cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of the Fair Weather Ekman Layer

Most models of the upper ocean Ekman layer require a parameterization of turbulent mixing. Two very simple forms of parameterization are considered here and compared with fair weather data sets. A steady classical diffusion model is found to give reasonably good simulations with familiar values of diffusivity. However, the solutions show a systematic error in current direction that arises, apparently, from a non-parallel relation between shear and stress in the observed profiles.
Rewards of Tutorials

As noted on our webpage, the Proceedings of the IEEE specializes in surveys, reviews, and tutorials. The distinction between surveys and reviews is not always clear to readers and authors. Our working definition is that surveys discuss the current state of a subject and give an overview and summary of the published and ongoing work by researchers from all geographical regions and from all organizations contributing to the topic. Reviews contain more technical depth of the topics and usually discuss the technical background needed to understand and evaluate the contributions to the topics under investigation. Tutorials are teaching tools that present the background and current theory and methodologies of a topic. A tutorial is not about presenting new theory or methods, but may use current research as examples of applications of the techniques discussed. Currently, we publish many more surveys and reviews than tutorials.
E-055 Endovascular Therapy for Patients with Acute Large MCA Territory Ischemia: Its Effect on the Risk of Subsequent Development of Deep Venous Thrombosis

Introduction Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a well-known complication for patients after acute ischemic stroke, due to decreased mobility of the affected extremities and/or prolonged bedrest. Endovascular recanalization therapy (ERT) for acute ischemic stroke has been shown to be superior to the use of intravenous thrombolytic agents alone. Recent randomized trials demonstrated that qualified patients who presented with acute ischemic stroke and underwent endovascular thrombectomy had improved functional outcome. The authors hypothesize that successful ERT decreases the risk of subsequent DVT development in patients with acute large middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory ischemia. Methods A retrospective review of an imaging database from January 2011 to January 2016 was performed for patients who had acute large MCA territory ischemia based on CT perfusion and CT angiography and subsequent upper or lower extremity duplex ultrasound and/or chest CT for evaluation of DVT or PE. Patents who underwent successful ERT were identified based on operative reports from electronic medical record. Ultrasound or CT reports were retrieved from PACS to identify patients who developed subsequent DVT or PE. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 21.0. Results A total of 88 patients with acute large MCA territory ischemia secondary to major vessel occlusion were identified. Sixty-three patients, 26 (41.3%) male and 37 (58.7%) female, either were not qualified for ERT or had persistent occlusion despite attempted ERT. The remaining 25 patients, 11 (44.0%) male and 14 (56.0%) female, had complete revascularization (TICI 3). Number of patients who received intravenous tPA was 23 (36.5%) in the occluded group and 11 (44.0%) in the revascularized group, respectively. The percentage of patients who developed subsequent DVT or PE was greater in the occluded group than the revascularized group (14.3% vs. 4.0%). However, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.159). Interestingly, 80% of patients developed DVT on the side of the extremity contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere or the expected side of the limb affected by the stroke. Conclusions In patients with acute large MCA territory ischemia, endovascular recanalization therapy appeared to decrease the risk of developing subsequent DVT or PE. However, a larger sample size is needed to demonstrate statistical significance. Interestingly, majority of DVT were developed on the side of the extremity contralateral to the affected cerebral hemisphere. Disclosures Z. Li: None. M. Cox: None.
Adaptive harmonic steady-state control for rejection of sinusoidal disturbances acting on a completely unknown system

Summary This paper presents an adaptive harmonic steady-state (AHSS) controller that addresses the problem of rejecting sinusoids with known frequencies that act on a completely unknown asymptotically stable linear time-invariant system. We analyze the stability and closed-loop performance of AHSS for multi-input multi-output systems that are square (ie, the number of controls equals the number of performance measurements). In this case, we show that AHSS asymptotically rejects disturbances, that is, the performance measurement tends to 0. We also present a numerical study of the steady-state and transient performance of AHSS for square and nonsquare systems.
Canonical Chern-Simons gravity

We study the canonical description of the axisymmetric vacuum in 2+1 dimensional gravity, treating Einstein's gravity as a Chern Simons gauge theory on a manifold with the restriction that the dreibein is invertible. Our treatment is in the spirit of Kucha\v r's description of the Schwarzschild black hole in 3+1 dimensions, where the mass and angular momentum are expressed in terms of the canonical variables and a series of canonical transformations are performed that turn the curvature coordinates and their conjugate momenta into new canonical variables. In their final form, the constraints are seen to require that the momenta conjugate to the Killing time and curvature radius vanish and what remains are the mass, the angular momentum and their conjugate momenta, which we derive. The Wheeler-DeWitt equation is trivial and describes time independent systems with wave functions described only by the total mass and total angular momentum.
39 Test accuracy of smartphone-paired breathalysers: a validation study

