cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Poly(ester‐acetals) from azelaaldehydic acid‐glycerol compounds

Poly(ester-acetals) have been prepared from isopropylideneglyceryl azelaaldehydate dimethyl acetal and from methyl azelaaldehydate glycerol acetal. Acid hydrolysis of isopropylideneglyceryl azelaaldehydate led to oligomeric poly(ester-acetals) with six to seven repeating units and carboxylic acid endgroups from which the sodium salt and the methyl ester could be prepared. The polymer sodium salt showed some surfactant properties. Methyl azelaaldehydate glycerol acetal, a mixture of geometric and structural isomers, was polymerized under typical polyesterification conditions. Lime was the best catalyst found. Molecular weights of 5000 to 12000 were obtained. Some of these polymers contained significant quantities of calcium as the carboxylate salt. A tough elastomer was prepared by heating a poly(ester-acetal) with p-toluenesulfonic acid and zine oxide.
Time-reversal-invariant projection operators for lattice dynamics

An expression for a time-reversal-invariant projection operator which can be used to generate the columns of the unitary matrix which block diagonalizes the dynamical matrix of the lattice-dynamics problem in the harmonic approximation is given. The use of this operator and some of its properties is summarized. One interesting result is that the eigenvectors of the dynamical matrix can be expanded in terms of the columns of the unitary matrix which block diagonalizes the dynamical matrix and that the coefficients in the expansion are real numbers.
Interpretation of Hydraulic Fracturing Pressure in Tight Gas Formations

The interpretation of hydraulic fracturing pressure was initiated by Nolte and Smith in the 1980s. An accurate interpretation of hydraulic fracturing pressures is critical to understand and improve the fracture treatment in tight gas formations. In this paper, accurate calculation of bottomhole treating pressure was achieved by incorporating hydrostatic pressure, fluid friction pressure, fracture fluid property changes along the wellbore, friction due to proppant, perforation friction, tortuosity, casing roughness, rock toughness, and thermal and pore pressure effects on in-situ stress. New methods were then developed for more accurate interpretation of the net pressure and fracture propagation. Our results were validated with field data from tight gas formations.
A focus group study of consumer attitudes toward genetic testing and newborn screening for deafness.

Purpose: Progress in identifying genes for deafness together with implementation of universal audiologic screening of newborns has provided the opportunity for more widespread use of molecular tests to detect genetic forms of hearing loss. Efforts to assess consumer attitudes toward these advances have lagged behind. Methods: Consumer focus groups were held to explore attitudes toward genetic advances and technologies for hearing loss, views about newborn hearing screening, and reactions to the idea of adding molecular screening for hearing loss at birth. Focus group discussions were recorded, transcribed and analyzed. Results: Five focus groups with 44 participants including hearing parents of deaf children, deaf parents and young deaf adults were held. Focus group participants supported the use of genetic tests to identify the etiology of hearing loss but were concerned that genetic information might influence reproductive decisions. Molecular newborn screening was advocated by some; however, others expressed concern about its effectiveness. Conclusion: Documenting the attitudes of parents and other consumers toward genetic technologies establishes the framework for discussions on the appropriateness of molecular newborn screening for hearing loss and informs specialists about potential areas of public education necessary prior to the implementation of such screening.
A Hybrid Method for Power System Frequency Estimation

Power system frequency is a critical parameter of voltage and current measurements for many applications, such as power quality, monitoring, and protection. This paper presents a hybrid approach for frequency estimation based on Taylor series expansion and Fourier algorithm. The method is derived using a dynamic signal model with varying parameters. The changing envelope of a power signal within an observation data window is approximated with a second-order Taylor series. A Fourier algorithm-based method is proposed to compute the parameters of such signal model. The algorithm using the linear model approach aimed at alleviating the computational complexity is also presented. The comparison of the performance under various conditions between the two approaches is conducted. Inheriting from the use of Fourier algorithm, this hybrid algorithm is immune to power system harmonics. It achieves excellent performance for signals with dynamic variations. The performance is investigated and compared with other techniques through simulations for various scenarios observed in real power systems. Experimental studies demonstrate the advantages of the proposed algorithm.
Computation and summary of psychrometric data from dry bulb and dew point temperatures

Abstract A semi-automatic method for digitizing recorded data is described along with a FORTRAN IV program for computing psychrometric parameters from dry bulb and dew point temperatures. Numerical and graphical summary of computed values for wet bulb temperature, relative humidity and vapor pressure are provided by the program and subroutines that utilize a digital computer and digital incremental plotter.
Optimization of Antitumor Modulators of Pre-mRNA Splicing

