cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immune Status and Mesothelioma

Although there is a considerable body of published literature concerning the putative role of immune status in the pathogenesis and progression of common malignancies such as lung and breast cancers, this area of research previously had been relatively neglected with respect to malignant mesothelioma, a comparatively uncommon tumor. Over the past decade, however, the development of animal mesothelioma models and the widespread availability of mesothelioma cell lines to researchers has focused increasing interest in this area. Furthermore, occupational and environmental asbestos exposure hitherto had been regarded as the most important global causes of mesothelioma and, since inhaled asbestos fibers have been shown to suppress innate cellular immunity, studies of asbestos-exposed individuals and of experimental asbestos exposure have provided valuable insight into how altered immune status may allow mesothelial tumors to escape immune surveillance. It is also conceivable that variability in host immune status, coupled with individual differences in genetic susceptibility to mesothelioma among similarly exposed subjects (1,2), may account for the considerable variation in incidence of mesothelioma in different exposure settings, which can span two orders of magnitude (3–5). Given the now well-recognized association of simian virus 40 (SV40) with malignant mesothelioma (6), opportunities now exist to study the immune status and to develop vaccination protocols of seropositive subjects at risk.
A Hierarchy Theorem for Pram-Based Complexity Classes

The main result in this paper is to show that P j T i ⊂ P j+l T i+k , that is, the PT-hierarchy is a proper hierarchy (i.e., it does not collapse). Here P j T i denotes the class of languages accepted by a PRAM using O(n j ) processors and O(log i n) parallel steps. It is also (implicitly) shown in this paper that NC\(\subseteq\)PT(uniform) thus improving on Stockmeyer and Vishkin's result [6] that NC\(\subseteq\)PT(non-uniform).
A new method to evaluate effectiveness of CDM ESD protection

A new methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of CDM protection is presented. VFTLP measurements are performed on structures composed of an ESD protection device in parallel with a gate monitor device; a MOS transistor or inverter. Parametric shifts in threshold voltage, V TH , as well as drain saturation current, I DD , of the MOS monitor device are measured to continuously gauge the extent of the damage resulted from a CDM-like fast transient.
Americans’ Choice of Domestic over Foreign Products

Abstract Increasing sales of imported products in the United States have cost the jobs of many American workers, leading labor unions and other industry groups to promote a “Buy American” theme to American consumers. As a means of explaining consumers’ purchase of domestic products, this study developed and tested a model comprising constructs from the literature related to helping behavior. Findings based on survey data and structural equation analysis showed that purchase of domestic products is negatively related to consumers’ perceived costs of helping, and positively related to internalized responsibility for helping, a feeling of sharing a common fate with the workers, a perception of similarity with the workers, a social concern for members of the society, an ethnocentric orientation, and patriotism. These findings hold implications for both promoting the “Buy American” theme and for future research into the subject.
Ungarbled earnings and dividends: An analysis and extension of the Beaver, Lambert, and Morse valuation model

Abstract This paper examines the Beaver, Lambert, and Morse (1980) valuation model that capitalizes ‘ungarbled’ earnings. The analysis identifies the model's unspecified capitalization factor, and it emphasizes that a complete model of ungarbled earnings must focus on the joint stochastic behavior of earnings and dividends. It is shown that expected ungarbled earnings, scaled for a constant, equal expected dividends. Except for the scale factor, no apparent economic reasons suggest that ungarbled earnings are any different from dividends.
Amplification of DNA at a prophage attachment site in Haemophilus influenzae.

Abstract The Escherichia coli plasmids pBR322 and pBR327 can be taken up by Haemophilus influenzae but do not replicate in this organism; however, integration of pBR into the H. influenzae chromosome was achieved by ligation to a fragment of the Haemophilus phage S2 that carried a phage attachment site (attP). Once these sequences were integrated, they could serve as sites of recombination and amplification for homologous (pBR or phage) DNA. Amplification appeared to occur in one of two prophage sites (attB) present in the H. influenzae chromosome. The extent of amplification was different in different cells and reflected the ability of these sequences to undergo rearrangement leading to the formation of a DNA ladder. The ladder was obtained by treatment of DNA with restriction enzymes that cut outside of the inserted DNA, i.e., did not cut in the repeat sequence, and represented different numbers of repeat elements. Reversed-field gel electrophoresis was instrumental in resolving amplified structures. Inasmuch as single-cell isolates gave rise to the same ladder structure, it was assumed that amplification was under regulatory control and that it reproduced the same equilibrium of repeat structures. Transformation of E. coli with the amplified H. influenzae DNA resulted in precise excision and replication of the original monomeric plasmids. This excision was independent of the recA and recBC genes.
Graphics in CDT

The more I looked at the ti t le 'Graphics in C D T', the more certain I became of the need to first of all define what is meant by the word 'graphics'. Technical graphics and graphical communication can be regarded as developments of traditional technical drawing where highly accurate and predominantly twodimentional finished drawings are produced. We need, however, a much wider definition relevant to the whole of CDT. I would therefore suggest that a working definition could be taken to mean methods of visual communication, both two - and threedimensional, which are used to aid the developments and mock-ups. I would also include method s which are used to communicate the final solution such a s sequence drawings, presentation renderings, production drawings and prototypes .
What 'Counts' as Law?

