cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and Dielectric Properties of Phase-Pure Ba2Ti9O20 Microwave Resonators

The thermal processing schedules necessary to form phase pure Ba2TigO20, with and without substitutional solid solution were investigated. Undoped compositions formed the compound most easily under rapid (500°C/min) heating rates, where diffusional agglomeration of the. TiO2 batch constituent was minimized. The compound formed most easily with minor (0.82%) substitutions of SnO2 and ZrO2 for TiO2. The solubility of Sn in Ba2Ti9O20 was higher than that of Zr. Extended heat treatment (16 vs. 6 h at 1390°C) resulted in volitalization of grain boundary liquid phase, leading to a more porous and slightly degraded resonators. The effects of dopant concentrations and soak periods at 1390°C on dielectric constants and temperature-dependent quality factors are reported.
Electron Diffraction of Wet Proteins: Catalase

Electron diffraction patterns having 3500 reflections out to 2 angstromns were obtained from wet microcrystals of catalase. No diffraction was obtained if the water vapor pressure was set below 90 percent of the equilibrium value.
Physical functioning and mortality in older women: an assessment of energy costs and level of difficulty.

Abstract Objective:We tested the hypothesis that the types of activity and the energy equivalent assigned to each activity affect the relationship between self-reported physical functioning and mortality. Methods:We analyzed the relationship between physical functioning and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in 1230 women (median age 70 years) observed for 7.5 years. We evaluated five separate scores of physical functioning that differed in the method of scoring the responses. Cox proportional hazard models included baseline age, self-reported physical functioning, medical morbidity, and assessment of health. Results:For cardiac and noncardiovascular mortality, greater self-reported functioning was associated independently with a decreased hazard of death. The effects of physical functioning were sensitive to the form of the score used; that is, a score based on ordinal responses was associated with a greater reduction in hazard of death difference in survival between high and low function score: Ordinal: −15.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] −25.2–−4.0); dichotomous: −11.6% (95%CI −18.9–−3.9). Conclusion:There is a consistent relationship between functional limitation and all causes of mortality. The association is sensitive to the form of the score. Future physical function scores should be based on ordinal responses to individual items used in the scores.
Reactive patterns of undergraduate psychology practicum students in residential child care facilities: Implications for supervisors and child care workers

Increasing numbers of undergraduate psychology students are completing an applied practicum in residential facilities for children. Repeatedly these students have demonstrated recurrent behavioral patterns in attempting to cope with stresses inherent in the concept of their undergraduate field experiences. The adjustment reactions have created significant difficulties for student, supervisor, and child care worker. These patterns are described emphasizing their effects on staff, student, and clients with suggestions to overcome their detrimental influences.
Making the World Safe for Democracy: A Century of Wilsonianism and Its Totalitarian Challengers

In this interpretive study, Amos Perlmutter offers a comparative analysis of three of the 20th century's most significant world orders: Wilsonianism, Soviet Communism and Nazism. Anchored in three hegemonical states - the United States, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany - these systems, he argues, shared certain characteristics that distinguished them from other attempts to restructure the international political scene. While Communism and Nazism were committed to imperial ideologies, Wilsonianism was inspired by an exceptionalist, peaceful, democratic and free market world order. But all three were able to mobilize industrial, technological and military resources in pursuing their goals. In the process of examining the democratic, Communist and Nazi systems, Perlmutter also provides a framework for understanding US foreign policy over the course of the century, particularly during the Cold War. He underscores the importance of ideology in establishing an international order, arguing that in the wake of the Soviet Union's demise, no system - not even Wilsonianism - can lay claim to the title of new world order.
Development and analysis of a non-splitting solution for three-dimensional air quality models

Abstract This paper examines the errors introduced by operator splitting techniques in air quality models. Results are presented for different time steps used in the splitting schemes as well as for different ordering in which the operators are computed. Furthermore, a non-splitting technique is developed to analyze the performance of operator splitting techniques in air quality models. Convergence rates of operator splitting schemes are determined. Research indicates splitting techniques provides at most linear convergence. For fast-reacting species like N 2 O 5 , the convergence is not achieved when using splitting methods and time steps as small as 10 s . Symmetric and non-symmetric operator splitting does not provide significant difference in accuracy. Furthermore, operator splitting ordering with stiff operators computed last does not produce better results than with non-stiff operators computed last. The non-splitting method developed achieves convergence by reducing time steps, adapting time steps to insure convergence, and eliminating operator splitting.
INHIBITING EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE ON THE GROWTH OF MALE RATS11

