cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Long-Memory of the Forward Premium

Abstract The estimation of ARFIMA models by approximate maximum likelihood estimation methods, reveals the forward premia for the currencies of Canada, Germany and the UK vis-a-vis the US dollar, to be well described by a fractionally integrated process. These models imply that all the forward premia are mean reverting, although their autocorrelations are quite persistent. This degree of persistence has led other studies to erroneously conclude that the forward premia contains a unit root. (JEL C22, E31).
EVIDENCE FOR CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION AT A CENTRAL SYNAPSE.

SummaryIntravenous injection of HC-3 resulted in depression of potentials in the cuneate nucleus of the cat following high frequency stimulation of the radial nerve. No depression followed low frequency continuous stimulation. Choline chloride administered after HC-3 and high frequency stimulation had resulted in depression, restored transmission through the nucleus. The results are consistent with the presence of cholinergic synapses in the cuneate nucleus.
A Software Modeling Approach to Ontology Design via Extensions to ODM and OWL

Ontologies are built to establish standard terminologies representing a semantic agreement between humans and knowledge systems via representational frameworks (e.g., KIF, DAML+OIL, OWL, etc.) that have been proposed in the research community, with limited adoption in industry. One possible reason is a lack of a formal model and associated process to more precisely and accurately design and develop ontologies. The authorsâ€™ prior work explored UML, entity-relationship diagrams, and XML as compared to RDF and OWL, identifying modeling capabilities lacking in ontologies. In all three approaches, design precedes instantiation which contrasts with ontology developers who build ontologies at the application level targeted to a specific domain. The paper proposes design-level modeling enhancements to ontologies by extending the OMG Ontology Definition Model (ODM) and OWL grammar with capabilities from the three aforementioned approaches, promoting a software engineering-based process. As a result, this work provides a more software engineering-oriented process to ontology design and development.
Influence of age on aortic cholesterol esterase in rats

Abstract The activity of enzymes which catalyze the synthesis and hydrolysis of cholesteryl esters was studied using acetone dry powder prepared from aortas of normal male rats aged 2, 12 and 24 months. The rates of both synthesis and hydrolysis rose with age but whereas synthetic activity rose (from the 2 month level) by 41% at 12 months and 79% at 24 months, hydrolysis was increased by 345% and 1160% at 12 and 24 months, respectively. These findings augment studies by others who reported that lipolytic activity of rat aorta increases with age.
Effects of phencyclidine, atropine and physostigmine, alone and in combination, on variable-interval performance in the squirrel monkey.

Abstract The role played by cholinergic activity in the effects of phencyclidine (PCP) on schedule-controlled responding was studied in three squirrel monkeys trained to respond on a variable-interval (VI) 100 sec schedule of food presentation. A low dose of PCP (0.08 mg/kg IM) produced small increases in rates of responding. Higher doses (0.16–0.64 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in rates of responding. Atropine (0.05–3.2 mg/kg IM) and physostigmine (0.025–0.20 mg/kg IM) caused only decreases in response rates, the dose-response curve for atropine being particularly flat over a wide range of doses. When atropine was combined with PCP, no significant interaction was obtained. When physostigmine was combined with PCP, a complex interaction was observed. Evidence for partial antagonism of PCP by physostigmine was obtained only at the highest PCP dose tested. Atropine-physostigmine combinations resulted in response rates suggestive of antagonism.
Heart rate conditioning of goldfish, Carassius auratus, with intermittent vs. continuous CS

Within a respondent conditioning paradigm, the heart rate response (CHR) for goldfish was compared with CS, US, and pseudoconditioning controls with intermittent or constant CS (light). Goldfish showed a differential CHR (bradycardia) in the experimental condition, in contrast to the controls, and a greater level of CHR occurred under the intermittent CS condition.
Massive spontaneous subretinal hemorrhage

We studied eight cases of massive, spontaneous subretinal hemorrhage which was characterized by the sudden appearance of one or more large, dark, elevated hematomas under the retina. The initial location of the hemorrhage may have been in the choroid or under the pigment epithelium, or both, but further extravasation of the blood anteriorly frequently resulted in hemorrhage under the neurosensory retina and in the vitreous. Although the lesion can initially be mistaken for a melanoma, the diagnosis is confirmed by the formation of a typical, elevated scar in the involved area. Frequent fundus examinations are essential, and ultrasound, radioactive phosphorus uptake testing, and bilateral patching are helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The hemorrhage is usually the result of a ruptured vessel from a subretinal neovascular network or arterioclerotic degeneration and may be precipitated by the use of anticoagulants.
In situ pH measurement during the formation of conversion coatings on an aluminum alloy (AA2024).

