cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Software monitoring with bounded overhead

In this paper, we introduce the new technique of high-confidence software monitoring (HCSM), which allows one to perform software monitoring with bounded overhead and concomitantly achieve high confidence in the observed error rates. HCSM is formally grounded in the theory of supervisory control of finite-state automata: overhead is controlled, while maximizing confidence, by disabling interrupts generated by the events being monitored - and hence avoiding the overhead associated with processing these interrupts - for as short a time as possible under the constraint of a user-supplied target overhead Otarget. HCSM is a general technique for software monitoring in that HCSM-based instrumentation can be attached at any system interface or API. A generic controller implements the optimal control strategy described above. As a proof of concept, and as a practical framework for software monitoring, we have implemented HCSM-based monitoring for both bounds checking and memory leak detection. We have further conducted an extensive evaluation of HCSM's performance on several real-world applications, including the Lighttpd Web server, and a number of special-purpose micro-benchmarks. Our results demonstrate how confidence grows in a monotonically increasing fashion with the target overhead, and that tight confidence intervals can be obtained for each target-overhead level.
Large-scale randomization techniques

This paper looks at a collection of especially simple conventional cryptosystems that use a very large blocksize. One variation uses a single xor randomization followed by a single bit permutation. Tight upper and lower bounds are obtained on the number of bits of matching plaintext/ciphertext needed to break the systems. These results follow from two interesting combinatorial theorems. The cryptosystems are not practical because the number of bits above is about the same as the keysize. We can make the systems practical by introducing key-dependent pseudo-random numbers, though we then lose any proofs of the difficulty of cryptanalysis.
Tracheal occlusion stimulates cell cycle progression and type I cell differentiation in lungs of fetal rats

Fetal tracheal occlusion (TO) has been reported to stimulate lung growth but decreases number and maturation of type II cells, effects that vary with gestational age and duration of TO. We examined...
Italian, Bulgarian, and U.S. children's perceptions of gender-appropriateness of occupations.

(2000). Italian, Bulgarian, and U.S. Children's Perceptions of Gender-Appropriateness of Occupations. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 140, No. 5, pp. 661-663.
Recollections of K. Itô and Kyoto 1957/58

This paper recollects the author’s encounter with Ito in Princeton 1954 and their collaboration on diffusion process and their sample path.
Equilibrium and Compatibility

We can think of an elastic solid as a highly redundant framework — each particle is built-in to its neighbours. For such a framework, we expect to get some equations from considerations of equilibrium, but not as many as there are unknowns. The deficit is made up by compatibility conditions — statements that the deformed components must fit together. These latter conditions will relate the dimensions and hence the strains of the deformed components and in order to express them in terms of the same unknowns as the stresses (forces) we need to make use of the stress-strain relations as applied to each component separately.
How Prevalent Is the Negativity Effect in Consumer Environments

The negativity effect, or the greater weighing of negative as compared with equally extreme positive information in the formation of overall evaluations, is widely believed by media planners and appears to be a well-proven phenomenon in consumer psychology. Although this effect has been extensively documented under conditions of moderate to high processing involvement in the literature, its robustness in consumer environments may be overstated. Specifically, there are important differences between the experimental settings in which this effect has typically been obtained and marketplace conditions. For instance, subjects in past studies have typically evaluated unknown or hypothetical targets with the goal of forming an accurate impression. In the marketplace, consumers may be familiar with brands and likely to process brand-related information with a variety of other processing goals, such as impression and defense motivation. Using two experiments, this re-inquiry delineates conditions under which the negativity effect is likely to emerge and those under which it may be less likely to occur.
Human Resource Training and Development

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Conclusions 548 IDENTIFYING TRAINING NEEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549 Organ ization Analysis 549 Task Analysis 550 Person Analysis 552 Demographic Analysis 553 Conclusions 554 TRAINING OF RATERS 555 Conclusions 558 EVALUATING TRAINING PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 559 Conclusions 561 TRAINING IN AND ON OTHER CULTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 562 Conclusions 565 LEADERSHIP TRAINING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Self Regulation 567 Leader Match 571 Manager ial Role Motivation Tra in ing 572 Leader Member Exchange 572 Double-Loop Learning 573 Job S imulation 574 Conclusions 574 MAXIMIZING TRAINEE LEARNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 576 Conclusions 577 SUMMARy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
KIAA2022 nonsense mutation in a symptomatic female.

