cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Low-Cost, Computer-Interfaced Drawing Pad for fMRI Studies of Dysgraphia and Dyslexia

We have developed a pen and writing tablet for use by subjects during fMRI scanning. The pen consists of two jacketed, multi-mode optical fibers routed to the tip of a hollowed-out ball-point pen. The pen has been further modified by addition of a plastic plate to maintain a perpendicular pen-tablet orientation. The tablet is simply a non-metallic frame holding a paper print of continuously varying color gradients. The optical fibers are routed out of the MRI bore to a light-tight box in an adjacent control room. Within the box, light from a high intensity LED is coupled into one of the fibers, while the other fiber abuts a color sensor. Light from the LED exits the pen tip, illuminating a small spot on the tablet, and the resulting reflected light is routed to the color sensor. Given a lookup table of position for each color on the tablet, the coordinates of the pen on the tablet may be displayed and digitized in real-time. While simple and inexpensive, the system achieves sufficient resolution to grade writing tasks testing dysgraphic and dyslexic phenomena.
Development and characterization of novel di- and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers in Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus )

The Pacific cod ( Gadus macrocephalus ) supports large commercial fisheries in the northern Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. Here we characterize 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from enriched genomic libraries. Loci were screened on a sample of 96 spawning adults. The average number of alleles per locus was 25.3 (range 12–44), with expected heterozygosities ( H E ) ranging from 0.54 to 0.97. No significant deviations of genotypic proportions from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium or linkage equilibrium were detected. These markers will be used in future studies of population structure and mixed stock analysis of this important gadid species.
Cyanosis in the Newborn Infant

The presence of cyanosis in a newborn infant indicates the presence of potentially serious and life-threatening disease. There are only five physiologic abnormalities that produce arterial desaturation, although numerous different clinical entities may result in cyanosis. In all but a few cases, an accurate diagnosis can be made with the use of clinical and relatively simple laboratory data. In addition to supportive treatment, specific therapy should be directed at the underlying cause of cyanosis. The prognosis depends upon the nature of the clinical condition responsible for cyanosis; in most cases, the prognosis for survival and normal development is good.
Non-viral molecular tools and their application in clinical microbiology: When and how are they best used?

We need to educate our clinical colleagues about the utility or lack thereof of molecular tools that are available and those that are forthcoming. We need to develop open lines of communication between our clinical and diagnostic colleagues. More outcome studies are needed to improve our understanding of the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of molecular tools. Thus far, many have already proven their worth in the microbiology laboratory. And surely, there are many more to come.
Quantification of Mycophenolic Acid and Glucuronide Metabolite in Human Serum by HPLC-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Background: The potent immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA) is metabolized to an inactive glucuronide (MPAG). The extent of metabolism varies among individuals, and the MPAG formed can be hydrolyzed to MPA and can displace MPA from serum albumin, creating a potential need to monitor both MPA and MPAG. Methods: After addition of the carboxybutoxy ether of MPA (MPAC) as internal standard, MPA and MPAG were isolated from serum by acidification followed by solid-phase extraction. Gradient chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters Atlantis reversed-phase liquid chromatography (HPLC) column, and the compounds were quantified by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Results obtained by HPLC-MS/MS were compared with an HPLC assay using ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) performed at a reference laboratory. Results: MPAG, MPA, and MPAC were fully separated during a 7.0-min run time. Precision at both low and high concentrations of MPA ad MPAG met the suggested method validation criteria from a consensus panel report on MPA. The extraction efficiencies were 99% for MPA and MPAG. The assay was linear to 16 mg/L for MPA and 200 mg/L for MPAG. Limits of quantification were 0.1 mg/L for MPA and 1 mg/L for MPAG. Regression analysis gave the following results: HPLC-MS/MS = 1.03(HPLC-UV) − 0.03 mg/L ( R 2 = 0.982) for MPA; and HPLC-MS/MS = 0.93(HPLC-UV) + 0.89 mg/L ( R 2 = 0.967) for MPAG. Conclusion: This HPLC-MS/MS assay can be used to reproducibly quantify MPA and MPAG across a large analytical range in serum from organ transplant patients.
Circuit implementation of trainable neural networks employing both supervised and unsupervised techniques

An efficient hardware implementation of a training algorithm is presented, combining supervised and unsupervised techniques. In VLSI circuits, effects including random offsets and mismatch, system distortion, frequency response, and temperature deviations perturb the system outputs. Analysis of the generalized Hebbian algorithm shows that these small deviations result in small perturbations of the output statistics and the weight matrix. Also, the conjugate-gradient optimization algorithm is formulated in continuous-time. Both the generalized Hebbian algorithm and the optimization system can be efficiently implemented on a mesh of synapses. The low distortion and high bandwidth (>100 MHz) for the matrix operations and a high-performance analog memory indicate high performance for the generalized Hebbian algorithm. From the mathematical theory, the error of the output statistics is less than 1%. >
Zidovudine Antagonizes the Antiviral Effects of Ganciclovir against Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cultured Cells and in Guinea Pigs

