cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring Results of Enhancements to a Real-Time VoIP Teleconference System

One of the signi cant challenges that we face in a VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) telephone system is to provide a teleconference feature that can support large-scale teleconferences while minimizing the use of network bandwidth. This paper examines a new, bandwidth-efficient way of implementing a real-time VoIP teleconference system, and we quantify the improvements that we gained by enhancing our original concept. Our newly improved teleconference technique provides all of the features that previous teleconference systems provide, but our novel approach consumes substantially less data bandwidth than previous systems require. Our new system reduces the bandwidth consumption for a large-scale teleconference by nearly half.
Normal human peritoneal macrophages are unable to cap and internalize class II antigens.

Abstract Normal human peritoneal macrophages show a restricted capacity to differentiate into inflammatory macrophages in vivo . We now report that these cells are unable to cap and internalize HLA-DR, as compared to endometriosis, and other macrophages. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that lack of modulation was not due to the presence of preclustered antigenic sites. Northern blot analysis demonstrated transcripts for HLA · DR, c- fms , and c- fos , indicating that the surface defects were not likely to be associated with a general depression of transcriptional activity. There was no correlation between the mobility of class II molecules and the ability to present antigen as determined by autologous lymphocyte responses to tetanus toxoid. The inability of normal peritoneal macrophages to modulate class II antigens may represent a normal and more general environmental alteration required to permit peritoneal cells a scavenging function without developing the deleterious effects leading to a peritoneal inflammatory response.
Toll-like Receptor 3, RIG-I-like Receptors and the NLRP3 Inflammasome: Key Modulators of Innate Immune Responses to Double-stranded RNA Viruses

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), the genetic material for many RNA viruses, induces robust host immune responses via pattern recognition receptors, which include Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors (RLRs) and the multi-protein NLRP3 inflammasome complex. The engagement of dsRNA receptors or inflammasome activation by viral dsRNA initiates complex intracellular signaling cascades that play essential roles in inflammation and innate immune responses, as well as the resultant development of adaptive immunity. This review focuses on signaling pathways mediated by TLR3, RLRs and the NLRP3 inflammasome, as well as the potential use of agonists and antagonists that target these pathways to treat disease.
The role of programming in a Ph.D. computer science program

In this general paper the role of programming in advanced graduate training is discussed. Subject matter related to programming as well as programming per se is considered. The importance and application of formalism are considered and also the need for good empirical experimentation. A brief outline for a sequence of courses is included, and subject headings that have been obtained from an extensive bibliography are given. A bibliography of programming references is included.
Steady shape of a miscible bubble rising below an inclined wall at low Reynolds numbers

When a buoyant volume of fluid impinges a horizontal boundary, it spreads symmetrically in the Stokes flow limit. We investigate the low Reynolds number spreading of a low-viscosity volume of fluid, hereafter called a “bubble”, in the limit that the fluids are miscible and interfacial tension can be neglected; the symmetry of the bubble’s spreading is broken by allowing the surface to have a finite slope. We use laboratory experiments, parametrized boundary integral numerical calculations, and a scaling argument to show that there exists a steady bubble shape with an aspect ratio (ratio of the semi-axes of the bubble in the horizontal plane) around 1.4–1.6 for slope angles ranging from 5 to 35 ◦ . The existence of a steady shape, together with a rapid shift in aspect ratio as the slope angle φ increases from 0, suggests a continuous phase transition caused by a loss of symmetry when the finite slope is introduced. We show that the time required for the bubble to reach this steady shape and the constant aspect ratio over the range 10 <φ< 35 support the analogy to a phase transition.
FIELD RECONSTRUCTION FROM SINGLE SCALE CONTINUOUS WAVELET COEFFICIENTS

The redundancy of continuous wavelet transforms implies that the wavelet coefficients are not independent of each other. This interdependence allows the reconstruction or approximation of the wavelet transform, and of the original field, from a subset of the wavelet coefficients. Contrasting with lines of modulus maxima, known to provide useful partition functions and some data compaction, the reconstruction from single-scale coefficients is derived for the Hermitian family of wavelets. The formula is exact in the continuum for d-dimensional fields, and its limitations under discretization are illustrated.
First step to losing fat: central melanocortin signaling and sympathetic lipolytic drive

the dream of many is to live long and well, but the drastic increase in the prevalence of obesity worldwide ([16][1]) may quash these dreams. It is shocking to learn that one in three Americans born in the year 2000 will likely develop diabetes later in life and will lose up to 20 quality-adjusted
Copper Mineralizations in the Ophiolite of Oman: The Genesis and Emplacement Relationship with the Orogenic Movements of Serpentinized Peridotite

