cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source identification of ambient PM2.5 during summer inhalation exposure studies in Detroit, MI

Abstract Particulate air pollution is associated with cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality in heavily populated urban centers of the United States. Because ambient fine particulate matter (aerodynamic diameter ⩽2.5 μm; PM2.5) is a complex mixture resulting from multiple sources and variable atmospheric conditions, it is difficult to identify specific components of PM2.5 that are responsible for adverse health effects. During four consecutive summers from 2000 to 2003 we characterized the ambient gaseous and PM2.5 air quality in an urban southwest Detroit community where childhood asthma hospitalization rates are more than twice the statewide average. Both integrated and continuous PM measurements together with gaseous air pollution measurements were performed using a mobile air research facility, AirCARE1, in which concurrent toxicological studies were being conducted. Chemical and physical characterizations of PM2.5 as well as receptor modeling using positive matrix factorization (PMF) were completed. Results from PMF indicated that six major sources contributed to the observed ambient PM2.5 mass during the summer months. Primary sources included (1) coal combustion/secondary sulfate aerosol, (2) motor vehicle/urban road dust, (3) municipal waste incinerators, (4) oil combustion/refineries, (5) sewage sludge incinerators, and (6) iron/steel manufacturing. Although the contribution of the coal/secondary sulfate aerosol source was greater than other factors, increased levels of urban PM2.5 from local combustion sources were also observed. In addition to characterization of ambient PM2.5 and their sources in southwest Detroit, this paper discusses possible associations of ambient PM2.5 from local combustion sources, specifically incinerator and refinery emissions and the observed adverse health effects during the inhalation exposure campaigns.
Remating in Drosophila melanogaster: Are indirect benefits condition-dependent?

By measuring the direct and indirect fitness costs and benefits of sexual interactions, the feasibility of alternate explanations for polyandry can be experimentally assessed. This approach becomes more complicated when the relative magnitude of the costs and/or benefits associated with multiple mating (i.e., remating with different males) vary with female condition, as this may influence the strength and direction of sexual selection. Here, using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, we test whether the indirect benefits that a nonvirgin female gains by remating (“trading-up”) are influenced by her condition (body size). We found that remating by small-bodied, low-fecundity females resulted in the production of daughters of relatively higher fecundity, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for large-bodied females. In contrast, remating had no measurable effect on the relative reproductive success of sons from dams of either body size. These results are consistent with a hypothesis based on sexually antagonistic genetic variation. The implications of these results to our understanding of the evolution and consequences of polyandry are discussed.
Purchasing power parity over two centuries

Abstract This paper re-examines the purchasing power parity hypothesis for the dollar–sterling exchange rate using the two centuries of data from Lothian and Taylor (LT) (1996) [Real exchange rate behavior: the recent float from the perspective of the past two centuries. Journal of Political Economy 104 (3), 488–509]. Unlike LT, we conclude that the dollar–sterling RER is nonstationary, implying a rejection of the long-run PPP hypothesis. The differences in our conclusions are explained by: (1) sensitivity of ADF unit root tests to the choice of lag length, and/or (2) the presence of significant time trends in the ADF or Phillips–Perron unit root test equations.
Anomalous medial origin of the anterior choroidal artery with associated aneurysm

Injury to the anterior choroidal artery (AchA) can be devastating owing to the importance of the territory it supplies. The AchA is a known site of aneurysm formation, and is often exposed during various surgical and endovascular procedures. We report a patient with an aneurysm at the origin of the AchA, and an anomalous medial take off of the artery from the internal carotid artery, then a sharp lateral turn followed by a normal course toward the choroidal fissure, unreported to date to our knowledge. The aneurysm was treated successfully by endovascular therapy. The typical anatomy of the AchA, and reported variations in its origin are discussed. Thorough knowledge of the normal cerebrovascular anatomy and attention to variations play an important role in the successful management of patients with neurological vascular conditions.
Characterization of dissolved organic materials in surface waters within the blast zone of Mount St Helens, Washington

Abstract After the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St Helens, the concentration of dissolved organic material in surface waters near the volcano increased significantly as a result of the destruction of the surrounding conifer forest. Low molecular weight organic compounds identified in the blast zone surface waters were derived from pyrolysis of plant and soil organic materials incorporated into pyroclastic flow, mud flow and debris avalanche deposits. A major fraction of the dissolved organic material consisted of high molecular weight, colored, organic acids that are similar in their general properties to aquatic fulvic acids found in more typical surface waters except for greater sulfur contents. The other major fraction of the dissolved organic material consisted of hydrophilic acids, which may include compounds capable of supporting heterotrophic microorganisms, and precursors in the formation of aquatic fulvic acids. The organic chemistry of blast zone surface waters will probably be greatly influenced by the May 18, 1980, eruption for many years.
Effects of Vegetation Cover, Presence of a Native Ant Species, and Human Disturbance on Colonization by Argentine Ants

