cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Azimuthally differential pion femtoscopy relative to the second and third harmonic in Pb-Pb 2.76 TeV collision from ALICE

Abstract Azimuthally differential femtoscopic measurements, being sensitive to spatio-temporal characteristics of the source as well as to the collective velocity fields at freeze-out, provide very important information on the nature and dynamics of the system evolution. While the HBT radii modulations relative to the second harmonic event plane reflect mostly the spatial geometry of the source, the third harmonic results are mostly defined by the velocity fields [S. A. Voloshin, J. Phys. G38 (2011) 124097. arXiv: arXiv:1106.5830 , doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/38/12/124097 ]. Radii variations with respect to the third harmonic event plane unambiguously signal a collective expansion and anisotropy in the flow fields. Event shape engineering (ESE) is a technique proposed to select events corresponding to a particular shape. Azimuthally differential HBT combined with ESE allows for a detailed analysis of the relation between initial geometry, anisotropic flow and the deformation of source shape. We present azimuthally differential pion femtoscopy with respect to second and third harmonic event planes as a function of the pion transverse momentum for different collision centralities in Pb–Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV . All these results are compared to existing models. The effects of the selection of the events with high elliptic or triangular flow are also presented.
Nonlinear Dynamic Trend Modeling Using Feedback Neural Networks and Prediction Error Minimization

Abstract We propose a nonlinear system identification method in which a recurrent feedback neural network is fitted to available data through prediction error minimization. The recurrent feedback neural network structure we adopt is in the form of a state estimator for general nonlinear stochastic systems. The adoption of the state-space structure makes the method attractive for treating multivariable dynamic systems and the inclusion of the feedback error term in the model allows for smaller prediction errors, especially in stochastic systems. A dynamic learning algorithm for the recurrent neutral network has been developed. Through some examples, we evaluate the feasibility of the proposed method and the prediction improvement afforded by the inclusion of the feedback error term in the model.
Actuator selection for cyber-physical systems

In cyber-physical systems (CPS), the problem of controlling resources can be depicted as an actuator selection problem. Given a large library of actuators and a control objective, what is the least number of actuators to be selected, and what is the corresponding optimal control law? These dynamic design questions are inherently coupled. In this paper, we show that a breadth of actuator selection and optimal control problems (stabilizability, robust and LQR control routines, control of uncertain, nonlinear systems) that do not satisfy the submodularity property lead to the formulation of two classes of combinatorial optimization routines for unstable CPSs: mixed-integer semidefinite programs and mixed-integer bilinear matrix inequalities. Branch-and-bound and greedy algorithms are proposed to address the computational complexity, and numerical results are given to illustrate the proposed formulations.
Structure and electrical properties of SrZrO 3 -modified (K,Na,Li)(Nb,Ta)O 3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics

In this work, SrZrO3 was used as a dopant for KNN-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with composition of (K0.49Na0.49Li0.02)(Nb0.8Ta0.2)O3 (denoted by KNLNT) to optimize their piezoelectric and dielectric properties. SrZrO3-modified KNLNT lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were synthesized via a conventional solid-state method. The effects of doping on crystal structure, ferroelectric properties, dielectric properties and piezoelectric properties were systematically investigated. The transformation of the crystal structures of the ceramics from orthorhombic to tetragonal has been monitored and the coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal phases has been identified with the range of 0.01–0.03 for the doping SrZrO3. The doping of SrZrO3 was found to be effective in reducing the grain sizes and lowering the orthorhombic–tetragonal phase transition point temperature (T O−T) and Curie temperature (T C) in SrZrO3-modified KNLNT ceramics. The optimized content of SrZrO3 is 0.02, in which the maximum d 33 of 156 pC/N can be obtained, corresponding to the disappearance of T O–T and T C of 252.5 °C.
Compressible Reynolds equation for high-pressure gases

We derive the Reynolds equation corresponding to steady, laminar, two-dimensional, compressible flows of single-phase Navier-Stokes fluids in a thin gap between a stationary surface and one translating with constant speed. The thermodynamic state of the fluid is taken to be in the dense and supercritical gas regimes. The equation of state is a well-known cubic equation, and the shear viscosity and thermal conductivity are taken to depend on density and temperature. Thermal boundary conditions are taken to include those for constant-temperature and adiabatic walls. The flow is seen to be governed by both the speed number and a single thermodynamic parameter referred to as the effective bulk modulus. Numerical solutions to the Reynolds equation are compared to those of the full Navier-Stokes equations. It is shown that the Reynolds equation breaks down in the vicinity of the thermodynamic critical point. Furthermore, we show that energy convection is negligible whenever the Reynolds equation is valid which ...
Abstract 20645: Lamin A/C Aggregation is a Major Factor Underlying Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Laminopathies

