cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conserved molecular signatures of neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular zone of rodents and primates

The neurogenic potential of the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus is likely to be regulated by molecular cues arising from its complex heterogeneous cellular environment. Through transcriptome analysis using laser microdissection coupled with DNA microarrays, in combination with analysis of genome-wide in situ hybridization data, we identified 363 genes selectively enriched in adult mouse SGZ. These genes reflect expression in the different constituent cell types, including progenitor and dividing cells, immature granule cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and GABAergic interneurons. Similar transcriptional profiling in the rhesus monkey dentate gyrus across postnatal development identified a highly overlapping set of SGZ-enriched genes, which can be divided based on temporal profiles to reflect maturation of glia versus granule neurons. Furthermore, we identified a neurogenesis-related gene network with decreasing postnatal expression that is highly correlated with the declining number of proliferating cells in dentate gyrus over postnatal development. Many of the genes in this network showed similar postnatal downregulation in mouse, suggesting a conservation of molecular mechanisms underlying developmental and adult neurogenesis in rodents and primates. Conditional deletion of Sox4 and Sox11, encoding two neurogenesis-related transcription factors central in this network, produces a mouse with no hippocampus, confirming the crucial role for these genes in regulating hippocampal neurogenesis.
Does quantum entanglement invalidate contrast variation practices in neutron scattering

Abstract A surprising observation of the anomalous deep inelastic neutron scattering from liquid H2O–D2O mixtures was reported recently in PRL. It has also been suggested that such anomalous scattering can manifest itself as a deviation of the neutron scattering length density Nb from the conventional theory, based upon the assumption that the molecular volumes of the constituents are additive in the mixture. For H2O–D2O mixtures deviations as much as 5–10% are predicted from the conventionally expected value Nb. This fact would result in serious consequences for the widely used technique of contrast variation in neutron scattering. We have used an advanced neutron interferometry technique in order to verify these predictions and confirmed the experimental practice of isotopic contrast variation with high precision.
Teacher Expectations and Principal Behavior: Responding to Teacher Acquiescence

This study investigates the relationship between low teacher expectations and principal behavior. The researcher investigated why some teachers seem to acquiesce, or make deals and ‘give in,’ to student disengagement. After a two-year ethnographic study in an alternative school for at-risk Black students, the author found that White teachers are more likely than Black teachers to engage in deal-making with students, whereby Black students were allowed to academically and socially disengage. However, another finding of this research was that the school leader—armed with a vision to combat racism and advocate for children—imposed on his staff a policy that required them to socially and academically engage these Black, at-risk students. Implications for school leaders and teachers of at-risk, alternative school children are presented.
Smart classrooms: doing it cheaply, doing it quickly

Few people would argue the merits of introducing technology in the classroom. UNC Asheville's approach to this problem required several unique ideas and cost-saving measures to insure the project was completed on time and under budget.
Are Changes in Consumption of “Healthy” Foods Related to Changes in Consumption of “Unhealthy” Foods During Pediatric Obesity Treatment?

Increasing fruits and vegetables (FVs), a dietary recommendation for pediatric weight management, is theorized to reduce energy intake by reducing intake of more energy-dense foods, such as snack foods (SFs). This study examined the relationship between changes in FV, SF, and energy intake in children enrolled in a 6-month, family-based behavioral pediatric weight management trial. Secondary data analyses examined dietary intake in 80 overweight (≥ 85th to <95th percentile for body mass index [BMI]) and obese (≥ 95th percentile for BMI) children (7.2 ± 1.7 years) with complete dietary records at 0 and 6 months. Participants were randomized to one of three treatment conditions: (1) increased growth monitoring with feedback; (2) decrease SFs and sugar sweetened beverages; or (3) increase FVs and low-fat dairy. With treatment condition controlled in all analyses, FV intake significantly increased, while SF and energy intake decreased, but not significantly, from 0 to 6 months. Change in FV intake was not significantly associated with change in SF consumption. Additionally, change in FV intake was not significantly related to change in energy intake. However, reduction in SF intake was significantly related to reduction in energy intake. Changing only FVs, as compared to changing other dietary behaviors, during a pediatric obesity intervention may not assist with reducing energy intake.
Retrospective intermodality registration techniques: surface-based versus volume-based

