cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Momentary Relationship Between Stress and Headaches in Adolescent Girls

Objective.— The objective of this study was to compare the relationship between repeated momentary reports of stress and headaches in female adolescents with varying degrees of headache frequency. Background.— Headaches are the most common form of pain reported by adolescents affecting more than a third of all adolescents. High levels of stress during adolescence may predispose an adolescent to experience headaches in adulthood. Randomized, momentary data collection of stress and headaches provides the most accurate data regarding the adolescent experience of these variables. Methods.— The research methodology, ecological momentary assessment, is a valid approach to better understand the relationship between stress and headaches in adolescence. Data were obtained by each participant's use of an electronic diary (ED), which captured repeated momentary reports of perceived stress, head pain, and stress-related symptoms in female adolescents with varying degrees of recurrent headache. Seven times per day for the 21-day study period, teen girls responded to ED questions about their current stress levels, head pain, and stress-related symptoms. Based on participants' momentary reports of headaches, Low Headache, Moderate Headache, and Chronic Headache groups were created. General estimating equation models were used to analyze the relationship between momentary variables as well as the lag effect between stress and head pain. Results.— Thirty-one participants, aged 14-18 years, completed 2841 randomized ED reports and reported 674 occurrences of headache. The Chronic Headache and Moderate Headache groups reported significantly increased levels of stress, head pain, and headaches. The relationship between momentary stress and head pain was significantly strong both within and across participants. The strength of this relationship increased with increased headache activity. A significant lag effect was found between stress and headaches; however, the effect of depression as a moderator of the stress and headache relationship remains unclear. Conclusion.— Perceived stress and head pain was highly correlated in these female adolescents. Given the large population of teens affected by headaches, a plausible next step would be to validate these results in other samples and to determine methods with which to identify teens who may be at risk for a pattern of increasing stress and headaches.
Tourism and employment in the Gambia

Abstract In addition to providing formal wage labor in hotels, airports, and the service infrastructure, tourism is said to provide possibilities for independent indigenous enterprise in handicrafts, entertainment, transport, through which the Gambians may, in effect, economically “lift themselves up by their bootstraps.” Such is the theory. This paper analyzes the actual employment possibilities in The Gambia provided by its recent tourism investment. From the findings of an economic survey the author concludes that hopes of economic development being catalyzed by tourism are unfounded and misleading. This conclusion is supported by a structural analysis and a characterization of the tourist industry in The Gambia by an investigation into the economic forces at work in the country, and by direct observations made by informants and the author concerning the impact tourism has made in spheres non-economic: the moral, the social, and the family.
Neuropeptide Y-induced phase shifts of PER2::LUC rhythms are mediated by long-term suppression of neuronal excitability in a phase-specific manner.

Endogenous circadian rhythms are entrained to the 24-h light/dark cycle by both light and nonphotic stimuli. During the day, nonphotic stimuli, such as novel wheel-induced exercise, produce large phase advances. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) release from the thalamus onto suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons at least partially mediates this nonphotic signal. The authors examined the hypothesis that NPY-induced phase advances are accompanied by suppression of PER2 and are mediated by long-term depression of neuronal excitability in a phase-specific manner. First, it was found that NPY-induced phase advances in PER2::LUC SCN cultures are largest when NPY (2.35 µM) is given in the early part of the day (circadian time [CT] 0–6). In addition, PER2::LUC levels in NPY-treated (compared to vehicle-treated) samples were suppressed beginning 6–7 h after treatment. Similar NPY application to organotypic Per1::GFP SCN cultures resulted in long-term suppression of spike rate of green fluorescent protein–positive (GFP+) cells...
Signaling through Gi Family Members in Platelets REDUNDANCY AND SPECIFICITY IN THE REGULATION OF ADENYLYL CYCLASE AND OTHER EFFECTORS

Platelet responses at sites of vascular injury are regulated by intracellular cAMP levels, which rise rapidly when prostacyclin (PGI2) is released from endothelial cells. Platelet agonists such as ADP and epinephrine suppress PGI2-stimulated cAMP formation by activating receptors coupled to Gi family members, four of which are present in platelets. To address questions about the specificity of receptor:G protein coupling, the regulation of cAMP formation in vivo and the contribution of Gi-mediated pathways that do not involve adenylyl cyclase, we studied platelets from mice that lacked the α subunits of one or more of the three most abundantly expressed Gi family members and compared the results with platelets from mice that lacked the PGI2receptor, IP. As reported previously, loss of Gi2α or Gzαinhibited aggregation in response to ADP and epinephrine, respectively, producing defects that could not be reversed by adding an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor. Platelets that lacked both Gi2α and Gzα showed impaired responses to both agonists, but the impairment was no greater than in the individual knockouts. Loss of Gi3α had no effect either alone or in combination with Gzα. Loss of either Gzα or Gi2αimpaired the ability of ADP and epinephrine to inhibit PGI2-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity and caused a 40%-50% rise in basal cAMP levels, whereas loss of Gi3α did not. Conversely, deletion of IP abolished responses to PGI2 and caused cAMP levels to fall by 30%, effects that did not translate into enhanced responsiveness to agonists ex vivo. From these results we conclude that 1) cAMP levels in circulating platelets reflect ongoing signaling through Gi2, Gz, and IP, but not Gi3; 2) platelet epinephrine (α2A-adrenergic) and ADP (P2Y12) receptors display strong preferences among Gi family members with little evidence of redundancy; and 3) these receptor preferences do not extend to Gi3. Finally, the failure of ADP and epinephrine to inhibit basal, as opposed to PGI2-stimulated, cAMP formation highlights the need during platelet activation for Gi signaling pathways that involve effectors other than adenylyl cyclase.
The competitive consequences of hub dominance: A case study

