cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No magic bullets, just tracer bullets: The role of learning resources, social advantage, and education management in improving the performance of South African schools

(2001). No magic bullets, just tracer bullets: The role of learning resources, social advantage, and education management in improving the performance of South African schools. Social Dynamics: Vol. 27, Quantitative Studies of South African Society, pp. 60-78.
A novel nano-scale non-contact temperature measurement technique for crystalline materials.

A new high spatial resolution non-contact temperature measurement technique (thermal scanning electron microscopy, ThSEM) is demonstrated. It employs temperature dependent thermal diffuse scattering in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Unlike conventional scanning thermal microscopy, which uses contact probes, ThSEM is a non-contact method. In contrast to optical temperature mapping techniques, ThSEM does not have the spatial resolution limitation that arises from the optical wavelength and theoretically can reach a resolution of <10 nm. The hardware setup is very similar to the EBSD system in an SEM, which can make the integration of temperature mapping into an SEM relatively straightforward. Moreover, multiple signals or contrast mechanisms, such as temperature distributions, grain orientation maps, topographic images and elemental maps can be obtained from the same sample area depending on the specific SEM capability. This technique thus adds a new channel—the temperature signal—to the collection of existing SEM signals.
Utilization of the AO LockingRatNail in a Novel Rat Femur Critical Defect Model

ABSTRACTBackground: Our objective was to utilize a commercially available rodent locked intramedullary nail in a rat femur diaphyseal defect. This model is needed for future studies where materials in the critical defect could be modified with agents to fight infection (antibiotics) or promote osteogenesis. Methods: After unsatisfactory attempts to develop a reliable femur critical size defect model utilizing various forms of fixation, a locked intramedullary nailing system (AO LockingRatNail) was employed in 105 male Sprague Dawley rats. A 5 mm critical size mid-diaphyseal femoral defect was created using a pneumatic sagittal saw. The intramedullary nail was placed in the femur in a retrograde manner. A prefabricated polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) spacer was utilized to fill the defect. Once adequate alignment was achieved, two locking pegs were placed (one distal, one proximal) to provide stable fixation. Results: The technique was successful in 90% of femurs (95 of 105). The majority of complications c...
Stimulation of luteinizing hormone release by sodium fluoride is independent of protein kinase-C activity and unaffected by desensitization to gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

GnRH stimulates secretion of pituitary LH by increasing intracellular calcium. Increased calcium may result from activation of phospholipase-C, since there is an increase in inositol phosphates and diacylglycerol, and a redistribution of protein kinase-C (PKC) from cytosolic to a particulate cell fraction in GnRH-stimulated pituitary cultures. A GTP-binding protein (G-protein) may mediate GnRH actions, since GTP stimulates LH release in permeabilized gonadotropes and decreases receptor affinity for a GnRH analog. In the present study we have used sodium fluoride, an exogenous activator of Gproteins, to investigate the possibility of a G-protein link between GnRH receptor activation, phospholipase-C activity, and LH release. Treatment of primary pituitary cell cultures from immature female rats with sodium fluoride stimulated the release of 20% total cellular LH and increased inositol phosphate accumulation. Sodium fluoride-stimulated LH release was insensitive to cholera toxin and pertussis toxin. Sodium ...
Configural cue utilization in implicit models of leader behavior.

Abstract This research investigates the manner in which managers employ information concerning four fundamental dimensions of decision making situations in choosing leadership behaviors deemed appropriate for those situations. Given alternatives ranging from highly autocratic to highly participative, 29 subjects responded to a set of 30 hypothetical decision scenarios employed extensively in prior research. Subjects also responded to a new set of 72 situation “profiles” designed specifically for this research and conforming to a completely crossed and replicated 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 repeated measures experimental design. Data analyses allow rejection of a combinational model that is strictly additive and suggest substantial configurality in the way managers combine and process informational cues. These results reveal certain similarities and differences between normative and descriptive models of leadership and identify a previously undocumented source of individual differences among managers. Conclusions reached in previous research are reevaluated in light of these results. Implications for the design of data feedback in management training programs are also discussed.
The availability of folates in man: effect of orange juice supplement on intestinal conjugase.

Summary. The mechanisms of the low availability of endogenous folates in orange juice and the inhibitory effects on the availability of pteroylheptaglutamate (PteGlu7) caused by orange juice supplements were investigated in man by the use of simulated orange juice (containing the principal components: citric acid, malic acid, etc.) with several different pHs. The endogenous folates in orange juice were identified as mainly 5-methyl reduced derivatives of pteroylpolyglutamates (40–45% pentaglutamate, 10–15% tetraglutamate, 30–40% monoglutamate, and the rest were tri- and diglutamates). The availability of PteGlu7 is decreased to 54% by supplementation with 600 g concentrated orange juice (pH 3.7) and to 39% and 66% by the supplement of 24 g and 12 g citric acid (pH 3.7), respectively. Neutralization of 12 g citric acid to pH 6.4 largely reverses the inhibitory effect. On the other hand, the availability of pteroylmonoglutamate (PteGlu) is not influenced by a supplement of orange juice or citric acid. The results suggest that the low availability of PteGlu7 is due to the inhibition of intestinal conjugase caused by the low pH. These observations suggest that pH of foodstuffs may be an important factor in the absorption of polyglutamate forms of folate.
Theories of the State Accommodation of Islamic Religious Practices in Western Europe