A reader of jurisprudence might conclude that only philosophers raise the question whether international law may be said to exist or is really law. But in terms of frequency, the question is probably raised more often by governments and states that are not trying to be philosophical. The increasing attention being paid to the need for, and the procedures for, objective validation of rules of international law in a burgeoning literature of international law evidences the seriousness of the problem, the responsibility of scholars for careful scholarship in this area of legal theory, and ultimately the good possibility of generally accepted standards for that kind of objective validation.
Blind quadratic and time-frequency based detectors from training data

Time-frequency based methods, particularly quadratic (Cohen's-class) representations, are often considered for detection in applications ranging from sonar to machine monitoring. We propose a method of obtaining near-optimal quadratic detectors directly from training data using Fisher's optimal linear discriminant to design a quadratic detector. This detector is optimal in terms of Fisher's scatter criterion as applied to the quadratic outer product of the data vector, and in early simulations appears to closely approximate the true optimal quadratic detector. By relating this quadratic detector to an equivalent operation on the Wigner distribution of a signal, we derive near-optimal time-frequency detectors. A simple example demonstrates the excellent performance of the method.
A behavioural approach to exact modelling of finite time series

In this paper, we consider the exact modelling of finite time series in the behavioural framework. Since only a finite portion of the time series is given, the central issue is to postulate a completion of the time series so that the resulting most powerful unfalsified model (MPUM) minimizes certain measures of model complexity. We consider two distinct problems. The first one is the modelling of multiple scalar (q=1) finite time series, where the model degree, or equivalently the dimension of the postulated behaviour, is chosen to be the complexity measure. We give an algorithm for generating the parameters of the minimal complexity polynomial model from the data. The second problem is the modelling of vector (p>1) finite time series, where we consider the complexity measures of model degree and number of free variables (inputs), and show that these are competing objectives. We characterize the Pareto optimal solutions and give an algorithm for computing the model parameters from the data. We prove the optimality of this algorithm using a dynamic programming argument. >
The Prognostic Value of Coronary CT Angiography

Coronary CT angiography has gained increasingly widespread acceptance as a highly accurate method for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. Beyond its usefulness as a diagnostic test to identify coronary artery stenoses in appropriately selected patients, multiple studies have consistently demonstrated that the extent and severity of coronary atherosclerosis visualized using coronary CT angiography conveys robust prognostic information. The majority of studies to date examining clinical outcomes following coronary CT angiography have documented coronary artery disease either as the presence of any coronary plaque or through the number of vessels with ≥50% (obstructive) stenosis. In the future, advanced, semi-quantitative measures of coronary atherosclerotic disease burden, plaque morphology, and composition may provide additional prognostic information. It is imperative that patients undergoing coronary CT angiography and their providers understand the prognostic information inherent to modern coronary CT angiography so that the maximal yield may be realized. Herein, we review the currently available prognostic studies of coronary CT angiography.
THE COLLEGE CLASSROOM: MODELS OF EDUCATION- TECHNIQUES FOR CHANGE

The examination of the three models of education considered here as well as the ideas of Farber and McLuhan can clarify some basic problems facing educators and students. While I have possibly ignored some practical issues, I have assumed that creative and courageous changes by individual instructors in their classrooms can result in a more meaningful learning environment, one which leads to increased satisfaction for teacher and learner and where greater role flexibilities can result in more accurate personal perception and acceptance. Such changes could contribute to the modification of existing institutions.
Ecology of the boring sponge (Cliona celata) at Gardiner’s Island, New York

An isolated population of the boring sulfur sponge,Cliona celata, was found to include many large specimens. The distribution of these sponges was associated with the occurrence of bottom sediments favorable for settling and growth. It was concluded that the large size and successful colonization of the sponges was the result of their vigor and rapid growth, as well as certain physical features of the study area. These physical features promoted growth by maintaining optimal salinities, excluding competitors, retaining larvae and protecting the sponges from natural and man-made destructive forces. Estimated growth rates, age determination, and a symbiotic relationship were also discussed.
Modifications in the chromosomal proteins of SV-40 transformed WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts.

