cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Captain Ahab Had a Wife: New England Women & the Whalefishery, 1720–1870

Captain Ahab Had A Wife: New England Women and the Whalefishery, 1720-1870. By Lisa Norling. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. Pp. xiv, 372. Illustrations, maps. Cloth, $45.00; paper, $19.95.) Sea-wives kept the whaling industry afloat in eighteenth- and nineteenth-- century New England. Lisa Norling argues that the work of these women was essential to family survival in both eighteenth-century Nantucket and nineeenth-century New Bedford. What changed over time was the industry itself. Increasingly, men set sail for voyages that continued for years. As whales became more elusive and the ships themselves became floating factories, the time seamen spent on the sea far outstripped the time they spent on land. According to Norling, neither patriarchal nor domestic ideology meshed with whaling reality. The "maritime paternalism" (32-33) of the eighteenth century gave way to a new emphasis on domesticity in the nineteenth century. Maritime couples tried to reconcile long separations with an ideology that emphasized domestic bliss-on shore. Frustrated but resolute, they continued to write of their longings to fulfill sentimental requirements. This neat formulation is compelling in the abstract. If familial ideology changed at the same time the whaling industry changed, the resulting pressure on the family must have been significant. The question is, did the prevailing ideology really change so neatly? In recent years, historians have debated the timing of what in this study appears to be a given. In other words, the tidy transition from patriarchy to domesticity is anything but. It is clear that the whaling industry changed, as did these families' circumstances; it is less clear, however, that ideology nicely followed suit. In addition, Norling links the Quakers in Nantucket to the earlier period and maritime patriarchy. She disagrees with both Jean Soderlund and Mary Dunn, saying that Quakerism did not empower women on the island and, in fact, had a stifling influence. She claims that the Starbuck clan on Nantucket, a female-headed oligarchy, gave the illusion of female power only. The Friends of Nantucket, she suggests, were power grabbers who excluded other women as well as men. Even if we take such a cynical view, Norling's evidence undermines her own argument. Norling herself notes that the Quakers on the island had no problem with the Starbuck leadership, and when the members of the group aged, they freely gave over their authority to others. Other historical works on Quakerism suggest patriarchy was not the salient characteristic of this religious group. …
Fractionation and Characterization of Glycomacropeptide from Caseinate and Skim Milk Hydrolysates

Glycomacropeptide (GMP) was isolated from crystalline rennin and microbial rennet hydrolyzed caseinate and skim milk by Sephadex gel filtration, DEAE Sephadex ion exchange chromatography, Con A-Sepharose affinity chromatography and exhaustive dialysis and characterized by size exclusion and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). Size exclusion HPLC revealed one major GMP peak with a molecular weight of 33,000 daltons. SDS PAGE revealed a group of size-heterogeneous peptides with molecular weights of < 18,000 daltons. Reversed phase HPLC revealed one major GMP peak with several minor peptides, indicating heterogeneity with respect to hydrophobicity/polarity.
Stress-free end problem in layered materials

In this paper the plane elastostatic problem for a medium which consists of periodically arranged two sets of bonded dissimilar layers or strips is considered. First it is assumed that one set of strips contains a crack which crosses the bimaterial interfaces. Then, by letting the collinear cracks join, the stress-free end problem is formulated. The singular behavior of the solutions at the point on intersection of the stress-free boundary and the interfaces is examined and appropriate stress intensity factors are defined. The results of some numerical examples are then presented which include the cases of both plane stress and plane strain.
Arming viruses in multi-mechanistic oncolytic viral therapy: current research and future developments, with emphasis on poxviruses

The field of oncolytic virology has made great strides in recent years. However, one key finding has been that the use of viral agents that replicate selectively in tumors is usually insufficient to achieve anything beyond small and transient responses. Instead, like most cancer therapies, oncolytic viruses are most effective in combination with other therapies, which is where they have proven therapeutic effects in clinical and preclinical studies. In cases of some of the smaller RNA viruses, effects can only be achieved through combination regimens with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted conventional therapies. However, larger DNA viruses are able to express one or more transgenes; thus, therapeutic mechanisms can be built into the viral vector itself. The incorporated approaches into arming oncolytic viruses through transgene expression will be the main focus of this review, including use of immune activators, prodrug converting enzymes, anti-angiogenic factors, and targeting of the stroma. This will focus on poxviruses as model systems with large cloning capacities, which have routinely been used as transgene expression vectors in different settings, including vaccine and oncolytic viral therapy.
Lead determinations in human bone by particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS)

