cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a Research-Based System for Manpower Management and Career Progression in the US Army Officer Corps

A framework and the first components of a system were designed for (1) providing career information and career planning capability to adults already employed in a career structure of defined characteristics, and (2) for aiding career/assignment managers in fulfilling the staffing requirements of the organizational mission while at the same time promoting morale and career satisfaction of the individuals in the system. It has been possible to draw upon the state-of-the-art in various disciplines and to evolve from them an innovative approach, which was successfully checked in the field for acceptability to users and operational feasibility.
Characterization and compression of turbulent signals and images using wavelet-packets

The newly introduced Wavelet-Packet transform (Coifman & Meyer 1989, Coifman et al. 1990) allows the decomposition of a signal as a function of the scale, the position and the frequency (or wavelength) optimally. Each Wavelet-Packet coefficient provides insight into the structure of the data locally and at the appropriate scale. We have applied this transform technique to one-dimensional data and two-dimensional images and report on its ability to characterize turbulence data with a few coefficients. We find that, overall, the Wavelet-Packet transform technique performs better than its competitors. That is, significant data compression ratios can be achieved without severely distorting the signal or the image.
How to Write Effective Letters of Recommendation

Medical students, residents, and faculty members of academic medical institutions frequently require letters of recommendation for positions to which they are applying, for scholarships, or for awards. Writing effective and clear letters of recommendation is an important skill for academic physicians to master. This chapter focuses on strategies for writing honest, effective letters that convey important information about their subjects, including the level of enthusiasm the writer means to convey for them.
Adaptation and the Comparative Method

Central of the interests of evolutionary biologists is the concept of adaptation. Indeed the task that Darwin had before him in writing the “Origin of Species” was to provide a scientific explanation for the origin and modification of adaptations; the concept of biological adaptation was appreciated by humans long before the beginnings of scientific inquiry. Thus, as evolutionary biologists, we are interested in the adaptive nature of features and in the mechanisms of adaptive evolutionary change. Before it is possible to inquire into the mode of adaptive evolution, or into the possible nonadaptive evolution of certain features, or the adaptive evolutionary history of new groups of organisms, it is necessary to determine the exact adaptive nature or significance of particular features. Thus we come at once to the questions: By what methods of analysis can a given feature be judged to be an adaptation? And do any of these methods possess limitations or even be valid?
Segmented neutrophil size and platelet morphology in HIV/AIDS patients.

OBJECTIVE: A study was conducted to determine if HIV/AIDS patients have smaller than normal size neutrophils and increased prevalence of abnormal platelet morphology. DESIGN: Wright9s-stained peripheral blood smears from 100 HIV/AIDS patients were evaluated for size of segmented neutrophils and degree of abnormal platelet morphology. SETTING: East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: The study subjects consisted of 100 HIV/AIDS patients seen in an outpatient clinic in a teaching hospital in an academic health center. Peripheral blood smears were made from EDTA tubes drawn as a part of a routine immunology panel. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Segmented neutrophils from each of ten oil immersion fields were measured for diameter with a micrometer and the average diameter calculated. In addition, any platelet morphology abnormality, which was noted in at least five oil immersion fields, was recorded. One researcher evaluated one slide on each patient, and the second researcher randomly selected 20% of the subjects and performed the same procedure on a second slide for quality assurance of results. RESULTS: A segmented neutrophil mean diameter of 15.1 microns was found. Though this mean is a mere 0.1 microns above the upper limit of the normal range of 10 to 15 microns, 53% of the patients had an observed average diameter above 15 microns. The HIV/AIDS patients9 mean diameter was statistically different when compared to a normal population mean of 12.0 microns (T-test = 16.15, p CONCLUSION: Neutrophil size as based on cell diameter, was found to be significantly larger for a sample of HIV/AIDS patients than the normal mean size. There was also a tendency for platelet morphology to be abnormal. ABBREVIATIONS: AIDS = acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; AO = American Optical Corporation; ARC = AIDS related complex; CD = cluster of differentiation; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.
Bioengineering approaches to organ preservation ex vivo.

