cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Unprepared Discipline: Selection of Alternative Futures

The process of creating alternative futures, studying those futures, and selectively choosing the most appropriate future is not being done in the field of physical education. The purpose of this paper is to provide background information for those in physical education in higher education regarding futurism, futures research, and especially the consideration of alternative futures. This paper explores facts, concepts, issues, warnings, and suggestions in an attempt to develop a stronger appreciation for futures study, particularly alternative futures, within the discipline.
Effects of imperfect serrodyne phase modulation in resonator fiber optic gyroscopes

In order for the resonator fiber optic gyroscope to achieve navigation grade performance, it must employ an optical frequency shifting technique for high scale factor accuracy. Serrodyne phase modulation commonly used in interferometric fiber optic gyros, has been considered a leading choice of modulation techniques. Here we present theoretical analysis on the effects of imperfect serrodyne phase modulation along with experimental results. A solution for substantially reducing the rotation sensing errors associated with imperfect serrodyne is also presented.
Effect of traffic volume on American black bears in central Florida, USA

Abstract Of American black bears (Ursus americanus) killed by vehicles in Florida from 1976 to 2003, 45% were from the population in central Florida centered in Ocala National Forest (ONF). This area contains 8 of the state's 15 most severe roadkill areas. More bears were killed along State Road 40 (SR-40), which bisects this population, than along any other road in the state. Interest in widening this road provided an opportunity to document bear movements and the frequency with which they crossed SR-40 when average annual daily traffic (AADT) volume was at each of two levels: 5,100 vehicles per day (vpd) in ONF and 15,700 vpd in the adjacent community of Lynne. We analyzed the locations of 86 radiocollared bears (33 F∶40 M in ONF and 13 F in Lynne) and monitored them 1–3 times/week from May 1999 through May 2003. Forty-eight bears crossed SR-40 a minimum of 388 times. ONF female bears were 2.9 times more likely than Lynne females to cross SR-40, but this rate was only marginally significant. ONF male be...
Pathways to Effectiveness in Substance Abuse Prevention: Empowering Organizational Characteristics of Community-Based Coalitions

Coalition development is an important approach to the prevention of substance abuse. In addition, empowerment is considered a critical foundation of coalitions’ effectiveness. Few studies, however, have tested the characteristics of coalitions that predict empowerment and effectiveness in substance abuse prevention contexts. This study tested a path model that included organizational characteristics as predictors of members’ empowerment and ratings of coalition effectiveness. Participants (n = 138) were members of 11 coalitions. Leadership had an indirect effect on coalition effectiveness through its influence on opportunity role structure, social support, and group-based belief system. Empowerment mediated the effect of social support on effectiveness.
Poster: Visible Light Communication in the Dark

We present a new visible light communication (VLC) primitive: VLC in the dark, where the communication sustains even when the LED light appears dark. We achieve the goal by reducing the duty cycle of the light source to an extremely low level (0.0019%) such that the illuminance is imperceptible to human eyes and yet can still be sensed by photodiodes to decode data. VLC in the dark consumes much lower energy than the conventional VLC links and thus is appealing for enabling VLC uplink or communication among Internet-of-Things devices with tight energy budget. We build a preliminary prototype to demonstrate its feasibility. Our current single link achieves 190.7 bps data rate with 46.8 microwatts power consumption at the LED.
Talking the Talk: Collaborative Remembering and Self-Perceived Expertise

Abstract Discourse and self-perceptions are likely to be related in bidirectional ways. That is, people's self-perceptions are likely to shape their discourse behavior, but their (and their partners') discourse behavior in turn will shape their subsequent self-perceptions. To provide empirical evidence for this proposal, we conducted a study in which pairs of friends (n= 21 pairs) encountered a computer game. One friend played the game while the other observed; subsequently, both were asked to jointly tell a third party about their experience with the game. The resulting conversations were coded for narrative and other contributions, and discourse elements were examined in relation to pre- and postparticipation perceptions of expertise at the game. Players produced more narrative contributions than observers but only when observers had low self-perceived expertise prior to the game. Observers' narrative contributions were linked to changes in the players' self-perceptions of game expertise from prior to p...
Comparison of diagnostic tests for bacterial kidney disease in juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

In order to accurately diagnose bacterial kidney disease caused by Renibacterium salmoninarum in steelhead trout, kidney tissue from experimentally infected fish was evaluated using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kit, fluorescent antibody (FA) testing, bacteriologic culture, and histopathology. Seventy-five steelhead trout were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and intraperitoneally inoculated with 0.15 ml saline (n = 20), 1 x 10 10 organisms/ml (n = 18), 1 x 10 8 organisms/ml (n = 18), or 1 x 10 6 organisms/ ml ( n = 19) of R. salmoninarum. ELISA, FA, and bacteriologic culture were positive for R. salmoninarum from the kidney tissue of the 2 groups infected with the highest doses. Although the ELISA and FA tests were accurate when compared to the bacteriologic culture from the 2 groups infected with the higher doses of the organism, they were less sensitive at the lowest level of inoculum. Histopathology was not specific for this disease; however, all infected fish had a marked proliferative histiocytic interstitial nephritis, characterized by marked expansion of the renal hematopoietic tissue by histiocytes without tissue necrosis. Other microscopic findings included splenitis and myositis (at the injection site) of some fish.
Algorithm for Concept Traversal in Multiple Databases

