cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hyphal elongation of Glomus fasciculatus in response to root exudates

The spore germination rates on water agar of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus fasciculatus were highest at water potentials of −4 to −6 bars. Root exudates from plants grown in a sterile nutrient solution, with or without phosphorus, did not affect germination. Root exudates collected from 2-, 4-, and 6-week-old Trifolium repens cv. `Ladino9 seedlings that were deprived of P enabled hyphal growth from germinated Glomus fasciculatus spores of 21.4, 14.7, and 7.6 mm, respectively. Hyphal elongation in the presence of exudates from plants grown with P, or in the absence of exudates, was negligible (
Insulin response to fructose and glucose infusions into the sheep fetus.

SummaryTwenty g/100 ml of glucose or fructose solutions at a dose of 2 g/kg were injected into the fetal circulation of pregnant sheep over a gestational age range from 110 days to term. Fourteen fructose injections and 8 glucose injections were carried out in a total of eight fetuses. Fetal plasma insulin concentrations increased significantly after either fructose or glucose injections. After glucose injection, the rise in fetal plasma insulin concentration was most marked and fructose concentrations in the fetal circulation increased.
Therapeutic options in neurosarcoidosis

Neurosarcoidosis is an uncommon disorder that requires careful clinical evaluation to reach the diagnosis. It may involve the CNS and peripheral nervous system and in the majority of cases it is associated with systemic disease. The demonstration of the activity of the immune system, as suggested by routine and immunopathological studies, forms a theoretical basis for the common forms of immunosuppressive therapies that are employed in sarcoidosis. Classic treatment consists of steroids either intravenously or orally. In refractory cases or in order to reduce or eliminate steroids, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, cyclosporin, chlorambucil, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use may be an option.
A martingale characterization of the price of a nonrenewable resource with decisions involving uncertainty

Abstract This paper presents a general model of nonrenewable resource consumption and exploration decisions involving uncertainty about the time of occurrence of an event such as exhaustion, stock discovery, or a substitute development. The resulting price process is characterized in terms of necessary and sufficient conditions under which the price is expected to rise at a rate equal to, greater than, or less than the discount rate. The general model is illustrated and the price process and the optimal decisions are characterized by examining the three types of uncertainty indicated above.
Global deployment of data centers

Apart from an increased focus on security and the additional server software needed to support the emerging standards, the logical architecture of data centers should be able to meet the demands of these new applications without major changes. Important lessons for the future are thus available in today's solutions for global data center deployment.
High-tech instructional development: It's the thought that counts

Predictions that technology will soon bring about a revolution in teaching are now common. Some see this occurring as an inevitable result of the information storage and processing capabilities that new technologies possess; others believe that changes in values and technology application strategies will be more significant factors. This article argues that technologies affect education greatly by shaping attitudes about the nature of teaching and learning, and presents a simple model to illustrate this process. Also, it suggests that, to be effective advocates of the new technology, instructional developers must address the ideological dimensions of learning system design and make deliberate decisions regarding the educational values these designs are to embody.
Policy-Driven Distributed Authorization: Status and Prospects

Policies show great potential as a way to control the behavior of complex computer systems. In the case of authorization decisions in large distributed systems, policies offer the potential to abstract away from the details of who is allowed to access which services, under which conditions. This layer of abstraction is both a challenge and an opportunity: policy-driven distributed authorization systems may be more manageable, scalable, available, and secure than previous approaches---or they may be just the opposite. In the talk that accompanies this paper paper, we survey the status of the field and its near- term prospects, from both a theoretical and a practical perspective, and point out the major barriers to the adoption of policy-driven authorization systems in industry.
Remodeling of Lipid Metabolism by Dietary Restriction of Essential Amino Acids

All forms of life share the ability to sense environmental change and respond in real time by engaging adaptive homeostatic programs. In higher organisms, the composition of consumed meals presents a complex, constantly changing nutritional environment, and we are only beginning to understand the sensing and signaling systems that detect and coordinate the transcriptional, physiological, and behavioral responses to meal components. Although it has long been axiomatic that dietary composition plays a deterministic role in overall health, the growing prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome has prompted a refocus of attention on the significance of dietary macronutrients to health outcomes. Findings from earlier investigations of potential roles for dietary carbohydrates and fat in disease progression or remediation (1–4) are now being reframed by experimental evidence linking dilution of dietary protein to compensatory increases in ingestive behavior (5,6). Recent studies also illustrate that modifying dietary essential amino acid (EAA) composition has profound effects on lipid metabolism and energy balance (7–10). A consensus is emerging to support the view that protein intake is monitored through nutrient-sensing mechanisms that detect changes in EAAs and provide regulatory input to both energy balance and the integration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (5,6,11,12). We will examine the transcriptional and metabolic responses to EAA deprivation or restriction to make the broader case that EAA sensing and signaling play an essential role in coordinating metabolic responses to dietary composition, particularly the content and composition of dietary protein. ### Protein leverage hypothesis. Simpson and Raubenheimer (11) used an integrative modeling approach to develop a geometric framework for evaluating the impact of dietary macronutrients on response variables such as nutrient selection, body composition, longevity, and reproduction. The geometric framework model of nutrition was originally developed and tested in experiments in which life …
Passive energy recapture in jellyfish contributes to propulsive advantage over other metazoans