The antiviral effects of ganciclovir (DHPG) combined with zidovudine (AZT) at several dosages against cytomegalovirus infection were evaluated in cultured cells and in Hartley guinea pigs. Combinations of DHPG and AZT at fixed ratios ranging from 1:0.1 to 1:1 showed reduced antiviral effects of DHPG in cultured human lung fibroblast (HEL) cells and guinea pig embryo (GPE) cells infected with human cytomegalovirus and guinea pig cytomegalovirus, respectively. Synergistic cytotoxicity (CI values < 1) was noted in HEL and GPE cell cultures at all DHPG/AZT combinations tested. In vivo experiments using a fixed ratio at three dosage levels for treatment of GPCMV infected guinea pigs for 5 days did not show significant antagonistic antiviral nor synergistic toxic effects at lower dosages. When GPCMV infected guinea pigs were treated with DHPG and AZT in combinations at 40/20, 40/40 and 40/80 mg kg−1 day 1 for 7 days, a significant increase of GPCMV infectivity titres in the salivary gland, lung and spleen were ...
Comparing responses when each response is a curve

We describe, generalize, and demonstrate the application of a method (W. H. Lawton, A. Sylvestre, and M. S. Maggio, Technometrics 14: 513-532, 1972) that can be used to partially analyze population data. The data from each subject consist of a series of responses observed at distinct values of a predictor variable. The method assumes that all subjects' data originate from a common process but differ because the "units" of predictor and response variables differ among subjects. For example, if the predictor variable is time, time can be "faster" or "slower" from subject to subject. We deal with two different problems. In the first one the response at x for the ith subject is of the form beta 1i + beta 2iG[(x - beta 3i)/beta 4i] + epsilon, where G(x) is a mathematical "shape" function (of the predictor variable x) representing the process and epsilon is observation error. The units of observed and predictor variable are then defined by the values of beta 1i, beta 2i and beta 3i, beta 4i, respectively. In particular beta 1i and beta 3i express shifts and beta 2i, beta 4i express scales of the observed and predictor variables, respectively. In the second problem the response at x for the ith subject is of the form beta 1i + beta 2i integral of x0 G[(s - beta 3i)/beta 4i].Hi(x - s) ds + epsilon, where Hi(x) is a known function. In both problems, the method estimates the common "shape" function G(x) nonparametrically and the parameters beta 1i, beta 2i, beta 3i, and beta 4i for each subject.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Postelectrospinning “Click” Modification of Degradable Amino Acid-Based Poly(ester urea) Nanofibers

Amino acid-based poly(ester urea)s (PEU) are emerging as a new class of degradable polymers that have shown promise in regenerative medicine applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of PEUs carrying pendent “clickable” groups on modified tyrosine amino acids. The pendent species include alkyne, azide, alkene, tyrosine–phenol, and ketone groups. PEUs with Mw exceeding to 100K Da were obtained via interfacial polycondensation methods, and the concentration of pendent groups was varied using a copolymerization strategy. The incorporation of derivatizable functionalities is demonstrated using 1H NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy methods. Electrospinning was used to fabricate PEU nanofibers with a diameters ranging from 350 to 500 nm. The nanofiber matricies possess mechanical strengths suitable for tissue engineering (Young’s modulus: 300 ± 45 MPa; tensile stress: 8.5 ± 1.2 MPa). A series of bioactive peptides and fluorescent molecules were conjugated to the surface of the nanofibers following electrospinning ...
Investigation into Parallel Time Marching of Fluid-Thermal-Structural Interactions

A unique issue of reusable ultra-high-speed flight vehicles is the presence of continually evolving material and structural states; necessitating multi-scale analysis of components over long time records. This leads to a significant computational bottleneck due to the need to carry out an extreme number of time iterations, and only limited ability to decrease the time-to-solution using either spatial domain parallelization or reduced order models. This study investigates the potential to decrease the time-to-solution in such problems using time parallelization approaches for nonlinear dynamical systems. Specifically, a parallel in time algorithm developed previously for nonlinear structural dynamics problems is adapted for application to a fluid-thermal-structural analysis. The approach is first examined for predicting the aeroelastic response of a panel in supersonic flow, and the result converges to a serial solution in both aeroelastically stable and unstable regimes. Theoretical speedups are found to be between 1.5 to 2 times a serial solution. Next, the scheme is assessed for computing the transient fluid-thermal-structural response of a panel in supersonic flow. The result converges to the serial solution until an aerothermoelastically induced snapthrough, after which the scheme is unstable. Theoretical speedup is found to be 5.5 times a serial solution.
Germination and propagation of Astragalus michauxii, a rare southeastern US endemic legume

