cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Forecasting disturbance effects on wildlife: tolerance does not mitigate effects of increased recreation on wildlands

There is widespread evidence that human disturbance affects wildlife behavior, but long-term population effects can be difficult to quantify. Individual-based models (IBMs) offer a way to assess population-level, aggregate effects of disturbance on wildlife. We created Tolerance in Raptors and the Associated Impacts of Leisure Sports (TRAILS), an IBM that simulates interactions between recreationists and nesting raptors, to assess the effect of human disturbance on raptor populations and test if changes in tolerance to disturbance could mitigate negative consequences. We used behavioral and demographic data from golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos, and recreation activity data to parameterize TRAILS and simulate the effects of pedestrian and off-highway vehicle (OHV) recreation on the likelihood of territory occupancy, egg-laying and nest survival of eagles over 100 years. We modeled eagle populations in the absence of recreation, with stationary 2014 levels of recreation, and with annual increases in recreation. Furthermore, we simulated eagles that developed tolerance to disturbance randomly, through natural selection, habitat imprinting, or habituation. In the presence of recreation, simulated eagle populations had significantly lower and more variable growth rates, population sizes and territory occupancy. Annual increases in recreation of 1–2% greatly exacerbated population declines. Though both habituation and natural selection lead to more tolerant eagle populations, neither buffered eagle populations from detrimental effects of recreation. These results suggest that long-lived species that experience encroachment from human activities may not adapt to human disturbance at a rate that compensates for changes in disturbance. This project illustrates the usefulness of IBMs for evaluating non-lethal threats, forecasting population changes and testing theoretical feedbacks in system processes.
GLUT4 Mobilization Supports Energetic Demands of Active Synapses

The brain is highly sensitive to proper fuel availability as evidenced by the rapid decline in neuronal function during ischemic attacks and acute severe hypoglycemia. We previously showed that sustained presynaptic function requires activity-driven glycolysis. Here, we provide strong evidence that during action potential (AP) firing, nerve terminals rely on the glucose transporter GLUT4 as a glycolytic regulatory system to meet the activity-driven increase in energy demands. Activity at synapses triggers insertion of GLUT4 into the axonal plasma membrane driven by activation of the metabolic sensor AMP kinase. Furthermore, we show that genetic ablation of GLUT4 leads to an arrest of synaptic vesicle recycling during sustained AP firing, similar to what is observed during acute glucose deprivation. The reliance on this biochemical regulatory system for "exercising" synapses is reminiscent of that occurring in exercising muscle to sustain cellular function and identifies nerve terminals as critical sites of proper metabolic control.
Yellow-Billed Loon Subsistence Harvest in Alaska: Challenges in Harvest Assessment of a Conservation Concern Species

Abstract The yellow-billed loon Gavia adamsii was designated as a candidate species for listing as threatened or endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 2009. Subsistence harvest was identified as a threat based on the 2007 harvest estimate for the Bering Strait region of Alaska. This estimate was unusually high and inconsistent with data on the species' abundance and distribution. We conducted this study in 2011–2012 on St. Lawrence Island, in the Bering Sea, to fulfill data needs related to this Endangered Species Act listing process. Our objectives were to clarify 1) loon species harvested, 2) numbers of loons harvested, and 3) loon harvest methods and uses by local subsistence communities. We conducted harvest surveys, ethnographic research, and shore-based bird counts. Loons were <1% of all bird harvest. Pacific loons Gavia pacifica were 96% of observed loons and likely comprised the majority of loons harvested. Local ethnotaxonomy grouped loons by size (large or small) and overall plumag...
Crystal structure of APOBEC3A bound to single-stranded DNA reveals structural basis for cytidine deamination and specificity.

Nucleic acid editing enzymes are essential components of the immune system that lethally mutate viral pathogens and somatically mutate immunoglobulins, and contribute to the diversification and lethality of cancers. Among these enzymes are the seven human APOBEC3 deoxycytidine deaminases, each with unique target sequence specificity and subcellular localization. While the enzymology and biological consequences have been extensively studied, the mechanism by which APOBEC3s recognize and edit DNA remains elusive. Here we present the crystal structure of a complex of a cytidine deaminase with ssDNA bound in the active site at 2.2 A. This structure not only visualizes the active site poised for catalysis of APOBEC3A, but pinpoints the residues that confer specificity towards CC/TC motifs. The APOBEC3A–ssDNA complex defines the 5′–3′ directionality and subtle conformational changes that clench the ssDNA within the binding groove, revealing the architecture and mechanism of ssDNA recognition that is likely conserved among all polynucleotide deaminases, thereby opening the door for the design of mechanistic-based therapeutics. Cytidine deaminases are evolutionarily conserved enzymes that edit genomes by deaminating cytidine to uridine. Here the authors present the crystal structure of APOBEC3A with a single-stranded DNA substrate bound in the active site to shed light on the mechanism and specificity of substrate recognition.
Whose Prerogative is it Anyway? Britain's Referendum to Withdraw from EU Draws Constitutional Legal Challenges

