cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geology and tectonic development of the continental margin north of Alaska

Abstract Grantz, A., Eittreim, S. and Dinter, D.A., 1979. Geology and tectonic development of the continental margin north of Alaska. In: C.E. Keen (Editor), Crustal Properties across Passive Margins. Tectonophysics, 59: 263–291. The continental margin north of Alaska, as interpreted from seismic reflection profiles, is of the Atlantic type and consists of three sectors of contrasting structure and stratigraphy. The Chukchi sector, on the west, is characterized by the deep late Mesozoic and Tertiary North Chukchi basin and the Chukchi Continental Borderland. The Barrow sector of central northern Alaska is characterized by the Barrow arch and a moderately thick continental terrace build of Albian to Tertiary clastic sediment. The terrace sedimentary prism is underlain by lower Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. The Barter Island sector of northeastern Alaska and Yukon Territory is inferred to contain a very thick prism of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary marine and nonmarine clastic sediment. Its structure is dominated by a local deep Tertiary depocenter and two regional structural arches. We postulate that the distinguishing characteristics of the three sectors are inherited from the configuration of the rift that separated arctic Alaska from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago relative to old pre-rift highlands, which were clastic sediment sources. Where the rift lay relatively close to northern Alaska, in the Chukchi and Barter Island sectors, and locally separated Alaska from the old source terranes, thick late Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary prisms extend farther south beneath the continental shelf than in the intervening Barrow sector. The boundary between the Chukchi and Barrow sectors is relatively well defined by geophysical data, but the boundary between the Barrow and Barter Island sectors can only be inferred from the distribution and thickness of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. These boundaries may be extensions of oceanic fracture zones related to the rifting that is postulated to have opened the Canada Basin, probably beginning during the Early Jurassic.
Ab initio prediction of protein structure using LINUS.

LINUS is an ab initio method for the prediction of protein structure based on simple physical principles. Here we report the performance of LINUS at CASP4, a communitywide experiment to predict protein structure in which participants are blinded to the structures they seek to predict. We submitted 13 predictions for this experiment. The best four are described in detail, together with an assessment of secondary structure prediction for the entire set. Coordinates for all predictions are available from the CASP web site (http://predictioncenter.llnl.gov). It should be emphasized that our use of the descriptor “ab initio” is unequivocal: the sole input into these simulations is the amino acid sequence. Proteins 2002;47:489–495. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The production of oxygenated polycrystalline graphene by one-step ethanol-chemical vapor deposition

Large-area mono- and bilayer graphene films were synthesized on Cu foil (~ 1 inch(2)) in about 1 min by a simple ethanol-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Raman spectroscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed the synthesized graphene films to have polycrystalline structures with 2-5 nm individual crystallite size which is a function of temperature up to 1000°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigations showed about 3 atomic% carboxylic (COOH) functional groups were formed during growth. The field-effect transistor devices fabricated using polycrystalline graphene as conducting channel (L(c)=10 μm; W(c)=50 μm) demonstrated a p-type semiconducting behavior with high drive current and Dirac point at ~35 V. This simple one-step method of growing large area polycrystalline graphene films with semiconductor properties and easily functionalizable groups should assist in the realization of potential of polycrystalline graphene for nanoelectronics, sensors and energy storage devices.
Temperature dependence of dielectric properties of moist soils

Heating of soil using microwaves has several applications in geosciences, including soil remediation, neutralization of land mines, and microwave-enhanced thermography. Numerical simulation of micr...
Genotypic and Environmental Variation in Soybean Seed Cell Wall Polysaccharides

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed cell wall polysaccharides (CWP) have been characterized, but little is known about their genotypic variation. This information would be beneficial for determining genetic strategies for manipulating CWP content and composition. Seed CWP was determined by the Uppsala total dietary fiber method to quantify monosaccharides of CWP in 14 soybean genotypes from Maturity Groups 00 to I grown at four Minnesota locations. CWP concentration of mature whole seed varied from 158 to 176 g/kg dry matter (DM). Genotypic but not environmental effects were significant for total CWP concentration. For individual monosaccharide concentrations, both genotypic and environmental effects were present. Seed of five genotypes were separated into cotyledon and seed coat for CWP analysis. Genotypic variation for CWP concentration was mostly in cotyledon and not seed coat. Pectin was mostly in cotyledon rather than seed coat with 80.8 and 14.6 g pectin/kg of whole seed DM in cotyledon and seed coat, respectively. Only xylose, glucose, galactose, and uronic acid concentrations were significantly different among genotypes in cotyledon. The correlation between CWP concentration and protein plus oil concentration among the 14 genotypes was r = -0.724, which suggests that an increase in protein plus oil content is associated with a reduction of CWP concentration. The genotypic variation observed suggests that it is possible to breed for reduced CWP. However, genotypic variation for some monosaccharides was limited, suggesting that other methods of genetic manipulation may be more efficient in reducing these monosaccharides.
Single-Molecule Electrophoresis of β-Hairpin Peptides by Electrical Recordings and Langevin Dynamics Simulations

