cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Under the Cover of Darkness: Using Daylight Saving Time to Measure How Ambient Light Influences Criminal Behavior

We use data from the National Incidence-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to examine how the probability of getting caught when committing a crime, proxied by ambient daylight, impacts criminal activity. We exploit the existence of daylight saving time (DST) to provide within-hour exogenous shockto daylight, using both the discontinuous nature of DST as well as the 2007 extension of DST as sources of variation. Further, we consider both crimes where darkness is likely to play a role in avoiding capture and crimes where darkness would make little difference. Our preferred specification, a regression discontinuity design, shows robbery rates decrease by an average of 51% during the hour of sunset following the shift to DST in the spring. We also find large drops in cases of reported murder (48%) and rape (56%). Effects are largest during the hour of sunset prior to DST (i.e., the hour which was in darkness before but, post-DST, is now light), suggesting changes are due to ambient light rather than other factors such as increased police presence, and we find no changes in crimes where ambient light is unlikely to be a factor. As an additional robustness check, we exploit the variation in the impact of DST by hour and crime to repeat our analysis in a triple-difference framework and show results are largely consistent. Using the social cost of crime, we estimate the 2007 spring extension of DST resulted in $558 million in avoided social costs of crime per year, suggesting investment in lighting such as street lights could have high returns. Finally, we consider if our findings are the result of increased criminal incapacitation or deterrence of criminal behavior, and provide suggestive evidence the majority of the effect is due to deterrence.
Exploratory investigations of cyclic irradiation and annealing effects on notch ductility of A533-B weld deposits

Postirradiation heat treatment (annealing) is being investigated as a possible method for the periodic relief of radiation embrittlement to reactor vessel steels. This report describes a study of the Charpy-V (C/sub v/) notch ductility of two representative A533-B weld deposits under two full annealing and reirradiation cycles. The welds were specially chosen for their high sensitivity to radiation effects and for their difference in as-fabricated C/sub v/ upper-shelf energy levels. Notch ductility properties were determined at each phase in the irradiation-annealing sequence. Heat-treatment temperatures were selected to represent two heat-treatment options open for vessel annealing. Results demonstrate that a 399/sup 0/C (750/sup 0/F), 168-h heat treatment is highly effective for reducing radiation embrittlement accrual in service; in contrast, a 343/sup 0/C (650/sup 0/F), 168-h heat treatment is shown to be of little benefit for the fluence conditions investigated. A greater rate of radiation embrittlement was observed for the heat-treated material (both conditions) compared with nonheat-treated material. The investigations also revealed a significant difference between upper-shelf energy and transition temperature response to heat treatment.
TEACHING JOINT ATTENTION TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM THROUGH A SIBLING-MEDIATED BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION

Joint attention is pivotal to the development of complex social skills and language, and many individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders display deficits in this domain. Behavioral interventions targeting joint attention are evidenced to be effective in teaching these skills to young children with autism, but these treatments have traditionally been implemented by adults in structured settings. Concerns regarding the generalizability of skills acquired under such conditions have been raised. Four typically developing children were trained to implement a joint attention intervention to their siblings with autism in the home. Joint attention was measured pre-treatment and post-treatment during play sessions and during a structured, adult-mediated assessment to evaluate maintenance and generalization. Gains in responding to joint attention were observed for all four participants; gains in initiations were observed in three participants. Rates of imitation and behavioral requests also increased in structured and naturalistic settings. This study supports the efficacy of siblings as interventionists to target complex social skills in the natural environment. The implications of these findings for treatments targeting joint attention and for siblings as interventionists are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of CAD Systems in Design of Space Station and Space Robots

In the last twenty five years, enormous advances have been made in the area of computer aided design (CAD) resulting from the improvements in the related hardware and software over this period - from the first expensive mainframes of the 1960’s to the present inexpensive microcomputer level hardware system to run its program, the emergence of various geometrical modeling techniques like the wire frame, 2-D, 3-D, and solid modeling etc., and the various user friendly Finite Element Analysis software packages. The important features offered by CAD are computer graphics and its ability to store, retrieve, manipulate and display graphical information with speed and accuracy.
High-Speed Time-Resolved Holography for Imaging Transient Events

A time-resolved holographic system was developed to study detonation dynamics in dispersed solid particulate explosives. This required a system capable of recording a rapid sequence of exposures during the approximate 1/µs lifetime of the detonation event.
Synthesis and turnover of cerebroside sulfate of myelin in adult and developing rat brain

