cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical strain microscopy probes morphology-induced variations in ion uptake and performance in organic electrochemical transistors

Ionic transport phenomena in organic semiconductor materials underpin emerging technologies ranging from bioelectronics to energy storage. The performance of these systems is affected by an interplay of film morphology, ionic transport and electronic transport that is unique to organic semiconductors yet poorly understood. Using in situ electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM), we demonstrate that we can directly probe local variations in ion transport in polymer devices by measuring subnanometre volumetric expansion due to ion uptake following electrochemical oxidation of the semiconductor. The ESM data show that poly(3-hexylthiophene) electrochemical devices exhibit voltage-dependent heterogeneous swelling consistent with device operation and electrochromism. Our data show that polymer semiconductors can simultaneously exhibit field-effect and electrochemical operation regimes, with the operation modality and its distribution varying locally as a function of nanoscale film morphology, ion concentration and potential. Importantly, we provide a direct test of structure-function relationships by correlating strain heterogeneity with local stiffness maps. These data indicate that nanoscale variations in ion uptake are associated with local changes in polymer packing that may impede ion transport to different extents within the same macroscopic film and can inform future materials optimization.
Comments and Caveats on the Wire Tapping Controversy

A RECENT and carefully documented study of wire tapping concluded that although it "is a crime in almost every state, and although there is a federal law prohibiting the interception and divulging of the contents of telephone communications, wire tapping is carried on virtually unimpeded in the United States today."' This state of affairs is the culmination of many years of wire tapping history. Except for a one year interlude during World War I, wire tapping was a common practice both in and out of government until 1924 when Attorney General Stone banned tapping by the FBI as "unethical
Psychiatric Inpatient Nurses' Perceptions of Using Motivational Interviewing.

Background: Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence-based intervention that may help inpatient psychiatric nurses understand patient beliefs about medication while simultaneously strengthenin...
Negative Impact of Testosterone Deficiency and 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Therapy on Metabolic and Sexual Function in Men

Androgens are steroid hormones with pleotropic and diverse biochemical and physiological functions, and androgen deficiency exerts a negative impact on human health. Testosterone (T) either directly or via its transformation into the more potent metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT) or via aromatization into estradiol (E2) modulates important biochemical signaling pathways of human physiology and plays a critical role in the growth and/or maintenance of functions in a host of tissues and organs. T and 5α-DHT play an important role in regulating physiology of the muscle, adipose tissue, liver, bone, and central nervous system, as well as reproductive and sexual functions. Thus, androgen deficiency (also referred to as hypogonadism) is a well-recognized medical condition and if remained untreated will have a negative impact on human health and quality of life.
Comparison of Hospital Outcomes of Transcatheter AorticValve Implantation With Versus Without Hypothyroidism

Comparative outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with and without hypothyroidism were not previously reported. This study aimed to appraise the clinical outcomes and impact of hypothyroidism on patients who underwent TAVI. Patients with hypothyroidism who underwent TAVI from 2011 to 2014 were identified in the National Inpatient Sample database using the International Classification of Diseases, ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. The primary outcome was the effect of hypothyroidism on inpatient mortality. Secondary outcomes were the impact of hypothyroidism on post-TAVI complications. We also evaluated the length of hospital stay and the cost of hospitalization. Propensity score-matched analysis was performed to address potential confounding. The hypothyroid patients who underwent TAVI had no significant increase in the risk of in-hospital mortality (odds ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval 0.51 to 1.21, p = 0.282), or most postprocedural complications. However, hypothyroid patients were more likely to develop hemorrhage requiring transfusion (odds ratio 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.76, p = 0.043). In conclusion, TAVI is a feasible and relatively safe alternative with reasonable in-hospital outcomes in patients with hypothyroidism and severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. However, hypothyroid patients are more likely to require a blood transfusion after TAVI. Additional randomized trials are needed to evaluate TAVR outcomes in hypothyroid patients.
Finding a Good Unit of Speech

Given that we will use hidden Markov models to model speech, one important question is: what unit of speech should an HMM represent? In the previous chapters, we have used phones as the fundamental unit of speech. An even more natural unit is words. In this chapter, we will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of word and phone models, as well as a number of other units proposed by earlier work. Then, we will propose two new units that will substantially improve the performance of speaker-independent continuous speech recognizers. Finally, we will present comparative results of different variations of these units.
Epistemological problems of artificial intelligence