Summary The composition and metabolism of chromosomal proteins associated with the genome of WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts and SV-40 transformed WI-38 fibroblasts were compared. While the five major histone fractions are present in normal and SV-40 transformed cells, variations in the relative contents and rates of synthesis of specific histone fractions are described. Differences in the protein contents and rates of synthesis of several molecular weight classes of nonhistone chromosomal proteins in normal and SV-40 transformed WI-38 cells are also reported.
Rab27a is a key component of the secretory machinery of azurophilic granules in granulocytes

Neutrophils kill micro-organisms using microbicidal products that they release into the phagosome or into the extracellular space. The secretory machinery utilized by neutrophils is poorly characterized. We show that the small GTPase Rab27a is an essential component of the secretory machinery of azurophilic granules in granulocytes. Rab27a-deficient mice have impaired secretion of MPO (myeloperoxidase) into the plasma in response to lipopolysaccharide. Cell fractionation analysis revealed that Rab27a and the Rab27a effector protein JFC1/Slp1 (synaptotagmin-like protein 1) are distributed principally in the low-density fraction containing a minor population of MPO-containing granules. By immunofluorescence microscopy, we detected Rab27a and JFC1/Slp1 in a minor subpopulation of MPO-containing granules. Interference with the JFC1/Slp1–Rab27a secretory machinery impaired secretion of MPO in permeabilized neutrophils. The expression of Rab27a was dramatically increased when promyelocytic HL-60 cells were differentiated into granulocytes but not when they were differentiated into monocytes. Down-regulation of Rab27a in HL-60 cells by RNA interference did not affect JFC1/Slp1 expression but significantly decreased the secretion of MPO. Neither Rab27a nor JFC1/Slp1 was integrated into the phagolysosome membrane during phagocytosis. Neutrophils from Rab27a-deficient mice efficiently phagocytose zymosan opsonized particles and deliver MPO to the phagosome. We conclude that Rab27a and JFC1/Slp1 permit MPO release into the surrounding milieu and constitute key components of the secretory machinery of azurophilic granules in granulocytes. Our results suggest that the granules implicated in cargo release towards the surrounding milieu are molecularly and mechanistically different from those involved in their release towards the phagolysosome.
Three-dimensional object surface matching

In this paper, we describe a computationally efficient 3D object surface matching algorithm. In the proposed method, object and model surfaces are scaled to be in a unit cube in the 3D space. They are then sliced along the magnitude axis and the resultant object and model surface cross sections are represented in binary image format. The cross sections' centroids of an unknown object and the models of different shapes are computed in their respective binary images. The resultant cross-sections are translated to the origin of the spatial plane using the centroids. Major and minor axes of the plane cross sections are aligned with the coordinate axes of the spatial plane. Matching of the aligned cross sections is done in the direction of the gradient of the cross section distance between the object boundary points and the corresponding points in the model cross section boundary. The shape deformation distances measured in different cross sections are averaged and the minimum average shape deformation distance is used to identify the model best matching to the object of unknown classification.
Childhood leukemia: Understanding the significance of chromosomal abnormalities

The survival for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has increased from 3% to greater than 70% in the last 30 years, with some patients achieving 95% survival. These advances have been made not only because therapy has improved, but also because there is a much greater understanding of the diversity of ALL. The identification of clinical and biological prognostic factors associated with ALL has resulted in the formation of subsets of patients classified into risk groups. Although age, initial white blood cell count, and central nervous system or testicular disease are all important prognostic factors, cytogenetic abnormalities have now emerged as the single most important prognostic factor for children with ALL. There are specific cytogenetic findings in the leukemic blast cells of these children that influence their prognosis. Some of these findings are positive factors and some adverse. Treatment protocols for ALL today are now determined by these specific chromosomal abnormalities.
The role of α-lactalbumin in lactose synthetase

The A protein of lactose synthetase can catalyze lactose formation from UDP-galactose and glucose even in the absence of α-lactalbumin but only poorly because of a very high Km for glucose. α-Lactalbumin decreases the Km for glucose as well as that for N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). Depending only on the substrate concentration α-lactalbumin can stimulate disaccharide formation or inhibit this process both with NAG and with glucose. The affinities of the two sugars are such that under normal assay conditions, in the presence of α-lactalbumin, the concentration of glucose is optimal for lactose synthesis whereas that of NAG is inhibitory.
Quantitative determinations of codeine phosphate, guaifenesin, pheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pyrilamine maleate in an expectorant by high-pressure liquid chromatography

The quantitative determinations of codeine phosphate, guaifenesin, pheniramine maleate, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, and pyrilamine maleate in a liquid dosage form are described. All active and inactive ingredients (sodium benzoate and FD&C Yellow No. 5 dye) can be separated with high-pressure liquid chromatography except the two antihistamines, pheniramine maleate and pyrilamine maleate. Pheniramine maleate is determined colorimetrically, and pyrilamine maleate is determined either by difference or spectrophotometrically. The methods are simple, short, accurate, and precise. The standard deviations are reported.
Better Decision‐Making: a Field Study

