cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cinnamon polyphenols regulate multiple metabolic pathways involved in insulin signaling and intestinal lipoprotein metabolism of small intestinal enterocytes.

Abstract Objective Increasing evidence suggests that dietary factors may affect the expression of multiple genes and signaling pathways, which regulate intestinal lipoprotein metabolism. The small intestine is actively involved in the regulation of dietary lipid absorption, intracellular transport, and metabolism and is closely linked to systemic lipid metabolism. Cinnamon polyphenols have been shown to improve glucose, insulin, and lipid metabolism and improve inflammation in cell culture, animal, and human studies. However, little is known of the effects of an aqueous cinnamon extract (CE) on the regulation of genes and signaling pathways related to intestinal metabolism. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a CE on the primary enterocytes of chow-fed rats. Methods Freshly isolated intestinal enterocytes were used to investigate apolipoprotein-B48 secretion by immunoprecipitation; gene expressions by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and the protein and phosphorylation levels were evaluated by western blot and flow cytometric analyses. Results Ex vivo, the CE significantly decreased the amount of apolipoprotein-B48 secretion into the media, inhibited the mRNA expression of genes of the inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, and induced the expression of the anti-inflammatory gene, Zfp36. CE also increased the mRNA expression of genes leading to increased insulin sensitivity, including Ir, Irs1, Irs2, Pi3k, and Akt1, and decreased Pten expression. CE also inhibited genes associated with increased cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and apolipoprotein-B48 levels, including Abcg5, Npc1l1, Cd36, Mttp, and Srebp1c, and facilitated Abca1 expression. CE also stimulated the phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase expressions determined by flow cytometry, with no changes in protein levels. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the CE regulates genes associated with insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and cholesterol/lipogenesis metabolism and the activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal pathway in intestinal lipoprotein metabolism.
From conflict to collaboration: The role of expertise in fisheries management

Abstract This paper illustrates the need for and proposes avenues through which the concepts of Studies in Expertise and Experience (SEE) can be developed towards application to address real-world problems, such as fisheries management. Using analytical literature reviews and reanalysis of four case studies of SEE and fisheries management within the frames of trust and sentiment, this paper shows that the inclusion of interactional expertise can facilitate collaboration. However, those collaborations can disintegrate when latent distrust is triggered in situations where the collaborators have a contentious history. These contentious collaborations are marked by sentiment-laden decision making and judgments of credibility. Combining the concepts of SEE with tools, such as blind reviews, moral imagination, or tools for mitigating implicit bias might help to sustain and improve these contentious collaboration. The research on the application of these tools might move the theoretical concepts of Studies in Expertise and Experience closer to becoming practical instruments that are useful for building and sustaining the collaborations needed to address environmental problems, such as those found in fisheries management.
The Safety and Efficacy of Antivenin Latrodectus mactans

Latrodectus species of spiders are ubiquitous throughout the world. The United States is home to at least five varieties, and the North American native Latrodectus mactans can now be found around t...
A Lightweight Evaluation Framework for Machine Translation Reordering

Reordering is a major challenge for machine translation between distant languages. Recent work has shown that evaluation metrics that explicitly account for target language word order correlate better with human judgments of translation quality. Here we present a simple framework for evaluating word order independently of lexical choice by comparing the system's reordering of a source sentence to reference reordering data generated from manually word-aligned translations. When used to evaluate a system that performs reordering as a preprocessing step our framework allows the parser and reordering rules to be evaluated extremely quickly without time-consuming end-to-end machine translation experiments. A novelty of our approach is that the translations used to generate the reordering reference data are generated in an alignment-oriented fashion. We show that how the alignments are generated can significantly effect the robustness of the evaluation. We also outline some ways in which this framework has allowed our group to analyze reordering errors for English to Japanese machine translation.
Experience facilitates vomeronasal and olfactory influence on Fos expression in medial preoptic area during pheromone exposure or mating in male hamsters

Chemosensory stimuli are essential for mating in male hamsters but either main olfactory or vomeronasal input is sufficient in sexually experienced males. Activation in central chemosensory pathways and medial preoptic area, after stimulation with female chemosignals or after mating, was estimated by counting neurons expressing Fos protein in experienced and naive males, with or without vomeronasal organ lesions. Regions counted included main and accessory olfactory bulbs, corticomedial amygdala, bed nucleus stria terminalis and medial preoptic area. Chemosensory stimulation was more effective in activating medial preoptic area in experienced than in naive males. In experienced males with vomeronasal organs removed, main olfactory input was as effective in activating medial preoptic area as was the combination of main and accessory input available to intact animals. As previously reported, the main olfactory input remaining after vomeronasal lesions in naive males was poorly effective in activating medial preoptic area, and these animals had impaired mating behavior. The change in access of chemosensory input to medial preoptic area after experience suggests that an experience-dependent synaptic modulation in this pathway, perhaps in the amygdala, may underlie some changes in mating behavior with experience.
Regional Efficiency Wages: Are They a Source of Real Earnings Differentials?

