cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microcalorimetric, FTIR, and DFT Studies of the Adsorption of Methanol, Ethanol, and 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol on Silica

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of methanol, ethanol, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol on silica at 300 K were studied by combining microcalorimetric and infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) measurements with quantum-chemical calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT). Methanol, ethanol, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol adsorb molecularly on silica via formation of hydrogen bonds, with initial heats of interaction of 78, 100, and 90 (±2) kJ/mol, respectively. Methanol and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol adsorbed on silica can be removed by evacuation at 473 K, whereas small amounts (∼5 μmol/g) of ethoxy species remain on silica after evacuation at 573 K. Two pathways are considered for the alkoxylation of silica: one pathway involving protonation of the adsorbed alcohol by surface hydroxyls and the other involving protonation and subsequent cleavage of Si–OH bonds or SiO–Si bridges by the adsorbed alcohol. The activation energies for the formation of methoxy, ethoxy, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy species via the first pathway are estimated to be 309, 285, and 321 kJ/mol, respectively, whereas activation energies for the second pathway are estimated to be 117, 117, 138 kJ/mol. The high activation barrier for the first pathway is caused by the localization of positive charge in the alkyl group of the transition state, which is made difficult by the weak acidity of silica and the instability of methyl, ethyl, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl carbenium ions. The second proposed mechanism is controlled mainly by the acid strength of the alcohols and the extent of delocalization of electron density in the four-member ring present in the transition states.
Monoton finite element matrices and their computed condition numbers

Abstract Certain finite element stiffness matrices appearing in the discretization of second order problems possess positive inverses (are monoton). Some classical theorems concerning such positive matrices are expediently evoked to compute numerical lower and upper bounds of any desired closeness on the maximum and spectral condition numbers of these matrices.
Characterization of the fetal diaphragmatic magnetomyogram and the effect of breathing movements on cardiac metrics of rate and variability

Breathing movements are one of the earliest fetal motor behaviors to emerge and are a hallmark of fetal well-being. Fetal respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has been documented but efforts to quantify the influence of breathing on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) are difficult due to the episodic nature of fetal breathing activity. We used a dedicated fetal biomagnetometer to acquire the magnetocardiogram (MCG) between 36 and 38 weeks gestational age (GA). We identified and characterized a waveform observed in the raw data and independent component decomposition that we attribute to fetal diaphragmatic movements during breathing episodes. RSA and increased high frequency power in a time-frequency analysis of the IBI time-series was observed during fetal breathing periods. Using the diaphragmatic magnetomyogram (dMMG) as a marker, we compared time and frequency domain metrics of heart rate and heart rate variability between breathing and non-breathing epochs. Fetal breathing activity resulted in significantly lower HR, increased high frequency power, greater sympathovagal balance, increased short-term HRV and greater parasympathetic input relative to non-breathing episodes confirming the specificity of fetal breathing movements on parasympathetic cardiac influence. No significant differences between breathing and non-breathing epochs were found in two metrics reflecting total HRV or very low, low and intermediate frequency bands. Using the fetal dMMG as a marker, biomagnetometry can help to elucidate the electrophysiologic mechanisms associated with diaphragmatic motor function and may be used to study the longitudinal development of human fetal cardiac autonomic control and breathing activity.
Crystal structure, conformation, and absolute configuration of kanamycin A.

Abstract Kanamycin, an antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamycetius isolated from Japanese soil, was described by Okami and Umezawa as early as 1957 and consists of three components: Kanamycin A (the major component), B, and C. The disulfate salt of kanamycin A [4-O-(6-amino-6-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl)-6-O-(3-amino-3-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl)-2-deoxystreptamine] is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used to treat gonorrhea, salmonella, tuberculosis, and many other diseases. Crystals of kanamycin A monosulfate monohydrate obtained from water are triclinic, space group P1, with a = 7.2294(14), b = 12.4922(15), c = 7.1168(9), α = 94.74(1), β = 89.16(1), γ = 91.59(1), V = 640.2(2) A3, μ(Cu Kα) = 18.4 cm−1, FW 600.6, Dcalc = 1.558 g/cm3, CAD-4 diffractometric data (2693 reflections, 2554 ⩾ 3σ(I)), structure by shelx-86 and refined by full-matrix least squares to a final R value of 0.038. The wrong conformer had an R value of 0.043. Both of the d -glucose moieties are attached to the deoxystreptamine by α linkages. This absolute configuration agrees with the earlier determination by both chemical and X-ray methods with photographic data. The (ϕ, ψ) values for the glycosidic linkages are 101.6°, −121.1°, 106.3°, and −140.4°, respectively. Kanamycin interacts with the ribosomal S12 protein to stabilize the codon–anticodon binding between mRNA and the aminoacyl tRNA and inhibits the elongation of peptide chains through a series of reactions resulting in the prevention of ribosomes from moving along mRNA.
Enhancing Supply Decisions through the Use of Efficient Marginal Costs Models

