cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Detection of Transiting Broadband Targets in Noise of Uncertain Level

The fact that the signal received from a transiting object first rises and then falls in intensity can be used to detect the presence of such an object even though the signal emitted by the object and the background noise are otherwise indistinguishable. If the strength of the background noise is not known, detectability is reduced by the uncertainty in the noise level; however, means can be incorporated in the detector to estimate the noise level. If this is done, and if the background noise can be assumed to be stationary, then the effect of the noise uncertainty can be made as small as desired. In practice, the background noise is not stationary, and therefore the improvement in detectability that can be realized by estimating the noise level depends on the length of time that the noise can be assumed to be essentially stationary.
UML-based Service Discovery Tool

The development of service centric systems has been recognised as an important approach for software system development. In this paper, we present a UML-based tool to identify services that can provide the functionality and satisfy properties and constraints of service centric systems specified during the design phase of the development of these systems and allows for the (re-) formulation of the design models based on the discovered services.
Chewing-induced hypertension in afferent baroreflex failure: a sympathetic response?

New Findings What is the central question of this study? Our goal was to understand the autonomic responses to eating in patients with congenital afferent baroreflex failure, by documenting changes in blood pressure and heart rate with chewing, swallowing and stomach distension. What is the main finding and its importance? Patients born with lesions in the afferent baroreceptor pathways have an exaggerated pressor response to food intake. This appears to be a sympathetically mediated response, triggered by chewing, that occurs independently of swallowing or distension of the stomach. The chewing-induced pressor response may be useful as a counter-manoeuvre to prevent orthostatic hypotension in these patients. Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a rare genetic disease with extremely labile blood pressure resulting from baroreflex deafferentation. Patients have marked surges in sympathetic activity, frequently surrounding meals. We conducted an observational study to document the autonomic responses to eating in patients with FD and to determine whether sympathetic activation was caused by chewing, swallowing or stomach distension. Blood pressure and R–R intervals were measured continuously while chewing gum (n = 15), eating (n = 20) and distending the stomach by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube feeding (n = 9). Responses were compared with those of normal control subjects (n = 10) and of patients with efferent autonomic failure (n = 10) who have chronically impaired sympathetic outflow. In patients with FD, eating was associated with a marked but transient pressor response (P < 0.0001) and additional signs of sympathetic activation, including tachycardia, diaphoresis and flushing of the skin. Chewing gum evoked a similar increase in blood pressure that was higher in patients with FD than in control subjects (P = 0.0001), but was absent in patients with autonomic failure. In patients with FD, distending the stomach by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube feeding failed to elicit a pressor response. The results provide indirect evidence that chewing triggers sympathetic activation. The increase in blood pressure is exaggerated in patients with FD as a result of blunted afferent baroreceptor signalling. The chewing pressor response may be useful as a counter-manoeuvre to raise blood pressure and prevent symptomatic orthostatic hypotension in patients with FD.
Designing Collaborative Systems to Support Reactive Problem-Solving in Manufacturing

This paper develops and illustrates a methodology for building systems to support manufacturing coordination and collaboration. The paper begins with a case study to understand the information requirements for reactive problem-solving in manufacturing. We focus on the communication mechanisms, decision-making processes, and implementation issues for problems that arise due to materials shortage in electronics assembly. We then describe a conceptual framework for collaboration support, emphasizing parsimony and generalizability, that incorporates the problem-solving requirements that we identified through the case study. Finally, we describe a prototype system, implemented on a client-server architecture, that incorporates many of the features needed to support reactive problem-solving.
Research in the Garden: Averting the Collections Crisis

ABSTRACT Botanic gardens and arboreta are a vibrant part of the natural history collections community, serving society in areas such as education, recreation, and research. Unfortunately, at the present time dwindling support and advocacy for collections-based research has placed these institutions in the midst of a collections crisis. In this review, I assess the historical importance of living plant collections in supporting research, examine why their research potential is currently unmet, and provide a series of rationales in support of collections-based research. To avert this crisis several things must occur, the most basic of which is stronger advocacy for living collections and the research derived from them. Traditional views of collections management need to be evaluated under new light and the pool of researchers expanded. Formal, on-site programs are not required for collections to be used for research, as off-site scientists can make great contributions. Toward this end, collaborative links b...
Congenital Diseases of the Equine Head

