cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
BIMSTEC-Japan Trade Cooperation and Poverty in Asia

We review the literature on the relationship between trade policy reform and poverty, and recent approaches in the numerical simulation literature to estimating the impact of alternative trade reform scenarios. The GTAP model is then used to simulate the effect of the trade cooperation among the economies of BIMSTEC and Japan on aggregate welfare and poverty in the BIMSTEC member economies. As a case study, the results of the global model simulations are then used as an input to a more detailed model of simulation model of India, which identifies nine household groups classifed by their source of income and consumption pattern. Detailed estimates of the effect of trade reform at the household level are presented for India.
Determination of Fracture Toughness Parameters for Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Alloys

The fracture toughness parameters for nine tungsten carbide cobalt alloys has been determined. These alloys range in cobalt content from 3 to 15 wt. % and from 1.5 to 8 microns in tungsten carbide grain size. A wedge loaded double cantilever beam approach was used to obtain the GIC and KIC values for these high modulus low toughness materials. This was done in order to obtain the necessary displacement control such that a crack situation could be realized.
Digestion of Alfalfa Hay Using Washed Ruminal Bacteria

Abstract A culture system for digesting forages utilizing washed ruminal bacteria was examined. Cultures inoculated with washed bacterial suspensions had similar cellulolytic populations but lower methane production rates than did cultures inoculated with rumen fluid. Subsequent experiments utilized washed cell suspensions. Urea supplementation (8m M ) increased total bacterial and cellulolytic populations after 24h of incubation but did not alter methane or VFA production. After incubation, alfalfa hay residues were fractionated by sequential extractions. Soaking hay in buffer alone resulted in a 15% weight loss, mostly from materials extracted by ethanol and .5 M H 2 SO 4 . About half of the water-soluble materials were lost within 2h, pectin within 12h, and hemicellulose and cellulose digestion began after 12h. Neutral detergent fiber and oxalate-insoluble material losses were detectable at 6 and 12h, respectively. Total dry weight decreased throughout incubation. Analysis of extracts indicated that carbohydrate concentrations followed patterns of dry weight losses. Thus, washed bacterial cell suspensions can be used to ferment forages in a rumen-like fashion to study the biochemical processes involved in digestion, which would be limited by intrinsic factors of the forage materials.
Web of confusion.

c t p m ( PRESENTATION The occurrence of a late-stage complication in a patient with early disease, reminds us that any illness can take an unpredictable course. A 63-year-old man presented with complaints of fatigue and rash. He had been in his usual state of health until approximately 2 months prior, when he developed decreased visual acuity in his right eye. He was seen by a local ophthalmologist, who diagnosed nonarteritic ischemic optic neuritis and prescribed a daily aspirin. Soon thereafter, the patient noticed that he was having trouble moving about his house and working, and he felt as if he needed to sit and rest often. Additionally, he admitted to night sweats and a 15-lb weight loss. Upon questioning, he also reported that he had developed a nonpruritic rash on his legs and torso. He denied headache, joint pain, myalgia, morning stiffness, jaw claudication, weakness, cough, or shortness of breath. He took no medications other than a daily adult aspirin. On examination, the patient exhibited livedo reticularis involving his lower limbs, buttocks, and lower torso circumferentially (Figures 1 and 2). He was normotensive, afebrile, and had no other rash, nodules or ulcers. His joints were normal, as were his heart, lungs, and abdomen. Peripheral pulses were present, and his temporal arteries appeared normal and were nontender.
Arsenic Transport in Contaminated Mine Tailings following Liming

The practice of liming to remediate contaminated soils and mine tailings has the potential to mobilize arsenic (As), due to the pH dependence of As sorption reactions on oxide minerals and layer silicates. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of liming on As mobility in mine tailings and identify possible mechanisms controlling As mobilization with increased pH. Six mine tailing samples obtained from an abandoned copper smelter near Anaconda, Montana were analyzed for total As and soluble constituents using saturated paste extractions. Concentrations of soluble As among the six samples did not correlate with total As, but were more closely related to pH. Saturation indices with respect to known metal arsenate solid phases suggested that metal arsenate solid phases were not controlling soluble As in these samples. Two low pH samples (pond tailings and reprocessed tailings) were chosen for more detailed chemical characterization and unsaturated column transport experiments before and after liming. Soluble As concentrations measured in column effluent increased by factors of 10 (reprocessed tailings, RT) to 400 (pond tailings, PT) following liming. Sequential extractions of these tailing samples showed that the PT contained significantly higher “labile” As relative to the RT, consistent with amounts of As mobilized after liming. Further characterization of these samples using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of x-rays (EDAX) suggested that these samples do not contain discrete metal arsenate solid phases. Based on this suite of experimental data, increased mobility of As with liming appears to be consistent with the pH dependence of sorption reactions of As on Fe oxide minerals rather than dissolution-precipitation reactions involving As. Contribution of the Montana Agric. Exp. Stn., Journal no. J-5095.
Partial weight bearing does not prevent musculoskeletal losses associated with disuse.

ABSTRACTPurposeThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether partial weight-bearing activity, at either one-sixth or one-third of body mass, blunts the deleterious effects of simulated microgravity (0G) after 21 d on muscle mass and quantitative/qualitative measures of bone.MethodsUsing a nov
VOLUME VISUALIZING HIGH-RESOLUTION TURBULENCE COMPUTATIONS

Using several volume-visualization packages including a new package we developed called Volsh, we investigate a 25-Gbyte dataset from a 2563 computation of decaying quasi-geostrophic turbulence. We compare surface fitting and direct volume rendering approaches, as well as a number of techniques for producing feature-revealing spatial cues. We also study the pros and cons of using batch and interactive tools for visualizing the data and discuss the relative merits of using each approach. We find that each tool has its own advantages and disadvantages, and a combination of tools is most effective at exploring large four-dimensional scalar datasets. The resulting visualizations show several new phenomena in the dynamics of coherent vortices.
The relationship between the demand and supply of home financing and neighborhood characteristics: An empirical study of mortgage redlining

In this study the hypothesis that central cities are “redlined” was tested with data gathered from three separate central city and matching city-suburban areas. Potentially unmet mortgage demand was estimated from interviews of people who tried unsuccessfully to sell their homes. A hedonic price function revealed that these owners did not “overprice” their homes. However, they did not attribute their inability to sell to potential buyers' problems with financial institutions. A logit analysis of data provided by home buyers showed that individuals bought in the areas they preferred. We also found that central city and city-suburban home buyers got the type of mortgage they wanted at market terms and home owners in both areas had no difficulty in financing home repairs.
Deletion of Histone Deacetylase 3 reveals critical roles in S-phase progression and DNA damage control

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that modify key residues in histones to regulate chromatin architecture, and they play a vital role in cell survival, cell-cycle progression, and tumorigenesis. To understand the function of Hdac3, a critical component of the N-CoR/SMRT repression complex, a conditional allele of Hdac3 was engineered. Cre-recombinase-mediated inactivation of Hdac3 led to a delay in cell-cycle progression, cell-cycle-dependent DNA damage, and apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). While no overt defects in mitosis were observed in Hdac3-/- MEFs, including normal H3Ser10 phosphorylation, DNA damage was observed in Hdac3-/- interphase cells, which appears to be associated with defective DNA double-strand break repair. Moreover, we noted that Hdac3-/- MEFs were protected from DNA damage when quiescent, which may provide a mechanistic basis for the action of HDAC inhibitors on cycling tumor cells.
Prolongation of murine skin allograft survival by the systemic effects of 8-methoxypsoralen and long-wave ultraviolet radiation (PUVA).

Systemic administration of the photoactive drug 8-methoxypsoralen to a group of mice bearing cutaneous allografts, followed by exposure to long-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVA, 320–400 nm) (PUVA) daily for 14 days at a site distant from the allograft, significantly increased the survival time of the allografts. This effect was seen both in donor-recipient combinations that differ at the major histocompatibility complex and in those differing only at minor histocompatibility loci. Treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen or long-wave UV radiation alone was ineffective in prolonging allograft survival, as were doses of mid-wave UV radiation (UVB, 280–320 nm) that produced greater inflammation than the PUVA protocol. Allografted, PUVA-treated animals also demonstrated decreased alloantigen reactivity against donor-strain spleen cells during the period of treatment by cytotoxicity assays. Allografts of skin in the murine system are highly immunogenic and are generally rejected faster than organ allografts; thus PUVA treatment appears to exert a potent effect on prolonging allograft survival. The systemic nature of the effect and the fact that adverse side effects from PUVA are largely limited to the skin suggest that PUVA might have a role in clinical organ transplantation management.
A Multistep Protein Lysate Array Quantification Method and its Statistical Properties

The protein lysate array is an emerging technology for quantifying the protein concentration ratios in multiple biological samples. Statistical inference for a parametric quantification procedure has been inadequately addressed in the literature, mainly because the appropriate asymptotic theory involves a problem with the number of parameters increasing with the number of observations. In this article, we develop a multistep procedure for the Sigmoidal models, ensuring consistent estimation of the concentration levels with full asymptotic efficiency. The results obtained in the article justify inferential procedures based on large sample approximations. Simulation studies and real data analysis are used in the article to illustrate the performance of the proposed method in finite samples. The multistep procedure is convenient to work with asymptotically, and is recommended for its statistical efficiency in protein concentration estimation and improved numerical stability by focusing on optimization of lower-dimensional objective functions.
A study of yeast α-galactosidase with naphthyl α-d-galactopyranosides as chromogenic substrates