The measurement of interfacial pH change is important for understanding the formation mechanism of conversion coatings that are used to protect metals from corrosion. In this work, we used a tungsten microelectrode to measure the interfacial pH change near the surface of an aluminium alloy (AA2024) during the formation of two conversion coatings: (i) a trivalent chromium pretreatment (TCP) and (ii) a Ti-based, non-chromium-containing coating. The tungsten microelectrode exhibited an open circuit potential (OCP) that changed linearly as a function of the solution pH with a slope of −64 mV per pH. The microelectrode was positioned near the AA2024-T3 surface and its potential was measured as a function of time along with the OCP of the alloy sample during formation of the two coatings. The microelectrode exhibited a negative shift in potential immediately upon initiation of the coating formation, consistent with a significant increase in the interfacial pH of 2–6 units depending on the coating system. The pH increase is attributed to proton-consuming cathodic reactions that occur on the alloy surface once the passivating oxide layer is dissolved: hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction. The increased pH causes the hydrolysis of the soluble fluorometalate precursor species in the baths, which precipitate forming a hydrated metal oxide coating (e.g., ZrO2·nH2O).
Dispositional Trait Types of ADHD in Young Children

Objective: This study evaluated a novel person-centered approach to parsing ADHD heterogeneity using dispositional traits. Method: Participants were one hundred nine 3- to 6-year-olds, and their primary caregivers and day care providers/teachers who completed a multi-informant diagnostic procedure with longitudinal follow-up. Results: Based on latent profile analysis, young children with ADHD could be divided into low control, high surgency, and high negative affect subgroups. The low control and high surgency groups exhibited increased parent- and teacher-rated hyperactive-impulsive and oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms. Although the low control group exhibited the worst response inhibition, the high surgency group exhibited the worst working memory. Furthermore, the high surgency group exhibited high aggression and increasing levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity and ODD symptoms over time. Conclusion: A subgroup of young children with ADHD with high surgency may be at particular risk for comor...
Amikacin pharmacokinetics during continuous veno-venous hemodialysis.

Little is known about the pharmacokinetics of amikacin during continuous renal replacement therapy. This prospective observational study included patients admitted to an academic medical center who received amikacin therapy while on continuous veno-venous hemodialysis (CVVHD) and had at least two serum sample concentrations measured after first-dose administration. First-order pharmacokinetic parameters, patient characteristics, and CVVHD parameters were recorded. Fifteen patients were included in the analysis. The median (interquartile range) dose of amikacin and dialysate flow rate, based on adjusted body weight, were 14.1 mg/kg (11.7–17.3 mg/kg) and 23.9 mL/kg/h (19.0–29.5 mL/kg/h), respectively. This corresponded with a median C max of 28.5 μg/mL (20.9–39.0 μg/mL). There was a significant correlation between clearance and dialytic dose (for every 1 L/h increase in dialysate flow rate, clearance rate increased by 23.6 mL/min [95% confidence interval 1.7–45.4 mL/min; P = 0.037]). The results of this study suggest that amikacin dose and interval should be individualized for each patient on CVVHD based on first-dose pharmacokinetic assessment.
Cytopathology of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens, infected with the Pseudoplusia includens icosahedral virus☆☆☆★

Abstract Ultrastructural responses of soybean looper cells of various tissues infected with Pseudoplusia includens icosahedral virus (PIIV), a newly characterized RNA virus [ Y. C. Chao, H. A. Scott, and S. Y. Young (1983) J. Gen. Virol. 64, 1835–1838], were studied in situ. Most cells of fat body and epidermis consistently contained virus particles and associated cytopathic structures. Virus particles, corresponding to those of purified PIIV in morphology and size, always occurred in the cytoplasm either in membrane-bound virogenic stroma and/or freely in the ground cytoplasm. Virogenic stroma, which appeared to be distinct from those induced by other insect viruses, consisted of electron-dense matrix material, in which virus particles were embedded, and membranous vesicles, 70 or 80 nm in diameter, containing nucleic acid-like fibrils. Virus particles in virogenic stroma occurred as hexagonally arranged crystalline arrays made up primarily of homogeneously dense particles, while those in the ground cytoplasm were dispersed randomly and had an electron-lucent central core. Extremely large numbers of virus particles were also located in noncellular cuticle layers of the integument.
The Emergence of Ethnic and Racial Attitudes in Preschool-Aged Children

Abstract The author assessed preschool-aged children's attitudes (N = 70) toward their own and 2 ethnic or racial out-groups using traditional forced-choice measures and a new method that assessed children's out-group attitudes independently of their attitudes toward their own group. When required to assign positive and negative traits to either their own group or an ethnic or racial out-group, children evaluated their own group favorably relative to the out-group in question. However, when not forced to choose between groups, children evaluated out-groups positively, indicating that own-group preference relative to ethnic and racial out-groups was not equated with out-group rejection. Children's positive out-group evaluations did vary with the out-group being considered and were reflective of the local social context, suggesting the influence of social learning. The results indicate that young children's positive feelings toward their own group do not necessarily involve or cause negative out-group attit...
The pathogenesis of ischemic gastroenterocolitis of the neonate: selective gut mucosal ischemia in asphyxiated neonatal piglets.

