cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control theory for optimum design of aerodynamic shapes

The potential benefits and feasibility of combining control and aerodynamic theory to develop a method for designing optimum aerodynamic shapes are examined. In this approach the design problem is regarded as a control problem in which the controlled system is the aerodynamic flow, and the control is the shape of the boundary. A variety of alternative formulations of the design problem can then be treated systematically by using the mathematical theory of control for systems governed by partial differential equations. Since the design is frozen before the construction of the aircraft, only an open-loop solution to the control problem should be found. >
Impact of halides on the photobleaching of dissolved organic matter

Abstract Understanding absorbance photobleaching of marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is important because DOM chromophores impact oceanic primary productivity by affecting the depth of the photic zone, absorb UV radiation and affect ocean color used in remote sensing. However, the fundamental mechanisms which account for this bleaching are largely unknown. Controlled laboratory studies demonstrated that the presence of seawater concentrations of chloride and bromide ions enhanced absorbance photobleaching reaction rates by ~ 40%, regardless of DOM source or the presence or absence of carbonate ions. In contrast, halide ions generally did not affect fluorescence bleaching rates. Variations in ionic strength did not alter the enhancement in absorbance photobleaching by halide ions. Accordingly, the enhancement in absorbance photobleaching was specific to halide ions, rather than a generalized salinity effect. We confirmed the formation of hydroxyl radical (HO • ) in illuminated samples, and its significant scavenging in the presence of halide salts. Gamma-radiolysis experiments and associated modeling indicated that a small component (~ 12%) of the photobleaching enhancement by halides was consistent with the hypothesis that halide scavenging of HO • will form reactive halogen radicals that target electron-rich chromophores within DOM more selectively than HO • . The mechanism responsible for the major component of absorbance photobleaching rate enhancement by halides remains unresolved.
Biocatalytic and semisynthetic studies of the anticancer tobacco cembranoids

Historically, tobacco use was primarily recreational and has been smoked in cigarettes, cigars and pipes, as well as smokeless forms of consumption, all of which are associated with adverse health effects. However, recent scientific investigations indicate that tobacco also contains several diverse secondary metabolites that may provide potential health benefits in the treatment of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Specifically, the leaf and flower of Nicotiana tabacum contain high amounts of the key flavor ingredient, cembranoids. Tobacco α- and β-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diols display potent anticancer activity. These compounds have also been found to inhibit phorbol ester-stimulated 32Pi incorporation into phospholipids, induction of Epstein–Barr virus early antigen and protein phosphorylation. This review focuses on the biocatalytic and semisynthetic studies of tobacco cembanoids and their anticancer activity.
Dangling Bond Defects: The Critical Roadblock to Efficient Photoconversion in Hybrid Quantum Dot Solar Cells

Inorganic–organic hybrid materials based on silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) have been utilized for photovoltaic applications but suffer from rapid charge recombination and low carrier mobility. We present an ab initio investigation of charge dynamics to pinpoint the source of this severe problem, and our results indicate that such devices show great promise provided that dangling bond (DB) defects can be sufficiently removed. Without DBs, the predicted charge transfer (CT) rate is much higher than that of photoluminescence (PL), while the electron hopping (EH) proceeds more quickly than interfacial charge recombination (CR). In contrast, one DB in a SiQD leads to a dramatic enhancement, by 10 orders of magnitude, in the CR rate and a reduction of the EH rate by 4 orders of magnitude, so that the diffusion of carriers to electrodes becomes extremely difficult. Although other factors, such as dot size distribution and oxidation, also play a deleterious role in device performance, their effects are deemed much ...
Action of Gastrin on the Isolated Gastric Mucosa of the Bullfrog.

SummaryGastrin stimulates the secretion of acid by the isolated gastric mucosa of the bullfrog. The threshold dose is 2.5 × 10-9 M and the maximal secretory response occurs at 2.5 × 10-8 or 2.5 × 10-7 M. Supramaximal doses of gastrin failed to inhibit gastric secretion. Gastrin has no effect on the levels of endogenous mucosal histamine.
Treatment refractory mood disorders: Case report

CASE BF is a 42 year-old Caucasian male who reported his onset of depression began four years ago after he was involved in a car accident that fractured his hip. He was not treated for depression until he overdosed on approximately 50 aspirin 325 mg tablets and 750 ml of whiskey (seven months following the accident). After being medically cleared from the emergency room and acute inpatient unit, he was transferred to inpatient psychiatry for evaluation of depression. Upon admission to the inpatient psychiatric unit, his labs were found to be within normal limits (WNL) except a slight elevation in gamma-glutamyl transferace (GGT) at 51 U/L, likely from his acute alcohol ingestion. His thyroid panel was also WNL. He denied any other illness or taking any other medications.
Observables, gravitational dressing, and obstructions to locality and subsystems

