cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The science of security: introduction from the perspective of secure collaboration

Despite sustained research effort in security, current security practice conveys a decidedly ad hoc flavor---find a bug; patch it; find the next bug; and so on. This methodology is sometimes termed engineering, using the term in the narrow sense of developing solutions to specific problems. The past few years have seen a growing push to develop a science of security (SoS), viewed as a systematic body of knowledge with strong theoretical and empirical underpinnings that inform the engineering of secure information systems. I introduce SoS, briefly describing its key elements. I then motivate some of the foundational challenges of SoS from the standpoint of systems of autonomous participants, sometimes termed systems of systems. I describe how security is an element of the governance of such systems and advocate an approach based on a new formulation of norms and accountability.
Integration of computer-aided diagnosis/detection (CAD) results in a PACS environment using CAD–PACS toolkit and DICOM SR

Purpose Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS) is a mature technology in health care delivery for daily clinical imaging service and data management. Computer-aided detection and diagnosis (CAD) utilizes computer methods to obtain quantitative measurements from medical images and clinical information to assist clinicians to assess a patient’s clinical state more objectively. CAD needs image input and related information from PACS to improve its accuracy; and PACS benefits from CAD results online and available at the PACS workstation as a second reader to assist physicians in the decision making process. Currently, these two technologies remain as two separate independent systems with only minimal system integration. This paper describes a universal method to integrate CAD results with PACS in its daily clinical environment.
Specificity of a soluble UDP-galactose: fucoside α1,3- galactosyltransferase that modifies the cytoplasmic glycoprotein Skp1 in dictyostelium

Skp1 is an adaptor-like protein in E3(SCF)-ubiquitin ligases and other multiprotein complexes of the cytoplasm and nucleus. In Dictyostelium, Skp1 is modified by an unusual pentasaccharide containing a Galalpha1-Fuc linkage, whose formation is examined here. A cytosolic extract from Dictyostelium was found to yield, after 2400-fold purification, an activity that could transfer Gal from UDP-Gal to both a Fuc-terminated glycoform of Skp1 and synthetic Fuc conjugates in the presence of Mn(2+) and dithiothreitol. The microsomal fraction was devoid of activity. The linkage formed was Galalpha1,3Fuc based on co-chromatography with only this synthetic isomer conjugate, and sensitivity to alpha1,3/6-galactosidase. Skp1 exhibited an almost 1000-fold lower K(m) and 35-fold higher V(max) compared with a simple alpha-fucoside, but this advantage was abolished by denaturation or alkylation of Cys residues. A comparison of a complete series of synthetic glycosides representing the non-reducing terminal mono-, di-, and trisaccharides of Skp1 revealed, surprisingly, that the disaccharide is most active owing primarily to a V(max) advantage, but still much less active than Skp1 itself because of a K(m) difference. These findings indicate that alpha-GalT1 is a cytoplasmic enzyme whose modification of Skp1 requires proper presentation of the terminal acceptor disaccharide by a folded Skp1 polypeptide, which correlates with previous evidence that the Galalpha1,3Fuc linkage is deficient in expressed mutant Skp1 proteins.
Fast successive approximation analog-to-digital converter☆

Abstract A new scheme has been developed for a 4096-channel (12-bit) successive approximation ADC which will allow more rapid coding than schemes commonly used at the present time. The allowable bit setting time for the major bits has been increased without adding to the total coding time. This is accomplished by permitting the initial accuracy of the setting of the major bits to be within eight channels. Towards the end of the coding time, when the major bits have settled, this error is corrected to an accuracy of a fraction of a channel. Using this scheme a differential nonlinearity of better than 20% has been achieved in the basic encoder with a total coding time of 4 μs. Applying a 6-bit sliding register (the method of Gatti) to the ADC, a differential nonlinearity less than 0.5% results in the complete ADC.
Galois Structure of Rings of Integers and Elliptic Curves without Complex Multiplication

Abstract In this paper we state the problem of Galois module structure of rings of integers of extensions attached to the elliptic curves without complex multiplication and admitting a rational point of finite order. Our main aim is to give the first results related to this problem. These results are an analogous to the results of others, concerning ray class fields in the complex multiplication case.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy applied to binge eating: A case study.

Binge eating is a common problem associated with distress and dysfunction. Mindfulness-based interventions are attracting increasing attention, and the recent empirical literature suggests that they may be effective for a variety of disorders. Current theories about the etiology and maintenance of binge eating suggest that mindfulness training may be helpful for this problem. This report describes the use of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002 ) in the treatment of a client with subthreshold binge eating disorder. Posttreatment and 6-month follow-up data showed excellent improvements in binge eating symptoms as well as increased levels of mindfulness.
Family-centred practice: collaboration, competency and evidence

In the 1990s, the developing field of early intervention with young children with disabilities and their families adopted family-centred practice as its philosophical foundation. Family-centred practice includes three key elements: (1) an emphasis on strengths, not deficits; (2) promoting family choice and control over desired resources; and (3) the development of a collaborative relationship between parents and professionals. During the last two decades, the field of early childhood disability has successfully defined the working principles of family-centred practice for practitioners. Although research has acknowledged that the paradigm shift to family-centred practice is neither simple nor easy, a substantive body of evidence demonstrates that (a) family-centred practice can be linked to a wide range of demonstrated benefits for both children and families, and (b) families are more satisfied and find family-centred practice to be more helpful than other models of practice.
A more general system for Poisson series manipulation.