The primary objective of this study is to perform a blinded evaluation of two groups of retrospective image registration techniques using as a gold standard a prospective, marker-based registration method, and to compare the performance of one group with the other. In order to ensure blindedness, all retrospective registrations were performed by participants who had no knowledge of the gold-standard results until after their results had been submitted. Image volumes of three modalities—X-ray Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance (MR), and Positron Emission Tomography (PET)—were obtained from patients undergoing neurosurgery at Vanderbilt University Medical Center on whom bone-implanted fiducial markers were mounted. These volumes had all traces of the markers removed and were provided via the Internet to project collaborators outside Vanderbilt, who then performed retrospective registrations on the volumes, calculating transformations from CT to MR and/or from PET to MR. These investigators communicated their transformations again via the Internet to Vanderbilt, where the accuracy of each registration was evaluated. In this evaluation, the accuracy is measured at multiple “volumes of interest” (VOIs). Our results indicate that the volume-based techniques in this study tended to give substantially more accurate and reliable results than the surface-based ones for the CT-to-MR registration tasks and slightly more accurate results for the PET-to-MR tasks. It was also apparent that all of the registration techniques we examined have the potential to produce satisfactory results much of the time but that visual inspection is necessary to guard against large errors.
Singular Cardinals and the PCF Theory

§1. Introduction. Among the most remarkable discoveries in set theory in the last quarter century is the rich structure of the arithmetic of singular cardinals, and its deep relationship to large cardinals. The problem of finding a complete set of rules describing the behavior of the continuum function 2ℵα for singular ℵα's, known as the Singular Cardinals Problem, has been attacked by many different techniques, involving forcing, large cardinals, inner models, and various combinatorial methods. The work on the singular cardinals problem has led to many often surprising results, culminating in a beautiful theory of Saharon Shelah called the pcf theory (“pcf” stands for “possible cofinalities”). The most striking result to date states that if 2ℵ n < ℵω for every n = 0, 1, 2, …, then 2ℵω < ℵω4. In this paper we present a brief history of the singular cardinals problem, the present knowledge, and an introduction into Shelah's pcf theory. In Sections 2, 3 and 4 we introduce the reader to cardinal arithmetic and to the singular cardinals problems. Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 describe the main results and methods of the last 25 years and explain the role of large cardinals in the singular cardinals problem. In Section 9 we present an outline of the pcf theory. §2. The arithmetic of cardinal numbers. Cardinal numbers were introduced by Cantor in the late 19th century and problems arising from investigations of rules of arithmetic of cardinal numbers led to the birth of set theory. The operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation of infinite cardinal numbers are a natural generalization of such operations on integers. Addition and multiplication of infinite cardinals turns out to be simple: when at least one of the numbers κ, λ is infinite then both κ + λ and κ · λ are equal to max {κ, λ}. In contrast with + and ·, exponentiation presents fundamental problems. In the simplest nontrivial case, 2 κ represents the cardinal number of the power set P(κ), the set of all subsets of κ. (Here we adopt the usual convention of set theory that the number κ is identified with a set of cardinality κ, namely the set of all ordinal numbers smaller than κ.
Lifestyle changes, dietary restrictions, and nutraceuticals in migraine prevention

Migraineurs commonly identify sleep disturbance, stress events, and dietary substances as provokers for headache. The medical establishment universally recommends dietary restrictions while inconsistently addressing other causes. Before frequent headaches develop, sufferers need to minimize risks of headache progression through lifestyle changes. As headaches increase, both sufferer and practitioner begin to consider prevention, the type of which may differ. Both US Headache Consortium and American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study recommendations exist for introduction of drug prevention. Patients consider conventional prevention, but restrict their presumed substance triggers and use alternative therapies as well. Options available include alternative and complementary therapies, optimized lifestyles with changes as necessary, dietary and substance changes, and drug prevention with either conventional pharmacotherapeutics or nutraceuticals. This article discusses this practitioner's empiric recommendation for lifestyle changes and graded evidence for dietary changes and nutraceuticals in migraineurs. Alcohol, aspartame, nitrates, and monosodium glutamate are Grade B-rated dietary substances needing restriction, with MSG lacking data specific for migraine. No consensus yet exists on the hierarchy of efficacy for the nutraceuticals. Given the number of patients studied and data consistency or lack thereof regarding efficacy, Petadolex appears to have best proof followed by magnesium > feverfew (no commercially available MIG-99 forms) > riboflavin > coenzyme Q10 > thiotic acid.
A multidimensional study on the feasibility of parallel switch-level circuit simulation

This paper presents the results of an experimental study to evaluate the effectiveness of multiple synchronization protocols and partitioning algorithms in reducing the execution time of switch-level models of VLSI circuits. Specific contributions of this paper include: (i) parallelizing an existing switch-level simulator such that the model can be executed using conservative and optimistic simulation protocols with minor changes, (ii) evaluating effectiveness of several partitioning algorithms for parallel simulation, and (iii) demonstrating speedups with both conservative and optimistic simulation protocols for seven circuits, ranging in size from 3K transistors to about 87K transistors.
Direct Evidence of an Oceanic Inverse Kinetic Energy Cascade from Satellite Altimetry