Mutations in the KIAA2022 gene have been implicated in non-syndromic X-linked intellectual disability. Thus far, all carrier females reported have been unaffected and genotype–phenotype correlations have not been described. Herein, we report a de novo KIAA2022 nonsense mutation in a 17-year-old female with short stature, microcephaly, severe intellectual disability, poor speech, epilepsy, and autistic behavior. X-inactivation pattern is normal suggesting that the mutation is causing the phenotype. This report contests the current view that KIAA2022 mutations only affect males, which has implications for testing and genetic counseling. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical Fitness and Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Reducing Risk at Any Weight

Crump and colleagues' study found an inverse association between objectively measured cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and risk for incident type 2 DM. The editorialist discusses how this stu...
EFFECTS OF HOME BLEACHING PRODUCTS ON COMPOSITE RESINS

A number of home bleaching products have recently been introduced. This in vitro study evaluated the effect of three representative bleaching products on the microhardness and surface texture of hybrid and microfilled composite resins. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed cracking of the microfilled specimens treated with carbamide peroxide gels (Proxigel and White & Brite). White & Brite also caused slight roughening of the hybrid composite resin. Microhardness tests indicated that the treated composite resins became somewhat softer. However, the only statistically significant softening was associated with White & Brite.
Leadership for Transformational Learning: A Developmental Approach to Supporting Leaders’ Thinking and Practice

Given the complexity of contemporary leadership, scholars and practitioners seek to improve preparation programs so that school leaders can more effectively support adult development. This article describes longitudinal research investigating how a university course on leadership for adult development (Leadership for Transformational Learning [LTL]) influenced graduates’ conceptions of leadership immediately after the course and years later. This article describes (a) course goals, structures, and curricula; (b) changes in thinking that leaders attributed to LTL; and (c) course ideas and practices that leaders named as essential to their current thinking and work. This investigation offers insight into how university courses can support leaders’ internal growth.
Neck Curvature in Ruber Nuclei Lesioned Male Chickens

Abstract Bilateral lesions of the ruber nuclei (Ru) at 5 weeks of age produced an abnormal neck curvature in 40% of the birds. The abnormality developed as early as 4 weeks after the operation. Spinal injury, hemorrhaging, or assymetrical lesions might account for the observed neck abnormality.
A Friedrichs inequality and an application

An inequality whose origins date to the work of G. H. Hardy is presented. This Hardy-type inequality applies to derivatives of arbitrary order of functions whose domain is a subset of ℝ n . The Friedrichs inequality is a corollary. The result is then used to establish lower bounds on the essential spectra of even-order elliptic partial differential operators on unbounded domains.
Epitaxial Oxide Films

Some perspective concerning the capabilities and potential of epitaxial oxide films is gained by comparison with the field of semiconductor epitaxy. The specific epitaxial behavior of MgO, (ZrY)O2, and the layered cuprates is discussed. A suggestion is given for a method of searching for higher temperature superconductors by the use of epitaxial indusions in layered structures.
The Financial Burden of Healthcare Cost: Coping Strategies for Medical Expenses in Mexico

Ignoring the means of financing out-of-pocket health expenditures may bring a misleading impression of their short and long-term impacts on households’ wellbeing. Small amounts of health spending may seriously affect households’ living standards. When households reduce their current consumption of basic needs in order to finance their health spending they seriously endanger their current wellbeing. Also, drawing on financial coping strategies conditions future consumption and income. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the use and incidence of means of financing out-of-pocket expenditures in Mexico in 2008, 2010, and 2012. We found that a large number of households in Mexico finance their medical expenditures through the reduction of their essential consumption and the use of financial coping strategies. According to conventional measures, many of these households may not experience catastrophic out-of-pocket expenditures, but we found them to be vulnerable to poverty.
Development of the sympathetic nervous system response to endotoxicosis in the rat: importance of non-baroreflex mechanisms in pre-weanlings and adults.

The sympathetic nervous system response to endotoxicosis was studied in the rat at ages before (11-12 days) and after (19-20 days) maturation of the baroreflex and in adults by recording preganglionic impulses during i.v. infusions of endotoxin (S. enteriditis). At all ages, the discharge rate increased before there was any decrease in arterial blood pressure. The magnitude of the increase (65%) was the same in 11-12 days-old and adult rats while 19-20 days-old rats were hyperactive (278% increase). Subsequently, in the hypotensive phase of the endotoxicosis (diastolic pressure decrease 50-60%) there was an additional increase in discharge in the 19-20 days- old rats (43% and in adults (70%) but not in 11-12 days-old rats. The hypotensive discharge rate of the 11-12 days-old rat reached only 20% of the maximum; it reached 80% in the hyperactive 19-20 days-old rat and 65% in adults. At all ages, the elevated hypotensive discharge rate persisted after steady state blood pressure was raised by infusing dextran. The discharge rate was diminished transiently during pressor responses to accelerated infusion or bolus injections of dextran. The conclusions are: (i) endotoxic stimulation of sympathetic outflow is initiated by a non-baroreflex mechanism in adult as well as in pre-weaning rats; (ii) there is added stimulation during hypotension after the baroreflex is mature, but (iii) the non-baroreflex stimulation continues to excite the preganglionic neurons and obtunds baroreflex feedback inhibition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Olfactory attractants and parity affect prenatal androgens and territoriality of coyote breeding pairs

