cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisiting Federal Tax Treatment of States, Political Subdivisions, and their Affiliates

Several provisions of the 2017 tax legislation, known as Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA), focused attention on federal taxation of states, their political subdivisions and their affiliates. Most prominently, TCJA limited the federal income tax deduction for state and local taxes to $10,000. States have sued and attempted work-arounds. Another provision, which imposes an excise tax of 21% on “excessive compensation” paid by certain entities not subject to income tax, inadvertently failed to subject to tax entities that are integral parts of states or political subdivisions or are themselves political subdivisions. Calls for a technical correction have so far gone unheeded. More than twenty years ago, I wrote two articles about federal taxation of state governments, political subdivisions, and their affiliates. The Teacher’s Manual to a leading casebook on nonprofit organizations describes these two articles as “as much as anyone knows about this confusing patchwork and its ramifications.” The passage of time, changes in my own thinking and new developments call for my returning to this topic. I do so here. Moreover, far more than in my earlier work, I examine the applicable rules regarding charitable contribution deductions to these entities as well as discuss the special rules applicable to governmental charities and the category of charities that lessen the burdens of government. In light of the 2017 tax legislation, I not only renew recommendations made long ago, but also extend them to the criteria for exempting entities that lessen the burdens of government, a category that has received little scholarly attention. I also call for establishing a system by which states, political subdivisions, and their affiliates could receive determination letters, like those issued to section 501(c) organizations and thus familiar to potential donors. Such an approach would avoid the distortion of the rules applicable to section 501(c)(3) that arises from the current special treatment of governmental charities. Treating governmental entities as a distinct category under the Internal Revenue Code, with their own criteria and their own determination letter, would also acknowledge and honor their role in our federalist system.
Distinctive characteristics of non-small cell lung cancer in the young: A SEER analysis of patients under 40 years old

7621 Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is diagnosed at a median age of 65 and is rare in younger people. The presentation and natural history of the disease in younger patients (age < ...
SONO case series: a 63-year-old male with shortness of breath.

A 63-year-old, undomiciled male, who has been out of care for many years presents with shortness of breath for the last 3 days. He has also had 3 days of constant, substernal chest tightness which is not pleuritic, positional or exertional. He has a chronic cough with some worsening yellow sputum production but no fevers. He denies leg swelling. He is an active smoker with a 40 pack-year history. He has a history of alcohol abuse and methamphetamine abuse. His EKG does not show any acute ischaemia. ### Initial vital signs BP 135/96, pulse 121, RR 28, temperature 36.3, oxygen saturation 95% on room air. The patient is tachypnoeic. His heart sounds are notable for tachycardia without murmurs, gallop or rubs. His lung sounds are notable for both wheeze and rales at the bases. His abdomen is soft and non-distended and non-tender, and his extremities are warm and well perfused without any oedema. ### Indications for ultrasound In this patient, and the acutely dyspnoeic patient in general, the differential is broad, including but not limited to acute coronary syndrome, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and pulmonary embolus. These various diagnoses have different diagnostic tests and treatments and ultrasound can assist with rapidly narrowing the differential to help immediately guide management. For cardiac ultrasound, using the phased array probe, obtain four views including the parasternal long, parasternal short, four chamber apical view and subxiphoid view. In the parasternal long view (figure 1, online supplementary video 1), the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) can be estimated visually to obtain an overall assessment of cardiac squeeze. In this patient, the squeeze is diminished. Another proxy that can be used for LVEF is the E-point septal separation (EPSS) (figure 2).1 ### Supplementary video [emermed-2019-209095supp001.mp4] Figure 1 Parasternal long view. Figure 2 E-point septal separation. To calculate EPSS, the distance from the tip of the …
No association between HPV vaccination and infertility in U.S. females 18–33 years old

Abstract Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have been recommended as primary prevention of HPV-related cancers for over 10 years in the United States, and evidence reveals decreased incidence of HPV infections following vaccination. However, concerns have been raised that HPV vaccines could decrease fertility. This study examined the relationship between HPV immunization and self-reported infertility in a nationally representative sample. Methods Data from the 2013–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to assess likelihood of self-reported infertility among women aged 20 to 33, who were young enough to have been offered HPV vaccines and old enough to have been queried about infertility (n = 1114). Two logistic regression models, stratified by marital history, examined potential associations between HPV vaccination and infertility. Model 1 assessed the likelihood of infertility among women who had never been pregnant or whose pregnancies occurred prior to HPV vaccination. Model 2 accounted for the possibility of latent and/or non-permanent post-vaccine infertility by including all women 20–33 years old who reported any 12-month period of infertility. Results 8.1% reported any infertility. Neither model revealed any association between HPV vaccination at any age and self-reported infertility, regardless of marital status. Conclusion There was no evidence of increased infertility among women who received the HPV vaccine. These results provide further evidence of HPV vaccine safety and should give providers confidence in recommending HPV vaccination. Further research should explore protective effects of HPV vaccines on female and male fertility.
Antropologia da Educação: introdução

