cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
31P and 1H MRS of DB‐1 melanoma xenografts: lonidamine selectively decreases tumor intracellular pH and energy status and sensitizes tumors to melphalan

In vivo (31) P MRS demonstrates that human melanoma xenografts in immunosuppressed mice treated with lonidamine (LND, 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) exhibit a decrease in intracellular pH (pH(i) ) from 6.90 ± 0.05 to 6.33 ± 0.10 (p 0.05) and a monotonic decline in bioenergetics (nucleoside triphosphate/inorganic phosphate) of 66.8 ± 5.7% (p 0.05) at 20 min post-LND, with no significant change in pH(e) and a small transient decrease in bioenergetics (32.9 ± 10.6%, p > 0.05) at 40 min post-LND. No changes in pH(i) or adenosine triphosphate/inorganic phosphate were detected in the brain (pH(i) , bioenergetics; p > 0.1) or skeletal muscle (pH(i) , pH(e) , bioenergetics; p > 0.1) for at least 120 min post-LND. Steady-state tumor lactate monitored by (1) H MRS with a selective multiquantum pulse sequence with Hadamard localization increased approximately three-fold (p = 0.009). Treatment with LND increased the systemic melanoma response to melphalan (LPAM; 7.5 mg/kg intravenously), producing a growth delay of 19.9 ± 2.0 days (tumor doubling time, 6.15 ± 0.31 days; log(10) cell kill, 0.975 ± 0.110; cell kill, 89.4 ± 2.2%) compared with LND alone of 1.1 ± 0.1 days and LPAM alone of 4.0 ± 0.0 days. The study demonstrates that the effects of LND on tumor pH(i) and bioenergetics may sensitize melanoma to pH-dependent therapeutics, such as chemotherapy with alkylating agents or hyperthermia.
Natural-Semantics-Based Abstract Interpretation (Preliminary Version)

The original formulation of abstract interpretation (a.i.) [5] demonstrated clearly that a.i. is a formal-semantics-based methodology for deriving a provably correct, convergent, canonical iterative data flow analysis from a standard semantics of a programming language. But subsequent research in a.i. has obscured the methodology of the topic. For example, the recent slew of papers on closures analysis [2, 3, 17, 18, 21, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43] mix implementation optimizations with specifications and leave unclear exactly what closures analysis is. In this paper, we reexamine the principles of a.i. and reformulate the topic on a foundation of coinductively defined natural semantics. We aim to demonstrate that the intensional and compositional aspects of natural semantics make it an ideal vehicle for formulating abstract interpretations of problems while preserving the essential characteristics of the subject.
Blind adaptive space-time multiuser detection with multiple transmit and receive antennas

The demand for performance and capacity in cellular systems has generated a great deal of interest in the development of advanced signal processing techniques to optimize the use of system resources. In particular, much recent work has been done on space-time processing in which multiple transmit/receive antennas are used in conjunction with coding to exploit spatial diversity. In this paper, we consider space-time multiuser detection using multiple transmit and receive antennas. Specifically, we develop batch and sequential blind adaptive algorithms for space-time multiuser detection for synchronous CDMA in flat-fading channels. We also investigate the performance of the blind adaptive algorithm via simulation.
Macroscopic theory of surface acoustic wave gas microsensors

Recently it has been experimentally demonstrated (see J.F. Vetelino et al., 1987) that a surface acoustic wave gas microsensor can detect concentrations of certain gases in the parts per million to parts per billion range. Here, a theoretical model is presented which is capable of predicting the change in sensor response as a function of gas concentration. The geometry of interest consists of a metal oxide film on a piezoelectric substrate. It is assumed that on exposure to a gas, the most significant change in the film is the creation of free charge carriers which cause the film to change from a dielectric to a semiconductor. The free carriers then interact with the electric field associated with the acoustic wave traveling at the film-piezoelectric interface, causing a corresponding change in the sensor response. Results are presented for a tungsten trioxide film on a lithium niobate substrate which has been exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas. The theoretical results are compared to experimental data. >
A Contextual Model of Restraint-Free Care for Persons with Dementia

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on dementia, its diagnosis and the related characteristics. There is currently no effective treatment for stopping or reversing the impairment caused by degenerative forms of dementia. Affected persons eventually become bedridden, unable to swallow, and completely dependent on others for their care. Persons close to someone with dementia typically perceive the declines in the repertoire as major changes in “personality”. However, the treatment of the behavior problems that develop in dementia has been dominated by the use of antipsychotic and atypical antipsychotic medications. The challenging behaviors that develop over the course of degenerative dementia continue to result in patients receiving restrictive pharmacological and mechanical restraint. Hence, within the field of the care of persons with dementia, there is increasing recognition of the need for the development of restraint-free interventions.
The Role of Practice in Legal Education

Legal education is divided into three broad stages: a first academic phase, a second professional training phase, and a third post-admission phase of continuing legal education. English has become an important tool for teaching law in a globalized world and as a common root language for students across borders. There is a trend toward a globalized curriculum. This report sets a framework for comparison of disparate legal education regimes and details the results in two exhaustive charts. It also takes a very close look at the pedagogy of practice and details on a regional basis each country’s approach to experiential or clinical training of law students.
Postischemic brain injury is affected stereospecifically by pentazocine in rats.

