cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Cystic Malformation of the Lung

A review of thirty cases of cystic malformation of the lung revealed that a number of pathologic conditions had been diagnosed before the true nature of the lesion was recognized. In several instances treatment had been instituted for one or more of these lesions for periods of over a year. In twenty-six collected cases reported by nine authors, a similar experience was noted. The difficulties in differential diagnosis were based chiefly on the similarity of the clinical course with that of other pathologic conditions of the chest. Although radiographic and fluoroscopic examination remain the best diagnostic methods for differentiation, they are not infallible and must be correlated with the clinical findings. The pathologic diagnosis is important both for an accurate evaluation of the disease and for proper surgical treatment. Since the risk of operation is small, resection of the involved lung is the treatment of choice.
Nitric Oxide Donors SIN-1 and SNAP Promote Nonrapid-Eye-Movement Sleep in Rats

Abstract We previously showed that inhibition of brain NO production suppresses sleep in rats and rabbits. In the present experiments we studied the effects of stimulation of NO-receptive brain mechanisms on sleep. Male rats were injected intracerebroventricularly with the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP, 400 μg) or molsidomine (SIN-1, 7 and 70 μg). Seven micrograms of SIN-1 did not affect sleep, but increased the delta wave activity of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during nonrapid-eye-movement sleep (NREMS) and suppressed EEG alpha and beta activities in NREMS and delta, theta, and beta activities during wakefulness. Seventy micrograms of SIN-1 significantly increased NREMS after a latency of ≈9 h. EEG power was suppressed in each frequency band during rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) and wakefulness, whereas during NREMS, delta activities were increased after the injection of 7 μg SIN-1, and higher frequencies were suppressed after both doses. On the recovery day sleep remained elevated, but EEG power returned to baseline. The effects of SNAP on NREMS were similar to those of SIN-1, but REMS was decreased and slight increases in brain temperature accompanied the sleep changes. The EEG theta, alpha, and beta activities were suppressed in both wakefulness and REMS. Collectively, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that NO plays a role in the regulation of vigilance.
Lineage analysis of basal epithelial cells reveals their unexpected plasticity and supports a cell-of-origin model for prostate cancer heterogeneity

A key issue in cancer biology is whether oncogenic transformation of different cell types of origin within an adult tissue gives rise to distinct tumour subtypes that differ in their prognosis and/or treatment response. We now show that initiation of prostate tumours in basal or luminal epithelial cells in mouse models results in tumours with distinct molecular signatures that are predictive of human patient outcomes. Furthermore, our analysis of untransformed basal cells reveals an unexpected assay dependence of their stem cell properties in sphere formation and transplantation assays versus genetic lineage tracing during prostate regeneration and adult tissue homeostasis. Although oncogenic transformation of basal cells gives rise to tumours with luminal phenotypes, cross-species bioinformatic analyses indicate that tumours of luminal origin are more aggressive than tumours of basal origin, and identify a molecular signature associated with patient outcome. Our results reveal the inherent plasticity of basal cells, and support a model in which different cells of origin generate distinct molecular subtypes of prostate cancer.
Secondary English Learners: Strengthening Their Literacy Skills Through Culturally Responsive Teaching

AbstractIn high school English classrooms where English language learners may be at risk of academic failure, Culturally Responsive Teaching can help educators build an inclusive community in which all students can improve their literacy skills.
Reduction of Zernike wavefront errors using a micromirror array

Arrays of micromirrors are used to correct residual wavefront aberrations in optical systems. Each micromirror typically has either one or three actuators so it can locally correct either the piston error in the wavefront, or the piston error plus the tip and tilt errors. An array of 1000 piston-only micromirrors is compared with an array of 333 piston-tip-tilt micromirrors with the same number of actuators. The piston-tip-tilt micromirror arrays are better in all comparisons. They reduce defocus and astigmatism by 300×versus 30× for piston-only (Zernike terms Z 4, Z 5, and Z 6). The wavefront error due to third-order spherical ( Z 9) is reduced by 33×versus 6×, and the fifth-order spherical ( Z 16) is reduced by 6×versus 2×. The micromirror array pattern is also studied. Hexagonal arrays reduce the aberrations roughly 10% more than do square arrays.
Myeloproliferative disorders: II CML: clonal evolution and its role in management.

