cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Age Moderates Smokers' Subjective Response to Very-Low Nicotine Content Cigarettes: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction Reducing the level of nicotine in cigarettes is a regulatory strategy that has the potential to greatly improve public health. If nicotine levels are reduced in all commercially available cigarettes, current smokers might find it easier to quit and young people might be less likely to become dependent. However, it is not yet known whether age moderates subjective or behavioral responses to low-nicotine cigarettes. Methods Recently, a large, multisite randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the effects of cigarettes differing in nicotine content (either usual-brand or research cigarettes containing 15.8, 5.2, 2.4, 1.3, or 0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco) across 6 weeks of exposure. In this secondary analysis, we tested whether age moderated smokers' subjective (measures of psychological reward, smoking satisfaction) and behavioral (cigarettes smoked per day, smoking topography, and nicotine exposure) responses to cigarettes varying in nicotine content after 2 and 6 weeks of use, while controlling for baseline dependence and demographic factors. Results Results indicated that younger adults (age 18-24) who smoked cigarettes with 2.4-0.4 mg/g nicotine reported significantly less smoking satisfaction and psychological reward, and smoked fewer cigarettes per day, than older adults (25+ years) after 2 weeks of use. No differences in topography were observed at either time point. After 6 weeks of use, differences had diminished on all measures. Conclusions The reduced positive effects of reduced-nicotine content cigarettes in young adults suggests that this regulatory policy may reduce smoking reinforcement in this vulnerable population. Implications As the FDA considers reducing the level of nicotine in cigarettes to make them less addictive, understanding the potential impact of this policy on young people is of crucial importance. We found that young adults had significantly lower positive subjective effects to very-low nicotine content (VLNC) cigarettes and smoked fewer VLNC cigarettes than older adults after 2 weeks of use, indicating that this policy may reduce smoking reinforcement more quickly in young adults. These data add to the growing body of evidence on the potential for this policy to positively affect public health.
PageRankVM: A PageRank Based Algorithm with Anti-Collocation Constraints for Virtual Machine Placement in Cloud Datacenters

There is a dramatic increase in the variety of virtual machines (VMs) and complexity of VM placement problems in clouds. Previous VM placement approaches attempt to accommodate more VMs efficiently on fewer PMs by balancing the resource usages across multiple dimensions. However, these approaches are not sufficiently accurate in measuring the quality of the PMs in terms of fully utilizing PM resource and having the potential to accommodate more VMs. Therefore, it is critical to design a new method that can more accurately measure the probability of a PM of fully utilizing its resources after accommodating a given VM with the consideration of different types of VMs. In addition, anti-collocation constraints must be handled efficiently. We propose a PageRank based VM placement algorithm with anti-collocation constraints (PageRankVM). PageRankVM defines the best PM resource usage profile, which means that the PM has full resource utilization for every resource dimension, and then ranks PM profiles according to their convergence of transferring (by accommodating VMs) to the best profile. PageRankVM then places a given VM to the PM based on the ranks of the resulted PM profiles after accommodating the VM with the consideration of anti-collocation constraints. Compared to previous approaches, PageRankVM effectively measures the ability of different PM profiles to reach the best profiles by accommodating a given VM, and hence differentiates the effectiveness of different VM placement decisions. We conducted extensive trace-driven simulation and GENI testbed experiments and demonstrated that PageRankVM has superior performance compared with other methods in terms of reducing the number of PMs, the energy consumption, the number of VM migrations, and the service level objective (SLO) violations.
Postparental Fathers in Distress

According to a number of the authors’ colleagues, one group which is finding its way into psychiatric offices in increasing numbers is composed of middle-aged fathers whose children have recently left home. Many of these postparental fathers are experiencing what social scientists have called “the empty nest syndrome.”
Developing and automating a prototype for assessing levels of student involvement

The proposed project objective is to develop and automate a methodological technology for objectively measuring a student's affective states, cognitive states and levels of involvement during computer-mediated instruction. Passive devices will record gaze activity, facial expressions and body motions while students are doing computer mediate instruction. From these measurements, a sensor fusion classification algorithm will be developed to provide an automated assessment of affective states, cognitive states and levels of involvement of the student. This automated assessment system will be validated using student interviews and rater observations. The system will provide detailed categorized information never before available to researchers. For the instructor, a large class could be equipped and assessed in real-time so that an instructor can appropriately focus attention to improve the learning environment or for student evaluation during instruction and for self-evaluation of instructional strategies after instruction.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism Affecting the Retina

