cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The pool size, turnover rate, and oxidation rate of body glucose in anesthetized warm- and cold-acclimated rats exposed to a warm environment.

The size and space of the body glucose pool along with its turnover and oxidation rates have been measured in anesthetized 30° and 6 °C acclimated rats by a method involving continuous intravenous ...
On the work–free energy relations in a driven isothermal system: A historical and stochastic perspective

Equality relationships, connecting the work performed in a non-equilibrium driven process of an isothermal system with the difference of equilibrium thermodynamic potentials, have been established by various authors since Jarzynski’s work of 1997, mostly based on a classical phase–space description. Quantum considerations have been limited and stochastic derivations have been mainly ad hoc. However, such processes are better described by an ensemble in the a-space for fluctuating state (or mesoscopic) variables. Going back to the probabilistic results of Boltzmann and Einstein and employing a few basic properties of (generally non-stationary) Markov processes, these relationships follow almost naturally, providing the initial and final states are in contact with the heat bath. The essential point is that in the exponentiated work exp(–βW), the non-equilibrium entropy functions of both initial and final states cancel out. The results obtained are valid for any particle number N. We note that the connection with the microscopic quantum statistical evolution must be considered in order to proceed. In addition, some aspects of irreversibility are briefly being discussed.
Preparing for the practice of internal medicine.

Excerpt To the editor: The article by Kosecoff and colleagues (1) and the editorial by Huth (2) point out the deficiencies of some university hospitals in the primary care training of internists in...
A Silver-110m Contamination in Scintillation Detector Shielding

WE have recently completed the third of three similar lead shielding assemblies for sodium iodide (thallium activated) γ-detectors, used in conjunction with multichannel pulse height analysers. These equipments are used for the assay of biological and other samples arising from statutory monitoring responsibilities connected with the disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear sites.
Observation of a collective excitation in the ejected-electron spectra of Yb and Ba

Ejected-electron spectra of Yb and Ba are presented. In both spectra, structure was seen which is attributable to autoionization to ground and excited states of ${M}^{+}$ ($M=\mathrm{Ba}\mathrm{or}\mathrm{Yb}$), and to Auger decay of highly excited ${M}^{*+}$ states to the ground state of ${M}^{2+}$. In Yb, Auger decay was also observed to populate excited states of ${M}^{2+}$. Both spectra are strongly affected by a collective resonance in the excitation of a $5p$ electron. For energies above the $5p$ ionization threshold, two-step autoionization to ${M}^{2+}$ was found to be dominant.
The blood supply of muscle spindles in some mammals and the pigeon

The blood supply of muscle spindles was studied in serial cross sections in macaque, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, mouse and pigeon muscles which had been incubated in a medium containing 3,3' diaminobenzidine. Lumina of blood vessels were recognized by the reaction product that was localized within erythrocytes. The outer capsule was well vascularized, but few or no capillaries were seen in the periaxial space. The inner spindle capsule, which closely invests the axial bundle, was rarely contacted by periaxial capillaries at the equator and juxtequator. Capillaries occurred more frequently adjacent to intrafusal fibers at the polar region and beyond the end of the outer capsule. Shorter diffusion distances and, usually, higher capillary densities were found at the polar region than at the spindle midsection. This suggests that transcapillary exchange at the polar segment is nearer to conditions prevalent in extrafusal muscle than elsewhere in the spindle, provided the inner and outer capsules are not less permeable at the poles than at the midsection. Differences in blood supply among mammalian species appear to be related to receptor size.
A sulphite-oxidase-deficient rat model: Subchronic toxicology

Abstract Toxicity resulting from exposure to sulphite originating both endogenously and exogenously was investigated in normal rats and in rats made sulphite-oxidase-deficient by molybdenum deficiency abetted by administration of tungstate. The sulphite-oxidase-deficient rats were outwardly as healthy as controls and exhibited normal weight gain and maintenance over the 9-wk test period. The systemic sulphite exposures of normal and deficient rats resulting from various sulphite treatments could be compared by determining the concentrations of tissue S-sulphonate (RS-SO3−) metabolites formed. In general, relatively low intakes of exogenous sulphite (0–3·5 mmol/kg/day) by sulphite-oxidase-deficient rats produced systemic sulphite exposures equivalent to those produced by the ingestion by normal rats of highly sulphited diets (intakes of 13–25 mmol/kg/day). The advantages of the sulphite-oxidase-deficient rat compared to the normal rat as a model for human exposure are discussed. Using these two animal models, it was demonstrated that anaemia and thiamine deficiency, which have been produced previously in sulphite-feeding studies, result solely from the action of high concentrations of sulphite in the diet and/or gut and are not attributable to systemic sulphite exposure. Likewise, prothrombin time and erythrocyte concentrations of glutathione were not affected by high systemic sulphite concentrations in these experiments. A 4 149 incidence of mammary adenocarcinoma was observed in sulphite-oxidase-deficient rats, all in rats aged less than 5 months, compared to 0 143 observed in age-matched rats with normal sulphite oxidase. Although this result was not statistically significant, the rarity of spontaneous tumours of this type among rats of this age suggests that these carcinomas may, in fact, have been treatment related. If indicated, further investigation will be undertaken to determine the role of sulphite-oxidase-deficiency, sulphite and/or tungstate, as well as other elements of the model, in the aetiology of these tumours.
An estimate of the potential significance of heterogeneous loss to aerosols as an additional sink for hydroperoxy radicals in the troposphere