Chronic lead (Pb) intoxication has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lead, like many heavy elements, tends to accumulate in bone. PIXE is a powerful analytical tool which permits the determination of Pb at the μg/g level without requiring sample digestion. GFAAS is one of the most sensitive methods for the determination of Pb and is capable of determining ng/g levels in solution. For bone analyses by GFAAS, sample dissolution and a matrix modifier are required. Rib bone samples were analyzed for Pb by PIXE and GFAAS. IAEA Animal Bone (H-5) was used as a secondary standard for Pb with both methods to ensure accuracy. The range of Pb concentrations in human rib bone was 1.4–11.5 μg/g for the trabecular surface by PIXE, 1.3–45 μg/g for the cortical surface by PIXE, and 1.54–11.75 μg/g for whole bone by GFAAS. No significant difference (p>0.05) was found for AD versus control for either surface or for whole bone.
A case-cohort study of postoperative myocardial infarction: Impact of anemia and cardioprotective medications

Objective Postoperative myocardial infarction (poMI) is a serious and costly complication. Multiple risk factors for poMI are known, but the effect of anemia and cardioprotective medications have not been defined in real-world surgical practice. Methods Patients undergoing inpatient elective surgery were assessed at 17 hospitals from 2008 to 2011 for the occurrence of poMI (American Heart Association definition). Non-MI control patients were chosen randomly on the basis of case type. Descriptive, univariable, and multivariable statistical analysis were performed for primary outcomes of poMI and death at 30 days. Results Compared with controls ( N = 304), patients with poMI ( N = 222) were older (72 ± 11 vs 60 ± 17 years, P P P P 35 (0.51; 0.32–0.82) and preoperative acetylsalicylic acid, ie, aspirin (0.59; 0.4–0.97) were protective. Preoperative β-blockade, statin, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were not associated with lesser rates of poMI. Non-MI complication rates were 23-fold greater in the poMI group compared with the control group ( P P β -blockade (0.18; 0.05–0.63) were protective. Cardiac catheterization, percutaneous coronary intervention, or coronary artery bypass grafting after poMI was performed in 34% of those alive and 20% of those who died ( P = .16). Conclusion In the current era, poMI patients have a markedly increased risk of death. This risk is decreased with preoperative use of acetylsalicylic acid and post MI β -blockade. Further study is warranted to explore the role of anemia and cardiac interventions after poMI.
Exchange Relationships and Interfirm Power in Channels of Distribution

The article by Weitz and Jap in this volume makes a significant contribution to the marketing literature, as it enhances our understanding of relationship marketing in channels of distribution. Our commentary was designed to elaborate on important issues raised by Weitz and Jap. We hope it generates interest in channel relationships that are in trouble, leads channel researchers to consider alternative channel contexts when formulating and testing theory, and motivates a more open and positive view of interfirm power and its use.
A Geometric Multigrid Solver for the Piston–Cylinder Interface of Axial Piston Machines

A geometric multigrid scheme for the solution of the Reynolds equation in the piston–cylinder interface of an axial piston machine is presented in this article. The application of this numerical method represents a significant advancement in the fluid power research community, where the solution of the fluid flow in the piston–cylinder interface has thus far been obtained using standard iterative schemes. An efficient numerical solver for the piston–cylinder interface Reynolds equation is necessary to couple the solution of the nonisothermal fluid film flow with the solid boundaries’ surface elastic deformations as part of a larger simulation procedure. The piston–cylinder interface is in fact one of the most complex tribological pairs of an axial piston machine. It operates in an elastohydrodynamic regime under oscillating load conditions, where the additional influences of heat transfer and solid boundaries’ thermal strains cannot be neglected. To consider all of the described physical phenomena and inv...
Glueball spectroscopy in a relativistic many-body approach to hadronic structure.

A comprehensive, relativistic many-body approach to hadron structure is advanced based on the Coulomb gauge QCD Hamiltonian. Dynamical chiral symmetry breaking naturally emerges, and both quarks and gluons acquire constituent masses when standard many-body techniques are employed. Gluonia are studied both in the valence and in the collective, random phase approximations. Calculated quenched glueball masses are found to be in remarkable agreement with lattice gauge theory when using representative values for the strong coupling constant and string tension. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Disassembling adherens junctions: breaking up is hard to do.