Abstract Sea surface height measurements from satellites reveal the turbulent properties of the South Pacific Ocean surface geostrophic circulation, both supporting and challenging different aspects of geostrophic turbulence theory. A near-universal shape of the spectral kinetic energy flux is found and provides direct evidence of a source of kinetic energy near to or smaller than the deformation radius, consistent with linear instability theory. The spectral kinetic energy flux also reveals a net inverse cascade (i.e., a cascade to larger spatial scale), consistent with two-dimensional turbulence phenomenology. However, stratified geostrophic turbulence theory predicts an inverse cascade for the barotropic mode only; energy in the large-scale baroclinic modes undergoes a direct cascade toward the first-mode deformation scale. Thus if the surface geostrophic flow is predominately the first baroclinic mode, as expected for oceanic stratification profiles, then the observed inverse cascade contradicts geost...
Fusion Protein of Retinoic Acid Receptor α with Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein or Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein Recruits N-CoR-TBLR1 Corepressor Complex to Repress Transcription in Vivo

Abstract Fusion proteins of retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) with promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML-RARα) or with promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF-RARα) are associated with and likely responsible for the development of acute promyelocytic leukemia. These oncoproteins retain the ability to bind DNA and retinoic acid through the RARα moiety. This enables them to repress RARα target genes in the absence of retinoic acid, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be investigated. Here we use the frog oocyte system to study transcriptional regulation by PML-RARα and PLZF-RARα in the context of chromatin. We first show that the endogenous corepressor N-CoR forms a complex with TBLR1 (transducin beta-like protein 1-related protein) and that both N-CoR and TBLR1 can interact with unliganded PML-RARα and PLZF-RARα in vivo. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that both oncoproteins recruit TBLR1, as well as N-CoR, to its target promoter, leading to histone deacetylation and transcriptional repression. Furthermore, expression of a dominant negative N-CoR that contains the TBLR1-interacting domain blocks transcription repression by unliganded PML-RARα and PLZF-RARα. Thus, our studies provide in vivo evidence for targeted recruitment of N-CoR-TBLR1 complexes by PML-RARα and PLZF-RARα in transcriptional repression in the context of chromatin.
Continuity of the poleward undercurrent along the eastern boundary of the mid-latitude north Pacific

Abstract Several recent data sets improve our view of the poleward undercurrent of the California Current System. As part of a triennial National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) survey of Pacific whiting, a series of 105 shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) velocity sections across the shelf break from 33 to 51°N at about 18 km meridional spacing were collected from July to August 1995. Significant (>0.05 m s −1 ) subsurface poleward flow occurred in 91% of the sections. A mean cross-shelf section using the entire data set has statistical significance, revealing an undercurrent core >0.1 m s −1 from 200–275 m depth 20–25 km off the shelf break. The mean poleward volume transport in a 125–325 m layer is 0.8±0.2×10 6 m 3 s −1 . We focus particular attention on the Cape Blanco to Cape Mendocino region, and the NMFS results are compared with shipboard ADCP three weeks later from a study of coastal upwelling processes near Cape Blanco. ADCP streamfunction maps are derived and strongly suggest that one portion of flow is continuous over the 440 km meridional extent of the analysis region. Other portions of the flow show evidence of offshore turning, separation, and the formation of anti-cyclonic eddies. We also note that isopycnic potential vorticity from alongslope CTD stations during the NMFS survey appears to be a tracer for the poleward flow.
Evaluation of Water-Repelling Additives for Use in Concrete-Based Sanitary Sewer Infrastructure

Laboratory and field investigations were conducted in order to evaluate the effectiveness of water-repelling additives in reducing the microbial-induced corrosion of concrete-based infrastructure in sanitary sewer systems. Water-repellent additives, used together with silica fume were observed to reduce the sorptivity and increase the acid resistance of concrete under laboratory conditions. This finding was expected because water-repelling additives reduce the affinity of capillary pore surfaces to moisture, and silica fume refines the size distribution and connectivity of capillary pores. Silica fume further refines the chemistry of cement hydration products, yielding enhanced resistance to acid attack. However, despite the low sorptivity and high acid resistance of concrete formulation incorporating water-repelling additives and silica fume, the resistance to microbial-induced corrosion in actual field conditions could not be improved with the strategies considered in this investigation. This new finding indicates that laboratory physical and chemical tests are not adequate for assessing the performance of concrete under microbial attack. Microbial attack can overwhelm the physical and chemical barriers against deterioration that are introduced by water-repellent additives.
The role of β-catenin in chronic myeloproliferative disorders