In their work on Muslims in Western Europe, social scientists often employ four theories to explain the state accommodation of Muslim minorities’ religious practices: resource mobilisation theory, political opportunity structure theory, ideological theories, and approaches highlighting the influence of church–state relations. In this article, I propose a dynamic-compound framework which outlines the interactions between these four theories, and argue that it is necessary to include a fifth independent variable to account for the religious traditions characteristic of a particular group. In analysing the state accommodation of the religious practices of Muslim minorities, taking the institutional framework of Islam into account clarifies the impact of church–state structures, based on Christianity and a history of conflict between church and state in Europe.
LP-form inclusion functions for global optimization

Abstract A new class of methods is presented for finding the global extrema of real-valued functions using point values and gradient inclusions. These methods construct polyhedral envelopes for each subfunction within regions generated by a subdivision strategy. The range of the envelopes determines bounds on the functions and can be computed by linear programs. Partial monotonicity conditions are presented that reduce the effective dimension or yield exact bounds on finite regions.
Metabolites of [3-13C]1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane in male rats studied by 13C and 1H-13C correlated two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Metabolism of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) was examined by direct 13 C and 1 H- 13 C correlated two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of bile and urine of male albino rats treated intraperitoneally with (3- 13 C]DBCP at 81 mg/kg. The 3- 13 C label was introduced at 99% enrichment by coupling [ 13 C]paraformaldehyde with vinyllithium to give [1- 13 C]allyl alcohol which was converted to allyl chloride with carbon tetrachloride/triphenylphosphine and then brominated. Fifteen 13 C NMR signals were observed for biliary metabolites and twelve for urinary metabolites. Nine of the biliary metabolite 13 C NMR signals were very similar or identical to those for nine urinary metabolites. The DBCP-derived moieties of five metabolites were identified by comparison of their 13 C NMR chemical shifts, 13 C multiplicities [obtained via the distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) pulse sequence], and chemical shifts of the directly-attached protons (obtained via two-dimensional NMR) with those of authentic standards. They were E - and Z -RSCH 2 CH 13 CHCl, RSCH 2 CHOH 13 CH 2 Cl, RSCH 2 CHOH 13 CH 2 OH and RS 13 CH 2 CHOHCH 2 OH, where R is probably glutathionyl in bile and N -acetylcysteinyl in urine. The mechanism proposed for formation of both the E - and Z -isomers of RSCH 2 CH 13 CHCl involves radical-initiated dehydrobromination followed by reaction of the intermediate allylic bromides with glutathione (GSH). The RSCH 2 CHOHCH 2 Cl conjugate may arise from direct GSH conjugation and hydrolysis of the secondary bromine via a thiiranium ion intermediate. The proposed origin of the RSCH 2 CHOHCH 2 OH conjugate labeled at either carbon-1 or carbon-3 is oxidation of DBCP at the bromomethyl or chloromethyl substituent, respectively, followed by two spontaneous dehydrohalogenations to give the highly reactive 2-bromopropenal, and addition of GSH followed by reduction of the aldehyde functionality. An alternative mechanism for the formation of the RSCH 2 CHOHCH 2 Cl and RSCH 2 CHOHCH 2 OH derivatives involves carbon-2 oxidation to give 1-bromo-3-chloroacetone followed by reaction with GSH and reduction of the ketone functionality with or without hydrolysis of the chloro substituent. 2-Bromopropenal, 1-bromo-3-chloroacetone, or GSH conjugates derived from these intermediates may be involved in the male reproductive toxicity, nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity of DBCP.
Demonstration of a P(Y)-code differential GPS precision approach system

Honeywell and the United States Air Force (USAF) recently completed the demonstration of a P(Y)-code differential precision approach system. The demonstration was based on differential carrier-smoothed P(Y)-code GPS measurements provided from an RTCA DO-217 compliant ground reference station. The flight path deviations were obtained using standard instrument landing system (ILS) conventions and predefined approach data. The aircraft installation included two GPS receiver types, integrated into an inertial reference system. Both hybrid and autonomous solutions were evaluated in the demonstration. The airborne equipment utilized 5- and 12-channel GPS receivers obtained from two vendors. This paper evaluates the performance of both integrated and autonomous architectures. Honeywell modified the SLS-2000 ground reference station to use P(Y)-code measurements from a Trimble “Force-12” GPS receiver. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the ability of the military aircraft to perform precision approach operations using differential GPS (DGPS) signals.
Sensitivity of planktonic and biofilm-associated Salmonella spp. to ionizing radiation.