Based on a large research project in north America, this article suggests that only about half of managers’ decisions are successful, and that managers themselves are often unaware that the way that they go about making decisions is the main cause of failure. The implication is that inadequate decision-making techniques cost billions of dollars each year in wasted time and money. The author analyses the way managers behave at different stages of the decision-making process and identifies guidelines for best practice from the experience of the managers involved.
Deadline: Ethics and the Ethnographic Divorce

In the summer of 2009, the author receives a call from a New York Times reporter about her book Between Gay and Straight. The book portrays her (now-ex) husband’s and her integration into a network of gay male friends. “Deadline” explores tensions between private and public as the private turmoil of divorce clashes with the public construction of the author’s marriage and with her determination to continue the social justice work of Between Gay and Straight.
Methanococcus jannaschii uses a pyruvoyl-dependent arginine decarboxylase in polyamine biosynthesis.

The genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic methanogen Methanococcus jannaschii contains homologs of most genes required for spermidine polyamine biosynthesis. Yet genomes from neither this organism nor any other euryarchaeon have orthologs of the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate-dependent ornithine or arginine decarboxylase genes, required to produce putrescine. Instead, as shown here, these organisms have a new class of arginine decarboxylase (PvlArgDC) formed by the self-cleavage of a proenzyme into a 5-kDa subunit and a 12-kDa subunit that contains a reactive pyruvoyl group. Although this extremely thermostable enzyme has no significant sequence similarity to previously characterized proteins, conserved active site residues are similar to those of the pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylase enzyme, and its subunits form a similar (αβ)3 complex. Homologs of PvlArgDC are found in several bacterial genomes, including those of Chlamydiaspp., which have no agmatine ureohydrolase enzyme to convert agmatine (decarboxylated arginine) into putrescine. In these intracellular pathogens, PvlArgDC may function analogously to pyruvoyl-dependent histidine decarboxylase; the cells are proposed to import arginine and export agmatine, increasing the pH and affecting the host cell's metabolism. Phylogenetic analysis of Pvl- ArgDC proteins suggests that this gene has been recruited from the euryarchaeal polyamine biosynthetic pathway to function as a degradative enzyme in bacteria.
Situational factors and patterns associated with smokeless tobacco use.

Situational factors and topographic features associated with smokeless tobacco use were examined. Male smokeless tobacco users (N=30) were asked to record the time, activity, and internal states associated with each dip of tobacco use over the course of 10 days. Additionally, these subjects were asked to record the activity and internal state they were experiencing every hour for a 15-hr waking period to obtain baseline rates of these events. Serum and saliva samples were obtained to measure cotinine concentrations. The activities significantly associated with smokeless tobacco use included after a meal, while driving, and while watching television. The internal states associated with smokeless tobacco use were feeling relaxed and depressed. Factor analysis of the events showed factors which are different from those found among cigarette smokers. Examination of the topographic measures of smokeless tobacco use showed that the total dip duration per day was 283.5 min, with a range of 79.7–757.1 min. This measure, along with duration of dipping time (time from onset to offset of smokeless tobacco use during the day), may be the best predictors of nicotine exposure.
Classifying the intent of novel users during human locomotion using powered lower limb prostheses

Intent recognition systems using pattern recognition technology to control powered lower-limb prostheses are promising for seamlessly changing between locomotion modes- such as transitioning from level walking to stair ascent. These transitions can be accomplished by training an algorithm to recognize the patterns of mechanical and/or myoelectric signals an amputee generates during and between different locomotion modes. While low error rates can be achieved with this method, it typically requires a substantial amount of training data to be gathered. To alleviate this burden, this study investigated training a user-independent classifier from a pool of lower limb amputees performing level walking, ramps and stairs on a powered prosthesis and tested generalization of the classifier to a novel subject. The effect of using the amputee's EMG signals in combination with the mechanical sensors on the leg was also evaluated for this user-independent classifier. Generalization was poor to a novel subject- 48% overall recognition rate with EMG and 62% without (mechanical sensors only). However, an important system improvement could be made by including a few level walking trials of the novel subject (only a few minutes of data collection) in the training data, the overall recognition rate improved to 86% with EMG and 83% without.
The Linguistic Construction of the Tóngzhì Community

