cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes.

The net release of CO2 from the biosphere to the atmosphere between 1850 and 1950 is estimated to amount to 1.2 x 109 tons of carbon per year. During this interval, changes in land use reduced the total terrestrial biomass by 7 percent. There has been a smaller reduction in biomass over the last few decades. In the middle 19th century the air had a CO2 content of approximately 268 parts per millon, and the total increase in atmospheric CO2 content since 1850 has been 18 percent. Major sinks for fossil fuel CO2 are the thermocline regions of large oceanic gyres. About 34 percent of the excess CO2 generated so far is stored in surface and thermocline gyre waters, and 13 percent has been advected into the deep sea. This leaves an airborne fraction of 53 percent.
Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Shock-Tube Flows with Vibrational Nonequilibrium

Single-shot planar laser-induced fluorescence images of nitric oxide in shock-heated flows with vibrational nonequilibrium are reported. The results demonstrate that planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging is a promising diagnostic technique for multidimensional high-speed flows because of its ability to examine shock structure and to visualize and measure vibrational nonequilibrium. The flows studied were generated within a shock tube and were composed of dilute mixtures of NO in argon. A narrow-band ArF laser tuned to the D +- X (0,1) R2 (28.5) transition of NO at 193.346 nm was used as the excitation source. The broadband fluorescence was collected at 90 deg to the path of excitation using an intensified, two-dimensional photodiode array. Images presented include a normal incident shock, a normal reflected shock, and a four-image sequence of the development of high-temperat ure supersonic flow over a two-dimensiona l blunt body. The vibrational relaxation in the downstream region of the normal shocks is analyzed and compared with calculations based on known relaxation rates.
Intermediate-Term to Long-Term Outcome of Surgically and Nonsurgically Treated Congenital, Isolated Radial Head Dislocation

Purpose Adolescent patients with congenital radial head dislocation presenting with pain and limitation in motion might benefit from radial head excision. We report objective and patient-rated data for patients treated with radial head excision and those followed nonsurgically. We hypothesized that surgery would improve pain and motion and that outcomes and the need for additional surgery would be similar between the 2 groups. Methods We reviewed our surgical logs and identified 16 patients (10 treated surgically and 6 treated nonsurgically) for participation. At a mean of 10 years for the surgical group and 16 years after initial office visit for the nonsurgical group, we collected patient-rated and objective data, including range of motion, strength, and pain at the wrist or elbow. Results Eight of 16 patients had bilateral dislocations. Preoperative and postoperative elbow flexion (137° versus 135°) and extension (27° versus 23°) were unchanged in surgically treated patients. Forearm rotation was improved after surgery (100° versus 119°). Carrying angle was similar between surgical (17°) and nonsurgical (13°) elbows, but surgically treated elbows had significantly different ulnar variance at +4.9 mm compared to −0.4 mm for the nonsurgically treated patients. Surgically treated patients had significant improvement in elbow pain following radial head excision. Final Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores were similar between groups, although there were lower mean scores among nonsurgically treated patients. Conclusions Radial head excision in patients with symptomatic, isolated, congenital radial head dislocations resulted in substantial pain relief and patient satisfaction but modest improvement in forearm rotation and no improvement in elbow flexion-extension. Furthermore, more than 25% of the surgically treated limbs developed wrist pain and needed additional surgery. The nonsurgical group did not lose motion, develop pain, or need surgery. This information might help make the decision whether to excise the radial head in patients with symptomatic, congenital radial head dislocation. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Complex formation between Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilumc-type cytochromes

Abstract It has been possible to demonstrate, using affinity chromatography, that Chlorobium flavocytochrome c-553 forms an electrostatically stabilized complex with Chlorobium cytochrome c-555. The binding site for cytochrome c-555 appears to be located on the heme-containing subunit of flavocytochrome c-553. This complex appears to be involved in the flavocytochrome c-553-catalyzed transfer of electrons from sulfide to cytochrome c-555. Complex formation has also been demonstrated between Chlorobium cytochromes c-555 and c-551, two components involved in the oxidation of thiosulfate by this green sulfur bacterium. Affinity chromatography data also suggest the possibility that the cytochrome binding sites on the Chlorobium flavocytochrome c-553 and on flavocytochrome c-552 from the purple sulfur bacterium Chromatium vinosum may be similar.
The Nature of Pulsars

A theory of stellar evolution taking into account magnetoturbulence might explain the observed properties of pulsars.
Relative velocities of the Pacific, North America and Cocos plates in the middle America region

Abstract Relative velocities of crustal plates are used for the first time to test the conventional assumption that such plates are rigid. Spreading rates derived from magnetic anomaly data, fracture zone trends, and earthquake mechanisms at the Pacific-North America and Pacific-Cocos plate boundaries are used to predict the direction of thrusting of the Cocos plate under North America to be 031°. As this direction is in near accord with previously determined earthquake mechanisms at that plate boundary, the assumption that the three plates are rigid appears to be largely justified. The calculated rate of underthrusting at the Cocos-North America plate boundary is about 8 cm/yr.
Distractions in the workplace revisited

