cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Apolipoprotein E Isoform Phenotype and LDL Subclass Response to a Reduced-Fat Diet

We investigated the association of apolipoprotein (apo) E isoform phenotype with lipoprotein response to reduced dietary fat intake in 103 healthy men (apoE3/2, n = 10; apoE3/3, n = 65; and apoE4/3, 4/4, n = 28). In a randomized, crossover design, subjects consumed high-fat (46%) and low-fat (24%) diets for 6 weeks each. High-fat LDL cholesterol differed among phenotypes, with apoE4/3, 4/4 > apoE3/3 > apoE3/2. Reduction of LDL cholesterol on the low-fat diet was greater for apoE4/3, 4/4 than apoE3/3 (P < .05). There was no significant change in plasma apoB level within any of the apoE phenotype groups on the low-fat diet. This result, together with measurements of LDL subfraction mass by analytical ultracentrifugation, indicated that the primary basis for the diet-induced reduction in LDL cholesterol was not reduced LDL particle number but rather a shift from large, buoyant, cholesterol-rich LDL particles (flotation rate, 7 to 12) to smaller, denser LDL particles (flotation rate, 0 to 7). The magnitude of this effect was related to apoE phenotype, with progressively greater reductions in levels of large LDL (P < .01) from apoE3/2 to apoE3/3 to apoE4/3, 4/4. These results indicate that reduced dietary fat lowers levels of large, buoyant LDL particles by an apoE-dependent mechanism.
CT of small-bowel obstruction in children: sensitivity and specificity.

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT in the diagnosis of small-bowel obstruction in children.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The CT scans of 30 children with surgically proven small-bowel obstruction, 22 children with ileus, and 29 children who served as controls were retrospectively reviewed by two of four interpreters who were unaware of the children's final diagnoses. Causes of obstruction in the patients included 19 adhesions, six cases of volvulus, five intussusceptions, four strictures, and two cases each of internal hernia and abscess. Eight obstructions had multiple causes. The CT scans were evaluated for the presence of small-bowel obstruction using a scale with five degrees of confidence. In cases of discrepancy of more than one level of certainty, a third interpreter was consulted. Criteria for small-bowel obstruction included a discrepancy in caliber between the proximal dilated and the more distal small bowels or generalized small-bowel dil...
Rare Charm Decays in the Standard Model and Beyond

We perform a comprehensive study of a number of rare charm decays, incorporating the first evaluation of the QCD corrections to the short distance contributions, as well as examining the long range effects. For processes mediated by the c → ul + l − transitions, we show that sensitivity to short distance physics exists in kinematic regions away from the vector meson resonances that dominate the total rate. In particular, we find that D → πl + l − and D → ρl + l − are sensitive to non-universal soft-breaking effects in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model with R-parity conservation. We separately study the sensitivity of these modes to R-parity violating effects and derive new bounds on R-parity violating couplings. We also obtain predictions for these decays within extensions of the Standard Model, including extensions of the Higgs, gauge and fermion sectors, as well as models of dynamical electroweak symmetry breaking.
Judaism Triumphant: Isaac Mayer Wise on Unitarianism and Liberal Christianity

Against the background of the dramatic upsurge of liberalism, radicalism, and freethought in religion within the United States in the last third of the nineteenth century, American Reform Judaism and Unitarianism made impressive strides. By the 1880s, Reform Judaism had become the preeminent form of Judaism in both institutional growth and organizational cohesiveness; it remained the favored religious pattern of the elite leadership of American Jewry well into the twentieth century. For its part, Unitarianism by the 1880s had spread beyond the confines of New England, featured a revitalized Western branch, the Western Unitarian Conference, and was experiencing an articulate denominational consciousness.
Mating and virulence of Candida albicans

Recently, it was demonstrated that Candida albicans contains mating type genes. Since that discovery, it has been demonstrated that the majority of strains contain both a and 3 genes, that a minority are homozygous for a or 3 and can undergo fusion, and that the cytological stages of fusion and zygote development are similar to the stages of mating in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, it has recently been demonstrated that in order to mate, homozygous a and homozygous 3 cells must undergo phenotypic switching from the white to opaque phase, adding a developmental step to mating that might be related to pathogenesis.
Finite element analysis of the effect of sequential cuts and tool-chip friction on residual stresses in a machined layer

Abstract A thermo-elastic–viscoplastic model using explicit finite element code Abaqus was developed to investigate the effect of sequential cuts and tool–chip friction on residual stresses in a machined layer. Chip formation, cutting forces and temperature were also examined in the sequential cuts. The affected layer from the first cut slightly changes the chip thickness, cutting forces, residual strain and temperature of the machined layer, but significantly affects the residual stress distribution produced by the second cut. Residual stress is sensitive to friction condition of the tool–chip interface. Simulation results offer an insight into residual stresses induced in sequential cuts. Based on simulation results, characteristics of residual stress distribution can be controlled by optimizing the second cut.
Complication Rates for Carotid Endarterectomy A Call to Action