Epithelial cells regulate their contacts with neighboring cells during embryonic development and in disease states such as tumor metastasis. The intercellular adherens junctions (AJs) are specialized subapical structures that function as principle mediators of cell–cell adhesion. Their disassembly correlates with a loss of cell–cell contact and an acquisition of migratory potential. Regulation of the expression of AJ components by gene transcription can dictate the stability of intercellular adhesive contacts, and accruing evidence indicates that the coordinated regulation of cellular processes such as membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal remodeling can also result in the effective dissolution of AJs. Studies of the posttranscriptional mechanisms by which adhesive interactions are regulated in response to growth factors and/or developmental cues have opened new avenues for investigating cell–cell adhesion during development and in disease.
Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia

Before 1937, members of the Department of Surgery and Gynecology practiced emergency neurosurgery at the University of Virginia in the same fashion as in other hospitals in the United States. In 1937, Claude C. Coleman, Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond, organized a Division of Neurosurgery as part of the Department of Surgery and Gynecology at the University of Virginia. He designated one of his staff members, John M. Meredith, as Neurosurgeon-in-charge. Dr. Coleman served as Clinical Professor of Neurological Surgery at the University of Virginia from 1937 to 1941, while also working in Richmond. This arrangement attracted increasing numbers of patients, leading to the formation of a separate department, under the direction of William Gayle Crutchfield, in 1941. In conjunction with Juan de Dios Martinez-Galindo, who joined the faculty in 1943, Dr. Crutchfield built and directed the neurosurgical training program until his retirement. In 1969, John A. Jane, Sr., became Professor and Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery. Pursuing the Jeffersonian intent of attracting "... those of due degree of science and of talents for instruction," the Department has been enhanced by the arrival of Neal F. Kassell in 1984, Ladislau Steiner in 1987, Edward R. Laws, Jr., in 1992, Dheerendra Prasad in 1995, Gregory Helm in 1996, and Mark Shaffrey in 1997. Resident training has been a priority of the Department of Neurosurgery; many academic neurosurgeons were trained and practiced their specialty in the Department early in their careers. Sixty years after its foundation, the Department of Neurosurgery continues its commitment to patient care, research, and the "... instruction of those who come after us."
Positive about the future of negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

In response to the extrapyramidal side effects that affected almost 40% of patients treated with firstgeneration antipsychotics (FGAs) in the 1960s, clozapine, the first atypical or second-generation antipsychotic was introduced to the European market in 1971. Clozapine offered a reduced rate of extrapyramidal side effects but at the cost of an increased risk of life-threatening agranulocytosis. Consequently, clozapine was quickly withdrawn from the market but later entered the U.S. market in 1990, accompanied by a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy for blood monitoring.
Central Auditory Nervous System Dysfunction in Echolalic Autistic Individuals

Accumulating evidence indicates either a primary or secondary cortical dysfunction in the language-dominant hemisphere of autistic children. In this study, the central auditory function of six auti...
Generation and recombination processes via acoustic phonons in disordered graphene

Generation-recombination interband transitions via acoustic phonons are allowed in a disordered graphene because of violation of the energy-momentum conservation requirements. The generation-recombination processes are analyzed for the case of scattering by a static disorder and the deformation interaction of carriers with in-plane acoustic modes. The generation-recombination rates were calculated for the cases of intrinsic and heavily-doped graphene at room temperature. The transient evolution of nonequilibrium carriers is described by the exponential fit dependent on doping conditions and disorder level. The characteristic relaxation times are estimated to be about 150--400 ns for a sample with the maximal sheet resistance of $\ensuremath{\sim}5$ k$\ensuremath{\Omega}$. This rate is comparable with the generation-recombination processes induced by the thermal radiation.
Healing the world's ecological wounds

SUMMARY In order to use the planet's ecological life-support systems sustainably, damage to them must be both prevented and repaired. However, repair requires awareness of damage which, in this case, mandates a high level of ecological literacy. Prevention of ecological damage will only be successful on a planetary scale if human society endorses precautionary practices that reduce the probability of ecosystem damage. Society is beginning to endorse precautionary practices to protect human health, which is no longer regarded as merely absence of symptoms of disease and malfunction. Health is regarded as a robust function — an approach toward optimal conditions. Similar views are beginning to emerge regarding ecosystem health, and a close link between human and ecosystem health is gaining increased recognition. However, to achieve health, ecological ‘wounds’ must be repaired, which is impossible until society ‘sees’ the wounds. After this recognition, society must become more literate on the attributes of ...
Taxing international tourism in West Africa.

Abstract West Africa mass tourism focuses on Scandinavian, European, and United States tourists taking beach holidays during the winter months. Beach resort hotels seeking to attract international tourists are in a monopolistically competitive market structure. Localities, rather unsuccessfully, attempt to differentiate the sun/fun package which they offer from those of their competitors. Prices are locked into a small price range. In West Africa a general export tax rate of 10 to 15 percent of total tourist expenditures is incorporated in the industry's cost structure. The impact of adding two types of resort hotel taxes is considered: land taxes (lump sum) and bednight taxes (unit). An increase in hotel land taxes will not change the price or bednights offered by hotels. They will continue to operate at their initial output and price position. Whereas, added bednight taxes are an addition to unit cost and, therefore, will effect the output level and result in a new, slightly higher price and fewer hotel guests.
Plasma lipoproteins and progression of coronary artery disease evaluated by angiography and clinical events.

