cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Oceanic Conceptions of the Relationship between People and Property

This concluding article examines Oceanic cultural premises that define the relationships between people and the places they inhabit, taking local concepts of property as manifestations of these premises. Oceanic people share a common conception of the person as a relatum, one end of a relationship, because they share common ideas about how one becomes a person. Central to these conceptions is the common understanding of fetal inheritance: the idea that a fetus inherits not only somatic traits that its parents inherited from their parents, but also somatic changes that the parents acquired before and during the pregnancy. These include relationships between the fetus's parents and other people and relationships between the parents and features of their environment. Once incorporated, they are transformed into somatic substance and transferred to the growing fetus. In this manner, a baby's somatic substance includes parts of the place the parents lived. People are in places, but places are also in people. T...
Pharmacokinetics of Cefaclor and Cephalexin: Dosage Nomograms for Impaired Renal Function

The pharmacokinetics of cefaclor and cephalexin were characterized in patients with creatinine clearances ranging from 0 to 147 ml/min. Each of 24 fasted subjects received a single 500-mg oral dose of cefaclor, and 13 of these subjects later received 500 mg of cephalexin. Serum and urine levels of the antibiotics were measured by bioassay. The serum half-lives were highly correlated with corrected creatinine clearance (cefaclor r = 0.92, cephalexin r = 0.94). Linear regression estimates of the half-life of cefaclor were 2.3 h in the anephric patient and 40 min in the patient with a corrected creatinine clearance of 100 ml/min. For cephalexin, corresponding half-lives were 15.4 h and 58 min. We present a dosage nomogram for calculating the appropriate adjustments to the loading dose based on patient weight and maintenence dose based on corrected creatinine clearance.
U-processes indexed by Vapnik-Červonenkis classes of functions with applications to asymptotics and bootstrap of U-statistics with estimated parameters

Abstract Exponential inequalities, the law of the iterated logarithm and the bootstrap central limit theorem for U-processes indexed by Vapnik-Cervonenkis classes of functions are derived. These results are then applied to the asymptotics and the bootstrap of U-statistics with estimated parameters, in particular to the trimming of U-statistics.
Frequency domain synthesis of a class of optimum recursive digital filters

A method for an iterative computer-aided design of a class of cascaded digital recursive filters, having specifications in the frequency domain of magnitude and/or phase, is described. The method uses an unconstrained Fletcher-Powell algorithm to minimize a weighted squared magnitude plus phase criterion.
Narrow-band imaging without high magnification to differentiate polyps during real-time colonoscopy: improvement with experience

Background There is no widely adopted, easily applied method for distinguishing between adenomatous and nonadenomatous polyps during real-time colonoscopy. Objective To compare white light (WL) with narrow-band imaging (NBI) for the differentiation of colorectal polyps in vivo and to assess for a learning curve. Design A prospective polyp series. Patients and Setting A total of 302 patients referred for colonoscopy, between August 2006 and July 2007, to a single tertiary-referral center in the United States. Intervention Standard WL colonoscopy was performed with Olympus 180-series colonoscopes. Each detected polyp was first characterized by WL and then by NBI. Modified Kudo pit pattern and vascular color intensity (VCI) were recorded, and the histology was predicted. Endoscopists were given feedback every 2 weeks. Main Outcome Measurements Overall accuracy and sensitivity and specificity of endoscopic diagnosis by using WL alone and with NBI, as well as improvement in endoscopists' performance. Results A total of 265 polyps were found in 131 patients. Diagnostic accuracy was 80% with NBI and 77% with WL ( P = .35). NBI performed better than WL in diagnosing adenomas (sensitivity 80% vs 69%, P P P Conclusions Overall, NBI was not more accurate than WL in differentiating colorectal polyps in vivo; however, once a learning curve was achieved, NBI performed significantly better. Further refinements of an NBI pit-pattern classification and VCI scale are needed before broad application to clinical decisions regarding the necessity of polypectomy.
Retinal Vascular Reactivity to Norepinephrine and Angiotensin II in Normals and Diabetics

Retinal arterial vasoconstriction induced by an infusion of angiotensin II or norepinephrine was investigated in eight normal controls (N), nine diabetics without retinopathy (DNR), and 10 diabetics with retinopathy (DR) by color fundus photographs taken before and after the infusions. Image analysis was done by a semiautomated computerized microdensi-tometer using a videoscanner. Normal controls and diabetics without retinopathy had a significant reduction in diameter compared with diabetics with retinopathy, who failed to constrict arte-rioles in response to either vasopressor. The mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear. Semiautomated computerized microdensitometry is reproducible and appears to be a sensitive technique to evaluate the vascular reactivity of the retinal vas-CUlature.
A replication of the face-superiority effect

Schematic faces, scrambled faces (stimuli differing from schematic faces in that the positions of the eyes, noses, and mouths were anomalous, but constant from trial to trial), and individual face components were presented in a tachistoscope followed by a patterned mask. Following the mask, either four alternative mouths or four alternative pairs of eyes were presented, and subject3 were required to choose among the alternatives for the feature that had been presented in the tachistoscopic display. Performance was best when the original display contained only individual component features, and it was worst when scrambled faces were stimuli, thus replicating a similar experiment by Homa, Haver, and Schwartz (1976). Contrary to their findings, however, the effect of feature scrambling was greater on recognition of eyes than on mouths.
Epidemiology of community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections in pediatric patients: an experience at a Children's Hospital in central Illinois.

