cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of material stiffness heterogeneity in the macaque mandibular corpus.

Evidence is accumulating that bone material stiffness increases during ontogeny, and the role of elastic modulus in conditioning attributes of strength and toughness is therefore a focus of ongoing investigation. Developmental changes in structural properties of the primate mandible have been documented, but comparatively little is known about changes in material heterogeneity and their impact on biomechanical behavior. We examine a cross-sectional sample of Macaca fascicularis (N = 14) to investigate a series of hypotheses that collectively evaluate whether the patterning of material stiffness (elastic modulus) heterogeneity in the mandible differs among juvenile, subadult and adult individuals. Because differences in age-related activity patterns are known to influence bone stiffness and strength, these data are potentially useful for understanding the relationship between feeding behavior on the one hand and material and structural properties of the mandible on the other. Elastic modulus is shown to be spatially dependent regardless of age, with this dependence being explicable primarily by differences in alveolar versus basal cortical bone. Elastic modulus does not differ consistently between buccal and lingual cortical plates, despite likely differences in the biomechanical milieu of these regions. Since we found only weak support for the hypothesis that the spatial patterning of heterogeneity becomes more predictable with age, accumulated load history may not account for regional differences in bone material properties in mature individuals with respect to the mandibular corpus. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:297–304, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitro degradation of chitosan by a commercial enzyme preparation: effect of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation

A commercially available almond emulsin beta-glucosidase preparation has been reported to have chitobiose activity, and can hydrolyze chitin substrates due to a chitinase present in the enzyme preparation. This beta-glucosidase preparation was used to investigate hydrolytic activity on five chitosan samples with different molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. The degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of the chitosan samples were determined using a circular dichroism and a viscometric method, respectively. The hydrolytic activity of this beta-glucosidase preparation on chitosan was monitored viscometrically as the most convenient means of screening. Solutions of chitosan in pH 5.0 acetate buffer were prepared using the different viscosity grades of chitosan. The specific viscosity, measured after addition of beta-glucosidase to the above solutions, decreased dramatically over time in comparison to that of the respective control mixture without enzyme. Eadie-Hofstee plots established that hydrolysis of chitosan by this enzyme preparation obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Apparent Michaelis-Menten parameters and initial degradation rates were calculated and compared to determine the influences of the degree of deacetylation and molecular weight on the hydrolysis. The results show that higher molecular weight and higher degree of deacetylation chitosans possessed a lower affinity for the enzyme and a slower degradation rate. Faster degradation rates, then, are expected with lower molecular weight and low degree of deacetylation chitosans. Hydrolysis of these chitosan samples confirms the existence of a chitinase in the almond emulsin beta-glucosidase preparation, and further studies are warranted.
Sintering of Zinc Sulfide

The mechanisms of the sintering of ZnS were determined by measurement of the rate of growth of the necks between polycrystalline spheres. In vacuum (10−6 mm Hg) at temperatures higher than 600° C the mechanism of sintering is that of volume diffusion with coefficient Dv, = 1.06 × 10−2 exp (-26,400/RT); below 600°C surface diffusion predominates, with coefficient D3, = 9.14 × 10-3 exp (-5700/RT). In Zn vapor (10−2 mm Hg) between 550° and 650°C the predominating mechanism of sintering is surf ace diffusion, D3, = 7.06 × 10−2 exp (-8600/RT). It has been found that in an argon atmosphere the diffusion coefficient is much lower.
Peripheral inflammation selectively increases TRPV1 function in IB4-positive sensory neurons from adult mouse

C-fiber nociceptors can be divided into two groups based on growth factor dependency and isolectin B4 (IB4) binding. IB4-negative nociceptors have been proposed to contribute to inflammatory pain. Since the TRPV1 receptor is critical for inflammatory heat hyperalgesia, we hypothesized that inflammation would sensitize IB4 negative but not IB4-positive small-diameter neurons to TRPV1 stimuli. Two days after complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation in the hind paw of mice, lumbar 4/5 ganglia were dissociated and small-diameter (</=26 microm) neurons were quantified for responsiveness to the TRPV1 agonists, capsaicin and protons using patch clamp recordings. Surprisingly, inflammation did not alter the responsiveness of IB4-negative neurons to capsaicin or protons. Conversely, inflammation increased the percentage of IB4-positive neurons that responded to 1 microM capsaicin from 24 to 80% and increased the percentage that responded to pH 5.0 from 54 to 85%. In parallel, inflammation increased the percentage of IB4-positive neurons that was TRPV1-immunoreactive. The inflammation-induced increase in capsaicin- and proton-responsiveness was entirely mediated by TRPV1 because IB4-positive neurons from inflamed TRPV1-/- mice were capsaicin-insensitive and unaltered in proton-responsiveness. Interestingly, comparison of neurons from TRPV1+/+ and TRPV1-/- mice revealed that the sustained proton-evoked currents in IB4-positive neurons were independent of TRPV1 whereas the sustained-only proton currents in IB4-negative neurons were TRPV1-dependent. Together, these data indicate that TRPV1 function and expression are selectively increased in IB4-positive neurons during inflammation in mouse and suggest a novel role for IB4-positive C-fibers during inflammation.
Photoelectron collection efficiency in photomultipliers.