SOME years ago it was shown (Moon, 1937) that the partially purified adrenocorticotropic hormone retarded the somatic growth of castrated rats. A similar effect on normal rats was also reported by Ingle, Higgins and Kendall (1938) and Wells and Kendall (1940) with adrenalcortical hormones. Recently the antagonistic action of the adrenocorticotropic hormone to growth hormone in hypophysectomized rats has been clearly demonstrated (Marx, Simpson, Li and Evans,1943). In this paper data are presented to show the growth inhibition of adrenocorticotropic hormone in normal and gonadectomized male rats. The pure hormone was used and was isolated from the sheep pituitaries by the method of Li, Simpson and Evans (1942). Table 1 summarizes the results of the study of growth inhibition using both immature and adult male rats. The control group of 26- day-old rats gained twice as much as the experimental group.
Structure of the Encounter between Goldenrod (Solidago Altissima) and Its Diverse Insect Fauna

Most plant species are attacked by insects with widely different feeding styles and life histories. As a first step toward understanding how plants adapt to such diverse pressures, we investigated the population responses of 17 insect species to the genotypic variation exhibited by clones of goldenrods, Solidago altissima, that were drawn from the same population and grown in common gardens. A cluster analysis on the genetic correlations between the insects' responses produced four groups, termed "herbivore suites," that are attracted and repelled by similar plant genotypes (and their underlying sets of traits). There was no obvious correspondence of an insect's phylogenetic affinity, host range, or feeding style with its membership in a particular suite. Put another way, insects belonging to the same family or guild respond differently to genetically variable traits in populations of this native, perennial plant. We found no negative genetic correlations among suites and few among pairs of species, which suggests that trade-offs between the plant's resistance traits are relatively unimportant. The existence of suites of herbivores, whose members exhibit correlated patterns of abundance on different host genotypes, has several interesting consequences. First, the genetic variability of the plant population will be reflected in the diversity and composition of the insect community. Second, selection caused by one herbivore species can result in increased resistances to other, rarer species whose responses are correlated with those of the damaging species. Third, selection by suites of herbivores may be more intense and less variable than selection by individual insect species, especially when many species are rare. By recognizing that resistance can evolve as a function of selection by entire suites of species we can develop better estimates of selection and perhaps achieve a greater understanding of the process of diffuse coevolution. The linkage of interactions within suites suggests some unexplored possibilities for explaining the rarity of many insect species.
A shielding cave for low-level gamma experiments on Van de Graaff accelerators

Abstract A pill-box shaped γ cave of 1.25 × 1.25 m 2 interior dimensions was constructed of interlocking sections. Carefully fitted walls having a thickness of 14 cm lead and 1.3 cm steel provide shielding against background radiation from a 5.5 MV Van de Graaff Accelerator (type CN, High Voltage Engineering). Protection against accelerator bremsstrahlung radiation, control slit activity and miscellaneous beam-induced external activity is such that cosmic radiation and other natural background is the normal limiting factor in experiments. Thus far experiments measuring de-excitation γ-rays and target X-rays with NaI, Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors have been accomplished with low background.
The acute scrotum in children: A review

The diagnosis of acute scrotal pathology cannot always be made with a history and physical examination alone. Today the surgeon has available to him several ancillary diagnostic modalities to include radionuclide scanning, ultrasonography, and the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. These techniques can diagnose intrascrotal pathology with a high degree of accuracy. The presentation of acute scrotal problems in infants and children is reviewed, the surgical approach to their management, and the role of ancillary imaging techniques are discussed.
Maternal Age at Holocaust Exposure and Maternal PTSD Independently Influence Urinary Cortisol Levels in Adult Offspring.

Background: Parental traumatization has been associated with increased risk for the expression of psychopathology in offspring, and maternal PTSD appears to increase the risk for the development of offspring PTSD. In this study, Holocaust-related maternal age of exposure and PTSD were evaluated for their association with offspring ambient cortisol and PTSD-associated symptom expression. Method: 95 Holocaust offspring and Jewish comparison subjects received diagnostic and psychological evaluations, and 24 hour urinary cortisol was assayed by RIA. Offspring completed the Parental PTSD Questionnaire to assess maternal PTSD status. Maternal Holocaust exposure was identified as having occurred in childhood, adolescence or adulthood and examined in relation to offspring psychobiology. Results: Urinary cortisol levels did not differ for Holocaust offspring and comparison subjects but differed significantly in offspring based on maternal age of exposure and maternal PTSD status. Increased maternal age of exposure and maternal PTSD were each associated with lower urinary cortisol in offspring, but did not exhibit a significant interaction. In addition, offspring PTSD-associated symptom severity increased with maternal age at exposure and PTSD diagnosis. A regression analysis of correlates of offspring cortisol indicated that both maternal age of exposure and maternal PTSD were significant predictors of lower offspring urinary cortisol, whereas childhood adversity and offspring PTSD symptoms were not. Conclusions: Offspring low cortisol and PTSD-associated symptom expression are related to maternal age of exposure, with the greatest effects associated with increased age at exposure. These effects are relatively independent of the negative consequences of being raised by a trauma survivor. These observations highlight the importance of maternal age of exposure in determining a psychobiology in offspring that is consistent with increased risk for stress-related pathology.
Chemical trails and the parasites that follow them