The nation-wide concern over methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has prompted many clinicians to use vancomycin when approaching patients with suspected staphylococcal infections. We sought to characterize the epidemiology of community-onset S. aureus infections in hospitalized children to assist local clinicians in providing appropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy. From January 2005–June 2008, children (0–18 years old) admitted to the Children's Hospital of Illinois with community-onset S. aureus infections were identified by a computer-assisted laboratory-based surveillance and medical record review. Of 199 patients, 67 (34%) had invasive infections, and 132 (66%) had skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). Among patients with invasive infections, S. aureus isolates were more likely to be susceptible to methicillin (MSSA 63% vs. MRSA 37%), whereas patients with SSTIs, S. aureus isolates were more likely to be resistant to methicillin (MRSA 64% vs. MSSA 36%). Bacteremia and musculoskeletal infections were the most common invasive infections in both groups of S. aureus. Pneumonia with empyema was more likely to be caused by MRSA (P = 0.02). The majority (~90%) of MRSA isolates were non-multidrug resistant, even in the presence of healthcare-associated risk factors. Epidemiological data at the local level is important for antimicrobial decision-making. MSSA remains an important pathogen causing invasive community-onset S. aureus infections among hospitalized children. In our hospital, nafcillin in combination with vancomycin is recommended empiric therapy in critically ill patients with suspected invasive staphylococcal infections. Because up to 25% of MSSA circulating in our area are clindamycin-resistant, clindamycin should be used cautiously as empiric monotherapy in patients with suspected invasive staphylococcal infections.
Determinants of Change in Maternal Sensitivity: Contributions of Context, Temperament, and Developmental Risk

SYNOPSIS Objective . Maternal sensitivity is a fundamental parenting construct and a determinant of positive child outcomes and healthy parent–child relationships. Few longitudinal studies have investigated determinants of sensitive parenting, particularly in a population of children at risk for developmental delay. Design . This study modeled trajectories of maternal sensitivity observed in two independent parenting contexts at child ages 3, 4, and 5 years. The sample included N = 247 mother–child dyads, with n = 110 children classified as at risk for developmental delays. Predictors included maternal distress, child anger proneness, and developmental risk status. Results . Maternal sensitivity changed during more demanding parenting tasks over the 3-year period but not during a low-demand task. Mothers of children with developmental risk, relative to mothers of typically developing children, and mothers of boys relative to mothers of girls, showed less sensitivity during more demanding parenting tasks. ...
Limits on Late Decaying Particles From Nucleosynthesis

Late decaying (τ > 104 s) particles can alter the standard big bang predictions for the light-element abundances. If M > 10 GeV, light-element production and 4He destruction can take place when hadronic decay products interact with the ambient protons and 4He causing hadronic showers; pepletion is the result of photodissociation by energetic decay protons. Previous works [1–4] which put limits in the properties of these particles ignored hadronic showers entirely, and usually considered only selected photodissociation reactions. We consider the full set of reactions and present both analytic and numerical bounds on the properties of particles with lifetimes greater than 104 s. This drastically alters the limits on particle masses, lifetimes and abundances. For a gravitino lighter than a TeV, the reheat temperature must be less than 1010 GeV.
Can functional performance be used as a simple prognostic indicator in peripheral arterial disease

McDermott et al. have demonstrated, for the first time, that a poor 6 min walk performance and slow walking speed in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are predictors of increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The association was not affected by confounders, such as ankle brachial index and comorbidities. Simple measures of lower extremity functional performance could and should be incorporated into future research studies in patients with PAD. Reducing cardiovascular risk with statins, lowering blood pressure, and administering antiplatelet agents are not enough; measures to improve functional performance should be incorporated into overall cardiovascular risk reduction programs in patients with PAD.
GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES REGULATE BOTH DOPAMINERGIC AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST BINDING IN PORCINE ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Radiolabelled agonist and antagonist binding to porcine anterior pituitary dopiaminergic receptor indicates the existence of two affinity forms of the receptor. These two forms of the receptor are modulated by quanine nucleotides. The agonist hiqh affinity form of the receptor is converted to a low affinity form, whereas the antagonist low affinity form is converted to the hiqh affinity form under the influence of quanine nucleotides. Thus, quanine nucleotides appear to reciprocally modulate the same two forms of the receptor discriminated by both aqonists and antagonists. These observations may provide insights into the biochemical mechanism by which dopamine exerts its regulation of prolactin release in the anterior pituitary.
Physical properties of dental silver-tin amalgams with high and low copper contents

