cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of L- or D-lactate-enhancement on the internal cooked colour development and biochemical characteristics of beef steaks in high-oxygen modified atmosphere

Abstract The effects of L- or D-lactate on internal cooked colour development of steaks packaged in high-oxygen (80% O2/20% CO2) modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was investigated. Ten USDA Select beef strip loins were divided individually into 4 equal-width sections, and one of four treatments (control, 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate, 2.5% L-lactate + 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate, and 2.5% D-lactate + 0.3% sodium tripolyphosphate) was assigned randomly to the loin sections. Loin sections were injected to approximately 10% of their raw weight. Steaks packaged in high-oxygen MAP were stored in the dark at 1 °C for 10 days. Instrumental internal colour of raw and cooked steaks (70 °C), total reducing activity (TRA), NADH concentration, and percent myoglobin denaturation (PMD) were measured. Cooked steaks enhanced with 2.5% L-lactate/phosphate maintained higher a*/b* ratios, lower hue values, higher TRA and NADH concentration, and lower PMD than the control and D-lactate-injected steaks, whereas enhancement with 2.5% D-lactate did not affect cooked colour, TRA, NADH, or PMD. Thus, inclusion of an L-lactate/alkaline phosphate blend increased the reducing activity of muscle tissues by replenishing NADH and subsequently decreased the thermal denaturation of myoglobin by maintaining the reduced state of myoglobin in the high-oxygen package.
Development of a new high-dexterity manipulator for robot-assisted microsurgery

We are developing a new robotic system applicable to micro- and minimally invasive surgeries. The goal is a dexterity-enhancing master-slave that will refine the scale of current microsurgeries, and minimize effects of involuntary tremor and jerk in surgeons' hands. As a result, new procedures of the eye, ear, brain and other critical faculties will become possible, and the positive outcome rates in conventional procedures will improve. In nominal configuration, this new robot assisted microsurgery (RAMS) system has a surgeon's hand controller immediately adjacent to the robot. The RAMS system is also potentially applicable to `telesurgery' -- surgeries to be carried out in local-remote settings and time-delayed operating theaters -- as considered important in field emergencies and displaced expertise scenarios. As of August 1994 we have developed and demonstrated a new 6 degree-of- freedom robot (slave) for the RAMS system. The robot and its associated Cartesian controls enable relative positioning of surgical tools to approximately 25 microns within a non-indexed and singularity-free work volume of approximately 20 cubic centimeters. This implies the capability to down-scale hand motion inputs by two to three times, and the consequent performance of delicate procedures in such areas as vitreo-retinal surgery, for which clinical trials of this robot are planned in 1996. Further, by virtue of an innovative drive actuation, the robot can sustain full extent loads up to three pounds, making it applicable to both fine manipulation of microsurgical tools and also the dexterous handling of larger powered devices of minimally invasive surgery. In this paper, we overview the robot mechanical design, controls implementation, and our preliminary experimentation with same. Our accompanying oral presentation includes a five minute video tape display of some engineering laboratory results achieved to date.
Jealousy in sexual and emotional infidelity: An alternative to the evolutionary explanation

In an effort to make unequivocal the boundaries of infidelity, the present study used three infidelity scenarios (sexual infidelity, emotional infidelity, and the combination of sexual and emotional infidelity). Two other variables, gender of the participants and the extent to which they reported either few or several jealous tendencies, were included to generate a 3 × 2 × 2 independent groups design. Reactions of 317 undergraduate college students (165 women and 152 men) to the scenarios were assessed using both Smith and Ellsworth's (1985) six cognitive dimensions of emotion and a measure of emotional upset. A multivariate analysis of variance yielded significance for two of the main effects, the nature of the infidelity scenario and the gender of the participant. Univariate analyses indicated that women experienced more emotional distress over all of the conditions of infidelity, and, for women and men alike, conditions of infidelity involving a sexual component, whether alone or together with emotiona...
The effects of light on the dissipation of chlorine in sea-water

Abstract The presence of light, even in intensities of only a few per cent of full midday sun, may affect significantly both the rate and the mechanism of the dissipation of chlorine in sea-water. Light increases the rate of dissipation of hypobromite formed from the added chlorine. Bromate is one of the products formed when chlorinated sea-water is exposed to light. The rate and the amount of bromate formed increases with increasing intensity of light. Within the time elapsed during the experiments (up to 5000 min), bromate is stable in sea-water. The increase in chlorine demand in the presence of light can be accounted for only partially by the formation of bromate. Other, yet unidentified reactions also occur. Aside from bromate, one or more unidentified species react with iodide to form tri-iodide at pH 1.4 but not at pH 4. These species are produced both in the dark and in the presence of light, and they are unstable in sea-water. The rate and the amount of these species formed vary with the intensity of light. This can be partially explained by the increasing rate of the competing reaction, the formation of bromate, with increasing light intensities.
Sheep, Goats, Llamas, Alpacas, and—Anthropologists? Experiences in the Small Ruminant CRSP

The Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program (SR-CRSP) is the oldest of eight innovative, multidisciplinary agricultural research initiatives established under the U.S. International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1975 and its Title XII amendment, the Famine Prevention and Freedom from Hunger Act. The CRSP mandate is to strengthen both U.S. and host-country institutions' application of agricultural science to solving world. food and nutrition problems through cooperative training and research. CRSPs focus on enhancing the production, distribution, storage, marketing, and consumption of key food crops among smallholders and the poor in developing countries through research and development (R&D) of appropriate technology.
Using light to control signaling cascades in live neurons

Understanding the complexity of neuronal biology requires the manipulation of cellular processes with high specificity and spatio-temporal precision. The recent development of synthetic photo-activatable proteins designed using the light-oxygen-voltage and phytochrome domains provides a new set of tools for genetically targeted optical control of cell signaling. Their modular design, functional diversity, precisely controlled activity and in vivo applicability offer many advantages for investigating neuronal function. Although designing these proteins is still a considerable challenge, future advances in rational protein design and a deeper understanding of their photoactivation mechanisms will allow the development of the next generation of optogenetic techniques.
Lung Transplantation: Disease-Specific Considerations for Referral

The timing of the referral and listing of patients for lung transplantation remains a difficult decision. Life expectancy and quality of life with and without transplantation are the pivotal issues that need to be considered by physicians and presented to prospective transplant candidates. The recognition of recent advances in the understanding of the various primary diseases, other potential therapies, and the latest posttransplant statistics are essential for a balanced discussion or decision about lung transplantation. This article provides a review of these and other pertinent issues for patients with various forms of advanced lung disease.
Initiation of DNA damage responses through XPG-related nucleases.

Lesion‐specific enzymes repair different forms of DNA damage, yet all lesions elicit the same checkpoint response. The common intermediate required to mount a checkpoint response is thought to be single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA), coated by replication protein A (RPA) and containing a primer‐template junction. To identify factors important for initiating the checkpoint response, we screened for genes that, when overexpressed, could amplify a checkpoint signal to a weak allele of chk1 in fission yeast. We identified Ast1, a novel member of the XPG‐related family of endo/exonucleases. Ast1 promotes checkpoint activation caused by the absence of the other XPG‐related nucleases, Exo1 and Rad2, the homologue of Fen1. Each nuclease is recruited to DSBs, and promotes the formation of ssDNA for checkpoint activation and recombinational repair. For Rad2 and Exo1, this is independent of their S‐phase role in Okazaki fragment processing. This XPG‐related pathway is distinct from MRN‐dependent responses, and each enzyme is critical for damage resistance in MRN mutants. Thus, multiple nucleases collaborate to initiate DNA damage responses, highlighting the importance of these responses to cellular fitness.
Stereospecific Syntheses of Isomeric [Mn(CO)6-n(CNMe)n]+ Complexes and Study of their Electrochemical Oxidations

The reactions of Mn(CO)5-n(CNMe)nBr (n = 2, 3, 4) with either CO or CNMe in the presence of a halide acceptor are found to be stereospecific, with incoming ligand replacing the halide ion. These reactions were used in the syntheses of mer- and fac-[Mn(CO)3(CNMe)3]PF6 and cis- and trans-[Mn(CO)2(CNMe)4]PF6. A cyclic voltammetric study showed that the isomeric complexes had different E1/2 values. The difference in eases of oxidation was rationalized qualitatively based on the abilities of CO and CNMe to serve as π acceptors. This suggestion was supported quantitatively by theoretical calculations which defined the degree of stabilization of the HOMO levels in these complexes through π bonding.
Crystal growth and study of the stoichiometry of NbO2

Abstract Large NbO 2 single crystals of controlled stoichiometry have been prepared by the Czochralski-Kyropoulos technique in a tri-arc furnace. A study of the stoichiometry shows that the compositional range of existence extends much further than was previously reported and that the conductivity depends on composition also in contrast with earlier work.
Differential Reactivity of Upper Triplet States Produces Wavelength-Dependent Two-Photon Photosensitization Using Rose Bengal

Two-photon laser flash photolysis was used to investigate the wavelength dependence of upper excited state chemistry of Rose Bengal (RB) in order to rationalize differences in RB-sensitized inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (ACE) in red blood cell ghosts, observed using different irradiation modes. The absorption of the RB triplet state, generated using 532-nm irradiation, was monitored as a function of wavelength used for subsequent excitation to upper triplet levels. Triplet state bleaching, due to formation of radical species, was observed using wavelengths greater than ∼580 nm to excite into an upper state, Tn. However, no bleaching was observed at lower wavelengths, corresponding to higher photon energies, but an increase in emission intensity from the sample, consistent with S1 − S0 fluorescence, was observed following the second pulse. A mechanism for this wavelength-dependent photochemistry is provided, which considers the relative positions of upper singlet and triplet states. Reverse intersyste...
Human anti‐pig T‐cell mediated cytotoxicity