The turnover of cerebroside sulfate (sulfatide) was followed in both microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of Na(2)(35)SO(4). In the adult rats, the specific radioactivity of sulfatide of the microsomal fraction reached a maximum 12 hr after the injection, and after 3 days it was reduced to less than 30% of the maximum. In contrast, the specific radioactivity of the myelin sulfatide did not reach a peak until 3 days after the injection and remained essentially at the same level for as long as 6 months. In the case of 17-day-old rats, the specific radioactivity of myelin sulfatide reached a maximum level around 12 hr after the injection and then appeared to decline. The decline was most marked 2-6 days after the injection, suggesting an apparently rapid turnover of myelin sulfatide. When a correction was made for deposition of newly formed sulfatide, the results indicated that the turnover of myelin in the developing animals was also relatively slow. In vitro experiments with purified myelin and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-[(35)S]phosphosulfate showed that myelin does not catalyze the galactocerebroside sulfotransferase reaction. This enzyme was found mainly in the microsomal fraction. In vivo studies suggested that a transfer of sulfatide molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to myelin might occur. In order to obtain direct evidence for such a transfer, rat brain slices after pulse labeling with Na(2)(35)SO(4) were washed free of the isotope and reincubated with nonlabeled Na(2)SO(4). The specific radioactivity of the microsomal sulfatide declined, with a concomitant rise in the specific radioactivity of the myelin sulfatide. These observations are therefore consistent with the postulate that myelin sulfatide is probably synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Small and large signal modulation of 850 nm oxide-confined verticai-cavity surface-emitting lasers

We have previously demonstrated record modulation bandwidths for oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) based on strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells.1
Spinal subarachnoid metastasis from primary intracranial glioblastoma multiforme

Twenty-five patients with glioblastoma multiforme were autopsied at our institution in 7 years. Spinal cords were examined in 20 and 5 were found to have spinal leptomeningeal metastases. Clinical and neuropathological findings of these 5 patients are presented and factors possibility influencing such spread are analyzed. Review of previous studies of intracranial glioblastomas discloses only 14 reported cases with spinal leptomeningeal metastases confirmed at autopsy since 1931. We conclude that spinal leptomeningeal metastases in glioblastoma multiforme are a common occurrence. These findings are of little significance at present with our poor success at control of the primary lesion. Frequency of involvement of the spinal subarachnoid space will be significant, when we are able to better treat the primary tumor. Knowledge of the significant possibility of this phenomenon will allow earlier and more frequent clinical diagnosis.
Interferogram acquisition using a high-frame-rate CCD camera

Phase-shifting interferometry measures surface height error by acquiring multiple interferograms. Analysis of these data is affected by the accuracy of individual measurements and the ability to compare subsequent measurements. The accuracy of individual measurements relies on producing constant phase shifts between the interferograms. Interferometric testing o large aperture telescope optics can be limited by vibration as the optical path difference increase. To minimize the effect of vibration, a series of interferograms would be acquired as quickly as possible. To accurately compare subsequent measurements, fiducials are used to provide registration. Accurate fiducial location is essential. This paper will describe the implementation of a high frame rate CCD camera and frame grabber system operating on an IBM PC compatible computer platform. This system quickly acquires a series of six consecutive digitized interferograms which are evaluated for proper phase shift before being reduced in a commercial phase-shift analysis program. The speed and storage advantages of the frame grabber also allow the system to produce a time- averaged fringe contrast map which enables fiducials to be easily an accurate located.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A simple kinetic model for sulfuric acid leaching of copper from chrysocolla

Experimental results obtained in room temperature laboratory leaching studies of lowgrade chrysocolla are interpreted by a kinetic equation of the form 1−(1−R)1/3=(1/αKr c) ln (αkKC 0t+1) derived on the basis of a special form of the shrinking-core model and assuming chemical-reaction control. The experimental program encompasses a large range of particle sizes and reaction times and significantly extends previous experimental data on similar ore systems. The kinetic model, shown to be consistent with the experimental data, assumes the ore-particle structure to be characterized by pores and channelized regions which extend from the outer surface through a reacted zone into the unreacted core. Scanning electron microscope observations of unreacted particle surfaces as well as reacted particle surface structures lend support to this concept of leaching. The reaction rate is observed to vary inversely with initial mean particle radius, and diffusion in any form appears to be negligible by comparison with surface reaction phenomena.
Reporting of vaccine safety data in publications: systematic review.

