cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful Prospective Prediction of Type 1 Diabetes in Schoolchildren Through Multiple Defined Autoantibodies: An 8-year follow-up of the Washington State Diabetes Prediction Study

OBJECTIVE —Almost 90% of type 1 diabetes appears in individuals without a close family history. We sought to evaluate the best current predictive strategy, multiple defined autoantibodies, in a long-term prospective study in the general population. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —Autoantibodies to pancreatic islets (islet cell antibodies [ICAs]) and defined autoantibodies (d-aab) to human GAD, IA2/ICA512, and insulin were tested in 4,505 Washington schoolchildren. Eight years later, 3,000 (67%) subjects were recontacted, including 97% of subjects with any test >99th percentile. RESULTS —Six subjects developed diabetes (median interval 2.8 years), all from among the 12 individuals with multiple d-aab, representing 50% positive predictive value (95% CI 25–75%) and 100% sensitivity (58–100%). Among the others, diabetes occurred in 0 of 6 with one d-aab plus ICA, 0 of 26 with ICA only, 0 of 7 with one d-aab equaling the 99th percentile and another d-aab equaling the 97.5th percentile, 0 of 86 with one d-aab, and 0 of 2,863 with no d-aab or ICA. Adjusted for verification bias, multiple d-aab were 99.9% specific (99.86–99.93%). At this age, new d-aab seldom appeared. Once present, d-aab usually persisted regardless of disease progression, although less so for insulin autoantibodies. Insulin secretion by sequential glucose tolerance testing remained normal in four multiple d-aab subjects not developing diabetes. Of children developing diabetes, five of six (83%) would be included if HLA-DQ genotyping preceded antibody testing, but HLA-DQ did not explain outcomes among high-risk subjects, even when considered along with other genetic markers. CONCLUSIONS —Multiple d-aab were established by age 14 years and prospectively identified all schoolchildren who developed type 1 diabetes within 8 years.
Experimental transition probabilities and Stark broadening for singly-ionized bismuth.

Abstract Absolute strengths and Stark broadening parameters of the prominent (4200–6900 A) lines of Bi(II) have been measured in emission using a gas-driven shock tube. Thermodynamic and photometric variables were determined redundantly. Comparison of the experimental ⨍ values (accuracies of 27–50%) with literature data on the homologous structure sequence N(II), P(II) discloses systematic behavior similar to trends reported for the C(II), Si(II), Ge(II), Sn(II), and Pb(II) sequence. Parameters for Stark-effect broadening (accuracies of 25–30%) are compared with predictions of a semi-empirical model.
Community-Onset Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Antibiotic Use and the Cytotoxin Panton-Valentine Leukocidin during a Furunculosis Outbreak in Rural Alaska

Background. Community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CO-MRSA) reports are increasing, and infections often involve soft tissue. During a CO-MRSA skin infection outbreak in Alaska, we assessed risk factors for disease and whether a virulence factor, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), could account for the high rates of MRSA skin infection in this region. Methods. We conducted S. aureus surveillance in the outbreak region and a case-control study in 1 community, comparing 34 case patients with MRSA skin infection with 94 control subjects. An assessment of traditional saunas was performed. S. aureus isolates from regional surveillance were screened for PVL genes by use of polymerase chain reaction, and isolate relatedness was determined by use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results. Case patients received more antibiotic courses during the 12 months before the outbreak than did control subjects (median, 4 vs. 2 courses; P = .01) and were more likely to use MRSA-colonized saunas than were control subjects (44% vs. 13%; age-adjusted odds ratio, 4.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-12). The PVL genes were present in 110 (97%) of 113 MRSA isolates, compared with 0 of 81 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates (P<.001). The majority of MRSA isolates were closely related by PFGE. Conclusion. Selective antibiotic pressure for drug-resistant strains carrying PVL may have led to the emergence and spread of CO-MRSA in rural Alaska.
Influence of Pumice and Plant Roots on Substrate Physical Properties Over Time

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS.media, container capacity, air space, totalporosity, water holding capacity, water management. SUMMARY. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that either pumice or plant roots maintain air space (AS) and porosity over time, or renders substrates more resistant to shrinkage. Treatment design was a 3 · 2 factorial with three substrate types and either presence or absence of a plant. The three substrates were composed of douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) bark alone or amended with 15% or 30% (by volume) pumice. Substrates were packed in aluminum cores to facilitate measurement of physical properties with porometers at the conclusion of the experiment.Halfofthecoreswitheachofthethreesubstratetypeswerepackedwith a single plug of ‘Autumn Blush’ coreopsis (Coreopsis sp.) (Expt. 1) or ‘Blue Prince’ holly (Ilex ·meserveae) (Expt. 2). The remaining cores were maintained in the same production environment, but without a plant. Substrate physical properties were measured before the experiment and after 48 days for coreopsis plants and 382 days for holly. Both experiments had relatively similar responses despite using different crops and production times. Summarizing in general overall treatments, AS decreased, container capacity (CC) and total porosity (TP) increased, and bulk density remained constant over time. The presence of a plant in the core tended to exacerbate the decrease in AS and the increase in core capacity. Shrinkage was decreased by the presence of a plant, but only minimally.
Maternal Childhood Adversity, Prepregnancy Obesity, and Gestational Weight Gain.

