cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of hepatic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in allylamine-fed rats

Abstract Rats fed a diet containing 0.2% allylamine hydrochloride had a 5-fold higher level of hepatic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity than corresponding controls. Supplementation of the allylamine-containing diet with 10% egg yolk reduced this elevated level of reductase activity. In contrast to the marked rise in their liver enzyme activity, allylamine-fed rats had no increase in serum cholesterol levels.
Immediate radical resection after local excision of rectal cancer : an oncologic compromise?

Local excision for early-staged rectal cancers is controversial. Preoperative understaging is not uncommon and radical resection after local resection may be needed for a curative treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and outcome of radical resection (within 30 days) after local excision for rectal adenocarcinoma. All locally excised rectal cancers (curative intent) that required radical surgery within 30 days were reviewed (1980–2000). T2–3N0–1 stage cancers were each matched to three primary radical surgery controls for stage, age (±5 years), gender, date (±1 years), and type (abdominoperineal resection or low anterior resection) of operation. T1N0–1 cancers were compared with stage-matched rectal cancers treated by either primary radical surgery (n = 78) or local excision alone (n = 77). Fifty-two locally excised rectal adenocarcinomas (29 transanal and 23 polypectomies) were followed by radical surgery (24 abdominoperineal resection and 28 low anterior resection) within 7 (range, 1–29) days. Radical surgery was performed because of a cancerous polyp (n = 42), positive margins (5), lymphovascular invasion (3), and T3-staged cancer (2). Twelve of 52 cancers (23 percent) were found to have nodal involvement and 15 of 52 (29 percent) showed residual cancer in the resected specimen. The T2–3N0–1 stage controls were well matched. No significant difference in tumor location, size, adjuvant therapy, or length of follow-up was noted. Local and distant recurrence occurred in 2 of 4 T2–3N1 tumors and in 2 of 11 T2–3N0 cancers and were comparable to the matched controls, as was survival, with the exception of shorter survival in T3N1 cases, but numbers were too small for a definitive conclusion. Length of follow-up was not different. For T1 cancers, the controls were also comparable regarding patient and tumor demographics and adjuvant therapy. Nodal involvement was 21 percent in T1 study cases and 15 percent in T1 primary radical-surgery controls, with a trend toward location in the lower third of the rectum in both groups (58 percent and 50 percent, respectively). Local recurrence rates were 3 percent in the study group, 5 percent for patients undergoing primary radical surgery, and 8 percent for local excision alone. Distant metastasis (11 percent, 12 percent, and 13 percent, respectively) and overall five-year survival were also not significantly different (78 percent, 89 percent, and 73 percent, respectively). Nodal involvement in attempted locally excised rectal cancers is not uncommon. Local excision of rectal tumors followed by radical surgery within 30 days in cancer patients does not compromise outcome compared with primary radical surgery. Even after radical surgery for superficial T1 rectal cancers, recurrence rates are not insignificant. Future improvements in preoperative staging may be helpful in selecting tumors for local excision only.
Weight gain associated with the −759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor and olanzapine

Background Weight gain from atypical antipsychotic use has become a significant problem. Recent reports have liked the −759 polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor and obesity as well as weight gain from chlorpromazine, risperidone, and clozapine. Aim To determine associations between weight gain during olanzapine treatment and the −759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor gene. Methods This study included 42 acutely ill patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV). Weekly assessments included Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS), and weight measurements. Olanzapine was titrated to a fixed dose (7.5–20 mg/day) for 2–6 weeks. A 24 hr plasma level was obtained at the endpoint visit. Genomic DNA was isolated from a whole blood sample and analyzed for the −759C/T polymorphism of the 5HT2C receptor. Results A chi-square analysis was conducted comparing the distribution of T and C alleles in subjects grouped as gaining more or less than 5, 7, and 10% of their baseline weight during treatment with olanzapine. A threshold of 10% was found to be significant. The distribution of T alleles was higher in subjects not gaining 10% of more of their body weight compared who did gain significant weight (11/27 (40.7%) vs. 0/15 (100%), χ2 = 11.805, P = 0.0035). Conclusions Subjects with a T allele of the 5HT2C receptor −759C/T polymorphism may have a lower incidence of weight gain from olanzapine over a 6 week period compared to those with the C allele. These results need to be replicated. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Lost in Translation—Basic Science in the Era of Translational Research

The concept of translational research, which aims to facilitate the application of basic scientific discoveries in clinical and community settings, is currently in vogue. While there are powerful forces driving this trend, support for translational research must be accompanied by a robust investment in basic science, which provides the essential raw material for translation and continues to represent humanity's best hope to meet a wide range of public health challenges.
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6: Frequency of the mutation and genotype-phenotype correlations