Many questions concerning heritability arise when a veterinarian is asked to supervise and treat disease of congenital origin. Genetic counseling, ethics, and legality are often confronted in discussions between animal health professionals and laymen in animal industry. Guidelines have been offered as in the 1984 statement of the Judicial Council of the American Veterinary Medical Association: "Performance of surgical procedures in all species for the purpose of concealing genetic defects in animals to be shown, raced, bred, or sold as breeding animals is unethical. However, should the health or welfare of the individual patient require correction of such genetic defects, it is recommended that the patient be rendered incapable of reproduction." The Australian Veterinary Law, Ethics, Etiquette and Convention declares it fraud to alter a defect for sale purposes and unethical for a veterinarian to perform such treatments. It is permissible to correct defects causing discomfort or inconvenience, but the veterinarian is required to advise appropriate breeding counseling. Genetic counseling has progressed significantly in human medicine. This has been supported by better diagnostic methods for genetic disorders, greater acceptance of preventive measures, and extended screening programs to identify carriers of specific abnormal genes or chromosomal aberrations. Congenital diseases in veterinary medicine are constantly under investigation. The veterinary practitioner must continue to operate with an appreciation of the incomplete understanding of most of these abnormalities and act in accordance with personal ethical judgment and the guidance of the American Veterinary Medical Association when treating the affected individual animal patient.
Temporal Force Measurements on an Aerodynamic Plasma Actuator

In previous work at the United States Air Force Academy, the phenomenology and behavior of the aerodynamic plasma actuator (a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)) has been investigated. In order to provide additional insight into the phenomenology associated with the transfer of momentum to the air by the plasma actuator, the time-averaged body (reaction) force and the temporal force have been measured for a range of frequencies (5-20 kHz) and voltages (7.5-10 kV amplitude). The time-averaged forces were measured with a pendulum arrangement. The time-dependent forces were measured using an accelerometer. The results show that for constant voltage, the body force is proportional to frequency and the impulse per cycle is constant. Furthermore the energy dissipation per cycle and efficiency are independent of frequency. At constant frequency the increase in body force with voltage is shown. The time-dependent measurements support the theory that the body force of the actuator consists of one large "PUSH" followed by one small "pull" during each cycle.
THE AMOUNT OF OVERLAP ALLOWABLE FOR SUBSPECIES

THE present tendency toward finer and finer subdividing of species into subspecies or geographical races, with formal trinomial nomenclature, is regarded from different viewpoints, both approving and disapproving. Agreement or at least a clarification of the principles to be followed in the applying of subspecific names is to be hoped for. The present paper is a contribution toward the clarification and stabilization of taxonomic practice in regard to lightly defined subspecies. VARIATION IN THE SPECIES Every individual bird differs somewhat from every other bird; any local population is at least slightly different from any other, while in appearance some populations differ widely from others of the same species. These different degrees of variation are illustrated by such examples as the introduced House Sparrow, Passer domesticus, in North America in which Lack (1940) found very little geographical variation (Calhoun's (1947) study on the same subject produced more positive results, but his methods do not inspire confidence); the Lincoln's Sparrow, Melospiza lincolnii, in which, within the named subspecies, there is much geographical variation below the level at which it is useful to name further races (Miller and McCabe, 1935); the Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla, in which a distinct eastern and western race occupy considerable areas with a broad area of intergradation between (Wetmore, 1939: 240), and such complexes as that of the Sapsucker, Sphyrapicus varius, in which some students still prefer to retain the three very distinct types as species.
Review: Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s

Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s . National Building Museum, Washington, D.C. 2 October 2010–5 September 2011 The American world's fairs of the Depression years were over-the-top, optimistic projects that made future-gazing a cultural staple. According to the fairs' organizers and promoters, such looking ahead could bolster people's sagging faith in the country's economic and political systems. These fairs decanted a messy decade into neat packages of hope, dramatized the shape of things to come, and distorted or denied social reality to accommodate corporate America's consumerist utopias. Creating a museum exhibition decades later, out of such extravagantly hopeful projects, poses a robust intellectual challenge. How does one recreate the particular mood of the fairs in their historic times without overinvesting in their seductive messages? Balancing an "authentic" representation of past events with the unavoidable lessons of hindsight is a daunting task. The exhibition at the National Building Museum titled Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s deftly negotiated this challenge. It rendered momentarily irrelevant the question of whether or not one left the show with a deep and nuanced knowledge of 1930s America by presenting a visually pleasurable array of artifacts from six Depression-era fairs: the Century of Progress International Exposition, held in Chicago in 1933–34; the California Pacific International Exposition, staged in San Diego in 1935–36; the Texas Centennial Exposition in Dallas of 1936; the Great Lakes Exposition in Cleveland of 1936–37; the Golden Gate International Exposition in San Francisco of 1939–40; and the New York World's Fair of 1939–40. Bringing together original objects, drawings, posters, souvenirs, multimedia, reproductions, and even a replica of Westinghouse's Electro robot from the 1939 New …
Structural and Functional Integrity of H,K-ATPase Depends β-Subunit

