cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ab initio molecular dynamics calculations with simple, localized, orthonormal real-space basis sets

Ab initio molecular dynamics, in which finite temperature molecular dynamics is performed with forces obtained from ``on the fly'' electronic structure calculations, is one of the most widely used theoretical tools for studying chemically active systems. Here, a significant step is taken to improve the efficiency, scaling with system size, and parallel efficiency of these calculations by the use of simple, localized, orthonormal real-space basis functions in conjunction with a unified reciprocal-space treatment of long-range interactions for various boundary conditions. This approach, which is capable of treating systems with zero-, one-, two-, or three-dimensional periodicity within a single framework, is shown to improve the convergence of total energies and forces by over an order of magnitude in grid size compared to the more commonly used plane-wave basis. Possibilities for employing the approach in a linear scaling method are briefly discussed.
Microstructures for studies of cultured neural networks

A description is given of a functional silicon micromachined device that permits non-invasive, bidirectional, highly specific communication with cultured mammalian neurons. The heart of the system is a well structure that holds the cell in close proximity to a metal extracellular electrode while permitting normal outgrowth of axons and dendrites. An iterative approach is used to create a design that allows normal growth of the neurons while preventing their escape. An array of 16 such neurowells makes it possible to perform studies of biological neural network development and function with unprecedented detail.
Are ‘Scientific’ Objects Coloured?

'In a world of "scientific" objects, objects characterizable by the vocabulary of physics alone, in a world governed by what we now believe to be the laws of nature, can anything be coloured?' I am here concerned to examine the claims of those physicalists who are disposed to give an affirmative answer to that question. In so doing, I shall restrict my attention to the physics of the present time, helping myself to the rather generous assumption that the vocabulary and laws of physiology need not, in the last analysis, outrun those of physics. The physics of the present day is assuredly not engraved in stone, but the parts of it which have to do with the sources of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with animal tissue-the only parts which have any conceivable bearing on colour vision-are unlikely to see significant revision.1 What are colours? It seems clear that a proper understanding of colours must proceed from sensory acquaintance: the congenitally blind man cannot have an adequate conception of colour. But it is equally apparent that colours are more than simple, ineffable qualia. Hume's missing shade of blue rather effectively makes that point. Our concept of colour involves not only manifest colours, but a whole set of ordering relationships among them. Every colour is specifiable by three dimensions: hue, brightness and saturation.2 Colours of a given hue may be linearly ordered according to brightness, if saturation is held constant, and according to saturation if brightness is held constant. Holding both brightness and saturation constant, the hues may be ordered in a closed array, the end points of the spectral hues being connected through an array of non-spectral purples. These relationships among colours cannot, of course, be extracted from the bare presentation of a single colour sample any more than its i 800 angle sum can be extracted from the
Toward a task-centered christianity

The concepts of task-centered (intrinsic) and self-centered (extrinsic) religion have been found useful in a psychological understanding of Christianity. The task-centered dimension is related to a healthy, mature religion, and the self-centered dimension is related to much that has been found to be unhealthy about religion. Theologically the former concept implies a turning to God and His work and away from self. Implications are discussed in terms of the pastor as a model of a task-centered and not a self-centered Christian. In the pastor's role of promoting task-centered religion, special attention is given to worship and to implications for ministering to people's hurts and troubles.
Acetabular Version Measurement in Total Hip Arthroplasty: the Impact of Inclination and the Value of Multi-Planar CT Reformation

Background The orientation of the acetabular cup component of a total hip arthroplasty can be evaluated in a number of ways, utilizing a myriad of imaging techniques and measurement parameters, including intraoperative surgical estimates, postoperative radiographs, and cross-sectional imaging such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Size dependency of the elastic modulus of ZnO nanowires: Surface stress effect

Relation between the elastic modulus and the diameter (D) of ZnO nanowires was elucidated using a model with the calculated ZnO surface stresses as input. We predict for ZnO nanowires due to surface stress effect: (1) when D>20nm, the elastic modulus would be lower than the bulk modulus and decrease with the decreasing diameter, (2) when 20nm>D>2nm, the nanowires with a longer length and a wurtzite crystal structure could be mechanically unstable, and (3) when D<2nm, the elastic modulus would be higher than that of the bulk value and increase with a decrease in nanowire diameter.
Femtosecond Laser Ablation Regimes in a Single-Crystal Superalloy

Femtosecond (fs, 10−15 second) laser ablation of single-crystal nickel-base superalloy CMSX-4 under laser fluences ranging from 0.1 to 160 J/cm2 has been investigated. For comparison, the ablation behaviors of Ni and Ni3Al as individual components of the superalloy have also been studied. Two distinct ablation regimes were observed, dependent on the incident laser fluence. The ablation threshold fluences for these two ablation regimes were determined to be $$ \phi _{{th1}} $$ = 0.30 ± 0.03 and $$ \phi ^{{}}_{{th2}} $$ = 5.3 ± 0.5 J/cm2 in the superalloy. Ablation thresholds for the single-phase Ni and Ni3Al alloys were close to those measured for two-phase superalloy. The two distinct surface morphologies produced by ablation in these regimes were characterized in detail by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The ablation rate equations for the two regimes are presented and the corresponding ablation mechanisms are discussed. The implications for application of fs pulsed lasers to machining of superalloys are also discussed.
Ultracold molecules: The coldest polar region

