cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of 203Hg in pregnant and fetal rats

The distribution of mercury was studied in pregnant and fetal rats after administration at days 11, 13, and 19 of pregnancy. Methyl-203Hg-chloride was used as a tracer to determine amounts of mercury in brain, kidneys, liver, heart, placenta, and whole fetus. The fetal brain was shown to accumulate 19 times more of the amount in the fetus than did the maternal brain the amount in the pregnant female. In addition, the fetal brain concentration was 3.4 times higher than the maternal brain concentration. Clearance studies showed that the organ concentrations were variable with little change occurring in maternal brain and fetus. These results are consistent with sensitivity to mercury damage being greater in the fetal than the maternal brain.
A Cortico-Cerebellar Model that Learns to Generate Distributed Motor Commands to Control a Kinematic Arm

A neurophysiologically-based model is presented that controls a simulated kinematic arm during goal-directed reaches. The network generates a quasi-feedforward motor command that is learned using training signals generated by corrective movements. For each target, the network selects and sets the output of a subset of pattern generators. During the movement, feedback from proprioceptors turns off the pattern generators. The task facing individual pattern generators is to recognize when the arm reaches the target and to turn off. A distributed representation of the motor command that resembles population vectors seen in vivo was produced naturally by these simulations.
The Significance of the Poetic in Early Childhood Education: Stanley Cavell and Lucy Sprague Mitchell on Language Learning

This paper begins with a discussion of Stanley Cavell’s philosophy of language learning. Young people learn more than the meaning of words when acquiring language: they learn about (the quality of) our form of life. If we—as early childhood educators—see language teaching as something like handing some inert thing to a child, then we unduly limit the possibilities of education for that child. Cavell argues that we must become poets if we are to be the type of representatives of language that education calls for. In the final section of the paper I discuss the work of Lucy Sprague Mitchell, someone who developed an approach to language teaching that overlaps in interesting ways with Cavell’s approach in The Claim of Reason.
Contact and Adhesion of Curved Rough Surfaces With Application to MEMS

Contact, adhesion and stick-slip are major detrimental factors in the performance of micro electromechanical systems (MEMS). One method to reduce adhesion may be the incorporation of tailored rough surfaces, as suggested by the classical experiments of Fuller and Tabor some 3 decades ago. However, before embarking on a costly experimental approach, it is important to quantitatively assess the possible reduction in adhesion through such tailored surfaces. Past analysis has generally been confined to the adhesion of flat surfaces with a random roughness profile, or to Hertzian contact (without adhesion) of a cylindrical surface with a sinusoidal surface profile. In this work, we extend the analysis to the adhesion of cylindrical surfaces with any arbitrary roughness profile. The application may, for example, be in the contact of MEMS gears. The load-displacement and contact area profiles provide both qualitative and quantitative insight on how rough curved surfaces interact under adhesion conditions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Long pathlength, three-dimensional absorbance microchip.

Abstract A long pathlength, three-dimensional U-type flow cell was microfabricated and evaluated for improved absorbance detection on a glass microdevice. A small diameter hole (75 μm) was laser etched in a thin glass substrate whose thickness (100 μm) defined much of the pathlength of the cell. This substrate was thermally bonded and sandwiched between two different glass substrates. The top substrate contained a typical injection cross and separation microchannel. Projecting out of the plane of the separation device was a 126 μm pathlength flow cell as defined by the laser etched hole and the attached microchannels. The flow cell was connected to a microchannel on the bottom substrate that led to a waste reservoir. The planar, flat windows on the top and bottom of this device made light introduction and collection a simple matter using a light emitting diode (LED) and microscope objective. The experimentally obtained detection limit for rhodamine B was determined to be 0.95 μM, which is nearly identical to the theoretical limit calculated by Beer's Law. A separation of three fluorescent dyes was performed, and direct comparisons were made between the transmittance changes through the narrow pathlength separation microchannel and the adjacent long pathlength, three-dimensional U-type flow cell.
Five Latent Factors Underlying Schizophrenia: Analysis and Relationship to Illnesses in Relatives

Clinical signs and symptoms in a sample of 1,043 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were subjected to latent class factor analysis. Positive, negative, disorganized, and affective factors were similar in content to factors described in a number of other studies, while a fifth factor representing early onset/developmental signs provided a new area for investigation. The five sets of factor scores were logistically regressed on psychiatric illness indicators in first and second degree relatives. Relatives of probands with higher positive or negative symptom factor scores had a lower risk of depressive illness. Higher affective factor scores in probands predicted more mania and depression in relatives. Both the disorganized and the early onset/developmental factors were related to increased risk of psychiatric hospitalization in relatives, as well as increased risk of psychosis (marginally so for the disorganization factor). Increased early onset/developmental signs in the proband were also associated with increased risk for depression in relatives. These findings suggest a possible endophenotypic role for the factor scores in future studies.
Discovering and ranking semantic associations over a Large RDF metabase