The primary gastric H+ pump, the H,K-ATPase, belongs to the family of cation pump enzymes called P-type ATPases, which include the Na,K-ATPase and the Ca-ATPase (Jorgenson & Andersen 1988; Inesi & Kirtley 1992). This family of pump proteins all have the ability to form a phosphoenzyme intermediate, or E-P, in their catalytic cylcle, and predictably, they share a relatively high degree of sequence homology. Among the P-type ATPases, the H,K-ATPase and the Na,K-ATPase have the highest degree of homology (~60% identity), sharing at least two additional unique features: they are both cation exchange transporters, involving the cellular uptake of K+ in exchange for the respective Na+ or H+ export from the cell; and both pumps consist of αβ-subunit heterodimers. The α-subunits of both Na,K- and H, K-ATPase have eight transmembrane segments, and ~70% of the 110 kDa mass is distributed within the cytoplasmic domain where ATP binding and phosphoenzyme formation occur. Thus the α-subunit is frequently called the catalytic subunit of the respective enzyme. The α-subunit of the Na,K- ATPase contains the ouabain binding site localized to the extracellular domain (Lingrel 1992). Although the H,K-ATPase does not bind ouabain, an omeprazole binding site has been localized to the extracellular domain of its a-subunit (Sachs et al. 1989).
Associations between accelerometer-assessed sedentary behavior, physical activity and objectively-measured cardiorespiratory fitness with red blood cell distribution width

Abstract Background Emerging work identifies red blood cell distribution width (RDW) as a unique biomarker independently associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Encouragingly, recent research demonstrates individual associations of sedentary behavior, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness with RDW. However, no study has evaluated their independent and combined associations on RDW, which was this study's purpose. Methods Data from the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used (N=627 adults 20–49yrs). Sedentary behavior and MVPA were objectively assessed (accelerometry) with cardiorespiratory fitness determined from a submaximal treadmill-based test. Participants were classified as above or below the median values for each of these three parameters, with a PACS (Physical Activity Cardiorespiratory Sedentary) score ranging from 0 to 3, indicating the participant number of these three positive characteristics. A blood sample was obtained from each participant to assess RDW. Results Only above median MVPA (OR=0.47; 95% CI: 0.32–0.68) was independently associated with a reduced odds of having an elevated RDW. With regard to the additive model, and after adjustment, the odds ratio (95% CI) for the PACS score of 1 (vs. 0), 2 (vs. 0), and 3 (vs. 0), respectively, were 0.81 (0.45–1.45; P=0.46), 0.66 (0.44–0.99; P=0.04) and 0.35 (0.18–0.68; P=0.004). Conclusion When considering sedentary behavior, MVPA, and cardiorespiratory fitness, only MVPA was associated with reduced odds of elevated RDW, but those with all three characteristics had the lowest odds of elevated RDW.
Application of Haploidy in Genetic Manipulation of Canola

Haploidy through anther and microspore culture has long been used in breeding programs of canola and other grain and oil crops. More recently, application of haploidy in genetic manipulation has been explored in canola. (1) Uninucleate microspores and microspore-derived embryos were transformed via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformation efficiency was higher for embryos (ca. 0.5%) man for the thick-walled microspores. For most efficient haploid transformation, young embryos (21–28 days after microspore culture) were physically wounded and inoculated with disarmed A.tumefaciens (108/ml) harboring a binary vector containing genes of interest. When a NPTII gene was used as the selectable marker gene, kanamycin selection © 50mg/l was applied 2 to 7 days after co-cultivation. Shoots or secondary embryos developed under selection were uniform and were hence presumably of single-cell origin. Transgenic canola plants thus obtained were homozygous after colchicine doubling. They did not segregate for the transgene. (2) Microspore culture was successfully used to recover homozygous doubled-haploid plants from hemizygous, primary transgenic canola plants. Level and tissue/stage specificity of gene expression in homozygous transgenics are comparable to that in hemizygous transgenic plants.
Ultra-Low Loss Large Area Waveguide Coils for Integrated Optical Gyroscopes

We discuss the design, fabrication, and measurement of a large area stitched gyroscopic coil, reporting waveguide loss, including 100 stitches over 3 m, of 0.78 dB/m and crossing loss of 0.0156 dB/crossing for a predicted ARW of 69° /hr/ $\surd $ Hz.
Dialectics of Gender and Health: The Case of HIV Serodiscordance in Uganda

The relationship between gender and health is a deeply interdependent one. Yet research in this area has focused primarily on how gender relations determine health behaviour and health outcomes. This article advocates a more holistic approach that conceptualises gender and health as fully intertwined and mutually constitutive. This interplay is explored through the case of HIV serodiscordance in which one person in a relationship is HIV positive and the other HIV negative. Drawing on in-depth research with discordant couples in urban Uganda, this study indicates that living with discordance can both reinforce and challenge normative gender power dynamics in relationships. This study, therefore, illustrates how significant health problems can influence gender relations. As such, it reveals the dialectical relationship between gender and health and also provides important insights for HIV prevention in the new era of antiretroviral treatment as prevention.
TNF-R1 and FADD mediate UVB-Induced activation of K+ channels in corneal epithelial cells.

