cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unreliability of International Normalized Ratio for Monitoring Warfarin Therapy in Patients with Lupus Anticoagulant

Study Objective. To compare the international normalized ratios (INRs) of patients positive for lupus anticoagulant and the INRs of control patients receiving warfarin therapy with equivalent therapeutic chromogenic factor X levels. Design. Prospective case series. Setting. A 625-bed, adult, private, tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients. Sixty-eight outpatients positive for lupus anticoagulant and 57 control patients receiving long-term warfarin therapy. Measurements and Main Results. Concomitant INR and chromogenic factor X activity were measured in all patients. In 44 control patients (77%) and 46 patients with lupus anticoagulant (68%), chromogenic factor X activity was 22–40% of normal, which is therapeutic. Of the 44 control patients, 4 (9%) had an INR above 3.0, and none had an INR above 4.0. In contrast, 18 (39%) of the 46 patients with lupus anticoagulant had an INR above 3.0, and 5 (11%) had an INR above 4.0. Conclusion. At least 10% of patients with lupus anticoagulant receiving long-term warfarin therapy may have falsely high INR values, which could lead to inappropriate warfarin dosage reduction. Monitoring warfarin therapy by chromogenic factor X activity in patients with lupus anticoagulant avoids this INR artifact.
A comparison of energy changes accompanying growth processes by Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Calculations are made using the equations ΔrG = ΔrH − TΔrS and ΔrX = ΔrH − ΔrQ where ΔrX represents the free energy change when the exchange of absorbed thermal energy with the environment is represented by ΔrQ. The symbol Q has traditionally represented absorbed heat. However, here it is used specifically to represent the enthalpy listed in tabulations of thermodynamic properties as (HT − H0) at T = 298.15 K, the reason being that for a given substance TS equals 2.0 Q for solid substances, with the difference being greater for liquids, and especially gases. Since ΔrH can be measured, and is tangibly the same no matter what thermodynamics are used to describe a reaction equation, a change in the absorbed heat of a biochemical growth process system as represented by either ΔrQ or TΔrS would be expected to result in a different calculated value for the free energy change. Calculations of changes in thermodynamic properties are made which accompany anabolism; the formation of anabolic, organic by-products; catabolism; metabolism; and their respective non-conservative reactions; for the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using four growth process systems. The result is that there is only about a 1% difference in the average quantity of free energy conserved during growth using either Eq. 1 or 2. This is because although values of TΔrS and ΔrQ can be markedly different when compared to one another, these differences are small when compared to the value for ΔrG or ΔrX.
Antegrade and Retrograde Endoscopic Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Bladder Neck Bulking for Pediatric Incontinence

Purpose: Endoscopic bladder neck bulking techniques offer the potential for a relatively noninvasive cure for a difficult clinical problem. We review our experience using antegrade and retrograde approaches.Materials and Methods: A total of 34 children (18 boys and 16 girls, mean age 11.7 years) have been treated since March 2003. Of the patients 28 (82%) had neurogenic bladder and 6 had nonneurogenic sphincteric incontinence. Urodynamics confirmed low detrusor leak point pressures and adequate bladder capacity. Patients were treated with either a retrograde or an antegrade approach. In 82% of patients an antegrade approach was used and a posttreatment suprapubic tube was placed.Results: Mean followup was 11.7 months (range 3 to 31). Patients averaged 1.47 injections (range 1 to 5). Detailed followup of 19 patients revealed significant improvement in continence in 78% (mean 1.6 injections), with an average followup of approximately 1 year.Conclusions: Our 31 months of experience with antegrade/retrograde ...
Magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling: selected topics

Abstract A broad outline is presented of what has been learned over the past decade concerning magnetosphere–ionosphere (M-I) coupling, dynamic interchanges of particles and electromagnetic energy between magnetically conjugate regions of near-Earth space. Although the concept of M-I coupling is useful for relating characteristics of distant source regions to ionospheric signatures, it is fundamentally incomplete, and must include connections to the interplanetary medium. With single satellite missions “we’ve gone about as far as we can go”. Ground-based magnetometer, optical and/or radar measurements are now routinely integrated with complementary data acquired by satellites to interpret electrodynamic signatures. Simultaneous measurements in the ionosphere and magnetosphere show that Alfven waves at Pi 2 frequencies are important sources of M-I coupling near times of substorm onsets. The same measurements suggest that the braking of bursty bulk flow (BBF) structures is not important for triggering substorms. M-I coupling signatures of BBFs in the nightside ionosphere are compared with those of flux transfer and impulsive penetration events on the dayside. We then explore some implications of the hypothesis that BBF plasma is initially accelerated near the equatorial plane. Subsequent braking would result from electrodynamic coupling which redistributes energy and momentum to plasma in the high latitude parts of flux tubes and in the ionosphere.
Frustration effects in procedural justice research: The case of drug-testing legislation

