cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clonal analysis of vertebrate myogenesis. IV. Medium-dependent classification of colony-forming cells.

Abstract The cell lineage of chick leg muscle between 3 and 12 days of development has been studied by use of an in vitro clonal assay. The assay permits distinctions to be made among various types of muscle-colony-forming cells (MCF cells) on the basis of their medium requirements and clonal morphology. Results suggest the sequential occurrence of at least four types of MCF cells, three of which require conditioned medium for their differentiation and one of which can form differentiated colonies in fresh medium. The nature of the “conditioned medium effect” was further investigated by the use of medium-switch experiments. By this process it was shown that the same populations of colony-forming cells attach and grow in fresh and conditioned medium and that the differentiation of colonies derived from conditioned-medium-requiring myoblasts is permitted by brief exposure to conditioned medium followed by culture in fresh medium. Further investigation indicated that during brief exposure to conditioned medium the gelatin-coated petri plate surface is altered such that differentiation of conditioned-medium-requiring colonies is allowed. We conclude that the conditioned medium effect involves a surface-mediated interaction between myoblasts and one or more conditioned medium components.
African Diasporas, American Identities: Western Media's Impact on the Identity Constructions of 1.5 and Second Generation Nigerian Youth

The differential diasporic experiences that black groups in the U.S. have had shape their racial and ethnic identities in negotiation with the social context of the receiving country. Given the degradation of Africa, her peoples and their ways of life by the western media, many African Americans have sought to distance themselves from things African. Likewise, many black immigrants coming into the U.S. seek to escape the oppression and the negative media characterizations of African Americans. The portrayals of the two groups in the U.S. context, has often created a press for both groups to construct their identities in opposition to each other. Focused on the racial and ethnic identity constructions of African youth, this study explores their attempts to negotiate their identities within multiple conflicting worlds: family, peer, and media. The study found that media-generated por­trayals of Africans and African Americans had a significant impact on the identity constructions and negotiations among the participants. The participants respond by practicing agency in shifting their self-identities according to the context and the nature of peer acceptance.
The Gospel of John and Early Trinitarian Thought: The Unity of God in John, Irenaeus and Tertullian

This paper discusses the question of God's unity in the Gospel of John and two early Trinitarian thinkers, Irenaeus and Tertullian. It argues that in formulating the relationship of the Father, Son and Spirit, the Gospel of John makes explicit statements and evinces implicit judgments that preserve God's unity. This reading takes seriously John's first-century context, arguing that the continued conviction of God's oneness shapes the Christological formulations of the Gospel. Irenaeus and Tertullian similarly take pains to affirm the unity of God. In doing so, they made judgments about the relationship of Father and Son similar to those of the Gospel of John, while introducing new concepts or imagery to do so.
Lateralization of temporal lobe epilepsy using resting functional magnetic resonance imaging connectivity of hippocampal networks

Purpose Early surgical intervention can be advantageous in the treatment of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The success of TLE surgery relies on accurate lateralization of the seizure onset. The purpose of this study was to determine whether resting functional MRI (fMRI) connectivity mapping of the hippocampus has the potential to complement conventional presurgical evaluations in distinguishing left from right TLE. In addition, we sought to determine whether this same network might separate patients with favorable from unfavorable postoperative outcomes.
Mobilizing Employment Rights in the Workplace

Employment rights are primarily enforced through a private right of action. This mode of enforcement makes understanding the process through which workers come to recognize and exercise their rights essential. This chapter analyzes that process in the context of the Family and Medical Leave Act. The analysis draws on interviews with workers who negotiated contested leaves without going to court, focusing on workers’ experiences and their perceptions of what is fair, appropriate, and just. The chapter concludes by discussing some implications for social change through legal reforms.
Combining study outcome measures using dominance adjusted weights

Weighting of studies in meta-analysis is usually implemented by using the estimated inverse variances of treatment effect estimates. However, there is a possibility of one study dominating other studies in the estimation process by taking on a weight that is above some upper limit. We implement an estimator of the heterogeneity variance that takes advantage of dominance adjusted weights. The performance of this estimator is compared with that of the commonly used estimator in meta-analysis, the DerSimonian-Laird estimator. Two test procedures for the overall treatment effect are proposed that are based on the quadratic form associated with the proposed heterogeneity variance estimator. An example is given to illustrate the application of these procedures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transport of 1‐μm latex particles in pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Fluorescent latex microbeads added to a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm as tracers of particle movement penetrated the biofilm and remained in it much longer than predicted by a model of advective displacement due to cell growth. Beads with a nominal diameter of 1 mum that were added in the bulk fluid became distributed throughout the biofilm depth. Some microbeads penetrated to the substratum within the 24-h bead addition period. The biofilms had a mean thickness of approximately 34 mum but have been previously shown to be quite rough. Measured rates of bead release from the biofilm corresponded to first order time coefficients of 0.01-0.03 h(-1). These bead release rates were approximately an order of magnitude less than the predicted time scale of advective transport, which is just the experimentally measured specific cellular growth rate of 0.15 h(-1). Computer simulations of bead transport using the biofilm model BIOSIM were compared with bead release rate data and with bead position distributions within the biofilm as determined by microscopic examination of thin cross sections of embedded biofilm. The model predicted much faster release of beads from the biofilm than actually occurred. It is hypothesized that both the ability of beads to penetrate the biofilm and the unexpectedly low advective displacement velocity of particles in the biofilm were due to the rough nature of the biofilm.
Abstract 2428: Molecular determinants of dasatinib response in uterine carcinoma.