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a holistic and systematic understanding of a fundamental issue within open plan office designs: the sustainability of two extremely contrasting requirements, concentration and collaboration, in the same workspace and work environment at a given time. A literature review is presented, along with initial suggestions for potential improvements in knowledge work organizations.Design/methodology/approach – A thorough range of fields, including those outside the built environment, are investigated for their contribution to findings on distractions, especially auditory distractions and their impacts.Findings – This research underpins the need for cost analysis of the impact that distractions have on knowledge workers. Provisions for appropriate and adaptable workspaces are needed to meet the dual needs of collaboration and concentration on complex tasks in order to maximize worker contribution and value.Research limitations/implications – Additional field researc...
End-to-end wireless TCP with noncongestion packet loss detection and handling

Traditional TCP performance degrades over lossy links, as the TCP sender assumes that packet loss is caused by congestion in the network path and thus reduces the sending rate by cutting the congestion window multiplicatively, and a mechanism to overcome this limitation is investigated in this research. Our scheme identifies the network path condition to differentiate whether congestion happens or not, and responds differently. The basic idea of separating congestion and non-congestion caused losses is to compare the estimated current available bandwidth and the average available bandwidth. To minimize the effect of temporary fluctuation of measurements, we estimate the available bandwidth with a higher weight on stable measurements and a lower weight on unstable fluctuations. In our scheme, packet loss due to congestion invokes the TCP Newreno procedure. In cases of random loss that is not related to congestion, the multiplicative decrease of the sending rate is avoided to achieve higher throughput. In addition, each duplicate acknowledgement after a fast retransmission will increase the congestion window to fully recover its sending rate. Extensive simulation results show that our differentiation algorithm achieves high accuracy. Accordingly, the TCP connection over lossy link with the proposed scheme provides higher throughput than TCP Newreno.
Multiculturalism on Its Head: Unexpected Boundaries and New Migration in Singapore

This study investigates how discourses of multiculturalism shape public debates surrounding new migration in Singapore. Singapore’s immigration policies led to the influx of Chinese and Indian professionals, many of whom share race and class identities with local Singaporeans. However, Singaporeans of Chinese and Indian backgrounds rejected these presumed similarities, using discourses of multiculturalism to differentiate themselves from co-ethnic migrants. Based on a content analysis of news reports and online forums, this study shows how local actors portrayed new migrants as too prejudiced or bigoted to adapt to Singapore’s multiracial society, thereby creating a paradoxical application of multicultural ideals. This example highlights how contemporary immigration is creating diverse forms of inclusion and exclusion within migrant-receiving nations, challenging models, and policies of multiculturalism based solely on ethnicity and race. This paper also demonstrates how individuals can utilize the discourse of multiculturalism in forwarding their own interests and concerns. Scholarly debates have often portrayed multiculturalism as an ideology or policy imposed by state institutions, where local actors are left to either resist or accommodate such ideas. In the Singapore context, individual Singaporeans transform discourses of multiculturalism, creating a counter-discourse that challenges state immigration policies.
Optical Detection of Microwave Transitions Between Excited Electronic States of CN and the Identification of the Transitions Involved

Abstract : Thirteen microwave transitions in the frequency range from 8800 to 9900 MHz have been observed between excited electronic states of CN. These correspond to all allowed transitions, delta F = 0, =1, in the K' = 4 perturbation complex between the three hyperfine levels of the unperturbed component of the lambda doublet of the A 2II sub 3 3/2 (v = 10) level and the three hyperfine levels in each of the perturbed and the unperturbed components of the spin doublet of the B 2 sigma (+) (v = 0) level. The identification of all allowed transitions permits a unique determination of nine of the 12 hyperfine energy levels of this perturbation complex. The measured energy separation in this level of the 2 sigma state is interpreted in terms of the electronic structure of the CN molecule in the following paper. The experiment is the first microwave measurement of the fine and hyperfine structure of an excited electronic state of a molecule and also is the first accurate measurement of the hyperfine structure of a 2 sigma state. CN was produced predominantly in the metastable A 2II state by a chemical reaction when methylene chloride was added to a nitrogen afterglow. Resonant microwave pumping from the II state increased the population of the three hyperfine levels of each sigma state by 0.1 to 5%. (Author)
Anthrax vaccine recipients lack antibody against the loop neutralizing determinant: A protective neutralizing epitope from Bacillus anthracis protective antigen

Background Epitope-focused immunogens can elicit antibody against the loop neutralizing determinant (LND), a neutralizing epitope found within the 2β2-2β3 loop of protective antigen (PA), which can protect rabbits from high-dose inhalation challenge with Bacillus anthracis Ames strain. Interestingly, data suggests that this epitope is relatively immunosilent in rabbits and non-human primates immunized with full length PA.
An animal model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Trace conditioning as a window to inform memory deficits and intervention tactics