Paper looks at British Constitutional challenges in the aftermath of the June 2016 Brexit Referendum. This paper was written for the American Bar Association's annual Year-in-Review publication. The text is fairly concise and to the point, with brevity being a goal. Significant footnotes are included to direct the reader to a more substantive look at the topic.
Cardiovascular Conditions in the Observation Unit: Beyond Chest Pain

The first emergency department observation units (EDOUs) focused on chest pain and potential acute coronary syndromes. However, most EDOUs now cover multiple other conditions that lend themselves to protocolized, aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic regimens. In this article, the authors discuss the management of 4 cardiovascular conditions that have been successfully deployed in EDOUs around the country.
The 'Dibao' Recipients: Mollified Anti-Emblem of Urban Modernization

After the Chinese leadership became cognizant of the negative social externalities of marketization--especially potential threats to its hallowed objectives of social stability and successful state enterprise reform--it initiated a novel welfare approach, the dibao, to handle the people most severely affected by economic restructuring. I review the state’s management of these people and the latter’s experiences. I argue that they are seen subliminally (if not explicitly) by the elite as a menace to officialdom’s modernization ambition. Hence, the dibao is structured so as to keep its targets quiet and out of view, now and into the future.
CYANAMIDE ON ETHANOL INTAKE: HOW DOES IT REALLY WORK?

Cyanamide, an aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor, has been shown to suppress voluntary ethanol consumption in animals. Studies were carried out to compare the effect of cyanamide on ethanol, saccharin-quinine and water intake in a restricted (10 min) access and in a free-choice nonrestricted access paradigm. An immediate and constant increase in fluid consumption was observed in the restricted access schedule paradigm independent of the fluid tested as cyanamide affected the consumption of all fluids including water. In the nonrestricted access study, cyanamide significantly increased total fluid intake. However, while saccharin-quinine-drinking animals treated with cyanamide demonstrated no change in intake preference, ethanol consumption was suppressed with a concomitant decrease in preference for ethanol. The present findings suggested that cyanamide may possess at least two, paradigm-specific, independent properties. It may enhance the consumption of fluid in general; however, it may also have a specific effect on ethanol intake when animals have continuous ethanol availability.
Triad-Based Role Discovery for Large Social Systems

The social role of a participant in a social system conceptualizes the circumstances under which she chooses to interact with others, making their discovery and analysis important for theoretical and practical purposes. In this paper, we propose a methodology to detect such roles by utilizing the conditional triad censuses of ego-networks. These censuses are a promising tool for social role extraction because they capture the degree to which basic social forces push upon a user to interact with others in a system. Clusters of triad censuses, inferred from network samples that preserve local structural properties, define the social roles. The approach is demonstrated on two large online interaction networks.
Requirements for iron-regulated degradation of the RNA binding protein, iron regulatory protein 2.

Abstract Iron regulatory proteins (IRPs) regulate the expression of genes involved in iron metabolism whose transcripts contain RNA stem-loop motifs known as iron-responsive elements (IREs). When iron concentrations are low, IRPs bind to IREs in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of transcripts where they repress translation, or the 3' UTR of transcripts where they inhibit degradation. The RNA binding activities of the homologous proteins IRP1 and IRP2 are both regulated post-translationally. The binding activity of IRP2 is regulated by the degradation of the protein when cells are iron-replete. Here, we demonstrate that a 73 amino acid sequence that corresponds to a unique exon in IRP2 contains a sequence required for rapid degradation in iron-replete cells. The deletion of this sequence eliminates the rapid turnover of IRP2, whereas the transfer of this sequence to the corresponding position in the homologous protein IRP1 confers the capacity for iron-dependent degradation upon IRP1. Site-directed mutagenesis has demonstrated that specific cysteines within the IRP2 exon are required for iron-dependent degradation. The degradation of IRP2 appears to be mediated by the proteasome in iron-replete cells. When degradation is prevented, the RNA binding activity of IRP2 is not regulated by iron concentration. Thus, degradation is required for the regulation of the RNA binding activity of IRP2.
YopM and plague.