The efficacy of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for selected patients with high-grade stenosis of the extracranial carotid artery has now been established through a series of randomized, controlled trials.1 2 3 4 5 6 The reduction in stroke risk afforded by this prophylactic procedure is highly dependent on perioperative complication rates.7 Combined stroke and death rates much exceeding 3% for patients with asymptomatic stenosis and 6% for patients with symptomatic stenosis would eliminate the benefit in stroke reduction gained through the operation.8 A systematic review of the risks of stroke and death due to CEA based on 25 studies published since 1980 estimated 30-day complication rates of 3.35% for asymptomatic stenosis and 5.18% for symptomatic stenosis (including mortality rates of 1.3% and 1.8%, respectively).9 This review included studies based on a variety of methodologies. A companion review based on 51 studies of complication rates for patients undergoing CEA for symptomatic carotid stenosis found that the risk of surgery varied systematically with the methods and authorship of the report.10 The risk of stroke and/or death was highest in studies in which the patient was assessed by a neurologist after surgery (7.7%) and lowest in studies with a single author affiliated with a surgery department (2.3%). On the basis of data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey reflecting the years 1971 through 1982, it was estimated that …
The use of compositional growth curves for assessing the response to dietary lysine by high-lean growth gilts

Growth modelling was used to characterize the response to digestible lysine in two experiments (114 gilts in experiment 1 and 96 gilts in experiment 2) from 34 to 72·5 kg and 72·5 to 136 kg, respectively. Maize-soya-bean meal diets were formulated to assure that lysine (5·4 to 10·4 and 5·4 to 9·4 g digestible lysine per kg for experiments 1 and 2, respectively) was the first limiting amino acid. Analysis of variance was used to test linear and quadratic responses in cumulative weight gain on test as digestible lysine increased. A time × digestible lysine interaction (linear, P < 0·001) was detected, indicating that a separate regression equation for each lysine level was necessary. In experiment 1, average daily gain (ADG) and carcass crude protein (CP) accretion were maximized for gilts given 10·4, 9·4 and 8·4 g digestible lysine per kg from 34 to 44 kg, 44 to 54 kg, and 54 to 72·5 kg, respectively. Lipid accretion was minimized for gilts given 7·4 to 8·4 g digestible lysine per kg. In experiment 2, ADG was maximized by feeding 8·4 g/kg from 72·5 to 92·5 kg and 7·4 g/kg from 92·5 to 136 kg. Carcass CP accretion was maximized by feeding 9·4 g digestible lysine per kg, whereas lipid accretion was minimized for gilts given 8·4 g digestible lysine per kg from 72·5 to 136 kg. If feeding graded levels of digestible lysine resulted in parallel lines for protein accretion, mean values would result in accurate data evaluation. However, responses to digestible lysine changed over the feeding period. Therefore, the use of body weight and compositional growth curves offers an approach to more accurately characterize the growing pig's response to increased digestible lysine.
The New Model Rules of Professional Conduct: Lawyer-Client Decision Making and the Role of Rules in Structuring the Lawyer-Client Dialogue

Most discussions of lawyer-client decision making concern the difficult question of deciding when a lawyer must (or may) disregard his client's wishes because of conflict with some other significant interest outside the lawyer-client relationship. One of the ideological bases of the adversary system is a strong commitment to client control of decision making, which in theory must be balanced or reconciled with concerns about such control distorting the truthfinding functions of the legal system or causing harm to others. Little discussed until recently has been the fact that, despite this ideology, lawyers in many cases significantly control their clients' decisions and exert broad discretion over the means necessary to implement decisions.
The Weimar Century

Although he concludes The Weimar Century by saying that the influence of German emigre intellectuals started to wane in the 1960s, Udi Greenberg has written an important book about the present. The...
IEEE 1149.4: Analog Boundary-Scan

IEEE Standard 1149.4 [IEEE99] is titled “Mixed Signal Test Bus” but has become known popularly as “Analog Boundary-Scan”. It is natural to ask, what is “Analog Boundary-Scan”? The digital paradigm we have been using is confusing when we hear the word analog. Could it mean we somehow capture analog voltages and somehow shift them out for viewing (as proposed in [Wagn88])? The answer is “no”. The simplest concept of the 1149.4 Standard is to imagine that we have integrated a portion of an ATE system’s analog measurement bus and multiplexing system into an IC, eliminating the need for bed-of-nails access to it. Since these test resources have been converted from discrete relays, wire wrap and nails into silicon, they will scale with silicon technology as it continues to shrink.
Auto-calibration and control strategy determination for a variable-speed heat pump water heater using optimization