A scenario methodology was used to investigate reactions to negative outcomes resulting from drug-testing procedures. The drug-testing procedures reflected variations in State law governing the use of drug tests in employee selection. Results suggest that individuals responded most negatively to negative outcomes resulting from the legally mandated procedures. Results are discussed as an example of the “frustration effect” observed in the procedural justice literature. Frustration effects were most severe for individuals who were most certain, based on personal knowledge, that the drug test results were inaccurate.
Modeling Delay During Heavy Traffic for Signalized Intersections with Short Left-Turn Bays

This paper develops theoretical delay models for protected left-turn operations at a pretimed signalized intersection during heavy traffic. When the through traffic demand is heavy, residual queues from the previous cycle may occur and elevate the probability of blockage to the left-turn bay, leading to increased delay for left turns. A probabilistic left-turn delay model based on the queuing diagram is proposed for a leading left-turn operation; the influence of residual queues and blockage by the through traffic are taken into account. When the left-turn demand becomes heavy, the left turns may spill back to block the through traffic, resulting in through traffic delays. Through traffic delay is modeled probabilistically on the basis of the analysis of left-turn bay spillback for a lagging protected left-turn operation. The left-turn delay models are validated through carefully designed simulation studies using VISSIM and the results are compared with those from the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) delay m...
LMP1, a viral relative of the TNF receptor family, signals principally from intracellular compartments

Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded, ligand-independent receptor that mimics CD40. We report here that LMP1 signals principally from intracellular compartments. LMP1 associates simultaneously with lipid rafts and with its signaling molecules, tumor necrosis factor-receptor (TNF-R)-associated factors (TRAFs) and TNF-R1-associated death domain protein (TRADD) intracellularly, although it can be detected at low levels at the plasma membrane, indicating that most of LMP1’s signaling complex resides in intracellular compartments. LMP1’s signaling is independent of its accumulation at the plasma membrane in different cells, and as demonstrated by a mutant of LMP1 which has significantly reduced localization at the plasma membrane yet signals as efficiently as does wild-type LMP1. The fusion of the transmembrane domain of LMP1 to signaling domains of CD40, TNF-R1 and Fas activates their signaling; we demonstrate that a fusion of LMP1 with CD40 recruits TRAF2 intracellularly. Our results imply that members of the TNF-R family can signal from intracellular compartments containing lipid rafts and may do so when they act in autocrine loops.
DOC 1988 : the modernization of a Chinese dialect dictionary on computer

The following paper argues against the abandonment of outdated computer-based research projects in favor of the redevelopment of such projects to take advantage of the recently available computer technology. Specifically, the paper reviews the rebirth of the Dictionary on Computer (DOC) of the Project on Linguistic Analysis at the University of California, Berkeley. A team of students and faculty have redesigned this research system and are implementing it on a personal computer to increase its availability compared with the previous implementation on an obsolete mainframe computer. In addition, changes to the system which take advantage of the features available in today's modern personal computers are reviewed.
Diversity backpressure routing with mutual information accumulation in wireless ad-hoc networks

We suggest and analyze algorithms for routing in ad-hoc networks that exploit mutual-information accumulation at receiving nodes, and are capable of routing multiple data streams (commodities) when only mean channel state information is present, and that only locally. The algorithm is a generalization of the DIVBAR algorithm, which in turn is based on backpressure routing. Packets are transmitted by each node on the links seeing the largest "backpressure", a measure for the differential queue lengths for a specific commodity at the considered nodes times the success probability for packets on that link. In contrast to traditional DIVBAR, nodes store and exploit partially received packets, thus increasing the probability of successful reception at retransmission, where the information is stored in separate "partial queues" at each node. We present two variants of our algorithm: DIVBAR-RMIA, which clears the partial queues whenever a packet is firstly decoded by one or more receiving nodes; DIVBAR-MIA, which retains the information about a specific packet in the partial queues until the packet has reached its destination. We prove that DIVBAR-RMIA performs strictly better than conventional DIVBAR (under some mild assumptions about the channel states), and that DIBVAR-MIA performs at least as well as DIVBAR-RMIA. Simulations not only confirm these results, but also demonstrate the impact of packet entropy on the achievable throughput.
2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography uptake in systemic lupus erythematosus-associated adenopathy.