Introduction Growing evidence suggests that exposure to childhood adversity may influence obesity across the life course. High maternal weight complicates pregnancy and increases the risk of child obesity. This study examined the association between maternal childhood adversity and pregnancy-related weight in a large U.S. sample. Methods Data on 6,199 pregnancies from 2,873 women followed from 1979 to 2012 by the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 were analyzed in 2014. Associations between three adversity exposures before age 18 years (history of physical abuse, alcohol problems, or mental illness in the household) and two maternal weight outcomes (prepregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain) were modeled separately using survey-adjusted log-binomial models. Results After adjusting for race/ethnicity and early-life socioeconomic factors, childhood physical abuse was associated with a 60% increase in the risk of prepregnancy obesity (adjusted risk ratio=1.6, 95% CI=1.1, 2.2). Household alcohol abuse was associated with a 30% increase in prepregnancy obesity (adjusted risk ratio=1.3, 95% CI=1.0, 1.7), as was household mental illness (adjusted risk ratio=1.3, 95% CI=0.8, 1.9), but the mental illness exposure was not significant. Physical abuse and household alcohol abuse were associated with a significant 20% increase in the risk of excessive gestational weight gain; mental illness was not. Conclusions Adversity in early life may affect maternal weight before and during pregnancy. Screening and treating women of reproductive age for childhood adversity and its negative effects could significantly reduce obesity-related health outcomes for women and their children.
Effect of downstaging without complete pathologic response after neoadjuvant treatment on cancer outcomes for cIII and cII rectal cancers

4108 Background: Neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery is standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. The impact of downstaging on prognosis when pathologic complete response (pCR...
Cigarette advertising and magazine coverage of the hazards of smoking. A statistical analysis.

Abstract Background. Health professionals have charged that magazines that depend on revenues from cigarette advertising are less likely to publish articles on the dangers of smoking for fear of offending cigarette manufacturers. Special concern has focused on magazines directed to women. Restricted coverage of smoking hazards could lead readers to underestimate the risks of smoking in relation to other health risks. Methods. Using logistic-regression analysis of a sample of 99 U.S. magazines published during 25 years (1959 through 1969 and 1973 through 1986), we analyzed the probability that the magazines would publish articles on the risks of smoking in relation to whether they carried advertisements for cigarettes and in relation to the proportion of their advertising revenues derived from cigarette advertisements. We controlled for other factors that might influence coverage. Results. The probability of publishing an article on the risks of smoking in a given year was 11.9 percent for magazines that d...
"Sentiments of a private nature": a comment on Ann Laura Stoler's "Tense and Tender Ties.".

In the closing months of 1918, Haitian government officials grew impatient with what seemed to them the obvious "injustice" then being perpetrated against their nation by "the powerful Republic of the United States." For over three years, they had attempted to maintain some semblance of independent action in the face of an uninvited military occupation replete with what one Haitian diplomat termed "imperious injunctions and another named more baldly "the vexatious and unfair tyranny of American officials."' When Louis Borno, then Haiti's minister of finance, authorized an appeal to Washington for redress of those grievances, he sought to give U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing and President Woodrow Wilson a way to rise above such injustice, a way to square the occupation with the president's rhetoric about fairness for small nations. "With the American Government's help," he sought to assure them, "the Haitian people are firmly resolved to carry out . .. all the reforms that progress demands." But they would do so, he insisted, "through that most cordial cooperation . . . which proceeds on joint examinations and not on imperative commands notified without regard to national dignity and prompted perhaps by sentiments of a private nature, in which the higher interests of the two countries are given no consideration. 2 The private sentiments that "perhaps" prompted U.S. officials' imperious behavior were amply in evidence in occupied Haiti, both before and after Borno's complaint. They were in evidence in the summer of 1915, when a U.S. military officer rained down a shower of condescension on the revolutionary leader and heir apparent to the
Thin Film Solar Cells

Thin-film solar cell technology has settled on three semiconductors: CdTe, CuInSe2 and a-Si:H. Cells with these materials have reached efficiencies above 10%. The commercial adoption of these materials signifies their readiness for near-term applications. Efficiency will remain the technology driver for large-scale, utility applications.
A Computational and Experimental Analysis of Spacecraft Propellant Tanks Implemented with Flexible Diaphragms

