cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONCLUDING REMARKS ON RENAL TUBULAR ACIDIFICATION

Publisher Summary The processes by which the renal tubular epithelium operates to acidify the luminal fluid have continued to attract attention and considerable progress has been made in the elucidation of several key aspects of this tubular transport operation. This chapter highlights some points of the tubular cell scheme that are particularly relevant and which serve to put the problem of tubular acidification into perspective. However, these points are limited to the proximal tubular epithelium because more is known about the cellular elements responsible for hydrogen ion secretion in this nephron segment. These points explain that hydrogen ion secretion is the main operation responsible for luminal buffer reabsorption and for lowering the luminal pH. It is a key process in buffer reabsorption and luminal acidification that occurs by two processes: (1) by sodium-hydrogen ion exchange driven by the transmembrane sodium gradient across the luminal cell membrane; and (2) a probably electrogenic and ATP-driven process present in the luminal membrane.
Global Digital Culture| Uploading the News after Coming Down from the Mountain: The Uploading the News After Coming Down From the Mountain: The FARC’s Experiment with Online Television in Cuba, 2012–2016

Between 2012 and 2016, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) negotiated a peace agreement with the Colombian government in Havana, Cuba. Over those four years, the group experimented with media production techniques to redefine itself and access new publics. Central to the FARC’s media operations was an online news program. This essay parses the aesthetics of that online broadcast and analyzes it within the context of a historic peace accord’s uncertain unfolding. The FARC, I argue, has been anticipating a Gramscian “war of position” in the post–peace accord period, girding itself for a mediated form of political contestation that will absorb and refashion the intensity and tactical patterns of the guerrilla conflict.
Redefining What It Means to Be Technologically Literate

As technology is deeply entrenched in American culture, educational policy, standards and curricula, this chapter calls for K–12 educators to amend the definition of “technological literacy” to include an ecojustice perspective. It examines the cultural values inherent in the use of technology, as well as evaluates the nationally acclaimed International Technology Education and Engineers Association Standards for Technological Literacy. Through a pedagogical approach of encouraging ecojustice, teachers can help enable students to make technological and consumerist choices that take into account social and environmental costs. Though schools play only a marginal role in the development of students’ beliefs, values, and ethics, they still have a part of the greater cultural milieu responsible for the development of ecojustice sustainable consumerist practices. Additionally, it is also hoped that teachers will reflect on their own literacies, adjust their pedagogies, and model better choices for their students.
KIPLING'S BESTIARY

The animal turn in studies of nineteenth-century imperialism has been a long time in coming. Scholars seeking to yoke together questions of nonhuman life and the domain of the colony have come to acknowledge, at long last, that the imperial landscape was not a purely human one. Only now, suggests John Miller, has the considerable scholarship on empire and the natural world made an impress upon Victorian literary studies (479). The animal turn, however, is not new in the scholarship on Rudyard Kipling. For Kipling, empire never was simply an affair of human beings; more perhaps than any other writer of the colonial experience, he saw imperialism as encompassing plural and multiply scaled orders of animate life. Henry James, an early admirer of Kipling's work, took disgusted note in 1897 of what seemed to him the simultaneous multitudinousness and diminution of the younger writer's fictional world: “My view of his prose future has much shrunken in light of one's increasingly observing how little life he can make use of. . . . In his earliest time I thought he perhaps contained the seeds of an English Balzac; but I have given that up in proportion as he has come down steadily from the simple in subject to the more simple–from the Anglo-Indians to the natives, from the natives to the Tommies, from the Tommies to the quadrupeds, from the quadrupeds to the fish, and from the fish to the engines and screws” (Page 49).
Beyond Blaming the Victim: Toward a More Progressive Understanding of Workplace Mistreatment

Theories of human aggression can inform research, policy, and practice in organizations. One such theory, victim precipitation, originated in the field of criminology. According to this perspective, some victims invite abuse through their personalities, styles of speech or dress, actions, and even their inactions. That is, they are partly at fault for the wrongdoing of others. This notion is gaining purchase in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology as an explanation for workplace mistreatment. The first half of our article provides an overview and critique of the victim precipitation hypothesis. After tracing its history, we review the flaws of victim precipitation as catalogued by scientists and practitioners over several decades. We also consider real-world implications of victim precipitation thinking, such as the exoneration of violent criminals. Confident that I-O can do better, the second half of this article highlights alternative frameworks for researching and redressing hostile work behavior. In addition, we discuss a broad analytic paradigm—perpetrator predation—as a way to understand workplace abuse without blaming the abused. We take the position that these alternative perspectives offer stronger, more practical, and more progressive explanations for workplace mistreatment. Victim precipitation, we conclude, is an archaic ideology. Criminologists have long since abandoned it, and so should we.
Poisson Model To Generate Isotope Distribution for Biomolecules