Background: LMNA encodes lamin A/C, which are comprised of an N-terminal head domain, a central rod consisting of four coiled-coil domains (CCD 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B) and a C-terminal immunoglobulin-l...
Salpingopharyngeal fistula as a treatment for guttural pouch mycosis in seven horses

Background Guttural pouch mycosis (GPM) is a cause of nasal discharge, dysphagia and fatal haemorrhage in the horse. Objectives To report the complications and success of salpingopharyngeal fistulation in horses with GPM. We hypothesised that creating a direct static opening into the guttural pouch from the pharynx would cause a regression of fungal plaques due to a change in the guttural pouch environment and that this treatment would result in resolution of infection prior to secondary complications. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods The medical records of all horses diagnosed with GPM that were presented to New Bolton Center between the years 2006 and 2017 were examined retrospectively. Seven cases of guttural pouch mycosis treated with salpingopharyngostomy without other surgical intervention were included. Information collected included signalment, presenting complaint, which pouch was affected, size and location of the plaques, laryngeal and pharyngeal function, concurrent medical therapy, location of the fistula, surgical time, time to resolution of clinical signs, time to full resolution of the mycotic plaque, and patency of the salpingopharyngostomy site. Results Nasal discharge resolved in 10-30 days post-operatively in all cases where nasal discharge was present. The mycotic plaques showed complete resolution at time points ranging from 1 to 6 months post-operatively. No case developed epistaxis or neurological deficits post-operatively that were not present at presentation. Main limitations There were differing adjunctive treatments between cases. This technique is not appropriate for horses that have had epistaxis or are currently bleeding. Conclusions Salpingopharyngostomy can minimise cost of treatment, be performed on an outpatient basis and provide better exposure of the infected area with few complications. This case series documents seven cases treated with this method that resolved the infection without any further complications of the mycosis.
The Emergence of Clinical Youthwork as a Profession: Implications for the Youthwork Field

This article examines the broad field of youthwork in the context of the established criteria of a profession and proposes a view of the traditional child and youth care emphasis on troubled and troubling populations as a subcategory, “Clinical Youthwork,” within the youthwork domain. In addition to broadening both constituencies, this would embed child and youth care professionally in the normalizing framework of the existing youthwork field.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: a Modern Approach to Patient Management

The optimal management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is not well established [1]. DCIS, a premalignant condition that represents a spectrum of diseases, is essentially characterized by the aberrant proliferation of ductal epithelial cells that do not have the capacity to invade past the basement membrane [2, 3]. Because of this, regardless of the heterogeneity of disease among individuals, DCIS is essentially curable with mastectomy [1]. However, it is unclear how many women who are diagnosed with DCIS would ever progress to invasive cancer even without treatment. Although there are some features of DCIS, such as tumor size, histologic grade, presence of comedo necrosis, margin status, and patient age that allow some degree of risk stratification for recurrence [4–8], our inability to distinguish indolent from aggressive disease often leads to more aggressive local treatment for DCIS than for invasive cancer [9, 10]. There are several acceptable treatments for DCIS, including lumpectomy, lumpectomy plus radiation therapy (RT) with or without hormonal intervention, and mastectomy [1]. Despite this range of options, there is no proven survival benefit with any treatment option. Retrospective comparisons made of patients undergoing mastectomy indicate that there may be a 1–2% survival benefit compared to patients undergoing lumpectomy with or without RT [11–14]. This very small difference may be due to those patients who recur with invasive disease or who had occult invasive disease at diagnosis. Even with breast-conservation surgery alone, without hormone therapy or radiation, the mortality ranges from less 1 to 2% depending on tumor size and grade [15]. In the event of a recurrence, patients are equally likely to have either DCIS or invasive cancer; it is the latter, however, that is life threatening. Thus, although patients should be counseled on their full risk of recurrence including risk of recurrent DCIS, the primary treatment goal should be to prevent the development of invasive cancer. Despite the negligible differences in survival, there are significant differences in the impact of therapeutic choices for each woman. Thus, shared decision-making, including a discussion about the range of options, is the preferred way to approach the clinical decision-making for patients and clinicians. Patients may frequently become confused because of the number of options they face and the variations in physician biases and thresholds for recommending treatment. To provide perspective, we recommend stating first that treatment choice is very unlikely to affect survival, but will have a potentially significant impact on 6 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: a Modern Approach to Patient Management
Bringing Back the Mines and a Way of Life: Populism and the Politics of Extraction

Conflicts over resource extraction are key political issues in the contemporary United States and are a mobilizing issue for right-wing populism exemplified by President Donald Trump’s claims of en...
Post-traumatic stress disorder and serum cytokine and chemokine concentrations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis✰.

