cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
"The Northern Monthly and New Jersey Magazine": May 1867-June 1868

After the Civil War, especially from 1865-1870, periodical publications increased rapidly because of new money and new technologies of printing.Â One of these periodicals was "The Northern Monthly and New Jersey Magazine," edited by Captain Allen Lee Bassett.Â Its name was later shortened to "The Northern Monthly."Â Eddy describes the historical context and the contents of this magazine as well as its significance. Â
PRIORITY EFFECTS IN CORAL REEF FISH COMMUNITIES

Demographically open communities are often viewed as stochastically structured assemblages because most colonizing juveniles arrive via unpredictable dispersal mechanisms. However, interactions between established residents and incoming juveniles may affect juvenile persistence in species-specific ways and could therefore impose a degree of determinism on future community structure. Using 16 spatially isolated communities of coral reef fishes, I conducted two experiments to determine how prior residency by two guilds of fishes affected juvenile recruitment. Each experiment factorially manipulated the presence and absence of two guilds: resident piscivores (groupers and moray eels) and interference competitors (territorial damselfishes). In the first experiment, guilds were manipulated via selective removals, and subsequent recruitment (larval settlement minus mortality) was monitored for 44 days. In the second experiment, guilds were placed within large cages to prevent direct resident–juvenile interactions, while allowing for any cues produced by enclosed fishes, thereby testing whether incoming larvae used resident-derived cues to select or reject settlement sites. Colonizing juveniles were collected from each reef over 42 days to prevent confounding resident- and recruit-derived cues. In the first experiment, piscivores inhibited recruitment of a damselfish (Pomacentridae) and a surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), and enhanced recruitment of a wrasse (Labridae). In contrast, territorial damselfishes inhibited recruitment of the damselfish and the wrasse, and enhanced recruitment of the surgeonfish. Observations of early recruitment patterns suggested that recruitment differences were established rapidly during the night or dawn periods shortly after settlement and before each daily census. In the second experiment, there was no evidence that larvae used resident-derived cues to select settlement sites, suggesting that recruitment differences in the first experiment resulted from differential mortality caused by direct resident–recruit interactions rather than differential larval settlement. These results demonstrate that interactions between established residents and newly arrived juveniles can have a strong influence on juvenile persistence, and that such interactions appear to be strongest within hours of larval settlement. Furthermore, because resident effects were species specific, the present composition of these communities may impose a previously undocumented degree of determinism on their future structure.
A strategy to optimize Modal Signaling over microstrip lines with spacing variability

Recently, Modal Signaling has emerged as a method for reducing far-end crosstalk in high-speed single-ended signaling channels. Modal Signaling utilizes the orthogonality of fundamental muIticonductor transmission line modes to minimize far-end crosstalk over interconnects with inhomogeneous medium, such as microstrip lines on printed circuit boards. A limitation of Modal Signaling is that the channel must be characterized before the appropriate encoder/decoder can be designed. Random variations in the channel characteristics will impact the effectiveness of crosstalk cancellation. This paper explores a variability-aware strategy for designing the Modal Signaling encoder/decoder such that the far-end crosstalk cancellation benefits can be maximized over the manufacturing tolerance range.
Somatotropin increases protein balance by lowering body protein degradation in fed, growing pigs

Somatotropin (ST) administration enhances protein deposition in well-nourished, growing animals. To determine whether the anabolic effect is due to an increase in protein synthesis or a decrease in...
Auxin activity: Past, present, and future

Long before its chemical identity was known, the phytohormone auxin was postulated to regulate plant growth. In the late 1800s, Sachs hypothesized that plant growth regulators, present in small amounts, move differentially throughout the plant to regulate growth. Concurrently, Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin were discovering that light and gravity were perceived by the tips of shoots and roots and that the stimulus was transmitted to other tissues, which underwent a growth response. These ideas were improved upon by Boysen-Jensen and Paal and were later developed into the Cholodny-Went hypothesis that tropisms were caused by the asymmetric distribution of a growth-promoting substance. These observations led to many efforts to identify this elusive growth-promoting substance, which we now know as auxin. In this review of auxin field advances over the past century, we start with a seminal paper by Kenneth Thimann and Charles Schneider titled "The relative activities of different auxins" from the American Journal of Botany, in which they compare the growth altering properties of several auxinic compounds. From this point, we explore the modern molecular understanding of auxin-including its biosynthesis, transport, and perception. Finally, we end this review with a discussion of outstanding questions and future directions in the auxin field. Over the past 100 yr, much of our progress in understanding auxin biology has relied on the steady and collective advance of the field of auxin researchers; we expect that the next 100 yr of auxin research will likewise make many exciting advances.
Genetic Interactions among the West Nile Virus Methyltransferase, the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, and the 5′ Stem-Loop of Genomic RNA