We describe the design of a working Poisson Series Processor that is more general than others in use today. We try to show that the price of generality is worth paying in active research areas in celestial mechanics.
Adsorption of complement proteins on surfaces with a hydrophobicity gradient.

Abstract Activation of the complement system is recognized as one of the major problems with respect to biocompatibility of biomaterials. The binding of C3 (central component of complement) and B (factor B, an activator of C3) and H (factor H, an inhibitor of C3 activation) plays a crucial role in the activation of the alternative pathway of complement on the surfaces of biomaterials during extracorporeal procedures. Here we report on the adsorption of C3, B or H on to the silica surface with a hydrophobicity gradient. The amount of native 125I-C3 bound to both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces was very similar (0.8 and 0.9 μg/cm2; 4 × 10−12 mol/cm2). Neither factor H nor factor B was able to displace already adsorbed 125I-C3 from either of the surfaces. The extent of binding of factors B and H to preadsorbed C3 was a function of the surface hydrophobicity: more 125I-B or 125I-H was bound to C3 adsorbed at the hydrophilic end than at the hydrophobic end of the gradient surface. The binding of 125I-B or 125I-H to preadsorbed C3 appeared to be influenced by the availability of their binding sites on adsorbed C3 molecules rather than by the amount of surface-bound C3. At the hydrophobic end of the gradient surface the molar binding ratio of B C 3 was considerably smaller than the molar binding ratio of H C 3 . It can be speculated that the hydrophobicity of the surface determines orientation and/or conformation of adsorbed C3 molecule; when adsorbed at the hydrophobic end of the gradient, C3 molecule predominantly exposes the binding site to which only factor H can bind. A substantial decrease in binding of C3, B or H on to the hydrophobicity gradient surface was observed in the presence of other serum or plasma proteins, particularly at the hydrophobic end of the gradient surface.
Cerebrovascular accidents following the fontan operation

The Fontan operation is one of the most common cardiac operations for children with congenital heart disease beyond the first year of age. Although the surgical mortality of this procedure has improved over the past 2 decades, the neurologic outcome in this population is not well described. We performed a retrospective review of 645 patients who underwent the Fontan procedure at Children's Hospital in Boston over the 15-year period between August, 1978 and July, 1993, to describe the incidence of postoperative cerebrovascular accidents or strokes among survivors. We identified 17 patients (2.6%) who suffered a stroke following the Fontan operation. The risk period for stroke in our population extended from the first postoperative day to 32 months after the Fontan procedure. The pre-, intra-, and postoperative clinical features of these patients are described.
The impact of shock on reactivity to a tactile stimulus

Abstract We have previously shown that exposure to either three brief (0.75 s) or three long (25 s) tail shocks can induce a strong hypoalgesia in rats as measured by tail withdrawal from radiant heat, and that these two examples of hypoalgesia are mediated by different neural systems. The present experiments evaluate whether exposure to either brief or long shock disrupts reactivity to a tactile stimulus applied to the tail. We found that subjects exposed to brief shock are hyperreactive to the tactile stimulus. This effect was observed on all of our response measures: latency to exhibit a tail movement, magnitude of tail movements, latency to vocalize, and vocalization magnitude. Similarly, exposure to long shock increased reactivity to tactile stimulation. However, this effect was only evident on three of the four measures: latency to vocalize, vocalization magnitude, and magnitude of tail movements. Implications of the results are discussed.
On the robustness of large 1-D network of double integrator agents

We study the robustness to external disturbances of large 1-D network of double-integrator agents with distributed control. We provide precise quantitative comparison of certain H ∞ norm between two common control architectures: predecessor-following and symmetric bidirectional. In particular, we show that the scaling laws of the H ∞ norm for predecessor-following architecture is O(αN) (α > 1), but only O(N3) for symmetric bidirectional architecture, where N is the number of agents in the network. The results for symmetric bidirectional architecture are obtained by using a PDE model to approximate the closed-loop dynamics of the network for large N. Numerical calculations show that the PDE approximation provides accurate predictions even when N is small. In addition, we examine the robustness of asymmetric bidirectional architecture. Numerical simulations show that with judicious asymmetry in the velocity feedback, the robustness of the network can be improved considerably over symmetric bidirectional and predecessor-following architectures.
Calcium spike underlying rhythmic firing in dopaminergic neurons of the rat substantia nigra

