cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FUEL CELLS – EXPLORATORY FUEL CELLS | Direct Carbon Fuel Cells

Direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) have attracted the attention of the researchers because of the increasing demand for clean and efficient techniques that use carbonaceous fuel sources. Direct carbon fuel cells are the only fuel cell technology that uses carbon as the fuel, which nevertheless provides several distinguishable advantages: (1) high energy density and efficiency, (2) low carbon dioxide emissions, (3) zero poisonous gas emissions (e.g., no NOx and/or SOx), and (4) abundant fuel resources (e.g., graphite, coal, biomass, and organic garbage). Research on DCFCs is discussed and summarized in this article. This article demonstrates that DCFCs are theoretically a feasible power generation technology and have the potential to be used in stationary and mobile applications. However, significant research is required to fill the gaps between experimental scale setup and commercial applications.
One Characterization of Lagrange Projectors

Introduced by G. Birkhoff and popularized by C. de Boor, ideal projectors are an elegant generalization of Hermite interpolation projectors to the multivariate setting. An important class of ideal projectors comprises Lagrange interpolation projectors. In this article, we give a characterization of Lagrange projectors in terms of their “restriction property.”
Behaviorism and the stages of scientific activity

Following from an earlier analysis by B. F. Skinner, the present article suggests that the verbal processes in science may usefully be viewed as following a three-stage progression. This progression starts with (a) identification of basic data, then moves to (b) description of relations among those data, and ultimately concludes with (c) the deployment of higher order concepts in statements about organizations of data. The article emphasizes the importance of viewing theory and explanation as examples of verbal processes at the later stages, guided by the stimulus control from the earlier stages. The article further suggests that many theories and explanations in traditional psychology often take a form that appears to be from the later stages. However, adequate activity at the earlier stages has not preceded those theories and explanations. They therefore do not have the benefit of suitable stimulus control from the earlier stages. Rather, they reflect some degree of stimulus control by many mentalistic assumptions about causal entities and relations. Ultimately, traditional theories and explanations influenced by mentalistic assumptions occasion less effective interaction with natural events (e.g., through prediction and control) than they might otherwise.
Protocol driven palliative care consultation: Outcomes of the ENABLE CHF-PC pilot study.

Abstract Background Little has been reported about protocol-driven outpatient palliative care consultation (OPCC) for advanced heart failure (HF). Objectives To describe evaluation practices and treatment recommendations made during protocol-driven OPCCs for advanced HF. Methods We performed content analysis of OPCCs completed as part of ENABLE CHF-PC, an early palliative care HF intervention, conducted at sites in the Northeast and Southeast. T-tests, Fisher's exact, and Chi-square tests were used to evaluate sociodemographic, outcome measures, and site content differences. Results Of 61 ENABLE CHF-PC participants, 39 (64%) had an OPCC (Northeast, n=27; Southeast, n=12). Social and medical history assessed most were close relationships (n=35, 90%), family support (n=33, 85%), advance directive status (n=33, 85%), functional status (n=30, 77%); and symptoms were mood (n= 35, 90%), breathlessness (n=28, 72%), and chest pain (n=24, 62%). Treatment recommendations focused on care coordination (n=13, 33%) and specialty referrals (n=12, 31%). Between-site OPCC differences included assessment of family support (Northeast vs. Southeast: 100% vs. 50%), code status (96% vs. 58%), goals of care discussions (89% vs. 41.7%), and prognosis understanding (85% vs. 33%). Conclusion OPCCs for HF focused on evaluating medical and social history, along with goals of care and code status discussions. Symptom evaluation commonly included mood disorders, pain, dyspnea, and fatigue. Notable regional differences were found in topics evaluated and OPCC completion rates.
Local L-factors for GSp(4,F) via Novodvorsky's zeta integrals

Abstract We introduce a method, alternative to that of Takloo-Bighash in [11] , to calculate L-factors of generic representations of GSp ( 4 ) over a non-archimedean local field defined via Novodvorsky's zeta integrals.
When Saying “Sorry” Isn’t Enough: Is Some Suicidal Behavior a Costly Signal of Apology?

Lethal and nonlethal suicidal behaviors are major global public health problems. Much suicidal behavior (SB) occurs after the suicide victim committed a murder or other serious transgression. The present study tested a novel evolutionary model termed the Costly Apology Model (CAM) against the ethnographic record. The bargaining model (BRM) sees nonlethal suicidal behavior as an evolved costly signal of need in the wake of adversity. Relying on this same theoretical framework, the CAM posits that nonlethal suicidal behavior can sometimes serve as an honest signal of apology in the wake of committing a severe transgression, thereby repairing valuable social relationships. To test this hypothesis, the CAM was operationalized into a set of variables, and two independent coders coded 473 text records on suicidal behavior from 53 cultures from the probability sample of the Human Relations Area Files. The results indicated that in ethnographic accounts of suicidal behavior, transgressions, punishment, and shame were relatively common, supporting the CAM, but explicit motives to apologize and evidence of forgiveness were rare, contrary to the CAM. The theoretical variables of the CAM nevertheless formed a cluster distinct from the BRM, and a subset of cases of suicidal behavior were largely related to transgressions and other CAM variables rather than BRM or other variables. Support for the CAM varied widely across cultures, but there was evidence for it in every major geographical region. Exploratory analyses suggested that the CAM is potentially more likely to occur in response to severe conflicts concerning transgressions committed against nonkin. Furthermore, in text records that involved transgressions, male suicidal behavior was most frequently associated with murder, whereas female suicidal behavior was most frequently associated with sexual transgressions. In conclusion, the results provided mixed support for the hypothesis that some instances of suicidal behavior function to send a costly signal of apology to those harmed by a transgression.
Catalyzed Oxidation of Carotenoids by Lactoperoxidase in the Presence of Ethanol