YopM is required for full virulence of Yersinia pestis in systemic and bubonic plague, where it functions to counteract innate defenses. Our lab has been using the systemic plague model to identify the immunologic steps at which YopM has its earliest effects and then to work back to the associated signaling pathways affected by YopM. We have found that Gr1+ cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), monocytes, and some dendritic cells (DCs)) are required to limit the growth of YopM− Y. pestis. Further, when mice lack the chemokine receptor CCR2, YopM− Y. pestis grows as well as the parent strain in both systemic and bubonic plague, indicating that YopM’s molecular targets ultimately act through CCR2. YopM disables the recruitment of CCR2+ Gr1+ inflammatory DCs into spleen, whereas in liver, it is the function of CCR2+ Gr1+ PMNs that is undermined. Microarray analysis of transcriptional differences in CD11b+ cells from spleens of mice infected with parent vs. YopM− Y. pestis points to the downregulation of expression of the transcription factor Egr-1 and of a chemokine ligand for CCR2, CCL2, as effects of YopM initiated by 1 h after infection. These findings provide a link between YopM’s effects at the molecular and immunological levels.
The Brain-Wave Model as a Protosemantic Model

For the last 40 years, the human brain has generally been regarded as an analog of the digital electronic computer, as a vast switching network of 100 billion neurons wired up as in a computer or a telephone net and communicating with one another by means of impulses transmitted electrically along fibers and electrically or chemically across synaptic connections.
Measurement and Analysis of Cyber Resilience for Control Systems: An Illustrative Example

Control systems for critical infrastructure are becoming increasingly interconnected while cyber threats against critical infrastructure are becoming more sophisticated and difficult to defend against. Historically, cyber security has emphasized building defenses to prevent loss of confidentiality, integrity, and availability in digital information and systems, but in recent years cyber attacks have demonstrated that no system is impenetrable and that control system operation may be detrimentally impacted. Cyber resilience has emerged as a complementary priority that seeks to ensure that digital systems can maintain essential performance levels, even while capabilities are degraded by a cyber attack. This paper examines how cyber security and cyber resilience may be measured and quantified in a control system environment. Load Frequency Control is used as an illustrative example to demonstrate how cyber attacks may be represented within mathematical models of control systems, to demonstrate how these events may be quantitatively measured in terms of cyber security or cyber resilience, and the differences and similarities between the two mindsets. These results demonstrate how various metrics are applied, the extent of their usability, and how it is important to analyze cyber-physical systems in a comprehensive manner that accounts for all the various parts of the system.
Gaming Motivations as a Guide to Treating Problematic Gaming Behaviors

With the recent edition of Gaming Disorder to the ICD-11, it is imperative for clinicians to explore avenues to treat individuals who may seek treatment for videogame-related difficulties. An important factor in treating addictive behavior disorders is to select adaptive, appropriate replacement behaviors. Thus, this study explored typical non-gaming-related activities enjoyed by gamers as predicted by their gaming interests, with a goal of predicting targeted replacement behaviors based on gamer motivations. Online data were collected for 216 participants. Each participant completed a Gamer Motivation Profile and a General Interests Profile, and multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the degree to which gaming motivations also predicted interest in other, non-gaming-related activities. A number of significant, meaningful results emerged, both in positive and negative directions. For example, socially motivated gamers tended to also enjoy social activities outside of gaming, while showing decreased interest in creative activities. Similarly, immersion-oriented gamers tended to have higher interest in Intellectual activities, with decreased interest in Social activities and in Vacationing. Preliminary results revealed insights that can be used by clinicians in making targeted recommendations of replacement behaviors for problematic gamers, based on their specific Gamer Motivation Profiles.
A new approach to customization of accident warning systems to individual drivers

This paper discusses the need for individualizing safety systems and proposes an approach including the Real-Time estimation of the distribution of brake response times for an individual driver. In order to improve the safety, the accident warning system should send “tailored” responses to the driver. This method could be the first step to show that safety applications of intelligent transportation systems would potentially benefit from customizing to individual drivers' characteristics using vehicular ad hoc networks. Our simulation results show that, as one of the imminent and preliminary outcomes of the new improved system, the number of false alarms will be reduced by more than 40%.
J. W. W RIGHT , J R ., ED ., The Political Economy of Middle East Peace: The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas (London: Routledge, 1999). Pp. 288. $85.00 cloth.

It is testimony to the sad state of the study of economics in the Middle East that a work such as The Political Economy of Middle East Peace: The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas, edited by J. W. Wright, Jr., could be produced. This collection of essays attempts to shed light on the relationship between international economic relations and the peace process. The sloppy scholarship included in this volume would be inexcusable when looking at any other region, but it appears to be acceptable when analyzing Middle Eastern economies. Although this description is not characteristic of all of the essays in the volume, it diminishes the overall quality of this work to such a degree that it detracts from the some of the more enlightening and important papers that are included. For example, Laura Drake's careful examination of “A New Middle East Order” in the first chapter lays out the potential stumbling blocks and hurdles as the process of normalization between Arab states and Israel continues. Unfortunately, the next chapter, by Wright, primarily examines the same topic but almost completely ignores relevant data and scholarship critical to his thesis. While some chapters examine key issues and analyze nuances in the political economy of the Middle East peace process, this uneven and incongruous group of essays is of little value to policy-makers, academics, or students of Middle Eastern political economy.
Cardiac MRI Evaluation of Myocarditis.

