cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Problem of Homonyms among Generic Names of Ciliated Protozoa, with Proposal of Several New Names*

SYNOPSIS. Over ninety genera of ciliated protozoa have been given names preoccupied by the generic names of other animal organisms. To date some sixty of these junior homonyms never have been corrected. In half of these cases the homonymous ciliate names have been buried as synonyms of one kind or another, however, and need be of no further practical concern. For the remaining genera, thirty in number, replacement names arc proposed in the present paper in accordance with provisions of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Such action is considered to be in the best interest of ultimate taxonomic stability among the groups of organisms involved. New names also have had to be proposed for five families or subfamilies whose type genera have lost their original names through homonymy.
Diagnosis and classification of lymphoma based on cytospin preparations: a comparison of hematopathologists and cytopathologists.

The diagnosis of malignant lymphoma based on cytologic preparations is a source of much debate. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of a number of pathologists to diagnose and classify lymphoma using cytospin preparations, and to compare the rate of agreement between cytopathologists and hematopathologists. One hundred twenty-five cytospins prepared from histologically confirmed hematologic lesions were examined retrospectively and independently by four hematopathologists/fellows and two cytopathologists without knowledge of the final diagnosis; the results were compared with the final diagnoses derived from histology and immunophenotyping. Eighty-one cases were histologically diagnosed as lymphoma (including 67 cases of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma), and 44 cases represented a reactive process histologically. The distinction of a malignant from a benign process was made in 75% of the cases by cytospin examination, with cytopathologists correctly diagnosing 75% and hematopathologists 76% of the cases. The accuracy rate for subclassification of the lymphoma cases was 49% (46% for cytopathologists, 52% for hematopathologists). The cytopathologists correctly recognized large-cell lymphoma at an increased frequency compared with the hematopathologists (70% vs. 56%, P = 0.11), while the hematopathologists showed a greater ability to recognize and classify nonfollicle center low-grade B-cell lymphomas (57% vs. 28%, P = 0.01). We conclude that cytopathologists and hematopathologists generally achieve similar accuracy rates in the morphologic evaluation of cytologic preparations of lymphoid lesions, though some differences in their performance do exist. Diagn. Cytopathol. 22:336–341, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The effect of sulfamerazine upon egg production and hatchability.

Abstract The sulfonamides are known to have therapeutic value for the control of certain bacterial and protozoan diseases in animals. In the poultry industry sulfamerazine has gained a lot of experimental attention, particularly since it reduces the mortality from pullorum in growing chickens (Battorff and Kiser, 1947; MacNamee, 1947; Roberts, Card and Alberts, 1948). The sulfonamide has also been reported to be effective in reducing pullorum infections among pullets (Mullen, 1946; and Riedel, 1950); but if treatment at a high level is continued for any length of time, toxic symptoms may develop and weight gains may be retarded (Farr and Jaquette, 1947). In view of these toxic symptoms the present investigation was undertaken to determine the effects of sulfamerazine treatment upon egg production and hatchability. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS A total of 60 Rhode Island Red pullets were separated into four equal groups and placed in separate pens. Two cockerels were . . .
A direct effect of prolactin and placental lactogen on mammary epithelial nuclei.

Abstract Placental lactogen and prolactin stimulate the rate of RNA synthesis by nuclei isolated from mammary epithelial cells. The effect is tissue specific. It is suggested that these protein hormones may perform some of their functions within the mammary cell.
Restoration and Impacts from the September 8, 2011, San Diego Power Outage

AbstractThis case study discusses post-event reconnaissance research of the September 8, 2011, power outage that left San Diego County, California, without electricity for up to 12 h. The objective of this case study is to synthesize and analyze the impacts of the outage and responses to the event. Understanding the outage’s impacts and responses helps to reveal restoration practices and contexts that promote meeting both technical and nontechnical goals. This study reveals several issues related to restoration decision-making and communication related to critical customers, particularly those responsible for health care, wastewater and potable water management, fuel provision, and food service. Restoration did not occur and was not communicated in such a way to avoid impacts to dependent critical infrastructure, reflect state restoration criteria, or meet expectations of a variety of power customers. Insight from this case study suggests three themes to guide research and development of best practices fo...
Upper airway motion depicted at cine MR imaging performed during sleep: comparison between young Patients with and those without obstructive sleep apnea.

PURPOSE: To compare the patterns of dynamic airway motion depicted on cine magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained during sleep between young patients with and those without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fast gradient-echo sequences were performed in the sagittal midline by using a 1.5-T unit to create cine MR images. Cine MR images obtained during sleep in 16 young patients with OSA were compared with those obtained in 16 young patients with no airway symptoms of airway disease. The nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx were characterized in terms of airway motion as static patent (SP), dynamic patent, intermittent collapsed (IC), or static collapsed (SC); and the maximal diameter and greatest change in diameter (in millimeters) of these airways were calculated. Adenoid tonsil size and mouth position (ie, opened or closed) were determined. Differences in the frequency of MR imaging parameters in the different anatomic regions were evaluated by using Fisher exact, χ2, and sample...
Antegrade endovascular repair of a coarctation-associated aneurysm through an upper hemi-sternotomy