The US Department of Defense is taking proactive steps to conserve rare species that occur primarily on lands under its stewardship, including Astragalus michauxii (Kuntze) F.J. Herm. (Sandhills milkvetch; Fabaceae). We completed a series of evaluations to determine effective means of germinating and propagating A. michauxii . We collected A. michauxii seed from Fort Bragg, an Army Installation located in the Sandhills ecoregion of North Carolina. While previous work described a germination protocol and suggested the presence of chemical dormancy, we determined that A. michauxii possesses only physical dormancy, which can be successfully broken by mechanical scarification yielding a 94% germination rate. We also developed an effective method for large-scale propagation of A. michauxii by directly sowing seed into media, rather than transplanting seedlings from Petri plates. This method resulted in an emergence rate comparable to the observed germination rate and a 69% survivorship of seedlings ex situ . Our simplified germination and propagation protocols can effectively be used to provide individual plants for use in reintroduction and restoration.
Social Media & the Law, Here Comes Everybody

Following a basic background and introduction to social media, this article focuses on the application of copyright law to social media, including direct and intermediary copyright liability of a variety of User-generated content heavy services. Particular attention is paid to the DMCA Section 512 Safe Harbor defense for intermediary websites. In addition, the article discusses liability of social media websites for the actions of their users under other areas of the law like defamation and invasions of privacy, with particular attention paid to the broad immunity provided under Communications Decency Act Section 230. From the introduction: The “free encyclopedia that anyone can edit,” Wikipedia, defines social media as “media designed to be disseminated through social interaction,...[using] Internet and web-based technologies to transform broadcast media monologues (one to many) into social media dialogues (many to many). It supports the democratization of knowledge and information, transforming people from content consumers into content producers.” Social media is defined in large part by the presence of user-generated content (sometimes referred to as “UGC”), which refers to different types of media content that is produced by end-users and is available to the public on the Internet. Wikis, blogs, podcasts, social networks, image-, video-, music-, and news-sharing websites, and countless other types of websites (including Wikipedia) are based on user-generated content. A few of the well-known UGC-based social media websites include: Facebook, Flickr, YouTube, Twitter, MySpace, Blip.tv, Viddler, Jamendo, Veoh, and IndabaMusic. In this new arena, the Internet is used as a publishing tool that allows for widespread and inexpensive dissemination of information. Social media is the next step in the Internet’s evolution, providing for further democratization and decentralization of the means to share information and ideas with the world. The Internet has provided a more efficient alternative to the printing press and traditional content distribution methods. Social media empowers even more people to access the means to publish. The rate of technological and social change that our world is now experiencing is astonishing. Social media has become part of our daily lives in just a few years. The term “blog” was not widely used until the 2004 election, and YouTube did not exist until February 2005. Today, Facebook — a social networking site that embodies the definition of social media services as platforms for user-generated content rather than producers of original content — boasts more users than there are citizens of the United States. Once passive consumers, conditioned to receive news and culture created and distributed by centralized media, we now have the power to insert ourselves into the flow of information and the process of creativity, fostering a more participatory culture.
Application of c language programming of SCM in mech-electrical system

Introduce the character of the c language and the limit of c language that resource of the SCM affects and how to deal with those problems effectively.The application of mechanical and electrical system for monolithic integrated circuit is detailed explanted with the example and the corresponding hardware electric circuit and the software program has been produced.
Abstract CN01-02: Instrumenting the healthcare enterprise for discovery research

It is critical for us to leverage healthcare technology to find ways to meet our goals in clinical research. The Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) project is used to accrue patients for clinical trials using data from a hospital9s medical record. It is also valuable as a platform for generally validating disease phenotypes as part of in-silico studies that explore associations of phenotypes with the information gathered from biologic samples such as the genotypes of the patients and their tissues. The software can adapt to Patient Surveys and Reported Outcomes as well as routine Electronic Medical Record data. The software can be used to support multisite trials across institutions using the Shared Healthcare Research Informatics Network (SHRINE). Citation Format: Shawn N. Murphy. Instrumenting the healthcare enterprise for discovery research. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr CN01-02.
Congenital Tibial Pseudarthrosis Managed with Ipsilateral Vascularized Fibula Transfer

