cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing the Silent Dialogue About Race: Diversity Outreach in an Academic Library

Abstract Purpose This paper aims to describe the implementation and analyze the outcomes of The Race Card Project initiative at large public university's main library. Through this program, candid submissions from the public were used to promote multicultural learning and inclusivity, as well as to build campus relationships with curricular and co-curricular units engaged in diversity work on campus. Design/methodology/approach The paper places the university's program within the context of academic library outreach through displays and exhibits. An overview of the development and implementation is provided along with the results of a multi-year assessment of the initiative. Originality/value This paper describes a unique approach to cultivating conversations with and among students, faculty, and staff, about diversity and inclusion and the library's impact on fostering increased positive campus climate. Conclusions The mindful leveraging of the library as safe (intellectual) space provides opportunities for student learning regarding diversity and inclusion, and a platform to build collaborative campus relationships and elevate library visibility. The Race Card Project initiative has been a positive way to engage patrons with social and cultural issues about multiculturalism and inclusivity.
Hemolytic Anemia due to Other Enzyme Deficiencies

Hexokinase deficiency was first described by Lohr et al.1 in patients with Fanconi’s syndrome. In these patients the enzyme deficiency was probably a secondary phenomenon arising from chromosome breaks.2 Hereditary deficiency of hexokinase as a primary phenomenon was described in 1967 by Valentine et al.3 Only a few additional cases have been studied since that time.4–11
Inhibition of mycorrhizal symbiosis in Leucaena leucocephala by chlorothalonil

The effect of the fungicide, chlorothalonil, on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) symbiosis was studied in a greenhouse using Leucaena leucocephala as test plant. Chlorothalonil was applied to soil at 0, 50, 100 and 200 μg g−1. The initial soil solution P levels were 0.003 μg mL−1 (sub-optimal) and 0.026 μg mL−1 (optimal). After 4 weeks, the sub-optimal P level was raised to 0.6 μg mL−1 (high). The soil was either uninoculated or inoculated with the VAM fungus, Glomus aggregatum. The fungicide reduced mycorrhizal colonization of roots, development of mycorrhizal effectiveness, shoot P concentration and uptake and dry matter yields at all concentrations tested, although the highest inhibitory effect was noted as the concentration of the fungicide was increased from 50 to 100 μg g−1. Phosphorus applied after four weeks tended to partially offset the deleterious effects of chlorothalonil in plants grown in the inoculated and uninoculated soil which suggests that the fungicide was interfering with plant P uptake. The results suggest that the use of chlorothalonil should be restricted to levels below 50 μg g−1 if the benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis are to be expected.
Nanopatterning commercial nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes

Abstract There have been differing views on the ability to pattern polyamide thin-film composite (TFC) membranes directly by nanoimprint lithography. The goal of this study was to understand what factors control patternability, working towards heuristics for use by the membrane community to pattern any polyamide TFC membrane. Despite completing a comprehensive set of experiments to investigate the roles played by membrane chemistry, surface properties, mechanical properties, and performance properties on pattern peak heights for thirteen commercial nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, we found no correlation between the variables studied and patternability of individual membranes. We did discover statistically significant differences in patternability between membranes grouped by polyamide class, with those prepared by interfacial polymerization of m-phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride having the largest pattern peak heights. We further discovered that the humectant used for membrane preservation plays a role on patternability. Upon replacement of the original humectants used by the membrane manufacturers with a 15 wt% glycerol solution, the pattern peak heights approached a similar value for each membrane class. Tests performed to elucidate the role of the glycerol on patternability were inconclusive. Thus, while the humectant clearly contributes to membrane patternability, the reason why remains unknown.
Cost-Related Insulin Underuse Among Patients With Diabetes

This survey study examines the association of higher insulin costs with nonadherence in patients with diabetes.
The Law and Social Psychology of Racial Disparities in School Discipline

In the 1980s and 1990s, policy-makers who were concerned about gang activity and “super predator” youth adopted zero-tolerance policies and practices for students in the U.S. The resulting school-to-prison pipeline is a system of exclusionary discipline and law enforcement that increases contact with the juvenile justice system and ultimately incarceration, especially for Black students. The chapter facilitates psycho-legal research on the entrance to the school-to-prison pipeline—racial disproportionality in school discipline—by providing the background information necessary to understand the basic contours of the problem, the focus and limits of the laws that prohibit it, and the research into the primary social–psychological causes of those disparities. Following a basic description of the problem, the chapter introduces a conceptual framework connecting the types of discrimination prohibited by federal law to the primary social psychological factors that have been proposed as causes of racial disparities in school discipline: (a) Racial differences in student behaviors resulting from poverty, stress, identification with certain social groups, and culture; and (b) teacher and administrator decisions biased by the interactions between explicit or implicit attitudes and beliefs and discipline policies and practices. The chapter then reviews the results of major empirical research regarding the causes of those disparities and identifies which tend to have support, which do not, and where more work is needed.
A communications module to reinforce motivational interviewing concepts.