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) is the most recently identified mutation causing autosomal-dominant cerebellar ataxia without retinal degeneration (ADCA). The SCA6 mutation is allelic with episodic ataxia type 2 (EA-2), but the two differ clinically because of the presence of progressive, rather than episodic, ataxia in SCA6. SCA6 accounts for 12% of families with ADCA in an ethnically heterogeneous population of patients. Clinical examination, quantitative eye movement testing, and imaging data show that the brainstem is normal in most patients with SCA6, especially within the first 10 years of symptoms. Most patients show progressive ataxia from the onset, but several patients show an episodic course resembling EA-2. Thus, SCA6 mutations not only account for patients with ADCA I and ADCA III phenotypes but also for some patients presenting with episodic features that are typical for EA-2. Interestingly, a compound heterozygote for the SCA6 expansion manifested an earlier onset and more rapid course than family members with the same larger expanded allele.
Vertical bridgman growth of CdGeAs2 with control of interface shape and orientation

Abstract Several factors influencing the quality of Bridgman-grown CdGeAs 2 have been studied. Decanting experiments have revealed that an unfavorable concave melt-solid interface shape occurs under normal growth conditions. Modification of the interface shape to a flat profile by the use of appropriate temperature gradients has been shown to greatly reduce the occurrence of polycrystallinity and consequent cracking due to thermal expansion anisotropy. Other mechanisms causing cracking in single crystals have been identified: sticking due to oxides and additional phases such as Cd 3 As 2 on the boule surfaces, and the possibility of bending due to off-axis growth. Experiments to reduce surface contaminants and to control the growth direction by seeding are described. Conflicts in temperature profile requirements make it difficult to achieve optimum conditions in both areas simultaneously, however, and for this reason the yield of uncracked boules has remained low.
Nuclear Data Sheets Update for A = 133

The experimental nuclear structure and decay data of fourteen nuclei of mass 133 (In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, and Sm) have been evaluated together with their adopted levels and gammas. Superdeformed bands have been reported for {sup 133}Pr and {sup 133}Nd and many high spin states have been studied for {sup 133}Pr, {sup 133}Nd, {sup 133}Pm, and {sup 133}Sm. The level schemes for {sup 133}Pm and {sup 133}Sm have been studied for the first time.
The Socio-Economic Empowerment Assessment: Addressing Poverty and Economic Distress in Clients

In this paper, we introduce the Socio-Economic Empowerment Assessment (SEEA), a qualitative assessment that uses an ecological framework to better understand the psychological impact of poverty and financial insecurity. The assessment is designed as a practice tool and can be administered in a number of clinical settings, including agencies most likely to serve low-income populations. It can also be included as part of financial literacy or management sessions that social work agencies may offer. This paper explores how SEEA can be used to help develop specific and appropriate interventions that move low-income people and others toward economic empowerment. We examine the literature on financial literacy programs and theories on behavior regulation and social relationships related to consumption. A case study using an integrative assessment approach is included as an example of SEEA implementation.
Virus yoga: the role of flexibility in virus host cell recognition.

Viral capsid proteins and their receptors interact in the context of the virus particle and the plasma membrane to initiate virus entry. For the non-enveloped adenovirus, flexibility in its receptor-binding protein permits receptor binding to occur while avoiding steric constraints that are imposed by the large virus capsids and the cell surface and might also facilitate interaction with secondary receptors. Such flexibility in capsid protein structure is shared by the structurally related reovirus. The presence of hinges in the virus attachment molecule suggests that proper orientation of the receptor-binding site for viral adhesion depends on the flexibility of the receptor or viral ligand, especially for viruses that require the use of multiple receptors.
The intercultural ethics agenda from the point of view of a moral objectivist

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to attempt to resolve some unclarity about the nature and character of intercultural information ethics (IIE).Design/methodology/approach – By survey of some of the relevant literature, the paper identifies and explains the distinctive projects of IIE. In addition, to facilitate the achievement of these projects, the paper attempts to identify the most fruitful metaphysical and meta‐ethical assumptions about truth and moral truth. In particular, to identify and determine which of objectivist theories of truth and morality or intersubjectivist theories of truth and morality provides a better theoretical foundation for IIE.Findings – Two projects are identified: a descriptive project and a normative project. It is argued that moral objectivism provides a better foundation for the normative (project than moral intersubjectivism (or, as it is sometimes called, normative cultural relativism) in the sense that objectivism provides a more solid ground for the principle grou...
Pediatric blunt abdominal injury: age is irrelevant and delayed operation is not detrimental.

Background:During the past 40 years, management of solid organ injury in pediatric trauma patients has shifted to highly successful nonoperative management. Our purpose was to characterize children requiring operative intervention. We hypothesized that older children would be more likely to require
A Heat Transfer Model for Volumetrically Heated Nuclear Debris Beds

Abstract The thermal response of a fixed porous volumetrically heated debris bed is analyzed. The Modified Dispersion-Concentric Model (D-C model) is used in the analysis of forced flow cooling through a volumetrically heated fixed porous debris bed. The fundamental equations are based on the assumptions of dispersed plug flow and concentric intra-particle temperature profiles. The model is theoretically sound provided that a large axial effective fluid thermal dispersion coefficient is assumed. The fundamental equations are rather simple and can be easily solved in terms of temperature profiles for the solid and fluid phases. The theoretical model for the temperature profile for the fluid phase in the subcooled liquid region and in the superheated vapor region compares well with existing experimental measurements.
Effects of body weight restriction on the development and progression of spontaneous osteoarthritis in guinea pigs.