The discovery of the lactoperoxidase system as a biocatalyst in milk was a landmark finding. The activation of this system using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) raised hopes for oxidation of various organic substrates. The involvement of lactoperoxidase system in the catalyzed-oxidation of carotenoids in the whey proteins, and the effect of various solvents on carotenoids’ oxidation reaction rate has been studied. However, there is no evidence for this reaction without the addition of oxidizing agents, such as peroxides. Here, we reveal that carotenoids are oxidized through the addition of just ethanol in the presence of lactoperoxidase. The oxidation of carotenoids through this exquisite strategy is ∼360 times faster than harnessing the lactoperoxidase system in whey proteins via the addition of hydrogen peroxide. Bearing in mind that ethanol is not an oxidizing agent, this observation suggests a potential paradigm shift in our understanding of lactoperoxidase and catalyzed oxidation in biochemical systems.
Age-Related Differences in Motivational Integration and Cognitive Control

Motivational incentives play an influential role in value-based decision-making and cognitive control. A compelling hypothesis in the literature suggests that the motivational value of diverse incentives are integrated in the brain into a common currency value signal that influences decision-making and behavior. To investigate whether motivational integration processes change during healthy aging, we tested older (N = 44) and younger (N = 54) adults in an innovative incentive integration task paradigm that establishes dissociable and additive effects of liquid (e.g., juice, neutral, saltwater) and monetary incentives on cognitive task performance. The results reveal that motivational incentives improve cognitive task performance in both older and younger adults, providing novel evidence demonstrating that age-related cognitive control deficits can be ameliorated with sufficient incentive motivation. Additional analyses revealed clear age-related differences in motivational integration. Younger adult task performance was modulated by both monetary and liquid incentives, whereas monetary reward effects were more gradual in older adults and more strongly impacted by trial-by-trial performance feedback. A surprising discovery was that older adults shifted attention from liquid valence toward monetary reward throughout task performance, but younger adults shifted attention from monetary reward toward integrating both monetary reward and liquid valence by the end of the task, suggesting differential strategic utilization of incentives. These data suggest that older adults may have impairments in incentive integration and employ different motivational strategies to improve cognitive task performance. The findings suggest potential candidate neural mechanisms that may serve as the locus of age-related change, providing targets for future cognitive neuroscience investigations.
Effects of N application strategies on N leaching loss in paddy soil and N use characteristics in different super hybrid rice cultivars

A rational nitrogen (N) application strategy effectively improves grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) in the production of super rice (Oryza sativa L.). This study explored the effects of different N management strategies on N leaching loss in paddy soil and N use characteristics in different kinds of super hybrid rice cultivars. Two rice cultivars, Zhongzheyou 1 (ZZY1, a super rice of hybrid indica) and Yongyou 12 (YY12, a super rice of hybrid japonica), were chosen as representatives, and four N input levels (CK-0, N135-135, N195-195 and N255-255 kg N ha-1) with three application strategies (P1-60%:30%:10%, P2-50%:30%:20% and P3-40%:30%:30% with split N applied proportionally at the basal, tillering and panicle initiation stages, respectively) were set as treatments. An increase in the total N application rate and split proportion of basal fertilization resulted in higher N loss via leaching during the early growing stage of rice. Improving the split proportion of the second topdressing applied at the panicle initiation stage was beneficial to promoting the total N uptake and the amount of biomass accumulation, which ultimately enhanced the grain yield and NUE. YY12 obtained a 0.4–10.0% higher grain yield and 3.6–18.7% higher N recovery efficiency (REN) than that of ZZY1. Furthermore, YY12 showed greater adaptation at the high N level than did ZZY1, and allocating more N during the mid–late stage had a significant advantage in achieving high yield potential and improving NUE for YY12 compared to ZZY1. Thus, the results suggested that the N255 level with the P3 strategy was the optimal N management strategy that could optimize trade-offs between grain yield and NUE for YY12, while the N195 level with the P2 or P3 strategy was more appropriate for ZZY1.
Unsupervised machine learning reveals mimicry complexes in bumblebees occur along a perceptual continuum

