cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
P‐75: A Biaxial Film‐Compensated Thin Homogeneous Cell for Reflective Displays

The normally white mode of a biaxial film-compensated thin homogeneous liquid crystal cell exhibits a wide viewing angle, high contrast ratio, weak color dispersion, low operation voltage, fast response time, and large cell gap tolerance. Its potential applications for reflective direct-view and color-sequential projection displays are demonstrated.
Encouraging Classroom Participation With Empty Extrinsic Rewards

Several years ago, for no reason other than my contemplations of video games, I began awarding students in my introductory class “bonus points” for particularly interesting or well thought-out cont...
A binomial mixture model for classification performance: A commentary on Waxman, Chambers, Yntema, and Gelman (1989)

Abstract The individual differences in children's performance on a classification task ( S. R. Waxman, D. W. Chambers, D. B. Yntema, & R. Gelman, 1989 , Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 48 ) are modeled here by a two component binomial mixture distribution. Parameter estimates for the model are provided and the data are fit to the model. In general, the model accounts for the data very well, with variance accounted for ranging from 87 to 95%. Viewing performance within the mixture setting leads to testable hypotheses concerning how classification performance develops.
The enduring value of the Boulder model: "upon this rock we will build".

We comment on the article by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott, “Twenty-First Century Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology: A Four Level Matrix Model” (this issue). We agree with many of the specific sentiments expressed by these authors but not with their dismissal of the Boulder model. We conclude that the Boulder model is as valuable today as when first articulated and that it provides a sturdy foundation upon which to make the sorts of changes the authors suggest. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
An accelerated methodology for the evaluation of critical properties in polyphase alloys

A system for more rapidly determining the strength and stiffness of polyphase alloys is presented that is based on a digital representation of the material structure. Working in concert with the representation are a number of digital tools and probes that are analogues of testing equipment and instrumentation of traditional laboratory methods. These are combined with nontraditional mechanical testing methods to complete the system. An example of an Fe-Cu system is used to illustrate the methodology.
Stratigraphic and geochronologic contexts of mammoth (Mammuthus) and other Pleistocene fauna, Upper Missouri Basin (northern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains), U.S.A.

Abstract Mammoth fossils and other Pleistocene vertebrates from the Upper Missouri Basin, in the northern Plains and Rocky Mountains of the western interior of North America, have been dated to the late Pleistocene and are associated with Wisconsinan deposits. Mammoth remains have also been found in older stratigraphic contexts. For example, Mammuthus columbi and other fossils from the Doeden Locality are in pre-Wisconsinan terrace gravels along the Yellowstone River; the deposits are likely Illinoian or Sangamonian. Faunas that appear to be associated with the Wisconsinan interstadial, before the Last Glacial Maximum, are found in intermountain valleys and mountain settings (the Merrell Locality, Blacktail Cave, Natural Trap Cave) and on the Plains in both glaciated and unglaciated regions (Box Creek, Wibaux gravel pit). Localities containing faunas dated to the time interval from about the Last Glacial Maximum to the end of the Younger Dryas chronozone (late Wisconsinan) include the youngest fossil-bearing strata at Merrell, Blacktail Cave, Natural Trap Cave; deposits at Sheep Rock Spring, Indian Creek, MacHaffie, False Cougar Cave, Shield Trap Cave; and mammoths found at Sun River, Glendive, Colby, and the Deer Creek drainage.
Nutrient response of water hyssop to varying degrees of soil saturation.

Tissue concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) were measured in water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri) subjected to four progressive levels of flooding: well-drained Control, Intermittently Flooded, Partially Flooded, and Continuously Flooded. Soil redox potential (Eh), measured at two levels in the mesocosms decreased under flooding. Flooding increased biomass and decreased root growth and N and P concentrations in shoots, with the decreases being most pronounced in the Partially Flooded and Continuously Flooded treatments. The decreased uptake of N and P under flooding underscores the need to better understand how wetland plants function in nutrient-rich environments subjected to variable flooding. Additionally, the apparent decreased translocation of N and P from the root to the shoot in flooding conditions may be indicative of an overall decrease in mineral transport, which would have implications for the design and management of remediation systems.
Direct measurement of electron emission from defect states at silicon grain boundaries

The first direct measurements of charge emission from silicon grain-boundary defect states have been made by monitoring the recovery of the nonequilibrium grain-boundary barrier capacitance. The density of grain-boundary states obtained in this fashion is in excellent agreement with the values found from deconvoluting room-temperature $I\ensuremath{-}V$ data. These data are shown to suggest strongly that the double-depletion-layer/thermal-emission model gives a good description of silicon grain boundaries.
Whose education? Reform, culture, and an Amish Mennonite community

(1997). Whose education? Reform, culture, and an Amish Mennonite community. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 36, Exploring the Margins: Lessons from Alternative Schools, pp. 117-122.
Myocardial trauma produced by nonpenetrating chest injury.

