cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Public-Academic Collaboration in the Application of Evidence-Based Practice in Texas Mental Health System Redesign

ABSTRACT: This article describes a public–academic collaborationbetween a state university research center and the Texas state mentalhealth authority to design and evaluate a service package of psychoso-cial rehabilitation interventions. The project used a combination of evi-dence-based practice and community consensus as a tool for systemchange. The story of this effort and the new system that resulted is toldthrough interviews with consumers, family members, and other advo-cates involved in the process, along with data from the state’s manage-ment information system and reports prepared for the federal Mental Judith A. Cook, Ph.D., is Professor of Psychiatry and Director of the Center onMental Health Services Research and Policy in the Department of Psychiatry, Uni-versity of Illinois at Chicago. Karen Ruggiero, Ph.D., is Decision Support UnitManager at the Texas Department of State Health Services. Sam Shore, MSSW, isthe Assistant Director of the Center for Policy and Innovation at the Texas Depart-ment of State Health Services. Pamela Daggett, MRA, is the Senior Policy Analystfor Mental Health in the Center for Policy & Innovation at the Texas Departmentof State Health Services. Sarah B. Butler, MLA, is a research assistant at the Uni-versity of Illinois at Chicago, Center on Mental Health Services Research and Policy.Preparation of the manuscript was funded by the National Institute on Disabilityand Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education, and the Center forMental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administra-tion (Cooperative Agreement No. H133B050003). The contents of this paper do notnecessarily represent the policy or views of any federal agency.
Self-management of cystic fibrosis: A structural model for educational and behavioral variables

One hundred and ninety-nine patients and their primary caregivers at two metropolitan cystic fibrosis centers participated in a clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a health education program designed to help improve self-management skills for the care of CF. The baseline data from the study was used to test a structural model that hypothesized the relationship between educational, behavioral, and health status variables. Controlling for the effects of all other variables, including demographic, self-efficacy (confidence in being able to perform a behavior) was the most important educational factor predicting self-management behavior for monitoring and treating respiratory problems. Knowledge about the management of CF was only related to the ability of caretakers to apply coping skills to problems associated with CF. The more caretakers reported performing monitoring behaviors the more likely they were to report performing self-management treatment behaviors. The findings suggest that educational interventions that focus on increased knowledge alone are not likely to be effective in improving self-management behavior for CF. Based on the structural model analyses, it is recommended that educational programs for CF patients and families address increased self-efficacy and improved monitoring skills to influence the improvement of self-management treatment for CF.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Autonomous Parallel β-Sheet Formation in Water

We report the first thermodynamic analysis of parallel β-sheet formation in a model system that folds in aqueous solution. NMR chemical shifts were used to determine β-sheet population, and van't Hoff anaysis provided thermodynamic parameters. Our approach relies upon the d-prolyl-1,1-dimethyl-1,2-diaminoethane unit to promote parallel β-sheet formation between attached peptide strands. The development of a macrocyclic reference molecule to provide chemical shift data for the fully folded state was crucial to the quantitative anaylsis.
The growing role of informal controls: does organization learning empower or subjugate workers?

Abstract Several management theorists have called for organizations to incorporate organization learning, empowerment, open-book management, and similar initiatives to generate better value from an important strategic resource: employees. What does this mean for the controlled? Do extensions of the management control system’s ability to implement the strategy of the firm offer workers a more central role in creating their future? Or is this “progress" just another means to extract extra effort from workers for the benefit of owners? This paper is developed in two parts. The first argues that seeking better value from workers is here to stay, and that the implications for management control system bear consideration. In particular, the five disciplines of Senge’s (1990) Organization Learning are introduced to illustrate growing ways informal controls enhance workers’ knowledge contributions. The second half of the paper examines implications of this increasing control. Some argue that it is naive to expect organization learning will lead managers to willingly realign existing lopsided rewards. However, as a natural response to change, these controls are themselves dynamic and evolutionary. This paper suggests that the growing dependence on employee’s superior knowledge recalibrates power arrangements. Further there is a growing awareness that many managers’ self-interest is mitigated by their sense of fairness. Consequently, an increasingly shared authority combined with the self-reflection and transparency of organization learning raises the possibility of an environment where those who perform the work share more equally in its rewards.
A PDMS dermal patch for non-intrusive transdermal glucose sensing

