cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using Big Data to Study the Impact of Mass Violence: Opportunities for the Traumatic Stress Field

Studying the community impact of mass violence using a Big Data approach from social media data (e.g., Twitter) offers traumatic stress researchers an unprecedented opportunity to study and clarify theoretical assumptions using large-scale, observational, ecologically valid data. We describe challenges and benefits of working with Twitter data and briefly review studies that used Twitter data to explore community responses to mass violence. We then demonstrate the use of Twitter data to examine community responses to a specific event: the 2015 San Bernardino terrorist attack, in which 14 people were killed and 22 were wounded. In a 6-week time frame around this attack, we evaluated the time course of community-level negative emotion. We downloaded 1.16 million tweets, representing 25,894 users from San Bernardino, CA, and a matched control community, Stockton, CA. All tweets were coded in R using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) negative emotion dictionary. A piecewise regression technique with a discontinuity analysis was used to evaluate pre- and postevent trajectories of negative emotion across the study window. Controlling for within-user variability, negative emotion increased by 6.2%, β = .182, SE = .014, p < .001, in San Bernardino on the day of the attack and remained elevated for 5 days; no elevation was observed in Stockton. We discuss how data-driven text analytic techniques are useful for exploring Twitter content generated after collective traumas and describe challenges and opportunities accompanying analyses of social media data to understand the impact of mass violence on affected populations.
Clinical and cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship programmes

Antimicrobial resistance is on an increasing trend worldwide. The WHO has declared it to be a 'Global Threat' in the year 2015. Due to this growing concern, antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes have been implemented all over the world in the last few decades. The main challenge in AMS programme is the long-term sustenance, and hence, there is no worldwide agreed consensus on the 'best' AMS strategies. This review article provides an overview of the evolution of AMS strategies through the years and highlights the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the strategies implemented till date.
Limit Distribution for Smooth Total Variation and $\chi^2$-Divergence in High Dimensions

Statistical divergences are ubiquitous in machine learning as tools for measuring discrepancy between probability distributions. As these applications inherently rely on approximating distributions from samples, we consider empirical approximation under two popular $f$-divergences: the total variation (TV) distance and the $\chi^2$-divergence. To circumvent the sensitivity of these divergences to support mismatch, the framework of Gaussian smoothing is adopted. We study the limit distributions of $\sqrt{n}\delta_{\mathsf{TV}}(P_n\ast\mathcal{N},P\ast\mathcal{N})$ and $n\chi^2(P_n\ast\mathcal{N}\|P\ast\mathcal{N})$, where $P_n$ is the empirical measure based on $n$ independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) observations from $P$, $\mathcal{N}_\sigma:=\mathcal{N}(0,\sigma^2\mathrm{I}_d)$, and $\ast$ stands for convolution. In arbitrary dimension, the limit distributions are characterized in terms of Gaussian process on $\mathbb{R}^d$ with covariance operator that depends on $P$ and the isotropic Gaussian density of parameter $\sigma$. This, in turn, implies optimality of the $n^{-1/2}$ expected value convergence rates recently derived for $\delta_{\mathsf{TV}}(P_n\ast\mathcal{N},P\ast\mathcal{N})$ and $\chi^2(P_n\ast\mathcal{N}\|P\ast\mathcal{N})$. These strong statistical guarantees promote empirical approximation under Gaussian smoothing as a potent framework for learning and inference based on high-dimensional data.
Solar PV power driven cold room storage for Saharan rural area

The use of renewable energy sources is usually a reliable alternative in rural areas and developing countries, where the gridline does not exist or is at a great distance. The present work is to study the possibility of feeding the tomatoes preservation cold room storage in the Sahara region driven by solar photovoltaic generator. An energy-efficient design has been achieved by analytical calculation. A PV field calculation approach yielded the following results: for a storage capacity of about 1 ton of tomatoes, the cooling capacity is 2.5 kW . The use of the design unit gave us in terms of electricity requirements 27 kWh/day by the GPV generator at Adrar province. Electrical power demands can be obtained using an alternative solution, which appears in Vapor Compression Cycles driven by PV modules. This technology considered as promoting concept for the south of Algeria investment.
Lacrimal Injury During Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Avoidance and Management

A 41-year-old female was referred to our rhinology service after prior endoscopic sinus surgery. Her medical history was significant for chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Postoperatively, she developed left-sided epiphora that did not resolve for 2 months and had persistent symptoms related to rhinosinusitis. Endoscopic examination revealed an injury to the left nasolacrimal duct at the level of the head of the middle turbinate. This was confirmed on computed tomography scan, which also demonstrated ongoing sinus inflammation. Evaluation by the ophthalmology service demonstrated nasolacrimal duct obstruction during lacrimal irrigation. After a discussion of treatment options, the patient proceeded with endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and revision sinus surgery, which resolved the epiphora and other symptoms.
Nutrition: Calcium, Cholesterol, and Calories

