cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hopping dynamics and diffusion of atoms, molecules, and ions in nanoporous solids by exchange NMR spectroscopy

Molecular diffusion in nanoporous materials can be understood as series of dynamic hopping or exchange motions of molecules between different discrete sites. Exchange NMR offers the spectral resolution to distinguish between these different sites, based on isotropic and anisotropic NMR interactions that manifest differences in the local chemical or structural environments of molecules at different sites or their local orientations. Such interactions facilitate the observation of distinct adsorption environments and provide insights on the number and distributions of distinct types of environments and the geometries and motional correlation times of local hopping events between different sites. The temporal range accessible by exchange NMR is governed by the time required for the observation of the NMR signal (< 1 ms) and the return of the nuclear magnetic polarization to thermal equilibrium (typically several seconds). Over such timescales, this permits slow molecular exchange processes between local environments to be probed in great quantitative detail. The resulting insights on dynamic exchange or hopping of atoms, molecules, or ions in nanoporous solids provide a basis for understanding processes that occur over longer length and time scale, which ultimately account for their macroscopic diffusion properties.
Chapter 5: Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis Involving Syngas and Carbon Monoxide

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses homogeneous transition metal catalysis involving syngas and carbon monoxide. With the recent price decrease for crude oil and with the major restructuring of the petrochemical industry, efforts in developing new syngas technology have declined. The time frame for chemicals from coal has certainly been pushed back for at least a decade. While no one can predict with certainty the changes of political situations in the Middle East and their consequences on the world oil prices, it is still safe to say that for large volume chemicals, syngas will continue to be the lowest cost feedstock. At present and in the foreseeable future, natural gas will play an important role in the production of syngas and methanol. To take advantage of the low cost, offshore methanol, more small users of syngas may produce syngas onsite by cracking methanol. From a practical point of view, syngas technology will continue to be an important part of energy and chemical productions for the years to come. While many chemical companies are turning to higher value added products, the technology of homogeneous catalysis will also find applications in smaller scale, more complex reactions.
Abstract A91: IKBKE signaling in pancreatic tumorigenesis

Oncogenic activation of Kras is an important event in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC), that leads to activation of multiple signaling pathways. Although Kras is conceptually an attractive therapeutic target for PDAC, attempts made to target Kras using small molecules have been mostly unsuccessful. Another approach in treating pancreatic cancer is to target downstream effectors of Kras. We have previously shown that non-canonical activity of the Gli transcription factors downstream of Kras is required for the initiation and progression of pancreatic tumors, and that Gli drives a unique pancreas specific transcriptional program in the context of oncogenic Kras. Here, we demonstrate that the IkB Kinase Epsilon (IKBKE) is a novel transcriptional target of Gli that is essential for pancreatic transformation. Using genetically modified mouse models, we show that IKBKE activity, while dispensable for pancreatic development, is required for oncogenic transformation in the pancreas. We find that the genetic knockout of IKBKE leads to a dramatic inhibition of initiation and progression of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) precursor lesions in mice carrying pancreas specific activation of oncogenic Kras. Furthermore, we find that although IKBKE is a known NF-kB activator, it only modestly regulates NF-kB activity in PDAC. In contrast we find that IKBKE strongly promotes Akt phosphorylation in PDAC in vitro and in vivo, indicating that this may be the primary mechanism of IKBKE induced tumorigenesis. Our findings support the evaluation of IKBKE as a novel therapeutic target in treatment of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: Mihir Rajurkar, Junhao Mao. IKBKE signaling in pancreatic tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Pancreatic Cancer: Innovations in Research and Treatment; May 18-21, 2014; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A91.
Public broadcasting in Finland: Inventing a national television programming policy

For a quarter century, Finland's artists, academics, and legislators have attempted to make national public television both an instrument of Finnish culture and an intellectual medium for educating its audience. These goals are similar to principles of the New World Information Order, whose policies were designed to help non‐industrialized Third World countries resist the cultural imperialism fostered by modern communication technologies. The advent of new technologies and new economic imperatives, as the country enters the information age, has led to modification of these goals.
Experimental Stripping Cross Sections for Atoms and Ions in Gases 1950-1970

Based on a systematic collection of a wide range of journal publications, a bibliography on all experimental results for electron-loss cross sections, σ ik ( k > i ), and a set of graphs of the data on single-electron-loss cross sections of neutral and singly-charged particles, σ 01 and σ 12 , are presented.
Experimental evaluation of eye location accuracies and time-lapse effects on face recognition systems

