cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Divalent mitogens as tools in the study of commitment of lymphocytes to proliferation

Abstract We have reinvestigated the question of whether lymphocytes are committed to proliferation by an early, relatively brief, exposure to mitogens with conventional multivalent lectin, concanavalin A, and antigen, dinitrophenyl bovine serum albumin and with strictly divalent lectin, succinyl concanavalin A and antigen, di-dinitrophenyl polyethylene oxide. Whereas very brief incubation with multivalent mitogens leads to substantial irreversible stimulation, much longer exposure to divalent mitogens is required. It appears that the stimulatory signal to any given cell is reversible until the onset of DNA synthesis.
Non-operative outcomes in Chiari I malformation patients

While postoperative outcomes of Chiari I malformation patients have been well-reported, there is a paucity of literature concerning non-operative management in these patients. We retrospectively identified patients with Chiari I malformation who were not recommended for surgery based on lack of clinical objective findings or inconsistent cough headaches and conducted patient follow-up with a prospective telephone survey. Of the 68 patients (mean age at diagnosis 30.1 ± 17.4 years), 72% were female and 31% were pediatric patients (age at diagnosis ⩽ 18 years). Average follow up was 4.9 ± 2.9 years. Typical presenting symptoms included cough headache, non-specific headache, nausea, ataxia, dysphagia and paresthesias. Overall, 40% of patients who had cough headaches and 61.5% of patients with non-specific headaches reported improvement. The presence of subjective sensory symptoms was significantly associated with less likelihood of cough headache improvement while the presence of a cough headache was also associated with a lower likelihood of improvement in all non-cough symptoms. The pediatric subgroup had a greater rate of improvement with all cases of nausea/emesis and paresthesias improved or resolved at follow-up. Overall 67% of pediatric patients had improved cough headache and 71% had improvement of migraines/diffuse headaches. We found that many symptoms of Chiari I patients from our conservatively managed cohort either improved or remained unchanged over time. However, the presence of cough headaches was a significant negative predictor of concomitant symptom improvement. This further validates the view that patients with cough headaches should be considered for surgical intervention and provides useful information to counsel patients.
Elimination of cardiopulmonary bypass: a prime goal in reoperative coronary artery bypass surgery.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate morbidity and mortality in reoperative coronary artery bypass surgery using the New York State database. Methods: Patients undergoing reoperative coronary artery bypass between January-1995 and December 1996 were included. Patients were operated using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB group, n = 184) or without cardiopulmonary bypass (non-CPB group, n = 105) by surgeon preference. Groups were compared for preoperative risk factors, postoperative mortality and major complications. Results: Crude mortality was lower in the non-CPB group, despite a higher expected mortality, resulting in a risk-adjusted mortality of 1.3% versus 2.7% for the CPB group (NS). Of non-CPB patients, 91.4% were without complications, while only 72.1% of CPB patients (P , 0.0001) were complication-free. Major complications were significantly reduced in non-CPB patients compared to CPB patients: stroke 0% versus 3.8% (P , 0.04), cardiovascular complications 4.8% versus 15.8% (P , 0.005), other major complications 1.9% versus 10.4% (P , 0.007). Postoperative IABP support was needed in 1.9% of the non-CPB group patients and in 14.2% of the CPB group (P , 0.0007). Conclusions: The main object of reoperative CABG is to relieve symptoms, since the survival benefit of the procedure has not been demonstrated. Performance of reoperative coronary artery bypass surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass significantly reduces morbidity. We conclude that cardiopulmonary bypass should be avoided whenever possible in reoperative coronary bypass surgery. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
Planktic Foraminiferal Porosity Analysis as a Tool for Paleoceanographic Reconstruction, Mid-Cretaceous Western Interior Sea

Based on study of modern foraminifera, changes in test porosity of ancient planktic foraminiferal specimens may be interpreted to reflect primarily changes in water temperature. To test this hypothesis, planktic foraminiferal porosity data (percent pore space per unit area) of Hedbergella delrioensis from three localities in the Cretaceous Western Interior basin were analyzed in the context of basin history (e.g., relative sea-level). These data record spatial and temporal changes in water masses at the average living depth of H. delrioensis . A significant increase in porosity between the upper Cenomanian M. mosbyense biozone and lower S. gracile biozone suggests an increase in water mass temperature, reflecting northward advection of a central core of warmer (less dense) water into the central seaway. The spread of this water mass toward the north, and laterally east and west, correlates with an independent record of rising sea-level. In addition to this secular porosity trend, higher frequency fluctuations may reflect transient oceanographic events related to changes in sea-level or circulation. In this study, porosity measurement was improved utilizing a scanning electron microscope and image analysis software. The work confirms prior results that as few as five foraminifera are required to produce a statistical assessment of average sample porosity. Use of pore concentration (number of pores per unit area), previously suggested as a temperature proxy, was not supported. The major interpretative contribution is a temporally precise record of spatial changes in Western Interior water masses.
Transfer kinetics of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and thyroxine from rat blood to large and small intestines, liver, and kidneys in vivo