Mullerian mimicry theory states that frequency-dependent selection should favour geographical convergence of harmful species onto a shared colour pattern. As such, mimetic patterns are commonly circumscribed into discrete mimicry complexes, each containing a predominant phenotype. Outside a few examples in butterflies, the location of transition zones between mimicry complexes and the factors driving mimicry zones has rarely been examined. To infer the patterns and processes of Mullerian mimicry, we integrate large-scale data on the geographical distribution of colour patterns of social bumblebees across the contiguous United States and use these to quantify colour pattern mimicry using an innovative, unsupervised machine-learning approach based on computer vision. Our data suggest that bumblebees exhibit geographically clustered, but sometimes imperfect colour patterns, and that mimicry patterns gradually transition spatially rather than exhibit discrete boundaries. Additionally, examination of colour pattern transition zones of three comimicking, polymorphic species, where active selection is driving phenotype frequencies, revealed that their transition zones differ in location within a broad region of poor mimicry. Potential factors influencing mimicry transition zone dynamics are discussed.
Is relaxin the “elusive” vasodilator of pregnancy?

Among the most striking changes seen in biology are those associated with pregnancy. In particular, profound vasodilation of nonreproductive organs epitomizes the maternal cardiovascular adaptation to early gestation in women. Cardiac output, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate rise by 40 to 80%, while vascular resistances plummet and blood pressure declines modestly [reviewed in ref.1]. Global arterial compliance markedly increases, thus preserving the efficiency of ventricular and arterial coupling, as well as preventing excessive decline of diastolic blood pressure in the face of the marked fall in systemic vascular resistance [SVR; 2]. All of these alterations begin immediately after conception, peak by the end of the first or beginning of the second trimester, and persist throughout most of gestation. It is likely that the circulations of nonreproductive organs such as the kidney serve as “arteriovenous” shunts during early gestation, thereby reducing ventricular afterload which initiates the enormous increase in cardiac output, and subsequently, the expansion of plasma volume — maternal adaptations associated with healthy pregnancies. Furthermore, pressor response to administration of angiotensin II and vascular reactivity to infusion of norepinephrine become attenuated [1]. Insight into the mechanisms responsible for these vasodilatory phenomena may be particularly critical, because in preeclampsia, the attenuation of pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II, the reduced vascular reactivity to norepinephrine, as well as the systemic and renal vasodilation are compromised [1].
Sync for Genes: Making Clinical Genomics Available for Precision Medicine at the Point-of-Care.

Background Making genomic data available at the point-of-care and for research is critical for the success of the Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI), a research initiative which seeks to change health care by “tak(ing) into account individual differences in people's genes, environments, and lifestyles.” The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) led Sync for Genes, a program to develop standards that make genomic data available when and where it matters most. This article discusses lessons learned from recent Sync for Genes activities. Objectives The goals of Sync for Genes were to (1) demonstrate exchange of genomic data using health data standards, (2) provide feedback for refinement of health data standards, and (3) synthesize project experiences to support the integration of genomic data at the point-of-care and for research. Methods Four organizations participated in a program to test the Health Level Seven International (HL7®) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR®) standard, which supports sharing genomic data. ONC provided access to subject matter experts, resources, tools, and technical guidance to support testing activities. Three of the four organizations participated in HL7 FHIR Connectathons to test FHIR's ability to exchange genomic diagnostic reports. Results The organizations successfully demonstrated exchange of genomic diagnostic reports using FHIR. The feedback and artifacts that resulted from these activities were shared with HL7 and made publicly available. Four areas were identified as important considerations for similar projects: (1) FHIR proficiency, (2) developer support, (3) project scope, and (4) bridging health information technology and genomic expertise. Conclusion Precision medicine is a rapidly evolving field, and there is opportunity to continue maturing health data standards for the exchange of necessary genomic data, increasing the likelihood that the standard supports the needs of users.
Mountains to climb: Leadership for sustainable change in scholarly communication

We live in complex, challenging times. In March 2020 a novel coronavirus called COVID-19 transformed our lives. Then, several months into shelter-in-place orders for the virus, George Floyd was killed in police custody. For weeks we saw Black Lives Matter protests around the world demanding change. Floyd’s death inspired new, open discussions about oppression, systemic racism, and the current and historical injustices faced by Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC).
AxBy: Approximate Computation Bypass for Data-Intensive Applications

Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth of data-intensive applications such as machine learning and multimedia applications. However, such applications incur a heavy computation workload that stresses the existing computing systems, especially resource-constrained embedded systems. This paper is inspired by the key observation that many data-intensive applications naturally present a strong existence of trivial computations – a set of computations the results of which can be determined without actual computations. Typical examples include multiplication with 0, +1/-1 and addition with 0. Correspondingly, we develop and implement bypass circuits that are tightly integrated with computation units to detect and bypass the trivial computations. Once detected, the circuit delivers the pre-determined result without an actual computation. We implement bypass circuits in both hardware (Verilog) and software (C). Furthermore, we enhance the opportunities of computation bypass by developing AxBy, an approximate computation bypass method with pattern matching under limited data precision. This reconfigurability is key to achieving a “controllable approximation” and a tunable quality-energy tradeoff. Our experimental results show that for four image processing applications and three neural network applications, the computation bypass can enable 15% – 55% in image processing and 30% – 35% in neural networks of energy saving without any accuracy loss. For neural networks, we can further achieve 36% –44% energy saving with negligible accuracy loss.
Minnesota's Digital Divide: How Minnesota Can Replicate the Rural Electrification Act to Deliver Rural Broadband

