cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consumer Preferences in Housing Market Analysis: An Application of Multidimensional Scaling Techniques

The value of single–family housing is a function of demographic, economic and psychographic variables. Much work has been done on the objectively measurable criteria, but virtually none on the subjective, perceptual criteria. This study uses consumer-supplied similarity measures of housing alternatives to develop a multidimensional perceptual “map” of the way consumers view housing choices. The dimensions of this perceptual space represent the evaluative criteria utilized, consciously or unconsciously, during the housing evaluation process. The analysis, although exploratory in nature, suggests that all perceptually defined market segments use the same evaluative construct; that market segments may be defined in terms of differences in the relative importance of each criterion; that market segments do not necessarily correspond to simple demographic measures; and that the major evaluative criteria in the perceptual process generally agree with those found in the literature based on objective measurements.
Lexical density and phrase structure depth as variables in sentence retention

Two variables, one syntactic and one lexical, were investigated for their effect on the retention of spoken English sentences. Mean phrase structure depth (d), based on the Yngve syntactic model, and lexical density (LD) were varied in a 2 × 2 within-subjects design, with List adding a between-subjects variable. The main results were that recall probability of individually presented sentences was not related to d, but was inversely related to LD, the proportion of lexical, as opposed to grammatical, words in the sentence. These results were replicated with a third list. The fact that d was unrelated to retention casts further doubt on the general value of the Yngve hypothesis, at least as presently interpreted and approximated by the d measure. Alternative interpretations of the model are briefly discussed. Finally, explanation of the LD effect is discussed in terms of lexical uncertainty and underlying relations.
Safeguarding Abila: Discovering evolving activist networks VAST 2014 mini challenge 1: Unstructured text and network data analysis

We introduce a system for visual analysis of news articles and emails. This system was developed in response to VAST Mini-Challenge 1 and comprises different interfaces for mining textual data and network data.
Maintaining quality of fresh-cut mangoes using antibrowning agents and modified atmosphere packaging.

Treatments to inhibit browning and decay and prolong shelf life of fresh-cut mangoes were investigated. Combinations of antibrowning agents and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) resulted in a reduction of browning and deterioration of fresh-cut mangoes stored at 10 °C. Combinations of several browning inhibitors were more effective than those applied individually. Among these treatments, solutions containing 4-hexylresorcinol (0.001 M) (HR) plus potassium sorbate (0.05 M) (KS) and HR plus KS plus d-isoascorbic acid (0.5 M) (ER) reduced changes in color (L*, a*, and b*) and microbial growth and did not affect sensory characteristics of fresh-cut mangoes. In general, these treatments did not affect significantly the changes in organic acids and sugar content of slices during the 14 days of storage at 10 °C. High humidity created in the in-package atmosphere alleviated tissue dryness and was an important factor in the ability of the antibrowning solutions to prevent browning and decay. It appears that the ...
Adhesion of multiple myeloma cells to the bone marrow microenvironment: implications for future therapeutic strategies

Multiple myeloma is characterized by excess plasma cells within the bone marrow in association with monoclonal antibody protein in the serum and/or urine. Tumor cells localize within the marrow via an interaction of cell-surface adhesion molecules with their respective ligands on marrow stromal cells and extracellular matrix proteins. Stimulation of myeloma cells via these cell-surface molecules, either directly or via tumor cell adhesion to stromal cells, can induce autocrine or paracrine tumor cell growth mediated by interleukin 6. It might therefore be possible to develop innovative treatment strategies either to inhibit interleukin 6 production or to interrupt interleukin 6 signal transduction in multiple myeloma.
Using Game Format in Small Group Classes for Pharmacotherapeutics Case Studies

Objective. To incorporate games in classroom teaching to encourage student interest and participation in a small group pharmacy therapeutics case studies class. Design. Using a television quiz show and classic board game format, students and the instructor developed games to discuss patient care plans. At the end of the course, a questionnaire was administered to assess students' attitudes and perception of using game format in the class and whether this teaching method was useful in reinforcing therapeutic knowledge. Assessment. The majority of the students felt that games were beneficial in their learning process. The game format also resulted in higher student participation scores. Conclusions. The game-format approach to learning aroused student interest, enhanced participation, and improved their participation grades. Although the game format of leaning is an effective way of actively engaging students in higher leaning, determining how these games improve test scores will require further assessment.
Impact parameter representation from the Watson-Sommerfeld transform

Abstract Using the Watson-Sommerfeld transform the elastic scattering amplitude of two spinless particles is shown to have an exact and unique impact parameter, or Fourier-Bessel (FB) representation. The representation is valid for all physical energies and scattering angles. Wallace's recent work is found to be an asymptotic expansion of the FB amplitude obtained from the partial-wave expansion. The way singularities of the partial-wave amplitude in the l-plane enter in the FB amplitude is also explicitly shown.
Effect of beam number on organ-at-risk sparing in dynamic multileaf collimator delivery of intensity modulated radiation therapy.