We tested whether rats treated with the sigma1-receptor ligand, (+)-pentazocine, during transient focal ischemia would have a smaller volume of postischemic brain infarction than rats treated with the nonspecific opioidreceptor ligand (-)-pentazocine. Rats underwent focal cerebral ischemia using the filament occlusion technique for 2 h, followed by 22 h of reperfusion. Rats received (+) or (-)-pentazocine (n = 9 each group) at a dose of 2 mg [center dot] kg-1 [center dot] h-1 by continuous intravenous infusion from 1 h of ischemia to 22 h of reperfusion. Triphenyltetrazolium-determined infarction volume of ipsilateral striatum ([+]-pentazocine, 19 +/- 4 mm3, mean +/- SEM; [-]-pentazocine, 44 +/- 5 mm3) and cerebral cortex ([+]-pentazocine, 26 +/- 12 mm3; [-]-pentazocine, 134 +/- 29 mm3) was smaller in rats treated with (+) compared with (-)-pentazocine. Infarction volume in rats treated with (-)-pentazocine was also very similar to the infarction volume in salinetreated control rats from our previous study (striatum 44 +/- 4 mm3; hemisphere 136 +/- 27 mm3). These data indicate that sigma1-receptors may play an important role in the mechanism of injury both in cortex and striatum after 2 h of transient focal ischemia in rat. (Anesth Analg 1997;85:353-7)
Factors which influence normal values for serum lactic dehydrogenase in mice.

Nous avons etudie, chez la souris normale, l'effet du sexe, de l'âge et de la constitution genetique sur l'activite du serum LDH. Le seul resultat positif constate est un rapport entre l'âge et la race. Nous avons etabli la portee normale de l'activite du LDH dans cinq races de souris. Son augmentation n'est pas provoquee par une infection due au virus polyome, mais peut etre mise en relation avec la constitution genetique de l'animal.
Biodegradable Janus Nanoparticles for Local Pulmonary Delivery of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Molecules to the Lungs

The aim of the present work is to synthesize, characterize, and test self-assembled anisotropic or Janus particles designed to load anticancer drugs for lung cancer treatment by inhalation. The particles were synthesized using binary mixtures of biodegradable and biocompatible materials. The particles did not demonstrate cyto- and genotoxic effects. Janus particles were internalized by cancer cells and accumulated both in the cytoplasm and nuclei. After inhalation delivery, nanoparticles accumulated preferentially in the lungs of mice and retained there for at least 24 h. Two drugs or other biologically active components with substantially different aqueous solubility can be simultaneously loaded in two-phases (polymer-lipid) of these nanoparticles. In the present proof-of-concept investigation, the particles were loaded with two anticancer drugs: doxorubicin and curcumin as model anticancer drugs with relatively high and low aqueous solubility, respectively. However, there are no obstacles for loading any hydrophobic or hydrophilic chemical agents. Nanoparticles with dual load were used for their local inhalation delivery directly to the lungs of mice with orthotopic model of human lung cancer. In vivo experiments showed that the selected nanoparticles with two anticancer drugs with different mechanisms of action prevented progression of lung tumors. It should be stressed that anticancer effects of the combined treatment with two anticancer drugs loaded in the same nanoparticle significantly exceeded the effect of either drug loaded in similar nanoparticles alone.
COMMUNICATION FEAR: A CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF TRAIT GENERALITY

Recent theoretical analyses of communication fear have employed the analogy of state and trait anxiety. Communication apprehension is considered to be representative of general trait anxiety which is a function of disordered personality processes. Public speaking fear represents state anxiety and is a function of normal social evaluation anxiety. Two studies are reported which correlate state-trait measures of anxiety with communication apprehension and public speaking fear. The data support the hypothesis that communication apprehension is associated with trait anxiety but, contrary to the theoretical analysis, public speaking anxiety is associated with both state anxiety and trait anxiety. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical analysis of communication fear. The implications for future research on assessment and amelioration of communication fear are considered.
The structure of Na2O–Al2O3–SiO2 glass: impact on sodium ion exchange in H2O and D2O

Abstract The kinetics of matrix dissolution and alkali-exchange for a series of sodium aluminosilicate glass compositions was determined at constant temperature and solution pH(D) under conditions of silica-saturation. Steady state release rate for sodium was 10–50 times faster than the rate of matrix dissolution, demonstrating that alkali exchange is an important long-term reaction mechanism that must be considered when modeling systems near saturation with respect to dissolved glass components. Sodium release rates were 30% slower in D 2 O compared to rates in H 2 O; but matrix dissolution rates were unaffected. These results are consistent with rupture of the OH bond as the rate-limiting reaction in Na + –H + exchange whereas matrix dissolution is controlled by OH − or H 2 O catalyzed hydrolysis of SiOSi and SiOAl bonds. Changes in Na exchange rate with increasing Al 2 O 3 content could not be reconciled with changes in the number of non-bridging oxygen (NBO) sites in the glass alone. A simple model was used to estimate a structural energy barrier for alkali ion exchange using NaO bond length and co-ordination as measured by Na K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and binding energy shifts for SiONa sites measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The energy barrier was calculated to increase from 34 kJ mol −1 for Na 2 O·2SiO 2 glass to 49 kJ mol −1 for a glass containing 15 mol% Al 2 O 3 , consistent with stronger bonding of Na on NBO sites and increasing mechanical stiffness of the glass network with increasing Al content. The calculated ion-exchange enthalpies were then used to calculate Na ion-exchange rates as a function of glass composition. Agreement between the calculated and measured Na ion exchange rates was excellent.
Adhesive bonding of ion beam textured metals and fluoropolymers