PURPOSE: To assess current reporting practices of immunisation safety data in the scientific literature. METHODS: Systematic literature search for recent prospective clinical studies on vaccines in humans. The main outcome measures were methodological differences in the assessment, definition, analysis and presentation of 'adverse events following immunisation' (AEFI). RESULTS: In total, 182 published articles possibly satisfied defined inclusion criteria, of which 149 were included. Overall, the presentation of data on AEFI was inadequate: 45% of articles did not mention AEFI at all; if mentioned, case definitions of AEFI were not specified in the majority of articles; there was inconsistency of AEFI reporting between 'Methods' and 'Results' in up to 24% of articles; the observation period following immunisation and the method of follow-up with study subjects was not reported in 28% and 32% of studies respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a lack of reporting of AEFI data as well as a heterogeneity of case definitions and methods for data collection, analysis and presentation of AEFI in recently published articles. Guidelines for standardised collection, analysis and publication of such data and standardised case definitions for AEFI are needed. Ideally, journal editors would agree on a minimum set of guidelines for structured presentation of vaccine safety data in publications.
An evidence for decrease of energy production in thiamine deficient failing rat heart.

La combinaison des substrats — acides pyruvique et fumarique — inhibent le gonflement de mitochondries isolees du coeur de rat, en accord avec le maintien de l'integrite de la structure mitochondriale par l'adenosine triphosphate produite. On constate la diminution successive de cette inhibition dans des rats deficients en thiamine, par suite du blocage au niveau de la decarboxylation pyruvique. De plus cette carence vitaminique provoque une decroissance graduelle du nombre des mitochondries dans le tissu cardiaque.
Mothers' early depressive symptoms predict children's low social competence in first grade: mediation by children's social cognition

BACKGROUND: This study examined whether social-cognitive processes in children mediate relations between mothers' depressive symptoms across the first 3 years and children's first-grade social competence. Three maladaptive cognitions were examined: self-perceived social inadequacy, hostile attribution, and aggressive response generation. METHOD: One thousand three hundred and sixty-four mothers reported depressive symptoms across early development, first-grade children reported target social cognitions, and children's first-grade social competence was observed and reported by multiple informants. RESULTS: Findings demonstrated that (a) mothers' average depressive symptoms from 6 to 36 months predicted children's maladaptive social cognition in first grade, (b) low mother-child responsiveness mediated this relation, and (c) maladaptive social cognition mediated relations between mothers' early depressive symptoms and low first-grade social competence independent of later depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: When mothers' depressive symptoms occur early in development, they may set in motion low-responsive dyadic patterns that promote children's maladaptive social cognition and, as a result, low social competence. Language: en
Making Behavioral and Phylogenetic Inferences from Hominid Fossils: Considering the Developmental Influence of Mechanical Forces

Fossils pose special problems for making phylogenetic and functional inferences about evolution. One reason is that bones have numerous functions and grow through a variety of processes, some of which are under strong genetic control, but many of which are highly influenced by external stimuli. Analyses of the angular kinetics, cross-sectional geometries, and microstructural properties of bones reveal information not only about the forces generated by habitual activities but also about osteogenic responses to such forces. Consequently, comparisons of osseous characters are at best an indirect and frequently misleading source of systematic information. By integrating functional and phylogenetic studies of the skeleton with analyses of how bones develop, we may find a useful solution to these problems.
Representation of legal knowledge for conceptual retrieval

Abstract The law is a near perfect application area for knowledge representation. Legal knowledge representation is needed in conceptual legal information retrieval systems and in legal reasoning systems. We review the knowledge representation aspects of four such systems: Waterman and Peterson's Legal Decisionmaking System, Hafner's Legal Information Retrieval System, McCarty's TAXMAN, and the deBessonet representation of the Louisiana Civil Code (CCLIPS).
Status of Advanced Metering Infrastructure development in Korea

The new concept of customer infrastructure that can improve energy efficiency and accept various distributed energy resources for the electric industry to grow constantly for the next decades solving global energy security crisis and global warming problem from excessive CO2 emission. AMI(Advanced Metering Infrastructure), the Customer Service Infrastructure between the end user and the electric company, is a essential kernel system for implementing Smart Grid and a principal means of realizing Demand Response based on Supply-Demand mutual recognition. The Korea Government is establishing the mid & long term plan for introducing Smart Grid in Korea and supports AMI development project as one of Smart Grid projects. Much works of procedures and methods for AMI project is needed for successful progress and results. This paper presents the status and plan of ongoing AMI project in Korea.
The critical range for micelle formation by an oil-dispersible soap in a hydrocarbon solvent

Abstract Micelle formation by the oil-dispersible soap, calcium xenylstearate, in moist benzene has been studied by fluorescent dye techniques, utilizing Rhodamine B and Acridine Orange. A treatment is presented for the interpretation of fluorescence depolarization data obtained from a system in which the emitting dye is present partly as a component of soap micelles and partly in true molecular solution. This method has special usefulness for identifying the onset of micelle formation in very dilute solutions. The midpoint of the critical range for the formation of micelles in this case is found to be 0.6 × 10 −6 mole/l.; the size of the micelles is essentially constant over the range from 1 × 10 −6 to 7 × 10 −3 mole/l. The data obtained are consistent with a simple mass law equilibrium between molecularly dissolved and micellar soap. A knowledge of this equilibrium provides guidance in the development of improved rust-inhibiting oils.
Shear failure behavior of granular–continuum interfaces

