cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning, Visualizing, and Assessing a Model for the Intrinsic Value of a Batted Ball

We present a multidisciplinary approach for learning, visualizing, and assessing a model for the intrinsic value of a batted ball in baseball. The new methodology addresses one of the most fundamental problems in baseball analytics. Traditional outcome-based statistics for representing player skill on batted balls have been shown to have a low degree of repeatability due to the effects of multiple confounding variables, such as the defense, weather, and ballpark. New sensors have created the opportunity to define batted-ball descriptors that are invariant to these variables. We exploit this opportunity by using a Bayesian model to construct a continuous mapping from a vector of batted-ball parameters to an intrinsic value defined using a linear weights representation for run value. A kernel method is used to learn nonparametric estimates for the component probability density functions in Bayes theorem using a set of over 100 000 batted-ball measurements, while cross validation enables the model to adapt to the size and structure of the data. Properties of the mapping are visualized by considering reduced-dimension subsets of the batted-ball parameter space. The approach separates the intrinsic value of a batted ball at contact from its outcome and, as a result, allows the definition of batted-ball statistics for batters and pitchers that are less subject to systematic bias and random variation than traditional statistics. We use Cronbach’s alpha to show that statistics derived from batted-ball intrinsic values have a higher reliability than the traditional outcome-based statistics and that this leads to more accurate estimates of player talent level that can be used for performance forecasting.
Inherited disorders of the fibrinolytic pathway.

Abstract Deficiencies or excessive activation of the fibrinolytic system can result in severe, lifelong bleeding disorders. The most severe clinical phenotype is caused by α2−Antiplasmin (α2−AP) deficiency which results in excess fibrinolysis due to the inability to inhibit plasmin. Another bleeding disorder due to a defect in the fibrinolytic pathway results from Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) deficiency causing enhanced fibrinolysis due to the decreased inhibition of plasminogen activators resulting in increased conversion of plasminogen to plasmin. Both these disorders are rare and have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. They can remain undetected as routine coagulation and platelet function tests are normal. A unique gain-of-function defect in fibrinolysis causes the Quebec platelet disorder (QPD) which is characterized by profibrinolytic platelets containing increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) in the α−granules. A high index of suspicion based on clinical phenotype along with the availability of specialized hemostasis testing is required for timely and accurate diagnosis. Antifibrinolytic agents, such as tranexamic acid or e−aminocaproic acid, are the mainstays of treatment which inhibit fibrinolysis by preventing the binding of plasminogen to fibrin and thereby stabilizing the fibrin clot. The purpose of this review is to summarize the pathogenesis, clinical phenotype, approaches to diagnosis and treatment for these three major disorders of fibrinolysis.
Exploration of Multi-fingered Access to 2D Spatial Information

The use of touchscreen devices with tactile and/or auditory feedback is increasingly being considered for providing refreshable graphics for individuals who are blind or visually impaired. Typically, with these devices, only a single finger is used to explore, limiting the perceptual field of view and, potentially, performance. This paper describes a study examining the possibilities of improving performance using simultaneous feedback for each of multiple exploring fingers. Preliminary results suggest that the benefit of providing feedback to multiple fingers may be dependent on modality and user characteristics.
Review: City of Refuge: Separatists and Utopian Town Planning, by Michael J. Lewis

Michael J. Lewis City of Refuge: Separatists and Utopian Town Planning Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2016, 254 pp., 75 color and 75 b/w illus. $45 (cloth), ISBN 9780691171814 The separatists of Michael J. Lewis's subtitle are those utopianists who saw “no hope for reforming a wicked world” and so chose to withdraw from it (10). Unlike adherents of the main strand of utopian thought, which “aspires to perfect the world,” Lewis's protagonists accepted that the world “cannot be made perfect” and established sanctuaries from it (10), the “cities of refuge” of his title. There is, Lewis writes, a “distinct and unbroken intellectual tradition” of such separatist sanctuaries; the “living continuity of that tradition” is his principal theme (11). The book is rather narrowly focused on a “German intellectual-theological tradition” that produced settlements with a “formal geometric unity” (16). The Ephrata Cloister and the Shakers, for example, are excluded because their settlements lack this geometric unity. Also excluded are utopian communities such as the Oneida Perfectionists and the North American Phalanx, which Lewis apparently considers to be in the mainstream of utopian rather than separatist thought. Within the narrow tradition he defines, Lewis finds rich ground. The book is …
“In This City of the Dead”: Charleston’s Magnolia Cemetery and Middle-Class Aspiration:

Like many other cities in the antebellum United States, Charleston, South Carolina, faced the challenge of managing longstanding, overfilled, urban burial spaces in an area with a large population ...
Approach to the Subsolid Nodule.

