cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ventilation rate per person and per floor area on perceived air quality, sick building syndrome symptoms, and decision‐making

Ventilation rates (VRs) in buildings must adequately control indoor levels of pollutants; however, VRs are constrained by the energy costs. Experiments in a simulated office assessed the effects of VR per occupant on perceived air quality (PAQ), Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) symptoms, and decision-making performance. A parallel set of experiments assessed the effects of VR per unit floor area on the same outcomes. Sixteen blinded healthy young adult subjects participated in each study. Each exposure lasted four hours and each subject experienced two conditions in a within-subject study design. The order of presentation of test conditions, day of testing, and gender were balanced. Temperature, relative humidity, VRs, and concentrations of pollutants were monitored. Online surveys assessed PAQ and SBS symptoms and a validated computer-based tool measured decision-making performance. Neither changing the VR per person nor changing the VR per floor area, had consistent statistically significant effects on PAQ or SBS symptoms. However, reductions in either occupant-based VR or floor-area-based VR had a significant and independent negative impact on most decision-making measures. These results indicate that the changes in VR employed in the study influence performance of healthy young adults even when PAQ and SBS symptoms are unaffected.
Numerical techniques for the study of long-time correlations

In the study of long-time correlations extremely long orbits must be calculated. This may be accomplished much more reliably using fixed-point arithmetic. Use of this arithmetic on the Cray-1 computer is illustrated.
Growth of low-birth-weight infants

Growth in weight, length, and head circumference was measured through the first year of life in three groups of low-birth-weight infants: very premature, moderately premature, and mature but severely undersized. Curves of growth for each group were compared to those considered normal for the fetus and newborn infant. When corrected for gestational age, growth curves for weight and length of the study groups paralleled but remained below the standard curves. Head size in the premature infants regained the standard curves; in the undergrown term infant, only part of the difference existing at birth was made up.
The mechanical activity of chick embryonic myocardial cell aggregates

1. Simultaneous recordings of membrane potential and edge movement were obtained in spontaneously beating chick embryonic myocardial cell aggregates, which are known to behave as an isopotential syncytium. 2. The time course of edge movement was similar in different aggregates, and in different regions of the same aggregate. 3. Peak amplitude was increased by 10-6 m-ouabain, and by rapid reduction of the external sodium concentration. 4. Peak amplitude was decreased during single premature action potentials, but sustained rapid pacing produced an ascending staircase. 5. Depolarizing current pulses increased both the amplitude and duration of the contraction, and caused potentiation of the next spontaneous beat. Edge displacement during a series of pulses was a monotonic function of membrane potential. 6. Edge movement between action potentials (diastolic movement) was well fitted by an exponential with a mean time constant of 69 msec. Diastolic edge movement was due to a weak, slowly decaying contractile force, which was demonstrated in cells grown on a linear-elastic nylon bristle. 7. The time course of diastolic edge movement remained constant, or nearly constant, during variations in peak amplitude that resulted from prematurity of the action potential, exposure to 10-6 m-ouabain, spontaneous mechanical alternans, or prolongation of the action potential by current pulses. 8. In contrast, reduction of the external sodium concentration produced marked, selective slowing of the diastolic edge movement. Similar slowing occurred during cooling and during staircase. Diastolic edge movement was selectively accelerated when the preceding interbeat interval was prolonged by a hyperpolarizing current pulse. 9. The above observations are consistent with the hypothesis that edge displacement is a monotonic function of contractile force. 10. The slow relaxation between action potentials probably reflects removal of intracellular calcium across the surface membrane in exchange for sodium. Changes in the rate of calcium removal may play a role in the regulation of contractility in this tissue.
Gain-scheduled control of LFT systems through duality and conjugate Lyapunov functions

In this paper, we study stability and performance properties of linear fractional transformation (LFT) parameter-dependent system using duality theory and tools from convex analysis. A pair of conjugate functions, the convex hull and the maximum of a family of quadratic Lyapunov functions, are used for analysis and synthesis LFT systems. A sufficient synthesis condition for gain-scheduled output feedback control problem is formulated as a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMI) with linear search over scalar variables. Finally, an example is used to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach.
A glutamate-elicited chloride current with transporter-like properties in rod photoreceptors of the tiger salamander

Glutamate, when puffed near the synaptic terminals, elicits a current in rod photoreceptors. The current is strongly dependent upon both the intracellular and extracellular chloride concentration : its reversal potential follows the predicted Nernst potential for a chloride permeable channel. The glutamate-elicited current also requires the presence of extracellular sodium. This glutamate-elicited current is pharmacologically like a glutamate transporter : it is elicited, in order of efficacy, by L-glutamate, L-aspartate, L-cysteate, D-aspartate, and D-glutamate, all shown to activate glutamate transport in other systems. Furthermore, it is reduced by the glutamate transport antagonists dihydrokainate (DHKA) and D,L-threo-3-hydroxyaspartate (THA). THA, when applied alone, elicits a current similar to that elicited by glutamate. The current cannot be activated by the glutamate receptor agonists kainate, quisqualate, NMDA and APB, nor can it be blocked by the glutamate receptor antagonists CNQX and APV. Thus, the current does not appear to be mediated by a conventional glutamate receptor. Taken together, the ionic dependence and pharmacology of this current suggest that it is generated by glutamate transporter coupled to a chloride channel.
On robust performance in H