Hub-and-spoke has become the predominant configuration of airline routes, with individual hubs typically dominated by single carriers. These operations have characteristics of natural monopoly; but dominance is a consequence also of advantages that cannot be subsumed under the rubric of superior efficiency. The carrier with the strongest presence attracts a grossly disproportionate amount of traffic and, secondarily, of the high fare-paying traffic originating at the hub. While the welfare consequences of the consequent price discrimination are ambiguous, United's acquisition of 50 additional slots at the slot-constrained O'Hare airport raised a legitimate Clayton Act Section 7 issue.
Molecular insights into neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive physical technique that is routinely used to determine the quantity and structure of organic molecules in solution. Technical advances that have expanded the usefulness of this technique include: (1) high resolution MRS to identify and quantify individual molecules present in complex mixtures of tissue extracts; (2) in vivo MRS techniques to non-invasively monitor metabolites in humans; (3) stucture determination of proteins of moderate size; and (4) improved structure characterization of solids and liquid crystals, such as the detection of phase changes in membranes. The focus of this review is on the first two technical advances mentioned above. The strengths of MRS as a research tool to investigate molecular alterations in disease states include ease of sample preparation, minimum sample manipulation, avoidance of the preparation of derivatives, and the ability to analyze an unfractionated sample. The strengths of MRS in the clinic are its ability to measure neuronal metabolite levels non-invasively in humans and its potential for disease diagnosis, monitoring disease progression, and assessing the efficacy of experimental therapies.
Drug Resistance due to Inbreeding

Inbred mice susceptible to audiogenic seizures were found to develop resistance to the protective effects of chlorpromazine and its analogs. It is proposed that the use of such inbred mice provides a unique new tool for studying drug mechanism and drug resistance.
Social coupons as a marketing strategy: a multifaceted perspective

Social coupons are fast emerging as a popular marketing tool for businesses, an attractive shopping tool for consumers using them and a profitable business model for the social coupon service providers. But does the popularity of social coupons extend into providing short- and long-term profitability and new customers for the businesses? Through an analytical model, this paper answers the following questions: (1) Are social coupons profitable for businesses? (2) Can businesses influence social coupon profitability? (3) How can businesses recover the shortfall in profits from the coupon launch? (4) How long will it take for businesses to recover the shortfall in profits from the coupon launch? Using data from three different businesses, we find that social coupons in their current form are not ideally suited to ensure customer acquisition and yield profits for the businesses. Additionally, we discuss possible areas where social coupons might work. Several research questions for future testing are offered to explore this new area of marketing.
Two photon physics at LEP

A review of the experimental results on two photon collisions at LEP is given. The total cross section for γγ → hadrons is measured for two-photon centre-of-mass energies up to 145 GeV. The QCD predictions are tested with measurements of the cross section for deep inelastic electron photon scattering (in terms of photon structure function), of total hadronic cross section for virtual γ*γ* collisions, and in collisions of quasi-real photons with jet, inclusive particle and heavy flavour (cc and bb) production. Resonance formation in γγ collisions and its connection to glueball searches is also discussed.
Rapid, reliable and inexpensive quality assessment of biotinylated cRNA

The interpretation of oligonucleotide array experiments depends on the quality of the target cRNA used. cRNA target quality is assessed by quantitative analysis of the representation of 5' and 3' sequences of control genes using commercially available Test arrays. The Test array provides an economically priced means of determining the quality of labeled target prior to analysis on whole genome expression arrays. This manuscript validates the use of a duplex RT-PCR assay as a faster (6 h) and less expensive ( 6 were chosen and classified as degraded cRNAs, and 31 samples with a s-actin 3'/5' ratio <6 were selected as good quality cRNAs. Blinded samples were then used for the RT-PCR assay. After gel electrophoresis, optical densities of the amplified 3' and 5' fragments of s-actin were measured and the 3'/5' ratio was calculated. There was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.6802) between the array and the RT-PCR s-actin 3'/5' ratios. Moreover, the RT-PCR 3'/5' ratio was significantly different (P < 0.0001) between undegraded (mean ± SD, 0.34 ± 0.09) and degraded (1.71 ± 0.83) samples. None of the other parameters analyzed, such as i) the starting amount of RNA, ii) RNA quality assessed using the Bioanalyzer Chip technology, or iii) the concentration and OD260/OD280 ratio of the purified biotinylated cRNA, correlated with cRNA quality.
Holography at 10.6 µm