Enterohepatic circulation of thyroid hormone in the rat involves transfer of hormone to intestines in bile from the liver and absorption of some intestinal hormone, via portal blood to liver. Transfer of hormone to intestines from mesenteric arterial blood has generally been considered minimal, although this alternate pathway has received little attention. We have measured uptake kinetics of iv trace doses of radioactivity labeled T3 (T3*) and T4* from blood to intestines, longitudinally in 14 segments of total intestines in situ, with bowel contents included and bile duct ligated, and also to liver and kidneys, for comparison. Both T3* and T4* entered the entire length of intestines from blood, and into contents as well as tissue. Tissue uptake of T3* and T4* were fairly uniform longitudinally, but uptake into contents and thus into total intestines (tissue + contents) decreased linearly from pylorus to anus. Unidirectional uptake rate constants (hours-1) or clearance rates (milliliters per h) of T3* were 13 times greater than corresponding T4* fractional uptake rates to intestines. In contrast, T4 mass fluxes (congruent to 38 ng/h.100 g body wt) exceed T3 fluxes (congruent to 6.3 ng/h.100 g body wt) about 6-fold, because plasma contains far more T4 than T3. Comparing these results with published biliary and fecal T3 and T4 flux data, it appears that mesenteric arterial mass influxes to intestines are 3-5 times greater than both biliary secretion and fecal excretion of T3 and T4. Intestinal kinetics, in the absence of biliary influx, are characterized by a moderately rapid uptake followed by a very slow washout phase, which fit into neither the fast nor slow compartment paradigms of a 3-compartment mammillary model, in contrast to liver and kidney kinetics, which fit well into a single fast compartment. Intestinal dynamics are consistent with an organ in which storage and exchange of thyroid hormone dominate over metabolic and excretory processes.
An Evolutionary Model for KMS Success

This paper proposes a model of knowledge management system (KMS) evolution leading to the realization of competitive advantages as promised throughout the KM literature. Using a framework developed to study e-business capability evolution, the paper presents a case study of a KMS specifically created to enhance an organizations ability to compete for science and technology research funds. The case study is then used to develop an evolutionary model for KMS success based on increasing embeddedness and mass of knowledge. The paper ends with a discussion of how this new model integrates with existing KM literature in two critical areas: the integration of tacit knowledge, and the evaluation of KMS success.
On merging hidden Markov models with deformable templates

Hidden Markov modeling has proven extremely useful for statistical analysis of speech signals. There are, however, inherent problems in two dimensional extensions to HMMs, one of which is the exponential complexity associated with fully 2-D HMMs. We propose a new 2-D HMM-like structure obtained by embedding states within regions of a deformable template structure. With this state-embedded deformable template (SEDT), each region of a deformable template has an underlying observation probability distribution. This structure allows for computation of the P[image/template]. The template that maximizes this probability provides an optimal segmentation of the image. This segmentation capability is demonstrated in facial analysis applications.
A Systematic Review of Simulators in Otolaryngology

ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of published articles that describe simulators that could be used in otolaryngology for education, skill acquisition, and/or skill improvement.Data SourcesOv...
Implementation of Shortest-Time Maneuvers for Generic CMG Steering Laws

Shortest-time maneuvering is a new paradigm for attitude control of agile spacecraft. Shortest-time maneuvers (STMs) are applicable to a wide variety of missions. For example, STMs enable operators of Earth observing satellites to maximize revenue by reducing slew time which, in turn, increases the capacity of the system. To realize the full potential of this capability, it is crucial that the spacecraft internal states evolve in a consistent fashion when STMs are executed on the spacecraft. Otherwise, hardware or other critical mission constraints may be violated during the operation of the vehicle. This paper presents a new approach for designing STMs with consistent internal states. The approach addresses some of the inherent complexities of CMG systems directly, as part of the maneuver design process. In particular, a means of integrating various CMG steering laws as part of the optimal control is introduced. This permits STMs to be reliably implemented using heritage closed-loop attitude control architectures. Embedding the CMG steering logic as part of the optimal control also enables the design of singularity robust time-optimal maneuvers. The results of several example maneuvers are presented that demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.
Genome-wide linkage study of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study