Flavivirus methyltransferase catalyzes both guanine N7 and ribose 2′-OH methylations of the viral RNA cap (GpppA-RNA→m7GpppAm-RNA). The methyltransferase is physically linked to an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in the flaviviral NS5 protein. Here, we report genetic interactions of West Nile virus (WNV) methyltransferase with the RdRp and the 5′-terminal stem-loop of viral genomic RNA. Genome-length RNAs, containing amino acid substitutions of D146 (a residue essential for both cap methylations) in the methyltransferase, were transfected into BHK-21 cells. Among the four mutant RNAs (D146L, D146P, D146R, and D146S), only D146S RNA generated viruses in transfected cells. Sequencing of the recovered viruses revealed that, besides the D146S change in the methyltransferase, two classes of compensatory mutations had reproducibly emerged. Class 1 mutations were located in the 5′-terminal stem-loop of the genomic RNA (a G35U substitution or U38 insertion). Class 2 mutations resided in NS5 (K61Q in methyltransferase and W751R in RdRp). Mutagenesis analysis, using a genome-length RNA and a replicon of WNV, demonstrated that the D146S substitution alone was lethal for viral replication; however, the compensatory mutations rescued replication, with the highest rescuing efficiency occurring when both classes of mutations were present. Biochemical analysis showed that a low level of N7 methylation of the D146S methyltransferase is essential for the recovery of adaptive viruses. The methyltransferase K61Q mutation facilitates viral replication through improved N7 methylation activity. The RdRp W751R mutation improves viral replication through an enhanced polymerase activity. Our results have clearly established genetic interactions among flaviviral methyltransferase, RdRp, and the 5′ stem-loop of the genomic RNA.
Plasmacytopoiesis in the pronephros of the carp (Cyprinus carpio)

A light and electron microscopy study of the structure of the pronephros of the carp, Cyprinus carpio, revealed lymphocytopoiesis, plasmacytopoiesis and erythrocytopoiesis. In addition to the lymphocytes of various sizes, there were transitional cells which had characteristics of both lymphocytes and plasma cells. Some of the plasmacytoid cells had a configuration of cytoplasmic granules suggestive of the Russell body formation described in higher mammalian forms. When India ink particles were injected into the fish intraperitoneally, macrophages containing this marker could be found in the pronephros. The highly vascular structure of this organ emphasized the close association of the cellular elements with the circulating blood. In view of the cell population of the pronephros and its role as a major source of cells producing antibody, it may well represent a primitive prototype of the more advanced mammalian lymph node.
Moving in Between Mammography: Screening Decisions of American Indian Women in Vermont:

Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among American Indian women, with mammography screening rates below the national average for this population. A grounded theory study, conducted with Vermont American Indian women, explicated factors that influence mammography decision making. The authors examined mammography decision making across the breast cancer screening continuum: women with a history of consistent annual mammograms, women who were under users or nonusers of mammography, and women who were breast cancer survivors. The generated theory, Moving in Between Mammography, describes the decision-making process and factors that influenced women’s participation in routine mammography screening. Specific influencing factors addressed include Connecting to Nativeness, Taking Care of Self, Financing Health Care, and (Mis)Trusting the Health Care System. Implications and directions for future research are addressed.
Determination of the intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan distance in a 7-peptide related to the C-terminal sequence of cholecystokinin.

The solution conformation of a 7-peptide with the C-terminal sequence of cholecystokinin was investigated by evaluation of intramolecular resonance energy transfer between tyrosine (donor) in position 1 and tryptophan (acceptor) in position 4. From the relative enhancement of acceptor fluorescence a transfer efficiency of 0.70 +/- 0.04 was determined. The use of this parameter in Forster's equation permitted the calculation of the average intramolecular tyrosine-tryptophan separation, whereby the assumption of random donor-acceptor orientation was made. The resulting average distance of 10.0 +/- 0.3 A suggests some type of a folded conformation and excludes the existence of a fully extended chain in the N-terminal part of the peptide. A comparison with tyrosine-tryptophan distances observed in other biologically active polypeptides is made.
Fuzzy behavior modulation with threshold activation for autonomous vehicle navigation

The paper describes fuzzy logic techniques used in a hierarchical behavior-based architecture for robot navigation. An architectural feature for threshold activation of fuzzy behaviors is emphasized, which is potentially useful for tuning navigation performance in real world applications. The target application is autonomous local navigation of a small planetary rover. Threshold activation of low-level navigation behaviors is the primary focus. A preliminary assessment of its impact on local navigation performance is provided based on computer simulations.
Hybrid multicasting in large-scale service networks

The importance of service composition has been widely recognized in the Internet research community due to its high flexibility in allowing development of customized applications. So far little attention has been paid to composite services' runtime performance-related aspects, which are of great importance to wide-area applications. Service composition in the wide area actually creates a new type of routing problem which we call QoS service routing. We study this problem in large networks (e.g., the Web) and provide distributed and scalable routing solutions with various optimization goals. Most importantly, we propose ways to reduce redundancies of data delivery and service execution through explorations of different types of multicast (service multicast and data multicast) in one-to-many application scenarios.
DNA repair and the evolution of transformation in Bacillus subtilis. III. Sex with damaged DNA.

