cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mononuclear Cell-Infiltrate Inhibition by Blocking Macrophage-Derived Chemokine Results in Attenuation of Developing Crescentic Glomerulonephritis

Glomerular monocyte/macrophage (Mo/Mϕ) infiltrates play a role in many forms of glomerulonephritis (GN), and the intensity of Mo/Mϕ trafficking correlates with the loss of renal function and histological damage. We analyzed the functional role of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), a potent mononuclear cell chemoattractant, during the progression of anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibody (Ab) GN, a model of crescentic GN in the WKY rat, and whether the effects of MDC were dependent on its receptor CCR4. MDC mRNA and protein expression were markedly induced in nephritic glomeruli throughout the disease. Blocking the function of MDC did not affect the developing of the disease from days 2 to 7, but it dramatically blocked Mo/Mϕ infiltration in the glomeruli, prevented crescent formation, and reversed renal function impairment during days 7 to 14 of the anti-GBM GN. In this study, we also found that MDC activity on Mo/Mϕ in this GN was at least partly dependent on a new variant of CCR4. These results suggest that MDC is critically involved in the development of anti-GBM GN from acute glomerular injury to irreversible tissue damage. In addition, an antagonist to MDC may represent a prime drug target for therapeutic application to intervene in the progression of anti-GBM GN and in other Mo/Mϕ-dominant GN.
Evaluation of Geochemical Reference Standards by X‐Ray Fluorescence Analysis

Twenty five elements in twenty six geochemical reference standards analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry yield major and trace element concentrations close to consensus values. Ninety percent of our analyses agree with consensus values for standards to within pm 0.5 to 1.5 relative percent for major elements and pm 3 to 5 relative percent or pm 1-3 ppm, whichever is higher, for trace elements. Consistent divergences from consensus values of trace elements are noted.
Determination of fortified and endogenous folates in food-based Standard Reference Materials by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a wide variety of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) to support measurements of vitamins and other nutrients in foods. Previously, NIST has provided SRMs with values assigned for the folate vitamer, folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid), which is fortified in several foods due to its role in prevention of neural tube defects. In order to expand the number of food-based SRMs with values assigned for folic acid, as well as additional endogenous folates, NIST has developed methods that include trienzyme digestion and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Sample preparation was optimized for each individual food type, but all samples were analyzed under the same LC-MS/MS conditions. The application of these methods resulted in folic acid values for SRM 1849a Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula and SRM 3233 Fortified Breakfast Cereal of (2.33 ± 0.06) μg/g and (16.0 ± 0.7) μg/g, respectively. In addition, the endogenous folate vitamer 5-methlytetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) was detected and quantified in SRM 1849a Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula, candidate SRM 1549a Whole Milk Powder, and candidate SRM 1845a Whole Egg Powder, resulting in values of (0.0839 ± 0.0071) μg/g, (0.211 ± 0.014) μg/g, and (0.838 ± 0.044) μg/g, respectively. SRM 1849a Infant/Adult Nutritional Formula is the first food-based NIST SRM to possess a reference value for 5-MTHF and the first certified reference material to have an assigned 5-MTHF value based on LC-MS/MS. The values obtained for folic acid and 5-MTHF by LC-MS/MS will be incorporated into the final value assignments for all these food-based SRMs.
Kernel temporal differences for neural decoding

We study the feasibility and capability of the kernel temporal difference (KTD)(λ) algorithm for neural decoding. KTD(λ) is an online, kernel-based learning algorithm, which has been introduced to estimate value functions in reinforcement learning. This algorithm combines kernel-based representations with the temporal difference approach to learning. One of our key observations is that by using strictly positive definite kernels, algorithm's convergence can be guaranteed for policy evaluation. The algorithm's nonlinear functional approximation capabilities are shown in both simulations of policy evaluation and neural decoding problems (policy improvement). KTD can handle high-dimensional neural states containing spatial-temporal information at a reasonable computational complexity allowing real-time applications. When the algorithm seeks a proper mapping between a monkey's neural states and desired positions of a computer cursor or a robot arm, in both open-loop and closed-loop experiments, it can effectively learn the neural state to action mapping. Finally, a visualization of the coadaptation process between the decoder and the subject shows the algorithm's capabilities in reinforcement learning brain machine interfaces.
Statistical development of improved emulsification systems for bakers shortenings

Statistical design methods were used to observe trends of surfactant functionality for specific cake and icing quality attributes. A two-level factorial design was used in the initial screening activity. within the favorable region, a rotable central composite design was used to more accurately detect surfactant effectivenness. It was found that sorbitan monostearate improved cake volume and tenderness but reduced icing aeration. Polysorbate esters increased icing aeration but had relatively little effect on cake volume and tenderness. Based on the information obtained, individual blends of emulsifiers were developed to suit specific needs.
Lifetime Assessment of the NEXT Ion Thruster