We used single-channel electrical recordings and Langevin molecular dynamics simulations to explore the electrophoretic translocation of various β-hairpin peptides across the staphylococcal α-hemolysin (αHL) protein pore at single-molecule resolution. The β-hairpin peptides, which varied in their folding properties, corresponded to the C terminal residues of the B1 domain of protein G. The translocation time was strongly dependent on the electric force and was correlated with the folding features of the β-hairpin peptides. Highly unfolded peptides entered the pore in an extended conformation, resulting in fast single-file translocation events. In contrast, the translocation of the folded β-hairpin peptides occurred more slowly. In this case, the β-hairpin peptides traversed the αHL pore in a misfolded or fully folded conformation. This study demonstrates that the interaction between a polypeptide and a β-barrel protein pore is dependent on the folding features of the polypeptide.
Leiomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder presenting as life threatening gross hematuria

Leiomyosarcomas are a relatively rare tumor entity encountered within the urinary bladder. There are just over 100 cases reported in the medical literature. Herein, we describe a case of leiomyosarcoma presenting initially as a urinary tract infection with lower abdominal pain. A life threatening episode of gross hematuria guided to the final diagnosis and treatment. Due to the rarity of this malignancy, we present this case including a review of the existing literature relative to the diagnosis and treatment.
Sugar transport in beef erythrocytes.

1. 1. The entry of sugar into beef erythrocytes was found to be facilitated by a saturable, passive process with unusually high affinity for d-glucose and d-3-O-methylglucose, the Michaelis constants for these two sugars being 0.09 and 0.17 mM respectively. In other mammalian cells, the transport Km is about the same for these two sugars, and ranges between 6 and 15 mM. The transport V was about 0.1–0.2 μmole/min per ml for both sugars, slow by comparison to most other mammalian cells. 2. 2. The beef erythrocyte differed from the human cell but resembled the rabbit cell in that extracellular methyl glucose did not affect efflux, and intracellular methylglucose appeared not to affect influx. However, the inhibitory effects of glucose on methylglucose entry were stronger if the glucose was added some time prior to the addition of methylglucose. Since intracellular methyl glucose did not inhibit influx, the time dependent inhibition by glucose was likely due to glucose metabolism rather than intracellular glucose per se. Other kinetic criteria affirmed this conclusion.
Prognostic factors in fresh water immersion

The records of 63 consecutive fresh water immersion patients seen from 1969 to 1978 were examined retrospectively to evaluate those factors most relevant to the patients' eventual outcome. Nineteen patients had hematuria on admission, all 19 had complicated courses or died as a result of their immersion. Nine of the 63 patients had plasma hemoglobin concentrations of 30 mg/dl or above. Five of the nine died as a result of their immersion. The remaining four developed Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome but survived. All other parameters measured seemed to have little effect on the prognosis. An elevation of PCO2 on admission seemed difficult to evaluate but might in certain circumstances suggest an ominous prognosis.
Aperiodic single-pixel angle-modulated plasmonic color sorter and angle sensor

We demonstrate the design, simulation and experimental realization of a single aperiodic slit-groove plasmonic device that exhibits angle-selectable RGB color response at optical frequencies, as well as a high quality factor and optical contrast.
Physicochemical characteristics of rubella antigens theta and iota.

Two distinct, specific, “soluble” precipitinogens—θ and ι—have been detected by immunodiffusion in concentrates of medium from pig kidney cell cultures (PS-RV) chronically infected with rubella virus. Antibody reactants have included convalescent phase sera from rubella patients and sera of hyperimmunized baboons. I have already described1 the preparation and assay of antigen concentrates and I now describe some of the physicochemical properties of the two antigens.
A bounding-based solution approach for the continuous arc covering problem

Road segments, telecommunication wiring, water and sewer pipelines, canals and the like are important features of the urban environment. They are often conceived of and represented as network-based arcs. As a result of the usefulness and significance of arc-based features, there is a need to site facilities along arcs to serve demand. Examples of such facilities include surveillance equipment, cellular towers, refueling centers and emergency response stations, with the intent of being economically efficient as well as providing good service along the arcs. While this amounts to a continuous location problem by nature, various discretizations are generally relied upon to solve such problems. The result is potential for representation errors that negatively impact analysis and decision making. This paper develops a solution approach for the continuous arc covering problem that theoretically eliminates representation errors. The developed approach is applied to optimally place acoustic sensors and cellular base stations along a road network. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach for ameliorating any error and uncertainty in the modeling process.
Distribution and Habitat Partitioning of Immature Bull Sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) in a Southwest Florida Estuary