SUMMARY Supply managers are often faced with the challenge of making effective purchasing decisions in acquiring production materials, supplies, and capital equipment. The complexity of the procurement process has mainly intensified due to the increased emphasis on delivery performance, product quality, and technical service apart from traditional cost measures This article presents a set of multi-criteria models for estimation of efficient marginal costs of supplier outputs, which provide critical information to managers on the values of outputs. The marginal costs are utllized for making effective purchasing decisions by setting optimal output prices for negotiation on supplier bids. The models are tested on an actual dataset of suppliers.
Effect of Capacitance on Electrostatic Precipitator Operating Voltage

Pilot plant precipitators can usually operate at much higher voltages than the equipment they are meant to simulate. A possible reason for the difference in the sparkover voltage is the difference in the capacitance of the electrode systems. Experiments are carried out with apparatus which simulates the events leading to sparkover in an electrostatic precipitator. Curves of the relationship between sparkover voltage and capacitance are shown.
THE SEROTONIN SYNDROME

The serotonin syndrome as described by Sternbach 33 is a symptom complex resulting from an increase in the biologic activity of serotonin. The symptoms may include alteration in mental status, neuromuscular irritability, and autonomic instability. Constellations of symptoms thought to have resulted from increased concentrations of serotonin have been described as early as 1955 in a report that described positive Babinski reflexes, clonus, and twitching in a patient receiving iproniazid and meperidine. 24 In 1960, Oates and Sjoerdsma 27 described the indolamine syndrome that included altered mental status, ataxia, and lower extremity hyperreflexia in four patients receiving l-tryptophan and a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). In that same year, Smith and Procop 30 noted euphoria, drowsiness, nystagmus, hyperreflexia, and ataxia after treatment with high-dose tryptophan. More recent literature has tended to implicate the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as well as the MAOIs. This article outlines the identified causes of this syndrome, purported treatment options, incidence, pathophysiology, and the major diagnostic considerations.
Analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the insertion sequence IS1381 in group B Streptococci.

Group B streptococci (GBS) are typed by capsular polysaccharide type. IS 1381, an insertion sequence previously described in Streptococcus pneumoniae, was cloned from GBS strain A909. The presence of multiple copies of IS1381 in A909 suggested that IS1381 analysis might be an effective subtyping tool. IS1381 was found by Southern blot analysis to be present in 18 (72%) of 25 of unrelated GBS isolates tested. IS1381 analysis allowed discrimination between strains that contain IS1381 with a discriminatory power >99%. Eight of 8 sets of epidemiologically related isolates containing IS1381 give identical or nearly identical patterns of IS1381 insertion. For 2 maternallinfant sets, a single additional insertion was seen in 1 strain, suggesting that an additional insertion occurred between maternal colonization and infection of the infant. Insertion patterns of IS1381 are an effective tool for subtyping GBS.
Granulomatous hepatitis in Yersinia enterocolitica bacteraemia.

Summary Bacteraemia caused by Yersinia enterocolitica was associated in a 60-year-old diabetic man with right upper-quadrant abdominal tenderness and abnormal liver function tests. Biopsy of the liver demonstrated granulomas with acute necrosis. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of granuloma formation in the human liver associated with this infection. Yersinia enterocolitica should therefore be added to the list of organisms associated with granulomatous hepatitis in human beings.
Environment-Dependent Tight-Binding Potential Model

The use of tight-binding formalism to parametrize the electronic structures of crystals and molecules has been a subject of continuous interest since the pioneering work of Slater and Koster [1] half a century ago. In the last 15 years, tight-binding method has attracted even more attention due to the development of tight-binding total energy models that can provide interatomic forces for molecular dynamics simulations of materials [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The simplicity of the tight-binding description makes the method very promising for large scale electronic calculations and atomistic simulations [8, 9]. However, studies of complex systems require that the tight-binding parameters should be “transferable” [4], i.e., should be able to describe accurately the electronic structure and total energy of a material in different bonding configurations. Although tight-binding molecular dynamics has been successfully applied to a number of interesting systems such as carbon fullerenes and carbon nanotubes [10, 11, 12], the transferability of tight-binding potentials is still a major issue that hinders the wide spread application of the method to more materials of current interest.
Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in detecting tricuspid valve stenosis.