Abstract Objective Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is identified as a risk factor in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), associations of PTSD with disease progression are less clear. To explore whether PTSD might influence disease-related measures of systemic inflammation in RA, we compared serum cytokine/chemokine (cytokine) concentrations in RA patients with and without PTSD. Methods Participants were U.S. Veterans with RA and were categorized as having PTSD, other forms of depression/anxiety, or neither based on administrative diagnostic codes. Multiplex cytokines were measured using banked serum. Associations of PTSD with cytokine parameters (including a weighted cytokine score) were assessed using multivariable regression, stratified by anti-CCP status and adjusted for age, sex, race, and smoking status. Results Among 1,460 RA subjects with mean (SD) age of 64 (11) years and disease duration of 11 (11) years, 91% were male, 77% anti-CCP positive, and 80% ever smokers. Of these, 11.6% had PTSD, 23.7% other depression/anxiety, and 64.7% had neither. PTSD, but not depression/anxiety, was associated with a higher cytokine score and number of high-concentration analytes in adjusted models, though this was limited to anti-CCP positive subjects. PTSD was associated with heightened expression of several individual cytokines including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, GM-CSF, MCP-1, and TNF-α. Conclusion Anti-CCP positive RA patients with PTSD have higher serum cytokine concentrations than those without PTSD, demonstrating that systemic inflammation characteristic of RA is heightened in the context of this relatively common psychiatric comorbidity.
Frantz Fanon: Whiteness, Colonialism and the Colonial Habitus

This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter and discusses the second theoretical framework namely, Frantz Fanon’s colonisation theory within which the book is situated. As well as discussing Fanon’s broad theory on the psychological impact of colonisation on Blacks in general and Africans in particular, the chapter will also provide a critical discussion of the different approaches to whiteness. Drawing on historical and contemporary literatures on race and colonisation, the chapter proposes that the ‘colonial habitus’; a conceptual tool constructed from the combination of Bourdieu’s concept of the and Fanon’s psychoanalysis of whiteness and colonialism, is a more robust analytical tool than Bourdieu’s class-specific habitus primarily because it emphasises the racial and colonial character of the participants’ habitus.
Ultrasound and Histopathologic Correlation of Ovarian Cystadenofibromas: Diagnostic Value of the "Shadow Sign".

Objectives Cystadenofibromas (CAFs) are rare benign ovarian tumors without a widely accepted ultrasound (US) pattern. They are usually described by as thin-walled, unilocular or multilocular, and at times septated cysts with scant blood flow and no solid components. We describe a unique US feature, the "shadow sign," seen in prospectively diagnosed benign CAFs. We also provide the histopathologic basis for this typical US appearance. Methods Ultrasound (US) examinations were performed in our obstetric and gynecologic US unit. Pathologic examinations were performed by a dedicated gynecologic pathology team. The US and pathology department's database was searched for the diagnosis of a CAF between 2010 and 2017. Results We identified 20 patients who underwent transvaginal US examinations with a sole US diagnosis of a CAF, and the tumors were surgically removed. The common US feature across the 20 cases was the presence of hyperechoic avascular shadowing nodules. The correlating histologic features were unilocular or multilocular cysts with a smooth internal wall surface lined by a simple epithelium and occasional robust polypoid fibrous stroma. Conclusions This US marker helps in differentiating CAFs from borderline ovarian tumors, which do not show this US feature. We hope that recognizing the suggested shadow sign as an additional descriptor of CAFs will lead to minimizing their unnecessary removal and eliminating additional and unnecessary imaging by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Why Does My Son Have Lead in His Blood

In this chapter, we will explore a case involving a child exposed to lead in his home. At the conclusion of the case discussion, learners will be able to identify sources of lead in the home and know how physicians can address environmental hazards in concert with local and state health departments. Perhaps more importantly, learners will have explored their responsibility to society and the health of the population as healthcare providers. Additionally, they will have considered how best to utilize limited resources when faced with a failure of public health to protect vulnerable citizens.
Association between tears of the posterior root of the medial meniscus and far posterior femoral condyle osteoarthritis.

PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate whether tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus root ligament (PHMM RL) are associated with osteoarthritis of the far posterior femoral condyles (FPFC). METHODS Retrospective review of 1158 patients who underwent arthroscopy identified 49 patients with confirmed tears of the medial meniscus posterior root ligament attachment. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were reviewed to identify advanced osteoarthritis involving the medial and lateral FPFC. Control patients (n=48) had no meniscal tears confirmed by arthroscopy. Cases and controls were age- and sex-matched exactly 1:1. One case patient was excluded since there was no age- and sex-matched control available. The International Cartilage Research Society (ICRS) MRI cartilage grade was recorded for the medial and lateral FPFC. Associations were evaluated using univariate and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses. RESULTS There were 48 case and 48 control patients (10 men in each group, 20.8%) with median age 53 years (range, 21-67). Medial FPFC ICRS Grade 2 or higher lesions were present in 34 (70.8%) of case patients and 16 (33.3%) of control patients. Lateral FPFC ICRS Grade 2 or higher lesions were present in 24 (50%) of case patients and 14 (28.2%) of control patients. Increased body mass index (BMI) was associated with PHMM RL tears (OR=1.11, 95% CI [1.01, 1.22], P = 0.020). MRI was 81.2% (39/48) sensitive and 91.2% (44/48) specific for detection of PHMM RL tears. PHMM RL tears were associated with Grade 2 or higher medial FPFC osteoarthritis (OR=10.00, 95% CI (2.34, 42.78), P < 0.001). This association remained after adjusting for BMI (OR=11.79, 95% CI [2.46, 56.53], P = 0.002). There was also an association between PHMM RL tears and lateral FPFC osteoarthritis, which persisted after adjusting for BMI (OR =3.00, 95% CI [1.07, 8.37], P = 0.036). CONCLUSION PHMM RL tears are associated with advanced osteoarthritis of the FPFC. Radiologists identifying FPFC osteoarthritis should look carefully for PHMM RL tears.
Outcome of Dual Mobility Constructs for Adverse Local Tissue Reaction Associated Abductor Deficiency in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Treatment of adverse local tissue reaction (ALTR) is challenging owing to high complications and poor outcomes after a revision surgery. As dislocation is the most common cause of reoperation, it is often necessary to use advanced articulations such as dual mobility. This study aims to evaluate the outcome and complication rates after revision surgery with dual mobility constructs, compared to constrained and conventional articulations in the setting of significant abductor deficiency due to ALTR. Methods Out of a total of 338 revision total hip arthroplasties for ALTR, 234 patients with a significant tissue necrosis and abductor muscle insufficiency (grade 3) were evaluated. The complication rates after revisions were compared between 42 hips with dual mobility implants, 24 hips with constrained liners, 104 hips with large diameter heads (36-40 mm), and 64 hips with small diameter heads (≤32 mm). Results After an average of 4 years of follow-up (2.8-8.6), the dual mobility articulation had no dislocation, compared to 4.1% and 15.5% for constrained liner and conventional articulations, respectively (P Conclusions This study demonstrates significantly lower dislocation rates for dual mobility when compared to conventional articulations and comparable to constrained liners in cases of severe abductor deficiency due to ALTR, suggesting that dual mobility implants are viable surgical treatment alternatives to constrained liners to minimize dislocation during revision total hip arthroplasty in the setting of significant abductor deficiency due to ALTR.
The effectiveness of multiple-choice test items in assessing the clinical judgement abilities of prelicensure registered nursing students

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple-choice questions in assessing the clinical judgment abilities of prelicensure registered nursing students. Nurse educators are responsible for ensuring fairness in testing and evaluating the development of clinical judgment abilities of students throughout the nursing program of study. This study compared multiple-choice test items developed using the current NCSBN® NCLEX-RN test item writing guidelines to multiple-choice test items developed using the new guidelines proposed by the NCSBN® Next Gen NCLEX-RN® project. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the two types of multiple-choice items in the measurement of clinical judgment. Participants answered all the items developed according to the current NCSBN® NCLEX-RN test plan correctly within each of the five physiological categories 41% of the time, as compared to only 14% of the time on the items written according to the recommendations of the NCSBN® Nursing Clinical Judgment Model in the Next Gen Project. These findings indicate the participants understood the theoretical knowledge of the physiological concepts but could not apply the theoretical knowledge to the clinical scenario presented in the multiple-choice questions created using the NCSBN® Nursing Clinical Judgment framework. The information gained from this study provides evidence of a process that nurse educators can follow using the NCSBN® Nursing Clinical Judgment model as a guide to create multiple-choice test items to assess the clinical judgment level of nursing students.
Defining an Upstream VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Priming Signature for Downstream Factor-Induced Endothelial Cell-Pericyte Tube Network Coassembly.

Objective: In this work, we have sought to define growth factor requirements and the signaling basis for different stages of human vascular morphogenesis and maturation. Approach and Results: Using...
The relationship between maternal anemia and umbilical cord oxygen content at delivery.

Background Anemia is one of the most commonly diagnosed comorbidities in pregnancy and is known to increase the risk of obstetrical complications. However, little is known about the effect of anemia on placental oxygen transfer and fetal oxygenation. Objective This study examined the relationship between maternal anemia and fetal oxygenation status at delivery as measured by umbilical cord partial pressure of oxygen. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of singleton term deliveries with universal admission complete blood count and umbilical cord gases between 2010 and 2014. Maternal anemia was defined as hemoglobin of ≤10 g/dL on admission. The primary outcomes were umbilical artery and vein partial pressure of oxygen; the secondary outcomes were acidemia (umbilical artery pH of 90th percentile). Outcomes were compared between patients with and without anemia. Results Maternal anemia was associated with a significantly higher umbilical artery partial pressure of oxygen (median [interquartile range], 20 [16–24] vs 19 [15–24] mm Hg; P=.01) and umbilical vein partial pressure of oxygen (median [interquartile range], 30 [25–36] vs 29 [23–34] mm Hg; P Conclusion Umbilical cord oxygen content is higher in anemic mothers. Maternal anemia may lead to adaptations in maternal, placental, and fetal physiology, allowing for easier unloading of oxygen to the placenta and increased oxygen transfer to the fetus.
Playing to Adapt: Crowdsourcing Historical Climate Data with Gamification to Improve Farmer's Risk Management Instruments