Abstract The mechanism of α-galactosidase action was studied kinetically. A comparison of the rate of their enzymic hydrolysis shows 6-bromo-2-naphthyl->1-naphthyl->2-naphthyl-α- d -galactopyranosides. Such data suggest the influence of the aglycone group in the α- d -galactosides is that of a steric acceleration. K m and V max for the three naphthyl α- d -galactopyranosides were obtained. Mercuric acetate was found to be an inhibitor for α-galactosidase whereas galactose, glucose, fructose, lactose, galacturonic acid, cysteine, histidine, imidazole, and aniline were found to be noninhibitors. Certain metal cyanides were found to be activators.
Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Micro-hydrostatic Gas Thrust Bearings for Micro-turbomachines

One of the major challenges for the successful operation of high-power-density micro-devices lies in the stable operation of the bearings supporting the high-speed rotating turbomachinery. Previous modeling efforts by Piekos [1], Liu et al. [2] and Spakovszky and Liu [3] have mainly focused on the operation and stability of journal bearings. However, since thrust bearings play the vital role of providing axial support and stiffness, there is a need to gain a fuller understanding of their behavior. In this work, a rigorous theory is presented to analyze the effects of compressibility in micro-flows (characterized by low Reynolds numbers and high Mach numbers) through hydrostatic thrust bearings for application to microturbomachines. The analytical model, which combines a 1-D compressible flow model with Finite-Element Analysis, serves as a useful tool for establishing operating protocols and assessing the stability characteristics of hydrostatic thrust bearings. The model is capable of predicting key steady-state performance indicators, such as bearing mass flow, axial stiffness and natural frequency as a function of the hydrostatic supply pressure and thrust bearing geometry. The model has been applied to investigate the static stability of hydrostatic thrust bearings in micro-turbine-generators, where the electrostatic attraction between the stator and rotor gives rise to a negative axial stiffness contribution and may lead to device failure. Thrust bearing operating protocols have been established for a micro-turbopump, where the bearings also serve as an annular seal preventing the leakage of pressurized liquid from the pump to the gaseous flow in the turbine. The dual role of the annular pad poses challenges in the operation of both the device and the thrust bearing. The operating protocols provide essential information for the required thrust bearing supply pressures and axial gaps required to prevent the leakage of water into the thrust bearings for various pump outlet pressures. Good agreement is observed between the model predictions and experimental results. In addition, a dynamic stability analysis is also performed, which indicates the occurrence of unstable axial oscillations due to flow choking effects in both forward and aft thrust bearings. These a-priori dynamic stability predictions were subsequently verified experimentally on a micro-turbocharger. The frequencies of unstable axial oscillations predicted using the model compare favorably to those determined experimentally, thus vindicating the validity of the model. A simple and useful dynamic stability criterion is established, where the occurrence of flow choking in both thrust bearings give rise to dynamic instability.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Effect of platelet rich plasma and fibrin sealant on facial nerve regeneration in a rat model.

Objective: To investigate the effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and fibrin sealant (FS) on facial nerve regeneration. Study Design: Prospective, randomized, and controlled animal study. Methods: Experiments involved the transection and repair of facial nerve of 49 male adult rats. Seven groups were created dependant on the method of repair: suture; PRP (with/without suture); platelet poor plasma (PPP) (with/without suture); and FS (with/without suture) groups. Each method of repair was applied immediately after the nerve transection. The outcomes measured were: 1) observation of gross recovery of vibrissae movements within 8-week period after nerve transection and repair using a 5-point scale and comparing the left (test) side with the right (control) side; 2) comparisons of facial nerve motor action potentials (MAP) recorded before and 8 weeks after nerve transection and repair, including both the transected and control (untreated) nerves; 3) histologic evaluation of axons counts and the area of the axons. Results: Vibrissae movement observation: the inclusion of suturing resulted in overall improved outcomes. This was found for comparisons of the suture group with PRP group; PRP with/without suture groups; and PPP with/without suture groups (P .05). The movement recovery of the suture group was significantly better than the FS group (P = .014). The recovery of function of the PRP groups was better than that of the FS groups, although this did not reach statistical significance (P = .09). Electrophysiologic testing: there was a significantly better performance of the suture group when compared with the PRP and PPP without suture groups in nerve conduction velocity (P < .05). The PRP with suture group had the best results when compared with the suture as well as the PPP with suture groups in duration and latency-2 of MAP (P < .05). For the FS groups, no results were found demonstrating a biological effect. The PRP with suture group demonstrated the best performance in the latency-2 and the area under the curve of MAP when compared with the suture and FS with suture groups (P < .05). Histomorphometric analysis: PRP with suture demonstrated the greatest increase in axon counts when compared with suture, FS with suture, and PPP with suture groups (P < .05). There was no statistically significant difference seen in axon diameter. Conclusion: The best results for the return of function in our rat facial nerve axotomy models occurred when the nerve ends were sutured together. At the same time, the data demonstrated a measurable neurotrophic effect when PRP was present, with the most favorable results seen with PRP added to suture. There was an improved functional outcome with the use of PRP in comparison with FS or no bioactive agents (PPP). FS showed no benefit over conventional suturing in facial nerve regeneration. Our study provides the potential of a new clinical application for PRP in peripheral nerve regeneration.
A prospective analysis of the frequency, location, and curability of ectopic (nonpancreaticoduodenal, nonnodal) gastrinoma