An electron bombardment argon ion source was used to ion etch various metals and fluoropolymers. The metal and fluoropolymers were exposed to 0.5–1.0‐keV Ar ions at ion current densities of 0.2–1.5 mA/cm2 for various exposure times. The resulting surface texture is in the form of needles or spires whose vertical dimensions may range from tenths to hundreds of micrometers, depending on the selection of beam energy, ion current density, and etch time. The bonding of textured surfaces is accomplished by ion beam texturing mating pieces of either metals or fluoropolymers and applying a bonding agent which wets in and around the microscopic conelike structures. After bonding, both tensile and shear strength measurements were made on the samples. Also tested, for comparison’s sake, were untextured and chemically etched fluoropolymers. The results of these measurements are presented in this paper.
Topographic abnormalities of P3 in schizotypal personality disorder

Schizotypy, a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, is of interest because schizotypes share traits with schizophrenics, albeit milder, without potential confounds such as chronic neuroleptic treatment and/or hospitalization. Thus, schizotypy may be particularly useful in exploring biological correlates of an underlying schizophrenic predisposition. The P3 event-related potential, which is aberrant in schizophrenia, was measured in 11 male, right-handed, DSM-III-R-defined schizotypes and 11 matched controls while subjects covertly counted 1.5 kHz target tones (15%) in trains of 1 kHz standard tones. Like schizophrenics, schizotypes displayed an asymmetrical P3, with smaller amplitudes over the left temporal lobe. Unlike schizophrenics, schizotypes were not significantly smaller in P3 amplitude over the sagittal midline of the head, although there was a trend towards reduced amplitudes at central and posterior midline sites. Asymmetry of P3 amplitude, with left-sided deficit, may be associated with the schizophrenia diathesis, but overall P3 reductions may be more associated with chronic effects.
Cervical pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer successfully treated with methotrexate and intracervical injection of vasopressin

(2004). Cervical pregnancy after in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer successfully treated with methotrexate and intracervical injection of vasopressin. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica: Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 112-114.
Spatial and temporal filtering of a 10-W Nd:YAG laser with a Fabry--Perot ring-cavity premode cleaner.

We report on the use of a fixed-spacer Fabry–Perot ring cavity to filter spatially and temporally a 10-W laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG master-oscillator power amplifier. The spatial filtering leads to a 7.6-W TEMinfinity beam with 0.1% higher-order transverse mode content. The temporal filtering reduces the relative power fluctuations at 10 MHz to 2.8 x 10^-/sqrtHz, which is 1 dB above the shot-noise limit for 50 mA of detected photocurrent.
Combined wave based optical analysis and particle based thermal analysis of nanoscale ultrafast target heating of silicon utilizing a near-field scanning optical probe and a femtosecond laser

A non-equilibrium wave based optical-thermal analysis was developed to study target heating and mass removal for irradiation with a femtosecond laser pulse utilizing a near-field scanning optical microscope probe. It was found that under the conditions when nano-craters were observed experimentally with a pure silicon target (Wen et al 2007 Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 251113) that the calculated electron temperature and electron number density are high enough to induce non-thermal mass removal. Also, the shapes of the nano-crater patterns are consistent with the calculated Joule heating distribution. The results indicate that near-field laser radiation-material interaction is a potential mechanism for forming nano-craters on semiconducting materials.
Energy straggling of protons in Be, C, Al, and Si

Ion backscattering from solid targets of elements with prominent structure in their (p, p) scattering cross section has been used to measure the energy straggling of protons in Be, C, Al, and Si. Single-crystal targets were used in order to minimize porosity, channeling, and surface-roughness effects. In order to obtain straggling parameters from the experimental data, corrections for contributions, other than those mentioned above, to the broadening of the observed spectra were made. The energy dependence of the stopping power of the target for the protons makes a significant contribution to the broadening of the observed backscattering spectra, and must be properly accounted for if precise values of the straggling parameters are to be obtained. A procedure is described for accomplishing this. Using the experimental technique and analysis procedure described, proton straggling was evaluated in Be, C, Al, and Si in the energy range of 100--3000 keV. The results are summarized by defining f equivalent ..cap omega../..cap omega../sub B/, where ..cap omega../sub B/ is the straggling predicted by the Bohr theory. The results are: Be (E/sub res/ = 2.530 MeV), f = 1.0/sup +0.3//sub -1.0/; C (E/sub res/ = 0.47 MeV), f = 0.0/sup +1.5//sub -0.0/; C (E/sub res/ =more » 1.73 MeV), f = 0.9 +- 0.1; Al (E/sub res/ = 2.480 MeV), f = 1.25 +- 0.2; Al (E/sub res/ = 2.555 MeV), f = 1.25 +- 0.2; Si (E/sub res/ = 1.682 MeV), f = 1.15 +- 0.2; Si (E/sub res/ = 2.099 MeV), f = 1.4 +- 0.3. In addition to the straggling results, relative elastic scattering cross sections were determined for protons on Be (2.25--2.85 MeV, theta/sub lab/ = 170/sup 0/) and on Al (2.4--2.6 MeV, theta/sub lab/ = 170/sup 0/).« less
Visualization of molecular composition and functionality of cancer cells using nanoparticle-augmented ultrasound-guided photoacoustics