Ground-truthed community-based information over time and space can improve the design of climate risk instruments, reducing the mismatch between farmers’ reported events and remote sensing datasets. However, increasing constraints on direct interaction and a lack of incentives for rural communities’ participation can compromise crowdsourced verification. To address these issues, we designed a game, KON, that uses “gamified” incentives and behavioral elements to gather accurate historical climate data by priming memory through the pairwise comparisons of years and incentivizing accuracy through a points-reward matching system. Our preliminary results suggest that pairwise comparison can facilitate historical bad years recalling, and there is a high correspondence between farmers reporting and satellite sources. Moreover, farmers’ reporting clarifies the story when satellite sources disagree. In addition, the number of responses to the online prototype of the game and the level of participant engagement demonstrated that our game can be easily adapted to different types of weather events and facilitate the collection of a large amount of data in a short amount of time. To adapt and generalize the impact of gamification in diverse agricultural settings, future stages in this project include improve and expand game versions and interphases (i.e., smartphone, SMS), and perform an RCT evaluation for additional hypothesis testing.
Not-So-Normal-Appearing White Matter.

Injury to the subcortical white matter of the brain occurs in a variety of neurologic diseases and is typically characterized by increased signal on T2-weighted MRI sequences. In the setting of cerebrovascular disease, accumulation of so-called white matter hyperintensities (WMH) is associated with cognitive decline.1 This type of WMH burden may derive in part from discrete ischemic events such as lacunar strokes or microemboli. However, it can also have a more insidious, covert progression that may not respond to traditional stroke prevention strategies. While the pathophysiology of progressive WMH is not fully understood, it is hypothesized to result from intermittent hypoxia due to poor vasoreactivity in the setting of blood pressure fluctuations.2 In patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), a similar phenotype can occur in a much younger population than those at risk for cerebrovascular disease. In this case, the hypoxia is attributed to the decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of abnormal erythrocytes.
Animals in the lives of children

Publisher Summary All therapeutic interventions involving animals rest on a powerful assumption: there is something about animals that powerfully attracts and motivates humans. This assumption seems particularly compelling when children are involved. This chapter examines the assumption closely and documents the pervasiveness of animals, both real and symbolic, in children's lives. It draws on four conceptual approaches—psychodynamic, relational and self-psychologies, ecological psychology and the biophilia hypothesis—and considers how existing research might support and also challenges hypotheses drawn from these approaches. Although the empirical base of human/animal interaction (HAI) studies continues to grow, there remain many gaps in knowledge. A review of research on HAI and children's development still raises more questions than provides answers. Scholars have considered theory and research on the possible role of animals in children's lives: nurturance and caring for others, including empathy; coping with stress; emotion regulation, self-control and positive adjustment; reduction of maladaptive outcomes, such as conduct disorder symptoms; theory of mind; social support; and physical activity, among other outcomes. Diverse theoretical frameworks provide conceptual underpinning for AAT with children and their families. These frameworks see animals as freeing up repressed thoughts and feelings, providing an affirming and supportive relationship, reflecting the dynamics of the family system, and focusing and calming the child and family in the therapeutic context.
Growth and Laboratory Maintenance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, free-living, Gram-negative bacterium that can cause significant disease as an opportunistic pathogen. Rapid growth, facile genetics, and a large suite of virulence-related phenotypes make P. aeruginosa a common model organism to study Gram-negative opportunistic pathogens and basic microbiology. This unit describes the basic laboratory growth and maintenance of P. aeruginosa.
Advanced Scout: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in NBA Data

Advanced Scout is a PC-based data mining application used by National Basketball Association (NBA) coaching staffs to discover interesting patterns in basketball game data. We describe Advanced Scout software from the perspective of data mining and knowledge discovery. This paper highlights the pre-processing of raw data that the program performs, describes the data mining aspects of the software and how the interpretation of patterns supports the process of knowledge discovery. The underlying technique of attribute focusing as the basis of the algorithm is also described. The process of pattern interpretation is facilitated by allowing the user to relate patterns to video tape.
Optimized Batch Fermentation of Cheese Whey-Supplemented Feedlot Waste Filtrate to Produce a Nitrogen-Rich Feed Supplement for Ruminants

