cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The microbial dynamics of wine fermentation

Abstract This chapter describes the diversity of the microbial communities present throughout the process of wine production. The chapter is divided into two sections and begins by covering the microbiota found at each stage of the production process, starting with the incoming grapes and ending with a discussion of the microbes that may persist into bottling. The second section of this chapter focuses on the process of fermentation and factors influencing a successful fermentation, with particular emphasis on the role of the broader dynamic microbial environment on yeast physiology and metabolism, and ending with a discussion of community-driven development of prion states in Saccharomyces.
The American West Responds to Climate Change

This chapter introduces the argument and the topic of the book. The project examines the role of unauthorized water use in the American West, covering the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. It lays out the argument that there will be a coming demand for “water accountability,” and introduces the major points the book covers, (1) the capacity of western states to protect water rights through mainly their response to unauthorized water use in their jurisdictions, and (2) “water accountability,” which constitutes the continuum of pressure on state agencies to enforce water rights and take steps to protect those rights through a variety of means. The chapter argues that status quo responses to unauthorized water use (or water theft) are largely inadequate, and illustrate the focal point of the state’s role in protecting property rights.
The Unusual Case of Anthony Chebatoris: The 'New Deal for Crime' and the Federal Death Penalty in Non-Death States

The little-known case of United States v. Anthony Chebatoris, arising from a botched bank robbery in Michigan in 1937, has great relevance to today’s criminal justice system. Chebatoris was the only person in American history to have been executed by the federal government for a crime in a non-death penalty State. Indeed, until 2002, Chebatoris appears to have been the only person in American history even to have been sentenced to death for such a crime. Since 2002, however, ten people have been similarly sentenced to death by the federal government for crimes committed in non-death States. One, Dustin Honken, is scheduled for execution in January 2020. There are obvious federalism concerns that arise when the federal government seeks to punish a person more harshly for a crime than he or she could be punished by the State where the crime occurred. This is particularly so where the federal government imposes the death penalty where it is not authorized by state law. Yet these concerns were recognized and expressed by only a few during the Chebatoris case, most notably by Michigan Governor Frank Murphy, who went on to become U.S. Attorney General and later Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. But even with respect to Murphy, these federalism concerns were strangely muted, overwhelmed by the drastic changes, wrought by the Great Depression and the response thereto, in the relationship among the States, the federal government, and the people. This reconfiguration was manifested not only by the New Deal programs that are commonly known but also by the less familiar “New Deal for Crime,” a bold initiative to inject the federal government into criminal matters on a larger scale than was previously the case. Swept up in this re-configuration was Chebatoris. Though Murphy protested the execution, he had to walk a fine line between his anti-death penalty absolutism, on the one hand, and his political fealty to President Roosevelt and his embrace of the New Deal, on the other. In the end, Murphy, who had the ear of both Roosevelt and Attorney General Homer Cummings, made only a half-hearted effort to save Chebatoris.
Voices/Voces in the Borderlands: A Colloquy on Re/Constructing Identities in Re/Constructed Legal Spaces

While we believe that the work of healing our cultural dyslexia is partly cognitive, in and through this paper we have tried to enact the experiential aspect. We may approach the entrances of the borderlands through reading and thinking, however we believe that the borderlands is a phenomenon of living, a phenomenon of well-intentioned people interacting in deliberate and thoughtful ways with those who are simultaneously like and unlike us/them. The borderlands require that we bring our critical faculties to bear on life's experiences, but, more often than not, we must suspend them in favor of more charitable and affiliative impulses. In the borderlands we eschew "mind-knowing" for "feeling thought" so that we can come to appreciate the joys and tribulations of those around us in a way that makes a difference that matters.
Abstract P45: White Blood Cell Counts in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients as a Predictor of Cardiac Injury

Introduction: Up to 50% of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients develop cardiac injury. The relationship between early systemic inflammation and cardiac injury after SAH is unknown. Here we exami...
Better Late Than Never: Trends in COVID-19 Infection Rates, Risk Perceptions, and Behavioral Responses in the USA.