An inborn error of metabolism is caused by a genetic inability to produce the full complement of a given functioning protein in its normal configuration. Although many of these disorders are rare, they often produce devastating ocular manifestations. Because of the severity and the high incidence of these ocular manifestations, the ophthalmologist is often involved in the care of these patients. In addition, the ophthalmologist is often asked to play an early role in order to detect subtle, early, and occasionally pathognomonic lesions to aid in the diagnosis of these rare disorders. This chapter will discuss those inborn errors of metabolism that may have an effect on both retinal function and appearance.
The Effect of Obesity on Hospitalization

The dramatic growth in obesity (or the state of being overweight) has been an important concern for policymakers and the public over the last several decades. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of obesity on the probability of hospitalization and the number of hospitalization. The association between obesity and some prevalent comorbidities, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, several types of cancer, are well known. Those chronic diseases are important causes of hospitalization. Hospitalization composes a major part of rising health care cost in the US. Therefore, a marginal increase of hospitalization by obese or overweight people also would affect major public transfer programs such as Medicaid, Medicare, and Social Security. Very few studies looked for an association between obesity and hospitalization, and those studies provide mixed results. We improve on past empirical work to quantify the magnitude of the effect of obesity on the likelihood of hospitalization and total number of hospitalization. We estimate actual cost of hospitalization by adjusting the probability of hospitalization in the two-part model. None of the previous studies accounted for the distributional characteristics of the amount of utilization. Continuous utilization magnitudes are observed only when actual utilization happens. Therefore, the amount of hospitalization service use distributes with a mixture of continuous and dichotomous distribution. We use The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data (MEPS). MEPS is a population-based panel data covering U.S. non-institutionalized individuals and/or households. We use the household survey of the 1996 through the 2000 MEPS. Obesity is measured with Body Mass Index (BMI). The probability of hospitalization was assessed as a function of BMI and other controls. The results will support the understanding of the causal effect of body weight on hospitalization.
Deep Learning for Semantic Segmentation of Defects in Advanced STEM Images of Steels

Crystalline materials exhibit long-range ordered lattice unit, within which resides nonperiodic structural features called defects. These crystallographic defects play a vital role in determining the physical and mechanical properties of a wide range of material systems. While computer vision has demonstrated success in recognizing feature patterns in images with well-defined contrast, automated identification of nanometer scale crystallographic defects in electron micrographs governed by complex contrast mechanisms is still a challenging task. Here, building upon an advanced defect imaging mode that offers high feature clarity, we introduce DefectSegNet - a new convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture that performs semantic segmentation of three common crystallographic defects in structural alloys: dislocation lines, precipitates and voids. Results from supervised training on a small set of high-quality defect images of steels show high pixel-wise accuracy across all three types of defects: 91.60 ± 1.77% on dislocations, 93.39 ± 1.00% on precipitates, and 98.85 ± 0.56% on voids. We discuss the sources of uncertainties in CNN prediction and the training data in terms of feature density, representation and homogeneity and their effects on deep learning performance. Further defect quantification using DefectSegNet prediction outperforms human expert average, presenting a promising new workflow for fast and statistically meaningful quantification of materials defects.
Neural correlates of reward-directed action and inhibition of action.

Abstract Human and non-human primate studies have examined neural responses to action and inhibition of action. However, it remains unclear whether the cerebral processes supporting these two distinct responses are differentially modulated by reward. In a sample of 35 healthy human adults, we examined brain activations to action and inhibition of action in a reward go/no-go task, with approximately ⅔ go and ⅓ no-go trials. Correct go and no-go trials were rewarded with $1 or ¢5 in reward sessions. Behaviorally, reward facilitated go and impeded no-go. A conjunction analysis showed shared activation to rewarded go and no-go responses in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) and inferior parietal cortex. A whole-brain two-way ANOVA of response (go vs no-go) and reward (dollar vs nickel) revealed a significant main effect of response, with greater activity for no-go vs go success in the middle frontal cortex and the reversed pattern in the dorsal ACC, insula, thalamus, and caudate. The thalamus and caudate also responded preferentially to dollar relative to nickel reward during go trials. The main effect of reward (dollar > nickel) involved not only regions associated with reward valuation (e.g., medial orbitofrontal cortex – mOFC) but also those implicated in motor control, saliency, and visual attention including the rACC, ventral striatum, insula, and occipital cortex. Finally, the mOFC distinguished go and no-go responses in the dollar but not nickel trials, suggesting a functional bias toward response execution that leads to larger rewards. Together, these findings identified both shared and non-overlapping neural processes underlying goal-directed action and inhibition of action as well as delineated the effects of reward magnitude on such processes.
Social Network Analysis in Behavioral Ecology

