cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A flow injection renewable surface technique for cell-based drug discovery functional assays.

A novel flow injection-renewable surface (FI-RS) technique is introduced for the execution of automated pharmacology-based assays on living cells. Cells are attached to microcarrier beads, which serve as the disposable and renewable surface with which the assay is performed. The feasibility of this FI-RS technique is demonstrated by performing a functional assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the rat muscarinic receptor (M1). The intracellular calcium elevation resulting from the agonist-receptor interaction is measured via a calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe (fura-2) and a fluorescence microscope photometry system. The FI apparatus allows reproducible and precise control of the concentration gradient of chosen muscarinic receptor agonists (carbachol, acetylcholine, pilocarpine) delivered to cells attached to microcarrier beads. The RS methodology eliminates problems associated with diminishing biological response vis-a-vis traditional functional assays that are performed repetitively on the same group of cells. Using this technique, reproducible responses are measured and pharmacologic parameters quantified that compare favorably to literature values. In addition, the use of the FI-RS functional assay as an analytical method for discrimination of agonists based on kinetic parameters is proposed.
Development of population structure in Daphnia clones in a stratified lake

The frequencies of single locus genotypes (clones) in a natural population of Daphnia pulicaria in a Minnesota lake were estimated during five months when the lake was thermally stratified in 1991. Further samples were collected in early August 1990 and 1992. Daphnia pulicaria were aggregated during daytime in two layers detected with high-frequency sonar. One layer was in the metalimnion and upper hypolimnion (depth 10–15 m), the other deeper in the hypolimnion (18–22 m). The layers were sampled at two locations in Long Lake on eight dates in 1991. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed four alleles at the phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) locus. Three clones occurred with sufficient frequency in 3077 individuals for statistical analysis. The proportion of homozygous slow (SS) individuals increased with time in the deep layer at both locations, coincident with decreasing concentrations of dissolved oxygen, but was nearly constant in the shallower layer, where oxygen was near saturation. Analysis with log-linear statistics indicated that depth, date and the depth-date interaction were most important in explaining the variations in clone proportions during summer. Location and the date-location interaction, although significant, were less important. Data from early August 1990 and 1992 indicated that this pattern may be an annual phenomenon.
Brenda Bryant: There Is Nothing More Practical than a Good Theory

Public administration values the relationship between theory and practice. Regrettably, theory and practice are regarded more often than not as separate purviews of two different groups—academics and practitioners—resulting in a perceived gap between the two. The doctorate of public administration program at the University of Southern California's Washington Public Affairs Center sought to span both worlds. This article by Beryl A. Radin of American University profiles one of its graduates, Brenda L. Bryant. The author traces her career development, experience in the doctoral program, as well as subsequent professional activities, ultimately highlighting why “there is nothing more practical than a good theory.”
Efimov state in the /sup 4/He trimer

On the basis of a Faddeev calculation, an Efimov state is predicted to exist in $^{4}\mathrm{He}_{3}$. This discovery represents the first manifestation of the Efimov effect and may have farreaching consequences in the statistical mechanics of $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ gas at low temperatures.
Evaluating the Use of Captioned Video Materials in Advanced Foreign Language Learning

ABSTRACT As increasing numbers of foreign language programs begin to integrate video materials into their curricula, more attention is being focused on ways and means to optimize the student's comprehension of the language of film and television segments. This article reports on the results of research conducted to evaluate the use of captioning (on-screen target language subtitles) as a pedagogical aid to facilitate the use of authentic video materials in the foreign language classroom, especially in advanced or upper-level courses. Using Russian and ESL as target languages, the data collected strongly support a positive correlation between the presence of captions and increased comprehension of the linguistic content of the video material, suggesting the use of captions to bridge the gap between the learner's competence in reading and listening. The paper includes a detailed description of the research methodology, implementation, data analysis, and conclusions. A discussion of the results and suggestions for further research are also included.
Filamentous phage infection-mediated gene expression: construction and propagation of the gIII deletion mutant helper phage R408d3

Abstract We describe the use of transcriptional fusions to the phage shock protein (psp) promoter. These fusions are expressed only when cells are infected by filamentous phage. In an application, the psp promoter was fused to the protein coding part of filamentous phage gene III (gIII). Protein III (pIII) is needed to complement mutant f1 phage containing a deletion of gIII, but its synthesis also renders cells resistant to infection. By inducing pIII production from psp–gIII only in the cells that are already infected with phage, it was possible to obtain plaques from phage in which gIII had been completely deleted. gIII was deleted from two helper phages: R408 and VCSM13, which were then propagated on cells containing the psp–gIII fusion. These two phages were tested for use in a phage display method that requires generation of noninfectious, phagemid-containing virion-like particles. Both helpers worked, but R408d3 was superior to VCSM13d3, because it generated about 1800-times fewer background infectious particles.
Imaging with the liquid-crystal adaptive lens

