cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation of selenium tolerance mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana

To investigate selenium tolerance mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana, genetic and physiologic studies were performed in the three Arabidopsis accessions Landsberg erecta (Ler), Columbia (Col) and Wassilewskija (Ws). Accession Ler was significantly less tolerant to selenate than Ws and Col, whereas Ws was less tolerant to selenite than the others. Analysis of selenium tolerance in F1 and F2 plants obtained from crosses between these accessions suggest that multiple genes are involved in selenate tolerance and a single major gene controls selenite tolerance in these populations. Bulked segregant analysis in two F2 populations indicated that molecular marker ciw7 on chromosome 4 is linked to selenite tolerance, and three molecular markers on chromosomes 1, 3 and 5 (nga111, ciw4 and ciw8, respectively) are linked to selenate tolerance. The ecotypic variation in selenite tolerance appeared to be correlated with root levels of non-protein thiols. Also, the shoot tissue levels of selenocysteine (SeCys) and selenocystine were correlated with tolerance to both selenate and selenite. Judging from RT-PCR results, several sulfate transporters and S assimilatory enzymes appear to be upregulated by selenate and selenite at the transcriptional level. A potential SeCys methyltransferase was expressed at lower levels in selenite-sensitive Ws than in the other two, when grown on selenite. Together, these studies show that there is substantial intraspecific variation in tolerance to selenate and selenite in Arabidopsis, and provide insights into the genetic and biochemical mechanisms underlying the observed ecotypic differences.
LAKE CHELAN, WASHINGTON: BOTTOM AND SUB—BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY1

Lake Chelan, a fjordlike lake in north-central Washington, consists of two basins separated by a shallow constriction. The Lucerne Basin, at the upstream end of the lake, is 466 m deep and sediments in it are relatively thin except near the upper end. The Wapato Basin is shallow, but sediments are at least 178 m thick. Both basins probably had a glacial origin; however, they probably were carved by different glaciers of different ages. The thick sediment in Wapato Basin was probably deposited by meltwater from the Chelan glacier (which occupied Lucerne Basin) and the Okanogan glacier, which blocked the downstream end of Wapato Basin.
A note on coupling schemes in odd-mass nuclei

Abstract A representation which utilizes second-quantized operators for the three quasi-particle states is introduced. In this representation the pairing plus quadrupole interaction is approximately diagonalized in a j -shell. The main prediction is that associated with the opposite parity state of large spin in the major shells of medium and heavy nuclei there will appear extra low-lying states which do not arise from particle-phonon coupling. The states are characterized by forbidden M1 transition rates.
Complications with the use of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) in spine surgery

Background context Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) is a very potent osteogenic growth factor that has been used successfully in various spine fusions, obviating the need for autologous iliac crest bone graft harvest and therefore avoiding the associated morbidities.
Sensitivity to the Appearance of Others and Projection as Factors in Impression Formation

This study was designed to examine the proposition that sensitivity to the ap pearance of others moderates the tendency of perceivers to project characteristics of the self in forming impressions on the basis of physical appearance. It was hypothesized that subjects who are relatively sensitive to the appearance of others would show less correspondence between their own levels of self-esteem and the degree of self-esteem they attributed to stimulus persons than subjects who are relatively insensitive to the appearance of others. It was found that the correlations between actual and attributed self-esteem were higher for subjects scoring below the median on two of the three sensitivity-to-appearance measures than for subjects scoring above the median. The results are discussed in terms of the value of examining the joint impact of stimulus and perceiver character istics in research on the effects of physical appearance on social behavior.
The United States perspective towards poultry slaughter.

Handling and immobilizing animals prior to slaughter can be viewed from three interrelated and sometimes competing perspectives: processing efficiency, worker safety, and humaneness. Efforts to pass laws requiring humane slaughter of livestock and poultry spanned over 60 yr. The first, The Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, Public Law 85-765, applicable only to livestock plants supplying meat to the Federal Government, passed because of the right mix of available technology, experience with stunning methods, and moral suasion. This proposed law was not supported by the Department of Agriculture because of concerns over anticipated problems with its administration. The 1958 law became effective in 1960 and did not include humane slaughter requirements for ritual handling. By 1977, 26 states had enacted their own humane slaughter laws to cover livestock packers not included under the federal statute. The Humane Methods of Slaughter Act of 1978 extended the 1958 requirements to all livestock slaughter facilities, both federal and state, including facilities in foreign countries exporting to the U.S. The Department of Agriculture supported the 1978 legislation. The poultry industry was not included in either law primarily because electrical stunning was being used for the majority of birds slaughtered. The technology to humanely slaughter poultry is widely used but not all poultry are stunned before slaughter. Experience with stunning technology has shown well-defined production efficiency. Expanded use of stunning methods and research to confirm effectiveness from a humane slaughter perspective is needed to assure consumers that the industry will voluntarily continue humane practices.
ON THE TEACHING OF GERMAN1