BACKGROUNDThere is considerable evidence that remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may be particularly atherogenic.METHODS AND RESULTSLevels of lipoprotein lipids and of apolipoprotein B in low-density lipoproteins were measured in 335 men and women enrolled in a study in which quantitative coronary angiography was carried out at 2-year intervals. Clinical events related to coronary disease occurred in 129 patients during the trial and in the subsequent follow-up period of 4 to 6 years. In multivariate analysis controlled for a number of nonlipid risk factors, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely related to the mean percentage increase in coronary artery stenosis in both men and women. Neither plasma triglycerides nor low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or apolipoprotein B was related to change in stenosis, but a measure of remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, which included cholesterol in intermediate-density lipoproteins, was directly related to lesion progress...
High‐temperature superconductivity in CdS: A theoretical investigation

Large diamagnetism in pressure-quenched CdS at 77 K or higher has been reported and the possibility of high-temperature superconductivity was suggested to explain the near-perfect flux exclusion. Among the various mechanisms invoked to predict high-temperature superconductivity are exciton and plasmon exchange. Preliminary calculations of the superconducting transition temperature of CdS have been made using these mechanisms and the results will be reported.
Taste buds reinnervated by carotid sinus nerve fibers.

Abstract Previous nerve cross-anastomosis experiments by other investigators indicated that the ability to induce and maintain taste buds in situ is restricted to gustatory neurons. In the present experiments cat circumvallate papillae were reinnervated by the carotid sinus nerve. The results suggest that morphologically and physiologically normal taste buds can also be supported by arterial chemoreceptor axons which normally innervate the carotid body.
Wind-forced interannual variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N

The observed Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26.5°N shows interannual variability consisting of an increase from early 2004 to late 2005 and a following downtrend, which reaches a minimum in the winter of 2009/2010. These interannual AMOC fluctuations are dominated by changes in the upper mid-ocean geostrophic flow except during the winter of 2009/2010, when the anomalous wind-driven Ekman transport also has a significant contribution. The physical mechanisms for the interannual changes of the AMOC are proposed and evaluated in a two-layer model. While the Ekman transport is linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the anomalous geostrophic transport involves the oceanic adjustment to surface wind forcing. In particular, the intensification and weakening of the southward interior geostrophic flow is modulated by the internal Rossby wave adjustment to the surface wind forcing. The Gulf Stream, on the other hand, is controlled by both topographic waves along the US coast and westward propagating planetary waves. Our study suggests that a large part of the observed AMOC interannual variability at 26.5°N can be explained by wind-driven dynamics.
Credit Subsidy Reestimates, 1993–99

Abstract : Nearly a decade has passed since the Federal Credit Reform Act required a new budgetary treatment of federal programs that offer direct loans or loan guarantees. Those programs must initially estimate the cost to the government of subsidizing that credit and periodically issue reestimates as financial conditions change. At the request of the Senate Committee on the Budget, this Congressional Budget Office (CBO) paper compiles and analyzes the cumulative reestimates made for credit programs since 1993. It examines trends in the size and direction of reestimates, looks for possible bias, and discusses ways to prepare and report reestimates more accurately.
Acute radiographic workup of blunt temporal bone trauma: maxillofacial versus temporal bone CT.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the radiographic workup of blunt temporal bone trauma and determine the utility of maxillofacial computed tomography (CT) versus temporal bone CT in identifying carotid canal fractures. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: The charts of 227 patients evaluated at a level I trauma center receiving a temporal bone CT for blunt head trauma within 48 hours of admission were reviewed. Acute evaluation findings and complications were noted. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive (NPV) value were calculated for maxillofacial CT's ability to identify carotid canal fractures compared to temporal bone CT. Results: One hundred forty fractures were found. Physical exam findings of blood in the external auditory canal as the sole finding, and blood in the external auditory canal with associated hemotympanum were significantly associated with absence and presence of fracture respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of maxillofacial CT for identifying carotid canal fractures, when compared to temporal bone CT, were 90.3% and 94.4% respectively (NPV > 95%). Only 6% of all patients either did have or should have had their management changed based on the temporal bone CT findings. All of these changes were regarding further workup for blunt carotid artery injury. Conclusions: A combination of helical computed tomography and physical exam findings can allow for judicious use of temporal bone CTs when no maxillofacial CT is indicated. Temporal bone CTs rarely change acute management. But when they do, it is in regard to the need for further workup of possible vascular injury. Lastly, maxillofacial CTs are adequate for identifying carotid canal fractures. Laryngoscope, 119:442–448, 2009
Evaluating Phonological Processing Skills in Children With Prelingual Deafness Who Use Cochlear Implants