In this paper we present an efficient algorithm for simultaneous traversal of concept lattices of two distinct but related binary datasets.
Preparation and polymerization of a diisocyanate from the Diels‐Alder adduct of levopimaric acid and acrylic acid

Starting from tetrahydroabietic acid the model compounds tetrahydroabietoyl chloride, 2-aminoethyltetrahydroabietate hydrochloride, and 2-isocyanatoethyltetrahydroabietate have been prepared. Carbamate and urea derivatives of the isocyanate have been prepared. A Diels-Alder adduct of levopimaric acid and acrylic acid has been prepared and converted to its diacid chloride. The β-aminoethyl ester hydrochloride has been synthesized and converted to a diisocyanate which has been polymerized with poly(tetramethylene glycol) and also with p-phenylenediamine. Dimerex resin, a technical polymerized rosin, has been similarly converted to a diisocyanate. This isocyanate has not proven to be useful as a polymer-forming intermediate.
A Software-to-Hardware Self-Mapping Technique to Enhance Program Throughput for Portable Multimedia Workloads

Continuously increasing demand for richer functionality, faster real-time communication, smaller feature size, longer battery life, more elevated security, and higher reliability is pushing the design for portable multimedia applications into the era where a single system is consisted of a general-purpose CPU interacting with several application-specific accelerating components and co-processors to fulfill the ever diverse constraints imposed multi-directionally. The inter-component communication overhead, along with the engineering efforts required to integrate, verify, and validate such heterogeneous systems are scaled disproportionally as the complexity of such systems continue rising skyrocketedly. Moreover, due to limited instruction encoding space and the need to maintain backward compatibly in the future designs, designers are often forced to include only a very small subset of the total desired functionalities on chip, despite there can be more than sufficient silicon real estate to incorporate these specialized operation units. This paper proposes a cost-effective technique of incorporating diverse functionalities into a single versatile hardware acceleration unit, called VPU, to replace the conventional ALU on a CPU. The proposed VPU can supply the general-purpose CPU with a rich set of operations, which may supersede some or even all of the heterogeneous cores. The superseded hardware components are removed to reduce the integration and communication overhead. The issues of limited instruction encoding space and future backward compatibility are resolved by our proposed dynamic instruction re-mapping technique, in which the instruction bit fields can be redefined on the fly to allow instruction space reuse at run time.
Worldwide Applications of Ground-Coupled Heat Pumps, Conventional and Solar Assisted: ABSTRACT

The use of the ground as an energy source, sink or storage element for coupling to a heat pump has attracted renewed interest in recent years. Several system options have been developed, some of which use additional solar-derived energy. In applying ground coupling in a given situation, three major decisions must be made. First, it must be decided whether to use solar energy in the ground-coupled system, and if so, whether to design for long- or short-term energy storage. Second, the type of in-ground End_Page 957------------------------------ heat exchange device must be selected. These include the horizontal coil, the vertical heat exchanger, the buried water tank, and the buried flat plate. Third, the heat-exchange device must be sized relative to the heat pump, the load, and the solar components, if any. The ways in which these decisions have been approached in a variety of countries and climates have been analyzed as a base for assessing the outlook for ground-coupling applications in terms of economic, energy supply, and technology development scenarios which could work for or against ground coupling. These include availability and cost of the various forms of energy, in particular gas versus coal; availability of capital and interest rates; utility load profiles; and technical developments in air-to-air heat pumps, g s furnaces, and gas-fired heat pumps. The paper concludes with a discussion of research and development needs for ground coupling. End_of_Article - Last_Page 958------------
A Hybrid MPI–OpenMP Parallel Algorithm and Performance Analysis for an Ensemble Square Root Filter Designed for Multiscale Observations

AbstractA hybrid parallel scheme for the ensemble square root filter (EnSRF) suitable for parallel assimilation of multiscale observations, including those from dense observational networks such as those of radar, is developed based on the domain decomposition strategy. The scheme handles internode communication through a message passing interface (MPI) and the communication within shared-memory nodes via Open Multiprocessing (OpenMP) threads. It also supports pure MPI and pure OpenMP modes. The parallel framework can accommodate high-volume remote-sensed radar (or satellite) observations as well as conventional observations that usually have larger covariance localization radii.The performance of the parallel algorithm has been tested with simulated and real radar data. The parallel program shows good scalability in pure MPI and hybrid MPI–OpenMP modes, while pure OpenMP runs exhibit limited scalability on a symmetric shared-memory system. It is found that in MPI mode, better parallel performance is achi...
The Use of Narrative Interview in Teaching Principles of Macroeconomics