This paper investigates the role of spatial efficiency wage premiums as a partial explanation for both inter-industry and geographic wage differentials. The empirical approach is based on an analysis of panel data for six select manufacturing industries operating within specific (U.S.) states. Besides testing for the existence of a regional “wage curve,” this research adds to the evidence on traditional determinants of spatial wage differentials. An explicit treatment of regional cost-of-living conditions is unique to the analysis; also, industry wage structures are accounted for in explaining regional wage differences. The findings here contribute to an initial body of evidence on regional efficiency wages. The empirical evidence indicates that the relationship between regional wages (nominal or real) and the local unemployment rate is much more complex than implied by the wage curve.
Marketplace Vulnerability of Limited English Proficient Consumers: Opportunities to Increase Knowledge in Macromarketing

Important macromarketing issues in the twenty-first century include consumer vulnerability, consumer empowerment, immigration, and acculturation. In the United States, the absolute number and percentage of the foreign-born population continues to increase as does the number of people, indicating a non-English primary language spoken in their homes. This large, growing population segment with limited English language abilities faces higher chances of encountering marketplace imbalances. Accordingly, we expand the model of Baker, Gentry, and Rittenburg of consumer vulnerability to capture a dynamic, reflexive marketplace experienced by limited English proficient (LEP) consumers. The integration of a pivotal piece of acculturation research by Berry et al. drives the development of generalized systems diagrams depicting how LEP consumer vulnerability is enacted and facilitates increased understanding of the emergent phenomenon. Potential research questions are identified and organized using the framework of L...
On the characteristics of the slot line

The slot line is investigated by using the time-domain finite-difference method. The field distribution is obtained by the numerical computation of time-dependent Maxwell's equations using Yee's mesh. The Fourier transform technique is employed to find the frequency dependence of parameters such as effective dielectric constant and complex characteristic impedance. Comparisons of the time domain results with those from Cohn's transverse resonance method are given, indicating a reasonable agreement over a wide frequency range. Numerical simulation results are given for a slot line on a GaAs substrate with relative dielectric constant epsilon /sub r/=13.0. >
Diversity: the challenge for higher education

This paper emerged as a reaction to the results of the 1998 campus climate for diversity survey of a major research university in the southern U.S. The paper addresses the issue of diversity in higher education, and argues that the diversification of the faculty and student population can no longer be a peripheral activity, but must be reflective of the institution's commitment to diversity. The paper reviews some of the theoretical explanations for the slow progress in achieving diversity, while at the same time gives an example of good practice. In the final argument, the paper contends that with the inevitability of a more diverse population and workforce, the institutions of higher education do not only have a responsibility, but must assume leadership position on this crucial issue of preparing citizens for the world they now face.
Electron Microscopic Observations of Rabbit Antibodies

Electron micrographs were obtained showing the individual, shadow-cast macromolecules from solutions of purified anti-p-azobenzoate rabbit antibody and of normal γ-globulin. The two materials look alike and consist mainly of asymmetrical rod-like particles about 30 to 40 A in diameter. Lengths are not constant but the weight average is about 250 A for the antibodies and about 200 A for the γ-globulin. The average observed dimensions are reasonably consistent with values deduced from physical-chemical methods, although the shape is more nearly that of a cylindrical rod rather than the ellipsoid employed in hydrodynamical theory. Mixtures of antibody and specific dihaptenic dye were examined in attempts to establish the mode of the specific aggregation. At the high dilutions necessary for electron microscopy (0.1 mg./ml.), the effect of the dye was small and tended to be masked by non-specific aggregation on drying. The evidence suggests that under these conditions the specific reaction involves an end-to-end aggregation of the elementary particles to produce a weight average length about twice that of the pure antibody.
Magnetic Field Imaging with Nitrogen-Vacancy Ensembles

We demonstrate a method of imaging spatially varying magnetic fields using a thin layer of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers at the surface of a diamond chip. Fluorescence emitted by the two-dimensional NV ensemble is detected by a CCD array, from which a vector magnetic field pattern is reconstructed. As a demonstration, ac current is passed through wires placed on the diamond chip surface, and the resulting ac magnetic field patterns are imaged using an echo-based technique with sub-micron resolution over a 140µm◊140µm field of view, giving single-pixel sensitivity 100nT/ p Hz. We discuss ongoing efforts to further improve the sensitivity, as well as potential bioimaging applications such as real-time imaging of activity in functional, cultured networks of neurons.
The Role of Affect in the Mere Exposure Effect: Evidence from Psychophysiological and Individual Differences Approaches