Assessment of molecular signatures of tumors in addition to their anatomy and morphology is desired for effective diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Development of in vivo imaging techniques that can identify and monitor molecular composition of tumors remains an important challenge in pre-clinical research and medical practice. Here we present a molecular photoacoustic imaging technique that can visualize the presence and activity of an important cancer biomarker - epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), utilizing the effect of plasmon resonance coupling between molecular targeted gold nanoparticles. Specifically, spectral analysis of photoacoustic images revealed profound changes in the optical absorption of systemically delivered EGFR-targeted gold nanospheres due to their molecular interactions with tumor cells overexpressing EGFR. In contrast, no changes in optical properties and, therefore, photoacoustic signal, were observed after systemic delivery of non-targeted gold nanoparticles to the tumors. The results indicate that multi-wavelength photoacoustic imaging augmented with molecularly targeted gold nanoparticles has the ability to monitor molecular specific interactions between nanoparticles and cell-surface receptors, allowing visualization of the presence and functional activity of tumor cells. Furthermore, the approach can be used for other cancer cell-surface receptors such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Therefore, ultrasound-guided molecular photoacoustic imaging can potentially aid in tumor diagnosis, selection of customized patient-specific treatment, and monitor the therapeutic progression and outcome in vivo.
PDI Improves Secretion of Redox‐Inactive β‐Glucosidase

Although manipulation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) folding environment in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been shown to increase the secretory productivity of recombinant proteins, the cellular interactions and processes of native enzymes and chaperones such as protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) are still unclear. Previously, we reported that overexpression of the ER chaperone PDI enabled up to a 3-fold increase in secretion levels of the Pyrococcus furiosus beta-glucosidase in the yeast S. cerevisiae. This result was surprising since beta-glucosidase contains only one cysteine per monomer and no disulfide bonds. Two possible mechanisms were proposed: PDI either forms a transient disulfide bond with the lone cysteine residue of the nascent beta-glucosidase during the folding and assembly process or acts as a chaperone to aid in proper folding. To discern between the two mechanisms, the single cysteine residue was mutated to serine, and the secretion of the two protein variants was determined. The serine mutant still showed increased secretion in vivo when PDI levels were elevated. When the folding bottleneck is removed by increasing expression temperatures to 37 degrees C rather than 30 degrees C, PDI no longer has an improvement on secretion. These results suggest that, unexpectedly, PDI acts in a chaperone-like capacity or possibly cooperates with the cell's folding or degradation mechanisms regardless of whether the protein is redox-active.
Redefining the american small town: Community governance

Abstract Contemporary small town America is at the crossroads. Even with the persistance of poverty, most people see rural, small town America as the place they would like to reside. A key attraction is the ideological belief that the American Dream is still in place. Indeed, for many, it is the place where everyone has his or her say and where equal opportunity to succeed is still operative. As part of our colonial heritage, these small town beliefs are part of our enduring political cultural character and may be the civic ethos needed for redefining our nation's Sense of Mission.
Gas Phase Reactions Relevant to Chemical Vapor Deposition: Optical Diagnostics

Laser photolysis, optical emission, and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) were used to investigate laser driven decomposition processes in the gas phase pertaining to the systems: SiH 4 → Si (s) and SiH 4 → NH 3 → Si 3 N 4 (s). These processes are important to silicon/ silicon-nitride chemical vapor deposition, flame-driven gas phase silicon-particle nucleation, and laser-induced processes for materials fabrication. UV laser photolysis was used to generate SiH x and NH x species from silane and ammonia. A number of photofragments were identified by emission from excited states. The rate of reaction of NH 2 with silane was measured using LIF to detect NH 2 as a function of time following photolysis of ammonia
On probing the outer planets with the Raman effect

The paper examines the feasibility of using the H2 rotational Raman spectrum to study the physical structure of the atmospheres of the outer planets. Computations of the strengths of the S(0) and S(1) lines are made for a wide range of physical conditions on the basis of a semi-infinite homogeneous pure H2 atmospheric model. Initial applications of the Raman probe technique to Jupiter and Uranus are reported.
Separatrices and solitary periodic solutions

