cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problem Reporting Taxonomy and Data Preparation Tool Evaluation

A member of the NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) Systems Engineering Office (SEO) Technical Discipline Team (TDT) requested a SEO-managed activity to perform a gap analysis on the proposed NASA Standard 0006, "Common NASA Taxonomy for Problem Reporting, Analysis, and Resolution", and to create an input filter and set of instructions for using the data-mining/data-cleansing tool TechOasis1 with Space Shuttle Program (SSP) problem reporting data. The work that achieved these objectives and deployment of TechOasis are discussed in this report.
A Catalog of Algorithmic Problems

This is a catalog of algorithmic problems that arise commonly in practice.It describes what is known about them and gives suggestions about how best to proceed if the problem arises in your application.
Cables Enhances Cdk2 Tyrosine 15 Phosphorylation by Wee1, Inhibits Cell Growth, and Is Lost in Many Human Colon and Squamous Cancers

Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (cdk2) is a small serine/threonine kinase that regulates cell cycle progression. Cdk2 activity is tightly controlled by several mechanisms, including phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. Cables is a recently described novel cdk-interacting protein. In proliferating cells, Cables was predominantly localized in the nucleus by cell fractionation and immunostaining. Expression of Cables in HeLa cells inhibited cell growth and colony formation. Cables enhanced cdk2 tyrosine 15 phosphorylation by the Wee1 protein kinase, an inhibitory phosphorylation, which led to decreased cdk2 kinase activity. The gene encoding Cables is located on human chromosome 18q11-12, a site that is frequently lost in squamous, colon, and pancreas cancers. We found that Cables was strongly expressed in normal human epithelial cells including squamous and glandular mucosa. Breast and pancreatic cancers show strong Cables expression; however, loss of Cables expression was found in approximately 50–60% of primary colon and head and neck cancer specimens. Lack of Cables expression was associated with loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 18q11. The data provide evidence for a Cables-mediated interplay between cdk2 and Wee1 that leads to inhibition of cell growth. Conversely, loss of Cables may cause uncontrolled cell growth and enhance tumor formation.
"X"-Rated Chromosomal Rendezvous

Female mammals inactivate one of their two X chromosomes to ensure a dosage of genes equal to that of males who contain a single X. A brief union between the pair of X chromosomes may initiate this inactivation process.
To Report Clinical Heterogeneity of Facio-scapulo-humeral Muscular Dystrophy in Which Two Patients Presented with Recurrent Facial Palsy (P5.088)

Objective: To report clinical heterogeneity of Facio-scapulo-humeral muscular dystrophy in which two patients presented with recurrent facial palsy Background: FSHD is caused by a contraction mutation of D4Z4 macrosatellite repeats at the 4q35 locus in 95% of patients. Previous studies have shown that this deletion is found in patients with other phenotypes in addition to those with the classic Landouzy-Dejerine FSHD phenotype. It is not unusual for FSHD to present as isolated facial weakness that invariably progress to scapulo-humeral weakness 10 . However, recurrent facial palsy with limb-girdle involvement has never been reported to our best of knowledge. Design/Method: We report a case of 62 year-old man who presented with five episodes of recurrent facial palsy with subsequent worsening of limb-girdle weakness at the age of 54 years. Interestingly, there was no family history of neuromuscular disease or muscular dystrophy. Second patient is an 82-year old woman who presented with 3 episodes of recurrent right facial palsy; last one was persistent, followed by limb-girdle atrophy. Results: Both of these patients were found to have genetically proven FSHD with 4q35 deletion. Case 1 had restriction fragment of FSHD allele 1, size of 29 kb (Normal>40kb) and allele 2 was normal (>48 kb). Genetic testing of case 2 showed deletion in chromosome 4 with a restriction fragment of allele 2 (deletion of 28-kb with normal>40kb) and allele 1 was normal(>40kb). Conclusion: Recurrent facial palsy in FSHD has not been reported yet. Recurrent facial palsy in our patients in the setting of FSHD genotype highlights the expanding clinical heterogeneity of this disease. Given the case histories of our patients, we propose that FSHD can be considered as one of the likely causes of recurrent facial palsy and genetic work up can be done for these patients to confirm the diagnosis of FSHD.Study Supported by: None Disclosure: Dr. Usman has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hameed has nothing to disclose. Dr. Salameh has nothing to disclose.
Designing of metallic photonic structures and applications

In this thesis our main interest has been to investigate metallic photonic crystal and its applications. We explained how to solve a periodic photonic structure with transfer matrix method and when and how to use modal expansion method. Two different coating methods were introduced, modifying a photonic structure's intrinsic optical properties and rigorous calculation results are presented. Two applications of metallic photonic structures are introduced. For thermal emitter, we showed how to design and find optimal structure. For conversion efficiency increasing filter, we calculated its efficiency and the way to design it. We presented the relation between emitting light spectrum and absorption and showed the material and structural dependency of the absorption spectrum. By choosing a proper base material and structural parameters, we can design a selective emitter at a certain region we are interested in. We have developed a theoretical model to analyze a blackbody filament enclosed by a metallic mesh which can increase the efficiency of converting a blackbody radiation to visible light. With this model we found that a square lattice metallic mesh enclosing a filament might increase the efficiency of incandescent lighting sources. Filling fraction and thickness dependency were examined and presented. Combining these two parameters is essential to achieve the maximum output result.
When did Information First Appear in the Universe