Gelatinous zooplankton populations are well known for their ability to take over perturbed ecosystems. The ability of these animals to outcompete and functionally replace fish that exhibit an effective visual predatory mode is counterintuitive because jellyfish are described as inefficient swimmers that must rely on direct contact with prey to feed. We show that jellyfish exhibit a unique mechanism of passive energy recapture, which is exploited to allow them to travel 30% further each swimming cycle, thereby reducing metabolic energy demand by swimming muscles. By accounting for large interspecific differences in net metabolic rates, we demonstrate, contrary to prevailing views, that the jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) is one of the most energetically efficient propulsors on the planet, exhibiting a cost of transport (joules per kilogram per meter) lower than other metazoans. We estimate that reduced metabolic demand by passive energy recapture improves the cost of transport by 48%, allowing jellyfish to achieve the large sizes required for sufficient prey encounters. Pressure calculations, using both computational fluid dynamics and a newly developed method from empirical velocity field measurements, demonstrate that this extra thrust results from positive pressure created by a vortex ring underneath the bell during the refilling phase of swimming. These results demonstrate a physical basis for the ecological success of medusan swimmers despite their simple body plan. Results from this study also have implications for bioinspired design, where low-energy propulsion is required.
The Social Effects of Psychism: Spiritual Experience and the Construction of Privatized Religion

What is the relationship between spiritual experiences and privatized religion? This study defines spiritual experiences in terms of psychism, or psychic intrusions in the stream of consciousness that are perceived by the actor as not originating within the self. Intrusions interpreted as psychism are regarded by the actor as having the same facticity as empirical experience and are regarded as proof' of an esoteric belief system. Psychism originated beliefs are therefore resistant to refutation or change, and support spiritual autonomy. Psychism theory is tested using 1988 GSS data on religious beliefs, where psychism is measured using GSS questions on paranormal experiences. Nonrecursive models demonstrate that psychism is a cause (not effect), has a negative effect on conformist beliefs and communal practices and a positive effect on moral autonomy and private religious practices, and that it has a nuanced effect on beliefs regarding God.
Alkaliphilic methanogens from high-pH lake sediments

Summary Five alkaliphilic methanogens were enriched and isolated from sediments of five lakes in the Wadi el Natrun of Egypt. Four of these were H 2 -oxidizing, CO 2 -reducing, rod-shaped methanogens from lakes having a low dissolved salt concentration. The pH values of these lakes were in the range of 8.3–9.3. One isolate was enriched and isolated from Bosa Lake of the Wadi el Naturn, whose pH was 9.7 and total dissolved solids content was about 250 g/l. Enrichment cultures from the low-salt lakes produced methane only from H 2 –CO 2 , and cultures from the high-salt lake (Bosa Lake) produced methane only from trimethylamine. Bacteria were isolated from each of these five enrichment cultures. The low-salt isolates used H 2 -CO 2 as substrate, but not acetate, trimethylamine, methanol or formate. Analysis by Conway de Macario indicated no antigenic cross-reactions of the four low-salt isolates with any of a panel of 11 polyvalent antibodies produced against strains of rod or cocco-bacillus shaped methanogenic bacteria. Strain WeN5, the methanogen from the high-salt environment, catabolized trimethylamine and methanol but not H 2 -CO 2 , formate, nor acetate. It was an irregularly-shaped coccoid organism which grew individually and with occasional clumps and tetrads.
Inhibition of the adrenergic phenotype in cultured neural crest cells by norepinephrine uptake inhibitors.

Tricyclic antidepressants in combination with in vitro clonal analysis of quail neural crest cells were used to examine the role the norepinephrine uptake mechanism might play in the development of adrenergic neural crest derivatives. Norepinephrine (NE) uptake inhibitors blocked expression of the adrenergic phenotype by neural crest cells. The degree of inhibition of phenotypic expression correlated with the potency and specificity of the uptake inhibitors. The drugs acted during the early phase of in vitro development, i.e., several days before overt expression of the adrenergic phenotype in clonal culture. They were nontoxic, and a chronic exposure of the cells to NE uptake inhibitors was necessary to cause an effect. These observations suggest that norepinephrine and possibly related neurotransmitters play a direct or indirect role in the expression of the adrenergic phenotype by neural crest cells and that tricyclic antidepressants may affect neurogenesis during sensitive stages of embryonic development. The data may reflect in vivo mechanisms, since there are neurotransmitters present in the migratory pathway of presumptive sympathetic neurons and the norepinephrine uptake system is expressed in the embryo by these cells before they synthesize and accumulate catecholamines.
Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and cortisol responses to exercise in postmenopausal women

Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) drosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), and cortisol (F) responses to treadmill exercise. Design: Controlled clinical study. Setting: Female volunteers in an academic research environment. Patient(s): Sixteen healthy, postmenopausal women (7 were receiving HRT, 9 were not). Intervention(s): Blood samples were taken, from an intravenous cathether before, during, and after 30 minutes of treadmill exercise following an overnight fast. A second session was conducted one month later for the same subjects using the same blood sampling protocol without exercise. Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum DHEA, DHEAS, and F concentrations. Result(s): The HRT and untreated DHEA area under the curve (AUC) for the exercise trials was significantly greater than that for the control trials. The untreated, but not the HRT, DHEAS AUC for the exercise trials was significantly greater than that for the control trials. The HRT and untreated F AUC for the exercise trials was significantly greater than that for the control trials. The AUC for the HRT exercise trials was significantly higher than the untreated exercise trials for DHEA and F, but not DHEAS. Conclusion(s): Data suggest that treadmill exercise elevates DHEA, DHEAS, and F levels in postmenopausal women and that HRT enhances the DHEA and F responses.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Systems Pharmacological Approach to Drug Disposition

The emergence of low-molecular-weight tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has revolutionized anticancer drug therapy. It is not unexpected that lead TKIs are sought with favorable macropharmacokinetic characteristics, such as high oral bioavailability; however, surprisingly little emphasis has been given to the tissue disposition of TKIs, the site of drug action. This article discusses how physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models can address this deficiency and help improve our understanding of the determinants of TKI efficacy. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); 93 3, 236–238. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.244
Synthesis and characterization of (3,1) Ru2(F3ap)4(NCS) and (3,1) Ru2(F3ap)3(F2Oap)(NCS) where F3ap is the 2-(2,4,6-trifluoroanilino)pyridinate anion.

Two isothiocyanate diruthenium complexes, (3,1) Ru2(F3ap)4(NCS) 1 and (3,1) Ru2(F3ap)3(F2Oap)(NCS) 2 (where F3ap = 2,4,6-trifluoroanilinopyridinate anion), were synthesized from (3,1) Ru2(F3ap)4Cl and SCN− under different experimental conditions. Each compound was examined as to its structural, electrochemical, spectroscopic, and magnetic properties. Compound 1 contains three unpaired electrons as its parent compound but 2 is diamagnetic. The X-ray molecular structures of 1 and 2 reveal that the NCS group is coordinated to the dimetal unit via nitrogen in both compounds with the Ru−N−C bond angle being 176.5° for 1 and 166.0° for 2. An elongation of the Ru−Ru bond distance and a shortening of both the Ru−Np (p = pyridyl) and the Ru−Na (a = anilino) bond lengths is seen upon going from (3,1) Ru2(F3ap)4Cl to 2, but the conversion of (3,1) Ru2(F3ap)4Cl to 1 does not affect significantly structural features of the Ru2(L)4 framework. Compound 1 undergoes one reduction and two oxidations, all three of which inv...
The Effect of Declining Military Influence on Defense Budgets in Latin America

While military governments have often been a tradition in many Latin American countries, a relatively small and stable number of national resources are traditionally allocated to national defense. ...
Limit state capacities for global performance assessment of bridges exposed to hurricane surge and wave

Abstract Past failure of coastal bridges during hurricanes has revealed the vulnerability of these structures to wave and storm surge loading, thus signifying the need for reliability assessment of coastal bridges to provide a basis for hurricane risk assessment and mitigation. Such a reliability assessment requires probabilistic estimation of the capacity and demand of the structure, which are often conveniently decoupled to support risk assessment of existing bridges as well as performance based design or retrofit. This paper presents a new approach for probabilistic analysis of limit state capacities for bridge systems, in which local response quantities from numerical simulations are mapped to global performance measures, such as system strength and stiffness loss. Four different configurations of a case study bridge are analyzed to derive probabilistic models of the limit state capacities, revealing the significant bridge component demand parameters that contribute to the global (system) damage levels and the mathematical form of the limit state capacities, along with uncertainty quantification. Such models can be used in reliability assessment of coastal bridges and extended to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative retrofit measures proposed for unseating prevention. The proposed approach for global performance assessment complements emerging interests in multi-hazard analysis and system reliability of bridges by providing a new perspective on identifying the joint local damages which affect global behaviors that relate to practical decision making on post-event bridge functionality.
Evaluation of the applicability of the bacterial endotoxin test to antibiotic products.