present time may well take as his subject the title of Burke's famous essay, "Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontent." He is called upon for the same qualities which John Adams in 1776 demanded of him who would manage the United Colonies: "The meekness of Moses, the patience of Job, the wisdom of Solomon, added to the valor of David." As a result of the drive against the study of the German language in the past two years, the whole field of German instruction is like a country swept by a hurricane. Here and there in some protected spot a farm or grove has been spared, but in the main the work of destruction is complete. Trees are uprooted, houses unroofed, fences laid flat, and blooming crops swept to ruin. In our high school German departments the devastation has been no less complete. To a great extent these departments have been badly crippled or utterly destroyed, the teachers have been driven into other work, for which they are only insufficiently prepared, and in some sections the teaching of the language has been made illegal. The hysteria of war-time psychology, aided by the efforts of timeserving politicians, could not well go further than it has in many sections of the country. The preparatory schools, it is true, as well as the endowed colleges and the technical schools, sheltered behind their conservative walls from the waves of popular excitement, are in somewhat better case; but the higher institutions have their own problem, for here the elementary and intermediate classes are crowded, while the number of young men and women entering college with two or three years of German preparation is approaching the vanishing point. The prospects are that soon practically all the high school graduates who take German in college will find themselves in the elementary courses, while in the
Stimulus devaluation induced by stopping action.

Impulsive behavior in humans partly relates to inappropriate overvaluation of reward-associated stimuli. Hence, it is desirable to develop methods of behavioral modification that can reduce stimulus value. Here, we tested whether one kind of behavioral modification—the rapid stopping of actions in the face of reward-associated stimuli—could lead to subsequent devaluation of those stimuli. We developed a novel paradigm with three consecutive phases: implicit reward learning, a stop-signal task, and an auction procedure. In the learning phase, we associated abstract shapes with different levels of reward. In the stop-signal phase, we paired half those shapes with occasional stop-signals, requiring the rapid stopping of an initiated motor response, while the other half of shapes was not paired with stop signals. In the auction phase, we assessed the subjective value of each shape via willingness-to-pay. In 2 experiments, we found that participants bid less for shapes that were paired with stop-signals compared to shapes that were not. This suggests that the requirement to try to rapidly stop a response decrements stimulus value. Two follow-on control experiments suggested that the result was specifically due to stopping action rather than aversiveness, effort, conflict, or salience associated with stop signals. This study makes a theoretical link between research on inhibitory control and value. It also provides a novel behavioral paradigm with carefully operationalized learning, treatment, and valuation phases. This framework lends itself to both behavioral modification procedures in clinical disorders and research on the neural underpinnings of stimulus devaluation.
Molecular mechanism of antifolate transport-deficiency in a methotrexate resistant MOLT-3 human leukemia cell line

Ohnuma et al reported a series of methotrexate-resistant MOLT-3 human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines that showed decreasing methotrexate (MTX) uptake as the sublines acquired increasing MTX resistance (Cancer Res 45:1815, 1985). The alteration of MTX uptake kinetics in these cells, the intermediately resistant MOLT-3/MTX200 and the highly resistant MOLT-3/MTX10,000 cell lines, was attributed to a change in Vmax for methotrexate transport, without an apparent change in affinity of the transporter for MTX. We studied these cell lines to determine whether alteration of transcription or translation of the recently isolated reduced folate carrier gene (RFC1) was the cause of MTX transport deficiency in these cell lines. Reconstitution of RFC activity in MOLT-3/MTX10,000 cells by transduction with a murine RFC retroviral vector reversed MTX resistance and trimetrexate sensitivity. Although RFC1 RNA levels were unchanged in the resistant cell lines, FACS analysis using a polyclonal anti-RFC1 antibody showed no detectable RFC1 protein in the MOLT-3/MTX10,000 cells. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of RFC1 genes from MOLT-3/MTX10,000 cells revealed that this cell line contained 3 RFC1 alleles: a wild-type allele, an allele containing the premature stop codon at codon 40 and a third allele containing another mutation, which resulted in a premature stop codon at codon 25. We examined the relative expression of these alleles by determining the nucleotide sequence of 24 RFC1 cDNA subclones from MOLT-3/MTX10,000 cells and found that only one-third of these clones contained the wild-type sequence. Determination of the genomic sequence of RFC1 in MOLT-3/ MTX200 cells demonstrated that these cells were heterozygous for a mutation at codon 40, but were homozygous for the wild-type sequence at codon 25. Thus, the acquisition of MTX transport-deficiency in MOLT-3/MTX10,000 cells results from inactivating mutations of RFC1 gene alleles.
How omni-channel can be the future of retailing

