cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experience of the world in time

Look at a tomato. It is present to you, as a whole, now, even though parts of it are hidden in space. Notice, in particular, that you now have a perceptual sense of the presence of the tomato's back even though you do not now see it. Objects even tomatoes are, in a sense, timeless they exist, all at once, whole and integrated. Indeed, it is just this fact about objects their timelessness that makes it puzzling how we can experience them as we do. In the language of traditional philosophy, objects are transcendent; they outstrip our experience; they have hidden parts, always. When you perceive an object, you never take it in from all sides at once. And yet you have a sense of the presence of the object as a whole at a moment in time. In what does this perceptual sense of the object's presence consist? Perceptual presence is the problem for the theory of perception (Noe 2004: ch. 2; 2006). We don't advance toward a solution by observing that we judge, or infer, or guess that the back of the tomato is present, that we don't really see it. First, that we don't actually see the back of the tomato is our starting point. The problem is to understand in what our perceptual sense of the thing's hidden presence could consist if it does not consist in the fact that we see it. Second, as a phenomenological matter, there is a difference between thinking that something out of view is present (e.g. that there is money in the purse), and its looking as if something out of view is present (e.g. that the tomato is not a mere tomato-facade). What we want is an account of the perceptual presence of that which is not perceived. The solution to the problem of perceptual presence is achieved by noticing that the way the unseen portion of the tomato is visually present is not, as it were, as somehow mysteriously seen without being seen, or as represented visually without being seen. Rather, the back of the tomato is present, now, in that it is available now. We have access now to it. And not just any old access. We experience the presence of what is out of view by understanding, implicitly, that our relation to what is out of view is such that movement of the eyes, or the body, brings it into view, and such that movements of the thing itself make a sensory difference to what we experience. The hidden portions of the object are present in experience now, even though we don't now see them, because we are now coupled to them in a special, immediate, familiar, sensorimotor manner. Sensori
NOREPINEPHRINE SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER IN THE BRAIN: ACCELERATION BY PHYSOSTIGMINE

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the norepinephrine (NE) synthesis and turnover in the brain and acceleration by physostigmine. Both cholinergic and adrenergic neurons are well identified in the central nervous system (CNS), and acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine are generally regarded as transmitter substances in the brain. Their close spatial distribution and a considerable body of experimental evidence indicate that an active interrelationship exists between the two parts of the autonomic nervous system in the brain. After systemic administration, physostigmine, a reversible Cholinesterase inhibitor, produces a hypertensive response in the rat, as do some other Cholinesterase inhibitors which penetrate into the brain. In rats under urethane anesthesia, the hypertensive response to physostigmine was shown to depend on the integrity of catecholaminergic neurons in the brain. After intracisternal pretreatment with 6-OH-DA this response was diminished by 40%. Endogenous NE content in the brain was severely reduced. In conscious rats, treatment with physostigmine produced a rapid decrease in the endogenous NE content of the brainstem, and hypothalamus, but not of the forebrain.
A Hybrid Method to Discover and Rank Cross-Disciplinary Associations

As basic science (“bench”) and medical practice (“bedside”) continue their exponential growth in complexity and scope, the need for finding hidden connections and translating knowledge across disciplines becomes inevitable. The proposed method combines Semantic Web technology, graph algorithms, and user profiling to discover and prioritize novel cross-disciplinary associations based on each user’s interest. A proof-of-concept system was developed and tested through a set of use cases. In each use case, novel associations are suggested and ranked by the system for individual user. We demonstrated the potential of the proposed method in facilitating hypothesis generation and knowledge translation across disciplines.
Contributions of Psychological Anthropology

Psychological anthropology and cross-cultural psychology are partners in pursuit of an empirically grounded understanding of human psychology in variable cultural contexts. This article summarizes some of the main contributions of psychological anthropology to this joint endeavor. It adopts a broadly intellectual and historical approach. For psychological anthropology, the early work of Freud was critical. Before World War II, anthropologists adapted it to their varied purposes, eventuating in the school of culture and personality (circa 1940-1965). Developments from, as well as in opposition to, this school are traced, as are new departures. Careers of major figures, as well as the lavishly interdisciplinary content of psychological anthropology throughout the 20th century, are highlighted.
A Conduit System Distributes Chemokines and Small Blood-borne Molecules through the Splenic White Pulp

Access to the splenic white pulp is restricted to lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Here we show that movement of molecules from the blood into these confined areas is also limited. Large molecules, such as bovine serum albumin (68 kD), immunoglobulin G (150 kD), and 500 kD dextran are unable to enter the white pulp, whereas smaller blood-borne molecules can directly permeate this compartment. The distribution is restricted to a stromal network that we refer to as the splenic conduit system. The small lumen of the conduit contains collagen fibers and is surrounded in the T cell areas by reticular fibroblasts that express ER-TR7. It also contains the chemokine CCL21. Conversely, in B cell follicles the B cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13 was found to be associated with the conduit and absence of ER-TR7+ fibroblasts. These results show heterogeneity of reticular fibroblasts that enfold the conduit system and suggest that locally produced chemokines are transported through and presented on this reticular network. Therefore, the conduit plays a role in distribution of both blood-borne and locally produced molecules and provides a framework for directing lymphocyte migration and organization of the splenic white pulp.
Correlated Microanalysis of Cometary Organic Grains Returned by Stardust