Fundamental conditions for applying the bacterial endotoxin test to antibiotic products were investigated so as not to affect the level of regulation by the rabbit pyrogen test. According to accuracy evaluation of test methods, the kinetic-turbidimetric and kinetic-colourimetric assays were shown to allow more accurate measurement and, therefore, more sensitive detection of interference to the bacterial endotoxin test than the gel-clot method. In total, 102 antibiotic products were evaluated on their interfering effect to show that the antibiotics could be categorized into three groups depending on intensity of the interference. Although the test was shown to be applicable even to the group showing the strongest interference, it was assumed to be crucial to use appropriate reagents and an accurate test method for avoiding approval of a pyrogenic product. Accordingly, lists of antibiotics are presented to provide limits of concentration for eliminating interference and endotoxin limits for approval to facilitate effective bacterial endotoxin tests.
Quantization of gauge fields without the path-integral formalism

A general treatment is given for the quantization of gauge fields, which makes use of the standard field theory but avoids the path-integral formalism. For this purpose, an appropriate extension of the procedure used for the quantization of the electromagnetic field with an indefinite metric is carried out by introducing nonphysical self-commuting fields. The treatment is applied to the Yang-Mills field, Einstein's gravitational field, and the Higgs model as examples of massless and massive gauge fields. Then, the gauge-compensating terms for an arbitrary gauge field are derived, and shown to be identical to those obtained by means of the path-integral formalism. (AIP)
Lessons to be learned from the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial.

T he administration of antiarrhythmic drugs is the first and most frequently used approach to therapy of patients with ventricular arrhythmia. The presence of runs of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia on ambulatory monitoring is associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death in some groups of patients, including those with a recent myocardial infarction-3 Even when asymptomatic, these patients are often treated with antiarrhythmic drugs to prevent sudden cardiac death although it is unknown if such therapy will prevent this outcome. Previous studies4J have failed to show improved survival and, therefore, antiarrhythmic drugs are of unproved benefit. However, these studies were flawed because therapy was not guided by arrhythmia suppression. Nevertheless, routine care of the postinfarction patient with ventricular arrhythmia has generally involved the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. The recent interim report from the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) has caused much concern and physicians are now rethinking the use of any antiarrhythmic drug in patients with asymptomatic arrhythmia. Many questions have also been raised about the implications of the CAST report in regard to other groups of patients or with other types of arrhythmias. There are no answers to these questions; thus, it is imperative to review the facts and weigh the risk-benefit ratio for each patient. CAST had its early roots in the National Institutes of Health-sponsored Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). CAPS involved only 500 patients but it served as a feasibility trial for the larger CAST study, which was designed to test the hypothesis that suppression of asymptomatic ventricular ectopy after a myocardial infarction would decrease the incidence of sudden death.6 Results from CAPS indicated that encainide and flecainide, potent new class 1C agents,’ were effective for suppressing ventricular arrhythmia* and the incidence of adverse reactions, including arrhythmia aggravation, was low and indistinguishable from placebo. For this reason they were chosen, along with moricizine, for use in CAST. CAPS was designed to evaluate drug efficacy and tolerance. CAST was designed to assess mortality in patients whose ambient ectopy was suppressed by these drugs using an algorithm commonly employed in clinical practice.
A course in H &#8734; control theory [Book reviews]

This book offers a stimulating introduction to linear control theory with an H∞-optimality criterion. The general problem dealt with in the book, called the ?standard problem,? consists of designing a controller which minimizes the H,-norm of a tixed closed-loop transfer matrix. The H∞ norm of a transfer matrix is the maximum over all frequencies of its largest singular value. Under suitable hypotheses, the construction of nearly optimal solutions is clearly described. The systems considered are all linear, time-invariant, and finite-dimensional, and they evolve in continuous time. By limiting the discussion to the essential details, Francis? book succeeds in giving a clear picture of a rather involved subject. A reader with a good command of linear system theory and an elementary knowledge of the language of operator theory will find it a good introduction to the H∞ area. To the more experienced reader, or to the aspiring researcher in this field, the book can also be useful to point out those aspects of the theory which still need to be developed.
Mepe is expressed during skeletal development and regeneration

a bone metabolism regulator that is expressed by osteocytes in normal adult bone. Here, we used an immunohistochemical approach to study whether Mepe has a role in murine long bone development and regeneration. Our data showed that Mepe protein was produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes during skeletogenesis, as early as 2 days postnatal. During the healing of non-stabilized tibial fractures, which occurs through endochondral ossification, Mepe expression was first detected in fibroblast-like cells within the callus by 6 days postfracture. By 10 and 14 days postfracture (the hard callus phase of repair), Mepe was expressed within late hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteocytes in the regenerating tissues. Mepe became externalized in osteocyte lacunae during this period. By 28 days postfracture (the remodeling phase of repair), Mepe continued to be robustly expressed in osteocytes of the regenerating bone. We compared the Mepe expression profile with that of alkaline phosphatase, a marker of bone mineralization. We found that both Mepe and alkaline phosphatase increased during the hard callus phase of repair. In the remodeling phase of repair, Mepe expression levels remained high while alkaline phosphatase activity decreased. We also examined Mepe expression during cortical bone defect healing, which occurs through intramembranous ossification. Mepe immunostaining was found within fibroblast-like cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes in the regenerating bone, through 5 to 21 days postsurgery. Thus, Mepe appears to play a role in both long bone regeneration and the latter stages of skeletogenesis.
Picosecond excitonic luminescence in ZnO and other wide-gap semiconductors

