cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pushing and Pulling Sara: A Case Study of the Contrasting Influences of High School and University Experiences on Engineering Agency, Identity, and Participation.

This manuscript reports a longitudinal case study of how one woman, Sara, who had previously considered dropping out of high school, authored strong mathematics and science identities and purposefully exhibited agency through her experiences in high school science. These experiences empowered her to choose an engineering major in college; however, her introductory university engineering experiences ultimately pushed her out of engineering. Drawing on critical agency theory, we argue that by paying careful attention to how and why women author their identities and build agency through their experiences in high school, we may gain insight into why women may choose an engineering path in college. Additionally, we examine how Sara's perceptions of engineering structures and practices chipped away at the critical engineering agency she developed and caused her to leave engineering after her first year in college. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 9999:XX–XX, 2016
Reliable and efficient reaction path and transition state finding for surface reactions with the growing string method

The computational challenge of fast and reliable transition state and reaction path optimization requires new methodological strategies to maintain low cost, high accuracy, and systematic searching capabilities. The growing string method using internal coordinates has proven to be highly effective for the study of molecular, gas phase reactions, but difficulties in choosing a suitable coordinate system for periodic systems has prevented its use for surface chemistry. New developments are therefore needed, and presented herein, to handle surface reactions which include atoms with large coordination numbers that cannot be treated using standard internal coordinates. The double-ended and single-ended growing string methods are implemented using a hybrid coordinate system, then benchmarked for a test set of 43 elementary reactions occurring on surfaces. These results show that the growing string method is at least 45% faster than the widely used climbing image-nudged elastic band method, which also fails to converge in several of the test cases. Additionally, the surface growing string method has a unique single-ended search method which can move outward from an initial structure to find the intermediates, transition states, and reaction paths simultaneously. This powerful explorative feature of single ended-growing string method is demonstrated to uncover, for the first time, the mechanism for atomic layer deposition of TiN on Cu(111) surface. This reaction is found to proceed through multiple hydrogen-transfer and ligand-exchange events, while formation of H-bonds stabilizes intermediates of the reaction. Purging gaseous products out of the reaction environment is the driving force for these reactions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Students with differing design processes as freshmen: case studies on change

Through descriptive data of students' design processes at the beginning and end of an engineering programme, we provide insights intoquestions of: what changes do we see in individual engineering students design processes over the course and how might these designprocess changes prepare students to become `the global engineer'?
Quantitative Characterization of the Binding and Unbinding of Millimolar Drug Fragments with Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

A quantitative characterization of the binding properties of drug fragments to a target protein is an important component of a fragment-based drug discovery program. Fragments typically have a weak binding affinity, however, making it challenging to experimentally characterize key binding properties, including binding sites, poses, and affinities. Direct simulation of the binding equilibrium by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can provide a computational route to characterize fragment binding, but this approach is so computationally intensive that it has thus far remained relatively unexplored. Here, we perform MD simulations of sufficient length to observe several different fragments spontaneously and repeatedly bind to and unbind from the protein FKBP, allowing the binding affinities, on- and off-rates, and relative occupancies of alternative binding sites and alternative poses within each binding site to be estimated, thereby illustrating the potential of long time scale MD as a quantitative tool fo...
Effectiveness of tablet family history collection in a multidisciplinary pancreatic tumor clinic in identifying patients with risk factors for hereditary cancer.

e13020Background: A substantial percentage of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) harbor pathogenic germline variants in known cancer risk genes, some with relevance for treatment option...
A causal argument for dualism

Dualism holds (roughly) that some mental events are fundamental and non-physical. I develop a prima facie plausible causal argument for dualism. The argument has several significant implications. First, it constitutes a new way of arguing for dualism. Second, it provides dualists with a parity response to causal arguments for physicalism. Third, it transforms the dialectical role of epiphenomenalism. Fourth, it refutes the view that causal considerations prima facie support physicalism but not dualism. After developing the causal argument for dualism and drawing out these implications, I subject the argument to a battery of objections. Some prompt revisions to the argument. Others reveal limitations in scope. It falls out of the discussion that the causal argument for dualism is best used against physicalism as a keystone in a divide and conquer strategy.
Nocturnal courtship, copulation, and egg-laying in the western grebe ( Aechmophorus occidentalis ) and Clark’s grebe ( Aechmophorus clarkii )