Abstract This paper describes the fabrication of an adhesive bandage comprised of multiple, compliant polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro-fluidic elements to perform controlled and non-intrusive transdermal sampling of glucose, or any other bio-molecule present in interstitial fluids. The patch-like device, to be worn on the skin, has PDMS component layers that form vertically oriented micro-fluidic channels and reservoirs. In addition, micro-heater elements are integrated onto the PDMS layer that will be in contact with the skin, and are used to thermally ablate tiny micro-pores through only the dead-skin layer, allowing for easier diffusion of normally trapped bio-molecules, such as glucose, to the skin surface. The dermal patch, containing micro-channels and fluid-encapsulated reservoirs, assist in the transport of glucose molecules from just beneath the dead-skin layer to a colorimetric detection membrane situated on top of the bi-layer PDMS patch. This paper will focus on the fabrication of the prototype PDMS patch and the challenges encountered during wafer-scale batch production. Preliminary in vitro studies using human graft skin samples are included to illustrate the non-inflammatory micro-ablation procedure.
Direct examination of separation processes in liquid chromatography: Effect of temperature and pressure on solute retention

In this study, retention processes in reversed-phase liquid chromatography were examined in situ along an optically transparent column by means of laser-induced fluorescence. Using a homologous series of derivatized fatty acids as model solutes, the capacity factors were systematically measured as a function of temperature in the range from 10 to 60°C and pressure in the range from 980 to 4,430 psi. A phase transition was observed for the octadecylsilica stationary phase as temperature was decreased and as pressure was increased. From evaluation of its thermodynamic properties during this phase transition, the stationary phase appears to be more similar to a randomly oriented alkane solvent than a highly ordered system such as a phospholipid membrane. Because this phase transition occurs within the range of routine operating conditions in liquid chromatography, it has important implications for both fundamental and practical applications.
Potentiation of the Human α7 Acetylcholine Receptor: A Single-Channel Study

Allosteric modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by exogenous ligands is a promising strategy for the treatment of several neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Schizophrenia. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying allosteric modulation, we have examined with single-channel recordings, the potentiation of human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors by both a Type I, and a Type II positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Dwell time analysis reveals that both NS-1738 (Type I PAM) and PNU-120596 (PNU; Type II PAM) lead to prolonged openings in the presence of agonist. While co-application of NS-1738 with agonist results in the appearance of a single new component in open time histograms, co-application of PNU leads to two additional components, the longest of which coalesce into clusters of openings whose frequency and duration depend on PNU concentration. At saturating concentrations of PNU these clusters last as long as several minutes, representing a ∼10,000-100,000 fold prolongation of the notoriously brief α7 openings. The differences between Type I and Type II potentiation evident at the microscopic/single-channel level will be discussed in the context of the variable phenotypes previously characterized at the macroscopic/whole cell level.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Up on the prehistoric farm

Rindos, David. The Origins of Agriculture: An Evolutionary Perspective. Orlando, Florida: Academic Press, 1984. xvii + 324 pp. including bibliography and index. $32.50 cloth.
Polymorphism in Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 (pz = pyrazolyl): impact of supramolecular structure on an iron(II) electronic spin-state crossover.

The new ligands Na[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Rpz)3] (R = H, Me) have been prepared by converting I2C6H4 to IC6H4SiMe3 with LitBu and SiMe3Cl, and then to IC6H4BBr2 with BBr3 and subsequent reaction with 3 equiv of (un)substituted pyrazole and 1 equiv of NaOtBu. These new ligands react with FeBr2 to give either purple, low-spin Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(pz)3]2 or colorless, high-spin Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2. Depending upon the crystallization conditions, Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 can exist both as two polymorphs and as a methylene chloride solvate. An examination of these polymorphs by variable-temperature X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility, and Mossbauer spectroscopy has revealed different electronic spin-state crossover properties for each polymorph and yields insight into the influence of crystal packing, independent of other electronic perturbations, on the spin-state crossover. The first polymorph of Fe[(p-IC6H4)B(3-Mepz)3]2 has a highly organized three-dimensional supramolecular structure and does not undergo a s...
Long- and short-term effects of fire on nitrogen cycling in tallgrass prairie

Fires in the tallgrass prairie are frequent and significantly alter nutrient cycling processes. We evaluated the short-term changes in plant production and microbial activity due to fire and the long-term consequences of annual burning on soil organic matter (SOM), plant production, and nutrient cycling using a combination of field, laboratory, and modeling studies. In the short-term, fire in the tallgrass prairie enhances microbial activity, increases both above-and belowground plant production, and increases nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, repeated annual burning results in greater inputs of lower quality plant residues causing a significant reduction in soil organic N, lower microbial biomass, lower N availability, and higher C:N ratios in SOM. Changes in amount and quality of below-ground inputs increased N immobilization and resulted in no net increases in N availability with burning. This response occurred rapidly (e.g., within two years) and persisted during 50 years of annual burning. Plant production at a long-term burned site was not adversely affected due to shifts in plant NUE and carbon allocation. Modeling results indicate that the tallgrass ecosystem responds to the combined changes in plant resource allocation and NUE. No single factor dominates the impact of fire on tallgrass plant production.
External Levator Advancement vs Müller’s Muscle–Conjunctival Resection for Correction of Upper Eyelid Involutional Ptosis