Congenital pseudarthrosis is a difficult clinical challenge with upwards of 40–50 % amputation rate. Multiple procedures are available to the clinician for management. The area of nonunion is thought to be “avascular” and contributes to the failure of traditional bone grafting techniques. Many reports describe the use of a contralateral vascularized fibula transfer to achieve union. This requires operative intervention on the normal limb with its inherent potential complications. This case describes the use of an ipsilateral vascularized fibula, avoiding the potential morbidity on the contralateral limb as the source of the graft and the greater technical difficulty with a free transfer. The requirement of a “good” ipsilateral fibula limits patient eligibility. 1 Brief Clinical History The patient presented at 9 months of age with a deformity of the tibia first noted by the mother at 4 months of age. No history of trauma was noted. No known family history of neurofibromatosis or similar deformity was elucidated. Physical exam demonstrated the anterior lateral bow of the tibia along with knee, thigh, and trunk cafe-au-lait spots noted. The foot was plantigrade and no pain was elucidated with palpation (Fig. 1a, b). No spinal deformity was present. X-rays of the tibia demonstrate the classic tibia pseudarthrosis, associated bowing, and deformity (Fig. 2a, b). Initial management was a clamshell orthosis to provide support and stability. The patient managed well and was ambulatory with the brace. At almost 3 years of age, because of difficulty in managing the deformity, multiple options for management exist (Grill et al. 2000). The chosen surgical treatment was pseudarthrosis resection, bone grafting, and IM rodding as reported by Dobbs et al. (2004). In spite of bracing, failure of IM rod occurred secondary to failure of healing of pseudarthrosis repair (Fig. 3). 2 Preoperative Clinical Photos and Radiographs See Figs. 1, 2, and 3. 3 Preoperative Problem List – Persistent pseudarthrosis despite resection, grafting, and IM nail – Angular deformity of the tibia *Email: maiona@shrinenet.org Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction Surgery Case Atlas DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02767-8_329-1 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014
Security Through Diversity

Security through diversity is a calculated and measured response to threats and attacks that cannot be anticipated. In nature, diversity is a counter force to events unforeseen and unplanned, providing a protracted ability to survive against an improbable event or series of events. The application of diversity as a security doctrine is difficult and counterintuitive to institutions yet, may prove an essential component of digital survivability. Diversity is a survival trait and an aspect of information security yet costly and difficult, remaining critical in the extremely long view. This chapter covers scenarios where security through diversity failed and may succeed.
Place Matters in Non-Traditional Migration Areas: Exploring Barriers to Healthcare for Latino Immigrants by Region, Neighborhood, and Community Health Center

This paper identifies differences in adult Latino immigrant barriers to healthcare in the Cincinnati area in Hamilton County, OH, on three levels: by region, by neighborhood, and by community health center. Secondary data analysis was performed on 439 surveys. Respondents were aggregated by the geographic regions and neighborhoods where they live and by two community health centers where they receive care. Outcome measures included pragmatic and skill barrier indices adapted from the Barriers to Care Questionnaire (BCQ); the pragmatics index consists logistical barriers, including transportation and cost; the skills index is made up of items related to navigating the healthcare system, including communicating with physicians and completing paperwork. The results indicate that immigrant Latinos living in western Cincinnati and northern Hamilton County face significantly higher pragmatic barriers to care, while Latino immigrants going to a community health center in western Cincinnati have significantly fewer pragmatic and skill barriers than immigrants utilizing a nearby community health center. Because healthcare options for undocumented immigrants do not improve with the Affordable Care Act, community health centers will continue to serve as their primary source of care. This is particularly true in non-traditional migration areas, where immigrants tend to be isolated and lack resources. Efforts to improve access to healthcare for immigrant Latinos require place-based approaches that allow for targeted resources to improve care in these locations. This study helps to fill that need by identifying variation in barriers to care on multiple levels and offering strategies to alleviate these barriers.
Topography integration to wind downscaling

Abstract In building energy simulations, an urban context is assessed for its impact on local wind conditions. This process, known as wind downscaling, generally considers terrain that is characterized by the obstructions such as buildings and trees. However, topography, the shape of a land, is hardly considered for its combined impact with terrain. Wind downscaling is particularly challenging in large urban areas for the required high computational costs, while the existing models are still in their infancy. This paper developed a method to integrate the topography effect in existing terrain-driven wind downscaling. To facilitate its utility in early design stages, sampling and interpolation approach were adopted for computational efficiency. Samples were generated for urban contexts, considering topography with slopes and terrain with buildings. These samples were geometrically modeled and assessed for outdoor wind speed in virtual wind tunnel tests with CFD simulations. The assessment results were analyzed and stored in a database, which was used to interpolate for a new condition. The proposed method was demonstrated for its reasonable accuracy and high computational efficiency by comparing the interpolation result with CFD simulation for an actual site.
A Review of Geoffrey M. Hodgson, Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future

Capitalism and law go together in Geoffrey M. Hodgson's comprehensive analysis of the intellectual history and practical development of the capitalist system in Western Europe and North America. Given the breadth and depth of Professor Hodgson's reading in political economy and his reflections on its implications for the present and future of global capitalism, his book deserves to be widely read. Labeling his approach legal institutionalism, he argues that a legal system that supports capitalism and the market is necessary but not sufficient to sustain a fair and efficient economic system. The state makes efficient markets possible, but it must also deal with the inevitable tensions and the fundamental asymmetry between labor and capital. Tensions arise because labor cannot be used as collateral for the loans that are needed for large-scale capitalist enterprise. Hodgson has not developed the political implications of his conclusions in any detail, but his work ought to inspire research that explores the implications of his arguments for ongoing projects of nation building.
2017 #NPHW and Beyond: Climate Changes Health