Salmonella enterica forms biofilms that are relatively resistant to chemical sanitizing treatments. Ionizing radiation has been used to inactivate Salmonella on a variety of foods and contact surfaces, but the relative efficacy of the process against biofilm-associated cells versus free-living planktonic cells is not well documented. The radiation sensitivity of planktonic or biofilm-associated cells was determined for three food-borne-illness-associated isolates of Salmonella . Biofilms were formed on sterile glass slides in a coincubation apparatus, using inoculated tryptic soy broth, incubated at 37°C for 48 h. Resulting biofilms were 18 to 24 μm in height as determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy. The planktonic and biofilm cultures were gamma irradiated to doses of 0.0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 kGy. The D 10 value (the dose of radiation required to reduce a population by 1 log 10 , or 90%) was calculated for each isolate-culture based on surviving populations at each radiation dose. The D 10 values of S. enterica serovar Anatum were not significantly ( P S. enterica serovar Stanley were significantly more sensitive to ionizing radiation than the respective planktonic cells, with D 10 values of 0.531 and 0.591 kGy, respectively. D 10 values of S. enterica serovar Enteritidis were similarly reduced for biofilm-associated (0.436 kGy) versus planktonic (0.535 kGy) cells. The antimicrobial efficacy of ionizing radiation is therefore preserved or enhanced in treatment of biofilm-associated bacteria.
Characteristics of staggered InGaN quantum wells light-emitting diodes emitting at 480–525 nm

The pursuit of high-efficiency InGaN quantum wells (QWs) emitting in green spectral regime (λ ~ 520 nm) has tremendous impact for solid state lighting and green diode lasers. However, due to the existence of polarization field in InGaN QW, band bending in the QW leads to charge separation resulting in reduction of the electron-hole wave function overlap (Γ e_hh ) and the radiative recombination rate (~ |Γ e_hh |2) in particular for green emission wavelength. Recently, several approaches are proposed to enhance the Γ e_hh for the InGaN QW as follow 1) staggered InGaN QW [1], 2) type-II InGaN-GaNAs QW [2], and 3) non-polar InGaN QW [3].
Application of Classical Nucleation Theory To Characterize the Influence of Carboxylate-Containing Additives on CaCO3 Nucleation at High Temperature, pH, and Ionic Strength

Results are presented for a study on the influence of molecular and polymeric carboxylate-containing additives on the nucleation of CaCO3 in solutions similar in ion composition and pH to those used in wood pulping operations. Investigated additives included aminocarboxylic acids, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and two carboxylic acid containing polymers, a poly(acrylic acid) and a poly(maleic acid). Temperatures necessary to induce rapid nucleation in supersaturated solutions increased with the addition of these species, and the data were well characterized by a form of classical nucleation theory that relates nucleation temperatures to supersaturation. Extracted fitting parameters indicate distinctly different influences for the aminocarboxylic acids and carboxylic acid containing polymers. Parameters found for the aminocarboxylates were the same as those found when no additive was present. In contrast, fitting parameters changed significantly with increasing con...
Measurement of the off-resonance cross section of the 6.4 MeV nuclear reaction

Abstract Measurements of off-resonance yield from the 6.4 MeV 1 H( 15 N, αγ) 12 C nuclear reaction indicate that the off-resonance cross section is 77 μb, much smaller than the currently published value. A procedure for directly evaluating the off-resonance gamma-ray yield detected during hydrogen profiling measurements is presented. The absolute on-resonance and off-resonance cross sections of this nuclear reaction are evaluated.
Determination of residual stress in thin films: a comparative study of X-ray topography versus laser curvature method

Abstract The residual stress in thin films has been determined by X-ray diffraction and laser scanning methods. The usual procedure is to measure the strain via lattice or physical curvature analysis and then to calculate the stress using continuum mechanics models. X-ray and laser techniques measure different physical quantities. In the former case, the curvature of crystal lattice planes is assessed while in the latter situation the curvature of physical surface of the sample is measured. In principle, these two methods should yield the same results. The current experiments use the latest two-dimensional X-ray double crystal diffraction topography (DCDT) and a laser scanning technique (LST) to determine the quantities of interest for a variety of thin films deposited on Si (1 0 0) wafers. The measurements by the two techniques were performed on the same samples, at the same time, under exactly identical conditions. For specimens where the residual stresses produce large curvatures of both types (lattice curvature and surface curvature), the results for DCDT and LST agree within the experimental error. When small to moderate curvatures are present, the two methods deviate to varying degrees. This deviation is of special significance in determining residual stress in nanometer-thickness films. Nevertheless, DCDT and LST generally yield similar results on differential curvatures, i.e. the stress induced curvature differentials. When proper consideration is taken for the inherent limits of each technique, both DCDT and LST can be used as valid procedures for stress measurement in thin film–substrate systems.
Seasonal resource selection by blue suckers Cycleptus elongatus