Abstract 1. 1. Detailed observations upon two individuals suffering the effects of blows producing clinical evidence of myocardial abnormalities are recorded. 2. 2. These are the only instances of myocardial contusion in the English-language literature illustrated by detailed, serial ECG study.
New methods for the liquid phase continuous operation of thermogravitational columsn with reservoirs

Abstract Experimental and theoretical results are presented for four new methods for the liquid phase continuous operation of thermogravitational columsn with reservoirs. Two of the methods for continuous operation provide techniques for experimental study and refinement of thermogravitational column theory. The developed theory for the four new methods is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results obtained for the binary liquid system, n-heptanebenzene.
Postmenopausal hormone therapy and Cognitive function in healthy older women

OBJECTIVE: Accumulating biologic evidence suggests that estrogen is related to cognitive function. Several epidemiologic investigations have reported that hormone therapy may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, fewer studies have examined the relation of postmenopausal hormone use to general cognitive function in nondemented older women. Thus, we examined the association of hormone therapy to performance on four cognitive tests among healthy participants of the Nurses' Health Study. DESIGN: Cohort study. SETTING: The Nurses' Health Study, an ongoing prospective cohort study begun in 1976. PARTICIPANTS: From the Nurses' Health Study, 2138 women aged 70–78 years. MEASUREMENTS: From 1995–1999 we administered four cognitive tests (Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS), immediate and delayed recall of the East Boston Memory Test (EBMT), and verbal fluency) by telephone. Hormone use was ascertained from biennial questionnaires beginning in 1976. Linear and logistic regression models were used to calculate multivariate-adjusted differences in scores and relative risks of a low score for never users compared to current and past hormone users. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounders, neither current nor long-term hormone users demonstrated better performance on an overall measure of cognition (TICS), or on three tests of verbal memory (immediate and delayed recall of the EBMT, immediate recall of the TICS 10-word list) than never users. On the test of verbal fluency, current hormone users scored significantly better than never users (linear regression estimate of the difference in score = 0.78 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.19-0.38, P = .01 for any current use; and 0.91 points, 95% CI 0.28-1.54, P = .005 for ≥5 years current use). Current hormone users also had a 30% decrease (RR = 0.70,95% CI 0.45-1.09) in their risk of a low score on the test of verbal fluency. These results were similar for women taking estrogen alone and estrogen combined with a progestin. CONCLUSIONS: Verbal fluency may be enhanced among women taking postmenopausal hormones, however, there is little support for better overall cognitive function in hormone users than nonusers. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:746–752, 2000.
Private vs. social returns to higher education: Some new cross-sectional evidence

University presidents and some academic economists assert that expenditures on higher education further human capital formation and thus promote economic growth. Rising earnings differentials between college and high school educated persons seem consistent with this hypothesis. Statistical evidence, however, suggests that increased state governmental spending on universities is negatively associated with economic growth, even though having more college graduates, ceteris paribus, is growth enhancing. Further evidence shows that governmental higher education spending has little impact on college participation. The notions that colleges are primarily credentialing devices and that universities have used incremental funds largely for non-instructional purposes are consistent with the results.
The Effects of Firm Size, Corporate Governance Quality, and Bad News on Disclosure Compliance

Motivated by calls for increased compliance, size-based regulation, and continued exemption of small firms from internal control reporting requirements, we assess the incremental effects of firm size, corporate governance quality, and bad news on disclosure compliance. We examine compliance with the disclosure requirements of an SEC-mandated filing that requires no computations or complex judgments, but is non-routine and may reveal value-decreasing information (i.e., bad news) that otherwise would not become public. The disclosures studied are those that firms provide in Form 8-K Item 4 when changing external auditors. We find that non-compliant firms have lower quality corporate governance and less need for external financing, but are not smaller than compliant control firms. Additional analyses indicate that compliance is negatively associated with bad news.
Preemployment Drug Screening at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1989 and 1991