In the USA, misinformation and inconsistent messaging surrounding coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) may lead individuals to incorrectly assess transmission risk and undermine precautionary behaviors necessary to control the pandemic.1 A key question is to what extent the new US presidential administration can change public behaviors by adopting consistent, science-based risk messaging or whether behavior change is unlikely. We help answer this question by characterizing how Americans have responded to changes in local COVID-19 risk throughout the pandemic. Specifically, we assessed state-level patterns and trends in risk perceptions and risk-mitigating behaviors in relation to reported COVID-19 case rates.
Robust inference in nonlinear models with mixed identification strength

Abstract The paper studies inference in regression models composed of nonlinear functions with unknown transformation parameters and loading coefficients that measure the importance of each component. In these models, non-identification and weak identification present in multiple parts of the parameter space, resulting in mixed identification strength for different unknown parameters. This paper proposes robust tests and confidence intervals for sub-vectors and linear functions of the unknown parameters. In particular, the results cover applications where some nuisance parameters are non-identified under the null (Davies (1977, 1987)) and some nuisance parameters are subject to a full range of identification strength. To construct this robust inference procedure, we develop a local limit theory that models mixed identification strength. The asymptotic results involve both inconsistent estimators that depend on a localization parameter and consistent estimators with different rates of convergence. A sequential argument is used to peel the criterion function based on identification strength of the parameters.
Horizontal Transmission of COVID-19 in a 24-Week Premature Infant and Post-discharge Follow-Up.

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has rapidly spread across the globe. The clinical spectrum of infection with SARS-CoV-2 among the most vulnerable extremely premature patient population in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), particularly those with chronic lung disease (CLD), remains unclear. Additionally, post-COVID conditions have been described in children with limited published data among infants. Symptoms in children appear similar to those described in the adults. We report a case of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 24-week preterm infant with CLD acquired via horizontal transmission while still in the NICU. We also provide follow-up data on patient until one year post-discharge. Our patient developed fever prompting testing for SARS-CoV-2. Although extremely premature infants with CLD are known to be at high risk for morbidities if they acquire respiratory viral infections, infection with SARS-CoV-2 in this case report presented with relatively mild clinical symptoms. He remained clinically stable on respiratory support (nasal cannula) with eventual weaning to room air. Our patient was followed until one year post-discharge (chronological age: 20 months) and had follow-up by various subspecialties for chronic lung disease, hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, and poor growth. We did not observe any specific post-COVID symptoms. This case illustrates that horizontal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection among extremely premature infants with CLD is possible in the NICU but likely presents with mild clinical symptoms during acute infection and less chances of post-COVID conditions. Additionally, this case highlights the need for adherence to infection prevention guidelines to prevent nosocomial transmission amid the ongoing pandemic.
Lectura Dantis: Paradiso XXXI

Questo articolo analizza la struttura e il ruolo di Paradiso XXXI, il secondo dei quattro canti finali del Paradiso, tutti ambientati nell� Empireo. Il canto amplia la presentazione iniziale dell� Empireo in Canto XXX , sia con il ritratto del ruolo degli angeli che con la presentazione eterodossa dei beati nei corpi gloriosi cosi come appariranno nel giorno del Giudizio Universale. Il canto contiene la sostituzione sorprendente di San Bernardo con Beatrice e la preghiera di addio che Dante indirizza alla donna. Nella lettura delle similitudini del canto, la centralita dell� idea del pellegrinaggio diventa chiara, indicando il modo in cui Dante crea una poetica alternativa personale al Giubileo ufficiale di Papa Bonifacio nel 1300, l�anno stesso del poema dantesco.
Properties of Steel for Use in LRFD

Background and rationale is presented for selecting mean values and coefficients of variation of material properties from available experiments for use in first-order probability-based design; the following properties of structural steel are included: elastic moduli, yield stress, strain-hardening modulus.
The new standard spacecraft timecode

Time is an important parameter for space-acquired measurements, in virtue of the basing of instrument analysis on a sampled sensor time series. In addition, time provides the most efficient linkage between instrument data and externally generated ancillary parameters. Attention is presently given to the rationale and form of the standard timecode structure developed by NASA, with emphasis on the important class of binary unsegmented codes. The structure provides a mechanism for the self-documentation of timecodes, so that data users can interpret time measurement in an unambiguous manner. The binary unsegmented codes are modular and easily machine-readable; they also feature expendable resolution and ambiguity periods.
Stroke in sickle cell disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the second commonest cause of stroke in the pediatric population. Cerebrovascular complications in SCD may involve large or small vessels and present as large infarctions, intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage, moyamoya disease or silent infarcts. Predictors of stroke in SCD include high blood flow velocity on transcranial Doppler, low hemoglobin value, absence of alpha-thalassemia, high white cell count, hypertension, silent brain infarction, and a history of chest crisis. Regular blood transfusions are used for primary and secondary prevention of stroke in SCD. Other management strategies include stem cell transplantation,
Value of information based on decision robustness

