cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A structure for efficient update, incremental redisplay and undo in graphical editors

The design of a graphical editor requires a solution to a number of problems, including how to (1) support incremental redisplay, (2) control the granularity of display updates, (3) provide efficient access and modification to the underlying data structure, (4) handle multiple views of the same data and (5) support Undo operations. It is most important that these problems be solved without sacrificing program modularity. A new data structure, called an ItemList, provides a solution to these problems. ItemLists maintain both multiple views and multiple versions of data to simplify Undo operations and to support incremental display updates. The implementation of ItemLists is described and the use of ItemLists to create graphical editors is presented.
Freezing Carbon Dioxide Emissions: An Offset Policy for Slowing Global Warming

This Article uses the lessons learned from other emissions trading programs to assess the potential effectiveness of various approaches to the control of greenhouse gases and recommends the design of a CO2 emissions policy. Section II examines the relative effectiveness of a CO2 offset program compared to traditional regulatory standards, a carbon tax, and emissions trading programs for other air pollutants. Section III develops the optimal design of a CO2 offset program. A total of twenty policy choices encountered in the design of such a program are evaluated and the best option for each policy choice is identified. Appendix A presents the twenty policy choices and the available options. In analyzing these policy choices, Section III identifies the important issues in designing and implementing a CO2 offset policy, and outlines the most feasible and effective blueprint for such a program.
The Woman's Day Case and Cooperative Advertising:

Section 2(d) of the Robinson-Patman Act seeks to regulate cooperative advertising. The “Woman's Day” case raises some important questions concerning the type of marketing activities to be regulated...
Radiation Effects in Nonmetals: Amorphization, Phase Decomposition, and Nanoparticles

Radiation effects in nonmetals have been studied for well over a century by geologists, mineralogists, physicists, and materials scientists. The present work focuses on recent results of investigations of the ion-beam-induced amorphization of the ABO4 compounds – including the orthophosphates (LnPO4; Ln = lanthanides) and the orthosilicates: zircon (ZrSiO4), hafnon (HfSiO4), and thorite (ThSiO4). In the case of the orthosilicates, heavy-ion irradiation at elevated temperatures causes the precipitation of a nanocrystalline metal oxide. Electron irradiation effects in these amorphized insulating ceramics can produce localized recrystallization on a nanometer scale. Similar electron irradiation techniques were used to nucleate monodispersed compound semiconductor nanocrystals formed by ion implantation of the elemental components into fused silica. Methods for the formation of novel structural relationships between embedded nanocrystals and their hosts have been developed and the results presented here demonstrate the general flexibility of ion implantation and irradiation techniques for producing unique near-surface microstructures in ion-implanted host materials.
An Evaluation of Robotic and Conventional IMRT for Prostate Cancer Potential for Dose Escalation

This study compares conventional and robotic intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans for prostate boost treatments and provides clinical insight into the strengths and weaknesses of each. The potential for dose escalation with robotic IMRT is further investigated using the "critical volume tolerance" method proposed by Roach et al. Three clinically acceptable treatment plans were generated for 10 prostate boost patients: (1) a robotic IMRT plan using fixed cones, (2) a robotic IMRT plan using the Iris variable aperture collimator, and (3) a conventional linac based IMRT (c-IMRT) plan. Target coverage, critical structure doses, homogeneity, conformity, dose fall-off, and treatment time, were compared across plans. The average bladder and rectum V75 was 17.1%, 20.0%, and 21.4%, and 8.5%, 11.9%, and 14.1% for the Iris, fixed, and c-IMRT plans, respectively. On average the conformity index (nCI) was 1.20, 1.30, and 1.46 for the Iris, fixed, and c-IMRT plans. Differences between the Iris and the c-IMRT plans were statistically significant for the bladder V75 (P= .016), rectum V75 (P= .0013), and average nCI (P =.002). Dose to normal tissue in terms of R50 was 4.30, 5.87, and 8.37 for the Iris, fixed and c-IMRT plans, respectively, with statistically significant differences between the Iris and c-IMRT (P = .0013) and the fixed and c-IMRT (P = .001) plans. In general, the robotic IMRT plans generated using the Iris were significantly better compared to c-IMRT plans, and showed average dose gains of up to 34% for a critical rectal volume of 5%.
Phase Formation and Phase Stability in the Al-Ti Thin Film System

This study focuses on the sequential formation of aluminide phases during annealing of titanium and aluminum thin film bilayers. The formation of titanium-rich intermetallic phases at higher annealing temperatures is emphasized. Using Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) analysis, and x-ray diffraction, phases formed as a function of temperature have been identified. The phases Al 3 Ti through Ti 3 Al were observed over the temperature range 450–750°C, where reaction with the SiO 2 substrate occurred. All phases were present as discreet layers within the samples with several layered phases coexisting at the higher temperatures.
The Pterylosis of the King Vulture