: Miniature swine have a variety of advantages as potential donors for human xenotransplantation, including size, physiological similarities, and breeding characteristics. To investigate the nature of the human anti-pig xenogeneic cellular response, we performed standard 51Cr-release cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) experiments. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) allele specificity of the xenogeneic cellular response was tested on porcine target cells of three distinct homozygous MHC haplotypes (SLAaa, SLACC, SLAdd) and three intra-MHC recombinant haplotypes (SLAjj, SLAgg, SLAkk), obtained from our herd of partially inbred miniature swine. After stimulation with irradiated porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of SLAaa haplotype, a strong nonspecific cytotoxic response of the bulk culture against xenogeneic targets of all three haplotypes was observed. However, SLA allele specificity could be demonstrated after T cell enrichment, and mapping experiments revealed predominantly SLA class I restriction of xenoreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), although some class II restriction was also observed. The experiments were repeated in the presence of anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies, anti-CD3 (OKT3), anti-CD2 (35.1), anti-CD4 (OKT4), or anti-CD 8 (OKT8). The bulk xenogeneic CML was not inhibited by any of the anti-T cell antibodies tested. However, after T cell-enrichment, lysis of porcine targets was significantly inhibited by anti-CD3 or anti-CD8 antibody and partially inhibited by anti-CD2 antibody. In comparable assays, the human allogeneic CML was blocked by anti-CD3 and anti-CD8, but not by anti-CD2 or anti-CD4 antibodies. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of A3b3, a human CD4+ T-cell clone, was tested. A3b3 lysed xenogeneic targets of SLAaa haplotype, but not SLACC or allogeneic targets, and was inhibited by anti-CD4, anti-CD2, and anti-CD3 antibodies, but not by anti-CD8. With the aid of intra-MHC recombinant haplotypes, the xenogeneic CML reactivity of A3b3 was mapped to SLA class II, suggesting direct xenogeneic recognition of porcine MHC class II antigens by human T cells. Thus, the human anti-pig cell-mediated cytotoxic response is similar in magnitude to comparable allogeneic responses, and involves both SLA class I and class II restricted T-cell mediated cytotoxicity, as well as additional nonspecific killing, possibly by NK cells.
An interactive super resolution coding approach of images and videos for enhanced user visualization

In this paper we propose an interactive super resolution coding technique to enhance user's visualization of received low resolution (LR) images. The proposed technique hides/embeds high frequencies and edges in the LR image, and constructs a high resolution (HR) image upon a user click. The proposed technique is suitable for many applications (eg. digital libraries) that display images and videos to the user in small sizes, and should be capable of reconstructing a HR version of the image or video upon a click on the LR version. The proposed approach consists of an insertion part and an extraction part. In the insertion part (that could be treated as an acquisition algorithm), high frequency components of the sensed image are embedded/inserted among the content of the finally delivered LR image in an invisible manner. The resulting sensed image is a regular low resolution image, however when performing the extraction part on it, a HR image is constructed without any side information in a blind, fast, robust and effective manner. The proposed approach has been tested on several images and video sequences against noise and compression, and gave very competitive results with current literature methods.
Emphysematous cystitis due to Clostridium perfringens and Candida albicans in two patients with hematologic malignant conditions.

Background. Fever, abdominal pain, and hematuria developed in two patients with hematologic malignant conditions (multiple myeloma and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia). Each patient was found to have emphysematous cystitis (EC), secondary to Clostridium perfringens and Candida albicans, respectively. Both patients had debilitated general medical conditions, compromised immune function, prior treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics and corticosteroids, bladder outlet obstruction, and indwelling Foley catheters as predisposing factors to EC. Neither was diabetic. Methods. These cases provide an opportunity to review the related medical literature on the pathophysiology and management of this uncommon entity. Results. Treatment consists of control of underlying diabetes (if present), administration of appropriate antibiotics, establishment of urinary drainage, provision of supportive general medical care, exclusion of the presence of bladder fistula, and surgical debridement only when unavoidable. Conclusions. EC should be part of the differential diagnosis in patients with cancer who have fever, abdominal pain, and hematuria.
Dissociated laminar boundary layer flows over surfaces with arbitrary continuous distributions of catalycity

Abstract This paper studies several new types of exact series solutions to the diffusion equation for chemically-frozen, dissociated, laminar boundary-layer flows around bodies with arbitrary continuous distributions of a first-order atom recombination rate along the surface. Plate, wedge, and cone flows are considered. The analysis extends the theory of Chambre and Acrivos for constant surface catalytic efficiency and temperature to the case wherein the surface Damkohler number varies as any power of the distance or is distributed as any polynomial involving integer or fractional positive powers of the distance. Furthermore, by imposing the approximation of local similarity in the velocity profile, the resulting solutions are also applied with good accuracy to highly-cooled bluntnosed bodies in hypersonic flow. An approximate method of solution is also developed which provides an extremely simple closedform representation of the exact series solutions throughout the entire flow field by means of a local nonlinear extrapolation of the leading term in the series. It is shown by several examples that this technique yields very accurate results for surface atom concentration, diffusion flux, and heat-transfer distributions for a variety of streamwise variations in the wall catalycity.
Barriers to Mental Health Treatment Services for Low-Income African American Women Whose Children Receive Behavioral Health Services: An Ethnographic Investigation