The distribution and salinity preference of immature bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) were examined based on the results of longline surveys in three adjacent estuarine habitats in southwest Florida: the Caloosahatchee River, San Carlos Bay, and Pine Island Sound. Mean sizes were significantly different between each of these areas indicating the occurrence of size-based habitat partitioning. Neonate and young-of-the-year animals occurred in the Caloosahatchee River and juveniles older than 1 year occurred in the adjacent embayments. Habitat partitioning may reduce intraspecific predation risk and increase survival of young animals. Classification tree analysis showed that both temperature and salinity were important factors in determining the occurrence and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of immatureC. leucas. The CPUE of <1 year oldC. leucas was highest at temperatures over 29°C and in areas with salinities between 7‰ and 17.5‰ Although they are able to osmoregulate in salinities from fresh to fully marine, youngC. leucas may have a salinity preference. Reasons for this preference are unknown, but need to be further investigated.
Development of androgen-independent tumor cells and their implication for the treatment of prostatic cancer.

Development of androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells from androgen-responsive cells can occur by a variety of mechanisms (e.g., environmental adaptation, multifocal origin, or genetic instability). Regardless of the mechanism of development, however, once androgen-independent cancer cells become present within prostatic cancer, the tumor is no longer homogeneous but is now heterogeneous. Once a prostatic cancer is heterogeneously composed of both androgen-dependent and-independent cancer cells, androgen withdrawal therapy, no matter how complete, cannot be curative. In order to produce cures of such heterogeneous prostatic cancers, hormonal therapy must be combined simultaneously with chemotherapy early in the course of the disease so that all the cancer populations (i.e., androgen-dependent and-independent) can be simultaneously affected within an individual patient.
Computational Comparison of Stand-Centered Versus Cover-Constraint Formulations

The area restriction model for harvest scheduling problems can be formulated using mixed integer programs. The three different formulation types are cluster packing, cell aggregation, and the assignment formulation. Within the cell aggregation subgroup there is an exact formulation, the cover constraint (CC) approach; and an inexact formulation, the stand-centered approach. The cover constraint formulation has significantly more constraints than the stand-centered formulation. A computational comparison between these two methods is completed using cutting planes and constraint combinations using the CPLEX solver package. The CC approach as cutting planes was superior based on solution time. If formulation time were included with solution time, then the CC approach remains superior. The maximum harvest area is a significant factor of solution time. In addition, the percentage of total cutting planes used to solve the problem was examined.
A tethered generation: Exploring the role of mobile phones in the daily life of young people:

The increasing global ubiquity of mobile phones has called into question their efficacy as dynamic tools for engagement and participation in daily life. While there is little argument in their grow...
Prediction of heat and smoke movement in enclosure fires

Abstract In order to understand the response of a detector to a given fire in an enclosure, it is necessary to relate the local thermal and aerosol characteristics actually sensed by the detector to the physical and geometrical properties of the fire and the enclosure. This paper presents computations designed to predict the evolution of the size distribution of smoke aerosol as it ages, as well as the large-scale air movement and temperature fields generated by an enclosure fire. The computations contain three main ingredients: first, a finite difference solution for the air movement and temperature generated by a prescribed source of heat used to represent a fire in a closed form; second, the computer evaluation of an exact solution to the ageing equation correspond to the evolution of an experimentally observed size distribution; and third, a particle tracking scheme which permits the smoke aerosol to be followed in space and time as it gradually fills the room. No nonphysical empirical parameters (e.g. turbulence models) are employed in these calculations. The mathematical and physical models are summarized briefly, but most emphasis is placed on displaying results. Sample calculations are presented, comparisons are made with relevent experiments, and predictions of the local environment experienced by a detector due to the occurrence of an enclosure fire are shown.
Remarks on the search for exotic exchange

Abstract Triple-Regge arguments suggest that exotic exchange contributions to peripheral processes should be relatively more important for the production of massive (thus unstable) particles. Experimental evidence bearing on this idea is surveyed, and implications for new experiments are discussed.
Over two hundred polypeptides resolved from the human erythrocyte membrane.

Abstract A modification of O'Farrell's method of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has allowed for the resolution of erythrocyte membranes showing up to 200 individual components. Data is presented which indicates that this protein heterogeneity is not produced by artifactual protein-protein aggregation, endogenous protease activity or secondary charge modification. Similar patterns are obtained when the samples are added to the unpolymerized isoelectric focusing gel, and isolated and stored in protease inhibitor. Individual spots could be eluted off of stained gels, resolubilized under extreme detergent solubilization conditions and run on one-dimensional gels; these run as individual bands. One of the advantages of the method is the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the solubilization procedure. The method chosen for solubilization prior to isoelectric focusing appears to cause selective aggregation of all or most of the spectrin and band 3 proteins. This further allows for excellent resolution of minor components.
Nuclear Spin—Spin Relaxation in Superconducting Mixed-State Vanadium