During identical 2-month periods in 1989 and 1991, all applicants for employment at a major teaching hospital participated in preemployment drug screening. In 1989, before establishment of a formal preemployment testing program, screening was conducted without identifying information. Of 593 applicants screened, 64 (10.8%) were confirmed positive for one or more drugs. Marijuana metabolites were detected with the greatest frequency (35 samples, 55% of positive screens), followed by cocaine (36%), then opiates (28%). In 1991, after a formal preemployment testing program was in place, 365 applicants were screened, and 21 (5.8%) were confirmed positive. Opiates were most often detected (48% of positive screens), followed by cocaine (38%), then marijuana metabolites (28%). During both periods, positive urine screens were associated with ethnicity (non-White) and occupational category (blue-collar). Whereas in 1989 positive screens were associated with male gender, in 1991, females were more likely to test pos...
The forces involved in bioadhesion to flat surfaces and particles — Their determination and relative roles

The non‐covalent forces involved in bioadhesion involving flat surfaces, small particles, cells and bio‐polymers are: Lifshitz‐van der Waals (LW), polar (electron‐acceptor‐electron‐donor) or Lewis acid‐base (AB) and electrostatic (EL) forces. LW and AB forces are determined by: (a) direct contact angle measurement with at least three liquids on flat surfaces, or (b) wicking, by capillary rise measurements of at least three liquids along glass plates coated with a thin layer of small particles. This approach yields the LW and AB components of the surface tension, as well as the electron‐acceptor and the electron donor parameters of its AB‐component. Together, these yield the total apolar + polar interfacial energies involved in bioadhesion. EL interaction energies must be obtained separately, by electrokinetic methods. In bioadhesion, the importance of these forces usually is: AB > > LW > EL. The electron‐donor properties of cells and biopolymers are dominant; their electron‐acceptor parameters are negligi...
Lymphocyte β‐adrenergic receptors are not altered in hyperthyroidism

Binding of (-)[3H]-dihydroalprenolol (3H-DHA) to lymphocytes from five thyrotoxic patients and five age- and sex-matched controls were examined to ascertain whether β-adrenergic receptor number or binding affinity were altered in thyrotoxicosis. Whereas an increase in β-adrenoceptor density has been reported in triiodothyronine-induced hyperthyroidism, we did not find changes in β-adrenergic receptor density or binding affinity. In one patient studied sequentially, we did not find alteration in 3H-DHA binding before or after the subject was rendered euthyroid. We conclude that lymphocyte β-adrenergic receptor density and affinity are not altered in spontaneous hyperthyroidism. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1982) 32, 161–165; doi:10.1038/clpt.1982.142
Wind-Induced Circulation in Semienclosed Homogeneous, Rotating Basins

The wind-induced circulation over laterally varying bathymetry was investigated in homogeneous systems using the three-dimensional Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS). The investigation focused on the influence of the earth’s rotation on the lateral distribution of the flow, with particular emphasis on the transverse circulation. Along-basin wind stress with no rotation caused a circulation dominated by an axially symmetric transverse structure consisting of downwind flow over the shoals and upwind flow in the channel along the whole domain. Transverse circulation was important only at the head of the system where the water sank and reversed direction to move toward the mouth. The wind-induced flow pattern under the effects of the earth’s rotation depended on the ratio of the maximum basin’s depth h to the Ekman depth d. The solution tended to that described in a nonrotating system as h/d remained equal to or below 1. For higher values of h/d, the longitudinal flow was axially asymmetric. Maximum downwind flow was located over the right shoal (in the Northern Hemisphere, looking downwind). The transverse component of velocity described three gyres. The main gyre was clockwise (looking downwind) and occupied the entire basin cross section, as expected from the earth’s rotation and the presence of channel walls. The other two gyres were small and localized and were linked to the lateral distribution of the along-channel velocity component, which in turn was dictated by bathymetry. These results compared favorably with a limited set of observations and are expected to motivate future measurements.
Options for Amyloid Typing in Renal Pathology: The Advantages of Frozen Section Immunofluorescence and a Summary of General Recommendations for Immunohistochemistry (Chaps. 17–19)

Amyloid typing by antibody-based methods continues to play a major role in clinical practice. However, it must be stressed that the immunohistochemistry of amyloid differs markedly from that used routinely in other areas of general surgical pathology. In this chapter, another specialized form of immunohistochemistry, namely immunofluorescence performed on frozen sections, will be discussed. This technique is routinely used by renal pathology laboratories in North America and many other parts of the world and contributes significantly to amyloid typing in clinical practice. The advantages of amyloid typing on frozen sections, as typically performed in renal pathology, over immunohistochemistry performed on paraffin sections, as typically used in general surgical pathology, are discussed. The applicability of immunofluorescence on frozen tissue to non-renal pathology specimens is also reviewed. Finally, specific issues related to amyloid immunohistochemistry versus general immunohistochemistry and other methods are discussed. General recommendations based on a consensus conference held during the XIIth International Symposium on Amyloidosis regarding amyloid typing in surgical pathology are also summarized.
Ureteral access strategies: Pro-access sheath

