cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The role of cohesive forces in particle launching on the Moon and asteroids

Abstract The movement of small dust particles due to electrostatic forces, seismic activity and micrometeoroid bombardment has been hypothesized to occur on the Moon and asteroids. There currently exists significant uncertainty in the method of launching these small dust particles, which in turn makes the selection of accurate initial conditions for numerical simulations difficult. We evaluate the electric field strength required to launch small particles given surface gravitation, cohesion and seismic shaking. We find that the electric field strength required for dust particle launching is dominated by the cohesive force for micron-sized dust particles. There exists an intermediate dust particle size that requires the least electric field strength to launch. We see that the inclusion of the cohesive force significantly influences our understanding of dust lofting.
Improved Correlations Predict Hydrate Formation Pressures or Temperatures for Systems With or Without Inhibitors

Gas hydrates are a well-known problem in the oil and gas industry that cost millions of dollars in production and transmission pipelines. Of the thermodynamic models in the literature, few can predict the hydrate formation temperature or pressure for complex systems which include inhibitors. Two new correlations can calculate the hydrate formation pressure or temperature for single components or gas mixtures, with or without inhibitors. These correlations are applicable to temperatures up to 90°F and pressures up to 12,000 psi. The results show an average absolute percentage deviation of 15.93 in pressure and an average absolute temperature difference of2.97°F.
Information Takeout and Delivery: A Case Study Exploring Different Library Service Delivery Models

This article explores the transformation from the traditional service delivery model of a hospital library (patrons come to the library to request materials and information) to a more dynamic service delivery model where library staff deliver all services on clinical floors, participate in clinical rounds, and teach in staff and physician offices. This model is similar to the “informationist role.” The article discusses the “Information Takeout and Delivery Service” model and includes usage statistics comparing 2005 to 2008. It also shows that data from a questionnaire of 50 library users who were identified as “active library users” illustrate that this change in service had a positive effect on staff, physicians, and on patient care.
Dimensional Stability and Elastic Properties of Plain Knit Wool Fabrics With and Without Wurlan Finish

The dimensional stability in laundering and the elastic properties of 40 experimental wool fabrics knit of 1/12, 1/24, and 1/36 worsted yarns were studied. The fabrics were knit of yarns spun from top with and without Wurlan finish. All fabrics were machine laundered five times. Dimensional changes were determined after each laundering; elastic properties were measured before laundering and after the fifth laundering.
Toward molecular genetic dissection of neural circuits for emotional and motivational behaviors

How does the brain process the emotional meaning of sensory stimuli and in turn drive behavior?Studies in the mammalian systems have identified various brain regions and neurotransmitter systems that are critical for emotional and motivational behaviors and have implicated their involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and addiction. Despite these significant advancements, the precise neural circuitry underlying emotional and motivational behaviors remains to be understood at molecular and cellular levels. In this review, we discuss how the vertebrate model organism zebrafish can help us gain insights into the underlying circuitry. We first describe studies of several simple and relevant preference behaviors in this model organism, and then discuss approaches and technologies that can be used to uncover the development and function of neural circuits underlying these behaviors.
Depression treatment during outpatient visits by U.S. children and adolescents

Abstract Purpose Depression affects approximately 2–8% of all children and adolescents, and treatment of depression in children and adolescents has been the center of recent serious debates. We examined national trends in depression visits and treatment among outpatients aged 7 to 17 years. Methods We analyzed visit-based data between 1995 and 2002 in two national ambulatory care surveys. Results The number of visits by children and adolescents during which depression was reported more than doubled from 1995–1996 (1.44 million) to 2001–2002 (3.22 million). The proportion of these visits during which antidepressants were prescribed rose slightly from 47% in 1995–1996 to 52% in 2001–2002, whereas the proportion during which psychotherapy or mental health counseling was provided declined from 83% to 68%. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) represented 76% of all antidepressants prescribed in 1995–1996 and 81% in 2001–2002. In absolute terms, SSRIs were reported in 1.35 million visits in 2001–2002, reflecting a 2.6-fold increase from 1995–1996. Fluoxetine was prescribed in 207,914 visits in 1995–1996 and increased 100% to 415,580 visits in 2001–2002. The use of sertraline increased by 62% to 345,576 visits and paroxetine by 269% to 279,275 visits. Conclusions We observed a declining trend in the provision of psychotherapy/mental health counseling during outpatient visits by children and adolescents diagnosed with depression. Although the likelihood of receiving antidepressants remained essentially unchanged, the number of children and adolescents whose visits involved prescription of antidepressants, particularly SSRIs, has increased markedly through 2002. Although fluoxetine remained the most commonly prescribed, other SSRIs were increasingly prescribed through 2002. These trends raise concerns regarding the widespread off-label use of antidepressants lacking reliable evidence of safety and efficacy for use in children and adolescents.
A historian and his games