Grebes (Podicipedidae) are primarily diurnal although migration occurs at night and some species forage opportunistically at night. We used motion-activated cameras to study nocturnal reproductive activities of the western grebe, Aechmophorus occidentalis, and Clark’s grebe, Aechmophorus clarkii, at Clear Lake, California, USA, during 2014–2016. During 9283 h of monitoring, 19.4% of rushing displays (n = 75) and 8.4% of copulations (n = 435), plus two weed dancing displays and four instances of egg-laying, occurred at night. Nocturnal copulation and egg-laying often occurred on empty, recently abandoned nests, but some incubating pairs of grebes also copulated at night. Nocturnal reproductive activities occurred more frequently at nests attached to submergent vegetation in open water far from shore when water levels were low than on nests attached to emergent vegetation close to shore when water levels were high, probably due to a reduced risk of predation by nocturnal mammals farther from shore. Nocturnal reproductive activities were not in response to elevated light levels at night, daylight disturbances, diurnal predation, high temperatures on hot days, or sexual interference during daylight. Instead, grebes attempted to increase mating investment and minimize parental investment by exploiting recently abandoned nests at night, and perhaps by undertaking extrapair copulations under the cover of darkness, but some pairs of grebes may simply extended routine reproductive activities into the night. Reproductive activities are probably limited at night by the need to feed during daylight and sleep at night, and by the increased risk of predation by mammals at night. Given the high costs of construction and maintenance of floating nests and the obvious benefit of quickly exploiting abandoned nests, nocturnal reproductive activities may occur more frequently in grebes and other waterbirds using floating nests than in other groups of birds whose reproductive activities occur mostly during daylight.
The promise of plastics from plants

Polymers protect us from the elements, increase the fuel efficiency of cars, protect food from pathogens, help cure disease, and enable renewable-energy technologies. To promote, foster, and enable a sustainable society, we need polymers. Yet polymers can also create serious environmental challenges. Nearly all plastic packaging produced—more than 80 billion kg annually—originates from fossil resources and is disposed of after a relatively short period of use ( 1 , 2 ). An increasing fraction of plastic is recycled or incinerated to recover energy, but most ends up in landfills, littering cities or landscapes, and in the oceans ( 3 ). New recycling concepts ( 4 ), clean incineration, and the development of polymers that can rapidly degrade ( 5 ) will be key to addressing these problems. Shifting from petrochemical feedstocks to renewable resources—making plastics from plants—can also rectify some environmental challenges associated with petrochemical extraction and render plastics production sustainable (see the figure).
College and University Faculty Perceptions Towards Carrying Concealed Firearms on Campus

This study uses a survey of university and college faculty members at two schools in the eastern United States to investigate their attitudes towards qualified faculty members and students carrying concealed firearms on their campuses. We found that faculty members who own a gun and are politically conservative were in favor concealed carry for qualified students and faculty, while liberal faculty member who are not gun owners were not.
Improving and monitoring air quality.

Since the authorization of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the air quality in the USA has significantly improved because of strong public support. The lessons learned over the last 25 years are being shared with the policy analysts, technical professionals, and scientist who endeavor to improve air quality in their communities. This paper will review how the USA has achieved the “high” standard of air quality that was envisioned in the early 1990s. This document will describe SO2 gas emission reduction technology and highlight operation of emission monitoring technology. This paper describes the basic process operation of an air pollution control scrubber. A technical review of measures required to operate and maintain a large-scale pollution control system will be described. Also, the author explains how quality assurance procedures in performance of continuous emission monitoring plays a significant role in reducing air pollution.
Heat Energy Transfer Using Butyl Stearate as Phase Change Material for Free-Cooling Applications

AbstractBuildings exploit 40% of the total annual global energy consumption and account for 33% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions around the world. A significant portion of this energy is consu...
The University of California Ten Meter Telescope Project: Recent Developments

The University of California has been actively designing a ten meter telescope (TMT) for optical and infrared groundbased astronomical observations since 1977. The project, now developed in considerable detail, is described in a series of Ten Meter Telescope Reports, technical notes, and publications (see, for example, Nelson 1980,1981,1982). In order to achieve an acceptable cost for the project, the design departs substantially from conventional telescope designs. Recognizing that the cost is roughly proportional to the weight of the structure and to the enclosed volume, we have made the reduction of weight and size a high priority goal of the design. To achieve these objectives a light-weight segmented primary mirror was designed. The parabolic primary is a mosaic of 36 hexagonal segments. In addition, the primary focal ratio is f/1.75, thus resulting in a short telescope tube; this allows a very compact dome.
Fluid Percussion Injury Model

Research models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) hold significant validity towards the human condition, with each model replicating a subset of clinical features and symptoms. Hallmarks of traumatic brain injury in man can be faithfully reproduced in the laboratory using fluid percussion injury. Variations in the surgical procedure provide the ability to induce focal diffuse or mixed focal and diffuse brain injury in various laboratory species. Being fully scalable, fluid percussion can induce mild, moderate, or severe brain injury in subjects of either sex, at any age. This chapter outlines the procedures for midline (diffuse) fluid percussion brain injury in adult and post-natal 17 and 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats and lateral (mixed) fluid percussion brain injury in adult male mice. With these procedures, it is possible to generate brain-injured laboratory animals for studies of injury-induced pathophysiology and behavioral deficits, for which rational therapeutic interventions can be implemented.
Characterization of a novel family of ciliary body glycoproteins.