Retinal vessels can be observed noninvasively and provide a window to microvascular systems elsewhere in the body. Generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing can represent structural changes resulting from persistent high blood pressure. However, data from recent studies also suggest that generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing might precede hypertension and contribute to its pathogenesis. To determine whether vessel diameters in the eye are genetically determined, we conducted a genome-wide linkage scan on retinal vessel diameters (central retinal artery equivalent and central retinal vein equivalent) using data from the Beaver Dam Eye Study. There were 7 regions on 5 chromosomes (3q28, 5q35, 7q21, 7q32, 11q14, 11q24, and 17q11) showing linkage signals at the nominal multipoint significance level of 0.01 for either covariate-unadjusted or -adjusted central retinal artery equivalent; there were 7 regions on 6 chromosomes (1p36, 6p25, 6q14, 8q21, 11p15, 13q34, and 14q21) showing linkage signals at the nominal multipoint significance level of 0.01 for either covariate-unadjusted or -adjusted central retinal vein equivalent. The linkage results for retinal vessel diameters indicate genetic contributions that remain significant even after adjusting for hypertension and other covariates. In summary, we provide evidence demonstrating that genetic factors independent of hypertension affect retinal vessel diameters.
Environmental factors influencing microcystin distribution and concentration in the Midwestern United States.

Abstract During May–September 2000–2001, physicochemical data were collected from 241 lakes in Missouri, Iowa, northeastern Kansas, and southern Minnesota U.S.A., to determine the environmental variables associated with high concentrations of the cyanobacterial hepatotoxin microcystin (MC). The study region represents a south–north latitudinal gradient in increasing trophic status, with total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) values ranging between 2–995 and 90–15870 μg/L, respectively. Particulate MC values, measured by ELISA, ranged from undetectable to 4500 ng/L and increased with increasing latitude. Despite latitudinal trends, environmental variables explained 2000 ng/L) MC values occurring between 1500 and 4000 μg/L TN. Above 8000 μg/L TN all MC values were
pH-Regulated Gene Expression of the Gastric Pathogen Helicobacter pylori

Colonization by the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori has been shown to be intricately linked to the development of gastritis, ulcers, and gastric malignancy. Little is known about mechanisms employed by the bacterium that help it adapt to the hostile environment of the human stomach. In an effort to extend our knowledge of these mechanisms, we utilized spotted-DNA microarrays to characterize the response of H. pylori to low pH. Expression of approximately 7% of the bacterial genome was reproducibly altered by shift to low pH. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes led to the discovery that acid exposure leads to profound changes in motility of H. pylori, as a larger percentage of acid-exposed bacterial cells displayed motility and moved at significantly higher speeds. In contrast to previous publications, we found that expression of the bacterial virulence gene cagA was strongly repressed by acid exposure. Furthermore, this transcriptional repression was reflected at the level of protein accumulation in the H. pylori cell.
Terdiurnal wave signatures in the upper mesospheric temperature and their association with the wind fields at low latitudes (20°N)

A novel investigation of terdiurnal (8-hour) oscillations in the mesosphere and lower-thermosphere temperature and wind field over Maui, Hawaii (20.8 N, 156.2 W) has beenperformed. Coincident observations using a mesospheric temperature mapper and ameteor wind radar were obtained since May 2002 as part of the Maui Mesosphere andLower Thermosphere (Maui MALT) program to investigate the seasonal structure anddynamics of the low-latitude middle atmosphere. This study focuses on a 10-day period inJuly 2002 when a persistent 8-hour oscillation was identified in dual measurementsof the OH (6,2) and O
Network hubs buffer environmental variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Regulatory and developmental systems produce phenotypes that are robust to environmental and genetic variation. A gene product that normally contributes to this robustness is termed a phenotypic capacitor. When a phenotypic capacitor fails, for example when challenged by a harsh environment or mutation, the system becomes less robust and thus produces greater phenotypic variation. A functional phenotypic capacitor provides a mechanism by which hidden polymorphism can accumulate, whereas its failure provides a mechanism by which evolutionary change might be promoted. The primary example to date of a phenotypic capacitor is Hsp90, a molecular chaperone that targets a large set of signal transduction proteins. In both Drosophila and Arabidopsis, compromised Hsp90 function results in pleiotropic phenotypic effects dependent on the underlying genotype. For some traits, Hsp90 also appears to buffer stochastic variation, yet the relationship between environmental and genetic buffering remains an important unresolved question. We previously used simulations of knockout mutations in transcriptional networks to predict that many gene products would act as phenotypic capacitors. To test this prediction, we use high-throughput morphological phenotyping of individual yeast cells from single-gene deletion strains to identify gene products that buffer environmental variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We find more than 300 gene products that, when absent, increase morphological variation. Overrepresented among these capacitors are gene products that control chromosome organization and DNA integrity, RNA elongation, protein modification, cell cycle, and response to stimuli such as stress. Capacitors have a high number of synthetic-lethal interactions but knockouts of these genes do not tend to cause severe decreases in growth rate. Each capacitor can be classified based on whether or not it is encoded by a gene with a paralog in the genome. Capacitors with a duplicate are highly connected in the protein–protein interaction network and show considerable divergence in expression from their paralogs. In contrast, capacitors encoded by singleton genes are part of highly interconnected protein clusters whose other members also tend to affect phenotypic variability or fitness. These results suggest that buffering and release of variation is a widespread phenomenon that is caused by incomplete functional redundancy at multiple levels in the genetic architecture.
A case for network-centric buffer cache organization

