cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of fast- and slow-twitch muscle from rats treated with 20,25-diazacholesterol

Abstract The drug, 20,25-diazacholesterol (20,25-DC; 300 mg/kg), was administered intragastricly to male Wistar rats on days 0 and 7. At various times afterward the mechanical and electrical properties of the fast-twich extensor digitorum longus (extensor) and the slow-twitch soleus muscles were evaluated. In vivo recordings revealed that at 16 to 35 days after beginning the 20,25-DC treatment the neurally evoked twitch of the extensor muscle had a relaxation time which was 16 to 19 times that of control. This abnormality was associated with an increase of posttetanic potentiation and, in some muscles, a brief contracture. These mechanical abnormalities disappeared as the extensor was subjected to continuous activity or “warmup.” In marked contrast to the extensor, treatment with 20,25-DC did not alter the mechanical properties of the soleus. Furthermore, 41% of the fibers in the experimental extensor produced trains of action potentials after a single direct stimulus, whereas such activity was found in only 2% of the corresponding soleus fibers. Thus, a differential sensitivity of these muscles to the myotonia-inducing effect of 20,25-DC was established. A detailed analysis of the passive cable properties of the sarcolemma revealed that the chloride conductance was reduced to approximately 30% of control for both experimental muscles. Likewise, 20,25-DC caused an equivalent increase of desmosterol and decrease of cholesterol content of the extensor and soleus muscles. Therefore, the distinct functional changes of the extensor muscle seen in this study cannot be due to a differential effect of 20,25-DC on sterol content or chloride permeability of the sarcolemma. The data support the hypothesis that inherent differences in the action potential mechanism predispose the fast muscle to 20,25-DC-induced myotonia.
The physiological response of reef corals to diel fluctuations in seawater temperature

Abstract An opportunity to explore the effects of fluctuating temperatures on tropical scleractinian corals arose when diurnal warming (as large as 4.7 °C) was detected over the rich coral communities found within the back reef of Moorea, French Polynesia. In April and May 2007, experiments were completed to determine the effects of fluctuating temperature on Pocillopora meandrina and Porites rus , and consecutive trials were used to expose them for 13 days to 26 °C, 28 °C (ambient conditions), 30 °C, or a fluctuating treatment ranging from 26 to 30 °C over 24 h. The multivariate response was assessed using maximum dark-adapted quantum yield of PSII (F V /F M ), Symbiodinium density, chlorophyll-a content, and calcification. In trial 1, multivariate physiology of both species was significantly affected by treatments, with the fluctuating temperature resulting in a 17–45% decline in Symbiodinium density (relative to the ambient) matching that occurring at a constant 30 °C; F V /F M , chlorophyll-a content, and calcification, did not differ between the fluctuating and the steady treatments. In contrast, in trial 2 that utilized corals collected two weeks after those used in trial 1, the corals were unaffected by the treatments, likely due to an environment × trial interaction caused by seasonal declines in Symbiodinium density. Together, these results demonstrate that short transgressions to ecologically relevant high and low temperatures can elicit a potentially detrimental response equivalent to that occurring upon exposure to a constant high temperature. The dissimilar responses among dependent variables and consecutive trials underscore the importance of temporal replication and multivariate approaches in coral ecophysiology. It is likely that recent history has a stronger effect on the response of corals to treatments than is currently recognized.
Distribution Channel Decentralization and Strategic Durability Choice

Abstract In a simple two‐period setting we examine a decentralized distribution (marketing) channel consisting of an up‐stream durable‐goods manufacturer and down‐stream retailer. The manufacturer sets the wholesale price and the product’s durability while the retailer selects an output level. We show that in this setting, the profit‐maximizing manufacturer unambiguously selects a higher durability than the socially efficient (cost‐minimizing) level in both uncommitted sales and rental markets. We show this ‘reversed planned obsolescence’ result is due to the strategic benefit of durability in this double‐marginalization (double monopoly mark‐up) setting. This is in stark contrast to the usual integrated channel result where the profit‐maximizing manufacturer will select an efficient level of durability in rental markets and an inefficiently low durability in uncommitted sales markets (due to the selling firm’s commitment problem with potential buyers). Intuitively, with a decentralized distribution chann...
Attitude control of an orbiting space vehicle.

Study of the normal and clamped modes of operation and dynamic response characteristics of the gimbaled control moment gyro (CMG) designed to fulfill the stringent pointing requirements of the Skylab telescope mount when the spacecraft is under the influence of both external and internal torques. The results indicate that the clamped mode of operation provides a feasible approach for significantly improving the system characteristics.
Loss of calcineurin in the spinal dorsal horn contributes to neuropathic pain, and intrathecal administration of the phosphatase provides prolonged analgesia.