Abstract In this paper we consider the robust performance problem in H ∞ with scalar perturbations. We illustrate how the worst case H ∞ performance can be regarded as an H ∞ norm of a function of several complex variables. Based on this characterization we show how the worst case performance can be obtained from the H ∞ norm of a single system. This system is constructed from the original nominal system with the perturbations replaced by certain all-pass functions. We show that as the order of the all-pass functions goes to infinity, this H ∞ norm converges to the worst case performance. The implications of this characterization for computing the complex structured singular value and robust synthesis are discussed, though at present, this method does not seem to provide an efficient algorithm for this computation.
Fragmentation of DNA in morphologically normal human spermatozoa.

Objective To evaluate DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa with normal morphological appearance. Design Prospective study. Setting Academic tertiary center. Patient(s) Fertile, subfertile, and infertile men were studied. Intervention(s) Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate–fluorescein nick-end labeling assay and morphology assessment by phase contrast in the swim-up fractions. Main Outcome Measure(s) Simultaneous assessment of the percentage of normally shaped sperm and DNA fragmentation. Result(s) No DNA fragmentation was found in spermatozoa with normal morphology in any of the samples from the fertile group. In only one sample from the subfertile group did we observed normally shaped sperm cells exhibiting DNA fragmentation. However, in all the samples from the infertile group, we observed normal spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation. Spermatozoa from this late group exhibited a high proportion of DNA damage. Conclusion(s) In infertile men with moderate and severe teratozoospermia, the spermatozoa with apparently normal morphology present in the motile fractions after swim-up may have DNA fragmentation.
Dominant electronic oscillators in the optical nonlinearities of conjugated polyenes

In the coupled-oscillator representation [ Takahashi and Mukamel, J. Chem. Phys. 100 (1994) 2366 ], the optical properties of conjugated polymers are calculated by mapping the system into a collection of coupled normal modes representing electron-hole pairs. Optical nonlinearities are induced by anharmonic couplings among oscillators and with the extemal field. Tree diagrams are developed which visualize the relevant nonlinearities and dominant oscillators and provide an efficient algorithm for computing the hyperpolarizabilities.
Maximum likelihood sequence estimators: a geometric view

Communication issues are described in terms of macro operations between the data and the observation spaces. The problem of recovering the data is related to the inversion of an operator (the channel mapping); for this reason results available in linear algebra and functional analysis are applicable. Traditional concepts in communications are identified with these operations. An approach to the maximum-likelihood sequence estimator based on a sufficient statistic derived from these concepts is proposed. Intersymbol interference is removed by linear equalization, and a Viterbi-like dynamic programming algorithm takes into account the correlated noise in the metric evaluation. The performance of suboptimal receivers obtained by means of metric simplification is analyzed. >
When genes determine motherhood: problems in gestational surrogacy

Gestational surrogacy in which a commissioning couple's egg and spermatozoon are united in vitro and the resulting embryo is implanted in a woman's uterus is, of all the new methods for overcoming infertility, the most genetically appealing. This is because the genes are often perceived as determining all aspects of human health, disease and even behaviour. Having a child with the genes of both parents has become far more attractive to most infertile couples than having one who is only genetically related to the father. However, gestational surrogacy has created a situation where one child has two mothers, each one claiming to be the 'true' mother having exclusive parental rights. Surrogacy arrangements also raise the question of the meaning of motherhood.
Clustered or regular cumulus cloud fields: The statistical character of observed and simulated cloud fields

The spatial distribution of cumulus clouds is assumed to be the result of the effects of convective activity on the thermodynamic environment. The effects can be parameterized in terms of a stabilization function representing the time rate of change of convective available potential energy. Using these results, a new inhibition hypothesis explaining the expected characteristics of the spatial distribution of cumulus clouds is postulated. This paper performs a verification of the inhibition hypothesis on real and simulated cloud fields. In order to do so, an objective measure of the spatial characteristics of cumulus clouds is introduced. Multiple cloud experiments are performed with a three-dimensional numerical cloud model. Skylab pictures of real cumuli are also used in the verification. Results of applying this measure to simulated and observed cumulus cloud fields confirm the inhibition hypothesis.
Parallel heap: improved and simplified

Describes a new updated version of the data structure parallel heap. Employing p processors, a parallel heap allows detections of Theta (p) highest-priority items and insertion of Theta (p) new items each in O(logn) time on an EREW PRAM where n is the size of the parallel heap. Furthermore, it can efficiently utilize processors in the range 1 through n. This version does not require dedicated maintenance processors, and performs insertion and deletion in place. >
Maximization of social welfare in deregulated electricity markets with intermediaries