The author describes the design and implementation of one experiential learning assignment used in a principles of macroeconomics course. The learning exercise provides an active role for students and results in a relational experience that provides traditional undergraduate students with a frame of reference with which to interpret the impact of macroeconomic events and policy on their daily lives.
Toward the correct calculation of van der Waals interactions between lyophobic colloids in an aqueous medium

Abstract We have developed an accurate and simple method for calculating van der Waals (vdw) forces in condensed media based on the Lifshitz theory and have generalized that theory to apply to the interaction of two planar parallel lipid slabs in an aqueous medium. Several features of vdw forces in lipid-water systems are qualitatively different from the common assumptions of colloid science: (1) vdw energies are not the sum of ( λ / r 6 ) interactions between small elements of the interacting bodies; (2) electromagnetic fluctuations at ultraviolet frequencies, usually considered exclusively, are relatively unimportant compared to fluctuations at infrared and microwave frequencies; (3) by virtue of the strong microwave contribution, vdw forces in lipid-water mixtures increase with temperature and exhibit only weak “retardation” effects. Available spectral information is sufficient to derive these conclusions with little ambiguity. In particular, the feature of nonadditivity (which makes even the algebraic form of the interaction different from that expected) depends primarily on dielectric constants of component materials in the limit of zero frequency. Lifshitz' approach is conceptually clear. It correctly accounts for all frequencies of interaction, implicitly includes all many-body effects, and all consequences of intermediate substances. There is now good reason to use it in practice to calculate vdw forces for colloids at large separation distances.
Explaining the Effects of Narrative in an Entertainment Television Program: Overcoming Resistance to Persuasion

Research has examined the ability of entertainment-education (E-E) programs to influence behavior across a variety of health and social issues. However, less is known about the underlying mechanisms that account for these effects. In keeping with the extended elaboration likelihood model (E-ELM) and the entertainment overcoming resistance model (EORM), we examined how story features, such as narrative transportation and involvement with characters, may reduce three forms of resistance to persuasion—reactance, counterarguing, and perceived invulnerability. In a between-subjects experiment, 367 undergraduates viewed either a dramatic narrative or a nonnarrative program about the difficult consequences of an unplanned teen pregnancy. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing their reactions to the program immediately after viewing and again 2 weeks later. Consistent with predictions derived from the EORM and E-ELM, the dramatic narrative reduced reactance by fostering parasocial interaction with characters and decreasing perceptions of persuasive intent. Also as expected, identification with characters in the narrative reduced counterarguing and increased perceived vulnerability to unplanned pregnancy—although the latter occurred only at the delayed posttest 2 weeks after exposure. Unexpectedly, transportation into the dramatic narrative was associated with greater counterarguing. Taken together, this research demonstrates that investigating narrative influence from the perspective of overcoming resistance is a useful approach. Findings also suggest important differences in how individuals process narrative and nonnarrative messages.
Surface/Chemically Modified LiMn2 O 4 Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

LiMn 2 O 4 spinel oxide has been surface/chemically modified with Li x CoO 2 , LiNi 0 . 5 Co 0 . 5 O 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO using a chemical processing procedure followed by heat-treatment at 300-800°C. The surface/chemically modified samples show much better capacity retention at both 25 and 60°C than does the unmodified LiMn 2 O 4 (41% fade in 100 cycles at 60°C). Among the various compositions investigated, the LiNi 0 . 5 Co 0 . 5 O 2 -modified sample shows superior capacity retention with only 2.8% fade in 100 cycles at 60°C with around 110 mAh/g. The Al 2 O 3 -modified sample shows a higher capacity of 130 mAh/g, but with a faster fade (16% in 100 cycles at 60°C). The Li 0 . 7 5 CoO 2 -modified sample shows the best combination of capacity (124 mAh/g) and retention (8% fade in 100 cycles at 60°C). The modified samples also exhibit better capacity retention after aging at 55°C at 60-70% depth of discharge.
ACCNT: A Metallic-CNT-Tolerant Design Methodology for Carbon Nanotube VLSI: Analyses and Design Guidelines

We present analyses for ACCNT (pronounced as “accent”), which is a solution to the metallic-nanotube problem that does not require any metallic-nanotube removal of any kind. ACCNT uses asymmetrically correlated carbon nanotubes to achieve metallic-nanotube tolerance, delivering high ON-OFF ratios while preserving current drive. We analyze the ACCNT methodology in terms of its tradeoffs and explore optimizations that may serve as future design guidelines. We also investigate circuit-level considerations and the impact of density variation on the ACCNT design. We find that ACCNT can improve the yield of a one-million transistor chip from 0% (conventional CNT design) up to 99% at a cost of 3.3t area overhead if the fraction of semiconducting CNTs is improved to 99.9%.
Generation of optimal functions using particle swarm method over discrete intervals

