cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multimode optical interconnects with low modal noise for spaceborne databusses and commercial computers

Acceptance of optical interconnects into spaceborne and ground-based military systems will be limited by the risk and maturity of the technology. Multimode fibers are currently the interconnect medium of choice for military application due to the availability of qualified parts. Multimode optical interconnects also offer lower assembly cost than singlemode interconnects, making them attractive for use in commercial computers. In both applications, modal noise may limit the attainable bit error rate in a digital system. We report on an investigation of the validity of simple expressions for determining modal noise in multimode systems, and consider in particular waveguides supporting fewer modes than typical multimode fibers and waveguides with incomplete modal excitation. We conclude that the simple expressions are valid for losses greater than approximately 0.5 dB per interface, but that the actual signal-to-noise ratio is significantly poorer than that predicted by theory for large displacements of waveguides in which a small fraction of the total modal volume is excited. We describe two simulation techniques for determining the statistics of the transmission associated with a waveguide bend, and find that the simple formula widely used for straight waveguide intersections do not describe curved waveguide interconnects accurately. We also describe a practical demonstration of two optical interconnect systems in which multimode interconnect media incorporating several imperfect interfaces and excited with coherent sources can achieve useful bit error rates in digital systems. In the first interconnect, a fiber optica data bus for satellite use employs six multimode connectors and multimode fiber to transmit data at 1.2 Gbps over distances from 1 meter to 100 meters. In the second interconnect, passive multimode polymide waveguides compatible with intracabinet optical interconnects are used to implement a multichip module (MCM)-to-MCM interconnect in which optoelectronic die are incorporated in a 'chip first' multichip module technology.
Comparison of peptides in the phloem sap of flowering and non-flowering Perilla and lupine plants using microbore HPLC followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Physiological evidence indicates that flower formation is hormonally controlled. The floral stimulus, or florigen, is formed in the leaves as a response to an inductive photoperiod and translocated through the phloem to the apical meristem. However, because of difficulties in obtaining and analyzing phloem sap and the lack of a bioassay, the chemical nature of this stimulus is one of the major unsolved problems in plant biology. A combination of microbore high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was used to compare the contents of the phloem sap from flowering and non-flowering plants. Instead of using one- or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, microbore HPLC separations allowed us to detect proteins/peptides that were very small and present at very low levels. We detected more than 100 components in the phloem sap of Perilla ocymoides L. and Lupinus albus L. Sequences for 16 peptides in a mass range from 1 to 9 kDa were obtained. Two of these could be identified, 11 showed similarity to known or deduced protein sequences, and three showed no similarity to any known protein or translated gene sequence. Four of these peptides were specific to, modified, or increased in plants that were flowering, indicating their possible role in flower induction. The sequences of these peptides showed similarities to two purine permeases, a protein with similarity to protein kinases, and a protein with no similarities to any known protein.
Understanding the Growth Phenotype of the Yeast gcr1 Mutant in Terms of Global Genomic Expression Patterns

The phenotype of an organism is the manifestation of its expressed genome. The gcr1 mutant of yeast grows at near wild-type rates on nonfermentable carbon sources but exhibits a severe growth defect when grown in the presence of glucose, even when nonfermentable carbon sources are available. Using DNA microarrays, the genomic expression patterns of wild-type and gcr1 mutant yeast growing on various media, with and without glucose, were compared. A total of 53 open reading frames (ORFs) were identified as GCR1 dependent based on the criterion that their expression was reduced twofold or greater in mutant versus wild-type cultures grown in permissive medium consisting of YP supplemented with glycerol and lactate. The GCR1-dependent genes, so defined, fell into three classes: (i) glycolytic enzyme genes, (ii) ORFs carried by Ty elements, and (iii) genes not previously known to be GCR1 dependent. In wild-type cultures, GCR1-dependent genes accounted for 27% of the total hybridization signal, whereas in mutant cultures, they accounted for 6% of the total. Glucose addition to the growth medium resulted in a reprogramming of gene expression in both wild-type and mutant yeasts. In both strains, glycolytic enzyme gene expression was induced by the addition of glucose, although the expression of these genes was still impaired in the mutant compared to the wild type. By contrast, glucose resulted in a strong induction of Ty-borne genes in the mutant background but did not greatly affect their already high expression in the wild-type background. Both strains responded to glucose by repressing the expression of genes involved in respiration and the metabolism of alternative carbon sources. Thus, the severe growth inhibition observed in gcr1 mutants in the presence of glucose is the result of normal signal transduction pathways and glucose repression mechanisms operating without sufficient glycolytic enzyme gene expression to support growth via glycolysis alone.
The mental health HMO: capitation funding for the chronically mentally ill. Why an HMO?