The King Vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) of Central and South America is the only cathartid genus whose pterylosis has not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to point out major points of similarity and difference between the feather tracts of the King Vulture and the general pattern previously described for New World vultures. In addition, the more significant differentiating characteristics of the pterylography of each genus is summarized in tabular form. The skin (no. 85525 Mus. Vert. Zool.) and the alcoholic specimen (no. 85524 Mus. Vert. Zool.) which were studied were obtained in El Salvador in February, 1942, by a party from the University of California. Both specimens are adult males. The placement and the configuration of the feathers of the head are two of the most variable features of the pterylosis of the cathartid vultures. For that reason photographs (figs. 21-24) of the heads of Cathartes, Coragyps, Vultur and Sarcoramphus are here presented; they have not previously been illustrated.
Thermoelectric Topping Cycle for Trough Solar Thermal Power Plant

Solar thermal power generation is fast becoming cost competitive for utility scale electricity. Parabolic trough concentrators have proven economical and reliable but their efficiency is limited by the maximum temperature of the heated fluid. This work will explore the possibility of adding a thermoelectric power generator (TEG) as a topping cycle at high temperature to increase the overall efficiency of the system. In this design the perimeter of the receiver tube is covered with thermoelectrics so that the absorber temperature is raised and the energy rejected from the TEG is used to heat the fluid at its originally specified temperature. A heat transfer analysis was carried out on the design to determine the overall system efficiency. Our findings show the state of the art solar thermal trough collector is not a good application for a ZT=1 thermoelectric material. To increase the overall power output of the system by approximately 10% would require a ZT=3 material.
The Drug Excipient Cyclodextrin Interacts With d-Luciferin and Interferes With Bioluminescence Imaging

Cyclodextrins are well-characterized, barrel-shaped molecules that can solubilize organic small molecules in aqueous solution via host–guest interactions. As such, cyclodextrins are used as excipie...
On Two Problems of The Practical Grammar of Modern Chinese

There are two points in The Practical Grammar of Modern Chinese are questionable and need to be further discussed.1)the classification of Chinese words based on structure;2)the classification of the meaning of prefix"lao"(老).
On the Positioning Accuracy of a Neurosurgical Robot

In order to meet the requirements for high accuracy in robot-assisted neurosurgery,this paper studies the positioning accuracy of our neurosurgical robot,NeuroMaster.Taking small distortions of the joint axes into consideration,the kinematic parameters are identified based on a revised Denavit-Hartenberg kinematic model.A multilevel feedforward neural network based on error backpropagation(BP) algorithm is used to compensate the transmission error of each joint.Posi-tioning accuracy of the robot is measured using an accurate three-dimensional measuring device.The result shows that the maximum value of the robot positioning accuracy is 1.63 millimeters,and the mean value is 1.04 millimeters,which are much better than the previous values.The robot can satisfy the requirements of most neurosurgical operations.
Branding in the digital era: new directions for research on customer-based brand equity

The paper “Conceptualizing, Measuring and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity” in the Journal of Marketing by Keller (Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22, 1993) on conceptualizing brand equity is path-breaking, and provided a much-needed organizing framework for the brand management topic. It is indeed an honor to be asked to provide a commentary on “Reflections on Customer-Based Brand Equity: Perspectives, Progress, and Priorities”. I articulate two separate ideas in writing this commentary: (1) Providing a critique of the framework described in Keller (Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1-22, 1993); (2) Identifying promising new directions that can extend the framework and building on some of the suggestions provided in Keller (Academy of Marketing Science, 6 (1-2), 2016).
Examining children’s healthcare experiences through drawings

ABSTRACTThis study examines children’s anxieties about healthcare experiences using drawings. Fifty children, either experiencing a doctor’s appointment or hospitalization, completed a drawing of a person in the hospital. Using the Child Drawing: Hospital (CD:H), drawings were scored on individual items which were summed for a total score of projected anxiety. Differences between drawings were compared. The drawings of hospitalized children displayed significantly more anxiety than that of the children attending a doctor’s appointment. Significant differences were also found for individual items. Children at the doctor’s office drew people in independent positions, smiling, and comparable in size to the drawn environment. Hospitalized children drew people in dependent positions, not smiling, and small in comparison to the drawn environment, and included more medical equipment. The findings suggest children appear to feel a sense of control and more positivity at the doctor’s office, while feeling small, d...
Ecological Momentary Assessment: Statistical Issues

