cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Employment Contract Law

This essay discusses nonunion employment contracts. It describes several important contract doctrines that have significantly eroded the once virtually irrefutable employment-at-will presumption. Two factors appear to determine whether employees receive protection against discharge: (1) jurisdictional variation among liberal, conservative and centrist states, and (2) the definiteness and specificity of any alleged assurances of job security. Recently, scholars have also debated the normative question of whether the at-will rule is a desirable default, offering various economic arguments in support of a just cause regime. The essay questions whether the existence of implicit agreements for career employment justifies making such informal agreements legally enforceable. Workers cognitive limitations and strategic problems such as signaling and adverse selection produce ambiguous behavioral predictions, and thus they too provide an uncertain basis for reform. A nascent empirical literature has begun to provide valuable information about actual contract practices. Thus, for example, arguments based on adverse selection must confront the inconvenient fact that a significant number of employers (government agencies, unionized firms, and about 15% of nonunion employers) contract for legally enforceable just cause protection. Other important empirical work has raised doubts about the extent of workers legal knowledge. The essay concludes that more and better evidence on these questions is needed to justify displacing the current at-will default.
NUCLEAR TRANSPORT-PHENOMENA IN LOW-ENERGY HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS

The characteristic properties of a new nuclear reaction mechanism induced in low-energy heavy-ion collisions are discussed. Collision dynamics and final fragment production are indicative of transport processes occurring in nuclear matter far from equilibrium. These relaxation mechanisms are mediated dominantly by the exchange of independent nucleons between the reaction partners.
A Different Road: The Life and Writings of Soseki Natsume as a Struggle for Modern Accommodation

This chapter provides a broader context for issues and themes that recur in this book as a whole. The discussion begins with reference to a woodblock print by the modern master, Un’ichi Hiratsuka. This sets the scene for a reflection on the writings of Soseki—with particular reference to the exploration in his novels of the profound changes Japan underwent during the Meiji restoration. The essay examines especially the teacher figures in Soseki’s work, and through this it explores such matters as accommodation with the West, the semblance of a Western lifestyle, shifts in generational relationships, and tensions between urban and rural life. The reading of Soseki is oriented by questions concerning the reception of other cultures, questions that are plainly central to the ambitions of this book.
Two Illustrative Approaches to Formula Valuations of Common Stocks

The widely accepted method of valuation is to estimate the average earnings and dividends for a period of years into the future and capitalize these elements at an appropriate rate. The trick is ch...
Geophysical Parameters in a Poro-Elastic Sediment

The inversion of sediment parameters from acoustic propagation measurements relies on an accurate understanding of the physics of sediment acoustic processes. The process is model-based. Acoustic propagation is sensitive to certain acoustic properties including the reflection coefficient at the water-sediment interface, and the sound speed and attenuation profiles within the sediment interior. To be generally useful, the models must be capable of representing the physical processes that connect these acoustic properties to the geophysical properties, over the entire range of possible sediment types, from soft clays, through various compositions of silts and sands, to gravel and hard rock.
Phonons and Thermal Properties

In the previous chapters, we have considered the electrons in a crystal that consisted of a rigid lattice of atoms. This represented a good approximation because the mass of an atom is more than 2000 of the mass of an electron. However, such assumptions founder when considering specific heat, thermal expansion, the temperature dependence of electron relaxation time, and thermal conductivity. In order to interpret these phenomena involving electrons and atoms, a more refined model needs to be considered, in which the atoms are allowed to move and vibrate around their equilibrium positions in the lattice. In this chapter, we will present a simple yet relatively accurate mathematical model to describe the mechanical vibrations of atoms in a crystal. We will first cover one-dimensional monatomic and diatomic crystals followed by three-dimensional crystals. We will then consider the collective movement or excitations of the atoms in a crystal, the so-called phonons, and conclude with a section on the velocity of sound in a medium.
Multi-beam uncoordinated random access MAC for underwater communication networks

We consider a multi-beam directional network where the nodes have digital antenna arrays capable of performing post-reception digital beamforming without prior knowledge of angle-of-arrival. Post-reception digital beamforming has greatly advanced uncoordinated random access in directional networks where, in the past, scheduling of beams was a bottleneck. A key trade off in these systems is number of antennas and corresponding beam-width. We demonstrate, through numerical simulations, that the random access MAC under consideration, MB-URAM, does not perform as well as the idealized version originally presented [Kuperman et al. 2016]. We demonstrate how interference between coincident nodes cause a significant number of packet drops even with a very large number of antennas. Finally, we suggest how to mitigate the effect of the interference and introduce ideas to do so.
12 Conceptual Development