Affective models of the mere exposure effect propose that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases the positive affect or reduces the negative affect toward the stimulus, whereas recent cognitive models propose that affect is not involved in the mere exposure effect. To test these competing predictions, participants repeatedly viewed photographs of women’s faces and then viewed these women again (familiar) and novel women (unfamiliar) while facial muscle region activity and brain activity were recorded. Familiar stimuli were rated as more likable and they evoked more zygomatic (cheek) muscle region activity than unfamiliar stimuli. Interactions with individual differences occurred. Persons reporting less positive affect and persons reporting more negative affect at baseline evidenced more zygomatic activity to the familiar than to the unfamiliar. Persons with relatively less left frontal cortical activation at baseline evidenced a tendency toward a greater mere exposure effect. These results suggest that...
Military applications of ACTS technologies

It is noted that the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) provides a glimpse of some of the communication technologies that can be utilized to meet the military's emerging communication needs. ACTS represents the beginning of the continuum that will see the military capitalizing on and making use of advances in commercial communications services. The imminent need is for a satellite system that provides variable data rates for personal communication to higher data rates and in a small terminal size. These requirements need to be provided as a commercial service and will have to meet the growing volume of military data communications requirements. >
Globalization, Societal Change, and New Technologies: What They Mean for the Future of Adolescence

Nations around the world are undergoing rapid changes that are altering the nature of adolescence in their societies. This volume examines current trends in adolescent experience across nations, with the objective of identifying emerging problems and opportunities in adolescents' preparation for adulthood. This introduction reviews methods used by futurists and how these methods are applicable to adolescence, and provides an overview of some of the macrochanges that are shaping the societies in which adolescents of the future will live. The macrochanges considered include demographic trends, globalization, trends in government, and changes in technology. Subsequent articles in this volume examine how these and other changes are altering adolescents' transition to adult work, preparation for adult interpersonal lives, civic and community engagement, and health and well-being. The final article focuses on social policy and is followed by a conclusion with the main points and trends in the volume.
Circulating neuregulin during the transition from stage A to stage B/C heart failure in a breast cancer cohort.

Breast cancer (BC) treatments can cause heart failure (HF) in a subset of patients. ACC/AHA guidelines classify patients receiving cardiotoxic medications as stage A, a high-risk population for the development of HF. Circulating neuregulin (NRG) correlates with outcomes in stage C and D HF. We examined the levels of NRG in a BC cohort receiving cardiotoxic chemotherapy and its relationship with adverse cardiac effects during the transition from stage A to stage B or C HF.In an ongoing prospective study, a planned interim analysis of 78 BC women receiving either anthracycline (AC) or trastuzumab (Tsz) was performed. Biometric data, cardiac risk factors, and NRG levels, were collected before chemotherapy and after completion of AC therapy and/or 3 months into Tsz therapy. Cardiac function was measured by left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by echocardiography at the above time points and longitudinally as standard of care. The interim cohort was predominately white with stage II BC and a median age of 50 years. A reduction of >10 absolute percentage points in LVEF was observed in 21.4% of the cohort, representing a transition from stage A to stage B or C HF. A statistically significant drop in plasma NRG was observed in women treated with AC and/or Tsz (P < .001). Additionally, baseline NRG correlated with the maximal change in LVEF.More than 20% of women experienced cardiac dysfunction, detected by decline in LVEF, and were reclassified as stage B or C HF. Plasma NRG levels were reduced after exposure to cardiotoxic chemotherapy, suggesting a loss in a cardioprotective growth factor. Higher baseline NRG levels were observed in those with the greatest decline in LVEF, supporting the continued investigation of NRG as a potential prognostic marker in early-stage HF.
Using routine monitoring data to identify effects and their causes

Data routinely collected for monitoring purposes may often be useful for exploring causal impacts of program changes.
“WHERE THE DUCKS ARE”: SOUTHERN STRATEGY VERSUS FOURTH PARTY

The author examines competing claims about the size and significance of shifts in party identification, concluding that the evidence supports neither Burnham's "disaggregation" hypothesis nor those who contend that the time is ripe for a new party of the "liberal left." On the contrary, his analysis suggests that the Republican party is the most likely beneficiary of such changes as are occurring among the electorate, and that in fact an increase in Independents portends a brighter future for a Republican southern strategy than for a left-oriented new party.
Interactive Computerized Health Care Education

