cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Emerging Adulthood: Learning and Development During the First Stage of Adulthood

Inherent in the call for the integration of educational psychology and adult learning (Smith & Reio, 2006) is the need for specifi c information that speaks to the unique developmental features of discrete adult age periods. Particularly important is the need to recognize the age period between 29 and 30 as a distinct developmental period, emerging adulthood, during which there is great demand for skill and knowledge acquisition as well as maturation as individuals make the transition to adulthood. It is likewise imperative to have appreciation for the diversity of learning experiences that occur during adulthood in general (Smith & Pourchot, 1998) and during emerging adulthood specifi - cally. Given that the post-adolescent years correspond with those spent, by some, in postsecondary education, the college student development literature is often used to frame our understanding of learning, development, and adaptation during this age period. Development and learning during this age period, however, takes place across a variety of contexts, is not limited to those enrolled in college or university, and is distinctly different from development during childhood and adolescence as well as development that occurs in later stages of adulthood.
2756 Obstetric Outcomes in a Contemporary Cohort of Women with Endometriosis at an Academic Medical Center

Study Objective Previous literature shows that women with endometriosis have higher rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes compared to the general population, including preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and cesarean section. We aim to identify disease-specific risk factors and surgical treatments that impact obstetric outcomes. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic medical center. Patients or Participants Women who delivered at our institution from January 2002 to December 2018 with ICD-9/10 codes of endometriosis. Interventions We obtained demographic characteristics and pregnancy information from a prospectively-maintained dataset, and linked this to gynecologic data, including symptoms, infertility treatments, lesion types (superficial, deeply-infiltrative [DIE], endometrioma, adenomyosis), and prior surgeries for endometriosis—dichotomous variables for diagnostic laparoscopy, ablation/fulguration, ovarian cystectomy, superficial excision, and excision of DIE. Patients were stratified by gynecologic characteristics, and obstetric outcomes compared across groups. Measurements and Main Results Of 148 deliveries, 54 (36%) had superficial endometriosis, 14 (9.5%) DIE, 75 (51%) endometriomas, and 13 (8.8%) adenomyosis. Compared to other lesions, adenomyosis was associated with prior miscarriage (62% vs. 22%, p=0.004). Almost three-quarters (72%) of patients had undergone previous surgery, including 68% diagnostic laparoscopy, 22% ablation, 28% cystectomy, 8.8% superficial excision, and 4.1% DIE excision. 38% had previously been diagnosed with infertility, while 28% conceived through in vitro fertilization. Women with DIE more often delivered via cesarean section (71% vs. 40%, p=0.044). Compared to patients with zero or one prior surgery, the 25 patients with multiple prior surgeries (range 2 to >5) more frequently had small for gestational age infants (32% vs. 14%, p=0.015), which was independent of gestational age. There were no significant differences in obstetric outcomes (gestational age, delivery method or newborn weight) by type of endometriosis surgery. Conclusion More extensive surgical history, as evidenced by multiple prior endometriosis surgeries, was associated with having infants who were small for gestational age.
Indications and Outcomes for Patients With Limited Symptoms Undergoing Endoscopic Sinus Surgery

BackgroundPrevious research have suggested that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients with lower symptomatic scores, demonstrated by a 22-item Sinonasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) score <20, may not ac...
Intrathecal Morphine versus Intrathecal Hydromorphone for Analgesia after Cesarean DeliveryA Randomized Clinical Trial

Background Intrathecal opioids are routinely administered during spinal anesthesia for postcesarean analgesia. The effectiveness of intrathecal morphine for postcesarean analgesia is well established, and the use of intrathecal hydromorphone is growing. No prospective studies have compared the effectiveness of equipotent doses of intrathecal morphine versus intrathecal hydromorphone as part of a multimodal analgesic regimen for postcesarean analgesia. The authors hypothesized that intrathecal morphine would result in superior analgesia compared with intrathecal hydromorphone 24 h after delivery. Methods In this single-center, double-blinded, randomized trial, 138 parturients undergoing scheduled cesarean delivery were randomized to receive 150 µg of intrathecal morphine or 75 µg of intrathecal hydromorphone as part of a primary spinal anesthetic and multimodal analgesic regimen; 134 parturients were included in the analysis. The primary outcome was the numerical rating scale score for pain with movement 24 h after delivery. Static and dynamic pain scores, nausea, pruritus, degree of sedation, and patient satisfaction were assessed every 6 h for 36 h postpartum. Total opioid consumption was recorded. Results There was no significant difference in pain scores with movement at 24 h (intrathecal hydromorphone median [25th, 75th] 4 [3, 5] and intrathecal morphine 3 [2, 4.5]) or at any time point (estimated difference, 0.5; 95% CI, 0 to 1; P = 0.139). Opioid received in the first 24 h did not differ between groups (median [25th, 75th] oral morphine milligram equivalents for intrathecal hydromorphone 30 [7.5, 45.06] vs. intrathecal morphine 22.5 [14.0, 37.5], P = 0.769). From Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median time to first opioid request was 5.4 h for hydromorphone and 12.1 h for morphine (log-rank test P = 0.200). Conclusions Although the hypothesis was that intrathecal morphine would provide superior analgesia to intrathecal hydromorphone, the results did not confirm this. At the doses studied, both intrathecal morphine and intrathecal hydromorphone provide effective postcesarean analgesia when combined with a multimodal analgesia regimen.
Book Review of Philosophical Foundations for the Practice of Ecology by William A. Reiners and Jeffrey A. Lockwood