The spliceosome regulates pre-mRNA splicing, which is a critical process in normal mammalian cells. Recently, recurrent mutations in numerous spliceosomal proteins have been associated with a number of cancers. Previously, natural product antitumor agents have been shown to interact with one of the proteins that is subject to recurrent mutations (SF3B1). We report the optimization of a class of tumor-selective spliceosome modulators that demonstrate significant in vivo antitumor activity. This optimization culminated in the discovery of sudemycin D6, which shows potent cytotoxic activity in the melanoma line SK-MEL-2 (IC50 = 39 nM) and other tumor cell lines, including JeKo-1 (IC50 = 22 nM), HeLa (IC50 = 50 nM), and SK-N-AS (IC50 = 81 nM). We also report improved processes for the synthesis of these compounds. Our work supports the idea that sudemycin D6 is worthy of further investigation as a novel preclinical anticancer agent with application in the treatment of numerous human cancers.
Dynamic Parameters of Balance Which Correlate to Elderly Persons with a History of Falls

Poor balance in older persons contributes to a rise in fall risk and serious injury, yet no consensus has developed on which measures of postural sway can identify those at greatest risk of falling. Postural sway was measured in 161 elderly individuals (81.8y±7.4), 24 of which had at least one self-reported fall in the prior six months, and compared to sway measured in 37 young adults (34.9y±7.1). Center of pressure (COP) was measured during 4 minutes of quiet stance with eyes opened. In the elderly with fall history, all measures but one were worse than those taken from young adults (e.g., maximal COP velocity was 2.7× greater in fallers than young adults; p<0.05), while three measures of balance were significantly worse in fallers as compared to older persons with no recent fall history (COP Displacement, Short Term Diffusion Coefficient, and Critical Displacement). Variance of elderly subjects' COP measures from the young adult cohort were weighted to establish a balance score (“B-score”) algorithm designed to distinguish subjects with a fall history from those more sure on their feet. Relative to a young adult B-score of zero, elderly “non-fallers” had a B-score of 0.334, compared to 0.645 for those with a fall history (p<0.001). A weighted amalgam of postural sway elements may identify individuals at greatest risk of falling, allowing interventions to target those with greatest need of attention.
Enthalpy distributions and densities of states in linear polymers

Using polypropylene as an example, we applied a method we have recently developed to calculate the probability distribution of enthalpy from the temperature dependence of the heat capacity. The method involves the use of local temperature expansions of the heat capacity to calculate a set of moments of the enthalpy distribution. Using the maximum-entropy method, one can then construct the enthalpy distribution for the system. The method is completely model free. The enthalpy distribution so obtained is the analogue of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies for a gas, and like that function, tells one the distribution of enthalpies that an average unit in the polymer chain can have, a quantity that is crucial to understanding the chemical and physical properties of a polymer. Given the enthalpy distribution, one can then calculate the Gibbs free energy and the density of states that correspond to a particular value of enthalpy, thus giving one an expanded thermodynamics of the system in addition to the usual average quantities. We illustrate the fact that the Gibbs free-energy distribution for this system scales as a simple function of temperature and that the density-of -states function yields a simple empirical partition function for the system giving both the average thermodynamics and the distribution functions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1513–1518, 2001
Effects of Compression and Devascularisation on Ulnar Nerve Function: A Quantitative Study of Regional Blood Flow and Nerve Conduction in Monkeys

This study investigated the effects of compression, devascularisation and ischaemia with compression on blood flow and function of the ulnar nerve in monkeys. The hydrogen washout technique assessed blood flow; nerve conduction tests determined nerve function. 100 g of external compression produced a significant but incomplete reduction of intraneural blood flow, when conduction velocity decreased significantly and response amplitude deteriorated to zero 28 minutes after the onset of compression. Short-segment devascularisation stopped blood flow but did not influence response latency or velocity. Amplitude was diminished significantly 44 minutes after devascularisation. Tourniquet ischaemia followed by compression produced temporary variability in latency and velocity, while amplitude was diminished only during the compression phase following ischaemia. The overall results suggested that compression and ischaemia influence the nerve conduction response differently and that the effects of compression are potentiated by previous ischaemia, even if this was of short duration.
Syndicate: democratizing cloud storage and caching through service composition

The cloud is changing the way we share data. We can keep data on local workstations and file servers for quick access, but face the challenge of sharing it with a large number of people. Alternatively, we can put our data into one or more cloud storage systems to share it with many other users, but then we cannot access it as quickly or as cheaply. Moreover, local copies of data can get out of sync with cloud copies, causing remote users to see old versions. Our solution is Syndicate, a virtual cloud storage system that composes local storage, cloud storage, and commodity CDNs and network caches to transparently give users the best of both worlds.
On measuring the distance between histograms

