cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF)

The Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) will be a national observatory designed for the observation of galactic and extragalactic X-ray sources. The observatory is currently planned to be launched by the Space Shuttle, maintainable in orbit and retrievable, if necessary, during its 10 to 15 years of operation. The heart of the AXAF is an X-ray telescope made up of six Wolter type 1 mirrors, with the diameter of the outermost mirror 1.2 m. The focal length will be 10 m, and the AXAF will allow for interchanging and (in-orbit) replacing of focal plane instruments. The optics are being designed to provide a spatial resolution of 0.5 arc second over a several arc-minute field and somewhat reduced angular resolution over the entire 1-degree field of view. The energy bandwidth will be 0.1 to 8 keV. These design goals place severe requirements on the materials, tolerances, construction, and alignment of the telescope. These will be discussed and compared to previous work in this area.
Fisher information for a bivariate extreme value distribution

SUMMARY A representation of Lee (1979) is used to give an explicit algebraic formula for the 5 x 5dimensional Fisher information matrix for Gumbel's (1960) bivariate Type II distribution of extreme values with Weibull marginals. Numerical evaluations show that our parameterization makes the dependence parameter almost exactly orthogonal to the two marginal scale parameters.
Sequential Hypothesis Testing With Spatially Correlated Presence-Absence Data

A pest management decision to initiate a control treatment depends upon an accurate estimate of mean pest density. Presence-absence sampling plans significantly reduce sampling efforts to make treatment decisions by using the proportion of infested leaves to estimate mean pest density in lieu of counting individual pests. The use of sequential hypothesis testing procedures can significantly reduce the number of samples required to make a treatment decision. Here we construct a mean-proportion relationship for Oligonychus perseae Tuttle, Baker, and Abatiello, a mite pest of avocados, from empirical data, and develop a sequential presence-absence sampling plan using Bartlett's sequential test procedure. Bartlett's test can accommodate pest population models that contain nuisance parameters that are not of primary interest. However, it requires that population measurements be independent, which may not be realistic because of spatial correlation of pest densities across trees within an orchard. We propose to mitigate the effect of spatial correlation in a sequential sampling procedure by using a tree-selection rule (i.e., maximin) that sequentially selects each newly sampled tree to be maximally spaced from all other previously sampled trees. Our proposed presence-absence sampling methodology applies Bartlett's test to a hypothesis test developed using an empirical mean-proportion relationship coupled with a spatial, statistical model of pest populations, with spatial correlation mitigated via the aforementioned tree-selection rule. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methodology over a range of parameter estimates appropriate for densities of O. perseae that would be observed in avocado orchards in California.
Nanoparticle gasifier fuel cell for sustainable energy future

Abstract A new concept for production of electricity from biomass or coal using molten carbonate fuel cells is proposed. It involves feeding fine coal particles or biomass, for sustainable energy future, with steam into the anode compartment of the fuel cell in which the waste heat from the fuel cell is used to produce synthesis gas which reacts electrochemically. This concept is illustrated using carbon nanoparticles as the fuel. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for the gasifier-fuel cell has been developed. Concentration, temperature and current density profiles have been computed. The computations show that practical current densities can be achieved. However, for the new concept to work well the carbon monoxide produced by the gasification should be allowed to react electrochemically. The computed temperature distributions for adiabatic operation show an initial drop in temperature due to gasification, followed by a rise which will have to be balanced by staggering the cells or by other means using the CFD design method.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Clinical Overview

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a disease that was poorly understood historically. In the last decade, it has undergone a major transformation, sparked by the landmark discovery of the central role of activating KIT mutations in its pathogenesis and recognition of KIT protein expression (CD 117) as a reliable diagnostic marker of disease. The introduction and subsequent US Food and Drug administration approval of imatinib mesylate in the treatment of metastatic or unresectable GIST in February 1, 2002 has thrust this hitherto little known disease into the center stage of oncology, and GIST has served as a model for rationally designed drug trials in the field of cancer therapeutics since.
“No right to relieve a striker”: Trade Disputes and the Politics of Work and Family in the 1920s

In May 1926, the Trades Union Congress, the national organization of trade unions in Britain, called for a general strike in support of the Miners’ Federation dispute with employers, who sought to reduce wages and increase hours. The General Strike lasted nine days, during which time much of Britain’s transport and industrial base was shut down.1 Anticipating the large numbers of resulting relief applicants, the Stourbridge Board of Guardians held a special meeting to discuss strategies relative to the strike. The County Express reported that a “crowd of several hundred people gathered in the vicinity of the [poor law] institution” on the day of the meeting, and the board had about 900 applications for assistance. When the Reverend C.D. Banks-Gale asked how the board was going to handle applications from the men on strike, the clerk answered “that the Guardians were not dealing with the strikers at all, but with their wives and families.”2 As its minutes recorded, the Board of Guardians resolved “that the applications of strikers be considered as for, and on behalf of, the wives and children.”3 Two months later, with the General Strike over but the miners’ strike continuing, the Board of Guardians still faced “emergency circumstances.” In response to a complaint by a deputation of miners that the relief offered to strikers’ families was inadequate, the board noted that the law tied its hands.
Temple of Zeus: A Micro Replica