After becoming a game designer in his youth, the author, after a conventional education, becomes a conventional professor of history. Dissatisfied, he becomes involved in using and writing about hobby war games, then goes on to design historical computer games for his classes and publication. He also becomes a NASAGA "old-timer. "
SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS IN THE BINDING OF ALKALI METAL IONS TO PYRIDINES STUDIED BY THRESHOLD COLLISION-INDUCED DISSOCIATION AND AB INITIO THEORY: THE AMINOPYRIDINES

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of M+(x-aminopyridine) with xenon is studied using guided ion beam mass spectrometry. M+ include the following alkali metal ions: Li+, Na+, and K+. All three structural isomers are examined, x = ortho, meta, and para. In all cases, the primary product corresponds to endothermic loss of the intact x-aminopyridine molecule, with minor production of MXe+ formed by ligand exchange. The cross section thresholds are interpreted to yield zero and 298 K bond dissociation energies for M+−x-aminopyridine after accounting for the effects of multiple ion-molecule collisions, internal energy of the reactant ions, and dissociation lifetimes. Ab initio calculations at the MP2(full)/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures of these complexes and provide molecular constants necessary for the thermodynamic analysis of the experimental data. Theoretical bond dissociation energies are determined from single point calculations at the MP2(full)/6-311+G(2d,2p) level u...
Effects of fiscal policies on US agriculture

According to the macro rational expectation (MRE) hypothesis, only unanticipated macroeconomic policy has impacts on real economic variables, and anticipated policy changes have no real impacts. This study analysis the effects of the anticipated and unanticipated components of fiscal policy on the US farm real GNP by testing the neutrality and rationality propositions of the MRE hypothesis. The test results show that both the rationality and neutrality propositions are rejected. The empirical findings indicate that the anticipated fiscal policy does have significant effects on farm output. Examination of a specific sector sheds light on the nature of the market and helps ascertain the resons for the non-neutrality.
Evaluating physician efficiency in hospitals : a multivariate analysis of best practices

Abstract This paper reports on a six-month study of the clinical efficiency of 36 physicians in a single hospital. Both technical and scale efficiency are analyzed using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and a multi-factor Tobit analysis is conducted to see which variables are associated with higher levels of physician performance. DEA identifies 24 inefficient physicians. The slack associated with these physicians supports the hypothesis that a substantial amount of money could be saved if every physician practiced medicine as efficiently as the most competent physicians. The Tobit analysis revealed two categories of technically efficient physicians: those who (1) belong to a health maintenance organization (HMO), or (2) specialize by diagnostic related groups (DRGs). Estimates of most productive output scale suggest that locally decreasing returns to scale set in at higher output levels for physicians who treat higher proportions of high severity patients. The results illustrate how blending DEA with censored regression can sharpen an analysis of best practices.
The effect of lipids on enzyme levels in beating rat heart cells.

Abstract Non-dividing beating rat heart cells, incubated in a lipid free medium, showed a decrease in malic dehydrogenase and Ca-ATPase and an increase in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. These changes were associated with a cessation of beating. Serum lipids, added to the medium, prevented the enzyme changes and maintained the beating. Serum lipids also restored the beating and reversed the enzyme changes which were caused by the lipid deficiency.
Structural MRI and MRS abnormalities in bipolar disorder

Soares JC. Structural MRI and MRS abnormalities in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2002: 4(Suppl. 1): 87. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2002
Providers' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors before implementing a computerized pneumococcal vaccination reminder.

Background The emergency department (ED) has been recommended as a suitable setting for offering pneumococcal vaccination; however, implementations of ED vaccination programs remain scarce. Objectives To understand beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of ED providers before implementing a computerized reminder system. Methods An anonymous, five-point Likert-scale, 46-item survey was administered to emergency physicians and nurses at an academic medical center. The survey included aspects of ordering patterns, implementation strategies, barriers, and factors considered important for an ED-based vaccination initiative as well as aspects of implementing a computerized vaccine-reminder system. Results Among 160 eligible ED providers, the survey was returned by 64 of 67 physicians (96%), and all 93 nurses (100%). The vaccine was considered to be cost effective by 71% of physicians, but only 2% recommended it to their patients. Although 98% of physicians accessed the computerized problem list before examining the patient, only 28% reviewed the patient's health-maintenance section. Physicians and nurses preferred a computerized vaccination-reminder system in 93% and 82%, respectively. Physicians' preferred implementation approach included a nurse standing order, combined with physician notification; nurses, however, favored a physician order. Factors for improving vaccination rates included improved computerized documentation, whereas increasing the number of ED staff was less important. Relevant implementation barriers for physicians were not remembering to offer vaccination, time constraints, and insufficient time to counsel patients. The ED was believed to be an appropriate setting in which to offer vaccination. Conclusions Emergency department staff had favorable attitudes toward an ED-based pneumococcal vaccination program; however, considerable barriers inherent to the ED setting may challenge such a program. Applying information technology may overcome some barriers and facilitate an ED-based vaccination initiative.
Problem-solving skills of rural battered women.