Despite the prevalence of mental illness among low-income African American women, only a limited number seek and/or accept help from mental health service delivery systems. A qualitative analysis of 64 ethnographic interviews of low-income African American women whose children receive behavioral health services was completed to assess what barriers to care were reported for the women themselves. These African American women were interviewed as part of a larger study seeking to determine why mothers seek mental health treatment for their children, but not themselves, after many of the women (n = 32) met the baseline criteria for anxiety and/or depression. Our finding revealed that (1) the fear of losing their children, (2) economic stressors, (3) role strain, (4) perceptions of the system, and (5) violence and survival are key factors to consider when engaging low-income African American women in mental health treatment services. These factors have a negative influence on help seeking that should be considered for eliminating disparities in access to and utilization of mental health services.
Analytic Determination of Hydrocarbon Transmissivity from Baildown Tests

Hydrocarbon baildown tests involve the rapid removal of floating hydrocarbon from an observation or production well, followed by monitoring the rate of recovery of both the oil/air and oil/water interfaces. This test has been used erroneously for several years to calculate the true thickness of hydrocarbon in the adjacent formation. More recent analysis of hydrocarbon distribution by Farr et al. (1990), Lenhard and Parker (1990), Huntley et al. (1994), and others have shown that, under vertical equilibrium conditions, there is no thickness exaggeration of hydrocarbon in a monitoring well, though there is a significant volume exaggeration. This body of work can be used to demonstrate that the calculation of a true hydrocarbon thickness using a baildown test has no basis in theory. The same body of work, however, also demonstrates that hydrocarbon saturations are typically much less than one, and are often below 0.5. Because the relative permeability decreases as hydrocarbon saturation decreases, the effective conductivity and mobility of the hydrocarbon is much less than that of water, even ignoring the effects of increased viscosity and decreased density. It is important to evaluate this decreased mobility of hydrocarbon due to partial pore saturation, as it has substantial impacts on both more » risk and remediation. This paper presents two analytic approaches to the analysis of hydrocarbon baildown test results to determine hydrocarbon transmissivity. The first approach is based on a modification of the Bouwer and Rice (1976) analysis of slug withdrawal test data. The second approach is based on a modification of Jacob and Lohman's (1952) constant drawdown-variable discharge aquifer test approach. The first approach can be applied only when the effective water transmissivity across the screened interval to water is much greater than the effective hydrocarbon transmissivity. When this condition is met, the two approaches give effectively identical results. « less
Reducing depression stigma using a web-based program.

Abstract Objective This study was designed to investigate the efficacy and feasibility of a web-based depression stigma education tool for healthcare professionals. Methods A web-based depression stigma program utilizing adult learning theories was developed. Forty-two consecutive subjects were enrolled from University of Maryland staff and graduate students. Primary outcomes were Bogardus Social Distance Scale with a vignette on major depression disorder (BSDS-MDD) and the Depression Stigma Scale (DSS) administered before and after the intervention. Results Internet-based education significantly decreased the level of depression stigma (BSDS-MDD 10.6 ± 4.4 versus 7.2 ± 4.4, p p p p Conclusions Computer-assisted education was effective in reducing the stigma of depression and increasing knowledge about depressive disorder. A web-based intervention has the potential to be used for educating graduate students and university staff about depression and for reducing depression stigmata. Healthcare professionals interacting with people with stigmatizing conditions can benefit from web-based computer education.
Combination therapy with arsenic trioxide, all-trans retinoic acid, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin in recurrent acute promyelocytic leukemia.

BACKGROUND. From 20% to 30% of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) who are treated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) develop recurrent disease. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is an effective agent for the salvage of patients with recurrent APL, and gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) has shown activity in patients with APL. METHODS. The authors investigated the efficacy of a combination of ATO, ATRA, and GO in 8 patients with APL in first recurrence (7 patients with hematologic recurrences and 1 patient with a molecular recurrence). All patients had received previous treatment with ATRA either alone or in combination with other agents. Patients received ATO 0.15 mg/kg intravenously until they achieved a bone marrow complete remission (CR). Once in CR, patients received consolidation with ATO, ATRA, and GO for 10 months. Patients then received maintenance with idarubicin, ATRA, 6-marcaptopurine, and oral methotrexate for 11 months. RESULTS. All 7 patients who had hematologic recurrences achieved CR after a median of 39 days (range, 21–56 days). After a median follow-up of ≥36 months (range, 4–55 months), 6 patients remained alive in CR, and 2 patients died in CR. Six of 8 patients remained in second CR that was longer than their first CR. All 7 evaluable patients achieved molecular remission. There were no grade 3 or 4 extramedullary toxicities. Two patients died, 1 secondary to a complication of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma, and the other of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS. The combination of ATO, ATRA, and GO was effective and may achieve durable remissions in patients with APL in first recurrence. It should be considered as an effective alternative to allogeneic or autologous transplantation. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Toward measurements of total cross sections for positrons and electrons scattered by potassium and rubidium atoms.