Excesses associated with deinstitutionalization during the 1970s provided a legacy of homelessness, revolving door rehospitalization, and gridlock in metropolitan hospital emergency rooms. To allow for the seriously and persistently mentally ill to move planfully into community life, caregivers must utilize new and improved care models. One option is the HMO capitation model being tested in the Monroe/Livingston County Mental Health Demonstration in New York State. Experience indicates positive results for patients and lower than anticipated costs. Integrated Mental Health (IMH) is the local authority for this locally designed demonstration in New York State. Community Mental Health Centers (CMHCs) act as “Lead Agencies” to manage care and rehabilitation for seriously mentally ill patients previously dependent totally on the State hospitals' services. Both improvements in patient functioning and in reduced cost of appropriate community care are being documented by this demonstration project.
Cytokine expression by models of human trophoblast as assessed by a semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique

PROBLEM : Cytokines form an important communication network between the mother and fetus. Defining the significance of these factors requires an understanding of their constitutive expression by maternal and fetal tissues. This study examines cytokine expression by human trophoblast. METHODS : A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was used to assess cytokine expression by choriocarcinoma cells (BeWo, JEG-3, and JAR) and term trophoblast. Placental digests were enriched for trophoblast by immunoaffinity (CD-9) columns. RESULTS : Interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ were weakly expressed or absent in the choriocarcinoma cells. In contrast, these cytokines were expressed by term trophoblast. IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-β, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA were detected in all trophoblast cells, except for a paucity of IL-10 expression by JEG-3 cells. CONCLUSIONS : Human choriocarcinoma cells and term trophoblast express cytokines that may regulate critical reproductive events. Expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ by term trophoblast could trigger labor or be a consequence of labor-associated events.
Measuring the efficiency of Mexican airports

This paper examines, by means of data envelopment analysis, the operational performance of 37 major airports in Mexico. Three analyses are performed considering returns to scale and efficiency scores: constant return to scale composed by technical and scale efficiency, variable return to scale based on pure technical efficiency, and a ratio of these two to measure scale efficiency. Four Mexican airports achieve overall efficiency. Some hypotheses are tested to validate managerial recommendations and derive policy implications.
Hydroxypropylated starch: Granule subpopulation reactivity

ABSTRACT To determine differences in the reactivity of individual starch granules based on size, maize, wheat, and potato starches were hydroxypropylated then fractionated into subpopulations containing the largest and smallest granules under conditions that minimized leaching. Molar substitution values of the fractions within each starch were similar, indicating little if any differences in reactivity of granules of different size when reacted with propylene oxide, a slow-reacting reagent.
Part 1. Direct Measurement of Depletion Attraction and Thin Film Viscosity between Lipid Bilayers in Aqueous Polyethylene Glycol Solutions

Using the surface forces apparatus, we have measured the static and hydrodynamic forces between two substrate supported lipid bilayers in water and semidilute aqueous solutions of 8000 MW poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), a neutral polymer for which water is a good solvent. At small separations (D < RF, Flory radius), an enhanced adhesion due to depletion attraction was measured. Conversely, at larger separations we found a repulsive barrier, which is not predicted by mean-field theories. Dynamic measurements of the viscosity as a function of film thickness reflected the same pattern of behavior as exhibited in the static force experiments: Thus, in the absence of polymer, the shear plane was at the lipid-water interface, while in the 8000 MW polymer solution the viscosity decreased as a function of decreasing surface separation due to a polymer-depleted layer of lower viscosity at the bilayer surface. We discuss our results in terms of depletion attraction, depletion stabilization, thin film lubrication, the...
Approaching the irradiance of the sun through nonimaging optics

Through the use of nonimaging techniques, a solar concentrator is designed that increases the solar flux density achievable. (AIP)
989 OUTCOME OF VERY-LOW-BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS

A study was undertaken to determine the incidence of subsequent handicaps in children who were of very-low-birth weight. From 1968 through 1976, 59 infants with birth weights of 1000 grams or less, and less than 72 hours old upon admission, were discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Center at the University of Oregon Health Sciences Center. Forty-three children, thirty-two girls, and eleven boys, were seen in follow-up for psychological testing. Their mean birth weight was 912 grams, and mean gestational age was 28.6 weeks. Seven children were small for gestational age (SGA), 36 were appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Their mean age was 3.7 years (range 6 months to 9 years). Six children (14%) have cerebral palsy, two seizure disorders, one has hydrocephalus, and one has impaired vision due to retrolental fibroplasia. Psychological testing was incomplete in two children, one has cerebral palsy and developmental delay, the other appears normal. The mean intelligence quotient for 41 children is 92.1. Thirty-two (78%) have scores greater than 80. Six (14.6%) have quotients between 70 and 80, and three (7.3%) are mentally retarded with intelligence quotients of less than 70. The mean intelligence quotient of the 7 children who were SGA is 97.1; of these, one child has cerebral palsy. We believe these data reflect the improving prognosis of infants with very-low-birth weight.
Growth of Information Technology industries in urban and rural areas