Purpose To compare external levator advancement and Muller's muscle–conjunctival resection (conjunctivomullerectomy, or CJM) for correction of upper eyelid involutional ptosis. Design Retrospective, nonrandomized, comparative interventional case series. Methods Review of medical records of 159 patients (272 surgical procedures) who underwent external levator advancement or CJM was performed. main outcome measures: Functional and cosmetic outcome, marginal reflex distance one (MRD1), and surgical complications. Results A total of 159 patients (51 men, 108 women, mean age 70 years) underwent 272 surgical procedures for upper eyelid ptosis; concurrent blepharoplasty was performed in 141 cases. MRD1 increased an average of 1.6 (±1.5) mm, from 0.8 mm (±1.2) preoperatively to 2.3 mm (±1.2) postoperatively ( P P Conclusions External levator advancement and CJM performed alone or with concurrent blepharoplasty are effective treatments for upper eyelid ptosis. Residual ptosis or postoperative eyelid retraction occurs in up to 20% of cases and can be addressed successfully with a second operation.
Nitrogen metabolism in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus—I. Tissue distribution of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and glutamic dehydrogenase☆

Abstract 1. 1. The activities of aspartate (AspT) and alanine (AlT) aminotransferases and glutamic dehydrogenase (GDH) were measured in various tissue homogenates of cultured and native channel catfish. 2. 2. AspT and AlT were detected in liver, kidney, gill, gut tract, heart, spleen and brain tissue. GDH was detected in all of the above tissues except brain. 3. 3. Significant differences occurred in all three enzymes in certain tissues with values in the cultured fish being somewhat higher than those obtained in the native fish. These differences may be due to differences in the diets of the two groups of fish.
Cytomorphologic examination of anaplastic large cell lymphoma by fine‐needle aspiration cytology

BACKGROUND. The cytomorphology of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is distinctive yet variable. To the authors' knowledge, to date only small case series have described the cytologic findings noted in patients with ALCL. The current series is the largest case series presented to date to retrospectively review the cytomorpholgic findings noted in patients with ALCL, with specific attention paid to those with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative ALCL. METHODS. Over a 13-year period, the available Diff-Quik cytology smears and surgical excision specimens taken from patients with ALCL were evaluated. Different clinical and morphologic parameters were evaluated, including ALK status. RESULTS. A total of 37 cases were retrieved and evaluated, 19 of which had both cytology and surgical pathology specimens available for review. ALK-negative ALCL cytology smears were found to have a high number of anaplastic cells compared with ALK-positive cases. The hallmark cells in the ALK-negative cases were not classic. CONCLUSIONS. ALCL can be diagnosed accurately by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) alone when aided by immunocytochemistry in ALK-positive cases. Ancillary studies should be anticipated such that material for cell block preparation and molecular studies is taken at the time of FNAC. The results of the current study demonstrate the varied FNAC morphology of ALCL. The presence of severe pleomorphism and anaplasia was found to correlate with ALK-negative status. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol( 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Estimation of molecular radius, free mobility, and valence using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis☆

Abstract Relative mobility values for macromolecules in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at various gel concentrations are used to compute the retardation coefficient, KR, molecular radius, R , free mobility, M0, and valence, V. Automated data processing and formal statistical analysis are applied. Results obtained with 29 proteins in 9 electrophoretic systems illustrate the utility of this approach, and also provide estimates of radius and total length of the acrylamide polymer.
The City Manager's Knowledge of Grants-in-Aid Some Personal and Environmental Influences

Evidence from public officials at all levels of government indicates that the profusion and excessive categorization of grants has had adverse consequences. State and local officials complain of an "in formation gap "-confusion and uncertainty as to what grants are available, who administers them, what the varying requirements are, how closely related grants differ, how to go about making proper application [Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 1967: 12].
Study of the reaction π− + p → π+ + π− + n at 2.36 GeV/c

Abstract Data are presented on the production of ϱ o by 2.36 GeV/ c π − in hydrogen. Density matrix elements are calculated and evidence concerning an S-wave resonance is discussed. Data on the production of N ∗− is included. 1700 ϱ o are analyzed.
The BK channel accessory β1 subunit determines alcohol-induced cerebrovascular constriction