The liquid crystal adaptive lens (LCAL) is an electro-optical device whose focal length can be varied electrically. The discrete nature of the electrodes of the device introduces phase aberrations which degrade the performance of the LCAL. We introduce a novel electrode architecture, called 'conductive ladder meshing' (CLM) and a 'stimulated annealing' voltage dithering technique to reduce the phase aberrations. True imaging experiments with a spherical CLM LCAL were performed for a single incoming polarization under white light illumination. Experimental results revealed that the image formed wee comparable to those formed by a fixed lens in terms of resolution,although, the contrast was worse. In addition o variable focal lengths, the CLM LCAL is capable of image translation orthogonal to the propagation direction.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Functional form, sample selection, and housing demand

Abstract This paper addresses issues of functional form and sample selection in estimating housing demand. Urban economic theory suggests that income and price elasticities be allowed to vary with reference incomes and housing prices. A generalized Box-Cox estimator rejects linear and log-log forms; semi-log forms are accepted in some cases. Sample truncation leads to downward biases in permanent income regressions, but to slightly upward-biased income elasticities. Price elasticities are generally unchanged.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Copper in Beryllium Oxide

Paramagnetic-resonance absorption of copper-doped single crystals of beryllium oxide has been investigated at 9 GHz. The best-fit values to a spin Hamiltonian with $S=\frac{1}{2}$ are $|{g}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}|=1.709\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.002$, $|{g}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}|=2.379\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001$, $|{A}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}|=(50\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $|{A}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}|=(108\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and $|Q|=(11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, where the hyperfine values refer to the ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{63}$ isotope, for which $I=\frac{3}{2}$. The observations are interpreted as due to ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ substitutional for beryllium at normal lattice sites. Crystal-field theory which incorporates covalent bonding has been used to interpret these results in terms of the $3{d}^{9}$ configuration of ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$ in ${C}_{3v}$ symmetry. The experimental results are shown to be consistent with the theory, which yields an orbital reduction factor of 0.6, and values for $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}3}〉$ and the contact hyperfine interaction close to those for the free ion. The results are also compared with some other cases of $3{d}^{9}$ ions in tetrahedral coordination.
The Power of Mouse Genetics to Study Spermatogenesis

Approximately 80 million people worldwide are infertile, and nearly half of all infertility cases are attributed to a male factor. Therefore, progress in reproductive genetics becomes crucial for future diagnosis and treatment of infertility. In recent years, enormous progress has been made in this field. More than 400 mutant mouse models with specific reproductive abnormalities have been produced, and numerous human association studies have been discovered. However, the translation of basic science findings to clinical practice remains protracted, with only modest progress in the application of novel findings to clinical genetic testing and cures. To date, the most significant findings in male infertility remain numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities and Y-chromosome microdeletions in infertile men. Thus, we anticipate that future genetic investigations will focus on infertile men with a normal somatic karyotype but with various spermatozoal defects, like insufficient production of spermatozoa (oligozoospermia), inadequate motility (asthenozoospermia), abnormal morphology (teratozoospermia), or combinations of these defects. Ultimately, basic advances in mammalian nonhuman reproduction will translate to clinical advances in human reproduction and testing for infertile humans, thereby helping to improve diagnostics and health care for infertile patients.
Economic Burden of Men’s Health Disparities in the United States

Very little is known about the economic consequences of men’s health disparities. Using data from the 2006 through 2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the National Vital Statistics Reports, we estimated the potential cost savings of eliminating health disparities for racial/ethnic minority men. The total direct medical care expenditures for African American men were $447.6 billion of which $24.2 billion was excess medical care expenditures. With regard to indirect costs to the economy, African American and Hispanic men incurred $317.6 and $115.0 billion respectively. These findings indicate that we cannot afford to overlook the disparities that exist, particularly among African American and Hispanic men. Failure to do so is both socially and morally wrong and carries huge economic consequences.
Demonstration of an instrumented patch

The primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of various strain measurement techniques at detecting the disbonding of a composite repair patch and then using this information to validate a new capacitance based disbond detection technique. The instrumented repair patch was parametrically designed with the help of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software to have a stress concentration at its tip. This stress concentration was designed to produce a disbond during fatigue testing, without the need for the introduction of any foreign material to create an artificial disbond condition. The aluminum substrate was grit blasted and the instrumented patch was bonded using FM ® 73 adhesive, and was cured following the recommendations of the manufacturer. The geometric characteristics of the patch followed standard repair guidelines for such variables as material selection, taper angles and loading conditions, with the exception of the area designed for premature disbond. All test specimens were inspected using non-destructive testing technique (ultrasound pulse echo) to guarantee that no disbonding had occurred during curing of the specimen. The specimens were placed under fatigue loading to induce a disbond condition between the aluminum substrate and the patch. The specimens were cyclically loaded and strain gauges bonded to strategic locations on the aluminum and composite patch surface to be able to measure changes in surface strains as the disbond progressed. A Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system was also used to measure full field strains over the gauge length of the coupon. The DIC results were compared with the strain gauge data and were used to provide a qualitative measure of the load transfer in the bonded specimen, which clearly demonstrated the change in surface strain that occurred as the composite patch disbonded from the aluminum substrate. Thermoelastic Stress Analysis (TSA) was also used to measure surface strains on the composite patch. Thermoelastic stress analysis proved to be the most sensitive technique for experimentally monitoring the disbond process in real time. Failure analysis of the specimens using optical microscope techniques was performed to determine the type of failure between the patch and the substrate. The results of this work will serve to test the different types of sensors available for the design and manufacturing of a "Smart Patch" for aircraft structure applications.
Toughening of Cement-Based Materials with Fiber Reinforcement