Abstract A distance measure between two histograms has applications in feature selection, image indexing and retrieval, pattern classification and clustering, etc. We propose a distance between sets of measurement values as a measure of dissimilarity of two histograms. The proposed measure has the advantage over the traditional distance measures regarding the overlap between two distributions; it takes the similarity of the non-overlapping parts into account as well as that of overlapping parts. We consider three versions of the univariate histogram, corresponding to whether the type of measurement is nominal, ordinal, and modulo and their computational time complexities are Θ(b), Θ(b) and O(b2) for each type of measurements, respectively, where b is the number of levels in histograms.
High Bandwidth Thermal Microscopy of Machining AISI 1045 Steel

A custom thermal microscope was constructed using a high-bandwidth thermal imaging system (40 megapixels/sec). The microscope was attached to a high-speed machining centre (20 thousand RPM/18.5 kW spindle) that was operated as a high-speed lathe to measure temperature distributions during orthogonal cutting of AISI 1045 steel at surface speeds of up to 605 m/min. Measurements were made for a wide range of cutting parameters and compared with finite element analysis. While the ultimate goal is to produce improved tool design, the results emphasize the need for predictive rather than interpretive simulation of the temperature fields in machining.
Shoemaker-Levy 9: distribution of radiant energy

The observed radiance at a given wavelength arises not only from the fireball, but from light reflected by underlying clouds.
Corporate governance and the quality of financial analysts' information

Abstract We examine the association between corporate governance and the quality of information available to financial analysts. Our results indicate that the quality of financial analysts’ information about upcoming earnings increases with the quality of corporate governance. Recent research indicates that the quality of firm-provided mandatory and voluntary disclosures increases in the quality of specific corporate governance mechanisms. Our results add to this stream of research by showing that better quality corporate governance is associated with a key benefit to the end users of firm-provided financial disclosures: an increase in the overall quality of information possessed by financial analysts, one of the key users of firm-provided financial disclosures.
Positivity issues for the pinch-technique gluon propagator and their resolution

Although gauge-boson propagators in asymptotically-free gauge theories satisfy a dispersion relation, they do not satisfy the K\"allen-Lehmann (KL) representation because the spectral function changes sign. We argue that this is a simple consequence of asymptotic freedom. On the basis of the QED-like Ward identities of the pinch technique (PT) we claim that the product of the coupling ${g}^{2}$ and the scalar part $\stackrel{^}{d}({q}^{2})$ of the PT propagator, which is both gauge invariant and renormalization-group invariant, can be factored into the product of the running charge ${\overline{g}}^{2}({q}^{2})$ and a term $\stackrel{^}{H}({q}^{2})$ both of which satisfy the KL representation although their product does not. We show that this behavior is consistent with some simple analytic models that mimic the gauge-invariant PT Schwinger-Dyson equations (SDE), provided that the dynamic gauge-boson mass is sufficiently large. The PT SDEs do not depend directly on the PT propagator through $\stackrel{^}{d}$ but only through $\stackrel{^}{H}$.
Die Drei Verschiedenen Evidenzen im Urteilen, die Drei Verschiedenen Weisen von Intention und Erfüllung und die Drei Verschiedenen Begriffe von Urteil

Jetzt darf man die Unterscheidungen zwischen den drei verschiedenen Evidenzen im Urteilen, den drei verschiedenen Weisen von Intention und Erfullung und den drei verschiedenen Begriffen von Urteil, die in dem § 16 aufgefuhrt sind und die den eigentlichen Kern des Versuches von Husserl bilden sollen, die dreischichtige Auslegung der formalen Logik als formaler Open image in new window Apophantik bzw. apophantischer Analytik zu Klaren, in den Vordergrund rucken lassen.
Phase II study of Lutetium-177-labeled anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen monoclonal antibody J591 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer

Purpose: To assess the efficacy of a single infusion of radiolabeled anti-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) monoclonal antibody J591 (lutetium-177; 177 Lu) by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline, measurable disease response, and survival. Experimental Design: In this dual-center phase II study, two cohorts with progressive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer received one dose of 177 Lu-J591 (15 patients at 65 mCi/m 2 , 17 at 70 mCi/m 2 ) with radionuclide imaging. Expansion cohort ( n = 15) received 70 mCi/m 2 to verify response rate and examine biomarkers. Results: Forty-seven patients who progressed after hormonal therapies (55.3% also received prior chemotherapy) received 177 Lu-J591. A total of 10.6% experienced ≥50% decline in PSA, 36.2% experienced ≥30% decline, and 59.6% experienced any PSA decline following their single treatment. One of 12 with measurable disease experienced a partial radiographic response (8 with stable disease). Sites of prostate cancer metastases were targeted in 44 of 47 (93.6%) as determined by planar imaging. All experienced reversible hematologic toxicity, with grade 4 thrombocytopenia occurring in 46.8% (29.8% received platelet transfusions) without significant hemorrhage. A total of 25.5% experienced grade 4 neutropenia, with one episode of febrile neutropenia. The phase I maximum tolerated dose (70 mCi/m 2 ) resulted in more 30% PSA declines (46.9% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.048) and longer survival (21.8 vs. 11.9 months, P = 0.03), but also more grade 4 hematologic toxicity and platelet transfusions. No serious nonhematologic toxicity occurred. Those with poor PSMA imaging were less likely to respond. Conclusion: A single dose of 177 Lu-J591 was well tolerated with reversible myelosuppression. Accurate tumor targeting and PSA responses were seen with evidence of dose response. Imaging biomarkers seem promising. Clin Cancer Res; 19(18); 5182–91. ©2013 AACR .
Microwave Frequency Conversion Using a Coupled Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser

Microwave signal mixing is observed when two signals of different frequencies are injected into the top and bottom cavities of a coupled cavity surface-emitting laser simultaneously. The signal amplitude at the mixed frequencies can be tailored by the dc bias or the microwave signal amplitude applied to the coupled optical cavities. Signal mixing enables the generation of microwave signals at new frequencies, which can be useful for optical signal processing or frequency conversion for a high-speed data link.
Comparison of ethmozine to propranolol and the combination for ventricular arrhythmias

Abstract A randomized, double-blind, crossover study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of ethmozine, propranolol and a combination of ethmozine and propranolol for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. Twenty-six patients received propranolol, 40 mg, or matching placebo 3 times daily, alone or in combination with ethmozine, 600 to 900 mg/day in 3 equally divided doses, for 1-week periods separated by matching placebo. As determined by 48-hour weekly Hotter monitoring, the mean reduction in ventricular premature complex (VPC) frequency was significantly greater with ethmozine (86%) and with ethmozine plus propranolol (90%) than with propranolol (41%) (p
HIGHER BLOCK IFS 2: RELATIONS BETWEEN IFS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MEMORY

We continue the program of Bedient et al.1 by investigating some of the ways of embedding IFS with 1-step memory into IFS with 2-step memory, and 1- and 2-step memory into IFS with 3-step memory. This reveals a hierarchy of attractors of m-step memory IFS as subsets of attractors of n-step memory IFS.
Enzyme kinetics determined using calorimetry: a general assay for enzyme activity?

Two techniques for determining enzyme kinetic constants using isothermal titration microcalorimetry are presented. The methods are based on the proportionality between the rate of a reaction and the thermal power (heat/time) generated. (i) An enzyme can be titrated with increasing amounts of substrate, while pseudo-first-order conditions are maintained. (ii) Following a single injection, the change in thermal power as substrate is depleted can be continuously monitored. Both methods allow highly precise kinetic characterization in a single experiment and can be used to measure enzyme inhibition. Applicability is demonstrated using a representative enzyme from each EC classification, including (i) oxidation–reduction activity of DHFR (EC 1.5.1.3); (ii) transferase activity of creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2) and hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1); (iii) hydrolytic activity of Heliobacter pylori urease (EC 3.5.1.5), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), and the HIV-1 protease (EC 3.4.21.16); (iv) lyase activity of heparinase (EC 4.1.1.7); and (v) ligase activity of pyruvate carboxylate (EC 6.4.1.1). This nondestructive method is completely general, enabling precise analysis of reactions in spectroscopically opaque solutions, using physiological substrates. Such a universal assay may have wide applicability in functional genomics.
Legumes increase growth and alter foliar nutrient levels of black walnut saplings

Van Sambeek, J.W., Ponder, F., Jr. and Rietveld, W.J., 1986. Legumes increase growth and alter foliar nutrient levels of black walnut. For. Ecol. Manage., 17: 159-167. Differences in herbaceous competition, growth, soil, and foliar nutrient levels were compared for black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) saplings growing on an upland and a bottomland site in southern Illinois, with covers of five different herbaceous legumes or naturally occurring forbs. Hairy vetch ( Vicia viUosa Roth. ) increased walnut height and diameter growth on both sites when compared to walnut growing in the naturally revegetated plots. Growth trends in the other four covers were mixed. All five legumes suppressed growth of other herbaceous vegetation for one or more summers. Only hairy vetch increased soil nitrate nitrogen after one growing season on both sites. After three growing seasons, crownvetch (CoroniUa varia L.) and sericsa lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Dons.) have increased soil nitrate nitrogen on the upland plantation. Walnut foliar nitrogen concentration was the highest for trees growing in hairy vetch and crownvetch covers after three growingssasons.
Modeling a probabilistic ontology for Maritime Domain Awareness

