cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Injury as a global phenomenon of concern in nursing science.

PURPOSE: To discuss injury research as a phenomenon of concern in nursing science. ORGANIZING CONSTRUCT: Injury is defined as the physical damage that results when the human body is briefly subjected to intolerable levels of energy. It is the leading cause of death in the first 4 decades of life in high-income nations and is second only to infectious diseases as a leading cause of death in low- and middle-income nations. METHODS: Review and discussion of relevant scientific and theoretical literature in both injury and nursing science. FINDINGS: Nurse scientists can apply unique perspectives to increase understanding of injury and its consequences. Fertile areas for nursing inquiry include identifying people at risk, developing models to explain the association between risk-taking and injury, testing interventions to prevent and limit injury, and creating and refining interventions that are culturally relevant to subpopulations most at risk for injury. CONCLUSIONS: The mandate to improve global heath should lead to nursing inquiry about this phenomenon, including developing and testing interventions to prevent and reduce injury. Language: en
Dark current reduction of GaInAsSb based photodetectors by surface treatment with octadecylthiol

ABSTRACT In this work, we report dark current reduction, which is achieved by surface treatment with Octadecylthiol (OTD), for GaInAsSb based photodetectors. Epitaxial layers of the GaInAsSb photodetector were grown on n-type GaSb substrates with a horizontal MOCVD reactor, and the devices were fabricated by wet chemical etching. Surface treatment was carried out by immersing fresh-prepared detector samples in molten ODT solution maintained at 100 °C for 5 hours. The ODT treated devices show an order of magnitude reduction in the leakage current density in comparison with the untreated devices. The inverse of the dynamic zero bias resistance area product (1/R 0 A) is also lower for ODT treated devices. XPS analyses indicate the formation of Ga-S (20.1 eV) and In-S (445.3 eV) bonds at the surface and reduction in the formation of native oxide on ODT treated GaInAsSb surface. This means that surface treatment with ODT can effectively passivate dangling bonds and also reduce the native oxide. These results indicate that ODT can be used for an effective passivation technique when more sophisticated processing steps are further developed. Keywords: GaInAsSb photodetector, surface passivation, Sb-b ased infrared photodetector, XPS analysis
Magnetic field guided colloidal assembly

We present here our recent studies on the magnetic-field-guided assembly of colloidal matter. Starting from a brief introduction of the magnetic interactions exerted on colloidal nanostructures, we discuss how magnetic fields drive their assembly into one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) ordered structures. This principle is further demonstrated in the assembly of colloidal matter on macroscopic and microscopic magnetized patterns with defined field strengths and spatial distributions.
Differential cytoplast requirement for embryonic and somatic cell nuclear transfer in cattle.

Effective activation of a recipient oocyte and its compatibility with the nuclear donor are critical to the successful nuclear reprogramming during nuclear transfer. We designed a series of experiments using various activation methods to determine the optimum activation efficiency of bovine oocytes. We then performed nuclear transfer (NT) of embryonic and somatic cells into cytoplasts presumably at G1/S phase (with prior activation) or at metaphase II (MII, without prior activation). Oocytes at 24 hr of maturation in vitro were activated with various combinations of calcium ionophore A23187 (A187) (5 μM, 5 min), electric pulse (EP), ethanol (7%, 7 min), cycloheximide (CHX) (10 μg/ml, 6 hr), and then cultured in cytochalasin D (CD) for a total of 18 hr. Through a series of experiments (Exp. 1–4), an improved activation protocol (A187/EP/CHX/CD) was identified and used for comparison of NT efficiency of embryonic versus somatic donor cells (Exp. 5). When embryonic cells from morula and blastocysts (BL) were used as nuclear donors, a significantly higher rate of blastocyst development from cloned embryos was obtained with G1/S phase cytoplasts than with MII-phase cytoplasts (36 vs. 11%, P < 0.05). In contrast, when skin fibroblasts were used as donor cells, the use of an MII cytoplast (vs. G1/S phase) was imperative for blastocyst development (30 vs. 6%, P < 0.05). Differential staining showed that parthenogenetic, embryonic, and somatic cloned BL contained 26, 29, and 33% presumptive inner cell mass (ICM) cells, respectively, which is similar to that of frozen-thawed in vivo embryos at a comparable developmental stage (23%). These data indicate that embryonic and somatic nuclei require different recipient cytoplast environment for remodeling/ reprogramming, and this is likely due to the different cell cycle stage and profiles of molecular differentiation of the transferred donor nuclei Mol. Reprod. Dev. 63: 183–191, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of acidic precipitation and acidity on soil microbial processes

Effects of soil acidity on microbial decomposition of organic matter and transformation of N in an acid forest soil were investigated. In the oak-leaf-amended pH-adjusted acid soils, CO2 production in 14- and 150-day preincubated samples decreased by about 6 and 37%, respectively. In the control (unamended) acidified soils, reductions in CO2 production of 14% in 14-day preincubated samples and of 52% in 150-day samples were observed.
The relationship between cognitive development and conduct problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder

Abstract Individuals with ASD often demonstrate elevated rates of challenging behaviors, such as tantrums, aggression, and property destruction. The current study examined the relationship between cognitive abilities and conduct problem behaviors in 263 children aged 18 to 39 months. Cognitive development was measured utilizing the cognitive developmental quotient (DQ) on the Battelle Developmental Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-2). Participants were separated into two groups: (1) low cognitive DQ group (cognitive DQ less than or equal to 70), and (2) typical cognitive DQ group (cognitive DQ greater than 70). Conduct problems were assessed using the Tantrum/Conduct Behavior subscale of the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits, Part 2 (BISCUIT-Part 2). Higher rates of overall conduct problem behaviors were observed in young children with ASD and typical cognitive development relative to children with low cognitive development. Comparisons of specific conduct behaviors indicated cognitive ability may be associated with particular presentations of conduct problems. Implications are discussed.
Understanding Errors During Laparoscopic Surgery

Complications may occur during laparoscopic surgery, even with a skilled surgeon and under ideal circumstances; human error is inevitable. Video-taped procedures from malpractice cases are evaluated to ascertain potential contributing cognitive factors, systems errors, equipment issues, and surgeon training. Situation awareness and principles derived from aviation crew resource management may be adapted to help avoid systems error. The current process of surgical training may need to be reconsidered.
Oscillatory clusters in the periodically illuminated, spatially extended Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction.

Cluster-cluster transitions in the periodically illuminated photosensitive Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction-diffusion system exhibit the same scenario as in the autonomous BZ system with negative global feedback: two-phase clusters $\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}$ three-phase clusters $\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}$ irregular clusters $\ensuremath{\leftrightarrow}$ localized clusters. Transitions induced by changing the dark ( ${T}_{D}$) or light ( ${T}_{L}$) phases of the periodic external square wave illumination are dependent not only on the frequency of illumination at constant ${T}_{D}{/T}_{L}$, but also on the ratio ${T}_{D}{/T}_{L}$ at constant frequency (when ${T}_{D}{+T}_{L}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{const}$).
Alternatives for Increasing Media Choice in Concentrated Markets

The nature of market concentration in the mass media industries and its implications for diversity of consumer choice are examined. Criteria for evaluating policy alternatives that might increase consumer choice are developed. The policy alternatives evaluated using these criteria are: breaking up large media corporations; growth of cable television; government assistance in financing alternative media; an excise tax on media “excess profits” for alternative media; regulating to ensure greater content diversity; de-regulation; de-regulation with community control; and, increasing diversity through media labor union contracts.
Near-threshold ionization of excited Na(32P) by collisions with O2 and SO2☆

Abstract Positive ions are produced in crossed beams of eV-range sodium atoms and thermal O2 or SO2. Resonant laser light is used to excite a small fraction of the sodium to Na*(3 2P 1 2 or 3 2P( 3 2 ). Product ions are observed at lower reagent kinetic energies with Na* than with Na.
Effect of brief and prolonged exercise on left ventricular function

Abstract Left ventricular function during brief (10 minutes) and prolonged (2 hours) upright bicycle exercise was studied in nine young men. Left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes and cardiac output were measured by radionuclide angiocardiography at rest, during submaximal effort at 10 minutes of the prolonged exercise period and during maximal effort at the conclusion of both exercise periods. The cardiac Output Increased from 6.2 ± 1.6 at rest to 17.4 ± 2.9 liters/min during submaximal effort at 10 minutes as a result of a 93 percent increase in heart rate (70 ± 13 to 135 ± 12 beats/min, p
Synthesis of mono- and dihydroxylated furanoses, pyranoses, and an oxepanose for the preparation of natural product analogue libraries.

Numerous biologically active natural products contain furanoses and pyranoses with mono- and dihydroxylated substituents. However, much of the structure−activity studies on such molecules is gathered on the aglycons without attention to the corresponding carbohydrate components. Consequently, there are few synthetic procedures that enable the rapid preparation of mono- and dihydroxyfuranoses and mono- and dihydroxypyranoses and no report for a 3,4-dihydroxyoxepanose. In this article we report the practical synthesis of orthogonally protected five-, six-, and seven-membered carbohydrate derivatives. The succinct manner in which these molecules were synthesized allows the rapid preparation of analogues aimed at discovering the role of ring size and individual hydroxyl moieties on the pyranose skeleton.
Signs of baryon-resonance photocouplings

New baryon-resonance photocouplings from an analysis of Barbour, Crawford, and Parsons are analyzed from the standpoint of single-quark-transition selection rules. A previous conclusion is strengthened: The pionic decays of 56, $L=2$ resonances appear from this analysis to be dominated by $\ensuremath{\Delta}{L}_{z}=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$ transitions, in contrast to the conclusion that would be drawn from analysis of $\ensuremath{\pi}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\Delta}$. Both $P13(1810)$ and $F35(1890)$ photocouplings are important in drawing this conclusion.
Partial or Total Direct Pulmonary Venous Drainage to Right Atrium Due to Malposition of Septum Primum: Anatomic and Echocardiographic Findings and Surgical Treatment: A Study Based on 36 Cases