Most focal persistent ground glass nodules (GGNs) do not progress over 10 years. Research suggests that GGNs that do not progress, those that do, and solid lung cancers are fundamentally different diseases, although histologically they seem similar. Surveillance of GGNs to identify those that gradually progress is safe and does not risk losing a window. GGNs with 5 mm solid component or less than 10 mm consolidation (mediastinal and lung windows, respectively, on thin slice CT) are highly curable with resection. The optimal type of resection is unclear; sublobar resection is reasonable but an adequate margin is critically important.
Arterial spin labeling detects perfusion patterns related to motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Introduction Imaging neurovascular disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD) is an excellent measure of disease severity. Indeed, a disease-specific regional pattern of abnormal metabolism has been identified using positron emission tomography. Only a handful of studies, however, have applied perfusion MRI to detect this disease pattern. Our goal was to replicate the evaluation of a PD-related perfusion pattern using scaled subprofile modeling/principal component analysis (SSM-PCA). Methods. We applied arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI for this purpose. Uniquely, we assessed this pattern separately in PD individuals ON and OFF dopamine medications. We further compared the existence of these patterns and their strength in each individual with their Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor (MDS-UPDRS) scores, cholinergic tone as indexed by short-term afferent inhibition (SAI), and other neuropsychiatric tests. Results. We observed a PD-related perfusion pattern that was similar to previous studies. The patterns were observed in both ON and OFF states but only the pattern in the OFF condition could significantly (AUC=0.72) differentiate between PD and healthy subjects. In the ON condition, PD subjects were similar to controls from a CBF standpoint (AUC=0.45). The OFF pattern prominently included the posterior cingulate, precentral region, precuneus, and the subcallosal cortex. Individual principal components from the ON and OFF states were strongly associated with MDS-UPDRS scores, SAI amplitude and latency. Conclusion. Using ASL, our study identified patterns of abnormal perfusion in PD and were associated with disease symptoms.
The average peak time and intensity of seasonal influenza may vary by age: a study of laboratory confirmed influenza.

Background:Seasonal influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory illness that exerts a severe impact on human life year-round. Yet, very few studies have been conducted to investigate its peak timing for...
Novel Regularization for Learning the Fuzzy Choquet Integral With Limited Training Data

Fuzzy integrals (FIs) are powerful aggregation operators that fuse information from multiple sources. The aggregation is parameterized using a fuzzy measure (FM), which encodes the worths of all subsets of sources. Since the FI is defined with respect to an FM, much consideration must be given to defining the FM. However, in practice this is a difficult task—the number of values in an FM scales as $2^n$ , where $n$ is the number of input sources, thus manually specifying an FM quickly becomes tedious. In this article, we review an automatic, data-supported method of learning the FM by minimizing a sum-of-squared error objective function in the context of decision-level fusion of classifiers using the Choquet FI. While this solves the specification problem, we illuminate an issue encountered with many real-world data sets; i.e., if the training data do not contain a significant number of all possible sort orders, many of the FM values are not supported by the data. We propose various regularization strategies to alleviate this issue by pushing the learned FM toward a predefined structure; these regularizers allow the user to encode knowledge of the underlying FM to the learning problem. Furthermore, we propose another regularization strategy that constrains the learned FM's structure to be a linear order statistic. Finally, we perform several experiments using synthetic and real-world data sets and show that our proposed extensions can improve the learned FM behavior and classification accuracy. A previously proposed visualization technique is employed to simultaneously quantitatively illustrate the FM as well as the FI.
Radiations from Yb 169

The radiations from ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{169}$ have been examined by means of a thin lens spectrometer and absorption-coincidence techniques. The half-life was found to be 33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5 days. The half-life of the metastable state was determined as 0.67 \ensuremath{\mu} sec. ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{169}$ decays by electron-capture to ${\mathrm{Tm}}^{169}$. Eleven gamma-rays were observed in the photoelectron and internal conversion spectra determined with the spectrometer. On the basis of the absorption-coincidence and spectrometer data, two decay schemes are discussed.
Self-assembled miRNA-switch nanoparticles target denuded regions and prevent restenosis.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Effective delivery of cell-selective therapies that target atherosclerotic plaques and neointimal growth while sparing the endothelium remains the Achilles heel of percutaneous interventions. The current study utilizes synthetic microRNA switch therapy that self-assembles to form a compacted, nuclease-resistant nanoparticle
Financial Considerations Associated With a Fourth Year of Residency Training in Family Medicine: Findings From the Length of Training Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The feasibility of funding an additional year of residency training is unknown, as are perspectives of residents regarding related financial considerations. We examined these issues in the Family Medicine Length of Training Pilot. METHODS Between 2013 and 2019, we collected data on matched 3-year and 4-year programs using annual surveys, focus groups, and in-person and telephone interviews. We analyzed survey quantitative data using descriptive statistics, independent samples t test, Fisher's Exact Test and χ2. Qualitative analyses involved identifying emergent themes, defining them and presenting exemplars. RESULTS Postgraduate year (PGY)-4 residents in 4-year programs were more likely to moonlight to supplement their resident salaries compared to PGY-3 residents in three-year programs (41.6% vs 23.0%; P=.002), though their student debt load was similar. We found no differences in enrollment in loan repayment programs or pretax income. Programs' descriptions of financing a fourth year as reported by the program director were limited and budget numbers could not be obtained. However, programs that required a fourth year typically reported extensive planning to determine how to fund the additional year. Programs with an optional fourth year were budget neutral because few residents chose to undertake an additional year of training. Resources needed for a required fourth year included resident salaries for the fourth year, one additional faculty, and one staff member to assist with more complex scheduling. Residents' concerns about financial issues varied widely. CONCLUSIONS Adding a fourth year of training was financially feasible but details are local and programs could not be compared directly. For programs that had a required rather than optional fourth year much more financial planning was needed.
Performance Analysis of Spatial and Frequency Domain Index-Modulated Reconfigurable Intelligent Metasurfaces