Telemetry data were used to quantify seasonal resource selection and rank-preferred habitat types for blue suckers Cycleptus elongatus in the middle Missouri River and its tributaries, Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, U.S.A. Habitat diversity required by C. elongatus to complete its annual life-history cycle was evident by interseasonal variation in habitat selection. Tributaries and unchannelized portions of the middle Missouri River system were selected during the inferred spawning season (spring), habitats along shorelines in the channelized middle Missouri River were selected for postspawning (summer) and areas of reduced current were generally selected for the period preceding spawning (autumn). This study provides insight into mature C. elongatus behaviour throughout its annual life cycle. Furthermore, these results document the interseasonal variability in habitat selection of C. elongatus and highlight the need for development of habitat selection models for other imperilled fish species in aquatic systems affected by anthropogenic developments.
Some further observations on the systems cellulose/trifluoroacetic acid/CH2Cl2 and cellulose triacetate/TFA/CH2Cl2

There is little or no trifluoroacetylation of cellulose dissolved in TFA-CH2Cl2 admixtures. Both cellulose and cellulose triacetate (CTA)are slowly degraded in the solvent. Cellulose forms a mesophase as low as 4%(w/w)concentration, but CTA has a much higher critical concentration, 20% (w/w), in TFA-CH2Cl2. The cellulose behaves as a rigid rod in TFA-CH2Cl2 (70/30v/v) and its persistence length calculated using the lattice model approximates its chain length, presumably due to extensive interaction with the solvent. As expected, due to low polymer-solvent interactions, the persistence length of CTA in TFA-CH2Cl2 is only one-fourth the chain length.
AAV6-βARKct gene delivery mediated by molecular cardiac surgery with recirculating delivery (MCARD) in sheep results in robust gene expression and increased adrenergic reserve

Objective Genetic modulation of heart function is a novel therapeutic strategy. We investigated the effect of molecular cardiac surgery with recirculating delivery (MCARD)–mediated carboxyl-terminus of the β-adrenergic receptor kinase (βARKct) gene transfer on cardiac mechanoenergetics and β-adrenoreceptor (βAR) signaling. Methods After baseline measurements, sheep underwent MCARD-mediated delivery of 10 14 genome copies of self-complimentary adeno-associated virus (scAAV6)-βARKct. Four and 8 weeks after MCARD, mechanoenergetic studies using magnetic resonance imaging were performed. Tissues were analyzed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. βAR density, cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels, and physiologic parameters were evaluated. Results There was a significant increase in dP/dt max at 4 weeks: 1384 ± 76 versus 1772 ± 182 mm Hg/s; and the increase persisted at 8 weeks in response to isoproterenol ( P min increased at both 4 weeks and 8 weeks with isoproterenol stimulation ( P P P Conclusions MCARD-mediated βARKct delivery is safe, results in robust cardiac-specific gene expression, enhances cardiac contractility and lusitropy, increases adrenergic reserve, and improves energy utilization efficiency in a preclinical large animal model.
An Imaging Instrument for Positron Emitting Heavy Ion Beam Injection

The design and performance of an instrument for the imaging of coincidence annihilation gamma rays emitted from the end point of the trajectories of radioactive high-energy heavy ions is described. The positron-emitting heavy ions are the result of nuclear fragmentation of accelerated heavy ions used in cancer theraphy or diagnostic medicine. The instrument constructed is capable of locating the ion beam trajectory end point within 1 mm for an injected activity of 200 nanoCi in a measurement time of 1 sec. in some favorable conditions. Limited imaging in three dimensions is also demonstrated.
Structural determination of oxofatty acids by charge-remote fragmentations.

A strategy is described to locate the carbonyl position in oxofatty acids by utilizing charge-remote fragmentations of various molecular ions that are desorbed by fast atom bombardment (FAB). Oxofatty acids were cationized with alkali metal ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+) to form [M+2Met−H]+ or alkaline earth metal ions (Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ or Ba2+) to form [M+Met−H]+ in the gas phase. The cationized acids undergo charge-remote fragmentations upon high-energy activation, giving a product-ion pattern that has a gap corresponding to the oxo position and bordered by two high-intensity peaks. One of the peaks corresponds to an ion that is formed by the cleavage of the C-C bond β to the oxo position and proximal to the charge (β ion), whereas the other is formed from the cleavage of the C-C bond γ to the oxo position and distal to the charge (γ′ ion). The oxo position is easily determined by identifying the gap and the β and γ′ ions. Furthermore, there are two competing patterns of fragments in a CAD spectrum of an oxofatty acid or ester [M+Li]+ ion. These arise because Li+ attaches to either the oxo or the carboxylic end, as was confirmed by ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The results demonstrate that control of the fragmentation can be guided by an understanding of metal-ion affinities. Collisional activation of the anionic carboxylates gives results that are similar to those for positive ions, showing that the process is not related to the charge status. Collisional activation of [M+H]+ ions does not give structural information because the charge migrates, leading to charge-mediated fragmentations.
First-passage-time approach to overbarrier relaxation of magnetization