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lymphoma are disease entities that often have similar presenting signs and symptoms that can complicate or delay definitive diagnosis. 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has become a valuable tool in the diagnosis, staging, and evaluation of response to therapy in lymphoma patients. However, its utility in patients with SLE has been limited to the central nervous system. Significant FDG uptake has not been previously reported in lymphadenopathy associated with SLE. The case presented is an example of histologically proven benign adenopathy in a 16-year-old female with SLE that was hypermetabolic on FDG-PET imaging. It highlights the importance of recognizing that widespread inflammatory adenopathy in SLE can mimic the pattern of FDG uptake seen with lymphoma at PET imaging.
Transverse Stiffness Prediction of Fibrous Metal Matrix Composites

This paper presents two new 3D finite element Multi Fiber Models (MFM) that account for the effects of neighboring fibers on the stress distribution over fiber-matrix interface. One model assumes a hexagonal packing pattern of the neighboring fibers whereas the other assumes that the neighboring fibers are packed in a square pattern. Two scenarios regarding the contact surface between the fiber and the matrix are considered: the first one assumes no bond over the interface while in the other one the interface is perfectly bonded. The cooling process of the composite was simulated and then a transverse loading is applied to the composite. The results indicate that packing system and the characteristics of the fiber-matrix interface greatly influence the magnitude of the residual stresses developed in the matrix.
Top-Down Proteomics Reveals Novel Protein Forms Expressed in Methanosarcina acetivorans

Using both automated nanospray and online liquid chromatography mass spectrometry LC-MS strategies, 99 proteins have been newly identified by top-down tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in Methanosarcina acetivorans, the methanogen with the largest known genome [5.7 mega base pairs (Mb)] for an Archaeon. Because top-down MS/MS was used, 15 proteins were detected with mispredicted start sites along with an additional five from small open reading frames (SORFs). Beyond characterization of these more common discrepancies in genome annotation, one SORF resulted from a rare start codon (AUA) as the initiation site for translation of this protein. Also, a methylation on a 30S ribosomal protein (MA1259) was localized to Pro59–Val69, contrasting sharply from its homologue in Escherichia coli (rp S12) known to harbor an unusual β-thiomethylated aspartic acid residue.
Experimental investigation of effects of flapping wing aspect ratio and flexibility on aerodynamic performance

In earlier studies, the optimal wing kinematics that gives the best aerodynamic performance was determined with a robotic flapper. The geometry and physical properties of wings are also critical for designing and fabricating Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles (FWMAVs). In this paper, the effects of wing aspect ratio and flexibility on aerodynamic performance are experimentally investigated to determine the optimal aspect ratio for Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs) wings at Reynolds number around 18,000. The comparison between the aerodynamic performance of rigid wings and flexible wings are also made whose veins are fabricated out of different materials.
Prognostic significance of normal quantitative planar thallium-201 stress scintigraphy in patients with chest pain.

The prognostic significance of normal quantitative planar thallium-201 stress scintigraphy was evaluated in patients with a chest pain syndrome. The prevalence of cardiac events during follow-up was related to the pretest (that is, before stress scintigraphy) likelihood of coronary artery disease determined on the basis of symptoms, age, sex and stress electrocardiography. In a consecutive series of 344 patients who had adequate thallium-201 stress scintigrams, 95 had unequivocally normal studies by quantitative analysis. The pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease in the 95 patients had a bimodal distribution. During a mean follow-up period of 22 ± 3 months, no patient died. Three patients (3%) had a cardiac event: two of these patients (pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease 54 and 94%) had a nonfatal myocardial infarction 8 and 22 months, respectively, after stress scintigraphy, and one patient (pretest likelihood 98%) underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty 16 months after stress scintigraphy for persisting anginal complaints. Three patients were lost to follow-up; all three had a low pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease. It is concluded that patients with chest pain and normal findings on quantitative thallium-201 scintigraphy have an excellent prognosis. Cardiac events are rare (infarction rate 1% per year) and occur in patients with a moderate to high pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease.
Experience in the Operation of the International Fusion Superconducting Magnet Test Facility

The International Fusion Superconducting Magnet Test Facility (IFSMTF) was placed under vacuum in October 1985 and cooled in January 1986. It remained at cryogenic temperatures until September 1987, when testing was completed. This paper is an account of the activities of cooling, testing, and maintaining the system during this period. The facility contained six superconducting magnets, arranged in a toroidal array. Each of these D-shaped magnets weighed 40–50 tonnes and was about 5 m by 10 m. The refrigerator system provided atmospheric liquid helium (LHe), about 5000 L in the three pool-boiling coils and the leads, plus a storage capacity of 21,000 L. In addition, the three forced-flow coils were supplied with up to 300 g/s of single-phase helium at 3.8 K and 15 atm. A crew of three or four trained, certified operators handled the cryogenic facility on a 24-h basis for most of the daily activities. Detailed records were maintained, reports of unusual events were prepared, and a continuous record of availability was accumulated. At the end of the 22-month period of operation, the cumulative availability was 57%.
The retrieval of scaled English consonants