Abstract A simple analysis has been performed to estimate the potential significance for tropospheric chemistry of heterogeneous loss of hydroperoxy (H0 2) radicals to aerosols. By comparing the magnitude of the heterogeneous loss as a function of mass accommodation coefficient and particle number density to the gas-phase chemical loss of H0 2 radicals for urban and remote marine scenarios, it is shown that this process may be an important loss mechanism for H0 2 radicals in the troposphere. Under typical urban conditions, the magnitude of heterogeneous loss of H0 2 may be a significant fraction of the gas-phase chemical loss. This loss process may also be important for remote tropospheric chemistry in that for typical remote marine conditions where NO x and 0 3 concentrations are low, heterogeneous loss may be nearly the same order of magnitude as the gas-phase chemical loss. Two major uncertainties are inherent in the current analysis. One is the value of the mass accommodation coefficient for H0 2 uptake to aerosols. Measurements (Hanson et al. , 1992; Mozurkewich et al. , 1987) indicate that this parameter is most likely > 0.05 and may, in fact, approach unity; however, more laboratory investigations are necessary, especially ones specifically designed to investigate this loss process under typical tropospheric conditions. The second uncertainty is the fate of H0 2 radicals upon being accommodated into an aerosol particle. The current analysis is based on the simplifying assumption that H0 2 is destroyed irreversibly immediately upon entering the aerosol phase. Potential mechanisms for this aerosol-phase destruction have been identified but not definitively tested. A more detailed analysis, including quantitative estimates of these aerosol-phase HO 2 reactions, is necessary to further evaluate the feasibility of this process for tropospheric conditions. Additionally, analysis of coincident measurements of gas-phase species concentrations and aerosol physical and chemical properties are necessary to further examine the significance of this loss process in tropospheric photochemistry.
Human immunodeficiency virus I-induced expression of P-glycoprotein

Abstract Because prolonged treatment of HIV infection with 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) is associated with in vitro resistance to AZT, we examined whether HIV could induce/amplify the expression of p-glycoprotein in infected cells resulting in reduced drug accumulation leading to reduced sensitivity to AZT. We show that both H9 (T cell line) and U937 (monocytic cell line) cells, upon infection with HIV, expressed increased levels of P-glycoprotein and accumulated significantly less AZT and daunorubicin as compared to uninfected cells. Sodium azide increased intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin in infected cells, suggesting a metabolically active drug efflux mechanism. Addition of cyclosporin A partially corrected intracellular drug accumulation in HIV infected cells. In addition, similar to multidrug resistant tumor cells, HIV-infected cells show depolarization of plasma membrane. Taken together, these data suggest that HIV-induced increased P-glycoprotein expression could be one of the mechanisms for reduced intracellular accumulation of antiviral agents and resistance to AZT and perhaps to other anti-retroviral agents.
Aggressive Technology in a Century of Industrial Disasters

When the science of humanity turns its attention toward industrial civilization, it should consider not only the condition of industrial producers, which has been the staple of industrial anthropology in works such as those by June Nash (We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us: Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines. New York: Columbia University Press. 1979) and Aihwa Ong, (Spirits of Resistance and Capitalist Discipline: Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany. State University of New York Press. 1987) but also the distinctive characteristics of industrial societies. One of these is the tendency of industrial societies to democratize physical risk. Some of the unique characteristics of industrial technology, particularly its complexity and its aggressive deployment, have for the first time in history exposed broad reaches of humanity to man-made, large-scale risk. By examining the industrial disasters of the past century, both in their technological dimensions and their moral qualities, we can begin ...
Take Heart in the Age of “Omics”

The advent of access to comprehensive sets of information (ie, genome, transcriptome, proteome, interactome, phenome, and localizome) has brought a new way of global thinking to biological questions, and analysis using these sets is increasingly the choice for many investigations. Although these approaches may appear as a substitute for the more traditional “reductionist” approach that tackles 1 or few genes or gene products at 1 time, they are, in reality, complementary and have the potential to greatly enhance the traditional approach. The “omic,” or comprehensive, approach can yield mountains of new information in a relatively short time. Progress in applying the “omic” approach is still in its early exponential phase and does not look like it will plateau any time soon. An “omic” approach has now been used in the study of heart development. The results provide additional insights into the complexity and number of molecules that orchestrate the development and maintenance of multiple cell types and intricate physiology and pathology of the heart. Transcriptome, or expression profiling of certain cells, groups of cells, or tissues at defined stages and conditions, has been one of the earliest strategies applied to study of the heart. However, using …
Hyperspectral imaging system for whole corn ear surface inspection