The article discusses the American Public Health Association's decision to declare 2017 the Year of Climate Change and Health, and it mentions the impact of climate change on the health of Americans, as well as the social determinants of health such as poverty and access to health care. Excerpts from articles in the January 1983 and November 2007 issues of the journal, which deal with the public health policies of then-U.S. Presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush, are provided.
Variation in size, condition, and abundance of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in relation to marine factors in Southeast Alaska

Abstract Understanding how environmental conditions influence productivity of Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) requires identifying relationships between ocean-driven processes and early marine growth and survival. We studied size, condition, and abundance of juvenile chum salmon ( O. keta ) captured in July in Icy Strait, Alaska over 17 years (1997−2013). We investigated relationships between these juvenile chum salmon characteristics and a suite of marine variables expressed at basin-wide, regional, and local scales using correlation and multivariate analyses. Juvenile chum salmon tended to be longer in years with warmer sea-surface temperatures in spring and summer. Average energy density was higher in years when variables such as local winds and mixed-layer depth indicated enhanced water-column mixing in June and July. Marine factors at the regional scale, specifically freshwater discharge and upwelling, were associated with the abundance of juvenile chum salmon. Catch per unit effort of juvenile chum salmon was higher in years with greater freshwater discharge and more intense downwelling in the prior winter, suggestive of mechanisms increasing recruitment of juvenile chum salmon through enhanced primary productivity and possibly reduced predation risk. Overall, our study supported previous work suggesting that a strong Aleutian Low indicates good conditions for salmon recruitment in the Gulf of Alaska, although we found that local conditions explained more variation in juvenile chum salmon responses than did basin-scale climate indicators. Furthermore, our work revealed a compelling role for freshwater discharge in driving ecological mechanisms that influence the growth and survival of juvenile salmon in the nearshore marine waters of Southeast Alaska.
Broken symmetries, non-reciprocity, and multiferroicity

The interplay of space and time symmetries, ferroic properties, chirality and notions of reciprocity determines many of the technologically important properties of materials such as optical diode effect, e.g., in polar ferromagnet FeZnMo3O8. We illustrate these concepts, including the non-reciprocal directional dichroism, through a number of practical examples. In particular, the conditions for non-reciprocity of ferro-rotational order are discussed and the possible use of linear optical gyration is suggested as a way to detect ferro-rotational domains. In addition, we provide the means to achieve high-temperature optical diode effect and elucidate multiferroic behaviors as a result of helical vs. cycloidal spins. Finally, we identify different entities behaving similarly under all symmetry operations, which are useful to understand non-reciprocity and multiferroicity in various materials intuitively.
Predicted Land Carbon Dynamics Are Strongly Dependent on the Numerical Coupling of Nitrogen Mobilizing and Immobilizing Processes: A Demonstration with the E3SM Land Model

AbstractWhile coupling carbon and nitrogen processes is critical for Earth system models to accurately predict future climate and land biogeochemistry feedbacks, it has not yet been analyzed how nu...
EPA guidelines on environmental fate.

This paper was presented in part at the Symposium on Tests for Pesticide Environmental Behavior held at the 182nd National meeting of the American Chemical Society in New York City, August 2–28, 1981.
Teachers Career Stages and Professional Development

Models of teacher career development have progressed from descriptive conceptualizations of career experiences, through research-based linear models, to nonlinear dynamic schemata that incorporate environmental influences. Significant changes in both organizational and personal environmental conditions over the last two decades raise the need to challenge earlier assumptions about teacher career stages and to consider new models and professional development responses. Based on this analysis, suggestions for researchers and practitioners are offered.
The Traveling Salesman Problem

The Hopfield net is known to produce a high percentage of invalid solutions in solving the TSP [11], [138]. This is attributed to the improper selection of parameters of the Hopfield energy function, Equation (3.22). This chapter examines why the Hopfield net frequently fails to produce valid solutions, and it also provides a remedy and presents comparison studies among different approaches discussed in previous chapters in solving the TSP. The TSP is singled out for comparison because it is a well-known, important, N P-complete problem that has many potential applications and has been benchmarked by many researchers.
The Mechanochemistry of Damage and Terminal Ballistics

Abstract The asymmetric radial crack patterns that occur in brittle targets when impacted by high velocity projectiles are explained using a Phenomenological Mechanochemistry of Damage (PMD) engineering model. The developed model, which constitutes a simplification of the generalized PMD framework, reveals an energy instability during failure of brittle materials configured in a purely symmetric geometry and impact configuration. The underlying cause of the instability is due to the competition between stored elastic energy and the energy associated with new surface creation through broken chemical bonds. The instability manifests itself in the form of asymmetric radial cracking in the brittle target. The model is built upon the general PMD framework and assumes the target material is sufficiently brittle that strains are small and linear elasticity is applicable. Furthermore, the impact geometry is assumed to be purely symmetric, which leads to a reduction of the geometry to a one-dimensional radial configuration. The model is not restricted to any ballistic impact speed regime, provided the target material remains in the solid phase.
Medical education today: all that glitters is not gold