The clinical and anatomic findings in 36 patients (21 postmortem cases and 15 living patients) with partially anomalous (16 [44%]) or totally anomalous (20 [56%]) pulmonary venous drainage directly to the right atrium constitute the material basis of this report. Displacement of septum primum—leftward in atrial situs solitus or rightward in atrial situs inversus—was present in all and appeared responsible for the anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. The pulmonary veins were connected with what normally constitutes the posterior wall of the left atrium, which became incorporated into the right atrium because of atrial septal displacement. This abnormality occurred predominantly in patients with visceral heterotaxy, usually with polysplenia, or rarely with asplenia or a normally formed spleen. Poor development or absence of septum secundum appeared responsible for the malposition of septum primum. Echocardiographic recognition of the displacement of septum primum facilitated surgical management.
Bridging Like-Charged Macroions through Long Divalent Rodlike Ions

Like-charged macroions in aqueous electrolyte solution can attract each other because of the presence of inter- and/or intramolecular correlations. Poisson-Boltzmann theory is able to predict attractive interactions if the spatially extended structure (which reflects the presence of intramolecular correlations) of the mobile ions in the electrolyte is accounted for. We demonstrate this for the case of divalent, mobile ions where each ion consists of two individual charges separated by a fixed distance. Variational theory applied to this symmetric 2:2 electrolyte of rodlike ions leads to an integro-differential equation, valid for arbitrary rod length. Numerical solutions reveal the existence of a critical rod length above which electrostatic attraction starts to emerge. This electrostatic attraction is distinct from nonelectrostatic depletion forces. Analysis of the orientational distribution functions suggests a bridging mechanism of the rodlike ions to hold the two macroions together. For sufficiently large rod length, we also observe "overcharging", that is, an over-compensation of the macroion charges by the diffuse layer of mobile rodlike ions. Our results emphasize the importance of the often rodlike internal structure that condensing agents such as polyamines, peptides, or polymer segments exhibit. The results were compared with Monte Carlo simulations.
The reaction of dentists to members of groups at risk of AIDS

This study assessed 102 randomly selected dentists’ attitudes and behaviors toward an actor playing one of three roles: a patient who is heterosexual, homosexual, or an intravenous drug user. Despite negative feelings toward homosexuality, only one dentist refused to treat the actor when he played the part of a patient who is homosexual, and one dentist refused to treat the actor when he played the part of an intravenous drug user. An experimental field study examined dentists’ attitudes and actual behaviors toward men who belong to groups at great risk of AIDS. A total of 102 randomly selected dentists were uninformed subjects who examined an actor in need of dental care and who played three roles as a patient: one who is heterosexual, homosexual, and an intravenous drug user. After each examination, the actor/patient completed a questionnaire about his experience and the dentists were interviewed about homosexuality and AIDS. The dentists were then debriefed and told that they were part of an experiment. Despite negative feelings toward homosexuality, only one dentist refused to treat the actor when he was perceived to be homosexual. One dentist also rejected him when he played the part of an intravenous drug user.
Comparable outcomes for patients with pT1a and pT1b differentiated thyroid cancer: Is there a need for change in the AJCC classification system?

Introduction The current American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM classification for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) separates T1 status into T1a and T1b based on a 1-cm cutoff for maximal tumor dimension. In 2009, the American Thyroid Association recommended total thyroidectomy for tumors >1 cm in contrast to the possibility of lobectomy for tumors ≤1 cm. Our aim was to investigate the prognostic significance of a 1-cm tumor cutoff. Methods From an institutional database of 3,664 patients with DTC, 1,522 patients with T1 tumors without neck disease or distant metastases were identified. Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were compared. Disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) outcomes were analyzed. Results Total thyroidectomy rates were similar between patients with T1a and T1b tumors (P = .307). With a median follow-up of 46 months (range, 1–320), there were no disease-specific deaths in the T1a or T1b groups. In total, 18 patients (1.2%) experienced a recurrence. Five-year RFS was comparable for patients with T1a and T1b tumors (98.6 vs 98.6%; P = .224). Conclusion T1a and T1b tumors have similar prognosis both in terms of DSS and RFS. It seems that a distinction between tumors of 1 cm is of no prognostic benefit.
Measured and Simulated Surface Soil Drying

The USDA initiated the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) to develop improved technology for piling wind erosion. A HYDROLOGY submodel has been developed for WEPS to simulate the soil energy and water balances. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the HYDROLOGY submodel in predicting surface soil drying. Water content was measured gravimetrically in a bare 5- by 30-m plot for 14 d after irrigation during July and August 1991. The plot was located 5 m directly north of a bare weighing lysimeter at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, TX. Hourly samples were liken from depth increments of 0 to 2, 1 to 6, 6 to 10, 10 to 30, and 10 to 50 mm. Furthermore, soil cores were liken to 900 mm at 6-h intervals. Water content was also measured daily at the lysimeter and between the lysimeter and gravimetric sampling plot using a neutron probe to 2.1 m. The submodel accurately predicted that no deep percolation occurred throughout the simulation period. Simulation results agreed well with the measured daily evaporation rates from the lysimeter (r 2 = 0.96). Furthermore, the submodel reasonably estimated the soil water content profiles, particularly the slitus of soil water at the soil-atmosphere interface. The mean absolute error, which describes the average absolute deviation between mesured and simulated soil water contents, was 0.015 m 3 m −3 . The HYDROLOGY submodel of WEPS shows a potential to accurately simulate soil water dynamics, as needed for wind erosion modeling. The submodel successfully predicts the changes in water content at the soil surface, which relate to the susceptibility of the soil to wind erosion
Abortion as Crime Control A Cautionary Tale