This article introduces applications of the GenOpt® optimizer coupled with a vapor compression system model for auto-calibration and control strategy determination toward the development of a variable-speed ground-source heat pump water heating unit. The GenOpt® optimizer can be linked with any simulation program using input and output text files. It effectively facilitates optimization runs. Using the proposed GenOpt® wrapper program, objectives can flexibly be defined for optimizations, targets, and constraints. Those functionalities enable running extensive optimization cases for model calibration, configuration design, and control strategy determination. In addition, a methodology is described to improve prediction accuracy using functional calibration curves. Using the calibrated model, control strategies of the ground-source heat pump water heater were investigated, considering multiple control objectives and covering the entire operation range.
Mechanisms of fatigue crack growth – a critical digest of theoretical developments

Recent advances in the processing technology are permitting the manufacture of novel metallic materials with superior fatigue properties via microstructure tailoring. In the light of these promising developments, there is a rising need for establishing a synergy between state-of-the-art experimental characterizations and physically based theoretical underpinnings. A revisit to the existing predictive literature is thus a timely requirement prior to furthering new design guidelines against cyclic damage. To that end, this paper recounts an overview of the key mechanistic and analytical theories on the fatigue crack growth mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on categorizing the proposed modelling endeavours based on their fundamental principles. In doing so, contributions and limitations thereof are carefully examined on the basis of most updated experimental revelations. The objective is to provide a perspective to the current generation of engineers and researchers alike. This concise yet critical narrative would essentially assist in formulating even more advanced microstructure–damage relationships in the modern context. A commentary is added at the end outlining the promising avenues for future research.
Some Aspects of Energy Transfer Between the Organ-Pipe Mud-Dauber Trypoxylon politum and Its Araneid Spider Prey

Certain organisms such as T. politum (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea) offer unique opportunities for the calorimetric measurement of energy budget components under natural conditions. Natural kinds, quantities, and rates of food input are easily obtained, as are total egestion and production. The positive growth phase of the wasp's life cycle is short, its entire mean consumption of spiders (1046 cal) occurring in a mean time of 4.5 days with a mean consumption rate of 233 cal/day. Despite this high consumption rate, its maximum assimilation efficiency of 76% is similar to those reported for other invertebrate predators. This is probably due to prolonged gut retention time whereby feces are retained between 4 and 8.5 days. Secretions used in the building of the cocoon required 99 cal and mean total egestion was 244 cal. Maximum gross (45%) and net (59%) efficiencies of growth of T. politum generally agree with those reported for other invertebrate predators. On the whole these statistics for the latter are lower than those given for vertebrate poikilotherm predators.
Beyond the Looking Glass Exploring Fluidity in Racial Self-Identification and Interviewer Classification

Research has demonstrated the fluidity of racial self-identification and interviewer classification, but how they influence each other over time has not been systematically explored using national, longitudinal data. A typical theoretical prediction, consistent with theories of a “looking-glass self,” is that people calibrate their self-identification in accordance with how they are perceived by others. We examine the degree to which this and other symbolic-interactionist processes account for the dynamics of racial categorization among young adults in the United States. To do so, we deploy a conceptual framework focused on three key dimensions of variation—concordance, stability, and influence—that capture both inconsistency in racial categorization at a given point in time and fluidity in either measure of race over time. We find that while the standard looking-glass self-perspective accounts for the majority of racial fluidity, a substantial proportion of changes in both measures of race remain unexpla...
Pulp Poets and Superhero Prophets: A Case for Popular Culture in Academic Library Collection Development

abstractFor decades, popular culture was neglected and frowned upon by academics. In recent years, cultural critics, including librarians, have found popular culture materials to be didactic tools, and vital to the study of society and the zeitgeist that has prevailed at the time of their production. As a result, many academic librarians have found it useful to develop collections in their libraries that reflect a range of sociological change as demonstrated in these resources. With diligence and research, academic collection development managers may choose materials that will enhance the role of popular culture in their libraries.
Racemaking in New Orleans: racial boundary construction among ideologically diverse college students