Oscillating liquid propellant within a spacecraft’s propellant tank is of concern when considering the attitude stability of the vehicle. As the oscillating liquid comes into contact with the sidewalls of the propellant tank, it releases small amounts of kinetic energy on the molecular level. The totality of this energy dissipation produces small forces and torques on the sidewalls of the tank resulting from the “fuel slosh”; namely the oscillating movement of liquid propellant taking place on the surface of the liquid. Fuel slosh, if not properly mitigated, has the ability to threaten the spacecraft’s attitude control system (ACS) and compromise the validity of the spacecraft. Thus, initial spacecraft design requirements incorporate propellant management devices (PMD’s) such as diaphragms into the propellant tanks. The diaphragms couple to the surface of the liquid and dampen the fuel slosh as it is taking place. Current research is directed at computationally modeling spherical propellant tanks implemented with an ATK flexible diaphragm. Upon acquiring sufficient and acceptable results from computational tests, similar models are created for experimental testing in the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Fuel Slosh Test Facility. Using the single axis linear actuator and fuel tank set-up in the test facility, experimental simulations are conducted with the intent to replicate the respective computational simulations. The research investigation aims at accurately correlating the results of the computational simulations with the results of the experimental tests. Similar results between the two types of simulations would add validity to computational methods becoming the primary means for modeling fuel slosh in initial spacecraft design. Additionally, by collecting data from a wide range of tests, the ERAU fuel slosh database can be populated with new results and correlations can be made from past and current simulations to better understand fuel slosh and its adverse effects on spacecraft.
Nafion Membranes Reinforced with Ceria-Coated Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes for Improved Mechanical and Chemical Durability in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

A composite membrane consisting of a Nafion proton exchange ionomer and ceria-coated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was prepared by a solution-casting method. Reinforcement due to the presence of MWCNTs provides increased mechanical strength to the membrane, and the addition of ceria improves the membrane’s chemical durability by scavenging free radicals. The ceria coating also insulates the MWCNTs, which helps to preserve the membrane’s low electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction. The morphology and loading of the CeO2/MWCNT precursor were verified using transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical and chemical durability of the synthesized composite [CeO2/MWCNT]/Nafion membranes was compared with that of pure Nafion membranes. Composite membranes demonstrated improved tensile strength and dimensional stability during hydration, without significantly affecting electronic or ionic conductivity, and maintain equivalent polarization performance in a...
IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. "Frog Sign" in Atrioventricular Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia.

An 83-year-old man was evaluated for frequent palpitations. During an episode, examination of the neck revealed rapid and regular pulsations with bulging of the internal jugular veins, shown in a video. A 12-lead electrocardiogram showed a regular, narrow-complex tachycardia.
The research on training continuably developmental person of ability in common university

Speeding up the changing of ideas and that of PE teaching patterns are the keys of training continuably developmental person of ability in common university. When construct the PE teaching system,three fundamental point s(qual ity teaching, lifelong teaching, personality teaching)and three changes of the teaching patter ns(f rom competition to health, from PE teaching to PE culture teaching, from imparting to learning)must be embodied.Finally the corresponding methods of training continuably developmental person of ability are put forward.
Paraganglioma of the pancreas: literature review and case report

Extraadrenal paragangliomas are very rare tumors arising from cells derived from the neural crest. These tumors are encountered only as case reports, and as a result, little is known of their natural history. We present a case of pancreatic paraganglioma and review all previously reported cases.
Complications of neonatal intensive care.

This review provides a catalogue of complications so that they may be quickly recognized and appropriately managed, and gives estimates as to the frequency of complications so that reasonable judgments about risks can be made.
Cenozoic carbon cycle imbalances and a variable weathering feedback

Abstract The long-term stability of Earth's climate and the recovery of the ocean–atmosphere system after carbon cycle perturbations are often attributed to a stabilizing negative feedback between silicate weathering and climate. However, evidence for the operation of this feedback over million-year timescales and in response to tectonic and long-term climatic change remains scarce. For example, the past 50 million years of the Cenozoic Era are characterized by long-term cooling and declining atmospheric CO2 ( p CO 2 ). During this interval, constant or decreasing carbon fluxes from the solid Earth to the atmosphere suggest that stable or decreasing weathering fluxes are needed to balance the carbon cycle. In contrast, marine isotopic proxies of weathering (i.e., 87Sr/86Sr, δ 7 Li , and 187Os/188Os) are interpreted to reflect increasing weathering fluxes. Here, we evaluate the existence of a negative feedback by reconstructing the imbalance in the carbon cycle during the Cenozoic using the surface inventories of carbon and alkalinity. Only a sustained 0.25–0.5% increase in silicate weathering is necessary to explain the long-term decline in p CO 2 over the Cenozoic. We propose that the long-term decrease in p CO 2 is due to an increase in the strength of the silicate weathering feedback (i.e., the constant of proportionality between the silicate weathering flux and climate), rather than an increase in the weathering flux. This increase in the feedback strength, which mirrors the marine isotope proxies, occurs as transient, 1 million year timescales remains invariant to match the long-term inputs of carbon. Over the Cenozoic, this results in stable long-term weathering fluxes even as p CO 2 decreases. We attribute increasing feedback strength to a change in the type and reactivity of rock in the weathering zone, which collectively has increased the reactivity of the surface of the Earth. Increasing feedback strength through the Cenozoic reconciles mass balance in the carbon cycle with the marine isotopic proxies of weathering and may explain why there are periods when the Earth system is more sensitive to carbon cycle perturbations.
A balanced approach for stable hips in children with cerebral palsy: a combination of moderate VDRO and pelvic osteotomy

