Lelu Harbor, Okat River, and Utwe tidal channel. Samples of S. serrata and likely food sources were analyzed for stable carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulfur (δ34S) isotopes. Scylla serrata tissues also were analyzed for phosphorus (P), cations (K, Ca, Mg, Na), and trace elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, and B). Discriminant analysis indicated that at least 87% of the crabs remain in each site as distinct populations. Crab stable isotope values indicated potential differences in habitat use within estuaries. Values for δ13C and δ34S in crabs from Okat and Utwe were low and similar to values expected from animals feeding within mangrove forests, e.g., feeding on infauna that had average δ13C values near −26.5‰. In contrast, crabs from Lelu had higher δ13C and δ34S values, with average values of −21.8 and 7.8‰, respectively. These higher isotope values are consistent with increased crab foraging on reef flats and seagrasses. Given that S. serrata have been observed feeding on adjacent reef and seagrass environments on Kosrae, it is likely that they move in and out of the mangroves for feeding. Isotope mixing model results support these conclusions, with the greatest mangrove ecosystem contribution to S. serrata diet occurring in the largest mangrove forests. Conserving larger island mangrove forests (> 1 km deep) appears to support crab foraging activities.
From meiwaku to tokushita!: lessons for digital money design from japan

Based on ethnographically-inspired research in Japan, we report on people's experiences using digital money payment systems that use Sony's FeliCa near-field communication smartcard technology. As an example of ubiquitous computing in the here and now, the adoption of digital money is found to be messy and contingent, shot through with cultural and social factors that do not hinder this adoption but rather constitute its specific character. Adoption is strongly tied to Japanese conceptions of the aesthetic and moral virtue of smooth flow and avoidance of commotion, as well as the excitement at winning something for nothing. Implications for design of mobile payment systems stress the need to produce open-ended platforms that can serve as the vehicle for multiple meanings and experiences without foreclosing such possibilities in the name of efficiency.
The Influence of Labels, Non-Labeling Sounds, and Source of Auditory Input on 9- and 15-Month-Olds' Object Categorization

This experiment examines the joint influence of auditory and social cues on infants' basic-level and global categorization. Nine- and fifteen-month-olds were familiarized to a series of category exemplars in an object-examining task. Objects were introduced with a labeling phrase, a non-labeling sound, or no sound, and auditory input was presented orally by the experimenter or played on a hidden voice recorder. Novel objects from the familiarized category and a contrasting category were then presented. Results of analyses performed on novelty preference scores indicated that infants demonstrated basic-level categorization in all conditions. However, infants at both age levels only demonstrated global categorization when labeling phrases were introduced. In addition, labels led to global categorization in 9-month-olds regardless of the source of those labels; however, labels only led to global categorization in 15-month-olds when the labels were presented orally by the experimenter.
Functionally important structural elements of U12 snRNA

U12 snRNA is analogous to U2 snRNA of the U2-dependent spliceosome and is essential for the splicing of U12-dependent introns in metazoan cells. The essential region of U12 snRNA, which base pairs to the branch site of minor class introns is well characterized. However, other regions which are outside of the branch site base pairing region are not yet characterized and the requirement of these structures in U12-dependent splicing is not clear. U12 snRNA is predicted to form an intricate secondary structure containing several stem-loops and single-stranded regions. Using a previously characterized branch site genetic suppression assay, we generated second-site mutations in the suppressor U12 snRNA to investigate the in vivo requirement of structural elements in U12-dependent splicing. Our results show that stem-loop IIa is essential and required for in vivo splicing. Interestingly, an evolutionarily conserved stem-loop IIb is dispensable for splicing. We also show that stem-loop III, which binds to a p65 RNA binding protein of the U11-U12 di.snRNP complex, is essential for in vivo splicing. The data validate the existence of proposed stem-loops of U12 snRNA and provide experimental support for individual secondary structures.
Semilunar coronally repositioned flap

