cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LCMV-mediated hepatitis in rhesus macaques: WE but not ARM strain activates hepatocytes and induces liver regeneration

Lymphocytic chorimeningitis virus (LCMV), the prototype arenavirus, and Lassa virus (LASV), causative agent of Lassa hemorrhagic fever (LHF), belong to the Old World group of the family Arenaviridae. Both viruses have extensive strain diversity and significant variations in lethality and pathogenicity for man and experimental animals. We have shown that the LHF-like infection of rhesus macaques with the WE strain of LCMV affects liver functions, induces hepatocyte proliferation, and causes a rise in IL-6 and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR) concomitant with a rise in viremia. The levels of IL-6 and sTNFR can serve as an additional diagnostic tool for liver involvement in pathogenesis of arenavirus infection. Mucosal inoculation of rhesus macaques with LCMV-WE can result in attenuated infection with a transient viremia and liver enzyme abnormalities. The ARM strain of LCMV shares 88% amino acid homology with WE. In contrast to LCMV-WE, ARM strain does not induce manifested disease in monkeys, does not affect liver functions, and does not induce hepatocyte proliferation. Previously we demonstrated that LCMV-ARM infection protected rhesus macaques challenged with LCMV-WE. Here we have shown that the protected animals have no signs of hepatitis and hepatocyte proliferation.
Growth-differentiation balance: A basis for understanding southern pine beetle-tree interactions

Interrelationships between the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) and its host pines are explained in terms of the growth-differentiation balance concept. A general hypothesis is proposed based on growth-differentiation balance in southern pines (radial growth of stems versus synthesis and yield of oleoresin) and seasonal activity of the SPB based on knowledge from experimentation and observations reported in the literature. The spring appears to be particularly favorable for successful SPB attack because of the strong demand for available photosynthates by growth processes at that time, whereas, in the summer, strong resin flow increases the potential resistance of trees to attack. Growth-differentiation balance provides a basis for understanding SPB-tree interactions, a rationale for commonly experienced problems in identifying consistent precursors to SPB outbreaks, and a philosophical basis for future research. The concept has potential application to other bark beetle-host conifer relationships.
Hemodynamic Adaptation of the Newborn to Hemorrhage

Abstract Technics for repeated hemodynamic measurements of the neonatal puppy have been presented. Although the adult dog invariably survives a 35 per cent hemorrhage, there is a high mortality in the newborn puppy. The neonatal hemodynamic response to hemorrhage includes bradycardia, systemic hypotension, a great fall in cardiac output, a sharp rise in systemic resistance, and the frequent appearance of right to left shunts.
Chromium exposure assessment of outdoor workers in Hudson County, NJ☆

Abstract A large quantity of chromate chemical production waste, containing hexavalent chromium, has been used as fill at over 150 sites in Hudson County, New Jersey. One site is in a state park, and several other sites are adjacent to the park. Blood and urinary chromium levels were compared between 17 employees at the Hudson County park and 35 employees from two other state parks. A limited number of soil and personal air samples were also taken. Urinary and RBC chromium levels between the two groups were similar, even after adjusting for potentially confounding variables. The air sampling results demonstrated slightly higher chromium levels at Hudson County, but these were still very low level in nature (mean = 0.18 μg /m 3 ). These results call into question the utility of chromium biomonitoring under environmental exposure conditions.
Timespace waves: A hypothetical ongoing process fundamental to communication

Communication is defined by Krippendorf as “a process of transmission of structure among the parts of a system which are identifiable in time and space.” The main concepts comprising this definition, process, structure, system, time and space are defined, with special attention to time and space.
A Method for Distinguishing Dispersal from Death in Mark-Recapture Studies

We present a method for estimating the distribution of dispersal distances and using it to obtain an accurate measure of the population death rate in mark-recapture studies. The actual distances between successive captures of the same individuals are used to calculate the expected frequency with which individuals move different distances, correcting for the proportion of area at each distance that is actually sampled by traps. We can then calculate the expected rate at which individuals have moved off the grid, and by subtracting this number from the rate of disappearance of marked individuals we obtain an accurate estimate of death rate. We illustrate the method by calculating the death rate for a population of Dipodomys merriami in the Chihuahuan Desert.
Chemical Reactions of Anions in the Gas Phase

Anions of many types, both organic and inorganic, farmiliar and exotic, can be generated in the gas phase by rational chemical synthesis in a flowing afterglow apparatus. Once formed, the rates, products, and mechanisms of their reactions with neutral species of all kinds can be studied, not only at room temperature but at higher energies in a drift field. These completely unsolvated ions undergo a large number of reactions that are analogous to those they undergo in solution, as well as some that are less familiar. New types of ions, for which there are no counterparts in solution, can be produced and their chemical reactions explored.
On Operations in which Graphs are Appended to Trees