Polar diatomic molecules, consisting of potassium and rubidium, have been created with density and temperature close to the regime of quantum degeneracy.
Evaluation of industrial engineering students’ competencies for process improvement in hospitals

The failures to properly educate students about process improvement can be seen as major factor leading to increased risks of patient safety and increased wastes in hospital settings. The purpose of this research was two-fold: 1) to identify characteristics that explain the efficacy of Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) based-tools while used by Industrial Engineering (IE) students on multidisciplinary teams in hospital; 2) to identify competencies needed by IEs for effective process improvement in hospital using PDSA based-tools. Exploratory mixed method design approach with survey study, unstructured interviews, and focus group discussions was used to collect the data. A regression analysis was used to identify PDSA based-tool characteristics perceived by IE students as instrumental for process improvement. Next, the abductive inference was applied to analyze qualitative data in order to investigate competencies needed for effective process improvement using PDSA based-tools.Using regression analysis, we found the brainstorming via visualization, recognizing root-cause(s) of the problem and selecting improvement measures via linking the process flow with task(s) characteristics to be the significant characteristics. From qualitative data analysis, we learned that IE students strived in technical analysis but lacked competencies in analyzing qualitative data needed for change implementation efforts. There is increasing evidence that success in achieving process improvement goals is at least partially attributable to implementation processes and contexts and not just to the nature of the technical solution. Therefore, IE students interested in working in hospitals must develop new competencies related to qualitative data analysis to manage change initiatives.
Prospects for Pion and Kaon Factories

In general, the pion factories have lived up to the expectations for them with respect to their performance as accelerators and their output of interesting results on the physics of particles and of the nucleus. Interest in kaon factories, seen as an extension of the pion factories, is presently very high, both as to accelerator design and as to facility and experimental program planning.
Ultrastructure of sensilla of the female mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae hopkins (Coleoptera : scolytidae)

The objective of this study is to provide a morphological foundation for electrophysiological studies on the sensilla of D. ponderosae. The sensilla on the antennae, labial and maxillary palps, galeae and fore-tarsi are described. The antennal club has several types of sensilla: (1) multiporous non-socketed pegs of varying lengths innervated by 2 neurons, (2) uniporous socketed pegs innervated by 5 neurons, (3) pegs innervated by only 1 neuron at the base, (4) tapered uniporous cones innervated by 4 neurons, and (5) fluted multiporous, non-socketed cones innervated by 4 neurons. All hairs on the fore-tarsi are innervated by 1 neuron at the base. The labial and maxillary palp-tips have: (1) digitiform organs, (2) campaniform organs, (3) uniporous, socketed pegs innervated by 5 neurons, and (4) non-porous pegs innervated by 3 neurons. Two small, uniporous, socketed pegs innervated by 4 neurons, are set into the maxillary palp-tip sidewall, and a single, sharp-tipped peg, innervated by 1 neuron, is found on the tip. These 2 types are not seen on the labial palps. The ultrastructure of each type of sensillum found on both the maxillary and labial palps is similar; however, the number of uniporous and non-porous pegs on the labial palps is about half those of the maxilla. The maxillary galeae each have 3 types of sensilla: (1) numerous pegs of various sizes innervated by 1 neuron, (2) a single, possibly uniporous socketed peg innervated by 5 neurons, and (3) another single non-porous non-socketed peg innervated by 2 neurons.
Nekton variations in tributaries along a hydrologically modified North Carolina estuary

Structure and temporal variability in nekton communities were examined for four small brackish creeks along a major tributary (Adams Creek) of the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina during May–September 1994. An inverse salinity gradient was observed along Adams Creek with highest values in the most upstream creek due to a manmade channel connecting the creek to the Newport River estuary. The nekton communities of the four tributaries were similar with some differences in relative abundance of individual species and timing of recruitment and migrations. Bay anchovies (67%), spot (19%), and brown shrimp (6%) were the most abundant species, with the top ten species accounting for 98% of the total catch. The transport of high salinity water (and presumably nekton larvae) into the headwaters of Adams Creek via the canal appeared to have a strong influence on the nekton community; the nekton community present in the Adams Creek system resembled communities in mesohaline waters closer to the outer banks rather than those in an adjacent creek along the Neuse River estuary (South River estuary). Cluster analysis indicated nekton in the creeks could be grouped into early and late season assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that neither the creeks nor the dominant species were strongly related to any measured environmental variables indicating habitat suitability was similar regardless of the differences in watershed activities among the four creeks.
Radiofrequency ablation: identification of the ideal patient.