This paper presents algorithms to determine efficient trades in a deregulated electricity market model. In the electricity market model, combination of agents represents four types of market participants: public utilities, independent power producers, retailers, and consumers. By utilizing network flow, our algorithms discover efficient trades satisfying constraints on supply and demand in the electricity market model. Simulation results show the efficiency of trades determined by our algorithm by comparing the social welfare of the determined trades with the maximum social welfare on an electricity market model.
The utility of the MDASI-BT in assessing symptoms in patients with brain metastases

2052 Background: Symptom occurrence has been shown to predict treatment course and survival in patients with solid tumors. The M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Brain Tumor Module (MDASI-BT) was recently validated in patients with primary brain. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the MDASI-BT as well as symptom severity and prevalence in patients with brain metastases. Methods: Patients diagnosed with systemic cancer with brain metastases participated in this cross-sectional study. Data collection included demographic and clinical factors, and the MDASI-BT (0–10 scale). The average for the 22 symptoms and 6 interference items scores the MDASI-BT was computed. Construct validity was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, and known-group validity was evaluated by detecting group differences due to disease severity and performance status. For reliability, Cronbach’s alpha values were computed for each subscale. Results: A sample of 124 patients participated, of which 53.2% females. Par...
Pineal and hypophyseal phosphate uptake after castration and administration of sex hormones.

SummaryUptake of radiophosphate (P32) in the pineal and ant. and post. hypophysis was studied in female rats after ovariectomy and daily treatment with 17β-estradiol (2 or 250 μg) or progesterone (5 mg). Significant change (increase) in uptake occurred only in the ant. hypophysis after estradiol. Relative specific activity (in relation to cerebellar vermis) of the pineal is 4.5-8.9 times that of the anterior lobe and 2.7-4.3 times that of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and remains high in adult and old animals.
Propagation of Surface-to-LEO Vortex Rings For Orbital Debris Management

A safe, inexpensive mechanism is needed to rapidly deorbit growing levels of LEO debris material and preserve international space assets. Using air bursts (vortex rings) to induce drag on orbital debris is considered. Velocity and divergence of vortex rings for a given force were collected, and will verify software models prior to simulating conditions in LEO. High-speed projectile velocities were recorded after crossing a two foot column of still air, and through the side of a high-density vortex ring. Results suggest that increasing air density by this mechanism significantly increased drag forces on the projectile. The null hypothesis can be rejected with 98.7% probability, with vortex rings found to lower average velocity by 10%. This suggests airburst induced drag is a plausible method for orbital debris management.
The lighting design of LED based on TPS92314

TPS92314is used to control the lighting and brightness of LED.It operate at fly-back mode which can only need capacitor filter but not LC filtering.Critical continuous current mode is applied to test the primary current without secondary LED current sense resistor.The brightness of LED is adjusted by the primary current,so opto-coupler and external voltage reference circuit are saved.The fly-back converter shows obvious advantages in small power circuit.
Production and analysis of proteins by recombinant DNA technology.

This chapter provides an outline of the general methods of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology and its application. Recombinant DNA technology is a procedure by which a fragment of DNA from one organism can be cloned into another, or even into the same organism. Recombinant DNA technology would not have progressed without the discovery and availability of restriction endonucleases. A vector with foreign DNA can be introduced into cells by a variety of procedures. A wide variety of procedures can be used to isolate and to identify genomic and complementary DNA clones. The DNA or Ribonucleic acid (RNA) used for annealing that is labeled with the radioisotope is called the probe. Hybrid-arrested translation is based on the observation that Messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules must be single stranded to enable translation. Hybrid selection is based on the ability of recombinant plasmids to select the specific mRNA of interest from a population of unfractionated mRNA molecules.
Use of newer drugs in relation to ophthalmology.

The main therapeutic approach to toxoplasmosis is a combination of pyrimethamine and sulfonamides.Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) responds to a copper-poor diet and agents that remove copper from the tissues. Two new anticholinesterases used to treat glaucoma are Phospholine iodide and demecarium bromide. Compounds to reverse the action of anticholinesterases also are being studied, e.g., 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide.Neostigmine administered locally may help control the ocular manifestations of myasthenia gravis and aid in diagnosis.Steroids given for systemic diseases may produce unusual ocular side effects, and some drugs that may be instilled in the eye may produce serious systemic disorders. Tranquilizers also have produced some unusual complications.
Quantitative Analysis of Protein Transport in the Arterial Wall