Recent research suggests that battered women may have a problem-solving skill deficit, thereby limiting their ability to prevent and/or effectively deal with future battering incidents. Situations encountered by battered women were analyzed by gathering data of 30 women receiving outpatient mental health treatment and of women who used a domestic violence emergency shelter. These situations were administered in an open-ended questionnaire format to 14 battered and 20 nonbattered women. These subjects were asked to develop as many alternatives as they could for each situation. Nonbattered women generated significantly more total alternatives and effective alternatives than did battered women. Battered subjects were more likely to produce avoidant and dependent responses. Language: en
Modeling and Simulation of Aggregation of Membrane Protein LAT with Molecular Variability in the Number of Binding Sites for Cytosolic Grb2-SOS1-Grb2

The linker for activation of T cells (LAT), the linker for activation of B cells (LAB), and the linker for activation of X cells (LAX) form a family of transmembrane adaptor proteins widely expressed in lymphocytes. These scaffolding proteins have multiple binding motifs that, when phosphorylated, bind the SH2 domain of the cytosolic adaptor Grb2. Thus, the valence of LAT, LAB and LAX for Grb2 is variable, depending on the strength of receptor activation that initiates phosphorylation. During signaling, the LAT population will exhibit a time-varying distribution of Grb2 valences from zero to three. In the cytosol, Grb2 forms 1∶1 and 2∶1 complexes with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS1. The 2∶1 complex can bridge two LAT molecules when each Grb2, through their SH2 domains, binds to a phosphorylated site on a separate LAT. In T cells and mast cells, after receptor engagement, receptor phosphoyrlation is rapidly followed by LAT phosphorylation and aggregation. In mast cells, aggregates containing more than one hundred LAT molecules have been detected. Previously we considered a homogeneous population of trivalent LAT molecules and showed that for a range of Grb2, SOS1 and LAT concentrations, an equilibrium theory for LAT aggregation predicts the formation of a gel-like phase comprising a very large aggregate (superaggregate). We now extend this theory to investigate the effects of a distribution of Grb2 valence in the LAT population on the formation of LAT aggregates and superaggregate and use stochastic simulations to calculate the fraction of the total LAT population in the superaggregate.
Examining the obstructed ureter with intraluminal sonography.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Intraluminal sonography was used to define, differentiate and direct better treatment of obstructing ureteral lesions.Materials and Methods: A total of 63 patients with a history of ureteral obstruction and suspected stricture were accrued for evaluation. All patients underwent retrograde contrast imaging, ureteroscopy and intraluminal sonography as part of a diagnostic algorithm. Specific sonographic criteria to differentiate lesions and stricture types were developed. Associated complicating variables defined on sonography included foreign bodies, submucosal stone fragments, ureteral wall fibrosis, mass lesions and adjacent vasculature. Endoscopic treatment was then performed with ultrasound guidance if technically feasible.Results: A total of 63 ureters were evaluated with the preoperative diagnosis of ureteral stricture disease. All ureters were narrowed on contrast imaging in the segment where a stricture was suspected. On sonography 24 ureters (36%) had wall fibrosis with normal per...
New insight in the preparation of alumina supported hydrotreatment oxidic precursors: A molecular approach

The science on the preparation of the hydrodesulfurization oxidic precursors is coming of age, but the chemistry governing their preparation is not yet clearly understood. In this paper, the chemistry of alumina supported oxomolybdate preparation is revisited taking into account the dissolution/precipitation concept recently developed. Classical preparations with the ammonium heptamolybdate and Co nitrate salts will firstly be discussed. Then the use of new starting materials for the preparation of the impregnating solutions will be considered, showing that at high Mo loading the dispersion is strongly dependant on the nature of the starting salts. The use of phosphomolybdate cobalt salts will also be considered. Lastly we will discuss the improvement of the Co promoting effect using molybdocobaltate heteropolyanions as starting materials and complexing agents. This study shows that the maturation step is the determining step for the improvement of preparation of these alumina based oxidic precursor.
Synthetic Approaches to Biologically Active Bisphosphonates and Phosphonocarboxylates

Some current and potential therapeutic uses of bisphosphonates and phosphonocarboxylates are summarized. The feasibility of synthesizing α-hydroxy α-alkyl/aryl methyl-enebisphos-phonates via Grignard addition to tetraalkyl carbonylbisphosphonates 6 is demonstrated, and a new synthesis of 6 under very mild conditions is described.
Personality dimensions in recalled dream content.