Despite the many attractive features of EphA2 as a therapeutic target in cancer, approaches to block it have lagged behind. Dasatinib is a multi-kinase inhibitor and may be useful for targeting EphA2. However, reliable predictive markers of response are needed. Additionally, the underlying mechanism deciding whether responsive or resistant to dasatinib and biological impact of EphA2 function in the context of EphA2 targeted therapy in cancer are not known. We undertook a large number of studies to fully characterize the effects of dasatinib using in vitro (cell viability, RPPAs, gene expression, and confocal imaging) and in vivo uterine cancer models. Molecular markers for response prediction were identified by using RPPA and immunohistochemistry. In vitro, the effects of dasatinib treatment varied among the different endometrial cancer cell lines tested, (IC50 values ranged from 30 nM to 17,792 nM), which was associated with varying levels of EphA2 and tyrosine phosphorylation and serine897 phosphorylation of EphA2, and with varying status of caveolin-1 (CAV-1), PTEN and RAS/MAPK . A set of markers that are essential for dasatinib response was identified, including EphA2, CAV-1, pAKTs473, BRAF/CRAF (MAPK pathway) and ppS6s240/244 (mTOR pathway). A novel mechanism for response was identified by which dasatinib can drive the BRAF and EphA2 to CAV-1 at the plasma membrane, resulting in breaking off the BRAF/CRAF heterodimer induced by dasatinib, and blocking compensatory activation of the MAPK pathway. In vivo data using orthotopic mouse models of uterine carcinoma were entirely concordant with our in vitro findings. The efficacy of dasatinib therapy in uterine carcinoma depends on EphA2 phosphorylation at its S897 site and high CAV-1 levels are predictive of response to dasatinib. These findings may have clinical implications for ongoing dasatinib-based clinical trials. Citation Format: Jie Huang, Wei Hu, Justin Bottsford-Miller, Tao Liu, Behrouz Zand, Robert L. Coleman, Anil K. Sood. Molecular determinants of dasatinib response in uterine carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2428. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2428
A glass beam reference surface for quality control measurements

Abstract A glass beam, whose top surface is optically flat, is used as a reference surface. Supporting this beam on knife-edge supports, the configuration of the top surface is obtained from the equations for the top surface deflection. For precise linear measurements, industrial standards departments find it necessary to have accurate deflection equations so that the relative elevation from point to point on the top surface is known to parts of a μin. Presently the deflection equations are based on the simple beam theory and mean material properties. However, it is necessary to use a more rigorous deflection theory and to consider variations in material properties to obtain deflections sufficiently accurate for general application. The plane stress theory is shown, by numerical example, to yield sufficient accuracy. The effects of variations in the physical properties of glass on the deflection are significant but predictable.
RATS THAT CAN'T RUN CAN'T HIDE FROM RISK FACTORS

![Figure][1] At a time when transgenic organisms are all the rage in biological research, it's nice to know that some hypotheses can still be tested with experimental animals created the old-fashioned way: through selective breeding. Since 1996, Steven Britton and Lauren Koch of the
New probes for extended gauge structures at the DESY ep collider HERA.

Doncheski and Hewett have recently shown that the ratio of neutral current to charged current cross sections, $R=\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{NC}}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{CC}}}$, can provide a more sensitive probe for the existence of heavy leptoquarks at the DESY $\mathrm{ep}$ collider HERA than the usual procedure which makes use of neutral current asymmetries. The apparent reason for this is that the standard model expectations for both of these cross sections are modified by the existence of such particles in a semicoherent manner. In this paper we apply this technique to extended electroweak models whose spectrum contains both a ${W}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and a ${Z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. We find that measurements of $R$ can, for some models, substantially increase the HERA search range for new gauge bosons beyond that which can be probed using the more conventional asymmetries.
Preconditioned methods for simulations of low speed compressible flows