Publisher Summary Artificial intelligence (AI) problem has been divided into two parts—an epistemological part and a heuristic part. This chapter further explains this division, explains some of the epistemological problems, and presents some new results and approaches. The epistemological part of AI studies what kinds of facts about the world are available to an observer with given opportunities to observe, how these facts can be represented in the memory of a computer, and what rules permit legitimate conclusions to be drawn from these facts. It leaves aside the heuristic problems of how to search spaces of possibilities and how to match patterns. Considering epistemological problems separately has the following advantages. (1) The same problems of what information is available to an observer and what conclusions can be drawn from information arise in connection with a variety of problem solving tasks. (2) A single solution of the epistemological problems can support a wide variety of heuristic approaches to a problem. (3) AI is a very difficult scientific problem, so there are great advantages in finding parts of the problem that can be separated out and separately attacked.
MRI Using Intermolecular Multiple-Quantum Coherences

Intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences (iMQCs) can generate NMR signals from exceedingly small dipolar interactions between distant spins in solutions. In the last few years, these signals have been used for a wide range of applications in imaging and high-resolution spectroscopy. Recent applications include MRI contrast enhancement, suppression of inhomogeneous broadening in NMR experiments, and more recently, in vivo temperature measurement. In this chapter, we describe how basic iMQC pulse sequences work and how to select the sequence parameters to optimize iMQC signals and to overcome signal contamination.
LLAMAS: low-latency adaptive optics at LLNL

The performance of high-contrast AO instruments (GPI, SPHERE, ScEXAO, MagAO) and other systems that operate at visible wavelengths can be severely hampered by control system latencies and temporal wavefront errors. In high-contrast systems, temporal errors and delays are manifest as high spatial frequency wavefront residuals that scatter light into the controllable region of the PSF and diminish contrast, an effect that is particularly severe when atmospheric coherence times are short. Solutions that have been proposed include lower latency electronics, deformable mirrors with lower mechanical response times, and specialized control algorithms such as predictive control. These advancements will be necessary for achieving the latency goals of high actuator count systems on future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs), including NFIRAOS+ and PFI on the Thirty Meter Telescope, upgrading the performance of existing highcontrast systems, and pushing adaptive optics to visible wavelengths. LLAMAS (Low-Latency Adaptive Optical Mirror System) is a fully funded adaptive optics system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory site that will test these techniques in an integrated, real time, closed-loop AO system. With a total system latency goal of ~100 microseconds (including mechanical response time, not including frame integration), LLAMAS will achieve an order of magnitude improvement in AO system latencies over the current generation of high-contrast AO systems. The woofer/tweeter architecture will incorporate a 492-actuator Boston Micromachines MEMS device mapping 24 actuators across a circular pupil. The tweeter mirror will be paired with a specialized low-latency driver, delivering less than 40 microseconds electronic and mechanical latency (10 – 90%). The real-time control computer will utilize the computationally efficient Fourier Transform Reconstructor with a predictive Kalman filter with a goal of completing all computations and reconstructing the wavefront in less than 20 microseconds. LLAMAS will be fully integrated with a 21×21 lenslet Shack-Hartmann sensor by January 2019. These proceedings describe the LLAMAS design, characterize the performance of its low-latency componentry, and discuss the relevance of the design for future high-contrast, visiblelight, and high actuator count AO systems on ELTs.
High-speed, ultrahigh-resolution distal scanning OCT endoscopy at 800 nm for in vivo imaging of colon tumorigenesis on murine models

We present the first, most compact, ultrahigh-resolution, high-speed, distal scanning optical coherence tomography (OCT) endoscope operating at 800 nm. Achieving high speed imaging while maintaining an ultrahigh axial resolution is one of the most significant challenges with endoscopic OCT at 800 nm. Maintaining an ultrahigh axial resolution requires preservation of the broad spectral bandwidth of the light source throughout the OCT system. To overcome this critical limitation we implemented a distal scanning endoscope with diffractive optics to minimize loss in spectral throughput. In this paper, we employed a customized miniature 900 µm diameter DC micromotor fitted with a micro reflector to scan the imaging beam. We integrated a customized diffractive microlens into the imaging optics to reduce chromatic focal shift over the broad spectral bandwidth of the Ti:Sapphire laser of an approximately 150 nm 3dB bandwidth, affording a measured axial resolution of 2.4 µm (in air). The imaging capability of this high-speed, ultrahigh-resolution distal scanning endoscope was validated by performing 3D volumetric imaging of mouse colon in vivo at 50 frames-per-second (limited only by the A-scan rate of linear CCD array in the spectral-domain OCT system and sampling requirements). The results demonstrated that fine microstructures of colon could be clearly visualized, including the boundary between the absorptive cell layer and colonic mucosa as well the crypt patterns. Furthermore, this endoscope was employed to visualize morphological changes in an enterotoxigenic Bacteriodes fragilis (ETBF) induced colon tumor model. We present the results of our feasibility studies and suggest the potential of this system for visualizing time dependent morphological changes associated with tumorigenesis on murine models in vivo.
Measuring relational and overt aggression by peer report: A comparison of peer nominations and peer ratings