Due to practical limitations such as inter- and intraleaf transmission, nondivergent leaf end design, and leaf scatter, multileaf collimators (MLCs) are unable to accurately produce the ideal fluence patterns generated by inverse planning systems. Consequently, low dose regions receive substantially more radiation than they would with an ideal MLC that could generate the desired fluence pattern. Previous work by others has found that the discrepancy between desired and actual fluence patterns produced by an MLC increases rapidly with increasing complexity of the desired fluence map. In addition to the complexity of individual fluence maps, other parameters can contribute to the overall complexity of a treatment plan, most notably the number of beams. In this work, we investigate the effect of beam number on critical structure sparing for dynamic MLC delivered intensity modulated radiation therapy. Six cases from each of two challenging clinical sites, previously irradiated head and neck and paraspinal metastasis, were planned with the goal of minimizing the spinal cord dose. Plans were developed for five to 27 beams. All plans were renormalized such that the target volume receiving the prescription dose was the same for all plans of each site. For each case, we calculated the spinal cordmore » D{sub 0.5cm{sup 3}} (the dose such that 0.5 cm{sup 3} of normal tissue receives greater than or equal to D{sub 0.5cm{sup 3}}), normal tissue D{sub 1cm{sup 3}}, the normal tissue mean dose, and the standard deviation of dose in the planning target volume (PTV). For the head and neck cases, the mean increase in spinal cord D{sub 0.5cm{sup 3}} between seven and 27 beam plans was 10% of the prescription dose, whereas for the paraspinal case, the increase was 2.6%. For the head and neck cases, the mean decrease in normal tissue D{sub 1cm{sup 3}} between seven and 11 beam plans was 2.6% and was constant for more than 11 beams. For the paraspinal cases, the mean decrease in normal tissue D{sub 1cm{sup 3}} between seven and 27 beam plans was 3.7%. The mean normal tissue dose was approximately independent of the number of beams for both sites. For the head and neck cases, the PTV standard deviation was independent of the number of beams, while for the paraspinal cases it decreased by an average of 1.8% from seven to 27 beams. Calculations for seven and 27 beams in which the MLC transmission was varied from 0% to 2% demonstrated that the increase in spinal cord D{sub 0.5cm{sup 3}} with increasing number of beams is largely due to MLC transmission, which is not included in the optimization. Increasing the number of beams increased the critical structure dose, although decreasing beam number results in increasing normal tissue D{sub 1cm{sup 3}} and target dose heterogeneity. The optimal tradeoff is dependent on the clinical situation, but seems to be seven to nine beams. Beam geometry optimization may reduce the number of beams required to provide adequate target coverage, thus limiting critical structure dose.« less
Separation of magnetizations in the bulk and at Josephson junctions of superconductors by analysis of microwave responses detected using an improved ESR spectrometer

Abstract The present study provides an improved ESR spectrometer and a useful method which make it possible to separate two kinds of magnetizations trapped in the bulk and at Josephson junctions of superconductors, based on the characteristics of two component microwave responses previouly found.
Sensitivity of polar ozone to sea surface temperatures and halogen amounts

[1] Coupled chemistry-climate model simulations are presented for the period 1951–2099 and 1951–2007. The model includes a tested parameterization for the production of active halogens from the source molecules. In run 1 the observed levels of chlorine and bromine are specified, as well as the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Run 2 is identical to run 1 but observed SSTs are specified instead of model SSTs. In run 3 the bromine amount is reduced by 25% but otherwise the simulation is identical to run 2. The results show that the ozone hole is sensitive to SSTs and bromine amounts. For the period 1990–2007, when the ozone hole was fully developed, the area of the ozone hole was simulated to be largest in run 1 (11% smaller than observed), compared with underpredictions of 17% and 27% for runs 2 and 3, respectively. The effect of SSTs (difference between runs 1 and 2) is shown to arise from changes in the strength of the Brewer-Dobson circulation, which is weaker for the simulation with model SSTs. The sensitivity of the model results to bromine (difference between runs 2 and 3) indicates the need to include realistic bromine amounts as well as chlorine and may explain, in part, the substantial underpredictions of the ozone hole area in previous simulations. The results also suggest that a small residual ozone hole may still be present after 2070 and that the ozone hole may not disappear entirely this century.
Effect of Niacin Therapy on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease

Background: Niacin or nicotinic acid (vitamin B3) raises the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) by about 30% to 35%. In patients with prior coronary disease, 7 trials have been pu...
Laser Raman studies of some hexafluoride anions and respective molecules in the solid phase