Abstract Background. Extrapancreatic, extraduodenal, and extralymphatic (ectopic) gastrinomas have been reported only rarely. The frequency, locations, and surgical outcome of these lesions are unknown. Methods. From 1982 to 1997, 215 patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome were evaluated prospectively at the National Institutes of Health and 142 patients (66%) underwent standardized surgical exploration and resection. Eight patients (5.6%) (six men and two women; mean age, 41 years) had primary gastrinoma located in ectopic sites. Long-term follow-up was derived from a prospective database. Results. Ectopic gastrinoma tissue was identified and resected in the liver (three patients), common bile duct (one patient), jejunum (one patient), omentum (one patient), pylorus (one patient), and ovary (one patient). Seven patients (88%) were cured biochemically after resection and five patients (63%) have sustained cures, with a mean follow-up of 7.5 years (range, 0.4 to 11.7 years). One patient with a jejunal primary gastrinoma had a biochemical recurrence at 2 years, and another with a primary hepatic gastrinoma had a recurrence 6 years after resection. A patient with a pyloric primary gastrinoma was not cured. Conclusions. Extraduodenal, extrapancreatic, and extranodal gastrinomas are encountered in 5.6% of patients who undergo exploration with curative intent. If no gastrinoma is found in the usual locations, other ectopic sites should be examined carefully. Resection of these primary ectopic tumors can lead to durable biochemical cures.
Modeling human off-site aerosol exposures to polybrominated flame retardants emitted during the land application of sewage sludge.

Abstract Elevated sewage sludge concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are due to their broad utilization in textiles and polymers, their resistance to biological degradation, and also their hydrophobic nature—which drives partitioning into wastewater solids. This study estimated the total U.S. emissions of PBDE due to sewage sludge land application and then determined the human inhalation exposure to sludge-associated PBDEs as a function meteorological conditions and downwind distances from an application site. These aerosol exposures have also been incorporated into pharmacokinetic models to predict contributions to steady-state body burden. Our results suggest that while the amount of PBDEs aerosolized during the land application process is small compared to aerosol emissions associated with product use, the application of sludges onto U.S. soils constitutes a major source of PBDEs entering the outdoor environment. Regarding aerosol exposure to nearby residents, the maximum daily inhalation dosages from a common land application scenario occur immediately after sewage sludges are applied and were 137, 27, 1.9, and 81 pg/day for significant congeners PBDE-47, -99, -153 and 209 respectively. These doses are 1–2 orders of magnitude less than the standard daily inhalation exposure to the same PBDEs associated with home indoor air and are similar to doses from inhalation of urban and rural outdoor air. Under the worst-case atmospheric transport scenario, the dosages are reduced by approximately 1 order of magnitude when the setback distance between the sludge aerosolization source and human receptor is increased to 200 m. Though the health implications of low-level exposures are not well-understood, these sludge-derived PBDE dosages contribute less than a tenth of 1% to the estimated total body burden of PBDE produced from inhalation of indoor and outdoor air, exposure to house dust, and exposure to PBDE from food and water intake. Overall, the inhalation of PBDE aerosols from sludge-applied fields does not represent a significant contribution to human exposure compared to other common indoor exposures. However, land application is a major environmental source of PBDEs and sludge health impact analyses should focus on the practice's impacts on other exposures, such as biomagnification in aquatic and terrestrial food webs.
No association or linkage between an intronic polymorphism of presenilin-1 and sporadic or late-onset familial Alzheimer disease.

Recent reports have shown an association between an intronic polymorphism of the presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene and late-onset (age at onset > 65) familial and sporadic (no family history) Alzheimer disease (AD). The reported association was independent of the effect of the only previously identified gene associated with late-onset AD, APOE. Blood samples were obtained from members of 122 multiplex AD families, 42 unrelated cases of AD with positive family histories of dementia, 456 sporadic cases of AD, and 317 controls of similar ages at examination to the cases. These samples were genotyped for an intronic polymorphism of the PSEN1 gene, located 3′ to exon 8, and the data analyzed for evidence of association or linkage. The samples were also genotyped for APOE and the data analyzed to see if the association or linkage changed when controlling for APOE genotype. There was no statistically significant increase (at α = .01) in allele 1 (199 bp) or genotype 1/1 in the sporadic AD cases, or in a random sample of one affected from each multiplex family, compared to controls. When examining the effect of the PSEN1 polymorphism while controlling for APOE genotype, APOE genotype was strongly associated with AD, but the PSEN1 polymorphism genotype was not. Model-trait dependent (lod score) and independent (SimIBD) methods detected no evidence of linkage between PSEN1 and AD. In this independent dataset, the previously reported association between the intronic PSEN1 polymorphism and AD cannot be confirmed, and the conclusion that PSEN1 is a major susceptibility gene for late-onset AD is not supported. Genet. Epidemiol. 14:307–315,1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Diurnal Variation in Root Respiration.