The type of data collected in ESM/EMA studies are usually referred to as nested data. For example, if participants provide data every day for two weeks, this would be described as ‘days nested within participants” and would be called a two level data set. Similarly, if participants provided multiple observations each day for two weeks this would be described as ‘observations nested within days nested within participants” and would be called a three level data set. Such data cannot be analyzed using OLS multiple regression (e.g., the data provided each day by each participant is a unit of analysis) because such analyses assume that observations are independent, and they are not. Moreover, although some OLS analyses may take such dependencies into account, they fall short in other ways, e.g., they do not model error properly. Analyzing such data structures requires the use of specific techniques that are referred to as multilevel modeling. In such analyses, relationships at all levels of analysis are modeled simultaneously. For example, in a two level model (days nested within persons), we could model within-person relationships between stress and symptom expression, and then model the between-person differences in the strength of these within-person relationships. Who reacts more strongly to stress, who reacts less strongly? Within- and between-person measures can be continuous or categorical, and they can be combined, and temporal dynamics at either level of analysis can be examined to reveal mechanisms underlying symptom expression.
History of Machines and Mechanisms by the Stevens Family and at Stevens Institute of Technology

Stevens, a name shared by three major inventors and a School of Technology, are all historically connected with Machines and Mechanisms.
Large and Medium-Vessel Vasculitides

Vasculitis of large elastic arteries, such as the aorta and its major proximal branches, is a typical manifestation of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu’s arteritis and rarely occurs as a complication other autoimmune syndromes. T lymphocytes and macrophages assemble in granulomatous arrangements within the walls of affected arteries and elicit a maladaptive response-to-injury, causing dissection, stenosis, or aneurysmal dilatation of the blood vessel. Causative events have not been identified but abnormalities in innate and adaptive immune function drive the vasculitis. Key pathogenic elements are vascular dendritic cells positioned in the adventitia which recognize danger signals and attract and prime CD4 T cells. CD4 T cells differentiate into IFN-γ-producing Th1 cells and IFN-γ holds a central function in orchestrating macrophage activation, giant cell formation, smooth muscle cell de-differentiation, and wall remodeling. In early vasculitis, Th1 cells are accompanied by IL-17-producing Th17 cells which contribute to activation of vascular cells. An array of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-21, IL-23, IL-32, and IL-33 is present in the vasculitic lesions. Vessel-wall residing cells, such as endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, mount a hyperplastic response, leading to lumen-occlusive intimal hyperplasia. Diagnostic approaches rely on non-invasive imaging techniques to evaluate life-sustaining arteries, such as the aorta. In the case of GCA, the temporal artery is accessible for histological evaluation. Corticosteroids remain the cornerstone of therapy. They promptly control the systemic component of disease, but may not be able to induce remission of vessel wall inflammation.
Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts Acylation Promoted by Hexafluoroisopropanol

The Friedel-Crafts (FC) acylation, discovered by Charles Friedel and James Crafts, is utilized to synthesize aryl ketones. The traditional intermolecular FC acylation requires a stoichiometric amount of Lewis acid (i.e., AlCl3) catalysts to drive the reaction to completion due to complex formation between product ketones and catalysts.We have discovered a modified FC acylation where hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) was used as a promoter and solvent. Due to the strong hydrogen-bond donor ability of HFIP, it was shown that multiple arylalkyl acyl chlorides are able to undergo intramolecular FC acylation in HFIP at room temperature. In this work, we seek to refine this procedure for the optimized synthesis of 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one. The procedure involves (1) the conversion of 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butanoic acid to 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butanoyl chloride with thionyl chloride, followed by (2) the FC acylation of 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)butanoyl chloride to form 6,7-dimethoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one in HFIP.This methodology illustrates an improvement over traditional FC acylation as it requires no additional reagents or catalysts and generates no byproducts. In addition, it is operationally simple, requiring only solvent evaporation and product purification after reaction completion.
Peripheral administration of the soluble TNF inhibitor XPro1595 modifies brain immune cell profiles, decreases beta-amyloid plaque load, and rescues impaired long-term potentiation in 5xFAD mice

Abstract Clinical and animal model studies have implicated inflammation and peripheral immune cell responses in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Peripheral immune cells including T cells circulate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of healthy adults and are found in the brains of AD patients and AD rodent models. Blocking entry of peripheral macrophages into the CNS was reported to increase amyloid burden in an AD mouse model. To assess inflammation in the 5xFAD (Tg) mouse model, we first quantified central and immune cell profiles in the deep cervical lymph nodes and spleen. In the brains of Tg mice, activated (MHCII + , CD45 high , and Ly6C high ) myeloid-derived CD11b + immune cells are decreased while CD3 + T cells are increased as a function of age relative to non-Tg mice. These immunological changes along with evidence of increased mRNA levels for several cytokines suggest that immune regulation and trafficking patterns are altered in Tg mice. Levels of soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor (sTNF) modulate blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and are increased in CSF and brain parenchyma post-mortem in AD subjects and Tg mice. We report here that in vivo peripheral administration of XPro1595, a novel biologic that sequesters sTNF into inactive heterotrimers, reduced the age-dependent increase in activated immune cells in Tg mice, while decreasing the overall number of CD4 + T cells. In addition, XPro1595 treatment in vivo rescued impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) measured in brain slices in association with decreased Aβ plaques in the subiculum. Selective targeting of sTNF may modulate brain immune cell infiltration, and prevent or delay neuronal dysfunction in AD. Significance statement Immune cells and cytokines perform specialized functions inside and outside the brain to maintain optimal brain health; but the extent to which their activities change in response to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration is not well understood. Our findings indicate that neutralization of sTNF reduced the age-dependent increase in activated immune cells in Tg mice, while decreasing the overall number of CD4 + T cells. In addition, impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) was rescued by XPro1595 in association with decreased hippocampal Aβ plaques. Selective targeting of sTNF holds translational potential to modulate brain immune cell infiltration, dampen neuroinflammation, and prevent or delay neuronal dysfunction in AD.
Improved Delivery Through Biological Membranes. XXXVII. Synthesis and Stability of Novel Redox Derivatives of Naproxen and Indomethacin

