cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural and optical characterization of single nanoparticles and single molecule SERS

Although plasmonic nanoparticles are widely utilized in spectroscopy and sensing applications, a quantitative structure-function relationship is lacking. In this proceeding, we discuss measurements of single noble metal nanoparticles using localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to elucidate structure-function relationships. A recently developed LSPR imaging spectroscopy instrument with an extremely fast camera enables measurement of diffusion constants for individual silver nanoprisms dispersed in water—paving the way for plasmonic particles as dynamic labels in biological systems. Correlated studies involving two or all three of these techniques relate optical properties of the same nanoparticle to its structure. Lastly, singlemolecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of Rhodamine 6G is explored on lithographically fabricated plasmonic structures.
Protein and Amino Acid Supplementation Does Not Alter Proteolytic Gene Expression following Immobilization

Objective. To determine if supplementation of protein and amino acids (PAA) decreases skeletal muscle expression of atrophy-related genes, muscle mass, and strength during immobilization in humans. Methods. Twenty males wore a lower-limb immobilization boot for 28 days and consumed either a PAA supplement (28 g protein) or carbohydrate placebo (28 g maltodextrose), while consuming their normal daily diet. Testing sessions included dietary analysis, lower-leg girth and body composition measurements, strength testing, and gastrocnemius muscle biopsies. Muscle was analyzed for mRNA expression of markers in the ubiquitin and calpain systems, myostatin, TNF- α, and NF- κB. Results. All genes of interest increased over time ( <path id="x1D443" d="M619 482q0 -69 -40.5 -119t-96 -72.5t-118.5 -26.5h-44l-70 20l-31 -151q-14 -67 0.5 -83t89.5 -22l-5 -28h-287l8 28q65 7 81.5 22t29.5 83l79 398q12 56 0.5 70.5t-78.5 20.5l7 28h255q108 0 164 -43t56 -125zM524 478q0 141 -146 141q-25 0 -47 -8q-16 -6 -20.5 -13.5 t-10.5 -39.5l-43 -241q37 -13 83 -13q67 0 125.5 45t58.5 129z" /> <path id="x30" d="M241 635q53 0 94 -28.5t63.5 -76t33.5 -102.5t11 -116q0 -58 -11 -112.5t-34 -103.5t-63.5 -78.5t-94.5 -29.5t-95 28t-64.5 75t-34.5 102.5t-11 118.5q0 58 11.5 112.5t34.5 103t64.5 78t95.5 29.5zM238 602q-32 0 -55.5 -25t-35.5 -68t-17.5 -91t-5.5 -105 q0 -76 10 -138.5t37 -107.5t69 -45q32 0 55.5 25t35.5 68.5t17.5 91.5t5.5 105t-5.5 105.5t-18 92t-36 68t-56.5 24.5z" /> <path id="x35" d="M153 550l-26 -186q79 31 111 31q90 0 141.5 -51t51.5 -119q0 -93 -89 -166q-85 -69 -173 -71q-32 0 -61.5 11.5t-41.5 23.5q-18 17 -17 34q2 16 22 33q14 9 26 -1q61 -50 124 -50q60 0 93 43.5t33 104.5q0 69 -41.5 110t-121.5 41q-53 0 -102 -20l38 305h286l6 -8 l-26 -65h-233z" /> ), but there was no difference between groups. Lower-leg girth decreased over time ( ); however, there were no significant changes in body composition or strength. Conclusion. Short-term lower-limb disuse, despite the absence of significant muscle atrophy, is associated with increases in skeletal muscle gene expression of several proteolysis-related genes. These changes do not appear to be altered by oral PAA supplementation.
THE REVIVAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY

Since the latter decades of the 19th century, orthodox economic theory has made its main business the demonstration that a well-oiled market mechanism will produce the most efficient allocation of scarce resources among competing ends. This preoccupation has in turn dictated a characteristic mode of analysis, in which the economy is conceived in terms of ‘agencies,’ or institutions, which, whatever their other differences, find their common denominators in terms of their market functions. Thus Rockefellers and sharecroppers are both ‘households,’ GM and the corner grocery are both ‘firms.’ Households, rich and poor, all demand ‘final goods’ and supply labor and other ‘services’ (meaning the use of capital and land); firms, big and small, demand labor and other factor services, and in turn supply final goods.
Reactions: Twitter based mobile application for awareness of friends' emotions

Social media services, such as Twitter, facilitate social interaction between friends providing a method to share of the information of their actions and states of mind. At times when emotions are running high, some people may benefit from the help of their friends. If people are aware of emotional states of their friends, they can start a conversation to understand why they feel like that and how to support them. I study on a new interaction method for the awareness of emotions and to manage the emotional states. This paper presents one part of my study that aims to help mobile users to interact offline with their friends when they need emotional support. Emotions of mobile users will be detected with the new emotion detection method in development.
The dynamic energy release rate for two parallel steadily propagating mode III cracks in a viscoelastic body

