cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empowering statistical methods for cellular and molecular biologists

We provide guidelines for using statistical methods to analyze the types of experiments reported in cellular and molecular biology journals such as Molecular Biology of the Cell. Our aim is to help experimentalists use these methods skillfully, avoid mistakes, and extract the maximum amount of information from their laboratory work. We focus on comparing the average values of control and experimental samples. A Supplemental Tutorial provides examples of how to analyze experimental data using R software.
On Sexual Lust as an Emotion

Sexual lust has frequently been viewed as a motivational appetite or urge, rather than as an emotional feeling. I argue that this view of lust is too limited. Using a “componentialist” theory of emotion that has Aristotelian roots and has recently been refined by an interdisciplinary cadre of emotion theorists, I argue that describing episodes of lust as emotional is both apt and helps to explain the psychological reciprocity and phenomenological richness of interpersonal lust, as it has been described by Thomas Nagel and others. In the process, I suggest a somewhat novel way of relating emotion and motivation, and hopefully put to rest some humanist concerns about the limits of scientific psychology.
Outcomes of trial of labor after cesarean birth by provider type in low-risk women.

Background One approach to decreasing the cesarean birth rate in the United States is to increase the availability of birth attendants, including certified nurse-midwives (CNMs), who offer trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC). We examined associations between provider type and mode of birth for women attempting vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study at a United States academic medical center using prospectively-collected data (2005-2012). We included healthy women with term singleton vertex pregnancies after one or two prior cesareans who were managed by obstetricians or CNMs. We assessed unplanned cesarean birth by provider type using univariate and logistic regression and examined labor interventions and predicted VBAC success. Results Overall VBAC success was 88% for 502 included patients. Unplanned cesarean rates were similar by provider type. Black race, no prior VBAC, recurring clinical indication for cesarean, labor augmentation/induction, and any Pitocin use were associated with increased unplanned cesarean. Higher parity and early-term gestational age at delivery were associated with decreased unplanned cesarean. Postpartum hemorrhage and composite maternal morbidity were increased with unplanned cesarean, but there was no difference in neonatal outcome by mode of delivery or provider type. Obstetricians had slightly higher composite adverse maternal outcomes. Nomogram-predicted VBAC success but not provider type was associated with unplanned cesarean. Conclusions Unplanned cesarean was similar for patients attempting labor after cesarean managed by midwives or obstetricians. Increasing the number of CNMs who manage TOLAC may help decrease the high rate of cesareans.
Diabetes and Humor: A Preliminary Investigation.

Diabetes can take a tremendous toll on physical and psychological health. Given the growing evidence of the benefits of humor, this study examined the association between diabetes and humor. The sample consisted of 249 participants: 72.3% with type 1 diabetes, 70.3% female, 89.5% Caucasian, and 70.9% college educated. Participants completed the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) and were compared with HSQ norms. On the affiliative humor scale, the diabetes group did not differ from the norm (P >0.05), nor did those with type 1 diabetes (P >0.05). Scores of those with type 2 diabetes were lower than the norm (P 0.05), nor did the subgroups with type 1 diabetes (P >0.05) or type 2 diabetes (P >0.05). The diabetes group was lower than the norm on aggressive humor (P
M2A2: Microscale Modular Assembled ASICs for High-Mix, Low-Volume, Heterogeneously Integrated Designs

With CMOS process technology scaling, the mask cost for fabricating nano-scale transistors, contacts, and interconnects has become prohibitively expensive, especially, for low volume designs. Moreover, higher transistor density has resulted in higher design complexity and large-sized die, which has led to an increase in the design cycle time and degradation in the process yield. These challenges are forcing low-volume application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) toward highly suboptimal field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). In this article, we propose a new approach for designing and fabricating high-mix, low-volume heterogeneously integrated ASICs, referred to as Microscale Modular Assembled ASIC (M2A2), consisting of: 1) pick-and-place assembly of prefabricated blocks (PFBs) which utilizes the nano-precision placement capabilities developed in jet-and-flash imprint lithography (J-FIL) and 2) EDA design methodology utilizing unsupervised learning and graph-matching techniques. The EDA methodology leverages existing CAD tool infrastructure for easy adoption into the current EDA ecosystem. The proposed fabrication technology makes use of pick-and-place assembly technique to allow nano-precise assembly of PFBs. The PFBs can be fabricated in advanced process nodes and then knitted together on a wafer substrate. Custom-designed low-cost back-end metal layers can then be created/placed on top of the PFB knitted layer to realize a variety of high-mix, low-volume ASIC designs. M2A2 would allow more flexibility in front-end design by optimal PFB selection and knitting compared to the earlier proposed approaches such as structured ASICs (sASICs). In this article, the performance of M2A2-based designs are compared with different design technologies, such as baseline ASICs, FPGAs, and sASICs at 16 nm, 40 nm, and 130 nm CMOS process nodes. The post-PNR simulation results achieved over 15 IWLS benchmarks show that the proposed M2A2 designs achieve $27.11\times -34.89\times $ reduced power-delay-product (PDP) compared to FPGAs, and incur $1.69\times -2.36\times $ larger area compared to the baseline ASICs. The M2A2 designs achieve 15%–68.5% smaller area and 8.5%–52% higher performance compared to the sASIC methodologies. Moreover, the key fabrication steps in the proposed M2A2 technology are presented. The experimental fab results along with the proposed EDA flow simulations show promising results for the proposed M2A2 technology. Design tradeoffs and process challenges for large scale deployment of the M2A2 technology are discussed along with their mitigation strategies.
Surveillance for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Patients with cirrhosis of the liver have a very high risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, this group of patients should undergo surveillance to improve mortality. Better tools for stratifying the risk of HCC among patients with cirrhosis are needed. The best strategy for surveillance is the combination of alpha-fetoprotein and ultrasound of the liver every 6 months. This strategy shows a sensitivity of approximately 65% and a specificity of 90%, and importantly, has been shown to improve mortality in these patients. Balancing benefits and harms should be performed when deciding to proceed with surveillance.
Staying Roman: Conquest and Identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439?700