Background Hip reconstructive surgery in cerebral palsy (CP) patients necessitates either femoral varus derotational osteotomy (VDRO) or pelvic osteotomy, or both. The purpose of this study is to review the results of a moderate varisation [planned neck shaft angle (NSA) of 130°] in combination with pelvic osteotomy for a consecutive series of patients.
Slow rhythms and sleep spindles in early infancy.

Abstract Objective To investigate the slow rhythm and its relationship to spindling in early infancy. Methods We analyzed sleep MEG recordings containing sleep spindles, taken from 7 normal, healthy subjects at conceptional age 46–63 weeks in 21 sessions. Results We show that the sleep MEG in early infancy contains a slow rhythm, centered at approximately 0.2 Hz, which showed a striking association with spindling. The slow rhythm grouped sleep spindles, which were clock-like with a recurrence rate of approximately 0.1 Hz. Conclusions The association of the 0.2 Hz oscillation and low delta rhythms with spindling was so strong as to suggest that they may play a critical role during brain development in the genesis of sleep spindles. Significance Infant brain rhythms exhibit relatively simple, regular behavior, allowing the relationships between them to be more easily discerned.
On-chip integrable spectrally-uniform quantum dot single photon emitter array with multifunctional dielectric light manipulation elements: Towards quantum information processing

We report on a new paradigm of on-chip integrated nanophotonic systems comprising regular arrays of spectrally uniform mesa-top single quantum dot (MTSQD) single photon sources (SPS) and dielectric building block based multifunctional light manipulating passive elements aimed at optical quantum information processing.
Safety and Efficacy of Bortezomib (Velcade) for the Treatment of Relapsed Classical Hodgkin's Disease.

Abstract The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has demonstrated clinical activity in patients with multiple myeloma and different types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Its activity in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) is unknown. We have recently reported that bortezomib had a significant activity against HD-derived cell lines in vitro (Zheng et al, Clin Cancer Res 2004), In four HD-derived cell lines, bortezomib induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose and time dependent manner, irrespective of IkB gene mutations. Furthermore, bortezomib enhanced the activity of chemotherapy and TRAIL in these cell lines. Based on these encouraging preclinical results, we initiated a pilot study of single agent bortezomib in patients with relapsed classical HD. Eligibility: (1) relapsed classical HD with a measurable disease (2) At least 2 prior treatment regimens; (3) Patients with prior autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) are eligible (4) platelet counts > 50,000/uL and ANC counts of > 1,500/uL (5) no HIV infection, or CNS involvement with HD, (6) bilirubin
Age frequency, growth, mortality and PAH levels of roughtongue bass, Pronotogrammus martinicensis, following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Age, growth, mortality, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in roughtongue bass (Pronotogrammus martinicensis) were examined in the northern Gulf of Mexico following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Fish (N = 1090) were collected from September 2014 to July 2015 from the Alabama Alps (54 km from the spill site) and Roughtongue Reef (111 km from the spill site). Sites were dominated by the 2010 year-class. Growth rates were significantly lower for fish from Alabama Alps compared to Roughtongue Reef (p < 0.001) and likely linked to proximity of the Mississippi River discharge. Mean total PAH ± SD was 50 ± 52.6 and ranged from 0 to 220 ppb. These PAH levels were below a 300-ppb minimum effect level and not significantly different between sites. The dominant 2010 year-class, low PAH levels, and similar growth rates to pre-spill measures indicated that the Deepwater Horizon oil spill had little effect on roughtongue bass.
Presentation, Diagnosis, and Nonsurgical Treatment Options of the Anterior Tibial Tendon, Posterior Tibial Tendon, Peroneals, and Achilles

Disorders of the anterior tibial tendon (ATT) are rare, and relatively few series have been described in the literature. Ruptures of the ATT are more common than tendinopathies of the ATT. For those patients with a tendinopathy, initial treatment may include activity and shoe-wear modifications.
Agreement of Functional Behavioral Assessment and Analysis Methods with Students with EBD