Abstract Twenty-three patients with an established diagnosis of Ph 1 positive chronic myelogenous leukemia have been entered into an experimental study to determine the effect on survival of splenectomy and intensive cycle-active chemotherapy based on serial cytogenetic monitoring. Initially, all patients were induced into hematologic remission with busulfan, splenectomized and treated with cytosine arabinoside and 6-thioguanine. Chemotherapy was modified or intensified when abnormal chromosomal patterns were observed in dividing bone marrow cells or non-stimulated short term blood cultures. Elimination or reduction of the abnormal clones was correlated with improved clinical status in the experimental group. Most of the patients who developed abnormal clones prior to clinical evidence of transformation either lost the clone or showed a marked reduction in the size of the clone after aggressive therapy was instituted. The results suggest that survival was prolonged in this group of patients (4–133 months) when compared to historical controls. Pre-selection of patients in the series does not appear to explain the data since 20 of the 23 patients presented with at least one of the poor prognostic factors described by Jacquillat et al. [28] and over 60% of them had two or more of the unfavorable signs at diagnosis.
The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-Revised Version (DISC-R): III. Concurrent Criterion Validity

Abstract Objective To examine the concurrent criterion validity of the Revised Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-R), a structured lay-administered instrument designed for use in community studies, under conditions designed to provide strict controls for information and method variance. Method The DISC-R was compared with a semistructured clinical interview that covered a similar information base as the DISC-R, used standardized ratings to record symptom information, and, similar to the DISC-R, was scored by DSM-III-R-based computerized diagnostic algorithms. Subjects were 74 child and adolescent clinic attendees and their adult custodians. Result Overall, moderate levels of agreement were found between DISC-R and clinician-generated diagnoses; these findings were tempered, however, by the fact that the validation interview was less reliable than the DISC-R. Conclusions Although these findings provide preliminary support for the use of the DISC-R, they cast some doubt on the adequacy of clinician-generated diagnoses as validation criteria and suggest that alternate approaches to the assessment of validation should be pursued. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1993, 32, 3:658–665.
Structural basis of multiple drug-binding capacity of the AcrB multidrug efflux pump.

Multidrug efflux pumps cause serious problems in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of bacterial infections. Yet high-resolution structures of ligandtransporter complexes have previously been unavailable. We obtained x-ray crystallographic structures of the trimeric AcrB pump from Escherichia coli with four structurally diverse ligands. The structures show that three molecules of ligands bind simultaneously to the extremely large central cavity of 5000 cubic angstroms, primarily by hydrophobic, aromatic stacking and van der Waals interactions. Each ligand uses a slightly different subset of AcrB residues for binding. The bound ligand molecules often interact with each other, stabilizing the binding.
RNA Helix Stability in Mixed Na+/Mg2+ Solution

A recently developed tightly bound ion model can account for the correlation and fluctuation (i.e., different binding modes) of bound ions. However, the model cannot treat mixed ion solutions, which are physiologically relevant and biologically significant, and the model was based on B-DNA helices and thus cannot directly treat RNA helices. In the present study, we investigate the effects of ion correlation and fluctuation on the thermodynamic stability of finite length RNA helices immersed in a mixed solution of monovalent and divalent ions. Experimental comparisons demonstrate that the model gives improved predictions over the Poisson-Boltzmann theory, which has been found to underestimate the roles of multivalent ions such as Mg2+ in stabilizing DNA and RNA helices. The tightly bound ion model makes quantitative predictions on how the Na+-Mg2+ competition determines helix stability and its helix length-dependence. In addition, the model gives empirical formulas for the thermodynamic parameters as functions of Na+/Mg2+ concentrations and helix length. Such formulas can be quite useful for practical applications.
Quantum Monte Carlo vibrational analysis of the nitrogen-water complex

Abstract The rotational spectrum of the weakly bound dimer of molecular nitrogen and water reveals one distinct on-average structure, whereas at least one theoretical treatment of the interaction potential shows two minimum energy structures. Since the well depth is small and there may be multiple minima, significant vibrational displacement is anticipated for the ground vibrational state. We have carried out quantum Monte Carlo calculations on the vibrational ground state of the nitrogen—water complex using a model potential. Though the secondary minimum is energetically accessible, the on-average structure of the ground state mostly resembles the global minimum structure.
Goethe's West östlicher Divan: Orientalism Restructured

In his recent book on Orientalism Edward Said made it clear that the German relationship to the Orient has been different from that of the British or French. In Germany there was no sustained national interest in the Orient; the relationship was not “actual,” for it was almost exclusively “scholarly.” Said also argues, however, that Germany did have in common with other European nations a “kind of intellectual authority over the Orient” and that it, too, contributed to the Western invention of the term “Orientalism,” itself an act of dominance and superiority. In this point it seems that Said is correct, for the act of labeling not only suggests expertise but also exercises expressibility as a means of intellectual and cultural control. Yet recognition of the linguistic basis of authority and the power to dominate another culture with that authority is not new. German writers during the eighteenth century also felt that British and French dominance interfered with the development of the arts and sciences in their country. Indeed, Goethe recognized at least two forms of authority which shaped Oriental literature: one was the political forces within the Orient itself and the second one, a more subtle form of authority extrinsic to the Orient, was the scientific philology of Western culture which fostered a particular image of the Orient. That is, Goethe suggests in his critical writings on Oriental literature a departure from the norms of Western science and at the same time champions the need to understand the sociocultural forces at work in the Orient itself. Thus Goethe's critical writings in many ways anticipate Said's view that “Above all, authority can, indeed must, be analyzed”.
Abstract 1842: Vitamin D compounds induce BRCA1 expression and inhibit breast stem cells