The dynamic steady-state propagation of two parallel semi-infinite, mode III cracks is considered for a general, infinite, homogeneous, and isotropic linearly viscoelastic body. A Barenblatt type failure zone is assumed to exist at the crack tip and a formula for the energy release rate is derived which provides immediate comparisons with the corresponding single crack problem. The influence of crack speed, crack separation, and material properties upon the energy release rate are illustrated with numerical calculations for both power-law material and a standard linear solid. Results for the elastic and quasi-static viscoelastic problems are deduced as limiting cases of the analysis.
Isopiestic determination of the osmotic coefficients of aqueous H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ at 25/sup 0/C

The osmotic coefficients of aqueous H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ have been measured from 0.35 to 4.36 mol kg/sup -1/ at 25/sup 0/C with the isoplestic method, using NaCl as the reference solution. Previously published results from this laboratory extend this concentration range down to 0.14 mol kg/sup -1/. The purpose was to refine the osmotic coefficients of this important isoplestic standard. These new data are compared to published thermodynamic data for H/sub 2/SO/sub 4/ solutions, and some published low-concentration isoplestic data were found to be inaccurate. An assessment is made as to which published data are more reliable, and recommendations are made as to which should be given greater weight in future evaluations.
Stereolithography of Three-Dimensional Bioactive Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Constructs with Encapsulated Cells

Stereolithography (SL) was used to fabricate complex 3-D poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels. Photopolymerization experiments were performed to characterize the solutions for use in SL, where the crosslinked depth (or hydrogel thickness) was measured at different laser energies and photoinitiator (PI) concentrations for two concentrations of PEG-dimethacrylate in solution (20% and 30% (w/v)). Hydrogel thickness was a strong function of PEG concentration, PI type and concentration, and energy dosage, and these results were utilized to successfully fabricate complex hydrogel structures using SL, including structures with internal channels of various orientations and multi-material structures. Additionally, human dermal fibroblasts were encapsulated in bioactive PEG photocrosslinked in SL. Cell viability was at least 87% at 2 and 24 h following fabrication. The results presented here indicate that the use of SL and photocrosslinkable biomaterials, such as photocrosslinkable PEG, appears feasible for fabricating complex bioactive scaffolds with living cells for a variety of important tissue engineering applications.
Proliferation of Excised Juice Vesicles of Lemon in vitro

Juice vesicles from mature lemon fruits will proliferate in vitro for indefinite periods. The comparatively simple tissue grows on a synthetic nutrient medium almost entirely inorganic in composition.
Combined Radiation and Convection in an Asymmetrically Heated Parallel Plate Flow Channel

Effects of radiation and convective heat transfer on the wall temperature distributions in an asymmetrically-heated parallel plate channel with gas flowing through it
Post-Test Analysis: A Tool for Developing Students' Metacognitive Awareness and Self-Regulation

Instructors can help students improve their metacognitive awareness and future exam performance by analyzing an exam after it has been taken.
Triggers, targets and treatments for thrombosis

Thrombosis — localized clotting of the blood — can occur in the arterial or the venous circulation and has a major medical impact. Acute arterial thrombosis is the proximal cause of most cases of myocardial infarction (heart attack) and of about 80% of strokes, collectively the most common cause of death in the developed world. Venous thromboembolism is the third leading cause of cardiovascular-associated death. The pathogenic changes that occur in the blood vessel wall and in the blood itself resulting in thrombosis are not fully understood. Understanding these processes is crucial for developing safer and more effective antithrombotic drugs.
The Effects of Junction Shape and Surface Recombination on Transistor Current Gain-Part II

Previous work demonstrated the importance of surface recombination and junction shape on the transistor current amplification factor ? by means of a two-dimensional conducting paper analog. This is now extended theoretically and experimentally to other cases which are also of practical importance. Exact analytical solutions have been obtained for the collector-to-base current amplification factor, ?cb, for plane-parallel (grown junction) transistors of rectangular and round cross section including surface and volume recombination. For the case in which the surface recombination velocity s is small and the volume lifetime ? is large, these equations reduce to s T a0cb (_ j_ f+ L) VK Ir) where K and T are geometrical constants simply related to the base width W and the cross-sectional area. The range of validity of this equation has been investigated. For the more complex geometries usually found in alloy transistors, ?cb is found to be of the form: = Lc - L)-1 ± F(T, S)] (K T)[] where K and T are again geometrical constants. F(?, s) is a small positive correction term which goes to zero as s approaches zero and ? approaches infinity. Although the constants K and T are not readily evaluated analytically, in most practical cases volume recombination can be neglected, and then By means of a three-dimensional electrolytic conductance analog, K and f(s) have been evaluated for various geometries typical of alloy junction transistors.
Infrared spectra of Mg2Ca(SO4)3, MgSO4, hexagonal CaSO4, and orthorhombic CaSO4