Toughening of cement-based materials when reinforced with relatively high fiber volume is studied in the paper. Toughening mechanisms of composites have been experimentally studied by quantitative image analysis, laser holographic interferometry, and acoustic emission. It is found that damage localization in cement-based materials can be greatly reduced by the use of fibers. Based on fracture mechanism observed, an R-curve approach has been proposed to predict toughening of matrices due to fiber reinforcement. Theoretical predictions show good agreement with experimental results.
Correlation of lattice defects and thermal processing in the crystallization of titania nanotube arrays

Titania nanotubes have the potential to be employed in a wide range of energy-related applications such as solar energy-harvesting devices and hydrogen production. As the functionality of titania nanostructures is critically affected by their morphology and crystallinity, it is necessary to understand and control these factors in order to engineer useful materials for green applications. In this study, electrochemically-synthesized titania nanotube arrays were thermally processed in inert and reducing environments to isolate the role of post-synthesis processing conditions on the crystallization behavior, electronic structure and morphology development in titania nanotubes, correlated with the nanotube functionality. Structural and calorimetric studies revealed that as-synthesized amorphous nanotubes crystallize to form the anatase structure in a three-stage process that is facilitated by the creation of structural defects. It is concluded that processing in a reducing gas atmosphere versus in an inert environment provides a larger unit cell volume and a higher concentration of Ti3+ associated with oxygen vacancies, thereby reducing the activation energy of crystallization. Further, post-synthesis annealing in either reducing or inert atmospheres produces pronounced morphological changes, confirming that the nanotube arrays thermally transform into a porous morphology consisting of a fragmented tubular architecture surrounded by a network of connected nanoparticles. This study links explicit data concerning morphology, crystallization and defects, and shows that the annealing gas environment determines the details of the crystal structure, the electronic structure and the morphology of titania nanotubes. These factors, in turn, impact the charge transport and consequently the functionality of these nanotubes as photocatalysts.
STEROIDOGENIC PROPERTIES OF PURIFIED CORTICOTROPINS1

δ1 and β corticotropins, prepared by Bell and co-workers, were assayed for hydrocortisone and aldosterone stimulating activity in the decerebrate dog. The two preparations were foundto be of approximately equal potency in stimulating hydrocortisone secretion. However, δ1 corticotropin proved to be several times as active as β corticotropin in stimulating the secretion of aldosterone. The aldosterone stimulating activity of δ1 corticotropin is destroyed by heating in alkali, indicating that it is not due to the melanocyte stimulating activity known to be present in this preparation. NUMEROUS, frequently conflicting, reports of the aldosterone stimulating activity of ACTH have appeared in the literature. In the hypophysectomized dog a modest increase in the rate of secretion ofthe steroid has been reported to follow the infusion of ACTH. The increase was small when compared to the effect of ACTH on the secretion of the other corticosteroids.
Association Coefficients of Identity and Proportionality for Metric Scales.

Zegers' (1986) chance-corrected coefficients of association are derived by alternative methods. A different definition of chance correction is used. It is shown that our correction and that of Zegers are identical for large samples. Three possible assumptions for the derivation of metric coefficients are examined. The first, variable reflection, formulated by Zegers and ten Berge (1985), leads to coefficients that require chance-correction. Two other assumptions, zero covariance and covariance reflection, are proposed and it is shown that the latter two assumptions lead directly to coefficients of identity and proportionality that do not require chance correction (i.e., are identical to the Zegers, 1986, corrected coefficients).
Automated Figure Formation For A Kirkpatrick-Baez X-Ray Mirror

An automated figure formation system for Kirkpatrick-Baez geometry grazing incidence X-ray mirrors is described. The system is based on an IBM PC/XT microcomputer and utilizes primarily commercially available equipment. The mirror assemblies currently being manufactured for the LAMAR experiment attain an angular resolution of ~30" (50% power diameter) on axis. The angular resolution is limited by the float glass used for the mirror plates, not the figure formation process.
A transient defect in leukocytic bactericidal capacity.