Abstract Ethanol-induced inhibition of myocyte large conductance, calcium- and voltage-gated potassium (BK) current causes cerebrovascular constriction, yet the molecular targets mediating EtOH action remain unknown. Using BK channel-forming (cbv1) subunits from cerebral artery myocytes, we demonstrate that EtOH potentiates and inhibits current at Ca i 2 + lower and higher than ∼15 μM, respectively. By increasing cbv1’s apparent Ca i 2 + -sensitivity, accessory BK β1 subunits shift the activation-to-inhibition crossover of EtOH action to Ca i 2 + , with consequent inhibition of current under conditions found during myocyte contraction. Knocking-down KCNMB1 suppresses EtOH-reduction of arterial myocyte BK current and vessel diameter. Therefore, BK β1 is the molecular effector of alcohol-induced BK current inhibition and cerebrovascular constriction.
Multi-sensor 3D image fusion and interactive search

Describes a system under development for the 3D fusion of multi-sensor surface surveillance imagery, including electro-optical (EO), IR, SAR, multispectral and hyperspectral sources. Our approach is founded on biologically-inspired image processing algorithms. We have developed an image processing architecture enabling the unified interactive visualization of fused multi-sensor site data which utilizes a color image fusion algorithm based on retinal and cortical processing of color. We have also developed interactive Web-based tools for training neural network search agents that are capable of automatically scanning site data for the fused multi-sensor signatures of targets and/or surface features of interest. Each search agent is an interactively trained instance of a neural network model of cortical pattern recognition called a fuzzy ARTMAP. The utilization of 3D site models is central to our approach because it enables the accurate multi-platform image registration that is necessary for color image fusion and the designation, learning and searching for multi-sensor fused pixel signatures. Interactive stereo 3D viewing and fly-through tools enable efficient and intuitive site exploration and analysis. Web-based remote visualization and search agent training and utilization tools facilitate rapid, distributed and collaborative site exploitation and dissemination of results.
Production and regulation of gelatinase B by human T-cells

Here we describe for the first time the production of gelatinase B (MMP 9; 92-kDa type IV collagenase) by human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes. Expression of this enzyme was found to be dependent on the activation status of these T-cells and to be regulated by Interleukin-2.
Pharmacists’ perspectives on HIV testing in community pharmacies

Abstract Objective To assess the feasibility, readiness, and acceptability of offering rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing in community pharmacies. Design Qualitative study. Setting Community pharmacies in Indiana from May to September 2012. Participants 17 licensed community pharmacists. Intervention Semistructured interviews among a convenience sample of community pharmacists. Main outcome measures Community pharmacists' self-reported attitudes toward rapid HIV testing in community pharmacies, perceptions of peer acceptability, and opinions about readiness for implementation of the practice in community pharmacies. Results Participants accepted the idea of pharmacy-based HIV testing, describing it as accessible, convenient, and nonstigmatizing. Acceptability was closely linked to positive patient relationships and pharmacist comfort with consultation. Identified challenges to pharmacy-based HIV testing included staffing issues, uneasiness with delivering positive test results, lack of information needed to link patients to care, insufficient consulting space, and need for additional training. Participants indicated that peer beliefs about the acceptability of pharmacist-based HIV testing would vary but that more recently trained pharmacists likely would be more accepting of the practice. Conclusion Most participants felt that offering HIV testing was a reasonable addition to the evolving role of the community pharmacist, pending resolution of personal and institutional barriers.
On Johnson's example of a nonconvex Chebyshev set

Abstract The note identifies two errors in the proof of the Chebyshevity of Johnson′s example of a nonconvex subset of the inner product space of all finite sequences. Corrections are given.
IS THERE A GENERATION GAP IN ACADEMIA? AGE DIFFERENCES AMONG FACULTY IN ATTITUDES TOWARD MANDATORY RETIREMENT

Age and discipline differences in attitudes toward mandatory retirement and related issues were assessed among 85 faculty at a private university. Age differences were minimal and outweighed by discipline variations. In general, both age groups agreed that mandatory retirement should be abolished, even though the impact of this on universities was seen as negative. Concern over the rights of the individual and respect for the potential contributions of older faculty appeared to be the major reasons for the preferred abolition of a fixed retirement age. Attitudes toward tenure among the young and toward projected activities following retirement among both age groups did not appear to be related to the mandatory retirement issue.
Intelligent recognitive systems in nanomedicine

There is a bright future in the development and utilization of nanoscale systems based on intelligent materials that can respond to external input providing a beneficial function. Specific functional groups can be incorporated into polymers to make them responsive to environmental stimuli such as pH, temperature, or varying concentrations of biomolecules. The fusion of such "intelligent" biomaterials with nanotechnology has led to the development of powerful therapeutic and diagnostic platforms. For example, targeted release of proteins and chemotherapeutic drugs has been achieved using pH-responsive nanocarriers while biosensors with ultra-trace detection limits are being made using nanoscale, molecularly imprinted polymers. The efficacy of therapeutics and the sensitivity of diagnostic platforms will continue to progress as unique combinations of responsive polymers and nanomaterials emerge.
Alcohol alters hypothalamic glial-neuronal communications involved in the neuroendocrine control of puberty: In vivo and in vitro assessments.