We introduce a simplified computational algorithm for computing isotope distributions (relative abundances and masses) of biomolecules. The algorithm is based on Poisson approximation to binomial and multinomial distributions. It leads to a small number of arithmetic operations to compute isotope distributions of molecules. The approach uses three embedded loops to compute the isotope distributions, as compared with the eight embedded loops in exact calculations. The speed improvement is about 3-fold compared to the fast Fourier transformation-based isotope calculations, often termed as ultrafast isotope calculation. The approach naturally incorporates the determination of the masses of each molecular isotopomer. It is applicable to high mass accuracy and resolution mass spectrometry data. The application to tryptic peptides in a UniProt protein database revealed that the mass accuracy of the computed isotopomers is better than 1 ppm. Even better mass accuracy (below 1 ppm) is achievable when the method is paired with the exact calculations, which we term a hybrid approach. The algorithms have been implemented in a freely available C/C++ code.
Data Visualization: A Guide to Visual Storytelling for Libraries

A compilation of twelve chapters, Data Visualization: A Guide for Visual Storytelling for Libraries provides an introduction for librarians on how they can effectively communicate through visualizing how their collections and services are being used.
Cationic ruthenium complex of the formula [RuCl(2,6-diacetylpyridine)(PPh3)2]BArF and its catalytic activity in the formation of enol esters

Abstract A new ruthenium 2,6-diacetylpyridine complex was synthesized and applied in the atom-economic synthesis of enol esters through Markovnikov-directed addition of carboxylic acids to terminal alkynes. The ruthenium complex [RuCl(dap)(PPh3)2]+BArF− was synthesized from [RuCl2(PPh3)2] and the corresponding ligand 2,6-diacetylpyridine (dap). The complex was characterized structurally. The new ruthenium complex was utilized under ambient conditions as a catalyst in the Markovnikov addition of carboxylic acids to terminal alkynes to afford the corresponding enol esters in 93% to 52% isolated yields (85 °C, 16 h reaction time, 1 mol% catalyst loading).
Kinetics of the Reaction of Formaldehyde with Ammonia at 23°C as Followed by an Ammonia Selective Electrode

The reaction at trace NH3 concentration with HCHO, under alkaline conditions, was followed using an NH3 selective electrode. The overall reaction is complex; there is a very rapid reaction, increas...
The Halo Vest: Principles of Application and Management of Complications

Background The halo skeletal device commonly is used both as primary treatment and as an adjunct to internal fixation in patients with cervical spinal injuries. For optimal outcome, the multidisciplinary team should have a basic understanding of the indications, design rationale, and complications associated with the halo skeletal fixator. Design Literature review. Findings The halo device provides the most rigid form of external cervical immobilization. Adherence to established application guidelines is critical to minimize morbidity. Safe zones for pin placement have been delineated. Protocols for management of pin-site infections have been established to appropriately manage these unfortunate complications. Conclusion Although the halo is an effective form of cervical immobilization, complications with its use are encountered periodically. Familiarity with the design rationale, proper method of application, and potential complications can help to minimize the morbidity of this commonly used device.
Putin’s Leadership 2012–2017

This chapter analyzes the indicators of this study between 2012 and 2017 and argues why Putin continues to be popular today despite adverse circumstances.
Using perceptually relevant speech stimuli for making physiological measurements of the human auditory brainstem

Speech perception is one of the most important functions of the auditory system. The brainstem is an essential part of this process. While studies of natural speech processing typically employ behavioral tasks, and more recently cortical electroencephalography, studies of the human brainstem have been limited (by necessity) to short stimuli like clicks, tonebursts, and single syllables. We recently described a method for presenting continuous naturally uttered speech and deriving the auditory brainstem response. This method makes it possible to create engaging tasks using natural speech while making simultaneous physiological measurements, with applications to a wide range of scientific questions. One such question, with a history of mixed findings, is that of selective attention’s role in brainstem processing. We will discuss our work using the speech-derived auditory brainstem response in a two-talker listening task. In keeping with history, our results seem to differ from those of other recent studies using a similar technique. We will also discuss preliminary work at adapting the technique for audiological purposes, in hopes that using speech stimuli will provide a more accurate clinical predictor of speech perception.
Percutaneous Cryoablation of Stage T1b Renal Cell Carcinoma: Safety, Technical Results, and Clinical Outcomes

The use of percutaneous cryoablation for T1b (4.1–7.0 cm) renal cell carcinoma, has not yet been widely adopted. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience in the cryoablation of stage T1b tumors with an emphasis on safety, technical results, and clinical outcomes. A retrospective review of hospital records identified 37 patients who underwent cryoablation for T1b lesions from 2008 to 2018. Patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor characteristics, technical parameters, and outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Recurrence-free, overall, and cancer-specific survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Thirty-seven patients (22 males, 15 females; mean age 66.5 ± 11.3) with 37 T1b tumors (mean diameter 47.3 ± 6.3 mm) were included. A median of 3 probes were used (range: 1–7). Angio-embolization was used in 3/37 (8.1%) and 2/37 patients (5.4%) required hydrodissection. The mean number of total cryoablation procedures for each patient was 1.5 (median 1; range: 1–4). Technical success was achieved in 88.2% of patients. Recurrence-free survival was 96.5%, 86.1%, and 62.6% at 1, 2, and 3 years respectively. Cancer-specific survival was 100% at 1, 2, and 3 years respectively. Overall survival was 96.7%, 91.8%, and 77.6% at 1, 2, and 3 years respectively. Complications classified as CIRSE grade 2 or higher occurred in 6/37 (16.2%) patients. T1b cryoablation is associated with high rates of technical success, excellent cancer-specific survival, and an acceptable safety profile. Level 4, Case Series.
Targeting Mitochondrial Structure Sensitizes Acute Myeloid Leukemia to Venetoclax Treatment