Higher spectral and energy efficiencies are the envisioned defining characteristics of next-generation high data-rate sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks. One of the enabling technologies to meet these requirements is index modulation (IM), which transmits information through permutations of indices of spatial, frequency, or temporal media. In this paper, we propose novel electromagnetics-compliant designs of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) apertures for realizing IM in 6G transceivers. We consider RIS modeling and implementation of spatial and subcarrier IMs, including beam steering, spatial multiplexing, and phase modulation capabilities. Numerical experiments for our proposed implementations show that the bit-error-rates obtained via RIS-aided IM outperform traditional implementations. We further establish the programmable ability of these transceivers to vary the reflection phase and generate frequency harmonics for IM through full-wave electromagnetic analyses of a specific reflect-array metasurface implementation.
The Dark Theatre: A Book About Loss: by Alan Read Abingdon, Oxon, and New York: Routledge. 2020, 342 pp, ISBN 9780367436407 (paperback)

Alan Read’s The Dark Theatre arrived on virtual bookshelves, and perhaps some physical ones as well, at the beginning of the summer of 2020 at the height of the first lockdown in the UK due to Covi...
Problems: Factorization of Polynomials

In this chapter, the basic and advanced problems of factorization of polynomials are presented. To help students study the chapter in the most efficient way, the problems are categorized in different levels based on their difficulty levels (easy, normal, and hard) and calculation amounts (small, normal, and large). Moreover, the problems are ordered from the easiest problem with the smallest computations to the most difficult problems with the largest calculations.
Fluctuation of fetal hemoglobin in sickle-cell anemia

Abstract A reduction of morbidity and mortality rates in homozygous sickle-cell patients was found in those with high fetal hemoglobin (Hb F ) levels. This factor would lead one to believe that an adequate amount of this substance would be protective to a patient with this hemoglobinopathy. This study utilizing pregnant and nongravid females, as well as males, followed for long periods of time indicates that the Hb F level fluctuates with crisis. Some patients had low Hb F levels with many crises and others had high amounts of Hb F with no crisis. However, many patients with high levels on one occasion demonstrated a decrease in Hb F levels when crisis occurred. More importantly, no patient had high levels of Hb F during a crisis although the amount was elevated before and after the episodes. The possible explanation and ramifications of this finding are discussed.
Integrated design. The scenario-based four year experience

Summary form only given. In a collaborative effort faculty members of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Arkansas have embarked on a unique experiment in education aimed at improving the student design experience in the civil engineering program. A four year, scenario based, design program is under development that will incorporate the same parcel of land and the same functional facility as the vehicle for instruction in all of the engineering science and design courses of the civil engineering program. Virtually every civil engineering course will use a portion of the facility to teach a topic in design or analysis. The initial scenario is the development of a major shopping mall on a 100-acre, university owned, tract of gently rolling hills in an undeveloped area of Fayetteville, Arkansas. Students are introduced to the project scenario in the freshman fundamentals of engineering course. There, they have an opportunity to work in teams to walk the land and brainstorm the problems and opportunities. They develop the unconstrained functional requirements of the shopping mall. Their initial concepts are unhampered by technical knowledge at this point. During the course, faculty members from each of the major sub-disciplines of civil engineering then discuss the project from their prospective and provide a preview of what the student will learn in their course to assist in the development of the facility. The major goal of this program is to introduce students to the big picture of infrastructure development early in the curriculum in a manner that directly connects it to technical design issues.
Virtual microscopy as a tool for proficiency testing in cytopathology: a model using multiple digital images of Papanicolaou tests.