ABSTRACT Aflatoxin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus (A.flavus) and Aspergillus parasitiucus fungi that grow naturally in corn. Very serious health problems such as liver damage and lung cancer can result from exposure to high toxin levels in grain. Consequently, many countries have established strict guidelines for permissible levels in consumables. Conventional chemical-based analytical methods used to screen for aflatoxin such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are time consuming, expensive, and require the destruction of samples as well as proper training for data interpretation. Thus, it has been a continuing effort within the research community to find a way to rapidly and non-destructively detect and possibly quantify aflatoxin contamination in corn. One of the more recent developments in this area is the use of spectral technology. Specifically, fluorescence hyperspectral imaging offers a potential rapid, and non-invasive method for contamination detection in corn infected with toxigenic A.flavus spores. The current hyperspectral image syst em is designed for scanning flat surfaces, which is suitable for imaging single or a group of corn kernels. In the case of a whole corn cob, it is preferred to be able to scan the circumference of the corn ear, appropriate for whole ear inspection. This paper discusses the development of a hyperspectral imaging system for whole corn ear imaging. The new instrume nt is based on a hyperspectral line scanner using a rotational stage to turn the corn ear. Keywords: aflatoxin, hyperspectral image, ro tation, corn ear, surface inspection
CPAP-induced mania in bipolar disorder: a case report

Objective In this case report we present our clinical observations of two patients with bipolar disorder with comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) who were treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for their sleep apnea.
Traditional therapy for chronic pelvic pain does not work: what do we do now?

Chronic pelvic pain syndromes are notoriously difficult to manage; little is known about their pathophysiology and most treatments are aimed at relieving the pain associated with the different disorders. This Review discusses some of the available treatments that are being used for the management of chronic pelvic pain and novel therapies that are under investigation. The dilemma of managing patients with chronic pelvic pain syndromes continues to frustrate physicians confronted with these complaints. Multiple diagnoses traditionally label this condition in men and women and, typically, implicate a pelvic-organ system when, in fact, very little objective evidence for a pathophysiologic process exists. Traditional therapies, consisting of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and muscle relaxants, simply do not work, and their lack of efficacy compared with placebo has been documented by randomized clinical trials in the US that were sponsored by the NIH. What do we do now? This review article attempts to describe the clinical efforts of several investigators and to put their patients' outcomes in perspective, and thereby suggest alternative therapies to help these patients.
General physical model for simultaneous diffusion and metabolism in biological membranes. The computational approach for the steady-state case

Abstract A computational approach has been presented for modeling simultaneous diffusion and metabolism in biological membranes. This approach has a virtually unlimited flexibility in the variety and complexity of metabolic schemes that can be modeled. Furthermore, non-uniform enzyme distributions, as well as composite membranes with any number of layers, can also be handled. Example calculations have been presented (using a real system currently being investigated in the author's laboratory) which show that the versatility of this approach is a necessity for the quantitative study of the system. Furthermore, the utility of this approach in guiding decisions as to what path to take in improving a prodrug for a given system is amply illustrated. It is expected that this physical modeling approach, when combined with techniques now being developed for determining the values of the various model parameters, will provide a very useful tool in the investigation and optimization of drug delivery systems.
Carbonaceous material in aerosol particles in the lower stratosphere and tropopause region

[1] The Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS) instrument has measured the composition of single particles in the lower stratosphere. The average fraction of carbonaceous material in the stratospheric particles decreased rapidly above the tropopause. The decrease in the average carbon content was mostly associated with a sharp increase in the bottom 2 km of the stratosphere in the frequency of fairly pure sulfate particles both with or without meteoric metals. The low potassium content of the fairly pure sulfate particles is used to show that they were formed in the stratosphere and were not tropospheric particles that had lost organics because of oxidation. Of the tropospheric carbonaceous-sulfate particles found in the stratosphere, the mass spectra had similar patterns from the upper troposphere to the maximum altitude sampled, about 19 km. A reduction in the carbon to sulfate ratio in tropospheric particles was only apparent above about 440 K potential temperature. This implies that carbon compounds can remain for months in particles larger than about 300 nm. Despite the slow rate, these data do not exclude rapid heterogeneous reactions of organics in the particles with OH or other radicals. There was no evidence of significant transfer of semivolatile organics between particles in the stratosphere. However, particles that originated in the stratosphere acquired small amounts of carbon when they were transported to the tropopause.
Thermodynamics of excitons in coupled quantum wells