Several novel bioreversible redox derivatives of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) naproxen and indomethacin were synthesized. The stability of these dihydropyridine-NSAID derivatives their synthetic precursors, and predicted products of oxidative metabolism, the corresponding pyridinium salts, was determined in buffer, human and rat blood, and rat organ homogenate. The dihydropyridines exhibited the expected stability profiles in the media examined: oxidation, water addition, and/or ester hydrolysis. The corresponding pyridinium salts were quite stable in biomedia, ester hydrolysis being the primary route of decomposition. The results of this study may be useful in selecting suitable candidates for selective delivery of naproxen and indomethacin across the blood–brain barrier.
Contemporary approaches to psychometrics: item response theory and diagnostic classification models / Enfoques contemporáneos sobre psicometría: los modelos de la teoría de respuesta al ítem y los modelos de clasificación de diagnósticos

AbstractEvaluating test scores is an essential process, critical in both educational research and practice. To scientifically understand and utilize test scores, educators and researchers need to choose appropriate psychometric models to analyse and interpret assessment data. In this paper, we discuss two classes of psychometric models that have been widely used in educational measurement: item response theory (IRT) models and diagnostic classification models (DCMs). Specifically, the IRT discussion focuses on producing scores on a numerical continuum using the two-parameter logistic model. We then discuss methods for producing scores based on ordinal classifications with DCMs and compare and contrast such scores with those from IRT models. In addition, through step-by-step examples, we demonstrate how to obtain estimates from and interpret results from each model we present. We conclude the paper with considerations in and suggestions for choosing an appropriate psychometric model.
The effects of mixing on continuous Michaelis-Menten reactions.

For analysis of any continuous ideal reactor system, the ideal reactor type and the input and output conditions, as illustrated in Figure 1, are combined with the batch reaction kinetics for performance prediction. For nonideal systems a characterization of the mixing in the reactor is required to estimate the reactant conversion. Mixing has no effect on flow reaction conversion for either linear reactions or for reactions in either tubular or batch reactors. However, for non-linear reactions in flow reactors exhibiting other than plug flow, the degree of mixing influences conversion. Two extremes of mixing at the molecular level, segregated flow and maximum-mixedness (non-segregated flow), can be modeled to provide limits of conversion in irreversible, non-linear homogeneous reactions. A residence time distribution is sufficient to allow for these model calculations.
Conclusion: Atlantic Philanthropists in Revolutionary Saint-Domingue

Philanthropists made important contributions to the Haitian Revolution through the Catholic Church, learned societies, educational institutions, the press, the military, and direct political action. Some whites openly challenged the dominant racial divisions in the Old Regime French Atlantic. These whites, many of whom were long-term residents of the colony, led, worked alongside, and even served under blacks and people of color. With various motives, approaches, and outcomes, a small group of white philanthropists strove to improve the lives of peoples of African descent.
Secure intermittent-robust computation for energy harvesting device security and outage resilience

In this paper, we propose Secure Intermittent-Robust Computation (SIRC) for Energy Harvesting Powered Internet of Things (IoT) Devices. This effort innovates a new duty-cycle-variable computing approach to facilitate and invigorate security in energy-harvesting-powered IoT network nodes. The proposed SIRC architecture is developed from the ground up by extending emerging post-CMOS switching elements to realize majority-gate logic that is intrinsically-capable of middleware-coherent, battery-free without check-pointing or micro-tasking, and can be resilient to wireless power transfer attacks including charge attacks and data attacks. Potential countermeasures for these attacks are identified at the circuit-level through gate-resolution immunity of power interruption. As a proof-of-concept, a power-maskable design using SIRC approach is developed for s27 circuit from ISCAS89 benchmark. The obtained results shows SIRC provides reduced area consumption and increase number of power traces to extract crypted data.
ω-3 PUFAs and Breast Cancer: Epidemiological Studies

ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly the long-chain eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines in vitro and to reduce the risk and progression of this tumor in animal experiments. However, the evidence from epidemiological studies remains unclear, despite a large number of studies published to date. The majority of the studies have not supported a consistent inverse association between fish consumption or omega-3 fatty acid intake and risk of breast cancer. Nevertheless, the results of several studies do suggest potentially important beneficial effects. Future epidemiological studies likely will benefit from the assessment of specific fatty acids in the diet, including EPA and DHA, and the ratio of these to omega-6 fatty acids, the consideration of host factors such as menopausal status, tumor and prognostic factors such as tumor hormone receptor status, tumor size, stage of breast cancer at diagnosis, and factors that might modify the association between diet and breast cancer.
Conformational Analysis by Laser Spectroscopy

Supersonic free jet expansion of a large molecule in a rare gas often leads to the isolation of different conformers of the molecule. Often such conformers exhibit distinct optical spectra at vibrational resolution. In this talk, I will show that the specific structures of the different conformers may be determined by skimming the jet, forming a seeded molecular beam, and recording the optical spectra at higher resolution. Experiments of this type expose the underlying rotational structure of the different vibronic bands, making possible the determination of the moments of inertia of the conformer and, by suitable isotopic labeling, its three-dimensional structure. Examples to be discussed include several derivatives of benzene and naphthalene, keto-enol tautomerism in 2-hydroxypyridine and 2-hydroxy-quinoline, octatetraene, stilbene, and diphenylbutadiene, selected van der Waals complexes of aromatic molecules, and several hydrogen-bonded clusters containing H2O and NH3. Connections to the light-induced reactivity of several of these systems also will be made.
Characteristics and Properties of Silicon Carbide and Boron Carbide

This chapter reveals the properties of silicon carbide and boron carbide and provides a summary of the fabrication processes and applications of these two compounds. Silicon carbide (SiC) and boron carbide to a lesser degree are important industrial materials, which are produced on a large scale in the form of powders, molded shapes, and thin films. Both covalent carbides have high melting points, which are slightly lower than the titanium compounds but higher than silicon and boron. Under most conditions, the thermal decomposition of SiC may occur well below its intrinsic melting point and decomposition can become significant at approximately 1700°C. The density of SiC is closer to that of diamond than it is to graphite, which can be expected because SiC has the structure of diamond. Boron carbide does not appear to decompose up to its melting point. It vaporizes by the preferential loss of gaseous boron. The thermal conductivity of covalent carbides, unlike that of the interstitial carbides, decreases with increasing temperature. The thermal conductivity of silicon carbide is high, yet considerably lower than that of the best conductors such as Type II diamond, silver, copper, beryllium oxide, and aluminum nitride.
Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans in the United States : clinical and histopathologic features of six cases

Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is a chronic cutaneous disease caused by the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans is endemic in some regions of Europe but is only rarely seen in the United States. This report describes the clinical and histopathologic findings in six cases of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1912 and 1961. Histologic differences between early and late phases of the disease were observed, and multisystemic symptoms consistent with chronic Lyme disease were documented in a subset of the patients. All five patients from whom biographical data were available were European immigrants. Our data suggest that some of the first patients with Lyme disease in the United States came to the Mayo Clinic earlier in this century.
E6. Triangles in a Colored Plane

Problem 7.5(A) and 7.5(B) delivered us examples of triangles that exist monochromatically in the plane, no matter how we color it in 2 colors. A triangle in a colored plane is called monochromatic if all of its vertices are colored in the same color.
Structural Origin of the Large Redox-Linked Reorganization in the 2-Oxoglutarate Dependent Oxygenase, TauD

2-Oxoglutarate (2OG)-dependent oxygenases catalyze a wide range of chemical transformations via C-H bond activation. Prior studies raised the question of whether substrate hydroxylation by these enzymes occurs via a hydroxyl rebound or alkoxide mechanism and highlighted the need to understand the thermodynamic properties of transient intermediates. A recent spectroelectrochemical investigation of the 2OG-dependent oxygenase, taurine hydroxylase (TauD), revealed a strong link between the redox potential of the Fe(II)/Fe(III) couple and conformational changes of the enzyme. In this study, we show that the redox potential of wild-type TauD varies by 468 mV between the reduction of 2OG-Fe(III)-TauD (-272 mV) and oxidation of 2OG-Fe(II)-TauD (+196 mV). We use active site variants to investigate the structural origin of the redox-linked reorganization and the contributions of the metal-bound residues to the dynamic tuning of the redox potential of TauD. Time-dependent redox titrations show that reorganization occurs as a multistep process. Transient optical absorption and infrared spectroelectrochemistry show that substitution of any metal ligand alters the kinetics and thermodynamics of the reorganization. The H99A variant shows the largest net redox change relative to the wild-type protein, suggesting that redox-coupled protonation of H99 is required for high redox potentials of the metal. The D101Q and H255Q variants also suppress the conformational change, supporting their involvement in the structural rearrangement. Similar redox-linked conformational changes are observed in another 2OG dependent oxygenase, ethylene-forming enzyme, indicating that dynamic structural flexibility and the associated thermodynamic tuning may be a common phenomenon in this family of enzymes.
Explicit Parametrizations of Ordinary and Supersingular Regions of X0(pn)