(1963). Personality Dimensions in Recalled Dream Content. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment: Vol. 27, No. 2, pp. 226-234.
Longitudinal Association of County-Level Economic Indicators and Child Maltreatment Incidents

To evaluate the association between economic indicators (unemployment and mortgage foreclosure rates) and volume of investigated and substantiated cases of child maltreatment at the county level from 1990 to 2010 in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. County-level investigated reports of child maltreatment and proportion of investigated cases substantiated by child protective services in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania were compared with county-level unemployment rates from 1990 to 2010, and with county-level mortgage foreclosure rates from 2000 to 2010. We employed fixed-effects Poisson regression modeling to estimate the association between volume of investigated and substantiated cases of maltreatment, and current and prior levels of local economic indicators adjusting for temporal trend. Across Pennsylvania, annual rate of investigated maltreatment reports decreased through the 1990s and rose in the early 2000s before reaching a peak of 9.21 investigated reports per 1,000 children in 2008, during the recent economic recessionary period. The proportion of investigated cases substantiated, however, decreased statewide from 33 % in 1991 to 15 % in 2010. Within counties, current unemployment rate, and current and prior-year foreclosure rates were positively associated with volume of both investigated and substantiated child maltreatment incidents (p < 0.05). Despite recent increases in investigations, the proportion of investigated cases substantiated decreased by more than half from 1990 to 2010 in Pennsylvania. This trend suggests significant changes in substantiation standards and practices during the period of study. Economic indicators demonstrated strong association with investigated and substantiated maltreatment, underscoring the urgent need for directing important prophylactic efforts and resources to communities experiencing economic hardship.
Phase-shifting masks for microlithography: automated design and mask requirements

The problem of automated design of phase-shifting masks for enhanced-resolution optical lithography is examined. We propose a computationally viable algorithm for the rapid design of phase-shifting masks for arbitrary two-dimensional patterns. Our approach is based on the use of a class of optimal coherent approximations to partially coherent imaging systems described by the Hopkins model. These approximations lead to substantial computational and analytical benefits, and, in addition, the resultant approximation error can be quite small for imaging systems with coherence factor σ ≤ 0.5. These approximate models allow us to reduce the mask-design problem to the classical phase-retrieval problem in optics. A fast iterative algorithm, closely related to the Gerchberg–Saxton algorithm, is then applied to generate (suboptimal) phase-shifting masks. Analytical results related to practical requirements for phase-shifting masks are also presented. These results address questions related to the number of discrete phase levels required for arbitrary patterns and provide some insight into alternative strategies for the use of phase-shifting masks. A number of simulated phase-shifting mask-design examples are provided to illustrate the methods and ideas presented.
Non Traditional Relay Channels: Diversity and Secrecy Gains

Summary form only given. In this talk, we report some of the recent results on non traditional relay channels. More specifically, the outage-limited relay channel is discussed first. Here, a simple implementation of the dynamic decode and forward relaying scheme is presented. This scheme achieved the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for multiplexing gains r les 0.5. In the second part of the talk, we impose a secrecy constraint on the relay channel by introducing an eavesdropper to the basic setup. Several cooperation strategies for enhancing the secrecy capacity are devised, and the corresponding achievable rate-equivocation region is characterized. Of particular interest is the novel noise-forwarding (NF) strategy, where the relay node sends codewords independent of the source message to confuse the eavesdropper. This strategy is used to illustrate the deaf helper phenomenon, where the relay is able to facilitate secure communications while being totally ignorant of the transmitted messages. Furthermore, NF is shown to increase the secrecy capacity in the reversely degraded scenario, where the relay node fails to offer performance gains in the classical setting.
The Role of Duty Cycle of Substrate Pulse Biasing in Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc Deposition of Amorphous Carbon Films

The effect of the duty cycle of substrate pulse biasing on the structure (hybridization), thickness, residual stress, and roughness of amorphous carbon (a-C) films deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc was examined in the light of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, cross-sectional electron energy loss spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, residual stress, and atomic force microscopy measurements. The film structure and composition reveal a multilayer architecture consisting of an interface layer of C, Si, and (possibly) SiC, a buffer layer with varying sp3 fraction and relatively constant carbon concentration, a bulk layer with constant and high sp3 concentration, and a surface layer rich in sp2 hybridization. It is shown that a 65% duty cycle yields the smoothest and thinnest a-C films with relatively high sp3 content, whereas a 75% duty cycle produces relatively thicker and rougher a-C films with maximum sp3 carbon concentration and highest residual (compressive) stress. The results of this study have direct implications in high-density magnetic recording, where smooth, ultrathin a-C films with high sp3 content are of critical importance to the longevity and reliability of hard-disk drives.
Atomic-resolution conformational analysis of the GM3 ganglioside in a lipid bilayer and its implications for ganglioside-protein recognition at membrane surfaces.