Ion thrusters are low thrust, high specific impulse devices with required operational lifetimes on the order of 10,000 to 100,000 hr. The NEXT ion thruster is the latest generation of ion thrusters under development. The NEXT ion thruster currently has a qualification level propellant throughput requirement of 450 kg of xenon, which corresponds to roughly 22,000 hr of operation at the highest throttling point. Currently, a NEXT engineering model ion thruster with prototype model ion optics is undergoing a long duration test to determine wear characteristics and establish propellant throughput capability. The NEXT thruster includes many improvements over previous generations of ion thrusters, but two of its component improvements have a larger effect on thruster lifetime. These include the ion optics with tighter tolerances, a masked region and better gap control, and the discharge cathode keeper material change to graphite. Data from the NEXT 2000 hr wear test, the NEXT long duration test, and further analysis is used to determine the expected lifetime of the NEXT ion thruster. This paper will review the predictions for all of the anticipated failure mechanisms. The mechanisms will include wear of the ion optics and cathode s orifice plate and keeper from the plasma, depletion of low work function material in each cathode s insert, and spalling of material in the discharge chamber leading to arcing. Based on the analysis of the NEXT ion thruster, the first failure mode for operation above a specific impulse of 2000 sec is expected to be the structural failure of the ion optics at 750 kg of propellant throughput, 1.7 times the qualification requirement. An assessment based on mission analyses for operation below a specific impulse of 2000 sec indicates that the NEXT thruster is capable of double the propellant throughput required by these missions.
MAPPING STATE STANDARDS TO THE NAEP SCALE

This report describes the derivation and evaluation of a method for comparing the performance standards for public school students set by different states. It is based on an approach proposed by McLaughlin and associates, which constituted an innovative attempt to resolve the confusion and concern that occurs when very different proportions of students in various states are declared to have met a standard with the same label. Our method, like McLaughlin's, employs equipercentile methods to map state standards on to a common scale, that associated with the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). We have also derived error estimates that take into account both NAEP's complex sampling design and measurement errors. The method was applied to two data sets, and the results were qualitatively similar to those obtained by McLaughlin's method. The paper notes the superior statistical properties of the proposed method and presents evidence that supports the viability and general utility of this approach.
BE, DO, and modal auxiliaries of 3-year-old African American English speakers.

Purpose This study examined African American English–speaking children's use of BE, DO, and modal auxiliaries. Method The data were based on language samples obtained from 48 three-year-olds. Analy...
Brain drain or brain gain: A revisit

Recent literature has turned to the brain gain effect, instead of the brain drain effect, that emigration may bring to a source country. This paper, however, suggests brain drain remains a likely outcome. Suppose that foreign language skill affects an individual productivity when working abroad. A brain drain may occur when the (exogenously or endogenously determined) probability of immigration is large. We also consider the case that the probability of immigration is determined by a signal, and provide a condition under which the individual will under-invest in education, which results in a brain drain for the source country.
Relationship of fragment size to normalized spall strength for materials

A systematic study is described which addresses the technical issues associated with launching plates to hypervelocities using compressed helium gas as the driving medium. Similar acceleration rates are used to drive constant-mass flier plates, while the material properties such as the shock impedance, yield strength, and spall strength are varied. Results of these experiments indicate that, due to the severity of loading, the flier plates have a tendency to fragment following peak acceleration. Each material has its own unique fragment distribution. More significantly, these experiments suggest a direct dependence of the mean fragment size to its normalized spall strength, i.e., the spall strength divided by its density. A method is also proposed for successfully launching intact plates to hypervelocities.
Energy and momentum relaxation in a dense two-temperature plasma

Summary form only given. Microscopic expressions for the energy relaxation rate and the momentum relaxation rate in a dense two-temperature plasma have been obtained. These expressions are of the Kogan (1963) type, and can be derived in the lowest approximation using the Fermi golden rule, and in higher order using nonequilibrium Green function methods. The expressions contain the true electron-ion coupling constant, the electron response function, and the ion response function at their respective temperatures and densities. Calculations for the energy relaxation rate from the hot electrons to the cold ions in aluminum plasmas, in molten Si, and in molten C of the sort generated in pulsed laser experiments have been performed.
A family-centered educational program to promote independence in pediatric heart transplant recipients.