Direct measurement of the photoelectron collection efficiency in the EMI 9558 photomultiplier yields a value of 75 ± 10%. The authors of this paper believe the substantially lower values recently reported to be spurious and discuss their reasons for this.
Incidence and Growth of Some Health-Related Bacteria in Commercial Freshwater Crayfish (Genus Procambarus)

SUMMARY —Collections of freshwater crayfish were obtained from 22 sources representing the major commercial crayfishing areas in Louisiana, and analyzed for coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella and Clostridium botulinum type E. Growth patterns for E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis and Salmonella typhimurium in raw and cooked crayfish flesh, and in a crayfish-containing commercial-type substrate were determined at 5, 25, and 37°C. C. botulinum type E toxin production was determined at intervals of storage in ice pack and at 5 and 30°C. Coliforms, E. coli, fecal streptococci, coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella, and C. botulinum type E were found in 100, 92.6, 94.1, 3.0, and 0%, respectively, of the samples analyzed. Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium grew well in all three of the substrates at 25 and 37°C. Streptococcus faecalis and possibly E. coli showed suppressed growth in the raw flesh, but both grew well in cooked flesh and the commercial-type substrate. None of these four organisms grew at 5°C. C. botulinum type E produced toxin in all three of the substrates within 48 to 72 hours at 30°C and after 33 days at 5°C. Toxin was not produced at 56 days in ice-pack. The pH increased in the raw and cooked flesh, with extended storage time, to above 8.0 and the toxin became inactive. In the commercial-type substrate, the pH decreased to 5.7 and the toxin remained active. When the pH of the commercial-type substrate was adjusted to 8.5 with NaOH, the toxin was inactivated.
Scattering of light by films having nonrandom orientation fluctuations. II

Abstract : The theory for scattering of light from films in which the orientation correlation between two scattering elements depends upon the angle beta between the optic axes and the vector connecting the two elements is extended. A delta-function type dependence is assumed in which the correlation is strongest when beta equals some preferred value of beta sub o. Calculated results of scattered intensities are shown to be similar to experimental observations. (Author)
Metastatic adenocarcinoma found in inguinal, pelvic and para-aortic lymph nodes 14years following hysterectomy for adenocarcinoma in situ of the cervix

► Recurrent invasive adenocarcinoma after definitive therapy for AIS is a rare occurrence. ► Because of its unpredictable nature, AIS requires long-term and close surveillance.
Comparison of Coal Ash Particle Size Distributions from Berner and Dekati Low Pressure Impactors

This article presents the differential mass size distributions of coal combustion particulate matter (PM) determined with the Berner low-pressure impactor (BLPI, Hauke Model 25-4/0.015) and a newer generation of low pressure impactor, the Dekati low-pressure impactor (DLPI, Dekati Ltd Model 6281). The collection characteristics of the BLPI and DLPI are compared and cutoff diameters are calculated. Samples were collected in the post-combustion zone of a 19 kW vertical downflow combustor from two coal types. Both BLPI and DLPI represent a tri-modal distribution and give statistically similar characterizations of the coal ash particle size distribution. Distributions generated from DLPI data have higher fractions of submicron particles compared to those generated from BLPI data. The DLPI's two additional stages may provide greater resolution in the submicron region than the BLPI.
Severe symmetric intrauterine growth retardation associated with the topical use of triamcinolone

Triamcinolone acetonide, a fluorinated glucocorticoid, when given in large parenteral doses has produced structural anomalies and severe growth retardation in nonhuman primates. We present a case report of a gravid patient who applied 40 mg/day of triamcinolone cream because of atopic dermatitis from 12 to 29 weeks' gestation. The infant was symmetrically growth retarded, possibly from exposure to triamcinolone acetonide. There was no evidence of hypoxic, chromosomal, or infectious cause of the growth delay.
Reversal of Cocaine-Induced Behavioral Sensitization and Associated Phosphorylation of the NR2B and GluR1 Subunits of the NMDA and AMPA Receptors