We have measured the rate of dipole-dipole energy relaxation in the mixed state of vanadium and found anomalously rapid relaxation. Time constants of the order of 10 msec are observed, whereas the corresponding relaxation times for nuclear Zeeman energy are often of the order of seconds.1 The relaxation rate is generally observed to increase as the magnetic field gradients in the sample increase. For fixed applied fields the field variation in the vortex structure increases as the temperature is lowered2 and the relaxation rate is observed to increase. This is in contrast to the relaxation rate of Zeeman energy in the mixed state at low temperatures, which decreases as the temperature is lowered.1
The rediscovery of the Red-tailed Newtonia Newtonia fanovanae in south-eastern Madagascar with notes on the natural history of the genus Newtonia

The Red-tailed Newtonia Newtonia fanovanae , previously known from a single specimen from the eastern rainforest of central Madagascar, was rediscovered in October 1989 in the Marosohy Forest in the south-east of the island. In the study area, N. fanovanae occurs in the middle and upper section of the canopy of humid forest between 300 and 1,300 m. Ecological relationships with the other two sympatric Newtonia, amphichroa and brunneicauda , are discussed. The main morphological differences between fanovanae and the other two sympatric species are that the former has relatively long wings and short tarsi. The song of fanovanae is described and compared to other members of the genus. Our observations on the morphology, behaviour and vocalisations of N. fanovanae confirm its validity as a species. Le Newtonie a queue rouge Newtonia fanovanae jusqu'a present uniquement connu d'un seul specimen provenant de la partie orientale de la foret tropicale du Madagascar central, fut redecouvert en octobre 1989 dans la foret de Marosohy au sud-est de l'ile. N. fanovanae fut rencontre dans les parties moyennes et superieures du feuillage de la foret humide entre 300 et 1,300 m d'altitude. Les relations ecologiques avec les deux especes sympatriques de Newtonia, amphichroa et brunneicauda sont discutees. Les differences morphologiques principales entre fanovanae et les deux especes sympatriques sont que celle-ci a des ailes relativement longues et des tarses courts. Le chant de fanovanae est decrit et compare avec celui d'autres membres du genre. Nos observations sur la morphologie, le comportement et les vocalizations de N. fanovanae confirment sa validite comme bonne espece.
Narrative Skill in Children with Early Unilateral Brain Injury: A Possible Limit to Functional Plasticity

Children with pre- or perinatal brain injury (PL) exhibit marked plasticity for language learning. Previous work has focused mostly on the emergence of earlier-developing skills, such as vocabulary and syntax. Here we ask whether this plasticity for earlier-developing aspects of language extends to more complex, later-developing language functions by examining the narrative production of children with PL. Using an elicitation technique that involves asking children to create stories de novo in response to a story stem, we collected narratives from 11 children with PL and 20 typically developing (TD) children. Narratives were analysed for length, diversity of the vocabulary used, use of complex syntax, complexity of the macro-level narrative structure and use of narrative evaluation. Children’s language performance on vocabulary and syntax tasks outside the narrative context was also measured. Findings show that children with PL produced shorter stories, used less diverse vocabulary, produced structurally less complex stories at the macro-level, and made fewer inferences regarding the cognitive states of the story characters. These differences in the narrative task emerged even though children with PL did not differ from TD children on vocabulary and syntax tasks outside the narrative context. Thus, findings suggest that there may be limitations to the plasticity for language functions displayed by children with PL, and that these limitations may be most apparent in complex, decontextualized language tasks such as narrative production.
Exploring the thrifty genotype's food-shortage assumptions: a cross-cultural comparison of ethnographic accounts of food security among foraging and agricultural societies.

The ''thrifty genotype hypothesis'' has be- come firmly entrenched as one of the orienting concepts in biomedical anthropology, since first being proposed by Neel ((1962) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 14:353-362) over 40 years ago. Its influence on inquiries into the evolu- tionary origins of diabetes, lactose tolerance, and other metabolic disorders can hardly be underestimated, as evidenced by its continued citation in many top scientific and medical journals. However, its fundamental assump- tion, that foragers are more likely to experience regular and severe food shortages than sedentary agricultural- ists, remains largely untested. The present report tests this assumption by making a cross-cultural statistical comparison of the quantity of available food and the fre- quency and extent of food shortages among 94 foraging and agricultural societies as reported in the ethno- graphic record. Our results indicate that there is no stat- istical difference (P < 0.05) in the quantity of available food, or the frequency or extent of food shortages in these reports between preindustrial foragers, recent for- agers, and agriculturalists. The findings presented here add to a growing literature that calls into question assumptions about forager food insecurity and nutri- tional status in general, and ultimately, the very founda- tion of the thrifty genotype hypothesis: the presumed food shortages that selected for a ''thrifty'' metabolism in past foraging populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 131:
Selected Alkyl(phenyl)-N,N-dialkylcarbamoylmethylphosphine Oxides as Extractants for Am(III) from Nitric Acid Media