An optimized batch fermentation process for the conversion of cattle feedlot waste filtrate, supplemented with cheese whey, into a nitrogenous feed supplement for ruminants is described. Feedlot waste filtrate supplemented with cheese whey (5 g of whey per 100 ml) was fermented by the indigenous microbial flora in the feedlot waste filtrate. Ammonium hydroxide was added to the fermentation not only to maintain a constant pH but also to produce ammonium salts of organic acids, which have been shown to be valuable as nitrogenous feed supplements for ruminants. The utilization of substrate carbohydrate at pH 7.0 and 43°C was >94% within 8 h, and the crude protein (total N × 6.25) content of the product was 70 to 78% (dry weight basis). About 66 to 69% of the crude protein was in the form of ammonia nitrogen. Lactate and acetate were the predominant acids during the first 6 to 8 h of fermentation, but after 24 h, appreciable levels of propionate and butyrate were also present. The rate of fermentation and the crude protein content of the product were optimal at pH 7.0 and decreased at a lower pH. For example, fermentation did not go to completion even after 24 h at pH 4.5. Fermentation proceeded optimally at 43°C, less so at 37°C, and considerably more slowly at 23 and 50°C. Concentrations of up to 15 g of cheese whey per 100 ml of feedlot waste filtrate were fermented efficiently. Fermentation of feedlot waste filtrate obtained from animals fed low silage-high grain, high silage-low grain, or dairy rations resulted in similar products in terms of total nitrogen and organic acid composition.
Translational Induction of Liver-enriched Transcriptional Inhibitory Protein during Acute Phase Response Leads to Repression of CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein α mRNA

Lipopolysacharide (LPS) induced acute phase response (APR) in mouse liver leads to elevation of the low molecular weight CCAAT/Enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) beta isoform, liver-enriched transcriptional inhibitory protein (LIP). In this paper, we investigate the pathway for LIP induction during APR and the role of LIP in regulation of the C/EBPalpha promoter. The 5' region of C/EBPbeta mRNA has been shown to be involved in the regulation of LIP translation. Our data demonstrate that binding of cytoplasmic proteins to the 5' region of C/EBPbeta mRNA is altered in response to LPS administration. One of the major changes is induced binding of a cytoplasmic protein that is immunologically identical to the previously characterized RNA-binding protein CUGBP1. Induction of CUGBP1 binding activity in liver cytoplasm during APR is accompanied by the elevation of CUGBP1 binding activity on polysomes. CUGBP1 immunoprecipitated from livers of LPS-treated mice, but not from normal animals, is capable of inducing LIP translation in a cell-free translation system. The ability of CUGBP1 to induce LIP translation during APR depends on phosphorylation of CUGBP1. We show that elevation of LIP during APR and after partial hepatectomy leads to increased binding of LIP to the C/EBP consensus site found within the mouse C/EBPalpha promoter. This binding correlates with reduction of C/EBPalpha mRNA levels in both biological situations. Co-transfection experiments showed that full-length C/EBPbeta activates the C/EBPalpha promoter, while LIP blocks this activation. Our data suggest that the dominant negative isoform of C/EBPbeta, LIP, down-regulates the C/EBPalpha promoter in liver and in cultured hepatocytes. Because full-length C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta proteins regulate liver proliferation, this function of LIP may be important in liver growth and differentiation.
A molecular genetic examination of the mating system of pumpkinseed sunfish reveals high pay-offs for specialized sneakers.

Intrasexual variation in reproductive behaviour and morphology are common in nature. Often, such variation appears to result from conditional strategies in which some individuals (e.g. younger males or those in poor condition) adopt a low pay-off phenotype as a ‘best of a bad job’. Alternatively, reproductive polymorphisms can be maintained by balancing selection, with male phenotypes having equal fitnesses at equilibrium, but examples from nature are rare. Many species of sunfish (genus Lepomis) are thought to have alternative male reproductive behaviours, but most empirical work has focused on the bluegill sunfish and the mating systems of other sunfish remain poorly understood. We studied a population of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) in upstate New York. Field observations confirm the existence of two male reproductive strategies: ‘parentals’ were relatively old and large males that maintained nests, and ‘sneakers’ were relatively young and small males that fertilize eggs by darting into nests of parentals during spawning. The sneaker and parental male strategies appear to be distinct life-history trajectories. Sneaker males represented 39% of the males observed spawning, and sneakers intruded on 43% of all mating attempts. Microsatellite analyses revealed that sneaker males fertilized an average of 15% of the eggs within a nest. This level of paternity by sneaker males appears to be higher than seen in most other fishes, and preliminary analyses suggest that the two male reproductive strategies are maintained as a balanced polymorphism.
T cell movement into the pancreas based on insulin receptor expression (BA14P.208)