We consider the irreversible dynamics of the magnetization vectorM in a single-domain particle. The dynamics is given by a stochastic phenomenological equation due to Gilbert. It contains a damping field proportional toM and a corresponding white noise field component. The probability distribution function satisfies a Fokker-Planck equation derived by Brown. We give the overbarrier decay rateκ out of a metastable minimum. First we rederive the well-known expression forκ for an axially symmetric model. We argue that this result is unphysical. For systems of general point symmetry of the magnetic anisotropy energy we giveκ in both the low-damping and intermediate- to high-damping limits.
Re-engineering the Preadmission Process

Summary The dramatic changes that have occurred in health care legislation in the past 20 years have changed the practice of anesthesiology. Anesthesiologists not only provide intraoperative care, but they also now play an important role in the design and implementation of disease management protocols, especially those likely to require surgical intervention or the management of chronic pain. Although an extensive battery of “routine” preoperative testing modalities was at one time required for all surgical patients, the clinical yield and cost-effectiveness of this approach is unacceptably low in contemporary practice and it should be abandoned. Instead, preoperative testing of surgical patients should be directed by physical status, disease, and the surgical procedure itself. Although the AEC has documented success, the continued pressures of increased managed care penetration, decreased reimbursement, and concerns regarding the quality of care necessitate that every preadmission program continuously monitor and reassess their value. The AEC is an ideal environment to examine preoperative interventions and then uniformly apply these best practices to optimize patterns of perioperative care. Outcome research, which emphasizes prevention of perioperative events, is an obvious target for health care research in the 21st century. Expanding the role of the anesthesiologist outside the operating room is also critical to our specialty. We must provide administrative support and insight for health system priorities such as disease management and the admission process if we are to be recognized by our peers as a vital component of an integrated health care system. We must also become perioperative physicians for the surgical patient, not just intraoperative caregivers, if we are to continue to attract the brightest students from medical schools to our specialty.
Young research investigators honored at the 2012 Gordon Research Conference on photosynthesis

We provide a News Report on the 2012 Gordon Research Conference on Photosynthesis held at Davidson College, North Carolina during July 8–13 that focuses on four young investigators who were presented awards during the conference.
Deciphering the Mismatch Recognition Cycle in MutS and MSH2-MSH6 Using Normal-Mode Analysis

Postreplication DNA mismatch repair is essential for maintaining the integrity of genomic information in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The first step in mismatch repair is the recognition of base-base mismatches and insertions/deletions by bacterial MutS or eukaryotic MSH2-MSH6. Crystal structures of both proteins bound to mismatch DNA reveal a similar molecular architecture but provide limited insight into the detailed molecular mechanism of long-range allostery involved in mismatch recognition and repair initiation. This study describes normal-mode calculations of MutS and MSH2-MSH6 with and without DNA. The results reveal similar protein flexibilities and suggest common dynamic and functional characteristics. A strongly correlated motion is present between the lever domain and ATPase domains, which suggests a pathway for long-range allostery from the N-terminal DNA binding domain to the C-terminal ATPase domains, as indicated by experimental studies. A detailed analysis of individual low-frequency modes of both MutS and MSH2-MSH6 shows changes in the DNA-binding domains coupled to the ATPase sites, which are interpreted in the context of experimental data to arrive at a complete molecular-level mismatch recognition cycle. Distinct conformational states are proposed for DNA scanning, mismatch recognition, repair initiation, and sliding along DNA after mismatch recognition. Hypotheses based on the results presented here form the basis for further experimental and computational studies.
Superconductivity in "Amorphous" Transition-Metal Alloy Films

The superconducting transition temperatures of "amorphous" transition-metal alloys have been measured. The variation of ${T}_{c}$ as a function of the electron-to-atom ratio is consistent with the presence of an atomiclike parameter characterizing the systematics of ${T}_{c}$, with, however, an unexplained peak at the half-filled $d$ shell. The data do not support a recent explanation based entirely on a simple averaging or smearing of the crystalline electronic density of states.
Preservice Teachers' Beliefs and Practices: Religion and Religious Diversity

Discussions about religious aspects of diversity are often absent from research. Similarly, topics such as religious forms of prejudice and religious dimensions of identities have not been fully explored in the context of teacher education. Too often, in the schooling context, what religion is and what constitutes an authentic religious identity operates in European American epistemologies. By examining the beliefs and practices of preservice teachers, this article argues for the need to emphasize topics of religious diversity in teacher education programs since teachers will undoubtedly teach those who come from diverse religious backgrounds. In particular, the article explores how various students in the study negotiated and resisted recognizing structural discourses on religion, especially when religious issues interconnected with race and gender topics. Overall, the author proposes that teacher educators include religion when teaching about social differences, particularly how religious dimensions of ...
A General Analysis of Phase-Change Energy Storage for Solar Energy Applications