Abstract Several salts containing the MF6− anions were prepared and their Raman spectra studied. These were compared to the spectra of their respective molecular hexafluorides. Some of these were studied for the first time in the solid state. Changes in frequencies were correlated with oxidation states of the central atom and with changes of mass.
ON THE GEOPHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF IRREGULARITIES IN THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH

Summary Astronomical observations have indicated that variations in the Earth's rotation by several parts per hundred million sometimes occur over periods of one or two decades. These irregularities may be caused by variations in the distribution of matter, or by variable motion relative to the Earth. It is found that processes in the atmosphere and ocean are inadequate to account for all of the observed irregularities, but that their effect is not necessarily negligible. Processes in the crust and mantle could barely do so, but such processes seem highly unlikely for a number of reasons. The irregularities can be accounted for by a variable motion in the core amounting to a fraction of the total motion indicated by the westward drift of the Earth's magnetic field.
Consistent Solutions to the Problem of Fair Division When Preferences Are Single-Peaked

Abstract We consider the problem of fairly allocating an infinitely divisible commodity among agents with single-peaked preferences. We search for methods of performing this division, or solutions, that satisfy the following property of consistency: any recommendation made for any economy is in agreement with the recommendation made for any "reduced" economy obtained by imagining the departure of some of the agents with their allotted consumptions. Our main result is that essentially all efficient subsolutions of the no-envy solution satisfying consistency must contain a certain solution known as the uniform rule. We also characterize the uniform rule on the basis of a "converse" of consistency and the distributional requirement of individual rationality from equal division. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D63, D71.
Dependence of Synaptic Transmission on Protein Metabolism of Nerve Cells: A Possible Electrokinetic Mechanism of Learning?

Dependence of Synaptic Transmission on Protein Metabolism of Nerve Cells: A Possible Electrokinetic Mechanism of Learning?
Inhibition of yeast mitochondrial ATPase by concanavalin A

Abstract Concanavalin A binds to and inhibits enzyme activity of the energy transducing ATPase from yeast mitochondria. Activity loss is completely reversed by glucose or α-methyl- d -mannose. Concanavalin A reacts with the F 1 portion of the ATPase complex, suggesting that this enzyme unit may be a glycoprotein. A major concanavalin A binding site is associated with the largest subunit of the F 1 enzyme.
A note on generalized nonlinear least-squares data fitting

Abstract A convenient, accurate method for the solution of the generalized nonlinear least-squares data fitting problem which requires no input derivatives is compared with a recently published approach.
Transient simulation of integrated circuits in the charge-voltage plane

Transient simulation has traditionally been performed in the current-voltage plane (with current and voltage as variables) for verification of integrated circuits and systems. This paper introduces techniques for efficient and accurate transient simulation in the charge-voltage plane (with charge and voltage as variables). For integrated circuits, both simulation cost and overhead to increase accuracy are drastically reduced by performing simulations in the charge-voltage plane. Adaptively controlled explicit simulation in charge-voltage plane is used to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. Solution of circuit equations in the charge-voltage plane is 10-20 times more efficient than in the current-voltage plane. Furthermore, simulation accuracy can be increased at an incremental cost. As a result, ACES in the charge-voltage plane provides speedups of 300/spl times/-5000/spl times/ or more over traditional circuit simulators with little or no loss in circuit timing accuracy, and simulates circuits containing more than million transistors.
Pichia angophorae, sp.n. from the exudate of an Australian red gum tree.

A new species ofPichia has been described.Pichia angophorae sp.n. was the only yeast present in an exudate ofAngophora costata collected near North Ryde, N. S. W., Australia. The new species exists in both the homo- and heterothallic state. Heterothallic mating types have been isolated as segregants from originally homothallic cultures.
Ultrafast acoustics for imaging at the nanoscale

In this paper we present a series of experiments which show that 2-D and possibly 3-D imaging with sub-micron resolution is possible by means of ultrafast acoustic techniques. Optical pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser are used to generate picosecond acoustic pulses on one side of a ~1 mm thick Si wafer. The 1 mm distance is sufficient for the acoustic waves to diffract to the far field before they are detected by time-delayed probe pulses from the Ti:sapphire laser. The acoustic waves are either generated by a surface nanostructure or scattered from a buried nanostructure, and an image of that nanostructure is reconstructed through an analysis of the detected acoustic waves.
Efficient Algorithms for Secure Multicast key Management

Group Multicast is becoming a prevalent issue in Network applications such as teleconferencing, pay-per-view, and information services. In order to secure group communications by providing confidentiality and trustworthiness of messages, various methods were proposed in the literature. In this paper, we compare some of these methods. In particular, we consider the exclusive basis systems, and the batch re-keying methods. We also simulate the process of sub-group eviction for Exclusion Basis System (EBS) and we compare the work that needs to be done in a group-join and a group-eviction both in EBS and in Batch re-keying process. The comparisons of EBS with algorithms for Batch Re-keying process show that for group eviction Batch process is more efficient while EBS is for group join.
Strategies for Economic Assessment during the Development of New Drugs