The use of Information Technologies (IT) has changed the economic landscape in urban and rural areas alike. Future economic prosperity may depend, in part, on the relative extent regions can attract, grow and hold IT-intensive industries. In this article, IT-related and e-commerce-intensive industries' direct employment generation performance was examined in urban and rural areas of Kansas between 1990 and 2003. The results indicated that IT-producing and -using industries have been growing faster in metro-adjacent and non-metro area counties than in metro counties. The presence of larger firms and higher population densities significantly enhanced IT-producing and -using industry employment growth. Contrary to expectation, an increasing share of knowledge workers in the labour force was found to hinder IT-industry employment growth in rural areas. e-Commerce industries faired poorly outside of metro areas.
Characterization and location of secretory phospholipase A2 groups IIE, V, and X in the rat brain.

Secretory phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 ) form a diverse family of enzymes involved in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes. Common among all sPLA 2 is the ability to cleave the second position of phospholipids, thereby releasing fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. Several sPLA 2 have been cloned and characterized in various tissues and receptors have been identified. In the nervous system, SPLA 2 groups IB, IIA, IIE, IIF, V, and XII have been identified, and binding sites for sPLA 2 have been found. Here, we report sPLA 2 -IlE and sPLA 2 -X in rat brain as well as in neurons in primary culture. We furthermore confirm the presence of sPLA 2 -V in rat brain and demonstrate the presence of sPLA 2 -V in primary neuronal cultures. The distribution of sPLA 2 -IlE, V, and -X seems to be mainly neuronal, with the highest abundance occurring in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. We also find that sPLA 2 -IIE, -V, and -X are differentially induced by kainic acid. This study supports the concept that sPLA 2 heterogeneity in brain is functionally relevant and responsive to seizures.
Cellular and molecular consequences of reduced cell water content

Abstract Cell volumes, viability, ultrastructure, and metabolism have been studied in mouse L cells at reduced water contents. Dehydration was achieved by addition of sorbitol to the incubation medium at concentrations of 0.15, 0.3, and 0.6 m . In 0.3 m sorbitol, cell volume was reduced to about 35% of the initial control level and cell ultrastructure was markedly altered. Nevertheless, such cells retained viability and their metabolism was much the same as that of control cells, evaluated by [U- 14 C]glucose. Except for a lesser volume reduction, cells in 0.15 m sorbitol behaved similarly. However, when placed in 0.6 m sorbitol the cells exhibited quantitative and qualitative differences in their metabolism compared with controls, and grew very poorly or not at all. Their ultrastructure was not obviously different from cells in 0.3 m sorbitol although cell volume was slightly reduced. These results are considered in the context of different conceptions of the properties and metabolic activities of the aqueous intracellular compartments (cytosol, nucleoplasm, and interiors of cytoplasmic membrane-bound-organelles). We interpret the data as additional evidence for the existence of extensive spatial organization of enzymes and the pathways they catalyze in the aqueous compartments. On this basis it is also suggested that at least part of the damage that occurs in severely dehydrated mammalian cells could result from the irreversible disruption of this organization and loss of metabolic control. We speculate about the evolutionary involvement of intracellular water and how it might have participated in the development of structure and function in contemporary cells.
A Guide to the Application of Vacuum Circuit Breakers

The paper shows that the vacuum circuit breaker is well suited for the duties that a circuit breaker must perform. Reasonable care must be taken under certain circumstances when applying these breakers. Such applications are identified and simple corrective measures are proposed.
Characterization of electrophoretic sample transfer from a capillary to an ultrathin slab gel

The capillary-to-gel transfer region of the capillary–ultrathin slab gel system appears to control the lateral dispersion of the DNA plugs and therefore the maximum number of simultaneous separations. The capillary-to-gel transfer region has been examined in detail in an attempt to minimize the lateral dispersion. Since the capillary and ultrathin slab gel potential fields are independently controlled, the effect on plug width perpendicular to the direction of migration and the time for each plug of DNA to migrate from the capillary to the gel at various capillary potentials is considered. In 57-μm gels, when the capillary potential field is equal to or higher than the gel potential field, the plugs widen and the time for a DNA sample to transfer into the gel increases. A similar trend is observed with 25-μm gels, although due to the mismatch between the capillary bore and the gel thickness, the lateral dispersion is even greater than in the 57-μm gels. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 10: 519–527, 1998
The Philosophical Reset Button: A Manifesto

This article is very different from other philosophy articles: it really is a manifesto addressed to Chinese philosophers. On the whole, Western thought has been exceedingly intellectualistic and rationalistic, and in this article I outline some of the ways in which those deep one-sided tendencies need to be corrected or rebalanced. However, I also claim that the Chinese are in the best position to correct and rebalance philosophy as a discipline. Chinese thought has never gone to the extremes of Western rationalism, and there is every reason to think that as China gains in power and prestige throughout the world, Chinese philosophers and thinkers will be in a position to correct or reset Western philosophy by drawing on their own deepest historical traditions, traditions which have recognized the value of emotion and sane ordinary living much more than has been typical in the West. You Chinese should realize that you have much to offer the West and not be too modest with your self-image or reticent with your philosophical ambitions.
Social relationships and health.