The goal of the current study is to evaluate the role of beta-catenin in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Expression of beta-catenin was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed decalcified bone marrow biopsy specimens from 52 chronic myeloproliferative disorder cases and 6 nonchronic myeloproliferative disorder bone marrows as controls. The frequency of moderate to strong beta-catenin staining of megakaryocytes was significantly higher in polycythemia vera cases and in essential thrombocythemia cases than in chronic myelogenous leukemia cases (polycythemia vera versus chronic myelogenous leukemia, P = .002345, Fisher exact; and essential thrombocythemia versus chronic myelogenous leukemia, P = .002288), chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis cases (polycythemia vera versus chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, P = .006707 and essential thrombocythemia versus chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, P = .006932) or control cases (polycythemia vera versus control, P = .010489 and essential thrombocythemia versus control, P = .0113120). The erythroid and myeloid lineages showed absent to weak beta-catenin staining in most cases. In conclusion, these results indicate that the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway may have a role in megakaryocytopoiesis in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. In addition, beta-catenin may be a useful marker for differentiating polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia from other types of chronic myeloproliferative disorders.
Severe Generalized Bone Pain and Osteoporosis in a Premenopausal Black Female: Effect of Vitamin D Replacement

Abstract A 39-yr-old black female, with a history of partial gastrectomy, presented with worsening low back and left hip pain. Initial evaluation revealed an elevated sedimentation rate, the presence of antinuclear antibodies, and the absence of rheumatoid factor. Prednisone therapy, for early seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, was of minimal benefit. A bone scan showed radionuclide uptake in the left sacrum. Subsequent biopsy revealed a healing fracture. The pain later involved both hips, knees, feet, hands, spine, shoulders, and ribs. Laboratory evaluation revealed hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 12 ng/mL (normal, 9–52 ng/mL), and an intact parathyroid hormone level of 304 pg/mL (normal, 10–65 pg/mL). The initial bone density by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine was 0.871 g/cm 2 (T-score –1.81) and of the femoral neck, 0.553 g/cm 2 (T score –3.84). Vitamin D and calcium therapy corrected the vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism, with resolution of pain over the ensuing 4 mo. A repeat bone density 2 yr later revealed a 23.7% increase in the lumbar spine and a 36.2% increase in the femoral neck. Clinical osteomalacia results from long-standing vitamin D deficiency. Treatment can result in resolution of bone pain, while producing marked increases in bone density.
Machiavelli’s Political Anthropology

Although Machiavelli tells us at the beginning of the Discourses that he is intent upon charting a new path in political speculation, and although he certainly carries out that intention, in another sense he is perpetuating the tradition of inquiry begun by Plato, the founder of western political theory. It is Plato who, in the Republic, espouses the macroanthropological principle and makes the human psyche rather than the visible heavens the basis of an ordered polity. The interpenetration of psyche and society is a leading theme for both men. The decisive difference between these great thinkers results from the fact that Plato begins his analysis with the ordered psyche of the philosopher open to the experience of the world-transcendent ground and works his way down to the psychology of the demos, while Machiavelli begins with the psychology of the demos and works his way up to a vision of the order-giving psyche of the heroic individual possessed of virtu. Machia-velli’s ascent is only partial, however. His analysis moves within the sphere of immanent existence; the problem of man’s relation to Being is bracketed in favor of considering his precarious foothold in the stream of becoming.
Social Determinants of Health in Nursing Education, Research, and Health Policy:

The adoption of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the recent Institute of Medicine report, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, have brought about a resurgence of interest in the social determinants of health as the basis for healthcare decisions in nursing education, research, and health policy. Nurses are positioned to be at the forefront of crucial healthcare reform to affect health outcomes and reduce health disparities profoundly. However, for nurses of the 21st century to improve the health of U.S. citizens and promote health equity effectively, we must first intently address the social determinants of health in our current nursing educational models, research agendas, and public health policies.
The Assessment of Emotion Regulation in Cognitive Context: The Emotion Amplification and Reduction Scales

The purpose of this study was to provide initial psychometric evidence for the reliability and validity of The Emotion Amplification and Reduction Scales (TEARS), a questionnaire designed to assess perceived ability to change the trajectory of an emotional response. Items were formulated to assess perceived ability to amplify an emotionally response by either prolonging or intensifying an existing emotion. Additional items were selected to measure processes related to emotion reduction, selecting an emotional response or altering an existing emotion by softening, stopping, or shortening it. Both subscales, Emotion Amplification and Emotion Reduction, were found to have good internal consistency. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to document the two-factor structure of the measure and to assess evidence for construct validity. The latent Emotion Reduction variable was found to correlate inversely with negative affect and symptoms of depression. The latent Emotion Amplification variable was found to correlate with higher positive affect and also fatigue. As expected, TEARS is correlated with tonic measures of emotionality.
Remotely controlled laboratory experiments: Creation and examples

Most users who can only connect to their university through distance learning enabled programs have no other choice than to sit out the experimental side of education. Remote Labs have the greatest potential to overcome the bottleneck in distance education. The goal of Remote Laboratory implementation is to grant these students access to laboratory equipment. Although there is not currently a way to perfectly emulate these encounters completely, there are many practices and tools that will help match a traditional kinesthetic environment in a Remote Lab. An experiment was created during thesis research to obtain experimental data and analyze the ability of Remote Labs to be integrated with current coursework. Surveys were distributed to appraise the perception of the lab. The collected data indicated that the perceptions a student carries about the effectiveness of Remote Laboratories improves after they perform the experiment.
Navigating multiple options and social relationships in plural health systems: a qualitative study exploring healthcare seeking for sick children in Sierra Leone.