Abstract Background.—Modern digital cameras can acquire images from cytologic slides at sufficient resolution to allow for digital enlargement and scrolling on a video monitor, allowing for the simulation of microscopy using a computer. Objective.—The purpose of this study was to develop a tool for proficiency testing in cytopathology using multiple digital images of Papanicolaou tests. Methods.—Nine images were photographed from each of 10 Papanicolaou tests at ×100 optical magnification, 3400 × 2300-pixel resolution, using a light microscope and a digital camera. All images from each case were tiled in a single canvas with Photoshop 4.0 software. Two cytopathologists and 3 cytotechnologists interpreted these “virtual slides” using a computer and graded diagnostic codes (PAP program, College of American Pathologists). Subjects were retested a year later using the glass slides from the same cases and routine microscopy. Both test results, by diagnostic code, were compared with the McNemar test of symmetry...
Antecedents of the Child Behavior Checklist–Dysregulation Profile in Children Born Extremely Preterm

Objective Extremely preterm newborns are at heightened risk for emotional and behavioral dysregulation later in childhood. Our goal was to systematically evaluate the antenatal and early postnatal antecedents that might mediate the association between extreme preterm birth and emotional and behavioral dysregulation at age 2 years (corrected age). Method In a multi-site prospective study, the parents of 826 infants born before 28 weeks gestation completed a Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) when the child was 2 years corrected age. We compared the maternal, pregnancy, placenta, delivery, and newborn characteristics, as well as early postnatal characteristics and exposures of those who satisfied criteria for the CBCL–Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP) to those of their peers. We then used time - oriented logistic regression models, starting first with antenatal variables that distinguished children with the CBCL-DP profile from their peers, and then added the distinguishing postnatal variables. Results Approximately 9% of the children had a CBCL-DP. In the time-oriented logistic regression model with antenatal variables only, low maternal education achievement, passive smoking, and recovery of Mycoplasma from the placenta were associated with increased risk, whereas histologic chorioamnionitis was associated with reduced risk. None of the postnatal variables added statistically significant discriminating information. Conclusion Very preterm newborns who later manifest the CBCL-DP at age 2 years differ in multiple ways from their preterm peers who do not develop the CBCL-DP, raising the possibility that potentially modifiable antenatal and early postnatal phenomena contribute to the risk of developing emotional and behavioral dysregulation.
Excitation of higher order modes in Lamb wave delay lines

The excitation of higher-order ultrasonic Lamb wave modes by an interdigital transducer deposited on a piezoelectric plate is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. It is found that depending on the value of the ratio h/ lambda (h=plate thickness, lambda =acoustic wavelength), a number of higher-order modes can be efficiently excited. The phase velocity of higher-order modes is greater than the surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity, while their group velocity is lower than that of the SAW. Thus, these modes have a higher resonant frequency and also a longer time delay than the surface acoustic wave. It is found that in acoustically thin plates (h/ lambda >
Effects of interleukin-1β on sleep are mediated by the type I receptor

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a well characterized sleep regulatory substance. To study receptor mechanisms for the sleep-promoting effects of IL-1β, sleep patterns were determined in control and IL-1 ...
A discrete analogue and elementary derivation of ‘Lévy's equivalence’ for Brownian motion

Abstract The present note presents a discrete analogue of Levy's extended equivalence for symmetric simple random walks and provides an elementary derivation of Levy's basic and extended based upon this analogue. Finally, it describes an almost sure version of the extended equivalence depending on an Ito-type stochastic integral.
Schizophrenic symptomatology and cerebral dominance patterns: a comparison of EEG, AER, and BPRS measures.

Abstract The relationship of behavior to left or right cerebral hemisphere function has been of considerable interest recently. Due to our recent findings that various EEG frequencies were abnormally prominent over the left hemisphere in some schizophrenic patients, it appeared logical to examine the relationship of EEG and AER asymmetries to schizophrenic symptoms, presumed to be related to left or right cerebral functioning. Thirty male schizophrenic patients were rated on the BPRS for symptoms that were deemed to be so related. Eight patients had “left” related symptoms (mainly thought disorder) and six had only “right” hemisphere symptoms (mainly anxiety-depression). Subjects were recorded for ongoing resting EEG and visual (flash) averaged evoked response asymmetries. Those with “left” symptoms showed significant asymmetries in the beta II band, with left hemisphere amplitude values being highest. Patients with “right” symptoms showed evoked response asymmetries, with the right hemisphere amplitude values being the highest. It appears, thus, that different schizophrenic symtomatologies are characterized by different electrophysiological patterns.
Simulations of Tetra-Tethered Organic/Inorganic Nanocube−Polymer Assemblies

We perform molecular simulations to study the self-assembly of tetratethered nanoparticles with a cubic geometry. We develop a minimal model of the tethered nanoscale building block (NBB) to represent a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) molecule with polymeric functionalities based on information about the molecular structure and interactions obtained from ab initio density functional theory calculations. Using this model, we explore the rich nanostructures formed from self-assembly of the NBBs and make analogies with the morphologies observed in block copolymer, surfactant, and liquid crystalline systems. On the basis of the assembled structures produced and determination of the location and nature of the order-disorder transitions in the system, we propose phase diagrams to describe the behavior of these molecules. We find that qualitative similarities exist between the phase diagrams for the tetratethered NBBs and those for block copolymer and surfactant systems.
The 1932 experiments