Context—Characteristic adolescent risk-taking behavior, including nonadherence with prescribed medications, can be life-threatening for transplant recipients. Suggestions for managing nonadherence in teen recipients include providing them and their parents with adequate information about medications, talking with and listening to pediatric recipients about problems with the comprehensive regimen, and encouraging age-appropriate responsibility for maintaining health.Objective—The clinical goal of this project was to develop a structured age-appropriate educational program to prepare pediatric transplant recipients and their families for the patient's life as a responsible, independent individual. Our primary research goal was to assess patients' and parents' knowledge about critical aspects of heart transplantation and the treatment regimen with brief questionnaires before and after they received the educational materials from their primary nurse coordinator.Design, Setting, Participants—This descriptive p...
Line Spread Function Study of Kinestatic Charge Detectors Operating at High Gas Pressures

A systematic study of the line spread function (LSF) in the drift direction of a high-pressure ionization chamber for x-ray detection and imaging is presented. Experimental results, obtained by operating a KCD krypton-filled detector at pressures up to 60 atm and constant electric field-to-gas pressure ratio, indicate that the width of the LSF increases with the drift distance and decreases with increasing pressure, both effects being quite large. The hypothesis of this paper is that, at sufficiently high pressures, formation of clusters of molecular ions with a unique or narrowed mobility distribution take place by means of energy exchange mechanisms. Therefore, the LSF of the ionic signal becomes narrower and the FWHM of the ionic signal improves significantly with increasing gas pressure. This research is aimed at investigating methods to improve the spatial resolution as part of the development of a large field-of-view prototype digital radiographic scanner operating on kinestatic charge detection principles.
Large-scale MR fluid dampers: modeling and dynamic performance considerations

Abstract The magnetorheological (MR) damper is one of the most promising new devices for structural vibration reduction. Because of its mechanical simplicity, high dynamic range, low power requirements, large force capacity and robustness, this device has been shown to mesh well with application demands and constraints to offer an attractive means of protecting civil infrastructure systems against severe earthquake and wind loading. In this paper, an overview of the essential features and advantages of MR materials and devices is given. This is followed by the derivation of a quasi-static axisymmetric model of MR dampers, which is then compared with both a simple parallel-plate model and experimental results. While useful for device design, it is found that these models are not sufficient to describe the dynamic behavior of MR dampers. Dynamic response time is an important characteristic for determining the performance of MR dampers in practical civil engineering applications. This paper also discusses issues affecting the dynamic performance of MR dampers, and a mechanical model based on the Bouc–Wen hysteresis model is developed. Approaches and algorithms to optimize the dynamic response are investigated, and experimental verification is provided.
A Model-Based Spike Sorting Algorithm for Removing Correlation Artifacts in Multi-Neuron Recordings

We examine the problem of estimating the spike trains of multiple neurons from voltage traces recorded on one or more extracellular electrodes. Traditional spike-sorting methods rely on thresholding or clustering of recorded signals to identify spikes. While these methods can detect a large fraction of the spikes from a recording, they generally fail to identify synchronous or near-synchronous spikes: cases in which multiple spikes overlap. Here we investigate the geometry of failures in traditional sorting algorithms, and document the prevalence of such errors in multi-electrode recordings from primate retina. We then develop a method for multi-neuron spike sorting using a model that explicitly accounts for the superposition of spike waveforms. We model the recorded voltage traces as a linear combination of spike waveforms plus a stochastic background component of correlated Gaussian noise. Combining this measurement model with a Bernoulli prior over binary spike trains yields a posterior distribution for spikes given the recorded data. We introduce a greedy algorithm to maximize this posterior that we call “binary pursuit”. The algorithm allows modest variability in spike waveforms and recovers spike times with higher precision than the voltage sampling rate. This method substantially corrects cross-correlation artifacts that arise with conventional methods, and substantially outperforms clustering methods on both real and simulated data. Finally, we develop diagnostic tools that can be used to assess errors in spike sorting in the absence of ground truth.
Auditory brainstem response findings in Rett syndrome: stability over time.

Abstract Objective: To determine whether changes consistent with the presence of white matter neurodegenerative disease would be observed in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in Rett syndrome in conjunction with age advancement. Study design: Initial and follow-up ABR findings were analyzed in a sample of 27 female patients with Rett syndrome. The interval between ABR tests ranged from 1 to 9 years. Results: No significant group differences consistent with neurodegenerative disease were observed in the wave I-III, III-V, or I-V interpeak latency intervals between the initial and follow-up test sessions. Conclusions: Rett syndrome is not a disorder characterized by progressive white matter degeneration affecting the integrity of the brainstem central auditory pathways. (J Pediatr 2000;137:393-6)
Effect of methanogenic substrates on coenzyme F420-dependent N5,N10-methylene-H4MPT dehydrogenase, N5,N10-methenyl-H4MPT cyclohydrolase and F420-reducing hydrogenase activities in Methanosarcina barkeri