Reflective holographic optical elements offer a number of advantages over conventional optical elements at the 10.6 μm wavelength of the CO2 laser. One proposed application is to irradiate the appropriate infrared hologram with a high power CO2 laser and use the projected real image for laser materials processing. The required holograms can be ob-tained using computer generation, direct recording at 10.6 μm, or by recording holograms in the visible and converting them to phase reflection holograms. An analysis of the aberrations introduced when holograms are recorded in the visible and the image reconstructed at 10.6 μm shows that aberrations can be made acceptably small even for extended images. A statistical analysis of the diffraction efficiency of computer generated holograms for extended objects with a uniform phase distribution shows that a realistic value for diffraction efficiency is about 28% as compared to about 40% for a simple point object. Phase reflection holograms fabricated using a copper electroplating method have good surface quality and a diffraction efficiency of about 30%.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Congener-based analysis of the weathering of PCB Aroclor 1242 in paper mill sludge

Aroclor 1242 contains a high percentage of lightly chlorinated congeners, which makes it susceptible to congener profile alterations as a result of physical-chemical environmental weathering by water washing, evaporation, and volatilization. The analysis of the variability of congener profiles in paper sludge samples using PCA, mixing models, and correlation (R(2)) analysis, provided an integrated description of the behavior of Aroclor 1242 after its release in the environment. The results showed that the total PCB concentration decreased as the sample experienced weathering, with the congener profile of Aroclor 1242 shifting towards resembling heavier Aroclors as lighter congeners were lost. Mixing model analysis confirmed that a sample containing weathered Aroclor 1242 could easily be misidentified by laboratories as containing a mix of heavier Aroclors. The R(2) analysis showed that the profile of the congeners within a homologue group remained the same after weathering. This analysis showed that congeners that belong to the same level of chlorination behave similarly in such a manner that retains their overall profile when exposed to physical weathering.
MITIGATING AIR POLLUTION IMPACTS OF PASSENGER FERRIES

Abstract Increasing regional mobility demand amid rising roadway congestion has motivated plans for passenger ferry expansion and modernization in many parts of the US. While this trend applies to ferry systems in Alaska, New York, Boston, and Washington state, efforts to expand ferry service in the San Francisco Bay Area are unique in scale and vision. Integrating ferry service into the regional, door-to-door transit system can significantly increase water-crossing capacity for commuters. However, to realize this potential, the ferry industry must meet several challenges associated with growth, including environmental impacts. In particular, concern over air pollution emissions from marine engines is motivating new comparisons between ferries and other transportation modes in terms of both mobility and air pollution. This paper describes the current debate about ferry system operation and expansion, and presents a parametric analysis comparing existing, uncontrolled ferry emissions to automobiles. Under all reasonable assumptions, we show that diesel-powered ferries without emissions controls will produce more NO x and PM, but less CO per passenger-trip than if those people commuted by car under current conditions. This paper also projects the emissions from the expanded ferry system proposed for the San Francisco Bay Area, showing that a larger ferry fleet equipped with new engines meeting future EPA emissions standards could become one of the major non-road NO x sources in the region. We conclude by outlining the alternatives and challenges to reduce ferry emissions so that they are more comparable to automobile emissions. Policy implications of these alternatives are also discussed.
Age-related epigenetic changes and the immune system

The role of DNA methylation in immune function is discussed extensively in other papers in this issue. Many of these discussions assume that DNA methylation, a major mediator of epigenetic information, is fairly immutable and uniform in adult cells and tissues. There is, however, growing evidence that DNA methylation changes subtly with age. Normal aging cells and tissues show a progressive loss of 5-methylcytosine content, primarily within DNA repeated sequences, but also in potential gene regulatory areas. In parallel, selected genes show progressive age-related increases in promoter methylation, which, once a critical methylation density is reached, have the potential to permanently silence gene expression. These changes are highly mosaic within a given tissue and introduce a high degree of epigenetic variability in aging cells. Such epigenetic phenomena could impact immune response through masking/unmasking potential tissue antigens as well as by modulating the differentiation and response of immune effector cells. The contribution of epigenetic changes to the altered immune function observed in aging humans deserves careful investigation.
Distribution of local fields in composites