Abstract A new series of neutral bifunctional extractants, alkyl(phenyl)-N,N-dialkylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxides, has been prepared and studied as extractants for Am(III) from nitric acid media. Two types of alkyl(phenyl)-N,N-dialkyl CMPO compounds were prepared, one containing N,N-diethyl groups and the other containing N,N-diisobutyl groups. The N,N-diethyl series contained hexyl(phenyl) and 6-methylheptyl(phenyl) derivatives, abbreviated HφDECMPO, and 6-MHφDECMPO, respectively. The N,N-diisobutyl series contained the n-octyl(phenyl), 6-methylheptyl(phenyl), and the 2-ethylhexyl(phenyl) derivatives, abbreviated OφD[IB]CMPO, 6-MHφD[IB]CMPO, and 2-EHφD[IB]CMPO, respectively. Third power extractant dependencies for the extraction of Am(III) from 0.5 and 3 M HNO3 were obtained at low (<0.25 M) concentrations of extractant, but higher power dependencies were obtained above 0.25 M extractant from 3 M HNO3. The HφDECMPO, 6-MHφDECMPO, 6-MHφD[IB]CMPO, and OφD[IB]CMPO [all 0.5 M in diethylbenzene (DEB)] are si...
Full-Potential Lmto Calculation of Ni / Ni3Al Interface Energies

Solid solution precipitates, including Ni{sub 3}Al in Ni, play an important role in modifying and improving properties of structural and high temperature alloys. The nature of the interface between the host alloy and the precipitate has a large influence on the nature of the precipitate properties, and upon the energetics of their formation. The authors present here a brief summary of initial ab-initio electronic structure calculations of the Ni/Ni{sub 3}Al interface, and present results for the interfacial energy. The results indicate that the spin-moment transition from high moment Ni to low moment Ni{sub 3}Al accounts for much of the (zero temperature) interface energy. Corresponding paramagnetic calculations give a significantly lower interfacial energy, and one that is more consistent with high temperature (above the Curie temperature) experimental results.
A thin-film laser, polymer waveguide, and thin-film photodetector cointegrated onto a silicon substrate

Planar lightwave circuits, which include optical passive and active components, can be integrated with electronics to form planar lightwave integrated circuits (PLICs). Integration of PLICs onto standard electronic substrates (FR-4, Si) is an important step toward optical signal processing and signal distribution at the backplane, board, and chip level for sensing, interconnection, and other systems that utilize both optics and electronics. Further, if the topography of the entire planar optical system can mimic that of interconnection and integrated circuits, then the optics can be confined to the substrate plane, and the optical "circuits" begin to mimic electrical circuits in format. Additionally, beam turning out of the plane of the system is no longer mandatory. In this letter, the first demonstration of a planar lightwave interconnection consisting of a thin-film InP-based laser, waveguide, and thin-film InGaAs photodetector (PD) heterogeneously integrated onto a SiO/sub 2/-Si substrate is reported. PD currents were measured as a function of laser bias current, and the laser to waveguide coupling efficiency was estimated at 22.6%.
GENOMIC IMPRINTING AND CONFLICT-INDUCED DECANALIZATION

Genomic imprinting is the phenomenon in which the expression pattern of an allele depends on its parental origin. When maternally expressed and paternally expressed imprinted loci affect the same trait, the result is an arms race, with each locus under selection to increase its level of expression. This article develops a model of the deleterious consequences of this escalation, deriving from an increase in the variance in gene expression level, and resulting increase in phenotypic variance in the population. This phenomenon is referred to here as "conflict-induced decanalization." Modifiers that canalize gene expression are selectively favored, but these induce further escalation from both loci, resulting in a net increase in phenotypic variance and a reduction in population mean fitness. This results in a feedback loop, where increasing canalization of gene expression leads to increasing decanalization of the phenotype. This phenomenon may explain the surprisingly high frequency of certain diseases. Disorders to which this decanalization process might contribute include growth- and metabolism-related phenomena such as preterm birth, as well as certain major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism.
Contextual chemosensory urine signaling in an African cichlid fish

Chemosensory signaling is crucial for communication in many fish species, but little is known about how signalers modulate chemical output in response to sensory information and social context. Here, we tested the hypothesis that dominant male African cichlid fish ( Astatotilapia burtoni ) use urine signals during social interactions, and demonstrate that this signaling depends on social context (reproductive; territorial) and on available sensory information (visual cues; full interaction). We injected males with dye to visualize urine pulses and exposed them to full sensory information or visual cues alone of four types: (1) dominant male; (2) gravid (reproductively receptive) females; (3) mouth-brooding (non-receptive) females; or (4) control (no fish). We found that males released urine sooner and increased their urination frequency when visually exposed to gravid females as compared with mouth-brooding females and or no-fish controls. While males could distinguish female reproductive states using visual cues alone, courtship behavior rates were ∼10-fold higher when they fully interacted with gravid females compared with receiving visual cues alone. Males also increased their urination and territorial behaviors when exposed to another male, suggesting that chemical signals may convey information on dominance status. These data support the hypothesis that dominant males use urine as a chemical signal and adjust the frequency of their urine output based on contextual information.
Targeting the HIV RNA Genome: High-Hanging Fruit Only Needs a Longer Ladder