Abstract Necrotizing enterocolitis and intestinal perforation, occurring without distal obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, are serious lesions of the neonatal period. The onset of gastrointestinal findings is often preceded by severe postnatal stress, usually of cardiorespiratory origin, producing hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and systemic acidosis. Resuscitated infants, usually premature, remain clinically well during a latent period until they develop characteristic signs of enterocolitis, including gastric retention, bile vomitus, abdominal distension and blood streaked, diarrheal stools. Hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions, with or without perforation, are most commonly found in the stomach, ileum, or colon at operation and/or autopsy. The pattern of asphyxia, resuscitation, and a latent period followed by gastrointestinal findings has been the subject of much speculation about the causal relationship of cardiorespiratory distress in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. The temporal relationship of perinatal asphyxia to the acute onset of gastroenterocolitis is summarized on Fig. 1. An experimental model was designed that simulates conditions of postnatal respiratory distress and allows measurement of intramural and mucosal perfusion to the gut of asphyxiated and resuscitated neonatal piglets, as well as histologic studies of the gut. We suggest that the term “ischemic gastroenterocolitis of the neonate” be adopted to best describe this condition.
Identification of Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) using Electrophoretic Techniques

Isoelectric focusing (IEF), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis were employed to produce protein profiles for species identification of red snapper and 11 other fish species. Comparing the distinctive patterns of water-soluble sarcoplasmic proteins for each species on IEF and SDS gels, red snapper could be identified. IEF gels of ampholyte mixture of 20% pH 3–10 and 80% pH 4–6.5 resolved better than gels with ampholyte ranging from pH 3–10, 4–6.5, 6–8, or 5–6 for species identification. The 10 and 12.5% SDS-PAGE gels produced more distinctive protein profiles for identification than 7.5 and 15% gels. Thus, these techniques could be applied to identify fish species.
Bistatic Interference between Neighboring Radars

Radar transmitters characteristically generate broadband noise sidebands [1] over the entire tunable frequency band of the system for the duration of the transmitted pulse. The noise will be backscattered over a substantial range interval. In certain circumstaces, this bistatic reflection of ground clutter emerges as the predominant mode of interference between adjacent radars operating in common bands. Closed form mathematical expressions are derived which relate this mutual interference to the system noise temperature. These results in turn are applied to a typical S-band radar.
Nuclear adaptor Ldb1 regulates a transcriptional program essential for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells

The nuclear adaptor Ldb1 functions as a core component of multiprotein transcription complexes that regulate differentiation in diverse cell types. In the hematopoietic lineage, Ldb1 forms a complex with the non-DNA-binding adaptor Lmo2 and the transcription factors E2A, Scl and GATA-1 (or GATA-2). Here we demonstrate a critical and continuous requirement for Ldb1 in the maintenance of both fetal and adult mouse hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Deletion of Ldb1 in hematopoietic progenitors resulted in the downregulation of many transcripts required for HSC maintenance. Genome-wide profiling by chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) identified Ldb1 complex-binding sites at highly conserved regions in the promoters of genes involved in HSC maintenance. Our results identify a central role for Ldb1 in regulating the transcriptional program responsible for the maintenance of HSCs.
Chromatin fractionation of normal and virus-transformed cells in culture.

Abstract A simple technique for the obtaining of purified chromatin fractions from mammalian cells in culture is described. The procedure involves the isolation of clean nuclei in 0.30 M sucrose, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM CaCl2, 0.01 M Tris HCl pH 7.2, followed by sonication and differential centrifugation to collect specific chromatin fractions. Heterochromatin of SV-40 and Rous sarcoma virus transformed 3T3 cells showed a 6- to 7-fold enrichment in satellite DNA while a 2- to 3-fold enrichment in repetitive DNA was obtained in established and RSV transformed cells of Microtus agrestis. This method will facilitate the search for the site of integration of oncogenic viruses in the chromatin of mammalian cells.
Organ distribution of exogenous 14C-urea in elasmobranchs, with special regard to the nervous system

Abstract 1. 1. Body fluid and selected tissue distributions of exogenous, intravenously administered 14C-urea were studied in two elasmobranch species, Negaprion brevirostris and Squalus acanthias. 2. 2. Patterns of distribution were similar in the two species for equivalent time periods. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and kidney 14C-urea concentrations were high with similar patterns. Other body tissue levels, including the brain and extradural fluid (EDF), were only one-half to one-tenth the levels of blood, CSF and kidney. 3. 3. Quantitatively, species differences in 14C-urea concentrations were observed between N. brevirostris and S. acanthias. In general, 14C-urea tissue levels were higher in N. brevirostris than S. acanthias. 4. 4. In addition to the species variation, the distribution of 14C-urea differed in S. acanthias held at different temperatures and salinities. Brain and kidney values tended to be initially lower, and subsequently higher with increasing temperatures and salinities with time. 5. 5. In sharks a high CSF and low EDF distribution was observed.
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN HIGH-DENSITY SCALING LIMITS OF DFT CORRELATION ENERGIES AND SECOND-ORDER Z-1 QUANTUM CHEMISTRY CORRELATION ENERGY