The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of Fas, TNF-R1, FADD and cytochrome c in UVB-induced K+ channel activation, an early step in UVB-induced apoptosis, in human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells. HCLE cells were treated with Fas, TNF-R1 or FADD siRNA and exposed to 80 or 150 mJ/cm2 UVB. K+ channel activation and loss of intracellular K+ were measured using whole-cell patch-clamp recording and ion chromatography, respectively. Cytochrome c was measured with an ELISA kit. Cells in which Fas was knocked down exhibited identical UVB-induced K+ channel activation and loss of intracellular K+ to control cells. Cells in which TNF-R1 or FADD were knocked down demonstrated reduced K+ channel activation and decreased loss of intracellular K+ following UVB, relative to control cells. Application of TNF-α, the natural ligand of TNF-R1, to HCLE cells induced K+ channel activation and loss of intracellular K+. Cytochrome c was translocated to the cytosol by 2 h after exposure to 150 mJ/cm2 UVB. However, there was no release by 10 min post-UVB. The data suggest that UVB activates TNF-R1, which in turn may activate K+ channels via FADD. This conclusion is supported by the observation that TNF-α also causes loss of intracellular K+. This signaling pathway appears to be integral to UVB-induced K+ efflux, since knockdown of TNF-R1 or FADD inhibits the UVB-induced K+ efflux. The lack of rapid cytochrome c translocation indicates cytochrome c does not play a role in UVB-induced K+ channel activation.
BET Bromodomains and P-TEFb in Cardiac Transcription and Heart Failure Pathogenesis

Stress-activated cardiac signaling cascades ultimately converge on defined transcriptional pathways that drive pathologic gene expression programs. Excessive or prolonged activation of these pathways culminates in hypertrophy, fibrosis, and contractile dysfunction. As the gene-regulatory machinery functions as a distal signal integrator in this disease process, defining mechanisms by which upstream pathways couple to chromatin-dependent signal transduction in cardiomyocytes (CMs) has been an area of intense scientific and therapeutic interest. It has long been recognized that dynamic positioning of acetyl-lysine on nucleosomal histone tails, regulated by histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, plays a central role in cardiac plasticity and HF pathogenesis. In this chapter, we will discuss signaling events downstream of local chromatin acetylation in the heart and their role in pathologic cardiac plasticity and HF pathogenesis. We will highlight recently published studies that implicate BET family bromodomain-containing coactivator proteins as a critical link between activated cardiac enhancers, P-TEFb (positive transcription elongation factor b), and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) dynamics in the stressed myocardium.
Trauma, Critical Care, and Emergency General Surgery Coding

General surgeons have historically been reluctant to participate in truam call. Reasonsf or this included increased time committment and lack of reimbursement. However, more recently there has been demonstrated imprpoved potential for improved financial impact from trauma patients with proper trauma and critical care coding and billing practices. Correct coding for trauama, critical care, and emergency general surgery is a key component o a successful practice. Specific attention to optimal coding of evaluation and maanagment services, along with paying attention to modifier use, will ensure that a claim will accurately represent all of the work that was performed and mitigate the risk for denials, recoupments, or under coding errors.
Corpus callosal atrophy and associations with cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease

Objective: To investigate atrophy of the corpus callosum on MRI in Parkinson disease (PD) and its relationship to cognitive impairment. Methods: One hundred patients with PD and 24 healthy control participants underwent clinical and neuropsychological evaluations and structural MRI brain scans. Participants with PD were classified as cognitively normal (PD-NC; n = 28), having mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI; n = 47), or having dementia (PDD; n = 25) by Movement Disorder Society criteria. Cognitive domain (attention/working memory, executive function, memory, language, visuospatial function) z scores were calculated. With the use of FreeSurfer image processing, volumes for total corpus callosum and its subsections (anterior, midanterior, central, midposterior, posterior) were computed and normalized by total intracranial volume. Callosal volumes were compared between participants with PD and controls and among PD cognitive groups, covarying for age, sex, and PD duration and with multiple comparison corrections. Regression analyses were performed to evaluate relationships between callosal volumes and performance in cognitive domains. Results: Participants with PD had reduced corpus callosum volumes in midanterior and central regions compared to healthy controls. Participants with PDD demonstrated decreased callosal volumes involving multiple subsections spanning anterior to posterior compared to participants with PD-MCI and PD-NC. Regional callosal atrophy predicted cognitive domain performance such that central volumes were associated with the attention/working memory domain; midposterior volumes with executive function, language, and memory domains; and posterior volumes with memory and visuospatial domains. Conclusions: Notable volume loss occurs in the corpus callosum in PD, with specific neuroanatomic distributions in PDD and relationships of regional atrophy to different cognitive domains. Callosal volume loss may contribute to clinical manifestations of PD cognitive impairment.
Reactions to online colorectal cancer risk estimates among a nationally representative sample of adults who have never been screened