We have attempted to measure total cross sections (${\mathit{Q}}_{\mathit{T}}$'s) for positrons and electrons scattered by potassium and rubidium atoms in the energy range 1--102 eV using a beam-transmission technique. The measurements are subject to increasing errors as the projectile energy is reduced below 20 eV due to the incomplete discrimination of our apparatus against projectiles scattered through small angles. Our measured positron-K and -Rb ${\mathit{Q}}_{\mathit{T}}$'s each show a peak in the vicinity of 6 eV and decrease substantially as the positron energy is reduced below 6 eV. The observed peaks may be artifacts due to the incomplete-discrimination problems referred to above, but careful consideration of those problems does not resolve the marked discrepancies between our low-energy positron-Rb results and those obtained in recent five-state close-coupling-approximation calculations.
Mice deficient in brain-derived neurotrophic factor have altered development of gastric vagal sensory innervation.

Vagal sensory neurons are dependent on neurotrophins for survival during development. Here, the contribution of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to survival and other aspects of gastric vagal afferent development was investigated. Postmortem anterograde tracing with 1, 1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbo-cyanine perchlorate (DiI) was used to selectively label vagal projections to the stomach on postnatal day (P)0, 3, 4, and 6 in wild types and heterozygous or homozygous BDNF mutants. Sampling sites distributed throughout the ventral stomach wall were scanned with a confocal microscope and vagal axon bundles, single axons, putative mechanoreceptor precursors (intraganglionic laminar endings, IGLEs; intramuscular arrays, IMAs) and efferent terminals were quantified. Also, myenteric neurons, which are innervated by IGLEs, were stained with cuprolinic blue and counted. Quantitative comparisons across wild-type stomach compartments demonstrated that the adult distribution of IMAs was not present at P0, but began to form by P3-6. Of all the quantified elements, at P0, only IGLE density was significantly different in homozygous mutants as compared to wild types, exhibiting a 50% reduction. Also, antrum innervation appeared disorganized, and some putative IMA precursors had truncated telodendria. At P3-6, the effect on IGLEs had recovered, the disorganization of antrum innervation had partially recovered, and some IMA telodendria were still truncated. The present results suggest gastric IGLEs are among the vagal sensory neurons dependent on BDNF for survival, or axon guidance. Alternatively, BDNF deficiency may delay gastric IGLE development. Also, BDNF may contribute to IMA differentiation, and patterning of antral vagal innervation.
A Method of Raising Clones of the Hydroid Phialidium gregarium (A. Agassiz, 1862) in the Laboratory

The hydroid Phialidium gregarium can be successfully cultured to sexual maturity at any time of the year and maintained for years in a closed system marine aquarium. Artificial sea water was used in place of natural sea water and was renewed by one-quarter of its volume each 4 weeks, Freshly hatched Artemia nauplii were used as the sole food source. Methods for obtaining colonies of a single genotype from planulae are described. Subculturing pieces from parental stock is accomplished by a new method. A new technique for removing hydroid colonies from their substrate for histological study is described.
Suppression of interictal bursting in hippocampus unleashes seizures in entorhinal cortex: a proepileptic effect of lowering [K+]0 and raising [Ca2+]0

The relation between interictal bursts (IIBs) and seizures in epilepsy is obscure. Results from some human and animal studies suggest that IIBs may actually suppress seizure activity. This appears particularly true in the zero magnesium in vitro seizure model. Here we provide new evidence in support of this and new insight into the mechanisms of seizure suppression in this model. Brain slices containing hippocampus and entorhinal cortex were bathed in zero magnesium medium. Electrographic seizures appeared, then were replaced by IIBs. Upon lowering [K+]o and raising [Ca2+]o the IIBs disappeared and the seizures reappeared. Repeated stimuli mimicking IIBs then suppressed seizures again. Selective knife cuts revealed that the IIBs originated in the hippocampus (area CA3) whereas the seizures originated in entorhinal cortex. These results confirm that IIBs suppress seizures in the zero magnesium model. They also show that an important aspect of the interaction between IIBs and seizures in this model is the anatomical segregation of their respective sites of origin. This may apply in other models and in human epilepsy as well. Finally, these results illustrate that one consequence of the anatomical segregation and mutual interaction of IIBs and seizures is that influences which are locally pro- or antiepileptic can have opposite effects in a broader region.
Social behavior of offspring following prenatal cocaine exposure in rodents: a comparison with prenatal alcohol.