Purpose The market for smartphone-paired breathalysers has rapidly expanded, potentially influencing decisions to drive after drinking, but these devices have not been validated. Methods/approach We enrolled 10 healthy participants 21–39 years old in a laboratory validation study of the accuracy of smartphone-paired breathalysers available for iPhone and Android. Participants were given weight-based doses of vodka with a target blood alcohol level of 0.100. The breath alcohol content was measured every 20 min using a police-grade breathalyser (Intoxilyzer 240) and 3 smartphone breathalysers: Alcohoot AHT 101, BACtrack Mobile Pro, and DRIVESAFE Evoc until the participants breath alcohol declined to 0.02 on the Intoxilyzer 240. The order of the 4 breathalysers was randomised for each test. A peak blood alcohol level was also drawn 20 min after the third dose of alcohol. We measured the mean paired differences of: 1) breath alcohol measurements relative to the blood alcohol level; and 2) smartphone breath alcohol measurements relative to the police breathalyser. Results The mean peak blood alcohol level was 0.107. The mean paired differences between the breathalysers and peak blood alcohol were: police (−0.015; 95% CI: - 0.025,–0.006), Alcohoot (−0.015; 95% CI: −0.022,–0.008), BACtrack (−0.010; 95% CI: −0.019,–0.001), and DRIVESAFE (−0.037; 95% CI: −0.048,–0.027). The mean paired differences between the smartphone breathalysers and the police breathalyser were: Alcohoot (−0.001; 95% CI: −0.002, 0.001), BACtrack (0.005; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.007), and Evoc (−0.015; 95% CI: −0.016,–0.013). Conclusions Two of the three smartphone breathalysers tested (Alcohoot and BACtrack) were accurate relative to a police grade breathalyser with differences in breath alcohol levels+/-0.01). Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science Smartphone breathalysers are variable in accuracy, with some fit for use with injury prevention interventions, while others dangerously underestimate levels of intoxication.
Is Soft Tissue Laxity Associated with Tissue Metal Concentrations after Total Knee Arthroplasty

Increased joint laxity is associated with excessive polyethylene wear, but the correlation between laxity and metal wear has not been established. Fifteen necropsy-retrieved primary total knee replacements were mounted into a custom knee-testing machine that measured anterior-posterior, varus-valgus, and internal-external rotational laxity at 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis was performed to measure the cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and titanium (Ti) concentrations in periprosthetic tissue samples. Spearman's rank correlations were performed to determine whether a significant correlation (p < 0.05) existed between soft tissue laxity and tissue metal concentrations. At 0° flexion, decreased posterior displacement was negatively correlated with elevated Co and Cr concentrations. At 30° flexion, decreased external rotation and varus deflection was negatively correlated with elevated Ti concentrations. At 60° flexion, decreased anterior displacement was negatively correlated with elevated Cr concentrations and decreased varus deflection was negatively correlated with increased Ti concentrations. At 90° flexion, decreased anterior displacement was negatively correlated with elevated Co and Cr concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the correlation between tissue metal concentration and laxity. Decreased laxity was associated with elevated metal concentrations in periprosthetic tissue.
A brief intervention for chemobrain: Results from a pilot study.

171Background: Up to 75 percent of breast cancer survivors (BCS) who were treated with chemotherapy report difficulty with cognition, including word finding problems and an inability to attend or m...
Dynamic buckling of elastic structures - Criteria and estimates

Abstract The concept of the buckling of an elastic structure subjected to time-dependent loads is examined critically and criteria for dynamic buckling are reviewed and discussed. Attention is restricted to structures that are sensitive to initial imperfections, and hence are prone to catastrophic failures. Generalized estimates are made for the dynamic buckling strengths of such structures subjected to various loading histories.
Industry Supply and Industry Equilibrium in a Competitive Market

In this chapter, we will show how short-run and long-run supply maps for an industry can be derived in a more rigorous fashion than a standard approach in intermediate level textbooks so that short-run and long-run supply maps can be used in analyzing various cases of market equilibrium.
Multistage Fusion Reaction Rates in an Adiabatically Compressed Plasma

We consider a dense gas of deuterium to undergo a rapid, adiabatic compression by a piston in a chamber. A reduction in the degrees of freedom of the plasma particles, such as may be effected by an...
The Effect of Interfacial Temperature on Friction and Wear of Thermoplastics in the Thermal Control Regime