Quantum field theory---our basic framework for describing all nongravitational physics---conflicts with general relativity: the latter precludes the standard definition of the former's essential principle of locality, in terms of commuting local observables. We examine this conflict more carefully, by investigating implications of gauge (diffeomorphism) invariance for observables in gravity. We prove a dressing theorem, showing that any operator with nonzero Poincar\'e charges, and in particular any compactly supported operator, in flat-spacetime quantum field theory must be gravitationally dressed once coupled to gravity, i.e., it must depend on the metric at arbitrarily long distances, and we put lower bounds on this nonlocal dependence. This departure from standard locality occurs in the most severe way possible: in perturbation theory about flat spacetime, at leading order in Newton's constant. The physical observables in a gravitational theory therefore do not organize themselves into local commuting subalgebras: the principle of locality must apparently be reformulated or abandoned, and in fact we lack a clear definition of the coarser and more basic notion of a quantum subsystem of the Universe. We discuss relational approaches to locality based on diffeomorphism-invariant nonlocal operators, and reinforce arguments that any such locality is state-dependent and approximate. We also find limitations to the utility of bilocal diffeomorphism-invariant operators that are considered in cosmological contexts. An appendix provides a concise review of the canonical covariant formalism for gravity, instrumental in the discussion of Poincar\'e charges and their associated long-range fields.
Words are Things: Etymology and Desynonymy

Etymology, in Plato’s speculative spirit more than that of scientific philology, became one of Coleridge’s most distinctive discursive vehicles. An astute later reader has coined the substantive term etymologic1 to name his way of working from the supposed semantic development of particular words to propositions of other kinds. English cultural critics from Carlyle and Ruskin to Raymond Williams have made etymologic argumentation familiar to modern readers, often with some sense of Coleridge’s informing example. Nothing is more characteristic of his feeling for words as living things than his imaginative literalism.
How Donald Trump's 'Jekyll and Hyde' Campaign Revealed Weaknesses in American Society

Donald Trump’s 2016 campaign reflects weaknesses that have developed in the United States since the 1960s - a time parallel with his coming to maturity. He exploited the U.S. news media’s addiction to sensation, the lowered educational levels of the public since “reforms” in the 1960s transformed the nation’s primary and secondary education systems, and a coarsened social culture. He both recognized and exploited the undesirable role of money in American elections. Neither media nor academics in American universities have been able or willing to probe and fully explore real-world developments beneath the stereotypical conflicts and other issues that have dominated communications.
Improving MLC Flash Performance with Workload-Aware Differentiated ECC

The adoption of small geometries and multi-level cell (MLC) technologies significantly expands the capacity and drops the price of flash memory, which, at the same time, noticeably degrades the performance and reliability of the devices. As incremental-step pulse programming (ISPP) scheme is used to increase the programming accuracy for MLC cells, there is a trade-off between the SSD write performance and raw storage reliability. What's more, ECC is widely used in SSDs to provide error-tolerance ability. Therefore, if we could use stronger ECC to increase error correction strength, a low-cost write with coarser step sizes could be applied in the ISPP scheme to promote the write performance. However, stronger ECC scheme may hurt the read performance due to the increased decoding complexity and latency. In this paper, we propose a workload-aware differentiated ECC scheme to improve the SSD write performance without sacrificing the read performance. The main idea is to dynamically classify the logical pages into three categories: write-only, readonly, and overlapped part. For write-only logical pages, low-cost write with strong ECC scheme will be applied to increase the write performance. For write logical pages in the overlapped part, the low-cost writes with strong ECC will be selectively used based on their relative write and read hotness. While for any read logical pages encoded with a stronger ECC, we will rewrite them with the normal-cost write and ECC scheme if their hotness exceed a pre-defined threshold. The evaluation results show that our workload-aware differentiated ECC scheme could reduce the write and read response times by 48% and 11% on average, respectively. Even compared with the latest previous work, our workload-aware design can still gain about 4% write performance and 11% read performance improvements.
Copper-catalyzed [1,2]-rearrangements of allylic iodides and aryl α-diazoacetates

The [1,2]- and [2,3]-rearrangements of iodonium ylides are synthetically useful reactions for the generation of functionalized α-iodoesters. Allylic iodides are coupled with α-diazoesters in the presence of a copper catalyst and a ligand to generate iodonium ylides, which undergo metal-mediated rearrangements. By fine-tuning the structure of the ligand, we have reversed the regioselectivity of copper-catalyzed reactions of iodonium ylides from [2,3]- to [1,2]-rearrangements with the use of alternate bipyridine ligands. The preference for [1,2]-rearrangements was further improved by using bulky aryl α-diazoester substrates. Several α-iodoesters with a diverse range of functional groups were generated in good yields (up to 88% yield) and high regioselectivities (up to >95:5 regioisomeric ratio). A deuterium-labeled substrate was utilized to gain insight into the mechanism of the reaction.
The diagnosis of pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm and associated adenocarcinoma in males: An eight-institution study of 349 patients over 15 years