The spread of non-native invasive species is affected by human activity, vegetation cover, weather, and interaction with native species. We analyzed data from a 17-year study of the distribution of the non-native Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) and the native winter ant (Prenolepis imparis) in a preserve in northern California (U.S.A.). We conducted logistic regressions and used model selection to determine whether the following variables were associated with changes in the distribution of each species: presence of conspecifics at neighboring sites, distance to development (e.g., roads, buildings, and landscaped areas), proportion of vegetation cover taller than 0.75 m, elevation, distance to water, presence of both species at a site, temperature, and rainfall. Argentine ants colonized unoccupied sites from neighboring sites, but the probability of appearance and persistence decreased as distance to development, vegetation cover, and elevation increased. Winter ants appeared and persisted in sites with relatively high vegetation cover (i.e., highly shaded sites). Presence of the 2 species was negatively associated in sites with high vegetation cover (more winter ants) and sites near development (more Argentine ants). Probability of colonization of Argentine ants decreased where winter ants were most persistent. At sites near development within the preserve, abundant Argentine ant populations may be excluding winter ants. The high abundance of Argentine ants at these sites may be due to immigration from suburban areas outside the preserve, which are high-quality habitat for Argentine ants. In the interior of the preserve, distance from development, low-quality habitat, and interaction with winter ants may in combination exclude Argentine ants. Interactions among the variables we examined were associated with low probabilities of Argentine ant colonization in the preserve.
Congenic Fine-Mapping Identifies a Major Causal Locus for Variation in the Native Collateral Circulation and Ischemic Injury in Brain and Lower Extremity

Rationale:Severity of tissue injury in occlusive disease is dependent on the extent (number and diameter) of collateral vessels, which varies widely among healthy mice and humans. However, the causative genetic elements are unknown. Recently, much of the variation among different mouse strains, including C57Bl/6J (B6, high extent) and BALB/cByJ (Bc, low extent), was linked to a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 7 (Candq1). Objective:We used congenic mapping to refine Candq1 and its candidate genes to create an isogenic strain set with large differences in collateral extent to assess their impact and the impact of Candq1, alone, on ischemic injury. Methods and Results:Six congenic strains possessing portions of Candq1 introgressed from B6 into Bc were generated and phenotyped. Candq1 was refined from 27 to 0.737 Mb with full retention of effect, that is, return or rescue of phenotypes from the poor values in Bc to nearly those of wild-type B6 in the B6/B6 congenic mice as follows: 83% rescue of low pi...
Nucleotide sequence and functional analysis of the RAD1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The RAD1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is involved in excision repair of damaged DNA. The nucleotide sequence of the RAD1 gene presented here shows an open reading frame of 3,300 nucleotides. Two ATG codons occur in the open reading frame at positions +1 and +334, respectively. Since a deletion of about 2.7 kilobases of DNA from the 5' region of the RAD1 gene, which also deletes the +1 ATG and 11 additional codons in the RAD1 open reading frame, partially complements UV sensitivity of a rad1 delta mutant, we examined the role of the +1 ATG and +334 ATG codons in translation initiation of RAD1 protein. Mutation of the +1 ATG codon to ATC affected the complementation ability of the RAD1 gene, whereas mutation of the +334 ATG codon to ATC showed no discernible effect on RAD1 function. These results indicate that translation of RAD1 protein is initiated from the +1 ATG codon. Productive in-frame RAD1-lacZ fusions showed that the RAD1 open reading frame is expressed in yeasts. The RAD1-encoded protein contains 1,100 amino acids with a molecular weight of 126,360.
8 Reasons Why You Should Use Mobile Platforms in Your CS Courses

Mobile computing represents yet another significant paradigm shift in computing. On a very fundamental level, it is changing the way computing integrates into our daily lives, and also impacts what we should be teaching future computer scientists in our classrooms. In this paper establish our rationale for including mobile technology content in our CS courses. We then summarize our experiences to-date and provide a set of practical guidelines to help others incorporate mobile into their CS courses.
HALO EFFECTIVE FIELD THEORY

I discuss effective field theories for bound states and narrow resonances near two-body thresholds. I illustrate the method in the case of nucleon-alpha scattering.
A Surface Reference Technique for Airborne Doppler Radar Measurements in Hurricanes

Abstract The operational algorithm for rainfall retrieval from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar data requires a measurement of the path-integrated attenuation (PIA) as a constraint. This constraint is derived via the surface reference technique, whereby a measurement of the ocean surface in a raining area is compared with the ocean surface backscatter in a neighboring clear area. This method assumes that the surface backscatter difference is due only to the presence of rain, although variation in surface winds could also cause differences in the reference and rain measurements. An alternative surface reference method is to use a measurement of the surface winds and a backscatter model to predict the rain-free, or reference, cross section. Such an approach is developed here for airborne Doppler radar measurements in hurricanes. This approach provides an independent measurement of the reference backscatter, which is compared with the standard clear-air reference. The mean d...
The SSRL injector beam position monitoring systems