What is the anthropology of education, and what does it contribute to the study of education? Those questions orient this special issue of Educacao & Realidade . Anthropologies of education vary around the world ( Anderson-Levitt, 2012a ). Indeed, as Elsie Rockwell (2002 , p. 3) notes, “[...] the analytic categories used to construct ethnographic texts are not autonomous; they are rooted in the societies in which they are first used, and they reflect actual ways of constructing difference in those societies”. Nonetheless, we might identify some fundamental commitments that have evolved over time.
Student’s Self-Efficacy in Reading – Connecting Theory to Practice

Literacy learning has focused on skills over affective dimensions, such as self-efficacy, since the beginning of the 21st century. Self-efficacy is the belief in one’s abilities to accomplish desir...
Programming Ideas for Youth Experiencing Homelessness

This article provides an overview of some of the demographics of youth experiencing homelessness and examples of how Cooperative Extension is working with this population around the country. A discussion of the needs of this population is provided, along with strategies for how Extension can connect with current efforts to reach youth experiencing homelessness to build resilience. Data are summarized from a webinar for Extension professionals. Education in this area is worthwhile to youth development professionals who may be interested in designing new programs, expanding current programs, finding new program partnerships, and using programs to support youth experiencing homelessness. Local and national-level programs that are designed to reach youth experiencing homelessness are highlighted. The structure and resources of the Cooperative Extension system nationwide are ideal to provide supplementary support to youth experiencing homelessness in a variety of settings. This article is an invitation to expand this conversation and further explore the needs of youth experiencing homelessness and Extension’s capacity to respond.
Lens-free On-chip Microscopy for Biomedical Imaging, Sensing and Diagnostics

Lens-free on-chip imaging replaces traditional lenses with holographic reconstruction algorithms [1]. Basically, 3D images of specimens are reconstructed from their “shadows” providing considerably improved field-of-view and depth-of-field, thus enabling large sample volumes to be rapidly imaged, even at nanoscale [1-3]. These new computational microscopes routinely generate >1–2 billion pixels (giga-pixels), where even single viruses can be detected with a FOV that is >100 fold wider than other techniques [2]. At the heart of this leapfrog performance lie self-assembled liquid nano-lenses that are computationally imaged on a chip. These self-assembled nano-lenses are stable for >1 hour at room temperature, and are composed of a biocompatible buffer that prevents nano-particle aggregation while also acting as a spatial phase mask [2],[3]. The field-of-view of these computational microscopes is equal to the active-area of the sensor-array, easily reaching, for example, >20 mm2 or >10 cm2 by employing state-of-the-art CMOS or CCD imaging chips, respectively [1].
A Proustian Reading of Michel Onfray's Cosmos and Christian Signol's Les vrais bonheurs: "Privileged Moments" of Sensorial Ecstasy

This study probes the philosophical significance of the strange joy induced by a trigger sensation that immediately strikes the reader in Michel Onfray’s Cosmos and Christian Signol’s Les vrais bonheurs. Heavily influenced by Proust’s vision of involuntary memory, the role of the senses, and the nature of time in A la recherche du temps perdu, Onfray and Signol attempt to explore the essence of everything in the context of powerful, transformative sensorial encounters. Some critics automatically dismiss the rending ecstasy depicted by the Proustian narrator in the “petite madeleine” scene as nothing more than a form of whimsical artistry. However, Onfray and Signol’s rewriting of this renowned passage demonstrates that the notion of a privileged moment, associated with Proust in French literary circles, is an all-encompassing metaphor for delving into the most fundamental philosophical questions of all.
Why is neural connection weight a weak predictor of correlated neural activity

As the field of connectomics has matured, it has expanded from mapping the existence of connections between brain components to measuring the strength of connections. This information is increasingly accessible via methodologies such as pairing functional magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR tractography in the same human subject, as well as novel methods in non-human animals using optogenetics. Systems and network neuroscience have in recent years focused extensively on explaining correlation patterns of functional activity in the brain in terms of the degree of connectedness of brain components, the so-called functional connectivity-structural connectivity relationship (SC-FC). What has been surprising has been how low the SC-FC correlations are. Why is it that brain parts that are more well-connected appear not to engender more correlated activity between them? Several explanations have been proposed but one possibility has not been considered: perhaps more neural activity doesn't imply more functional involvement. This article examines this possibility and proposes a new general framework for understanding brain network dynamics based on the design constraints of large-scale network communication systems. With this new perspective, we may start to answer the article's main question, and perhaps others.
Product ownership and the library website redesign process