A unified approach is developed for the analysis of one, two, or three-phase melting of solidification of a semi-infinite medium with or without subcooling or superheating and imposed with constant, monotonic, or cyclic temperature or flux conditions. A source and sink method is presented in which a sink front is used to characterize a freeze front. An integrodifferential equation is then derived for the interface position which is linearized locally for numerical solution. This position is, in turn, used as input for the determination of the temperature distrubution and energy storage and release in different phases of the medium. The numerical solution presented in this paper has shown to be unique, convergent, stable, and accurate. The analysis has been applied to the study of phase change in a subcooled paraffin wax immposed with a cyclic temperature condition. Test results yield some interesting phenomena related to the merging of phase-change fronts and hysteresis of energy storage and release, among others, which have not previously been reported in the literature. Their relations to the energy storage and release are particularly stressed in the paper.
Numerical application of fractional derivative model constitutive relations for viscoelastic materials

Abstract A differential equation describing the motion of a viscoelastic bar is developed and studied. The bar material is modeled using a fractional derivative based constitutive relationship. The three-dimensional Poisson tapering effect is included in the development of the differential equation, but is not included in the solution of the linearized system. Various numerical approaches and models for the representation of a fractional order derivative and for the solution of the differential equation are studied.
62.4: The Structure and Manufacturing Process of Large Area Transparent Electrowetting Display

Transparent display is currently an interesting topic in the display technologies for mobile device, monitor, shopping window or smart window application. This paper described the large area (14 inch) transparent electrowetting display (EWD) by using two-layer hydrophilic rib structure and manufacturing process is proposed as well. This work included two parts: structure and process development of large area transparent electrowetting display and the implementation of two-layer hydrophilic rib structure and plasma treatment in the manufacturing process for electrowetting display. The two-layer structure material and plasma treatment is implemented to modify the manufacturing process and improve the panel performance. The development of this study realized the concept of transparent electrowetting display with large size display area.
Medication profile and polypharmacy in adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury.

Cross-sectional survey. To describe the medications taken by individuals who had sustained a spinal cord injury (SCI) in childhood or adolescence (age <19 years) and to report the prevalence of polypharmacy and its association with demographic, injury-related and psychosocial factors. Community. Structured interviews of adults with pediatric-onset SCI. Routine medications and secondary health conditions (SHCs) experienced were recorded. Polypharmacy was defined as the concomitant use of five or more different types of medications. Bivariate analyses and multiple regression models were conducted to determine associations between polypharmacy and demographic factors, injury-related factors, number of SHCs and psychosocial outcomes (FIM, SF-12v2 Health Survey, CHART, PHQ-9). A total of 159 participants (male, 63%; tetraplegia, 59%) with mean age 35.0±6.2 years (range, 26.7–50.9 years) were included. Most common routine medications were muscle relaxants (50.3%), bladder medications (48.5%), bowel agents (41.5%), analgesics (26.4%) and antidepressants (16.9%). Polypharmacy was present in 30.8% (n, 49) and was more prevalent in those with tetraplegia (40.2% vs 17.9%; P=0.003). Participants with polypharmacy were older, had lower FIM, CHART and SF-12v2 scores, and higher PHQ-9 scores. Regression models indicate the total number of SHCs, time since injury and tetraplegia to be significant positive predictors of polypharmacy. Duration of SCI and SHCs are risk factors for polypharmacy in this population of adults with SCI. Measures should be taken to prevent the occurrence of SHCs throughout adulthood so as to prevent the potentially adverse physiological effects and psychosocial outcomes associated with polypharmacy.
Stabilized Human TRIM5α Protects Human T Cells From HIV-1 Infection

Rhesus (rh) but not human (hu) TRIM5α potently restricts human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. It is not clear why huTRIM5α fails to effectively block HIV infection, but it is thought to have a lower affinity for the viral core. Using primary human CD4 T cells, we investigated the ability of huTRIM5α, rhTRIM5α, and the huTRIM5αR323–332 B30.2/SPRY patch-mutant to form cytoplasmic bodies, postulated as key components of the HIV-1 restriction apparatus. Both rhTRIM5α and huTRIM5αR323–332 formed pronounced cytoplasmic bodies, whereas cytoplasmic bodies in T cells overexpressing huTRIM5α were present but more difficult to detect. As expression of all three TRIM5α orthologs was similar at the RNA level, we next investigated the role of protein stability in conferring TRIM5α-mediated HIV-1 restriction. Both steady-state and pulse-chase experiments revealed that the huTRIM5α protein was much less stable than rhTRIM5α, and this difference correlated with higher self-ubiquitination activity. Using a stabilized form of huTRIM5α in which the steady-state expression level was more similar to rhTRIM5α, we observed comparable HIV-1 restriction activity in multi-round HIV-1 challenge assays. Lastly, primary human CD4 T cells expressing a stabilized huTRIM5α were protected from HIV-1-mediated destruction in vivo, indicating that efforts to stabilize huTRIM5α should have significant long-term therapeutic value.
Opportunities for Growth Regulation of Amenity Grass

