cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extra-Pair Copulations in Black-Capped Chickadees: the Role of the Female

Extra-pair copulation (EPC) behaviour was observed in three resident, colour-banded populations of black-capped chickadees. Because these populations were nonmigratory, I was able to determine the relative winter rank of all individuals involved (the females, their mates, and the other males) in the months prior to each breeding season. Over 14 years, a total of 13 EPCs, involving 12 females and 10 'other' males, were seen. Every one of the 13 EPCs was with a male ranked higher than the female's own mate. No female that was paired with an alpha male was ever seen engaging in an EPC. Only 4 observed EPCs occurred in the female's own territory; the other 9 all took place in the territory of the other male. Hence these females had apparently entered those territories to copulate with those resident males. All but one of the EPCs occurred within an hour of dawn, although WPCs are about equally likely to occur at any time of day. At least 4 of the observed EPCs occurred during the female's fertile period. No forced EPC attempts were seen. In resident species like chickadees, where females have the opportunity to learn the relative rank of all neighbouring males with respect to her own mate, females may regularly pursue the strategy of seeking out EPCs with superior partners. While lower-ranked males may suffer temporary losses through the EPCs of their mates, each male has some chance of attaining alpha rank if he lives long enough. Once at alpha rank, a male will likely engage in more EPCs, while having a mate that will no longer seek EPCs elsewhere.
Blind deconvolution and phase retrieval from point zeros

The points at which two-dimensional spectra of band-limited functions are zero can be used to generate a polynomial approximation of the complex spectrum. These point-zero locations are common to both the spectrum and the associated power spectrum. The phase of the complex-valued polynomial along with the measured intensity data is used to generate an initial guess for the function that an error-reduction algorithm can improve. This approach has practical utility for Fourier phase retrieval as well as for blind deconvolution. The limitations of the model are discussed, and examples are given.
Geographies of Displacement: Latina/os, Oral History, and The Politics of Gentrification in San Francisco's Mission District

During the 1990s and early 2000s, working-class and poor neighborhoods in San Francisco underwent dramatic economic and racial changes. One of the most heavily gentrified neighborhoods was the Mission District. As a result of local politics, housing and rental policies, real estate speculation, and development, thousands of Latina/o families were displaced. Using oral historical and ethnographic methodologies, print media, archival sources, and policy papers, this article traces the gentrification of the Mission District from the perspective of the Latina/o community. It also examines how gentrification was articulated as a positive turn within the larger public discourse on space and access.
In vitro cytotoxicities of ionic liquids: Effect of cation rings, functional groups, and anions

In vitro cytotoxicities were measured for ionic liquids (ILs) containing various cations and anions using the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line. We measured the cytotoxicities of ionic liquids containing the cations pyridinium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, or imidazolium with various alkyl chain lengths, and the anions bromide, bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)imide (Tf2N), trifluoromethylsulfonate (TfO), or nonafluoromethylsulfonate (NfO). Three new hydrophobic, task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs), namely, [MBCNPip]+[Tf2N]−, [MPS2Pip]+[Tf2N]−, and [MPS2Pyrro]+[Tf2N]− designed for metal-ion extraction were also evaluated. IC50 values of the ionic liquids toward the MCF7 cells ranged from 8 μM to 44 mM. The toxicity depended significantly on the nature of the cations and anions, especially when the cations contained a long side chain. TSILs studied in this work were less toxic than the classical ILs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
LAPAROSCOPIC PRACTICE PATTERNS AMONG NORTH AMERICAN UROLOGISTS 5 YEARS AFTER FORMAL TRAINING

AbstractPurpose: We assessed urologist laparoscopy practice patterns 5 years after a postgraduate training course in urological laparoscopic surgery. Results were compared to findings from similar studies performed on the same cohort at 3 and 12 months after training.Materials and Methods: Between January 1991 and November 1992, 11, 2-day university sponsored, postgraduate laparoscopic surgery training programs were held. A survey was mailed to the 322 North American participants in the summer of 1997 to determine current laparoscopic use and experience.Results: Of the 166 respondents (51% response rate) 53.6% (89) had performed 1 or more laparoscopic procedures in the previous year, compared to 84% 1 year following course completion. Of the respondents 37% believed their laparoscopic experience was sufficient to maintain skills compared to 66% at 1 year. Of the respondents 6% had performed more laparoscopic procedures while 82% had performed fewer than anticipated. Reasons cited for decreased use include...
Royal Romances: Sex, Scandal, and Monarchy in Print, 1780–1821; Poetry and Popular Protest: Peterloo, Cato Street and the Queen Caroline Controversy

Royal Romances: Sex, Scandal, and Monarchy in Print, 1780–1821, by Kristin Flieger Samuelian, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, x + 254 pp. Poetry and Popular Protest: Peterloo, Cato Street an...
Deletion of putative intronic control sequences does not alter cell or stage specific expression of Cr2.