Recent years have seen a steady increase in empirical studies of the application of functional behavioral assessment procedures with students with EBD. However, many questions remain concerning eff...
THE ROLE OF SERVICE AGENT , SERVICE QUALITY , AND USER SATISFACTION IN SELF -SERVICE TECHNOLOGY

This paper seeks to answer two questions: (1) Do consumers perceive the four service quality dimensions (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy) differently when interacting with Self-Service Technologies (SSTs) and human agents? and (2) How do these four dimensions affect consumers’ satisfaction when using SSTs versus using human agents? Based on an extensive literature review, we propose that consumers will perceive higher service quality from human agents compared to from SSTs. Additionally, we propose that higher service quality will have a positive impact on consumer satisfaction. We tested our propositions using experimental data collected from 181 subjects. The results indicated that consumers perceived higher levels of reliability, assurance, and empathy from human agents compared to SSTs, but did not perceive a significant difference in responsiveness. Furthermore, the service quality dimensions affected consumer satisfaction differently when receiving service from human agents versus SSTs. This study raises important implications for research and practice.
Innovators and Imitators in Product-Market Competition and Accounting Reporting

In this study, we examine firms' investments in explorative initiatives and their choices of capitalization method in a product-market competition setting. Since the capitalization of exploration expenditures may contain information on whether a firm's exploration investment is successful, financial reports may reveal important information to competitors, and thus may have real consequences in product-market competition. In our paper, we identify two driving forces that induce firms to choose different capitalization methods: an information-spillover effect and a preempting effect. We also find that enforcing an accounting method that requires firms to capitalize expenditures of only successful explorations may increase or decrease innovation investments. Our study sheds light on the impact that the recognition of exploratory success has on firms' exploration investments.
Preventing Chronic Critical Illness and Rehospitalization: A Focus on Sepsis

An estimated 14 million patients survive sepsis hospitalization each year. However, survivors commonly experience new functional disability, cognitive impairment, and a high rate of further medical setbacks, including hospital readmission and late death. One in 5 older survivors has a potentially preventable hospital admission with in 90 days, most commonly for infection. Treatment should focus on preventing the common sequelae of critical illness during the initial hospitalization, tailoring medical care to minimize the risk for common and potentially preventable causes of hospital readmission, and promoting functional recovery.
Integrable Nonlocal PT Symmetric and Reverse Space-Time Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

In this chapter a review of recent advances related to the emerging field of integrable nonlocal nonlinear PT symmetric, reverse space-time and reverse time only equations is presented. Starting from the well-known AKNS theory, it is shown how to obtain a host of nonlocal integrable equations previously discovered by the authors. Included are the nonlocal PT symmetric (1 + 1)D nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation and its multi-component generalization; the reverse space-time and reverse time only NLS equations along with their vector versions. The inverse scattering transform associated with the nonlocal NLS hierarchy is briefly summarized and one soliton solutions corresponding to each of the above case are presented. The discrete nonlocal PT symmetric, reverse space-time and reverse time only NLS equations are also discussed. Starting from the Ablowitz-Ladik scattering problem, it is shown that all these discrete models arise from simple symmetry reductions.
An audit of supplemental oxygen prescribing practices in an inpatient setting and its financial burden.

Introduction: Health care cost is 17.6% of GDP in the USA and 8%, is lost due to unnecessary services. In a resource-limited world, significant emphasis should be on prudent and practical use without wastage. Supplemental oxygen is very frequently prescribed, improperly monitored and poorly titrated, especially in the inpatient setting. Overuse of supplemental oxygen causes airway dryness and potential harm in addition to being an added financial burden. Evidence on how frequently supplemental oxygen is overprescribed and insufficiently monitored in an underserved community is lacking. Methods: 1161 inpatients in a Brooklyn state hospital were reviewed prospectively and patients on supplemental oxygen via nasal cannula were identified. Patients on supplemental oxygen were examined and electronic medical records were reviewed for an indication of use(Objectively and subjectively). Results: Of all 1161 patients reviewed, 121 (10.4%) were on supplemental oxygen. Among the 121 patients, only 23 (19%) had a clear indication for oxygen supplementation. Among the 121 patients on supplemental oxygen 64 (53%) had no active order for supplementation while 69 (57%) had no continuous bedside pulse oximetry monitoring. The mean dose of supplemental oxygen was 2.5 L/min. Conclusion: In our hospital, 1 in 10 inpatients are on supplemental oxygen and 80% of oxygen supplementation is without a clear indication. For an average use of 2.5 liters/min of supplemental oxygen for 24 hours the projected financial implication is to the tune of $250. These issues can be addressed and potentially decreased by education of healthcare professionals as well as improved auditing of oxygen supplementation.
Epidemiology of insufficient sleep and poor sleep quality