Hormones are fundamental mediators of personality traits intimately linked with reproductive success. Hence, alterations to endocrine factors may dramatically affect individual behavior that has subsequent fitness consequences. Yet it is unclear how hormonal or behavioral traits change with environmental stressors or over multiple reproductive opportunities, particularly for biparental fauna. To simulate an environmental stressor, we exposed captive coyote (Canis latrans) pairs to novel coyote odor attractants (i.e. commercial scent lures) mid-gestation to influence territorial behaviors, fecal glucocorticoid (FGMs) and fecal androgen metabolites (FAMs). In addition, we observed coyote pairs as first-time and experienced breeders to assess the influence of parity on our measures. Treatment pairs received the odors four times over a 20-day period, while control pairs received water. Odor-treated pairs scent-marked (e.g. urinated, ground scratched) and investigated odors more frequently than control pairs, and had higher FAMs when odors were provided. Pairs had higher FAMs as first-time versus experienced breeders, indicating that parity also affected androgen production during gestation. Moreover, repeatability in scent-marking behaviors corresponded with FGMs and FAMs, implying that coyote territoriality during gestation is underpinned by individually-specific hormone profiles. Our results suggest coyote androgens during gestation are sensitive to conspecific olfactory stimuli and prior breeding experience. Consequently, fluctuations in social or other environmental stimuli as well as increasing parity may acutely affect coyote traits essential to reproductive success.
Graph-Based Semisupervised Learning for Acoustic Modeling in Automatic Speech Recognition

In this paper, we investigate how to apply graph-based semisupervised learning to acoustic modeling in speech recognition. Graph-based semisupervised learning is a widely used transductive semisupervised learning method in which labeled and unlabeled data are jointly represented as a weighted graph; the resulting graph structure is then used as a constraint during the classification of unlabeled data points. We investigate suitable graph-based learning algorithms for speech data and evaluate two different frameworks for integrating graph-based learning into state-of-the-art, deep neural network DDN-based speech recognition systems. The first framework utilizes graph-based learning in parallel with a DNN classifier within a lattice-rescoring framework, whereas the second framework relies on an embedding of graph neighborhood information into continuous space using an autoencoder. We demonstrate significant improvements in framelevel phonetic classification accuracy and consistent reductions in word error rate on large-vocabulary conversational speech recognition tasks.
On Trusts, Organized Labor and Other Matters

At the turn of the century, the focus of the Progressive Movement in the United States turned toward the issue of ‘monopoly’. In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, the populists had targeted the railroads, the first giant corporations in the country, as the ‘enemy of the people’ by 1900, oligopolistic structures existed in a number of important industries. (See DuBoff, 1989, chs. 4–5, for a summary position.) It was the age of the ‘trusts’, ‘pools’, ‘gentlemen’s agreements’ the ‘Robber Barons’.
Abstract 2626A: A lignan compound arctigenin inhibits prostate tumor growth in vitro and in vivo

Arctigenin is a novel anti-inflammatory lignan derived mainly from the seeds of Arctium lappa, an herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammation related diseases such as cough, cold and swelling of throat. The present study was designed to investigate whether arctigenin is a potent inhibitor of prostate cancer using both in vitro and xenograft mouse models. The treatments with arctigenin at lower doses ( Citation Format: Piwen Wang, Susanne M. Henning, Jaydutt V. Vadgama. A lignan compound arctigenin inhibits prostate tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2626A.
Erratum to: Prospective Associations Between Peer Victimization and Dispositional Mindfulness in Early Adolescence.

Peer victimization is associated with several mental health and behavioral problems during childhood and adolescence. Identifying prospective associations between victimization and factors known to protect against these problems may ultimately contribute to more precise developmental models for victimization's role in behavioral and mental health. This study tested prospective associations between peer victimization and dispositional mindfulness, defined by non-judgmental and accepting awareness of the constant stream of lived experience, during early adolescence. It was hypothesized that victimization would predict lower levels of mindfulness over a 4-month period. Study participants were 152 seventh and eighth grade students (female = 51%, Caucasian = 35%, Hispanic/Latino = 34%, African-American = 13%, and multi-ethnic or other = 18%) participating in a social-emotional learning intervention feasibility trial. A structural equation model tested associations between mindfulness, victimization, and covariates at baseline, and mindfulness and victimization at 4-month posttest. As hypothesized, baseline victimization predicted significantly lower levels of mindfulness at 4-month posttest. Baseline mindfulness did not predict victimization. Results may reflect victimized youths' mindful awareness being recurrently diverted away from the present moment due to thoughts of prior and/or impending victimization. Study implications may include implementing mindful awareness practices as an intervention strategy for victimized youth to enhance and/or restore this promotive factor.
Decadal Drought Variability Over North America: Mechanisms and Predictability