Abstract The expression of the mouse Cr2 gene has been shown to be restricted to mature B cells, follicular dendritic cells and, in some reports, to a minor population of activated T cells. In this report, we demonstrate that the expression of antigen(s) recognized by the anti-CR2 antibody on the surface of T cells is co-incident with T cell apoptotic death. Two distinct regions of the Cr2 gene have been implicated as critical for specific expression, the promoter region at the transcription start site and a control region within the first intron of the gene, approximately 1500 bp from the transcription start site. We have created a mouse that is lacking this intronic control sequence which, in the wild type (WT) mouse, contains multiple known binding sites for RBP-jκ, Oct, NFAT and YY1 proteins. The analysis of this mouse named Cr2iΔ (Cr2 intron deletion) demonstrated normal tissue specific expression of the Cr2 gene including a lack of expression in mouse T cells. B cell expression of the Cr2 gene products, CR1 and CR2, is normal compared to WT, and the FDC of these mice continue to express Cr2 gene products. Therefore the intronic control region of the Cr2 gene, defined in transfection-based reporter gene assays as instrumental in controlling the cell specific expression profile of Cr2, does not influence the expression of the Cr2 gene in vivo nor alter the relative production of the CR1 and CR2 proteins via alternative slicing of Cr2 gene products.
Relationships between Medicare Advantage contract characteristics and quality-of-care ratings: an observational analysis of Medicare Advantage star ratings.

BACKGROUND The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) publishes star ratings on Medicare Advantage (MA) contracts to measure plan quality of care with implications for reimbursement and bonuses. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether MA contract characteristics are associated with quality of care through the Medicare plan star ratings. DESIGN Retrospective study of MA star ratings in 2010. Unadjusted and adjusted multivariable linear regression models assessed the relationship between 5-star rating summary scores and plan characteristics. SETTING CMS MA contracts nationally. PARTICIPANTS 409 (71%) of a total of 575 MA contracts, covering 10.56 million Medicare beneficiaries (90% of the MA population) in the United States in 2010. MEASUREMENTS The MA quality ratings summary score (stars range from 1 to 5) is a quality measure based on 36 indicators related to processes of care, health outcomes, access to care, and beneficiary satisfaction. RESULTS Nonprofit, larger, and older MA contracts were more likely to receive higher star ratings. Star ratings ranged from 2 to 5. Nonprofit contracts received an average 0.55 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.67) higher star ratings than for-profit contracts (P < 0.001) after controls were set for contract characteristics. LIMITATION The study focused on persons aged 65 years or older covered by MA. CONCLUSION In 2010, nonprofit MA contracts received significantly higher star ratings than for-profit contracts. When comparing health plans in the future, the CMS should give increasing attention to for-profit plans with lower quality ratings and consider developing programs to assist newer and smaller plans in improving their care for Medicare beneficiaries. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE None.
Floral scent production in Clarkia breweri. III. Enzymatic synthesis and emission of benzenoid esters

The fragrance of Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae), a California annual plant, includes three benzenoid esters: benzylacetate, benzylbenzoate, and methylsalicylate. Here we report that petal tissue was responsible for the benzylacetate and methylsalicylate emission, whereas the pistil was the main source of benzylbenzoate. The activities of two novel enzymes, acetyl-coenzyme A:benzylalcohol acetyltransferase (BEAT), which catalyzes the acetyl esterification of benzylalcohol, and S-adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase, which catalyzes the methyl esterification of salicylic acid, were also highest in petal tissue and absent in leaves. In addition, the activity of both enzymes in the various floral organs was developmentally and differentially regulated. S-Adenosyl-L-methionine:salicylic acid carboxyl methyltransferase activity in petals peaked in mature buds and declined during the next few days after anthesis, and it showed a strong, positive correlation with the emission of methylsalicylate. The levels of BEAT activity and benzylacetate emission in petals also increased in parallel as the buds matured and the flowers opened, but as emission began to decline on the 2nd d after anthesis, BEAT activity continued to increase and remained high until the end of the lifespan of the flower.
Charge distribution on narrow MEMS beams of nearly square cross-section

The subject of this paper is the calculation of charge distribution on the surfaces of thin conducting microelectromechanical systems beams, of nearly square cross-section, in electrostatic problems, by the boundary element method (BEM). A line model of a beam is proposed here. This model overcomes the problem of dealing with nearly singular matrices that occur when the standard BEM is applied to very thin features (objects or gaps). This new approach is also very efficient. Numerical results are presented for selected examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of antistaphylococcal IgE antibodies in patients with recurrent S. aureus infection, eczema and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E: 16