Peer report of aggression has typically been obtained through peer nominations. The purpose of this study was to identify the extent to which peer nominations and peer ratings identified the same children as aggressive and to explore whether the two methods were equally accurate in identifying children at risk for poor social adjustment. Participants were 1051 students in third, fourth, or fifth grade and were predominantly African American (76.6%). Participants provided self-report of sympathy and peer nominations and ratings of overt and relational aggression, prosocial behavior, and leadership. Teachers reported on participants' school adjustment. Peer nominations and peer ratings of aggressive behavior were closely related. Peer ratings of overt and relational aggression emerged as a unique predictor of all indicators of adjustment, whereas peer nominations were uniquely associated with three of six outcomes of interest. Peer ratings are a promising approach to assessing aggression and may address problems of consumer acceptance.
Using Open Source Tools for Spatial Temporal Querying and Knowledge Discovery from Moving Object Data

Geospatial information overload has become an issue in recent years. It is fuelled in part by the widespread availability of mobility data from a variety of sources, such as ubiquitous mobile computing devices, geographic positioning systems and traces from digital map interactions. The article describes a data analysis technique for extracting knowledge from mobility data. Data from mouse movements over digital maps were analysed for their spatial-temporal content to reveal user behavior. Although the trajectories are from mouse movements in Human-Computer Interaction domain, they can also serve as a proxy for physical trajectories in the real world. The article presents the methodology to reduce information overload and convert raw trajectory data into useful knowledge. This geographicknowledgediscoveryprocesswasrealisedusing Secondo, a highly specialised open source tool that allows developingspecific spatio-temporalqueriestoanalysetrajectories. The results indicate that Secondo can be intelligently exploited for identifying specific movement patterns and behavior and ultimately extractknowledgewhichcan be usedinpersonalisedwebmaps,spatial recommender systems, event detection and crime monitoring tasks.
Macrophages and Cardiovascular Health

Research during the last decade has generated numerous insights on the presence, phenotype, and function of myeloid cells in cardiovascular organs. Newer tools with improved detection sensitivities...
Real- Time Video Denoising on Mobile Phones

We present an algorithm for real-time video denoising on mobile platforms. Based on Gaussian-Laplacian pyramid decomposition, our solution's main contributions are fast alignment and a new interpolation function that fuses noisy frames into a denoised result. The interpolation function is adaptive to local and global properties of the input frame, robust to motion alignment errors, and can be computed efficiently. We show that the proposed algorithm has comparable quality to offline high-quality video denoising methods, but is orders of magnitude faster. On a modern mobile platform, our work takes less than 20ms to process one HD frame, and it achieves the highest score on a public benchmark.
Chapter I – THERMODYNAMICS, STATISTICS, AND INFORMATION1

Publisher Summary There are two principles of thermodynamics. The first principle involves the conservation of energy. Despite its various aspects and its perpetual transformations, energy keeps an unchanged total value as long as a closed system is considered isolated from its environment. A charged battery and a weight raised to a certain height represent typical forms of energy, and can be changed into chemical energy, work, or heat. The reverse transformations, from heat into work, for instance, are also possible, with certain limitations related to the second principle. The second principle of thermodynamics is known as Carnot principle. The caloric energy requires a special treatment with a sort of two-way accounting. The Carnot principle presents a very curious characteristic: It indicates a general tendency in the evolution of the physical world. The entropy constantly increases in any given closed system; therefore, the negentropy always has a tendency to decrease. As a rule, entropy is directly connected with probabilities.
Structural basis for the adsorption of a single-stranded RNA bacteriophage

Single-stranded RNA bacteriophages (ssRNA phages) infect Gram-negative bacteria via a single maturation protein (Mat), which attaches to a retractile pilus of the host. Here we present structures of the ssRNA phage MS2 in complex with the Escherichia coli F-pilus, showing a network of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions at the Mat-pilus interface. Moreover, binding of the pilus induces slight orientational variations of the Mat relative to the rest of the phage capsid, priming the Mat-connected genomic RNA (gRNA) for its release from the virions. The exposed tip of the attached Mat points opposite to the direction of the pilus retraction, which may facilitate the translocation of the gRNA from the capsid into the host cytosol. In addition, our structures determine the orientation of the assembled F-pilin subunits relative to the cell envelope, providing insights into the F-like type IV secretion systems. Single-stranded RNA bacteriophages use a single maturation protein (Mat) to attach to a retractile pilus of the bacterial host. Here, the authors report the structures of the MS2 phage bound to the host receptor F-pili and define the orientations of Mat relative to the cell and emanating F-pili, providing new insights into the F-like type IV secretion systems.
Insomnia and cognitive performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Summary Cognitive performance has been extensively investigated in relation to insomnia, yet review of the literature reveals discrepant findings. The current study aimed to synthesize this literature with a systematic review and meta-analysis. 48 studies (k = 50 independent samples, n = 4539 total participants) met inclusion criteria. Omnibus meta-analysis revealed insomnia was associated with poorer overall cognitive performance (Hedge's g = −0.24, p
Nature of Alpine Soils

