cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The natural history of impaired glucose tolerance in the Micronesian population of Nauru: A six-year follow-up study

A longitudinal study of 266 randomly selected non-diabetic Nauruans (215 normal subjects, 51 with impaired glucose tolerance) has permitted the natural history of impaired glucose tolerance to be studied in this Micronesian population. Nauruans are known to suffer from a very high prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance. The subjects were first examined in 1975–1976, and a follow-up examination was performed in 1982. Of the subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, 26% developed diabetes during the study period (4% per annum) compared with 7% of normal subjects (1% per annum). After controlling for the effects of both age and obesity, the risk of subsequent diabetes for subjects with impaired glucose tolerance remained significantly higher than for normal subjects (odds ratio 3.6, 95% confidence interval 1.4–9.1). Of those with impaired glucose tolerance on initial examination, 39% were normoglycaemic at follow-up. In subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, of nine factors examined only plasma glucose concentration at the time of the initial examination was consistent in predicting progression to diabetes, when the data were examined by both univariate and multivariate methods. Both 2-h and fasting plasma glucose values were useful predictors. Thus, Nauruans with impaired glucose tolerance have a higher risk of subsequent diabetes than their normoglycaemic counterparts, after controlling for age and obesity. Nevertheless, the prognosis of impaired glucose tolerance is unpredictable as a substantial proportion of such subjects return to normality. Plasma glucose concentration is the most important predictor of subsequent diabetes. These results accord with recent findings from longitudinal studies of impaired glucose tolerance in other populations.
COMMERCIAL ISLAM IN INDONESIA: HOW TELEVISION PRODUCERS MEDIATE RELIGIOSITY AMONG NATIONAL AUDIENCES

While Indonesia's burgeoning private television industry has prospered through the country's democratic transition and the rise of popular Islam, it has remained ideologically constrained by many of the content restrictions established during Suharto's New Order era. One area in which producers have broken these norms is in the field of religious imagery, and the adaptation of religiously-themed narratives and tropes. This article – based on a long-term ethnographic study of television producers in Indonesia and the social institutions that influence them – explores the strategies and goals behind the industry's handling of the imagined religious audience. It asserts that the tension of appeasing cultural conservatives has been redirected by the industry into content that appeals to the much larger demographic of moderate Muslims, through the adaptation of narrative conventions and stylistic forms that draw on an array of global media traditions. It examines new genres and conventions invoked by producers in their efforts to both placate and mobilize religious sentiment among Indonesia's culturally heterogeneous population, arguing that these practices promote a successful, commercial Islam that largely comports with neoliberal subjectivity.
Instrument Design Considerations and Clinical Applications of Stable Isotope Analysis

Stable isotope analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy-accelerating voltage alternation (GMA) is a new concept, which makes it possible to eliminate radiological hazard from clinical tracer studies. To become useful to, and used by, the clinician, this instrumentation must eventually become competitive with that for liquid scintillation counting from the standpoint of sample size, sensitivity, automation, routine operation, and cost. A second-generation instrument, recently constructed in the Division of Biological and Medical Research at Argonne National Laboratory, has been put into operation and is being used in collaborative clinical studies conducted at the Mayo Clinic. The design features and operating characteristics of this system are discussed with reference to the ultimate clinical requirements.
Calibration and validation of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission height data for southeastern Michigan

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) provided data for detailed topographical maps of about 80% of the Earth's surface. SRTM consisted of single-pass C-and X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radars (INSARs). In order to apply SRTM data to remote sensing applications the data must be calibrated and validated. This paper presents the University of Michigan's SRTM calibration and validation campaign and our results using recently acquired C-band SRTM data of our calibration sites. A calibration array was deployed with the intention of determining the accuracy of INSAR-derived digital elevation maps. The array spanned one of the X-band swaths and stretched from Toledo, Ohio to Lansing, Michigan. Passive and active targets were used. The passive targets included trihedrals and tophats. The locations in latitude, longitude, and elevation of the point targets were determined using differential GPS. The data used in this study are "Principal Investigator Processor" data, which are not the refined final data product. However, we found the data to be of high quality. We report a 6 m to 12 m vertical height offset with a pronounced tilting trend. The average absolute offset is 9 m with a standard deviation of 2 m. This absolute height error is within the stated mission goal of 16 m, even before the final processing to refine the data. In order to calibrate the data, we remove the height offset and find that the resulting absolute height errors are at most 4.2 m in magnitude, with a standard deviation of 1.5 m.
Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of motives for volunteering on respondents’ mortality risk 4 years later. Methods: Logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether motives for volunteering predicted later mortality risk, above and beyond volunteering itself, in older adults from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. Covariates included age, gender, socioeconomic variables, physical, mental, and cognitive health, health risk behaviors, personality traits, received social support, and actual volunteering behavior. Results: Replicating prior work, respondents who volunteered were at lower risk for mortality 4 years later, especially those who volunteered more regularly and frequently. However, volunteering behavior was not always beneficially related to mortality risk: Those who volunteered for self-oriented reasons had a mortality risk similar to nonvolunteers. Those who volunteered for otheroriented reasons had a decreased mortality risk, even in adjusted models. Conclusions: This study adds to the existing literature on the powerful effects of social interactions on health and is the first study to our knowledge to examine the effect of motives on volunteers’ subsequent mortality. Volunteers live longer than nonvolunteers, but this is only true if they volunteer for other-oriented reasons.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Attenuates the Detrimental Impact of Nonocclusive Coronary Artery Constriction on the Heart