PURPOSE To isolate and characterize ciliary body epithelial antigens reactive with a monoclonal antibody, 2B4.14.1. METHODS A mouse monoclonal antibody generated against human corneal endothelium, 2B4.14.1 reacts with nonpigmented epithelium of human and guinea pig ciliary bodies. The ciliary body proteins reactive with 2B4.14.1 were identified by Western blotting and were partially purified by affinity chromatography with 2B4.14.1 coupled to a solid support matrix. Carbohydrate components of the antigenic molecules were analyzed by lectin chromatography and by digestion with the enzymes N-glycosidase F and endoglycosidase F. The cellular and subcellular distribution of the antigens was examined by immunoperoxidase staining and by immunoelectron microscopy of ultracryotome sections of ciliary body. RESULTS 2B4.14.1 reacted with families of guinea pig and human ciliary body glycoproteins with estimated molecular weights ranging from 250 to 325 kD. In Western blots of samples reduced before electrophoresis, the high molecular weight bands were replaced by weakly reactive bands at 115 to 130 and 210 kD, indicating that the 2B4.14.1 ligands have disulfide bonds. 2B4.14.1 ligands from both guinea pig and human ciliary body were bound by immobilized lectins, including concanavalin A, Datura stramonium lectin, and Lens culinaris hemagglutinin, which recognize components of N-linked oligosaccharides. Guinea pig ciliary body antigens digested with N-glycosidase F and endoglycosidase F failed to react with 2B4.14.1 in Western blots, confirming the presence of N-linked oligosaccharide chains and indicating that they form an integral part of the 2B4.14.1-reactive antigenic site. Molecular weight shifts of glycosidase-digested antigens were consistent with the presence of two to four N-linked oligosaccharide units. In immunoperoxidase-stained sections of guinea pig and human ciliary body, 2B4.14.1 reacted primarily with nonpigmented epithelial cells. Staining of guinea pig epithelial cells was fairly uniform; staining of human epithelial cells was concentrated on the basal surface. By immunoelectron microscopy, a majority of the 2B4.14.1 antigenic reactivity was localized immediately external to the nonpigmented epithelial cell plasma membrane. CONCLUSIONS 2B4.14.1 reacts with a novel family of high molecular weight glycoproteins associated with the nonpigmented epithelial cell surface in guinea pig and human ciliary body.
Theory of Extensions

In this chapter, we will develop the Brown-Douglas-Fillmore (BDF) theory of extensions, and the generalization due to Kasparov.
Retrospective review of concurrent chest radiation and chemotherapy (CRT) in newly diagnosed stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with oligometastatic disease (OM) treated with stereotactic radiation.

e20539Background:The primary treatment for patients (pts)with stage IV NSCLC is palliative chemotherapy (CT), with a median OS of approximately 10-12 months, and 5-year survival of ~2%. Several stu...
Can Fish Oil Reduce the Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis by Altering the Inflammatory Response

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating bowel necrosis that predominantly affects preterm infants and is characterized by an imbalance toward a proinflammatory state. Fish oil or omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have the potential to modulate inflammation. In this article, the authors examine the evidence in support of fish oil supplementation to alter the inflammatory response and potentially reduce the risk of NEC.
The Genius of a House: Grey Towers as Nineteenth-Century Stage for Twentieth-Century Conservationism

Iris Smith Fischer’s essay analyzes the intersections between the performed categories of public/civic and private/domestic. Through her examination of Grey Towers, the home and estate in Milford, Pennsylvania, established by James and Mary Pinchot in 1886, Fischer demonstrates how houses perform shifting national identities. Grey Towers provided the Pinchots with a stage for both asserting their own familial identity and negotiating their family’s place within the nation’s complicated transition to an industrial culture. Here, the home became a stage that allowed for many different dreams, some connecting the family to an ahistorical past and others aspiring toward the future. Fischer also explores the Pinchots’ personal relationship with Edwin Booth and how it may have influenced their understanding of the links between behavior, character, and aesthetics, both inside and outside the home.
Rationally designed small molecules to prevent type 1 diabetes.

Purpose of reviewTo review the recent findings that small ‘drug-like’ compounds block disease-specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules in type 1 diabetes (T1D).Recent findingsThe predominant genetic risk for developing T1D, the immune-mediated form of diabetes, is conferred through HLA genes
Partitioning the sources of recognition confidence: The role of individual differences.