The onset of puberty is the result of the increased secretion of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). The pubertal process can be altered by substances that can affect the prepubertal secretion of this peptide. Alcohol is one such substance known to diminish LHRH secretion and delay the initiation of puberty. The increased secretion of LHRH that normally occurs at the time of puberty is due to a decrease of inhibitory tone that prevails prior to the onset of puberty, as well as an enhanced development of excitatory inputs to the LHRH secretory system. Additionally, it has become increasingly clear that glial-neuronal communications are important for pubertal development because they play an integral role in facilitating the pubertal rise in LHRH secretion. Thus, in recent years attempts have been made to identify specific glial-derived components that contribute to the development of coordinated communication networks between glia and LHRH cell bodies, as well as their nerve terminals. Transforming growth factor-α and transforming growth factor-β1 are two such glial substances that have received attention in this regard. This review summarizes the use of multiple neuroendocrine research techniques employed to assess these glial-neuronal communication pathways involved in regulating prepubertal LHRH secretion and the effects that alcohol can have on their respective functions.
Prediction of Filling Times of Porous Cavities

SUMMARY A recently proposed implicit scheme for tracking the filling front during liquid impregnation into porous moulds is extended to provide ‘one-shot’ predictions for the time to completely fill the mould and the location of the last point to fill. With general boundary conditions applied at the filling gates, it is shown that the time to fill and the location of the last point to fill can be predicted on solving, at most, two linear systems of equations (of size determined by the spatial discretization). This result is conked by numerical filling experiments that show, for a variety of mould cavities, that ‘one-shot’ solutions agree exactly with filling time and location predictions obtained with multi-time-step simulations.
Contentment in graph theory: Covering graphs with cliques

Fundamental questions posed by Boole in 1868 on the theory of sets have in recent years been translated to problems in graph theory. The major problems that this paper deals with are determining the minimum number of complete subgraphs of graph G which include all of the edges of G, and determining the minimum number of complete bipartite subgraphs which cover G. The two problems are of a very similar nature. Determining whether there is a projective plane of order p is a special case of the former problem. The latter problem has a natural translation into matrix theory which yields tight upper and lower bounds. An elementary proof is given for Graham's theorem. Two non-obvious classes are given for which the above problems are easily handled; however, this author doubts that these classes can be extended significantly. Two new problems are shown in this paper to be NP-complete. Finally, several conjectures and unsolved problems are posed within the body of the paper.
A New Deropristiid Species (Trematoda: Deropristiidae) from the Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Wisconsin, and Its Biogeographical Implications

Pristicola bruchi n. sp. (Trematoda: Deropristiidae) is described from the spiral-valved intestine of the lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, from the Wolf River in Wisconsin, United States. It differs from the only other species of the genus, Pristicola sturionis, a parasite of the European Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser sturio, in being smaller and in possessing the following characters: a single row of conspicuous peg-like oral spines instead of 2 rows; vitelline follicles that are dorsally confluent over only a small region and that barely overlap the testes instead of extending beyond the posterior testes; and a shorter hermaphroditic duct. Comparisons are hindered by the fact that the type material of P. sturionis is no longer available. This is the first report of the genus in North America and is, apparently, the first time the genus has been reported in sturgeon anywhere since the description of P. sturionis in 1930. The presence of a species of Pristicola in North America means that all 3 genera of deropristiids, Deropristis, Pristicola, and Skrjabinopsolus, now have 2 described species, 1 in North America and another in Europe, reinforcing the amphi-Atlantic biogeography of the family. This, in turn, supports the contention that the deropristiids had diversified into the 3 generic lineages before the establishment of the North Atlantic, and that the present day distribution was likely effected by historical vicariance processes. The association of species of Pristicola and Skrjabinopsolus with the exclusively freshwater lake sturgeon in the interior of the continent also indicates their considerable geological age.
Aspergillosis of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

