cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Nontoxic Polymer Coatings with Potential Biofoul Release Properties Using EIS

The corrosion resistance of steel panels coated with pentasiloxanes has been evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) during exposure to 0.5 N NaCl. Two fluorinated and a nonfluorinated pentasiloxane havebeen prepared to develop nontoxic polymer coatings with improved biofoul release properties. Depending on the terminal epoxy group type, two different crosslinking/cure chemistries were utilized. The first type of cross-linking reaction involved room-temperature UV cure with a photoacid catalyst and the second cross-linking reaction was phenol-catalyzed thermal cross-linking with a, ω-diaminoalkanes [NH 2 -(CH 2 ) n -NH 2 ]. The EIS data suggest that the nonfluorinated pentasiloxane provided better corrosion protection than the two fluorinated pentasiloxanes and that room-temperature UV cure with a photoacid catalyst provides better corrosion protection than phenol-catalyzed thermal cross-linking.
Race in Pads and Race in Class: An Examination of Identity and Perceptions of Stereotypes and Racial Discrimination among African American Male College Athletes

AbstractThe state of African Americans in intercollegiate athletics is an issue that has caught the attention of scholars and researchers alike, with one of the most discussed topics revolving around stereotypes and racial discrimination in intercollegiate athletics (e.g., ; ). The current study examined the extent of stereotypes and racial discrimination experienced by African American male student-athletes (n = 168) at Division I predominately White institutions (PWIs). Furthermore, potential identity factors which might predict perceptions of stereotypes and racial discrimination were explored. Results indicated that participants report experiencing racial stereotyping in an academic setting, but racial discrimination was not as prevalent in an athletic setting. Moreover, the study found that the racial identity variables of centrality and the public regard were significant predictors of racial stereotypes and racial discrimination. Findings are discussed and contextualized within the larger body of ...
A one-step method for protein estimation in biological samples: Nitration of tyrosine in nitric acid

Abstract A number of methods are commonly employed for the determination of protein in biological samples. Unfortunately, several compounds that are constituents of biological buffers interfere with these methods, limiting their application. Previous studies have demonstrated that tyrosine rapidly undergoes nitration in nitric acid to yield 3-nitrotyrosine, which has a λmaxof 358 nm. Utilizing this reaction, we have developed a one-step method for the assessment of protein content in biological samples. Common interfering substances, including SDS, urea, glycerol, ammonium sulfate, and β-mercaptoethanol, do not interfere with this method. Because of its simplicity, this reaction might be useful for estimating protein content in a variety of biological samples.
Effects of moisture on tensile stress rupture behavior of a SiC/SiC composite at elevated temperatures

Abstract This study characterized the moisture and temperature effects on the stress rupture behavior of ceramic matrix composite (CMC), Syl-iBN/BN/SiC, which was composed of Sylramic (Syl) fibers with an in situ layer of boron nitride (iBN), boron nitride interphase (BN) and silicon carbide (SiC) matrix. For this purpose, stress rupture tests were conducted under 100% steam and laboratory air environments at three temperatures, 400 °C, 750 °C, and 950 °C to develop stress versus time to failure relationships. At a given stress level, time to failure decreased with increase of the test temperature and moisture. However, the stress rupture strength at 750 °C under both laboratory air and steam conditions was relatively low than the expected degradation based on the interpolation from those at 400–950 °C. Similar characteristics were observed in residual strength of the corresponding specimens which survived 100 h and also in the damage mechanisms. The degradation of the BN interphase between the fiber and the matrix was the primary damage which was relatively more in the steam environment than that in air laboratory. This damage was in the form of fracture, recession and loss of BN interphase at 400 °C or 950 °C while there was pesting of fibers due to formation of borosilicate causing relatively more embrittlement of the tested CMC system at 750 °C.
Use of bilirubin oxidase for probing chromophore topography in tetrapyrrole proteins.

Abstract Bilirubin oxidase has been used to probe the surface topography of phycocyanins (C-phycocyanin and phycocyanin-645), peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein and phytochrome. The enzyme catalyzes oxidation of the tetrapyrrolic chromophores in these proteins. Relative rates of oxidation were 78.0 × 10−6 s−1 (monitored at 617 nm) and 58.0 × 10−6 s−1 (592 nm) for C-phycocyanin, 43.0 × 10−6 s−1 for phycocyanin-645, 0.3 × 10−6 s−1 (at 671 nm) and 1.3 × 10−6 s−1 (at 480 nm) for peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein. The relative rate of free chlorophyllin a was 2.8 × 104 s−1 whereas upon binding to human serum albumin its rate of oxidation was reduced to 3.3 × 10−3 s−1. Relative rates for the oxidation of Pr and Pfr forms of phytochrome were 2.9 and 19.5 s−1, respectively, which are consistent with earlier finding [(1984) Plant Physiol. 74, 755–758] that indicated a preferential exposure of tetrapyrrolic chromophore in the Pfr form. In general, kcat/Km values derived from the Lineweaver-Burk plots followed the same trend as the relative rates of oxidation. For example, the kcat/Km for the free chlorophyllin a was 2.8 × 106 M−1 s−1 but it was only 1.1 M−1s−1 for the chlorophyll a in peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein where the chlorophyll is shielded by protein. These results reflect varying degrees of protection of the tetrapyrrolic chromophores from the enzymatic oxidation and prove that bilirubin oxidase can be generally used as a probe for deducing the topography of tetrapyrrolic chromophores.
Negative affect and parental aggression in child physical abuse