Information retrieval over semantic metadata has recently received a great amount of interest in both industry and academia. In particular, discovering complex and meaningful relationships among this data is becoming an active research topic. Just as ranking of documents is a critical component of today's search engines, the ranking of relationships will be essential in tomorrow's semantic analytics engines. Building upon our recent work on specifying these semantic relationships, which we refer to as Semantic Associations, we demonstrate a system where these associations are discovered among a large semantic metabase represented in RDF. Additionally we employ ranking techniques to provide users with the most interesting and relevant results.
Use of sexual intercourse to reduce negative affect as a prospective mediator of sexual revictimization

Increased risk of adult sexual assault (ASA) among women who experienced child sexual abuse (CSA) is well established. The strategies these women use to reduce negative affect secondary to CSA, such as sexual contact, may mediate the link between CSA and later ASA. Two waves of data from a racially diverse sample (i.e., 46% Black, 46.1% White, 7.9% other) of community women (N = 776) were analyzed using structural equation modeling. A history of CSA was associated with a twofold increase in the likelihood of experiencing ASA between the two measurement occasions (approximately 6 years). Psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety) and use of sex to reduce negative affect partially mediated the relation between CSA and prospective ASA. Implications for the treatment of CSA and prevention of sexual assault are discussed.
Mass spectrometry MALDI imaging of colon cancer biomarkers: a new diagnostic paradigm

Colorectal cancer (CRC), is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the USA, affecting both men and women. Current projections show little or no change since the publication of a morbidity and mortality study in 2005. The projected number of new cases for 2008 is 154,000, and the projected number of CRC cancer deaths for 2008 is 53,000. The standard diagnostic paradigm is based on histopathology of either biopsy or surgical specimens. This article suggests a new paradigm for colon cancer diagnosis and staging using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS or IMS). IMS may identify potential tumors in normal tissue of cancer patients and predict those cancer patients who are at risk for recurrent cancer.
Patterns of intermittent smoking: An analysis using Ecological Momentary Assessment

Non-daily smokers comprise a substantial proportion of US smokers, but there has been little study of their patterns of smoking, which are often assumed to reflect "social smoking." We used Ecological Momentary Assessment methods to study smoking patterns in 27 non-daily smoking adults who recorded each cigarette smoked over three weeks by leaving a voice mail message indicating their circumstances at the time of smoking. All told, 689 cigarettes were recorded over 589 person-days of observation. On average, participants smoked on 67% of days, averaging 2.1 (SD=0.91) cigarettes per day on days they smoked; 22% of all cigarettes were smoked in bouts (within an hour of another cigarette). Altogether, 19% of cigarettes were smoked when drinking alcohol and 29% when participants were socializing. Smoking patterns varied widely across participants. A pair of hierarchical cluster analyses distinguished three groups: Those who smoked primarily (81% of cigarettes) in the daytime (Early smokers; n=15, 58% of total sample), those who smoked primarily (75% of cigarettes) at night (Late smokers; n=7, 27%), and a distinct, classic "Social smoking" group (n=4, 15% of total sample), who smoked mostly at night but also primarily when socializing or drinking (86% of their cigarettes), in the evening (71% of their cigarettes), on weekends (65% of their cigarettes), and in bouts (71% of their cigarettes). Overall, results suggest that non-daily smoking patterns are quite heterogeneous, and that many non-daily smokers may not be primarily social smokers.
Anatomy, Histology, and Cytology of Normal Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract

The lungs are paired intrathoracic organs derived from the primitive foregut as ventral buds, extending into the primitive thoracic mesenchyme. The bronchial cartilage, smooth muscle, and other connective tissues are derived from this mesenchyme. The lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. The right lung has three lobes (i.e., upper, middle, and lower), whereas the left lung has two lobes (i.e., upper and lower). The lingula, a portion of the superior segment of the upper lobe, represents the middle lobe for the left lung. Each lobe is further divided into bronchopulmonary segments. The segmental lung anatomy is important in precisely designating tumor location.
Neuropeptide Y inhibits estrous behavior and stimulates feeding via separate receptors in Syrian hamsters