Animal models of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) afford the unique capacity to precisely control timing of alcohol exposure and alcohol exposure amounts in the developing animal. These models have powerfully informed neurophysiological alterations associated with fetal and perinatal alcohol. In two experiments presented here we expand use of the Pavlovian Trace Conditioning procedure to examine cognitive deficits and intervention strategies in a rat model of FASD. Rat pups were exposed to 5 g/kg/day ethanol on postnatal days (PD) 4–9, simulating alcohol exposure in the third trimester in humans. During early adolescence, approximately PD 30, the rats were trained in the trace conditioning task in which a light conditioned stimulus (CS) and shock unconditioned stimulus (US) were paired but separated by a 10-s stimulus free trace interval. Learning was assessed in freezing behavior during shock-free tests. Experiment 1 revealed that neonatal ethanol exposure significantly impaired hippocampus-dependent trace conditioning relative to controls. In Experiment 2 a serial compound conditioning procedure known as ‘gap filling’ completely reversed the ethanol-induced deficit in trace conditioning. We also discuss prior data regarding the beneficial effects of supplemental choline and novel preliminary data regarding the pharmacological cognitive enhancer physostigmine, both of which mitigate the alcohol-induced cognitive deficit otherwise seen in trace conditioning controls. We suggest trace conditioning as a useful tool for characterizing some of the core cognitive deficits seen in FASD, and as a model for developing effective environmental as well as nutritional and pharmacological interventions.
Screening for Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among Emergency Department Medical Patients: Instrument and Results from the Psychiatric Emergency Research Collaboration

Joint Commission National Patient Safety Goal 15 calls for organizations "to identify patients at risk for suicide." Overt suicidal behavior accounts for 0.6% of emergency department (ED) visits, but incidental suicidal ideation is found in 3%-11.6%. This is the first multicenter study of suicide screening in EDs. Of 2,243 patients in six diverse emergency settings, 1,068 (47.7%) were screened with a brief instrument. Depression was endorsed by 369 (34.5%); passive suicidal ideation by 79 (7.3%); and active suicidal ideation by 24 (2.3%). One hundred thirty-seven (12.8%) reported prior attempts, including 35 (3.3%) with current suicidal ideation. Almost half of those with current ideation had a prior attempt (43.8%) versus those without current ideation, 10.3%, χ2 (1) = 75.59, p < .001. Twenty cases (25%) were admitted to medical services, but only 10 (12.5%) received mental health assessment; none were admitted directly to a psychiatry service. The prevalence of suicidal ideation here is similar to previous studies but the frequency of prior attempts has not been reported. The 35 cases with current ideation and prior attempt are at risk. As they did not present psychiatrically, they would likely have gone undetected. Despite reporting these cases to clinical staff, few received risk assessment.
Release of markedly increased quantities of prostaglandin D2 in vivo in humans following the administration of nicotinic acid.

Nicotinic acid (niacin) is a B which is also a potent hypolipidemic agent. However, intense flusing occurs following ingestion of harmacology doses of niacin which greatly limits its usefulness in treating hyperlipidemias. Previous studies have demonstrated that niacin-induced flusing can be substantially attenuated by pre-treatment with cyclooxygenase inhibitors, suggesting that the vasodilation is mediated by a prostaglandin. However, the prostaglandin that presumably mediates the flush has not bee conclusively determined. In this study we report the finding that ingestion of niacin evokes the release of markedly increased quantities of PGD2 in vivo in humans. PGD2 release was assessed by quantification of PGD2 metabolite, 9α 11β-PGF2, in plasma by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Following ingestion of 500 mg of niacin in three normal volunteers, intense flushing occurred and plasma levels of 9α, 11β-PGF2 were found to increase dramatically by 800, 430, and 535-fold. Levels of 9α,11β-PGF2 reached a maximum between 12 and 45 min. after ingesting niacin and subsequently declined to near normal levels by 2–4 hours. Levels of 9α, 11β-PGF2 in plasma correlated with the intensity and duration of flushing that occurred in the 3 volunteers. Release of PGD2 was not accompanied by a release of histamine which was assessed by quantification of plasma levels of the histamine metabolit, Nτ-methylhistamine. The suggests that the origin of the PGD2 release is not the mast cell. Only a modest increase (approximately 2-fold) in the urinary excretion of the prostacyclin metabolite, 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1α, occurred following ingestion of niacin and no increase in the excretion of the major urinary metabolite of PGE2 was found. These results indicate that the major vasodilatory PG released following ingestion of niacin is PGD2. The fact that markedly increased quantities of PGD2 are released suggests that PGD2 is the mediator of niacin-induced vasodilation in humans.
General formalism for evaluating the impact of phase noise on Bloch vector rotations