ABSTRACTWe explore how an ideologically diverse group of white students at Tulane University respond to evidence of racial inequality in post-Katrina New Orleans. In line with prior research, we find commonalities in racialized attitudes and behaviours between students whose racial ideologies otherwise differ. Drawing from anthropological theories of boundary construction and sociological work on colour-blind racism, we argue that the Otherization of non-whites is part of the everyday worldviews and social practices of white Americans. We draw on fieldwork in New Orleans to demonstrate that racist stereotypes and beliefs in racial difference continue to be transmitted within white social spaces. We find that even the most progressive Tulane students are engaged in the construction and reinforcement of symbolic and spatial boundaries between themselves and African Americans. This achieves the purpose for which racial stereotypes were originally constructed – namely, the persistence of racial inequality.
Abstract 1777: The skin cancer chemotherapeutic agent PEP005 is a substrate for the epidermal multidrug transporter (ABCB1) and targets tumor vasculature

Ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005), extracted from Euphorbia peplus, is currently in clinical trials for eradicating basal cell carcinoma (BCC), actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ by topical application. Although structurally related to phorbol esters and a PKC activator, topical PEP005, but not phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), inhibited the growth of subcutaneous tumors derived from PAM212 (mouse SCC) and B16 (mouse melanoma). PEP005 and PMA both induced acute neutrophilic inflammation on mouse skin, but only PEP005 caused subcutaneous hemorrhage and vascular damage. Both PEP005 and PMA activated Erk1/2 in epidermis, but PEP005 also activated Erk1/2 in skin dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Pretreatment with topical cyclosporin A (CsA), verapamil or XR9576, modulators of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), prevented PEP005-induced hemorrhage but not neutrophil infiltration. CsA also impaired Ing3A9s anti-cancer activity while the anti-inflammatory dexamethasone did not. PEP005, but not PMA, blocked photoaffinity labeling of human P-gp with [ 125 I]-Iodoaryazidoprazosin and inhibited P-gp mediated drug resistance to HCT-15 cells. The intracellular levels of PEP005 were significantly lower in P-gp expressing cells and treatment with XR9576 increased the levels to those of cells that do not express P-gp, demonstrating that PEP005 binds to and is transported by P-gp. Taken together, our results suggest that P-gp mediated absorptive transport, dermal penetration and vascular damage contribute to the anti-cancer activity of PEP005 in vivo. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1777.
Genetics of Sordaria fimicola. VIII. Nitroso-Guanidine Mutagenesis and Isolation of Protoperithecial Mutants

An effective mutagenic method for obtaining auxotrophic and selfsterile mutants in the homothallic pyrenomycete Sordaria fimicola consists of treating mycelium grown on a dialysis membrane with nitrosoguanidine, followed by the isolation of random ascospores from perithecia that later appear on the mycelium. Self-sterile and colonial-growth mutants can be recognized on complete medium containing sorbose. A 4-hr treatment with 100 AM solution of the mutagen yields approximately 5-6% ascospores with auxotrophic and selected morphological mutations. A number of selfsterile mutants with blocks at the protoperithecial stage produce hybrid perithecia in crosses. Those which show no selfing in such crosses would be especially suitable in the the search for complementing alleles that demonstrate the synthesis of balanced heterothallism. One protoperithecial mutant is linked to the ascospore-color locus gi on linkage group I.
Not Helping - How Congressional Tinkering Harms Victims during the Post-Trial Phase of a Court-Martial

Congress made many changes to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014. Among these are two changes to Article 60 of the UCMJ that address the participation of victims in the post-trial phase of a court-martial.The first change enacts an explicit requirement that a victim have the opportunity to submit matters to a convening authority (the military commander who acts on the results of a court-martial). The second change prohibits a convening authority from considering any submitted matter that relates to the character of a victim unless that matter was admitted into evidence during the trial.Broadly captioned as enabling victim participation in the clemency phase of a court-martial, these two changes add little while subtracting much. Victim submissions to a convening authority are nothing new; the UCMJ has always permitted such submissions as part of a convening authority’s review of the sentence imposed by a court-martial. But the censorship of submissions that relate to a victim’s character is a unique limitation on the scope of that review. As such, these changes impose significant costs while yielding few benefits, and rather than helping victims of offenses tried by courts-martial they will prove detrimental to both victims and their victimizers.
Persistent Pediatric Problems: Beyond Drug Therapy

As acute pediatric disorders decrease in incidence, patients with persistent problems will become more visible. Because of the infrequent occurrence of such episodic problems as acute infections, accidents, and febrile convulsions during school years, a distinction must be made between disabilities whose persistence distinguishes them from mere recurrences of acute episodes. Chronic physical illness, behavioral problems, learning disabilities, and mental retardation are among the most common and persistent childhood disorders.
Biliary stricture measurement and stent selection