In the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulitis and T cell-mediated beta cell destruction. The importance of insulin receptor (IR) expression in the pathogenesis of diabetes was examined since IR is a chemotactic molecule capable of directing cell movement in response to a gradient of insulin. Our published data shows that T cells, obtained from NOD diabetic mice, expressing a high density of IR can aggressively transfer insulitis and diabetes while T cells with low to negative amounts of IR, are capable of neither. Therefore, IR may function to deliver T cells to the islet where Ag specific cells within the population can recognize and destroy beta cells. Recently, it has been shown in NOD mice that benign insulitis can occur in the absence of T cell-MHC/Ag interactions. The object of this project was to test whether T cells expressing IR, can move into the pancreas based on insulin chemotaxis alone, in normal strains of mice. A transgenic C57Bl/6 mouse was made in which the mouse IR gene with a 3XFLAG tag was placed behind the CD3 promoter and enhancer to target IR expression on all T cells. In this transgenic model there is IR expression on all T cells and with age the transgenic mice exhibit insulitis, but not diabetes. Distinct areas of the IR mediate metabolic or chemotactic signaling indicating that a specific part of the IR may be selectively targeted for therapeutic intervention to block T cell movement.
Logical reasoning and domain specificity

The social exchange theory of reasoning, which is championed by Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, falls under the general rubric “evolutionary psychology” and asserts that human reasoning is governed by content-dependent, domain-specific, evolutionarily-derived algorithms. According to Cosmides and Tooby, the presumptive existence of what they call “cheater-detection” algorithms disconfirms the claim that we reason via general-purpose mechanisms or via inductively acquired principles. We contend that the Cosmides/Tooby arguments in favor of domain-specific algorithms or evolutionarily-derived mechanisms fail and that the notion of a social exchange rule, which is central to their theory, is not correctly characterized. As a consequence, whether or not their conclusion is true cannot be established on the basis of the arguments they have presented.
Cooperative Collision Avoidance via proximal message passing

We propose a distributed controller to solve the Cooperative Collision Avoidance problem. We consider a network of vehicles, each with its own dynamic constraints and objective. The problem is to minimize the total network objective function subject to the vehicles' individual constraints and their shared collision avoidance constraints over a given time horizon. The proposed controller, a proximal message passing (PMP) algorithm, is iterative: At each iteration, every vehicle passes simple messages to its neighbors and then solves a convex program that minimizes its own objective function and a simple regularization term that only depends on the messages it received in the previous iteration. As a result, the method is completely decentralized and needs no global coordination other than synchronizing iterations. The problems that each vehicle solves can be done extremely efficiently and in parallel. We demonstrate the method on several examples using a model predictive control framework.
A combined laboratory and modeling study of the infrared extinction and visible light scattering properties of mineral dust aerosol

[1] Optical properties, including infrared (IR) extinction and visible light scattering of mineral dust aerosol, are measured experimentally and compared to modeling results using T-matrix theory. The work includes studies of complex, authentic field samples of Saharan sand, Iowa loess, and Arizona road dust (ARD). Particle size distributions and aerosol optical properties are measured simultaneously. These authentic dust samples are treated as external mixtures of mineral components. The mineral compositions for the Saharan sand and Iowa loess samples have been reported by Laskina et al. [2012], and the mineralogy for ARD is derived here using a similar method. T-matrix-based simulations, using measured particle size distributions and a priori particle shape models, are carried out for each mineral component of the authentic samples. The simulated optical properties for the complex dust mixtures are obtained by a weighted average of the properties of the mineral components, based on a given sample mineralogy. T-matrix simulations are then directly compared with the measured IR extinction spectra and visible light scattering phase function and linear polarization profiles for each sample. Generally good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained. Model simulations that account for differences in particle shape with mineralogy and include a broad range of eccentric spheroid shape parameters offer a significant improvement over more commonly applied models that ignore variations in particle shape with size or mineralogy and include only a moderate range of shape parameters.
Bacterial Metabolism of Mevalonic Acid

Soluble cell-free extracts of actinomycete S4 grown on media containing mevalonate catalyze acetoacetate formation from mevalonate, mevaldate, and β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (CoA). Conversion of mevalonate to acetoacetate involves formation of free β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA, but not free mevaldate. The reaction favors mevalonate oxidation, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, rather than nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, acts as oxidant.
ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF Er IN CUBIC METALS: Th:Er, Rh:Er, Pt:Er, AND Cu:Er.