We discuss how omni-channel retailing should be structured to create a supply chain that is both cost effective and responsive to customer needs. Given the complementary strengths of the physical and online channels, hybrid structures should be designed to use both channels. The physical channel should be used to serve frequent and predictable needs and the online channel should be used to provide variety and serve sporadic needs. The physical channel can also serve as a showroom and pickup location for the online channel. This hybrid structure can be particularly effective in emerging markets where new online players can partner with existing local retailers to benefit both parties and the consumer.
Herodotus Aigyptiophrōn: Conversing With the Learned Egyptians

It is acknowledged that Herodotus foregrounds methodological concerns in book two of his Histories, but I challenge the notion that his frequent claims to have heard a thing from Egyptian priests are mere source citations. I argue that Herodotus emphasizes how he listened to the Egyptians in order to differentiate his method of inquiry from the competitive verbal displays of his contemporaries and predecessor Hecataeus. Herodotus replaces the feigned authority of the latter with a demonstration that listening to other intellectuals is crucial to learning. I suggest further that the portrayal of the Egyptian priests is no misrepresentation by Herodotus but is indicative of their acquaintance. Egyptian literature attests the remarkable emphasis placed on listening as a requirement in the pursuit of wisdom. The Book of Thoth may reveal how the education of literate priests involved oral inquiry and listening. Egyptian priests were thus suitable intellectual peers for an inquiring Herodotus. DOI:10.2458/azu_jaei_v07i3_anderson
Surface modification of nickel battery electrodes by cobalt plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition

Nickel hydroxide is the electrochemically active material in the positive electrode of several important rechargeable alkaline-electrolyte batteries. It is believed that divalent Ni(OH){sub 2} is converted to trivalent NiOOH as the electrode is electrochemically oxidized during the battery charging process, and the reverse reaction (electrochemical reduction) occurs during battery discharge, however the details of this process are not completely understood. Because these electrochemical reactions involve surface charge-transfer processes, it is anticipated that surface modification may result in improved battery performance. We used broad-beam metal ion implantation and Metal Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition to add cobalt and other species to the nickel electrode surface. The principle of the latter technique is explained in detail. It is shown that implanted and deposited cobalt ions act as a dopant of Ni(OH){sub 2}, and thereby alter its electronic conductivity. This electronic effect promotes lateral growth of NiOOH nodules and more-complete conversion of Ni(OH){sub 2} to NiOOH, which can be interpreted in terms of the nodule growth model. Other dopants such as Au, W, Pb, Ta and Ti{sub 4}O{sub 7} were also tested for suppressing the parasitic oxygen evolution reaction in rechargeable nickel cells.
Nonresonant, femtosecond laser vaporization and electrospray post-ionization mass spectrometry as a tool for biological tissue imaging.

Abstract An ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) source is demonstrated with both high spatial and mass resolution that enables measurement of the compositional heterogeneity within a biological tissue sample. The source is based on nonresonant, femtosecond laser electrospray mass spectrometry (LEMS) coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass analyzer. No matrix deposition and minimal sample preparation is necessary for the source. The laser, translation stage, and mass spectrometer are synchronized and controlled using a customized user interface. Single or multiple laser shots may be applied to each pixel. A scanning rate of 2.0 s per pixel is achieved. Measurement of a patterned ink film indicates the potential of LEMS for ambient imaging with a lateral resolution of ∼60 μm. Metabolites including sugar, anthocyanins and other small metabolites were successfully mapped from plant samples without oversampling using a spot size of 60 × 70 μm2. Molecular identification of the detected analytes from the tissue was enabled by accurate mass measurement in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis, non-negative matrix factorization and principle component analysis, were applied to the imaging data to extract regions with distinct and/or correlated spectral profiles.
Low-Temperature Approach to Highly Emissive Copper Indium Sulfide Colloidal Nanocrystals and Their Bioimaging Applications

We report our newly developed low-temperature synthesis of colloidal photoluminescent (PL) CuInS2 nanocrystals (NCs) and their in vitro and in vivo imaging applications. With diphenylphosphine sulphide (SDPP) as a S precursor made from elemental S and diphenylphosphine, this is a noninjection based approach in 1-dodecanethiol (DDT) with excellent synthetic reproducibility and large-scale capability. For a typical synthesis with copper iodide (CuI) as a Cu source and indium acetate (In(OAc)3) as an In source, the growth temperature was as low as 160 °C and the feed molar ratios were 1Cu-to-1In-to-4S. Amazingly, the resulting CuInS2 NCs in toluene exhibit quantum yield (QY) of ∼23% with photoemission peaking at ∼760 nm and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of ∼140 nm. With a mean size of ∼3.4 nm (measured from the vertices to the bases of the pyramids), they are pyramidal in shape with a crystal structure of tetragonal chalcopyrite. In situ 31P NMR (monitored from 30 °C to 100 °C) and in situ absorption at ...
Recent Advances on the Design of Lightweight Dismounted Disruptors