In this paper, we explore the geometry of the modular curves X 0 (p n), over (Cp in a few non-trivial examples. In particular, we give explicit rigid-analytic parameterizations of the ordinary and supersingular regions. This is done by first building towers of models for X 0 (p n), 0 < i < n, and then pulling back the ordinary and supersingular regions of X(1) via the forgetful maps.
Validation of Thai Traditional Medical Knowledge by Scientific Investigation

Multi-plant herbal formulas were obtained from traditional healers during an extensive interview process. The biological activity of these multi-plant herbal formulas was investigated using in vitro biological assays to corroborate the traditional medical knowledge of the interviewed healers. These results were returned to the traditional healers in a document to provide them with the scientific evidence verifying their medical expertise, and potentially offer them a means to treat elderly patients with memory loss in the future. The research conducted for this study resulted in documenting traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and confirmed the relevance of this knowledge for treating health issues in contemporary society.
Which Model Should We Use for a Real-World Conversational Dialogue System? a Cross-Language Relevance Model or a Deep Neural Net?

We compare two models for corpus-based selection of dialogue responses: one based on cross-language relevance with a cross-language LSTM model. Each model is tested on multiple corpora, collected from two different types of dialogue source material. Results show that while the LSTM model performs adequately on a very large corpus (millions of utterances), its performance is dominated by the cross-language relevance model for a more moderate-sized corpus (ten thousands of utterances).
Glycosphingolipid-associated β-1,4 galactosyltransferase is elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Objective β-1,4 galactosyltransferase-V (β-1,4 GalT-V) is an enzyme that synthesises a glycosphingolipid known as lactosylceramide, which has been implicated in general inflammation and atherosclerosis. We asked if β-1,4 GalT-V was present at elevated levels in patients with SLE, a disease which is associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis. Methods In this case–control observational study, serum samples were obtained from patients with SLE who are part of the Johns Hopkins Lupus Cohort. Control serum samples were obtained from healthy adult community members recruited from the Baltimore area. All serum samples (n=50 in the SLE group and n=50 in the healthy control group) were analysed with enzyme-linked immunoassays. These assays used antibodies raised against antigens that enabled us to measure the absorbance of oxidised phosphocholines per apolipoprotein B-100 (ox-PC/apoB) and the concentration of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and β-1,4 GalT-V. Results Absorbance of ox-PC/apoB and concentrations of Lp(a) and β-1,4 GalT-V were significantly higher in the SLE serum samples as compared with the control serum (p Conclusions We conclude that patients with SLE have elevated levels of β-1,4 GalT-V and ox-PC, which have previously been recognised as risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Women “doing” the judiciary: rethinking the justice argument for descriptive representation

In this paper, we explore how political scientists can improve the study of gender diversity in the judiciary by drawing on the normative and theoretical literature on representation generally, and...
Wetting, Scaling, and Fouling in Membrane Distillation: State-of-the-Art Insights on Fundamental Mechanisms and Mitigation Strategies

Membrane distillation (MD) has been garnering increasing attention in research and development, since it has been proposed as a promising technology for desalinating hypersaline brine from various ...
Commensurate Melting and Domain Walls in Surface Phases

Certain adsorbed surface systems display commensurate ordered phases which, as temperature T, or chemical potential, ζ, (controlled by the vapor pressure) vary, may melt via a continuous transition. Examples of particular interest are the √3 x √3 hexagonal phases of helium on graphite1 and krypton on graphite2 and the 3 x 1 rectangular phase of atomic hydrogen on the (110) surface of iron3,4. Both these types of ordered phase exhibit p = 3 distinct but fully equivalent types of domain, say, A, B and C. This fact can be represented by an internal, global symmetry, Yp, which, for p = 3, is the same as that of the Potts model. On this basis it has been suggested5,6 that the melting of such phases should be in the universality class of the 3-state Potts model with, in particular, a specific heat exponent α =. 1/3 as, indeed, is confirmed for one coverage of helium on graphite1. However, the real physical symmetry is lower than the product,Yp x L, of the internal symmetry and the lattice symmetry,L, which describes the simple Potts model7,8. This reduced symmetry can be seen in a physically intructive way8,9 by examining the structure of the walls separating domains in various relative arrangements : thus in the rectangular 3 x 1 phases one finds that the [+] walls, A∣B, B∣C and C∣A (oriented normal to the direction in which the absorbate lattice constant is 3 times the substrate lattice constant) are all equivalent but Differ in structure from the complementary [-] walls A ∥ C, C ∥ B and B ∥ A; like wise in the hexagonal phases one finds two physically distinct types of wall8.
Modeling Random Directions in 2D Simplex Data