Abstract Alpine soils, like alpine biota, have evolved under extremely cold climates. Snow cover has been a vital element of alpine ecology. The length and timing of the growing season are other essential aspects of the alpine. These climate-driven aspects of alpine environments are changing at a pace otherwise found only in the Arctic. Scientists can predict some of the likely effects of long-term warming on alpine soils and vegetation, but ecological relationships are often far more complex than we currently understand, especially in regions as remote and difficult to study as the tops of high mountains. What other unforeseen breakdowns in alpine ecological relationships will occur in the coming decades? We can only watch and wait to see what happens.
Integration and comparison of multi-criteria decision making methods in safe route planner

Abstract Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in the U.S. In order to reduce death and serious injury, road and traffic engineers manually evaluate road segments and visualize the safety level of roads. These existing risk maps can be confusing and must be manually interpreted by drivers to find the safest path from a source to a given destination; this can result in ignoring the safety of the routes by drivers. In addition, common navigation systems such as Google Maps and Waze present two or three alternative paths from a source to a given destination based on the travel time and distance. A navigation system is required to take the safety level of the road segments into consideration while suggesting a path. This navigation system needs to acquire knowledge from various sources, a user interface to obtain user preferences, and an inference engine to find the best paths. Such a system can still suggest multiple conflicting paths, such as shortest, fastest and safest paths. This paper presents the addition of a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method, Analytical Hierarchy Process, to a previously designed Safe Route Planner to aid users in choosing the most suitable path among M alternative paths. Different MCDM methods can generate different results while applied to the same problem. There are a few comparative studies to compare the results of different Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods. Therefore, a particular attention is devoted to comparing the results of five decision-making techniques, namely AHP, Fuzzy AHP, TOPSIS, Fuzzy TOPSIS and PROMETHEE through two real-world case studies. In addition, the comparative studies fail to adequately quantify the results of the MCDM methods; consequently, another aim of this research is to investigate the applicability of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Average Overlap and Discounted Cumulative Gain techniques to quantify the results of the MCDM methods.
Machine learning model for fast prediction of the natural frequencies of protein molecules

Natural vibrations and resonances are intrinsic features of protein structures and enable differentiation of one structure from another. These nanoscale features are important to help to understand the dynamics of a protein molecule and identify the effects of small sequence or other geometric alterations that may not cause significant visible structural changes, such as point mutations associated with disease or drug design. Although normal mode analysis provides a powerful way to accurately extract the natural frequencies of a protein, it must meet several critical conditions, including availability of high-resolution structures, availability of good chemical force fields and memory-intensive large-scale computing resources. Here, we study the natural frequency of over 100 000 known protein molecular structures from the Protein Data Bank and use this dataset to carefully investigate the correlation between their structural features and these natural frequencies by using a machine learning model composed of a Feedforward Neural Network made of four hidden layers that predicts the natural frequencies in excellent agreement with full-atomistic normal mode calculations, but is significantly more computationally efficient. In addition to the computational advance, we demonstrate that this model can be used to directly obtain the natural frequencies by merely using five structural features of protein molecules as predictor variables, including the largest and smallest diameter, and the ratio of amino acid residues with alpha-helix, beta strand and 3–10 helix domains. These structural features can be either experimentally or computationally obtained, and do not require a full-atomistic model of a protein of interest. This method is helpful in predicting the absorption and resonance functions of an unknown protein molecule without solving its full atomic structure.
The applying of immobilization with plaster cast in children's rehabilitation treatment after knee arthroscopic surgery