Abstract Objective: Parental negative affect is a risk factor for child physical abuse. As negative affect contributes to aggression, and because physical abuse involves an aggressive act directed at the child, we examined the relationship between negative affect and parent-to-child aggression (PTCA) in parents reported to Child Protective Services for physical abuse. Method: Baseline assessment data were retrospectively examined on 49 participants in a treatment study for child physical abuse. The negative affects studied were depression, anxiety, and hostility on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Brief Symptom Inventory. PTCA was assessed using the physical aggression subscales (Minor and Severe Physical Violence) of the Conflict Tactics Scale. The contribution of these negative affects to PTCA was examined after controlling individually for the effects of parental attributions and contextual variables widely regarded as etiological factors in child physical abuse. Results: Contributions of negative affect to PTCA after individually controlling for other predictors were found for Minor Physical Violence but not Severe Physical Violence. Findings were strongest with depression on the Beck Depression Inventory and to a lesser extent with hostility on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Conclusions: Finding that negative affect contributed to PTCA in this sample suggests that it may be important to study the effects of emotion-focused treatments in physically abusive parents. These findings also suggest that PTCA may have qualities of impulsive aggression, a form of aggression that is conceptualized as driven by negative affect, occurs in response to aversive events, and is not planned.
Metal Chelator Decreases Alzheimer β-Amyloid Plaques

Transgenic mice developing beta-amyloid (Abeta) plaques are advancing experimental treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease. The metal chelator, clioquinol, is reported by Cherny et al. (2001) to reduce Abeta plaques, presumably by chelation of Abeta-associated zinc and copper. This and other recent Abeta-modulating treatment approaches are discussed.
A Mathematical Technique for the Analysis of Linear Systems

The design of a linear system often takes the form of its response in the time domain to a test function. Computation of such response, particularly in the case of feedback systems, is usually complex and time consuming. Numerical methods have been applied successfully but to date, generally, they have not been related closely to the physical system being analyzed. It is shown in this paper that the z-transformation developed originally for the analysis and synthesis of sampled-data systems is applicable to numerical solutions of continuous linear systems. A model of the continuous linear system is devised in which sampling is introduced at some convenient point. The sampled time function is then reconstructed into a polygonal approximation by means of a holding operator and the output of the system is readily computed as a train of pulses giving the values of the output at sampling instants. Both analytic and arbitrary inputs can be handled by this model. The errors in the output which result by making computations on the sampled model rather than the actual system are obtainable by the application of a procedure quite similar to that of the main computation. An illustrative example using feedback is given where it is shown that the theoretical predictions concerning error produced by the model are within very close tolerances to the actual error.
Efferent connections of the ventral medulla oblongata in the rat.

Abstract The efferent connections of the ventral medulla oblongata have been analyzed in the rat using the anterograde autoradiographic method and the HRP technique. Fibers originating from the nucleus interfascicularis hypoglossi (B1 serotonergic cell group) and nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis, pars a (B3 serotonergic cell group) innervate the intermediolateral cell column, ventral horn and intermediate gray matter of the spinal cord. Some fibers innervate the hypoglossal, dorsal motor vagal, and medial solitary nuclei. Ascending fibers project through the medullary and pontine reticular formation, providing inputs to the Kolliker-Fuse, lateral parabrachial, laterodorsal tegmental, subcoeruleus and locus coeruleus nuclei. In the midbrain, the fibers ascend in the central tegmental field and then divide into several fiber bundles. Some course medially to innervate the central gray matter. Others diverge laterally to innervate the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus and cuneiform nucleus as well as the deep layers of the contralateral superior colliculus. Still others course dorsally through the ventral pretectal region to reach the thalamus (laterodorsal, paraventri-cular, paracentral, and centrolateral thalamic nuclei). The remaining fibers innervate the hypothalamus (dorsal hypothalamic area, paraventricular nucleus, perifornical area, supraoptic nucleus, retrochiasmatic area, and median eminence). Some of these continue through the lateral preoptic region, shift medially as they course through the area of the nucleus of the diagonal band, septofimbrial nucleus, and medial septum, and arch around the genu of the corpus callosum to innervate the hippocampal formation.
Latitudinal Variation in the Life History Features of the Black Turban Snail Tegula funebralis (Prosobranchia: Trochidae)