Antistaphylococcal IgE antibodies have recently been demonstrated in patients with recurrent staphylococcal infections, eczema and hyperimmunoglobulinemia E. The formation of these IgE antibodies may be a manifestation of an aberrant immunological response to S. aureus infection and may be related to the undue susceptibility of staphylococcal infections in these patients. In an attempt to further investigate this immunological disorder the IgE antibody binding site within the staphylococcal cell wall was studied. Cell walls from various staphyloccal strains were purified and IgE binding was measured using a solid phase radioimmunoassay. Binding occurred only to purified cell walls (PCW) from S. aureus. Since the glycan backbone and the peptide subunit of the peptidoglycan (PG) of the PCW tested are believed to be identical it is concluded that the IgE antibodies are directed to the interpeptide bridge or an unknown antigenic site within the PG of S. aureus cell walls. This hypothesis is further studied using synthetic analogues of PG interpeptide bridges.
Effects of Endothermic Binders on Times to Explosion of HMX- and TATB-Based Plastic Bonded Explosives

Plastic-bonded explosives (PBXs) based on octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) or 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) formulated with the endothermic binders Estane, Viton, or Kel-F exhibit longer times to thermal explosion than do pure HMX and TATB in the one-dimensional time to explosion (ODTX) and in other thermal experiments. Previous chemical kinetic thermal decomposition models for HMX- and TATB- based PBXs assumed that the binders decomposed independently of and at lower temperatures than the explosives. Recent chemical decomposition rate measurements showed that Estane, Viton, and Kel-F are more thermally stable than HMX and TATB. Thus, the longer thermal explosion times for these PBXs are most likely due to endothermic decompositions of the binders by reactions with the gaseous decomposition products of HMX and TATB. New PBX chemical decomposition models are developed using the global HMX and TATB models, measured binder kinetics, and cross-reactions between gaseous expl...
Random Duty Cycle Errors in QPM Gratings: Implications for Sensitive Nonlinear-Optical Devices

Jitter in the domain boundaries of quasi-phasematching gratings enhances the efficiency of nominally phase-mismatched processes. This enhancement plays a significant role in many nonlinear-optical systems. We consider this jitter and its importance in different contexts.
Intracorpuscular red cell defect masquerading as valve induced hemolysis.

A case is described wherein hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinemia, and fragmented RBCs coexist with aortic valvular stenosis and insufficiency. The data obtained from “cross RBC survival” procedures indicated that hemolysis resulted primarily from an unidentified intracorpuscular defect despite several clinical and laboratory findings which suggested a cardiogenic mechanism as the etiology. This experience demonstrates the diagnostic usefulness of “cross RBC survival” procedures in cases where valvular disease, fragmented RBCs and intravascular hemolysis coexist, as well as the potential hazard of diagnosing valve-induced hemolysis by exclusion.
EFFECTS OF A NONLIGATING PENDANT HYDROGEN-BONDING GROUP IN A METAL COMPLEX: STABILIZATION OF AN HF COMPLEX

An amino group has been appended to a benzoquinolinato ligand (bq-NH2 or bq-NH(i-Pr)) in such a way that it can hydrogen bond to a ligand that is also bound to the metal. The effects of this two-po...
Comparison of solid state actuators based on power and energy criteria

A study of published literature and vendor information about solid-state induced-strain actuators has been undertaken to establish their dynamic-operation mechanical and electrical characteristics, and to compare their output power and energy density criteria. A theory was developed from first principles to predict the input and output power and energy amplitudes under dynamic operation including the piezo-electric counter electro-motive force and the bias- voltage effects. The effective electro-mechanical coupling coefficient, k, for an assembled active-material stack was calculated from vendor data using a remarkably simple formula. Values between 0.45 and 1.038 were found, somehow in disagreement with the generally accepted value of 0.7 for the basic material. Dynamic energy output at the optimal stiffness match condition was found to have values of up to 0.260 J for some off-the-shelf actuators. Dynamic energy density per unit volume and unit mass varied in the range 0.5 - 3.7 J/dm3 and 0.058 - 0.482 J/kg, respectively. Conversion efficiency between input electrical power and output mechanical power was found to vary widely in the range 3.74% - 32.39%. This paper presents, with priority, two remarkably simple formulae: one for calculating the effective electro-mechanical coupling coefficient, K, using standard vendor data; the other for estimating the peak reactive power for bias-voltage operation of the actuator.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrophoretic properties in aqueous detergent systems

Electrophoretic mobilities and zeta potentials were developed for triolein, Nujol, and glass particles in aqueous detergent solutions. Zeta potentials in deionized water were: -79, -69, and -62 mv, respectively, for triolein, Nujol, and glass. Electrolyte builders and anionic surfactants markedly increase triolein and Nujol particle mobilities and negative zeta potentials; this effect probably contributes to their detersive action. Nonionic surfactants lower mobility of triolein and glass, and thus show slight cationic character. Significant inflection points are found for nonionic detergents near cmc. A cationic detergent produced high positive charge and zeta potentials with triolein and glass. Data for surfactant-builder combinations show mobilities are primarily determined by the electrolyte. It was concluded that electrokinetic effects are important for dispersion and emulsification, but are not necessary and sufficient conditions for removing oily soil from glass.
Peripheral CD27-CD21- B-cells represent an exhausted lymphocyte population in hepatitis C cirrhosis.