Properties of seven dental amalgams (four conventional and three newly developed) are compared and statistically evaluated. Newly developed amalgams such as Tytin, Sybraloy, and Dispersalloy had low static creep, high compressive strength, and similar values for both diametral tensile strength and dimensional change in comparison with conventional amalgams such as Kerr Spheraloy, Caulk Spherical, Shofu Spherical, and Caulk 20th Century Micro Cut. The data for physical properties were evaluated statistically, and the amalgams were ranked according to the numerical position assigned to each property.
Isotopic, optical, and trace element properties of large single SiC grains from the Murchison meteorite

Ion probe mass spectrometry is used to analyze 41 large SiC grains from the Murchison CM2 chondrite, ranging up to 15 x 26 microns, for the isotopic compositions of C, N, Mg, and Si, and the concentrations of Al, Ti, V, Fe, Zr, and Ba. The majority were found to have large isotopic anomalies. Only two grains, characterized by extremely heavy carbon, give evidence for fossil Mg-26. On the basis of C and Si isotopic composition, 29 of the grains fall into three compact clusters, presumably from three discrete sources. The clustering of coarse-grained SiC stands in sharp contrast to the quasi-continuous distribution of finer-grained SiC and suggests that the top 0.1 percent of the mass distribution is a distinct population. The C and N isotopic compositions of the anomalous grains are not very diagnostic, being consistent with H-burning in the CNO cycle. The Si-isotopic compositions qualitatively show the signature of neutron capture in He-burning shells of highly evolved stars.
Automated classification of MMPI profiles into psychotic, neurotic or personality disorder types

Abstract A Fortran program has been developed which can objectively classify Minnesota Multiphasic Inventory (MMPI) profiles as being psychotic, neurotic, personality disorder, or indeterminate types. The method used is a set of configural rules, ‘Henrichs’ rules for males'. The only input data required are K -corrected T scores, which are the end product of standard scoring techniques. To automate these rules it was necessary to rewrite them so that all decisions were the result of arithmetic comparisons or logical tests using only and, or and not. In particular, examination of the Welsh code, which many rules required, had to be simulated by the use of several sorted arrays. The program has been carefully tested and is in use in our computer lab.
Language comprehension and auditory discrimination in articulation deficient kindergarten children.

This study examined the relationship between language comprehension and auditory discrimination in 30 kindergarten children with numerous Disarticulations and 30 similarly aged children with profic...
ELICITING KNOWLEDGE ABOUT VALUES FOR PUBLIC POLICY DECISIONS

To solve or resolve public policy problems requires decisions. The intent is to choose the best alternative in each situation. Hence, the way the notion of best is defined and measured in each case is critical. A structured process is outlined to acquire knowledge about public values that could be used to evaluate alternatives and identify the best ones. These values are the foundation for any policy decision. The uses of these values for defining interest in the problem, creating alternatives, and identifying information needs are discussed. Research needs are outlined.
A flexible architecture for reference resolution

This paper describes an architecture for performing anaphora resolution in a flexible way. Systems which conform to these guidelines are well-encapsulated and portable, and can be used to compare anaphora resolution techniques for new language understanding applications. Our implementation of the architecture in a pronoun resolution testing platform demonstrates the flexibility of the approach.
Nanoparticle Polymer Composites: Where Two Small Worlds Meet

The mixing of polymers and nanoparticles is opening pathways for engineering flexible composites that exhibit advantageous electrical, optical, or mechanical properties. Recent advances reveal routes to exploit both enthalpic and entropic interactions so as to direct the spatial distribution of nanoparticles and thereby control the macroscopic performance of the material. For example, by tailoring the particle coating and size, researchers have created self-healing materials for improved sustainability and self-corralling rods for photovoltaic applications. A challenge for future studies is to create hierarchically structured composites in which each sublayer contributes a distinct function to yield a mechanically integrated, multifunctional material.
Effects of some stimulant and depressant drugs on sleep cycles of cats

Abstract Drugs with CNS action were administered to cats whose sleep patterns were stabilized to a schedule of arousal every 30 min. “Activated sleep” was decreased by chlorpromazine even though slow-wave sleep was increased. Low doses of nicotine increased activated sleep, while high doses blocked it. Slow-wave sleep was not significantly changed by this drug. Thiopental did not change time spent in slow-wave or activated sleep. Ampetamine decreased slow-wave sleep and blocked activated sleep. These results suggest separate mechanisms for slow-wave and activated sleep.
Integrating formal models into the programming languages course

In our approach to the Programming Languages course, formal models are integrated as a thread that pervades the course, rather than as a one of many topics that is introduced and then dropped. In this paper we present a simplified version of the formal semantics used. We then show how this model is implemented using the object-oriented, functional and logic paradigms.
Equations of Fluctuating Nonlinear Hydrodynamics for Normal Fluids