We consider the effects on the algebraic connectivity of various graphs when vertices and graphs are appended to the original graph. We begin by considering weighted trees and appending a single isolated vertex to it by adding an edge from the isolated vertex to some vertex in the tree. We then determine the possible set vertices in the tree that can yield the maximum change in algebraic connectivity under such an operation. We then discuss the changes in algebraic connectivity of a star when various graphs such as trees and complete graphs are appended to its pendant vertices.
Functionalized graphenes with polymer toughener as novel interface modifier for property-tailored polylactic acid/graphene nanocomposites

Abstract In this work, an effective strategy for engineering the interfacial compatibility between graphene and polylactic acid (PLA) was developed by manipulating the functionalization of graphene and introducing an epoxy-containing elastomer modifier. Curing between the functional groups of the modified graphene and the epoxy groups of the elastomer modifier resulted in controlled dispersion and distribution of graphene in the composite system and hence improved the interfacial adhesion between PLA and graphene. Effects of different graphene functionalization with polymer toughener on morphology, viscoelasticity, and thermal properties of the resulting PLA nanocomposites were thoroughly examined. The resulting percolated structures were the origin of the improved properties of PLA/graphene nanocomposites. The mechanism on property tailoring from interface engineering through dual modifiers are also proposed. Overall, the insight into the interface engineering between the functionalized graphene and the matrix through an elastomer modifier offers a novel way for the future design of graphene polymer nanocomposites.
Achieving factory automation through Group Technology principles

Abstract This article illustrates the use of Group Technology (GT) principles for integrating the various elements of Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM). Several observations are made regarding the current state of batch manufacturing in the U.S. in light of these principles. Following a brief historical background, the various elements of GT are described as they occur in the manufacturing cycle. Since the main prerequisite to GT is part family identification, the various classification and coding systems for identifying part families, and also non-codification systems, are briefly described. The benefits of design rationalization and variety reduction are then explained in the context of CAD, CAM, and CAPP. Next, cellular manufacturing, currently the major problem area in the U.S. regarding GT, is discussed. The discussion includes new production technologies and concepts such as economies of scope. Materials management and operation scheduling are discussed next, highlighting the GT/MRP interface. The effect of GT and other new technologies on quality is then addressed and the significant impacts here are noted. Next, the effects on related areas such as personnel and accounting are described, including worker satisfaction, incentive schemes, and cost tracking. Last, an assessment of the current status of batch manufacturing is undertaken. Academic approaches, as well as industry crusades such as just-in-time (JIT) production, are reviewed and the current problems in adopting cellular layouts are addressed.
Spontaneous remission in acute myelogenous leukemia in the adult

A spontaneous complete remission of 17 months duration was observed in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Resolution of all clinical and morphologic abnormalities occurred. The remission was apparently associated with an acute pulmonary infection. At relapse, remission induction was accomplished with cystosine arabinoside and daunorubicin therapy. In vitro granulocyte-macrophage agar culture studies (CFU-c) showed an abnormal growth pattern at presentation, which persisted during the period of spontaneous remission. Reports of spontaneous remissions of acute myelogenous leukemia in adults have become increasingly rare, and the remissions themselves are short-lived. Despite the association between spontaneous remissions and acute infections or febrile episodes, attempts at remission induction with infectious agents have been unsuccessful. Spontaneous remissions are an uncommon variant of the natural course of acute myelogenous leukemia in the adult.
The radiolysis of naphthalene, n-hexane solutions

Abstract To explore the feasibility of radiation processing of aromatics such as those in coal, solutions of naphthalene in n -hexane have been irradiated with 60 Co gamma rays at doses up to 2 × 10 22 eV/g (3 × 10 8 rad). The yield for incorporation of naphthalene in the radiation products was about G = 1 at 0.10 mole fraction naphthalene. Over half the naphthalene in the radiation products occurred in alkylated dinaphthyls of varying degrees of hydrogenation. Mono-alkyl naphthalenes were produced with G = 0.4. The yield of hexyl radicals was estimated to be G = 1.1 and the yield of C 12 products from their recombination was G = 0.13 at 0.05 mole fraction naphthalene.
Fusion of threshold rules for target detection in wireless sensor networks

We propose a binary decision fusion rule that reaches a global decision on the presence of a target by integrating local decisions made by multiple sensors. Without requiring a priori probability of target presence, the fusion threshold bounds derived using Chebyshev's inequality ensure a higher hit rate and lower false alarm rate compared to the weighted averages of individual sensors. The Monte Carlo-based simulation results show that the proposed approach significantly improves target detection performance, and can also be used to guide the actual threshold selection in practical sensor network implementation under certain error rate constraints.
Incorporation of digital elevation models with Landsat-TM data to improve land cover classification accuracy