Abstract The first observation of the electron paramagnetic resonance of Th:Er, Rh:Er, Pt:Er and Cu:Er is reported. A comparison of the exchange interaction between the Er and the conduction electrons in the noble metals Cu, Ag and Au is given.
Differential expression and adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA genotypes

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a primary pathogen involved in the initiation and progression of adult chronic periodontitis. Its colonization on oral surfaces is a necessary first step leading to infection. FimA, a subunit protein of major (long) fimbriae, is a well-known virulence factor. Based on its nucleotide sequence, FimA is classified into several genotypes. We compared here the transcriptional levels of the fimA gene in several P. gingivalis strains using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, fimbrial display on the P. gingivalis surface using transmission electronic microscopy, and the adherence competencies of P. gingivalis strains carrying different types of FimAs towards saliva and Streptococcus gordonii surfaces using mutagenesis analysis. We demonstrated differential expression of each fimA gene in these P. gingivalis strains. A correlation of the transcription level of fimA and binding activity of P. gingivalis was revealed. We show that P. gingivalis strains with genotype I and II of FimA are efficient in interaction with saliva or S. gordonii. This work highlights the important role of FimA type I and II in P. gingivalis attachment to oral surfaces.
WiP abstract: Multicast authentication in the smart grid with one-time signatures from sigma-protocols

Security for multicast communication by mutual (sender and receiver) authentication is a challenging problem in the smart grid given the unique constraints in communication bandwidth, computation time, and computational resources of field devices. Traditional public-key infrastructure based digital signature schemes (such as RSA) cannot be naively adapted for secure communication in the smart-grid because of: (i) increased communication burden (large key sizes which increase communication bandwidth), (ii) increased time for decryption/verification (which increase latency) and (iii) the limited computational capabilities of smart-meters and other field devices. These unique constraints limit the direct application of generic solutions with one-time signature schemes, (OTS), or the Bins and Balls (BiBa) scheme for broadcast authentication, or improvements via HORS (Hash to Obtain Random Subset). While the signature size and verification time are small, the public-key size is large with moderate overhead for signature generation with BiBa. A significant reduction in signing overhead is achieved with HORS which makes it useful for several multicast authentication applications. However, even HORS is not well suited for smart grid applications mainly because it requires large public key sizes. For power-grid communications, the most recent multicast authentication protocol called Tunable Signing and Verification (TSV) [1] reduces the signature size (over HORS) at the expense of increased computations at sender or receiver. Hence the need for better one-time signature schemes that will require fewer resources at the receiver, with modest signature sizes and low sender computations is both urgent and important in the smart-grid environment.
Cisplatin-vincristine-bleomycin therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

Seventy patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck were treated with a 24-hour infusion of cisplatin, followed by vincristine and bleomycin. Among 37 patients with no prior treatment who had stage III (2) or stage IV (35) disease, there were 2 complete responders and 23 with a partial response, for an overall response frequency of 67%. Among 27 patients with recurrent disease after radiotherapy and/or surgery, there were 9 (33%) partial responses. Among 6 patients having failed prior chemotherapy, there was 1 complete responder, still in remission at 26 months. Response frequency was highly dependent on performance status and stage of disease, with a response of 80% in the 0 performance status group and 83% for stages less than T4N3M0. Among 18 patients with resectable disease, 51% remain disease-free at 12 months with an overall median survival at 16 months. Among the 33 patients with recurrent disease, the median duration of response and survival was 4 and 12 months for responders, respe...
Patterns and predictors of mental health service use and mental illness among older and younger adults in the United States.

The present study examined patterns of serious mental illness (SMI), specific mental health syndromes, and service use among older (65) and younger (18‐64) adults throughout the United States, and the extent to which various factors predict SMI and the use and magnitude of mental health treatment. Despite recent developments designed to improve mental healthcare access and treatment for older adults, older individuals were found to receive outpatient mental healthcare at very low rates. Compared to younger adults, older adults were three times less likely to report receiving treatment. Although prevalence estimates for SMI and specific syndromes were markedly lower among older than younger adults, older individuals most in need of care were highly unlikely to report receiving treatment. Findings point to the importance of perceived need in mental healthcare use. Significantly, however, those older adults that made it into services typically reported benefiting considerably from treatment, at least as much as all other age groups. Several predisposing, enabling, and need factors related to mental illness and service use were identified that have important implications for how we plan for, design, and deliver mental health services to older and younger Americans.
Light Levels, Refractive Development, and Myopia – a Speculative Review

Recent epidemiological evidence in children indicates that time spent outdoors is protective against myopia. Studies in animal models (chick, macaque, tree shrew) have found that light levels (similar to being in the shade outdoors) that are mildly elevated compared to indoor levels, slow form-deprivation myopia and (in chick and tree shrew) lens-induced myopia. Normal chicks raised in low light levels (50 lux) with a circadian light on/off cycle often develop spontaneous myopia. We propose a model in which the ambient illuminance levels produce a continuum of effects on normal refractive development and the response to myopiagenic stimuli such that low light levels favor myopia development and elevated levels are protective. Among possible mechanisms, elevation of retinal dopamine activity seems the most likely. Inputs from intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) at elevated light levels may be involved, providing additional activation of retinal dopaminergic pathways.
The development and training of hand dominance; training of handedness.

(1950). The Development and Training of Hand Dominance: V. Training of Handedness. The Pedagogical Seminary and Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 101-144.