Natural genetic transformation in the bacterium Bacillus subtilis provides an experimental system for studying the evolutionary function of sexual recombination. The repair hypothesis proposes that during transformation the exogenous DNA taken up by cells is used as template for recombinational repair of damages in the recipient cell's genome. Earlier results demonstrated that the population density of transformed cells (i.e., sexual cells) increases, relative to nontransformed cells (primarily asexual cells), with increasing dosage of ultraviolet irradiation, provided that the cells are transformed with undamaged homologous DNA after they have become damaged. In nature, however, donor DNA for transformation is likely to come from cells that are as damaged as the recipient cells. In order to better simulate the effects of transformation in natural populations we conducted similar experiments as those just described using damaged donor DNA. We document in this report that transformants continue to increase in relative density even if they are transformed with damaged donor DNA. These results suggest that sites of transformation are often damaged sites in the recipient cell's genome.
New Directions in the Study of Religious Responses to the Black Death1

The past decade has seen the publications of numerous excellent studies on the Black Death. For the most part, however, scholars have been preoccupied with debating whether the Black Death was caused by plague or not, parallels between the first, second, and third plague pandemics, and broader historiographical questions of continuity and change. Less attention has been devoted to revisiting the religious responses of Christians, Muslims, and Jews to the natural disaster. Recent scholarship has begun to question previous paradigms in which the responses of these three communities were viewed as qualitatively different in essential characteristics such as their conception of contagion. By emphasizing the internal diversity of views within these monotheistic communities, and drawing on recently published primary sources, scholars attempting to write a nuanced comparative history of the religious responses to the Black Death will be able to avoid the misleading generalizations promoted by their predecessors.
Mechanical stimulation alters tissue differentiation and molecular expression during bone healing.

Further understanding of how mechanical cues modulate skeletal tissue differentiation can identify potential means of enhancing repair following injury or disease. Prior studies examined the effects of mechanical loading on osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and fibrogenesis in an effort to enhance bony union. However, exploring how mechanical stimuli can divert the bone healing process towards formation of other mesenchymal tissues, as an endpoint, may elucidate new avenues for repair and regeneration of tissues such as cartilage and fibrous tissue. This study investigated the use of mechanical stimulation to promote cartilage rather than bone formation within an osteotomy. Our overall goal was to define skeletal tissue distribution and molecular expression patterns induced by the stimulation. Retired breeder Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 85) underwent production of a mid-diaphyseal, transverse femoral osteotomy followed by external fixation. Beginning on postoperative day 10 and continuing for 1, 2, or 4 weeks, a cyclic bending motion (+35°/−25° at 1 Hz) was applied in the sagittal plane for 15 min/day for 5 consecutive days/week. Control animals experienced continuous rigid fixation. Histological and molecular analyses indicated that stimulation substantially altered normal bone healing. Stimulated specimens exhibited an increase in cartilage volume over time, while control specimens demonstrated bony bridging. Stimulation induced upregulation of cartilage-related genes (COL2A1 and COL10A1) and downregulation of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) -4, -6 and -7. However, BMP-3 was upregulated with stimulation. These findings illustrate that mechanical cues can selectively modulate osteogenesis and chondrogenesis in vivo, and suggest a potential basis for treatment regimens for injured or diseased cartilaginous tissues. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Variable Predators and Switching Behavior

Models are developed in which prey preferences vary between individual predators but the preference of an individual does not change with prey relative density. These two properties generally lead to the surprising conclusion that the aggregate preference of a population of predators does change with prey relative density. This phenomenon may result in negative or positive switching, depending on the circumstances, with negative switching being the more likely result. Such population negative switching is found in previously published experimental data. Implications are given for the analysis of ecological data, and some implications for the stability of field populations are suggested.
Subacute Combined Degeneration of the Spinal Cord: MR Findings

The authors present the initial and follow-up MR findings in a patient with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, a complication of vitamin B12 deficiency, and a rare cause of demyelination of the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord. Initial study showed high intensity in the dorsal columns of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord on T2-weighted image. Five months after treatment, the abnormal signal intensity was noted to have decreased.
Short-term metal particulate exposures decrease cardiac acceleration and deceleration capacities in welders: a repeated-measures panel study