Background: Basal breast cancer which occurs in women with BRCA1 mutations has been suggested to arise from arrested differentiation of stem/luminal progenitor cells, whose gene profile includes Vitamin D receptor prominently. In addition to DNA repair, BRCA1 enhances luminal differentiation of breast stem cells. Vitamin D compounds have long been known to have differentiating function. We hypothesized that Vitamin D receptor exists on stem cells and that vitamin D treatment induces differentiation of stem/progenitor cells, in part due to increased BRCA1 expression. Methods: We treated normal human breast epithelial cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with 10 or 100 nM 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 or the less hypercalcemic vitamin D5 analogue (1alpha(OH)D5) in suspension culture in stem cell media to assess: 1) stem cell self renewal using the mammosphere assay; 2) inhibition of stem cell percentage; 3) induction of BRCA1 mRNA and 4) induction of BRCA1 protein. Results: Teatment with 100nM 1alpha(OH)D5 inhibited stem cell self renewal as assessed by mammosphere formation assay from 23spheres/high power field (HPF) to 1 per HPF at 7 days; inhibited of percentage of stem cells from 17% in vehicle control to 7% with vitamin D5. Both vitamin D3 and D5 caused an 8 fold induction of vitamin D target CYP24 gene expression; 4 fold increase in BRCA1 mRNA by real time PCR; and 4 fold increase in BRCA1 protein expression by western blot compared to actin control. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 and D5 analogue induce BRCA1 expression and inhibit stem cell percentage in normal breast cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1842. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1842
The female of Leptobasis melinogaster González-Soriano (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

The female of Leptobasis melinogaster Gonzalez-Soriano, 2002 is formally described and illustrated. Female L. melinogaster can be distinguished from the seven other known congeners by the shape and presence of a ventral lobe below the rounded lateral margins of the posterior and median lobes of the prothorax as well as by the dark apices on the femora.
General Equation Modeling Systems (GEMS)- a mathematical simulation language

This paper describes extensions of and improvements to an efficient numerical integration method, the Implicit Modeling Package (IMP), which was presented in the July 1974 issue of SIMULATION and subsequent ly in the July 1979 issue of SIMULATION. The exten sion described here is a simulation language, General Equation Modeling System (GEMS), for the solution of systems of algebraic and differential equations. GEMS provides a simple and convenient way to formulate complex mathematical models for simulation using the IMP algorithms. GEMS is well suited for the solution of sets of stiff, nonlinear algebraic and differential equations. The GEMS package is compared to ACSL (Advanced Continuous Simulation Language) using a set of nine benchmark problems.
Heuristic analysis of closed queueing networks

In this paper we consider closed queueing networks having M single server queueing stations with arbitrary interconnections and general service time distributions. Here we propose an iterative approximation procedure, based on a decomposition approximation. Numerical results are reported to demonstrate the accuracy of the method. We also discuss the sensitivity of the results to the initial guess for the server utilizations.
Influence of surface shape on tissue–air ratio for cobalt‐60

The shape of the surface of incidence could affect the scatter and change the effective tissue-air ratio (TAR) value. The curvature of the body is considerable within the large beams used for total body irradiation. The effect of the surface curvature on the effective TAR value was studied using a computational approach that sums up the differential scatter air ratios from elemental beams. It was observed that the difference between the effective TAR and the standard flat surface TAR increased with depth to reach a maximum value of about 2% around 8--11 cm depth. It decreased for larger depths, and the effect of surface shape was not perceivable beyond 18 cm depth.
Motivations and Benefits of the Travel Experiences of Older Adults

The motivations and benefits of educational travel among individuals aged 55 years old and over were examined in this study. A total of 136 older adults enrolled in Elderhostel programs participated in this study and reported their perceived benefits and motivations for engaging in educational travel experiences. Correlation analyses were used to explore relationships between the adults' perceived benefits and motivations. Analyses of variance were conducted and significant differences in adults' motivations for educational travel were found by gender, education level, health, and activity level of the program. The findings from this study are discussed in terms of successful aging, and implications for organizations offering educational travel programs are provided.
Emergent properties of conspecific attraction in fragmented landscapes