Most scientists would assume that information has been playing a role right from the beginning—the Big Bang. As the Universe evolved, after the gradual condensation of atoms and molecules and the formation of planetary systems, “islands” of increasing complexity and organization appeared, containing discrete aggregates of condensed matter with well-defined boundaries and increasingly complex interactions with each other and their environment. Viewed this way, it indeed seems that the process of cosmic evolution itself is continuously generating information [Chaisson, 2001].
Multivariate Matching Methods

In the absence of random assignment to treatment or control, multivariate matching often permits the comparison of treated and control subjects who appeared similar before treatment in terms of a vector X of observed covariates. Matching selects and divides treated and control subjects to produce disjoint matched pairs containing one treated and one control subject, disjoint matched sets with multiple controls containing one treated subject and one or more controls, or some more flexible structure. Tools for multivariate matching are reviewed, including (i) the propensity score, (ii) fine balance constraints, (iii) optimal or minimum distance matching, (iv) full matching, (v) use of network optimization algorithms, (vi) limited covariate overlap, (vii) matching to strengthen an instrumental variable, and (viii) available software packages in R. Keywords: fine balance; full matching; instrumental variable; Mahalanobis distance; observational study; propensity score
Truncated soluble Nogo receptor binds Nogo-66 and blocks inhibition of axon growth by myelin

CNS myelin contains axon outgrowth inhibitors, such as Nogo, that restrict regenerative growth after injury. An understanding of the mechanism of Nogo signaling through its receptor (NgR) is critical to developing strategies for overcoming Nogo-mediated inhibition. Here we analyze the function of NgR domains in outgrowth inhibition. Analysis of alkaline phosphatase (AP)-Nogo binding in COS-7 cells reveals that the leucine-rich repeat domain is necessary and sufficient for Nogo binding and NgR multimerization. Viral infection of embryonic day 7 chick retinal ganglion cells with mutated NgR demonstrates that the NgR C-terminal domain is required for inhibitory signaling but not ligand binding. The NgR glycosylphosphatidylinositol domain is not essential for inhibitory signaling but may facilitate Nogo responses. From this analysis, we have developed a soluble, truncated version of the Nogo receptor that antagonizes outgrowth inhibition on both myelin and Nogo substrates. These data suggest that NgR mediates a significant fraction of myelin inhibition of axon outgrowth.
Elastomeric Actuators on Airfoils for Aerodynamic Control of Lift and Drag

This paper investigates and characterizes the aerodynamic performance of a unique platform of airfoils with inflatable, elastomeric actuators. By controlling the actuators integrated in 3D-printed airfoils, it is possible to manipulate aerodynamic lift and drag. The pseudo flap can increase lift by a factor of 20–300%. The top-front inflated design increases lift and stalling angle at high angles of attack (>12°). Comparisons between numerical simulations and experiments verify the efficacy of the outlined approach. This work is the first to describe the dynamic fluid–soft material interactions for both lift and drag of inflatable actuators embedded in stiff structures.
Modulation of short latency cutaneous excitation in flexor and extensor motoneurons during fictive locomotion in the cat.

We examined modulation of transmission in short-latency, distal hindlimb cutaneous reflex pathways during fictive locomotion in 19 decerebrate cats. Fictive stepping was produced either by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) or by administration of Nialamide and 1-DOPA to acutely spinalized animals. Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) produced by electrical stimulation of low threshold afferents (< 2.5 times threshold) in the superficial peroneal (SP), sural, saphenous or medial plantar nerves were recorded intracellularly from various extensor (n = 28) and flexor (n = 24) motoneurons and averaged throughout the step cycle, together with voltage responses to intrasomatic constant current pulses (in order to monitor relative cell input resistance). Each motoneuron studied displayed rhythmic background oscillations in membrane potential and correlated variations in input resistance. The average input resistance of extensor motoneurons was lowest during mid-flexion, when the cells were relatively hyperpolarized and silent. Conversely, average input resistance of flexor motoneurons was highest during mid-flexion, when they were depolarized and active. The amplitude of the minimum-latency excitatory components of PSPs produced by cutaneous nerve stimulation were measured from computer averaged records representing six subdivisions of the fictive step cycle. Oligosynaptic EPSP components were consistently modulated only in the superficial peroneal responses in flexor motoneurons, which exhibited enhanced amplitude during the flexion phase. With the other skin nerves tested (sural, saphenous, and plantar), no consistent patterns of modulation were observed during fictive locomotion. We conclude that transmission through some, but not all, oligosynaptic excitatory cutaneous pathways is enhanced by premotoneuronal mechanisms during the flexion phase of fictive stepping in several cat hindlimb motor nuclei. The present results suggest that the patterns of interaction between the locomotor central pattern generator and excitatory cutaneous reflex pathways depend on the source of afferent input and on the identity of the target motoneuron population.
Leadership in the Context of Corporate Entrepreneurship