Situational awareness and prediction are essential elements of information fusion. Both involve various types of uncertainty and require a sound automated inferential process. Probabilistic ontologies support uncertainty management in se-mantically aware systems, and facilitate modular, interoperable systems. This paper describes the process of developing a probabilistic ontology for a Maritime Domain Awareness application. The ontology was created to support identification of ships behaving suspiciously enough to be declared ships of interest. The original model was expanded in two ways: to provide reasons for declaring a ship as being of interest, and to include individual crew member associations. The latter is achieved by supporting inferences about a person's close relations, group associations, communications, and background influences to assess his likelihood of having terrorist links.
Optimal estimation of vocal tract area functions from speech signal constrained by X-ray microbeam data

The authors describe a modified Mermelstein articulatory model and present an analytical description of the configuration of the vocal tract model as well as the relationship between the articulators. Based on this model the articulatory parameters can be estimated directly from the speech signal by solving a constrained optimization problem. An adaptive optimization technique is used to find the values of the articulatory parameters of a modified Mermelstein articulatory model, that minimize the difference between model spectra and measured speech spectra. >
Bidding rings and the winner's curse

This article extends the theory of legal cartels to affiliated private value and common value environments. We show that efficient collusion is always possible in private value environments, but may not be in common value environments with a binding reserve price. In the latter case, collusion does more than simply transfer rents from the seller to the buyers, it also gives buyers a chance to pool their information prior to trade and make an efficient investment decision. However, full efficiency may not be compatible with information revelation. Buyers with high signals may be better off if no one colludes, leading to inefficient trade. This result provides a possible explanation for the low incidence of joint bidding, especially on marginal tracts, in U.S. federal government offshore oil and gas lease auctions.
Management of the Complex Trauma Patient With Limited Resources

Trauma systems provide lifesaving care for complex trauma patients but at a significant cost. With both government and private funding sources becoming scarce, the business principles of process improvement and control have been applied to health care, simultaneously shifting the focus to quality and profit. Expenses are decreased by limiting costs for materials, limiting unnecessary training, and reducing both variability and complications. Training requirements for any particular task or patient care activity are reduced by establishing routine protocols to enable physician assistants and nurse practitioners to perform duties that at one time were performed only by physicians. Routine algorithms for items such as ICU and postoperative management all reduce variability and result in standardized care. This permits analysis and performance improvement within a hospital and across hospitals nationally. To this end, the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project is a risk-adj...
A primer on evidence‐based plasma therapy

Background and Objectives Although traditionally fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) has been the product of choice for reversing a significant coagulopathy, the modern blood bank will have several different plasma preparations for use in reversing a significant coagulopathy or arresting coagulopathic bleeding. These products include the aforementioned FFP which is frozen within 8 h of collection, plasma frozen within 24 h after phlebotomy (FP24), and thawed plasma (TP) prepared from either FFP or FP24. Based on their factor levels, these products should all be equally efficacious in reversing a significant coagulopathy although a head-to-head comparison between these products has not been performed. Evidence from two systematic literature reviews and numerous observational studies suggest that for a stable patient with a mild coagulopathy, transfusing plasma for an INR ≤ 1·5 does not confer a hemostatic benefit. This lack of benefit is due to the exponential relationship that exists between factor levels and a mildly elevated INR, that is, a large quantity of plasma would be required to produce a reduction in the INR when its pre-transfusion value is <1·6. By contrast, the relationship becomes more linear when the INR is more significantly prolonged. Thus, even if a reduction in a mildly elevated INR could be achieved with plasma transfusion, the clinical significance of the decrease is dubious and the transfusion itself exposes the recipient to a variety of adverse events such as allergic reactions and transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that transfusion-associated circulatory overload (TACO) following plasma transfusion is an important and under reported adverse event. This review will discuss the various plasma products that are available, describe why the commonly used markers of hemostasis (such as the PT/INR) are not effective markers of perioperative hemostasis, and present some of the current literature on the clinical uses of plasma. Strategies to reduce non-evidence-based plasma transfusion, ranging from automated interventions at the time plasma is ordered to more labour-intensive manual attempts to dissuade providers from ordering plasma unnecessarily, will also be addressed.
The Sociology of Suicide

Since Durkheim's classic work on suicide, sociological attention to understanding the roots of self-destruction has been inconsistent. In this review, we use three historical periods of interest (pre-Durkheim, Durkheim, post-Durkheim) to organize basic findings in the body of sociological knowledge regarding suicide. Much of the twentieth-century research focused on issues of integration and regulation, imitation, and the social construction of suicide rates. Innovations in the twenty-first-century resurgence of sociological research on suicide are described in detail. These newer studies begin to redirect theory and analysis toward a focus on ethnoracial subgroups, individual-level phenomena (e.g., ideation), and age-period-cohort effects. Our analysis of sociology's contributions, limits, and possibilities leads to a recognition of the need to break through bifurcations in individual- and aggregate-level studies, to pursue the translation of Durkheim's original theory into a network perspective as one a...
Update on Clinical Guidelines for Treatment of Hypertension