This chapter is concerned with how children acquire conceptual knowledge and how domains themselves may emerge as a consequence of learning and development. I organize the material using a theoretical framework that includes three important aspects to human concepts. First, there is the ability to form categories (or equivalence classes of discriminable entities) by focusing on commonalities and abstracting away differences. Second, there is the ability to lexicalize some of these categories and use the word in reference to an individual and the entire class. Third, there is the ability to use words as knowledge hubs for accumulating knowledge about these lexicalized categories, and subsequently form more abstract categories and make predictions. I argue that the ability to form categories is shared with other mammals and perhaps with other vertebrates, whereas the latter two abilities are uniquely human. Finally, I consider the basic ability to learn and use categories as well as the ability to form and use lexicalized concepts serving as knowledge hubs. Keywords: categories; conceptual knowledge; evolution; knowledge hubs; lexicalization
Toward handheld real time frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy

Frequency domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (fd-DOS) uses modulated laser light to image tissue and extract quantitative chromophore information. Currently no fd-DOS systems are completely handheld and only one is capable of displaying chromophore data in real time, which could allow for real-time studies of tissue hemodynamics, spatial chromophore (e.g. water, lipid, and hemoglobin) concentrations, greater ease of use by clinicians, and more generally, a simple platform for quantitative tissue spectroscopy. We present progress towards a handheld, real time fd-DOS system based upon an all-digital FPGA coupled hardware approach that includes data collection and processing and can attain imaging speeds of >30Hz. Quantitative optical scattering and absorption measurements are found to be within 10% agreement as compared to a reference system. We conclude that high speed quantitative tissue chromophore assessments are possible with this system-on-a-chip fd-DOS approach, which will enable real time handheld monitoring of rapid physiological changes.
Structured Polymers for High-Performance Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling

Structured polymer coatings with exceptional solar reflectance (96-99%) and hemispherical long-wave infrared emittance (∼97%) are created using a scalable phase inversion technique. The polymer coatings exhibit excellent passive daytime radiative cooling, with a paint-like convenience.
The G-protein-biased agents PZM21 and TRV130 are partial agonists of μ-opioid receptor-mediated signalling to ion channels.

Background and purpose Opioids remain the most efficient medications against severe pain; they act on receptors that couple to heterotrimeric G-proteins in the Gαi/o family. Opioids exert many of their acute effects through modulating ion channels via Gβγ subunits. Many of their side effects are attributed to β-arrestin recruitment. Several biased agonists that do not recruit β-arrestins, but activate G-protein-dependent pathways, have recently been developed. While these compounds have been proposed to be full agonists of G-protein signalling in several high throughput pharmacological assays, their effects were not studied on ion channel targets. Experimental approach Here, we used patch-clamp electrophysiology and Ca2+ imaging to test the effects of TRV130, PZM21, and herkinorin, three G-protein-biased agonists of μ-opioid receptors, on ion channel targets of Gαi/o /Gβγ signalling. We also studied G-protein dissociation using a FRET-based assay. Key results All three biased agonists induced smaller activation of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir 3.2) and smaller inhibition of transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM3) channels than the full μ receptor agonist DAMGO. Co-application of TRV130 or PZM21, but not herkinorin, alleviated the effects of DAMGO on both channels. PZM21 and TRV130 also decreased the effect of morphine on Kir 3.2 channels. The CaV 2.2 channel was also inhibited less by PZM21 and TRV130 than by DAMGO. We also found that TRV130, PZM21, and herkinorin were less effective than DAMGO at inducing dissociation of the Gαi /Gβγ complex. Conclusion and implications TRV130, PZM21, and potentially herkinorin are partial agonists of μ receptors.
Targeting prostate cancer cells with enzalutamide-HDAC inhibitor hybrid drug 2-75.

Background The progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) still relies on the function of androgen receptor (AR), achieved by evolving mechanisms to reactivate AR signaling under hormonal therapy. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) disrupt cytoplasmic AR chaperone heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) via HDAC6 inhibition, leading to AR degradation and growth suppression of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. However, current HDACis are not effective in clinical trials treating CRPC. Methods We designed hybrid molecules containing partial chemical scaffolds of AR antagonist enzalutamide (Enz) and HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) as new anti-PCa agents. We previously demonstrated that Enz-HDACi hybrid drug 2-75 targets both AR and Hsp90, which inhibits the growth of Enz-resistant C4-2 cells. In the current study, we further investigate the molecular and cellular actions of 2-75 and test its anti-PCa effects in vivo. Results Compared with Enz, 2-75 had greater AR antagonistic effects by decreasing the stability, transcriptional activity, and nuclear translocation of intracellular AR. In addition to inhibition of full-length AR (FL AR), 2-75 downregulated the AR-V7 variant in multiple PCa cell lines. Mechanistic studies indicated that the AR affinity of 2-75 retains the drug in the cytoplasm of AR + PCa cells and further directs 2-75 to the AR-associated protein complex, which permits localized effects on AR-associated Hsp90. Further, unlike pan-HDACi SAHA, the cytoplasm-retaining property allows 2-75 to significantly inhibit cytoplasmic HDAC6 with limited impact on nuclear HDACs. These selective cytoplasmic actions of 2-75 overcome the unfavorable resistance and toxicity properties associated with classical AR antagonists, HDACis, and Hsp90 inhibitors. Finally, 2-75 showed greater antitumor activities than Enz in vivo on SQ xenografts derived from LNCaP cells. Conclusions Novel therapeutic strategy using newly designed 2-75 and related AR antagonist-HDACi hybrid drugs has great potential for effective treatment of CRPC.
A sequential DNN based Baseline Energy Prediction Framework with Long term Error Mitigation