The author discusses 3 variables that assess different aspects of social relationships—social support, social integration, and negative interaction. The author argues that all 3 are associated with health outcomes, that these variables each influence health through different mechanisms, and that associations between these variables and health are not spurious findings attributable to our personalities. This argument suggests a broader view of how to intervene in social networks to improve health. This includes facilitating both social integration and social support by creating and nurturing both close (strong) and peripheral (weak) ties within natural social networks and reducing opportunities for negative social interaction. Finally, the author emphasizes the necessity to understand more about who benefits most and least from socialconnectedness interventions.
Collision cascades in pure δ -plutonium

Molecular dynamics simulations of the formation and annealing of large collision cascades in delta-phase plutonium are presented. The defect evolution is followed with time up to 2 ns. Simulations are performed with the MEAM potential at three different temperatures; at 600 K where the pure delta phase is thermodynamically stable; at 300 K where the delta phase can only be maintained in a metastable state with minor additions of gallium or aluminum; and at 180 K where plutonium should transform to the alpha phase. It is found in all three cases that the atomic structure within the cascade evolves through a glass-like state. At 600 K, this structure recovers very slowly; at 300 K it persist up to 2 ns with no discernable trend to recover eventually; and at 180 K the amorphous structure initiated by the collision cascade spreads through the entire crystal and converts it to a glass-like structure.
Sequential Bias in Online Product Reviews

Online product reviews are increasingly being used by prospective buyers of related products who are interested in obtaining more information from people who have purchased and used a product of interest. Although not perfect, such reviews generally provide information on characteristics that stand out in either positive or negative ways. Online product reviews are by their very nature biased. While some of the bias in these reviews are hard to remove, the deleterious effects due to others can be alleviated. Bias due to sequential exposure to information has been extensively studied in other domains but has received very little attention in the online product review context. We study the dynamics of bias that is introduced as a result of sequential ordering of online product reviews.
Currarino syndrome: typical images of a rare condition

Currarino syndrome (CS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with variable phenotypes including sacral abnormalities, genitourinary malformations, anorectal and gynecological anomalies and presacral tumors. In addition to other abnormalities, more than one presacral lesion may coexist in the same patient. The following radiographic images, although infrequently seen, are typical for CS and should alert surgeons seeing patients for presacral lesions about the possible presence of this syndrome (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Religious pluralism and the divine : another look at John Hick's neo-Kantian proposal

This study focuses upon the heart of John Hick's pluralistic philosophy of religion – his neo-Kantian response to the problem of conflicting inter-religious conceptions of the divine. Hick attempts to root his proposal in two streams of tradition: (1) the inter-religious awareness of the distinction between the divine in itself vs. the divine as humanly experienced, and (2) a Kantian epistemology. In fact, these attempts are problematic in that his hypothesis introduces a radical subjectivizing element at both junctures. In the end, I contend that Hick's neo-Kantian proposal undermines his decades-long effort to defend some form of religious realism.
Lipid composition and metabolic activity of the microsomal fractions from the arterial and liver tissues of swine.

Abstract By differential centrifugation, microsomal (Mc) fractions were isolated from the thoracic, abdominal aorta, and liver tissue homogenates of grain-fed swine. The distribution of free and esterified cholesterol and phospholipid in the Mc fraction revealed marked differences between the arterial and liver tissues in those lipid concentrations. The free cholesterol level in the arterial Mc fraction as expressed per milligram of protein was noticeably high and was almost three times as great as the level in the liver Mc fraction. Cholesteryl ester was a minor form of cholesterol in both tissues. The microsomal lipids were composed predominantly of phospholipid, and the total phospholipid level was much higher in the Mc fraction of liver than that of the thoracic or abdominal aorta. The fatty acid compositions of the microsomal cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, free fatty acid and phospholipid were relatively similar between the thoracic and abdominal aorta, but were significantly different from those of liver tissue. The cholesterol esterification was very active in the liver and was many times higher than that found in the thoracic or abdominal aorta. The fatty acids were utilized for cholesterol esterification in the order of oleic > palmitic > linoleic acid in both arterial and liver tissues. In the standardized incubation conditions for cholesterol esterifying activity, fatty acid substrate was also incorporated into phospholipid and triglyceride. Utilization of fatty acid for phospholipid synthesis was very active in the arterial tissues, although its activity was much lower than that of liver tissue. Among the fatty acids tested, linoleic acid was the most preferred substrate for the phospholipid synthesis in both the arterial and liver tissues. The incorporation of fatty acid into lipid by the microsomal fraction was in the order of PL > CE > TG in the arterial tissues and PL > TG > CE in the liver.
Crossbridge and tropomyosin positions observed in native, interacting thick and thin filaments.