Abstract Calcineurin (protein phosphatase 3) regulates synaptic plasticity in the brain. The development of neuropathic pain appears dependent on some of the same mechanisms that underlie brain synaptic plasticity. In this study, we examined whether calcineurin regulates chronic constriction injury (CCI)-elicited plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn. CCI animals exhibited mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity 7 days after ligation of the sciatic nerve. Neither control uninjured nor sham-operated animals exhibited pain behavior. Calcineurin activity and content of its Aα isoform were significantly decreased in the ipsilateral postsynaptic density (PSD) of dorsal horn neurons in CCI animals. Calcineurin activity and content in the contralateral PSD of CCI animals or either side of the dorsal horn in sham animals were not modified. The pain behavior in CCI animals was attenuated by intrathecal application of exogenous calcineurin. The treatment was long-lasting as a single injection provided analgesia for 4 days by restoring the phosphatase’s activity and Aα content in the PSD. No signs of toxicity were detected up to 14 days after the single intrathecal injection. Intrathecal application of the calcineurin inhibitor FK-506 elicited pain behavior in control uninjured animals and significantly reduced calcineurin activity in the PSD. CCI may elicit neuropathic pain at least in part as a result of the loss of calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation in the dorsal horn. Addition of the phosphatase by intrathecal injection reverses the injury-elicited loss and provides prolonged pain relief. Clinical therapy with calcineurin may prove to be a novel, effective, and safe approach in the management of well-established neuropathic pain.
Computational model explaining two types of bursting found in inspiratory pacemakers.

The respiratory rhythm is generated within the network of inspiratory neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex (pBC) and persists under highly variable neuronal input. The mechanism of pBC rhythm generation at the level of the network is an active area of debate and inquiry. A fraction of these inspiratory pBC neurons generate a stable bursting rhythm even when pharmacologically isolated from the network and likely contribute to the rhythm. Experiments indicate that the intrinsic bursting mechanism of these pacemaker neurons depends on either persistent sodium current or changes in intracellular Ca2+. Motivated by experimental evidence obtained from these subpopulations of bursting neurons, we developed a two-compartment mathematical model of a pBC pacemaker neuron with two independent bursting mechanisms. The model explains a number of contradictory experimental results and is able to generate a robust bursting rhythm over a large range of parameters, with a frequency adjusted by neuromodulators. For the somatic compartment of our model, we used a previously developed model of pBC pacemaker neurons [1]. In this model, action potentials are generated by a fast sodium current (INa) and a delayed rectifier potassium current (IK), and the burst is terminated by slow inactivation of a persistent sodium current (INaP). The bursting in the dendritic compartment of our model follows the Ca2+ oscillations arising from periodic Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Briefly, the activation of a Gq-protein cascade leads to an increase in the concentration of IP3, which binds to its receptor on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and initiates Ca2+ influx into the cytosol. A calcium-activated nonspecific cation current (ICaN) then depolarizes the cell membrane in response to the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. This depolarizing potential spreads to the soma and activates action potential-generating currents (INa and IK), thus initiating the burst. Finally, the action potential propagates to the dendrite, producing a dendritic burst of smaller amplitude. The model predicts that in synaptically isolated cells, the bursting mechanism depends on neuromodulators, endogenously released within the pBC. The neuromodulatory tone can bias the neuron to a somatic (INaP) or dendritic (Ca2+ and ICaN) mode of bursting, or a hybrid of the two. In the dendritic mode, the period of bursting is largely modulated by the IP3 concentration, whereas in the somatic mode the burst duration is modulated by the persistent sodium current. This model displays changes in burst duration and period that are consistent with experimentally published pharmacological manipulations, such as the application of ion channel blockers (FFA and Riluzole) as well as neuromodulatory manipulations.
Reduction in high density lipoproteins by anabolic steroid (stanozolol) therapy for postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Abstract The effects of stanozolol, 17-methyl-2H-5α-androst-2-eno[3,2- c ]pyrazol-17β-ol, on lipoprotein levels were assessed in a short-term (6 wk) prospective study of 10 normolipidemic, postmenopausal, osteoporotic women. While total cholesterol and triglyceride levels remained constant, equal and offsetting responses were seen in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (+30.9 ± 28.1 mg/dl [mean ± S.D.], p p 2 (from 26.0 ± 7.4 mg/dl to 3.8 ± 1.9 mg/dl, p 2 (which diminished from 35.7 ± 3.2 to 24.1 ± 5.8 mg/dl, p p −1 mole −1 , on treatment 242 ± 110, n = 6, p = 0.06). All changes were reversed by 5 wk following termination of the drug. These lipoprotein changes suggest caution in the long term prescription of stanozolol, particularly in those without overriding clinical indications for its use.
Phytoplankton Distribution in the Coastal Area Subject to the Impact with the Tiber River Outfall