We measured F420-dependent N5,N10-methylenetetrahydro-methanopterin dehydrogenase, N5, N10-methenyltetrahydro-methanopterin cyclohydrolase, and F420-reducing hydrogenase levels in Methanosarcina barkeri grown on various substrates. Variation in dehydrogenase levels during growth on a specific substrate was usually <3-fold, and much less for cyclohydrolase. H2−CO2-, methanol-, and H2−CO2+ methanol-grown cells had roughly equivalent levels of dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase. In acetate-grown cells cyclohydrolase level was lowered 2 to 3-fold and dehydrogenase 10 to 80-fold; this was not due to repression by acetate, since, if cultures growing on acetate were supplemented with methanol or H2−CO2, dehydrogenase levels increased 14 to 19-fold, and cyclohydrolase levels by 3 to 4-fold. Compared to H2−CO2- or methanol-grown cells, acetate-or H2−CO2 + methanol-grown cells had lower levels of and less growth phase-dependent variation in hydrogenase activity. Our data are consistent with the following hypotheses: 1. M. barkeri oxidizes methanol via a portion of the CO2-reduction pathway operated in the reverse direction. 2. When steps from CO2 to CH3-S-CoM in the CO2-reduction pathway (in either direction) are not used for methanogenesis, hydrogenase activity is lowered.
Lords' Rights and Peasant Stories. Writing and the Formation of Tradition in the Later Middle Ages

This study of the medieval documents known as Weistumer by Simon Teuscher will prove rewarding for all historians interested in the regulation of local relationships by means of written law, and in...
Lingual hyperpigmentation associated with minocycline therapy

Minocycline can cause hyperpigmentation of the conjunctiva, oral mucosa, and skin. Pigmentation of the oral mucosa may also be associated with a variety of endogenous or exogenous factors. Lingual pigmentation may be seen in Addison's disease, amalgam tatoo, malignant melanoma, Peutz-Jegher's syndrome, and other diseases. Two women who had isolated pigmentation of the tongue while taking minocycline are described; no other drug-induced pigmentation of their oral mucosa or skin occurred. Minocycline-induced pigmentation should be added to the differential diagnosis of isolated lingual hyperpigmentation.
Endothelin-1 Activates MAP Kinases and c-Jun in Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle

We tested the coupling of endothelin receptors to mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor c-Jun in intact canine pulmonary artery smooth muscle. Muscle rings denuded of endothelium were stimulated with 10(-7)M ET-1 and frozen during contraction. An > kinase assay with myelin basic protein as substrate revealed protein kinase activities at 98, 75, 55, 50, 44 and 40 kDa. Erk1 and Erk2 MAPK were activated by ET-1 to 5.4+/-0.97 and 4.03+/-1. 54 times basal activity at 10 min. Using phospho-specific antibodies, we found increased threonine/tyrosine phosphorylation of p38 and JNK1 MAPK to 2.04+/-0.47 and 2.56+/-0.72 times basal. ET-1 increased the phosphorylation level of nuclear factor c-Jun with a time-course closely matching the activation of JNK1 and p38 MAPK. Therefore, endothelin receptors initiate intracellular signals leading to activation of Erk, p38 and JNK1 MAPK pathways and ultimately to nuclear targets. The activation of JNK1 MAPK seems closely related to the phosphorylation of nuclear transcription factor c-Jun.
Features of hemolysis due to Clostridium perfringens infection.

Summary Infection by Clostridium perfringens can be an unsuspected cause of hemolysis in emergency room patients. Historically, this condition has been associated with wound contamination and other tissue infections. We report the case of an autistic patient who presented to our emergency department with a distended abdomen and hemolysis of unknown etiology. The patient had no history of recent surgery. Exploration of the abdomen revealed a hepatic abscess. Blood cultures tested culture positive for C. perfringens. We present images demonstrating the salient features of the peripheral blood smear in cases of this uncommon but deadly cause of hemolysis.
Trichomonas vaginalis: alternative pathway activation of complement

Abstract Serum from adult human donors lysed Trichomonas vaginalis. The lytic effect was eliminated by heat-inactivation of serum (56 °C, 30 min). No serum donor exhibited significantly increased antibody against the parasite as measured by indirect immunofluorescence. Treatment of serum with ethylene glycol-bis (B-aminoethyl ether)-N, N-tetraacetic acid to eliminate classical pathway complement activation did not prevent C3→C3i conversion in serum incubated with T. vaginalis. Release of complement products during alternative pathway activation may contribute to pathogenesis of trichomonal vaginitis.
Maleimide derivative of hapten for coupling to enzyme: a new method in enzyme immunoassay.