Abstract Background and purpose Motivational interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered method of communicating that can be used to improve medication adherence. However, it can be difficult to teach and learn. This paper describes the creation of a stand-alone introductory MI module for second-year pharmacy students and its transformation to a module intended to reinforce content after the addition of a new MI-based course in the first year. It compares student competence in MI skills between the two modules (introductory versus reinforcement). Educational activity and setting In 2012 and 2013, an introductory MI module was delivered to second year pharmacy students. In 2014, a course grounded in MI principles was introduced in the first year of the curriculum, with the module in the second year modified to reinforce those principles. All second-year students' MI skills were assessed with an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) case. Overall case scores and individual item scores were compared before and after the addition of the course using assessment data from two years before and after the change. Findings Overall case scores (81.9% vs. 86.9%, p = 0.001) significantly improved after the introduction of the new course. Items related to MI skills also improved significantly. Scores for general communication items were not different. Summary After the introduction of the new MI-based first-year course, students performed better on items specifically related to MI in an OSCE case. This model can serve as a useful example of how to introduce MI skills and reinforce these skills later in the curriculum.
Novel Electro-Optical Device Structures Based on Quantum Wells

The variety of material combinations available for epitaxial semiconductor heterostructures has made it possible to envision optical devices with new and desirable characteristics. Here I describe two examples proposed recently, in one of which tunable stimulated emission is achieved from a pair of type I coupled quantum wells subject to an electric field. In the other example, a type II heterostructure is presented that could lead to intersubband laser emission.
Silly Questions and Arguments for the Implicit, Cinematic Narrator

How does movie narration work on the viewer so that she comprehends a story? This chapter concerns the controversy in the philosophy of film over the right answer to this question. The focus is on the view that there are ubiquitous, implicit narrators in fiction films. The debate between friends and foes of the cinematic narrator has been at a stalemate most centrally because there seems to be no resolution as to whether the questions critics raise about the implied narrator in movies are legitimate ones to ask. In this chapter, I aim to advance the debate by examining how what is known as the “absurd imaginings” problem arises for all the central arguments for the elusive cinematic narrator and to discuss why the questions critics pose about this narrator are legitimate ones to ask.
A List-Decoding Approach to Low-Complexity Soft Maximum-Likelihood Decoding of Cyclic Codes

This paper provides a reduced-complexity approach to maximum likelihood (ML) decoding of cyclic codes. A cyclic code with generator polynomial g_cyclic(x) may be considered a terminated convolutional code with a nominal rate of 1. The trellis termination redundancy lowers the rate from 1 to the actual rate of the cyclic code. The proposed decoder represents g_cyclic(x) as the product of two polynomials, a convolutional code (CC) polynomial g_cc(x) and a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) polynomial g_crc(x), i.e., g_cyclic(x) = g_cc(x)g_crc(x). This representation facilitates serial list Viterbi algorithm (S-LVA) decoding. Viterbi decoding is performed on the natural trellis for g_cc(x), and g_crc(x) is used as a CRC to determine when the S-LVA should conclude. At typical target frame error rates, the expected list size of S-LVA is small, and the average decoding complexity is dominated by the trellis complexity of g_cc(x) rather than g_cyclic(x). Some high-rate binary Bose-Chaudhuri- Hocquenghem (BCH) examples show that the proposed use of S-LVA via factorization significantly lowers complexity as compared to using the minimum-complexity trellis representation of g_cyclic(x) for soft ML decoding.
On the Performance of Detecting Injection of Fabricated Messages into the CAN Bus

There have been several public demonstrations of attacks on connected vehicles showing the ability of an attacker to take control of a targeted vehicle by injecting messages into their CAN bus. In this paper, using injected speed reading and RPM reading messages in in-motion vehicle, we examine the ability of the Pearson correlation and the unsupervised learning methods k-means clustering and HMM to differentiate 'no-attack' and 'under-attack' states of the given vehicle. We found that the Pearson correlation distinguishes the two states, the k-means clustering method has an acceptable accuracy but high false positive rate and HMM detects attacks with acceptable detection rate but has a high false positive in detecting attacks from speed readings when there is no attack. The accuracy of these unsupervised learning methods are comparable to the ones of the supervised learning methods used by CAN bus IDS suppliers. In addition, the paper shows that studying CAN anomaly detection techniques using off-vehicle test facilities may not properly evaluate the performance of the detection techniques. The results suggest using other features besides the data content of the CAN messages and integrate knowledge about how the ECU collaborate in building effective techniques for the detection of injection of fabricated message attacks.
Validation of a noninvasive prognostic signature for allograft failure following BK virus associated nephropathy