The full set of fluctuating nonlinear hydrodynamic equations for normal fluids is derived from the conventional Langevin equations extended to include multiplicative noise. The equations describing the set of conserved variables (the mass densityρ, the momentum densityg, the energy densityɛ) agree with those found by Morozov for a case of a driving free energy which is a local function of the hydrodynamic variables. We show here that if the standard form of the hydrodynamic equations is to hold in the absence of noise, then the driving free energy must be a local function ofg ande, but it may have to be a nonlocal function of the mass density.
IP3 receptor antagonist heparin uncompetitively inhibits [3H](+)-SKF-10047 binding to σ receptors

Interaction of sigma receptors with intracellular Ca2+ channel blocker and modulators was examined. Ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) did not inhibit [3H](+)-N-allylnormetazocine ([3H](+)-SKF-10047) binding to sigma receptors from either brain microsomal fractions or liver membrane extracts of the rat. However, the IP3 receptor antagonist heparin inhibited [3H](+)-SKF-10047 to sigma receptors in an uncompetitive manner with a Ki of 93 microM. These results suggest that sigma receptors may bear some relationship with IP3 receptor associated proteins or channels.
Pathogenesis of occupational lung disease.

Many immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms are responsible for producing occupational lung disease. Host factors such as atopic status, smoking history, and hyperreactivity of the lung all influence how a worker will respond to toxic and antigenic substances in the workplace. Particle factors such as size, shape, and solubility influence the site of lung disease that develops. Asthma in the workplace can be mediated by a variety of immunologic and nonimmunologic mechanisms. An interaction of immunologic and nonimmunologic processes is the most likely pathogenesis for HP. The role of immunologic processes in the pathogenesis of occupational pneumoconioses is unknown.
Daily melatonin administration synchronizes circadian patterns of brain metabolism and behavior in pinealectomized house sparrows,Passer domesticus

Recent research in our laboratory has indicated that in sparrows the visual suprachiasmatic nucleus (vSCN) is metabolically rhythmic such that 2-deoxy[14C]glucose (2DG) uptake and specific binding of 2[125I]iodomelatonin (IMEL) are high during subjective day for up to 10 circadian cycles in constant darkness (DD). These rhythms damp to arrhythmicity in pinealectomized birds (PINX). The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that exogenous melatonin rhythmically applied can restore disrupted behavioral and cerebral rhythmicity. Pinealectomized house sparrows were placed in constant dim light and allowed to become arrhythmic. Experimental birds received 0.86 mM melatonin in 0.01% ethanol (ETOH) to drink for 12 of every 24 h for 14 days. Control birds received 0.01% ETOH only. Behavioral rhythmicity was restored by melatonin but not by ETOH. Birds were injected with 2DG 6 or 18 h following the beginning of melatonin (for experimental birds: MT06 and MT18 respectively) or ETOH (for control birds: ET06 and ET18 respectively) administration, allowed to survive 1 h and killed for 2DG and IMEL autoradiography. The data indicated 2DG rhythmicity such that uptake was high at MT18 in vSCN and several visual, auditory and limbic system structures in birds receiving melatonin but not in birds receiving ETOH. Similarly, IMEL binding rhythms were restored in vSCN and other visual, auditory and limbic system structures in birds receiving melatonin but not in those receiving ETOH. These data indicate that melatonin cycles are responsible for generating and/or driving a wide array of cerebral metabolic rhythms and that this influence is inhibitory.
Molecular dynamics simulations of thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes: Resolving the effects of computational parameters

Abstract Predicting thermal conductivity, k, of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has been the focus of many molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies reported in the literature. The values of k obtained in these studies exhibit a large, up to an order of magnitude, variability that is commonly attributed to the variations in the computational setups adopted in different studies. The sensitivity of the computational results to the choice of individual parameters of the simulation setups, however, has not been systematically investigated and is often overlooked when the predicted values of k are compared across the literature. Here we present the results of several series of simulations specifically designed to evaluate the effects of common computational parameters of non-equilibrium MD (NEMD), such as the type of boundary conditions, size and location of heat bath regions, definition of the CNT length, and the choice of interatomic potential, on the computational predictions. The length dependence of thermal conductivity is found to exhibit a gradual transition from a strong increase of k with CNT length for nanotubes that are shorter than ∼ 200 nm to a much weaker dependence for longer CNTs, reflecting the transition from ballistic to diffusive-ballistic heat transport regimes. The effect of increasing length of thermal bath regions is found to be nearly indistinguishable from the effect of increasing length of the unperturbed region between the bath regions, suggesting that the value of k is defined by the total length of the CNT (including the length of the heat bath regions) in NEMD simulations employing uni-directional heat flux. The choice of interatomic potential is shown to be responsible for an up to fourfold variability in predictions of k for otherwise identical simulation conditions. Overall, the results of this study help elucidate the cause of quantitative discrepancies across published data and provide recommendations on the choice of simulation setups that may improve the consistency of the computational predictions.
Aluminum hollow sphere processing