Abstract Because of their long lifetime in coupled quantum wells under an applied electric field, excitons may he able to reach thermodynamic quasi-equilibrium. Here we measure photoluminescencc and photoluminescence excitation spectra from a symmetric coupled double quantum well. Analysis of the spectra shows that thermodynamic quasi-equilibrium is not achieved at temperatures below 6 K, where the excitons are trapped in a metastahle distribution. At higher temperatures, quasi-equilihrium is achieved. Because of strong repulsion between the excitons, the quasi-equilihrium distribution can he modeled with a Fermi-Dirac distribution. The model quantitatively explains the striking temperature dependence of the photoluminescence lincwidth which has been previously reported.
First-principles screening of PdCuAg ternary alloys as H2 purification membranes

Predictions based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations have proven to be a useful complement to experimental efforts to characterize permeation of hydrogen through metal membranes at elevated temperatures. Previous applications of this approach have focused on relatively small numbers of alloys with specific binary or ternary compositions. We describe DFT-based calculations that provide predictions for the solubility, diffusivity, and permeability of hydrogen at elevated temperatures in PdCuAg alloys for a wide range of compositions of this ternary alloy that yield substitutionally disordered fcc materials. Our results show that the variation in permeability of hydrogen among these alloys is more closely tied to variations in solubility than variations in diffusivity. These results give a detailed description of a ternary alloy of practical interest for high temperature H2 purification and also demonstrate a general strategy for making predictions about complex metal alloys for this application.
Hierarchies in the Large-Scale Structures of the Universe

We study the common relationships that exist between the various structures in the Universe, and show that a unifying description appears when these are considered as emerging from dynamical critical phenomena characterized by complex exponents in the two-point correlation function of matter density fluctuations. Since gravity drives their formation, structures are more likely to form where there is maximal correlation in the matter density. Applying this simple principle of maximal correlation to the two-point correlation function in a scaling regime with complex exponents leads to a hierarchy of structures where: (1) the structures can be classified according to an integer and (2) there is a common real exponent for the two-point correlation function across the range of structures. This in turn implies the existence of both universal size and mass hierarchy-order relationships. We show that these relationships are in good agreement with observations, and that sizes and masses for the known structures, from Globules in the Interstellar Medium to Clusters of Galaxies, can be classified (essentially to within one order of magnitude out of more than 10 orders of magnitude) in terms of just three constants.
A simple integrative method for presenting head-contingent motion parallax and disparity cues on intel x86 processor-based machines

Rogers and Graham (1979) developed a system to show that head-movement-contingent motion parallax produces monocular depth perception in random dot patterns. Their display system comprised an oscilloscope driven by function generators or a special graphics board that triggered the X and Y deflection of the raster scan signal. Replication of this system required costly hardware that is no longer on the market. In this paper the Rogers-Graham method is reproduced with an Intel processor based IBM PC compatible machine with no additional hardware cost. An adapted joystick sampled through the standard game-port can serve as a provisional head-movement sensor. Monitor resolution for displaying motion is effectively enhanced 16 times by the use of anti-aliasing, enabling the display of thousands of random dots in real-time with a refresh rate of 60 Hz or above. A color monitor enables the use of the anaglyph method, thus combining stereoscopic and monocular parallax on a single display without the loss of speed. The power of this system is demonstrated by a psychophysical measurement in which subjects nulled head-movement-contingent illusory parallax, evoked by a static stereogram, with real parallax. The amount of real parallax required to null the illusory stereoscopic parallax monotonically increased with disparity.
Two-dimensional strain analysis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and normal systolic function: A 12-month follow-up study

Background Although left ventricular (LV) and left atrial (LA) echo indices may reliably reflect loading conditions in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), little is known about 2-dimensional strain imaging. We evaluated LV and LA 2-dimensional strain imaging in relation to long-term outcome in patients with HCM. Methods Fifty consecutive patients (58% men, aged 51 ± 18 years) with familial HCM and normal LV ejection fraction underwent 2-dimensional LV and LA strain imaging; total LA strain was defined as the sum of maximum positive and maximum negative atrial strain. Patients were followed up for 12 months for cardiovascular events, defined as death or hospitalization for cardiovascular causes. Results Twenty patients (40%) experienced an event after a median time of 98 days: 2 (4%) died and 18 (36%) were hospitalized. In multivariate analysis, total LA strain was the strongest predictor of 12-month outcome (odds ratio 0.858, 95% CI 0.771-0.954, P = .005); a cutoff of 21% predicted events with 90% sensitivity and 86% specificity. Total LA strain was also an independent predictor of atrial fibrillation requiring hospitalization (odds ratio 0.853, 95% CI 0.748-0.972, P = .017). Conclusions In patients with HCM and normal systolic function, total LA strain predicts 12-month outcome in terms of death and/or hospitalization.
Induction of psychological death in rhesus monkeys.