Book Review of Philosophical Foundations for the Practice of Ecology by William A. Reiners and Jeffrey A. Lockwood
Chitosan-coated sand and its application in a fixed-bed column to remove dyes in simple, binary, and real systems.

Adsorption of tartrazine yellow food dye, in a fixed-bed column, was carried out using a single system, a binary system (in the presence of sunset yellow food dye), and in a real effluent provides from an ice cream industry. Chitosan was used to coat sand particles by the dip-coating technique, and these particles were applied in fixed-bed adsorption. The assays were performed in flow rates of 3 mL min−1 and 5 mL min−1. The best performance was reached at 3 mL min−1. In this flow rate, for single and binary systems, the breakthrough time was 95 min and 65 min, and the maximum capacity of the column was around 595 mg g−1 and 497 mg g−1, respectively. In the assay conducted with the real effluent, the breakthrough time was 10 min, and the maximum adsorption capacity of the column was reduced to 191 mg g−1 for tartrazine dye. The dynamic models of Thomas and Yoon-Nelson were used, and both were suitable to represent the breakthrough curves.
Identification of barriers to consumers adopting the practice of not washing raw poultry

Abstract Washing raw poultry, a food handling practice that increases the risk of cross contamination, continues to be practiced despite educational campaigns communicating the correct behavior to not wash raw poultry. The purpose of this research was to conduct a qualitative analysis of consumer comments on websites that were in response to an education campaign informing consumers to not wash raw poultry. A total of 4338 comments were collected from 50 websites identified using three different search engines. Comments were divided into categories including comments that agreed with the education message and comments that disagreed with the education message. Thematic analysis was conducted on the comments to identify common themes in each category. Themes identified indicated that there are two groups of consumers that agree with the education message: consumers who never previously washed raw poultry and consumers who changed their behavior because of the education message. Barriers identified among comments that disagreed with the education message included consumers feeling the need to wash raw poultry to remove materials such as blood, slime and fecal matter. Additional barriers identified included the belief that washing raw poultry with water containing acids such as vinegar or lemon can kill bacteria, and consumers believing that the method they use to wash raw poultry will not result in cross contamination. These results can inform future research and efforts to educate consumers to not wash raw poultry.
Investigation of Coupling Mechanism of Multidisciplinary Sub-models of Electric Machines for Multi-physics optimization

Electric machine design, by nature, involves the knowledge of multiple physics. The sub-models in each physics domain of an electric machine are coupled with each other in one way or another. Physical couplings are the way of sharing input and/or output data between sub-models of different physics. This paper investigates the coupling mechanism of the multidisciplinary sub-models of electric machines. Attempts proposed in literature to decouple or partially decouple these sub-models in order to reduce computing time and to yield effective Pareto front for large scale multi-physics optimization of electric machines are reviewed.
Effect of peripheral neuropathy on bone mineral density in adults with diabetes: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

Abstract Introduction Peripheral neuropathy occurs in two thirds of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). It can lead to severe pathological changes in the feet, and it increases the risk of fracture more than any other diabetic complication. The objective of this review is to analyze available literature on the effect of peripheral neuropathy on BMD of the foot, spine, or hip. We hypothesize that the presence of diabetic neuropathy leads to lower BMD in adults with diabetes. Methods Original studies investigating the effects of diabetic neuropathy on bone density were searched for inclusion in this systematic review. Studies were eligible if they met the following criteria: 1) participants included adults with either Type 1 DM or Type 2 DM; 2) Method used for the diagnosis of neuropathy described in the manuscript 3) DXA scan, ultrasound, or CT scan was used to measure proximal femur, spine, or foot bone mineral density were reported, and 4) bone parameters were analyzed based on the presence and absence of neuropathy. Results Among the 5 studies that met eligibility criteria, 4 did not find a significant effect of neuropathy on BMD. One study showed a significant negative impact of neuropathy on calcaneal BMD in patients with type 1 diabetes. The meta-analysis did not show a significant effect of peripheral neuropathy on BMDs of proximal femur, spine, and calcaneus in diabetic adults. Conclusion Our study shows no evidence that peripheral neuropathy affects bone density or bone turnover in DM. However, this conclusion should be taken with caution since only a very limited number of studies were available for inclusion in the analysis and included both type 1 and type 2 DM patients. Improved measures of peripheral neuropathy and more advanced imaging technologies are needed to better assess the effect of diabetes on bone health.
Clerkship Experiences During Medical School: Influence on Specialty Decision.