A separatrix trajectory of a general solution to an ordinary differential equation is one which differs topologically from near by trajectories. Maximal regions of parallel flow are separated by a union of separatrices. The structure of these solutions has been a useful tool in the qualitative theory, especially in the plane (see, for example, [‘2, 6, 71). We will consider the separatrix structure of a flow near a solitary periodic solution in 3-space (cf. [Sj). A periodic orbit y is solitary if it has a compact neighborhood (neighborhood of solitude) G such that any negative (respectively, positive) semitrajectory contained in i? has its 4imit (resp., w-limit) at y. Within a neighborhood of solitude, trajectories are distinguished by their eventual behavior in time. For those sets of trajectories which are elhptic, that is, are contained in L’ and hence have CLand w-limit at y, an analysis of separatrix structure in a slightly different situation has already been set forth [a]. Our interest here will be primarily in the set &I+ of positively attracted trajectories, i.e.,. those which have w-limit at y, but leave U in the negative time direction. In contrast with the situation in two-dimensional settings, where each separatrix trajectory is thought of as separating two canonical regions, our analysis of separatrix structure must be concerned with connected components of the union of all separatrices. Thus, whereas a study of a planar flow is concerned with the geometry of individual trajectories, we must concern ourselves with the geometry of “surfaces” of separatrices. In general, these surfaces may be quite different from manifolds, even for C” flows. Our approach here is to restrict attention to those flows whose separatrix sets satisfy some kind of “manifold hypothesis.” We will also demand that no positive semitrajectory with initial state in the boundary of A !be internally tangent to the boundary of the neighborhood of solitude. Under a strict version of these hypotheses, a classification of regions of 9, is given by boundary type.
Flow Field Prediction and Bubble Trajectory Model in Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC) Separators

Several mechanistic models have been already developed for predicting the onset of liquid carryover in gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC) separators. However, currently no model is available to predict gas carryunder. A bubble trajectory model has been developed that can be used to determine the initiation of gas carryunder in the GLCC and to design GLCC for field applications. The bubble trajectory model uses a predicted flow field in GLCC that is based on swirl intensity. This paper describes the development of a general correlation to predict the decay of the swirl intensity. The correlation accounts for the effects of fluid properties (Reynolds number) as well as inlet geometry. Available experimental data as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were used to validate the correlation. The swirl intensity is used to calculate the local axial and tangential velocities. The flow model and improved bubble trajectory results agree with experimental observation and CFD results. Examples are provided to show how the bubble trajectory model can be used to design GLCC.
Occupation, Competence, and Role Overload as Evaluation Determinants of Successful Women1

In order to determine what variables contribute to or detract from the inter- personal attraction of a successful career woman, 80 male and 80 female introductory psychology students at a large western state university viewed one of eight different videotapes of a female stimulus person discussing aspects of her career and homelife. Two levels of occupation (traditional vs. nontraditional), two levels of competcnce (high vs. low), and two levels of role overload (high vs. low) were factorially varied for each videotape. The Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS) was used as a covariate, thereby equalizing attitudes between the sexes. A multivariate analysis of covariance was performed on the data. Results indicated that all main effects-competence, role overload, occupation, and sex of subjects-were significant. Also significant was a sex of subject by occupation interaction and two three-way interactions. These results were discussed in the context of how they increase our understanding of college students' perceptions of successful career women.
Role of energetic flux in low temperature Si epitaxy on dihydride-terminated Si (001)

Abstract Epitaxial Si films were grown on the dihydride-terminated (1×1) Si (001) surface by pulsed laser deposition at substrate temperatures between 315 K and 625 K. Critical epitaxial thicknesses, measured by high-resolution cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, were found to be smaller and to increase less rapidly with substrate temperature than critical epitaxial thicknesses observed for molecular beam epitaxy and sputter deposition on the clean (2×1) Si (001) surface. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction indicated that the surface reconstruction remained (1×1) during growth. Ion probe time-of-flight data indicated that incident Si + kinetic energies ranged from 10 eV to 135 eV. In conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations, these data suggest that epitaxy on the dihydride surface is enabled through transfer of surface H from surface Si to incident Si or subplantation of incident Si.
Bandwidth efficiency of the networking broadband services architecture: A case study

IBM's networking broadband services (NBBS) is a unique network control point architecture capable of managing both asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks as well as more generic fast packet networks with variable size packets. The NBBS traffic management functions provide value-added enhanced variable bit rate (VBR) services based on statistical traffic descriptors in addition to providing ATM Forum compliant VBR services based on deterministic rule-based traffic descriptors. In this paper, we first summarize NBBS traffic management functions that are relevant to our study. These include traffic estimation, monitoring, policing and dynamic bandwidth adaptation procedures. The NBBS traffic estimation and adaptation module has a novel feature that continuously monitors the source traffic and dynamically adjusts the bandwidth reserved in the network links for the network connection when it detects a significant change in the connection traffic characteristics. The main contribution of this paper is to integrate all these functions in a trace driven simulation experiment to study their aggregate effect in a general network setting using actual traffic traces. Based on observed SNA, TCP, and compressed video traces we observed that NBSS dynamic bandwidth adaptation function provides a three-fold savings in bandwidth use compared to static peak bandwidth allocation in our case study. Our study also provides useful insights into network dimensioning problem in order to achieve a desired level of network availability for different services. Finally, we provide a simple formula for estimating the amount of bandwidth savings achieved through dynamic bandwidth adaptation versus static peak bandwidth allocation in a general network setting by making a comparison on the individual traces in isolation.
Regulation of cutaneous pigmentation by titration of human melanocytes in cultured skin substitutes grafted to athymic mice