The Patient Education and Activation System (PEAS) project aims to prepare people to take a more active role in their health care decisions. In this paper, the authors describe their work on the Layman Education and Activation Form (LEAF). LEAF is designed to be an interactive, Internet-based system for collecting a patient's medical history. It is unique in that it gives patients access to educational information when it is most pertinent, while they are attempting to complete a form. It avoids overwhelming the patient, by providing information only when it is likely to be relevant. The system avoids asking irrelevant questions or providing irrelevant facts by tailoring the content of the form to the patient's responses. The system also uses the patient's answers to suggest questions that the patient might ask a doctor and provides online resources that the patient can browse. n JAMIA. 1998;5:347 - 356.
Dopaminergic Regulation of Immediate Early Gene Expression in the Basal Ganglia

Publisher Summary The dopaminergic influences in neostriatum are thought to be mediated by different dopamine (DA) receptors having distinct locations on the striatonigral and striatopallidal pathways. Yet several attributes of dopaminergic influences on basal ganglia function are not addressed by or seem contradictory to these models as some recent findings concerning dopaminergic influences on basal ganglia cell function are opposite to predictions of such models. These considerations call for a reformulation of the underlying models. Studies—aiming this and presented in this chapter—use the expression of Fos, the protein product of the immediate early gene (IEG) c-fos , to characterize dopaminergic influences on cells of the direct (striato-SNr) and indirect (striato-GP-STN-SNr) pathways. IEGs have been first characterized as a set of genes that are quickly transcribed following growth factor-induced re-entry of cultured cells into the proliferative cycle. Typically, IEGs are expressed at low levels basally, and their induced transcription is short-lived. By phosphorylation of a constitutively expressed transcription factor, cyclic response element binding (CREB), depolarization and adenylate cyclase activation can both induce IEG expression. The ability of DA agonists to induce striatal c-fos has been a key observation in exploring the basal ganglia circuitry on which DA acts. The necessary role of D1 receptors in amphetamine (AMPH)- or cocaine (COC)- induced striatal c-fos has long been recognized, because the D1 antagonist SCH 23390 blocks the striatal IEG induction. The role of the D2 receptors, however, has been less clear.
Physiological consequences of DnaK and DnaJ overproduction in Escherichia coli.

Abstract The physiological consequences of molecular chaperone overproduction in Escherichia coli are presented. Constitutive overproduction of DnaK from a multicopy plasmid containing large chromosomal fragments spanning the dnaK region resulted in plasmid instability. Co-overproduction of DnaJ with DnaK stabilized plasmid levels. To examine the effects of altered levels of DnaK and DnaJ in a more specific manner, an inducible expression system for dnaK and dnaJ was constructed and characterized. Differential rates of DnaK synthesis were determined by quantitative Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. Moderate levels of DnaK overproduction resulted in a defect in cell septation and formation of cell filaments, but co-overproduction of DnaJ overcame this effect. Further increases in the level of DnaK terminated culture growth despite increased levels of DnaJ. DnaK overproduction was found to be bacteriocidal, and this effect was also partially suppressed by DnaJ. The bacteriocidal effect was apparent only with cultures which were allowed to enter stationary phase, indicating that DnaK toxicity is growth phase dependent.
EM Wave Coupling Noise Modeling Based on Chebyshev Approximation and Exact Moment Formulation

This paper presents a new mathematical approach to modeling EM wave coupling noise so that it can be easily integrated into chip-level noise analysis tools. The new method employs Chebyshev approximation technique to model the distributed sources arising in the Telegrapher's equations due to EM wave coupling. A uniform plane wave illumination metric is provided to determine the order of approximation. Closed-form formulas for the noise transfer functions' moments are derived. By utilizing the formulated moments, reduced order models can be efficiently obtained to generate the induced noise caused by EM wave illumination. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by Hspice simulation.
Expression and Function of Sex Pheromones and Receptors in the Homothallic Ascomycete Gibberella zeae

In heterothallic ascomycete fungi, idiomorphic alleles at the MAT locus control two sex pheromone-receptor pairs that function in the recognition and chemoattraction of strains with opposite mating types. In the ascomycete Gibberella zeae, the MAT locus is rearranged such that both alleles are adjacent on the same chromosome. Strains of G. zeae are self-fertile but can outcross facultatively. Our objective was to determine if pheromones retain a role in sexual reproduction in this homothallic fungus. Putative pheromone precursor genes (ppg1 and ppg2) and their corresponding pheromone receptor genes (pre2 and pre1) were identified in the genomic sequence of G. zeae by sequence similarity and microsynteny with other ascomycetes. ppg1, a homolog of the Saccharomyces α-factor pheromone precursor gene, was expressed in germinating conidia and mature ascospores. Expression of ppg2, a homolog of the a-factor pheromone precursor gene, was not detected in any cells. pre2 was expressed in all cells, but pre1 was expressed weakly and only in mature ascospores. ppg1 or pre2 deletion mutations reduced fertility in self-fertilization tests by approximately 50%. Δppg1 reduced male fertility and Δpre2 reduced female fertility in outcrossing tests. In contrast, Δppg2 and Δpre1 had no discernible effects on sexual function. Δppg1/Δppg2 and Δpre1/Δpre2 double mutants had the same phenotype as the Δppg1 and Δpre2 single mutants. Thus, one of the putative pheromone-receptor pairs (ppg1/pre2) enhances, but is not essential for, selfing and outcrossing in G. zeae whereas no functional role was found for the other pair (ppg2/pre1).
Dielectric Spectroscopy Study of ZnSe Grown by Physical Vapor Transport