This article presents a case study in which one library designated Product Owners to steer a website redesign project. The Product Owner, commonly used in agile approaches to software development, ...
Looking around and looking ahead: forecasting and moral intensity in ethical decision-making

Prior studies have examined the impacts of sensemaking processes, such as forecasting, on ethical decision making (EDM) but only a few have considered how aspects of the ethical issue itself, such ...
Biphasic range expansions with short- and long-distance dispersal

Long-distance dispersal (LDD) has long been recognized as a key factor in determining rates of spread in biological invasions. Two approaches for incorporating LDD in mathematical models of spread are mixed dispersal and heavy-tailed dispersal. In this paper, I analyze integrodifference equation (IDE) models with mixed-dispersal kernels and fat-tailed (a subset of the heavy-tailed class) dispersal kernels to study how short- and long-distance dispersal contribute to the spread of invasive species. I show that both approaches can lead to biphasic range expansions, where an invasion has two distinct phases of spread. In the initial phase of spread, the invasion is controlled by short-distance dispersal. Long-distance dispersal boosts the speed of spread during the ultimate phase, and can have significant effects even when the probability of LDD is vanishingly small. For fat-tailed kernels, I introduce a method of characterizing the “shoulder” of a dispersal kernel, which separates the peak and tail.
Intraoperative Scrub Nurse Handoffs Are Associated with Increased Operative Times for Lower Extremity Orthopaedic Sports Procedures.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of intraoperative scrub nurse handoffs on surgical times for arthroscopically-assisted anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions and hip arthroscopies. Methods A retrospective chart review was done at a major, urban academic medical center for all patients who underwent arthroscopically-assisted ACL reconstructions and hip arthroscopies for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome between May 2014 and May 2020. All ACL reconstructions were performed by 1 of 6 sports medicine fellowship-trained surgeons, and all hip arthroscopies were performed by a single surgeon. Operative times, number of scrub nurse handoffs, surgeon, patient demographics, and procedure-specific information were recorded. The association between patient characteristics and the number of handoffs, as well as the association between patient characteristics and operative times, stratified by scrub nurse handoffs, were calculated. A multivariable linear regression was performed to assess the association between intra-operative handoffs and operative times. Results Eight hundred twenty ACL reconstructions and 269 hip arthroscopies were identified. Multivariable linear regression demonstrated increasing intraoperative scrub nurse handoffs were associated with increased operative times for all patients. For ACL reconstructions, when including all possible covariates, 1 scrub nurse handoff increased operative times by 21.1 minutes (95% confidence interval [CI]: 15.36 to 26.89; P < .001), and 2+ handoffs increased operative times by 34.2 minutes (95% CI: 26.28 to 42.15; P < .001). For hip arthroscopies, 1 scrub nurse handoff increased operative times by 7.0 minutes (95% CI: 0.31 to 13.74; P = .04). Conclusion Although a causal link cannot be made, intraoperative scrub nurse handoffs were associated with statistically significant increase in operative times for both ACL reconstructions and hip arthroscopies. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective cohort study.
Continuous epidural chloroprocaine after abdominal surgery is associated with lower postoperative opioid exposure in NICU infants

Abstract Background : Epidural anesthesia in infants undergoing open abdominal surgery has the potential to reduce opioid consumption, lower pain scores, and expedite tracheal extubation. We evaluated associations between use of continuous epidural chloroprocaine and improved intra- and post-operative outcomes. Methods : This matched retrospective cohort study first identified 24 patients who between April 2018 through December 2019 were treated with a caudal catheter and epidural chloroprocaine infusion for a laparotomy at postnatal age of 6 months or less. A matched comparator group of 24 patients was derived based on age and type of surgery. Exclusion criteria were the presence of a preoperative opioid infusion, comorbidities that would preclude appropriate pain assessment, or a recent surgical procedure. Primary outcomes included opioid consumption and pain scores; we secondarily analyzed intraoperative anesthetic requirements, other systemic analgesic use, vital signs, tracheal extubation time, and procedural times. Results : Treatment with epidural anesthesia was associated with lower 5-day total postoperative opioid consumption (3.2 mg/kg vs. 19.7 mg/kg in the respective epidural vs. systemic groups, p = 0.001) and time to tracheal extubation (1.3 days vs. 3.2 days, p = 0.005). Any statistically significant differences in pain scores were not clinically meaningful. There were no differences in mean arterial pressure or intraoperative inhaled anesthetic doses. Conclusion : Continuous infusion of epidural chloroprocaine in infants following open abdominal surgery may limit exposure to systemic opioid medications while providing adequate postoperative analgesia and shortening time to tracheal extubation.
Social Closure Discrimination