Cardiac MRI (CMR) is the non-invasive test of choice for the assessment of myocarditis. In 2009, the Lake Louise Criteria for the diagnosis of myocarditis using CMR were first released. The decade since that time has vastly improved our understanding of CMR’s strengths and limitations. Traditional CMR methods including T2-weighted imaging and late gadolinium enhancement have proven their diagnostic value, but diagnostic performance is dependent on patient presentation. Newer parametric mapping techniques have begun to be more comprehensively studied and may improve diagnostic accuracy of CMR in an expanded set of clinical scenarios. Additionally, the prognostic value of CMR has begun to solidify. These advances culminated in an update to the Lake Louise Criteria at the end of 2018. In this review, we discuss the evolution of the diagnostic criteria for CMR in the assessment of myocarditis. We also discuss the pathophysiologic premises behind the use of specific MRI sequences and an up-to-date summary of their individual utility.
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Typing in Medically Assisted Reproduction

The immune system plays an important role in the initiation and maintenance of pregnancy. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the region in the genome that codes for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins that are charged with the recognition of self from non-self proteins. MHC proteins protect the body against infection and foreign antigens. The immune system undergoes specific and precise immunomodulation to accommodate pregnancy. HLA-G is an immunosuppressive molecule that is abundantly expressed in the trophoblast cells. It promotes immunotolerance and suppresses uteroplacental immune function to prevent rejection of the fetus. Some HLA-G genotypes have been linked to infertility, implantation failure, recurrent pregnancy loss, poor placentation, and pregnancy complications. This article will provide basic review of the immune system with a focus on the MHC and their impact on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and implantation failure.
An Enhanced Wireless Presentation System for Large-Scale Content Distribution

Wireless presentation system (WPS) is a video capturing and streaming device which enables users to wirelessly cast content from user devices such as PC and smartphone onto a larger display device with screen mirroring technology. This technology is applicable to any collaborative environment which includes meeting rooms, conference rooms and even classrooms. However, it is not designed to serve large number of users such as in auditorium and lecture hall, particularly for distributing the projected content to hundreds of audiences. In this paper, we describe an enhanced WPS (eWPS) which extends the functionality of a WPS with a content sharing and distribution capability. Performance results showed that serving a page of presentation content took an average of 1.74 ms with an audience size of 125.
Abstract 14606: Endothelial Injury Biomarkers and Risk Factors Associated With Discordant Risk of Acute Coronary Syndrome Despite Controlled Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Identified by a Novel Coronary Artery Disease Predictive Algorithm

Background: Individuals with no history of coronary artery disease can develop acute coronary syndrome (ACS), often in the absence of major risk factors including low-density lipoprotein cholestero...
The Political Economy of Revolution: Karl Polanyi in Tahrir Square:

The causes and consequences of revolutionary change have long been the subject of scholarly debate. Through a systematic integration of political economic elements into an analysis of contemporary ...
Antidumping Action on American Imports from Russia

A senior World Bank economist and two American specialists on the Russian economy examine the patterns of U.S. imports from the USSR and independent Russia since the advent of U.S.-Soviet detente. The authors track imports of seven Russian mineral products exposed to formal dumping investigations in the U.S., assessing the legal basis for such intervention, and identifying a variety of factors influencing trade in the imported commodities. Case studies for each commodity focus on the acceleration of imports from Russia, the share of such imports in U.S. total imports and consumption, and changes in commodity prices relating to the imports. Statistical compilations cover the period from 1970 to February 1998. Analysis of overall trade patterns and case-study information provides a basis for assessing the impact of imports on affected U.S. industries as well as of antidumping measures on Russian exports. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F13, F14, K20. 3 figures, 11 tables, 49 references.
The Durbin Amendment, Two-Sided Markets, and Wealth Transfers: An Examination of Unintended Consequences Three Years Later

The Durbin Amendment had three major goals. First, to relieve merchants from high interchange fees, which would, in turn, enable merchants to pass these cost savings on to consumers, who would see lower retail prices. Second, to increase transparency in the way in which interchange fees are set. Third, to increase competition among networks, such as Visa and MasterCard. More concisely, the goal of the Durbin Amendment was to "transfer wealth from the Issuing banks to the merchants with the hope that it will result in lower prices for consumers through lower fees to merchants."This Paper seeks to shed light both on the efficacy of the Durbin Amendment in achieving its goals and its unintended consequences. Part I provides a background of the debit card industry, examining how the industry is structured, how it works, and it’s rapid growth leading up to the Durbin Amendment’s passage. Part II delves into the Durbin Amendment, analyzing its goals, what it does, and what it does not do (its exemptions). Part III turns to the criticism levied at the Durbin Amendment and provides several hypotheses regarding what economists expected to observe post-Durbin Amendment, including: a lack of regulation’s prerequisite of a market failure; two-sided markets; and the constitution takings challenge to the Durbin Amendment. Part IV turns to the effects of the Durbin Amendment, examining its effect on all five participants in the debit-card market: banks, merchants, networks, payment processors, and consumers. Part IV also provides data regarding interchange regulation in other countries, focusing specifically on Australia and Canada. Part V vindicates TCF National Bank’s constitutional challenge by showing how the confiscatory rate set by the Durbin Amendment (or, more precisely, by the Fed) incentivized new players to enter the fray. The major winner has been prepaid cards, whose market penetration has more than doubled since the Durbin Amendment’s enactment. More specifically, the major benefactors have been nonbanks and three-party prepaid issuers who have issued prepaid cards, as both parties remain beyond the Durbin Amendment’s regulatory purview, allowing them to provide more services and to earn non-capped inter-change fees. Additionally, the other major benefactors how been the entrants into new payment systems, including Square, Isis, Google Wallet, PayPal (although not new), and American Express’s Serve.Updated draft (not completed) to include discussion of recent discussion of DC District Court decision in NACS et al v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
EQUATION OF STATE AND OPACITY OF DENSE PLASMAS