The behavior of composites depends crucially on the distribution of local fields. The ways to characterize and find such distributions are poorly understood. In this paper, an attempt is made to present some simple approximate formulas for distributions of the local fields in variational problems. They are given in an explicit form for thermo-elastic composites and heat-conducting composites. The accuracy is tested for the case of heat conductivity of chess-board structures.
Neuronal activity in the midline thalamic nuclei during pavlovian heart rate conditioning

Multiple unit activity (MUA) was recorded from chronically implanted electrodes in the midline nuclei of the thalamus in rabbits receiving either Pavlovian heart rate (HR) conditioning, or explicitly unpaired presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus. Animals receiving paired training demonstrated increases in CS-evoked MUA compared to animals receiving unpaired training; however, these increases were small and only weakly correlated with the HR conditioned response, suggesting that the midline nuclei are only minimally, if at all, involved in associative learning.
Voices from the Gila: health care issues for rural elders in south-western New Mexico

Background and rationale. A goal of the Healthy People 2010 initiative is to reduce or eliminate health disparities in vulnerable populations, including populations from rural and minority ethnic backgrounds. Rural communities, including elderly populations, experience lower rates of personal income, educational attainment, health-insurance coverage, access to emergency and specialty care services, and reported health status than do urban communities. A need exists to address identified research priorities, such as the perceptions of rural elders, their family members, and health care providers. Aims. The purposes of this study were to explore the health care perceptions, needs, and definitions of health for multicultural rural elders in one county of south-western New Mexico, and to consider practice implications. Ethical issues and approval. Informed consent procedures followed the University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center Human Research Review Committee guidelines. Research methods. This critical ethnography incorporated ethnographic interviews, ethnographic participant observation, photography, review of pertinent documents, and analysis of contextual factors. The sample consisted of 22 participants. Results/findings. Definitions of health varied with socioeconomic status, encompassing avoidance of contact with the health care system, obtaining needed medications, remaining independent, a sense of spiritual belonging, eating wisely, and exercising moderately. Three major concerns emerged from the analysis: the escalating cost of prescription drugs, access-to-care issues, and social isolation. Study limitations. The primary limitation was the small sample size. Although the researcher's position as an outsider to local communities may also have affected the outcome, it provided fresh insight to regional problems. Conclusions. The study addressed national research priorities for a vulnerable group of rural elders. Nursing implications include the need for expanded knowledge and educational preparation regarding elder issues and community-level services, inclusion of elders' perspectives in the planning and delivery of health services, and the need for community-level, interdisciplinary collaboration and advocacy.
Loss of i(8)(q10) at relapse in two cases of childhood acute myeloid leukaemia

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is characterised by distinct nonrandom karyotypic changes that in many cases have been recognised to represent one of the initial pathogenic changes. AML is relatively...
An 'optimal filtering' method for the sideways heat equation

The authors consider a Cauchy problem for the heat equation in the quarter plane, where data are given at x=x and they want to determine a solution for 0<x<x. This problem, which can be called the sideways heat equation, is ill-posed: the solution (if it exists) does not depend continuously on the data. Continuous dependence is restored if a bound is imposed on the solution at x=0, and Holder-type error estimates can be obtained for this stabilised problem. They consider a filtering method (defined using the Fourier transform) for computing an approximate solution of the sideways heat equation.
Clinicopathologic characteristics and overall survival in patients with bladder cancer involving the gastrointestinal tract.

Involvement of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by bladder cancer is rare and documented in only a few case reports with no prognostic information available. The aim of this study was to clinicopathologically characterize patients with pathologically proven bladder cancer in the GI tract. We reviewed pathology reports from cystectomy patients at our institution from 2006 to 2011, identifying those with GI involvement at or after cystectomy. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression models. Twelve patients had surgical pathology specimens with GI involvement (anus, rectum, colon, and small bowel) at (n = 11) or within 4 months (n = 1) of cystectomy. These patients were noted to be pathologically staged inconsistently. GI involvement was a negative predictor of survival, with a 1.5-year OS of 25 versus 62 % without GI involvement (P < 0.001), similar to our pT4 patients (OS 26 %). In node-negative patients, there was a significantly worse 1.5-year OS with GI involvement compared to those without tumor in the GI tract (P = 0.005). We provide the first case series of patients with bladder cancer in the GI tract. GI involvement is a strong negative predictor of survival and behaves comparable to pT4 patients. However, we recommend that pathologists adhere to the current pT staging guidelines, in which GI involvement is not a criterion, until further research is conducted illustrating if and how it should be incorporated.
TURNING DOUBLE-TORUS LINKS INSIDE OUT

The notation of t/i numbers is used to described knots and links on the double torus in two different ways, as a step toward the eventual classification of double-torus links.
Regulation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I) Delivery by IGF Binding Proteins and Receptors