The taxonomic composition and geographical distribution of phytoplankton in the coastal zone surrounding the River Tiber mouth were investigated in twelve surveys from April 1978 to September 1979. Ninety phytoplankton species were identified from 168 samples. Diatoms were clearly the dominating species, accounting for more than 95 per cent of total phytoplankton.— Principal Component Analysis was utilized to analyse the total information obtained.—The direct impact on the coastal environment of River Tiber water and its considerable nutrient load were seen as providing a permanent potential for the development of less structured phytoplankton communities. Heterogeneity of local hydrological conditions and fluctuations in the river's impact, lead to a virtually constant instability in the neritic environment near the Tiber River outfall.
OREMWA prediction of the structure of benzene clusters: transition from subsidiary to global energy minima

Abstract Minimum energy structures of benzene molecular clusters were obtained by off-ridge eigenvector minimization with annealing (OREMWA). The method is shown to be capable of locating global energy minima when the search is begun from a distant point. In addition, OREMWA does not lock onto symmetrical structures and is capable of automatically moving from subsidiary minima to the global minimum.
Living and working in a war zone: an applied anthropologist in Afghanistan

This paper is a discussion of action anthropology as it has unfolded for me in Afghanistan from 1998 to 2008 and highlights examples from the field between December 2001 and December 2008. Through examples of my work as an applied anthropologist in Afghanistan I will show how the role of the anthropologist must be kept separate from any armed actors in the field in order to maintain ethical integrity, standards for proper research and the safety of those who are studied and of those who carry out the studies.
Drawing Lobbyists to Washington: Government Activity and the Demand for Advocacy

Using an agenda-setting approach, we show the interaction between the growth of groups and the growth of government. A pooled time-series analysis of more than 45,000 lobby registration reports from 1996 to 2000 and measures of government activity from the Policy Agendas Project indicates that groups become active in Washington, D.C., in large part because of pre-existing levels of government activity in the issue-areas that concern them. The growth in the range and number of activities of government has created incentives for organizations of all kinds to mobilize, whether they are supporters or opponents of new government programs. We find that levels of government attention in an issue-area explain the level of interest-group lobbying more consistently than does government spending or the number of business firms in that area. We conclude with a discussion of the need for theories of group mobilization to include attention to the demand-creating actions of government itself.
Ethical dilemmas in medical innovation and research: Distinguishing experimentation from practice

The words research and experimentation continue to have the power to evoke fear in potential subjects. But much of standard practice, particularly in critical care settings, involves interventions of unknown, efficacy and safety. Innovation also abounds in practice settings, typically unchecked by prospective or retrospective review. Historical attention has focused on the conflict of interest of the physician/investigator, but contemporary safeguards have reduced the risks of research and increased the likelihood that the patient/subject will have the opportunity to make an informed choice. Innovation and untested interventions in practice, in contrast, are often unknown to the patient and lack institutional safeguards. Some common cliches that suggest that research is more to be feared than standard practice will be examined, leading to the following conclusions: defining an intervention as experimental may be less important in ethical terms than the quality of prospective and retrospective review and the standards for informed consent, and the concerns that led to regulation of research should now be directed toward unproven interventions and innovation in the practice setting.
Joint Distractions Sufficient to Produce Pain Increase Collagen Fiber Undulation in the Cervical Facet Capsular Ligament in the Rat

Whiplash and its associated disorders are significant societal and health problems with half of affected patients reporting neck pain at one year after injury [1]. The cervical facet joint and its capsule have been identified in both biomechanical and clinical studies as a common site of painful injury during whiplash [2]. Also, in vivo joint distractions, which mimic the facet capsule loading reported in human cadaveric whiplash simulations, can produce behavioral hypersensitivity suggestive of chronic pain symptoms in the rat [3]. Increased laxity and decreased stiffness in the capsule are also produced after both painful joint distractions in the rat [4] and whiplash loading of the neck using cadaveric spines [5]. Together, these findings suggest that subfailure loading of the joint and its capsule produces both mechanical changes and pain. Yet, identifying the mechanical response associated with pathophysiological conditions in the capsular ligament requires an understanding of if, and how, its load-bearing microstructure is altered following painful loading.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Ophthalmic lenses: accurately characterizing transmittance of photochromic and other common lens materials

Ophthalmic lens materials are characterized by their spectral transmittance and by derived luminous and average UV-B and UV-A transmittances. Photochromic materials, whose transmittances depend on previous and immediate radiant exposure and other environmental conditions, require special methods of spectrophotometry, which are described here. Nonphotochromic materials are characterized by customary spectrophotometry. Transmittances of seven common ophthalmic lens materials are reported (white crown glass, allyldiglycol carbonate and polycarbonate plastics, and four photochromic glasses). The transmittance spectra of sunlight-darkened photochromics are determined by extrapolation to the instant of removal from exposure by using a sequence of rapidly scanned spectra recorded at precisely timed intervals after removal. Luminous transmittances and average UV-B and UV-A transmittance of all materials tested agree well with published values.
“Like So Many Antigones”: Survivance and the Afterlife of Indigenous Funerary Remains