Aspergillosis is becoming an increasingly recognized pathogen in the sinonasal tract. The courses of two patients, one seemingly healthy and one with a terminal malignancy, are reviewed. These patients illustrate the clinical course, difficulties in diagnosis, and management of patients with aspergillosis of the sinonasal tract. Aspergillus is a common endogenous contaminant of the upper respiratory tract; however, bacterial sinusitis may trigger its growth and proliferation. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common species implicated in paranasal sinus disease in the United States. The maxillary antrum is the most commonly involved site in the paranasal sinuses. Originally, aspergillosis was described in healthy patients, but it has become increasingly recognized in the immunocompromised and the chronically debilitated. Paranasal sinus Aspergillus infections are classified as non-invasive, invasive and fulminant. The treatment is primarily surgical. Antifungal chemotherapeutic agents are used in the treatment of central nervous system involvement and in the fulminant form of the disease.
Agent teams: building and implementing software

Agents will become fundamental building blocks for general-purpose Internet-based software. The software may not display any explicitly agent-like characteristics, but it will exhibit the benefits of tolerance to errors, ease of maintenance, adaptability to change, and speed of construction that agents provide. Moreover, an agent-based approach to software development can lead to new types of software solutions that might not otherwise be obvious. The author considers how an approach based on teams of active, cooperative, and persistent software components, that is agents, shows special promise in enabling the rapid construction of robust and reusable software.
A critical review of a recent decade of stuttering research

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to catalogue and evaluate portions of the literature on stuttering from 1967 to 1977. Of particular interest was the identification of the research literature. Of 287 articles located and evaluated, 181 were research reports. These reports were categorized according to topics, subject selection, subjects' characteristics, type of research designs and use of randomization, reliability, and statistical methods. Unhappily, many of the faults identified in reviews ten to twenty years earlier tended to persist, and many of the deficiencies recently cited by authorities in the field were found to characterize this literature.
Autonomy: simulation's next events

Simulation is facing the challenge to support ever increasingly complex phenomena characterized by autonomous behavior. This paper discusses an approach with which to investigate the wider modeling and analysis issues raised by these demand.
Real-Time Monitoring using AJAX and WebSockets

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX) is the primary method for enabling asynchronous communication over the Web. Although AJAX is providing warranted real-time capabilities to the Web, it requires unconventional programming methods at the expense of extensive resource usage. WebSockets, which is an emerging protocol, has the potential to address many challenges with implementing asynchronous communication over the Web. However, there has been no independent study that quantitatively compares AJAX and WebSockets.This paper therefore provides two contributions to integrating Web technologies in real-time systems. First, it provides an experience report for adding real-time monitoring support over the Web to the Open-source Architecture of Software Instrumentation of Systems (OASIS), which is an open-source real-time instrumentation middleware for distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems. Secondly, its quantitatively compares using AJAX and WebSockets to stream collected instrumentation data over the Web. Results from our study show that a WebSockets server consumes 50% less network bandwidth than an AJAX server; a WebSockets client consumes memory at constant rate, not at an increasing rate; and WebSockets can send up to 215.44% more data samples when consuming the same amount network bandwidth as AJAX.
A planar air levitated electrostatic actuator system

The design and testing of a micromotor capable of moving multiple objects in three dimensions is discussed. The fixed surface of the motor, fabricated on a silicon wafer, contains air nozzles that levitate rigid platforms and conductive plates that generate an electric field to apply forces to platforms. Initial testing shows that the air nozzles form a stable very low friction bearing, and the motor is capable of several hundred microns of motion in two dimensions with fields generated by a 2 volt potential. Applications of this motor include a microrobotic work cell. Testing was limited to verification of the fundamental principles of operation, but experimental results indicate that a two-dimensional linear electrostatic stepper motor should be realizable with this process. In addition, it should be possible to control the vertical motion of the platforms by varying either the supply voltage or bearing pressure. >
Managing non-determinism in symbolic robot motion planning and control

We study the problem of designing control strategies for non-deterministic transitions systems enforcing the satisfaction of linear temporal logic (LTL) formulas over their set of states. We focus on finite transition systems with inputs, which are often encountered when solving motion planning problems by using discrete quotients induced by a given partition of the state space. Our approach solves the problem conservatively using LTL games, and consists of the following three steps: (1) the original transition system is transformed into a transition system on which an LTL game can be played, (2) a solution of the LTL game on the new transition system is obtained, and (3) an interface between this solution and the initial transition system is constructed. The correctness of the method is ensured by design. The advantages and conservativeness of our approach are discussed and illustrated by simple examples.
The safety of same-day CT colonography following incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomy.