The 1932 papers of Emerson and Arnold were great ones, both conceptually and experimentally. The results were so far out of synch with the thinking of the times that it took many years for them to become a cozy part of the dogma of photosynthesis. I reflect on this twenty-four year segment of history.
Oscillator phase-noise reduction using low-noise high-Q active resonators

This paper describes a method for the design of a low phase-noise planar oscillator based on a compact low-noise active elliptic filter for its frequency stabilization. The phase-noise of the oscillator is significantly reduced by taking advantage of the high frequency-selectivity and low-noise characteristics of the active filter. The filter occupies a relatively small area due to its two-pole dual-mode structure, making it suitable for the fabrication of very compact low phase-noise oscillators. As a proof of concept, a X-band oscillator using a packaged SiGe HBT transistor is designed and tested. The oscillator, operating at 8.1 GHz, achieves a measured phase-noise of −150 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz frequency offset with 10 dBm output power. To the best of our knowledge, the oscillator demonstrated in this paper presents the lowest phase-noise among published planar oscillators, to date.
The transition metal complexes of syn-phenyl-2-pyridylketoxime—II

Die Umsetzung von zum Teil in wasrigem HCl gelosten Metallsalzen mit dem Titelliganden in heisem Athanol und darauffolgende Neutralisation fuhrt zu dem oktaedrischen Co(III)-Komplex (I), dem quadratisch-planaren Au(III)- Komplex (II), dem linearen Ag(I)-Komplex (III), sowie zu den Ni- und Co-Komplexen (IV), deren Strukturen noch nicht geklart sind.
Determination of Peierls stress from acoustic harmonic generation

The interaction of acoustic waves with dislocations leads to aperiodic oscillations in the magnitude of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter β as a function of the acoustic drive amplitude σ ampl. The magnitude and spacing of the oscillations depend on the value of the Peierls stress. A least-square curve fit of the β(σ ampl) equation to experimental data taken of 99.999% pure aluminum monocrystals oriented for wave propagation along the [1 0 0] crystal axis yields the value 6.2 × 104 Pa for the Peierls stress. The value is consistent with the smallest values reported in the literature for aluminum where for both theoretical and experimental studies the reported values range over three orders of magnitude.
Macrocycle-Mediated Transport in a Bulk 1.5 M HNO3-CHCI3-0.01 M HNO3 Membrane System of Pd2+ and Mn+ from Pd2+Mn+ Mixtures

Abstract Pd2+ has been transported using sulfur substituted macrocycles as carriers and several Mn+ (Mn+ = Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Ag+, TL+, Cd2+, and Pb2+) have been transported using 18-crown-6 (18C6) and sulfur substituted macrocycles as carriers in a 1.5M HN03/CHCL33/0.01M HNO3 bulk liquid membrane system. Competitive Pd2+-Mn+ transport studies have also been carried out for the same systems. The cyclic polyether 18C6 transports Mn+ selectively over Pd2+ for all Mn+ except Li+, Mg2+, and Cd2+. In the cases of these three cations, no transport was found for either Pd2+ or Mn+. Generally, the sulfur substituted macrocycles transport Pd2+ selectively over Mn+.
Designing the default privacy settings for facebook applications

We frame privacy from the perspective of contextual integrity. Through an online experiment, we explore how the alignment of default privacy settings with the context of an information request would impact a user's information disclosure behavior and privacy perceptions. The field experiment is designed as a between-subject experiment with four conditions of the apps' default settings, in the context of installing a third-party application that creates a birthday calendar on Facebook. Our preliminary findings suggest that default privacy settings that are context-relevant may help users make better informed privacy decisions, increase their likelihood of engaging with an app, and improve their privacy perceptions of the app.
Trends in Occupational and Industrial Sex Segregation in 56 Countries, 1960-1980

This paper examines trends in sex segregation by occupation and industry in 56 countries. International Labor Organization data on both developed and developing countries are included in the analysis. The data cover the period from roughly 1960 through 1980. The authors measure segregation with the conventional index of dissimilarity D and supplement this indicator with a measure of isolation Liebersons P* which reflects the sex composition of the labor force as well as the degree of segregation. They also compute a size-standardized measure of segregation which enables them to distinguish the structural from the compositional components of change. Finally the effects of removing agriculture from the analysis are examined. Comparative international data are only available for 8 industry categories and 7 occupational categories. The studys measures consequently understate the extent of segregation by sex. However evidence is presented suggesting that these data are nonetheless reliable measures of the direction and rate of change. The authors found that a majority of countries experienced declines in sex segregation between 1960 and 1980 and nearly all countries experienced declines in the size-standardized measure of segregation. This finding suggests that compositional changes have generally moved in the direction of decreased segregation by sex while structural changes in the distribution of occupations and industries in some countries have offset this trend. There is also a striking asymmetry in the experience of these changes for men and women. Men in the great majority of countries experienced an increased chance of sharing an occupation (and industry) with women during this period while women often (but not always) experienced a decline in the chances of being in the same occupational (and industrial) group as men. This divergence is due to the rise in womens labor force participation which increases mens chances of sharing an occupation with women at work but reduces working womens chances of sharing an occupation with men. Finally the effects of per capital Gross National Product womens labor force participation the total fertility rate womens educational levels and urbanization on sex segregation both cross-sectionally and longitudinally are examined. The results are generally inconsistent with the predictions of the modernization perspective. (authors modified)
Minimum-energy configurations of isotropic ferromagnetic shells