Confidence ratings during old–new recognition memory tasks are thought to index the strength of memory evidence elicited by test probes. However, various subject-specific factors may also influence reported confidence, including perceived self-efficacy and idiosyncratic interpretation of the confidence scale. To measure the contribution of subject-specific variables to confidence ratings, we performed regression analyses on extant data from three recognition experiments encompassing procedural variations in encoding and stimuli, testing the degree to which the person making the judgment (the “subject” factor), versus whether or not the judgment is accurate, influences reported confidence. Overall, confidence was less linked to changes in accuracy, for “new” than for “old” judgments. Critically, the subject factor was at least as predictive of rated confidence as accuracy for “old” judgments, whereas for “new” judgments the subject factor was substantially more predictive of confidence than accuracy. These results suggest that measured confidence is largely a function of who is making the rating, especially when items are identified as “new.” This suggests that the utility of confidence in predicting memory accuracy will be limited when stable estimates of subject contributions are unavailable, such as when each subject provides one or a few responses.
Intent-based Robotic Path-Replanning: When to Adapt New Paths in Dynamic Environments

For goal-based robot navigation in a dynamic environment, human intent includes expectations about what performance objectives are satisfied by a planned path in terms of objectives to be met. If the planned path drifts from the human’s intent as a result of environment changes, the path needs to be replanned. This paper presents a replanning framework with three elements: (a) the integration of fast online path-planning algorithms that generate trajectories conforming to the given intent; (b) a mathematical model that says when replanning must happen; and (c) an evaluation of events that trigger replanning. An interactive graphical user interface enables a human to accept or reject replanned paths when a trigger happens. A study of 50 MTurk participants is used to assess what replanning triggers best enable a human-robot collaboration to persistently satisfy intent?
Brief reference on sleep staging

Abstract Sleep architecture is the general term used to refer to the characteristics of sleep as ascertained via polysomnography, in relation to sleep-onset latency, sleep time, and distribution of sleep stages. The polysomnographically defined sleep stages include stage N1 (“light” sleep), stage N2, stage N3 (slow wave sleep, “deep” sleep, or delta sleep), and rapid eye movement sleep.
Bioenergy Systems—A Wholistic Approach

While reductionism has helped drive scientific and technological progress with focused attention to parts of the whole, a wholistic systems approach is imperative for effectively addressing the global trilemma of food, energy, and environment in a sustainable manner. An overview of the role of bioheat, biopower, and liquid transportation biofuel in reducing our carbon footprint and resulting global warming is provided in this chapter. The policy and logistics considerations related to land use, feedstock supply chain management, location of biorefineries, feedstock transportation and storage, and bioproducts in concert with social, environmental, and economic considerations are also advanced. Some internet resources for simulating various scenarios to appraise the consequences of possible policy decisions are also provided for interested readers.
Differential Diagnosis of Apraxia of Speech in Children and Adults: A Scoping Review

Purpose Despite having distinct etiologies, acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) share the same central diagnostic challenge (i.e., isolating markers specific to an impairment in speech motor planning/programming). The purpose of this review was to evaluate and compare the state of the evidence on approaches to differential diagnosis for AOS and CAS and to identify gaps in each literature that could provide directions for future research aimed to improve clinical diagnosis of these disorders. Method We conducted a scoping review of literature published between 1997 and 2019, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. For both AOS and CAS, literature was charted and summarized around four main methodological approaches to diagnosis: speech symptoms, quantitative speech measures, impaired linguistic-motor processes, and neuroimaging. Results Results showed that similar methodological approaches have been used to study differential diagnosis of apraxia of speech in adults and children; however, the specific measures that have received the most research attention differ between AOS and CAS. Several promising candidate markers for AOS and CAS have been identified; however, few studies report metrics that can be used to assess their diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions Over the past two decades, there has been a proliferation of research identifying potential diagnostic markers of AOS and CAS. In order to improve clinical diagnosis of AOS and CAS, there is a need for studies testing the diagnostic accuracy of multiple candidate markers, better control over language impairment comorbidity, more inclusion of speech-disordered control groups, and an increased focus on translational work moving toward clinical implementation of promising measures.
Activation of ocular surface mast cells promotes corneal neovascularization.