Abstract Radiative lifetimes of free-atom transitions, scaled by ω3 for comparison at 368 nm , are not faster than about 6.9 ns . BaF2 core-valence luminescence, scaled in the same way from 220 to 368 nm , corresponds to 4.1 ns . In contrast, excitonic transitions in wide-gap semiconductors display subnanosecond radiative lifetimes, and in particular ZnO has radiative lifetimes measured at 50– 300 ps for Do,X and 400– 900 ps for free excitons. The “giant oscillator strength” corresponding to these lifetimes can be explained by theories developed initially for defect-bound excitons, then quantum wells, and nanoparticles. An exciton is a coherent array of N dipoles, where N is the number of sites covered by coherent translational motion of the exciton. This is not essentially a phenomenon of multiple excitons, but applies as well to single-exciton decay. It differs in that regard from the more familiar Dicke giant dipole of N coherently excited atoms lacking translational periodicity. The phenomenon suggests possibilities for achieving ultrafast scintillators and high light yield.
Assessing the Impact of Separate Schooling for African American Male Adolescents

An instructional program designed specifically for African American male adolescents was examined to determine its impact on participating students' school adjustment and achievement. Participants ...
Focal seizures disrupt protein synthesis in seizure pathways: An autoradiographic study using [1-14C]leucine

We have used a new autoradiographic technique developed by Smith et al.22,23 for visualizing rates of incorporation of [1-14C]leucine into protein in brain. Focal seizures caused by topical convulsants resulted in a marked decrease in autoradiographic density. This was primarily confined to the seizure focus, especially marked in pyramidal cell layers, and to subcortical seizure pathways. There were no distinct changes in cortico-cortical pathways beyond the seizure focus. Pure orthodromic pathways through basal ganglia showed an 18% inhibition of leucine incorporation in caudate nucleus and substantia nigra, pars compacta (P < 0.05). By contrast, thalamic nuclei connected both ortho- and antidromically to the focus showed a 30–63% inhibition (P < 0.01). The topographic pattern and intensity of the thalamic changes were related to the site, size and intensity of the seizure focus As seizures became severe there was a more generalized depression of metabolism beyond seizure pathways, especially in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The results suggest that seizures block incorporation of leucine into protein either by an increase oxidation of the precursor, and/or an inhibition of protein synthesis per se. The effect is most severe in neurons undergoing epileptic burst discharge in the focus and in thalamic neuronal beds connected reciprocally with the focus.
The SURE Reliability Analysis Program

The SURE program is a new reliability tool for ultrareliable computer system architectures. The program is based on computational methods recently developed for the NASA Langley Research Center. These methods provide an efficient means for computing accurate upper and lower bounds for the death state probabilities of a large class of semi-Markov models. Once a semi-Markov model is described using a simple input language, the SURE program automatically computes the upper and lower bounds on the probability of system failure. A parameter of the model can be specified as a variable over a range of values directing the SURE program to perform a sensitivity analysis automatically. This feature, along with the speed of the program, makes it especially useful as a design tool.
A framework for a rule-based expert fixturing system for face milling planar surfaces on a CAD system using flexible fixtures

Abstract The objective of this research paper is to present a framework for an expert system which will aid in the automatic layout of fixture models on a CAD/CAM system for given applications through an interactive process. The designs will be graphically represented as solid models on the screen of a computer aided design system, thereby simulating the actual (physical) fixture assembly, hence, causing substantial savings with respect to the economics associated with a traditional fixturing operation. Face milling is used to demonstrate the concept.
Anabolic androgenic steroids: Use and perceived use in nonathlete college students

Objective: The authors investigated the use and perceived use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among nonathlete college students. Participants: The authors surveyed a sample of 485 nonathlete college students at a major metropolitan university. Methods: They administered a survey on use and perceived use of AAS to the students. Results: Forty-two participants (9%) reported using AAS (37 men, 5 women). Seniors were the most likely to use AAS (36%), and freshman the least likely (7%). Thirty-four percent of nonusers and 41% of users indicated they knew between 1 and 5 AAS users. Of the total sample, 36% perceived that 5% to 10% of nonathlete college students used AAS. Reasons for AAS use were because friends were using (7%), a desire to enhance physical appearance (45%), and a desire to increase physical performance (48%). Conclusions: These findings may have significant implications in planning strategic preventive educational programs, and health educators should target incoming college freshmen with...
A New Energy Frugal Paradigm for Data Centers