A time-derivative preconditioned system of equations suitable for the numerical simulation of inviscid compressible flow at low speeds is formulated. The preconditioned system of equations are hyperbolic in time and remain well-conditioned in the incompressible limit. The preconditioning formulation is easily generalized to multicomponent/multiphase mixtures. When applying conservative methods to multicomponent flows with sharp fluid interfaces, nonphysical solution behavior is observed. This stimulated the authors to develop an alternative solution method based on the nonconservative form of the equations which does not generate the aforementioned nonphysical behavior. Before the results of the application of the nonconservative method to multicomponent flow problems is reported, the accuracy of the method on single component flows will be demonstrated. In this report a series of steady and unsteady inviscid flow problems are simulated using the nonconservative method and a well-known conservative scheme. It is demonstrated that the nonconservative method is both accurate and robust for smooth low speed flows, in comparison to its conservative counterpart.
Semi-commercial ultralow oxygen treatment for control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on harvested iceberg lettuce

Pallet-scale ultralow oxygen (ULO) treatment was applied to iceberg lettuce after various lengths of postharvest storage to determine the effects of pre-treatment storage on lettuce tolerance to ULO treatment for control of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Lettuce from seven cultivars was vacuum cooled and stored at 2 ◦ C after harvest for 0, 2, 3, and 5 d before being subjected to 2-d ULO treatment with 0.003% oxygen at 10 ◦C ambient temperature. Complete control of thrips was achieved in all three tests. Temperature of lettuce increased from about 5 ◦ C at the
Design-Oriented Structural Model Order Reduction for Strain-Actuated Flight Vehicle Structures

This paper assesses the accuracy of a number of structural-model order-reduction techniques as applied to strain-actuated (smart) flight-vehicle structures modeled with finite elements (FE). Model order reduction is an essential facet when working in a design-oriented optimization environment. Therefore, to eventually build a design-oriented multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) capability for large-scale strain-actuated structures (e.g., aircraft, spacecraft), insight into the affects of model order reduction on the accuracy of design constraints and sensitivities must first be gained. In this paper reduced-order models are solved using mode displacement (MD) and mode acceleration (MA) methods. Furthermore, the effect of the chosen reduction bases on model accuracy is also investigated. Specifically, the total number of basis modes used is varied. Fictitious masses (FMs) may be added to areas of the structure where local effects predominate, and mass-normalized static solution vectors (Ritz vectors) of important actuation modes may be appended to the bases. By examining the convergence of design constraints and their sensitivities for a variety of model order-reduction approaches (solution methods and reduction bases), valuable insight is gained into the technical challenges that must be addressed when creating a robust MDO capability for strain-actuated structures.
The case of the missing length

L'A. decrit rapidement quelques changements dans la langue des signes americaine qui ont conduit au cours des 150 dernieres annees a la disparition de certaines formes composees. Il etablit ensuite une comparaison entre ces changements survenus dans l'ASL et un type de changement des langues orales : l'allongement compensatoire. Ce processus est similaire a ce qu'il advient dans la tonogenese dans certaines langues asiatiques
Modification of phenolic metabolism in soybean hairy roots through down regulation of chalcone synthase or isoflavone synthase

Soybean hairy roots, transformed with the soybean chalcone synthase (CHS6) or isoflavone synthase (IFS2) genes, with dramatically decreased capacity to synthesize isoflavones were produced to determine what effects these changes would have on susceptibility to a fungal pathogen. The isoflavone and coumestrol concentrations were decreased by about 90% in most lines apparently due to gene silencing. The IFS2 transformed lines had very low IFS enzyme activity in microsomal fractions as measured by the conversion of naringenin to genistein. The CHS6 lines with decreased isoflavone concentrations had 5 to 20-fold lower CHS enzyme activities than the appropriate controls. Both IFS2 and CHS transformed lines accumulated higher concentrations of both soluble and cell wall bound phenolic acids compared to controls with higher levels found in the CHS6 lines indicating alterations in the lignin biosynthetic branch of the pathway. Induction of the soybean phytoalexin glyceollin, of which the precursor is the isoflavone daidzein, by the fungal pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines (FSG) that causes soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) showed that the low isoflavone transformed lines did not accumulate glyceollin while the control lines did. The (iso)liquritigenin content increased upon FSG induction in the IFS2 transformed roots indicating that the pathway reactions before this point can control isoflavonoid synthesis. The lowest fungal growth rate on hairy roots was found on the FSG partially resistant control roots followed by the SDS sensitive control roots and the low isoflavone transformants. The results indicate the importance of phytoalexin synthesis in root resistance to the pathogen.
Direct interstitial infusion of NK1-targeted neurotoxin into the spinal cord: a computational model

Convection-enhanced delivery of substance P (SP) nocitoxins to the spinal cord interstitium is under consideration for the treatment of chronic pain. To characterize treatment protocols, a three-di...
Comments on “Empirical Model of Nymphal Development for the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Orthoptera: Acrididae)”

The purpose of this letter is to point out deficiencies in technique and philosophy that essentially negate the empirical models that were reported in the Forum section of the February issue of Environ. Entomol. (Hilbert, D. W., and J. A. Logan. 1983. Empirical model of nymphal development for the migratory grasshopper, Melanophilus sanguinipes . Environ. Entomol. 12: 1–5). All references herein were cited in the aforementioned paper.
Effect of surface coatings, grain size, and ionic strength on the maximum attainable coverage of bacteria on sand surfaces.