Objective: Because of variations in magnification, errors in stent selection may occur when stricture location is determined from fluoroscopic images or x-ray film. Methods: An ERCP catheter with measurement markings was inserted 5, 7, and 10 cm into the bile duct in 30 patients without bile obstruction. Film measurements obtained at each depth were converted to actual distances using standard conversion as well as endoscope ratio conversion formulas. The site of obstruction in 52 patients with an obstructing lesion was measured with a ruled catheter, by a wire withdrawal technique, and using x-ray film. After a stent was selected on the basis of the catheter measurement, the accuracy of stent selection was determined for each method of measure. Results: Conversion of x-ray measurements to ruled catheter measurements obtained by insertions of 5, 7, and 10 cm using standard conversion factors yielded measurements of 4.9 ± 0.9, 6.8 ± 0.3, and 9.5 ± 1.9 cm, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.80. Ratio conversion yielded measurements of 0.5 ± 0.8, 7 ± 1.0, and 9.9 ± 1.4, respectively, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.88. Measurement of stricture location with the ruled catheter and then by wire withdrawal yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.98. When ruled catheter measurements were compared with the x-ray ratio conversions, the concordance dropped to 0.79. The ruled catheter and wire withdrawal were more accurate in predicting the location of the stent tip than x-ray film measurements (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon matched pairs). Of 52 stents selected, no errors in stent selection occurred when the ruled catheter was used (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test), two errors occurred when wire withdrawal was used (p < 0.004), and 14 errors occurred when film measurements were used. Conclusions: Use of a ruled catheter or wire withdrawal is much more accurate for selecting stents than use of x-ray film measurements.
Cardiohepatic Interactions: Implications for Management in Advanced Heart Failure

Liver disease is a common sequela of heart failure and can range from mild reversible liver injury to hepatic fibrosis and, in its most severe form, cardiac cirrhosis. Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis due to chronic heart failure have important implications for prognosis, medication management, mechanical circulatory support, and heart transplantation. This article reviews the current understanding of liver disease in heart failure and provides a framework for approaching liver disease in the advanced heart failure population.
Charles Diggs Jr.

A tangible measure of Black Power was a sweeping increase in African Americans being elected to office. Until the late 1960s, their numbers were minuscule. The Congressional Black Caucus (cbc) founded in January 1971, held its first annual dinner in June of that year. Representative Charles Diggs Jr. of Detroit, chair of the caucus, gave the keynote address. Diggs was first elected to Congress in 1954, becoming one of only three black congressmen. He was an outspoken supporter of civil rights and saw the cbc as a way to establish the political independence of African Americans. In the 1970s Diggs frequently traveled to Africa, negotiated with leaders there on behalf of the cbc, and intervened in U.S. diplomacy in favor of African interests — all unprecedented actions for an African American politician. His speech set the militant tone that the CBC has maintained since then as the bastion of the Democratic Party’s left wing.
Differential Associations of Socioeconomic Status With Global Brain Volumes and White Matter Lesions in African American and White Adults: the Handls Scan Study.

The aim of the study was to examine interactive relations of race and socioeconomic status (SES) to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-assessed global brain outcomes with previously demonstrated prognostic significance for stroke, dementia, and mortality. Participants were 147 African Americans (AAs) and whites (ages 33-71 years; 43% AA; 56% female; 26% below poverty) in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span SCAN substudy. Cranial MRI was conducted using a 3.0 T unit. White matter (WM) lesion volumes and total brain, gray matter, and WM volumes were computed. An SES composite was derived from education and poverty status. Significant interactions of race and SES were observed for WM lesion volume (b = 1.38; η = 0.036; p = .028), total brain (b = 86.72; η = 0.042; p < .001), gray matter (b = 40.16; η = 0.032; p = .003), and WM (b = 46.56; η = 0.050; p < .001). AA participants with low SES exhibited significantly greater WM lesion volumes than white participants with low SES. White participants with higher SES had greater brain volumes than all other groups (albeit within normal range). Low SES was associated with greater WM pathology-a marker for increased stroke risk-in AAs. Higher SES was associated with greater total brain volume-a putative global indicator of brain health and predictor of mortality-in whites. Findings may reflect environmental and interpersonal stressors encountered by AAs and those of lower SES and could relate to disproportionate rates of stroke, dementia, and mortality.
28. Gray's ODE on a Distance Prospect of Eton College

(1951). 28. Gray's ODE on a Distance Prospect of Eton College. The Explicator: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 49-50.
Myofilament Calcium Sensitivity: Role in Regulation of In vivo Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation.