An experimental study designed to induce psychological death in rhesus monkeys is presented and discussed. Four infant monkeys were raised with variable temperature surrogates. A 20-minute surrogate cold schedule was imposed 3 times per day, 5 days per week. All animals showed progressively increasing frequencies of disturbance behaviors. The introduction of a nightly 12-hour cold surrogate period at experimental week 9 rapidly produced a dramatic increase in disturbance frequency for all infants, and at the end of 2 weeks appeared to precipitate the death of one subject. A three-fold criterion of impending psychological death was established and successfully applied to the infants of a subsequent study. It is suggested that the case yields further presumptive evidence that imminent psychological death produced by social loss can be detected in time to take appropriate remedial action. Also, this animal model of extreme depression may determine the important variables underlying the disorder.
Pediatric penile tumors of mesenchymal origin.

Abstract Objectives To describe 2 cases of mesenchymal pediatric penile tumors in a 13-year-old boy and an 11-month-old infant. Mesenchymal tumors are rare in the male external genitalia. Methods Two patients, one aged 13 years and one 11 months, presented with painless penile masses at the penoscrotal junction. The evaluation included serial clinical examinations and ultrasonography. Both lesions were surgically excised after increasing in size. Because of malignancy, the first patient underwent wide reexcision of the tumor site. Results The pathologic findings of the first case were combined dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, giant cell fibroblastoma, and fibrosarcoma, a malignant tumor. Immunohistochemical staining showed strong and diffuse CD34 cytoplasmic positivity in the giant cell fibroblastoma and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans components; the dedifferentiated fibrosarcoma tumor cells were negative for this antibody. The second case was myofibroma, a benign fibroblastic tumor with a prominent myofibroblastic component that is congenital and tends to occur within the first few months after birth. Neither patient had recurrence at 16 months and 3 years of follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of combined dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, giant cell fibroblastoma, and fibrosarcoma of the penis and the second reported case of isolated penile myofibroma. Conclusions Penile tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of pediatric penile masses. Surgical resection is often curative, but patients with malignant tumors should receive careful follow-up to monitor for recurrence.
A national survey of the air medical transport of high-risk obstetric patients.

Introduction: Air medical transport of high-risk obstetric (HROB) patients can be accomplished and advantageous for neonate survival and maternal morbidity. A survey of U.S. helicopter air medical programs was conducted to determine the frequency and current practices of HROB transport. Methods: Each program was contacted by telephone, and air medical personnel were asked to answer 12 questions based on personal experience and statistics compiled by their programs. Results: Of the 203 programs surveyed, 133 (66%) provided responses. The mean number of HROB transports was 45.6 per year (4.6% of the mean 995 total transports). Although 83% of the responding programs used the standard flight crew during the HROB transport, only 52% required crew members to maintain neonatal resuscitation certification. Only 56% of the aircraft allow pelvic access in the normal patient configuration. While only 22% of programs have specific HROB launch (dispatch) protocols, 50% reported having obstetricians involved in dispatching flights, and 84% carry tocolytic agents in their drug kit. The greatest concerns included in-flight delivery (60%), inadequate fetal monitoring (6%), and inexperience (5%). Conclusion: While HROBs account for 5% of air medical flights, many programs appear to be poorly prepared for these patients.
A theory of weak interactions

In this paper we investigate the possibility of the existence of anSU3-symmetric structure of weak interactions. For this purpose we view all weak interactions as taking place in a «weak»SU3-space which has «weak» isotropic spinI′ and «weak» hyperchargeY′ as its conserved quantities. The eigenstates ofI′ andY′ are formed out of mixing the physical particle states which are the octets of hadrons and the (postulated) triplets of leptons. All weak interactions now consist of a weakSU3-symmetric part and a part which is asymmetric along the weak hypercharge axis. All the well-known results of the weak decays are derived and the suppression of |ΔS|=1 and ΔI=3/2 and |ΔS|=2 decays is naturally explained. We do not make use of the hypothesis of current-current interaction and octet dominance.
Identifying Potential Leaders for Virtual Teams

Virtual teams are becoming more common work structures because specialized knowledge is often geographically distributed. The performance of virtual teams can be increased through effective leadership. Although a growing body of research exists that has identified behaviors exhibited by effective virtual team leaders, we know relatively less about the characteristics of workers or their prior experiences that make them more likely to exhibit these behaviors. Our research seeks to address this gap by examining how the prior technological and interactional experiences of leadership candidates is related to the leadership behaviors that they exhibit during virtual team work. Our results indicate that prior experience working in virtual teams, particularly with the technologies that support the virtual work, are the most significant factors that predict leadership behaviors. Our results have implications for improving current leadership training programs and for providing effective leadership in existing virtual teams.
21st century literacy for a diverse world.