The BCL-2 family plays important roles in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Venetoclax, a selective BCL-2 inhibitor, has received FDA approval for the treatment of AML. However, drug resistance ensues after prolonged treatment, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Using a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen in human AML, we identified genes whose inactivation sensitizes AML blasts to Venetoclax. Genes involved in mitochondrial organization and function were significantly depleted throughout our screen, including the mitochondrial chaperonin CLPB. We demonstrated that CLPB is upregulated in human AML, it is further induced upon acquisition of Venetoclax resistance and its ablation sensitizes AML to Venetoclax. Mechanistically, CLPB maintains the mitochondrial cristae structure via its interaction with the cristae-shaping protein OPA1, whereas its loss promotes apoptosis by inducing cristae remodeling and mitochondrial stress responses. Overall, our data suggest that targeting mitochondrial architecture may provide a promising approach to circumvent Venetoclax resistance.
Classification of Blind Users’ Image Exploratory Behaviors Using Spiking Neural Networks

Individuals who are blind adopt multiple procedures to tactually explore images. Automatically recognizing and classifying users’ exploration behaviors is the first step towards the development of an intelligent system that could assist users to explore images more efficiently. In this paper, a computational framework was developed to classify different procedures used by blind users during image exploration. Translation-, rotation- and scale-invariant features were extracted from the trajectories of users’ movements. These features were divided as numerical and logical features and were fed into neural networks. More specifically, we trained spiking neural networks (SNNs) to further encode the numerical features as model strings. The proposed framework employed a distance-based classification scheme to determine the final class/label of the exploratory procedures. Dempster-Shafter Theory (DST) was applied to integrate the distances obtained from all the features. Through the experiments of different dynamics of spiking neurons, the proposed framework achieved a good performance with 95.89% classification accuracy. It is extremely effective in encoding and classifying spatio-temporal data, as compared to Dynamic Time Warping and Hidden Markov Model with 61.30% and 28.70% accuracy. The proposed framework serves as the fundamental block for the development of intelligent interfaces, enhancing the image exploration experience for the blind.
Targeting resident memory T cell immunity culminates in pulmonary and systemic protection against Brucella infection.

Brucellosis remains the most common zoonotic disease globally. Currently no vaccines for humans exist, and conventional brucellosis vaccines for livestock fail to confer complete protection; hence, an improved vaccine is needed. Although Brucella infections primarily occur following a mucosal exposure, vaccines are administered parenterally. Few studies have considered mucosal vaccinations, or even targeting of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells. TRM cells protect against viral infections, but less is known of their role in bacterial infections, and even less for brucellosis. Oral prime, nasal boost with a newly developed Brucella abortus double mutant (znBAZ) confers nearly complete protection against pulmonary challenge with wild-type (wt) B. abortus 2308, and its protective efficacy is >2800-fold better than the RB51 vaccine. Vaccination with znBAZ potently stimulated CD8+ T cells, whereas mucosal vaccination with RB51 induced mostly CD4+ T cells. Subsequent analysis revealed these pulmonary CD44+ CD69+ CD8+ T cells to be either CD103+ or CD103- TRM cells, and these sequestered to the lung parenchyma as CXCR3lo and to the airways as CXCR3hi. Both CD8+ TRM subsets contained single-positive IFN-γ and TNF-α, as well as, polyfunctional cells. IL-17-producing CD8+ TRM cells were also induced by znBAZ vaccination, but in vivo IL-17 neutralization had no impact upon protection. In vivo depletion of CD4+ T cells had no impact upon protection in znBAZ-vaccinated mice. In contrast, CD4+ T cell depletion reduced RB51’s protective efficacy in spleens and lungs by two- and three-logs, respectively. Although anti-CD8 mAb-treated znBAZ-vaccinated mice showed a significantly reduced pulmonary efficacy, this treatment failed to completely deplete the lung CD8+ T cells, leaving the CD103+ and CD103- CD8+ TRM cell ratios intact. Only znBAZ-vaccinated CD8-/- mice were fully sensitive to pulmonary challenge with virulent wt B. abortus 2308 since CD8+ TRM cells could not be induced. Collectively, these data demonstrate the key role of mucosal vaccination for the generation of CD8+ TRM cells in protecting against pulmonary challenge with virulent B. abortus.
Oxygen nipple and nut (Christmas tree) adaptor contamination rates and decontamination with disinfecting wipes.