Since the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, American Indian funerary remains have been returned from museums, research laboratories, academic institutions, and federal agencies to the tribal communities from whom the deceased originally derived. According to law, however, such repatriation requires first that those tribal communities furnish blood evidence of kinship with the remains. One objective of this article is to stage an intervention in the “ethics of burial” and “politics of dead bodies” debates orbiting around the indigenous repatriation issue. More specifically, however, I mean to cast the indigenous repatriation movement in terms of the broader concerns captured by political theories of transitional justice and reconciliation. The argument I defend suggests that in mapping Sophocles’ fifth century Athenian tragedy, The Antigone, onto these movements some important and hitherto unexplored questions about the meaning of repatriation as a tactic of pol...
Thermodynamic modeling and kinetics simulation of precipitate phases in AISI 316 stainless steels

Abstract This work aims at utilizing modern computational microstructural modeling tools to accelerate the understanding of phase stability in austenitic steels under extended thermal aging. Using the CALPHAD approach, a thermodynamic database OCTANT (ORNL Computational Thermodynamics for Applied Nuclear Technology), including elements of Fe, C, Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo, Si, and Ti, has been developed with a focus on reliable thermodynamic modeling of precipitate phases in AISI 316 austenitic stainless steels. The thermodynamic database was validated by comparing the calculated results with experimental data from commercial 316 austenitic steels. The developed computational thermodynamics was then coupled with precipitation kinetics simulation to understand the temporal evolution of precipitates in austenitic steels under long-term thermal aging (up to 600,000 h) at a temperature regime from 300 to 900 °C. This study discusses the effect of dislocation density and difusion coefficients on the precipitation kinetics at low temperatures, which shed a light on investigating the phase stability and transformation in austenitic steels used in light water reactors.
A Fast Approach to Magnetic Equivalent Source Processing Using an Adaptive Quadtree Mesh Discretization

SUMMARY The use of equivalent source processing on magnetic datasets is important for the regular gridding and denoising of data before any other processing can occur. The processing technique is setup as an inverse problem and solved for susceptibilities to reproduce the observed data. The drawback to the inverse problem is computation cost and overall speed for large-scale problems. Since aeromagnetics has become common in exploration, it is rare that the datasets acquired are small in data volume or space, and can be handled rapidly on a single workstation. One way to minimize the computational cost is to reduce the number of model parameters. We present an equivalent source processing technique that minimizes the number of cells in the model domain via an adaptive quadtree mesh discretization. The mesh remains coarse where no significant anomalies are present, yet fines on the edges of observed anomalies. The transition from the fine to coarse mesh grid is based on the total-gradient of the dataset, placing smaller cells on the edges of the anomaly where the susceptibilities have the greatest variation spatially. We show that the algorithm can perform over four times as fast as traditional equivalent source processing with a regular cell mesh yet preserves the same accuracy. In this paper, we present a synthetic example for proof of concept.
Highly efficient codec based on significance-linked connected-component analysis of wavelet coefficients

ABSTRACT Recent success in wavelet coding (or interchangeable, linear subband coding) is mainly attributed to the recognitionof importance of data organization. There have been several very competitive wavelet codecs developed, namely,Shapiro's Embedded Zerotree Wavelets (EZW), Servetto et al.'s Morphological Representation of Wavelet Data(MRWD), and Said and Pearlman's Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIlT). In this paper, we propose anew image compression algorithm called Significance-Linked Connected Component Analysis (SLCCA) of wavelet coefficients. SLCCA exploits both within-subband clustering of significant coefficients and cross-subband dependencyin significant fields. A so-called significance link between connected components is designed to reduce the positional overhead of MRWD. In addition, the significant coefficients' magnitude are encoded in bit plane order to match theprobability model of the adaptive arithmetic coder. Experiments show that SLCCA outperforms both EZW andMRWD, and is tied with SPIlT. Furthermore, it is observed that SLCCA generally has the best performance onimages with large portion of texture. When applied to fingerprint image compression, it outperforms FBI's waveletscalar quantization by about 1 dB.Keywords: wavelet transform, data organization, spatial similarity, significance-link, connected component, bitplane order
Leaders leading? a shift in technology adoption

In the past, most early hands-on users of interactive software in organizations were individual contributors. Managers as early adopters is a new trend with significant implications for design and use. Although managers and executives have always been involved in acquisition decisions, they generally delegated use to support staff. Only later if at all did they become hands-on users. This is changing as new generations of managers and technology come to the fore. Examples and implications are presented.
Nanoporous carbon nanotube electrode for stable polypyrrole actuator