Objective Acceleration (AC) and deceleration (DC) capacities measure heart rate variability during speeding up and slowing down of the heart, respectively. We investigated associations between AC and DC with occupational short-term metal PM2.5 exposures. Methods A panel of 48 male welders had particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM2.5) exposure measurements over 4–6 h repeated over 5 sampling periods between January 2010 and June 2012. We simultaneously obtained continuous recordings of digital ECG using a Holter monitor. We analysed ECG data in the time domain to obtain hourly AC and DC. Linear mixed models were used to assess the associations between hourly PM2.5 exposure and each of hourly AC and DC, controlling for age, smoking status, active smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, season/ time of day when ECG reading was obtained and baseline AC or DC. We also ran lagged exposure response models for each successive hour up to 3 h after onset of exposure. Results Mean (SD) shift PM2.5 exposure during welding was 0.47 (0.43) mg/m 3 . Significant exposure–response associations were found for AC and DC with increased PM2.5 exposure. In our adjusted models without any lag between exposure and response, a 1 mg/m 3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with a decrease of 1.46 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.92) ms in AC and a decrease of 1.00 (95% CI 0.53 to 1.46) ms in DC. The effect of PM2.5 on AC and DC was maximal immediately postexposure and lasted 1 h following exposure. Conclusions There are short-term effects of metal particulates on AC and DC.
Skin biopsy: Biopsy issues in specific diseases

Misdiagnosis may result from biopsy site selection, technique, or choice of transport media. Important potential sources of error include false-negative direct immunofluorescence results based on poor site selection, uninformative biopsy specimens based on both site selection and technique, and spurious interpretations of pigmented lesions and nonmelanoma skin cancer based on biopsy technique. Part I of this 2-part continuing medical education article addresses common pitfalls involving site selection and biopsy technique in the diagnosis of bullous diseases, vasculitis, panniculitis, connective tissue diseases, drug eruptions, graft-versus-host disease, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, hair disorders, and neoplastic disorders. Understanding these potential pitfalls can result in improved diagnostic yield and patient outcomes.
Genetic, Developmental, and Evolutionary Aspects of Life Span

In a broad sense, life span and aging can be defined as the length of survival and the collective changes that occur during the period between conception and death (Buerger, 1957). Like most biological phenomena, there is ample evidence to support both genetic and environmental approaches to the study of life span and aging (Comfort, 1974). Although life, aging, and death are generally accepted as essential to the evolutionary process, little is known about the factors controlling the life span of a species at the phenotypic level. As a consequence, numerous theories have been proposed to explain the aging process. These theories have implicated biological clocks (Landahl, 1959; Burnet, 1973), the waning of immunologic vigor (Ram, 1967; Walford, 1969; Greenberg and Yunis, 1972), the finite lifetime of cells (Strehler, 1966; Novelli, 1970; Hayflick, 1965, 1974), crosslinking of macromolecules (Bjorksten, 1968), somatic mutation (Mole, 1963; Jones and Kimmeldorf, 1964), accumulation of random errors (Orgel, 1963, 1973), dietary caloric intake (Ross, 1959; Mclntyre et al., 1964), and many others.
Regulation of GLUT-3 glucose transporter in the hippocampus of diabetic rats subjected to stress

Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that chronic stress produces molecular, morphological, and ultrastructural changes in the rat hippocampus that are accompanied by cognitive deficits. Glucocorticoid attenuation of glucose utilization is proposed to be one of the causative factors involved in stress-induced changes in the hippocampus, producing an energy-compromised environment that may make hippocampal neuronal populations more vulnerable to neurotoxic insults. Similarly, diabetes potentiates neuronal damage in acute neurotoxic events, such as ischemia and stroke. Accordingly, the current study examined the regulation of the neuron-specific glucose transporter, GLUT-3, in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats subjected to restraint stress. Diabetes leads to significant increases in GLUT-3 mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus, increases that are not affected by stress. Collectively, these results suggest that streptozotocin-induced increases in GLUT-3 mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus may represent a compensatory mechanism to increase glucose utilization during diabetes and also suggest that modulation of GLUT-3 expression is not responsible for glucocorticoid impairment of glucose utilization.
Creating influential nodes in a smart building social network

Smart buildings are an important development in energy efficient technology. Through the use of smart meters, integrated electric vehicles, and other technologies, the energy efficiency of a home or office can be improved significantly. The use of user incentives and influences are key to the successful operation of a smart building. Many of the relevant technologies are tools that require effort on the part of the occupant to reach their full potential. In this paper, we study the effects of influencing the social network of a smart apartment building's occupants in order to raise a building's energy efficiency to a socially desirable state. We study a novel inversion of the concept of influential nodes; we influence the network so as to make the best users highly influential within the network. We find that this method is able to produce reasonably good results in our simulations. Our results indicate that such a setup does increase the efficiency and help to produce a smoother load curve and a closer-to-optimal global energy usage state. Additionally, the results show that societal values can greatly impact the final result, and that the number of best users chosen has a significant effect on the scalability of the algorithm.
Drug prevention programs can work: research findings.