Clinical rotations during medical school are the time when most students select their specialty. Limited or lack of exposure could deter students from certain sub-specialties, and thus, insight into the selection process is essential. This study assesses the role of limited clinical rotations and perception of students on specialty selection. All graduating medical students were surveyed at our US-based institution for 2 years. The survey included both open- and close-ended questions related to influence of clerkship experience and other factors on specialty choice and suggestions for improvement. The data were analyzed descriptively and thematically. Majority of students (87%) had minimal exposure to their chosen residency specialty prior to the third-year clerkships. Role of a clerkship experience in selecting a specialty was significant for 70% students, especially interaction with attendings (92%) and residents (86.3%). The most influential reasons for specialty choice to change were clerkship experience (41%) and mentors (21%). Approximately 34% students chose a specialty that was not a part of third-year core clerkships, and the most significant factors influencing their choice were shadowing experience (21%) and lifestyle (18%). Further, thematic analysis suggested that earlier and more clinical exposure to various specialties and formal mentoring could make specialty selection process easier. Along with specialty content, the relationship of learners and teachers in the clinical setting plays a significant role in selecting and/or rejecting certain specialty by medical students. The study provides broader baseline data for medical schools and educators in preparation of curriculum and future physician workforce composition.
Changes in analgesic strategies for lobectomy from 2009 to 2018

Abstract Objective To evaluate trends in the use of epidural analgesia and nonopioid and opioid analgesics for patients undergoing lobectomy from 2009 to 2018. Methods We queried the Premier database for adult patients undergoing open, video-assisted, and robotic-assisted lobectomy from 2009 to 2018. The outcome of interest was changes in the receipt of epidural analgesia and nonopioid and opioid analgesics as measured by charges on the day of surgery. We also evaluated postoperative daily opioid use. We used multivariable logistic and linear regression models to examine the association between the utilization of each analgesic modality and year. Results We identified 86,308 patients undergoing lobectomy from 2009 to 2018 within the Premier database: 35,818 (41.5%) patients had open lobectomy, 35,951 (41.7%) patients had video-assisted lobectomy, and 14,539 (16.8%) patients had robotic-assisted lobectomy. For all 3 surgical cohorts, epidural analgesia use decreased, and nonopioid analgesics use increased over time, except for intravenous nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Use of patient-controlled analgesia decreased, while opioid consumption on the day of surgery increased and postoperative opioid consumption did not decrease over time. Conclusions In this large sample of patients undergoing lobectomy, utilization of epidural analgesia declined and use of nonopioid analgesics increased. Despite these changes, opioid consumption on day of surgery increased, and there was no significant reduction in postoperative opioid consumption. Further research is warranted to examine the association of these changes with patient outcomes.
Demo Abstract: Vision-aided 3D Human Pose Estimation with RFID

Radio Frequency (RF) based human pose estimation techniques have been proposed to generate human pose without using a camera, so people will no longer worry about their privacy. Compared with other RF sensing based systems, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) provides a promising solution for RF based human pose estimation. RFID tags can be used as wearable sensors because of their small size. The interference caused by the multipath effect is much smaller in the RFID system. The cost of RFID systems is also lower than the advanced radar based systems such as FMCW radar. Thus, we propose the RFID-Pose system for tracking the movements of multiple human limbs in realtime [1]. In the proposed system, RFID tags are attached to the target human joints. The movement of the tags are captured by the phase variations in the responses from each tag. The human pose is reconstructed by estimating rotation angles from RFID data and the initial human skeleton. The vision data will not be needed anymore in the testing phase, so the user’s privacy can be well protected.
Punishing the Poorest: How the Criminalization of Homelessness Perpetuates Poverty in San Francisco

This report details the effects of criminalization on the homeless residents of San Francisco. Since 1981, San Francisco has passed more local measures to criminalize sleeping, sitting, or panhandling in public spaces than any other city in the state of California. During this same period, the United States has experienced the greatest expansion of its jail and prison system under any democracy in history. This expansion has primarily affected the poorest members of this society. This report documents and analyzes the impacts of the rising tide of anti-homeless laws in our era of mass incarceration on those experiencing homelessness in San Francisco.This portrait of the impact of criminalization on homelessness in San Francisco is based on a citywide survey of 351 homeless individuals and 43 in-depth interviews carried out by volunteers at the Coalition on Homelessness and supervised by researchers at the UC Berkeley Center on Human Rights. It also analyzes data on policy, citations, and arrests received from the San Francisco Police Department, the Sheriff ’s Office, the Human Services Agency, and the Recreation and Park Department. The report provides an in-depth analysis of each step in the criminalization of homelessness — from interactions with law enforcement, to the issuance and processing of citations, to incarceration and release. The study makes evident how criminalization not only fails to reduce homelessness in public space, but also perpetuates homelessness, racial and gender inequality, and poverty even once one has exited homelessness.The aim of this study is to provide sound empirical data on the impacts of the criminalization of homelessness in San Francisco, while also giving voice to the experiences of those whose housing status results in their regularly being processed through the city’s criminal justice system. Our hope is that these findings will inform public discussions and provide the basis for thoughtful policy approaches to these issues.
Cell-Mediated Responses to Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Antigens

