cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of cGMP levels in rodent tissues following oral dosing of a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator

Background In the vasculature, nitric oxide (NO) binds and activates smooth muscle soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), leading to increased intracellular cGMP, which triggers smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. sGC stimulators are a class of small molecule allosteric modulators, which stimulate cGMP production independently of NO but also act in synergy with NO. Evidence to date suggests that sGC stimulators may be balanced vasodilators, meaning that they elicit vasorelaxation in both the arterial and venous vasculature; however, there have been conflicting reports [1,2]. Our approach to developing a better understanding of the
Analysis of alternative keyboards using learning curves.

Objective : To quantify learning percentages for alternative keyboards (chord, contoured split, Dvorak, and split fixed angle) and understand how physical, cognitive, and perceptual demand affect learning. Background: Alternative keyboards have been shown to offer ergonomic benefits over the conventional, single-plane QWERTY keyboard design, but productivity-related challenges may hinder their widespread acceptance. Method: Sixteen participants repeatedly typed a standard text passage using each alternative keyboard. Completion times were collected and subsequent learning percentages were calculated. Participants were asked to subjectively rate the physical, cognitive, and perceptual demands of each keyboard, and these values were then related to the calculated learning percentages. Results: Learning percentage calculations revealed the percentage for the split fixed-angle keyboard (90.4%) to be significantly different ( p < .05) from the learning percentages for the other three keyboards (chord, 77.3%; c...
Postembryonic neuronal addition in Zebrafish dorsal root ganglia is regulated by Notch signaling

Background: The sensory neurons and glia of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) arise from neural crest cells in the developing vertebrate embryo. In mouse and chick, DRG formation is completed during embryogenesis. In contrast, zebrafish continue to add neurons and glia to the DRG into adulthood, long after neural crest migration is complete. The molecular and cellular regulation of late DRG growth in the zebrafish remains to be characterized. Results: In the present study, we use transgenic zebrafish lines to examine neuronal addition during postembryonic DRG growth. Neuronal addition is continuous over the period of larval development. Fate-mapping experiments support the hypothesis that new neurons are added from a population of resident, neural crestderived progenitor cells. Conditional inhibition of Notch signaling was used to assess the role of this signaling pathway in neuronal addition. An increase in the number of DRG neurons is seen when Notch signaling is inhibited during both early and late larval development. Conclusions: Postembryonic growth of the zebrafish DRG comes about, in part, by addition of new neurons from a resident progenitor population, a process regulated by Notch signaling.
CD134 Plus CD137 Dual Costimulation Induces Eomesodermin in CD4 T Cells To Program Cytotoxic Th1 Differentiation

Cytotoxic CD4 Th1 cells are emerging as a therapeutically useful T cell lineage that can effectively target tumors, but until now the pathways that govern their differentiation have been poorly understood. We demonstrate that CD134 (OX40) costimulation programs naive self- and virus-reactive CD4 T cells to undergo in vivo differentiation into cytotoxic Th1 effectors. CD137 (4-1BB) costimulation maximized clonal expansion, and IL-2 was necessary for cytotoxic Th1 differentiation. Importantly, the T-box transcription factor Eomesodermin was critical for inducing the cytotoxic marker granzyme B. CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation also imprinted a cytotoxic phenotype on bystanding CD4 T cells. Thus, to our knowledge, the current study identifies for the first time a specific costimulatory pathway and an intracellular mechanism relying on Eomesodermin that induces both Ag-specific and bystander cytotoxic CD4 Th1 cells. This mechanism might be therapeutically useful because CD134 plus CD137 dual costimulation induced CD4 T cell-dependent tumoricidal function in a mouse melanoma model.
Development of Quaternary stratigraphy in northeastern United States and adjacent Canada

Abstract Quaternary stratigraphy in the northeastern region has developed slowly because researchers have been few and because quartzose bedrock and extensive forest have inhibited field study. The earliest stratigraphic studies antedated 1850, but in most parts of the region the stratigraphic units still recognized today were identified in the present century. Ancient and modern sequences are generalized and are shown in charts.
THE ANATOMY OF A DISTANCE EDUCATION COURSE: A CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

This case study of a distance education course in children’s literature focuses on the creation of an interpretive community and the importance of that community in online learning. It also refines Michael G. Moore’s work on transactional distance to include the concept of a faculty member’s “restrained presence” in an effort to facilitate students’ personal responsibility for their own learning and for community building in an online learning environment.
Ego involvement and leisure behavior: a conceptual specification.

Numerous theories have been advanced to explain the social psychological attachments between individuals and leisure pursuits. Unfortunately, many of the theories overlap in meaning. Most lack the ...
Orthopaedics in the new millennium. A new patient-physician partnership.