In recent decades, there has been an ever-increasing need to reduce the weight of the weapon systems carried by combat personnel in the United States Army. This need is the thrust behind the weight reduction initiative for the dis- ruptor systems used by the Army's Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) community. This work evaluates the conflict be- tween weight reduction in dismounted disruptors and the dynamic performance of these systems during operation. This work also describes a recently-patented dismounted disruptor system designed to satisfy both the need for system weight reduction without compromising the dynamic performance of the system. The recently-patented disruptor is a variation of the Mk 2-the standard caliber .50 disruptor currently used by EOD teams of all military services in the United States.
He Said / She Said

This paper examines how interpersonal social networks relate to the voting behavior of men and women. We argue that underlying the gender gap in voting is related to social processes that depend on the partisan and sex composition of networks. Analysis of the 2000 American National Election Study identified two ways that sex differences are relevant to network explanations of voting behavior. First, men have more sex homophily in their networks than women. As men are more likely to be Republican than women, this leads to different discussion environments for men and women. Second, men—and not women—are more likely to share the political opinion of women discussants, but only when they are pro-Bush and the remainder of the network is also supportive. The results support a social model of voting behavior that highlights the importance of social factors (in this case sex) other than just partisan differences.
Human immunophenotyping via low-variance, low-bias, interpretive regression modeling of small, wide data sets: Application to aging and immune response to influenza vaccination.

Abstract Small, wide data sets are commonplace in human immunophenotyping research. As defined here, a small, wide data set is constructed by sampling a small to modest quantity n , 1 n p , such that n p age-related differences in immune features from changes in immune features caused by aging. 2) A form of the bootstrap that employs linear extrapolation may prove to be an invaluable analytic tool because it allows the working immunologist to obtain accurate estimates of the stability of immune parameter estimates with a bare minimum of imposed assumptions. 3) Liberal inclusion of immune features in phenotyping panels can facilitate accurate separation of biological signal of interest from noise. In addition, through a combination of denoising and potentially improved confidence interval coverage, we identify some candidate immune correlates (frequency of cell subset and concentration of cytokine) with B cell response as measured by the quantity of IIV-specific IgA antibody-secreting cells and the quantity of IIV-specific IgG antibody-secreting cells.
An Analysis of Express Lanes in Utah

This paper reports on an analysis conducted to identify ways to improve average speeds in the Express Lanes (ELs) in Utah. The research began with an investigation of the current usage of both the ELs and the General Purpose (GP) lanes by user type (e.g., single-occupant vehicle, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) 2, HOV 3+, “C” decal, Express Pass user, motorcycle, bus, freight vehicle, and emergency vehicle) to better understand the breakdown of vehicles in the lanes and to calculate average vehicle occupancy. Violation data were examined to determine ways to reduce violator rates, while ways to control Express Pass traffic and to evaluate changes to toll rates and to estimate the impacts on speed of specific toll increases along the corridor were explored. The data collected were examined to better understand the speed-flow relationship on the ELs and to estimate the impact of volume changes on speeds in the lanes. This allowed the research team to estimate the impact on EL and GP lane volumes and speeds under a combination of EL education campaigns, increased EL enforcement, and increased EL peak period toll rates. Depending on the scenario analyzed, it was determined that the speeds in the ELs could be expected to increase as a result of the recommendations. The increase was found to be dependent upon the scenario chosen and the response of the traffic to the increases with an average maximum change in EL speed of 7.8 mph for a combination of education, enforcement, and increased tolls.
End-of-Life Care and Pragmatic Decision Making: Experiencing Lost Voices