Abstract In order to study a possible mechanism for rhythmic firing of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, intracellular recordings were obtained from 56 rhythmically firing DA neurons in the rat substantia nigra compacta (SNc), using in vitro slice preparations. In the presence of TTX, spontaneous oscillation of the membrane potential was induced in SNc DA neurons when the membrane potential was depolarized more positive from −60 to −40 mV. Each oscillation wave was characterized by a pacemaker-like slow depolarization (PLSD) followed by a relatively prompt repolarization. As the DC depolarization was increased from −60 to −40 mV, the oscillation frequency increased from 0.5 to 5 Hz, but the amplitude of the wave decreased. Of 17 neurons tested in the presence of TTX, the maximum amplitudes of the oscillation varied from 10–15 mV in 8 neurons and were less than 5 mV in 9 neurons. In those 9 neurons, an application of TEA greatly enhanced (up to 15 mV) the amplitude of oscillation. The oscillation ceased when the membrane was hyperpolarized more negative than −60 mV. At the membrane potential more negative than −60 mV in the presence of TTX an injection of a depolarizing current pulse could evoke PLSD which was an all-or-nothing regenerative spike potential. The rate of rise of the PLSD changed depending on the intensity of injected current pulses but their amplitude remained constant. Its time-to-peak was slow (up to 1400 ms), while the decay time was relatively brief ( n = 10). This was higher than the previously reputed threshold for low threshold Ca 2+ spike (LTS) ( 2+ spike (HTS) (> −35 mV) in SNc DA neurons. Even at a holding potential of −45 mV, a depolarizing current pulse could trigger PLSD while LTS was completely inactivated. Cd 2+ (0.4 mM) abolished the oscillation and PLSD without marked effects on the LTS ( n = 6). A low Ca 2+ and high Mg 2+ Ringer's solution also abolished the oscillation and PLSD ( n = 4). An intracellular injection of EGTA markedly prolonged the decay time course of PLSD characterized by a slow and a relatively fast falling phase ( n = 5). This would suggest an involvement of Ca 2+ -dependent K + conductance and/or Ca 2+ dependent inactivation of Ca 2+ conductance during repolarization. Characteristic features of the slow rising course of PLSD indicate a slowly inactivating property of the Ca 2+ conductance which may be responsible for this depolarization. Of 56 DA neurons which displayed oscillation or rhythmic firing, PLSD was observed in all of the neurons, while LTS was observed in only 24 neurons. In conclusion, PLSD had characteristics of a regenerative spike potential which is different in the threshold for activation and inactivation, the time-course, and pharmacology previously reported for LTS or HTS. These data suggest that a possible heterogenous Ca 2+ spike (PLSD) may be responsible for rhythmic oscillation of membrane potential in SNc DA neurons.
Posttraumatic innominate artery aneurysm with occlusion of the common carotid artery at its origin by an intimal flap

Blunt trauma involving the innominate and carotid arteries is a rare occurrence that can be lethal or have serious neurologic sequelae. To our knowledge this is the first reported case in the international literature describing the association of posttraumatic innominate artery aneurysm with total occlusion and thrombosis of the common carotid artery at its origin by an intimal flap. The diagnostic problems created by this unusual injury are discussed. In this case the patency of the distal portion of the common and internal carotid arteries was demonstrated by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), whereas color duplex and digital arteriographic studies were unsuccessful. This demonstration was crucial to patient management. Since no studies are available comparing color duplex imaging, conventional arteriography, and MRA in the evaluation of blunt carotid trauma, this case study is presented to demonstrate the utility of MRA in emergency situations. In addition, we analyze the possible pathogenesis and discuss the surgical treatment.
The Ring of Generic Matrices

In Chapter 3, we defined a single n x n generic matrix. We now introduce the ring generated by a set of n x n generic matrices.
Labor and credit contracts with asymmetric information and bankruptcy