In this paper, we present a novel sequential framework containing two deep network architectures for baseline energy prediction of a building. The proposed framework utilizes convolution layers to extract features from the input data space without changing spatial relations between variables. These features are memorized by tensor train based gated recurrent units for an accurate long-term prediction. We observe that this sequential framework helps to improve long term prediction accuracy, thereby mitigating prediction error accumulation over time. Although architectures comprising the amalgamation of convolution layers and memory cell have shown promising results in domains such as social media analysis, language modeling, video frame prediction, and image recognition, this paper extends its scope to the context of energy applications. Furthermore, the addition of tensor train based gated recurrent units is motivated by the necessity of computational time reduction during the training process, thereby making this framework suitable for field deployment. Results on a commercial building dataset show that the current framework outperforms other existing machine learning based methods, in both short-term and long-term prediction categories.
High-Density Current-Transformer-Based Gate-Drive Power Supply With Reinforced Isolation for 10-kV SiC MOSFET Modules

With features such as faster switching frequency and higher breakdown voltage, wide bandgap power devices are key enablers to address the increasing demand for higher power density and higher efficiency in future medium-voltage converters. The 10-kV SiC MOSFET is one of such devices; yet, to fully utilize its benefits, a gate-drive power supply capable of meeting the necessary insulation (voltage) and isolation ( dv/dt voltage slew rate) requirements is needed. To this end, this article presents the complete design and optimization of such a power supply meeting four critical objectives: 1) high power density with high-voltage (HV) insulation; 2) minimum input–output capacitance; 3) fault ride-through capability; and 4) good voltage regulation. To this end, a GaN-based inductor-capacitor-capacitor-inductor (LCCL)- LC resonant converter switching at 1 MHz was used to produce a resonant current source and to supply multiple isolated loads (gate-drivers) through the single-turn primary winding loop. Experimental results are shown demonstrating the attained power density (6.3 W/in3), input–output capacitance (1.67 pF), peak efficiency (86.0%), short- and open-circuit fault withstanding capacity, and insulation rating (partial discharge inception voltage of 12 kV).
Globalizing Technologies: Geopolitical Innovation in the U.S. Bioeconomy

This chapter examines how U.S.-based visions of biotechnological potential, undergirded by narratives of biological and economic progress, contribute to shaping technological innovation, policy, and politics at the international level. The invocation of “science-based” markets and policies is put to work in diverse instances to create conditions of potentiality for a particular vision of future good—the bioeconomy. The chapter discusses techniques for the creation of international markets for biotechnologies, as well as the modes of measurement and obfuscation leveraged in their validation and discursive construction as universally beneficial, placeless, and disembodied technologies.
The feature [Grave] in phonological theory

Abstract: In this paper evidence is presented for the Jakobsonian acoustic feature Grave. Data from African languages show that languages group labial and velar consonants + back vowels, and dental and palatal consonants + front vowels, into natural classes. Thus, this feature (discarded by Chomsky & Halle, 1968) must be reincorporated into the universal set of distinctive features used by languages.
Capillary-condensation hysteresis in naturally-occurring nanoporous media

Abstract Persistent uncertainties in understanding fluid phase behavior in natural nanoporous media, including shale rock, remain a significant challenge to fully utilizing tight geological formations as both globally significant sources of hydrocarbon fuels and repositories for greenhouse gas sequestration. By measuring isotherms of n-butane and n-pentane in kerogen-rich shale cores at temperatures from 4.9 to 65.6 °C, we show that shale nanopores can induce a phase transition known as capillary condensation upon adsorption or capillary evaporation upon desorption. For both adsorbates, capillary condensation and capillary evaporation took different paths, thus forming hysteresis loops that increased in size with increasing temperature. While isotherms of n-butane were expectedly reproducible, surprisingly those for n-pentane were not. This was due to irreversible kerogen swelling induced by the n-pentane. To further investigate this phenomenon, we measured scanning isotherms of n-pentane at 4.9 and 65.6 °C. Similar to the primary hysteresis loops, successive scanning measurements during adsorption resulted in different isotherm shapes, while those for desorption remained consistent. This implies differences in the physics governing adsorption and desorption, which may rely on the pore structure and fluid elasticity, respectively. These results comprise the first observations of hysteresis loop broadening at high temperatures, irreproducible hysteresis, and scanning isotherms during capillary condensation measurements in a natural nanoporous medium. By viewing these results in the context of the current hypotheses on capillary condensation derived from previous studies using synthetic nanopores, we conclude that new core analysis and reservoir modeling procedures must be developed to account for the irreproducible hysteresis at reservoir temperature.
Quo Vadis, Polonia? On religious loyalty, exit, and voice:

Poland’s public sphere, in the three decades following the fall of communism, has been shaped by tensions between secular and religious visions of the polity. This article analyzes significant tren...
The contribution of hippocampal subfields to the progression of neurodegeneration

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is often considered the precursor of Alzheimer9s disease. However, MCI is associated with substantially variable progression rates, which are not well understood. Attempts to identify the mechanisms that underlie MCI progression have often focused on the hippocampus, but have mostly overlooked its intricate structure and subdivisions. Here, we utilized deep learning to delineate the contribution of hippocampal subfields to MCI progression. We propose a dense convolutional neural network architecture that differentiates stable and progressive MCI based on hippocampal morphometry with an accuracy of 75.85%. A novel implementation of occlusion analysis revealed marked differences in the contribution of hippocampal subfields to the performance of the model, with presubiculum, CA1, and subiculum showing the most central role. Moreover, the analysis reveals that more than 20% of the hippocampal volume was redundant in the differentiation between stable and progressive MCI.
Juvenile granulosa cell tumor: A rare case of hemoperitoneum in a 5-month-old infant

Abstract This is a case with associated radiologic and intra-operative images for an infant who presented with hemoperitoneum and acute abdomen. Pre-operative imaging included abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography, which raised suspicion for a pelvic mass concerning for malignancy. These studies prompted diagnostic laparoscopy, which revealed a ruptured ovarian mass and allowed for appropriate surgical management with resection. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of juvenile granulosa cell tumor. Although an uncommon cause of acute abdomen in infants, juvenile granulosa cell tumor is important to include in the differential and promptly treat due to associated complications with delays in diagnosis and surgical management.
“Hey Alexa, Let's Shop”: Millennials' Acceptance of Voice-Activated Shopping

Millennials quickly adapt to new technologies and have been found to use voice technology daily. This study follows the technology acceptance model (TAM) developed by Davis to explain the relationships between perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived usefulness (PU), perceived enjoyment (PE), and perceived innovativeness (PI) to behavioral intention (BI) for Millennials. An online survey generated 204 usable responses through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Multiple regression analyses supported the relationship of PEOU to PU, PU, PE, PI to BI, and PEOU was not found to influence BI in this study. The findings of this study indicate that consumers are ready to purchase through voice-activated technologies, but the current platform needs to be adapted so that it is easier to use.
Trends in US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

Background The objective of our study was to describe trends in U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescriptions from January through May 2020 and compare with trends in previous years (2017-2019). Methods We used data from the IQVIA Total Patient Tracker to estimate the monthly number of patients dispensed antibiotic prescriptions from retail pharmacies in January 2017-May 2020. We averaged estimates from 2017-2019 and defined expected seasonal change as the average percent change from January to May 2017-2019. We calculated percentage point and volume changes in the number of patients dispensed antibiotics from January to May 2020 exceeding expected seasonal changes. We also calculated average percent change in number of patients dispensed antibiotics per month in 2017- 2019 versus 2020. Data were analyzed overall and by agent, class, patient age, state, and prescriber specialty. Results From January to May 2020, the number of patients dispensed antibiotic prescriptions decreased from 20.3 to 9.9 million, exceeding seasonally expected decreases by 33 percentage points and 6.6 million patients. The largest changes in 2017-2019 versus 2020 were observed in April (-39%) and May (-42%). The number of patients dispensed azithromycin increased from February to March 2020 then decreased. Overall, beyond-expected decreases were greatest among children (≤19 years) and agents used for respiratory infections, dentistry, and surgical prophylaxis. Conclusions From January 2020 to May 2020, the number of outpatients with antibiotic prescriptions decreased substantially more than would be expected due to seasonal trends alone, possibly related to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated mitigation measures.
Feasibility and efficacy of a decision aid for emergency department patients with suspected ureterolithiasis: protocol for an adaptive randomized controlled trial.