Abstract Meta-maleimidobenzoyl derivative of L-thyroxine methyl ester (MBTM) was synthesized and coupled to β-galactosidase at molar ratio of over 5 to 1. More than 97% of the enzyme was found to be labeled with MBTM as examined by double antibody precipitation method in excess of anti-T4 antibody. Maleimide group of MBTM was found to be labile; about 50% was destroyed in 3 hours when prepared in a solution of 1 μg/ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.05M). With antiserum dilution of 2,400 fold, reproducible T4 enzyme immunoassay was carried out using double antibody precipitation method. A high sensitivity in the assay was observed on the 0–10 μg/100 ml range.
In Situ Measurements of the ClO/HCl Ratio: Heterogeneous Processing on Sulfate Aerosols and Polar Stratospheric Clouds

Simultaneous in situ measurements of stratospheric ClO and HCl have been made for the first time, during numerous flights of the ER-2 aircraft covering latitudes 24-90 deg N from October 1991 through March 1992. The ClO/HCl ratio is identified as a key indicator of heterogeneous processing both outside and within the Arctic polar vortex. For ClO mixing ratios below about 120 pptv, remarkably constant ClO/HCl values of about 15% characterize the lower stratosphere. The observed values are significantly higher than those derived from a 2-D model using either gas phase photochemistry alone (2%), or including heterogeneous sulfate chemistry (5-10%). During the Arctic early spring, after conversion of HCl into reactive chlorine has taken place, the vortex edge is poorly defined by ClO levels. Loss of HCl and its slow recovery following low-temperature polar heterogeneous chemistry distinguishes HCl as a new and unique dynamical tracer of polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)-processed air.
Usefulness of differentiating arousal responses within communication theories: Orienting response or defensive arousal within nonverbal theories of expectancy violation

Arousal has become a central variable within much of communication research from deception to emotional communication. Specifically, several communication theories attempting to explain how one interactant's unexpected involvement changes affect another's posit arousal as a central variable directly or indirectly influencing the behavioral changes. Similar to these theories, which place emphasis on expectancies (anticipatory sets concerning typical interaction behaviors), psychophysiology literature posits that neuronal models (similar to expectancies) exist for consistently presented patterns and that mismatched stimuli cause an orienting response. This two‐part study explores the applicability of the “orienting response” to these interpersonal communication theories explaining violations of expectancies. In study one, four levels of involvement changes (very high, high, low, and very low) were manipulated to examine the physiological manifestation of arousal through heart rate, skin temperature, and pul...
Smart and Tensed Beliefs

The aim of this paper is to defend a prototype B-theory answer to McTaggart’s Puzzle about Time. Smart hopes to solve the issue by pointing to the “anthropocentricity” of temporal A-notions. There is one important problem: explaining Prior cases (for instance being relieved that a painful experience is over) in B-theoretic terms. First, it is argued that the problem is how to explain the nature of the subject’s tensed belief in Prior cases; the essential indexicality of the concept ‘now’. Then it is suggested that Smart could utilize Burge’s framework for dealing with de re beliefs and a way of formalizing tensed beliefs is proposed. The last section of the paper deals with the exact role of the formalized indexical element. If these three steps are worked out, we might have an explanation of the facts involved in Prior cases without mentioning any A-facts. Hence an important problem to a Smart-influenced B-theory is solved, and McTaggart’s Puzzle answered in an adequate manner.
BYOB: How Bringing Your Own Shopping Bags Leads to Treating Yourself and the Environment

As concerns about pollution and climate change become more mainstream, the belief that shopping with reusable grocery bags is an important environmental and socially conscious choice has gained prevalence. In parallel, firms have joined policy makers in using a variety of initiatives to reduce the use of disposable plastic bags. However, little is known about how these initiatives might alter other elements of consumers' in-store behavior. Using scanner panel data from a single California location of a major grocery chain, and controlling for consumer heterogeneity, the authors demonstrate that bringing one's own bags increases purchases of not only environmentally friendly organic foods but also indulgent foods. They use experimental methods to further explore the expression of these effects and to consider the effects of potential moderators, including competing goals and store policies. The findings have implications for decisions related to product pricing, placement and assortment, store layout, and ...
Image decomposition combining staircase reduction and texture extraction

This paper proposes a natural and efficient way to achieve staircase reduction in texture extraction models of image processing. Moreover, we propose a precise framework for this amalgamation. In a sense, we utilize the best of both worlds: (I) the use of higher order derivatives through a variant of the Chambolle-Lions inf convolution energy (an image decomposition model in itself) along with (II) approximations to Meyer's G and E norms including the H^-^1 negative norm for ameliorating staircasing in image decomposition and restoration problems.
Integrating “Omics” Data for Quantitative and Systems Pharmacology in Translational Oncology

Cancer is the phenotypic end point of multiple genetic aberrations and epigenetic modifications that have accumulated within its genome. These genetic and epigenetic alterations come together to form complex, dynamic, and plastic networks that govern the “hallmarks of cancer.” The development of new technologies and powerful computational algorithms to sequence and characterize genomes have enabled researchers to acquire and analyze measurement of tens of thousands of “omic” data points across these genetic and epigenetic changes within cancer genomes. Quantitative and Systems Pharmacology (QSP) represents one of these translational medicine approaches that integrates computational and experimental methods to elucidate, validate, and apply new pharmacological concepts to the development and use of small molecule and biologic drugs. QSP is a promising approach that can provide a scientifically rational approach for defining optimal multidrug regimens, identifying responsive patient populations, identifying translational biomarkers, and designing clinical trials.
Study of Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductors Prepared with the Oxalate Precipitation/evaporation Method