The transport and accumulation of proteins in blood vessel walls is important physiologically and may play a role in the pathogenesis of certain disease states. Plasma osmotic pressure is maintained by limiting the transport of plasma proteins, chiefly albumin, across the capillary wall. Lipoproteins may also pass across capillary walls and thus carry cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body. Abnormalities in lipoprotein uptake by extrahepatic tissue, as in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, lead to elevated lipoprotein concentrations in the plasma which may result in increased incidence of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis itself is associated with the abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial wall. Experimental evidence indicates that this cholesterol is derived from lipoproteins, in particular low-density lipoprotein (LDL), in the plasma (Zilversmit, 1968; Smith and Slater, 1970; Dayton and Hashimoto, 1970).
Single particle mechanical characterization of ground switchgrass in air dry and wet states using a microextensometer

Abstract To understand the mechanical process of pelletization, it is critical to study the particle level interactions that cause particles to bind together and form a pellet. A micromechanical extensometer device, inspired by the MEMS technology, was developed and used to perform tensile experiments to deduce the stress-strain response of single particles of ground biomass. The effect of moisture, which has a significant role in forming pellets, was examined based on the micromechanical characterization of moisture conditioned and unconditioned (control; air dried) switchgrass particles. Conditioned particles exhibited three phases sigmoidal shaped stress-strain response. The three phases include the first linear elastic zone, where the particle behaved linearly up to approximately 1.6% strain, the second linear elastic zone (strain ranging from 1.6 to 2.1%) with significantly increased elastic modulus (168.9–223.7%), and the third zone (strain beyond 2.1%), where elastic modulus declined sharply (down to 90.9% of the second zone). The modulus of elasticity up to 1.5% strain for unconditioned and conditioned switchgrass particles were 1.60 ± 0.33 GPa and 6.99 ± 1.66 GPa, respectively (p = 0.00). The nominal fracture strength of unconditioned (6.2%, w.b.) and conditioned (17.5%, w.b.) switchgrass particles were determined as 35.77 ± 14.99 MPa and 130.42 ± 87.56 MPa, respectively (p = 0.08). The nominal fracture strain of unconditioned and conditioned switchgrass particles were determined as 2.43 ± 0.70% and 1.51 ± 0.66%, respectively (p = 0.06). Increase in the stiffness of switchgrass particles is contributed to the bundling of fibers promoted by the activation of binders due to increased moisture content.
Effects of a Chordwise Gap in an Aerofoil of Finite Span in a Free Stream

An attempt is made in this note to extend Glauert(1948) analysis to predict the increase in induced drag and decrease in lift due to a split in an aerofoil of finite span placed in a free stream. The values of induced drag obtained from this analysis is compared with Munk and Cario's (1917) experimental values and Prandtl and Betz's (1927) theoretical values. A modified analysis for low gap/length ratio, which takes into account the lift retained at the tip, gives better agreement with Munk's experimental values for gap/length ratio (Ω) less than 0·012. The effect of slot diminishes as the aspect ratio is increased.
SECTION 10.5 – Transformation Field Analysis of Composite Materials

This chapter discusses applications to inelastic deformation and damage evolution in composites. The transformation field analysis (TFA) method evaluates averages of local and overall strain and stress fields caused in elastic heterogeneous solids, such as composite materials, laminates, and polycrystals, by piecewise uniform distributions of transformation strains or eigenstrains; these is caused by thermal changes, phase transformations, moisture absorption, or inelastic deformation. Also, equivalent eigenstrains applied in modeling of local cracks, voids, and other damage modes can be included in the analysis. Moreover, the method provides a system of differential equations describing evolution of the local transformation fields under varying overall loads, according to local constitutive relations prescribed in the constituents. The chapter discusses applications to inelastic deformation and damage evolution in composites.
3.24 – Modern Epigenetics: Potential Mechanisms for Cultural Transmission and Social Learning in Primates

The term Epigenesis was coined in 1942 as a theoretical answer to a conceptual question. How can development proceed in a flexible, multidirectional way if it is guided by a static set of instructions? As this conceptual idea has been replaced with the biological reality of how genes function, the study of epigenetics or alterations in gene function that are independent of alterations in DNA sequence has expanded. Epigenetic mechanisms are conserved from prokaryotic to eukaryotic species, and recently there has been an exponential growth in the study of how these mechanisms control central nervous system development and function. In this chapter, I will describe these mechanisms and review the evidence that they contribute to experience-dependent behavior within and across generations.
Ex vivo activation and expansion of γδ T cells for immunotherapy of glioblastoma

2553 Background: Activated γδ T cells will efficiently kill established glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines in vitro. However, their potential for cell therapy has been limited by their relatively small ...
The Tuberculosis Outbreak Response, Investigation, and Control

Tuberculosis (TB) is a high-priority infectious disease which is targeted by intensive control programs throughout the world. The TB outbreak represents an opportunity for control through strengthened applications of regular measures including case finding, contact tracing, prompt treatment of TB, and prophylaxis of latent infections. Outbreaks often reveal weaknesses in control programs that need full understanding for correction. In that sense, the investigation of TB outbreaks is an important tool to strengthen standard TB control efforts. This chapter describes the 15 steps taken in an investigation of a TB outbreak. These steps involve the determination of an outbreak using surveillance data and genotyping; verifying the diagnosis; assessing and applying control measures; developing, evaluating, and refining hypotheses epidemiologically; and communicating the findings.
Corporate Restructuring Quality and CEO Compensation