Approximately 2 million patients present to emergency departments in the USA annually with signs and symptoms of ureterolithiasis (or renal colic, the pain from an obstructing kidney stone). Both ultrasound and CT scan can be used for diagnosis, but the vast majority of patients receive a CT scan. Diagnostic pathways utilizing ultrasound have been shown to decrease radiation exposure to patients but are potentially less accurate. Because of these and other trade-offs, this decision has been proposed as appropriate for Shared Decision-Making (SDM), where clinicians and patients discuss clinical options and their consequences and arrive at a decision together. We developed a decision aid to facilitate SDM in this scenario. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of this decision aid, as compared to usual care, on patient knowledge, radiation exposure, engagement, safety, and healthcare utilization. This is the protocol for an adaptive randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of the intervention—a decision aid (“Kidney Stone Choice”)—on patient-centered outcomes, compared with usual care. Patients age 18–55 presenting to the emergency department with signs and symptoms consistent with acute uncomplicated ureterolithiasis will be consecutively enrolled and randomized. Participants will be blinded to group allocation. We will collect outcomes related to patient knowledge, radiation exposure, trust in physician, safety, and downstream healthcare utilization. We hypothesize that this study will demonstrate that “Kidney Stone Choice,” the decision aid created for this scenario, improves patient knowledge and decreases exposure to ionizing radiation. The adaptive design of this study will allow us to identify issues with fidelity and feasibility and subsequently evaluate the intervention for efficacy. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04234035 . Registered on 21 January 2020 – Retrospectively Registered
Comparison of Methods to Reduce Bias From Clinical Prediction Models of Postpartum Depression

Importance The lack of standards in methods to reduce bias for clinical algorithms presents various challenges in providing reliable predictions and in addressing health disparities. Objective To evaluate approaches for reducing bias in machine learning models using a real-world clinical scenario. Design, setting, and participants Health data for this cohort study were obtained from the IBM MarketScan Medicaid Database. Eligibility criteria were as follows: (1) Female individuals aged 12 to 55 years with a live birth record identified by delivery-related codes from January 1, 2014, through December 31, 2018; (2) greater than 80% enrollment through pregnancy to 60 days post partum; and (3) evidence of coverage for depression screening and mental health services. Statistical analysis was performed in 2020. Exposures Binarized race (Black individuals and White individuals). Main outcomes and measures Machine learning models (logistic regression [LR], random forest, and extreme gradient boosting) were trained for 2 binary outcomes: postpartum depression (PPD) and postpartum mental health service utilization. Risk-adjusted generalized linear models were used for each outcome to assess potential disparity in the cohort associated with binarized race (Black or White). Methods for reducing bias, including reweighing, Prejudice Remover, and removing race from the models, were examined by analyzing changes in fairness metrics compared with the base models. Baseline characteristics of female individuals at the top-predicted risk decile were compared for systematic differences. Fairness metrics of disparate impact (DI, 1 indicates fairness) and equal opportunity difference (EOD, 0 indicates fairness). Results Among 573 634 female individuals initially examined for this study, 314 903 were White (54.9%), 217 899 were Black (38.0%), and the mean (SD) age was 26.1 (5.5) years. The risk-adjusted odds ratio comparing White participants with Black participants was 2.06 (95% CI, 2.02-2.10) for clinically recognized PPD and 1.37 (95% CI, 1.33-1.40) for postpartum mental health service utilization. Taking the LR model for PPD prediction as an example, reweighing reduced bias as measured by improved DI and EOD metrics from 0.31 and -0.19 to 0.79 and 0.02, respectively. Removing race from the models had inferior performance for reducing bias compared with the other methods (PPD: DI = 0.61; EOD = -0.05; mental health service utilization: DI = 0.63; EOD = -0.04). Conclusions and relevance Clinical prediction models trained on potentially biased data may produce unfair outcomes on the basis of the chosen metrics. This study's results suggest that the performance varied depending on the model, outcome label, and method for reducing bias. This approach toward evaluating algorithmic bias can be used as an example for the growing number of researchers who wish to examine and address bias in their data and models.
LIKES, SARCASM AND POLITICS: YOUTH RESPONSES TO A PLATFORM-INITIATED MEDIA LITERACY CAMPAIGN ON SOCIAL MEDIA

When it comes to youth and media literacy, the focus of both research and practice has been on the integration of media literacy instruction into young people’s various educational experiences, rather than studying, implementing and evaluating such initiatives in situ, on social media—which is known to be youths’ central news source. Furthermore, existing studies focus on older platforms like Facebook or Twitter, and we lack a nuanced understanding of these dynamics on the platforms most popular with youth today. The present study aims to fill this gap, by analyzing how users responded to a media literacy education campaign on the popular youth-oriented social media app TikTok, with a focus on the lessons that we might draw in terms of targeted media literacy education initiatives for youth. Our large-scale qualitative content analysis—which included 11,449 public comments posted on 5 educational TikTok videos about media literacy—facilitated a naturalistic study of young people’s attitudes towards such initiatives. We found that reactions to the campaign were mixed, and highly political in nature. While many users appreciated the media literacy campaign and TikTok’s role in implementing it, there was also resistance to the campaign, due to factors related to video content, dissemination approach, and the very identity of TikTok as a platform. Across the board, comments were highly political, illustrating the politicized nature of media literacy education today. These reactions serve as rich feedback that can usefully inform future media literacy campaigns on social media, and especially those targeting youth audiences.
Relationship of Transformational Leadership and Character with Five Organizational Outcomes