Background: Concerns about the risk of bowel perforation for same-day computed tomography colonography (CTC) following an incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomy may lead to unnecessarily postponing the CTC. Objective: The objective of this article is to describe the complications including colon perforations associated with sameday CTC in a cohort who had polypectomies but an incomplete colonoscopy. Design: We conducted a retrospective study. Setting: Our study took place in a single, tertiary referral center. Patients: We studied consecutive patients who had CTC the same day as an incomplete colonoscopy with polypectomy. Interventions: Interventions included optical colonoscopy (OC), endoscopic polypectomies, and same-day CTC. Main outcome measurements: Our main outcome measurements included perforation rate with long-term follow-up. Results: A total of 3% of patients undergoing colonoscopy from January 2008 to December 2012 had same-day CTC following incomplete OC, and 72 polypectomies were performed in 34 (or 17%) of these patients. Incomplete colonoscopies were due to colon tortuosity and looping (25), severe angulations (five), colon mass (two), colon stenosis (one), bradycardia (one). Fifty-three percent of the OCs were screening for colon neoplasia, 29% diagnostic and 18% were surveillance of colon polyps. Most polyps were � 5mm, and found in the left colon. There were no reported complications or perforations associated with same-day CTCs during short- and long-term follow-up. Limitations: Limitations of our analysis included retrospective single-center design, small number of patients for the occurrence, referral to same-day CTC was not standardized, inability to establish safety of CTC for specific scenarios such as after complex polypectomies, strictures, or advanced IBD. Conclusions: Radiologists’ apprehension to perform a CTC the same day as an incomplete colonoscopy following polypectomies because of perceived risk of perforation may be unfounded. More data are needed to determine the safety of sameday CTC in patients with high-risk findings during colonoscopy such as a stricture, severe IBD, and after complex polypectomies.
Development of a Land Surface Model. Part II: Data Assimilation

Part I described a land surface model, its implementation in the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University‐ National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5), and some model evaluation results. Part II describes the indirect soil moisture data assimilation scheme. As described in Part I, the land surface model includes explicit soil moisture, which is based on the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) model, and three pathways for evaporation: soil evaporation, evaporation from the wet canopy, and vegetative transpiration. The data assimilation scheme presented here also follows similar work on data assimilation for ISBA and uses model biases of the 2-m air temperature and humidity against observed analyses to nudge soil moisture. An important difference from the ISBA schemes is that the nudging strengths are computed from model parameters such as solar radiation, temperature, leaf area, vegetation coverage, and aerodynamic resistance rather than from statistically derived functions. The rationale is that nudging soil moisture according to model biases in air temperature and humidity should depend on the degree of coupling across the land‐ atmosphere interface. Thus, nudging strengths are designed to reflect the potential for the surface and root-zone soil moisture to affect near-surface air temperature and humidity. Model test cases are used to examine relationships between the nudging strengths and modeled physical parameters and then to demonstrate the effects of the nudging scheme on model results.
Current concepts in repair of extremity venous injury

Objective Extremity venous injury management remains controversial. The purpose of this communication is to offer perspective as well as experiential and technical insight into extremity venous injury repair. Methods Available literature is reviewed and discussed. Historical context is provided. Indication, the decision process for repair, including technical conduct, is delineated. In particular, the authors' experiences in both civilian and wartime injury are used for perspective. Results Extremity venous injury repair was championed within data from the Vietnam Vascular Registry. However, patterns of extremity venous injury differ between combat and civilian settings. Since Vietnam, civilian descriptive series opine the benefits and potential complications associated with both venous injury repair and ligation. These surround extremity edema, chronic venous insufficiency, thromboembolism, and limb loss. Whereas no clear superiority in either approach has been identified to date, there appears to be no increased risk of pulmonary embolism or chronic venous changes with repair. Newer data from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan and meta-analysis have reinforced this and also have suggested limb salvage benefit for extremity venous repair in combined arterial and venous injuries in modern settings. The patient's physiologic state and associated injury drive five triage categories suggesting vein injury management. Vein repair thrombosis occurs in a significant proportion, yet many recanalize and possibly have a positive impact on limb venous return. Further, early decompression favors reduced blood loss, acute edema, and inflammation, supporting collateral development. Large soft tissue injury minimizing collateral capacity increases the importance of repair. Constructs of repair are varied with modest differences in patency. Venous shunting is feasible, but specific roles remain nebulous. Conclusions An aggressive posture toward extremity venous injury repair seems justified today because of the likely role in reducing venous hypertensive sequelae as well as a potential role in limb salvage. Appropriate triage selection for extremity vein repair is essential.
European Financial Market Integration: Clearance and Settlement Issues

In this paper, we examine the barriers posed to European financial market integration by imperfections and frictions relating to the clearance and settlement of equity trades. We first examine the economics of clearance and settlement services, especially issues relating to the competitive structure of the market for such services. We use examples from the clearance and settlement "industry" in the European equity market. This is followed by an examination of the relative importance of the competitive structure of the clearance and settlement industry relative to other clearance and settlement frictions that pose costs in the context of European equity market integration. We provide some empirical evidence on settlement efficiency, and analyse the impact of greater (lesser) degrees of CSD service integration on different agents (institutions, issuers, investors etc.)
Patterns and Drivers of Religious Protests in Ethiopia