Dr. Heckman, thank you for your more-than-generous introduction. I would like to thank the fellows of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons for giving me the opportunity to serve you as your next President, a privilege that I humbly accept. These are busy and exciting times, with many forces testing our resolve. So, know that I call upon each of you to assist me in the work necessary to maintain the goals and standards of our Academy. It is special for me that my family can be with me today—my wife and partner of thirty-five years, Barbara; our four children, Lisa, Chris, Matt, and Peter; their spouses, Greg, Yuko, Tara, and Rene; and especially my three sisters, my Mom and Dad, and Barbara's Mom. I also stand on the shoulders of great educators, not the least of whom are my teachers and colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh; the University of California at Davis, with Paul Lipscomb; and Louisiana State University, whose Chancellor, Merv Trail, is here with us. Thank you, Merv. I thank them for inspiring and challenging me. In addition to my family, they deserve credit for what I have accomplished professionally. There is one man whom I would like to single out: Albert Ferguson. Thank you, Ferg, for being there as a role model for my colleagues and me. I would like you to sit back, relax, and think about the future with me for a few minutes. But first, we must journey to the past. Only a few of the fifty generations that span a millennium are lucky enough to witness the dawn of a new one. Millennium has two definitions: “a span of one thousand years” and “a hoped-for period of joy, serenity, prosperity and justice.” A span of one thousand years is almost incomprehensible …
DEATH FROM ASTHMA IN CHILDREN

Eighteen cases, who had visited the department of pediatrics of Doai Memorial Hospital and died from asthma, were analyzed from the asthmatic conditions during 12 months before death.The daily record of their asthma attacks was expressed as monthly asthma attack score. The change of this score during 12 months before their death could be divided into five patterns. They were; acute exacerbation type in a short period, recurrent type with frequent moderate to severe attacks, relapsing type, sudden death type after the short convalscent stage following frequent severe attacks and sudden unexpected type. In sudden unexpected type, most of them were adlescent, without the history of medication by steroid and of admission with asthma attacks and died recently after 1980. In other types, most of them had the history of medication by oral steroid and that of admission with asthma attacks except sudden death type after the short convalscent stage. Their history of life-threatening attack was found only in two cases and only about a half of them had the history of admission with asthma attacks during 12 months before dath.
Analyzing MOOC discussion forum messages to identify cognitive learning information exchanges

While discussion forums in online courses have been studied in the past, no one has proposed a model linking messages in discussion forums to a learning taxonomy, even though forums are widely used as educational tools in online courses. In this research, we view forums as information seeking events and use a keyword taxonomy approach to analyze a large amount of MOOC forum data to identify the types of learning interactions taking place in forum conversations. Using 51,761 forum messages from 8,169 forum threads from a MOOC with a 50,000+ enrollment, messages are analyzed based on levels of Bloom's Taxonomy to categorize the scholarly discourse. The results of this research show that interactions within MOOC discussion forums are a learning process with unique characteristics specific to particular cognitive learning levels. Results also imply that different types of forum interactions have characteristics relevant to particular learning levels, and the volume of higher levels of cognitive learning incidents increase as the course progresses.
Abstract 5299: Evaluation of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the aggressive potential of prostate cancer cell lines.

Introduction: Defective cholesterol-modulating apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms could exacerbate prostatic neoplasia. Recent evidence strongly suggests that specific genetic variants of ApoE control peripheral tissue cholesterol efflux. Defects in ApoE may result in reduced prostate cancer cell cholesterol efflux and enriched concentrations of cholesterol in membranes by reducing clearance. Membrane-rich cholesterol could potentially activate cancer-driven signaling processes. Objective: To determine the relevance of specific ApoE phenotypes as risk factors of aggressive prostate cancer based on their influence on reverse cholesterol transport. Methods: We evaluated ApoE genotypes of the weakly tumorigenic or nonaggressive prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and MDA PCA 2b), and the moderate and highly tumorigenic or aggressive prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU-145). We examined whether ApoE2/E4 variants were associated with tumor aggressiveness via the expression of caveolin-1(cav-1), a cholesterol-regulated pro-carcinogenic gene. Results: We observed that the nonaggressive prostate cancer cell lines carried either the Apo e3/e3 or e3/e4 alleles, while the aggressive prostate cancer cell lines carried the Apo e2/e4 alleles. Our results showed a two-fold increase in the expression of cav-1 in the aggressive cell lines, as opposed to the nonaggressive ones. There was a significantly (p Conclusions: These results suggest an association between cholesterol status and the aggressive potential of prostate cancer cells. It also highlights the need for further investigation into whether ApoE2/E4 is the dysfunctional phenotype, and whether it has the potential as a biomarker of aggressive prostate cancer. GRANT SUPPORT: NIH R25CA047888 Citation Format: Godwin O. Ifere, Wendy Demark-Wahnefried, Renee Desmond, Tim R. Nagy. Evaluation of apolipoprotein E polymorphism on the aggressive potential of prostate cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5299. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5299
Carcinoma of the cervix.