Abstract Purpose Mast cells, historically known for their effector function in the induction of allergic diseases, reside in all vascularized tissues of the body in particular proximity to blood and lymphatic vessels. As neighboring sentinel cells to blood vessels, mast cells have been associated with angiogenesis. Here we assess the direct contribution of mast cells to neovascularization at the ocular surface. Methods Corneal neovascularization was induced by placing a single figure-of-eight intrastromal suture 1 mm from the limbus in mast cell-deficient (cKitW-sh), C57BL/6, and Balb/c mice. Corneas were harvested at 6 h post-suture to quantify cKit+FceR1+ mast cells using flow cytometry and tear wash was collected within 6 h to measure β-hexosaminidase and tryptase. Neovascularization was assessed using slit-lamp biomicroscope and immunohistochemistry analysis of corneas harvested on day 4 post-suture. To investigate the effects of mast cells on blood vessel growth, mast cells were co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells (VECs), and tube formation and proliferation of VECs were measured. 2% cromolyn was administered locally to inhibit mast cell activation in vivo. Results Placement of corneal suture activates ocular surface mast cells, which infiltrate into the cornea adjacent to new vessels. Mast cell-deficient mice develop significantly fewer new vessels following suture placement. Mast cells directly promote VEC proliferation and tube formation, partly through secreting high levels of VEGF-A. Pharmacological inhibition of mast cell activation results in significantly less corneal neovascularization. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that ocular surface mast cells are critical to corneal neovascularization, suggesting mast cells as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of corneal neovascularization.
Multivariate analysis of the cotton seed ionome reveals integrated genetic signatures of abiotic stress response

To mitigate the effects of heat and drought stress, an understanding of the genetic control of physiological responses to these environmental conditions is needed. To this end, we evaluated an upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) mapping population under water-limited and well-watered conditions in a hot, arid environment. The elemental concentrations (ionome) of seed samples from the population were profiled in addition to those of soil samples taken from throughout the field site to better model environmental variation. The elements profiled in seeds exhibited moderate to high heritabilities as well as strong phenotypic and genotypic correlations between elements, which were not altered by the imposed irrigation regimes, and specifically those with similar biochemical function. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping results from a Bayesian classification method identified multiple genomic regions where QTL for individual elements colocalized, suggesting that genetic control of the ionome is highly interrelated. To more fully explore this relationship, multivariate QTL mapping was implemented among groups of biochemically related elements. This analysis revealed both additional and pleiotropic QTL responsible for coordinated control of phenotypic variation for elemental accumulation. Machine learning algorithms that utilized only ionomics data were able to predict at very high accuracy which irrigation regime genotypes were evaluated under. Taken together, these results demonstrate the extent to which the ionome is genetically interrelated and predictive of plant physiological responses to adverse environmental conditions.
Domain-Invariant Representation Learning for Sim-to-Real Transfer

Generating large-scale synthetic data in simulation is a feasible alternative to collecting/labelling real data for training vision-based deep learning models, albeit the modelling inaccuracies do not generalize to the physical world. In this paper, we present a domain-invariant representation learning (DIRL) algorithm to adapt deep models to the physical environment with a small amount of real data. Existing approaches that only mitigate the covariate shift by aligning the marginal distributions across the domains and assume the conditional distributions to be domain-invariant can lead to ambiguous transfer in real scenarios. We propose to jointly align the marginal (input domains) and the conditional (output labels) distributions to mitigate the covariate and the conditional shift across the domains with adversarial learning, and combine it with a triplet distribution loss to make the conditional distributions disjoint in the shared feature space. Experiments on digit domains yield state-of-the-art performance on challenging benchmarks, while sim-to-real transfer of object recognition for vision-based decluttering with a mobile robot improves from 26.8 % to 91.0 %, resulting in 86.5 % grasping accuracy of a wide variety of objects. Code and supplementary details are available at this https URL
Atomistic mechanisms of adhesion and shear strength in graphene oxide-polymer interfaces

Abstract Combining experimental and computational studies of nanocomposite interfaces is highly needed to gain insight into their performance. However, there are very few literature reports, combining well-controlled atomic force microscopy experiments with molecular dynamic simulations, which explore the role of polymer chemistry and assembly on interface adhesion and shear strength. In this work, we investigate graphene oxide (GO)-polymer interfaces prevalent in nanocomposites based on a nacre-like architectures. We examine the interfacial strength resulting from van der Waals and hydrogen bonding interactions by comparing the out-of-plane separation and in-plane shear deformations of GO-polyethylene glycol (PEG) and GO-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The investigation reveals an overall better mechanical performance for the anhydrous GO-PVA system in both out-of-plane and in-plane deformation modes, highlighting the benefits of the donor-acceptor hydrogen bond formation present in GO-PVA. Such bond formation results in inter-chain hydrogen bond networks leading to stronger interfaces. By contrast, PEG, a hydrogen bond acceptor only, relies primarily on van der Waals inter-chain interactions, typically resulting in weaker interactions. The study also predicts that water addition increases the adhesion of GO-PEG but decreases the adhesion of GO-PVA, and slightly increases the shear strength in both systems. Furthermore, by comparing simulations and experiments, we show that the CHARMM force field has enough accuracy to capture the effect of polymer content, water distribution, and to provide quantitative guidance for achieving optimum interfacial properties. Therefore, the study demonstrates an effective methodology, in the Materials Genome spirit, toward the design of 2D materials-polymer nanocomposites system for applications demanding mechanical robustness.
Responses of fish communities to longitudinal thermal gradients in coldwater, lake outflow streams