In this essay, written for the UC Berkeley Law symposium, The Future of Discrimination Law: Frameworks, Theory, Practice, and People, we examine social closure, a theory of discrimination new to the legal literature that has been well documented in social science research but insufficiently recognized in existing legal doctrine. Drawing on substantial sociological research, we theorize and elaborate social closure as a form of discrimination. We then illustrate how social closure operates by using facts from some familiar employment discrimination cases, cases in which the courts did not explicitly recognize social closure but in which social closure may have been operating. We argue that judges apply existing legal frameworks, even those designed to address systemic forms of discrimination, in ways that tend to mask social closure. Courts mask social closure in two distinct ways: (1) by individualizing bias, and (2) by isolating employment practices from their history and organizational context. We close by making several judge-focused recommendations for better recognizing and addressing social closure discrimination in legal cases.
Diffusive Limit of Transport Equation in 3D Convex Domains

Consider neutron transport equations in 3D convex domains with in-flow boundary. We mainly study the asymptotic limits as the Knudsen number $$\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+$$ . Using Hilbert expansion, we rigorously justify that the solution of steady problem converges to that of Laplace’s equation, and the solution of unsteady problem converges to that of heat equation. This is the most difficult case of a long-term project on asymptotic analysis of kinetic equations in bounded domains. The proof relies on a detailed analysis on the boundary layer effect with geometric correction. The upshot of this paper is a novel boundary layer decomposition argument in 3D and $$L^2-L^{2m}-L^{\infty }$$ bootstrapping method for time-dependent problem.
Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy versus Skin-Sparing Mastectomy: Does Saving the Nipple Impact Short- and Long-Term Patient Satisfaction?

Nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) is an oncologically safe alternative to skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM). This study evaluated whether NSM patients were more satisfied than SSM patients in short- and long-term follow-up. Women who underwent NSM or SSM between 2009 and 2019 completed a postoperative BREAST-Q survey at least 1 year after surgery and patient characteristics were compared. Patient satisfaction at 1–5 years and 6–10 years after NSM and SSM were analyzed. Overall, 431 patients were included; 247 had NSM and 184 had SSM 1–10 years prior to BREAST-Q survey completion. SSM patients were older, had higher body mass index (BMI), larger breast weight, and more hypertension than NSM patients, but oncologic treatments were similar between groups. BREAST-Q Psychosocial Well-Being and Sexual Well-Being scores were significantly higher in NSM patients compared with SSM patients in the 1–5 years cohort; however, scores attenuated in the 6–10 years cohort. Satisfaction with breasts was nearly significantly higher in NSM patients compared with SSM patients in the 1–5 years cohort (p = 0.056), but no different in the 6–10 years cohort. Receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy, receipt of postmastectomy radiation therapy, and BMI ≥30 were independent risk factors for dissatisfaction with breasts. Women who are not candidates for NSM should be reassured that long-term qualify of life is not significantly different between SSM and NSM. Dissatisfaction with reconstructed breasts is linked with other factors (besides the nipple), which patients should be made aware of at the time of surgical decision making.
Comprehensive Review of the Submental Flap in Head and Neck and Facial Reconstruction: What Plastic Surgeons Need to Know.

ABSTRACT Since its first introduction by Martin and colleagues (1993) and with further revisions by Sterne et al (1996), the submental artery flap (SMAF) has proven to be an effective, reliable, safe, and valuable option in head, neck, and facial reconstructive surgeries. The SMAF utilizes a long pedicle based on the submental artery, a branch of the facial artery, which provides good reach to the lower two-thirds of the face with excellent cosmetic outcomes. It also maintains a good skin color match for facial and cervical defects with a mostly hidden donor site scar (in the majority of cases the donor site can be primarily closed after raising the flap). Although the use of the SMAF is associated with high patient and surgeon satisfaction along with low rates of complications, disadvantages including flap thickness and the hair-bearing nature of the submental skin, which may be problematic for coverage of orofacial defects, especially in male patients. Although it has been almost 30 years since its introduction, and the SMAF has been successfully used in over 500 reported cases of pediatric and adult patients, a comprehensive review of the different aspects of the SMAF is lacking in the medical literature.
Interview with Zalman Usiskin

Dr. Zalman Usiskin is Professor Emeritus of Education at the University of Chicago where he was an active faculty member from 1969 through 2007. He continues at the university as the overall Director of the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project (UCSMP), a position he has held since 1987.
Causality In An Inherently III Defined World

Commonsense causal reasoning occupies a central position in human reasoning. It plays an essential role in both informal and formal human decision-making. Causality itself as well as human understanding of causality is imprecise, sometimes necessarily so. Our common sense understanding of the world tells us that we have to deal with imprecision, uncertainty and imperfect knowledge. A difficulty is striking a good balance between precise formalism and commonsense imprecise reality. Clearly, an algorithmic method of handling imprecision is needed. Today, data mining holds the promise of extracting unsuspected information from very large databases. In many ways, the interest is the promise (or illusion) of causal, or at least, predictive relationships. However, the most common data mining rule forms only calculate a joint occurrence frequency; they do not express a causal relationship. Without understanding the underlying causality, a naive use of data mining rules can lead to undesirable actions.
An Ordinary Death