Abstract Fourier-transform infrared (IR) spectra have been obtained from 450 to 1400 cm−1 for the sulfate ion in Mg2Ca(SO4)3, MgSO4, and the hexagonal and orthorhombic crystalline forms of CaSO4. This appears to be the first report of IR spectra for Mg2Ca(SO4)3 and hexagonal CaSO4. Except for the number of satellite peaks, the spectra of Mg2Ca(SO4)3 and hexagonal CaSO4 closely resemble those of MgSO4 and orthorhombic CaSO4. All of these spectra can be interpreted on the basis of C2v symmetry for the anion. The cause(s) of satellite peaks are uncertain; the satellites suggest that the sulfate may occupy more than one position or orientation, with major:minor occupancy ratios of about 3:2.
Effects of Landscape Composition and Rotation Distance on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Abundance in Cultivated Potato

Knowledge of the Colorado potato beetle's, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), relationship to previous potato crops has contributed to the development of a pest management strategy focused upon crop rotation. Previous investigations revealed that potato rotations exceeding 0.4 km were effective in reducing colonization in current season potato. The current study examines the relationship between beetle abundance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and distance from multiple, previous year potato fields in Wisconsin, and integrates information about the influence of natural habitats adjacent to previous season potato. Colorado potato beetle count data were collected in 1998 and 2008 and distance to previous potato, field areas, and landscape classes were estimated using maps from 1997 and 2007. Poisson regression was used to relate counts to combinations of distance and local landscape characteristics calculated for all fields within 1,500 m of sampled potato. In 1998, beetle counts measured in current season potato declined significantly with increasing distance from previous potato fields and field size did not influence these counts. However, there was no relationship between beetle abundance and distance to prior year potatoes in 2008. In both years, increased proportions of surrounding habitats, previously described as preferred for diapause sites (e.g., wooded field boundaries), did not relate significantly to counts. However, grassland habitat was negatively correlated with counts. Results indicate that distance from previous potato remains an important factor to reduce the magnitude of colonization. This analysis further suggests that certain landscape components (e.g., grassland) may influence infestation, which may be useful for refining future integrated pest management programs.
Bayesian sensor image fusion using local linear generative models

We present a probabilistic method for fusion of images pro- duced by multiple sensors. The approach is based on an image forma- tion model in which the sensor images are noisy, locally linear functions of an underlying true scene (latent variable). A Bayesian framework then provides for maximum-likelihood or maximum a posteriori estimates of the true scene from the sensor images. Least-squares estimates of the parameters of the image formation model involve (local) second-order image statistics, and are related to local principal-component analysis. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method on images from visible-band and infrared sensors. © 2001 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (DOI: 10.1117/1.1384886)
Primaries, General Elections, and Voter Turnout: A Multinomial Logit Model of the Decision to Vote

This article uses a multinomial logit model in testing whether or not the same process is at work in determining both primary and general election turnout (the study also tests a number of hypotheses concerning why people vote). The advantage of this methodology is that it allows the incorporation of primary and general election voting into the same model. It also allows direct comparisons between groups of voters. The results of the individual-level analysis indicate that a variety of short-term (campaign interest and concern about the election outcome) and long-term factors (efficacy, civic duty, and perceived level of information) influence the decision to vote. It appears that the same process is at work in determining both primary and general election turnout. Although a simple vote/no vote dichotomy may seem reasonable for most turnout studies, the current model demonstrates that there are subtle differences between voters who participate at different levels.
Dissection of the thoracic aorta: Medical or surgical therapy?

Abstract Both medical and surgical therapy are available for the treatment of aortic dissection. To help determine which form of treatment is indicated for which patients, all cases of aortic dissection at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital from 1963 to 1973 were reviewed. The most important feature in determining the patient's clinical status and response to therapy was the site of dissection, that is, the ascending or descending aorta. Of 31 patients with dissection of the ascending aorta, 26 had one or more of the following contraindications to medical therapy: congestive heart failure (8 patients), hemopericardium (8 patients), new aortic insufficiency (13 patients) or jeopardized carotid or coronary arteries (4 patients). Medical therapy was successful in only 1 of 9 patients with dissection of the ascending aorta; 17 of 22 patients having surgical correction of this lesion did well and were discharged. The clinical status of the 14 patients with dissection limited to the descending aorta was quite different. None had a contraindication to medical therapy. Medical therapy was instituted in all 14, and was successful in 6; dissection progressed in 8 patients despite medical therapy, and subsequent surgery was successful in only 2. We conclude that the treatment of choice for dissection of the ascending aorta is prompt surgical therapy. In patients with dissection limited to the descending aorta, medical therapy is usually feasible and often successful.
Three-dimensional morphology and composition of omega precipitates in a binary titanium–molybdenum alloy

Using atom probe tomography, the three-dimensional morphology and composition of nanoscale omega precipitates in a simple binary titanium–molybdenum alloy have been uniquely determined. The results include the average composition of the omega precipitates and the partitioning of Mo across the ω/β interfaces. These investigations also revealed compositional inhomogeneity within the nanoscale precipitates, with the presence of a Mo-rich core, presumably arising from the relatively slow rate of Mo rejection during isothermal growth of these omega precipitates.
Active RC transfer impedance synthesis