Eukaryotic cells depend on external surface markers, such as gangliosides, to recognize and bind various other molecules as part of normal growth and maturation. The localization of gangliosides in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, also make them targets for pathogens trying to invade the host cells. Since ganglioside-mediated interactions are critical to both beneficial and pathological processes, much effort has been directed at determining the 3D structures of their carbohydrate head groups; however, technical difficulties have generally prevented the characterization of the head group in intact membrane-bound gangliosides. Determining the 3D structure and presentation of gangliosides at the surface of membranes is important in understanding how cells interact with their local environment. Here, we employ all-atom explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, using the GLYCAM06 force field, to model the conformation and dynamics of ganglioside GM3 (α-Neu5Ac-(2-3)-β-Gal-(1-4)-β-Glc-ceramide) in a DMPC lipid bilayer. By comparison with MD simulations of the carbohydrate head-group fragment of GM3 alone, it was possible to quantify and characterize the extent of changes in head-group presentation and dynamics associated with membrane anchoring. The accuracy of data from the MD simulations was determined by comparison to NMR and crystallographic data for the head group in solution and for GM3 in membrane-mimicking environments. The experimentally consistent model of GM3, in a lipid bilayer, was then used to model the recognition of GM3 at the cell surface by known protein receptors.
Calculation of dispersion in graded-index multimode fibers by a propagating-beam method

Methods are developed for extracting from a numerical propagating-beam solution of a scalar wave equation the information necessary to compute the impulse-response function and the pulse dispersion for a multimode graded-index fiber. It is shown that the scalar Helmholtz equation and the parabolic wave equation have the same set of eigenfunctions in common and that the eigenvalues for the two equations are simply related. Thus one can work exclusively with the simpler parabolic equation. Both the mode eigenvalues (propagation constants) and mode weights, which are necessary for determining the impulse response, can be obtained with high accuracy from a numerical Fourier transform of the complex field-correlation function by the use of digital-filtering techniques. It is shown how a solution obtained in the absence of profile dispersion can be simply corrected for the presence of profile dispersion. In an illustrative example a graded-index fiber with a central dip in its profile is considered.
Interlobe communication in multiple calcium‐binding site mutants of Drosophila calmodulin

We have generated mutants of Drosophila calmodulin in which pairs of calcium-binding sites are mutated so as to prevent calcium binding. In all sites, the mutation involves replacement of the -Z position glutamate residue with glutamine. Mutants inactivated in both N-terminal sites (B12Q) or both C-terminal sites (B34Q), and two mutants with one N- and one C-terminal site inactivated (B13Q and B24Q) were generated. The quadruple mutant with all four sites mutated was also studied. UV-difference spectroscopy and near-UV CD were used to examine the influence of these mutations upon the single tyrosine (Tyr-138) of the protein. These studies uncovered four situations in which Tyr-138 in the C-terminal lobe responds to a change to the calcium-binding properties of the N-terminal lobe. Further, they suggest that N-terminal calcium-binding events contribute strongly to the aberrant behavior of Tyr-138 seen in mutants with a single functional C-terminal calcium-binding site. The data also indicate that loss of calcium binding at site 1 adjusts the aberrant conformation of Tyr-138 produced by mutation of site 3 toward the wild-type structure. However, activation studies for skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (SK-MLCK) established that all of the multiple binding site mutants are poor activators of SK-MLCK. Thus, globally, the calcium-induced conformation of B13Q is not closer to wild type than that of either the site 1 or the site 3 mutant. The positioning of Tyr-138 within the crystal structure of calmodulin suggests that effects of the N-terminal lobe on this residue may be mediated via changes to the central linker region of the protein.
Building a Realistic Business Vocabulary: A Challenge for Educators

Abstract University business students will need a practitioner's general business vocabulary when they leave the university and enter the business world. Declining SAT verbal scores have focused attention on the vocabulary deficiencies of students. This article reports on a study of the vocabulary performance of university business students in reading general business news publications. Participants in the study were presented with 20 sentences taken from a single issue of a business news publication, with each sentence containing a specific target word that might present a vocabulary obstacle. The students were asked to determine whether the underlined target word was a real word and if it was correctly used in the sentence. Suggestions are offered for instructors to use in challenging students to enhance vocabulary skills.
Leveraging synthetic biology for tissue engineering applications