A limited set of viral gene products, the so-called “latent” proteins, have been identified as the probable target antigens in the induction of cellular immunity directed against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) immortalized B cells (LCL)(1). These constitutively expressed proteins include EBV nuclear antigens (EBNA 1–3) (2–4) and a “latent” membrane protein (5,6).
Millimeter-wave high temperature process monitoring

Millimeter-wave technologies can provide novel and reliable on-line monitoring capability for many important parameters inside high temperature process environments such as in the manufacture of glass, metals, and waste remediation. Important parameters include temperature, emissivity, density, and viscosity, which often cannot be monitored reliably by conventional techniques. The physical and analytical basis for millimeter-wave monitoring of high temperature processes is presented along with experimental results at temperatures up to 1500/spl deg/C.
A unified framework for performance evaluation of multi-hop ad hoc networks

The performance of multi-hop CSMA/CA networks has in most cases been evaluated via simulations, or analytically using a perfect collision channel model. Using such methods, one can neither have access to the capture nature of the terminals nor evaluate the performance of the network in a fading environment. In this paper a new analytical framework that takes into account these capture and fading effects is presented. The network investigated in this paper has an infinite number of nodes which is assumed to be spatially Poisson distributed. The approach is to develop analytical expressions for the transition probabilities in a Markov chain model of the network. A fast algorithm to solve these equations is also given. Numerical results show that the model agrees with simulation results for both omni-directional networks and networks employing beamforming. The framework can easily be extended and implemented for networks with different access protocols, routing strategies, and forward error correcting mechanisms. Therefore, it provides a useful tool for cross-layer network design.
The Last of Mr. and Mrs. Haddock

"Haddock v. Haddock is overruled." This is the judgment of the United States Supreme Court in Williams v. North Carolina,2 ending thirty-seven years of some of the most heated debate the Supreme Court has engendered.3 The majority opinion was written by Mr. Justice Douglas. Mr. Justice Frankfurter added a concurring opinion. Mr. Justice Murphy and Mr. Justice Jackson wrote dissenting opinions. The facts are these: Mr. Williams and Mrs. Hendrix left their
Brain Injury Prediction for Indy Race Car Drivers Using Finite Element Model of the Human Head

The objective of this work was to evaluate a new tool for assessing brain injury. Many race car drivers have suffered concussion and other brain injuries and are in need of ways of evaluating better head protective systems and equipment. Current assessment guidelines such as HIC may not be adequate for assessing all scenarios. Finite element models of the brain have the potential to provide much better injury prediction for any scenario. At a previous Motorsports conference, results of a MADYMO model of a racing car and driver driven by 3-D accelerations recorded in actual crashes were presented. Model results from nine cases, some with concussion and some not, yielded head accelerations that were used to drive the Wayne State University Head Injury Model (WSUHIM). This model consists of over 310,000 elements and is capable of simulating direct and indirect impacts. It has been extensively validated using published cadaveric test data. Results show- high strain and strain rates as a primary cause of concussion sustained by race car drivers. Such a tool can be used to better evaluate head protection devices and systems for race car drivers as well as other incidents involving potential brain injury.
Demonstration of a Space Capable Miniature Dual Frequency GNSS Receiver

A low cost, miniature, dual frequency, software defined Global Navigation Satellite System receiver was developed and flown on a sounding rocket. The receiver, known as the Fast, Orbital, TEC, Observables, and Navigation (FOTON) receiver, is intended for use in space applications. In this paper, the receiver design is described and flight test results are presented. On its maiden sounding rocket demonstration flight in 2012, FOTON demonstrated GPS-based ionospheric sounding, including: (1) use of a dual frequency GPS receiver onboard a sounding rocket experiment, (2) estimation of spacecraft spin rate by exploiting differential GPS phase windup in a dual frequency receiver, and (3) GPS-based measurement of the vertical electron density profile in aurora. In preparation for upcoming space flights, FOTON was also designed for operation in low Earth orbit. Copyright © 2014 Institute of Navigation.
Rapid motor learning in the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex

Motor learning was induced in the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (TVOR) when monkeys were repeatedly subjected to a brief (0.5 sec) head translation while they tried to maintain binocular fixation on a visual target for juice rewards. If the target was world-fixed, the initial eye speed of the TVOR gradually increased; if the target was head-fixed, the initial eye speed of the TVOR gradually decreased. The rate of learning acquisition was very rapid, with a time constant of approximately 100 trials, which was equivalent to or=1 d without any reinforcement, indicating induction of long-term synaptic plasticity. Although the learning generalized to targets with different viewing distances and to head translations with different accelerations, it was highly specific for the particular combination of head motion and evoked eye movement associated with the training. For example, it was specific to the modality of the stimulus (translation vs rotation) and the direction of the evoked eye movement in the training. Furthermore, when one eye was aligned with the heading direction so that it remained motionless during training, learning was not expressed in this eye, but only in the other nonaligned eye. These specificities show that the learning sites are neither in the sensory nor the motor limb of the reflex but in the sensory-motor transformation stage of the reflex. The dependence of the learning on both head motion and evoked eye movement suggests that Hebbian learning may be one of the underlying cellular mechanisms.
Cell renewal and migration in lymphoid follicles of Peyer's patches and cecum--an autoradiographic study in mice