Abstract Good nutrition is an important part of promoting and maintaining the health of postmenopausal women. Nutrients of particular concern to this population include calcium, fat, and cholesterol and total energy. Patient education should include both background information about the role of nutrition in health and practical guidance about food choices.
SU-E-T-192: Commissioning of a Commercial 3D Dose Calculation Program

Purpose: To commission a commercial software package (CSP) that is used as secondary dose calculation check. The CSP uses an independent golden data beam model. However, some parameters can be modified to generate a customer specific model. Plan comparisons and point dose measurements were performed to test if and to what extent the beam model needed adjustment to optimize results. Methods: Beam parameter configurations were compared between the CSP and both TPS. Twelve phantom test plans ranging from simple to complex were generated in two treatment planning systems (TPS). Tests included small field, off axis, EDW, IMRT and VMAT plans. For each plan a point dose was measured to establish ground truth. Lastly, patient plans were compared for both TPS systems and the CSP. Results: Beam parameters agreed within 2%. The output factors for small fields were changed for the 15 MV beam by 2 and 1.5 % for the 1 cm and 2 cm field sizes, respectively. For the 6 MV beam output factors were adjusted by 3−0.8% for field sizes ranging from 1 to 5 cm. The MLC dynamic leaf gap was adjusted by 1.5 mm for 18 MV beam. Differences between the CSP and the TPS were noted in the built-up region. These differences affected the gamma pass rate in the surface region, however this effect is reduced with increasing number of beam angles and does not affect point dose calculations at depth. All IMRT and VMAT plans agreed with the CSP using a gamma pass rate of 95% (3%, 3mm). Conclusion: The CSP is used to verify point doses for all 3D plans generated in our clinic for the last 6 months. No point dose mismatches were encountered since the CSP was implemented. Next, the CSP will be adapted for secondary checks of all IMRT plans. KL had a beta tester agreement with Mobius Medical for an in-kind equipment and software loan.
James Joyce and the Problem of Justice: Negotiating Sexual and Colonial Difference

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Preface 1. Justice unbound 2. Joyce's sexual differend 3. Dread desire: imperialist abjection in Giacomo Joyce 4. Between/beyond men: male feminism and homosociality in Exiles 5. Joyce's siren song: 'Becoming-Woman' in Ulysses Epilogue: trial and mock trial on Joyce Notes Index.
Whisker Growth and Composite Fabrication in the SisN4‐C System

Silicon carbide whiskers were synthesized by carbothermal reduction of silicon nitride. The whisker microstructural study reveals that the whiskers may grow in two stages, core lengthening followed by whisker thickening. Observations show that the possibility of root growth of the whisker core cannot be excluded. Whisker growth via the VLS mechanism in the Si3N4-C system was also studied. It is noted that diffusion along the liquid-alloy-droplet surface may be an important mass-transport path. Partial carbothermal reduction of silicon nitride results in a mixture of Si3N4 powders and SiC whiskers which can be used for making silicon nitride matrix reinforced with silicon carbide whisker composites. The properties of the composites can be improved by optimizing both the whisker synthesizing and composite fabricating processes. 22 refs.
In Vitro Rat Myocyte Cardiotoxicity Model for Antitumor Antibiotics Using Adenosine Triphosphate/Protein Ratios

Cumulative cardiotoxicity consistently limits the use of antitumor anthracyclines such as doxorubicin (DOX). Several in vivo and in vitro model systems have been developed for screening cardiotoxic agents. Problems with these models include excessive time and nonquantitative toxicity end points. We describe an in vitro system for culturing cardiac myocytes which overcomes these problems. Optimal myocyte cultures were obtained using serial 0.2% crude trypsin digestions of hearts from 1-2-day-old rats. Three-day-old myocyte cultures were treated with DOX for 6 h at concentrations of 0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml (0.18 to 18 microM). Electron microscopy performed on control and DOX-treated cultures showed characteristic histopathological signs of anthracycline damage. These changes included mitochondrial swelling, nuclear pleomorphism, chromatin clumping, and a diffuse loss of membrane integrity. Intracellular ATP, quantitated by the luciferase bioluminescence method, was shown to provide a simple and consistent quantitative biochemical marker of myocyte viability over the range of DOX concentrations used. The results showed both time- and dose-dependent decrements in ATP/protein ratios 72 h following exposure to DOX at concentrations greater than 0.1 microgram/ml. Leakage of lactate dehydrogenase activity, trypan blue uptake, and myocyte beating rates were variable and not as sensitive as ATP levels for evaluation of myocyte viability. Other cytotoxic agents which are not known to be cardiotoxic (dactinomycin, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, fluorouracil, melphalan, and vincristine), required extremely high concentrations to produce myocyte damage in vitro. Tests with anthracycline analogues also demonstrated the ability of the assay to rank-order cardiotoxic agents on a weight basis: idarubicin greater than DOX greater than daunomycin greater than aclarubicin. When the in vitro drug concentrations required to lower ATP/protein ratios to 50% of controls were related to clinically achievable concentration x time products, DOX and daunomycin proved to be the most cardiotoxic in this series. These results suggest that comparative cardiotoxic screening studies may be performed in vitro using ATP levels in beating neonatal myocytes.
Trace Organic Moieties of Dissolved Organic Material in Natural Waters