Established companies rely on innovation to maintain their competitiveness in the rapidly changing economic environment. These companies must perpetually develop new products and services, and create new businesses and new business models. To do so, entrepreneurial leaders within established companies need to understand and align their projects with the corporate vision and business goals. The entrepreneurial leaders must also lead by influence to obtain necessary resources to fulfill these goals. Creating an environment that encourages innovation and engenders trust is necessary for the success of entrepreneurial leaders. Skills relating to perspective taking and influence as well as the need for agility are also crucial.
Botox Injections for Lower Facial Rejuvenation

Abstract Botox is an excellent adjunct for rejuvenation of the lower face. It should be considered in addition to surgery, resurfacing, skin care, and filler materials to improve the appearance of the lower face. Excellent control and familiarity with the toxin is essential before injecting these rewarding although technically more demanding areas of the face. In the perioral area, a few stray units in the wrong muscle or wrong portion of a muscle will guarantee an unhappy patient; this is not an area for the novice injector. When first beginning to inject the lower face, lower doses and more frequent touch-ups are better than larger initial doses and severe complications.
Rapid heating in fragile molecule mass spectrometry

Abstract The role of the rate of heating in the desorption of fragile molecules bound to a surface at several or more points is examined. Considerations based on a classical model of probability of nearly simultaneous rupture of several bonds during the desorption process show the need for large amounts of excess energy to drive desorption reactions in competition with internal bond ruptures. Experimental approaches to rapid heating are discussed including heating by larger cluster ion impacts.
Power, energy, and temporal performance of the Nova laser facility with recent improvements to the amplifier system

High-powered glass-laser systems with multiple beams, frequency-conversion capabilities, and pulse-shaping flexibility have made numerous contributions to the understanding of inertial confinement fusion and related laser-plasma interactions. The Nova laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is the largest such laser facility. We have made improvements to the Nova amplifier system that permit increased power and energy output. We summarize the nonlinear effects that now limit Nova’s performance and discuss power and energy produced at 1.05-, 0.53-, and 0.35-μm wavelengths, including the results with pulses temporally shaped to improve inertial confinement fusion target performance.
A new species of the hippolytid genus Paralebbeus Bruce & Chace, 1986 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) from the Coral Seamount, southwestern Indian Ocean.

The hippolytid genus Paralebbeus Bruce & Chace, 1986, is only known from two species, P. zotheculatus Bruce & Chace, 1986 (type species) and P. zygius Chace, 1997. Both are known from the western Pacific, though P. zotheculatus was orig-inally described from the Australian Northwest Shelf in the Indian Ocean. In this paper, a new species, P. mollis , is de-scribed and illustrated on the basis of a single ovigerous female from the Coral Seamount, southwestern Indian Ocean, at a depth of 952 m as the third representative of the genus. The new species is readily distinguished from its congeners by the rostrum being armed with one tooth on both the dorsal and ventral margin and the conspicuous pterygostomial tooth on the carapace. Because of these characteristics of the new species, the diagnosis of Paralebbeus is slightly emended. The holotype of P. mollis n. sp. was associated with an unidentified hexactinellid sponge, like the other two known spe-cies.
Impaired water metabolism and cerebral oedema following experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage in rats(1.).

The acute phase of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is frequently associated with an impaired water metabolism and a disposition to cerebral oedema. For study of the pathogenesis of brain oedema following SAH, an experimental model of SAH was created in the rat The diuretic curves after water loading, the brain water and electrolyte contents and the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels were examined in rats with SAH. Following a water load, a significant water retention and increases in brain water and sodium contents were observed after subarachnoid bleeding. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid AVP levels were also elevated following SAH. It can be concluded that AVP plays important roles in the development of antidiuresis after water loading and in the disturbance of the brain water and electrolyte balance following experimental SAH.
Electron Spin Resonance in Amorphous Silicon, Germanium, and Silicon Carbide

The $g$ values, line shapes, and linewidths of the ESR signals from within the bulk of amorphous silicon, germanium, and silicon carbide are found to be similar to those of the electron states observed in the surface regions of the corresponding crystalline forms. Discussion is given in terms of a microcrystalline model.
Molecular cloning of calcium channel α2δ-subunits from rat atria and the differential regulation of their expression by IGF-1