The authors describe the software and processing electronics of the systems used to measure electron beam trajectories for the new Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) injector and for the Stanford Positron Electron Accelerator Ring (SPEAR). The focus is on the use of the electron beam position monitors (BPMs) to measure electron trajectories in the injector transport lines and the booster ring. There are three different BPM systems in the injector. One system consists of a set of five BPMs located on the injection transport line from the linac to the booster. There is a second system of six BPMs located on the ejection transport line. Finally, there is an array of 40 BPMs installed on the main booster ring itself. The injector beam position monitor systems have successfully been used to measure electron orbits and to diagnose configuration problems. The booster BPM system has proved capable of measuring orbits at intervals of 2 milliseconds during the ramp every two seconds. >
Mechanistic Aspects of Fracture of Human Cortical Bone

There has been growing interest of late in the fracture properties of human bone. As understanding such properties in the context of the hierarchical microstructure of bone is of obvious importance, this study addresses the evolution of the in vitro fracture toughness with crack extension (Resistance-curve behavior) in terms of the salient mechanisms involved. Fracture-mechanics based measurements were performed on compact-tension specimens hydrated in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution using cortical bone from mid-diaphyses of 34-41 year-old human humeri. Post-test observations of the crack path were made by optical microscopy and three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography. The fracture toughness was found to rise linearly with crack extension with a mean crack-initiation toughness of Ko ∼ 2.0 MPa√m for crack growth in the proximal-distal direction. The increasing cracking resistance had its origins in several toughening mechanisms, most notably crack bridging by uncracked ligaments. Uncracked-ligament bridging, which was observed by tomography in the wake of the crack, was identified as the dominant toughening mechanism responsible for the observed Rcurve behavior through compliance-based experiments. The extent and nature of the bridging zone was examined quantitatively using multi-cutting compliance experiments in order to assess the bridging stress distribution. The results obtained in this study provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms associated with the failure of cortical bone, and as such are of importance from the perspective of developing a realistic framework for fracture risk assessment, and for determining how the increasing propensity for fracture with age can be prevented.
CNTFET gate design with tolerance to metallic CNTs

This study focuses on the design of logic gates built with Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (CNTFETs). Due to current fabrication issues, a certain percentage of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are not functioning as semiconductors but as simple conductors (called metallic CNTs). Therefore, it is necessary to arrange the transistors within a gate in a way that the character of the gate is maintained, while the performance is affected as little as possible. In this study an approach is described using one nanotube for more than one transistor.
A Decade of Research on Disparities in Medicare Utilization: Lessons for the Health and Health Care of Vulnerable Men

Medicare research has shown that there are substantial disparities by race and socioeconomic status in use of services. In this article, I review past research and discuss how findings apply specifically to vulnerable men aged 65 years or older. Six lessons from this review are identified and illustrated here. Disparities in certain measures of health are growing; to reverse this trend, substantial efforts are needed, including dissemination of information about disparities as well as testing of hypotheses regarding underlying causes.
REYE SYNDROME IN OHIO, 1973–1977

Some major epidemiologic features of Reye syndrome have been elucidated since the first description of this clinical entity. Multiple studies have shown an association with epidemic influenza B and endemic varicella. Little population data are available on age, sex, race, geographic distribution, and secular trends. A five-year retrospective population-based study of 190 Ohio residents diagnosed with Reye syndrome from January 1, 1973-December 31, 1977, is reported here. The temporal relationships between the occurrence of Reye syndrome and influenza B and varicella were confirmed; however, a high number of blacks and city dwellers with Reye syndrome were found in this study.
GAME TREES FOR DECISION ANALYSIS

Game trees (or extensive-form games) were first defined by von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1944. In this paper we examine the use of game trees for representing Bayesian decision problems. We propose a method for solving game trees using local computation. This method is a special case of a method due to Wilson for computing equilibria in 2-person games. Game trees differ from decision trees in the representations of information constraints and uncertainty. We compare the game tree representation and solution technique with other techniques for decision analysis such as decision trees, influence diagrams, and valuation networks.
Fan-out: measuring human control of multiple robots

A goal of human-robot interaction is to allow one user to operate multiple robots simultaneously. In such a scenario the robots provide leverage to the user's attention. The number of such robots that can be operated is called the fan-out of a human-robot team. Robots that have high neglect tolerance and lower interaction time will achieve higher fan-out. We define an equation that relates fan-out to a robot's activity time and its interaction time. We describe how to measure activity time and fan-out. We then use the fan-out equation to compute interaction effort. We can use this interaction effort as a measure of the effectiveness of a human-robot interaction design. We describe experiments that validate the fan-out equation and its use as a metric for improving human-robot interaction.
Thin film solid state ionic materials for electrochromic smart windowTM glass