Routine use of the ureteral access sheath during flexible ureteroscopic procedures provides consistent, reliable, and unencumbered access to the upper tracts. The ureteral access sheath can be reliably and easily deployed if used properly and requires no special training. As such, it can be easily adopted into current urologic practice. Not only does the access sheath facilitate rapid, repeated, and atraumatic access to the upper tracts, but it also avoids back-loading over a superstiff guidewire, which may incur costly damage to the ureteroscope. The access sheath reduces overall costs and decreases operative times. Furthermore, application of a ureteral access sheath reduces the frustration associated with complex and some routine ureteroscopic procedures by optimizing irrigant flow to improve the surgeon's endoscopic vision while minimizing the intrarenal pressures that the kidney must tolerate. There is no evidence that the access sheath results in clinically significant ureteral ischemia, and extensive clinical use of the access sheath for long procedures has not resulted in increased stricture formation. Finally, the ureteral access sheath is useful for other procedures, such as PCNL, by improving visualization and minimizing the requirement for multiple percutaneous access sites. Winston Churchill said it best: "Give us the tools and we will finish the job." Industry has provided urologists with the tools in the form of advanced flexible ureteroscopes, the holmium laser, nitinol baskets, and the ureteral access sheath. Now it is up to urologists to finish the job.
Directed covering with block size 5 and index even

Abstract A directed covering design, DC(v,k,λ), is a (v,k,2λ) covering design in which the blocks are regarded as ordered k-tuples and in which each ordered pair of elements occurs in at least λ blocks. Let DE(v,k,λ) denote the minimum number of blocks in a DC(v,k,λ). In this paper the values of the function DE(v,5,λ) are determined for all positive integers v ⩾ 5 and λ even.
Gene expression analysis of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons carrying copy number variants of chromosome 15q11-q13.1

Duplications of the chromosome 15q11-q13.1 region are associated with an estimated 1 to 3% of all autism cases, making this copy number variation (CNV) one of the most frequent chromosome abnormalities associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several genes located within the 15q11-q13.1 duplication region including ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (UBE3A), the gene disrupted in Angelman syndrome (AS), are involved in neural function and may play important roles in the neurobehavioral phenotypes associated with chromosome 15q11-q13.1 duplication (Dup15q) syndrome. We have generated induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from five different individuals containing CNVs of 15q11-q13.1. The iPSC lines were differentiated into mature, functional neurons. Gene expression across the 15q11-q13.1 locus was compared among the five iPSC lines and corresponding iPSC-derived neurons using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Genome-wide gene expression was compared between neurons derived from three iPSC lines using mRNA-Seq. Analysis of 15q11-q13.1 gene expression in neurons derived from Dup15q iPSCs reveals that gene copy number does not consistently predict expression levels in cells with interstitial duplications of 15q11-q13.1. mRNA-Seq experiments show that there is substantial overlap in the genes differentially expressed between 15q11-q13.1 deletion and duplication neurons, Finally, we demonstrate that UBE3A transcripts can be pharmacologically rescued to normal levels in iPSC-derived neurons with a 15q11-q13.1 duplication. Chromatin structure may influence gene expression across the 15q11-q13.1 region in neurons. Genome-wide analyses suggest that common neuronal pathways may be disrupted in both the Angelman and Dup15q syndromes. These data demonstrate that our disease-specific stem cell models provide a new tool to decipher the underlying cellular and genetic disease mechanisms of ASD and may also offer a pathway to novel therapeutic intervention in Dup15q syndrome.
Eya1-deficient mice lack ears and kidneys and show abnormal apoptosis of organ primordia.

Haploinsufficiency for human EYA1, a homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster gene eyes absent (eya), results in the dominantly inherited disorders branchio-oto-renal (BOR) syndrome1,2,3 and branchio-oto (BO) syndrome4, which are characterized by craniofacial abnormalities and hearing loss with (BOR) or without (BO) kidney defects. To understand the developmental pathogenesis of organs affected in these syndromes, we inactivated the gene Eya1 in mice. Eya1 heterozygotes show renal abnormalities and a conductive hearing loss similar to BOR syndrome, whereas Eya1 homozygotes lack ears and kidneys due to defective inductive tissue interactions and apoptotic regression of the organ primordia. Inner ear development in Eya1 homozygotes arrests at the otic vesicle stage and all components of the inner ear and specific cranial sensory ganglia fail to form. In the kidney, Eya1 homozygosity results in an absence of ureteric bud outgrowth and a subsequent failure of metanephric induction. Gdnf expression, which is required to direct ureteric bud outgrowth via activation of the c-ret Rtk (refs 5, 6, 7, 8), is not detected in Eya1–/– metanephric mesenchyme. In Eya1–/– ear and kidney development, Six but not Pax expression is Eya1 dependent, similar to a genetic pathway elucidated in the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. Our results indicate that Eya1 controls critical early inductive signalling events involved in ear and kidney formation and integrate Eya1 into the genetic regulatory cascade controlling kidney formation upstream of Gdnf. In addition, our results suggest that an evolutionarily conserved Pax-Eya-Six regulatory hierarchy is used in mammalian ear and kidney development.
Signal-amplifying conjugated polymer-DNA hybrid chips.