The existence of a diurnal fluctuation in root metabolism can be deduced from several studies. While studying root respiration, Harris (13) noted a diurnal variation in the rate of CO2 production by roots of tomatoes and certain deciduous fruit trees. Cannon (5) found oxygen consumption of roots to be increased in light under conditions conducive to high transpiration. Grossenbacher (7), Speidel (24), and Went (26) found autonomic diurnal fluctuations in root pressure and exudation from decapitated plants; Hagan (8) observed basically the same phenomenon in non-exuding root systems, and showed it dependent on aerobic respiration. Arisz, Helder, and van Nie (2), van Andel (1), and Vaadia (25) have extended these observations to implicate the transfer of salt to the xylem elements as the process primarily concerned. Hanson and Biddulph (11) demonstrated a diurnal variation in ion transfer to the shoot of intact bean plants grown at constant temperature and humidity under artificial light, which Hylmo (16) believes may be associated with increased transpiration during the period of illumination. Went (26) observed that the accumulation of p32 in the shoots of tomato plants was more rapid during the day. These diurnal fluctuations in root activity could be a reflection of a diurnal variation in respiration rate, as suggested by the experiments of Harris (13). However, Grossenbacher (7) found no correlation between fluctuations in root pressure of excised root systems and respiration. Since the completion of our work Vaadia (25) has published experiments showing no diurnal variation in the respiration or ion uptake of excised roots or root sections. On the other hand, one of us (Hageman) had observed a diurnal variation in root respiration of intact Derris plants; these results are reported here. The objective of this work was to determine if there was in fact a diurnal variation in root respiration. Respiration measurements were accordingly made with excised root tissue and the roots of intact corn and soybean plants. The experiments showed intact roots to respire more rapidly during daylight hours, but root tissue excised from these plants exhibited no such diurnal variation.
Fowlpox virus: interferon production and sensitivity.

SummaryFowlpox virus was found to be relatively insensitive to interferon in chick embryo cell cultures. Compared to vaccinia virus, 40 times more interferon was required to inhibit fowlpox virus plaque formation. Fowlpox virus was found to be a poor and late inducer of interferon. Interferon was not found at 48 hr after infection but small amounts were found near the end of the replicative cycle (96 hr). The destruction of interferon by chymotrypsin is unlikely to be responsible for the enhancing effect of the enzyme.
Perturbation of Homoclinics and Subharmonics in Duffing's Equation.

Abstract : For (lambda, mu) and (g,f) small, the equation x - x + 2x cubed + g(x) = - lambda x + mu(cos t + f(t))is considered near the separatrix S of the unperturbed equation (lambda, mu) = (0,0). For (g,f) in a neighborhood of the zero functions, a complete description is given of the bifurcation curves in (lambda, mu) - space to homoclinic points. The perturbation of subharmonics outside S is also considered in a symmetric and nonsymmetric case.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FATE OF CHOLESTEROL EMBOLI.

Summary Following intravenous administration of a suspension of fine crystalline cholesterol in homologous serum to rats and rabbits, multiple emboli are found in the branches of the pulmonary artery. Early they are associated with thrombosis and a diffuse as well as focal inflammatory reaction of the vessel wall. The intrinsic acid mucopolysaccharides participate in this process. A prompt leucocytic response to the crystals early becomes mononuclear and foreign body giant cells appear as soon as 24 hours. Before the end of the first week endothelium has grown over the crystals. Smaller lesions become extruded into the alveolar spaces and these become fewer with time. Others become encased in fibrous tissue and may slowly penetrate the arterial wall to lie in the adventitia. Even after 4 months in rabbits and 9 months in rats, cholesterol crystals of embolic origin can still be demonstrated in the pulmonary arterial channels.
Fostering innovation in medicine: A conceptual framework for medical centers.

a Department of Psychology, Temple University, Weiss Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States b Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 423 Guardian Drive, 1121A Blockley Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, United States c Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Dulles 680, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
Finite element estimates of singularity powers for cracks terminating at finite width interfaces

Abstract Finite elements are used to estimate singularity powers for a crack tip perpendicularly terminating at a material interface. The influence of material stacking sequence upon singularity power estimates is considered as function of bond line width. The ratio of bond line elastic modulus ( E 2 ) to that of the crack containing material ( E 1 ) is used to define the various cases considered ( m = E 2 E 1 ) The width of the bond line is found to have some influence upon singularity powers. It is found that for m m > 1.0 the material stacking sequence is found to have the most significant influence upon singularity powers as a function of bond line width. The variation of crack tip stresses for various material combinations and bond line widths is also considered.
Pathways between Parent–Child Interactions and Peer Acceptance: The Role of Children's Social Information Processing