Abstract Calcium channels are multimeric proteins consisting of pore-forming (α 1 ) and auxiliary (α 2 δ, β, γ) subunits. The auxiliary α 2 δ-subunit regulates calcium current density and activation/inactivation kinetics when co-expressed with some, but not all, α 1 -subunits. Here we report the differential expression of three α 2 δ-subunit cDNAs in rat atria, atrial myocytes and ventricle, and demonstrate that IGF-1 selectively increases the expression of the α 2 δ-3 mRNA in the atria. mRNA encoding the α 2 δ-1- and α 2 δ-2-subunits, but not the α 2 δ-3-subunit, is detected in the rat ventricle whereas all three transcripts are found in atrial tissue. Analysis of the rat α 2 δ-1 cDNA sequence indicates that the atria express the α 2 δ-1e alternatively spliced isoform of this gene. The complete cDNA sequences of the α 2 δ-2- and α 2 δ-3-subunits from rat atria were determined and found to share 96% and 95% identity, respectively, with their counterparts in mouse. Treatment of acutely cultured atrial myocytes with IGF-1 caused a significant increase of the amount of α 2 δ-3, but not α 2 δ-1 or α 2 δ-2, mRNA. Both L-type and T-type calcium currents are recorded from cardiac tissue although their expression is regionally specific and changes with age and physiological state. Differential regulation of the expression of α 2 δ-subunit genes is likely to contribute to alterations in the expression of calcium current in the mammalian heart.
A comparison of attrition rates in patients undergoing sublingual immunotherapy vs subcutaneous immunotherapy.

Background: Effective allergy immunotherapy (IT) requires patient compliance. Numerous studies have shown high noncompliance rates in patients undergoing IT. For patients enrolled in subcutaneous IT (SCIT), noncompliance rates were noted to range from 11% to 50%, whereas sublingual IT (SLIT) patients had noncompliance rates ranging from 3% to 25%. Comparing noncompliance rates is difficult because noncompliance in SCIT is defined as withdrawal from therapy, whereas in SLIT it is considered poor adherence to daily administration. The aim of this study was to compare attrition rates in patients enrolled in SCIT vs SLIT, as well as major factors leading to termination of IT. Methods: We retrospectively compared attrition rates, IT duration, and reasons for termination between patients enrolled in SCIT (n = 139) and SLIT (n = 78), over a 4-year period. Results: Attrition rates for SCIT and SLIT were 45% and 41%, respectively (p = 0.669). No significant difference in duration of IT was observed between the groups (≤1 month, p = 0.079; 1-2 months, p = 0.486; 2-3 months, p = 0.165; 3-6 months, p = 0.575; 6-12 months, p = 0.361; 12–24 months, p = 1.000; and ≥24 months, p = 0.258). Among reasons cited for discontinuing IT, SCIT patients reported inconvenience (p = 0.001), whereas SLIT patients indicated efficacy concerns (p = 0.022) as the major basis for withdrawal. Conclusion: No significant difference was observed in attrition rates between SCIT and SLIT. While there was no significant difference in duration of IT prior to withdrawal, there was a trend toward earlier withdrawal in SCIT patients. The reasons for withdrawal, however, were considerably different between the 2 groups. © 2012 ARS-AAOA, LLC.
Artifact abrasion, fluvial processes, and “living floors” from the Early Paleolithic site of ’Ubeidiya (Jordan Valley, Israel)

Early Acheulian assemblages in fluviolacustrine contexts at the Early Pleistocene site of ‘Ubeidiya (Jordan Valley, Israel) have been described as “living floors.” A study of variation in the surface abrasion of stone tools from several such “living floors” suggest a mixture of cultural and geological factors were involved in the formation of these assemblages. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lactic dehydrogenase activity in saliva, bile, gastric and duodenal contents.

1. The presence of LDH in saliva, gastric fluid, bile, and duodenal secretion was determined in normal and pathologic states.
Suing the Philadelphia Police: The Case for an Institutional Approach

Note: The comments of Alan Snyder, Eugene Lewis and the Editor and anonymous reviewers of Law and Policy are gratefully acknowledged. This article examines the merits of two alternative briefs in Equal Protection litigation on police misconduct. The several suits brought against the Philadelphia Police Department illustrate the shortcomings of the judicially preferred intentionality brief and indicate the need for a more completely specified institutional brief. The background of the two briefs is traced to a dialectical conflict between discretion and control in the idea of law enforcement. The use of force is not a philosophical issue for a policeman. It is not a question of should or whether, but when and how much (Rubinstein 1973:323).
Does zinc supplementation increase the risk of prostate cancer

In the United States, prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in this population. It is estimated that 220000 cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed this year, and this is expected to increase with the expanding geriatric population. The etiology of prostate cancer is multifactorial. Genetic factors are important and contribute to incidence rates that are higher in African Americans than any other racial group. It is also clear that diet plays an important role in modulating the cancer phenotype. There is expanding interest, both in the lay press and the scientific community, in the use of dietary supplements that minimize the initiation and progression of prostate cancer.
Medical Family Therapy in a Primary Care Setting: A Framework for Integration