Delivery of growth factors via the bloodstream for the treatment of various diseases is regulated in part by interactions with cell surface binding elements. Understanding the kinetics of growth factor binding and transport by cells would, therefore, be advantageous. This report quantifies the binding, internalization, and transport of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) across bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) cultured in vitro. Binding analysis indicated that IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), primarily localized with the extracellular matrix, were the primary IGF-I binding elements in our system, with twice as many binding sites (8.0 ± 1.9 × 104 per cell) as IGF-I receptors (IGF-IR) (3.9 ± 0.6 × 104 per cell). Internalization of IGF-I by IGF-IR, but not IGFBPs, was detected, however both receptor and IGFBP binding were shown to inhibit rather than enhance the transport of intact IGF-I, albeit in different ways. IGFBPs retained IGF-I in the apical region while IGF-IR binding led to protein degradation. Based on our computational modeling and experimental data, we hypothesize that IGFBPs could function as a reservoir for IGF-I, sequestering it for later release and transport, and that this reservoir function of the IGFBPs could be used to promote controlled localized delivery of IGF-I.
A look at creativity in public and private schools

Abstract This research study investigated the perspectives of teachers on student creativity. A group of 15 teachers from public schools and 24 teachers from private schools completed an Early Childhood Creativity Rating Scale (ECCRS) on four of their students. A total of 156 students were rated on this ECCRS. The major question asked in this study was: How do teacher perspectives of student creativity differ in public and private schools, between kindergarten and grade 3, and are these perspectives influenced by teacher characteristics. Results found that private school teachers rated their students higher on creativity, third grade students were rated lowest on creativity, and teachers who perceived themselves as most creative also rated their students as most creative.
Monitoring Earth orientation through the end of the century

Abstract In 1992 Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is the “method of choice” to monitor polar motion (PM), Universal Time (UT1), precession and nutation. International VLBI networks routinely produce PM and nutation values accurate to 0.3–0.5 milli-arc-seconds (mas) and UT1 accurate to 0.05 milliseconds (ms) , at 3.5 day intervals, and daily UT1 values accurate to 0.05–0.10 ms. Only cost considerations prevent sub-daily PM and UT determinations. Future improvements in VLBI should achieve 0.05–0.10 mas accuracies, and near real time correlation could reduce processing delays to 24 hours; the Global Positioning System (GPS) may provide PM at 2–6 hour intervals, while single baseline VLBI observations could provide UT1 values at comparable intervals. Eventually the combination of real-time processing of GPS plus superfluid gyroscope data may provide nearly continuous PM and UT1 tracks for periods of weeks; infrequent VLBI sessions will be needed for monitoring precession, nutation, and the celestial and terrestrial reference frames.
Frequency-multiplexed multiple-beam optical position detector using phase detection

The `smartness' of the optical position sensitive detector (PSD) lies in its capability to read the centroid position of the incident optical intensity distribution, independent of total intensity. Most measurands of interest to the smart structures community can be made to appear as changes in spatial distributions of optical intensity, such as interference pattern shifts, motion of reflected spots from moving or deforming objects, or changes in relative intensity among two or more light sources. In this work we demonstrate a technique to make a PSD smarter, in this case capable of reading centroid positions of multiple light intensity distributions which are modulated at different frequencies. This capability can be exploited in multi-degree-of- freedom position sensors as well as for multiplexing outputs from sensors distributed over a smart structure or skin. In this novel operating mode, the PSD behaves as a transmission line with detectors at either end and a current source at the centroid. Measurements of phase difference versus spot position for different modulation frequencies show good agreement with a superposition-based numerical model. Multiple light distributions incident on the same PSD can be frequency multiplexed. Spatial resolution increases with modulation frequency for positions near the center of the working range.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ultrastructure of bovine parotid glands.

Bovine parotid glands exhibit outstanding structural differences when compared with those of non-ruminant mammals. The acini are tortuous, branched and lined with cells of different heights, imparting a scalloped appearance to acinar lumina. Numerous microvilli, ca. 1.5 μ in length, extend into the lumina and intercellular canaliculi. Intercellular canaliculi measure ca. 3 μ in diameter and interweave in close association with intercellular tissue spaces. Intercellular tissue spaces are separated from the extraacinar spaces across a basal lamina only, whereas junctional complexes guard canaliculi from direct continuity with tissue spaces and/or extraacinar spaces. Flattened cytoplasmic lamellae extend from adjacent acinar cells and loosely interdigitate with one another across the tissue spaces. Acinar cells contain more mitochondria and less granular endoplasmic reticulum than parotid glands of non-ruminant mammals. Two types of secretory material, in the form of inclusions which vary in size and electron density, are present in the acinar cells. Intercalated ducts connect acini with striated ducts which in turn, empty into collecting ducts located between gland lobules. In terms of frequency of “basal infoldings” and numbers of mitochondria, striated ducts of calf parotid glands are not as well developed as those of certain other salivary glands. Myoepithelial cells are most often present at junctions of acini and intercalated ducts where they may attach to both acinar and ductal epithelium. Nerve “terminals” were not observed on the epithelial side of basement membranes in relation to the secretory cells.
Portfolio optimization algorithms, simplified criteria, and security selection: A contrast and evaluation