The injection of bacteria in the subsurface has been identified as a potential method for in situ cleanup of contaminated aquifers. For high bacterial loadings, the presence of previously deposited bacteria can result in decreased deposition rates—a phenomenon known as blocking. Miscible displacement experiments were performed on short sand columns (∼5 cm) to determine how bacterial deposition on positively charged metal-oxyhydroxide-coated sands is affected by the presence of previously deposited bacteria. Approximately 8 pore volumes of a radiolabeled bacterial suspension at a concentration of ∼1×109 cells ml−1 were introduced into the columns followed by a 2-pore-volume flush of cell-free buffer. It was found that the presence of Al- and Fe-coated sand increased both deposition rates and maximum fractional surface coverage of bacteria on the sediment surfaces. The effect of grain size on maximum bacterial retention capacity, however, was not significant. Decreasing ionic strength from 10−1 to 10−2 M KCl resulted in noticeable decreases in sticking efficiency (α) and maximum surface coverage (θmax) for clean silica sand—results consistent with DLVO theory. In columns containing positively charged Al- and Fe-coated sands, however, changes in α and θmax due to decreasing ionic strength were minimal. These findings demonstrate the importance of geochemical controls on the maximum bacterial retention capacity of sands.
Extragalactic Radio Supernovae in NGC 4321 and NGC 6946

The supernovae SN1979c in NGC 4321 and SN1980k in NGC 6946 have both been detected at centimeter wavelengths at the VLA. The radio emission turns on very rapidly, but may be delayed by as much as a year with respect to the optical outburst. In both supernovae, the 20 cm radiation peaks after the 6 cm, and the radio emission has a very slow post-maximum decay.
Arthroscopic excision of dorsal carpal ganglion cysts

Abstract Ganglion cysts are the most common tumor in the wrist. Dorsal carpal ganglion cysts represent 60 to 70% of all ganglion cysts in the hand and wrist. Standard treatment has been limited to observation, rest, immobilization, aspiration with or without injection, and surgical excision. Arthroscopic resection of dorsal carpal ganglion cyst have been done since the late 1980s. It has the advantages of less scarring and stiffness, the ability to inspect the wrist for other pathology and wrist instability. To date, the success of arthroscopic ganglion cyst resection is at least as good (1% recurrence) as current open techniques (0 to 10% recurrence). Risks of the procedure are similar to open techniques. Patient satisfaction with the procedure is high. In the largest reported series, there have been no major complications. This technique, for those who are comfortable with wrist arthroscopy, is effective and safe in treating this common wrist mass. The technique for this procedure is described as well as a brief history of treatment for dorsal carpal ganglion cysts.
Morphological classes of spinothalamic lamina I neurons in the cat.

We examined the morphology and distribution of retrogradely labeled spinothalamic tract (STT) neurons in lamina I (the marginal zone) of the spinal dorsal horn after large injections of cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) or Fast Blue (FB) into the contralateral thalamus of cats. Based on the shape and orientation of the somata and proximal dendrites in horizontal sections, three distinct cell types were identified: (1) fusiform cells with small, spindle-shaped somata and bipolar, longitudinal dendritic arbors; (2) pyramidal cells with triangular somata and three main dendritic origins with primarily longitudinal arborizations; and (3) multipolar cells with larger, multiangular somata and four or more radiating dendritic arbors directed both longitudinally and mediolaterally. These three morphological types differed significantly in the number of primary dendrites and the size of the somata. Subclasses of multipolar cells were noted. Nearly all cells could be categorized into these three classes consistently in horizontal sections. A small number of cells with transitional shapes or with small, round somata were unclassified. The proportional distributions of these cell types were found to vary over the length of the spinal cord (from the third cervical through the coccygeal segments) in three cats. The overall proportions of cell types were 34% fusiform, 36% pyramidal, 25% multipolar, and 5% unclassified. The proportions of pyramidal and multipolar cells were strikingly higher within the C7–8 and L6–7 segments and lowest in the thoracic segments. In contrast, fusiform cells formed about 20% of the labeled lamina I STT population in the C7–8 and L6–7 segments but more than 60% in thoracic segments. Across all nine cats, the proportions were similar within the cervical (C5–8) and lumbosacral (L5–S1) enlargements, although considerable interanimal variability was noted. These distinct morphological types of lamina I STT cells with differential longitudinal distributions probably have different functional roles. They may correspond to the three main physiological classes of lamina I STT cells. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Postprocessing of finite element transient response calculations by digital filters

Abstract A method of postprocessing output from linear transient response calculations by a nonrecursive digital filter is presented. The method is applied to postprocess a series of calculations performed with an explicit temporal integration and a lumped mass matrix; both one dimensional and two dimensional meshes are considered. It is shown that the digital filter is quite effective in eliminating spurious frequencies.
Making a scene: people and artificial intelligence improvising together

How can people and AI equally participate in creating something? How do they do it when they cannot edit or revise their work?
Analysis of Notch signaling-dependent gene expression in developing airways reveals diversity of Clara cells.