As the profession of marriage and family therapy (MFT), as well as the emerging sub-specialty of medical family therapy (MedFT), continue to grow and evolve within the current healthcare system, the arena of integrated primary care (IPC) presents an ideal environment for professionals who are relationally and systemically inclined. Although there has been a inundation of literature detailing collaborative systems of healthcare, several gaps still exist: (a) a lack of horizontally integrated models (i.e., models that do not target specific diseases or demographic populations), (b) a lack of model utilization regardless of disease trajectory (i.e., decline, stabilization, improvement), and (c) a lack of IPC models explicitly utilizing MedFT/MFTs as the mental health providers within the system. In lieu of these gaps, the authors present a framework for IPC, utilizing MedFTs/MFTs, that is neither population nor disease specific, as well as a model geared towards implementation regardless of disease trajectory. The framework, which was obtained using ethnography of communication, details MedFTs’ interactions with front line medical providers and patients from initial contact through coordination of a shared treatment plan. Recommendations for future research studies incorporating the use of MedFTs in integrated primary care settings are extended in the context of a three world view framework (Peek in Collaborative medicine case studies: Evidence in practice. Springer, New York, pp 25–38, 2008; Peek and Heinrich in Family Syst Med 13:327–342, 1995, Integrated primary care: the future of medical and mental health collaboration. Norton, New York, pp 167–202, 1998).
Anisotropic superconducting-state thermodynamic parameters of the electron-doped compound Sm 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4 − y

The anisotropic superconducting-state thermodynamic parameters of the electron-doped compound ${\mathrm{Sm}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ have been derived from reversible dc magnetization M(H,T) measurements on magnetically aligned single-crystal particles of the compound for magnetic fields applied perpendicular and parallel to the ab plane. A recent model developed by Hao et al., which describes M(H,T) over the entire field region between ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}1}$ and ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$, was used to analyze the M(H,T) data. The analysis of the measurements provides a self-consistent test of the model and resolves a controversy by showing that the anisotropy of ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}2}$(T) of the electron-doped compound ${\mathrm{Sm}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$ is comparable to that of the hole-doped compound ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$.
Brain measurement for usability testing and adaptive interfaces: an example of uncovering syntactic workload with functional near infrared spectroscopy

A well designed user interface (UI) should be transparent, allowing users to focus their mental workload on the task at hand. We hypothesize that the overall mental workload required to perform a task using a computer system is composed of a portion attributable to the difficulty of the underlying task plus a portion attributable to the complexity of operating the user interface. In this regard, we follow Shneiderman's theory of syntactic and semantic components of a UI. We present an experiment protocol that can be used to measure the workload experienced by users in their various cognitive resources while working with a computer. We then describe an experiment where we used the protocol to quantify the syntactic workload of two user interfaces. We use functional near infrared spectroscopy, a new brain imaging technology that is beginning to be used in HCI. We also discuss extensions of our techniques to adaptive interfaces.
Photocatalytic inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum with TiO2 and low-pressure ultraviolet irradiation

This study investigated the efficacy of low-pressure ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and the synergistic effect of UV/titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) photocatalysis on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst inactivation. At UV doses of 2.7, 8.0, and 40mJ/cm(2), oocyst inactivation was 1.3, 2.6, and 3.3log(10), respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by longwave UV radiation (>315nm) and TiO(2) achieved less than 0.28-log inactivation. However, the synergistic effect of germicidal (254nm) UV and TiO(2) resulted in 2-log and 3-log oocyst inactivation with 4.0 and 11.0mJ/cm(2), respectively. Therefore, using TiO(2) in combination with UV reduced the dose requirement for 3-log inactivation by 56%. An approximate 1-log decrease in inactivation of oocysts was observed with nanopure water in comparison to buffered water, whereas changes in pH from 6 to 8 had little effect on the photocatalytic inactivation of oocysts in either matrix (P>0.1).
Thai Women in the Global Labor Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves

Most research on female labor migration in Thailand focuses on that country's infamous sex industry. Mary Beth Mills offers the first extended ethnographic analysis of rural women's movement into less visible occupations, paying particular attention to the hundreds of thousands of young women who fill the factories and sweatshops of the Bangkok metropolis. Mills follows the women as they travel from the village of Baan Naa Sakae to Bangkok, where they encounter new forms of consumption, new "modern" lifestyles, and a new sense of identity. She finds this rural-urban migration is more than a simple economic activity, but rather an elaborate process of cultural change. Mills describes the environments from which these women left, as well as the urban landscape they now call home. Hence, she examines key aspects of rural Thai community life, such as local consumption practices, gender roles, and the familial tensions that are often the catalyst to labor migration. Then she focuses on the city and the underlying tensions of urban employment as migrants pursue newly imagined identities as modern women, while still upholding economic and moral responsibilities to rural kin.
Thyroid abnormalities associated with treatment of malignant lymphoma