BACKGROUND Per WHO, 2000 classification, pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCN) are defined by presence of ovarian stroma, and are primarily located in the pancreatic body/tail of females. The incidence of MCN and associated malignancy in males, since, standardization of MCN diagnostic-criteria is unknown. METHODS MCN resections from 2000 to 2014 at eight institutions of the Central-Pancreas-Consortium were included, and divided into early (2000-2007) and late (2008-2014) time-periods. Primary aim was to characterize MCN and associated adenocarcinoma/high-grade-dysplasia (AC/HGD) in males versus females over time. RESULTS Of 1667 resections for pancreatic cystic lesions, 349 pts (21%) had MCNs: 310 (89%) female, 39 (11%) male. Patients were equally divided between early (n = 173) and late (n = 176) time-periods. MCN in male-patients decreased over time (early: 15%, late: 7%; P = 0.036), as did pancreatic head/neck location (early: 22%, late: 11%; P = 0.01). MCN-associated AC/HGD was more frequent in males versus females (39 vs. 12%; P < 0.001). The overall rate of MCN-associated AC/HGD remained stable (early: 17%, late: 13%; P = 0.4), and was identical in males (39%) over both time-periods. Males with AC/HGD had more LN-positive disease versus females (57 vs. 22%; P = 0.039). CONCLUSIONS As the diagnostic-criteria of MCN have standardized over time, MCN diagnosis has decreased in males and head/neck location. Despite this, MCN-associated adenocarcinoma/high-grade dysplasia has been stable and remains high in males. Any male with suspected MCN, regardless of location, should undergo resection.
Development of Novel Hollow Zein Nanoparticles for Delivery of Nutraceuticals

Zein is the major storage protein from corn with strong hydrophobicity and unique solubility and has been studied as an excellent natural biomaterial for encapsulation and delivery of nutraceutical...
Self-Sensing Induction Motors for Condition Monitoring

Motors have been exploited as their own sensors for diagnostic and operating conditions at least, since the dawn of modern computing. Contracting systems theory offers a new level of precision in detecting small parameter and state changes in an electric machine for load fault detection and diagnostics from the motor terminals. The presented offline method successfully solves the motor inverse problem to reconstruct the characteristic instantaneous angular speed and load torque signals of the motor during periodic operation. The solution includes a motor parameter estimation step that reflects the specific temperatures and magnetic saturation of the motor during data acquisition. This identification or inversion method is suitable for induction motors driving periodic loads with and without rotor angle-dependent loading. A practical condition monitoring application is demonstrated: valve and cylinder fault detection in reciprocating compressors.
Developing Cultural Intelligence and Empathy through Diversified Mentoring Relationships.

Given increasing globalization and the foreign-born workforce characterizing many organizations around the world, managers are increasingly called on to effectively manage a culturally diverse work...
Large-distance lens uncertainties and time-delay measurements of H 0

Given the tension between the values of the Hubble parameter ${H}_{0}$ inferred from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and from supernovae, attention is turning to time delays of strongly lensed quasars. Current time-delay measurements indicate a value of ${H}_{0}$ closer to that from supernovae, with errors on the order of a few percent, and future measurements aim to bring the errors down to the subpercent level. Here we consider the uncertainties in the mass distribution in the outskirts of the lens. We show that these can lead to errors in the inferred ${H}_{0}$ on the order of a percent and, once accounted for, would correct ${H}_{0}$ upward (thus increasing slightly the tension with the CMB). Weak gravitational lensing and simulations may help to reduce these uncertainties.
Multi-lane reduction: A stochastic single-lane model for lane changing

Lane changes can induce natural large perturbations in traffic flow and are known to impact traffic throughput and energy consumption. Their precise effects are understudied. The primary aim of this article is to present a model for lane changing that is tractable for system-level analysis and yet captures qualities of microscopic vehicle dynamics. We present a stochastic lane changing model, which permits a two-stage reduction: 1) of the (microscopic) multi-lane problem into a stochastic single-lane problem, and 2) of the stochastic single-lane model into a Markov chain macroscopic model which captures system-level lane-changing characteristics. The first reduction contributes the first model of lane changing as a single-lane process, which permits the simplification of theoretical analysis. The Markov chain macroscopic model permits the computation of statistics on the traffic parameters, such as expected velocity and headway, thus permitting the quantification of the effect of lane changes on traffic flow. We validate the proposed model on NGSIM and confirm the accuracy of the Markov chain for computing headway statistics. Finally, counter to a common view of lane changes as perturbations which contribute to shockwave formation, we observe that lane changes reduce the variance of the velocity by 10% on a 230-meter ring road benchmark, which suggests that discretionary lane changes may serve to reduce stop and go waves rather than increase them.
Environmental engineering of transition metal dichalcogenide optoelectronics

