cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transferrin Type and Transmitting Ability for Production in Dairy Bulls

Abstract Of 7,145 dairy bulls transferrin typed, only about 4,000 bulls had USDA-DHIA Sire Summaries, and only Holsteins (2,774), Guernseys (491), and Jerseys (492) were analyzed. Transferrin types and Predicted Differences for milk, fat, first lactation milk and fat, and daughter average fat percentage were analyzed by least squares to relate transferrin type to transmitting ability. The model contained transferrin type, year of summary, regression on average age at first calving, and kind of service (artificial or natural). Although only a few effects were statistically significant, the often reported trend toward superiority of transferrin D was in Holsteins. In Guernseys and Jerseys, the trend was toward superiority of transferrin A. Inferiority of transferrin E was not definite, but there were relatively few bulls with E. With effects of stud removed, differences were significant among Predicted Differences for first lactation milk and fat in Holsteins and first lactation milk in Guernseys. Although the transferrin locus by itself may be of limited value in selecting bulls, it may be useful eventually if other markers related to producing ability can be identified and used in conjunction with it and pedigree information.
Narrow Bore Ion Chromatography with Commercially Available Ion Chromatographic Equipment

Abstract The use of narrow bore separator columns (inner diameter less than 1 μM) in high performance liquid chromatography has become a well established technique which has obvious advantages in specific situations over the use of traditional size separator columns. The work reported here investigates the use of traditional ion chromatographic equipment (essentially unmodified) for use in narrow bore ion chromatography. The only adjustments made to the equipment were some arrangements in the placement of valves and tubing in order to minimize extra-column dead volume. The columns used in this work were glass capillary columns of 1.0 mm inner diameter. A selected group of ion exchange resins were slurry packed into the column and the retention and separation characteristics of the narrow bore column were determined. The results of this investigation indicate that in certain cases the commercially available equipment is adequate for performing narrow bore ion chromatography. The distinct advantage of the u...
Clinical Oral Examinations May Not Be Predictive of Dysplasia or Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Article title and bibliographic information The limitations of the clinical oral examination in detecting dysplastic oral lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Epstein JB, Guneri P, Boyacioglu H, Abt E. JADA 2012;143(12);1332-42 . Reviewers Jennifer L. Cleveland, DDS, MPH, Valerie A. Robison, DDS, MPH, PhD Purpose/Question To assess the effectiveness of the clinical oral exam in predicting potentially malignant epithelial lesions or oral squamous cell carcinomas Source of funding None of the authors reported any external sources of funding to support this study Type of study/Design Systematic review with meta-analysis of data Level of evidence Level 2: Limited–quality patient-oriented evidence Strength of recommendation grade Grade B: Inconsistent or limited-quality patient-oriented evidence
Power Grid Stabilization Through Setpoint Temperature Control of Frequency-Responsive Air Conditioning Loads

This paper develops a nonlinear control system for grid frequency stabilization using the setpoint temperature control of a large number of air conditioning loads. The paper’s ultimate goal is to develop a feedback control law for the demand-side energy management of air conditioning loads, relying on grid frequency measurement only. To achieve this goal, we first integrate the dynamics of aggregated thermostatically-controlled air conditioning loads and grid frequency, and then use the Lyapunov theory to derive a robust sliding mode controller for the system. Both theoretical derivations and numerical simulations show that the developed controller is able to stabilize the grid frequency against disturbances such as sudden loss of load or supply, as well as wind power generation. We envision that the proposed control scheme can be used to build a new class of frequency-responsive air conditioning systems with inherent robustness in their collective performance.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Pragmalinguistic Features of KFL Learners in the Speech Act of Request

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation is to identify and describe the interlanguage features of American KFL (Korean as a Foreign Language) learners with regard to the communicative act of request. For this study, 50 female KFL learners wereasked to write in Korean what they normally say when they carry out the speech act of request, in twelve different situations. Their Korean responses were compared to those of 50 female native speakers in order to identify deviations and problems, which the American KFL learners wereconfronted with when they try to acquire this particular communicative feature. The study identifies and discusses the pragmalinguistic shortcomings of the KFL learners, comparing the type and frequency of downgraders and the honorifics used by the KFL learners and by the Korean native speakers. The pragmalinguistic differences of the respective groups support the findings by Sohn ( 1986) that Koreans are more hierarchical and collectivistic than Americans, whereas Americans tend to be more egalitarian and individualisticthan Koreans.
Mutation of lysines in a plasminogen binding region of streptokinase identifies residues important for generating a functional activator complex.