Hartley albino guinea pigs develop spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee joint. A study was done to determine the importance of body weight in the pathogenesis of this disease. Two groups of 20 male guinea pigs each were maintained on the same diets. The control group was allowed ad libitum feed consumption and the other group was restricted to 30–35 gm of feed per day. Ten animals from each group were killed at 9 months of age to evaluate histologic features of the knee joints. The severity of the OA lesions was reduced by 40%, in conjunction with a 28% decrease in body weight, in the diet-restricted group. The remaining animals were killed at 18 months of age. Those in the diet-restricted group had a 56% reduction in severity of lesions, with a 29% decrease in body weight. These results indicate that body mass in guinea pigs, as in humans, is an important predisposing factor for the development of spontaneous OA of the knee.
Rent shifting and the order of negotiations

Abstract When two sellers negotiate terms of trade with a common buyer, the order in which the negotiations occur can affect the buyer's payoff. This suggests that the buyer may have preferences over which seller to negotiate with first. We find that when the efficient outcome calls for the buyer to purchase from only one seller, the buyer weakly prefers to negotiate first with the inefficient seller, and when the efficient outcome calls for the buyer to purchase from both sellers, the buyer prefers to negotiate first with the seller that has less bargaining power, or offers a smaller stand-alone surplus, all else being equal. These conclusions hold whether or not penalty clauses are feasible.
Liposomes for HIV prophylaxis

There are approximately 33.4 million adults living with HIV worldwide of which an estimated 15.7 million are women. Although there has been enormous progress in the therapy of HIV/AIDS, treatment is not curative. Prevention is therefore of paramount importance, but vaccine-based and microbicidal approaches are still in their infancy. Since women acquire the virus largely through sexual intercourse, we developed liposomal systems potentially suitable for intra-vaginal use to prevent HIV-1 infection. We formulated liposomes from a range of naturally-occurring and synthetic lipids with varying physicochemical properties, and tested their ability to inhibit infection of transformed cells that express receptors specific to the virus. We identified formulations with the most favorable balance between decreasing HIV infection and causing cytotoxicity (i.e. therapeutic index). The therapeutic index improved with increasing cardiolipin content, and degree of unsaturation. Tissue reaction to these formulations was benign after intra-vaginal instillation in an in vivo female mouse model. These results support the potential use of cardiolipin-based liposomes enriched with synthetic lipids as microbicides for the prevention of HIV infection in women.
Temporospatial heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion and blood volume in the porcine heart wall.

Spatial heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion has been recognized for many years. Whether this is primarily the result of heterogeneity of parameters such as myocardial metabolism, of intramyocardial mechanical forces, or of vasomotor function within the myocardial microcirculation, is not clear. A practical problem is that it has been almost impossible to measure any two of these parameters simultaneously in the same piece of myocardium so that an unambiguous correlation, much less a cause-and-effect relationship, has been difficult to establish. In this study of six anesthetized pigs, we propose that whole-body computed tomography is a method for providing the simultaneous measurement of heterogeneity of myocardial perfusion (F) and myocardial blood volume (ρ). The first finding was that the empirical relationship ρ=AF+BF0.5 between myocardial blood flow (F) and intramyocardial blood volume (ρ) is maintained over a range of sizes of regions of interest (approximately 1 to 0.125 cm3) within the myocardium of each individual animal despite the spatial heterogeneity of the F and the ρ values. The value of A ranges from 0.014 to 0.021 min and of B ranges from 0.061 to 0.076 ml0.5 g−0.5 min0.5. A second finding was that the pattern of spatial heterogeneity of F and of ρ remained reasonably stable over at least a 1 h period. © 1998 Biomedical Engineering Society.
Dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran photorefractive materials

Derivatives of 2-dicyanomethylen-3-cyano-2,5-dihydrofuran (DCDHF) have been synthesized by different methods to be used as photorefractive (PR) chromophores. Structure modifications were performed on the donor, acceptor and conjugated π-system for improving properties such as glass formation. Structure-property relationships important for PR applications are discussed from the results of studies including UV-Vis, electrochemistry and DSC.
Human embryonic stem cell derivation from poor-quality embryos

During in vitro fertilization, embryos deemed clinically useless based on poor morphology are typically discarded. Here we demonstrate a statistical correlation between the developmental stage of such poor-quality embryos and the yield of human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines. Early-arrested or highly fragmented embryos only rarely yield cell lines, whereas those that have achieved blastocyst stage are a robust source of normal hES cells.
Glycoconjugate mediated endothelial cell adhesion to Dacron polyester film