Attraction to conspecifics may have wide-ranging implications for habitat selection and metapopulation theory, yet little is known about the process of attraction and its effects relative to other habitat selection strategies. Using individual-based simulations, I investigated the emergent properties of conspecific attraction during habitat selection on survival, fecundity, short-term fitness (survival x fecundity), and distributions in fragmented landscapes. I simulated conspecific attraction during searching and settlement decisions and compared attraction with random, habitat-based (searching for the presence of habitat), and habitat quality sampling strategies (searching for and settling in high-quality habitat). Conspecific attraction during searching or settlement decisions had different consequences for animals: attraction while searching increased survival by decreasing time spent in nonsuitable habitat, whereas attraction during settlement increased fecundity by aggregating animals in high-quality habitats. Habitat-based sampling did not improve fitness over attraction, but directly sampling habitat quality resulted in the highest short-term fitness among strategies. These results suggest that attraction can improve fitness when animals cannot directly assess habitat quality. Interestingly, conspecific attraction influenced distributions by generating patch size effects and weak edge effects, highlighting that attraction is one potential, yet previously unappreciated, mechanism to explain the widespread patterns of animal sensitivity to habitat fragmentation.
Acceptance speech for F. W. Clarke Medal

Thanks for the kind introduction and let me say I feel it a very great honor to be chosen to be here today. There are many persons without whose aid I would not be standing before you today. Foremost among these are my colleagues at Harvard, especially John Longhi and Jim Hays who have collaborated in and considerably improved any contributions I may have made. I feel that they are as much a part of this honor as I am. I would also Iike to thank those responsible for carrying out the Apollo program who provided this marvelous legacy of planetary samples on which we have been fortunate enough to work. Surely the return of these samples must be considered a triumph of initiative and imagination. Finally I would like to thank my wife Sandy for her years of pleasant patience while I puttered in the lab. They helped a lot. 1 should hasten to add that there was no small element of luck in any progress that we may have made. There are at least two important aspects to this luck. First is that for a beginner in the experimental petrology game it was extremely fortunate that the lunar basaltic compositions proved to be relatively tractable experimentally, owing to their volatiledepleted character. Also their compositional variation was amenable to graphic analysis with simplified phase diagrams. It could easily have turned out otherwise but luckily it did not. Secondly, in the context of a whole new planet offered for study, there was a relative minimum of previous prejudicial experience. For the beginner those two circumstances must be considered happy indeed! f would like to offer you a brief historical perspective on thoughts concerning basalt petrogenesis which, of course, is the main field of my interests. I do this not only to amplify the latter circumstance I have just noted, but also to point out some interesting parallels between terrestrial and lunar petrogenetic ttlinking because I feel there are some. Although there are distinct parallels in the thinking, the time scale for terrestrial basalt ideas of about 200 years is telescoped into the last few years for the lunar basalts. At least three ‘vintages’ of thought are worth exptoring for parallelisms. TWO hundred years ago the question was: are basal% the product of fire or of water?-the old Neptunist-Vulcanist controversy, resolved in favor of the Vulcanists. Now I may perhaps be straining a point, but I remind you that water was once thought to be responsible for the lunar maria-as their name implies. Indeed it would be quite irresponsible of me to have you believe that a major achievement of the Apollo program has been to resolve this point for
The ubiquitin-interacting motifs target the endocytic adaptor protein epsin for ubiquitination.

Abstract The covalent attachment of ubiquitin to proteins is an evolutionarily conserved signal for rapid protein degradation. However, additional cellular functions for ubiquitination are now emerging, including regulation of protein trafficking and endocytosis [1]. For example, recent genetic studies suggested a role for ubiquitination in regulating epsin, a modular endocytic adaptor protein that functions in the assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles [2, 3]; however, biochemical evidence for this notion has been lacking. Epsin consists of an epsin NH 2 -terminal homology (ENTH) domain that promotes the interaction with phospholipids [4], several AP2 binding sites [5], two clathrin binding sequences [6], and several Eps15 homology (EH) domain binding motifs [3]. Interestingly, epsin also possesses several recently described ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIMs) that have been postulated to bind ubiquitin [7]. Here, we demonstrate that epsin is predominantly monoubiquitinated and resistant to proteasomal degradation. The UIMs are necessary for epsin ubiquitination but are not the site of ubiquitination. Finally, we demonstrate that the isolated UIMs from both epsin and an unrelated monoubiquitinated protein, Eps15 [8], are sufficient to promote ubiquitination of a chimeric glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-UIM fusion protein. Thus, our data suggest that UIMs may serve as a general signal for ubiquitination.
Platelet membrane potential: unable to pull the plug on sepsis