The Markowitz full covariance model provides a general framework for analysis of the porfolio selection problem. Three alternative solution methodologies have been developed to facilitate normative applications, but this article shows that they lead to markedly different stock selection and portfolio weighting decisions. In sample-based applications, incompatibilities arise due to model misspecifications and different distributional assumptions, and from the interactive effects of estimation error, optimization model selection bias, and conflicting distributional assumptions.
INFRA-RED STERILITY: PRELIMINARY REPORT

Recent work (1) has shown that sterility can be produced in males by the application of heat to the testes. Snyder (2) ascribes the sterilizing effect of x-rays in rats to the heating effect. Recently Zalewski and Trifonoff (3) have reported that the local application of infra-red rays to the testes may be of benefit in clinical gonad insufficiency. This might be due secondarily to destructive effects on the spermatogenic tissue leading to better nutrition of the interstitial cells. We have studied the sterilizing effect of infra-red rays in rats using both mating tests and histological study of the glands as criteria of the effects in the testes. Complementary studies have been made using heated air as the sterilizing agent. Some preliminary experiments were made in March, 1927, two males being treated with infra-red rays. The apparatus for treatment consisted of a wooden box containing an infra-red burner. Directly above this burner a hole 2½ × 1½ inches was cut, which allowed the superimposed testes to...
The sputtering process and sputtered ion emission

Abstract In this review an attempt is made to delineate those physical characteristics of the sputtering event which are of importance for the discussion of sputtered ion emission. Emphasis is placed on the grossly disordered nature of the sputtering site as the sputtered atoms depart. The electronic nature of a disordered site is discussed and attention is drawn to the inapplicability of bulk density of states concepts to this region. In particular, it is argued that the concept of a band gap in the surface state density is inappropriate. Sputtered ion emission models are reviewed with respect to their consistency with the physics of the sputtering event and with the general features of sputtered ion emission. It is argued that a self-consistent model can be developed in the framework of which sputtered ion emission from oxidized surfaces, from clean alloy surfaces, and from the pure elements can be understood.
Tumor Suppressor Function of Syk in Human MCF10A In Vitro and Normal Mouse Mammary Epithelium In Vivo

The normal function of Syk in epithelium of the developing or adult breast is not known, however, Syk suppresses tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis in breast cancer cells. Here, we demonstrate that in the mouse mammary gland, loss of one Syk allele profoundly increases proliferation and ductal branching and invasion of epithelial cells through the mammary fat pad during puberty. Mammary carcinomas develop by one year. Syk also suppresses proliferation and invasion in vitro. siRNA or shRNA knockdown of Syk in MCF10A breast epithelial cells dramatically increased proliferation, anchorage independent growth, cellular motility, and invasion, with formation of functional, extracellular matrix-degrading invadopodia. Morphological and gene microarray analysis following Syk knockdown revealed a loss of luminal and differentiated epithelial features with epithelial to mesenchymal transition and a gain in invadopodial cell surface markers CD44, CD49F, and MMP14. These results support the role of Syk in limiting proliferation and invasion of epithelial cells during normal morphogenesis, and emphasize the critical role of Syk as a tumor suppressor for breast cancer. The question of breast cancer risk following systemic anti-Syk therapy is raised since only partial loss of Syk was sufficient to induce mammary carcinomas.
Synthesis of t‐butyl‐2H9‐thiophenes

Interaction of 2-thienylmagnesium bromide with t-butyl chloride2H9 yielded 2-(t-butyl-2H9) thiophene and 3-(t-butyl2H9) thiophene. Likewise, interaction of 5-t-butyl-2-thienylmagnesium bromide with t-butyl chloride-2H9 yielded 2,4-di(t-butyl-4-2H9) thiophene and 2,5-di(t-butyl-5-2H9) thiophene. The labeled mono-t-butyl-thiophenes and the labeled di-t-butylthiophenes were separated by preparative gas chromatography. The structures of the four labeled compounds were established from infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral data indicated that each of the deuterium labeled isomers were of high isotopic purity (99.22 % or better).
Sex-related differences in pulmonary physiologic outcome measures in a high-risk birth cohort