Restoration of damaged tissues and organs requires precise control of cellular processes at the molecular level. Synthetic biology offers genetic tools that can be used to program the molecular biology of the cell, thereby potentially overcoming the various challenges hampering contemporary tissue engineering applications.
MEMORIALIZING LOVED ONES ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB

Creating and visiting Web memorials represent new opportunities for postdeath ritual. A content analysis was conducted on a sample of 244 of the memorials found on the largest Web Cemetery: Virtual Memorial Gardens (catless.ncl.ac.uk/Obituary/memorial.html). Analyses revealed that memorials were written, in descending order of prevalence, by children (33%), friends (15%), grandchildren (11%), parents (10%), siblings (8%), spouses (4%), and various other family members. This pattern favoring younger authors may reflect the newness of this venue and facility with computer technology. The content of such memorials often contained reference to missing the deceased, rarely spoke of the cause of death, or made mention of God or religion. Memorials were more likely to be written to the deceased (e.g., in the form of a letter) rather than about or for the deceased (e.g., eulogy/obituary or tribute). Parents, family groups, and other relatives more frequently made religious references in their memorials than did other authors. In addition to the Web as a novel, untapped data source, these memorials offer intriguing opportunities for theoretical refinement (i.e., the ongoing connection between the bereaved and the deceased).
A Name You Can Trust? Personification Effects Are Influenced by Beliefs About Company Values

Are consumers more likely to trust a product when it is branded with a human name rather than a nonhuman name? While the extant literature on brand personification reveals a positivity bias for personified products, other research suggests that many contemporary consumers harbor underlying feelings of mistrust toward companies more generally. The present research was the first empirical research to date to investigate the moderating role of consumers’ beliefs toward company values on brand trust judgments for human-named and nonhuman-named products. The results showed that although consumers significantly trusted nonhuman-named products over human- named products (Studies 1a and 1b), this pattern only occurred for those who generally mistrusted companies (Study 2). These novel findings significantly shed light on the dynamics of brand personification by emphasizing the crucial role of individual differences in consumer judgment.
Fill Rates of Single-Stage and Multistage Supply Systems

A supply system's fill rate is the fraction of demand that is met from on-hand inventory. This paper presents formulas for the fill rate of periodic review supply systems that use base-stock-level policies. The first part of the paper contains fill-rate formulas for a single-stage system and general distributions of demand. When demand is normally distributed, an exact expression uses only the standard normal distribution and density functions, and a good approximation uses only the standard normal distribution function. The second part of the paper derives the probability distribution of the finished goods inventory level for serial systems with buffer inventories between stages. This distribution leads to fill-rate formulas and the conclusion that shorter supply chains have higher fill rates.
Student perspectives on self-directed learning

Undergraduate student perspectives regarding specific factors associated with self-directed learning were collected through eight focus groups. A total of 80 upperclassmen provided input revealing three emergent themes in the focus groups responses: (1) Student-Controlled, (2) Faculty-Controlled, and (3) Administration-Controlled Facilitators and Barriers to promoting self- directed learning. Students acknowledged much of their learning was within their control. However, they did note that faculty and administrators have a significant impact on their desire and ability to learn. In an effort to empower students to direct their own learning processes the results of this study have been integrated into campus assessment initiatives including the development of a student organization to provide a consistent, student-led forum for students to voice their opinions and concerns about their learning processes and assessment.
Efficient attributes in secure credentials

We propose a new method to efficiently encode attributes in the Camenisch-Lysyanskaya anonymous credential system. The new method is based on the Chinese remainder theorem. We show that with this method all attributes, including integer and string based attributes can be efficiently encoded. Also, we show that the number of bits needed for encoding attributes could be decreased by up to 48%. The protocols for finite-set attributes have the same complexity level as the work by Camenisch and Gros, but for string and integer based attributes, we decrease the complexity from O(l) to O(1).
Linking obesogenic dysregulation to prostate cancer progression

The global epidemic of obesity is closely linked to the development of serious co-morbidities, including many forms of cancer. Epidemiological evidence consistently shows that obesity is associated with a similar or mildly increased incidence of prostate cancer but, more prominently, an increased risk for aggressive prostate cancer and prostate cancer-specific mortality. Studies in mice demonstrate that obesity induced by high-fat feeding increases prostate cancer progression; however, the mechanisms underpinning this relationship remain incompletely understood. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity leads to local tissue dysfunction and is associated with low-grade inflammation, alterations in endocrine function and changes in lipolysis that result in increased delivery of fatty acids to tissues of the body. The human prostate gland is covered anteriorly by the prominent peri-prostatic adipose tissue and laterally by smaller adipose tissue depots that lie directly adjacent to the prostatic surface. We discuss how the close association between dysfunctional adipose tissue and prostate epithelial cells might result in bi-directional communication to cause increased prostate cancer aggressiveness and progression. However, the literature indicates that several ‘mainstream’ hypotheses regarding obesity-related drivers of prostate cancer progression are not yet supported by a solid evidence base and, in particular, are not supported by experiments using human tissue. Understanding the links between obesity and prostate cancer will have major implications for the health policy for men with prostate cancer and the development of new therapeutic or preventative strategies.
Cardiac surgery in the low-birth weight neonate. New approaches.