Small molecules targeting the enzymes responsible for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) maturation, DNA synthesis and its subsequent chromosomal integration as ribonucleotide-free double-stranded DNA remain the mainstay of combination antiretroviral therapy. For infected individuals harboring drug-susceptible virus, this approach has afforded complete or near-complete viral suppression. However, in the absence of a curative strategy, the predictable emergence of drug-resistant variants requires continued development of improved antiviral strategies, inherent to which is the necessity of identifying novel targets. Regulatory elements that mediate transcription, translation, nucleocytoplasmic transport, dimerization, packaging and reverse transcription of the (+) strand RNA genome should now be considered viable targets for small molecule, peptide- and oligonucleotide-based therapeutics . Where target specificity and cellular penetration and toxicity have been the primary obstacle to successful “macromolecule therapeutics”, this chapter summarizes (a) novel approaches targeting RNA motifs whose three-dimensional structure is critical for biological function and consequently may be less prone to resistance-conferring mutations and (b) improved methods for delivery .
The Nonlinear Geometry of Banach Spaces

We survey some of the recent developments in the nonlinear theory of Banach spaces, with emphasis on problems of Lipschitz and uniform homeomorphism and uniform and coarse embeddings of metric spaces.
Developing Test Environment for Embedded Cores-Based System-on-a-Chip (SOC)

The subject paper proposes developing test environment and test methodologies for digital embedded cores-based system-on-a-chip (SOC). The digital cores used in the study were constructed from ISCAS 85 combinational and ISCAS 89 sequential benchmark circuits. The wrapper that separates the core under test from other cores is assumed to be IEEE P1500-compliant. The test access mechanism plays an important role in transporting the test patterns to the desired core and the core responses to the output pin of the SOC. The faults were injected using a fault simulator that generates tests for the core. The cores and test access mechanism were described using Verilog HDL. The test access mechanism (TAM) provides the connection between the test sources, cores, and test sinks, and is crucial in any SOC design. There are many ways to design a TAM. In this paper, TAM was implemented as a plain signal transport medium, which is shared by all the cores in the system-on-a-chip. Once the compilation of the cores was successful, the fault simulation was carried out. The selection of the individual cores was taken care of by the program running in the background. The outcome was the fault coverage of all the cores being tested
Influence of pH, temperature, and buffers on the kinetics of ceftazidime degradation in aqueous solutions.

First‐order rate constants (k) were determined for the hydrolysis of ceftazidime in the pH range of 0.5 to 8.5 at 45, 55, and 65 °C by a stability‐indicating HPLC assay. In the absence of buffer effects, the pH–rate expression was k = kH1f1(aH+) + kH2f2(aH+) + kH3f3(aH‐) + kSf3 + kOHf3(aOH‐), where kH and kOH are the catalytic rate constants for the activity of hydrogen (aH+) and hydroxyl (aOH‐) ions, respectively, and ks is the rate constant for spontaneous hydrolysis. The fractions of ceftazidime in various stages of dissociation (f1, f2, and f3) were calculated from kinetically determined apparent Ka values of 2.03 × 10− 2 and 4.85 × 10− 5. Catalytic constants (kcat) were calculated for formate, acetate, phosphate, and borate buffers, which accelerated hydrolysis. Each of the rate constants (kH1, kH2, kH3, kS, kOH, and kcat) were described as a function of temperature with calculated A and E values in the Arrhenius equation, kT = Ae− E/RT. Ceftazidime hydrolysis rate constants (k) were calculated as a function of pH, temperature, and buffer by combining the pH–rate expression with the buffer contributions calculated from kcat values and the temperature dependencies. These equations and their parameter values successfully calculated 95 of 104 experimentally determined rate constants with errors of < 10%. Maximum stability was observed in the relatively pH‐independent region from 4.5 to 6.5. Hydrolysis rate constants at 30 °C were predicted and experimentally verified for four ceftazidime solutions, three of which (pH 4.4 acetate buffer and pH 5.5 and 6.5 phosphate buffers) maintained 90% of their initial concentration for ∼ 1.5 days.
Impact of race on short-term outcomes of patients undergoing combined coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve repair.