The physical mechanisms and potential predictability of North American drought on decadal timescales are reviewed in a simple and straightforward manner amenable to a wide audience. During decadal droughts, the tropical oceans, most notably cold states of the Pacific but also warm states of the Atlantic, provide forcing that continually nudges the atmosphere toward circulation anomalies that favor high pressure over southern North America and dry conditions. However, even in these regions, and even more so in the northwest and northeast, the oceans exert less than dominant control and actual drought onset, evolution and termination can deviate due, presumably, to potent internal atmosphere variability. The ocean influence, however, justifies efforts to determine if the driving sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic are predictable beyond the seasonal to interannual timescale. Evidence to date, based on initialized predictions with coupled models, is tantalizingly suggestive that useful predictability on these timescales may exist within the atmosphere-ocean system although relevance to North American decadal drought has not yet been demonstrated. These recent advances in drought science and prediction warrant continued research aimed at developing useful long term predictions of drought that can guide adaptation and minimize the associated widespread social and economic disruptions.
UNESCO on the Ground: Local Perspectives on Intangible Cultural Heritage (Foster and Gilman, eds)

This work is a book review considering the title UNESCO on the Ground: Local Perspectives on Intangible Cultural Heritage edited by Michael Dylan Foster and Lisa Gilman.
Maintaining Patients on Home Hemodialysis: The Journey Matters as Does the Destination.

The past decade has seen a resurgence in the use of home dialysis in the United States ([1][1]). An increasing emphasis on home hemodialysis with the availability of simpler and more patient-friendly hemodialysis machines has contributed to this growth. Home hemodialysis allows for a flexible
Modeling and criterion for voltage stability of grid connected droop controlled inverter

Increased penetration of distributed generators (DGs) in the grid can cause instability in the system. One such problem is voltage rise. In transmission system, where lines are highly inductive real power depends mainly on angle difference between buses and reactive power exchange depends upon voltage magnitude of buses. Such an assumption might not be valid for distribution system or small scale system. Hence it is important to consider R/X ratio of line while modeling a system for stability studies. This paper models a single inverter system connected to stiff grid. Further the factors that may led to voltage instability of a single inverter system were studied and criterion for system's stability was established.
Varying levels of fidelity on psychomotor skill attainment: a CORTRAK product assessment

Background A task trainer is defined as a model that represents a part or region of the human body such as an arm and an abdomen… generally used to support procedural skills training. Concepts for consideration when selecting a task trainer include fidelity and cognitive load. Insertion of small - bore FTs in acutely ill patients continues to be a high - risk skill. The most frequent complication is insertion of the F T into the pulmonary system, which can lead to pneumothorax, pneumonitis and death. Training consists of placing the FT under electromagnetic visual assistance in a task trainer. Objective This study describes assessment of two task trainers that are used to simulate assisted feeding tube (FT) insertion. Simulation is an excellent approach to close the learning gap and ensure competency. Study selection: This study used a prospective observational design. Participants (n=20) were registered nurses considered to be superusers. They were randomly assigned to order of the task trainer. Findings and conclusions The findings suggest the learners preferred the low-fidelity task trainer. The clear Anatomical Box scored higher overall (18.35/21) when compared with the human-like task trainer (16.5/21). A higher fidelity task trainer may seem attractive; however, with a lens to cognitive load theory, it may hinder the early learning process. Fidelity requirements vary depending on the training task. Recommendations from this study include: initial instruction should focus on the psychomotor steps for the FT insertion process. The high-fidelity human torso is recommended for performance, final competency and ongoing competency maintenance.
Personalizing Exercise and Physical Activity Prescriptions

Exercise prescriptions for persons with cystic fibrosis should consist of a combination of physical activity, aerobic exercise, resistance training, and flexibility activities. Prescriptions should be based on the person's current level of activity, exercise history, and results from exercise testing. Adults with cystic fibrosis should perform 150 min of physical activity per week at moderate to vigorous intensity. Included within the 150 min, continuous aerobic training consisting of at least 3 times per week for at least 15 min should be included. Resistance training and flexibility activities should be performed at a minimum of twice per week in addition to the physical activity recommendation. In children with cystic fibrosis, 60 min of age-appropriate physical activity should be performed per day at moderate to vigorous intensity. Strength training and flexibility activities should be performed at least twice per week.
The Wave Equation

We will start by deriving the wave equation for vibrations of a string in one dimension. The waves or vibration are described by giving h, the displacement of the string off the χ axis, as a function of distance along the χ axis (see Figure 2.1). If this were a water wave, we would interpret h as the height of the water rather than as the displacement of the string.
TLR4 signaling induces hepatocellular carcinomas by synergistic interactions between alcohol and hepatitis C virus