Seventy carcinomas in situ found among 285 malignant lesions of the cervix were treated by vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy, preserving the ovaries. Invasive cervical carcinoma and five-year results of primary surgery are considered. The incidence of metastasis to lymph nodes with and without preoperative irradiation is reported.
Remembrances and Silhouettes

My life in Mathematics began when I transferred from The University of Cuyo, San Juan, to the University of Buenos Aires in 1961. My brother Alberto helped me economically and morally for the jump. Upon my arrival to Buenos Aires, Dr. Alberto Gonzalez Dominguez (1904–1982) helped and oriented me with the change. The first subject I took in the Math Department, School of Exact Sciences, was Funciones Reales I, first course on Lebesgue Integration. Prof. Evelio Oklander was the instructor.
Information Frictions in Uncertain Regulatory Environments: Evidence from U.S. Commercial Banks

Information frictions between firms and regulators are typically seen as a means by which firms evade enforcement. In contrast, we argue that information frictions between firms and regulators can reduce the efficiency of firms’ compliance efforts when the interpretation of regulatory standards is uncertain. We exploit plausibly exogenous variation in distance between firms and their regulators to demonstrate this for a panel of community banks in the US. We find that banks located at greater distance from regulatory field offices face significantly higher administrative costs, at a rate of 20% of administrative costs per hour of travel time. These differences do not come with reduced compliance, are not driven by endogenous regulator choice, and are stable over time. Further, the costs borne by distant firms are negatively related to the scale of the jurisdiction in which they operate, suggesting that information spillovers between firms limit uncertainty about regulatory expectations.
Probabilistic Approaches to Controversy Detection

Recently, the problem of automated controversy detection has attracted a lot of interest in the information retrieval community. Existing approaches to this problem have set forth a number of detection algorithms, but there has been little effort to model the probability of controversy in a document directly. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic framework to detect controversy on the web, and investigate two models. We first recast a state-of-the-art controversy detection algorithm into a model in our framework. Based on insights from social science research, we also introduce a language modeling approach to this problem. We evaluate different methods of creating controversy language models based on a diverse set of public datasets including Wikipedia, Web and News corpora. Our automatically derived language models show a significant relative improvement of 18% in AUC over prior work,and 23% over two manually curated lexicons.
Body Image and Race on Gay Male-Targeted Blogs

ABSTRACTThe authors conducted a content analysis of 1,159 images of male models published on high-traffic gay male-oriented blogs. They focused on a range of body image-related variables, as well as the race of models. Results showed that most models were White and, almost uniformly, models had low levels of body fat. Models' level of muscularity varied significantly by race: Black models had the highest levels of muscularity, Asian models had the lowest levels of muscularity, and White and Latino models had moderate levels of muscularity. Drawing on existing research about race and body image, implications of these findings are discussed.
The role of natural gas and its infrastructure in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, improving regional air quality, and renewable resource integration

Abstract The pursuit of future energy systems that can meet electricity demands while supporting the attainment of societal environment goals, including mitigating climate change and reducing pollution in the air, has led to questions regarding the viability of continued use of natural gas. Natural gas use, particularly for electricity generation, has increased in recent years due to enhanced resource availability from non-traditional reserves and pressure to reduce greenhouse gasses (GHG) from higher-emitting sources, including coal generation. While lower than coal emissions, current natural gas power generation strategies primarily utilize combustion with higher emissions of GHG and criteria pollutants than other low-carbon generation options, including renewable resources. Furthermore, emissions from life cycle stages of natural gas production and distribution can have additional detrimental GHG and air quality (AQ) impacts. On the other hand, natural gas power generation can play an important role in supporting renewable resource integration by (1) providing essential load balancing services, and (2) supporting the use of gaseous renewable fuels through the existing infrastructure of the natural gas system. Additionally, advanced technologies and strategies including fuel cells and combined cooling heating and power (CCHP) systems can facilitate natural gas generation with low emissions and high efficiencies. Thus, the role of natural gas generation in the context of GHG mitigation and AQ improvement is complex and multi-faceted, requiring consideration of more than simple quantification of total or net emissions. If appropriately constructed and managed, natural gas generation could support and advance sustainable and renewable energy. In this paper, a review of the literature regarding emissions from natural gas with a focus on power generation is conducted and discussed in the context of GHG and AQ impacts. In addition, a pathway forward is proposed for natural gas generation and infrastructure to maximize environmental benefits and support renewable resources in the attainment of emission reductions.
G-banding chromosome analysis of Praomys natalensis (Smith) (Rodentia muridae) from Rhodesia

G-banding chromosome analysis of Praomys natalensis (Smith) ( Rodentia muridae ) from Rhodesia
Characterization of an Extracellular Polyester Depolymerase of CryptococcusLaurentii