Abstract Radiofrequency (RF) ablation (RFA) is a relatively new modality that is being used for lung tumors with increasing frequency. Radiofrequency energy consists of an alternating current that moves from an active electrode that is placed within the tumor to dispersive electrodes that are placed on the patient. As the RF energy is applied, frictional heating of tissues results, with cell death occurring at temperatures > 60°C. This article discusses preclinical and early clinical experience with RFA for lung tumors. Radiofrequency ablation has been used for patients with primary lung cancer and limited pulmonary metastases. Current data suggest that RFA is most suitable for tumors ≤ 4 cm in size and is better for peripheral rather than centrally based nodules. Additionally, studies of RFA followed by resection have demonstrated a learning-curve effect with improved tumor kill in the later cases performed in these series. Surgical resection should continue to be the primary modality offered to patients with early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer and limited metastatic disease to the lungs (when the primary tumor is controlled). Radiofrequency ablation is a good option for those patients who are believed to be at increased risk for resection or who refuse resection, when operation would otherwise be appropriate therapy. Additionally, RFA may be used for local control of peripheral tumors in patients with more advanced cancers in combination with other therapies.
Pollen Diagrams from Sub-Arctic Central Canada

Peat from Keewatin and Manitoba contained macrofossil and palynological evidence of former latitudinal movements of the forest-tundra boundary in response to the changing location of the mean summer position of the Arctic front. Radiocarbon dating demonstrates the synchroneity of these climatic changes with those registered in northwest Europe during the past 6000 years.
Anthropometric markers of obesity and mortality in white and African American adults: the pennington center longitudinal study.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the association between anthropometric measures of obesity and all-cause mortality in white and African American men and women. Design and Methods: The sample included 14,343 adults 18-89 years of age. Height, weight, and waist and hip circumferences were measured, and the BMI (kg m−2), body adiposity index (BAI = ([hip circumference in centimeters]/[height in meters])1.5 – 18), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were computed. Vital status of the participants was determined from linkage with the National Death Index through 2009. Cox regression was used to assess the association between anthropometry and all-cause mortality, adjusting for age, sex, year of baseline examination, study code, smoking status, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Hazard ratios (HR) are expressed per standard deviation of each variable. Results: A total of 438 deaths occurred during 120,637 person-years of follow-up. All anthropometric markers demonstrated significant associations with all-cause mortality in white subjects. In multivariable-adjusted models, BMI (HR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.19-1.50), waist circumference (1.41; 1.25-1.60), BAI (1.34; 1.17-1.53), WHtR (1.46; 1.28-1.65), and WHR (1.40; 1.23-1.61) all demonstrated significant relationships with mortality in white participants, but not in African Americans. In categorical analyses, there was a significant association between BMI status and mortality in whites but not African Americans. However, the risk associated with elevated waist circumference was similar in whites (1.49; 1.15-1.94) and African Americans (1.60; 1.06-2.40). Conclusion: In summary, this study has demonstrated race differences in the association between anthropometry and all-cause mortality.
Social Theory and Values: A Hermeneutic Perspective:

In a post-positivist era few social scientists defend the complete `value-neutrality' of their theories or research. Confusion remains, however, about the role of cultural and moral values in psychological theory and its applications to human concerns. Some key quandaries concerning values and social theory are sketched against a broad historical and philosophical backdrop. The approach to values and ideological underpinnings of explanatory social science, `descriptivist' approaches and Habermas's critical theory are briefly analyzed. Ways are then explored in which a philosophical hermeneutic perspective like that of Gadamer or Taylor might capture the valid insights and overcome some of the shortcomings of these approaches.
Age-related changes in pulmonary venous epinephrine concentration, and pulmonary vascular response after intratracheal epinephrine.

ABSTRACT: Using an isolated salt-perfused lung model in rabbits from 1 to 21 d of age, we measured the concentration of epinephrine in the pulmonary venous drainage and the pulmonary vascular response after a single dose of intratracheal epinephrine (0.1 μg/g body weight). Lungs from 30 rabbits were isolated, ventilated, and perfused at one of four age groups (n = 7–8 per group). After ventila-tion/perfusion was judged to be stable, saline control was injected into the trachea, changes in pulmonary pressure were recorded, and perfusate was collected for 45 s. After restabilization, epinephrine was injected into the trachea, changes in pulmonary vascular pressure were recorded, and perfusate was collected for 45 s x two aliquots. Perfusate epinephrine concentrations were determined by HPLC. Littk epinephrine was detected in the perfusate after control over all age groups, and little vascular response was noted. There was a significant age-related increase hi perfusate epinephrine concentration as well as an age-related increase in vascular response (increased PAP), with the maximum epinephrine concentration and change in PAP noted at 14–21 d [group 4 = (1.72 ± 0.42) x 104 pmol/L]. Also, in rabbits less than 6 d of age, deposition of epinephrine into the pulmonary venous drainage was delayed. In the rabbit model, the concentration of epinephrine reaching the heart via pulmonary circulation after intratracheal injection is, at birth, very tow, and the pulmonary vascular response is diminished. Both increase as a function of age until 14–21 d of age. These findings may have clinical importance in human neonatal resuscitation endeavors.
Combustion modeling in internal combustion engines