Donohue and Levitt have applied the selective incapacitation hypothesis to account for what they contend is a latent function of the Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade to legalize abortion—the decline in the crime rate during the 1990s. They contend that abortion, insofar as it removes recidivists from the population before they are born, has the compositional effect of lowering the overall rate of crime within the country. In this article, their thesis is indirectly evaluated by estimating interrupted time series models of the impact of the Roe decision on several nativity time series for two categories of women Donohue and Levitt identify as being disproportionately at risk for giving birth to high-rate offenders. None of the ARIMA transfer function models lends any credence to Donohue and Levitt's perspective.
Neurofibrillary tangles in the dentate granule cells of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease and progressive supranuclear palsy

Recent studies have shown that the dentate granular cells of the hippocampus are affected in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). To gain a better understanding of the cytoskeletal alterations in these cells, we carried out immunocytochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analysis of the dentate gyrus of patients with primary degenerative dementias, using a monoclonal antibody against paired helical filaments (TG3). This antibody labeled a large number of spherical inclusions in the dentate granule cells of patients with AD and its Lewy body variant (LBV). These inclusions consisted of straight tubular structures (about 18-25 nm in diameter), similar to those found in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). These inclusions, although in a smaller number, were also found in demented patients with PSP, but not in those with diffuse Lewy body disease or age-matched controls. These findings indicate that the neurofibrillary alterations in the dentate granule cells of patients with AD, LBV and PSP share cytoskeletal similarities.
The Dirichlet problem for the minimal surface system in arbitrary dimensions and codimensions

Let Ω be a bounded C2 domain in ℝn and ϕ ∂Ω → ℝm be a continuous map. The Dirichlet problem for the minimal surface system asks whether there exists a Lipschitz map f : Ω → ℝm with f|∂Ω = ϕ and with the graph of f a minimal submanifold in ℝn+m. For m = 1, the Dirichlet problem was solved more than 30 years ago by Jenkins and Serrin [12] for any mean convex domains and the solutions are all smooth. This paper considers the Dirichlet problem for convex domains in arbitrary codimension m. We prove that if ψ : ¯Ω → ℝm satisfies 8nδ supΩ |D2ψ| + √2 sup∂Ω |Dψ| < 1, then the Dirichlet problem for ψ|∂Ω is solvable in smooth maps. Here δ is the diameter of Ω. Such a condition is necessary in view of an example of Lawson and Osserman [13]. In order to prove this result, we study the associated parabolic system and solve the Cauchy-Dirichlet problem with ψ as initial data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mercury Cratering Record Viewed from MESSENGER's First Flyby

Morphologies and size-frequency distributions of impact craters on Mercury imaged during MESSENGER's first flyby elucidate the planet's geological history. Plains interior to the Caloris basin displaying color and albedo contrasts have comparable crater densities and therefore similar ages. Smooth plains exterior to Caloris exhibit a crater density ∼40% less than on interior plains and are thus volcanic and not Caloris impact ejecta. The size distribution of smooth-plains craters matches that of lunar craters postdating the Late Heavy Bombardment, implying that the plains formed no earlier than 3.8 billion years ago (Ga). At diameters less than or equal to 8 to 10 kilometers, secondary impact craters on Mercury are more abundant than primaries; this transition diameter is much larger than that on the Moon or Mars. A low density of craters on the peak-ring basin Raditladi implies that it may be younger than 1 Ga.
Ground-state properties of Fe, Co, Ni, and their monoxides: Results of the generalized gradient approximation

The lattice parameter, bulk modulus, cohesive energy, and magnetization of Fe, Co, and Ni are calculated using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of Perdew and co-workers. The GGA results agree better with experimental data than the corresponding results calculated with the local-spin-density approximation (LSDA). In particular, the overestimation of the cohesive energies are reduced and the GGA correctly predicts the bcc ferromagnetic phase to be the ground state of Fe, while the LSDA fails to do so. We have also studied the electronic and magnetic properties of the insulating antiferromagnetic transition-metal compounds FeO, CoO, and NiO with the GGA. For these oxides it is found that the results are very similar to the results calculated with use of the LSDA.
Condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases

Abstract An experimental investigation to examine the effects of surface orientation on the condensation of steam in the presence of noncondensable gas is reported. An air-steam mixture was directed into a rectangular flow-channel over a condensing aluminum surface that has a painted surface finish. The mixture flow was concurrent in all the tests with condensate flow. In this series of experiments, the orientation of the condensing surface was varied from 0–90° (plate surface was facing downwards at 0°), with a variable air-steam mass fraction of 0–0.87, and a mixture velocity of 1–3 m/s. The heat transfer coefficient was measured in addition to making visual observations of the condensation process. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient varied from 100 to 600 W/m2 K with the mass fraction of 0.87-0.24 and the maximum heat transfer coefficient of 6200 W/m2 K was measured with mass fraction of ∼ 0 . By tilting the condensing surface from the horizontal to vertical position, the heat transfer coefficient decreased 15 to 25% depending on the mass fraction. With a higher vapor content the effect of the orientation was smaller. This dependence was attributed to the existence of interfacial structure (droplets and ridges) that promoted heat transfer at small inclination angles, when the angle was increased the interface became smoother and heat transfer rates decreased. Heat transfer rates were also observed to increase with flow velocity, vapor content and pressure. The results are compared with some previously published data and a proposed condensation model that showed reasonable agreement with the data trends.
Calculated differential π+ production spectra at large angles from 28 GeV protons on a thick iridium target and comparisons with experimental data

Calculated results of the low-energy (<100 MeV) ..pi../sup +/ production spectra from 28-GeV protons incident on a thick iridium target are presented and compared with experimental data. Experimental results are available at angles of 66/sup 0/, 90/sup 0/, and 133/sup 0/ with respect to the incident proton beam, and comparisons with calculations are given at each of these angles. The calculated and experimental results are in moderately good agreement (factor of 2 to 4) over the energy range considered. Calculated results of the neutron, proton, ..pi../sup +/, and ..pi../sup -/ energy spectra, averaged over the angular interval 45/sup 0/ to 75/sup 0/, are also presented for energies less than or equal to 500 MeV. 2 figures.
Phaseolin diversity in the tepary bean, Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray

The tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) is grown mainly in and regions of Mexico and the southwestern U.S. as a subsistence crop by small farmers. It is also a store of genetic variability for traits such as disease and pest resistance and stress tolerance to improve the common bean (P. vulgaris L.). To determine geographic patterns of variation and the influence of domestication on genetic variability, the genetic diversity of phaseolin, the major seed storage protein, was characterized among 55 wild and 8 cultivated teparies using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fifteen electrophoretic phaseolin patterns were identified among wild forms, whereas only one pattern was exhibited by cultivars. This result suggests a single domestication in this species leading to a strong reduction in diversity. An additional finding is the divergence m phaseolin types between populations east and west of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains.
Electrical Characterization and Design Optimization of Embedded Chip in Substrate Cavities

Endless demands for digital convergence by ultra-miniaturization, increased functionality, better performance and low cost in both mobile and desktop systems are driving the needs for new and unique solutions in system integration. The requirements of future electronic systems include faster, smaller, lighter and thinner products. Advanced electronic packaging caters to these ultra-miniaturization and performance needs. The approach of embedding passive components has been in the fray for a while now and the relatively newer perspective to sustain the miniaturization trend efficiently is by embedded active chips as well. This paper discusses the electrical design aspects of embedded actives dealing with the chip-last methodology of embedding dies in particular. The various issues that are expected to surface are made clear through electromagnetic simulations using 3D solver tools. The transmission lines forming the substrate wiring when the cavities are made are analyzed comprehensively. A test vehicle is fabricated based on this new approach and preliminary measurement results are also included in this paper.
Clinical and systemic hemodynamic effects of nitrendipine

The antihypertensive effects of nitrendipine were evaluated in 12 subjects with hypertension, one of whom could not tolerate the drug for more than 3 days; hence hemodynamics were studied in the 11 subjects who were treated for 2 wk. In one patient taking 40 mg twice a day, blood pressure reduction was associated with a hemodynamic pattern of hyperkinetic circulation. Of the other 10 subjects, all of whom were taking 20 mg twice a day, two did not respond, but 8 had significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (136 +/- 4.3 to 106 +/- 3.2 mm Hg) resulting from a decrease in total peripheral resistance (52 +/- 3.7 to 35 +/- 2.6 U X m2). Changes in cardiac output, heart rate, and cardiopulmonary volume varied widely among subjects, such that average changes did not attain significance. Heart rate and cardiopulmonary volume, however, changed in the same direction, which suggests that the alterations in both were related to the degree of reflex sympathetic stimulation induced by nitrendipine. Plasma renin activity (PRA) increased during treatment (2.6 +/- 1.0 to 9.3 +/- 4.1 ng/ml/hr), whereas the increase in plasma aldosterone (PA) levels did not attain significance (13.7 +/- 1.6 to 21.5 +/- 4.5 ng/dl). As a result, PA/PRA decreased (16.1 +/- 4.9 to 9.4 +/- 2.6). These results suggest that calcium entry blockade might have interfered with steroidogenesis, thus blunting the effect of increased PRA. Finally, blood pressure response to nitrendipine in the whole group correlated inversely with pretreatment PRA (r = -0.88), suggesting greater activity of the drug in low-renin hypertension.
Juvenile or adult? Negotiating and contesting childhood in the courtroom