What did it mean to be Roman once the Roman Empire had collapsed in the West? Staying Roman examines Roman identities in the region of modern Tunisia and Algeria between the fifth-century Vandal conquest and the seventh-century Islamic invasions. Using historical, archaeological and epigraphic evidence, this study argues that the fracturing of the empire's political unity also led to a fracturing of Roman identity along political, cultural and religious lines, as individuals who continued to feel 'Roman' but who were no longer living under imperial rule sought to redefine what it was that connected them to their fellow Romans elsewhere. The resulting definitions of Romanness could overlap, but were not always mutually reinforcing. Significantly, in late antiquity Romanness had a practical value, and could be used in remarkably flexible ways to foster a sense of similarity or difference over space, time and ethnicity, in a wide variety of circumstances.
Density Functional Theory Investigation of Fulvene-Derivatized Fullerenes as Candidates for Organic Solar Cells.

Interest within the scientific community in organic solar cells has been on the rise over the last two decades as researchers respond to increasing demands for alternative renewable energy sources....
Quantification of Quinolinic Acid Metabolism by Macrophages and Astrocytes

Neurologic abnormalities, brain atrophy, neurodegeneration and encephalitis may accompany infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).1,12 Some neurologic symptoms can be attributed to opportunistic central nervous system (CNS) conditions such as toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and lymphoma. However, because neurologic deficits can occur independent of opportunistic CNS infections, and because HIV appears to be preferentially localized in macrophages, monocyte infiltrates and microglia rather than the functional elements of the brain, there is considerable interest in whether host- or virus-coded mediators secreted by macrophages are involved in the neuropathogenic processes. Potential host-coded mediators include quinolinic acid (QUIN),3–5 cytokines,6,7 prostaglandin metabolites,8,9 nitric oxide,10 as well as several unidentified factors.11–15 Virus-coded factors include gp12013,16–18 and tat.19 Other investigators have implicated the involvement of astrocytes.8,9,18
Leadership & Communication: Demystifying the Steps to Success

Leadership is in the eye of the beholder (Fairhurst, 2016). And often the main criterion used to determine the quality of one’s leadership is one’s communication ability. Without adept communication skills in place, the leader is not likely to rack up too many successes, or those wins are likely to be short-lived. At its heart, leadership means to influence. Moreover, as the employee with more position power, the leader is charged with communicating on behalf of their team to argue for additional resources or remove organizational obstacles. This chapter provides leaders and employees with concrete steps to sharpen their communication skills. This chapter coaches readers on how active listening differs from simply hearing and presents the myriad benefits research shows of active listening. In addition to focusing on active listening and intentional word choice, immediacy behaviors—or nonverbal behaviors—are also presented to translate empirical data for immediate integration into the workplace. This chapter also provides readers with tangible solutions on how to navigate conflict between a leader and a member, among two or more members, and gives leaders tips for how to approach interpersonal challenges they may have with their own leader.
Accuracy and patient perceived difficulty of utilizing ototopical antibiotic therapy

Abstract Purpose To examine how patients self-administer ear drops, ascertain their perceived difficulty in performing the task and determine if they are able to deliver the correct dosage. Materials and methods This is a prospective cohort study performed in an otology outpatient clinic with twenty-one subjects with a condition requiring ototopical antibiotics. The number of ear drops applied as well as skills performed during ear drop application was measured. Patient reported difficulty and confidence in application of ear drops data was also obtained. Results The mean number of drops applied was 2.91 ± 2.1 (target = 3 drops) with a large variance in drop application, range of 0.6 to 9.2 drops. If “correct dosage” is considered 85–115% of the intended dose, then almost half of patients, 47.6%, underdosed with 23.8% that over dosed. Patients reported that the average difficulty in applying drops to themselves was 3.6 (1 being easy and 10 being difficult). Patients reported a high confidence level in applying the correct dose of ear drops of 6.7 (1 being not confident and 10 being very confident). Conclusions In our study of 21 patients self-administering ear drops, only 28.6% of patients were able to correctly apply the appropriate treatment dose, with almost half of patients underdosing. Questionnaire data indicated that most patients were unaware they were administering an incorrect dose. Inaccurate administration of ear drops could be problematic and lead to longer durations of symptoms, false treatment failures, and increased costs.
Practical immunology and beef and dairy vx protocols