Minnesota's state constitution guarantees all students the right to an adequate education. In rural Minnesota, however, students often struggle to access broadband to facilitate and enable educational opportunities. This lack of sufficient broadband implicates rural students' right to education and requires a legislative response. The New Deal-era Rural Electrification Act provides a roadmap for state legislators to structure an effective approach to delivering broadband infrastructure to rural Minnesota.
Harnessing mobile technology to support type 2 diabetes self-management among Chinese and Hispanic immigrants: a mixed-methods acceptability study

Immigrant populations are more likely to suffer a significant amount of distress caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Mobile health applications (mHealth apps) make T2DM self-care knowledge a...
Microprocessor System Architecture

While it is important to be aware of energy issues at all levels of the design hierarchy, energy-efficiency optimizations at the level of architectural design generally yield the largest gains. The closer the design approaches to the final physical implementation, the more difficult the gains become because the scope of possible optimizations narrows.
Is phosphorus intake that exceeds dietary requirements a risk factor in bone health

Phosphorus intake in excess of the nutrient needs of healthy adults is thought to disrupt hormonal regulation of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and vitamin D, contributing to impaired peak bone mass, bone resorption, and greater risk of fracture. Elevation of extracellular phosphorus due to excessive intake is thought to be the main stimulus disrupting phosphorus homeostasis in healthy individuals, as it is in renal disease even when intake is modest. If high serum phosphorus is the critical link to the effect of high phosphorus intake on bone health, the issue could be addressed through epidemiologic or dietary studies. However, several confounding factors, including problems estimating accurate phosphorus intake, the influence of a low dietary Ca:P ratio, the acidic nature of phosphorus, the rapid rate of absorption and greater phosphorus bioavailability from processed food such as cola drinks, and circadian fluctuation in serum phosphorus, make this question difficult to address using conventional study designs. These confounding factors are considered in this review, exploring whether phosphorus intake exceeding nutrient needs in healthy individuals disrupts phosphorus regulation and negatively affects bone accretion or loss. Specific attention is given to phosphorus intake from processed foods rich in phosphorus additives, which significantly contribute to phosphorus intake.
Spectroscopic studies of rat mast cells, mouse mastocytoma cells, and compound 48/80--III. Evidence for a protein binding site for compound 48/80.

Abstract The interaction of compound 48/80 with mast cells, mastocytoma cells, isolated membranes and liposomes has been studied using electron spin resonance (e.s.r.) and light-scattering techniques. Unlike spin-labeled stearic acid, spin-labeled 48/80 (SL-48/80) bound to mastocytoma cells in a manner that was unaffected by the non-ionic detergent, Triton X-100. In contrast, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), a protein denaturant, altered the SL-48/80 binding site(s), causing an apparent increase in the motion of the spin label. Treatment of SL-48/80-labeled mast cells with trypsin also increased the apparent motion of the bound label. Binding of 48/80 to mast cells, mastocytoma cells, erythrocyte ghosts, and isolated mastocytoma cell membranes increased their respective light-scattering properties. In contrast, the Rayleigh scatter of protein-free liposomes was unaffected by 48/80 treatment. Cationic, anionic, and non-ionic detergents also increased the light-scattering properties of mastocytoma cells, in contrast to the effect of several other cationic drugs, including histamine liberators. Increased light-scattering occurred after 48/80 treatment of inhibited mast cells (treated at 5°), indicating that the effect was not a consequence of degranulation. Untreated cells heated above 40° showed a similar increase in light scattering that became irreversible after reaching 45°. This indicates that cells treated with 48/80 resemble those in which the proteins have been denatured by heat. The light-scattering and the e.s.r. data, therefore, are consistent with the hypothesis that 48/80 binds to proteins in biological membranes.
Photo–Initiated Electron–Transfer at the Interface between Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystallites and Transition–Metal Polypyridyl Compounds: Recent Advances

Molecular control of solar light harvesting and interfacial charge transfer at mesoporous, nanocrystalline semiconductor thin films are described. Light absorption by transition-metal coordination compounds anchored to wide band-gap semiconductors can initiate electron-transfer processes that ultimately reduce the semiconductor and oxidize the coordination compound. Such photo-induced charge separation is a key step for solar energy conversion. Three different interfacial charge-separation mechanisms are discussed in addition to regeneration processes wherein a mobile donor donates an electron to the oxidized coordination compound. Inorganic chemistry plays a central role in this approach to solar energy conversion, which may ultimately be optimized for practical applications. Keywords: dye-sensitized solar cells; transition-metal coordination compounds; mesoporous anatase TiO2
METABOLISM OF PENTOSES AND PENTITOLS BY AEROBACTER AEROGENES II. Mechanism of Acquisition of Kinase, Isomerase, and Dehydrogenase Activity