Of the total electricity consumption by the United States in 2006, more than 1% was used on data centers alone; a value that continues to rise rapidly. Of the total amount of electricity a data center consumes, at least 30% is used to cool server equipment. The present study conceptualizes and analyzes a novel paradigm consisting of integrated power, cooling, and waste heat recovery and upgrade systems that considerably lowers the energy footprint of data centers. Thus, on-site power generation equipment is used to supply primary electricity needs of the data center. The microturbine-derived waste heat is recovered to run an absorption chiller that supplies the entire cooling load of the data center, essentially providing the requisite cooling without any additional expenditure of primary energy. Furthermore, the waste heat rejected by the data center itself is boosted to a higher temperature with a heat transformer, with the upgraded thermal stream serving as an additional output of the data center with no additional electrical power input. Such upgraded heat can be used for district heating applications in neighboring residential buildings, or as process heat for commercial end uses such as laundries, hospitals and restaurants. With such a system, the primary energy usage of the data center as a whole can be reduced by about 23 percent while still addressing the high-flux cooling loads, in addition to providing a new income stream through the sales of upgraded thermal energy. Given the large and fast-escalating energy consumption patterns of data centers, this novel, integrated approach to electricity and cooling supply, and waste heat recovery and upgrade will substantially reduce primary energy consumption for this important end use worldwide.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Spectral Spaces and Color Spaces

It has long been known that color experiences under controlled conditions may be ordered into a color space based on three primary attributes. It is also known that the color of an object depends on its spectral reflectance function, among other factors. Using dimensionality reduction techniques applied to reflectance measurements (in our case a published set of 1 nm interval reflectance functions of Munsell color chips) it is possible to construct 3D spaces of various kinds. In this article we compare color spaces, perceptual or based on dimensionality reduction using color matching functions and additional operations (uniform color space), to spectral spaces derived with a variety of dimensionality reduction techniques. Most spectral spaces put object spectra into the ordinal order of a psychological color space, but so do many random continuous functions. In terms of interval scales there are large differences between color and spectral spaces. In spectral spaces psychophysical metamers are located in different places. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 29–37, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10211
CRiT walking in higher education: activating critical race theory in the academy

In this article, the authors introduce the epistemological concept of CRiT walking based on critical race theory (CRT). Using performance methodology, an operational extension of critical race theory is introduced as a CRiT walk through academic neighborhoods. The authors recommend openly questioning the structural inequities deeply embedded within the academy. In so doing, they take a metaphoric walk through several ‘gated communities’ of higher education. The authors employ inter‐story dialogue, humor, healthy skepticism, and critical reflexivity to highlight typical struggles that many faculty of color confront in the academy. Lastly, the article interrogates assumptions of the higher education enterprise and argues for faculty agency in pursuing their authentic voices despite the pressures of hegemonic policies and practices.
Der anthropologische Diskurs in Lessings Nathan der Weise

In contrast to existing secondary literature on Lessing's drama Nathan the Wise, which emphasizes theological and philosophical aspects, this article looks at the drama's roots in 18th-century anthropological discourse. It argues that Lessing's text makes use of De Pauw's and Buffon's theories of climatology – their insights that cultures develop differently under different climatological and geographical conditions. Lessing follows Enlightenment anthropology, particularly the causal-genetic model propagated by Buffon, in emphasizing the arbitrariness of human differences and claiming that all human beings are equally capable of rationality. Lessing also recognizes, however, the potential abuse that can be made of this idea if differences among human beings are essentialized. Lessing's drama searches for strategies to think difference without hierarchy. Beyond that, the radicalism of Lessing's drama consists in the fact that it expands and transcends the Enlightenment's conceptualization of alterity by insisting that populations are mobile and need to find ways to live together. According to Lessing, we do not only need to accept the differences and similarities among different populations and their cultures, but also the necessity of a concomitant intercultural model that mediates among those differences.
Ship Hulls, B-Spline Surfaces, and CAD/CAM

This integrated CAD/CAM system uses B-spline surfaces to model ship hulls and uses the resulting surface for the production of wooden towing tank models.
Quasi-Homogeneous Nucleation in Microgravity at Low Heat Flux: Experiments and Theory

Experiments were conducted in the microgravity of space in which a pool of liquid (R-113), initially at a defined pressure and temperature, was subjected to a step imposed heat flux from a semitransparent thin-film heater forming part of one wall of the container such that boiling is initiated and maintained for a defined period of time at a constant pressure level. Measurements of the transient heater surface and fluid temperatures near the surface were made, noting in particular the conditions at the onset of boiling, along with motion photography of the boiling process in two simultaneous views, from beneath the heating surface and from the side. A total of nine tests were conducted at three levels of heat flux and three levels of subcooling. They were repeated under essentially identical circumstances in each of three space experiments. The absence of buoyancy resulted in the onset of boiling at low heat flux levels, with what is defined as quasi-homogeneous nucleation taking place. The influence of these low levels of heat flux and the pressure effect used to produce the bulk liquid subcooling are accounted for by a modification of classical homogeneous nucleation theory.
Getting biological about the genetics of diabetes