Objective To explore the effect of immobilization with plaster cast applying in children's rehabilitation after knee arthroscopic surgery, and discuss the clinical significance of immobilization with plaster cast in children's rehabilitation after knee arthroscopic surgery. Methods A total of 72 objectives suffered from knee joint diseases were chosen and received knee arthroscopic surgery from January 2013 to November 2014. They were classified into the experimental group and the control group with the random digit table with 36 patients in each group. The control only underwent the regular rehabilitation exercise. The experimental group was given fixation with plaster caster before they got rehabilitation exercise. The three indexes such as pain degree, the compliance of children knee function exercise and the range of knee motion in different time courses were compared after operation. Results The VAS pain scores of the experimental group and the control group were (2.12±0.70), (2.37±0.61) respectively with statistical significance, P<0.05. On the third day, one week and two weeks after operation, the complete compliance of children with knee function exercise was 83.3% (30/36) vs. 8.3% (3/36), 97.2% (35/36) vs. 22.2% (8/36), 97.2% (35/36) vs. 22.2% (8/36) in the experimental group and the control group, Z values were -6.343, -6.400, -6.400, P< 0.01. On the second, third and fourth weeks after operation, the good rates of knee motion range in the experimental group and the control group were 50.0% (18/36) vs. 16.7% (6/36), 94.4% (34/36) vs. 83.3 (30/36), 97.2% (35/36) vs. 81.6% (31/36), Z values were -3.345, -2.861, -2.012, P<0.01. Conclusions The use of immobilization with cast plaster in children's rehabilitation after the knee arthroscopic operation could significantly relieve the pain brought by the surgery, as well as increase the level of appliance of knee function exercises and improve the range of knee motion greatly. Therefore, it could help children to restore the knee function earlier and furthermore to promote life quality after receiving knee arthroscopic surgery. Key words: Immobilization with cast plaster; Knee arthroscopic surgery; Rehabilitation treatment
The reaction of inflation forecasts to news about the Fed

Abstract It is critical for the Federal Reserve to stabilize inflation expectations in order to achieve their desired inflation target. Yet, the empirical evidence documents that consumers and professional forecasters often have different views about the expected future inflation rate. Previous research demonstrates that greater newspaper coverage on inflation closes the gap between consumers' and professionals’ inflation forecasts. However, the literature only examines newspaper references to inflation, while more general references to the Fed have been overlooked. This paper fills this void, where we find some evidence that newspaper references to the Fed close the gap between consumer and professional inflation forecasts, although this effect varies by newspaper and by the way in which news coverage is measured.
The Old West of Old Town: Understanding Visual Simulacra as a Means of Staged Authenticity

Old Town, Scottsdale, Arizona, is a modern-day old Western town that boldly claims to transport visitors back to the days of cowboys and Indians. Yet, Old Town is a representation of an old Western town that never existed as depicted. By engaging in ethnographic methods of observation and interview, this study analyzes how the visual communication of cultural and historic identities affects visitors’ experiences in the area as well as their understanding of the American Old West. It argues that the visual narratives of the space serve as a simulacrum that attracts visitors to the area while simultaneously failing to achieve what it promises.
Emergency Medical Services Utilization for Acute Stroke Care: Analysis of the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program, 2014-2019.

Objective: Emergency medical service (EMS) transportation after acute stroke is associated with shorter symptom-to-arrival times and more rapid medical attention when compared to patient transporta...
Predicting the Effectiveness of Endemic Infectious Disease Control Interventions: The Impact of Mass Action versus Network Model Structure.

BackgroundAnalyses of the effectiveness of infectious disease control interventions often rely on dynamic transmission models to simulate intervention effects. We aim to understand how the choice o...
Microglial Activation and Neurological Outcomes in a Murine Model of Cardiac Arrest

Neurological injury following successful resuscitation from sudden cardiac arrest (CA) is common. The pathophysiological basis of this injury remains poorly understood, and treatment options are limited. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation are established contributors to many neuropathologies, such as Alzheimer disease and traumatic brain injury, but their potential role in post-CA injury has only recently been recognized. Here, we hypothesize that microglial activation that occurs following brief asystolic CA is associated with neurological injury and represents a potential therapeutic target. Adult C57BL/6 male and female mice were randomly assigned to 12-min, KCl-induced asystolic CA, under anesthesia and ventilation, followed by successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (n = 19) or sham intervention (n = 11). Neurological assessments of mice were performed using standardized neurological scoring, video motion tracking, and sensory/motor testing. Mice were killed at 72 h for histological studies; neuronal degeneration was assessed using Fluoro-Jade C staining. Microglial characteristics were assessed by immunohistochemistry using the marker of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, followed by ImageJ analyses for cell integrity density and skeletal analyses. Neurological injury in post-cardiopulmonary-resuscitation mice vs. sham mice was evident by poorer neurological scores (difference of 3.626 ± 0.4921, 95% confidence interval 2.618–4.634), sensory and motor functions (worsened by sixfold and sevenfold, respectively, compared with baseline), and locomotion (75% slower with a 76% decrease in total distance traveled). Post-CA brains demonstrated evidence of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammatory microglial activation. Extensive microglial activation and neurodegeneration in the CA1 region and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus are evident following brief asystolic CA and are associated with severe neurological injury.
Legacies of Stalin or Putin? Public Opinion and Historical Memory in Ukraine:

Our research considers the relationship between historical memory and political evaluations of the past and present. We first examine how historical reflection on the Soviet Union under Stalin is i...
Similar cognitive processing synchronizes brains, hearts, and eyes