At higher latitudes along the west coast of the USA the herbivorous intertidal snail Tegula funebralis (Adams, 1854) lives longer, grows more slowly, but attains a larger size than further south. To the north, age distributions are less predictable and often far from stationary. The differences, which have some generality, can be explained either by a primary temperature effect joined with increased hazards to planktonic larvae in the north, or else may result from a combination of interactions between intensity of predation, population density and food supply. Growth rates of transplanted individuals suggest a genetic basis for the latitudinal differences.
One more try: Compliance‐gaining strategies associated with romantic reconciliation attempts

Scant social scientific inquiry has acknowledged or explored the possibility of reconciliation between former romantic partners. This investigation examined this issue by focusing on strategies viewed to be successful if used by one individual desiring reconciliation with his or her former partner. These strategies, couched in a compliance‐gaining framework, were identified and examined in association with perceptions of who was responsible for the breakup, the persistence and confidence of the individual seeking reconciliation, and levels of satisfaction and closeness associated with the post‐dissolutional relationship. Results indicated that positive compliance‐gaining strategies such as explanation and referent appeal were dominant for individuals who seek reconciliation and that those perceived as responsible for the breakup indicated they would be confident in successfully reconciling. Further, those who felt close to their former partner in the post‐dissolutional relationship indicated that they wou...
Identification of diploid endosperm in an early angiosperm lineage

In flowering plants, the developmental and genetic basis for the establishment of an embryo-nourishing tissue differs from all other lineages of seed plants. Among extant nonflowering seed plants (conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, Gnetales), a maternally derived haploid tissue (female gametophyte) is responsible for the acquisition of nutrients from the maternal diploid plant, and the ultimate provisioning of the embryo. In flowering plants, a second fertilization event, contemporaneous with the fusion of sperm and egg to yield a zygote, initiates a genetically biparental and typically triploid embryo-nourishing tissue called endosperm. For over a century, triploid biparental endosperm has been viewed as the ancestral condition in extant flowering plants. Here we report diploid biparental endosperm in Nuphar polysepalum, a basal angiosperm. We show that diploid endosperms are common among early angiosperm lineages and may represent the ancestral condition among flowering plants. If diploid endosperm is plesiomorphic, the triploid endosperms of the vast majority of flowering plants must have evolved from a diploid condition through the developmental modification of the unique fertilization process that initiates endosperm.
A Comparison of Dobutamine Infusion to Exercise as a Cardiac Stress Test in Healthy Horses

This study was done to determine whether administration of dobutamine would produce echocardiographic and electrocardiographic alterations comparable to those induced by treadmill exercise in healthy horses. Fourteen horses received maximal treadmill exercise and, separately, intravenous dobutamine infusion up to a maximum rate of 50 microg/kg/min. Ten of the 14 horses were euthanized, and the myocardial tissues were examined grossly and histopathologically. No significant differences were found in the chronotropic effects of dobutamine and exercise (P = .905). Dobutamine induced greater interventricular septal thickening during systole (dobutamine = 4.78 cm, exercise = 4.03 cm; P = .004). and greater left ventricular diameters during diastole (dobutamine = 9.73 cm, exercise = 9.26 cm; P = .037), than did exercise treatment. Horses exhibited transient signs of sweating and restlessness during infusion of moderate to maximum doses of dobutamine. Ventricular ectopy seen in 11 of 14 horses was attributed to the arrhythmogenic properties of dobutamine, as well as to increased vagal tone present at low dobutamine doses. Myocardial lesions characteristic of catecholamine myotoxicity were present in 2 of the 10 horses examined. Although dobutamine induces chronotropic and inotropic changes similar to those induced by exercise, the use of high-dose dobutamine as a cardiac stressor in horses cannot be advocated because of potential development of arrhythmias or myotoxicity.
Division of labor during trunk neural crest development

Neural crest cells, the migratory precursors of numerous cell types including the vertebrate peripheral nervous system, arise in the dorsal neural tube and follow prescribed routes into the embryonic periphery. While the timing and location of neural crest migratory pathways has been well documented in the trunk, a comprehensive collection of signals that guides neural crest migration along these paths has only recently been established. In this review, we outline the molecular cascade of events during trunk neural crest development. After describing the sequential routes taken by trunk neural crest cells, we consider the guidance cues that pattern these neural crest trajectories. We pay particular attention to segmental neural crest development and the steps and signals that generate a metameric peripheral nervous system, attempting to reconcile conflicting observations in chick and mouse. Finally, we compare cranial and trunk neural crest development in order to highlight common themes.
Performance analysis of low rate wireless technologies for medical applications

In this article, we discuss what wireless technologies can be used for medical applications and how well they perform in a healthcare/hospital environment. We consider the emerging low-rate Wireless Personal Area Network technology as specified in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 802.15.4 standard and evaluate its suitability to the medical environment. We focus on scalability issues and the need to support tens of communicating devices in a patient's hospital room. We evaluate the effect of packet segmentation and backoff parameter tuning to improve the overall network performance that is measured in terms of packet loss, goodput, and access delay. We also evaluate the performance of 802.15.4 devices under interference conditions caused by other 802.15.4 devices and by wireless local area networks using IEEE 802.11b.
Euler's problem, Euler's method, and the standard map; or, the discrete charm of buckling