Through a unique but poorly understood mechanism, streptokinase (SK) interacts with human plasminogen to generate an “activator complex” that efficiently cleaves substrate plasminogen molecules. Previous studies have suggested that lysine residues in SK may play a role in the binding and function of the activator complex. To investigate this hypothesis, 10 different lysine residues in the plasminogen binding region of SK were altered to construct 8 recombinant (r) SK mutants. Only one double mutant, rSKK256,257A (replacing Lys with Ala at residues 256 and 257), showed a statistically significant reduction (63%) in binding affinity for Glu-plasminogen. This mutant also displayed a lagtime in the appearance of maximal activity, and modest impairments (2−5-fold) in kinetic parameters for amidolytic and plasminogen activator activity compared to rSK. In contrast, another mutant, rSKK332,334A, formed an activator complex with profound and nearly selective defects in the catalytic processing of substrate plasmi...
Loss of Two Introns from the Magnolia tripetala Mitochondrial cox2 Gene Implicates Horizontal Gene Transfer and Gene Conversion as a Novel Mechanism of Intron Loss

Intron loss is often thought to occur through retroprocessing, which is the reverse transcription and genomic integration of a spliced transcript. In plant mitochondria, several unambiguous examples of retroprocessing are supported by the parallel loss of an intron and numerous adjacent RNA edit sites, but in most cases, the evidence for intron loss via retroprocessing is weak or lacking entirely. To evaluate mechanisms of intron loss, we designed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay to detect recent intron losses from the mitochondrial cox2 gene within genus Magnolia, which was previously suggested to have variability in cox2 intron content. Our assay showed that all 22 examined species have a cox2 gene with two introns. However, one species, Magnolia tripetala, contains an additional cox2 gene that lacks both introns. Quantitative PCR showed that both M. tripetala cox2 genes are present in the mitochondrial genome. Although the intronless gene has lost several ancestral RNA edit sites, their distribution is inconsistent with retroprocessing models. Instead, phylogenetic and gene conversion analyses indicate that the intronless gene was horizontally acquired from a eudicot and then underwent gene conversion with the native intron-containing gene. The models are presented to summarize the roles of horizontal gene transfer and gene conversion as a novel mechanism of intron loss.
Mindreading and the Cognitive Architecture Underlying Altruistic Motivation

In recent attempts to characterize the cognitive mechanisms underlying altruistic motivation, one central question is the extent to which the capacity for altruism depends on the capacity for understanding other minds, or 'mindreading'. Some theorists maintain that the capacity for altruism is independent of any capacity for mindreading; others maintain that the capacity for altruism depends on fairly sophis- ticated mindreading skills. I argue that none of the prevailing accounts is adequate. Rather, I argue that altruistic motivation depends on a basic affective system, a 'Concern Mechanism', which requires only a minimal capacity for mindreading.
MicroRNA-144 Regulates Hepatic ATP Binding Cassette Transporter A1 and Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein After Activation of the Nuclear Receptor Farnesoid X Receptor

Rationale:The bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates many aspects of lipid metabolism by variouscomplex and incompletely understood molecular mechanisms. We set out to investigate the molecular mechanisms for FXR-dependent regulation of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Objective:To identify FXR-regulated microRNAs that were subsequently involved in regulating lipid metabolism. Methods and Results:ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a major determinant of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels. Here, we show that activation of the nuclear receptor FXR in vivo increases hepatic levels of miR-144, which in turn lowers hepatic ABCA1 and plasma HDL levels. We identified 2 complementary sequences to miR-144 in the 3′ untranslated region of ABCA1 mRNA that are necessary for miR-144–dependent regulation. Overexpression of miR-144 in vitro decreased both cellular ABCA1 protein and cholesterol efflux to lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I protein, whereas overexpression in v...
McRank: Learning to Rank Using Multiple Classification and Gradient Boosting

We cast the ranking problem as (1) multiple classification ("Mc") (2) multiple ordinal classification, which lead to computationally tractable learning algorithms for relevance ranking in Web search. We consider the DCG criterion (discounted cumulative gain), a standard quality measure in information retrieval. Our approach is motivated by the fact that perfect classifications result in perfect DCG scores and the DCG errors are bounded by classification errors. We propose using the Expected Relevance to convert class probabilities into ranking scores. The class probabilities are learned using a gradient boosting tree algorithm. Evaluations on large-scale datasets show that our approach can improve LambdaRank [5] and the regressions-based ranker [6], in terms of the (normalized) DCG scores. An efficient implementation of the boosting tree algorithm is also presented.
Wortmannin and LY294002 inhibit myo-inositol accumulation by cultured bovine aorta endothelial cells and murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Abstract We have previously reported that myo -inositol uptake and metabolism is reduced in human fibroblasts derived from patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Treating normal fibroblasts with 10–100 μM wortmannin duplicates some of the phenotypic properties of AT fibroblasts including the decrease in myo -inositol accumulation. In the present study we examined whether treatment of other types of mammalian cells with wortmannin or LY294002 altered myo -inositol uptake. Cultured bovine aorta endothelial cells or 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with either wortmannin or LY294002, and afterwards, myo -inositol uptake and SMIT mRNA levels were determined. Incubating cultured bovine aorta endothelial cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes with either wortmannin or LY294002 caused a time- and concentration-dependent decrease in myo -inositol accumulation that was independent of changes in SMIT mRNA levels. The effect of wortmannin and LY294002 on myo -inositol accumulation was not due to an increase in myo -inositol secretion. The effect of LY294002 on myo -inositol accumulation was reversible. Furthermore, the LY294002-induced decrease in myo -inositol accumulation was specific since the uptake of serine or choline by cultured bovine aorta endothelial cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with LY294002 was not significantly decreased. Co-incubation of cultured bovine aorta endothelial cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes with either wortmannin or LY294002 and hyperosmotic medium caused a significant decrease in the induction of myo -inositol accumulation by hyperosmolarity without significantly affecting the hyperosmotic-induced increase in SMIT mRNA levels. These data suggest that myo -inositol accumulation is regulated post-translationally by wortmannin and LY294002.
The Social Organization of Feral Ovis aries Ram Groups in the Pre-rut Period