Clinical and experimental reports suggest that prenatal cocaine exposure(PCE)alters the offsprings’ social interactions with caregivers and conspecifics. Children exposed to prenatal cocaine show deficits in caregiver attachment and play behavior. In animal models,a developmental pattern of effects that range from deficits in play and social interaction during adolescence, to aggressive reactions during competition in adulthood is seen. This review will focus primarily on the effects of PCE on social behaviors involving conspecifics in animal models. Social relationships are critical to the developing organism; maternally-directed interactions are necessary for initial survival. Juvenile rats deprived of play behavior, one of the earliest forms of non-mother directed social behaviors in rodents, show deficits in learning tasks and sexual competence. Social behavior is inherently conmplex. Because the emergence of appropriate social skills involves the interplay between various conceptual and biological facets of behavior and social information, it may be a particularly sensitive measure of prenatal insult. The social behavior surveyed include social interactions, play behavior/fighting, scent marking and aggressive behavior in the offspring, as well as aspects of maternal behavior. The goal is to determine if there is a consensus of results in the literature with respect to PCE and social behaviors, and to discuss discrepant findings in terms of exposure models, the paradigms and dependent variables, as well as housing conditions, and the sex and age of the offspring at testing. As there is increasing evidence that deficits in social behavior may be sequelae of developmental exposure alcohol, we compare changes in social behaviors reported for prenatal alcohol with those reported for prenatal cocaine. Shortcomings in the both literatures are identified and addressed in an effort to improve the translational value of future experimentation.
Some Visual Functions of a Unilaterally Color-Blind Person. II. Binocular Brightness Matches in Various Spectral Regions*

Binocular brightness matches in eight spectral regions, ranging from one having a spectral centroid at 452 mμ to one with a spectral centroid at 681 mμ, were determined for a unilaterally dichromatic subject, a young woman with normal color vision in one eye and basically deuteranopic vision in the other. The measurements were made at photopic luminance levels by means of a polarization photometer in which the field of view of each eye subtended 1.8°.For a report of apparent equality of brightness of the two test fields, the luminance requirements for the field seen by the subject’s color-blind eye exceed those for the field viewed by her normal eye in all but the red spectral regions. The luminance loss varies with wavelength; it is greatest in the green, less in the blue, and even less in the yellow. These selective spectral luminosity losses are maintained over a luminance range of approximately 2.5 log millilamberts. These data confirm earlier findings on selective luminosity losses at threshold for this subject’s deuteranopic eye.
FORCES AND MOTIONS OF A FLEXIBLE FLOATING BARRIER

The problem of determining the motions, the structural and the hydrodynamic forces on a flexible, floating barrier are considered. Such barriers are frequently used as containment devices for floating liquid pollutants such as oil. Local hydrodynamic forces on a barrier are approximated by those for a straight barrier at angles to the waves and current equal to those of the local section. This affords a simplification in the theory that allows a solution in closed form to the nonlinear problem of a barrier in a current and a numerical solutions for the linearized problem of a barrier in waves. These problems are treated additively inasmuch as the interaction effects between waves and currents on a barrier are not yet known. The degree to which the barrier follows the fluid particle motion in waves is known to be particularly important. Poor following not only leads to degradation of the barrier as a containment device, but also results in enormous forces on the barrier. Application of the method of solutions for barriers to the case of a towed cable in waves is discussed. Previously unpublished force coefficients for a two-dimensional flat plate are given.
Catalytic asymmetric reductive amination of ketones via highly enantioselective hydrogenation of the CN double bond

Abstract We describe a convenient, chemoselective asymmetric reductive amination procedure for the conversion of ketones to chiral hydrazines and amines. The key step in the three-step process is enantioselective DuPHOS-Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation of the CN double bond of N-acylhydrazones. Detailed optimization studies revealed the effect of solvent, temperature, and the N-acyl group on the enantioselectivity and catalytic efficiency of the reaction. The reduction products, N-acylhydrazines, were converted to hydrazines or amines through hydrolysis or treatment with samarium(II) iodide, respectively.
The partial spectator in the Wealth of Nations: A robust utilitarianism

Abstract The partial spectator provides an important component of Wealth of Nations akin to the public choice theory of rational ignorance. Berkeley's Theory of Vision, which gives an account of how individuals learn to perceive physical distance, provides vital background to Smith's theory of how individuals learn to perceive other sorts of distance. The partial spectator motivates a norm where judgment hinges on the imputed well‐being of the median individual of society, not the mean of classical utilitarianism. The focus on the median individual allows Smith to answer the question of what constrains the judgments of spectators to accord with the facts of common morality.
Abstract Cauchy problems that involve a product of two Euler-Poisson-Darboux operators