Tropomyosin movements on thin filaments are thought to sterically regulate muscle contraction, but have not been visualized during active filament sliding. In addition, although 3-D visualization of myosin crossbridges has been possible in rigor, it has been difficult for thick filaments actively interacting with thin filaments. In the current study, using three-dimensional reconstruction of electron micrographs of interacting filaments, we have been able to resolve not only tropomyosin, but also the docking sites for weak and strongly bound crossbridges on thin filaments. In relaxing conditions, tropomyosin was observed on the outer domain of actin, and thin filament interactions with thick filaments were rare. In contracting conditions, tropomyosin had moved to the inner domain of actin, and extra density, reflecting weakly bound, cycling myosin heads, was also detected, on the extreme periphery of actin. In rigor conditions, tropomyosin had moved further on to the inner domain of actin, and strongly bound myosin heads were now observed over the junction of the inner and outer domains. We conclude (1) that tropomyosin movements consistent with the steric model of muscle contraction occur in interacting thick and thin filaments, (2) that myosin-induced movement of tropomyosin in activated filaments requires strongly bound crossbridges, and (3) that crossbridges are bound to the periphery of actin, at a site distinct from the strong myosin binding site, at an early stage of the crossbridge cycle.
The use of consistent and inconsistent evidence with a set of 2-4-6 problems

Subjects solved four problems in a modified form of the 2-4-6 paradigm (Wason, 1960). Rather than generating triads in pursuit of a solution, subjects were shown four series of triads containing specified amounts of rule-inconsistent information. With respect to rule-generation performance, for three rules, increasing amounts of rule-inconsistent information adversely affected subjects’ performance. However, for one rule, the reverse was true.
One-, two-, and three-beam optical complexity effects in photorefractive materials

Collective self-organization effects and chaos are commonly observed in optics. We describe examples in a particular kind of nonlinear optical material: photorefractive crystals. In particular, we show different effects that arise when photorefractive crystals are illuminated by one laser beam, two laser beams, and three laser beams.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Functional Life Skills Curricular Interventions for Youth With Disabilities: A Systematic Review

The relationship between functional or life skills curricula (the intervention) and transition-related outcomes for secondary-aged youth with disabilities is explored in this systematic review. A t...
The summer of hydrogen sulfide: highlights from two international conferences

A great deal of interest has been paid recently to the hydrogen sulfide, the newest member of the gasotransmitter family. With the growing interest in the biology of H2S, the need for meetings and conferences dedicated solely to the field of H2S has also grown. In 2009, scientist from around the world met in Shanghai, China for the first time to discuss the physiological relevance of H2S. In 2012, two conferences were organized to bring scientists, clinicians, and industry representatives together to discuss the latest breakthroughs concerning the emergent field of H2S. The following is a summary report of The First European Conference on the Biology of Hydrogen Sulfide and the Second International Conference on Hydrogen Sulfide Biology and Medicine.
System Identification and Discrete Nonlinear Control of Miniature Helicopters Using Backstepping

This paper deals with the dual problem of system identification and control of small scale unmanned helicopters. Although most controller designs are in continuous time, this paper considers the discrete time dynamics of the helicopter. A simple Recursive Least Square algorithm is used for parameter identification in the time domain, the objective being the derivation of system dynamics that are both minimal in complexity and accurate for control design in discrete time. The helicopter's nonlinear rigid body equations of motion are considered. The necessity to encapsulate the nonlinear terms of the rigid body's motion is very important since it provides a wider dynamical description of the flight envelope. A controller is designed based on a discrete time backstepping technique, for the tracking of predefined position and yaw trajectories. The developed controller provides design freedom in the convergence rate for each state variable of the cascade structure. This is of particular interest since control of the convergence rate in each level of the cascade structure provides better flight results. Both the identification part and control performance are evaluated using a commercial available flight simulator X-Plane ©.
Restriction of bacterial growth under commercial catheter dressings

After iodine and alcohol disinfection of the skin, three commercially available vapor-permeable polyurethane dressings were compared to a gauze and tape dressing for their effect on cutaneous skin flora. Dressing associated skin sites were clinically evaluated for skin erythema, pruritis, hyperpigmentation, vesiculitis, and tenderness. Op-Site, Tegaderm, Uniflex and gauze dressings were placed on the flexor surface of the forearm. Controls consisted of one exposed skin site and one covered with a moisture-retaining vinylidene film (Saran Wrap). Although after 3 days of adhesion, commercial dressings prevented indigenous flora from returning to normal population densities, no significant quantitative differences were found between them and the gauze dressing. Generally, all clinical dressings maintained normal flora at one-tenth the population of the uncovered site; the Saran Wrap control supported 100-fold more bacteria than the exposed site.
Advances in Food Crystallization