The medical education system based on principles advocated by Flexner and Osler has produced generations of scientifically grounded and clinically skilled physicians whose collective experiences and contributions have served medicine and patients well. Yet sweeping changes launched around the turn of the millennium have constituted a revolution in medical education. In this article, a critique is presented of the new undergraduate medical education (UME) curricula in relationship to graduate medical education (GME) and clinical practice. Medical education has changed and will continue to change in response to scientific advances and societal needs. However, enthusiasm for reform needs to be tempered by a more measured approach to avoid unintended consequences. Movement from novice to master in medicine cannot be rushed. An argument is made for a shoring up of biomedical science in revised curricula with the beneficiaries being nascent practitioners, developing physician-scientists --and the public. Unless there is further modification, the new integrated curricula are at risk of produce graduates deficient in the characteristics that have set physicians apart from other healthcare professionals, namely high-level clinical expertise based on a deep grounding in biomedical science and understanding of the pathologic basis of disease. The challenges for education of the best possible physicians are great but the benefits to medicine and society are enormous.
Nonorgan manifestations of sarcoidosis

Purpose of reviewThe current review discusses the diagnosis and management of nonorgan-related symptoms that commonly arise in the setting of systemic sarcoidosis. Fatigue, small fiber neuropathy (SFN) and neuropsychological symptoms are highlighted.Recent findingsThe debilitating effects of chronic
A preliminary investigation of acute exercise intensity on memory and BDNF isoform concentrations

Little is known about the biological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effect of acute exercise on memory or the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on this effect. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a putative biological mechanism, and while findings from human studies are equivocal, they have neglected to assess how exercise affects individual BDNF isoform (proBDNF, mBDNF) concentrations in serum or the influence of the BDNF val66met SNP on BDNF isoform concentrations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct an exploratory assessment of the effect of acute exercise intensity on memory performance and BDNF isoform concentrations relative to carrier status of the BDNF val66met SNP met allele and to provide guidance for future, fully-powered trials. Memory and BDNF isoform concentrations were assessed in three exercise groups (light intensity, vigorous intensity, and non-exercise) relative to BDNF met carrier status. Analyses revealed that BDNF isoform concentrations and memory were differentially affected by exercise intensity and BDNF met carrier status. Vigorous intensity exercise increased mBDNF, and BDNF met carriers had lower mBDNF concentration. Light intensity exercise improved memory, and over 24 h, memory was worse for BDNF met carriers. Implications from this work will help direct future mechanistic studies of the exercise-memory relationship.
Classification of TMS evoked potentials using ERP time signatures and SVM versus deep learning

Modeling transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) evoked potentials (TEP) begins with classification of stereotypical single-pulse TMS responses in order to select validation targets for generative dynamical models. Several dimensionality reduction techniques are commonly in use to extract statistically independent features from experimental data for regression against model parameters. Here, we first designed a 3-dimensional feature space based on commonly described event-related potentials (ERP) from the literature. We then compared classification schemes which take as inputs either the 3D projection space or the original full rank input space. Their ability to discriminate TEP recorded from different brain regions given a stimulus site were evaluated. We show that a deep learning architecture, employing Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), yields better accuracy than the 3D projection and raw TEP input combined with Support Vector Machines. Such supervised feature extraction models may therefore be useful for scoring neural circuit simulations based on their ability to reproduce the underlying dynamical processes responsible for differential TEP responses.
Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis (TMEM) Doorways Are Restricted to the Blood Vessel Endothelium in Both Primary Breast Cancers and Their Lymph Node Metastases.

Cancer cells metastasize from primary tumors to regional lymph nodes and distant sites via the lymphatic and blood vascular systems, respectively. Our prior work has demonstrated that in primary breast tumors, cancer cells utilize a three-cell complex (known as tumor microenvironment of metastasis, or TMEM) composed of a perivascular macrophage, a tumor cell expressing high levels of the actin-regulatory protein mammalian enabled (Mena), and an endothelial cell as functional “doorways” for hematogenous dissemination. Here, we studied a well-annotated case–control cohort of human invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and metastatic lymph nodes from a separate breast cancer cohort. We demonstrate that in primary breast tumors, blood vessels are always present within tumor cell nests (TCNs) and tumor-associated stroma (TAS), while lymphatic vessels are only occasionally present in TCN and TAS. Furthermore, TMEM doorways not only exist in primary tumors as previously reported but also in lymph node metastases. In addition, we show that TMEM intravasation doorways are restricted to the blood vascular endothelium in both primary tumors and lymph node metastases, suggesting that breast cancer dissemination to distant sites from both primary tumors and metastatic foci in lymph nodes occurs hematogenously at TMEM doorways. TMEMs are very rarely detected at lymphatic vessels and do not confer clinical prognostic significance, indicating they are not participants in TMEM-associated hematogenous dissemination. These findings are consistent with recent observations that hematogenous dissemination from lymph nodes occurs via blood vessels.
Comparison of Retinal Layer Thickness in Eyes with Resolved Diabetic Macular Edema Receiving Ranibizumab with Normal Eyes.