Publisher Summary In many freshwater aquatic systems, Dissolved Organic Material (DOM) represents a major pool of organic material. This chapter presents brief description of studies of bulk DOM properties and focuses primarily on the use of trace moieties from the fulvic acid fraction, in freshwater aquatic environments. Much insight can be gained about the dynamics of an aquatic ecosystem by constructing an elemental budget— such as for C or N. The stable isotopes, 13C and 15N and the radioactive isotope 14C have the potential to serve as tracers for sources of fulvic acid, if there is sufficient difference in isotopic signature between the possible organic sources in the catchment of a lake, stream, or wetland. In addition to the absorbance of visible and ultraviolet light, fulvic acids are major fluorophores in natural waters. Although much of the DOM in natural waters is produced through leaching and degradation of organic material in the catchment, there is not a direct correspondence between the concentration and chemical composition of DOM in soil interstitial water in upper soil horizons and the concentration and composition of DOM in the receiving stream or lake. Aquatic ecosystems are synchronized with the diurnal photocycle through photosynthesis by algae and macrophytes and through photochemical reactions with dissolved and particulate metals and DOM. Ultimately, the usefulness of tracer methods will partially depend upon the way readily they can be incorporated into a field study.
Cointegration of optoelectronics and submicron CMOS

Two specific issues impacting the eventual application of optical interconnection in full-wafer systems are addressed. The first issue is growth of GaAs semiconductor regions within a silicon wafer scale integration (WSI) or multichip module (MCM) substrate containing high performance silicon CMOS circuitry, in order to cointegrate optical and silicon VLSI devices. The second concerns the addition of VLSI electronics to obtain a detector array which can electronically establish alignment with an incident bundle of optical beams. These issues are considered from the perspective of massively parallel optical interconnections between packaged wafer-level components. >
Hot-Spots in Luminous Extragalactic Radio Sources

Compact hot-spots in luminous extragalactic radio sources are often double on the scale of a few kpc (Laing 1981a). Examples are shown in Figures 1–3; the maps were made with the A and B configurations of the VLA.
Misrepresentation in Multidisciplinary Pain Medicine Fellowship Applications to a Single Academic Program

Background and Objectives Publication misrepresentation by residency applicants has been well documented, but fewer studies have investigated it in fellowship applicants, specifically in pain medicine. We therefore sought to evaluate the demographics of pain medicine fellowship applicants and the type, number, and accuracy of referenced publications they reported. Methods Applications to the Multidisciplinary Pain Medicine fellowship program in the Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Rochester, Minnesota were reviewed for three consecutive academic years (2009–2012). Demographic information and publications claimed by applicants were compiled, and publications were scrutinized by a medical librarian for accuracy. Results Over a 3-year period, 179 fellowship applications were received. Of the 179 applicants, more than half (106 [59%]) listed at least one publication. Of 324 listed publications, 263 were verifiable; of these, 14 (5.3%) were deemed fraudulent, and six (2.3%) contained an inaccuracy possibly conferring a competitive advantage. In our small sample size, we found no difference in the rate of publications or in the accuracy of listed publications across subspecialties, or between US medical graduates and international medical graduates. Conclusions The lack of national data, specifically on applicant misrepresentation, due to the heretofore absence of a universal application process or match, impedes assessment of the extent to which these findings are representative of the national applicant pool. We observed notable trends (few female applicants; numerous international medical graduate applicants) different from those reported by other specialties. Despite the low rate (5.3%) of fraudulent publications, fellowship program directors and selection committees should be aware of this possibility to ensure selection of fellows with the highest degree of professional and ethical integrity.
Philosophical Perspectives On Adult Education: a Critical Review of the Literature

This review surveys the literature on the philosophy of adult education. Among the major writers included are Broudy, Ber gevin, Knowles, Lawson, Freire and Lindeman. Their positions are analyzed i...
ATR-MAC: deadline driven data collection from smartmeters in absence of aggregation