Five active RC differential amplifier circuits for the purpose of realizing an arbitrary function as the transfer impedance V 2/I 1 are given. Three of the networks require the passive synthesis of RC one-port admittances, while one utilizes one-port RC impedance synthesis. One circuit employs both RC one-port admittances and impedances. The final network presented uses a non-orthodox function decomposition resulting in the requirement of fewer amplifiers than for the four previous circuits.
Small-dimension power-efficient high-speed vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Small-dimension power-efficient high-speed oxide-confined 980 nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with record-high bandwidth/power-dissipation ratio of 12.5 GHz/mW have been demonstrated. The devices show a modulation bandwidth of 15 GHz at a bias current 0.9 mA, corresponding to only 1.2 mW power dissipation
Chracteristics and Development of Children with CHARGE Association/Syndrome:

CHARGE association/syndrome refers to a group of congenital anomalies occurring together more often than chance. Parents of children with CHARGE were surveyed and asked to indicate whether their ch...
Dental anatomy and coronal cementum in the Mongolian gerbil.

The embryogenesis and morphologic characteristics of the teeth and supporting structures of the Mongolian gerbil were studied in animals ranging in age from ten days to five years. Three molar teeth are present in each quadrant and consist of three, two, and one lobe respectively. The occlusal surfaces are flat and devoid of enamel. The lobular nature of the teeth effects a series of buccal and lingual grooves extending almost the entire height of the crown. On the buccal and lingual prominences of the crown lobes and on the interproximal surface, the enamel is covered by a thin layer of cementum which runs one-sixth up the height of the tooth. Within the grooves, a thick covering of globular-like cementum, which is continuous with the root covering, can be seen.
Two Methods for Examining the Stability of Regression Coefficients

Abstract This paper investigates the power of two methodologies, the tests of Brown, Durbin, and Evans [2] and variable parameter regression, to detect several varieties of instability in the coefficients of a linear regression model. The study reported by Khan [10] on the stability of the demand for money is replicated with variable parameter regression, and his results are in part questioned and in part sharpened.
Electrochemistry of Titanium and the Electrodeposition of Al-Ti Alloys in the Lewis Acidic Aluminum Chloride–1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Melt

The chemical and electrochemical behavior of titanium was examined in the Lewis acidic aluminum chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AlCl 3 -EtMeImCl, molten salt at 353.2 K. Dissolved Ti(II), as TiCl 2 , was stable in the 66.7-33.3% mole fraction ( m/o composition of this melt. but slowly disproportionated in the 60.0-40.0 m/o melt. At low current densities, the anodic oxidation of Ti(0)did not lead to dissolved Ti (II). but to an insoluble passivating film of TiCl 3 . At high current densities or very positive potentials, Ti (0) was oxidized directly to Ti(IV); however, the electrogenerated Ti (IV) vaporized from the melt as TiCl 4 (g). As found by other researchers working in Lewis acidic AlCl 3 -NaCl, Ti(II) tended to form polymers as its concentration in the AlCl 3 - EtMeImCl melt was increased. The electrodeposition of Al-Ti alloys was investigated at Cu rotating disk and wire electrodes. Al-Ti alloys containing up to ∼19% atomic fraction (a/o) titanium could be electrodeposited from saturated solutions of Ti (II) in the 66.7-33.3 m/o melt at low current densities, but the titanium content of these alloys decreased as the reduction current density was increased. The pitting potentials of these electrodeposited Al-Ti alloys exhibited a positive shift with increasing titanium content comparable to that observed for alloys prepared by sputter deposition.
Supporting dynamic re-planning in multiple UAV control: A comparison of 3 levels of automation

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) control currently requires multiple operators to supervise the mission of a single vehicle. The goal is to improve this ratio and have a single operator supervise up t...
Common world model for unmanned systems

The Robotic Collaborative Technology Alliance (RCTA) seeks to provide adaptive robot capabilities which move beyond traditional metric algorithms to include cognitive capabilities. Key to this effort is the Common World Model, which moves beyond the state-of-the-art by representing the world using metric, semantic, and symbolic information. It joins these layers of information to define objects in the world. These objects may be reasoned upon jointly using traditional geometric, symbolic cognitive algorithms and new computational nodes formed by the combination of these disciplines. The Common World Model must understand how these objects relate to each other. Our world model includes the concept of Self-Information about the robot. By encoding current capability, component status, task execution state, and histories we track information which enables the robot to reason and adapt its performance using Meta-Cognition and Machine Learning principles. The world model includes models of how aspects of the environment behave, which enable prediction of future world states. To manage complexity, we adopted a phased implementation approach to the world model. We discuss the design of “Phase 1” of this world model, and interfaces by tracing perception data through the system from the source to the meta-cognitive layers provided by ACT-R and SS-RICS. We close with lessons learned from implementation and how the design relates to Open Architecture.
MEMS-Based Enthalpy Arrays

Enthalpy arrays enable label-free detection of a variety of biomolecular interactions, such as protein-ligand binding and enzymatic turnover. Their fabrication using MEMS-technology enables calorimetric measurements at a substantially reduced scale that results in large decreases in the required sample volume compared to conventional microcalorimetry. At the same time, the array format enabled by this miniaturization allows parallel operation to achieve high throughput, making enthalpy arrays a promising tool for proteomics research and drug discovery. This paper focuses on the fabrication of the arrays and presents some recent sensitivity improvements and measurement data: we report an intrinsic noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of individual detectors of about 10 muK. Measurement of enzymatic turnover has been successfully demonstrated by phosphorylation of glucose by hexokinase.
Capillary recruitment in response to tissue hypoxia and its dependence on red blood cell deformability.