Extensive research exists linking leadership to organizational outcomes. In particular transformational leadership has received a great deal of support for its effectiveness in producing desirable organizational outcomes across a variety of organizational settings. More recently due to well-publicized business scandals, leadership research has focused on the moral dimensions of leadership. It has been suggested that charismatic leadership and transformational leadership could have a dark-side with some leaders using their influence to exploit followers and use their position for self-serving goals. The purpose of this research is to investigate if a leader’s character traits add in predicting organizational outcomes beyond that predicted by a leader’s transformational leadership style and to see if some transformational leaders do display a dark side. The sample for this research consisted of 279,100 active-duty military and civilian United States Air Force personnel. Data were collected using a survey that included measures of transformational leadership, character, and five organizational outcomes. Results indicated leadership and character were significantly related to the five outcome measures, and character significantly contributed to prediction of the outcomes after accounting for the effects of transformational leadership. Additionally, high levels of character and transformational leadership yielded the greatest effects on the outcomes. A small percentage of participants displayed the dark side of leadership (i.e., scoring high on transformational leadership and low on character). This research adds support for measuring leaders’ character in combination with transformational leadership assessment.
Peripheral nerve conduction studies in galactose-poisoned rats: Demonstration of increased resistance to ischemic conduction associated with endoneurial edema due to sugar alcohol accumulation☆

Edematous nerves of galactose-poisoned rats had an increased resistance to ischemic conduction block when compared with control animals. Ischemia was caused by cardiac arrest due to intracardiac air embolism in 1 group and by occlusion of the abdominal aorta in another. In these 2 groups of galactose-fed rats, time to 50% conduction block was increased by 27 and 42%, respectively and the difference between control and galactose rats was significant (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001).
Macrophages in the thymus.

Macrophages are a major population of thymic cells along with lymphocytes and epithelial cells. They are distributed in an apparently random manner throughout the cortex and medulla. Thymic macrophages express all of the various identifying characteristics associated with macrophages throughout the body including expression of a high level of class-I and II MHC products. They account for at least 99% of thymic Ia positivity. Thymic macrophages exhibit the property of binding thymic lymphocytes, and in some cases those bound lymphocytes are phagocytosed. This can result in the production of ‘nurse cells’. Thymic macrophages can induce maturation of thymic lymphocytes and studies with non-thymic macrophages suggest that the macrophage-induced maturation is MHC restricted. The various relationships between lymphocytes and macrophages in the thymus suggest that the interaction between those two cell types is crucial to thymocyte maturation, generation of MHC restriction and generation of tolerance to some self-antigens.
Pre-Oligodendrocytes from Adult Human CNS

CNS remyelination and functional recovery often occur after experimental demyelination in adult rodents. This has been attributed to the ability of mature oligodendrocytes and/or their precursor cells to divide and regenerate in response to signals in demyelinating lesions. To determine whether oligodendrocyte precursor cells exist in the adult human CNS, we have cultured white matter from patients undergoing partial temporal lobe resection for intractable epilepsy. These cultures contained a population of process-bearing cells that expressed antigens recognized by the O4 monoclonal antibody, but these cells did not express galactocerebroside (a marker for oligodendrocytes), glial fibrillary acidic protein (a marker for astrocytes), or vimentin. Selective elimination of O4-positive (O4+) cells by complement-mediated lysis resulted in inhibition of oligodendrocyte development in vitro. Since O4+ cells have an antigenic phenotype reminiscent of the rat adult oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte progenitor and appear to develop into oligodendrocytes rather than type 2 astrocytes with time in culture, we call them "pre-oligodendrocytes." Neither pre-oligodendrocytes nor oligodendrocytes incorporated 3H-thymidine in response to rat astrocyte-conditioned medium, platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). However, IGF-1 increased the relative abundance of oligodendrocytes to pre-oligodendrocytes, while bFGF had the opposite effect. Cells with the antigenic phenotype of pre-oligodendrocytes were also identified in tissue prints of adult human white matter. We propose that, in human demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, pre-oligodendrocytes may divide and/or migrate in response to signals present in demyelinated lesions and thus facilitate remyelination.
Halogenolysis of a Nickelalactone Complex Produces β‐Halo‐Anhydrides

Nickelalactone complex [(dppe)Ni{κ2-C,O-CH2CH2C(=O)O}] {dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane} reacts with halogens to form 3-halo-propionic anhydrides, [(dppe)NiX2], and [(dppeO2)3Ni][NiX4] (X = Cl, Br, I). Studies of model complexes [(dppe)Ni(O2CtBu)2] and [(dppe)NiBr(O2CtBu)] suggest that oxidation to NiIII and P–O reductive elimination are key steps in this reaction.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM : XIII. ON CERTAIN PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN SERUM AS A RESULT OF IMMUNIZATION.