Vaccination is an important component for the prevention and control of disease in cattle. However, too often vaccines are viewed as a catch-all solution for management and nutrition errors; the “best” vaccine can never overcome these deficiencies. Proper vaccination in the young and developing heifer is the key to long-term development of that animal as a reproductive unit in the herd. Modified-live vaccines (MLV) have been used because of the good antibody response, longer duration of immunity, fewer doses needed per animal, and lower cost. However, non-adjuvanted MLV vaccines fail to booster well vaccinated animals, as active vaccine-induced immunity neutralizes vaccine virus preventing the MLV from replicating and preventing a booster immune response. Improved adjuvants have increased the scope and duration of both MLV and inactivated virus immunity. The periparturient period (the last 3 weeks prior to calving and the first 3 weeks following calving) are poor times to initiate an immune response—hormonal, dietary and metabolic factors limit immune responsiveness. Postpartum is also a difficult time to vaccinate as lactation energy demands supercedes immunity. Each vaccine program needs to be designed based on animal flow, actual “disease” threats, and labor on the farm.
Resolving ambiguous polarity stripping ellipsis structures in Persian

Previous studies have shown that English speakers use a range of factors including locality, information structure, and semantic parallelism to interpret clausal ellipsis structures. Yet, the relative importance of each factor is currently underexplored. As cues to information structure and semantic parallelism are often implicit in English, we turned to Persian which marks information structure overtly via word order scrambling and uses the -rā morpheme to indicate definiteness/specificity on direct objects. To determine what strategies Persian speakers use to disambiguate clausal ellipsis, we conducted a naturalness rating study and sentence completion task on polarity stripping structures. Our results show that information structure and parallelism strongly influence correlate resolution in both tasks, but that a weaker preference for a local correlate emerges in scrambling in the sentence completion task. As these results diverge from those obtained in English studies, we speculate that the morphosyntactic properties of Persian constrain the strategies the processer uses in selecting a contrastive correlate and resolving ambiguity in stripping ellipsis.
The Use of Steroids and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

Summary Corticosteroids and NSAIDs can play an important role in the control of the pain and inflammation associated with numerous surgical and nonsurgical conditions in the oral and maxillofacial region. When used in proper dosage and in appropriately selected cases, these drugs can improve patient management significantly. However, they never should be used as a substitute for good surgical technique and careful, atraumatic handling of the tissues. If such factors are not addressed properly, the end result may still be unsatisfactory, despite the administration of these pharmacologic agents.
Evaluation of Water Quality and Rate of Sedimentation of Bighorn Lake

The managers of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area have expressed concern about two aspects of water quality in Bighorn Lake, the rate of sediment accumulation in the upper ends of the lake, especially in the Horseshoe Bend region, and the excessive fertility that occurs generally in the upper end, although it sometimes extends throughout the total length of the lake. In the spring of 1980 a cooperative study was initiated which was designed to estimate the rate of sediment accumulation in the Horseshoe Bend area of Bighorn Lake since closure of the Yellowtail Dam in 1967. Studies were also initiated to evaluate the sources of aquatic plant nutrients, the factors limiting phytoplankton growth within the upper ends of Bighorn Lake, and the current degree of eutrophication-fertility of waters in this region of the waterbody. This report presents a summary of the results of the first eight months of these studies.
Artificial Photosynthesis in Zeolite-Based Molecular Assemblies

Zeolites are crystalline aluminosilicates which admit molecules of appropriate size and charge into their internal void spaces. This selectivity allows zeolites to be used as templates for self-organizing molecular electron transport chains. In zeolites Y and L, the framework is negatively charged and electroactive cations of critical dimension 8 A or less are admitted to the internal volume. Larger, multiply charged cations adhere via ion-exchange to the external surface in roughly monolayer quantities. The surface ions mediate electron transfer between molecules in the bulk and a metal electrode; with surface and bulk ions of appropriate relative redox potential, e.g. metalloporphyrins and viologens, current rectification and charge trapping effects can be observed electrochemically. Three-component systems for light induced charge separation can be prepared by exchanging donor-acceptor molecules onto the outer surface of zeolite particles which contain secondary acceptors. We have studied the photochemistry of covalently linked Ru(bpy)3-diquat cations exchanged onto the surface of zeolite L particles containing benzylviologen (BV2+) ions in the bulk. Following visible light excitation, two sequential electron transfers (Ru(bpy)3 2+ → DQ2+→BV2+) occur within 100 ns to yield a Ru3+−BV+ state with a 35 μs lifetime. The series of electron transfers in this self-assembling triad mimics the primary electron transfer steps in bacterial photosynthesis, in that a long-lived charge separated state, in which the electron and hole reside on spatially separated molecules, is formed photochemically.
Signal subspace registration of time series medical imagery