Two scales of the perceptual differences among English consonants had been constructed earlier, one from pairs of aural syllables and one from pairs of viewed one-syllable English words. In both instances the pairs of stimuli differed only in the initial consonants. In the present work 276 pairs of syllables were assembled in sets of six. A set was viewed sequentially for 1.5 sec/slide. Then 25 subjects who worked in groups of 4–6 attempted to write one randomly chosen omitted member of each pair on an answer form; another 25 subjects were asked to supply the opposite syllables of each pair. This task was termed “primary memory.” Fifty additional subjects repeated the tasks but spent 10 sec counting backward by 3s before trying to recall and write the missing syllables, thus setting up a task of secondary memory. Response forms were scored for right, wrong, and omitted responses. All responses were then compared with each of the scales referred to above, and the mean value for each group of 50 subjects (25 who used the anser form in theab order+ 25 who used theba order) was computed. The difference between the scores for the two tasks was statistically significant, as was the difference between the scores yielded by the two scales. The “visual” scale appeared to fit the data better than the “aural” scale. The procedures employed and the assumptions that were made yielded results that would not justify an opinion that an error in recall is typically “almost right.” However, the data did reflect partial forgetting.
Design considerations for a 33mW, 12.5 Gbps × 8 channel silicon photonic transmitter array

We report on a hybrid assembly combining 40 nm bulk CMOS transmitter circuits, 130 nm SOI optical ring modulators, and off-chip lasers. Silicon resistors in the rings enable circuit-based thermal tuning to overcome process variations, resulting in eight 12.6 Gbps channels operating simultaneously at eight different wavelengths. Not counting laser power but including all transmitter circuits, integration parasitics, and static thermal control, the TX array consumes a total of 33 mW, resulting in a net per-channel efficiency of 330 fJ/b.
Influence of Temperature and pH on the Solubility of αs1-, β- and κ-Casein

Abstract Both temperature and pH affect the solubility of κ -casein and β -casein in the region of their isoelectric points. This investigation covered a range of from 3.9 to 5.2 pH. From pH 4.7 to pH 5.2, κ -casein became more soluble as the temperature was decreased. However, temperature had no effect on the solubility of κ -casein between pH 3.9 and 4.6. The solubility of α -casein increased as the temperature decreased over the entire range of pH 3.9 to 5.2. The increased solubility of β -casein was greatest between 5 and 15C. Solubility of α s1 -casein was affected by temperature to a minor extent; α s1 -casein solubility was slightly greater at 5C than at 25C at pH values below 4.0 and above 5.0.
Asparagine transport in Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus faecalis.

Abstract The properties of het asparagine transport systems in Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus faecalis are described. In both organisms the uptake of isotopically labeled l -asparagine was markedly stimulated by glucose. Kinetic studies yielded curvilinear Lineweaver-Burk plots in both organisms. These data were most consistently accounted for in both organisms by assuming the operation of two catalytic uptake components in addition to a diffusion component. The occasional limitation of kinetic studies in distinguishing between single or multiple catalytic components is illustrated. A large selection of structurally related amino acids and other substances were tested as competitors in initial rate studies. In L. plantarum the most effective competitors. structurally related dicarboxylic acid amide derivatives were only moderately effective competitors. In contrast, the most effective competitors of l -arparagine uptake in S. faecalis were relatively small neutral amino acids such as l -alanine, l -serine. l -α aminobutyric acid, l -cysteine and l -methionine, suggesting that asparagine enters this organism by reaction with a catalyst having relatively unspecific structural discrimination among neutral amino acids. Both organisms rapidly converted a large proportion of the transported asparagine to aspartic acid. In S. faecalis, the deamidation of l -asparagine was shown to be relatively insensitive to inhibition by those amino acids which were most effective in reducing the asparagine entry rate.
Morphogenetic structures present in lysates of amber mutants of bacteriophage Mu.