Quantum manipulation protocols for quantum sensors and quantum computation often require many single-qubit rotations. However, the impact of phase noise in the field that performs the qubit rotations is often neglected or treated only for special cases. We present a general framework for calculating the impact of phase noise on the state of a qubit, as described by its equivalent Bloch vector. The analysis applies to any Bloch vector orientation and any rotation axis azimuthal angle for both a single pulse and pulse sequences. Experimental examples are presented for several special cases. We apply the analysis to commonly used composite $\ensuremath{\pi}$ pulse sequences for suppression of static amplitude or detuning errors and also to spin-echo sequences. We expect the formalism presented will help guide the development and evaluation of future quantum manipulation protocols.
Metastatic Mucous-Producing Adenocarcinoma of the Gingiva

An unusual metastasis of adenocarcinoma of the lung to the gingival mucosa in a 75-year-old man is reported. The case presents an interesting differential clinical assessment as the gingival lesions seem to be of local nature and involve a combined endodontic-periodontic causation.
Evaluation of indoor aerosol control devices and their effects on radon progeny concentrations

Abstract Eleven portable air cleaning devices have been evaluated for control of indoor concentrations of respirable particles, and their concomitant effects on radon progeny concentrations have been investigated. The experiments were conducted in a room-size chamber using cigarette smoke and radon injection from an external source. Of the devices examined the electrostatic precipitators and extended surface filters had significant particle removal rates, while the particle removal rates for several small panel-filters, an ion generator, and a pair of mixing fans were found to be essentially negligible. The evaluation of radon progeny control produced similar results; the air cleaners that were effective in removing particles were also effective in reducing radon progeny concentrations. At the low particle concentrations, deposition of the unattached radon progeny on room surfaces was found to be a significant removal mechanism. Deposition rates of attached and unattached progeny have been estimated from these data, and were used to calculate the equilibrium factors for total and unattached progeny concentrations as a function of particle concentration. While particle removal reduces total airborne radon progeny concentrations, the relative alpha decay dose to the lungs appears to change little as the particle concentration decreases due to the greater radiological importance of unattached progeny.
Effect of adrenal demedullation on starvation-induced behavioral arousal.

Abstract Starvation-induced behavioral arousal has been hypothesized to result from the release of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and their subsequent action on the reticular activating system. As a test of this hypothesis normal and adrenal-demedullated rats were adapted to stabilimeter and running wheel activity cages and then terminally deprived of food. Both normal and demedullated animals became hyperactive during starvation. In the running wheels however the hyperactive response to food deprivation was significantly attenuated. The results indicate that hunger-induced arousal is at best only partially mediated by the excitatory action of adrenal-released catecholamines on the central nervous system.
Distinguishing between spinouts and non-spinouts: allocating control rights in biotechnology alliances

Spinouts are startups founded by employees of established firms in the same industry. Spinouts inherit technological and market-related knowledge from their parent companies. In contrast, non-spinout startups that do not have such close connections to an industry incumbent firm will have a different endowment of technological and market knowledge. Given this contrast between different startups in a risky science-based industry such as biotechnology, we explore whether spinout startups are different from non-spinouts in how control rights are allocated in strategic alliances. We develop a predictive model to distinguish whether an alliance is a spinout startup or a non-spinout startup.
The rhetoric of science and the challenge of post-liberal democracy

L'A. denonce le caractere inapproprie de la rhetorique platonicienne de P. Ehrlich au regard du contexte postliberal de la technologie politique et de la science contemporaine. Il s'agit donc de substituer au platonisme qui privilegie la connaissance d'un expert sur la communaute humaine, une rhetorique aristotelicienne distincte de la sophistique, du socratisme et du stoicisme, qui prenne en compte la multiplicite socio-politique de l'auditoire
Heating experiments for flowability improvement of near-freezing aviation fuel

An experimental jet fuel with a -33 C freezing point was chilled in a wing tank simulator with superimposed fuel heating to improve low temperature flowability. Heating consisted of circulating a portion of the fuel to an external heat exchanger and returning the heated fuel to the tank. Flowability was determined by the mass percent of unpumpable fuel (holdup) left in the simulator upon withdrawal of fuel at the conclusion of testing. The study demonstrated that fuel heating is feasible and improves flowability as compared to that of baseline, unheated tests. Delayed heating with initiation when the fuel reaches a prescribed low temperature limit, showed promise of being more efficient than continuous heating. Regardless of the mode or rate of heating, complete flowability (zero holdup) could not be restored by fuel heating. The severe, extreme-day environment imposed by the test caused a very small amount of subfreezing fuel to be retained near the tank surfaces even at high rates of heating. Correlations of flowability established for unheated fuel tests also could be applied to the heated test results if based on boundary-layer temperature or a solid index (subfreezing point) characteristic of the fuel. Previously announced in STAR as N82-26483
A Series‐Parallel Heat Exchanger Experiment