This paper reports findings of a subset of 91 programs, which included drug use measures, from the data base previously reported in the author's meta-analysis of 143 adolescent drug prevention programs. Treatment components of strategies succesful in decreasing drug use by adolescents are discussed with regard to both the developmental stages of adolescents and the current etiology of drug abuse. Meta-analysis is briefly discussed. The focus is on issues rather than the actual research. Questions for future programming address theoretical assumptions and practical issues. It attitude change a prerequisite for decreased drug use? This meta-analysis questions the validity of using knowledge and attitude measures as the only outcome measures. Successful program strategies require innovative planning and close attention to implementation factors. Answers to implementation questions require continued quality research. Implications for future planing may lie in the public policy arena.
IDENTIFICATION OF SIX COMMERCIALLY CULTURED CRAYFISH SPECIES USING TOTAL PROTEIN SEPARATION BY ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

Total soluble proteins extracted from the tail muscles of 6 commercially cultured species of crayfishes were separated using isoelectric focusing (IEF). The banding patterns produced could be used to successfully identify 5 of the 6 species. Unique protein bands at pI 5.75 and 6.02 were identified for Pacifasticus leniusculus. A unique group of 3 protein bands were identified between pI 5.46 and 5.6 in Cherax quadricarinatus. Two species of Orconectes, 0. virilis and 0. rusticus, were identified by a pattern shift in a pair of protein bands between pI 5.1 and 5.3. The only 2 species that could not be distinguished from each other based on their protein banding patterns were Procambarus clarkii and P. zonangulus. However, these 2 members of the genus Procambarus could be differentiated from the other species examined by the presence of a protein band at pI 5.1 not found in the other species. Species-specific protein banding patterns were observed in juveniles, females, and Form I and Form II males, suggesting that the patterns used for species identification do not appear to be dependent on age or sex. Furthermore, these protein banding patterns were not dependent on the molt stage. The analysis of IEF of soluble proteins, coupled with the analysis of traditional morphological characteristics, may be a valuable tool for species identification in crayfish.
Integration of Seismic and Fluid-flow Data: a Two-way Road Linked by Rock Physics

Geologic model building of the subsurface is a complicated and lengthy process. Seismic data are usually inverted at the beginning of this process and discarded after inversion and interpretation. Modifications from the seismic inversion results are almost never validated due to the one-way information flow towards reservoir properties. In this paper, we propose to include the production data and the inverted reservoir properties back in the seismic inversion during the next iteration of geologic model updates. The elastic properties and the fluid-flow properties are connected and cross-updated based on the underlying rock physics models. The statistical approach we propose in this paper not only provides a single Earth model that best satisfies both types of data, but also has the potential to properly quantify the uncertainty associated with this model. We show preliminary results from the proposed framework on a synthetic gas-pocket identification example.
Plutonium Solubility and Speciation to be Applied to the Separation of Hydrothermal Waste Treatment Effluent

One of the most complex problems concerning nuclear waste management and the restoration of plutonium production sites is the treatment and disposition of mixed and TRU wastes. Hydrothermal oxidation, which has been shown to be effective in oxidizing a wide variety of organic material to CO{sub 2}, /water, salts and other nonhazardous oxides, is a promising new technology for the treatment and volume reduction of actinide-containing waste. Information on the speciation and solubility of plutonium under process effluent conditions will facilitate the development of separation techniques for removing it from the treated solutions. Such a strongly oxidizing environment will generate plutonium(VI); and upon the destruction of organics, hydrothermal reactor solutions will contain carbonate. The authors are investigating the solubility and speciation of the plutonium(VI) carbonate system as a function of ionic strength (0.1 to 5.0 M). Formation constants for the tris- and biscarbonato complexes of plutonium(IV) were determined to be, log {beta}{sub 130} = 17.7 and log {beta}{sub 120} = 13.6, respectively, by spectrophotometry. These formation constants indicate that PuO{sub 2}CO{sub 3(aq)} is the plutonium (VI) carbonate solution species with the largest relevant stability range. The authors prepared and characterized the corresponding solid using XRD, EXAFS, and diffuse reflectance, andmore » initiated solubility experiments in 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 M NaCl at 22 {+-} 1 C under 100% CO{sub 2}. Data collected thus far yield the solubility products, log K{sub sp} mol{sup 2}/kg{sup 2} = {minus}12.9 (0.1 m NaCl), {minus}12.4 (0.2 m NaCl), {minus}12.5 (0.5 m NaCl), {minus}12.3 (1 m NaCl), {minus}12.2 (2 m NaCl), {minus}12.3 (5 m NaCl).« less
Changes of contents of aspirate and glutamate in hippocampus formation and cerebrospinal fluid on KA induced rats