Objective Different manufacturers recommend different levels of disinfection for oxygen nipple and nut adaptors, also known as Christmas-tree adaptors (CTAs). We aimed to determine the bacterial contamination rates of CTAs before and after clinical use and whether disinfection wipes effectively eliminate bacteria from CTAs. Methods CTAs were swabbed for bacteria directly from the shipment box or after use in a medical intensive care unit to determine levels of contamination. CTAs were also inoculated in the laboratory with a variety of bacteria and disinfected with either 0.5% hydrogen peroxide (Oxivir 1) or 0.25% tetra-ammonium chloride with 44.50% isopropyl alcohol (Super Sani-Cloth), and the effectiveness of each wipe was determined by comparing the bacterial recovery before and after disinfection. Results CTAs exhibit low levels of bacterial burden before and after clinical use. Both disinfecting wipes were effective at removing bacteria from the CTAs. Conclusions Low-level disinfection of CTAs is appropriate prior to redeployment in the clinical setting.
Model hierarchies in edge-based compartmental modeling for infectious disease spread

We consider the family of edge-based compartmental models for epidemic spread developed in Miller et al. (J R Soc Interface 9(70):890–906, 2012). These models allow for a range of complex behaviors, and in particular allow us to explicitly incorporate duration of a contact into our mathematical models. Our focus here is to identify conditions under which simpler models may be substituted for more detailed models, and in so doing we define a hierarchy of epidemic models. In particular we provide conditions under which it is appropriate to use the standard mass action SIR model, and we show what happens when these conditions fail. Using our hierarchy, we provide a procedure leading to the choice of the appropriate model for a given population. Our result about the convergence of models to the mass action model gives clear, rigorous conditions under which the mass action model is accurate.
Corneal Application of R9-SOCS1-KIR Peptide Alleviates Endotoxin-Induced Uveitis.

Purpose Uveitis is an ocular inflammation that can affect individuals of all ages and is a major cause of blindness. We have tested the therapeutic efficacy of a cell penetrating peptide from the kinase inhibitory region of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, denoted as R9-SOCS1-KIR. Methods We stimulated J774A.1 cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence of R9-SOCS1-KIR or its inactive control peptide. Effect on inflammatory pathways was followed by the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor κB p65 subunit and phosphorylated-p38. Synthesis of inflammatory markers induced by LPS was tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, and ELISA of cell supernatants. We monitored effects on the barrier properties of a differentiated ARPE-19 monolayer treated with LPS. We treated C57BL/6 mice topically with either R9-SOCS1-KIR or vehicle and injected their eyes intravitreally with LPS. Eyes were analyzed by fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography, histology, Western blotting, multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and flow cytometry. Results Treatment with R9-SOCS1-KIR resulted in suppression of signaling through nuclear factor κB and p-p38 pathways. R9-SOCS1-KIR suppressed the expression of inflammatory genes, the secretion of inflammatory makers such as nitric oxide, and IL-1β induced by LPS. Increased permeability of retinal pigment epithelial cell monolayers was prevented. Corneal administration of R9-SOCS1-KIR blocked the acute inflammation observed in LPS-injected mouse eyes. Conclusions Treatment with R9-SOCS1-KIR alleviated the inflammatory responses in cell culture. Topical delivery of this peptide on mouse eyes protected against LPS-induced damage. Translational relevance Topical delivery of R9-SOCS1-KIR peptide allows the patient to self-administer the drug, while preventing any systemic effects on unrelated organs.
Recent findings suggest adding red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to climate-threatened whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) trophic system

Mountain ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, and climate-driven declines in primary producers can impact food webs. Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) seed, a valuable food resource ...
Metastatic Insulinoma Presenting With Post-Prandial Hypoglycemia