Coronary artery narrowing (CAN) induces tissue injury, which may involve myocyte necrosis and apoptosis. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 may counteract cell death, modifying the detrimental effects of myocardial ischemia. On this basis, CAN was produced in female FVB.Igf+/- mice and nontransgenic littermates, and the animals were euthanized 7 days later. CAN consisted of an 82% reduction in the vessel luminal cross-sectional area in both groups of mice. Severe left ventricular dysfunction was present in CAN nontransgenic and transgenic mice, but heart and left ventricular weights increased more in littermates than in FVB.Igf+/- mice. Similarly, the changes in chamber volume and diastolic wall stress were greater in nontransgenic mice. Subacute tissue injury, represented by foci of replacement fibrosis, was 2.6-fold higher in CAN littermates than in FVB.Igf+/- mice. Ongoing myocyte necrosis was 5-fold greater in nontransgenic mice, whereas apoptosis was low and did not differ in the 2 groups of mice. In CAN nontransgenic mice, myocyte necrosis was 12-fold more frequent than apoptosis but, in CAN transgenic mice, these 2 types of cell death were comparable. alpha-Myosin and beta-myosin isoform mRNAs were affected by CAN, but alpha-myosin mRNA was reduced more in nontransgenic mice. In conclusion, myocyte necrosis and replacement fibrosis are the prevailing forms of myocardial damage induced by CAN. Constitutive overexpression of IGF-1 attenuates myocyte necrosis and tissue injury, having no effect on cell apoptosis. These factors limit ventricular dilation, myocardial loading, cardiac hypertrophy, and alterations in alpha- and beta-myosin isoform expression.
Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis

The objective of the present study was to develop a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay using SYBR Green for quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis in cell culture and pig fecal samples. Specific primers were designed and tested using the aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspA) gene as a target. Serial 10-fold dilutions of cell culture samples and several sets of spiked feces were used for qPCR optimization. The lower limit of the linear range of the assay in cell culture was 5.1 x 10(2) L. intracellularis/ml. A concentration of between 2.55 x 10(4) and 2.55 x 10(3) L. intracellularis/g was the lower limit of the linear range when testing community DNA from spiked fecal samples. From both cell culture and fecal samples, L. intracellularis could be detected but not accurately quantified at levels approximately 1 log below the linear range. No cross-reactivity of qPCR was found when the assay was tested using the DNA extracted from 16 species of enteric bacteria commonly found in pig feces or closely related to L. intracellularis. The new qPCR assay might prove to be a sensitive, specific, precise, and accurate method for the detection and quantification of L. intracellularis in field samples.
Integrating Intercultural Communication into an Engineering Communication Service Class Tutorial

Engineering programs in the US made notable efforts to develop students' intercultural competence, but they tended to overlook the teaching of intercultural communication. Technical communication teachers can fill this gap by addressing intercultural issues in the service class. This proposal faces challenges: the lack of class time, teacher training, textbooks, and teaching methods. To address these challenges, this tutorial uses various materials and genre-based instruction to integrate intercultural communication into the service class. This approach helps to raise students' intercultural awareness and sensitivity as they learn engineering communication genres. This tutorial may be used in service classes for other majors.
Kinetics of inactivation of indicator pathogens during thermophilic anaerobic digestion

Abstract Thermophilic anaerobic sludge digestion is a promising process to divert waste to beneficial use, but an important question is the required temperature and holding time to achieve a given degree of pathogen inactivation. In this study, the kinetics of inactivation of Ascaris suum and vaccine strain poliovirus type 1 (PVS-1), selected as indicators for helminth ova and enteric viruses respectively, were determined during anaerobic digestion at temperatures ranging from 51 to 56 °C. Inactivation of both indicator organisms was fast with greater than two log reductions achieved within 2 h for A. suum and three log reductions for PVS-1, suggesting that the current U.S. regulations are largely conservative. The first-order inactivation rate constants k followed Arrhenius relationship with activation energies of 105 and 39 KJ mol−1 for A. suum and PVS-1, respectively indicating that A. suum was more sensitive to temperature. Although inactivation was fast, the presence of compounds in the sludge that are known to be protective of pathogen inactivation was observed, suggesting that composition-dependent time–temperature relationships are necessary.
Perception of College Students' Motives for Shoplifting:

Motivational patterns for shoplifting among college students were assessed using a projective questionnaire. Of the various motives offered for shoplifting, “poverty” and “self-indulgence” were the most prevalent. The third most frequent reason given was some variant of “fun” or “thrill,” indicating that some shoplifters may engage in this form of larceny for pleasure and excitement. A number of respondents indicated that revenge or diffusion of responsibility also play a significant role. The relationship between the shoplifter and the company from which one steals may be an important element in shoplifting. Finally, sex differences were explored among respondents. Of the different shoplifting categories studied, the only difference that emerged was within “self-indulgence.” Although this finding needs to be interpreted with caution because the number of comparisons undertaken were large, there may be motivational differences between male and female shoplifters.
Extracurricular Activities and Bullying Perpetration: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample.

BACKGROUND: Bullying is a widespread problem for school-aged children and adolescents. Interventions to reduce bullying are not well disseminated. Extracurricular involvement is, however, common. This study aims to examine the relationship between parent-reported participation in extracurricular activities and bullying perpetration. METHODS: Using the 2011 National Survey of Children's Health, 62,215 interviews with parents of children 6 to 17 were analyzed. Extracurricular categories of sports only, sports + nonsport, nonsport only, and no activities were based on parental response to questions regarding sport teams/lessons, clubs, and organizations. Bullying was derived from report of the child "bullying or being cruel/mean to others." Weighted bivariate analyses, logistic regression, and sex/race/ethnicity/age stratified analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Eighty percent of children participated in extracurricular activities: 8% sports, 48% sports + nonsports, and 24% nonsports. Bullying perpetration was reported in 15% of the sample. Compared with those not participating in extracurricular activities, the odds of bullying were significantly lower for children who participated in sports + nonsports (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-0.79) and nonsport only (AOR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70-0.97). Stratified analyses showed attenuated effects of extracurricular activities for boys and for Hispanics. CONCLUSIONS: Children who participate in a variety of extracurricular activities exhibit the least frequent bullying perpetration. Language: en
Inhibition of Mammary Gland Differentiation in Vitro by 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine

Mammary epithelial cells in organ culture incorporate 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) into DNA during a single cycle of DNA replication. The specific milk proteins, casein and α-lactalbumin, are induced by prolactin in control mammary cells, but the induction of these proteins is markedly inhibited in cells which contain BUdR-DNA. This is a selective effect, since the induction of the galactosyltransferase of lactose synthetase is not inhibited, and the rate of total protein synthesis is only slightly decreased in such cells. Incubation of mammary cells with BUdR after completion of DNA synthesis did not inhibit the induction of casein or α-lactalbumin. Thus BUdR appears to selectively inhibit the expression of genes which are uniquely expressed in differentiated mammary secretory cells. Formation of transfer RNA, total rapidly labeled nuclear RNA, and ribosomal RNA was unaltered in cells containing BUdR-DNA. However, a marked reduction of prolactin-stimulated polysome formation was observed. Initiation of casein synthesis in these cells has been previously shown to be dependent upon the formation of prolactin-induced polysomes. BUdR inhibited milk protein induction by more than 90%. This result suggests that only mammary daughter cells containing the newly synthesized "sense" strand of DNA may express differentiated function.
Non-linear FM waveform design using Marginal Fisher's Information within the CPM framework

The optimization of radar codes for specific use within the continuous phase modulation (CPM) implementation is presented as a means to achieve both power and spectral efficiency for radar emissions. An optimization strategy known as Marginal Fisher's Information (MFI), recently shown to be an efficient and effective strategy for the selection of high-dimensional codes, is here applied within the CPM framework to design continuous waveforms that are physically realizable.
Stomata from npq1, a zeaxanthin-less Arabidopsis mutant, lack a specific response to blue light.

The Arabidopsis mutant npql, which cannot accumulate zeaxanthin because of a defective violaxanthin deepoxidase, was used to investigate the role of zeaxanthin in the stomatal response to blue light. Neither dark-adapted nor light-treated guard cells or mesophyll cells of the npql mutant contained detectable zeaxanthin. In contrast, wildtype guard cells had a significant zeaxanthin content in the dark and accumulated large amounts of zeaxanthin when illuminated. The well-documented red light enhancement of blue light-stimulated stomatal opening, in which increasing fluence rates of background red light result in increased response to blue light, was used to probe the specific blue light response of Arabidopsis stomata. Stomata from the npql mutant did not have a specific blue light response under all fluence rates of background red light tested. On the other hand, stomata from leaves of hy4 (cry 1), an Arabidopsis mutant lacking blue light-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, had a typical enhancement of the blue light response by background red light. The lack of a specific blue light response in the zeaxanthinless npql mutant provides genetic evidence for the role of zeaxanthin as a blue light photoreceptor in guard cells.
Halfway Up or Halfway Down