An experimental apparatus has been designed to test the use of cross flow heat exchangers. Three identical fin-tube type cross flow heat exchangers are mounted on a board instrumented with thermocouples, flow meters, and a pressure transducer. The apparatus can be set to test the performance of a solo heat exchanger, two or three heat exchangers in series or parallel, or combinations incorporating both series and parallel configurations. The apparatus is relatively simple, inexpensive, and versatile. It may be used in a variety of configurations for several types of student laboratories ranging from demonstrations to design projects. The use of an apparatus such as this gives students hands on experience with experimental procedures and helps them to gain a physical understanding of heat transfer phenomena.
Effects of Isosteres of 2-Heptanone on the Alarm Behavior of the Ant Conomyrma pyramica

Certain isosteres of 2-heptanone had definite physiological action in Conomyrma pyramica (Roger) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Typical alarm behavior was observed in workers exposed to 1,1,1-trifluoro-methylheptanone, butyl acetate, and butylthiol acetate which are not only isosteric but also isoelectronic. The isosteres 2-heptanol, 1,1,1-trifluoroheptanol, and 2-chloroheptane were inactive. A remarkable behavioral change was induced by the isostere hexanoyl chloride, which invariably produced a violent combat between worker ants which touched one another. This antipheromone may obliterate the ants'ability to perceive the normal recognition scent of the colony.
Spin-polarized Hartree-Fock approximation at nonzero temperatures.

The Hartree-Fock exchange energy is calculated for the spin-polarized electron gas at nonzero temperatures. This calculation is done self-consistently in that the Hartree-Fock self-energy is included self-consistently in the Fermi-Dirac occupation numbers while performing a coupling constant integral. The internal energy and entropy are also considered. We calculate the first and second derivatives of the exchange energy, internal energy, and entropy with respect to number density and/or spin polarization density, which are used for calculations of response functions such as the compressibility and polarization. One should have in mind that our exchange-only scheme using the coupling-constant-integral formalism is different from the usual Hartree-Fock approximation at nonzero temperatures and is indeed its self-consistent generalization.
Challenges and opportunities in the analysis of risk in healthcare

Since 1999, the estimates of annual preventable deaths in U.S. hospitals suggest that healthcare services add some risk to the patient's clinical condition. Such risks are often associated with harm resulting from errors in medication, diagnosis, and clinical procedures, among others. Preventing harm to patients demands the timely identification of risks to support the selection and implementation of effective strategies. While identifying and assessing risks in healthcare are particularly challenging due to the ambiguity and uncertainty that characterize such systems, most of the risk analysis methods currently used or proposed in healthcare have been developed for systems where unsafe conditions and risk metrics are well-defined. Therefore, their actual use in healthcare systems is inconsistent. The objective of this paper is to provide systems engineers, and researchers from related fields, with an overview of the current state of healthcare risk analysis and to highlight research contributions needed ...
Regularization and the computation of optimal trajectories

Continuous thrust spacecraft optimal trajectory regularization, obtaining differential equations for three dimensional motion
Interactions of expectancy and utility in a choice reaction time paradigm

Abstract On each trial of a discrete, two-choice reaction time (RT) paradigm, subjects identified one of two equiprobable stimuli by pulling a left-hand or right-hand trigger. For the incentive conditions, the number of points displayed on an event-counter increased after a subject's choice reaction if one of the stimuli (i.e., the critical stimulus) had occurred. Choice RT was significantly shorter to the critical stimulus than to the alternative, “neutral” stimulus when subjects were promised bonus research credit if the critical stimulus reached a minimum frequency of occurrence. Choice RT was assumed to be an index of stimulus expectancy, and therefore the observed effects of stimulus value on RT implied an interaction between expectancy and utility.
High-performance few-layer-MoS 2 field-effect-transistor with record low contact-resistance

Recently, Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2) has emerged as a promising candidate for low-power digital applications. Compared to monolayer (1L) MoS2, few-layer MoS2 (FL-MoS2) is attractive due to its higher density of states (DOS). However, a comprehensive study of FL-MoS2 field-effect-transistor (FET) is lacking. In this paper, we report a high-performance FL-MoS2 FET with record low contact resistance (~0.8 KΩ.μm) that is close to the value for metal-silicon contacts in CMOS technology. A correlation of device performance and the number of MoS2 layers is established to guide the design of high-performance FL-MoS2 FET. Moreover, it is found that edge contacts (metal contact to each edge of MoS2 layers) play a key role in the efficient injection of electrons from metal to MoS2. This is confirmed by experiments as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, a top gated FL-MoS2 (5 nm) FET is also demonstrated with a robust current saturation and high drive current (24 μA/μm) even without source/drain doping.
Multiple forms of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Abstract 1. 1. Two species of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (orthophosphate: oxalacetate carboxylase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.31), have been isolated and purified from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by salt fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and by hydroxylapatite chromatography. 2. 2. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugal analysis indicated that each enzyme, designated A and B, was homogeneous. The carboxylating reaction products were isolated and identified for each enzyme and sedimentation coefficients extrapolated to zero protein concentration were found to be s 20,w 0 = 6.55 for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase A and s 20,w 0 = 11.30 for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase B. These two enzymes were also found to possess different pH optima and exhibited different kinetic parameters.
Simulations of EUV and ENA magnetospheric images based on the Rice convection model