Abstract Leukocytes from three previously healthy patients with overwhelming infection were found to be defective in their ability to kill Staphylococcus aureus . Leukocytes from two patients with infections due to Staphylococcus aureus were unable to kill either the infecting organism or a laboratory strain of S. aureus . One of these patients retained the ability to kill Escherichia coli . The third patient had severe E. coli and Bacteroides infection. His leukocytes could kill the infecting E. coli normally, but failed to kill the laboratory strain of S. aureus . After recovery leukocytes from all three patients killed all bacteria normally. The defective leukocytes had normal surface receptors for IgG and complement, stained normally for myeloperoxidase, and reduced nitro blue tetrazoleum dye normally. In one patient the defect was found to be in phagocytosis rather than intracellular killing of the organism.
Acid hardenable, spin-coatable silicon ladder polymer systems as a resist materials

Abstract Poly(phenylsisesquioxane) (PSQ) is known for its high RIE resistance , particularly in oxygen RIE condition, because of its ladder-type polymer structure with a high silicon content. Except chlorinated and vinyl substituted ones, the lithographic sensitivity is low. Low resist sensitivities of PSQ in both photo and electron beam lithography have been improved as reported here by a chemical amplification of crosslinking of hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) to the ladder-type silicon polymer, catalyzed by a photo-acid generator like triphenylsulfonium hexafluroantimonate (TPHA) onium salt. Spectroscopic and GPC data indicates HMMM acting as a crosslinking agent to give higher molecular weight resin despite no electrophilic sites available in the resin.
Masked hypothyroidism in children

Summary 1. A series of forty cases from a group of 500 children submitted for endocrine study formed the basis of this report. 2. The mental or physical retardation, or both, in these children appeared akin to the same, but more severe, findings of sporadic cretinism and marked hypothyroidism. 3. This condition I would term “masked hypothyroidism” since the symptoms are misleading and often go unrecognized unless properly studied and interpreted. Careful questioning frequently discloses a chain of symptoms other than those of which the patient complains. When considered with poor somatic development and retarded osseous unfolding, the findings are significant. 4. Retarded osseous development may be evidenced by the late appearance or poor massing of ossification centers and epiphyseal nuclei. Such retardation was a most important factor in our diagnosis of hypothyroidism—mild as well as marked states. 5. In cases in which the hypothyroidism was of too recent occurrence to be demonstrated roentgenographically, other diagnostic measures were employed: in children over eight years of age, who were cooperative, a basal metabolic test was performed. If it was low, it was considered as confirmatory evidence of hypothyroidism. In children under eight years of age, a basal metabolic rate was usually not informative. 6. Thyroid therapy was efficacious in cases in which, in addition to evidence of physical or mental retardation, there was (1) osseous delay, (2) a low basal metabolic rate, and (3) no response to other forms of treatment for the alleviation of the complaint or combination of complaints.
High-Excitation Emission Lines in the Far-Ultraviolet Spectrum of the Late A Star α Cephei

The A7 V star α Cephei lies in a region of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram that is generally thought to be devoid of solar-like magnetic activity. The far-ultraviolet spectrum of this star was observed with the Berkeley spectrograph during the 1996 ORFEUS-SPAS II mission. We detected emission lines of Si III, C III, and O VI in the 900-1200 A interval, spanning formation temperatures of 2 × 104-3 × 105 K. The normalized strengths of these lines, L ≡ fL/fbol, are within a factor of 2 of solar values. Lines of two C III multiplets in the ORFEUS spectrum yield an electron density estimate, ne ≈ 109.4 ± 0.3, at a temperature of ~6 × 104 K. The corresponding electron pressure, p ≡ neT ~1014.2 ± 0.3, is similar to that of the average Sun, but several times smaller than previous estimates made for other late-type G-K stars. At higher temperatures, the normalized flux ratio for coronal soft X-rays is 20 times less for α Cep than it is for the Sun. This greatly reduced X-ray brightness suggests that the outer atmosphere of α Cep differs strikingly from that of the average Sun, being more akin to a low-density "coronal hole."
Adaptation, Maturity, and Fruit Quality of Table Grapes in the Intermountain West Region of the U.S.A.

Abstract Adaptability, berry maturity and fruit quality of table grapes in the intermountain west region of the United States were studied. Average survival rates were less than 50% for vines of ‘Fantasy’, ‘Flame’, and ‘Red Globe’, but greater than 80% for vines of ‘Alborz’, ‘Concord’, ‘Concord Seedless’, ‘Delight’, ‘Einset’, NY 36095, NY 47616, NY 65.479.1, NY 65.483.2, ‘Pasargad’, ‘Reliance’, and ‘Ruby’. ‘Alborz’, ‘Flame’, and ‘Lakemont’ had heaviest clusters over several seasons. One-year data showed that ‘Emerald’, ‘Exotic’, and ‘Fiesta’ also produced heavier clusters than many other grapes. ‘Canadice’, ‘Concord Seedless’, ‘Glenora’, ‘Interlaken’, NY 65.479.1, ‘Reliance’, and ‘Romulus’ had greatest soluble solids concentrations (SSC). ‘Challenger’, ‘Emerald’, ‘Exotic’, and ‘Italia’ had heaviest berries. Overall, ‘Alborz’, ‘Pasargad’, and ‘Reliance’ had high vine survival rates and high fruit quality ratings (combination of SSC, berry weight, berry tenderness, and/or cluster size). ‘Italia’, ‘Saturn’, ...
Differentiating metabolites formed from de novo synthesis versus macromolecule decomposition