Clara cells (CCs) are a morphologically and operationally heterogeneous population of Secretoglobin Scgb1a1-expressing secretory cells that are crucial for airway homeostasis and post-injury repair. Analysis of the extent and origin of CC diversity are limited by knowledge of genes expressed in these cells and their precursors. To identify novel putative markers of CCs and explore the origins of CC diversity, we characterized global changes in gene expression in embryonic lungs in which CCs do not form due to conditional disruption of Notch signaling (RbpjkCNULL). Microarray profiling, Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR), and RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) identified eleven genes downregulated in the E18.5 airways of Rbpjkcnull compared to controls, nearly half not previously known to mark CCs. ISH revealed that several genes had overlapping but distinct domains of expression of in the normal developing lung (E18.5). Notably, Reg3g, Chad, Gabrp and Lrrc26 were enriched in proximal airways, Hp in the distal airways and Upk3a in clusters of cells surrounding Neuroepithelial Bodies (NEBs). Seven of the eleven genes, including Reg3g, Hp, and Upk3a, were expressed in the adult lung in CCs in a pattern similar to that observed in the developing airways. qRT-PCR-based analysis of gene expression of CCs isolated from different airway regions of B1-EGFP reporter mice corroborated the spatial enrichment in gene expression observed by ISH. Our study identifies candidate markers for CC-precursors and CCs and supports the idea that the diversification of the CC phenotype occurs already during embryonic development.
Erupted mandibular central incisors in a newborn infant

Abstract A case of two perfectly formed, erupted, apparent teeth in a newborn infant is presented simply as one of the curiosities of dental practice. Such anomalies can present a threat to the health and well-being of the newborn child.
Dynamical hadronization transition and hydrodynamical stability. II. Mixed phase.

We extend our previous analysis of hydrodynamic stability of hadronization solutions to include solutions which produce hadrons via a region of mixed phase. We find that the transition from quark matter to mixed-phase matter must occur via a shock with supersonic velocities for both incoming and outgoing matter. The transition from mixed-phase matter to hadronic matter can occur either via a detonation solution or across a supersonic shock as in the quark--mixed-phase matter transition. Nucleation of both mixed-phase matter and hadronic matter is discussed using the criteria developed in our previous paper. We find that mixed-phase matter can nucleate in quark matter only when quark matter is at the transition temperature and that the region of nucleating solutions is a single point. Hadronic matter can nucleate in mixed-phase matter when the energy density of the mixed-phase matter reaches the hadronic transition energy density, and there is a region of possible nucleation solutions for any value of the mixed-phase energy density. We calculate entropy production and velocity boosts for the transitions from quark matter to mixed-phase matter and from mixed-phase matter to hadronic matter. We find that the expected entropy increase during hadronization is about 6.1% in the central rapidity region of a heavy-ion collision and about 4.2% in the early Universe in the absence of supercooling. If supercooling occurs, the entropy production will be increased by an amount which depends on the degree of supercooling. The expected velocity boost during hadronization is about 0.50c in heavy-ion collisions and about 0.33c in the early Universe, again assuming no supercooling. If supercooling occurs, the velocity boost will depend strongly on the degree of supercooling.
A Real-Time MODIS Vegetation Product for Land Surface and Numerical Weather Prediction Models

A technique is presented to produce real-time, daily vegetation composites at 0.01 ° resolution ( ~ 1 km) over the Conterminous United States (CONUS) for use in the NASA Land Information System (LIS) and weather prediction models. Green vegetation fraction (GVF) is derived from direct-broadcast swaths of normalized difference vegetation index from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the NASA Earth Observing System satellites. The real-time data and increased resolution compared to the 0.144 ° ( ~ 16 km) resolution monthly GVF climatology in community models result in an improved representation of vegetation in high-resolution models, especially in complex terrain. The MODIS GVF fields show seasonal variations that are similar to the community model climatology, and respond realistically to temperature and precipitation anomalies. The wet spring and summer 2010 over the U.S. Plains led to higher regional GVF than in the climatology. The GVF substantially decreased over the U.S. Southern Plains from 2010 to 2011, consistent with the transition to extreme drought in summer 2011. LIS simulations depict substantial sensitivity to the MODIS GVF, with regional changes in heat fluxes around 100 Wm-2 over the northern U.S. in June 2010. CONUS LIS simulations during the 2010 warm season indicate that the larger MODIS GVF in the western U.S. led to higher latent heat fluxes and initially lower sensible heat fluxes, with a net drying effect on the soil. With time, the drier soil eventually lead to higher mean sensible heat fluxes such that the total surface energy output increased by late summer 2010 over the western U.S. A sensitivity simulation of a severe weather event using real-time MODIS GVF data results in systematic changes to low-level temperature, moisture, and instability fields, and improves the evolution of simulated precipitation.
Novel quinoline derivatives as inhibitors of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