Electrochemical actuators were fabricated based on conducting polypyrrole (PPy) and acrylic elastomer substrate. An ultrathin layer of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) was employed as the electrode for the electrochemical deposition of PPy onto the substrate. The permeability of the nanoporous SWNT layer enabled the electrolyte solution to penetrate the electrode and the polymerization of pyrrole both on the surface and at the interior of the substrate surface. The resulting PPy was intimately attached to the substrate. The two materials could not be detached by any physical means. Reversible and stable actuation has been demonstrated from the new PPy/SWNT/acrylic/SWNT/PPy bimorph structure.
Abstract A71: Distinct functions of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways in pancreatic acinar cell differentiation and initiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Significance: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most fatal malignancies, partially due to the lack of early detection methods. Background: Efforts to understand the early stages of PDA progression have led to identification of Kras mutations as the initiating event and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) as one of the cellular precursors of PDA. Recently, several labs have demonstrated that PanINs can be generated from pancreatic acinar cells upon expression of Kras mutants in mouse models. This dramatic shift from differentiated acinar cells to duct‐like PanIN cells, generally termed acinar‐ductal metaplasia (ADM), is accelerated by loss of Mist1, an acinar‐restricted basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor. Despite this recent progress, the transcription and signaling networks that regulate ADM remain largely unknown. Results: To study these networks, we employed a collagen‐based 3‐dimensional (3D) culture model of ADM, where primary acinar cells can be transformed into duct‐like cysts when treated with transforming growth factor‐alpha (TGF‐α). A similar acinar‐to‐ductal conversion was observed with primary acinar cells that express the Kras G12D mutant. Initial characterization of the ADM process revealed that the MAPK pathway is required in both settings. However, EGFR activity is required for TGF‐α‐induced conversion but not for Kras G12D ‐induced conversion. Consistent with previous data generated from mouse models, loss of Mist1 accelerates Kras G12D ‐induced conversion to ductal cysts in vitro . This accelerated ADM formation can be reversed by inhibition of EGFR, without affecting the basal level conversion induced by Kras G12D , suggesting that loss of Mist1 promotes transformation through an EGFR‐dependent pathway. Further investigation has revealed that Mist1 directly activates transcription of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene, which encodes a classic ligand of EGFR. Conclusion: These data suggest that EGFR has a complex role in this ADM model. EGFR activity either promotes maintenance of acinar differentiation, or cooperates with Kras G12D ‐induced transformation, possibly depending on the functional specificity of different ligands. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A71.
An entrainment parameter for volatile particles

Abstract An entrainment parameter, based on the ratio of the characteristic particle lifetime to the stopping time of a non-volatile particle, is shown to be a more rational choice than the Stokes number for describing the dynamic response of a volatile spherical particle suddenly immersed in a steady flow field.
Ductus Arteriosus Aneurysm in Infancy

An infant with symptoms of congestive heart failure at 6 months of age was found by cardiac catheterization at the age of 1 year to have a fusiform aneurysm of the ductus arteriosus as well as discrete stenosis of the left pulmonary artery and a secundum atrial septal defect. The aneurysm was resected, and a pericardial patch angioplasty corrected the peripheral pulmonary stenosis. The atrial septal defect was closed in a separate procedure. To our knowledge, this case is one of four ductal aneurysms reported in infants that have been diagnosed before operation and successfully treated. The pathophysiology and literature are reviewed.
RAFT polymerization kinetics and polymer characterization of P3HT rod–coil block copolymers

Here an in-depth analysis of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization kinetics is reported in order to provide better definition of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) rod–coil block copolymers thru a more thorough understanding of the RAFT polymerization of the coil block. To this end, a new P3HT macroRAFT agent is synthesized and utilized to prepare rod–coil block copolymers with P3HT and poly(styrene), poly(tert-butylacrylate), and poly(4-vinylpyridine), and the RAFT polymerization kinetics of each system are fully detailed. This is achieved by a comprehensive analysis of characterization data from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight spectroscopy, which are used as complementary techniques in order to address difficulties in accurately characterizing the synthesized polymer systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 3575–3585
PROPRANOLOL ADMINISTRATION IN INFANCY