Primates are described as having peculiarly complex social behaviour when compared with other mammals, but the methods and expectations of primatologists also differ from those of other mammalogists, confounding the comparison. A very simple social organization has been described for sheep (Ovis aries). Rams of a long-established feral flock were observed during the pre-rut period of three successive years, and their communicative behaviour was described and quantified using individual-focussed methods commonly applied to primates. Rams were found to form long term relationships and their pattern of interaction was partly determined by these as well as by age and rank. Correlation between the effects of age and rank varied with current demography. There was no correlation between rank and horn size. Rams intervened on behalf of weaker colleagues and supported each other in fights. They showed more affiliative behaviour and associated more closely than did ewes. While the leader of the ewe flock was nearly always the oldest ewe present, leadership of ram flocks was less restricted; when together, rams always followed the ewe flock. Comparison is drawn between monkey and sheep social behaviour, and it is concluded that perceived differences are partly due to differences in the expectations and methods of their respective students.
The role of APOE-ε4 in longitudinal cognitive decline: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

Background: While a genetic risk factor for late-onset AD, the effects of the e4 allele of the APOE gene on cognitive functioning more generally remain unclear. Objective: To assess the role of the e4 allele of the APOE gene in longitudinal cognitive decline. Methods: Multiple measures of cognitive function were assessed longitudinally in the MacArthur Successful Aging Study, a population-based cohort free of frank impairment at baseline. Subjects were 965 Caucasian and African American men and women from Durham NC, East Boston, MA, and New Haven, CT, aged 70 to 79 years, recruited in 1988 through 1989, who completed two follow-up evaluations, one at 3 years and another at 7 years. Results: At the first follow-up, modest but significant declines in naming and spatial ability were associated with the APOE -e4 genotype. By the second follow-up, more pronounced and significant associations were noted between the APOE -e4 genotype and cognitive decline from six of the eight cognitive outcomes. After 7 years, APOE -e4 allele carriers were twice as likely to have declined on a global cognitive score (odds ratio = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1, 3.6) as noncarriers. Conclusions: APOE -e4 is associated with cognitive decline among a high-functioning elderly cohort, with effects most pronounced after 7 years of follow-up. Hence, the e4 allele either may function as a risk factor for cognitive impairment in normal aging across a broad spectrum of domains or may exert detectable effects early in a long prodromal AD trajectory.
Curettage and Cryosurgery for Low-grade Cartilage Tumors Is Associated with Low Recurrence and High Function

Background Chondrosarcomas of bone traditionally have been treated by wide or radical excision, procedures that may result in considerable lifelong disability. Grade 1 chondrosarcomas have little or no metastatic potential and are often difficult to distinguish from painful benign enchondromas. Curettage with adjuvant cryosurgery has been proposed as an alternative therapy for Grade 1 chondrosarcomas given the generally better function after the procedure. However, because it is an intralesional procedure, curettage and cryosurgery may be associated with higher rates of recurrence.
Chinese Grassroots Nationalism and Its Impact on Foreign Brands

A complex phenomenon, nationalism has surged worldwide in recent years and presents a serious challenge to international marketers. This article examines the impact of Chinese grassroots nationalism on foreign brands on four fronts, that is, the political, cultural, economic, and consumer rights. It argues that the four fronts are interlinked and involve the participation of not only the consumer but also the government, the media, and local companies. Thus, the effects of nationalism on foreign brands are largely mediated by these agents and manifest the most in the arena of public policy making.
Historic American Indian Maple Sugar and Syrup Production: Boiling Arches in Michigan and Wisconsin