Bio-/synthetic hybrid materials have recently received considerable attention owing to their potential biomedical applications. The most reliable way of identifying any biological target is through its genetic code. However, the current commercial DNA microarray requires costly and time-consuming PCR to multiply the number of analyte DNA molecules and label the analyte DNA with a fluorescent dye because of the low detection limit. In this context, devising self-signal-amplifying DNA microarrays can realize low-cost, fast, and reliable detection of nucleic acids. Herein, we report signal-amplifying DNA chips fabricated by on-chip DNA synthesis on a thin film of a newly developed conjugated polymer (Figure 1 and the chemical structure in Figure 2a).
Scaling the stressfulness of gynecological complaints.

The present study determines the amount of agreement among staff members of a gynecology service in assessing the stressfulness of various gynecological conditions, and the efficacy of these estimates in predicting stress symptomatology among patients. Subjects were 103 patients attending a gynecology clinic during a two month period. We found that the gynecological conditions could be consensually ranked according to stressfulness by staff of the gynecology service but assessments of the magnitude of the stress differed according to the sex and professional affiliation of the rater. Judgments of stressfulness did predict the presence of certain kinds of emotional reactions among the patient group but the correlations were not high enough to warrant prediction for the individual case.
Estimating fractal dimension

Fractals arise from a variety of sources and have been observed in nature and on computer screens. One of the exceptional characteristics of fractals is that they can be described by a noninteger dimension. The geometry of fractals and the mathematics of fractal dimension have provided useful tools for a variety of scientific disciplines, among which is chaos. Chaotic dynamical systems exhibit trajectories in their phase space that converge to a strange attractor. The fractal dimension of this attractor counts the effective number of degrees of freedom in the dynamical system and thus quantifies its complexity. In recent years, numerical methods have been developed for estimating the dimension directly from the observed behavior of the physical system. The purpose of this paper is to survey briefly the kinds of fractals that appear in scientific research, to discuss the application of fractals to nonlinear dynamical systems, and finally to review more comprehensively the state of the art in numerical methods for estimating the fractal dimension of a strange attractor.
Differential Fibronectin Expression in Activated C6 Glial Cells Treated with Ethanol

The central nervous system is particularly susceptible to alcohol effects and toxicity. Glial cells constitute the most common cell type in the brain and play critical roles in normal brain function and during infection and injury. Astrocytes in particular seem to be important targets for alcohol neurotoxicity during both development and in adulthood. To gain more insight into alcohol-mediated effects on astrocytes at the molecular level, gene expression in rat C6 glial cells was studied in the presence or absence of ethanol. The differential display of mRNA technique was used to screen the expressed genes in ethanol-treated rat C6 cells before and after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), conditions that mimic an infectious inflammatory state and cause immunologic activation. The present data show that fibronectin appeared as a major gene whose expression is increased in C6 cells by LPS plus PMA stimulation and decreased by chronic ethanol exposure, both in mRNA and protein levels. Fibronectin is a dimeric glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix of most tissues, in the blood, and on cell surfaces and is involved in many cellular processes. These results show that chronic exposure to ethanol is associated with changes in astrocyte properties during immunologic activation that reduce fibronectin expression. The discovery of astrocyte fibronectin expression as a potential regulated target for chronic alcohol abuse may be useful in understanding, preventing, and treating some brain disorders associated with alcohol abuse and alcoholism.
Some Recent Spectroscopic Approaches to the Solid-Solution Interface

A brief account is given of the different spectroscopic approaches used to study the solid-solution interphase. It gives information concerning the structure of the interphase on noble metals,on iron and on numerous semiconductors in contact with aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It represents the first comprenhensive document which treats structure at the interface as a function of potential and concentration in solution.
Exploring Elder Consumers Interactions With Information Technology