When I turned 44, my son congratulated me on my birthday with the comment “Happy Birthday, Mom, you’re halfway done with life!” My son has a dry sense of humor, but his comment was heartfelt and genuine. I had made it, God willing, at least halfway through my time on this green planet; we both have known people who weren’t lucky enough to make it to middle age, let alone to grow old.
Capture, Surrender, and Reward: Warrant Enforcement and the Efficacy of International Criminal Tribunals

International criminal tribunals cannot capture their own suspects, and states are often hesitant to put forth effort to capture suspects on their territory. However, many suspects have appeared before international courts, sometimes after capture but also after surrender, and in some cases states have worked hard to capture them in order to reap political rewards promised by interested third parties. How does the combination of domestic politics and potential international rewards affect this basic problem of capture? We analyze a game-theoretic model of the interactions between a suspect, the state in which he resides, and an interested state or international institution, deriving predictions over when and how suspects are likely to surrender or be captured. We then test these implications against a newly collected dataset of all individuals indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
Deques, trees and lattice paths

A double ended queue or deque is a linear list for which all insertions and deletions occur at the ends of the list. We give a direct, ‘pictorial’ proof of a result of Knuth on the enumeration of permutations obtainable from output restricted deques. This approach readily identifies the numbers of these permutations as Schroder numbers and leads naturally to correspondences with other equinumerous sets of trees and lattice paths. We also gather together other references to occurrences of the Schroder numbers.
Abstract T P387: Stroke Health and Risk Education Project: main results

Objective: The Stroke Health and Risk Education (SHARE) Project is a cluster-randomized, faith-based, culturally-sensitive, theory-based behavioral intervention trial to reduce key stroke risk factor behaviors. Methods: Ten Catholic churches in Corpus Christi, Texas were randomized to intervention or control group. Subjects were enrolled as friend or family partners who provided reciprocal support to each other. The intervention group received a 1-year multicomponent intervention that included self-help materials (physical activity guide with pedometer, healthy eating guide, blood pressure management photonovella, and motivational short film), 2 tailored newsletters, 5 motivational interviewing counseling calls, and a peer partnership support workshop. Multilevel modeling, accounting for clustering within pairs and parishes, was used to test treatment differences in the average of two measures of change since baseline (ascertained at 6 and 12 months), using standardized questionnaires, in dietary sodium, dietary fruit and vegetable intake, and physical activity of moderate or greater intensity. The primary endpoint was met if any one of the three outcomes was significant based on a pre-specified p-value threshold of 0.05/3. Results: Of 801 subjects who consented, 760 completed baseline data assessments. The median age was 52; 84% were Hispanic, the remainder were non-Hispanic whites; 64% were women. The intervention group had a greater increase in fruit and vegetable intake than the control group (0.25 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.42) cups per day, p = 0.002), a greater decrease in sodium intake (-123.17 (-194.76, -51.59) mg/day, p=0.04), but no difference in change in moderate or greater intensity physical activity (-27.47 (-526.32, 471.38) MET-minutes per week, p=0.56). Conclusion: This cluster-randomized trial was effective in increasing fruit and vegetable intake among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white Catholic parishioners, reaching its primary endpoint. The intervention also seemed to lower sodium intake. Church-based health promotions can be successful in primary stroke prevention efforts.
Diffuse reflectance of flower bulbs.

Using a spectrophotometer, the diffuse reflection of tulip (Tulipa L.) and lily (Lilium L.) bulbs were measured. The tulips were measured over a range of wavelengths between 350 and 1480 nm, and the lilies over the range 350 to 1350 nm. The tulip group contained healthy clean bulbs and bulbs infected with Fusarium, while the lily group contained sound, healthy bulbs and some damaged by mechanical harvesting. Both groups were analysed to identify wavelengths that might be capable of discriminating between the sound and defective bulbs. Results for the tulip bulbs indicated that there were no wavelengths where the reflectance means of the clean and diseased bulb groups were significantly different at the 90% level. Discrimination was possible between the damaged and undamaged lily bulbs over a range of wavelengths from 650 to 950 nm.
Self-control skillfulness and caregiver burden among help-seeking elders

Self-control skills are coping responses that help to organize one's own behavior and to manage cognitive and emotional responses that disrupt ongoing, adaptive behavior. The concept of self-control is applied to the chronically stressful caregiving experience. The present study examined the relationship between caregivers' role-specific burden and their self-control skillfulness. Forty-four caregivers of cognitively impaired spouses were assessed. Demographic characteristics, psychiatric symptomatology, role-specific burden, functional impairment of their spouse, and dispositional self-control skillfulness were measured. Highly skillful caregivers reported lower burden, fewer memory and behavior problems for their care recipient, and fewer psychiatric symptoms than less skilled caregivers. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that self-control skillfulness was associated with caregiver burden net the effects of covariates including age, education, memory and behavior problems of the care recipient, and caregivers' psychological distress. Results suggest that self-control skills may play an important role in caregiving and may help to explain why some caregivers adapt better than others to their role.
Accelerometer-determined physical activity and the cardiovascular response to mental stress in children