There are many criteria for measuring the value of information (VOI), each based on a different principle that is usually suitable for specific applications. We propose a new criterion for measuring the value of information, which values information that leads to robust decisions (i.e., ones that are unlikely to change due to new information). We also introduce an algorithm for Naive Bayes networks that selects features with maximal VOI under the new criterion. We discuss the application of the new criterion to classification tasks, showing how it can be used to tradeoff the budget, allotted for acquiring information, with the classification accuracy. In particular, we show empirically that the new criterion can reduce the expended budget significantly while reducing the classification accuracy only slightly. We also show empirically that the new criterion leads to decisions that are much more robust than those based on traditional VOI criteria, such as information gain and classification loss. This make the new criterion particularly suitable for certain decision making applications.
Time-resolved imaging of current density at inlaid disk electrodes

Abstract The distribution of current density at platinum disk electrodes was studied by imaging light produced in the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) reaction of luminol in alkaline peroxide. A sensitive imaging system, consisting of a low-lag vidicon equipped with a microchannel plate image intensifier, and an image-processing computer, were used to collect the light from the ECL reaction. Spatial resolution was found to be approximately 0.3 μm, and temporal resolution was as fast as 30 ms. Current density images taken in real-time during potential step and potential scan experiments were recorded and were found to compare quantitatively with current density distributions predicted by theory.
Thermal Expansion and Phase Formation of ZrW2O8 Aerogels

Aerogels with the nominal composition ZrW 2 O 8 have been prepared by pore solvent exchange with liquid CO 2 followed by supercritical drying. These aerogels are amorphous and can be tailored to have extremely high surface areas. Thermal expansion is measured for the amorphous aerogel as well as the aerogel post thermal treatment. The cubic phase forms at 900 °C in less than 30 s. The cubic phase prepared this way has a large negative thermal expansion coefficient of -10.5 x 10 -6 °C -1 as shown by variable temperature X-ray diffraction.
Microelectronic architectures and devices for signal and symbol processing

Modern microelectronics technology holds the promise of high level, computer-aided design of very complex systems on a single silicon chip. The freedom to create non-standard architectures within this context has stimulated widespread interest in the development of computing structures that offer increased processing speed relative to the von Neumann architecture. This paper describes two architectures that are especially well suited for large scale integration because of their concurrent structure and their use of primarily local data flows. The first architecture is designed to implement the QR matrix decomposition and it can be used to reliably solve the least squares and eigenvalue problems of linear algebra. The second architecture is based on an elementary building block approach to the realization of FIR and IIR lattice digital filters. An especially important issue that is sometimes overlooked in the system level design of an architecture is the impact of the particular scheme for implementing the fundamental operations such as multiplication, rotation, etc., on the performance of the highly parallel computing structure. It is argued that if one can imbed pipelined operations within the concurrent computing structure, then often the resulting system will not only provide substantial processing gain but it can be implemented in such a way that efficient use of chip real estate is achieved.
Diagnosing imputation models by applying target analyses to posterior replicates of completed data

Multiple imputation fills in missing data with posterior predictive draws from imputation models. To assess the adequacy of imputation models, we can compare completed data with their replicates simulated under the imputation model. We apply analyses of substantive interest to both datasets and use posterior predictive checks of the differences of these estimates to quantify the evidence of model inadequacy. We can further integrate out the imputed missing data and their replicates over the completed-data analyses to reduce variance in the comparison. In many cases, the checking procedure can be easily implemented using standard imputation software by treating re-imputations under the model as posterior predictive replicates. Thus, it can be applied for non-Bayesian imputation methods. We also sketch several strategies for applying the method in the context of practical imputation analyses. We illustrate the method using two real data applications and study its property using a simulation.
Patterns of ambulatory care use for gynecologic conditions in the United States

Abstract Objective: To describe ambulatory care visits for gynecologic disorders in the United States and to determine what patient factors best predict the site of care for these conditions: private physician offices, hospital outpatient departments, or emergency departments (EDs). Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of combined data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for 1995–1996 was conducted. Visits were selected if the principal diagnosis was consistent with one of 10 gynecologic categories. Descriptive analysis was performed using χ 2 . Logistic regression was used to determine patient factors that best predicted ED and hospital outpatient department visits. Results: There were 23,194,000 ambulatory care visits for chronic gynecologic conditions during the 2-year study period. Menopause was the most common condition encountered at physician offices. Lower genital tract infections were the most common diagnosis at EDs. Medicaid coverage, self-pay status, median household income of $20–29K, and patient race were significantly predictive of ED visits, after adjustment for the principal gynecologic diagnosis. HMO coverage was associated with a 50% reduction in ED use. Conclusions: Patient race, expected source of payment, and median income are significant predictors of ED visits, independent of the specific gynecologic diagnosis. Health policy makers must consider economic factors as well as gynecologic disease in making decisions regarding women’s health care.
Improving Pediatric Patient Outcomes: Comparing Two Case Management Models