Abstract Let X be a Banach space, let B be the generator of a continuous group in X , and let A = B 2 . Assume that D ( A r ) is dense in X for r an arbitrarily large positive integer and that a and b are non-negative reals. Solution representations are developed for the abstract differential equation (D 2 t + b t D t − A) · (D 2 t + a t D t − A) u(t) = 0, t > 0 corresponding to initial conditions of the form: (i) u (0+) = φ , u ( j ) (0+) = 0, j = 1, 2, 3 and (ii) u 2 (0+) = φ , u j (0+) = 0, j = 0, 1, 3 (with φ ∈ D ( A r )) for all choices of a and b .
Ethics Failures in Corporate Financial Reporting

Fraudulent financial reporting, financial statements with errors so material as to require restatement, and biased reporting marred by defects such as managed earnings have plagued financial reporting in many countries in recent years. All of those failures are ethics failures that represent breaches of fiduciary duties by individuals who accepted responsibilities but did not fulfill them. The financial reporting system practiced in America is viewed by the parties involved in it as generally satisfactory. However, according to another view, the interests of those primarily and secondarily responsible for those reports conflict with the interests of the intended beneficiaries, or users, of the corporate financial statements. A more realistic view of the actual operation of that reporting system shows that it is fundamentally flawed. Primary responsibility for failures rests with top management and financial management of the reporting corporation who are so strongly motivated to render favorable reports on their stewardship that they neglect their fiduciary responsibilities to investors. Secondary responsibility falls on ‘independent’ auditors who are so heavily influenced by enterprise management that they, too, fail in carrying out their responsibilities to users of the audited financial statements. Ethics compromises are also found in the performances of academic accountants and members of accounting standards-setting bodies. The conflict between management’s interest in reporting its performance in a favorable light and investors’ interest in decision-useful financial information will always exist and require regulation. However, changes in those regulations and in the basic governance arrangements involving shareholders, management, and auditors could reduce the opportunities and temptations for failures in carrying out fiduciary responsibilities. Most importantly, the close relationships between auditors and management must be loosened in favor of closer relationships between auditors and investors.
Integration of microfluidics into the synthetic biology design flow.

One goal of synthetic biology is to design and build genetic circuits in living cells for a range of applications. Major challenges in these efforts include increasing the scalability and robustness of engineered biological systems and streamlining and automating the synthetic biology workflow of specification–design–assembly–verification. We present here a summary of the advances in microfluidic technology, particularly microfluidic large scale integration, that can be used to address the challenges facing each step of the synthetic biology workflow. Microfluidic technologies allow precise control over the flow of biological content within microscale devices, and thus may provide more reliable and scalable construction of synthetic biological systems. The integration of microfluidics and synthetic biology has the capability to produce rapid prototyping platforms for characterization of genetic devices, testing of biotherapeutics, and development of biosensors.
Effects of intraoperative hyperthermia on canine sciatic nerve: histopathologic and morphometric studies

Failure to achieve local control in the treatment of pelvic and retroperitoneal tumours results in a high rate of recurrences. The objective of intraoperative hyperthermia (IOHT) is to enhance the effect of intraoperative radiation therapy and to increase local tumour control. The tolerance of peripheral nerves to heat may limit the heat dose that can be applied to tumours. Histopathologic and histomorphometric changes of canine sciatic nerve after 60-min IOHT were studied in three groups of five dogs each for temperatures of 43, 44 and 45 degrees C. IOHT was performed using a water-circulating hyperthermia device with a multichannel thermometry system on surgically exposed sciatic nerve. Histopathologic and histomorphometric studies were done immediately, 3 weeks and 12 months after IOHT. Histologic changes observed immediately after treatment were minimal but at 3 weeks following 60-min 45 degrees C IOHT both axon and myelin loss and an increase in endoneurial fibrous tissue were observed. Twelve months after treatment a statistically significant decrease in axon, myelin and small vessel percentages as well as an increase in endoneurial and epineural connective tissue were observed for dog treated to 45 degrees C. Dog treated to 44 degrees C for 60 min had similar statistically significant but less severe changes. Twelve months after 43 degrees C IOHT for 60 min, nerve fibres appeared normal and endoneurial connective tissue was only increased mildly around small and medium-sized vessels. These results suggest that temperatures to the peripheral nerve > 44 degrees C for 60 min are likely to cause significant histopathologic changes that can be found 12 months after treatment. A hypothesis of the mechanism of heat injury to peripheral nerves was developed.
Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and Capuchin Monkeys (Cebus apella) Remember Future Responses in a Computerized Task

Planning is an important aspect of many daily activities for humans. Planning involves forming a strategy in anticipation of a future need. However, evidence that nonhuman animals can plan for future situations is limited, particularly in relation to the many other kinds of cognitive capacities that they appear to share with humans. One critical aspect of planning is the ability to remember future responses, or what is called prospective coding. Two monkey species performed a series of computerized tasks that required encoding a future response at the outset of each trial. Monkeys of both species showed competence in all tests that were given, providing evidence that they anticipated future responses, and that they appropriately engaged in those responses when the time was right for such responses. In addition, some tests demonstrated that monkeys even remembered future responses that were not as presently motivating as were other aspects of the task environment. These results indicated that monkeys can anticipate future responses and retain and implement those responses when appropriate.
Latino Immigrants and the U.S. Racial Order How and Where Do They Fit In