Data on the public’s reactions to online tailored colorectal cancer (CRC) risk estimates are sparse. We assessed among 560 men and women aged 50–75 with no CRC screening history reactions to online tailored CRC estimated comparative risk (i.e., self vs. other their age and sex). Assessed were reactions to estimate (i.e., repeating back estimate, match between perceived comparative risk and estimate, accuracy and usefulness of estimate, emotional reactions), risk appraisals and screening intentions. 73% of the sample accurately repeated back their estimate; the match between perceived comparative risk and the estimate was lowest among those informed of being at higher risk. Higher estimates were viewed as less useful and evoked more negative emotions. Viewing the estimate as more useful and experiencing more negative emotions were related with higher risk appraisals and, in turn, screening intentions. These data indicate that adults at higher comparative risk resist accepting a higher risk status.
Moment Solutions for the State Exiting Counting Processes of a Markov Renewal Process

Important performance measures for many Markov renewal processes are the counts of the exits from each state. We present solutions for the conditional first, second, and covariance moments of the state exiting counting processes for a Markov renewal process, and solutions for the unconditional equilibrium versions of the moments. We demonstrate the relationship between the conditional first moments for the state exiting and the state entering counting processes. For analytical and illustrative purposes, we concentrate on the two state case. Two asymptotic expansions for the moment functions are proposed and evaluated both analytically and empirically. The two approximations are shown to be competitive in terms of absolute relative error, but the second approximation has a simpler analytical form which is useful in analyzing more complex stochastic processes having an underlying MRP structure.
New insights into socially responsible consumers: The role of personal values

Given increasing interest in both socially responsible consumption behavior (SRCB) and socially responsible corporate practices in marketing, this study addressed the effects of several personal traits on SRCB (i.e., personal values, collectivism, age, and gender). Findings from an online survey revealed that consumers who valued self‐transcendence (e.g., benevolence and universalism) were more likely to engage in socially responsible consumption (e.g., recycling, avoiding, or reducing usage of products that do long‐term damage to the environment) than those who valued social status and prestige, social power, authority, and wealth. Furthermore, the findings show that older adults and women tended to engage in more SRCB than younger adults and men. Findings also indicate that age and gender were antecedents to the values of self‐transcendence and self‐enhancement.
Micro-Role Transitions between Occupations

The current literature on boundaries and boundary work focuses on the home to work transition (e.g. Rothbard et al, 2005; Nippert-Eng, 1996;). In this study, I focus on people with two simultaneous...
The evaluation of spontaneous Descemet’s membrane reattachment using swept-source optical coherence tomography: a case report

A 29-year old man presented with a history of facial burn in August of 2017. Slit lamp examination revealed significant central corneal stromal scarring in the right eye. The patient received deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) in the right eye. Three weeks post operatively, the patient was found to have recurrent corneal edema on slit lamp exam, and standard anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed a central detachment of Descemet’s membrane.
EXPERIENCE WITH AZATHIOPRINE IN A CHILDHOOD POPULATION WITH SEVERE ATOPIC ECZEMA OVER AN EIGHT YEAR PERIOD

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of azathioprine in a childhood population with severe atopic Eczema Methods We conducted a retrospective review of azathioprine use over an eight year period in a childhood population with refractory atopic eczema. Twenty one patients with severe atopic eczema, 19% of whom had partial enzyme deficiency of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) were included. Results Azathioprine was commenced at doses ranging from 80% in 9 cases (56%). Duration of remission was variable, less than 3 months in one case, 3–12 months in 5 individuals, remission (ranging from 2 to18 months) is ongoing off treatment in 4 patients and 6 patients remain on treatment. Azathioprine was tolerated without side effects in 14 patients (66.7%), one patient developed severe thrombocytopenia and another moderate neutropenia (Partial TPMT deficiency). Conclusion In summary, azathioprine appears effective and safe for refractory childhood eczema.
Adaptive Feedback Cancellation for Hearing Aids Using the Prediction-Error Method with Orthonormal Basis Functions

Hearing aids are susceptible to acoustic feedback, which limits the achievable amplification and may severely degrade the sound quality by producing howling artifacts. A potential method of feedback cancellation employs prediction of the feedback path (FP) with an adaptive filter. However, estimation of the FP suffers a large model error, known as the bias, due to correlation between the loudspeaker and source signals. A prediction-error method (PEM) based pre-whitening filter has been utilized to reduce the bias. However, this approach requires a large number of adaptive parameters, thus reducing the convergence rate and limiting the added stable gain (ASG). We introduce a PEM-based method derived based upon the orthonormal basis functions (OBFs) to estimate the FP with a small number of adaptive parameters and the source signal using an autoregressive model. The OBF filter is defined by a set of fixed poles and adaptive tap-output weights. The poles are estimated using an inherently stable least-squares method and embedded into the filter as a priori information. Experimental results show that the proposed method enhances the convergence rate and significantly increases the ASG compared to the standard PEM, while uses far fewer adaptive parameters.
Creation of a primary care academic collaborative nexus: enabling and interfering factors.