AbstractThe archaeological remains of boiling arches associated with historic American Indian maple sugar and syrup making activities are a distinct, but often overlooked, feature of Western Great Lakes forests. Occurring as single features or in multiple localities in close proximity to both current and abandoned Indian settlements, boiling arches are important components in the cultural landscape of Indian people, marking the transition from boiling maple sap in kettles to boiling sap in large metal flat pans. This paper describes the archaeological remains, context, and distribution of American Indian maple production boiling arches along with in-depth descriptions of two significant concentrations of arches at the Upper Peninsula Ojibwe community of Lac Vieux Desert in Michigan, and the Potawatomi/Ojibwe community of McCord in northern Wisconsin. Lastly this paper examines the historical significance of boiling arches and what they represent within American Indian communities in the Upper Peninsula an...
A Novel Approach to Three-Dimensional Modeling of Interlaced Fabric Structures

This paper attempts the geometric modeling of woven and braided fabric structures in three dimensions using a computer aided geometric design (CAGD) technique. A new symbolic approach to fabric structure representation, which is useful to the textile CAD/CAM process and fabric design, is presented, and a basic model is proposed that treats a yarn as a three-dimensional solid object. Some traditional 2D fabric models are extended into 3D models and demonstrated in 3D form. The structures of various fabrics are demonstrated in graphic forms, including elementary weaves such as plain weave, twill, and satin; two layer fabrics; braided fabrics; and three-dimensional fabrics as reinforcements for composite materials.
Vertrauensvorschuß und wissenschaftliches Fehlhandeln — Eine reliabilistische Modellierung der Fälle Abderhalden, Goldschmidt, Moewus und Waldschmidt-Leitz†

Reliabilist philosophy of science considers scientific misconduct a transgression against the principles of good cognitive practice. Good practice in research is characterised by the reliability, efficiency and fertility of the cognitive processes involved. The reliabilist approach is closely connected to the idea of mutual cognitive dependency of the research community. Trust in the testimony of others is not an inevitable but a favouring factor of scientific progress - and misconduct damages the testimonial chain, respectively the principle of trustworthiness. Within the reliabilist framework, the main focus on questionable research is not on whether or not there are fraudulent intentions (that means particular mental events of the past), but on recognisable consequences for the research community. Criticising the constructivist modeling of questionable research, we reconstruct certain contributions by Emil Abderhalden, Richard Goldschmidt, Franz Moewus, and Ernst Waldschmitz-Leitz as serious misconducts respectively frauds. We also show that specific social factors - often regarded as "apologising" conditions - decisively interfere with the principle of trustworthiness in the scientific community.
Cell surface sialic acids do not affect primary CD22 interactions with CD45 and surface IgM nor the rate of constitutive CD22 endocytosis

CD22/Siglec-2 is a B cell–specific molecule modulating surface IgM (sIgM) signaling via cytosolic tyrosine-based motifs. CD22 recognizes a2-6-linked sialic acids (Sias) via an amino-terminal Ig-like domain. This Sia-binding site is typically masked by unknown sialylated ligands on the same cell surface, an interaction required for optimal signaling function. We studied the effect of cell surface Sias on specific interactions of CD22 with other molecules and on its turnover via endocytosis. A novel approach for simultaneous biotinylation and cross-linking showed that CD22 associates with CD45 and sIgM at much higher levels than reported in prior studies, possibly involving cell surface multimers of CD22. Sia removal or mutation of a CD22 arginine residue required for Sia recognition did not affect these associations even in human:mouse heterologous systems, indicating that they are primarily determined by evolutionarily conserved protein– protein interactions. Thus masking of the Sia-binding site of CD22 involves many cell surface sialoglycoproteins, without requiring specific ligand(s) and/or is mediated by secondary interactions with Sias on CD45 and sIgM. Abrogating Sia interactions also does not affect constitutive CD22 endocytosis. Sia removal does enhance the much faster rate of antiCD22 antibody-triggered endocytosis, as well as killing by an anti-CD22 immunotoxin. In contrast to the unstimulated state, sIgM cross-linking inhibits both antibody-induced endocytosis and immunotoxin killing. Thus the signalmodulating activity of CD22 Sia recognition cannot be explained by mediation of primary interactions with specific molecules, nor by effects on constitutive endocytosis. The effects on antibody-mediated endocytosis could be of relevance to immunotoxin treatment of lymphomas.
Advanced EV/HEV battery pack testing using the ABC-150 power system

The ABC-150 battery test system is the first system designed for the demanding requirements of electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) secondary battery testing. With high accuracy, fast response and flexible test automation capabilities, the ABC-150 provides the most advanced set of capabilities for EV/HEV battery pack testing. These features are described and several examples of actual use are given.
Complete formal specification of the OpenMP memory model