A miniature replica of “Temple of Zeus” has been built on a 1cm2 silicon die. The micro components have been fabricated on SOI (silicon-on-insulator) wafer using photolithography patterning and DRIE (deep-reaction-ion-etching) process. These micro components have been picked up and manipulated using a vacuum micro needle mounted on a high precision microassembly robot. After alignment the components are bonded to the silicon substrate using epoxy adhesive. A spherical sapphire lens has also been mounted on a micro tower made of silicon. This lens acts as a light source which illuminates the micro temple by diffusing a ray of light onto it. This micro replica of “Temple of Zeus” and other micro structures as well, have been built as a part of research on automated 3D microassembly at ARRI’s Texas Microfactory which demonstrates the versatility in developing robust, cost efficient and heterogeneous microsystems of future.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Absence of sialic acids and other carbohydrates in crystalline papain.

SummaryStudies of crystalline papain indicate that this protein does not contain carbohydrate. A report that sialic acid is present in this protein could not be confirmed by methods which are specific for these substances.
Board Social Capital and Excess CEO Compensation

How do boards rein in excess CEO pay, i.e., compensation above that of industry peers? By introducing a social capital view of CEO compensation, we suggest that the board’s external and internal so...
Nanocomposites of Vertically Aligned Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Magnetic Alignment and Polymerization of a Lyotropic Precursor

We demonstrate a novel path for the fabrication of thin-film polymer nanocomposites containing vertically aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Liquid crystal mesophases of hexagonally packed cylindrical micelles orient with their long axes parallel to an applied magnetic field and template the alignment of SWNTs sequestered in the micellar cores. The mesophase is a stable single-phase material containing monomers that can be polymerized after nanotube alignment to form the nanocomposite polymer. The space-pervasive nature of magnetic fields and the tunable physicochemical properties of multicomponent mesophases make this an attractive approach that can be leveraged for application in diverse nanocomposite systems.
Conclusion — Inheriting the State: Contextualizing the Future of Postcolonial and Ethnic Migration and Political Inclusion

As the velocity and intensity of migrations increase around the world, legal citizenship and ethnicity are becoming two of the most contested issues facing the modern state. Debates flare around who should be granted rights of entry and exit, extended legal citizenship or political rights, and whether those membership rights should be privileged or entitled to those of a particular ethnicity with claims to the origins of the state. As discussed in previous chapters, both the Dutch Caribbean postcolonial groups in the Netherlands and the Japanese co-ethnic groups in Japan are legal immigrants who have inherited the state. This happens as a ‘postcolonial bonus’ (Oostindie, 2011) or ethnic bonus that grants host state access to legal residence and employment via Dutch citizenship or Japanese co-sanguinity. These chapters have revealed immigrant political incorporation to be a difficult process even for those equipped with the privileges of a ‘postcolonial bonus’ or an ethnic bonus. As such, postcolonial and ethnic migrants can shed a great deal of light on barriers to inclusion for all. This book has focused on the relation-ship and interaction between the forces that propel migration, immigration policy, political incorporation, and political transnationalism. This concluding chapter comparatively analyses the key propositions and insights of this study on globalization and the political incorporation and political transnationalism of Dutch Antilleans in the Netherlands and Latin American Nikkeijin in Japan.
Epochal Characteristic and Great Significance on Building a New Socialist Countryside

A new socialist countryside is a social condition, which shows that the rural society in a certain period takes the economical development as a foundation and the social overall progress as a symbol in the socialist condition or system. Building a new socialist countryside is of a great significance, having a direct bearing on consolidating the social basis for the ruling Party and realizing the historic task of the ruling Party; on the fundamental interests of most people; on the overall situation of building a well-off society in an all-round way; on the success or failure of the socialist modernization.
Experimental research on the separation vortices over slender delta wing with low dorsal fin

To verify the validity of the theoretical predictions of reference[1],an experimental research of the high angles of attack is conducted by using a sixcomponent internal strain-gage balance.A sharp-edged flat-plate delta wing of 82.5° sweep angle is tested in a low-speed wind tunnel at angles of attacks up to 32° and sideslip is zero.The same tests are performed on an identical model but with a two low dorsal fin.They are hL/s=0.3 and hL/s=0.6.The measurement result of the side-force coefficient clearly indicates that no force asymmetry onset is found for the wing without fin but a force-asymmetry onset occurs over the flat-plate dorsal fin model at zero sideslip.The higher the fin is,the lower the force-asymmetry-onset angle-of-attack is.So the paper provides by the first time direct force-measurement evidence of the theoretical predictions and depicts that the force-asymmetry-onset can be followed by a force-unsteadiness onset.
Infections in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients

Remarkable strides have been made in the management of infectious complications after bone marrow transplantation. Improved understanding of patterns of infection, the introduction of new antimicrobials, the advent of cytokines to enhance immune recovery, the development of better strategies to control graft-versus-host disease, and the availability of more accurate and rapid diagnostic assays have all contributed to reducing the morbidity and mortality from infection after allogeneic marrow transplantation.
Recurrent hamstring injury: consideration following operative and non-operative management.