With a renewed commitment to interprofessional education and collaborative practice, academic institutions and health care systems are collaborating to provide quality health care education and ser...
CHAPTER 6 – ANGLES AND TRIANGLES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the traditional approach to study trigonometry, which revolves about the measurement of triangles. It is possible to define the trigonometric functions as functions of angles rather than as functions of real numbers, and the two definitions are related in a simple manner. The chapter discusses a wide variety of applications that clearly demonstrate the usefulness of trigonometry in fields such as surveying and navigation. The chapter discusses the law of sines and the law of cosines, two important rules that can be employed when dealing with an oblique triangle, that is, a triangle that does not contain a right angle.
Deletion of JNK Enhances Senescence in Joint Tissues and Increases the Severity of Age-Related Osteoarthritis in Mice.

Objective To determine the role of JNK signaling in the development of osteoarthritis (OA) induced by joint injury or aging in mice. Methods In the joint injury model, 12-week-old wild-type control, JNK1-/- , JNK2-/- , and JNK1fl/fl JNK2-/- aggecan-CreERT 2 double-knockout mice were subjected to destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) (n = 15 mice per group) or sham surgery (n = 9-10 mice per group), and OA was evaluated 8 weeks later. In the aging experiment, wild-type control, JNK1-/- , and JNK2-/- mice (n = 15 per group) were evaluated at 18 months of age. Mouse knee joints were evaluated by scoring articular cartilage structure, toluidine blue staining, osteophytes, and synovial hyperplasia, by histomorphometric analysis, and by immunostaining for the senescence marker p16INK 4a . Production of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) in cartilage explants in response to fibronectin fragments was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results There were no differences after DMM surgery between the wild-type and the JNK-knockout mouse groups in articular cartilage structure, toluidine blue, or osteophyte scores or in MMP-13 production in explants. All 3 knockout mouse groups had increased subchondral bone thickness and area of cartilage necrosis compared to wild-type mice. Aged JNK-knockout mice had significantly worse articular cartilage structure scores compared to the aged wild-type control mice (mean ± SD 52 ± 24 in JNK1-/- mice and 60 ± 25 in JNK2-/- mice versus 32 ± 18 in controls; P = 0.02 and P = 0.004, respectively). JNK1-/- mice also had higher osteophyte scores. Deletion of JNK resulted in increased expression of p16INK 4a in the synovium and cartilage in older mice. Conclusion JNK1 and JNK2 are not required for the development of OA in the mouse DMM model. Deletion of JNK1 or JNK2 is associated with more severe age-related OA and increased cell senescence, suggesting that JNK may act as a negative regulator of senescence in the joint.
Cognitive Impairment among People Who Use Heroin and Fentanyl: Findings from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) Cohort.

Background: Cognitive impairment is common in people living with HIV (PLWH). Opioid drugs exert direct and indirect effects on cognitive processes, which may contribute to cognitive dysfunction amo...
Abstract MP57: Sex Differences in Stroke Outcome Are Associated With Constitutive Gut Dysbiosis and Stroke-Induced Gut Permeability

Sex differences in experimental stroke are well documented, such that adult males show worse outcomes compared to adult females, including greater infarct volume, increased stroke-induced mortality...
Decision aid for women with newly diagnosed breast cancer seeking breast reconstruction surgery: A prospective, randomized, controlled, single-blinded, pilot study

Summary Background Women undergoing immediate breast reconstruction for breast cancer often experience anxiety when faced with reconstruction and the type of reconstruction to choose. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of a decision aid on decisional conflict in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer seeking breast reconstruction. Methods Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients seeking breast reconstruction at a single center were prospectively randomized into two groups. Comparisons were made between two groups using the decisional conflict scale (DCS): women who reviewed the standard educational materials prior to initial consultation (control) and women who reviewed standard materials prior to initial consultation and then reviewed a decision aid brochure at initial consultation and two-week post-consultation (intervention). Pre-to-post-consultation DCS scores were compared within and between the control groups and intervention groups to assess which group had lower DCS scores. Results A total of 20 patients, mean age 53±9 years were included. Median differences between pre-to-post-consultation DCS total scores in the control and intervention groups lowered from 32 to 22 and 28 to 16, respectively. Significant differences in subscores were control group: uncertainty: 54–21 (p = 0.030), and intervention group: uncertainty: 46–29 (p = 0.036) and values clarity: 29–25(p = 0.042). Pre-to-post-consultation differences between DCS scores and subscores did not demonstrate any statistical significance. Conclusion Decision aids did not significantly reduce pre-operative DCS total scores compared to current educational materials. More educational materials may not always be helpful for patients.
Swimming kinematics of cyprids of the barnacle Balanus glandula.