Pigmentation of healed cultured skin substitutes in burn patients is frequently irregular and unpredictable which compromises solar protection and the patient's self-image. To address these morbidities, human fibroblasts were inoculated on a collagen-glycosaminoglycan substrate followed 1 day later by the addition of keratinocytes at 1.1 x 10(6)/cm2 combined with either 0, 1.1 x 10(2), 1.1 x 10(3), or 1.1 x 10(4) melanocytes/cm2. The skin substitutes were incubated in vitro for 3 weeks and grafted to athymic mice. In vitro, the number of L-Dopa-positive melanocytes in the skin substitutes increased proportionately to the number of melanocytes inoculated. The melanocytes localized to the basal epidermis when labeled for MEL-5. The skin substitutes with 1.1 x 10(4) melanocytes/cm2 were significantly darker than other groups in vitro by chromameter evaluation. By 12 weeks after grafting, the cultured skin ranged from no pigment in the control group, to 75% pigmented area in the 1.1 x 10(3) melanocytes/cm2 group, to complete pigmentation in the 1.1 x 10(4) melanocytes/cm2 group. In vivo, the mean chromameter values were significantly darker for the grafts with 1.1 x 10(3) and 1.1 x 10(4) melanocytes/cm2. These results suggest that complete restoration of cutaneous pigmentation can be accomplished by addition of between 0.1 and 1.0 x 10(4) melanocytes/cm2 to skin substitutes.
The double-resonance optogalvanic effect of neon as a sensitive photon detector

Abstract The double-resonance optogalvanic effect (OGE) of neon in a commercial hollow cathode lamp is used as a sensitive photon detector. The signal photons, emulated by a highly attenuated laser, served as the first step of the two-step, sequential excitation, while a high intensity laser saturated the second, connected transition. The limiting experimental noise was found to be the shot noise on the lamp operating current. The detector exhibited a high quantum efficiency (> 1) over approximately 5 orders of magnitude of energy. The minimum detectable peak energy was 1.3× 10 −15 J (4.2 × 10 3 photons at 640.225 nm).
Groups for divorce separation: A review

Abstract The descriptive and empirical literature on group work for adjustment to divorce/separation is reviewed. The focus is on the adults in the broken relationship
Media Use and Gender Differences: Retailing Strategies for Bank Marketers

Male/female differences in financial media use are discussed. Using proprietary and academic studies, current knowledge about print and electronic sources of information favoured by upscale and downscale segments is summarised. Consumer goods retailers now entering the banking market use segmentation strategies to appeal to different male and female targets, and ways in which financial institutions can adapt retail methods to fit media uses based on segmentation by sex are suggested.
Patrolling the borders of consequentialist justifications: the scope of agent-relative restrictions

In a sense my topic in this article is within the natural law and not about it. A full natural law theory as I understand it has two theses to it: (1) the meta-ethical thesis that morality is objective, and (2) the relational thesis that human law is intimately related to that objective morality. I come not to defend either thesis here, although I believe each to be fully defensible. Rather, I wish to explore some general issues about the content of the objective morality that makes up the natural law. (It is in that sense that my topic is within the natural law and not about it.) I do this moral exploration freely mixing legal with moral examples. This is not because I think the connection
Racial and ethnic health disparities and the unfinished civil rights agenda.

Civil rights–era efforts to end disparities in health care in federally financed health programs faced three successively more difficult challenges: (1) ending Jim Crow practices, (2) eliminating more subtle forms of segregation, and (3) assuring nondiscriminatory treatment in integrated settings. Federal efforts peaked with the implementation of the Medicare program. Visible symbols of Jim Crow disappeared, and most crude disparities in access were eliminated. The unfinished parts of the civil rights–era agenda, the persistence of more subtle forms of segregation, and the failure to assure nondiscriminatory treatment pose major challenges to current efforts to eliminate health care disparities.
Suppressed Blinking in Single Quantum Dots (QDs) Immobilized Near Silver Island Films (SIFs)

In this report, we use single-molecule spectroscopic method to study emission behaviors of streptavidin conjugated quantum dots immobilized on biotinylated-BSA (bovine serum albumin) monolayer near non-continuous rough silver nanostructure. We observed greatly reduced blinking and enhanced emission fluorescence of quantum dots next to silver island films.
Esterase Dependence of Human Neutrophil Functions: Lysozyme Secretion, Spontaneous Migration, and Continuity of the Respiratory Burst