The hydrothermal process that led to the deposition of epigenetic sulfide mineralizations (mostly Fe-Cu sulfides) in the ophiolite of Oman appears to be closely related to successive orogenic movements. Vertical (diapiric) uplift of peridotite, along the axial trend of the mountains of Oman, resulted from pressure exerted during the counterclockwise movement and subduction of the Arabian plate during the Miocene to Recent periods. The ophiolite rocks previously were present in an oceanic rift, a part of an island arc in the Tethys ocean. The continuous movement of the plate also resulted in the rotation of the Oman mountains from a NW trend in the southeastern portion to a WNW trend along Jabal Akhdar, then NW, and finally to a N-S orientation in the northwestern portion. Lasail, Aarja, Bayda, and all other prospects in this study that contain Fe-Cu sulfide mineralization are located near or around either end of faults (discontinuities) that segmented the mountains of Oman. They also are found in silicifi...
Occupational Segregation by Gender, Race and Ethnicity

Abstract Although research has established the persistence of occupational sex segregation and shown that race and ethnicity also segregate workers, we know almost nothing about the joint effects of sex, race and ethnicity on workers' distributions across occupations. This paper uses the 1990 census five-percent PUMS data to investigate the combined effects of workers' sex, race and ethnic ancestry on their distribution across occupations. After classifying 5.8 million workers into 52 race-ethnic-sex groups, we computed indices of occupational segregation for all 1,326 possible pairs within the 52 groups. We tested the hypothesis that sex and race interact in affecting the amount of occupational segregation between pairs by regressing their segregation indices on whether each pair was of the same sex, the same race, and both the same sex and the same race, net of nativity and educational differences between pairs. Our results confirmed that sharing the same sex and race reduced groups' occupational segreg...
Arrhenius parameter determination as a function of heating method and cellular microenvironment based on spatial cell viability analysis.

AbstractPurpose: Predictions of injury in response to photothermal therapy in vivo are frequently made using Arrhenius parameters obtained from cell monolayers exposed to laser or water bath heating. However, the impact of different heating methods and cellular microenvironments on Arrhenius predictions has not been thoroughly investigated. This study determined the influence of heating method (water bath and laser irradiation) and cellular microenvironment (cell monolayers and tissue phantoms) on Arrhenius parameters and spatial viability.Methods: MDA-MB-231 cells seeded in monolayers and sodium alginate phantoms were heated with a water bath for 3–20 min at 46, 50, and 54 °C or laser irradiated (wavelength of 1064 nm and fluences of 40 W/cm2 or 3.8 W/cm2 for 0–4 min) in combination with photoabsorptive carbon nanohorns. Spatial viability was measured using digital image analysis of cells stained with calcein AM and propidium iodide and used to determine Arrhenius parameters. The influence of microenviro...
Generalized non-renormalization☆

Abstract Using formal properties of the functional integral, we determine the exact parameter dependence of various condensates and other Green functions in theories with unbroken supersymmetry. This implies a non-trivial relation among the various renormalization parameters, and so constitutes a generalization of the non-renormalization theorems. We work out several examples, and in so doing we prove that the Konishi anomaly has no higher order corrections.
The biochemistry of mental illness.

Abstract Understanding of the biochemical basis of mental disease has been greatly advanced by pharmacologic observations on new drugs that have been found to alter mood or to mimic or ameliorate psychoses, and by increasing knowledge of neuroregulators and modulators. The highlights of current biochemical theories of the major psychoses (affective disorders and schizophrenia) are briefly discussed.
Separation of multiply charged anions by capillary electrophoresis using alkyl phosphonium pairing agents

Two newly developed UV transparent phosphonium-based cationic reagents were evaluated as background electrolyte additives for capillary electrophoresis for the separation of multiply charged anions, including several complex anions. These cationic reagents showed moderate suppression of the electroosmotic flow, interacted with the analytes to improve their separation and often improved the peak shape. The effects of the additives and their concentration on the separation were studied, as well as the buffer type, pH, and voltage. The dicationic reagent effectively separated eight divalent anions within 17 min and the tetracationic reagent best separated nine trivalent anions, as well as a mixture of all the anions.
Brain oxidative phosphorylation following alteration in head position in preterm and term neonates.