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore new strategies for enhancing specific cell type attachment to biomaterials using immobilized lectins for cell surface glycoconjugates. The lectin Ulex europaeus I (UEA I) has a high affinity for human vascular endothelial cell surface glycoconjugates. Methods: UEA I was covalently bound to polyethylene terephthalate (Dacron) with the cross-linking agent 1-ethyl-3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride to achieve oligosaccharide-mediated endothelial cell attachment to this otherwise nonadherent surface. Results: Experiments with radiolabeled UEA I demonstrated covalent linkage of as much as 1.35 μg/cm 2 . The lectin binding site is available after the reaction, as demonstrated in experiments a neoglycoprotein. Adhesion studies reveal a 100-fold increase in endothelial cell attachment for the UEA I/polyethylene terephthalate surface (99.7 ± 29.6 cells/high-power field) when compared with untreated (0.7 ± 0.5), crosslinking agent (0.4 ± 0.3), and denatured UEA I (1.2 ± 1.1) control groups. Five vascular endothelial cell lines adhered to the UEA I/polyethylene terephthalate surface, whereas monocytes, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts did not. Conclusion: These results imply new strategies for endothelialization of prosthetic grafts and promotion of selective cell adherence to biomaterials, with emphasis on carbohydrate interactions. Moreover, this experimental system offers a model for exploring the biologic significance of the endothelial cell-UEA I ligand. (J VASC SURG 1993;18:486-94.)
Some characterizations of the multivariate t distribution

Abstract A multivariate t vector X is represented in two different forms, one associated with a normal vector and an independent chi-squared variable, and the other with a normal vector and an independent Wishart matrix. We show that X is multivariate t with mean μ, covariance matrix ν ( ν − 2) −1 Σ , ν > 2 and degrees of freedom ν if and only if for any a ≠ 0 , ( a′ Σ a ) −1/2 a′ ( X − μ) has the Student's t distribution with ν degrees of freedom under both representations. Some other characterizations are also obtained.
Metabolism and excretion of [3H]misonidazole by hypoxic rat liver☆

Our investigation was initiated to determine if misonidazole's biological activity is related to hypoxia-dependent, reductive biotransformation to form reactive metabolites. This study was facilitated by the synthesis of [3H]misonidazole and by use of the isolated perfused rat liver as a model system for hypoxic tissue. The perfused rat liver was verified as an appropriate model system to study misonidazole (MISO) metabolism. This was done by demonstrating that the perfused liver produced the same metabolites as those isolated from rats given MISO, albeit reductive metabolism was much less in rats. Reductive metabolism of MISO by perfused livers was enhanced (estimated by measuring the rate of 1-[2-aminoimidazol-1-yl]-3-methoxy-2-propanol production) by hypoxic conditions. Formation of a MISO-derived glutathione conjugate (MISO-GSH) and covalent binding of MISO-derived radioactivity to tissue protein was also enhanced by hypoxia. Depletion of hepatic GSH with diethyl maleate increased the extent of covalent binding to protein under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions, and greatly diminished the formation of MISO-GSH. These results support the hypothesis that hypoxic conditions facilitate reductive metabolism of MISO to an alkylating agent, and that GSH plays an intervening role in the alkylation reaction.
Real-time administration of tool sharing and best matching to enhance assembly lines balanceability and flexibility

Abstract Collaboration has been found in previous studies on the design of assembly lines to be a useful mechanism. In this study, the focus is on a collaborative assembly (CA) framework, inspired by the design principles of CCT, the Collaborative Control Theory, to improve balanceability and flexibility of assembly lines through tool sharing (TS) among idle and bottleneck workstations. TS is widely practiced in advanced assembly facilities to reduce cost and improve consistency and standardization in assembly and in assembly-and-test utilities, relying often on real time control. The framework developed here addresses the systems design aspect of Mechatronics, covering the planning, execution, and control mechanisms. Planning includes assembly line balancing (ALB) and initial TS decisions, made continually by solving a bi-objective mixed-integer program (BOMIP). A collaborative multi-agent system (CMAS) enhanced with a TS-best matching (BM) protocol is developed to execute the plan, control the process, and modify the TS decisions, considering dynamic changes in the system’s operations. Experiments show that the new CA framework significantly outperforms classic approaches ( i . e ., ALB without TS-BM) in terms of cycle time, utilization of tools, and balanceability. In addition, the control mechanism is proven to augment the line’s flexibility against the inherent uncertainties of assembly processes, compared to the previously developed static CA frameworks.
Alternating copolymerization of ethylene and propylene: Evidence for selective chain transfer to ethylene

Ci-symmetric ansa-metallocenes Me 2 E(Ind)(Flu)ZrCl 2 (E = Si (1) and C (2)), upon activation with methylaluminoxane (MAO), produce atactic alternating ethylene-propylene copolymers (up to 92% EP dyads) with low molecular weight (less than 20K). Quantitative 13 C NMR analysis of copolymer chain ends produced with 2/MAO indicates that the chain initiation/termination process is highly selective to generate a vinylidene as the unsaturated end group (terminating end) and an ethyl group as the saturated end group (initiating end). The high selectivity for sec-butyl end groups reveals a highly selective chain-initiation process where ethylene insertion is followed by propylene insertion at the initiating end. Chain transfer from a propylene-terminated polymer chain to a coordinated ethylene monomer is proposed to explain this selectivity. The facile cross-monomer chain-transfer process explains the much lower molecular weights obtained for the EP copolymers relative to the ethylene or propylene homopolymers.
Lung diseases in the tropics. Part 1: tropical granulomatous disorders of the lung: diagnosis and management