A new process has been developed to form hollow aluminum alloy spheres directly from the melt. These spheres are hermetic and have a relatively constant wall thickness and diameter. Spheres are formed through a pair of coaxial nozzles. The inner jet sustains a flow of inert gas while the annulus formed between the inner and outer jets carries a stream of molten metal. Axisymmetric instabilities in the hollow liquid metal jet result in pinched off bubbles that solidify as they fall through a flow controlled, inert atmosphere. Pure aluminum, eutectic aluminum-silicon, and aluminum-2% calcium were investigated as sphere producing materials. Al-2%Ca showed the most promise, due at least in part to the presence of oxide particles. Oxide particles promoted sphere stability and increased solidification rates.
Adsorption isotherms of some substituted benzoic acids

The adsorption isothersm (20°, 30°, 40° and 50°C.) for o-aminobenzoic o-hydroxybenzoic, o-chlorobenzoic, benzoic, o-toluic, m-toluic and p-toluic acids on charcoal from benzene solutions are presented. These acids are adsorbed in the following descending order: o-aminobenzoic, o-hydrozybenzoic, o-chlorobenzoic, p-toluic, benzoic, m-toluic and o-toluic. The constants d(R ln k(Freudlich)) d(1T) have been evaluated for this series of acid in the temperature range of 20–50°C.
Singular system analysis of breast tomosynthesis systems for choosing projection angles

ABSTRACT Optimization of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has been investigated in the medical imaging eld for thelast several years as DBT has the potential for improved detection of breast cancer. However, a systematicmethod for choosing the angular range and number of projections of DBT has yet to be developed. Singularsystem analysis of a linear imaging system 1 gives knowledge of how much information about the object beingimaged is transferred through the given system, or equivalently how much information about the object is lostthrough the system. These components of the object to be imaged, which are fully transferrable and non-transferrable through the imaging system in the absence of noise, are respectively called measurable and nullcomponents of the object. 1 In this work, given a projection angle, a ray tracing algorithm 2 is used to linearlyapproximate the nonlinear x-ray imaging process in the 3D object and hence producing a matrix representing forthe imaging process. For a DBT system using a combination of dierent projection angles, the imaging matricescorresponding to the projection angles are combined to form a DBT system matrix, to which the singular systemanalysis is applied in order to produce singular vectors of the given DBT design. The singular vectors of the DBTsystem are then used to estimate the null and measurable components of the object and to identify the angularprojections of the DBT system that transfer maximum information regarding the object to be imaged. Thismethod facilitates the ability to choose eective projection angles and maximizing information tranfer regardingthe object by the system.Keywords: tomosynthesis, singular value decomposition, singular system analysis, measurable component, nullcomponent, null space, breast tomosynthesis, optimization
Rejuvenation of Human Red Blood Cells During Liquid Storage.

Blood in ACD was stored under blood banking conditions. At 21 days of storage, aliquots of blood were rejuvenated by incubation at 37 C for one hour, with a solution containing pyruvate, inosine, phosphate, glucose, and adenine, at pH 7.2. The rejuvenated erythrocytes were washed with a solution of NaCl-Na phosphate and resuspended in an artificial medium or in the freshly drawn plasma from the same donor. These suspensions were stored in liquid form and analyzed at predetermined intervals. The cellular ATP and 2,3-DPG levels of rejuvenated cells were higher than those in the control cells and were maintained higher throughout the storage intervals investigated. The metabolic integrity of the rejuvenated cells was also improved, as evidenced by greater osmotic resistance, decreased spontaneous lysis, and greater uptake of methylene blue when compared to control cells.
Leveraging word confusion networks for named entity modeling and detection from conversational telephone speech

Named Entity (NE) detection from Conversational Telephone Speech (CTS) is important from business aspects. However, results of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) inevitably contain errors and this makes NE detection from CTS more difficult than from written text. One of the options to detect NEs is to use a statistical NE model. In order to capture the nature of ASR errors, the NE model is usually trained with the ASR one-best results instead of manually transcribed text and then is applied to the ASR one-best results of speech that contain NEs. To make NE detection more robust to ASR errors, we propose using Word Confusion Networks (WCNs), sequences of bundled words, for both NE modeling and detection by regarding the word bundles as units instead of the independent words. We realize this by clustering similar word bundles that may originate from the same word. We trained the NE models that predict the NE tag sequences from the sequence of the word bundles with the maximum entropy principle. Note that clustering of word bundles is conducted in advance of NE modeling and thus our proposed method can combine with any NE modeling method. We conducted experiments using real-life call-center data. The experimental results showed that by using the WCNs, the accuracy of NE detection improved regardless of the NE modeling method.
Patterns of On-line Resource Allocation to Narrative Text by Younger and Older Readers