Abstract We calculate the exchange and magnetic (‘dipolar’) energies in various configurations of magnetization of spherical shells of ferromagnetic material with no intrinsic anisotropy. In general, the state of lowest energy is magnetized along lines of constant latitude. We compare this to states in which the magnetization follows lines of constant longitude or is radial, which have higher total energies. A continuum of intermediate states exists, so that in the absence of anisotropy, external fields, or pinning of magnetization, all states may spontaneously decay to latitudinally magnetized states. Although the latitudinal state has no magnetic moment, it may have significant permeability.
Michaelis—menten Kinetic Parameters of Renal Tubular Secretion of para-alkylated Mandelic Acids and Their Use in Revealing Possible Chemical Characteristics around Receptor Site of Secretion Carrier in Rats

From the determination of the Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters (Vm and Km) of renal tubular secretion of D-(—)-p-n-propylmandelic acid (V) and D-(—)-p-isopropylmandelic acid (VI) in rats, it is shown that these compounds involve the same renal tubular carrier for their secretion but the affinity of V for the carrier is approximately twice that of VI. By considering these parameters as well as the structural variations of V and VI, together with those of other homologs of D-(—)-mandelic acid (I) studied previously, inferences have been drawn regarding the chemical nature around the possible cationic receptor site of the carrier for renal tubular secretion of organic anions in rats. The utilization of the model compounds of a homologous series of I in studying the influence of alkyl groups present in the organic anions on the pharmacokinetic parameters, particularly the volume of distribution, is discussed.
Microarrays and gene expression profiling in microbiology and infectious diseases: a clinician's perspective

Abstract Advances in molecular biology, bioinformatics, and robotics have allowed microarray technology to be used for in-depth, basic science studies in all fields of microbiology. Recently, translation of these basic science applications to clinical microbiology and infectious diseases has also progressed. From a clinical infectious disease perspective, genome-based organism identification, pathogen discovery, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of problematic organisms offer the potential to yield diagnostic information that may not otherwise become available. Moreover, microarray-based studies have the ability to provide “signatures” of host cell transcriptional responses for individual pathogens and/or groups of pathogens. This type of information has the potential to confirm difficult diagnoses, to monitor responses to therapeutic intervention, or even to predict prognosis and sequelae following an infectious disease. Examples are presented to illustrate ways in which microarray technology has already impacted these areas of clinical microbiology.
Brachial plexus block

Abstract The supraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus is probably the most useful and safest method of anesthetizing this area which has been suggested so far. It is especially well adapted for operations which are confined to the arm, forearm and hand, where it is desirable that the patient have control of motor function. The method is successful in 75 to 80 per cent of cases, provided there is close adherence to the proper technique. It should not be used in cases in which there is obvious disease of the brachial plexus or suppuration in the supraclavicular region. The most serious complication which can result from this type of anesthesia is permanent injury to the brachial plexus; however, with careful technique trauma to these nerve trunks will be minimal.
Context and Implications Document for: Developing caring relationships in schools: a review of the research on caring and nurturing pedagogies

This guide accompanies the following article: Andrea Velasquez, Richard E. West, Charles Graham and Richard Osguthorpe, Developing caring relationships in schools: a review of the research on caring and nurturing pedagogies, Review of Education, 10.1002/rev3.3014
The reaction of tungsten with CO2 and D2O at high temperatures and low pressures

The reactions of tungsten with CO2 and D2O at high temperatures and low pressures (T >2000 K, 10−5 < P < 10−2Torr) has been studied using mass spectrometry. Under these conditions both reactants produce the same volatile oxide products which result in significant transport of tungsten compared to sublimation. The quasi-equilibrium model of gas surface reactions provides a good qualitative description of the rates of product formation. The fit is quantitatively satisfactory if the JANAF thermochemical values for the products are adjusted within their reported error. A comparison is made between these reactions and the reaction of oxygen with tungsten under similar conditions.
Long‐term effects of volcanic ash from Mount St. Helens in normal and melanoma‐bearing mice