Plant growth regulators have found applications in numerous crop situations but amenity turf provides a unique challenge. This paper discusses the major opportunities in this sector and reports results from trials carried out in the UK over four years with trinexapac-ethyl in a range of situations. The weight of clippings was reduced by 40% and absolute sward height by up to 21% compared to the untreated control ; of more practical relevance for mown turf, this amounts to a reduction of up to 48% in clippings weight when the influence of height of mowing is taken into account. It is safe to a wide range of grass species. The data show considerable potential for this PGR as a management tool for amenity turf in Northern Europe.
Carpal tunnel release without a tourniquet

Release of the transverse carpal ligament can be performed safely under local anesthesia. The addition of epinephrine to the local anesthetic will cause sufficient vasoconstriction to maintain a dry field without the need of a tourniquet. This allows the procedure to be performed without regard to tourniquet pain. It has been our technique of choice in patients with functioning hemodialysis fistulae. The procedure was performed in 21 wrists to assess its safety. This approach was found to be a safe, effective, and efficient alternative to the standard tourniquet-dependent procedure.
Effects of prenatal exposure to morphine on the development of sexual behavior in rats

Females exposed to morphine sulfate in utero (5–10 mg/kg twice a day on days 11–18 of gestation) displayed precocious vaginal opening and had increased body weight from the 8th week after weaning. In addition, there was a substantial inhibition in adult feminine sexual behavior. Male rats that received either morphine or saline prenatally did not show any body weight differences, and most of the measures of masculine sexual behavior did not differ between the two groups. However, the male rats exposed to morphine had a significantly shorter post-ejaculatory intromission latency than the saline controls. Examination of cytosol estrogen receptor levels in the hypothalamus-preoptic area (HPOA) of both saline and morphine sulfate-treated female rats revealed essentially identical patterns of depletion and replenishment. Additionally, estrogen treatment was equally effective at inducing HPOA progestin receptor synthesis in both groups. These results show that prenatal morphine treatment at the times and dose level administered disrupts the development of reproductive function in females but has only minor effects on male reproductive function.
An RTM densification method of manufacturing carbon-carbon composites using Primaset PT-30 resin

Abstract This paper presents a development of carbon–carbon (C–C) composite by resin transfer molding (RTM) process. The RTM was used for both manufacturing of the resin matrix composite part as well as impregnation of the carbonized parts. Materials chosen were heat-treated T300 2-D carbon fabric and Primaset PT-30 cyanate ester. The PT-30 resin has a char yield similar to that of phenolics, very low volatiles, low viscosity at processing temperatures, and no by-products during cure, and hence, an excellent choice for RTM process. The process consists of RTM of the composite part, carbonization, RTM impregnation, and re-carbonization. The last two steps were repeated to achieve the desired density. The measured density and mechanical properties of just two times-densified C–C composite panels were superior to or nearly the same as the data in the literature by other processes. The RTM densification is about twice as fast as the resin solution method and it is environment friendly.
Inhibition of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase by AMP and ADP in the absence and presence of histidine

Abstract AMP and ADP are linear competitive inhibitors of ATP phosphoribosyltransferase with respect to both substrates in the histidine biosynthetic direction reaction. This apparent contradiction to the proposed steady-state ordered Bi-Bi kinetic mechanism is reconciled to it on the basis of near equilibrium binding of the first substrate ATP. In the presence of histidine, AMP and ADP become positively cooperative and much more potent inhibitors of the enzyme, with AMP becoming the better inhibitor. This synergism is specific since other amino acids or nucleotides will not substitute. It is concluded, in agreement with previous workers, that energy charge could be a quantitatively important regulator of histidine biosynthesis at the metabolite level.
Distribution of black carbon in ponderosa pine forest floor and soils following the High Park wildfire