Cocaine abusers remain vulnerable to drug craving and relapse for many years after abstinence is achieved. We have recently shown that ondansetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) given 3.5 h after each daily cocaine injection reverses previously established behavioral sensitization. The purpose of the present investigation was two-fold. First, as cocaine cannot be used as therapy, we examined whether pergolide (a D1/D2 receptor agonist with reduced abuse potential) and ondansetron could reverse behavioral sensitization. Second, we investigated whether these behavioral changes were associated with parallel alterations in expression levels and/or phosphorylation changes in the NR2B and GluR1 subunits of the respective NMDA and AMPA receptors. Rats were injected for 5 consecutive days with cocaine or saline followed by 9 days of withdrawal. Starting on withdrawal day 10, animals were given vehicle, pergolide/saline, or pergolide/ondansetron for 5 consecutive days. Following a second 9-day period of withdrawal, all animals were challenged with cocaine for assessment of behavioral sensitization and tissues were collected on the following day for Western blot. Sensitization was associated with increased NR2B expression in the accumbens (NAc) shell and decreased Tyr1472 phosphorylation in the NAc core, as well as increased Ser845 phosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit in prefrontal cortex, NAc core, and shell. Pergolide/ondansetron treatment, but not pergolide alone, consistently reversed both the behavioral sensitization and the associated changes in the NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits. To the extent that sensitization plays a role in chronic cocaine abuse, a combination of these clinically available drugs may be useful in treatment of the disorder.
Current status of crossed-field devices

It is noted that the response to advanced system requirements has lead to technological advances in crossed-field development, exemplified by low-noise versions of crossed-field amplifiers and phase-locked magnetrons. Upgraded systems requirements are motivating a new generation of crossed-field devices characterized by clear improvements in noise reduction, signal coherence, bandwidth, mode purity, reliability and format factors. The following developments are considered: circuited cathode crossed-field amplifiers (CFAs) for low-noise operation; cathode-driven CFAs as linear accelerator drivers, a millimeter-wave axial-gain CFA; spaceborne power transmission systems; MBWO (M-type backward wave oscillator) advances; and secondary electron emitter materials. >
Lithium toxicity with rarely reported ECG manifestations

A case of severe lithium intoxication treated successfully with hemodialysis is presented. In addition to the common neurological manifestations of toxicity, the patient demonstrated three rarely reported cardiotoxic manifestations; reversible first degree A–V block, intraventricular conduction delay, and prolonged Q–T interval. These findings demonstrate the need to include lithium intoxication in the differential diagnosis of drug overdose with prominent ECG changes. The pharmacology, presenting signs and symptoms, and current treatment modalities of lithium intoxication are reviewed.
Lack of allosteric modulation of striatal GABAA receptor binding and function after cocaine sensitization

GABA(A) receptor binding after repeated cocaine has been shown to be either increased as indicated by benzodiazepine binding or decreased as indicated by convulsant-site binding. We measured the GABA binding site with [3H]-muscimol binding to GABA(A) receptors and found no differences between saline- and cocaine-sensitized rats. Allosteric modulation of [3H]-muscimol binding with flunitrazepam was also unchanged after cocaine sensitization. In addition, [3H]-flunitrazepam binding and allosteric modulation of [3H]-flunitrazepam binding with GABA was unchanged after 1 day withdrawal from repeated cocaine. GABA(A) receptor function and allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptor function measured by GABA-stimulated Cl(-) uptake was also unchanged after withdrawal from repeated cocaine. Finally, in vitro cocaine reduced GABA(A) receptor function in striatal microsacs of saline- and cocaine-treated rats. In conclusion, repeated cocaine did not change the coupling of the GABA(A) receptor between the GABA and benzodiazepine (BZD) binding site after 1 day withdrawal.
Beam coupling by stimulated Brillouin scattering

Department of Physics andAstronomyUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261ABSTRACTWe report a theoretical/experimental study of beam coupling by stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS).'5 The theoretical workexamines the build-up, transient through steady-state, of two SBS beams excited by partially overlapped pump-beams andis directed toward understanding how two output SBS beams are coupled together. Experimental work reports measurementsof the mutual coherence of the two Stokes beams as a function of the relative intensity, overlap and polarizations of the pumpbeams. The experimental work verifies the key theoretical result that four-wave-mixing is responsible for beam coupling andfor the establishment of the mutual coherence of the two Stokes beams.1. THEORY
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1994

This bibliography is a continuation of those published by Berry and Daniel (1984, 1985), Daniel (1981a, 1981b), Fulkerson and Wise (1987, 1990, 1992), Fulkerson, Wise, and Ancelet (1988), Johnson and Daniel (1974), Morgan and Daniel (1983), Mosely and Daniel (1982), and Wise and Fulkerson (1986, 1989, 1991, 1993). Search methods, criteria for inclusion, and other considerations were similar to those used previously. We also continued the cumulative numbering practice of previous bibliographies
A novel model for equine recurrent airway obstruction

Equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO; a term combining both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and summer pasture associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD)) is one of the most common equine respiratory diseases with up to 50% of horses affected worldwide. The etiopathogenesis of RAO is unknown although pulmonary hypersensitivity to inhaled mold antigens may be involved. Recent work in our laboratory demonstrating elevated levels of IL-4 and IL-13 mRNA in the airways and peripheral blood of horses with RAO is consistent with an atopic component to RAO. Little is known regarding the earliest phases of RAO in horses. Here we describe the development of a novel airway model for equine RAO that utilizes ovalbumin-coated polystyrene beads for airway sensitization and challenge. Aerosol challenge of sensitized ponies with OVA-coated microbeads resulted in decreased airway compliance, increased percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and evidence of a Th2 cytokine response in the bronchoalveolar cells. These results suggest that this approach may be useful in describing the initial stages of RAO development in the horse.
Interface separation for an elastic layer loaded by a rigid stamp