The LBW infant with congenital heart defects is likely to be at a higher risk for postoperative death and complications than their normal-sized counterparts because of the effects of prematurity and other organ system dysfunction. Current experience, however, does not suggest that waiting to obtain an arbitrary weight before surgery significantly improves outcome. Survival for low-weight infants undergoing complex repairs, such as those for interruption of the aortic arch and HLHS, is decreased compared with larger babies having the same operation at the same institution; however, the absolute survival rates are still quite acceptable. Weight alone should not be considered a contraindication to surgery for complex CHD. A careful investigation for the cause of the LBW must be undertaken (e.g., prematurity, infection, multiple congenital anomalies, and genetic abnormalities) and appropriate therapies initiated. The medical and surgical teams should collaborate to determine the optimal timing and type of surgery, with body weight being only of minor importance.
China's Influence on Monetary Policy in Developing Asia

For decades, the United States has enjoyed extensive policy influence stemming from its hegemonic position within the international monetary order – a position defined both by the dollar’s status as the principal reserve currency and U.S primacy in international financial forums and institutions. More recently, China has begun to amass many of the trappings of a great monetary power, accounting for 16% of global GDP-PPP, 11% of world merchandise trade, and more than 30% of global foreign exchange reserves. China’s emergence is among the key factors leading many analysts to forecast the emergence of a more multipolar international monetary system and diffusion of policy influence in that arena. This paper investigates the extent to which China has translated its growing economic capabilities into monetary policy influence in other capitals, focusing on South and Southeast Asia, one of the first regions in which Chinese influence might be expected to appear. The paper examines various mechanisms through which China could exercise monetary policy influence: through international institutions, regional initiatives, and bilateral engagement. The evidence shows that China’s monetary policy influence has been quite limited to date, lagging China’s capabilities by a significant margin. This is due largely to a continuing deficit in Chinese “structural power” in a dollar-dominated monetary system that continues to confer major legacy advantages on the United States and upon which China has relied heavily for its own economic development. The paper suggests that while many aspects of the global economic order have changed, it will be some time before China develops monetary policy influence commensurate with its overall economic capabilities.
Keep Your Enemies Closer: Legislative Competitiveness and Signaling

A substantial body of research argues that democratic regimes are better able to generate audience costs, which allows them to make more credible threats. Weeks (2008) recently challenged this finding, offering evidence that some types of nondemocratic regimes may be just as successful in generating audience costs as democracies. This paper also extends the logic of audience costs to nondemocratic regimes, but the mechanism for generating such costs is substantially different from Weeks’s. The theory posits that legislatures, even in nondemocratic regimes, meet the requirements necessary to generate audience costs. Further, according to the theory, competition in obtaining legislative office is all that is necessary for audience costs to play a role. This theory is tested statistically and the results show that legislative competitiveness has a substantial impact on the likelihood that threats are viewed credibly by target states. Further, legislative competitiveness is more significant than regime type or executive elements of democracy in determining whether a challenge is credible.
Ovarian function in adolescents with turner syndrome

Abstract This review will focus on endogenous ovarian function in adolescent girls with Turner syndrome (TS); newer treatment modalities including the latest hormone replacement therapy using continuous low-dose transdermal 17β-estradiol for puberty induction; complications and sequelae in TS girls; and outlook for future fertility including in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer as well as the newer modalities such as gamete and zygote intrafallopian tube transfer using donated ova.
Chronopotentiometric and Polarographic Behavior of Complex of Ferric Ion with Flavinmononucleotide

The system of Fe3++ FMN in neutral oxalate medium was studied. It was found that two ferric ions combine with one FMN molecule, and that the system produces a kinetic current wave of Fe3+ liberated from Fe3+ - FMN complex.
Using Psychology to Control Law From Deceptive Advertising to Criminal Sentencing