This article studies the use of linguistic resources to construct an "imagined community" in a Chinese gay and lesbian magazine. Four groups of linguistic resources are examined: terminology from gay and lesbian cultures in the West, the women's movement, Chinese revolutionist discourse, and the Chinese kinship system. We show that the producers of the magazine draw on resources from various discourses, but they do not adopt them in their entirety. These resources are reworked and combined to construct an imagined Chinese gay community with its own distinctive style. We argue that to understand how social meanings are expressed through style and how style makes one community distinct from another, it is essential to examine a broad range of symbolic resources that are appropriated and combined by individuals or groups. This process of "bricolage" also underscores the agency of language users and the dynamic nature of linguistic practice. In constituting a new discourse of resistance and negotiating community boundaries, language users as social agents act on preexisting linguistic symbols and give them new meanings. Finally, we suggest that, although ideology mediates the manner in which linguistic resources are used, it is also reproduced through language use.
Genetics of autoimmune diabetes in animal models

Type I diabetes has resisted direct genetic analysis in humans but two excellent models of disease in rodents provide a more readily manipulated alternative for study. These rodent models are being used successfully to localize the genes that are involved in disease pathogenesis in preparation for positional cloning. In addition, mice carrying transgenes and null mutations related to T cell function have been used to demonstrate potential mechanisms for both MHC-dependence and specific effector functions, such as cytokine release and cytotoxicity.
Protein Modification by ADP-ribose via Acid-labile Linkages

As substrate for protein-mono-ADP-ribosyltransferases, NAD has been shown to be the donor of ADP-ribose to many different nucleophiles found in proteins. This post-translational modification of proteins has been implicated in the regulation of membrane-associated processes including signal transduction, muscle cell differentiation, and protein trafficking and secretion. Described here is the preparation and chemical characterization of low molecular weight conjugates that were used as models for an acetal linkage between ADP-ribose and the hydroxyl group of a protein acceptor such as serine, threonine, tyrosine, hydroxyproline, or hydroxylysine residues. Model conjugates of ADP-ribose containing an acetal linkage were prepared, their structures were established by NMR, and the chemical stability of the linkage to ADP-ribose was studied and compared to the other known ADP-ribosyl-amino acid linkages. The rapid release of intact ADP-ribose from the acetal model conjugates in 44% formic acid distinguished them chemically from all the other known ADP-ribosyl-amino acid modifications. Rat liver proteins were shown to be modified by ADP-ribose in vivo by acid-labile linkages, providing evidence for a new class of endogenous ADP-ribose modification of animal cell proteins. The amount of modification was approximately 16 pmol of ADP-ribose per mg of total protein, and proteins modified by acid-labile linkages were detected in all subcellular fractions examined, suggesting that the scope of this modification in vivo is broad.
Contribution of clinical teratologists and geneticists to the evaluation of the etiology of congenital malformations alleged to be caused by environmental agents : Ionizing radiation, electromagnetic fields, microwaves, radionuclides, and ultrasound

Analysis of these six clinical problems demonstrates the value of a complete clinical evaluation of a child with congenital malformations by an experienced and well-trained physician who is familiar with the fields of developmental biology, teratology , epidemiology, and genetics. Too often, the entire emphasis is placed on epidemiological data that may be meager or insufficient for a rational conclusion when clinical findings that are readily available can provide definitive answers with regard to the etiology of a child's malformations or the merits of an environmental etiology.
Manipulation of atomic ell-state distributions using pulsed electric fields

A technique to manipulate the -state distribution of high-n Rydberg atoms is described that is based on the application of a large-amplitude rectangular electric field pulse whose rise and fall times are short compared to the classical electron orbital period and whose duration is comparable to the Stark period in the field. It is shown that by varying the duration (and/or amplitude) of this pulse, the final -state distribution can be controlled and that this distribution can be calculated reliably using classical trajectory Monte Carlo techniques.
A biomedical sensor system for real-time monitoring of astronauts' physiological parameters during extra-vehicular activities

Objective: To design and test an embedded biomedical sensor system that can monitor astronauts' comprehensive physiological parameters, and provide real-time data display during extra-vehicle activities (EVA) in the space exploration. Methods: An embedded system was developed with an array of biomedical sensors that can be integrated into the spacesuit. Wired communications were tested for physiological data acquisition and data transmission to a computer mounted on the spacesuit during task performances simulating EVA sessions. Results: The sensor integration, data collection and communication, and the real-time data monitoring were successfully validated in the NASA field tests. Conclusions: The developed system may work as an embedded system for monitoring health status during long-term space mission.
Structural basis for the thermal stability of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases.