Central injections of neuropeptide Y (NPY) increase food intake in Syrian hamsters; however, the effect of NPY on sexual behavior in hamsters is not known nor are the receptor subtypes involved in feeding and sexual behaviors. We demonstrate that NPY inhibits lordosis duration in a dose-related fashion after lateral ventricular injection in ovariectomized, steroid-primed Syrian hamsters. Under the same conditions, we compared the effect of two receptor-differentiating agonists derived from peptide YY (PYY), PYY-(3-36) and [Leu(31),Pro(34)]PYY, on lordosis duration and food intake. PYY-(3-36) produced a 91% reduction in lordosis duration at 0.24 nmol. [Leu(31),Pro(34)]PYY was less potent, producing a reduction in lordosis duration (66%) only at 2.4 nmol. These results suggest NPY effects on estrous behavior are principally mediated by Y2 receptors. PYY-(3-36) and [Leu(31),Pro(34)]PYY stimulated comparable dose-related increases in total food intake (2 h), suggesting Y5 receptors are involved in feeding. The significance of different NPY receptor subtypes controlling estrous and feeding behavior is highlighted by results on expression of Fos immunoreactivity (Fos-IR) elicited by either PYY-(3-36) or [Leu(31),Pro(34)]PYY at a dose of each that differentiated between the two behaviors. Some differences were seen in the distribution of Fos-IR produced by the two peptides. Overall, however, the patterns of expression were similar. Our behavioral and anatomic results suggest that NPY-containing pathways controlling estrous and feeding behavior innervate similar nuclei, with the divergence in pathways controlling the separate behaviors characterized by linkage to different NPY receptor subtypes.
Area efficient backprojection computation with reduced floating-point word width for SAR image formation

The widths of data words in digital processors have a direct impact on area in application-specific ICs (ASICs) and FPGAs. Circuit area impacts energy dissipation per workload and chip cost. Floating-point exponent and mantissa widths are independently varied for the seven major computational blocks of an airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) engine. The circuit area in 65 nm CMOS and the PSNR and SSIM metrics are found for 572 design points. With word-width reductions of 46.9–79.7%, images with a 0.99 SSIM are created with imperceptible image quality degradation and a 1.9–11.4× area reduction.
Do the Critical Success Factors from Learning Analytics Predict Student Outcomes

This article starts with a detailed literature review of recent studies that focused on using learning analytics software or learning management system data to determine the nature of any relations...
Genomic Diversity in Modern Medicine

Disease is the product of how the genes of individuals relate to the environment. The answer to why some people will contract a disease upon exposure (e.g., tuberculosis) and others will not is found in the makeup of the genome of each individual. The human genome is the blueprint of life; it provides the recipe for the anatomy, susceptibility, and behavior of disease. With advances in the understanding of the human genome, people are seeking insights into their unique genetic makeup, and scientists are engaged in developing therapeutic treatments that are targeted to each individual's unique genetic expression. For example, drug therapies are now based on average human responses to any given medication, but the fact is that no patient is really average; each person is unique, and how that person responds to a given medication depends on his/her genes. Not only will diseases such as cancer be better differentiated, but so, too, will be the range of modern therapies that target specific diseases. Gene expression profiling will help differentiate people in relation to disease. Advances in the reduction of uncertainty about the human condition will revolutionize the practice of medicine.
Applications of diffractive optics with LED sources

The advantages and limitations of using diffractive optical elements with incoherent LED sources are discussed. Two example applications are presented in which LEDs and diffractive optics successfully interact: an efficient illumination system, and a white light color-mixing system.
Chloride Enhances Fluoride Mobility in Anion Exchange Membrane/Polycationic Systems

We have studied anion exchange membrane/polycationic systems with different percentages of fluoride and chloride as counterions by molecular dynamics simulations. We also experimentally measured the self-diffusion constant of fluoride in a diblock copolymer that has the same hydrophilic block and found satisfactory agreement with simulations within a factor of 2. At 300 K, our simulations showed that the self-diffusion constant of fluoride increases by about 70% when fluoride content decreases from 100% to 40% (and 60% Cl), and it increases by about 140% when fluoride content decreases from 100% to 10%. Increasing % Cl also slightly decreases the attraction between fluoride and the cations. We hypothesize that the root cause of the enhancement in fluoride mobility is due to the larger size of the chloride ion, which more readily loses its water solvation shells because of a lower charge/radius squared (surface electric field). This in turn frees up more water for ion transport. We believe this effect is l...
High carrier mobility in single ultrathin colloidal lead selenide nanowire field effect transistors.

Ultrathin colloidal lead selenide (PbSe) nanowires with continuous charge transport channels and tunable bandgap provide potential building blocks for solar cells and photodetectors. Here, we demonstrate a room-temperature hole mobility as high as 490 cm2/(V s) in field effect transistors incorporating single colloidal PbSe nanowires with diameters of 6–15 nm, coated with ammonium thiocyanate and a thin SiO2 layer. A long carrier diffusion length of 4.5 μm is obtained from scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM). The mobility is increased further at lower temperature, reaching 740 cm2/(V s) at 139 K.
The spleen: its structure and functions.