Late aneurysm formation is a well-described complication after surgical correction of aortic coarctation. Endovascular repair of such aneurysms avoids the morbidity of conventional reoperative thoracic surgery. We describe a unique case of antegrade endovascular repair of a distal coarctation-associated aneurysm with vascular access acquired through the aortic arch by an upper hemi-sternotomy.
Chemostratigraphy of the Neoproterozoic Alona Bay lavas, Ontario

A basal sequence of flood basalt lavas associated with the Neoproterozoic Midcontinent rift system crops out in Alona Bay along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior in Ontario. The Alona Bay lava succession is about 1200 m thick and lies just north of the well-studied, contemporaneous Mamainse Point Formation. Detailed chemostratigraphy of the Alona Bay lavas suggests they are grossly correlative with the basal portion of the Mamainse Point Formation. For instance, like the basal part of Mamainse Point Formation, the Alona Bay section contains numerous high-MgO lavas and can be subdivided into 45 groups with distinct chemical characteristics. Chemical variations within the Alona Bay groups are largely the result of fractional crystallization, likely at moderate pressures. One small group of Alona Bay lavas also carries the compositional imprint of crustal contamination. The remaining inter-group chemical distinctions at Alona Bay are the consequence of temporal changes in partial melting and source ch...
Fluid Interpretation of Cardassian Expansion

A fluid interpretation of Cardassian expansion is developed. Here, the Friedmann equation takes the form ${H}^{2}=g({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M})$ where ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M}$ contains only matter and radiation (no vacuum). The function $g({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M})$ returns to the usual $8\ensuremath{\pi}{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M}{/(3m}_{\mathrm{pl}}^{2})$ during the early history of the Universe, but takes a different form that drives an accelerated expansion after a redshift $z\ensuremath{\sim}1.$ One possible interpretation of this function (and of the right-hand side of Einstein's equations) is that it describes a fluid with total energy density ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\mathrm{tot}}{=(3m}_{\mathrm{pl}}^{2}/8\ensuremath{\pi})g({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M})={\ensuremath{\rho}}_{M}+{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{K}$ containing not only matter density (mass times number density) but also interaction terms ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{K}.$ These interaction terms give rise to an effective negative pressure which drives cosmological acceleration. These interactions may be due to interacting dark matter, e.g. with a fifth force between particles $F\ensuremath{\sim}{r}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}1}.$ Such interactions may be intrinsically four dimensional or may result from higher dimensional physics. A fully relativistic fluid model is developed here, with conservation of energy, momentum, and particle number. A modified Poisson's equation is derived. A study of fluctuations in the early Universe is presented, although a fully relativistic treatment of the perturbations including gauge choice is as yet incomplete.
Theriocide: Naming Animal Killing

In this essay I recommend ‘theriocide’ as the name for those diverse human actions that cause the deaths of animals. Like the killing of one human by another, theriocide may be socially acceptable or unacceptable, legal or illegal. It may be intentional or unintentional and may involve active maltreatment or passive neglect. Theriocide may occur one-on-one, in small groups or in large-scale social institutions. The numerous and sometimes intersecting sites of theriocide include intensive rearing regimes; hunting and fishing; trafficking; vivisection; militarism; pollution; and human-induced climate change. If the killing of animals by humans is as harmful to them as homicide is to humans, then the proper naming of such deaths offers a remedy, however small, to the extensive privileging of human lives over those of other animals. Inevitably, the essay leads to a shocking question: Is theriocide murder?
Integration or Disintegration: Where Is Discovery Headed?

This exploratory essay examines current Web-scale discovery service (WSDS) literature to glean directions, integration or disintegration, of resource or information discovery manifested by WSDSs. How effective, intelligent, or smart is searching on this very large yet limited scale? A metadata lens is used to probe quality and WSDS effectiveness as reflected in the literature and associated discovery and metadata initiatives.
Serum IgG Responses against Aspergillus Proteins before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation or Chemotherapy Identify Patients Who Develop Invasive Aspergillosis

The ability to identify patients at particularly low risk for invasive aspergillosis (IA) would facilitate more efficient targeting of antifungal prophylaxis. We measured baseline serum immunoglobulin responses against 6 purified recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus proteins before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or chemotherapy in 73 subjects, including 19 patients who subsequently developed proven or probable IA and 54 uninfected controls. We also assessed responses at the time of IA diagnosis and 4 weeks later (acute and convalescent sera, respectively). Baseline IgG responses against enolase, Ahp1, Hsp90, Crf1, and Cdc37 were significantly higher in the patients with IA compared with controls (P
Response of two coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens Endl.) varieties to moderate levels of salt and boron spray measured by stress symptoms: Implications for landscape irrigation using recycled water