4923 [Background] Alcohol exacerbates hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced liver disease as exemplified by their synergistic effects on the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Inflammation plays an important role in HCC oncogenesis. HCV NS5A protein induces expression of TLR4, which mediates inflammation in response to endotoxin. It is yet to be tested whether TLR4 induction plays a role in the alcohol-HCV synergism for oncogenic potential. [Objectives] We aimed to determine whether chronic alcohol intake causes synergistic induction of HCC by HCV NS5A in mice. [Methods] HCV NS5A transgenic (Tg) and wild type (wt) mice were fed with Lieber-DeCarlie alcohol diet for 12 months or infused with alcohol diet for 4 week by intragastric infusion model. [Results] HCCs in NS5A Tg mice were induced by 12-month-chronic alcohol feeding (0% vs. 25%). Further, 4-week-ethanol-infused NS5A Tg mice displayed sub-massive necrosis and inflammation in the midzone accompanied by accentuated elevation of plasma ALT levels as compared to alcohol-fed wt mice (95±18 vs. 181±21). This pathology resembled necrosis commonly observed in chronically ethanol-fed rodents given acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is consistent with TLR4-mediated injury in NS5A Tg mice. Further, weekly enteral administration of LPS to ethanol-fed NS5A Tg mice resulted in an additional increment in ALT levels and pathology. LPS injection in NS5A Tg mice increased mortality, liver damage, and TNF-α production through TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) complexes and phosphorylation of JNK in liver. TAK1-TRAF6 complex formation was induced in HCCs in NS5A Tg mice fed with alcohol. These results demonstrate that alcohol feeding induces HCCs in the liver of NS5A Tg mice through induction of TLR4. The TLR4 signaling molecules, involving TAK1, TRAF6, and JNK, are involved in alcohol-induced oncogenesis in NS5A Tg mice. We conclude that there is a synergistic interaction between HCV proteins and alcohol because of the enhanced endotoxin-induced inflammation through TLR4.
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Volume Is a Better Predictor of Disease-Free Survival Than Stromal Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Invasive Breast Carcinoma

Objectives Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have recently emerged as a prognostic factor in breast cancer. In our previous study, we proposed that tumor stroma should also be considered in the calculation of TILs and we introduced tumor infiltration lymphocyte volume (TILV) in triple-negative breast cancer. Methods We assessed the disease-free survival predictive value of TILV in all subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma and compared the predictive value of TILV with TILs. Differences between disease-free survival curves were determined by using the log-rank test, and Kaplan-Meier survival plots were generated for both groups. Results TILV was significantly correlated with disease-free survival in both invasive ductal carcinoma (P = .03) and all subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma (P = .043), whereas TILs failed to show a statistical significance. Conclusions Tumor-stroma ratio needs to be considered in estimation of tumor immunity, and TILV adds more predictive power to TILs.
Magnetic Eyelashes: A New Source of MRI Artifacts.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to show, by use of a phantom, that magnetic eyelashes worn in the MRI environment can cause substantial artifact and that detachment of the eyelashes from t...
3D printing for tissue engineering in otolaryngology

Airway and other head and neck disorders affect hundreds of thousands of patients each year and most require surgical intervention. Among these, congenital deformity that affects newborns is particularly serious and can be life-threatening. In these cases, reconstructive surgery is resolutive but bears significant limitations, including the donor site morbidity and limited available tissue. In this context, tissue engineering represents a promising alternative approach for the surgical treatment of otolaryngologic disorders. In particular, 3D printing coupled with advanced imaging technologies offers the unique opportunity to reproduce the complex anatomy of native ear, nose, and throat, with its import in terms of functionality as well as aesthetics and the associated patient well-being. In this review, we provide a general overview of the main ear, nose and throat disorders and focus on the most recent scientific literature on 3D printing and bioprinting for their treatment.
Disk-till vs. no-till maize grass- and alfalfa-reference single (average) and basal (dual) crop coefficients