Abstract Particulate–continuum interfaces (e.g. soil–concrete, soil–steel, soil–geomembranes) determine the behavior of many geotechnical structures including deep foundations, synthetic impervious liners, trenchless technologies, and an assortment of earth retaining structures. Therefore, proper understanding of the localized shearing mechanisms that govern their behavior is essential if geotechnical design is to improve. This paper presents a summary of recent research on the coupled effect of surface roughness and hardness on interface shear behavior and strength. This was accomplished through performing a series of laboratory tests on a selection of sand–continuum material interfaces and through discrete element modeling of particulate–continuum interfaces.
Expression of estrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity by different subgroups of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in gonadectomized male and female rats

Abstract Recent studies have demonstrated that estrogen administration can produce significant increases in relative levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA and protein in specific regions of the female, but not the male, rat basal forebrain. In the present study immunocytochemical techniques were used to identify and compare relative numbers of cholinergic neurons containing estrogen receptors within the medial septum, horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, nucleus basalis magnocellularis, and striatum of gonadectomized male and female rats to determine whether there are differences in the percentage of cholinergic neurons expressing estrogen receptors which might contribute to the different regional- and sex-specific effects of estrogen which have been described. Counts of choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive cells revealed significant regional differences in the average number of cholinergic neurons/section; however, no difference between males and females in the numbers of cholinergic neurons in each of the four regions analyzed was observed. Fifty to eighty percent of the cholinergic neurons detected in both males and females contained estrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity. A small but significant difference between males and females was detected with females having slightly more (10.5%) double-labeled cells than males overall. Individual comparisons revealed that significantly more (18–33%) double-labeled cells were detected in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, but not in the medial septum, nucleus basalis, or striatum of females vs. males. There was also a small but significant regional difference in the percentage of double-labeled cells with the highest percentage (74.2%) detected in the striatum and the lowest percentage (63.4%) detected in the horizontal limb. None of these differences appear to account for the regional- and sex-specific effects of estrogen on cholinergic neurons which have been observed. We conclude that differences in the effects of estrogen on cholinergic neurons in males vs. females and in different Subregions of the female basal forebrain are not due to differences in the percentage of cholinergic neurons expressing estrogen receptors.
PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR COMMUNITY-BASED PARENTERAL ANTI-INFECTIVE THERAPY

Practice guidelines for community-based parenteral anti-infective therapy (CoPAT) have recently been formulated in several countries. These guidelines emphasize the importance of teamwork and the interdisciplinary nature of CoPAT, and they use similar criteria for patient selection and evaluation, anti-infective agent selection and administration, and clinical monitoring. There are now guidelines or standards addressing the roles and responsibilities of the physician, nurse, and pharmacist in the delivery of CoPAT, and home care standards that address issues such as drug storage and preparation, treatment planning, and monitoring of ongoing care.
High-Density Lipoprotein Modulates Oxidized Phospholipid Signaling in Human Endothelial Cells From Proinflammatory to Anti-inflammatory

Objective— Oxidized 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl- sn -3-glycero-phosphorylcholine (Ox-PAPC) and its component phospholipid, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6 epoxyisoprostanoyl)- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine (PEIPC), which are present in atherosclerotic lesions, activate endothelial cells to induce a complex inflammatory and pro-oxidant response. Previously, we demonstrated induction of genes regulating chemotaxis, sterol biosynthesis, the unfolded protein response, and redox homeostasis by Ox-PAPC in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Activation of the c-Src kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase/sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) pathways were shown to regulate several of these inflammatory effects of Ox-PAPC in HAECs. The goal of the current studies was to determine the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in regulating Ox-PAPC signaling in HAECs. Methods and Results— Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western analysis, and functional studies, we demonstrated that pretreatment of HAECs with HDL reduced the induction of inflammatory, sterol biosynthetic, and unfolded protein response genes by Ox-PAPC and PEIPC; Ox-PAPC-induced chemotactic activity and monocyte binding were also decreased. These effects were associated with HDL inhibition of Ox-PAPC-induced c-Src , signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and SREBP activation, alterations in endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation (previously associated with the inflammatory action of Ox-PAPC), and a decrease in superoxide formation. Finally, we demonstrated that treatment with HDL did not inhibit Ox-PAPC and PEIPC-induced activation of redox pathways, which protect the cell from the effects of oxidative stress. Conclusions— Taken together, these studies demonstrated that HDL inhibits the pro-inflammatory effects of Ox-PAPC and PEIPC, while maintaining the antioxidant activities of these lipids.
Social Media and Political Change: Capacity, Constraint, and Consequence