The effect of reduced red blood cell (RBC) deformability on microvessel recruitment attendant to a reduction in tissue P O 2 was studied in rat cremaster muscle using indicator-dilution techniques....
Histochemical characteristics of the metacercarial cyst wall of Gynaecotyla adunca

The cyst wall of the metacercaria of Gynaecotyla adunca (Microphallidae: Digenea) was subjected to comprehensive histochemical analysis. At the light microscope level, a uniformly thick, bipartite cyst wall, probably wholly of parasite origin, was evident. Structural modification of the cyst wall to provide an escape aperture was not apparent. The thicker, inner layer was comprised of phospholipid and glyco- and/or mucoproteins, possibly similar in structure to collagen. The outer layer was highly proteinaceous and contained additional amounts of acidic and neutral mucosubstances. The results are discussed in the context of previous observations regarding the excystment requirements of this microphallid species.
0.22 THz sheet beam TWT amplifier: System design and analysis

The device components of 0.22 THz sheet beam TWT amplifier, comprised of a staggered double grating array waveguide, have been designed for broadband THz operation (∼ 30 %) of the fundamental passband (TE-mode). The optimally designed input coupler has ≤1 dB insertion loss at 0.22 THz with ∼ 75 GHz (34 %) 1-dB matching bandwidths. The designed RF window utilizing thin mica provides a coupling bandwidth spanning multiple octaves. The collector is designed to have a jog for collecting the spent beam along the RF path coupled to the output RF-window. Computer simulations show the collector hybridized with a WR-4 window has ∼ 60 GHz matching bandwidth with ∼ −0.5 dB insertion loss at 0.22 THz. The beam focusing structure design, for pulse operation, allows the elliptical sheet beam to have 73 % beam transmission. Most of the TWT circuit components have been designed and currently a full modeling effort is being conducted.
A technique for generating idealized initial and boundary conditions for the PSU-NCAR Model MM5

A new idealized initialization technique has been developed for the Mesoscale Model version 5 modeling system. The technique allows the specification of baroclinic disturbances that feature vertical variations of the height, temperature, and wind fields in terms of phase lag, wavelength, and phase speed. The technique involves specifying a sounding profile at some reference point, generating the desired height fields using an analytic formulation, constructing the wind fields to be in geostrophic balance, and generating temperature fields using the hydrostatic relationship. A distinct advantage of this technique over existing ones is that the boundary conditions are not restricted to being specified as periodic. The flexibility means that 1) users do not have to specify a domain whose size is equal to an integer number of wavelengths of the specified flow; 2) users can specify a flow that consists of different wavelengths at different heights, as is typically observed; and 3) any responses that are generated orographically or thermally in the domain and which leave the eastern boundary will not reenter the western boundary. This last item is particularly advantageous because it allows users to study the effects of a preconditioned environment on subsequent development of a featured disturbance rather than studying the repetitive effects of the same forcing mechanism on the same disturbance. Examples of simulations using initial conditions that are generated with this technique are shown for 1) zonal flow and 2) continuous sinusoidal waves. Flat terrain was adopted for both examples. In example 1, the boundary layer parameterization scheme and surface fluxes were turned off for a simplified zonal flow situation to demonstrate the stability of this technique. During the simulations, the flow remained zonal, exactly as specified, even after 48 h. In example 2, a situation consisting of continuous sinusoidal waves moving across an array of four warm circular lakes was created to demonstrate the utility of the technique for examining how disturbances may be affected by the Great Lakes. Realistic-looking highs, lows, and fronts, along with individual and lakeaggregate enhancements developed by 48 h. Good stability and lack of distortion throughout the domain in both examples add credibility to the technique.
Probing the effects of microwave irradiation on enzyme-catalysed organic transformations: the case of lipase-catalysed transesterification reactions

The lipase-catalysed transesterification reaction of methyl acetoacetate in toluene as a solvent has been studied using carefully controlled conditions. Results suggest that microwave heating does not have a noticeable effect on reaction rate or product conversion.
Ermittlung der Kolbenwege, Kolbengeschwindigkeiten und Kolbenbeschleunigungen

Genaue Gleichung fur den Kolbenweg. Fur eine bestimmte Stellung des Kolbens (Abb. 20) ergibt sich der Kolbenweg s aus der Beziehung
Flat polymeric microlens array