Abstract This paper describes an experimental study of the sliding behavior of two thermoplastic polymers, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), in oscillatory sliding contact. Sliding surface temperatures were measured with the aid of miniature thin film surface thermocouples, and the results were related to friction and wear behavior. The temperature measurements were also correlated with predictions of a recently-developed surface temperature model for finite bodies in oscillatory sliding contact. The experimental results showed that the contact temperature rise is dominated by a steady state nominal temperature rise, upon which is superimposed a cyclic local temperature rise. When the sliding speed and normal load were high, the measured peak surface temperature reached a ceiling value for the thermoplastic materials. The critical temperatures for PMMA was the temperature at which it softened while under compressive stress, approximately 30-35°C below the melting temperature of the material, whereas UHMWPE's critical temperature was found to be very close to its melting temperature. At the critical temperature, the wear rate drastically increased and there was a large increase in the real area of contact, but there was not a large change in friction coefficient. The increase in contact area caused a decrease in frictional heat flux, thus limiting the surface temperature rise. Owing to the large changes in wear and contact area which occur at the critical surface temperature of thermoplastic polymers, conditions which would result in such temperatures must be avoided in sliding components using those materials. In-situ surface temperature sensors could help insure that the sliding temperatures don't reach the critical values.
Nonpregnant women with a history of habitual abortion have normal and luteal function independent production of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2.

Objective To see if changes in prostacyclin and thromboxane A 2 (TXA 2 ) production during early pregnancy in women with habitual abortion is a pregnancy-induced change, we compared the production of these prostanoids in habitual aborters and in healthy controls in nonpregnant state and related it to luteal function. Design Comparison between patients (n=16) with a history of at least three consecutive miscarriages and healthy controls without a history of abortions (n=11). Setting Departments I and II of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Central Hospital of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Results Habitual aborters and control women exhibited no change in the urinary output of the stable degradation products of prostacyclin and TXA 2 when studied between 0 and 2 and 5 and 8days after the luteinizing hormone peak. Habitual aborters as a whole, or when subgrouped to those with normal (10cycles) or defective luteal function (12cycles) did not differ from the control series with regard to prostacyclin and TXA 2 production. Conclusions Productions of prostacyclin and TXA 2 are not relative to the luteal function and are normal in nonpregnant women with a history of habitual abortion.
Radical Directed Dissociation for Facile Identification of Iodotyrosine Residues Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Iodination of tyrosine residues in proteins has many uses in chemistry, biology, and medicine. Site specific identification of the sites of iodination is important for many of these uses. Reported herein is a facile method employing photodissociation and mass spectrometry to localize sites of iodination in whole proteins. Absorption of ultraviolet photons by iodotyrosine results in loss of iodine via homolytic bond dissociation. The resulting protein radical fragments in the vicinity of the iodotyrosine upon collisional activation. Analysis of the fragments within the vicinity of each tyrosine residue in the protein enables quantitative evaluation of the likelihood for iodination at each site. The results are compared with both traditional bottom up and top down mass spectrometric methods. Radical directed dissociation yields results in agreement with traditional approaches but requires significantly less effort and is inherently more sensitive. One limitation occurs when multiple tyrosine residues are in...
Abstract A29: The NF1 and NF2 pharmacome project, a course in high-throughput screening to identify targets and profile the sensitivity of MPNST cells to candidate drugs

There are several large-scale efforts to compare the sensitivities of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and small-molecule pathway probes. However, to date, none of these profiling efforts systematically probed malignant peripheral nerve sheet tumors (MPNST). We initiated a database of drug sensitivities of MPNST as part of a course in high-throughput screening. We first developed a panel of 130 drugs highly relevant to neurofibromatosis (NF1 and NF2) that included a comprehensive set of MEK, RAF, RAS, FTI, PAK, ERK inhibitors, a representative set of drugs against many other cancer pathways including Wnt, Hedgehog, p53, EGF, HDAC, as well as classical cytotoxic agents such as doxorubicin and taxol. Many of the drugs in our panel are in clinical trials themselves, or closely related to drugs in trials for NF1. The drugs were tested against cells in 384-well plates at eight concentrations ranging from .004 μM to 10 μM. Cells were allowed to attach overnight, incubated for 72 hours with drugs, and then analyzed for ATP content using ATPlite. To date, we have profiled nine MPNST cell lines (ST88-14, ST88-3, 90-8, SNF02.2, STS26, T265, S462TY, SNF96.2, SNF94.3) and one NF2 Schwannoma cell line (HEI193). We also tested several cell lines that were tested in other screens so that we can compare our results to the other databases. The IC50 was calculated as a common measure of how effective each drug is using GraphPad Prism software. NF1 cells were distinguished from NF2 cells and STS26 cells (a spontaneous MPNST cell line derived from a patient who did not have NF1) by their strong sensitivity to MEK and Bromodomain inhibitors. Some drugs, including cytotoxic agents, Pak inhibitors, and HDAC inhibitors, were broadly toxic, inhibiting growth regardless of NF1 and NF2 status. None of the drugs in our panel exclusively inhibited HEI193 cells. With this study we initiated a database to archive the drug sensitivities of NF1 and NF2 cells that will be expanded in future versions of our course. Sponsored by Children9s Tumor Foundation. Citation Format: Jianman Guo, Michael Grovola, Grace Coggins, Patrick Duggan, Jiale Huang, Claire Song, Gabriela Witek, Danny Lin, Hong Xie, David Schultz, Simon Berritt, Jeffrey Field. The NF1 and NF2 pharmacome project, a course in high-throughput screening to identify targets and profile the sensitivity of MPNST cells to candidate drugs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Conference on Advances in Sarcomas: From Basic Science to Clinical Translation; May 16-19, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2018;24(2_Suppl):Abstract nr A29.
Quantification of glioblastoma progression in zebrafish xenografts: Adhesion to laminin alpha 5 promotes glioblastoma microtumor formation and inhibits cell invasion.