The current Ethiopian regime came to power in 1991 with a deep commitment to end previous policies of religious discrimination. To this effect, the regime promulgated a new constitution in 1995 which recognized the country’s religious plurality and prohibited government intervention in religious matters. Over the years since then, however, members of Ethiopia’s major religious communities (Orthodox Christians, Muslims, and Protestants) have at different times staged protests of various scales against unwanted government interferences in their affairs. Focusing on the current protest of Muslim communities, which started in July 2011, this paper explores some of the important patterns and local drivers of reported protest events. Triangulating information from ACLED (armed conflicts location and events data sets), official government reports, available literature, and interviews, the paper seeks to understand where and why Muslim communities continued with their year-long protests. In doing so, I address the following specific questions; 1) how do protest events vary by ethnic composition of residents, 2) demography of religious groups, 3) political alliance of local elites with the ruling party, and 4) the presence of major urban centers. Preliminary analysis shows a pattern of escalation primarily driven by systematic government attempts to monitor and control Muslim communities, as opposed to pre-existing religious/ethnic tensions or the diffusion of radical Islam from abroad.
Transposable elements and small RNAs: Genomic fuel for species diversity

While transposable elements (TE) have long been suspected of involvement in species diversification, identifying specific roles has been difficult. We recently found evidence of TE-derived regulatory RNAs in a species-rich family of bats. The TE-derived small RNAs are temporally associated with the burst of species diversification, suggesting that they may have been involved in the processes that led to the diversification. In this commentary, we expand on the ideas that were briefly touched upon in that manuscript. Specifically, we suggest avenues of research that may help to identify the roles that TEs may play in perturbing regulatory pathways. Such research endeavors may serve to inform evolutionary biologists of the ways that TEs have influenced the genomic and taxonomic diversity around us.
Abstract 3385: Increased eIF4E phosphorylation prevents response of prostate cancer cells to mTOR inhibitors.

Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) had been used in various clinical trials, but with limited efficacy. The overall goal of the present studies was to identify predictive markers of response to mTOR inhibitors in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. We previously showed that the mTOR pathway is activated in castration resistant PCa (CRPC), while its inhibition upregulates androgen receptor (AR) signaling, resulting in resistance to mTOR inhibitors (Wang et al, Oncogene, 2008). mTOR forms two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2: in this study we compared the effects of RAD001, an mTORC1 inhibitor, BEZ235, a dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitor, and Torin1, which inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Comparison of the effects of RAD001, alone, or in combination with the AR inhibitor bicalutamide in various CRPC cell lines showed that although C4-2 cells responded well to the combination, other cell lines, such as LNCaP-AI, PC-346C and CWR-R1, did not. The resistance of LNCaP-AI and CWR-R1 was partially overcome by treatment with BEZ-235 or Torin1, alone or in combination with bicalutamide; however, PC-346C cells were resistant to all three drugs. In an effort to identify the mechanism of resistance to mTOR inhibitors, therefore, the molecular effects of the drugs in downstream targets p70S6 kinase, 4E-BP1, eIF4G, Akt and eIF4E were compared in C4-2 (least resistant) and PC-346C (most resistant) cell lines. Western blots revealed that p70S6 kinase was downregulated by all the drugs whereas 4E-BP1 phosphorylation was effectively downregulated by BEZ235, but not Torin1, or RAD001. Phosphorylation of both p70S6K and 4E-BP1 results in activation of the translation initiation complex: a complex of eIF4E and eIF4G, therefore, inactivation of the translation initiation complex requires inhibition of eIF4E phosphorylation, which is independent of mTOR activation. In C4-2 cells, eIF4E phosphorylation was increased by RAD001 but suppressed by the other two drugs. However, in PC-346C cells, despite inhibition of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation, eIF4E phosphorylation was increased by all 3 drugs. Our data indicate eIF4E phosphorylation as a likely cause of resistance to mTOR inhibitors in PCa. Citation Format: Leandro S. D9Abronzo, Ryan Beggs, Swagata Bose, Paramita Ghosh. Increased eIF4E phosphorylation prevents response of prostate cancer cells to mTOR inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3385. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3385
Evidence for a Sodium Retaining Factor in Toxemia of Pregnancy.

SummaryA marked rise in excretion of a sodium retaining factor has been observed in toxemic pregnancies in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. The increase has been observed in one patient before other toxemic symptoms have become evident. No parallel increases in 11-oxysteroid excretions were found in these patients.