A polymer-based flat microlens array is demonstrated. Within each pixel of the array, the polymer presents a circular central-symmetric inhomogeneous orientation. Pixel with such a structure behaves a lens-like character. A suitable amount of liquid crystal mixed in the polymer host can improve not only the lens flexibility but also the lens performance. Moreover, the polymer-based microlens array has the advantages of real planar surface, ultra-thin thickness, and can be designed with any aperture size.
Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners

Meditation refers to a family of mental training practices that are designed to familiarize the practitioner with specific types of mental processes. One of the most basic forms of meditation is concentration meditation, in which sustained attention is focused on an object such as a small visual stimulus or the breath. In age-matched participants, using functional MRI, we found that activation in a network of brain regions typically involved in sustained attention showed an inverted u-shaped curve in which expert meditators (EMs) with an average of 19,000 h of practice had more activation than novices, but EMs with an average of 44,000 h had less activation. In response to distracter sounds used to probe the meditation, EMs vs. novices had less brain activation in regions related to discursive thoughts and emotions and more activation in regions related to response inhibition and attention. Correlation with hours of practice suggests possible plasticity in these mechanisms.
Utilization of Energy for Maintenance and for Fat and Lean Gains by Mice Selected for Rapid Postweaning Growth Rate

The metabolizable energy intake (MEI) required for maintenance and the efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy avail able for gain (MEA) were determined for a line of mice (rapid growth) selected for 41 generations for rapid postweaning weight gain and for a contemporarily mated line (control) that had been randomly selected. Feed intake of individually housed rapid growth and control males was restricted above maintenance or was ad libitum from 21 to 42 days of age. Regressions of change in body energy per unit metabolic body size on MEI per unit metabolic body size showed that the maintenance requirement for each line of mice was 176 kcal per unit metabolic body size per day and that the rapid growth line was more efficient than the control line in utilizing MEA (50% vs. 23%) to promote an increase in body energy. Although the proportions of MEA used for fat (PF) and lean (PL) gains and the net efficiencies with which those proportions were utilized for fat ( NF ) and lean ( NL ) gains were unknown, the products of proportion and efficiency for fat gain (PF X NF or fat energy deposition coefficient) and for lean gain (PL X NL or lean energy deposition coefficient) were deter mined. The results demonstrate that 41 generations of selection for rapid postweaning weight gain did not change the lean energy deposition coeffi cient, but did alter the fat energy deposition coefficient. These data suggest that the two lines of mice use different proportions of MEA for fat gain and/or utilize MEA for fat gain at different efficiencies. J. Nutr. 106: 1202-1208,1976.
A New Species of Polypedilum Kieffer Midge (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Abstract. The chironomid midge Polypedilum (Polypedilum) newaygo Taber is described from the western Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Numerous adult males and several adult females were collected in clearings of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides Michaux, and red maple, Acer rubrum L., forest while flying from both emergent and marginal herbaceous vegetation associated with ephemeral standing water in late April and May 2009. Preliminary findings indicate the larvae develop in aquatic moss.
Application of high-precision isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry to identify the biosynthetic origins of proteins.

Isotope ratio monitoring (IRM) mass spectrometry was used to measure the relative abundance of stable isotopes in several samples of adult human hemoglobin expressed in E. coli, yeast, and human blood. The results showed significant differences in the distribution of 15N and 13C isotopes among hemoglobin samples produced in these organisms. This indicates that IRM mass spectrometry can be used in forensic protein chemistry to identify the origin of protein expression.
Optimal code length for bursty sources with deadlines

Data transmission over a discrete memoryless channel is considered when the arrival of data is bursty and is subject to a delay deadline. An exponential decay of the probability of delay violation with respect to a large delay deadline is proved when the block length scales linearly with the deadline. When considered in conjunction with Gallager's error exponents, the first natural consequence of this result is a separation principle: a separated scheme of buffering traffic and block-coding transmissions achieves arbitrarily high reliability for an asymptotically large delay budget. Furthermore, the exponential decay nature of the result provides some insight as how to budget the delay limit between the coding time and the waiting time in the queue.
On Lagrangian and vortex-surface fields for flows with Taylor-Green and Kida-Pelz initial conditions

For a strictly inviscid barotropic flow with conservative body forces, the Helmholtz vorticity theorem shows that material or Lagrangian surfaces which are vortex surfaces at time t = 0 remain so for t > 0. In this study, a systematic methodology is developed for constructing smooth scalar fields φ(x, y, z, t = 0) for Taylor–Green and Kida–Pelz velocity fields, which, at t = 0, satisfy ω·∇φ = 0. We refer to such fields as vortex-surface fields. Then, for some constant C, iso-surfaces φ = C define vortex surfaces. It is shown that, given the vorticity, our definition of a vortex-surface field admits non-uniqueness, and this is presently resolved numerically using an optimization approach. Additionally, relations between vortex-surface fields and the classical Clebsch representation are discussed for flows with zero helicity. Equations describing the evolution of vortex-surface fields are then obtained for both inviscid and viscous incompressible flows. Both uniqueness and the distinction separating the evolution of vortex-surface fields and Lagrangian fields are discussed. By tracking φ as a Lagrangian field in slightly viscous flows, we show that the well-defined evolution of Lagrangian surfaces that are initially vortex surfaces can be a good approximation to vortex surfaces at later times prior to vortex reconnection. In the evolution of such Lagrangian fields, we observe that initially blob-like vortex surfaces are progressively stretched to sheet-like shapes so that neighbouring portions approach each other, with subsequent rolling up of structures near the interface, which reveals more information on dynamics than the iso-surfaces of vorticity magnitude. The non-local geometry in the evolution is quantified by two differential geometry properties. Rolled-up local shapes are found in the Lagrangian structures that were initially vortex surfaces close to the time of vortex reconnection. It is hypothesized that this is related to the formation of the very high vorticity regions.
Scene locations and overpass dates for Landsat and SPOT sensors