[M]ost patients…[dying without decisional capacity] are incomplete persons in need of fabrication by others. This is a place of medical treatment that contains a crucial absence – of patients emplaced in embodied lives. Sharon Kaufman Chapter 4 focused on those patients who, though in the midst of dying processes, are able to participate in decision making regarding their lived experiences of dying. The interests of adult, lucid patients with decisional capacity are at least as varied as there are patients themselves. Further, our own relationship to these patients, our roles and abilities, as well as our knowledge and concern, when carefully considered in light of patient needs and circumstances, may need to be brought to bear on behalf of easing their dying. So, we should not be surprised to find that for some patients, morality requires us to aid them in dying, not simply through passive support but through active application of our skills and roles in their lives and society. This chapter turns to a different set of patients – namely, those unable to make direct, concurrent decisions about their care in dying. This set of patients does not form a monolithic, homogenous group, and in fact will be viewed under several different kinds of conditions and characterizations. In 2004, according to the CDC, approximately two-thirds of all deaths in the United States occurred in medically related institutions – hospitals, mostly, but also nursing homes and in-patient hospice settings.
Intelligibility and Clarity of Reverberant Speech: Effects of Wide Dynamic Range Compression Release Time and Working Memory.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of varying wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) release time on intelligibility and clarity of reverberant speech. The study also consi...
Mixing and trapping of dissolved CO2 in deep geologic formations with shale layers

For dissolution trapping, the spatial variability of the geologic properties of naturally complex storage formations can significantly impact flow patterns and storage mechanisms of dissolved CO2. The significance of diffusive mixing that occurs in low permeability layers embedded between relatively higher permeability materials was highlighted by Agartan et al. (2015) using a highly controlled laboratory experimental study on trapping of dissolved CO2 in multilayered systems. In this paper, we present a numerical modeling study on the impacts of low permeability layers on flow and storage of dissolved CO2 in realistic field-scale settings. The simulator of variable-density flow used in this study was first verified using the experimental data in Agartan et al. (2015) to capture the observed processes. The simulator was then applied to a synthetic, field-scale multilayered system, with 19 sensitivity cases having variable permeability and thickness of the shale layers as well as the source strength and geometry of the source zone of dissolved CO2. Simulation results showed that the presence of continuous shale layers in the storage system disrupts the convective mixing by enhancing lateral spreading of dissolved CO2 in sandstone layers and retarding the vertical mixing of dissolved CO2. The effectiveness of trapping of dissolved CO2 depends on the physical properties of the shale layers and configurations of the source zone. The comparison to homogeneous cases with effective vertical permeability shows that it is important to capture these continuous thin shale layers in a storage formation and include them in the models to enhance dissolution trapping.
RAS and ROS-A Story of Pseudomonas Survival.

Some pathogens block generation of reactive oxygen species to evade neutrophil killing, but how that is accomplished is poorly understood. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Vareechon et al. (2017) describe ADP-ribosylation of Ras as a strategy to inhibit assembly of neutrophil NADPH oxidase.
The Bruised Newborn

A 25-year-old woman (gravida 1, para 1) has given birth to a 3.7-kg baby boy, at week 40 + 2 days. The delivery was by vaginal route. Mother’s coagulation tests, liver and renal profile, and full blood count are normal, except hemoglobin of 10.5 g/dl and serum alkaline phosphatase of 150 iu/l (normal, 30–130 iu/l). The newborn baby has Apgar score of 10/10. The midwife notices several bruises on the child’s torso and thighs, and takes samples for coagulation tests and blood counts.
Adjuvants for Animal Vaccines

Vaccines are essential tools for the prevention and control of infectious diseases in animals. One of the most important steps in vaccine development is the selection of a suitable adjuvant. The focus of this review is the adjuvants used in vaccines for animals. We will discuss current commercial adjuvants and experimental formulations with attention to mineral salts, emulsions, bacterial-derived components, saponins, and several other immunoactive compounds. In addition, we will also examine the mechanisms of action for different adjuvants, examples of adjuvant combinations in one vaccine formulation, and challenges in the research and development of veterinary vaccine adjuvants.
Long-Term and Latent Side Effects of Specific Cancer Types

Although many cancer survivors diagnosed with early-stage disease will outlive their cancer, they may continue to experience long-term and/or latent side effects due to cancer treatment. Many of these side effects are common and contribute to worse quality of life, morbidity, and mortality for cancer survivors. This article summarizes the treatment side effects for several of the most prevalent cancers in the United States.
A State's Response to Oil Spill Preparedness How the Texas General Land Office built and maintains one of the premier oil spill response organizations

Texas produces nearly twice and much oil as the next highest producing U.S. state and has approximately 3300 miles of sensitive jurisdictional shoreline boarding the second highest area of our nati...
Using vectorization and parallelization to improve the application of the APH hamiltonian in reactive scattering

In time-dependent quantum reactive scattering calculations, it is important to quickly and accurately apply the Hamiltonian, as this must be performed at every time-step. We present a method of separating the Hamiltonian for adiabatically-adjusting principal axes hyperspherical (APH) coordinates into its constituent parts, vectorizing these to reduce computational steps required in matrix multiplications, and finally parallelizing the application to reduce the time required to perform the calculation. This reduction in time is achieved with no modification of results for triatomic systems of either lithium or hydrogen.
The Emptiness of Decisional Limits: Reconceiving Presidential Control of the Administrative State