The explosion of interest in two-dimensional van der Waals materials has been in many ways driven by their layered geometry. This feature makes possible numerous avenues for assembling and manipulating the optical and electronic properties of these materials. In the specific case of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, the direct band gap combined with the flexibility for manipulation of layers has made this class of materials promising for optoelectronics. Here, we review the properties of these layered materials and the various means of engineering these properties for optoelectronics. We summarize approaches for control that modify their structural and chemical environment, and we give particular detail on the integration of these materials into engineered optical fields to control their optical characteristics. This combination of controllability from their layered surface structure and photonic environment provide an expansive landscape for novel optoelectronic phenomena.
Analytical Approach for Study of Transient Performance of Thermoelectric Coolers

A solid-state thermoelectric device uses the Peltier effect to create a heat flux differential between the junctions of two different types of materials. By applying electrical energy, a thermoelec...
Technology, Convergence, and the Internet of Things

Convergence in technologies has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate, socialize, and even work. The convergence has also accelerated developments in the creation of physical smart objects that not only communicate with each other, but also communicate with humans utilizing the Internet. This creates a complex interconnectedness that has been referred to as the Internet of Things. This paper discusses those developments in terms of the media impact, and examines significant issues that are raised in the areas of privacy, security, and legal concerns.
Role of focal adhesion kinase in signaling by the extracellular matrix.

Cellular interactions with extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in many biological processes such as embryonic development and morphogenesis, wound healing, and malignant transformation. The major cell surface receptors for ECM are the integrin family cell adhesion molecules which are composed of noncovalently associated α and s subunits (Hynes 1992). Both α and s subunits are transmembrane proteins containing short cytoplasmic domains that can interact directly or indirectly with cytoskeletal proteins such as talin, vinculin, α-actinin, and filamin (Burridge et al. 1992; Hynes 1992). Besides serving as a linker between ECM and cytoskeleton, integrins have been shown to mediate biochemical signal transduction across the plasma membrane to regulate various cellular functions (Juliano and Haskill 1993; Clark and Brugge 1995; Schwartz et al. 1995). Integrin-mediated cell adhesion can regulate gene expression, intracellular pH and calcium, phospholipid metabolites, small GTPase, protein serine/threonine kinases, and protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Since integrins have short cytoplasmic domains with no enzymatic activities, it is believed that coupling of the integrin cytoplasmic domains with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, phosphatases, and adaptor molecules are critical in initiating multiple intracellular signaling pathways mediated by integrins (Clark and Brugge 1995; Juliano and Haskill 1993; Schwartz et al. 1995).
Minimizing Age of Information for an Energy Harvesting Source with Updating Failures

In this paper, we consider a status monitoring system where an energy harvesting sensor continuously sends time-stamped status updates to a destination. With a non-zero probability, each update will be corrupted by noise and result in an updating failure. The destination keeps track of the system status through the successfully delivered updates. We assume that there is a perfect feedback channel between the destination and the source, so that the source is aware of the updating failures once they occur. With the feedback information, our objective is to design the optimal online status updating policy to minimize the expected long-term average Age of Information (AoI) at the destination, subject to the energy causality constraint at the sensor. We propose a status updating policy called Best-effort Uniform updating with Retransmission (BUR), under which the source tries to equalize the delay between two successful updates as much as possible, and retransmits an update immediately if the previous transmission fails. We show that the BUR policy achieves the minimum expected long-term average AoI among a broad class of online policies.
School Engagement and the Role of Peer Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Rumination:

The purpose of the current study was to explore the association between peer victimization and school engagement and the indirect effects of rumination and depressive symptoms in this association. ...
Integrating Imaging Modalities

Transcatheter interventions for congenital heart disease can be challenging and require not only the understanding of anatomy but a working knowledge of modern imaging modalities. Fluoroscopy has poor characterization of non-radiopaque structures and has limitations in providing three-dimensional (3D) spatial information. Similarly, echocardiography by itself has limitations in detecting the position of the catheters and wires. Additionally, the orientation of the images from various imaging modalities can be different which poses an added challenge to the operator. A real-time integration of the imaging modalities with 3D information and live fluoroscopy provides a rapid recognition and orientation of the cardiac structures during percutaneous interventions. It can also improve the communication between various members for the team while performing the procedure.
Technology and Innovation

This chapter on technology and innovation will cover the types of tools and techniques that can be used to build upon, enhance, or create new simulation training tools or devices and how they are used. If it is found that a tool or product does not meet a specific training need, it is often the job of the healthcare simulation technology specialist (HSTS) to engineer and design a solution. It is important to remember that just because a commercial product exists, it does not mean that it will meet the needs for all learners or educators. Of course, even commercial products started as prototype designs to meet an unmet need. The chapter will conclude with a description of many common household and industrial supplies that have been previously used in simulation centers, a discussion of how to use them, and considerations for their incorporation into product design or daily use.
Bilateral Pectoralis Major Tendon Rupture While Performing Intermediate Level Bench Press