Purpose of the study Case management (CM) is a growing and evolving profession. Outcomes-based research that identifies the role of CM is needed in health care today. Case management has been recognized as a way to help patients experience high-quality and cost-effective care. The purpose of this nonexperimental, retrospective research study was to examine two CM models and their effect on patient outcomes, including length of hospital stay and readmission to the hospital within 30 days of discharge with the same diagnosis. Primary practice setting The study was completed at two acute care pediatric hospitals in separate geographical regions of the country. Methodology and sample Two CM models were compared by conducting a retrospective patient chart review. Seven hundred pediatric patient charts were reviewed to determine whether the patient outcomes met patient outcomes of interest. All patients were diagnosed with asthma and were between the ages of 2 and 18 years. Results Analysis of data indicated that the length of hospital stay at Hospital A was significantly shorter than the length of hospital stay for patients admitted to Hospital B. However, hospital readmission rates within 30 days of discharge at Hospital A versus Hospital B indicated no significant difference. Implications for case management practice Further research that examines different CM models must account for variables such as complexity of disease process, age of patient on admission to the hospital, and relevance of discharge teaching.
The Effect of Block Scheduling on Foreign Language Learning.

ABSTRACT The implementation of block scheduling in many high schools across the United States has caused concern among foreign language teachers. After examining qualitative data that were available on the topic of block scheduling and foreign language learning, the researcher conducted a study wherein she administered end-of-course tests in listening, speaking, reading, and writing to 60 classes of students in French I. These students had been instructed according to one of three schedules: the traditional 6- or 7- period day, the 4times4 block schedule, and the alternating day block schedule. The researcher found that despite students on the traditional schedule having significantly more time for instruction during the course of the year, they did not perform significantly better than the other groups on any of the skills tests. Further data analysis did show, however, that the listening and reading scores of students instructed on the 4times4 schedule fell more frequently in the bottom quartile of the score distribution.
Norepinephrine elicitation of aggressive display responses in Betta splendens

From arguments elucidated by D. H. Funkenstein and others, it was hypothesized that the aggressive display of the Siamese fighting fish was under hormonal (i.e., norepinephrine) control. Fighteen visually isolated fish were observed for 10 min. each under a plain water control condition and with norepinephrine bitartrate solutions in their individual living tanks. Significant increases in the frequency of fin extensions and gill flaring responses, as well as increased coloration were found for the drug group. Six fish treated with epinephrine bitartrate resembled fish under the control condition except for color change; all six bleached during observation.
Development of polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene microporous film for advanced batteries

Lithium batteries have been recognized as advanced high-performance and high-power sources because they provide light weight, high energy density and high voltage. The quality of these type of batteries is determined by the efficiency of electron transfer in an electrolyte as well as the microporous structure of the membrane separator. In this report, we describe the development of a superior ETFE (polyethylene tetrafluoroethylene) microporous polymeric membrane suitable for use as the separator for lithium/Cu (II) rechargeable batteries and lithium/thionyl chloride primary batteries. The requirements for a microporous membrane to be employed in these lithium batteries are discussed. We report the membrane fabrication and membrane performance in both primary and secondary batteries.
The Neurosecretory Neuron in Neuroendocrine Regulatory Mechanisms

Synopsis. The widespread occurrence of neurosecretory neurons in the animal kingdom suggests a functional significance that is basic and special. The explanation of the need for this unusual cell type lies in the fact that it forms a link between the nervous and the endocrine systems whose functional interdependence forms the basis for the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms in the animal world. These two integrative systems function in different ways. The neurosecretory cell, with its dual characteristics, and this cell alone, seems capable of receiving messages in "neural" language, and of transmitting this information in modified "endocrine" language to glandular cells. The neurosecretory neuron occupies a central position in neuroendocrine interactions, not only because it is geared for communication with the endocrine apparatus, but because it serves as a singular channel ("final common path," E. Scharrer, 1965) through which a multitude of afferent stimuli, after being processed, are channeled to a variety of endocrine way stations and thus exert control over their effector organs. One of the most fertile concepts in the progress of endocrine research has been that of the functional interdependence of organs concerned with regulatory mech? anisms. Under physiological conditions, in? dividual glands of internal secretion do not function autonomously, but rather as links in an ever-changing sequence of events. In their entirety, these glands constitute the endocrine apparatus, one of the two in? tegrative organ systems of higher organisms. Environmental stimuli affecting the en? docrine system reach it by way of the nerv? ous apparatus, the other of the two sys? tems of communication. Its makeup of innumerable links (neuron chains) is too well known to require discussion. What has not been fully appreciated, however, until very recently is the high degree of mutual interdependence that exists between the nervous and the endocrine systems. And yet, the situation could not be otherwise, because heterogeneous directives aimed at a given effector organ simultaneously, in order to be "effective" at all, must not contradict each other. The manner in which the two integrative systems communicate with each other in coordinating the body's autonomic adjustments, and the outcome of this combined activity, constitute Neuroendocrinology. This young, but rapidly expanding dis? cipline encompasses many facets of mutual interacfion (see Scharrer and Scharrer,
The MacAndrew scale as a measure of substance abuse and delinquency among adolescents