Effective management of natural resources and sound decision making require accurate information. Extraction of accurate information from remotely sensed data has been limited by several factors, most importantly the effect of topography, particularly in rugged terrain. Digital elevation models (DEMs) have proved to be an effective aid to improving landcover classification. The principal objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution and quantify the effectiveness of DEMs in improving landcover classification using Landsat-TM data over a rugged area in the Atlas Mountains, Morocco. This study showed that DEM data considerably improved the classification accuracy by reducing the effect of relief on satellite images. The variation coefficient (standard deviation divided by the mean) for homogeneous cover type areas was substantially reduced for all the spectral bands on the corrected image. Consequently, the overall accuracy, the Kappa coefficient, and the Tau coefficient were notably improved on the corrected image. The individual accuracies of the different classes also increased by up to 60%.
Yield Point of Sapphire

Yielding in sapphire undergoing basal slip appears to occur by a dislocation-multiplication mechanism and thus depends on the initial density of dislocation sources. In verneuil and Czochralski sapphire, these sources appear to be associated with surface damage, and yield drops can be enhanced by mechanical or thermal treatments that improve the surface perfection. Annealing and flame polishing also increased the lower yield stress. This hardening appears to be caused by formation of gaseous or solid precipitates. In addition, a yield drop can be induced in sapphire by strain aging; this phenomenon does not appear to be associated with impurities.
Aromatase inhibitors in the management of early breast cancer.

Abstract The adjuvant treatment of patients with endocrine-sensitive breast cancer has been dominated for several decades by the gold-standard tamoxifen. Promising results on the third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs), anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane, in advanced disease led to the development of these agents in the treatment of early breast cancer. Recent results consistently show the superiority of these agents over tamoxifen, and the therapeutic strategies of AIs in the adjuvant setting are still being discussed. Various approaches have been evaluated, including the following: 1. upfront 5-year use of an AI instead of tamoxifen for newly diagnosed patients, 2. upfront sequence of tamoxifen followed by an AI (or the inverse) for a total of 5 years, 3. switching to an AI after 2–3 years of tamoxifen for patients presently on tamoxifen (total of 5 years), 4. extended endocrine therapy with an AI after completing 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen. However, it is unclear whether one of these AI strategies is superior to the other ones. The overall therapeutic index of AIs appears superior to that of tamoxifen, with proven improved efficacy and a better toxicity profile. AIs are less toxic than tamoxifen in terms of thromboembolic disease and gynaecological complications, while musculoskeletal disorders and joint pains are more frequently seen with AIs. This review explores the results of all phase III adjuvant AIs trials available up to December 2007 and is trying to define the present role of AIs in the adjuvant management of postmenopausal patients with breast cancer.
Same-day discharge after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy: observations from a prospective multicenter complication study

Background: Same-day discharge after endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (ES) is a common clinical practice, but there have been few data to guide appropriate selection of patients. Using a prospective, multicenter database of complications, we examined outcomes after same-day discharge as it was practiced by a variety of endoscopists and evaluated the ability of a multivariate risk factor analysis to predict which patients would require readmission for complications. Methods: A 150-variable database was prospectively collected at time of ES, before discharge and again at 30 days in consecutive patients undergoing ES at 17 centers. Complications were defined by consensus criteria and included all specific adverse events directly or indirectly related to ES requiring more than 1 night of hospitalization. Results: Six hundred fourteen (26%) of 2347 patients undergoing ES were discharged on the same day as the procedure, ranging from none at 6 centers to about 50% at 2 centers. After initial observation and release, readmission to the hospital for complications occurred in 35 (5.7%) of 614 same-day discharge patients (20 pancreatitis and 15 other complications, 3 severe). Of the same-day discharge patients, readmission was required for 14 (12.2%) of 115 who had at least one independently significant multivariate risk factor for overall complications (suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, cirrhosis, difficult bile duct cannulation, precut sphincterotomy, or combined percutaneous-endoscopic procedure) versus 21 (4.2%) of 499 without a risk factor (odds ratio 3.1: 95% confidence interval [1.6, 6.3], p < 0.001). Of complications presenting within 24 hours after ES, only 44% presented within the first 2 hours, but 79% presented within 6 hours. Conclusions: Same-day discharge is widely utilized and relatively safe but results in a significant number of readmissions for complications. For patients at higher risk of complications, as indicated by the presence of at least one of five independent predictors, observation for 6 hours or overnight may reduce the need for readmission. (Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:580-6.)
The Mass Function of Void Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 2

We estimate the mass function of void galaxies in the second public data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey from a sample of 1000 galaxies with local density contrasts of ?v < -0.6. The galaxy sample is split into ellipticals and spirals using a color-S?rsic index criterion. We estimate the virial masses of ellipticals using the measured spectral line widths along with the observed size. Projection effects and uncertainties in halo properties make mass estimates of spirals more difficult. We use an inversion of the Tully-Fisher relation to estimate the isothermal rotational velocity and introduce a scaling factor to estimate the halo extent. We then fit the measured mass function against a theoretical Press-Schechter model and find that the distribution of galaxies in voids appears to be nearly unbiased compared to the mass.
Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care