The toxicity of long‐term exposure to Mount St. Helens volcanic ash was studied in female B6D2F1 mice. The mice, fed diets containing 10% ash, were observed for 43 wk. Exposure had no effect on hematology, plasma amino acid levels, food and water consumption, and urinary and fecal output. Mice fed the ash diet grew at a faster rate than mice maintained on the control diet. This increase was reflected in an increase in carcass and gastrointestinal tract weight. Lactic dehydrogenase was elevated throughout the observation period, but other clinical chemistries were normal. Mice suffered no apparent respiratory problems during the 43‐wk observation period. The ash had mixed effects on survival of B16 melanoma‐bearing mice. Sudden exposure and long‐term exposure (30 and 44 wk) in mice injected with a rapidly growing tumor did not affect survival. In contrast, mice implanted with a slow‐growing tumor at 7 and 15 wk of exposure exhibited decreased survival relative to control mice.
Coherent behavior in noncooperative games

Abstract A new concept of mutually expected rationality in noncooperative games is proposed: joint coherence. This is an extension of the “no arbitrage opportunities” axiom that underlies subjective probability theory and a variety of economic models. It sheds light on the controversy over the strategies that can reasonably be recommended to or expected to arise among Bayesian rational players. Joint coherence is shown to support Aumann's position in favor of objective correlated equilibrium, although the common prior assumption is weakened and viewed as a theorem rather than an axiom. An elementary proof of the existence of correlated equilibria is given, and relationships with other solution concepts (Nash equilibrium, independent and correlated rationalizability) are also discussed.
ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIC ACIDS OF ORANGE JUICE

The total acidity of orange juice is ordinarily determined by titrating a known volume of juice with a standard solution of NaOH, with phenolphthalein as indicator, the result being expressed as citric acid. This value includes all the substances of an acidic nature in the juice that react with NaOH. It so happens, however, that in most fruits the chief substances reacting with NaOH are the organic acids; for this reason, the titratable acidity represents fairly well the organic acid content of a given juice. The predominating organic acid in orange juice is citric acid ; but other organic acids, namely, tartaric, malic, benzoic, and succinic, have been reported present (2). According to Scurti and De Plato (11), the acidity of the orange is due to citric and malic acids. Menchikovsky and Popper (?) have reported that in the grapefruit of Palestine, 98.72 per cent, of the total acid is citric, 0.05 per cent, tartaric, 1.0 per cent, malic, and 0.23 per cent, oxalic. Nelson (7) found that the nonvolatile fruit acids of California lemons were chiefly citric, with a trace of 1-malic acid. For Florida orange juice, Hartmann and Hillig (5) reported a citric acid concentration of 0.92 per cent, and a malic acid concentration of 0.18 per cent., fresh weight. Hall and Wilson (3) identified formic acid in the volatile fraction of orange juice. All of these acids, if present in the juice, would have an additive influence on the titratable acidity. It was therefore decided to determine the amounts of citric and malic acids in orange juice and correlate these with the free-acid content as determined by titration with standard NaOH. Undoubtedly, other organic acids are present in the juice in minute amounts, but in the present work it has been assumed that they are negligible in comparison with the concentrations of citric and malic acids. Furthermore, the concentrations of combined and free acids have been determined on various juice samples, and the relation between the combined acid and the inorganic cations in the ash of orange juice has. been ascertained.
Velocity And Attenuation Anisotropy In Reservoir Rocks

Sedimentary rocks are generally characterized by textural anisotropy that gives rise to a directional dependence of acoustic velocities. This textural anisotropy in sedimentary rocks can lead to attenuation anisotropy. Our analyses of the directional dependence of velocity and attenuation in different reservoir rocks show that attenuation anisotropy can be quite large. Directional dependences of velocity and attenuation can be very different and are not influenced in the same manner by textural variations. Depending on the texture, the attenuation anisotropy can be opposite to the velocity anisotropy.
Shock-induced superheating and melting curves of geophysically important minerals

Shock-state temperature and sound-speed measurements on crystalline materials, demonstrate superheating-melting behavior distinct from equilibrium melting. Shocked solid can be superheated to the maximum temperature, T_c′. At slightly higher pressure, P_c, shock melting occurs, and induces a lower shock temperature, T_c. The Hugoniot state, (P_c,T_c), is inferred to lie along the equilibrium melting curve. The amount of superheating achieved on Hugoniot is, Θ_H+=T_c′/T_c−1. Shock-induced superheating for a number of silicates, alkali halides and metals agrees closely with the predictions of a systematic framework describing superheating at various heating rates [Appl. Phys. Lett. 82 (12) (2003) 1836]. High-pressure melting curves are constructed by integration from (P_c,T_c) based on the Lindemann law. We calculate the volume and entropy changes upon melting at (P_c,T_c) assuming the R ln 2 rule (R is the gas constant) for the disordering entropy of melting [J. Chem. Phys. 19 (1951) 93; Sov. Phys. Usp. 117 (1975) 625; Poirier, J.P., 1991. Introduction to the Physics of the Earth’s Interior. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 102 pp.]. (P_c,T_c) and the Lindemann melting curves are in excellent accord with diamond-anvil cell (DAC) results for NaCl, KBr and stishovite. But significant discrepancies exist for transition metals. If we extrapolate the DAC melting data [Phys. Rev. B 63 (2001) 132104] for transition metals (Fe, V, Mo, W and Ta) to 200–400 GPa where shock melting occurs, shock temperature measurement and calculation would indicate Θ_H+∼0.7–2.0. These large values of superheating are not consistent with the superheating systematics. The discrepancies could be reconciled by possible solid–solid phase transitions at high pressures. In particular, this work suggests that Fe undergoes a possible solid–solid phase transition at ∼200 GPa and melts at ∼270 GPa upon shock wave loading, and the melting temperature is ∼6300 K at 330 GPa.
Evidence for baryonium exchange in medium and high energy scattering