Abstract Doppler echocardiography appears to provide an accurate method for assessment of valve stenosis.1 Most studies in this area have been performed in patients with aortic,2 mitral3 or pulmonic valve stenosis.4 Although qualitative assessment of tricuspid stenosis (TS) is possible with Doppler echocardiography,5 there is no information about its correlation with pressure gradients measured directly. This report presents Doppler echocardiographic hemodynamic correlation in 2 patients with obstruction to tricuspid flow, 1 with rheumatic heart disease and 1 with severe stenosis across a prosthesis in the tricuspid valve position.
Neotectonics of Africa and the Indian Ocean: Development of the geoidal low

Abstract The western, trans-Africa lobe of the Indian Ocean geoidal low correlates with Neogene tectonic features, such as the east Africa rift system and the Congo river basin. The opposite, eastern flank of the Indocean geoidal low is indented westward by the geoidal high associated with Sundaland (Indonesia), believed to have been displaced westward into its present location since mid-Tertiary times. The Indocean low thus seems to be slowly mobile, and to have acquired its present shape, elbowed at the Equator pointing west, as a result of tectonic processes continuing at present. We have sought lithosphere motion accounting for the large-scale tectonics and for the changes in the geoidal low. The constraints suggest that Africa and the western part of the Indian Ocean basin have been experiencing slow westward drift in Neogene times. This has resulted in the development of the mass-deficiency to the east, expressed as the Indian Ocean geoidal low, in the Africa meridional rifting, and in seafloor spreading as material upwells from the asthenosphere in response to the developing hydrostatic deficiency. The motion is consistent with the seafloor magnetic record, and would explain the dextral displacement at the south boundary of the Eurasian lithosphere segment.
Studies of the angular reproducibility of positioning patients adjacent to an x‐ray tube: 1. Stent‐rod based and extra‐oral systems

The usefulness of subtraction radiography for detecting small changes in crestal bone is dependent upon achieving reproducible geometry between x-ray beam and patient structures when serial radiographs are taken. This study evaluates 2 methods currently employed to maintain geometric correspondence: 1) a stent-based system which rigidly fixes a custom-made stent to the x-ray tube by the use of a rod and 2) an extra-oral system which positions a patient in the x-ray unit by means of ear rods. The projection of a light beam from a fixed subject reference was used to measure the change of the orientation of the reference at 2 different measurement times. The rod-stent system was able to maintain a discrepancy of less than 2 degrees 75% of the time over a time period of 6 months. For the extra-oral system this ranged from 72% to 92% during a 1-month period.
Association of mesenchyme with attenuated basement membranes during morphogenetic stages of newt limb regeneration

The interface between epithelium and mesenchyme may be involved in inductive interactions which occur during development. This interface within the growth bud, or blastema, of a regenerating limb has been examined to determine whether changes in basement-membrane structures are visible in regions of putative epithelial-mesenchymal inductive interaction. Regenerating forelimbs of adult newts were fixed by perfusion with osmotically balanced aldehydes. Late-bulb to early-digit stage regenerates were collected and processed either for light and transmission electron microscopy or for scanning electron microscopy. Light microscopy confirmed that regions characterized by increased numbers of subepithelial mesenchymal cells were covered by a diffusely stained basement membrane. Transmission electron microscopy of these regions revealed two structural components of the basement membrane. The thin basal lamina was continuous in all regions of all stages examined, but it was attenuated apically in areas of mesenchymal cell accumulation. The thicker underlying reticular lamina was markedly attenuated in these regions near the blastemal apex. Scanning electron microscopy of de-epithelialized blastemas revealed that, apically, the reticular lamina formed only a delicate lacelike network. On the base of the blastema, it formed a dense fibrillar meshwork which was further organized into a geometric pattern in the adjacent stump skin. Cumulatively, these observations suggest that physical contact between epithelial and mesenchymal cells is not essential at these stages, but that regions of putative epithelial-mesenchymal interaction are characterized by a distinctly diminished reticular lamina. Structural changes in basement-membrane components may be related to termination of local inductive events.
Simplified Two-Time Step Method for Calculating Combustion and Emission Rates of Jet-A and Methane Fuel with and Without Water Injection

A simplified kinetic scheme for Jet-A, and methane fuels with water injection was developed to be used in numerical combustion codes, such as the National Combustor Code (NCC) or even simple FORTRAN codes that are being developed at Glenn. The two time step method is either an initial time averaged value (step one) or an instantaneous value (step two). The switch is based on the water concentration in moles/cc of 1x10(exp -20). The results presented here results in a correlation that gives the chemical kinetic time as two separate functions. This two step method is used as opposed to a one step time averaged method previously developed to determine the chemical kinetic time with increased accuracy. The first time averaged step is used at the initial times for smaller water concentrations. This gives the average chemical kinetic time as a function of initial overall fuel air ratio, initial water to fuel mass ratio, temperature, and pressure. The second instantaneous step, to be used with higher water concentrations, gives the chemical kinetic time as a function of instantaneous fuel and water mole concentration, pressure and temperature (T4). The simple correlations would then be compared to the turbulent mixing times to determine the limiting properties of the reaction. The NASA Glenn GLSENS kinetics code calculates the reaction rates and rate constants for each species in a kinetic scheme for finite kinetic rates. These reaction rates were then used to calculate the necessary chemical kinetic times. Chemical kinetic time equations for fuel, carbon monoxide and NOx were obtained for Jet-A fuel and methane with and without water injection to water mass loadings of 2/1 water to fuel. A similar correlation was also developed using data from NASA's Chemical Equilibrium Applications (CEA) code to determine the equilibrium concentrations of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide as functions of overall equivalence ratio, water to fuel mass ratio, pressure and temperature (T3). The temperature of the gas entering the turbine (T4) was also correlated as a function of the initial combustor temperature (T3), equivalence ratio, water to fuel mass ratio, and pressure.
Police reform: Who done it?