This study examined the links among parents' interaction styles, their children's social information processing, and peer acceptance. Fourth-grade children (N = 159) and their parents were observed during family discussions. One year later peer acceptance and children's information processing choices (goals, strategies, and attributions) in response to social dilemmas involving their parents and peers were assessed. Fathers' interaction styles with their children predicted both girls' and boys' information processing in regard to their fathers and peers, which, in turn, were related to peer acceptance. Mothers' interactive styles with their children predicted children's social information processing in regard to parents and peers and peer acceptance in similar ways, but only for girls. This study provided evidence that parent–child interaction is linked to children's information processing concerning their relationships with parents and peers and in turn with children being liked by peers. The implications of a social information processing approach for understanding family–peer links are emphasized.
A conservative Eulerian formulation of the equations for elastic flow

We show how the partial differential equations governing elasticity can be written in fully conservative, first-order, Eulerian form. This permits investigation of wave solutions of the equations of elasticity by a combination of mathematical analysis and high-quality numerical methods based on Riemann solutions of the governing equations.
The molecular size of lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in mature testes

Abstract Lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in mature testes from pigeon, mouse, rabbit and human were applied to a Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration system, and the molecular forms of lactate dehydrogenase ( l -lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27) in the effluent fractions were resolved by starch gel electrophoresis. The elution volumes of the somatic and testicular forms of lactate dehydrogenase were identical, and their Stokes radii and molecular size were the same as those of the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes in a crystalline rabbit muscle preparation.
DOWNTIME VARIABILITY: THE IMPACT OF DURATION-FREQUENCY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SERIAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

It is intuitively appealing to measure downtime in terms of total time lost (i.e. frequency times duration). However, the same total downtime can be produced by an infinite number of frequency/duration combinations. This study reports the findings of a computer simulation study on the impact of varying combinations of downtime frequency/duration pairs on performance of serial production systems. The research reported here clearly shows that different downtime frequency/duration combinations affect serial production lines differently even when the total downtime remains equal. Analysis suggests that long duration, infrequently occurring variation has a much more negative impact on system performance than short duration, frequently occurring variation.
Case Studies On Forecasting For Innovative Technologies: Frequent Revisions Improve Accuracy

Health technology forecasting is designed to provide reliable predictions about costs, utilization, diffusion, and other market realities before the technologies enter routine clinical use. In this article we address three questions central to forecasting’s usefulness: Are early forecasts sufficiently accurate to help providers acquire the most promising technology and payers to set effective coverage policies? What variables contribute to inaccurate forecasts? How can forecasters manage the variables to improve accuracy? We analyzed forecasts published between 2007 and 2010 by the ECRI Institute on four technologies: single-room proton beam radiation therapy for various cancers; digital breast tomosynthesis imaging technology for breast cancer screening; transcatheter aortic valve replacement for serious heart valve disease; and minimally invasive robot-assisted surgery for various cancers. We then examined revised ECRI forecasts published in 2013 (digital breast tomosynthesis) and 2014 (the other three ...
Pulsed-mode laser Sagnac interferometry with applications in nonlinear optics and optical switching.

A Sagnac interferometer (SI) has been constructed with a mode-locked Nd3+:YAG laser as its source. The advantages in pulsed laser interferometry of using a SI over a Mach-Zehnder interferometer are analyzed. The autostability property of SI is experimentally demonstrated. Applications of an SI to light-induced index of refraction change measurements and to the picosecond optical switching are discussed. Experimental results are presented.
Managing trust and secrecy in identity management clouds

User management services were one of the first to be offloaded to third party cloud vendors. Today, a large number of service providers rely on trusted identity providers for managing users and their resources. At the core of these interactions involving multiple providers are a set of web-based workflows that have emerged as de-facto standards. In this paper, we propose a framework especially addressing needs of analyzing security in such web protocols. To analyze trust between collaborating service providers on the web, we extend the well-known BAN logic. We study secrecy properties to examine security of user identity management across multiple domains, using a SAT based model-checking approach. The result is a hybrid approach that inherits simplicity and intuitive appeal of belief logics without being affected by soundness problems associated with these logics. We illustrate the method through analysis of a premier web identity management protocol where we use our method to automatically discover a new attack trace.
The structure of the walls of the higher plants