The amino acid sequences of two thermophilic and five mesophilic glyceralde-hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases have been compared with the known three-dimensional structure of this enzyme to determine the factors responsible for thermal stability. The changes are greatest in the S-loop regions at the center of the tetramer, which show a quantitative increase in hydrophobicity and polarity that can strengthen subunit interactions in a complementary manner. The S-loops also show increases in residue volume and bulk that may indicate a tighter packing at the molecular center. In addition, there are changes in the secondary structural parameters indicating that the helices, in particular, may be more stable in the thermophilic proteins. Increases in the hydrophobicity of domain and subunit contacts for the Thermus aquaticus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase may explain why it is the most thermostable protein in this series.
Nuclear Polarization in Muonic Atoms of Deformed Nuclei

The analysis of muonic x-ray spectra in deformed nuclei was carried out in the past by diagonalizing the electric quadrupole interaction between the spin doublets ($2{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}, 2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$), ($3{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}, 3{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$) and the lowest rotational band of the nucleus. With the present experimental accuracy, this procedure is no longer adequate. To take into account the muonic and nuclear states not included in the diagonalization, we renormalize the electric quadrupole interaction by virtual excitations into those states. We find that the renormalization correction amounts to a few percent of the quadrupole matrix elements. This explains the systematic tendency for the intrinsic quadrupole moments obtained from the traditional analysis to be a few percent larger than the values deduced from Coulomb excitation experiments. We also find that the inclusion of the renormalization corrections has a very significant effect on the parameters of the charge distribution and the intensity ratios of the hyperfine multiplets.
The Application Of Infrared Thermography To Solar Central Receiver Temperature Measurements Part I. Instrument Evaluation

Front surface temperature measurements made on the receiver at the 10 MWe Solar Thermal Central Receiver Pilot Plant near Barstow, CA are described. The receiver consists of 24 panels, each 45 feet long by 35 inches wide. Each panel is comprised of seventy half-inch diameter Incoloy tubes painted with an absorptive coating. Solar radiation, focused onto these panels, produces steam from water flowing through the tubes. The panel surface temperatures are needed to verify thermal-hydraulic computer codes used for performance predictions. Indications of large temperature gradients and fluctuations on a panel are needed in determining thermal stresses. The measurements were made using a commercial infrared camera/detector coupled with a 30X telescope to provide adequate resolution over large distances. The telescope and detector were located 660 feet from the receiver. Temperatures of one receiver panel were recorded during quasi-steady receiver operation. The trends of the results are corroborated with data obtained from receiver panel back surface thermocouples. The transient behavior of a panel section was recorded during a receiver shutdown, during which the focused radiation was quickly removed from the receiver. Results of the quasi-steady panel scan and the transient observation are presented.
Multifactorial mechanisms of drug resistance in tumor cell populations selected for resistance to specific chemotherapeutic agents

Abstract Mouse leukemia L1210 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of drugs that targeted the specific subunits of ribonucleotide reductase. From these studies mutant L1210 cell lines were selected that showed resistance to hydroxyurea (HU-R), deoxyadenosine (Y-8), MAIQ (MQ-580) and IMPY/deoxyadenosine (ED2). These cell lines had specific alterations that related directly to the ribonucleotide reductase site. These molecular changes included gene amplification, increased mRNA, increased enzyme activity and loss of sensitivity to dATP as a negative effector. However, each of the resistant cell lines did not have all of these changes. In addition to these changes, targeted at the ribonucleotide reductase site, the MQ-580, Y-8 and ED2 drug resistant cell lines had other alterations that are not readily attributable to the ribonucleotide reductase site. These changes included induced expression of MDR1, MRP (MQ-580), increased c-myc and c-fos expression (Y-8 and ED2), decreased p53 levels (Y-8 and ED2), increased frequency of CAD amplification (Y-8 and ED2), increased sensitivity to X-irradiation (Y-8) and a p53-independent pathway for apoptosis (Y-8). These data show that the development of drug resistance is complicated by the evolution of multifactorial mechanisms that may not be overtly related to the mechanism of action of the drug used to induce the resistance phenotype.
Teacher verbal behavior following student success and failure

Abstract Undergraduate subjects taught identifying traits of animals (fish, reptiles, amphibians, mammals) to a fifth grade student confederate over a microphone. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions in which they failed (F) or succeeded (S) in teaching five animal comparison problems. The four conditions were (a) F, S, S, S, S; (b) F, F, F, S, S; (c) S, F, F, F, S; and (d) S, S, S, F, S. The teaching sessions were tape recorded and analyzed for Teaching Time, Word Rate, and Voice Amplitude. Analyses revealed increased Teaching Time and decreased Word Rate following failure. Voice Amplitude increased across teaching sessions independent of success or failure. Findings were interpreted as more consonant with frustration-aggression than frustrative nonreward energizing theory.
Cerebral angiography and neuropsychological measurement: The twain may meet