Background: Patients with an insulinoma, a type of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, typically present with fasting hypoglycemia (1). Occurrence of exclusively postprandial hypoglycemia as a result of a predominantly proinsulin-secreting metastatic neuroendocrine tumor is rare (2). Clinical Case: A 69-year-old man presented with episodes of postprandial blurry vision, sweating and confusion for the last two years that were becoming more frequent over the last several weeks. Self-monitoring of blood glucose at home revealed postprandial hypoglycemia (45-70mg/dl) and symptoms were consistent with Whipple’s triad. Continuous glucose monitoring over 14-days via Dexcom G6 showed no nocturnal or fasting hypoglycemia and revealed only postprandial hypoglycemia within one-two hours after meals. Laboratory measurements were performed at 8am in fasting state which revealed a blood glucose of 97mg/dl, insulin level 7.8 µIU/ml (2-21 µIU/ml), c-peptide 1.67 ng/ml (1.1-4.4 ng/ml) and elevated proinsulin level of 39 pmol/l (<8.0 pmol/l). An outpatient fast was conducted in the clinic, and when serum blood glucose dropped to 47mg/dL (21 hours after the initiation of the fast), insulin (6 µIU/ml) and c-peptide (2.0ng/ml) levels were detectable with an elevated proinsulin (20.8pmol/L) level. CT abdomen and pelvis showed a 1.6cm hyperenhancing lesion in the distal body of the pancreas. He underwent endoscopic ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration, confirming the diagnosis of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy were performed to resect the tumor which led to resolution of his symptoms. Pathology revealed a low grade well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor with lymphovascular invasion and regional lymph node metastases. Conclusion: Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor should be considered in post-prandial hypoglycemia, even in the absence of fasting hypoglycemia. Measuring proinsulin is essential in the diagnostic workup of insulinoma causing hypoglycemia References: 1. Placzkowski KA, Vella A, Thompson GB, Grant CS, Reading CC, Charboneau JW, et al. Secular trends in the presentation and management of functioning insulinoma at the Mayo Clinic, 1987-2007. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(4):1069-73.2. Murtha TD, Lupsa BC, Majumdar S, Jain D, Salem RR. A Systematic Review of Proinsulin-Secreting Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Gastrointest Surg. 2017;21(8):1335-41.
6.Retrofitting CFC-12 (R-12) Mobile Air Conditioning Systems to HFC-134a (R-134a)

Packed with information on the servicing and retrofitting of air-conditioning refrigerant systems so that shops and technicians can meet federal regulations, satisfy customers, and prevent damage to the environment. The second edition of the Automotive Air-Conditioning Refrigerant Service Guide was written to provide the latest information to automotive air-conditioning service professionals in order to help them comply with federal certification requirements and prevent damage to the environment. With an emphasis on proper recovery and recycling techniques for both R-12 and R-134a, as well as the proper retrofitting of R-12 systems to R-134a, the book will serve as a valuable instructional tool and resource for technicians. Chapters cover: General Safety and Service Precautions; Refrigerant and System Properties; Equipment for the Extraction-only of Refrigerant and Equipment for the Recycling of Refrigerant; Service Procedure for the Containment of Automotive Air-Conditioning Refrigerants; Retrofitting CFC-12 (R-12) Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems to HFC-134a (R-134a).
iVisit-Collaborate: Collaborative problem-solving in multiuser 360-degree panoramic site visits

Abstract Collaborative problem-solving skills are required from learners in the 21st century, particularly in construction graduates upon entering the workforce. However, challenges associated with spatiotemporal contexts of construction sites and resource limitations of educational programs reduce the opportunities available for students to practice these skills. This study focuses on using 360-degree panoramic virtual environments enhanced with virtual humans to produce realistic site visits for practicing collaborative problem-solving opportunities (iVisit-Collaborate). The goal of this phenomenological research study is to understand the collaborative problem-solving process of student dyads within iVisit-Collaborate. The findings suggest that student collaborative behaviors did not directly result in successful problem-solving. A hierarchical relationship between student problem-solving and collaborative behaviors was observed, indicating that problem-solving behaviors must take place to enable the occurrence of collaborative behaviors. Moreover, it was also observed that instructor scaffolding helped reduce the degrees of freedom in complex problem-solving activities. Finally, it was observed that student discussion engagement supported the creation and maintenance of shared mental models.
Epistemic Reasoning in Life and Literature

Epistemic Logic has recently acquired importance as a growing field with influence in Distributed Computing, Philosophy, Economics, and of late even in Social Science and Animal behavior. Here, on a relatively light note, we give examples of epistemic reasoning occurring in literature and used very effectively by writers like Shakespeare, Shaw, Arthur Conan Doyle, and O’Henry. For variety we also give an example of epistemic reasoning used by fireflies, although it is far fetched to suppose that fireflies use epistemic reasoning in any kind of a conscious way. Surely they are getting a lot of help from Darwin. It is this writer’s hope that epistemic reasoning as a formal discipline will some day acquire importance comparable to that of Statistics. Hopefully these examples make part of the case.
Improved Methods for Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulence

By using Fourier transforms for evaluating spatial derivatives, we are able to improve the accuracy of the large eddy simulation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence; in particular, the treatment of certain terms that arise in filtering the equations is considerably improved in both speed and accuracy. Use of vorticity as the principal variable is shown to be a viable and potentially useful alternative to the primitive variables. A method of deriving conservation properties of numerical schemes is given which is much simpler than previous methods and is widely applicable. The methods are applied to the computation of homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and it is found that the subgrid scale model is improved by using finite differences in place of “exact” derivatives.
Anomalous physicochemical properties of ethanol in a polymeric membrane

