Proces Sekularizacije in Desekularizacije Turškega Prava (The Process of Secularization and De-Secularization of the Turkish Law)

Slovenian Abstract: V diplomski nalogi sem raziskala proces sekularizacije in desekularizacije prava v Turciji, ki ga utemeljujem na zgodovinski osnovi prava Otomanskega cesarstva in Republike Turcije. Z razumevanjem preteklih in trenutnih procesov, katerih rezultat je danasnja pravna ureditev, je mogoce razumeti nadaljnji razvoj pravnega reda države, ki je na pomembnem geostrateskem obmocju in ponovno postaja pomemben subjekt mednarodnega pravnega in politicnega reda.Proces sekularizacije je dosegel vrhunec z vzpostavitvijo laicite, francoske razlicice odlocnega sekularizma locitve vere od države, ki so jo v Turciji nadgradili z elementom nadzora države nad vero in ki je postala razpoznaven znak kemalisticne Turcije. Sredi 20. stoletja se je proces sekularizacije pretvoril v proces desekularizacije s pomocjo nesekularizirane družbe, ki je islam z državnim blagoslovom ohranila v sprejemljivi obliki obicajev in tradicij, ki so jih ljudje spostovali, upostevali ter jih prilagajali svojim potrebam, kar je s posredovanjem proislamisticnih strank vodilo do ponovne oživitve vere na državni ravni. Odlocni sekularizem v državi nadomesca pasivni sekularizem, ki dopusca vec vidnosti vere v javnem prostoru ter pomika državni nadzor nad vero iz nadzora javnega v nadzor zasebnega prostora z vpeljevanjem vse vec islamskih vrednot v pravni red sekularne države. Ureditev glede prepovedi nosenja rut na univerzah in v solah je primer ponovnega uvajanja vidnosti vere v javno sfero, prehod v pasivni sekularizem pa najbolje ponazarjajo stevilne spremembe izobraževalnega sistema, ki je izhodisce uveljavljanja dolocenih vrednot družbe. Turcija danes v obliki harmonizacije turskega prava z evropskim pravnim redom nadaljuje s selektivnim sprejemanjem evropskih pravnih pravil in jih prilagaja svojim potrebam in interesom ter se drži zelo stran od Evrope. Pricakovati je, da se bo tokrat zgledovala po Združenih državah Amerike, ki predstavljajo ekonomsko mocnejsi del Zahoda, in da bo sledila politikam konservativnih strank, kar se bo prej ali slej odrazilo v turskem pravnem redu ali kot pravi turski novinar Mustafa Akyol: »Turcija ne zameri toliko zahodnim državam, ker so krscanske, ampak to, da niso dovolj verne.«English Abstract: The process of the secularization and desecularization of the law in Turkey may be understood in the historical context of the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Understanding the past and present processes that led to Turkey’s contemporary legal order, gives an opportunity to predict the further (and future) development of the legal order of a geostrategically important country, which is once again becoming an important player in the international legal order. The process of the secularization reached its peak with the introduction of laicite, the French version of the assertive secularism of the separation of religion from the state, upgraded with the element specific to Kemalist Turkey; that is of the state control over religion. In the middle of the 20th Century the process of secularization turned into a process of desecularization with the help of the non-secularised and (still) religious society. The society, with its State’s blessing, by supporting the growing pro-Islamic political parties, preserved Islamic law in the acceptable form of customs and traditions, altered according to their needs and interests of the society. Assertive secularism is now being replaced with the passive secularism which enables the presence of the religion in the public space, and by inserting Islamic values into the secular legal order, shifts the State’s control more into the private sphere. The State policies towards the prohibition of wearing headscarves at universities and schools is a vivid example of religion gaining visibility in the public sphere on one hand, whereas on the other hand the transition towards the passive secularism is noticeable with the perpetual changes of the educational system as a starting point of introduction of any values of the society. Turkey is in the phase of harmonization of its law with the European legal order and continues to be selective with the reception of the European principles while adjusting them (once again) to their needs and interests. In this sense, Turkey is positioning itself away from Europe. Nowadays Turkey is expected to look up to the United States, as the economically stronger part of the “West”, and to follow the policies of the conservative political parties, which will sooner or later gain track in the Turkish legal system. As Mustafa Akyol, a prominent Turkish journalist wrote, “Turkey does not resent so much the West because it is Christian, but because it is not religious enough.”