One of the fastest growing areas in the economic assessment of new drugs is the incorporation of economic analyses into Phase III clinical trials. These assessments quantify the cost of care for each treatment studied in the trial, evaluate whether the costs of each study treatment differ, and compare the differences in cost and patient outcome of each treatment. An economic assessment in a Phase III trial is one of the best ways to make an early decision about the economic viability of a new drug. The ideal assessment measures all of the health care costs of allpatients in the trial regardless of why the costs were incurred, but this approach is expensive; tradeoffs are often used to make the study more feasible. Several issues should be considered in the design and planning of an economic assessment, such as determining theproportion a f total costs to include, identifying which patients will contribute data, identifying care provided by nonstudy sites, determining the format of the collected economic data, and determining the definition of costs. Other issues involved in designing an economic assessment include procedures for implementing the study, analysis methods, and factors influencing the generalizability of the study’s findings.
Sensorimotor Adaptation of Speech Using Real-time Articulatory Resynthesis

Sensorimotor adaptation is an important focus in the study of motor learning for non-disordered speech, but has yet to be studied substantially for speech rehabilitation. Speech adaptation is typically elicited experimentally using LPC resynthesis to modify the sounds that a speaker hears himself producing. This method requires that the participant be able to produce a robust speech-acoustic signal and is therefore not well-suited for talkers with dysarthria. We have developed a novel technique using electromagnetic articulography (EMA) to drive an articulatory synthesizer. The acoustic output of the articulatory synthesizer can be perturbed experimentally to study auditory feedback effects on sensorimotor learning. This work aims to compare sensorimotor adaptation effects using our articulatory resynthesis method with effects from an established, acoustic-only method. Results suggest that the articulatory resynthesis method can elicit speech adaptation, but that the articulatory effects of the two methods differ.
Sequence requirements for terminators and antiterminators in the T box transcription antitermination system: disparity between conservation and functional requirements.

The T box transcription termination control system is used in Gram-positive bacteria to regulate expression of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and other amino acid-related genes. Readthrough of a transcriptional terminator located in the leader region of the target gene is dependent on a specific interaction between the nascent leader transcript and the cognate uncharged tRNA. This interaction is required for formation of an antiterminator structure in the leader, which prevents formation of a competing transcriptional terminator stem–loop. The antiterminators and terminators of genes in this family are highly conserved in both secondary structure and primary sequence; the antiterminator contains the T box sequence, which is the most highly conserved leader element. These conserved features were investigated by phylogenetic and mutational analysis. Changes at highly conserved positions in the bulge and in the helix above the bulge reduced function, while alteration of other positions that were as much as 96% conserved did not have a major effect. The disparity between sequence conservation and function may be due to the requirement for maintaining base pairing in both the antiterminator and terminator structures.
Modeling cortisol rhythms in a population-based study

The aim of these analyses was to develop and describe easily implementable, yet information rich, approaches for analysis of the temporal profile of cortisol in human populations. A typical waking profile of cortisol in a sample of women aged 15-44 was parameterized by a piecewise linear regression model, implemented as a mixed model to accommodate repeated observations among individuals. The model was extended to distinguish characteristic cortisol profiles of obese women from those of non-obese women. Sharp inflection points for the diurnal profile of cortisol were noted at 30 and 75 min past awakening. Obese women showed a slight tendency to have a less sharply rising and declining response to awakening than non-obese women.
Activation of the Free Wall of the Right Ventricle Experimental Right Bundle Branch Block

Right bundle branch block was produced in dogs, and activation of the free wall of the right ventricle was studied by means of multipolar electrodes. After block, accession spread radially at the earliest activated endocardial point and tangentially at later activated points. Direct current stimulation of selected endocardial points resulted in patterns of activation resembling those obtained after right bundle branch block in controls and after block. It is concluded that the Purkinje network does not participate in normal fashion in endocardial spread of the excitation impulse after right bundle branch block.
Auditor resignations: clientele effects and legal liability☆

Abstract I examine two hypotheses of auditor resignation: litigation risk and clientele adjustment. I find resignation is positively related to increased client legal exposure, and to occurrence of clientele mismatch. The summary-measure approach allows me to distinguish clientele mismatch caused by changes in auditor (supply-side) characteristics vs. changes in client (demand-side) characteristics. Evidence suggests resignation is likely driven by supply-side changes. I also find investors react negatively to resignations, and the price drop varies cross-sectionally with litigation risk. Further, the tendency of dropped firms to engage small auditors is positively related to increased litigation risk, and to mismatch with large auditors.
Enhancing Teacher Efficacy in Special Education Through the Assessment of Student Performance