Image registration is one of the crucial steps in detecting changes among the time series medical images. Due to variations in the imaging system over time, the impulse response of the imaging system, also known as its point spread function (PSF), exhibits a time-varying behavior. The registration is further complicated due to the subtle coordinate changes introduced by the patient. In this work, the registration problem is approached via a spatially varying multi-dimensional adaptive filtering method that relates one image in terms of an unknown linear combination of the other image and its spatially transformed versions. Using this model, we develop a scheme, which we refer to as signal subspace processing, to estimate a localized impulse response to calibrate relatively small regions. A criterion is designed to identify the localized PSFs that are not sensitive to the system noise or anatomical changes but accurately represent the spatially varying nature of the unknown miscalibration sources. Low order polynomials are used to sew the localized PSF together and construct a global spatially variant PSF. The anatomical changes between the time series images are achieved by calibrating the image with the global spatially variant PSF. Numerical experiments using MR images illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
The Aggregate Relation Between Profits and Concentration is Consistent with Cournot Behavior

An important and controversial stylized fact in industrial organization is the positive correlation between industry profit and concentration. There are many interpretations of this finding. One view is based on the classic theories of Chamberlin and Stigler, which imply that concentrated industries facilitate collusion, leading to supernormal profits. But independent, profit maximizing behavior in the Cournot model can also generate the positive correlation. A second fact--that intra-industry profit rates are correlated with market share--is the basis for an alternative interpretation of the first. In this paper we present an equilibrium model of oligopoly which generates these two implications and nests the classic behavioral assumptions of Bertrand, Cournot and Chamberlin. Among the alternative models we find that the Cournot version implies regression coefficients for the profits-concentration relation that are very close to the estimated coefficients in the empirical literature. Thus, what many regard as the benchmark model of oligopoly is consistent with one of the principal findings of the empirical literature.
Use bootable Linux CD (BCCD) to teach cluster and parallel computing concepts: conference workshop

High performance computing education is needed at all levels of computer science education, but the need is especially clear in the undergraduate computer science curriculum. A Bootable Linux CD (BCCD) developed by Paul Gray from the University of Northern Iowa is available which provides a convenient way to boot a number of normal lab PCs into a real Linux cluster, through which students can experiment by managing it and running parallel programs on it. This BCCD approach is self-contained and non-invasive in that it provides all essential tools while keeping the original OS intact. The flexibility of this system allows the use of current pools of resources without the cost and pain of maintaining dedicated cluster resources, which is especially attractive to the computer science programs of small colleges.
Crack-tip fields for matrix cracks between dissimilar elastic and creeping materials

The stress fields near the tip of a matrix crack terminating at and perpendicular to a planar interface under symmetric in-plane loading in plane strain are investigated. The bimaterial interface is formed by a linearly elastic material and an elastic power-law creeping material in which the crack is located. Using generalized expansions at the crack tip in each region and matching the stresses and displacements across the interface in an asymptotic sense, a series asymptotic solution is constructed for the stresses and strain rates near the crack tip. It is found that the stress singularities, to the leading order, are the same in each material; the stress exponent is real. The oscillatory higher-order terms exist in both regions and stress higher-order term with the order of O(r°) appears in the elastic material. The stress exponents and the angular distributions for singular terms and higher order terms are obtained for different creep exponents and material properties in each region. A full agreement between asymptotic solutions and the full-field finite element results for a set of test examples with different times has been obtained.
Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer

The original hypothesis of Schwartz and Hulka (1990) proposing that vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for prostate cancer has triggered many studies. Epidemiological studies have supported this hypothesis with findings that sunlight exposure is inversely proportional to prostate cancer mortality and that prostate cancer risk is greater in men with lower levels of vitamin D (Hanchette and Schwartz, 1992; Corder et al, 1993; Ahonen et al, 2000). Prostate cancer cells express receptors for 1,25(OH)2D3 and some cell lines are growth inhibited when treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 (reviewed in Blutt and Weigel, 1999). The mechanism of action of these growth inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in LNCaP cells involves G1 accumulation, induction of quiescence, and an increase in apoptosis of the cancer cells (Blutt et al, 1997, 2000a; Zhuang and Burnstein, 1998). In vivo, 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs slow tumor growth and hinder metastasis of prostate tumors in rodent models (Schwartz et al, 1995; Getzenberg et al, 1997; Lokeshwar et al, 1999; Blutt et al, 2000b), and 1,25(OH)2D3 may have clinically relevant effects (Gross et al, 1998). More work is required to elucidate the mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action in prostate cancer cells and to identify optimal 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs in a search for compounds with a better separation of growth inhibitory effects from hypercalcemic effects.
Purification of Oligodendrocytes and Their Progenitors Using Immunomagnetic Separation and Percoll Gradient Centrifugation