The advent of successful solid organ transplantation is undoubtedly among the most significant medical achievements of the 20th century. Despite advances in the field of transplantation since its i...
Digital Dance Criticism: Screens as Choreographic Apparatus

Prior to the introduction of websites and social media, professional dance criticism circulated through print publications: newspapers, magazines, and journals. This article examines the current proliferation of screens as platforms for criticism and how they—mobile devices, laptops, televisions, and computers—shift the frameworks that writers and readerships use to engage with dance. I use the concept of a choreographic apparatus to show how digital technologies generate symbiotic relationships between online contexts and contemporary performance. By focusing on three sites—thINKingDANCE, On the Boards TV, and Amara Tabor-Smith’s House/Full of Black Women —I analyze how these platforms challenge widespread assumptions about the disappearance of dance critics.
A protocol for making and sectioning multiple embedded Swiss-rolls in a gelatin matrix

The appropriate methodological approach for intestinal preparation enables researchers to create representative histological and immunostaining images which validate their biochemical data. The Swiss-roll technique was first introduced by Reilly and Kirsner in 1965. Later, Moolenbeek and Ruitenberg described a detailed procedure to longitudinally study the rodent intestine in 1981 [1]. In this publication, our slightly different approach for co-embedding four different Swiss-rolls in a gelatin block provides a full-length overview of cross-sectional colons on a single slide. This protocol allows for longitudinal histologic examination of multiple tissue samples on a single slide simultaneously. In this method, antigenicity is retained for immunohistology. In addition, the accessibility of samples during the prolonged hardening time required of the gelatin matrix allows the tissue samples to be adjusted/re-adjusted to provide the desired orientation and spatial arrangement for ideal cross sections with similar planes of section and optimum space utilization for slide mounting. Although not the focus of this protocol, the room temperature stability of the gelatin matrix and the ability to contain numerous tissue samples in a block allows the flexibility of performing thicker sections for free-floating tissue staining and ease of mounting a single gelatin sheet rather than individual tissue sections. This is a convenient approach for allowing precise preparation of multi-tissue blocks and simultaneous sectioning, staining, and slide mounting of tissue for subsequent comparisons. •A single gelatin block is prepared by simultaneously embedding at least four different intestinal Swiss-rolls.•The tissue orientation can be adjusted for each sample as desired which facilitates the comparison of different colon samples on a single gelatin section.•The gelatin sections containing tissue samples are stable at least overnight at room temperature for staining.
Millimeter-Wave Antenna with Improved Bandwidth and Isolation for MIMO Applications

A multi-layer substrate integrated cavity (SIC) backed millimeter-wave antenna is proposed for multi-input multi-output (MIMO) applications. Owing to the stacked SIC architecture, the bandwidth and frequency selectivity of the antenna are significantly improved. Moreover, the MIMO antenna exhibits a high isolation between elements due to the constraints placed on the electromagnetic wave. To demonstrate the concept, a two-element MIMO antenna with a close spacing of 4.8 mm (0.44 λ @ 28 GHz) is designed and prototyped. Simulated and measured results show that the antenna has a broad bandwidth ranging from 26.5 to 30.2 GHz, good filtering performance, and a high isolation of over 16 dB.
Trends in Ectopic Pregnancy Diagnoses in United States Emergency Departments, 2006-2013

Ectopic pregnancy is an important adverse pregnancy outcome that is under-surveilled. Emergency department (ED) data can help provide insight on the trends of ectopic pregnancy incidence in the United States (US). Data from the largest US all-payer ED database, the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide ED Sample, were used to identify trends in the annual ratio of ED ectopic pregnancy diagnoses to live births during 2006–2013, and the annual rate of diagnoses among all pregnancies during 2006–2010. Diagnoses were identified through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis and procedure codes and CPT codes. The overall ratio of weighted ED visits with an ectopic pregnancy diagnosis during 2006–2013 was 12.3 per 1000 live births. This ratio increased significantly from 2006 to 2013, from 11.0 to 13.7 ectopic pregnancies per 1000 live births, with no inflections in trend. The rate of ectopic pregnancy diagnoses per 1000 pregnancies increased during 2006–2010, from 7.0 to 8.3, with no inflections in trend. Females of all age groups experienced increases, though increases were less pronounced with increasing age. All geographic regions experienced increases, with increases being most pronounced in the Northeast. Our study suggests that ED ectopic pregnancy diagnoses may be increasing in the US, although the drivers of these increases are not clear. Our results highlight the need for national measures of total pregnancies, stratified by pertinent demographic variables, to evaluate trends in pregnancy-related conditions among key populations.
Non-Competes, Human Capital Policy & Regional Competition