Abstract The frictionless contact problem for an infinite elastic layer lying on a horizontal rigid plane is considered. The external load is applied to the layer through a rigid stamp. It is assumed that the layer is subjected to uniform vertical body forces due to the effect of gravity. For values of the resultant compressive force P acting on the stamp vertically which are less than a critical value P cr the continuous contact along the layer-substrate interface is maintained. However, if tensile tractions are not allowed on the interface, for P > P cr the layer separates from the interface along a certain finite region. The problem is formulated and solved for both cases and numerical results for P cr , separation initiation distance, contact stresses, distances determining the separation area, and the vertical displacement in the separation zone are given.
Trading Places in Domestic Spaces: Edith Wharton's THE OTHER TWO

In his biography of Edith Wharton, R. W. B. Lewis refers to “The Other Two” as “the most nearly perfect short story Edith Wharton ever wrote” (134), and Paul R. Petrie has noted the acclaim of this...
Familial coping with chronic and severe childhood illness: The case of cystic fibrosis

Abstract While families tend to report similar initial reactions to a diagnosis of severe childhood illness, study data suggests that longterm familial responses are more varied. Based upon the perceptions of parents representing 100 families managing childhood cystic fibrosis for several years, the present study revealed that coping strategies utilized to minimize the illness related hardships were statistically significantly associated with longterm adequacy of family functioning. It is suggested that professionals providing support to families facing chronic hardships could strengthen continuous familial interaction by encouraging familial sharing of the burdens of the stressful situation and promoting familial ability to endow the illness situation with a personally significant meaning.
A novel role for Bcl‐2 associated‐athanogene‐1 (Bag‐1) in regulation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in mammalian chondrocytes

BAG-1 (Bcl-2 associated athanogene-1) is a multifunctional protein, linking cell proliferation, cell death, protein folding, and cell stress. In vivo, BAG-1 is expressed in growth plate and articular cartilage, and the expression of BAG-1 is decreased with aging. Chondrocytes respond to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with decreased expression of extracellular matrix proteins, and prolonged ER stress leads to chondrocyte apoptosis. Here we demonstrate for the first time that BAG-1 is involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis in chondrocytes. Induction of ER stress through multiple mechanisms all resulted in downregulation of BAG-1 expression. In addition, direct suppression of BAG-1 expression resulted in chondrocyte growth arrest and apoptosis, while stable overexpression of BAG-1 delayed the onset of ER stress-mediated apoptosis. In addition to regulating apoptosis, we also observed decreased expression of collagen type II in BAG-1 deficient chondrocytes. In contrast, overexpression of BAG-1 resulted in increased expression of collagen type II. Moreover, under ER stress conditions, the reduced expression of collagen type II was delayed in chondrocytes overexpressing BAG-1. These results suggest a novel role for BAG-1 in supporting viability and matrix expression of chondrocytes.
Couples treatment of agoraphobia: changes in marital satisfaction.

Abstract Six agoraphobic women and their husbands participated in a group therapy program consisting of exposure and cognitive restructuring. The husbands acted as co-therapists. Ratings of marital satisfaction as well as severity of phobia were filled out independently by both clients and their husbands throughout the course of therapy and at follow-up. Two patterns of relationships among marital satisfaction and severity of phobia emerged. For four couples a parallel relationship was observed in that as phobia improved marital satisfaction increased. For two couples the inverse relationship was noted where improvements in phobia were correlated with decreases in marital satisfaction. The importance of the interpersonal context of agoraphobia and implications for treatment are suggested.
Effects of demographic and health variables on Rasch scaled cognitive scores.

Objectives: To determine whether demographic and health variables interact to predict cognitive scores in Asset and Health Dynamics of the Oldest-Old (AHEAD), a representative survey of older Americans, as a test of the developmental discontinuity hypothesis. Methods: Rasch modeling procedures were used to rescale cognitive measures into interval scores, equating scales across measures, making it possible to compare predictor effects directly. Rasch scaling also reduces the likelihood of obtaining spurious interactions. Tasks included combined immediate and delayed recall, the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), Series 7, and an overall cognitive score. Results: Demographic variables most strongly predicted performance on all scores, with health variables having smaller effects. Age interacted with both demographic and health variables, but patterns of effects varied. Discussion:Demographic variables have strong effects on cognition. The developmental discontinuity hypothesis that health vari...
Emission intensity of strontium and barium in flames of various gas compositions

Abstract The emission intensity of strontium at 460.7 mμ and barium at 553.6 mμ has been studied in hydrogen flames burning with varying mixtures of oxygen and nitrogen. With solutions of barium and strontium chloride in water and in various concentrations of EDTA, acetic and hydrochloric acids, it was found that the emission depended significantly on the oxygen: nitrogen ratio in the atomizing gas. Under some conditions, maximum emission intensity is found at compositions intermediate between air and pure oxygen. The emission of barium was found to be decreased significantly by EDTA at high pH under some flame conditions.
Numerical linked-cluster algorithms. II. t-J models on the square lattice.