Abstract The optical transmissivity (and especially the reflectivity) of a multilayer electrochromic smart winow TM glass structure can be reversibly modulated by an electrical current pulse; and the modulation is spectrally selective. This is important forbuilding and vehicle windows and for other electro-optical applications. Thin film solid state ionic materials are the key elements of such a structure. Their roles and some of their current states of development at Tufts (and particularly the state of developent of the electrochromic layer) are discussed. Also discussed is the state of development of prototype all solid electrochemically reversible, five-layer window devices. These devices employ: a lithium-insertable rf sputter-deposited polycrystalline WO 3 film that exhibits reflection modulation as the electrochromic layer, a lithium-inserted rf sputter deposited In 2 O 3 film or a thermally deposited V 2 O 5 film as the counterelectrode layer; an rf sputter deposited LiNbO 3 film as the ion conducting (solid electrolyte) layer; and rf sputter deposited ITO (Sn-doped In 2 O 3 ) or undoped In 2 O 3 films as the transparent conducting layers. The devices exhibit useful operating characteristics and indicate that robust and economical practical smart window TM glass could soon become a commercial reality.
The Social Ecology of the Museum Learning Environment: Implications for Environmental Design and Management

This paper contributes to the Workshop on Community and Privacy from the vantage point of a single social institution: The museum. During a time when so many social institutions seem to be failing in their efforts to meet the needs of the public they serve, many museums are growing and differentiating in a manner that is making them more useful and more interesting to increasing numbers of people. Study of the adaptive changes that are occurring in many contemporary museum learning environments reminds us of the important opportunities for public institutions, properly designed and managed, to enhance the quality of private life.
Effect of Adrenal-Demedullation on Acceleration of Denervated Heart by Acetylcholine Hypotension.∗:

Evidence has been presented that adrenaline and sympathin are liberated reflexly in unanesthetized dogs as a result of the brief hypotension produced by intravenous injection of acetylcholine.1 The diphasic action of acetylcholine on intestinal motility was interpreted as resulting from a direct stimulatory effect of the compound on the intestinal smooth muscle followed by inhibition of the intestine by sympathomimetic substances. Adrenal demedullation prolonged the direct excitatory phase and reduced the inhibitory phase. It was considered that the inhibition that still resulted after adrenal demedullation was caused by sympathin liberated at the endings of adrenergic nerves activated reflexly by the fall in blood pressure.Wiggers and Green have suggested that the evidence that a part of the acceleration of the denervated heart after acetylcholine injection is caused by adrenalin would have been more convincing had it been shown that the acceleration is reduced after excision of the adrenal medullae.2 Su...
Younger patients report similar activity levels to older patients after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Background Younger patients who have undergone reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) are believed to have higher activity levels that place higher stresses across the prosthesis, increasing the risk of failure, but there is little information to support or refute this supposition. The purposes of this study were to define the patient-reported activity levels of patients younger than 65 years and older than 65 years who underwent RTSA and to evaluate any differences between the groups. Methods Forty-six patients who underwent primary RTSA answered a questionnaire regarding their activity levels. Data were categorized and tabulated according to pain, range of motion, strength, and activity level (low, medium, and high demand). Statistical analyses were performed using the Fisher exact test, χ 2 test, and independent t test. Differences with P Results Seventeen patients younger than 65 years (mean age, 57.7 years) and 29 patients older than 65 years (mean age, 75.2 years) were included. No significant differences were found for range of motion, strength, or number of activities; 47% of younger patients and 44% of older patients reported high-demand activities ( P = .64); 24% of younger patients and 37% of older patients reported medium-demand use ( P = .30). Patients younger than 65 years were more likely to require narcotic pain medication ( P = .03) and to have disability ( P = .0001). Conclusion These data provide initial evidence that commonly held concerns about higher activity levels among younger patients placing excessive demands on the RTSA prosthesis may not be as important as currently thought. Rather, patients seem to self-regulate their activities to minimize pain and maximize essential functions after surgery.
Hereditary Predispositions to Myelodysplastic Syndrome.

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous clonal hematopoietic disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, bone marrow dysplasia, and peripheral cytopenias. Familial forms of MDS have traditionally been considered rare, especially in adults; however, the increasing availability of somatic and germline genetic analyses has identified multiple susceptibility loci. Bone marrow failure syndromes have been well-described in the pediatric setting, e.g., Fanconi anemia (FA), dyskeratosis congenita (DC), Diamond–Blackfan anemia (DBA), and Shwachman–Diamond syndrome (SBS), hallmarked by clinically-recognizable phenotypes (e.g., radial ray anomalies in FA) and significantly increased risks for MDS and/or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the setting of bone marrow failure. However, additional families with multiple cases of MDS or AML have long been reported in the medical literature with little known regarding potential hereditary etiologies. Over the last decade, genomic investigation of such families has revealed multiple genes conferring inherited risks for MDS and/or AML as the primary malignancy, including RUNX1, ANKRD26, DDX41, ETV6, GATA2, and SRP72. As these syndromes are increasingly appreciated in even apparently de novo presentations of MDS, it is important for hematologists/oncologists to become familiar with these newly-described syndromes. Herein, we provide a review of familial MDS syndromes and practical aspects of management in patients with predisposition syndromes.
Canonical Potentials and Spectra within the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation.