Preliminary examination (PE) of samples returned from Comet 81P/Wild 2 by the NASA Stardust mission revealed a wide variety of carbonaceous samples [e.g. 1]. Carbonaceous matter is present as inclusions, rinds, and films in polyminerallic terminal particles [2-4], as carbon-rich particles along track walls [2, 5, 6], and as organic matter in aerogel around tracks [7, 8]. The organic chemistry of these samples ranges from purely aliphatic hydrocarbons to highly-aromatic material, often modified by various organic functional groups [2, 4, 5, 9-11]. Difficulty arises when interpreting the genesis of these carbonaceous samples, since contaminants could be introduced from the spacecraft [12], aerogel [1, 8], or during sample preparation. In addition, hypervelocity capture into aerogel may have heated cometary material in excess of 1000 C, which could have significantly altered the structure and chemistry of carbonaceous matter. Fortunately, much of this contamination or alteration can be identified through correlated microanalysis with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning-transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS).
Ethnicity and energy stores

The primary storage form of energy within humans is fat, which accumulates in adipose tissue including the subcutaneous, omental, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and mammary depots. Although it has been known for some time that the size of these depots varies with sex, age, and physiologic state, it has only recently been suggested that adipose tissue partitioning, and therefore energy storage, may vary among ethnic groups. Indicators of ethnicity include race, place of birth, and culture and traditions. The literature describing energy storage in North American Indians, African Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and Pacific Islanders is summarized and data are presented from studies comparing African American and Caucasian (Americans of Northern European descent) obese women. It is proposed that, for the purpose of research, physiologic characteristics and not ethnicity should be the basic factors used to recruit human study volunteers until we obtain mechanisms to discriminate genotype and to relate phenotype to energy storage.
Effect of High Sulfur Military JP-8 Fuel on Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Emissions and EGR Cooler Condensate

Low-sulfur “clean” diesel fuel has recently been mandated in the U.S. market. However, quality of diesel fuel, particularly the sulfur content, varies significantly in other parts of the world. Due to logistical issues in various theaters of operation, the Army is often forced to rely on local fuel supplies, which exposes vehicles to diesel fuel or jet fuel (JP8) with elevated levels of sulfur. Currently, modern diesel engines typically use cooled Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) to meet emissions regulations. Using high sulfur fuels and cooled EGR has potential to lead to EGR cooler fouling and corrosion of engine components. Therefore, an experimental study has been setup to investigate the EGR heat exchanger condensate in a heavy duty diesel engine running on JP-8 fuel doped with 3512 ppm of sulfur. Gas was sampled from the EGR cooler and analyzed. A Condensate Collection Device (CCD) was developed and setup according to a modified ASTM 3226-73T standard, to perform analysis of sulfur condensate species of SO2 and H2 SO4 in the EGR system. Results have shown that SO2 values to have the highest concentration of gaseous sulfur species. SO2 is also shown to increase as sulfur content in JP-8 increases, but not by the same order of magnitude. Results have also shown low levels of H2 SO4 from 2–5 ppm with negligible differences while varying sulfur content in JP-8, EGR levels of the engine, and condenser temperatures in the CCD. Due to suspicion that all sulfur has not been accounted for in experiments with the modified CCD, further experiments were performed using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) emissions bench for gaseous SO2 emissions and a Differential Mobility Spectrometer (DMS) for particulate size spectrum analysis. FTIR results yielded similar results for gaseous SO2 as the modified CCD with SO2 levels increasing as sulfur content in fuel increases but not by the same order of magnitude. While the results from the DMS have shown that increasing sulfur content in JP-8 will increase the particle sizes in the particle size distribution curve. This also translates to an increase in PM mass concentration in the exhaust stream when sulfur content is increased in JP-8 on an engine with and without EGR.© 2010 ASME
Treatment of Serum Serving to Remove Its Serum-Sickness-Causing Activity

We have reported previously concerning a reaction appearing on the ears of rabbits1 subsequent to an injection of either whole horse serum or fractions thereof, which may be considered as analogous to serum-sickness-causing activity of the various serum proteins led to the suggestion that the more important substance concerned in causing serum-sickness may be some agent other than the proteins themselves although this agent appears to be associated with the pseudoglobulin.3It has been found that by the addition of adequate quantities of alkali or acid to serum (normal or immune), exposure of the mixture to heat and subsequent neutralization, the serum-sickness-causing activity may be destroyed so that rabbits injected with the customary amounts of serum will not develop manifestations of the disease.In order to minimize or prevent damage to antibody incident to this type of treatment of serum, it is necessary to adjust the various factors concerned in the treatment of the serum. Six factors must be consid...
Abstract 4840: 2-Deoxy-D-glucose induces autophagy through endoplasmic reticulum stress rather than by lowering ATP