D i d you ever wonder why most teachers get nervous when a supervisor walks into the classroom? Why do most teachers shudder at the thought of being videotaped? Data from these sources and data on student progress, collected continuously and systematically, can help teachers assess the impact of their teaching. If they fail to collect this data, teachers can fall into a vicious cycle of low self-efficacy and uninformed decision making. Objectives are not clearly stated and student progress is not carefully measured. This article advocates the collection of student data, both academic and behavioral, to enhance teacher self-assessment and self-efficacy and to promote learning. Instruction that focuses on direct and continuous measurement of student progress toward
Antiviral Resistance and the Control of Pandemic Influenza

Background The response to the next influenza pandemic will likely include extensive use of antiviral drugs (mainly oseltamivir), combined with other transmission-reducing measures. Animal and in vitro studies suggest that some strains of influenza may become resistant to oseltamivir while maintaining infectiousness (fitness). Use of antiviral agents on the scale anticipated for the control of pandemic influenza will create an unprecedented selective pressure for the emergence and spread of these strains. Nonetheless, antiviral resistance has received little attention when evaluating these plans.
Adolescents in Early Romantic Relationships: Are Their Parents Accurate About Them?

frequently (21% vs 13%, p 1⁄4 0.13) and household firearms less frequently (9% vs. 16%, p 1⁄4 0.13). No differences were noted in substance use between groups, including report of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. Conclusions: Family structure may influence certain risk behaviors. Those in “blended families” may be at greater risk of depression and school-related problems such as failing grades and suspension. Teens living in families with mothers only versus both mother and father trended towards more sexual activity and less household firearm presence although the difference was not statistically significant. These observations may assist in the development of school and family-level interventions. Sources of Support: None.
The 3′-Untranslated Region of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Enhances Translation from an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site

Translation of most eukaryotic mRNAs and many viral RNAs is enhanced by their poly(A) tails. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) contains a positive-stranded RNA genome which does not have a poly(A) tail but has a stretch of 98 nucleotides (X region) at the 3′-untranslated region (UTR), which assumes a highly conserved stem-loop structure. This X region binds a polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB), which also binds to the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in HCV 5′-UTR. These RNA-protein interactions may regulate its translation. We generated a set of HCV RNAs differing only in their 3′-UTRs and compared their translation efficiencies. HCV RNA containing the X region was translated three- to fivefold more than the corresponding RNAs without this region. Mutations that abolished PTB binding in the X region reduced, but did not completely abolish, enhancement in translation. The X region also enhanced translation from another unrelated IRES (from encephalomyocarditis virus RNA), but did not affect the 5′-end-dependent translation of globin mRNA in either monocistronic or bicistronic RNAs. It did not appear to affect RNA stability. The free X region added in trans, however, did not enhance translation, indicating that the translational enhancement by the X region occurs only in cis. These results demonstrate that the highly conserved 3′ end of HCV RNA provides a novel mechanism for enhancement of HCV translation and may offer a target for antiviral agents.
Cutpoint selection for categorizing a continuous predictor.

Summary. This article presents a new approach for choosing the number of categories and the location of category cutpoints when a continuous exposure variable needs to be categorized to obtain tabular summaries of the exposure effect. The optimum categorization is defined as the partition that minimizes a measure of distance between the true expected value of the outcome for each subject and the estimated average outcome among subjects in the same exposure category. To estimate the optimum partition, an efficient nonparametric estimate of the unknown regression function is substituted into a formula for the asymptotically optimum categorization. This new approach is easy to implement and it outperforms existing cutpoint selection methods.
Stack filters and the mean absolute error criterion

A method to determine the stack filter which minimizes the mean absolute error between its output and a desired signal, given noisy observations of this desired signal, is presented. Specifically, an optimal window-width-b stack filter can be determined with a linear program with O(b2/sup b/) variables. This algorithm is efficient since the number of different inputs to a window-width-b filter is M/sup b/ if the filter has M-valued input and the number of stack filters grows faster than 2 raised to the 2/sup b/2/ power. It is shown that optimal stack filtering under the mean-absolute-error criterion is analogous to optimal linear filtering under the mean-squared-error criterion: both linear filters and stack filters are defined by superposition properties, both classes are implementable, and both have tractable procedures for finding the optimal filter under an appropriate error criterion. >
Developmental Constraints, Generative Entrenchment, and the Innate-Acquired Distinction