Identifying kidney transplant recipients at risk for graft failure following BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) may allow personalization of therapy. We have reported that a noninvasive composite signature of urinary cell level of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) mRNA and serum creatinine level, measured at the time of BKVN diagnosis, is prognostic of graft failure. In this investigation, we determined whether the composite signature is prognostic of graft failure in an independent cohort of 25 patients with BKVN. Of the 25 patients, 8 developed graft failure and 17 did not. We measured urinary cell levels of PAI-1 mRNA, 18S rRNA, and BKV VP1 mRNA at the time of BKVN diagnosis and evaluated clinical parameters including Banff pathology scores, acute rejection, and graft function. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the noninvasive composite signature was 0.95 (P < .001) for prognosticating graft failure. The previously reported threshold of -0.858 predicted graft failure with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 94%. Our current study validates the use of composite signature and the threshold of -0.858 to identify those at risk for graft failure following BKVN diagnosis, and supports future studies utilizing the composite signature score to personalize treatment of BKVN.
“Our Tongue-Cut God, Respond to Us”: Prayer of Righteous Anger and Communal Lament as Theology of the Oppressed:

This article offers a theological reflection on prayer of anger and lament as a formative source for the oppressed in constructing and embodying their own theology. For this purpose, particular att...
Localization of Synaptic Proteins in Nerve Fibers of the Rat Cornea (P5.306)

Background: When nociceptive sensory afferents are stimulated, glutamate is released from the peripheral nerve terminal. Glutamate causes activation and sensitization of peripheral nerve fibers and surrounding cells via excitatory amino acid receptors. It has been postulated that glutamate is released synaptically from peripheral nerve terminals, but studies are needed to verify this possibility. We hypothesized that rat corneal nerve fibers contain synaptic proteins for glutamate release. We evaluated numerous proteins related to synaptic release with immunohistochemistry using rat corneal whole mounts. We used co-staining with β-Tubulin III to detect corneal nerve fibers in the stroma and epithelium. Objective: Determine if Mab30, Mab48, Rab3D, SNAP-25, Synaptobrevin, Synaptotagmin, Synapsin-1, phosphorylated Synapsin-1, VGlut-1, VGlut-2, and NSF proteins co-localize with β-Tubulin III-positive nerve fibers within the rat cornea. Design/Methods: • Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) were perfused transcardially using fixative (0.8[percnt] picric acid, 0.2[percnt] paraformaldehyde); left and right corneas were collected. • Corneal whole mounts were prepared for immunohistochemistry with rabbit antisera for β-Tubulin III and mouse antisera for Mab30, Mab48, Synaptotagmin, Syntaxin-1, SNAP-25, and Synaptobrevin OR mouse antisera for β-Tubulin III and rabbit antisera for Rab3D, Synapsin-1, VGluT-2, Synapsin-1 P-Ser9, and NSF. • Nerve fibers and synaptic proteins were visualized using a Leica Confocal microscope. Results: Varicose nerve fibers were present in the corneal epithelium and stroma. Nerve fibers contained: Mab30, Mab48, SNAP-25, Synaptobrevin, Synapsin-1, Rab3D, and VGluT-2. Conclusion: Synaptic proteins were localized in both intraepithelial and stromal nerve fibers of the rat cornea. This indicates that glutamate is released synaptically from sensory nerve fibers of the cornea. When released, glutamate could activate and sensitize nerve fibers in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Understanding of this mechanism may be useful in the treatment of corneal pain due to recurrent corneal erosion or corneal neuropathies. Disclosure: Dr. Geurkink has nothing to disclose. Dr. Carr has nothing to disclose. Dr. Miller has nothing to disclose.
Improving Accessibility Design on Touchscreens

Touchscreen interfaces present critical accessibility concerns because they do not offer tactile cues for the visually impaired users to distinguish interaction controls. The recent advancement of interaction technology makes new design solutions possible. This research examines blind users’ performance and perception of gesture and auditory feedback designs. Findings from this three-phase study indicate that pressing is the most accurate and slightly faster selection gesture, as compared to lifting finger, tapping, or double tapping on the screen. 12 blind participants were able to navigate touchscreens as first-timer users, if facilitated with instant auditory feedback. For text entry tasks, blind users need more advanced assistive tools such as speech recognition. Design guidelines to improve accessibility on touchscreens are discussed in this paper.
Ethics and narrative in the English novel, 1880-1914

Acknowledgements 1. Ethics and the turn to narrative 2. Victorian history and ethics: anxiety at the fin-de-siecle 3. Emotion, gender, and ethics in fiction by Thomas Hardy, and the New Women Writers 4. When hope unblooms: chance and moral luck in A Laodicean, The Mayor of Casterbridge, and Tess 5. Oscar Wilde and Henry James: aestheticizing ethics 6. Promises, lies and ethical agency in Joseph Conrad's Under Western Eyes Afterword Notes Bibliography Index.
Can Counterfactuals Solve the Exclusion Problem