It is claimed that eye location accuracy is very important to face recognition system performance. In most systems, the eye locations are the most significant facial landmark for the preprocessing step. Eye location estimates can be assessed in absolute terms (e.g., proximity to known eye location) and also in application-specific terms (e.g., performance of a system that employs the location). This paper assesses an automatic commercial eye-finding system in absolute and application-specific terms, using four different face recognition systems and a database of thousands of images. A pilot study on the time-lapse effect suggests that with the time-lapse increasing, the face recognition performance will degrade. Our experiments examine this effect by using a large image dataset, which has a time-lapse up to two years, with 250 subjects and 64300 probes. Experiment results show eye location accuracy is significant to face recognition system performance. Different systems can have different level of sensitivity, and the system using local feature analysis is less sensitive to eye location accuracy. Also all the algorithms tested in this study show that time-dependency exists in face recognition system.
Exploring the Degree of Concordance of Coded and Textual Data in Answering Clinical Queries from a Clinical Data Repository

Objective: To query a clinical data repository (CDR) for answers to clinical questions to determine whether different types of fields (coded and free text) would yield confirmatory, complementary, or conflicting information and to discuss the issues involved in producing the discrepancies between the fields. Methods: The appropriate data fields in a subset of a CDR (5,135 patient records) were searched for the answers to three questions related to surgical procedures. Each search included at least one coded data field and at least one free-text field. The identified free-text records were then searched manually to ensure correct interpretation. The fields were then compared to determine whether they agreed with each other, were supportive of each other, contained no entry (absence of data), or were contradictory. Results: The degree of concordance varied greatly according to the field and the question asked. Some fields were not granular enough to answer the question. The free-text fields often gave an answer that was not definitive. Absence of data was most logically interpreted in some cases as lack of completion of data and in others as a negative answer. Even with a question as specific as which side a hernia was on, contradictory data were found in 5 to 8 percent of the records. Conclusions: Using the data in the CDR to answer clinical questions can yield significantly disparate results depending on the question and which data fields are searched. A database cannot just be queried in automated fashion and the results reported. Both coded and textual fields must be searched to obtain the fullest assessment. This can be expected to result in information that may be confirmatory, complementary, or conflicting. To yield the most accurate information possible, final answers to questions require human judgment and may require the gathering of additional information.
Food and Nutrients in Disease Management

Food and nutrients in disease management , Food and nutrients in disease management , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Novel method for determining optical nonlinearities of organic molecules

The second-order nonlinear polarizabilities α(2) of molecules are often determined by the dc field-induced second harmonic generation method for the fluid phase and by the powder method for the solid phase. Both methods rely on some statistical analyses assuming knowledge of some material parameters. Here we introduce a new method that allows us to measure α(2) of some organic molecules more directly. It is based on the possibilities that an orientationally ordered monolayer of these molecules can be spread on a liquid surface, and second harmonic generation (SHG) from such a monolayer can be observed. The technique has the advantage of a low background level, an easily controllable surface density of molecules, and a relatively high sensitivity.
The Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Laser Altimeter

In 1999 after a 3-year transit, the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous (NEAR) spacecraft will enter a low-altitude orbit around the asteroid, 433 Eros. Onboard the spacecraft, five facility instruments will operate continuously during the planned one-year orbit at Eros. One of these instruments, the NEAR Laser Rangefinder (NLR), will provide sufficiently high resolution and accurate topographical profiles that when combined with gravity estimates will result with quantitative insight into the internal structure, rotational dynamics, and evolution of Eros. Developed at the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), the NLR instrument is a direct-detection laser radar using a bistatic arrangement. The transmitter is a gallium arsenide (GaAs) diode-pumped Cr:Nd:YAG (1.064-μm) laser and the separate receiver uses an extended infrared performance avalanche-photodiode (APD) detector with 7.62-cm clear aperture Dall-Kirkham telescope. The lithium-niobate (LiNbO3) Q-switched transmitter emits 15-ns pulses at 15.3 mJ pulse-1 , permitting reliable NLR operation beyond the required 50-km altitude. With orbital velocity of 5 m s-1 and a sampling rate of 1 Hz, the NLR spot size provides high spatial sampling of Eros along the orbital direction. Cross-track sampling, determined by the specific orbital geometry with Eros, defines the resolution of the global topographic model; this spacing is expected to be <500 m on the asteroid’s surface. Combining the various sources of range errors results with an overall range accuracy of 6 m with respect to Eros’ center-of-mass. The NLR instrument design, perfomance, and validation testing is decribed. In addition, data derived from the NLR are discussed. Using altimetry data from the NLR, we expect to estimate the volume of 433 Eros to 0.01% and its mass to 0.0001% accuracies; significantly greater accuracies than ever possible before NEAR.
Biochemistry of Coxiella burnetii: Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

Purified preparations of Coxiella burnetii were examined for enzymes of the glycolytic pathway. Glucose-phosphate isomerase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and pyruvate kinase were shown to be present in C. burnetii extracts. Heat-killed C. burnetii purified with normal yolk sacs demonstrated no activity after disruption. Aldolase was shown to be of the class II type by complete inhibition of activity in the presence of 8 x 10(-3)m ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The host enzyme activity (normal and infected yolk sacs) was not affected by the same treatment. When cellulose acetate electrophoresis was performed on the extracts, aldolase from both normal and infected yolk sacs exhibited five isozyme bands, whereas aldolase from the C. burnetii extract appeared as a single band.
The Aspectual System of Mandarin Chinese