A generalized formulation of canonical transformations and spectra are used to investigate the concept of a canonical potential strictly within the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. Data for the most accurate available ground electronic state pairwise intermolecular potentials in H2, HD, D2, HeH+, and LiH are used to rigorously evaluate such transformations. The corresponding potentials are generated explicitly using parameters calculated with algebraic functions from that of the single canonical potential of the simplest molecule, H2+. The efficacy of this approach is further tested by direct comparison of the predicted eigenvalues of all vibrational states in the selected molecular systems considered with the corresponding most accurately known Born–Oppenheimer eigenvalues currently available. Deviations are demonstrated to be less than 2 cm–1 for all vibrational states in H2, HD, D2, HeH+, and LiH, with an average standard deviation of 0.27 cm–1 for the 87 states considered. The implications of these res...
Effect of exogenous luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone on hypothalamic pituitary function in women with ovarian failure.

Pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency and amplitude were assessed as an indirect indicator of hypothalamic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) release in women with evidence of ovarian failure. Exogenous LH-RH (20 μ g) was administered intravenously every 2 hours for 48 hours to determine the effect on pituitary LH release and the hypothalamic pulse generator for LH-RH secretion. This study design was used to investigate the possibility of an ultrashort negative feedback of LH-RH upon the synthesis and release of endogenous LH-RH. A wide range of LH pulse frequencies (8 to 28 pulses/24 hours) was present in these women. There was no discernible inhibition of hypothalamic LH-RH pulse frequency during or following exogenous LH-RH administration. Mean peripheral LH levels were significantly increased during exogenous LH-RH administration ( P = 0.0038), reflecting both an increased baseline and an augmented pituitary LH response to the exogenous LH-RH. There were no differences found in LH pulse amplitude before and after LH-RH treatment. These data indicate that pituitary LH secretion in women with ovarian failure can be further stimulated by exogenous LH-RH. However, there was no evidence for inhibition of either pituitary LH secretion or hypothalamic LH-RH release using this administration schedule of exogenous LH-RH.
Electoral Accountability for the Economy in Latin America

Este articulo revisa el papel que tiene el desempeno economico sobre la intencion de voto por el candidato oficialista en America Latina. Con datos de una en...
Multi-representational security analysis

Security attacks often exploit flaws that are not anticipated in an abstract design, but are introduced inadvertently when high-level interactions in the design are mapped to low-level behaviors in the supporting platform. This paper proposes a multi-representational approach to security analysis, where models capturing distinct (but possibly overlapping) views of a system are automatically composed in order to enable an end-to-end analysis. This approach allows the designer to incrementally explore the impact of design decisions on security, and discover attacks that span multiple layers of the system. This paper describes Poirot, a prototype implementation of the approach, and reports on our experience on applying Poirot to detect previously unknown security flaws in publicly deployed systems.
Robustness of the cluster expansion: Assessing the roles of relaxation and numerical error

Cluster expansion (CE) is effective in modeling the stability of metallic alloys, but sometimes cluster expansions fail. Failures are often attributed to atomic relaxation in the DFT-calculated data, but there is no metric for quantifying the degree of relaxation. Additionally, numerical errors can also be responsible for slow CE convergence. We studied over one hundred different Hamiltonians and identified a heuristic, based on a normalized mean-squared displacement of atomic positions in a crystal, to determine if the effects of relaxation in CE data are too severe to build a reliable CE model. Using this heuristic, CE practitioners can determine a priori whether or not an alloy system can be reliably expanded in the cluster basis. We also examined the error distributions of the fitting data. We find no clear relationship between the type of error distribution and CE prediction ability, but there are clear correlations between CE formalism reliability, model complexity, and the number of significant terms in the model. Our results show that the size of the errors is much more important than their distribution.
[Towards new diagnostic systems: Process, questions, and dilemmas].