We present a novel approach utilizing stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometric detection, which we term differential kinetic flux profiling, to probe dynamic cellular metabolic changes in response to environmental perturbations. Cells are switched into isotope-labeled media both shortly before and separately shortly after the perturbation, and the kinetics of subsequent labeling of intracellular metabolites measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The combined data enable measurement of both metabolite formation from macromolecular decomposition and small molecule flux changes triggered by the environmental perturbation. This approach is exemplified using 15N-ammonia labeling of Escherichia coli to probe changes in amino acid metabolism induced by carbon starvation. We find that carbon starvation almost fully halts amino acid fluxes, and that the trace remaining flux is almost completely driven by protein degradation. The general approach of differential kinetic flux profiling sho...
Brown haze: NO2 or aerosol?

Abstract The yellow or brown color of polluted air is often attributed to the wavelength dependent absorption coefficient of the gas, NO 2 . A comparison of the extinction coefficient due to light scattering with that due to absorption by NO 2 from simultaneous measurements suggests that the color is due to wavelength dependent light scattering.
Energy of a Prismatic Dislocation Loop in an Elastic Cylinder

The energy of a prismatic dislocation loop in an isotropic elastic cylinder is derived, resulting in semi-analytic expressions. Analytic expressions are obtained in two limits: when the radius of the dislocation loop approaches the cylinder radius and when the radius of the dislocation loop is much smaller than the cylinder radius. These expressions can be used to predict the critical condition for misfit dislocation formation in semiconducting nanowires.
Subdivision of the B.C.C. Transition Metals

B.c.c. transition metals are shown to display large, systematic changes in many basic physical properties on going from vanadium to chromium or iron, from niobium to molybdenum, and from tantalum to tungsten. These property changes are attributed, at least partially, to the differences in the electronic structure and nuclear composition between the group V (V, Nb, and Ta) and group VI metals (Cr, Mo, and W) and iron. A subdivision of the b.c.c. transition metals is this proposed. Conditions under which the metals may sensibly be considered as an undivided group are discussed. Es wird gezeigt, das kubisch raumzentrierte ubergangsmetalle grose systematische anderungen vieler grundlegender physikalischer Eigenschaften aufweisen, wenn man von Vanadium zum Chrom oder Eisen, von Niobium zu Molybdan und von Tantal zu Wolfram geht. Die anderungen der Eigenschaften werden wenigstens teilsweise den Differenzen in der Elektronenstruktur und der Kernzusammensetzung zwischen den Metallen der V. Gruppe (V, Nb und Ta) und der VI. Gruppe (Cr, Mo und W) und Eisen zugeschrieben. Damit wird eine Unterteilung der kubisch raumzentrierten Metalle vorgeschlagen. Die Bedingungen, unter denen die Metalle deutlich als ungeteilte Gruppe betrachtet werden konnen, werden diskutiert.
Party Rules and Equitable Representation The 1984 Democratic National Convention

This article assesses the degree of representativeness within the state delegations with a measure based on primary election and caucus results, and delegate counts at the 1984 Democratic national convention. The analysis indicates that most state delegations were quite representative of the candidates' relative support within the public. States with the most representative delegations had few uncommitted votes cast in the primary or caucus and used proportional representation systems. The proportion of superdelegates, either pledged or unpledged, did not detract greatly from the representativeness of the state delegations,
The interaction of cyclic hardening and ratchetting for AISI type 304 stainless steel at room temperature—II. Modeling with the viscoplasticity theory based on overstress

Abstract The viscoplasticity theory based on overstress (VBO) is used to predict ratchetting tests reported by Ruggles and Krempl in Part I (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 38, 575, 1990). The VBO predicts the influence of ratchetting rate correctly. An increase in ratchet stress rate reduces the ratchet strain. Quantitative predictions are reasonable for tests with no prior cyclic hardening. For tests with prior hardening the theory predicts too large a ratchet strain. It is shown that this can be corrected by making the shape function dependent on history. Theory and experiment do not exhibit a stress rate history effect.
Les effets métaboliques de l'hormone de croissance*

Resume Le metabolisme de l'hormone de croissance humaine (GH) et ses differents roles sont de mieux en mieux compris. Chez l'homme, la secretion hypophysaire de GH est influencee par de nombreux facteurs dont l'etat nutritionnel, l'âge, les medicaments et l'activite physique. L'action tissulaire de la GH est modulee par la production d'IGF-I ( Insulin-like Growth Factor -I), par les proteines liants les IGF (IGFBP : IGF- Binding Protein ) qui pourraient exercer des activites regulatrices endocrines, paracrines et autocrines, et enfin par des phenomenes d'ordre moleculaire encore fort peu compris. La GH exerce des effets bien definis sur le metabolisme des glucides, des lipides et des proteines : elle induit une insulino-resistance, augmente la lipolyse et stimule l'anabolisme proteique. En plus de son utilisation courante chez l'enfant presentant un deficit en GH, de nombreux pays ont autorise l'utilisation de la GH recombinante en pediatrie pour stimuler la croissance somatique au cours de l'insuffisance renale, chez l'adulte carence en GH pour ameliorer la composition corporelle et les fonctions physiques et mentales, et dans le SIDA pour lutter contre l'etat de grande denutrition. Les effets anaboliques de la GH ont egalement ete evalue dans d'autres situations cataboliques telles que les patients sous nutrition artificielle a l'hopital ou a domicile.
Contrast-based image attention analysis by using fuzzy growing