A study is presented on a series of Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors prepared with the Oxalate Precipitation/Evaporation method. The effect of the preparation conditions on the properties of these superconductors has been studied with X-rays, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetic measurements. The experiments show that good quality superconductors can be fabricated with this preparation procedure and also indicate that the properties of these materials are very sensitive to the preparation conditions.
Search for superconductivity in the hydrides of lanthanum

Abstract Metallic lanthanum hydride samples having atomic ratios H La of 1.8, 1.96, 2.03, 2.11, 2.15 and 2.36 are not superconducting at 1.1°K. LaH1.96 moreover is not superconducting at 0.33°K. Extensive n.m.r. measurements made previously by Schreiber on the same samples provide considerable information on their electronic structure. The lack of superconductivity is compatible with the density of states information obtained from the n.m.r. data, and is consistent with a split d-band model of the hydrides. It is also consistent with Matthias' empirical rules.
Blood Collection Techniques in Exotic Small Mammals

Blood collection from small exotic pocket pets can be difficult to achieve. The individual collecting the blood must know both the anatomy and behavior of the species to obtain suitable amounts of blood for diagnostic testing. Given the animals’ small size, it is often difficult to collect large volumes of blood. A clinician serious in developing an exotic small mammal practice should understand the limitations of blood sample collection and the risks involved with the procedure. Unlike domestic animals, these pets are often not comfortable with being handled and are often prone to induced complications when presented to a veterinary clinic and restrained for examination. For some cases, the clinician will have to determine if the risk of getting the sample is better achieved by anesthetizing the patient, and if doing so will have a detrimental effect on the animal. One will also need to consider the effect of the anesthetic versus the stress the restraint may have on the blood results. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
β-Globin Intergenic Transcription and Histone Acetylation Dependent on an Enhancer

Histone acetyltransferases are associated with the elongating RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex, supporting the idea that histone acetylation and transcription are intertwined mechanistically in gene coding sequences. Here, we studied the establishment and function of histone acetylation and transcription in noncoding sequences by using a model locus linking the beta-globin HS2 enhancer and the embryonic epsilon-globin gene in chromatin. An intact HS2 enhancer that recruits RNA Pol II is required for intergenic transcription and histone H3 acetylation and K4 methylation between the enhancer and target gene. RNA Pol II recruitment to the target gene TATA box is not required for the intergenic transcription or intergenic histone modifications, strongly implying that they are properties conferred by the enhancer. However, Pol II recruitment at HS2, intergenic transcription, and intergenic histone modification are not sufficient for transcription or modification of the target gene: these changes require initiation at the TATA box of the gene. The results suggest that intergenic and genic transcription complexes are independent and possibly differ from one another.
How CDTE Solar Cells Operate: Determining Collection using Bifacial Device Characterization

The fundamental mechanisms governing carrier transport and in CdTe solar cells are not well established. Effects of diffusion length (L), depletion width (W), primary heterojunction vs. back junction are not well correlated with the CdTe thickness (t), or back contact. Bifacial analysis provides quantitative insight into CdTe device operation by separating the effects of front and back junction. Back spectral response (SRB) was analyzed to evaluate L and W. Front spectral response (SRF) is nearly unaffected by L or W. SR B and back Jsc are higher for thinner cells as SR B is limited by diffusion across the field free region that is smaller for thinner cells. Bifacial characterization results indicate a photosensitive back barrier. There is no evidence of a back junction and we conclude that a single junction determines recombination current. These results establish that performance for AM1.5 light through front contact is determined primarily by voltage dependent collection, not diffusion length
Spin transport in the international linear collider

Polarized positron and electron beams are ideal for searching for new physics at the International Linear Collider (ILC). In order to properly orient and preserve the polarization of both beams at the interaction point (IP) the beam polarization must be manipulated by a series of spin rotators along the beam line. Furthermore, the polarization for both beams should be known with a relative uncertainty of about 0.5% or better, therefore, all sources of depolarization along the ILC should be identified. We report on a spin rotator design for the ILC and polarization studies between damping ring extraction and the IP.
Should We Invest in Biofuels

The real advantage of receiving a Southern Agricultural Economics Association Lifetime Achievement award is the ability to make this presentation and have it published without having to deal with editors and referees. This provides a certain license of freedom to abstract outside the box without being constrained by your peers. So in this vein, consider the following myths and predictions concerning biofuels. These myths are generally consistent with the Grunwaldâ€™s (2009) seven myths about alternative energy.
Inertially driven transient response in polymeric liquids