Abstract Hepatitis C cirrhosis is associated with a profound disappearance of memory B-cells. We sought to determine if this loss is associated with the expansion of the CD27−CD21− tissue-like memory B-cells with features of B-cell exhaustion. To this end, we quantified the frequency of CD27−CD21− B-cells in healthy, non-cirrhotic HCV-infected, and cirrhotic patients. We examined the expression of putative inhibitory receptors, the proliferative and immunoglobulin-secreting capacity of CD27/CD21-defined B-cell subsets upon B-cell receptor and/or CD40 stimulation. We found that CD27−CD21− B-cells are significantly increased in frequency relative to healthy donors in HCV-infected patients. CD27−CD21− B-cells were hypoproliferative relative to naive and resting memory B-cells upon agonistic stimulation, but retained similar capacity for antibody secretion. Conclusion: CD27−CD21− tissue-like memory B-cells with exhausted proliferation circulate at increased frequency in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic HCV-infected patients. This B-cell subset does not appear anergic, exhibiting immunoglobulin-secreting capacity on CD40 agonism indistinguishable from other CD27/CD21-defined B-cell subsets.
Alternative mRNA splice forms of NOXO1: differential tissue expression and regulation of Nox1 and Nox3.

Abstract The activity of gp91phox, the catalytic subunit of the superoxide-generating respiratory burst oxidase, is stimulated by the regulatory subunits p47phox, p67phox and the small GTPase Rac. Novel homologs of p47phox and p67phox (NOXO1 and NOXA1, respectively) were recently identified and are implicated in the regulation of the gp91phox homologs Nox1 and Nox3. Herein, we report four splice forms of human NOXO1. NOXO1β is the major mRNA splice form in human colon and fetal liver while NOXO1γ was the majority species in testis. Neither the α nor δ forms were expressed in significant amounts in any tissue tested. Splice forms were generated by alternative splicing of the two ends of exon 3 of the NOXO1 gene, and resulted in differences in the PX domain. The PX domain is known to bind inositol lipids, but the expressed, purified PX domains from NOXO1β and NOXO1γ bound these lipids with the same specificity and affinity. NOXO1β and NOXO1γ both activated Nox1, but NOXO1γ showed a poorer ability to activate Nox3 compared with NOXO1β. These data suggest different tissue localizations and functions for NOXO1β and NOXO1γ in regulating Nox family members.
Seasonal and interannual variations of cirrus clouds

Clouds have always been an obstacle to remote sensing using visible and infrared wavelengths. Visible and infrared measurements are altered or obscured by their presence. Clouds also are one of the controls of the heat balance of the earth. Of the different forms of clouds, cirrus have been the most elusive to detect. Ground observers under report them because they are often obscured from view by lower clouds and not considered important to aviation. Satellite measurements also have trouble detecting cirrus because their transparency makes them difficult to distinguish from ground or lower cloud backgrounds. Satellite measurements are altered by the presence of these semitransparent clouds and any remote sensing system will have to account for them or use extensive methods to detect and avoid them. The high frequency of cirrus clouds over the earth was not realized until recent sateffite cloud data sets were analyzed. There have been only four clouds studies that have covered the entire earth and have included a long enough period to be used for population statistics. They are the summary of surface weather observers by Warren et al. (1988), the limb scanning Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE see Woodbury and McCormick, 1993)) of NASA, the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP see Rossow and Lacis, 1990) and the analysis of HIRS data by Wylie et al. (1994). The frequency of semi-transparent cirrus in these studies varies from 10-45%. This reported amount of drrus varies among the studies because of differences in their ability to depict semi-transparent clouds and distinguish them from other land and ocean backgrounds or other clouds below them. Very thin cirrus are often missed by these cloud detection schemes and thus the frequency of thin cirrus may be even higher than reported by any of the studies.
Ghrelin and other glucoregulatory hormone responses to eccentric and concentric muscle contractions.

Objective: Heavy resistance exercise increases growth hormone (GH) and blood glucose levels. Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand for the GH secretagory receptor that stimulates growth hormone release. Circulating ghrelin levels are suppressed by insulin and glucose. The study was conducted to determine effects of concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle actions at the same absolute workload on circulating ghrelin and glucose as well as related glucoregulatory peptides.
Separate vs. Combined Categories for Mental Retardation and Specific Learning Disabilities

right. 5. Using unjustified formats for reading comprehension passages and placing them in separate boxes set off from the sentences testing comprehension. 6. Using continuation arrows and stop signs to organize the flow of items within the tests. The results of our study suggest that LD students' "competence" is enhanced by the use of tests which include the above modifications. Simple enlargement of type size, however, was found to have little practical performance payoff in the assessment of LD students' minimum competence.
Defining central themes in breast cancer biology by differential proteomics: conserved regulation of cell spreading and focal adhesion kinase.

Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, an observation that underscores the importance of elucidating conserved molecular characteristics, such as gene and protein expression, across breast cancer cell types toward providing a greater understanding of context-specific features central to this disease. Motivated by the goal of defining central biological themes across breast cancer cell subtypes, we conducted a global proteomic analysis of three breast cancer cell lines, MCF7, SK-BR-3, and MDA-MB-231, and compared these to a model of nontransformed mammary cells (MCF10A). Our results demonstrate modulation of proteins localized to the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, and nucleus, along with coordinate decreases in proteins that regulate “cell spreading,” a cellular event previously shown to be dysregulated in transformed cells. Protein interaction network analysis revealed the clustering of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a fundamental regulator of cell spreading, with several proteins identifi...
The tree and net components of prokaryote evolution

Phylogenetic trees of individual genes of prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria) generally have different topologies, largely owing to extensive horizontal gene transfer (HGT), suggesting that the Tree of Life (TOL) should be replaced by a “net of life” as the paradigm of prokaryote evolution. However, trees remain the natural representation of the histories of individual genes given the fundamentally bifurcating process of gene replication. Therefore, although no single tree can fully represent the evolution of prokaryote genomes, the complete picture of evolution will necessarily combine trees and nets. A quantitative measure of the signals of tree and net evolution is derived from an analysis of all quartets of species in all trees of the “Forest of Life” (FOL), which consists of approximately 7,000 phylogenetic trees for prokaryote genes including approximately 100 nearly universal trees (NUTs). Although diverse routes of net-like evolution collectively dominate the FOL, the pattern of tree-like evolution that reflects the consistent topologies of the NUTs is the most prominent coherent trend. We show that the contributions of tree-like and net-like evolutionary processes substantially differ across bacterial and archaeal lineages and between functional classes of genes. Evolutionary simulations indicate that the central tree-like signal cannot be realistically explained by a self-reinforcing pattern of biased HGT.
R-E-S-P-E-C-T: Physician-Patient Communication

To the Editors:—Feeling respected by one’s physician is the single most powerful predictor of patients’ overall rating of their physicians, according to Quigley’s welcome study1 of the CG-CAHPS Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems Clinician and Group large sample of survey data and Frosch’s and Tai-Seale’s thoughtful editorial.2 In reply to the editors’ question 'how does one show respect to patients?', we offer the skills model and training materials published in 'Treating and precepting with RESPECT; a relational model addressing race, ethnicity and culture in medical training'.3 We developed RESPECT because our work as clinicians and educators at an inner city safety net hospital identified essential elements for building trust with patients from backgrounds that differed greatly in culture or power status from their providers. Accumulating data regarding communication disparities further supported these components. RESPECT has received recognition for its contribution to cultural competence scholarship and pedagogy4 because it addresses power and difference to build trust with patients at risk for disparities. Respect will always be important to most patients because of the power differential inherent between expert doctors and the sick and vulnerable who seek our help. As patients bare their bodies, frailties and fears, RESPECT can be an important tool to reduce shame, invite trust and partner effectively, empowering the patient to face the challenges of medical care and the difficult choices needed to improve health. We hope our work can help more clinicians and their patients face the healthcare journey together. As the patient safety movement and academic medical communities increasingly recognize, the environment in which clinicians train and practice also influences the respectful care provided to the patient. We continue to find RESPECT to be a helpful tool wherever power differentials and hierarchy might interfere with trust, communication, learning, collaboration and teamwork.5
Turbulence calculations in magnetization variables

Abstract The equations of incompressible fluid dynamics in three dimensions are reformulated in terms of magnetization variables; the usefulness of the resulting equations in turbulence theory and in computational fluid dynamics is explained. In particular, the new variables provide a promising avenue to real-space renormalization in fluid dynamics.
Kinetic theory analysis of rarefied gas flow through finite length slots

A kinetic theory analysis is made of the flow of a rarefied monatomic gas through a two‐dimensional slot connecting two reservoirs. Numerical solutions are obtained by the moment and discrete ordinate methods. The former method portrays the transition regime characteristics well, but has limitations in the free molecule regime. The latter method gives accurate results in the free molecule and slip regime and bolsters confidence in the accuracy of the transition regime results. The numerical solution for the mass flux through the slot agrees well with an approximate analytic solution of the moment equations for length‐to‐width ratios from 6 to 0.5, pressure ratios from 0.8 to 0.1, and Knudsen numbers from 5 to 0.5.
Food Availability/Convenience and Obesity

