cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buckle up: non-seat belt use and antisocial behavior in the United States

Objective: To compare persons who report that they never wear a seat belt while driving or as a passenger with those who do in a nationally representative sample in the United States. Our guiding hypothesis is that failure to wear a seat belt is part of an antisocial behavior spectrum. Methods: Using public-use data from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, this study employed binary logistic regression with adjustments for complex survey sampling to assess relationships between never wearing a seat belt and sociodemographic variables, antisocial behaviors, substance abuse and co-occurring problems, and criminal justice system contact. Results: Individuals who do not wear seat belts are younger, more likely to be male, less likely to be African American or Hispanic, have incomes of less than $75,000, and be a high school or college graduate. After controlling for the effects of age, gender, race, income, education, and population density, individuals reporting that they never wear a seat belt while driving or as a passenger are more likely to report using alcohol and drugs (adjusted odds, 1.61e2.56), committing antisocial behaviors including felony offenses (adjusted odds, 2.13e3.57), and possess a dual diagnosis (adjusted odds, 1.62e1.73). Conclusions: Findings indicate that non-seat belt use is convergent with a spectrum of serious antisocial behavior and comorbid psychological distress. Importantly, results suggest that standard seat belt use policies and campaigns may not be effective for non-seat belt using individuals and a targeted approach may be needed.
CD34 staining density predicts giant cell tumor clinical behavior.

Purpose To evaluate the staining density of CD34, a glycoprotein expressed in hematopoetic precursor and capillary endothelial cells, as a molecular marker for predicting clinical behavior of giant cell tumors. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of patients with giant cell lesions of the jaws treated over a 15-year period. The primary predictor variable was mean CD34 staining density. The outcome measure was giant cell tumor clinical behavior (aggressive vs nonaggressive). Bivariate analyses were computed to evaluate the association between the predictors and outcome. A receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to establish the threshold for a positive diagnostic test. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between the clinical behavior and a positive test. A value of P ≤ .05 was statistically significant. Results The study sample consisted of 32 subjects with a mean age of 24.4 ± 19.8 years (range 2-83), including 23 females (71.8%), treated for giant cell lesions during the study period. The sample included 26 aggressive lesions and 6 nonaggressive lesions, with mean CD34 staining densities of 5.1 ± 3.3% and 2.2 ± 0.7%, respectively ( P = .02). Using a CD34 staining level of equal to or more than 2.5% as indicative of a positive test, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 0.77, 0.83, 0.95 and 0.45, respectively. CD34 levels of more than 2.5% were significantly associated with aggressive lesions whereas CD 34 levels of less than 2.5% were associated with nonaggressive lesions (odds ratio: 16.7, P = .04). Conclusions CD34 staining density levels of more than 2.5% were associated with aggressive giant cell lesions.
Phosphoprotein Phosphatase in Rat Young, Embryos, and Placentas

Summary1. A study has been made of the level of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity in placentas, whole embryos, and whole young growing rats of various ages.2. The total phosphoprotein phosphatase activity of the placenta and of the embryo and young rats continually rises. The activity was followed in placenta and embryo from thirteen days post-conception to parturition, and in young rats to 28 days of age.3. The activity per gram of body weight rises slowly in early embryos, rapidly in the period immediately preceding and following parturition, and remains essentially constant during the age period of 12 to 28 days.4. The activity per gram of placenta decreases from the 14th to the 20th day after conception, then rises again just before parturition. The preliminary decrease is due to the rate of weight gain of the placenta being greater than the rate of gain of total placenta phosphoprotein phosphatase; the reversal of direction of the curve is due to continued enzyme increase while the placenta gains e...
ADHD: Braun et al. Respond.