Abstract International travel, student and cultural exchanges and changing immigration patterns are insidiously transforming the face of medicine in the United States, Europe and other developed countries. It is essential that the practising clinician be aware of the increasing prevalence of various new and exotic tropical lung diseases. The definitive diagnosis of the pulmonary granulomas that constitute the bulk of lung disorders in the tropics is important since the treatment varies significantly. At the same time, recent developments in molecular biology, immunology and biochemistry have increased the diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic effectiveness related to tropical granulomatous disorders. Clinicians in the developing countries can now supplement their clinical acumen with rapid advances in immunology and histopathology enabling them to grasp the fundamental mechanisms of granuloma formation. Mycobacterial, fungal, parasitic, spirochetal and other infections must be differentiated from a variety of non-infectious granulomas including sarcoidosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, drug reaction and generalized vasculitis since therapy is vastly different. The treatment, if inappropriate, may not only be worthless but, in many cases, extremely harmful and even fatal.
Evidence for online processing during causal learning

Many models of learning describe both the end product of learning (e.g., causal judgments) and the cognitive mechanisms that unfold on a trial-by-trial basis. However, the methods employed in the literature typically provide only indirect evidence about the unfolding cognitive processes. Here, we utilized a simultaneous secondary task to measure cognitive processing during a straightforward causal-learning task. The results from three experiments demonstrated that covariation information is not subject to uniform cognitive processing. Instead, we observed systematic variation in the processing dedicated to individual pieces of covariation information. In particular, observations that are inconsistent with previously presented covariation information appear to elicit greater cognitive processing than do observations that are consistent with previously presented covariation information. In addition, the degree of cognitive processing appears to be driven by learning per se, rather than by nonlearning processes such as memory and attention. Overall, these findings suggest that monitoring learning processes at a finer level may provide useful psychological insights into the nature of learning.
Isolation and partial characterization of a peptide derived from the luciferin binding site of firefly luciferase.

Abstract 2-Cyano-6-chlorobenzothiazole (CCB), a substrate analog of firefly luciferase, inactivates this enzyme slowly at pH 8 to about 20% of original activity without affecting free sulfhydryl groups. The inactivated luciferase contained 1.5–2.0 moles of CCB per 100,000 daltons of luciferase. It is believed that the benzothiazole derivatives are incorporated at the luciferin binding sites. Tryptic digest of the inactivated luciferase and subsequent electrophoresis yielded a fluorescent peptide containing benzothiazole derivative. The peptide was found to contain pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminal end. The sequence of the peptide was established tentatively to be: pyroglu-X-gly-ala-val-(asp)-ile-leu where X is an amino acid (possibly tyr) to which the benzothiazole derivative is attached.
Separation mechanisms underlying vector chromatography in microlithographic arrays.

Micropatterned chips possessing an asymmetric, spatially periodic array of obstacles enable the vector (directional) chromatographic separation of charged particles animated by an external electric field. We apply a network theory to analyze the chip-scale $(L\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{scale})$ transport of finite-size Brownian particles in such devices and identify those factors that break the symmetry of the chip-scale particle mobility tensor, most importantly the hydrodynamic wall effects between the particles and the obstacle surfaces. Our analysis contrasts with prevailing separation theories, which are limited to effectively point-size particles, for which wall effects are negligible. These theories require a biasing of obstacle-scale $(l\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{scale};$ $l\ensuremath{\ll}L)$ bifurcation branches within the network. Such bifurcations are shown to constitute but one factor in modeling the vector chromatography of finite-size particles, and not necessarily the dominant factor.
Thinking outside the simulation box

Any ambitious construction project requires architects and engineers. As research shifts towards large groups that focus on the engineering aspects of linking data to existing models, architectural skills are becoming rare among young theorists.
Band Spectra of Copper Oxide

EDER and Valenta in 1911 had observed some of the bands of copper oxide in the flame spectra of all copper salts. Hertenstein observed them in the flame of the arc in air in 1912. R. S. Mulliken (Phys. Rev., 26, 4; 1925) also noticed them while working on the spectrum of CuI as excited by active nitrogen. They would appear better by a small leakage of air into the halide vapour, or the presence of a little oxygen in the nitrogen used. I have obtained these bands by arcing between copper electrodes in an atmosphere of oxygen. They are degraded towards the red and occur in pairs, of which the shorter wave-length component is relatively weak. Their rotational structure reveals that the system is due probably to a 2∑2∑ transition. The frequencies of vibration for infinitesimal amplitude are found to be approximately 620 cm.−1 and 345 cm.−1 for the final and initial states respectively. A detailed investigation will be published elsewhere.
Discovery of two additional prosimian primate families (Omomyidae, Lorisidae) in the African Oligocene†