The presence of a definite more or less rigid wall enclosing the protoplasm is one of the important characteristics of plant cells, but the structure and chemical composition of this wall varies enormously when the entire plant kingdom is considered. The origin of these conspicuous cellular membranes, the details of their structure and the changes that they undergo during the growth of the organism have interested botanists for nearly a century. It is interesting to note, however, that the structure of the plant cell-wall can no longer be regarded as a problem of strictly botanical interest. The wide use of cellulose in modern industry has focussed the attention of workers in many different fields upon the problems of cell-wall structure. Papers dealing with these problems may be found about as frequently in the professional journals of the chemist and physicist as in those of the botanist. The development of new methods of investigation has made it possible to discover structural units in the wall that are far beyond the range of the finest modern microscopes. Not only can the existence of these submicroscopic units be detected but their spatial arrangement in the wall can be determined with some precision and the changes that they undergo during the development of the wall can be studied. Dependable information regarding the molecular orientation of substances composing the structures of the cell-wall has seemed, until recently, far beyond the limits of human ingenuity. It is now, however, definitely within the scope of experimental study and entirely possible for the botanist to obtain very concrete pictures of the spatial arrangement of the molecular groups that make up the cell-wall as well as of the orientation of the various atoms that make up these molecular groups. Before undertaking a discussion of these recent developments it will be desirable to sketch briefly the evolution of ideas regarding plant cell-wall structure. The prominence of the plant cell-wall led to the discovery of the cellular structure of plants. It was only natural that early observers should have been impressed with the cell-wall and formed 52
Foraging and leaf-cutting of the desert gardening ant Acromyrmex versicolor versicolor (Pergande) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Four colonies of the desert leaf-cutter ant Acromyrmex versicolor versicolor (Pergande) located 30 miles N.E. of Tempe, Arizona were observed over a 7 month period. The ants utilized trails in foraging, a characteristic of higher attines, as well as foraging singly, a typical pattern among the more primitive gardeners. The ants cut and collected both dry and green vegetation with dry grasses comprising the bulk of the forage. The ants increased their cutting of green vegetation after significant rainfall but collected dry grasses almost exclusively during dry periods. Detailed macro-motion picture analysis of leaf-cutting revealed that the desert gardener utilized a unique technique for cutting compound desert leaves.
Gas-liquid chromatography of carbohydrate derivatives: the separation and quantitative determination of synthetic and naturally occurring glycosyl derivatives of amino acids

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic separation of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of several synthetic and naturally occurring glycosyl derivatives of amino acids is described. This technique may be used for the qualitative and quantitative determination of several compounds of biological interest including 3- O -β- D -xylopyranosyl- L -serine, 3- O -β- L -arabinopyranosyl- L -serine, 5- O -β- D -galactopyranosyloxy-D, L -lysine, and 2-acetamido- N -( L -aspart-4-oyl)-2-deoxy-β- D -glucopyranosylamine. In addition, the mobilities of these glycosyl derivatives of amino acids in paper chromatographic and paper electrophoretic systems are reported.
The impact of accounting rule and economic differences on the firm’s choice of cash and share-puts

Abstract While prior literature has sought to explain why firms issue put options on their own stock ( Gibson et al., 2006 ), no one has focused on examining why some firms choose to structure put contracts in a way that provides them the ability to settle future put obligations with their own common equity rather than cash. FAS 150, which changed the reporting requirements, highlights that under the prior rules firms included share-settlement terms in their put contracts to avoid showing their open put position as a balance sheet obligation. However, some evidence suggests that the choice between including cash or share settlement terms may be economically driven by the potential impact that each settlement-type has on firm solvency and equity holdings. Our results support the economic-based motivation for put-type choice by showing that firms elect to include share-settlement terms in their put contracts to provide themselves payment flexibility in the event internally generated cash flows are not sufficient to meet future contractual put obligations. These results support the FASB’s announcement that it is reconsidering homogeneous liability classification of cash and share-settled puts in its re-examination of FAS 150.
A Wireless Data Acquisition System for Monitoring Temperature Variations in Swine Barns

Increasing interest in monitoring the spatial variation of temperature at the animal level in swine finishing barns has led to the development of a new wireless data acquisition system. Previous studies used individual commercial data loggers placed in a protective container, then lowered into the animal pens. These traditional systems required significant effort to download each logger individually and to post-process the data into a time-synchronized file with all measurement points. The newly developed wireless system allows all measurement points to be simultaneously collected and logged to a single external data file. The specific project objectives include (1) develop a wireless sensor node capable of meeting the data transfer and sensor interface requirements of a swine finishing barn and (2) evaluate the performance of the wireless node through experimental testing. Each wireless node is preset with a specific ID which is logged with the sensor data to provide a definite indicator for the data’s source location within the barn. The individual nodes use a high accuracy thermistor for temperature sensing and are capable of transmitting one additional analog signal and eight digital signals to the data logger. The digital inputs were commonly used to collect fan activity data for ventilation monitoring. The additional analog channel can be used for other environmental sensing or for monitoring static pressure. When powered from a single 3.6 volt, 1200 mAhr battery, the wireless nodes have a usable life of 3.5 years when transmitting at a 5-minute sampling interval. This system was successfully developed and implemented for a 4-year study of swine finishing barns.
Exploring the touristic image of Jordan.