We appreciate the comments of Brondum, and Konofal and Cortese, and the opportunity to clarify our results (Braun et al. 2006). It is common practice to select variables with a p-value of 0.2 for inclusion in multivariable models (Katz 1999). Although the association of blood lead levels and ADHD appeared “tenuous” in bivariate analysis (i.e., p = 0.19), this was largely an artifact of our decision to categorize blood lead levels. When we entered lead into our multivariable analysis as a continuous variable, we found a 1.2-fold increased odds [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0–1.4; p = 0.02] of ADHD for each 1.0-μg/dL increase in blood lead levels. The blood lead quintiles were not divided into exactly equal sample sizes because we used weighted percentages to categorize the data. We decided a priori to present the analysis in quintiles to make the results easier to interpret and also to illustrate any dose–response relationships for blood lead levels and ADHD. As we noted in the “Discussion” of our article (Braun et al. 2006), a limitation of our study was the inability to adjust for parental psychopathology. This is an unfortunate trade-off when using a large nationally representative survey. In other studies, prenatal tobacco exposure has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of ADHD after controlling for parental psychopathology (Mick et al. 2002; Weissman et al. 1999). Although there is considerable experimental and epidemiologic evidence linking lead exposure with behaviors consistent with ADHD, future studies of childhood lead exposure will need to confirm our results by accounting for parental psychopathology and other potential confounders. The hypothesis proposed by Konofal and Cortese—that iron deficiency may play a role in symptom severity among children with ADHD—is intriguing. Indeed, it was their original research that prompted us to incorporate ferritin as a measure of iron status (Konofal et al. 2004). It is certainly plausible that iron deficiency may confound or modify the effects of environmental lead exposure on ADHD in children. Alternatively, lead exposure may act as a confounder or modifier for the observed effects of iron deficiency with ADHD. Unfortunately, we were not able to examine whether ferritin (or other indicators of iron status) was associated with ADHD symptom severity using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nor did we specifically test for an association between iron deficiency and ADHD. Although iron or other micronutrient supplementation may protect children from lead toxicity, recent evidence from a double-blind randomized trial (Kordas et al. 2005) suggests that iron and zinc supplementation did not appreciably lower blood lead levels or improve child behavior, as measured by the Conners Rating Scales. However, Kordas et al. included only children without anemia in their trial.
Bayesian segmentation supported by neighborhood configurations

From the statistical point of view, segmentation methods are dependent upon how the characteristics in image are formulated and where they are extracted from. In this paper, the joint conditional probability is exploited to characterize the statistical properties and is also localized to better capture the local properties of the neighborhood. Two different neighborhood configurations are defined and each of them incorporates with given prior information through Bayesian formula. It is considered as a criterion function in the proposed method. The proposed method segments images by maximizing the given criterion function. The results show the comparison of the results from four different methods depending on the combination of neighborhood configurations with prior information.
Rescuing Reading at the Community College

Two national studies of Americans’ changing reading habits, published by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), quantified the grounds for concerns that college and university educators have expressed in recent years based on their own anecdotal evidence from observing students. Reading at Risk: A Survey of Literary Reading in America (2004) documented a decline in literary reading among adults in over two decades of longitudinal studies conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. More recently, To Read or Not to Read: A Question of National Consequence (2007), a collective analysis of previously published peer-reviewed research, sounded an alarm that not only were Americans less likely to read, but also they were less able to read skillfully and effectively. These data are not surprising to community-college faculty who frequently lament that their students have weak reading skills and that even assigned reading, not to mention reading for pleasure, is rarely accomplished. Based on these observations and on Reading at Risk (2004), the two-year Rescuing Reading project was begun in 2005 at Thomas Nelson Community College (TNCC) in Hampton, Virginia, as a collegewide response to the NEA report. Funded by a two-year Virginia Community College System (VCCS) Chancellor’s Commonwealth Professorship,
University/industry cooperation on an integrated production planning software system

Over the last two years, teams of Master's level students at Cornell, working together with the Production Control staff at the Battery Strategic Business Unit of Delco Remy, have created an integrated microcomputer-based software system for planning battery production. The system includes elements for demand forecasting, order allocation among multiple plants, and dynamic production scheduling within each plant to balance inventor and overtime labor in the presence of a highly seasonal demand pattern. On the academic side, the students have benefited by having their required project work focus on a very real problem. On the industrial side, Delco Remy has obtained a system which represents state-of-the-art methods, and which is implemented and working. >
STUDIES ON THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN-LINKED REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE DEHYDROGENASE. VI. FURTHER PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME FROM BEEF HEART.

Abstract : The reduced nicotinamide dinucleotide dehydrogenase of the respiratory chain has been further purified by gradient centrifugations at pH 10. The best preparations obtained are approximately 70% pure by sedimentation analysis and show a single flavoprotein component. The molecular weight is estimated to be of the order of 550,000, and the turnover number 800,000 per minute at 30 degrees. Provisional data are given for the NADH dehydrogenase content of heart mitochondria, Keilin-Hartree preparations, and electron transport particles. It is shown that NADH dehydrogenase contributes to the acid-extractable flavin of these preparations only to a very minor extent. (Author)
Robust Contour Line Extraction Using Context

In this paper, a robust approach to contour line extraction in cluttered images using context is presented. Object contours are often used as key features in model-based 2D and 3D tracking systems. In many applications, object contours can be approximated using line segments, e.g. in human limb tracking. In cluttered images, undesired edges other than the true contour lines often present severe disturbance for reliable object tracking. In our approach, we reduce the effect of unwanted edges by exploring context information, including edge orientation and previous contour line position and orientation. Experimental results have shown that by using context, the number of false contour lines can be reduced significantly, which will greatly improve the tracking performance.
The Place of Learning, Science, Vocational Training, and “Art” in Pre-Smithian Economic Thought