A semilunar coronally positioned flap is described. The technique involves a semilunar incision made parallel to the free gingival margin of the facial tissue, and coronally positioning this tissue over the denuded root. This technique has the advantage over other coronally positioned flaps, in that no sutures are required, there is no tension on the flap, there is no shortening of the vestibule, and the existing papillae are not interfered with.
Imaging of Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma

While bladder and kidney cancer are the 6th and 9th most common malignancies, transitional cell carcinoma of the pelvis and ureters is much less common. It accounts for only 2–6 % of all transitional cell carcinomas, the majority of which occur in the bladder, and accounts for only 10 % of all renal tumors [1]. Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (UTTCC) is three times more common in men than in women and the incidence increases with age with the highest prevalence in the fifth to seventh decades of life [1]. Patients with UTTCC have a variable and nonspecific presentation, hematuria being the most common presenting symptom. Unfortunately, hematuria may also be secondary to more common etiologies including renal calculi, urinary tract infection, genital infection and benign prostatic hypertrophy. In some cases, patients with UTTCC may also present with symptoms of urinary obstruction or may present with symptoms of metastatic disease. While UTTCC can be diagnosed with retrograde uretopyelography or ureteroscopy, both of these exams are invasive and require general anesthesia. Noninvasive imaging, therefore, plays a major role in the diagnosis, work up and follow up of UTTCC. Historically, intravenous pyelography was the imaging gold standard for the detection of UTTCC. However, with advancements in imaging technology, this has fallen out of favor. Today, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) urography are the mainstays of evaluating patients for UTTCC. This chapter will review the current radiologic imaging modalities and techniques used to evaluate for UTTCC and will explore the strengths and weakness of each. Understanding the utility and limitations of the different imaging techniques is important and should lead to improved patient care and outcomes with earlier diagnosis.
Racial Appearance And Income In Contemporary Mexico

In Mexico, income and European appearance are strongly positively correlated. Racist attitudes, overt preference for the European appearance and high unemployment combine to maintain this racial economic hierarchy. Free market policies could help to reduce the racial economic inequality. These policies, however, go against the economic interests of the wealthy white oligarchy and against the prevailing political ideology of the dark skinned lower classes. Thus, the current racial economic inequality, with its negative economic consequences, is likely to continue.
Finite Elements and Dynamic Viscoelasticity

A finite element displacement formulation is presented for the direct determination of the dynamic response of structural systems composed of linear viscoelastic materials. The material is characterized by an exponential expansion of the relaxation modulus, but the calculations are arranged so as to avoid the explicit performance of convolution integrals. Illustrative examples are given to indicate the range of applicability of the method. Also, it is shown how the implementation of the general methodology for linearly viscoelastic materials can be readily extended to include a broader class of thermo-visco-plastic materials.
Relationships of physical activity and sedentary time in obese parent-child dyads: a cross-sectional study

Research suggests physical activity is linked to obesity. Further, the physical activity of healthy parents and their children is associated with each other. However, this relationship has not been examined in obese parents and their obese children. The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity and sedentary time of obese, low-income, ethnic minority parents and their children on weekdays and weekend days using accelerometry. Data were obtained from eight rural sites in the middle and eastern part of North Carolina (N.C.), United States (U.S.) from 2007-2010 using a rolling enrollment. One hundred and ninety-nine obese parents (94 % female) and their obese children (54 % female) wore accelerometers simultaneously for three weekdays and one weekend day. Total physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sedentary time and proportions were determined. Parents’ and children’s total physical activity and MVPA levels were lower on weekend days than weekdays. Total counts per minute for children on weekdays and weekend days were greater than for parents (p 0.13). Since physical activity levels of obese parents and their obese child are somewhat related, especially on weekend days, combined parent-child obesity programs focused on reducing sedentary time could be beneficial, particularly for the child. In conclusion, this study of the physical activity levels of obese parents and their obese children found some relationships between the parents’ and children’s physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns, especially on weekend days. NCT01378806 .
New Information on Ranges and Relationships within the Rodent Genus Phyllotis in Peru and Ecuador

The karyotypes of Phyllotis amicus, darwini, gerbillus, haggardi, magister, definitus, andium , and osilae range from 70 acrocentric chromosomes in osilae to 38 metacentrics in darwini, gerbillus , and haggardi. Phyllotis pictus and sublimis both have 28 chromosomes and are clearly unrelated to the others. The sex chromosome mechanism is variable. Range extensions are reported for amicus, gerbillus, magister, definitus , and andium .
C vs N: which end of the cyanide anion is a better hydrogen bond acceptor?