Background Sierra Leone has emerged from civil war but remains in the lowest tier of the human development index. While significant health reforms, such as the removal of user fees, aim to increase access to services, little is known about how families navigate a plural health system in seeking health care for sick children. This research aims to build on recent care-seeking literature that emphasizes a shift from static supply-and-demand paradigms towards more nuanced understandings, which account for the role of household agency and social support in navigating a landscape of options. Methods A rapid ethnographic assessment was conducted in villages near and far from facilities across four districts: Kambia, Kailahun, Pujehun and Tonkolili. In total, 36 focus group discussions and 64 in-depth interviews were completed in 12 villages. Structured observation in each village detailed sources of health care. Results When a child becomes sick, households work within their geographic, social and financial context to seek care from sources including home treatment, herbalists, religious healers, drug peddlers and facility-based providers. Pathways vary, but respondents living closer to facilities emphasized facility care compared with those living further away, who take multi-pronged approaches. Beyond factors linked to the location and type of healthcare provision, social networks and collaboration within and across families determine how best to care for a sick child and can contribute to (or hinder) the mobilization of resources necessary to access care. Husbands play a particularly critical role in mobilizing funds and facilitating transport to facilities. Conclusion Caregivers in Sierra Leone have endured in the absence of adequate health care for decades: their resourcefulness in devising multiple strategies for care must be recognized and integrated into the service delivery reforms that are making health care increasingly available.
Chemically induced branching of woody landscape plants.

Abstract Axillary budbreak of Ilex Crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’ and ‘Ilex vomitoria’ Ait. ‘Stoke's Dwarf’ hollies was promoted by a single BA (N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine) application of 125–1000 ppm compared to an unpruned control. Budbreak of Photinia × Fraseri Dress was stimulated by 500–2500 ppm BA and 2000–5000 ppm Promalin (BA + GA4+7). Budbreak in Nandina domestica Thunb. ‘Harbour Dwarf’ increased with 1000–2500 ppm BA and 2000–5000 ppm Promalin application. Budbreak of Rhododendron × ‘Formosa’ azalea was promoted by 2000 and 2500 ppm BA and 2000–5000 ppm Promalin. Axillary budbreak of Ternstroemia gymnanthera (Wight & Arn.) T. Sprague) and Raphiolepis indica (L.) Lindl. was not affected by BA or Promalin application.
Cognitive Science and the Failure to Allow for Error and Misrepresentation

The basic outlook of cognitive science is that through empirical research we can discover the functional architecture of the mind/brain. It is anti-verificationist in approach: just as we can have indirect evidence about the real nature of the world, even of unobservable particles, we can use psychological and neurophysiological evidence, to establish how the mind works. On such a view, we are required to be able to give a naturalistic account of mental content to allow it a place in the explanation of how the mind works. The going theory of content in cognitive science is a functionalist one: the meaning of a representation is a function of its role in the cognitive system. By another name this is conceptual role semantics, but it is the same basic view as what I have been calling a use theory of meaning of mental representations. The question for us is: Do we get the same rejection of error without the verificationism that leads us to it in the way described in the previous chapter? How and why would this result be obtained? To explain this, I will first sketch a general argument that applies to all forms of the realist, cognitive science side of theories of content. Then I will go into detail about how the acknowledged ‘conceptual role theories’ attempt to establish wide content, and with it at least some misrepresentation (i.e. Twin-misrepresentation). All of these theories are two-factor or dual-aspect conceptual role theories, and we will see that they all fail due to a fundamental structural flaw. Then we will look at causal, informational, and adaptational role theories of content. I call these ‘disguised use theories’, since they often proclaim not to be use theories, but they are in fact use theories, which include only a restricted class of uses to be meaning-fixing. We will look at their attempts to allow for misrepresentation, and see why they fail.
Oceanic Turbulent Energy Budget using Large-Eddy Simulation of a Wind Event during DYNAMO