IF one views economic development as the purposeful management of resources through time, an action program must perforce concern itself with utilizing natural resources as fully as possible; with improving the quality and effectiveness of the present and the future supply of human resources; and with changing and perfecting the technological processes whereby natural and human resources are combined. The keys that can open the treasures of economic progress are therefore forged in the schoolroom, the laboratory, the inventor's shop, and the research institute. We take this for granted today because the burgeoning teaching and research apparatus is now much more evident in a physical, financial, and workforce sense than in any previous context. But the difference between our era and earlier experiences with economic development is not absolute; in the past as in the present, whenever economic progress quickened it was a consequence of new insights and a new knowledge, of novelty in thought and action, in short, it was the usufruct of an educational awakening. The age of mercantilism, so long damned for its bureaucratic blunders, nonetheless released a surge of new ideas and experiments, which, despite all the regulative restraints (more repressive in France than in Britain) changed patterns of economic activity so markedly that a process was set in motion whereby human evolution became doubly dynamic as man and environment reacted upon
Fair bandwidth sharing in distributed systems: a game-theoretic approach

Fair sharing of bandwidth remains an unresolved issue for distributed systems. In this paper, the users of a distributed LAN are modeled as selfish users with independence to choose their individual strategies. With these selfish users, the contention-based distributed medium access scenario is modeled as a complete-information, noncooperative game, designated the "access game". A novel MAC strategy based on p-persistent CSMA is presented to achieve fairness in the "access game". It is proven that there are an infinite number of nash equilibria for the "access game", but they do not result in fairness. Therefore, it may be beneficial for the selfish users to adhere to a set of constraints that result in fairness in a noncooperative fashion. This leads to the formulation of a constrained "access game" with fairness represented as a set of algebraic constraints. It is proven that the solution of the constrained game, the constrained nash equilibrium, is unique. Further, it is shown that, in addition to achieving fairness, this solution also optimizes the throughput. Finally, these results are extended to a more realistic incomplete-information scenario by approximating the incomplete-information scenario as a complete-information scenario through information gathering and dissemination.
Detectability of microwave background polarization

Physics Department, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173(Dated: February 1, 2008)Measurement of the amplitudes of both the E and B components of the CMB polarization willopen new windows onto the early Universe. Using a Fisher-matrix formalism, we calculate therequired sensitivities and observing times for an experiment to measure the amplitudes of bothE and B components as a function of sky coverage, taking full account of the fact that the twocomponents cannot be perfectly separated in an incomplete sky map. We also present a simpleapproximation scheme that accounts for mixing of E and B components in computing predictederrors in the E-component power spectrum amplitude. In an experiment with small sky coverage,mixing of the two components increases the diﬃculty of detecting the subdominant B component bya factor of two or more in observing time; however, for larger survey sizes the eﬀect of mixing is lesspronounced. As a result, the optimal experimental setup for detecting the B component must coveran area of sky signiﬁcantly larger than is found when mixing is neglected. Surprisingly, mixing ofE and B components can enhance the detectability of the E component by increasing the eﬀectivenumber of independent modes that probe this component. The formalism presented in this papercan be used to explore ways in which survey geometry and nonuniform noise due to uneven skycoverage will aﬀect detectability of the two components.
A Review of: “Black Families in Therapy: Understanding the, African American Experience (2nd ed.)”

The second edition of Black Families in Therapy represents a calculated effort to offer an unfiltered insight, and a balanced discussion of the dynamics of the Black family. The author provides a w...
The Differential Response of Prostatic Nucleolar and Extra-Nucleolar Protein Phosphokinase Activities Following Androgen Deprivation

Protein phosphokinase activities of nucleolar and extra-nucleolar compartments of rat ventral prostate nuclei were measured using the model acidic phosphoprotein, dephosphophosvitin, as substrate. Following orchiectomy, the activity in both of these fractions declined; however, the kinase activity of the nucleolus decreased at a much greater rate than that in the extra-nucleolar portion of the nucleus. Testosterone maintenance of castrated animals prevented this decline in activity. The regulation of protein phosphokinases which phosphorylate prostatic nucleolar acidic proteins may be an important mechanism in the androgen mediated activation of the nucleolus in this target tissue.
Using chaos to broaden the capture range of a phase-locked loop: experimental verification

In this paper, we present and discuss some circuit experiments that verify our previous claims, which were based on numerical simulations of mathematical models, that chaos can be used to broaden the capture range of the common phase-locked loop circuit.
Notched compression strength of 18-ply laminates with various percentages of 0° plies:

The use of knockdown factors (percent reduction of undamaged compression strength) to account for flaws such as impact damage or holes have been used to infer the notched strength of laminates. It has been observed that this criterion tends to over-predict the strength of laminates with a high percentage of 0° plies. This paper examines some limited data from the literature and presents new data that compares knockdown calculated notched compression strength values with those measured experimentally for laminates with various percentages of 0° plies. Results show that the trend of over-predicting the notched compression strength of laminates as the percentage of 0°plies increases, based on a knockdown factor, is observed, but the difference can be within scatter except at very high percentages of 0° plies.
The use of the frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain method for induced current and SAR calculations for a heterogeneous model of the human body