The spleen, made up of a capsule and trabeculae that enclose sinusoidal-rich pulp, sits at the crossroads between the vascular and reticuloendothelial systems. Not only can it store, phagocytize and destroy blood cells, but it can form new ones and initiate antibody formation.
Preserving the Seminar Experience

ABSTRACTThis article presents a new approach to online graduate education. With hopes of recruiting a larger cohort in order to preserve a graduate program struggling with low enrollment, we began offering a limited number of seats to students who would attend class in real time but from remote locations, using a videoconferencing platform. Unlike traditional asynchronous course delivery, we believed that videoconferencing would allow distance learners, with very little intervention, to enter into the give-and-take of classroom discussion and to receive instructor and student feedback in real time. We present some preliminary reflections on our initial experiences with this mode of course delivery and review the data collected from a survey distributed to students enrolled in these courses. We argue that these findings suggest this model serves as an effective hybrid option for distance learners that may help to preserve the traditional graduate seminar for programs across a variety of disciplines.
Comprehensive Evaluation of 500 kV Transmission Line Lightning Protection Effect Based on Improved Analytic Hierarchy Process

For improving the lightning protection of transmission lines, we proposed a method to assess lightning protection modifications of 500 kV transmission lines. The method is based on the improved analytic hierarchy process(IAHP) and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method(FCEM). According to an assessment process of ‘primary selection-optimization-verification', several typical lightning protection measures are analyzed from economic and technical aspects. It is concluded that the measures are effective, and a primary selection of modification programs is obtained. Then, taken the relationship between objectives and guidelines into consideration, the relative weight of these measures to the target is calculated using IAHP. On this basis, all the programs are assessed using FCEM, and their relative membership degrees are derived from the evaluation factor matrix, which finally confirms the evaluated level of the protection measures. The results indicate that, we can obtain the evaluation weights of lightning protection measures quickly and accurately by using IAHP, and then classify the measures into different levels using FCEM, while the effect of these measures can be directly observed. A modification on a typical 500 kV transmission line is assessed using the proposed method, and the results fit the real statistical data well.
Harm of bed bug and its controlling efficacy

Objective To investigate distribution of bed bug and control its harm.Methods Visual measurement,hot smoke and indoor residual spray.Results The second processing was carried on after using d-cyphenothrin 10 mg ai/m3 for 14 days.Indoor residual spray was processed using beta-cypermethrin 25~30 mg ai/m2.The two methods both could control harm of bed bug effectively.Conclusion Bed bug was invasive.It's distribution approached blood.Indoor residual spray or hot smoke using beta-cypermethrin and d-cyphenothrin both could control its harm.
Distribution in the Long and Short Run

The object of long-run theories of distribution, which is almost the only kind we have, is to explain the slow trend behaviour of the shares of wages and property income (‘profits’ for short) in the national product. It used to be thought that the long-run trend was adequately described by Bowley’s Law of constant relative shares. More recent statistical work has suggested that, in the United States at least, the share of wages has been increasing slowly at the expense of profits.1 Whatever one believes about these complicated facts, they are what the theory is supposed to explain.
The Zwicky Transient Facility Camera

The Zwicky Transient Facility Camera (ZTFC) is a key element of the ZTF Observing System, the integrated system of optoelectromechanical instrumentation tasked to acquire the wide-field, high-cadence time-domain astronomical data at the heart of the Zwicky Transient Facility. The ZTFC consists of a compact cryostat with large vacuum window protecting a mosaic of 16 large, wafer-scale science CCDs and 4 smaller guide/focus CCDs, a sophisticated vacuum interface board which carries data as electrical signals out of the cryostat, an electromechanical window frame for securing externally inserted optical filter selections, and associated cryo-thermal/vacuum system support elements. The ZTFC provides an instantaneous 47 deg^2 field of view, limited by primary mirror vignetting in its Schmidt telescope prime focus configuration. We report here on the design and performance of the ZTF CCD camera cryostat and report results from extensive Joule-Thompson cryocooler tests that may be of broad interest to the instrumentation community.
Fire in Eastern Hardwood Forests through 14,000 Years

Fire helped shape the structure and species composition of hardwood forests of the eastern United States over the past 14,000 years. Periodic fires were common in much of this area prior to European settlement, and fire-resilient species proliferated. Early European settlers commonly adopted Native American techniques of applying fire to the landscape. As the demand for wood products increased, large cutover areas were burned, sometimes leading to catastrophic fires and subsequent early successional habitats. By the early 1900s, these catastrophic fires resulted in political pressure leading to policies that severely restricted the use of fire. Fire suppression continued through the twentieth century due to an emphasis on commodity production and under-appreciation of the ecological role of fire. Without fire, fire-sensitive species were able to successfully outcompete fire-adapted species such as oak and pine while early successional habitats matured into older and more homogeneous forests. In the late twentieth century, land managers began reintroducing fire for ecosystem restoration, wildlife habitat improvement, hazardous fuel reduction, and forest regeneration. Responsible expanded use of ­prescribed fire and other management tools in the region could help mitigate past actions by increasing the amount and distribution of early successional habitats, plant and animal diversity, and landscape heterogeneity.
Benthic storms, nepheloid layers, and linkage with upper ocean dynamics in the western North Atlantic