Objective:To study the changes of glutamate(Glu) and aspartate(Asp) in hippocampus formation and CSF on KA induced rats. Methods:Sprague-Dawley rats(n = 40) were divided into 2 groups at random:the KA group(intracerebroventricular injection(icv) of KA,2 μg/kg) and the control group(icv of NS). KA group were divided into 4 groups at 6 h,1d,3d and 7d,eight in each group. HPLC was used to assess the concentration of Glu and Asp in hippocampus formation and cerebrospinal fluid. Results:In the hippocampus,the contents of Glu and Asp increased continuously 1d after seizure,but had no significance compared with the control. Three days later,only Glu became significantly different from the control. However,the contents of Glu and Asp in the CSF were significantly different from the control 6 hours after seizure. Conclusion:The contents of excite amino acid(especially Glu)in CSF increased immediately after KA injection,which changed earlier than those in hippocampus formation.
Prevalent characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Hainan Province,during 2009～2012

Objective To analyze prevalent characteristics of hand,foot mouth disease(HFMD) in Hainan Province, and to provide the scientific basis for its prevention and control. Method The data of hand foot mouth disease collected from Chinese Disease Surveillance System and etiology detection result of hand,foot mouth disease were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological methods. Result 135 472 HFMD cases, including 2 008 severe cases and 57 fatal cases, were reported in Hainan during 2009~2011. The reported average annual incidence, severe case incidence, and fatality rate were 391.09/100 000, 5.80/100 000, and 0.16/100 000, respectively. There were two infection peaks, from April to July(March to May) and from September to November. Most of the cases were children aged5 year. The incidence rate in the age group of 1~2 years,was the highest(9 195.00/100 000). The gender ratio was 1.82:1. Most of cases lived sporadically. There were highest incidence rates in northern area, eastern, and southern coastal area. The proportion of EV71 strains in severe cases was high. The ratio of severe HFMD cases was increased with the proportion of EV71 strains(r=0.706, P=0.000). Conclusion HFMD is hightly prevalent in Hainan Province. To carry out pathogenic monitormy and adopt integrated measures on target population and target areas are the main control atrategy.
DRIFT SPEED OF BUOYS IN WAVES

The drift speed of small floating objects subjected to periodic waves was investigated experimentally. Although data scatter is evident, the results show reasonably good agreement between Stokes third order mass transport drift speed and the drift speed of small surface floats, for the lower wave amplitudes. For the steepest waves there is good agreement between the data and recent developments of Longuet-Higgins. Surprisingly, the objects of deeper draft, such as a small spar-type buoy, drifted faster than the Stokes drift speed in the lower amplitude wave region of the tests. In the steepest waves the deeper buoys drifted a bit slower than the small objects.
Dezocine Combined Parecoxib Prevent of Agitation after General Anesthesia

Objective: Investigate the effect of dezocine combined parecoxib prevention of anesthesia gitation.Methods: Se-lect ASA Ⅰ ~ Ⅱ grade under general anesthesia,90 patients with cholecystectomy,were randomly divided into 3 groups.Ⅰ group re-ceived dezocine 5 mg;Ⅱ group received sufentanil 10 mg;Ⅲ were given f dezocine 5 mg and parecoxib 40 mg.20 min before the end of surgery they were given by vein.Observe and compare the emergence of three groups of patients the occurrence of agitation,pain score and side effects(nausea,vomiting,etc.) Results: In Ⅱ and Ⅲ group the incidence of agitation and pain scores were lower than in group Ⅰ(P 0.05).In Ⅱ and Ⅲ there was no significant difference(P 0.05).In Ⅲ adverse reaction rate was less than in Ⅰ and Ⅱ(P 0.05).Conclusion: Intraoperative dezocine combined parecoxib in preventing of anesthesia agitation has a good effect,and can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.
Understanding Digitization and the Visual Experience in the Age of the Internet: Principles, Practices and Challenges