Literacy demands in the 21st century require that proficient readers do more than ‘read along the lines’ or decode words and know their meaning. Proficient readers must be able to ‘read between the li
Central issue importance as a function of gender and ethnicity

A recent theoretical model of centrality (Bernstein, 1987; Bernstein, Hofmann, Santiago, & Diebolt, 1989) suggests that the importance attached to certain “central issues” may increase the vulnerability of individuals to distress and depression, and may explain the differential rates of depression among gender, racial, and ethnic groups. The present study was designed to examine the importance of central issues as reported by Anglo, Black, and Hispanic men and women (N=169). Multivariate analyses revealed significant gender, ethnicity, and gender X ethnicity effects. Specifically, women considered Intimacy significantly more important than did men, whereas men attached more importance than women to Affiliation. Anglos rated Achievement significantly higher than did Hispanics and Blacks; Hispanics considered Affiliation more important than the other two groups; and Blacks considered Intimacy the least important among the groups. Moreover, Hispanic men attributed significantly greater importance to Change, Adventure, and Control, whereas Hispanic women attached the least significance among all the groups to Control. The results are discussed in terms of cultural influences on sex role orientation and central issues, and the process by which culture and ethnicity may be related to vulnerability to depression and distress.
Translocation of the p53 gene in t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukaemia

Recent studies have demonstrated that the cellular tumour antigen p53 (ref. 1) can complement activated ras genes in the transformation of rat fibroblasts, suggesting that the gene encoding p53 may act as an oncogene2,3. Here, by using in situ chromosomal hybridization4,5, we have mapped the p53 gene to human chromosome 17, at bands 17q21–q22, the region containing one of the breakpoints in the translocation t(15;17) (q22;q21) associated with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL)6,7. Hybridization of p53 and erb-A (17qll-ql2) probes to malignant cells from three APL patients indicated that the p53 gene is translocated to chromosome 15 (15q+), whereas erb-A remains on chromosome 17. Analysis of variant translocations demonstrates that the 15q+ chromosome contains the conserved junction8, suggesting a role for p53 in the pathogenesis of APL. However, rearrangements of the p53 gene were not detected on Southern blotting of DNA from leukaemic cells of four APL patients with t(15;17).
Health Effects of Migration: U.S. Chinese In and Outside the Chinatown

Previous studies on the health effects of migration at the international level have seldom been directed to those concentrated in segregated enclaves. This study hypothesizes that in spite of the known deviations in certain demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of Chinatown (San Francisco-New York City) residents from the US Chinese population no consistent relationship seems to exist between these attributes and health risks as reflected in the mortality levels of the 2 populations. A convergence in mortality was observed for a noticeable number of causes of deaths with but a few disease-cause sets of non-convergence with statistical significance. The study results were interpreted in terms of varying degrees of acculturation experience. (authors)
Analyses of the Sauger Fishery with Simulated Effects of a Minimum Size Limit in the Tennessee River of Alabama

Abstract Saugers Stizostedion canadense were collected in winter and early spring of 1993–1994 and 1994–1995 to describe population characteristics and exploitation rates in the tailraces of Guntersville, Wheeler, and Wilson dams along the Tennessee River in Alabama. Population modeling simulated the response of the fishery to the effectiveness of a newly imposed 356-mm (total length, TL) minimum size limit. The sauger populations in these three tailraces consisted primarily of fish age 2 and younger that were less than 400 mm long. Total annual mortality between age-1 and age-2 fish was high, based on catch rates of specific year-classes, and ranged from 64% to 83%. Age-1 and age-2 saugers averaged about 270 and 350 mm total length (TL) respectively, and from our observations, sauger anglers routinely harvested fish at age 1. Unadjusted (not corrected for tag nonreporting) exploitation rates over the 2-year period ranged from 16% to 30% at the three tailraces and averaged 24%. However, the two methods us...
Acquiring the Mapping from Meaning to Sounds

Abstract One of the fundamental difficulties facing a child trying to acquire a language is that the association between meanings and sounds is for the most part an arbitrary one. In this work, we model this process using a recurrent neural network that is trained to map a set of plan vectors, representing meaning, to associated sequences of phonemes, representing the phonological structure of the surface forms. We evaluate the role of the similarity structure of the target forms (the adult vocabulary) and the similarity structure of the input forms (the semantic structure) on the evolution of the network's vocabulary. The model's performance offers a principled account of various phenomena associated with children's early vocabulary development including the difficulty of acquiring synonyms, the appearance of idiosyncratic forms and over-extension errors. The model makes several unexplored predictions for the developmental profiles of young children acquiring morphology.
The role of insonation intensity in acoustic-enhanced antibiotic treatment of bacterial biofilms