In a recent issue of Critical Care, we read with interest the work of Grundler and colleagues [1] regarding platelet mitochondrial depolarization reflecting disease severity in patients with sepsis. It has been established that, regardless of the source of sepsis, microcirculatory dysfunction with increased permeability and increased reactive oxygen species is similar among pathogens and leads to multi-organ dysfunction [2]. The microcirculatory response in patients with sepsis clearly influences clinical outcome, and biomarkers to reliably assess this response have been difficult to elucidate. Interestingly, the authors in this study were able to show a correlation between platelet membrane potential and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment scores and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II. Several confounders such as neurodegenerative diseases and exposure to environmental agents such as cigarette smoke are known to affect platelet mitochondrial function [3]. It is difficult to control for patients with these confounders, and this could have biased the results of this study. It is unclear what testing for platelet membrane potential adds to our ability to predict overall clinical outcome. Thrombocytopenia is already an established correlate to poor outcome in sepsis, and a platelet count, unlike the platelet membrane potential, is almost always readily available [4]. The authors did not control for thrombocytopenia, and it is unclear whether membrane potential would predict mortality, independent of platelet count. We feel that this biomarker will not be useful in the clinical realm, but this work will add to our overall understanding of the microcirculatory physiologic response in sepsis.
Polyoxometalates on cationic silica: Highly selective and efficient O2/air-based oxidation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide at ambient temperature

Binary cupric nitrate and triflate systems catalyze the homogeneous air oxidation of the mustard (HD) simulant 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) to the corresponding desired sulfoxide (CEESO) with effectively quantitative selectivity in acetonitrile under ambient conditions. This activity is enhanced when cationic silica nanoparticles coated with the anionic multi-iron polyoxometalates (POMs) are also present. The POM-coated nanoparticles are prepared by treatment of aqueous suspensions of Akzo Nobel Bindzil CAT® cationic silica nanoparticles with aqueous solutions of the POMs, K9[(FeIII(OH2)2)3(PW9O34)2] (K94) or Na12[(FeOH2)2Fe2(P2W15O56)2] (Na125).
Lethal Weapons: Effects of Firearm Types on the Outcome of Violent Encounters

This study investigates the impact of weapon usage on the lethality of violent interpersonal encounters. Additionally, key situational and contextual factors from the criminal events perspective are controlled. Data were collected from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the effects of firearm subtypes, as well as effects of automatic vs. semiautomatic firearms on lethality. All basic weapon types significantly increased lethality. Various situational and contextual variables such as incident circumstance and victim-offender relationship affected chances of death as well. Automatic weapons were not found to significantly increase lethality when compared to their semiautomatic counterparts.
Knowledge-based evolving connectionist systems for condition evaluation of sustainable roadways: a feasibility study

In place, sustainable rehabilitation of existing deteriorated concrete highways through rubblization is considered to be a green and economical alternative to other options involving total reconstruction, etc. There is currently no standardised method of backcalculating the rubblized pavement layer moduli from pavement non-destructive test data through inverse analysis. This paper explores the feasibility of applying two evolving connectionist systems (ECOS), namely dynamic evolving neuro-fuzzy inference system (DENFIS) and evolving fuzzy neural network (EFuNN), to rubblized pavement moduli backcalculation. It is advantageous to employ ECOS networks for analysing complex engineered systems such as rubblized pavements since ECOS networks are resistant to catastrophic forgetting, have the ability to adapt to and learn new data as soon as they become available, do not have a limit to the amount of knowledge they can store and learn the examples very quickly compared to traditional multi-layered perceptron backpropagation neural networks (MLP-BP NN).
Interdiffusion and interfacial mixing in superconducting YBaCuO thin films

Abstract We report on the interdiffusion of substrate and superconducting thin film species after annealing at different temperatures in an oxygen atmosphere. Thin films of YBa2Cu3O7 were deposited on (100) strontium titanate (100) magnesium oxide, (100) silicon, and unoriented yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) substrates using the pulsed-laser evaporation technique. The annealing were performed at different temperatures and times ranging from 650°C for 20 min for low temperature processing through 900°C for 2 min to 920°C for 20 min for high temperature processing of films deposited on strontium titanate and magnesium oxide substrates. For silicon substrates, low temperature processing cycles ranging from 550°C to 70 min to 650°C for 70 min were used. The diffusion profiles for the substrate (magnesium, strontium, titanium) and thin film elements (yttrium, barium, copper) were analysed for magnesium oxide and strontium titanate substrates respectively using secondary ion mass spectrometry and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The overall diffusion coefficients at 920°C were determined to be 1.6×10−13 cm2 s−1 and 2.0×10−14 cm2 s−1 for strontium and magnesium substrate species into YBa2Cu3O7 thin films. The diffusion coefficients were found to be dependent on the substrate temperatures and on the concentration of the species. The thin films deposited on the silicon substrates exhibited appreciable interdiffusion for substrate temperatures above 550°C.
MegaCam: a wide-field optical/infrared camera for the UH 2.2-m telescope