Peyer's patch lymphoid follicles are characterized by a cuboidal epithelium, which has low numbers of mucus-secreting goblet cells, infiltration with clusters of lymphoid cells, and unique antigen-transporting M cells. M cells have short, irregular microvilli similar to undifferentiated crypt epithelial cells, which suggested that M-cell renewal might occur over follicle surfaces. By autoradiography we found that epithelial renewal over follicles only occurs by proliferation in multiple adjacent crypts with cell migration onto follicle surfaces. Nuclear labeling of M cells was observed after 72 h among fully differentiated cuboidal cells from which M cells appear to develop. Goblet-cell flow from surrounding crypts supplied large numbers of goblet cells to adjacent villi, but it was remarkably restricted onto the Peyer's patch follicle surfaces, creating a breach in the mucus barrier that may facilitate antigen sampling.
Effect of whole body hyperthermia on carboplatin disposition and toxicity in dogs

Fifty dogs with refractory or disseminated spontaneous tumours were evaluated in two independent phase I studies using either carboplatin (CBDCA) alone or CBDCA plus whole body hyperthermia (WBH). CBDCA was administered as a 30 min infusion at the onset of the plateau phase of WBH in dogs receiving combined treatment. Serum samples were collected and drug disposition was determined in both treatment groups. The dose-effect relationship was mathematically described with a logistic regression model developed from categorical toxicity data accumulated throughout the first two treatment courses in all dogs. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined as that dose which resulted in a 50% probability of achieving moderate or severe toxicity. The only toxicities observed were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, which were dose-dependent. The nadir occurred between 7 and 14 days following treatment. A significant decrease in the area under the serum CBDCA versus time curve for dogs undergoing WBH was consistent with increased tissue binding of the drug as well as increased urinary eliminations. Serum AUC values determined following the first course of treatment were predictive of subsequent toxicity in both treatment groups. The MTD (95%CI) for CBDCA and CBDCA/WBH were estimated to be 318(44) and 239(51) mg/M2 respectively (p = 0.08). A randomized phase II evaluation should be initiated to determine if a therapeutic gain can be achieved using combined CBDCA and WBH. Further refinement of the CBDCA dose in such a trial should be based on both pharmacokinetic parameters and normal tissue response.
Lower Ordovician trilobites from the Baumann Fiord Formation, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada

Sections through member B of the Baumann Fiord Formation on the Bache Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada, contain a range of lithofacies indicating deposition in shallow subtidal settings above storm wave base. Macrofossils are generally rare, but low-diversity trilobite-dominated faunas occur in a section near Sanddola Creek. The only other fossils common in the collections are poorly preserved gastropods. All of the trilobite species are apparently new, and four are formally named: Licnocephala sanddoelaensis, "Peltabellia" baumannensis, Bolbocephalus ellesmerensis, and Ceratopeltis bachensis. The species Ceratopeltis forteyi is introduced for material previously described from North Greenland. Rare additional species of Licnocephala and Jeffersonia are reported in open nomenclature. The trilobites occur in three stratigraphically and lithologically distinct associations, with species diversity ranging from two to four. Closest comparisons of the trilobite species all indicate that member B shou...
Solution of Laplace's equation in a region with dielectric interfaces of arbitrary shape

This letter demonstrates an integration method for deriving finite-difference approximations to Laplace's equation for problems which are axially symmetric and involve dielectric interfaces of arbitrary shape. The method generalizes a previous approach, and is easily automated and applicable to other types of boundary conditions as well.
Quenching and Annealing of Lattice Vacancies in Pure Silver

Quenching and annealing experiments on 99.998% pure silver lead to the following results: The energy required to form a lattice vacancy is 1.10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 eV. The activation energy required to move a lattice vacancy is 0.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 eV. In specimens quenched from above 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C most of the defects observed annealed with an activation energy of 0.57\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 eV. Pulse heating breaks up the 0.57-eV defect; at least one of the fragments thus produced is a single vacancy having migration energy 0.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 eV. It is suggested that the 0.57-eV defect is a divacancy. The pulse heating establishes the binding energy of the 0.57-eV defect to be 0.38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05 ev. Upon annealing a quenched specimen below 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the 0.57-eV defect anneals by second-order kinetics. Upon annealing a quenched specimen above 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C one observes a fast annealing (approximately first order with energy of motion 0.60\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 eV) followed by a slow annealing process having energy of motion 0.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV. It is suggested that above 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the 0.57-eV defect does not cluster, but migrates to dislocations. The fact that below 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C the 0.57-eV defect forms clusters, whereas above 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C it does not, leads to a binding energy for quadrivacancies of 0.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08 eV.
Interaction of microstructure and microcrack growth in cortical bone: a finite element study