The Mandarin language has a rich viewpoint component. There are two perfectives, two imperfectives, and a neutral viewpoint. Viewpoint morphemes are syntactically optional; as a result the neutral viewpoint is in principle always available. The choice of an explicit viewpoint morpheme thus carries a certain emphasis not available in languages in which viewpoint is syntactically obligatory. One perfective and one imperfective viewpoint conform to the general Universal Grammar schemata. The other viewpoints are idiosyncratic, representing parametric variation which requires special statement.
Culture, Ethnicity, and Psychopathology

In this chapter, we examined cultural influences on various aspects of psychopathology—assessment, incidence and prevalence rates, symptom expression, meaning, prognosis, and treatment. Our review illustrates what we know and what we still have to learn about the cultural shaping of mental illness. We look forward to future research that will advance our understanding of human processes and also enhance our ability to treat and live with mental illness across cultures.
Different Phenotypes in Vivo Are Associated With ATPase Motif Mutations in Schizosaccharomyces pombe Minichromosome Maintenance Proteins

The six conserved MCM proteins are essential for normal DNA replication. They share a central core of homology that contains sequences related to DNA-dependent and AAA + ATPases. It has been suggested that the MCMs form a replicative helicase because a hexameric subcomplex formed by MCM4, -6, and -7 proteins has in vitro DNA helicase activity. To test whether ATPase and helicase activities are required for MCM protein function in vivo , we mutated conserved residues in the Walker A and Walker B motifs of MCM4, -6, and -7 and determined that equivalent mutations in these three proteins have different in vivo effects in fission yeast. Some mutations reported to abolish the in vitro helicase activity of the mouse MCM4/6/7 subcomplex do not affect the in vivo function of fission yeast MCM complex. Mutations of consensus CDK sites in Mcm4p and Mcm7p also have no phenotypic consequences. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses and in situ chromatin-binding experiments were used to study the ability of the mutant Mcm4ps to associate with the other MCMs, localize to the nucleus, and bind to chromatin. We conclude that the role of ATP binding and hydrolysis is different for different MCM subunits.
Rapid evolution and range expansion of an invasive plant are driven by provenance–environment interactions

To improve our ability to prevent and manage biological invasions, we must understand their ecological and evolutionary drivers. We are often able to explain invasions after they happen, but our predictive ability is limited. Here, we show that range expansions of introduced Pinus taeda result from an interaction between genetic provenance and climate and that temperature and precipitation clines predict the invasive performance of particular provenances. Furthermore, we show that genotypes can occupy climate niche spaces different from those observed in their native ranges and, at least in our case, that admixture is not a main driver of invasion. Genotypes respond to climate in distinct ways, and these interactions affect the ability of populations to expand their ranges. While rapid evolution in introduced ranges is a mechanism at later stages of the invasion process, the introduction of adapted genotypes is a key driver of naturalisation of populations of introduced species.
Phosphatase production by Aspergillus ficuum

Effects of nutritional and cultural conditions on cell growth and phosphatase production byAspergillus ficuum were studied.A. ficuum produced high levels of phosphatases when grown on a basal medium that contained a minimal amount (2 mg/100 ml) of phosphorus in an acidic growth medium. The organism produced a nonspecific acid phosphomonoesterase rather than phytin-specific phosphatase. The enzyme hydrolyzed a variety of phosphates and produced orthophosphate. The rate of phosphate hydrolysis was dependent on the pH of the reaction, where the pH optimum for acid phosphatase was 2.5 and that for phytase was 5.0. The organism slowly released the phosphatase, and the enzyme activity in the growth medium increased continually during a one-month growth period. For a high level of phosphatase production, low levels (1–5 mg%) of initial phosphorus were necessary and polyphosphates were the desired form rather than the monophosphate. The addition of surfactants, such as polyoxyethylene ethers and sodium oleate, to fungal culture medium markedly increased the level of phosphatase production.
Formation of mullite coatings on silicon-based ceramics by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract Dense, uniform, mullite coatings have been deposited by chemical vapor deposition on SiC substrates, using a AlCl3-SiCl4-CO2-H2 system. The typical coating microstructure consisted of a thin layer of nanocrystallites of γ-Al2O3 in vitreous silica at the coating-substrate interface, with columnar mullite grains over this interfacial layer. The composition of the coating was graded such that the outer surface of the coating was highly alumina rich. The changes in the coating microstructure with processing parameters are discussed. The ability of mullite to incorporate such large composition variations is discussed in the light of vacancy formation as theAl/Si ratio is increased and the ordering of these vacancies leads to changes in lattice parameters. The formation of domains was studied by measuring the spacing of superlattice spots in electron diffraction patterns and the relationship between domain size andAl/Si ratio is discussed.
Second language lexical development and cognitive control: A longitudinal fMRI study