AbstractAdvances in digitization, the Internet, and the World Wide Web have brought changes and revolution in the ways we think about information, curriculum, and visual literacy. As the field of visual literacy research, design, instruction, and teaching becomes increasingly important, especially with the availability of the Internet, the need to understand digitization and utilize electronic materials increases. So making the Joel A. and Irene A. Benedict Visual Literacy Collection (BVLC) at Arizona State University electronically available for researchers, scholars, students, teachers, IVLA members, and others throughout the world becomes a pressing task. This article presents need, rationale, prospects, and challenges of the proposed IVLA Digital Initiative to make the BVLC available in full-text for research and teaching. The dream of the virtual library comes forward now not because it promises an exciting future, but because it promises a future that will be just like the past, only better and fast...
A 4-/spl pi/ field of view Compton imager based on a single planar germanium detector

A Compton imager has been developed based on a single germanium strip detector. The system has the ability to image point or continuous gamma ray sources located anywhere in a 4-/spl pi/ field of view. The effective energy range for imaging is approximately 200 keV to greater than 1 MeV. The system was designed as a prototype for a field deployable system. Therefore, custom electronics were designed and other efforts were made such that the entire system could fit on a small lab cart and be moved by a single person. Possible applications include search and monitoring of radionuclide material. Various images are shown and the ability of the imager to find a source in the presence of high background is demonstrated. The absolute imaging efficiency or the detector at 511 keV is shown to be /spl sim/ 4 * 10/sup -3/ for this system. Of events that deposited their full energy in the detector, it is shown that /spl sim/20% are suitable for imaging using current techniques. Methods to improve the efficiency in future systems are discussed.
Hillary Rodham Versus Hillary Clinton: Consequences of Surname Choice in Marriage

In this paper I expand on the current literature regarding how women are perceived by surname choice with a vignette experiment conducted in a diverse sample (N = 1243) of the U.S. and ordered logistic regression to evaluate (1) how committed respondents think a woman is as a wife by her last name choice and (2) whether a woman’s last name choice causes individuals to hold her to different standards (a backlash effect). I describe the woman’s behavior in marriage in order to see if surname choice matters beyond information on how the woman is “performing.” In addition, I examine whether name change varies depending on the educational attainment and gender of the evaluator. While overall, last name choice appears to have little impact on how women are viewed among women and highly educated men, I find that men of low education view women who retain their surnames in marriage as less committed wives. These men also think women who retain their surnames should be held to higher standards than women with their husbands’ last names. My results follow scholarship that finds that men of lower education are more protective of overt instances of the gender hierarchy, of which surname practices are an important example.
Impact of disease-Linked mutations targeting the oligomerization interfaces of aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) is involved in lysine catabolism, catalyzing the oxidation of α-aminoadipate semialdehyde to α-aminoadipate. Certain mutations in the ALDH7A1 gene, which are presumed to reduce catalytic activity, cause an autosomal recessive seizure disorder known as pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy (PDE). Although the genetic association between ALDH7A1 and PDE is well established, little is known about the impact of PDE-mutations on the structure and catalytic function of the enzyme. Herein we report the first study of the molecular consequences of PDE mutations using purified ALDH7A1 variants. Eight variants, with mutations in the oligomer interfaces, were expressed in Escherichia coli: P78L, G83E, A129P, G137V, G138V, A149E, G255D, and G263E. All but P78L and G83E were soluble and could be purified. All six soluble mutants were catalytically inactive. The impact of the mutations on oligomerization was assessed by analytical ultracentrifugation. Wild-type ALDH7A1 is shown to exist in a dimer-tetramer equilibrium with a dissociation constant of 16 μM. In contrast to the wild-type enzyme, the variants reside in monomer-dimer equilibria and are apparently incapable of forming a tetrameric species, even at high enzyme concentration. The available evidence suggests that they are misfolded assemblies lacking the three-dimensional structure required for catalysis.
Unilateral absence of an external jugular vein in two English bulldogs with pulmonary valve stenosis