Crystals often play an important role in food product quality and shelf life. Controlling crystallization to obtain the desired crystal content, size distribution, shape, and polymorph is key to manufacturing products with desired functionality and shelf life. Technical developments in the field have improved the tools with which we study and characterize crystals in foods. These developments also help our understanding of the physico-chemical phenomena that govern crystallization and improve our ability to control it during processing and storage. In this review, some of the more important recent developments in measuring and controlling crystallization are discussed.
Cancer Stem Cells: A Review of the Literature and the Implications in Head and Neck Cancer

In the last few decades, stem cells have been the focus of researchers in an effort to understand the molecular pathways involved in tissue regeneration. By studying normal cell interactions, researchers have since identified cancer stem cells and demonstrated their role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. The authors aimed to review the major molecular pathways involved in tumorigenesis, the role of cancer stem cells, and emerging therapies that target these pathways in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Teaching green topics to chemical engineers: Innovation in the process design curriculum

To ensure that future engineers are armed with the necessary skills and knowledge to design environmentally conscious products, a multi-faceted approach has been implemented to incorporate green engineering principles into the university curriculum. Among the various facets, which range from introductory freshman courses to graduate courses, this paper focuses on efforts to introduce green design topics into the chemical engineering senior process design sequence. The first course in this sequence traditionally is focused on process economics. There are many similarities between the principles of process economics and the methods used for environmental impact assessment: both are used to support decision making among alternatives; both are best implemented with systematic, transparent tools; both rely extensively on difficult-to-find datasets.
Consumer Research Needs from the Food and Drug Administration on Front-of-Package Nutritional Labeling

Americans have increasingly busy lifestyles and desire quick and nutritious food choices. To provide consumers with at-a-glance nutrition information, many food manufacturers have introduced front-of-package (FOP) nutritional labeling systems. The purpose of this review is to reach out to the marketing and public policy discipline by identifying research needs on FOP systems not only to aid decision making for federal agencies, but also to help advance research on this important topic. We describe the many FOP systems, the FDA's regulatory background and approach to FOP systems, recent experimental research and gaps in knowledge, and research needs on FOP nutrition labeling.
Persistent Focal Seizures After Cat Scratch Encephalopathy

This report describes a 9-year-old child with status epilepticus and cat scratch disease. This patient's focal seizures and electroencephalographic changes persisted for 18 months after status epilepticus. This patient represents the third reported case of persistent focal seizures or electroencephalographic changes after status epilepticus secondary to cat scratch disease. This finding suggests that cat scratch encephalopathy may be a cause of localization-related epilepsy, and should be investigated when evaluating a patient with new-onset partial seizures.
The deeds to deuterium.

Dan O'Leary examines Harold Urey's decision to name the mass-2 hydrogen isotope 'deuterium'.
The Softening and Solution of the Dentin in Caries

T h e m a t r i c e s or ground substances of dentin and enamel are largely carbohydrate-protein complexes. Some of the properties of these components and the details of their histogenesis were dis­ cussed in an earlier publication.1 Just before enamel formation the precursor of the ground substance of enamel appears in the ameloblasts. The enamel matrix of young animals contains a glycoprotein which is soluble in acid below pH values of 5.0. If this solubility persists in adult enamel the pathogenesis of enamel caries could be explained, in part, by solution of the ground substance under the plaque where acidity of around pH 4.7s has been recorded. The precursor of the ground substance of dentin appears in the odontoblasts at the beginning of dentin formation as very minute glycoprotein granules. The den­ tin ground substance consists largely of a carbohydrate-protein complex which is assumed to be highly polymerized, as is the glycoprotein ground substance of bone and of connective tissues gen­ erally.3’ 4 It is believed that the glyco­ protein ground substances are organized as aggregates of identical or similar mole­ cules which are linked together to form polymers. It has been suggested by Gersh and Catchpole3 that those substances which are less soluble in ordinary solv­ ents and less reactive are most highly polymerized. When such aggregates are broken or depolymerized they become more soluble in water and their ability to react with other substances is enhanced. Dentin matrix is not dissolved by mild acids or bases; however, there is some indication that swelling occurs at the extremes of the pH range 1 to 13. Stronger acids and bases will dissolve some or all components of the ground substance. There appears to be a pro­ gressive alteration in the physical state and in the reactivity of the ground sub­ stance with age. Thus young dentin is not so highly polymerized as old dentin. This difference may explain the greater resistance to caries with age. In recent years a number of reports have appeared describing the activity of collagenase, an enzyme first demon­ strated in Clostridium welchii toxin.5'8 It has been shown that this enzyme depolymerizes the ground substance of con­ nective tissues and bone.3’ 4
Numerical simulation of the effect of hydrogen on recombination gain in the transition to ground state of Li III