Deployment of Smart Grid networks throughout cities introduces a realistic scenario for a large scale sensor network. Smart Meters create a wireless mesh network for receiving commands and sending metering reports back to provider company. The challenges of reliable and timely communication call for a fresh review of the well studied topic of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). We provide a centralized MAC solution for data collection, ATR-MAC, that relaxes requirements in general purpose WSNs, but emphasizes on difficulties a Smart Metering deployment will face. ATR-MAC considers variable reuse distances for minimizing propagation delay. It also increases efficiency of collection deadline instead of energy efficiency, a common concern of general-purpose WSN MAC protocols. We provide time and buffer size analysis of our algorithm, prove its correctness and show experimental results using implementation on a testbed.
Motor Vehicle Intrusion Alone Does Not Predict Trauma Center Admission or Use of Trauma Center Resources

Background. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published its Guidelines for Field Triage of Injured Patients in 2009. These CDC guidelines define criteria for the triage of trauma patients to trauma centers, and include physiologic, anatomic, and high-risk mechanism-of-injury criteria. One of the mechanism criteria used for motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) is intrusion >12 inches at the occupant site or >18 inches at any site. Objective. We hypothesized that motor vehicle intrusion, as the sole criterion for transport to a trauma center, is neither sensitive nor specific for predicting which patients will utilize trauma center resources. Methods. This was a retrospective, observational study of a cohort of MVC victims transported to a single trauma center. The authors extracted MVC characteristics, patient demographics, and final diagnoses from emergency medical services (EMS) and emergency department (ED) charts. Two outcomes were examined: admission to the trauma center for a traumatic injury and use of trauma center resources, defined as in-hospital death, admission to an intensive care unit, operative intervention of any type, spinal injury, or intracranial hemorrhage. Results. During the 18-month study period, 608 patients met the inclusion criteria in our study; 36 patients met the trauma center triage criteria based solely on intrusion. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) of intrusion were 38.9%, 92.8%, and 25.5%, respectively, for trauma center admission, and 58.3%, 91.9%, and 12.7%, respectively, for trauma center resource utilization. We conducted one post hoc adjustment to modify intrusion to entrapment. This change greatly increased the PPV of the CDC guidelines for both trauma center admissions and trauma center utilization, without any reduction in sensitivity. Conclusions. Motor vehicle intrusion alone is a poor predictor of the need for trauma center admission or trauma center resource utilization. A modest change to the CDC guidelines from intrusion to entrapment may reduce overtriage while maintaining a high sensitivity for serious injury. Language: en
Mechanisms of Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia to Killing by Neutrophils in Vitro

Despite the critical role for neutrophils in host defenses against invasive aspergillosis, previous studies have established that neutrophils are unable to kill resting conidia of Aspergillusfumigatus. The mechanisms of resistance of the conidia were therefore investigated. Electron microscopy studies showed the fusion of phagosomes containing A. fumigatus conidia with lysosomes of the neutrophil. Resting conidia of A. fumigatus were then compared with those that had been preincubated in broth until swollen, but not germinated, as well as with blastospores of Candida albicans (two fungal forms that are killed by neutrophils) and zymosan particles. Despite comparable susceptibility to phagocytosis, resting conidia of A. fumigatus stimulated production of significantly less superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorous acid and induced less myeloperoxidase-dependent iodination by neutrophils than did the preincubated conidia of A. fumigatus, blastospores of C. albicans, or zymosan particles. In addition, resting conidia of A. fumigatus were relatively resistant to cell-free killing by oxidants presumed to be generated by neutrophils. Thus, resistance of resting conidia of A. fumigatus to neutrophil fungicidal mechanisms appears to be secondary to both failure of the conidia to stimulate an optimal respiratory burst as well as resistance of the conidia to neutrophil oxidants. However, the reversal of this resistance by preincubation of the conidia suggests that neutrophils still may form an important host defense against the conidia of A. fumigatus.
Effect of fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor on the synthesis of surfactant phospholipids in type II cells from fetal rat lung

The effect of fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor on the formation of surfactant-associated phospholipids was studied in fetal rat lung type II cells in primary culture. Exposure of the cells to fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor enhanced the incorporation of radioactively labelled choline, glycerol and palmitate into total and saturated phosphatidylcholine. Fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor also stimulated the formation of phosphatidylglycerol from labelled glycerol and palmitate but did not significantly affect the synthesis of the other phospholipids. This indicates that fibroblast-pneumonocyte factor specifically stimulates the production of surfactant lipids in fetal lung.
Dental scaling in the callitrichinae

Callitrichines share several morphological features that appear to be derived among anthropoid primates. One view maintains that some of them are the consequence of a rapid reduction in body size in the common ancestor of callitrichines. This hypothesis predicts that callitrichines should have relatively large teeth for their body size in comparison to other platyrrhines. Dental metric data from 18 platyrrhine species, including 4 callitrichines, is used to test this hypothesis. Callitrichine tooth size is compared both to empirical regressions of tooth size against body weight for noncallitrichine platyrrhines and to a prediction of geometric similarity. In neither comparison do callitrichines as a group show significantly greater tooth size than other platyrrhines. In fact, three of the four genera seem to have relatively small teeth for their body size. While this study fails to support the hypothesis that the common ancestor of callitrichines underwent a rapid reduction in body size, it neither proves nor disproves the hypothesis that they are smaller than their last common ancestor.
Synthesis of covalently linked dimeric derivatives of chlorophyll a, pyrochlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and bacteriochlorophyll a