Neighborhood environments have received considerable attention in recent local, state, and national obesity prevention initiatives, with a particular focus on food deserts, or areas with poor access to healthy foods. Yet, there are inconsistencies in the evidence base, suggesting a nuanced association between neighborhood environment, food availability, diet behaviors, and obesity. There is heterogeneity in associations between environmental exposures and health outcomes across race/ethnicity, gender, region, and urbanicity, which results in complexity in the interpretation of findings. There are several limitations in the literature, including a predominance of cross-sectional studies, reliance on commercial business listings, lack of attention to the process by which diet resources are established and expanded within neighborhoods and the potential for individuals to selectively migrate to locate near such facilities, a predominant focus on residential neighborhoods, and lack of information about the decision-making process underlying purchasing patterns. More research is needed to address the complexity of individual-level residential decision making as well as the purposeful placement of food environment resources across social and geographic space using longitudinal data and complex statistical approaches. In addition, improvements in data quality and depth related to food access and availability are needed, including behavioral data on purchase patterns and interactions with the food environment, and greater attention to heterogeneity across subpopulations. As policy changes to the food environment move forward, it is critical that there is rigorous and scientific evaluation of environmental changes and their impact on individual-level diet choices and behaviors, and their further influence on body weight.
A Deficit Model of Collaborative Governance: Government–Nonprofit Fiscal Relations in the Provision of Child Welfare Services

Much existing scholarship on nonprofit organizations’ receipt of government funds appears to assume that there is something highly problematic about this relationship. Although rarely articulated in these studies, the concern about the negative effects of government funding turns on a view of nonprofits that privileges their private character. In this article, rather than examining how public funds constrain private action, we inquire about how government deploys private organizations, via the mechanism of government funding, to secure a public good. Using a case study of the nonprofit child welfare sector in New York State, we theorize a deficit model of collaborative governance in which nonprofits have been deputized by the state to secure children’s social rights but do not receive sufficient resources to cover the costs of securing those rights. Then, we connect this theory to organization-level financial management practices that pose challenges to the nonprofits of both survival and service quality. This nonprofit organizational instability concerns the state insofar as it threatens the securing of individuals’ social rights.
ASSOCIATION OF H-2 TYPES WITH GENETIC CONTROL OF IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS TO IGG (γ2a) ALLOTYPES IN THE MOUSE

Immune responsiveness to IgG allotypes in the mouse was found to be controlled by an immune response gene Ir-IgG linked to the H-2 locus. This was demonstrated by the analysis of the immune response to BALB/c IgG (γ2a) myeloma proteins in mice of various H-2 types from five different linkage groups of immunoglobulin heavy chains. Antisera were examined for antibodies to idiotypic (Fab) and allotypic (Fc) specificities. No immune response to BALB/c IgG myeloma proteins was found in mice with the same heavy-chain immunoglobulin linkage group as BALB/c but of different H-2 types. In mice with immunoglobulin heavy chains that are different than BALB/c, a high immune response to IgG myeloma proteins was found in H-2 types b, bc, p, r, s, and v; a low response in a, d, k, and q. The Ir-IgG gene is controlled by a dominant autosomal gene.
Theory of Temporal Auditory Summation

A theory of temporal auditory summation is developed and applied to the threshold of audibility for various temporal patterns of pulses and sinusoidal vibrations. The theory is based on the assumption of an exponential decay of neural excitation and, for the threshold of audibility, it includes only one time constant. Various factors that may affect temporal auditory summation are discussed. It is shown that the same theory applies to muscle contractions.
Tracking both magnitude and direction of 2D transverse motion with optical coherence tomography

We have developed and demonstrated a 2-D transverse motion tracking method that provides quantitative assessment of both direction and magnitude of motion using optical coherence tomography (OCT). This motion tracking method involves scanning the OCT beam circularly and processing the obtained three-dimensional data with novel algorithms.
Ignorance is bliss? Ethical considerations in therapeutic nondisclosure

It is not uncommon for oncologists and other clinicians to encounter families who wish that grave medical information be withheld from their loved ones. Despite families' typically benevolent motives in making these requests, often, nondisclosure is not in the patients' best interests. Furthermore, nondisclosure may challenge physicians' professional obligations to their patients. However, there are particular situations in which nondisclosure is ethically appropriate, if not ethically obligatory. This article discusses potential benefits and harms associated with therapeutic nondisclosure in adult patients and offers strategies to effect more appropriate disclosure when therapeutic nondisclosure is contemplated.
Symmetries of polynomials

Abstract New algorithms for determining discrete and continuous symmetries of polynomials - also known as binary forms in classical invariant theory - are presented, and implemented in MAPLE. The results are based on a new, comprehensive theory of moving frames that completely characterizes the equivalence and symmetry properties of submanifolds under general Lie group actions.
Cliques, minors and apex graphs

In this paper, we proved the following result: Let G be a (k+2)-connected, non-(k-3)-apex graph where k>=2. If G contains three k-cliques, say L"1, L"2, L"3, such that |L"[email protected]?L"j|@?k-2([email protected]?i
Synchronous replication of terminal regions of short arms in human X and Y chromosomes.