The innate-acquired distinction has long been a point of connection between evolutionary questions and developmental questions. It is also one of our oldest conceptual tools, dating back at least to the time of Plato. Further, it hs been broadly applied not just in development biology, animal ethology, and evolutionary theory, but also in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, philosophy of science, cognitive psychology, linguistics, neurophysiology and in theories about the nature and evolution of human sociality, culture, and morality. As befits any concept which has cast such a broad and deep shadow, it has at some times and places been highly honored and at others most deeply dishonored. It has been viewed as an agent of progress and of stagnation, of clarity and of confusion, and of liberation and of bondage.
Influence of the Glandless Genes in Cotton on Feeding, Oviposition, and Development of the Boll Weevil in the Laboratory

In feeding tests boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, fed significantly less on the glandless cotton lines Acala 4-42-77 GS, Atlas 182 GS, DPSL GS, Stardel GS, Stoneville 7A GS, and Wescot GS than on the glanded parent lines. In oviposition tests, the weevils laid significantly more eggs on Acala 4-42-77 GS, Vescot GS, and Coker 100A GS than on their glanded counterparts, but there was no difference in oviposition rate among the 9 other paired lines. In antibiosis tests, significantly larger weevils were reared from reconstituted lyophilized square powder diets made from 38-6 GS, Rex Smoothleaf GS, and Stardel GS than from similar diets made from the glanded parent lines. However, similar diets made from Acala 4-42-77 GS produced weevils weighing significantly less than those from glanded Acala 4-42-77. There was no significant difference in weevil developmental period between the glandless and glanded pairs studied. The results suggest that the glandless genes may not create increased susceptibility to the boll weevil, especially if care is exercised in the selection of the genetic background in which the genes will be placed.
Isokinetic Shoulder Muscle Strength of Young Adults

この研究は、若年健常成人の肩関節等運動性筋力を左右差、角速度との関係、拮抗筋の筋力の割合、体重との相関から分析することを目的として行われた。対象は、20才から35才の健常成人33名で、肩関節内旋・外旋・伸展・屈曲・内転・外転をそれぞれ角速度60度毎秒、180度毎秒で測定された。その結果、男性の速い速度ですべての運動に左右差が認められた。女性の外転を除くすべての運動で左右差が認められた。外旋/内旋、屈曲/伸展比は約70%であった。内転/外転比はそれよりやや低く約60%であった。この拮抗筋の筋力差はスピードの増加にともない著しくなった。男性では体重との相関は認められなかった。これらの結果は、臨床上の有用な情報になるものと考えられた。
Principles of Comparative Crystal Chemistry

The art and science of crystal chemistry lies in the interpretation of three-dimensional electron and nuclear density data from diffraction experiments in terms of interatomic bonding and forces. With the exception of meticulous high-resolution studies (e.g. Downs 1983, Downs et al. 1985, Zuo et al. 1999), these density data reveal little more than the possible atomic species and their distributions within the unit cell. Other parameterizations of crystal structures, including atomic radii, bond distances, packing indices, polyhedral representations, and distortion indices, are model-dependent. These secondary parameters have proven essential to understanding structural systematics, but they are all based on interpretations of the primary diffraction data. Comparative crystal chemistry carries this interpretive process one step further, by comparing parameters of a given structure at two or more sets of conditions. In this volume we focus on structural variations with temperature or pressure, though the general principles presented here are just as easily applied to structural variations with other intensive variables, such as electromagnetic field, anisotropic stress, or composition along a continuous solid solution. Two or more topologically identical structures at different temperatures or pressures may vary slightly in unit-cell parameters and atomic positions, thus adding a variable of state to the structural analysis. A straightforward procedure for reporting structural data at a sequence of temperatures or pressures is to tabulate the standard primary parameters (unit-cell parameters, fractional atomic coordinates and thermal vibration coefficients, along with refinement conditions) and secondary parameters (e.g. individual and mean cation-anion bond distances, bond angles, polyhedral volumes and distortion indices) for each set of conditions. Most such structural studies also include graphical illustrations of the variation of key secondary parameters with temperature or pressure. In addition, several useful comparative parameters, including bond compressibilities and thermal expansivities, polyhedral bulk moduli, and strain ellipsoids, have been devised …
Public Power and Preventive Responsibility

When the actions of lawful joint ventures involving a number of states and international organizations result in global public wrongs, responsibility must be attributed to the participant states or organizations that hold the levers of control most relevant to preventing the conduct in question. This proposed standard (1) builds on the normative trend in international law emphasizing the state’s inherent moral obligation to prevent such wrongdoing, (2) recognizes the vital role of international cooperative ventures in furthering the project of international law, (3) is sensitive to the difficulty of developing systems of contribution and indemnification at the international level, (4) advances the project of deterrence, and (5) preserves the right to reparation. As such, this “power-to-prevent” standard is superior to the dominant preference for one or another formalism (whether “ultimate authority and control,” “overall operational control,” blanket multiple attribution akin to joint and several liability, or even the Nicaragua-inspired interpretation of “effective control”). It would apply to a broad range of international collective enterprises, including multi-national forces, peacekeeping operations, Fronted operations, joint policing, joint anti-piracy patrols, joint prisons, and joint territorial administrations. A broader standard of blanket multiple attribution akin to joint and several liability may be appropriate when the enterprise itself is unlawful.
Newton–Euler Equations of Motion