The dielectric properties of ZnSe samples grown by physical vapor transport were measured as a function of frequency. Differences can be seen in the dielectric properties of samples grown under different conditions. The spectra of heat treated samples were also acquired and were found to exhibit significant deviations from those of the as grown crystals.
XSKETCH synopses for XML data graphs

Effective support for XML query languages is becoming increasingly important with the emergence of new applications that access large volumes of XML data. All existing proposals for querying XML (e.g., XQuery) rely on a pattern-specification language that allows (1) path navigation and branching through the label structure of the XML data graph, and (2) predicates on the values of specific path/branch nodes, in order to reach the desired data elements. Clearly, optimizing such queries requires approximating the result cardinality of the referenced paths and hence hinges on the existence of concise synopsis structures that enable accurate compile-time selectivity estimates for complex path expressions over the base XML data. In this article, we introduce a novel approach to building and using statistical summaries of large XML data graphs for effective path-expression selectivity estimation. Our proposed graph-synopsis model (termed XSketch) exploits localized graph stability and value-distribution summaries (e.g., histograms) to accurately approximate (in limited space) the path and branching distribution, as well as the complex correlation patterns that can exist between and across path structure and element values in the data graph. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first work to address this timely problem in the most general setting of graph-structured XML data with values, and complex (branching) path expressions.
Joint Spatial and Propagation Models for Cellular Networks

In all current models for cellular networks, independent randomness in the positions of the base stations (BSs) and the propagation conditions is assumed. In practice, however, in coverage-oriented deployments, where the goal is to achieve good baseline coverage, cellular operators place the base stations further apart if propagation is favorable, and vice versa. We thus propose a new class of cellular model, where BSs are deployed such that all cell edge users achieve a minimum target signal power level from the serving BS. The spatial structure of the BSs is a result of the propagation environment and the target signal power. We call such network models joint spatial and propagation (JSP) models. To formulate such models, we assume the path loss follows a power law with a variable path loss exponent, so that the target signal power is achieved at the cell edges, given the distribution of the BSs. The coverage probability, defined as the probability that the signal-to- interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) exceeds a threshold, is evaluated and compared with the standard Poisson and lattice models. Our results show that networks with Poisson distributed BSs appear to the user like lattice networks if the dependence between BS placement and propagation is accounted for.
Perceptual learning in pattern discrimination tasks with two and three schema categories

This research demonstrated that humans can develop the ability to distinguish between stimuli of either two or three schema families without externally administered knowledge of results or prior familiarization with the population prototypes. These demonstrations of schematic concept formation support the perceptual learning theory that differentiation of higher order variables can occur on the basis of information derived from perceiving the stimuli, and indicate the need for further investigation of the detailed conditions under which the phenomenon occurs.
Allergic sensitization to penicillin; experimental results.

Conclusions1. Mild preexisting sensitivity to pure crystalline sodium penicillin G, injected intradermally, was demonstrable occasionally in guinea pigs and rabbits.2. Typical general sensitivity could not be demonstrated with pure penicillin G applied to guinea pigs by local or parenteral routes.3. Local sensitization of the Arthus type phenomenon was produced consistently by repeated injections into rabbits of pure sodium penicillin G, or commercial calcium penicillin. These reactions were comparable to those produced by similar injections of horse serum, but somewhat less intense.4. Similar local sensitization was observed in a patient injected with commercial penicillin in oil and beeswax. 5. Accordingly, the purest obtainable crystalline penicillin can act as a sensitizing agent with manifestations like those of native protein, and the skin is the outstanding organ for the seat of the allergic reaction.
Electrical Resistivity of α-Cerium

Electrical-resistivity measurements have been made between 1.5 and 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-cerium cooled while at pressures of 10 or 18 kbar. Two types of behavior were found: Cerium quenched from 300 to 77 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K showed the presence of a magnetic impurity, possibly clusters of $\ensuremath{\beta}$-cerium; and cerium which was slowly cooled from room temperature showed no evidence of magnetic behavior. Whereas the "magnetically impure" sample showed a strong $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{2}$ dependence at low temperatures, the slowly cooled sample had $\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\propto}{T}^{5}$. It is suggested that the magnetic impurity present in previous studies may have prevented the observation of superconductivity in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-cerium.
Mapping of urothelial carcinoma in radical cystectomy specimens