In the continuing search for ever-better approximations to the full density-functional correlation energy functional Ec[n], we established the link between the second-order component of the correla...
Advanced via filling for improved within-unit distribution

Laser drilling of blind micro vias (BMV's) and subsequent copper filling is now the standard manufacturing technique for high density interconnects. To enable the required interconnect density and to provide the surface for reliable solder attachment in IC packaging these copper filled BMV's are used. To maintain the development in circuit miniaturization together with the reduction in overall processing costs as expected by Moore's Law and to meet the demand for ever more filled BMV's on each plated layer, advances in filling processes are required. The filling processes used for a stable production must provide void/inclusion free filling and a minimum of surface plated copper. For the production of the finest lines and spaces for IC substrate technology additives that allow the use of pattern plating in the semi additive process (SAP) to produce structures in the range of 10 μm line and space are available. As the force for miniaturization of consumer electronics continues, even finer lines and spaces are required. Challenges like within-unit distribution become a critical factor for the subsequent processing steps. Modifications in the production process as well as development of new additives show that Moore's Law is still valid.
Social mechanisms facilitating exploitation of spatially variable ephemeral food patches in a pelagic marine fish

Juvenile walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, are more successful at exploiting spatially variable ephemeral food patches when foraging in groups. This may be attributable to local enhancement and to social facilitation of feeding motivation. Feeding responses of individuals were not independent when fish foraged for spatially variable ephemeral food patches, indicating social cues displayed by successful foragers informed other fish of where food was located (local enhancement). Fish initiated feeding sooner when grouped (social facilitation) than when alone. These results indicate that local enhancement aids individuals in locating food patches, while social facilitation aids in rapid patch exploitation.
Intelligent Systems for Improved Reliability and Failure Diagnosis in Distribution Systems

Certain smart grid technologies can reduce the number of customers affected by prolonged outages, and thereby increase reliability through automated switching to restore service. Such technologies are useful, but reactive in nature, performing their function only after a fault occurs and an outage has been detected. They must presume that nonfaulted feeder sections and alternative feeders are healthy and capable of carrying increased power flow. Research at Texas A&M University has demonstrated that sophisticated, automated real-time analysis of feeder electrical waveforms can be used to predict failures and assess the health of distribution lines and line apparatus. Reliability can be substantially improved by detecting, locating, and repairing incipient failures before catastrophic failure, often before an outage occurs. Requirements for data and computation are substantially greater than for devices like digital relays and power-quality meters, but feasible with modern electronics. This paper provides selected examples of failures that have been predicted by intelligent distribution fault anticipation (DFA) algorithms. The data requirements and processing analysis to detect these failures are discussed. The problems related to full-scale deployment of the proposed system in a utility-wide application are presented. The authors use experience gained from their long-term research to propose concepts for overcoming these impediments.
Male influence on infant feeding in rural Guatemala and implications for child nutrition interventions.

Abstract Background and Aims: Guatemala has one of the highest rates of child stunting in the world, which especially impacts rural indigenous agricultural communities. Despite decades of intensive nutrition research and interventions, only rarely have nutrition programs successfully lowered the rate of stunting in these settings. The bulk of nutritional interventions in Guatemala are targeted at the education of female caregivers. However, women's ability to implement best practices in infant breastfeeding and complementary feeding are often constrained by external factors. This study evaluated the knowledge, beliefs, and practices of female caregivers, as well as the attitudes of fathers, toward breastfeeding and infant feeding in a rural Guatemalan village. Methods: Clinical work, participant-observation, surveys, interviews, and focus groups were conducted in a rural Guatemalan village in conjunction with a child feeding program from August 2008 to January 2011. Results: Male employment status, mental...
The current literature on social class and mental disease in America: Critique and bibliography

This article presents an exhaustive survey of the literature which has concentrated upon the relationship between social class and mental disease. Studies through the year 1966 are included. For this survey, social class has been operationalized in terms of the following variables: income, occupation, prestige, residential area, or a composite index. Mental disease is operationalized in terms of clinical diagnosis, hospitalization classification, or psychiatric interview. The final section discusses trends in both theory and research over the past sixty-five years.
An Isochronous Stacking Ring Approach to the HTE