We discuss the application of a recently introduced numerical linked-cluster (NLC) algorithm to strongly correlated itinerant models. In particular, we present a study of thermodynamic observables: chemical potential, entropy, specific heat, and uniform susceptibility for the $t\text{\ensuremath{-}}J$ model on the square lattice, with $J∕t=0.5$ and 0.3. Our NLC results are compared with those obtained from high-temperature expansions (HTE) and the finite-temperature Lanczos method (FTLM). We show that there is a sizeable window in temperature where NLC results converge without extrapolations whereas HTE diverges. Upon extrapolations, the overall agreement between NLC, HTE, and FTLM is excellent in some cases down to $0.25t$. At intermediate temperatures NLC results are better controlled than other methods, making it easier to judge the convergence and numerical accuracy of the method.
Location of lignin-bonded pectic polysaccharides

Abstract The hypothesis that galactose and arabinose pectic substances are disributed with lignin throughout wood cell walls was tested by analyzing a high-yield loblolly pine kraft pulp that had been separated into middle-lamella-rich and secondary-wall-rich fractions. The fractions were first treated with a polysaccharidase enzyme mixture to obtain “enzyme lignins.” The structures of the galactose and arabinose oligomers remaining attached to the lignin were determined by methylation analysis. The 1→4 linked galactose structure, characteristic of pectic materials, was present in significant amounts in the middle-lamella-rich fraction, but to only a very small extent in the secondary-wall-rich fraction. In contrast, the pectic arabinan 1→5 linked structure was a significant proportion of the arabinose from both fractions. The 1→5 linked arabinose structure can arise from a linkage of arabinoxylan to lignin through the 5 position of the arabinose substituent as well as from pectic structures. After partia...
Mothers' mastery-oriented involvement in children's homework: Implications for the well-being of children with negative perceptions of competence.

This research examined the idea that parents' mastery-oriented practices while assisting children with homework are particularly beneficial for children with negative perceptions of their academic competence. One hundred fourteen mothers and children (8 to 12 years old) participated in a 2-wave study. At the 1st wave, mothers took part in a daily telephone interview in which they reported on the frequency and nature of their assistance with homework every weekday for 2 weeks. Children reported on multiple dimensions of their psychological functioning at the 1st wave in a daily telephone interview as well as in traditional questionnaires; children completed the questionnaires again 6 months later at the 2nd wave. Mothers' mastery-oriented practices while assisting with homework predicted enhanced psychological functioning both concurrently and longitudinally only among children with negative perceptions of their academic competence.
The Kondo lattice and weak antiferromagnetism

By considering a one-dimensional analog of a system of conduction electrons exchange coupled to a localized spin in each cell of a lattice, it is suggested that a second-order transition from an antiferromagnetic to a Kondo spin-compensated ground state will occur as the exchange coupling constant J is increased to a critical value Jc. For systems in which J ≲ Jc, a very weak sublattice magnetization may occur as a result of nearly complete spin-compensation.
The relationship of Trichomonas infestations to false diagnoses of squamous carcinoma of the cervix.

This study was prompted by the fact that some of the cervical lesions diagnosed during the previous 2 years as carcinoma in situ were actually reversible lesions resulting from infection. Trichomonads have been demonstrated in many of them and should be considered an important causative factor. A majority of these patients have been young women. Comparison of repeated endocervical samples and multiple sections of biopsy material are needed to show reversibility. True carcinoma is not considered reversible. The key to distinguishing benign cells from tumor cells lies in the degree of nuclear change. It is necessary to follow all cases of atypica complicated by trichomonad infestation for the time required to separate the reversible from the nonreversible lesions. Lesions of carcinoma in situ start in the germinal layer of the epithelium while atypical changes start in the outer portions of the epithelial layer and work inward. Continuous follow-up protects patients from the danger of the occasional genuine in situ cancer. The salvage of pelvic organs outweighs the hazard of progression.
Hyperspectral imaging in earth road construction planning

Some types of clay, esp. montmorillonite, become slippery when getting wet. Clay movement is very harmful for various constructions and can also cause trouble for both wheeled and tracked vehicles in military operations at some rural areas when raining. We present a summary of a project using hyperspectral imaging in assisting earth roads construction planning and cross-country trafficability analysis. Spectral signature libraries are used to help identify materials and define those areas to be avoided, which have significant montmorillonite content. We perform a case study in this kind of application; some methods of data processing and analyzing are discussed. We also discussed the problems we met in this application. Hyperspectral sensing is a relatively new but mature technology; development of applications and corresponding analyzing procedures will be the major impetus of this technology.
Genetic and Herd-Year Variation in Type Traits of Brown Swiss Cows