Abstract The Mu phage particle is structurally similar to that of the T-even phages, consisting of an icosahedral head and contractile tail. This study continues an analysis of the morphogenesis of the Mu phage particle by defining the structural defects resulting from mutations in specific Mu genes. Defective lysates produced by induction of 55 amber mutants, representing 24 essential genes, were examined in the electron microscope and categorized into eight classes based on the observed phage-related structures. (1) Mutations in genes lys, F and G, and some H mutations, did not cause a visible alteration in particle structure. (2) Mutants defective in genes A, B, and C produced no detectable phage structures, consistent with their lack of production of late RNA. (3) Extracts defective in genes, L, M, Y, N, P, Q, V, W, and R contained only head structures, and these appeared normal. (4) K-defective mutants accumulated free heads as well as free tails which were longer than normal and variable in length. (5) Tails which appeared normal were the only structures found in T- and some I-defective extracts. (6) Free tails and empty heads accumulated in D-, E-, and some I- and H-defective extracts. These heads were as much as 16% smaller than normal heads. The heads found in some I amber lysates had a protruding neck-like structure and unusually thick shells suggestive of a scaffolding-like structure. (7) Defects in gene J resulted in the accumulation of unattached tails and full heads. (8) Previous analysis of lysates produced by inversion-defective gin mutants fixed in the G(+) orientation demonstrated that S and U mutants produced particles lacking tail fibers (F. J. Grundy and M. M. Howe 1984, Virology 134, 296–317). In these experiments with Gin+ phages S and U mutants produced apparently normal phage particles. Presumably the tail fiber defects were masked by the production of S′ and U′ proteins by G(−) phages in the population.
Pemphigus. Skin failure mediated by autoantibodies.

SELECTED CASES Case 1.— A 47-year-old woman presented to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center for evaluation of a 3-year history of painful oral erosions (Fig 1, top left). During the previous 2 months her oral erosions were so extensive and severe that she could not eat well and lost approximately 9 kg. In the last month she also noted erosions on the skin of her trunk and extremities. A skin biopsy specimen revealed an intraepidermal blister with acantholysis (loss of cell-to-cell adhesion) just above the basal cell layer (Fig 1, top right). The results of direct immunofluorescence of perilesional skin were positive for IgG on the cell surface of keratinocytes throughout the epidermis. Indirect immunofluorescence showed a serum IgG that bound to the epithelial cell surface of monkey esophagus at a titer of 160. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) was diagnosed, and the patient was treated daily with 80 mg
Theory of Electron Detachment in Collisions of Negative Ions with Atoms. I. Close-Coupling Formalism and Solution to a Model

A general theory is developed of electron detachment in slow collisions of negative ions with atoms. This theory, which follows earlier ideas of Fano and of Demkov, is based on a semiclassical close-coupling framework. The assumptions involved are stated precisely. In general, they consist of: (i) semiclassical description of the nuclear motion; (ii) diabatic representation of electronic states, with a discrete state crossing a continuum; (iii) neglect of continuum-continuum couplings, (iv) linear or quadratic time-dependence of the energy gap between discrete and continuum states. With such assumptions, the Schrodinger equation is reduced to a nondenumerably infinite set of coupled equations. The solution to these equations is the main topic of this paper. It is shown that the solution depends on just two functions, a coupling function G(E) and an energy-gap function $\Delta$(t). A simple model for the coupling function is given. With reasonable assumptions about the energy gap $\Delta$(t), the coupled equations can be solved. The final result of this paper is a formula for the S-matrix, which contains all probabilities and phases associated with the collision.
A belief propagation based recommender system for online services

In this paper we report our progress in the first application of iterative probabilistic algorithms in the design and evaluation of recommender systems. The proposed iterative recommender system (referred to as BPRS) is based on the belief propagation, a powerful decoding algorithm for turbo codes and Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes. The belief propagation algorithm relies on a graph-based representation of an appropriately chosen factor graph for the recommender systems. The factor graph representation of the recommender systems turned out to be a bipartite graph, where the users and products are arranged as two sets of variable and factor nodes that are connected via some edges. Recommendations (predicted ratings) for each particular user can be computed by probabilistic message passing between nodes in the graph. We provide an evaluation of BPRS via computer simulations using the MovieLens dataset. We observed that BPRS iteratively reduces the error in the predicted ratings of the users until it converges. Further, our initial results indicate an improvement in the Mean Average Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) over the Item Averaging. Therefore, we are confident that the belief propagation is a new promising approach which will offer robustness and accuracy for the recommender systems.
On the minimal 2(2k+1)-orbits of the continuous endomorphisms on the real line with application in Chaos theory

We present a simple constructive proof of the result proved independently by Alseda et al. [1] and Block and Coppel [6] on the structure of minimal -orbits of the continuous endomorphisms on the real line. It is proved that there are four types of digraphs with accuracy up to inverse graphs. It is demonstrated that the first appearance, as the parameter is increased, of the -periodic window within the chaotic regime in the bifurcation diagram of the one-parameter family of logistic type unimodal continuous endomorphisms is always a minimal -orbit with Type I digraph.
Plasmolysis facilitates the accumulation of protein and DNA into extra-plasmalemma spaces of intact plant cells