The emergence of clustered and networked storage architecture gives rise to a new type of server which acts as a data conduit over the network for remotely stored data. These servers, which we call pass-through servers, are mainly responsible for passing the data through them without interpreting it in any way. In this paper, we put forward a scheme of network-centric buffer cache management. This scheme can facilitate the data transmission through pass-through servers by avoiding redundant data copying, and by caching the data in a network-ready form, while having no modifications to the existing buffer cache organization. The performance measurement on an NFS server, using iSCSI storage, running on Linux, with this scheme shows throughput improvement of more than 50% compared to an NFS server on common Linux, while consuming about 40% less CPU resource.
Analysis of radiation exposure to the orthopaedic trauma patient during their inpatient hospitalisation

Abstract Purpose There has been considerable concern regarding radiation exposure to both the patient and treating surgeon and the possible risk of resulting malignancy. We sought to analyse the total effective dose of radiation that a cohort of orthopaedic trauma patients are exposed to during their inpatient hospitalisation and determine risk factors for greater exposure levels. Methods Following approval from the Institution Review Board, a search was conducted of a level I trauma centre database for radiation exposures to patients over a 1 year period. Patients were included if they had an ICD-9 code from 805 to 828, indicating a fracture involving the trunk (805–811) or extremities (812–828). We compared the total effective radiation dose in various injury patterns as well as those considered to be polytrauma patients to those who were not according to their injury severity score (ISS). Results The records of 1357 trauma patients were available for review. The average patient age was 40.6 years and the mean ISS was 14.1. The average effective radiation dose for all patients during their hospitalisation was 31.6 mSv. There was a statistically significant difference in radiation exposure between patients with an ISS greater than 16 (48.6 mSv) versus those with an ISS equal to or less than 16 (23.5 mSv), p Conclusions The average orthopaedic patient receives a total effective radiation dose of more than 30 mSv, much greater than is considered acceptable as a recommended permissible annual dose by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (20 mSv). These findings indicate that the average trauma patient (in particular those with polytrauma or fractures involving the spine, pelvis, chest wall, or long bones) is exposed to high levels of radiation during their inpatient hospitalisation. The treating physicians of such patients should take into consideration the large amounts of radiation their patients receive just during their initial hospitalisation, and be prudent with the ordering of imaging studies involving radiation exposure.
Identification and Characterization of Mutations Conferring Resistance to d-Amino Acids in Bacillus subtilis

Bacteria produce d-amino acids for incorporation into the peptidoglycan and certain nonribosomally produced peptides. However, d-amino acids are toxic if mischarged on tRNAs or misincorporated into protein. Common strains of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis are particularly sensitive to the growth-inhibitory effects of d-tyrosine due to the absence of d-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase, an enzyme that prevents misincorporation of d-tyrosine and other d-amino acids into nascent proteins. We isolated spontaneous mutants of B. subtilis that survive in the presence of a mixture of d-leucine, d-methionine, d-tryptophan, and d-tyrosine. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that these strains harbored mutations affecting tRNATyr charging. Three of the most potent mutations enhanced the expression of the gene (tyrS) for tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. In particular, resistance was conferred by mutations that destabilized the terminator hairpin of the tyrS riboswitch, as well as by a mutation that transformed a tRNAPhe into a tyrS riboswitch ligand. The most potent mutation, a substitution near the tyrosine recognition site of tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, improved enzyme stereoselectivity. We conclude that these mutations promote the proper charging of tRNATyr, thus facilitating the exclusion of d-tyrosine from protein biosynthesis in cells that lack d-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase. IMPORTANCE Proteins are composed of l-amino acids. Mischarging of tRNAs with d-amino acids or the misincorporation of d-amino acids into proteins causes toxicity. This work reports on mutations that confer resistance to d-amino acids and their mechanisms of action.
The EmrR protein represses the Escherichia coli emrRAB multidrug resistance operon by directly binding to its promoter region

EmrR negatively regulates the transcription of the multidrug resistance pump-encoding operon, emrRAB, by binding to its regulatory region. The binding site spans the promoter and the downstream sequence up to the transcriptional start site of the operon. Structurally unrelated drugs that induce the pump interfere with this binding.
The Detectability of neutralino clumps via atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes

High resolution N-body simulations have revealed the survival of considerable substructure within galactic halos. Assuming that the predicted dark matter clumps are composed of annihilating neutralinos, we examine their detectability via Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (ACTs). Depending on their density profile, individual neutralino clumps should be observable via their gamma-ray continuum and line emissions. We find that the continuum signal is the most promising signal for detecting a neutralino clump, being significantly stronger than the monochromatic signals. Limits from the line detectability can help lift degeneracies in the supersymmetric (SUSY) parameter space. We show that by combining the observations of different mass clumps, ACTs can explore most of the SUSY parameter space. ACTs can play a complementary role to accelerator and gamma-ray satellite limits by exploring relatively large neutralino masses and less concentrated clumps. We develop a strategy for dark matter clump studies by future ACTs based on VERITAS specifications and encourage the development of techniques to identify primaries. This can reduce the background by an order of magnitude.
The Volunteer Experience in Temporary Organizations: Volunteer Role Negotiation and Identification in a Pop-Culture Convention

The present study explores the role negotiations and identity of volunteers at a large Southwestern pop-culture convention. A sensemaking perspective was used to understand how volunteers retrospectively interpret their experiences as volunteers in this temporary organization. Data collection included participant observation and interviews of 26 volunteers. Data were analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Three role negotiation categories were identified: learning roles, negotiating roles, and making sense of roles. Ineffective communication during role learning and negotiation created ambiguity and uncertainty for volunteers. Volunteers identified with the convention primarily through communicative interactions with patrons but also through communicating with staff or by wearing artifacts (e.g., clothing). Results suggest modifying sensemaking theory to recognize individual as well as collective sensemaking.
Introductory essay: environmental justice – just livelihoods

Environmental justice (EJ), or the issue of ensuring fair access to environmental decision-making and resources for all groups in society, is a critical concern across the world. Too frequently, en...
Ethics and Design: Rethinking Professional Ethics as Part of the Design Domain

Ethics have traditionally, although not solely, been discussed in terms of professional standards and codes of conducts. While these codes and standards remain essential, the purpose of this piece is to attempt an expansion of the way ethics are conceived by drawing out the relationship between ethics and design. Analyses of technology that emphasize its relationships to other parts of social systems demonstrate how a systems view can enhance our own conception of ethics as well as design, especially when these two ideas intersect in the space of social responsibility of a profession. In this piece, a review of some key pieces and concepts from outside the field of instructional design are used to highlight how other technology and design-oriented fields are exploring these ideas, and examples in educational technology are used to illustrate how these ideas are consistent with analysis of technology in the specific context of educational systems.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in children and adolescents: Report of 3 cases and comprehensive literature review

Abstract Malignant esophageal tumors are exceedingly rare in children and adolescents. We present 3 cases of esophageal adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SSC) in patients ≤21 years of age who were treated at our institution between 1950 and 2015. We also undertook an analysis of those cases, combined with cases from a review of the literature, to examine patient demographics, disease characteristics, and outcomes. We identified one patient with AC and two patients with SCC treated at our institution, as well as 19 cases of AC (median age 16) and 23 cases of SCC (median age 15) reported in the literature. Male predominance was noted at a ratio of 2.2 to 1. Dysphagia, weight loss, and anemia were the most common presenting symptoms for both entities. Approximately 84% of AC tumors were located in the distal esophagus and gastroesophageal junction whereas SCC tumors were distributed evenly throughout esophagus. Metastatic disease at presentation was found in 68.4% of patients with AC compared to 30.4% of those with SCC. Survival was not significantly different between SCC and AC ( P = 0.36), between genders ( P = 0.13), and between patients treated with surgery vs. multimodality therapy ( P = 0.15). Metastasis, however, predicted worse outcome ( P = 0.0019). We found that adolescent AC and SCC show characteristics similar to such tumors when presenting in adults. Though extremely rare in the adolescent population, these malignant diseases should always be ruled out when young patients present with a short history of dysphagia with signs of clinical deterioration.
Focused training sets to reduce noise in NER feature models

Feature and context aggregation play a large role in current NER systems, allowing significant opportunities for research into optimizing these features to cater to different domains. This work strives to reduce the noise introduced into aggregated features from disparate and generic training data in order to allow for contextual features that more closely model the entities in the target data. The proposed approach trains models based on only a part of the training set that is more similar to the target domain. To this end, models are trained for an existing NER system using the top documents from the training set that are similar to the target document in order to demonstrate that this technique can be applied to improve any pre-built NER system. Initial results show an improvement over the University of Illinois NE tagger with a weighted average F1 score of 91.67 compared to the Illinois tagger’s score of 91.32. This research serves as a proof-of-concept for future planned work to cluster the training documents to produce a number of more focused models from a given training set, thereby reducing noise and extracting a more representative feature set.
EGYPT'S OTHER NATIONALISTS AND THE SUEZ CRISIS OF 1956*