Based on emerging evidence that oncogenes direct increased glucose metabolism in tumor cells, the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) appears to be a promising drug to selectively target cancer cells. 2-DG however, not only blocks glycolysis and reduces cellular ATP production but also interferes with N-linked glycosylation, thereby inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR). Both bioenergetic challenge and ER stress/UPR have been shown to activate autophagy, a bulk cellular degradation process that plays either a pro- or anti-death role. This led us to investigate the following, 1) which pathway that 2-DG interferes with is responsible for stimulating autophagy, and 2) the role of autophagy in modulating 2-DG-induced cellular responses and toxicity. In four cancer cell lines (1420, MDA-MB-435, SKBR3 and T98G) we find that 2-DG upregulates autophagy (LC3B II), increases the ER stress/UPR markers, Grp78 and CHOP, and lowers ATP levels. Addition of exogenous mannose reverses 2-DG-induced autophagy and expression of GRP78 and CHOP but does not recover the lowered levels of ATP. Additionally, when autophagy is either blocked or enhanced by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or rapamycin, respectively, 3-MA increases whereas rapamycin reduces cancer cell sensitivity to 2-DG. In support of these results, knock down of autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) increases sensitivity to 2-DG in 1420 cells, which correlates with increases in the ER stress/UPR markers as well as the apoptotic marker, cleaved caspase 3. Overall, these results indicate that the major mechanism by which 2-DG stimulates autophagy is through ER stress/UPR, and autophagy protects cells from 2-DG-induced toxicity through relief of ER stress. Thus, combining autophagy inhibitors with 2-DG may be useful clinically. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4840.
Analysis of suicide and suicide psychological behaviors among adolescents in Jiading District,Shanghai

Objective To understand suicide and suicide related psychological behaviors of adolescents in Jiading District of Shanghai City,and provide evidence for school health education and promotion.Methods A questionnaire of "Health Related Behaviors among Adolescents in Shanghai"was used among 1089 students in 6 schools.Results The number of suicide behavior in Jiading District adolescents was 117(10.8%).The numbers of suicidal ideation,suicide plans and suicide attempts were 94(8.6%),50(4.6%) and 23(2.1%).The proportion of suicide attempts in junior high school students was higher than the others(P0.05).The logistic regression analysis indicated that female was an influencing factor.526(48.4%) of adolescents had unhealthy emotions,and the number in senior high school students was higher than the others(OR=1.628,95% CI:1.0592.504).The proportions of feeling lonely frequently,feeling displeasure because of study or test scores(P0.05),insomnia to worry about something,despairs above two weeks and run away from home in male was higher than that in female(P0.05).Conclusion Psychological healthy education should be taken among targeted adolescents.It suggested that effective measures to prevent the suicide behaviors should be taken among middle school students.
Ewing’s Sarcoma

Ewing’s sarcoma is one of a number of small-roundcell sarcomas that occur in childhood, though its exact origin continues to elude investigators. Pathologically, the best definition is that it is a tumor of small, round, blue cells, usually but not always associated with bone, that lacks markers for lymphoma, neuroblastoma, or rhabdomyosarcoma (Womer 1991). It is not yet clear whether it is a heterogeneous group of tumors that contains subgroups, or a single entity to which several other diagnoses belong. There are two different opinions regarding the origin of Ewing’s sarcoma: that it is of neuroectodermal origin, or that it arises from primitive, undifferentiated, mesenchymal cells (Womer 1991). If the latter is true, the tumor might be better regarded as a blastoma than as a true sarcoma.
Interdigestive gastric motility patterns: The role of vagal and nonvagal extrinsic innervation

Our study was designed to determine separately the roles of vagal and nonvagal extrinsic innervation in the initiation and coordination of patterns of gastric contractile activity and in the organization of the gastric slow wave. Four dogs first underwent transection of all extrinsic and intrinsic neural continuity to the stomach, except for careful preservation of vagal innervation to the stomach (stage 1). Manometry catheters and serosal electrodes were placed in the antrum, and electrodes were fixed to the small intestine. After recovery, motility was recorded during fasting and after feeding. A cyclic motor pattern occurred in the stomach with a period that was not different from that of the migrating motor complex in the small intestine (113 +/- 11 minutes vs 112 +/- 11 minutes; p greater than 0.05). Gastric and intestinal motility remained coordinated in time. Feeding inhibited this cyclic motor pattern in stomach and intestine. Antral tachygastria (slow wave frequency greater than 8 cycles/min) was infrequent (less than 1% of time). Each animal was restudied after completing extrinsic gastric denervation by a transthoracic vagotomy (stage 2). Vagotomy did not alter the presence, appearance, or period of cyclic gastric activity, nor did it disrupt temporal coordination with the duodenal migrating motor complex or increase the prevalence of tachygastria. In conclusion, neither vagal nor nonvagal extrinsic innervation to the stomach was required for initiation or coordination of the characteristic cyclic gastric motility pattern during fasting; although vagal innervation may modulate gastric myoelectric activity, its precise role is not evident in this study.
Sampling Methods for Processes