Advances in health care are enabling the population of the United States to live longer. Use of information technology can improve the quality of life for the elderly, yet many older consumers have limited interactions with information technology and so may be denied its potential benefits for enhancing quality of life. This study explores older peoples’ current interactions with information technology, details personal and technological factors which may impact engagement, and discusses the resulting sociological and commercial implications for encouraging the elderly to embrace information technology toward enhancing quality of life.
Optimal Design of the Chicago Calumet Water Reclamation Plant (CCWRP) Primary Settling Tanks with 3D Numerical Models

A three-dimensional numerical model was developed for the proposed primary settling tank (PST) for the Calumet Water Reclamation Plant (CWRP) in Chicago, IL. The numerical model can deal with three-dimensional multi-phase turbulent flow. Two-fluid model is used to capture the behavior of the solid-water mixture. Hindered settling was modeled by an empirical exponential relationship between the settling velocity and the solids concentration. The sludge was modeled as a Bingham plastic with parameters estimated from experiments. During the design, the most important parameters are the tank’s depth and diameter. These two parameters are also the controlling factors for the construction cost. Other parameters include the inlet/outlet structure, feed well depth/diameter, bottom slope, etc. The tank diameter is fixed due to the space restriction. The tank depth and feed well depth were analyzed by comparing different options. Once these two parameters were fixed, other parameters were fine tuned to optimize the performance of the tank. Due to the length of this paper, only the simulations for the tank depth and the feed well depth are introduced.
Novel Half Bridge Zero Current Transition Resonant Converter

In this paper,a improved half-bridge zero current transition resonance DC/DC convter is presented,whose main switiches and the auxiliary ones can turned off under zero current in the wide range.The operation principle and pa-rameter design are discussed in this paper,and the experimental results are also given.
Retaining the Next Generation in Chinese Diaspora Churches, A Theological Approach to Doing Mission (A Canadian Example)

This article is concerned with the continuation of the Great Commission in Chinese Diaspora churches, in particular, through the work of English language congregations. It recommends a solution reg...
Inhibitory effect of carbon monoxide on the N-and ring-hydroxylation of 2-acetamidofluorene by hamster hepatic microsomal preparations (Short Communication)

The effect of CO on N-, 3-, 5- and 7-hydroxylation of 2-acetamidofluorene by liver microsomal fractions from control and 3-methylcholanthrene-pretreated hamsters was studied. All hydroxylations were inhibited by CO, but the degree of inhibition was different for each hydroxylation. The ratios of CO to O2 needed for 50% inhibition of the N-, 3-, 5- and 7-hydroxylations by control preparations were 8.0:1, 8.2:1, 4.2:1 and 7.1:1 respectively and by preparations from treated animals were 4.2:1, 8.9:1, 2.3:1 and 3.2:1 respectively. These results are discussed in terms of the possible presence of more than one type of cytochrome P-450 involved in hydroxylations of 2-acetamidofluorene by liver microsomal fractions from both control and pretreated hamsters.
FORENSIC NURSE SPECIALISTS: Working With Perpetrators and Hostage Negotiation Teams

1. A felony defendant's behavior and thinking prior to and during the commission of the crime are the primary focus of the relationship between the client and the psychiatric forensic nurse. 2. Psychiatric forensic nurses provide competency therapy, and train the defendants in courtroom behavior and how to assist their attorney. Therapy includes mock court-room activities, review of the contents of the police reports, and discussion of plea options. 3. Because the dimensions of practice identified overlap into criminal justice and law enforcement, psychiatric forensic nurses are a valuable resource to hostage negotiation teams.
Designing medical foods for inherited metabolic disorders: why intact protein is superior to amino acids

Phenylketonuria and tyrosinemia are inherited metabolic disorders characterized by high blood levels of phenylalanine (Phe) or tyrosine (Tyr), due to mutations in genes affecting Phe and Tyr metabolism, respectively. The primary management is a lifelong diet restricted in protein from natural foods in combination with medical foods comprised mixtures of synthetic amino acids. Compliance is often poor after childhood leading to neuropsychological sequela. Glycomacropeptide, an intact 64 amino acid glycophosphopeptide isolated from cheese whey, provides a new paradigm for the management of phenylketonuria and tyrosinemia because glycomacropeptide contains no Phe and Tyr in its pure form, and is also a prebiotic. Medical foods made from glycomacropeptide have been used successfully for the management of phenylketonuria and tyrosinemia. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that intact protein from glycomacropeptide provides a more acceptable and physiologic source of defined protein compared to amino acids in medical foods. For example, harmful gut bacteria were reduced, beneficial short chain fatty acids increased, renal workload decreased, protein utilization increased, and bone fragility decreased using intact protein versus amino acids. Advances in biotechnology will propel the transition from synthetic amino acids to intact proteins for the management of inherited metabolic disorders.
Missing and discrepant data on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q): Quantity, quality, and implications