Abstract Objectives Cardiovascular reactivity has been associated with future hypertension and cardiovascular mortality. Higher physical activity (PA) has been associated with lower cardiovascular reactivity in adults, but little data is available in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between PA and cardiovascular reactivity to mental stress in children. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods This study sample included children from the Oswego Lead Study (n = 79, 46% female, 9–11 years old). Impedance cardiography was performed while children participated in a stress response protocol. Children were also asked to wear Actigraph accelerometers on their wrists for 3 days to measure intensity and duration of PA and sedentary time. Results In multivariable models, moderate to vigorous (MV) PA was associated with lower body mass index (BMI) percentile and lower total peripheral resistance (TPR) response to stress (beta = −0.025, p = 0.02; beta = −0.009, p = 0.05). After additional adjustment for BMI, MVPA was also associated with lower diastolic blood pressure response to stress (beta = −0.01, p = 0.03). Total PA and sedentary time were not associated with BMI or cardiovascular responses to stress. Conclusions A modest, inverse relation of PA to vascular reactivity to mental stress was observed in children. These data provide confirmatory evidence that the promotion of PA recommendations for children are important for cardiovascular health.
Presentation of the Roebling Medal of the Mineralogical Society of America for 1982 to Joseph V. Smith

If I had been given the chance to choose someone to introduce for the Roebling Medal, my selection would have been Joseph V. Smith. His creative research productivity identifies him clearly as a mineralogical medallist.
Cardiovascular Risk Assessment, Summary of Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension and a Critical Appraisal of the 2014 Expert Panel of the National Institutes of Health Report

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent health problems worldwide and the third largest cause of the global burden of disease. The rise in hypertension prevalence is attributed to several factors, including the overall aging of the population, a dramatic increase in obesity, and a decrease in physical activity. Although patient awareness of hypertension diagnoses has risen, the number of patients meeting blood pressure goals remains low, especially when one considers the large cardiovascular risk that hypertension confers. Many international groups have released guidelines recently, addressing blood pressure goals in varying populations. The following discusses how hypertension relates to cardiovascular risk and addresses new blood pressure control guidelines, especially in high-risk patients.
Abstract A04: Menopausal vasomotor symptoms and incident breast cancer risk in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation

Two previous retrospective studies reported a significantly decreased breast cancer risk among women who experienced menopausal vasomotor symptoms (VMS). It is possible that VMS are a marker of declining sex hormone levels during menopause. Elevated sex hormone levels have been associated with increased breast cancer risk, suggesting that VMS may be indicative of lower susceptibility to breast cancer. We evaluated this relationship in the prospective Study of Women9s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), which includes annual data on VMS and endogenous hormone levels for 3,098 women who were pre- or early peri-menopausal at enrollment. We evaluated the effect of VMS on breast cancer risk using discrete survival analysis. Over an average 11.4 years of follow-up, 129 breast cancer cases were self-reported and approximately 50% of participants reported some VMS. Women reporting VMS at any current or previous visit had a reduced risk of breast cancer compared to those never experiencing VMS (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.39, 1.02). Results were strengthened in the subgroup of women who fully transitioned to postmenopausal during follow-up (N=80 cases, OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.26, 0.77). Associations were unchanged upon adjustment for endogenous hormone levels. VMS appear to be a marker of reduced breast cancer risk. Future research is needed to fully understand this relationship, which does not appear to be mediated by endogenous hormone levels. Citation Format: Vicki Hart, Susan Sturgeon, Nicholas Reich, Lynnette Leidy Sievert, Sybil Crawford, Ellen Gold, Nancy Avis, Katherine W. Reeves. Menopausal vasomotor symptoms and incident breast cancer risk in the Study of Women9s Health Across the Nation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2014 Sep 27-Oct 1; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2015;8(10 Suppl): Abstract nr A04.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: Treatment – Specific Therapies

There have been few prospective randomized clinical trials conducted to guide treatment of patients with ADHF. Many of the guideline recommendations are based on broad clinical experience, registry data, meta-analyses, and a limited number of prospective, randomized clinical trials.
Hyponatremia in the cancer patient

Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities encountered in the cancer patient. The severity of hyponatremia is directly associated with mortality and length of hospital stay. I...
Using bilateral trading to increase ridership and user permanence in ridesharing systems