Mortlock, R. P. (Michigan State University, East Lansing), and W. A. Wood. Metabolism of pentoses by Aerobacter aerogenes. II. Mechanism of acquisition of kinase, isomerase, and dehydrogenase activity. J. Bacteriol. 88:845–849. 1964.—Aerobacter aerogenes PRL-R3 possesses the genetic information to synthesize, in the presence of the appropriate inducer, at least three members of the family of ketopentokinases, two members of the family of pentitol dehydrogenases, and two members of the family of aldopentose isomerases. That is, d-xylulokinase, d-ribulokinase, l-ribulokinase, ribitol dehydrogenase, d-arabitol dehydrogenase, d-xylose (→ d-xylulose) isomerase, and l-arabinose (→ l-ribulose) isomerase activities were detectable within 4 hr after addition of inducer. The possibility that mutation and selection are involved in the formation of l-xylulokinase, l-arabitol dehydrogenase, d-arabinose (→ d-ribulose) isomerase and d-lyxose (→ d-xylulose) isomerase could not be eliminated, because 11 hr or more of incubation after the addition of inducer were required before the appearance of these enzyme activities. d-Xylulokinase activity was induced in less than 2 hr when d-xylose or d-arabitol were inducers, but 45 hr were required for the appearance of activity when xylitol was the inducer, and 83 hr were required when d-lyxose was the inducer. Likewise, the time required for induction of ribitol dehydrogenase was 2 hr for ribitol, 12 hr for d-arabinose, and 45 hr for xylitol. The time required for the appearance of enzyme activity correlated with the time required for the beginning of cell growth and substrate utilization.
Effects of feeding high-oil corn to beef steers on carcass characteristics and meat quality.

To assess the effects of feeding high-oil corn on carcass characteristics and meat quality, 60 yearling steers were fed high concentrate diets containing either control corn (82% of diet), high-oil corn (82% of diet), or high-oil corn at a concentration that was isocaloric with the control diet (74% of diet). After being fed for 84 d, steers were slaughtered. At 72 h postmortem, carcass data were collected and rib sections from five steers grading U.S. Choice and five steers grading U.S. Select from each treatment were collected, vacuum packaged, and aged for 14 d. Three steaks (2.54 cm thick) were removed from each rib for Warner-Bratzler shear force measurement, sensory appraisal, and fatty acid composition analyses. Data were analyzed with treatment as the main effect for the carcass data and treatment, quality grade, and two-way interaction in the model for the longissimus data. The two-way interaction was nonsignificant (P > 0.05) for all variables tested. No differences were detected (P > 0.05) in carcass measurements except for marbling scores and quality grades, both of which were greater (P 0.05) among treatments. Steaks from U.S. Choice carcasses rated higher (P < 0.05) for tenderness and tended to rate higher (P < 0.10) for juiciness. Feeding the isocaloric and high-oil diets increased (P < 0.05) linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and the total PUFA content of lipid extracted from the longissimus. Saturated fatty acid percentage was lowest (P < 0.05) for high-oil corn and highest (P < 0.05) for control, with isocaloric being intermediate. Feeding high-oil corn increased (P < 0.05) pentadecyclic acid, margaric acid, and total odd-chain fatty acid content. Feeding high-oil corn in finishing beef cattle diets enhanced intramuscular lipid deposition and increased unsaturation of fatty acids of the longissimus.
SERPENTINE -- EXTENDED LIFE ACCESSORY DRIVE

A new automotive accessory drive arrangement known as "Serpentine Drive" has been developed. The said arrangement employs a single, longitudinally ribbed drive belt, "snaking" around all the accessory pulleys to provide the driving force. Belt tension is applied and maintained by an automatic tensioning device, thus, belt slippage, which contributes to belt degeneration through the wear and heat generated in the process is virtually eliminated. Drive belt service lift has been considerably increased and maintenance literally eliminated.
Transcriptional control of the rat hepatic CYP2E1 gene.

Abstract The rat hepatic CYP2E1 gene becomes transcriptionally activated within 1 day after birth. This activation can be mimicked by using the 5' end of the gene in a cell-free nuclear extract prepared from hepatocytes taken from rats at different developmental stages. Deletion analysis revealed that a positive element located between -127 and -89 was responsible for 90% of the in vitro transcription activity of adult liver extracts. Protein binding studies revealed that this region was operationally equivalent to the binding site for the factor HNF-1. Two other protein-binding regions were uncovered, one of which corresponded to the site for a CCAAT-binding factor NFY. The other site was a palindrome sequence unique to the CYP2E1 gene. These latter two factors did not significantly contribute to transcriptional activity in vitro and were not conserved between the rat and human CYP2E1 genes. Extracts prepared from fetal and newborn livers were transcriptionally inactive, whereas extracts from livers of 3-day-old rats were fully active toward the CYP2E1 gene. DNase I footprinting patterns indistinguishable between fetal and adult extracts were obtained for all three factors. However, gel mobility shift assays revealed a second, higher-mobility band produced by fetal and newborn liver extracts bound to the HNF-1 oligomer. UV-cross-linking studies showed that adult and fetal extracts had only a single 98-kilodalton protein that bound to this oligomer. In contrast, adult lung samples, also transcriptionally inactive toward the CYP2E1 gene, contained two proteins of slightly greater than 110 kilodaltons. These results suggest that the CYP2E1 gene is positively regulated in adult rats by HNF-1 or a protein similar in DNA-binding properties to HNF-1. The role of this factor or other protein-protein interactions in the lack of CYP2E1 transcription in fetal and newborn animals remains unclear.
The opportunity cost of travel time in recreation demand models.