Abstract Benthic storms are episodic periods of strong abyssal currents and intense, benthic nepheloid (turbid) layer development. In order to interpret the driving forces that create and sustain these storms, we synthesize measurements of deep ocean currents, nephelometer-based particulate matter (PM) concentrations, and seafloor time-series photographs collected during several science programs that spanned two decades in the western North Atlantic. Benthic storms occurred in areas with high sea-surface eddy kinetic energy, and they most frequently occurred beneath the meandering Gulf Stream or its associated rings, which generate deep cyclones, anticyclones, and/or topographic waves; these create currents with sufficient bed-shear stress to erode and resuspend sediment, thus initiating or enhancing benthic storms. Occasionally, strong currents do not correspond with large increases in PM concentrations, suggesting that easily erodible sediment was previously swept away. Periods of moderate to low currents associated with high PM concentrations are also observed; these are interpreted as advection of PM delivered as storm tails from distal storm events. Outside of areas with high surface and deep eddy kinetic energy, benthic nepheloid layers are weak to non-existent, indicating that benthic storms are necessary to create and maintain strong nepheloid layers. Origins and intensities of benthic storms are best identified using a combination of time-series measurements of bottom currents, PM concentration, and bottom photographs, and these should be coupled with water-column and surface-circulation data to better interpret the specific relations between shallow and deep circulation patterns. Understanding the generation of benthic nepheloid layers is necessary in order to properly interpret PM distribution and its influence on global biogeochemistry.
Neuroscience, Joy, and the Well-Infant Visit That Got Me Thinking

This essay is the narrative of a seemingly routine well-infant visit and the joyful bond that unites mother and infant and is at the forefront of early infant brain development. An incredible story unfolds. Through this short discourse, I hope to offer a glimmer of insight into the very meaning of being human while encouraging the family physician to foster the mother-infant bond. I explore emerging implications in child mental health, ADHD and ASD; how even during brief interactions of the well-infant and postpartum visits, family physicians can impact the mental development of their little patients in a meaningful way.
Phase transitions in nuclear physics

A critical overview of the low energy phase transitions in nuclei is presented with particular attention to the 2nd (1st) order pairing phase transitions, and to the 1st order liquid-vapor phase transition. The role of fluctuations in washing out these transitions is discussed and illustrated with examples. A robust indicator of phase coexistence in multifragmentation is presented.
PREFMD: a web server for protein structure refinement via molecular dynamics simulations

Summary Refinement of protein structure models is a long-standing problem in structural bioinformatics. Molecular dynamics-based methods have emerged as an avenue to achieve consistent refinement. The PREFMD web server implements an optimized protocol based on the method successfully tested in CASP11. Validation with recent CASP refinement targets shows consistent and more significant improvement in global structure accuracy over other state-of-the-art servers. Availability and implementation PREFMD is freely available as a web server at http://feiglab.org/prefmd. Scripts for running PREFMD as a stand-alone package are available at https://github.com/feiglab/prefmd.git. Contact feig@msu.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Meta-analyses of surfactant replacement therapy of infants with birth weights less than 2000 grams.

OBJECTIVES We conducted a meta-analysis of surfactant replacement therapy to determine (1) the efficacy of surfactant therapy in the reduction of short-term morbidity and long-term outcome in terms of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and mortality; (2) whether there are differences in efficacy between modified natural surfactant and synthetic surfactant; (3) the effectiveness of prophylactic surfactant therapy; and (4) whether there are differences in efficacy between the prophylactic approach and the rescue strategy. STUDY DESIGN We included studies in which infants with birth weights between 500 and 1500 gm were eligible. Studies were grouped into the following categories: (1) rescue therapy with modified natural surfactant; (2) rescue therapy with synthetic surfactant; (3) prophylaxis with modified natural surfactant; (4) prophylaxis with synthetic surfactant; (5) prophylaxis versus rescue studies; (6) modified natural surfactant versus Exosurf (Burroughs-Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC) studies. The relative risk ratios, corrected for study size, were calculated for the outcome variables (pneumothorax, incidence of BPD, survival, survival without BPD, prevention of hyaline membrane disease [HMD], and intraventricular hemorrhage [IVH]). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Surfactant therapy is efficacious in reducing the risk for pneumothorax and increasing the chance for survival without BPD. Synthetic surfactant is not efficacious in the prevention of HMD. Modified natural surfactant is more effective in reducing the risk of pneumothorax and increasing the chance for survival without BPD than is synthetic surfactant. These data do not support the use of either synthetic or modified natural surfactant for routine prophylaxis.
Operationalizing heuristics: some AI methods for assisting AI programming

Machine-aided heuristic programming is a paradigm for incorporating domain knowledge In Intelligent task performance programs. In this paradigm, a system interactively assimilates a natural language description of the task advice on how to perform it, and definitions of the domain concepts in terms of which the advice is expressed. This system translates this input into an internal representation, operationalizes the assimilated knowledge to make it effective, integrates different pieces of advice, and applies them to the performance of the task. A typed applicative LISP-like language is used for the internal representation of domain knowledge. Operationally Ion la defined in terms of transforming well-defined but non-effective expressions Into effectively executable ones. Several techniques for performing this process mechanically are presented and applied to an example drawn from the domain of the card game Hearts. A system to operationalize Hearts advice is currently being implemented in an Instantiation of the advocated paradigm.
Just-in-time coding of the problem list in a clinical environment.