Abstract Type classification records of 15,697 Brown Swiss cows by 1955 sires in 852 herds were analyzed with a cross-classified (herd-year and sire of cow) model. Fractions of variance due to herd-year effects ranged from 8% for mammary system to 17% for body capacity. Within herd-year heritabilities ranged from 24% for feet and legs to 43% for final score. Descriptive traits were analyzed by the same model except that each category was treated as a binomial variable. Proportions of variance due to herd-year effects for the descriptive traits were generally below 10%. Heritabilities were generally below 15%.
Proteogenomics: concepts, applications and computational strategies

A proteogenomic approach to analyzing mass spectrometry–based proteomic data enables the discovery of novel peptides, provides peptide-level evidence of gene expression, and assists in refining gene models. Strategies for building custom sequence databases, applications benefitting from a proteogenomic approach, and challenges in interpreting data are discussed in this Review. Also in this issue, Alfaro et al. discuss the use of proteogenomic approaches for studying cancer biology.
An Optical Fiber Diameter Measurement System Using Forward Scattered Light

Forward scattering of light by an optical fiber produces an interference fringe pattern in which the fringe spacing is inversely proportional to the fiber diameter. An electrooptic system has been developed to produce and detect this scattering pattern, thus providing a measure of fiber diameter.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe alloys ion implanted with Ti and N

Abstract The microstructure resulting when Ti and N are both ion-implanted into pure Fe at room temperature has been examined with ion beam analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Precipitates of TiN form within the bcc Fe matrix, in contrast to the amorphous phase which forms when Ti and C are both implanted. For comparison, the microstructure resulting when N alone is implanted into Fe was also examined, and Fe 2 N precipitates were observed within the Fe matrix. The surface mechanical properties of 15−5 PH steel which was implanted with both Ti and N were examined with pin-on-disc testing, and the results were interpreted in terms of the microstructures observed in Fe. The modifications produced by Ti + N implantation are the same as observed with other treatments producing hard nitrides or carbides within the iron-based matrix: reduced wear is observed, but not reduced friction.
Review of the Unusual Winter of 1982–83 In the Upper Midwest

Abstract Climatologists from the climate centers of 12 states of the upper Midwest contributed temperature, precipitation, and related data for December 1982, January and February 1983. Analyses present the month-to-month spatial anomaly patterns of these parameters. Mean monthly temperatures were much above normal (30-year means) during the three months in virtually the entire region, with maximum magnitudes (+ 4 to + 9°C) extending from the Dakotas to Iowa, and to Indiana (December) and Missouri (January and February). December precipitation was also above normal with anomalies of + 100 mm in much of Missouri, Illinois, extreme southwest Michigan, and Indiana. The maximum anomaly was over + 250 mm in southern Illinois. January and February precipitation anomalies showed only little deviation from normal. Impacts of the mild winter were generally favorable to consumers in that heating demand was reduced from normal, and particularly reduced from that of the previous year. Costs for urban snow removal wer...
Closed linear one-cell functional spatial approximations: Consistency implies convergence and stability

The subject of this paper is spatial finite-difference approximations to the discrete-ordinate equations for azimuthally symmetric transport of monoenergetic particles in plane-parallel geometry. In previous work it has been shown that almost all closed linear one-cell functional (CLOF) methods are equivalent to a linear finite-difference method. Here it is shown that any such method that is consistent, in a certain natural sense, is equivalent to a consistent one-step finite-difference approximation to a linear two-point boundary-value problem, in the sense of earlier work of Keller and White. It follows, from observations in this same work, that for CLOF methods consistency implies both convergence and stability.
The growth, saturation, and scaling behaviour of one- and two-dimensional disturbances in fluidized beds

It is well-known that fluidized beds are usually unstable to small perturbations and that this leads to the primary bifurcation of vertically travelling plane wavetrains. These one-dimensional periodic waves have been shown recently to be unstable to two-dimensional perturbations of large transverse wavelength in gas-fluidized beds. In this article, this result is generalized to include liquid-fluidized beds and to compare typical beds fluidized with either air or water. It is shown that the instability mechanism remains the same but there are big differences in the ratio of the primary and secondary growth rates in the two cases. The tendency is that the secondary growth rates, scaled with the amplitude of a fully developed plane wave, are of similar magnitude for both gas- and liquid-fluidized beds, while the primary growth rate is much larger in the gas-fluidized bed. This means that the secondary instability is accordingly stronger than the primary instability in the liquid-fluidized bed, and consequently sets in at a much smaller amplitude of the primary wave. However, since the waves in the liquid-fluidized bed develop on a larger time and length scale, the primary perturbations need longer time and thereby travel farther until they reach the critical amplitude. Which patterns are more amenable to being visually recognized depends on the magnitude of the initially imposed disturbance and the dimensions of the apparatus. This difference in scale plays a key role in bringing about the differences between gas- and liquid-fluidized beds; it is produced mainly by the different values of the Froude number.
Counter-Orientalism and textual play in Akutagawa's 'The ball' ('But l kai')