Abstract Bacteria sequestered in a biofilm on medical implants appear to be much more recalcitrant toward antibiotic therapy than planktonic forms of the same bacteria. However, in vitro experiments show that application of ultrasound with antibiotic therapy increases the killing of the bacteria within the biofilm. Herein is reported the influence of ultrasonic power density and waveform in enhancing the action of the antibiotic against biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on a polyethylene substrate. Biofilm viability was measured after exposure to 12 μg ml−1 gentamicin sulfate and various intensities of 70 kHz continuous wave and pulsed insonation. The results indicate that cell death increases as the power density increases, and the amount of killing correlates with peak power density but not with average power density. These experiments were done at fairly low intensity (0.1 to 10 mW cm−2, spatial average temporal average), at which levels the ultrasound alone did not affect biofilm viability.
The effect of Ca2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+ on detergent-permeabilized vascular smooth muscle from the shark, Squalus acanthias

We examined the effect of Ca2+, Cd2+, or Ni2+ on vascular smooth muscle intracellular proteins involved in contraction, using rings of detergent-permeabilized aortae from the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias. Addition of Ca2+ stimulated contraction of the vascular smooth muscle, and permeabilization by treatment with Triton X-100 increased the sensitivity to Ca2+ nearly 5 log units, demonstrating that this protocol left contractile and regulatory proteins intact. Addition of 1 μM calmodulin did not increase the sensitivity of the rings to Ca2+, suggesting that this preparation is not leaky to this regulatory protein. Neither Cd2+ nor Ni2+ stimulated contraction of permeabilized rings demonstrating that the previously-described contractile action of these heavy metals is not mediated by direct stimulation of intracellular proteins, rather by interaction with sarcolemmal proteins.
Maintaining Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Activity Is Critical for mTOR Kinase Inhibitors to Inhibit Cancer Cell Growth

mTOR kinase inhibitors which target both mTORC1 and mTORC2 are being evaluated in cancer clinical trials. Here we report that glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a critical determinant for the therapeutic response to this class of experimental drugs. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 antagonized their suppressive effects on the growth of cancer cells similarly to genetic attenuation of GSK3. Conversely, expression of a constitutively activated form of GSK3β sensitized cancer cells to mTOR inhibition. Consistent with these findings, higher basal levels of GSK3 activity in a panel of human lung cancer cell lines correlated with more efficacious responses. Mechanistic investigations showed that mTOR kinase inhibitors reduced cyclin D1 levels in a GSK3β-dependent manner, independent of their effects on suppressing mTORC1 signaling and cap binding. Notably, selective inhibition of mTORC2 triggered proteasome-mediated cyclin D1 degradation, suggesting that mTORC2 blockade is responsible for GSK3-dependent reduction of cyclin D1. Silencing expression of the ubiquitin E3 ligase FBX4 rescued this reduction, implicating FBX4 in mediating this effect of mTOR inhibition. Together, our findings define a novel mechanism by which mTORC2 promotes cell growth, with potential implications for understanding the clinical action of mTOR kinase inhibitors.
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis: The cellular lesion

Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis: The cellular lesion. The pathological features of 59 renal biopsy specimens with focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSG) were correlated with the patient's clinical and laboratory findings at the time of biopsy. Two morphologic patterns were identified: thirty-nine biopsy specimens had only focal segmental scars which were frequently associated with hyaline deposits. In 20 biopsy specimens with FSG, the glomeruli also contained a cellular lesion. It consisted of hypercellularity in the involved portion of the glomerulus, increased cells in the surrounding Bowman's space, and reactive and proliferative changes in the associated glomerular visceral epithelial cells. The cellular lesion was seen overlying glomerular capillaries with minimal histologic abnormalities and adjacent to scars. However, it was usually superimposed upon a segmental scar or a portion of the glomerulus with collapsed capillaries and wrinkled, folded basement membranes. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy did not demonstrate significant immune reactants or electrondense deposits in the glomeruli. Nineteen of 39 patients with only segmental scars had proteinuria equal to or greater than 3.0 g/day, and nine had the nephrotic syndrome. Eighteen of 20 patients with the cellular lesion had proteinuria equal to or greater than 3.0 g/day, and 14 had the nephrotic syndrome. The interval between the onset of proteinuria and biopsy was much shorter in patients with the cellular lesion (3.4 ± 3 vs. 71.9 ± 87 months, mean ± SD, P
In situ synthesis of AlN in Mg–Al alloys by liquid nitridation

This paper reports the results of an investigation on the in situ formation of AlN particles in a Mg–Al alloy through liquid nitridation. The AlN particles were produced in the Mg–Al melt by bubbling nitrogen gas through the molten alloy. The key mechanism of AlN formation is the combined reactions of 3Mg + N2 → Mg3N2 and Mg3N2 + 2Al → 2AlN + 3Mg.
Checkpoints in memory B‐cell evolution