We explore the relation between the classical continuum model of Euler buckling and an iterated mapping which is not only a mathematical discretization of the former but also has an exact, discrete mechanical analogue. We show that the latter possesses great numbers of “parasitic” solutions in addition to the natural discretizations of classical buckling modes. We investigate this rich bifurcational structure using both mechanical analysis of the boundary value problem and dynamical studies of the initial value problem, which is the familiar standard map. We use this example to explore the links between discrete initial and boundary value problems and, more generally, to illustrate the complex relations among physical systems, continuum and discrete models and the analytical and numerical methods for their study.
Analysis of alkyl phosphates by extractive alkylation

The development of suitable methods for analysis of the alkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in urine has been a rather d i f f i cu l t and persistent problem. Currently available methodology (BRADWAY et al. 1977; LORES & BRADWAY 1977; SHAFIK et al. 1973) suffers from several shortcomings. The extraction of the compounds from urine is often incomplete and inconsistent. The reagent used in derivatization, diazopentane, and its precursor, a substituted nitrosoguanidine, present unacceptable hazards to the analyst, principally because of the demonstrated mutagenicity and/or carcinogenicity of the reagents. In addition, when dimethylphosphorothioate and diethylphosphorothioate are derivatized with diazoalkanes, they to give two isomeric products: a phosphorothionate and a phosphorothiolate (SHAFIK et al. 1970). I t is, therefore, uncertain that the ratio of the isomers is constant. The limit of detection is higher than would be the case i f only one product were formed.
Novel drug delivery systems: future directions.

When considering methods of medication administration, one may initially consider the traditional routes: oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, and topical. These routes use traditional medication delivery systems: needles, syringes, fluted paper cups, IV bags, and catheters. It must be no
Finding creativity and flow in a high-stakes assessment context

Remarks by the Minister for Education and Skills underscore the accountability that public institutions and the teaching profession carry for assuring the success of the nation's education enterprise. This article challenges assumptions about the nature of education that are critical to the accountability and testing regimens currently in favor internationally. While supportive of the goals of accountability systems, it argues that higher order pedagogies that reconcile competing historical trends between ‘progressive’ and ‘back to basics’ themes are very promising in an era of important new tools. These approaches include designing classroom ecosystems in ways that routinely elicit high performance and flow-like experiences in learning. Such designs, when successful, alter the terms of accountability and testing dialogues.
The Adsorption Dynamics of Molecular Methane, Propane, and Neopentane on Pd(111): Theory and Experiment†

The molecular adsorption dynamics of methane, propane, and neopentane on Pd(111) was studied using supersonic molecular beam techniques and stochastic trajectory simulations. The sticking probability of the alkanes was measured as a function of incident energy, incident angle, and alkane coverage. In each case, the trapping probability decreased with increasing incident translational energy, which is expected for nonactivated molecular trapping. Nonnormal energy scaling was observed for the trapping probability of all of these alkanes, indicating corrugation of the gas−surface interaction potentials. The modified Kisliuk model was employed to describe the self-coverage dependence of the alkane on Pd(111). The trapping probability of each of these alkanes on Pd(111) is higher than that on Pt(111), consistent with the lower mass of palladium. Using the Morse potential for the methyl (methylene)−platinum two body potential obtained from the stochastic trajectory analyses of alkanes trapping on Pt(111), the t...
Ethanol inhibits nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurotransmission in the anococcygeus muscle of the rat

The anococcygeus muscle of the rat is innervated by both excitatory adrenergic and inhibitory nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neurons. The transmitter released from NANC neurons appears to be nitric oxide or a related molecule. In vitro, acute administration of ethanol inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, NANC-induced relaxation of anococcygeus muscle obtained from ethanol-naive animals. Two days of in vivo ethanol administration resulted in an increase in the maximal relaxation induced by stimulation of NANC neurons and in a significant shift to the right of the acute ethanol dose-response curve for inhibition of NANC relaxation. The sensitivity of the anococcygeus muscle to relaxation induced by the nitric oxide donors, acidified sodium nitrite or sodium nitroprusside, was not altered significantly by acute in vitro or chronic ethanol treatment 2 days in vivo. These data suggest that acutely administered in vitro ethanol inhibits the production of nitric oxide induced by stimulation of NANC neurons. Data further suggest that 2 days of ethanol administration in vivo produce an enhanced responsiveness of the NANC neurons to transmural stimulation and that this enhanced responsiveness accounts for the tolerance to the inhibition induced by the acutely administered ethanol in vitro.
Using National Alcohol Screening Day to Deliver Personalized Feedback: A Pilot Study

The current study tested the effectiveness of using National Alcohol Screening Day (NASD) to deliver personalized feedback via mail. At-risk NASD participants were assigned to either personalized or generic feedback conditions and attended a 4-week follow-up. Results failed to find any group differences on alcohol-related variables. However, participants in the personalized group reported a reduction in the maximum number of drinks consumed on one occasion. The personalized group also had a more accurate view of the amount of alcohol their peers consumed. NASD is a vehicle to efficiently deliver feedback to individuals about their alcohol use; however, more research is needed to determine the types of feedback that would be most effective.
The heat shock gene, htpG, and thermotolerance in the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.