The 2014 US Hypertension Guideline (JNC 8) differs from many other contemporary guidelines. It is focused on the 3 most important questions in hypertension management: (1) When to initiate treatment? (2) How low should you go? (3) How do you get there? It takes a rigorous approach, based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with important health outcomes, the gold standard for determining efficacy and effectiveness of medical treatments. To facilitate implementation, treatment goals are simplified. The goal (BP <140/90 mm Hg) is the same for all hypertensive adults except when RCT evidence supports different goals for a particular subpopulation, ie, <150/90 mm Hg for those over age 60 without chronic kidney disease (CKD) or diabetes. Four medication classes, ACEI, ARB, CCB, or thiazide-type diuretic, alone or in combination, are recommended as initial therapy, except when evidence indicates a preference for a specific class, as in racial and CKD subgroups.
Surface Flux Modeling for Air Quality Applications

Abstract: For many gasses and aerosols, dry deposition is an important sink of atmospheric mass. Dry deposition fluxes are also important sources of pollutants to terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The surface fluxes of some gases, such as ammonia, mercury, and certain volatile organic compounds, can be upward into the air as well as downward to the surface and therefore should be modeled as bi-directional fluxes. Model parameterizations of dry deposition in air quality models have been represented by simple electrical resistance analogs for almost 30 years. Uncertainties in surface flux modeling in global to mesoscale models are being slowly reduced as more field measurements provide constraints on parameterizations. However, at the same time, more chemical species are being added to surface flux models as air quality models are expanded to include more complex chemistry and are being applied to a wider array of environmental issues. Since surface flux measurements of many of these chemicals are still lacking, resistances are usually parameterized using simple scaling by water or lipid solubility and reactivity. Advances in recent years have included bi-directional flux algorithms that require a shift from pre-computation of deposition velocities to fully integrated surface flux calculations within air quality models. Improved modeling of the stomatal component of chemical surface fluxes has resulted from improved evapotranspiration modeling in land surface models and closer integration between meteorology and air quality models. Satellite-derived land use characterization and vegetation products and indices are improving model representation of spatial and temporal variations in surface flux
When fiscal recentralisation meets urban reforms: Prefectural land finance and its association with access to housing in urban China

By retrieving household-level information from 127,938 household heads and fiscal data from 177 prefectures located in eastern and central China, this research quantifies the net association between land finance and urban housing tenure. While the results demonstrate that in 2005 China’s urban housing market remained stratified and simultaneously favoured individuals possessing economic, political and human capital, the key finding is that, net of other household- and prefecture-level effects, land finance is significantly and negatively associated with local homeownership. Moreover, both the demand and supply sides of the urban housing market contribute to such net association. By demonstrating the internal links between urban housing and local finance, this research not only provides a more holistic view of housing stratification during institutional changes but also lends empirical support to conceptual frameworks that explain a territory-based coalition between local governments and selective enterprises.
TEXTBOOK INCONSISTENCIES IN GRAPHING VALUATION EQUATIONS: A FURTHER NOTE

In this note, the authors demonstrate that if a firm's leverage ratio is measured by debt-to-total value (debt-to-equity) in the pure capital structure rearrangement framework implicit in research reported by Modigliani and Miller (e.g., debt-to-equity exchanges), the market value of levered equity will be a concave (convex) function, and the market value of debt will be a convex (concave) function. These nonlinearities exist even without bankruptcy costs.
Factors associated with elevated intraocular pressure in eyes with iris melanoma

Aim—To identify clinical factors associated with secondary elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes with iris malignant melanoma Methods—A retrospective case series of 169 consecutive patients with microscopically confirmed iris malignant melanoma. The main outcome measure was the presence of tumour induced secondary elevated IOP. Cox proportional regression models were used to calculate the relation of clinical features to elevated IOP. Results—Of 169 patients with microscopically proved iris melanoma, 50 (30%) presented with tumour induced secondary elevated IOP. The mean pressure in those eyes with elevated IOP at diagnosis was 33 mm Hg (median 31 mm Hg, range 23‐65 mm Hg). The tumour configuration was nodular in 23 (46%) and diVuse in 27 (54%) with a mean base dimension of 7.4 mm and thickness of 2.0 mm. Invasion of the angle structures by melanoma seeds was visible for a mean of 7 clock hours (median 7, range 0‐12 clock hours). The mechanism of elevated IOP was judged to be outflow obstruction from tumour invasion into the trabecular meshwork. There were no cases of neovascular glaucoma. The tumour was ultimately managed with enucleation in 30 patients (60%), local resection (iridectomy, iridocyclectomy, or iridocyclogoniectomy) in 11 (22%), and plaque radiotherapy in five (10%). In four cases (8%), observation of cytologically low grade tumour was the patient’s preference. Using multivariate analysis, the clinical factors at initial evaluation associated with tumour induced secondary elevated IOP from iris melanoma included increasing extent of tumour seeding in the anterior chamber angle (p=0.01) and poor visual acuity at presentation
Reconciling incoherence in expressed preferences