This introductory essay highlights the key findings, methodological tool kit, and production process of this Special Issue. We argue that communication researchers are uniquely positioned to analyze the relationships between social media and political change in careful and nuanced ways, in terms of both causes and consequences. Finally, we offer a working definition of social media, based on the diverse and considered uses of the term by the contributors to the collection. Social media consists of (a) the information infrastructure and tools used to produce and distribute content that has individual value but reflects shared values; (b) the content that takes the digital form of personal messages, news, ideas, that becomes cultural products; and (c) the people, organizations, and industries that produce and consume both the tools and the content.
The role of applied research institutes in the transfer of technology in Latin America

Abstract This paper explores the role of applied research institutes in the transfer of technology to developing countries. Several hypotheses about technological change in developed economies are extended to this context. The sources of projects, criteria used in selecting projects, information used in the course of projects, and steps taken toward use of project results are examined for a sample of 20 projects from four institutes. Conclusions are drawn concerning successful strategies for identifying needs for technology transfer and for implementing results of projects conducted in research institutes. The findings are that projects where significant resources were devoted to defining issues and market needs, providing for interpersonal contact and communication, and developing personnel through work in firms or applied laboratories in other countries were most likely to produce useful results. Increased emphasis on these concerns could have high laverage in expanding the importance of research institutes' activities both in generating and adapting technology, and in transferring technology successfully.
Acute management of nasoethmoid orbital fractures

Injuries to the central midface frequently result in fractures of the nasoethmoid orbital skeleton. These fractures are the most complex, both diagnostically and therapeutically. Successful treatment depends on identifying the pattern of fracture combined with early aggressive management. The computed tomography scan defines the nasoethmoid fracture pattern and determines the extent of adjacent fractures. The operative technique consists of wide exposure with meticulous reduction and stabilization of the fracture fragments using the techniques of craniofacial surgery. Reduction of the medial orbital rim segment with transnasal wiring is the key to the repair. The remaining orbital rim fractures are reduced and stabilized by using microplates and miniplates. Internal orbital fractures are usually visually assessed and reconstructed as needed with complete stabilization of any associated fractures. When middle and distal-third nasal support is lost, a bone graft is used to restore dorsal contour and support to the nose. The restoration of normal soft-tissue contour to the medial canthal area and “nasoethmoid valley” is crucial in obtaining the best aesthetic result. The techniques of craniofacial surgery have greatly enhanced the ability to restore preinjury appearance.
Cognitive radar for target tracking in multipath scenarios

In this paper, we propose a cognitive radar system for target tracking in the presence of multipath reflections. We exploit the inherent spatial diversity offered by the multipath environment by constructing a new measurement vector, which we refer to as a virtual measurement vector. We employ broadband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signalling at the transmitter and implement adaptive waveform design by minimizing the posterior Cramer Rao bound (PCRB) on the target state estimates to find the optimal weights to be transmitted on each subcarrier bin of the OFDM signal. We demonstrate with numerical simulations that the mean square error in the case of a cognitive radar is significantly lower than the mean square error in the case of a standard radar.
Platelet I1-imidazoline binding sites are decreased by two dissimilar antidepressant agents in depressed patients.

Summary Previous studies have indicated that there may be a dysregulation of α 2 -adrenoceptors and imidazoline receptors in depression. This study compares the effects of chronic antidepressant treatment with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) versus a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (desipramine) on the binding parameters of the platelet imidazoline binding site (subtype I 1 ) and of the platelet α 2 -adrenoceptor in depressed patients. After 6 weeks of treatment with either antidepressant, platelet I 1 binding sites became normalized (i.e. downregulated). A negative correlation was obtained between plasma epinephrine concentrations and platelet α 2 -adrenoceptor B max values within the samples, but no correlation was obtained between any plasma catecholamine and a platelet I 1 binding parameter. An additional finding was the increased affinity of α 2 -adrenoceptors for p 125 I-clonidine in untreated depressed patients compared to healthy subjects. Because of the density of platelet I 1 binding sites was downregulated by both of the antidepressants, we postulate that a decrease in platelet I 1 binding site density may be related to an improved state from depression that these antidepressants produce.
Stochastic coupled mode theory for partially coherent laser arrays

Partially coherent, transversely coupled laser arrays are investigated within a stochastic coupled mode formalism. Predictions of the coherence or correlation functions in both the spectral and time domains are made. It is demonstrated that the coherence properties of the system in both domains are strongly dependent on the number and intensity of coupled modes. The theory can be useful for the study of semiconductor laser arrays, particularly vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser arrays.
Abdominoscrotal Hydrocelein Infancy