Visual attention analysis provides an alternative methodology to semantic image understanding in many applications such as adaptive content delivery and region-based image retrieval. In this paper, we propose a feasible and fast approach to attention area detection in images based on contrast analysis. The main contributions are threefold: 1) a new saliency map generation method based on local contrast analysis is proposed; 2) by simulating human perception, a fuzzy growing method is used to extract attended areas or objects from the saliency map; and 3) a practicable framework for image attention analysis is presented, which provides three-level attention analysis, i.e., attended view, attended areas and attended points. This framework facilitates visual analysis tools or vision systems to automatically extract attentions from images in a manner like human perception. User study results indicate that the proposed approach is effective and practicable.
Pruning neural networks with distribution estimation algorithms

This paper describes the application of four evolutionary algorithms to the pruning of neural networks used in classification problems. Besides of a simple genetic algorithm (GA), the paper considers three distribution estimation algorithms (DEAs): a compact GA, an extended compact GA, and the Bayesian Optimization Algorithm. The objective is to determine if the DEAs present advantages over the simple GA in terms of accuracy or speed in this problem. The experiments considered a feedforward neural network trained with standard backpropagation and 15 public-domain and artificial data sets. In most cases, the pruned networks seemed to have better or equal accuracy than the original fully-connected networks. We found few differences in the accuracy of the networks pruned by the four EAs, but found large differences in the execution time. The results suggest that a simple GA with a small population might be the best algorithm for pruning networks on the data sets we tested.
Design Optimization of Composite Plates: Part I—Design Criteria for Strength, Stiffness, and Manufacturing Complexity of Composite Laminates

Design criteria are essential for describing the objectives of optimization. Strength, stiffness, and manufacturing are addressed.The mechanical criteria, for strength and stiffness, provide with the magnitude by which the thickness of a given laminate must be scaled in order to just meet all requirements. For first-ply-failure strength, a quartic failure criterion was derived from the quadratic Tsai-Wu criterion, for unsymmetric and symmetric laminates subject to mixed loadsets. For stiffness, maximum displacement constraints can be selectively set on all components and modulus. Combined strength and stiffness control is also analyzed. While developed for single elements, these criteria are also suited for designing entire laminated plates.Assessing manufacturing complexity without undertaking a detailed cost analysis is achieved by an index which interprets numerically qualitative issues such as simple and complex layups. The new manufacturing complexity index takes into account variations in thickness,...
Giant switchable photovoltaic effect in organometal trihalide perovskite devices

Organolead trihalide perovskite (OTP) materials are emerging as naturally abundant materials for low-cost, solution-processed and highly efficient solar cells. Here, we show that, in OTP-based photovoltaic devices with vertical and lateral cell configurations, the photocurrent direction can be switched repeatedly by applying a small electric field of <1 V μm(-1). The switchable photocurrent, generally observed in devices based on ferroelectric materials, reached 20.1 mA cm(-2) under one sun illumination in OTP devices with a vertical architecture, which is four orders of magnitude larger than that measured in other ferroelectric photovoltaic devices. This field-switchable photovoltaic effect can be explained by the formation of reversible p-i-n structures induced by ion drift in the perovskite layer. The demonstration of switchable OTP photovoltaics and electric-field-manipulated doping paves the way for innovative solar cell designs and for the exploitation of OTP materials in electrically and optically readable memristors and circuits.
Maximum Phonation Time in Healthy Older Adults

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Maximum phonation time (MPT), a clinical measurement of the longest time one can phonate a vowel, typically /a/, is a frequently used measure of vocal function, but normative data are lacking for MPT in healthy older adults. The aim of this study was to provide data on MPT in healthy older adults and to determine the effect of advanced age, gender, and repeated measures on MPT. Study Design Prospective. Methods Sixty-nine healthy older adult volunteers participated (ie, 15, 26, and 28 in the seventh, eighth, and ninth decades of life, respectively). The effects of age, gender, and repeated measures (three trials in a single session) on MPT were assessed. Mean, standard deviation, compound symmetry covariance, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance were used for statistical analysis. Results Neither age group, gender, trial, nor their interactions was statistically significant ( P >0.05). Adults in the seventh, eighth, and ninth decades of life had mean MPTs of 22.27 (standard error [SE]=1.56), 22.97 (SE=1.11), and 21.14 (SE=0.97) seconds, respectively. Females and males had mean MPTs of 20.96 (SE=0.92) and 23.23 (SE=0.96) seconds, respectively. Finally, MPTs for trials 1, 2, and 3 were 21.77 (SE=1.09), 21.67 (SE=1.12), and 22.80 (SE=1.27), respectively. Conclusions MPTs were longer in this group of older adults than previously reported and did not vary significantly with age or gender. Additionally, across a single short sampling session, measurements were relatively stable across three trials of MPTs.
Self-irradiation damage and 5f localization in PuCoGa5