Parasitic relationships constitute an important ecological association, responsible in large part for controlling the population of all living things. Parasitism spans the entire breadth and depth of the tree of life from viruses to 40-foot-long tapeworms living in the intestinal lumen of 40-foot-long whales. Infectious agents keep evolutionary pace with their hosts by natural selection, becoming increasingly more adapted to restricted (i.e., host species-specific) associations. Well known examples include medically important pathogens, such as the human malarias, down to our innocuous pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis. Although parasitism is commonplace, the precise mechanisms that permit a pathogen to successfully infect its host vary widely. Humans serve as the host for >350 different protozoan and helminth species (1). Although there are common features of their biology that unite some into related groups regarding their means of gaining entrance into our body (fecal–oral, skin penetration, or vector-borne, for example), the details of their lives as pathogens remain unique to each organism. That specific parasitic relationships arose independently many times throughout the last 3.5 billion years of Earth's history now is taken as fact. Hence, what we learn from one association at the molecular level may not apply even to closely related organisms that infect different hosts (e.g., human vs. dog). A number of them have been adapted for study in the laboratory, and a few medically relevant ones and their mechanisms of pathogenicity have been the subjects of intensive investigation for some time. This research activity has increased over the last few years as complete DNA sequences of some parasites have led to the study of their proteins (2). The first obvious step in any infection is that of contact between the two organisms. Just how parasites find their way in the world, both outside and inside the host, is largely unknown (3 …
The response of hypophysectomized male killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) to thyrotropin preparations and to the bovine heterothyrotropic factor.

Abstract The thyroid glands of hypophysectomized male Fundulus heteroclitus were stimulated by chronic administration of bovine heterothyrotropic factor (HTF), purified bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and reference standard TSH-USP at doses of 1 μg/gm, 1 mU (0.07 μg)/gm, and 0.1 mU/gm, respectively. Thyroid function was measured in four ways with similar results: thyroid cell height, I 131 uptake in the thyroid area on day 2 (probe), I 131 uptake in the thyroid area on day 4 (well counter), and serum butanol-extractable I 131 (BEI 131 ). A relatively low-order response to HTF and purified TSH appears to be related to the absence of some unknown pituitary factor that is present in the reference standard, but studies of the growth response and the hematocrit showed that it is not related to somatotropin nor to an erythrocyte-stimulating factor. A slight stimulation of the regressed testes resulted from treatment with HTF and standard TSH, but not with purified TSH.
Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions

Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive functions.
Delayed Bedtimes and Obsessive–Compulsive Symptoms

There is increasing recognition of an important interplay between psychiatric disorders and sleep. Clinical observations and several empirical studies have shown that later bedtimes are associated with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). This study examined the relation of delayed bedtimes (DBs) and symptoms of OCD. Two hundred and sixty-six undergraduates completed a battery of questionnaires assessing sleep patterns, mood, and obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms. Results showed that participants with DBs reported increased rates of OC symptoms, as compared with non-DB participants. Further, this relation remained significant when controlling for negative affect. Additional work examining the interplay between sleep and OC symptoms is warranted.
Optimization of the performance of polymer electrolyte fuel cell membrane-electrode assemblies: Roles of curing parameters on the catalyst and ionomer structures and morphology

Abstract In order to understand the origin of performance variations in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a series of membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) with identical electrode layer compositions were prepared using different electrode curing conditions, their performances were evaluated, and their morphologies determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The polarization curves varied markedly primarily due to differences in morphologies of electrodes, which were dictated by the curing processes. The highest performing MEAs (1.46 W cm−2 peak power density at 3.2 A cm−2 and 80 °C) were prepared using a slow curing process at a lower temperature, whereas those MEAs prepared using a faster curing process performed poorly (0.1948 W cm−2 peak power density at 440 mA cm−2 and 80 °C). The slowly cured MEAs showed uniform electrode catalyst and ionomer distributions, as revealed in SEM images and elemental maps. The relatively faster cured materials exhibited uneven distribution of ionomer with significant catalyst clustering. Collectively, these results indicate that to achieve optimal performance, factors that affect the dynamics of the curing process, such as rate of solvent evaporation, must be carefully controlled to avoid solvent trapping, minimize catalyst coagulation, and promote even distribution of ionomer.
The Practice of Archipelagic States: A Study of Studies