An understanding of the mechanisms by which synthetic polymers are degraded by biological systems would be of value in the design of both degradable and nondegradable polymers. Although much research has been carried out on the design of polymers for both characteristics, there has been relatively little work reported on the mechanism of degradation. A number of laboratories have reported on the range of polymers of varying molecular weights that are degradable by microorganisms (Kaplan et al. , 1979; Darby and Kaplan, 1968; Klausmeier, 1966; Fields and Rodriguez, 1975; Fields, et al. , 1974; Tokiwa, et al. , 1976). There have, in addition, been a number of other reports of degradation of polyesters by microorganisms and their enzymes, as well as by commercially available enzymes (Tokiwa and Suzuki, 1977, 1977a; Fukumura, 1966; Tabushi, et al. , 1975; Huang, et al. , 1979). Our laboratory has, for some time, been examining the microbial degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL). We have isolated a number of organisms capable of degrading PCL’s of varying molecular weights (Benedict et al. , 1983, 1983a), have examined the breakdown products, and proposed a mechanisms of depolymerization (Cook, et al. , 1981; Jarrett, et al. , 1984). We are now more carefully examining the enzyme systems involved in the process. This report describes the characteristics of a partially purified enzyme of C. laurentii.
Robert Robertson (1934–2018): His Career, Taxa, and Bibliography

Abstract: Robert Robertson (1934–2018) was systematic malacologist, natural historian, and reproductive biologist, focusing on marine gastropods and based at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia (ANSP) for most of his career. An account of his professional life is presented, based in part on a brief autobiography here included. Lists of his 142 publications (published and unpublished, formal and informal) and 13 taxa, as well as taxa named for him and publications written about him, are provided.
Hypercoagulable States and Thrombophilias: Risks Relating to Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism

Inherited and acquired thrombophilias and hypercoagulable states, such as active cancer, estrogen-induced, autoimmune disorders, major surgery, hospitalization, and trauma, are well-known risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The effect of these on recurrent VTE is different for each specific risk factor. The major risk factors affecting VTE recurrence include the presence of active cancer and an unprovoked first VTE. In addition, the use of combined female hormones in a woman with a previous history of estrogen-related VTE is a major risk factor for VTE recurrence. The extent of influence of inherited thrombophilia on the risk of recurrence is controversial. Conversely, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, specifically triple positive carriers, appears to increase the risk of VTE recurrence. Understanding the rates of recurrent VTE in a patient and the individual risk of bleeding is important in determining the duration of anticoagulation therapy.
Opiates as Reinforcing Stimuli

Morphine is the principle derivative of opium and the prototypic opiate for a great deal of pharmacologic investigation. One way to examine the significance of the behavioral properties of morphine and other opiates is to investigate the manner in which they modify and strengthen behavior. If intravenous morphine or other opiates are presented immediately following a response and the response frequency increases, then opiates can be said to serve as reinforcers. This proposition supposes that morphine and morphinelike drugs might act as reinforcers in the absence of setting conditions (e.g., drug deprivation and conditioning history). Other reinforcers (e.g., intracranial stimulation and changes in illumination) appear to have such properties.
Inferences About Coupling from Ecological Surveillance Monitoring: Approaches Based on Nonlinear Dynamics and Information Theory

Some monitoring programs for ecological resources are developed as components of larger science or management programs and are thus guided by a priori hypotheses. More commonly, ecological monitoring programs are initiated for the purpose of surveillance with no a priori hypotheses in mind. No conceptual framework currently exists to guide the development of surveillance monitoring programs, resulting in substantial debate about program design. We view surveillance monitoring programs as providing information about system dynamics and focus on methods for extracting such information from time series of monitoring data. We briefly describe methods from the general field of nonlinear dynamics that we believe may be useful in extracting information about system dynamics. In looking at the system as a network of locations or components, we emphasize methods for assessing coupling between system components for use in understanding system dynamics and interactions and in detecting changes in system dynamics. More specifically, these methods hold promise for such ecological problems as identifying indicator species, developing informative spatial monitoring designs, detecting ecosystem change and damage, and investigating such topics as population synchrony, species interactions, and environmental drivers. We believe that these ideas and methods provide a useful conceptual framework for surveillance monitoring and can be used with model systems to draw inferences about the design of surveillance monitoring programs. In addition, some of the current methods should be useful with some actual ecological monitoring data, and methodological extensions and modifications should increase the applicability of these approaches to additional sources of actual ecological data.
Cell-mediated lympholysis in canine littermates

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses an experiment in which canine littermates were studied to determine the relationship between lymphocyte defined (LD) and serologically defined (SD) antigens and the cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) test in the dog. In the experiment, mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) were set up using an equal number of responding and irradiated stimulating cells. PHA stimulated 51C r labeled lymphocytes were used as targets. On day 7, the CML test was performed using an effector/target cell ratio that ranged between 80–100:1.In most littermate pair studies, mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) activation and an SD difference were required for specific cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity in the absence of a detectable SD difference or in the absence of demonstrable MLC activation suggested that additional determinants were involved in the CML reaction in dogs.
Creative Destruction: Business Failure and Entrepreneurship Empirics