Simultaneous bilateral pectoralis major (PM) tendon rupture is a rare injury. To our knowledge, there have been only three previously reported cases of this type of injury.1–3 These patients sustained the injury while attempting a 360° turn on gymnastic rings,1 bench-pressing a heavier-than-normal load without an appropriate warm-up period,2 and performing dips on wide-grip parallel bars.3 We present a case of a patient who sustained simultaneous bilateral PM tendon ruptures while performing intermediate level bench-pressing with an appropriate warm-up period.
Genre Writing and Communicative Purpose: Sharing Research Insights with Teachers as Stakeholders

This chapter reports on the researcher’s efforts to disseminate findings arrived at in her 2015 study focusing on the importance of communicative purpose for genre-based writing instruction. This finding is shared with two groups of stakeholders at the university-based places of practice: full-time and part-time teachers of writing. Following the Framework for Application (2015), dissemination tools were designed by carefully selecting data sets, creating brief explanations of findings, and formulating research relevance questions meant to facilitate the practitioners’ feedback. These tools were revised a number of times based on different stakeholder group needs. What was considered most transparent research data representing student-produced genres was selected for a handout. Three pre-planned questions and a modified data sample set were used to discuss the findings’ relevance to these teacher groups. The sharing with the part-time writing instructors retained a more focus group feel, whereas full-time writing instructors sharing session became an informal interview answering the same set of questions and then discussing the data samples. Both initiatives to reach out to the professional practice were preceded by carefully designing outreach tools, such as participation invitation letters and email texts. This chapter also discusses challenges and suggestions for facilitating continuous research translation efforts.
DUAL VERSUS TRIPLE THERAPY IN ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME PATIENTS WITH ANTICOAGULATION INDICATION: A META-ANALYSIS WITH TRIAL-SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS

Current guidelines endorse short-term triple therapy (dual antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulant) for high risk acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients with an indication for anticoagulation. We appraised the latest evidence in the form of a meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs
Distally Unlocked Intramedullary Nailing With Cement Fixation for Impending and Actual Pathologic Humerus Fractures: A Retrospective Case Series.

The humerus is a common site of metastatic tumor involvement and pathologic fracture. Intramedullary nailing is a treatment option that offers the benefit of protecting a long segment of diseased bone, but it is not without complications. This study aims to examine the survival, functional outcomes, and complications of patients treated with cement-augmented unlocked intramedullary nailing for actual and impending pathologic fractures of the humeral shaft. Methods From 2014 to 2019, 26 patients were treated with this technique. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scoring system. Outcome scores, complications, reoperations, and mortality were determined by retrospective chart reviews and direct patient examinations. Results The mean age at the time of surgery was 66.8 years. The mean follow-up was 20.2 months. Patients reported significant improvement in the mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score from 10.5 preoperatively to 26.1 after surgery (P < 0.001). Five patients died of disease during the follow-up period. One patient had intraoperative fracture propagation during implant placement, and one patient experienced a postoperative rotator cuff tear. Discussion Unlocked intramedullary nailing with cement augmentation is a reliable treatment method for actual and impending pathologic fractures of the humerus that results in favorable outcomes, including consistent pain relief and restoration of function.
A taxonomy of purposeful human activity system signs as a means to improving systems literacy

The system of communication plays a critical role in the design, management and change management of purposeful human activity systems. This occurs not only in the verbal and written form of communication but also in the assimilation and interpretation of purposeful human activity system signs. The authors propose that purposeful human activity systems exhibit four types of signs: those indicating the system's persisting meaning, behaviour, structure and process. These signs together indicate the current state of the purposeful human activity system they emerge from and form the foundations of the communication system. Currently, the connection of signs back to a communication system has been largely unexplored, and a taxonomy for identifying and delineating signs in this research context does not exist. The authors present the theoretical virtue of purposeful human activity system signs and a taxonomy developed for identifying and delineating system signs with application for novice system analysts.
CELL ANTIGENS AND CELL SPECIALIZATION. II. DEMONSTRATION OF SOME RED CELL ANTIGENS OF HUMAN NORMOBLASTS.