Abstract Glioblastoma (GBM) is a deadly disease due to its ability to quickly invade and destroy brain tissue. Slowing or stopping GBM cell progression is crucial to help those inflicted with the disease. Our lab created an embryo-larval zebrafish xenograft model as a tool to study human GBM progression in an observable brain environment. The zebrafish brain is a dynamic and complex environment providing an optimal setting for studying GBM cell progression. Here we demonstrate the ability of our model to quantitate GBM proliferation, dispersal, blood vessel association, microtumor formation, and individual cell invasion by evaluating the importance of an extracellular matrix protein, laminin alpha 5 (lama5), on U251MG cell progression. Lama5 has been implicated in cancer cell survival, proliferation and invasion and is a known adhesion site for GBM cells. While lama5 is highly expressed in endothelial cells in the brain, it is unknown how lama5 affects GBM behavior. Using a lama5 morpholino, we discovered that lama5 decreased U251MG dispersal by 23% and doubles the formation of blood vessel dependent microtumors. Despite lama5 being a known attachment site for GBM, lama5 expression had no effect on U251MG association with blood vessels. Analysis of individual U251MG cells revealed lama5 significantly lowered invasion as mobile U251MG cells traveled 32.5 μm less, invaded 5.0 μm/hr slower and initiated invasion 60% few times per cell.
NO LONGER IN THE DRIVER’S SEAT: THE IMPACT OF DRIVING ON IDENTITY AS A DISABLED PERSON

According to a growing body of literature, the decision to stop driving has profound implications for older adults’ mobility, social integration, involvement in out-of-home activities and can lead to worsening of depression. The effect of driving cessation on older adults’ orientation to the future in terms of goals and meaning in life is understudied. Using ordinal logistic regression, this study assessed the impact of driving cessation on older adults’ self-reported future goals and perceptions of meaningfulness and on their assumption of a disabled identity. The sample of 711 respondents (M = 83.74, 67.3% female) was obtained from eight waves of the Florida Retirement Study (Kahana, Kelley-Moore, & Kahana, 2012). Respondents were mostly amenity migrants from the Midwest, living in a large retirement community, that provided no services, in Clearwater, Florida. Between 1994 and 2001, 31% of the participants stopped driving. After controlling for age, gender, marital status, cognitive functioning, IADL, self-rated health, presence of chronic diseases, and having transportation support from friends or family we found that driving had a significant positive effect (β=0.461, p=0.000) on having clear future goals. The second model found no significant effect (β=0.089, p=0.535) of driving on the perceived meaningfulness of existence. The final model revealed that driving cessation led to an increase in assuming a disability identity, even after controlling for the functional level. These findings demonstrate the importance of driving for older adults’ perceived quality of life and suggest the need for initiatives that will maximize the self-sufficiency of older adults.
Effects of altered pyruvate dehydrogenase activity on contracting skeletal muscle bioenergetics.

During aerobic exercise (>65% of maximum oxygen consumption), the primary source of acetyl-CoA to fuel oxidative ATP synthesis in muscle is the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) reaction. This study inv...
Neuroimaging of Traumatic Brain Injury

The purpose of this article is to review conventional and advanced neuroimaging techniques performed in the setting of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary goal for the treatment of patients with suspected TBI is to prevent secondary injury. In the setting of a moderate to severe TBI, the most appropriate initial neuroimaging examination is a noncontrast head computed tomography (CT), which can reveal life-threatening injuries and direct emergent neurosurgical intervention. We will focus much of the article on advanced neuroimaging techniques including perfusion imaging and diffusion tensor imaging and discuss their potentials and challenges. We believe that advanced neuroimaging techniques may improve the accuracy of diagnosis of TBI and improve management of TBI.
Effects of Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment and Resistant Starch Supplementation on Gut Microbiome Composition in a Cohort of Patients with Bipolar Disorder or Schizophrenia