The aim of this study was to examine relations among missing and discrepant data on the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q; Fairburn & Beglin, 1994) and individual demographic factors and eating disorder symptoms. Data from 3968 men and women collected in five independent studies were examined. Descriptive statistics were used to detect the quantity of missing and discrepant data, as well as independent samples t-tests and chi-square analyses to examine group differences between participants with and without missing or discrepant data. Results indicated significant differences in data completeness by participant race/ethnicity and severity of eating disorder symptoms. White participants were most likely to provide complete survey responses, and Asian American participants were least likely to provide complete survey responses. Participants with incomplete surveys reported greater eating disorder symptoms and behaviors compared with those with complete surveys. Similarly, those with discrepant responses to behavioral items reported greater eating disorder symptoms and behaviors compared with those with congruent responses. Practical implications and recommendations for reducing and addressing incomplete data on the EDE-Q are discussed.
The Colonial Foundations of State Fragility and Failure

The presence of failed states in the international system has increased, especially after the end of the cold war. Recent research demonstrates that state fragility and failure are strongly influenced by regime type, political instability, and economic growth. But these studies do not highlight the possibility that state fragility/failure is a function of historical path dependency. To address its prevalence and persistence in the modern world, we must focus on the unique histories of nation-states and examine how the colonial past may have led to substandard institutions and problematic state-society relations. Using an extensive dataset of nation-states in the developing world in order to conduct panel regression analyses, I find that state failure is largely a function of variations in the type of colonial rule and the duration of colonial control. British or Spanish rule, as well as the relative absence of European intervention into the polity, is associated with a lower risk of state failure, while French or Portuguese rule is associated with a higher risk. The findings imply that we need to reconsider our understanding of state failure; its very existence and persistence in the modern world are influenced by the historical process of colonialism and its institutional legacies.
Infrared and visible laser spectroscopy for highly-charged Ni-like ions.

Abstract Application of visible or infrared (IR) lasers for spectroscopy of highly-charged ions (HCI) has not been particularly extensive so far due to a mismatch in typical energies. We show here that the energy difference between the two lowest levels within the first excited configuration 3 d 9 4 s in Ni-like ions of heavy elements from Z N = 60 to Z N = 92 is within the range of visible or near-IR lasers. The wavelengths of these transitions are calculated within the relativistic model potential formalism and compared with other theoretical and limited experimental data. Detailed collisional-radiative simulations of non-Maxwellian and thermal plasmas are performed showing that photopumping between these levels using relatively moderate lasers is sufficient to provide a two-order of magnitude increase of the pumped level population. This accordingly results in a similar rise of the X-ray line intensity thereby allowing control of X-ray emission with visible/IR lasers.
Development of amorphous silicon based EUV hardmasks through physical vapor deposition

Extending extreme ultraviolet (EUV) single exposure patterning to its limits requires more than photoresist development. The hardmask film is a key contributor in the patterning stack that offers opportunities to enhance lithographic process window, increase pattern transfer efficiency, and decrease defectivity when utilizing very thin film stacks. This paper introduces the development of amorphous silicon (a-Si) deposited through physical vapor deposited (PVD) as an alternative to a silicon ARC (SiARC) or silicon-oxide-type EUV hardmasks in a typical trilayer patterning scheme. PVD offers benefits such as lower deposition temperature, and higher purity, compared to conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. In this work, sub-36nm pitch line-space features were resolved with a positive-tone organic chemically-amplified resist directly patterned on PVD a-Si, without an adhesion promotion layer and without pattern collapse. Pattern transfer into the underlying hardmask stack was demonstrated, allowing an evaluation of patterning metrics related to resolution, pattern transfer fidelity, and film defectivity for PVD a-Si compared to a conventional tri-layer patterning scheme. Etch selectivity and the scalability of PVD a-Si to reduce the aspect ratio of the patterning stack will also be discussed.
Evaluation of wearable immersive augmented reality technology in safety-critical systems

Abstract New technologies in safety-critical systems offer the promise of next generation system features and capabilities; predictive analytics; enhanced and remote monitoring; and perhaps improved operator performance. At the same time, however, questions arise about the impact of such technologies on system safety, operator performance, and decision processes, in settings where safe and effective performance are of paramount importance. Wearable, immersive augmented reality (WIAR) technology is one such technology whose introduction sparks these questions. Despite the proliferation of WIAR technology in safety-critical settings, few studies have examined its impacts on operator performance, decision processes and situation awareness in these settings. As a result, this paper considers research needs for evaluating WIAR technology in safety-critical systems. To illustrate the research needed, we consider the use case of a WIAR technology in marine navigation, and propose a research framework, summarizing research needs and identifying needed next steps.
Risk measurement and risk-averse control of partially observable discrete-time Markov systems

We consider risk measurement in controlled partially observable Markov processes in discrete time. We introduce a new concept of conditional stochastic time consistency and we derive the structure of risk measures enjoying this property. We prove that they can be represented by a collection of static law invariant risk measures on the space of function of the observable part of the state. We also derive the corresponding dynamic programming equations. Finally we illustrate the results on a machine deterioration problem.
Cloning and expression of the human kv4.3 potassium channel.