Three new specimens reported here are referable to the Omomyidae and Lorisidae, and represent only the second and third prosimian primates found in the Oligocene rocks of the Fayum, Egypt. The Fayum omomyid extends the range of the Omomyidae into Africa, while the Fayum lorisid is the oldest record of the Lorisidae world-wide. Afrotarsius established ?Tarsiidae as a third prosimian family present in Oligocene rocks of the Fayum region of Egypt ( Simons & Bown, 1985 ). These new occurrences significantly reorient paleogeographic study of primate origins. In a fauna famed for the presence of about a thousand specimens of early Anthropoidea—viz. Apidium, Parapithecus, Qatrania, Propliopithecus, Oligopithecus , and Aegyptopithecus , the three prosimian families are documented to date from only four specimens. Among all major groups of living and fossil euprimates, only the Malagasy lemuriforms, the Adapidae, and the New World monkeys now have no fossil record in the Oligocene of Egypt, making the Fayum area the most diverse in terms of primates of any region in the world.
Refractory Hypocalcemia Following Near-Total Thyroidectomy in a Patient with a Prior Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Patients undergoing malabsorptive weight-loss procedures are at increased risk of calcium and vitamin D deficiency. Thyroidectomy carries the risk of both immediate and long-term hypocalcemia. Here we describe a patient who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and subsequent near-total thyroidectomy and then developed refractory hypocalcemia. Serum calcium reached a nadir of 6.1 mg/dl despite aggressive therapy with oral and IV calcium, calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D3), and IV magnesium sulfate. One year later, the patient has permanent hypoparathyroidism and requires very high doses of calcium, vitamin D, and calcitriol to prevent symptomatic hypocalcemia. Providers should be aware that malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D after RYGB may complicate patient management after thyroidectomy.
Noise exposure from leisure activities : a review

Over the past two decades there has been increasing concern about the role of nonoccupational, or leisure noise on hearing. This paper reviews published studies that detail the noise levels and potential effects of some noisy leisure activities. Considered are the most common sources of leisure noise: exposure to live or amplified rock, classical, or jazz music; exposures from personal listening devices (‘‘walkman’’ type); noise around the home, and hunting and target shooting. Although all activities listed above have the potential for dangerous levels of noise exposure, the most serious threat to hearing comes from recreational hunting or target shooting.
Effects of diets containing gossypol on ovarian histology, function and fertility in prepubertal beef heifers

Abstract Forty-five crossbred beef heifers (weight = 268.3 ± 5.7 kg) were used to determine the effects of dietary gossypol on ovarian morphology, erythrocyte fragility and fertility. Heifers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 isonitrogenous dietary treatments. The diet consisted of rice mill feed and milo supplemented with soybean meal (n = 13; control), cottonseed meal (n = 16; low supplementation) which supplied 6.1 g free gossypol animal−1 day−1, or whole cottonseed (n = 16; high supplementation) which supplied 13.7 g free gossypol animal−1 day−1. The heifers were group-fed each diet for 64 days and were maintained on similar but separate fescue pastures overseeded with wheat. After 64 days, 4 heifers from each diet were confined and fed their respective diets. On Day 10 following estrus, each animal was unilaterally ovariectomized, and the ovary containing the corpus luteum was removed. The remaining ovary was removed 6 to 12 hours after detection of estrus in the next cycle. Erythrocyte fragility increased (P
Hadron spectroscopy at RHIC and KAON

Abstract A description is given of the physics opportunities at RHIC regarding quark-gluon spectroscopy. The basic idea is to isolate with appropriate triggers the sub-processes pomeron + pomeron → hadrons and γ ★ + γ ★ → hadrons with the net effective mass of hadrons in the range of 1.0 to 10.0 GeV, in order to study the hadronic states composed of u, d, c, b and gluons. The double-pomeron interactions are expected to produce glueballs and hybrids preferentially, while the two-offshell-photon initial states should couple predominantly to quarkonia and multiquark states. Of particular interest is the possibility of carrying out a CP-violation study in the B decays. The KAON facility, proposed for TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada, is an intense hadron factory with a proton flux some 25 times higher than that available at the BNL AGS with the Booster. Therefore, a general purpose hadron spectrometer will be able to tackle the problem of studying gluonic and multiquark degrees of freedom in strangeonia.
FRACTAL VERTEX FOR ELECTRON–ELECTRON INTERACTIONS

The vertex function is derived for electron–electron interactions which includes all ladder diagrams on all vertices. The equation has a fractal character because the end of each ladder has a vertex which is dressed by more ladders. Numerical solutions are presented show the vertex function gives excellent Hubbard corrections to the dielectric function.
The transmission of maternal disturbance to the infant

The infants' experience with a depressed mother does not necessarily lead to psychopathology.
Do Functional Behavioral Assessments Improve Intervention Effectiveness for Students Diagnosed with ADHD? A Single-Subject Meta-Analysis