Abstract Insufficient sleep duration and poor sleep quality have emerged as key behavioral risk factors for cardiometabolic disease risk, daytime functioning deficits, and other adverse outcomes, including mortality. Understanding the degree to which these exist in the population and how this prevalence differs based on demographic and other characteristics can provide context for the scope of the problem as it affects the population. Insufficient sleep is common, affecting about 1/3 of the general population. In addition, sleep complaints and symptoms – including nonrestorative sleep, difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, daytime sleepiness, and snoring – are also common in the general population. Further, factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status can impact the prevalence of sleep problems.
Graph-based optimization approaches for machine learning, uncertainty quantification and networks

Abstract Recently, the graphical framework, which provides information about the connections between pieces of data via a similarity graph, has become a popular setting for problems involving high dimensional data. Moreover, some of the best performing graph-based methods consist of solving variational problems on graphs. In this chapter, we describe several recent graph-based optimization algorithms for applications such as data classification, uncertainty quantification and the social sciences. In particular, the data classification procedures we consider are derived using optimization techniques, including those involving the Ginzburg–Landau functional, the Merriman–Bence–Osher (MBO) scheme and total variation. Approaches to dealing with class size constraints are also included. Moreover, the uncertainty quantification algorithms we describe involve a Bayesian approach to uncertainty quantification for graph-based classification, using the posterior distribution on the classification labels. Finally, the last part of the chapter is dedicated to network analysis, which connects modularity optimization with graph cuts and total variation. Overall, the procedures detailed in this chapter form a powerful set of tools to be utilized for many applications and by many communities.
Stereoselective hydrogenation of 11-hexadecyne-l-ol on supported copper catalysts

Hydrogenation of 11-hexadecyne-l-ol on 5–30 % copper catalysts supported on γ-A12O3 and MgCO3 results incis-11-hexadecyne-1-ol in 100 % yield. Hydrogenation does not occur on 5–30 % Cu/ZnO catalysts. The difference in behavior of the catalysts is connected with the valent state of copper on the surface and different hydrogen chemisorption.
Modulation of the transcriptional activation functions of estrogen receptor and androgen receptor by cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1)

2321 Estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) play pivotal roles in the cancer development in hormone-responsive tissues including breast and prostate. The transcriptional potency of these steroid hormone receptors is dictated by a combinatorial action of transcriptional coactivators and corepressors, most of which exert their regulatory functions at the stage of transcriptional initiation. We have recently discovered that cofactor of BRCA1 (COBRA1), a component of the four-subunit negative elongation factor (NELF), interacts with estrogen receptor α (ERα). Together with the other subunits of NELF, COBRA1 inhibits estrogen-dependent transcription by stalling RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) during transcription elongation. This new level of regulation may constitute part of the mechanisms that control the duration and magnitude of a rapid and reversible hormonal response. As an extension of the original study, we now demonstrate that, in addition to ERα, COBRA1 is also physically associated with androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor B (PR B), and glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Among these steroid hormone receptors, AR appears to have the highest binding affinity for COBRA1. Domain-mapping studies suggest that the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of AR interacts with multiple regions of COBRA1. Reduction of COBRA1 level by siRNA significantly increases androgen-dependent transcription in an MMTV-LTR reporter assay. We also evaluated the impact of COBRA1 on the transcription of several endogenous androgen-responsive genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Interestingly, both androgen-dependent and -independent transcription of these genes are augmented when COBRA1 level is reduced by siRNA. Preliminary data indicate that COBRA1 may modulate AR-mediated transcription by influencing its transcriptional activity as well as protein abundance. The biological significance of the COBRA1-mediated transcriptional repression in hormone-responsive tissues is under active investigation.
Strengthening the institution-behavior link in the SES Framework to facilitate comparative analysis of environmental public goods dilemmas

Many great environmental challenges take the form of environmental public goods dilemmas, including climate change, water quality deterioration and biodiversity loss. There is a great need for comparative analysis of these challenges to inform the design of governance institutions for sustainable resource management. The Social-ecological Systems (SES) framework provides a foundational structure for analyzing the sustainability of complex, multi-scale SES. However, in application, the SES framework has struggled to facilitate analysis of SES beyond common-pool resource regimes and the emergence of community-based collective action governance institutions. In this paper, I propose to expand the focus of the SES framework on the link between institution and behavior in order to facilitate the application of the SES Framework to environmental public goods dilemmas and the study of diverse institutional arrangements. First, I examine attributes of environmental public goods dilemmas that differentiate them from CPR regimes: the lack of a behavior-reinforcing link, multi-actor and multi-resource system dynamics, higher levels of uncertainty and complexity, and lack of built-in social capital. Then I suggest that these same attributes increase the need to study a broader suite of governance institutions in these systems. I propose that one way to address both of these challenges to the application of the SES framework is to increase the focus on the institution-behavior link within the framework by incorporating variables to investigate the psychological drivers of individual behavior and decision-making. I link the attributes of environmental public goods with the need for an increased focus on actor decision making and behavior. Then I explore psychological and behavioral concepts that show potential to improve our understanding of system dynamics within environmental public goods dilemmas. Finally, I propose revisions to the SES Framework to facilitate this increased focus on the institution-behavior link. Incorporating psychological and behavioral theory into the SES framework to strengthen the institution-behavior link is a promising approach to allow for comparative study of institutional interventions for environmental public goods. Ultimately, a better understanding of which institutions promote behavior change within and across environmental public goods regimes can improve the sustainability of these systems.so
Field Preparation: Philological, Practical, and Psychological