Study objective Previous studies identified shifts in gut microbiota associated with atypical antipsychotic (AAP) treatment that may link AAPs to metabolic burden. Dietary prebiotics such as resistant starch may be beneficial in obesity and glucose regulation, but little is known mechanistically about their ability to modify gut microbiota in AAP-treated individuals. This investigation was undertaken to delineate mechanistically the effects of AAP treatment and resistant starch supplementation on gut microbiota in a psychiatric population. Design Cross-sectional cohort study. Setting The study was performed in an outpatient setting. Patients A total of 37 adults with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia who were treated with an AAP (clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or ziprasidone [21 patients]) or lithium and/or lamotrigine (16 patients) for at least 6 months. Intervention Patients in the AAP group received raw unmodified potato starch (resistant starch) daily for 14 days. Measurements and main results Of the 37 patients, the mean ± SD age was 52.2 ± 12.5 years, and 57% were male. The primary outcome was gut microbiome DNA composition. Microbiome DNA obtained from stool samples from all patients was subject to 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing before and during resistant starch supplementation. Inter- and intragroup microbial diversity measures were performed by permutational multivariate analysis of variance and the Inverse Simpson Diversity Index, respectively. Differentially abundant organisms were detected by using linear discriminant analysis effect size. Although no significant difference in overall microbiota composition was detected at baseline between AAP users and nonusers, non-AAP users showed increased fractional representation of Alistipes. AAP-treated women exhibited decreased diversity compared with non-AAP-treated women. Although the microbiome of AAP-treated patients varied with resistant starch administration, an increased abundance of the Actinobacteria phylum was observed. Conclusion These data suggest that AAP treatment is associated with measurable differences in gut microbiota, particularly in female AAP-treated patients in whom reduced species richness was observed. Additionally, variable microbiome responses to resistant starch supplementation were seen, with a significant increase in starch degraders.
Management of Infection Stones

Infection stones are the result of urinary changes secondary to chronic bacterial infection with a urease splitting organism. If left untreated infection stones can result in significant morbidity and even death from sepsis. Traditionally, treatment has included complete stone removal and culture specific antibiotic therapy to rid the underlying infection. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the mainstay of surgical treatment; however, robotic pelvilithotomy and ureteroscopy are emerging as alternative therapies. In this chapter we will cover the pros and cons of different treatment approaches for infection stones.
Sarah J. Townsend. The Unfinished Art of Theater: Avant-Garde Intellectuals in Mexico and Brazil.

Sarah J. Townsend’s impressive book about the “unfinished” theatre of Mexico and Brazil in the 1920s and 1930s unearths a trove of archival gems and theorizes the important place of unperformed and...
Data analytics for protein crystallization: edited by Marc L. Pusey and Ramazan Savaş Aygűn, Cham, Springer International Publishing AG, 2017, 231 pp., €128,39 (hardcover), ISBN 978-3-319-58936-7

The book Data analytics for protein crystallization, edited by M. L. Pusey and R. Savas Aygűn is published as a part of the Computational Biology series. When I received this book, I was curious ab...
Psychosocial Impact of Predictive Testing for Illness on Children and Families: Challenges for a New Millennium

Predictive testing for adult- and child-onset diseases is becoming widely available. The identification of individuals prone to develop certain illnesses is often medically advantageous in that it may afford opportunities to engage in risk reduction behaviors to detect or delay disease onset. However, sometimes the knowledge gained from these tests can be ambiguous, generate distress, and potentially affect several generations of family members. Overall, these factors create a challenging set of circumstances for persons considering genetic and other forms of predictive testing, particularly parents and children. In this article, we (1) address conceptual issues involved in determining the impact of predictive testing on child and family well-being, (2) review empirical data on this topic, and (3) provide a case example to illustrate these findings. Recommendations are made for additional psychological research on child- and family-focused outcomes associated with participation in testing, highlighting their clinical implications.
Life stress, early maltreatment, and prospective associations with depression and anxiety in preadolescent children: A six-year, multi-wave study

Abstract Background: The relationship between life stress and depression and anxiety is well characterized in adolescents and adults. Further, research has shown that adolescents and adults with a history of childhood maltreatment are more likely to develop depression and anxiety after being exposed to stress than those without this history. However, the processes underlying risk for depression and anxiety in maltreated preadolescent children are unclear. The current study sought to identify these processes in at-risk preadolescents. Methods: This study analyzed data from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect and evaluated interpersonal and non-interpersonal life stress as predictors of depression and anxiety specifically, and internalizing symptoms more generally, in a sample of children vulnerable or exposed to maltreatment (n = 1,049). Participants were assessed repeatedly over a six-year period of early-to-mid childhood. Results: Interpersonal life stress prospectively predicted greater depression and anxiety, but not general internalizing symptoms after emotional and behavioral problems, as well as child's sex, family income and baseline maternal depressive symptoms, were covaried. Non-interpersonal life stress was not prospectively predictive of depression and anxiety or general internalizing symptoms. Limitations: The study was unable to identify specific types of interpersonal stress most relevant to risk for depression and anxiety in preadolescent children. Conclusions: These findings lend support for the importance of interpersonal stress when screening for risk for depression and anxiety among preadolescent children vulnerable or exposed to maltreatment. Early intervention to decrease the occurrence and impact of these stressors could have long-lasting impacts on this vulnerable population.
Towards SFDI endoscopy with structured illumination from randomized speckle patterns