Summary— Abdominoscrotal hydrocele is the primary cause of a lower abdominal cystic tumour in association with an inguinoscrotal hydrocele in infancy. Treatment is surgical, with excision of all elements of the hydrocele sac through an inguinal skin crease incision. We discuss the aetiological theories in the light of our surgical experience in three cases and we report the first bilateral case.
Electron-beam and emerging lithography for the magnetic recording industry

Today in 2004, the areal density in magnetic recording systems stands at approximately 100 Gbit/in2. It is projected to increase by 30-60% per year for the foreseeable future and reach 1 Tbit/in2 around the end of the decade. The corresponding rapid reduction in bit dimension poses significant challenges for lithography, both now in the thin-film head, and in the future on the disk, with the possible transition to patterned media. In thin-film head production, the critical dimension is now less than 100 nm and by 2006 will be less than 50 nm. To meet these requirements, the magnetic recording industry in recent years has been turning to direct-write electron-beam lithography. However, advances in both electron-beam systems and chemically-amplified resists will be required as areal density approaches the Terabit per square inch regime. No lithography is presently used on the disk or media, but this could change within a few years if discrete track media or patterned media is introduced. The key challenge will be establishing a low cost manufacturing capability at the very high resolution bit dimensions required. One new technology that shows considerable potential is nanoimprint lithography, but significant tool development will be required to improve throughput and provide sufficiently low cost per disk. High-resolution electron-beam systems and advanced resists will also be required to fabricate the 1X master templates. Further in the future, a combination of lithography and self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles may provide a path to areal densities as high as 40 Tbit/in2.
Dielectrophoretic Segregation of Different Human Cell Types on Microscope Slides

A new method for preparing cells for microscopic examination is presented in which cell mixtures are fractionated by dielectrophoretic forces and simultaneously collected into characteristic zones on slides. The method traps cells directly from the suspending medium onto the slide, reducing cell loss. Furthermore, it exploits differences in the dielectric properties of the cells, which sensitively reflect their morphology. Because different cell types are trapped in characteristic zones on the slide, the technique represents an advance over existing methods for slide preparation, such as centrifugation and smears where cells are randomly distributed. In particular, the new method should aid in the detection of rare and anomalous cell subpopulations that might otherwise go unnoticed against a high background of normal cells. As well as being suitable for traditional microscopic examination and automated slide scanning approaches, it is compatible with histochemical and immunochemical techniques, as well as emerging molecular and proteomic methods. This paper describes the rationale and design of this so-called electrosmear instrumentation and shows experimental results that verify the theory and applicability of the method with model cell lines and normal peripheral blood subpopulations.
Computers and the law (An experimental undergraduate course)

At the challenge of some good students, the Information Sciences Department at Taylor University decided to offer an overview course on computers and their legal implications for computer science majors and others interested in such a perspective. A two hour selected topic course was offered in the spring of 1980 to computer science majors, but open to any students who have taken at least one computer science course and had performed well in it.This paper reviews the content, successes and failures of this experimental course, with a view to assisting others who may wish to consider such an offering in the future.
Modelling energy technologies in a competitive market

Abstract Energy / economic models must predict the mix of energy technologies in competitive energy markets. We examine a market composed of several competing technologies with geographically heterogeneous cost distributions. An approach for determining both the market share and average market cost of energy produced by these technologies is derived. The formalism developed, which is based on a conditional least cost distribution function, can be used to correct the convertional logit treatment of these quantities in several existing models and to better interpret empirical data in order to determine more realistic cost distribution functions for energy technologies.
An Evaluation of the Effect of Spam on Twitter Trending Topics

In this paper we investigate to what extent the trending topics in Twitter, a popular social network, are manipulated by spammers. Researchers have developed various models for spam detection in social media, but there has been little analysis on the effects of spam on Twitter's trending topics. We gathered over 9 million tweets in Twitter's hourly trending topics over a 7 day period and extracted tweet features identified by previous research as relevant to spam detection. Hand-labeling a random sample of 1500 tweets allowed us to train a moderately accurate naive Bayes classifier for tweet classification. Our findings suggest that spammers do not drive the trending topics in Twitter, but may opportunistically target certain topics for their messages.
Synthesis of Orthogonally Protected (R)- and (S)-2-Methylcysteine via an Enzymatic Desymmeterization and Curtius Rearrangement

A synthesis of differentially protected (R)- and (S)-2-methylcysteines is described. Monomethylation of dimethylmalonate followed by alkylation with tert-butylchloromethyl sulfide gave an achiral diester. Desymmeterization by selective hydrolysis of one ester with pig-liver esterase gave the acid in 97% chemical yield and 91% enantiomeric excess. Heating this acid with diphenylphosphoryl azide followed by 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol gave protected (R)-2-methylcysteine. Alternately, the acid and ester groups were interchanged and heated with diphenylphosphoryl azide followed by 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol, giving protected (S)-2-methylcysteine.
Human ecology and coastal-zone pollution