The development of instrumentation for magnetosphenc imagery and the design of future missions demands increasingly realistic simulations of the EUV and ENA emissions from magnetospheric ion populations. Relatively "cold" ion populations (E<5OeV) that fill the plasmasphere can, in principle, be imaged in the re-radiated solar lines of He+(304A) and O+(834A). "Hot" ion populations (E<lkeV) can be imaged using the energetic neuiral atoms produced when energelic singly-charged ions are neutralized in a charge-exchange collision with the cloud of exospheric H-atoms (the hydrogen geocorona) that suffuses the magnetosphere. We have responded to the need for increasing realism in simulations by incorporating elements of the Rice Convection Model (RCM) of magnetospheric dynamics into our images. The model, developed over the past decade by the Rice University, takes as its inputs the variation of measured magnetospheric indices and follows the transport and energy changes of the ion populations over the evolution of magnetic storms. We actually use a stream-lined version of the RCM, called the Magnetic Specification Model (MSM) that does not compute a self-consistent electric field, but utilizes phenomenological convection pauerns. The result is a sequence of simulated images as they would be obtained throughout a magnetic storm along a representative spacecraft orbit. These images set the requirements for sensitivity, angular resolution, energy pass-bands, etc., that must be met by imaging instruments on future magnetospheric missions. We then address the critical question of the extraction from the images of physical parameters describing the ion distribution functions. We report our progress in the development of computer-automated algorithms that extract the optimal set of parameters by minimizing a difference function between images simulated from a mathematical model of the ion distribution and "data" images simulated from MSM runs using inputs from actual geomagnetic storms.
Optical Counterparts of Ultraluminous X-Ray Sources Identified from Archival HST WFPC2 Images

We present a systematic analysis of archival HST WFPC2 Association data sets that correlate with the Chandra positions of a set of 44 ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) of nearby galaxies. The main motivation is to address the nature of ULXs by searching for optical counterparts. Sixteen of the ULXs are found in early-type galaxies (RC3 Hubble type <3). We have improved the Chandra/HST relative astrometry whenever possible, resulting in errors circles of 03-17 in size. Disparate numbers of potential ULX counterparts are found, and in some cases none are found. The lack of or low number of counterparts in some cases may be due to insufficient depth in the WFPC2 images. Particularly in late-type galaxies, the HST image in the ULX region was often complex or crowded, requiring source detection to be performed manually. We therefore address various scenarios for the nature of the ULX since it is not known which, if any, of the sources found are true counterparts. The optical luminosities of the sources are typically in the range 104-106 L☉, with (effective) V magnitudes typically in the range 22-24. In several cases color information is available, with the colors roughly tending to be more red in early-type galaxies. This suggests that, in general, the (potential) counterparts found in early-type galaxies are likely to be older stellar populations and are probably globular clusters. Several early-type galaxy counterparts have blue colors, which may be due to younger stellar populations in the host galaxies, however, these could also be background sources. In spiral galaxies the sources may also be due to localized structure in the disks rather than bound stellar systems. Alternatively, some of the counterparts in late-type galaxies may be isolated supergiant stars. The observed X-ray/optical flux ratio is diluted by the optical emission of the cluster in cases where the system is an X-ray binary in a cluster, particularly in the case of a low-mass X-ray binaries in an old cluster. If any of the counterparts are bound systems with ~104-106 stars and are the true counterparts to the ULX sources, then the X-ray luminosities of the ULX are generally well below the Eddington limit for a black hole with mass ~0.1% of the cluster mass. Finally, we find that the optical flux of the counterparts is consistent with being dominated by emission from an accretion disk around an intermediate-mass black hole if the black hole happens to have a mass 102 M☉ and is accreting at close to the Eddington rate, unless the accretion disk is irradiated (which would result in high optical disk luminosities at lower black hole masses).
Central Intertwining Lifting, Suboptimization, and Interpolation in Several Variables

In this paper we obtain an explicit central intertwining lifting for row contractions. This is used to prove Kaftal–Larson–Weiss and Foias–Frazho H∞−H2 suboptimization type results for the noncommutative (resp. commutative) analytic Toeplitz algebra F∞n (resp. W∞n). The algebra F∞n (resp. W∞n) can be viewed as a multivariable noncommutative (resp. commutative) analogue of the Hardy space H∞. Similar results are provided for F∞n⊗B(K, K′) and W∞n⊗B(K, K′), where B(K, K′) is the set of all bounded linear operators acting on Hilbert spaces. New extensions of the Sarason, Caratheodory, and Nevanlinna–Pick type interpolation results are obtained for F∞n⊗B(K, K′) and some consequences to the operator-valued analytic interpolation in the unit ball of Cn are considered.
Recurrent Bilateral Giant Fibroadenomas of the Breasts