This study investigated the phonological processing skills of 29 children with prelingual, profound hearing loss with 4 years of cochlear implant experience. Results were group matched with regard to word-reading ability and mother's educational level with the performance of 29 hearing children. Results revealed that it is possible to obtain a valid measure of phonological processing (PP) skills in children using CIs. They could complete rhyming tasks and were able to complete sound-based tasks using standard test materials provided by a commercial test distributor. The CI children completed tasks measuring PP, but there were performance differences between the CI users and the hearing children. The process of learning phonological awareness (PA) for the children with CIs was characterized by a longer, more protracted learning phase than their counterparts with hearing. Tests of phonological memory skills indicated that when the tasks were controlled for presentation method and response modality, there were no differences between the performance of children with CIs and their counterparts with hearing. Tests of rapid naming revealed that there were no differences between rapid letter and number naming between the two groups. Results yielded a possible PP test battery for children with CI experience.
High reliability organizations (HROs)

Academic and professional disciplines, such as organisation and management theory, psychology, sociology and engineering, have, for years, grappled with the multidisciplinary issues of safety and accident prevention. However, these ideas are just beginning to enrich research on safety in medicine. This article examines a domain of research on system safety – the High Reliability Organization (HRO) paradigm. HROs operate in hazardous conditions, but have fewer than their fair share of adverse events. HROs are committed to safety at the highest level and adopt a special approach to its pursuit. The attributes and operating dynamics of the best HROs provide a template on which to better understand how safe and reliable performance can be achieved under trying conditions, and this may be useful to researchers and caregivers who seek to improve safety and reliability in health care.
Two‐Dimensional Powder Correlation Methods

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results 4 Simulations 5 Discussion 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
The Y- autosome ttanslocation of Callimico goeldii

Intraspecific chromosomal variability is common among New World primates. A polymorphism has been described among male Callimico goeldiiin which the Y chromosome is translocated to an autosome. Consequently, males may have a chromosome number of 47 or 48. We describe the results of karyotypic analyses on 40 captive male C. goeldii.Thirty- nine of them had a diploid chromosome number of 47, including the Y- autosome translocation. The remaining male had 48 chromosomes;however, he too carried the translocation along with two X chromosomes. The reported Y- chromosome translocation in Callimico goeldiiappears not to be a polymorphism but, instead, a feature characteristic of all males in the population.
Catalysis with Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Colloidal Solution: Heterogeneous or Homogeneous?

Heterogeneous nanocatalysis in solution-based reactions has been significantly explored in the past decade in hopes of developing highly recoverable and reusable catalysts. The vast amount of research in heterogeneous nanocatalysis by metal colloids has not yet uncovered the true mechanism behind the catalytic nature of such materials. From studies of catalytic shape dependence and nanoparticle stability during the course of various reactions, evidence has been reported that supports both homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanistic views. In this chapter the evidence of nanocatalyst shape dependence and stability is discussed with conclusions drawn on homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms.
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: a treatment review. What have we learned since the beginning of the millennium?

Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) can significantly affect an individual’s quality of life, the health care system, and even society. The first decade of the new millennium has seen renewed interest in this condition, but etiological understanding and evidence-based treatment availability remain limited. After the diagnosis of PNES is established, the first therapeutic step includes a presentation of the diagnosis that facilitates engagement in treatment. The purpose of this review is to present the current evidence of treatments for PNES published since the year 2000 and to discuss further needs for clinical treatment implementation and research. This article reviews clinical trials that have evaluated the efficacy of structured, standardized psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological interventions. The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for PNES is event frequency, although it is questionable whether this is the most accurate indicator of functional recovery. Cognitive behavioral therapy has evidence of efficacy, including one pilot randomized, controlled trial where cognitive behavioral therapy was compared with standard medical care. The antidepressant sertraline did not show a significant difference in event frequency change when compared to placebo in a pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled trial, but it did show a significant pre- versus posttreatment decrease in the active arm. Other interventions that have shown efficacy in uncontrolled trials include augmented psychodynamic interpersonal psychotherapy, group psychodynamic psychotherapy, group psychoeducation, and the antidepressant venlafaxine. Larger clinical trials of these promising treatments are necessary, while other psychotherapeutic interventions such as hypnotherapy, mindfulness-based therapies, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing may deserve exploration. Flexible delivery of treatment that considers the heterogeneous backgrounds of patients is emphasized as necessary for successful outcomes in clinical practice.
An OR Missionary's Visits to the Criminal Justice System