Abstract Clinically useful problem lists are essential to the CPR. Providing a terminology that is standardized and understood by all clinicians is a major challenge. UNMC has developed a lexicon to support their problem list. Using a just-in-time coding strategy, the lexicon is maintained and extended prospectively in a dynamic clinical environment. The terms in the lexicon are mapped to ICD-9-CM, NANDA, and SNOMED International classification schemes. Currently, the lexicon contains 12,000 terms. This process of development and maintenance of the lexicon is described.
Online Consumer Behavior

Consumers perform various behaviors online. In this entry, we apply the 4Cs (connect, create, consume, and control) model of higher order goals consumers may pursue online to examine several important research questions related to what motivates consumers' online behaviors and what insights marketers can gather to promote their business. Consumers may go online to connect with their family and friends (e.g., checking and sharing status updates on Facebook), create content (e.g., posting YouTube videos), consume content created by others (e.g., reading product reviews), and finally, consumers may exercise control over their online self-presentation (e.g., adjusting online profile or privacy settings). These four goals are not mutually exclusive, as one behavior could fulfill more than one goal. For each primary goal, we define how it relates to consumers' online behaviors, describe some of the most important ways it has been examined in the literature, and then conclude with ideas for future research. Keywords: advertising; content consumption; content creation; cognition; consumer behavior; control; privacy
Intersectional Advocacy and Policymaking Across US States

How are intersectional identities represented in politics? Using an original survey of 204 advocacy groups in 14 US states, this research considers how state legislative and lobbying conditions shape interest groups’ inclusion of intersectional issues on their policy agendas. Several aspects of state legislative environments, including the proportion of women in the state legislature and levels of legislative professionalism, affect the diversity of groups’ policy agendas, whereas aggregate measures of lobbying context have surprisingly little effect. A case study of Colorado’s 2011–2012 legislative agenda supplements these findings by considering the extent to which advocacy groups were able to promote intersectional policies within state government. This descriptive analysis shows that intersectionality was represented within Colorado’s legislative agenda but that many intersectional bills died over the course of the policymaking process. Though advocacy groups seem to play a key agenda-setting role within state legislative spaces, their work may not immediately produce laws that employ an intersectional framework in their purpose and implementation.
Mechanisms of Black-White disparities in health among older adults: Examining discrimination and personality.

We tested whether personality traits help explain the association between discrimination and racial health disparities in a sample of 1033 Black and White older adults. Participants completed measu...
Fundamentals of assay development and validation

Abstract An assay is the analytical tool by which a biomarker or a molecular entity can be detected and its concentration can be measured. Assay validation serves as an objective proof that the assay is functioning as intended for its purpose. Assay analytical performance characteristics is not one size that fits all but should reflect the balance between technical complexity and the impact of a biomarker result on medical decision. No assay is perfect, that is, 100% sensitive, 100% specific, 100% precise, and 100% accurate, but each assay has a certain amount of default error, which is known as total analytical error (TAE). We recommend to budget TEa upfront considering regulatory and clinical expectations from the lab test, but if infeasible to predict, TEa can be deduced from the assay validation data, and then see if the amount of error can be tolerated for a particular purpose. Fit-for-purpose assay validation has surfaced over the past two decades with the intent to facilitate clinical research, but, unfortunately, the concept has been overly misused.
An Efficacy Study of a Ninth-Grade Early Warning Indicator Intervention

AbstractBuilding on previous research showing how well ninth-grade student behaviors predict on-time high school graduation, this experimental study investigates the impact of a ninth-grade interve...
Acquired port-wine stains in six pediatric patients.

Background/objectives Port-wine stains, also known as capillary malformations, are due to dermal vascular ectasia and dilation and are most commonly congenital; however, acquired port-wine stains (APWS) developing later in life have been noted in the literature, most commonly in the context of trauma. Methods/results This case series presents 6 pediatric patients with APWS who first developed lesions between ages 3 and 11 years in the absence of a traumatic or other etiologic trigger. Conclusions The epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment response of these patients are compared to what has been previously described in other cases in the literature.
Investigation of Aircrew Noise Exposure Due to The Use of The Intercom system Onboard The RCAF CH-149 Helicopter