Background Sex influences the risk of wheezing illnesses and the prevalence of asthma throughout childhood. Objective To better understand the mechanisms of these effects, we analyzed longitudinal relationships between sex, lung physiology, and asthma in the Childhood Origins of ASThma birth cohort study. Methods Childhood Origins of ASThma birth cohort study children were followed prospectively from birth and assessed annually. Results of spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Feno), mannitol provocation testing, and 3 He gas magnetic resonance imaging were assessed by sex using multivariate models including age, asthma diagnosis, and wheezing histories. Results Girls had higher prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 0.5 seconds/forced vital capacity values than did boys (mean difference, 0.017; 95% CI, 0.000-0.034; P = .05) of equivalent age. Postbronchodilator findings were more pronounced, with boys demonstrating reduced forced expiratory volume in 0.5 seconds/forced vital capacity values than did girls of equivalent age (mean difference, 0.032; 95% CI, 0.014-0.049; P = .0005). Conversely, girls were noted to have higher ventilation defects on 3 He magnetic resonance imaging than did boys ( P = .01). No differences were noted in the rate of positive responses to mannitol provocation or Feno measurements. Conclusions Lower airflow values are present by spirometry for prepubertal boys than for age-matched girls; however, greater 3 He ventilation defects were noted in girls. This could represent a greater degree of subclinical air trapping in prepubertal girls because residual volumes are not detected on standard spirometric readings. No differences were noted between the 2 sexes with airway hyperresponsiveness (mannitol provocation testing) or inflammation (Feno). Prospective peripubertal follow-up will determine whether these differences persist or change with the de novo expression and remission of asthma based on sex and age.
The use of magnetic resonance parameters in the characterization of premium coals and other coals of various rank

Abstract Eight premium coals and twelve Polish coals were investigated by means of e.s.r., 1H n.m.r., 13C CP-n.m.r. and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). The following parameters were studied: the concentration of free radicals, Ne; the 1H Zeeman relaxation rate, WZH; the 1H rotating-frame relaxation rate, WρH; the 1H DNP enhancement factor, PH; and the CP-determined carbon aromaticity, (fa)CP. The results generally agree with the patterns established in an earlier study of the same parameters of 60 other coals. The following relationships have been found between the above parameters and parameters obtained via proximate and ultimate analyses: Ne versus percentage volatile matter, WZH versus oxygen content, WρH versus Ne, PH versus carbon content and (fa)CP versus percentage volatile matter. For the premium coals it was observed that exposure to air prior to degassing resulted in irreversible changes in Ne, WZH and PH.
The impact of extra-pair mating behavior on hybridization and genetic introgression

Hybridization and genetic introgression can be associated with secondary contact between closely related species. Previous models have examined the ecological and demographic conditions leading to hybridization and introgression, but few have examined the role of behavior. Alternative mating behaviors are common throughout the animal kingdom but have rarely been recognized as a potential mechanism for hybridization. We developed an individual-based genetic model to examine the hypothesis that extra-pair copulations (EPCs) can lead to hybridization and genetic introgression even when assortative mating preferences are intact. Our model showed that female choice, whether pre- or post-copulation, reinforced species boundaries and that hybrids were relatively uncommon when no EPCs occurred. However, when EPCs were introduced into the model, the proportion of hybrids in the population depended on the strength of female mate or sperm choice, the strength of male pursuit of EPCs, and habitat-induced effects on the species composition of the neighborhood. As predicted, male pursuit of EPCs caused extensive introgression, but female preference for conspecific paternity reinforced species differences. Inclusion of mitochondrial markers of species identity revealed significant effects of interspecific and intersexual behavior during EPCs on the direction of introgression. These results suggest that an alternative mating tactic may have major effects on the level of genetic homogenization and can cause local extinction of a species.
What is the ‘Neighbourhood’ in Neighbourhood Satisfaction? Comparing the Effects of Structural Characteristics Measured at the Micro-neighbourhood and Tract Levels:

Using the neighbourhood sub-sample from the American Housing Survey for 1985, 1989 and 1993, this study tests whether the social context of the local micro-neighbourhood or of the broader census tract more strongly affects neighbourhood satisfaction. It is found that the local context of the micro-neighbourhood generally has a stronger effect on residents’ reported satisfaction. In contrast to studies aggregating to larger units, it is found that greater residential stability in the micro-neighbourhood increases reported neighbourhood satisfaction. A low socioeconomic status of the local micro-neighbourhood decreases neighbourhood satisfaction more than does the socioeconomic status of the surrounding tract and this effect is amplified in low-income tracts. Whereas prior evidence is mixed when aggregating perceptions of crime to larger units, a robust negative effect on satisfaction is found when aggregated to the micro-neighbourhood.
Maintenance of Certification in dermatology: Requirements for diplomates

Since 2006, after completing a cognitive certifying or recertifying examination, dermatologists are automatically enrolled into Maintenance of Certification (MOC) and can access a personalized electronic table (at www.abderm.org) that presents the requirements over the 10-year cycle. On this web site, diplomates can also pay the annual fee and attest to completion of the various components. Clicking on hyperlinks in the table launches explanations of the requirements. A hyperlink below the table takes the reader to the various resources approved for completion of the MOC requirements. There is a login tab in the upper left corner with a login help feature below. Clicking on the MOC tab will bring up the table. The timeline is specific to the individual.
Viruses as gene delivery vectors: Application to gene function, target validation, and assay development