Introduction Topographic study of urothelial neoplastic lesions may elucidate the histopathogenesis of multifocality, tumor spread into prostate, urethra, ureter, tumor recurrence and progression. Materials and methods Consecutive specimens of radical cystectomy (RC) for urothelial carcinoma (UC) were serially sectioned in the same horizontal plane into rings of 5-10 mm thickness. Results Fifty RC specimens were compared, 39 from men and 11 from women (19 for superficial UC and 31 for muscle invasive UC). UC was associated with multiple urothelial neoplastic lesions in 36 cases (72%). There was ipsilateral ureteral, contralateral ureteral, prostatic involvement in 16%, 4% and 10% of cases, respectively. Within the urinary bladder, secondary urothelial neoplastic lesions in areas of less than 3 cm, and more than 3 cm (or diametrically opposite) were identified in 33 and 25 cases, respectively. In 30 of 36 cases, satellite neoplastic lesions decreased in size the more distant from the main lesion. Conclusions In a majority of cases (72%), satellite multiple neoplastic lesions were identified in the vicinity of the main lesion, a phenomenon suggestive of soil-seeding phenomenon. The topographic distribution of neoplastic urothelial lesions appears to be random with a field effect in a smaller number of cases.
Fetal MR Imaging of Gastrointestinal Abnormalities

Fetal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays an increasing and valuable role in antenatal diagnosis and perinatal management of fetal gastrointestinal (GI) abnormalities. Advances in MR imaging data acquisition and use of motion-insensitive techniques have established MR imaging as an important adjunct to obstetric ultrasonography (US) for fetal diagnosis. In this regard, MR imaging provides high diagnostic accuracy for antenatal diagnosis of common and uncommon GI pathologic conditions. In the setting of fetal GI disease, T1-weighted images demonstrate the amount and distribution of meconium, which is crucial to the diagnostic capability of fetal MR imaging. Specifically, knowledge of the T1 signal intensity characteristics of fetal meconium, the normal pattern of meconium with advancing gestational age, and the expected caliber of small and large bowel in the fetus is key to diagnosis of abnormalities of the GI tract. Use of ultrafast T2-weighted sequences for evaluation of the expected location and morphology of fluid-containing structures, including the stomach and small bowel, in the fetal abdomen further aids in diagnostic confidence. Uncommonly encountered fetal GI pathologic conditions, especially cloacal dysmorphology, may demonstrate characteristic MR imaging patterns, which may add additional information to that from fetal US, allowing improved fetal and neonatal management. This article discusses common indications for fetal MR imaging of the GI tract, imaging protocols for fetal GI MR imaging, the normal appearance of the fetal GI tract with advancing gestational age, and the imaging appearances of common fetal GI abnormalities, as well as uncommon fetal GI conditions with characteristic appearances. (©)RSNA, 2016.
Accuracy of Pap Smear and Mammogram Self-reports in a Southwestern Native American Tribe

The use of Pap smears and mammograms in the Native American population is not well documented and the validity of women’s self-reports is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement between women’s self-reports of their Pap smear and mammogram histories with their medical records in one Native American tribe. Two hundred fifty-one women between the ages of 35 and 65 answered questions regarding their Pap smear and mammogram histories. These women then underwent an education program and one year later they again answered questions about their Pap smear and mammogram histories. Two hundred four of the original 251 women completed the education program and the second questionnaire. On the first questionnaire, 51.0% of women’s claims to have received a Pap smear within the past 12 months were verified by the record audit and 69.2% of claims of receiving a mammogram within the past 12 months were verified. On the second questionnaire, 46.7% of women who said they had received a Pap smear within the past 12 months had their claims verified by their records, and 45.2% of women’s claims of receiving a mammogram within the past 12 months were verified. These results suggest that patient recall alone should not be used to determine date of last procedure.
The New Immigration Federalism

Since 2004, the United States has seen a flurry of state and local laws dealing with unauthorized immigrants. Though initially restrictionist, these laws have recently undergone a dramatic shift toward promoting integration. How are we to make sense of this new immigration federalism? What are its causes? And what are its consequences for the federal-state balance of power? In The New Immigration Federalism, Professors Pratheepan Gulasekaram and S. Karthick Ramakrishnan provide answers to these questions using a mix of quantitative, historical, and doctrinal legal analysis. In so doing they refute the popular 'demographic necessity' argument put forward by anti-immigrant activists and politicians. Instead, they posit that immigration federalism is rooted in a political process that connects both federal and subfederal actors: the Polarized Change Model. Their model captures not only the spread of restrictionist legislation but also its abrupt turnaround in 2012, projecting valuable insights for the future.
Multi-frequency large-signal analysis using describing functions