Myofilament calcium sensitivity is an often-used indicator of cardiac muscle function, often assessed in disease states such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). While calcium sensitivity measurement provides important insights into the mechanical force-generating capability of a muscle at steady-state, the dynamic behavior of the muscle cannot be sufficiently assessed with a force-pCa curve alone. The dissociation constant (Kd) of the force-pCa curve depends on the ratio of the apparent on-rate (kon) and apparent off-rate (koff) of calcium on TnC and as a stand-alone parameter cannot provide an accurate depiction of the dynamic contraction and relaxation behavior without the additional quantification of kon or koff, or actually measuring dynamic twitch kinetics in an intact muscle. In this review, we examine the effect of length, frequency, and beta-adrenergic stimulation on myofilament calcium sensitivity and dynamic contraction, the effect of membrane permeabilization on calcium sensitivity, and the dynamic consequences of various myofilament protein mutations with potential implications in contractile and relaxation behavior.
When and why do some social cleavages become politically salient rather than others

ABSTRACTBuilding on Posner (Posner, Daniel N. 2005. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press), this article describes a framework for organizing the information about a community’s social cleavage structure so as to identify the incentives that individuals face to adopt particular social identities. The framework is parsimonious but powerful: it generates predictions about the social cleavages that will emerge as salient in politics, the lobbying we can expect to see regarding the social categories with which community members should identify, and the attempts that will be made to assimilate or engage in “identity entrepreneurship” to fashion entirely new social identities. The framework also clarifies why partition is unlikely to be a remedy for intractable ethnic conflicts.
Application of POD on time-resolved schlieren in supersonic multi-stream rectangular jets

In this paper, we present an experimental investigation of a supersonic rectangular nozzle with aft deck used for three-stream engines. The jet utilizes a single expansion ramp nozzle (SERN) configuration along with multiple streams, operating at a bulk flow Mj,1 = 1.6 and bypass stream Mj,3 = 1.0. This idealized representation consists of two canonical flows: a supersonic convergent-divergent (CD) jet and a sonic wall jet. Time-resolved schlieren experiments were performed up to 100 kHz. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), as suggested by Lumley for structure identification in turbulent flows, is applied to the schlieren images and the spatial eigenfunctions and time-dependent coefficients are related to the flow structures. This research seeks to lay a foundation for fundamental testing of multi-stream SERNs and the identification of the flow physics that dominate these modern military nozzles.
Notes on Avian Ectoparasites from Costa Rica. I. Acarina and Diptera

Locality and host records are given for ticks, chiggers, and flies collec­ted from Costa Rican birds in 1964- 1965. The chigger records are the first published for the country.
Balance, Depth, and Beyond: Tapping into Design Thinking in Art Education

The arts in education can do more to develop dispositions for success and socially responsible action in our future artists, innovators, and leaders of tomorrow. In order to be a highly effective teacher-leader of art and design, it is proposed that the development of creativity and innovation must be balanced with analytical thinking and practical wisdom. Twenty-first century learning demands that teachers become designers of classroom environments and curricula that enable students to develop their full capacities as human beings, while tapping into a balance of their creative, analytical and practical entrepreneurial skills and mindsets. Artist-teacher-leaders m ust also capitalize on students' abilities for connection making, inquiry, and self-direction to foster their future social-emotional strengths and dispositions. When more focused on the developm ent of students' creative process skills and responsibility, art and design education may be better positioned to foster empathic, interdisciplinary 21st-century skills and habits of mind success. In this aim, the marriage of design thinking strategies and learner-centered pedagogies serve as catalysts of change in the visual arts. This paper reports on research and theoretical frameworks of successful intell igence and balanced intelligence that support innovative and currently implemented programming in a U.S. undergraduate and graduate teacher training program.
Household fear of deportation in Mexican-origin families: Relation to body mass index percentiles and salivary uric acid.

Objective Fear of deportation (FOD) is a prevalent concern among mixed-status families. Yet, our understanding of how FOD shapes human health and development is in its infancy. To begin to address this knowledge gap, we examined the relationship between household FOD, body mass index (BMI) percentiles and salivary uric acid (sUA), a biomarker related to oxidative stress/hypertension/metabolic syndrome, among 111 individuals living in Mexican-origin families. Methods Participants were 65 children (2 months-17 years, 49% female) and 46 adults (20-58 years, 71% female) living in 30 Mexican-origin families with at least one immigrant parent in Phoenix, AZ. We recruited families using cluster probability sampling of 30 randomly selected census tracts with a high proportion of Hispanic/Latino immigrants. The head of household completed a survey containing demographic, FOD, and psychosocial measures. All family members provided saliva (later assayed for sUA) and anthropometric measures. Relationships between household FOD, BMI percentile, and sUA levels were estimated using multilevel models. Results Higher levels of household FOD were associated with lower BMI percentiles and lower sUA levels between families, after controlling for social support and socioeconomic proxies. Conclusion Key features of the social ecology in which mixed-status families are embedded are associated with individual differences in biological processes linked to increased risk for chronic disease.
PATHOGENICITY OF METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE VAR. ANISOPLIAE TO MOSQUITO LARVAE