Recent research on the equation of state and opacity of dense plasmas has been strongly driven by discrepancies between calculation and observation of a wide variety of astrophysical quantities such as, the solar neutrino flux rate, the period ratio of Cepheid variable stars, and lithium depletion in the Hyades stellar cluster. A summary of some recent work based on a many-body activity expansion of the grand-partition function is given. An integral part of this work involves methods for calculating atomic data and occupation numbers for excited states in dense plasmas.
Exploiting ruling line artifacts in writer identification

In this paper, we address the writer identification problem for noisy handwritten documents written on a substrate of pre-printed ruling lines. Instead of attempting to remove rulings and to recover broken strokes, we incorporate rulings to help with the identification task through the use of new displacement features. Experiments involving 61 writers and 4,890 handwritten text lines show that our technique is effective, with a relative 10% performance gain over the baseline system which attempts to remove ruling lines and recover broken strokes.
Low admission LDL-cholesterol is associated with increased 3-year all-cause mortality in patients with non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

Background: The relationship between admission low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and long-term outcomes has not been established in patients with acute coronary syndrome. We tested the hypothesis that patients who develop non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) despite low LDL have a worse cardiovascular outcome in the long term. Methods: Patients admitted with NSTEMI between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2000 and with fasting lipid profiles measured within 24 hours of admission were selected for analysis. Baseline characteristics and 3-year all-cause mortality were compared between the patients with LDL above and below the median. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the predictors of all-cause mortality, and adjusted survival was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Results: Of the total of 517 patients, 264 had LDL £ 105 mg/dL and 253 had LDL > 105 mg/dL. There was no difference in age, gender, severity of coronary artery disease, and left ventricular ejection fraction between the 2 groups. Thirty-six percent of patients with LDL £ 105 mg/dL and 24% of patients with LDL > 105 mg/dL were on lipid-lowering therapy on admission. After 3 years, patients with admission LDL £ 105 mg/dL had higher all-cause mortality rate compared to patients with LDL > 105 mg/dL (14.8% vs. 7.1%, p = 0.005). The higher all-cause mortality persisted (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0–3.5, p = 0.05) even after adjustment for confounding variables. Conclusions: In our cohort, lower LDL-cholesterol at admission was associated with decreased 3-year survival in patients with NSTEMI. Whether this was a result of current therapy or a marker for worse baseline characteristics needs to be studied further.
Sexual identity as a universal process

This chapter summarizes advances in current theoretical and empirical literature on sexual identity development. It proposes a model of sexual identity that offers a more global (i.e., non-sexual identity group specific) perspective in comparison to existing sexual identity group-specific sexual identity models. Attention to commonalities in sexual identity development across sexual identity subgroups can offer a more global perspective that captures shared experiences of sexual identity development as well as differences between subgroups. The proposed unifying model of sexual identity development incorporates what has been learned from years of theory and research concerning sexuality, LGB and heterosexual identity development, attitudes toward sexual minority individuals, and the meaning of ordinate and subordinate group membership. The model describes the intersection of various contextual factors that influence the individual and social processes underlying sexual identity development. The unifying model is innovative in its applicability across sexual orientation identities, as well as its inclusion of a wide range of dimensions of sexual identity and possible developmental trajectories. The chapter concludes with a discussion of preliminary research findings that inform the unifying model and that have implications for future research. We hope this model allows researchers, educators, and practitioners to develop interventions and conduct investigations on broader questions about human sexuality without being constrained to gay–straight dichotomies of sexual orientation and the related methodological limitations that have characterized sexual identity theory and research in the past.
Unrest in France in 1848