Microstructural features including osteons and cement lines are considered to play an important role in determining the crack growth behaviour in cortical bone. This study aims to develop a computational mechanics approach to evaluate microscale fracture mechanisms in bone. In this study, finite element models based on actual human cortical bone images that allow for arbitrary crack growth were utilised to determine the crack propagation behaviour. The simulations varied the cement line and osteon strength and fracture toughness in different bone microstructures to assess the crack propagation trajectory, stress–strain relationship and nonlinear strain energy density. The findings of this study provide additional insight into the individual influence of microstructural features and their properties on crack growth behaviour in bone using a computational approach.
Dichlorocarbene cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols

Abstract Dichlorocarbene reacts with secondary allylic alcohols to form largely a single diastereomeric cyclopropane regardless of the olefin substitution pattern at the position beta to the carbinol carbon.
Facilitative interactions between vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and receptor type-selective opioids: implications for sensory afferent regulation of spinal opioid action

Afferent tone is known to influence spinal opioid antinociception but the underlying neurochemical events are not well defined. This study investigates the consequence on cAMP formation of the coincident activation of signal transduction sequelae initiated by an afferent transmitter and opioid using dissociated spinal cord tissue. Afferent transmission was simulated via the addition of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a pelvic visceral afferent transmitter. Individually, mu, delta-, or kappa-selective opioids (1 microM each) did not alter basal spinal content of cAMP. However, VIP (1 microM) and the delta-opioid selective agonist, [D-Pen(2,5)] enkephalin (DPDPE; 1 microM), in combination, manifest a striking facilitative interaction to augment spinal levels of cAMP. Facilitative interactions between VIP and kappa- or mu-opioids were of a reduced magnitude or not observed, respectively. Blockade of delta-opioid or VIP receptors using naltrindole or VIP6-28, respectively antagonized the VIP-DPDPE facilitative interaction, as did pertussis toxin treatment. The VIP-DPDPE facilitative interaction was also eliminated by phospholipase Cbeta inhibition and inositol trisphosphate receptor blockade. This suggests that modulation of Ca(2+) trafficking by VIP and delta-opioid agonists is a point of convergence of their respective signal transduction cascades, the concomitant action at which achieves cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations that are now sufficient for the activation of signaling molecules, e.g. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase isoforms. These data underscore the plasticity of spinal delta-opioid neurochemical sequelae and their dependence on concomitant afferent transmitter-initiated neurochemical events.
Fungi Associated With Postemergence Cotton Seedling Disease in Missouri

Abstract Surveys were conducted to identify fungi associated with postemergence cotton seedling disease in Missouri. Samples consisted of 10 cotton seedlings, 2 to 3 weeks after emergence, with sym...
Changes in left ventricular function in shocked newborns

Objective: To assess whether the change in cardiac output after volume replacement is due to elevation of stroke volume or heart rate and to determine the effect of mechanical ventilation on the hemodynamic situation. Design: Prospective study. Setting: A ten-bed neonatal intensive care unit (level III) at a university hospital. Patients: 15 consecutive newborns with blood pressure below the 10th percentile related to age and weight. Interventions: Volume replacement with Ringer's lactate 20 ml/kg body weight. Measurements and results. Before and after volume replacement, arterial pressure recordings, blood gas analysis, and an echocardiographic study were carried out. Left ventricular and aortic diameters were measured by the two-dimensional M-mode technique and velocity time integral of aortic flow by the pulsed color Doppler technique. From these data, stroke volume and cardiac output were calculated. Cardiac output (703 ± 204 vs 826 ± 166 ml/min, p < 0.005) and cardiac index (267 ± 69 vs 302 ± 55 ml/min per kg body weight, p < 0.01) changed significantly due to an appreciable elevation in stroke volume (5.2 ± 1.7 vs 5.8 ± 1.7 ml, p < 0.05), whereas heart rate was unaltered (140 ± 12 vs 142 ± 20 beats/min; NS). The change in blood pressure (32 ± 5 vs 38 ± 8 mm Hg, p < 0.01) was also significant. Cardiac index before and after volume replacement showed a significant inverse correlation with the severity of respiratory disease expressed as alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (A-aDO2) (A-aDO2 vs cardiac index before volume replacement: r = − 0.77, p < 0.001; after volume replacement: r = − 0.73, p < 0.005) or oxygenation index (oxygenation index vs cardiac index before volume replacement: r = − 0.73, p < 0.005; after volume replacement: r = − 0.73, p < 0.005). Changes in left ventricular diastolic diameter, left ventricular systolic diameter, and fractional shortening were not significant. Conclusions: These results indicate that the major regulator of left ventricular output in newborns with hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock is stroke volume and not heart rate and that cardiac output depends on the severity of the respiratory disease.
Vegetation response to glacial-interglacial climate variability near Lake Malawi in the southern African tropics