1. The injection of antigen into an animal determines a gradual change in the blood fluid which finds expression in two physicochemical manifestations that can readily be followed, namely a decrease in the static value of the surface tension of serum solutions, and a special form of crystallization when serum diluted with isotonic sodium chloride solution is allowed to evaporate under certain conditions. 2. The change in the blood is at a maximum around the 13th day after the first antigen injection, and decreases progressively thereafter until it can no longer be observed, which is usually around the 30th day. 3. The change follows the same course, whether a single large injection of antigen is made, or many smaller ones. It begins at the same time in either case, it comes to a maximum after the same period, and in its subsequent course it is not affected by the reinjection of antigen. The manifestations of the change would appear to be independent of the presence of antigen in the circulation. 4. The mean length of the protein molecules of the immune serum obtained after the injection of the antigen dealt with is little if at all different from that of the protein molecules of normal serum. 5. It is possible that this reaction is independent of the antibody formation.
Bivalent thallium and the mechanism of the electrode reaction Tl3+ + 2e ⇋ Tl+

Abstract The thalliumI-thalliumIII electrode reaction has been studied by hydrodynamic voltammetry at platinum anodes and cathodes. Conclusive evidence is presented that the electro-oxidation of the aquo ion Tl+ and the etectroreduction of Tl3+ proceed via a bivalent thallium species. ThalliumII is a stronger oxidant than thalliumIII ion. In 1M aqueous perchloric acid the rate of the disproportionation process 2TlII → Tl+ + Tl3+ is relatively fast compared to the electron transfer steps TlII + e → Tl+ Tl2+ + e → TlII
Single-crystal, polarized raman-scattering study of the molecular and lattice vibrations for the energetic material cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, β-polymorph (β-HMX)

The single-crystal polarized Raman spectra for cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine, /3-polymorph (/3-HMX), are reported over the region of 10 to 3150 cm -1 . While the agreement with previous Raman studies is quite good, a consistent interpretation of the Raman spectra is provided through assignment of fundamental modes, overtones, and combination bands. This affords the first assignment of all six Raman-active optical phonons of β-HMX. It was found that three Ag symmetry librations are accidentally degenerate with three Bg optical phonons. The importance of these phonons for coupling with doorway Raman-active modes of β-HMX is discussed in relation to proposed vibrational mechanisms for the initiation of detonation.
Protégé Selection by Mentors: Contributing Individual and Organizational Factors

Abstract Protege selection was examined in a laboratory experiment and a field study of experienced mentors. The results from both studies indicated that protege willingness to learn was a critical component of protege selection. Results of the field study also revealed that organizational rewards for developing others related to the influence protege ability and willingness to learn had on protege selection. Finally, the field study indicated that mentor motives for mentoring others differentially related to the importance protege ability and willingness to learn had on protege selection. Specifically, mentors motivated by self-enhancement were more likely to indicate that protege ability was important in their selection of protege, whereas mentors motivated by intrinsic satisfaction were more likely to indicate that protege willingness to learn was important in their selection of protege.
Formalin treatment for intractable hemorrhagic cystitis. A review of the literature with 16 additional cases

Acute, exsanguinating hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy, radiation therapy, or an infiltrating bladder tumor may be managed successfully with intravesical Formalin therapy. The indications for its use, the technique, success rates, and complications are discussed. This treatment was effective in 14 of 16 patients in the present series and 79 of 90 cases reported in the literature. Dilutions of 4% or less were as effective as a 10% dilution and were associated with far fewer complications. The early use of Formalin in the treatment of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis is recommended.
A Theoretical Agenda for Entertainment—Education

With the growing number of entertainment—education (E—E) interventions worldwide, and the extensive evaluation research on their impacts, the time is ripe to explore in—depth the theoretical underpinnings of entertainment—education. This introductory article provides a historical background to this special issue of Communication Theory on entertainment—education, and charts a 5—pronged theoretical agenda for future research on entertainment—education. Theoretical investigations of entertainment—education should pay greater attention to the tremendous variability among entertainment—education interventions and to the various resistances to entertainment—education interventions. E—E theorizing will also benefit from close investigations of the rhetorical, play, and affective aspects of E—E. Further, E—E “effects” research should consider employing a broader understanding of individual, group, and social—level changes and be more receptive to methodological pluralism and measurement ingenuity.
A Mixed Flow Thermal Transmittance Tester for Textiles

A laboratory instrument is described that measures thermal transmittance of textiles under a mixed flow state of free convection. The apparatus uses solid state heat flow transducers situated on large flat plate heat sinks that are critically spaced, guarded, and temperature-regulated. A distinctive state of heat transfer is produced for which the ratio of the total transmittance to the conductive heat flow is constant. This controlled, natural convection feature makes it possible to standardize readily thermal transmittance results under defined free convective conditions. This mixed flow state is assumed to resemble actual convection of textiles encountered in use. The textile is placed between the hot and cold sinks, and heat and moisture transport, relative humidity, and air temperature are displayed on a real time basis using a microprocessor which converts millivolt output into the parameters mentioned. Thermal resistance versus fabric thickness relationships obtained with various in strument config...
Nontopological solitons in strongly coupled QED.