Abstract Disk-till (DT) and no-till (NT) maize (Zea mays L.) water use, crop growth characteristics, and microclimatic differences have been shown to differ. With these differences, it becomes essential that maize be managed differently under these tillage practices in terms of irrigation, and hence, it is indispensable that tools to effectively implement irrigation management be developed. However, water management tools such as crop coefficients that account for tillage practices are extremely rare. To investigate and develop better management tools, this research aimed to develop single (average) (Kc) and basal (dual) (Kcb) daily grass- and alfalfa reference crop coefficients (Kco and Kcr, respectively) using measured crop evapotranspiration at two carefully and cautiously -managed producer fields (disk-till and no-till fields) at Holdrege, Nebraska for 2011, 2012, and 2013 growing seasons. Both Kc and Kcb differed among DT and NT maize in that NT maize showed lower Kc and Kcb during pre-anthesis and higher Kc and Kcb during post-anthesis, and the period of maximum Kc and Kcb occurred later in the crop growing season. Specifically, the magnitude of these differences in Kc values were 56%, 29%, 1%, 8%, 47%, and 41% for May, June, July, August, September, and October, respectively, i.e., greater in early and late season, but smaller in mid-season. Kcb presented similar trends within the season. Kcb exhibited 70% lower magnitudes than Kc, due to minimized evaporation effects on or around precipitation events and hence had reasonably strong relationship with leaf area index. Daily crop coefficients were correlated with two types of base scales: days after planting (DAP) and cumulative growing degree days (CGDD). It is demonstrated with evidence that CGDD was a better predictor of seasonal variation in Kc and Kcb. The relationships between Kc (both Kcr and Kco) and Kcb (both Kcbr and Kcbo) vs. DAP and CGDD for both DT and NT maize during the three growing seasons in the form of transferable polynomial equations were also presented. The crop coefficients for DT and NT maize and their estimation equations presented in this research are novel and have immense application in the task of accurate quantification of maize evapotranspiration and manage irrigation under these two contrasting tillage systems.
Impact and Role of Motivation Theories in Continuous Improvement Environments: A Reflection of Literature

A large number of the well-performing organizations in the world are believed to have better environments that produce highly motivated employees to attain their goals. As noted in the various literatures reviewed in this study, improved working conditions in companies, such as Dell Technologies and Apple Inc., are responsible for the overall organizational success within the highly contested market. When employees are motivated, they also work towards improving the conditions within the workplaces, so the relationship between the two is mutual. In addition, pay satisfaction, job design, and internal communication of an organization contributes to its workforce motivation, which results in improved productivity for the entire organization. On the other hand, highly motivated employees encourage organizational managers to offer better payment to their organizations, to attain satisfactory job design, and to improve internal communication. Even though this study utilized few articles in the literature review, its findings significantly contribute to the modern literature. However, future studies should consider using more materials and multiple variables to improve the quality and reliability of the outcomes.
Comprehensive Post Orthognathic Surgery Orthodontics: Complications, Misconceptions, and Management

Post orthognathic surgery patient management is critical for high-quality and predictable outcomes. Surgeons and orthodontists must have the knowledge and ability to implement postsurgical management protocols and strategies to provide the best care and outcomes possible. This article presents basic concepts, philosophies, treatment protocols, risks, and potential complications associated with postsurgical patient management. Postsurgical orthodontic goals are to maximize the occlusal fit and provide predictable means to retain the occlusion. Aggressive orthodontic mechanics may be required to provide the best occlusal fit. Complications can occur, but early recognition of complications and implementation of corrective tactics should minimize adverse outcomes.
Reduced Aperture Flanged Rectangular Waveguide Probe for Measurement of Conductor Backed Uniaxial Materials

An algorithm is developed for the non-destructive extraction of constitutive parameters from uniaxial anisotropic materials backed by a conductive layer. A method of moments-based approach is used in conjunction with a previously-determined Green function. A dominant-mode analysis is done for rapid comparison of the derived forward model with that of commercially-available software. Finally, laboratory measurements are taken to compare this approach to that of a destructive, high-precision method.
Correlation between lower limb muscle asymmetry during the sit-to-stand task and spatiotemporal gait asymmetry in subjects with stroke.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the both lower limb muscle asymmetry during sit-to-stand (STS) and spatiotemporal gait asymmetry in subjects with stroke. Twenty-nine patients were included in this study, lower limb muscle (rectus femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius) asymmetry during STS, five times sit-to-stand (FTSTS) and spatiotemporal (speed, step length, step time, swing time, stance time, single support time) gait asymmetry were measured. According to the results of the measurement, significant positive correlations between gastrocnemius and rectus femoris asymmetry during STS and step length asymmetry. Furthermore, significant positive correlations between rectus femoris asymmetry during STS and step time asymmetry. In addition, significant negative correlations between the FTSTS and gait speed. This study’s results suggested that necessary to apply exercise that the gastrocnemius and rectus femoris symmetry during STS for improving step length and step time symmetry of gait, and necessary to apply exercise that increase STS speed for gait speed.
Decision-Level Fusion of DNN Outputs for Improving Feature Detection Performance on Large-Scale Remote Sensing Image Datasets