A structurally novel set of inhibitors of bacterial type II topoisomerases with potent in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity was developed. Dual-targeting ability, hERG inhibition, and pharmacokinetic properties were also assessed.
On treatment of tuberculosis in heterogeneous populations

Global eradication of tuberculosis (TB) is an international agenda. Thus understanding effects of treatment of TB in different settings is crucial. In previous work, we introduced the framework for a mathematical model of epidemic TB in demographically distinct, heterogeneous populations. Simulations showed the importance of genetic susceptibility in determining endemic prevalence levels. In the work presented here, we include treatment and investigate different strategies for treatment of latent and active TB disease in heterogeneous populations. We illustrate how the presence of a genetically susceptible subpopulation dramatically alters effects of treatment in the same way a core population does in the setting of sexually transmitted diseases. In addition, we evaluate treatment strategies that focus specifically on this subpopulation, and our results indicate that genetically susceptible subpopulations should be accounted for when designing treatment strategies to achieve the greatest reduction in disease prevalence.
The power of chemical bonding models for prediction of thermodynamics and phase diagrams

The demand for new materials to meet new technological requirements involves consideration of the properties of many combinations of the elements for which experimental data are not available. The examination of the variation of a property such as the enthalpy of formation across the periodic tables often does not yield reliable interpolations or extrapolations because of irregular variations. This problem can be resolved by Born-Haber-type cycles in which the bonding is described in terms of the combinations of gaseous atoms or ions of the same electronic configurations as in the condensed phase. Thus for the alkali halides, one examines the bonding strength for the combination of gaseous ions with the same charges and electronic configurations as in the ionic solid. For chromium to tungsten, bonding in body-centered-cubic (bcc) structures is given relative to d5s gaseous atoms. Thermodynamic properties of combinations of elements can be predicted.
Electrical properties of the thoracic veins

Abstract This preliminary study demonstrates that the conduction velocity in the venae cavae and the stimulation threshold and refractory period of the venae cavae, azygos and pulmonary veins in dogs were very similar to those found in atrial muscle. It is quite likely that atrial muscle extends for a distance into these veins and that the muscle receives vagal innervation. Superior vena caval pacing was performed in 1 patient.
Combined Preoperative Angiography With Transient Uterine Artery Embolization Makes Laparoscopic Surgery for Massive Myomatous Uteri a Reasonable Option: Case Reports

Herein are reported perioperative outcomes in 2 women who underwent laparoscopic myomectomy and hysterectomy to treat massive leiomyomas. Although we counseled the patients about the high risk of conversion to laparotomy, we would not have attempted the laparoscopic approach without a preoperative angiogram and transient uterine artery embolization. Preoperative angiography and selective embolization enable identification of an aberrant parasitic blood supply and minimization of intraoperative bleeding. In the appropriate hands, these tools make a minimally invasive surgical approach possible even for the largest myomatous specimens.
Social ecology of adult males in a confined troop of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)

Abstract Younger subjects among the 20 adult males in the Oregon troop of Japanese macaques ( Macaca fuscata ) had more diverse patterns of use of resting areas. Rank was correlated with consistency of use of paths, as males of lower rank made ‘detours’ to avoid other animals. Males of higher rank used the most preferred and least abundant resting and movement areas and ate from the densest food patches. Old males and males of high rank were more site-attached to shelter areas. Site-attachment may decrease agonistic encounters, since low-ranking males routinely avoided areas most often used by the site-attached and high-ranking males. Alteration of site-attachment by manipulation of resource distribution may alter frequency of agonistic encounters.
Fault Detection in Three-Phase Rotating Machines

Three test methods are proposed which are suitable for detecting turn faults in large three-phase rotating machines. According to these methods, the difference between the terminal voltages of two phases is monitored while either one phase or two phases simultaneously are excited. The excitation voltage may be a surge or a sinusoidal wave of a specified frequency. Results are discussed for the cases with and without the rotor in place as well as with solid and incipient faults. The detection procedure is simplified by an indicating-lamp go/no-go type fault indicator.
Import Quotas and the Product Cycle

This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model of the product cycle in North-South trade to analyze the short-run and long-run effects of import quotas imposed in the North on manufactured goods from the South. The short-run effects are predictable: real wages in the North may rise as a result of the protection, though even this is not certain if the South captures the quota rents. The long-run effect of the protection is to unambiguously reduce real wages in the North because the quotas artificially increase production costs in the North relative to the South, accelerating the transfer of technology and capital from North to South.
Microfiltration of yeast suspensions with self-cleaning spiral vortices: possibilities for a new membrane module design.