We consider four sequential phases in the evolution and consolidation of high affinity B-cell memory as it is regulated in a cognate manner by antigen-specific T-helper (Th) cells. Sequential developmental checkpoints control cell fate in each phase of the pathway in ways that still remain poorly understood. The cellular composition and molecular attributes of each checkpoint are of great interest, but they may vary substantially depending on the nature of the immune stimulus. How this stimulus cascades through the innate and then the adaptive immune responses defines initial effector mechanisms in both Th and B-cell compartments. The germinal center reaction controls memory B-cell development with roles for antigen presentation and cognate Th cell regulation in the establishment of the memory B-cell compartment. Antigen re-challenge rapidly promotes effector responses from the memory compartments of both Th and B cells. Importantly, re-challenge also expands and consolidates immune memory at the serological and cellular levels. We review recent advances in our understanding of memory B-cell evolution with emphasis on the regulatory checkpoints that control lymphocyte fate at each developmental juncture.
Numerical identification of forcing terms by discrete mollification

Abstract A new and totally automated technique for the approximate reconstruction of the unknown forcing terms in a system of ordinary differential equations when the experimental information is obtained through measured data, on a discrete set of points, is presented. The numerical method is based on the computation of the derivative of a filtered version of the noisy data by discrete mollification. The unknown forcing terms are reconstructed in a compact subset of the interval where the solution is observed, the compact subset being automatically determined by the amount of noise in the data. Rigorous stability bounds are derived and several numerical examples of interest are analyzed.
Intergrain Coupling in Dusty-Plasma Coulomb Crystals

We have studied the lattice structure of dusty-plasma Coulomb crystals formed in rectangular conductive grooves as a function of plasma temperature and density. The crystal appears to be made of mutually repulsive columns of grains confined by the walls of the groove. The columns are oriented along the direction of the electrode sheath electric field. A simple phenomenological model wherein the intergrain spacing results from an attractive electric-field-induced dipole-dipole force balanced by a repulsive monopole Coulomb force is consistent with observed features of the Coulomb crystal. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Mechanism of wrinkle formation in curing coatings

Abstract Five wrinkling coating systems – ranging from liquid-applied, thermally cured acrylic-melamine and alkyd systems to powder-applied, thermally cured epoxy and polyester systems to a liquid-applied, UV-cured acrylate system – were investigated by optical microscopy and mechanical profilometry. Each system had multi-functional reactants and cross-linkers, and produced a highly cross-linked coating. Upon curing, each appeared to produce a depth-wise gradient in degree of solidification and thereby developed a mechanical skin. The presence of a mechanical skin was demonstrated by physically probing the top surface of the semi-cured coating. Under externally applied compressive stresses, the skin showed wrinkled patterns. It is hypothesized that during cure compressive elastic stress developed in the skin when unreacted low-molecular weight oligomer below the skin diffuses up into the oligomer-depleted cross-linking skin and tends to swell it. This compressive stress, once above a critical value, could be relieved by out-of-plane deformation or buckling that wrinkles the skin. Experimental support for the hypothesis is gathered by wrinkling a homogeneous skin solely by absorption of unreacted material, and by noting the similarity of patterns between curing wrinkled coatings and those produced by compressed elastic films on elastic or viscous sub-layers. Moreover, experiments agree with buckling analysis of a skin-sublayer system, which predicts a linear relationship between the critical wrinkle wavelength and skin thickness.
The Rsp5 E3 Ligase Mediates Turnover of Low Affinity Phosphate Transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

In an effort to identify novel components of the PHO regulon in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have isolated and characterized suppressors of the Pho– phenotype associated with deletion of the Pho4 transcriptional activator. Here we report that either a defective form of the Rsp5 E3 ubiquitin ligase or deletion of the End3 component of the endocytic pathway restores growth of the pho4Δ mutant in the presence of limiting inorganic phosphate (Pi). The spa1-1 suppressor allele of RSP5 encodes a phenylalanine-to-valine replacement at position 748 (F748V) within the catalytic HECT domain of Rsp5. Consistent with suppression due to impaired ubiquitin ligase activity, the heat-sensitive growth defect of the spa1-1 mutant is suppressed either by overexpression of ubiquitin or by osmotic stabilization. Western blot analyses revealed that the cellular levels of the Pho87 and Pho91 low affinity Pi are markedly increased in the spa1-1 mutant, yet Pho84 high affinity Pi transporter levels are unaffected. Furthermore, Pho87 and Pho91 are ubiquitinated in vivo in an Rsp5-dependent manner, and the Pho+ phenotype of the spa1-1 suppressor is dependent upon Pho87 and Pho91. We conclude that turnover of the low affinity Pi transporters is initiated by Rsp5-mediated ubiquitination followed by internalization and degradation by the endocytic pathway.
Efficient computation of response time bounds for preemptive uniprocessor deadline monotonic scheduling

The deadline-monotonic (DM) scheduling of sporadic task systems upon a preemptive uniprocessor is considered. A technique is derived for determining upper bounds on the response time of the jobs of each task, when a constrained-deadline sporadic task system is scheduled. This technique yields a generalization to a load-based sufficient schedulability condition for DM, the generalization being the added ability to account for blocking in the presence of non-preemptable serially re-usable resources.