Here we demonstrate how Deep Neural Network (DNN) detections of multiple constitutive or component objects that are part of a larger, more complex, and encompassing feature can be spatially fused to improve the detection performance of a larger complex feature. A wide variety of experiments were conducted using the public domain xView dataset to develop and evaluate multiple fusion strategies to improve the detection of Construction Sites using DNN detections of constitutive/component objects commonly associated with construction activity, e.g. cement mixers, dump trucks, etc. The results demonstrate that spatial fusion of multi-scale component object DNN detections can reduce the total detection error rate of Construction Sites by ~30–40%. The best results were obtained when local spatial clustering was used to reduce noise in component vehicle object detections generated by scanning candidate Construction Site locations. This multi-scale spatial fusion approach can be easily extended to improve detection performance in a wide variety of other challenging feature/object search and detection problems in large-scale remote sensing image datasets.
The impact of person-environment fit on grades, perceived gains, and satisfaction: an application of Holland’s theory

Holland’s theory of vocational choice is a powerful framework for studying academic environments and student development in college. This study tests Holland’s third proposition that students flourish in academic environments (i.e., majors) that are congruent with their personality types. In addition, we examine the extent to which student characteristics influence person-environment fit. Findings indicated that student characteristics and personality type were significantly related to person-environment fit. Moreover, person-environment fit is positively related to self-reported grades. However, person-environment was not significantly related to either perceived learning gains or satisfaction with college.
CHAPTER 6 – ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses simple sets of orthogonal polynomials. A sequence of functions {fn(x)} is called an orthogonal set of functions (or a set of orthogonal functions) if the functions are pairwise orthogonal. Under certain conditions, given any interval and a positive weight function on that interval, there exists a corresponding set of orthogonal polynomials. The polynomials of an orthogonal set can arise as solutions of a family of differential equations containing a parameter. The chapter discusses some properties of orthogonal polynomials. In generating functions for many important sets of orthogonal polynomials, the generating function provides a convenient method for deriving some of the important properties of the set. The chapter illustrates the procedure for the set of polynomials known as the Legendre polynomials.
On the average degree of edge chromatic critical graphs II

Abstract Let G be a simple graph, and let χ ′ ( G ) and Δ ( G ) denote the chromatic index and the maximum degree of G, respectively. A graph G is a critical class two graph if χ ′ ( G ) = Δ ( G ) + 1 and χ ′ ( H ) ≤ Δ ( G ) for every proper subgraph H of G. Let d ‾ ( G ) denote the average degree of G, i.e., d ‾ ( G ) = 2 | E ( G ) | / | V ( G ) | . Vizing in 1968 conjectured that d ‾ ( G ) ≥ Δ ( G ) − 1 + 3 / n if G is a critical class two graph of order n. In this paper, we prove that d ‾ ( G ) ≥ 3 4 Δ ( G ) − 8 if G is a critical class two graph. Let δ ( G ) denote the minimum degree of G. We show that there exist two functions D and D 0 such that for any ϵ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) , if G is a critical class two graph with Δ ( G ) ≥ D ( ϵ ) and δ ( G ) ≥ D 0 ( ϵ ) , then d ‾ ( G ) ≥ ( 1 − ϵ ) Δ ( G ) . We will give two specific functions satisfying the statement above in the paper. Moreover, we show that if G is a critical class two graph and δ ( G ) ≥ ( log ⁡ Δ ( G ) ) 3 4 , then d ‾ ( G ) ≥ Δ ( G ) − o ( Δ ( G ) ) .
Turbo-HB: A Novel Design and Implementation to Achieve Ultra-Fast Hybrid Beamforming

Hybrid beamforming (HB) architecture has been widely recognized as the most promising solution to mmWave MIMO systems. A major practical challenge for HB is to obtain a solution in ∼1 ms, which is an extremely stringent but necessary time requirement for its deployment in the field. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Turbo-HB, codename for a novel beamforming design under the HB architecture that can obtain the beamforming matrices in about 1 ms. The key ideas in Turbo-HB include (i) reducing the complexity of SVD techniques by exploiting the limited number of channel paths at mmWave frequencies, and (ii) designing and implementing a parallelizable algorithm for a large number of matrix transformations. We validate Turbo-HB by implementing it on an off-the-shelf Nvidia GPU. Through extensive experiments, we show that Turbo-HB can meet ∼1 ms timing requirement while delivering competitive throughput performance compared to state-of-the-art algorithms.
Some Reflections on Contestation and Cosmopolitanism in Democracy and their Implications for Public Administration

Ongoing contestation over the meaning of democracy reflects value conflicts that exist within and across different national cultures and, as such, is intimately tied to the conduct of politics. It ...
Achieving equitable diets for all: The long and winding road

Our journey to improve food systems for healthy, equitable, and sustainable diets by 2050 will be long and winding. There might be bumps along the way, but there also exist maps and signposts to guide us. A fellowship of political commitment and realism, science and data, incentives, and collectivism will help us successfully reach our targeted destination and achieve our global goals.
Bringing human-animal interaction to sport: Potential impacts on athletic performance.