Cloning and expression of the human Kv4.3 potassium channel. We report on the cloning and expression of hKv4.3, a fast inactivating, transient, A-type potassium channel found in both heart and brai...
A Mutation in the Borcs7 Subunit of the Lysosome Regulatory BORC Complex Results in Motor Deficits and Dystrophic Axonopathy in Mice

Summary Lysosomes play a critical role in maintenance of the integrity of neuronal function, and mutations in genes that contribute to lysosome formation, transport, and activity are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. Recently, the multisubunit complex, BLOC-one-related complex (BORC), has been shown to be involved in positioning lysosomes within the cytoplasm, although the consequences of altered BORC function in adult animals have not been established. We show that a spontaneous truncation mutation in the mouse Borcs7 gene, identified through whole-genome sequencing followed by genetic complementation, results in progressive axonal dystrophy with dramatic impairment of motor function. Furthermore, mice homozygous for deletion of the entire Borcs7 coding sequence die shortly after birth, and neurons cultured from these animals show impaired centrifugal transport of lysosomes. This identifies BORCS7 as a central factor in axonal transport of lysosomes and a possible target for improving disease-related disturbances in this important function.
Alterations in brain TREM2 and Amyloid-β levels are associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected persons on antiretroviral therapy

Neuroinflammation is a common pathological correlate of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) regulates neuroinflammation, clears extracellular Amyloid (A)-β, surveys for damaged neurons, and orchestrates microglial differentiation. TREM2 has not been studied in HIV+ brain tissues. In this retrospective study, we investigated TREM2 expression levels and localization to microglia, Aβ protein levels, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α transcript levels in the frontal cortices of 52 HIV+ decedents. All donors had been on ART; 14 were cognitively normal (CN), 17 had an asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), and 21 had a minor neurocognitive disorder (MND). Total TREM2 protein levels were increased in the soluble and decreased in the membrane-enriched fractions of MND brain tissues compared to CN; however, brains from MND Hispanics showed the most robust alterations in TREM2 as well as significantly increased TNF-α mRNA and Aβ levels when compared to CN Hispanics. Significant alterations in the expression of total TREM2 protein and transcripts for TNF-α were not observed in non-Hispanics, despite higher levels of Aβ in the non-Hispanic CN group compared to the non-Hispanic MND groups. These findings show that decreased and increased TREM2 in membrane-bound fractions and in soluble-enriched fractions, respectively, is associated with increased Aβ and neuroinflammation in this cohort of HIV+ brains, particularly those identifying as Hispanics. These findings suggest a role for TREM2 in the brain of HIV+ individuals may deserve more investigation as a biomarker for HAND and as a possible therapeutic target. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
Occupational and patient radiation doses in a modern cardiac electrophysiology laboratory

Technological advancements have greatly expanded the field of cardiac electrophysiology, requiring greater demands on imaging systems and potentially delivering higher radiation doses to patients and operators. With little contemporary research on occupational and patient radiation risk in the electrophysiology laboratory, the aim of this study was to analyze radiation doses, including occupational fetal doses, over approximately the last decade. We benchmarked the occupational data to our patient radiation dose data to allow for comparison and to put into perspective the associated radiation risks. Occupational radiation dosimetry analyzed included data from an 11-year period for physicians, a 7-year period for nurses, and a 9-year period for fetal doses. Patient-related dose metrics over an 8-year period were also analyzed. In the physician and nursing groups, there was a nearly 70% decrease in the average occupational radiation doses over the given periods. Within the electrophysiology department, the average fetal occupational doses were very low, close to 0 μSv. The average reference point air kerma per patient for all electrophysiology procedures decreased from nearly 600 mGy/procedure in 2010 to just over 100 mGy/procedure in 2017. Patient and occupational radiation doses in our laboratories significantly decreased over the periods analyzed as a result of clinical and technical staff efforts as well as advances in imaging technology. The radiation-related risk to individuals working in our electrophysiology laboratories, including pregnant women, is very low. Data reported herein could be used by other institutions to evaluate their occupational and patient radiation safety practices.