Numerical simulations of recombination gain in the Li III transition to ground state (2→1 at 13.5 nm) are presented. The plasma simulated is a mixture of Li and H ions, and the space-time-dependent gain coefficient is calculated for different mixing ratios and different pumping beam parameters. The numerical model includes the initial optical field ionization of the plasma by an intense 100 fs laser pulse, taking into account residual heating, particle collisions, and spatial effects. Gain is then calculated during the process of recombination as the plasma expands and cools. We show that the addition of hydrogen to the plasma can lead to higher gain with a less restrictive range of experimental parameters. We analyze the effects of the addition of hydrogen on the gain and point to the optimal plasma and pump parameters to produce gain.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry inhibitors (CCR5 specific blockers) in development: are they the next novel therapies?

Since the introduction of the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor zidovudine in 1987, the number of the available antiretroviral medications has grown to about 20. Despite the efficacy of these medications, treatment-limiting adverse events are frequent. During the last several years, a new class of antiretroviral drugs often referred to as entry inhibitors, specifically the CCR5 blockers, have moved from the basic science laboratories and are now in the clinical phases of drug development. There are three agents in phase 2/3 development that inhibit viral entry by binding to CCR5, disrupting the interaction between the co-receptor and viral glycoprotein (gp) 120. They are aplaviroc (GW-873140), maraviroc (UK-427,857), and vicriviroc (SCH 417690). The development of these new antiviral agents that target different aspects of the viral life cycle is likely to make it possible to suppress viral strains that are resistant to the currently available antiretroviral drugs. There is a growing need for a new class of antiretrovirals with reduced toxicity and improved tolerability. However, currently available information suggests further pharmacokinetics, resistance, safety, and efficacy data are needed to understand how these agents may be effectively used in the clinical setting. Key words: CCR5 inhibitors, HIV-1, viral entry
Oral Contraceptives (Estrogen and Progestin)

Oral contraceptive agents are used for the prevention of pregnancy in addition to non-contraceptive indications, such as for the treatment of menorrhagia or hyperandrogenism.
Is It Time to Resurrect the Harvard Water Program

In 1955, a group of professors at Harvard University began a program to investigate ways to improve the planning and design of multiunit, multipurpose water resource systems. In part, the program responded to the lack of adequate guidance at the federal level for the design of water systems. Bureau of the Budget Circular A-47, issued in late 1952, required that net benefits be maximized, but offered little direction on picking the right combination of uses to achieve that end. The professors realized that the Harvard Graduate School of Public Administration, which offered training to civil servants, provided just the place for a water resources seminar to address the problem. The program would mix practically oriented government water planners and more theoretical academic talent. The Harvard academicians believed that techniques could be devised to allow planners to take into account far more alternatives than were usually considered with available procedures. The identification of more alternatives would, in turn, help maximize benefits. In such a system, any change in one of the variables would cause the net benefits to decline ~Maass and Hufschmidt 1959, pp. 99–100; Hufschmidt 1962!. The program integrated economic theory and engineering practice in a democratic political arena. It necessarily embraced a strong interdisciplinary approach and operations research techniques. Professors came from engineering ~Gordon Fair, Harold Thomas, Jr.!, economics ~Robert Dorfman, Otto Eckstein, John R. Meyer!, and government and public administration ~Arthur Maass and Maynard Hufschmidt, a research associate!. Maass chaired the program. Economics student Stephen A. Marglin, who was an undergraduate when Maass first recruited him, and engineering student Myron B. Fiering later also made important contributions. The Bureau of Reclamation, Army Corps of Engineers, Public Health Service, Soil Conservation Service, Geological Survey, and the California Department of Water Resources provided students and later funding for the program. Gordon Fair managed to acquire $150,000 in ‘‘seed’’ money from the Rockefeller Foundation, a substantial sum for that time ~Maass et al. 1962, pp. 10– 13; Hufschmidt 1962, 1967; Burden 1955; S. Marglin, personal interview, December 11, 2001; Maass, telephone interview, October 1, 2001!. A complete list of participants in the program appears on pp. 12-13 of Maass et al. 1962!.
Development of an Implantable Muscle Stimulator: Measurement of Stimulated Angiogenesis and Poststimulus Vessel Regression