The Egyptian experience of the Suez crisis and subsequent conflict of 1956 has received significantly less treatment than those of the other major players, Great Britain, France, Israel, and the United States. The consensus over Egypt's role in the crisis has, moreover, has advanced very little from the narrative put forward by official participants at the time, portraying the event as a landmark in a nationalist struggle to restore Egypt's independence and national dignity. This article takes a fresh look at the Suez crisis from the perspective of the figures of an emergent Egyptian political opposition in 1955–6, whose responses differed substantially from this received view. By bringing domestic Egyptian political struggles to the foreground of this international crisis, the article will offer a more nuanced view of the origins of Suez in British planning, and of its significance for contemporary Egyptians. The conclusion will seek to explain how a collection of sometimes extreme nationalists could take such a counter-intuitive position in the Suez crisis through exploring the diversity of nationalist thought in the Egypt of the 1950s.
Ultrasonic Absorption in Protein Solution

Since Carstensen and Schwan’s work on aqueous solutions of hemoglobin1 there have been a number of studies of excess acoustic absorption in solutions of biologically important macromolecules2–7 and their synthetic analogs8–10. Relaxation times or relaxation spectra adequate to characterize the observed frequency dependence of the ultrasonic velocity and attenuation have been deduced1–3,8,9 but the variety of chemical and structural equilibria possible in a solution of flexible polyelectrolytes is great enough to render the unambiguous identification of the microscopic process responsible for the excess absorption a matter of some difficulty. In individual cases arguments have been advanced nominating solvation1–3,8 ionization4,6, and conformational change5,9 as the principal contributors to the observed relaxation spectrum in aqueous protein solution.
D-cycloserine in Schizophrenia: New Strategies for Improving Clinical Outcomes by Enhancing Plasticity.

Background Dysregulation of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor signaling is strongly implicated in schizophrenia. Based on the ketamine model of NMDA receptor hypoactivity, therapeutic approaches designed to maintain a sustained increase in agonist activity at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor have produced promising, although inconsistent, efficacy for negative symptoms. Methods A review of the published literature on D-cycloserine (DCS) pharmacology in animal models and in clinical studies was performed. Findings relevant to DCS effects on memory and plasticity and their potential clinical application to schizophrenia were summarized. Results Studies in animals and clinical trials in patients with anxiety disorders have demonstrated that single or intermittent dosing with DCS enhances memory consolidation. Preliminary trials in patients with schizophrenia suggest that intermittent dosing with DCS may produce persistent improvement of negative symptoms and enhance learning when combined with cognitive behavioral therapy for delusions or with cognitive remediation. The pharmacology of DCS is complex, since it acts as a "super agonist" at NMDA receptors containing GluN2C subunits and, under certain conditions, it may act as an antagonist at NMDA receptors containing GluN2B subunits. Conclusions There are preliminary findings that support a role for D-cycloserine in schizophrenia as a strategy to enhance neuroplasticity and memory. However, additional studies with DCS are needed to confirm these findings. In addition, clinical trials with positive and negative allosteric modulators with greater specificity for NMDA receptor subtypes are needed to identify the optimal strategy for enhancing neuroplasticity in schizophrenia.
The Biopolitics of Pig Farms: Willy Pickton and the Downtown East Side

The study of politics has been famously defined as the study of who gets what, how much and why. During periods of exception, the fractures between the 'haves' and the 'have-nots' become more apparent as the normalcy of everyday life is called into question. One way of cutting into this divide is an examination of the space between the politics of production and the politics of disposability. This paper is an examination into how social forces construct the space and distinction between the populations of disposability and the populations of entitlement in the contemporary global political economy and the series of exceptions that mark current iterations through an examination of how twenty aboriginal women could be killed in the moral geography of Vancouver's Downtown Eastside without it being murder.
Acoustic Emission Behavior of Cohesive Soils

In this, the second of a series of three papers on acoustic emission monitoring of soils, cohesive soils are evaluated. A study of acoustic emission fundamentals showed that the amplitude of the emissions in cohesive soils are from ½ to 1/400 of that in granular soils, that frequencies are in the low kiloherz range (predominantly 2 kHz-3 kHz), and that attenuation is high, from 30 dB/ft to 57 dB/ft (1.0 dB/cm to 1.9 dB/cm), and is related to water content. Regarding the macroscopic behavior of acoustic emissions in cohesive soils, the study showed that acoustic emission counts and strain are interrelated, both bearing a definite relationship to the imposed stress level, that increasing water content or plasticity index, or both, decreases the level of acoustic emissions generated, and that stress history effects are reflected in a change of acoustic emission rates. This latter finding allows for acoustic emission monitoring of undisturbed samples for the potential location of the preconsolidation pressure.
Morphology and Histology of the Sex Pheromone Gland of a Geometrid, Rheumaptera hastata

A new type of sex pheromone gland has been found in females of a birch defoliator, Rheumaptera hastata . The gland consists of a pair of internal tubular organs composed of glandular epithelial cells. These paired glands are located dorsal to the rectum and oviduct and extend from their common opening in the 9th abdominal segment anteriorly into the 7th abdominal segment. Bioassay with male moths confirmed that the paired glands produce the sex pheromone.
LOWER CIRCULATING LEVELS OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS-INDUCING LIGAND (TRAIL) ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED SUB-CLINICAL CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN SMOKERS

There is significant in vitro evidence demonstrating anti-atherogenic effect of circulating Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). Also, decreased circulating TRAIL levels have been reported in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in those undergoing coronary
Age and structure of the Crevice pluton: overlapping orogens in west-central Idaho?