This paper examines nine innovations in American policing since the report of the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice (1967) - community-oriented policing, problem-oriented policing, signs-of-crime policing, hot-spots policing, mandatory arrest for spouse assault, enhancement of internal discipline, external oversight, COMPSTAT, and increased diversity of personnel. These innovations occurred from the top-down within policing and were not the product of collaboration with the rank-and-file. In all but two cases, innovations were not instigated by the police themselves but were formulated by people outside the police and brought to the police for adoption. I conclude that innovation occurred because of a system of collaboration between police and civil society that is unique in the world and was itself instigated by far-sighted police leaders.
Mutational analysis of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: Structural basis of ligand/receptor/g protein interactions

Molecular cloning studies have revealed the existence of five molecularly distinct muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (m1-m5), which differ in their tissue distribution, ligand binding properties, and functional profiles. Structurally (and functionally), the muscarinic receptors are members of the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. A variety of different mutagenesis techniques have been used to study the molecular basis of muscarinic receptor function. This approach has led to the identification of distinct receptor domains (or individual amino acids) predicted to play key roles in ligand binding, agonist-dependent receptor activation, and G protein coupling. Since all G protein-linked receptors share a similar molecular architecture, the information gained from the mutational analysis of muscarinic receptors should help delineate functionally important regions of other members of this receptor family.
Motor unit spike counts before and after maximal voluntary contraction

Motor unit spike counts in the biceps brachii muscle were evaluated using a monopolar needle electrode during maintenance of antigravity posture with the elbow flexed to 45 degrees before and after maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). After MVC, the number of motor unit spikes/second needed to maintain this posture was about 50% less than prior to MVC. Surface rectified integrated EMG activity declined in parallel to the decline in spike counts. To determine whether different muscles were compensating for the reduction in spike counts, synergistic muscles were examined simultaneously. Similar reductions were noted. In one deafferented subject, EMG activity increased rather than decreased after MVC . Fatigue decreases the contraction-relaxation rate of muscle fibers, which lowers fusion frequency. Thus, lower rates of motor unit activation can result in the maintenance of constant force. A feedback system from muscle to CNS likely senses this slowing and leads to the spike count reduction.
Acceleration of structural changes in monolayers by steroid hormones

As part of a general study of the influence of steroid hormones on the properties of monomolecular films on water, we have examined the surface viscosity ηs of films of mono-octadecyl phosphate (mOP) on solutions containing steroid hormones. Monolayers of mOP on water undergo polymerization which can be readily followed by measuring ηs as a function of time1. The reaction is pH-dependent which indicates that the polymerization is, at least in part, a result of interactions among the phosphate groups1,2. The results bear on the aggregation reaction within mOP films, and the question of whether steroid hormones are able to modify chemical reactions at surfaces, of which the aggregation reaction is an example.
Cryptosporidiosis: Clinical, Epidemiologic, and Parasitologic Review

Cryptosporidium, an intestinal protozoan parasite, is a well-known cause of diarrhea in animals but has been recognized only recently as a cause of human disease. Since 1976, 58 cases of cryptosporidiosis in humans have been reported; 18 of the patients had normal immune function, and 40 had various immunologic abnormalities, the most common of which, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), occurred in 33 patients. Patients with normal immune function had self-limited diarrhea, but patients with immunologic abnormalities often developed severe, irreversible diarrhea; 22 patients have died. The diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis can now be made noninvasively, but increased diagnostic proficiency has led to little improvement in control or treatment of the disease. Although 23 compounds have been evaluated in experimentally infected animals and 20 drugs have been used in human clinical trials, no effective chemotherapeutic agent for cryptosporidiosis has been identified to date.
ALCOHOL USE AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF TUBERCULOSIS

Summary Objectives Excess alcohol use represents a significant challenge in tuberculosis control. Whether alcohol use enhances transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is not known. Methods We analyzed North Carolina, USA surveillance data for all adult (>14 years) tuberculosis cases reported 1994–2006 ( N =5556). Results The prevalence of excess alcohol use among tuberculosis cases declined from 27.3% in 1994 to 17.9% in 2006. Cases with excess alcohol use were more likely to have pulmonary tuberculosis compared with cases without excess alcohol use (92.5% vs. 77.2%, p p p Conclusions Although excess alcohol use is becoming less prevalent among tuberculosis cases in North Carolina, cases who use excess alcohol had clinical features associated with greater infectiousness, and represent a significant public health problem.
An Investigation of Academic Self-Concept and its Relationship to Academic Achievement in African American College Students:

This study examined the academic self-concept construct in a sample of 206 African American students attending historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and predominantly White colleges and universities (PWCUs). Institutional, gender, and class status (i.e., year in college) differences in academic self-concept were investigated as well as factors that predict academic self-concept. Participants completed the Academic Self-Concept Scale. Findings indicated that the best predictor of academic self-concept for students attending PWCUs was grade point average, whereas the best predictor of academic self-concept for students attending HBCUs was quality of student-faculty interactions. Additional analyses indicated that grade point average is significantly more important for the academic self-concept of African American students attending PWCUs than African American students attending HBCUs. Implications for psychologists are discussed.
Energy Sharing Control Scheme for State-of-Charge Balancing of Distributed Battery Energy Storage System

This paper presents an energy sharing state-of-charge (SOC) balancing control scheme based on a distributed battery energy storage system architecture where the cell balancing system and the dc bus voltage regulation system are combined into a single system. The battery cells are decoupled from one another by connecting each cell with a small lower power dc–dc power converter. The small power converters are utilized to achieve both SOC balancing between the battery cells and dc bus voltage regulation at the same time. The battery cells' SOC imbalance issue is addressed from the root by using the energy sharing concept to automatically adjust the discharge/charge rate of each cell while maintaining a regulated dc bus voltage. Consequently, there is no need to transfer the excess energy between the cells for SOC balancing. The theoretical basis and experimental prototype results are provided to illustrate and validate the proposed energy sharing controller.
Quantum modeling of a current-driven Josephson oscillator

Using field-theoretic techniques we develop a quantum model of a current-biased Josephson junction that explicitly takes into account the external drive wires. In addition to generating the current, we find that the external wires also affect the degree of phase order across the junction oxide. As a specific application of our approach, we examine the steady-state dynamics of a Josephson oscillator that is current biased on a Shapiro step and exposed to a random-noise current which flows in a direction normal to the tunneling current. For certain values of the system parameters, we find that the dc pair current exhibits a markedly different dependence on the rf power than occurs in the usual Shapiro current. It is also shown that the nature of the phase coherence for this situation is considerably different from the usual Josephson state.
Deletion of the Thyroid Hormone β1 Receptor Increases Basal and Triiodothyronine-Induced Growth Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in GH3 Cells*

The conserved diversity, restricted distribution, and differential regulation of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms raise the possibility of isoform-specific functions. We have addressed the roles of individual TRs in GH gene expression in GH3 cells by using an isoform-specific antisense RNA to delete TRβ1. An antisense RNA vector, directed against the isoform-specific coding sequence of the parent TRβ1 complementary DNA, was constructed. Stable transfected GH3-derived cell lines expressing this construct were established. Appropriate control cell lines were established in parallel. Depletion of TRβ1 in cells expressing the antisense construct was confirmed at both the messenger RNA and protein levels. Total TR expression was maintained in these cells by a reciprocal increase in TRβ2 levels. This perturbation of the TR population was associated with a 10.5-fold increase in basal and a 5.0-fold increase in T3-stimulated GH gene expression, but no increase in total T3 binding of nuclear extracts. In...
Electrical assessment of chip to chip connection for ultra high density organic interposer

Organic interposer which utilize existing manufacturing infrastructure and material, has capability and potential to be in low cost. Furthermore, organic material property which has lower relative dielectric constant (Dk) than silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) potentially realizes higher bandwidth, keeping particular characteristic impedance on transmission line. In this paper, we focus on a simple chip-to-chip connection with ultra high density circuitry on an organic interposer to make more understanding of relation between trace width and bandwidth. The results show that the bandwidth with assumed organic material is comparable to or more than that with SiO 2 , and the trace width to obtain bandwidth peak is around 1µm – 2µm.
Variation in consonant cluster production by pediatric cochlear implant users.

Objective: To provide an account of variation in the production of consonant clusters by pediatric cochlear implant users. Design: Productions of consonant clusters by pediatric cochlear implant users were analyzed for variation in number of segments, reduction patterns, and segmental substitutions within the framework of Optimality Theory. Results: A finite set of faithfulness and markedness constraints and variable constraint ranking can account for much of the variation in the production of consonant clusters by pediatric cochlear implant users. Conclusion: Variation in consonant cluster production by pediatric cochlear implant users is not structurally random but subject to the same principles of phonological organization that govern other linguistic systems.
Extracellular Matrix Turnover and Outflow Resistance