Longitudinal water temperature gradients in streams are widespread and are associated with changes in fish community structure. A major cause of these changes is variation in the thermal tolerances and preferences of coldwater, coolwater, and warmwater fish species. Much less is known about water temperature gradients in lake outflow coldwater streams and associated variation in fish communities. Our main objective was to assess longitudinal temperature gradients in lake outflow streams and to measure the corresponding variation in fish community structure. We quantified temperature gradients and the fish communities in two lake outflow streams in central Wisconsin from June through October 2019. We measured longitudinal water temperature gradients spanning up to 6 °C or more during the summer but the gradients weakened in late summer and were not present in autumn. Warmwater and coolwater species such as rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and creek chub (Semotilus atromaculatus) were more common in reaches nearest to lake outflows in both streams. Coldwater species such as brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), and mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) were more common in downstream reaches. Increasing water temperatures in lakes due to global climate change will likely increase the magnitude of longitudinal temperature gradients in coldwater streams that are fed by warmwater lakes, which will probably impact the distributions of coldwater fish species in these systems.
Conductivity Boundaries May Produce Stronger Magnetic Fields than the Primary Source: Comparison of Three Analytical Methods

Conductivity boundaries distort the current in a volume conductor such as the human head. This distortion may significantly alter the electric potential and magnetic field on the surface of a volume conductor (e.g.scalp)(Ueno, 1983; Hamalainen and Sarvas, 1989; Cuffin, 1982; Meijs et al., 1989).
Modeling the Environment

Almost all simulations need a notion of place – where are the simulated events supposed to occur? The task of modeling the environment is intended to provide this notion of place and has different degrees of difficulty. Modeling the environ-ment is relatively easy for simulations that use fictional or very approximate rep-resentations of the physical environment (usually called “geo-typical” models of the environment). The degree of difficulty increases dramatically along with in-creases in need to model real locations (known as “geo-specific” models of the environment) with increased levels of accuracy and fidelity. This chapter provides an overview of some important considerations related to environmental modeling, including: data acquisition, coordinate systems, data transformation, and database correlation.
Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers

[1] Considerable progress has been made in developing a theoretical framework for modeling slug test responses in formations with high hydraulic conductivity K. However, several questions of practical significance remain unresolved. Given the rapid and often oscillatory nature of test responses, the traditional hydrostatic relationship between the water level and the transducer-measured head in the water column may not be appropriate. A general dynamic interpretation is proposed that describes the relationship between water level response and transducer-measured head. This theory is utilized to develop a procedure for transforming model-generated water level responses to transducer readings. The magnitude of the difference between the actual water level position and the apparent position based on the transducer measurement is a function of the acceleration and velocity of the water column, test geometry, and depth of the transducer. The dynamic approach explains the entire slug test response, including the often-noted discrepancy between the actual initial water level displacement and that measured by a transducer in the water column. Failure to use this approach can lead to a significant underestimation of K when the transducer is a considerable distance below the static water level. Previous investigators have noted a dependence of test responses on the magnitude of the initial water level displacement and have developed various approximate methods for analyzing such data. These methods are re-examined and their limitations clarified. Practical field guidelines are proposed on the basis of findings of this work. The soundness of the dynamic approach is demonstrated through a comparison of K profiles from a series of multilevel slug tests with those from dipole-flow tests performed in the same wells.
Building a wireless network for a high density of users

Why do conference and school wireless networks always work so poorly? As IT professionals we are used to the network 'just working' and fixing things by changing configuration files. This mind-set, combined with obvious-but-wrong choices in laying out a wireless network frequently lead to a network that seems to work when it's tested, but that then becomes unusable when placed under load. This is at its worst at technical conferences where there are so many people, each carrying several devices, all trying to use the network at the same time, and in schools where you pack students close together and then try to have them all use their computers at the same time.Is this a fundamental limitation of wireless? While it is true that there are some issues that cannot be solved, there are a lot of things that the network administrator can do to make the network work better. The key issue is the obvious, but under-appreciated fact that wireless networking is radio communications first. If your radio link doesn't work well, you have no chance of fixing it with your configuration and software. This paper is intended to give you an appreciation of what the issues are, and enough information to know what sorts of things to look out for when planning a high density wireless network.
Protein kinase C: novel isozyme-selective peptide inhibitors.