Purpose/background Hamstring injuries are common at all levels of sport, however recurrence rates are disproportionate compared to other soft tissue injuries. Age and previous injury are supported in the literature as risk factors for hamstring injury; nonetheless, debate exists regarding modifiable risk factors. Restoration of peak torque length using lengthening eccentrics and core stability interventions appear to reduce incidence of re-injury. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to review examination techniques and rehabilitation considerations in order to identify important risk factors to reduce recurrence after hamstring strain and total rupture. Discussion/relation to clinical practice Novel clinical examination techniques both at time of acute injury and prior to return to sport may provide valuable prognostic information. Restoration of core stability, neuromuscular control and lengthening eccentric hamstring interventions are proposed key components to reduce hamstring re-injury. Levels of evidence Level 5.
ATOMIC FACTORIZATION PROBLEM FOR BIVARIATE PARAUNITARY MATRICES AND CONSEQUENCES

Abstract The property of losslessness, embraced by systems characterized by paraunitary matrices is crucial in robust design and numerical analysis of such systems. Here the paraunitary constraint is imposed on the bivariate polynomial matrix factorization algorithm of Guiver and Bose (1982), and an atomic factor ization problem is formulated to relate the existing results and get new results.
Vorapaxar: The Current Role and Future Directions of a Novel Protease-Activated Receptor Antagonist for Risk Reduction in Atherosclerotic Disease

Introduction Despite the current standard of care, patients with cardiovascular disease remain at a high risk for recurrent events. Inhibition of thrombin-mediated platelet activation through protease-activated receptor-1 antagonism may provide reductions in atherosclerotic disease beyond those achievable with the current standard of care.
Morphologies and mechanical properties of polyethersulfone modified epoxy blends through multifunctional epoxy composition

Thermoplastic polyethersulfone (PES) modified multifunctional tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (TGDDM) and triglycidyl para-aminophenol (TGAP) epoxy prepolymers cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone (44DDS) were prepared using a continuous reactor method and their reaction-induced phase separated morphologies and mechanical properties were measured and correlated with chemical compositions. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) were used to quantify the chemical network formation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) with nanomechanical mapping was employed to resolve the nanoscale phase-separated morphologies. The extent of phase separation in cured networks and resultant domain sizes were determined to be controllable depending upon the multifunctional epoxy compositions. The results obtained from mechanical studies further indicated that tensile modulus was not largely affected by multifunctional epoxy compositions while fracture toughness increased with increase of TGAP content. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 133, 44775.
Vps15p regulates the distribution of cup-shaped organelles containing the major eisosome protein Pil1p to the extracellular fraction required for endocytosis of extracellular vesicles carrying metabolic enzymes.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION Exosomes are small vesicles secreted from virtually every cell from bacteria to humans. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model system to study trafficking of small vesicles in response to changes in the environment. When yeast cells are grown in low glucose, vesicles carrying gluconeogenic enzymes are present as free vesicles and aggregated clusters in the cytoplasm. These vesicles are also secreted into the periplasm and account for more than 90% of total extracellular organelles, while less than 10% are larger 100-300 nm structures with unknown functions. When glucose is added to glucose-starved cells, secreted vesicles are endocytosed and then targeted to the vacuole. Recent secretomic studies indicated that more than 300 proteins involved in diverse biological functions are secreted during glucose starvation and endocytosed during glucose re-feeding. We hypothesised that extracellular vesicles are internalised using novel mechanisms independent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. RESULTS Our results showed that vesicles carrying metabolic enzymes were endocytosed at a fast rate, whereas vesicles carrying the heat shock protein Ssa1p were endocytosed at a slow rate. The PI3K regulator Vps15p is critical for the fast internalisation of extracellular vesicles. VPS15 regulates the distribution of the 100-300 nm organelles that contain the major eisosome protein Pil1p to the extracellular fraction. These Pil1p-containing structures were purified and showed unique cup-shape with their centres deeper than the peripheries. In the absence of VPS15, PIL1 or when PIL1 was mutated, the 100-300 nm structures were not observed in the extracellular fraction and the rapid internalisation of vesicles was impaired. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that VPS15 regulates the distribution of the 100-300 nm Pil1p-containing organelles to the extracellular fraction required for fast endocytosis of vesicles carrying metabolic enzymes. This work provides the first evidence showing that Pil1p displayed unique distribution patterns in the intracellular and extracellular fractions. This work also demonstrates that endocytosis of vesicles is divided into a fast and a slow pathway. The fast pathway is the predominant pathway and is used by vesicles carrying metabolic enzymes. Cup-shaped Pil1p-containing structures are critical for the rapid endocytosis of vesicles into the cytoplasm. SIGNIFICANCE This work provides the first evidence showing that Pil1p displayed unique distribution patterns in the intracellular and extracellular fractions. This work also demonstrates that endocytosis of vesicles is divided into a fast and a slow pathway. The fast pathway is the predominant pathway and is used by vesicles carrying metabolic enzymes. Cup-shaped Pil1p-containing structures are critical for the rapid endocytosis of vesicles into the cytoplasm.
Dispelling the Gorilla Arm Syndrome: The Viability of Prolonged Gesture Interactions