Sunil died in the bomb blast. He was my fruiterer. Which bomb blast you ask? Does it matter? He had gone for the election rally at the Town Hall. The bomb went off. Sunil died. That's all. When I got home two days later that was what I was told. Sunil died on a Monday. I met him the Saturday before at the Colpetty market. "Baby," he said. That was what he called me. Baby, even though I was twenty years old. He called my mother Mummy to me, and nothing to her face. When he wanted to sell her fruits, he would say, "Baby likes this," and when he wanted to sell me fruits, he would say, "Mummy always bought this," holding up an apple like Eve, or an orange? imported not local, as the local ones were prohibitively expensive, which brought home another anomaly of the age we lived in. Anyway, that Saturday, Sunil asked me, "Baby, do you want oranges?" I told him, "Let me ask Mummy. Mummy!" I said moving towards her, "Sunil wants to know if you want oranges?" My mother turned from her vegetable man from whom she was buying keera, brinjals, pathola and thalana batu, and came towards Sunil and me.
A tree-to-tree model for statistical machine translation

In this thesis, we take a statistical tree-to-tree approach to solving the problem of machine translation (MT). In a statistical tree-to-tree approach, first the source-language input is parsed into a syntactic tree structure; then the source-language tree is mapped to a target-language tree. This kind of approach has several advantages. For one, parsing the input generates valuable information about its meaning. In addition, the mapping from a source-language tree to a target-language tree offers a mechanism for preserving the meaning of the input. Finally, producing a target-language tree helps to ensure the grammaticality of the output. A main focus of this thesis is to develop a statistical tree-to-tree mapping algorithm. Our solution involves a novel representation called an aligned extended projection, or AEP. The AEP, inspired by ideas in linguistic theory related to tree-adjoining grammars, is a parse-tree like structure that models clause-level phenomena such as verbal argument structure and lexical word-order. The AEP also contains alignment information that links the source-language input to the target-language output. Instead of learning a mapping from a source-language tree to a target-language tree, the AEP-based approach learns a mapping from a source-language tree to a target-language AEP. The AEP is a complex structure, and learning a mapping from parse trees to AEPs presents a challenging machine learning problem. In this thesis, we use a linear structured prediction model to solve this learning problem. A human evaluation of the AEP-based translation approach in a German-to-English task shows significant improvements in the grammaticality of translations. This thesis also presents a statistical parser for Spanish that could be used as part of a Spanish/English translation system. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Cochlear Implants in China

China has approximately 6 million totally deaf people according to an official survey conducted in 1990, although the actual number is probably higher. A primary cause of deafness is the use of ototoxic drugs. There does not appear to be any emergent deaf culture in China at present. As the only available medical device that can restore partial hearing to a totally deaf person, the cochlear implant has been in development in China since 1979. This paper provides an overview of cochlear implants in China and is based on a review of published materials, visits to research institutes and hospitals, and personal communication with Chinese colleagues. As of 1993, about 1,000 deaf people, including 50 children below age 12 years, have received four types of single-electrode cochlear implants that were developed and fabricated by institutions in China. These single-electrode devices have provided an aid to lip reading, but are no longer in use due to their inability to produce open-set speech recognition. Present implant research in China focuses on development of multi-electrode devices. Basic research in electrical stimulation is relatively lacking and standardized audiological evaluation for cochlear implant effectiveness needs to be developed. The present economic growth and legal system reform in China, combined with advances in implant technology, may make it possible to produce an affordable yet effective cochlear implant system. This paper discusses cochlear implants only in China, but the social and economic factors are similar in many developing countries in Asia, South America, Eastern Europe, and Africa, where a low-cost, high-performance cochlear implant system is also needed.
Aerobic metabolism of trichloroethylene by a bacterial isolate.

A number of soil and water samples were screened for the biological capacity to metabolize trichloroethylene. One water sample was found to contain this capacity, and a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium which appeared to be responsible for the metabolic activity was isolated from this sample. The isolate degraded trichloroethylene to CO2 and unidentified, nonvolatile products. Oxygen and water from the original site of isolation were required for degradation.
A Public Calling: Lessons From the Lives of Judges of Color in Pennsylvania

This paper discusses how Judge Clifford Scott Green, Judge William Marutani, and Judge Juanita Kidd Stout spent their lives as leaders in the law to illustrate the ideal of a "public calling."
Common Precepts of Marine Scientific Research Access in the Arctic