Particle swarm optimization is a computational learning technique designed to find a global and optimal solution upon or within a function. The output, usually singular, is characteristically accurate as the nature of the system is to maintain a balance of convergence and sample diversity. This paper aims to introduce the process of using a multi-level evaluation approach of particle swarm optimization to generate a solution function. Multiple variable assessment is replaced with sequential interval assessment of repeated variables and pieced together to form the framework of an optimized function.
INCREASED COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF AN INVASIVE TREE MAY BE LIMITED BY AN INVASIVE BEETLE

Invasive plants are often more vigorous in novel habitats than in their native ranges. Sapium sebiferum (Chinese tallow tree) is a major invader of habitats in the southern United States. Long-term common garden experiments in Texas and Hawaii (USA) with S. sebiferum genotypes from its native range (Asia) and from areas in North America where it is invasive suggest that post-introduction evolutionary changes may contribute to its invasiveness in Texas. In Texas, where there was uniformly low herbivory, fast-growing, poorly defended invasive North American genotypes outperformed slower growing, better defended native Asian genotypes in common garden plots. In Hawaii, in contrast, an Asian herbivore, Adoretus sinicus (Chinese rose beetle) is abundant, and S. sebiferum is not invasive. In Hawaiian common garden plots, A. sinicus caused greater damage to North American genotypes, and Asian genotypes were competitively superior. Our results suggest that exotic plants freed from herbivory can evolve greater competitive ability, allowing them to become much more abundant than in their native ranges. This did not seem to occur, though, if herbivores from the native range were abundant.
Transference reactions in conjoint therapy: A view from an observation group

This paper reports on conjoint therapy conducted with the individual therapists of two of the group's members observing the group sessions. The development of the transference reactions of all group members are highlighted and suggestions are made regarding the most useful methods of handling these transference reactions to help create a mutative experience for the members of the group.
Theory of backscattering enhancement of random discrete isotropic scatterers based on the summation of all ladder and cyclical terms

Backscattering enhancement of random discrete scatterers was previously investigated by a second-order theory. In this paper it is shown that the second-order theory is inadequate for problems with appreciable albedo and optical thickness. Multiple-scattering effects are included by summing all the ladder terms and the cyclical terms for isotropic point particles. The summation of the ladder terms leads to the classical Schwarzchild–Milne integral equation. The summation of the cyclical terms leads to a two-variable cyclical-transfer integral equation. The cyclical-transfer integral equation is then solved numerically, and the results include all the multiple-scattering effects associated with cyclical terms. Numerical results are illustrated as a function of scattering angle, albedo, and optical thickness. Results demonstrate that higher-order multiple-scattering effects are important for appreciable albedo and optical thickness. The multiple-scattering solution also gives a sharper backscattering peak than the second-order solution.
Planning mantle radiation therapy in patients with Hodgkin disease: role of gallium-67 scintigraphy

Detection of all sites of lymphoma is imperative for accurate planning of radiation therapy. In patients with Hodgkin disease, mantle radiation is used to treat the thoracic lymph nodes; in those with early-stage or nonbulky disease, mantle and paraaortic radiation may be the only treatment given. CT scanning of the chest adds important information to that obtained from chest radiographs. Gallium-67 scintigraphy has also been used to provide additional information on sites of active tumor. To determine the usefulness of 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy in planning the portals for radiation therapy, we analyzed the radiation treatment plans in 26 consecutive patients with Hodgkin disease; in all 26 patients, the disease had been staged by chest radiographs, chest CT scans, and gallium-67 images. Gallium-67 imaging alone provided unique information that affected the treatment plans in three patients (12%). The combined results of gallium-67 imaging and CT scans influenced the planning of radiation therapy in eight patients (31%). Gallium-67 imaging was found to be an important adjunctive study for optimal planning of radiation therapy in patients with Hodgkin disease.
Investigating macro-level hotzone identification and variable importance using big data

As Connected Vehicle technologies begin to be deployed along roadway networks, they will be providing massive amount of data. This big data can be useful in identifying safety hazardous zones, which can be complicated and unreliable today. Without sufficient data, past studies had to focus mostly on the micro-level networks. Research on macro-level hotzone identification is limited, and until this point, the contribution of various macroscopic features on the macro-level crash risks is still in dispute. This paper, with the help of massive amount of data, investigates the feasibility of using random forest for hotzone identification at macro-level - the Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ) level. At the same time, the most influential macro-level crash risk determinants were identified by applying a series of random forest models in combination with the cross validation methods. The differences of all features between hotzones and normal TAZs were also recognized through Wilcoxon tests. Crash data of three counties in Florida during 2008 and 2009 were employed. Crash risks by different injury levels and collision types were investigated separately. Finally, the significance of various macroscopic variables was determined by different types of crash risks using variable importance analysis.The research results suggest that the distribution of road network and socio-economics are the two most important factors when proactively alleviating traffic safety issues. For developed urban areas, it is desirable to formulate specific traffic safety management strategies that accounts for zone-level socio-economics and development of road infrastructure. For zones with a higher percentage of school enrollment, pedestrian and bicycle friendly roadway system design are most beneficial. It is also desirable to take efficient countermeasures such as law enforcement and driving school training to regulate young drivers' behavior in school zones. For areas with high minority residence, there might be a need to use awareness campaigns in multiple languages to relieve pedestrian safety issues. Finally, additional attention should be paid to improve intersection design and management during the planning and operation processes.
Inequalities with Parameters as Generators of New Meanings