Normal homeostatic adjustment of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) involves remodeling the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork (TM). This entails sensing elevated IOP, releasing numerous activated proteinases to degrade existing ECM and concurrent biosynthesis of replacement ECM components. To increase or decrease IOP, the quantity, physical properties and/or organization of new components should be somewhat different from those replaced in order to modify outflow resistance. ECM degradation and replacement biosynthesis in the outflow pathway must be tightly controlled and focused to retain the complex structural organization of the tissue. Recently identified podosome- or invadopodia-like structures (PILS) may aid in the focal degradation of ECM and organization of replacement components.
Accuracy of the Bethe-Faddeev Equation

The accuracy of the Bethe and Day solutions of the Bethe-Faddeev equations is tested by applying the methods to a soluble problem. While both approximations differ from the exact solutions, the deviations are not so large as to invalidate the conclusion that the three-body terms are likely to be small.
Developing an ecosystem perspective from experimental monitoring programs: II. Ecophysiological responses of a rare geothermal grass to soil water.

Measurements of xylem water potential, leaf conductance, and leaf pressure–volume characteristics on the geothermal endemic Dichanthelium lanuginosum var. thermale (DILA) were used to delineate operational ranges during wet and dry years and among several microsites at Little Geysers, Sonoma County, California, USA. Plants seldom experienced water potentials more negative that −1.5 MPa. Other nongeothermal, widespread species experienced the lower water potentials typical of chaparral and woodland plants. DILA was able to effectively utilize geothermal water while the widespread species could not and was able to keep stomata open during most of the year. There was evidence to suggest that DILA had some ability to acclimate with significant shifts in Πo and ψo during the dry 1994 summer, especially in the upland microhabitat. Nevertheless, minimum leaf turgor values in the upland came very close to, or dropped below, the 0.2–0.3 MPa threshold thought necessary to maintain stomatal opening and photosynthesis. DILA thus depends upon the unique water status of fumarole soils in the vicinity of the Little Geysers to persist in an otherwise lethal regional mosaic of climate, soil, and vegetation. The physiological data were used to derive reference ranges for subsequent monitoring of DILA at Little Geysers. Such ranges are required to determine the future impact, if any, of geothermal development on the persistence of this rare grass and its complex ecosystem.
Characterization of the mesoscopic structure in the photoactive layer of organic solar cells: A focused review

Abstract Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) belong to a class of devices where the nanometer scale morphology of the active layer has a large impact on device performance. However, characterization of the morphology of organic semiconductor mixtures that make up the active layer of OPVs remains a challenge. Here, the characterization methods that can be used to quantitatively and qualitatively measure the mesoscopic structure of the active layer in organic solar cells are described. Specifically, we focus on the use of X-ray and neutron scattering, scanning probe microscopy, and electron and X-ray microscopy for morphological characterization of organic semiconductor mixtures at mesoscopic length scales.
Synergistic effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotic agents in combination with fluoxetine on norepinephrine and dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex.

To understand the mechanism of the clinical efficacy of olanzapine and fluoxetine combination therapy for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), we studied the effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotics in combination with the selective serotonin uptake inhibitors fluoxetine or sertraline on neurotransmitter release in rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) using microdialysis. The combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine produced robust, sustained increases of extracellular levels of dopamine ([DA]ex) and norepinephrine ([NE]ex) up to 361 ± 28% and 272 ± 16% of the baseline, respectively, which were significantly greater than either drug alone. This combination produced a slightly smaller increase of serotonin ([5-HT]ex) than fluoxetine alone. The combination of clozapine or risperidone with fluoxetine produced less robust and persistent increases of [DA]ex and [NE]ex. The combination of haloperidol or MDL 100907 with fluoxetine did not increase the monoamines more than fluoxetine alone. Olanzapine plus sertraline combination increased only [DA]ex. Therefore, the large, sustained increase of [DA]ex, [NE]ex, and [5-HT]ex in PFC after olanzapine-fluoxetine treatment was unique and may contribute to the profound antidepressive effect of the olanzapine and fluoxetine therapy in TRD.
The local Kostant—PBW ordering

Abstract Commutation relations in Lie theory give rise to families of finite partially ordered sets connected with Kostant's partition function. Techniques originally used to obtain arithmetic properties of Kostant's function mesh well with these poset structures giving a great deal of geometric structure to the Hasse diagrams. Quite apart from any use in Lie theory these posets offer a wealth of examples of nicely behaved tractable posets which are neither rank symmetric nor satisfy LYM.
A One-Dimensional Stochastic Model of Diamond Growth

(1+1)-dimensional stochastic simulations were performed representing elementary processes underlying chemical vapor deposition of diamond films. The results exhibit different growth regimes, depending on the values assigned to kinetic rates, and generally support the critical role of surface migration suggested earlier for the growth of diamond.
Composite Newton-PCG and quasi-Newton iterations for nonlinear consolidations