We present a case of an 18-year-old woman with recurrent bilateral giant fibroadenomas that were evaluated by mammography and sonography with color Doppler. Imaging revealed solid lobulated masses with significant internal vascularity occupying most of each breast; this evaluation suggested a differential diagnosis of giant fibroadenoma versus phyllodes tumor. The unusual clinical story of recurrent bilateral lesions as reported by the patient, coupled with the findings on visualization of these lesions by mammography and ultrasound with color Doppler, led to the clinical decision to forego biopsy in favor of immediate bilateral surgical enucleation.
Inactivation of Enzymes by Aspirin and Salicylate

IT has recently been shown in our laboratory that certain enzymes are easily inactivated by interaction with acyl phosphates1. For example, carbamyl phosphate at physiological concentrations rapidly inactivates glutamic dehydrogenase. The possible relation of these findings to protein modification by other acyl reagents has been pointed out, as has the possible relation to protein turnover, that is, modified proteins will be more easily degraded by cathepsins or lysosomal enzymes2. These findings, together with the reported acetylation of serum albumin by aspirin3, prompted us to test the effect of aspirin and of salicylate on a number of enzymes.
Majority Does Not Rule: The Trouble with Majority‐Rule Consensus Trees

The use of majority-rule consensus trees as a means of resolving ambiguity in phylogenetic analyses is investigated. It is shown to be an inappropriate method for this purpose.
Novel Regulators of Fgf23 Expression and Mineralization in Hyp Bone

We used gene array analysis of cortical bone to identify Phex-dependent gene transcripts associated with abnormal Fgf23 production and mineralization in Hyp mice. We found evidence that elevation of Fgf23 expression in osteocytes is associated with increments in Fgf1, Fgf7, and Egr2 and decrements in Sost, an inhibitor in the Wnt-signaling pathway, were observed in Hyp bone. β-Catenin levels were increased in Hyp cortical bone, and TOPflash luciferase reporter assay showed increased transcriptional activity in Hyp-derived osteoblasts, consistent with Wnt activation. Moreover, activation of Fgf and Wnt-signaling stimulated Fgf23 promoter activity in osteoblasts. We also observed reductions in Bmp1, a metalloproteinase that metabolizes the extracellular matrix protein Dmp1. Alterations were also found in enzymes regulating the posttranslational processing and stability of Fgf23, including decrements in the glycosyltransferase Galnt3 and the proprotein convertase Pcsk5. In addition, we found that the Pcsk5 and the glycosyltransferase Galnt3 were decreased in Hyp bone, suggesting that reduced posttranslational processing of FGF23 may also contribute to increased Fgf23 levels in Hyp mice. With regard to mineralization, we identified additional candidates to explain the intrinsic mineralization defect in Hyp osteoblasts, including increases in the mineralization inhibitors Mgp and Thbs4, as well as increases in local pH-altering factors, carbonic anhydrase 12 (Car12) and 3 (Car3) and the sodium-dependent citrate transporter (Slc13a5). These studies demonstrate the complexity of gene expression alterations in bone that accompanies inactivating Phex mutations and identify novel pathways that may coordinate Fgf23 expression and mineralization of extracellular matrix in Hyp bone.
Savva Mamontov, Serge Diaghilev, and a Rocky Path to Modernism

ABSTRACT The Ballets Russes of Serge Diaghilev has frequently been hailed as an emblem of 20th-century modernism, its productions created by a ““committee”” of directors, composers, and designers viewed as a realization of an elusive dream of art synthesis. Present research based on diverse unpublished sources traces the beginning of the transition toward modernism on stage to the earlier activities of the Moscow Private Opera directed by Savva Mamontov. An artist and a millionaire, Mamontov succeeded in realizing his ideal of opera as a synthesized art form by instigating major reforms in acting, directing, and design, all later adopted by Diaghilev. However, parallels between their two enterprises have always been dismissed as coincidental. New evidence reveals the existence of a mentor-student relationship between Mamontov and Diaghilev based on shared aesthetic views that earned both men a derogatory label of ““decadents.”” Intrigued by Mamontov9s philosophy and collaborative methodology employed in creating productions such as Gluck9s Orfeo and Rimsky-Korsakov9s Sadko , Diaghilev studied organizational principles of his enterprise and modeled the Ballets Russes after them, while himself assuming the role of an artistic director similar to Mamontov9s. Thus, Savva Mamontov paved the way for the modernist vision of theater presented to the world by Diaghilev9s Ballets Russes .
Financial Planner or Financial Counselor: The Differences Are Significant.