The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea contains provisions governing the maritime claims of states, including special provisions for archipelagic states. To date, 20 states have utilized these provisions by enacting archipelagic baselines, within which these states claim sovereign waters subject to the navigational rights of other states. This article systematically examines the degree to which the archipelagic claims of these states have complied with the requirements in the Law of the Sea Convention.
Effect of crown margins on periodontal conditions in regularly attending patients

Subgingival margins of cast restorations have been associated with increased gingival inflammation and probing depth, but it is not known if such effects would be seen among patients receiving regular professional care. In this study, 831 regularly attending patients in 35 North Carolina dental practices were examined. Plaque, gingival inflammation, calculus, and probing depth were assessed on facial and mesiofacial surfaces of the Ramfjord teeth. Surface-specific analyses showed significantly greater (p less than 0.05) gingival inflammation and deeper probing depths with subgingival cast restoration margins for nearly all surfaces examined. Less frequently, decreases in plaque and calculus were associated with the presence of crowns. Intact surfaces in patients with cast restorations were not significantly different from the same surfaces in patients without cast restorations. Even among patients receiving regular preventive dental care, subgingival margins are associated with unfavorable periodontal reactions.
Verification of rule-based expert systems

Abstract We are investigating the problem of establishing computational rather than syntactic properties of forward-chaining rule-based expert systems. We model an expert system as a computation on working memory, define its execution semantics, and present proof techniques suitable for those semantics. Specifically, we model execution as a Dijkstra guarded-do construct, and use Dijkstra's Invariance Theorem and weakest precondition predicate transformers to establish invariants (safety properties) and postconditions (liveness properties). Our approach is an application of well-developed methods developed by Dijkstra and others for the verification of procedural programs. This paper introduces the approach, reports some initial results, and discusses future work.
Dopexamine maintains mesenteric blood flow during systemic hypoxemia in the neonatal piglet

In adults, dopexamine is a specific dopaminergic and β2-adrenergic agonist; its effects in neonates are unknown. Ultrasonic flow probes were placed around the ascending and descending aorta and cranial mesenteric artery of 0- to 2-day-old and 2-week-old piglets. Animals of each age group (9 to 14 per group) were subjected to (1) dopexamine infusion (5 μg/kg/min); (2) 30 minutes of hypoxia (inspired oxygen content 0.12) followed by 30 minutes of reoxygenation; and (3) dopexamine infusion during hypoxia and reoxygenation. In both age groups dopexamine alone increased ascending aorta blood flow (cardiac output minus coronary artery blood flow), mildly decreased mean arterial pressure, and increased cranial mesenteric artery blood flow. Compared to baseline values, 30 minutes of hypoxia produced significant (P<0.05, analysis of variance) decreases in cranial mesenteric artery blood flow in 0- to 2-day-old (58±13 ml/min vs. 30±8 ml/min) and 2-week-old (125±18 ml/min vs. 60±11 ml/min) piglets. In all cases blood flow returned to baseline values after reoxygenation. In both animal groups treated with dopexamine before hypoxia, the decreases in cranial mesenteric artery blood flow were eliminated (47±5 ml/min vs. 44±6 ml/min in 0-to 2-day-old piglets; 140±27 ml/min vs. 117±18 ml/min in 2-week-old piglets). Dopexamine may prove to be of clinical benefit when neonates are threatened by hypoxemia-induced decreases in intestinal blood flow.
Photoconversion of Photochlorophyllide in the y-1 Mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Dark-grown y-1 mutant cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii accumulate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) in both 635 nanometers (P635) and 650 nanometers (P650) forms. Plastids in these cells lack the normal thylakoid membrane structure except some remnants of membrane vesicles. Using difference spectrophotometry, P635 is shown to be photoconverted to chlorophyllide at 672 nanometers (C672) and P650 is photoconverted to C688 followed by a rapid shift to C672 (Shibata shift) and regeneration of P650. Some of the Pchlide is not photoconverted despite repeated illumination. Although P650 is destroyed by freezing and thawing, it is not transformed into P635. Freezing and thawing treatment also made Pchlide no longer photoactive.
Discrete versus continuous parametrization of bank credit rating systems optimization using differential evolution

Bank credit rating system is a clustering problem that aims to achieve the optimal classification of the clients' probability of defaults (PDs) into discrete buckets under a number of constraints. This global optimization problem can be parametrized either using continuous or discrete decision variables, and treated using basically the same differential evolution (DE) method that takes into account of real-world constraints imposed by the recent Basel Accord on Banking Supervision. This enables us to make interesting comparisons between continuous versus discrete parametrization of the same problem in terms of the efficiency, robustness and the rate of convergence. It turns out to be beneficial to use discrete parameters for all of these reasons. In addition we have also explored the use of the elitist as well as the classic strategies within the DE approach. The former choice turns out to perform better in terms of efficiency, robustness, and faster convergence, except when the number of required buckets is large.
The gall midge Asphondylia borrichiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): an indigenous example of host-associated genetic divergence in sympatry.