Abstract Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens Endl.) is a popular evergreen tree in landscapes of California and the Pacific Coast States of the United States and Western Canada. Two varieties, Aptos Blue and Los Altos, were tested firstly for tolerance to sodium chloride (NaCl) and boron (B) spray and then in landscape setting when irrigated with recycled water. The NaCl and B concentrations used in the irrigation water were moderate, 500 mg NaCl L−1and 2 mg B L−1. Sodium chloride and B stress symptoms were recorded using image analysis. Aptos Blue was found to be more sensitive to NaCl and B than Los Altos. Sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) accumulations were not affected by the addition of B in the irrigation water and vice versa, but stress symptoms were additive. The information generated by this study revealed several useful management guidelines. (1) There are salt and boron sensitivity differences between the two coast redwood varieties. Therefore, it is possible to select coast redwood varieties with increased salt tolerance for recycled water irrigation. (2) Coast redwood should not be planted in landscapes where in close proximity to the seacoast. Salt concentrations in the undiluted seawater are much higher than those used in this study. (3) For existing coast redwood plantings, irrigation with recycled water should be restricted to under the canopy of the plants or at the ground level and should be closely monitored to ensure that soil salinity does not exceed 2 dS m−1.
Changes in brain acetylcholinesterase activity of young rats after chronic treatment with tremorine.

La tremorine a ete administree chez les rats quotidiennement pendant 7 jours a des doses de 7.5, 22.5 ou 30 mg/kg. Les temoins ont montre des mouvements convulsifs proportionnels a la dose de tremorine. Quatre jours apres l'arret du traitement, l'activite acetylcholinesterasique du cortex cerebral etait augmentee. Il est propose que ce change de l'activite acetylcholinesterasique reflete une utilisation accrue de l'acetylcholine corticale.
Effect of Laticauda semifasciata (sea snake) venom on chloride transport across the frog skin

Abstract Addition of Laticauda semifasciata venom to the outside bathing solution of isolated frog skin elicited sustained increases in transepithelial potential difference, short-circuit current and transepithelial electrical resistance. The Laticauda semifasciata venom-induced short-circuit is carried by a net active Na + transfer from the outside to the inside bathing solution while the increase in transepithelial resistance is accounted for by a decrease in the outside to inside Cl − flux.
Postmodernism and economics: a middlebrow view

Exposition and defense of postmodernism in regards to epistemology and language in economics. Centers on truth versus tools and truth versus story while emphasizing social constructivism, methodological pluralism, and multiplicity of truth. Affirms quest for confident knowledge but emphasizes limitations with regard to results understood as truth. Defends and puts into perspective the charge of ‘anything goes’. Adopts self-reflexive view of postmodernism itself.
High-resolution membrane protein structure by joint calculations with solid-state NMR and X-ray experimental data.

X-ray diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) are the staple methods for revealing atomic structures of proteins. Since crystals of biomolecular assemblies and membrane proteins often diffract weakly and such large systems encroach upon the molecular tumbling limit of solution NMR, new methods are essential to extend structures of such systems to high resolution. Here we present a method that incorporates solid-state NMR restraints alongside of X-ray reflections to the conventional model building and refinement steps of structure calculations. Using the 3.7 A crystal structure of the integral membrane protein complex DsbB-DsbA as a test case yielded a significantly improved backbone precision of 0.92 A in the transmembrane region, a 58% enhancement from using X-ray reflections alone. Furthermore, addition of solid-state NMR restraints greatly improved the overall quality of the structure by promoting 22% of DsbB transmembrane residues into the most favored regions of Ramachandran space in comparison to the crystal structure. This method is widely applicable to any protein system where X-ray data are available, and is particularly useful for the study of weakly diffracting crystals.
P2-16-04: Abdominal Wall Stability and Flap Complications Are Unaltered Following Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator (DIEP) Flap Breast Reconstruction Despite Increasing Body Mass Index: Analysis of 418 Patients and 639 Flaps.

Introduction: Promoted by reports of decreased donor-site morbidity compared to traditional transverse rectus abdominus (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction, deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps have gained significant popularity. Increasing body mass index (BMI) is associated with poor flap-specific and donor-site outcomes in breast reconstruction using traditional techniques. The current study aims at defining flap-specific and donor-site complications with increasing BMI in patients undergoing DIEP flap breast construction. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 639 DIEP flaps on 418 consecutive patients between Jan 2006 to March 2008 was performed. Patients were stratified into five groups based on BMI: normal weight (≤ 24.9), overweight (25-29.9), obese (30-34.9), severely obese (35-39.9), and morbidly obese (≥ 40). Medical co-morbidities, adjuvant chemo-radiation therapy, timing of reconstruction, active tobacco use and surgical history were collected. Primary outcomes were compared between BMI groups. Results: Average BMI for the entire population was 28.3 (range 17–42). There were 100 (23.9 %) normal weight, 153 (36.6 %) overweight, 113 (27.0 %) obese, 45 (10.8 %) severely obese, and 7(1.7%) morbidly obese patients with an average follow-up of 1088 (range 720–1528) days. Increasing BMI was associated with increased incidence of hypertension, previous abdominal surgeries, and length of follow-up. Age, active tobacco use, adjuvant chemo-radiation therapy and timing of reconstruction were similar across all BMI groups. Flap complications stratified by BMI groups demonstrated significantly increased delayed wound healing complications in severely obese patients compared to lower BMI groups. Incidence of flap soft tissue infections, hematoma or seroma formation, fat necrosis, thrombotic and overall complications including flap failure were not significantly different between groups. Donor-site complications stratified by BMI demonstrated significantly increased delayed wound healing and overall complications among morbidly obese patients compared to other groups. Incidence of donor-site infection, acute or subacute hematomas, seroma formation, abdominal wall bulging, and hernia formation were not significantly different between groups despite increasing BMI. Conclusion: Increasing BMI predisposes patients to delayed wound healing complications in both flap and donor-site locations. Nevertheless, overall flap complications remain similar across all BMI groups. Despite increased overall donor-site complications in patients with increasing BMI, abdominal wall stability was maintained during a follow-up period approximating 3 years. Given a similar flap complication profile and maintenance of abdominal stability, DIEP flaps are recommended in patients with increased BMI. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-16-04.
Nitric Oxide Activates the Sarcolemmal KATPChannel in Normoxic and Chronically Hypoxic Hearts by a Cyclic GMP-dependent Mechanism