In a sample of 31 cerebral revascularization candidates, severity and dissemination of atherosclerosis on the cerebral angiogram were correlated with two of three global indicators of neurobehavioral impairment. Additionally, the angiographic rating was correlated with age and with an index of medical risk factors, but not with duration of the longest symptomatic episode. It seems likely that several variables, particularly collateral circulation, help to determine whether a given pattern of stenoses results in neuropsychological dysfunction and what type of behavioral deficit occurs. In many cases, the configuration of neuropsychological test scores may not directly mirror the pattern of cerebrovascular stenoses.
Landscape position and habitat polygons in a dynamic coastal environment

In contrast to stable inland systems, coastal landscape positions are dynamic, changing as shorelines migrate and storms alter topography. We define landscape position by distance to ocean shoreline and elevation above sea level, two metrics that integrate a suite of environmental and biotic factors. As shoreline and elevation change, suitability of a geo-referenced position for a given plant species may also change. The objectives of our study were to use two methods for measuring landscape position (GPS and hyperspectral/light detection and ranging or LIDAR) to develop habitat polygons, compare habitat polygons for five species representing several adaptive strategies, and illustrate change in landscape position due to migrating shoreline for a Virginia, USA barrier island. Habitat polygons for each species were distinct, represented several growth forms or functional groups, and were indicative of tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses. The habitat polygon for Cakile edentula (annual forb) was relat...
The Political Economy of Urban Revitalization: Competing Theories

The Marxian and pluralist approaches to the study of inner-city revitalization are described and contrasted. Each approach works from different assumptions about the role of the state, the function...
Measurement of renal and non-renal eicosanoid synthesis

Enzymatic metabolites of arachidonic acid (eicosanoids) have potent biologic actions in vitro that suggest their pathophysiologic importance in vivo. To address this possibility, analytic methodology has been developed to permit study of the formation of these compounds in vivo. Both radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry have been used to measure stable but biologically inactive metabolites of the eicosanoids. Although indirect, such measures are presently the most reliable, because superfusion-bioassay lacks the specificity and precision necessary for quantitative analysis of eicosanoid formation in vivo. Measurement of eicosanoids and their hydration products and metabolites in urine represents a non-invasive approach to the assessment of eicosanoid biosynthesis. Although a tissue of origin cannot be ascribed definitely to a compound measured in urine, corroborative evidence can be obtained to indicate the predominant tissue source under physiologic and pathologic conditions. This relates particularly to the distinction between renal and extrarenal biosynthesis of these compounds. Although similar limitations apply to the measurement of eicosanoids in plasma, these may also be confounded by sources of artifact related to blood withdrawal. In the case of thromboxane B2, these concerns have been addressed by the development of methods to measure its enzymatic metabolites in plasma. Finally, formation of eicosanoids may be studied in localized compartments such as lavage or synovial fluid. Such an approach has recently provided biochemical evidence for increased formation of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 at the platelet-vascular interface during selective inhibition of thromboxane synthase in humans.
Analysis of atmospheric trace constituents from high resolution infrared balloon-borne and ground-based solar absorption spectra

Results of ongoing studies of high-resolution solar absorption spectra aimed at the identification and quantification of trace constituents of importance in the chemistry of the stratosphere and upper troposphere are presented. An analysis of balloon-borne and ground-based spectra obtained at 0.0025/cm covering the 700-2200/cm interval is presented. The 0.0025/cm spectra, along with corresponding laboratory spectra, improves the spectral line parameters, and thus the accuracy of quantifying trace constituents. Results for COF2, F22, SF6, and other species are presented. The retrieval methods used for total column density and altitude distribution for both ground-based and balloon-borne spectra are also discussed.
Short-photoperiod exposure reduces l-aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase immunostaining in the arcuate nucleus and median eminence of male Syrian hamsters

In male hamsters, exposure to short photoperiod (SD) results in a decrease in median eminence and posterior pituitary dopamine (DA) concentrations. To determine if the SD-induced decline in DA is due to a decrease in the number of neurons synthesizing DA, immunocytochemistry was used to identify cells containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) in animals housed under long photoperiod (LD) or SD. Immunopositive cells were counted in the arcuate and caudal periventricular nuclei, regions where the DA neurons that project to the median eminence and posterior pituitary are located. AADC immunopositive (AADC +) cells were also counted in the median eminence. Photoperiod did not affect the number of TH immunopositive (TH+) or AADC + cells in the caudal periventricular nuclei. In the arcuate nuclei, SD exposure did not affect the number of TH+ neurons, but produced a significant decline in the number of AADC + cells. The number of AADC + cells was also reduced in the median eminence of SD-exposed animals. This decline in AADC+ cells may play a role in SD-induced changes in hypothalamic regulation of anterior pituitary hormone release, including the decline in median eminence DA concentrations.
An ATP pool with rapid turnover within the cell membrane