Abstract Epidermal cells of Allium cepa hort. yellow and suspension culture cells of Petunia hybrida and Oryza sativa were plasmolysed by various concentrations of NaCl, CaCl2, sucrose, and manitol. The relative void areas (defined as the area between the plasmalemma and cell wall) in plasmolysed cells were measured and the numbers of living cells remaining after plasmolysis were counted. The loss of viability after deplasmolysis was related closely to the types of solute used, and was associated only slightly with the sizes of relative void area. Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA), autofluorescence c-phycocyanin, and ethidium bromide-stained calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) were used as fluorescence markers to monitor the movements of macromolecules into and through the cell walls during the plasmolysis. A significant larger number of cells showed the fluorescence in their void areas when the cells were plasmolysed in the presence of these DNA and protein markers. When the cells were plasmolysed before the addition of these macromolecules, no fluorescence was observed in the void area. We conclude that plasmolysis facilitated the passage of macromolecules through the cell wall and accumulation in the void areas. It is suggested that plasmolysis of intact plant cells can be used as a tool to create ‘temporary protoplast’ within the cell wall to allow macromolecular uptake or gene transfer.
Ethical and Legal Issues in Genetic Epidemiology

Since the discovery of recombinant DNA techniques in the 1970s, the identification of diseaserelated genes has rested on epidemiologic data (1, 2). The implications of gene identification for research subjects, for the transition to clinical practice, for clinical practice itself, and, finally, for society at large form the basis of this review. The ethical issues inherent in genetic testing have been widely discussed (3-6), as have the ethical issues in epidemiology (7), but little attention has been focussed on the specific ethical issues that arise in genetic epidemiology. In addressing genetic epidemiology, the emphasis of this review will be on topics of current interest, and often controversy, regarding the development and implementation of genetic testing and intervention technologies. We hope it will become clear that people considering genetic tests or treatments need reliable information—much of it based on epidemiologic studies—on which to make decisions, and society needs to develop measures to prevent the misuse of genetic testing and genetic information.
A summary of year's insulation research

INSULATING oil, capillary action of oil as related to paper, and properties of impregnated paper were discussed in considerable detail at the sessions of the committee on electrical insulation of the division of engineering and industrial research of the National Research Council, held in conjunction with the Institute's Middle Eastern District meeting, Baltimore, Md., October 10–13, 1932. A joint session under the auspices of the A.I.E.E. and the National Research Council was held, abstracts of these papers having been presented in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING for September 1932, p. 659–60.
Photoelectron resonance capture ionization‐aerosol mass spectrometry of the ozonolysis products of oleic acid particles: Direct measure of higher molecular weight oxygenates

[1] The heterogeneous reaction of particle-phase 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) and gas-phase ozone in a flow reactor was studied by photoelectron resonance capture ionization (PERCI) mass spectrometry. This soft ionization technique facilitated one of the first simultaneous, direct observations of all four of the major products predicted for this reaction: nonanal, nonanoic acid, 9-oxononanoic acid, and azelaic acid. In addition, a series of higher molecular weight oxygenated compounds were observed directly for the first time. The proposed structures are all cyclic oxygenates and contain the oxygen-oxygen moiety, including secondary ozonides and cyclic geminal diperoxides. Mechanisms for the formation of these products are proposed. The mechanisms are generally 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions that lead to five- and six-member oxygen-containing rings. The mechanisms are shown to involve short-lived Criegee intermediates reacting with aldehydes and other Criegee intermediates. Atmospheric implications of these higher molecular weight compounds are suggested and include enhancing the fatty acid medium's capacity to act as a source of radicals due to the prominence of the peroxide moiety. The low volatility coupled with the high polarity of these compounds may alter particle phase hygroscopicity that can enhance the cloud condensation nuclei properties of these particles.
Evolution of wavefront metrology enabling development of high-resolution optical systems

The development of high-resolution projection optics for semiconductor lithography is briefly described and is enabled by precise wavefront measurement. Then, the evolution of the interferometer for the measurement of the wavefront aberration of these optics is described together with the development of the interferometer for the measurement of the surface errors of the element lenses. The measurement of subnanometer accuracy is achieved in mass production.
New exact travelling wave solutions of Kawahara type equations

Abstract The Auxiliary equation method is used to find analytic solutions for the Kawahara and modified Kawahara equations. It is well known that different types of exact solutions of the given auxiliary equation produce new types of exact travelling wave solutions to nonlinear equations. In this paper, new exact solutions of the auxiliary equation are presented. Using these solutions, many new exact travelling wave solutions for the Kawahara type equations are obtained.
Sparse feedback structures for wireless control of civil systems