El diagnostico en psiquiatria — topico fascinante y de crucial importancia para muchos, incierto y difuso para otros— se esta convirtiendo rapidamente en un tema clave de interes en los circulos academicos y clinicos, a lo largo del mundo. Es bien conocido que 2 grandes organismos, la Asociacion Americana de Psiquiatria (American Psychiatric Association, APA) y la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS), estan colaborando en la elaboracion de las nuevas ediciones de sus manuales de diagnostico: la quinta edicion del Manual Diagnostico y Estadistico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-5) de la APA, y el apartado Salud Mental de la undecima edicion de la Clasificacion Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-11). Los grupos de trabajo y los comites que abordan esta area tan compleja estan tambien intentando responder a preguntas sumamente interesantes y resolver dilemas cuya complejidad va en aumento. En general, el proceso no solo es un reto intelectual, sino tambien social y cultural; y, si tenemos en cuenta factores tales como la globalizacion, la migracion, las diferencias ideologicas, los conflictos, los desastres naturales, la crisis economica y mucho mas, el tema posee ademas relevancia politica. Si tomamos el DSM-IV-TR como ejemplo, diversas areas de diagnostico psiquiatrico se enfrentan, en primer lugar, a importantes limitaciones. Es bien conocido que debido a la falta de informacion uniforme sobre la etiologia y fisiopatologia de los trastornos mentales, el DSM-IV-TR se basa principalmente en criterios de diagnostico descriptivo; sin embargo, los criterios son una mezcla de sintomas y caracteristicas conductuales que conducen a sistemas de
Dark Pool Exclusivity Matters

Recent dark pool proliferation has magniﬁed regulatory and academic concerns about equal access and market quality implications. Some dark pools, hoping to create an environment more amenable to buy-side institutional investors, craft their rules to discourage – or even exclude – brokers, high frequency traders and order-ﬂow-information traders. We examine the role participation constraints play in large trade execution and ﬁnd that a dark pool targeting buy-side counterparties experiences less serial correlation in returns, less volume and volatility increase pre-trade, and more trade clustering within and across days. Exclusivity inﬂuences execution quality. Not all dark pools are created equal.
Evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity profile associated with intraperitoneal chemotherapy use in older women.

Abstract Objective Intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy (CT) for treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has been shown to provide a substantial OS advantage. This study aims to compare the toxicity and benefits of IP CT in patients ≥70 with those Methods We performed a single institution retrospective review of patients diagnosed with Stage IIA-IIIC EOC from 2000 to 2013 who received IP CT. Clinicopathologic characteristics were extracted, and survival was calculated. Results 133 patients were included with 100 pts. p =0.002) but had similar dose delays (0.9 vs 0.7, p =0.72), and modifications (0.9 vs 0.36, p =0.11). Median PFS (27 vs 31months) and OS (71 and 62months) were not statistically different. Grade 3/4 neutropenia was significantly worse in the older patients (82% vs 100%, p =0.04). Neuropathy grade ≥2 and other non-hematologic toxicities were not different between age groups. Conclusions Despite completing fewer cycles of IP CT, older EOC patients had comparable survival to younger patients. The population of older patients receiving IP CT in this study were on clinical trial and likely to be heartier than the general older population. IP CT appears well tolerated and effective among select older patients and is likely under-utilized outside of clinical trials.
Aerogel Fabrics in Advanced Space Suit Applications

New insulating materials for spacesuits will need to be able to function well in low-pressure and gaseous environments, such as the Martian atmosphere. In order to address this need, Orbital Out tters, a small spacesuit company, is currently investigating new materials for the insulating layer of the space suit. One such material is an aerogel fabric composite, promising because of its exibility and low thermal conductivity. The purpose of this study is to characterize the effect stitching an outer layer has on the stiffness, strength, and thermal conductivity of two types of aerogel fabric, ThermalWrap and Pyrogel 2250. Tension tests were used to investigate the mechanical properties, while two different methods were used to evaluate the thermal conductivity of the materials. Results showed a dramatic increase of thermal conductivity when an outer material was stitched directly to the aerogel fabric, while two other geometries showed a decrease in thermal conductivity. Tension tests revealed that stitching increased the strength of the ThermalWrap. Overall, it was determined that stitching the material was not a viable option due to the increase in thermal conductivity and dif cult manufacturing. The two other geometries tested proved much more effective, as they were easier to manufacture and showed a decrease in thermal conductivity.
Opioid Prescribing Education in Surgical Residencies: A Program Director Survey.

Abstract Background Opioid abuse and misuse is a public health crisis. A national effort to reduce this phenomenon is ongoing. Residents represent a large pool of opioid prescribers but, are often not the target for opioid prescribing education (OPE). We developed a survey to assess current opioid prescribing practices and education among surgical residents. Study Design An Institutional Review Board and Association of Program Directors in Surgery approved survey was electronically mailed to surgical program directors (PDs). The survey included questions regarding residency type, location, number of graduates per year, perceived value of OPE, residency policy on prescribing outpatients controlled substances, presence of OPE, and preferred method of OPE. Materials and Methods A total of 248 PDs were e-mailed the survey with 110 complete responses (44.4%). Of all 104 (94.5%) allow residents to prescribe outpatient opioids with 24 (23.1%) limiting the opioid class prescribed. A total of 29 (27.9%) programs require residents to obtain their own Drug Enforcement Administration registration. Only 22 (20.0%) programs had in place mandatory OPE, 7 (6.4%) PDs were unsure if OPE was a mandatory educational requirement. Furthermore, 70 (79.5%) of programs currently without OPE are considering adding it. Didactic lecture (18, 81.8%) is the most common modality for OPE. The mode time dedicated to OPE was 1 hour. When PDs were asked about which method would be best to deliver OPE, the most common response was case-based scenarios (39, 35.5%). Bivariate statistics were performed and no association was found between OPE and program characteristics'. Conclusions Most surgical residency programs allow residents to prescribe outpatient opioids, very few require OPE. The most common method of OPE was didactic lectures. To enhance a resident's knowledge in prescribing opioids, programs should incorporate OPE into their curriculum.
Mathematical Equivalence of Racial Match Indexx and Representativenesss Measures