Two English bulldogs referred for interventional palliation of severe pulmonary valve stenosis were incidentally diagnosed with unilateral absence of an external jugular vein (left in one case, right in the other) by computed tomography and Doppler ultrasound. The right internal jugular vein also could not be visualized in the dog with absence of the left external jugular vein. Cervical venous anomalies can impact diagnostic or interventional venous catheterization procedures such as balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Additionally, absence of an external jugular vein may impact central venous catheter placement. Absence of an external jugular vein should be considered in dogs when the external jugular vein cannot be easily palpated. Ultrasound or computed tomography may help identify jugular venous anatomy and confirm anomalies.
Efficacy of Surgical-Site, Multimodal Drug Injection Following Operative Management of Femoral Fractures: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND Multimodal analgesia inclusive of periarticular injection with a local anesthetic agent has been rapidly assimilated, with demonstrated safety and efficacy, into the care of patients undergoing elective lower-extremity arthroplasty. The present study was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a surgical-site, multimodal drug injection for postoperative pain control following operative management of femoral fractures. METHODS There were 102 patients undergoing operative intervention (plate fixation, intramedullary device, or arthroplasty) for a broad range of femoral fracture patterns who were prospectively randomized either to receive an intraoperative, surgical-site injection into the superficial and deep tissues containing ropivacaine, epinephrine, and morphine or to receive no injection. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores were recorded at regular intervals as the primary outcome measure. Narcotic consumption and medication-related side effects were also monitored. RESULTS The injection group demonstrated significantly lower VAS scores (p < 0.05) than the control cohort in the recovery room and at the 4, 8, and 12-hour postoperative time points. The median score (and interquartile range) was 1.6 (0 to 4.0) for the injection group and 3.2 (1.3 to 5.7) for the control group immediately postoperatively, 1.0 (0 to 3.0) for the injection group and 5.0 (2.0 to 7.0) for the control group at 4 hours, 2.0 (0 to 4.0) for the injection group and 5.0 (2.0 to 6.8) for the control group at 8 hours, and 3.5 (0 to 5.0) for the injection group and 5.0 (2.0 to 8.0) for the control group at 12 hours. Additionally, narcotic consumption was significantly lower (p = 0.007) in the injection group (5.0 mg [1.3 to 8.0 mg]) compared with the control group (9.7 mg [3.9 to 15.6 mg]) over the first 8 hours following the surgical procedure. No cardiac or central nervous system toxicity was observed secondary to infiltration of the local anesthetic. CONCLUSIONS Surgical-site injection with a multimodal analgesic cocktail provides improved pain control and reduces narcotic utilization over the first postoperative day, with no observed adverse effects attributable to the local injection, across a diverse orthopaedic trauma population undergoing operative intervention for femoral fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
User Mode Process and System Calls

Chapter 7 covers user mode processes and system calls. It extends the simple kernel of Chap. 5 to support additional process management functions, which include process creation, process termination, process synchronization and wait for child process termination. Then it extends the kernel to support user mode processes and system calls. It shows how to use memory management to provide each process with a private user mode virtual address space that is isolated from other processes and protected by the MMU hardware. It covers and demonstrates the various kinds of memory management schemes, which include one-level sections and two-level static and dynamic paging. In addition, it also covers the advanced concepts and techniques of fork, exec, vfork and threads. Then it shows how to use ramdisk and SD card as file systems to manage kernel and user mode images. It also shows how to develop booter programs to boot up the system kernel from SDC partitions.
Boys in Black and the Urban Ghetto Child

In this chapter Olson explores the stereotypes about black boys, particularly within discourses of crime and violence. Olson explores the relationship between Blaxploitation films and modern depictions of black youth. She argues the historically negative depictions of African children have not changed much since colonial times.
Multimodal gender detection

Automatic gender classification is receiving increasing attention in the computer interaction community as the need for personalized, reliable, and ethical systems arises. To date, most gender classification systems have been evaluated on textual and audiovisual sources. This work explores the possibility of enhancing such systems with physiological cues obtained from thermography and physiological sensor readings. Using a multimodal dataset consisting of audiovisual, thermal, and physiological recordings of males and females, we extract features from five different modalities, namely acoustic, linguistic, visual, thermal, and physiological. We then conduct a set of experiments where we explore the gender prediction task using single and combined modalities. Experimental results suggest that physiological and thermal information can be used to recognize gender at reasonable accuracy levels, which are comparable to the accuracy of current gender prediction systems. Furthermore, we show that the use of non-contact physiological measurements, such as thermography readings, can enhance current systems that are based on audio or visual input. This can be particularly useful for scenarios where non-contact approaches are preferred, i.e., when data is captured under noisy audiovisual conditions or when video or speech data are not available due to ethical considerations.
Improved latent space approach for modelling non-stationary spatial–temporal random fields

Abstract This paper proposes an improved latent space approach for modelling non-stationary spatial and spatial–temporal random fields. For the non-stationary spatial random fields, the paper proposes a general formulation of the spatial covariance. Building on the latent space approach, the proposed formulation considers regressors as latent dimensions, and characterizes the non-stationarity in the spatial covariance using a regressor-based standard deviation and correlation. For the non-stationary spatial–temporal random fields, the paper proposes general formulations for the spatial–temporal covariance structure used in a dynamic approach. The proposed formulations are more flexible than the current ones by considering the possible effects of spatial distance, time, and regressors on the statistics of a random field. Two examples are considered in the paper. The first one considers the modelling and prediction of a spatial random field and the second one considers a spatial–temporal random field. The proposed formulations demonstrate better performance for both examples compared with the current formulations, and can better describe the dependencies of the quantities of interest on the regressors.