Propranolol, (P) the beta blocking agent has been used for treatment of arrhythmia and hypercyanotic spells in infancy. Very little firm data about pharmacologic parameters is available. This series involves P levels in 6 infants. One infant, born to a mother treated with 160 mg P/day had P levels which increased over the first 4 hrs. of life. Two newborns with atrial arrhythmia refractory to Digoxin were begun on small doses of P which were increased until a therapeutic result was obtained (at a dose of 1 mg/kg/24 hr.). Three infants ranging in age from 7-11 mos. (wgt.7-9 kg.) were treated with 2.5 mg/ kg/24 hr. in 4 divided oral doses for hypercyanotic spells. Serial (P) levels were obtained from 45 min. to 6 hrs. following the oral dose and these levels were incorporated into a curve from which the half-life (2.3 hrs.), the elimination, constant (0.005 min.-1) and the volume of distribution (8.13L/kg) of the drug were calculated. The P level decrease with respect to time was a straight line function which yielded a correlation coefficient with those from pharmacokinetic studies in adults. Conclusions: (1) Infants > 7 mos.; > 7 kg. on 2.5 mg/kg/24 hr. metabolize, distribute, and elimiP as adults. (2) In the neonate, these values may not apply and a dose of 1 mg/kg/24 hr. was therapeutic. (3) Given to pregnant women, the drug is stored in the fetal liver and the increased level reflects the inability of the fetus to adequately metabolize the drug.
The evolution of rural outreach from Package Library to Grateful Med: introduction to the symposium

Outreach is now a prevailing activity in health sciences libraries. As an introduction to a series of papers on current library outreach to rural communities, this paper traces the evolution of such activities by proponents in health sciences libraries from 1924 to 1992. Definitions of rural and outreach are followed by a consideration of the expanding audience groups. The evolution in approaches covers the package library and enhancements in extension service, library development, circuit librarianship, and self-service arrangements made possible by such programs as the Georgia Interactive Network (GaIN) and Grateful Med.
History and social theory: notes on the contribution of British Marxist historiography to our understanding of class

Concu comme une contribution au dialogue actuel entre l'histoire et la sociologie, cet essai etudie le travail des historiens marxistes britanniques, Maurice Dobb, Rodney Hilton, Christopher Hill, E.J. Hobsbawm, et E.P. Thompson, des perspectives de leur emploi et developpement du concept de classe. On pretend qu'ils ont contribuea la comprehension de l'histoire et de la classe dans la mesure ou ils ont essaye de corriger le caractere fige de la notion marxiste de base/superstructure et de celle de sociologie de la classe-comme-categorie en interpretant la notion de classe comme un phenomene historique et en redefinissant l'analyse de classe comme l'analyse de la lutte des classes. Intended as a contribution to the current dialogue between history and sociology, this essay surveys the work of the British Marxist historians, Maurice Dobb, Rodney Hilton, Christopher Hill, E.J. Hobsbawm, and E.P. Thompson, in terms of their use and development of the concept of class. It is argued that through their historical studies and critical essays, in which they have sought to overcome the ‘statics’ of the base-superstructure model of Marxism and the class-as-category model of sociology by emphasizing class as an historical phenomenon and reformulating class analysis as ‘class struggle’ analysis, they have contributed to our understanding of the historical process and to our understanding of class.
A scale for the measurement of role-playing ability

Abstract A convenient paper-and-pencil measure of acting or role-playing ability was constructed, validated, and compared to a variety of theoretically and methodologically similar and dissimilar scales, including a specially designed improvisational situations test. Results indicate that the new scale provides both a reliable and valid screening device for the study of role-playing ability.
Analysis of a Stator Earth Fault Protection System of a Medium Voltage Converter-Fed Synchronous Motor

For grinding aplications cycloconverter-fed gearless mill drives are being applied with increasing powers and new risks emerge with the systems scaling-up. Traditional parasitic second order effects may be not neglected, like thermal expansions, electromagnetic effects and EMC emissions. In this frame, harmonics and partial discharges of windings in medium voltage converter-fed machines build additional leakage current background that masks eventual phase insulation failures or produce nuissance trips in the protective system. Despite these perturbations, for reliable operation, the electrical protection system must detect properly a phase-to-ground fault of the motor in the 100% length of stator winding with the trade-off between sensititvity ad insensitivity. This work presents a study and discussion based on modeling and simulation for assessing the limitations and range of application of a 100% earth fault protection configuration, considering the operation of this protection acting also as earth leakage protection.
The influence of serial prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) screening on the PSA velocity at diagnosis

BACKGROUND. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) >2 ng/mL during the year before diagnosis has been associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) after radical prostatectomy (RP) or radiation therapy. The objective of the current study was to examine whether the proportion of men with a PSAV >2 ng/mL per year has changed significantly during the PSA era. METHODS. The authors evaluated 1095 men from a prospective prostate cancer screening study who underwent RP between 1989 and 2002. For the purposes of this analysis, clinicopathologic features were compared between men who were treated during the following 3 periods: before 1995, from 1995 to 1998, and after 1998. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate for an association between the year of diagnosis and the proportion of men with a PSAV >2 ng/mL per year. RESULTS. Two hundred sixty-two of 1095 men (24%) had a PSAV >2 ng/mL per year. There was a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of men presenting with a PSAV >2 ng/mL per year over the study period. Specifically, 35% of men presented with a PSAV >2 ng/mL per year in the early period compared with only 22% and 12% in the middle and late periods, respectively (P 2 PSA values obtained before diagnosis (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS. Men who were screened serially with PSA were less likely to present with a PSAV >2 ng/mL per year. This association lends support to the hypothesis that serial PSA-based screening may lead to a decrease in PCSM. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Sexual Homicide by Adolescents