Members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family play central roles in a number of important signal transduction pathways and are attractive targets in drug development for various diseases. Because of the high level of homology among its members, designing isozyme-specific PKC inhibitors has been extremely challenging. A recent patent application from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine describes a novel method by combinatorial modification of the substrate consensus sequences of an individual PKC isozyme. This approach has led to the identification of potent and isozyme-selective peptide inhibitors of PKCα, PKCδ and PKCζ.
Self-testing and self-reconfiguration architecture for 2-D WSI arrays

A self-testing and self-reconfiguration method for both production and field repair for a 2-D wafer scale integration (WSI) array is presented. A distributed built-in-self-test (BIST) tests all processing elements (PEs) of the wafer simultaneously. While some techniques use local BIST at each individual PE, such BIST cannot test the interconnection network. A global bypass-through bus is used to communicate data simultaneously to all PEs. Multiple input shift registers (MISRs) for random test generation are used where only 2m MISRs are needed for m*m array of PEs. In this design, the overhead consists of two simple multiplexers, two registers, a simple maintenance control logic and a comparator for each PE. A guided ripple replacement (GRR) reconfiguration technique is used with a maximum interconnection edge of 2D length, where D is the diagonal distance in the largest area of clustered defected PEs. This upper limit length is optimal. The algorithm is capable of dealing with heavily clustered defects. The approach optimizes the area overhead and performance, by sharing the control network to perform reconfiguration after testing the PEs. The array structure can be flexibly designed to accommodate different reconfiguration techniques without significant modification. >
Parathyroid Hormone Stimulates fra-2 Expression in Osteoblastic Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) are key mediators of skeletal development and homeostasis through their activation of the PTH-1 receptor. Previous studies have found that several AP-1 family members are regulated by PTH, such as c-fos, fra-1, and c-jun. There are numerous genes in the bone microenvironment that contain AP-1 sites, and different Fos family members are reported to have opposing transcriptional activities at AP-1 sites. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of PTH on expression of the AP-1 protein complex member, fra-2, to extend our understanding of transcriptional regulators of PTH action. PTH induction of fra-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblastic cells was maximal with 0.1 microM PTH (1-34). The expression in vitro was greatest 1 h after treatment and was present with N-terminal PTH but not PTH (7-34) or (53-84). Cycloheximide treatment induced fra-2 expression, and actinomycin D inhibited basal and PTHrP-induced expression. AP-1 protein in nuclear extracts of MC3T3-E1 cells was increased with PTH treatment at 3 h and consisted of high levels of Fra-2 protein, as evidenced by a supershift in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and Western blot analysis. Up-regulation of steady-state fra-2 mRNA was also noted in vivo, where injection of PTH (1-34) (20 microgram) resulted in a more-than-7-fold maximal increase in fra-2 mRNA expression in the calvaria of mice, after 1 h of treatment. These data add to the transcriptional mediators induced by PTH and suggest that the interplay of AP-1 family members will provide insight into regulatory pathways of PTH and PTHrP for their anabolic and catabolic actions in bone.
Qualitative homing II: handling incorrectly identified landmarks

In a homing problem a robot is required to go to a fixed target location. In the version of the homing problem presented here, the robot uses discrepancies between landmark bearings at the current location and the target location to calculate appropriate movements. Landmarks from the current frame that have been incorrectly identified in the target frame, however, can mislead the robot, perhaps causing it to move away from the target location. This paper describes a two-frame algorithm that can detect and remove those incorrectly-identified landmarks that are inconsistent with the actual direction of the target location. This consistency-filtering algorithm is guaranteed to work as long as more than two-thirds of the landmarks are correctly identified. It is shown that no other two-frame algorithm works any better than this consistency-filtering algorithm.
TASK-1 is a highly modulated pH-sensitive ‘leak’ K+ channel expressed in brainstem respiratory neurons

Abstract Central respiratory chemoreceptors adjust respiratory drive in a homeostatic response to alterations in brain pH and/or P CO 2 . Multiple brainstem sites are proposed as neural substrates for central chemoreception, but molecular substrates that underlie chemosensitivity in respiratory neurons have not been identified. In rat brainstem neurons expressing transcripts for TASK-1, a two-pore domain K + channel, we characterized K + currents with kinetic and voltage-dependent properties identical to cloned rat TASK-1 currents. Native currents were sensitive to acid and alkaline shifts in the same physiological pH range as TASK-1 (pK∼7.4), and native and cloned pH-sensitive currents were modulated similarly by neurotransmitters and inhalational anesthetics. This pH-sensitive TASK-1 channel is an attractive candidate to mediate chemoreception because it is functionally expressed in respiratory-related neurons, including airway motoneurons and putative chemoreceptor neurons of locus coeruleus (LC). Inhibition of TASK-1 channels by extracellular acidosis can depolarize and increase excitability in those cells, thereby contributing to chemoreceptor function in LC neurons and directly enhancing respiratory motoneuronal output.
Investigating Social Computing in Competitive Dynamics