Abstract One of the main obstacles that has challenged peer-to-peer (P2P) ridesharing systems in operating as stand-alone systems is reaching a critical mass of participants. Toward this goal, we propose what we call the P2P ride exchange mechanism to increase matching rate and customer retention in a ridesharing system. This mechanism gives riders the opportunity to purchase other riders’ itineraries while it provides suitable alternative rides to the sellers, thus increasing the service rate in a ridesharing system. The proposed mechanism aims to maximize expected user surplus, is robust towards selfish user manipulation, and has very low information requirements. Using numerical experiments, we demonstrate what type of ridesharing systems can benefit the most from P2P ride exchange. Furthermore, we study the impact of customer flexibility on the rate of exchange. If implemented properly, P2P ride exchange can effectively increase the number of served riders and enhance customer loyalty by engaging customers in the ride-matching process.
Mitochondrial control of immunity: Beyond ATP

Mitochondria are important signalling organelles, and they dictate immunological fate. From T cells to macrophages, mitochondria form the nexus of the various metabolic pathways that define each immune cell subset. In this central position, mitochondria help to control the various metabolic decision points that determine immune cell function. In this Review, we discuss how mitochondrial metabolism varies across different immune cell subsets, how metabolic signalling dictates cell fate and how this signalling could potentially be targeted therapeutically.
Development and Dynamical Analysis of Laboratory Facility Exhibiting Full-Scale Combustion Instability Characteristics

This paper describes a new approach that uses a small-scale rig, high-speed optical diagnostics, and the Krylov-based dynamic mode decomposition data analysis technique to elucidate the mechanisms ...
Abstract 1995: The omentum promotes ovarian cancer cell survival by increasing cell cycle duration and chemoresistance

Background: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal of all gynecologic cancers. It is characterized by the presence of carcinomatosis at time of presentation and chemoresistant micrometastatic seedings at the time of recurrence. The omentum, an adipocyte-rich organ, is a frequent site of ovarian cancer metastasis in patients and the most common site of post-chemotherapy residual disease in animal models. Whereas previous studies have shown how the adipocyte microenvironment can induce metabolic re-programming in cancer cells, it is not clear if it can regulate pathways that affect chemoresponse. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of the adipocyte microenvironment on pathways that control cell cycle and apoptosis. Methods: In vitro: Patient-derived epithelial ovarian cancer cell lines were cultured in the presence of absence of omentum conditioned-media. Cell growth was determined by measuring culture confluence using IncucyteTM. Protein expression was determined by western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. In vivo: Human ovarian cancer xenografts were established intra-peritoneally in nude mice. Tumor implants from adipocyte-rich organs such as the omentum, pelvic fat, and mesentery and tumor implants from non-adipocyte-rich organs such as liver, ovaries, and GI tract were collected and analyzed independently. Results: Compared to cells cultured in growth media, epithelial ovarian cancer cells cultured in omentum CM demonstrated a more fibroblastic morphology characterized by elongated shape and bipolarity, significantly slower growth kinetics (p 50 μg/ml. Analysis of tumor implants in vivo showed similar results as observed in vitro. Thus, tumor implants isolated from adipocyte-rich organs express higher levels of p27, Bclxl, and Mcl-1. Conclusion: We demonstrate in this study that the adipocyte microenvironment induces major changes in the phenotype of ovarian cancer cells characterized by morphological changes chemoresistance and growth rate. These findings highlight the importance of the adipocyte microenvironment in the progression of ovarian cancer. Further studies that can identify specific therapeutic targets in the adipocyte-educated chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells may aid in the development of novel therapies and improve patient survival. Citation Format: Carlos Cardenas, Ayesha B. Alvero, Mary Pitruzzello, Roslyn Tedja, Gil G. Mor. The omentum promotes ovarian cancer cell survival by increasing cell cycle duration and chemoresistance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1995. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1995
Progress Toward the Clinical Translation of Bioinspired Peptide and Protein Assemblies

Supramolecular materials composed of proteins and peptides have been receiving considerable attention toward a range of diseases and conditions from vaccines to drug delivery. Owing to the relative newness of this class of materials, the bulk of work to date has been preclinical. However, examples of approved treatments particularly in vaccines, dentistry, and hemostasis demonstrate the translational potential of supramolecular polypeptides. Critical milestones in the clinical development of this class of materials and currently approved supramolecular polypeptide therapies are described in this study. Additional examples of not-yet-approved materials that are steadily advancing toward clinical use are also featured. Spherical assemblies such as virus-like particles, designed protein nanoparticles, and spherical peptide amphiphiles are highlighted, followed by fiber-forming systems such as fibrillizing peptides, fiber-forming peptide-amphiphiles, and filamentous bacteriophages.
Lactobacillus micheneri sp. nov., Lactobacillus timberlakei sp. nov. and Lactobacillus quenuiae sp. nov., lactic acid bacteria isolated from wild bees and flowers.