In this paper we report a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that tested contrasting predictions about the time course of cognitive control in second language (L2) acquisition. We examined the neural correlates of lexical processing in L2 learners twice over the course of one academic year. Specifically, while in the scanner, participants were asked to judge the language membership of unambiguous first and second language words, as well as interlingual homographs. Our ROI and connectivity analyses reveal that with increased exposure to the L2, overall activation in control areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex decrease while connectivity with semantic processing regions such as the middle temporal gyrus increase. These results suggest that cognitive control is more important initially in L2 acquisition, and have significant implications for understanding developmental and neurocognitive models of second language lexical processing.
Acid rain affects egg-laying behavior of apple maggot flies

The tephritid fruit fly,Rhagoletis pomonella, is less likely to attempt oviposition in host fruit that have been exposed to acid rain or to a simulated acid rain solution (pH<3.8). Electrophysiological data suggest that acid rain residue on the fruit surface may interfere with the sensory mechanisms that the fly uses during recognition and acceptance of host fruit.
Robust adaptive control using a combined approach

Direct control, indirect control and variable structure methods are combined with high-gain feedback in this paper for the robust adaptive control of first-, second- and third-order plants with increasing levels of uncertainty. The latter include external disturbance, unmodelled dynamics, time delay and sensor noise. A judicious combination of the methods is found to result in satisfactory response in most cases.
Pharmacogenomics of the RNA World: Structural RNA Polymorphisms in Drug Therapy

The use of pharmacogenomic biomarkers can enhance treatment outcomes. Regulatory polymorphisms are promising biomarkers that have proven difficult to uncover. They come in two flavors: those that affect transcription (regulatory single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rSNPs)) and those that affect RNA functions such as splicing, turnover, and translation (termed structural RNA SNPs (srSNPs)). This review focuses on the role of srSNPs in drug metabolism, transport, and response. An understanding of the nature and diversity of srSNPs and rSNPs enables clinical scientists to evaluate genetic biomarkers.
Dynamic Analysis of a Motor-Gear-Mechanism System

Abstract Both analytical and experimental approaches to investigate the dynamic response of a motor-gear-mechanism system due to the varying inertia of the mechanism are presented in this paper. Numerical simulation of the whole drive system is implemented so the performance of a system with inconstant speed can be studied. Both the experimental determination of the characteristics of the DC motor and the experimental verification of the performance of the total system from analytical results are also presented.
Functional analysis of the yeast genome

Abstract The release of the complete genome sequence of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has ushered in a new phase of genome research in which sequence function will be assigned. The goal is to determine the biological function of each of the >6,000 open reading frames in the yeast genome. Innovative approaches have been developed that exploit the sequence data and yield information about gene expression levels, protein levels, subcellular localization and gene function for the entire genome.
Completing arthroscopic knots with a broken suture limb

Arthroscopically inserted sutures may become damaged during insertion. This can lead to breakage of one limb of the suture before sufficient knots have been delivered to prevent slippage. We present a clinical example and a simple technique to arthroscopically deliver half-hitch knots with a broken suture limb. The technique utilizes a grasper which is attached to the broken suture limb. The grasper acts as a new post over which additional half hitches can be delivered, completing the knot. We have found this technique very useful in shoulder capsular reconstruction and rotator cuff repair.
The Nuclear Moments of Columbium from Hyperfine Structure

The hyperfine structure of the arc spectrum of columbium has been examined under conditions of high resolving power. The line patterns of $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\lambda}4059$, 4080, 4117, 4137, 4168, 4649, 4672, 4675, 5344 and 6661 have been studied in detail. Three relatively independent methods have been used to determine the nuclear mechanical moment, $\frac{{I}^{*}h}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$. All three methods indicate a value of $\frac{9}{2}$ for $I$, the quantum number of nuclear spin. Using the formulas given by Goudsmit, the nuclear $g$-factor has been calculated to be ${g}_{I}=0.83$. This gives for the nuclear magnetic moment ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{I}=3.7$ nuclear magnetons.
A Sharp Surface Tension Modeling Method for Capillarity-Dominant Two-Phase Incompressible Flows

A surface tension implementation algorithm for two-phase incompressible interfacial flows is presented in this study. The surface tension effect is treated as a jump condition at the interface and incorporated into the Navier-Stokes equation via a capillary pressure gradient. The interface is tracked by a coupled level set and volume-of-fluid (CLSVOF) method based on the finite-volume formulation on a fixed Eulerian grid. It has been shown in a stationary benchmark test the spurious currents are greatly reduced and the sharp pressure jump across the interface is well preserved. Numerical instabilities caused by the sharp treatment on a fixed grid are avoided. Several dynamic tests are performed to further validate the accuracy and versatility of the present method, the results of which are in good agreement with data reported in the literature.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Effect of intramolecular dynamics on state-to-state photochemistry: Fragmentation of the Ã state of trans-DONO