This paper describes the use of the previously formulated frequency-dependent finite-difference time-domain ((FD)/sup 2/TD) method for analysis of an anatomically based heterogeneous man model exposed to ultra-wide-band electromagnetic pulse sources. The human tissues' electrical permittivities, /spl epsiv//sub i/*(/spl omega/) are described by Debye equations with two relaxation constants, and the equation D(t)=/spl epsiv/*(/spl omega/))E(t) is converted to a finite-difference equation along with the Maxwell's equations used by the standard FDTD method. Using a single run with a broad-band pulse excitation, the (FD)/sup 2/TD method is used to calculate mass normalized rates of energy deposition (specific absorption rates or SARs) and induced currents in the man model over a broad band of frequencies. Time-domain coupling of a representative ultrashort pulse of subnanosecond rise time and nanosecond pulse duration to the human body is also examined. >
My Revolutionary Adventures in the Development of Modern Emergency Medical Systems in Our Country

The purpose of this article is to describe my exciting adventures in the development of the emergency medical systems in our country. After my training in plastic surgery at the University of Virginia, I accepted the position of Acting Director of the Emergency Room at the University of Virginia Health Science Center. Working with gifted physicians, basic scientists, nurses, and students, we coordinated the development of an emergency medical system that has been replicated throughout our country. Our system included the following: State legislation for the sexual assault victim, public access by the 9-1-1 telephone number, training of rescue squads, emergency radio communication system, trauma centers, poison control centers, emergency medical plan for the President of the United States, national telecommunications system for the deaf, and the first air medical transportation system in Virginia.
Western-Type Diets Induce Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice But Do Not Increase Aortic Atherosclerosis Compared With Normoinsulinemic Mice in Which Similar Plasma Cholesterol Levels Are Achieved by a Fructose-Rich Diet

The role of insulin resistance (IR) in atherogenesis is poorly understood, in part because of a lack of appropriate animal models. We assumed that fructose-fed LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice might be a model of IR and atherosclerosis because (1) fructose feeding induces hyperinsulinemia and IR in rats; (2) a preliminary experiment showed that fructose feeding markedly increases plasma cholesterol levels in LDLR-/- mice; and (3) hypercholesterolemic LDLR-/- mice develop extensive atherosclerosis. To test whether IR could be induced in LDLR-/- mice, 3 groups of male mice were fed a fructose-rich diet (60% of total calories; n=16), a fat-enriched (Western) diet intended to yield the same plasma cholesterol levels (n=18), or regular chow (n=7) for approximately 5.5 months. The average cholesterol levels of both hypercholesterolemic groups were similar (849+/-268 versus 964+/-234 mg/dL) and much higher than in the chow-fed group (249+/-21 mg/dL). Final body weights in the Western diet group were higher (39+/-6.2 g) than in the fructose- (27.8+/-2.7 g) or chow-fed (26.7+/-3.8 g) groups. Contrary to expectation, IR was induced in mice fed the Western diet, but not in fructose-fed mice. The Western diet group had higher average glucose levels (187+/-16 versus 159+/-12 mg/dL) and 4.5-fold higher plasma insulin levels. Surprisingly, the non-insulin-resistant, fructose-fed mice had significantly more atherosclerosis than the insulin-resistant mice fed Western diet (11.8+/-2.9% versus 7.8+/-2. 5% of aortic surface; P<0.01). These results suggest that (1) fructose-enriched diets do not induce IR in LDLR-/- mice; (2) the Western diets commonly used in LDLR-/- mice may not only induce atherosclerosis, but also IR, potentially complicating the interpretation of results; and (3) IR and hyperinsulinemia do not enhance atherosclerosis in LDLR-/- mice, at least under conditions of very high plasma cholesterol levels. The fact that various levels of hypercholesterolemia can be induced in LDLR-/- mice by fat-enriched diets and that such diets induce IR and hyperinsulinemia suggest that LDLR-/- mice may be used as models to elucidate the effect of IR on atherosclerosis, eg, by feeding them Western diets with or without insulin-sensitizing agents.
Section thickness and grain count variation in tritium autoradiography.