The article describes the 1920 short story 'The ball' ('But l kai') by the Japanese writer Akutagawa Ry  nosuke, written in response to an 1889 story, 'A ball in Edo' ('Un Bal a Yeddo') by the French writer Pierre Loti. Loti's story sarcastically describes a state ball put on by the Japanese government for foreign visitors, suggesting that the Japanese try in vain to mimic the manners of their European betters. Akutagawa rewrites the events of the French work from the point of view of one of the Japanese women Loti describes. The article suggests that Akutagawa's text reveals an acute political sensibility that is not captured in the conventional critical estimation of him as an apolitical aesthetic craftsman. The story is compared to more recent post-colonial literary texts that attempt to 'write back' to a hegemonic colonial cultural presence. Akutagawa's text, written in a Japan in the process of creating itself as a colonial power in the model of the European powers, is ambivalent in its depiction of...
Some Thermal and Electrical Properties of Beryllium

Specific heat.---The specific heat of beryllium was obtained from cooling data by equating the heat loss per cm length per unit time from beryllium to that from zinc. The values obtained increase rapidly with a rise in temperature from 0.0389 at -175.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 0.593 at 190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.Thermal conductivity.---The modified Forbes method of Bidwell was used to determine the thermal conductivity of this metal. Values of $k$ were calculated with three different sets of distances from the first junction as origin for each run at a given surrounding temperature. $k$ was found to increase with a rise in temperature from 0.232 at -176.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 0.508 at 190.4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.Specific resistance.---The specific resistance varies according to the heat treatment given the sample. Values recorded in this article are those obtained after a steady condition had been established after repeated treatments from liquid air temperature to 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. Measurements made on two samples check each other closely. They are: 1.56 microhms at -191\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; 6.76 microhms at 22\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; 19.05 microhms at 305\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; and 40.00 microhms at 690\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.Temperature coefficient of resistance.---The temperature coefficient of resistance, \ensuremath{\alpha}, is not a constant over the above range. It increases with a rise of temperature but not linearly. The graph of this quantity plotted against temperature shows three distinct sections, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ has the following values: 0.000371 at -190\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; 0.00667 at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; 0.00800 at 310\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; 0.00858 at 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C; and 0.01196 at 685\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C.Thermoelectric power.---The thermoelectric power of beryllium against lead seems to vary linearly with temperature. However, at -50\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the graph of the thermoelectric power plotted against temperature shows a break. This, considered in connection with the results obtained for the temperature coefficient of resistance, suggests the probability of a change in allotropic form.Wiedemann-Frantz-Lorentz law.---The Wiedemann-Frantz-Lorentz law, that $\frac{k}{\ensuremath{\sigma}T}$ is a constant, is not obeyed by this metal.
Mitosis and Differentiation in Roots Treated with Actinomycin.

In the presence of actinomycin D (90 µg/ml), mitosis in root meristem of Allium cepa L. ceases after a delay of 36 hours. The block occurs at interphase. Differentiation of prevascular tissue is suppressed, and the evidence suggests it begins to fail before mitosis stops. Autoradiograms of roots treated with tritiated uracil show that synthesis of ribonucleic acid is blocked after mitosis fails. The effects of the antibiotic are reversible.
Changes in Available Gonadotropin Receptors in the Corpus Luteum of the Rhesus Monkey during Simulated Early Pregnancy

Stimulation of the primate corpus luteum (CL) by endogenous CG in early pregnancy or by exogenous human CG (hCG) in simulated early pregnancy, is transient, despite continued exposure to rising concentrations of CG. The objective of this study was to determine if the transitory response of the CL to CG is related to changes in gonadotropin receptors. Numbers and affinities of available LH/CG binding sites were characterized in the CL of rhesus monkeys (n = 27) during prolonged CG exposure in simulated early pregnancy, and the temporal relationship between changes in receptor parameters and in luteal function was examined. Administration of hCG increased progesterone concentrations above pretreatment levels within 9 h (2.2 ± 0.8 vs. 7.6 ± 1.1 ng/ml, mean ± se, P 0.05) or luteal weight (128%, P > 0.05) over this interval. Receptor affinities for hCG remained comparable...
Air Stable n-Channel Organic Semiconductors for Thin Film Transistors Based on Fluorinated Derivatives of Perylene Diimides

A series of n-type organic semiconductors based on perylene diimides were synthesized. These materials were fully characterized by FTIR and UV−vis spectra as well as elemental analysis. Thin film transistors (TFTs) using a top-contact geometry were fabricated by vapor deposition of these perylene diimide derivatives as the semiconductive channel on surface treated SiO2/Si substrates at various substrate temperatures. The measured TFT performance depended heavily on the type and the number of substituents. We found higher field-effect mobilities for compounds with stronger electron-withdrawing substituents. TFTs with fluorinated perylene diimides showed much better performance in air than a chlorinated derivative. The highest mobility, ca. 0.068 cm2/V s, was measured for the compound with the most fluorine substituents (i.e., N,N‘-diperfluorophenyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (8)). The effect of molecular structure on film morphology was observed using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The cor...
Indicator measurement in tissues: CT with iohexol versus storage-phosphor autoradiography with carbon-14-labeled inulin.