This chapter concerns the exploration of inequalities with parameters. The use of graphical strategies for solving one-variable inequalities made possible by TEMP supported by the Graphing Calculator was shown in Chap. 2. As will be demonstrated below, such an approach proves to be especially fruitful when dealing with inequalities with parameters. The aim of this chapter is to show how TEMP can be incorporated into this more advanced context (which also includes simultaneous inequalities with parameters) through a combination of computational and analytical problem-solving techniques. These techniques are based on the method of locus construction used in the previous chapter when dealing with equations with parameters.
Striatal dopaminergic reward response relates to age of first drunkenness and feedback response in at-risk youth.

Dopamine receptor concentrations, primarily in the striatum, are hypothesized to contribute to a developmental imbalance between subcortical and prefrontal control systems in emerging adulthood potentially biasing motivation and increasing risky behaviors. Positron emission tomography studies have found significant reductions in striatal dopamine D2 receptors, and blunted amphetamine-induced dopamine release, in substance users compared with healthy controls. Extant literature is limited and inconsistent concerning vulnerability associated with having a family history of substance abuse (FH+). Some studies have reported familial liability associated with higher dopamine receptor levels, reduced dopamine response to stimulant challenges and decreased response to oral alcohol. However, other reports have failed to find group differences based on family history. We explored the interaction of familial liability and behavioral risk with multi-modal molecular and neural imaging of the dopaminergic system. Forty-four young adult male subjects performed monetary incentive delay tasks during both [11 C]raclopride positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. FH+ subjects were identified as low (n = 24) or high risk (n = 9) based on early initiation of drunkenness. FH+ high-risk subjects exhibited heightened striatal dopamine response to monetary reward but did not differ in neural activations compared with FH+ low risk subjects and controls with no familial loading (n = 11). Across all subjects, a negative relationship was found between dopamine release and age of first drunkenness and a positive relationship with neural response to reward receipt. These results suggest that in at-risk individuals, higher dopamine transmission associated with monetary reward may represent a particularly useful neurobiological phenotype.
RAS isoforms and mutations in cancer at a glance

RAS proteins (KRAS4A, KRAS4B, NRAS and HRAS) function as GDP–GTP-regulated binary on-off switches, which regulate cytoplasmic signaling networks that control diverse normal cellular processes. Gain-of-function missense mutations in RAS genes are found in ∼25% of human cancers, prompting interest in identifying anti-RAS therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. However, despite more than three decades of intense effort, no anti-RAS therapies have reached clinical application. Contributing to this failure has been an underestimation of the complexities of RAS. First, there is now appreciation that the four human RAS proteins are not functionally identical. Second, with >130 different missense mutations found in cancer, there is an emerging view that there are mutation-specific consequences on RAS structure, biochemistry and biology, and mutation-selective therapeutic strategies are needed. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide a snapshot of the differences between RAS isoforms and mutations, as well as the current status of anti-RAS drug-discovery efforts.
Strategy, Market Orientation, or Environment: Relative Influence on Small Manufacturing Firms

This study’ primary objective was to compare the industry environment impact with the impact of firm strategy and market orientation culture on small manufacturing firm performance. The extent of market orientation has a greater impact on small manufacturing firm performance, than the direct or indirect impact of the particular industry environment and strategy selection. Emphasis on growth/differentiation strategy has a significant impact on small firm profitability. Industry characteristics have a minimal impact on small firm performance and minimal moderating impact on the relationship between strategy and performance. Possible explanations for this weak influence include small firm adaptability and the limited range of small firm strategic options. The study suggests that strong performance requires more than an appropriate match of strategy to the environment since there is a higher correlation between growth differentiation strategy and environmental turbulence in the lowest profitability group, compared to the highest group. But, there is significantly higher correlation between growth differentiation strategy and market orientation in the high profitability group, compared to the low group. The results suggest that firm culture and competencies that affect implementation of firm strategy are more critical determinants of relative small firm performance than the match of strategy and environment.
Epidemiological Analysis on bacillary dysentery from 2004 to 2008 in Xinzhou City