A novel method of producing controlled vortices was used to reduce both concentration polarization and membrane fouling during microfiltration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae broth suspensions. The method involves flow around a curved channel at a sufficient rate so as to produce centrifugal instabilities (called Dean vortices). These vortices depolarize the build-up of suspended particles such as yeast cells at the membrane-solution interface and allow for increased membrane permeation rates. Various operating conditions under which such vortices effectively reduced cake build-up of suspended particles such as yeast cells at the membrane-solution interface and allow for increased membrane permeation rates. Various operating conditions under which such vortices effectively reduced cake build-up during microfiltration of 0 to 0.55 dry wt% yeast broth were investigated. Flux improvements of over 60% for 0.25 dry wt% yeast broth for flow with over that without Dean vortices were observed. This beneficial effect increased with increasing retentate flow rate and increasing transmembrane pressure and decreased with increasing concentration of suspended matter. Similar behavior was observed whether the cells were viable of killed. the improvement in flux in the presence over that in the absence of vortices correlated well with centrifugal force or azimuthal velocity squared. The relative cake resistances increased with reservoir yeast concentration. These values with vortices increased from 62% to 75% of that without vortices with increasing yeast concentration. The ratio of the cake thicknesses in the limiting case (at high feed concentration) was 3.25. These results suggest that self-cleaning spiral vortices could be effective in maintaining good and steady microfiltration performance with cell suspensions other than those tested. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The laser-induced combustion synthesis of iron-oxide nanocomposite coatings on aluminum

The potential of synthesizing nano-structure coatings on aluminum cast alloys during laser surface engineering has been explored based on combustion synthesis and underlying rapid-solidification principles. The roles of cooling rate, heterogeneous nucleation site density, and grain multiplication in structure refinements are well known. By combining combustion synthesis and laser surface engineering, refinement to nanostructure is envisioned.
SU‐F‐18C‐12: On the Relationship of the Weighted Dose to the Surface Dose In Abdominal CT – Patient Size Dependency

Purpose: It is possible to measure the patient surface dose non-invasively using radiolucent dosimeters. However, the patient size specific weighted dose remains unknown. We attempted to study the weighted dose to surface dose relationship as the patient size varies in abdominal CT. Methods: Seven abdomen phantoms (CIRS TE series) simulating patients from an infant to a large adult were used. Size specific doses were measured with a 100 mm CT chamber under axial scans using a Siemens Sensation 64 (mCT) and a GE 750 HD. The scanner settings were 120 kVp, 200 mAs with fully opened collimations. Additional kVps (80, 100, 140) were added depending on the phantom sizes. The ratios (r) of the weighted CT dose (Dw) to the surface dose (Ds) were related to the phantom size (L) defined as the diameter resulting the equivalent cross-sectional area. Results: The Dw versus Ds ratio (r) was fitted to a linear relationship: r = 1.083 − 0.007L (R square = 0.995), and r = 1.064 − 0.007L (R square = 0.953), for Siemens Sensation 64 and GE 750 HD, respectively. The relationship appears to be independent of the scanner specifics. Conclusion: The surface dose to the weighted dose ratio decreases linearly as the patient size increases. The result is independent of the scanner specifics. The result can be used to obtain in vivo CT dosimetry in abdominal CT.
Isotopic algebras with nonisomorphic congruence lattices

We present pairs of isotopic algebras with congruence lattices of different sizes, thus answering negatively the question of whether isotopic algebras must have isomorphic congruence lattices.
Mitochondrial abnormalities in progressive external ophthalmoplegia

Three cases of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia demonstrated ragged-red fibers. Histochemical stains showed that the ragged-red fiber appearance was produced by abnormal mitochondria in the muscle. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated the ultrastructural origin of the intramitochondrial inclusions seen in ragged-red fibers. The associated abnormalities in lactic acid metabolism possibly represent an underlying generalized defect in metabolism. This evidence suggests that chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia is a diffuse disease of the mitochondria.
Genomic Organization, Chromosomal Localization, and Expression of the Murine Thromboxane Synthase Gene (Tbxas1) ☆