L'etude de la pervaporation de l'ethanol dans une membrane de poly(dimethyl siloxane) montre que la pression de vapeur saturante de l'ethanol dans la membrane est superieure a sa valeur normale. On observe aussi la suppression de son point de fusion
Evolution of Swarm Communication in Eusocial Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Eusocial paper wasps, yellowjackets, and hornets (Vespidae) exhibit two modes of colony foundation, primitively eusocial independent founders and advanced eusocial swarm founders. Unlike independent founders, swarmfounding wasps require a means of social communication to coordinate the movement of colony members between nest sites. We employed a phylogeny of paper wasps, yellowjackets, and hornets to test for patterns of correlated evolution between the mode of colony foundation and the presence of sternal exocrine glands. We also reviewed data on worker actions during swarming to determine whether swarm communication behavior was dependent upon gland possession and whether communicative behavior was shared among swarm-founding species. We did not find evidence for an association of sternal glands with swarm founding. Although sternal gland presence differed among swarm-founding species, worker behavior during swarming showed little variation. Workers of nearly all swarm-founding species rub their gasters on objects along swarm routes, independently of the occurrence of sternal glands. Widespread gastral rubbing indicates the use of swarm emigration trail pheromones from a diversity of glandular sources. Transitions from independent to swarm founding have been achieved via diverse pheromonal mechanisms in the Vespidae, while worker communicative behavior is either highly conserved or convergent.
Ecotypes and the controversy over stages in the formation of new species

Recent interest in the role of ecology in species formation has led to renewed discussion of the stages in the process of speciation. Although attempts to classify the stages in the process of species formation date back at least as far as Alfred Russel Wallace, one of the most intense debates on the subject occurred among botanists during the mid-20th Century. The present review outlines the progression of the historical debate about stages in the evolution of species, which was instigated by the genecological classification scheme of Gote Turesson in the 1920s, championed in the mid-century by Jens Clausen, and then brought under harsh scrutiny by many in the 1960s and 1970s. At the heart of the controversy is the question of whether speciation occurs rapidly on a local scale or gradually through the formation of geographically widespread ecotypes that evolve as precursors to species. A corollary to this debate is the question of whether speciation is reversible and, if so, how does it become irreversible? A third wave of interest in stages in the process of speciation is currently underway, thus making a modern historical narrative of the debate important. Both contemporary and past evolutionary biologists have argued that viewing speciation as being composed of stages can free researchers from concerns over species definitions and focus attention on the mechanisms involved in the process. How speciation becomes irreversible and whether ecogeographically isolated ecotypes are integral to this process remain as important unresolved issues. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 106, 241–257.
Elliptic three-folds II: Multiple fibres

Let f: X -* S be an elliptic fibration with a section, where S is a projective surface and X is a projective threefold. We determine when it is possible to perform a logarithmic transformation along a closed subset Z C S to obtain a new elliptic fibration f': X' -* S which now has multiple fibres along Z. This is done in the setting of Ogg-Shafarevich theory. We find a number of obstructions to performing such a logarithmic transformation, the very last of which takes values in the torsion part of the codimension 2 Chow group of X. 0. INTRODUCTION Suppose that we would like to classify algebraic elliptic three-folds, i.e. algebraic three-folds X with a fibration f: X -* S whose general fibre is an elliptic curve. In analogy with the classification of elliptic surfaces, there are three steps: (1) Classify elliptic fibrations with section. These can all be obtained birationally using Weierstrass models. (2) Classify elliptic fibrations f' : X -* S without multiple fibres which have a given jacobian fibration f: J -* S. This has already been carried out in [8]; the set of such elliptic fibrations is parametrized up to birational equivalence by the Tate-Shafarevich group 11Is(A), where A is the generic fibre of f. (3) Understand how to perform logarithmic transformations. In the case of complex elliptic surfaces, a logarithmic transformation is an operation for producing multiple fibres over points in the base curve. It is a purely local operation, which can then be patched to give a new complex elliptic surface, which may or may not be algebraic. However, it is well understood when the resulting surface will be algebraic. In the case of threefolds, this is a considerably more complicated task. Now one should expect to perform logarithmic transformations along curves in the base surface, and so when dealing with a global base, one cannot expect a purely local description for a logarithmic transformation. It is step 3 which this paper carries out. Instead of the local analytic description of logarithmic transformations given by Kodaira in [14] and extended to higher dimensions by N. Nakayama in [19], we take the algebraic approach of Ogg-Shafarevich theory. (See [20] and [21], and also [4].) In this point of view, Received by the editors June 19, 1995. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 14J30. This material is based upon work supported by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization under a Grant awarded in 1990. Research at MSRI supported in part by NSF grant #DMS 9022140. (@1997 American Mathematical Society
A Probabilistic Database Approach to the Analysis of Genetic Algorithms

This paper takes a fresh look at some of the key ideas of genetic algorithms, using concepts drawn from the theory of majorization and probabilistic databases. We show the intimate relationships between GAs and the theory of probabilistic databases. We show how deception is well described using Saari's theorem, and its relationships with the Simpson and other paradoxes in decision theory. Reconstructability, a concept of fundamental importance in databases, is proposed as a useful substitute for deception. The database projection operator is connected with hyperplane partitions, and is used to show the nexus between point crossover operators and the join operator. Using results from probabilistic databases, we show that crossover may be considered as a majorization operator.
Better learners use analogical problem solving sparingly