In the past few years, human capital law has become one of the most dynamic policy fields in the country. Multiple states have reformed their noncompete policies, passing new legislation that limits their use. New bills that would similarly limit the enforcement of noncompetes are currently before Congress. Both the use of noncompetes and litigation over their enforcement, are on the rise nationwide, and several state attorney generals have taken up the issue by launching investigations into employers who require their workforce to sign unenforceable noncompetes. An equally dazzling wealth of studies, analysis, intellectual debates, and exchanges have emerged on the research side. In particular, the past few years brought a significant number of empirical, experimental, and theoretical studies offering more evidence and explanations about the key role that human capital policy, including noncompete contracts, plays in industries and regions. This article, written for a symposium honoring the scholarship of Professor Ronald Gilson, I present the state of the scholarly field on human capital and economic competition and develop three arguments about the future of noncompete research. First, in Part I, I unpack the multiple dynamic effects that job mobility and noncompetes have on regions. Beyond knowledge spillovers, it is important to recognize a range of distinct, though interrelated effects. These include at least ten important aspects that are supported by job mobility: behavioral, dynamic, firm-level, and regional-level effects. In particular, a neglected aspect in the literature of noncompetes is the disproportionate harmful effect noncompete clauses may have on women. Recent economic research on labor market monopsonies and the relationship between mobility and wage growth allows us to see connections between innovation policy and distributive justice. Second, I argue that while the study of noncompetes has been invaluable to understanding talent flows, mobility restrictions are far broader than merely formal covenants not to compete. Covenants that restrict employee mobility appear in many shapes and forms. I introduce the range of contractual restrictions that employers require in standard agreements and I argue that these restrictions too, should be understood and researched through the lens of labor market competition and mobility. Third, I argue that the prevalence of practices that subvert policy requirements, such as including unenforceable restrictions in employment contracts underscores how we as scholars need to encompass market practices in the empirical research, as well as recognize comparative advantages of proactive solutions including antitrust and regulatory tools over contract doctrine.
Nested Reduction Algorithm for Generating $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ -Matrix Representation of Electrically Large Surface Integral Operators from FMM

In this paper, we develop a fast algorithm to generate a rank minimized $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ -matrix from multi-level FMM to represent electrically large surface integral equations (SIEs). The rank of the new $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ -matrix is determined based on prescribed accuracy and is found to be much smaller than the original FMM's rank. The resultant rank-minimized $\mathcal{H}^{2}$ -matrix can be used to accelerate both iterative and direct solutions. Numerical experiments on large-scale surface IE-based scattering analysis having millions of unknowns on a single CPU core have demonstrated its accuracy and efficiency.
Abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness as a substitute for BMI in predicting complications in abdominally-based autologous breast reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION Patient selection for autologous tissue transfer for postmastectomy breast reconstruction often utilizes body mass index (BMI) to risk stratify patients, though it only estimates fat content and does not address fat distribution. This study aims to identify a measurement of abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness (ASFT) from preoperative computed tomography (CT) angiography imaging to better predict complications. METHODS A retrospective review of patients who underwent an abdominal microvascular free flap breast reconstruction was performed. The average of the bilateral distances from the lateral border of the rectus abdominus to the most proximal point of the dermis at the L4-L5 space was measured on preoperative imaging to estimate ASFT. This measurement was compared to BMI in regards to correlation with any complication, major or minor complications, and donor or recipient site complications. Statistical analysis utilized point-biserial correlations and multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Three hundred and nine cases comprising a total of 496 breast reconstructions were identified. BMI did not correlate with any of the grouped complications, while ASFT correlated with occurrence of any complication (p = .003), minor complications (p = .001), and recipient site complications (p = .001). Further analysis revealed ASFT is specifically correlated with fat necrosis (p = .005). In independent multivariable regression models, both BMI (p = .011) and ASFT (p = .001) were significant predictors of fat necrosis. The ASFT model had a BIC of 335.42 compared to the BMI model with a value of 340.89, with smaller numbers representing more predictive models. CONCLUSION Estimation of ASFT is easily performed and is a significantly better predictor of flap fat necrosis than BMI.
Encountering Emotions in the Archive of Childhood and Youth

This chapter draws from a study of education in middle-class German families around 1800 to examine the role of scholars’ emotions in the archive of childhood and youth. It takes its cue from growing interest in emotions—a critical element of subjectivity—among historians of childhood, and the call for self-reflexive scholarship among social scientists. What part do the historian’s emotions play in trying to discern, name, and interpret historical representations of children’s feelings? How do emotional frameworks and memories as scholars guide our understanding of emotions like love, fear, hope, pride, resentment, attachment in historical sources? Could careful reflection on the historian’s feeling provide evidence, allowing us to historicize the emotions expected of and about young people over time? And what dangers might researchers’ emotional responses present in the work of historical interpretation? In raising these questions, Bruce proposes a set of methodological considerations for studying childhood and youth.
Urine cytology findings in patients with biopsy-confirmed urothelial carcinoma in situ with plasmacytoid features.