AbstractThe dominant processes governing ocean mixing during an active phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation are identified. Air–sea fluxes and upper-ocean currents and hydrography, measured aboard the R/V Revelle during boreal fall 2011 in the Indian Ocean at 0°, 80.5°E, are integrated by means of a large-eddy simulation (LES) to infer mixing mechanisms and quantify the resulting vertical property fluxes. In the simulation, wind accelerates the mixed layer, and shear mixes the momentum downward, causing the mixed layer base to descend. Turbulent kinetic energy gains due to shear production and Langmuir circulations are opposed by stirring gravity and frictional losses. The strongest stirring of buoyancy follows precipitation events and penetrates to the base of the mixed layer. The focus here is on the initial 24 h of an unusually strong wind burst that began on 24 November 2011. The model shows that Langmuir turbulence influences only the uppermost few meters of the ocean. Below the wave-energized regi...
QE and Yield-Oriented Investors: Depressing Implications for Investment

If the firm chooses the stock of capital, labor, cash (distributions) so as to maximize its expected discounted present value, its investment policy should adjust endogenously to changes in investor preferences. It is hypothesized that quantitative easing (QE) affects asset prices through a “portfolio balance channel” that does not exist in representative agent asset pricing models. It is possible that this channel arises because of the existence of “yield-oriented” investors who seek to maximize current income as well as holding period returns. I demonstrate that changes in the net demand of such investors may create strong incentives for firms to distribute rather than reinvest earnings to capitalize on the higher valuations ascribed to current cash flows. This endogenous adjustment in investment policy could help to explain why business investment has remained so weak despite the large increase in business cash flows, the sharp drop in financing costs, and and the increase in aggregate average Q since 2010.
Current Topics in Cerebral Vasospasm

Although considerable improvement in operative mortality and morbidity has been made in the past 15 years in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) from cerebral aneurysms, many reports document the lack of similar improvement in case morbidity and mortality [1, 3]. A major contributing factor to the persistently high morbidity of SAH is the development of cerebral vasospasm and ischemia which leads to progressive ischemic neurological deficits during the first 5–9 days after SAH [1, 3, 4, 5]. Vasospasm is found by angiography in as many as 70% of patients, and symptomatic vasospasm develops in 20%–30% of patients following SAH. Cerebral vasospasm with secondary ischemia is the leading cause of death and disability among patients with aneurysmal SAH [9].
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF INTRINSIC URETHRAL DYSFUNCTION: Slings

Slings are a durable and effective treatment for intrinsic sphincter deficiency, regardless of its etiology. The history of slings throughout the 20th century, and the current surgical technique, is described in this article. A comparison of slings with alternative treatments of intrinsic sphincter deficiency, such as artificial sphincters and collagen is presented. Slings play a significant role in the treatment of stress incontinence.
National survey of hospital pharmacy facilities: Adequacy of facilities and changes planned

The adequacy of existing space allocations for hospital pharmacy facilities and planned changes are described. A 12-page questionnaire was sent in July 1982 to the chief pharmacists in a random sample of 1846 hospitals in the United States stratified by 10 hospital types. The respondents in each hospital type and size were categorized by their perceived adequacy of existing space for pharmacy facilities and their plans for adding pharmacy functions and staff. Changes in pharmacy facilities that would improve pharmaceutical services were identified, as were planned changes in facilities. The amount of proposed space approved and not approved for pharmacies in hospitals of each type were determined. The response rate was 45.6%, and the respondents were representative of the population. Forty-nine percent of the respondents reported having adequate space. Only 35% of the respondents indicated that no changes could be made in facilities to improve pharmaceutical services. Forty-one percent of respondents planned one or more changes of some kind in pharmacy facilities; this ranged from 14% for long-term, nonprofit hospitals to 50% for long-term, for-profit hospitals. Sixty-six (8%) of the 843 hospitals had additional floor space approved and funded for the pharmacy; 71% had proposed space that was not approved. Sixty-three percent of all respondents planned new pharmaceutical functions; 56% and 42% planned an increase and no change, respectively, in the number of pharmacy staff members. Adding more space may be one way to improve hospital pharmacy facilities, but more attention also should be directed toward better use of existing space, equipment, and fixtures.
Genitourinary problems in children.

Obvious pathology of the skin, the eyes, the limbs, and other portions of the body can alert the physician to a genitourinary abnormality. Diagnosis and treatment of a variety of conditions that occur throughout childhood are discussed.
Soldier background and postinvestigative events associated with timing of suicide following deployment of U.S. army national guard soldiers

The present study examined the timing of suicide and its associated soldier background and postinvestigative events among deployed Army National Guard (ARNG) soldiers from calendar years 2007 throu...
Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell Photocharging of Lithium Ion Battery Using DC–DC Booster