Race has been previously identified as a risk factor for adverse outcomes after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Racial disparities with respect to combined valve and coronary surgery have received little attention. An ongoing study by the Cardiothoracic Trials Network is currently randomizing patients with moderate mitral regurgitation in the setting of CABG to concomitant mitral annuloplasty. Accordingly, the number of concomitant mitral annuloplasty procedures in the setting of CABG may increase as results from this study become available. The purpose of our investigation was to examine whether any racial differences exist with respect to hospital mortality and short-term outcomes in the subset of patients undergoing combined CABG and mitral valve annuloplasty.
The President, Referendum Voting, and Subnational Elections in the United States

This research is designed to generalize a referendum voting model and investigate its ability to account for the aggregate outcomes of elections for the House, Senate, governorships, and upper and lower chambers of state legislatures. Our analysis shows that these outcomes are influenced by the same systematic short- and long-term forces. In addition to this common referendum structure, the analysis reveals that there is a common response to random shocks, a subtle form of interdependence found in systems of seemingly unrelated regressions.
A framework for learning query concepts in image classification

In this paper, we adapt the Multiple Instance Learning paradigm using the Diverse Density algorithm as a way of modeling the ambiguity in images in order to learn "visual concepts" that can be used to classify new images. In this framework, a user labels an image as positive if the image contains the concept. Each example image is a bag of instances (sub-images) where only the bag is labeled-not the individual instances (sub-images). From a small collection of positive and negative examples, the system learns the concept and uses it to retrieve images that contain the concept from a large database. The learned "concepts" are simple templates that capture the color, texture and spatial properties of the class of images. We introduced this method earlier in the domain of natural scene classification using simple, low resolution sub-images as instances. In this paper, we extend the bag generator (the mechanism which takes an image and generates a set of instances) to generate more complex instances using multiple cues on segmented high resolution images. We show that this method can be used to learn certain object class concepts (e.g. cars) in addition, to natural scenes.
Compiling communication-efficient programs for massively parallel machines

A method of generating parallel target code with explicit communication for massively parallel distributed-memory machines is presented. The source programs are shared-memory parallel programs with explicit control structures. The method extracts syntactic reference patterns from a program with shared address space, selects appropriate communication routines, places these routines in appropriate locations in the target program text and sets up correct conditions for invoking these routines. An explicit communication metric is used to guide the selection of data layout strategies. >
The Fusarium verticillioides FUM Gene Cluster Encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 Protein That Affects FUM Gene Expression and Fumonisin Production

Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by some Fusarium species and can contaminate maize or maize products. Ingestion of fumonisins is associated with diseases, including cancer and neural tube defects, in humans and animals. In fungi, genes involved in the synthesis of mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites are often located adjacent to each other in gene clusters. Such genes can encode structural enzymes, regulatory proteins, and/or proteins that provide self-protection. The fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster includes 16 genes, none of which appear to play a role in regulation. In this study, we identified a previously undescribed gene (FUM21) located adjacent to the fumonisin polyketide synthase gene, FUM1. The presence of a Zn(II)2Cys6 DNA-binding domain in the predicted protein suggested that FUM21 was involved in transcriptional regulation. FUM21 deletion (Deltafum21) mutants produce little to no fumonisin in cracked maize cultures but some FUM1 and FUM8 transcripts in a liquid GYAM medium. Complementation of a Deltafum21 mutant with a wild-type copy of the gene restored fumonisin production. Analysis of FUM21 cDNAs identified four alternative splice forms (ASFs), and microarray analysis indicated the ASFs were differentially expressed. Based on these data, we present a model for how FUM21 ASFs may regulate fumonisin biosynthesis.
Species characteristics associated with extinction vulnerability and nestedness rankings of birds in tropical forest fragments

Following habitat fragmentation, species are predicted to go locally extinct from remnant patches in a predictable order due to differential extinction vulnerabilities. This selective species loss will result in nested distributions of species such that species found in depauperate patches will also tend to be found in larger, more speciose patches. Therefore, it should be possible to determine the relationship between species-specific characteristics and extinction vulnerability by comparing the order in which species are nested [i.e. nestedness ranking (NR)] with various natural history characteristics available from the literature and/or collected in the field. In this study, we investigate the relationship between the NRs of 41 resident forest-interior bird species inhabiting recently isolated landbridge islands in Lago Guri, Venezuela, with a large number of natural history characteristics collected from the literature (regional abundance, body length, habitat specificity, trophic guild, sensitivity to disturbance, range size) and from the field (local population density). In a comparison of the best regression models generated using just variables available through the literature (i.e. no local population density) with the best model generated using all possible variables, we found that the inclusion of field-based data significantly improved the amount of variation explained. The best overall model (r 2 = 0.40, Po0.001) included body size, habitat specificity, zoogeographic distribution (a measure of range size) and local population density as predictors of NR. Understanding the factors that influence extinction vulnerability has important implications for conservation and could be used to help direct management efforts.
How to Use Retired Multinational Executives to Help Professors Teach Marketing Strategy