Abstract Chronic myocardial hypoxia results in elevated nitric oxide (NO) production and increased current through the sarcolemmal K ATP channel. We hypothesized these two processes are related and determined whether NO alters the electrophysiology of Purkinje fibers obtained from rabbits ( n =12/group) raised in a normoxic (F I O 2 =0.21) or hypoxic (F I O 2 =0.12) environment from birth to 9 days of age. Action potential duration (APD) 90 was shorter (112±3 ms v 126±3 ms) and maximum diastolic potential (MDP) was more negative (−84±2 mV v −80±1 mV) in hypoxic hearts compared with normoxic controls. In normoxic hearts the NO donors, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) 50 μ M and spermine NONOate (50 μ M ) shortened APD 90 and increased MDP to levels present in chronically hypoxic hearts. This effect was completely abolished by the K ATP channel blocker glibenclamide (3 μ M ) and by a nitric oxide trap, Carboxy-PTIO (100 μ M ). The NO carrier glutathione (50 μ M ) and decomposed spermine NONOate had no effect on APD 90 or MDP. GSNO had no effect in hypoxic hearts; however, when GSNO was combined with glibenclamide APD 90 increased, and MDP decreased to normoxic values. 8-Bromo cGMP (100 μ M ) shortened APD 90 and increased MDP to levels present in chronically hypoxic hearts. This effect was abolished by glibenclamide. A soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor, ODQ (10 μ M ), had no effect on action potentials in normoxic hearts but in hypoxic hearts resulted in an increase in APD 90 to levels present in normoxic hearts and a decrease in MDP. The effect of ODQ could not be reversed by GSNO. We conclude that NO activates the sarcolemmal K ATP channel in normoxic and chronically hypoxic hearts by a cyclic GMP-dependent mechanism.
Broadband parametric representation of packaged MEMS interconnects using a state space spectral model

This article presents a robust measurement-based spectral model, derived from an all-pole state-space system representation of the scattering parameters, for the broadband characterization of low-loss packaged MEMS circuits. The proposed method is illustrated by extracting distributed transmission line parameters of a MEMS interconnect, which accounts for discontinuities and package-specific parasitic effects. It is shown that the state space method (SSM) effectively filters out measurement noise and facilitates extraction of frequency-dependent parameters. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 1482–1485, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23402
GLUCOSE AND PROTEIN METABOLISM IN NEWBORNS UNDERGOING EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO). ▴ 1820

To determine to what extent glucose homeostasis, proteolysis, and essential amino acid loss is altered in infants undergoing ECMO for persistent pulmonary hypertension, stable isotope tracer infusions were used to measure endogenous glucose production, phenylalanine (PHE) rates of appearance (Ra), and PHE hydroxylation (PHE-OH) in 7 neonates on ECMO (birth weight 3.5±0.9kg, 40±2 wks gestation, 3±1 days old) and in 10 normal newborn controls (birth weight 3.3±0.5kg, 39±1 wks gestation, 2.4±1.4 days old). ECMO infants and controls were both studied during a 7 mg/kg/min glucose infusion. In addition, to determine the effect of a combined glucose (7 mg/kg/min) and amino acid (AA) infusion (1.5 g/kg/day, 16.2μmol/kg/hr PHE) on proteolysis and PHE balance in ECMO patients, the same measurements were made in 8 ECMO patients receiving the combined infusion.
Number of Salmonellae in Commercially Broken Eggs Before Pasteurization

Abstract THE number of salmonellae present in egg material has a specific bearing on the margin of safety achieved by a pasteurization process. Previously published results on salmonella contamination of egg products generally report only the percentage of samples analyzed that contain viable salmonellae. For example, of 1,629 samples of frozen eggs examined in England in 1963, 17.0 percent were positive (Hobbs, 1964). This value is similar to the incidence reported many years ago by Solowey et al. (1946). Such results although suggesting a low level of contamination are not quantitative and cannot be used to calculate the margin of safety afforded by any proposed pasteurization process. For such calculations the initial level of contamination must be known. The purpose of this report is to provide information on the numbers of salmonellae found in freshly broken out eggs prepared under present commercial conditions in the United States. Results from samples of material processed during a twelve-month period were consolidated with the recent results obtained by Bergquist and Klusmeyer 1 and by Patterson and Brant 2
Effect of polarizer dynamics on current-induced behaviors in magnetic nanopillars