We examine the effect of restructuring quality on chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. Extending prior research, we examine not only cash compensation, but also other components of the compensation package, as well as the mix of compensation. Incorporating both cash and non-cash compensation in our analysis provides a more complete analysis, as it allows us to examine if decreases in one form of compensation are offset by increases elsewhere in the compensation package. Indeed we find this exact result. That is, while our primary results suggest that total CEO compensation is unaffected by the restructuring, we find, especially for lower quality restructurings, that there is a decrease in bonus compensation offset by an increase in equity compensation. Sensitivity analysis shows that our results are robust to alternate variable definitions and model specifications. In particular, we find that our results are similar whether we use an ex-ante measure of restructuring quality, i.e., cumulative abnormal returns measured at first public disclosure of restructuring, or an ex-post measure of restructuring quality, i.e., unexpected cash flow from operations three years after the restructuring.
FOLLOWING THE TRAIL OF COMMON TO FIND THE UNCOMMON: A CASE OF CONGENITAL ABSENCE OF THE PERICARDIUM (CAP)

CAP is among the rarest congenital cardiac anomalies (0.007% to 0.015% in autopsy reports to 0.044% in a surgical case series) with a wide array of clinical manifestations. Its presentation ranges from the often-asymptomatic to the feared sudden cardiac death due to herniation and compression of
Multiscale structure-function relationships in right ventricular failure due to pressure overload

This study explores the functional impact of multiscale ventricular remodeling in right ventricular failure (RVF). It demonstrates correlations between hypertrophy and increased contractility as we...
The Dynamic of Assets and Liabilities of Foreignness

Researchers have recognized that foreign firms possess both advantages and costs in operating in host countries. The extant literature suggests that the liability of foreignness can be gradually ov...
Periodic Drift Motion and Conservation of the Third Adiabatic Invariant

Conservation of the adiabatic invariants M (1.38) and J (2.36) holds under the condition that fields and external forces change only very little during a cyclotron period (1.30) and a bounce period (2.43), respectively. In Chapter II we have discussed the implications of the conservation of J for static cases only. In this Chapter we shall examine explicitly the effect of time variations of the magnetic field on particle drift shells.
Multi-channel telemetry systems.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the multi-channel telemetry systems for the remote measurement of physiological parameters. The advantage of telemetry is that it permits the subject to move about freely without restricting cables. In studies of physiological and pharmacological responses on the central nervous system, this is quite important. Even if cables between the subject and the recording apparatus are permitted they can introduce artifacts by the change of the electrostatic charge of the insulating materials of the wire and induction of an emf in the wire loop as a result of its movement in the earth's magnetic field. The use of multi-channel systems permits simultaneous recording of several different parameters. In a multi-channel system, the low noise, broadband, and high-gain differential amplifiers provide signals of the proper level for the multiplexer. The function of the multiplexer is to combine the different signals from the amplifiers into a single signal that then modulates frequency modulation (FM) transmitter in the range 88–108 Mc. The received signal, after detection by an FM receiver, is divided into its original signals by the pulse shaper, the distributor, and the demodulators. The outputs can be connected directly to a pen recorder or an oscilloscope.
Anatomy and physiology of visual evoked potentials and electroretinograms.

ERGs are electrical potentials originating in the retina and recorded directly from the corneal surface of the eyes. Flash ERGs are elicited by high intensity flashes either on scotopic or photopic conditions. The origin of the A and B waves of ERG are a combination of photoreceptor potentials, K+ mediated current flow and DC potentials within Muller cells, whereas the C waves are altered K+ fluxes induced by light in the pigment epithelia. Oscillatory potentials are probably related to feedback circuits of the inner layer of the retina. Electroretinograms evoked by pattern are mostly originated in ganglion cells. The use of various visual stimuli allow the selective activation of different retinal structures. Flashes selectively activate retina luminance and color detectors, whereas small pattern stimuli preferentially activate contrast and edge detectors. Visual evoked potentials recorded from the scalp probably originate from multiple cortical visual areas. P-100 response of the visual evoked potential to pattern stimulation is a cortically originated wave either produced exclusively by area 17 or 18 or by a multiplicity of cortical neuronal pools. Visual evoked potentials have important application for the diagnosis of optic nerve disease, assessment in conjunction with pattern ERG of the prognosis of recovery of visual function, and the evaluation of visual physiology and physiopathology.
Advancing the Science on the Biopsychosocial Effects of Human Trafficking.

The issue of human trafficking gained global public and governance consciousness in the 1990s and reached a significant milestone at the beginning of the twenty-first century when the United Nation...
Feasibility of closed-MLC tracking using high sensitivity and multi-layer electronic portal imagers.