Abstract Pollen records from Lake Malawi, Africa spanning the last 135 kyr show substantial and abrupt vegetation response to multiple episodes of extreme aridity between 135 and 75 ka. Peaks in both the relative abundance and total production of Podocarpus pollen define the first two of these drought episodes. From 135 to 127 and again from 117 to 105 kyr BP, Podocarpus percentages remain above 16% with peak values as high as 38% indicating a period marked by a cool climate resulting in expansion of montane forest taxa to lower elevations. Marine palynological records from the Angola Margin and Congo Fan show similar peak Podocarpus percentages at this time (oxygen isotope stage 5d) indicating a similar climate across the African continent at this latitude. From 105 to 90 ka, continuing drought resulted in total pollen accumulation rates in Lake Malawi to fall to less than 300 grains/cm2/yr of predominately grass pollen. This episode in African history was severe enough to cause the disappearance of pteridophytes and forest taxa such as Uapaca and Brachystegia as well as montane taxa (Podocarpus, Olea spp. and Ericaceae) within the pollen source area of Lake Malawi. These taxa all remain nearly absent from the surrounding vegetation for the next 18,000 years. The resultant semi-desert vegetation would have been inhospitable for early humans living within or traveling through the Lake Malawi region. Increasing moisture following these arid intervals allowed expansion, creation and maintenance of a more diverse landscape vegetation mosaic around Lake Malawi including Zambezian miombo woodland, humid evergreen woodland and afromontane forests. The relative abundance of each fluctuated in response to either cooling (i.e. afromontane expansion from 60 to 56 ka) or moisture balance (i.e. increasing humid evergreen woodland between 75 and 65 ka). Notably there was no significant change in vegetation composition during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (30–15 ka) as compared to the previous 20,000 years.
Creep in a palladium-enriched high-copper amalgam.

Palladium additions to a dispersed phase high-copper amalgam have been shown recently to suppress markedly the η′ (Cu6Sn5) concentration and decrease creep. A detailed study of the dental and 24 h creep for Pd containing high-copper amalgams and six commercial controls as a function of applied temperature and stress was performed. One part of Ag-Cu or Ag-Cu-Pd dispersants with substitutions of up to 20 wt0 Pd for either Ag or Cu was blended with two parts of traditional amalgam alloy. Various temperatures from 25 to 60°C and stresses from 36 to 72 MPa were applied to the samples during the test. For commercial controls and experimental amalgams with no Pd, creep is a strong function of temperature and stress. The experimental amalgam containing up to 10 wt0 Pd, Pd substituted for Ag, demonstrated essentially constant creep over the temperature and stress range applied.
Functional comparison of unilateral versus bilateral lung volume reduction surgery

Background. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) has shown early promise as a palliative therapy in severe emphysema. A number of patients, however, are not candidates for a bilateral operation, or exhibit a predominantly unilateral disease distribution. Methods. Over 20 months, we performed LVRS in 92 patients selected on the basis of severe hyperinflation with air trapping, diaphragmatic dysfunction, and disease heterogeneity. Twenty-eight patients underwent unilateral LVRS on the basis of asymmetric disease distribution, prior thoracic operation, or concomitant tumor resection. Results. Unilateral LVRS resulted in comparable improvements in exercise capacity and dyspnea as the bilateral procedure, with a similar perioperative mortality and actuarial survival to 24 months. Improvements in spirometric indices of pulmonary function, however, were less in patients undergoing unilateral than bilateral LVRS. Conclusions. In properly selected patients, unilateral LVRS provides functional and subjective benefits of comparable magnitude to those associated with a bilateral operation. Unilateral LVRS is therefore an option in the therapy of end-stage emphysema in patients with asymmetric disease distribution, a prior thoracic operation, or contraindications to sternotomy, and may have a role as a bridge to transplantation in selected cases.
Public-Good Movements and the Dimensions of Political Process Postwar German Peace Movements

Although nuclear war would have proven equally deadly to all West Germans, only certain people at certain times mobilized against this potential danger. What explains the cyclicity of peace protest...
The trans-octadecenoic acid content of butterfat.

Abstract 1. 1. Three specimens of summer butterfat were found by infrared examination to contain 9.5–9.7% of trans fatty acids: primarily trans-octadecenoic and octadecadienoic acids, but also possibly, in addition, small amounts of other trans polyethenoic acids. Winter butterfat contained 5 % of trans acids. 2. 2. Low-temperature crystallization procedures for the preparation of concentrates of C18trans-octadecenoic acids are described. 3. 3. From 14–20% of the “oleic” acid of butterfat is trans. The trans component is probably a mixture of vaccenic acid with other positional trans isomers. Work is in progress to identify these acids. 4. 4. The errors in the infrared analysis of a fat, or of its mixed methyl esters, are discussed. 5. 5. After applying certain corrected calculations to data obtained on the C18 methyl esters, summer butterfats were shown to contain 6–8 % and winter butterfat 3.5 % of trans-octadecenoic acids.
Giant cerebellopontine angle schwannoma in a child.