The previous chapter focused on describing and understanding the variability of angular momentum. We now apply those concepts to relate the motion of a system to the forces driving that motion. The formulation is based on the linear and angular momentum principles of Newton and Euler. These principles govern the motion of a single rigid body, but practical applications feature many bodies. In such situations, individual equations of motion may be written for each body. If one pursues such an analysis, careful attention must be given to accounting for the forces exerted between bodies, so the construction of free-body diagrams will play a prominent role in this chapter's development. As a supplement to this approach, a following section develops a momentum-based concept for systems of rigid bodies that sometimes can lead to the desired solution without considering all of the interaction forces. Ultimately, the energy-based concepts associated with Lagrange, whose development is taken up in the next chapter, provide a more robust alternative approach. However, they are mathematical in nature and afford little physical insight. For this reason, particular attention is given here to providing physical explanations for the results derived from the Newton–Euler formulation of equations of motion.
Etiologies of ADHD

The various proposed etiologies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are reviewed from the Department of Neurology, New York University Medical Center, New York.
The Effects of Acetabular Reaming on Bone Loss and Component Coverage

INTRODUCTION: Recent trends in total hip arthroplasty (THA) have resulted in the use of larger acetabular components to achieve larger femoral head sizes to reduce dislocation, and improve range of motion and stability. Such practices can result in significant acetabular bone loss at the time of index THA, increasing risk of anterior/posterior wall compromise, reducing component coverage, component fixation, ingrowth surface and bone stock for future revision surgery. We report here on the effects of increasing acetabular reaming on component coverage and bone loss in a radiographic CT scan based computer model system. METHODS: A total of 74 normal cadaveric pelves with nonarthritic hip joints underwent thin slice CT scan followed by upload of these scans into the FDA approved radiographic analysis software. Utilizing this software package, baseline three-dimensional calculations of femoral head size and acetabular size were obtained. The software was used to produce a CT scan based model that would simulate reaming and placement of acetabular components in these pelves that were 125, 133 and 150% the size of the native femoral head. Calculations were made of cross sectional area bone loss from anterior/posterior columns, and loss of component coverage with increasing size. RESULTS: Use of acetabular components that were 125, 133 and 150% the size of the native femoral head led to a average loss of 23, 27% and 33% loss of cross-sectional acetabular bone and an average 7, 16 and 27% loss of acetabular component coverage. CONCLUSION: The CT scan/computer based model described here demonstrates that acetabular preparation and use of large components simply to gain larger femoral head size can result in significant bone loss and reduced component coverage. Operating hip surgeons attempting to utilize such large components must take great caution when attempting to maximize acetabular component size.
Climbing the Ladder, Holding the Ladder: The Mentoring Experiences of Higher Education Female Leaders

Female administrators in comprehensive research universities were surveyed to gain their perceptions on their mentoring experiences. The females affirmed they had informal mentors in roles of sponsor, counselor, coach, and teacher, and they are also mentoring others. The findings both confirmed and contradicted former studies on females in higher education.
Google Politics: The Political Determinants of Internet Censorship in Democracies*

The expansion of digital interconnectivity has simultaneously increased individuals’ access to media and presented governments with new opportunities to regulate information flows. As a result, even highly democratic countries now issue frequent censorship and user data requests to digital content providers. We argue that government internet censorship occurs, in part, for political reasons, and seek to identify the conditions under which states censor. We leverage new, cross-nationally comparable, censorship request data, provided by Google, to examine how country characteristics co-vary with governments’ digital censorship activity. Within democracies, we show that governments engage in more digital censorship when internal dissent is present and when their economies produce substantial intellectual property. But these demand mechanisms are modulated by the relative influence that democratic institutions provide to narrow and diffuse interests; in particular, states with proportional electoral institutions censor less.
A Set-Based Approach to Support Decision-Making on the Restoration of Infrastructure Networks

Infrastructure networks can be damaged during earthquakes. These damaged links can disrupt network operations resulting in significant economic and social losses. Depending on the distribution and ...
Blown Away: Bombs, Networks and Economic Fortitude