BACKGROUND Urine cytology is an important screening tool in the diagnosis of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. Diagnosis in urine samples follows criteria outlined by The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS). However, cytologic characteristics of the recently described urothelial carcinoma in situ with plasmacytoid features (P-CIS) have not been described, and it is unknown whether they conform to TPS criteria for high-grade urothelial carcinoma. This study was aimed at better characterizing possibly unique cytologic features of P-CIS. METHODS The authors collected urine cytology specimens from patients with subsequent bladder biopsy-proven P-CIS. Specimens were re-reviewed according to the TPS criteria. The proposed cytologic features of P-CIS (eccentric, enlarged, and hyperchromatic nuclei) were evaluated; this included the reproducibility of 3 cytopathologists for the proposed cytologic features. RESULTS Seventy-four urine specimens from 18 patients with P-CIS-diagnosed bladder biopsies were identified. The TPS diagnoses of the 74 urine cytology specimens were as follows: negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 26), atypical urothelial cells (n = 26), suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 12), and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 10). Only 7 urine specimens met the proposed cytologic criteria for P-CIS, and they had TPS diagnoses of negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 1), atypical urothelial cells (n = 3), and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (n = 3). The κ interobserver agreement ranged from poor to fair. CONCLUSION The features of P-CIS on urine cytology are subtle and infrequently reproducible and often do not meet the TPS criteria for diagnosis as high-grade urothelial carcinoma. In specimens that do not meet TPS criteria for high-grade urothelial carcinoma, P-CIS cytology in isolation would be best classified as atypical urothelial cells.
Murine cochlear cell sorting and cell-type-specific organoid culture.

Summary Neonatal mouse cochlear duct cells can proliferate and grow in vitro into inner ear organoids. Distinctive cochlear duct cell types have different organoid formation capacities. Here, we provide a flow cytometric cell-sorting method that allows the subsequent culture of individual cochlear cell populations. For the efficient culture of the sorted cells, we provide protocols for growing free-floating inner ear organoids, the adherence of organoids to a substrate, and the expansion of organoid-derived inner ear colonies. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Kubota et al. (2021) .
Heavy Flavor and Jet Studies for the Future Electron-Ion Collider to Explore the Hadronization Process

Heavy flavor production at the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will allow us to precisely determine the quark/gluon fragmentation processes in vacuum and the nuclear medium especially within the poorly constrained kinematic region. Heavy flavor hadron and jet reconstruction with the recent EIC detector design have been studies in simulation. Results of corresponding physics projections such as the flavor dependent hadron nuclear modification factor $R_{eA}$ in electron+nucleus collisions will be shown. The statistical precision obtained by these proposed heavy flavor measurements for the future EIC provides a strong discriminating power in separating different theoretical predictions.
Registered Medicinal Products for Use in Honey Bees in the United States and Canada

A 2017 US Food and Drug Administration mandate requiring veterinary oversight for medically important antibiotics used in agricultural animals, including honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) created a "new" animal requiring veterinary involvement. Many resources are available describing medical formulations of antibiotics and other drugs used in the treatment of various honey bee maladies. The goal of this article is to summarize this information in an up-to-date, practical way for the clinician. At the time of this writing, only 3 antibiotics are approved for use in honey bees and require veterinary prescriptions or veterinary feed directives.
A Comparison of Fresh and Frozen Chops and Roasts from Gilts, Physical Castrates, Entire Males, and Immunologically Castrated Males

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of gender treatment, including immunological castrates, on meat quality and sensory characteristics of fresh and frozen pork. This experiment included gilts (G), physical castrates (PC), entire males (EM), and immunologically castrated males (IC). Pigs were harvested at a BW=145.0 ± 8.6 kg. Loins were collected and cut into roasts and chops. Fresh and frozen chops and roasts were evaluated for meat quality, namely - loin purge %, pH, marbling score, color score, Minolta L*, a*, and b* score, % cook loss, and star probe force. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among gender treatments in the fresh samples for any of the carcass meat quality criteria evaluated. However, NPPC marbling score was significantly different among treatments in frozen samples (G=1.58b, PC=2.05a, EM=1.46b, IC=1.73ab; P < 0.005). A trained sensory panel evaluated samples for boar aroma, juiciness, tenderness, pork flavor, and off flavor. No significant differences were found among genders for juiciness, tenderness, chewiness or off flavor. Boar aroma and pork flavor results are presented in Table 3. These results suggest that gender treatment was similar between fresh and frozen product, and that injection against GnRF (gonadotropin releasing factor) removes aroma and flavor issues associated with meat from intact males.
Naltrexone in Smoking Cessation: A Review of the Literature and Future Directions