Water samples from various mosquito breeding habitats did not have an effect on the efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae isolate E9 when treated in the laboratory against 3rd instar o...
Unbiased Diffeomorphic Mapping of Longitudinal Data with Simultaneous Subject Specific Template Estimation

Longitudinal mapping techniques for neuroimage analysis in computational anatomy have an important potential for bias associated to the order of input scans. Geodesic trajectories which pass from a template onto a baseline image and then through each follow up image have been shown to overestimate atrophy rate in the entorhinal cortex, while the reverse is true for trajectories pass through the data in the opposite order. We propose a method to remove this source of bias by inserting a patient specific template into a time series at a specific point to be estimated from the data, and simultaneously producing a time varying mapping connecting each image in the series. We demonstrate the efficacy of this method using segmentations of the entorhinal and surrounding cortex in subjects with early Alzheimer’s disease.
Syndrome--a changing concept.

Abstract Syndrome is one of the oldest terms in the medical vocabulary. Traditionally, the term has been used mainly as a designation for complex medical entities, such as multiple abnormalities, that are characterized by clusters of concurring symptoms, usually three or more. During the mid-twentieth century, the meaning and the use of the term were altered. First to take place was an attempt to eliminate physicians' names from syndrome nomenclature, resulting in a significant increase in the use of descriptive designations in proportion to eponyms. But the trend was counterbalanced by the creation of new classes of eponyms. Eponymous syndrome nomenclature now includes the names of literary characters, patients' surnames, subjects of famous paintings, famous persons, geographic locations, institutions, biblical figures, and mythological characters. This was followed by a relaxation in the scope of the definition of syndrome, wherein the term could also be used as a modifier indicating a special (sometimes unspecified) complexity of an already named pathological condition. Eventually syndrome changed from its original use as an exclusively medical term and came to mean anything unusual, abnormal, bizarre, or humorous, whether medical, social, behavioral, or cultural. This unrestrained use of the term is the principal cause of an enormous volume of the sometimes irrelevant syndrome literature cluttering databases in the MEDLARS system and of the deterioration of "SYNDROME" as a specific MeSH term and a useful search parameter.
MICROBIOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF STORM SEWER OVERFLOWS: SOME ASPECTS OF THE IMPLICATION OF MICROBIAL INDICATORS FOR RECEIVING WATERS

ABSTRACT The information on the levels of microbial indicators needs to be interpreted in light of the sources of microorganisms and the intended use for the receiving water. In an urban environment, the results of several studies suggest that sanitary sewage intentionally or unintentionally combined with the storm runoff contributes a significant portion of the indicator and pathogenic microorganisms. The health implications for receiving waters where direct human exposure occurs by consumption or contact recreation is clear. Other sources of microbial indicators have less clear implications. In a series of controlled flushing and runoff experiments conducted in Baltimore, the sources of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms were determined in well-defined urban drainage areas. High densities of indicator microorganisms were found in runoff from drainage areas that had high population densities and poor sanitary conditions. Much lower levels of microbial indicators were found in runoff from well maintained areas of the city with low population densities. Animal feces, refuse, detritus and trash were found to contain high levels of indicators. Members of the genus Salmonella were found at low levels in the animal feces but not recovered in the runoff, soil, vegetation, and debris. While detailed microbial analysis and elaborate sampling cannot be performed on a regular basis, sanitary surveys, land use evaluations and microbial monitoring can be performed to evaluate the impact of storm run-off on receiving waters.
Spectral Doppler: Basic Principles and Instrumentation

Spectral Doppler ultrasound velocimetry involves systematic analysis of the spectrum of frequencies that constitute the Doppler signal. This chapter presents a general perspective on Doppler signal anlyses and describes the spectral Doppler ultrasound devices commercially available for clinical use. They include continuous-wave (CW) Doppler, pulsed-wave (PW) Doppler and duplex Doppler devices. Within the realm of obstetric usage, the application needs are diverse and require various choices of equipment. For example, fetal Doppler echocardiography requires advanced duplex ultrasound instrumentation, which combines the capabilities of high-resolution two-dimensional imaging with the PW Doppler mode and an acoustic power output appropriate for fetal application. For umbilical arterial hemodynamic assessment, simpler, substantially less expensive CW Doppler equipment with a spectral analyzer may be sufficient. It is essential therefore that one develop a basic understanding of the implementation of Doppler ultrasound technology.
Switching Constrained Max-Weight Scheduling for Wireless Networks