Business failure is an integral part of the entrepreneurial process and can be a useful empirical proxy for entrepreneurship. The importance of entrepreneurship is widely recognized, but available empirical measures are imperfect. This paper argues that Schumpeter’s conception of creative destruction indicates that business failure can be used as an indication of the presence of entrepreneurship. Data on business failure is available for studies that compare entrepreneurship across states but this data is underutilized in macro-level studies of entrepreneurship.
Virtuelle Mathematik im Computernetz

Am Anfang der exakten Naturwissenschaften steht das Studium der Mathematik. Auch die mathematische Forschung und Lehre wird zunehmend von Computergrafik und Computerexperimenten bestimmt. Im World Wide Web entstehen virtuelle Labors, in denen Mathematiker weltweit an der Visualisierung abstrakter Strukturen arbeiten. Das scheint zunachst erstaunlich, da mathematisches Denken als unanschaulich gilt, nur exakten logischen Beweisen und keinen Experimenten verpflichtet. Tatsachlich liegen aber keine Gegensatze von Beweis, Anschauung und Exaktheit vor, wenn sie richtig eingesetzt werden. Schon die griechische Geometrie entstand historisch aus den praktischen Aufgaben des Messens und Konstruierens. In der babylonischen und agyptischen Mathematik ist das geometrische Wissen in Mes-und Konstruktionsaufgaben der Baukunst, des Handwerks, der Feldvermessung und Astronomie dokumentiert. Unter griechischem Einflus wird die Geometrie zu einer beweisenden Wissenschaft, die ihre Lehrsatze aus als wahr vorausgesetzten Axiomen und Postulaten ableitet. Die Axiome und Postulate der euklidischen Geometrie lassen nur solche Figuren zu, die durch Zirkel und Lineal konstruierbar sind. Daher ist die euklidische Geometrie axiomatisch und konstruktiv.
Inter-Temporal Trade Clustering and Two-Sided Markets: Insights into Trading Motives

We show that equity trades are typically two-sided and cluster together in certain time intervals for both NYSE and Nasdaq stocks under a broad range of conditions - news and non-news days, different times of the day and trade sizes. By two-sided we mean that the arrivals of buyer-initiated and seller-initiated trades are correlated; by clustering we mean that trades tend to bunch together in certain intervals with greater frequency than would be expected if their arrivals were random. Controlling for order imbalance, number of trades, news, and other microstructure effects, we find that two-sided clustering is associated with higher volatility but lower trading costs. Our analysis has implications for trader behavior, market structure, and the process by which new information is incorporated into market prices.
Teacher-Designed Project-Based Units at the Middle Level

This chapter contains three middle-level (grades 6–7) units developed by teachers who participated for 2 years in our professional development: Project-based Instruction Spanning Astronomical and Atomic Spaces (Project SAAS). During this 2-year period, teachers participated as learners with our REAL and CREATES units and then developed their own PBI units specific for their students. The first teacher-designed unit in this chapter was developed for 6th grade students and concerns interactions within an ecosystem. The second and third units were designed for 7th graders; one unit has students exploring gravitational, electrical, and magnetic forces, while the other has students examining what happens to the food they eat. We thank the teachers for sharing their units for our book. The real names of the teacher-authors of each of the units in this chapter are included at the teachers’ request.
Increasing Access to Physical Activity Within Low Income and Diverse Communities: A Systematic Review.

Objective:The purpose of this review is to uncover some best practices for increasing access to physical activity opportunities by examining efforts used within low income and diverse communities. ...
Investigating the survivability of drone swarms with flocking and swarming flight patterns using Virtual Reality

It is now possible to deploy swarms of drones with populations in the thousands. There is growing interest in using such swarms for defense, and it has been natural to program them with bio-mimetic motion models such as flocking or swarming. However, these motion models evolved to survive against predators, not enemies with modern firearms. This paper presents experimental data that compares the survivability of several motion models for large numbers of drones. This project tests drone swarms in Virtual Reality (VR), because it is prohibitively expensive, technically complex, and potentially dangerous to fly a large swarm of drones in a testing environment. We model the behavior of drone swarms flying along parametric paths in both tight and scattered formations. We add random motion to the general motion plan to confound path prediction and targeting. We describe an implementation of these flight paths as game levels in a VR environment. We then allow players to shoot at the drones and evaluate the difference between flocking and swarming behavior on drone survivability.
Principles and Practices of Hybridization Capture Experiments to Study Long Noncoding RNAs That Act on Chromatin

The diverse roles of cellular RNAs can be studied by purifying RNAs of interest together with the biomolecules they bind. Biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides that hybridize specifically to the RNA of interest provide a general approach to develop affinity reagents for these experiments. Such oligonucleotides can be used to enrich endogenous RNAs from cross-linked chromatin extracts to study the genomic binding sites of RNAs. These hybridization capture protocols are evolving modular experiments that are compatible with a range of cross-linkers and conditions. This review discusses the principles of these hybridization capture experiments as well as considerations and controls necessary to interpret the resulting data without being misled by artifactual signals.
Resting states and memory consolidation: A preregistered replication and meta-analysis