There are a number of efficacious pharmacotherapies currently available for smoking cessation, including nicotine replacement, buproprion, and varenicline. Each of these FDA-approved treatment options operates by a different mechanism of action to increase smoking quit rates. This chapter reviews the existing literature that addresses the role of the endogenous opioid system in nicotine dependence and smoking cessation. Human laboratory studies have shown mixed support for the opioid antagonist naltrexone altering cigarette craving, withdrawal, and smoking behavior. There are few published placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials of naltrexone in smoking cessation. While several of these clinical trials have indicated that naltrexone, particularly in combination with nicotine patch, may improve quit rates, other studies have not shown this effect. This inconsistency may, in part, be due to individual differences, such as sex, history of depression, weight gain, alcohol use, and genetic variables.
Data manipulator network for WSI designs

Multiprocessor system architectures require the use of INterconnection NETworks (INNETs) to provide for movement of data or instructions between memory and the processing elements. When an INNET is an integral part of the system, a WSI implementation will generally require a large fraction of the wafer area. This paper presents an area-reducing algorithm for the data manipulator network in silicon implementations where two or more levels of metal are available. The objective of multilevel metalization, i.e., more than the traditional two-level metalization, is two-fold: (a) to reduce the silicon area used by the wiring, and (b) to provide for mask programmability of metal layers. The emphasis of this paper is on the first of these aspects. >
Mass spectrometry of biomolecules

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basics of modern mass spectrometry, its capabilities, and its potential application in biological and biomedical research. It focuses on the principles rather than the details, and by acquainting the readers with the basic terminology used in this field, in the hope to encourage researchers to follow the progress in this field, and to harness the fast-increasing potential of mass spectrometry to their own work. The examples that are intended to demonstrate how the various techniques (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, electrospray ionization, molecular mass determination and for tandem mass spectrometry) can and should be applied to biological and biomedical research. While the examples used are all from protein research, the mass spectrometric techniques are being successfully applied to many other fields, and their usefulness is general. Mass spectrometry continues to evolve, and new and more powerful spectrometers are making their way to academic institutes and to industry. This will undoubtedly result in new opportunities for mass spectrometry in biological research.
Avid Radiopharmaceuticals and Lighthouse Capital Partners (TN)

In fall 2008, a venture lender must decide whether to make a loan to Avid, a small but promising venture-backed life sciences firm. In reviewing her proposal, Cristy Barnes considers the company's characteristics and how they differ from a typical investment. At the same time, the CEO and the venture capitalist are exploring the true costs and benefits of taking the loan, particularly in the uncertain economic climate of the time.
Yellow fever vaccine for patients with HIV infection

Background Yellow fever (YF) is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease prevalent in tropical Africa and Latin America. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 200,000 cases of YF and 30,000 deaths worldwide annually. Treatment for YF is supportive, but a live attenuated virus vaccine is effective for preventing infection. WHO recommends immunisation for all individuals > 9 months living in countries or areas at risk. However, the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) advises that YF vaccine is contraindicated in individuals with HIV. Given the large populations of HIV-infected individuals living in tropical areas where YF is endemic, YF vaccine may be an important intervention for preventing YF in immunocompromised populations. Objectives To assess the risk and benefits of YF immunisation for people infected with HIV. Search methods We used standard Cochrane methods to search electronic databases and conference proceedings with relevant search terms without limits to language. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials and cohort studies of individuals with HIV infection who received YF vaccine (17DD or 17D-204). Data collection and analysis Two authors screened abstracts of references identified by electronic or bibliographic searches according to inclusion and exclusion criteria as detailed in the protocol. We identified 199 references and examined 19 in detail for study eligibility. Data were abstracted independently using a standardised abstraction form. Main results Three cohort studies were included in the review. They examined 484 patients with HIV infection who received YF immunisation. Patients with HIV infection developed significantly lower concentrations of neutralising antibodies in the first year post immunisation compared to uninfected patients, though decay patterns were similar for recipients regardless of HIV infection. No study patient with HIV infection suffered serious adverse events as a result of YF vaccination. Authors' conclusions YF vaccination can produce protective levels of neutralising antibodies in HIV patients. Immunogenicity of YF vaccine is slightly less in HIV-infected patients compared to HIV-uninfected patients. No serious adverse events related to YF vaccine were observed in HIV-infected study participants. At time of immunisation, higher CD4 cell counts and lower HIV RNA levels in patients with HIV infection seem to be key determinants for development of protective titres of neutralising antibodies. The quality of the evidence for all outcomes was low to very low. YF vaccine may potentially be used safely in HIV-infected patients, although our conclusions are limited by small numbers of patients who have been reported. To assure maximum effectiveness YF vaccine should be given to HIV-infected patients after HIV replication has been suppressed.
On the classical capacity of a quantum multiple-access channel