Used regression equations to determine the predictive power of the abbreviated MacAndrew Scale of the MMPI-168 on self-reported delinquent behavior of 1,672 suburban high school students. The abbreviated MacAndrew Scale score successfully predicted alcohol abuse, but was also shown to be related to crimes against property and persons and to marijuana usage. It was concluded that the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale may not be uniquely sensitive to alcohol abuse among the population sampled.
Lithographic Graphitic Memories

Reported here are easily accessible memory devices based upon stripes of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) nanosized irregular discs of graphitic material that can be layered in stripes 95%, are shown to exhibit voltage-induced switching behavior, which can be used for two-terminal memories. These memories are stable, rewritable, and nonvolatile with ON/OFF ratios up to 10(7), switching times down to 1 mus (tested limit), and switching voltages down to 3-4 V. The major functional parameters of these lithographic memories are shown to be scalable with the devices' dimensions.
Second relativistic mean field and virial equation of state for astrophysical simulations

We generate a second equation of state (EOS) of nuclear matter for a wide range of temperatures, densities, and proton fractions for use in supernovae, neutron star mergers, and black hole formation simulations. We employ full relativistic mean field (RMF) calculations for matter at intermediate density and high density, and the virial expansion of a nonideal gas for matter at low density. For this EOS we use the RMF effective interaction FSUGold, whereas our earlier EOS was based on the RMF effective interaction NL3. The FSUGold interaction has a lower pressure at high densities compared to the NL3 interaction. We calculate the resulting EOS at over 100 000 grid points in the temperature range T=0 to 80 MeV, the density range n_B=10^(-8) to 1.6 fm^(-3), and the proton fraction range Y_p=0 to 0.56. We then interpolate these data points using a suitable scheme to generate a thermodynamically consistent equation of state table on a finer grid. We discuss differences between this EOS, our NL3-based EOS, and previous EOSs by Lattimer-Swesty and H. Shen et al. for the thermodynamic properties, composition, and neutron star structure. The original FSUGold interaction produces an EOS, which we call FSU1.7, that has a maximum neutron star mass of 1.7 solar masses. A modification in the high-density EOS is introduced to increase the maximum neutron star mass to 2.1 solar masses and results in a slightly different EOS that we call FSU2.1. The EOS tables for FSU1.7 and FSU2.1 are available for download.
Differential effects of infused nutrients on 2-deoxy-D-glucose- and 2-mercaptoacetate-induced feeding.

Abstract We examined the effects of glucose, lipid, or fructose infusion on 2-deoxy- d -glucose (2DG)- and 2-mercaptoacetate (MA)-induced feeding. Rats with chronic intra-atrial catheters were infused for 15 min with one of the above nutrients and then injected with 2DG or MA. The nutrient infusion continued for the next 2 h and food intake was simultaneously measured. For control conditions, equitonic saline was infused, and 2DG, MA, or saline was injected. We found that glucose was the only nutrient source capable of significantlyreducing 2DG-induced feeding. Equicaloric infusions of lipid or fructose did not significantly reduce 2DG-induced feeding. However, feeding induced by MA was similarly and significantly reduced by glucose, lipid, and fructose. These results suggest that 2DG-induced feeding is mediated by receptor cells that are selectively responsive to glucose availability, and MA-induced feeding is mediated by receptor cells that are responsive to a wider range of metabolic fuels.
Effect of intercropping on the water relations of sorghum and cowpea

Abstract Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) were grown as sole-crops or as an intercrop under frequently irrigated and water-limited field conditions to test the hypothesis that competition for soil moisture would influence the water relations of these two species. Measurements of xylem pressure potential and osmotic potential were made at predawn and midday throughout a summer growing season. Sorghum and cowpea exhibited contrasting levels of dehydration avoidance when grown as sole-crops, but intercropping did not cause any substantial change in the water relations of either species. Midday xylem pressure potential and osmotic potential of cowpea leaves were slightly higher in the intercropped than in the sole-cropped treatment, presumably as a result of partial shading by the sorghum plants. The total quantities and patterns of soil water depletion were similar for both species as sole-crop and for the intercropped treatment.
Color harmony attributes