The ability of the C and N ends of the cyanide anion (CN–) as acceptors of hydrogen bonds, an experimentally difficult problem, has been computationally examined in this study. Structures obtained in our previous work involving cyanide binding within the cavity of a triazolophane macrocycle (Chem.—Eur. J. 2011, 17, 9123–9129) were used to analyze the problem. Three different approaches involving (a) breakdown of the triazolophane into smaller components, (b) population analyses, and (c) ion–dipole analyses helped demonstrate that the N terminus of cyanide is a slightly better hydrogen bond acceptor than the C terminus even though it is not the site of protonation or covalent bond formation. This outcome reflects a competition between the preference for noncovalent interactions at the nitrogen and covalent bond formation at the carbon.
A tale of two ends.

P53 is one of the most potent tumor suppressors in humans; almost 50% of tumors harbor inactivating or gain of function mutations and the remainder often employ non-genetic means to disarm this cri...
Tuberculosis control program in Huangyuan county( 2001-2010) implementation effect evaluation

Objective To analyze and evaluate the mission accomplish situation of tuberculosis prevention and control 10 years planning( 2001-2010) in Huangyuan county,to summarize the experience and result of tuberculosis control program implementation,put forward suggestions for sustainable development on tuberculosis prevention and control work. Methods By using the survey form from final evaluation implementation of the National TB prevention and control program( 2001-2010 years),and tuberculosis management information system to collect patients found,registration,treatment management and other related data,put into the Epi Data3. 1software,using Excel to do statistical data analysis. Results DOTS coverage rate was 100% during the 10 years planning and execution,invested tuberculosis prevention and control special funds of 702000 Yuan,a total of 818 cases of tuberculosis registration,of which 507 cases were new smear positive; Free treatment of 750 cases active pulmonary tuberculosis,507 cases were new smear positive,455 cases were cured,cure rate was 89. 74%. Conclusions Tuberculosis 10 years plan achieved the index of high detection rate and high cure rate,tuberculosis prevention and control effect is significant.
Becoming Tamed. The Meaning of “Becoming Civilized” among the Waorani of Amazonian Ecuador

In this paper I aim to discuss the way in which the Waorani, an indigenous group of the Ecuadorian Amazon, understand the process of becoming “civilized” since their first encounters with outsiders (cowori). Having passed from a situation of aggressive relations with the cowori to one of sustained and peaceful contact with missionaries, state agents and, today, oil companies, I argue that, in Waorani’s own terms, becoming civilized means becoming “tamed”. Similar to how they think of the process through which wild animals become pets in a Waorani longhouse, they pursue the establishment of what they understand as a benefiting relation of “adoptive filiation” with “powerful others” which implies a shift away from the perspective of a “predator”, even if – as it is argued – due to the very nature of Waorani personhood such shifts might be reversible in specific relational contexts. The paper also aims to contribute to the understanding of the role played by food and goods in the “civilization process” in Amazonia. Namely, I argue that if a generalized Amazonian “consumerism” exists, it should be related to the social relations that are built through it, and to the way in which the articulation with outsiders – namely, predation/appropriation or exchange –are established in pre-contact situations and are actualized in situations of contact. 72 Colleoni: Becoming Tamed. The Meaning of “Becoming Civilized” Published by Digital Commons @ Trinity, 2016 Understanding Situations of Contact in Amazonia The way in which Amazonian natives have responded to situations of contact, the rapid transformations of their bodily appearances, the spiraling “consumerism” of foreigner goods (see i.e. Hugh-Jones for the Barasana [1992], Chagnon for the Yanomami [1977], Bassi for the Kalapalo [1973], Fisher with the Kayapo [2002] among others) and their inclination to abruptly extend the sphere of their social relations towards the ones who were traditionally considered enemies or even non-humans (see i.e. Vilaca for the Wari [1999 and 2002] and Taylor for the Achuar [1996]), are fascinating and widely debated issues in anthropological literature on cultural change and situations of contact in Amazo-
Exploration of Whole Atmosphere Lidar: Mach-zehnder Receiver to Extend Fe Doppler Lidar Wind Measurements from the Thermosphere to the Ground