ABSTRACT: An alteration in head position, which effects cerebral blood flow, may increase the risk for intraventricular hemorrhage in the critically ill infant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vivo cerebral oxidative metabolism as an index of tissue oxygen delivery reflecting brain blood flow, in healthy preterm and term infants following a change in head position. Cerebral phosphoenergetics using 31 phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were measured in 10 preterm and eight term infants following three different head positions: neutral, prone, and supine. All infants were clinically stable at the time of study. The phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate ratio, an indicator of bioenergetic reserve, was determined. The mean ± SD for phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate ratio in the neutral position in preterm and term infants was 1.08 ± 0.15 and 1.12 ± 0.21, respectively, and did not change significantly following head turning. These data suggest that any alteration in cerebral blood flow as a result of a change in head position in the healthy neonate may be compensated by physiological and biochemical regulations so that no changes in brain oxidative phosphorylation are measurable.
The effects of a fat loss supplement on resting metabolic rate and hemodynamic variables in healthy females: preliminary results

Background Individuals looking to improve their physique may ingest thermogenic supplements for the purposes of elevating resting metabolic rate and ultimately induce fat loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a commercially available dietary supplement (containing ingredients that promote thermogenesis) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and hemodynamic variables in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Methods
EFFECT OF DYNAMIC SIGHT-DISTANCE PROBLEM ON UNPROTECTED LEFT-TURN MOVEMENT CAPACITY

Classical sight-distance problems involve the horizontal and vertical alignment of the road and stationary objects around the roadway that interfere with the motorist’s view. Dynamic sight-distance problems concern the sight-distance situation engendered by “nonstationary” objects such as vehicles using the roadway. This paper discusses a theoretical approach for evaluating the operational effect of a dynamic sight-distance problem that is associated with unprotected left-turning traffic at intersections. Specifically, the problem discussed in this paper concerns the effect of left-turning vehicles on the gap acceptance of the vehicles in the queue. Sample test results indicate that the dynamic sight-distance problem considered here can result in larger critical gaps, and hence significantly reduce the capacity of left-turn movements at unsignalized intersections or signalized intersections with permitted left-turn signal phasing. A sensitivity analysis shows that the severity of dynamic sight-distance problems increases with the traffic intensity (i.e., the degree of saturation). The paper concludes that the critical gap value for unprotected left-turning traffic is not only dependent on the number of conflicting traffic movements, but it is also dependent on the traffic intensity and traffic composition (e.g., percent compact vehicles versus percent noncompact vehicles). These factors should be considered in determining reasonable critical gap values that can be used for capacity analysis of unprotected left-turn movements at traffic intersections.
On the finite series expansion of multivariate characteristic functions

Abstract Three theorems are obtained that relate the asymptotic behavior of a distribution function with the behavior of its characteristic function at the origin. These theorems generalize one dimensional results that have been obtained by the author and by others.
School performance of children in kinship care

This study represents the first comprehensive assessment of the school performance of children placed in the care of a relative, an arrangement termed kinship care. The educational programs, academic achievement, and cognitive and language skills of the children were assessed with a teacher questionnaire and standardized tests. Compared to their peers, high rates of grade retention and participation in special and remedial education, as well as significant academic achievement, cognitive, and language deficits were found. Most teachers, however, reported that educational services were appropriate and several interventions had proven successful. Analyses of predictor variables showed that placement at a later age and fewer children in the home were associated with higher academic achievement. Results are reviewed in the context of other foster care studies, and recommendations are made regarding future research and educational needs of children in kinship care.
The use of ion-exchange resin bags for measuring nutrient availability in an arid ecosystem

Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
Fault Location Using Sparse Current Measurements

This paper proposes fault location algorithms by utilizing sparse current measurements. Bus impedance matrix techniques are utilized to find a direct solution and the need of iterative searching of the fault location is eliminated. Algorithms for scenarios where current phasors or current magnitude are available from one or two branches are developed.
Behavioral characterization of neuropeptide Y knockout mice.