Magnetoelectronic nanodevices such as magnetic random access memory include two essential magnetic layers: a polarizing reference layer and a free layer whose configuration can be changed by spin-polarized current via spin-transfer effect. We present measurements of current-induced behaviors in nanodevices with fixed dimensions of the free layer, and varied dimensions of the polarizer. Current-induced precession occurs only at positive current for sufficiently thick polarizer, and only at negative current for thin polarizer, with an abrupt transition between these regimes. Bipolar current-induced precession was observed for a small range of extended polarizer thickness but the amplitude of precession in these devices is reduced. These behaviors are interpreted in terms of the coupling between magnetic layers caused by spin transfer. We suggest a device architecture utilizing the coupling for improved efficiency.
Changing patterns of hospital use for patients with musculoskeletal diseases in Michigan, 1980 to 1987

Over the past 10 years there have been dramatic changes in health care financing in the United States, such as Medicare's Prospective Payment System for hospitalized Medicare beneficiaries, and in health services delivery, such as the growth in health maintenance organizations and other forms of managed care. These changes have occurred largely in response to payors' concerns about the rising cost of health care. A study of such changes in financing and delivery, and how specific groups of patients are affected is necessary so that the effects of these changes on patients' health can be determined. We examined the hospitalization rates for patients with musculoskeletal diseases in Michigan from 1980 through 1987. During this period, the overall ageadjusted hospitalization rates decreased 7.0% per year (p = 0.001). The decrease occurred less for surgical discharges (6.0% per year) than for medical discharges (8.6% per year) (p < 0.001). While these overall trends are of interest, they obscure disease-specific trends that vary significantly from both the overall, and the medical and surgical trends. For example, while surgical discharges, in general declined, procedures related to major joint and limb reattachment (DRG # 209) increased at a rate of 6.3% per year. And while medical discharges in general decreased over this period, discharges for osteomyelitis increased 5.4% per year. The patterns of diseasespecific trends offers insight into the possible causes for these changes. Finally, it is important to understand the epidemiology of hospital use to evaluate the effects of new medical care delivery and payment systems on the care of subsets of patients.
Structure determination of nanocomposites through 3D imaging using laboratory XPS and multivariate analysis

Abstract The purpose of this review is to introduce current trends and future directions in efforts to obtain 3D images of materials both destructively and non-destructively by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Non-destructive methods for creating a 3D volume of the material include peak shape analysis, image fusion of angle-resolved images, combination of ARXPS and mapping and multivariate analysis of ARXPS data. Destructive sputtering of nanocomposite samples with ion beams followed by analysis with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy represents a powerful strategy for in-depth characterization of complex materials. The combination of photoelectron imaging with depth profiling to create 3D images is essential for accurate structure determination of laterally and vertically heterogeneous materials. There are only a few reports in the scientific literature, however, describing this approach. Advances towards realization of these experiments with assistance of multivariate analysis will be discussed.
A continuous model for the tapped-inductor boost converter

A continuous, low-frequency, small-signal averaged model for the tapped-inductor boost converter with input filter is developed and experimentally verified, from which the dc transfer function and the small-signal line input and duty ratio input describing functions can easily be derived. A new effect due to storage-time modulation in the transistor switch is shown to explain observed excess filter damping resistance without associated loss in conversion efficiency. The presence of an input filter can cause a severe disturbance, even a null, in the control duty ratio describing function, with consequent potential performance difficulties in a converter regulator.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF LARGE SCALE SPRAYING OPERATIONS ON THE REGIONAL DYNAMICS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) POPULATIONS

Une analyse exploratoire de donnees a ete effectuee afin d'etudier la dynamique regionale de populations de la tondeuse ayant fait l'objet de programmes de lutte, d'apres les donnees des reseaux de surveillance des densites de masses d'œufs et des dommages causes au sapin baumier
Acid lipase-esterase (4-methylumbelliferyl oleate hydrolase) of white matter localized in oligodendrocyte cell bodies.