New U–Pb zircon geochronology from the Riggins region of west-central Idaho refines the timing of contractional deformation across the Salmon River suture zone (SRSZ), a broad north- to northeast-s...
Harmonic Measurement Characteristics of Capacitor Voltage Transformer(CVT) of 110 kV

Considering the harmonic distortion from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit of capacitor voltage transformers(CVT), the harmonic measurement characteristics of CVT are analyzed with testing and the simulations. By taking a certain type of 110 kV CVT for case study, a high frequency equivalent circuit of CVT is constructed, which takes consideration of stray capacitance, coupling capacitor,dielectric loss of capacitive divider and equivalent resistance of compensation reactor. By using Matlab, the CVT 's harmonic model is built and its amplitudefrequency characteristic curves are obtained. To prove the correctness of the simulation model, harmonic measurement tests are carried out for CVT in the field, and the testing results are compared with the simulation results. It is concluded that the voltage harmonic content and the amplitude of the fundamental voltage have no impacts on the measurement characteristics of CVT.
Visible Light Photoinitiated Metal-Free Living Cationic Polymerization of 4-Methoxystyrene.

Metal-free, visible light-initiated, living cationic polymerization of 4-methoxystyrene using 2,4,6-tri(p-tolyl)pyrylium tetrafluoroborate and methanol is demonstrated. Molecular weight and dispersity are controlled by the concentration of methanol. Initial mechanistic analysis suggests that methanol likely serves to regulate propagation of the cation chain end via reversible chain transfer in a manner analogous to reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization.
Management of Ureteropelvic Obstruction in the First Year of Life

AbstractFrom July 1971 until December 1978 we treated 19 male and 5 female children less than 1 year old for ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Diagnosis was based on high dose excretory urography with delayed films. Ultrasound was performed in some cases to confirm hydronephrosis. Cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography were not required. Of 32 obstructed kidneys 27 were repaired by dismembered reduction pyeloureteroplasty. Of 8 patients with bilateral involvement 3 underwent unilateral repair only because of lesser contralateral obstruction and 1 underwent unilateral nephrectomy. Of the 27 repairs 20 were protected by nephrostomy or pyelostomy drainage plus a small caliber silicone rubber or polyvinyl stent. Of the 6 non-stented repairs 2 had delayed opening of the repair. A frozen section renal biopsy aided in a decision to repair the kidney in 4 of 6 instances and in 10 other instances a renal biopsy was obtained for prognostic purposes. There were no secondary nephrectomies, although 2 boys required r...
Exploring the Intergenerational Caregiver Market: A Study of Family Care Providers for the Elderly

Based on a national mail survey, the present research identities and profiles family caregivers for the elderly (N=208), the types of care they provide to their elderly relatives, and marketing communication methods that can be used to reach them. Findings suggest that marital status and age of care receiver as well as income, gender, and marital status of caregiver influence the amount of basic and instrumental care they provide to their elderly family members. Also, the study found that catalogs and newspaper/magazine ads are important source of information for basic and instrumental care and advocate sources, radio/TV ads, and sales people are also important sources for instrumental care. Implications for marketers, consumer researchers, businesses in general, and public policy makers are also discussed.
Recognizing Entity Types in Heterogeneous Semantic Graphs

We describe an approach to reducing the computational cost of identifying coreferent instances in heterogeneous semantic graphs where the underlying ontologies may not be informative or even known. The problem is similar to coreference resolution in unstructured text, where a variety of linguistic clues and contextual information is used to infer entity types and predict coreference. Semantic graph, whether in RDF or another formalism, are semi-structured data with very different contextual clues and need different approaches to identify potentially coreferent entities. When their ontologies are unknown, unaccessible or semantically trivial, coreference resolution is difficult. For such cases, we can use supervised machine learning to map entity attributes via dictionaries based on DBpedia properties to predict instances entity types, aiding coreference resolution. We evaluated the approach in experiments on data from Wikipedia, Freebase and Arnetminer.
The Turbulent Wake of a Flat Plate Near a Free Surface