In radiation therapy, improvements in treatment conformality are often limited by movement of target tissue. To better treat the target, tumor tracking strategies involving beam's-eye-view (BEV) have been explored. However, localization surrogates like implanted fiducial markers may sometimes leave the field-of-view (FOV), as defined by the linear accelerator (LINAC) multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Radiation leakage through the MLC has been measured previously at approximately 1%-2%. High sensitivity prototype detectors imagers may improve the ability to visualize objects outside of the MLC FOV during treatment. The present study presents a proof-of-concept for tracking fiducial markers outside the MLC FOV by employing high sensitivity detectors using a high-efficiency, prototype scintillating glass called LKH-5 and also investigates the impact of multi-layer imager (MLI) architecture. It was found that by improving the detector efficiency, using either of these methods results in a reduction of dose required for fiducial marker visibility. Further, image correction by a rectangular median filter will improve fiducial marker representation in the MLC blocked images. Quantified by measuring the peak-to-sidelobe ratio (PSR) of the normalized cross correlation (NCC) between a template of the fiducial marker with the blocked MLC acquisition, visibility has been found at a threshold of roughly 5 for all configurations with a 3 × 3 cm2 ROI. For typical gadolinium oxysulfide (GOS) detectors in single and simulated 4-layer configurations, the minimum dose required for visualization was 20 and 10 MU, respectively. For LKH-5 detectors in single and simulated 4-layer configurations, this minimum dose was reduced to 4 and 2 MU, respectively. With a 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) beam dose rate of 1400 MU min-1, the maximum detector frame rate while maintaining fiducial visibility is approximately 12 fps for a 4-layer LKH-5 configuration.
25 Vibration and Shock

For the analysis and design of mechanical and structural systems, it is essential that the analyst or the designer have a thorough understanding of the basic principles of vibration and shock. A physical system is to be replaced by a mathematical model in order to predict its vibration behavior. A study of the vibration characteristics of a single degree of freedom system is extremely important in the study of vibration and shock because the approximate or qualitative response of most systems can be determined by using a single degree of freedom model for the system. Most mechanical and structural systems have distributed mass, elasticity, and damping. These systems are modeled as multi-(n)-degree-of-freedom systems to facilitate analysis of their vibration behavior. A continuous vibratory system will have infinite degrees of freedom. Vibration and shock isolation denotes the storage of energy temporarily and its release in a different time relation. Keywords: continuous vibratory system; multi-(n)-degree-of-freedom systems; shock isolation; single degree of freedom system; vibration
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Exposure of Vertebral Bodies for Scoliosis Correction in Children

Abstract Introduction: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a lateral rotated curvature of the spine >10° occurring in patients aged 10–16 years.1 Vertebral body tethering (VBT) is an innovativ...
SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE ADULT CHANGES IN THOUGHT (ACT) STUDY

Few epidemiologic studies have examined device-measured sitting patterns and health outcomes. Furthermore, there is a need to continue understanding the role of prospectively measured physical activity in relation to older adult health. The Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study is an on-going epidemiologic study of adults age ≥65 years that began in 1994. Participants complete biennial assessments including a self-reported measure of physical activity. Starting in 2016, ACT participants could enroll in a physical activity sub-study that involved wearing a thigh-worn activPAL device and maintaining sleep logs for 7 days. Of those approached to participate in the sub-study, 64% agreed (N = 1139). A total of 961 had valid wear time (≥4 days with 10-20 hours of data per day) and completed survey collecting measures on pain and built environments (56% female, 57% > age 75, 89% non-Hispanic white). Participants who consented to the sub-study were generally younger and had fewer chronic conditions than those who did not consent. After removing sleep time, mean daily activPAL measures calculated included hours sitting and standing, number of sitting bouts lasting 30 minutes or more, number of breaks from sitting, and steps walked. The first session in this symposium will present historical self-reported physical activity trajectories in relation to cognitive function. The subsequent sessions will present novel cross-sectional data examining activPAL variables with measures of physical function, pain, and perceived built environments. This symposium will provide new insights on the roles of sedentary behavior and physical activity in aging and health.
Mechanobiology, tissue development, and tissue engineering

Abstract The design of artificial tissues and implantable devices must incorporate the knowledge of how cells and tissues respond to changes in mechanical forces or properties introduced into the body. Mechanobiology is a field that investigates these fundamentals, including not only the biological responses to mechanical signals but also how cells convert external mechanical stimuli into internal chemical signals, and how they communicate mechanically with their environment and with each other. Mechanobiology is thus crucial to the understanding of many clinically relevant biological phenomena, such as morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and cancer metastasis, and to the development of medical applications such as implants, wound healing, and tissue engineering.
Boundary layers from constructal law