Objective To analyze bacillary dysentery in Xinzhou City and provide a scientific basis for controlling strategies.Methods Epidemiological analysis of bacillary dysentery was done and the data was from 14 counties(cities,districts) of Xinzhou City in 2004 to 2008.Demographic data was gotten from the Office of Xinzhou Bureau of Statistics population.Results A total of 2 053 cases of bacillary dysentery were reported from 2004 to 2008.The annual mean incidence rate is 13.60/100 000,ranking the first place in intestinal infectious diseases and notifiable diseases in the city.The Incidence rate is higher in Pianguan County(32.81/100000)and lower is in Shenchi County(1.87/100000).The cases concentrated in May to October and the peak incidence is in August,showing statistical significant differences.Most of cases were scattered children,students and farmers.Conclusion The prevention and control measure for scattered children,students,farmers should be strengthened in future including promoting the health knowledge of gastro-intestinal diseases,developing good personal hygiene,strengthening the network report of infectious diseases in health institutions at all levels.
The Need for Simplicity in Spite of All That Multiplicity

The purpose of this chapter is to explain how traditional optimizing can be improved by multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) in general and the Policy/Goal Percentaging (P/G%) variation of MCDM in particular.
ULTRA MARATHON RACE COMPETITION AND IMMUNE FUNCTION

This chapter reviews key exercise immunology findings from five years of research on 350 athletes in the 160-km Western States Endurance Run (WSER), a point-to-point trail run in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of northern California. Until this series of studies on WSER ultra-marathoners, little was known regarding the response of the immune system to severe exertion. This chapter describes how the immune system responds to running 160 km and underlying mechanisms including oxidative stress, muscle damage, inflammation, endotoxemia, and ibuprofen use
Nuclear Receptors and Cyclins in Hormone Signaling

Hormones were previously known to induce kinase signaling cascades from the cell surface to thenucleus.Nuclear receptors (NR) coordinate diversebiologicalphenotypes altering cellular metabolism, differentiation and cellular proliferation. The genes that regulate cell-cycle progression participate as targets of NR signaling and coordinate many of these responses. These cyclins and CDKs in turn feed back to modify NR activity. Proteins governing nuclear receptor (estrogen receptor α (ERα), androgen receptor (AR), TR, GR) function can be modified by acetylation. Such proteins include the co-activator (SRC1), co-integrator (p300, p/CAF), HSP-90, histones and HDACs. Phosphorylation, acetylation and ubiquitination occur within transcription factors as a form of intra-transcription factor signaling (signaling cascades within transcription factors; SCITS). The modification of nuclear receptors by acetylation determines gene expression specificity and is a key determining factor of cellular growth in hormoneresponsive cells.
Comments on ``G/T and Noise Figure of Active Array Antennas''

The most cited paper from this journal with “array,” “antenna,” and “noise” in its metadata is [1] . While the quantitative results of that paper are correct, there is an issue with its treatment of noise received by array antennas due to noise radiation from the background (external noise). Equation (1) of that paper gives noise received by the $k$ th array element, and the text describes the noise temperature ( $T_{i}$ ) in that equation as the “antenna (sky) temperature.” This should clearly be the temperature corresponding to the background noise received by the individual array elements, which includes all contributions from within the gain pattern of the individual element, which is typically much broader than the pattern of the array. However, later in the paper, this same symbol is used as the temperature corresponding to the background noise received by the array (into the receiver in Lee’s Fig. 1, after losses). These two temperatures can be very different. For example, small, individual elements of a large array could receive substantial contributions from the ground and other hot objects (e.g., at $T \sim 300$ K), while the array’s receiver only receives significant contributions from a very quiet region of the sky (e.g., at $T \sim 4$ K at some frequencies).
Scalable and dynamic optical network architecture

Future optical networks will integrate multi-layer functions, in a fast adapting infrastructure. When the data and control dynamics speed-up by 4 orders as projected, the entire network architecture must be redesigned to be scalable.
A New Look at Calcium Flame Interferences

A detailed study of the effects of PO4 −3, SO4 −2, AlCl3, and Al(NO3)3 on the flame-spectroscopic behavior of Ca led to some clarification concerning the origin and nature of these common interferences. By utilizing atomic absorption and emission as well as molecular and ion- emission measurements, the relative concentrations of the following Ca species in the flame could be studied: Ca*, Ca°, Ca+, and CaOH—CaO*. Data indicated that the depressive effects of the interfering substances were similar on each Ca species studied. Thus the mechanism by which these interferences originate cannot be due to shifts in the equilibria of the reactions of CaCl2 in the flame. Results also showed that the Al interference was not due to a gas phase reaction between CaO and Al2O3 to form CaAl2O4 or some similar Ca aluminate. The AlCl3 interference on Ca was eliminated in the nitrous oxide flame, but that due to Al(NO3)3 was not. Therefore in the nitrous oxide flame it was possible to determine effects of Ca and Al excitation as well as the effects of Al on Ca excitation. The association of Ca ions with PO4 −3 and SO4 −2 in solutions to form probably CaSO4 and Ca3(PO4)2 would be consistent with our results. The effects of AI salts would appear to be due to the occlusion of CaCI2 in matrices of AICI3 and AI(N03)3.
GPU-based optimal control for RWM feedback in tokamaks