We analyze the quantum adder channel, i.e. the extension of a classical multiple-access additive binary channel to the quantum regime, in which quantum bits (qubits) rather than classical bits are transmitted. Quantum entanglement between different transmitters and/or the receiver results in a significant expansion of the capacity region of the channel, in comparison with its classical counterpart, a property which can be used, e.g., to considerably improve bandwidth efficiency of fiber communication networks in the future.
Collaborations between Tribal and Nontribal Organizations: Suggested Best Practices for Sharing Expertise, Cultural Resources, and Knowledge

Abstract Collaborations between tribal and nontribal organizations bring diverse communities together, often for the first time, to educate and learn, to address misinterpretations of the past, and to share cultural resources and knowledge. By examining data obtained through a nationally distributed survey, this research explores how successful partnerships between tribal and nontribal institutions are initiated, developed, and maintained; examines the degree to which the Protocols for Native American Archival Materials were used in the development of policies, procedures, and memorandums of understanding; and reveals the “lessons learned” across a wide range of collaborative projects and partnerships. This overview of collaborative models is intended to offer best practices for both tribal and nontribal organizations interested in sharing useful skills, knowledge, and resources through partnerships.
Induction and Probability in the Nineteenth Century

Publisher Summary The application of probability to induction was not taken seriously until the nineteenth century largely because there was thought to be no significant element of uncertainty or doubt attached to the conclusions of so-called inductive inference. Virtually every major theory of induction developed before the middle of the nineteenth century was supposed to guarantee the truth of the conclusions to which its application led. In an intellectual atmosphere that is optimistic about the possibility of an infallible empirical science, it is hardly surprising that it occurred to few people to apply techniques of probability theory to the analysis of scientific inference. The conclusions of scientific inferences were thought to be certain rather than probable, therefore, it would have seemed an epistemic category mistake to introduce probabilistic techniques into a theory of scientific inference. Inductive logic came increasingly to be seen as a tool for assessing the relative likelihood of competing scientific theories and hypotheses.
Relational coherence in ambiguous and unambiguous relational networks

Clinical theories often appeal to general cognitive styles in explaining psychopathology, but without describing in detail how the patterns are formed. In the present investigation, two experiments were conducted to examine how individuals respond to ambiguous relational networks. In both experiments, the participants learned two 3-stimulus networks (A1 LESS THAN B1, A1 GREATER THAN C1 and A2 GREATER THAN B2, C2 LESS THAN A2). Participants were presented with test trials to examine if they classified the combinatorial relations (B1 ↔ C1 and B2 ↔ C2) as SAME or DIFFERENT and as GREATER THAN or LESS THAN. Although the B-C combinatorial relation in Network 1 is derivable in a readily coherent way (B1 GREATER THAN C1 and thus also B1 DIFFERENT C1), in Network 2 the combinatorial relation is ambiguous. When participants were required to specify the Network 2 B-C relation as either SAME or DIFFERENT, those who chose DIFFERENT, also consistently chose B2 as either GREATER THAN or LESS THAN C2. Conversely, those who classified the B-C relation as SAME were inconsistent within themselves in choosing B2 as GREATER THAN or LESS THAN C2. In Experiment 2, nonarbitrary multiple exemplar pretraining was used to bias SAME versus DIFFERENT as a response for ambiguous combinatorial relations. In accord with the pattern seen in Experiment 1, those biased toward DIFFERENT consistently chose a comparative relation between B2 and C2 while those biased toward SAME were inconsistent in their comparative choices. The findings provide support for the importance of history and coherence in establishing patterns of responding to ambiguous relational networks, providing a beginning behavioral model of cognitive styles and errors.
Photo-Fries rearrangements of 1-naphthyl esters in the glassy and melted states of poly(vinyl acetate). Comparisons with reactions in less polar polymers and low-viscosity solvents

The photo-Fries and associated photoreactions of four 1-naphthyl acylates have been examined in two types of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) films above and below their glass transition temperatures, Tg. Because of the ‘templating’ effect of the esters on their reaction cavities, especially below Tg, the distributions of photo-Fries products, as mandated by the intermediate acyl/1-naphthyloxyl singlet radical pairs, are determined largely by the initial conformations of the guest molecules. Even above Tg, at 50 °C, where segmental chain motions of PVAc are relatively rapid, the influence of the cages in directing product formation is apparent. The radical-pair recombination rates for formation of the keto precursor of 2-(2-phenylpropanoyl)-1-naphthol upon irradiation of 1-naphthyl 2-phenylpropanoate in PVAc are reduced drastically as the temperature is lowered from above to below Tg. Comparison of results in PVAc with those in low-viscosity solvents (ethyl acetate and hexane) and low-polarity polymer films (polyethylene and polypropylene) indicate that interactions between the radicals produced from irradiation of 1 and the acetate pendant groups of PVAc, as well as the nature of its chain motions above and below Tg, influence enormously the course of the photo-Fries rearrangements.
ElasticPaint: a particle system for feature mapping with minimum distortion