Abstract This article communicates a new problem and solution: Fluid is initially motionless in a rectangular space the shape of which is free to vary. A blade enters along one of the sides of the rectangle, moves at constant speed, and sets the fluid in motion by viscous diffusion. If the constructal law of design evolution is invoked, then the evolutionary direction is toward the shape of the rectangular space such that the entire fluid is set in laminar flow more easily, during the shortest time. The shape is found via scale analysis, and, coincidentally, it matches the shape of the boundary layer known from classical boundary layer theory. The difference between the two methods is fundamental: with the constructal law, the shape comes from the evolution of all the possible shapes toward greater access for the flow of momentum; with boundary layer theory, the shape is unique and comes from solving the simplified momentum equations for an assumed slender flow region.
Adenocarcinoma Arising From a Cervical Esophageal Inlet Patch: The Malignant Potential of a Small Lesion

Inlet patches (IP) are heterotopic lesions consisting of gastric mucosa. Commonly located in the cervical esophagus, it is believed that they are remnants of fetal columnar epithelium arising from incomplete replacement during embryogenesis. A rare complication of IP is the development of proximal esophageal adenocarcinoma. We report a case of a 59-year-old male with intractable cough and dysphagia that was found to have a malignant transformation of an IP.
Pseudohalide Perovskite Absorbers

The substitution of iodine for thiocyanate (SCN) has recently emerged as a novel route to increasing the stability of MAPI-based devices.
Electronic Properties, Screening, and Efficient Carrier Transport in NaSbS 2

The hunt continues for ever more efficient photovoltaic absorbers, and lately NaSbS${}_{2}$ has captured attention because, unlike most materials, it shows efficient collection of charge carriers despite potentially high defect concentrations. To understand why, the authors calculate its electronic structure and find cross-gap hybridization, which yields a high dielectric constant that provides screening and defect tolerance. Thus this mechanism is seen to hold not just in BiI${}_{3}$ and the perovskite halides, but also in a non-perovskite chalcogenide.
BOOK REVIEW: CANDY FLOSS COLLECTION (3 NOVELS) BY PATRICIA LEAVY IS A TRIUMPHANT WORK OF ART

Leading methodologist and arts-based researcher, Patricia Leavy, pioneered the method of social fiction, fiction-based research, or fiction as a research practice. Her latest release, Candy Floss Collection, is a set of three previously published novels, which together form installation art. This definitive and beautifully rendered work is important for several reasons. First, it demonstrates the power of fiction as a research method. Second, it is a beautiful piece of art. Third, it centres on powerful content, telling important and often invisible stories about women’s lives, aspirations, relationships, and daily struggles. Finally, this collection is a well-crafted piece of public scholarship that is imminently accessible to audiences inside and outside of academia. Overall, Candy Floss Collection is a triumphant piece of art, an exemplar of fiction as research, a highly accessible piece of public scholarship, and an engaging read. This is a significant and even game-changing work and ought to be recognized as such.
The Interactions between Primary Somatosensory and Motor Cortex during Human Grasping Behaviors

Afferent inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) are differentially processed during precision and power grip in humans. However, it remains unclear how S1 interacts with the primary motor cortex (M1) during these two grasping behaviors. To address this question, we measured short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI), reflecting S1-M1 interactions via thalamo-cortical pathways, using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) during precision and power grip. The TMS coil over the hand representation of M1 was oriented in the posterior-anterior (PA) and anterior-posterior (AP) direction to activate distinct sets of corticospinal neurons. We found that SAI increased during precision compared with power grip when AP, but not PA, currents were applied. Notably, SAI tested in the AP direction were similar during two-digit than five-digit precision grip. The M1 receives movement information from S1 through direct cortico-cortical pathways, so intra-hemispheric S1-M1 interactions using dual-site TMS were also evaluated. Stimulation of S1 attenuated M1 excitability (S1-M1 inhibition) during precision and power grip, while the S1-M1 inhibition ratio remained similar across tasks. Taken together,our findings suggest that distinct neural mechanisms for S1-M1 interactions mediate precision and power grip, presumably by modulating neural activity along thalamo-cortical pathways.
The Intertwining Concerns of Libraries and Writing Centers

Through 2020, Asbury Theological Seminary largely built an introductory course for those preparing for graduate-level study in seminary disciplines. Through that work and the collaborative efforts between our research librarian, Writing Center, and instructional designer, we have discovered shared concerns, knowledge, and new insights into how to help our students. Great synergy was found in terms of information literacy, citations, using information well, and a desire to see students/patrons succeed. Points of divergence were found in terms of organizational structures (siloes) and a potential conflict between a “do for” rather than “teach how” staff focus. Recommendations also are given at the close regarding having writing resources available for patrons in contexts where there is not a writing center.
Effect of electron irradiation in vacuum on FEP-A silicon solar cell covers

Fluorinated ethylene-propylene-A (FEP-A) covers on silicon solar cells were irradiated with 1-MeV electrons, in vacuum, to an accumulated fluence equivalent to approximately 28 years in synchronous orbit. The effect of irradiation on the light transmittance of FEP-A was checked by measuring the short-circuit current of the cells after each dose increment. The results indicate no apparent overall loss in transmission due to irradiation of FEP-A. Filter wheel measurements revealed some darkening of the FEP-A at the blue end of the spectrum. Although no delamination from the cell surface was observed while in vacuum, embrittlement of FEP-A occurred at the accumulated dose.
Shenzhen: city of suspended possibility.