Describing functions are developed as a large-signal analysis tool for multi-frequency and multi-dimensional nonlinearities. The implementation and analysis method is discussed along with limitations. Describing functions are then used to analyze a GaN transistor in large-signal operation at X-band with a low frequency excitation on the drain for supply modulation. Describing functions agree well with harmonic balance over RF input power into saturation of the FET device and are used to characterize the FET baseband impedance with a second RF tone.
Highly repeatable room temperature negative differential resistance in AlN/GaN resonant tunneling diodes grown by molecular beam epitaxy

AlN/GaN resonant tunneling diodes grown on low dislocation density semi-insulating bulk GaN substrates via plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy are reported. The devices were fabricated using a six mask level, fully isolated process. Stable room temperature negative differential resistance (NDR) was observed across the entire sample. The NDR exhibited no hysteresis, background light sensitivity, or degradation of any kind after more than 1000 continuous up-and-down voltage sweeps. The sample exhibited a ∼90% yield of operational devices which routinely displayed an average peak current density of 2.7 kA/cm2 and a peak-to-valley current ratio of ≈1.15 across different sizes.
Health literacy and the internet

Health literacy rates among American and European adults remain low, with almost half of adults having only basic levels in 2012. In this digital era, the Internet has been recognized as an important medium for improving health literacy. However, little is known about the mechanisms that underlie its impact on health literacy. With a general basis in the Cognitive Mediation Model, this study empirically tested a model that included motivation for health-related Internet use, health-related Internet use, perceived health information overload, and health literacy. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the US-based Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) 2013 dataset. The results support for all the paths in our posited model. The effects of motivation for health-related Internet use on health literacy were completely mediated by health-related Internet use and perceived health information overload. The findings extend the Cognitive Mediation Model to the context of health literacy and provide significant implications for the design and dissemination of online health information. Recommendations are made for future research, including further validation of the five-item scale of health literacy. A multi-stage model for the effects of Internet use on health literacy is derived.Heath-related Internet use helps people build health literacy.Perceived health information overload discourages building health literacy.Internet use mediates the effects of Internet use motivation on health literacy.Health information overload mediates the effects of motivation on health literacy.
An Evaluation of Two Multi-Sector Planner Concepts: Multi-D and Area Flow

Several developments in the technology supporting air traffic management (ATM), such as digital data communication and improved positioning accuracy, have enabled consideration of new organizational and functional operations. One such consideration is a modification of the standard air traffic control team configuration to include a "multi-sector planner" (MSP) position. This MSP position has been investigated in several research and field studies, both in the U.S. and in Europe. The feasibility and effectiveness of two of these concepts were investigated in the current study. One concept, termed "Multi-D", took the traditional role of a data-controller but provided these types of services to several radar controllers instead of one. In the second configuration, termed "area flow", the MSP coordinated with neighboring MSP areas and attempted to manage the overall traffic flows and actively balanced sector traffic levels within their area of responsibility. The experiment consisted of a pair of one-week human-in-the-loop studies, in which each MSP concept (i.e. multi-D and area flow) was tested separately with a different 5-person team. A baseline condition, which assumed traditional radar and data-controller teams with access to advanced decision support tools (DSTs) and automation, was also run each week to provide comparison data. Overall, data suggest feasibility of both concepts, with many similarities and some differences. Both configurations emphasize strategic traffic management and neither safety nor efficiency appeared to be adversely affected. Workload data supported an assumption that a single MSP can cover multiple sector positions with a better overall workload distribution. The coordination data revealed that both multi-D and area flow delegated a significant portion of their rerouting tasks to the upstream sectors since strategic traffic planning needed to occur well before the test sectors. The viability of requesting these reroutes to the upstream sectors needs to be verified in future studies. The MSP study was sponsored by FAA ATO Operations Planning and led by Kevin Corker at San Jose State University
Competition Effects in Visual Cortex Between Emotional Distractors and a Primary Task in Remitted Depression