Instead of observing a complete segment of a process on an interval, it is evidently desirable to consider suitable subsets, preferably countable ones, if they present the essential characteristics of the process on the bigger segment. A basic result in this direction for second order processes is the one due independently to Kotel’nikov and Shannon, and we present some results of this type for the stationary as well as some general processes, in Section 1. The work will be specialized to its band-limited and analytical aspects in the following two sections. Further a detailed analysis on periodic sampling, which is often used in engineering applications, is discussed in Section 4 along with an extension to random fields on ℝ n as well as a brief account to indexes of LCA groups. Some remarks on optional sampling of processes are included in the next section. As in the preceding chapters, the final complements section is devoted to further important results with detailed sketches. Most discussion is conducted on second order continuous parameter processes.
Obesity effect on isometric strength of the trunk extensors

Trunk muscle strength could contribute to overexertion and falls related back injuries. With obesity, greater trunk extensor muscle is expected to overcome the additional mass especially those accumulated in the abdomen area. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of obesity effect on maximum trunk extensor muscles’ capacity. 33 females and 35 males in three age-matched groups of normal weight, overweight, and obese completed four replications of three repeated maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) of trunk extensor muscles. Obesity impairment was evident in the strength per kilogram body mass (BM) and fat-free mass (FFM). FFM and age explained 60% of the variability of the trunk strength. The findings of this study suggest an inferior performance with obesity in complex tasks requiring high intensity strengths.
Robust control of F-16 lateral dynamics

We consider the application of a conditional integrator based continuous sliding mode control design for robust regulation of MIMO minimum-phase nonlinear systems to the control of the lateral flight dynamics of an F-16 aircraft. The system is non-affine in the input but can be rewritten as the perturbation of a control affine system with matched (input-dependent) disturbances. A parameter dependent transformation brings the system to normal form, for which an output-feedback control can be designed to achieve robust regulation. We provide analytical results for stability, and also show through extensive simulations that the inherent robustness of the SMC design provides a convenient way to design controllers without adaptation for the unknown parameters, with a transient performance that is comparable to discontinuous SMC, but without suffering from the drawback of control chattering.
Crafting Pictures and Reflexivity

This chapter focuses on the pedagogical function of creative practices and performances of crafting. The practice space for crafting and handmade art offers a metaphor for thinking through the ways artful and creative practices enable new ways of reflexively and critically thinking about, understanding, and making sense of the world and our interactions with others.
Innate immune responses of equine monocytes cultured in equine platelet lysate.

Abstract Platelet lysate (PL) has been extensively used for the laboratory expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in order to avoid fetal bovine serum (FBS) which has been associated with immune-mediated host reactions and transmission of bovine-origin microbial contaminants. Before suggesting the routine use of PL for MSC culture, we wanted to further investigate whether PL alone might trigger inflammatory responses when exposed to reactive white blood cells such as monocytes. Our objectives were to evaluate the inflammatory profile of equine monocytes cultured with equine PL (ePL) and to determine if ePL can modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated monocytes. In a first experiment, equine monocytes were isolated and incubated with donor horse serum (DHS), FBS, six individual donors ePL or pooled ePL from all horses. In a second experiment, monocytes were stimulated with E. coli LPS in the presence of 1, 5 or 10% DHS and/or pooled ePL. After 6 h of incubation, cell culture supernatants were assayed via ELISA for production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) as well as for the anti-inflammatory Interleukin 10 (IL-10). Equine monocytes incubated with pooled ePL produced significantly less TNF-α and significantly more IL-10 than monocytes incubated in FBS. A statistically significant difference was not identified for the production of IL-1β. The second experiment showed that pooled ePL added to LPS-stimulated equine monocytes resulted in a significant reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β production. IL-10 production was not significantly upregulated by the addition of ePL to LPS-stimulated monocytes. Finally, the addition of ePL to LPS-stimulated monocytes in the presence of various concentrations of DHS resulted to statistically significant decrease of TNF-α and IL-1β compared to the control groups. This is the first study to demonstrate that ePL suppresses the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from stimulated equine monocytes. These results encourage further exploration of PL as a homologous media substitute for FBS but also opens the possibility of investigating its use as means to suppress cell-mediated inflammation.
Regression-based soil moisture estimation from SMAP polarimetric radar data with Aquarius derived coefficients