An important and highly valuable legacy of IPY [the International Polar Year 2007-09] could be to reconsider access impediments in all regions of the Arctic, building on achievements made during the IPY, and through inter-governmental consultations to improve the access situation for scientists in the whole Arctic on a long-term basis.
How Who Should Practice: Using Learning Decomposition to Evaluate the Efficacy of Different Types of Practice for Different Types of Students

A basic question of instruction is how much students will actually learn from it. This paper presents an approach called learning decomposition,whichdetermines the relative efficacy of different types of learning opportunities. This approach is a generalization of learning curve analysis, and uses non-linear regression to determine how to weight different types of practice opportunities relative to each other. We analyze 346 students reading 6.9 million words and show that different types of practice differ reliably in how efficiently students acquire the skill of reading words quickly and accurately. Specifically, massed practice is generally not effective for helping students learn words, and rereading the same stories is not as effective as reading a variety of stories. However, we were able to analyze data for individual student's learning and use bottom-up processing to detect small subgroups of students who did benefit from rereading (11 students) and from massed practice (5 students). The existence of these has two implications: 1) one size fits all instruction is adequate for perhaps 95% of the student population using computer tutors, but as a community we can do better and 2) the ITS community is well poised to study what type of instruction is optimal for the individual.
Scientific explanations: A comparative case study of teacher practice and student performance

A Framework for K-12 Science Education , the foundation for the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), identifies scientific explanation as one of the eight practices “essential for learning science” (National Research Council, 2012, p. 41) . In order to design professional development so teachers can implement these new standards, we need to assess students’ current skill levels in explanation construction, characterize current teacher practice surrounding it, and identify best practices for supporting students in explanation construction. This case study investigated teacher practice in two high school science inquiry units in the Portland metro area and the scientific explanations the students produced in their work samples. Teacher Instructional Portfolios (TIPs) were analyzed qualitatively based on best practices in teaching science inquiry and a qualitative coding scheme. Written scientific explanations were analyzed with an explanation rubric and qualitative codes. Relationships between instructional practices and explanation quality were examined, and five factors that support students in producing scientific explanations that align with the NGSS were identified: (1) strong content knowledge regarding the theory underlying the science inquiry investigation, (2) balanced pedagogical techniques, (3) previous experience conducting science inquiry, (4) an open-ended investigation topic, and (5) clear expectations for explanation construction aligned with relevant standards.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 alkaline nuclease is required for efficient processing of viral DNA replication intermediates.

Mutations in the alkaline nuclease gene of herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) (nuc mutations) induce almost wild-type levels of viral DNA; however, mutant viral yields are 0.1 to 1% of wild-type yields (L. Shao, L. Rapp, and S. Weller, Virology 195:146-162, 1993; R. Martinez, L. Shao, J.C. Bronstein, P.C. Weber, and S. Weller, Virology 215:152-164, 1996). nuc mutants are defective in one or more stages of genome maturation and appear to package DNA into aberrant or defective capsids which fail to egress from the nucleus of infected cells. In this study, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to test the hypothesis that the defects in nuc mutants are due to the failure of the newly replicated viral DNA to be processed properly during DNA replication and/or recombination. Replicative intermediates of HSV-1 DNA from both wild-type- and mutant-infected cells remain in the wells of pulsed-field gels, while free linear monomers are readily resolved. Digestion of this well DNA with restriction enzymes that cleave once in the viral genome releases discrete monomer DNA from wild-type virus-infected cells but not from nuc mutant-infected cells. We conclude that both wild-type and mutant DNAs exist in a complex, nonlinear form (possibly branched) during replication. The fact that discrete monomer-length DNA cannot be released from nuc DNA by a single-cutting enzyme suggests that this DNA is more branched than DNA which accumulates in cells infected with wild-type virus. The well DNA from cells infected with wild-type and nuc mutants contains XbaI fragments which result from genomic inversions, indicating that alkaline nuclease is not required for mediating recombination events within HSV DNA. Furthermore, nuc mutants are able to carry out DNA replication-mediated homologous recombination events between inverted repeats on plasmids as evaluated by using a quantitative transient recombination assay. Well DNA from both wild-type- and mutant-infected cells contains free U(L) termini but not free U(S) termini. Various models to explain the structure of replicating DNA are considered.
Unresponsiveness in hapten-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. I. Characteristics of tolerance induction in adult mice.