Abstract This paper investigates the interaction between a firm's contracts for labor and its contracts for credit under asymmetric information and limited liability, when workers are either always committed to their contract or they lack the power to commit ex post because arbitrage opportunities are available to them. The analysis contains two main results: First, contrary to the perceptions of the limited liability literature, where limited liability is thought of causing both underemployment and income underinsurance, limited liability is in fact shown to only cause underemployment. Existence of outside sources of credit eliminates the underinsurance side of the inefficiency, but can not eliminate underemployment. Second, the factor that does cause underinsurance is the existence of ex post arbitrage opportunities for the worker. Worker mobility leads to underinsurance regardless of whether limited liability is binding or not and even if outside sources of credit exist. Thus, underemployment stems from limited liability, and underinsurance stems from worker mobility.
Formation of N1-acetylspermidine in rat liver after treatment with carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract A single intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride produced a significant increase in the concentration of N1-acetylspermidine in rat liver. The concentration of N1-acetylspermidine was maximal at the same time after injection at which other workers reported maximal conversion of spermidine to putrescine and maximal acetylase activity in liv liver extracts. N1-acetylspermidine was not detectable in livers of untreated animals and at 45 hours after injection with monoacetylation of polyamines precedes their degradation by polyamine oxidases. Spleen, lungs and erythrocytes of untreated animals contained detectable amounts of the monoacetyl polyamines. Treatment with carbon tetrachloride did not produce changes in the concentrations of the monoacetyl polyamines in these tissues.
Genetic variation in brain-derived neurotrophic factor and human fear conditioning.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been implicated in hippocampal-dependent learning processes, and carriers of the Met allele of the Val66Met BDNF genotype are characterized by reduced hippocampal structure and function. Recent nonhuman animal work suggests that BDNF is also crucial for amygdala-dependent associative learning. The present study sought to examine fear conditioning as a function of the BDNF polymorphism. Fifty-seven participants were genotyped for the BDNF polymorphism and took part in a differential-conditioning paradigm. Participants were shocked following a particular conditioned stimulus (CS+) and were also presented with stimuli that ranged in perceptual similarity to the CS+ (20, 40 or 60% smaller or larger than the CS+). The eye blink component of the startle response was measured to quantify fear conditioning; post-task shock likelihood ratings for each stimulus were also obtained. All participants reported that shock likelihood varied with perceptual similarity to the CS+ and showed potentiated startle in response to CS ± 20% stimuli. However, only the Val/Val group had potentiated startle responses to the CS+. Met allele carrying individuals were characterized by deficient fear conditioning – evidenced by an attenuated startle response to CS+ stimuli. Variation in the BDNF genotype appears related to abnormal fear conditioning, consistent with nonhuman animal work on the importance of BDNF in amygdala-dependent associative learning. The relation between genetic variation in BDNF and amygdala-dependent associative learning deficits is discussed in terms of potential mechanisms of risk for psychopathology.
Protective Behavioral Strategies as a Mediator Between Depressive Symptom Fluctuations and Alcohol Consumption: A Longitudinal Examination Among College Students

Objective:Use of protective behavioral strategies (PBS) has been shown to be associated with alcohol outcomes among college students in general. Only a few studies, however, have examined how mental health is related to PBS and alcohol use. Furthermore, research has not yet investigated these associations in a longitudinal framework. Consequently, the present study aimed to examine PBS as a mediator of depressive symptom fluctuations and alcohol consumption in a longitudinal weekly diary design.Method:Participants were 260 (70.8% women) undergraduate college student drinkers who completed four weekly self-report assessments of their depressive symptoms, PBS use, and alcohol outcomes experienced in the past week.Results:Results indicated significant indirect effects such that increases in depressive symptoms were associated with higher alcohol consumption (i.e., quantity, frequency, peak drinking) through reduced PBS use. PBS did not mediate the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol-related p...
Oxidation of dihydroxybenzenes in aerated aqueous suspensions of birnessite

The oxidation of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes (1,2-DHB and 1,4-DHB) by unbuffered aerated suspensions of synthetic bimessite was studied by continuously monitoring the H+, Mn2+, dissolved 02, and organic radical concentration of the aqueous phase during the reaction. The reaction rapidly generated a very high pH, attributed to oxide dissolution, and the alkaline conditions prevented Mn2+ release into solution over the entire reaction period. Semiquinone radical anions accumulated early in the reaction and then diminished. A secondary radical product appeared in solution during the reaction of the oxide with 1,2-DHB, and was tentatively identified as an hydroxylated semiquinone. The oxide/DHB ratio controlled the maximum concentration and persistence of these radicals in solution as well as the degree to which O2 was consumed as an electron donor. In general, low oxide/DHB ratios promoted O2 uptake by the system, consistent with the subordinate role of O2 as a competing electron acceptor in the presence of excess Mn oxide. Soluble phosphate suppressed O2 consumption, but the mechanism by which it interacted with the reaction system was not determined.
Advancing Science on the Knife's Edge: Integration and Specialization in Management Ph.D. Programs

Executive Overview All science advances by processes of integration (connecting diverse bodies of knowledge) and specialization (deeper analysis of the study area). New disciplines typically are born of integration (e.g., biochemistry from biology and chemistry) and develop through specialization. For successful specialization in the early years, scholars in the new discipline must be able to stand on the shoulders of giants and be subject matter experts in at least one of the foundational disciplines. In this proposed research, we apply the generic model of scientific advancement to the field of management, using Ph.D. programs in management as the study context.
Laparoscopic myomectomy of large symptomatic leiomyoma using airlift gasless laparoscopy: a preliminary report