One of the historic roles of operations research (OR) people in the problem domains they enter is that of missionary, bringing their OR techniques of quantitative modeling, system perspective, and planning to the fields where those approaches have not yet taken hold. One of the most primitive of social systems in that regard is the criminal justice system responsible for society's response to crime. Over the past 40 years, I and a number of colleagues have been involved in this missionary function. The issues addressed have involved modeling of criminal careers as a stochastic process, bringing those analyses to the assessment of incapacitation effects of incarceration, review of trends in incarceration and factors contributing to those trends, and an examination of the interaction of incarceration and drug markets, with an analysis of some of the unintended counterproductive effects of that incarceration response to the drug problem.
The ability of climate envelope models to predict the effect of climate change on species distributions

Climate envelope models (CEMs) have been used to predict the distribution of species under current, past, and future climatic conditions by inferring a species’ environmental requirements from localities where it is currently known to occur. CEMs can be evaluated for their ability to predict current species distributions but it is unclear whether models that are successful in predicting current distributions are equally successful in predicting distributions under different climates (i.e. different regions or time periods). We evaluated the ability of CEMs to predict species distributions under different climates by comparing their predictions with those obtained with a mechanistic model (MM). In an MM the distribution of a species is modeled based on knowledge of a species’ physiology. The potential distributions of 100 plant species were modeled with an MM for current conditions, a past climate reconstruction (21000 years before present) and a future climate projection (double preindustrial CO2 conditions). Point localities extracted from the currently suitable area according to the MM were used to predict current, future, and past distributions with four CEMs covering a broad range of statistical approaches: Bioclim (percentile distributions), Domain (distance metric), GAM (general additive modeling), and Maxent (maximum entropy). Domain performed very poorly, strongly underestimating range sizes for past or future conditions. Maxent and GAM performed as well under current climates as under past and future climates. Bioclim slightly underestimated range sizes but the predicted ranges overlapped more with the ranges predicted with the MM than those predicted with GAM did. Ranges predicted with Maxent overlapped most with those produced with the MMs, but compared with the ranges predicted with GAM they were more variable and sometimes much too large. Our results suggest that some CEMs can indeed be used to predict species distributions under climate change, but individual modeling approaches should be validated for this purpose, and model choice could be made dependent on the purpose of a particular study.
Fused models for noise reduction in speech processing

We evaluate and compare two approaches for noise reduction in speech processing. One model is a recently developed implementation of a cochlea model that is solved in the time domain and that accounts for the influence of hair cells outside the inner ear membrane. The other approach involves statistical de-noising techniques based on wavelets. Our results indicate that the cochlea model achieves a stronger performance in removing noise, but requires significantly more computational effort. We propose the implementation of a fused model combining features of the cochlea model with wavelet-based techniques to achieve improved noise reduction properties at smaller computational costs.
Toward probabilistic analysis of interior-point algorithms for linear programming

We propose an approach based on interior-point algorithms for linear programming LP. We show that the algorithm solves a class of LP problems in strongly polynomial time, Oân log n-iteration, where each iteration solves a system of linear equations with n variables. The recent statistical data of the solutions of the NETLIB LP problems seem to indicate that virtually all of these problems are in this class. Then, we show that some random LP problems, with high probability probability converges to one as n approaches infinity, are in this class. These random LP problems include recent Todd's probabilistic models with the standard Gauss distribution.
Range identification for perspective dynamic systems using linear approximation

This paper presents linear approximation ideas to range identification problem for a perspective dynamic system (PDS). Using a recently introduced linear approximation technique, the perspective dynamic system, which is a special class of nonlinear systems, can be approximated by a sequence of linear time-varying (LTV) subsystems. Observer design problem of the original nonlinear PDS reduces to the observer design of this sequence of LTV subsystems. For each LTV subsystem, existing standard observer methods can be applied.
The effects of co-operation on multiagent search in task-oriented domains

This paper studies the benefits of teaming and selflessness when using multiagent search to solve task-oriented problems. A formal framework for multiagent search is presented, which forms a superset of the task-oriented domain, coalition formation, distributed constraint satisfaction and NK landscape search problems. The paper focuses on task-oriented domain problems and shows how the benefits of teaming and selflessness arise in this domain. These experimental results are compared to similar results in the NK domain—from which a predictive technique is imported. Namely, it is shown that better allocations are found when the dynamics of the multiagent system lie between order and chaos. Several other specific findings are presented such as the fact that neither absolute selfishness nor absolute selflessness result in better allocations, and the fact that the formation of small teams usually leads to better allocations.
Oral immunization of the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) upregulates the mucosal immunoglobulin IgX

The frog Xenopus laevis is a model species for developmental biology but is also of significant interest to comparative immunologists. Amphibians are the oldest group of organisms in which both the B lymphocytes of some species undergo immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination and also have a dedicated mucosal Ig isotype. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that frog IgX would be produced in response to oral immunization. In order to facilitate studies of humoral, and especially mucosal immunity, in this model species, we developed a gavage technique for oral immunization. The result of this oral administration of antigen to frogs was assayed by the induction of the mucosal antibody isotype, IgX, in plasma by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), and a significant IgX upregulation was detected compared to frogs receiving systemic immunization into the coelom. These data are consistent with the view that IgX is the functional analog of mammalian IgA and mandate further studies of the relationship between IgX and IgA. Additionally, the gavage technique should be adaptable for functional studies of gut-associated immunology in other small aquatic vertebrates.
Human herpesvirus 6.