Abstract It is frequently necessary to obtain information about scene locations and potential data acquisitions for the high resolution satellite sensors. This Letter provides formulas and basic data to permit users to compute locations, dates and times of possible coverage for past and future observations from Landsats 1-5 and SPOT.
Subband processing based symbol-rate estimation method for MFSK signal

In this paper, we are focusing on the symbol-rate estimation problem of MFSK signals under wideband receiving situation. The channelization is indispensable in the shortwave wideband receiving signal processing. It will arise signal spectrum distortions when the carrier frequency of the needed MFSK signal is unknown. We proposed a new subband processing based method to solve this inevitably question. The signal model of subband MFSK signal is presented and analyzed firstly, and the correlation between symbol-rate and the transtion of MFSK subband signal' instantaneous amplitude is pointed out. Then we present the novel symbol-rate estimation method based on the instantaneous amplitude of the subband signal, and give out deduction of the estimation expectation to prove the method is unbiased. To testify the efficiency and credibility of the method, Monte Carlo computer simulations are carried out. When half of the 8FSK signal's spectrum is damaged, the symbol-rate estimation method is almost 100% accurate as long as the SNR is above 4dB.
Effect of Extended-Release Niacin on Serum Lipids and on Endothelial Function in Adults With Sickle Cell Anemia and Low High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels

Through bound apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase, inducing vasodilation. Because patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have low apoA-I and endothelial dysfunction, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to test whether extended-release niacin (niacin-ER) increases apoA-I-containing HDL-C and improves vascular function in SCD. Twenty-seven patients with SCD with levels of HDL-C
A folding pathway for βpep‐4 peptide 33mer: From unfolded monomers and β‐sheet sandwich dimers to well‐structured tetramers

It was recently reported that a de novo designed peptide 33mer, betapep-4, can form well-structured beta-sheet sandwich tetramers (Ilyina E, Roongta V, Mayo KH, 1997b, Biochemistry 36:5245-5250). For insight into the pathway of betapep-4 folding, the present study investigates the concentration dependence of betapep-4 self-association by using 1H-NMR pulsed-field gradient (PFG)-NMR diffusion measurements, and circular dichroism. Downfield chemically shifted alphaH resonances, found to arise only from the well-structured betapep-4 tetramer state, yield the fraction of tetramer within the oligomer equilibrium distribution. PFG-NMR-derived diffusion coefficients, D, provide a means for deriving the contribution of monomer and other oligomer states to this distribution. These data indicate that tetramer is the highest oligomer state formed, and that inclusion of monomer and dimer states in the oligomer distribution is sufficient to explain the concentration dependence of D values for betapep-4. Equilibrium constants calculated from these distributions [2.5 x 10(5) M(-1) for M-D and 1.2 x 10(4) M(-1) for D-T at 313 K] decrease only slightly, if at all, with decreasing temperature indicating a hydrophobically mediated, entropy-driven association/folding process. Conformational analyses using NMR and CD provide a picture where "random coil" monomers associate to form molten globule-like beta-sheet sandwich dimers that further associate and fold as well-structured tetramers. Betapep-4 folding is thermodynamically linked to self-association. As with folding of single-chain polypeptides, the final folding step to well-structured tetramer betapep-4 is rate limiting.
The Effect of Mechanical Disturbance of the Egg Cuticle on Shell Mottling

Abstract Shell mottling as described by Holst et al. (1932) has been a troublesome defect to market egg producers using caged layers. Many commercial egg handlers and processors instruct their personnel working in the candling booth, to remove and downgrade many of these mottled eggs because the light-colored, translucent marks often appear similar to blind (nearly invisible) cracks in the shell. A blind crack permits water from the egg contents to blot into the surrounding shell area producing a translucent area. This suggests that shell mottling as described by Holst et al. (1932) represents portions of the shell that have absorbed water from the egg contents. They showed that no relationship existed between egg shell mottling and shell thickness. Baker and Curtis (1957) concluded there was no correlation between specific gravity and shell mottling or shell thickness and shell mottling. Brown and white-shelled eggs observed by the author at commercial egg …
Dynamic processor scheduling with client resources for fast multi-resolution WWW image browsing