The MegaCam is a multi-purpose, wide-field, two-color camera being designed for use at the UH 2.2m telescope. The camera will utilize a Rockwell 1024 x 1024 HgCdTe detector array for 1-2.5 micrometers imaging, and a 2048 x 4096 frame-store CCD (2048 x 2048 active area) for optical imaging. The optics are based on a modified Offner relay design with additional lenses to give a 2:1 magnification in the infrared channel for a field of view of 5'.8 x 5'.8 (0.34 arcsec/pixel) using the f/10 telescope secondary, or a scale of 1'.9 x 1'.9 (0.15 arcsec/pixel) at f/31. This design provides a simple, high-throughput, and compact optical layout. A beamsplitter is placed in front of the IR optics at a low angle of incidence to form the optical image at 1:1 magnification on the CCD, for a field of view of 4'.7 x 4'.7 and 1'.5 x 1'.5 at f/10 and f/31, respectively. The optics and filters are to be housed in a LN2-cooled dewar. The CCD and IR arrays will be operated with modified SDSU-design controllers. The user interface will have several modes to make simultaneous optical/IR imaging simple to configure and perform at the telescope.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
TNFα blockade in human diseases : An overview of efficacy and safety

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) antagonists including antibodies and soluble receptors have shown remarkable efficacy in various immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). As experience with these agents has matured, there is an emerging need to integrate and critically assess the utility of these agents across disease states and clinical sub-specialties. Their remarkable efficacy in reducing chronic damage in Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis has led many investigators to propose a new, 'top down' paradigm for treating patients initially with aggressive regimens to quickly control disease. Intriguingly, in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, anti-TNFalpha agents appear to more profoundly benefit patients with more chronic stages of disease but have a relatively weaker or little effect in early disease. While the spectrum of therapeutic efficacy of TNFalpha antagonists widens to include diseases such as recalcitrant uveitis and vasculitis, these agents have failed or even exacerbated diseases such as heart failure and multiple sclerosis. Increasing use of these agents has also led to recognition of new toxicities as well as to understanding of their excellent long-term tolerability. Disconcertingly, new cases of active tuberculosis still occur in patients treated with all TNFalpha antagonists due to lack of compliance with recommendations to prevent reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection. These safety issues as well as guidelines to prevent treatment-associated complications are reviewed in detail in this article. New data on mechanisms of action and development of newer TNFalpha antagonists are discussed in a subsequent article in the Journal. It is hoped that these two review articles will stimulate a fresh assessment of the priorities for research and clinical innovation to improve and extend therapeutic use and safety of TNFalpha antagonism.
MULTIPHASE EQUILIBRIUM FLASH CALCULATIONS

Abstract The determination of the correct number of equilibrium phases and their corresponding compositions at fixed temperature and pressure (TP flash) is studied. The novel aspects of this work center around unique initialization strategies and successive quadratic programming (SQP) enhancements that include the use of (1) only binary tangent plane analyses; (2) the determination of all partially miscible binary pairs and a dominant immiscible pair; (3) novel relative solubility calculations based on component activities and double tangency separation; (4) least squares solutions to compute phase fraction estimates; (5) a variety of algorithmic features that dynamically trap difficulties such as compositions well below machine accuracy, and trivial and collapsed solutions and (6) a posteriori testing of phase and solution stability. The overall algorithmic framework is one based on using a combination of binary tangent plane analyses, bubble point calculations and dimensionless Gibbs free energy minimizations. Binary tangent plane analyses are used to identify all immiscible or partially miscible binary pairs and to avoid dimensionality difficulties associated with locating all stationary points in the tangent plane distance function in the full composition space. The proposed approach consists of solving a sequence of subproblems (i.e. LE, LLE, VLLE,…) until the global minimum dimensionless Gibbs free energy ( G /RT) is found. Maximum information from binary tangent plane analyses and previously solved subproblems are used to generate initial values for the next subproblem. The concept of relative solubilities is introduced and used to initialize phase compositions in all LLE calculations (i.e. phase split or flash). All completely miscible component relative solubilities are calculated using component activities while those for immiscible or partially miscible components are initialized using double tangency separation. Phase fractions are initialized using a least-square solution to the set of component mass balances. All subproblems are formulated in terms of component flows and solved using a full space SQP method using a modified Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) update of the Lagrangian Hessian matrix. The proposed algorithm was tested within the Aspen Plus process simulator using a variety of physical properties options. Twenty six multicomponent mixtures including some four-phase (VLLLE) emulsion polymerization problems were used to test the proposed algorithm. All problems were easily solved and clearly demonstrate the capabilities of the present multiphase TP flash model.
Classification of acute myocardial ischemia by artificial neural network using echocardiographic strain waveforms