Objective: We developed a lightweight, totally implantable electrical stimulator designed to elicit contraction of skeletal muscle. The stimulator can be programmed to run for different on-off intervals in a given time period in a fully automatic mode. Using the stimulator, angiogenesis was promoted in order to study the rate at which vessel growth and subsequent regression occurs after stimulus removal. Methods: A fully implanted digital stimulator was designed and fabricated. The stimulator was embedded subcutaneously in the thoracolumbar region of male Sprague-Dawley rats and the electrodes were tunneled under the skin to the common peroneal nerve of the right hind limb. The stimulator elicited muscle contraction in the hind limb at 10 s−1 using square-wave pulses 0.3 ms in duration, evoking contraction of specific muscles for 8 hours/day for 7 days. Results: Chronic stimulation of the skeletal muscles innervated by the common peroneal nerve led to significant increases in blood vessel density in the t...
Communicating Navigation Data Inside the Cassini-Huygens Project: Visualizations and Tools

The Cassini-Huygens Saturn tour poses an interesting navigation challenge. From July 2004 through June 2008, the Cassini orbiter performed 112 of 161 planned maneuvers. This demanding schedule, where maneuvers are often separated by just a few days, motivated the development of maneuver design/analysis automation software tools. Besides generating maneuver designs and presentations, these tools are the mechanism to producing other types of navigation information; information used to facilitate operational decisions on such issues as maneuver cancellation and alternate maneuver strategies. This paper will discuss the navigation data that are communicated inside the Cassini-Huygens Project, as well as the maneuver software tools behind the processing of the data.
Ann K.S. Lambton (1912–2008) and Persian Studies

The last occasion on which I addressed the Society, in 2000, was, like today's, a memorial lecture: to honour the memory of Professor Charles Beckingham. I spoke then about a subject that combined Professor Beckingham's interests with my own: Ibn Battuta and the Mongols. As it happens, I have already done something similar for Professor Lambton: a 90th birthday lecture to the British Institute of Persian Studies, in 2002, when my subject was a reappraisal of the Mongol period in Iran. This was given in the presence of the honorand: a slightly daunting experience; and those who knew her will not be surprised to learn that she was by no means uncritical, if not necessarily of what I said, then certainly of my delivery of it. So I decided that today I would talk about Professor Lambton herself, and attempt to discuss and evaluate her contribution to the field of study which she adorned for so long.
Shame, Ideal Self, and Narcissism

(1983). Shame, Ideal Self, and Narcissism. Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 295-318.
Contributing to discourse

For people to contribute to discourse, they must do more than utter the right sentence at the right time. The basic requirement is that they odd to their common ground in on orderly way. To do this, we argue, they try to establish for each utterance the mutual belief that the addressees hove understood what the speaker meant well enough for current purposes. This is accomplished by the collective actions of the current contributor and his or her partners, and these result in units of conversation called contributions. We present a model of contributions and show how it accounts for o variety of features of everyday conversations. People take part in conversation in order to plan, debate, discuss, gossip, and carry out other social processes. When they do take part, they could be said to contribute to the discourse. But how do they contribute? At first the answer seems obvious. A discourse is a sequence of utterances produced as the participants proceed turn by turn. All that participants have to do to contribute is utter the right sentence at the right time. They may make errors, but once they have corrected them, they are done. The other participants have merely to listen and understand. This is the view subscribed to in most discourse theories in psychology, linguistics, philosophy; and artificial intelligence. A closer look at actual conversations, however, suggests that they are much more than sequences of utterances produced turn by turn. They are highly coordinated activities in which the current speaker tries to make sure he or she is being attended to, heard, and understood by the other participants, and they in turn try to let the speaker know when he or she has succeeded. Contributing to a discourse, then, appears to require more than just uttering the right words at the right time. It seems to consist of collective acts performed by the participants working together. In this paper we describe a model of contributions as parts of collective acts. We first describe the need for such a model, next present the model
Absolute two-photon excitation spectra of red and far-red fluorescent probes

Efficient use of two-photon excitation (TPE) microscopy requires knowledge of the absolute TPE action cross sections (ATACSs) of fluorescent probes. However, these values are not available for recently developed dyes, which exhibit superior properties in many modern microscopy applications. We report ATACSs of five red to far-red organic dyes, ATTO 647N, STAR 635P, silicon rhodamine, ATTO 594, and ATTO 590. The dyes were found to have large ATACSs (>100 GM) at their respective wavelength peaks, thus supporting their use as bright fluorescent markers in TPE microscopy.
A Non-Mathematical Quantitative Aptitude Test for the Graduate Level

Currently, most attempts at for mal prediction of success in quantification at this advanced level are based on scores from the Graduate Record Exam ination, Quantitative Aptitude section. The items of this test are of a type common to scholastic ap titude tests for high school students, with emphasis on arithmetic reasoning, algebra, and interpreta tion of graphs (1, p. 336). It has been suggested that an attempt should be made to devise a type of item especially for this sophisticated clientele, a type which would itself elicit responses indicative of a talent for dealing with complex and subtle quan tifications.