Contents: 1 Heart Block and the Heart Tickler 2 The War on Heart Disease and the Invention of Cardiac Pacing 3 Heart Surgeons Redefine Cardiac Pacing 4 The Multiple Invention of Implantable Pacemakers 5 Making the Pacemaker Safe and Reliable 6 The Industrialization of the Pacemaker 7 The Pacemaker Becomes a Flexible Machine 8 Slowing the Pace: The Industry's Time of Troubles 9 Competition through Innovation: Accelerating the Pace of Change 10 Preventing Sudden Cardiac Death: The Implantable Defibrillator
Frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells increases during acute hepatitis C virus infection and remains elevated in patients with chronic infection

CD4+ T cell responses are impaired in chronic HCV infection. To determine factor(s) involved in CD4+ T cell dysregulation, we examined the effect of extracellular core on the alteration of CD4+ T cell responses and the cell surface level of core-binding protein, gC1qR on CD4+ T cells from acute HCV patients with resolved and chronic infection. During the acute phase of infection, the frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells increased in both resolved and chronic HCV infection compared to healthy controls. Notably, 6 months later, the frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells maintained elevated in chronic patients compared to that in resolved patients. In addition, TCR stimulation increased the frequency of gC1qR+CD4+ T cells, resulting in core-induced inhibition of T cell responses in both resolved and chronic patients. These results suggest that HCV infection expands gC1qR+CD4+ T cells, which increase the susceptibility to core-mediated immune dysregulation and facilitate the establishment of HCV persistency.
The rate of convergence of Chebyshev polynomials for functions which have asymptotic power series about one endpoint

The theorem proved here extends Chebyshev theory into what has previously been no man's land: functions which have an infinite number of bounded derivatives on the expansion interval [a, b] but which are singular at one endpoint. The Chebyshev series in l/x for all the familiar special functions fall into this category, so this class of functions is very important indeed. In words, the theorem shows that the more slowly the asymptotic power series about the singular point converges, the slower the convergence of the corresponding Chebyshev series must be. More formally, if f(x), analytic on [a, b), is singular at x = b in such a way that it has an asymptotic power seriesf(x) E a,(x b)' about that endpoint, then, if loglanl nr logn'r it is proved that the coefficients of the convergent Chebyshev polynomial series on (a, bJ, f(x) I bn Tn(y) wherey = 2[x 0.5(b + a)l/(b a), satisfy the inequality lim logj(logjbn1) 0. When a function has a singularity which is not on [-1, 1], it is known that bn ae " for some a and X which depend Received March 21, 1980; revised August 21, 1980 and October 29, 1980. AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 42A56; Secondary 33A65, 41A10.
ALGEBRAIC COMPUTATION AND THE DECOMPOSITION METHOD

The decomposition method of Adomian, which was developed to solve nonlinear stochastic differential equations, has recently been generalized in a number of directions and is now applicable to wide classes of linear and nonlinear, deterministic and stochastic differential, partial differential, and differential delay equations as well as algebraic equations of all types including polynomial equations, matrix equations, equations with negative or nonintegral powers, and random algebraic equations. This paper will demonstrate applicability to transcendental equations as well. The decomposition method basically considers operator equations of the form Fu = g where g may be a number, a function, or even a stochastic process. F is an operator which in general is nonlinear. (If it involves stochastic processes as well, we use a script letter F). The operator F may be a differential or algebraic operator. In this paper we will concentrate on the latter. The authors have thus developed a useful system for realistic solutions of real‐world problems.
Filter response of single-mode fibre recirculating delay lines

Single-mode fibre recirculating delay lines have been made on a single continuous loop of fibre with the use of fibre directional couplers. These devices have been demonstrated as bandpass filters and as notch filters at centre frequencies from 0.5 MHz to 1.3 GHz with a notch depth of over 45 dB.
Molecular Wave Functions: Calculation and Use in Atomic and Molecular Processes

Publisher Summary Description and comprehension of many of the most interesting processes in atomic and molecular physics involve the knowledge of the molecular wavefunctions and potential curves accessible to a pair of interacting atoms. Direct calculations of molecular processes require the wavefunctions and potential curves of the basis of zero-order states accessible under the action of the transition operator for the process and the coupling matrix elements of the transition operator over the basis of molecular states. All of these quantities are usually required over a range of geometries or internuclear separations. The problem of diagonalizing a basis set over the nuclear momentum Hamiltonian is roughly equivalent to the computation of the coupling matrix elements between adiabatic states. The integrations are done by purely numerical methods. The trial wavefunctions are chosen in a form that smoothes the electronuclear and electron–electron singularities in the Hamiltonian, so that a smoothly distributed numerical integration grid of manageable size can be used.
The effect of polyamines on the enzymatic degradation of ribosomes