The replication profiles of terminal segments of short arms (p) of human X and Y chromosomes are analyzed with RBA-technique at high resolution. Both the terminal regions present yellow green fluorescence showing the early and synchronous replication pattern during S-phase of the cell cycle. This clearly demonstrates the identical nature and functional homology between the two regions which contribute to end pairing seen in meiotic phrophase I.
Autonomous soil analysis by the Mars Micro-beam Raman Spectrometer (MMRS) on-board a rover in the Atacama Desert: a terrestrial test for planetary exploration

Laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) has been proposed for in situ characterization of molecular species in planetary surface exploration, and three laser Raman spectrometers are included in the science payloads of two under-development missions to Mars (ESA-ExoMars2018 and NASA-Mars2020). We report the first rover test of a laser Raman spectrometer developed for flight, the Mars Micro-beam Raman Spectrometer (MMRS) in the Atacama Desert (Chile). The MMRS was integrated on the Zoe rover and analyzed subsurface samples brought up by a 1 m drill and delivered by a carousel. The MMRS demonstrated robust performance over 50-km traverse on rugged terrains. From MMRS data, igneous minerals, carbonates, sulfates and carbonaceous materials were unambiguously identified. Quantified distributions of major minerals and carbonaceous materials are extracted from MMRS results, which can be used to imply the regional geological evolution, and potential bioactivities. MMRS in the field performed as well as an LRS laboratory instrument when MMRS was focused satisfactorily. The discovery of stable γ-anhydrite, in large quantity (20% in a sample), in the Atacama soils raises an important question of its stability in the field in a natural environment that is worth further laboratory experimental investigation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS ON THE PHALLIC (CONGLOBATE) GLAND OF THE COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA

SYNOPSIS The lumen of the phallic gland is lined by a layer of cuticle derived from an invagination of the integument. The same layers as found in the integument are represented in the cuticular lining; namely, epicuticle, exocuticle, and endocuticle with an underlying epidermal layer. In sections through the cuticle and the underlying gland cells, small ductules are seen to penetrate the cuticular layer and extend to the surface of the gland cells where they enter them and become continuous with small intra-cellular ductules. Upon entering the gland cell a marked change in the structure of the ductule occurs. This consists in the termination of the relatively dense, continuous epicuticle as such and the appearance of a highly reticulated layer which extends throughout the remainder of the ductule. Abutting upon the reticulated layer are the microvilli. Small vesicles are often observed in the outer border of the cell. These may serve as a transport system. Mitochondria and relative large secretion bodies are frequently concentrated below and near the base of the microvilli. The Gogli material is present in the form of dictyosomes and the ergastoplasm as numerous rosettes, groups of small ribosomes or as vesicular elements.
PancPRO: Risk Assessment for Individuals With a Family History of Pancreatic Cancer

Purpose The rapid fatality of pancreatic cancer is, in large part, the result of an advanced stage of diagnosis for the majority of patients. Identification of individuals at high risk of developing pancreatic cancer is a first step towards the early detection of this disease. Individuals who may harbor a major pancreatic cancer susceptibility gene are one such high-risk group. The goal of this study was to develop and validate PancPRO, a Mendelian model for pancreatic cancer risk prediction in individuals with familial pancreatic cancer, to identify high-risk individuals. Methods PancPRO was built by extending the Bayesian modeling framework developed for BRCAPRO, trained using published data, and validated using independent prospective data on 961 families enrolled onto the National Familial Pancreas Tumor Registry, including 26 individuals who developed incident pancreatic cancer during follow-up. Results We developed a risk prediction model, PancPRO, and free software for the estimation of pancreatic ...
NRSF2 load frame: design, control, and testing§

A neutron diffraction load frame has been constructed for the Second Generation Neutron Residual Stress Mapping Facility (NRSF2) at the High Flux Isotope Reactor, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The load frame is designed to study micromechanical behaviour of materials under applied tensile or compressive loads and to characterize specimens with stress risers (e.g., cracks) while under load, in combination with the existing mapping capabilities at NRSF2.
An Exploratory Study of Race and Religion in the Emotional Experience of African-American Female Teachers

The study examines the emotional experience of five African-American female teachers in the Pacific northwest. The existing literature on emotion rules and teachers’ emotions is referenced and critiqued for its possible misrepresentation or marginalization of teachers of color. Using interview data, the study found that race and religion shape the emotional response of teachers. The teachers tended to reference race and racism as well as their religious or spiritual beliefs to contextualize teaching experience and accompanying emotions, including the use of emotions to manage and reconceptualize their professional identities. In the end, it appears that for these African-American teachers, in particular, the intersection of race, religion and emotion serves both personal and political interests.
Polar shear-lag analysis of a composite of concentric cylinders with longitudinal cracks: Application to internal checking in wood