Abstract Newton's method is theoretically attractive for solving a system of nonlinear equations, but it is difficult to use in practice because it requires the solution of a linear system at each iteration. For large-scale problems where the dimension of the system may be several thousand, the solution of such linear system may be extremely expensive. The burden of equation-solving is more evident in two- and three-dimensional consolidation problems due to the coupling of soil skeletal displacements and pore fluid pressure which tends to increase the size of the matrix equation significantly. Two iterative techniques for solving such system of nonlinear equations are thus investigated in this paper and compared with the performance of the standard Newton's method in which the linear system is solved by direct triangular factorization. The first of these two techniques is a combination of Newton iteration for the nonlinear system and preconditioned conjugate gradients (PCG) with a global elastic tangent operator preconditioner for the linearized system. The PCG iterative linear equation solver is shown to dramatically improve the efficiency of Newton's method, particularly when the system of linear equations is large. The second technique involves a secant-Newton iteration in which the rank-two BFGS inverse update is employed. For large symmetric systems it is shown that this technique can also be competitive with the standard Newton's method, although it appears to be incapable of handling nonsymmetric systems well. A simple line search algorithm based on the majorization principle is employed to force all of these iterative techniques to produce a norm-reducing solution. Numerical results employing realistic constitutive models for soils are then presented to compare the performance of each of these iterative techniques in the analysis of typical nonlinear consolidation problems.
On commutative normal ∗-derivations, II

Abstract A sufficient condition, under which commutative normal ∗-derivations do not have the phase transition at arbitrary temperature, will be given. As an immediate consequence, we have that no phase transition occurs for one-dimensional Ising model at arbitrary temperature.
Interventional and surgical treatment of pancreatic abscess

Pancreatic abscess is one of the infectious complications of acute pancreatitis. It is a collection principally containing pus, but it may also contain variable amounts of semisolid necrotic debris. Most of these abscesses evolve from the progressive liquefaction of necrotic pancreatic and peripancreatic tissues, but some arise from infection of peripancreatic fluid or collections elsewhere in the peritoneal cavity. Included also are abscesses found after surgical debridement and drainage of pancreatic necrosis. Although open surgical treatment of infected necrosis is the established treatment of choice, percutaneous drainage of abscesses is successful in some circumstances. We used percutaneous catheter drainage in 39 patients during 1987–1995. Only 9 of 29 (31%) attempts at primary therapy were successful; 2 patients died, and 18 required subsequent surgical drainage. On the other hand, 14 of 14 patients with recurrent or residual abscesses after surgical drainage were successfully drained percutaneously. Percutaneous catheter drainage of pancreatic abscesses may be useful for initial stabilization of septic patients, drainage of further abscesses after surgical intervention (especially when access for reoperation will be difficult), associated abscesses remote from the pancreas, and selected unilocular collections at a sufficient interval after necrotizing pancreatitis to have allowed essentially complete liquefaction.
Myocardial velocity gradient imaging by phase contrast MRI with application to regional function in myocardial ischemia.

Velocity-encoded phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to quantify regional myocardial contractile function with a sensitivity to motion comparable to implanted ultrasonic crystals. An MRI sequence and post-processing algorithm were developed to measure myocardial velocity gradients on a 1.5 T MRI scanner. These methods were validated on a rotating phantom and applied to dogs before (n = 11) and during prolonged coronary occlusion (n = 5). In phantom validation studies, the average absolute error corresponded to motion equivalent to 0.03 ± 0.04 mm (mean ± SD) during the repetition time of the experiment. Rigid body corrections during post-processing significantly simplified the interpretation of myocardial velocity vectors. In vivo, rigid body motion contributes substantially to the recorded myocardial velocities in systole and diastole and can give the false impression of regional wall motion abnormalities. After rigid body correction, normal systolic and diastolic velocity vectors in short-axis views of the left ventricle were primarily directed toward the center of the left ventricle. Transmural radial strain rate was 2.0 ± 0.6 sec−1 during systole and −3.6 ± 1.1 sec−1 during early diastole in normal canine hearts. Ischemic myocardium was easily discriminated from normal left ventricle by velocity-encoded phase contrast MRI both qualitatively and quantitatively (P < 0.01 in systole and P < 0.05 in early diastole). Although the myocardial velocity images have a spatial resolution on the order of a millimeter, the velocity encoding describes the mechanical consequences of focal myocardial ischemia with sensitivity to submillimeter displacement of the pixels. The three-dimensional nature of velocity-encoded MRI is particularly well suited to the study of the complex motion of the heart in vivo. Magn Reson Med 42:98–109, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An ab Initio Calculation of the Potential for the Interaction of a Hydrogen Atom with an Ethane Molecule