Abstract 1. Broken cell extracts of Escherichia coli and ribosomes isolated from such extracts were incubated in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.5–8.1, or in buffer containing 0.05 M EDTA. A rapid enzymatic degradation of rRNA occurred and the acid-soluble products of these reactions were identified as nucleoside 3′-phosphates. 2. Spermine and spermidine at low concentrations (0.1–1 mM polyamine) inhibited the autodegradation of the ribosomes in 0.1 M Tris but did not inhibit ribosome degradation when the polyamine concentration was increased. When EDTA was present, the degradation of the ribosomes was completely inhibited by 1–10 mM polyamine. 3. The inhibition by polyamines of the latent ribonuclease (ribonuclease I) released by EDTA could not be demonstrated with purified rRNA and ribonuclease I derived from E. coli ribosomes. 4. Low concentrations of the polyamines appear to stabilize the ribosomes and prevent the release of ribonuclease I while high concentrations of the polyamines destabilize the ribosomes and release ribonuclease I.
Electromagnetic fields in the near vicinity of transmission line towers

Electromagnetic fields in close proximity to transmission line towers are calculated using moment method procedures. The method of moments is especially suited to problems which involve electromagnetic coupling to metal objects and, in principle, most any type geometry can be solved. Generally, this technique involves the solution of an integral equation for the current and charge induced on the object by an external field. Metal transmission line towers are modeled as a collection of straight cylindrical sections of varying radii. Because the wavelength of a 60 Hz field is much larger than the cross sectional area of the segments, the problem can be categorized as "scattering by thin wires". The current and charge distributions induced on a 230/138 kV double circuit transmission line tower are calculated. Utilization is made of the induced current and charge for the purpose of determining the fields near the towers. Comparison is also made between calculated and measured near fields.
Global, seasonal cloud variations from satellite radiance measurements. I: Sensitivity of analysis

Global, daily, visible and IR radiance measurements from the NOAA-5 Scanning Radiometer (SR) are analyzed for the months of January, April, July and October, 1977 to infer cloud and surface radiative properties. In this paper, the data and analysis method are described. A unique feature of the method is that it utilizes radiative transfer models that simulate the SR measurements using explicit parameters representing the properties of the surface, atmosphere, and clouds. The accuracy of all the results depends primarily on the proper separation of the total radiance distribution into those parts representing clear and cloudy scenes.
Appearance of novel sideways peaking in light-fragment angular distributions from 28-GeV proton irradiation of U and Au

Energy spectra of fragments with $6l~Zl~12$ produced by the interactions of 28-BeV protons with uranium and gold were measured at several angles with a $(\frac{\mathrm{dE}}{\mathrm{dX}})\ensuremath{-}E$ counter telescope. The angular distributions exhibit broad peaks at \ensuremath{\sim}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} which tend to become more prominent with increasing fragment $Z$. The presence of these peaks may be evidence for the generation of nuclear shock waves.
An expository note on depreciation and profitability under rate-of-return regulation

This note provides a simple, general proof that if a regulated firm is allowed to earn its actual (nominal) one-period cost of capital on the depreciated original cost of its investments, and if actual earnings equal allowed earnings, then the net present value of all investments is zero for any method of computing depreciation. Some implications and extensions of this Invariance Proposition are discussed.
Photometric Classification of B-Type Stars

Several photometric techniques for classification of B-type stars exist. This note describes another one, now nearly ready for publication.
Family Violence Including Crimes of Honor in Jordan Correlates and Perceptions of Seriousness

This study describes university students' perceptions of the seriousness of family violence in Jordan, including crimes of honor and, within constraints, identifies demographic and attitudinal factors associated with these perceptions. Data were extracted from a comprehensive survey of a stratified random sample of students attending two major universities in Jordan during the spring of 1995. Descriptive statistics demonstrate that well more than half the students view six types of family violence as “very much of a problem.” Results indicate that only the social class variables of father's occupational status and mother's education significantly influence students' perceptions of family violence in the combined sample. Sex differences are found when data from men and women are analyzed separately. Study findings connected with the literature review demonstrate the need for extended research and offer support for Jordanians who are calling for legal and social reforms related to family violence.
Hybrid and custom data structures: evolution of the data structures course

The topic of data structures has historically been taught with two major focuses: first, the basic definition and implementation of a small set of basic data structures (e.g. list, stack, queue, tree, graph), and second, the usage of these basic data structures as provided by a data structures framework in solving larger application problems. We see a further evolution of data structures to include new generations of hybrid and custom data structures, implying that our students must not only understand how to use these new data structures but that they continue to understand low-level implementation issues so that they can develop the next generation of data structures needed in the future. We suggest that the data structures course evolve to reflect these new generations of data structures.
The Toll-Like Receptor 2 Pathway Establishes Colonization by a Commensal of the Human Microbiota