This essay on Shenzhen, China, presents three vignettes addressing the question of homein a city of migrants. The first section explores the ubiquitous narratives of successforming the city’s foundational myth. The second follows this myth into the world of aShenzhen filmmaker and his characters, as they navigate the tension between the idea ofhome and the urge to start anew, resulting in the suspended possibility of the title. Thelast section looks at young architects who hope to preserve the city’s heterotopic sites ofmigrants and original villagers through architectural innovations. The cases show howan economy of desire supplements the political economy of this export-driven city. Thecity appears as an urban desiring machine that produces itself as an object of desire forthe migrants of all classes who flock to its factories, ‘urban villages’, white-collar jobs,luxury villas and underground economy. The essay is an encounter with the mythology ofsuccess and failure, the intertwining of home as an end and home as the beginning, andwith the manipulation of space that allows residents to control their own subjectivity.
The Algebra of Truth Values of Type-2 Fuzzy Sets: A Survey

Type-2 fuzzy sets have come to play an increasingly important role in both applications and in the general theory of fuzzy sets. The basis of type-2 fuzzy sets is a certain algebra of truth values, as set forth by Zadeh. This paper is a survey of results about this algebra, along with some new material.
Biosynthesis of an O-alkyl analogue of phosphatidic acid and O-alkylglycerols via O-alkyl ketone intermediates by microsomal enzymes of Ehrlich ascites tumor.

Microsomal enzymes from Ehrlich ascites tumors synthesized O-alkyl glyceryl ethers from hexadecanol and dihydroxyacetone phosphate in the presence of ATP, CoA, and Mg++. Glyceryl ether synthesis occurred via the formation of O-alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate and O-alkyldihydroxyacetone. Although NADPH inhibited the initial reaction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate with fatty alcohol, it was required at a later stage for reduction of the ketone intermediates to 1-O-alkylglycerophosphate and 1-O-alkylglycerol. 1-O-Alkylglycerophosphate was acylated by endogenous fatty acids in the Ehrlich ascites microsomes to form 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl glycerophosphate. In contrast, no acylation of 1-O-alkylglycerol occurred. The formation of an O-alkyl analogue of phosphatidic acid suggests that O-alkyl glycerolipids are synthesized by the well known cytidine pathway. The O-alkylglycerols were identified as isopropylidene derivatives and as O-alkyl glycolic aldehydes after periodate oxidation. The biosynthesis of O-alkyl ether bonds was measured as a function of time, pH, and the concentrations of protein, 1-14C-hexadecanol, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, Mg++, ATP, CoA, and NADPH. The Ehrlich ascites microsomes contained a triose phosphate isomerase, which we were unable to remove. We showed that dihydroxyacetone phosphate is the obligate precursor of glyceryl ethers in this system by inhibiting the isomerase with 1-hydroxy-3-chloro-2-propanone phosphate. O-Alkyldihydroxyacetone was identified by the following methods: periodate oxidation to O-alkyl glycolic acid; reduction to O-alkyl glyceryl ethers by LiAlH4, hydrogenation, NaBH4, and NADPH (enzymatically); reduction by LiA1H4 of the O-alkyl glycolic acid (derived from O-alkyl dihydroxyacetone) to O-alkyl ethylene glycol; and identification of the acetate derivative of the O-alkyl ethylene glycol. 1-O-Alkyl-2-acyl glycerophosphate was identified by the following methods: mild saponification to 1-O-alkylglycerophosphate; more drastic saponification to alkyl glyceryl ether; treatment by LiA1LH4 to yield alkyl glyceryl ether; hydrolysis with phospholipase A to yield 1-O-alkylglycerophosphate; and thin layer chromatography in acidic and basic solvent systems. O-Alkyldihydroxyacetone phosphate was identified by the following methods: removal of the phosphate by bacterial alkaline phosphatase to yield O-alkyldihydroxyacetone and subsequent identification of the O-alkyldihydroxyacetone; reduction by LiA1H4 to alkyl glyceryl ether; thin layer chromatography in acidic and basic solvent systems; and enzymatic reduction by NADPH to 1-O-alkylglycerophosphate. An equimolar incorporation of hexadecanol and dihydroxyacetone phosphate into the ether-containing intermediates and glyceryl ethers was shown with 14C-, 3H-, and 32P-labeled substrates. Data obtained with 1-14C, 1-3H-hexadecanol showed that no oxidation of the alcohol occurred during formation of ether bonds.