Echocardiographic strain waveforms are highly variable, so their interpretation is experience-dependent and subjective. We tested whether an artificial neural network (ANN) can distinguish between strain waveforms obtained at baseline and during experimentally induced acute ischemia. An open-chest model of coronary occlusion and acute ischemia was used in 14 adult pigs. Strain waveforms were obtained using a GE Vivid 7 ultrasound system. An ANN design was implemented in MATLAB^(R), and backpropagation and ''leave-one-out'' processes were used to train and test it. Specificity of 86% and sensitivity of 87% suggest that ANNs could aid in diagnostic prescreening of echocardiographic strain waveforms.
648 EFFECTS OF CONSTANT NASOGASTRIC INFUSION ON PERIPHERAL BLOOD FLOW IN NEONATES AT RISK FOR NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS

Bolus feedings cause wide variations in peripheral blood flow. Insufficient flow to non-vital peripheral organs may be undesirable in critically ill, VLBW neonates. To determine whether constant nasogastric infusion is a suitable alternative, we monitored cardiovascular function in 26 neonates selected from 112 NICU admissions ≤ 1500g at birth. These patients were prospectively matched for severity of illness and randomly assigned to be held NPO for 7 days (n=12) or fed within 24 hours of birth (n=14, see related abstract). Vital signs were monitored for 1 hour on days 1, 3, and 7 of life, as were peripheral blood flow and resistance, measured by impedence plethysmography. Peripehral blood flow, peripheral vascular resistance, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure, were not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis was 25% (3/12) and 29% (4/14) in NPO and fed groups, respectively. We conclude that peripheral blood flow in critically ill VLBW neonates, receiving early constant nasogastric infuison, is not significantly different from those infants held NPO. Thus, constant nasogastric infusion may avoid the adverse effects of bolus feedings on peripheral blood flow in sick neonates and therefore, may help lower the risk of NEC due to variable or inadequate blood flow to non-vital organs.
Minimum time attitude slewing maneuvers of a rigid spacecraft

The problems of large-angle attitude maneuvers of a spacecraft have gained much consideration in recent years. The configurations of the spacecraft considered are: completely rigid, a combination of rigid and flexible parts, or gyrostat-type systems. The performance indices usually include minimum torque integration, power criterion, and frequency-shaped cost functionals. The minimum time slewing problem of a rigid spacecraft was examined. Optimal control theory (Maximum Principal) was applied to the slewing motion of a general rigid spacecraft. Control torque about all three axes was computed. The equations for the system are composed of the Euler dynamical equations in the spacecraft body axes and the quaternion kinematical equation. By introducing the costates for the quaternion and the angular velocity, the Hamiltonian of the system can be formed and the optimal control obtained. Finally the methods are applied to the SCOLE slewing motion. The control variables include three control moments on the Shuttle and two control forces on the reflector. Numerical results are discussed.
On the cluster approach for calculating electronic energies of solid surfaces

Abstract A scheme for calculating electronic energy states of infinite solid surface systems by a cluster approach under the framework of the method of linear combinations of atomic orbitals is presented. The basis functions consist of atomic-like orbitals confined within a cluster whereas the Hamiltonian is that of the infinite solid. The latter circumvents the difficulty arising from the auxiliary boundary of the cluster which is not the true surface of the solid. All the multicenter integrals appearing in the Hamiltonian matrix can be evaluated exactly by means of the technique of Gaussian orbitals. This cluster-basis method is applied to the chlorine-adsorbed silicon (111) surface using several different clusters. The results are compared with those of the same Hamiltonian with basis functions extending over the entire solid in the Bloch-sum form. Criteria for optimal selection of clusters are suggested.
Silicon Boron Nitrides: Hypothetical Polymorphs of Si3B3N7

A simple construction principle is provided for the generation of Si-B-N structures. With this protocol, for example, starting from α-Si3 N4 (1) a nitrogen atom is removed (→2), three silicon atoms are replaced by boron (→3), and the structure is relaxed to give 4 (Si: large empty circles, N: small empty circles, B: small filled circles). For Si3 B3 N7 over 100 structures were derived in this way, whose geometries and energies were determined by density functional calculations. Two likely candidates for crystalline Si3 B3 N7 were found.
Sorting out the functional role(s) of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) in cell proliferation and cancer

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) has many beneficial physiological functions ranging from enhancing fatty acid catabolism, improving insulin sensitivity, inhibiting inflammation and increasing oxidative myofibers allowing for improved athletic performance. Thus, given the potential for targeting PPARβ/δ for the prevention and/or treatment of diseases including diabetes, dyslipidemias, metabolic syndrome and cancer, it is critical to clarify the functional role of PPARβ/δ in cell proliferation and associated disorders such as cancer. However, there is considerable controversy whether PPARβ/δ stimulates or inhibits cell proliferation. This review summarizes the literature describing the influence of PPARβ/δ on cell proliferation, with an emphasis toward dissecting the data that give rise to opposing hypotheses. Suggestions are offered to standardize measurements associated with these studies so that interlaboratory comparisons can be accurately assessed.
KINETICS OF RICE HULL CHAR BURNOUT IN A BENCH-SCALE FLUIDIZED-BED REACTOR