A quite popular approach to solving the Causal Exclusion Problem is to adopt a counterfactual theory of causation. In this paper, I distinguish three versions of the Causal Exclusion Argument. I argue that the counterfactualist approach can block the first two exclusion arguments, because the Causal Inheritance Principle and the Upward Causation Principle upon which the two arguments are based respectively are problematic from the perspective of the counterfactual account of causation. However, I attempt to show that the counterfactualist approach is unable to refute a sophisticated version (i.e. the third version) of the exclusion argument in that the Downward Causation Principle, a premise of the third exclusion argument, is actually implied by the counterfactual theory of causation. Therefore, even if other theories of causation might help the non-reductive physicalist to solve the exclusion problem, the counterfactual theory of causation cannot.
The pharmacology and epidemiology of post-market surveillance for suicide: the case of gabapentin

Objectives To describe the challenges in measurement of suicidal thoughts and behaviours and any causal relationship to prescription drug exposures. Recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigations of potential provocation of suicidal ideation and behaviour have led to black-box warnings of suicidal thoughts and behaviour on drugs ranging from smoking cessation to urinary incontinence agents. We describe the challenges faced in studying the effects of specific drug exposures on suicidal thoughts and behaviours using gabapentin (Neurontin) as an example because it has been implicated by the FDA as a drug that may induce suicidal thoughts or behaviours, offers more than 20 diverse indications including several known to be associated with an increase in suicide risk, and derives its clinical effect from 2 divergent mechanisms. Key findings Gabapentin has two primary mechanisms: GABAergic neurotransmission and interruption of sodium and calcium channels. An increase in GABAergic neurotransmission is expected to improve anxiety and essential tremor, but to have no effect on pain, specifically migraine and neuropathic pain. Improvements in pain after gabapentin exposure are likely the result of the interruption of calcium and sodium channels. Neither mechanism is expected to affect bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, serious mental illnesses associated with a risk of suicide. Conclusions These two independent mechanisms are expected to have mutually exclusive effects on a wide range of indications, only some of which are associated with increased risk of suicide. This very complexity and heterogeneity may present fertile ground for research aimed at not only improving our understanding of drug action, but also at expanding our knowledge of suicidal thoughts and behaviours.
Closterovirus Encoded HSP70 Homolog and p61 in Addition to Both Coat Proteins Function in Efficient Virion Assembly

Abstract Assembly of the viral genome into virions is a critical process of the virus life cycle often defining the ability of the virus to move within the plant and to be transmitted horizontally to other plants. Closteroviridae virions are polar helical rods assembled primarily by a major coat protein, but with a related minor coat protein at one end. The Closteroviridae is the only virus family that encodes a protein with similarity to cellular chaperones, a 70-kDa heat-shock protein homolog (HSP70h). We examined the involvement of gene products of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in virion formation and found that the chaperone-like protein plus the p61 and both coat proteins were required for efficient virion assembly. Competency of virion assembly of different CTV mutants was assayed by their ability to be serially passaged in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts using crude sap as inoculum, and complete and partial virus particles were analyzed by serologically specific electron microscopy. Deletion mutagenesis revealed that p33, p6, p18, p13, p20, and p23 genes were not needed for virion formation. However, deletion of either minor- or major-coat protein resulted in formation of short particles which failed to be serially transferred in protoplasts, suggesting that both coat proteins are required for efficient virion assembly. Deletion or mutation of HSP70h and/or p61 dramatically reduced passage and formation of full-length virions. Frameshift mutations suggested that the HSP70h and p61 proteins, not the RNA sequences, were needed for virion assembly. Substitution of the key amino acid residues in the ATPase domain of HSP70h, Asp 7 to Lys or Glu 180 to Arg, reduced assembly, suggesting that the chaperone-like ATPase activity is involved in assembly. Both HSP70h and p61 proteins appeared to contribute equally to assembly, consistent with coordinate functions of these proteins in closterovirus virion formation. The requirement of two accessory proteins in addition to both coat proteins for efficient assembly is uniquely complex for helical virions.
Activity-Dependent Changes in Cholinergic Innervation of the Mouse Olfactory Bulb

The interplay between olfactory activity and cholinergic modulation remains to be fully understood. This report examines the pattern of cholinergic innervation throughout the murine main olfactory bulb across different developmental stages and in naris-occluded animals. To visualize the pattern of cholinergic innervation, we used a transgenic mouse model, which expresses a fusion of the microtubule-associated protein, tau, with green fluorescence protein (GFP) under the control of the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) promoter. This tau-GFP fusion product allows for a remarkably vivid and clear visualization of cholinergic innervation in the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Interestingly, we find an uneven distribution of GFP label in the adult glomerular layer (GL), where anterior, medial, and lateral glomerular regions of the bulb receive relatively heavier cholinergic innervation than other regions. In contrast to previous reports, we find a marked change in the pattern of cholinergic innervation to the GL following unilateral naris occlusion between the ipsilateral and contralateral bulbs in adult animals.
Estimating Annual Numbers of Atlantic Hurricanes Missing from the HURDAT Database (1878–1965) Using Ship Track Density