The fundamental assumptions of the Blizard and Keck combustion model for internal combustion engines are examined and a generalization of that model is derived. The most significant feature of the model is that it permits the occurrence of unburned hydrocarbons in the thermodynamic-kinetic modeling of exhaust gases. The general formulas are evaluated in two specific cases that are likely to be significant in the applications of the model.
Reliability measures of functional magnetic resonance imaging in a longitudinal evaluation of mild cognitive impairment

As the aging population grows, it has become increasingly important to carefully characterize amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a valuable tool for monitoring disease progression in selectively vulnerable brain regions associated with AD neuropathology. However, the reliability of fMRI data in longitudinal studies of older adults with aMCI is largely unexplored. To address this, aMCI participants completed two visual working tasks, a Delayed-Recognition task and a One-Back task, on three separate scanning sessions over a three-month period. Test-retest reliability of the fMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activity was assessed using an intraclass correlation (ICC) analysis approach. Results indicated that brain regions engaged during the task displayed greater reliability across sessions compared to regions that were not utilized by the task. During task-engagement, differential reliability scores were observed across the brain such that the frontal lobe, medial temporal lobe, and subcortical structures exhibited fair to moderate reliability (ICC=0.3-0.6), while temporal, parietal, and occipital regions exhibited moderate to good reliability (ICC=0.4-0.7). Additionally, reliability across brain regions was more stable when three fMRI sessions were used in the ICC calculation relative to two fMRI sessions. In conclusion, the fMRI BOLD signal is reliable across scanning sessions in this population and thus a useful tool for tracking longitudinal change in observational and interventional studies in aMCI.
Nylon-fiber affinity selection of red blood cells and tissue culture cells on the basis of cell surface determinants.

Abstract Nylon fibers coated with various lectins were used for the specific selection from mixed populations of erythrocytes or tissue culture cells with lectin receptors. Binding of human group O red blood cells to fibers treated with Ulex europaeus lectin I (H-specific) or of human group A red cells to fibers treated with Helix pomatia lectin (A-specific) was proportional to lectin concentration in the solution used to adsorb lectin to the fibers. Binding was blood group specific and increased with increasing concentrations of red cells applied to the fibers. Most adsorption of lectin to the fibers occurred within minutes; cell binding to lectin-coated fibers was almost complete within 30 min. Blood group negative Chinese hamster tissue culture cells bound non-specifically to Helix -coated fibers with a frequency of less than 10 −4 input cells; the yield of viable, colony-forming cells bound to PHA-coated fibers was about 1%. Epithelial cells from cultures of amniotic fluid or fetal kidney contained 1–30% cells positive for the ABO blood group of the donor; blood group positive cells from these cultures were poorly bound to fibers coated with blood group specific lectins, though they bound readily to PHA-coated fibers, suggesting that presence of appropriate surface determinants may be necessary but not sufficient for lectin: cell binding in this system.
If They Come, We Should Listen: African American Education Majors' Perceptions of a Predominantly White University Experience.

Abstract The recruitment and retention of minority students in teacher education programs has received the attention of schools of education. For those minority students who choose to pursue a career in teaching and decide to attend a predominantly white university, their experience must be appreciated for the challenges it presents. This study was undertaken to listen to the voices of African American education majors enrolled in a teacher education program at a predominantly white university in the United States to understand how their experience might affect their perceptions of teaching and behaviors as future teachers. Understanding how their experience has affected their perceptions of this particular educational setting might better inform the faculty who teach them how they can better serve this growing population.
Spatial input/display correspondence in a stereoscopic computer graphic work station

An interactive stereoscopic computer graphic workspace is described. A conventional frame store is used for three-dimensional display, with left/right eye views interlaced in video and viewed through PLZT shutter glasses. The video monitor is seen reflected from a half silvered mirror which projects the graphics into a workspace, into which one can reach and manipulate the image directly with a “magic wand”. The wand uses a magnetic six degree-of-freedom digitizer. In an alternative configuration, a graphics tablet was placed within the workspace for input intensive tasks.
Role of pyruvate carboxylase in fatty acid synthesis: alterations during preadipocyte differentiation.