Reconciliation is a subject's response to feedback indicating incoherences in his preference statements. Initial research is reported on designing reconciliation processes, viewed in the paper a vital component of decision aiding. From the viewpoint of normative decision analysis, utility measurement should involve more than collecting a decision maker's responses to an analyst's questions: utility measurement should be designed as a process of preference formation and elicitation. The line of inquiry seeks to expand the research in utility measurement by investigating theoretical and experimental foundations for the reconciliation of incoherent preference statements. >
Advances in molecular probe-based labeling tools and their application to multiscale multimodal correlated microscopies

The need to determine the precise subcellular distribution of specific proteins and macromolecular complexes in cells and tissues has been the major driving force behind the development of new molecular-genetic and chemical-labeling approaches applicable to high-resolution, correlated, multidimensional microscopy. This short review is intended to provide an overview of recently developed and widely used electron microscopy (EM)-compatible probes, including tetracysteine tags, mini singlet oxygen generator (MiniSOG), time-specific tag for the age measurement of proteins (TimeSTAMP) with MiniSOG, and enhanced ascorbate peroxidase (APEX). We describe how these highly specific and genetically introduced EM probes are now used, in conjunction with lower resolution light microscopic methods, to obtain wide field or dynamic records of live preparation or of large maps in 3D using recently developed laboratory-scale X-ray microscopes. The article is intended to enable researchers through a high-level view of the toolbox of labels available today for studies aiming to analyze dynamic subcellular and molecular processes in cell culture systems as well as in animal tissues—and ultimately allow investigators to determine the precise location of macromolecular complexes by EM.
Recent references: January through April 1983

Keywords, a reaction index, and references are given for literature received by the National Nuclear Data Center or assigned key numbers between January and April 1983. (AIP)
ID 190 – Treatment of depersonalization disorder with high frequency left-sided repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

Objectives The patient is a 30 year old single Asian male physician in the US Navy with depression. He is physically healthy with a longstanding history of depersonalization symptoms including feelings of unreality, detachment, numbing, and feeling that his mind is empty of thoughts and memories. He started Bupropion XL 300 mg daily which improved his depressive symptoms though he continued to have depersonalization symptoms and was referred for treatment with rTMS. Methods Pretreatment Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) was 12, Cambridge Depersonalization Scale (CDS) was 149 (endorsed 20 of 29). He began right DLPFC 1 Hz rTMS. Depressive symptoms improved but depersonalization symptoms continued, with scores of MADRS 2 and CDS 100 (endorsed 17 of 29). He was thus switched to left DLPFC 10 Hz rTMS. Results He continued treatment through session 22 with scores of MADRS 2, and CDS 43 (endorsed 13 of 29). Conclusions There have been two case reports in which rTMS was effective in reducing symptoms of DPD, both using high frequency (20 Hz) rTMS to the left DLPFC. Key Message Given its effectiveness in our patient, the use of high frequency rTMS to the left DLPFC for treatment of DPD should be further explored.
Technology readiness levels for advanced nuclear fuels and materials development

The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) process is used to quantitatively assess the maturity of a given technology. The TRL process has been developed and successfully used by the Department of Defense (DOD) for development and deployment of new technology and systems for defense applications. In addition, NASA has also successfully used the TRL process to develop and deploy new systems for space applications. Advanced nuclear fuels and materials development is a critical technology needed for closing the nuclear fuel cycle. Because the deployment of a new nuclear fuel forms requires a lengthy and expensive research, development, and demonstration program, applying the TRL concept to the advanced fuel development program is very useful as a management and tracking tool. This report provides definition of the technology readiness level assessment process as defined for use in assessing nuclear fuel technology development for the Advanced Fuel Campaign (AFC).
A crucial juncture

The NHS is at a crucial juncture, as Salisbury points out.1 At issue is whether the British public is better served by owner operated independent small GP businesses or by corporate practices, in which the autonomy of GPs is reduced. Corporatisation could result in practices being privately funded and designed, with the doctor retaining autonomy and responsibility for “business” or it could move towards doctors being hired hands. My first …
Effectiveness of Sonication for Solubilizing Thoracic Cholinesterase from the House Fly, Musca domestica