Although originally popularized for structural health monitoring, wireless smart sensors are an attractive alternative to traditional tethered systems for structural control. Their onboard sensing, processing, and wireless communication offer all the components of a feedback control system. However, wireless smart sensors pose unique challenges for the application of centralized control, which is common in most modern control systems. Decentralized control offers several advantages to wireless structural control, including limiting the wireless communication required and the associated slow sampling rate and time delays in the control system. Previous decentralized structural control algorithms, both Ad-Hoc and Heuristic, enforce a spatial sparsity pattern during the design, which is assumed a priori. Therefore, the optimal feedback structure is not considered in the design. This work explores a decentralized optimal LQR design algorithm where the sparsity of the feedback gain is incorporated into the objective function. The control approach is compared to previous decentralized control techniques on the 20-Story control benchmark structure. Sparsity and control requirements are compared to centralized designs. The optimal sparse feedback design offers the best balance of performance, measurement feedback, and control effort. Additionally, the feedback structure identified is not easily identifiable a priori; thus, highlighting the significance of particular measurements in this feedback framework.
On generalized-marginal time-frequency distributions

We introduce a family of time-frequency (TF) distributions with generalized marginals, i.e., beyond the time-domain and the frequency-domain marginals, in the sense that the projections of a TF distribution along one or more angles are equal to the magnitude squared of the fractional Fourier transforms of the signal. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for a TF distribution in Cohen's class to satisfy generalized marginals. We then modify the existing well-known TF distributions in Cohen's class, such as Choi-Williams (1989) and Page distributions, so that the modified ones have generalized marginals. Numerical examples are presented to show that the proposed TF distributions have the advantages of both Wigner-Ville and other quadratic TF distributions, which only have the conventional marginals. Moreover, they also indicate that the generalized-marginal TF distributions with proper marginals are more robust than the Wigner-Ville and the Choi-Williams distributions when signals contain additive noise.
Frontal-Plane Gait Mechanics in People With Medial Knee Osteoarthritis Are Different From Those in People With Lateral Knee Osteoarthritis

Background The majority of research on gait mechanics in knee osteoarthritis has focused on people with medial compartment involvement. As a result, little is known about the gait mechanics of people with the less common, lateral compartment disease. Objective The objective of this study was to compare walking mechanics—specifically, differences in frontal-plane lower-extremity kinematics and kinetics—in people with medial knee osteoarthritis, people with lateral knee osteoarthritis, and people who were healthy. Design A cross-sectional design was used. Methods Fifteen people with medial knee osteoarthritis, 15 people with lateral knee osteoarthritis, and 15 people who were healthy (control group) were recruited for the study. All participants underwent a gait analysis at an intentional walking speed. The variables of interest for the study were peak frontal-plane moments and angles and angular excursions of the lower extremity during the stance phase of gait. Data were statistically analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance. Results Participants with lateral knee osteoarthritis exhibited significantly less knee adduction excursion, lower peak knee abduction moment, and lower peak rear-foot eversion compared with the control group and the medial knee osteoarthritis group. Limitations Participants in the control group were approximately 10 years younger than participants with knee osteoarthritis. Despite this difference, neither body mass index nor gait speed, each of which is a factor with a stronger influence on gait mechanics, differed among the groups. Conclusions Participants with lateral knee osteoarthritis exhibited frontal-plane gait mechanics at the knee and rear foot that were different from those of participants with medial knee osteoarthritis. The results of this study may guide the development of interventions specific to treating people with lateral knee osteoarthritis.
Genetics of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Painstaking research led to the discovery of gene mutations responsible for heritable forms of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Mutations in the gene BMPR2, which codes for a cell surface receptor (BMPRII), cause the approximately 80% of heritable cases of PAH. Less commonly mutations in ALK1, CAV1, ENG, and SMAD9, and newly discovered mutations in KCNK3, may cause heritable PAH. Other family members of many patients diagnosed with idiopathic PAH may be diagnosed with PAH. Genetic counseling and testing should be offered to patients diagnosed with heritable or idiopathic PAH.
Electric field vector characterization of terahertz surface plasmons

We demonstrate the ability to characterize independently the vector components of the electric field associated with terahertz surface plasmons. This is accomplished via electro-optic sampling, using an electro-optic crystal placed in close proximity to a corrugated metal foil. The individual electric field vector components are measured using two separate ZnTe crystals. Since ZnTe exhibits isotropic dielectric properties, all of the detection configurations obey identical phase-matching constraints. Furthermore, since ZnTe is characterized by a single independent electro-optic tensor component, the field measurements may be directly compared against one another.
Patient Autonomy for the Management of Chronic Conditions: A Two-Component Re-conceptualization