Bis(chlorophyllide) ethylene glycol diesters were prepared for each of the title compounds. Pheophytins a and b isolated from alfalfa and bacteriochlorophyll a isolated from R. sphaeroides were treated with 80% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid to yield the corresponding pheophorbides. Pyropheophorbide was prepared by a literature procedure. Carbonic anhydride and benzotriazole-1-methanesulfonate activation methods were used in the esterification of the pheophorbides with ethylene glycol at ambient temperature. Each method yielded 75%+ of the pheophorbide ethylene glycol monoester. These monoesters were treated with equimolar amounts of the corresponding pheophorbide by using benzotriazol-1-methanesulfonate/4-(dimethylamino)pyridine in CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/4-(dimethylamino)pyridine in CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ at ambient temperature. Yields of bis(phenophorbide) ethylene glycol diesters averaged about 50% for the former method and 70% for the latter method. Insertion of the magnesium atoms into the a series macrocycles was accomplished with iodomagnesium 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenolate, IMgBHT, in CH/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/, while the metalation of the b and bacterial series macrocycles was carried out with a mixture of IMgBHT and lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide in thiophen, all at ambient temperature. Both mono- and dimetalated derivatives were isolated and characterized in each case.
IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING A SUITABLE INDEX FOR AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT MONITORING IN THE TEXAS HIGH PLAINS

Drought is a complex and highly destructive natural phenomenon that affects portions of the United States almost every year, and severe water deficiencies can often become catastrophic for agricultural production. Evapotranspiration (ET) by crops is an important component in the agricultural water budget; thus, it is advantageous to include ET in agricultural drought monitoring. The main objectives of this study were to (1) conduct a literature review of drought indices with a focus to identify a simple but simultaneously adequate drought index for monitoring agricultural drought in a semiarid region and (2) using the identified drought index method, develop and evaluate time series of that drought index for the Texas High Plains. Based on the literature review, the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) was found to satisfy identified constraints for assessing agricultural drought. However, the SPEI was revised by replacing reference ET with potential crop ET to better represent actual water demand. Data from the Texas High Plains Evapotranspiration network was used to calculate SPEIs for the major irrigated crops. Trends and magnitudes of crop-specific, time-series SPEIs followed crop water demand patterns for summer crops. Such an observation suggests that a modified SPEI is an appropriate index to monitor agricultural drought for summer crops, but it was found to not account for soil water stored during the summer fallow period for winter wheat.
Virtual Clutch Development Model

In a world of constant development and where competition grows stronger for every minute, there is a need to work smart to stay on the market. Product development in the automotive business is not an exception. It is though not enough to adapt new technology and new ideas, one has to apply it to the organization in the smartest way to be able to achieve one of the most wanted goals; shortened lead-time in combination with improved product quality. As well known, virtual prototyping is a mean to achieve the above stated goal. This paper describes how this method has been the basis for a new product development approach in the clutch system area in an automotive company. The new virtual development approach is enabled by creation of the Virtual Clutch Development Model (VCDM). The main benefit of the simulation model is that several clutch performance phenomena can easily be investigated at once to get an overview of the performance of the clutch system, this in an early phase of the development process. This will facilitate trade off decisions and avoid suboptimization and thus shorten lead-times and improve product quality.Copyright © 2007 by General Motors
Saturation of the Drell-Hearn-Gerasimov sum rule reexamined.

The isospin decomposed Drell-Hearn-Gerasimov sum rule is examined. The single-pion photoproduction contribution is integrated out to 1.7 GeV in the laboratory photon energy. We obtain an improved estimate of the contribution of this process to the isovector and isovector-isoscalar sum rules. The qualitative features of Karliner's results remain valid. The isoscalar sum rule shows no indication of convergence.
BSMac: A MATLAB toolbox implementing a Bayesian spatial model for brain activation and connectivity

We present a statistical and graphical visualization MATLAB toolbox for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, called the Bayesian Spatial Model for activation and connectivity (BSMac). BSMac simultaneously performs whole-brain activation analyses at the voxel and region of interest (ROI) levels as well as task-related functional connectivity (FC) analyses using a flexible Bayesian modeling framework (Bowman et al., 2008). BSMac allows for inputting data in either Analyze or Nifti file formats. The user provides information pertaining to subgroup memberships, scanning sessions, and experimental tasks (stimuli), from which the design matrix is constructed. BSMac then performs parameter estimation based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods and generates plots for activation and FC, such as interactive 2D maps of voxel and region-level task-related changes in neural activity and animated 3D graphics of the FC results. The toolbox can be downloaded from http://www.sph.emory.edu/bios/CBIS/. We illustrate the BSMac toolbox through an application to an fMRI study of working memory in patients with schizophrenia.
Three-dimensional simulation of gas and dust in Io’s Pele plume