The effectiveness of sonication for solubilizing cholinesterase (ChE) was determined with homogenates of thoraces from the house fly, Musca domestica L. The level of increase in ChE activity in the supernatant fraction and the stoichiometric decrease in the pellet fraction after low-speed centrifugation were related to the duration of sonication. Based on ultra-centrifugation and gel filtration experiments, however, the increased activity in the supernatant following sonication and low-speed centrifugation did not represent solubilization of ChE but rather fragmentation of membranes into smaller particles which may appear soluble under some experimental conditions.
The evolution of the SEP stage /SEPS/ concept

The features of a solar electric propulsion (SEP) stage are examined. An SEP stage (SEPS) contains all of the subsystems required to deliver separable payloads to the desired target and to support its own operations. These include attitude control, communications, data handling, and computer subsystems in addition to the solar array and thrust subsystems required for electric propulsion. SEPS can provide subsystem support to attached payloads for comet flyby and asteroid rendezvous. It can accommodate both planetary and geosynchronous missions by the use of mission-peculiar modules. In addition SEPS can assist the shuttle tug transportation system in earth-orbital applications. Aspects of mission analysis are discussed together with details of the electric propulsion system including solar array considerations.
LELE CD bias offset monitor through OVL measurement

As device design rule has been made pattern size shrink, LELE (Litho-Etch- Litho-Etch) process is used in advance pattern process more and more. The CD control is one of the most critical factors for semiconductor manufacturing. However, the numbers of current in-line measurement points are not sufficient for the whole wafer CD monitoring. It’s the goal to increase inline monitor capacity without suffering process cycle time. To generate an innovation pattern to reach the goal is the purpose for the advance pattern process. This paper is going to introduce the detection of CD variation by using overlay metrology in LELE process. The target mark was designed from AIM (Advanced Imaging Metrology) overlay mark. By placing Layer 1 and Layer 2 AIM pattern side by side, CD variation will cause related position changed. And it is able to be detected by overlay tool. On the other hand, overlay shift will not influence this model. It has an advantage over the conventional CD measurement tool. First, the overlay tool throughput is 5~10 times faster than traditional CDSEM and the measurement time is saved. Second, we are able to measure CD and overlay at the same time. Both CD/AA performances are considered and the throughput is also gained.
Thomas Hunt Morgan : the man and his science

The Description for this book, Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Man and His Science, will be forthcoming.
Trading Stamps in Japan—Boom in the Making?:

As excitement concerning trading stamps diminishes in the United States, and controversy abounds in Great Britain's venture, a stamp boom is taking place in Japan.The rapid development of trading s...
Effect of Response Prevention on Active and Passive Components of Avoidance Behavior

Summary.-A response prevention procedure with 30 rats eliminated oneway active avoidance. However, residual fear, as indexed by passive avoidance, was maintained followi~g response prevention. Response prevention has been effective in facilitating the extinction of active avoidance (e.g., Baum, 1969b). The possibility that the elimination of active avoidance does not parallel a reduction in residual fear, as indexed by passive avoidance, has received scant attention (for exceptions, see Coulter, Riccio, and Page, 1969). The purpose of the present investigation was to assess residual fear as indexed by passive avoidance following the elimination of active avoidance responding. Three groups of rats (N = 30) were used. One group served as Nonshock Controls. Two groups, Response Prevention and Shock Control, received active avoidance training in an apparatus similar to that described by Baum (1969b). The apparatus was a 32-cm long, 26-cm wide, and 28-cm deep wooden box. A retractable safety ledge was mounted 15 cm above the grid floor. The shock intensity was .5 ma (nominal setting), and the intertrial interval was 20 sec. Each subject was trained to a criterion of 10 consecutive avoidance responses. The Response Prevention rats received 5 min. of Type 2 response prevention (Baum, 1973). Type 2 response prevention consists of physically blocking access to the safety ledge. The Response Prevention and Shock Control animals were trained to an extinction crirerion of 5 consecutive min. on the grid floor. Passive avoidance was then assessed for 10 min. by allowing each animal free entry onto the grid floor from a compartment attached to the side of the Baum Box. Three dependent measures were taken: (a) Initial Exit Latency from the compartment, (b) Time on Grid Bars, and (c) Number of Exits from the compartment. No significant differences emerged on trials to active avoidance acquisition between the Response Prevention and Shock Control subjects (Mdn = 13.15 vs 13.10). The number of extinction trials to criterion for the Shocked Control (Mdn = 52.00) and Response Prevention subjects (Mdn = 7.50) was significantly different (Mann-Whitney U = 99.5, p < .01). These results indicate that Type 2 response prevention significantly reduced active avoidance. 'This research was supported, in part, by funds from Charles W. Moorman, Vice President for Academic Affairs. We thank Vice President Moorman for this support.