New technology has provided methods for collecting large amounts of data reflecting gene expression, metabolite and protein abundance, and post-translational modification of proteins. Integration of these various data sets enable the genetic mapping of many new phenotypes and facilitates the creation of network models that link genetic variation with intermediate traits leading to human disease. The first round of genome-wide association studies has not accounted for common human diseases to the extent that was expected. New phenotyping approaches and methods of data integration should bring these studies closer to their promised goals.
ARE POLYPHOSPHATES OR PHOSPHATE ESTERS PREBIOTIC REAGENTS

It is widely held that there was a phosphate compound in prebiotic chemistry that played the role of adenosine triphosphate and that the first living organisms had ribose-phosphate in the backbone of their genetic material. However, there are no known efficient prebiotic synthesis of high-energy phosphates or phosphate esters. We review the occurrence of phosphates in Nature, the efficiency of the volcanic synthesis of P4O10, the efficiency of polyphosphate synthesis by heating phosphate minerals under geological conditions, and the use of high-energy organic compounds such as cyanamide or hydrogen cyanide. These are shown to be inefficient processes especially when the hydrolysis of the polyphosphates is taken into account. For example, if a whole atmosphere of methane or carbon monoxide were converted to cyanide which somehow synthesized polyphosphates quantitatively, the polyphosphate concentration in the ocean would still have been insignificant. We also attempted to find more efficient high-energy polymerizing agents by spark discharge syntheses, but without success. There may still be undiscovered robust prebiotic syntheses of polyphosphates, or mechanisms for concentrating them, but we conclude that phosphate esters may not have been constituents of the first genetic material. Phosphoanhydrides are also unlikely as prebiotic energy sources.
Adaptive Cache Coherence Mechanisms with Producer–Consumer Sharing Optimization for Chip Multiprocessors

In chip multiprocessors (CMPs), maintaining cache coherence can account for a major performance overhead. Write-invalidate protocols adapted by most CMPs generate high cache-to-cache misses under producer–consumer sharing patterns. Accordingly, this paper presents three cache coherence mechanisms optimized for CMPs. First, to reduce coherence misses observed in write-invalidate-based protocols, we propose a dynamic write-update mechanism augmented on top of a write-invalidate protocol. This mechanism is specifically triggered at the detection of a producer–consumer sharing pattern. Second, we extend this adaptive protocol with a bandwidth-adaptive mechanism to eliminate performance degradation from write-updates under limited bandwidth. Finally, proximity-aware mechanism is proposed to extend the base adaptive protocol with latency-based optimizations. Experimental analysis is conducted on a set of scientific applications from the SPLASH-2 and NAS parallel benchmark suites. The proposed mechanisms were shown to reduce coherence misses by up to 48% and in return speed up application performance up to 30%. Bandwidth-adaptive mechanism is proven to perform well under varying levels of available bandwidth. Results from our proposed proximity-aware extension demonstrated up to 6% performance gain over the base adaptive protocol for 64-core tiled CMP runs. In addition, the analytical model provided good estimates for performance gains from our adaptive protocols.
Simulation and design of an electron beam ion source charge breeder for the californium rare isotope breeder upgrade

An electron beam ion source (EBIS) will be constructed and used to charge breed ions from the californium rare isotope breeder upgrade (CARIBU) for postacceleration into the Argonne tandem linear accelerator system (ATLAS). Simulations of the EBIS charge breeder performance and the related ion transport systems are reported. Propagation of the electron beam through the EBIS was verified, and the anticipated incident power density within the electron collector was identified. The full normalized acceptance of the charge breeder with a 2 A electron beam, $0.024\ensuremath{\pi}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{mm}\text{ }\mathrm{mrad}$ for nominal operating parameters, was determined by simulating ion injection into the EBIS. The optics of the ion transport lines were carefully optimized to achieve well-matched ion injection, to minimize emittance growth of the injected and extracted ion beams, and to enable adequate testing of the charge bred ions prior to installation in ATLAS.
The new history and the old

Analyzes the social, psychoanalytic, quantitative, Marxist, and neo-Marxist styles of writing history and examines the impact of these on the view of the past.
Vitamin D, Calcium, and Sarcoidosis

Hypercalcemia occurs in about 10% of the patients with sarcoidosis; hypercalciuria is about three times more frequent. These abnormalities of calcium metabolism are due to dysregulated production of 1,25-(OH)2-D3 (calcitriol) by activated macrophages trapped in pulmonary alveoli and granulomatous inflammation. Undetected hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria can cause nephrocalcinosis, renal stones, and renal failure. Corticosteroids cause prompt reversal of the metabolic defect. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroqune, and ketoconazole are the drugs that should be used if the patient fails to respond or develops dangerous side effects to corticosteroid therapy.
An in Vitro Reducing System for the Enzymic Conversion of Cobalamin to Adenosylcobalamin