Thromboxane synthase (TS) is a membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of TxA2, a potent modulator of vascular smooth muscle contraction and platelet aggregation. TS plays an important role in hemostasis and may be intimately involved in the etiology of cardiovascular, renal, and immune diseases. Restriction enzyme mapping, subcloning, and DNA sequencing analysis of recombinant phage lambda and P1 clones revealed that exons encoding the 1.9-kb mouse TS mRNA are dispersed over >150 kb genomic DNA. Determination of the intron-exon splicing junctions established that the mouse TS gene (Tbxas1) is encoded by 13 exons ranging in size from 53 (exon III) to 315 bp (exon IX). Genomic Southern analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization suggested that the gene is a single-copy gene, located on chromosome 6 near the midpoint between the centromere and the Igkappa gene. An alternatively spliced variant of the Tbxas1 transcript, lacking the exon XII-encoded sequence, has been detected in normal mouse tissues. Ribonuclease protection and 5'-RACE assays identified at least five major transcription start sites clustered within 31 bp of the Tbxas1 promoter. The 5'-most start site is not preceded by a TATA box, suggesting transcription can be initiated in a TATA-independent manner. Transfection analyses indicated that the expression of Tbxas1 is controlled by a short (70-bp) positive regulatory sequence and several upstream repressive elements. Mutational studies further demonstrated that NF-E2/AP-1 and Sp1 exerted activating and repressive, respectively, effects on the promoter. These studies provide the genetic tools and information for TS research in mice, which should expedite understanding of the genetic contribution of TS in normal physiology as well as in disease states.
Ultrastructure of crystalloid inclusions in the dog and rat epididymis.

Abstract Fine structural studies of the epididymis of mature mongrel dogs and of Sprague-Dawley rats were undertaken in conjunction with research dealing with the effects of vasectomy upon this organ. This paper reports the observation of crystalloid and lamellar inclusions present in these species following fixation of the epididymis in 5 % glutaraldehyde, post-fixation in osmium, and routine processing for electron microscopy. In the dog, crystalloid inclusions were observed within the cauda epididymidis of unoperated and vasectomized animals. They were found within the apical cytoplasm of principal cells in association with the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, and in some instances, in close proximity to the nucleus. These crystalloids exhibited a 12 nm periodicity and often measured over 3 μm in length. In the rat, two types of inclusions were found, one within mitochondria of clear cells from unoperated animals and another within membrane-bound bodies of principal cells from the caput epididymidis of unoperated and vasectomized animals. The mitochondria which contained inclusions were basally located and were observed in stacks of up to eight elongate mitochondria each. The mitochondrial inclusions exhibited a complex lamellar structure with an approximate periodicity of 36 nm. In contrast, the crystalloid inclusions found within principal cells were sequestered within supranuclear cytoplasmic bodies which increased in number with age. Such crystalloids exhibited a linear periodicity of 11–13.5 nm, but the precise lattice structure remains to be determined. Although certain aspects of the morphology of these bodies suggests a relationship to microbodies, we have been unable to demonstrate catalase activity within them. At present, neither the origin of crystalloid structures described, nor their relationship to epididymal physiology is clear.
ADAPTATION, VARIATION, AND CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY*

Explanation in much of cultural geography has been historical, change being attributed to the availability of new ideas through innovation and diffusion. This approach, however, does not tell us why an idea is adopted. A potentially useful concept for cultural geography is that of adaptation, or strategy for survival, with attention to variation and its origins, the process of selection from variation, and either change or resilience in the face of environmental change.
Conversion of n-butylamine in the course of synthesis from carbon monoxide and hydrogen

The possibility of the direct synthesis of secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines from carbon monoxide, hydrogen and a primary alkylamine on fused iron catalysts was demonstrated.
Using children's humor to clarify the relationship between linguistic awareness and early reading ability

This study uses linguistic humor to show that an awareness of only those linguistic units transcribed by the orthography bears a special relation to early reading success. The subjects were 48 second-grade children tested on ten "phoneme/morpheme" riddles which manipulate phonemes and bound morphemes and ten "control" riddles which depend on awareness of other aspects of linguistic structure and "common sense". Each child also received the Word Identification and Word Attack subtests of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. Reading ability was significantly related to correct resolution of the phoneme/morpheme riddles but not to correct resolution of the control riddles. PPVT scores were significantly related to performance on both types of riddles but not to reading ability. Thus, while IQ is related to the resolution of riddles in general, reading ability has a special relation to riddles which manipulate phonemes and morphemes, consistent with the morphophonological nature of English orthography.
Chronic Idiopathic Nausea of Childhood

Objectives To compare children with primary, chronic idiopathic nausea to those with secondary nausea associated with functional abdominal pain. Study design Retrospective chart review of 45 children with a primary complaint of chronic nausea several times per week. Comparisons were made to prospectively collected data on 49 children with functional abdominal pain and comorbid nausea. Results The majority of those affected were adolescent Caucasian females. Subjects with chronic nausea had a more severe presentation with daily 88% (vs 26%) and constant 60% (vs 10%) nausea ( P P Conclusions Chronic idiopathic nausea of childhood is a poorly described symptom. Patients with primary (vs secondary) chronic nausea were more likely Caucasian, older adolescent females with severe, daily nausea and comorbid conditions such as anxiety, dizziness, and fatigue as well as significantly more migraine features. Chronic nausea is a major, disabling symptom that requires increased recognition as a separate functional entity. Future studies may need to focus on comorbid conditions including migraine and dysautonomia.