H2 styrene-glycolmethacrylate is a suitable standard source for autoradiographic model studies. When it is used for quantitative autoradiography, the coefficient of variation for grain counts is minimal at a section thickness of 2.5 μ and greater. Variation increases with progressively thinner sections. When sections of the same thickness are mounted on separate slides, there is no significant variation in grain counts at the 95% confidence level when the slides are processed simultaneously.
Early spray development at high gas density: Hole, ligament and bridge formations

Three-dimensional temporal instabilities, leading to spray formation of a round liquid jet segment with an outer, coaxial high-density gas flow, are studied with Navier–Stokes and level-set computations. These computations predict the liquid surface shape showing the smaller structures on the conical wave crests, i.e. lobes, holes, bridges and ligaments, which are the precursors to droplet and spray formations. These structures and their time scales affect droplet size and velocity distributions as well as spray cone angles. The gas-to-liquid density ratio, liquid Reynolds number ( ) and liquid Weber number ( ) range between 0.02–0.9, 320–16 000 and 2000–230 000, respectively, which cover three distinct physical domains. (1) At higher and , ligaments and then drops develop following hole and liquid bridge formations. (2) At higher gas densities throughout the range, several holes merge forming two bridges per lobe before breaking to form ligaments; this hole merging is explained by slower development of hairpin vortices and lobe shape. (3) In cases where both gas density and or are lower, the well-ordered lobes are replaced by more irregular, smaller-scale corrugations along the conical wave crest edge; ligaments form differently by stretching from the lobes before holes form. Thicker ligaments and larger droplets form in the low , low gas density range. The surface wave dynamics, vortex dynamics and their interactions are explained. Understandings of liquid stream break up and concurrent smaller structure formation are built upon an examination of both translation and rotation of the fluid. In all cases, hole formation is correlated with hairpin and helical vortices; fluid motion through a perforation in the thin sheet near the wave crest corresponds to these vortices. The hole formation process is dominated by inertial forces rather than capillary action, which differs from mechanisms suggested previously for other configurations. Circulation due to streamwise vorticity increases while the lobes thin and holes form. For larger surface tension, cavities in the jet core rather than perforations in a sheet occur. The more rapid radial extension of the two-phase mixture with increasing gas density is explained by greater circulation in the ring (i.e. wave crest) region. Experimental descriptions of the smaller structures are available only at lower and lower density, agreeing with the computations. Computed scales of bridges, ligaments, early droplets and emerging spray radii agree qualitatively with experimental evidence through the high and domains.
2.5D packaging solution — From concept to platform qualification

Silicon interposers offer a viable path to perpetuating the trend of increased chip performance per die area, as projected by Moore's law, which can no longer be met by simply shrinking feature sizes. The enablement of such packaging solutions not only requires new processes for Through Silicon Vias (TSV), thin die manufacturing, assembly and test, but also a well-defined concept of process and supply chain. In a joint work between GLOBALFOUNDRIES and Amkor Technology, a test vehicle with focus on processing aspects and chip package interaction (CPI) has been designed, manufactured, tested, and stressed. The findings and data have been used for the definition of a common interposer platform, now available for customers. This paper describes the design and manufacturing concept of the test vehicle, discusses challenges for interposer processing and test, and shares reliability results.
In situ ESR of CrH-ZSM--5 up to 500°C in flowing gas containing O2, H2O, CCl4, NO, NO2, and C3H6

A flow cell was used for the in situ ESR monitoring of the state and reactivity of chromium ions in Cr-ZSM-5. Calcination of Cr(NO3)3/NH4-ZSM-5 in air at 500°C is accompanied by migration of chromium ions inside the zeolitic channels and stabilization ofisolated Cr5+ cations near lattice A13+ ions. Calcination of Cr-ZSM-5 at 750°C leads to a gradual disappearance of the isolated Cr5+ cations and formation of α-Cr2O3 microcrystals. All the Cr5+ cations are accessible to gas-phase molecules: O2 strongly broadens the dipole-dipole signal; H2O sorption increases the local crystal field symmetry; admission of CCl4 results in a small change of the Cr5+ local coordination; strongly stabilized complexes on Cr-ZSM-5 are observed upon sorption of either NO or NO2. The sorption of C2H6 on Cr-ZSM-5 at 20°C is accompanied by a gradual reduction of the Cr5+ sites. At 500°C in [C3H6 + O2 + He] flow, even at a large excess of oxidant, the reduction of a noticeable part of Cr5+ ions takes place. At 400°C, in the same gas mixtures, a deeper reduction of Cr5+ occurs. Closer to stoichiometric conditions, in a [C3H6 + NO + He] flow with 120% excess of oxidant the Cr5+ is completely reduced at 500°C. The oxidation of propene is accompanied by coke deposition on the surface of the catalyst. The implications of the results are discussed.
Connectivity in a UAV Multi-static Radar Network

This paper describes a multi-static radar network composed of multiple unmanned air vehicles (UAVs). Time-delay and Doppler measurements taken by the UAV team are passed to a centralized processor to determine optimal heading commands for the UAV team to reduce tracking error. However, due to power and communication constraints on the UAVs, the optimal heading could cause individual UAVs or perhaps the entire network to become disconnected from the base station. In this paper, we ensure that the UAV team remains connected to the base by adding a connectivity constraint to the optimization criterion. This constraint is a modification to the “geometric connectivity robustness” metric proposed recently by Spanos and allows for a balance between the sensor network’s performance and connectivity, while ensuring the appropriate connections for necessary information flow.
Impacts of surface adsorbed catechol on tropospheric aerosol surrogates: heterogeneous ozonolysis and its effects on water uptake.