Despite the expanding role of laparoscopic surgery in many gynaecological fields, some discrepancies still exist regarding the efficacy of laparoscopic myomectomy in treating patients with large symptomatic leiomyoma. In this report, a better operative procedure and the results of treatment are evaluated. Patients (n = 14) presenting with infertility, menorrhagia, pressure symptoms or pelvic mass associated with a large leiomyoma were managed with laparoscopic myomectomy using airlift gasless laparoscopy. Uterine size ranged from 14 to 24 weeks gestational age and the weight of the myoma ranged from 246 to 669 g (mean 454); operative time ranged from 78 to 165 min (mean 104) and blood loss from 90 to 580 ml (mean 201). No major complication occurred during the operation or follow-up. All except one patient were discharged within 72 h of the operation and resumed normal activity within 1 week. When myomectomy is indicated, the airlift gasless laparoscopic approach appears to offer a better alternative to abdominal or pneumoperitoneum laparoscopic surgery in selected cases. Airlift gasless laparoscopy has several advantages: (i) small abdominal incisions and minimal endoscopic equipment are required; (ii) the excised leiomyomata mass can be easily cut into strips and removed through the small abdominal incision; (iii) the uterine defect can be more efficiently repaired using easily performed suture techniques; (iv) high-pressure irrigation and large-volume suction devices can be used without fear of decompressing the pneumoperitoneum; and (v) the potential risk of metabolic and haemodynamic derangements during pneumoperitoneum laparoscopy are obviated. Gasless laparoscopy also has some disadvantages. The exposure obtained with gasless laparoscopy is not as good, under some circumstances, as that achieved by pneumoperitoneum. For patients who are thin, and even those with moderate obesity, the exposure obtained with airlift mechanical suspension is adequate; however, morbidly obese patients with previous abdominal surgery with suspected pelvic adhesions can incur some problems during the operation because of a poor operative field.
Resource management in SAS simulation studio

We present an overview of resource management in SAS Simulation Studio, an object-oriented, Java-based application for building and analyzing discrete-event simulation models. In Simulation Studio, resources are modeled as special types of hierarchical entities that can be assigned attributes and flow through the model. Furthermore, resource entities can be seized and released by other entities to fulfill resource demands. Flexible resource entity rules are used to specify these demands, as well as the requirements of other resource operations, such as state and capacity changes. The hierarchical, entity-based approach in Simulation Studio allows the user more control over resource behavior and provides many advantages over alternative resource management techniques, especially in the areas of resource scheduling and preemption.
High-resolution heteronuclear NMR of human ubiquitin in an aqueous liquid crystalline medium.

A mixture of dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in water forms disc-shaped particles, often referred toas bicelles [Sanders and Schwonek (1992) Biochemistry, 31, 8898–8905].These adopt an ordered, liquid crystalline phase, which can be maintained atvery low concentrations of the bicelles (down to 3% w/v). At thisconcentration the spacing between individual bicelles, on average, exceeds300 A. The bicelles are shown to have a negligible effect on therotational diffusion of ubiquitin as judged by the 15NT1ρ values of the backbone amides relative to those inisotropic aqueous solution. The protein exhibits a residual degree ofalignment which is proportional to the bicelle concentration, andapproximately collinear with ubiquitin's rotational diffusion tensor. Thedegree of alignment obtained offers unique opportunities for studying theprotein's structure and dynamics.
Anabolic steroids reduce spinal cord injury-related bone loss in rats associated with increased Wnt signaling

AbstractBackgroundSpinal cord injury (SCI) causes severe bone loss. At present, there is no practical treatment to delay or prevent bone loss in individuals with motor-complete SCI. Hypogonadism is common in men after SCI and may exacerbate bone loss. The anabolic steroid nandrolone reduces bone loss due to microgravity or nerve transection.ObjectiveTo determine whether nandrolone reduced bone loss after SCI and, if so, to explore the mechanisms of nandrolone action.MethodsMale rats with complete transection of the spinal cord were administered nandrolone combined with a physiological replacement dose of testosterone, or vehicle, beginning on day 29 after SCI and continued for 28 days.ResultsSCI reduced distal femoral and proximal tibial bone mineral density (BMD) by 25 and 16%, respectively, at 56 days. This bone loss was attenuated by nandrolone. In ex vivo osteoclasts cultures, SCI increased mRNA levels for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and calcitonin receptor; nandrolone-normalized expres...
THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED PSEUDOPREGNANCY UPON THE SURVIVAL OF ADRENALECTOMIZED CATS1

RECENTLY a great deal of attention has been directed toward the physiological similarity between the hormones of the adrenal cortex and the corpus luteum. The present study is concerned with the use of a menopause urine extract to induce estrus and mating in mature female cats, and with the effects of the resultant pseudopregnancy or pregnancy upon the life-span of adrenalectomised females. Rogoff and Stewart (1, 2) brought attention to the fact that pregnant and pseudopregnant dogs could survive adrenalectomy for periods as long as 65 days without treatment of any sort. They suggested that the internal secretion of the corpus luteum might be responsible for the lengthened survival time. However, it was shown that pregnancy did not increase the life-span of the adrenalectomised cat (3, 4). Rogoff and Stewart (5) made similar observations for this animal.
Clustering-Based Methodology for Determining Optimal Roadway Configuration of Detectors for Travel Time Estimation:

The problem of finding the optimal roadway segment configuration for road-based surveillance technologies to estimate route travel times accurately is addressed. This problem is inherently a space discretization problem regardless of which travel time estimation function is used. Its ad hoc solution is the equidistant segment configuration, such as every half mile or every 1 mi. It is shown that the space discretization problem can be expressed as the common clustering problem. The novelty of the proposed approach is the use of preliminary vehicle trajectory data to obtain statistically significant traffic regime at the study route. Clustering of sample space-time trajectory data is proposed as a viable methodology for solving the optimal roadway segment configuration problem.
Depression after childbirth.

sis of depression in the puerperium; and (3) to provide ideas for future research. First, before considering the clinical aspects of postpartum depression, the research must be evaluated. Most researchers have approached postpartum depression as a diagnosis unique from depression that occurs at other times. Because any psychiatric illness can occur during the puer­ perium, it is important to determine whether postpartum depressive episodes can be distin­ guished from major depressions occurring at other times. Are there distinctive biological or phe­ nomenological features of postpartum depression that suggest it is somehow different? The search for answers to these questions has been confounded by imprecise definitions, flawed methods, and a failure to establish the independent validity of postpartum depression as a diagnosis. Undem:anding these methodologic problems will provide a framework for interpreting the clinical ~on. Second, we discuss what is known about major depression in the puerperium, including manage­ ment and prognosis. Although it can be difficult to identify factors that characterize women at risk, the family physician is in the position to screen for, identify, and treat symptomatic depression in women. Depression in the puerperium is more common than the blues and psychosis; in its milder fonns, it is more likely to be overlooked by the primary care physician. We hope this review will heighten attention to the emotional state of women and families during the first postpar­ tum year.
DNA studies in the Galerina marginata complex

The distinctiveness of the European Galerina marginata and the American G. autumnalis is tested with analyses of DNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of the nuclear ribosomal repeat and RFLP analysis of the entire ITS region. European and North American material from six taxa described in Galerina subgenus Naucoriopsis are included along with out-group material of six taxa representing two other subgenera of Galerina. The results do not indicate any genetic difference between species by Smith & Singer (1964) referred to the two ‘stirpes’ Marginata and Autumnalis of Naucoriopsis, i.e. G. autumnalis, G. marginata, G. oregonensis, G. pseudomycenopsis, G. unicolor, and G. venenata and all except G. pseudomycenopsis are considered later synonyms of G. marginata. Galerina badipes (syn. G. cedretorum var. bispora of ‘stirps’ Cedretorum is well supported as a distinct species. Subgenus Naucoriopsis appears as a distinct infrageneric unit well separated from the infrageneric units represented by the out-group species.
The effects of handle shape and size on exerted forces.

This research empirically evaluated the effects of handle shape and size on the hand's ability to resist or exert force in six directions. Thirty-six handles of four sizes and nine shapes were tested for maximum force exertion by male and female subjects. The results show that subjects were able to generate higher forces with different sizes and shapes of handles, depending upon the direction of force exertion. This suggests that handles that are associated with high forces on particular directional tests are probably suited for tasks that incorporate that particular type of force or movement; they may not be appropriate for other tasks that do not incorporate such movement.
Computers and Community in East Palo Alto: Report on the Survey Conducted Among East Palo Alto Residents Regarding Their Computer Usage and Community Involvement Prior to the Launch of the East Palo Alto Community Network

This survey documents attitudes toward and use of computers and the Internet in East Palo Alto, California, in order to find out what content and services the new EPA.Net Community Network should offer to best meet the community’s needs, just before the Network's launch in early 2003. The findings of this study reveal a clear support among community members for incorporating technology into the East Palo Alto community, and a clear support for certain types of content and services. The findings also reveal that the Latino community is much farther behind in terms of computer and Internet usage than the Pacific Islander and African American communities. The biggest source of a digital divide in East Palo Alto appears to be the language barrier, which correlates dramatically with a lack of online access for Latino residents. It is clear that with 48% of the population speaking Spanish at home, and 41% of the Latinos speaking no English, serious efforts must be undertaken to allow the non-English-speaking population to interact with the community and information online.
OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS AND LIVER CANCER A RETROSPECTIVE CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF PRIMARY LIVER CANCER IN NEW JERSEY

A retrospective case-control study was conducted to identify occupational risk factors associated with primary liver cancer in New Jersey, with particular focus on agricultural occupations and pesticide exposures. Hospital record room, tumor registry, and death certificate searches for the diagnosis of primary liver cancer resulted in identification of 959 cases of which 335 were subsequently confirmed. Interviews were completed for 265 persons with liver cancer diagnosed between January 1, 1975 and March 1, 1980 and for 530 matched controls; 96% of all interviews were conducted with family members of deceased or incompetent study subjects. Analyses of employment in agricultural occupations identified male farm laborers as having an odds ratio of 1.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19-3.00). An estimated relative risk of 3.20 (CI 1.11-9.21) was found for males engaged in winemaking. Among nonagricultural occupations, elevated risks were found for males working as bartenders and those employed in eating and drinking places, laundries and dry cleaning services, and gasoline service stations. An elevated risk of liver cancer was also associated with females employed as cleaning service workers. Hepatitis and cirrhosis could not be evaluated as risk factors in this study. Dose-response trends by level of alcohol consumption were found for both males and females.
Serum properdin levels and cancer cell homografts in man.