While several recent studies have found that a post-encoding period of quiet, eyes-closed waking rest benefits memory consolidation, others have reported null effects. To more precisely estimate this effect, we conducted a quasi-exact behavioural replication of a recent study from our lab, which found that post-training eyes-closed waking rest improved declarative memory relative to a distractor task. Contrary to our hypothesis, the observed effect was not significant; however, it did fall within the 95% confidence interval of our previous finding. Furthermore, a meta-analytic effect summarizing n = 10 similar studies indicates a moderately sized and significant benefit of waking rest for verbal memory (d = 0.38, p < 0.001). We argue that the apparently conflicting results in this literature are most parsimoniously explained by variability due to sampling and/or measurement error, in a group of studies often underpowered to detect a smaller-than-expected effect of rest. Additionally, exploratory analyses revealed that increased trait daydreaming frequency negatively correlated with memory retention during eyes-closed rest. Together with our replication and meta-analysis, these studies suggest that waking rest confers a small but significant benefit on memory consolidation, and that this benefit requires the mind to be free from attention to either external tasks or spontaneous thought.
Standards for Passive UHF RFID

Passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been widely adopted by retail and other industries for serialized item-level identification and data sharing. This article introduces the standards that support and define all procedures in various passive UHF RFID applications. Electronic Product Code (EPC) Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols Generation-2 UHF RFID Standard, or C1G2, is a foundational standard that defines the format, encoding, and procedures within the air interfaces of RFID systems. Low Level Reader Protocol provides a standard and portable interface between different applications and RFID readers from different vendors. The format and encoding of the EPC information are defined by the EPC Tag Data Standard, which enables each tag to be uniquely identified (e.g., item-level identity of many goods in a warehouse). Additional protocols, such as Discovery, Configuration and Initialization and Reader Management, specify and clarify more processes (e.g., the management of many readers) that can be deployed in various business applications. We provide a general introduction of passive UHF RFID technology standards and review each protocol's features and procedures.
The Modal Effect of VCSELs on Transmitting Data Rate Over Distance in OM4 Fiber

The effective modal bandwidth (EMB) limit for the multi-mode (MM) VCSEL on transmitting data rate over distance in OM4 fiber is commonly referenced to be within 4700 MHz*km. However, this limit may not be valid for the VCSELs with reduced-mode (RM) or single-mode (SM) emission spectrum for data transmission. In this work, we investigate the EMB limit of OM4 fiber through characterizing three types of 850 nm oxide-VCSELs, namely, MM, RM and SM. Each type of VCSEL is tested to the highest error-free NRZ data rate over transmitting distance up to 1 km. The MM VCSEL demonstrates 50 Gb/s (100 m) and 26 Gb/s (300 m) that are within EMB limit. In contrast, the RM and SM VCSELs demonstrate speed distance product beyond the OM4 EMB limit. The SM VCSEL delivers record speed-distance of 44 Gb/s (500 m), and 36 Gb/s (1 km) at 25 °C without the use of equalization. These results suggest the SM VCSEL-based MMF link can transmit much higher data rate over extended distance up to 2 km in data centers.
Racial Disparities and COVID-19: Exploring the Relationship Between Race/Ethnicity, Personal Factors, Health Access/Affordability, and Conditions Associated with an Increased Severity of COVID-19.

COVID-19 was recognized as a pandemic in the United States in March 2020. Since the emergence, research has explored conditions associated with the illness; however, racial disparities remain underexplored. The purpose of this paper is to explore disparities in conditions associated with an increased severity risk of COVID-19 including race, personal factors, healthcare accessibility, and affordability. Using data from the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), univariate and multivariate analysis were performed. More Non-Hispanic (NH) Blacks (61.1%) and NH Whites (61.2%) had conditions associated with increased severity risk of COVID-19 compared to Hispanics (47.1%) (p < .001). Racial differences revealed a higher proportion of NH Blacks with increased severity risk of COVID-19 were female (p < .001), not married (p < .001), not employed for wages (p < .001), had accessibility issues with transportation (p < .001), and had affordability issues with paying for medicine (p < .001). A higher proportion of Hispanic persons had a health place change (p = .020), had accessibility issues (e.g. telephone (p < .001), longer wait times (p < .001), closed facility (p = .038)) and had affordability issue with worrying about pay (p < .001). Significant predictors that were positively associated with increased severity risk of COVID-19 for all racial/ethnic groups were being NH Black, older age, having appointment issues, and affordability issues with medicine. Differences in magnitude across racial group dynamics were observed. Racial disparities exist in conditions associated with increased severity risk of COVID-19. As future policies and interventions are developed, it is important to consider differentials across racial group dynamics.
This Ain’t What I’m Used to: Reflections of a Black Educator in Rural Black America an Autoethnography