The effects on the thyroid of radiation therapy to the neck and/or chemotherapy were investigated in 54 Hodgkin's and 72 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. These patients had received radiation therapy with doses ranging from 2000 to 4000 rad (median 3600 rad) to the cervical or mantle fields and/or multiple-agent chemotherapy following usual staging procedures. Palpable abnormalities of the thyroid were found in 15 patients. The patients with irradiation to the neck had a higher incidence of hypothyroidism than those patients treated with chemotherapy alone (31/74 vs. 8/52, P less than 0.001 for TSH and 10/74 vs. 1/52, P less than 0.025 for T4). A higher frequency of elevated serum TSH levels and antithyroid antibodies were also observed in patients receiving radiation therapy alone to the neck than in those receiving both radiation therapy and chemotherapy (19/33 vs. 12/41, P less than 0.025 for TSH and 16/33 vs. 7/41, p less than 0.01 for antibodies), suggesting that chemotherapy agents may reduce the thyroid dysfunction induced by irradiation. There was no difference in prevalence of elevated TSH levels following irradiation to the neck between patients in whom lymphangiogram was or was not performed (21/51 vs. 10/23).
Origin and Endpoint of the Olfactory Nerve Fibers: As Described by Santiago Ramón y Cajal

In the late Nineteenth Century, Santiago Ramon y Cajal was able to reproduce an exceptional illustration of the Olfactory Nerve pathway and its myriad of cells, by using the Golgi Method. Dr. Cajal focused intense study on the histology of the nervous system and published a treatise on the olfactory nerve fibers and the distinct peripheral origin and central nervous system endpoint of this unique pathway. The original title of this work is "Origen y terminacion de las fibras nerviosas olfatorias" published in 1890. As the original publication is in Spanish, here we provide an English translation allowing present-day English speakers to read these writings. Cajal followed the trajectory of the olfactory nerve fibers as they transitioned between the peripheral and central nervous system and was able to assert that these fibers were not continuous from the olfactory bulb to the bipolar cells that relinquish into the olfactory epithelium, but that the olfactory system was made up of various cell types each having distinct morphologies and functions. This may very well be the first definitive description of the olfactory receptor neurons and the first illustrations of the continuity of these cells throughout the olfactory pathway. These meticulous histological preparations were created by first using Camillo Golgi's potassium dichromate and silver nitrate impregnation method known as "reazione nera" or "black reaction," where nerve cells, nerve fibers, and neuroglia could be visualized. This study exhibits the structural and functional organization of the mammalian fila olfactoria as it was investigated in centuries past.
Cerebral dominance and reading habits

FREQUENTLY when an Israeli provides travel information in Hebrew, he points in one direction while simultaneously naming its opposite, for example he points to the left while saying: “You must turn right”. When this contradictory behaviour is brought to his attention, he excuses himself and either points in the direction he had verbally indicated or corrects his error by changing the verbal expression to correspond with the physical. Observation of such verbal–spatial dissociation prompted the following experiments to explore systematically the possibility that Israelis make more errors in response to questions relating to left–right orientation than do non-Israelis.
Systems modeling in the design and verification of the James Webb Space Telescope

The James Web Space Telescope (JWST) is a large, infrared-optimized space telescope. System-level verification of critical performance requirements will rely on integrated observatory models that predict optical response accurately enough to verify that the allocated top-level wavefront error of 150 nm root-mean-squared (rms) through to wavefront sensor focal plane is met. The assembled models themselves are complex and require the insight of technical experts working as a team across multiple disciplines and organizations. Furthermore, responses in several key disciplines are strongly cross-coupled. This paper describes the breadth of the systems engineering and modeling approach used on the JWST including technical performance metrics management. The scope of the systems-level modeling includes stowed dynamics, deployed dynamics, thermal, thermal distortion, straylight, optics and attitude control systems.
The Plight of African American Women: Employed and Unemployed

Understanding employment for African American women through the lens of neoclassical economics may not be best to help understand their plight. Their pay and the available employment has not been equal to that of men and even more so, African American women have lower paying jobs compared to their white counterparts, despite their achievement of higher levels of education. This paper looks at unemployment rates across the nation and then centers the discussion on black women in the context of the disparities over the past three decades. It combines the types of employment and wages that they have endured in context to white women during the same period of time. It uses Geographical Information Systems to underscore the concentration of income and race and the types of employment in those areas. It then provides some policy recommendations for the future.
Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) near its glass transition temperature

The storage and loss shear compliances (J′, J″) of poly(n-butyl methacrylate) (number-average molecular weight 320,000) were measured at frequencies between 0.08 and 1.0 cycle/sec. in the temperature range of 18–33°C., encompassing the glass transition. Data were obtained both at voluminal equilibrium and as a function of time during the slow isothermal contraction which follows a quench to a temperature near the transition. The latter data were supplemented by dilatometric measurements on similar samples to determine the magnitude of the volume contraction. Correlation of the dependences of J′ and J″ on temperature and on elapsed time (at constant frequency) indicated that the relaxation mechanisms are controlled primarily by free volume. The method of reduced variables was successfully applied to the dependence of J′ on temperature and elapsed time using shift factors aT,t calculated from the modified Doolittle equation and the magnitudes of volume contraction measured dilatometrically. The dependence of J″ on both temperature and elapsed time was more complicated, indicating a change in the shape of the retardation spectrum with free volume. The behavior is qualitatively very similar to that of poly(vinyl acetate), previously studied, except that the magnitudes of J′ are considerably larger and the thermal expansion coefficient of the free volume is smaller.
The effect of serum from uremic patients on erythropoietin