The heads of administrative agencies exercise authority delegated directly to them through legislation. To what extent, then, may presidents lawfully direct these agency heads to carry out presidential priorities? A prevailing view in administrative law holds that, although presidents may seek to shape and oversee the work of agency officials, they cannot make decisions for those officials. Yet this approach of imposing a decisional limit on presidential control of the administrative state in reality fails to provide any meaningful constraint on presidential power and actually risks exacerbating the politicization of constitutional law. A decisional limit presents these problems because the concept of a decision in the governmental setting lacks precision, failing to provide a coherent line between permissible oversight and impermissible decisionmaking. A decisional limit also cannot in practice be enforced against either presidents or agencies. Presidents have available to them four easy strategies, each documented in this article, that allow them ready escape from legal criticism that they have overridden agencies' autonomy in violation of any purported decisional limit. Instead of continuing to invoke an unworkable standard that only invites unhelpful politicization of constitutional law, legal scholars would do well to invoke the virtues of a bright-line rule in this particular setting and favor a rule that requires agency officials to sign off, literally, on agency actions before they can take effect. Such a formal "signature limit" will serve to constrain presidential power but will do so by avoiding the unnecessary risks that a decisional limit poses to law's legitimacy.
Back from Holyrood: How mixed-member proportional representation and ballot structure shape the personal vote

Research on mixed-member legislatures demonstrates that members face different incentive structures when cultivating a personal vote. In this article, we examine how Scotland’s adoption of a mixed-...
Spatial-Temporal Anomaly Detection Using Security Visual Analytics via Entropy Graph and Eigen Matrix

Much of the big data which is produced is due to IoT devices and various sensor networks. This data often comes with spatial as well as temporal properties that can tell investigators many things about the environment in which they are located. For security practitioners, how to find abnormal activities or anomalies in the vast amount of spatial-temporal dynamic data is a daunting task. We present a system, STAnD, to assist investigators in determining patterns within these spatial-temporal data sets. The analysis conducted by using this program can support correlating events in both the spatial and temporal domains which will lead the investigators to determine probable causes for potential malicious events.
Professional Preparation for Coaching

(1981). Professional Preparation for Coaching. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 52, Including Leisure Today, pp. 10-11.
Rho- omega interference and the omega- phi mixing angle

The ω−φ mixing angle of SU(3) is usually assumed to be positive, but only its magnitude is actually determined by various models of SU(3) breaking. The effect of this ambiguity of the relative sign of the SU(3) prediction of the γ−ρ and γ−ω coupling constants on ρ−ω interference is investigated. The interference can be "constructive" or "destructive." In photoproduction of lepton pairs, destructive interference causes the effect of ρ−ω interference to be smaller than that of previous calculations. Two new models of ρ−ω interference in the colliding-beam reaction e++e−→π++π− are discussed. A measurement of the cross section for the latter reaction would make possible a determination of the sign of the ω−φ mixing angle.
Polarization in C 12 ( p , p ) C 12

Five accurate absolute polarization values for elastic scattering of protons from carbon have been measured in the energy region between 4.6 and 7.2 MeV. These results were used as the basis for polarization measurements on and near the scattering anomalies at 5.38, 5.88, and 9.13 MeV in $^{12}\mathrm{C}(p,p)^{12}\mathrm{C}$. Differential cross sections were also measured at the same energies as the polarizations.
The invention of autonomy: Natural law: From intellectualism to voluntarism

The belief that human action should be guided by natural laws that apply to all people, no matter what their race, sex, location, or religion, originated outside of Judaism and Christianity. Once accepted into Christian thought, the idea of natural law became central to the European way of understanding morality. In this chapter I indicate briefly the origins of natural law theory and review its classical exposition in the work of St. Thomas. Then, after presenting some of the major points on which critics disagreed with St. Thomas, I go on to discuss the outlook on morality of the two main founders of the Protestant Reformation, Luther and Calvin, for whom voluntarism was of central importance. These different Christian interpretations of natural law were far more significant for the development of modern moral philosophy than the ethical writings of Plato or Aristotle. Origins of natural law theory The concept of natural law is at least as old as the Stoics. It was developed as the city-state was ceasing to be the dominant political form of Mediterranean life and was transmitted by the Stoic school to the Romans. In Rome the idea came into fruitful contact with actual legal practice. Roman law covered all the dealings of Roman citizens in great detail. As Rome expanded, its citizens increased the amount of business they did with foreigners.
A qualitative assessment of business perspectives and tactics of tobacco and vape shop retailers in three communities in Orange County, CA, 2015–2016