Sexual homicide encompasses murders that are sexual in nature. The limited literature on sexual homicide by juveniles is reviewed in conjunction with pertinent studies from the adult literature. Three cases studies of sexual murder by adolescents are presented. These boys were evaluated clinically as well as by administration of a structured diagnostic interview (DSM-III-R version of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents). Sexual homicide by adolescents, an infrequent and poorly understood form of violent behavior, is proposed as a valid and distinct form of juvenile murder with serious prognostic implications.
Synthesis of a 3-oxo-4(S)-amino acid analog of pepstatin. A new inhibitor of carboxyl (acid) proteases.

Abstract A ketone analog of pepstatin, in which the 3S hydroxyl group is oxidized to a ketone group, has been synthesized and shown to be a potent inhibitor of pepsin. Kinetics of inhibition of pepsin provide evidence that the ketone pepstatin analog binds to pepsin differently than pepstatin. The relationship of these complexes to crystal complexes of pepstatin-carboxyl proteases is discussed.
CADMIUM IN THE SOUTHERN BASIN OF LAKE MICHIGAN

Recent measurements of Cd concentrations in the tributaries, waters, and sediments of Lake Michigan's southern basin, as well as in rain and airborne particulate matter over the lake, permit the establishment of a preliminary mass balance for this element. Atmospheric inputs are found to dominate (60%); sedimentation is the major removal mechanism (> 90%). The estimated present input rate exceeds the estimated loss rate by a factor of about 2.5, implying that the Cd concentration will increase from its current value of ∼ 20 ng l−1 in off-shore waters. We have applied a simple model to predict future Cd concentrations given various assumptions about potential increases in input rate. According to the model, even modest rates of growth in the annual input of Cd could lead within a few decades to concentrations in the range where deleterious effects on zooplankton communities are readily observable.
EFFECTS OF MODE RESPONSE AND SEX OF E UPON RECOGNITION THRESHOLDS OF TABOO WORDS.

the effects of mode of response (written or oral) and sex of E upon recognltion thresholds of taboo and neutral words. Words were selected on the basis of taboo ratings by 81 students (42 men, 39 women) and familiariry ratings by 44 men and 34 women. Each of the five most taboo words was matched with a neutral word of equal familiarity. Each word was presented tachistoscopically for .01 sec. with constant illumination for 10 trials. Ss either said or wrote words as they were recognized. Women showed no differences in chresholds for taboo and neutral words. Men had a significantly higher threshold for spoken taboo words than for written ones. Sex of E had no effect. There was no evidence for a general defensive reaction to taboo words.
IRRADIATED FOOD: VALIDITY OF EXTRAPOLATING WHOLESOMENESS DATA

Criteria are considered for validly extrapolating the conclusions reached on the wholesomeness of an irradiated food receiving high doses to the same food receiving a lower dose. A consideration first is made of the possible chemical mechanisms that could give rise to different functional dependences of radiolytic products on dose. It is shown that such products should increase linearly with dose and the ratio of products should be constant throughout the dose range considered. The assumption, generally accepted in pharmacology, then is made that if any adverse effects related to the food are discerned in the test animals, then the intensity of these effects would increase with the concentration of radiolytic products in the food. Lastly, the need to compare data from animal studies with foods irradiated to several doses against chemical evidence obtained over a comparable dose range is considered. It is concluded that if the products depend linearly on dose and if feeding studies indicate no adverse effects, then an extrapolation to lower doses is clearly valid. This approach is illustrated for irradiated codfish. The formation of selected volatile products in samples receiving between 0.1 and 3 Mrads was examined, and their concentrations were found to increase linearlymore » at least up to 1 Mrad. These data were compared with results from animal feeding studies establishing the wholesomeness of codfish and haddock irradiated to 0.2, 0.6 and 2.8 Mrads. It is stated, therefore, that if ocean fish, currently under consideration for onboard processing, were irradiated to 0.1 Mrad, it would be correspondingly wholesome.« less
An AVC perspective on correlated jamming

The correlated jamming channel is one in which the encoder uses a Gaussian codebook and the interference in the channel is generated by a jammer who can input noise which is correlated with the transmitted codeword. In this paper we look at this problem from the perspective of arbitrarily varying channels (AVCs), in which additive interference is controlled by a jammer. The jammer in our Gaussian AVC variant is allowed to base its interference based on a noisy version of the entire transmitted codeword. Under randomized coding, we find the capacity of this model. Our formula specializes to recover other results on coding for the Gaussian AVC.
Structural determinants of the platelet agonist activity of cotton bract condensed tannin.