To gain an edge in performance, athletes, coaches, trainers, and sport psychologists worldwide leverage findings from psychological research to develop training and performance strategies. The field of sport psychology draws upon research on stress, anxiety, mindfulness, and team building to develop these strategies. Here, we introduce human-animal interaction as a potential area of research that may apply to athletic performance. Structured interactions with animals-particularly therapy dogs-can provide physiological benefits associated with stress and the oxytocin system, psychological benefits for anxiety and motivation, and social benefits through social support. Yet these effects have not yet been systematically investigated in athletes. Integration of human-animal interactions into athletics can occur through animal visitation programmes and resident therapy animal programmes. Integrating human-animal interactions into athletics presents some unique challenges and limitations that must be considered before implementing these programmes, and these interactions are not a panacea that will work in every situation. But, given the amount of human-animal interaction research suggesting benefits in medicine, mental health, and education contexts, it is worthwhile exploring potential benefits not just for athletic performance, but also for injury prevention and recovery.HighlightsHuman-animal interaction is a potential area of research that may apply to athletic performance.Structured interactions with animals can provide physiological, psychological, and social benefits to athletes, through it is not a panacea that will work in every situation.Integrating human-animal interactions into athletics presents some unique challenges and limitations that must be considered before implementing these programs.
Biometric ID Cybersurveillance

The implementation of a universal digitalized biometric ID system risks normalizing and integrating mass cybersurveillance into the daily lives of ordinary citizens. ID documents such as driver’s licenses in some states and all U.S. passports are now implanted with radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. In recent proposals, Congress has considered implementing a digitalized biometric identification card — such as a biometric-based, “high-tech” Social Security Card — which may eventually lead to the development of a universal multimodal biometric database (e.g., the collection of the digital photos, fingerprints, iris scans, and/or DNA of all citizens and noncitizens). Such “hightech” IDs, once merged with GPS-RFID tracking technology, would facilitate exponentially a convergence of cybersurveillance-body tracking and data surveillance, or dataveillance-biographical tracking. Yet, the existing Fourth Amendment jurisprudence is tethered to a “reasonable expectation of privacy” test that does not appear to restrain the comprehensive, suspicionless amassing of databases that concern the biometric data, movements, activities, and other personally identifiable information of individuals.In this Article, I initiate a project to explore the constitutional and other legal consequences of big data cybersurveillance generally and mass biometric dataveillance in particular. This Article focuses on how biometric data is increasingly incorporated into identity management systems through bureaucratized cybersurveillance or the normalization of cybersurveillance through the daily course of business and integrated forms of governance.
Channel Constriction Predicts Pool-Riffle Velocity Reversals Across Landscapes

Research regarding self-maintenance of pool-riffle river morphology has focused on hydraulics within individual pool-riffle couplets. Here, we make a scientific leap from one site on river to 702 pool-riffle couplets across northern California to understand the frequency of the foundational velocity-reversal hypothesis. A geometrical, mass and energy conservation-based velocity reversal criterion was used to predict the occurrence of a velocity reversal. Only 18% of all couplets met the established criteria indicating a velocity reversal. At locations with riffle-to-pool bankfull width ratios greater than 1.2, more than 50% of couplets met velocity-reversal conditions. Velocity reversal pools were almost always (89%) associated with channel constrictions while riffles were typically (71%) associated with channel expansions, albeit less often. Therefore, across landscapes, it appears channel constrictions propagate velocity reversal maintenance. Phasing between width and depth variability is central to fluvial morphodynamics and ecology and must be considered in sustainable river eco-engineering.
Global Collective Action: Absence of Invisibility: Market Failures

How does economic thinking differ today from fifty years ago? There are at least three main differences. In the last twenty years, strategic interactions play a much greater role, with the application of game theory to virtually every aspect of economics. During the decades prior to the 1980s, economists focused on general-equilibrium analysis, which undoubtedly represented the most important development in economics during the last century. If the interest in strategic interactions continues to hold sway over the profession, then strategy-based theories are apt to represent the greatest achievement of economics in the current century. Ironically, the earlier fixation on general, and often competitive, equilibriums eliminated interest in strategic interactions, insofar as any individual's actions are inconsequential in light of those of everyone else in aggregation. second key difference is today's recognition of market failures and their prevalence. These market failures are often, but not always, associated with collective action failures. A third essential difference is the importance of information and the realization that information may be incomplete or costly to acquire. As such, information may also result in market failures sometimes in the form of missing markets that may necessitate the need for collective action. These differences are behind the growing need for collective action within and among nations. Adam Smith's invisible hand, mentioned in Chapter 1, indicates that well-functioning and complete markets (that is, a price for every transaction of value) will result in a social optimum from which no one can be helped without causing harm to someone.