Purpose To evaluate the thickness of individual retinal layers in eyes with resolved diabetic macular edema (DME) after treatment with ranibizumab (RBZ). Methods Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of 25 eyes (25 patients) with DME that had been treated with RBZ (and shown resolution of edema as evident by the absence of fluid in a high-resolution grid placed on the fovea) were acquired using Spectralis HRA + OCTTM. Thickness measurements of individual layers were calculated using papillomacular bundle (PMB), central subfield, and inner- and outer-ring Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) grids. Measurements were compared to 45 normal eyes with no known retinal disease. A post-hoc analysis was done correlating visual acuity (VA) with individual retinal layer thickness. Results Full retinal thickness (FRT) was thinner than normal individuals across all 4 grids. There were similarities and differences among the 4 grids; however, PMB and inner-ring ETDRS grids displayed the most resemblance. The VA significantly correlated with the FRT measured in PMB (p = 0.004), central subfield (p = 0.02), and inner-ring (p = 0.006) ETDRS. Conclusions Segmentation of OCT scans revealed significant differences in the overall thickness of the retina and of individual retinal layers in patients with resolved DME. PMB grid showed a stronger correlation between affected retinal layers and VA compared to ETDRS. PMB also showed significance with VA in layers that were shown to be not significant in ETDRS grid.
The Modular Architecture of Grammar

1. Autonomous modularity: syntax and semantics 2. The interface 3. Role structure 4. The linear order component 5. Morphology and morphophonology 6. Gaps and other defective elements 7. Conflict resolution 8. Tough 'movement': a tough construction.
Tracking renewable carbon in bio-oil/crude co-processing with VGO through 13C/12C ratio analysis

Abstract Biomass-derived pyrolosis oil (aka. Bio-oil) contains high oxygen and other heteroatoms that prevent it from being directly used as a conventional fuel due to its thermal instability, non-volatility and corrosivity. Co-processing the bio-oil with vacuum gas oil (VGO, a petroleum refining feedstock) leverages the existing petroleum refining infrastructure which significantly reduces Capex for the bio-oil pathway. Increasing renewable carbon incorporation into conventional fuels is a critical step in biofuels development and adoption. To take advantage of this approach, a fast, economic and accurate method with a potenial online monitoring capability is needed for tracking the renewable carbon through processing and then using the information to guide optimization of the co-processing parameters to maximize renewable carbon incorporation in fuel products. Here, we have developed a high-precision analytical protocol that enables accurate 13C/12C ratio analysis for bio-oil/crude samples. Our study demonstrates that high-precision 13C/12C ratio analysis can be a viable way to track renewable carbon incorporation in bio-oil co-processing products including the feedstock derived from C3 plants and guide the optimization of the co-processing parameters. Comparison of δ13C with radiocarbon (14C) results obtained by an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) reveals a significant correlation (R2 = 0.998) and confirms δ13C applicability for tracking renewable carbon in co-processing systems. Because C4 plant-derived bio-oils (−13‰) possesess more distinct δ13C values than C3 plant-derived bio-oils (-26‰) relative to VGO (~−30‰), the use of C4 plant-derived feedstock will greatly increase the renewable C traceability through 13C/12C ratio analysis in bio-oil co-processing.
Abstract 352: Early Data From an Implementation Science Study Suggests the Need for Identification and Adoption of Best Practices to Improve the Timeliness of Stroke Treatment

There is a disconnect from discovery of best treatment options and application into clinical practice in a timely manner. The IMplementation of best Practices fOr acute stroke care-developing and o...
Laparoscopic resection of pediatric gastric schwannoma/perineuroma

Abstract Schwannomas and Perineuromas are rare findings in the GI tract, especially in pediatric patients. They typically present in the fifth to sixth decade of life with a female predominance. In this case, we describe a 13-year-old female who presented with multiple GI complaints including weight loss and anemia. She was found to have an umbilicated mass in the lesser curvature of the stomach suspicious of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The mass was resected via a laparoscopic partial gastrectomy. The pathology report confirmed the diagnosis of a gastric hybrid schwannoma and perineuroma staining for EMA and S-100 protein.
Evaluating the clinical dyad leadership model: a narrative review.