OpenMP [OpenMP Architecture Review Board. OpenMP application program interface, version 2.5] is an important API for shared memory programming, combining shared memory's potential for performance with a simple programming interface. Unfortunately, OpenMP lacks a critical tool for demonstrating whether programs are correct: a formal memory model. Instead, the current official definition of the OpenMP memory model (the Open-MP 2.5 specification [OpenMP Architecture Review Board. OpenMP application program interface, version 2.5]) is in terms of informal prose. As a result, it is impossible to verify OpenMP applications formally since the prose does not provide a formal consistency model that precisely describes how reads and writes on different threads interact. We expand on our previous work that focused on the formal verification of OpenMP programs through a formal memory model [Greg Bronevetsky and Bronis de Supinski. Formal specification of the memory model. In International Workshop on OpenMP (IWOMP), (2006)]. As in that work, our formalization, which is derived from the existing prose model [OpenMP Architecture Review Board. OpenMP application program interface, version 2.5], provides a two-step process to verify whether an observed OpenMP execution is conformant. This paper extends the model to cover the entire specification. In addition to this formalization, our contributions include a discussion of ambiguities in the current prose-based memory model description. Although our formal model may not capture the current informal memory model perfectly, in part due to these ambiguities, our model reflects our understanding of the informal model's intent. We conclude with several examples that may indicate areas of the OpenMP memory model that need further refinement, however it is specified. Our goal is to motivate the OpenMP community to adopt those refinements eventually, ideally through a formal model, in later OpenMP specifications.
Design of integrated eccentric mechanisms and exact constraint fixtures for micron-level repeatability and accuracy

This paper introduces an eccentric ball–shaft kinematic fixture which is capable of six-axis alignment corrections and thereby improved fixture accuracy. A kinematic model for an eccentric ball–shaft fixture was developed and used to simulate the effect of: (1) tolerances, (2) actuation errors and (3) bearing run out on fixture accuracy. The kinematic model and these errors were used to determine when it is practical to use the technology to improve fixture accuracy. The kinematic model was used to design a prototype whose performance matched the kinematic model to within 10%. Diagnosis of experimental data indicates that differences between theory and data may be explained through statistical analysis of error sources. The stabilized 1 σ repeatability of the prototype was measured at better than 1.9 m/3.6rad.
SNR Comparisons of Beamforming Strategies

This paper defines the echo signal-to-noise ratio (eSNR) for pulse-echo systems that adapts to the effects of shift-varying impulse responses, spatiotemporal coding, and various beamformers. Measurement techniques using point targets or random scattering media can be interrelated for a broad range of experimental conditions through the eSNR. The eSNR definitions are also illustrated by comparing a spatial matched filter (SMF) beamformer to conventional dynamic receive focusing methods to evaluate performance based on resolution arid sensitivity. Closed-form expressions are presented that predict eSNR gains from SMF approaches relative to other beamformers
Glutamate blocks astroglial stellation: Effect of glutamate uptake and volume changes

Neurotransmitters which increase intracellular cAMP levels can cause cultured astroglia to change from a flat, polygonal shape to a stellate morphology. Little is known about how glial stellation can be regulated by other transmitters. In the present study, we demonstrated that L-glutamate blocked isoproterenol (ISO) or dibutyryl-cAMP induced stellation in astroglia. The glutamate inhibition was concentration dependent, with its maximal effect on >90% of cells at 500 μM. Glutamate also reversed glial stellation within a short period (<30 min). Glutamate uptake analogues, D-glutamate and D-aspartate, rather than receptor agonists, kainate and quisqualate, mimicked the glutamate effect. Likewise, the glutamate uptake blocker, D-thero-s-hydroxyaspartate, blocked the glutamate effect. The glutamate inhibition was not a result of inhibition of cAMP formation, since norepinephrine, which inhibited 80% of ISO-stimulated cAMP, also caused glial stellation. Increases in extracellular K+ to 50 mM also reduced glial stellation, whereas 25 mM K+ had little effect. Since 25 mM K+ caused much greater depolarization than 400 μM glutamate, it was unlikely that the effects of both glutamate and high [K+] on glial stellation were due to membrane depolarization. Hypotonic treatment (120 mOsm) enhanced, whereas hypertonic treatment (520 mOsm) prevented, the glutamate reversal of glial stellation. Thus, glial swelling appeared to be a primary mechanism for the inhibitory effect of glutamate and high [K+] on glial stellation. This mechanism could also explain the observation that glutamate inhibited stellation induced by PMA, a PKC activator. Our data suggest that glutamate released from neurons during neuronal activity or pathology can be taken up by astrocytes and alter their morphology. Changes in glial morphology may in turn affect the volume and composition of the extracellular space and, as a result, neuronal activity. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Childhood injury prevention at home and play

Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for children and adolescents in the United States, and they create a significant burden of disability and financial cost. If motor vehicle-associated injuries are not considered, children are most commonly injured in their home and play environments. The reduction over the past 20 years in childhood deaths related to motor vehicle injury has been significant, but rates of childhood death due to other causes, such as firearms, have increased. This review focuses on several categories of injuries other than motor vehicle injuries and highlights a few recent successful community- and practice-based injury-prevention programs. In addition, recent epidemiologic studies describing risk factors for injury-related death are discussed. Injuries due to interpersonal violence and motor vehicles are covered elsewhere.
GB Virus C Replicates in Primary T and B Lymphocytes

GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is common in humans and may persist for decades, although most infected persons clear the virus and subsequently develop antibodies to the envelope glycoprotein. GBV-C replicates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4 + T lymphocytes in vitro, and depletion of CD4 + T lymphocytes has been proposed as the reason for clearance of GBV-C among persons positive for human immunodeficiency virus. We identified GBV-C RNA in purified CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes and CD19 + B lymphocytes removed ex vivo from infected donors and found that GBV-C replicated in vitro in these PBMC subsets, suggesting that GBV-C is a panlymphotropic virus.
Parental depression, parenting behaviours, and behaviour problems in young children

In the past, research has demonstrated that parental depression and parenting practices are related. More recently, there has been an increase in research examining child outcomes as they are related to maternal and paternal psychopathology. To continue with this line of research, this study examined the relationships among mothers' and fathers' symptoms of depression, characteristics of their parenting practices, and their ratings of their young children's internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. The results of this study demonstrated that these variables are related significantly. Further, the results of this study suggested that mothers' parenting, particularly their limit setting with their young children, is an important predictor of their ratings of their young children's externalizing behaviour problems in the context of their own symptoms of depression. A different pattern of relationships may be present for fathers, as both their symptoms of depression and their parenting characteristics predicted their ratings of their young children's externalizing behaviour problems. Such findings were not supported for young children's internalizing behaviour problems. These findings suggested that interventions should have different targets for mothers and fathers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction: Pragmatism and urban environments

(2003). Introduction: Pragmatism and urban environments. Philosophy & Geography: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 139-144.
113Cd Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Zinc Metalloproteins

Since the first commercial multinuclear Fourier transform nmr spectrometers became available in about 1973, the use of multinuclear nmr for studying metalloproteins has now reached a degree of maturity. This chapter is an overview of 113Cd nmr studies of zinc metalloproteins in which 113Cd ions substituted for zinc are observed directly by nmr. Practical requirements and limitations in regard to sample, nmr spectrometer, and relaxation mechanisms are discussed. Types of Information which can be obtained include the types of ligand atoms, numbers of metal binding sites of various types, numbers and mode of binding of substrate molecules, and microscopic thermodynamic and kinetic processes occurring at or near the metal ions. Examples from the chemical literature are presented, with a distinct bias towards our own work.
Microvesicle phenotypes are associated with transfusion requirements and mortality in subjects with severe injuries.

Background : Severe injury often results in substantial bleeding and mortality. Injury provokes cellular activation and release of extracellular vesicles. Circulating microvesicles (MVs) are predominantly platelet-derived and highly procoagulant. They support hemostasis and vascular function. The roles of MVs in survival after severe injury are largely unknown. We hypothesized that altered MV phenotypes would be associated with transfusion requirements and poor outcomes. Methods : This single-centre study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. The study cohort consisted of patients with major trauma requiring blood product transfusion and 26 healthy controls. Plasma samples for MVs were collected upon admission to the emergency department (n=169) and post-resuscitation (n=42), and analysed by flow cytometry for MV counts and cellular origin: platelet (PMV), erythrocyte (RMV), leukocyte (LMV), endothelial (EMV), tissue factor (TFMV), and annexin V (AVMV). Twenty-four hour mortality is the outcome measurement used to classify survivors versus non-survivors. Data were compared over time and analysed with demographic and clinical data. Results : The median age was 34 (IQR 23, 51), 72% were male, Injury Severity Score was 29 (IQR 19, 36), and 24 h mortality was 13%. MV levels and phenotypes differed between patients and controls. Elevated admission EMVs were found both in survivors (409/µL) and non-survivors (393/µL) compared to controls (23/µL, p<0.001) and persisted over time. Admission levels of PMV, AVMV, RMV, and TFMV were significantly lower in patients who died compared to survivors, but were not independently associated with the 24 h mortality rate. Patients with low MV levels at admission received the most blood products within the first 24 h. AVMV and PMV levels either increased over time or stabilized in survivors but decreased in non-survivors, resulting in significantly lower levels at intensive care unit admission in non-survivors (1,048 vs. 1,880 AVMV/µL, p<0.00004 and 1,245 PMP/µL vs. 1,866 PMP/µL, p=0.003). Conclusion : Severe injury results in endothelial activation and altered MV phenotypes. Significant differences in specific MV phenotypes or changes over time were associated with blood product requirements and the 24 h mortality rate. Keywords: extracellular vesicles; microvesicles; microparticles; transfusions; injury; trauma; coagulopathy (Published: 17 December 2015) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2015, 4: 29338 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v4.29338
Extracting Social Meaning from a Face: The Neural Substrates and Behavioral Repercussions of Mind Perception