Younger and older adults read narrative texts word by word for immediate recall. There were no age differences in recall performance, showing that older adults were effective in narrative memory. Analysis of reading times demonstrated the existence of interindividual variability in sensitivity to text demands, which was predictive of subsequent memory performance. Contrary to the view that older readers do not encode text analytically, for these naturalistic narratives both younger and older adults optimized memory through the allocation of processing resources to the construction of a proposition-based representation of content. Overall, attentiveness to narrative structure also facilitated narrative memory, but this relationship was more reliable among older readers.
Zebrafish mdk2, a Novel Secreted Midkine, Participates in Posterior Neurogenesis

Patterning the neural plate in vertebrates depends on complex interactions between a variety of secreted growth factors. Here we describe a novel secreted factor in zebrafish, named mdk2, related to the midkine family of heparin-binding growth factors that is involved in posterior neural development. mdk2 is expressed shortly after the onset of gastrulation in the presumptive neural plate cells of the epiblast, and this expression is enhanced by exogenous retinoic acid. Ectopic expression of mdk2 enhances neural crest cell fates at the lateral edges of the caudal neural plate, concomitant with a repression of anterior structures and mesendodermal and ectodermal markers. Reciprocally, ectopic expression of a dominant negative mdk2 results in severe deficiencies of structures posterior to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, with negligible effects on anterior structures. In these embryos, the expression of hindbrain and neural crest markers is strongly reduced, and the formation of posterior primary moto- and sensory neurons is blocked. Analyses in mutant zebrafish embryos shows that expression of mdk2 is independent of FGF8 and nodal-related-1 signaling, but is under negative control of BMP signaling. These data support the hypothesis that mdk2 participates in posterior neural development in zebrafish.
The effect of a human agent’s external regulation upon college students’ hypermedia learning

In this study we examined the effectiveness of self-regulated learning (SRL) and externally regulated learning (ERL) on college students’ learning about a science topic with hypermedia during a 40-min session. A total of 82 college students with little knowledge of the topic were randomly assigned either to the SRL or ERL condition. Students in the SRL condition regulated their own learning, while students in the ERL condition had access to a human tutor who facilitated their self-regulated learning. We converged product (pretest–posttest declarative knowledge and qualitative shifts in participants’ mental models) with process (think-aloud) data to examine the effectiveness of SRL versus ERL. Analysis of the declarative knowledge measures showed that the ERL condition group mean was statistically significantly higher than the group mean for the SRL condition on the labeling and flow diagram tasks. There were no statistically significant differences between groups on the matching task, but both groups showed statistically significant increases in performance. Further analyses showed that the odds of being in a higher mental model posttest group were decreased by 65% for the SRL group as compared to the ERL group. In terms of SRL behavior, participants in the SRL condition engaged in more use of selecting new information sources, re-reading, summarizing, free searching, and enacting control over the context of their learning. In comparison, the ERL participants engaged in more activation of prior knowledge, utilization of feeling of knowing and judgment of learning, monitoring their progress toward goals, drawing, hypothesizing, coordination of information sources, and expressing task difficulty.
Tolerance of Legionella species to sodium chloride

Inhibition by sodium chloride of the growth of 19 strains ofLegionella pneumophila and of 10 strains of otherLegionella spp. was studied. Results from growth in buffered α-ketoglutarate cysteine yeast extract (BAYE) broth containing 0 to 2.0% sodium chloride indicated that 15/19 laboratory strains ofL. pneumophila were capable of growing in 1.0% to 1.5% sodium chloride, whereas 4 strains ofL. pneumophila and 10 strains of 6 other species were not.L. micdadei andL. longebeachae were the most inhibited in BAYE broth, growing only in concentrations of ≤0.5% sodium chloride. These in vitro studies indicate thatL. micdadei andL. longbeachae might be differentiated from other species by their low tolerance to salt in BAYE broth, and thatL. pneumophila may be more tolerant to salt concentrations found in brackish water environments.
Marital Quality and Gender Differences in Parent-Child Interaction

This microanalytic study of family interaction establishes links among marital quality, gender, and parent-child relationships. Dyadic conversational exchanges between 38 mothers and fathers and their 3.5 year-old first-born son or daughter were analyzed. Marital quality was related to gender differences in both parent and child behavior, with less maritally adjusted fathers of daughters showing the most negativity toward their children. Sequential analyses showed that gender differences in parents'and children's responses to one another were also mediated by marital quality. Mothers in less satisfied marriages were the least accepting of daughters'assertiveness and were more likely to reciprocate the negative affect of sons. Daughters of parents lower in marital satisfaction were less compliant with their fathers
WE‐E‐351‐01: Multi‐Dimensional Visualization Challenges in 4‐Dimensional Radiotherapy

4D CT is routinely used in radiation therapy planning of moving targets. Its current role is commonly limited to assessing the extent of target motion, and designing an aperture that encompasses this motion. However, much more information can be extracted from 4D imaging, if computational and visualization tools were available. Examples include: 1) regional ventilation analysis in lung irradiation; 2) analysis of serial 4D CT to quantify tumor trajectory variations 3) identification of corresponding airway bifurcations to provide validation of deformable registration algorithms 4) interactive 4D volume rendering to permit visualization of structures within the radiation field. While the core tools of image processing remain the same (segmentation, image registration, change detection, visualization), extrapolation to 4D requires new and powerful implementations.
Naltrexone and cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of alcohol dependence: do sex differences exist?