On December 11, 1847, the Journal des chemins de fer , founded and edited in Paris since 1842 by an Englishman, declared that the French rentes had fallen as much as if the government was about to be overthrown. The King, who was ill in body at the time, yet perfectly comfortable in mind, recovered, but on February 24, 1848, he and his government fell in a revolution that was as sudden and dramatic as it was triumphant. Among its leaders were Socialists, like Louis Blanc, who controlled a considerable body of workingmen, some of whom belonged to the building trades and the domestic industries of the capital, while others had been brought to Paris some years before to work on the fortifications. They were moved first to the barricades; then, after being victorious there, to the national workshops organized by Louis Blanc, now a member of the provisional government, who had proclaimed on behalf of the workingmen the “right to work,” as the most important organ of the workingmen, L'Atelier , had proclaimed the limitation of hours, the right to organize, and a minimum wage. These demands seem reasonable to us now, but they were thought dangerous then, not only by a majority of the provisional government, but also by the majority of the new legislature and of the French people.
Film Sealant and Vacuum Effects on Two Measures of Adhesion at the Sealant-Meat Interface in a Cook-in Packaging System for Processed Meat

The adhesion of meat to five chemically different plastic sealant materials was determined for a vacuum-packaged, cook-in-the-film, processed meat product. Measures of adhesion strength at the sealant-meat interface and quantity of film residue deposits resulting from adhesion were evaluated for product initially vacuum-packaged at 63.5, 69.8 or 75.9 cm Hg. Films with nylon, nylon-Surlyn blend or Surlyn sealants had higher adhesion strengths at each vacuum level compared to films with sealants of linear low density polyethylene or polypropylene. Adhesion strengths and quantities of residue generally decreased with increases in vacuum although individual sealant responses differed due to vacuum when adhesion was measured by meat residue deposits left on the film.
When are good genes good? Variable outcomes of female choice in wax moths

Female lesser wax moths (Achroia grisella) choose males based on characters of their ultrasonic advertisement signals. Because a female's opportunity to obtain increased somatic benefits by mating with a particular male is limited, we investigated whether females obtain genetic benefits for their offspring via mate choice. Controlled breeding experiments conducted under favourable food and temperature conditions showed that developmental characters are heritable, that sire attractiveness and offspring survivorship are unrelated, but that females mating with attractive signallers produce offspring who mature faster than the offspring of females mating with non-attractive signallers. However, under some unfavourable food or temperature conditions, it is the offspring of females mating with non-attractive males who mature faster; these offspring are heavier as well. Thus, the relationship between male attractiveness and offspring development is not environmentally robust, and support for a good genes model of mate choice in A. grisella is dependent on conditions. These findings suggest genotype–environment interactions and emphasize the necessity of testing sexual selection models under a range of natural environments.
Polarization-Dependent Measurements of Light Scattering in Sea Ice

We have developed a bistatic, polarization-modulated nephelometer for making in situ measurements of angle- and polarization-dependent light scattering in sea ice. The instrument sits directly and noninvasively on the surface of the sea ice, and can also be used for studying scattering in seawater. A visible laser beam is directed into the medium and the scattered light is detected by the analyzer optics. Both laser and detector angles can be varied. The technique of ac polarimetry is used to accurately obtain phase function and polarization information of the scattered light. This instrument was tested by scattering from monodisperse polystyrene (latex) spheres in the laboratory. Results of Mie calculations are in good qualitative agreement with scattering measured in the laboratory. This instrument was used to measure the angle- and polarization-dependent scattering in sea ice at Pt. Barrow, Alaska May 1994. Preliminary findings indicate a large polarization signal associated with the orientational ordering of the sea ice crystallites.
Black studies, white studies, and institutional politics

During the last two decades, the numbers of Black Americans attending colleges and universities have risen, and although Blacks continue to be disproportionately enrolled in community colleges, there have also been significant gains in attendance at four-year institutions. At the same time, however, the representation of Blacks in many graduate professional schools has declined (Morris, 1981; National Center, 1981; Hill, 1983). This is not as anomalous as it might seem at first glance; the demographic decline has forced colleges and universities to recruit Black undergraduate students with an enthusiasm that platitudes about affirmative action never produced; vocational anxieties among all students have enabled many graduate professional programs to continue to conduct business as usual. Desperation among undergraduate liberal arts institutions, however, means that despite increased cant about "reverse racism" and changed federal student aid and loan policies, it is very likely that we will continue to see substantial numbers of Black undergraduates at predominantly White colleges and universities.
STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF CYCLIC ENEDIOL N-PHOSPHORYLAZOLES AND N-PHOSPHORYLTETRAMETHYLGUANIDINE

Abstract A series of cyclic enediol phosphorylazoles (CEP-azoles) derived from the 4,5-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,3,2-dioxaphosphole ring system and pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, 1,2,4-triazole and tetrazole have been prepared. The structures of CEP-triazole and of the related phosphoramidate CEP-tetramethylguanidine (CEP-TMG) have been determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis and compared with the known structure of CEP-imidazole. The reactions of CEP-azoles and CEP-TMG with alcohols have been studied and compared with the reactions of CEP-esters, CEP-OR1, with alcohols, R2OH, under catalysis by the azoles or tetramethylguanidine. Relative rates of reactions and differences in product composition are discussed in terms of the formation of an oxyphosphorane intermediate in nucleophilic substitutions at 4-coordinate phosphorus. Differences in reactivities among the CEP-derivatives have been determined from the occurrence and direction of the following reactions:
Undertreatment of cancer pain: barriers and remedies.