How do Latino immigrants in the United States understand existing racial categories? And how does the existing U.S. racial order influence this understanding? Using data from the New Immigrant Survey (NIS), our analysis points to changes in how the U.S. racial order might operate in the future. We find that most Latino immigrants recognize the advantages of a White racial designation when asked to self-identify, but wider society is not often accepting of this White expansion. Our findings suggest that relatively darker-skinned Latino immigrants experience skin-color-based discrimination in the realm of annual income. Furthermore, Latinos who are most integrated into the United States are the most likely to opt out of the existing U.S. racial categorization scheme. We predict that a racial boundary is forming around some Latino immigrants: those with darker skin and those who have more experience in the U.S. racial stratification system.
Data compression issues in automatic target recognition and the measuring of distortion

Automatic target recognition (ATR) functionality clearly relies in some way on its knowledge of what the objects and classes of interest look like. The ‘‘comparison’’ of this knowledge to the current information on a new object determines the results of the recognition process. If the new object information or the original training knowledge base is distorted by compression or other means, there is a high potential for degraded ATR performance. The effect is clear for ATR because a consistent signature, assuming of course the signature is a ‘‘good’’ one, helps the ATR, where an inconsistent signature has detrimental performance effects. Lossy compression methods vary significantly as to the type and amount of distortion they introduce. We show the distortion comparison of 15 contractor/industry methods on 8 and 12 bit data sets quantitatively over varying ranges of compression and make obvious the compression methods that distort the target spatial signature and those that tend to minimize this distortion.
Transmembrane Domain of Myelin Protein Zero Can Form Dimers: Possible Implications for Myelin Construction†

Myelin protein zero (MPZ) is the major integral membrane protein of peripheral nerve myelin in higher vertebrates, mediating homoadhesion of the multiple, spiraling wraps of the myelin sheath. Previous studies have shown that full-length MPZ can form dimers and tetramers, and biochemical studies on the extracellular domain (ECD) indicate that it can form a tetramer, albeit very weakly. On the basis of cross-linking studies and equilibrium sedimentation of a transmembrane (TM) domain peptide (MPZ-TM), we find that the MPZ-TM can form homodimers. We further characterized the dimer by measuring the effects of alanine and leucine substitutions on the ability of the TM to dimerize in Escherichia coli membranes. Our results indicate that the primary packing interface for the MPZ TM homodimer is a glycine zipper (GxxxGxxxG) motif. We also find that the G134R mutation, which lies within the glycine zipper packing interface and causes Charcot−Marie−Tooth disease type 1B, severely inhibits dimerization, suggesting ...
Combinatorial Lead Optimization of [1,2]-Diamines Based on Ethambutol as Potential Antituberculosis Preclinical Candidates

Despite relatively modest potency, ethambutol (EMB, (S,S)-[N,N-di-2-amino-1-butanol]ethylenediamine) is a mainstay of contemporary chemotherapy for the treatment of tuberculosis. We have developed a solid-phase synthesis of 1,2-diamine analogues of EMB using a novel acylation−reduction sequence that is compatible with high-throughput 96-well format chemistry. Using this procedure, we have synthesized 63 238 diamine analogues in pools of 10 that are suitable for testing. MIC and a target-based reporter assay were used to direct deconvolution of 2796 individual compounds from these mixtures, and the 69 most potent molecules were resynthesized in milligram quantities for hit confirmation. Purification of these individual active diamine analogues allowed the identification of 26 compounds with activity equal to or greater than EMB. Amines which occurred most frequently in active compounds included many with large hydrophobic moieties, suggesting that optimization was perhaps selecting for the isoprenoid bindi...
Aminoglycoside Modifying Enzymes

Aminoglycosides have been an essential component of the armamentarium in the treatment of life-threatening infections. Unfortunately, their efficacy has been reduced by the surge and dissemination of resistance. In some cases the levels of resistance reached the point that rendered them virtually useless. Among many known mechanisms of resistance to aminoglycosides, enzymatic modification is the most prevalent in the clinical setting. Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes catalyze the modification at different -OH or -NH₂ groups of the 2-deoxystreptamine nucleus or the sugar moieties and can be nucleotidyltransferases, phosphotransferases, or acetyltransferases. The number of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes identified to date as well as the genetic environments where the coding genes are located is impressive and there is virtually no bacteria that is unable to support enzymatic resistance to aminoglycosides. Aside from the development of new aminoglycosides refractory to as many as possible modifying enzymes there are currently two main strategies being pursued to overcome the action of aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Their successful development would extend the useful life of existing antibiotics that have proven effective in the treatment of infections. These strategies consist of the development of inhibitors of the enzymatic action or of the expression of the modifying enzymes.