A content analysis of nine books on color is used to confirm the multifarious nature of color harmony. Different meanings of the harmony concept are distributed over twelve attributes. Results are condensed into six unique domains to encompass all meanings of color harmony.
Curveship: An Interactive Fiction System for Interactive Narrating

Interactive fiction (often called "IF") is a venerable thread of creative computing that includes Adventure, Zork, and the computer game The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy as well as innovative recent work. These programs are usually known as "games," appropriately, but they can also be rich forms of text-based computer simulation, dialog systems, and examples of computational literary art. Theorists of narrative have long distinguished between the level of underlying content or story (which can usefully be seen as corresponding to the simulated world in interactive fiction) and that of expression or discourse (corresponding to the textual exchange between computer and user). While IF development systems have offered a great deal of power and flexibility to author/programmers by providing a computational model of the fictional world, previous systems have not systematically distinguished between the telling and what is told. Developers were not able to control the content and expression levels independently so that they could, for instance, have a program relate events out of chronological order or have it relate events from the perspective of different characters. Curveship is an interactive fiction system which draws on narrative theory and computational linguistics to allow the transformation of the narrating in these ways. This talk will briefly describe interactive fiction, narrative variation, and how Curveship provides new capabilities for interactive fiction authors.
Adaptive algorithms for the dynamic distribution and parallel execution of agent-based models

We propose a framework for defining agent-based models (ABMs) and two algorithms for the automatic parallelization of agent-based models, a general version P-ABMG for all ABMs definable in the framework and a more specific variant P-ABMS for "spatial ABMs" targeted at SWARM and ANT-based models, where the additional spatial information can be utilized to obtain performance improvements. Both algorithms can automatically distribute ABMs over multiple CPUs and dynamically adjust the degree of parallelization based on available computational resources throughout the simulation runs. We also describe a first implementation of P-ABMS in our SWAGES environment and report both results from simulations with simple SWARM agents that provide a lower bound for the performance gains achievable by the algorithm and results from simulations with more complex deliberative agents, which need to synchronize their state after each update cycle. Even in the latter case, we show that in some conditions the algorithm is able to achieve close-to-maximum performance gains.
Analysis of 3D structures of platinum nanoparticles by high energy X-ray diffraction and reverse Monte Carlo simulations

Abstract In this paper, the atomic-scale three-dimensional structure of Pt nanoparticles were determined using high energy X-ray diffraction techniques and reverse Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that dendrimer encapsulated Pt nanoparticles are more ordered than those stabilized by long-chain alkanes. Furthermore, Pt nanoparticles measured in ambient dry conditions exhibit higher local atomic order compared to Pt nanoparticles measured in aqueous solutions. The atomic-scale structural information presented here can offer a more comprehensive understanding of the structure–property relationship for Pt nanoparticles and can be further used in the design of nanoparticles with improved properties.
WE‐E‐M100F‐01: 3D Interfraction Position Verification for Patients Undergoing Partial Breast Irradiation: Comparing Digital Tomosynthesis to Cone‐Beam CT

Purpose: This clinical study evaluates digital tomosynthesis (DTS) technology for daily imaging guidance for partial breast irradiation (PBI) and compares its positioning accuracy to the 3D CBCT technique. Compared to CBCT, DTS offers lower imaging dose and the geometrical flexibility that particularly suits PBI. Methods and Material: Ten patients undergoing PBI were imaged using an on‐board‐imager mounted on a Varian 21EX linear accelerator. Following the initials setup using skin markers and 2D KV/MV radiographs, a CBCT scan was acquired to provide 3D positioning guidance. A subset of the CBCT projections were used to reconstruct a stack of DTS image slices using the Feldkamp filtered back‐projection algorithm. To optimize soft tissuecontrast, the DTS images were reconstructed for the 45‐degree oblique view along which the tumor bed, breast tissues, bones, and lung were well separated. Coronal and sagittal DTS views were also reconstructed for comparison. The inter‐fraction position deviations between the 1st fraction and each of the subsequent fractions were measured by coronal‐DTS, sagittal‐DTS, oblique‐DTS and CBCT as four independent technologies. Differences between these technologies and their clinical impact were evaluated. The evaluator was well trained for DTS technology. Results: Eighty‐five imaging datasets were obtained from 10 patients. Surgical clips (when present) were visible in all three DTS views. The tumor bed had the best contrast in the oblique‐DTS. One‐dimensional positioning differences between DTS (averaged over 3 DTS views) and CBCT were ∼0.1 cm when surgical clips were used in the registration and ∼0.2 cm when the tumor bed were used in the registration. Conclusion: DTS is equivalent to CBDT as a 3D imaging technique for daily patient positioning of PBI but with less mechanical constraints and imaging dose. Partially supported by a research grant from Varian Medical Systems.
Taking femtosecond snapshots of RNA conformational dynamics and complexity