Over 70% of patients with cancer have moderate to severe pain during their illness and many fear pain more than death itself. There is consensus among experts that most patients can be well-palliated using knowledge, medications, and techniques that are readily accessible. Despite this, only a small proportion of patients with cancer pain receive adequate analgesia. Some of the barriers that interfere with the delivery of appropriate analgesia are patient-related, while others involve health-care providers. Patients frequently do not communicate the intensity of their pain to care-givers and are often hesitant to take opiates. Health-care providers receive scant teaching on cancer pain, have little awareness of pain intensity in their patients, and may be overly concerned about opiate toxicities. They lack appropriate role models in academic institutions and may be concerned about the potential for investigation by lawenforcement agencies. These obstacles can be largely overcome by (a) emphasizing the importance of pain control in cancer patients, (b) considering the etiology of pain in each patient, (c) weighing the full range of available therapeutic options, (d) ensuring that “userfriendly” opiate-equivalence information is available, (e) using pain assessment tools routinely and recording pain intensity scores in the medical record, and by (f) not being easily dissuaded from providing adequate doses of opiates for pain relief. The rationale for and current efforts in each of these areas are discussed in this review.
On Some Distinctions between Men and Brutes

Everyone appears to agree nowadays on the need for a revaluation of human values; but some think we must for the first time set man into his proper place in the whole of animal nature, while others are certain we need to reaffirm his special place outside the sphere of the merely natural. Whether the problem is one of abstract metaphysics or practical pedagogy, this issue is involved.
IMPROVED PROCEDURES FOR PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MYROTHECIUM CELLULASE: PART 4. CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVITY TOWARD β-METHYL GLYCOSIDES OF 1 → 4-β-D-OLIGOGLUCOSIDES

Two methods for the preparation of β-methyl glycosides of 1 → 4-β-D-oligoglucosides are described. In method I, the parent oligoglucoside is acetylated, acetobrominated, methylated, fractionated on...
Respect, admiration, aggrandizement: Adam Smith as economic psychologist

Abstract The paper employs Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiments to illuminate the difference between respect and admiration, and to differentiate between their distorted forms, viz., pomposity and vanity (aggrandizement). As corroborated by the importance of sunk-costs, the analysis shows that respect and admiration are not ordinary tastes. They are rather by-product feelings afforded by the context of pursuing ordinary tastes. The evaluation of one's ‘performance’ in light of one's estimated ability originates the feeling of respect (or its opposite, embarrassment). The evaluation of one's ‘ability’ in comparison to the abilities of others determines the degree of admiration. The expression of respect on the basis of inter-individual comparison of abilities is behind pomposity. The expression of admiration on the basis of inter-individual comparison of possessions is behind vanity.
A non-invasive multimodal sono-contrast NIR spectroscopy system for breast cancer diagnosis: Clinical trial

A multimodal spectroscopy system was developed to improve breast cancer diagnosis non-invasively. It includes three modules: diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), ultrasonography and low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU). An IRB-approved clinical trial is in progress. Currently 33 patients were enrolled with informed consent. DRS signals were analyzed using wavelet technique before needle biopsy was performed for tissue diagnosis. Clinical results showed that LIFU stimulated transitory high-frequency fluctuation in non-cancer tissue, but not in malignant tissue. The average ratio of the variances during LIFU vs. baseline is 2.95 in non-cancer tissue, compared to 1.18 in cancer. This difference is significant (p=0.0007), indicating that high-frequency fluctuation was amplified in non-cancer tissue during LIFU. Current clinical results demonstrate the effectiveness of this promising technique in characterizing cancer vs. non-cancer tissues. Combining this system with breast ultrasound has the potential to increase the specificity of sonographic breast cancer detection, and to reduce unnecessary invasive procedures.
The study of MgO(001) surfaces by photoelectron diffraction

Abstract The X-ray photoelectron diffraction (XPD) technique has been used to study MgO(001) surfaces. In the angular distribution profiles from MgO, the forward scattering peaks do not always correspond to the low index crystallographic directions. This is unexpected but is also observed in the results of the multiple scattering calculations. We also observe differences between the XPD from magnesium and oxygen lines. This is apparent from the large angular shifts between the forward scattering peaks in the diffraction pattern from the two emitters, which occupy crystallographically equivalent sites. Although these peak shifts are in qualitative agreement with a model based on a rumpled MgO surface, multiple scattering calculations rule out this explanation of the anomalies.
Oricilla, a new genus referable to the zosterophyllophytes from the late early devonian of northern new Brunswick