Abstract Composites of concentric cylinders can fail by microcracks that span the thickness and length of one cylinder but arrest at the boundary to adjacent cylinders. This failure mode was analysed by developing a new polar shear-lag analysis for stresses in a cross-section of a concentric-cylinder composite. The analysis can accurately calculate stresses in each cylinder in the presence of microcracks. These stresses were used to calculate the energy release rate for formation of a new microcrack as a tool for predicting the microcracking process due to any source of applied or residual stresses. The target problem was to model internal checking in certain species of trees. In a tree, the alternating regions of early- and late-wood that form the growth rings are the concentric cylinders. Internal checking is microcracking in the early-wood layers. The shear-lag analysis was used to predict the propensity of growth rings to form internal checks.
High‐pressure metamorphism in the Western Cordillera of North America

The Skagit Gneiss, a major component of the crystalline core of the North Cascades, was metamorphosed during a mid-Cretaceous(?) to early Tertiary high-P event driven by the collision of the Insular and Intermontane superterranes. Maximum pressures recorded by metapelitic rocks are 8–10 kbar at 650–725° C. High pressures are also indicated by coexisting staurolite and hornblende in amphibolites in the Skagit Gneiss and adjacent Cascade River Schist. Mineral reactions continued during nearly isothermal decompression from 8–10 kbar to c. 3–5 kbar. Early high-P minerals (e.g. kyanite) are present as armoured relics in garnet in gneisses that contain sillimanite and cordierite in the groundmass. Skeletal relics of kyanite are also present in the groundmass of lower-grade, staurolite-bearing schists that contain texturally later cordierite. This matrix kyanite may have been preserved as a result of rapid uplift following initial decompression at high temperature. These results represent a revision of the metamorphic history of the Skagit Gneiss, which was formerly thought to have experienced only relatively low-P Barrovian metamorphism. Qualitative estimates of metamorphic conditions based on stable matrix mineral assemblages result in an underestimation of maximum pressures because mineral reactions continued during decompression. Geobarometric results for the Skagit Gneiss are interpreted as evidence for major crustal thickening in the North Cascades. Recognition that pressures of c. 9 kbar were attained supports a contractional model for North Cascades orogenesis and requires that tectonic syntheses account for the burial of the Skagit Gneiss protoliths to a depth of c. 25–30 km.
Frozen Vegetable Quality as Influenced by High Temperature Short Time (HTST) Steam Blanching

Quality differences in processed vegetables can be controlled with high pressure steam blanching (HTST). In addition, HTST blanching required significantly less energy to blanch vegetables than water blanching. HTST-blanched vegetables displayed quality parameters distinctly different than water-blanched vegetables. Differences in quality parameters were highly dependent upon the vegetable being blanched and the pressure and time of the HTST blanch. The quality of vegetables were similar between water and HTST blanching treatments, but by controlling the pressure and time of the HTST blanch, quality characteristics could be changed to meet individual requirements. High quality frozen vegetables can be produced with HTST steam blanching but quality is dependent upon the particular vegetable and pressure and time of the HTST steam blanch.
The Effects of Vocal Register Use and Age on the Perceived Vocal Health of Male Elementary Music Teachers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vocal register use and age on the perceived vocal health of male elementary music teachers. Participants (N = 160) consisted of male elementa...
The Loyalties of Fiduciary Law

Fiduciary theorists broadly agree that a duty of loyalty is fundamental to fiduciary relationships. They do not agree on a core minimum content of fiduciary loyalty. Some think that loyalty at the least requires the avoidance of conflicts of interest (and perhaps also conflicts of duties). Others think that loyalty requires a fiduciary to act in what he or she perceives are the beneficiary’s best interests. Yet others conclude that loyalty amounts to the terms of a hypothetical bargain, in a world of zero transaction costs. Each approach is incorrect, at least when we view fiduciary law as a whole. This chapter argues that the various conceptions of fiduciary loyalty are not readily reducible into each other, and that for each of the leading conceptions of fiduciary loyalty the law provides important counter-examples. It is possible to find common features to fiduciary loyalty in its many settings, but doing so requires a very thin account of what it is to be loyal. Recognizing the variations in fiduciary loyalty, however, may tell us something significant about fiduciary law. This chapter indicates how variable fiduciary loyalty is, and it offers an initial exploration of why this matters.
Perinatal Lead Exposure Alters Locomotion Induced by Amphetamine Analogs in Rats

Aims The precise neurochemical perturbations through which perinatal (gestation/lactation) lead exposure modifies the reinforcement efficacy of various psychoactive drugs (e.g., cocaine, opiates) are unknown. The present study considers the role of altered serotonin and dopamine functionality in perinatal lead-psychostimulant interactions.
Young Mothers, Delinquent Children Assessing Mediating Factors Among American Youth

Young motherhood is a risk factor for the child’s delinquency. Few studies, however, have attempted to unpack the mediating factors that underlie this relationship. The current study assessed factors that mediate the association between maternal age at childbirth (MAC) and the child’s delinquency using nationally representative data from the United States. Findings revealed that MAC predicted the child’s delinquency in adolescence. The link between MAC and delinquency was not mediated by parenting factors, neighborhood factors, or the child’s level of self-control. Instead, the MAC effect was completely mediated by the child’s level of exposure to drug-using peers.