The clinical application of the concept of patient autonomy has centered on the ability to deliberate and make treatment decisions (decisional autonomy) to the virtual exclusion of the capacity to execute the treatment plan (executive autonomy). However, the one-component concept of autonomy is problematic in the context of multiple chronic conditions. Adherence to complex treatments commonly breaks down when patients have functional, educational, and cognitive barriers that impair their capacity to plan, sequence, and carry out tasks associated with chronic care. The purpose of this article is to call for a two-component re-conceptualization of autonomy and to argue that the clinical assessment of capacity for patients with chronic conditions should be expanded to include both autonomous decision making and autonomous execution of the agreed-upon treatment plan. We explain how the concept of autonomy should be expanded to include both decisional and executive autonomy, describe the biopsychosocial correlates of the two-component concept of autonomy, and recommend diagnostic and treatment strategies to support patients with deficits in executive autonomy.
Paraphyly of Tarasa (Malvaceae) and Diverse Origins of the Polyploid Species

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Andean genus Tarasa (Malvaceae) and related genera yielded un- expected results regarding generic boundaries, the origins of polyploidy, and the morphological attributes of the polyploid taxa. The polyploid species of Tarasa are particularly unusual because they have life histories and floral morphologies that contradict two traditional polyploid dogmas: they are annuals and have smaller floral features (including pollen) than the diploid species. Typically, polyploids are perennial and larger than their parents. Nuclear (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) and chlo- roplast (psbA-trnH and trnT-trnL spacers, matK-39 trnK intron) sequence data were used to reconstruct independent phylog- enies to test the monophyly of the genus, determine its sister group(s), and investigate the origin of the polyploid species. Neither the nuclear nor the chloroplast phylogeny supports monophyly of Tarasa as currently circumscribed. The high Andean genus Nototriche, the North/South American disjunct genus Sphaeralcea ,a ndMalacothamnus chilensis are placed within the Tarasa clade. The polyploid species of Tarasa are not monophyletic and thus have been generated multiple times. These findings suggest that the unusual morphological features of the tetraploids are the result of convergent evolution and not shared ancestry.
Effect of administering oxytocin or cloprostenol in the periovulatory period on pregnancy outcome and luteal function in mares

Abstract Mares ( n =37) were treated from 4 h after breeding through 2 days post-ovulation with oxytocin or cloprostenol. Oxytocin (20 units i.m.) was administered every 6 h and cloprostenol (250 mcg i.m.) daily. Luteal function was impaired for several days following treatment, however, lower progesterone levels among cloprostenol treated mares in this study did not result in decreased pregnancies. Pregnancy outcome at 15 days post-ovulation was not different between the oxytocin (13/18) and cloprostenol (13/19) treatment groups, respectively ( P =0.80). The results of this study indicate cloprostenol can be used to treat post-breeding mares through the second day following ovulation without decreasing pregnancy outcome.
A playback-adaptive approach for video streaming over wireless networks

Video streaming over wireless networks is challenged with the time-varying nature of the underlying channels and the stringent requirements of video applications. In this paper, we propose a new scheme for streaming video over wireless channels. The scheme is designed to prevent potential playback discontinuities that may result due to quality variations of the wireless link while gracefully degrading the rendered video quality. We approximate the frame delay statistics and playback process by a simple queueing model. In this queueing system, the rates at which frames are received and played back are occupancy-dependent. This allows us to compute the steady-state probability of the playback buffer occupancy. This in turn, allows us to obtain an expression for the probability of starvation which we use to determine a threshold occupancy and hence the optimal source and channel rates for the upcoming frames. Simulation and numerical investigations are carried out to study the interactions among various key parameters and verify the adequacy of the analysis
The Influence of Employee Participation in Job Redesign

Three questions were investigated: (1) Will supervisors and employees focus on the same aspects of job redesign if they are given the same background information? (2) Do employees show the same affective reactions to jobs designed by the supervisor and jobs they design themselves? (3) How does the mode of implementation affect the impact of job changes if identical changes are made? A 212-day simulation of an organization was conducted. Five groups of participants worked with identical job designs on the first day, had their jobs redesigned either by the supervisor, or through employee participation, or by the plant manager, then worked one day in the new jobs. Job changes and affective responses were measured using the Job Diagnostic Survey. Supervisors focused more on vertically loading the jobs, employees were more concerned with social aspects. Satisfaction measures increased more under the participative method. Identical changes were perceived to be "better" by employees who participated in their design.