Social cognition requires using visual cues such as a human face to recognize the presence of an entity with a mind. Here, we examined how bottom-up visual evidence and top-down social cues shape inferences about the presence of another mind, and demonstrate behavioral consequences of perceiving minds. Across two experiments, participants viewed morphs between human and inanimate faces that differed in social group membership (nationality in Experiment 1; sports rivalry in Experiment 2), and assessed whether each face had a mind. Neuroimaging revealed that the objective humanness of faces was associated with activity in posterior parietal cortex, and responses in this region were modulated by group membership in a top-down manner (Experiment 1). Moreover, participants perceived faces of out-group members as less able to plan and less able to feel than in-group members or members of a neutral group. However, this bias was flexible as a function of perceived out-group threat: out-group threat was associated with more derogation in judgments of experience, but less derogation in judgments of agency. Finally, differences in mind perception predicted biases in pain management and aggression towards members of the out-group (Experiment 2). This research demonstrates that bottom-up and top-down cues shape the extraction of social meaning from visual evidence, which predicts intergroup bias in downstream behavior. Together, these findings support a theoretical view of mind perception as a dynamic and contextualized process at the intersection of perception and social cognition.
Abstract 390: Use of Eptifibatide in patients with ventricular assist devices and Bleeding outcomes

Background: Pump thrombosis is a dreaded complication in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). Intravenous anticoagulation is often instituted prior to surgical pump exchange. The use of eptifibatide, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor has been reported with data showing increased adverse events by as much as 65%. This study evaluated eptifibatide use for suspected pump thrombus/thrombosis and bleeding outcomes Methods: This was a single center retrospective study of eptifibatide use in patients with suspected pump thrombus. All LVAD patients who received eptifibatide for suspected pump thrombus from October 22, 2011, through April 19, 2014 were included. Pump thrombosis was suspected if one or more was present: elevated lactate dehydrogenase, decreased haptoglobin, elevated free plasma hemoglobin and persistently elevated powers. The study was approved by the institutional board review. Results: A total of 17 patients (13 Heart Mate II, 3 Heart Ware and 1 Abiomed AB5000 LVAD) with 25 admission events received eptifibatide (dose range, 0.25-2 μg/kg/min). The mean time from device implantation to eptifibatide therapy was 660 days (range: 1 - 1809 days). 9 (36%) patients underwent pump exchange while the rest resolved medically. 7 (28%) patients had confirmed Pump/LVAD thrombus while 3 (12%) had major bleeding events (1-GI, 1-Oral and 1-Acute Intracranial Hemorrhage) requiring drug interruption. 8(47%) patients had combined 11 minor mucosal bleeding events (Oral-2, GU-5, GI-1 and Nasal-3) that did not require therapy interruption. 2 of the 3 (67%) patients with major bleeding died as a result. Conclusions: Minor bleeding is more common than major bleeding with eptifibatide use in patients with suspected pump thrombus. Comparative effectiveness studies of eptifibatide therapy in suspected pump thrombosis are needed to assess risk benefit ratio.
Educational Reform through an Ethic of Performativity: Introducing the Special Issue

Serving as an introduction to the special issue of Studies in Philosophy and Education, “Philosophical Transgressions: Performativity and Performance for Education,” this paper situates the papers that follow in its own performative analysis, especially utilizing the insights of Jean-Francois Lyotard. From him two ideas are salient, one his conception of knowledge as performance and the other the aesthetic (through language and writing) that is a reformist response.
Abstract 771: Pin1 regulates the dynamics of c-Myc DNA binding to facilitate target gene regulation and oncogenesis.