Abstract This study assesses the impact of imperfect sampling in the presatellite era (between 1878 and 1965) on North Atlantic hurricane activity measures and on the long-term trends in those measures. The results indicate that a substantial upward adjustment of hurricane counts may be needed prior to 1965 to account for likely “missed” hurricanes due to sparse density of reporting ship traffic. After adjusting for the estimate of missed hurricanes in the basin, the long-term (1878–2008) trend in hurricane counts changes from significantly positive to no significant change (with a nominally negative trend). The adjusted hurricane count record is more strongly connected to the difference between main development region (MDR) sea surface temperature (SST) and tropical-mean SST than with MDR SST. These results do not support the hypothesis that the warming of the tropical North Atlantic due to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions has caused Atlantic hurricane frequency to increase.
Con: the use of modified ultrafiltration during pediatric cardiovascular surgery is not a benefit

VIL HUMORS have plagued mankind since the :lawn of civilization. Humoralism, medicine based on the humors, formed the basis of Western medicine and records of its existence are found as far back as the fifth century BC. Whereas health was an equilibrium between humors, disease resulted from an imbalance. ~ Letting out the bad humor was part of therapy to restore balance, eg, practice of bloodletting. The putative benefits of modified ultrafiltration (MUF) after pediatric cardiovascular surgery are that it reduces postoperative blood loss, decreases time on the ventilator, and reduces the plasma levels of "evil humors"--cytokines and chemoattractants. In the following pages, it will be shown that MUF is at best a form of blood conservation, is performed too late for removal of humors (cytokines), and the sparse outcome data in children inadequately document its benefit. Hence, MUF cannot be recommended for use in all children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). CPB is a nonphysiologic form of circulation that results in an inflammatory response manifested as tissue edema and organ dysfunction, particularly in the heart, lung, brain, and kidneys, collectively referred to as postperfusion syndrome. This inflammatory response to CPB follows complement activation and results in a cascade of events, including the release of cytokines. 2,3 Synthesized by activated macrophages, these cytokines then activate circulating leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets and activate the vascular endothelium, 4 resulting in an upregulation of cell-surface adhesion molecules during CPB. 5 During CPB, cell activation is also due to in part contact of the blood with the plastic surface of the CPB circuit. 6 Activated luminal leukocytes (nentrophils and monocytes) initi~dly roll, then firmly adhere to microvascular endothelium, and finally undergo transendothelial migration. 7 Once leukocytes leave the circulation, they degranulate and release oxygen radicals that are deleterious to tissues. Several cytokines have been implicated in CPB-induced
Examining individual recession events instead of a data cloud: Using a modified interpretation of dQ/dt-Q streamflow recession in glaciated watersheds to better inform models of low flow

Summary To examine stream recession rates, hydrologists have plotted the rate of change in discharge (dQ/dt) versus the mean discharge (Q). Such plots typically result in a large cloud of data points where the slope of the lower bound of the cloud is often used to infer aquifer hydraulic properties as informed by certain interpretations of the Boussinesq Equation. For seven watersheds in New York State, USA ranging from 100 km2 to 6415 km2, we distinguish data points in the dQ/dt–Q plot belonging to individual recession events instead of looking at the entire data cloud. The recession curve of individual events consistently shifts upward during the summer and late fall (relative to spring and late fall curves) and much of the scatter in the data cloud appears to be due to seasonal variations in recession. We speculate that these seasonal variations in recession rate may be due to variations in watershed evapotranspiration (ET). Additionally, most individual recession events have slopes of approximately two when plotted as log dQ/dt versus log Q. Application of the Boussinesq Equation to watershed-scale recession date predicts slopes shifting from 3 to 3/2 as recession progresses, thus the observed slope of two casts doubt on whether it is appropriate to apply hydraulic aquifer theory to these types of watersheds to infer aquifer properties or predict low flows. As a further validation of the hydrologic information content of individual recession curves, the individual recession curves from time periods with minimal ET (early spring and late fall) were used to establish storage–discharge functions for two of the smaller watersheds. With these storage–discharge functions, a simple hydrologic model could reasonably simulate time series with minimal calibration (Nash–Sutcliffe R2 of 0.71 and 0.67 on log transformed discharge). Overall, this paper suggests that the analysis of individual event recession curves (particularly when compared among watersheds and seasons) can be a valuable tool for gaining insights into hydrological processes at the scale of large watersheds and can justify alternatives to current low flow models.
We screen newborns, don’t we?: realizing the promise of public health genomics

Genomics and public health have been uneasy bedfellows for some time. Most efforts to improve population health through genomic approaches have focused on the assessment of risks for common diseases, with the aim of tailoring interventions and screening.1 However, the improvement of population health through such an approach has remained elusive.2 Now, rapid progress in affordable, robust DNA sequencing offers a promising opportunity. By expanding the field’s focus from common to rare diseases, it may be possible to realize the promise of public health genomics by identifying those millions of individuals who unknowingly carry mutations that confer a dramatic predisposition to preventable diseases.
Twilight and nightglow spectral line shapes of oxygen λ6300 and λ5577 radiation