WWW based Internet information service has grown enormously during the last few years, and major performance bottlenecks have been caused by WWW server and Internet bandwidth inadequacies. Utilizing client site computing power and also multiprocessor support at the server site can substantially improve the system response time. We examine the use of scheduling techniques in monitoring and adapting to workload variation at client and server sites for supporting fast WWW image browsing. We provide both analytic and experimental results to identify the impact of system loads and network bandwidth on response times and demonstrate the effectiveness of our scheduling strategy.
Removal of refractory organics by aeration. VII. Solvent sublation of indene and aldrin

Abstract The solvent sublation of indene and aldrin from aqueous systems into mineral oil was studied. With indene, the effects of Ni(II) and Zn(II) were investigated; the usual salting-out effect was observed, with no indication of complex formation between the olefin and the nickelous ion. The effects of a number of alcohols on the solvent sublation of aldrin were determined; very small concentrations of alcohol increase the rate of aldrin removal, while larger concentrations decrease it by roughly an order of magnitude at mole fractions of alcohol of the order of 0.10. Methanol is less effective than ethanol or n-propanol in decreasing the removal rate at mole fractions above 0.02
Postaxial Type-B Polydactyly. Prevalence and Treatment*†

A prospective screening program of 11,161 newborns identified twenty-one infants who had postaxial type-B polydactyly (a prevalence of one in 531 live births). Sixteen infants (76 per cent) had bilateral postaxial type-B polydactyly. Eighteen infants (86 per cent) had a family history of the anomaly. The racial prevalence was one in 143 live births of black infants and one in 1339 live births of white infants. The duplicated small fingers were treated in the newborn nursery with suture ligation at the base of the pedicle. One infant had a second procedure to remove a blackened digit that remained firmly attached one month after the initial treatment. No other complications occurred. Fifteen patients (twenty-eight fingers) were reexamined at an average age of twenty months (range, twelve to thirty-seven months). Twelve fingers (43 per cent) had a residual bump, with an average diameter of two millimeters (range, one to six millimeters). Despite the residual bumps, all of the parents were satisfied with the cosmetic result.
Notes from the Field: Overheard Insights from Ethnographic Fieldwork

Sunday, July 15, 2012. I was about four months into my dissertation fieldwork in Santiago, Chile, where I was studying the influx of Latin American immigrants to Chile and trying to understand the implications of this migration for both migrants and Chileans. A demographic departure from previous migrations, this new wave of migrants largely consists of women from neighboring nations. Most of these migrant women work as live-in domestic laborers, and thus, I accommodated my research to their schedules. The typical day off (or days off, for a fortunate few) began late Saturday and lasted until Sunday evening. Thus, Sundays were busy days and rarely my own day off. While empty streets and pajama-clad Chileans buying bread at corner stores were typical sights on Sundays in Santiago, I would head off to meet with research participants. I would typically start by attending Mass at a church that was a locus of migrant relationships in Santiago. On July 15th the service was particularly boisterous, as the congregation celebrated Colombia’s Independence Day. There was traditional dancing, a band played vallenato music, representatives from the consulate and embassy gave long speeches, and the service ended with a dance-inducing version of the Colombian rock star Juanes’ song, “A Dios Le Pido.” Normally after the service I would head down to the church basement with most of the congregation and join in lunch, a rotating mix of tastes of home: Colombian lechona, Bolivian locro, Peruvian seco, Brazilian feijoada. During the processes of getting in line to buy the meal ticket, finding a seat, and waiting in a second line to pick up the food, I would catch up with people I knew and try to meet new people. That
Limited‐memory adaptive snapshot selection for proper orthogonal decomposition

Summary Reduced order models are useful for accelerating simulations in many-query contexts, such as optimization, uncertainty quantification, and sensitivity analysis. However, offline training of reduced order models (ROMs) can have prohibitively expensive memory and floating-point operation costs in high-performance computing applications, where memory per core is limited. To overcome this limitation for proper orthogonal decomposition, we propose a novel adaptive selection method for snapshots in time that limits offline training costs by selecting snapshots according an error control mechanism similar to that found in adaptive time-stepping ordinary differential equation solvers. The error estimator used in this work is related to theory bounding the approximation error in time of proper orthogonal decomposition-based ROMs, and memory usage is minimized by computing the singular value decomposition using a single-pass incremental algorithm. Results for a viscous Burgers' test problem demonstrate convergence in the limit as the algorithm error tolerances go to zero; in this limit, the full-order model is recovered to within discretization error. A parallel version of the resulting method can be used on supercomputers to generate proper orthogonal decomposition-based ROMs, or as a subroutine within hyperreduction algorithms that require taking snapshots in time, or within greedy algorithms for sampling parameter space. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passivity of Linear Parameter Varying systems with intermittent non-passive behavior

We analyze passivity of Linear Parameter Varying (LPV) systems in which certain regions of the parameter trajectory may be non-passive. It is shown that system passivity can be maintained if the system remains in passive parameter regions “sufficiently often”. Analytical conditions that ensure system passivity are derived in terms of the fractions of times spent in passive and non-passive regions of the parameter trajectory. An online algorithm to schedule controllers to maintain a desired level of passivity based on parameter measurements is also proposed.