The National Research Council (NRC) Flight Research Laboratory (FRL) conducted a series of intercom signal voltage measurements on several CH-149 aircraft at RCAF Comox CFB in March 2019. The purpose of this test campaign and reporting was to support the Department of National Defence (DND) in investigating several issues related to the intercom system such as: multiple types of squelches reported by aircrew as well as to quantify the aircrew noise exposure levels due to the use of the CH-149 intercom system. Spectral analysis of the CH-149 intercom voice signal indicated the presence of high squelch noise levels and multiple tonal frequency peaks. Different types of squelch were analyzed and similarities as well as differences were discussed. Further analysis of the voice communication signals showed that the CH-149 intercom system was the source of significant noise amplitude levels during squelch events. The CH-149 intercom system introduced an averaged A-weighted OSPL at the aircrew ear entrance location of 96.5 dB(A) during regular flight communications. During squelch events, aircrew were exposed to an averaged A-weighted OSPL at the aircrew ear entrance location of up to 112.7 dB(A). Combining the helicopter cabin background noise and intercom communication noise will provide a more realistic estimate of CH-149 aircrew noise exposure during in-flight missions. Based on this investigation, several types of squelch noise events were recorded and evaluated for the CH-149 helicopter intercom voice communication. In particular it was concluded that proper selection and use of hearing protection devices as well as mitigation of the squelch events were important factors to alleviate the auditory risk for aircrew and improve speech intelligibility during flight missions on-board the CH-149.
Establishing Trust in Microelectronics

In recent years, substantial attention has been drawn to vulnerabilities in the architectural design of microelectronics, as well as the security of their global supply chains. In reality, establishing trust in microelectronics requires broader considerations, from verification of the software leveraged to implement hardware designs, to analyzing third-party intellectual property cores, all the way to run-time design assurance and periodic device screening post-deployment. These concerns are relevant to stakeholders at all levels, from small independent design houses all the way to multi-national strategic interests. One notable example of the latter is the U.S. Department of Defense's Trusted and Assured Microelectronics (T&AM) program, which seeks assured access to state-of-the-art foundries through modern trust and assurance methods and demonstrations [1]. This talk will describe research efforts at the Georgia Tech Research Institute centered around providing assurance of FPGAs. Current research thrusts include the development of verification techniques at multiple stages of the design process, including vendor design software execution, implementation of user designs, and even the operation of the underlying physical device hardware itself. For example, to address trust in synthesis and implementation of high-level user source code, we discuss the development of canary circuits which are compiled alongside user design circuits and can be independently inspected and verified to ensure adherence to user-defined implementation rules. Additionally, we discuss one avenue for providing trust in vendor hardware devices through our development of Independent Functional Test (IFT) suites.
Normobaric intermittent hypoxic training regulates microglia phenotype and enhances phagocytic activity

The microglia are the resident immune cells in the central nerve system. In the various pathological conditions, prolonged activated microglia could deteriorate brain damage. The regulation of the ...
Does the fracture toughness of bulk metallic glasses scatter

A method is introduced to determine notch toughness of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs). Through thermoplastic replication of Si molds, unprecedented control in fabricating BMG toughness samples can be achieved and influences such as cooling rate, thermal history, residual stress, sample geometry, and notch precision are drastically reduced. For the 20 Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25 BMG samples, we measured a notch toughness of 109 ± 3 MPa m . Such a much smaller scatter than the previously reported suggests reliable properties of BMGs when thermoplastically formed.
Effects of calcium salts of palm fatty acids on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis and meta-regression

Our primary objective was to perform a meta-analysis and meta-regression to evaluate the effects of diets supplemented with calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF) compared with nonfat supplemented control diets (CON) on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows. Our secondary objective was to perform a meta-analysis to evaluate whether experimental design affects production responses to supplemental CSPF. The data set was formed from 33 peer-reviewed publications with CSPF supplemented at ≤3% diet dry matter. We analyzed the interaction between experimental design (continuous vs. change-over) and treatments (CON vs. CSPF) to evaluate whether experimental design affects responses to CSPF (Meta.1). Regardless of experimental design, we evaluated the effects of CSPF compared with CON on nutrient digestibility and production responses of lactating dairy cows by meta-analysis (Meta.2) and meta-regression (Meta.3) approaches. In Meta.1, there was no interaction between treatments and experimental design for any variable. In Meta.2, compared with CON, CSPF reduced dry matter intake [DMI, 0.56 ± 0.21 kg/d (±SE)] and milk protein content (0.05 ± 0.02 g/100 g), increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (1.60 ± 0.57 percentage units), the yields of milk (1.53 ± 0.56 kg/d), milk fat (0.04 ± 0.02 kg/d), and 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM, 1.28 ± 0.60 kg/d), and improved feed efficiency [energy corrected milk (ECM)/DMI, 0.08 kg/kg ± 0.03]. There was no effect of treatment for milk protein yield, milk fat content, body weight, body weight change, or body condition score. Compared with CON, CSPF reduced the yield of de novo milk fatty acids (FA) and increased the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA. In Meta.3, we observed that each 1-percentage-unit increase of CSPF in diet dry matter reduced DMI, increased NDF digestibility, tended to increase FA digestibility, increased the yields of milk, milk fat, and 3.5% FCM, reduced the content of milk protein, reduced the yield of de novo milk FA, and increased the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA. In conclusion, our results indicate no reason for the restrictive use of change-over designs in CSPF supplementation studies or meta-analysis. Feeding CSPF increased NDF digestibility, tended to increase FA digestibility, and increased the yields of milk, milk fat, and 3.5% FCM. Additionally, CSPF increased milk fat yield by increasing the yields of mixed and preformed milk FA.
Safety and Efficacy of Orthopedic Surgical Devices Under the FDA's Updated Premarket Notification Program