Surface adsorbed organics are ubiquitous components of inorganic tropospheric aerosols and have the potential to alter aerosol chemical and physical properties. To assess the impact of adsorbed organics on water uptake by inorganic substrates, we used diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy to compared water adsorption isotherms for uncoated NaCl and α-Al2O3 samples, samples containing a monolayer of adsorbed catechol, and adsorbed catechol samples following ozonolysis. Adsorption of gaseous catechol on to the inorganic substrates produced vibrational features indicating physisorption on NaCl and displacement of surface hydroxyl groups forming binuclear bidentate catecholate on α-Al2O3, with surface concentrations of 2–3 × 1018 molecules m–2. Subsequent heterogeneous ozonolysis produced muconic acid at a rate 4–5 times faster on NaCl compared to α-Al2O3, with predicted atmospheric lifetimes of 4.3 and 18 h, respectively, assuming a tropospheric ozone concentration of 40 ppb. Water adsorption isotherms f...
Morphological and Biometrical Differentiation of the Larval Instars of Mosquitoes. I. Culex territans

A series of observations and measurements was made on the second, third, and fourth instars of Culex territans Walker, as part of a project to determine whether basic generic characteristics for instar identification exist among mosquitoes. Measurements of sclerotized areas and sclerotized structures indicate that these instars can be recognized on the basis of the lengths of the antennae and the respiratory siphon, and some other features are cited which are of additional help in distinguishing the larval stadia of this species. Plotted growth-rate curves and calculated growth-rate ratios lead to the conclusion that growth in C. territans is almost linear, rather than geometric as defined by Dyar in his law of 1890.
Chemosterilization of Oncopeltus fasciatus. 1. Control Experiments

Mortality, mating activity, fecundity, and egg fertility and viability of the large milkweed bag, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), were measured daily for 40 days in normal adult colonies of the GS strain at 30°C under varying conditions. Median sexually active life span of males varied from 24 to 36 days, of females from 15 to 20 days; most of the females died by day 40. The percentage of males found mating (observed once a day) was relatively constant in any one cage throughout an experiment, except when female mortality caused a large increase in the male:female sex ratio. However, values varied from 20% to nearly 50% in different experiments; this variation might have been caused by variations in sampling from a male population with large individual differences in mating drive. Fecundity (eggs per surviving female per day) was usually 10 or higher during a 20- to 30-day period under optimal conditions, but was depressed at high population density. It was not very sensitive to variations in sex ratio, but it tended to decline as females aged and the cage environment deteriorated. Egg fertilization ranged from 90 to 99% and egg viability (percent of fertile eggs hatching) from 80 to 90% in different experiments; values were somewhat lower in the few instances when mating activity was so low that many females must have remained virgin for a considerable period. Only a small fraction (10%) of the intense mating activity seems to be required to ensure high levels of egg fertilization in this species.
An experimental field study of anther-smut disease of Silene alba caused by Ustilago violacea: genotypic variation and disease incidence.

Twenty cloned genotypes of Silene alba differed greatly (0-100%) in the percentage of flowering plants that became diseased by the anther-smut fungus Ustilago violacea following natural spore dispersal in a two-year field experiment. Male genotypes with the highest percentage of disease had high rates of flower production; this trait may increase the probability of spore deposition on flowers, a common site of infection. Because of this relationship, male genotypes with the highest percentage of disease also produced the most healthy flowers in the two-year period. Flowering early in the season was also a predictor of high disease levels for male genotypes in the first year. Variation among female genotypes in disease levels was not correlated with either flower production or phenology, suggesting that the sexes differ in their interaction with the pathogen. Plants of both sexes that remained nonreproductive the first year but flowered the second year could become diseased due to infection of vegetative tissue. Disease levels of the genotypes following natural spore dispersal were not correlated with disease levels of the genotypes following inoculation of vegetative tissue. This discrepancy points out that the methodology used to investigate genetic variation in disease resistance may affect the results obtained.
What difference does a decade make? Psychoanalysis and homosexuality, 2002–2012

This humorous survey of case studies published in North America between 2002 and 2012 engages the audience in a fly-on-the-wall thought experiment (imaginative ethnography) to highlight seeds of change and to celebrate reconciliation efforts between psychoanalysis and homosexuality. At the same time, it suggests future directions we might both consider if we (psychoanalysts and homosexuals) are to ever participate in mature object relations with one another.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Women’s Experiences with Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids: a Qualitative Assessment