Evidence is presented for the presence of the antigens of nine blood group systems on normoblasts. The antigen receptors are detected on all stages of normoblasts. The in vivo demonstration of gamma globulin coating the reticulocytes and the normoblasts of a patient with erythroblastosis fetalis and the normoblasts of a patient with autoimmune hemolytic anemia are discussed in relationship to the pathogenesis of the anemia in both conditions.
Insights on the Coupling of Plasmonic Nanoparticles from Near-Field Spectra Determined via Discrete Dipole Approximations

Coupling between plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) in nanoparticle assemblies has been investigated extensively via far-field properties, such as absorption and scattering, but very rarely via near-field properties, and a quantitative investigation of near-field properties should provide great insight into the nature of the coupling. We report a numerical procedure to obtain reliable near-field spectra (QNF) around spherical gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA). The reliability of the method was tested by comparing QNF from DDA calculations with exact results from the Mie theory. We then applied the method to examine Au NPs assembled in dimer, trimer, and up to pentamer in a linear arrangement. For the well-studied dimer system, we show that the QNF enhancement, due to coupling in longitudinal mode, is much greater than the enhancement in Qext. There is a linear correlation between the QNF and Qext peak positions, with the QNF peak redshifted from the Qext peak by an average of approximately 12 nm. In the case of the multimers, QNF spectra from individual spheres were not always identical and become dependent on the sphere location. In the longitudinal model, the center sphere has the strongest QNF spectra. For the transverse mode, we differentiate two different scenario, transverse-Y where both electric field (E) and light propagation vector (k) are perpendicular the chain axis, and transverse-X where k is parallel to the chain axis. In transverse-Y mode, coupling leads to reduced QNF spectra and the center sphere has the lowest QNF intensity. In transverse-X mode, there is retardation effect from the front sphere to the back sphere. The QNF from the front sphere is stronger than from the back sphere. In addition, due to the phase lag in k-direction, the QNF in transverse-X can differ quite significantly from transverse-Y for large particles. All these results could be understood when one considers how electric field from induced dipoles on neighboring NPs add on or subtract from the incident E-field. These results provide new insight into the coupling properties of Au NPs.
Inductance Analysis of On-Chip Interconnects

It is generally believed that inductance analysis of on-chip interconnect becomes important when the clock frequency of circuits rises above GHz level. In this paper we show that this perception is not true. It becomes necessary to consider the inductive effects in all circuits implemented in deep submicron CMOS technologies. For 0.25 /spl mu/m (lithography) technologies, where the supply voltage is expected to be in the range of 1.2-1.8 V, inductive effects are an important consideration regardless of system frequency. Furthermore, contrary to the popular belief we show that inductive effects are important even for highly resistive lines.
Comity, Coronavirus, and Interstate Travel Restrictions

States and localities responded to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic with a variety of restrictions on interstate travel within the United States. These restrictions varied widely, ranging from self-quarantine requirements to targeted checks of entrants with out-of-state license plates; some localities even sought to ban all non-resident entry. In the inevitable lawsuits that followed, courts struggled to settle on a consistent standard of review, though many reviewed travel restrictions under the highly deferential standard given in Jacobson v. Massachusetts. Others examined restrictions under strict scrutiny, though under tests drawn from different areas of the right to travel jurisprudence. Following on the Supreme Court's decision in its leading right to travel case, Saenz v. Roe, as well as some of the Court's recent coronavirus-related cases, this Comment advances a novel argument: that the dichotomous approach taken by courts during this pandemic — applying either strict scrutiny or the Jacobson standard — is not always necessary. In some circumstances, a form of intermediate scrutiny can and should be applied in the context of interstate travel restrictions.
Incidence of small for gestational age infant birthweight following early intertwin fetal growth discordance in dichorionic and monochorionic twin pregnancies.

ABSTRACT Background Serial growth scans are routinely recommended for twins to identify fetal growth restriction (FGR) (defined as estimated fetal weight (EFW) Objectives The objective of this study was to compare rates of small for gestational age (SGA) infants among twin pregnancies with intertwin growth discordance in the absence of FGR to twin pregnancies with concordant, normal growth identified by ultrasound between 24 weeks 0 days and 31 weeks 6 days gestational age. Study design This is a retrospective cohort study of twin deliveries at a single hospital from 2010-2019. Pregnancies without FGR were categorized as discordant or concordant using the earliest prenatal growth ultrasound between 24 weeks 0 days and 31 weeks 6 days. Discordance was defined as an EFW difference of > 18% between twins.1 Pregnancies with major fetal anomalies, no growth ultrasound between 24 weeks 0 days and 31 weeks 6 days, or twin-twin transfusion syndrome were excluded. The cohort was stratified by chorionicity. Our primary outcome was small for gestational age (SGA) defined as less than 10th percentile per the Fenton growth curve2 at delivery. Secondary outcomes included gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission and length of stay, as well as neonatal complications and placental pathology. Results Of the 707 twin pregnancies that met inclusion criteria, 558 (79%) were dichorionic (DC) and 149 (21%) were monochorionic (MC). Most pregnancies were concordant on ultrasound between 24 weeks 0 days and 31 weeks 6 days (DC: 93%, MC: 87%). Regardless of chorionicity, twins with discordance at this ultrasound were more likely to have an SGA infant compared to concordant twins. (DC: 51% vs. 29%, p=0.002; MC: 65% vs 24%, p Conclusions Regardless of chorionicity, twins with discordance without FGR identified on growth ultrasound at 24 weeks 0 days and 31 weeks 6 days were nearly twice as likely to develop SGA, deliver earlier in gestation, and experience greater neonatal morbidity when compared to those without discordance. Patients with pregnancies complicated by isolated intertwin discordance at 24 weeks 0 days and 31 weeks 6 days warrant counseling regarding adverse perinatal outcomes.
Hormones, Aggression, and Dominance in Humans