Spatial Frequency Domain Imaging (SFDI) is a powerful technique for non-contact tissue optical property and chromophore mapping over a large field of view. However, a major challenge that limits the clinical adoption of SFDI is that it requires carefully-controlled imaging geometry and the projection of known spatial frequencies. We present speckle-illumination SFDI (si-SFDI), a projector-free technique that measures tissue optical properties from structured illumination formed by randomized speckle patterns. We compute the local power spectral density of images under speckle illumination, from which a high-frequency and a low-frequency tissueresponse parameter can be characterized for each pixel. A lookup table generated by Monte-Carlo simulations is subsequently used to accurately determine optical absorption and reduced scattering coefficients. Compared to conventional SFDI, si-SFDI may be particularly useful for endoscopic applications due to its utilization of simple coherent illumination, which makes it more easily incorporated into existing endoscopic systems. Moreover, speckle illumination offers a large depth of focus compared to projector-based illumination. In this study, we explore wide-field optical property mapping with an endoscope camera and fiber-coupled laser speckle illumination. We apply this technique to tissue-mimicking silicone phantoms and biological tissues. The accuracy of si-SFDI is evaluated by comparing to optical properties measured by conventional SFDI. Future work could accelerate si-SFDI reconstruction by using parallel computing or machine learning algorithms.
Trends in U.S. adolescent sexual behavior and contraceptive use, 2006-2019.

Objective This study examines changes over time in the prevalence of select sexual behaviors and contraceptive use measures in a national sample of U.S. adolescents. Study design We used data on adolescents aged 15-19 from the 2006-2010 (n=4,662), 2011-2015 (n=4,134), and 2015-2019 (n=3,182) National Surveys of Family Growth. We used logistic regression to identify changes between periods in sexual behaviors and contraceptive use by gender, and for some measures by age. We estimated probabilities of age at first penile-vaginal intercourse with Kaplan-Meier failure analysis. Results Over half of adolescents have engaged in at least one of the sexual behaviors measured. Males reported declines in sexual behaviors with a partner of a different sex. Adolescent males reported delays in the timing of first penile-vaginal intercourse. Adolescent females reported increases from 2006-2010 to 2015-2019 in use at last intercourse of any contraceptive method (86%, 95%CI 83-89; 91%, 95%CI 88-94), multiple methods (26%, 95%CI 22-31; 36%, 95%CI 30-43), and IUDs or implants (3%, 95%CI 1-4; 15%, 95%CI 11-20). Adolescent males reported increases in partners' use of IUDs or implants use from <1% to 5% and recent declines in condom use at last intercourse (78%, 95%CI 75-82, 2011-2015; 72%, 95%CI 67-77, 2015-2019). Condom consistency declined over time. Males were more likely than females to report condom use at last intercourse and consistent condom use in the last 12 months. Conclusions These findings identify declines in male adolescent sexual experience, increased contraceptive use overall, and declines in consistent condom use from 2006 to 2019. Implications This analysis contributes a timely update on adolescent sexual behavior trends and contraceptive use, showing that adolescent behaviors are complex and evolving. Sexual health information and services must be available so that young people have the resources to make healthy and responsible choices for themselves and their partners.
3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane for wearable breast hyperthermia

Microwave breast hyperthermia is a class of cancer treatment, where breast temperature is elevated by a focused electromagnetic (EM) radiation to impair cancer cells. While the current mainstream in microwave breast hyperthermia is centered on bulky and rigid systems, wearable antennas would offer considerable benefits such as superior conformity to individual patient anatomy and better comfort. In this proposition, this paper presents 3D-printed flexible antenna prototypes for wearable breast hyperthermia applications. Since the dielectric properties are expected to dominate the antenna gain but could be influenced by the solid volume percentage, this work first investigates the relationship between the dielectric properties and solid volume percentage of a 3D-printed flexible filament. From this, it is found that with decrease in the solid volume percentage, the dielectric constant decreases following the classic theory of dielectric mixture. Based on this observation, optimal antennas are designed for substrates in different infill levels by running a 3D full-wave EM simulator and fabricated by 3D printing a polyurethane filament. Temperature elevations in a synthetic breast tissue are measured by a thermometer and are ~ 5.5 °C and ~ 3.2 °C at the 5 mm- and 7 mm-deep locations, respectively. The infill percentage makes little difference in the heating efficacy. Based on these findings, this translational study sheds light on the possibility of wearable breast hyperthermia with the 3D-printed flexible and conformal antennas.
CD8 follicular T cells localize throughout the follicle during germinal center reactions and maintain cytolytic and helper properties.