A 6-year-old boy presented with a 6-month history of worsening gait, abnormal eye movements and head tilt. Neurological examination revealed papilloedema, gaze-evoked nystagmus, decreased right-sided hearing, decreased sensation in the right V1 trigeminal nerve distribution, bilateral dysmetria and ataxic gait. MRI demonstrated a large contrast-enhancing, right-sided cerebellopontine angle tumour with mass effect on the fourth ventricle and invasion of the cavernous sinus (figure 1). T2-weighted MRI sequences showed enlargement of optic nerve sheaths and protrusion of optic nerve heads consistent with increased intracranial pressure (figure …
The Evolution of a Web-Based Chemistry Learning Site

This paper discusses some of the various means of presenting Web-based chemistry tutorials and the relative effectiveness of each method. These methods utilize animated images, interactive question and answer tutorials, images with embedded links, and interactive multiple-choice questions with answers that attempt to explain why wrong selections are not correct.
The influence of prognostic factors and adjuvant chemoradiation on survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for ampullary carcinoma.

Introduction The prognosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) for ampullary carcinoma (AC) is superior to that of pancreatic cancer. Decisions regarding adjuvant therapy are influenced by factors such as nodal status, stage, and grade, but the influence of these individual variables on survival is unclear.
Impact of Ventilatory Modes on the Breathing Variability in Mechanically Ventilated Infants: A Commentary

Neurally adjusted ventilator assist (NAVA) ventilation is a mode of ventilation that is triggered and cycled by a signal from the electrical activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) to provide a positive pressure breath. The EAdi signal is obtained from an esophageal catheter that is positioned at the level of the diaphragm. The rational of this mode of ventilation is to improve patient–ventilator interaction by matching ventilator support to patient’s demand and therefore avoiding hyperventilation and air trapping, and impairment of cardiac output (1). Several studies have shown that NAVA is better tolerated than other modes of mechanical ventilation in infants and children. For instance, premature infants require a lower peak inspiratory pressure (PiP) and a lower fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and they have a better blood gas regulation at a lower respiratory rate when ventilated with NAVA instead of pressure control (PC) (2). Furthermore, premature infants have a reduction in their respiratory muscle load and a lower PiP when ventilated with NAVA instead of synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) with pressure support (PS) (3). Also, critically ill children are more comfortable when ventilated with NAVA instead of PS. They have a better synchronization with the ventilator, a reduction in their ventilatory drive, and an increase in breath to breath variability while on NAVA (4).
Moving forward: Using the experience of the CDCs' Colorectal Cancer Screening Demonstration Program to guide future colorectal cancer programming efforts

BACKGROUND The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) established and supported a 4-year Colorectal Cancer Screening Demonstration Program (CRCSDP) from 2005 to 2009 for low-income, under- or uninsured men and women aged 50-64 at 5 sites in the United States. METHODS A multiple methods evaluation was conducted including 1) a longitudinal, comparative case study of program implementation, 2) the collection and analysis of client-level screening and diagnostic services outcome data, and 3) the collection and analysis of program- and patient-level cost data. RESULTS Several themes emerged from the results reported in the series of articles in this Supplement. These included the benefit of building on an existing infrastructure, strengths and weakness of both the 2 most frequently used screening tests (colonoscopy and fecal occult blood tests), variability in costs of maintaining this screening program, and the importance of measuring the quality of screening tests. Population-level evaluation questions could not be answered because of the small size of the participating population and the limited time frame of the evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation of the program determined overall feasibility of this effort. CONCLUSIONS Critical lessons learned through the implementation and evaluation of the CDC's CRCSDP led to the development of a larger population-based program, the CDC's Colorectal Cancer Control Program (CRCCP). Cancer 2013;119(15 suppl):2940–6. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Crack propogation in bimaterial multilayered periodically microcracking composite media

The macroscopically anisotropic homogenization of a multilayered medium implicitly assumes that the spatial wavelength of material inhomogeneity is smaller than the macroscopic quantity of interest and hence, is a reasonable approximation of the bulk behavior. However, close to the crack tip, gradients in field quantities are strongly influenced by the local heterogeneity, which the isotropic or anisotropic homogenization fails to capture. In the present work it is shown that, to the first order, the effect of moduli inhomogeneity, residual stresses and inelastic strains on crack tip stress intensity factor are superposable in a multilayered inhomogeneous medium with smooth interfaces. This method provides an efficient means to study thermoelastic crack problems in complex heterogeneous media, alleviating the numerical or analytical difficulties associated with the traditional methods. The results show that the material inhomogeneity plays a significant role in effecting the crack tip driving force. This method is used further in an R-curve analysis, [1], of a crack propagating through a similar medium with periodic microcracking in one of the two constituent materials.