Soil moisture radar retrieval algorithms generally utilize substantial ancillary data to parametrize complex electromagnetic models. In this work, we utilize an existing empirical approach as an alternative; it describes radar backscatter of a vegetated scene as a linear function of soil moisture, hence reducing dependence on ancillary data. We use 2.5 years of L-band Aquarius radar and radiometer derived soil moisture data to calculate two coefficients of a linear model function on a global scale; the coefficients are derived on a per pixel and on an IGBP land cover classification basis. These coefficients are used to estimate soil moisture from 2.5 months of L-band SMAP radar data and are evaluated with the SMAP Level 2 radiometer-only soil moisture product.
Evaluation of gaseous chlorine dioxide for the inactivation of Tulane virus on blueberries

To determine the effectiveness of gaseous chlorine dioxide (gClO2) against a human norovirus surrogate on produce, gClO2 was generated and applied to Tulane virus-coated blueberries in a 240 ml-treatment chamber. gClO2 was produced by an acidifying sodium chlorite solution. Initial assessments indicated that blueberries treated with gClO2 generated from ≤1 mg acidified sodium chlorite in the small chamber appeared unaffected while gClO2 generated from ≥10 mg of acidified sodium chlorite solution altered the appearance and quality of the blueberries. Treatments of inoculated blueberries with gClO2 generated from 0.1 mg sodium chlorite reduced the virus populations by >1 log after exposure for 30 to 330 min. For the 1 mg sodium chlorite treatments, the virus populations were reduced by >2.2 log after 15 min exposure and to non-detectable levels (>3.3 logs reductions) after 180 min exposure. Measured concentrations of gClO2 peaked in the treatment chamber at 0.9 μg/l after 10 min for 0.1 mg treatments and 600 μg/l after around 20 min for 1 mg treatment. Overall results indicate that gClO2 could be a feasible waterless intervention for blueberries and other produce.
A comprehensive study of the effects of honing patterns on twin-land oil control rings friction using both a numerical model and a floating liner engine:

Engine bores are finished with a multi-stage honing process and the finished surface roughness contributes significantly to the piston ring hydrodynamic pressure generation, especially for twin-land oil control rings whose land profile is parallel to the liner surface. In this paper, five different honing patterns on a cast iron liner and one on a spray-coated aluminum liner are studied with a floating liner engine and numerical models. The liner temperature and engine speed were varied such that all the lubrication regimes, namely boundary, mixed, and fully hydrodynamic, are present. It is found that the models based on deterministic approach with a patch of carefully measured liner roughness can match the trend of the Stribeck curves for different liner finishes observed in the experiment. Furthermore, the results show that the roughness height and structure of the honing affect the twin-land oil control rings lubrication differently. With the same honing structure, although rougher liner experiences mi...
Kids and cancer: ethical issues in treating the pediatric oncology patient.

SC was 14 years old when she was diagnosed with a Ewing’s sarcoma of the left distal femur, metastatic to both lungs. She had been in her usual state of good health until three months prior to admission, when she developed intermittent leg pain near her knee. Initially the pain did not interrupt her normal activities, but over the ensuing two months, the pain worsened and began to awaken her at night. She also noticed the onset of pain on inspiration, without dyspnea or hemoptysis. SC denied any constitutional symptoms such as fever or weight loss. Two weeks prior to admission, an MRI demonstrated a left leg mass. Open biopsy confirmed Ewing’s sarcoma, and a CT scan of the chest revealed multiple bilateral pulmonary lesions.
THE INTRACELLULAR ORGANELLES OF HUMAN OVARIES CONTAIN GONADOTROPIN RECEPTORS

SUMMARY The nuclei (N), plasma membranes (PM), mitochondria-lysosomes (M-L), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and combined (light, medium and heavy) golgi (G) isolated from human ovaries specifically bound added 125 I-human chorionic gonadotropin ( 125 I-hCG). Marker enzyme analyses revealed that the 125 I-hCG binding observed in various subcellular organelles was intrinsic.
Diabetes in Culturally Diverse Populations: From Biology to Culture

The constantly evolving nature of modern societies has made many health-care professionals around the world face the challenge of providing optimal health care to people from various racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds. In the area of diabetes care, this is of particular relevance due to multiple reasons. First of all, racial and ethnic minorities continue to grow in many countries around the globe. In addition, diabetes affects populations at different rates. Furthermore, the quality of diabetes care provided to minority groups often lags behind that provided to the mainstream group.
Friedmann’s equation and the creation of the universe

In this paper, we present mathematical evidence that the beginning of the universe did not occur at the big bang at t = 0 with the universe in a state of infinite density, but occurred at t = −∞ wi...
Stereolithography for personalized left atrial appendage occluders

Advancements in 3D additive manufacturing have spurred the development of effective patient-specific medical devices. Prior applications are limited to hard materials, however, with few implementations of soft devices that better match the properties of natural tissue. This paper introduces a rapid, low cost, and scalable process for fabricating soft, personalized medical implants via stereolithography of elastomeric polyurethane resin. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by designing and manufacturing patient-specific endocardial implants. These devices occlude the left atrial appendage, a complex structure within the heart prone to blood clot formation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Existing occluders permit residual blood flow and can damage neighboring tissues. Here, the robust mechanical properties of the hollow, printed geometries are characterized and stable device anchoring through in vitro benchtop testing is confirmed. The soft, patient-specific devices outperform non-patient-specific devices in embolism and occlusion experiments, as well as in computational fluid dynamics simulations.
The SEANet Project: Toward a Programmable Internet of Underwater Things