RNA conformational dynamics have been a subject of extensive biophysical studies by spectroscopic and computational techniques. Application of femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy is a new addition to this field, where the technique is specifically designed to probe the ruggedness of RNA conformational landscape and recognition modes. Such technique allows resolution of heterogeneous conformations within a complex ensemble. Recent applications on GNRA tetraloops, dangling ends, and RNA-peptide complexes produced more quantitative and dynamic pictures for these motifs and interactions, including detection of alternative structures that have been overlooked. Integration of the ultrafast dynamics approach with other biophysical techniques promises to be a more powerful approach for providing unique insights for addressing the challenging task of decoding RNA conformational dynamics and the understanding of the mechanisms of molecular recognition of RNA.
CULTURE OF FISHES OF THE GENUS Trachinotus (CARANGIDAE) IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC: PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS

Carangid fishes of the genus Trachinotus have received much attention as mariculture candidates. Foremost among these is the Florida pompano (T. carolinus), which drew considerable research attention in Florida and Alabama that culminated in several business-sponsored, intensive but uneconomical attempts to commercially culture pompano in south Florida and the Dominican Republic from the 1960's through the mid-1970's. These attempts, however, demonstrated the biological feasibility of rearing pompano. Recently renewed interest has developed in commercially culturing pompano and two related species, Atlantic permit (T. falcatus) and palometa (T. goodei). Research on Trachinotus spp. in Martinique, Venezuela and Miami, Florida, is summarized, together with problems and prospects for commercial culture of these species.
Additive Semi-Implicit Runge-Kutta Methods for Computing High-Speed Nonequilibrium Reactive Flows

This paper is concerned with time-stepping numerical methods for computing stiff semi-discrete systems of ordinary differential equations for transient hypersonic flows with thermo-chemical nonequilibrium. The stiffness of the equations is mainly caused by the viscous flux terms across the boundary layers and by the source terms modeling finite-rate thermo-chemical processes. Implicit methods are needed to treat the stiff terms while more efficient explicit methods can still be used for the nonstiff terms in the equations. This paper studies three different semi-implicit Runge?Kutta methods for additively split differential equations in the form ofu? =f(u) +g(u), wherefis treated by explicit Runge?Kutta methods andgis simultaneously treated by three implicit Runge?Kutta methods: a diagonally implicit Runge?Kutta method and two linearized implicit Runge?Kutta methods. The coefficients of up to third-order accurate additive semi-implicit Runge?Kutta methods have been derived such that the methods are both high-order accurate and strongly A-stable for the implicit terms. The results of two numerical tests on the stability and accuracy properties of these methods are also presented in the paper.
Inventories of US parent companies and their foreign affiliates: an analysis of recent data

The traditional analysis of inventory holding decisions is extended to the multinational company by comparing inventory to sales ratios for parent companies and overseas subsidiaries. The ratios are found to differ and an empirical investigation is developed for 16 countries over the period of 1982-87 using a covariance model. The conclusions point to the presence of an international dimension in inventory holding behaviour insofar as foreign subsidiaries are concerned. This is reflected in the statistical significance of factors such as the effective exchange rate and the fraction of sales absorbed by the host country market as key determinants of the level of inventories.
Assessment of potential bias from non-participation in a dynamic clinical cohort of long-term childhood cancer survivors: results from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study.

Background To evaluate long-term health outcomes among childhood cancer survivors, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH) has established the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort (SJLIFE), comprised of adult survivors who undergo risk-directed clinical assessments. As in any human research study, SJLIFE participants are volunteers who may not represent the source population from which they were recruited. A lack of proportional representation could result in biased estimates of exposure-outcome associations. We compared available demographic, disease, and neighborhood level characteristics between participants and the source population to assess the potential for selection bias.
Use of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist to Screen for Psychosocial Problems in Pediatric Primary Care: A National Feasibility Study