Abstract Transport of mitochondrial acetyl units to the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis via the citrate cleavage pathway requires replenishment of mitochondrial oxaloacetate. Pyruvate carboxylase is though to fulfill this role although compelling evidence has been lacking. During lipogenic differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, pyruvate carboxylase activity rises 18-fold in close coordination with fat accumulation and the activity of ATP-citrate lyase, an established lipogenic enzyme. The activities of enzymes less directly related to lipogenesis rise only 3–5-fold while other unrelated enzymes do not increase significantly. These results indicate that pyruvate carboxylase is in fact a lipogenic enzyme.
Integration technologies for an 8×8 InP-based monolithic tunable optical router with 40GB/S line rate per port

Large-scale photonic integration depends on robust epitaxial design and fabrication techniques. This paper reviews the integration strategy we developed to demonstrate an 8×8 InP-based monolithic tunable optical router capable of 40 Gbps operation per port.
A 2001 survey of crustacean zooplankton in the western arm of Lake Superior

This study cataloged the current taxonomic composition and distribution of crustacean zooplankton at 12 locations in the western arm of Lake Superior during May and August 2001. Zooplankton were last surveyed to this taxonomic level in the western arm in 1973, prior to a number of biotic changes to the lake. Notable differences in the 2001 zooplankton assemblage compared to historical conditions include the establishment of the exotic Bythotrephes longimanus, declines in the density of Daphnia retrocurva and Bosmina longirostris, and an increase in density of Holopedium gibberum. These changes are consistent with an increase in invertebrate predation and similar to changes reported after B. longimanus invasions elsewhere in North America, but a cause and effect relationship is correlative. Densities and body lengths of Lake Superior B. longimanus were within the ranges reported for other Great Lakes.
Ileal atresia secondary to anternatal strangulation by a ruptured omphalocele

Abstract Late intrauterine vascular catastrophe is a well-documented cause of small intestinal atresias. 1–4 In relatively few clinical situations is their pathogenesis as clearly demonstrated as in the case reported here.
COMPARISON OF TRANSCOLONIC 123I‐IODOAMPHETAMINE AND PORTAL VEIN INJECTION OF 99mTc‐MACROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN SHUNT FRACTION CALCU‐LATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL DOGS WITH ACQUIRED POR‐TOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS

Shunt fraction was determined using transcolonic 123I-iodoamphetamine (IMP) and portal vein injection of 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) in a group of eight dogs with chronic cirrhosis and acquired portosystemic shunts subsequent to total common bile duct ligation. Hepatic parenchymal damage was confirmed by alterations in liver function tests and liver histology. Seven of the eight dogs developed portal hypertension and had angiographic evidence of hepatofugal portal blood flow with multiple peripheral portosystemic anastomoses. Shunt fractions determined in the seven dogs with shunts varied from 39 to 100 using IMP and 45 to 93 using MAA. The remaining dog had normal portal pressure, a normal portal angiogram, and normal IMP and MAA scintigraphic studies. There was an excellent correlation between the two methods of shunt fraction calculation (R2= 0.98) and the line of regression was not significantly different from unity (IMP = 1.09 × MAA - 0.03).
Intrinsic Free Energy of the Conformational Transition of the KcsA Signature Peptide from Conducting to Nonconducting State.

We explore a conformational transition of the TATTVGYG signature peptide of the KcsA ion selectivity filter and its GYG to AYA mutant from the conducting α-strand state into the nonconducting pII-like state using a novel technique for multidimensional optimization of transition path ensembles and free energy calculations. We find that the wild type peptide, unlike the mutant, intrinsically favors the conducting state due to G77 backbone propensities and additional hydrophobic interaction between the V76 and Y78 side chains in water. The molecular mechanical free energy profiles in explicit water are in very good agreement with the corresponding adiabatic energies from the Generalized Born Molecular Volume (GBMV) implicit solvent model. However comparisons of the energies to higher level B3LYP/6−31G(d) Density Functional Theory calculations with Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) suggest that the nonconducting state might be more favorable than predicted by molecular mechanics simulations. By extrapolating ...
Crystal structures of [Ru(terpy)(HPB)(H2O)](PF6)2 and [Ru(terpy)(HPB)(2-picoline)](PF6) and the kinetics studies of the aqua ligand substitution by pyridine and substituted pyridines

Abstract The crystal structures of [Ru(terpy)(HPB)(H2O)](PF6)2, 1, and [Ru(terpy)(HPB)(2-picoline)](PF6), 2, (where terpy = 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine and HPB = 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl)-benzoxazole) have been determined. Both structures show slightly distorted octahedral coordination around the ruthenium center. In complex 1, the imine nitrogen of the HPB ligand occupies an axial position and is trans to the aqua ligand whereas in complex 2, the imine nitrogen is trans to the nitrogen of the 2-picoline ligand. The Ru-N(2-picoline) bond distance is much longer than the other Ru-N bonds in the complex due to steric effects from the methyl group of 2-picoline. In both complexes, the phenolate oxygen of the HPB ligand is in the equatorial position and trans to the center nitrogen of the terpyridine. The reaction of [Ru(terpy)(HPB)(H2O)](PF6)2 with pyridine and its analogs, 2-picoline and 4-picoline in dichloromethane was monitored spectrophotometrically. There is an initial reduction of the [Ru(III)-H2O] complex to [Ru(II)-H2O] complex prior to the substitution of the aqua ligand. The values of the activation parameters indicate that the substitution of the aqua ligand by pyridine, 2-picoline and 4-picoline follow an associative mechanism.
An adaptive high-order minimum action method