Abstract A new genus referable to the subdivision Zosterophyllophytina (Banks, 1968, 1975b) is described from the late Early Devonian of northern New Brunswick, Canada. The plant is characterized by apparently erect smooth axes up to 12 cm long and 3–5 mm wide, on which are borne two rows of lateral sporangia. The sporangia are reniform and attached to axes by a very short stalk oriented perpendicular to the axes. Aspects of branching, sporangial dehiscence and cuticle and spore morphology are presented. The new genus is compared to other known zosterophyllophytes and variation within the group is surveyed. It represents a third morphological type of zosterophyllophyte to be recorded from the New Brunswick Devonian flora.
Selective elevation of systemic blood pressure by epinephrine during sepsis-induced pulmonary hypertension in piglets.

ABSTRACT. In a piglet model of group B β Streptococci (GBS)-induced pulmonary hypertension, we have determined hemodynamic responses to epinephrine (EPI) infusion in both the systemic and pulmonary circulations. Three groups of piglets (GBS + EPI, n = 6; GBS + placebo, n = 6; placebo, n = 6) were studied. GBS, infused intravenously at a 5 × 107 organisms/kg/min, reduced cardiac index and stroke volume index while elevating pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index. Systemic vascular resistance index, heart rate and aortic pressure did not change during GBS infusion. Six piglets received intravenous EPI after cardiac index had fallen by 30% during GBS infusion. At 3.5, 7.0, and 15 μ/kg/min, respectively, EPI raised aortic pressure by 18.5, 31.0, and 45.0 mm Hg while EPI reduced pulmonary artery pressure by 5.2, 6.3, and 8.2 mm Hg. At each dose, EPI elevated systemic vascular resistance index and lowered pulmonary vascular resistance index. At 3.5 μg/kg/min, the elevation of aortic pressure was associated with an increase in both cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance index. At higher EPI doses, the rise in aortic pressure was accounted for entirely by an increase in systemic vascular resistance index. Systemic acid/base status and PaO2 did not differ among piglets who received GBS + EPI, GBS alone, or placebo. Extrapolation of these data to human infants must be approached with extreme caution. However, selective elevation of systemic blood pressure may be a feasible strategy for some infants to impede right-to-left shunting of blood often associated with sepsis-induced pulmonary hypertension.
Attitudes of Youth Toward Known and General Target Elderly

Half of a sample of 275 high school and college students rated "generalized"elderly targets, described only by gender and age, and half rated known elderly. Known elderly were rated more positively than generalized elderly. Within the generalized group, younger targets were rated more favorably than older targets and females more positively than males. This pattern was not replicated in the known target group. The results suggest that given the opportunity, youths use information other than gender and age to evaluate the elderly, but in the absence of additional information, stereotypes of elderly emerge in attitudes of youths toward the elderly.
Effects of exteroceptive feedback and safe-box confinement durations on escape behavior in rats

In Experiment 1, rats received escape training in which an exteroceptive feedback cue occurred in the safe box, and safe-box confinement durations of 5 or 20 sec were combined orthogonally with shock-box confinement durations of 5 or 20 sec. Exteroceptive feedback reliably facilitated escape performance relative to no-feedback controls when safe-box confinement was relatively longer than shock-box confinement. Confinement duration also facilitated performance in the absence of exteroceptive feedback. In Experiment 2, escape training with or without feedback was followed by extinction either with the feedback condition of prior training or with the opposite feedback condition. Feedback presentations in extinction reliably increased responding. Feedback removal reliably decreased responding relative to feedback controls. Introduction of feedback in extinction reliably enhanced performance relative to no-feedback controls.
IN VIVO ROLE OF SULFITE IN PHOTOCONTROL OF UROCANASE FROM Pseudomonas putida

Abstract— Urocanase from Pseudomonas putida becomes inactive in growing and resting cells and is activated by UV radiation. Sulfite addition to the bound nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide coenzyme has previously been shown to inactivate the enzyme in vitro. The enzyme released sulfite upon photoactivation. Whether sulfite addition and dissociation is involved in the in vivo photoregulation of urocanase was examined in this study. The dark reversion (inactivation) in cultures was markedly enhanced by growth at 32°C rather than at 24°C; cells grown at 32°C and resting cells were used to obtain in Wvo-inactivated urocanase. We purified the in vivo-inactivated enzyme and quantitated the amount of sulfite released through photodissociation. One mole of sulfite was released per mole of urocanase. This is based on a molecular weight of 110000 confirmed by gel electrophoresis and a protein estimation method validated by our data. Our previous report of sulfide inactivation of urocanase in vitro is now shown to have been mistaken; the inactivation resulted from the oxidation of sulfide to sulfite, which occurred in solution.