The most important form of human aggression is organized large-scale warfare, found in no other species. Hormones will probably not explain war, which is best understood in terms of bureaucracies, complex organizations, and the politics of nations. Rather, it is at the level of face-to-face interaction, which occurs among all social vertebrates, where physiological mechanisms are likely to be influential in human as well as animal affairs.
Beneficial biofilms: wastewater and other industrial applications

Abstract: This chapter describes the use of beneficial biofilms for the production of industrial chemicals such as ethanol, butanol, lactic acid, acetic acid/vinegar, succinic acid, and fumaric acid. It also emphasizes application of biofilm reactors for treatment of dairy industry wastewater, oily sea water, and wastewater in general. The bioreactor designs where these biofilms are used can be batch, continuous stirred tank (CSTR), packed bed (PBR), fluidized bed (FBR), airlift (ALR), or any other suitable reactor configuration. Biofilm reactors are simple, offer higher productivities, and biofilm supports such as bone char, and clay brick particles are economically available.
Managing immune checkpoint-blocking antibody side effects.

Immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies that enhance the immune system's ability to fight cancer are becoming important components of treatment for patients with a variety of malignancies. Cytotoxic ...
Demonstrating therapeutic interventions for the remediation of symptoms associated with trauma-induced carpal tunnel syndrome: An illustrated case report

An increase of cumulative trauma disorders including carpal tunnel syndrome has been seen in the last 10 years. Common causes of carpal tunnel syndrome include high-risk occupations, pregnancy, diabetes, and trauma. Measures used to diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome are physical examinations, electromyography, computerized tomography, and vibrometers. Carpal tunnel syndrome can be treated through conservative methods, such as splinting and steroid injection, or through surgical procedures. Ergonomic principles can also help to minimize exacerbation of symptoms and possibly prevent carpal tunnel syndrome. A case report is used to describe the long-term effects of trauma-induced carpal tunnel syndrome and to present various therapeutic interventions, including ergonomics, which may be useful in returning clients to work.
Clinical evaluation of a model-updated image-guidance approach to brain shift compensation: experience in 16 cases.

Purpose Brain shift during neurosurgical procedures must be corrected for in order to reestablish accurate alignment for successful image-guided tumor resection. Sparse-data-driven biomechanical models that predict physiological brain shift by accounting for typical deformation-inducing events such as cerebrospinal fluid drainage, hyperosmotic drugs, swelling, retraction, resection, and tumor cavity collapse are an inexpensive solution. This study evaluated the robustness and accuracy of a biomechanical model-based brain shift correction system to assist with tumor resection surgery in 16 clinical cases.
Cellular Inclusion Bodies of Mutant Huntingtin Exon 1 Obscure Small Fibrillar Aggregate Species

The identities of toxic aggregate species in Huntington's disease pathogenesis remain ambiguous. While polyQ-expanded huntingtin (Htt) is known to accumulate in compact inclusion bodies inside neurons, this is widely thought to be a protective coping response that sequesters misfolded conformations or aggregated states of the mutated protein. To define the spatial distributions of fluorescently-labeled Htt-exon1 species in the cell model PC12m, we employed highly sensitive single-molecule super-resolution fluorescence imaging. In addition to inclusion bodies and the diffuse pool of monomers and oligomers, fibrillar aggregates ~100 nm in diameter and up to ~1–2 µm in length were observed for pathogenic polyQ tracts (46 and 97 repeats) after targeted photo-bleaching of the inclusion bodies. These short structures bear a striking resemblance to fibers described in vitro. Definition of the diverse Htt structures in cells will provide an avenue to link the impact of therapeutic agents to aggregate populations and morphologies.
Effect of a Secondary Reinforcement Stimulus on the Auditory Startle Response