In response to the growing awareness and use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), or e-cigarettes, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration asserted its regulatory authority over ENDS in May 2016. Federal, state, and local regulatory action on ENDS may have significant and unique impacts on specialty ENDS retailers, including tobacco and vape shops. The purpose of this study is to describe the commercial motivations of vape shops in minority communities as business entities whose financial interests and actions may be particularly impacted by regulation of ENDS. Specialty tobacco and vape retail stores in three minority communities were identified through an online search and community canvassing. Key informant interviews were conducted with tobacco and vape shop owners or managers discussing the business interests and tactics of selling ENDS for their store. Interview data were coded and analyzed for major themes. Interviews with 18 tobacco shops and 9 vape shops were completed. Tobacco shops’ reasons for carrying e-cigarettes were business oriented, focused on maintaining their customer base. In comparison, vape shops opened because of the owner’s positive experiences with e-cigarettes and belief in the potential of e-cigarettes to help people quit or reduce smoking. Tobacco shops mainly see their customers as using e-cigarettes to quit smoking whereas vape shops reported their customers using e-cigarettes for more varied reasons. Tobacco shops are much more limited in their marketing than vape shops, which rely heavily on social media and experimentation with other forms of marketing. Tobacco shops and vape shops differ in their rationale and approaches to the business of e-cigarettes. Vape shops engage in a wide range of activities that stabilize their financial interest and increase their influence with customers and within the vape community. In order for regulatory policymaking and tobacco control interventions to maximize effectiveness, the actions of vape shops in promoting ENDS use and influencing policy debates must be taken into account.
Optimizing Bus Lane Placement on Networks while Accounting for Queue Spillbacks

Implementing dedicated bus lanes on a network can improve bus travel times at the detriment of cars due to the reduced car capacities, especially at intersections. The optimum solution for the system considering both car and bus passengers is often unclear. In this paper, a bi-level optimization program is developed to optimize the location of dedicated bus lanes on a network while accounting for dynamic queue development at signalized intersections and possible queue spillbacks. The lower level evaluates the travel times on the network and the upper level determines the combination of dedicated bus lane locations that will minimize the objective function. The proposed method is applied to a test network and tested for both saturated and under-saturated traffic conditions with uniform and nonuniform demand patterns. Results show that, the proposed methodology successfully accounts for the effects of queuing. For under-saturated conditions, decrease in travel time of buses outweighs the increase in car travel time when dedicated bus lanes are implemented and the optimum solution finds that bus lanes should be implemented everywhere. For saturated conditions, an optimum solution where bus lanes are implemented only on the periphery of the network is found.
Nonlinear Observability of Unicycle Multi-Agent Teams Subject to Sensor Bias and Environmental Disturbance

In this paper, we consider the problem of localizing a team of unicycle agents with collaborative ranging, onboard compass measurements, and access to a subset of agent positions. Unlike previous work, we study the general multi-agent localization problem where we would like to also simultaneously estimate compass errors and an environmental disturbance experienced by all agents. The motivating example is localizing a team of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), where GPS is not available to all agents, acoustic range-only measurements are common, and compass bias as well as environmental disturbances must be overcome. Significant work has been done in cooperative localization, however the idea of localization under the described conditions has not received much attention. We approach this problem by first looking at the nonlinear observability matrix, then analyzing it to determine conditions for observability of the multi-agent system. We then reduce the observability matrix to a metric that we exploit for planning observability maximizing agent trajectories under sensor bias and environmental disturbance. We then close with simulations.
Differentiation in security and defence policy

This paper first assesses the salience of academic theories in the realm of security and defense policy, from the fields of both International Relations and European Studies. Theory is of relatively little assistance in understanding the phenomenon of a strictly—or even autonomously—European Union foreign and defence policy—in part precisely because of what I call negative differentiation. The second part homes in on the empirical reality of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). In this particular policy area, differentiation has always been the norm, or the negative starting point—rather than a developing trend or a potential solution. The third part evaluates the current (post-2016) “re-launch” of CSDP and the widely discussed dynamic behind the EU’s quest for “strategic autonomy”. This section analyses the depth and sustainability behind what is widely seen as a new attempt either to break away from or to positively embrace differentiation and to engineer an unprecedented marshalling of the collective security and defense resources of the European Union.
Intramural gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Clinical and radiographic manifestations.