A most critical problem today is an ecological one of relating human society harmoniously to its natural environment. The awareness of environmental problems has created a favorable climate for an intellectual orientation relevant to contemporary problems. Translating public opinion and legislation into long-range planning and rational policy for environmental resources is no simple task; an understanding of ecological principles, economic realities, and governmental jurisdictions and programs is needed. The present condition of our inshore seas, estuaries, and coastal-zones demonstrates how many immediately inadverse decisions prove damaging over the long run. The principles of general ecology, largely derived from studies of natural ecosystems in which the influences of man are minimal, can provide helpful insights into managing the complex natural and human ecosystems of the coastal land-water interface. The concepts of carrying capacity, limiting factors, productivity, and homeostasis lead to a more complete understanding of pollution. Pollution can be defined as a residual, a left over from production and consumption activities. Residuals management becomes a matter of social choice, a process by which the underpriced assimilative capacity of the environment is treated as an input into social accounting and is priced accordingly. The ability of governments to provide effective management for environmental quality will depend upon the implementation of rationally determined development plans based on an understanding of residuals management. The natural resource ecosystems of our coastal areas can provide man with increased benefits in the form of visual amenities, recreational benefits, and ecosystem homeostasis. Problems of management are critical and increasing. The opportunity exists to manage these important ecosystems with intelligence rather than by default.
Correlation of microautoclave and 1H n.m.r. measurements of coal liquefaction solvent quality

Abstract Some 467 coal liquefaction process oils, having nominal boiling points within the range 473–808 K (200–535 °C), were assayed for donor solvent quality in 577 microautoclave tests using three different sets of reaction conditions. Proton distributions were also determined on each sample by 1 H n.m.r. Microautoclave coal conversions and proton distributions, correlated using multiple linear regressions, give similar measurements of solvent quality over a wide range of solvents. Donor solvent quality (as measured by microautoclave coal conversion) increases with increasing hydroaromatic content and with decreasing aromaticity and paraffinicity. As they were designed to do, the different microautoclave tests measure different solvent properties. Above a certain level of solvent quality, microautoclave extractions are insensitive to solvent quality differences. However, 1 H n.m.r. can differentiate between these high quality solvents, and the data can be related to differences in process performance. Advantages of using 1 H n.m.r. for donor solvent quality measurements are discussed.
Infection control in the home: 1998 update

Introduction The specter of illness moving out of the hospital and into the community has profound implications for home care nurses. Increasingly virulent microorganisms coupled with greater numbers of a sicker and " immunocompromised" population in home care pose real concerns regarding transmission of infectious disease. This danger is especially true for the elderly, who may experience disease comorbidities or chronic illness that puts them in a weakened and vulnerable physical state susceptible to infectious disease. Consequently, infection control policies and procedures are more important to clinical practice than ever before. The following procedure for infection control reflects current home care clinical practice guidelines. '-2~
Studies on the Sulfur Amino Acid Requirement of the Chick

Abstract IN A REVIEW of the amino acid requirements of the chicken, Almquist (1952) reported that the sulfur amino acid requirement appeared to be 0.8% of a diet containing 20% protein. This is the present requirement of the National Research Council (1954). Almquist also stated that the requirement for methionine and other essential amino acids increased as the protein content of the diet increased, but not to the same extent. He further noted that approximately 0.1% more methionine is required in the diet for maximum efficiency of feed utilization than is required for maximum growth. Hill (1953) reviewed the methionine and cystine requirements of the chick and concluded in agreement with Almquist (1952) that the total requirement for sulfur amino acids did not exceed 0.8% of a diet containing 20% protein. The results of three preliminary experiments reported in part by Hill (1953) showed that methionine added to practical broiler diets …
Assessment of Cocaethylene Lethality in Long–Evans Female and Male Rats

Cocaethylene, the metabolite of cocaine produced only in the presence of alcohol, produces a number of pharmacological, physiological, and behavioral effects. It also has a range of toxicological consequences, the most severe being lethality. Given that the assessments of cocaethylene lethality have been limited to mice, the present study assessed the lethality of cocaethylene in rats. Further, because of within-species sex differences with its parent compound, cocaine, cocaethylene lethality was also examined in both females and males. Specifically, female and male rats were injected IP with 75, 87, 100, 115, and 133 mg/kg cocaethylene and observed over a 24-h period. Deaths were dose dependent and occurred within 30 min for both females and males. For females, the LD50 was 96 mg/kg; for males, the LD50 was 70 mg/kg. The percentage of rats displaying severe effects (i.e., seizure and death) increased with dose across all postinjection times. Further, these effects occurred earlier as dose increased. Differences in the LD50 for rats and mice, as well as the greater sensitivity to cocaethylene in male rats, are discussed.
Observation of magnetic octupole decay in atomic spectra.