Abstract— The localization of an acid lipase-esterase which cleaves the fluorogenic substrate 4-methyl-umbelliferyl oleate at pH 5 was studied, because previous experiments has shown this activity to be reduced in the plaques of multiple sclerosis. In the human cerebellum, quantitative histochemical methods showed the activity to be relatively low in the molecular layer, compared to the granule cell layer; but the underlying white matter was the most active. In the human spinal cord, anterior horn cell bodies were richest in acid lipase, but white matter was, on a dry weight basis, as active as neuropil. Oligodendrocytes obtained in bulk from bovine white matter according to Poduslo & Norton (1972) had a specific activity up to 20 times greater than the crude myelin fraction. While it remains possible that in myelin the enzyme is in an inactive or inhibited state, the results indicate that the enzyme is localized in oligodendroglial cell bodies and suggest its use as a marker.
Synthesis and Structures of (Dialkylamino)ethylcyclopentadienyl Derivatives of Zinc

Lithium salts of (dialkylamino)ethylcyclopentadienyl react with either ZnCl2 or Zn(OAc)2 to afford dimeric derivatives containing bridging chlorides or acetates, respectively. X-ray structural determinations of three such derivatives show that the cyclopentadienyl ligands are bound to the zinc centers in an η1 fashion and via their amine groups, thereby leading to a stable six-membered metallacycle.
Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of some 1,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-c]isoquinolines†

Cyclocondensation of 6-amino-2,4-dioxopyrimidine or 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine with 1-cyclohexenecarbox-aldehyde 13 afforded regiospecifically, tricyclic, angular 1,3-disubstituted tetrahydropyrimido[4,5-c]isoquin-olines 5 and 6 respectively. In addition, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine when condensed with 2-chloro-1-cyclohex-enecarboxaldehyde 14, regiospecifically afforded the angular isomer 6. However, the cyclocondensation of 2,6-diamino-4-oxopyrimidine with 13 was regioselective and afforded a mixture of the linear and angular tetrahydropyrimidoisoquinolines 2 and 4. The growth of leukemia L-1210 cells in culture were inhibited 50% by 6 at 9 × 10−8 M. Compounds 4 and 5 were not significantly active.
Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae

Plethodontid salamanders capture prey with enhanced tongue protraction relative to other salamander taxa, yet metamorphosing plethodontids are hypothesized to be constrained relative to direct-developing plethodontids in their degree of tongue evolution (protraction length and velocity) by the presence of a larval stage in development. In this biphasic life history the hyobranchial apparatus serves the conflicting functions of larval suction feeding and adult tongue protraction. The deletion of the larval stage removes one of the conflicting functions and has thus permitted direct-developing plethodontids to circumvent this constraint and evolve extremely long tongues, which in some species can be projected to 80% of body length. To evaluate this constraint hypothesis and explore taxonomic diversity of feeding behaviours, we studied feeding in larvae, adults and metamorphosing individuals of seven species of metamorphosing plethodontids from the basal taxa Desmognathinae and Hemidactyliini using direct observations, high-speed videography and kinematic analysis. We found that larval plethodontids suction feed, but feeding is suspended entirely during metamorphosis, and aquatic adults do not suction feed. Adults have exapted the terrestrial modes of tongue and jaw prehension for aquatic prey capture. These findings substantiate the premise that suction feeding and tongue protraction are conflicting functions, and thus our results support the constraint hypothesis. Plethodontid adults have evolved their extreme tongue protraction ability at the expense of adult suction feeding. The rapid metamorphosis that characterizes plethodontids may be an adaptation that minimizes the non-feeding period imposed by the evolution of derived tongue protraction in adults. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 134, 375–400.
Experimental methyl mercury neurotoxicity: Similar in vivo and in vitro perturbation of brain cell-free protein synthesis

Perturbation of brain protein synthesis by methyl mercury chloride (MeHg) was compared in vivo and in vitro. MeHg-stimulated and/or inhibited brain cell-free protein synthesis following in vivo or in vitro administration. Although pretreatment with GSH protected the postmitochondrial supernatant (PMS) from the in vitro inhibition, direct addition of -SH compounds did not reverse the in vivo or in vitro perturbations in synthesis induced by MeHg. Inhibition of synthesis induced by both in vivo and in vitro methyl mercury administration resulted in inactivation of component(s) in brain pH 5 enzymes. Stimulation of amino acid incorporation following in vivo administration of MeHg was apparently associated with the ribosome fraction, but in vitro preincubation of PMS with MeHg produced stimulation associated with the pH 5 enzyme fraction. A model of MeHg neurotoxicity was proposed providing a common molecular locus of interaction in vivo and in vitro.
Ectopic Breast Tissue, Supernumerary Breasts, and Supernumerary Nipples

This article will review the embryology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical significance of ectopic breast tissue, supernumerary breasts, and supernumerary nipples. These structures most commonly develop along the embryonic "milk line." Supernumerary nipples can be identified at birth, whereas ectopic breast tissue becomes noticeable only after hormonal stimulation, usually during puberty, pregnancy, or lactation. Axillary ectopic breast tissue may provide a diagnostic challenge, as other benign and malignant lesions occur in this area. Fine needle aspiration is a useful tool. Ectopic breast tissue is subject to the same pathologic events that occur in normally positioned breasts. Excision may be required for diagnosis, treatment of symptoms, or cosmesis. Supernumerary nipples do not themselves pose diagnostic or symptomatic problems, but evidence suggests that they are markers for associated conditions, most notably urologic malformations or urogenital malignancies.
Down-regulation of particulate protein kinase Cepsilon and up-regulation of nuclear activator protein-1 DNA binding in liver following in vivo exposure of B6C3F1 male mice to heptachlor epoxide.