To assess the esterase dependency of human neutrophil secretion of lysosomal enzyme, the influence of several aromatic amino acid esters on phorbol myristate acetate-induced release of lysozome was studied. This function was found to be esterase-dependent on the basis of the inhibitory influence of such esters. Of the esters tested, tryptophan octyl ester, tryptophan benzyl ester, benzoyl tyrosine ethyl ester, and tryosine methyl ester were the most potent inhibitors of this response, being effective in the order listed. All esters with inhibitory effects were active at concentrations of less than or equal to 100 muM. Other neutrophil functions found to be similarly sensitive to the presence of these esters were spontaneous and chemotactic migration an continuity of the respiratory burst. The common inhibition profile of these neutrophil activities by the esters used suggests the activity of a common enzyme in these various functions.
Taking account of the role of safety on vehicle choice using a new generation of discrete choice models

Abstract In attitudinal studies safety often appears as an important attribute desired by consumers when buying a new car ( Ben-Akiva and Lerman, 1985 ). However, economic models of vehicle choice usually neglect the role of safety. On the one hand, to capture the qualitative nature of safety and variables related to safety one should consider safety as an underlying construct in a context of latent variable models. The problem is that psychometric models that make use of latent variables do not necessarily provide a complete understanding of agent behavior and may lead to poor predictive power. On the other hand, discrete choice models – although a powerful tool to explain decision making based on utility maximization behavior – fail to include qualitative factors as explanatory variables of the decision process. In this paper, we explore how to model safety through a new generation of discrete choice models which simultaneously consider both a standard discrete choice model and latent causal variables. Using stated preference data concerning purchase intentions of low-emission vehicles in Canada, we test a hybrid choice model to explain consumers’ preferences for safety. Based on the results as well as on the hybrid choice modeling approach, we outline a general framework for the correct modeling of the adoption of safer vehicles and appreciation of safety equipment.
Observation and search for γ rays 1–20 MeV from the Crab, NGC4151, Cyg X-1, Cyg X-3, CG135+1 and 3C273

Observations and limiting values for the flux of 1-20 MeV gamma rays from the Crab, the Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151, the black hole candidate Cyg X-1, Cyg X-3 and the two nearest quasars CG 135+1 and 3C 273 are reported. Measurements of the energy and scatter angle of gamma rays at zenith angles between 10 and 30 deg were obtained by a balloon-borne double-scatter gamma-ray telescope. The flux from the Crab from 1.2 to 10 MeV is found to be 0.0039 + or - 0.0020 photons/sq cm per sec, and the energy distribution of the flux from 1.2 to 20 MeV is determined. Two-standard-deviation upper limits to the gamma-ray flux in the intervals 1.2-3, 3-5, 5-10 and 10-20 MeV of 0.0003, 0.0002, 0.00006 and 0.00004 photons/sq cm/sec are found for NGC 4151, Cyg X-1 and Cyg X-3, while those of 0.0005, 0.0003, 0.0001 and 0.00004 photons/sq cm per sec are determined for both quasars. These upper limits are interpreted as restricting confirmed gamma-ray sources to the Crab and NP 0532, and as evidence against Seyfert galaxies as the source of cosmic diffuse radiation.
Identification of nuclear tau isoforms in human neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract The tau proteins have been reported only in association with microtubules and with ribosomes in situ, in the normal central nervous system. In addition, tau has been shown to be an integral component of paired helical filaments, the principal constituent of the neurofibrillary tangles found in brains of patients with Alzheimer disease and of most aged individuals with Down syndrome (trisomy 21). We report here the localization of the well-characterized Tau-1 monoclonal antibody to the nucleolar organizer regions of the acrocentric chromosomes and to their interphase counterpart, the fibrillar component of the nucleolus, in human neuroblastoma cells. Similar localization to the nucleolar organizer regions was also observed in other human cell lines and in one monkey kidney cell line but was not seen in non-primate species. Immunochemically, we further demonstrate the existence of the entire tau molecule in the isolated nuclei of neuroblastoma cells. Nuclear tau proteins, like the tau proteins of the paired helical filaments, cannot be extracted in standard SDS-containing electrophoresis sample buffer but require pretreatment with formic acid prior to immunoblot analysis. This work indicates that tau may function in processes not directly associated with microtubules and that highly insoluble complexes of tau may also play a role in normal cellular physiology.
Heat transfer to water at supercritical pressures in a circular and square annular flow geometry

Abstract A supercritical water heat transfer facility has been built at the University of Wisconsin to study heat transfer in a circular and square annular flow channel. Operating conditions included mass velocities of 350–1425 kg/m2s, heat fluxes up to 1.0 MW/m2, and bulk inlet temperatures up to 400 °C; all at a pressure of 25 MPa. The accuracy and validity of selected heat transfer correlations and buoyancy criterion were compared with heat transfer measurements. Jackson’s Nusselt correlation was able to best predict the test data, capturing 86% of the data within 25%. Watts Nusselt correlation showed a similar trend but under predicted measurements by 10% relative to Jackson’s. Comparison of experimental results with results of previous investigators has shown general agreement with high mass velocity data. Low mass velocity data have provided some insight into the difficulty in applying these Nusselt correlations to a region of deteriorated heat transfer. Geometrical differences in heat transfer were seen when deterioration was present. Jackson’s buoyancy criterion predicted the onset of deterioration while modifications were applied to Seo’s Froude number based criterion.
A Comparison of OKT3 Monoclonal Antibody and Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Acute Renal Allograft Rejection