Abstract In recent years, behavioral ecologists have embraced social network analysis (SNA) in order to explore the structure of animal societies and the functional consequences of that structure. We provide a conceptual introduction to the field that focuses on historical developments, as well as on novel insights generated by recent work. First, we discuss major advances in the analysis of nonhuman societies, culminating in the use of SNA by behavioral ecologists. Next, we discuss how network-based approaches have enhanced our understanding of social structure and behavior over the past decade, focusing on: (1) information transmission, (2) collective behaviors, (3) animal personality, and (4) cooperation. These behaviors and phenomena possess several features—e.g., indirect effects, emergent properties—that network analysis is well equipped to handle. Finally, we highlight recent developments in SNA that are allowing behavioral ecologists to address increasingly sophisticated questions regarding the structure and function of animal sociality.
Social Inclusion of Children with Persistent Challenging Behaviors

Children in early childhood classrooms (i.e., preschool through early elementary) who engage in persistent challenging behaviors often show social-emotional delays and are at risk for grade retention, referral to intervention or special education, and long-term educational and societal consequences. The social-emotional delays children with persistent challenging behaviors have could impact play skills, emotional regulation, and social interactions with peers. These skills impact their ability to function within their classroom environment. However, if the classroom teacher is able to promote a socially inclusive classroom environment that integrates children into the classroom community, ensure equitable and active participation in social activities with typically developing peers, and promote reciprocal and positive relationships with peers and adults, children who engage in persistent challenging behaviors may be more successful in school, and have more positive outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to identify ways to create a socially inclusive environment for children who engage in persistent challenging behaviors and/or who have social-emotional delays or disabilities.
Flexible Multiplexing Mechanism for Coexistence of URLLC and eMBB Services in 5G Networks

5G mobile networks are envisioned to support both evolved mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), which may coexist and interfere with each other in the same service cell in many scenarios. In this paper, we propose a dynamic 2-dimension bitmap resource indication to cancel eMBB services with a finer uplink cancellation granularity and a lower probability of false cancellation. Meanwhile, a resource indication based power control method is introduced to dynamically indicate different power control parameters to the user equipment (UE) based on different time-frequency resource groups and the proportion of overlapping resources, by which the reliability of URLLC transmission is guaranteed while the impact on performance of the eMBB service is minimized. Furthermore, a dynamic selection mechanism is proposed to accommodate the varying cases in different scenarios. Extensive system level simulations are conducted and the simulation results show that about 10.54% more URLLC UEs satisfy the requirements, and the user perceived throughput of eMBB UEs is increased by 23.26%.
Homestead: A (New) Hope

A finely-tuned balancing of commercial enterprise against a family's interests in shelter is at the heart of homestead exemption laws. In South Dakota, this balancing act has been displayed over a 145-year history in the form of legislative enactments, judicial decisions, and referendums. This history illuminates the expression of values against the dynamics of rule-making. A previously published article by this author, "Prequel to Homestead", outlined South Dakota's homestead laws under the contemporary statutory framework and also considered the constitutional history of homestead laws leading up to South Dakota's becoming a state in 1889. This article picks up where the prior article left off and presents judicial decisions dealing with the constitutional ambits of the homestead exemption beginning in 1889 and continuing through today. It concludes with an assessment of an unresolved homestead issue in the context of asset protection: whether a trust-owned or entity-owned home qualifies for homestead protection rights.
Grammar Teaching for Grammar's Sake or for Communication

Grammar teaching seems to be an inevitable activity of self-indulgence of English language teachers in India. It does not lead learners beyond the Presentation and Practice stages to the Production stage of language. It ought to be an ancillary to communication. Direct grammar teaching is unproductive and theoretical and thereby teacher exercises his/her epistemological supremacy over learners. Therefore, grammar should be taught communicatively in the sense that it should aid the acquisition of four macro skills so that grammar can be contextualized. English teacher instantly metamorphoses into a facilitator. The paper explores the possibilities of integrating grammar with four skills of language through the classroom experiences accumulated over two decades. Effort has been taken to make the study as empirical as possible in terms of objective observation of ‘grammar talk’ by colleagues and recollections of own experiences. It establishes a stance that inductive teaching of grammar for its integration with language production is more beneficial to students than the deductive method.
Marijuana use and perinatal outcomes in obstetric patients at a safety net hospital.

Abstract Objective To characterize the association between antepartum marijuana exposure and maternal and neonatal outcomes at our institution. Study Design Retrospective chart review identified an obstetric cohort of singleton gestations. Women with self-reported marijuana use were compared with non-users. Demographic characteristics, risk factors, and maternal-fetal outcomes were evaluated. Associations between outcomes and marijuana use were assessed with regression analysis. Results Of 2792 deliveries, 5.4% reported marijuana use. Compared to non-users, marijuana users entered prenatal care later, were younger, non-Hispanic, and used other illicit substances. Marijuana users had a higher rate of cesarean delivery (p = 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, marijuana use remained associated with 4.1-fold risk of delivering a small for gestational age (SGA) infant and 2.89-fold risk of neonatal oxygen use. Conclusion At a safety net hospital, antepartum marijuana use is significantly associated with cesarean delivery, SGA and supplemental oxygen use at birth. Healthcare disparities associated with marijuana use make this a population of critical interest.
Algorithmic Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty Quantification for Hodgkin-Huxley Neuron Models