Human herpesvirus 6 variant A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6 variant B (HHV-6B) are two closely related yet distinct viruses. These visuses belong to the Roseolovirus genus of the betaherpesvirus subfamily; they are most closely related to human herpesvirus 7 and then to human cytomegalovirus. Over 95% of people older than 2 years of age are seropositive for either or both HHV-6 variants, and current serologic methods are incapable of discriminating infection with one variant from infection with the other. HHV-6A has not been etiologically linked to any human disease, but such an association will probably be found soon. HHV-6B is the etiologic agent of the common childhood illness exanthem subitum (roseola infantum or sixth disease) and related febrile illnesses. These viruses are frequently active and associated with illness in immunocompromised patients and may play a role in the etiology of Hodgkin's disease and other malignancies. HHV-6 is a commensal inhabitant of brains; various neurologic manifestations, including convulsions and encephalitis, can occur during primary HHV-6 infection or in immunocompromised patients. HHV-6 and distribution in the central nervous system are altered in patients with multiple sclerosis; the significance of this is under investigation.
Resource analysis for question answering

This paper attempts to analyze and bound the utility of various structured and unstructured resources in Question Answering, independent of a specific system or component. We quantify the degree to which gazetteers, web resources, encyclopedia, web documents and web-based query expansion can help Question Answering in general and specific question types in particular. Depending on which resources are used, the QA task may shift from complex answer-finding mechanisms to simpler data extraction methods followed by answer re-mapping in local documents.
Thermomechanical Modeling of Laser‐Induced Structural Relaxation and Deformation of Glass: Volume Changes in Fused Silica at High Temperatures

A fully coupled thermomechanical model of the nanoscale deformation in amorphous SiO2 due to laser heating is presented. Direct measurement of the transient, nonuniform temperature profiles was used to first validate a nonlinear thermal transport model. Densification due to structural relaxation above the glass transition point was modeled using the Tool-Narayanaswamy (TN) formulation for the evolution of structural relaxation times and fictive temperature. TN relaxation parameters were derived from spatially resolved confocal Raman scattering measurements of Si–O–Si stretching mode frequencies. Together, these thermal and microstructural data were used to simulate fictive temperatures which are shown to scale nearly linearly with density, consistent with previous measurements from Shelby et al. Volumetric relaxation coupled with thermal expansion occurring in the liquid-like and solid-like glassy states lead to residual stresses and permanent deformation which could be quantified. However, experimental surface deformation profiles between 1700 and 2000 K could only be reconciled with our simulation by assuming a roughly 2 × larger liquid thermal expansion for a-SiO2 with a temperature of maximum density ~150 K higher than previously estimated by Bruckner et al. Calculated stress fields agreed well with recent laser-induced critical fracture measurements, demonstrating accurate material response prediction under processing conditions of practical interest.
Parasitoids of the Western Tentiform Leafminer, Phyllonorycter elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Utah Apple Orchards

Phyllonorycter elmaella Doganlar & Mutuura was sampled in 1983 from Utah apple orchards that had different spray programs and P. elmaella population histories. P. elmaella is multivoltine in Utah. Percent parasitism increased from the first to the third generations of fourth and fifth larval instars, then dropped in the overwintering (OW) generation. Dominant parasitoids were Sympiesis marylandensis Girault in P. elmaella generations one and three, and Pnigalio flavipes (Ashmead) in the second and OW generations. The parasitoid complex in Utah included six species, and all were ectoparasitic. All parasitoid species were found in the OW generation of P. elmaella.
Significance of the Age Factor and Sex Glands in Experimental Leukemia of Mice.