Abstract Follicular CXCR5+ PD-1+ CD8 T cells (CD8 Tfc) arise in multiple models of systemic autoimmunity yet their functional contribution to disease remains in debate. Here we define the follicular localization and functional interactions of CD8 Tfc with B cells during autoimmune disease. The absence of functional T regulatory cells in autoimmunity allows for CD8 Tfc development that then expands with lymphoproliferation. CD8 Tfc are identifiable within the lymph nodes and spleen during systemic autoimmunity, but not during tissue-restricted autoimmune disease. Autoimmune CD8 Tfc cells are polyfunctional, producing helper cytokines IL-21, IL-4, and IFNγ while maintaining cytolytic proteins CD107a, granzyme B, and TNF. During autoimmune disease, IL-2-KO CD8 T cells infiltrate the B cell follicle and germinal center, including the dark zone, and in vitro induce activation-induced cytidine deaminase in naive B cells via IL-4 secretion. CD8 Tfc represent a unique CD8 T cell population with a diverse effector cytokine repertoire that can contribute to pathogenic autoimmune B cell response.
Response to Murray et al.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles, AJHP is posting manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.
Bioinformatics analyses reveal cell-barrier junction modulations in lung epithelial cells on SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Cell junctions maintain the blood-tissue barriers to preserve vascular and tissue integrity. Viral infections reportedly modulate cell-cell junctions to facilitate their invasion. However, information on the effect of COVID-19 infection on the gene expression of cell junction and cytoskeletal proteins is limited. Using the Gene Expression Omnibus and Reactome databases, we analyzed the data on human lung A549, NHBE, and Calu-3 cells for the expression changes in cell junction and cytoskeletal proteins by SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) infection. The analysis revealed changes in 3,660 genes in A549, 100 genes in NHBE, and 592 genes in Calu-3 cells with CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, EGOT (9.8-, 3- and 8.3-fold; p < .05) and CSF3 (4.3-, 33- and 56.3-fold; p < .05) were the only two genes significantly elevated in all three cell lines (A549, NHBE and Calu-3, respectively). On the other hand, 39 genes related to cell junctions and cytoskeleton were modulated in lung cells, with DLL1 demonstrating alterations in all cells. Alterations were also seen in several miRNAs associated with the cell junction and cytoskeleton genes modulated in the analysis. Further, matrix metalloproteinases involved in disease pathologies, including MMP-3, -9, and -12 demonstrated elevated expression on CoV-2 infection (p < .05). The study findings emphasize the integral role of cell junction and cytoskeletal genes in COVID-19, suggesting their therapeutic potential. Our analysis also identified a distinct EGOT gene that has not been previously implicated in COVID-19. Further studies on these newly identified genes and miRNAs could lead to advances in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of COVID-19.
Data extraction and energy targeting

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the formation of heat and mass balance and the extraction of stream data. The focus is on the concepts of individual stream contributions and threshold problems, multiple utilities, balanced composite and grand composite curves, and zonal and pressure drop targeting. Some of the useful guidelines for extracting data are keeping hot streams hot and cold streams cold, avoiding over-specification of problems and nonisothermal mixing at the energy targeting phase, checking and refining data in the neighborhood of the pinch, and identifying any possible process constraints and finding targets with and without them. Threshold problems fall into two broad categories, which can easily be distinguished by looking at the composite and grand composite curve (GCC). The GCC is a key weapon in choosing the utility levels. Utilities could be constant-temperature utility, variable-temperature utility, or a mix of both. The appropriate placement principle provides the key to choosing the correct levels and loads for the various cold and hot utilities. The balanced composite curves (BCC) and the balanced grand composite curves (BGCC) are useful for showing the effect of multiple utilities, multiple pinches and variable-temperature utilities on temperature driving forces in the network and also for explicitly revealing the location of utility pinches.
Clean speech reconstruction from noisy mel-frequency cepstral coefficients using a sinusoidal model

This paper extends the technique of speech reconstruction from MFCC by considering the effect of noisy speech. To reconstruct a clean speech signal from noise contaminated MFCC an estimate of the clean mel-filterbank vector is required together with a robust estimate of the pitch. This work applies spectral subtraction to the mel-filterbank vector (derived from noisy MFCC) to provide a clean speech spectral estimate. To obtain a reliable estimate of pitch a robust extraction technique is used. Spectrograms and informal listening tests reveal that a clean speech signal can be successfully reconstructed from the noisy MFCC. Pitch errors are shown to manifest themselves as artificial sounding bursts in the reconstructed speech signal. Incorrect estimates of the spectral envelope introduce periods of noise into the reconstructed speech.
An Integrated Ecosystem Assessment of the Interior Columbia Basin

Driven by the need to replace interim direction, address recent species listings as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act, and break the gridlock of implementing actions, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (FS) and the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), initiated an effort to develop a scientifically-sound, ecosystem-based strategy for lands they administer in the Interior Columbia Basin. The effort included an integrated assessment of 58.3 million ha in seven states describing the Basin’s current conditions and risks associated with different management strategies. The assessment provides the foundation for environmental impact statements outlining management direction for 31 million hectares of FS and BLM administered lands. The process produced a framework for ecosystem management, ecosystem component (social, economic, landscape, terrestrial, and aquatic) assessments, and estimates of ecological integrity and socioeconomic resiliency.
Freedom from Ignorance: The International Duty to Provide Public Education