Experimental data-based parameter search for Hodgkin-Huxley-style (HH) neuron models is a major challenge for neuroscientists and neuroengineers. Current search strategies are often computationally expensive, are slow to converge, have difficulty handling nonlinearities or multimodalities in the objective function, or require good initial parameter guesses. Most important, many existing approaches lack quantification of uncertainties in parameter estimates even though such uncertainties are of immense biological significance. We propose a novel method for parameter inference and uncertainty quantification in a Bayesian framework using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach. This approach incorporates prior knowledge about model parameters (as probability distributions) and aims to map the prior to a posterior distribution of parameters informed by both the model and the data. Furthermore, using the adaptive parallel tempering strategy for MCMC, we tackle the highly nonlinear, noisy, and multimodal loss function, which depends on the HH neuron model. We tested the robustness of our approach using the voltage trace data generated from a 9-parameter HH model using five levels of injected currents (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 nA). Each test consisted of running the ground truth with its respective currents to estimate the model parameters. To simulate the condition for fitting a frequency-current (F-I) curve, we also introduced an aggregate objective that runs MCMC against all five levels simultaneously. We found that MCMC was able to produce many solutions with acceptable loss values (e.g., for 0.0 nA, 889 solutions were within 0.5% of the best solution and 1,595 solutions within 1% of the best solution). Thus, an adaptive parallel tempering MCMC search provides a "landscape" of the possible parameter sets with acceptable loss values in a tractable manner. Our approach is able to obtain an intelligently sampled global view of the solution distributions within a search range in a single computation. Additionally, the advantage of uncertainty quantification allows for exploration of further solution spaces, which can serve to better inform future experiments.
Spectrum and network measurements

This book covers the theory and practice of spectrum and network measurements in electronic systems. Intended for readers who have a background in electrical engineering and use spectrum or network analyzers to characterize electronic signals or systems, this classic volume successfully consolidates the pertinent theory into one comprehensive treatment of frequency domain measurements. Witte's thorough coverage of critical concepts, such as Fourier analysis, transmission lines, intermodulation distortion, signal-to-noise ratio and S-parameters enables the reader to understand the basic theory of signals and systems, relate it to measured results, and apply it when creating new designs.
Chemistry and metabolism of 3-deoxy-D-mannooctulosonic acid. I. Stereochemical determination.

Abstract Ammonium 3-deoxy-d-glucooctulosonate and ammonium 3-deoxy-d-mannooctulosonate (KDO) have been synthesized. d-Arabinose was condensed with potassium di-t-butyl oxalacetate to give 3-deoxy-3-(t-butoxycarbonyl)-2-en-2-ol-d-mannooctulosonate γ-lactone (Compound II) and 3-deoxy-3-(t-butoxycarbonyl)-2-en-2-ol-d-glucooctulosonate γ-lactone (Compound I), which were hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to form 3-deoxy-d-glucooctulosonate γ-lactone (Compound III) and 3-deoxy-d-mannooctulosonate γ-lactone (Compound IV). Compounds III and IV were converted to V and VI. Structures were assigned on the basis of ultraviolet, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, optical rotation, and chemical properties. Ozonolysis of Compounds III and IV gave glucose and mannose, respectively. KDO aldolase cleaved the manno isomer (KDO), but was inactive toward the gluco isomer.
Paraphrasing questions using given and new information

The design and implementation of a paraphrase component for a natural language question-answering system (CO-OP) is presented. The component is used to produce a paraphrase of a user's question to the system, which is presented to the user before the question is evaluated and answered. A major point made is the role of given and new information in formulating a paraphrase that differs in a meaningful way from the user's question. A description is also given of the transformational grammar that is used by the paraphraser.
Symptom burden and splenomegaly in patients with myelofibrosis in the United States: a retrospective medical record review

Myelofibrosis (MF) is a clonal hematopoietic malignancy characterized by constitutional and localized symptoms, progressive splenomegaly, bone marrow fibrosis, and cytopenias. Although MF is well studied, few studies exist regarding its symptomatic burden in routine clinical practice. This study aimed to characterize symptoms and other clinical features of MF among patients in the United States. We conducted a retrospective medical record review of adult patients with an MF diagnosis between 1 January 2005 and 31 March 2010, stratified by the presence of palpable splenomegaly. Eligible patients had 12 months or more of follow-up after diagnosis (or after detection of splenomegaly, if present) unless death occurred. Demographic and clinical characteristics, MF-related symptoms, and treatments were reported by treating physicians. We report on 180 MF patients: 102 with splenomegaly, 78 without. Median age was 66 years, 63% were male, and 82% had intermediate-2 or high-risk MF (International Prognostic Scoring System). Fatigue was reported by ~85% of patients; weight loss, night sweats, and fever (any grade) were each reported by 50% or more of patients. Generalized abdominal pain, left subcostal pain, and early satiety occurred more frequently among patients with splenomegaly. Multiple symptoms were reported by 95% of patients. Common comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes, and chronic pulmonary disease. Symptoms are common in MF patients, regardless of the presence of palpable splenomegaly. Careful assessment of symptom burden is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with MF.
Autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis is a novel molecular target for lowering intraocular pressure.