ConclusionsMale mice of strain D treated with estrogen after sexual maturity developed leukemia more readily than those injected from an earlier age on. In castrated males, the incidence of estrogen induced Leukemia was significantly increased over that in non-castrated animals, if the treatment was started at an early age. In females receiving estrogen from an early age on, ovariectomy slightly decreased the incidence of leukemia, and in those treated after sexual maturity, no effect of ovariectomy was noted.
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Density as Estimated by the Census-Assessment Line Technique

Department of Biology, Memphis State University, Memphis, TN 38152 (MLK, GDB, FRT) Department of Mathematical Sciences, Memphis State University, Memphis, TN 38152 (OSF) Tennessee Valley Authority, Land Between The Lakes, Golden Pond, KY 42231 (MEC) Present address of GDB: Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Present address of OSF: Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
More General States of an Atom in a Laser Field

As we have seen in the preceding chapter, an atom in a laser field is distorted or dressed by the field. Its wave function is changed, its energy shifted, and it has a finite lifetime since the laser can induce transitions among the dressed1 states. These finite lifetime effects can also be described as widths of the dressed states2 and only when the widths are small relative to the spacings between the energy levels of the dressed states does it make sense to talk about discrete states. For example, if one looks at the florescent spectrum emitted by the atom in the laser, the lines in the spectrum will have energies determined by the width of these states. If the widths are as big as the energy separations, the lines will merge into a continuum and the picture of discrete dressed states will fail.
Leukocyte Labeling With 51Chromium. II. Leukocyte Kinetics in Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia

Sequential or simultaneous leukocyte kinetic studies using radioactive diisopropylfluorophosphate and radiochromate (51Cr) yielded similar or identical blood leukocyte disappearance curves in seven patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Body surface 51Cr counting regularly showed a rise in the spleen counting rate during the first hours after infusions of granulocyte populations of mixed maturity. Epinephrine-induced leukocytosis was associated with a fall in the spleen counting rate, lesser decreases over the liver and marrow, rises in the heart and lung counting rates, and an unchanged blood leukocyte disappearance curve. These changes are consistent with the mobilization by epinephrine of a marginal granulocyte pool (MGP), which is largely localized in the spleen and is in equilibrium with the circulating pool. Immature CML granulocyte fractions were cleared from the blood more rapidly than mixed cell populations. The immature cells failed to equilibrate with the splenic MGP, and instead accumulated in the marrow and later recirculated into the blood as mature cells. These findings indicate that the delayed and variably contoured blood granulocyte disappearance curves found in CML are composites resulting from the recirculation of immature granulocytes in the presence of an enlarged total blood pool of mature cells.
Openly Haar null sets and conjugacy in Polish groups

This paper is motivated by the question of Darji: May every uncountable Polish group be written as the disjoint union G = A∪B where A is a Haar null set and B is meager? We give some weak criteria which answer the question in the affirmative for at least the following groups: any TSI group, any countably infinite product of locally compact groups, S∞, Aut(Q,≤), U(H), and Diff+k[0, 1]. Our methods involve a study of the connection between the existence of distal pairs with respect to a Polish group G’s action by conjugation on itself, and the size of the group’s openly Haar null ideal OHN(G) as identified by Solecki, and we give a smattering of results regarding the scope of this ideal in groups both locally compact and not. In the group G = Homeo+[0, 1] of orientation-preserving self-homeomorphisms of the interval, we exhibit the following curious two-sided translation property, impossible in any (non-trivial) locally compact group: for every compact set K ⊆ G and every nonempty open set U ⊆ K there are g, h ∈ G with gKh ⊆ U. Accordingly, the openly Haar null ideal OHN(Homeo+[0, 1]) is trivial. Lastly, in the appendix we identify and correct a small error in a frequently cited proof of Mycielski that a countable union of Haar null sets is Haar null in any Polish group G.
Charting the Maternal and Infant Microbiome: What Is the Role of Diabetes and Obesity in Pregnancy?

The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence on whether diabetes, obesity, and related metabolic derangements during pregnancy are associated with the maternal and infant microbiomes, and to identify gaps in the literature and offer guidance on future research on this topic. We found circumstantial evidence from four observational studies that the maternal gut microbiome was associated with either pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, gestational diabetes, and/or related metabolic biomarkers in pregnancy; we did not identify any studies that examined whether the vaginal microbiome varied according to these metabolic parameters. Maternal diabetes (in one study) and pregnancy weight status (in three studies) were found to be associated with the infant offspring gut microbiome, although some associations only appeared in certain cohort strata. Patterns of association across both maternal and infant microbiome studies, however, lacked consistency, which may owe to biologic or technical differences, or to the lack of control for important confounders or effect modifiers (e.g., delivery mode in infant microbiome studies). Metabolic diseases in pregnancy, such as diabetes and obesity, may be associated with the maternal and infant microbiomes, but there is a need for large prospective studies of mother-child dyads from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds to determine the direction and potential causal nature of these associations. These studies should include serially collected biospecimens, standardized workflows that conserve microbial DNA and RNA, and rich data on clinical outcomes and environmental, lifestyle, and genetic risk factors for obesity and diabetes.