ABSTRACT Speciation usually is conceptualized as occurring via three biogeographic modes: allopatry, parapatry, and sympatry. Sympatric speciation has been the most controversial because of the difficulty of developing plausible theoretical models in which the homogenizing effects of gene flow are sufficiently overcome to permit genetic divergence to occur in the absence of geographic barriers restricting gene flow. Recently, a number of hypothetical models for sympatric speciation have been advanced and several candidate study systems have provided evidence of sympatric divergence, although many of the systems so identified involve introduced species, especially in the cases of host-race formation in phytophagous insects, which expand their host range and use a novel host. Although these cases demonstrate the reality of sympatric divergence, they do not address which mode of speciation predominates in indigenous communities. Asphondylia borrichiae Rossi & Strong has been proposed as a potential example o...
Factors Related to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination in College Men

Objectives To examine the vaccination rate and identify factors influencing HPV vaccination among college men. Design and Sample This cross-sectional study, guided by Theory of Planned Behavior, was conducted with a convenience sample of college males (18–26 years of age). A web-based survey was sent to 3,300 students attending a public university in California. Measures The questionnaire used in the study—HPV/HPV vaccine-related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors—was adapted from a prior study conducted among college women. Demographic and sexual history information was also obtained. Results Four hundred and ten respondents were qualified for analysis. HPV vaccination rate was approximately 11.8%. Overall, young men had quite low HPV/HPV vaccine knowledge. Both nonvaccinees (n = 48) and vaccinees (n = 141) had positive attitudes toward the HPV vaccine, including mandating vaccination. Knowledge and attitudes toward the vaccine were not directly associated with the outcomes of vaccination status and intention. Both outcomes could be predicted by the attitude toward getting vaccinated against HPV. Intention was also predicted by subjective norm. Conclusion Interventions to increase the vaccination rate should focus on creating positive attitude toward getting vaccinated against HPV through behavioral beliefs. Increasing the subjective norm will be beneficial.
Connotative classification and proactive interference in short-term memory

Each of 36u1Ss received four successive short-term memory tests with connotatively defined word triads. All Ss in all conditions were presented on Test 4 with a word triad classified as evaluative negative on the semantic differential The connotative classification of the triads on Tests 1–3 differed across conditions. A release from proactive interference was observed on Test 4 for both within-dimension and between-dimension shifts in connotation for both a 5-sec retention interval test series and a 20-sec retention interval test series. Proactive interference was not prevented, however, by changing the connotative classification of the triads on each of the successive short-term memory tests. The results also suggested that a release from proactive interference could be obtained with a change in polarity independent of connotative dimension changes.
The role of constitutive and inducible processes in the response of human squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to ionizing radiation

The inherent radiation sensitivity of the cells within a tumor is thought to contribute to the success or failure of radiation therapy. In vitro studies have shown that differences in the radiation sensitivity of squamous cell carcinoma cell lines reflect alterations in DNA repair. These alterations result from constitutive changes in chromosome organization, not radiation-inducible processes. While inducible responses may play some role in the radiation response of tumor cells, there is no evidence for their involvement in inherent differences in tumor cell radiosensitivity or in the success or failure of radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinomas.
Time-optimal control of a moving-coil linear actuator

The time-optimal control problem for a moving-coil linear actuator has been worked out by means of functional analysis and a related graphical procedure requiring only data from an impulse response. On the basis of experience with a test model, there is good correlation between the theoretical and the experimental methods. While the latter is accurate over only very short distances, the usefulness of the technique can be extended as needed by operating the system in piecewise linear fashion. The nonlinearity of the coil inductance can be handled under computer control by including in the program the inductances for successive segments of travel.
Theory of double internal bremsstrahlung during electron-capture decay.