The monoclonal antibody OKT3 (Ortho Pharmaceutical, Raritan, NJ) was utilized in two separate protocols for treatment of acute renal allograft rejection in patients receiving cyclosporine, azathioprine, and prednisone for maintenance immunosuppression. In Group I, 54 patients received steroids for primary treatment of acute rejection with OKT3 used for resistant rejections and second rejection episodes. In Group II, 34 patients received OKT3 as primary treatment of acute rejection while steroids were used for rescue and second rejection episodes. OKT3 successfully reversed 82% of initial acute rejection episodes in Group II as compared with a 63% reversal with steroids in Group I. Rescue treatment was required in only 15% of Group II patients compared with 33% of Group I patients. Overall patient survival was 96% and 94%, respectively, for steroid primary and OKT3 primary treatments. Allograft survival at 3 months was identical, 74% in both groups. Based on allograft survival data, OKT3 is equally effective either as primary treatment for allograft rejection, or for rescue therapy if initial corticosteroid treatment fails.
ESTABLISHMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINES (LCL) DERIVED FROM PATIENTS WITH IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES (IDS)

Using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), we have established LCL from 15 patients with IDS, including patients with ataxia telangiectasia (3), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (1), severe combined immune deficiency (1), common variable immune deficiency (5), X-linked immune deficiency with increased IgM (1), immune deficiency with normal immunoglobulins (1), C4 deficiency (1), Job's syndrome (1). LCL could not be established from 4 patients with infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia despite multiple attempts. All LCL have surface markers and functions characteristic of normal B-lymphocytes, including C3 receptors and surface immunoglobulins, and were potent stimulators in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. None of the LCL expressed T-cell characteristics. The inability to establish LCL from X-linked agammaglobulinemic patients might reflect absence of EBV receptors as well as absent B-lymphocytes. Most of the LCL appear to be polyclonal. Individual lines expressed more than one class of surface immunoglobulin. Indeed, LCL were established which expressed immunoglobulin classes markedly deficient or absent in the serum of the patients from which they were derived, suggesting the defect resulted from suppressor activity rather than defective synthesis. Further immunologic and metabolic studies of these lines may help to elucidate pathologic mechanisms responsible for primary IDS.
Chronic relapsing brachial plexus neuropathy with persistent conduction block

Idiopathic brachial plexus neuropathy (BPN) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by an acute onset of painful weakness in one or both upper extremities. The course is usually monophasic with gradual improvement over months; however, occasionally BPN can recur. Electrophysiologic studies suggest the pathogenesis is primarily axonal in the majority of cases. We descibe an unusual case of BPN in which the patient had a chronic and relapsing course of painless weakness associated with conduction blocks and other electrophysiologic features of demyelination across the brachial plexus. The patient improved following treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. The neuropathy falls within the spectrum of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and multifocal motor neuropathy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve20: 1303–1307, 1997
The interaction of N-2-Pyridyl-, N-2-Picolyl- and N-2-Lutidyl-N′-arylthioureas with Copper(II): an electron spin resonance study

Reported here are the copper(II) ESR parameters for a range of N-heterocyclic N'-arylthioureas having a potential heterocyclic nitrogen donor as well as the thiocarbonyl sulfur donor
Changing Modes of Service Delivery: How Past Choices Structure Future Choices:

Public managers and their political overseers can choose from several approaches as they decide how to structure the delivery of goods and services to citizens. The three most common service-delivery modes are: internal service delivery, in which the government produces the entire service; contracts with other governments, private firms, or nonprofit organizations; and joint service-delivery arrangements. Traditionally, governments' decision to ‘make or buy’ has been framed statically: public managers and their political overseers select one delivery mode over alternatives and then remain committed to that delivery approach. Of course, in practice, service-delivery choices can be more fluid: internal service delivery can later change to contracts, and contracts can later be internalized. Changing service-delivery modes is a potentially costly undertaking. Governments that elect to switch typically make changes to existing production systems and management systems. Varying costs associated with the alterat...
Entrainment of the Arabidopsis Circadian Clock

The rising and setting of the sun marks a transition between starkly contrasting environmental conditions for vegetative life. Given these differing diurnal and nocturnal environmental factors and the inherent regularity of the transition between the two, it is perhaps unsurprising that plants have developed an internal timing mechanism (known as a circadian clock) to allow modulation of gene expression and metabolism in response to external cues. Entrainment of the circadian clock, primarily via the detection of changes in light and temperature, maintains synchronization between the surrounding environment and the endogenous clock mechanism. In this review, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular workings of the plant circadian clock are discussed as are the input pathways necessary for entrainment of the clock machinery.
INVERSE PROBLEM OF SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF CONFLICT DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

For conflict dynamical systems, we study the problem of the existence and description of initial measures that converge to measures with given spectral distributions.