Does bombing those involved in terrorist activities accomplish its goals of reducing the number of terrorists, or may it instead cause a growth in terrorist numbers? To answer this question, we first seek a behavioral approach to the causes of terrorism. Next, without the ability to conduct field research, we use an agent-based modelling technique to predict ethnocentric behaviors in response to bombing. We conclude that asymmetrical response, such as the War on Terror and the military actions since, against terrorist organizations increases not only the recruitment of potential terrorists, but the potential number of violent terrorist incidents as well.
Using Formative & Summative Assessment to Evaluate Library Instruction in an Online First Year Writing Course

ABSTRACTEnsuring quality library instruction in an online-exclusive First Year Writing (FYW) course is important and challenging. Assessing what the students learned and how is equally important. The authors collaborate and co-teach the information literacy portion of an online-exclusive second semester FYW course at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. To teach information literacy skills, the authors developed tutorial videos, worksheets, and a Librarian AMA (Ask Me Anything) discussion forum for the students. The authors completed formative and summative assessments to measure the efficacy of the activities. This article explores their assessment, findings, and recommendations.
Mechanical properties of SiC composites neutron irradiated under light water reactor relevant temperature and dose conditions

Abstract Silicon carbide (SiC) fiber–reinforced SiC matrix (SiC/SiC) composites are being actively investigated for use in accident-tolerant core structures of light water reactors (LWRs). Owing to the limited number of irradiation studies previously conducted at LWR-coolant temperature, this study examined SiC/SiC composites following neutron irradiation at 230–340 °C to 2.0 and 11.8 dpa in the High Flux Isotope Reactor. The investigated materials were chemical vapor infiltrated (CVI) SiC/SiC composites with three different reinforcement fibers. The fiber materials were monolayer pyrolytic carbon (PyC) -coated Hi-Nicalon™ Type-S (HNS), Tyranno™ SA3 (SA3), and SCS-Ultra™ (SCS) SiC fibers. The irradiation resistance of these composites was investigated based on flexural behavior, dynamic Young's modulus, swelling, and microstructures. There was no notable mechanical properties degradation of the irradiated HNS and SA3 SiC/SiC composites except for reduction of the Young's moduli by up to 18%. The microstructural stability of these composites supported the absence of degradation. In addition, no progressive swelling from 2.0 to 11.8 dpa was confirmed for these composites. On the other hand, the SCS composite showed significant mechanical degradation associated with cracking within the fiber. This study determined that SiC/SiC composites with HNS or SA3 SiC/SiC fibers, a PyC interphase, and a CVI SiC matrix retain their properties beyond the lifetime dose for LWR fuel cladding at the relevant temperature.
A comprehensive pipeline for multi-resolution modeling of the mitral valve: Validation, computational efficiency, and predictive capability.

Multiple studies have demonstrated that the pathological geometries unique to each patient can affect the durability of mitral valve (MV) repairs. While computational modeling of the MV is a promising approach to improve the surgical outcomes, the complex MV geometry precludes use of simplified models. Moreover, the lack of complete in-vivo geometric information presents significant challenges in the development of patient-specific computational models. There is thus a need to determine the level of detail necessary for predictive MV models. To address this issue, we have developed a novel pipeline for building attribute-rich computational models of MV with varying fidelity directly from the in-vitro imaging data. The approach combines high-resolution geometric information from loaded and unloaded states to achieve a high level of anatomic detail, followed by mapping and parametric embedding of tissue attributes to build a high resolution, attribute-rich computational models. Subsequent lower resolution models were then developed, and evaluated by comparing the displacements and surface strains to those extracted from the imaging data. We then identified the critical levels of fidelity for building predictive MV models in the dilated and repaired states. We demonstrated that a model with a feature size of ~5 mm and mesh size of ~1 mm was sufficient to predict the overall MV shape, stress, and strain distributions with high accuracy. However, we also noted that more detailed models were found to be needed to simulate microstructural events. We conclude that the developed pipeline enables sufficiently complex models for biomechanical simulations of MV in normal, dilated, repaired states.
A Barrier of Mistrust: How Negative Stereotypes Affect Cross-Race Mentoring

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how negative stereotypes affect cross-race mentoring. Educators who work across racial or gender lines must communicate that they are not biased, despite the potential for prejudice that exists in the larger system. The strategies reviewed can help teachers, managers, and tutors to accomplish just this. But even if the students feel convinced that they personally are accorded respect, they may still feel that other members of their ethnic or gender group can be judged or treated stereotypically. As such, collective threat can be elicited not only by one's own actions, but by those of the fellow group members who can also confirm a negative stereotype about one's group. The chapter focusses on minority students and highlights that the theoretical framework offered here applies to any individuals who fear that their abilities or worth is doubted rather than assumed. The threat of stigmatization may be felt by whites in the arena of competitive sports, where their group is stereotyped as one that lacks ability by students plagued with low self-esteem. Exploring both concepts and their implications for mentoring and other teacher-student relationships constitutes a central challenge for educators and researchers alike.