Abstract A pressure-tuned Fabry-Perot interferometer employing photoelectric detection has been used to measure the oxygen λ 6300 and λ 5577 spectral line profiles during twilight and the night at the Airglow Observatory on Laurel Mountain, Pennsylvania. The infrared O ( 1 D) atom temperatures, ranging from ∼600–1600°K, are compared with the predicted temperature variations using empirical models relating solar activity to exospheric heating, and agreement is found on some nights, while substantial discrepancies (∼400°K) are found on others. No evidence for or against a dissociative origin of the 1 D or 1 S oxygen atoms has been obtained from the line profiles observed to date, probably owing to rapid thermalization of any such excited atoms before radiation can occur. However, there is a possible indication of F -layer wind velocities of ∼400m/s.
Who Are the Keepers of the Code? Articulating and Upholding Ethical Standards in the Field of Public Administration

Establishing a code of ethics has been a challenge in public administration. Ethics is central to the practice of administration, but the broad field of public administration has had difficulty articulating clear and meaningful standards of behavior and developing a means of upholding a code of ethics. Although a number of specialized professional associations in public service adopted codes, starting with the International City/County Management Association in 1924 and others after 1960, the full range of public administrators did not have an association to represent them until the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA) was founded in 1939. Despite early calls for a code of ethics in ASPA, the first code was adopted in 1984, with revisions in 1994, but neither code had a process for enforcement. A new code approved in 2013 builds on the earlier codes and increases the prospects for ASPA to work with other professional associations to broaden awareness of the ethical responsibilities to society of all public administrators.
A comparison of intravenous and subarachnoid lidocaine pharmacokinetics in the rhesus monkey

A comparative study between intravenous and subarachnoid lidocaine in the rhesus monkey was conducted in an effort to compare the kinetics of lidocaine in the monkey with reported intravenous human data, and to determine the rate and extent of systemic absorption of lidocaine following subarachnoid injection. Each animal received an intravenous and subarachnoid treatment in an effort to determine the fraction of drug absorbed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for each animal based on arterial blood concentrations of lidocaine. In the case of the intravenous data, a standard two-compartment model was used. Subarachnoid injections were evaluated by fitting data to an extravascular one-compartment model and by analog computer fitting of the blood level data to an extravascular two-compartment model. Data for both intravenous and subarachnoid injection were also analysed independent of compartment model. The intravascular parameters, alpha and beta, were in excellent agreement with those reported for man.
Required Reconsideration of “Do‐Not‐Resuscitate” Orders in the Operating Room and Certain Other Treatment Settings

It is time to change the assumption that DNR orders apply in every treatment setting in the hospital. It is appropriate to mandate not only that these orders be reconsidered on the basis of time, but also on the basis of setting. When patients enter treatment settings in which discrete, time-limited therapies that can precipitate cardiac arrest are offered, they or their surrogates should reconsider the question of resuscitation with their current and primary physicians. While this will make patient transition from one hospital setting to another more complicated, it will allow patients to receive treatment directed toward their individual needs, immediate treatment objectives, and long-term treatment goals. It will also assure health care professionals that they will not be required to withhold treatment essential for meeting patients' treatment objectives in these settings.
Properties of transformed hamster cells containing SV40 tumor antigen in the cytoplasm.

The properties of hamster cells containing SV40 tumor (T) antigen in the cytoplasm, rather than the nucleus, were determined. Eight cell lines were established from eight tumors induced by hamster embryo fibroblasts transformed in vitro by PARA (2cT)-adenovirus 7. Six cell lines contained only cytoplasmic SV40 T-positive cells while two were a mixture of nuclear T-positive and cytoplasmic T-positive cells. All the cell lines contained SV40 S antigen, all caused the production of SV40 T antibody in vivo, and four elicited the production of adenovirus T antibody. The cell lines seem to have acquired an infinite life span in vitro. The localization of T antigen apparently can be a stable phenomenon because five of the cell lines have retained T antigen exclusively in the cytoplasm for over 40 passages in tissue culture. The cytoplasmic T antigen could be detected by complement fixation in addition to immunofluorescence. Cytoplasmic T-positive cells were readily transplantable in vivo and contained SV40 TSTA demonstrable by both immunogenicity and immunosensitivity procedures. Two of the three cytoplasmic variants of PARA appear to be weakly oncogenic in newborn hamsters. Proprietes des Cellules de Hamster Transformees Dont le Cytoplasme Contient L'antiggne des Tumeurs A SV40 Nous avons dttermini les propridis des cellules de hamster dont le cytoplasme - plutBt que le noyau - contient I'antigdne (T) des tumeurs a SV40. Nous avons Ctabli 8 ligntes cellulaires a partir de 8 tumeurs induites par des jibroblastes d'embryon de hamster transformtes in vitro par I'adtnovirus 7-PA RA (2cT). Six ligntes cellulaires ne comportaient que des cellules cytoplasmiques positives au T du SV40 alors que 2 ligntes contenaient un mtlange de celldes cytoplasmiques T-positives et de cellules nucltaires T-positives. Toutes les ligntes contenaient I'antigdne S du S V40 et provoquaient la production des anticorps du T du SV40 in vivo; quatre lignkes entraiiiaient la production d'anticorps de I'adtnovirus T. Les IignPes cellulaires ont apparemment acquis une durte de vie illimitke in vitro. La localisation de I'antigdne T semble un phknomdne stable puisque 5 lignkes I'ont retenu exclusivement dans/eytoplasme pendant plus de 40 passages en culture tissulaire. L'antigdne T cytoplas-mique a pa Ctre dtcelt par fixation du compliment aussi bien que par immunofluores-cence. Les cellules cytoplasmiques T-positives pouvaient itre facilement transplanttes in vivo; elles contenaient le TSTA du S.V40 qui a pu ttre mis en tvidence tant par des techniques d'immunogtnicite que par des techniques d'immunosensibilitt. Sur les 3 mutants cytoplasmiques du PARA, 2 semblent faiblement oncog 2 nes chez les hamsters nouveau-nis.
Design and performance of the BBRISON UV-VIS fine pointing system