Solar cells become a viable energy source to charge lithium ion batteries. Here a simple and efficient photocharging design approach is demonstrated, where a promising low cost single junction solar cell such as perovskite solar cell or dye sensitized solar cell efficiently charges a Li4Ti5O12-LiCoO2 Li-ion cell using a DC–DC voltage boost converter. The converter boosts the low input voltage of a single junction solar cell to charge a lithium ion cell and offers advantages including maximum power point tracking of solar photovoltaics and overvoltage protection for the lithium ion cell. This is the first demonstration of this technology. This approach leads to the highest reported overall efficiency of 9.36% and average storage efficiency of 77.2% at 0.5 C discharge for a perovskite solar cell-converter charging. The high efficiency for the perovskite solar cell-converter charging is attributed to maximum power harvesting along with high power conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell and low potential polarization between the charge and discharge voltage plateaus for the Li4Ti5O12-LiCoO2 Li-ion cell.
Meaning and function in Shangana-Tsonga musical instruments

The Shangana-Tsonga of the northern Transvaal and Mozambique utilize a broad and interesting range of indigenous musical instruments. In the chordophone class there are the xizambi notched friction bow, the xitende braced gourd-bow, the xipendana thick-handled bow, and the mqangala hollow cane-bow. In the aerophone class there are the xitiringo three-hole transverse flute, the herdboys' nanga whistle, and the mhalamhala kudu antelope horn. In the membranophone class there are the ncomane flat round herbalists' drum, the ndzumba drum used during girls' initiation, the xigubu drum of the boy's drumming school, and the large ngoma of the social beer -drink. In the idiophone class there are the timbila thumb-piano, the mohambi xylophone, and the marhonge fruitshell-leg-rattle.
Number of retained radiopaque markers on a colonic transit study does not correlate with symptom severity or quality of life in chronic constipation.

Background Ingestion of radiopaque markers (ROM) is frequently used to determine colonic transit in chronic constipation. Although ≥20% of retained markers at 5 days defines slow-transit constipation, some clinicians use the number of retained markers to determine disease severity. Methods We assembled a cross-sectional cohort of patients presenting for evaluation of chronic constipation who underwent transit testing by ROM and completed validated symptom severity and quality-of-life (QOL) measures. We performed a correlation analysis to determine whether there was an association between number of retained markers and symptom severity and QOL. Key results Among 159 patients undergoing evaluation for chronic constipation, there was poor correlation between the number of retained markers and symptom severity (R = .09, P = .25) and QOL. Among the 55 patients with slow-transit constipation defined by ≥5 retained markers retained on day 5, there were similarly poor correlations between symptom severity (R = .17, P = .21) and QOL (R = .07, P = .60). Excluding patients with irritable bowel syndrome and outlet obstruction by balloon expulsion testing did not materially alter our results, nor did a multivariable analysis controlling for demographic and psychiatric confounders. Conclusions and inferences Among patients with chronic constipation, number of retained markers on a ROM colonic transit study does not correlate with measures of symptom severity or QOL. Clinicians should be cautious about overinterpreting ROM transit testing.
Case report of high-dose hydroxocobalamin in the treatment of vasoplegic syndrome during liver transplantation.

A 66-year-old man with cryptogenic cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis presented for orthotopic liver transplantation. Following organ reperfusion, the patient developed vasoplegic syndrome, with arterial blood pressures of approximately 60-70/30-40 mm Hg (mean arterial pressure [MAP] 90 minutes. He required high-dose norepinephrine and vasopressin infusions, as well as i.v. bolus doses of norepinephrine and vasopressin to reach a goal MAP> 60 mm Hg. There was minimal response to a 2 mg/kg i.v. bolus of methylene blue. Following the administration of 5 g of i.v.hydroxocobalamin, the patient had a profound improvement in arterial blood pressure, with subsequent discontinuation of the vasopressin infusion and rapid reduction of norepinephrine infusion from 20 to 2 μg/min. While there have been several reports of the efficacy of hydroxocobalamin for vasoplegia after cardiopulmonary bypass, there have been only limited cases of hydroxocobalamin used in liver transplantation, and none with high-dose administration. We present a case of vasoplegic syndrome during liver transplantation that was refractory to high-dose vasopressors and methylene blue but responsive to high-dose i.v. hydroxocobalamin.
Imagery and Thinking: Covert Functioning of the Motor System

In numerous studies, it has been found that a variety of bodily systems are covertly activated during cognition. Excellent accounts of brain functioning during thought may be found in Delafresnaye (1954), Eccles (1966), and more recently Young (1970). An instance of a strong centralist position is that of Lashley (1958), in which it is held that thought occurs exclusively within the cerebrum (the “Donovan’s brain theory” cf. McGuigan, 1973b). The eye also has ranked high in importance among bodily systems that have been empirically implicated in the silent performance of cognitive tasks. Hebb (1968), for instance, in analyzing perception and imagery, held that peripheral activity, especially eye movement, is essential during the formation of images. A general treatment of visual system functioning during cognition may be found in Chase (1973). Visceral activity has been empirically and theoretically implicated in cognitive processes in a variety of ways; we should especially mention work on the esophagus (e. g., Jacobson, 1929), on intestinal activity (e. g., Davis, Garafolow and Gault, 1957), on electrodermal responding (e. g., Grings, 1973), and on the autonomic system in general (e. g., Lacey and Lacey, 1974). Finally, we may note that the skeletal musculature has, since the time of the ancient Greeks, been held to perform critical functions during thought (cf. Langfeld, 1933, and Smith, 1969).
Five-dimensional taxonomy to relate human errors and technological interventions in a human factors literature database: Research Articles