Summary.-Two experiments were carried out in which food-deprived rats received food pellets in the presence of an intermirtent light-sound stirnulus. The animals were then tested in a stabilimeter device for magnitude of startle reaction to a loud, percussive sound in the presence and absence of the light-sound (secondary reinforcement) stimulus. Exp. I showed a non-significant tendency for the starrle amplitude to be less in the presence of the secondary reinforcement stimulus. Exp. I1 was carried out for 2 test days rather than 1. Results similar to those of Exp. I were found for the first day of testing. the startle being less (non-significantly) in the presence of the secondary reinforcement stimulus. For the second test day, however, this tendency proved to be highly significant (p < ,005). Several interpretations of these find~ngs were discussed. Although secondary reinforcement is a well established phenomenon, there is Iirtle evidence which bears clearly on the question of whether this effect is achieved by a reduction in the general drive level or through some other process. This srudy was designed to yield inforrnacion as to whether the effect of presencing a secondary reinforcement stimulus could be interpreted as resulting from a decrease in the over-all drive level. It was decided to snldy the possible "de-energizing" effects of a secondary reinforcemenc stimulus by noting the effects of such a stimulus on the intensity of the response to a probe stimulus, this response not having been previously associated with the secondary reinforcement stimulus. The probe stimul~is technique involving the startle reaction to a loud, percussive sound has been used previo~~sly to study the energizing effects of conditioned fear and of food deprivation (Brown, Kalish, 8c Farber, 1951; Meryman, 1952; Armus, 1960). It has been recently employed by Trapold (1962), in a study similar to the present one, co investigate the effects of an incentive motivation stim~lus. If one considers Trapold's incentive motivacion stimuli~s to be a secondary reinforcement stirnul~is, Trapold's data show no effect of secondary reinforcement on the startle response.
An operations research approach to the modeling and analysis of different feature sets proposed for human perception of capital letters

Abstract A Markov chain feature transition model of capital letter recognition is presented for synthesizing the empirically derived 26 × 26 capital letter confusion matrices. The transition probabilities associated with the features in the model are used as solution vector in an optimization problem, the objective being to minimize the sum of per cell squared differences between the empirical confusion matrix and the synthesized matrix. Three proposed feature sets are used on conjunction with the model to synthesize three empirical confusion matrices. Variants of the model are considered and results are tabulated and analyzed.
Mineral resource development policy in Arctic Alaska

Abstract Alaska is richly endowed with world class deposits of metals and coal besides petroleum. Development of mineral industry has been slow. Metal prices, mining costs and lack of infrastructure have been major factors inhibiting mineral development in Alaska. Interesting examples of national policy towards Arctic mineral development can be found in Canada and the USSR. Mineral industry can play an important role in diversifying the Alaskan economy and in contributing to US mineral production.
Factors Associated With Toilet Training in the 1990s

Context.—Few studies have systematically evaluated the factors influencing toilet training in children with normal development. Objectives.—To determine those child, parent, and environmental factors associated with toilet training completion, focusing on the influence of the child's temperament and development. Design and Setting.—Cross-sectional descriptive study of normal children, ages 15–42 months, attending 1 of 4 pediatric clinics in Milwaukee in 1995 and 1996. Methods.—Demographics for child, parents, and household were surveyed. Temperament was assessed using the Toddler Temperament Scale and the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Child development was measured using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II. Main Outcome Measure.—Toilet training status was by parental report and was categorized as not trained, not currently training, in training, or training complete. Results.—The study population included 496 children, comprising 219 that had not started training, 70 that were not currently training, 148 that were in training, and 59 that were completely trained. The ages at which 50% of the children were predicted to be toilet trained were 35 and 39 months for girls and boys, respectively. In the multivariate regression model, statistically significant factors best predicting toilet training completion were older age, non–Caucasian race, female gender, and single parenthood. Temperament, development, maternal employment, or use of day care were not statistically significant factors. Conclusion.—Innate factors such as older age, non–Caucasian race, and female gender are the best predictors of completing toilet training (rather than a child's temperament and developmental stage). Day care and maternal employment appear to be unimportant variables. Parents should not be discouraged, because children are completing toilet training at older ages. Research is needed to discover why single parents are more successful at toilet training.
Ibotenic acid mediates neurotoxicity and phosphoinositide hydrolysis by independent receptor mechanisms

Ibotenic acid (Ibo) has been shown to have agonist activity at both theN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) andtrans-ACPD or metabolotropic quisqualate (Qm) receptor sites in several systems. Both of these receptor sites have been implicated in excitotoxicity. Like NMDA neurotoxicity, Ibo neurotoxicity can be enhanced by glycine and blocked by MK-801. Ibo induced stimulation of phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, on the other hand, is unaffected by either of these treatments. We therefore conclude that Ibo is capable of acting at both NMDA andtrans-ACPD receptors in the CNS, although only activation of NMDA receptors is involved in Ibo neurotoxicity. This conclusion leads us to postulate that stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis is neither necessary nor sufficient for neurotoxicity.
Determination of optical constants of polymer films using a Fourier transform infrared reflection method; polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

The determination of optical constants of polymer films is of interest in the study of surfaces for radiative cooling, photothermal solar energy conversion, solar energy conversion systems, and electric conductors, as well as in the use of evaporated films for space applications. These applications have increased the demand for experimentally straightforward techniques for the determination of optical constants of polymer films in the infrared region. There are several methods available for such determinations. However, the calculations are complicated because of the complex dependence of the optical constants on the transmittance (T), the reflectance (R), and the nature of the substrate.