When solving homework exercises, human students often notice that the problem they are about to solve is similar to an example. They then deliberate over whether to refer to the example or to solve the problem without looking at the example. We present protocol analyses showing that effective human learners prefer not to use analogical problem solving for achieving the base-level goals of the problem, although they do use it occasionally for achieving meta-level goals, such as checking solutions or resolving certain kinds of impasses. On the other hand, ineffective learners use analogical problem solving in place of ordinary problem solving, and this prevents them from discovering gaps in their domain theory. An analysis of the task domain (college physics) reveals a testable heuristic for when to use analogy and when to avoid it. The heuristic may be of use in guiding multistrategy learners.
Localization of sodium channels in cultured neural cells

Sodium channels in cultured neural cells were localized by light microscopic autoradiography of specifically bound 125I-scorpion toxin. Ninety percent of the cell-bound 125I-scorpion toxin was associated specifically with sodium channels as assessed by the blocking of autoradiographic labeling by unlabeled scorpion toxin and by depolarization. Sodium channels were distributed uniformly in the surface membrane of neurites and cell bodies of both morphologically differentiated and undifferentiated cells of clone N18 of mouse neuroblastoma C1300. Sodium channels were distributed nonuniformly in many cultured spinal cord neurons. Visual observation indicated that 37 +/- 5% of cultured spinal cord neurons had a higher sodium channel density on the initial segment of one or more neurites than on the cell body. For these neurons, the density on one neurite initial segment averaged 7.4 +/- 1.9-fold greater than on the adjacent cell body. This increased sodium channel density may be the basis of the lower threshold for action potential generation at the axon initial segment of motor neurons and some spinal interneurons in vivo.
The Frequency Distribution of Operators in PL/I Programs

During the past few years, several investigators have noted definite patterns in the distribution of operators in computer programs. Their proposed models have provided explanations for other observed software phenomena and have suggested possible relationships between programming languages and natural languages. However, these models contain notable deficiencies.
Asymptotic behaviour of classification maximum likelihood estimates

SUMMARY This paper examines maximum likelihood techniques as applied to classification and clustering problems, and shows that the classification maximum likelihood technique, in which individual observations are assigned on an "all-or-nothing" basis to one of several classes as part of the maximization process, gives results which are asymptotically biased. This extends Marriott's (1975) work for normal component distributions. Numerical examples are presented for normal component distributions and for a problem in genetics. The results indicate that biases can be severe, though determining in simple form when the biases will and will not be severe seems difficult.
Analysis of extreme-ultraviolet spectroheliograms of solar prominences

The optical depth at the head of the Lyman continuum, tau sub H, was determined at several positions in three hedgerow prominences using spectroheliograms of C III 977 A, LC 896 A, and O IV 554 A, observed with the Harvard experiment on Skylab. It is found that tau sub H varies over a wide range at positions even in a single prominence. At the central part of the prominences where the opacity is largest, tau sub H reaches a maximum value of 30 to 50 for the three prominences. In general, tau sub H decreases with height in the prominences. Most positions near the outer boundary of the prominences are optically thin in the LC (tau sub H less than 1). The determination of tau sub H for P23 is consistent with the data of the Mg X spectroheliograms
The Multicultural Wellbriety Peer Recovery Support Program: Two Decades of Community-Based Recovery

White Bison has been effective in training 388 peer recovery support persons, known as Firestarters, to implement standardized, Native-focused, peer recovery programs based on the traditional knowledge of tribal elders. Following the elders' Four Laws of Change, White Bison has demonstrated the program capacity to build indigenous support communities of Wellbriety, which are facilitated by these healthy and sober spiritual leaders. Using the Native paradigm of evidence-based model programs, effectiveness has been measured and validated through success at generating this human capital of civic leadership. In turn, using a clan model of Wellbriety, community coalitions have begun to emerge to sustain the work of the Firestarters through local Healing Forests that correct for multigenerational family problems that have grown up in the wake of high rates of addiction.
The First Results on Relationships Among Amphimictic Diploid, Diploid Gynogenic and Triploid Tench, Tinca tinca L. under Communal Testing

Amphimictic diploid (2n), induced meiotic gynogenic (MeiG) and induced triploid (3n) siblings of tench, Tinca tinca L., were separately nursed, marked and kept in long-term communal testing in pond until sex maturation and natural spawning. Survival rates during the initial periods were lesser in 2n and 3n compared to MeiG population (65%). The first overwintering period showed decreased survival of 3n (62.67%) compared to MeiG (90.0%) and 2n populations (91.67%). Survival rates during the next seasons ranged in 70.50–90.97% similarly in both 3n and 2n while in MeiG population it dropped to 38%. Weight and length growth of all populations studied showed significantly higher growth of 3n females and of 3n in general, compared to 2n and MeiG populations (P < 0.001). Health examinations found metacercaria of Diplosthomus spathaceum in eyes of 2-year-old 3n specimens, weak polyparasitic infections of skin and gills by Dactylogyrus, Trichodina, Thrichophrya, Apiosoma and Chilodonella spp. in 3n and 2n specimens but medium strong to strong infections of 100% of MeiG fish which might contribute to their enhanced mortality. Ploidy analysis of progeny obtained from spontaneous spawning of the broodstock showed 100% diploidy, indicating the following possibilities: 2n population might spawn itself, 2n males might also mate to gynogens, or 3n males might also mate to 2n and/or MeiG females causing spontaneous gynogenesis. Further pedigree analyses will be focused to highlight these questions.
Longitudinal Analysis of Early Stage Sarcopenia in Aging Rhesus Monkeys