Background: Sex differences in regards to pharmacotherapy for alcoholism is a topic of concern following publications suggesting naltrexone, one of the longest approved treatments of alcoholism, is not as effective in women as in men. This study was conducted by combining 2 randomized placebo controlled clinical trials utilizing similar methodologies and personnel in which the data was amalgamated to evaluate sex effects in a reasonable sized sample. Methods: A total of 211 alcoholics (57 female and 154 male) were randomized to the naltrexone/cognitive behavorial thearpy (CBT) or placebo/CBT arm of the 2 clinical trials analyzed. Baseline variables were examined for differences between sex and treatment groups via ANOVA for continuous variable or chi-squared test for categorical variables. All initial outcome analysis was conducted under an intent-to-treat analysis plan. Effect sizes for naltrexone over placebo were determined by Cohen’s D (d). Results: The effect size of naltrexone over placebo for the following outcome variables was similar in men and women [% days abstinent (PDA) d = 0.36, % heavy drinking days (PHDD) d = 0.36, and total standard drinks (TSD) d = 0.36]. Only for men were the differences significant secondary to the larger sample size (PDA p = 0.03; PHDD p = 0.03; TSD p = 0.04). There were a few variables (GGT at week-12 change from baseline to week-12: men d = 0.36, p = 0.05; women d = 0.20, p = 0.45 and drinks per drinking day: men d = 0.36, p = 0.05; women d = 0.28, p = 0.34) where the naltrexone effect size for men was greater than women. In women, naltrexone tended to increase continuous abstinent days before a first drink (women d = 0.46, p = 0.09 and men d = 0.00, p = 0.44). Conclusions: The effect size of naltrexone over placebo appeared similar in women and men in our hands suggesting the findings of sex differences in naltrexone response might have to do with sample size and/or endpoint drinking variables rather than any inherent pharmacological or biological differences in response.
Dispersion in flows with streamwise variations of mean velocity: Radial flow

The familiar example of Taylor dispersion in pipe flow is extended to the case of laminar flows with velocity variations in the streamwise direction. The effective dispersivity is shown to depend on the streamwise coordinate. The generic scheme is illustrated by the simple example of radial source (sink) flows in two and three dimensions, and the distinctive results for the two cases are contrasted.
Free amino acids in plasma, red cells and anaplasmata of parasitized calves.

Abstract 1. 1. Free and hydrolyzed free amino acids in plasma and erythrocytes of non-infected splenectomized calves and splenectomized calves parasitized with Anaplasma marginale were identified. 2. 2. Free and hydrolyzed free amino acids were identified in the parasites. 3. 3. Of twenty-seven ninhydrin-positive compounds found, twenty-one were identified as amino acids and quantities estimated. 4. 4. Parasitized animals had higher leucine, aspartic and α -amino- n -butyric acid and less threonine, proline, glycine, isoleucine, ornithine and arginine in plasma. 5. 5. Differences were found in amounts of individual amino acids in both plasma and erythrocytes. However, total amino acid nitrogen was nearly constant in infected vs. normal erythrocytes while a significant drop was observed in the plasma of infected vs. normal calves.
Concurrent algorithms for real-time memory management

The conflict between the performance demands of real-time systems and the shared-resource needs of high-level languages (Ada in particular) is examined. Shared memory requires carefully designed concurrency control, but the traditional approach, which is to embed the entire allocate-release implementation code in critical sections, is unsuitable for real-time applications because it results in excessively high response time. The design and performance of three memory-management systems for real-time applications are evaluated, and it is shown that one system, an optimized optimistic version, does deliver performance that is acceptable for real-time applications. >
Performance of an endoreversible Carnot refrigerator

The performance characteristic of an endoreversible Carnot refrigerator is investigated. The relationship between the coefficient of performance and the cooling load of the refrigerator is obtained. The result provides a realistic design criterion for actual refrigerators.
An auction algorithm for the max-flow problem

We propose a new algorithm for the max-flow problem. It consists of a sequence of augmentations along paths constructed by an auction-like algorithm. These paths are not necessarily shortest, that is, they need not contain a minimum number of arcs. However, they can be found typically with much less computation than the shortest augmenting paths used by competing methods. Our algorithm outperforms these latter methods as well as state-of-the-art preflow-push algorithms by a very large margin in tests with standard randomly generated problems.
An improvement to bottom-up tree pattern matching