Primary open-angle glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the United States and is commonly associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) resulting from diminished aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the trabecular pathway. Developing effective therapies for increased IOP in glaucoma patients requires identification and characterization of molecular mechanisms that regulate IOP and AH outflow. This study describes the identification and role of autotaxin (ATX), a secretory protein and a major source for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), in regulation of IOP in a rabbit model. Quantitative proteomics analysis identified ATX as an abundant protein in both human AH derived from non-glaucoma subjects and in AH from different animal species. The lysophospholipase D (LysoPLD) activity of ATX was found to be significantly elevated (by ∼1.8 fold; n = 20) in AH derived from human primary open angle glaucoma patients as compared to AH derived from age-matched cataract control patients. Immunoblotting analysis of conditioned media derived from primary cultures of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells has confirmed secretion of ATX and the ability of cyclic mechanical stretch of TM cells to increase the levels of secreted ATX. Topical application of a small molecular chemical inhibitor of ATX (S32826), which inhibited AH LysoPLD activity in vitro (by >90%), led to a dose-dependent and significant decrease of IOP in Dutch-Belted rabbits. Single intracameral injection of S32826 (∼2 µM) led to significant reduction of IOP in rabbits, with the ocular hypotensive response lasting for more than 48 hrs. Suppression of ATX expression in HTM cells using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) caused a decrease in actin stress fibers and myosin light chain phosphorylation. Collectively, these observations indicate that the ATX-LPA axis represents a potential therapeutic target for lowering IOP in glaucoma patients.
Energy-conservation standards for buildings in China

Abstract The People's Republic of China has recently designed an energy-conservation building standard which would require that, by 1990, the energy efficiency of new buildings be improved by 60% over existing practices. Present energy-conservation practices in China suffer from a lack of fully developed technical solutions and institutional support infrastructure. Given the greater complexity of the Chinese economy under the new reforms, the commitment to improving the efficiency of household energy use requires a broader focus beyond the formulation of a standard. In order for the standard to be successful, China will need to devote resources that may be more effectively utilized in other sectors of the economy.
Epilepsy in women.

Physicians should be aware of certain gender-related issues in the treatment of women with epilepsy. Although in the past reproduction was discouraged in women with epilepsy, more than 90% of the pregnancies in such patients currently have an uneventful outcome with appropriate management. Oral contraceptive agents are not contraindicated in women with epilepsy; however, the contraceptive failure rate increases fourfold if patients are being treated concurrently with enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. In pregnant patients, free drug levels of carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and valproate may change because of alterations in protein binding, clearance, and possible absorption. The dosage should be adjusted if the patient's seizures are increasing. Women with epilepsy may have disease-related or treatmentrelated menstrual dysfunction, complications of pregnancy (slightly increased risk of toxemia and fetal loss), endocrine dysfunction, appearance changes (a general coarsening of facial features with long-term administration of antiepileptic agents), and psychosocial maladjustment. Some effects are drug specific. Although control of seizures remains the primary goal of treating women with epilepsy, the widening choice of antiepileptic drugs may facilitate optimal management of secondary and gender-specific complications.
Opioid Modulation of Ventral Pallidal Afferents to Ventral Tegmental Area Neurons

Activation of mu opioid receptors within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) can produce reward through the inhibition of GABAergic inputs. GABAergic neurons in the ventral pallidum (VP) provide a major input to VTA neurons. To determine the specific VTA neuronal targets of VP afferents and their sensitivity to mu opioid receptor agonists, we virally expressed channel rhodopsin (ChR2) in rat VP neurons and optogenetically activated their terminals in the VTA. Light activation of VP neuron terminals elicited GABAergic IPSCs in both dopamine (DA) and non-DA VTA neurons, and these IPSCs were inhibited by the mu opioid receptor agonist DAMGO. In addition, using a fluorescent retrograde marker to identify VTA-projecting VP neurons, we found them to be hyperpolarized by DAMGO. Both of these actions decrease GABAergic input onto VTA neurons, revealing two mechanisms by which endogenous or exogenous opioids can activate VTA neurons, including DA neurons.
Sediment Modeling: Issues and Future Directions