Abstract Legislative changes during the 1980s and 1990s made it easier to treat juveniles as adults in the U.S. justice system. Research on the sentencing outcomes of juveniles in the criminal court has been somewhat mixed, with some studies showing that they receive severe or long sentences and others showing that many young people receive probation or relatively short jail or prison sentences. Less attention has been placed on the process through which these cases move through the criminal court and the ways in which the labels of “juvenile” and “adult” are negotiated and contested by legal actors. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, this article examines the negotiation of these labels. While it finds that legal rules are important in establishing the potential outcomes in a case, the power of specific actors and the context of specific courtrooms are also important in shaping the negotiations and contestations over these labels. The article provides a framework to understand outcomes and presents ways that advocates can become involved in helping to shape the outcomes of these cases.
Hyperfine effects on associative ionization of ultracold sodium

We observe a new resonance structure in the associative ionization spectrum of laser-cooled sodium due to the collision of two atoms in different ground hyperfine states. This associative ionization is due to doubly resonant excitation at moderate internuclear separation through intermediate molecular states. Substructure within this resonance is evidence for the role of molecular bound states in this process. We present calculations modeling the effect of ground-state hyperfine structure, the importance of which was unanticipated in earlier theoretical studies
Particle energization by oblique inertial Alfvén waves in the auroral region

[1] Two-and three-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations are performed to study the particle energization by oblique inertial Alfven waves in the auroral region. It is found that most of the wave energy is transferred to the parallel acceleration of electrons and transverse acceleration of ions (TAI) as the result of nonlinear evolution of an initial wave. The wave-particle interactions between the Alfven wave and the electrons form a field-aligned electron beam, which is consistent with the time-dispersive electron signature and the suprathermal electron bursts observed by spacecraft. The steepening and subsequent breaking evolution of the Alfven wave generates a combination of ion cyclotron and ion acoustic waves which, in turn, heats the ions transversely. The parallel-accelerated electron beam could result in ion cyclotron and ion acoustic instability, but it is generally too weak to be the wave generation mechanism. Three-dimensional simulations suggest that the sheared field-aligned current sheet embedded in a transversely finite Alfven wave is subject to current shear-driven (CSD) instabilities. It is very possible that the ion cyclotron and ion acoustic waves generated by the wave breaking process, as well as the low-frequency electromagnetic fluctuations generated by CSD instabilities, are present in observed broadband ELF fluctuations and contribute to the associated TAI.
Proteoglycans synthesized by cultured fibroblasts derived from normal and inflamed human gingiva.

The in vitro proliferations rates and ptoteoglycans synthesized by adult human gingival fibroblasts derived from six age- and sex-matched donors of healthy and chronically inflamed gingiva were analyzed. Fibroblasts from inflamed gingiva demonstrated a slower growth rate than cells from healthy tissue. The rate of incorporation of [35S]sulfate into cell layer-associated proteoglycans and the release of these macromolecules into the culture medium did not differ appreciably between the two groups of cells. Similarly, no detectable differences in the overall charge of the proteoglycans synthesized by normal and inflamed gingival fibroblasts, as assessed by their elution from DEAE-Sephacel, were noted. However, sepharose CL-4B chromatography revealed that the medium-associated proteoglycans made by the inflamed tissue fibroblasts were depleted in one species of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans and contained more dermatan sulfate than did control cells. In addition, the intracellular proteoglycan pool was found to be greatly diminished in the inflamed tissue fibroblast cell layers. Glycosaminoglycan analysis of the proteoglycans confirmed these observations. Compared to normal gingival fibroblasts, the inflamed tissue fibroblasts released less heparan sulfate into the medium. Additionally, increased levels of dermatan sulfate and depleted amounts of chondroitin sulfate in the medium of inflamed gingival cells were noted. The observed changes were stable through several transfers in culture and indicate that chronically inflamed tissue may contain fibroblasts mainfesting a heritable phenotype differing from fibroblasts in normal connective tissue.
Associative EPSP‐‐spike potentiation induced by pairing orthodromic and antidromic stimulation in rat hippocampal slices.

1. Pairing low-frequency orthodromic stimulation with high-frequency antidromic conditioning of pyramidal cells in area CA1 of the rat hippocampus resulted in long-lasting potentiation of the extracellular population spike of the cells, without an accompanying increase in the extracellular excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), indicating an increase in EPSP-spike (E-S) coupling, also called E-S potentiation. 2. The amplitude of the antidromically conditioned E-S potentiation took up to 60 min to reach its peak, much longer than synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by orthodromic tetanic stimulation. 3. The population spike amplitude of a control orthodromic input, which stimulated a separate set of fibres and which was inactive during the pairing, was also increased in over half the slices tested. That it can affect a silent pathway suggests that antidromically conditioned E-S potentiation is not generated locally at tetanized synapses. 4. Bath application of 50 microM D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) blocked induction of antidromically conditioned E-S potentiation. After washing out the AP5, the same stimulation resulted in population spike increases. This suggests that activation of the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor is necessary for the induction of this form of E-S potentiation. 5. Application of 10 microM picrotoxin and/or 10 microM bicuculline, which block inhibition mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptors, did not reduce antidromically conditioned E-S potentiation. Thus, plasticity in GABAA-mediated inhibition cannot account for the increased population spike amplitude. 6. E-S potentiation did not increase the amplitude of either extracellular or intracellular EPSPs recorded at the cell body.
Biological Implications of the DNA Structures Associated with Disease-Causing Triplet Repeats