Abstract The effect of intramolecular dynamics on state-selected photolysis of trans-DONO is probed through measurements on the OD fragment ejected by the A state with one and two quanta of energy in the -NO stretching vibration ν 2 . The fragment in the latter case is rotationally hotter, more polarized at high rotational energies, and is associated with a higher population non-equilibrium in the Λ-doublet fine-structure states. These effects are traced back to coupling between the ν 2 vibration and the in-plane DON angle-bending motion ν 3 in the parent molecule.
A dosimetric comparison of proton and intensity modulated radiation therapy in pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma patients enrolled on a prospective phase II proton study

Background Pediatric rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is highly curable, however, cure may come with significant radiation related toxicity in developing tissues. Proton therapy (PT) can spare excess dose to normal structures, potentially reducing the incidence of adverse effects.
Using a coupled eco-hydrodynamic model to predict habitat for target species following dam removal

Abstract A habitat suitability index (HSI) model was developed for a water quality sensitive fish (Greater Redhorse) and macroinvertebrate (Plecoptera) species to determine the restoration success of the St. John Dam removal for the Sandusky River (Ohio). An ArcGIS® model was created for pre- and post-dam removal scenarios. Inputs to the HSI model consist of substrate distributions from river surveys, and water level and velocity time series, outputs from a hydrodynamic model. The ArcGIS® model predicted habitat suitability indices at 45 river cross-sections in the hydrodynamic model. The model was programmed to produce polygon layers, using graphical user interfaces that were displayed in the ArcGIS® environment. The results of the model clearly show an increase of habitat suitability from pre- to post-dam removal periods and in the former reservoir. The change in suitability of the model is attributed mostly to the change in depth in the river following the dam removal for both the fish and invertebrate species. The results of the invertebrate model followed the same positive trend as species enumerations from the river basin.
In Vivo localized proton NMR spectroscopy of silicone

1H NMR localized spectroscopy (STEAM) can assess unambiguously the presence of free chemically unchanged silicone in animal tissue after injection of silicone oil. Although the signal-to-noise ratio obtained in 1H imaging is sufficient to detect the distribution of relatively large amounts of silicone in vivo, the specificity of silicone detection can be improved by using 1H localized spectroscopy techniques. The sensitivity of the STEAM experiments is sufficient to detect silicone at a concentration of 0.5% in a voxel of 27 mm3. Preliminary results from rats with silicone gel-filled implants show no detectable amounts of silicone in sites such as lymph nodes, the liver or the spleen, 3 or 6 months after implantation.
Concurrent determination of α-tocopherol and free fatty acids in human plasma by glass open tubular capillary column gas chromatography

Abstract A new gas chromatographic procedure was developed for the concurrent analysis of mixtures of long-chain acids (as methyl esters), cholesterol (as the trimethylsilyl ether) and the tocopherols (as trimethylsilyl ethers). This method was used in a study of free fatty acids and α-tocopherol in the plasma of normal subjects and stroke patients. The chromatographic separation was based upon the use of thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns prepared with Silanox (procedure of Lin, Pfaffenberger and Horning) and a new polar liquid phase (Schwartz—Mathews polyphenyl ether sulfone phase). The German—Horning injection system was used in a modified gas chromatograph.
Alteration of thiopental metabolism in phenobarbital-treated calves

Abstract Male Holstein calves were given daily ip injections of phenobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg) for 8 days. Plasma disappearance of thiopental was determined for 6 hr following a single injection of 20 mg/kg. Phenobarbital-treated animals showed an increased rate of thiopental disappearance from plasma during the 2- to 6-hr period following drug administration, thus suggesting an increased metabolism of the drug in vivo. Phenobarbital treatment caused no change in either the duration of thiopental anesthesia or the plasma thiopental levels at the time of reappearance of the corneal reflex. However, the duration of postanesthetic depression, as measured by the ability of the animals to walk, was markedly decreased; the plasma thiopental levels at this point were increased in treated calves. Concurrent in vitro studies with biopsied liver samples showed increased ability of hepatic microsomes to metabolize thiopental in phenobarbital-treated animals. Since there was a parallel increase in the microsomal protein content, the specific activity of microsomes in metabolizing thiopental was unchanged. It was apparent that phenobarbital induced the microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes by increasing enzyme synthesis.
Effects of Discontinuities in the DNA Template on Abortive Initiation and Promoter Escape by Escherichia coli RNA Polymerase