This special issue on sediment modeling comprises recent articles that attempt to quantify this complicated dynamic process, each article focusing on a different aspect and using a different mathematical approach. The genesis for the special issue came out of the Sediment Modeling Task Committee under the Computational Hydraulics Technical Committee of ASCE. Research into the interaction between sediment and flow has been studied by such great minds as Vito Vanoni, Hans Albert Einstein, John Kennedy, Hunter Rouse, and Daryl Simons, as well as many contemporaries, many of whose are among the authors included in this special issue of the Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. The Forum article in this special issue highlights the life and achievements of Daryl Simons, a longtime professor and researcher at Colorado State University. This tribute is fitting in that he recently passed away. In addition, many institutions have aided in our understanding of sediment behavior. The list is too long to enumerate here. A summary of the most recent meetings of one of the prime organizations in the sediment community, the Federal Interagency Sediment Committee, is presented in the Editorial, providing many details and information as to how to access the proceedings, an important document. The modeling of sediment has been a challenging endeavor for many years and has presented challenges to many great minds. The complicated feedback between the watershed variables such as precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and the groundwater table interacts with the hydraulic variables such as riverbed slope, flow depth, velocity, turbulence, and bed forms to result in an intricate sculptor/sculpture relationship. The question can therefore be asked whether the water forms the bed or vice versa. Part of this puzzle is the interaction between the bed material and the flow boundary layer, since bed sediment particles can move in a variety of ways. The particles can slide, roll, saltate, or flow in suspension just above the bed in a sheet-flow mode, thereby having an effect on the bed roughness and inner layer of the flow-sediment boundary. This mechanism is explored in the article entitled “Transition between Two Bed-Load Transport Regimes: Saltation and Sheetflow.” The behavior of bed material particles can be thought of as either a deterministic or a stochastic process in which particles have only a certain probability of moving or perhaps hiding behind other particles. This is especially relevant when the bed has a nonuniform distribution of particle sizes, as most natural channels do. The use of stochastic analysis to examine the portion of the bed that moves in a nonhomogeneous bed mixture is demonstrated in the article entitled “Surface-Based Fractional
Interfacial Rheological Properties of a Series of Bolaamphiphilic Poly(fluorooxetane)s

Interfacial rheological studies were performed on a series ofbolaamphiphilic α,ω-(diammonium disulfato)-poly(fluorooxetane)s of several perfluoroalkyl chain lengths. Similar measurements were performed on a small-molecule, anionic fluorosurfactant with a -C 8 F 1 7 perfluoroalkyl group that is known to be an effective flow and leveling aid in aqueous coatings. Dilational viscoelasticities were measured for the fluorosurfactants as a function of concentration and oscillation rate. Elasticities were found to increase with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length. All elasticities exhibited a strain rate dependence indicative of the influence of diffusional relaxation on elasticity values. Phase angles were found to be in the range for diffusional relaxation and decreased with increasing concentration and strain rate. Using interfacial rheological data, characteristic fluid dynamics numbers were calculated for the fluorosurfactants. Among these was the Marangoni number. Calculated Marangoni numbers for the poly(fluorooxetane)s were of the same order of magnitude as that for the small-molecule, long perfluoroalkyl chain surfactant. The poly(fluorooxetane)s all have equilibrium surface tensions greater than that of the small-molecule, long perfluoroalkyl chain surfactant, yet show similar abilities to aid in flow and leveling in aqueous coatings at comparable concentrations. Rheological measurements demonstrate that equilibrium surface tension alone is not enough to explain the fluid dynamics processes occurring during flow and leveling.
Using switched angle spinning to simplify NMR spectra of strongly oriented samples.

This contribution describes a method that manipulates the alignment director of a liquid crystalline sample to obtain anisotropic magnetic interaction parameters, such as dipolar coupling, in an or...
Plant age and the phosphorus uptake characteristics of trimmed and untrimmed corn root systems

The influx of P per meter of corn (Zea mays L.) root for corn grown in nutrient culture was measured by following the rate of loss of P from solution over a 4 to 6 hour period. Experiments were conducted on corn grown for 12, 14, 28, 35, 43, 52, and 80 days. The maximum P influx, Km(the Michaelis constant), P efflux, and the minimum concentration to which the plants reduced the solution P level were measured on plants with untrimmed and trimmed roots. Reducing root length by trimming did not alter P uptake characteristics of corn roots. Trimming was done one or two days prior to the measurement of P flux.
Assessing the Environmental Impacts of a Lean Supply System: Case Study of High-Rise Condominium Construction in Korea