Wirelessly networked systems of underwater devices are becoming the basis of many commercial, scientific, and military applications. In spite of increased attention in the last few years, underwater wireless networking technology still suffers from major limitations, including severe hardware dependence. In this paper, we introduce the SEANet Project, an NSF-funded effort that aims at developing a new generation of programmable platforms and a networking testbed to enable the vision of a programmable Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT). SEANet will be based on new software-defined platforms based on an open architecture to enable the flexibility to define, add, update, and swap new components in both hardware and software. SEANet is designed to support data rates at least one order of magnitude higher than existing commercial platforms over short and moderate range links. Moreover, the SEANet project will explore the design of new custom-designed ultra-wide band Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) transducers that allow operating over much wider acoustic bandwidth (i.e., 0.01.-2 MHz) than possible with bulk piezoelectric transducers. We present a set of preliminary experiments showing that SEANet can outperform existing software-defined radio SDR-based acoustic modems based on a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) SDR platforms. We also demonstrate the real-time reconfiguration capability of SEANet and preliminary performance of the MEMS transducers.
Laboratory and clinical evaluation of a new indwelling oxygen electrode for continuous monitoring of PaO2 in neonates.

Recent development of a relatively inexpensive in vivo electrode for monitoring the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in adults by International Biophysics Corporation of Irvine, California, prompted us to adapt this system for clinical use in newborn infants. This report describes the final configuration of the monitoring system for neonates, certain in vivo characteristics of the oxygen electrode, its in vivo accuracy, complications of its use and some clinical applications of the system.
Modern African literary history: nation-and-narration, orality, and diaspora

Literary histories are acts of synthesis, classification, evaluation, and ordering that are also often heavily invested in both nostalgia and ideology. The main challenge of a literary history is t...
Anacoustic Modes of Sound Construction and the Semiotics of Virtuality

This article discusses technical and aesthetic aspects of sound synthesis in the context of anacoustic modes of sound construction – a neologism that underscores the unique ontology of information in the digital domain. Anacoustic modes address the computer at its most fundamental level: the syntactic level of information. This changes the nature of signification as sound is considered first as an informational construct rather than a material circumstance, rupturing the front-loaded meaning that arises from our acoustic experience. Following certain concepts encompassed by N. Katherine Hayles’s posthumanism, anacoustic modes can be viewed as an expression of the materiality of information.
Instantons and matter in Script N = 1/2 supersymmetric gauge theory

We extend the instanton calculus for = 1/2 U(2) supersymmetric gauge theory by including one massless flavor. We write the equations of motion at leading order in the coupling constant and we solve them exactly in the non(anti)commutativity parameter C. The profile of the matter superfield is deformed through linear and quadratic corrections in C. Higher order corrections are absent because of the fermionic nature of the back-reaction. The instanton effective action, in addition to the usual 't Hooft term, includes a contribution of order C 2 and is = 1/2 invariant. We argue that the = 1 result for the gluino condensate is not modified by the presence of the new term in the effective action.
Dissecting the contribution of host genetics and the microbiome in complex behaviors

The core symptoms of many neurological disorders have traditionally been thought to be caused by genetic variants affecting brain development and function. However, the gut microbiome, another important source of variation, can also influence specific behaviors. Thus, it is critical to unravel the contributions of host genetic variation, the microbiome, and their interactions to complex behaviors. Unexpectedly, we discovered that different maladaptive behaviors are interdependently regulated by the microbiome and host genes in the Cntnap2-/- model for neurodevelopmental disorders. The hyperactivity phenotype of Cntnap2-/- mice is caused by host genetics, whereas the social-behavior phenotype is mediated by the gut microbiome. Interestingly, specific microbial intervention selectively rescued the social deficits in Cntnap2-/- mice through upregulation of metabolites in the tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis pathway. Our findings that behavioral abnormalities could have distinct origins (host genetic versus microbial) may change the way we think about neurological disorders and how to treat them.
Three-Dimensional Printing of Click Functionalized, Peptide Patterned Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering.