Using singly gapped or nicked templates containing the T7A1 promoter, we have measured several kinetic parameters related to the process of transcription initiation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, confirming and extending previous results using a population of randomly gapped templates. A reduced probability of transcript abortion at RNA lengths of 6 and 7 nucleotides and a lower ratio of abortive to productive initiation events was observed for some discontinuous templates, consistent with models attributing abortive initiation to the accumulation of strain in the initiating complex. The effect of DNA discontinuity on abortion of shorter RNA transcripts (2-3 nucleotides) was less pronounced; abortion at these short chain lengths may primarily be attributed to the low stability of the RNA-DNA hybrid. Certain discontinuities had significant effects on the intrinsic catalytic capacity of the open complex and also on the partitioning between productive and unproductive complexes, suggesting that subtle changes in the conformation of the open complex can profoundly affect its function. The rate and efficiency of promoter escape were not correlated with the stability of the open promoter complex despite previous suggestions to the contrary. We conclude that the stability of the open promoter complex is only one of several factors that contribute to the overall rate of promoter escape.
Pulmonary hypertension in two patients treated with bevacizumab for recurrent ovarian cancer.

Angiogenesis is an important target in anticancer therapy. Bevacizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody which binds to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), preventing its attachment to receptors thereby arresting angiogenesis. Bevacizumab's adverse effects include hypertension (8%), hemorrhage (4%), proteinuria (3%), arterial and venous thromboembolic events (2%), and gastrointestinal perforation (1%) [1]. Only two reports of pulmonary hypertension following treatment with bevacizumab are reported in the literature [2].
A Physicist's Renewed Look at Biology: Twenty Years Later

At the very beginnings of science the striking dissimilarities between the behavior of living and nonliving things became obvious. Two tendencies can be discerned in the attempts to arrive at a unified view of our world. One tendency is to use the living organism as the model system. This tendency is exemplified by Aristotle. For him, the son of a physician and. the keen observer of many forms of life, it was obvious that things develop according to plans. Every animal and plant is generated in some definite way, runs through a cycle of development in which it unfolds its inherent plan, and succumbs to death and decay. For Aristotle, this very obvious feature of the world which surrounds us is the model for understanding our (sublunar) world. Astronomy is the exception and offers the contrast of an eternal periodic system subject to neither generation nor decay.
Beyond a Common Approach: Teaching Students the Ethical Practice of Reference

This article describes the creation and use of case studies to help teach the ethical practice of reference. There are considerations for applying the case study method in reference that require cumulative preparation through the study and reinforcement of reference values, functions, behaviors, and ethical codes. The strategies for writing ethical case studies in reference are detailed. Overall, case studies on the ethical practice of reference are valued for promoting reflection and active learning in library science students through analysis and discussion.
Enhancement by acidic phospholipids of the rate of synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol from dolichol phosphate in rat lung membranes

Summary The rate of synthesis of N-acetylglucosaminylpyrophosphoryldolichol in dense membrane fractions of rat lung microsomes supplemented with dolichol phosphate was enhanced by the addition of phospholipids. Phosphatidylglycerol alone was more effective than a phospholipid mixture. Only phosphatidylinositol of other phospholipids tested significantly enhanced the reaction rate. The effect was more apparent in dense membrane fractions (rough endoplasmic reticulum) which have a low total phospholipid and phosphatidylglycerol content.
Adolescent Health and Illness Behavior: Review of the Literature and a New Hypothesis for the Study of Stress

Abstract Data from a variety of research areas are reviewed consistent with the hypothesis that attention to inner feelings and bodily changes increases awareness of and potency of distress and the prevalence of reported symptoms. The paper focuses on adolescence, a life-stage characterized by increased self-awareness and dramatic physical maturation. Increased introspectiveness is associated among many adolescents with more psychological pain and symptom reporting. It is hypothesized that discontinuities in family life and school and peer experiences, a major subclass of stressors, exacerbate self-awareness while stability and successful coping protect against painful self-perceptions.
Spiropyrrolizidines: a new class of blockers of nicotinic receptors.

Abstract The spiropyrrolizidine oximes 236 and 222 and a related spiropyrrolizidine alkaloid, nitropolyzonamine, block nicotinic receptor channels in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and in human medulloblastoma TE671 cells. In PC12 cells with an α 3 β 4(5) -nicotinic receptor, both the spiropyrrolizidine oxime 236 and nitropolyzonamine had ic 50 values of about 1.5 μM, while spiropyrrolizidine oxime 222 had an ic 50 value of 2.6 μM versus carbamylcholine-elicited sodium-22 influx. In TE671 cells with an α 1 β 1 γδ nicotinic receptor, the spiropyrrolizidine oximes 236 , 222 , and nitropolyzonamine had ic 50 values of 9.5, 14, and 67 μM, respectively. The inhibitions by the spiropyrrolizidine oxime 236 and nitropolyzonamine appeared to be noncompetitive in nature in both cell lines. In rat cerebral cortical membranes, binding of [ 3 H]nicotine to α 4 β 2 nicotinic receptors was not inhibited significantly by 10 μM concentrations of the spiropyrrolizidine oxime 236 , or by nitropolyzonamine, as expected for a noncompetitive blocker. Both compounds at 10 μM had marginal effects on a variety of central receptors, but did inhibit binding of [ 3 H]1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine to sigma receptors in mouse brain membranes with ic 50 values of about 0.5 μM. The spiropyrrolizidine oxime 236 at 10 μM had no effect on batrachotoxin-elicited sodium influx in guinea pig cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes or on ATP-elicited calcium influx in PC12 cells. Such spiropyrrolizidines represent a new structural class of blockers of nicotinic receptor channels with selectivity for ganglionic-type receptors.
Social media in health care: the case for organizational policy and employee education.