Homogeneous ferredoxin (flavodoxin):NADP(+) reductase and flavodoxin A proteins served as electron donors for the reduction of co(III)rrinoids to co(I)rrinoids in vitro. The resulting co(I)rrinoids served as substrates for the ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase (CobA) enzyme of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 and were converted to their respective adenosylated derivatives. The reaction products were isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, and their identities were confirmed by UV-visible spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and in vivo biological activity assays. Adenosylcobalamin generated by this system supported the activity of 1,2-propanediol dehydratase as effectively as authentic adenosylcobalamin. This is the first report of a protein system that can be coupled to the adenosyltransferase CobA enzyme for the conversion of co(III)rrinoids to their adenosylated derivatives.
BNIP3 up-regulation and mitochondrial dysfunction in manganese-induced neurotoxicity

The central nervous system (CNS) appears to be the critical target of manganese (Mn), and neurotoxicity has been the focus of most of the health effects of manganese. In brain, the mechanism underlying the Mn-induced cell death is not clear. We have previously demonstrated that NFkappabeta induction and the activation of nitric oxide synthase through reactive oxygen species (ROS) represent a proximate mechanism for Mn-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, an immortalized dopaminergic cells were used to characterize the cell death signaling cascade activated by manganese. Exposure to Mn resulted in a time and concentration-related loss of cell viability as observed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and live/dead cell assay. Mn increased BNIP3 expression within 3h and continued to increase up to 24h exposure followed by a concentration-related apoptotic death as determined by TUNEL. Further, Mn treatment resulted in accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. Antioxidants significantly reduced Mn-induced BNIP3 expression and attenuated cell death, demonstrating the role of oxidative stress in BNIP3 induction. Blocking BNIP3 up-regulation with a transcription or a translational inhibitor reduced the response to manganese. Cell death by manganese was reduced in the presence of CsA (PT pore inhibitor). In addition, knockdown of BNIP3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) improved mitochondrial recovery and reduced neuronal cell loss suggesting that constitutive expression of BNIP3 plays a role in Mn-induced neurotoxicity by regulating mitochondrial functions. These findings indicate a potential detrimental role of BNIP3 in manganese-induced neuronal cell death.
Validity of the paraxial approximation in the focal region of a small-f-number lens.

For small-f-number lenses, whereas the paraxial approximation cannot be used for a description of propagation of light from the lens to the focal region, it is shown that the approximation is still valid for propagation of light over relatively small distances in the region near the focus.
The "BEST" algorithm for solving stochastic mixed integer programs

We present a new algorithm for solving two-stage stochastic mixed-integer programs (SMIPs) having discrete first-stage variables, and continuous or discrete second-stage variables. For a minimizing SMIP, the BEST algorithm (1) computes an upper Bound on the optimal objective value (typically a probabilistic bound), and identifies a deterministic lower-bounding function, (2) uses the bounds to Enumerate a set of first-stage solutions that contains an optimal solution with pre-specified confidence, (3) for each first-stage solution, Simulates second-stage operations by repeatedly sampling random parameters and solving the resulting model instances, and (4) applies statistical Tests (e.g., "screening procedures") to the simulated outcomes to identify a near-optimal first-stage solution with pre-specified confidence. We demonstrate the algorithm's performance on a stochastic facility-location problem.
β1-adrenoceptor antagonism by urapidil prior to and after the α2-antagonist rauwolscine in anesthetized dogs

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the in vivo beta-adrenoceptor antagonistic properties of urapidil, a new antihypertensive alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocking agent. In dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital, the cardioaccelerator nerve was isolated, decentralized and stimulated electrically to elicit adrenergically mediated increases in heart rate. Dobutamine was administered (3-30 micrograms/kg i.v.) to elicit increases in heart rate by the direct stimulation of beta-adrenoceptors. Urapidil 2 mg/kg i.v. had no significant effect on cardioaccelerator nerve-induced tachycardia, but 5 mg/kg i.v. decreased the response by 27%. Heart rate responses to dobutamine were suppressed slightly by the low dose of urapidil and to a greater degree by the high dose of urapidil, whereas the pressor response to dobutamine was markedly attenuated at both dose levels. Neurally or dobutamine-elicited tachycardia remaining after urapidil treatment was eliminated by propranolol (1 mg/kg i.v.). When the selective alpha 2-antagonist rauwolscine was administered (1000 micrograms/kg i.v.), tachycardic responses to nerve stimulation increased 49% above control, and urapidil (5 mg/kg) given subsequently, caused a 48% reduction in the response. These data indicate that urapidil has weak beta 1-blocking activity more clearly seen after blockade of alpha 2-adrenoceptors.