Having decided to undertake descriptive linguistic fieldwork, the researcher must tackle the complex preparations necessary for the trip. First, in addition to general typological study (see Chapter 11), a fieldworker must read materials specific to the language and culture being investigated. Second, a fieldworker must know what to expect from the field situation and must consider how his or her individual personality will respond to and engage with the pressures of the field. Third, a fieldworker must deal with practical arrangements before leaving for the field, including seeking funding, making contacts with a community of speakers, and purchasing and learning to use the right equipment. Finally, the fieldworker must obtain appropriate permissions from local authorities, be they from the fieldworker’s home institution, funding agencies, and/or central, local, or tribal governments at the field site.
Work–family conflict, relational turbulence mechanisms, conflict tactics and marital satisfaction*

This study examined how work–family conflict (WFC) is associated with mechanisms of relational turbulence, conflict tactics, and marital satisfaction. Six hundred and thirty-three married workers c...
PostTraumatic Stress Symptoms And Beliefs Regarding Parenting And Children's Development Among Trauma-Exposed Parents.

Posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) have been associated with increased risk for parenting difficulties; however, cognitive factors related to parenting, such as parenting perceptions and beliefs regarding children's development, remain unexplored. This is problematic as negative and unrealistic beliefs regarding parenthood and children may be a key mechanism by which PTSS increases vulnerability for adverse parenting outcomes. The aims of the study were to examine whether PTSS and the specific posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters were related to more negative parenting perceptions and to more unrealistic beliefs regarding children's development among 212 trauma-exposed parents (Mage = 36.68 SD = 7.38; 60.9% female; 54.3% White). Higher levels of PTSS corresponded with more negative parenting perceptions and more unrealistic expectations of children. Intrusion, avoidance, and negative alterations in cognitions and mood were not associated with parenting perceptions. Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity were related to more negative parenting-related beliefs regarding one's child and oneself. PTSS, particularly trauma-related changes in arousal and reactivity symptoms, may be relevant in understanding perceptions of parenthood and beliefs regarding children's development. These symptoms may be targeted via trauma-focused treatments to increase adaptive parenting outcomes for parents who have experienced trauma.
Developmental trajectories of teacher-student relationships and longitudinal associations with children's conduct problems from Grades 1 to 12.

Abstract This study examined the development and continuity of teacher-student relationship quality across the formal schooling years (Grades 1 to 12) and investigated how variations (i.e., differential trajectories) in teacher-student relationship quality were longitudinally associated with children's conduct problems across childhood and adolescence. Participants consisted of 784 students (Mage = 6.57 in Grade 1; 47% girls, 37.4% Latino or Hispanic, 34.1% European American, and 23.2% African American) who were identified as being academically at risk (i.e., had low literacy scores at school entry). Distinct subgroups of children were identified based on variations in their teacher-student warmth and conflict trajectories, and patterns of continuity and change were also assessed across the transition to middle school. The findings provided insights into how the duration, magnitude, and timing of teacher-student relationship quality were associated with children's conduct problems. More specifically, relationships characterized by early-onset deficits, chronic and persistent relationship difficulties, or adolescent-onset conflict were associated with distinct patterns of conduct problems throughout childhood and adolescence.
SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly inactivated at high temperature.

In the absence of a vaccine, preventing the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the primary means to reduce the impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Multiple studies have reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genetic material on surfaces suggesting that fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is feasible. High temperature inactivation of virus has been previously suggested, but not shown. In the present study, we investigated the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinically relevant matrix dried onto stainless steel at a high temperature. The results show that at 54.5 °C, the virus half-life was 10.8 ± 3.0 min and the time for a 90% decrease in infectivity was 35.4 ± 9.0 min. These findings suggest that in instances where the environment can reach temperatures of at least 54.5 °C, such as in vehicle interior cabins when parked in warmer ambient air, that the potential for exposure to infectious virus on surfaces could be decreased substantially in under an hour.
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Adult HIV-Infected Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A 5-year Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Adverse effects following long-term use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), such as metabolic syndromes (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), have been reported. We determined whether patients with controlled pre-existing diabetes mellitus (DM) undergoing HAART are at high risk of long-term adverse effects, compared with HIV-infected patients without DM. In this prospective cohort study that recruited 172 HIV-infected patients, patients were followed up every six months for five years. Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D), a CVD risk score for HAART, and lab data, were compared between patients with controlled DM and non-DM patients matched on age and gender. HAART was less effective for HIV-infected patients with DM, with a higher plasma HIV RNA load in plasma viral load (PVL) testing (r=0.4868, P=0.0216) since the third year of follow-up. HAART increased the risk of CVDs for DM patients, with higher D:A:D (R) (r=0.1636, P=0.0336) and D:A:D (F) (r=0.1883, P=0.0142) scores at fifth year. DM patients presented with higher risk of advanced stages CKD (GFR
Key Principles for Nutritional Intervention