In this unit, two techniques are described for the purification of oligodendrocytes and their progenitors from the developing mammalian central nervous system (CNS). The first method utilizes the technique of immunomagnetic separation to selectively isolate oligodendrocytes and their progenitor cells from the optic nerve of prenatal and early postnatal rats. This technique takes advantage of the surface antigens expressed on these cells. A paramagnetic bead is attached to the cells via an antibody bridge. Target cells that are coupled to magnetic beads can then be separated from a heterogeneous cell population using a magnetic field. The second method for isolating oligodendrocytes uses Percoll gradient centrifugation to separate oligodendrocytes from a heterogeneous cell population by virtue of their cell density and allows the direct isolation of oligodendrocytes from animals aged postnatal day 4 (P-4) to adult. This method is particularly useful for assessing physiological systems present in development that may be lost as a result of growing purified neonatal cells in vitro in the absence of neuronal influence.
On the theory of semi‐implicit projection methods for viscous incompressible flow and its implementation via a finite element method that also introduces a nearly consistent mass matrix. Part 1: Theory

Ever since the expansion of the finite element method (FEM) into unsteady fluid mechanics, the «consistent mass matrix» has been a relevant issue. Applied to the time-dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, it virtually demands the use of implicit time integration methods in which full «velocity-pressure coupling» is also inherent. We re-introduce the consistent mass matrix into some semi-implicit projection methods in such a way that the cost advantage of lumped mass and the accuracy advantage of consistent mass are simultaneously realized
Simulating billion-task parallel programs

In simulating large parallel systems, bottom-up approaches exercise detailed hardware models with effects from simplified software models or traces, whereas top-down approaches evaluate the timing and functionality of detailed software models over coarse hardware models. Here, we focus on the top-down approach and significantly advance the scale of the simulated parallel programs. Via the direct execution technique combined with parallel discrete event simulation, we stretch the limits of the top-down approach by simulating parallel programs with hundreds of millions of tasks. Although the scaling issues and solutions presented here are generally applicable, we focus on message passing interface (MPI) programs. Using a timing-validated benchmark application, a proof-of-concept scaling level is achieved to over 0.22 billion virtual MPI processes on 216,000 cores of a Cray XTS supercomputer, representing one of the largest direct execution simulations to date, combined with a multiplexing ratio of 1024 simulated tasks per real task.
Low molecular weight glycosaminoglycan C3 attenuates AF64A-stimulated, low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor-immunoreactive axonal varicosities in the rat septum.

Abstract Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although, as we have shown earlier, a low molecular weight GAG, C3, protects against ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A)-induced cholinergic damage, and against Aβ-induced tau-2-immunoreactivity (IR), the mechanism of the neuroprotective effect of GAGs is not yet known. Several clues exist. Previous studies in rats revealed that continuous NGF infusion (icv) after AF64A injection increases septal ChAT and AChE activities. Moreover, C3 increases axonal outgrowth in the rat hippocampus, raising the possibility of a NGF-receptor mediated neuroprotection. Furthermore, it has been reported that NGF expression is increased in the septum following AF64A administration. To study the question regarding the mechanism of neuroprotective action of GAGs, AF64A, a selective cholinotoxin, was administered stereotaxically, bilaterally, into the lateral ventricles of Fischer albino male rats (1 nmol/2 μl/side). In order to establish the effect of C3 on the expression of the NGF receptor-IR elements, C3 was administered orally (25 mg/kg, once a day), by gavage, 7 days before, and 7 days after the AF64A injection. NGF receptor immunohistochemistry revealed that AF64A induced the appearance of NGF-receptor-IR axonal varicosities in the rat medial septum. These varicose fibers were attenuated by 14 days' administration of C3. The possible explanation of our data may be that C3 increases NGF synthesis in the lateral septum. The increased level of NGF could suppress the increased, AF64A-induced NGF receptor expression in the medial septal nucleus. These results further accentuate our earlier observations that C3 may have potential as a therapeutic agent in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Metabolic pools of ATP in cultured bovine adrenal medullary chromaffin cells.

: Cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells contain a pool of ATP sequestered within the chromaffin vesicles and an extravesicular pool of ATP. In a previous study it was shown that the turnover of ATP in the extravesicular pool was biphasic. One phase occurred with a t1/2 of 3.5–4.5 h whereas the second phase occurred with a t1/2 of several days. The studies described here were undertaken to characterize further the vesicular and extravesicular pools of ATP by examining the effects of metabolic inhibitors, adenosine, and digitonin on ATP utilization and subcellular localization immediately after and 48 h after labeling with [3H]adenosine and 32Pi. Immediately after labeling a combination of cyanide, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, the β-glucono-l,5-lactone resulted in a 90–95% depletion of the labeled ATP but only a 25% depletion of the endogenous ATP within 30 min. Forty-eight hours after labeling, addition of the inhibitors resulted in a 70% depletion of the [3H]ATP but only a 25% depletion of the [32P]ATP and endogenous ATP. Addition of 10 μM adenosine to the media resulted in a similar loss of [3HJATP in cells examined immediately after or 48 h after labeling. Adenosine increased the amounts of [32P]ATP when added immediately after labeling but had no effect on the [32P]ATP content when added 48 h after labeling. Permeabilization of the plasma membrane by treatment with digitonin resulted in a loss of 90–95% of the labeled ATP but only 20% of the endogenous ATP in cells examined immediately after labeling and in a 79% loss of [3H]ATP, a 32% loss of [32P]ATP, and a 23% loss of endogenous ATP in cells examined 48 h after labeling. These studies show that ATP contained within chromaffin vesicles is metabolically inert and does not exchange readily with cytosolic ATP, but they do not differentiate extravesicular pools of labeled ATP. Calculation of ATP disappearance after abrupt cessation of ATP production indicates that cultured adrenal chromaffin cells utilize ATP at a rate of 0.24 nmol/min/106 cells, corresponding to a turnover time of 12.5 min for the extravesicular pool.
Utilization of fetal scalp pH and direct fetal electrocardiogram in the intrapartum management of congenital complete heart block in an adolescent primigravida

This case report documents the antepartum detection of congenital complete heart block in the fetus of an adolescent primigravida. Management utilizing direct fetal electrocardiogram and fetal scalp sampling is discussed. The report illustrates the appropriate management of a fetus in utero with congenital complete heart block and suggests procedures to be taken prior to delivery in the expectant management of a neonate with a congenital conduction defect.
Theorem on the Shrinking of Diffraction Peaks

It is shown that the width of a diffraction peak divided by $\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\sigma}(s, t=0)$ cannot decrease faster at high energies than a constant times ${(\mathrm{ln}s)}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$. This follows from unitarity and analyticity in the largest Lehmann ellipse consistent with perturbation theory.
Reducing errors in the GRACE gravity solutions using regularization

The nature of the gravity field inverse problem amplifies the noise in the GRACE data, which creeps into the mid and high degree and order harmonic coefficients of the Earth’s monthly gravity fields provided by GRACE. Due to the use of imperfect background models and data noise, these errors are manifested as north-south striping in the monthly global maps of equivalent water heights. In order to reduce these errors, this study investigates the use of the L-curve method with Tikhonov regularization. L-curve is a popular aid for determining a suitable value of the regularization parameter when solving linear discrete ill-posed problems using Tikhonov regularization. However, the computational effort required to determine the L-curve is prohibitively high for a large-scale problem like GRACE. This study implements a parameter-choice method, using Lanczos bidiagonalization which is a computationally inexpensive approximation to L-curve. Lanczos bidiagonalization is implemented with orthogonal transformation in a parallel computing environment and projects a large estimation problem on a problem of the size of about 2 orders of magnitude smaller for computing the regularization parameter. Errors in the GRACE solution time series have certain characteristics that vary depending on the ground track coverage of the solutions. These errors increase with increasing degree and order. In addition, certain resonant and near-resonant harmonic coefficients have higher errors as compared with the other coefficients. Using the knowledge of these characteristics, this study designs a regularization matrix that provides a constraint on the geopotential coefficients as a function of its degree and order. This regularization matrix is then used to compute the appropriate regularization parameter for each monthly solution. A 7-year time-series of the candidate regularized solutions (Mar 2003–Feb 2010) show markedly reduced error stripes compared with the unconstrained GRACE release 4 solutions (RL04) from the Center for Space Research (CSR). Post-fit residual analysis shows that the regularized solutions fit the data to within the noise level of GRACE. A time series of filtered hydrological model is used to confirm that signal attenuation for basins in the Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP) database over 320 km radii is less than 1 cm equivalent water height RMS, which is within the noise level of GRACE.
Test-Free Person Measurement with the Rasch Simple Logistic Model.