The theory of double internal bremsstrahlung during an allowed electron-capture transition is developed in an approximation in which the atomic electron is treated nonrelativistically but the effects of the nuclear Coulomb field are fully included. For capture from the K shell detailed results are obtained for the intensity distribution of the two photons as a function of the photons' energies and relative angle of emission. Numerical results are presented for the distribution of the sum of the photon energies for $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$ and $^{55}\mathrm{Fe}$ and compared with available experimental data. It is found that the inclusion of Coulomb effects results in a substantial reduction in the intensity of the energy spectrum of the photons and improves quantitative agreement with the experimental data for $^{37}\mathrm{Ar}$. However, for $^{55}\mathrm{Fe}$ serious discrepancies remain.
Pyridyl-Functionalized and Water-Soluble Carbon Nano Onions: First Supramolecular Complexes of Carbon Nano Onions

Soluble carbon nano onions (CNOs) bearing pyridyl ligands were synthesized and shown to complex with zinc tetraphenyl porphyrin (ZnTPP) thus creating the first CNO−porphyrin nanohybrid.
Police Leadership: An Analysis of Executive Styles

Managerial styles are often discussed in terms of the leadership abilities of the manager. One of the contemporary methods of determining effective leadership is the managerial grid developed by Blake and Mouton. Using a style assessment instrument based upon the managerial grid, leadership, or managerial, styles of the executives of an urban police agency are analyzed and discussed. Differences are noted between the overall primary style of the executives and their primary style in separate managerial activities. There is a tendency among the executives to move from the most desirable grid style (9/9) during the "thinking" (i.e., philosophy of management and planning and goal setting) phases of management to either task-or person-oriented (9/1 or 1/9) approaches during the "acting" phases (i.e., implementation and evaluation).
Gaining a Wider Perspective

The recent world-wide rash of power systems blackouts has provided an added impetus to wide-scale deployment of phasor measurement units (PMUs). Initial applications of PMUs in the late 1980s and 1990s were isolated due to the limited infrastructure availability and lack of computational support for extensive processing of the networked information. Today, networks of hundreds of PMUs are in place and more are planned.The recognition that networks of PMUs can provide greater power system reliability is based on their ability to give direct access to the state of the power system at any given instant.
Image-guided robotic delivery system for precise placement of therapeutic agents

The effectiveness of conventional solid tumor treatment is limited by the systemic toxicity and lack of specificity of chemotherapeutic agents. Present treatment modalities are frequently insufficient to eliminate competent cancer cells without exceeding the limits of toxicity to normal tissue. The coming generation of cancer therapeutics depends on the precise targeting and sustained release of antitumor agents to overcome these limitations. We are developing an image-guided, robotic system for precise intratumoral placement of anticancer drugs and sustained release devices to advance this new treatment paradigm. The robotic system will use intraoperatively obtained computed tomographic (CT) images from a mobile CT scanner for guidance. The concept is to track patient anatomy and localize instruments using currently available optical tracking technology. Tracking will also be used to register patient anatomy with the images. The physician can then use the registered image to select an appropriate tumor target and entry location and to plan the instrument path. This path will then be transmitted to the robot, which orients and drives the instrument to the desired target under physician control. Achievement of the target is confirmed via intraoperative CT. This system will provide instrument guidance that is precise, direct, and controllable. Error due to poor target visualization and hand unsteadiness should be reduced greatly. The basic components of the system (robot, mobile CT, tracking) have been demonstrated in our laboratory, and the integration of the components is in progress. In future work, we plan to fuse preoperative PET imaging with intraoperative CT to allow functional as well as anatomic image guidance.
Changing patient behavior.

ABSTRACT Objective To discuss barriers and strategies relevant to initiating lifestyle modifications for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Methods Findings from previously published studies are reviewed. In light of reported successful changes in patient behavior and resultant improved outcomes pertinent to reduction or control of diabetes, methods to achieve optimal results are outlined. Results Both the Diabetes Prevention Program and the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study demonstrated that intensive lifestyle interventions, such as weight loss as a result of physical activity, can delay and prevent the development of type 2 diabetes. Key barriers to initiating behavioral modifications in patients include the following: (1) health-care provider experience, (2) patient experience and beliefs, (3) lack of health-care system support, and (4) minimal availability of community support. These barriers can be overcome through use of proven strategies—promoting patient awareness of health risks, selecting patients who are willing to participate in a behavioral modification program, defining realistic goals, establishing patient accountability, and maintaining regular follow-up for review of progress, providing assistance with problem solving, and reinforcement of efforts and successes. Conclusion The feasibility of initiating successful lifestyle interventions has been shown in numerous studies. The effective implementation of these interventions in clinical practice will necessitate fundamental changes in the health-care system and society in general. (Endocr Pract. 2006;12[Suppl 1]:118-120)
Isolation and Purification of 3-Oxo-Δ5-Steroid Isomerase from Crude E. coli Lysate by Countercurrent Chromatography