This chapter provides the basic principles behind when nutritional support should be started and how much should be given. It discusses the evidence for nutritional intervention, when it should be started in relation to nutritional status and body store levels, and the consequences of depletion and risks of overenthusiastic feeding.
Securing Java RMI-based distributed applications

Both Java RMI and Jini use a proxy-based architecture. In this architecture, a client interacts with a service through a proxy, which is code downloaded from a directory and installed on the client's machine. An attacker who controls the communication channels or the directory may compromise the confidentiality and integrity of the client and of the service. We present a security architecture that protects both clients and services in distributed proxy-based computing. In this architecture, the service registers a signed authentication proxy with the directory. The client, after downloading a signed authentication proxy from the directory, verifies the signature on the proxy, authenticates itself to the service through the proxy, and receives a dedicated session proxy for the service over a secure channel. We also describe a Java-based toolkit that implements the security architecture. This toolkit enables developers to add security to Java RMI-based applications with minimal implementation effort.
Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease among U.S. military veterans.

The Department of Veterans Affairs maintains a computerized patient treatment file that contains all records from veterans treated as inpatients in VA hospitals distributed throughout the United States. Using the patient treatment files from 1986 to 1989, the present study takes advantage of this large national data set to examine demographic and geographic associations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease tended to affect predominantly female, white, and younger veterans, these trends being more marked in cases of Crohn's disease than ulcerative colitis. Hospital discharges secondary to both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis appeared to be more frequent in veterans from northern than southern parts of the United States, but did not show a seasonal variation different from the general pattern of all other diagnoses. The results in veterans confirm observations made in other studies and suggest that inflammatory bowel disease among different populations is modulated by similar pathophysiologic mechanisms and environmental risk factors.
Lead neuropathy and sickle cell disease.

Four cases of lead neuropathy in children with hemoglobin S-S or S-C disease are reported. Neuropathy is a rare manifestation of lead poisoning in children, and only ten other cases have been well documented in the pediatric literature. The last previous case report of lead neuropathy was also in a child with hemoglobin S-S disease. The neuropathy seen in the children with sickle cell disease was clinically similar to that seen in the previously reported cases in nonsicklers, but differed in both groups from that usually seen in adult cases. It is, therefore, postulated that children with sickle cell disease have an increased risk of developing neuropathy with exposure to lead. The exact mechanism for this association remains unknown, but in children with sickle cell disease presenting with symptoms or signs of peripheral weakness, the possibility of lead poisoning must be considered.
Popular, controversial, neglected, and rejected adolescent: Contrasts of social competence and achievement differences

Using a relatively well established sociometric classification procedure (Coie, Dodge, & Coppotelli, Developmental Psychology , 18: 557–570, 1982), social competence and achievement differences among 331 popular, controversial, neglected, or rejected adolescents in Grades 6-10 were investigated. Comparisons were made from teachers' and self-report judgments of social skills, behavior problems, and academic achievement. Significant differences and trends in the data were consistent with past studies that have indicated that popular children display more socially skilled behaviors and fewer behavior problems than rejected children. No differences in teacher-rated social skills, problem behaviors, or academic achievement were found between popular, controversial, and neglected groups.
Implementations of the Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation system at the Naval Oceanographic Office

The Naval Oceanographic Office uses the Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA) system to perform data assimilation for ocean modeling. Currently the system uses a 3D multivariate optimum interpolation (3D MVOI) algorithm to produce outputs of temperature, salinity, geopotential, and u/v velocity. NCODA is run in a standalone mode to support automated ocean data quality control (NCODA OcnQC) and to test software updates. NCODA is also coupled with the Regional/Global Navy Coastal Ocean Model (RNCOM/GNCOM). The RNCOM/NCODA system is being used as part of an Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) pre-operational project, that makes use of the Ensemble Transform (ET) and Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ET KF) applied to ensemble runs of the RNCOM. The ET KF is used to predict the posterior error covariances resulting from possible profile measurements. These results aid in predicting the impact of ocean observations on the future analysis, and thus allow the direction of limited assets to areas that will have the maximum gain (for applications such as ocean acoustics). A review of these systems will be given as well as examples of the metrics used for the RNCOM/NCODA system, ensemble modeling, and ASAP.