This research investigated the use of the Rasch simple logistic model in obtaining test-free ability estimates. Two tests each of word, picture, symbol, and number analogies were administered to college and high school students. Differences between scores on each pair of tests were analyzed to deter mine whether the ability estimates were independ ent of the tests employed. The results indicate that raw-score ability estimates are influenced by the difficulty of the items used in measurement but that Rasch ability estimates are relatively independ ent of the difficulty of these items. The need is dis cussed for additional research in which an indi vidualized item-presentation procedure is used with the Rasch model.
Effect of potassium on supernormal conduction in the bundle branch-Purkinje system of the dog☆

Abstract Experiments were performed in 14 open chest anesthetized dogs to evaluate the characteristics of supernormal conduction in the ventricular specialized conduction system during premature atrial beats. Close bipolar intramural electrodes were used to record from the bundle of His and from proximal and distal portions of the left and right bundle branch-Purkinje system. Atrial and ventricular electrograms and the surface electrocardiogram were also recorded. A period of supernormal conduction in which the conduction times of premature beats were faster than during earlier or later beats occurred throughout the bundle branch-Purkinje system in 18 of 24 cases at normal plasma potassium levels of 2.9 to 5.5 mEq/liter. The minimal conduction time during the supernormal period was decreased 8.4 ± 6.4 (standard deviation) percent below control diastolic conduction times and the supernormal period averaged 67.7 ± 31.0 msec in duration. With use of intravenous potassium infusions, plasma potassium concentration was rapidly increased from normal values up to 7.0 mEq/ liter. The magnitude of the supernormal period decreased with increasing concentrations of potassium and was eliminated at levels above 6.0 mEq/liter. The magnitude, time course, duration and potassium dependence of the period of supernormal conduction in the intact dog were comparable with those of supernormal conduction in isolated canine Purkinje tissues. It is concluded that this type of supernormal conduction in the bundle branch-Purkinje system of the intact dog must have a mechanism similar to that of supernormal conduction in the isolated tissue, which has been shown to be due to a period of supernormal excitability. The potassium dependence described for this type of supernormality may aid in identifying the mechanism for supernormality in man.
A vertically layered allocation scheme for data flow systems

The asynchronous nature of a data flow model of computation allows the exploitation of maximum inherent parallelism in many application programs. However, one of the major hurdles facing designers of data flow computers is the issue of program allocation. The problem of finding an allocation algorithm which exploits maximum parallelism while minimizing communication overhead belongs to the class of NP-complete problems. This paper proposes a method called the vertically layered allocation scheme which utilizes heuristic rules in finding a compromise between computation and communication costs in a static data flow environment.
Thermal converter time constant and response time

THE DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS of a thermal converter∗ for measuring alternating current or voltage are of some importance in a number of applications. Of these, the time constant and response time are the characteristics most often required. The change of emf of a thermal converter after a step change in heater current is only approximately exponential, so that the definition as well as methods of measuring these quantities must be specified.
ACTIVITY OF THREE TRANSAMINASES DURING SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED METAMORPHOSIS IN RANA CATESBEIANA.

Relatively little variation in specific activity of hepatic l -aspartate-α-ketoglutarate transaminase (E.C.2.6.1.1) was observed in premetamorphic tadpoles ( Rana catesbeiana ). A rise of enzyme activity beging however, at the onset of true metamorphosis. The highest activity of the enzyme was observed in the liver of the adult frog, which showed a 4-fold increase as compared with that in the premetamorphic stage. The hepatic activity of l -alanine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase (E.C.2.6.1.2) in adult frogs was found to be lower than that in the larval stages. Otherwise, no significant change in activity was observed throughout the course of metamorphosis. The hepatic activity of l -tyrosine-α-ketoglutarate transaminase (E.C.2.6.1.5) showed considerable decrease during spontaneous metamorphosis. Only 30% of the activity was found in juvenile or adult frogs as compared with that in premetamorphic tadpoles. The pattern of distribution of the hepatic activities of the three transaminases in tadpoles during induced metamorphosis (by thyroxine) was shown to be similar to that observed during spontaneous metamorphosis.
Poisson process and integrated circuit yield prediction

Abstract Initial integrated circuit yield predictions were overly pessimistic because the assumption that defects were a homogeneous random population led to the logarithm of yield linearly declining with increasing chip area. In reality, the yield vs area curve is concave up, which can be successfully modeled by partitioning the wafer into several Poisson subareas of different defect densities. Previously, this partitioning was done by “eye”. Here an algorithm has been developed to do the partitioning. Good results over a wide range of yields have been obtained. For the particular data presented, the yield curves in the range of interest can be described by a negative binomial distribution, which implies the underlying defect density is governed by the gamma distribution. As previously anticipated, both led to overpredictions of the yield for large chip areas.
The bearing correlogram: A new method of analyzing directional spatial autocorrelation

Extensions of nondirectional spatial autocorrelation techniques to two dimensions have existed for many years, but the results are difficult to compare to the traditional nondirectional techniques and often lack ease of interpretability. This paper reviews the traditional one- and two-dimensional spatial autocorrelation methods and proposes a new directional method which is both easier to compare to nondirectional methods and easier to interpret than previous directional methods.
Simultaneous hydrosilation and ring‐opening polymerization as a route to novel polymer architectures