The primary purpose of this quantitative synthesis of single-subject research was to investigate the relative effectiveness of function-based and non-function-based behavioral interventions for students diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In addition, associations between various participant, assessment, and intervention characteristics were investigated. Eighty-two studies incorporating a total of 168 participants were included. Because no single effect size metric has garnered absolute support to date, three different effect size metrics were calculated: the standard mean difference, percent exceeding the median baseline phase, and improvement rate difference. Overall, function-based interventions were associated with significantly larger effects than non-function-based interventions. Interventions based on the functional analysis manipulations were also associated with larger effects. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for practice are discussed.
Midinfrared broadband achromatic astronomical beam combiner for nulling interferometry

Integrated optic beam combiners offer many advantages over conventional bulk optic implementations for astronomical imaging. To our knowledge, integrated optic beam combiners have only been demonstrated at operating wavelengths below 4μm. Operation in the midinfrared wavelength region, however, is highly desirable. In this paper, a theoretical design technique based on three coupled waveguides is developed to achieve fully achromatic, broadband, polarization-insensitive, lossless beam combining. This design may make it possible to achieve the very deep broadband nulls needed for exoplanet searching.
Specialized Early Treatment for Persons With Disorders of Consciousness: Program Components and Outcomes

Abstract Objectives To describe a specialized early treatment program for persons with disorders of consciousness (DOC) that includes family education; to identify rates of secondary conditions, imaging used, and selected interventions; and to evaluate outcomes. Design A single-center, retrospective, pre-post design using electronic medical record data. Setting A Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities–accredited, long-term acute care hospital that provides acute medical and inpatient rehabilitation levels of care for people with catastrophic injuries. Participants Persons (N=210) aged 14 to 69 years with DOC of primarily traumatic etiology admitted at a mean ± SD of 41.0±27.2 days postinjury; 2% were in coma, 41% were in the vegetative state, and 57% were in the minimally conscious state. Interventions An acute medical level of care with ≥90 minutes of daily interdisciplinary rehabilitation and didactic and hands-on caretaking education for families. Main Outcome Measures Coma Recovery Scale–Revised, Modified Ashworth Scale, and discharge disposition. Results Program admission medical acuity included dysautonomia (15%), airway modifications (79%), infections (eg, pneumonia, 16%; urinary tract infection, 14%; blood, 11%), deep vein thrombosis (17%), pressure ulcers (14%), and marked hypertonia (30% in each limb). There were 168 program interruptions (ie, 139 surgeries, 29 nonsurgical intensive care unit transfers). Mean length of stay ± SD was 39.1±29.4 days (range, 6–204d). Patients showed improved consciousness and respiratory function and reduced presence or severity of pressure ulcers and upper extremity hypertonia. At discharge, 54% showed sufficient emergence from a minimally conscious state to transition to mainstream inpatient rehabilitation, and 29% did not emerge but were discharged home to family with ongoing programmatic support; only 13% did not emerge and were institutionalized. Conclusions Persons with DOC resulting primarily from a traumatic etiology who receive specialized early treatment that includes acute medical care and ≥90 minutes of daily rehabilitation are likely to show improved consciousness and body function; more than half may transition to mainstream inpatient rehabilitation. Families who receive comprehensive education and hands-on training with ongoing follow-up support may be twice as likely to provide care for medically stable persons with DOC in their homes versus nursing facility placement.
Pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection

Since its discovery in 1956, rhinovirus (RV) has been recognized as the most important virus producing the common cold syndrome. Despite its ubiquity, little is known concerning the pathogenesis of RV infections, and some of the research in this area has led to contradictions regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of RV-induced illness. In this article, we discuss the pathogenesis of this virus as it relates to RV-induced illness in the upper and lower airway, an issue of considerable interest in view of the minimal cytopathology associated with RV infection. We endeavor to explain why many infected individuals exhibit minimal symptoms or remain asymptomatic, while others, especially those with asthma, may have severe, even life-threatening, complications (sequelae). Finally, we discuss the immune responses to RV in the normal and asthmatic host focusing on RV infection and epithelial barrier integrity and maintenance as well as the impact of the innate and adaptive immune responses to RV on epithelial function.
Mechanism of Class II correction in prepubertal and postpubertal patients with Twin Force Bite Corrector.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the dentoskeletal effects and treatment efficiency of the Twin Force Bite Corrector (TFBC) appliance in Class II correction of patients treated before or after the pubertal growth spurt. Materials and Methods: Forty-one normodivergent Class II patients treated with the TFBC appliance were divided into two groups based on their cervical vertebral maturation stage (CVMS). Group 1 (G1) consisted of 23 patients (mean age 12.44 ± 1.59 years) where treatment was initiated before the pubertal growth spurt (CVMS I and II), while group 2 (G2) consisted of 18 patients (mean age 13.76 ± 1.44 years) where treatment was started after the pubertal growth spurt (CVMS III to V). Dentoskeletal measurements were made on lateral cephalograms taken before (T1) and after orthodontic treatment (T2). Results: During treatment, G1 had significantly greater skeletal correction than G2, with more dentoalveolar effects being observed in G2 than G1. However, on comparing both groups at the end of treat...
Nucleation and propagation of solitary Schallamach waves.