Mapping of features such as texture and geometric detail is an important tool that enhances realism of surface geometry in graphics and animation. This essentially involves a transformation of 2D coordinates with associated attributes to a target surface in 3D. Moreover, users are often in need of more powerful techniques that can also enable cut-and-paste functionality to directly map a feature from one surface in 3D to another with high-fidelity. Such an operation should minimize feature deformation on the target surface. In practice, it is also desirable to hide geometric complexities and transformations from ordinary users, requiring minimal input and providing an intuitive interface for painting. This paper develops a generalized feature mapping technique using a physically based particle system to map both geometry and associative attributes between two curved surfaces with the physically correct minimum distortion of these attributes over the target surface.
Minimal Enteral Feeding Induces Maturation of Intestinal Motor Function but Not Mucosal Growth in Neonatal Dogs

Providing small enteral feedings for parenterally fed preterm infants during the first few weeks of life improves feeding tolerance. However, it is not known whether these feedings achieve this result via stimulation of gut growth and/or maturation of function. The minimal level needed to attain these responses is also critical to identify, because neonatologists often limit feeding volumes to minimize the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Thus, we determined the dose-response relationships between enteral feeding volume and gastrointestinal growth and small intestine motor function. Newborn canine pups (n = 51) received 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 30 or 100% of their daily fluid intake enterally with the remainder given parenterally for 4-5 d. Motor activity was recorded, blood drawn for determination of gastrin and motilin, and intestinal tissue harvested for determination of DNA and protein content and morphology. Feeding volumes that provided 30% or more of daily fluid intake significantly increased small intestinal mucosal growth above that of unfed pups, but feeding volumes that provided as little as 10% of daily fluid intake significantly induced maturation of motor patterns beyond that of unfed pups. Plasma concentrations of gastrin and motilin did not differ among groups. We conclude that small enteral feedings typically used for minimal enteral feeding strategies improve feeding tolerance by triggering maturation of motor function but not gut growth in neonatal dogs. Small feeding volumes trigger this maturation as well as large volumes.
Preparing for the worst

An international data bank of nuclear explosives is needed to determine the source of nuclear materials following an explosion, argue Michael May, Jay Davis and Raymond Jeanloz. If the ultimate terror attack were to happen — a nuclear explosion in a city — the resulting death and destruction would be almost unimaginable. But we can imagine the geopolitical consequences. Can we do anything now that would help matters? Michael May, Jay Davis and Raymond Jeanloz argue that we can, by establishing a databank of known nuclear explosive materials. Using this resource it would be possible to establish where the materials came from and who was responsible for the terrorist act. Not just for purposes of retribution, but in order to assess the chances of further nuclear detonations.
Bamboo control of forest succession: Guadua sarcocarpa in Southeastern Peru

Abstract Forest inventory data is presented as the basis for a conceptual model of bamboo-dominated forest successional dynamics in southwestern Amazonia. Forest succession is arrested in stands dominated by bamboo (Guadua sarcocarpa, Londono and Peterson) as demonstrated by data on tree size class distributions and seedling mortality. Mean percent mortality of tree seedlings (≥1 m height, Data on soil water content and stem damage to tree seedlings and saplings suggests that root competition and mechanical crushing by bamboo may cause arrested forest succession. Soil water content (0–10 cm) was significantly lower in B+ plots. On average, over four times as many seedlings and saplings were classified as having stem damage in B+ plots as compared with B− plots. Saplings of a given dbh were on average 29% taller in B− plots than those in B+ plots. We propose that the occurrence of bamboo-dominated forests can be explained by an interplay between mechanical properties of soils, wind disturbance, and elevated rates of tree mortality in the presence of bamboo.
A live human parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccine is attenuated and immunogenic in young infants.

Background.Parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV-3) infections cause lower respiratory tract illness in children throughout the world. A licensed PIV-3 vaccine is not yet available.Methods.A live attenuated cold-adapted (ca) and temperature-sensitive (ts) PIV-3 vaccine, designated cp-45, was evaluated seq
Excitation and decay of vibrational autodetaching states of N 2 − produced in collisions of H − with N 2

A significant perturbation in the energy distribution of electrons has been observed for collisions of ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ on ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. The spacings between the large oscillations in the 1- to 4-eV region of the ejected electron spectra have been measured at observation angles between 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 150\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for impact of 35- to 10000-eV ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ on ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$. A model is proposed which interprets these results in terms of the formation and decay of a series of vibrational autodetaching states of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. Electron distributions calculated using a molecular model based on the Franck-Condon principle for the excitation of the ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ states and various possibilities for the decay are compared with the experimental results.
The effect of naloxone and morphine on 3H-1-lysine in vivo incorporation into various neurons separated from fixed rat brain preparations by ultrasonification: a comparison of morphine effects between Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats.