This paper contributes to a program of research linking the fields of information systems and competitive dynamics. Findings suggest that effective collaboration on complex competitive actions is facilitated by unplanned social network configurations that are supported by particular technologies. Furthermore, findings indicate that managers in superior network positions largely control not only the flow of information and knowledge among network participants but also the information technologies by which the social network infrastructure is supported.
A case of pylephlebitis presenting with cholestatic jaundice

This report describes the case of a previously healthy patient who presented with cholestatic jaundice. Sigmoid diverticulitis and pylephlebitis were diagnosed by computed tomography and ultrasonography. A review of the disease process with emphasis of the imaging diagnosis is provided.
Effect of Public Reporting on MR Imaging Use for Low Back Pain

When comparing rates of MR imaging use without prior conservative therapy before and after the inclusion of the imaging efficiency measures into the Hospital Outpatient Quality Report program, it does not appear that the public reporting program helped reduce the percentage of MR imaging examinations for low back pain that were potentially unnecessary.
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Freshwater Consumption of Marcellus Shale Gas

We present results of a life cycle assessment (LCA) of Marcellus shale gas used for power generation. The analysis employs the most extensive data set of any LCA of shale gas to date, encompassing data from actual gas production and power generation operations. Results indicate that a typical Marcellus gas life cycle yields 466 kg CO2eq/MWh (80% confidence interval: 450–567 kg CO2eq/MWh) of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and 224 gal/MWh (80% CI: 185–305 gal/MWh) of freshwater consumption. Operations associated with hydraulic fracturing constitute only 1.2% of the life cycle GHG emissions, and 6.2% of the life cycle freshwater consumption. These results are influenced most strongly by the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of the well and the power plant efficiency: increase in either quantity will reduce both life cycle freshwater consumption and GHG emissions relative to power generated at the plant. We conclude by comparing the life cycle impacts of Marcellus gas and U.S. coal: The carbon footprint of Ma...
Anisotropy and flow in 3 He-A

Thermally driven counterflow in3He-A is investigated, using techniques that exploit the anisotropy of the fluid. The results are discussed in terms of both uniform-texture and helical-texture hypotheses. Anisotropy of heat flow is observed for the first time and a limitation of the superfluid velocity is strongly suggested.
Matrix functions and applications: Part V — Similarity reductions by rational or orthogonal matrices

This last part of a five-part series includes two methods for transforming a matrix into its companion matrix by rational operations, A method is also given for orthogonally transforming a real symmetric matrix to triple diagonal form and then computing its eigenvalues without using the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial
Ionophore mediated equilibration of calcium ion gradients in fragmented-sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Vesicular fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), isolated from skeletal muscle, rapidly accumulate Ca*+ [l-3] in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Owing to its high specific activity, SR constitutes an outstanding system for studies on ion interactions with biological membranes [4,5] , The kinetic behavior of Ca” uptake and the simultaneous occurrence of ATP hydrolysis suggest that Ca2+ is transported into the inner space of the membrane vesicles [4]. The resulting concentration gradient is made energetically possible through hydrolysis of ATP [6] . It was also shown that SR has a significant cation binding capacity, in the absence of ATP [7, 81. Although these binding sites have an affinity for Ca’+ lower than that displayed by SR [9, lo] in the presence of ATP, it was proposed that part or all of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation may be due to simple binding of Ca2+ rather than resulting from ionic gradients [7,8]. This problem may be clarified by the use of ionophores. We have now found that low concentrations of X-537 A, a Ca2+ ionophorous antibiotic, when added to SR suspensions after the occurrence of Ca2+ accumulation, produce a total release of the previously accumulated Ca”. Our results are consistent with the equilibration of the Ca ionic gradients, mediated by the ionophore X-537 A.
MAS-NMR spectroscopic study of water in zeolites

Abstract Using the magic-angle spinning technique, ‘high-resolution’ proton NMR spectra of water in fully hydrated zeolites have been examined. The chemical shift of water was noted to vary in correlation with the Si/Al ratio. The variation is shown to reflect the composite effect of the disruption of hydrogen bonding between water molecules, and the interaction of water molecules with the lattice oxygen. The study also showed that the interparticle diffusion occurs at ambient temperature, while the intraparticle diffusion depends on the number and size of the cations. For highly siliceous zeolites (ZSM-5 and silicalite), it was shown that, while water molecules are located interstitially in ZSM-5, they are located on the extracrystalline surface of silicalite. The study has also demonstrated that water molecules in ZSM-5 zeolite are driven out of crystals by polar organic molecules, but not by non-polar organic molecules.