One of the main factors in all aviation accidents is human error. Therefore, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation Safety Program (AvSP) has identified several human factors safety technologies to address this problem. Some technologies directly address human error either by attempting to reduce the occurrence of errors or by mitigating the negative consequences of errors. However, new technologies and system changes may also introduce new error opportunities or even induce different types of errors. Consequently, a thorough understanding of the relationship between error classes and technology “fixes” is crucial for the evaluation of intervention strategies outlined in the AvSP so that resources can be effectively directed to maximize the benefit to flight safety. This article summarizes efforts to map intervention technologies onto error categories and describes creation of a conceptual framework, identification of applicable taxonomies for each dimension of the framework, and construction of a usable prototype database. The framework consists of a three-dimensional matrix with axes for the human operator, the task, and the environment. Human errors and technologies cohabit molecules in the matrix linking them. The database allows for taxonomic development in all three areas pertaining to human performance by keeping the taxonomies dynamic. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cray-2: The New Standard in Supercomputing

An overview of the Cray-2 system, including its capability and performance, is provided. The Cray-2 consists of 4 background processors and a foreground processor for I/O. An extremely large multibank memory is a key feature, as is the cooling technology. The operating system is based on Unix System. V*. The Cray-2 may be considered as the new standard in supercomputing because of its unprecedentedly large main memory and its Unix operating system.
Enhanced performance of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes /polysulfone nanocomposite membrane with improved permeability and antifouling properties for water treatment

Abstract Modification of polymeric membranes for generating membranes with enhanced permeability, rejection, and self-cleaning capability in water treatment has been the major goal of researchers in academia and industry recently. We report here a new polysulfone (PSF)/ polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane with enhanced permeability, rejection, and antifouling capability for treatment of feed water containing humic acid (HA) as a model foulant. The effects of incorporation of POSS nano-fillers on intrinsic properties of PSF membranes such as membrane surface charge, surface roughness, pore morphology, tortuosity, porosity, and consequently on membrane performance were evaluated. In general, the main effects of POSS nanoparticles at concentrations of less than 2% (wt.%) can be summarized as (1) increased hydrophilicity and negative electrical surface charge of the membranes which resulted in the enhanced self-cleaning and rejection properties and (2) a change in the membranes pores morphology towards formation of more pores on the top surface and interconnected long finger like pores in the membrane matrix which resulted in higher flux. The addition of 2% POSS into PSF membranes resulted in significantly enhanced membrane permeability, however reduced the rejection ability of the membranes. The concentration of 0.5% POSS was found to be the optimal concentration that increased the permeability as well as the antifouling capability of the membranes while the rejection capability of nanocomposite membranes for HA increased slightly as compared to pure PSF membranes.
A Signal Verification Approach to Cognitive Radio Network Security

Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) has shown the way of communication without the spectrum scarcity. In this paper, we propose a learning method for the security of CRN which can be used to identify known signals and thus report any unexpected behavior or signals in the network.
Building Student Engagement through Social Media.

Social media offers several opportunities in the classroom that include increased student engagement, building students’ professional and peer networks, and developing their social media skills. Th...
State Tax Actions 2001

The author reviews state legislative tax actions in 2001. Twenty-six states reduced net taxes in the 2001 legislative sessions. Legislatures in nine states cut taxes significantly, or by 1 percent or more of the previous year's collections, the report says.
Analyzing and Designing an Arduino Controlled System to Study the Effect of Changing Water Levels on Water Flow Through Sediments

The hyporheic zone is the region of sediment under a stream where water from the stream flows before returning to the stream itself. Many studies focus on steady water flow through this region, however, in natural systems, water levels and water flow rates change due to storms, tides, dams, or melting snow. To investigate flow under unsteady conditions, we built a system that allows us to control the water level and thus the flow rates. We used a pressure sensor that is connected to an Arduino board to measure the water level. The Arduino board uses the measured pressure value to control a water pump. When the water level is lower than desired, the pump will turn on and when it is higher than desired, it will turn off. This allowed us to hold the water level constant or tell it to oscillate. We then evaluated our system by comparing our desired water level functions to those measured with our pressure sensor, those measured by a pressure transducer connected to a separate Arduino, and those we extracted from videos of our system. Faculty Sponsor: Susa H. Stonedahl