SummaryLow levels of serum properdin were found in patients with advanced cancer whose ability to reject cancer cell homografts was defective. Normal properdin levels were observed in normal persons who rejected cancer cell homografts promptly. Investigation of cellular and humoral defense mechanisms other than properdin has thus far revealed no differences which might explain the impaired rejection of implanted cells by the cancer patients.
NADPH oxidases: key modulators in aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases?

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress have long been linked to aging and diseases prominent in the elderly such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes and atrial fibrillation (AF). NADPH oxidases (Nox) are a major source of ROS in the vasculature and are key players in mediating redox signalling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we focus on the Nox-mediated ROS signalling pathways involved in the regulation of ‘longevity genes’ and recapitulate their role in age-associated vascular changes and in the development of age-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review is predicated on burgeoning knowledge that Nox-derived ROS propagate tightly regulated yet varied signalling pathways, which, at the cellular level, may lead to diminished repair, the aging process and predisposition to CVDs. In addition, we briefly describe emerging Nox therapies and their potential in improving the health of the elderly population.
Aicardi's syndrome: report of an autopsied case and review of the literature.

The clinical and autopsy findings in a female infant with Aicardi’s syndrome are presented. A clinical entity consisting of seizures, mental retardation, and chorioretinal lacunae, Aicardi’s syndrome is found only in females and is associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum. Vertebral anomalies may also occur. Although the time of developmental arrest appears to be within the first trimester of pregnancy, the etiology of this disorder remains unknown.
Survey on Occupational Hazards and Preventive Measures in a Monocrystalline Silicon Manufacturer

[Objective]To study the technical characteristics and the critical control points of occupational hazards in a monocrystalline silicon manufacturer and to propose corresponding control measures.[Methods]A field investigation on occupational health was conducted to understand technical characteristics and to detect possible workplaces with exposure to occupational hazards in accordance with relevant standards.[Results]Chemical cleaning,crystal pulling,processing of silicon rods chips,and waste water gas treatment were the critical points in occupational hazards control.The concentration or intensity of occupational hazards could be effectively controlled after relevant protective measures against industrial toxicants and dust were adopted.However,in the surveyed manufacturer,lacks of local ventilation for ultrasonic washing units,separate rooms for acid preparation,and emergency ventilation,irrigation,and drainage facilities for chemical storage were identified.The emergency first aid equipments needed to be further improved.Furthermore,the enterprise had not arranged occupational health checks nor established occupational health records for their workers.[Conclusion]Employers should pay attention to occupational hazards control in the locations of hydrofluoric acid storage,acid and alkali preparation and utilization,and ultrasonic washing,so as to prevent potential incidences of chemical skin burns and acute chemical poisonings.It is required to strengthen enterprises’ management of occupational hazards,especially emergency reaction plans and related facilities,and to improve employees’ emergency response capabilities.
Evaluations of Conflicts Between Latino Values and Autonomy Desires Among Puerto Rican Adolescents

Puerto Rican adolescents (N = 105; Mage = 15.97 years, SD = 1.40) evaluated hypothetical situations describing conflicts between Latino values (family obligations and respeto) and autonomy desires regarding personal, friendship, and dating activities. Adolescents judged that peers should prioritize Latino values over autonomy, which led to greater feelings of pride than happiness. However, they believed that teens would prioritize autonomy over Latino values, which led to greater feelings of happiness than pride. Adolescents reasoned about autonomy desires as personal issues, whereas reasoning about Latino values was multifaceted, including references to conventions and concerns for others. Furthermore, judgments and reasoning depended on the type of autonomy desire and Latino value and sometimes, by participants' age and sex.
The Power and Challenge of Facilitating Reframing: Applications in Teaching Negotiation:

Reframing is the ability to identify and significantly change assumptions or perspectives. It is a powerful skill but can be difficult to learn and apply. This article presents two experiential exe...
Effects of ocean initial perturbation on developing phase of ENSO in a coupled seasonal prediction model