We review the pattern of symmetry breaking recently suggested for strongly coupled QED and point out that it is quite similar to that generally accepted as operative in the case of QCD. We suggest, therefore, that we can describe ''hadronlike'' objects in QED using methods developed for QCD. This discussion may be used to support our interpretation of the electron-positron peaks observed in heavy-ion collisions as representing the decay products of nontopological solitons (containing quasielectrons and quasipositrons) formed in a new vacuum phase of QED. We predict, however, that the existence of such objects will not lead to any anomalies in electron-positron scattering with center-of-mass energies of about 1.7 MeV.
An improved technique for locating the point of impact from the acoustic emission data

Triangulation technique for impact point location works very well when the acoustic emission sensors are placed at a relatively large distance from the point of impact. In this situation the time of arrival measurement is not affected significantly by the small error that might arise from not being able to pinpoint the exact time of arrival of the acoustic signal. The conventional technique also requires that the wave speed in the medium is well-known and non-dispersive in the frequency range of interest. If the receiving wave is a P-wave or S-wave or a non-dispersive Rayleigh wave then the conventional triangulation technique is reliable. In this paper it is shown that the conventional triangulation technique is not very reliable for locating the impact point in a plate when the sensors are placed close to the striking point for two reasons - first, it is difficult to pin point the exact time of arrival of the signal and secondly the Lamb modes in a plate are dispersive. Dispersive signals attenuate differently at various frequencies and propagate with different speeds causing distortions in the received signals and thus introduce more error in the time of flight measurement. In this paper an alternative approach is proposed to locate the impact point more accurately. Experiments are carried out with an aluminum plate. The impact points predicted by the conventional triangulation technique and the proposed modified method are compared.
A spreadsheet optimization system for library staff scheduling

Abstract Lotus 123 with a linear programming add-in provides weekly schedules for staffing a reference and circulation desk at a university library. Times of availability for personnel vary widely. The system, which is flexible and easy to use, solves a noncyclical tour scheduling problem for a work pattern of several single periods, each requiring a recovery time of at least one period.
Optimal correlation filters for implementation on deformable mirror devices

A systematic procedure is presented for designing optimal correlation filters for implementation on deformable mirror devices (DMDs) exhibiting cross-coupled amplitude and phase characteristics. The utility of the algorithm for designing such filters is illustrated using five different device characteristics: phase-only filter, a binary phase-only filter, a diagonal line characteristic, a DMD zeroth-order characteristic, and a DMD first-order characteristic. Results are also presented regarding the signal-to-noise ratio and peak-to-correlation energy obtainable using these filters. The performance achievable using DMD type characteristics was found to be close to that of phase-only filter.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Solid-state tungsten-183 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The authors report first direct observation of the /sup 183/W NMR signals of a variety of tungsten-containing solids, using a relatively high magnetic field (8.45 T) together with the technique of magnic angle sampling spinning (MASS).
The executive in the model state constitution

An explanation of the provisions of our model state constitution relating to the executive department. Later articles will discuss other sections of the committee's report adopted at Indianapolis.
A comparison of amygdaloid lesion effects in male and female rats

Amygdaloid lesions decreased the latency of male rats to initiate consumption of a novel food but increased latencies among females. Lesions also depressed the rate of postoperative weight gain of male but not female subjects. Female rats showed shorter latencies on three other ingestional and grooming measures and more rapid acquisition of a passive avoidance task. There were no lesion effects or lesion by sex interactions on these measures. There were also no group differences or interactions in the acquisition of a simple active avoidance task. Further investigations of sex differences in amygdaloid function are suggested.
Thyroid fine-needle aspiration.

This letter is in reference to the article by Borget et al1 in which the authors report an unsatisfactory rate of 27% for thyroidal fine-needle aspirations (FNAs). Waisman2 and I agree on several issues. This is not surprising, considering that we are both “interventional pathologists.” Our FNA roots go to the Karolinska Hospital and Torsten Lowhagen’s influence. More recently, we were both members of the same subcommittee at the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration State of the Science conference in …
Inferior vena cava thrombosis presenting as non‐immune hydrops in the fetus of a woman with diabetes

We present a rare case of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) caused by a thrombus in the inferior vena cava in a neonate with low levels of anti-thrombin III. The diagnosis of (NIHF) was made in utero in a 43-year-old woman with poorly controlled gestational diabetes who subsequently developed pre-eclampsia. Cesarean section was performed due to fetal compromise and worsening pre-eclampsia. The thrombus resolved after neonatal treatment with heparin.