Abstract Rice hull, also known as husk, is a by-product of the rice milling process; it is a significant alternative energy resource for the milling industries of rice producing countries. Apart from its high energy content, the residual ash from complete combustion of rice hull at moderate temperatures in a combustor, e.g., a fluidized-bed reactor, is also a potential cement extender. The regeneration of steam for parboil rice and for other process activities makes combustion an attractive means of disposing rice hull in the rice milling industries, which otherwise is a menace to the rice miller. In the present work, the combustion kinetics of Guyana rice hull char was studied in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor. The salient features of the combustion of the char were observed, and the temporal history of burnout was traced at temperatures of 973 and 1173 K. The oxygen concentrations of the inlet fluidizing gas were maintained at 2.3 and 4.6% by regulating the mixing of nitrogen and air. The rates of ...
Minimal Incidence of Serum Antibodies Reactive with Intact Primary Isolate Virions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Individuals

Immunoglobulin G reactive with primary isolate virions was detected in 36% of serum samples from individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Of these individuals, serum samples from only 7% captured significant quantities of virus. Virion-specific antibody correlated with CD4 counts and, of more significance, primary isolate neutralization. Further dissection of this response should lead to the identification of antibodies and antigenic epitopes for vaccine purposes.
Comparisons of different hypervariable regions of rrs genes for use in fingerprinting of microbial communities by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) has become a widely used tool to examine microbial diversity and community structure, but no systematic comparison has been made of the DGGE profiles obtained when different hypervariable (V) regions are amplified from the same community DNA samples. We report here a study to make such comparisons and establish a preferred choice of V region(s) to examine by DGGE, when community DNA extracted from samples of digesta is used. When the members of the phylogenetically representative set of 218 rrs genes archived in the RDP II database were compared, the V1 region was found to be the most variable, followed by the V9 and V3 regions. The temperature of the lowest-melting-temperature (Tm(L)) domain for each V region was also calculated for these rrs genes, and the V1 to V4 region was found to be most heterogeneous with respect to Tm(L). The average Tm(L) values and their standard deviations for each V region were then used to devise the denaturing gradients suitable for separating 95% of all the sequences, and the PCR-DGGE profiles produced from the same community DNA samples with these conditions were compared. The resulting DGGE profiles were substantially different in terms of the number, resolution, and relative intensity of the amplification products. The DGGE profiles of the V3 region were best, and the V3 to V5 and V6 to V8 regions produced better DGGE profiles than did other multiple V-region amplicons. Introduction of degenerate bases in the primers used to amplify the V1 or V3 region alone did not improve DGGE banding profiles. Our results show that DGGE analysis of gastrointestinal microbiomes is best accomplished by the amplification of either the V3 or V1 region of rrs genes, but if a longer amplification product is desired, then the V3 to V5 or V6 to V8 region should be targeted.
Memory without Feedback in a Neural Network

Memory storage on short timescales is thought to be maintained by neuronal activity that persists after the remembered stimulus is removed. Although previous work suggested that positive feedback is necessary to maintain persistent activity, here it is demonstrated how neuronal responses can instead be maintained by a purely feedforward mechanism in which activity is passed sequentially through a chain of network states. This feedforward form of memory storage is shown to occur both in architecturally feedforward networks and in recurrent networks that nevertheless function in a feedforward manner. The networks can be tuned to be perfect integrators of their inputs or to reproduce the time-varying firing patterns observed during some working memory tasks but not easily reproduced by feedback-based attractor models. This work illustrates a mechanism for maintaining short-term memory in which both feedforward and feedback processes interact to govern network behavior.
Close Encounters: Anthropologists in the Corporate Arena

The corporate encounter invites casting an anthropological gaze on the objects and practices of corporate worlds. This article delineates three perspectives of the anthropologist on this encounter: (1) with the things corporations make (products and services), (2) with the way they make them (acts of production), and (3) with organizational imperatives (corporate forms). This examination draws specifically on the work of those who operate from within the corporate arena by referencing papers from Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference (EPIC). Corporate actors, in turn, seek more nuanced views on human experience and aim to exploit the “people” and “practices” dimensions of their existence and have turned to anthropologists in the process. A brief exploration of the hopes and disjuncture that help shape the encounter from the point of view of anthropologists’ interlocutors inside the corporation rounds out this examination of the anthropologists’ corporate encounter.
Retrospective Sensemaking on a Mentor and his Magic: An Introduction to the Contributions of Louis R. Pondy, 1938‐1987

This article introduces the contributions made by a leading management scholar (Lou Pondy) and discusses ways he responded as a mentor to the questionings of his many students.