This piece argues that public education is an international human right that the U.S. ought to recognize and protect. Recognizing a right to public education would correct a major inconsistency in U.S. law by bringing education rights doctrine more in line with international human rights law. This piece discusses how current U.S. education rights doctrine is inconsistent with U.S. tradition and legal precedent. It then demonstrates how international law recognizes public education as a fundamental duty of government before arguing for why the U.S. is obligated to follow international law regarding the right to public education.
Dynamical evolution of angular momentum in damped nuclear reactions: (II). Observation of angular momentum through sequential decay

The sequential decay of nuclei resulting from damped nuclear reactions is considered with an emphasis on observables related to the angular momentum accumulated during the reaction. Two types of observable are considered: multiplicity distributions and angular correlations. For both types, the effect of particle evaporation prior to the observed decay is derived, and particularly detailed calculations are made for bump-region γ-rays and fission. The derived expressions are employed for confronting the nucleon exchange transport model with data. Overall good agreement is obtained with a few exceptions. A significant discrepancy is found for small total kinetic energy losses, where the calculated spin magnitude increases too rapidly (by approximately a factor of two). This discrepancy may be reduced somewhat by certain modifications in the treatment of the neck dynamics. Other discrepancies are mostly ascribed to uncertainties in the knowledge of the properties of the sequential decay. A modified description is tentatively proposed for fission of highly excited reaction products. It is based upon the assumption that the relaxation of the K quantum number is relatively slow, so that the angular correlation is determined by the precessional motion of the fissioning reaction product. A separate discussion is made for double fission angular correlations. The existence of covariances between the spins of the two reaction products implies that the detection of fission from one nucleus may break the reflection symmetry of the angular correlation of fission from the other nucleus. The nucleon exchange transport theory predicts a substantial symmetry breaking (up to a factor of two) while a statistical model, which yields much smaller spin covariances, predicts a 20% effect only.
Differential modulation of TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant Na+ channels in spinal cord astrocytes following activation of protein kinase C

TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) and TTX-resistant (TTX-R) Na+ currents are expressed in high densities (2–8 channels/microns2) in astrocytes cultured from neonatal rat spinal cord. The two Na+ current types differ up to 1000-fold in their TTX sensitivity and additionally have different steady-state activation (g-V) and inactivation (h infinity) curves. Expression of TTX-S and TTX-R Na+ currents is confined to morphologically distinguishable subtypes of astrocytes, allowing characterization of the two types of Na+ currents in isolation: stellate cells express TTX-S Na+ currents and flat pancake cells express TTX-R Na+ currents. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) exhibited different effects on TTX-S and TTX-R Na+ currents. PMA reduced peak TTX-S Na+ currents by 25– 60%; in contrast, PMA potentiated peak TTX-R Na+ currents by 60–150%. These effects developed within minutes, and were typically not reversible. PMA effects were voltage dependent, and shifted steady- state Na+ current activation of TTX-R and TTX-S currents by 6 and 18 mV, respectively, but without affecting their steady-state current inactivation (h infinity). PMA treatment also changed Na+ current kinetics. TTX-R current activation (tau m) was faster and current inactivation (tau h) changed from a single- to a bi-exponential after PMA exposure, suggesting that PKC phosphorylation may have activated formerly quiescent Na+ channels. In contrast, TTX-S current activation (tau m) was unchanged, and current inactivation (tau h), on average, decreased by 50% following PMA exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanical tradeoffs associated with glenosphere lateralization in reverse shoulder arthroplasty

Background Scapular notching in reverse shoulder arthroplasty occurs in up to 97% of patients. Notching is associated with decreased strength and reduced motion and may lead to long-term failure due to polyethylene wear. Many implant systems lateralize the glenosphere to address scapular notching, but the mechanical tradeoffs of lateralization have not been rigorously evaluated. We hypothesized that lateralization would decrease bony impingement but also decrease the mechanical advantage of the deltoid. Methods Finite element models were created using the same implants with different amounts of glenoid lateralization: 5 mm of medialization to replicate glenoid erosion, as well as 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mm of lateralization. Tests were performed with static and dynamic scapulae for motion in either the coronal or scapular plane. The angle of impingement between the scapula and the humeral polyethylene was recorded, as was the deltoid force required to elevate the arm. Results Increasing lateralization decreased impingement while increasing the deltoid force required to elevate the arm. Differences were found between the static and dynamic scapulae, with the dynamic scapula model having increased humeral adduction before impinging. The impingement angle was also substantially affected by the bony prominences on the inferior scapula, showing how individual bony anatomy can affect impingement. Conclusion Lateralization is effective in increasing impingement-free range of motion but also increases the deltoid force required to perform identical tasks. In addition, impingement is determined by scapular motion, which should be included in all shoulder models.