Deciding how to allocate forage among animals is a fundamentally important process in range management. The wisdom of these decisions can be enhanced by estimating the marginal value of forage needed by competing species. We present a method for ...
Lifestyle modification for resistant hypertension: The TRIUMPH randomized clinical trial.

Background Resistant hypertension (RH) is a growing health burden in this country affecting as many as 1 in 5 adults being treated for hypertension. Resistant hypertension is associated with increased risk of adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and all-cause mortality. Strategies to reduce blood pressure (BP) in this high-risk population are a national priority. Methods TRIUMPH is a single-site, prospective, randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a center-based lifestyle intervention consisting of exercise training, reduced sodium and calorie Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan, and weight management compared to standardized education and physician advice in treating patients with RH. Patients (n = 150) will be randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either a 4-month supervised lifestyle intervention delivered in the setting of a cardiac rehabilitation center or to a standardized behavioral counseling session to simulate real-world medical practice. The primary end point is clinic BP; secondary end points include ambulatory BP and an array of CVD biomarkers including left ventricular hypertrophy, arterial stiffness, baroreceptor reflex sensitivity, insulin resistance, lipids, sympathetic nervous system activity, and inflammatory markers. Lifestyle habits, BP, and CVD risk factors also will be measured at 1-year follow-up. Conclusions The TRIUMPH randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02342808) is designed to test the efficacy of an intensive, center-based lifestyle intervention compared to a standardized education and physician advice counseling session on BP and CVD biomarkers in patients with RH after 4 months of treatment and will determine whether lifestyle changes can be maintained for a year.
The efficacy and safety of combination glycoprotein IIbIIIa inhibitors and reduced-dose thrombolytic therapy–facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Objective We reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis comparing the safety and efficacy of adjunctive use of reduced-dose thrombolytics and glycoprotein (Gp) IIbIIIa inhibitors to the sole use of Gp IIbIIIa inhibitors before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients presenting with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Background Early reperfusion in STEMI is associated with improved outcomes. The use of reduced-dose thrombolytic and Gp IIbIIIa inhibitors combination before PCI in the setting of acute STEMI remains controversial. Methods We performed a literature search and identified randomized trials comparing the use of combination therapy–facilitated PCI versus PCI done with Gp IIbIIIa inhibitor alone. Included studies were reviewed to determine Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)-3 flow at baseline, major bleeding, 30-day mortality, TIMI-3 flow after PCI, and 30-day reinfarction. We performed a random-effect model meta-analysis. We quantified heterogeneity between studies with I 2 . A value >50% represents substantial heterogeneity. Results We identified 4 clinical trials randomizing 725 patients; 424 patients were pretreated with combination therapy before PCI, and 301 patients had Gp IIbIIIa inhibitor alone during PCI. Combination therapy–facilitated PCI was associated with a 2-fold increase in TIMI-3 flow upon arrival to the catheterization laboratory compared with the sole use of upstream Gp IIbIIIa inhibitors (192/390 patients [49%] versus 60/284 [21%]; relative risk [RR], 2.2; P P = .85). Major bleeding events significantly increased in the combination therapy group (40/420 patients [9.5%] versus 14/299 [4.7%]; RR, 2.2; P = .007). The 30-day mortality (15/424 patients [3.5%] versus 5/301 [1.7%]; RR, 1.47; P = .46) and 30-day reinfarction rate (5/424 patients [1.1%] versus 3/301 [1.0%]; RR, 0.96; P = .96) were similar in the 2 treatment groups. Conclusions Awaiting the results of the ongoing clinical trials, the current cumulative evidence does not support the routine use of combination of reduced-dose thrombolytic and Gp IIbIIIa inhibitor therapy–facilitated PCI for the treatment of STEMI.
Electoral Systems, Ethnic Fragmentation and Party Systems Volatility in 31 Sub Saharan African Countries

This paper thus addresses two primary issues. What is the relationship between the types of electoral systems that have been used to govern initial elections in the democratizing states of Africa and the degree to wh ich party systems volatility has emerged? What other factors impact on the levels o f volatility? I examine the above questions using data from 31 African countries. I find that most of the factors often cited as impacting on party systems development do not account for the level of legislative volatility. However, the dominance of the ruling pa rty in the first election following democratic transition does impact the extent of leg islative volatility later. Nonetheless these cases are also less likely to lead to democra tic or politically stable outcomes
An alternative characterization of top trading cycles