The effects of in vivo administration of the cyclodiene tumor promoter heptachlor epoxide on mouse liver protein kinase C were studied in male B6C3F1 mice by protein kinase C activity assays and Western blotting under conditions known to increase the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma because protein kinase C is thought to be critical in phorbol ester–induced tumor promotion. Under these test conditions, 20 ppm dietary heptachlor epoxide for 1–20 days increased cytosolic and decreased particulate total protein kinase C activities, while 10 ppm had no effect. Further, total cytosolic and particulate protein kinase C activities were decreased within 1 hour by 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.) heptachlor epoxide. Western blotting showed that conventional protein kinase Cα and β isoforms were unaffected by heptachlor epoxide. Particulate novel protein kinase Cϵ, however, was selectively down-regulated by 1, 10, and 20 ppm dietary heptachlor epoxide, whereas the cytosolic isoform was decreased by 1 and 10 ppm heptachlor epoxide for 10 days. The high-dose treatment for 24 hours also decreased particulate novel protein kinase Cϵ but increased the cytosolic titer. These results demonstrate that this isoform is unique in its sensitivity to heptachlor epoxide. Activator protein–1 DNA binding, a critical factor in tumor promotion, was substantially increased at 3 and 6 hours with 3.7 mg/kg (i.p.) heptachlor epoxide and at 3 and 10 days with 20 ppm dietary heptachlor epoxide. The effects of heptachlor epoxide on protein kinase C and activator protein–1 are similar to those caused by phorbol ester treatments and correlate well to heptachlor levels found to induce tumors in mice. However, heptachlor epoxide did not initially activate protein kinase C with in vivo treatments or with in vitro treatments of a plasma membrane fraction aimed at demonstrating direct activation, as has been shown for phorbol esters. The ability of heptachlor epoxide to down-regulate particulate novel protein kinase Cϵ correlates to dosages used in in vivo tumor promotion studies. However, this may represent a negative feedback response rather than a causative effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:1–14, 2001
Hearing Loss in Mitochondrial Disorders

Hearing loss is a common clinical feature in mitochondria-syndrome disorders. The underlining molecular etiology of hearing loss has not been fully investigated. In this study, 83 patients with mitochondrial syndromic hearing loss were evaluated clinically and their blood and tissue samples were examined molecularly. Using modified Walker's criteria, 31, 31, 14, and 7 patients had been classified as having definite, probable, possible, and unlikely diagnosis of mitochondrial disease, respectively. Deleterious mtDNA point mutations and/or abnormal mtDNA content or multiple deletions were identified in 20 patients with definite diagnosis and 2 patients with probable diagnosis. In addition to known, undisputed pathogenic mutations, several novel mutations believed to be clinically significant were found. Furthermore, abnormal mtDNA content and mtDNA deletions were found in some of the cases. Evaluation of clinical and diagnostic features associated with hearing loss revealed that cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, deficient respiratory chain enzyme complex activities, histochemical and ultrastructural abnormalities in mitochondria, and abnormal brain imaging results occurred significantly more frequently in patients with mtDNA alterations than in those without. This study revealed that the majority of the mtDNA defects in patients with mitochondrial syndromic hearing loss affect the overall mitochondrial gene expression.
Ontogeny of Na+/H+ antiporter activity in rat proximal convoluted tubules.

Neonates have a lower serum bicarbonate level than adults, which is caused by a lower renal threshold for bicarbonate. Eighty percent of bicarbonate reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule, in which proton secretion is predominantly mediated by a luminal Na+/H+ antiporter. Previous studies have demonstrated that there is a maturational increase in apical membrane rabbit proximal convoluted tubule Na+/H+ antiporter activity. However, in rat brush border membrane vesicles, Na+/H+ activity was higher in neonates than that in adult rats. To examine the maturation of Na+/H+ antiporter activity in rat proximal convoluted tubules, we perfused rat proximal convoluted tubules in vitro. Na+/H+ antiporter activity was assayed as the proton secretory rate on luminal sodium removal. Na+/H+ antiporter activity was 121.2 ± 18.4 pmol/mm·min in neonatal and 451.8 ± 40.6 pmol/mm·min in adult proximal convoluted tubules (p < 0.001). We next examined whether the increase in Na+/H+ antiporter activity was associated with changes in renal cortical NHE3 mRNA and brush border membrane NHE3 protein abundance. Adult renal cortical NHE3 mRNA abundance was 10-fold greater than that in 1-d-old neonates (p < 0.001). There was a comparable developmental increase in renal brush border membrane vesicle NHE3 protein abundance (p < 0.001). In summary, this study demonstrates that there is a maturational increase in rat apical membrane Na+/H+ antiporter activity, renal cortical NHE3 mRNA, and brush border membrane vesicle NHE3 protein abundance.
Experimental Measurement of RCS Jet Interaction Effects on a Capsule Entry Vehicle