We present an improvement on an algorithm for generating tables to drive a bottom-up tree pattern matcher. The improved algorithm has time and space requirements roughly comparable to those of LALR parser generators, and orders of magnitude better than those of the unimproved table-generating algorithm. This work may have application to interpreter construction, code generation, optimization and typechecking.
COST OF ELECTRICITY FROM MOLTEN SALT REACTORS

The cost of electricity is estimated for a molten salt reactor based on evaluations at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and compared to the ORNL pressurized water reactor and coal plant estimates of the same pre-1980 vintage plants. The results were 3.8, 4.1, and 4.2 cent/kWh for the molten salt reactor, pressurized water reactor, and coal. Surprisingly, such cost estimates have never before been published for the molten salt reactor.
Auto(erotic)ethnography

Rather than abstracting my experience in a way that neatly summarizes or prepackages our encounter, I prefer to extend an invitation to you to join me on this auto(erotic)ethnographic journey. I must warn, however, that moving forward with this story requires that you take a risk, to interact with me, to engage in conversation, and to jump into the process with your body, heart, and mind so that we can create spaces to tell our sexual stories – stories that need to be told, autoethnographically – auto(erotic)ethnographically, regardless of how masturbatory they are, may be, or might become.
Plant phenolics as reductants for ferritin iron release

Abstract Several plant phenols, including gallic acid, catechin, ferulic acid and p -coumaric acid are able to promote the reductive release of ferritin iron. The initial rate of Fe(III) reduction and release from horse spleen ferritin was quantified by spectrophotometric measurement of the ferrous-ferrozine complex at 562 nm. The relative order of reluctant reactivity was gallic acid > catechin > ferulic acid > p -coumaric acid. Superoxide ions or hydroxyl radicals are not likely to be involved in the reaction since superoxide dismutase and mannitol had no effect on the initial rate of iron release. This chemical reactivity may represent an important process in plant iron metabolism and represent a possible function for the presence of such phenolics in plant cells.
Striatal–limbic activation is associated with intensity of anticipatory anxiety

Anxiety experienced in anticipation of impending aversive events induces striatal-limbic activation. However, previous functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) studies of anticipatory anxiety have utilized post-test measures of anxiety, making a direct association between neural activation and distress problematic. This paradigm was designed to assess the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response to an aversive conditioned stimulus while simultaneously measuring subjective anxiety. Fifteen male healthy subjects (45.5±8.5 years old) were studied. A high-threat conditioned stimulus (CS) was paired with either an unpredictable, highly aversive (painful) or non-aversive (non-painful) unconditioned stimulus and compared to a low-threat CS paired with a predictable, non-aversive stimulus. Neural response was assessed with fMRI, and subjective anxiety (1-4) was recorded upon the presentation of each CS. High subjective ratings of real-time anticipatory anxiety (2-4), relative to low anticipatory anxiety (1), elicited increased activation in the bilateral striatum, bilateral orbital frontal cortex, left anterior insula, and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and decreased activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). The amplitude of BOLD signal change generally paralleled the subjective rating of anxiety. Real-time measures of anticipatory anxiety confirm previous reports, using post-test measures of anxiety, of striatal-limbic activation during anticipatory anxiety while simultaneously demonstrating an increase in BOLD response in parallel with heightened anxiety.
Prediction intervals, based on ranges and waiting times, for an exponential distribution

Two prediction intervals applicable to a 2-parameter as well as a 1-parameter exponential distribution are presented. One can be used to predict a future sample range on the basis of an observed sample range. Appropriate prediction factors are tabulated. The other can be used to predict a waiting time between two future successive failures on the basis of an observed waiting time between two previous successive failures. >
Environmental Health as Biosecurity: “Seafood Choices,” Risk, and the Pregnant Woman as Threshold

Environmental pollutants are now widespread not only in the environment but in human bodies. Seafood is one of the main sources of human exposure to many of these chemicals, with concern mainly abo...
Analyzing the worst-case execution time for instruction caches with prefetching

Time predictability is one of the most important design considerations for real-time systems. In this article, we study the impact of instruction prefetching on the worst-case performance of instruction caches. We extend the static cache simulation technique to model and compute the worst-case instruction cache performance with prefetching. The evaluation results show that instruction prefetching can benefit both the average-case and worst-case performance; however, the degree of the worst-case performance improvement due to instruction prefetching is less than that of the average-case performance. As a result, the time variation of computing is increased by instruction prefetching. Also, our experimental results indicate that the prefetching distance can significantly impact the worst-case performance of instruction caches with instruction prefetching. Specifically, when the prefetching distance is equal to the L1 miss penalty, the worst-case execution time with instruction prefetching is minimized.