Destination image has received significant attention in recent Western travel literature. However, developing and lesser-developed countries have less research attention devoted to them despite the fact image is a key factor in determining travel decisions. This study explored current visitor images of a Middle Eastern country, Jordan. On-site interviews with tourists indicated a fairly positive image of Jordan, with improvements possible in service related areas. Marketing and research implications are suggested.
Bearing Capacity Calculating of GFRP Tube Filled with Steel-Reinforced Concrete Composite Column Subjected to Eccentric Loading

GFRP tube filled with steel-reinforced concrete composite column, GSRC, is a new kind of composite column, in which the (shaped steel) reinforcing steel bar is set and the concrete is poured into GFRP tube. Under the action of eccentric loading, the damage signs of the composite columns with smaller and larger eccentricity were respectively that GFRP tube of compressive zone was crushed and the fiber of GFRP tube of tensional zone was ruptured. The tight hoop effect of the concrete given by GFRP tube only existed in compressive zone, and the restriction to the concrete of tensile zone was unobvious. The shaped steel inside GFRP tube had a positive effect on the bending rigidity and the bearing capacity of the member. Using the limit equilibrium theory, the calculation formula of the bearing capacity of GSRC subjected to eccentric loading was created. The calculated results agreed well with the experimental ones.
Sensitization processes in human tumor cells during protracted irradiation: possible exploitation in the clinic

Recent studies documenting the response of several human tumor cell lines to protracted, continuous irradiation and to acutely delivered radiation, suggest that tumor control may be enhanced with a tumor therapy combining external beam fractionated therapy and protracted irradiation from radiolabeled antibodies. We have evaluated the cytotoxic effect of continuous, protracted irradiation (0.005 Gy/hr to 0.50 Gy/hr) and acutely delivered high-dose-rate irradiation (1.0 Gy/min) on monolayer cultures of human tumor cell lines. Colony formation in these studies was analyzed by the seven-parameter simulation model of Dillehay. Additionally, for some cell lines, cultures were challenged during irradiation with an acute dose of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 or 10.0 Gy at high-dose-rate. Results from these various studies indicate an altered cellular radiosensitivity occurs for some cell lines during protracted irradiation. At least two mechanisms have been identified that underlie this altered radiosensitivity. One mechanism, G2B, associated with redistribution within the cell cycle, has been previously described by Mitchell and others, and is associated with the phenomenon termed "the inverse dose-rate effect". The other mechanism is only observable following a challenge by acute high-dose-rate irradiation. We have termed this phenomenon "protracted-exposure-sensitization." The characteristics of these two mechanisms are discussed from the perspective of clinical therapeutic exploitation of combined external beam fractionated therapy and radiolabeled immunoglobulin therapy.
Calcium Microdomains Near R-Type Calcium Channels Control the Induction of Presynaptic Long-Term Potentiation at Parallel Fiber to Purkinje Cell Synapses

R-type calcium channels in postsynaptic spines signal through functional calcium microdomains to regulate a calcium/calmodulin-sensitive potassium channel that in turn regulates postsynaptic hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). Here, we ask whether R-type calcium channels in presynaptic terminals also signal through calcium microdomains to control presynaptic LTP. We focus on presynaptic LTP at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapses in the cerebellum (PF-LTP), which is mediated by calcium/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclases. Although most presynaptic calcium influx is through N-type and P/Q-type calcium channels, blocking these channels does not disrupt PF-LTP, but blocking R-type calcium channels does. Moreover, global calcium signaling cannot account for the calcium dependence of PF-LTP because R-type channels contribute modestly to overall calcium entry. These findings indicate that, within presynaptic terminals, R-type calcium channels produce calcium microdomains that evoke presynaptic LTP at moderate frequencies that do not greatly increase global calcium levels.
Antimicrobial efficacy and corneal endothelial toxicity of DexSol corneal storage medium supplemented with vancomycin.

Abstract Despite the presence of gentamicin in corneal storage medium, postoperative endophthalmitis may result from the transmission of bacteria via contaminated corneal tissue. The authors evaluated the antimicrobial activity and endothelial toxicity of vancomycin (10 µ/ml) in combination with gentamicin (100 µ/ml) in DexSol corneal storage medium. When tested against a panel of common ocular pathogens, vancomycin combined with gentamicin proved more effective than gentamicin alone for inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae at 4° C after 1- and 5-day incubation periods. Ultrastructural and morphometric analyses of paired human corneas stored for 5 days in either DexSol supplemented with vancomycin combined with gentamicin or DexSol with gentamicin alone did not show a significant difference in endothelial toxicity between the two groups. These results suggest that vancomycin combined with gentamicin has superior antimicrobial effect and similar corneal toxicity when compared with media supplemented with gentamicin alone.