This paper introduces two new characterizations of the top trading cycles algorithm. The key to our characterizations is a new condition, independence of irrelevant rankings (IIR). Intuitively, a mechanism satisfies IIR if whenever an agent’s ranking at an object is irrelevant to her assignment, then it is irrelevant to the assignment of all agents. We demonstrate that a mechanism is Pareto efficient, strategy-proof, IIR, and satisfies mutual best if and only if it is top trading cycles. This provides a new insight into what distinguishes top trading cycles from all other efficient and strategy-proof assignment mechanisms. We provide a second characterization in terms of weak Maskin monotonicity. A mechanism satisfies Pareto efficiency, weak Maskin monotonicity, IIR, and mutual best if and only if it is top trading cycles. This allows us to directly compare top trading cycles to known characterizations of the deferred acceptance algorithm in terms of weak Maskin monotonicity.
Measurement of lightning-induced arrester ground current in a power distribution system — Results/lessons of field study

Abstract A pole-mounted solid-state recorder (devoid of moving parts other than a mechanical event counter) to measure the instantaneous current in the ground lead of a distribution line arrester caused by direct/indirect lightning strikes has been developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the United States Department of Energy (DOE). The paper describes the role of the lightning transient surge recorder (LTSR) in the DOE lightning research program, its design and operational characteristics, and finally the retrieval and subsequent processing of lightning data from field locations in Florida during the summer 1978 thunderstorm season.
The Laboratory Approach to Inherited and Acquired Coagulation Factor Deficiencies

Besides the long-recognized hemophilias, there are many other factor deficiencies. Some also are inherited, but others are acquired because of both immune and nonimmune etiologies. Understanding the optimal laboratory approach to evaluating factor deficiency will aid physicians and laboratory scientists in obtaining a prompt diagnosis and in avoiding pitfalls in coagulation testing.
Effects of the neuropeptide S receptor antagonist RTI-118 on abuse-related facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation produced by cocaine and methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in rats

Abstract Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a neurotransmitter that activates the NPS receptor to modulate biological functions including anxiety-like behaviors, feeding, and drug reinforcement. RTI-118 is a novel NPS receptor antagonist that decreased cocaine self-administration in rats at doses that had little or no effect on food-maintained responding. To build on these previous findings, this study examined effects of RTI-118 on cocaine-induced facilitation of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats. To provide a context for data interpretation, effects of RTI-118 were compared to effects of the kappa opioid receptor agonist U69,593, because the kappa opioid receptor is another peptide neurotransmitter receptor reported to modulate abuse-related cocaine effects. RTI-118 effects were also examined on ICSS facilitation produced by methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a novel designer drug of abuse with some cocaine-like effects. Male Sprague–Dawley rats ( n =12) with electrodes targeting the medial forebrain bundle responded under a fixed-ratio 1 schedule for range of brain stimulation frequencies. Under control conditions, brain stimulation maintained a frequency-dependent increase in ICSS rates. Cocaine (1.0–10 mg/kg) and MDPV (3.2 mg/kg) facilitated ICSS. RTI-118 (3.2–32 mg/kg) alone produced little effect on ICSS but dose dependently blocked cocaine-induced ICSS facilitation. U69,593 (0.25–0.5 mg/kg) also attenuated cocaine effects, but blockade of cocaine effects was incomplete even at a U69,593 dose that alone depressed ICSS. RTI-118 (32 mg/kg) failed to block MDPV-induced ICSS facilitation. These results support further consideration of NPS receptor antagonists as candidate treatments for cocaine abuse and provide evidence for differential effects of a candidate treatment on abuse-related effects of cocaine and MDPV.
Low radioactivity material for use in mounting radiation detectors

Two materials, sapphire and synthetic quartz, have been found for use in Ge detector mounting assemblies. These materials combine desirable mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties with the radioactive cleanliness required to detect minimal amounts of K, Th, and U.
Modeling Unconscious Gender Bias in Fame Judgments: Finding the Proper Branch of the Correct (Multinomial) Tree

In the preceding article, Buchner and Wippich used a guessing-corrected, multinomial process-dissociation analysis to test whether a gender bias in fame judgements reported by Banaji and Greenwald (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68, 181-198) was unconscious. In their two experiments, Buchner and Wippich found no evidence for unconscious mediation of this gender bias. Their conclusion can be questioned by noting that (a) the gender difference in familiarity of previously seen names that Buchner and Wippich modeled was different from the gender difference in criterion for fame judgements reported by Banaji and Greenwald, (b) the assumptions of Buchner and Wippich's multinomial model excluded processes that are plausibly involved in the fame judgement task, and (c) the constructs of Buchner and Wippich's model that corresponded most closely to Banaji and Greenwald's gender-bias interpretation were formulated so as to preclude the possibility of modeling that interpretation. Perhaps a more complex multinomial model can model the Banaji and Greenwald interpretation.
Two Kinesin Light Chain Genes in Mice IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ENCODED PROTEINS