The problem of finding a suitable apparatus for demonstrating heavy ion fusion is a difficult one to approach in moderate steps. Ideally, such apparatus would be useful for testing beam transport, focusing and targeting concepts, and target behavior in the plasma regime, and the technology used in this ''high temperature experiment'' (HTE) would also be extended to construct a prototype fusion facility. A meaningful test of many of these concepts could be achieved with a device capable of heating a disk of material to plasma temperatures in the neighborhood of 100 eV or 1 million degrees K. Target heating for the HTE requires a short beam burst on the order of tens of nanoseconds with a total beam energy of a kilojoule or more. The RF linac falls far short of this capacity. A number of studies have looked at the use of storage rings for accumulating beam current. This paper looks at an alternative means: the use of a RF linac followed by an isochronous storage ring (ISR) producing rapidly the high multiplication of beam current required. This method avoids the necessity for beam manipulations such as splitting and bunching. Also, because of the fast transit time in themore » ISR, storage ring instabilities pose no problem. The paper discusses beam stacking with an isochronous ring and then addresses the use of an ISR for the HTE and the design and performance of an apparatus--consisting of an ion source, a RF linac, a stacking ring, and a number of beam lines to transfer beam bunches to the target--for such an application.« less
The Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette Syndrome: An Epidemiological and Pathway-Based Approach for Gene Discovery

Objective To provide a contemporary perspective on genetic discovery methods applied to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). Method A review of research trends in genetics research in OCD and TS is conducted, with emphasis on novel approaches. Results Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are now in progress in OCD and TS and will provide a platform for future discovery of common gene variants. Optimally, newer next-generation genome sequencing methods can also be used to detect larger effect genes (rare gene variants), taking advantage of pedigrees. Studies of gene networks or sets rather than individual genes will be required to elucidate biological etiology, as neural systems appear to act redundantly. Newer phenotyping strategies, such as symptom-based subtypes, cross-disorder latent class types, and intermediate phenotypes (endophenotypes) will need to be developed and tested to better align clinical and physiological measures with genetic architecture. Conclusion Although genetics research has made significant advances based on computational strength and bioinformatics advances, newer approaches to phenotyping and judicious study of gene etiological networks will be needed to uncover the genetic etiology of OCD and TS.
Trends in the theory of atomic photoionization

For VUV photon energies, detailed theoretical understanding of the photoionization process has been achieved for the case of a single electron ionized from one of the outer subshells of a closed-shell atom. This understanding is based qualitatively upon a few properties of realistic atomic central potentials and quantitatively upon a few distinct types of electronic interactions known generically as particle-hole interactions. Current theoretical research is mainly directed at understanding a broader class of atomic photoionization phenomena involving, e.g., open-shell atoms, electronic interactions not of the particle-hole class, real two-electron processes, and external electric and magnetic fields.
Saturation phenomena in potential transformers

Experiences with grounded-neutral Y-connected potential transformers on ungrounded systems emphasize certain dangerous “saturation phenomena” which frequently occur. Two applications are outlined here and preventive measures recommended.
Prostate-specific membrane antigen targeted imaging and therapy of prostate cancer using a PSMA inhibitor as a homing ligand.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in Western society today. Current methods for detecting PCa are limited, leaving most early malignancies undiagnosed and sites of metastasis in advanced disease undetected. Major deficiencies also exist in the treatment of PCa, especially metastatic disease. In an effort to improve both detection and therapy of PCa, we have developed a PSMA-targeted ligand that delivers attached imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to PCa cells without targeting normal cells. The PSMA-targeted radioimaging agent (DUPA−99mTc) was found to bind PSMA-positive human PCa cells (LNCaP cell line) with nanomolar affinity (KD = 14 nM). Imaging and biodistribution studies revealed that DUPA−99mTc localizes primarily to LNCaP cell tumor xenografts in nu/nu mice (% injected dose/gram = 11.3 at 4 h postinjection; tumor-to-muscle ratio = 75:1). Two PSMA-targeted optical imaging agents (DUPA−FITC and DUPA−rhodamine B) were also shown to efficiently label PCa cells a...
Dibenzo-18-crown-6-tricarbonylchromium compounds. Synthesis and substituent derived reversal of ion extraction selectivity

Abstract Mono- and bis-(tricarbonylchromium) compounds of dibenzo-18-crown-6 have been synthesized. The compounds exhibit a decreased ability to extract alkali metal salts into organic solvents, indicating an overall electron withdrawal from the oxygen crown by the Cr(CO) 3 substituents. For the disubstituted compound, the normal selectivity for K + over Na + is reversed.
JRes: a resource accounting interface for Java

With the spread of the Internet the computing model on server systems is undergoing several important changes. Recent research ideas concerning dynamic operating system extensibility are finding their way into the commercial domain, resulting in designs of extensible databases and Web servers. In addition, both ordinary users and service providers must deal with untrusted downloadable executable code of unknown origin and intentions.Across the board, Java has emerged as the language of choice for Internet-oriented software. We argue that, in order to realize its full potential in applications dealing with untrusted code, Java needs a flexible resource accounting interface. The design and prototype implementation of such an interface --- JRes --- is presented in this paper. The interface allows to account for heap memory, CPU time, and network resources consumed by individual threads or groups of threads. JRes allows limits to be set on resources available to threads and it can invoke callbacks when these limits are exceeded. The JRes prototype described in this paper is implemented on top of standard Java virtual machines and requires only a small amount of native code.
Glucocorticoid Receptor-Mediated Suppression of Activator Protein-1 Activation and Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression after Spinal Cord Injury