The clinical and radiographic manifestations of intramural gastrointestinal hemorrhage are presented together with a review of the literature. The observations described are based on the analysis of 20 cases affecting different segments of the gastrointestinal tract. The pathologic process is induced principally by anticoagulant therapy, bleeding diathesis, or abdominal trauma and occurs as a localized, well-defined, intramural mass or as a more diffuse segmental involvement. The clinical features are nonspecific and can vary from mild crampy abdominal pain to severe shock. Other manifestations include rebound tenderness, muscle guarding, and small bowel obstruction. The duodenum and small bowel are the most frequent sites of involvement. The intestinal mucosal folds may be prominent, stretched, and sharply defined or completely effaced, accompanied by a smooth narrowing. There is rapid clinical and radiographic remission with conservative therapy. Intestinal perforations and fibrotic strictures resulting in small bowel obstruction are a rarity, observed only in the posttraumatic variety.
Legal Plunder: Civil Asset Forfeiture in North Dakota

Secure private property rights encourage economic growth. Studies have found that nations that protect private property rights experience more economic growth. Therefore, ensuring a strong system of private property rights and protections should be considered a pre-requisite to achieving growth and higher living standards. Modern civil asset forfeiture practices weaken private property rights by allowing the state to seize property without due process or public transparency. While these laws were originally intended to help police crackdown on organized crime, they create perverse economic incentives that can lead to abuse. A renewed focus on this issue by national organizations has sparked citizen protection reforms in some states, but meaningful reforms have not been enacted in North Dakota. With civil asset forfeiture laws that heavily favor law enforcement, the strength of North Dakota’s private property rights could be in question. This policy paper will review the definition of civil asset forfeiture, clarify the laws in North Dakota, examine recent legislative attempts at reform, and, finally, make policy recommendations.
Low availability of choline in utero disrupts development and function of the retina

Adequate supply of choline, an essential nutrient, is necessary to support proper brain development. Whether prenatal choline availability plays a role in development of the visual system is currently unknown. In this study, we addressed the role of in utero choline supply for the development and later function of the retina in a mouse model. We lowered choline availability in the maternal diet during pregnancy and assessed proliferative and differentiation properties of retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) in the developing prenatal retina, as well as visual function in adult offspring. We report that low choline availability during retinogenesis leads to persistent retinal cytoarchitectural defects, ranging from focal lesions with displacement of retinal neurons into subretinal space to severe hypocellularity and ultrastructural defects in photoreceptor organization. We further show that low choline availability impairs timely differentiation of retinal neuronal cells, such that the densities of early-born retinal ganglion cells, amacrine and horizontal cells, as well as cone photoreceptor precursors, are reduced in low choline embryonic d 17.5 retinas. Maintenance of higher proportions of RPCs that fail to exit the cell cycle underlies aberrant neuronal differentiation in low choline embryos. Increased RPC cell cycle length, and associated reduction in neurofibromin 2/Merlin protein, an upstream regulator of the Hippo signaling pathway, at least in part, explain aberrant neurogenesis in low choline retinas. Furthermore, we find that animals exposed to low choline diet in utero exhibit a significant degree of intraindividual variation in vision, characterized by marked functional discrepancy between the 2 eyes in individual animals. Together, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that choline availability plays an essential role in the regulation of temporal progression of retinogenesis and provide evidence for the importance of adequate supply of choline for proper development of the visual system.-Trujillo-Gonzalez, I., Friday, W. B., Munson, C. A., Bachleda, A., Weiss, E. R., Alam, N. M., Sha, W., Zeisel, S. H., Surzenko, N. Low availability of choline in utero disrupts development and function of the retina.
Regulation of Growth Factor Receptors by Protein Kinase C

Insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) all act to stimulate growth in many tissues. All three growth factors must first bind to specific membrane receptors to exert their actions. Upon binding of the appropriate ligand, these growth factor receptors exhibit increased tyrosine kinase activity, which is thought to be the second messenger, or pathway by which they cause some, if not all, of their effects within the cell (Evered et al., 1985; Raizada et al., 1986). Activation of these receptors by ligand binding causes different physiological effects in different cell types. These receptors also differ with regard to regulation of the receptors and/or of events beyond the receptors. As protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to mimic some of these receptor actions and inhibit others, much attention has been focused on the effects of PKC on the tyrosine kinase receptors in order to determine first whether, and then how, PKC regulates those receptors. The following is a brief review of those studies.
Markets as Monsters

This chapter reviews and critically engages a variety of moral criticisms of the market. We argue that a common thread running through all of these arguments is the notion that markets are morally corrupting. This common concern – what we call the central moral criticism – is often discussed in the language of moral philosophy, and the most damning critiques along these lines are deontological claims that do not allow for the possibility that market exchange can be moral. But, we argue, this criticism of markets is at root an empirical, rather than a philosophical, claim. As such, we can evaluate whether or not it is true that markets are likely to be morally corrupting using our theoretical understanding of how markets can and should work, and on the basis of evidence regarding how markets do work.