Prefabrication and just-in-time (JIT) delivery are important components of a lean supply system. Past research focuses on how much lead time is reduced and how much costs are saved, but few have studied the environmental impacts. While most of those studies on environmental impacts have focused on select life cycle phases or specific building materials and components, the impacts of different construction methods or supply strategies from the construction phase were ignored or simply approximated. This paper presents the results of a case on the environmental impacts of prefabrication and JIT delivery strategy of rebar supply on a high-rise condominium project in Korea.
The Relationship Between the Graduate Record Examinations Aptitude Test and Graduate Grade Point Average in a Master of Arts in Counseling Program

This study was concerned with a determination of the predictive validity of the Graduate Record Examinations Aptitude Test: the verbal section (GRE-V), the quantitative portion (GRE-Q) and the total score (GRE-T). The criterion variable was the graduate grade point average (GGPA); subjects were 135 students enrolled in a Master of Arts in Counseling Program (MAC) at an urban university. The GRE-V part was correlated significantly with GGPA (.26), whereas the GRE-Q was not. The GRE-T score was correlated .24 with GGPA. It would appear that the GRE-V portion largely contributed to this correlation. These findings raise questions regarding the adequacy of the predictive validity of the GRE Aptitude Test for this sample of students for the criterion measure employed.
Diversity work in organizations: A narrative study of external diversity practitioners

The globalization of business and business practices blended with legislation and human resources requirements have transformed the face of today's workplace. In response to this, there has emerged a group of diversity practitioners who work to address these opportunities and challenges. These practitioners are often called upon to help organizations understand the impact that differences have in the boardroom and in the marketplace. Interviews with 20 exemplary external diversity practitioners were conducted and then analyzed using the Lieblich, Rubal-Mashiach, and Zilber (1998) categorical content analysis procedure. Through these conversations, the work of these practitioners was described according to its definition, by its objectives (conduct), and in its content. Study participants made an important distinction between the definition of “diversity” and that of “diversity management.” The respondents described “diversity” as a construct of variety, of difference, and of the tension that occurs as a result of differences. The respondents described “diversity management” as a process of facilitating change in a system. The diversity practitioners' work was described as resulting from the way they mix their passion for social responsibility and for meeting organizational requirements with their focus on a system, on the individuals in the system, or both.
Control of the Electrical Properties in Spinel Oxides by Manipulating the Cation Disorder

In this work, the impact of cation disorder on the electrical properties of biaxially textured Co2ZnO4 and Co2NiO4 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition are investigated using a combination of experiment and theory. Resonant elastic X-ray diffraction along with conductivity measurements both before and after post-deposition annealing show that Co2ZnO4 and Co2NiO4 exhibit opposite changes of the conductivity with cation disorder, which can be traced back to their different ground-state atomic structures, being normal and inverse spinel, respectively. Electronic structure calculations identify a self-doping mechanism as the origin of conductivity. A novel thermodynamic model describes the non-equilibrium cation disorder in terms of an effective temperature. This work offers a way of controlling the conductivity in spinels in a quantitative manner by controlling the cation disorder and a new design principle whereby non-equilibrium growth can be used to create beneficial disorder.
The Leadership Theory of Amatai Etzioni: A Researcher Ahead of his Time:

This historical essay recognizes the contribution of Amatai Etzioni to the theory of organizational leadership. Despite his identification of topics which later became the dominant leadership paradigms of the next several decades, Etzioni has largely been unrecognized in the leadership literature. In this essay, Etzioni's ideas are described and compared to the ideas of the leadership field. His ideas are also placed in the timeline of leadership theory development.
A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management

Abstract Understanding and dealing with the unknown is a major challenge in project management. An extensive body of knowledge—theory and technique—exists on the “known unknowns,” i.e., uncertainties which can be described probabilistically and addressed through the conventional techniques of risk management. Although some recent studies have addressed projects where the existence of unknown unknowns (unk unks) is readily apparent or may be assumed given the type of project—e.g., new product development or new process implementation—very little work has been reported with respect to projects in general on how a project manager might assess its vulnerability to unk unks. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework to deal with (i.e., recognize and reduce) knowable unk unks in project management. The framework is supported by insights from a variety of theories, case analyses, and experiences. In this framework, we first present a model of the key factors—relating to both project design and behavioral issues—that increase the likelihood of unk unks and a set of propositions linking these factors to unk unks. We then present a set of design and behavioral approaches that project managers could adopt to reduce knowable unk unks. Our framework fills a gap in the project management literature and makes a significant practical contribution: it helps project managers diagnose a project to recognize and reduce the likelihood of unk unks and thus deal more effectively with the otherwise unrecognized risks and opportunities.
Cryptic human growth hormone gene sequences direct gonadotroph-specific expression in transgenic mice.