Social media applications such as Facebook and Twitter have been rapidly adopted by users of all ages, forcing us to change how we think about communication. Social communication is in transition from predominately telephone and face-to-face encounters to a digital public paradigm involving the use
Accuracy of Neck Circumference in Classifying Overweight and Obese US Children

Objective. To evaluate classification accuracy of NC and compare it with body mass index (BMI) in identifying overweight/obese US children. Methods. Data were collected from 92 children (boys: 61) aged 7 to 13 over a 2-year period. NC, BMI, and percent of body fat (BF%) were measured in each child and their corresponding cut-off values were applied to classify the children as being overweight/obese. Classification accuracy of NC and BMI was systematically investigated for boys and girls in relation to true overweight/obesity categorization as assessed with a criterion measure of BF% (i.e., Bod Pod). Results. For boys, Cohen’s (0.25), sensitivity (38.1%), and specificity (85.0%) of NC were smaller in comparison with Cohen’s (0.57), sensitivity (57.1%), and specificity (95.0%) of BMI in relation to BF% categorization. For girls, Cohen’s (0.45), sensitivity (50.0%), and specificity (91.3%) of NC were smaller in comparison with Cohen’s (0.52), sensitivity (50.0%), and specificity (95.7%) of BMI. Conclusion. NC measurement was not better than BMI in classifying childhood overweight/obesity and, for boys, NC was inferior to BMI. Pediatricians and/or pediatric researchers should be cautious or wary about incorporating NC measurements in their pediatric care and/or research.
A QM/QM Multilayer Composite Methodology: The ONIOM Correlation Consistent Composite Approach (ONIOM-ccCA)

A QM/QM approach incorporating the correlation consistent composite approach (ccCA) into the ONIOM multilayer methodology has been implemented. This new multilayer composite scheme, ONIOM-ccCA, enables the accurate prediction of thermochemical properties for systems containing dozens-and potentially hundreds-of atoms. ONIOM-ccCA is used to predict the C-H bond dissociation energies of 18 anthracene and fluorene analogues, containing up to 43 atoms, to within 1.2 kcal mol(-1) of experimental values. Several density functional and basis set combinations are evaluated for use as the low level QM layer. The mean absolute deviation (1.2 kcal mol(-1)) using the most accurate ONIOM-ccCA method, ccCA:B3LYP/cc-pVTZ, is significantly lower than that of an earlier reported multilayer composite scheme [2.4 kcal mol(-1), Li, M.-J.; Liu, L.; Fu, Y.; Guo, Q.-X. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2005, 109, 13818]. Thus, through use of ONIOM-ccCA, accurate thermochemical calculations are now feasible for sizable molecular systems of chemical or biological interest.
German roots of the theory of pluralism

The theory of pluralism has been developed mainly in our century, but its theoretical and practical roots go back far into the last century. Pluralism has flourished in the Anglo-Saxon world, but even though there is no tradition of pluralism in German history, some German thinkers developed ideas which came remarkably close to later English and American pluralists. They opposed political authoritarianism, the Hegelian concept of the ‘state as such’, and the notion of Roman law as the legal guideline. Georg Beseler and Otto Gierke tried to show a German common law tradition instead. Later Hugo Preuss came to bold democratic interpretations of this theory which put him at odds not only with other legal scholars, but with the Prussian state as well. The article deals with this development, as well as with the reception of Gierke's works by the English pluralists.
Optical model for 30 MeV proton scattering

Abstract The differential cross sections, polarizations and absorption cross sections for the elastic scattering of 30 MeV protons from the nuclei Si, Ca, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Sn and Pb have been analysed in terms of the optical model. We find a smaller radius and a larger surface diffuseness than have previously been inferred for the real potential. A volume absorption strength of about 3 MeV is required, while the surface absorption term increases in strength as A increases. The diffuseness of the imaginary potential is also larger for the heavier nuclei. Fits to the polarization reveal evidence for a spin-orbit coupling with radius and diffuseness different from those of the real central well, and the trend is for the spin-orbit diffuseness to be smaller rather than the radius. The symmetry of ( N - Z )/ A dependence of the potential may be ascribed either to the real well depth or to its radius; an average potential of both types is found which gives a good overall account of the data.
Peptide Surface Modification of P(HEMA-co-MMA)-b-PIB-b-P(HEMA-co-MMA) Block Copolymers