In this work, we present an adaptive high-order minimum action method for dynamical systems perturbed by small noise. We use the hp finite element method to approximate the minimal action path and nonlinear conjugate gradient method to solve the optimization problem given by the Freidlin-Wentzell least action principle. The gradient of the discrete action functional is obtained through the functional derivative and the moving mesh technique is employed to enhance the approximation accuracy. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed numerical method.
Variation in the Amount of T Antigen and N-Acetyllactosamine Oligosaccharides in Human Cervical Mucus Secretions with the Menstrual Cycle

It has been hypothesized that the carbohydrate portion of mucins present in the endocervical canal plays an important role in conferring specific physicochemical properties (e.g. viscosity and hydration) to the mucus gel through the menstrual cycle. Our recent finding showing an increase in the amount of MUC5B mucin protein at midcycle has raised the question of whether the mucin O-glycan content also varies to confer specific hydrodynamic properties to secreted mucins during ovulation. Using lectins as carbohydrate probes, we have identified two common mucin oligosaccharide structures, T antigen and N-acetyllactosamine, within secretory granules in human endocervical glands during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. Analysis of endocervical secretions by enzyme-linked lectin assay revealed that the amounts of T antigen and N-acetyllactosamine are maximal at midcycle. Lectin blot assay of immunoprecipitated MUC5B demonstrated that the mucin is a carrier of the T antigen and N-acetyllactosamine oligosaccharides in cervical mucus secretions. The amounts of T antigen and N-acetyllactosamine oligosaccharides on MUC5B increased during the first half of the cycle, peaked at midcycle, and dramatically dropped at the end of the cycle. The peak in MUC5B mucin protein and carbohydrate content coincides with the change in mucus character that occurs at midcycle. The role of O-glycans on mucins may be to hold water within the endocervical canal during ovulation to facilitate sperm migration.
Liquefaction evaluation discrepancies in tropical lagoonal soils

Field penetration tests and shear wave velocity measurements are both established and accepted methods for evaluating liquefaction potential in soils. The results produced by the two methods are generally well correlated. However, recent studies have shown that when investigating tropical lagoonal deposits, the same accepted methods for evaluating liquefaction potential often produce significant discrepancies in results. This discrepancy is most apparent in saturated lagoonal deposits of calcareous gravelly sand (or sandy gravel), which tend to exhibit low penetration resistance values but relatively high shear wave velocities. These disparate test results can suggest different soil classifications under current building codes. Ambiguity in the code may allow for a potentially unconservative classification, which may in turn allow for the use and construction of less costly, lighter weight foundation systems than warranted. Equally as important, the potential for unconservative design as related to liquefaction appears to be high when shear wave velocity measurements are used as a basis for evaluation in these types of lagoonal deposits. Because of this, it is strongly recommended that caution should be excercised when determining seismic design parameters in these types of geologic environments. A hypothesis to explain the discrepancies in the results of evaluation methods and a suggested design protocol is proposed.
RELATIONSHIP OF RATINGS OF CLASSROOM PERFORMANCE AND ENJOYMENT WITH SEAT SELECTION

For a particular class 44 subjects rated their class performance, class enjoyment, and enjoyment of the professor. They also indicated their actual choice of seating in one of four row sectors and ...
The use of a coherent gradient sensor in dynamic mixed-mode fracture mechanics experiments

The use of a coherent gradient sensing (CGS) apparatus is explored in dynamic fracture mechanics investigations. The ability of the method to quantify mixed-mode crack tip deformation fields accurately is tested under dynamic loading conditions. The specimen geometry and loading follow that of Lee and Freund who gave the theoretical and numerical mixed-mode K values as a function of lime for the testing conditions. The CGS system's measurements of KI and KII are compared with the predicted results, and good agreement is found. The method is used to measure K beyond the time domain of the known solution; it is seen that a shift from primarily mode II deformation to primarily mode I deformation occurs.
Techniques of Neutralization Theory and Positive Deviance

High achievers constitute a unique case in that they are simultaneously positive deviants—often to parents and teachers—and stigmatized as rate-busters—often to peers. Thus, a question is raised: Are theories that have been used to explain negative behaviors, such as the techniques of neutralization theory, also pertinent to positive behaviors? A group of high-achieving students were interviewed and it was found that each of the five techniques of neutralization was in fact advanced as a way of coping with the stigma, or the rate-busting portion, of their status.
Average number of facets per cell in tree-structured vector quantizer partitions

Upper and lower bounds are derived for the average number of facets per cell in the encoder partition of binary tree-structured vector quantizers. The achievability of the bounds is described as well. It is shown that the average number of facets per cell for unbalanced trees must lie asymptotically between three and four in R/sup 2/, and each of these bounds can be achieved, whereas for higher dimensions it is shown that an arbitrarily large percentage of the cells can each have a linear number (in codebook size) of facets. Analogous results are also indicated for balanced trees. >
The Immigration Law of 1924

Four periods in the history of immigration policy, marked by the years 1830, 1882, 1917, 654. — The act of 1917 and the literacy test, 656. — The act of 1924 and the forces back of it, 659. — Its provisions, 660. — The Japanese question, 664.
Antioxidants and herbal extracts protect HT-4 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity.