A receiver employing a field-widened Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) is investigated for extending the wind measurement range of a narrowband Fe Doppler (372 nm) lidar from its existing measurement range in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) down to the ground. This design uses the multiple transmitted frequencies available from the base Fe Doppler lidar in combination with an MZI receiver to make a measurement of the Doppler shift from Rayleigh-Mie scattering that is independent of aerosol backscatter ratio, temperature and pressure of the lidar volume and also independent of geometric overlap, the chopper function and any other factor affecting the signal in both MZI channels equally. A ratio is constructed from the three frequencies and two channels of the interferometer that exhibits a measurement performance of 1.75 times the Cramer-Rao lower bound, which is comparable to the dual MZI (DMZ) while preserving the insensitivity to backscatter spectrum of the quad MZI (QMZ). Using actual data obtained recently from the Fe Doppler lidar, we show the expected measurement performance of this whole atmosphere lidar instrument concept.
Derivation and Validation of a Search Algorithm to Retrospectively Identify CRRT Initiation in the ECMO Patients.

Background: The role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in refractory cardiorespiratory failure is gaining momentum with recent advancements in technology. However, the need for dialysis modes such as continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) has also increased in the management for acute kidney injury. Establishing the exact timing of CRRT initiation in these patients from the electronic medical record is vital for automated data extraction for research and quality improvement efforts. Objectives: We aimed to derive and validate an automated Electronic Health Records (EHR) search strategy for CRRT initiation in patients receiving ECMO. Methods: We screened 488 patients who received ECMO and a total of 213 patients underwent CRRT. We evaluated random 120 patients, 60 for derivation and 60 for validation cohorts. Following implementation of eligibility criteria, the algorithm was derived in 55 out of 120 ECMO/CRRT patients. The search algorithm was developed using first-time chart entry of ‘access pressure drop’ at CRRT initiation. The algorithm was then validated in an independent subset of 52 patients from the same time period. The overall agreement between electronic search algorithm and a comprehensive manual medical record review in the derivation and validation subsets, using ‘access pressure drop’ as the reference standard, was compared to assess CRRT initiation time. Results: In the derivation subset (N=55), the automated electronic search strategy achieved an excellent agreement with manual search (κ =0.99, 54 were identified electronically, and 55 upon manual review). There was no time difference observed in 49/54(89%) patients, while in the remaining 5 (9%) patients time difference was within 15 minutes. In the validation cohort (N=52), agreement was 100 % (κ = 1.0, both methods identified 52 patients). Out of 52 patients, 47 (90%) had no time difference between the methods, for the remaining 5 (10%) patients, differences were within 15 minutes. Conclusions: The use of an electronic search strategy resulted in determining an accurate CRRT initiation time among ECMO patients.
High-Throughput Minigenome System for Identifying Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Ebola Virus Replication

Ebola virus (EBOV), a member of the family Filoviridae, is a nonsegmented negative-sense RNA virus that causes severe, often lethal, disease in humans. EBOV RNA synthesis is carried out by a complex that includes several viral proteins. The function of this machinery is essential for viral gene expression and viral replication and is therefore a potential target for antivirals. We developed and optimized a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay based on an EBOV minigenome assay, which assesses the function of the polymerase complex. The assay is robust in 384-well format and displays a large signal to background ratio and high Z-factor values. We performed a pilot screen of 2080 bioactive compounds, identifying 31 hits (1.5% of the library) with >70% inhibition of EBOV minigenome activity. We further identified eight compounds with 50% inhibitory concentrations below their 50% cytotoxic concentrations, five of which had selectivity index (SI) values >10, suggesting specificity against the EBOV polymerase complex. These included an inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, a target known to modulate the EBOV replication complex. They also included novel classes of inhibitors, including inhibitors of protein synthesis and hypoxia inducible factor-1. Five compounds were tested for their ability to inhibit replication of a recombinant EBOV that expresses GFP (EBOV-GFP), and four inhibited EBOV-GFP growth at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. These data demonstrate the utility of the HTS minigenome assay for drug discovery and suggest potential directions for antifiloviral drug development.
Injuries observed in a prospective transition from traditional to minimalist footwear: correlation of high impact transient forces and lower injury severity