Gram-stain-positive, rod-shaped, non-spore forming bacteria have been isolated from flowers and the guts of adult wild bees in the families Megachilidae and Halictidae. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that these bacteria belong to the genus Lactobacillus , and are most closely related to the honey-bee associated bacteria Lactobacillus kunkeei (97.0 % sequence similarity) and Lactobacillus apinorum (97.0 % sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA genes and six single-copy protein coding genes, in situ and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization, and fatty-acid profiling differentiates the newly isolated bacteria as three novel Lactobacillus species: Lactobacillus micheneri sp. nov. with the type strain Hlig3T (=DSM 104126T,=NRRL B-65473T), Lactobacillus timberlakei with the type strain HV_12T (=DSM 104128T,=NRRL B-65472T), and Lactobacillus quenuiae sp. nov. with the type strain HV_6T (=DSM 104127T,=NRRL B-65474T).
Pediatric Palliative Care and the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

The role of palliative care in pediatric critical care medicine is described, with a focus on communication practices, complex chronic medical disease, end-of-life care, and moral resiliency. Palliative care medicine has an increasing presence in pediatric critical care medicine. The model for delivering quality palliative care from a primary to consultative role is evolving, as increasing numbers of patients and families benefit from this additional layer of care and advocacy. Palliative care medicine is complementary care at all levels and focuses on collaborating with families and patients by understanding values, contextualizing the traumatic nature of their experiences, and communication through shared decision-making. Enhancing and strengthening palliative care skills of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) clinicians will provide one possible mechanism for addressing moral distress. Palliative care is an essential component of comprehensive care for our patients and families facing critical and life-threatening illness of any severity or prognosis. It augments and complements intensive care treatments, and it is based on need, not prognosis or outcome.
It’s Time for the Executive Branch to Conduct a 'Disparate Impact Inventory': Remarks at the Federalist Society's Sixth Annual Executive Branch Review, April 17, 2018, Washington, D.C.

In view of the controversy over the constitutionality of Griggs-style disparate impact liability raised by Justice Scalia in his Ricci v. DeStefano (2009) concurrence, Professor Heriot has suggested that the Administration conduct an inventory of all the statutes, regulations and policies are currently being interpreted to contain an element of disparate impact liability based on race, sex, color or national origin. For each, the legal argument for why it contains an element of disparate impact liability should be given and the best argument for why it should survive strict scrutiny (or intermediate scrutiny) should be given. Endnotes have been added to these remarks.
The effect of alpha-tocopherol on the nitration of gamma-tocopherol by peroxynitrite.

It has been proposed (S. Christen et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 3217-3222, 1997) that although alpha-tocopherol (alpha-TH) is an efficient antioxidant, the presence of gamma-tocopherol (gamma-TH) may be required to scavenge peroxynitrite-derived reactive nitrogen species. To investigate the reactions between alpha-TH, gamma-TH, and peroxynitrite, endogenous levels of both alpha-TH and gamma-TH were monitored when low-density lipoprotein was oxidized in the presence of the peroxynitrite generator 5-amino-3-(4-morpholinyl)-1, 2,3-oxadiazolium (SIN-1). SIN-1 oxidized alpha-TH while gamma-TH levels remained constant. The sparing of gamma-TH was also demonstrated when 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine liposomes containing alpha-TH and gamma-TH were incubated with either SIN-1 or peroxynitrite. Our data show that alpha-TH inhibits peroxynitrite-mediated gamma-TH nitration, i.e., 5-NO2-gamma-tocopherol formation. The rate constants for the reactions between both alpha-TH and gamma-TH with peroxynitrite suggest that the sparing of gamma-TH by alpha-TH does not occur by competitive scavenging, but may be due to the formation of a transient gamma-TH intermediate. Nitration of gamma-TH becomes significant only after alpha-TH levels have been depleted. We conclude alpha-TH alone is sufficient to remove any peroxynitrite-derived reactive nitrogen species, as the presence of alpha-TH attenuates nitration of both gamma-TH and tyrosine. The present results also indicate that a bolus addition of peroxynitrite or SIN-1 to liposomes containing gamma-TH forms 5-NO2-gamma-tocopherol in similar yields. This is in contrast to their reaction profile with tyrosine in aqueous solution. Under these conditions, SIN-1 does not form nitrotyrosine at detectable yields.
Four-Point Probe Electrical Measurements on Templated Gold Nanowires Formed on Single DNA Origami Tiles.