We consider the wireless scheduling problem of jointly activating/de-activating base-stations and (opportunistically) scheduling from among the active base stations. Such systems are of increasing relevance in emerging wireless networks with dense overlapping coverage, where it suffices for only a (time-varying) subset of the base-stations to be active at any given time to satisfy traffic demands. In addition to queue stability (to ensure that traffic demands are met), we focus on optimizing for costs arising due to activating base-stations (switching base-station state between active/inactive), and maintaining activation (these costs arising due to energy consumption).We propose two algorithms–LASS-Static and LASS-Dynamic (LASS: Learning Aided Switching and Scheduling), both of which are explore-exploit policies for base-station switching and channel scheduling. In our setting, the switching action consists of two key decisions: when to switch, and what base-station activation state to switch to. Both LASS-Static and LASS-Dynamic determine the resulting switching state (i.e. ‘what to switch to as well as the schedule using current queue-lengths and (estimated) channel states. The crucial difference is in ‘when to switch’–LASS-Static determines these statically (motivated by an epsilon-greedy bandit approach), whereas LASS-Dynamic does so using current queue-lengths (thus correlating switching times, switching states and schedules). For either algorithm, existing Lyapunov-based techniques fail to establish stability, as the switching state dynamics correlate the base-station activation decisions with the channel evolution over time. Using novel drift based techniques, in this paper we derive stability, and provide explicit bounds on the expected cost and queue lengths for both algorithms. Furthermore, we show that adaptively selecting switching times in LASS-Dynamic results in an improved upper-tail of queue lengths compared to LASS-Static.
What happened? The Spread of Fake News Publisher Content During the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

The spread of content produced by fake news publishers was one of the most discussed characteristics of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Yet, little is known about the prevalence and focus of such content, how its prevalence changed over time, and how this prevalence related to important election dynamics. In this paper, we address these questions using tweets that mention the two presidential candidates sampled at the daily level, the news content mentioned in such tweets, and open-ended responses from nationally representative telephone interviews. The results of our analysis highlight various important lessons for news consumers and journalists. We find that (i.) traditional news producers outperformed fake news producers in aggregate, (ii.) the prevalence of content produced by fake news publishers increased over the course of the campaign-particularly among tweets that mentioned Clinton, and (iii.) changes in such prevalence were closely following changes in net Clinton favorability. Turning to content, we (iv.) identify similarities and differences in agenda setting by fake and traditional news media and show that (v.) information individuals most commonly reported to having read, seen or heard about the candidates was more closely aligned with content produced by fake news outlets than traditional news outlets, in particular for information Republican voters retained about Clinton. We also model fake-ness of retained information as a function of demographics characteristics. Implications for platform owners, news consumers, and journalists are discussed.
Predicting student evaluations of teaching using decision tree analysis

AbstractThis study uses decision tree analysis to determine the most important variables that predict high overall teaching and course scores on a student evaluation of teaching (SET) instrument at...
Social ecology of mental health in children with internalizing disorders

Research has identified antecedents to flourishing—high levels of social, emotional, and psychological health—in adolescence and adulthood but few studies have attended to flourishing in childhood....
Nördlich der Mauer

Ich liebe Jon Schnees Haare. Wirklich, wer auser Kit Harrington liebt Jon Schnees Haare nicht? Seine langen, fliesenden, wilden Locken passen so gut zu seinem immer nachdenklichen Blick. Ich habe mich nie daruber gewundert, warum die Produzenten sein Haar wild und ungebandigt liesen, sodass es nordlich der Mauer im Wind wehen konnte. Woruber ich mir allerdings Gedanken machte, ist, wie er ohne Kopfbedeckung uberleben konnte.
Anesthetic Implications of Common Congenital Anomalies

The most common congenital anomalies are congenital heart defects, cleft lip and palate, Down syndrome, and neural tube defects. Anesthetic considerations for Down syndrome include cervical spine instability, history of congenital heart disease, risk of bradycardia, hematologic, endocrine, and behavioral considerations. Patients with cleft lip and palate can have associated syndromes, and the potential for underlying abnormalities should be investigated prior to their anesthetic. A major anesthetic consideration for neural tube defect surgery is positioning for intubation. Fetal surgery for myelomeningocele has been shown to reduce the need for ventriculoperitoneal shunting and improved motor outcomes.
X-ray spectra of clusters of galaxies

Now that the predominantly thermal nature of the X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies is well established (see e.g. Mushotzky et al. 1978, Smith et al. 1979), it is appropriate to ask what further information can be gleaned from X-ray spectroscopic observations. While the above publications made use of data from the OSO-8 satellite, two newer experiments have been flown by our group on the HEAO-1 and HEAO-2 (Einstein) satellites. The first of these, the A-2 experiment, was comprised of gas proportional counters like our OSO-8 detectors, while the second, the Solid State Spectrometer (SSS), is a cooled Si detector with narrow field of view and heightened energy resolution.