Abstract KSI (3-oxo-Δ5-steroid isomerase) was purified from crude E. coli lysate by countercurrent chromatography using a polymer phase system composed of polyethylene glycol 3350 and potassium phosphate (pH 7), each at 12.5%(w/w) in distilled water. Using the cross-axis coil planet centrifuge, a preparative scale separation was performed on 25mL E. coli lysate containing ca 50 mg of KSI. About 40 mg of KSI was recovered at 98% purity. A small scale separation was performed on ca. 3mg of 15N-labeled KSI using the toroidal coil centrifuge. The present method eliminates sample loss and denaturation caused by the solid support and yields pure proteins in both preparative and analytical separations.
A polymorphism in female preference for a polymorphic male trait in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus cortezi

Xiphophorus cortezi males are polymorphic for the pigment pattern vertical bars. In this study, we determined whether X. cortezi females are polymorphic in their preference for this trait by examining both within- and between-individual variation in female preference. There was significantly more variation in female preference within than between individuals using both video animations and live males as stimuli; repeatability measures were 0.86 and 0.5, respectively. Some females had a strong preference for males with bars, some for males without bars, and some had either a weak preference or no preference at all. We also found a significant difference in the strength of preference for bars between females with and without bars, suggesting the potential for a genetic correlation between preference and trait. Finally, we examined female preference for bar symmetry in the same females tested for preference for bars. We detected a significant preference for bar symmetry in the population of females as a whole, and a positive relationship between the strength of this preference and a preference for the presence/absence of bars among the subset of females that preferred ‘no bars’. We discuss these results in light the possibility that these two preferences are interrelated. Copyright 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
TOWARD ADMINISTRATIVE PHILOSOPHIES

This paper continues discussion about the philosophy of educational administration and includes what the writer suggests is a reasonable basis for such a philosophy. The writer starts from positions stated in past publications of the Journal of Educational Administration written about the same subject. C.G. Austin and E.F. Zeigler, contributors to previous Journal issues, are quoted and their views supported. The writer of the article extends their contributions with a presentation of E.J. Carnell's concept of rectitude as a necessary ingredient in the administrative process. The author treats theory in the context of mere explanation suggesting that the theory‐practice dichotomy is due to theory's exclusion of key ingredients. Further, quality administration, it is stated, must be based on culturally recognized Tightness. If this key ingredient is omitted the quality of educational administration in particular will suffer and continue to be based upon political considerations. In the article philosophy is presented as a scientific and a normative discipline which lays the foundation of scientific methods of investigation. Thus, in terms of theoretical development, it is imperative to consider and include philosophic concepts at the base, and primarily, concepts which are culturally based. An extension of this discussion includes the issue of legitimacy. In this, J. Habermas is quoted on the mismatch of theory to practice, with the consequent deterioration of legitimacy. The distinction between legal and rightful legitimacy is discussed suggesting support of the concept of cultural rectitude in administration.
Left-right differences on timed motor examination in children.

Age-related change in the difference between left- and right-side speed on motor examination may be an important indicator of maturation. Cortical maturation and myelination of the corpus callosum are considered to be related to increased bilateral skill and speed on timed motor tasks. We compared left minus right foot, hand, and finger speed differences using the Revised Physical and Neurological Assessment for Subtle Signs (PANESS; Denckla, 1985); examining 130 typically developing right-handed children (65 boys, 65 girls) ages 7–14. Timed tasks included right and left sets of 20 toe taps, 10 toe-heel alternation sequences, 20 hand pats, 10 hand pronate-supinate sets, 20 finger taps, and 5 sequences of each finger-to-thumb apposition. For each individual, six difference scores between left- and right-sided speeded performances of timed motor tasks were analyzed. Left-right differences decreased significantly with age on toe tapping, heel-toe alternations, hand pronation-supination, finger repetition, an...
Effect of serotonin on platelet function in cocaine exposed blood

5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors counteract the pro-thrombotic effect of elevated plasma 5-HT by down-regulating the 5-HT uptake rates of platelets. Cocaine also down-regulates the platelet 5-HT uptake rates but in contrast, the platelets of cocaine-injected mice show a much higher aggregation rate than the platelets of control mice. To examine the involvement of plasma 5-HT in cocaine-mediated platelet aggregation, we studied the function of platelets isolated from wild-type and transgenic, peripheral 5-HT knock-out (TPH1-KO) mice, and cocaine-insensitive dopamine transporter knock in (DAT-KI) mice. In cocaine-injected mice compared to the control mice, the plasma 5-HT level as well as the surface level of P-selectin was elevated; in vitro platelet aggregation in the presence of type I fibrillar collagen was enhanced. However, cocaine injection lowered the 5-HT uptake rates of platelets and increased the plasma 5-HT levels of the DAT-KI mice but did not change their platelets aggregation rates further which are already hyper-reactive. Furthermore, the in vitro studies supporting these in vivo findings suggest that cocaine mimics the effect of elevated plasma 5-HT level on platelets and in 5-HT receptor- and transporter-dependent pathways in a two-step process propagates platelet aggregation by an additive effect of 5-HT and nonserotonergic catecholamine.
Tsunami hazards to U.S. coasts from giant earthquakes in Alaska