Abstract The design and implementation of a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) based Resistive Wall Mode (RWM) controller to perform feedback control on the RWM using Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control is reported herein. The control algorithm is based on a simplified DIII-D VALEN model. By using NVIDIA’s GPUDirect RDMA framework, the digitizer and output module are able to write and read directly to and from GPU memory, eliminating memory transfers between host and GPU. The system and algorithm was able to reduce plasma response excited by externally applied fields by 32% during development experiments.
Antihuman plasma glutathione peroxidase antibodies: immunologic investigations to determine plasma glutathione peroxidase protein and selenium content in plasma

Plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) (glutathione: H2O2 oxidoreductase) is a unique selenoglycoprotein. Treatment of this enzyme with glycopeptidase F partially deglycosylates it and establishes the presence of N-linked sugar moieties. Antibodies raised in a rabbit against the purified enzyme from plasma were found to be specific, noninhibitory, and capable of precipitating the enzymatic activity. The antibodies precipitated greater than 90% of the GSHPx activity of normal plasma, thus indicating that the selenoenzyme is the main if not the sole GSHPx activity of plasma. The antibodies did not precipitate RBC GSHPx. A slight cross-reactivity of the antibodies was found with rat plasma GSHPx. A GSHPx activity precipitation assay of normal plasma in the presence of selenium (Se)-deficient plasma indicates that no cross-reactive protein in the Se-deficient plasma interferes with the precipitation of the GSHPx activity from normal plasma. Thus, GSHPx protein as well as activity is deficient in plasma in the absence of Se. Antibodies against GSHPx either from RBCs or from plasma were used to specifically immunoprecipitate most of the GSHPx activity from RBCs or plasma, respectively, in healthy individuals to determine the amount of Se associated with the protein. GSHPx accounts for approximately 15% of the Se in RBCs and 12% of the Se in plasma. Thus, in normal individuals, these proteins account for only a fraction of plasma and RBC Se.
Transportation System Resilience

The research and the practice associated with the development of resilient transportation systems have, to date, focused largely on the characterization and reduction of the vulnerability of transportation systems and the impacts of disruptive events on system users. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that a move from a technical focus to a sociotechnical focus has the potential to enhance the resilience of built systems and the societies that they serve. This paper first reviews the literature on the resilience of the transportation system to characterize the nature of approaches to the development of resilience in the transportation system. The paper offers examples of cases that provide evidence of the added benefits associated with a move from a largely technical approach to a sociotechnical approach. Subsequently, the paper reviews the literature on resilience in social, ecological, and economic systems to identify opportunities for expanding the scope of existing approaches to develop resilience i...
Climate change and intergroup relations: Psychological insights, synergies, and future prospects:

Climate change is often conceived as a technical challenge, requiring smart policies and science-driven solutions. Yet, as revealed by each new round of international negotiations, and by growing (...
Optimizing a sensor network with data from hazard mapping demonstrated in a heavy-vehicle manufacturing facility

Objectives To design a method that uses preliminary hazard mapping data to optimize the number and location of sensors within a network for a long-term assessment of occupational concentrations, while preserving temporal variability, accuracy, and precision of predicted hazards. Methods Particle number concentrations (PNCs) and respirable mass concentrations (RMCs) were measured with direct-reading instruments in a large heavy-vehicle manufacturing facility at 80-82 locations during 7 mapping events, stratified by day and season. Using kriged hazard mapping, a statistical approach identified optimal orders for removing locations to capture temporal variability and high prediction precision of PNC and RMC concentrations. We compared optimal-removal, random-removal, and least-optimal-removal orders to bound prediction performance. Results The temporal variability of PNC was found to be higher than RMC with low correlation between the two particulate metrics (ρ = 0.30). Optimal-removal orders resulted in more accurate PNC kriged estimates (root mean square error [RMSE] = 49.2) at sample locations compared with random-removal order (RMSE = 55.7). For estimates at locations having concentrations in the upper 10th percentile, the optimal-removal order preserved average estimated concentrations better than random- or least-optimal-removal orders (P < 0.01). However, estimated average concentrations using an optimal-removal were not statistically different than random-removal when averaged over the entire facility. No statistical difference was observed for optimal- and random-removal methods for RMCs that were less variable in time and space than PNCs. Conclusions Optimized removal performed better than random-removal in preserving high temporal variability and accuracy of hazard map for PNC, but not for the more spatially homogeneous RMC. These results can be used to reduce the number of locations used in a network of static sensors for long-term monitoring of hazards in the workplace, without sacrificing prediction performance.
Song and aggressive signaling in Bachman's Sparrow