This autoethnography highlights reflections of a Black woman social studies educator, from a predominantly White, southern Appalachian area, teaching in a Southern, predominantly Black, rural area....
Influence of muscular contraction on vascular conductance during exercise above versus below critical power

Abstract We tested the hypothesis that limb vascular conductance (LVC) would increase during the immediate recovery phase of dynamic exercise above, but not below, critical power (CP) indicating a threshold for muscular contraction-induced impedance of limb blood flow (LBF). CP (115 ± 26 W) was determined in 7 men and 7 women who subsequently performed ∼5 min of near-supine cycling exercise both below and above CP. LVC demonstrated a greater increase during immediate recovery and remained significantly higher following exercise above, compared to below, CP (all p
How Event Information Is Trusted and Shared on Social Media: A Uses and Gratification Perspective

This study explored the gratification factors of event-focused social media content that affect information sharing and information trust and ultimately the intention to attend an event. It also in...
Electronic packaging of SiC MOSFET-based devices for reliable high temperature operation

Silicon carbide (SiC) devices allow electronics to operate at high junction temperatures (>200°C) and high voltages (>10 kV). In addition, they provide faster switching and lower power losses than their silicon-based counterparts. Recently, MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) devices were demonstrated to work up to 500°C. Robust packaging solutions are needed to take advantage of the extreme temperature capability in the areas of propulsion, power generation, and oil/natural gas exploration. This paper reviews the current packaging challenges for 400–500°C operation temperature, and presents a hermetic package solution for reliable operation.
Summary of the Final Discussion on August 29

The aim of this summary is to convey to the reader only the highlights and the ‘spirit’ of the discussion. We have decided, therefore, to give an assimilated version of the discussion and realize that in doing so we have perhaps introduced our personal opinions; we have tried, however, to give due prominence to ideas different from our own.
Resistance of Salmonellae Isolated in 1962 to Chlortetracycline

Among 652 salmonellae examined, Salmonella typhimurium displayed a much higher incidence of resistance to chlortetracycline than did other serotypes. Among S. typhimurium cultures from man, the incidence of resistance (38%) increased markedly over that of cultures isolated 3 years previously (13.9%), whereas a similar increase was not noted among cultures from fowls. Resistance among cultures from animals other than fowls (72.5%) was due largely to the high incidence of resistance among cultures from bovine sources (93.7%).
Monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for pediocins of Pediococcus acidilactici.

Abstract Monoclonal antibody (MAb) R2-AR against pediocin RS2 was developed. Mice were immunized for 12 weeks with pediocin RS2 conjugated to a polyacrylamide gel. Two hybridoma fusions yielded an MAb that in Western blots (immunoblots) reacted only with pediocins RS2 and AcH (3 kDa) from Pediococcus acidilactici RS2 and H, respectively, and did not react with any other bacteriocin, including sakacin A from Lactobacillus sake Lb 706, leuconocin LCM1 from Leuconostoc carnosum LM1, nisin from Lactococcus lactis ATCC 11454, and pediocin A from Pediococcus pentosaceus FBB61. Each of the bacteriocin bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels was confirmed to be biologically active by a gel overlay test performed with sensitive indicator organisms. In dot immunoblot assays, the MAb could detect a minimum of 32,000 arbitrary units of pediocin RS2 or AcH per ml. In colony immunoblot assays, the MAb was used successfully to differentiate bac+ and bac- variants of P. acidilactici RS2 strains.
THE TFTR NEUTRAL BEAM POWER SYSTEM

The TFTR Neutral Beam Power System (NBPS) consists of the accelerator grid power supply and the auxiliary power supplies required to operate the TFTR 120 keV ion sources. The current configuration of the NBPS including the 11 MVA accelerator grid power supply and the Arc and Filament power supplies isolated for operation at accelerator grid voltages up to 120 kV, is described. The prototype NBPS has been assembled at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory and operated. The results of the initial operation and the descripton and resolution of some of the technical problems encountered during the commissioning tests are presented.
The NRL high level radiation laboratory: Part I: Structural design and construction features

Abstract The High Level Radiation Laboratory of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory was dedicated in 1964. This laboratory, which was designed as a general purpose radiation facility, has undergone the usual startup procedures and it is now possible to describe this laboratory from the perspective of more than a year of operation. Upon Part I, Structural Design and Construction Features, there will follow in consecutive issues: Part II, Laboratory Functions and Equipment, and Part III, Operating Experience. In this first of the article a description of the main structural design and construction features of the NRL High Level Radiation Laboratory is given, such as: design criteria, hot cell shielding, radiation shielding viewing windows, hot cell access and inter-cell transfer facilities, cell electrical services and in-cell lighting, ventilation system, liquid radioactive waste disposal system, safeguards system.
On the Specificity of Phospho-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide Translocase THE PEPTIDE SUBUNIT OF URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-N-ACETYLMURAMYL-PENTAPEPTIDE