Serum from patients with chronic renal failure (CRF serum) contains a substance inhibitory to erythropoiesis in vitro. This paper explores the mechanism of the inhibition. Four experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of CRF serum on erythropoietin (EP). In the first 2 experiments, the effect of exposure of EP solutions to CRF serum was evaluated using the plethoric mouse EP assay system and a tissue culture system containing normal dog marrow cells. In the third study, dog marrow cells were preincubated with CRF serum before being stimulated with EP. Finally, EP-dose response curves were constructed in the dog marrow tissue culture system and analyzed using an enzyme kinetic model. The results show no evidence of inhibition or inactivation of EP by CRF serum, although in vitro heme synthesis is clearly depressed in the presence of CRF serum. We conclude that CRF serum inhibits erythropoiesis by directly, although reversibly, impairing the ability of erythroblasts to synthesize heme.
A finite‐difference formulation of borehole wave propagation in prestressed formations

Summary The presence of a borehole in formations subject to tectonic stresses causes both radial and azimuthal variations in compressional and shear velocities. Borehole wave propagation in such formations is described by equations of motion for small dynamic elds superposed on a bias of prestress. The eective elastic constants in these equations become position-dependent in the presence of inhomogeneous stresses. A nitedierence formulation of equations of motion in the presence of such stresses yields a complete wave solution produced by either a monopole or dipole bandlimited source placed in a fluid-lled borehole. Processing of synthetic waveforms by a modied matrix pencil algorithm isolates various dispersive and nondispersive arrivals. Theoretical predictions and laboratory measurements agree well for a scaled-borehole experiment on a block of dry Berea sandstone subject to a uniaxial compressive stress of 5 MPa. The cross-dipole dispersions show a crossover in the presence of a uniaxial stress applied to the sandstone block. The monopole Stoneley dispersion exhibits approximately a uniform shift in the presence of such formation stresses. In addition to the Stoneley and flexural modes, a nite-dierence solution yields the compressional and shear headwaves, pseudo-Rayleigh and leaky compressional modes when excited by an appropriate wide-band source. In the presence of so many arrivals, a slowness-frequency dispersion analysis is helpful in an unambiguous interpretation of sonic logging.
Aberrations in plastid transcripts and deficiency of plastid DNA in striped and albino mutants in maize

To better understand the regulatory roles of nuclear genes in chloroplast genomic expression during leaf development in maize (Zea mays L.), we studied a striped mutant, ii1 (iojap 1), two albino mutants, w1 (white 1) and w2 (white 2), and their double mutants with l (luteus). Homozygous ij1 plants as a female parent produce albino seedlings, called maternal exceptions, among their progeny, even when the nuclear genotype of the male parent is normal (+/+). In contrast to albinos that are blocked in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids, w1 and w2 seedlings fail to accumulate chlorophyll and carotenoids up to the normal level even under dim light conditions. In ij1-affected plastids, the plastid-encoded proteins and nuclear-encoded proteins that are associated with thylakoid membranes were not detecable. However, the 33-kDa protein of the oxygen-evolving complex and ferredoxin: NADP oxidoreductase, which are localized extrinsically, were accumulated even though the level of the proteins was decreased. Both ij1 and w1 albino seedlings contain a normal level of plastid DNA. However, both show similar aberrant patterns among the transcripts of all the plastid genes examined (psbB, psbH, petB, petD, atpA, psaB, psbA, and rbcL). Not only were additional transcripts detected but some of the normal transcripts were not detectable or were barely detectable by Northern hybridization. These facts indicate that the transcripts of ij1- and w1-affected plastids may have altered synthesis, processing or stability. Therefore, the block in expression of the plastid genome by the nuclear mutants ij1 and w1 may be due to alterations in the transcriptional or post-transcriptional processes. The fact that ij1 and maternal-exception progeny show almost identical patterns of transcripts indicates that the effects of ij1 on plastid gene expression persist in the subsequent generation even after the nuclear gene, Ij1, restores the normal function. In contrast to ij1 and w1, the levels of all plastid transcripts in w2 seedlings, whether l or +, are uniformly reduced. Compared to normal sibling seedlings, the patterns of the RNA species are relatively unaltered. Relative to the level of a nuclear rDNA, the plastid DNA content of w2 is decreased 20-fold. Therefore, the limited expression of the w2-affected plastids may be due to failure to maintain the copy number of plastid genomes. Thus, albinisms of these mutants result from limiting of expression of plastids due to alteration of transcripts on the one hand, or to lowered DNA content on the other.
CFD Studies on a Large Diameter Jet Impingement Flow