ABSTRACT Male Bachman's Sparrows (Peucaea aestivalis) have large vocal repertoires containing many song types and multiple categories of songs and calls. We examined the territorial defense function of the vocal repertoire of male Bachman's Sparrows by quantifying singing behaviors and aggressiveness in response to a simulated territorial intrusion. We compared vocal and other behaviors between the intrusion and post-intrusion periods, compared more aggressive males (attackers) with less aggressive males (non-attackers), and tested for signals that predict attack. During intrusion, subjects switched among their song types at higher rates, however, song switching did not differ between more and less aggressive males. More aggressive males sang more low-amplitude “whisper songs.” In line with previous studies of aggressive signaling in songbirds, Bachman's Sparrows appear to use low-amplitude song to threaten rivals. The eavesdropping avoidance hypothesis predicts that low-amplitude songs should have acoust...
The Effects of In-Plane Stress on Waves in Thin Films

The application of acoustoelasticity for the nondestructive evaluation of residual stress has, for the most part, been limited to waves which may be classified as being of short wavelength. For many thin films, whose thicknesses may be on the order of 1 μm or less, the frequency required to obtain a “short wavelength” is well into the gigahertz regime. Thus, for acoustoelasticity to be applicable to such thin films, an improved understanding of the effect of stress on the wave response in the intermediate to long wavelength regimes must be available. This paper considers the effect of stress on the response of waves propagating in plate-like structures. The frequency equation is derived in the context of three-dimensional elastodynamics in which a small disturbance is superposed on a finite deformation of the nonlinearly elastic plate. Particular attention is directed toward the lowest order antisymmetric (flexural) mode which exhibits membrane response in the long wavelength limit. Results showing the details of the transition from the long wavelength limit to the short wavelength limit (bulk wave response) are presented for this mode.
Dual-wavelength spectrophotometry: General method

Abstract The application of dual-wavelength spectrophotometry in inorganic chemical analysis is discussed. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of trace amounts of metals and the determination of metals in the presence of diverse ions without separation. Three basic methods for the choice of the two wavelengths to be used for a particular system are proposed.
Resource Optimization in Video-On-Demand Networks

In this paper, we address the problem of designing a cost-minimized network forVideo-On-Demand (VOD) services satisfying given customer demands and Grade-Of-Service (GOS) requirements. The GOS is expressed as an acceptable level of blocking for customer requests.
Survival outcomes of patients with primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) treated with novel agents

Background Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is an aggressive plasma cell disorder characterized by circulating plasma cells and a poor prognosis. Although patients who have pPCL benefit from the use of stem cell transplantation (SCT) and novel agents, their prognosis remains inferior to that of patients who have myeloma. Methods This was a retrospective analysis of 38 consecutive patients with pPCL who were diagnosed between October 2005 and July 2016 and were registered in the Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University database. Baseline characteristics as well as data about treatment and survival outcomes were collected. Results The median patient age at diagnosis was 58 years. All patients received a bortezomib-based induction regimen, and 92% received both bortezomib and an immunomodulatory drug (thalidomide or lenalidomide); in addition, 74% of patients underwent autologous SCT (ASCT), and 61% received maintenance therapy. The best response to first-line therapy was a partial response or better in 87% of patients, and 45% had a complete response (CR). The achievement of ≥CR was a predictor for prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The median PFS was 20 months, and the median OS was 33 months. PFS was prolonged in patients who underwent ASCT compared with those who did not undergo ASCT (25 vs 6 months; P = .004), and patients who received maintenance therapy after ASCT had prolonged median PFS (27 vs 11 months; P = .03) and a trend toward prolonged OS (median, 38 vs 22 months; P = .06) compared with those who did not receive maintenance therapy. Conclusions The current data support the use of regimens combining novel agents in the upfront treatment of patients with pPCL as well as the role of ASCT and maintenance therapy for long-term disease control.
The Innovation of Medical Devices

The innovation of medical devices is a useful and fulfilling activity. Medicine in general is fulfilling as it provides instant gratification to the physician and instant relief to the patient. Medical device ideas arise from the needs identified during the patient-healthcare team interactions. The journey from ideation to a commercially successful medical device product is the focus of this chapter with emphasis on pitfalls of medical device development with the use of vaginal mesh kits as a specific example.
The Perceptual Characteristics of Pedestrian Streets

The argument underlying this study can be simply summarized. For any given behavior patterns or activities, there are settings that are supportive. In general, when they have the opportunity, humans, like other organisms, select habitats having appropriate characteristics even if the matching processes occur beyond awareness. In this process, preference tends to be based to a large extent on associational aspects (Rapoport 1982a). Cognitive aspects are also important; in the case of walking, good imageability and clear orientation at the large and middle scales, because an organism can hardly perceive if it is not oriented (Bruner 1951; Lynch 1960, Appendix A; Sandstrom 1972).