Larvae of barnacles typically pass through naupliar and cyprid planktonic stages before settlement and metamorphosis. As the final larval stage, cyprids swim much faster than nauplii and in turbulent fluid environments with high shears as they seek habitat. Cyprids swim with six pairs of reciprocating thoracic appendages and use two anterior antennules during settlement. Our understanding of how thoracic appendages generate movement is limited due to short stroke intervals (∼5 ms) that impede observations of the shape and trajectory of appendages. Here, we used high speed videography to observe both free-swimming and tethered cyprids of the intertidal acorn barnacle Balanus glandula to produce a comprehensive description of thoracic appendage swimming kinematics. Cyprids used a drag-based method of swimming: their six pairs of thoracic appendages moved through metachronal power strokes and synchronous recovery strokes similar to the thoracopod motions in calanoid copepods during escape swimming. During the power stroke, plumose setae on each appendage pair spread laterally into a high surface area and high drag paddle composed of a meshwork of fused setules. This interconnected setal array collapsed into a low surface area and low drag shape during the recovery stroke. These effective swimming appendages allowed cyprids to move upwards at an average speed of 1.4 cm s-1 (about 25 body lengths s-1) with an average beat frequency of 16 beats s-1, and reach an instantaneous velocity of up to 6 cm s-1. Beat frequency of the thoracic appendages was significantly associated with speed, with higher beat frequencies indicating faster swimming speed. At their average speed, cyprids moved at the intermediate Reynolds number of ∼10, in which both viscous and inertial forces affected movement. Cyprids could alter swimming direction by sweeping the posterior-most appendage pair to one side and beating the remaining thoracic appendages synchronously through the power stroke with greater motion on the outside of their turn. These results greatly enhance our understanding both of cyprid motility and how small planktonic organisms can use swimming appendages with fused setule arrays to reach high swimming speeds and affect directional changes.
Characteristics, Perceptions, and Dietary Intakes of WIC Participants in Rural Appalachia

Over the last decade, the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) has been transitioning to electronic food-benefits (eWIC). The North Carolina Appalachian Region was ...
First-principles calculations of metal surfaces. I. Slab-consistent bulk reference for convergent surface properties

The first-principles computation of the surfaces of metals is typically accomplished through slab calculations of finite thickness. The extraction of a convergent surface formation energy from slab calculations is dependent upon defining an appropriate bulk reference energy. I describe a method for an independently computed, slab-consistent bulk reference that leads to convergent surface formation energies from slab calculations that also provides realistic uncertainties for the magnitude of unavoidable nonlinear divergence in the surface formation energy with slab thickness. The accuracy is demonstrated on relaxed, unreconstructed low-index aluminum surfaces with slabs with up to 35 layers.
Design considerations of CMOS active inductor for low power applications

Previous studies have shown that the transconductance-to-drain-current ratio based design technique is useful for optimizing analog circuits. In this paper, we explore challenges associated with designing a low-power active inductor. We focus in particular on sizing issues that arise as the transistor speed is maximized and the current consumption is minimized. Finally, we apply the results to design an amplifier integrated with an active inductor in 0.18 μm CMOS process and show that by systematically working through sizing issues, a 10 μA amplifier with a tunable range of 691 MHz and 1.05 GHz can be designed.
PERFORMATIVE MEDIA POLICY: SECTION 230’S EVOLUTION FROM FOOTNOTE TO LOYALTY OATH

This study examines the legislative evolution of Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934, a widely discussed and frequently misunderstood dimension of American telecommunications policy that provides a “safe harbor” provisionally shielding internet companies from liability for law-breaking content published by third parties who use their platforms and networks. Though this provision originated in the mid-1990s as an effort to minimize the legal and economic risks facing fledgling internet startups, we argue that efforts to reform it during the Trump era reflected an unprecedented transformation of an arcane policy point into a highly public subject for “messaging bills” intended principally to signal political loyalty to the president.
Energy, Hierarchy and Money

Energy hierarchy concepts are used to understand the distribution of money. Monetary convergence concept is explained by the universal energy transformation hierarchy. In an energy transformation series, the available energy decreases at each work step, but the transformity, concentrations, turnover times, and spatial convergence increase. These patterns are explained by the natural selection of designs that reinforce their sources. To reinforce effectively with less energy, downstream processes have to be concentrated in space, accumulate, and pulse their feedbacks. Because every real process requires available energy, materials, information, and people organize into pulsing centers. In this essay the distribution of monetary circulation is also linked to the energy hierarchy, providing some quantitative insights on the self organization of an economy. A suggestion is made for a 7th energy law.
George H. Douglas. The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting.