Neural, physiological and behavioral signals synchronize between human subjects in a variety of settings. Multiple hypotheses have been proposed to explain this interpersonal synchrony, but there is no clarity under which conditions it arises, for which signals, or whether there is a common underlying mechanism. We hypothesized that similar cognitive processing of a shared stimulus is the source of interpersonal synchrony, measured here as inter-subject correlation. To test this we presented informative videos to participants in an attentive and distracted condition and subsequently measured information recall. Inter-subject correlation was observed for electro-encephalography, gaze position, pupil size and heart rate, but not respiration and head movements. The strength of correlation was co-modulated in the different signals, changed with attentional state, and predicted subsequent recall of information presented in the videos. There was robust within-subject coupling between brain, heart and eyes, but not respiration or head movements. The results suggest that inter-subject correlation is the result of similar cognitive processing and thus emerges only for those signals that exhibit a robust brain-body connection. While physiological and behavioral fluctuations may be driven by multiple features of the stimulus, correlation with other individuals is co-modulated by the level of attentional engagement with the stimulus. SignificanceThe synchronization of human neural, physiological and behavioral signals happens in a variety of settings. In this work we show that physiological synchrony requires only two things, namely, effective cognitive processing of a common stimulus, and a robust coupling between brain activity and the physiological signal in question. We confirm this theory for heart rate, pupil size, gaze position and saccade rate, as positive examples, and respiration and head movements as negative examples. We show that the strength of this correlation is co-modulated, i.e. correlation is modulated in unison for all signals in which correlation is detected. We propose that this common modulation is the result of attentional engagement with the stimulus.
Secret communication in presence of colluding eavesdroppers

We consider the problem of secret communications between two nodes over a wireless link in the presence of multiple passive eavesdroppers which may collude. Both the transmitter and the receiver are assumed to have multiple antennas and the multiple colluding eavesdroppers are modeled by an eavesdropper with multiple antennas. Communication is secret if the eavesdropper is unable to decode the message whereas the receiver can decode the message without making any errors. Thus, we deal with the problem of secrecy in a MIMO scenario. It is shown how the transmitter can use the multiple antennas to add artificially generated noise to the information signal such that the artificial noise only degrades the eavesdropper's channel. Thus, even if the eavesdropper has a 'better' channel than the receiver, secret communication is made possible by selectively degrading the eavesdropper's channel. The secrecy of communication is achieved by exploiting the physical characteristics of the wireless medium and it is independent of the secrecy of channel state information (CSI)
Partial Composition and Recursion of Module Specifications

The basic interconnections of module specifications (union, composition and actualization) were studied in earlier papers. Here we introduce partial composition and partial actualization of module specifications, describe the connection with their "total" counterpart and prove that the result of successive partial compositions (or actualizations) is independent of the order. We also introduce a recursive construction first of a single module and then of two modules "recursively calling" each other. A connection between these two recursions is established, along with compatibility properties with the basic constructions and the expected fixed point equation at the semantical level.
The Caulobacter crescentus polar organelle development protein PodJ is differentially localized and is required for polar targeting of the PleC development regulator

Regulation of polar development and cell division in Caulobacter crescentus relies on the dynamic localization of several proteins to cell poles at specific stages of the cell cycle. The polar organelle development protein, PodJ, is required for the synthesis of the adhesive holdfast and pili. Here we show the cell cycle localization of PodJ and describe a novel role for this protein in controlling the dynamic localization of the developmental regulator PleC. In swarmer cells, a short form of PodJ is localized at the flagellated pole. Upon differentiation of the swarmer cell into a stalked cell, full length PodJ is synthesized and localizes to the pole opposite the stalk. In late predivisional cells, full length PodJ is processed into a short form which remains localized at the flagellar pole after cell division and is degraded during swarmer to stalked cell differentiation. Polar localization of the developmental regulator PleC requires the presence of PodJ. In contrast, the polar localization of PodJ is not dependent on the presence of PleC. These results indicate that PodJ is an important determinant for the localization of a major regulator of cell differentiation. Thus, PodJ acts directly or indirectly to target PleC to the incipient swarmer pole, to establish the cellular asymmetry that leads to the synthesis of holdfasts and pili at their proper subcellular location.
Willingness to Pay for Air Quality Improvements in Sofia, Bulgaria

Through a survey the authors study willingness to pay for improvements in air quality in Sofia, Bulgaria. Using a stochastic payment car approach - asking respondents the likelihood that they would agree to pay a series of prices - they estimate the distribution of willingness to pay various prices. They find that people in Sofia are willing to pay up to about 4.2 percent of their income for a program to improve air quality. The income elasticity of willingness to pay for air quality improvements is about 27 percent. For comparison, they also used the referendum contingent valuation approach. Results from that approach yielded a higher estimate of willingness to pay.
Low Copper Status of Rats Affects Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of Brain Phospholipids, Unrelated to Neuropathology