We report the first observation of magnetic octupole decay in the x-ray spectrum of a highly charged ion. Detailed analyses of the low-energy region of the n=3\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4 spectra of nickel-like ${\mathrm{Th}}^{62+}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{64+}$ show an intense line at 2558.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 and 2689.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 eV, respectively, that is attributed to the transition (3${\mathit{d}}^{9}$4s${)}_{\mathit{J}=3}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(3${\mathit{d}}^{10}$${)}_{\mathit{J}=0}$. Calculations indicate that the line is almost exclusively excited by indirect processes such as radiative cascades and electron capture.
Bradykinin and not cholecystokinin stimulates exaggerated prostanoid release from the inflamed rabbit gallbladder

The relationship of bradykinin and cholecystokinin (CCK) to inflamed gallbladder prostanoid synthesis and release was examined in rabbits treated with common bile duct ligation (BDL) for 24 or 72 h. Gallbladders removed from control and BDL groups were incubated in oxygenated Krebs buffer at 37 degrees C (pH 7.4) for 60 min. The slices were then placed every 20 min in vials containing increasing doses of bradykinin (30-3000 ng) or CCK (30-1000 ng). Incubation fluid was analyzed by RIA for 6-keto-prostaglandin (PG)F1 alpha (PGI2 metabolite), PGE2 and thromboxane (TX) B2. Bradykinin stimulated control gallbladder 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 release was modest. Gallbladders from 24- and 72-h BDL groups released 3- to 10-fold higher levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 (not TXB2) following bradykinin stimulation when compared to controls, which was abolished with indomethacin pretreatment. CCK did not stimulate gallbladder prostanoid release in the control or BDL groups. These data show that bradykinin and not CCK stimulated PGI2 and PGE2 release from inflamed rabbit gallbladder. Increased BDL gallbladder PGI2 release may be prolonged or augmented by bradykinin as gallbladder distention and progressive acute inflammation stimulate local bradykinin formation.
A micro method for direct determination of ionic fluoride in body fluids with the hanging drop fluoride electrode.

Abstract A simple method for direct determination of ionic fluoride in 5 μl samples of body fluids with the hanging drop fluoride electrode, using sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.8) is described. The hanging drop electrode should prove useful in experimental investigations employing small laboratory animals and in clinical laboratories.
Relapsing or reinfectious lyme hepatitis

Lyme disease, a multi-system disorder caused by the tick-borne spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, is characterized by malaise, fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, stiff neck, lymphadenopathy, paresthesias, and a distinctive rash, erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) in its early phase. Neurologic, cardiac, and joint abnormalities may follow within weeks to months. A patient is described in whom acute recurrent Lyme disease occurred and in which spirochetes were identified in the skin and liver histologically.
Savings and Loan Associations and the Consumer Interest

HOME OWNERS are using sixty billion dollars of mortgage loans to build and buy their homes. The terms of the mortgage are so important to them1 that long before the Federal Government took steps to liberalize the home mortgage, consumers acted independently to effect this result. They established a system of home financing by pooling their savings and lending the pooled funds to one another. Sixty-three years before the Rochdale pioneers formed the first consumer cooperative, consumers organized a savings and loan association. The idea was transplanted from Great Britain to the United States in 1831 by those who formed the Oxford Provident Building Association in Frankfort, Pennsylvania. Each member of this association subscribed for one to five shares of stock having a par value of $500 each. Shares could be purchased in installments through the monthly payment of dues. Whenever $500 was accumulated in the treasury this sum was offered as a loan to the member making the highest bid.2 Similar associations were soon established in other communities, but gradually significant changes in organization began to appear. While the associations at first had only limited life, after they adopted the practice of issuing serial shares, new members were admitted and this gave perpetuity to associations. Resources were increased by opening the membership to those who merely wished to save and had no intention of borrowing to build or buy a home. Further inducements were given to savers by allowing them to withdraw their funds at will. Savings and loan associations grew rapidly. Potential home owners joined these associations in order to save for a home. Other savers wvere attracted by earnings generally higher than savings banks, coupled with a liquidity nearly comparable to savings banks. Borrowers were attracted from other institutions by the long-term, amortized loans. Other lenders 1 For example, a reduction of interest rates from 5 to 4 per cent and an increase in the period of amortization from 20 to 30 years could reduce the annual cost of housing by 20 per cent. 2 Henry Morton Bodfish and A. D. Theobald, Savings and Loan Principles, New York, Prentice-Hall, 1938, p. 31.