Redmond & Baveja (2002) developed a racial match index to measure whether the racial composition of the police force matches that of the community population it serves. The factor measured by this index was considered key for garnering community help during community policing. On the other hand, Avery, McKay, Tonidandel, Volpone, & Morris (2012) also proposed a measure for representativeness of racio-ethnic community. The racial match index and the representativeness index might look dissimilar with different expressions but the underlying assumptions seemed similar. The aim of this paper is to prove the similarity of the measures. In this paper, we mathematically prove the equivalence of both the measures.
In-situ characterization of laser-powder interaction and cooling rates through high-speed imaging of powder bed fusion additive manufacturing

Abstract Detailed understanding of the complex melt pool physics plays a vital role in predicting optimal processing regimes in laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. In this work, we use high framerate video recording of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) to provide useful insight on the laser-powder interaction and melt pool evolution of 316 L powder layers, while also serving as a novel instrument to quantify cooling rates of the melt pool. The experiment was performed using two powder types – one gas- and one water-atomized – to further clarify how morphological and chemical differences between these two feedstock materials influence the laser melting process. Finally, experimentally determined cooling rates are compared with values obtained through computer simulation, and the relationship between cooling rate and grain cell size is compared with data previously published in the literature.
Spontaneous Preference for Slowly Moving Objects in Visually Naïve Animals

To perceive the world successfully, newborns need certain types of visual experiences. The development of object recognition, for example, requires visual experience with slowly moving objects. To date, however, it is unknown whether newborns actively seek out the best visual experiences for developing object recognition. To address this question, I used an automated controlled-rearing method to examine whether visually naive animals (newborn chicks) seek out slowly moving objects. Despite receiving equal exposure to slowly and to quickly rotating objects, the majority of the chicks developed a preference for slowly rotating objects. This preference was robust, producing large effect sizes across objects, experiments, and successive test days. These results indicate that newborn brains rapidly develop mechanisms for orienting young animals toward optimal visual experiences, thus facilitating the development of object recognition. This study also demonstrates that automation can be a valuable tool for stud...
Support Collaboration Across Geographically Distributed Users Using Heterogeneous Virtual Reality Systems

There still lacks a collaborative framework that integrates existing and new virtual reality systems supporting remote collaboration for data visualization. The collaborative framework currently available might limit the collaborators for collaboration because it is not developed to support interaction with diverse 3D applications while using heterogeneous virtual reality (VR) systems remotely in a synchronized way. We will present our collaborative framework that supports remote collaboration across heterogeneous VR systems to interact with multiple 3D applications. This system is independent of any VR systems and can be used to interact collaboratively in real-time on a shared task. Additionally, we conducted a pilot study to gain perspective on the usability of the system for collaborative work across heterogeneous VR systems. We will present the results on the usability of the system, and the results obtained from the users are motivating and encouraging. Our system has the potential to increase task effectiveness and workflow because it enables shared and real-time interaction while remotely collaborating with diverse 3D applications across heterogeneous VR systems.
Populism and Central Bank Independence: Comment

Goodhart and Lastra (Open Econ Rev 29:49–68, 2018) lay out the mechanisms through which populist political movements may affect central bank independence. This paper provides the first empirical evidence that one aspect commonly attributed to populism, namely national identity politics, has indeed negatively impacted on central bank independence in developing countries. Combining existing datasets on central bank independence and political variables in developing countries, panel regressions are run for a sample of 113 countries during 1975–2012. Results prove robust to various specifications and macroeconomic as well as institutional control variables.
Long Duration Local Anesthesia with Lecithin-coated Microdroplets of Methoxyflurane: Studies with Rat Skin