Native kinesin consists of two light chains and two heavy chains in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. To date, only one gene for kinesin light chain has been characterized, while a second gene was identified in a genomic sequencing study but not analyzed biochemically. Here we describe new genes encoding kinesin light chains in mouse. One of these light chains is neuronally enriched, while another shows ubiquitous expression. The presence of multiple kinesin light chain genes in mice is especially interesting, since there are two kinesin heavy chain genes in humans (Niclas, J., Navone, F., Hom-Booher, N., and Vale, R. D. (1994) Neuron 12, 1059-1072). To assess the selectivity of kinesin light chain interaction with the heavy chains, we performed immunoprecipitation experiments. The data suggested that the light chains form homodimers with no specificity in their interaction with the two heavy chains. Immunofluorescence and biochemical subfractionation suggested differences in the subcellular localization of the two kinesin light chain gene products. Although both kinesin light chains are distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems, there is enrichment of one in sciatic nerve axons, while the other shows elevated levels in olfactory bulb glomeruli. These results indicate that the mammalian nervous system contains multiple kinesin light chain gene products with potentially distinct functions.
Müllerian remnant malignancy.

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis is a disorder of sexual differentiation, characterized by mosaicism, ambiguous external genitalia, and both Wolffian and Mullerian internal genitalia. These patients are at a known increased risk of germ cell cancer, specifically gonadoblastoma; however, in this report we describe a case of adenocarcinoma of a remnant Mullerian structure.
Twenty-Four-Hour Rhythmic Gene Expression in the Rhesus Macaque Adrenal Gland

The suprachiasmatic nucleus plays a key role in the circadian secretion of adrenocortical hormones. However, there is evidence from mouse studies that components of the circadian clock are also expressed within the adrenal gland itself. In the present study we performed genome-wide expression profiling to determine whether the adrenal gland of rhesus monkeys shows temporal gene expression across a 24-h period. We identified 322 transcripts with rhythmic patterns of expression and found that the phase distribution of cycling transcripts varied across the day, with more genes showing activation during the night. We classified the transcripts by their function and clustered them according to their participation in common biochemical pathways: 1) catecholamine synthesis and reuptake; 2) cholesterol cleavage and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate synthesis; 3) protein synthesis and turnover; and 4) the circadian clock mechanism. In an additional experiment, we assessed the expression of various clock genes at two time points, 12 h apart. We found that expression of Bmal1 and Cry1 was higher at 1300 h, or zeitgeber time 6, whereas expression of Per1 was higher at 0100 h (zeitgeber time 18). Expression levels of Rev-erbalpha were higher at 0100 h than at 1300 h (P<0.05), and immunohistochemistry revealed a strong expression of this transcription factor specifically in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Taken together, the data indicate that the primate adrenal gland shows rhythmic expression of genes associated with cell biology and synthesis of steroids and catecholamines. Moreover, they strongly imply the existence of an intrinsic circadian clock.
AN AUTOMATED RAPID TEST FOR Escherichia coli IN MILK

A method was developed to rapidly enumerate Escherichia coli in milk, using a Technicon Auto Analyzer II system. The automated system was used to assay for the presence of glutamate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.15), which is found only in E. coli and a few other bacterial species that are highly unlikely to be found in milk Coliiorms other than E. coli were shown not to have this enzyme. This system was capable of detecting as few as 50,000 E. coli organisms/ml. The most probable number (MPN) technique was combined with the automated system to quantitate E. coli in milk With pure cultures it was possible to determine the positive and negative MPN tubes in 8 hr, but a 10-hr incubation was required for the analysis of milk samples. Since the enzyme is specific for E. coli, the nonselective medium trypticase soy broth and the mildly selective medium lauryl tryptose broth were used in the MPN tubes. It was shown that these media allowed the growth of heat-injured organisms and the detection of organisms that could not be detected using violet red bide agar. The three advantages of this test over the current violet red bile plating procedure are (1) it is more rapid, (2) it is specific for E. coli and (3) it enumerates process-injured organisms.
Organic chemistry: Aromatics do the twist

For nearly 40 years, organic chemists have been fascinated by the idea of aromatic molecules that have the topology of a Mobius strip. No such molecule has been isolated — until now.
An analytic study of partially ordered transport services

This paper presents an analytic model for investigating the throughput, delay and buffer utilization characteristics of partially ordered transport services. We analyze the effects of packet and ack losses as well as applications' order requirements on overall system performance. The analytic model is verified by comparing its results against those of an OPNET simulation model. Analytic results show that for applications that can tolerate some reordering in the delivery of objects, use of partially ordered service instead of ordered service provides important buffer utilization and delay improvements, particularly as the loss rate increases and the order requirements of applications decrease. In terms of throughput, it makes no difference which service (i.e., ordered, partially ordered, unordered) an application uses. Analytic study also shows that by judicious choice of sender's transmission order, overall system performance can further be improved in a partially ordered service.