We report here a computational study, with inertial contributions included, of the time-dependent velocity and shear stress profiles following flow start-up from rest for a polymeric liquid. Earlier workers solved similar fluid-mechanical start-up problems with viscoelastic character represented by a single Maxwell element. They found significant oscillatory departures from the steady-state velocity profile that persist throughout the entire period of stress growth to steady state. Such results are unsettling since they imply that the usual assumptions about velocity fields for transient tests of polymeric liquids are seriously in error. It turns out, however, that such oscillations are rapidly suppressed when a broad distribution of relaxation times is employed, the physically appropriate situation for polymeric liquids. The initial shear wave oscillations decay quickly compared with the time to reach the stress steady state when realistic descriptions of their viscoelastic character are employed. We note that a combination of inertial contributions with sparse relaxation spectra in fluid-mechanical modeling can lead to spurious velocity and stress field predictions for polymeric liquid flows.
Estimates for singular multiplicative character sums

We give some estimates for multiplicative character sums on quasiprojective varieties over flnite flelds depending on the severity of the singularities of the variety at inflnity. We also remove the hypothesis of non-divisibility by the characteristic of the base fleld in the known estimates for the non-singular case.
The Nutritional Conditions of Human Evolution

The human genome has changed only minimally since behaviorly modern humans appeared in East Africa between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago. Genetically, we contemporary humans remain adapted for the foods our ultra-great-grandparents were consuming then, and this insight should advance conventional nutrition science.
The Regulatory Environment, Level of Entry and International Acquisitions of Financial Firms

This study presents evidence on the influence of the regulatory environment of host and home countries, on firm value, when the firm announces a foreign acquisition. The study analyzes the valuation effects on financial firms, based on the returns to shareholders of 120 bidders from 13 home countries acquiring across 20 host countries. Bidder shareholders lose significantly when entering "open" markets for the first time, but gain significantly when making initial and subsequent entries into "restricted" markets. This implies that markets perceive monopoly rents to outweigh learning costs associated with initial entries but diversification benefits are inadequate in outweighing learning costs. The evidence is consistent with the notion that regulations in both host and home countries should be endogenous to FDI decisions. The influence of the tax environment and exchange rates was also examined, but only the former was found to be a significant factor in affecting bidder returns.
Neural Mechanisms for the Production of the Lobster Pyloric Motor Pattern

In order to understand and explain the biological mechanisms underlying an animal’s behavior, we must investigate the structure and physiology of its nervous system. One form of behavior that is particularly amenable to physiological analysis is the class of rhythmic behaviors such as locomotion, respiration, mastication, copulation, and circulation (Delcomyn, 1980; Kristan et al., 1977). The behaviors are easily observed and quantified, and the components of the nervous systems involved in their production are usually straightforward to identify and manipulate experimentally. As a result of the work being done on several different rhythmic behaviors, general principles of nervous system organization and function are continuing to emerge (see Chapters 1, 4, 5 of this volume).
New Directions for High-Q Micro Cavities

It is now possible to achieve optical Q factors or nearly 1 billion using silica devices on silicon. The application of these devices for new lasers, micro combs, and microwave generation will be reviewed.
Effects of Drought on Nutritive Value of Kudzu

Kudzu (Pueraria montana), a vigorous, perennial warm-season invasive legume is widely spread in the southeastern United States and has the potential to be used as feed by ruminants during its growing season from May until first frost (usually in October). The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritive value of kudzu during a drought-prone growing season. Five samples of apical leaves and stems were harvested once a week from random locations within a 43-year-old kudzu infestation grown on a Cecil clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) at the Clemson University Experimental Forest (Clemson, S.C.). We report the effects of plant part, sampling date, mean air temperature (MAT), and precipitation on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) of the kudzu. Dry matter and CP were significantly greater in t...
Computational Analysis of Input-Shaping Control of Torsional Microelectromechanical Mirrors

Input-shaping is an open-loop control technique for dynamic control of electrostatic MEMS. In MEMS applications, open-loop control is attractive as it computes a priori the required system input to achieve desired dynamic behavior without using feedback. In this work, a 3-D computational electromechanical analysis is performed to preshape the voltage commands applied to electrostatically actuate a torsional micromirror to a desired tilt angle with minimal residual oscillations. The effect of higher vibration modes on the controlled response is also investigated. We show that, depending on the design of the micromirros, the first bending mode of the micromirror structures can have significant effect on the dynamic behavior of the system, which is difficult to suppress by using the step-voltage open-loop control. We employ a numerical optimization procedure to shape the input voltage from the real time dynamic response of the mirror structures. The optimization procedure results in a periodic nonlinear input voltage design that can effectively suppress the bending mode effect.© 2009 ASME
Updated NIST standards for dose calibrator measurements of imaging and therapeutic nuclides