An extensive behavioral characterization was conducted with mice lacking the gene for neuropeptide Y (NPY) including response to 24 and 48 h fast and challenge with small molecule antagonists of NPY receptors implicated in mediating the feeding effects of NPY (i.e., Y1 and Y5). In addition, wildtype (WT) and NPY knockout (KO) mice were tested in locomotor monitors, elevated plus maze, inhibitory avoidance, acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, and hot plate assays. One of the major findings was that the NPY KO mice have a reduced food intake relative to WT controls in response to fasting. Also, based on data from the behavioral models, the NPY KO mice may have an anxiogenic-like phenotype, and appear to be hypoalgesic in the hot plate paradigm. The data from these studies provide further evidence of involvement of NPY in energy balance, anxiety, and possibly nociception.
Sibling Relationships as a Context for Learning and Development

Close relationships are key contexts for young children's development, and siblings in particular play a critical role in family dynamics and are important socialization agents for one another (Car...
COMMENTS ON “WHEN THE COMPUTER TAKES OVER THE OFFICE” BY I.R. HOOS

Ida Hoos' study and update provide a useful and thoughtful contribution to the ongoing debates and discussions as to whether the computer will de‐humanize all of us and society, or whether it will free us to greater things.
Hydrodynamic dispersion relations in dense fluids.

Concepts of hydrodynamics and hydrodynamic modes are explored for dense fluids under conditions for which mode-coupling effects are important. Dispersion relations associated with the matrix of equilibrium time correlation functions for conserved densities are studied to isolate the hydrodynamic part of its spectrum. An Enskog-like model for hard spheres, including lowest-order bilinear density mode-coupling effects, is used for the analysis over a wide range of dense fluid conditions and for wavelengths extending down to those of the order of the correlation length. The hydrodynamic branch is identified as that which vanishes in the long-wavelength limit. The dispersion relations are investigated to determine the existence of such a hydrodynamic spectrum, and its possible extension to short wavelengths. Mode-coupling effects are shown to complicate the usual simple pole structure by introducing branch points that also vanish in the long-wavelength limit. Emphasis of this study is placed on the mode corresponding to heat diffusion. It is found that mode-coupling effects introduce significant changes in the extended modes, but the soft heat mode at wavelengths of the order of the correlation length remains a simple pole and provides the dominant contribution to the density autocorrelation function.
SU-FF-T-229: Fast Dose Calculation with Superposition Algorithm Using a Scaling Method

Purpose: To speed up the scatter dose calculation procedure in a superposition algorithm by using a scaling method where the superposition of scatter contributions can be carried out through instead of all sites in the medium but randomly selected scatter sites. Method and Materials: The scatter dose in a heterogeneous medium was obtained by Monte Carlo simulated scatter dose in water multiplied by the ratio of the scatter dose in the heterogeneous medium to the scatter dose in water calculated with superposition algorithm. Because this ratio is the scaling of the dose calculation in the medium by the same calculation in water the superposition could be carried out through in stead of all scatter sites but randomly selected, sufficiently enough numbers of scatter sites representing the structure of the medium. The 3‐D dose distributions for heterogeneous structures in a spherical water phantom such as spherical lung or bone materials were calculated for a point photon source of energies of 30 keV, 100 keV and 400 keV. Results: For the phantom considered here, the reduction of about 106 scatter sites to 104 random scatter sites speeds up the dose calculation by a factor of 100 while keeping the fluctuation caused by the random selection within 5%. Conclusion: Dose calculation with a superposition algorithm can be significantly speeded up by this scaling method with randomly selected scatter sites.
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature on lactic dehydrogenase and glutamic oxalacetic transaminase

Abstract LDH and GOT can be used with assurance as indicators of pressure-temperature effects in most regions of interest, specifically below 20,000 psi. LDH was susceptible to pressure deactivation at pressure levels below those tolerated by chymotrypsin, trypsin and alpha-amylase of Bacillus subtilis (17, 18, 20). Samples of LDH and GOT cooled to −20 °C were deactivated to the greatest extent by the application of pressure. The presence of glycerine and DMSO appeared to increase the sensitivity of GOT and LDH to pressure deactivation. When pressure was applied before cooling all pressures above 15,000 psi resulted in some deactivation of LDH and all pressures above 20,000 psi resulted in some deactivation of GOT.
Letter to the editor — It wasn't Madame Curie

I read with surprise in the October Newsletter in your summary of ferroelectric memory research that, “The ferroelectric phenomenon was first discovered and described by Madame Curie.”
Rethinking Technology & Creativity in the 21st Century Modeling as a trans-disciplinary formative skill and practice