The htpG null mutant was obtained by inserting a chloramphenicol resistance cassette (Cm r) in the htpG coding sequence. The htpG null mutant (ΔhtpG), Δhsp16.6, and the double mutant, ΔhtpG::hsp16.6 cells showed little growth disadvantage at 30°C and 37°C, but not at 40°C. This suggests that HtpG and HSP16.6 proteins do not have an essential role during growth at normal and mildly elevated temperatures. Cell growth, cell survival rate, and oxygen electrode measurements demonstrated that ΔhtpG, Δhsp16.6, and ΔhtpG::hsp16.6 cells were sensitive to heat stress. Decreased basal and acquired thermotolerance was observed when mutants were heat shocked, with ΔhtpG::hsp16.6 being the most sensitive. A comparison of mutants showed that Δhsp16.6 was more sensitive to heat shock than ΔhtpG.
Social Organization of an Industrial Work Group: Emergence and Adaptation to Environmental Change*

This is a participant observation study of a small work group on the night shift in a food processing plant. Although in the Human Relations tradition, this study focuses explicitly upon the interr...
Self-Efficacy and AIDS Prevention for University Students

ABSTRACT A self-efficacy scale, developed by Lawrence, Levy, & Rubinson (1990), which deals with sexual and drug behavior important with regard to the HIV/AIDS virus, was used with 427 university students. Comparisons were made for race, marital status, and educational level, as well as looking at overall self-efficacy for such things as asking new sexual partners about how many people they have had sex with, using condoms, sharing a needle when using drugs, and other important questions. Students were fairly good at discussing sexual behavior with partners and using condoms with a new partner. Their self-efficacy varied according to the different behaviors, being better in some areas than in others. Generally, self-efficacy increased as educational level increased, and if the students were married as opposed to being single. For race, white vs. other (predominantly blacks) showed little difference. Thus, black college students tended to be just as high as whites in self-efficacy on AIDS-related issues.
An examination of trapped bubbles for viscous drag reduction on submerged surfaces

Viscous drag reduction on a submerged surface can be obtained both in the limit of an unbroken gas film coating the solid and in the nanobubble or perhaps microbubble coating regime when an air layer is created with superhydrophobic coatings. We examine an intermediate bubble size regime with a trapped-bubble array (TBA) formed in a tap water environment using electrolysis to grow and maintain bubbles in thousands of millimeter-sized holes on a solid surface. We show that even though surface tension is sufficient to stabilize bubbles in a TBA against hydrostatic and shear forces beneath a turbulent boundary layer, no drag reduction is obtained. Drag measurements were acquired over Reynolds numbers based on plate length ranging from 7.2 104 ReL 3.1 105 using either a force balance for plates mounted in a vertical orientation, or by performing a momentum integral balance using a wake survey for a flat plate mounted in either vertical or horizontal orientation. In that the drag forces were small, emphasis was placed on minimizing experimental uncertainty. For comparison, the flow over a flat plate covered on one side by a large uninterrupted gas film was examined and found to produce large drag reductions of up to 32%. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001273
Two-Level System with Dissipation. Off-Resonance Amplification at Nonequilibrium Positive Temperatures

Previously derived equations of motion---in terms of the expectation values of the Pauli spin matrices---for a two-level system (TLS) coupled to a loss mechanism (LM) are generalized to include higher order interactions which describe the reaction of the LM to the effect of the driving field on the TLS. This generalization results in the addition of a driving term to the equations of motion which is approximately independent of the state of the TLS and involves parameters of the LM that characterize its response at the difference between the TLS frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$ and the driving-field frequency $\ensuremath{\nu}$. The new driving term is negligible unless the TLS possesses a permanent dipole moment, and, in the case of a magnetic TLS, unless the driving field has a transverse component. A solution of the equations of motion for a magnetic TLS being driven by a transverse rotating field shows that amplification of the driving field may be obtained without population inversion of the TLS provided $\ensuremath{\nu}l\ensuremath{\omega}$, provided the loss constant $\ensuremath{\eta}$ (which is a measure of the response of the LM) has a frequency dependence such that $\ensuremath{\eta}(\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu})$ is significant compared to $\ensuremath{\eta}(\ensuremath{\nu})$, and provided the TLS temperature exceeds the LM temperature by an appropriate amount that is minimized when $\frac{\ensuremath{\eta}(\ensuremath{\nu})}{\ensuremath{\eta}(\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu})}$ is a minimum. If $\frac{\ensuremath{\eta}(\ensuremath{\nu})}{\ensuremath{\eta}(\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu})}$ is small compared with unity, amplification is obtained when the TLS temperature is larger than the LM temperature by a factor $\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{(\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\nu})}$. The induced emission power is discussed.
Encephalitis in Newborn Hamsters after Intracerebral Injection of Attenuated Human Measles Virus