Post-traumatic inflammatory reaction may contribute to progressive tissue damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). Two key transcription factors, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), are activated in inflammation. An increase in NF-kappaB binding activity has been shown in the injured spinal cord. We report activation of AP-1 after SCI. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that AP-1 binding activity increased after SCI, starting at 1 hr, peaking at 8 hr, and declining to basal levels by 7 d. Methylprednisolone (MP) is the only therapeutic agent approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treating patients with acute traumatic SCI. MP reduced post-traumatic AP-1 activation. RU486, a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist, reversed MP inhibition of AP-1 activation. Immunostaining showed an increase in the expression of the Fos-B and c-Jun components of AP-1 in the injured cord. A c-fos antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) inhibited AP-1, but not NF-kappaB, activation after SCI. AP-1 and NF-kappaB can transactivate genes encoding matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and MMP-9. Western blotting and immunostaining show increased expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 in the injured cord. MP inhibited MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression after SCI. RU486 reversed this MP effect. The c-fos antisense ODN, however, failed to suppress MMP-1 or MMP-9 expression. These findings demonstrate that MP may suppress post-traumatic inflammatory reaction by inhibiting both the AP-1 and NF-kappaB transcription cascades via a GR mechanism. Expression of inflammatory genes such as MMP-1 and MMP-9 that are transactivated jointly by AP-1 and NF-kappaB may not be suppressed by inhibiting only AP-1 activity.
Catchment disturbance and stream metabolism: patterns in ecosystem respiration and gross primary production along a gradient of upland soil and vegetation disturbance

Catchment characteristics determine the inputs of sediments and nutrients to streams. As a result, natural or anthropogenic disturbance of upland soil and vegetation can affect instream processes. The Fort Benning Military Installation (near Columbus, Georgia) exhibits a wide range of upland disturbance levels because of spatial variability in the intensity of military training. This gradient of disturbance was used to investigate the effect of upland soil and vegetation disturbance on rates of stream metabolism (ecosystem respiration rate (ER) and gross primary production rate (GPP)). Stream metabolism was measured using an open-system, single-station approach. All streams were net heterotrophic during all seasons. ER was highest in winter and spring and lowest in summer and autumn. ER was negatively correlated with catchment disturbance level in winter, spring, and summer, but not in autumn. ER was positively correlated with abundance of coarse woody debris, but not significantly related to % benthic organic matter. GPP was low in all streams and generally not significantly correlated with disturbance level. Our results suggest that the generally intact ri- parian zones of these streams were not sufficient to protect them from the effect of upland distur- bance, and they emphasize the role of the entire catchment in determining stream structure and function.
Interaction of ruthenium(III) chloride solution with 1,2,3-benzotriazole

Abstract This paper is part of a general study of the interaction of the platinum elements with 1,2,3-benzotriazole. Methods for the synthesis of several 1,2,3-benzotriazole co-ordination compounds of ruthenium with certain metals and with certain halides in varying yields and high purity are reported.
New, native species of Peristenus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) parasitizing Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera : Miridae) in Idaho : Biology, importance, and description

Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot) are important pests of numerous fruit, vegetable, fiber, tree, and seed crops in North America. We discovered Peristenus howardi n. sp., described in this article, parasitizing L. hesperus nymphs in alfalfa grown for seed in Idaho. Parasitism rates were surprisingly high, 81% in generation I (1998), and 44–51% in generation II (1997 and 1998). This braconid wasp may be a practical biological control factor for alfalfa and other seed crops, and further research is warranted. We found that P. howardi is a native species, is thelyotokous, has three generations per year, and produces some diapausing parasites in each generation. The geographic range of this species is not yet known. P. howardi readily parasitized the eastern L. lineolaris in laboratory tests, so it is also a potential biocontrol agent for this related mirid species.
29Si MAS-NMR Study of the Short-Range Order in Lithium Borosilicate Glasses