An investigation was made in NASA Langley Research Center s 31-Inch Mach 10 Tunnel to determine the effects of reaction-control system (RCS) jet interactions on the aft-body of a capsule entry vehicle. The test focused on demonstrating and improving advanced measurement techniques that would aid in the rapid measurement and visualization of jet interaction effects for the Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle while providing data useful for developing engineering models or validation of computational tools used to assess actual flight environments. Measurements included global surface imaging with pressure and temperature sensitive paints and three-dimensional flow visualization with a scanning planar laser induced fluorescence technique. The wind tunnel model was fabricated with interchangeable parts for two different aft-body configurations. The first, an Apollo-like configuration, was used to focus primarily on the forward facing roll and yaw jet interactions which are known to have significant aft-body heating augmentation. The second, an early Orion Crew Module configuration (4-cluster jets), was tested blowing only out of the most windward yaw jet, which was expected to have the maximum heating augmentation for that configuration. Jet chamber pressures and tunnel flow conditions were chosen to approximate early Apollo wind tunnel test conditions. Maximum heating augmentation values measured for the Apollo-like configuration (>10 for forward facing roll jet and 4 for yaw jet) using temperature sensitive paint were shown to be similar to earlier experimental results (Jones and Hunt, 1965) using a phase change paint technique, but were acquired with much higher surface resolution. Heating results for the windward yaw jet on the Orion configuration had similar augmentation levels, but affected much less surface area. Numerical modeling for the Apollo-like yaw jet configuration with laminar flow and uniform jet outflow conditions showed similar heating patterns, qualitatively, but also showed significant variation with jet exit divergence angle, with as much as 25 percent variation in heat flux intensity for a 10 degree divergence angle versus parallel outflow. These results along with the fabrication methods and advanced measurement techniques developed will be used in the next phase of testing and evaluation for the updated Orion RCS configuration.
A Web-Based Behavior Therapy Program Influences the Association Between Cognitive Functioning and Retention and Abstinence in Clients Receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment

Objective: Deficits in cognitive functioning have been well-documented in persons with substance use disorders. In addition, some evidence suggests that poorer cognitive functioning predicts poorer engagement in substance abuse treatment and worse treatment outcomes. This trial is a non-blind, randomized clinical trial with parallel design. Methods: Clients were recruited from a local methadone maintenance clinic within the first 30 days of treatment. All participants completed a comprehensive, computerized neuropsychological assessment (MicroCog) at the time they entered the clinical trial. Participants were randomized to receive 12 months of either standard methadone maintenance treatment or methadone maintenance treatment with an integrated web-based intervention as part of treatment. The aims of the current study were to (a) characterize the cognitive functioning of clients entering methadone maintenance treatment, (b) evaluate the impact of cognitive functioning on the primary outcomes of treatment r...
Thermodynamic-based computational profiling of cellular regulatory control in hepatocyte metabolism

Thermodynamic-based constraints on biochemical fluxes and concentrations are applied in concert with mass balance of fluxes in glycogenesis and glycogenolysis in a model of hepatic cell metabolism. Constraint-based modeling methods that facilitate predictions of reactant concentrations, reaction potentials, and enzyme activities are introduced to identify putative regulatory and control sites in biological networks by computing the minimal control scheme necessary to switch between metabolic modes. Computational predictions of control sites in glycogenic and glycogenolytic operational modes in the hepatocyte network compare favorably with known regulatory mechanisms. The developed hepatic metabolic model is used to computationally analyze the impairment of glucose production in von Gierke's and Hers' diseases, two metabolic diseases impacting glycogen metabolism. The computational methodology introduced here can be generalized to identify downstream targets of agonists, to systematically probe possible drug targets, and to predict the effects of specific inhibitors (or activators) on integrated network function.
Non-contact device and integrated circuit characterization in the G-Band (140–220 GHz)

We demonstrate, for the first time, on-wafer 2-port characterization of passive millimeter wave components using a novel, non-contact measurement probe technique in the G-band (140-220 GHz). This new non-contact approach enables fast, repeatable, low-cost, wear&tear-free, robust, and large-scale evaluation of integrated circuits (IC) and devices. On-wafer calibration standards are used to accurately factor out for the repeatable errors in the non-contact probe setup. Owing to its quasi-optical nature, this novel method is readily scalable for a broad frequency range from mmW to THz (60 GHz-3 THz) bands.
Strong exchange coupling between the lanthanide ions and the phthalocyaninato ligand radical in bis(phthalocyaninato)lanthanide sandwich compounds

Abstract A series of lanthanide phthalocyanine sandwich compounds with the formula [(Pc2−)LnIII(Pc1−)] have been synthesized and characterized. To a first approximation, the lanthanide ions exist in their normal trivalent state, while one of the phthalocyanine ligands exists in the normal dianionic state and the other exists as a monoanionic phthalocyanine radical. It is obvious from the magnetic behavior of these compounds that there is a strong magnetic interaction between the lanthanide f electrons and the phthalocyanine radical electron. Both antiferro- and ferromagnetic ground states have been observed in this series of compounds which depends on the symmetry and occupancy of the magnetic orbitals on the lanthanide ion. In some cases both the antiferro- and ferromagnetic states of a single system are observed in the temperature range studied. In these cases, the energy separation between states has been evaluated from the magnetic data.