Orthopaedic surgical devices are recalled 11.5 times more when they ob- tain U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) clearance by Premarket Notification (“510(k)”) than when they are cleared via the more vigorous Pre- market Approval (“PMA”) review. Recall of implanted orthopaedic devices can be devastating for patients – especially if the device must be removed or revised. 510(k) approval is also associated with other negative outcome issues among orthopaedic devices – including outlier devices, new devices underperforming their predicate ancestors, and significant statistical risks – which are discussed in this paper. In November 2018, the FDA announced changes to 510(k) including: (1) increasing premarket expectations for device submissions, (2) implementing a “Refuse-to-Accept” policy for incomplete applications, (3) improving the consistency and thoroughness of device review, (4) eliminating the use of 510(k) for devices considered to be of higher risk (i.e., Class III devices), and (5) eliminating over 1000 devices as 510(k) legal pred- icates. This article (1) explores the recent changes to 510(k) outlined by the FDA in 2018, (2) evaluates their likely effects on the outcomes of orthopaedic devices, and (3) proposes solutions to improve those outcomes, including FDA regulatory changes, litigation changes with regard to informed consent and Daubert rulings, and Congressional actions to hold device manufacturers more accountable based upon models currently in place affecting hospitals, doctors, and nursing homes.
Preliminary Results with a Novel expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene-based Pulmonary Valved Conduit.

Abstract Background A novel polymeric pulmonary valved conduit, resistant to calcification and structural valve deterioration, may provide a more durable therapy option for the pediatric population by preventing loss of right ventricular function and increasing freedom from valve-related reintervention and mortality. Methods This was a prospective, multicenter, single-arm study evaluating safety and performance of an investigational novel ePTFE-based valve. Patients met study inclusion/exclusion criteria, had a signed informed consent, had pre- and post-operative evaluation via transthoracic echocardiography and six-month cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI). Results Seventeen patients were enrolled from 3 sites. Median age was 12 years (range, 6-17) with 52.9% male. BSA ranged from 0.82 to 1.57 m2. There has been no mortality and 100% freedom from device related reinterventions. Baseline compared to six-month cMRI (in 11 of 16 patients with available data) suggests favorable right ventricular remodeling (RVEDV 123±37 to 94±25 mL/m2) with no significant change in ejection fraction. Through current follow-up, no patient has an RVOT gradient > 20 mmHg, (mean 11.2 ± 4.3 mmHg). No evidence of worsening valvular insufficiency was observed throughout postoperative serial TTE evaluations. No pulmonary regurgitation above baseline (≤ mild) was observed. No patient developed endocarditis. No thrombus or calcification was identified. Conclusions This preliminary evaluation of a novel ePTFE-based valved conduit suggests promising valve function with no thromboembolic or infectious complications, no valve related reinterventions, no valve-related adverse events or unexpected findings, improved right ventricular volumes, and encouraging hemodynamic performance through current follow-up.
The History of Cryptococcus and Cryptococcosis

This chapter considers over a century of clinical experience to examine the encapsulated yeast Cryptococcus, to identify the highlights of its maturation in identifying, understanding, diagnosing, and managing this major emerging fungal pathogen. In the areas of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cryptococcosis, there are myriad events to report. A study conducted in 1998 demonstrated that cryptococcus could demonstrate morphological flexibility in that under certain environmental conditions the yeasts produce hyphae and spores without a mating reaction; in other words, some cryptococcal strains were found to have the ability to haploid fruit, and thus a new part of the life cycle of cryptococcus was identified. Another study introduced the rigorous methodology of comparative, randomized trials into antifungal therapy and particularly cryptococcosis. This study validated the efficacy of combination antifungal therapy for cryptococcosis, and represented a major starting point not just for cryptococcosis but also for other invasive fungal infections. This study initially provided much of the infrastructure for understanding the management of cryptococcal meningitis. The first large outbreak of cryptococcosis was associated with cows and mastitis in the 1950s, probably related to direct inoculation with contaminated fomites. The history of cryptococcosis has been dynamic and continues to evolve. From its humble beginnings as single case reports to its model system status in molecular studies for fungal pathogenesis, it has become a sophisticated complex organism for study and management.