2151 Objectives To preserve activity standards for short-lived radionuclides, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) establishes calibration factors for reentrant ionization chambers (ICs). In nuclear medicine clinics, similar ICs are referred to as “dose calibrators”, and nuclide-specific calibration factors are referred to as “dial settings”. Over the past few years, NIST has determined dial settings for new instruments and geometries for nuclides such as Lu-177 and In-111 and updated settings as primary standards for some nuclides have been revisited. Methods Dial setting determinations were performed on the NIST-maintained set of dose calibrators; this set comprises eight instruments from three manufacturers. In all cases, calibration factors were determined for the NIST standard 5 mL ampoule. For Lu-177 and Ra-223, we also considered clinical geometries. Standard activities were determined by reference to earlier NIST standards or in some cases by direct assay by primary methods. Results Activities determined with the new calibration factors for F-18, based on the new NIST primary standard (which is in good accord with standards from other National Metrology Institutes), differ from the earlier NIST standard by +4.0 %. New calibration factors for In-111 give activities approximately 3 % higher than the manufacturer-recommended settings. For I-123, we found an 11.3 % spread in activities (from -3.3 % to +8.0 %, relative to the NIST standard activity) using different manufacturers’ recommended settings. Conclusions NIST-determined dose calibrator dial settings provide an important point of comparison for clinical measurements. Some of the measurement biases identified here exceed 10 %, making intercomparability of quantitative imaging data impossible and dose calculation inaccurate. NIST strives to disseminate accurate standards to increase confidence in clinical measurements, reduce measurement uncertainties, and facilitate truly comparable values in quantitative molecular imaging.
Performance of Southern Highbush Blueberry Cultivars Under High Tunnels in Florida

A study was conducted over two southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum · Vaccinium darrowi) seasons in a grower field in Florida. The objective was to compare the early fruit weight of southern highbush blueberry cultivars in high tunnels and in open fields. Four treatments were tested using combinations of two southern highbush blueberry cultivars (Snow Chaser and Springhigh) and two production systems (open fields and 18-ft-high tunnels). The results indicated that there was a significant effect of the production systems on the number of days with air temperatures at or near freezing (£34 F), and maximum and minimum air temperatures. The minimum air temperature in open-field plots reached »19 and 21 F (61 freezing or near-freezing events) in the 2009–10 and 2010–11 seasons, respectively, whereas the minimum air temperatures inside the high tunnels were »32 and 33 F, respectively, during the same seasons (only 3 days at £34 F). This indicated that using high tunnels was an effective means to avoid freezing air temperatures in blueberries. In the first season, the cumulative early fruit weight was the highest in plots planted with ‘Snow Chaser’ inside the high tunnels (»10 tons/acre), while the combined production of the two cultivars in the open fields did not reach 1 ton/acre until the end of the early harvests. The following year, there were no differences in the cumulative early fruit weight of both cultivars when planted in the open fields (2.2 tons/acre) and the cumulative fruit yields of ‘Springhigh’ and ‘Snow Chaser’ growing inside the high tunnels was twice and four times higher, respectively, than the early fruit production obtained in the open fields. These data showed the profound effect of high tunnels on flower protection and fruit set. High tunnels reduced water use for freeze protection. The total volume used in the open fields during the freezing or near-freezing days was »2.5 acre-inch/acre per 8 hours of freeze protection, whereas only 1/10 of that volume was applied inside the structures.
75 PATH ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG METABOLIC SYNDROME COMPONENTS IN BLACK VERSUS WHITE CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS, AND ADULTS: THE BOGALUSA HEART STUDY.

Introduction The metabolic syndrome occurs commonly in both children and adults. However, information is scant on the complex relationships among the metabolic syndrome components in black and white populations during periods of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Methods Path analysis (structural equation modeling) by race was performed on 8,203 healthy subjects (35.7% black and 64.3% white) composed of children (4-11 years), adolescents (12-18 years), and adults (19-44 years) enrolled in the Bogalusa Heart Study. The path diagram was constructed using age and variables of metabolic syndrome (BMI, insulin, glucose, mean arterial pressure, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides). Results The comparative fit index ranged from 0.927 to 0.985, indicating a good fit of the six models to the data. The direct effect of BMI on insulin was greatest for each age group in both races. In general, path coefficients were greater in whites than in blacks (except for the age-mean arterial pressure path) and in children and adults than in adolescents. Direct age effect on mean arterial pressure was greater in black versus white adults (p = .010); children and adolescents showed similar but nonsignificant race differences. The direct effect of BMI on mean arterial pressure was greater in whites versus blacks in children (p = .007), adolescents (p = .090), and adults (p = .022). Whites versus blacks showed a greater direct effect of BMI on triglycerides in childhood (p = .003) and insulin on triglycerides in adulthood (p = .0005). Other path parameters, including direct and indirect effects, did not show significant racial differences. Conclusions Obesity is of critical importance in the relationships among the components of metabolic syndrome beginning in childhood. The black-white differences in the relationships of obesity and insulin resistance measures to other components, especially regarding BMI to mean arterial pressure and insulin/BMI to triglycerides, may account for the lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the black population.