(1989). George H. Douglas. The Early Days of Radio Broadcasting. American Journalism: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 55-56.
AGGLUTININ-ADSORPTION ANALYSIS OF VIBRIO FETUS

Reich, C. V. (Pennsylvania State University, University Park), C. E. Heist, and H. W. Dunne. Agglutinin-adsorption analysis of Vibrio fetus. J. Bacteriol. 82:210–214. 1961.—All pathogenic strains of Vibrio fetus are apparently members of a single serotype. Within this broad grouping, it was possible to define the relationship of certain selected strains by a system of complete reciprocal adsorption and cross agglutination. Formalin treated suspensions of V. fetus, and controlled titer homologous rabbit antisera were used. The results of a set of reactions, involving five strains, were analyzed as a complete reaction pattern. A system of 12 antigens and 4 haptens, each alphabetically characterized, was necessary to reproduce schematically the experimentally obtained reaction pattern. One of the antigens, designated as antigen A, was a somatic antigen present on every strain of V. fetus examined. Evidence indicates that this antigen represented about 5% of the total antigenic area of the cell surface.
NHTSA's Frontal Offset Research Program

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) is conducting research programs to develop test procedures to reduce death and injury, in particular debilitating lower extremity injuries in frontal offset collisions. This paper presents updated results of Offset Deformable Barrier (ODB) crash tests conducted for the NHTSA. The ODB crash tests were conducted with 50th percentile male and 5th percentile female Hybrid III dummies fitted with advanced lower legs, Thor-Lx/HIIIr and Thor-FLx/HIIIr, to assess the potential for debilitating and costly lower limb injuries. This paper also investigates the implications that the ODB test procedure may have on fleet compatibility by evaluating the results from vehicle-to-vehicle crash tests.
DETECTION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI FROM FOOD SOURCES BY A NOVEL MULTIPLEX PCR ASSAY

ABSTRACT Helicobacter pylori infection is worldwide and it has been recognized as an important cause of gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers. However, the modes of transmission of H. pylori infection are unclear. This study was designed to detect H. pylori from raw or ready-to-eat foods to provide more evidence for oral-oral and fecal-oral transmission patterns. For this purpose, a total of 11 fresh raw chickens from a local grocery and 18 orders of ready-to-eat raw tuna meat from a restaurant were collected. H. pylori were detected with our new multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, which can amplify 10 DNA fragments from five gene loci at the same time. H. pylori were positive in 36% (4/11) of the raw chickens and 44% (8/18) of the ready-to-eat raw tuna meat tested using the new multiplex PCR assay. Our results demonstrate that food might be a vehicle for H. pylori transmission among humans. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection may be as high as 80% in developing countries and up to 40% in developed countries. However, the mode of transmission, the natural history and other aspects of the epidemiology of H. pylori infection are still unclear. There have been no reports of H. pylori being cultured and isolated from foods. In this study we designed a one-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to amplify 10 DNA fragments at the same time to detect H. pylori, which could overcome the difficulty in identifying H. pylori by using culture or other routine tests. Since this assay is so sensitive, specific and rapid, it has a great potential for identifying H. pylori, which is difficult to be cultured by using current methods, from different food samples.
Specific versus nonspecific target cell destruction by T lymphocytes sensitized in vitro. I. Kinetics.

Abstract An in vitro culture method giving a high cell recovery rate of 25–38% has been developed to generate a relatively pure population of T cell progeny reacting to xenogeneic cell antigen. The method is basically a modification of the Ginsburg method and utilizes mosaic monolayers that are comprised of syngeneic Lewis and xenogeneic BALB/c fibroblasts. Thoracic duct lymphocytes of Lewis rats were cultured for 6 days on these monolayers and the resulting lymphocyte population, rich in blast cells, was collected and separated free of contaminating fibroblasts by an additional 6 hr incubation without monolayers. Cytotoxic activity of these harvested lymphocytes was assessed by a modification of the Hellstrom method in which embryonic target fibroblasts, Lewis or BALB/c, were plated at a critical density of 2200 cells/cm 2 of culture area. This, coupled with the use of a newly developed culture medium, allowed the demonstration of specific as well as nonspecific activity of up to 100% suppression at 48 hr of test incubation. The specific activity was clarified and determined critically by comparing the activity of these lymphocytes to that of lymphocytes grown on syngeneic monolayers, though rich in blast cells, reacting only to the horse serum in the medium. The nonspecific activity was not due to the deterioration of test cultures and needed the continued presence of fully active blast cells for complete suppression of the target cell growth in the later phase of test cultures. By changing the ratio of lymphocytes to target cells and following the kinetics of target cell destruction, it was shown that specific activity effects an active killing of target cells, whereas the nonspecific activity was primarily the suppression of target cell growth. The specific activity was effective with far less lymphocytes per target cell; was nearly complete by 12 hr of test cultures while the nonspecific activity was complete at 48 hr. Yet, the increase in the specific activity was nearly proportional to that of nonspecific activity and even the nonspecific activity seemed to kill sensitive Lewis target cells at its full intensity. These observations are in accordance with an interpretation of the mechanism of the specific target cell destruction as involving contact and recognition followed by the release of lymphotoxin into or onto target cells.