Peptide surface modification of poly[(methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-b-isobutylene-b-(methyl methacrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] P(MMA-co-HEMA)-b-PIB-b-P(MMA-co-HEMA) triblock copolymers with different HEMA/MMA ratios has been accomplished using an efficient synthetic procedure. The triblock copolymers were reacted with 4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (fosyl chloride) in pyridine to obtain the activated polymers [poly{(methyl methacrylate-co-fosyloxyethyl methacrylate)-b-isobutylene-b-(methyl methacrylate-co-fosyloxyethyl methacrylate)}] P(MMA-co-FEMA)-b-PIB-b-P(MMA-co-FEMA), with an activating efficiency of 80−90%. The resulting polymers were soluble in chloroform, and their solutions were used to coat thin uniform films with a predetermined thickness on smooth steel surfaces. The presence of reactive activating groups on the film surface was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dye labeling, and confocal laser scanning microscopic studies. Activation of the tr...
Kinematic and torque-related effects of dorsally angulated distal radius fractures and the distal radial ulnar joint

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the torque required to achieve a full range of motion of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) as a result of increasing dorsal angulation from simulated fractures of the distal radius. Based on this study the accepted amount of dorsal angulation of the distal radius can be determined. Methods: In 9 fresh cadaver limbs motion of the DRUJ was simulated by a custom motion and loading forearm device. The malunion model of the distal radius was controlled by a specially designed external fixation frame that provided control in 6° of dorsal angulations (N, 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, and 40°). The study included an intact and nonintact triangular fibrocartilage complex. Results: This study showed that torque across the DRUJ was affected by the degree of simulated malunion of the distal radius. With more than 30° dorsal angulation the torque across the DRUJ was increased in both muscle loading and unloading conditions. Although significance was not noted, with resistive loading this study showed torque changes with as little as 10° malunion of the distal radius. Conclusions: We conclude that reduction of distal radius fractures to within 10° of dorsal angulation is needed to allow patients to maintain full forearm and wrist rotation.
Gravity effect of sediment compaction: examples from the North Sea and the Rhine Graben

Abstract A Fourier domain expression for calculating the gravity effect of a continuously varying density structure is used to investigate the way in which sediment compaction modifies the shape of the gravity anomaly across a sedimentary basin. In general, sediment density increases with depth in a basin as the overburden thickness increases. The effect of the increase in sediment density is to reduce the gravity contribution from the density contrasts in the deeper parts of the basin relative to near surface contributions. For a theoretical uncompensated basin, the gravity effect of the sediments is calculated for a density-depth variation described by: (1) a simple exponential increase in sediment density with depth, and (2) an exponential modified to include a local density inversion representative of sediment overpressuring. It is shown that for both cases, the calculated gravity does not necessarily reflect the morphology of the sediment-basement interface. The gravity effect is most sensitive to the distribution of the youngest stratigraphic units within the basin. Results of modeling observed gravity anomalies across the Viking and Rhine Graben show that the small peak-to-trough amplitude of the gravity anomalies across these basins can be attributed to the increase in sediment density with depth rather than the compensation of the basin. For the Rhine Graben, it is further shown that the wavelength of the gravity anomaly is strongly controlled by the flexural strength of the lithosphere. Together these results suggest that while the amplitude of gravity anomalies across extensional basins may be primarily reflecting compaction of the sediment infill, the anomaly wavelength is more sensitive to the compensation mechanism.
Bovine serum albumin humoral immune response in aged fischer 344 rats

Abstract The circulating antibody titers to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were determined for two groups of aged Fischer 344 rats obtained from the National Institute on Aging. One group received a single immunization of BSA in complete Freund's adjuvant, and the second group was immunized three times at two-week intervals with twice the antigen dosage. An age difference was observed during the peak response in both groups, the younger rats having higher titers; however, upon multiple injections the older rats show an enhanced response although significantly lower than the younger rats. All antibody titers increased at the same rate, yet measurable antibody always appeared first in younger animals.
Tektites - volcanic ejecta from the moon?

The possibility is considered that tektites are lunar volcanic ejecta, and lunar regions are examined from which tektites could be ejected with the necessary velocities and trajectories to reach the earth. The examined regions include areas around the Lunar Transient Phenomena sites near Censorinus, Messier, Messier A, and Taruntius, the area of Mare Foecunditatis near Secchi X, areas near Cauchy and Capella, and the eastern part of Mare Tranquillitatis. Evidence of acidic volcanic activity in these regions is described in detail, including possible calderas, mudflows, and endogenous domes. It is suggested that the moon is still gently degassing and that more violent eruptions of material may still occur on rare occasions. Remotely-sensed evidence of recent lunar internal activity is noted.