Antioxidant therapy has been shown to be beneficial in neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia. Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT-4 neuronal cells has been previously demonstrated to be due to oxidative stress caused by depletion of cellular glutathione (GSH). The present study demonstrates that a wide variety of antioxidants inhibit glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT-4 neuronal cells. Low concentrations of α-tocopherol and its analogs were highly effective in protecting neuronal cells against cytotoxicity. Purified flavonoids and herbal extracts of Gingko biloba (EGb 761) and French maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol®) were also effective. We have previously shown that pro-glutathione agents can spare GSH and protect cells from glutamate insult in a C6 glial cell model. The protective effects of nonthiol-based antioxidants tested in the HT-4 line were not mediated via GSH level modulation. In contrast, protective effects of thiol-based pro-glutathione agents α-lipoic a...
Classification of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody vasculitides: The role of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody specificity for myeloperoxidase or proteinase 3 in disease recognition and prognosis

The name of a disease should be informative about clinical and pathologic phenotypes, etiology and pathogenesis (when known), natural history and response to therapy. It should permit the differentiation of similar diseases that have different outcomes. Optimally, the name of a disease should reflect its underlying etiology. In 1994, the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) aimed to standardize nomenclature and definitions for vasculitis, including microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Churg Strauss syndrome, and polyarteritis nodosa.1 In 2007, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) classification system2 proposed the same disease names but different definitions that refined and expanded the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification system.3 Since that time, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) has been proposed as an alternative term for Wegener’s granulomatosis, and will be used in place of Wegener’s granulomatosis for the remainder of this article.4 The Chapel Hill nomenclature was meant to provide disease definitions. Neither the CHCC nor EMA classification system provides diagnostic criteria for practicing physicians to discriminate microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) from GPA. The advent of widespread anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) testing and accumulating evidence that ANCA may participate in the cause of small vessel vasculitis5 have spawned the terms ANCA associated vasculitis, ANCA vasculitis or ANCA disease as overarching terms for MPA, GPA and Kidney Limited Disease (KLD) that aid patients and clinicians in therapeutic decision-making. This approach has substantial value, yet may mask real differences in disease phenotype and prognosis unless the ANCA specificity is included in the diagnosis. We sought to evaluate the utility of three classification systems in predicting the outcomes of treatment resistance, disease relapse, end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and death in a cohort of ANCA vasculitis patients. The classification systems compared for this project were a system based on the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) definitions,1 the European Medicines Agency (EMA) classification system,2 and classification based on ANCA serologic specificity. We hypothesized that ANCA specificity that is anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) antibodies (PR3-ANCA) versus anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO) antibodies (MPO-ANCA), would provide a more useful classification system in distinguishing both clinical phenotype and prognosis in ANCA vasculitis than the CHCC or EMA systems alone. We also studied the added value of appending the ANCA specificity to the CHCC categories.
CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF HILDENBRANDIA RIVULARIS FROM DENMARK AND NORTH AMERICA

Hildenbrandia rivularis was collected in Denmark and the United States. The life history of this encrusting red alga is described on the basis of unialgal cultures maintained for more than 2 years. Significant changes in cellular and colonial morphology are reported. Events of the life history (i.e., reproduction by stolons, fragmentation, or gemmae; and manner of branching) which were previously in question or unknown are clarified. Mechanism(s) of certain morphogenetic phenomena remain obscure (cell wall and plastid ontogeny). These and related problems are now under investigation. Hildenbrandia should be added to the freshwater algal flora of the United
Screening for glaucoma

Waiting until our vision clears Deciding about screening can be complex. First, we must distinguish screening from case-finding. It is always important for primary care physicians to ask appropriate questions and listen carefully to detect early symptoms that patients may not immediately offer—case-finding. All agree that people with signs or symptoms need to be evaluated. Screening as used here involves people with no signs or symptoms of the problem being discussed. Although it is difficult to be opposed to finding disease earlier—screening sometimes does extend life and/or improve the quality of life—screening also has its down side. The harder we look for disease in asymptomatic people, the more we find not only the diseases that we seek, but also “pseudo-disease”—conditions that have some appearance of disease but never cause problems for real people. There are many examples: early cervical dysplasia, small (less than 5 mm) colonic polyps, many cases of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast, small (3 to 3.9 cm) abdominal aortic aneurysms, many cases of prostate cancer, and probably many of the “abnormalities” found on total body computerized tomography screening. It is difficult to think of a screening situation where there is not some degree of detection of “pseudo-disease.” Ideally, we would recognize pseudo-disease for what it is—a “lesion” that needs no treatment. Unfortunately, this is often difficult to …
Asymmetric information in late 19th century cooperative insurance societies