Mucosal surfaces constantly encounter microbes. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate recognition of microbial patterns to eliminate pathogens. By contrast, we demonstrate that the prominent gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis activates the TLR pathway to establish host-microbial symbiosis. TLR2 on CD4+ T cells is required for B. fragilis colonization of a unique mucosal niche in mice during homeostasis. A symbiosis factor (PSA, polysaccharide A) of B. fragilis signals through TLR2 directly on Foxp3+ regulatory T cells to promote immunologic tolerance. B. fragilis lacking PSA is unable to restrain T helper 17 cell responses and is defective in niche-specific mucosal colonization. Therefore, commensal bacteria exploit the TLR pathway to actively suppress immunity. We propose that the immune system can discriminate between pathogens and the microbiota through recognition of symbiotic bacterial molecules in a process that engenders commensal colonization.
Michael Baruch Grossman

Michael Baruch Grossman, 70, a political science professor whose specialty was the relationship between the president and the news media, died May 14, 2007, in Oakland, California, from complications arising from pancreatic cancer.
Studies of beta spectra using a solid state spectrometer

Abstract The lithium drifted detectors of different depletion depths were used as beta spectrometers studying beta spectra of both allowed and forbidden shapes. Distortions to the beta spectra are mainly due to the backscattering effect of the detectors. Corrections to this effect were performed by using the backscattering coefficient independent of the primary energy and by using a standard source as a reference. This technique gives very satisfactory results in the study of beta spectra of medium energy range.
Growth factor production by polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts

In earlier studies, we have shown that porous (60 micron internodal distance) PTFE grafts develop a complete endothelial layer 2 weeks after being implanted in baboons. Subsequently, the intima of the graft thickens on account of SMC proliferation only where an overlying endothelial layer is present. SMCs in normal endothelialized artery proximal and distal to the graft show no detectable proliferation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility that growth factors released from the graft endothelium or SMCs regulate SMC proliferation. PTFE grafts (4 mm I.D., 60 micron internodal distance) were placed in the aortoiliac circulation of baboons and removed at 2 weeks. The grafts were perfused ex vivo with tissue culture medium (Ham's F12 + 25 mmol/L HEPES and 2% calf plasma-derived serum) at 2.5 ml/hr for 5 hours. Perfused native carotid, aorta, and femoral arteries served as controls. After this period of perfusion, graft and arterial endothelium was intact as shown by scanning electron microscopy. The mitogenic activity (thymidine incorporation) of the perfusates was measured in an assay with quiescent 3T3 cells and baboon aortic SMCs and corrected for the surface area of the perfused vessels. These studies demonstrated markedly increased mitogenic activity in the perfusates of grafts compared with perfusates of native vessels. These results provide support for the hypothesis that the vascular wall cells in healing grafts can produce factors that regulate smooth muscle cell growth.
A 5.8 GHz 1 V Linear Power Amplifier Using a Novel On-Chip Transformer Power Combiner in Standard 90 nm CMOS

A fully integrated 5.8 GHz Class AB linear power amplifier (PA) in a standard 90 nm CMOS process using thin oxide transistors utilizes a novel on-chip transformer power combining network. The transformer combines the power of four push-pull stages with low insertion loss over the bandwidth of interest and is compatible with standard CMOS process without any additional analog or RF enhancements. With a 1 V power supply, the PA achieves 24.3 dBm maximum output power at a peak drain efficiency of 27% and 20.5 dBm output power at the 1 dB compression point.
Brain Tumors: Amide Proton Transfer Imaging

Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging is a new molecular MRI technique that detects endogenous mobile proteins and peptides in tissue. In this Chapter, the preclinical studies and pilot clinical data in brain tumor imaging are reviewed. APT imaging provides unique information regarding the presence and grade of brain tumors at the protein and peptide level. It has the potential to enhance the noninvasive detection and characterization of brain cancers before and after treatment.
Laser linear collider with a travelling laser focus supply

Requirements considered for 2/spl times/1 km long linac, driven by a laser radiation distributed within open accelerating structure with special sweeping devices. These devices deflect the laser radiation to the open accelerating structure in accordance with instant position of accelerated particles. The power reduction and shortening the time of illumination of every point of the structure is equal to the number of resolved spots, associated with the sweeping device. A 300 J, 100-ps laser flash could provide the energy 30 TeV for /spl lambda//spl cong/1 /spl mu/m and 3 TeV for /spl lambda//spl cong/10 /spl mu/m on 1 km with the method described. For repetition rate 160 Hz the luminosity associated with colliding beams could reach 10/sup 33/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ per bunch. Wall plug power required for operation of LLC is /spl sim/2 MW.
Intraindividual Variability in Arsenic Methylation in a U.S. Population