The purpose of this study is to determine racial/ethnic differences in treatment experiences and expectations among women with fibroids. Sixty women with symptomatic uterine fibroids completed semi-structured interviews, demographic surveys, and a health literacy assessment. Participants were recruited from community-based organizations and health care organizations. Data from interviews were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three coders identified major themes and subthemes. The kappa (κ) among coders was 0.94. The mean age of participants was 43.0 ± 6.8 (mean ± SD). A total of 61.7 % of subjects were African-American (AAW), 25.0 % were non-Hispanic White (WW), 8.3 % were Hispanic (HW), and 5.0 % were Asian (ASW). When considering treatment options, AAW were more likely to want a permanent intervention. They were also more likely to demonstrate an aversion toward conventional treatments. Of the women who received a surgical intervention, AAW were also more likely to have had a difficult recovery and to be dissatisfied with their treatment. Finally, AAW disproportionately expressed concern regarding financial challenges. AAW have high treatment expectations, have more financial obstacles, and are less satisfied with their treatment outcomes than women of other racial/ethnic groups. Our findings suggest a need to create targeted patient interventions and education to ameliorate these disparities in experience.
“How Do You Know?” and Challenges to Assertion

In addition to the Lottery Paradox and Moore’s Paradox, the third central leg in the argument for the Knowledge Norm involves the wide propriety of challenges to assertions, particularly “How do you know?”1 Typically, KN advocates have argued that “How do you know?” directly challenges whether a speaker knows what she asserts. And, moreover, the wide propriety of challenging a speaker’s assertion with “How do you know?” clearly indicates that one ought to assert only if one knows. So, if knowledge is not the norm of assertion, why would this be such a widely appropriate challenge?
TAXONOMY OF FORAMINIFERA FROM NINGALOO REEF, WESTERN AUSTRALIA.By Justin H. Parker. 2009, Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, Vol. 36, 810 p.

The Ningaloo Reef tract, located in the eastern Indian Ocean, fringes the starkly beautiful and remote northwest coastline of Western Australia. Extending nearly 300 km from North West Cape (21°47′S) to Point Quobba (24°29′S), Ningaloo is the largest fringing-barrier reef in Australia and one of the longest stretches of fringing reefs in the world. This reef tract is also one of the least studied; only two previous papers have focused on foraminiferal assemblages from the northwest shelf (Albani and Geijskes, 1973; Haig, 1997). Memoir 36 of the of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists makes available the taxonomic research of Justin H. Parker, completed under the supervision of Professor David W. Haig and with taxonomic assistance from Stefan Revets, working at the University of Western Australia. The author visited the British Natural History Museum and the United States Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institute) to corroborate his identifications using type specimens and other material. More than 95% of this book is dedicated to taxonomy, as the title indicates. A short, well illustrated, introductory section …
Refinement in application of total artificial heart, with improvement in survival and histopathological findings.

Recent improvements in total artificial heart (TAH) experiments have changed the pathological findings as well as the concept of the TAH. In the past 3 years, 67 experiments were performed in our laboratory. This study concerns the 11 calves operated upon most recently. Histopathological findings in the lungs, kidneys, livers, and spleens of these animals were greatly improved over findings from previously studied animals. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome has been seen in only 1 calf. These improvements can be attributed to the following factors: (1) Improved management of the lung during surgery has essentially eliminated pulmonary insufficiency; (2) liver damage has been successfully prevented by the discovery of the relationship between high right atrial pressure and anemia; (3) careful aseptic surgical procedures and optimal prophylactic use of antibiotics and anticoagulants have minimized the incidence of infection and clot formation.
The HCMV US28 vGPCR induces potent Gαq/PLC-β signaling in monocytes leading to increased adhesion to endothelial cells

US28 transcripts have been detected in primary monocytes and in THP-1 monocytes infected with HCMV but US28 protein expression has not yet been demonstrated in these cell types. Moreover, the mechanism(s) by which US28 signals and contributes to viral pathogenesis in monocytes remains unclear. Here, we show that US28 protein is robustly expressed in HCMV infected THP-1 monocytes and that US28 can trigger Gαq dependent signaling in THP-1 cells infected with HCMV and in THP-1 cells stably expressing US28. US28 signaling in these cells is dependent on G-protein coupling, but independent of chemokine binding. Importantly, we demonstrate that this US28 signaling is functionally important as it stimulates the adhesion of monocytes to an endothelial monolayer. Our studies, which demonstrate that US28-driven Gαq signaling has profound effects on monocyte biology, suggest that US28 driven phenotypic changes in HCMV infected monocytes may play important roles in HCMV dissemination and/or pathogenesis.
Usefulness of Maintaining a Normal Electrocardiogram Over Time for Predicting Cardiovascular Health