We isolate single Schallamach waves---detachment fronts that mediate inhomogeneous sliding between an elastomer and a hard surface---to study their creation and dynamics. Based on measurements of surface displacement using high-speed in situ imaging, we establish a Burgers vector for the waves. The crystal dislocation analogs of nucleation stress, defect pinning, and configurational force are demonstrated. It is shown that many experimentally observed features can be quantitatively described using a conventional model of a dislocation line in an elastic medium. We also highlight the evolution of nucleation features, such as surface wrinkles, with consequences for interface delamination.
Interferon alfa-2a in the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration

Nineteen patiens (20 eyes) with the exudative form of macular degeneration were treated with parenteral interferon alfa-2a. Fifteen patients (16 eyes) had adequate follow-up for evaluation of outcome of the exudative macular lesion. The average follow-up was 8 months (range 5-11 months). Color photographs and fluorescein angiograms were evaluated independently by two masked readers for change in size, presence of fibrosis, and leakage of the neovascular lesion. During the follow-up, none of the exudative lesions resolved: one lesion became smaller, four remained the same, nine enlarged, and two could not be graded based on the photographs. Visual acuity remained 20/40 or better in four eyes. The proportion of eyes with visual acuity of 20/200 or worse increased from 35% at the initial visit to 59 % at the final visit. Ten patients experienced significant but reversible side effects, including weight loss, depression, and/or hematopoietic suppression. The data from these cases do not support any significant treatment benefit from interferon alfa-2a at the doses used in exudative macular degeneration.
Why did we not see the light? A retrospective analysis of ideas in neurosurgery.

Based on personal experience, a retrospective analysis of the changes in neurosurgical thinking during the past 50 years is presented. The four phases of the organisational pattern are discussed. The contributions of a few pioneer neurosurgeons are emphasized. The impact of revolutionary technical improvements on future neurosurgeons should be balanced by sound clinical judgement--as "novelty is not equal to creativity."
How the Adaptation Got its Start

Most of us are understandably amazed by the marvelous adaptations of plants, animals, and even fungi and microbes: acacias that dutifully supply nectar and grow thorny homes for the ants that protect them from herbivores (Janzen 1966), anglerfish that tempt their prey into striking range with a lure inhabited by glowing bacteria (Leisman et al. 1980), parasitic fungi that drive their doomed insect hosts up blades of grass to better distribute their spores, and bacteria that can easily survive in boiling water thanks to their heat-resistant proteins (Stetter 1999). Such features are undeniably impressive—but narrowly focusing on their current function ignores what is often the equally compelling story of their evolutionary history. In an article in this issue (Becoming Modern Homo sapiens), Ian Tattersall (2009) addresses a concept that gets at the evolutionary history of currently useful traits: exaptation, a feature that performs a function but that was not produced by natural (or sexual) selection for its current use. Tattersall’s discussion focuses on the human capacity for symbolic thinking, but the idea applies broadly throughout the living world. Here, we will dig into the concept of exaptation, find out why it is important, and see how we can use the concept in understanding the evolutionary history of traits. What is Exaptation?
Stability projections for high temperature superconductors

The stability of the high-temperature superconducting oxides has been analyzed, using the methodology developed for conventional type II superconductors. The results are presented in graphical form for the temperature range from 4 to 100 K. For a 90-K superconductor the first flux jump field peaks above 7 T at 60 K, and for a 120-K superconductor it peaks above 12 T at 75 K. The maximum adiabatically stable thickness increases greatly. The linear dimension of the minimum propagating zone increases by a factor of 3 to 5, and the quench propagation velocity drops by four orders of magnitude. It is concluded that the high-temperature superconducting materials will have much higher stability than conventional type II superconductors and that their high flux jump fields will make ultrafine multifilamentary conductors unnecessary and improve the outlook for tape conductors. The energy required to create a propagating zone is increased. However, methods of coil protection will have to be modified. >
Comparative morphology of the radial carpal bone of neornithine birds and the phylogenetic significance of character variation

The morphology of the radial carpal bone (os carpi radiale) of neornithine birds is for the first time evaluated in a comparative context. An unexpected morphological variation of this bone is documented, and characteristic derived morphologies are identified. One of these characterizes a subclade of Accipitridae, which includes the taxa Harpiinae, Circinae, Melieraxinae, Accipitrinae, Milvinae, Haliaeetinae, Buteoninae, and Aquilinae. Another derived morphology of the radial carpal is found in the Picocoraciae, the clade including Coraciiformes sensu stricto, Alcediniformes, Bucerotes, and Piciformes. This latter morphology is absent in Leptosomidae and Trogonidae and constitutes the first morphological apomorphy of Picocoraciae. A distinctive morphology of the radial carpal is further present in passeriform birds. Character variation of the radial carpal provides new data for the evaluation of conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses, and it is detailed that the morphology of this bone further contributes to a phylogenetic placement of controversial avian taxa in the fossil record.