Several recent investigations have reported associations between a reduced capacity to fully methylate inorganic arsenic and increased susceptibility to arsenic-caused cancer. In these studies, methylation patterns were based on a single assessment of urinary arsenic metabolites collected at the time of cancer diagnosis. However, the latency of arsenic-caused cancer may be several decades, and the extent to which a recent measurement can be used to estimate a person's past methylation pattern is unknown. In this investigation, the distribution of urinary inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate was used to assess intraindividual variation in methylation capacity in 81 subjects with low to moderate arsenic exposures. Multiple urine samples were collected from each subject over a 1-year period. Duplicate analyses done on 27 samples were used to assess laboratory measurement imprecision. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the proportion of urinary arsenic as inorganic arsenic, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate in samples taken an average of 258 days apart, were 0.45 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.23-0.63] 0.46 (95% CI, 0.24-0.64), and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.28-0.66). In analyses of duplicate samples, ICCs for the concentration of arsenic species ranged from 0.87 to 0.93, whereas ICCs for species proportions ranged from 0.63 to 0.76. These data suggest that individual methylation patterns remain fairly stable over time, although variability due to measurement imprecision or intraindividual changes over time does occur. This variability could lead to misclassification of methylation patterns and could bias relative risk estimates in studies of methylation and cancer towards the null.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Modulates the Pulmonary Host Response to Endotoxin in the Absence and Presence of Acute Ethanol Intoxication

Alcohol impairs neutrophil function and predisposes the host to infectious complications. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) increases both the number and functional activities of neutrophils. This study investigated the effects of G-CSF on the pulmonary response to endotoxin in rats with or without acute ethanol intoxication. Acute ethanol intoxication inhibited tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 production in the lung and suppressed the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung. Ethanol also inhibited CD11b/c expression on recruited neutrophils and suppressed the phagocytic activity of circulating neutrophils. G-CSF pretreatment up-regulated CD11b/c expression on circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes, augmented the recruitment of neutrophils into the lung, and enhanced the phagocytic activity of circulating and recruited neutrophils in both the absence and presence of acute ethanol intoxication. G-CSF inhibited MIP-2 but not TNF-alpha production in the lung. These data suggest that G-CSF may be useful in the prevention or treatment of infections in persons immunocompromised by alcohol.
Unsupervised discovery of phoneme boundaries in multi-speaker continuous speech

Children rapidly learn the inventory of phonemes used in their native tongues. Computational approaches to learning phoneme boundaries from speech data do not yet reach the level of human performance. We present an algorithm that operates on, qualitatively, similar data to those children receive: natural language utterances from multiple speakers. Our algorithm is unsupervised and discovers phoneme boundary positions in speech. The approach draws inspiration from the word and text segmentation literature. To demonstrate the efficacy of our algorithm on speech data, we present empirical results of our method using the TIMIT data set. Our method achieves F-measure scores in the 0.68 – 0.73 range for locating phoneme boundary positions.
Deinstitutionalization: How Did We Get Where We Are?

More than three decades after the onset of deinstitutionalization in the United States, large numbers of the severely mentally ill receive little or no psychiatric treatment. Many are homeless or in jail, others are housed in boarding homes and nursing homes in conditions scarcely better (if at all) than the back wards of the old state hospitals. Why has this happened? A comparison of deinstitutionalization in different Western nations suggests that the process was stimulated by the opportunity for cost savings created by the introduction of disability pensions and, in some countries, by the postwar demand for labor. Where labor was in short supply, genuinely rehabilitative programs were developed. Where cost saving was the principal motivation, community treatment efforts were weak. In the United States, the tendency to reduce mental hospital beds with minimal community planning was exaggerated by the zeal with which state legislatures embraced the opportunity to pass expenses along to the federal government. Contrary to widespread opinion in American psychiatry, the shift to the community does not appear to have been primarily a response to introduction of the antipsychotic drugs.
Noncompliance with post-transplant immunosuppression.

Two cases from an adolescent dialysis group are presented to illustrate the limitations of the generally used models of patient compliance and noncompliance with medical treatment. Understanding the noncompliance of these two young men required awareness of their psychological development and of the interpersonal matrix in which they lived. Their noncompliance was the result of a failure to master a transition from dependence to autonomy which probably could not have been predicted in advance, but which might have been detected as it developed and might have been avoided through appropriate interventions with the patients and their families.
Housework by Husbands Determinants and Implications

WOMEN continue to carry disproportionate responsibility for household tasks. A study of 650 Detroit women reveals that attitudes, employment status, life cycle, and husband's income all contribute to husband's housework effort. Some evidence is presented that the greater the earnings differential of husband over wife, the less he contributes in help at home.
UZIG USGS Research: Advances through Interdisciplinary Interaction