Abstract Io’s giant Pele plume rises high above the moon’s surface and produces a complex deposition pattern. We use the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to model the flow of SO2 gas and silicate ash from the surface of the lava lake, into the umbrella-shaped canopy of the plume, and eventually onto the surface where the flow leaves black “butterfly wings” surrounded by a large red ring. We show how the geometry of the lava lake, from which the gas is emitted, is responsible for significant asymmetry in the plume and for the shape of the red deposition ring by way of complicated gas-dynamic interactions between parts of the gas flow arising from different areas in the lava lake. We develop a model for gas flow in the immediate vicinity of the lava lake and use it to show that the behavior of ash particles of less than about 2 μm in diameter in the plume is insensitive to the details of how they are introduced into the flow because they are coupled to the gas at low altitudes. We simulate dust particles in the plume to show how particle size determines the distance from the lava lake at which particles deposit on the surface, and we use this dependence to find a size distribution of black dust particles in the plume that provides the best explanation for the observed black fans to the east and west of the lava lake. This best-fit particle size distribution suggests that there may be two distinct mechanisms of black dust creation at Pele, and when two log-normal distributions are fit to our results we obtain a mean particle diameter of 88 nm. We also propose a mechanism by which the condensible plume gas might overlay black dust in areas where black coloration is not observed and compare this to the observed overlaying of Pillanian dust by Pele’s red ring.
Use of unipolar barriers to block dark currents in infrared detectors

The unipolar barrier is a new approach for control of dark currents in infrared photodetectors. First demonstrated in the nBn detector and then in the unipolar barrier photodiode, unipolar barriers have been shown to block surface leakage current. Unipolar barriers can also be implemented to filter out dark current components such as Shockley-Read-Hall current, direct band-to-band tunneling and trap-assisted tunneling, but are not useful for blocking diffusion currents. Current density-voltage characteristics of molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown InAs based unipolar barrier photodiodes are presented and analyzed, showing effective limiting of noise current mechanisms for different unipolar barrier photodiode architectures. RoA data shows near Auger-limited device performance and RoA values in excess of 1x107 Ω-cm2.
Effect of a chelating ion exchange resin (Chelex 100) on impedance and evoked potentials.

L'introduction d'une resine chelatrice pour Ca++ et Mg++ (Chelex 100) dans le corps genouille du chat produit une diminution des potentiels evoques photiques et de l'impedance cerebrale. L'electronmicroscopie revele une alteration de la structure du champ synaptique sans modification de l'espace intercellulaire.
Search for volatile superheavy elements from the reaction 248Cm + 48Ca

Abstract We have extended the search for superheavy elements in an experiment designed to condense and detect volatile superheavy elements with half-lives between one and 10 7 s. None were detected, however, a large region of very low cross sections and short half-lives remains unexplored.
Development of a Spectrum Generator

Penn State Applied Research Lab has developed a Spectrum Generator which can produce a color spot of arbitrary spectral content, with 3nm resolution across the visible band, or 1nm resolution across a smaller band.
Distinguishing mechanisms for the evolution of co-operation

The existence of co-operation between species has been cast as a problem to the selfish-gene view of evolution: why does co-operation persist, when it would seem that individual selection should favor the unco-operative individual who exploits the co-operative tendencies of its partner and gives nothing in return? The recent literature has emphasized one type of model as underlying the evolution and stability of interspecific co-operation, which we term the "partner-fidelity" model, and which is typified by the game theory model known as the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma game. Under this mechanism, individuals are associated with the same partner(s) during an indefinite sequence of interactions. Individuals who at any time fail to co-operate with their partner can be penalized by those same partners in subsequent trials, hence the co-operation can be evolutionarily stable. Many examples of biological co-operation that have been offered appear to conform to this model. However, a few examples appear instead to fit a different and unrecognized mechanism, termed "partner-choice". Under partner-choice, individuals are associated for just one interaction, but an asymmetry enables one member to differentially reward co-operative vs. unco-operative partners in advance of any possible exploitation. Possible examples of co-operation maintained through partner-choice mechanisms are provided by the yucca/yucca moth system and the fig/fig wasp system.
Species and sex effects on auditory processing in brown-headed cowbirds and red-winged blackbirds