ABSTRACTObjectives: Minimalist running is increasing in popularity based upon a concept that it can reduce impact forces and decrease injury rates. The purpose of this investigation is to identify the rate and severity of injuries in runners transitioning from traditional to minimalist footwear. The secondary aims were to identify factors correlated with injuries.Methods: Fourteen habitually shod (traditional running shoes) participants were enrolled for this prospective study investigating injury prevalence during transition from traditional running shoes to 5-toed minimalist shoes. Participants were uninjured, aged between 22-41 years, and ran at least twenty kilometers per week in traditional running shoes. Participants were given industry recommended guidelines for transition to minimalist footwear and fit with a 5-toed minimalist running shoe. They completed weekly logs for identification of injury, pain using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), injury location, and severity. Foot strike pattern and impact ...
Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment of softwood: Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysability at low peroxide loadings

Abstract This study investigated the specific effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), alkali and temperature on substrate hydrolysability during alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment of Douglas fir. We demonstrated that the presence of a small amount of hydrogen peroxide is essential for effective pretreatment of Douglas fir by alkali. However contradictory to previous finding from others, we found that increasing H2O2 did not directly correlate to enhanced substrate hydrolysability, whereas the alkali charge played a more dominant role. The paper illustrated a strategy to apply AHP for softwood pretreatment with low peroxide loadings and achieve high cellulose-to-glucose yield (up to 95%). It was also found that glucomannan gelation (physicochemical change) occurred during AHP pretreatment of softwood which presents a newly identified recalcitrance factor to substrate hydrolysability. The resulting glucomannan derived hydrogel-like material has a high affinity toward cellulases and can cause a non-productive binding effect.
Cross-Sector Collaborations And Partnerships: Essential Ingredients To Help Shape Health And Well-Being

Cross-sector collaborations and partnerships are an essential component of the strategy to improve health and well-being in the United States. While their importance is unquestioned, their impact on population health has not yet been fully observed. Cross-sector collaboration also is the second Action Area of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s four-part Action Framework to build a Culture of Health in the United States. This Action Area has three constituent parts or drivers: the number, breadth, and quality of successful cross-sector partnerships; the adequacy of investment in these partnerships; and the adoption of policies needed to support them. In this article we analyze outstanding examples of partnership-driven work. We also study the challenges of how partner sectors outside the formal health system, such as organizations working in the education or housing sectors, can effectively lead collaborations. We identify models of leadership that maximize the potential of all participants. We also prop...
Infection-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy

The great majority of cases with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) are caused by infections. Over 90% of cases of HUS are caused by infection with various strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli bacteria. Invasive infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae account for approximately 40% of Shiga toxin-negative cases. Other infectious agents, including HIV, influenza virus, and several other viral and bacterial pathogens, have also been reported in association with HUS. Infectious causes were among the first recognized etiologies of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), which are the main focus of this chapter.
Systematic review of AAC intervention research for adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder

Much of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) research for individuals with autism spectrum disorder has focused on young children. Given that the lives, communication, strengths, and needs of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder are quite different from those of young children, the purpose of the current study was to consolidate current AAC intervention research findings specific to these individuals. A systematic review was conducted to identify and evaluate relevant research. Results indicate that AAC intervention benefits adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. However, more research is urgently needed. Future research focused on supporting communicative functions other than requesting (e.g., social closeness, information transfer) while participating in contexts important to the lives of adolescents and adults may be particularly valuable.