Osteochondral repair remains a significant clinical challenge due to the multiple tissue phenotypes and complex biochemical milieu in the osteochondral unit. To repair osteochondral defects, it is necessary to mimic the gradation between bone and cartilage, which requires spatial patterning of multiple tissue-specific cues. To address this need, we have developed a facile system for the conjugation and patterning of tissue-specific peptides by melt extrusion of peptide-functionalized poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL). In this study, alkyne-terminated PCL was conjugated to tissue-specific peptides via a mild, aqueous, and Ru(II)-catalyzed click reaction. The PCL-peptide composites were then 3D printed by multimaterial segmented printing to generate user-defined patterning of tissue-specific peptides. To confirm the bioactivity of 3D printed PCL-peptide composites, bone- and cartilage-specific scaffolds were seeded with mesenchymal stem cells and assessed for deposition of tissue-specific extracellular matrix in vitro. PCL-peptide scaffolds successfully promoted osteogenic and chondrogenic matrix deposition, with effects dependent on the identity of conjugated peptide.
Articulatory Correlates of Stress Pattern Disturbances in Talkers With Dysarthria

Purpose Reduced stress commonly occurs in talkers with Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas excessive and equal stress is frequently associated with dysarthria of talkers with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and multiple sclerosis (MS). This study sought to identify articulatory impairment patterns that underlie these two impaired stress patterns. We further aimed to determine if talkers with the same stress pattern disturbance but different diseases (ALS and MS) exhibit disease-specific articulatory deficits. Method Fifty-seven talkers participated in the study-33 talkers with dysarthria and 24 controls. Talkers with dysarthria were grouped based on their medical diagnosis: PD (n = 15), ALS (n = 10), MS (n = 8). Participants repeated target words embedded in a carrier phrase. Kinematic data were recorded using electromagnetic articulography. Duration, displacement, peak speed, stiffness, time-to-peak speed, and parameter c were extracted for the initial lower lip opening stroke of each target word, which was either stressed or unstressed. Results Stress effects were significant for all kinematic measures across groups except for stiffness and time-to-peak speed, which were nonsignificant in ALS. For comparisons with controls, more kinematic measures significantly differed in the ALS group than in the PD and MS groups. Additionally, ALS and MS showed mostly similar articulatory impairment patterns. Conclusions In general, significant stress effects were observed in talkers with dysarthria. However, stress-specific between-group differences in articulatory performance, particularly displacement, may explain the perceptual impression of disturbed stress patterns. Furthermore, similar findings for ALS and MS suggest that articulatory deficits underlying similar stress pattern disturbances are not disease-specific.
Patch Clamp Technology for Focused Ultrasonic (FUS) Neuromodulation.

Electrical stimulation of neural tissue, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and cortical stimulation, is widely applied therapeutic neuromodulation techniques for neurologic disorders. Penetrating electrodes (e.g., microwires and silicon probes) for DBS provide high spatial resolution, but are invasive, displacing neural tissue, producing acute insertion trauma, and potentially eliciting a foreign-body response. Surface electrodes, while less invasive, cannot generate a highly localized electrical field. Motivated by these limitations, the goal of this chapter is to provide a protocol to run patch clamp experiments on rat brain slices with a focused ultrasonic transducer that offers minimally invasive and highly localized neuronal stimulation (and that is thin enough to let light to pass through for optical observation of neuron cells for patching). Though focused acoustic beams with high energy are traditionally used for cellular ablation, the goal here is to use low acoustic energy to avoid any ablation or lesion, exploiting the unprecedented features of self-focusing acoustic transducers (SFATs) that can focus 2-20 MHz sound waves at a submillimeter-sized area. The experimental procedures described here will allow intracellular and extracellular experiments to determine the value and underlying mechanisms of neuromodulation effects induced by SFAT-based ultrasonic stimulation. The aims of this protocol are (1) to fabricate SFATs for the proposed intracellular and extracellular experiments and (2) to characterize the neuromodulatory function evoked by SFAT-based ultrasound stimulation in normal brain slices. Using patch clamp methods, one can monitor ionic flux and local field potentials, while varying the acoustic stimulation frequency, intensity, pulse width, pulse shape and pulse repetition frequency as well as the focal spot(s), focal size and force direction. The patch clamp experiments will provide insights into biologic mechanisms of ultrasonic neural stimulation, and could be a critical step toward the development of a minimally invasive alternative to neuromodulation by electrical stimulation in the treatment of neurologic disorders such as epilepsy. If the underlying mechanisms of ultrasonic neural stimulation are well understood, a transcranial focused ultrasound beam can possibly modulate pathological neural activities, without surgery, running wire, or any damaging effects from penetrating probe.
Newton, the Man — Again

Days passed, then weeks, and finally months, during which Edmond Halley, a twenty-eight-year-old natural philosopher of the first order, must have experienced more than his share of uneasy moments. Isaac Newton, it appeared, had forgotten his pledge of August 1684, when Halley had gone up to Cambridge on what now seemed a fool’s errand.
A comparison of strains of Eubacterium cellulosolvens from the rumen.