Legal decision makers often fail to make use of relevant psychological research. In two areas, deceptive advertising and criminal sentencing, legal decision makershave welcomed social science research. In each, the research provided has been substantially flawed. Using a commercial that several courts evaluated for deception, I illustrate how the typical study that purports to measure deception produces results that are unnecessarily ambibuous. Then, based on research that looks closely at public responses to criminal cases, I show that the frequently cited survey measures of public preference reflect sentencing preferences for unrepresentative stereotypic criminal offenders. The weaknesses demonstated in these examples suggest that psychologists can present legal decision makers with a more accurate picture of human perceptions and preferences. If researchers present legal decision makers with informative research when the relevance of research is acknowledged, legal decision makers are likely to become more receptive and more knowledgeable when a new question warrants the application of social science evidence.
Water Nanocluster Formation in the Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate ([C4mim][BF4])–D2O Mixtures

The microstructure of mixtures of deuterated water in the ionic liquid [C4mim][BF4] is investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurement. In the salt-rich region, water dissolves in the ionic liquid up to 0.7 mole fraction, whereupon distinct, nanometer-sized water clusters are observed. These water nanoclusters increase in size with increasing water addition while the mole ratio of water dissolved into the ionic liquid nanostructure increases from 2 to 4. These results provide direct confirmation for recent simulations as well insight into the source of nonidealities in some thermophysical and transport properties (e.g., density and viscosity) of salt-rich aqueous mixtures reported in the literature.
Identification of a new mutant allele, Grm6(nob7), for complete congenital stationary night blindness.

Electroretinogram (ERG) studies identified a new mouse line with a normal a-wave but lacking the b-wave component. The ERG phenotype of this new allele, nob7, matched closely that of mouse mutants for Grm6, Lrit3, Trpm1, and Nyx, which encode for proteins expressed in depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs). To identify the underlying mutation, we first crossed nob7 mice with Grm6nob3 mutants and measured the ERGs in offspring. All the offspring lacked the b-wave, indicating that nob7 is a new allele for Grm6: Grm6nob7. Sequence analyses of Grm6nob7 cDNAs identified a 28 base pair insertion between exons 8 and 9, which would result in a frameshift mutation in the open reading frame that encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (Grm6). Sequencing both the cDNA and genomic DNA from exon 8 and intron 8, respectively, from the Grm6nob7 mouse revealed a G to A transition at the last position in exon 8. This mutation disrupts splicing and the normal exon 8 is extended by 28 base pairs, because splicing occurs 28 base pairs downstream at a cryptic splice donor. Consistent with the impact of the resulting frameshift mutation, there is a loss of mGluR6 protein (encoded by Grm6) from the dendritic tips of DBCs in the Grm6nob7 retina. These results indicate that Grm6nob7 is a new model of the complete form of congenital stationary night blindness, a human condition that has been linked to mutations of GRM6.
Clinical Trials of Synthetic Surfactant in the Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Premature Infants

This article outlines the controlled clinical trials that have been performed with synthetic surfactant preparations in the management of premature newborn infants. The results have shown impressive reductions of mortality and in the incidence of air-leak complications. Complications appear to be few and mild, although the occurrence of pulmonary hemorrhage is increased in very small infants. The 1 and 2-year follow-up data suggest that there is not an increase in the number of impaired surviving children.
Physiologic migration of lymphocytes to lymph nodes following bone marrow transplantation: role in immune recovery

The transplantation of bone marrow requires the recipient to create a new immune system as stem cells divide and differentiate into lymphocyte effector cells. The establishment of host immune capabilities posttransplant is critically dependent on the migration of immature and mature lymphocytes to lymph nodes, as these tissues function principally to promote lymphocyte maturation and differentiation into immunologic effectors. The first step in the directed migration of lymphocytes into lymph nodes is the attachment of the cells to lymph node high endothelial venules (HEVs), and the molecular basis of this interaction is well characterized. Experimental evidence indicates that bone marrow transplantation results in perturbations in the migration of lymphocytes to lymph nodes by affecting lymphocyte-HEV adherence: pretransplant conditioning regimens have toxic effects on HEV that decrease their capacity to support lymphocyte adherence, and the use of pharmacologic agents post-transplant may be associated with alterations in the level of expression of lymphocyte membrane adhesion proteins that mediate attachment to HEV. A greater understanding of these effects should lead to development of transplant regimens that preserve the physiologic trafficking of lymphocytes to lymph node, thereby accelerating the rate of immunologic recovery following transplant.
Research Fellowship in Portland 1967–1968

It took almost 2 years to finally receive permission from our government for my 1 year fellowship in the US. The relaxation of communist politics in Czechoslovakia by Alexander Dubcek leading to the so-called “Prague Spring” helped. My 16 year-old daughter, Eva, who studied at the English high school in Prague went with me. We got permission from our government and received our US visas early in March. We left Prague for Portland on March 15, 1967. My wife, Bohunka, and our 14 year-old son, Jon, stayed in Prague. But with the continuation of Prague Spring, they were eventually allowed to join us in the US in October 1967.