The use of gestures as a way to interact with computer systems has shown promise as a natural way to interact and manipulate digital information. However, users performing mid-air gestures for even moderate periods of time experience arm fatigue and discomfort, earning its name of the gorilla arm syndrome. Based on the natural use of hands during communication, a new gesture vocabulary was created that supports the arms while the user performs the gestures. A repeated measures within subject design was conducted where participants interacted with a custom video game using 3 types of input for 30 min each, (1) keyboard, (2) mid-air gestures and (3) supported gestures. Three measures of exertion were collected, (1) time, (2) energy expenditure, and (3) perceived exertion. The newly designed supported gestures required significantly less physical and perceived effort than the mid-air gestures and required similar exertion as the keyboard condition.
Auditory Biofeedback to Control Vertical and Horizontal Eye Movements in the Dark

Although there is evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of oculomotor auditory biofeedback on the control of the horizontal component of gaze in the dark, the oculomotor behavior of the horizontal and vertical components under such conditions remained unknown. Horizontal and vertical fixational eye movements were measured monocularly using an infrared limbal eye tracker in three normal subjects under three conditions: in the light, total darkness, and total darkness with two-dimensional auditory biofeedback of the eye movement. With fixation in the light, all subjects showed small drifts and corrective movements of up to about 0.5° horizontally and vertically. With fixation in total darkness, the eye movements generally exhibited drifts and saccades of well over 2°. However, with auditory biofeedback added during fixation in total darkness, the drifts and corrective saccades were reduced to levels more similar to those found with fixation in the light. The percent time on target in the light, dark and dark plus auditory biofeedback conditions was about 100,50 and 80%, respectively, for both horizontal and vertical eye position. These results demonstrate that incorporation of two-dimensional oculomotor auditory biofeedback alone is sufficient to maintain fixation accuracy of both horizontal and vertical eye movements in total darkness close to that found during normal fixation in the light. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 29:1860-1865,1988 The control of physiological functions by means of biofeedback has been used in many applications as an adjunct to conventional medical therapy. Probably the most common application of biofeedback involves stress reduction by monitoring a number of physiological functions apparently related to stress. For example, one's muscle tension, which is well correlated with overall stress level, can be monitored electromyographically and made available to the subject to develop control over his stress level.' There have also been numerous ophthalmic applications of biofeedback for the correction of oculomotor abnormalities and/or improvement of oculomotor functions. 2 ' 3 For example, auditory signals related to eye movement have been used successfully in oculomotor biofeedback therapy to control abnormal eye position and movement in strabismus, nystagmus and amblyopia. 4 " 10 These auditory oculomotor bio
Asymptotic behavior of gradient dissipative systems

In this paper, we summarize recent results on dissipative gradient systems and give applications to some hyperbolic equations.
Concepts in Cereal Chemistry

Sciences applicable to milling Efficiency of dry milling Grain hardness Structure and properties of dough Dough rheology Aspects of processing Shelf life Solubility of cereal proteins Characterization of cereal proteins Composition-functionality relationships Strategies for targeting specific end-use properties Nonwheat cereals Health aspects of cereals The scientific method Suggested solutions to exercises
Canine hemophilia and hemopoietic grafting.

Two hemophilic beagles were given 1200 R whole-body irradiation followed by a successful marrow graft from a normal sibling. During observation periods of 7 and 24 mo, there was no evidence of factor VIII synthesis.
The microvascular pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency.