For several decades it has been realized that the presence of a free surface influences the evolution of mean velocity and turbulence but the mechanisms have not been completely described. Early observations of Nikuradse (1926) showed the flow in straight open channels to be three-dimensional and that the maximum of the streamwise mean velocity occurs below rather than coincident with the free surface. More recently, the studies of Ueda, et al (1977) and Komori, et al (1982) for open channel flows show that the eddy viscosity is significantly attenuated by the presence of the free surface. In the latter paper it is also shown that, near the free surface, velocity fluctuations normal to that surface are diminished while the fluctuations in the plane of the surface are increased, suggesting an overall turbulent kinetic energy preservation in that region. A similar redistribution of the turbulence intensities was observed by Thomas and Hancock (1977). In their work a moving wall experiment was devised such that the wall moved at the velocity of the adjacent turbulent fluid so that no velocity gradients and shear stresses were present at the wall, conditions similar to those at a free surface. Damping of the normal velocity fluctuations and an associated increase of the longitudinal ones is observed. The spanwise fluctuations were only slightly increased. In addition the measurements of Raichlen (1967) and McQuivey and Richardson (1969), also for open channel flows, show that the macroscales of the turbulent eddies decrease considerably near the free surface. It should be pointed out that the latter two experiments do not indicate the promotion of the longitudinal turbulence intensity (the only one measured in the work of Raichlen) and the attenuation of the vertical component as in the experiments of Komori and Thomas and Hancock.
Characterization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived conditioned medium

Medium where the stem cells are cultured is called conditioned medium CM In CM Mesenchymal Stem Cells MSCs secrete different growth factors and cytokines with anti inflammatory and anti fibrotic effects Numerous questions need to be answered before MSCs derived CM can be used for the therapy of various diseases conditions The purpose of the present study is to analyze Human Umbilical Cord MSCs derived CM for the presence of anti inflammatory and regeneration promoting cytokines In our study of CM immunoassay tests showed that all analyzed chemokines gave signals in the assays in positive control parallel wells Thus all chemokines are functional and accurate to the indicated levels Characterization of growth factors and cytokines in the MSCs derived CM is crucial for further translation of CM in therapy of various diseases conditions
A Revised and Expanded Structure Hierarchy of Natural and Synthetic Hexavalent Uranium Compounds

Abstract Over the past four decades, the number of inorganic oxide and oxy-salt phases containing stoichiometric quantities of hexavalent uranium has increased exponentially from a few dozen to well over 700, and these structures have become well-known for their remarkable compositional diversity and topological variability. Considering the entirety of these compounds ( i . e ., crystal structures, conditions of synthesis, and geological occurrences) offers significant insight into the behavior of uranium in the solid state and in the nascent (typically aqueous) fluids. The structure hierarchy approach adopted here aims specifically to facilitate the recognition of useful patterns in the crystal-chemical behavior of hexavalent uranium (U 6+ ). This work represents the third attempt at a structure hierarchy of U 6+ compounds, with the first two being those of Burns et al . (1996) and Burns (2005), which considered 180 and 368 structures, respectively. The current work is expanded to include the structures of 727 known, well-refined synthetic compounds (610) and minerals (117) that contain stoichiometric quantities of U 6+ . As in the previous works, structures are systematically ordered on the basis of topological similarity, as defined predominantly by the polymerization of high-valence cations. The updated breakdown is as follows: (1) isolated polyhedra (24 compounds/0 minerals); (2) finite clusters (70 compounds/10 minerals); (3) infinite chains (94 compounds/15 minerals); (4) infinite sheets (353 compounds/79 minerals); and (5) frameworks (186 compounds/13 minerals). Within each of these major categories, structures are sub-divided on the basis of increasing connectivity of uranium (nearly always uranyl) polyhedra. In addition to elucidating common trends in U 6+ crystal chemistry, this structure hierarchy will serve as a comprehensive introduction for those not yet fluent in the domain of uranium mineralogy and inorganic, synthetic uranium chemistry.
Flow stabilized porous heterogeneous combustor. Part I: Design and development

A heterogeneous combustor was developed where the flame position within the ceramic porous media, contained within the combustor, could be controlled using the reactant flow rate. The porous media within the combustor can be coated with a catalyst to further promote combustion; this apparatus was designed to enable the investigation of various catalysts to be evaluated for their effectiveness as promoters of combustion. A unique feature of the combustion chamber showcased within this work is that the position of the flame is controlled by flow rates rather than the conventional method of flame arrestors, minimizing pressure drop across the combustion chamber. The developed operational system consists of six well-integrated and interconnected parts: the combustion chamber, a reactant storage and metering system, the reactant delivery nozzle, the exhaust sampling port, an externally located microphone, and a CCD camera. Within this present work Al2O3 porous media of 10 ppin was used during the initial testing of the developed system.
Sport tourism and theory and other developments: some reflections

Over the past 20 years, we have seen scholarship in sport tourism grow from less than 50 citations to 949 on the Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI) database. If you look at ...