To determine the molecular basis of the neuropathology of copper deficiency, brain lipid composition was determined in second-generation copper-deficient rats. Non-parous female rats were fed a low copper diet (0.5 mg Cu/kg) or a control diet (10 mg Cu/kg) during gestation and lactation, and the offspring were continued on the respective diets to approximately 8 wk of age. In one experiment the source of carbohydrate was 15% starch and 52.6% sucrose, and in another experiment sucrose and glucose were compared in a factorial design. The source of carbohydrate had no effect on copper status. Myelin concentration was estimated by isolation, by 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity, and by concentration of 20:1 (n-9). Fatty acid compositions of the phospholipid fractions of brain parts and of myelin were determined. Copper deficiency reduced myelin concentration slightly in the midbrain region and increased the proportion of linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)] in both brain and isolated myelin. In the cerebellum the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly 22:6(n-3), were lower. Approximately one-half of the copper-deficient rats developed Parkinson-like signs and had low striatal dopamine, but neither myelin content nor brain fatty acid composition was associated with the neuropathology.
Adenoepidermoid and adenosquamous carcinoma of the uterus: A clinicopathologic study of 118 cases☆

A series of 118 cases of adenoepidermoid carcinoma and adenosquamous tumors of the uterus is presented. The results indicate that cervical tumors are frequently occult and are often not diagnosed until late in the course of the disease. Stage for stage, the five-year survival rate is poorer than the usual results for cervical malignancy. Endometrial tumors also had a poor five-year survival rate, with a high incidence of myometrial extension. The incidence of myometrial invasion and survival figures were similar to those for poorly differentiated endometrial cancer.
Circular dichroism of flow-oriented nucleic acids. I. Experimental results.

Abstract Specific ultraviolet circular dichroism spectra with light propagating parallel to the helix axis (ϵL — ϵR)∥ and perpendicular to the helix axis (ϵL — ϵR)⊥ have been measured for DNA in buffer, DNA in high salt, DNA in ethylene glycol, and double-stranded viral RNA in buffer. The data are obtained by measuring both the CD and the absorption spectra of nucleic acid solutions oriented by shear gradient in a multi-capillary flow cell with the incident light beam parallel to the direction of flow. It is shown that the conservative isotropic CD spectrum of DNA in buffer originates almost entirely from (ϵL — ϵR)∥; the (ϵL — ϵR)⊥ component is nearly zero. The predominance of the conservative (ϵL — ϵR)∥ spectrum over the (ϵL — ϵR)⊥ spectrum indicates that the base planes of DNA in buffer are essentially perpendicular to the helix axis as in the B-form. The unusual profile of the isotropic CD spectrum of DNA in 6 m -LiCl, as well as in 95% ethylene glycol, is a result of extensive cancellation between the positive conservative (ϵL — ϵR)∥ component and the negative non-conservative (ϵL — ϵR)⊥ component. For double-stranded RNA, the specific CD pattern observed is very different from that of B-form DNA. The (ϵL — ϵR)∥ component is positive non-conservative and (ϵL — ϵR)⊥ is positive conservative. The nature of these specific CD spectra implies that the base planes are tilted with respect to the helix axis. The CD measurements on flow-oriented solutions presented here reveal the directional nature of the interaction between light and the nucleic acid molecules; this directional nature is obliterated in conventional CD measurements of isotropic solution.
Purification and Properties of a Ribose-binding Protein from Escherichia coli

Abstract Escherichia coli W3092 has a specific permease for ribose with a Km of 0.3 µm. An osmotic shock releasable ribosebinding protein was purified to homogeneity. The ribosebinding protein has an apparent molecular weight of 29,500 as judged by gel titration and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an isoelectric point of 6.6. The binding protein is specific for d-ribose and 1 molecule of ribose is bound per molecule of protein with a dissociation constant of 0.13 µm. The high specificity for binding and transport also correspond with the ribose chemotactic system in E. coli (Adler, J., Hazelbauer, G. L., and Dahl, M. M. (1974) J. Bacteriol. 115, 824). The ribose-binding protein of E. coli cross-reacts immunologically with serum prepared against the Salmonella typhimurium ribose-binding protein but does not cross-react with sera prepared against a number of other binding proteins including the E. coli galactose-glucose-binding protein.
On the Ontological Nature of Syntactic Categories in Categorial Grammar