In the aftermath of Japan's devastating 11 March 2011Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, scientists are considering whether and how a similar tsunami could be generated along the Alaskan-Aleutian subduction zone (AASZ). A tsunami triggered by an earthquake along the AASZ would cross the Pacific Ocean and cause extensive damage along highly populated U.S. coasts, with ports being particularly vulnerable. For example, a tsunami in 1946 generated by a Mw 8.6 earthquake near Unimak Pass, Alaska (Figure 1a), caused signifcant damage along the U.S. West Coast, took 150 lives in Hawaii, and inundated shorelines of South Pacific islands and Antarctica [Fryer et al., 2004; Lopez and Okal, 2006]. The 1946 tsunami occurred before modern broadband seismometers were in place, and the mechanisms that created it remain poorly understood.
An investigation of the properties of cubic GaN grown on GaAs by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy

We present the first comprehensive investigation of the bulk properties, both optical and structural, of cubic GaN as grown by plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy on vicinal (100) GaAs substrates. X‐ray measurements determined the crystal structure of GaN/GaAs to be cubic with a lattice constant of 4.5 A. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed a high density of planar defects propagating along the GaN {111} planes. The majority of the defects originated from disordered regions at the GaN/GaAs interface. The optical properties of the films were investigated by cathodoluminescence which revealed a broad midgap peak as well as several sharp emission peaks just below the expected band gap. The data imply that the room temperature band gap of cubic GaN is approximately 3.45 eV.
The formation of [CH3CH2C(OH)CH2]+˙ from 1‐hepten‐3‐ol

The [C4H8O]+˙ ion in the mass spectrum of 1-hepten-3-ol is shown to be by collisional activation spectra, appearance energies and comparison of the ratios of the intensities of metastable decompositions. [C4H8O]+˙ appears to be formed by rearrangement of ionized 1-hepten-3-ol to followed by γ-hydrogen rearrangement-β-cleavage.
Myofascial Pain Syndrome: Treatments

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is a complicated and often painful syndrome. It is typically a collection of symptoms that can affect various parts of the body as well as the psyche. Although research into the mechanism of myofascial pain continues, therapies have been developed to aid in its management. MPS treatment is focused around maintenance of independence and restoration of physical activity. This article will review the different approaches to the treatment of MPS.
Thymosin fraction 5 inhibits the proliferation of the rat neuroendocrine MMQ pituitary adenoma and C6 glioma cell lines in vitro.

Cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In addition, these proteins affect pituitary cell proliferation in vitro. Thymosin fraction 5 (TF5) is a partially purified preparation of the bovine thymus that enhances immune system functioning. Because TF5 similarly stimulates the HPA axis, we examined the effects of this preparation on neuroendocrine tumor cell proliferation. Cells of the PRL-secreting rat anterior pituitary adenoma, MMQ (5–50 × 103 cells/well), were exposed to vehicle (RPMI-1640 containing 2.5% FCS, 7.5% horse serum, and antibiotics) or TF5 (100–500 μg/ml) for up to 96 h and the proliferation of MMQ cells monitored using the MTT assay (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide). TF5-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation was dependent on both TF5 concentration and the initial MMQ cell number. Minimal reductions in optical densities resulted from exposure to 100 μg/ml TF5, whereas the highest concentration ...
Light-induced reactions of photosynthetic bacteria. I. Reactions in whole cells and in cell-free extracts at liquid nitrogen temperatures.

Abstract The light and dark reactions at liquid nitrogen temperatures of c -type cytochromes and associated spectral components of three species of photosynthetic bacteria have been studied with respect to the differential responses of the components in the whole cells or cell-free extracts of these species to the conditions of anaerobiosis and oxygenation prior to freezing. In light-induced reactions at 77°K irreversibility is induced under anaerobic conditions and reversibility by oxygenation. The half-times of laser-induced reactions measured at different wavelengths have been effectively used in differentiating and identifying various spectral components undergoing concurrent absorbance changes.
Rigid sets in the Hilbert cube

Abstract Let X be a compact metric space with no isolated points. Then we may embed X as a subset of the Hilbert cube Q ( X ⊂ Q ) so that the only homeomorphism of X onto itself that extends to a homeomorphism of Q is the identity homeomorphism. Such an embedding is said to be rigid. In fact, there are uncountably many rigid embeddings X α of X in Q so that for α ≠ β and any homeomorphism h of Q , h ( X α )∩ X β is a Z -set in Q and a nowhere dense subset of each of h ( X α ) and X β .