Lecithin-coated microdroplets of methoxyflurane (MOF) are shown to produce local anesthesia of three- to six-day duration in the skin with a single intradermal injection in rats. Anesthesia was quantitated by elevation of the threshold (milliampere) for shock vocalization with intradermal electrodes. Intradermal injection of 0.1 ml 0.5% MOF gave moderate (2.1 mA) anesthesia of approximately three-day duration for a 10-12-mm diameter area, with no damage to the tissue. Higher concentrations gave six-day duration anesthesia at very high level (7 to 12 mA) anesthesia of three- to five-day duration with some damage to the tissue. At 4.4% MOF, ulcers formed in the center of the injection site with maximal dimensions of 1.3 mm (11-13% of the site diameter). Phenol, a widely used neurolytic agent, was tested as a control in the same concentration range. Phenol at 4.4% gave very high level (8 mA) anesthesia for longer than seven-day duration and caused formation of ulcers with maximal dimensions of 3.8 mm (31-38% of the site diameter). Analysis showed that MOF produced less damage than phenol for any given degree of anesthesia. Systemic toxicity and pharmacokinetic data are also presented. Phenol produced a hypothermic reaction and behavioral changes, whereas MOF was without systemic effect. The plasma concentrations of phenol were four to five times greater than those of MOF. These results suggest that MOF may have clinical advantages over phenol.
Pseudomonas Marginalis, an Interesting Organism for Further Research

Pseudomonas marginalis (Brown) Stevens was first subjected to extensive phenotypic characterization by Jessen (1965) and by Stanier et al. (1969). Jessen examined four strains of the species which he assigned, together with one strain of P. tolaasii, to biotype 61 of the more than 80 biotypes in which he subdivided his collection of fluorescent pseudomonads. Fifteen of the seventeen strains of this biotype (all minus one strain of P. marginalis and the P. tolaasii (strain) were examined by Stanier et al. (1969) and, in confirmation of Jessen’s classification, all were grouped in a single biotype (biotype B of P. fluorescens). Further phenotypic studies (3, 7) supported the idea of a close relationship of P. marginalis and the saprophytic pseudomonads.
Role of Reactive Nitrogen Species in Asbestos-Induced Pleuro-Pulmonary Injury

Asbestos is a generic term for a group of naturally-occurring, hydrated fibrous silicates. There are two main mineralogie varieties of asbestos minerals: amphiboles (which have a stiff and brittle texture) and serpentine (which has a softer, more flexible texture and a wavy configuration). Three varieties of asbestos have been used commercially in North America and Europe for most of this century: chrysotile (a serpentine asbestos), crocidolite and amosite (both amphiboles). Asbestos fibers have long been a focus of scientific interest because of their capacity to induce pleural and pulmonary diseases characterized by fibrosis (parietal pleural plaques, visceral pleural fibrosis and asbestosis) andJor neoplasia (malignant pleural mesothelioma and bronchogenic carcinoma).1 Although all commercial varieties of asbestos are capable of inducing these diseases, there has been considerable scientific debate regarding the relative potential of the different fiber types (chrysotile vs. amphiboles) to induce pleuro-pulmonary injury.2,3 The pathogenesis of asbestos-related disorders is complex, but there is evidence implicating cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide anion (02*), H2O2 and hydroxyl radical (OH*) in the induction of asbestos-induced cellular injury.1-5 The putative role of ROS in mediating asbestos-related cytotoxicity is predicated on the notion that asbestos fibers induce cellular injury via O2*-driven, iron-catalyzed Haber-Weiss (Fenton) reactions that generate the OH* radical.5 Studies demonstrating that the injurious effects of asbestos can be abrogated by scavengers of ROS such as superoxide dismutase, mannitol and catalase are supportive of this hypothesis.6-9 However, while Fenton reactions may explain some of the actions of crocidolite (which is an iron-containing silicate), they cannot account for those of chrysotile (which is a magnesium-containing silicate whose chemical structure is devoid of iron).
3D OCT retinal vessel segmentation based on boosting learning

Blood vessel on retina is generally used for medical image registration. Three dimensional (3D) OCT is the new technique capable of providing the detailed 3D structure of retina. Most algorithms of 3D OCT vessel segmentation need to use the result of retinal layer segmentation to enhance vessel pattern. The proposed 3D boosting learning algorithm is an independent pixel (A-scan projection on OCT fundus image) classification algorithm, which does not rely on any processing result. Both 2D features from OCT fundus image and the third dimensional Haar-feature generated from each A-scan are used in the boosting learning. A matched template, second-order Gaussian filter is used to post-process the generated binary vessel image to clean up the false classifications and smooth the vessels. Eleven images were tested and compared with the manually marked reference. The average sensitivity and specificity were 85% and 88% respectively. The proposed algorithm is an efficient way to automatically identify the blood vessel on 3D OCT image without the need of pre-segmentation.
Self-produced sound: tightly binding haptics and audio

This paper discusses the concept of self-produced sound and its importance in understanding audio-haptic interaction. Self-produced sound is an important stimulus in understanding audio-haptic interaction because of the tight binding between the two modalities. This paper provides background on this type of sound, a brief review of the asynchrony and neurophysiology research that has addressed the cross-modality interaction, and examples of research into self-produced sound, including a unique but common instance: sound produced when consuming food.