We present a longitudinal study using the rhesus monkey to determine biochemical and histological changes in vastus lateralis (VL) muscle fibers and whether these changes correlate with muscle mass loss. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine body weight, body fat and to estimate upper leg muscle mass in 12 adult male rhesus monkeys over 12 years. Muscle mass (MM) was evaluated at years 6, 9 and 12 of the study. Concurrently, VL muscle biopsy samples were collected. Muscle tissue was sectioned, stained and individual muscle fibers were analyzed for fiber type, cross-sectional area (CSA) and mitochondrial electron transport system (ETS) enzyme abnormalities. The animals' body weight did not change over time, however a significant increase in DXA-measured percent body fat was observed. Significant MM loss occurred in the upper leg over 12 years. A reduction in muscle fiber CSA significantly contributed to the MM loss observed in the VL of middle-aged rhesus monkeys. An age-dependent increase in muscle fibers developing mitochondrial enzyme abnormalities due to mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations was observed. The longitudinal approach of this study demonstrated that significant muscle changes occurred during middle age in a cohort of aging rhesus monkeys.
Delayed recognition of a pseudo-outbreak of Mycobacterium terrae.

Pseudo-outbreaks of mycobacteria are difficult to recognize because of long incubation periods for growth and species identification. We report our experience with one clinical microbiology laboratory that isolated a species of nontuberculous mycobacteria from 14 patient specimens. These specimens came from 12 patients at 2 hospitals over a 6-day period and included 6 different fluids or tissues. Because of the delay between mycobacterial specimen submission and growth in culture, the outbreak was not noted until more than a month later. Initial species determination by a reference laboratory indicated that these isolates were Mycobacterium fortuitum . One patient received treatment for presumed M fortuitum brain infection, and it was not effective in changing her clinical course. The isolates were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for identification and typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The CDC determined that the isolates were an identical strain of M terrae , thus confirming a pseudo-outbreak. Combining pseudo-outbreak isolates with those correctly identified initially as M terrae during the 6-day period in question, there were 22 samples from 20 patients with M terrae . Since the pseudo-outbreak, the number of cultures of M terrae in the clinical laboratory has returned to baseline levels without any specific intervention.
Abstract 5636: Different characteristics of drug resistance in AML cell lines between a dual Flt3/CDK4 kinase inhibitor AMG 925 and Flt3 inhibitors.

Objectives: Flt3 inhibitors have shown clinical responses in Flt3 mutant acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but resistance develops rapidly. In order to improve the durability of clinical response of AMLFlt3 MUT, a small molecule inhibitor of Flt3 and CDK4/6 kinases, AMG 925, was developed. The primary purpose of this study is to compare the ability of AML cell lines to become resistant to AMG 925 and to other Flt3 inhibitors, and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Drug resistant MOLM13 and Mv4-11 cell clones were isolated by prolonged exposure to increasing concentrations of AMG 925 and other Flt3 inhibitors. Cell proliferation was determined by CellTiter Glo. Protein expression levels were assessed by Western Blotting, IP Western Blotting and MSD assays. Flt3 mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. Results and Conclusions: Both MOLM13 and Mv4-11 cells developed resistance to all the inhibitors tested within 3-4 months. In contrast to AML cells resistant to other Flt3 inhibitors (IC50 increased by about 1000 fold), cells resistant to AMG 925 were only at much lower drug concentrations (IC50 increased by 3-5 fold). Mutations in the Flt3 kinase domains were found in cells resistant to the other Flt3 inhibitors but not in those resistant to AMG 925. P-Flt3 and P-STAT5 in AMG 925 resistant cells were less inhibited than in the sensitive parental cells, apparently as a result of an increased total Flt3 (2-3 fold) in the resistant cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that it is more challenging for AML cells to develop drug resistance against combined inhibition of Flt3 and CDK4/6 (AMG 925) than against inhibition of Flt3 alone. Citation Format: Cong Li, Lingming Liang, Darrin Beaupre, Katie Newhall, Zhihong Li, Queenie Wang, Zhen Xia, Qiang Liu, Larry McGee, Dineli Wickramasinghe, Kang Dai. Different characteristics of drug resistance in AML cell lines between a dual Flt3/CDK4 kinase inhibitor AMG 925 and Flt3 inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5636. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5636