Abstract Phospho-N-acetylmuramyl-pentapeptide translocase (UDP-MurNAc-Ala-γdGlu-Lys-dAla-dAla:undecaprenylphosphate phospho-MurNAc-pentapeptide transferase) catalyzes the initial membrane reaction in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. In addition, the enzyme catalyzes the exchange of [3H]uridine monophosphate with the uridine monophosphate moiety of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide. A specificity profile towards the peptide subunit of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide has been established for the exchange and transfer reactions catalyzed by the translocase from Staphylococcus aureus Copenhagen. A good correlation between Vmax/Km in the transfer reaction and Rmax/Km in the exchange reaction was observed. On the basis of glycine substitution, the enzyme has a high specificity for l-alanine in position 1 (R1) and d-alanine in position 4 (R4) and a low specificity for d-alanine in position 5 (R5). For example, when compared with UDP-MurNAc-Ala-dGlu-Lys-dAla-dAla, glycine replacement in either R1 or R4 results in a 9- and 15-fold decrease in Vmax/Km, respectively. In contrast, glycine substitution in R5 results in only a 1.5-fold decrease in Vmax/Km. These results are further supported by comparing UDP-MurNAc-Ala-dGlu-Lys-dAla-dAla, -Ala-dGlu-Lys-dAla, and -Ala-dGlu-Lys. For UDP-MurNAc-tetrapeptide a 4-fold decrease in Vmax/Km was observed whereas a 77-fold decrease was found for the -tripeptide. Replacement of both R1 and R4 by glycine reduces Rmax/Km 135-fold. The translocase has a low specificity for the diamino acid in R3. Substitution of lysine with meso-diaminopimelic acid results in a 1.5-fold decrease in Rmax/Km and with ornithine in no change. The established specificity profile of the translocase is consistent with the in vivo effects of elevated concentrations of glycine on the growth of S. aureus Copenhagen (Hammes, W., Schleifer, K.H., and Kandler, O. (1973) J. Bacteriol., 116, 1029–1053). Thus, it is suggested that the translocase has a key role in selecting analogs of UDP-MurNAc-Ala-γdGlu-Lys-dAla-dAla for peptidoglycan synthesis.
PARTICLE BEAM SYSTEMS IN PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS

SUMMARY We discuss the use of active particle beam systems in plasma diagnostics. The evolution of these systems over the last two decades has been impressive and has contributed to the measurement of a large fraction of those plasma quantities which are necessary for an understanding of plasma behavior. For the sake of completeness, an attempt will be made to cover the principles behind most of these systems. The main emphasis of the lecture will, for limited space, be devoted to a few of the more recent innovations in particle beam systems which have made significant contributions to plasma quantities that were hitherto rather difficult to measure. This will be systems for the measurement of plasma potential, and current and impurity profiles.
Neutron Activation Technique Used for Measurement of Aerosol Deposition on Fiber-Type Scavengers

A feasibility study of the neutron activation technique to measure the amount of deposited titanium oxide aerosol (with median diameters of about 0.7 μm) on fibers is presented. A laboratory setup consisting of an aerosol generator and a wind tunnel—in which the grid-type fiber “scavengers” were exposed to an aerosol flow of 1.0 m/s—allowed a determination of the time dependence of the fiber collection efficiency. The data, normalized for aerosol concentration and size distribution, reveal that the collection efficiency of polyester fiber “scavengers” of the fiber mean diameter of 250 μm reached a maximum (between 3% and 4%) after 5 min of exposure and subsequently dropped to 0.5% after 15 min.
Improved survival and chemotherapy response among patients with AIDS‐related non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) became available in the US in 1996. Using the population-based cancer registry, we identified 233 patients with AIDS-related systemic NHL diagnosed in San Diego or Orange County in 1994–1999, of whom 137 were diagnosed 1996–1999. We performed Kaplan-Meier analyses to compare survival between patients who received HAART at NHL diagnosis or thereafter versus untreated patients and Cox proportional hazard models for adjusted survival. We used logistic regression to determine if concomitant HAART changed the probability of complete response to chemotherapy and the Mann–Whitney U-test to compare the median number of chemotherapy cycles between patients who received HAART during chemotherapy versus those who did not. Among patients diagnosed with NHL in 1996–1999, 40 (29%) were taking HAART at NHL diagnosis. The median survival was three months among patients who did not receive HAART versus 16 months among HAART-treated patients. HAART, chemotherapy, high performance status, and NHL stage < IV were associated with improved survival. Concomitant HAART, completion of ≥ 6 chemotherapy cycles, and NHL stage < IV were associated with complete response to chemotherapy. The median number of chemotherapy cycles was five among patients who received HAART concomitant with chemotherapy versus three among untreated patients. We conclude that HAART should be initiated or continued after NHL diagnosis, including during the period of chemotherapy administration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.