Coupled prediction systems for seasonal and inter-annual variability in the tropical Pacific are initialized from ocean analyses. In ocean initial states, small scale perturbations are inevitably smoothed or distorted by the observational limits and data assimilation procedures, which tends to induce potential ocean initial errors for the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction. Here, the evolution and effects of ocean initial errors from the small scale perturbation on the developing phase of ENSO are investigated by an ensemble of coupled model predictions. Results show that the ocean initial errors at the thermocline in the western tropical Pacific grow rapidly to project on the first mode of equatorial Kelvin wave and propagate to the east along the thermocline. In boreal spring when the surface buoyancy flux weakens in the eastern tropical Pacific, the subsurface errors influence sea surface temperature variability and would account for the seasonal dependence of prediction skill in the NINO3 region. It is concluded that the ENSO prediction in the eastern tropical Pacific after boreal spring can be improved by increasing the observational accuracy of subsurface ocean initial states in the western tropical Pacific.
The Evolution of Mineral Skeletons

All of the major skeletal minerals (calcite, magnesian calcite, aragonite, apatite and opal) and most of the major kinds of skeletal materials (fibrous apatite, spherulitic aragonite, nacre, crossed-lamellar aragonite, foliated calcite, echinoderm stereom etc.) appeared abruptly in many different kinds of organisms at the beginning of the Phanerozoic (570 million years to Recent). Almost all of the clades known to form mineral skeletons originated in the Cambrian Period of earth history (570–505 million years ago) and hardly any kinds of marine organisms developed new types of mineral skeletons after that time. Recent work on the earliest skeletal fossils provides little support for the view that phosphatic skeletons were more common than carbonate skeletons when hard parts first developed.
Meta-synthesis on nurse practitioner autonomy and roles in ambulatory care.

BACKGROUND Many healthcare stakeholders view nurse practitioners (NPs) as an important workforce resource to help fill the anticipated shortage of 20,400 ambulatory care physicians that is expected by 2020. Multiple quantitative studies revealed the attributes of NPs' practice autonomy and roles. However, there is no qualitative meta-synthesis that describes the experiences of NPs' practice autonomy and roles. AIM To describe and understand the experiences of NPs regarding their practice autonomy and roles in various ambulatory settings through the exploration of existing qualitative studies: meta-synthesis. DESIGN A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted to gain insight into ambulatory NPs' practice autonomy and roles through content analysis and reciprocal translation. METHODS Articles published between 2000 and 2017 were retrieved by searching 7 databases using the following key words: U.S. qualitative studies, advance practice nurses, NP role in ambulatory care, NP autonomy, and outpatient care. RESULTS Autonomy, NPs' roles and responsibilities, practice relationships, and organizational work environment pressures are the four main themes that emerged from the content analysis of the nine selected qualitative studies. CONCLUSION Within and between states, NPs' experiences with autonomy and NPs' roles are multifaceted depending on state regulations, practice relationships, and organizational work environments.
Who's driving you?

Passengers of peer-to-peer ridesharing services, such as Uber, need assurance that the driver picking them up is the authorized vetted driver. Ridesharing accounts can be shared or stolen by rogue drivers, compromising the safety of passengers. In this paper, we propose a behavior-based driver authentication scheme that enables transparent continuous verification of a driver, instead of relying on one-time account login authentication. We leverage data from smartphone and vehicle sensors to compile a profile or “fingerprint” of the driver's behavior while operating the vehicle. To assess the practicality of the proposed method, we conducted an experimental evaluation to test the ability to distinguish and identify different drivers. Results show that we achieve a driver identification rate of 76.67% to 100% across different experimental scenarios.
The disorderly conduct of Hsc70 and its interaction with the Alzheimer's-related Tau protein

Hsp70 chaperones bind to various protein substrates for folding, trafficking, and degradation. Considerable structural information is available about how prokaryotic Hsp70 (DnaK) binds substrates, but less is known about mammalian Hsp70s, of which there are 13 isoforms encoded in the human genome. Here, we report the interaction between the human Hsp70 isoform heat shock cognate 71-kDa protein (Hsc70 or HSPA8) and peptides derived from the microtubule-associated protein Tau, which is linked to Alzheimer's disease. For structural studies, we used an Hsc70 construct (called BETA) comprising the substrate-binding domain but lacking the lid. Importantly, we found that truncating the lid does not significantly impair Hsc70's chaperone activity or allostery in vitro. Using NMR, we show that BETA is partially dynamically disordered in the absence of substrate and that binding of the Tau sequence GKVQIINKKG (with a KD = 500 nm) causes dramatic rigidification of BETA. NOE distance measurements revealed that Tau binds to the canonical substrate-binding cleft, similar to the binding observed with DnaK. To further develop BETA as a tool for studying Hsc70 interactions, we also measured BETA binding in NMR and fluorescent competition assays to peptides derived from huntingtin, insulin, a second Tau-recognition sequence, and a KFERQ-like sequence linked to chaperone-mediated autophagy. We found that the insulin C-peptide binds BETA with high affinity (KD 100 μm). Together, our findings reveal several similarities and differences in how prokaryotic and mammalian Hsp70 isoforms interact with different substrate peptides.