This paper presents computational study for a large diameter (216 mm) and small space ratios (S/D = 0.25 and 0.5) jet impingement flow. CFD-ACE code was used as the computational tools; the code was first validated by comparing its predictions with both CFD and experimental data from the literature. Then, the study was performed for two different Reynolds numbers: 7600, 17700 and two different space ratios: 0.25 and 0.5. Also two different turbulence models were utilized in this study: low Reynolds number turbulent k-e and k-ω. The CFD results were compared with flow visualization results conducted at the University of Minnesota for the same configurations. The impact of choosing different inlet conditions on the CFD flow field was examined. The k-e model showed greater sensitivity to the selection of the inlet conditions. Moreover, the k-ω model showed much better agreement with the experimental data than the k-e model.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Distinct cognitive profiles and rates of decline on the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in autopsy-confirmed frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Neuropsychological studies have shown that patients with Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) perform worse than patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) on tests of conceptualization and verbal fluency, but better on tests of memory and visuospatial functions. However, it is not known if these distinct cognitive profiles are robust enough to be detected using a relatively brief dementia screening instrument such as the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS). To address this issue, the MDRS subscale profiles of patients with autopsy-confirmed FTD (n = 17) or AD (n = 34) were compared. Results showed distinct cognitive profiles in which FTD patients performed worse than AD patients on the Initiation/Perseveration and Conceptualization subscales while performing better on the Memory and Construction subscales. The distinct subscale profiles correctly classified 85% of AD patients and 76% of FTD patients. Profiles were maintained in a subset of mildly-to-moderately demented patients (MDRS ≥ 105) and correctly classified 89% of these patients. In addition, FTD patients (mean = 30.0 points/year) declined faster than AD patients (mean = 14.8 points/year) on MDRS total and specific subscale scores. These results suggest that the MDRS may be a useful adjunct to other clinical measures for distinguishing FTD from AD and tracking the progression of the disorder. (JINS, 2008, 14, 373–383.)
The Impact of Forward Contracting on Fed Cattle Transaction Prices

Beef packers have vertically integrated into the cattle feeding sector. This study examines the impacts of beef packer forward contracting on cash cattle transaction prices in southwest Kansas. From late May through November 1990, average fed cattle cash transaction prices were estimated to be $0.15/cwt to $0.31/cwt lower as a result of forward contract cattle shipments. The impact of the level of forward contracting on cash prices was variable across time: cash prices were as much as $0.34/cwt lower at times when contract shipments were large, and prices were statistically unaffected at times when forward contract shipments were low.
Numerical analysis of turbulent pipe flow in a transverse magnetic field

Abstract The damping of turbulence by a constant transverse magnetic field was explored using the standard k-e turbulence model modified to account for the direct interaction of the applied field with turbulent fluctuations. The coupled mass, momentum, energy and magnetic induction equations were solved numerically providing an efficient technique for investigating the effects of electromagnetic suppression of turbulence in the flow of an electrically conducting fluid through an electrically insulated pipe with a uniform heat flux at the wall and an applied constant transverse magnetic field. The numerical results quatitatively demonstrated the effects of turbulence suppression by the magnetic field and correctly predicted the mutual antagonism between inertial and magnetic forces. The computed velocity profiles, skin friction, temperature profiles and the Nusselt numbers covered a range of Reynolds numbers from 16000 to 1 000000 and Hartmann numbers from 0 to 375, and showed agreement with available experimental data. An empirical equation for the average Nusselt number as a function of the Peclet number and the Hartmann number is presented.
Nonlinear repulsive force between two solids with axial symmetry

study suggests that it may be possible to design physical systems that can realize such force laws. We let the half-solids be characterized by radii of curvatures R1 and R2 and invoke a factor m> 0 to describe any aspect ratio in the two bodies, all being valid near the contact surface. We let the x-y plane be the contact surface with an averaged pressure across the same as opposed to a pressure profile that depends on the contact area of a nonconformal contact as originally used by Hertz. We let the z axis connect the centers of the masses and
Evaluation of Low-Temperature Cracking Performance of Warm-Mix Asphalt Mixtures

In the field of asphalt concrete, the use of warm-mix asphalt (WMA) has become one of the most popular methods of meeting sustainability demands. Researchers have determined that WMA use can lead to reductions in fuel consumption and emissions. Early literature hypothesized that an additional benefit, regardless of the WMA additive or process used, was decreased susceptibility to thermal cracking. The current study examined this hypothesis through laboratory testing of four WMA mixtures produced at a reduced production temperature and a reference hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixture. The disk-shaped compact tension, indirect tension, and acoustic emission tests were used to characterize the low-temperature properties of the mixture. The fracture energy results of the disk-shaped compact tension test showed that the chemical additives improved fracture energy in comparison with HMA and that the organic and foaming additives reduced fracture energy. The indirect tension creep compliance test produced similar resul...