The discovery of expanding repeat tracts associated with human disease has revealed an unexpected characteristic of a simple DNA sequence in the context of the human genome. This instability and the propensity for massive expansion likely reflect a new mutational mechanism (or combination of processes) that is not a feature of simpler model genetic organisms. The molecular mechanisms responsible for the genetic instability observed in triplet-repeat–associated disorders likely involve the unique structural properties associated with simple triplet-repeat tracts. A greater understanding of both the triplet-repeat DNA structures and the molecular mechanisms responsible for spontaneous mutations will be required before we can understand which of the models discussed above are responsible for repeat instability leading to triplet-repeat–associated human diseases.
Bermudagrass Cultivar Response to Swine Effluent Application

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] has great potential to recover nutrients due to its pronounced yield response to N. Our objective was to determine differences in forage dry matter (DM) yield, nutrient concentration, and nutrient uptake among diverse bermudagrass cultivars fertilized with swine effluent. 'Alicia', 'Brazos', 'Coastal', 'Russell', 'Tifton 44', and 'Tifton 85' hybrid bermudagrass and common bermudagrass were grown on a Brooksville silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, thermic Aquic Hapludert) and fertilized with effluent to provide 370 and 61 kg ha -1 yr -1 N and P, respectively (mean of 3 yr), and on an Atwood silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Paleudalf) and fertilized to provide 200 and 38 kg ha -1 yr -1 N and P, respectively. Annual DM yields of Brazos, Coastal, Russell, and Tifton 85 were similar on Brooksville (23.3-24.2 Mg ha -1 ) and Atwood (12.3-14.1 Mg ha -1 ) soils. Annual N and P uptake ranged from 422 to 467 kg N ha -1 and 50 to 58 kg P ha -1 on the Brooksville soil and from 181 to 230 kg N ha -1 and 32 to 40 kg P ha -1 on the Atwood soil. Common bermudagrass uptake of N and P was similar to or greater than all hybrids except Russell on Atwood soil due to greater herbage N and P concentration. Hybrids generally recovered more K, Cu, and Zn than common bermudagrass. Relatively small differences in nutrient uptake among the bermudagrass cultivars suggest that forage quality, winter hardiness, and establishment cost be given equal consideration when choosing a cultivar.
A redshift-dependent colour–luminosity relation in Type 1a supernovae

Type 1a supernova magnitudes are used to fit cosmological parameters under the assumption the model will fit the observed redshift dependence. We test this assumption with the Union 2.1 compilation of 580 sources. Several independent tests find the existing model fails to account for a significant correlation of supernova color and redshift. The correlation of magnitude residuals relative to the $\Lambda CDM$ model and $color \times redshift$ has a significance equivalent to 13 standard deviations, as evaluated by randomly shuffling the data. Extending the existing $B-V$ color correction to a relation linear in redshift improves the goodness of fit $\chi^{2}$ by more than 50 units, an equivalent 7-$\sigma$ significance, while adding only one parameter. The $color-redshift$ correlation is quite robust, cannot be attributed to outliers, and passes several tests of consistency. We review previous hints of redshift dependence in color parameters found in bin-by-bin fits interpreted as parameter bias. We show that neither the bias nor the change $\Delta \chi^{2}$ of our study can be explained by those effects. The previously known relation that bluer supernovae have larger absolute luminosity tends to empirically flatten out with increasing redshift. The best-fit cosmological dark energy density parameter is revised from $ \Omega_{\Lambda} =0.71 \pm 0.02$ to $ \Omega_{\Lambda} = 0.74 \pm 0.02$ assuming a flat universe. One possible physical interpretation is that supernovae or their environments evolve significantly with increasing redshift.
Micromechanics Modeling of Crack Initiation Under Contact Fatigue