Background Routine use of a brief psychosocial screening instrument has been proposed as a means of improving recognition, management, and referral of children's psychosocial morbidity in primary care. Objective To assess the feasibility of routine psychosocial screening using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) in pediatrics by using a brief version of the checklist in a large sample representative of the full range of pediatric practice settings in the United States and Canada. We evaluated large-scale screening and the performance of the PSC in detecting psychosocial problems by (1) determining whether the prevalence of psychosocial dysfunction identified by the PSC was consistent with findings in previous, smaller samples; (2) assessing whether the prevalence of positive PSC screening scores varied by population subgroups; and (3) determining whether the PSC was completed by a significant proportion of parents from all subgroups and settings. Patients and Methods Twenty-one thousand sixty-five children between the ages of 4 and 15 years were seen in 2 large primary care networks: the Ambulatory Sentinel Practice Network and the Pediatric Research in Office Settings network, involving 395 pediatric and family practice clinicians in 44 states, Puerto Rico, and 4 Canadian provinces. Parents were asked to complete a brief questionnaire that included demographic information, history of mental health services, the 35-item PSC, and the number of pediatric visits within the past 6 months. Results The overall prevalence rates of psychosocial dysfunction as measured by the PSC in school-aged and preschool-aged pediatric outpatients (13% and 10%, respectively) were nearly identical to the rates that had been reported in several smaller samples (12%-14% among school-aged children and 7%-14% among preschoolers). Consistent with previous findings, children from low-income families were twice as likely to be scored as dysfunctional on the PSC than were children from higher-income families. Similarly, children from single-parent as opposed to those from 2-parent families and children with a past history of mental health services showed an elevated risk of psychosocial impairment. The current study was the first to demonstrate a 50% increase in risk of impairment for male children. The overall rate of completed forms was 97%, well within an acceptable range, and at least 94% of the parents in each sociodemographic subgroup completed the PSC form. Conclusions Use of the PSC offers an approach to the recognition of psychosocial dysfunction that is sufficiently consistent across groups and locales to become part of comprehensive pediatric care in virtually all outpatient settings. In addition to its clinical utility, the consistency and widespread acceptability of the PSC make it well suited for the next generation of pediatric mental health services research, which can address whether earlier recognition of and intervention for psychosocial problems in pediatrics will lead to cost-effective outcomes.
Evidence for ligand-induced paramagnetism in CdSe quantum dots.

We report evidence that paramagnetism in CdSe QDs can be induced via manipulation of the surface chemistry. Using SQUID magnetometry and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the paramagnetic behavior of the CdSe QDs can be varied by changing the ligand end-group functionality of the passivating layer. Contrary to previous reports, no evidence for ferromagnetism was observed. The results suggest that the paramagnetism is induced via π back-bonding between Cd 4d orbtials and ligands with empty π* orbitals.
Characterization based on convex conditional mean function

This paper addresses the problem of characterizing a distribution by means of a convex conditional mean function. The characterization is proved, under mild conditions, by means of showing the uniqueness of the solution of a certain non-linear differential equation.
Carboxyl-terminal processing may be essential for production of active NiFe hydrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii

The NiFe hydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii is a membrane-bound αβ heterodimer that can oxidize H2 to protons and electrons and thereby provide energy. Genes encoding the α and β subunits, hoxG and hoxK respectively, followed by thirteen contiguous accessory genes potentially involved in H2 oxidation, have been previously sequenced. Mutations in some of these accessory genes give rise to inactive enzyme containing an α subunit with decreased electrophoretic mobility. Mass spectral analysis of the subunits demonstrated that the α subunit had a molecular weight 1,663 Da less than that predicted from hoxG. Since the N-terminal sequence of the purified α subunit matches the sequence predicted from hoxG we suggest this difference is due to removal of the C-terminus of the α subunit which may be an important step linked to metal insertion, localization, and formation of active hydrogenase.
Military spending and interest rates

This paper examines a number of hypotheses about the determination of interest rates for the United States. In particular, we are most interested in the relative interest rate effects of changes in military and non‐military spending. We find that increases in military spending cause a significantly larger increase in interest rates than do increases in non‐military spending. These results are insensitive to alternative measures of the data, specifications of the interest rate equations and estimation procedures. Cuts in military spending can reduce the level of total government spending or can be transferred to other programs. Our results then suggest that the crowding out of private expenditures can be reduced when government shifts resources from military to non‐military spending.
Studies in growth and development. XI. Hemoglobin concentration in adolescents

Summary Hemoglobin concentrations were determined in 484 American Negro college students between the ages of 16 and 19 years. Values for males ranged from 9 to 17.5 Gm. per cent (mean 13.8±1.5 Gm.). In the females, the range was 7.6 to 16 Gm. per cent (mean 12.4±1.1 Gm.). Subjects included in the study had a negative test for sickling of the red blood cells. If one accepts 12 Gm. of hemoglobin as the lower limit of normal, 13.7 per cent of the males and 52.7 per cent of the females had presumptive iron deficiency anemia. However, before initiating therapy in the individual patient, the physician should give diagnostic consideration to other possible explanations for the anemia.