Rationale and Objectives. Computed tomography (CT) provides accurate measurement of blood iodine concentration in vivo, as well as in phantoms simulating tissue; however, its ability to measure radiopaque agents in biologic tissues in comparison with a standard technique does not seem to have been demonstrated. To validate the performance of CT imaging for quantification of contrast media in a variety of biologic tissues in vivo, a comparison between CT imaging with an iodinated contrast agent (iohexol) and the reference tracer quantification technique (storage-phosphor autoradiography with carbon-14—labeled inulin) was performed. Materials and Methods. Six New Zealand White rabbits were injected intravenously with a cocktail of iohexol and C-14—labeled inulin at different dose ratios and sacrificed shortly after injection to arrest blood flow at different stages of tissue tracer distribution. One rabbit received no iohexol-inulin mixture and provided baseline data. Liver, spleen, kidneys, testis, and heart were excised and rapidly frozen. Each organ was scanned with CT (1-mm contiguous sections) to determine tissue iodine distribution. Twenty-micrometer tissue slices were made in the same planes in which the CT images had been acquired, and storage-phosphor screen autoradiography was performed to quantify C-14—labeled inulin distribution. Results. Digital image analysis of CT images and autoradiograms was performed on spatially matched regions, and resultant tracer concentrations were compared. Tracer concentrations were highly correlated, with resultant R2 values exceeding 0.9 in all tissues. Conclusion. The highly correlated results for iodinated tracer quantification in tissues for CT versus those obtained with the reference technique validate the performance of CT as an accurate means of measuring concentration of radiopaque agent in tissue, independent of tracer dose.
Liquid-Phase Activity Coefficients for Saturated HF/H2O Mixtures with Vapor-Phase Nonidealities Described by Molecular Simulation

Isothermal−isobaric Monte Carlo molecular simulations are performed to estimate the vapor-phase fugacity coefficients of hydrogen fluoride and water in their mixtures, covering the full range of composition at experimentally known saturation temperatures and 1 atm pressure. These results are combined with three sets of established experimental data for vapor−liquid coexistence in this system to compute corresponding liquid-phase activity coefficients for each. Application of an integral thermodynamic consistency test shows that the new values of the activity coefficients are greatly improved over previously reported values, which had been computed using an ideal-gas treatment for the vapor phase. The consistency test also gives reason to prefer the data of Munter et al. [Ind. Eng. Chem. 1947, 39, 427] and Vieweg [Chem. Tech. (Berlin) 1963, 15 (12), 734] in relation to results reported more recently by Miki et al. [J. Electrochem. Soc. 1990, 137 (3), 787], but any such conclusions should be taken only with...
The historical roots of the Kashmir conflict

(1992). The historical roots of the Kashmir conflict. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 283-308.
Testing for a Single Outlier in Simple Linear Regression

A procedure of studentizing or standardizing the residuals by dividing them by their estimated standard deviations is proposed for testing for outliers in simple linear regression. A simulation study yielded the critical values of the test statistic, and it is shown that these values are extremely close to the values in Grubbs' (1950) Table IA and independent of the values taken for the independent variable.
Linear dichroism and the orientation of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides in dried gelatin films

Abstract Aqueous mixtures of reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides and gelatin were dried to form thin films. Following hydration, these films were stretched as much as two to three times their original length. Polarized absorption spectra showing linear dichroism were obtained for both unstretched and stretched films, with the planes and stretching axes of the films mounted in various geometries relative to the electric vector of the measuring beam. These data were analyzed in terms of the following model: Reaction centers possess an axis of symmetry that is fixed in relation to the reaction center structure. In unstretched films this axis is confined to the film plane and oriented at random within the plane. In stretched films the symmetry axis is aligned with the direction of stretching. In both preparations reaction centers are distributed randomly with respect to rotation about the axis of symmetry. The data are consistent with this model when the analysis acknowledges less than perfect orientation. For perfect orientation in a stretched film the model predicts uniaxial symmetry about the axis of stretching. The approach to this condition was examined with films stretched to different extents. Extrapolation yielded dichroic ratios for the ideal case of perfect orientation, and allowed calculation of the angles between the axis of symmetry and the various optical transition dipoles in the reaction center. This treatment included the two absorption bands of the bacteriochlorophyll ‘special pair’ (photochemical electron donor) in the Qx region, at 600 and 630 nm, which we were able to resolve in light minus dark difference spectra.