Using dislocation pileup theory, a model is givenfor the prediction of crack initiation life under contact fatigue. Near surface crack initiation is investigated by introducing the sliding contact boundary condition. Crack initiation originated at the surface and substrate are treated as extreme cases. The new model physically explains how a surface crack can be initiated and shows that the surface crack initiation life should be shorter than the subsurface crack initiation life under the same stress amplitude conditions. A discussion is given about the influence of residual stress, hardness, temperature, irreversibility of the plastic deformation, as well as other parameters that affect the crack initiation life
Characterization of the Interaction between RhoGDI and Cdc42Hs Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The GDP-dissociation-inhibitor (GDI) for Rho-like GTP-binding proteins is capable of three different biochemical activities. These are the inhibition of GDP dissociation, the inhibition of GTP hydrolysis, and the stimulation of the release of GTP-binding proteins from membranes. In order to better understand how GDI interactions with Rho-like proteins mediate these different effects, we have set out to develop a direct fluorescence spectroscopic assay for the binding of the GDI to the Rho-like protein, Cdc42Hs. We show here that when the GDI interacts with Cdc42Hs that contains bound N-methylanthraniloyl GDP (Mant-GDP), there is an approximately 20% quenching of the Mant fluorescence. The GDI-induced quenching is only observed when Mant-GDP is bound to Spodoptera frugiperda-expressed Cdc42Hs and is not detected when the Mant nucleotide is bound to Escherichia coli-expressed Cdc42Hs and thus shows the same requirement for isoprenylated GTP-binding protein as that observed when assaying GDI activity. A truncated Cdc42Hs mutant that lacks 8 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus and is insensitive to GDI regulation also does not show changes in the fluorescence of its bound Mant-GDP upon GDI addition. Thus, the GDI-induced quenching of Mant-GDP provides a direct read-out for the binding of the GDI to Cdc42Hs. Titration profiles of the GDI-induced quenching of the Mant-GDP fluorescence are saturable and are well fit to a simple 1:1 binding model for Cdc42Hs-GDI interactions with an apparent Kd value of 30 nM. A very similar Kd value (28 nM) is measured when titrating the GDI-induced quenching of the fluorescence of Mant-guanylyl imidotriphosphate, bound to Cdc42Hs. These results suggest that the GDI can bind to the GDP-bound and GTP-bound forms of Cdc42Hs equally well. We also have used the fluorescence assay for GDI interactions to demonstrate that the differences in functional potency observed between the GDI molecule and a related human leukemic protein, designated LD4, are due to differences in their binding affinities for Cdc42Hs. This, together with the results from studies using GDI/LD4 chimeras, allow us to conclude that a limit region within the carboxyl-terminal domain of the GDI molecule is responsible for its ability to bind with higher affinity (compared with LD4) to Cdc42Hs.
Design and Analysis of a Low-Power 3–6-Gb/s 55-GHz OOK Receiver With High-Temperature Performance

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of an SiGe BiCMOS on-off keying (OOK) receiver composed of a low-noise SiGe amplifier and an OOK detector. The analysis indicates that the bias circuit and bias current have a substantial impact on the receiver and should be optimized for best performance. The LO leakage from the transmitter can also have a detrimental impact on the receiver sensitivity and should be minimized for best performance. The receiver consumes 11 mW, has a noise equivalent power of 5-10 fW/Hz1/2 at 55 GHz, and an instantaneous dynamic range of 27-30 dB. The OOK receiver achieves 6-Gb/s communication with a bit-error rate (BER) <; 10-12 at room temperature. Operation is also demonstrated up to 105°C at 3 Gb/s with a BER <; 10-12.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose fibrils isolated by high intensity ultrasonication

Abstract Cellulose fibrils in micro and nanoscales generated from biomass are relative new reinforcing materials for polymer composites, which have potential lightweight and high strength and are biodegradable. The objective of this study was to reinforce biodegradable polymers by cellulose fibrils generated from several cellulose sources by ultrasonic treatment in order to utilize biomass to fabricate high-value products. The geometrical characteristics of the fibrils were investigated by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The degree of fibrillation of the fibers evaluated by water retention value was significantly increased after treatment. The treated cellulose and separated fibrils were used to reinforce poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) to make biodegradable nanocomposites by film casting. The mechanical properties of PVA were significantly improved by most of the small fibrils. The morphological characteristics of the nanocomposites were investigated with PLM, scanning electron microscopy, and AFM.
Model filler reinforcement studies by small angle X‐ray scattering

Polybutadiene rubbers, filled with polydichlorostyrene or polystyrene latices having spherical diameters of approximately 500A, were examined by small angle x-ray scattering. The filler latices were examined by x-ray scattering as a function of strain. The sample elongations ranged up to 400 percent. An analysis of the scattering of the polydichlorostyrene filler latices showed that there was deformation of the filler particles up to 25 percent. Such a deformation is not expected on the basis of the mechanical properties of bulk glassy polydichlorostyrene. However, deformation into ellipsoids of revolution is consistent with the x-ray evidence. The deformation of the latices is reasonable.
Spongiform pathology in mouse CNS lacking 'neuropathy target esterase' and cellular prion protein.

Abstract Conditional inactivation of the ‘neuropathy target esterase’ (NTE) gene in mouse nerve cells was previously shown to result in CNS pathology comparable to the spongiform encephalopathy characteristic of prion diseases. To determine whether cellular prion protein (PrPc) is essential for development of this pathology we examined hippocampi of mice lacking NTE alone, PrPc alone or both NTE and PrPc. Light microscopic survey showed clear-cut spongiform changes in a majority of NTE−/− and NTE/PrP−/− double knockout mice but in only one PrP−/− mouse. EM analysis of spongiform lesions from NTE−/− and NTE/PrP−/− mice, and from the one affected PrP−/− mouse, revealed patches of branching tubular inclusions, comparable to the ‘tubulovesicular inclusions’ described previously in prion diseases. We conclude that spongiform pathology in conditional NTE knockout mice is not mediated by PrPc, and that tubulovesicular inclusions can be seen in spongiform encephalopathy of other etiologies and are not pathognomonic of prion disease.
JCE Resources for Chemistry and Water

This annotated bibliography collects the best that past issues of JCE have to offer for use with the 2008 Chemists Celebrate Earth Day them, "Streaming Chemistry".