We have argued previously for seven “tools for thinking” that underlie transdisciplinary thinking and creativity (Mishra, Koehler, & Henriksen, 2011). Inspired in part by Root-Bernstein & Root-Bernstein’s (1999) work in this area, we argue that these skills encapsulate the ways in which creative people think. These seven skills are: Perceiving, Patterning, Abstracting, Embodied Thinking, Modeling, Play, and Synthesizing. Our last article (Henriksen, Terry, & Mishra, in press) was on the skill of Modeling, while this article focuses on Play.
Report focuses on improving resilience to disasters

“Disaster resilience is everyone's business,” states a new report that calls for a series of local and national measures to increase resilience in the face of an increasingly costly toll from natural disasters to human lives and the economy. In 2011 natural disasters were responsible for damages in the United States exceeding $55 billion, and costs could increase with more people and structures located in harm's way and with the effects of extreme events, according to the report, Disaster Resilience: A National Imperative, issued by a committee of the U.S. National Academies on 1 August. Among the recommendations is for federal government agencies to incorporate national resilience as an organizing principle to guide federal government actions and programs. The report defines resilience as “the ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, and more successfully adapt to adverse events.”
Optical conductivity and Raman spectra of coupled electron-phonon systems via bosonic algebra

The sea-boson technique is used to compute the optical conductivity and Raman spectra of an interacting electron gas coupled with longitudinal optical phonons. The Hamiltonian is transformed from the fermionic representation to a bosonic representation in which the new dispersion of particle-hole excitations appears. The equations of motion of currents and densities in terms of sea bosons are constructed and the optical conductivity and Raman spectra are deduced. The sea-boson method is more convenient to deal with since the interacting Hamiltonian is purely quadratic in these bosons. For Raman scattering, we obtain the same random-phase approximation results as reported previously using the fermionic method, but with less cumbersome algebra. For the optical conductivity, our results automatically capture the Fano-resonance effect caused by the interference between the continuum excitations involving a particle-hole pair plus a phonon and the nearly discrete two-phonon excitations.
A probe design for the acquisition of homonuclear, heteronuclear, and inverse detected NMR spectra from multiple samples

Abstract A new probe design is presented for obtaining homonuclear, heteronuclear, and inverse detected NMR spectra from more than one sample in the same total data acquisition time as for a single sample, thus increasing data acquisition efficiency. Specifically, a two-coil system, with each solenoidal coil impedance matched to 50 Ω at both proton and nitrogen frequencies, has been designed for operation at 11.7 T with an observe volume of 15 μL for each coil. Isolation between the two frequencies for each individual coil, and at each frequency between coils, was greater than 30 dB. Two-dimensional COSY and HMQC spectra were obtained with negligible NMR cross-talk between the two coils.
Interview: Opioids: now and the future

Mellar P Davis is Director of Research at the Harry R Horvitz Center for Palliative Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH, USA. He gained his MD from Ohio State University in 1977. Initially working in oncology, he now specializes in palliative medicine and symptom control for cancer patients, with a particular interest in pain medicine. Dr Davis is Editor-in-Chief of Progress in Palliative Care, and acts as a peer reviewer for several high-profile journals. He is Chairman of the Palliative Section of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer and a member of the Scientific Subcommittee of the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine.
An Immunohistochemical Panel to Differentiate Metastatic Breast Carcinoma to Skin From Primary Sweat Gland Carcinomas With a Review of the Literature

Context.—Approximately 25% of patients with breast cancer develop cutaneous metastases. Sweat gland carcinomas (SGCs) account for about 0.05% of all cutaneous neoplasms. Cutaneous metastases of bre...
Primary lesion of multiple myeloma presenting as gingival swelling

It is rare that multiple myeloma (MM) occurs as a primary lesion in the jaws; we report such a case in an elderly patient involving the gingiva of the left posterior mandible. Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal malignant neoplasm of plasma cell origin which occurs in the bone marrow and may result in extensive destruction of skeletal structures. If the jaws are involved, it usually indicates an advanced stage of the disease.Thi s makes our case very unique due to the fact no other osteolytic lesions were identified at the time of the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. We report a rare case of multiple myeloma which was diagnosed from an intraoral gingival lesion on the lower left mandible.
Home Alone: Is It a Risk Factor for Middle School Youth and Drug Use?.

This study examined the relationship between middle school/junior high student latchkey status and early experimentation and use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Students were queried about the frequency (number of times per week) and quantity (number of hours per day) of unsupervised after school days in an average week. Questions were also asked regarding their experiences with "gateway" drugs, inhalants, and steroids. Chi square analysis was used to test the strength of association. The results of this study indicated that latchkey youth (LKY) who were home alone two or more days per week were four times more likely to have gotten drunk in the past month than those youth who had parental supervision five or more times a week. Also, significant differences were observed for LKY with respect to cigarette smoking, inhalants, and marijuana use. Other findings and demographic variables were discussed as they pertain to LKY as well as suggested strategies for healthy self-care alternatives.
The role of enterostatin and apolipoprotein AIV on the control of food intake.