Balloon-borne telescopes have the potential to provide space-quality imaging. However, long exposures require pointing stability on the order of the optical point spread function (PSF). Consequently, one of the main goals of the BRRISON (Balloon Rapid Response for ISON) payload is the characterization of a fine pointing system. The BRRISON telescope is stabilized at the 5 arcsecond (RMS) level by the gondola's coarse control system. The job of the fine pointing system is to improve the pointing by another two orders of magnitude, from ±5″ to better than ±0.05″. Due to a flight anomaly, this paper discusses the design and ground test performance of the two main components of the fine pointing system: the fine guidance system (FGS) and the fast steering mirror (FSM). The FGS was designed with the goal of providing a 20 Hz optical reference signal with 0.05″ positional acuity. The FSM is specified to provide 100 nRad control of the mirror, translating to 0.0024″ on-sky. We report on measured performance and observed FWHMs during preflight ground testing. During a successful re-flight we expect ∼100X better performance than was achieved in ground testing.
Treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: effect of atenolol on maternal disease, preterm delivery, and fetal growth.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of antihypertensive therapy initiated early in pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients treated in early pregnancy with atenolol was conducted. Therapy was directed by measurements of cardiac output. Fetal growth was analyzed with reference to prior pregnancy outcome, treatment inconsistent with standards present at the end of the study period, and year of treatment. Data were analyzed by paired and unpaired t-test, analysis of variance for multiple comparisons, and linear regression. RESULTS: Two hundred thirty-five pregnancies at risk for preeclampsia were studied. Ten percent (n = 22) received additional therapy with furosemide; 20% (n = 48) with hydralazine. Six and one half percent had treatment inconsistencies. Fifty-five percent had greater than 100 mg of proteinuria at baseline. One patient developed severe preeclampsia. Only 2.1% delivered before 32 weeks; 4.7% delivered before 34 weeks. Low percentile birth weight was strongly associated with a prior pregnancy with intrauterine growth restriction (P = 0.001), treatment inconsistency (P < .001), and a pregnancy earlier in our treatment experience (P < .001). Percentile birth weight increased from the 20th at the beginning of the study period to the 40th by the end (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Early intervention with antihypertensive therapy was associated with a low rate of severe maternal hypertension and preterm delivery. The failure to adjust therapy in response to an excessive fall in cardiac output or increase in vascular resistance was associated with reduced fetal growth.
The steroid-binding subunit of the Na/K-ATPase as a progesterone receptor on the amphibian oocyte plasma membrane

Abstract Progesterone acts at a plasma membrane receptor on the Rana oocyte to initiate meiosis. A cascade of lipid messengers occurs within seconds, followed by sequential changes in membrane phospholipid composition. We now show that progesterone binding to the plasma membrane increases continuously over the first 4 h. Subsequently, about 60% of the total plasma membrane and >90% of membrane-bound progesterone, ouabain binding sites, and Na/K-ATPase activity are internalized. Until the completion of membrane internalization, oocytes must be continuously exposed to nanomolar concentrations of exogenous progesterone for meiosis to continue. The membrane-bound progesterone remains unchanged, whereas microinjected [3H]progesterone is rapidly metabolized. We find that progesterone and the plant steroid ouabain compete for one of two ouabain binding sites on the oocyte surface. Ouabain blocks progesterone action and inhibits subsequent meiosis if added at any time during the first 4–5 h. Western blots of SDS/PAGE extracts of isolated oocyte plasma membranes contain a −110 kDa band which binds an antibody to the steroid-binding c-terminal domain in rat and human PR. The number of binding sites and Kd for progesterone binding to the plasma membrane is comparable to those for low-affinity ouabain binding to the α-subunit of the Na/K-ATPase (112 kDa). Our results suggest that progesterone binding to the ouabain binding site on the N-terminal region of the α-subunit of Na/K-ATPase may modulate early plasma membrane events over the first 4–6 h. Progesterone may thus act in part through the plasma membrane Na/K-ATPase signaling system.
Computational Studies of Controlled Nanoparticle Agglomerations for MRI-Guided Nanorobotic Drug-Delivery Systems