Abstract Between 1880 and 1930, cooperative insurance was the main source of illness, accident, and death insurance in the United States, Canada, and England. This paper tests for asymmetric information in cooperative insurance societies and examines how their pricing policies affected the profile of members. We find strong evidence that, unlike their modern substitutes, cooperative societies were able to overcome the asymmetry of information. Furthermore, as a consequence of non-actuarial pricing, our results suggest that workers deferred their membership until they were about 40 years old.
Hermit crab shells as a limiting resource (Decapoda: Paguridea).

[Des exemplaires du Paguride Clibanarius vittatus ont ete recueillis dans la zone des marees au cours des annees 1972 et 1973 pendant la periode de reproduction, afin de verifier l'hypothese qu'aucune diminution du potentiel reproducteur ne resulte d'une taille defavorable de la coquille occupee. Une regression lineaire significative reliant la taille de la ponte au poids sec par crabe explicait pour 77,3% la variation du nombre global d'oeufs. Cependant, une regression multiple, reliant le nombre d'oeufs deposes aux poids secs du crabe et de la coquille, explicait pour 89,9% la variation du nombre global d'œufs, ce qui represente une nette augmentation par rapport au cas precedent. L'equation de regression E = -1309 + 4516 CW + 513 SW, indique qu'une augmentation de la masse de la coquille entrainerait une augmentation du nombre d'oeufs pour un crabe de meme taille. Ce resultat suggere que les femelles examinees au cours de cette etude occupaient des coquilles trop petites pour la realisation du potentiel reproducteur maximum. Les grandes coquilles (2-7 g) etaient presque toutes occupees par des mâles. La structure de la population des crabes, ainsi que la repartition des tailles des coquilles disponibles, peuvent donc limiter la production., Des exemplaires du Paguride Clibanarius vittatus ont ete recueillis dans la zone des marees au cours des annees 1972 et 1973 pendant la periode de reproduction, afin de verifier l'hypothese qu'aucune diminution du potentiel reproducteur ne resulte d'une taille defavorable de la coquille occupee. Une regression lineaire significative reliant la taille de la ponte au poids sec par crabe explicait pour 77,3% la variation du nombre global d'oeufs. Cependant, une regression multiple, reliant le nombre d'oeufs deposes aux poids secs du crabe et de la coquille, explicait pour 89,9% la variation du nombre global d'œufs, ce qui represente une nette augmentation par rapport au cas precedent. L'equation de regression E = -1309 + 4516 CW + 513 SW, indique qu'une augmentation de la masse de la coquille entrainerait une augmentation du nombre d'oeufs pour un crabe de meme taille. Ce resultat suggere que les femelles examinees au cours de cette etude occupaient des coquilles trop petites pour la realisation du potentiel reproducteur maximum. Les grandes coquilles (2-7 g) etaient presque toutes occupees par des mâles. La structure de la population des crabes, ainsi que la repartition des tailles des coquilles disponibles, peuvent donc limiter la production.]
Point Transforms and the Hard-Core Fermi System

The method of point transforms, assuming pairwise additivity, as developed by Eger and Gross, is applied to the many-body hard-core Fermi system. The ground-state energy and Landau parameters are found to second order in the hard-core radius. The dilute-gas-limit results are in agreement with those of Huang and Yang and of Abrikosov and Khalatnikov. Methods of extending the calculation to denser systems via the determination of the cutoff function of the transformation are discussed.
Lower eukaryotic cell cycle: perspectives on mitosis from the fungi.

The finding that a homolog of the c&2 mitotic regulator of Schizosacc&romyce.s pombe is also a part of the maturation-promoting factor (MPF) mitotic regulator of higher eukaryotes (see reviews [l-3] > provided a simplified framework for understanding the biochemistry of mitotic regulation by identifying a key mitotic regulatory enzyme and by demonstrating that the biochemistry of mitosis is evolutionarily conserved. During the past year, additional elements of the biochemical network that regulates mitosis have been discovered as the result of molecular genetic experiments in fungi. The present review describes recent work in fungi on the Cdc2/MPF mitotic regulator, and on newly characterized fungal genes and gene products that play a role in mitosis.
Restricted left principal ideal rings

A ring is an LD-ring ifR is left bounded, ifR/J is a left Artinian left principal ideal ring for every proper idealJ inR, and ifR has finite left Goldie dimension. IfR is non-Artinian thenR is an order in a simple Artinian ringS. The ideal theory of LD-rings is investigated, and we discuss some conditions under which an LD-ring is an hereditary ring, and some under which an LD-ring is a Noetherian, bounded, maximal Asano order. A central localization of an LD-ring is an LD-ring, and the center of some LD-rings is a Krull-domain.