Abstract Understanding superconductivity in PuCoGa5 presents several challenges due to the presence of local moments and self-irradiation damage. We present X-ray absorption fine-structure measurements that further establish the presence of local 5f-electrons. Moreover, these data indicate even stronger localization after the PuCoGa5 sample has aged, indicating a possible mixed valent ground state of the Pu atoms. Local structure measurements on this aged sample show an astonishing amount of damage, approximately 40% of the material after about 2 years. This amount of damage indicates that distortions around the Frenkel defects extend beyond the nearest-neighbor, and is qualitatively consistent with a percolation model for the destruction of the superconducting state after sufficient damage has accumulated.
Pathway of assembly of herpesvirus capsids: an analysis using DNA+ temperature-sensitive mutants of pseudorabies virus.

Abstract It was reported previously that nine different DNA+ is mutants of Pr virus were all defective in the processes leading to the cleavage of concatemeric viral DNA and to the formation of nucleocapsids. Six of these mutants were found to assemble capsids at the nonpermissive temperature; three were capsid− (Ladin et al., 1980). In the present communication we have characterized these mutants further. Each of the mutants was rescued by one specific restriction fragment of wild type virus DNA indicating that none of these mutants is altered in more than one locus. Many of the mutants complemented one another well at a frequency indicating that they are probably mutated in different genes. Cells infected at the nonpermissive temperature (41°) with the DNA+ mutants synthesized all the virus proteins synthesized by wild type-infected cells (as detected by PAGE) with two notable exceptions: (1) ts1-infected cells synthesized a thermolabile 142K capsid protein. (2) In ts1, ts109, and tsJ (all capsid− mutants)-infected cells, detectable amounts of 35K capsid protein did not accumulate. The 35 K capsid protein is normally processed from a precursor protein, the processed protein being detectable in the nucleus of the infected cells only. In capsid−-infected cells processing of the 35K protein precursor did not occur. Furthermore, accumulation in the nucleus of all capsid proteins was impaired in all the capsid−-infected cells. Because at least two of the three capsid− mutants are mutated in different genes, we conclude that the processing of the 35K protein, capsid assembly, and accumulation of capsid proteins in the nuclei are interdependent events which occur only if all the proteins necessary for capsid assembly are functional. On the basis of these results, we propose that the 35K protein is processed during capsid assembly and that assembly of the proteins into capsids is required for the continued movement of capsid proteins to, and their accumulation in, the nuclei of infected cells.
A prelude to Fontan.

In the decades preceding the Fontan operation, there was an intensive experimental and clinical quest to bypass the right heart. Whereas right heart bypass was successfully achieved in animal experiments, clinically only partial bypass (superior cava–right pulmonary artery anastomosis) was applied successfully. This intensive experimental and clinical activity provided the background for the Fontan operation.
Encounter with reality: Children's reactions on discovering the Santa Claus myth

Fifty-two children who no longer believed in Santa Claus were individually administered a structured interview on their reactions to discovering the truth. Their parents completed a questionnaire assessing their initial encouragement of the child to believe in Santa and rating their child's reactions to discovering the truth as well as their own reactions to the child's discovery. Parental encouragement for the child to believe was very strong. Children generally discovered the truth on their own at age seven. Children reported predominantly positive reactions on learning the truth. Parents, however, described themselves as predominantly sad in reaction to their child's discovery.
Quantitative Assessment of EF-1α·GTP Binding to Aminoacyl-tRNAs, Aminoacyl-viral RNA, and tRNA Shows Close Correspondence to the RNA Binding Properties of EF-Tu