Bottom-up nanofabrication is increasingly making use of self-assembled DNA to fabricate nanowires and potential integrated circuits, although yields of such electronic nanostructures are inadequate, as is the ability to reliably make electrical measurements on them. In this paper, we report improved yields and unprecedented conductivity measurements for Au nanowires created on DNA origami tile substrates. We created several different self-assembled Au nanowire arrangements on DNA origami tiles that are approximately 70 nm × 90 nm, through anisotropic growth of Au nanorods attached to specific sites. Modifications to the tile design increased yields of the final desired nanostructures as much as 6-fold. In addition, we measured the conductivity of Au nanowires created on these DNA tiles (∼130 nm long, 10 nm diameter, and 40 nm spacing between measurement points) with a four-point measurement technique that utilized electron beam induced metal deposition to form probe electrodes. These nanowires formed on s...
The role of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate ionic liquid in uranyl phosphate compounds

Abstract The ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethyl phosphate (EMIM-Et2PO4) was used in the synthesis of four new hybrid organic-inorganic uranyl phosphates. The structure of (UO2)[PO2(OC2H5)2]2 (1) is triclinic, P-1, a = 5.374(3) A, b = 7.674(4) A, c = 11.132(6) A, α = 105.333(6)°, β = 90.562(6)°, γ = 98.269(6)°, Z = 4. The structure of (C6N2H11){(UO2)2(NO3)2[PO2(OC2H5)2]3} (2) is triclinic, P-1, a = 9.316(3) A, b = 11.890(4) A, c = 18.477(7) A, α = 91.197(4)°, β = 102.993(4)°, γ = 102.625(4)°, Z = 2. The structure of {(UO2)(H2O)[PO2(OC2H5)2]2} (3) is monoclinic, P21/c, a = 9.2005(7) A, b = 10.1531(8) A, c = 18.5968(14) A, β = 99.6447(9)°, Z = 4. The structure of (C6N2H11){(UO2)2[PO2(OC2H5)2]3(PO3OC2H5)} (4) is monoclinic, C2/c, a = 36.048(10) A, b = 13.553(4) A, c = 18.583(5) A, β = 119.454(3)°, Z = 8. The variable reactants, thermal conditions, and crystallization times resulted in diverse topologies unique to uranyl phosphate chain (1 and 2) and sheet (3 and 4) structures.
Twenty-First-Century Fictional Experiments with Emotion and Cognition

This essay touches on representations and techniques of narrative empathy in fiction, including perspective-taking, empathic inaccuracy, personal distress, and Einfuhlung. It suggests the range of means employed by novelists to experiment with readers’ human endowments of thinking and feeling about others. Traditional novels appeal to readers’ emotion and cognition, and evocation of empathy is a widespread goal of twenty-first century-fiction. This essay focuses on modes of formal experimentation employed strategically by contemporary novelists, including writers briefly discussed: Margaret Atwood, Edwidge Danticat, Marlon James, Ian McEwan, Patrick Rothfuss, and Sarah Waters. A closer examination of Rothfuss’ novella The Slow Regard of Silent Things (2014) illustrates a variety of kinds of narrative empathy appealing to readers’ emotion and cognition.
Design and Fabrication of Metal Matrix Syntactic Foams by Low-Pressure Injection Molding

Metal matrix syntactic foams are particulate composite foams composed of a supporting metal matrix and high-strength hollow particles. These materials have higher specific strengths and specific stiffnesses compared to solid metals and metal foams. The reinforced porosity in these foams is the primary cause of this increase in strength-to-density ratio. Metal matrix syntactic foams can be difficult to manufacture, however, without extensive fracture of the hollow particles. The first goal of this study was to optimize a water-based binder for low-pressure injection molding of metal matrix syntactic foams. The optimized binder composition was 7% agar, 4% glycerin, and 89% water. The second goal of this study was to test the material compatibility between silicate glass materials and copper alloys. It was found the common copper sintering aids reacted negatively with silicate glasses such that they melted at or below the sintering temperature of the metal. Pure copper does not have this issue, but it is conversely difficult to sinter to full density.
Catalytic Activity, Stability, and Loading Trends of Alcohol Dehydrogenase Enzyme Encapsulated in a Metal-Organic Framework.

Recently, it has been shown that enzyme encapsulation inside metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can increase enzyme activity and serve as protection from adverse environmental conditions. Little is un...
The transitivity of de jure coreference: a case against Pinillos

De jure coreference in a discourse is typically understood as explicit coreference that speakers are required to recognize in order to count as having correctly understood the discourse. For example, in an utterance of the sentence ‘Tom went to the market because he needed soy milk’, the two underlined terms are typically coreferential in a way that appreciating their coreference is required to fully understand the utterance. Often, de jure coreference is understood as an equivalence relation, so in particular it is thought of as a transitive relation. However, Pinillos (Philos Stud 154(2):301–324, 2011) provides examples that apparently challenge the transitivity of de jure coreference (in intra-personal cases). In this paper, I argue for two claims. First, while it is (at best) inconclusive whether the relevant terms in Pinillos’s examples satisfy his third condition, it is much clearer that they fail to satisfy his first two conditions. Given that Pinillos’s conditions capture important characteristics of de jure coreference, his examples do not successfully show the non-transitivity of de jure coreference. Second, I present an alternative account of his examples, one that shows which representation the anaphoric pronoun in an example of the sort that he presents is de jure coreferential with.