The authors argue that financial counseling and financial planning are significantly different professional fields when examined from both a theoretical and an applied perspective. The authors distinguish between these two professions with respect to the types of client problems presented, the criteria clients use for self-evaluation, and the services provided. As a consequence the authors recommend that a similar distinction be made with regard to the education and training programs associated with these professions.
The parallel synthesis of peptide based phosphine ligands

Abstract Chemistry is reported that allows for the synthesis and screening of phosphine ligands by standard combinatorial technology. To demonstrate the method, libraries of phosphine containing peptides were synthesized. Rhodium was complexed to the phosphine ligands while they were attached to the synthesis support. Each member of the library was screened for its ability to catalyze the asymmetric hydrogenation of enamides.
Performance enhancement of gate-all-around InGaAs nanowire MOSFETs by raised source and drain structure

InGaAs gate-all-around (GAA) MOSFETs with implanted source and drain (S/D) structure have been demonstrated which offer large drive currents and excellent immunity to short channel effects down to deep sub-100 nm channel length [1-2]. In this work, we fabricate n++ raised S/D InGaAs GAA MOSFETs with 10nm or 20nm thick nanowires and 200nm channel length. Maximum Ion over 1 mA/μm at Vgs-Vt=1V and Vds=1V is obtained, which is attributed to small S/D series resistance (Rsd). The Rsd of small dimension devices is systematically studied. We find that Rsd is significantly reduced with the n++ S/D structure compare to the implanted structure [1]. At the same time, we find that Rsd is inverse proportional to the perimeter of the nanowire on 20nm thick nanowire devices while Rsd is inverse proportional to the cross section area of the nanowire on 10nm thick nanowire devices. The significant difference confirms that the 10nm thick nanowire works in volume inversion mode while the 20nm nanowire or larger dimension still works in surface inversion mode.
Depth electroencephalography in selection of refractory epilepsy for surgery

Depth electroencephalography (EEG) is sometimes used to evaluate medically refractory epileptic patients for surgical treatment. Surgical excision of well-defined epileptogenic foci has been shown repeatedly to cause a substantial reduction of seizure frequency in 60 to 80% of these patients; however, because surgical success is no better at centers that employ depth EEG in patient evaluation, the procedure remains controversial. Review of the available literature shows that depth EEG results reported to date, when compared to scalp EEG results in 178 patients, could have enabled selection of 36% more patients for surgery by defining otherwise unidentifiable single epileptogenic foci. Furthermore, depth EEG could have prevented surgery in another 18% by demonstrating different or additional epileptogenic foci in patients otherwise thought to have a single discharging focus amenable to resection. Thus depth EEG had the potential to alter the surgical decision in more than 50% of patients reported. Centers that employ depth EEG may evaluate a different population of patients, which could account for their lack of increased surgical success.
Effect of image processing on diagnostic decisions in chest radiography

The goal of this study was to determine what the influence of image processing functions was on decisions and decision changes made while reading chest radiographs displayed on a monitor. Six radiologists read 168 computed radiography chest images first without them with the use of six image processing functions. Diagnostic performance was measured using receiver operating characteristic analysis, and decision changes made without and with processing use were analyzed. Diagnostic performance did not differ statistically for readings without and with image processing. The decision change analysis showed that readers were just as likely to change decisions from true-positive to false-negative as they were from false-negative to true- positive. With image processing, there were significantly more changes from true-negative to false-positive than from false-positive to true-negative. 93 percent of all decisions did not change with the use of image processing. No significant correlations were found between the type of lesions present on the radiography and the type of image processing function sued. Positive decision changes made with the use of image processing are offset by equivalent numbers of negative decision changes. The use of image processing does not affect significantly diagnostic performance in chest radiography.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Institutional Change, Geography, and Insolation in Nineteenth Century African-American and White Statures in Southern States

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in the economic literature. While much is known about nineteenth century Southern black legal and material conditions, less is known about how their nineteenth century biological conditions were related to institutional change and the physical environment. Average Southern black statures ironically increased during the antebellum period and declined — at least temporarily - after emancipation. On the other hand, average Southern white statures declined throughout the nineteenth century. It is geography and direct sunlight (insolation) that present an additional attribute of nineteenth century black and white stature, and greater insolation is documented here to be associated with taller black and white statures.
Toward an understanding of local variability of fatigue strength with microstructures

Abstract A probabilistic approach is taken to provide a means to predict variability in fatigue properties given a measured or predicted distribution of a critical microstructural feature. Under the assumption that local fatigue life is a monotonically decreasing function of the size of the local microstructural feature responsible for fatigue crack initiation we obtain analytically the cumulative fatigue strength distribution, cumulative life distribution and their corresponding distribution density functions. The theory has been used to study the variability of cast aluminum alloys, which are widely used in the automotive industry for engine components. In this case, the mean fatigue strength and its variation are based on the distribution of micropores that are ubiquitous in cast aluminum. The impact of the size of the highly stressed area, represented by local surface area S and the local density of the microstructural feature is found to have a critical role on the fatigue strength distribution. The influence of other parameters, such as mean and standard deviation of the distribution of the microstructural feature, on fatigue distributions is discussed.