To prepare marketing students for the competitive global environment, marketing programs must bring the "real world" onto the campus in a lively and personal way. This paper describes how colleges can use retired multinational business executives to coach student-teams in a Marketing Strategy course.
Motivation and Self-Regulation A Comparison of Students with Learning and Behavior Problems

The purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational characteristics of 3 groups of adolescents: students with learning disabilities (LD), students with emotional or behavioral disorders (EBD), and students with average achievement (AA). Three questionnaires, the Motivation Orientation scale, the Purposes of School scale, and the Motivated Strategies for Learning questionnaire were administered to junior high and middle school students with LD and EBD, and to an age-matched group of students with AA. These self-report measures were administered to students in small groups in one session of approximately 35 to 40 minutes. Significant differences on the Motivation Orientation scale were detected among the groups. Differences on the Purposes of School scale approached but did not reach significance. Students with LD appeared to be more alienated and oriented to avoiding work than students with AA or students with EBD. Students with EBD reported significantly more feelings of test anxiety than did st...
Neutral density measurements from the gravity recovery and climate experiment accelerometers

Predicting the orbits of space objects in low-altitude orbits requires an accuratemodel for the atmospheric neutral density. The current accuracy of semi-empirical models limits the prediction accuracy and impacts a number of operational decisions. The currentmodels are based on sparsemeasurements of the neutral density, collected over an extended period. One of the problems is observing the thermosphere density changes in response to the solar and geomagnetic variability on short temporal scales, such as those characterized by geomagnetic storms. The stochastic behavior of the solar forcing represents one of the major challenges in predicting satellite orbits. In situ measurements of thedensity canplay a significant role in improving the structure of the neutral densitymodels and in providing a timelymeasurement for enhancing the accuracy of the satellite predictions.Measurements fromorbiting accelerometers carried by the twin Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites have the potential for providing accurate and timelymeasurements to improve the satellite prediction accuracy. The objective of this paper is to describe the procedure for using the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment accelerometer measurements for determining accurate density measurements.
Optimal kinematic design of 6R manipulators

A fundamental theorem for the kinematic design of robot manipulators is formulated and proved. Roughly speaking, the theorem states that a manipulator having six revolute joints is optimal if and only if the manipulator or its kine matic inverse is an elbow manipulator. By "optimal" we mean a manipulator that has the properties of (i) maximal work-volume subject to a constraint on its length and (ii) well-connected workspace—that is, the ability to reach all positions in its workspace in each configuration. The notion of work-volume we use is that derived from the translation- invariant volume form on the group of rigid motions. This notion of volume is intermediate between those of "reach able" and "dextrous" workspace and appears to be more natural in that it leads to simple analytical results.
Pointwise convergence of ergodic averages for polynomial sequences of translations on a nilmanifold

We show that the orbit of a point on a compact nilmanifold X under the action of a polynomial sequence of translations on X is well distributed on the union of several sub-nilmanifolds of X. This implies that the ergodic averages of a continuous function on X along a polynomial sequence of translations on X converge pointwise.
A Theory of Restricted Quantification I

The notion of a variable restricted in range to some set of values, or to values having some property, is widespread in logic and mathematics. To avoid continual explicit mention of such a restriction the common device is to resort to a typographically different set of letters for such variables. But a notation of this kind is clearly inadequate when a general discussion, including more than one kind of restriction, is under consideration. For example, two restrictions may have some inner connection, as in the case of mutually exclusive restrictions, and this the usual symbolism doesn't depict; or, one may wish to study the dependence of such restrictions upon one or more parameters as in the case of bounded quantifiers of recursive function theory; or, one can even conceive of restrictions which may in turn depend upon restricted variables. In each of these cases the currently used notation is deficient. If x is an individual-variable and Q a formula of the predicate calculus, then for the idea ‘ x such that Q ’ the notation ‘ vxQ ’ is proposed as one having the requisite degree of notational multiplicity – the ‘ vx ’ acting as a binding operator for free occurrences of x in Q . The expression ‘ vxQ ’ is referred to as a restricted-variable and it may occupy positions in formulas appropriate to individual-variables, in argument places as well as in quantifiers. In § 2 a first-level predicate calculus, called ‘ ‘, is presented in which the restricted-variable is an integral part.
In vacuo pulsed laser ablation of YBa2Cu3O7-x target for the formation of Y2O3 nanostructures

The formation of superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 - x (Y123) by in situ pulsed laser deposition from a stoichiometric Y123 target typically requires an oxygen-ambient environment (P∼ 100-300-mtorr O 2 ) and appropriate substrate temperature during deposition. We have found that pulsed laser deposition from a Y123 target in vacuo onto a (001) LaAlO 3 substrate favors the formation of Y 2 O 3 . We observed that the Y 2 O 3 (001) films yield three-dimensional nanoscale morphologies that are markedly different from the planar growth surface of conventional superconducting c-axis Y123 films and Y 2 O 3 films formed from the pulsed laser ablation of a Y 2 O 3 target.