ACUTE encephalitis following measles infection in humans usually develops within a few days of the exanthema and can be fatal within 24 h. The presence of intracerebral infective measles virus in one such fatal human case may have been demonstrated by Shaffer et al.1 who inoculated a brain emulsion into two macaques and noted development of clinical measles. Animals also develop acute measles encephalitis. Suckling mice, rats and hamsters of varying ages have shown acute symptoms after intracerebral inoculation of neurotropic strains of measles virus2–4. The mouse model has been carefully studied5 using a mouse-adapted strain of measles virus and monitoring the virus by infectious assays and electron microscopy. The onset of symptons of encephalitis corresponded both to the development of a minimal level of infective virus within the brain and to the presence of observable nucleocapsids within the dying cell. The experimental study described here was undertaken to determine the effect of attenuated measles virus in newborn hamsters after intracerebral inoculation.
9/11 and the Affair of the Muslim Headscarf in Essays by Tahar Ben Jelloun and Abdelwahab Meddeb

Ben Jelloun's L'Islam explique aux enfants and Meddeb's La Maladie de l'islam, both prompted by 9/11, share the similar intent and didactic function of countering reductive representations of Islam fostered by Islamic extremists and the media, and of tracing historically the link between terrorism and the Muslim faith. Taking into account their location (Ben Jelloun and Meddeb are prominent Maghrebian intellectuals who have been residing in France, for decades), this article demonstrates that these essays do not foster a better understanding of Islam by their French readership. In particular, thay fail to present a balanced account of the issues surrounding the headscarf affair in France and contribute to the confusion between Islam and terrorism, in part because international news bears on domestic issues. In addition, this article addresses 9/11's impact on the translation of literature from the Francophone Arab world.
Repairing stress induced cracks in the Keck primary mirror segments

Stress induced cracks have developed in the Zerodur glass at bonded supports for the primary mirror segments of the W.M. Keck Observatory telescopes. This has been a slow process that has advanced over the 20 year life of the telescopes. All mirror segments exhibit cracks to varying degrees. The number and severity of cracks has now reached a stage at which repairs are mandatory. A project is under way to determine the root causes of the cracks, and to develop a repair strategy. New supports and bonding methods are being designed and tested that will replace all of the original supports.
Controlling harmful cyanobacterial blooms in a world experiencing anthropogenic and climatic-induced change

Harmful (toxic, food web altering, hypoxia generating) cyanobacterial algal blooms (CyanoHABs) are proliferating world-wide due to anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, and they represent a serious threat to the use and sustainability of our freshwater resources. Traditionally, phosphorus (P) input reductions have been prescribed to control CyanoHABs, because P limitation is widespread and some CyanoHABs can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N(2)) to satisfy their nitrogen (N) requirements. However, eutrophying systems are increasingly plagued with non N(2) fixing CyanoHABs that are N and P co-limited or even N limited. In many of these systems N loads are increasing faster than P loads. Therefore N and P input constraints are likely needed for long-term CyanoHAB control in such systems. Climatic changes, specifically warming, increased vertical stratification, salinization, and intensification of storms and droughts play additional, interactive roles in modulating CyanoHAB frequency, intensity, geographic distribution and duration. In addition to having to consider reductions in N and P inputs, water quality managers are in dire need of effective tools to break the synergy between nutrient loading and hydrologic regimes made more favorable for CyanoHABs by climate change. The more promising of these tools make affected waters less hospitable for CyanoHABs by 1) altering the hydrology to enhance vertical mixing and/or flushing and 2) decreasing nutrient fluxes from organic rich sediments by physically removing the sediments or capping sediments with clay. Effective future CyanoHAB management approaches must incorporate both N and P loading dynamics within the context of altered thermal and hydrologic regimes associated with climate change.
Alcohol septal ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

An 80-year-old female with a history of coronary artery disease and post cardiac bypass surgery was admitted with increasing shortness of breath and fatigue. Electrocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertrophy with marked nonspecific ST-T changes. Transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated normal systolic function with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (25 mm) and increased left ventricular outflow velocity indicating a gradient up to 144 mmHg (Fig. 1). Coronary angiography demonstrated patent grafts. Hemodynamics demonstrated the classic Brockenbrough–Braunwald phenomenon: a resting gradient of 62 mmHg in left ventricular outflow tract increased the post ventricular premature beat to 160 mmHg; diminution in arterial pressure; and the appearance of a developing spike-and-dome pulsewave configuration (Fig. 2). In view of the findings, the patient was considered for alcohol septal ablation. The procedure was guided by intraprocedural transesophageal echocardiography during which systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet and moderate mitral regurgitation were demonstrated (Fig. 3A). A 5-Fr transvenous temporary pacemaker was
Practical aspects of lifestyle modifications and behavioural interventions in the treatment of overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence

Behavioural interventions are effective treatments for overactive bladder (OAB) and urgency urinary incontinence (UUI). They are in part aimed at improving symptoms with patient education on healthy bladder habits and lifestyle modifications, including the establishment of normal voiding intervals, elimination of bladder irritants from the diet, management of fluid intake, weight control, management of bowel regularity and smoking cessation. Behavioural interventions also include specific training techniques aimed at re-establishing normal voiding intervals and continence. Training techniques include bladder training, which includes a progressive voiding schedule together with relaxation and distraction for urgency suppression, and multicomponent behavioural training, which, in conjunction with pelvic floor muscle (PFM) exercises, includes PFM contraction to control urgency and increase the interval between voids. Guidelines for the conservative treatment of OAB and UUI have been published by several organisations and the physiological basis and evidence for the effectiveness of behavioural interventions, including lifestyle modifications, in the treatment of OAB and UUI have been described. However, many primary care clinicians may have a limited awareness of the evidence supporting the often straight-forward treatment recommendations and guidance for incorporating behavioural interventions into busy primary care practices, because most of this information has appeared in the specialty literature. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of behavioural interventions for OAB and UUI that can be incorporated with minimal time and effort into the treatment armamentarium of all clinicians that care for patients with bladder problems. Practical supporting materials that will facilitate the use of these interventions in the clinic are included; these can be used to help patients understand lifestyle choices and voiding behaviours that may improve function in patients experiencing OAB symptoms and/or UUI as well as promote healthy bladder behaviours and perhaps even prevent future bladder problems. Interventions for stress urinary incontinence are beyond the scope of this review.
Plasmalogen and ester phospholipid biosynthesis in dog-heart-lung preparations.

Abstract The Knowlton-Starling heart-lung preparation of the dog has been shown to be useful for the study of phospholipid and plasmalogen biosynthesis. Labeled long-chain fatty acids and alcohol are incorporated into the ester and enol-ether groups of choline phospholipids in such a system. The ratio of enol-ether to ester incorporation was highest when stearyl alcohol was used as substrate.
The economics of global light pollution

Abstract This paper is the first analysis of the economic factors of global light pollution. Light pollution commonly refers to excessive or obtrusive artificial light caused by bad lighting design. Light pollution generates significant costs including negative impacts on wildlife, health, astronomy, and wasted energy—which in the U.S. amounts to nearly 7 billion dollars annually. Current scientific models of light pollution are purely population based. The current paper utilizes unique remote sensing data and economic data from the World Bank to quantify the economic causes of light pollution globally. Fractional logit models show that, similar to other types of pollution, both population and GDP are significant explanatory variables.
On the track-to-track correlation problem

The testing of the hypothesis whether two tracks represent the same target is considered. Previous works in the literature assumed that the estimates of the same target's state from two track files are uncorrelated. A test that includes their correlation is presented.
Short-term toxicity of five oils to four freshwater species

Short-term lethality tests were conducted with five (waste oil, No. 1 fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil, mixed blend sweet crude oil, Lloydminister crude oil) oils and four freshwater species. The oils were tested as floating layers, emulsions, and as the water-soluble fraction of 10% oil-water mixtures, in static and flow-through tests. The organisms tested were the American flagfish,Jordanella floridae, the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas, larvae of the wood frog,Rana sylvatica, and larvae of the spotted salamander,Ambystoma maculatum. LC50 values were quite variable depending on a number of influencing factors, including the species tested, the type of oil, differences between batches of the same oil, the form of the oil when added to the test system, the type of test, duration of exposure, and the oil-water contact time.
Genomic structure, chromosomal mapping, and expression pattern of human DCAMKL1 (KIAA0369), a homologue of DCX (XLIS).

Abstract Human DCAMKL1 , also known as KIAA0369, is a homologue of DCX (Xq22.3), a gene associated with X-linked lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia. This suggests that DCAMKL1 may play a role in neuronal migration. The gene also shows similarity to Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. We have determined its genomic structure, regional mapping, and expression pattern in human tissues. DCAMKL1 consists of at least 18 exons ranging from 58 to 3359 bp in length. We have characterized the exon/intron borders, and primers were designed to amplify each individual exon for mutation analysis. DCAMKL1 was mapped to chromosome 13q13 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Northern blot analysis showed DCAMKL1 to be predominantly expressed in human fetal brain as a major transcript of about 5.8 kb.
The Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Nursing Home Octogenarians and Nonagenarians: Effects of Age and Education:

Despite their increasing representation in the population, little is known about the neuropsychological test performance of the oldest old, particularly those who live in residential settings. Limited published data and clinical experience suggest that this group is more likely to perform in the impaired range on standardized tests when cutoffs developed with younger groups are used. We examined the Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) performance of 82 nondemented nursing home residents, aged 80 to 99, with a mean education level of 11 years. Using published norms and cutoffs, a large percentage of this sample performed in the impaired range, particularly on the initiation and conceptualization subtests and on the total score. Education, but not age, was significantly related to performance in this sample. Percentages of patients misclassified were substantial in all groups, but were higher in those with less than 13 years of education. Using a lower total-score cutoff of 110 reduced the percentage of misclassifi...
Experimental studies of hypothermic circulatory arrest and low flow bypass

Although the brain is the organ most sensitive to total bodily ischemia, and probably also most sensitive to the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, it is also the most difficult organ in which to quantitate function accurately. Clinical studies allow sensitive neuropsychometric testing, as discussed elsewhere in this issue (see Wernovsky et al, p. 308). This is not possible in studies using animals. Even testing of gross neurological integrity in animals is complicated by the associated dysfunction of other organs which accompanies the insult of cardiopulmonary bypass with or without circulatory arrest on the whole body. For example, how should one evaluate an animal undergoing neurological testing which is unable to walk or eat, perhaps because of severe cardiorespiratory or gastrointestinal dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass and circulatory arrest. What is the contribution of neurological dysfunction to this state? Most importantly, how is the animal scored which does not survive, even though this may be a result of multiorgan dysfunction?
Distribution-independent hierarchical N-body methods

The N-body problem is to simulate the motion of N particles under the influence of mutual force fields based on an inverse square law. The problem has applications in several domains including astrophysics, molecular dynamics, fluid dynamics, radiosity methods in computer graphics and numerical complex analysis. Research efforts have focused on reducing the O(N{sup 2}) time per iteration required by the naive algorithm of computing each pairwise interaction. Widely respected among these are the Barnes-Hut and Greengard methods. Greengard claims his algorithm reduces the complexity to O(N) time per iteration. Throughout this thesis, we concentrate on rigorous, distribution-independent, worst-case analysis of the N-body methods. We show that Greengard`s algorithm is not O(N), as claimed. Both Barnes-Hut and Greengard`s methods depend on the same data structure, which we show is distribution-dependent. For the distribution that results in the smallest running time, we show that Greengard`s algorithm is {Omega}(N log{sup 2} N) in two dimensions and {Omega}(N log{sup 4} N) in three dimensions. We have designed a hierarchical data structure whose size depends entirely upon the number of particles and is independent of the distribution of the particles. We show that both Greengard`s and Barnes-Hut algorithms can be used in conjunction with more » this data structure to reduce their complexity. Apart from reducing the complexity of the Barnes-Hut algorithm, the data structure also permits more accurate error estimation. We present two- and three-dimensional algorithms for creating the data structure. The multipole method designed using this data structure has a complexity of O(N log N) in two dimensions and O(N log{sup 2} N) in three dimensions. « less
Time- and cost-based priorities for job shop scheduling

Abstract Competitively, cost- and time-based scheduling should provide a firm with a powerful market advantage. The cost- and time-based priority scheduling concept is driven by profit maximization and quick response in a competitive market. The literature on shop scheduling contains numerous studies reporting on the use of dispatching rules that are based only on the time criterion. Alternatively there have been only a few published articles that specifically consider a composite of cost and time. Aggarwal and McCarl and Scudder and Hoffmann have investigated the use of cost and time information for determining the job priority in random job shops. One result of this study is a reconciliation of the differences between the Aggarwal and McCarl and the Scudder and Hoffmann study. Moreover, a simplistic priority rule based on profit margin and due dates is introduced and tested. The results reported in this research are an attempt to reconcile the issue of time-based versus cost-based priority rule performance.
Mobilization of cryogenic ice in outer Solar System satellites

Voyager images of the uranian satellites show a diversity of geological features, including clear evidence for the ‘softening’ and mobilization of ice on Miranda and Ariel. Some of these features are similar to those seen on jovian and saturnian satellites, where the mobile material is believed to be water or a water–ammonia mixture. However, the extremely low temperatures and probable unavailability of large energy sources within the uranian satellites lead us to consider flow mechanisms that operate at very low temperature (T ≤ 100 K). We propose here a form of pressure-solution creep, in which very fine-grained water ice or clathrate hydrate is mobilized by a small amount of intergranular cryogenic fluid (CH_4, CO or N_2). Viscosities as low as 10^(12) P are possible for a limited time, sufficient to allow flooding of rift valleys and perhaps even substantial lateral flows (glaciers).
Hypothesis sampling in successive solutions of a concept-ID task

The study examined changes in hypothesis sampling behavior as a function of eight successive solutions in a concept-ID task. It was found that the probability of a win-stay response increased with experience. No change. was observed in lose-stay behavior. The results are consistent with a sampling-with-partial-replacement hypothesis.