Previous studies on the platelet agonist activity of cotton bract condensed tannin have used tannins with apparent molecular weights >10,000 Da as measured by dialysis and/or ultrafiltration. However, because tannins in cotton dust are heterogeneous in terms of molecular weight, it was important to determine if platelet agonist activity was related to polymer length. To accomplish this, aqueous extracts of cotton dust were fractionated by a series of graded Amicon ultrafiltrations and the resulting fractions were examined for tannin content and platelet agonist activity. All tannins with apparent molecular weight >1000 Da were equally potent platelet agonists while those
Selection Bias and Continuous‐Time Duration Models: Consequences and a Proposed Solution

This article analyzes the consequences of nonrandom sample selection for continuous-time duration analyses and develops a new estimator to correct for it when necessary. We conduct a series of Monte Carlo analyses that estimate common duration models as well as our proposed duration model with selection. These simulations show that ignoring sample selection issues can lead to biased parameter estimates, including the appearance of (nonexistent) duration dependence. In addition, our proposed estimator is found to be superior in root mean-square error terms when nontrivial amounts of selection are present. Finally, we provide an empirical application of our method by studying whether self-selectivity is a problem for studies of leaders' survival during and following militarized conflicts.
Leveraging online social networks for people with disabilities in emergency communications and recovery

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can play an important role in leveraging social networks for emergency communications and recovery involving persons with disabilities, provided that proper consideration is given to the strengths and weaknesses of the distributed nature of online resources in relation to the instrumental, psychological and social needs of persons with disabilities in the context of disasters or other emergency events. Emergency and disaster events inherently involve uncertainty and dynamic risk factors, and pose design and implementation challenges for inclusive planning and delivery systems. The involvement of persons with disabilities as key stakeholders throughout the developmental and evaluation process is critical to the effectiveness of online social networks in bridging real-world concerns with virtual resources. An analytical model for understanding the role of distributed networks in mediating the negative impacts of a disaster or an emergency on persons with disabilities is proposed, together with key objectives for change.
Effect of hydrogen on discharge behaviour of the nickel oxide electrode

The effect of hydrogen on the discharge behaviour of the nickel oxide electrode has been investigated in 30% KOH solution at 25°C. Open-circuit potentials of the nickel oxide electrodes, previously fully charged, decrease more rapidly in a hydrogen atmosphere than in an argon environment. Voltammograms of the nickel oxide electrode show that the amount of cathodic charge decreases considerably when the nickel oxide electrode is exposed to hydrogen rather than to argon. These results, along with X-ray diffraction data, indicate that hydrogen can increase the self-discharge rate of the nickel oxide electrode as a result of reduction of β-NiOOH to β-Ni(OH)2 and the simultaneous oxidation of hydrogen. In addition, hydrogen can produce changes in the nickel oxide electrode during charge that persist to modify discharge behaviour and open-circuit potential.
Adjunctive use of magnesium sulfate with ritodrine for preterm labor tocolysis

The purpose of the study was to determine if the adjunctive administration of magnesium sulfate with ritodrine would result in decreased dosage requirements of ritodrine and, therefore, decrease the incidence of ritodrine-associated side effects. Candidates for tocolysis were prospectively randomized so that some received a uniform tocolytic dose of magnesium sulfate in a blinded protocol. All patients received a ritodrine infusion which was titrated in the standard manner to achieve cessation of labor. Evaluations included interval cumulative ritodrine dose, maximal ritodrine infusion rate, fluid balance, and blood chemistry studies. Contrary to our hypothesis, there were significantly more cardiovascular effects in the group that received ritodrine plus magnesium sulfate (11/24) than in the group that received ritodrine alone (1/17) (p ≤ 0.02). The predominant side effect was chest pain, frequently associated with electrocardiogram changes indicative of myocardial ischemia. These results are consistent with the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of these tocolytic agents. We conclude from the results of our prospective, randomized, blinded study that the adjunctive use of magnesium sulfate with ritodrine is associated with an unacceptable increase in serious side effects and probably does not improve efficacy.
Relationship Between Unsteady Flow, Pressure Fluctuations, and Noise in a Centrifugal Pump—Part A: Use of PDV Data to Compute the Pressure Field

Velocity distributions determined by using Particle Displacement Velocimetry are used for computing the pressure field within the volute of a centrifugal pump. It is shown that blade-tongue interactions and nonuniform outflux from the impeller are primary contributors to local pressure fluctuations and far field noise. Consequently, a slight increase in the space between the impeller and the tongue causes significant changes in flow structure and reductions in the resulting noise. The impact is significant as long as the tongue-impeller gap is less than 20 percent of the impeller radius. It is also shown that the vorticity distributions, particularly the large vortex trains associated with the jet/wake phenomenon, dominate variations in the total pressure. Thus, it is unlikely that a potential flow model can provide any realistic description of the flow structure