Abstract Severe chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) demonstrates as chronic, hard-to-heal wounds of the lower extremity. The wound is the result of poor skin perfusion due to a complex series of pathologic events, often initiated by a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). As years pass, the DVT causes venous valvular damage and incompetence. The calf muscle pump fails to augment venous return, and venous blood pressure is chronically elevated upon standing. Mechanisms that normally prevent the transmission of venous hypertension back upstream to the dermal microcirculation are lost. Early dermal microvascular responses include increased fluid filtration and edema. An inflammatory response induces white cell activation and adhesion. It is thought that activated white cells are trapped in dermal capillaries and increase microvascular permeability. Plasma proteins leak into the tissue space, increasing the edema. Ischemic damage to the epidermis leads to epithelial cell necrosis and ulceration. The ulcer is often slow to heal, due to inadequate perfusion and delivery of substrates required for proper wound healing. Current treatments aim to improve calf pump function, reduce edema, improve perfusion, and enhance wound healing.
Spongiform Encephalopathies (Transmissible), Genetic Aspects of

Prion diseases are neurodegenerative disorders that are acquired, sporadic, or caused by genetic mechanisms. Incidence of prion disease worldwide is ∼1 in 1 million, 10–15% of which are genetic cases. Genetic forms of prion disease manifest in a spectrum of phenotypes, which have been grossly characterized clinically and neuropathologically into familial Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Gerstmann–Straussler–Scheinker, and familial fatal insomnia.
History of Photodynamic Therapy

The history of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in medicine can be traced to the beginning of the twentieth century. Raab first reported, in 1900, that paramecia cells (Paramecium caudatum) were not affected when exposed to either acridine orange or a light source, but that they died within 2 h if exposed to both acridine orange and the light at the same time. PDT research turned to other potential photosensitizers following the initial reports, mainly those related to porphyrins. From these clinical investigations, the principles of PDT in human cancer cells had now been firmly established. PDT has truly become a global therapeutic option for many patients we treat in dermatology.
Human intracranial atherosclerosis. An ultrastructural study of atheromatous plaques.

Morphology of atheromatous plaques from human intracranial arteries was examined by light and electron microscopy. Overall morphology of lesions did not differ from those reported for other arterial beds. In the presence of an intact elastic membrane, lipid cores were localized only to the intima and covered with a fibromuscular cap. Lipid-filled cells at the periphery resembled smooth muscle cells or blood monocytes, but within the atheromatous core took the form of macrophages filled with lipid crystals and variable-density lipid droplets. Calcium crystallized spherules were localized to the surface of translucent lipid crystals which themselves were seen to coalesce with large amorphous lipid droplets. This study together with previous studies on cerebral arteries suggest that fatty streak lesions may undergo transformation to atheromatous plaques. Similarity in structure of atherosclerotic plaques between cerebral and other arterial beds suggests that documented differences in susceptibility to atheroma of various vascular beds in relation to age cannot be resolved by morphological studies alone.
Efficient gradient stencils for robust implicit finite-volume solver convergence on distorted grids

Abstract Two gradient-stencil augmentation techniques are discussed: symmetric and F-decreasing augmentations, for efficient and robust implicit finite-volume-solver convergence on distorted unstructured grids. The former augments a face-neighbor stencil with extra cells to increase the symmetry of the stencil as much as possible, and the latter adds further extra cells to decrease the reciprocal of the Frobenius norm of a scaled least-squares matrix to minimize the lower bound of the magnitude of the gradient. These techniques are proposed as efficient ways of overcoming a known stability issue with a face-neighbor stencil. It is demonstrated that the F-decreasing augmentation in combination with the symmetric augmentation yields robust and efficient gradient stencils on highly distorted quadrilateral and triangular grids.
Galaxy evolution begins at home: GALFA and GASKAP

While studies of galaxy evolution generally focus on extensive HI surveys at large redshifts, we argue in this paper that the understanding of detailed physical processes that drive HI evolution in galaxies is equally important. Specifically, we focus on t hree open questions regarding the very first step in the star-formation cycle in galaxies: How m uch galaxy halos flavor and tax the accretion flows that are postulated to bring fresh star-form ation fuel to galaxy disks? What are the basic properties of the warm neutral gas, the progenitor of cold star-forming clouds? What are the origin and level of interstellar inhomogeneities as seeding agents for molecule and star formation? The very local Universe (The Milky Way and nearby galaxies) offers an unparalleled high-resolution view for answering these questions and the upcoming radio telescopes (e.g. EVLA, ASKAP, MeerKAT, ATA-256) promise great advances.
The Relationship Between Economic Deprivation, Housing Instability and Transactional Sex Among Women in North Carolina (HPTN 064)

Transactional sex is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage and HIV risk but few studies in the United States (US) have examined both individual and area-level predictors of transactional sex or distinguished transactional sex from sex work. We combined data from HIV Prevention Trials Network 064 study and the US Census to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) for the relationship between census-level and individual measures of economic deprivation and housing instability on transactional sex in 417 women in North Carolina. Increased transactional sex was associated with food insecurity (PR 1.86; 95%; CI 1.57, 2.19), housing instability (PR 1.33; 95% CI 1.11, 1.59), substance abuse (PR 1.90; 95% CI 1.64, 2.19) and partner incarceration (PR 1.32; 95% CI 1.09, 1.61). Census-level indicators were not associated with transactional sex, adjusted for individual-level covariates. Interventions should support housing stability and financial opportunities among southern African American women to reduce HIV risk, particularly among women with incarcerated partners.
A Transgenic Mouse Model for Adult Acute Chest Syndrome.

Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a common cause of death amongst adults with sickle cell disease and a significant threat to children; however, there is no animal model that will allow pathogenic mechanisms and potential interventions to be tested. To help develop an animal model, we used the observations of Vichinsky et al that, in adults, ACS episodes frequently follow vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) and are characterized by fat and bone marrow embolism at autopsy and/or on bronchoalveolar lavage. Fat emboli may be acted on by PLA2 generating free fatty acids that have been demonstrated to elicit pulmonary pathology similar to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in animals treated with oleic acid. We have tested several protocols for producing a mouse model of ACS. Initial studies utilizing injection of a mixture of bone marrow and mouse fat (BM/fat) into the tail vein of sickle transgenic BERK mice with HbF expressing exclusively human hemoglobins (BERK- γ) resulted in variable pulmonary pathology characterized by increased congestion (red cell retention), cellularity (WBC retention), and wall thickness (edema). Serum levels of VCAM-1 and creatine kinase, as well as markers of hemolysis were increased concomitantly in some animals. A more consistent and statistically significant response was obtained by first subjecting the animals to one hour of hypoxia (8% O2) followed by one hour of re-oxygenation in room air (hypoxia/reperfusion) prior to injection of a mixture of BM/fat into the tail vein. In this study, three conditions were evaluated: no treatment (NT), hypoxia/reperfusion only (H), and hypoxia/reperfusion followed by BM/fat injection (HBF). Three independent observers evaluated all specimens. At baseline (NT), the BERK- γ had significantly more congestion than the C57BL6 mice, p 0.0008) compared to baseline, and those subjected to HBF had both increased cellularity (p>0.0001) and wall thickness (p>0.02). Congestion did not increase in C57 mice under either treatment condition. BERK- γ mice had a statistically significant increase in cellularity (p>0.0001), congestion (p>0.01), and wall thickness (p>0.003) after HBF compared to baseline, but the response to H-only was not statistically significant. Cellularity and congestion were significantly correlated in both C57 (p>0.005) and BERK- γ mice (p>0.0001), but the increase in congestion vs increase in cellularity (slope) was twice as large for BERK- γ (0.55) mice as for C57 (0.23), suggesting that congestion was the more prominent pathologic feature. After HBF, immunostaining of the BERK- γ lungs for P-Selectin demonstrated increased expression in individual platelets (p
Proximal Adaptations in Chronic Ankle Instability: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is known to induce impairments throughout the lower quarter kinetic chain, however there is currently no synthesized information on proximal adaptations of the trunk, hip, thigh, and knee for neuromuscular and biomechanical outcomes during strength, balance, jumping, and gait among CAI patients. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize trunk, hip, thigh and knee neuromuscular and biomechanical outcome measures during functional assessments when comparing CAI to healthy groups. METHODS Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online with PubMed databases were searched on June 3, 2019. Studies comparing outcomes at the trunk, hip, thigh, or knee regardless of assessment type in CAI versus healthy groups were considered for inclusion. Assessment categories were used to differentiate adaptations by assessment type after inclusion. Two independent reviewers assessed methodological quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scoring criteria. Data pertaining to study methodology and primary proximal adaptation outcomes were extracted. Separate random effects meta-analyses were performed for consistently reported outcome measures. RESULTS Pooled estimates reflected that CAI patients had decreased triplanar isometric hip strength outcomes (P < 0.001, effect size range: 0.52-0.93). Knee kinematics did not differ from healthy groups during dynamic balance testing (P = 0.26). Few studies found CAI patients have altered knee kinematics during jumping tasks. The remaining findings were isolated to individual studies and thus inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS The CAI groups demonstrated triplanar hip strength deficits and altered knee flexion angles during jumping assessments. Clinicians should consider proximal evaluations and interventions for CAI patients.
College Summer School: Educational Benefits and Enrollment Preferences

We experimentally examine whether a policy targeting college summer school enrollment can accelerate degree progress and completion. We randomly assign summer scholarships to community college students and find a large impact on degree acceleration, increasing graduation within one year of the intervention by 32% and transfers to four-year colleges by 58%. We elicit preferences for the scholarships and find that treatment effects are concentrated among students with a preference against summer school. Our results suggest that educational impacts do not drive enrollment preferences. And, that many more students could benefit from summer school than the minority who currently enroll.
‘Hack Along with Goldieblox: Gender messages in engineering Youtube videos for girls’