A procedure is described where by ultrasonification one can separate large neurons from their surrounding neuropil from either unfixed brain and peripheral ganglion or from similar tissue fixed in 10 per cent neutral formalin for prolonged periods. The availability of such a technique permits one to readily assess the accumulation of 3H-labeled protein precursors into a wide variety of neurons, utilizing standard liquid scintillation techniques. The separation technique has been applied in this report to determine the effects of morphine, morphine plus naloxone, naloxone given alone and saline on the accumulation of 3H-1-lysine into ventral horn, Purkinje and dorsal root ganglion neurons in Sprague-Dawley rats. The data from the control and morphine-treated animals has then been compared with similar data previously obtained from Wistar rats. In Sprague-Dawley rats, morphine had no effect on 3H-1-lysine accumulation into ventral horn neurons and stimulated accumulation into Purkinje and dorsal root ganglion neurons. Naloxone stimulated lysine accumulation into dorsal root ganglion and ventral horn neurons, but had equivocal effects on Purkinje neuron 3H-lysine accumulation. When Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared, marked differences in the effect which morphine had on lysine accumulation into neurons were noted between the two strains of rat. Ventral horn and dorsal root ganglion neurons from Wistar rats had markedly higher levels of accumulation in both control and morphine-treated rats than were observed in the Sprague-Dawley animals. With Purkinje neurons, accumulation levels between the two strains overlapped each other. Morphine inhibited lysine accumulation in Wistar Purkinje neurons but stimulated it in the Sprague-Dawley animals. The profiles of the accumulation curves from two rat strains suggest that there are not only differences in rates of uptake of 3H-lysine into protein followed by degradation between various types of neurons, but differences between the two strains as well.
Physical measures of stray light in excised eyes.

A technique is described whereby it is possible to measure, by a direct physical method, stray light in the excised eye of the cat, steer, and human. Systematic changes in the measures obtained are noted as a function of time following removal. When time correction factors, based on a cat eye, are applied to cat, steer, and human data, no significant difference in the distribution of stray light in the eyes of the three species is obtained. Experiments with steer eyes lead to the conclusion that the principal component of stray light is scatter. The results of this research are compared to those of three studies where estimates of intraocular stray light were based on psychophysical judgements of the effects of glare stimuli. It is concluded that there is more than enough stray light in the human eye to account for these effects. The discrepancy is attributed mainly to the directional sensitivity of the cones.
From population to HIV: the organizational and structural determinants of HIV outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa

Background There exists no consistent explanation for why some countries are successful in combating HIV/AIDS and others are not, and we need such an explanation in order to design effective policies and programmes. Research evaluating HIV interventions from a biomedical or public health perspective does not always take full account of the historical and organizational characteristics of countries likely to influence HIV outcomes. The analysis in this paper addresses this shortcoming by testing the impact of organizational and structural factors, particularly those resulting from population interventions, on HIV outcomes at the country level in sub-Saharan Africa.
ANDREW HILL CLARK, 1911–1975

(1977). ANDREW HILL CLARK, 1911–1975. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 67, No. 1, pp. 145-148.
A proposal for user centered system documentation

This paper outlines a set of proposals for the development of system documentation based on an analysis of user needs. It is suggested that existing documentation is not sensitive enough to the variety of levels of user expertise, nor to the variety of contexts in which on-line help is required. We outline three specific proposals for fulfilling these needs: a quick reference facility, a command-line database, and a facility for full explanation and instruction, and suggest a number of ways in which users might access these facilities. Finally, we suggest a way of combining these facilities into an integrated structured manual, offering more effective user support than is currently provided.
The Development of a Systematic, Aggregate Measure of Corporate Social Performance

Individuals, groups, and government units have developed considerable interested in evaluating the social performance of corporations. Evaluating corporate social performance (CSP) is important for researchers investigating the relationship between different organizational measures and CSP and for stakeholders employing social performance information in their decision making models. To assess CSP, an aggregate measure of CSP which incorporates both an independent assessment of actual performance and the individual value judgements of the stakeholder is needed. In this study, we propose a methodology for the development of a systematic measure of CSP using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. This multi-criteria decision making technique allows for the conversion of a multidimensional scale to a unidimensional scale, enabling analysis/comparison of companies both within the same industry and across industries. The technique is illustrated by developing a measure of CSP using several types of managers. The resul...