Dyadic leadership models, in which two professionals jointly lead and share unit responsibilities, exemplifies a recent trend in health care. Nonetheless, much remains unknown about their benefits and drawbacks. In order to understand their potential impact, we conducted a review of literature evaluating dyad leadership models in health systems.,Our narrative review began with a search of PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and Scopus using key terms related to dyads and leadership. The search yielded 307 articles. We screened titles/abstracts according to these criteria: (1) focus on dyadic leadership model, i.e. physician–nurse or clinician–administrator, (2) set in health care environment and (3) peer-reviewed with an evaluative component of dyadic model. This yielded 22 articles for full evaluation, of which six were relevant for this review.,These six articles contribute an assessment of (1) teamwork and communication perceptions and their changes through dyad implementation, (2) dyad model functionality within the health system, (3) lessons learned from dyad model implementation and (4) dyad model adoption and model fidelity.,Research in this area remains nascent, and most articles focused on implementation over evaluation. It is possible that some articles were excluded due to our methodology, which excluded nonEnglish articles.,Findings provide guidance for health care organizations seeking to implement dyadic leadership models. Rigorous studies are needed to establish the impact of dyadic leadership models on quality and patient outcomes.,This review consolidates evidence surrounding the implementation and evaluation of a leadership model gaining prominence in health care.
Finding the Positive Amidst a Pandemic: How the Shift to Remote Interactions Has Increased Access to Services.

Like much of the world, the initial shock of the COVID-19 pandemic required a period of adjustment for me; the reality that a singular event had brought the world to a close was unfathomable. Once ...
How Highly Would Walmart Rank if It Were a Country? A Comparison of Walmart Revenue to Nations’ GDP

Walmart’s revenues are larger than the GDP of many countries. This paper ranks Walmart, comparing Walmart’s annual revenue to the GDP of the world’s 185 largest nations.
Are All Types of Real Transaction Management Equal in the Eyes of Bank Lenders

This study examines whether bank lenders have different reactions to various types of real transaction management (RTM) by borrowing firms. Drawing upon Jensen and Meckling’s asset substitution theory (1976) as well as banks’ unique payoff functions and monitoring incentives, we predict and find that banks offer more favorable loan terms (i.e., lower interest spreads, reduced probability for required collateral, reduced number and strictness of financial covenants) for firms displaying higher levels of RTM through reductions in R&D expenditures. In contrast, banks offer less favorable loan terms for firms displaying higher levels of RTM through aggressive price discounts, overproduction of inventories, and abnormal reduction of SG&A expenses. Additional analysis reveals that the favorable effect on loan pricing for R&D outlay reductions is smaller for longer-maturity loans. Overall, our study suggests that banks do not negatively view all forms of RTM.
FOXD1 regulates cell division in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Forkhead transcription factors control cell growth in multiple cancer types. Foxd1 is essential for kidney development and mitochondrial metabolism, but its significance in renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has not been reported. Transcriptome data from the TCGA database was used to correlate FOXD1 expression with patient survival. FOXD1 was knocked out in the 786-O cell line and known targets were analyzed. Reduced cell growth was observed and investigated in vitro using growth rate and Seahorse XF metabolic assays and in vivo using a xenograft model. Cell cycle characteristics were determined by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Immunostaining for TUNEL and γH2AX was used to measure DNA damage. Association of the FOXD1 pathway with cell cycle progression was investigated through correlation analysis using the TCGA database. FOXD1 expression level in ccRCC correlated inversely with patient survival. Knockout of FOXD1 in 786-O cells altered expression of FOXD1 targets, particularly genes involved in metabolism (MICU1) and cell cycle progression. Investigation of metabolic state revealed significant alterations in mitochondrial metabolism and glycolysis, but no net change in energy production. In vitro growth rate assays showed a significant reduction in growth of 786-OFOXD1null. In vivo, xenografted 786-OFOXD1null showed reduced capacity for tumor formation and reduced tumor size. Cell cycle analysis showed that 786-OFOXD1null had an extended G2/M phase. Investigation of mitosis revealed a deficiency in phosphorylation of histone H3 in 786-OFOXD1null, and increased DNA damage. Genes correlate with FOXD1 in the TCGA dataset associate with several aspects of mitosis, including histone H3 phosphorylation. We show that FOXD1 regulates the cell cycle in ccRCC cells by control of histone H3 phosphorylation, and that FOXD1 expression governs tumor formation and tumor growth. Transcriptome analysis supports this role for FOXD1 in ccRCC patient tumors and provides an explanation for the inverse correlation between tumor expression of FOXD1 and patient survival. Our findings reveal an important role for FOXD1 in maintaining chromatin stability and promoting cell cycle progression and provide a new tool with which to study the biology of FOXD1 in ccRCC.
A Taxonomy of Major Premises and Implications for Falsification and Verification

Both naive and sophisticated falsification arguments depend upon using the logic of modus tollens to employ empirical defeats to conclude that the theory is not true (naive falsification) or that t...