The c-Myc oncoprotein is generally considered to be a master regulator of gene transcription by virtue of its ability to activate or repress the expression of a large percentage of all genes. However, mechanisms that direct c-Myc9s recruitment to DNA and target gene selection to elicit specific cellular functions have not been well elucidated. Here, we report that the Pin1 prolyl-isomerase regulates c-Myc transcriptional activity by altering c-Myc9s association with target gene promoters. Specifically, we show that Pin1 enhances the recruitment of Serine62-phosphorylated c-Myc along with its co-activators to selected target gene promoters during gene activation, followed by promoting c-Myc9s release associated with its degradation, resulting in cyclic c-Myc DNA binding. This facilitates c-Myc9s activation of target genes associated with an increase in elongating RNA Polymerase II in the gene body. Genes impacted by this mechanism are involved in cell growth and metabolism, resulting in enhanced pro-proliferative activity, even while controlling c-Myc expression. In cancer cells with impaired c-Myc degradation, Pin1 still regulates cyclic c-Myc DNA binding, even though it no longer enhances c-Myc degradation. This allows for simultaneous high expression of Pin1 and c-Myc in cancer, which can drive a gene expression pattern that we show is enriched in poor outcome subtypes of breast cancer. This study provides new insight into mechanisms regulating c-Myc DNA binding and oncogenic activity, it reveals a novel role for Pin1 in transcription factor regulation, and it elucidates a mechanism that can contribute to oncogenic cooperation between Pin1 and c-Myc. Citation Format: Amy Farrell, Carl Pelz, Xiaoyan Wang, Colin Daniel, Yulong Su, Mahnaz Janghorban, Soren Impey, Rosalie C. Sears. Pin1 regulates the dynamics of c-Myc DNA binding to facilitate target gene regulation and oncogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 771. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-771
Individual confidence intervals for solutions to expected value formulations of stochastic variational inequalities

Stochastic variational inequalities (SVIs) provide a means for modeling various optimization and equilibrium problems where data are subject to uncertainty. Often the SVI cannot be solved directly and requires a numerical approximation. This paper considers the use of a sample average approximation and proposes three methods for computing confidence intervals for components of the true solution. The first two methods use an “indirect approach” that requires initially computing asymptotically exact confidence intervals for the solution to the normal map formulation of the SVI. The third method directly constructs confidence intervals for the true SVI solution; intervals produced with this method meet a minimum specified level of confidence in the same situations for which the first two methods are applicable. We justify the three methods theoretically with weak convergence results, discuss how to implement these methods, and test their performance using three numerical examples.
Response properties of slow PIII in the Large (vls) mutant.

Mouse mutants for proteins expressed in the dystrophin–glycoprotein complex at the photoreceptor terminal have electroretinogram (ERG) b-waves with a delayed onset and time course. The b-wave is defined by the sum of PII generated by depolarizing bipolar cells and slow PIII generated by Muller glial cells. In this study, we evaluated the hypothesis that the abnormalities observed in one of these mutants, Large vls , are caused by abnormal response properties of slow PIII. To isolate slow PIII, we crossed the Large vls mutant to a mouse line (Gpr179 nob5 ) that lacks the ERG b-wave but maintains normal photoreceptor function and in which retinal degeneration does not occur. ERGs were recorded to strobe flash stimuli after overnight dark adaptation. In comparison with control responses, the a-wave and slow PIII had comparable waveforms but were reduced in amplitude in Large vls mice. The magnitude of this reduction was comparable for these components, and across stimulus luminance. There was no stimulus condition where the amplitude of slow PIII was larger than control. The data obtained are inconsistent with the idea that the b-wave abnormalities noted in Large vls mutant mice are caused by abnormal response properties of slow PIII.
Ultra high contrast Ti:sapphire/ Nd:glass terawatt laser system

The development of picosecond and femtosecond laser technologies has made possible the production of ultra bright laser sources. These sources are used, for example, in laser-solid target interaction studies. In this case absorption occurs in an optical skin depth at the solid surface and little or no expansion of the heated material takes place after the short laser pulse, thus creating a hot plasma at solid density. These very short-lived plasmas are a means of producing ultra short x-ray pulses. Furthermore, there are rapid electron heating, ionization, and recombination processes in the solid dense plasma. Population inversion can also be expected during the rapid plasma cooling. Thus, these plasmas are interesting candidates for x-ray lasers.
Computing Maximum Unavoidable Subgraphs Using SAT Solvers

Unavoidable subgraphs have been widely studied in the context of Ramsey Theory. The research in this area focuses on highly structured graphs such as cliques, cycles, paths, stars, trees, and wheels. We propose to study maximum unavoidable subgraphs measuring the size in the number of edges. We computed maximum unavoidable subgraphs for graphs up to order nine via SAT solving and observed that these subgraphs are less structured, although all are bipartite. Additionally, we found large unavoidable bipartite subgraphs up to order twelve. We also present the concept of multi-component unavoidable subgraphs and show that large multi-component subgraphs are unavoidable in small graphs. We envision that maximum unavoidable subgraphs can be exploited using an alternative approach to breaking graph symmetries.
The Itu and Satellite Communications

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the principal international organization involved in establishing technical rules and regulations for the proper use of satellites for communication purposes.1 As we will see, this task has devolved on the ITU as a result of the ITU’s overall responsibility for the efficient operation of the world’s international telecommunication network and more specifically, its responsibilities for the proper utilization of the radio frequency spectrum. An understanding of the nature and the extent of this involvement is essential for all who are using communication satellites and who plan to use them in the future.