Women’s underrepresentation in engineering in the United States is an ongoing area of concern. Engineering is a predominantly male-dominated and masculine-identified field, which leads many young w...
A Study of Bubble Motion in Liquid Nitrogen

In liquid rocket propulsion systems helium gas is injected at the lower ends of the suction lines to locally subcool the LOX and at the same time mechanically break up any thermal stratification. Because helium will not condense when in contact wih LOX, it Is also used to initially pressurize the LOX tank and later, as the tank Is draining, acts as a piston or buffer between the LOX and hot oxygen gas.
The Conversion of Catechol and Protocatechuate to β-Ketoadipate by Pseudomonas putida IV. REGULATION

Abstract Study of the regulation of the syntheses of enzymes of the catechol and protocatechuate pathways in Pseudomonas putida has shown that two groups of enzymes are subject to coordinate control. cis,cis-Muconate-lactonizing enzyme and muconolactone isomerase, which are uniquely associated with the catechol pathway, constitute the first coordinate block of enzymes. The synthesis of these enzymes, as well as that of catechol oxygenase (which is regulated independently), seems to be induced by cis,cis-muconate. The second coordinate block of enzymes comprises β-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate-lactonizing enzyme and γ-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase, which are uniquely associated with the protocatechuate pathway, and β-ketoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase, which is functional in both the protocatechuate and the catechol pathways. This group of enzymes seems to be induced by β-ketoadipate or β-ketoadipyl coenzyme A. Moraxella lwoffii, which degrades protocatechuate and catechol through identical step-reactions, regulates the synthesis of the enzymes mediating these conversions by a different mechanism.
The hyporheic zone as a source of dissolved organic carbon and carbon gases to a temperate forested stream

The objective of this study was to examine chemical changes in porewaters that occur over small scales (cm) as groundwater flows through the hyporheic zone and discharges to a stream in a temperate forest of northern Wisconsin. Hyporheic-zone porewaters were sampled at discrete depths of 2, 10, 15, 61, and 183 cm at three study sites in the study basin. Chemical profiles of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), CO2, CH4, and pH show dramatic changes between 61 cm sediment depth and the water-sediment interface. Unless discrete samples at small depth intervals are taken, these chemical profiles are not accounted for. Similar trends were observed at the three study locations, despite each site having very different hydraulic-flow regimes. Increases in DOC concentration by an order of magnitude from 61 to 15 cm depth with a corresponding decrease in pH and rapid decreases in the molecular weight of the DOC suggest that aliphatic compounds (likely organic acids) are being generated in the hyporheic zone. Estimated efflux rates of DOC, CO2, and CH4 to the stream are 6.2, 0.79, 0.13 moles m2 d-1, respectively, with the vast majority of these materials produced in the hyporheic zone. Very little of these materials are accounted for by sampling stream water, suggesting rapid uptake and/or volatilization.
A Scalable Approach for Question Based Indexing of Encyclopedic Texts

This paper describes a tool set developed to aid a human content analyst index texts for use in a particular form of structured hypermedia known as an ASK System. The tool set assists the content analyst by employing a library of question templates to represent the types of questions the output ASK system might contain. Question templates provided roughly a six-fold increase in the rate with which texts are indexed compared to manual techniques. Indexing progress is linear throughout, indicating that the methodology can be used to effectively index a large body of texts.
Klotho , stem cells, and aging

Aging is an inevitable and progressive biological process involving dysfunction and eventually destruction of every tissue and organ. This process is driven by a tightly regulated and complex interplay between genetic and acquired factors. Klotho is an antiaging gene encoding a single-pass transmembrane protein, klotho, which serves as an aging suppressor through a wide variety of mechanisms, such as antioxidation, antisenescence, antiautophagy, and modulation of many signaling pathways, including insulin-like growth factor and Wnt. Klotho deficiency activates Wnt expression and activity contributing to senescence and depletion of stem cells, which consequently triggers tissue atrophy and fibrosis. In contrast, the klotho protein was shown to suppress Wnt-signaling transduction, and inhibit cell senescence and preserve stem cells. A better understanding of the potential effects of klotho on stem cells could offer novel insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of klotho deficiency-related aging and disease. The klotho protein may be a promising therapeutic agent for aging and aging-related disorders.
Thought and World: Why Meaning Matters

The present chapter is concerned with questions about the practical and theoretical utility of semantic concepts. Questions that are concerned with the utility of truth have received a great deal of attention in the literature, and there are several well developed explanations of its utility in the field. We took note of one of these explanations in Chapter 2, when we considered W. V. Quine's suggestion that truth is useful primarily because it provides us with the ability to make indefinite and generalized endorsements. According to Quine, if we find truth indispensable, this is because it enables us to affirm thoughts that we are unwilling or unable to formulate explicitly, as when we express agreement with Fermat's Last Theorem by thinking that the Theorem is now widely accepted, and is therefore probably true, and because it enables us to affirm simultaneously all of the members of large (and possibly infinite) collections of thoughts, as when we affirm that all of the propositions that follow from General Relativity have turned out to be more or less true. Now as I see it, Quine has identified the main functions of the concept of truth: other authors have identified additional functions, but these additional functions can generally be seen to presuppose, in one way or another, the Quinean functions. Accordingly, I propose here to set questions about the utility of truth aside, and to focus on questions about the utility of our relational semantic concepts – that is, of reference, denotation, semantic correspondence, and their fellows.
Design and action of steroidal aromatase inhibitors