Typical platinum, rhodium and cobalt hydrosilation catalysts have been found to catalyze the ring-opening polymerization of many different types of heterocyclic monomers. In particular, epoxide monomers undergo especially rapid polymerization with these catalysts. Investigations have shown that in the case of platinum and rhodium catalysts these polymerizations proceed at the surface of the metal colloids by means of a novel cationic mechanism. In contrast, polymerizations with octacarbonyldicobalt take place by a homogeneous cationic mechanism. In all cases, polymerization appears to proceed by the formal attack of a positively charged silicon species on the heteroatom with the formation of a silicon-oxygen bond. Interesting comb, graft, block and network polymers can be prepared by carrying out simultaneous epoxide ring-opening and hydrosilation reactions using these catalysts.
Animated simulation of the robot process capability

Abstract This paper describes an interactive computer graphic system developed for simulating robot capability. The system determines the positioning repeatability and accuracy of a robot performing specific operations. Central to the system are three characteristics, information describing the errors of the geometric and kinematic parameters of a robot, a common function to request and display a robot moving from one position to another, and finally a family of charts showing the repeatability of the robot implementing a given task.
Preparation and properties of some strontium-oxometallates

Abstract A number of ternary strontium oxides have been prepared by the flux reaction technique using strontium chloride as a melt medium. The crystal habitus of the small single crystals obtained is invariably related to the structure via the reciprocal lattice. Magnetic measurements, X-ray parameters, analyses, and other pertinent properties are reported for the various compounds.
Traverse gravimeter experiment

A semiautomatic self-leveling lunar gravimeter has been designed for the Apollo 17 mission. This traverse gravimeter, which is completely self-contained and powered by an internal battery, was used to measure gravity at predetermined stops along the route of the Lunar Rover Vehicle. The gravity sensor is a vibrating string accelerometer (VSA) enclosed in a temperature-controlled oven and gimballed leveling assembly. This instrument is capable of resolving gravity differences as small as 0.035 milligal (1 mgal = 0.001 cm/s) on the moon and yet also is able to measure the earth's gravity field of 980,000 milligals. Twenty-two measurements were taken on the moon during the Apollo 17 mission, during which the VSA temperature never varied more than 0.005 C. The flight results indicate an instrument accuracy of better than 2 mgal.
Elongation by RNA polymerase II: structure-function relationship.

Abstract RNA polymerase II is the eukaryotic enzyme that transcribes all the mRNA in the cell. Complex mechanisms of transcription and its regulation underlie basic functions including differentiation and morphogenesis. Recent evidence indicates the process of RNA chain elongation as a key step in transcription control. Elongation was therefore expected and found to be linked to human diseases. For these reasons, major efforts in determining the structures of RNA polymerases from yeast and bacteria, at rest and as active enzymes, were undertaken. These studies have revealed much information regarding the processes involved in transcription. Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and their homologous bacterial counterparts are flexible enzymes with domains that separate DNA and RNA, prevent the escape of nucleic acids during transcription, allow for extended pausing or “arrest” during elongation, allow for translocation of the DNA and more. Structural studies of RNA polymerases are described below within the context of the process of transcription elongation, its regulation and function.
Improved automatic off-resonance correction without a field map in spiral imaging.

Non-2DFT k-space readout strategies are useful in fast imaging but prone to blurring when reconstructed off resonance. Field inhomogeneities or susceptibility variations, coupled with a long readout time, are the major sources of this artifact. Correction methods based on a priori off-resonance information such as an acquired field map have been proposed in the literature. An alternative approach estimates the spatially varying off-resonance frequency from the data itself before applying a correction. In this latter approach there is a tradeoff between the extent of correction and the chance of increased artifact due to estimation error. This paper introduces an improved algorithm for field map estimation which is both faster and more robust than the existing method. It uses a multi-stage estimation of the field map, starting from a coarse estimate both in frequency and space and proceeds towards higher resolution. The new algorithm is applied to phantom and in vivo images acquired with radial and spiral sequences to give sharper images.
Phenylated Group 13/15 Compounds: Convenient Precursors to Phase Pure Gallium Arsenide and Gallium Phosphide

The phenylated group 13/15 compounds, Ph2MEPh2 (M = Ga and In; E = P and As), were prepared from the reaction of Ph3M (M = Ga and In) with Ph2EH (E = P and As) in 73–83% yield. Pyrolysis of Ph2GaAsPh2 and Ph2GaPPh2 at 450°C produced crystalline GaAs and GaP, which were characterized by x-ray powder diffraction. The effect of temperature on the synthesis of GaAs and GaP was investigated. Phenyl-group migration is the dominant reaction pathway en route to GaAs and GaP.
Correlation Function and Power Spectrun of Randomly Shaped Pulse Trains

This paper presents a new and simple technique for evaluating the correlation function and the power spectrum of a randomly shaped pulse train defined as y(t) = ??hn(t-tn) n--? where the {hn(·)} are random functions that describe the shape of the pulses and where the random occurrence times {tn} constitute a stationary point process. The obtained results are very simple, and various illustrations are given.