In this paper ab initio methods including PMP2/aug-cc-pVTZ, CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p), and G2 methods are used to calculate the interaction potential for a hydrogen atom approaching ethane along the carboncarbon axis of ethane. The potential shows a shallow minimum at about 4.0 A and a strong repulsive core. The position of the minimum moves to smaller distances as the size of the basis set increases. Concurrently, the strength of the core repulsion decreases and the well depth increases. PMP2 calculations show a slightly shallower well than do CCSD(T) calculations, but the repulsive potentials are virtually identical. The potential is well represented by a Morse potential. An exponential-6 potential, a simple exponential, an anti-Morse potential or a Kihara potential fit the data less well. A Lennard-Jones potential and a Mie potential show substantial deviations. A new exponentially damped exponential-6 potential fits the repulsive region slightly better than the Morse exponential-6, anti-Morse, and Lennard-Jones potentials. Potential parameters are included in the paper.
Chronic hyperoxia alters the expression of neurotrophic factors in the carotid body of neonatal rats

Chronic exposure to hyperoxia alters the postnatal development and innervation of the rat carotid body. We hypothesized that this plasticity is related to changes in the expression of neurotrophic factors or related proteins. Rats were reared in 60% O(2) from 24 to 36h prior to birth until studied at 3d of age (P3). Protein levels for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were significantly reduced (-70%) in the P3 carotid body, while protein levels for its receptor, tyrosine kinase B, and for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were unchanged. Transcript levels in the carotid body were downregulated for the GDNF receptor Ret (-34%) and the neuropeptide Vgf (-67%), upregulated for Cbln1 (+205%), and unchanged for Fgf2; protein levels were not quantified for these genes. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that Vgf and Cbln1 proteins are expressed within the carotid body glomus cells. These data suggest that BDNF, and perhaps other neurotrophic factors, contribute to abnormal carotid body function following perinatal hyperoxia.
Tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate stimulates latent collagenase production by cultured human endothelial cells

Abstract Angiogenesis is associated with the fragmentation of blood vessel basement membranes. Since collagen is a major constituent of basement membranes, cultured human endothelial cells derived from umbilical cord veins were assayed for their ability to produce collagenase. Unstimulated cultured human endothelial cells did not secrete detectable levels of active collagenase into the culture medium. However, if the post-culture medium was treated with trypsin or plasmin, low levels of collagenolytic activity were detected, indicating that endothelial cells secrete small amounts of latent collagenase. Addition of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to the culture medium stimulated the secretion of collagenase by endothelial cells 5–30 fold. More than 90% of the collagenase was secreted in the latent form. Stimulation of collagenase production was detected at 10 −9 M TPA and was maximal at 10 −8 M TPA. An increase in the rate of collagenase production could be detected within 3 hr after the addition of TPA, and full induction occurred by 12 hr. Cycloheximide (3 μg/ml) or actinomycin D (0.1 μg/ml) inhibited both basal levels of collagenase production and the stimulation of collagenase production by TPA. Phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDD), a tumor-promoting analog of TPA, also stimulated collagenase production when administered at the same concentrations that were effective for TPA. However, 4-O-methyl TPA and 4-αPDD, two analogs of TPA which are not tumor promoters, did not stimulate collagenase production at concentrations up to 10 −7 M. The collagenase produced by endothelial cells was a typical vertebrate collagenase as judged by the following criteria: it cleaved collagen into only two fragments which were three quarters and one quarter of the length of the intact molecule; it was inhibited by EDTA and human serum; it was not inhibited by inhibitors of serine, thiol or aspartate proteases. Thus TPA causes an increase in the production of latent collagenase by cultured human endothelial cells.
Design of Branched and Unbranched Axially Symmetrical Ducts with Specified Pressure Distribution

This paper concerns the potential flow design of axially symmetrical ducts of both circular and annular cross section with or without wail suction or blowing slots. The objective of the work was to develop a method by which such ducts could be designed with directly prescribed wall pressure variation. Previous axially symmetrical design methods applied orciy to circular cross-sectional ducts and required that the pressure distribution be prescribed along the duct centerline and not along the duct wall. The present method uses an inverse problem approach which extends the method of Stanitz to the axially symmetrical case, and an approximation is used to account for the stagnation point in branched duct designs. Two examples of successful designs of diffusers with suction slots are presented.
Thin discs and a Morera theorem for CR functions

γ f (z ) dz = 0 for every closed curve γ in D . There are generalizations of this theorem to domains and real hypersurfaces in Cn . See [A] and [GS] and references there. In this paper, we obtain a version of the Morera theorem for CR functions on manifolds of higher codimension. Let M be a smooth real manifold in Cn . Recall that M is generic if the tangent space Tz M spans the whole space Cn for z ∈ M . A CR function on M is a continuous function that satisfies the weak tangential Cauchy-Riemann equations. An analytic disc is a continuous mapping A : ∆ → Cn holomorphic in the standard disc ∆ = {ζ ∈ C : |ζ| < 1}. We say that the disc A is attached to M if it maps the circle b∆ to M , that is A(b∆) ⊂ M . Let f be a continuous function on a real manifold M ⊂ Cn . We say that f has the Morera property with respect to an analytic disc A attached to M if ∫