We address the ontological nature of syntactic categories in categorial grammar. Should we interpret categories as being a model of some actual grammatical reality, or are they merely part of an empirical model, one that attempts to capture the range of data, but without making any ontological commitments. This distinction, which is not often made, is important for determining the goals of formal grammar research. We evaluate this question within the context of a particular grammatical phenomenon, the modeling of premodifier ordering. We compare the categorial grammar treatment of this phenomenon with empirical statistical approaches to the same problem. We show that the whereas both models are equally empirically adequate, the statistical model is more generalizable and learnable, and thus advantageous as a realistic model.
Liquid Crystal Tunable Metamaterial Absorber

We present an experimental demonstration of electronically tunable metamaterial absorbers in the terahertz regime. By incorporation of active liquid crystal into strategic locations within the metamaterial unit cell, we are able to modify the absorption by 30% at 2.62 THz, as well as tune the resonant absorption over 4% in bandwidth. Numerical full-wave simulations match well to experiments and clarify the underlying mechanism, i.e., a simultaneous tuning of both the electric and magnetic response that allows for the preservation of the resonant absorption. These results show that fundamental light interactions of surfaces can be dynamically controlled by all-electronic means and provide a path forward for realization of novel applications.
Prediction of 7 months methadone maintenance treatment response by four measures of antisociality

Zero-order correlational and simultaneous regression analyses were performed to ascertain the comparative validity of four measures of antisociality for predicting the initial 7 months treatment response of 193 male methadone maintenance (MM) patients. Predictor variables were the number of childhood conduct disorder (CD) behaviors, number of adult antisocial personality disorder (A-APD) behaviors, the revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R) score and the revised California Psychological Inventory-Socialization (CPI-So) scale score. The outcome measures were completion/noncompletion of 7 months of treatment, percent positive during-treatment of cocaine, opiate and benzodiazepine urine toxicologies, and change from baseline to 7 months follow-up in seven Addiction severity index (ASI) composite scores (CSs). All four measures of antisociality were significantly correlated with treatment noncompletion, although only the PCL-R score was significant in the predictor model. The PCL-R predicted more positive cocaine urines. At the individual level, both PCL-R and CPI-So were associated with more positive benzodiazepine urines, but neither contributed a significant amount of variance when both were entered in the model. None of the predictors were significantly associated with self reported improvement in the CSs. The PCL-R and CPI-So were more successful in predicting outcomes than the two behavior-based measures.
Younger Versus Older African Americans: Patterns and Prevalence of Recent Illicit Drug Use

Objectives: The current study examined recent substance use among younger and older African Americans and factors associated with recent use. Methods: The current study used a subset of African American men and women (N = 260) from the NEURO-HIV Epidemiological Study (Mage = 42, SD = 9.27; 59% female). Self-report of past 6 month substance use was evaluated for 21 different substances by routes of administration (ROA). Results: Older adults were 1.9 times (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI = 1.13–3.26) more likely to have used crack in the past 6 months and half as likely to have used marijuana (AOR = .44, 95% CI = .25–.77). There were no significant differences for heroin use. Discussion: Substance use at midlife may have significant implications for adverse social and health outcomes among African Americans. Findings support the need to better understand the developmental pathways of drug use and dependence among African Americans.
Internal fixation in pelvic fractures and primary repairs of associated genitourinary disruptions : A team approach

Associated urological and orthopedic injuries of the pelvic ring are complex with numerous potential complications. These patients are treated optimally using a team approach. The combined expertise is not only helpful initially when managing these difficult patients, but also later as problems develop. This study describes a treatment protocol and reports the early results of 23 patients with unstable pelvic fractures and associated bladder or urethral disruptions, or both, treated surgically with open reduction and internal fixation of the anterior pelvic ring injuries at the same anesthetic and using the same surgical exposure as the urethral realignments or bladder repairs or both. Early complications occurred in four patients (17%): one patient sustained a fifth lumbar nerve injury caused by the pelvic reduction procedure, and three patients had anterior pelvic internal fixation failures. Late complications occurred in eight patients (35%). There was one deep wound infection (4.3%) that presented 6 weeks after injury. Late urological complications occurred in seven patients (30%). Four of the nine male patients with urethral disruptions had urethral stricture after their primary urethral realignments (44%). Three of the 18 male patients admitted to impotence (16.7%). One of the three had a residual thoracic paraplegia caused by a burst fracture. One of the five female patients had urinary incontinence and required a bladder suspension operation to restore normal function (20%). A low infection rate can be expected despite the use of internal fixation. Early urethral "indirect" realignments avoid more difficult delayed open repairs; however, late urological complication rates are still high. Early "direct" bladder repairs are easily performed at the time of anterior pelvic open reduction and internal fixation. Suprapubic tubes are not necessary to adequately divert the urine when large diameter urethral catheters are used in these patients.