Brown-headed cowbirds, Molothrus ater , and red-winged blackbirds, Agelaius phoeniceus , are frequently used as model systems for communication and vocal learning; however, relatively little is known about their auditory processing. Although auditory space and acoustic signal space are assumed to coevolve, it is less clear when, or even if, sex differences are expected in auditory processing. Here we explored frequency-specific auditory responses using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). We generated sex-specific audiograms using two methods: visual detection and cross-correlation. We also measured the amplitude and latency of ABRs to stimuli over a range of frequencies (0.5–6 kHz) and intensities (8–72 dB sound pressure level). Thresholds generated by both methods were good predictors of behavioural thresholds in the best frequency range (2–4 kHz). The visual detection method resulted in a slightly better correspondence with behavioural thresholds than the cross-correlation method above and below best frequencies. We found no significant differences between red-winged blackbird and brown-headed cowbird ABR thresholds; however, overall, females had lower thresholds than males. Sex differences were larger than species differences for ABR amplitude, while latency differences were greater between species than between sexes. Taken together our results suggest that despite high-frequency vocal elements, brown-headed cowbirds do not have enhanced high-frequency auditory sensitivity when measured with auditory evoked potentials. Moreover, we show that females have greater auditory sensitivity than males, which is generally not seen in other passerine species.
Lack of effect of respiratory syncytial virus infection on theophylline disposition in children

Conflicting reports raise a question about decreased plasma clearance (Cl p ) of theophylline in man during viral infections. Thus a dilemma exists concerning requisite dose adjustments. We examined this issue by retrospectively evaluating theophylline Cl p in children infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Two pharmacokinetic approaches were applied to a one-compartment open model to fit theophylline concentrations during 83 hospitalizations of 76 children, 6 to 48 months of age, who received intravenous theophylline therapy and were tested for RSV infection. Iterative linear regression analyses of all theophylline data were used to estimate apparent volume of distribution, elimination rate constant, plasma half-life, and Cl p in 39 of the hospitalizations. When insufficient data were available to distinguish apparent volume of distribution and elimination rate constant (n=44), steady-state estimates of Cl p were calculated. An age-matched and percentile body weight-matched cohort design presented RSV as the primary covariate. Theophylline Cl p was similar in 29 matched RSV-infected and -uninfected pairs (1.32±0.14 and 1.25±0.05 ml/kg perminute, respectively), as were other pharmacokinetic values. Unexpectedly, a significant, inverse linear relationship was found for Cl p and percentile body weight. Additionally, children born prematurely and hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit had significantly higher theophylline Cl p ; this did not affect findings regarding RSV infection. Theophylline Cl p was not decreased in RSV-infected children. Current theophylline dosing recommendations for young children infected with RSV should not be altered, but careful monitoring of plasma theophylline levels should be continued.
Some levels of interaction in information science

Abstract “Interaction” and “interactive systems” not only involve the computer but all the old inherent complexities when an abstracting and indexing service is relating with the users of these services. An attempt is made to clarify the kinds of interactions existing: between government and industrial services; between discipline- and project-oriented services; on a national versus international level; and between the user and the computer.
Carnap and Achinstein on evidence

Two notions of evidence are focused on in this essay, Carnap's positive-relevance notion of evidence (1962, pp. 462 ff.), and Achinstein's notion of potential evidence (1978; and 1983, pp. 322–350). Achinstein creates several interesting examples in his attempt to find faults in Carnap's notion of evidence; his motive, ultimately, is to impel us towards potential evidence. The purpose of this essay is to show that positive relevance is significantly more promising than potential evidence with respect to capturing the scientific sense of the term “evidence.” This is accomplished by finding faults in the notion of potential evidence, and by defending positive relevance against Achinstein's examples.
Sport and Team Differences on Baseline Measures of Sport-Related Concussion

Context: With the advent of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA's) mandating the presence and practice of concussion-management plans in collegiate athletic programs, institutions will consider potential approaches for concussion management, including both baseline and normative comparison approaches. Objective: To examine sport and team differences in baseline performance on a computer-based neurocognitive measure and 2 standard sideline measures of cognition and balance and to determine the potential effect of premorbid factors sex and height on baseline performance. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 437 NCAA Division II student-athletes (males = 273, females = 164; age = 19.61 ± 1.64 years, height = 69.89 ± 4.04 inches [177.52 ± 10.26 cm]) were recruited during mandatory preseason testing conducted in a concussion-management program. Main Outcome Measure(s): The computerized Concussion Resolution Index (CRI), the S...
Differentiating compliance with international law: Stanley Hoffmann's threefold distinction