A ribonuclease protection assay was used to determine the equilibrium dissociation constants (Kd) for the binding of various RNAs by wheat germ EF-1alpha.GTP. Aminoacylated fully modified tRNAs and unmodified tRNA transcripts of four specificities (valyl, methionyl, alanyl, and phenylalanyl) from higher plants or Escherichia coli were bound with Kd values between 0.8 and 10 nM. A valylated 3'-fragment of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA, which has a pseudoknotted amino acid acceptor stem, was bound with affinity similar to that of Val-tRNAVal. Uncharged tRNA and initiator Met-tRNAMet from wheat germ, RNAs that are normally excluded from the ribosomal A site in vivo, bound weakly. The discrimination against wheat germ initiator Met-tRNAMet was almost entirely due to the 2'-phosphoribosyl modification at nucleotide G64, since removal resulted in tight binding by EF-1alpha.GTP. A 44-nucleotide RNA representing a kinked acceptor/T arm obtained by in vitro selection to bacterial EF-Tu formed an Ala-RNA.EF-1alpha.GTP complex with a Kd of 29 nM, indicating that much of the binding affinity for aminoacylated tRNA is derived from interaction with the acceptor/T half of the molecule. The pattern of tRNA interaction observed for EF-1alpha (eEF1A) therefore closely resembles that of bacterial EF-Tu (EF1A).
Use of iodo-gen and iodine-125 to label the outer membrane proteins of whole cells of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Abstract The outer membrane proteins of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are specifically labeled by use of 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenyl glycoluril (Iodo-Gen) and 125I under the conditions described in this report. Use of this procedure with whole cells of N. gonorrhoeae produces a clear labeling pattern which can be visualized by electrophoretic separation of the proteins, followed by autoradiography. Electrophoretograms reveal some 70 polypeptide bands, while autoradiograms reveal only 5 or 6 labeled bands. The labeled polypeptide bands correspond to isolated outer membrane proteins, the most intensely labeled of which is the principal outer membrane protein. The method described in this report is both specific and gentle, as well as rapid and convenient.
A non-guidelines approach to cardiocerebral resuscitation

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in most Western industrialized nations, making out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) a major public health problem (Atwood et al, 2005; Lloyd-Jones, 2010). Unfortunately, the first sign of cardiovascular disease is often the last, as the first sign is often sudden cardiac arrest (Roger et al, 2011). It is not just a problem of the elderly as the average decade of adults with OHCA is the sixth (Bobrow et al, 2010). In the US, a 40 year-old-male has a 1 in 8 chance of dying from cardiac arrest (Lloyd-Jones, 2010). This article will present a non-guidelines approach to the management of patients with primary OHCA that significantly improves survival. It is called ‘cardiocerebral resuscitation’ as it limits interruptions of blood flow to the heart and the brain by emphasizing near continuous chest compressions not only by bystanders but also by advanced life support (ALS) providers. It deemphasizes assisted ventilation, as patients with primary cardiac arrest...
Tofu Yield and Textural Properties from Three Soybean Cultivars as Affected by Ratios of 7S and 11S Proteins

: Crude 11S and 7S proteins of three soybean cultivars were fractionated, and tofu was prepared from soymilk with 11S/7S protein ratios of 1.6 to 3.2. Higher 11S/7S ratio produced lower yield (p≤0.05) of Vinton and Sturdy tofu. Higher 11S/7S ratio resulted in higher firmness of Proto and Sturdy tofu. Increase in 11S/7S ratio increased cohesiveness of Sturdy tofu. The maximum extent of decreasing Vinton tofu yield and increasing Proto and Sturdy tofu firmness was ∼10% of the unmodified tofu. Results indicated that tofu characteristics were cultivar dependent and manipulation of 11S/7S ratio may not result in substantial effects on tofu yield or quality.
The Paper War Between England and America: The Inchiquin Episode, 1810–1815

In the London Quarterly Review for January 1814 appeared a long and brilliantly written review of an anonymous American pamphlet entitled Inchiquin the Jesuit's Letters, which had been published in New York some four years earlier. The pamphlet, indeed, was only of passing interest to the Quarterly. The real issue was the moral condition of the United States, an enemy which had to be dealt with during the coming year first militarily then diplomatically. The British reader was to be assured that the Americans should be handled no less severely than the French. To this end, the essayist revealed the distressing truth: through Gallic influence the Yankees had become imperialists, and the mania pervaded every aspect of life in the States. It followed that such a people should be chastised without scruple — whatever their English affinities. American magazines called the review a “collected mass of calumny and falsehood against a whole nation,” a “nefarious tissue of calumnies on the American character,” a copy of “all the effusions of malevolence, misrepresentation, and ignorance” which the Quarterly could find against “American taste, customs, morality, and literature.” Even a few notable Britons were embarrassed: the venerated Wilberforce called on John Quincy Adams in London to explain that the Quarterly's opinions of the United States were not those of the British people, and Robert Southey, the Poet Laureate and a major contributor to the magazine, told young George Ticknor in Paris after the war (a conflict that the Tory Southey had supported enthusiastically) that nothing in his literary career had caused him more mortification than “being thought” the author of the piece.
Conception, evolution, and application of functional programming languages

The foundations of functional programming languages are examined from both historical and technical perspectives. Their evolution is traced through several critical periods: early work on lambda calculus and combinatory calculus, Lisp, Iswim, FP, ML, and modern functional languages such as Miranda1 and Haskell. The fundamental premises on which the functional programming methodology stands are critically analyzed with respect to philosophical, theoretical, and pragmatic concerns. Particular attention is paid to the main features that characterize modern functional languages: higher-order functions, lazy evaluation, equations and pattern matching, strong static typing and type inference, and data abstraction. In addition, current research areas—such as parallelism, nondeterminism, input/output, and state-oriented computations—are examined with the goal of predicting the future development and application of functional languages.