We propose models and algorithms for learning about random directions in two-dimensional simplex data, and apply our methods to the study of income level proportions and their changes over time in a geostatistical area. There are several notable challenges in the analysis of simplex-valued data: the measurements must respect the simplex constraint and the changes exhibit spatiotemporal smoothness while allowing for possible heterogeneous behaviors. To that end, we propose Bayesian models that rely on and expand upon building blocks in circular and spatial statistics by exploiting suitable transformation based on the polar coordinates for circular data. Our models also account for spatial correlation across locations in the simplex and the heterogeneous patterns via mixture modeling. We describe some properties of the models and model fitting via MCMC techniques. Our models and methods are illustrated via a thorough simulation study, and applied to an analysis of movements and trends of income categories using the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act data.
Exploring teacher quality: international perspectives

This article is a commentary on the seven articles in this special issue of EJTE on teacher quality from international perspectives. In the article, Marilyn Cochran-Smith points to differences as w...
Selenium-associated decrease of mir-216a and mir-217 expression in placenta and their associations with neurobehavioral development at birth: a genome-wide study of two U.S. birth cohorts

Background: As an essential micronutrient, selenium plays a vital role in fetal development. MicroRNA expression modification is a potential mechanism linking dietary exposures and fetal neurobehav...
Effect of vacancy defects on the thermal transport of β-Ga2O3

We employ first-principles modeling alongside atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the impact of oxygen vacancy defects on the thermal transport of β-Ga2O3. Our predictions of th...
Beyond Becker: Training in Imperfect Labour Markets

In this paper, the authors survey noncompetitive theories of training. With competitive labor markets, firms never pay for investments in general training, whereas when labor markets are imperfect, firm-sponsored training arises as an equilibrium phenomenon. The authors discuss a variety of evidence that supports the predictions of noncompetitive theories and they draw some tentative policy conclusions from these models.
Prioritizing regular demand while reserving capacity for emergency demand

Abstract This research is motivated by the capacity allocation problem at a major provider of customized products to the oil and gas drilling industry. We formulate a finite-horizon, discrete-time, dynamic programming model in which a firm decides how to reserve capacity for emergency demand and how to prioritize two classes of regular demand. While regular demand can be backlogged, emergency demand will be lost if not fulfilled within the period of its arrival. Since backlogging cost accumulates over time, we find it optimal for the firm to adopt a dynamic prioritization policy that evaluates the priorities of different classes of regular demand every period. The optimal prioritization involves metrics that measure backlogging losses from various perspectives. We fully characterize the firm’s optimal prioritization and reservation policy. Those characterizations shed light on managerial insights.
Non-self-dual nonlinear gravitons

Penrose has given a twistor description of all self-dual complex Riemannian space-times. We modify his construction to characterize all complex Riemannian space-times and all complex teleparallel space-times. This construction may be useful in finding non-self-dual solutions to the gravitational field equations (Einstein's or otherwise) without or with sources. It may also lead to a nonperturbative method for computing path integrals. Whereas Penrose shows that a self-dual space-time may be specified by a deformation of projective twistor space (the set of α planes in complex Minkowski space), we find that a Riemannian or teleparallel space-time may be described by a deformation of projective ambitwistor space (the set of null geodesics in complex Minkowski space).
SCRIBE: self-organized contention and routing in intelligent broadcast environments

Large-scale sensor networks (LSSNs) are systems with a very large number of networkable sensors deployed randomly over an extended environment, rendering it observable. These randomly deployed networks need no pre-design and configure themselves through a process of self- organization. The purpose of our research is to consider how reliable, robust and scalable location-addressed communication can be assured in LSSN systems built from large numbers of inexpensive and unreliable nodes with limited capabilities using only broadcast communication. We present viable broadcast-based protocols for channel access and network organization. We focus on the situation where the transmission radius of individual nodes is much smaller than the size of the system, so that most messages need a large number of "hops" to reach their destination. In view of this, and given the unreliable nature of the nodes, we consider whether an inherently redundant intelligent broadcast scheme can provide sufficient message reliability. This bottom-up approach to communication is shown to provide reliable communication at the system level and to outperform more complex model-based approaches.
House of Security: Locale, Roles and Resources for Ensuring Information Security

In this paper we redefine information security by extending its definition in three salient avenues: locale (beyond the boundary of an enterprise to include partner organizations), role (beyond the information custodians' view to include information consumers' and managers' views), and resource (beyond technical dimensions to include managerial dimensions). Based on our definition, we develop a model of information security, which we call the House of Security. This model has eight constructs, Vulnerability, Accessibility, Confidentiality, IT Resources for Security, Financial Resources for Security, Business Strategy for Security, Security Policy and Procedures, and Security Culture. We have developed a questionnaire to measure the assessment and importance of information security along these eight aspects. The questionnaire covers multiple locales and questionnaire respondents cover multiple roles. Data collection is currently in process. Results from our analysis of the collected data will be ready for presentation at the conference.
The Abundances of Deuterium, Helium and Lithium Test and Constrain the Standard Model of Cosmology