The biosynthesis of estrogens involves three sequential hydroxylations, progressing from cholesterol, that are mediated by an enzyme complex referred to as aromatase. The last steps in this sequence involve aromatization of the A ring of the steroid nucleus. Compounds that inhibit aromatase have potential applications in the treatment of advanced estrogen-dependent mammary carcinoma and prostatic hyperplasia. The enzyme aromatase is currently a priority target for the development of active-site directed inhibitors. A number of steroid inhibitors may inactivate aromatase by diverse interactions with the enzyme and include competitive inhibitors, affinity labelling agents, and mechanism-based inhibitors (“suicide substrates”). By designing steroidal analogs with substituents at various positions on the steroid nucleus, information has been obtained on the structural requirements needed for favorable interactions with the enzymatic sites.
Stabilization of acrylic vertebral body replacement

A simple technique of internal vertebral body screw fixation for stabilization of acrylic vertebral body replacements is described. The screw fixation prevents subluxation and rostrocaudal dislocation of the acrylic prosthesis. A case report is presented of a patient who underwent replacement of the second cervical body and odontoid with an intraoperatively molded methylmethacrylate prosthesis with rapid neurological recovery and good stabilization.
Direct peritoneal resuscitation accelerates primary abdominal wall closure after damage control surgery.

Background Damage control surgery is a staged approach to the trauma patient in extremis that improves survival, but leads to open abdominal wounds that are difficult to manage. We evaluated whether directed peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) when used as a resuscitation strategy in severely injured trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock requiring damage control surgery would affect the amount of and timing of resuscitation and/or show benefits in time to abdominal closure and reduction of intra-abdominal complications. Study Design A retrospective case-matched study of patients undergoing damage control surgery for hemorrhagic shock secondary to trauma between January 2005 and December 2008 was performed. Twenty patients undergoing standardized wound closure and adjunctive DPR were identified and matched to 40 controls by Injury Severity Score, age, gender, and mechanism of injury. A single early death was excluded because of inability to control ongoing hemorrhage. Results There were no differences in age, gender, or mechanism of injury between the groups. Injury Severity Score (35.07 ± 17.1 versus DPR 34.95 ± 16.95; p=0.82) and packed red blood cell administration in 24 hours (23.8 ± 14.35 U versus DPR 26.9 ± 14.1 U; p=0.43) were similar between the groups. Presenting pH was similar between the study group and the DPR group (7.24 ± 0.13 d versus DPR 7.26 ± 0.11; p=0.8). Time to definitive abdominal closure was significantly less in the DPR group compared with controls (DPR: 4.35 ± 1.6 d versus 7.05 ± 3.31; p Conclusions The addition of adjunctive DPR to the damage control strategy shortens the interval to definitive fascial closure without affecting overall resuscitation volumes. As a result, this mitigates intra-abdominal complications associated with open abdomen and damage control surgery and affords better patient outcomes.
Calibration of redox scanning for tissue samples

The fluorescence properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and oxidized flavoproteins (Fp) such as flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in the respiratory chain are sensitive indicators of intracellular redox states and have been applied to the studies of mitochondrial function with energy-linked processes. The redox scanner, a threedimensional (3D) redox cryo-imager previously developed by Chance et al., can quantitatively determine the metabolic properties of tissue samples by acquiring the fluorescence images of NADH and Fp. The redox ratios, i.e., Fp/(Fp+NADH) and NADH/(Fp+NADH), obtained on the basis of relative signal intensity ratios, provide a sensitive index of steady-state of the mitochondrial metabolism that has been determined for a variety of biological tissues. This paper presents the further development of the instrument by establishing a calibration method to quantify the concentration of the fluorophores and facilitate the comparison of redox images obtained at different time or with different instrument functions. Calibration curves of both NADH and Fp have been obtained using snap-frozen standard references with NADH concentration ranging from 150-1400 μM and Fp from 80-720 μM. Snap-freeze tissue samples such as human breast tumors xenografted in mice, normal mouse pancreases and spleens were imaged. The NADH and Fp concentrations as well as the redox ratios in the tissue samples were quantified based on the adjacent solution standards of NADH and Fp. The obtained multi-slice redox images revealed high heterogeneity of the tissue samples which can be quantitatively interpreted.