Abstract. Biomass burning produces black carbon (BC), effectively transferring a fraction of the biomass C from an actively cycling pool to a passive C pool, which may be stored in the soil. Yet the timescales and mechanisms for incorporation of BC into the soil profile are not well understood. The High Park fire (HPF), which occurred in northwestern Colorado in the summer of 2012, provided an opportunity to study the effects of both fire severity and geomorphology on properties of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and BC in the Cache La Poudre River drainage. We sampled montane ponderosa pine forest floor (litter plus O-horizon) and soils at 0–5 and 5–15 cm depth 4 months post-fire in order to examine the effects of slope and burn severity on %C, C stocks, %N and BC. We used the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for quantifying BC. With regard to slope, we found that steeper slopes had higher C : N than shallow slopes but that there was no difference in BPCA-C content or stocks. BC content was greatest in the forest floor at burned sites (19 g BPCA-C kg−1 C), while BC stocks were greatest in the 5–15 cm subsurface soils (23 g BPCA-C m−2). At the time of sampling, unburned and burned soils had equivalent BC content, indicating none of the BC deposited on the land surface post-fire had been incorporated into either the 0–5 or 5–15 cm soil layers. The ratio of B6CA : total BPCAs, an index of the degree of aromatic C condensation, suggested that BC in the 5–15 cm soil layer may have been formed at higher temperatures or experienced selective degradation relative to the forest floor and 0–5 cm soils. Total BC soil stocks were relatively low compared to other fire-prone grassland and boreal forest systems, indicating most of the BC produced in this system is likely lost, either through erosion events, degradation or translocation to deeper soils. Future work examining mechanisms for BC losses from forest soils will be required for understanding the role BC plays in the global carbon cycle.
Development and psychometric properties of the family distress in advanced dementia scale.

Objective The majority of scales to measure family member distress in dementia are designed for community settings and do not capture the unique burdens of the nursing home (NH) environment. We report the psychometric properties of a new Family Distress in Advanced Dementia Scale for use in the NH setting.
The initial rise of a hydrothermal plume from a line segment source—Results from a three-dimensional numerical model

Recent measurements of large water column plumes in association with seismic activity and evidence of a fissure release of magma on the sea floor at the CoAxial Segment, northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, initiates questions about the response of the benthic ocean to large and sudden line discharges of heat. Here these issues are investigated using a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic hydrodynamical model. The model treats the case of a starting plume from a finite-length, narrow line source of heat ascending into a rotating environment stratified in temperature and salinity. The developing water column plume is studied over an initial time period of approximately f−1, where f is the Coriolis frequency. Midway into this interval the plume attains its maximum rise height of ∼900 m, for given buoyancy flux and stratification conditions. Thereafter, the plume spreads laterally and the effects of the earth's rotation come into evidence. Outward flow at 400–900 m above bottom is primarily transverse to the line source, quickly making the plume at those heights more circular than line-like.
Rationale for calcium entry-blocking drugs in systemic hypertension complicated by coronary artery disease

There is considerable rationale for the use of the calcium entry-blocking drugs for the treatment of hypertension and prevention of recurrent episodes of angina pectoris in patients with systemic hypertension and significant coronary artery disease--the 2 entities commonly occurring together. Calcium entry-blocking drugs improve myocardial blood flow while decreasing myocardial oxygen demand. These agents can be given to most patients with ischemic heart disease and its complications, and are associated with a relatively low incidence of serious adverse effects and toxicity during long-term therapy. They reduce the frequency of anginal attacks, prolong exercise time to ST-segment depression or angina and improve exercise capacity. With long-term therapy, tolerance does not develop as it does in many patients with the "long-acting" nitrates. Calcium entry-blocking drugs reduce systolic blood pressure in patients with hypertension by a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and a uniform improvement in blood flow affecting the myocardium, kidney and brain. There are no central nervous system adverse effects and hypokalemia does not occur. Unlike therapy with the beta-blocking drugs, chronic treatment with the calcium entry blockers does not reduce the serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol nor increase serum triglyceride concentration. The calcium blockers decrease the arterial blood pressure without increasing intravascular plasma volume and are associated with only a slight increase in reflex-mediated sympathetic activity and heart rate, the latter occurring predominantly with nifedipine. Calcium entry-blocking drugs provide alternative or preferred therapy to beta-blocking agents in patients with a combination of hypertension and angina pectoris.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of Noise on Bilingual Listeners’ First Language (L1) Speech Perception

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine how noise influences first language (L1) speech perception in noise in bilingual listeners with varying second language (L2) proficiency. The Kor...
Transient electric and magnetic fields associated with establishing a finite electrostatic dipole, revisited

The authors reexamine the analysis of M.J. Master and M.A. Uman (1983), who derived and plotted the electromagnetic field waveforms generated by a square wave of current propagating with constant speed along a finite linear path, resulting in the formation of a finite electrostatic dipole. It was concluded that such a square pulse of current had charge only at its front and rear. The authors argue that errors were made in that analysis, correct these errors, and extend the overall analysis: (1) to show that the decomposition of the electromagnetic fields into electrostatic, induction, and radiation components on the basis of distance dependence is not general; (2) to demonstrate the use of the continuity equation in finding the charge distribution along a current path when the current distribution is known; and (3) to show how a seemingly simple analytical technique, the treatment of an abrupt step of current as a linearly rising current in the limit that the risetime goes to zero, can lead to erroneous results if there is not a good physical and mathematical understanding of all the variables involved. >
Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust

1. Introduction: roots of hate: anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust 2. The religious root 3. The racial root 4. The economic root 5. The political root Conclusion.