Abstract Seven-day-old cultures of rat leg muscle cells were double labelled by addition of [14C] adenine in the culture medium (2 hrs 15 mins) and followed by addition of [32P] phosphate (15 min). The specific activity (S.A.) of the isolated cyclic [14C] adenine 3′ – 5′ monophosphate (cAMP) was similar to that of the bulk ATP. The S.A. of [32P] from cAMP was, however, higher than that of bulk ATP. The S.A. of [32P] from cAMP could be further modified by prevention of normal muscle cell fusion. It is probable that the cAMP with high [32P] S.A. was synthesized from a cell membrane pool of ATP with rapid turnover.
Kinetics of the reaction of Di-μ-acetatodi-μ-oxalatodiaquodiruthenium(II,III) anion with N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetatoaquotitanium(III)

Abstract Reduction of [Ru 2 (CH 3 COO) 2 (C 2 O 4 ) 2 (H 2 O) 2 ] − by N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediaminetriacetatoaquotitanium(III) [Ti(HEDTA)] involves several distinct stages. The first stage has a half-time of less than 1 ms, and is interpreted as a substitution reaction leading to a multinuclear intermediate. The second stage has a second-order rate constant of 5 x 10 3 M −1 s −1 [25°C, μ = 0.1 m (LiCF 3 SO 3 )]. The rate-limiting process for the second stage is electron transfer within the assembled multinuclear complex. Subsequent slower stages correspond to breakup of the multinuclear Ru(II) 2 -Ti(IV) complex formed by electron transfer. The overall rate of reduction of this oxidant by Ti(HEDTA) is less than the corresponding rate for the reaction in which Ti 3+ acts as reductant, mainly because the stability of the binuclear complex is reduced by the presence of the aminoacid ligand. The data are consistent with the conclusion that the ligand increases the rate of intramolecular ET, probably by reducing geometric change associated with oxidation of Ti(III) to Ti(IV).
Fine-Tuning Monophosphine Ligands for Enhanced Enantioselectivity. Influence of Chiral Hemilabile Pendant Groups

C2-Symmetric P-(2-X-aryl)-2,5-dialkylphospholanes (X = dioxolan-2-yl or dioxan-2-yl), designed on the basis of a working model for asymmetric induction, are effective ligands for the Ni(II)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrovinylation of styrenes. Excellent yields (>99%), selectivities for the desired 3-arylbutenes (>99%), high S/C ratios (>1200), and ee's (up to 91%) have been realized for a number of prototypical vinylarenes. In the dioxolane series, the selectivity depends on the configuration of the C4 and C5 carbons.
Incidence and predictors of prolonged urinary retention after TVT with and without concurrent prolapse surgery.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the time to adequate voiding, incidence of urinary retention, and predictors of voiding efficiency and urinary retention after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) with and without concurrent prolapse surgery. Study design Medical records of patients who underwent TVT between August 1999 and July 2003 were reviewed. Urinary retention was defined as the need for urethrolysis, urethral dilation, or postoperative catheterization for >6 weeks. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of time to adequate voiding and urinary retention. Results Two hundred sixty-seven patients were available for analysis; 66% had concurrent prolapse repair, 4% had concurrent laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), and 30% had an isolated TVT. TVT with and without concurrent prolapse repair or LAVH were statistically similar with respect to median days to voiding (8 vs 5) and the rate of urinary retention (11.2% vs 11.3%). Overall, 4.9% underwent urethrolysis, 1.9% received urethral dilation, and 4.1% required prolonged catheterization. Increasing age, decreasing BMI, and postoperative urinary tract infection were independent predictors of time to adequate voiding. Previous history of incontinence surgery was the only independent predictor of urinary retention (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.96, 95%CI [1.17-7.06]). Conclusion Concurrent prolapse surgery does not appear to significantly alter postoperative voiding efficiency or increase the risk of prolonged urinary retention compared with TVT alone.
Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma

From a transplantable mouse teratoma it has been possible to derive an established keratinizing cell line (XB) which grows well in cultures containing lethally irradiated 3T3 fibroblasts at the correct density. Single cells of the keratinizing line grow into colonies each consisting of a stratified squamous epithelium. The keratinizing nature of the colonies has been demonstrated by specific staining with Rhodanile blue, and by light and electron microscopy of sections through the colonies. A function of fibroblasts appears to be a strict requirement for keratinization and an important though less strict requirement for cell growth. The fibroblast function can be carried out by medium harvested from 3T3 cultures. It is possible to detect keratinizing colonies in primary cultures of disaggregated teratoma cells combined with 3T3 cells. Such colonies appeared in cultures of a transplantable teratoma with an overall frequency of 6 X 10(-6) of the cells plated. Nonkeratinizing colonies of cells with otherwise very similar appearance were about 10 fold more abundant. Since both the keratinizing and the related nonkeratinizing colonies can be identified in the living state, it is possible to isolate them from the primary cultures.