Seven strains ofEubacterium (Cillobacterium) cellulosolvens isolated from the bovine rumen are described and their characteristics compared with those of strains described in the literature. On the basis of fermentation products two groups can be distinguished within this species. One group includes the type strain and is almost completely homofermentative. The other group includes strains that produce hydrogen, formate, butyrate and valerate in addition to lactate.
Future Research on Salinity and Drainage

Future research on salinity and drainage should focus on achieving an acceptable balance between agricultural productivity and environmental quality. Future research agendas will place more emphasis on interdisciplinary research and institutional studies than did agendas of the past. This chapter identifies priority topics for future research. The most important of these is the need to find environmentally acceptable methods of maintaining salt balances over the long term. In the absence of such methods, irrigated agriculture and environmental quality prove incompatible.
ZERO-SUM MAGIC GRAPHS AND THEIR NULL SETS

For any h ∈ N, a graph G = (V, E) is said to be h-magic if there exists a labeling l : E(G) → Zh−{0} such that the induced vertex labeling l+ : V (G) → Zh defined by l(v) = ∑ uv∈E(G) l(uv) is a constant map. When this constant is 0 we call G a zero-sum h-magic graph. The null set of G is the set of all natural numbers h ∈ N for which G admits a zero-sum h-magic labeling. A graph G is said to be uniformly null if every magic labeling of G induces zero sum. In this paper we will identify the null sets of the generalized theta graphs and will introduce a class of uniformly null magic graphs.
LACTATE-DEGRADING SYSTEM IN BUTYRIBACTERIUM RETTGERI SUBJECT TO GLUCOSE REPRESSION

Abstract Wittenberger, Charles L. (National Institute of Dental Research, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.), and Ann S. Haaf. Lactate-degrading system in Butyribacterium rettgeri subject to glucose repression. J. Bacteriol. 88:896–903. 1964.—The ability of Butyribacterium rettgeri to utilize lactate as the main energy source for growth requires the formation of a lactate-degrading system. The precise nature of this system is unknown, but preliminary evidence suggests that cellular acquisition of lactate-decomposing activity involves the formation of a nonpyridine nucleotide-linked lactic dehydrogenase. This enzyme, which can couple lactate oxidation to the reduction of ferricyanide [K3Fe(CN)6-lactic de-hydrogenase (LDH)], is absent from glucose-grown cells; this observation appears to account for the inability of such cells to decompose lactate even though they may form lactate from glucose. The formation of K3Fe(CN)6-LDH in growing cultures requires the addition of lipoic acid to the medium, and is repressed by glucose, pyruvate, or fructose. When any of the latter substrates are included in the growth medium with lactate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked LDH activity is present in cells at markedly higher levels than it is in cells grown on lactate alone.
Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in sheep grazing an irrigated pasture or arid rangeland forages.

Worldwide, verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) have been recognized as the cause of many sporadic cases or major outbreaks of human illnesses involving consumption of contaminated meat, especially beef. Although sheep products have not been linked to reported human illnesses, their role as a food safety risk factor should not be ignored. The objective of this study was to assess VTEC prevalence in two groups of ewes (20 each) grazing an irrigated pasture or arid range in a western United States environment (Nevada) over 1 year (summer of 1999 to summer of 2000). A random sample (n = 504) of potential VTEC isolates were tested for verotoxicity and were screened for the presence (polymerase chain reaction [PCR]) and expression (VTEC-reversed passive latex agglutination assay) of the toxin genes (i.e., VT1 and VT2). Forty-one VTEC isolates (16 having only the VT1 gene and 25 having both VT1 And VT2 genes) were detected in both groups of ewes. Except for seven isolates, the genotype and phenotype data...
VALIDATION OF HEATING CONDITIONS IN PRODUCTION OF DIRECT ACIDIFIED VENISON WITH BEEF FAT SUMMER SAUSAGE FOR ELIMINATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7

Effectiveness of a typical production process for eliminating Escherichia coli O157:H7 in directly acidified venison with beef fat summer sausage was evaluated for formulations of different fat content (approximately 10.5 and 18%) and type of direct acidulant (encapsulated citric or lactic acid). Raw batter inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 to an initial level of c. 7.4 log cfu/g was stuffed into 64-mm casings and processed according to a thermal processing schedule used by a small commercial processor for directly acidified summer sausage products (maximum internal product temperature [I.T.] of 68.3C, followed by cold showering). For all venison sausage, log reductions were 5.8 cfu/g when product reached 64.4C I.T., 6.1 cfu/g when product reach 68.3C I.T., and 5.9 cfu/g when product was cooled to 37.8C I.T. by cold showering. No differences in E. coli O157:H7 populations were observed for products with different fat or acid contents. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service require sausage manufacturers to validate that their processes achieve a 5 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7. A typical smokehouse-processing schedule was used to process direct acidified venison with beef fat summer sausage formulations of different fat content (approximately 10.5 and 18%) and type of direct acidulant (encapsulated citric or lactic acid. Raw batter for all treatment combinations was inoculated with approximately 7.4 log of Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations. Greater than 5.0 log reductions of E. coli O157:H7 populations were observed when product reached 64.4C internal temperature. No differences in log reductions were observed for products with different fat (10.5 or 18%) or acid (citric or lactic) contents. Therefore, small processors may utilize this processing schedule to produce venison with beef fat summer sausage with either a low or high fat content and with either encapsulated lactic or citric acid.