Abstract We review the prominent effects supposed to be associated with the exchange of baryonium Regge trajectories. The experimental presence of all expected effects leads us to suggest that the baryonium exchange mechanism is a correct phenomenological picture and that mesons with isospin 2 or 3 2 or with strangeness −2, strongly coupled to the baryon-antibaryon channels, must be observed. An unexpected enhancement of the pure baryonium channel cross sections in the case of baryon decuplet production is pointed out. We also show that the old ϱ′ puzzle in π − p → π 0 n seems to be solved by considering a recent generalization of the baryonium concept.
On the symplectic formalism for general relativity

A covariant formalism for the hamiltonian formulation of general relativity in arbitrary dimensions is presented. Specifically, a presymplectic form on the solution space for the vacuum equations in n dimensions is given. The basic variables are taken to be a soldering form and a torsion-free connection on an SO ( p , q )-bundle over the space-time manifold M . It is shown how the present formalism is related to the standard ADM-formalism.
Visually Coupled System Integration

Visually Coupled Systems (VCS) involve the integration of Helmet Trackers, Helmet Displays, Helmets, Sensors, Weapons and Vehicles. A description of a VCS, its components, interfaces, and features will be described and a typical system concept with its functional features and performance is presented.
INFLUENCE OF BEDROCK GEOLOGY AND TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION ON STREAM NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS IN MID-APPALACHIAN FORESTED WATERSHEDS

Although the large variations in nitrate export from forested watersheds have been at- tributed to a variety of natural and disturbance-related factors, baseflow nitrate concentrations in 49 mid-Appalachian forested watersheds were most strongly related to differences in bedrock geol- ogy. Within the mid-Appalachian region of Pennsylvania, Maryland and West Virginia, watersheds dominated by Pottsville and Allegheny sandstone (PVA), Catskill, Chemung, and Pocono shale and sandstone (CCP), and Mauch Chunk shale and Greenbrier limestone (MCG), respectively, exhibited significantly different low, intermediate, and high mean stream nitrate concentrations. Soil pH, soil percent N concentration (%N), soil C:N mass ratio, soil exchangeable Ca, watershed slope, and the occurrence of white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis L.) were related significantly to bedrock geology type as well as stream nitrate levels. Other factors such as past land disturbances (fire and agriculture) and stand age (old- growth) typically were associated with only one bedrock geology type. However, within a bedrock geology type, past agriculture and the presence of old-growth forest may be important in explaining stream nitrate concentrations on an individual watershed basis. The basal area of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), a species that enhances soil nitrogen levels via nitrogen fixation, showed a moderate positive correlation with stream nitrate concentrations. Bedrock geology explained the most variation in winter (49%) and summer (32%) stream nitrate concentrations. Bedrock geology may have been a better predictor of stream nitrate concentrations than soil chemistry, because the geologic variation was better assessed at the regional scale of this study compared to soil chemistry, which varies at the micro-scale due to topographic, vegetation, microbial, and climatic influences. Results of this study suggest that bedrock geology is an important factor to consider when assessing forest nitrogen dynamics at a broad landscape scale.
Drawing outerplanar minimum weight triangulations

We consider the problem of characterizing those graphs that can be drawn as minimum weight triangulations and answer the question for maximal outerplanar graphs. We provide a complete characterization of minimum weight triangulations of regular polygons by studying the combinatorial properties of their dual trees. We exploit this characterization to devise a linear time (real RAM) algorithm that receives as input a maximal outerplanar graph G and produces as output a straight-line drawing of G that is a minimum weight triangulation of the set of points representing the vertices of G.
The Health Consequences of Female Circumcision: Science, Advocacy, and Standards of Evidence

This two-part article addresses questions that have arisen in current debates on the health consequences of female circumcision. The first part responds to a critique of a 1999 article and focuses on three major points: the role of research and advocacy in discussions of harmful effects, the sort of evidence that is appropriate for measuring health effects, and the way in which different disciplines—demography, epidemiology, and anthropology—are brought together to analyze data on health consequences. The second part of the article reviews published sources and provides an update on their results. It shows that few studies are appropriately designed to measure health effects, that circumcision is associated with significantly higher risks of a few well-defined complications, but that for other possible complications the evidence does not show significant differences, [female genital mutilation, female genital cutting, circumcision, health consequences, advocacy, evidence, multidisciplinary]