29Si MAS-NMR measurements have been made on a series of lithium borosilicate glasses of general composition RLi2O.B2O3·KSiO2. At low alkali contents (R < 1), the 29Si resonance envelope is broadened and indicates a distribution of Si sites. As R increases above 1, the FWHM of the 29Si resonance narrows considerably to that representative of a single chemical site. Simultaneously, the average chemical shift of the resonance shifts upfield in agreement with the trends found in the binary lithium silicate glass system. Using the chemical shifts for the individual Q species in the binary system it was found that very good agreement between the chemical shifts of the binary glasses and the ternary glasses examined here could be achieved if a model of proportional sharing of the added oxygen (from lithia) between silicate and borate units was used. In contrast to the 11B NMR studies of these same glasses, the 29Si NMR data are quantitatively best-fit if it is assumed that the proportional sharing of the oxygen from the added lithia begins at R= 0. Models of sharing developed from the 11B NMR studies of these glasses, where proportional sharing above a certain fixed (independent of K) or variable (dependent on K) minimum R0, have been reexamined and were quantitatively shown through residual analysis to give consistently poorer fits to our data. At present the reasons for the discrepancy between the two sets of NMR data are unknown.
An evaluation of branch architectures

Branch instructions form a significant fraction of executed instructions, and their design is thus a crucial component of any architecture. This paper examines three alternatives in the design of branch instructions: delayed vs. non-delayed branches, one- vs. two-instruction branches, and the use or non-use of condition codes. Simulation and analytical techniques are used to provide quantitative comparisons between these choices.
Patient specific dosimetry phantoms using multichannel LDDMM of the whole body

This paper describes an automated procedure for creating detailed patient-specific pediatric dosimetry phantoms from a small set of segmented organs in a child's CT scan. The algorithm involves full bodymappings fromadult template to pediatric images using multichannel large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (MC-LDDMM). The parallel implementation and performance of MC-LDDMM for this application is studied here for a sample of 4 pediatric patients, and from 1 to 24 processors. 93.84% of computation time is parallelized, and the efficiency of parallelization remains high until more than 8 processors are used. The performance of the algorithm was validated on a set of 24 male and 18 female pediatric patients. It was found to be accurate typically to within 1-2 voxels (2-4mm) and robust across this large and variable data set.
Defining the in vivo function of Siglec-F, a CD33-related Siglec expressed on mouse eosinophils.

CD33-related Siglecs (CD33rSiglecs) are a family of sialic acid–recognizing lectins on immune cells whose biologic functions are unknown. We studied in vivo functions of Siglec-F, the CD33rSiglec expressed on mouse eosinophils, which are prominent in allergic processes. Induction of allergic lung inflammation in mice caused up-regulation of Siglec-F on blood and bone marrow eosinophils, accompanied by newly induced expression on some CD4+ cells, as well as quantitative up-regulation of endogenous Siglec-F ligands in the lung tissue and airways. Taken together with the tyrosine-based inhibitory motif in the cytosolic tail of Siglec-F, the data suggested a negative feedback loop, controlling allergic responses of eosinophils and helper T cells, via Siglec-F and Siglec-F ligands. To pursue this hypothesis, we created Siglec-F–null mice. Allergen-challenged null mice showed increased lung eosinophil infiltration, enhanced bone marrow and blood eosinophilia, delayed resolution of lung eosinophilia, and reduced peribronchial-cell apoptosis. Anti–Siglec-F antibody cross-linking also enhanced eosinophil apoptosis in vitro. These data support the proposed negative feedback role for Siglec-F, represent the first in vivo demonstration of biologic functions for any CD33rSiglec, and predict a role for human Siglec-8 (the isofunctional paralog of mouse Siglec-F) in regulating the pathogenesis of human eosinophil-mediated disorders.
Quantitative Response for Fluorine-Chlorine in Inert Gas Shields

The inert gas-shielded tungsten arc was used to detect and monitor air contaminants in inert gases and to excite spectra for the four halogen gases. In this note some persistent lines are listed and some quantitative data are presented for fluorine and chlorine in (helium and helium-argon) inert gas shields. Known concentrations of Freon 12 and Freon 14 in helium were used as the source of fluorine-chlorine and fluorine, respectively.
Whole genome sequences of 2 octogenarians with sustained cognitive abilities

Although numerous genetic variants affecting aging and mortality have been identified, for example, apolipoprotein E e4, the genetic component influencing cognitive aging has not been fully defined yet. A better knowledge of the genetics of aging will prove helpful in understanding the underlying biological processes. Here, we describe the whole genome sequences of 2 female octogenarians. We provide the repertoire of genomic variants that the 2 octogenarians have in common. We also describe the overlap with the previously reported genomes of 2 supercentenarians—individuals aged ≥110 years. We assessed the genetic disease propensities of the octogenarians and non-aged control genomes and could not find support for the hypothesis that long-lived healthy individuals might exhibit greater genetic fitness than the general population. Furthermore, there is no evidence for an accumulation of previously described variants promoting longevity in the 2 octogenarians. These findings suggest that genetic fitness, as currently defined, is not the sole factor enabling an increased life span. We identified a number of healthy-cognitive-aging candidate genetic loci awaiting confirmation in larger studies.
The microcirculation of bone and marrow in the diaphysis of the rat hemopoietic long bones