These experiments concern the regulation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Here we describe the induction of unresponsiveness in TNP-specific cytotoxic cells generated in vitro. Previous work has shown that i.v. injection of water-soluble TNP (TNBS) prevents in vivo generation of TNP-specific CTL in C3H/HeN mice. In contrast, this report shows that the in vitro generation of TNP-specific CTL from similarly treated C3H/HeN mice is not inhibited. Nevertheless, unresponsiveness in CTL can be induced with TNBS. This unresponsiveness appears to be H-2 linked, since 3 strains of H-2d mice (BALB/c, DBA/2J, and B10.D2) were rendered unresponsive after a single injection of TNBS, whereas 3 strains of H-2k mice (C58/J, C3H/HeN, and CBA/J) were not. This CTL unresponsiveness is antigen specific in both induction and expression. The unresponsiveness is reversed by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide but not by adult thymectomy. Furthermore, the addition of supernatants from Con A-stimulated spleen cells to cultures containing the unresponsive responder cells enhanced the generation of cytotoxic activity. These results suggest that a) the ability to induce TNP-specific CTL unresponsiveness is linked to H-2 loci, b) a regulatory network is involved in the unresponsiveness, which is sensitive to cyclophosphamide but resistant to adult thymectomy, and c) at least 1 level of regulation involves amplifying T cells.
INTERPOLATION ERRORS AND SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF THE UNITED STATES SOLAR RADIATION NETWORK

The coefficient of variability (cv) has been widely used to study intestation variability in solar radiation and to estimate the errors made when radiation values are extrapolated spatially. Here theoretical questions are raised about the use of cv in the analysis of network adequacy, and an empirical assessment of the U.S. observation network is made. Worst-case root mean square interpolation errors are estimated to be 21% for daily values, decreasing to less than 5% for seasonal (90-day) totals. For short time periods, interpolation errors are significantly smaller than suggested by cv. The network adequately resolves features having characteristic length scales longer than 2000 km, and gives essentially no resolution of features smaller than 1500 km. Estimates are provided for the proportion of variance occurring at spatial scales too small to be resolved by the network.
Synthesis of bifunctional cationic compound for gene delivery

Abstract Bifunctional cationic compound carrying trivalent galactosides as the cell targeting ligand and DAB-dendr-(NH2)8 (generation 2.0) as the DNA binding domain was synthesized for gene delivery to hepatocytes. DAB-dendr-(NH2)4 (generation 1.0) conjugated with a hydrocarbon chain was used as a scaffold for the attachment of three galactosides, while the other hydrocarbon end was linked with DAB-dendr-(NH2)8 (generation 2.0) through a carbamate bond. This design provided an effective entry for the synthesis of a polyamine compound having the cell targeting galactosyl ligand. Preliminary in vitro transfection results demonstrated that the bifunctional cationic compound could effectively deliver the gene into HepG2 cells.
Primary Surgical Therapy of Ovarian Cancer: How Much and When

From July 1975 through December 1985, 328 patients with ovarian malignancies were treated. Of these, 302 had epithelial invasive malignancies and constitute the study group. The impact of the operative procedure, findings, and subsequent treatment is evaluated. Patients who underwent extensive debulking procedures such as bowel resection and peritoneal stripping did not have improved survival compared with those patients who did not undergo these procedures and yet had residual disease remaining (P = 0.7 and P = 0.34). Reoperating patients felt to be unresectable at the time of referral did not increase survival over reoperating patients after an attempt at chemotherapeutic reduction (P = 0.34).
Complement activation in the tubulointerstitium: AKI, CKD, and in between

Complement activation is actively regulated to prevent injudicious activation, such as on peritubular endothelia and basolateral aspects of tubules. Miao et al. studied mice in which the key complement regulator, Crry, was deleted from tubular cells. This lacked functional consequence in unmanipulated animals. Yet, following ischemia–reperfusion, there was greater injury due to alternative pathway activation of C5. When the balance between complement activation and regulation is tipped towards the former, pathologic complement activation can ensue.
Using chaos to produce synchronized stochastic dynamics in non-homogeneous map arrays with a random scalar coupling

Abstract Unidirectionally coupled chaotic systems hold great interest from the information processing and communications perspective. In this Letter, we report on a novel method for synchronizing two identical but internally non-homogeneous populations of chaotic maps using a scalar random coupling between them. The resulting synchronized dynamics is stochastic, and can be used in secure multi-user communication applications.
Thermal responses of hamsters to endotoxin

Abstract 1. 1.|These experiments were undertaken to determine whether small hibernators develop fever when challenged with endotoxin. 2. 2.| S. enteritidis endotoxin (LPS), in doses smaller than 10 μg kg −1 had no demonstrable thermal effects in euthermic hamsters; in doses larger than 10 μg kg −1 , it caused a fall of body temperature ( T co . The duration of this fall appeared to be dose dependent. A torpor-like state was produced by 30 μg kg −1 or more of LPS. 3. 3.|When given a choice of ambient temperatures ( T a , hamsters treated with pyrogen-free saline (PFS) selected a T a of ca. 30°C; their T co stabilized around 37°C. When treated with 20 μg kg −1 of LPS, they did not develop either hypothermia or fever; they selected a T a similar to that when they were treated with PFS. 4. 4.|These results suggest that the thermal responses of hamsters to LPS vary with the T a and may depend on whether the animals can utilize behavioural thermoregulation.
Biomarkers in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: potential and pitfalls