This essay comments on compliance with international law by drawing on Stanley Hoffmann's 1961 landmark article ‘International Systems and International Law’. I start with two generalizations about compliance with international law: Henkin's Law and Democratic Compliance. For each, I will note how Stanley Hoffmann's differentiations within international law presented in ‘International Systems and International Law’ provide a valuable context for better interpretation of the patterns scholars have observed. I conclude with the problem of domestic democracy and the domestic rule of law as foundations for international law. I will suggest that they are less than perfect foundations and are instead rivals against the international rule of law. I will illustrate this with comments on recent US and European jurisprudence.
Determinants of Milk Flow Through Nipple Units: Role of Hole Size and Nipple Thickness

• The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of hole size and thickness in determining milk flow through nipple units during bottle feeding. Commonly used standard nipple units (SMA single-hole, Enfamil single-hole, and Twist-on) for term and preterm infants, as well as Nuk-type nipple units (SMA Nuk, Enfamil Natural, and Nuk) were tested. The size of the nipple hole and wall thickness were determined for each nipple unit. Airflow was measured by forcing pressurized air through the feed hole. Simulated sucks were used to measure the milk flow. A marked variability in airflow and milk flow was observed within and among the various types of nipple units studied. Within each type of nipple unit, both milk flow and airflow measurements correlated well with hole size. The thickness of the nipple units contributed minimally to the observed variability. We conclude that differences in hole size primarily account for the observed variability in milk flow. This finding may be clinically important in that rapid milk flow can lead to apnea and bradycardia in some preterm infants. The above observations imply that design changes are necessary to reduce the variability of milk flow within each nipple type. Moreover, milk-flow measurements made using a simple mechanical system and airflow measurements used by the industry are equally sensitive to evaluate nipple flow. ( AJDC . 1990;144:222-224)
Angular Momentum Cycle in the Atmosphere–Ocean–Solid Earth System*

Some of the contributions of Victor Paul Starr (1909–76) as a scholar and teacher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are described. His work on the atmospheric branch of the earth's angular momentum cycle is emphasized. Certain recent efforts to include the oceanic and solid earth branches of the cycle are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of novel epoxy monomers and liquid crystal thermosets

Four new epoxy monomers have been synthesized and characterized as part of a program to prepare novel liquid crystal thermoset (LCT) materials. Three of the new epoxy monomers contained a biphenyl mesogen and were not liquid crystalline (LC). The remaining epoxy monomer, which contained a 1,4-dibenzoyloxybenzene mesogen, was synthesized in an overall yield of 30% and displayed a broad (83°C) nematic liquid crystalline phase. The new liquid crystalline epoxy monomer was cured at 120°C and postcured at 175°C with a stoichiometric amount of 1,4-phenylenediamine. The thermal transitions of the resulting LCT were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized light optical microscopy (POM), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), and wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) as a function of cure time and temperature. A process characterization diagram was constructed which shows that LCTs based on this new LC monomer can be processed in the liquid crystalline phase over a broad range of times and temperatures. Qualitative agreement with previous epoxy LCT results was found, as LCT's with smectic phases and without clearing temperatures were observed at long cure times (high crosslink densities), whereas nematic phases with clearing temperatures predominated in networks at short cure times (low crosslink densities). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Le « bon cholestérol » et ses récepteurs ABCA1 et ABCG1 régulent l’immunité innée et la prolifération des cellules souches hématopoïétiques

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Zygomycosis originating from an odontogenic infection in a pediatric oncology patient

The Zygomyces are an increasingly frequent cause of invasive mold infection in immunocompromised patients. Here we describe the first well-documented case of Rhizopus infection of odontogenic origin, which presented as a rapidly progressive soft tissue infection in a neutropenic child. The infection resolved with limited surgical debridement and antifungal therapy.
Phase Delaying the Human Circadian Clock with Blue-Enriched Polychromatic Light

The human circadian system is maximally sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) light. In a previous study we found no difference between the magnitude of phase advances produced by bright white versu...
High-precision metrology by means of a novel stereo imaging technique based on atomic force microscopy

Metrological data from sample surfaces can be obtained by using a variety of profilometry methods. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), which relies on contact inter-atomic forces to extract topographical images of a sample, is one such method that can be used on a wide range of surface types, with possible nanometer range resolution. However, AFM images are commonly distorted by convolution, which reduces metrological accuracy. This type of distortion is more significant when the sample surface contains high aspect ratio features such as lines, steps or sharp edges - structures commonly found in semiconductor devices and applications. Aiming at mitigating these distortions and recovering metrology soundness, we introduce a novel image deconvolution scheme based on the principle of stereo imaging. Multiple images of a sample, taken at different angles, allow for separation of convolution artifacts from true topographic data. As a result, perfect sample reconstruction and probe shape estimation can be achieved in certain cases. Additionally, shadow zones, which are areas of the sample that cannot be probed by the AFM, are greatly reduced. Most importantly, this technique does not require a priori probe characterization. It also reduces the need for slender or sharper probes, which, on one hand, induce less convolution distortion but, on the other hand, are more prone to wear and damage, thus decreasing overall system reliability.