Because vadose zone research relates to diverse disciplines, applications, and modes of research, collaboration across traditional operational and topical divisions is especially likely to yield major advances in understanding. The Unsaturated Zone Interest Group (UZIG) is an informal organization sponsored by the USGS to encourage and support interdisciplinary collaboration in vadose or unsaturated zone hydrologic research across organizational boundaries. It includes both USGS and non-USGS scientists. Formed in 1987, the UZIG operates to promote communication, especially through periodic meetings with presentations, discussions, and field trips. The 10th meeting of the UZIG at Los Alamos, NM, in August 2007 was jointly sponsored by the USGS and Los Alamos National Laboratory. Presentations at this meeting served as the initial basis for selecting papers for this special section of Vadose Zone Journal , the purpose of which is to present noteworthy cutting-edge unsaturated zone research promoted by, facilitated by, or presented in connection with the UZIG.
ΓΝΩΜΑΙ ΔΙΑΦΟΡΟΙ.: The Origin and Nature of Diversification in the History of Early Christianity

I. The Crisis of the Historical and Theological Criteria.Already Walter Bauer, well known as a lexicographer, but unfortunately little known as a historian of the Ancient Church, in his ingenious monograph Rechtglaubigkeit und Ketzerei im altesten Christentum (1934), had demonstrated convincingly that such Christian groups which were later labelled “heretical,” actually dominated in the first two or three centuries, both geographically and theologically. Recent discoveries, especially those of Nag Hammadi in Upper Egypt, have made it definitely clear that Walter Bauer was essentially right and that a thorough and extensive re-evaluation of early Christian history is called for.
Inferences for the Two-Parameter Exponential Distribution under Type I Censored Sampling

Abstract Inferences concerning the location and scale parameters of an exponential distribution are discussed for samples censored at a fixed value. The procedures considered are uniformly most powerful unbiased if the tests are performed with replacement and they seem to be quite reasonable when testing without replacement.
Fault detection in CVS parity trees with application to strongly self-checking parity and two-rail checkers

The problem of single stuck-at, stuck-open, and stuck-on fault detection in cascode voltage switch (CVS) parity trees is considered. The results are also applied to parity and two-rail checkers. It is shown that, if the parity tree consists of only differential cascode voltage switch (DCVS) EX-OR gates, then the test set consists of at most five vectors (in some cases only four vectors are required) for detecting all detectable single stuck-at, stuck-open, and stuck-on faults, independent of the number of primary inputs and the number of inputs to any EX-OR gate in the tree. If, however, only a single-ended output is desired from the tree, then the final gate will be a single-ended cascode voltage switch (SCVS) EX-OR gate, for which the test set has only eight vectors. For a strongly self-checking (SSC) CVS parity checker, the size of a test set consisting of only codewords is nine, whereas for an SSC CVS two-rail checker the size of a test set consisting of only codewords is at most five. >
Predictive model of 3D domain formation via CTCF-mediated extrusion.

The extraordinary compaction of DNA in vivo, 2 m of DNA packed into a nucleus that is six orders of magnitude smaller, presents a conundrum: How can the cell maintain this highly dense chromatin structure while also carrying out exquisitely regulated processes like gene expression, DNA replication, and DNA repair? Over the past decade, we have begun to understand the fine structure of chromatin better and to unravel its previously underappreciated role in various functional processes. These insights have been driven largely by the development of high-throughput experimental methods, including Hi-C (1) and chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (2), that measure the 3D proximity of pairs of DNA loci by cross-linking, ligating, and sequencing the DNA (Fig. 1A). Using such methods, researchers have profiled the 3D conformation of chromatin in vivo in a wide variety of species and human cell types. As experimental methods improve and sequencing costs drop, the effective resolution of this type of study has improved from 500 kb in 2009 down to 1 kb, achieved by Rao et al. in 2014 (3). In PNAS, Sanborn et al. (4), who are members of the same research team, describe an extensive reanalysis of the datasets of Rao et al. (3).
Structure of Galls

Beginning with the early studies of Malpighi, an enormous amount of work has been done on the general external form, anatomy, histology and cytology of galls. The more important contributions to our knowledge of the general morphology of galls include those of Thomas 1135–1143, Beijerinck 74–78, Magnus 726–733, Kuster 635–646, Houard 485–493, 496–501, Cook 212, Beguinot 72, Trotter 1169, 1170, 1183, Docters van Leeuwen 291, 292, 297, 299, 304, Bargogli-Petrucci 55, Appel 22, Cosens 221, Wells 1242–1245, Cavadas 178, Elcock 317, Kostoff & Kendall 619, 620, 622, Boggio 108, Peters-Postupolska 900, Arai 3–5, Butler 165, Phillips & Dicke 906, Robertson 963, Hering 461, Kilca 602, Verrier 1208, Milovidow 794–796, Hyde 538, Ruggeri 1000, Geneves 377, Garrigues 361, Blum 95, Meyer 778–790, Woll 1272–1273, Zweigelt 1293, 1297, Lera 660, Goodey 401, 411 and others listed in the bibliography. A general summary of current ideas on the fundamental morphology of galls may be found in Kuster 639, 641, 643 and Ross 981. It is therefore proposed to give here only a broad outline of the salient features of the general structure of galls, in so far as it is necessary for an understanding of the ecological problems associated with galls and the gall-inducing agents.