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) guided nanorobotic systems that could perform diagnostic, curative and reconstructive treatments in the human body at the cellular and sub-cellular level in a controllable manner have recently been proposed. The concept of a MRI-guided nanorobotic system is based on the use of a MRI scanner to induce the required external driving forces to guide magnetic nanocapsules to a specific target. However, the maximum magnetic gradient specifications of existing clinical MRI systems are not capable of driving superparamagnetic nanocapsules against the blood flow and therefore these MRIs do not allow for navigation. The present paper proposes a way to overcome this critical drawback through the formation of micron size agglomerations where their size can be regulated by external magnetic stimuli. This approach is investigated through modeling of the physics that govern the self-assembly of the nanoparticles. Additionally a computational tool has been developed that incorporates the derived models and performs simulation, visualization and post-processing analysis. Preliminary simulation results demonstrate that external magnetic field causes aggregation of nanoparticles while they flow in the vessel. This is a promising result — in accordance with similar experimental results — and encourages further investigation on the nanoparticle based self-assembly structures for use in nanorobotic drug delivery.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Role of non-adiabatic processes in the creation of the outer radiation belts

[1] Addressed here are characteristics of processes generating Earth's outer electron radiation region between ∼2 and 7 RE with electron energies from 100's of keV to greater than a few MeV. The question is: To what extent are non-adiabatic processes required in the creation of the outer radiation belt from the purported source population, the plasmasheet residing beyond 10 RE? Using data sampled within the plasmasheet by the ISEE-1 satellite, we determine the phase space densities (PSDs) achievable by adiabatic transport processes alone from the plasmasheet and compare them with PSDs at various L-values within the radiation belt, measured by the CRESS spacecraft. Because processes that might reduce transported PSDs are not included, the comparison yields a lower limit to the effects of non-adiabatic processes. We find non-adiabatic processes have a profound affect on outer radiation belt electrons with energies greater than ∼1 MeV, and most clearly between equatorial geocentric distances 5 to 7 RE.
Investigating haematuria and proteinuria

Abstract Urinary abnormalities are common in children but are rarely persistent. Persistent haematuria (whether microscopic or macroscopic) or persistent proteinuria are uncommon and warrant further investigation as they are indicators of potentially significant underlying renal disease. The finding of haematuria with proteinuria, especially if associated with impaired renal function and hypertension, warrants urgent specialist review. Initial investigations include serial urine testing and urine testing of all first-degree relatives when the index case is found to have persistent microscopic haematuria. Renal imaging is of limited value but much valuable information can be gained from laboratory analysis of the urine and from standard haematological, biochemical and immunological investigations. The decision to proceed to renal biopsy can be contentious and requires specialist review. When renal biopsy is undertaken, it is likely to provide a diagnosis but specific therapies are not available for a number of diagnoses.
Breaking the Cycle of Teenage Pregnancy: Prevention Opportunities Focusing on the Younger Sisters of Teen Mothers.

This paper begins with a literature review that analyzes studies that compared younger sisters of adolescent mothers to younger sisters of nonchildbearing adolescents and revealed key attitudinal and behavioral differences in the former group that are consistent with a high risk of adolescent pregnancy. The paper then discusses the following considerations and intervention strategies for the risk group: 1) recognize the school as an identifying context 2) offer disincentives to early childbearing 3) encourage groups discussion 4) provide intensive attention and care to the at risk adolescents 5) involve the entire family and 6) address pre-pregnancy risk characteristics. Next the paper offers three reasons why schools provide a good prevention setting: 1) the ability of school staff to identify at-risk adolescents 2) the presence of personnel who are able to deal with the specific concerns of adolescents and 3) the suitability of the proposed strategies for implementation in a school setting. The paper concludes that additional goals include research into the processes that propel sisters into early childbearing and that the younger sister interventions offer a tremendous untapped potential for reducing the incidence of adolescent pregnancy.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for coronary heart disease: A meta-analytic review

Data Extraction Two investigators independently extracted estimates of the association of PTSD with CHD, as well as study characteristics. Odds ratios were converted to hazard ratios (HRs), and a random-effects model was used to pool results. A secondary analysis including only studies that reported estimates adjusted for depression was conducted. Results Six studies met our inclusion criteria (N = 402,274); 5 of these included depression as a covariate. The pooled HR for the magnitude of the relationship between PTSD and CHD was 1.55 (95% CI 1.34-1.79) before adjustment for depression. The pooled HR estimate for the 5 depression-adjusted estimates (N = 362,950) was 1.27 (95% CI 1.08-1.49). Conclusion Posttraumatic stress disorder is independently associated with increased risk for incident CHD, even after adjusting for depression and other covariates. It is common in both military veterans and civilian trauma survivors, and these results suggest that it may be a modifiable risk factor for CHD. Future research should identify the mechanisms of this association and determine whether PTSD treatment offsets CHD risk. (Am Heart J 2013;166:806-14.)