We hypothesized that maintaining a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) status over time is associated with low cardiovascular (CV) disease in a dose-response fashion and subsequently could be used to monitor programs aimed at promoting CV health. This analysis included 4,856 CV disease-free participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study who had a normal ECG at baseline (1987 to 1989) and complete electrocardiographic data in subsequent 3 visits (1990 to 1992, 1993 to 1995, and 1996 to 1998). Participants were classified based on maintaining their normal ECG status during these 4 visits into “maintained,” “not maintained,” or “inconsistent” normal ECG status as defined by the Minnesota ECG classification. CV disease events (coronary heart disease, heart failure, and stroke) were adjudicated from Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities visit-4 through 2010. Over a median follow-up of 13.2 years, 885 CV disease events occurred. The incidence rate of CV disease events was lowest among study participants who maintained a normal ECG status, followed by those with an inconsistent pattern, and then those who did not maintain their normal ECG status (trend p value
ALBUMIN-OSMOTIC FUNCTION†

Publisher Summary This chapter presents albumin–osmotic function. The term oncotic pressure is synonymous with colloid osmotic pressure. Also measurements of oncotic pressure in plasma indicate a better correlation with albumin content than with total protein content. The function of oncotically active molecules is to retain water in the blood in the capillary beds despite the hydrostatic pressure that is trying to force this water out. Oncotic pressure is quite constant and varies from 240–465 mm H 2 O. The variations in mean values are primarily because of the techniques of measurement. However, in individual the oncotic pressure is quite stable. There is some diurnal variation, but this was found to be a postural effect and probably related to the change in blood volume upon arising. Moreover, the loss in water from the capillary beds to extravascular areas could be prevented by the presence of an osmotically active particle in the blood that would not be rapidly filtered through the capillary walls. The protein, albumin, is ideally suited for this osmotic function. Of the plasma proteins it has a relatively low molecular weight and its large net negative charge at blood pH makes this molecule osmotically more effective than an equal weight of the other plasma proteins.
Internal Covariate Shift Reduction in Encoder-Decoder Convolutional Neural Networks

Internal covariant shift in deep neural networks affects the learning and convergence speed in ConvNets. Batch normalization was recently proposed to reduce the distribution of each layer's input to accelerate the training process. It also reduces overfitting and eliminates the need for using dropout in the fully connected layers, or RELU activation. Batch normalization, in its essence, seeks stable distribution of activation values throughout training, and normalizes the inputs of nonlinear data. In order to determine the usefulness of batch normalization in neural networks that don't use fully connected layers we evaluated the performance of an encoder-decoder ConvNet with and without using batch normalization. We found that batch normalization increased the learning performance by 18% but also increased the training time in each epoch (iteration) by 26%. The code for this work and the datasets are provided in a github repository.
Automated Dynamic Data Redistribution

High-performance distributed memory applications often load or receive data in a format that differs from what the application uses. One such difference arises from how the application distributes data for parallel processing. Data must be redistributed from how it was laid out by the producer to how the application needs the data to be laid out amongst its processes. In this paper, we present a large-scale distributed memory library, provided to developers in an easily integrated API, for automating data redistribution in MPI enabled applications. We then present the results of two scientific computing use cases to evaluate our library. The first use case highlights how dynamic data redistribution can greatly reduce load time when reading three-dimensional medical imaging data from disk. The second use case highlights how dynamic data redistribution can facilitate in-transit analysis of computational fluid dynamics, which results in smaller data output size and faster time-to-discovery.
Small Medium at Large: Technology, Time, and Memory in Corporate Communications

This note considers the role technological growth continues to play in the evolution of corporate communications. Excerpt UVA-BC-0248 Aug. 11, 2013 SMALL MEDIUM AT LARGE: TECHNOLOGY, Time, AND MEMORY IN CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS The first indication of the dramatic effect the nascent World Wide Web could have on corporate communications may have been the Brent Spar crisis in 1995. Shell UK was planning to decommission an oil storage buoy in the North Sea and faced the choice of sinking it or beaching it. Environmental studies had found that the negative impact of either choice would be about equal, but Greenpeace adamantly opposed sinking the buoy and brought its panoply of protest methods to bear. Rubber boats approached the buoy, and as Greenpeace members attempted to board the platform, Shell employees used water hoses to repulse them. But Greenpeace had a new tool: as their activists were being hosed, Greenpeace streamed live video of the confrontation online. The next day, the front page of the Financial Times carried pictures of the event. Shell gas stations were set on fire in Germany. Shell beached the buoy. In the United States, the Brent Spar incident received little attention, but in Europe, it ranks as a landmark corporate crisis on the order of the Exxon Valdez oil spill—the first inkling of how the web could amplify the voice of a small NGO to match that of what was, at the time, the world's largest corporation. Is it a coincidence that NGOs have proliferated to a large extent through the medium of the web and now rank far higher in public trust than corporations? . . .