The nature of the microcirculation of the diaphyseal portion of long bones and the adjacent bone marrow is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to describe the blood supply in the diaphyseal cortex and the relationship of the bone vascular circulation to that of the bone marrow in the growing rat. India ink-gelatin was infused in the arterial system of 3-month-old rats and the vascularization was determined from histological sections. In some studies the periosteal circulation was blocked but the nutrient and metaphyseal arteriole systems were left intact. In the growing rat, most of the vascular flow appears to be centripetally through the diaphyseal cortex and this appears to be the primary blood supply for the adjacent bone marrow. The India ink traversed the cortex and entered the marrow through osteal canals at the endocortical surface. At the marrow-endocortical bone surface interface, ink exiting from the osteal canals filled the adjacent marrow sinusoids in what appeared as “bush-like” structures. From the bone marrow the ink appeared to drain into the central vein. Some arterioles from the nutrient system were found to penetrate the inner two thirds of the cortical bone and then re-enter the bone marrow. The centripetal flow of blood and the importance of the cortical flow for perfusion of the hemopoietic tissue was further documented when periosteal flow was obstructed. In this situation, the cortical bone and adjacent bone marrow were not perfused while the nutrient system and central vein were filled with ink. These results show that in the growing rat, the diaphyseal circulation is almost entirely centripetal and the adjacent hemopoietic tissues are perfused mostly with blood that must first traverse the cortical bone. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAUNSCHWEIGER AS A RESULT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES

The Initial loss of nitrite in braunschweiger was greater than that reported for other meat products. Nitrite levels decreased slowly during refrigeration; after refrigeration for 20 days, residual nitrite was about 50% of that in the freshly cooked samples. Freezing and thawing of liver slightly increased the pH and water activity (aw) of the final product. Addition of calcium-reduced dried skim milk caused a significant increase in pH and decrease in aw in raw and cooked product. Increasing the fat levels in the product did not alter pH but did lower aw. Increasing the fat content did not significantly influence TBA values but the exclusion of oxygen by the packaging material, was important for maintaining low TBA values.
GDNF content and NMJ morphology are altered in recruited muscles following high-speed and resistance wheel training.

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may play a role in delaying the onset of aging and help compress morbidity by preventing motor unit degeneration. Exercise has been shown to alter GDNF expression differently in slow- and fast-twitch myofibers. The aim was to examine the effects of different intensities (10, 20, ~30, and ~40 mmin 1 ) of wheel running on GDNF expression and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) plasticity in slow- and fast-twitch myofibers. Male Sprague-Dawley Rats (4 weeks old) were divided into two sedentary control groups (CON4 week, n = 5 and CON6 week, n = 5), two involuntary running groups, one at a low velocity; 10 m/min (INVOL-low, n = 5), and one at a higher velocity; 20 m/min (INVOL-high, n = 5), and two voluntary running groups with resistance (VOL-R, n = 5, 120 g), and without resistance (VOL-NR, n = 5, 4.5 g). GDNF protein content, determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), increased significantly in the recruited muscles. Plantaris (PLA) GDNF protein content increased 174% (P 30 m/min) can increase GDNF protein content in fast-twitch myofibers as well as induce changes in the NMJ morphology. These findings help to inform exercise prescription to preserve the integrity of the neuromuscular system through aging and disease.
Oblique Strain Markings in Oriented Polymers

A brief review of the literature on strain markings is followed by a discussion of additional experiments showing the effects of pretreatment and environment on the occurrence of oblique strain marks in poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers in terms of the implications of these effects on models of polymer fine structure. Oblique strain marks are concluded to be abrupt shear deformations commonly known as Luders' lines, occurring mainly in compression in a manner analogous to neck formation in tension. The details of their formation are inconsistent with a metallurgical analogy for polymer deformation. The morphology of these markings is discussed and compared with transverse strain markings which often accompany tensile strains.
Erythromycin-inducible Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Survey of Antibiotic Classes Involved

Certain erythromycin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus remain sensitive to other macrolide antibiotics. If these strains are exposed to low levels of erythromycin, resistance to other antibiotics is induced. The antibiotics to which resistance is induced by erythromycin include: other macrolides as well as lincosaminide, streptogramin (group B) antibiotics but not chloramphenicol, amicetin, streptogramin (group A) antibiotics, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Hence erythromycin induces resistance exclusively towards inhibitors of 50S ribosomal subunit function and, thus far, only with respect to three of six known classes of inhibitors which act on this subunit. In the four strains tested, erythromycin did not induce resistance to pactamycin or bottromycin, to fusidic acid (which inhibits a function involving both subunits), or to other antibiotics which do not inhibit ribosomal function. Thus, by inducing resistance erythromycin could antagonize the action of other antibiotics, and a consistent pattern of antagonism was observed to each antibiotic class in all of the strains in which this could be tested, as well as to other antibiotic members of the same chemical class in each bacterial strain. Images