A Biochemical Pharmacology Discussion Group Conference, was held at the headquarters of the New York Academy of Sciences on December 4, 2001 as part of an ongoing series designed to highlight and review areas important to modern drug development (Figure 1). Briefly introduced by Tom Kost (GlaxoSmithKline) and Michael Lotze (University of Pittsburgh), the focus was on the intersection of genomics, proteomics, and now “viromics.” The latter term refers to the use of viruses and viral gene transfer to explore the complexity arising from the vast array of new targets available from the human and murine genomes. Indeed, access to large numbers of genes using viral vectors is a key tool for drug discovery and drug delivery. With 38,000 genes identified within the human genome, only 5000 are considered readily druggable. Generating tools such as these to validate targets represents a major part of the armamentarium of the postgenomic scientist. During the last 12 years alone, there have been over 26,000 publications on virus vectors. Many of them have been found useful in target validation, assay development, and evaluation in in vivo models and gene therapy. Thus, there is now an extensive knowledge base for several viral vectors, with unique attributes within each of them providing versatility, efficiency, and ease of use. The individual scientists presenting at the meeting illustrated many of the unique and useful characteristics of such vector systems including retrovirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, simbis virus, and baculovirus.
Association of mitochondrial allele 4216c with increased risk for sepsis-related organ dysfunction and shock after burn injury

Impaired mitochondrial activity has been linked to increased risk for clinical complications after injury. Furthermore, variant mitochondrial alleles have been identified and are thought to result in decreased mitochondrial activity. These include a nonsynonymous mitochondrial polymorphism (T4216C) in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase 1 gene (ND1), encoding a key member of complex I within the electron transport chain, which is found almost exclusively among Caucasians. We hypothesized that burn patients carrying ND1 4216C are less able to generate the cellular energy necessary for an effective immune response and are at increased risk for infectious complications. The association between 4216C and outcome after burn injury was evaluated in a cohort of 175 Caucasian patients admitted to the Parkland Hospital with burns covering greater than or equal to 15% of their total body surface area or greater than or equal to 5% full-thickness burns under an institutional review board-approved protocol. To remove confounding unrelated to burn injury, individuals were excluded if they presented with significant non-burn-related trauma (Injury Severity Score > or =16), traumatic or anoxic brain injury, spinal cord injury, were HIV/AIDS positive, had active malignancy, or survived less than 48 h postadmission. Within this cohort of patients, carriage of the 4216C allele was significantly associated by unadjusted analysis with increased risk for sepsis-related organ dysfunction or septic shock (P = 0.011). After adjustment for full-thickness burn size, inhalation injury, age, and sex, carriage of the 4216C allele was associated with complicated sepsis (adjusted odds ratio = 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-9.1; P = 0.005), relative to carriers of the T allele.
Spatial affect learning restricted in major depression relative to anxiety disorders and healthy controls

Detecting and learning the location of unpleasant or pleasant scenarios, or spatial affect learning, is an essential skill that safeguards well-being (Crawford & Cacioppo, 2002). Potentially altered by psychiatric illness, this skill has yet to be measured in adults with and without major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (AD). This study enrolled 199 adults diagnosed with MDD and AD (n=53), MDD (n=47), AD (n=54), and no disorders (n=45). Measures included clinical interviews, self-reports, and a validated spatial affect task using affective pictures (IAPS; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 2005). Participants with MDD showed impaired spatial affect learning of negative stimuli and irrelevant learning of pleasant pictures compared with non-depressed adults. Adults with MDD may use a "GOOD is UP" heuristic reflected by their impaired learning of the opposite correlation (i.e., "BAD is UP") and performance in the pleasant version of the task.
Real-time national GPS networks: Opportunities for atmospheric sensing

Real-time national Global Positioning System (GPS) networks are being established in a number of countries for atmospheric sensing. UCAR, in collaboration with participating universities, is developing one of these networks in the United States. The network, named “SuomiNet” to honor meteorological satellite pioneer Verner Suomi, is funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. SuomiNet will exploit the recently-shown ability of ground-based GPS receivers to make thousands of accurate upper and lower atmospheric measurements per day. Phase delays induced in GPS signals by the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere can be measured with high precision simultaneously along up to a dozen GPS ray paths in the field of view. These delays can be converted into total electron content (TEC), and integrated water vapor (if surface pressure data or estimates are available), along each GPS ray path. The resulting continuous, accurate, all-weather, real-time upper and lower atmospheric data create a variety of opportunities for atmospheric research. In this letter we describe SuomiNet, its applications, and the opportunity to coordinate national real-time GPS networks to create a global network with larger scientific and operational potential.