Donald McCorquodale1,2 & Amanda J Myers1,2† †Author for correspondence 1Division of Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Batchelors Children's Research Building, Room 609, 1580 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA 2Johnnie B. Byrd Sr. Alzheimer’s Center & Research Institute 4001 E, Fletcher Ave Tampa, FL 33613, USA E-mail: amyers@med. miami.edu
Optimization of space orbits design for Earth orbiting missions

Abstract In Earth orbiting space missions, the orbit selection dictates the mission parameters like the ground resolution, the area coverage, and the frequency of coverage parameters. To achieve desired mission parameters, usually Earth regions of interest are identified and the spacecraft is maneuvered continuously to visit only these regions. This method is expensive, it requires a propulsion system onboard the spacecraft, working throughout the mission lifetime. It also requires a longer time to cover all the regions of interest, due to the very weak thrust forces compared to that of the Earth's gravitational field. This paper presents a methodology to design natural orbits, in which the regions of interest are visited without the use of propulsion systems, depending only on the gravitational forces. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem. A genetic algorithm along with a second order gradient method is implemented for optimization. The design process takes into consideration the gravitational second zonal harmonic, and hence allows for the design of repeated Sun-synchronous orbits. The field of view of the payload is also taken into consideration in the optimization process. Numerical results are presented that demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method.
Pharmacokinetics in geriatric psychiatry.

Safe, effective drug therapy in older adults requires an understanding of drug disposition and response in this population. Evidence suggests that physiologic changes during aging, including hepatic or renal function changes, contribute to pharmacokinetic differences. A major issue surrounding the study of older adults relates to the ability to study a large number of people in a minimally invasive way. Population pharmacokinetics provides a potential means of addressing this issue and a tool to evaluate drug exposure’s magnitude and consistency. This article highlights examples of pharmacokinetic studies in psychiatry, in particular those conducted in older adults. It also reviews new drugs approved for treatment in psychiatry or neurology, many of which were developed as novel formulations (eg, extended-release transdermal film) with improved pharmacokinetic profiles or developed with regard to the actions of a specific enantiomer or metabolite.
Semantic analysis in XTRA, an English-Chinese machine translation system

This paper concerns the resolution of lexical ambiguity in a machine translation environment. We describe the integration of principles of selection restrictions. Preference Semantics, and intelligent relaxation of constraints in handling lexical ambiguity. The approach differs from many previous MT systems in that it is more powerful than ‘brute force’ systems, while more realistic than systems that assume a large degree of coded encyclopedia information for ‘full understanding.’
Cultivation of enteroviruses in hamster kidney tissue culture.

SummarySusceptibility of hamster kidney tissue culture to enteroviruses was studied. A cytopathogenic effect was obtained with the prototype Coxsackie viruses (A9, B1–B5) and prototype ECHO virus types 9 and 10. Variability of infectivity was shown for ECHO 9 isolates, only 2 of 27 positive. Other ECHO serotypes and polioviruses were negative. Strains of herpes simplex, vaccinia, Newcastle disease virus and influenza (Asian), also produced a cytopathogenic effect in hamster kidneys. Use of hamster kidney tissue cultures as a selective system in identification of agents from cases of aseptic meningitis was reported.
A new algorithm for the evaluation of shotgun peptide sequencing in proteomics: support vector machine classification of peptide MS/MS spectra and SEQUEST scores.

Shotgun tandem mass spectrometry-based peptide sequencing using programs such as SEQUEST allows high-throughput identification of peptides, which in turn allows the identification of corresponding proteins. We have applied a machine learning algorithm, called the support vector machine, to discriminate between correctly and incorrectly identified peptides using SEQUEST output. Each peptide was characterized by SEQUEST-calculated features such as delta Cn and Xcorr, measurements such as precursor ion current and mass, and additional calculated parameters such as the fraction of matched MS/MS peaks. The trained SVM classifier performed significantly better than previous cutoff-based methods at separating positive from negative peptides. Positive and negative peptides were more readily distinguished in training set data acquired on a QTOF, compared to an ion trap mass spectrometer. The use of 13 features, including four new parameters, significantly improved the separation between positive and negative pepti...
Separation of paraoxon and mipafox sensitive esterases by sucrose density gradient sedimentation

Abstract Paraoxon- and mipafox-sensitive phenyl valerate (PV) hydrolases found in chicken nervous tissue were solubilized by Triton X-100 and separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Enzyme activity from chick embryo brain with properties of neurotoxic esterase (NTE, intensitive to 40 μM paraoxon, sensitive to 50 μM mipafox) migrated in a 9S peak.