Abstract Background Attentional biases, particularly difficulty inhibiting attention to negative stimuli, are implicated in risk for major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study examined a neural measure of attentional bias using a continuous index of visuocortical engagement (steady-state visual evoked potentials) before and after a negative mood induction in a population at high risk for MDD recurrence because of a recently remitted MDD (rMDD) episode. Additionally, we examined working-memory (WM) capacity as a potential moderator of the link between rMDD and visuocortical responses. Methods Our sample consisted of 27 women with rMDD and 28 never-depressed women. To assess attentional inhibition to emotional stimuli, we measured frequency-tagged steady-state visual evoked potentials created from spatially superimposed task-relevant stimuli and emotional distractors (facial displays of emotion) oscillating at distinct frequencies. WM capacity was assessed during a visuospatial memory task. Results Women with rMDD, relative to never-depressed women, displayed difficulty inhibiting attention to all emotional distractors before a negative mood induction, with the strongest effect for negative distractors (sad faces). Following the mood induction, rMDD women's attention to emotional distractors remained largely unchanged. Among women with rMDD, lower WM capacity predicted greater difficulty inhibiting attention to negative and neutral distractors. Conclusions By exploiting the phenomenon of oscillatory resonance in the visual cortex, we tracked competition in neural responses for spatially superimposed stimuli differing in valence. Results demonstrated that women with rMDD display impaired attentional inhibition of emotional distractors independent of state mood and that this bias is strongest among those with lower WM capacity.
A Shared Autonomy Approach for Wheelchair Navigation Based on Learned User Preferences

Research on robotic wheelchairs covers a broad range from complete autonomy to shared autonomy to manual navigation by a joystick or other means. Shared autonomy is valuable because it allows the user and the robot to complement each other, to correct each other's mistakes and to avoid collisions. In this paper, we present an approach that can learn to replicate path selection according to the wheelchair user's individual, often subjective, criteria in order to reduce the number of times the user has to intervene during automatic navigation. This is achieved by learning to rank paths using a support vector machine trained on selections made by the user in a simulator. If the classifier's confidence in the top ranked path is high, it is executed without requesting confirmation from the user. Otherwise, the choice is deferred to the user. Simulations and laboratory experiments using two path generation strategies demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Physician's Accountability for System Failure.

A physician is responsible for reporting a systems or office procedure failure to the patient, to determine the cause of the failure, and to change the system to prevent future errors and failure. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
High Resolution Spectroscopy of Calcium Atoms

The recent results on saturated absorption optical interference spectroscopy of calcium are presented. The photon recoil splitting of the Ca 1S0 — 3P1 intercombination line at 657 nm has been fully resolved. Linewidths as narrow as 3 kHz half width half maximum intensity (HWHM) are reported for radiation beams spatially separated by up to 3.5 cm. Second order Doppler is shown to be the present limitation to the accuracy of this technique. Methods are discussed which could lead to an optical wavelength/ frequency standard with an accuracy of better than 10 −14.
Optimally computing the shortest weakly visible subedge of a simple polygon preliminary version

Given an n-vertex simple polygon P, the problem of computing the shortest weakly visible subedge of P is that of finding a shortest line segment s on the boundary of P such that P is weakly visible from s (if s exists). In this paper, we present new geometric observations that are useful for solving this problem. Based on these geometric observations, we obtain optimal sequential and parallel algorithms for solving this problem. Our sequential algorithm runs in O(n) time, and our parallel algorithm runs in O(log n) time using O(n/log n) processors in the CREW PRAM computational model. Using the previously best known sequential algorithms to solve this problem would take O(n2) time. We also give geometric observations that lead to extremely simple and optimal algorithms for solving, both sequentially and in parallel, the case of this problem where the polygons are rectilinear.
Long-range order in Al x Ga 1-x As

We report the first observation of long-range order in a semiconductor III-V ternary alloy. ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ thin crystals grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition or molecular-beam epitaxy have Ga atoms preferentially occupying the 0,0,0 and \textonehalf{},\textonehalf{},0 sites and Al atoms the \textonehalf{},0,\textonehalf{} and 0,\textonehalf{},\textonehalf{} sites in each unit cell. Our results indicate that this ordered structure is the equilibrium state of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$.
Susceptibility of Nanophyetus salmincola cercariae to formalin, hydrogen peroxide, and seawater.

The ability of formalin, PEROX-AID (hydrogen peroxide), and seawater to kill waterborne Nanophyetus salmincola cercariae was evaluated in vitro. Newly emerged cercariae survived for extended periods in freshwater, with 53-73% survival occurring in negative control groups after 24 h. Exposure to dilutions of formalin reduced this survival time, with 0% of cercariae surviving after 30 min in 450 μL/L, 40 min in 225 μL/L, and 300 min in 113 μL/L. Exposure to PEROX-AID (hydrogen peroxide) for 1 h resulted in reduced cercarial survival (16.4%) only at the highest concentration (100 μL/L), compared with 100% survival in the untreated controls and all lesser concentrations. Exposure to dilutions of seawater resulted in reduced cercarial survival only at high salinities (15.2-30.3‰), where 10-min exposures resulted in 0-20% survival. These results provide insights into options for prophylactic water treatment at salmonid enhancement facilities that experience high mortalities due to infections with Nanophyetus salmincola. Further, the intolerance of live cercariae to high salinities indicates that exposure to fish occurs primarily in the freshwater portions of watersheds.