Our laboratory reported previously that chimeric genes encoding either rat somatostatin (SS) or human GH (hGH), but containing the identical mouse metallothionein-l (MT) promoter/enhancer sequences and hGH 3′-flanking sequences, were selectively expressed in the gonadotrophs of transgenic mice. The experiments reported here were designed to identify the DNA sequences responsible for this unexpected cell-specific expression within the anterior pituitary. We produced new transgenic mice expressing fusion genes that tested separately the requirement of the MT or 3′-hGH sequences for gonadotroph expression. A fusion gene that retained the original MT and SS sequences, with a simian virus 40 polyadenylation signal exchanged for the 3′-hGH sequences, no longer directed strong pituitary expression, but was active in the liver. In contrast, a cytomegalovirus promoter/enhancer-SShGH fusion gene was expressed at the same high level in the anterior pituitaries of transgenic mice as the originally studied MT-SS-hGH g...
Effects of increased viscosity on the sourness and astringency of aluminum sulfate and citric acid

Abstract The effect of viscosity on perception of astringency elicited by aluminum sulfate and citric acid was compared in aqueous solutions thickened with methyl cellulose from 1 to 29 cP. Trained subjects rated astringency and sourness by timeintensity procedures in duplicate. For both compounds, maximum intensity and total duration of astringency were significantly decreased as viscosity was raised above 5 cP. Maximum intensity and total duration of sourness of citric acid decreased significantly with increase in viscosity; for alum, only sourness maximum intensity was decreased by the higher gum levels. Neither propyl thiouracil status nor salivary flow rate of judges affected perception of astringency or sourness.
Structure and biochemical properties of fission yeast Arp2/3 complex lacking the Arp2 subunit.

Arp2/3 (actin-related protein 2/3) complex is a seven-subunit complex that nucleates branched actin filaments in response to cellular signals. Nucleation-promoting factors such as WASp/Scar family proteins activate the complex by facilitating the activating conformational change and recruiting the first actin monomer for the daughter branch. Here we address the role of the Arp2 subunit in the function of Arp2/3 complex by isolating a version of the complex lacking Arp2 (Arp2Δ Arp2/3 complex) from fission yeast. An x-ray crystal structure of the ΔArp2 Arp2/3 complex showed that the rest of the complex is unperturbed by the loss of Arp2. However, the Arp2Δ Arp2/3 complex was inactive in actin nucleation assays, indicating that Arp2 is essential to form a branch. A fluorescence anisotropy assay showed that Arp2 does not contribute to the affinity of the complex for Wsp1-VCA, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe nucleation-promoting factor protein. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments showed that the loss of Arp2 does not prevent VCA from recruiting an actin monomer to the complex. Truncation of the N terminus of ARPC5, the smallest subunit in the complex, increased the yield of Arp2Δ Arp2/3 complex during purification but did not compromise nucleation activity of the full Arp2/3 complex.
Bootstrap prediction intervals for SETAR models

Abstract This paper considers four methods for obtaining bootstrap prediction intervals (BPIs) for the self-exciting threshold autoregressive (SETAR) model. Method 1 ignores the sampling variability of the threshold parameter estimator. Method 2 corrects the finite sample biases of the autoregressive coefficient estimators before constructing BPIs. Method 3 takes into account the sampling variability of both the autoregressive coefficient estimators and the threshold parameter estimator. Method 4 resamples the residuals in each regime separately. A Monte Carlo experiment shows that (1) accounting for the sampling variability of the threshold parameter estimator is necessary, despite its super-consistency; (2) correcting the small-sample biases of the autoregressive parameter estimators improves the small-sample properties of bootstrap prediction intervals under certain circumstances; and (3) the two-sample bootstrap can improve the long-term forecasts when the error terms are regime-dependent.
Visual-Spatial Deficits Explain Visual Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease

Purpose To determine whether the visual symptoms of patients with Alzheimer's disease are related to visual-spatial dysfunction. Method We administered a test battery modified from existing neuropsychometric materials that taxed visual-spatial skills, form identification, color vision, and visual memory. We tested 14 patients with Alzheimer's disease who had visual symptoms prominent enough to prompt ophthalmologic consultation, 11 patients with Alzheimer's disease who lacked such visual symptoms, and a control group of 53 subjects without Alzheimer's disease. The groups with Alzheimer's disease were matched for Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised scores. Results Patients with Alzheimer's disease who had prominent visual symptoms differed significantly from those without prominent visual symptoms only in their relatively poor visualspatial test scores. Conclusion Visual symptoms in Alzheimer's disease are related primarily to visual-spatial deficits. These findings are consistent with previous evidence that patients with Alzheimer's disease who have prominent visual symptoms have accentuated histologie and metabolic abnormalities in the parieto-occipital regions known to process visual-spatial information. The findings support the view that pathways mediating visualspatial and form identification are at least partially segregated in the brain, and emphasize that tests used to screen visually symptomatic patients with Alzheimer's disease will be more effective if they prominently assess visual-spatial skills.