The standard hot big bang model with input from the experimentally tested standard model of particle physics (e.g., three flavors of neutrinos) is remarkably successful in accounting for the abundances of the light elements D, 3 He, 4 He and 7 Li. Accurate observations of the abundances of these light elements, along with the means to extrapolate them to their primordial values, provide an invaluable tool for testing the predictions of the standard cosmological model and for constraining the baryon density of the Universe. The current data on the abundances of the light elements is reviewed and is supplemented by model independent and some model dependent (i.e. galactic chemical evolution models) estimates to derive their primordial values. The inferred primordial abundances are compared with the predictions of nucleosynthesis in the standard cosmological model to test the consistency of the model and to constrain the allowed range of the baryon-to-photon ratio (η). The preferred value of η = 4 × 10-10 points to a very low baryon density (Ω B ≲ 0.1) and strengthens the case for nonbaryonic dark matter.
Differential Activation of Dual Promoters Alters Dβ2 Germline Transcription during Thymocyte Development

Ag receptor genes are assembled through somatic rearrangements of V, D, and J gene segments. This process is directed in part by transcriptional enhancers and promoters positioned within each gene locus. Whereas enhancers coordinate reorganization of large chromatin stretches, promoters are predicted to facilitate the accessibility of proximal downstream gene segments. In TCR β locus, rearrangement initiates at two D-J cassettes, each of which exhibits transcriptional activity coincident with DJ rearrangement in CD4/CD8 double-negative pro-T cells. Consistent with a model of promoter-facilitated recombination, assembly of the DJβ1 cassette is dependent on a Dβ1 promoter (PDβ1) positioned immediately 5′ of the D. Assembly of DJβ2 proceeds independent from that of DJβ1, albeit with less efficiency. To gain insight into the mechanisms that selectively alter D usage, we have defined transcriptional regulation at Dβ2. We find that both DJβ cassettes generate germline messages in murine CD44+CD25− double-negative 1 cells. However, transcription of unrearranged DJβ2 initiates at multiple sites 400–550 bp downstream of the Dβ2. Unexpectedly, loci from which germline promoter activity has been deleted by DJ rearrangement redirect transcription to sites immediately 5′ of the new DJβ2 joint. Our analyses suggest that 3′-PDβ2 activity is largely controlled by NF-κB RelA, whereas 5′-PDβ2 activity directs germline transcription of DJβ2 joints from initiator elements 76 bp upstream of the Dβ2 5′ recombination signal sequence. The unique organization and timing of Dβ2 promoter activity are consistent with a model in which promoter placement selectively regulates the rearrangement potential of Dβ2 during TCR β locus assembly.
Controlling the Fragmentation Behavior of Stressed Glass

Inducing compressive surface stress profiles in brittle materials is a well-known approach for strengthening. The compressive stress inhibits crack initiation and propagation. The effect has been observed for tempered and ion-exchanged glasses,1, 2, 3, 4 and for oxide ceramics.5,6 While it is generally accepted that the magnitude of the stress and its depth determine the strength response, it has recently been demonstrated that the shape of the compressive stress profile can radically alter the strength distribution.7 For tempered glasses, the role of the internal tensile stress in causing fragmentation is well known,8 although it is not possible to predict the extent of fragmentation.9
Managers’ Audit Negotiation Judgments Before an Initial Public Offering

Auditor-client negotiations are a common and critical part of the financial reporting process, yet we know little about contextual factors that influence negotiation judgments from the manager’s perspective. Managers have incentives to act aggressively since outcomes often materially impact financial reports and managerial compensation. However, managers also have incentives to behave less aggressively since unresolved issues may result in audit delay, qualification or auditor resignation, all of which may damage firm and/or managerial reputation. These two opposing incentives are particularly prominent during the initial public offering (IPO) planning period when information asymmetry between managers and outsiders is arguably at its highest, and scrutiny from a variety of IPO monitors begins to heighten. We examine the impact of two pervasive IPO monitoring parties – auditors and audit committees – on the pre-negotiation judgments of 137 experienced CFO/controllers. Prior audit negotiations research suggests that a contentious past relationship with the auditor compels managers to be less aggressive, while a stronger audit committee curbs managerial opportunism. We thus expect that relative to other conditions, managers faced with a contentious past auditor relationship and a stronger audit committee will be least aggressive in an audit negotiation during the IPO planning period. To test our hypothesis, we use a 2 x 2 experimental factorial design with past auditor relationship (contentious or cooperative) and audit committee strength (stronger or weaker) manipulated between-subjects. The results support our expectations. Further, additional analysis indicates that these strong monitoring mechanisms have a sustained impact on managers’ judgments in the IPO offer year.