Abstract Procolipase is secreted as a protein consisting of 101 amino acids. In the intestinal lumen, procolipase is activated by trypsin and cleaves to form the active colipase and the pentapeptide from the amino terminus. 1,2 This pentapeptide is called enterostatin. Pancreatic procolipase synthesis is stimulated by a high-fat diet. 3,4 A large body of evidence has been gathered in the past decade demonstrating the role of enterostatin in the inhibition of food intake; in particular, fat intake. This aspect of enterostatin will be discussed in this review. Other functions of enterostatin such as the inhibition of insulin secretion, 5,6 will not. Apolipoprotein AIV is a protein synthesized by the human intestine. Similar to procolipase, the synthesis and secretion of apo AIV are also stimulated by fat absorption. In 1992, Fujimoto et al. 7 first demonstrated that apo AIV is a satiety signal secreted by the small intestine following the ingestion of a lipid meal. Subsequently, this initial observation was followed by a number of studies supporting apo AIV’s role in the inhibition of food intake. This review will discuss the role of apo AIV in inhibiting food intake.
Rompiendo Barreras: Reorganizing Technical and Digital Services in a Small Academic Library

The Olin Library at Rollins College is a 2013 winner of the ACRL Excellence in Academic Libraries Award. In May 2012, the Library’s new Collections and Systems (C&S) Department began reorganizing from being two separate units—rethinking roles, workflows, and procedures. A small department with a wide range of responsibilities, C&S has four staff and three librarian positions, doing everything from acquisitions to systems to interlibrary loan. We will talk about how the department has focused on mutual respect as the basis for full collaboration in merging two departments, flattening the reporting structure, completely redefining some positions, streamlining workflows, literally breaking down walls, and establishing a highly flexible department that will adapt as resources change. We invite anyone interested in reorganizing technical and digital services—especially but not only in small libraries—to come and share your own ideas and experiences about making sure all the employees are leading change together. We will share what works for us, and, in an open and informal discussion, we want to hear what works for you and/or ideas you would love to try.
Image reconstruction for fan-beam differential phase contrast computed tomography

Recently, x-ray differential phase contrast computed tomography (DPC-CT) has been experimentally implemented using a conventional tube combined with gratings. Images were reconstructed using a parallel-beam reconstruction formula. However, parallel-beam reconstruction formulae are not applicable when the parallel-beam approximation fails. In this paper, we present a new image reconstruction formula for fan-beam DPC-CT. There are several novel features of the new image reconstruction formula: (i) when the scanning angular range of data acquisition is larger than π + γm (γm is the full fan angle), the entire field of view can be exactly reconstructed; (ii) when the scanning angular range is smaller than π + γm, a local region of interest (ROI) can be exactly reconstructed; (iii) it enables an exact reconstruction for a local ROI when the projection data are truncated at some view angles; (iv) it enlarges the imaging field of view when the detector is asymmetrically placed. In this last case, the data are truncated from every view angle. Numerical simulations have been conducted to validate the new reconstruction formula.
Plasma oscillation of a charge layer at an insulator surface

The charged layers on a liquid-He surface and the inversion layers on a semiconductor-insulator interface exhibit properties which are treated by assuming that they are a two-dimensional electron gas. We have calculated the dispersion relation for the frequency of plasma oscillations taking into account the finite width and correlation effects. We find important deviations from the corresponding result for the two-dimensional electron gas.
Neuropeptide modulation of social and exploratory behaviors in laboratory rodents

Abstract Neuropeptide influences on exploratory and social behaviors were investigated, using a video-monitored computer-assisted automated animal behavior analysis system. Cholecystokinin decreased exploratory tendencies in the dose range 0.1–5.0 μg/kg IP and 0.5–5.0 μg/IVT, indicating a peripheral mechanism in the CCK reduction of spontaneous behaviors. Neither arginine vasopressin nor alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone changed parameters of exploratory and social behaviors, strengthening the possibility that their roles in increasing acquisition and retention of operant tasks are specific to neural mechanisms involved in memory and learning. Analysis of spontaneous exploratory and social behavior patterns appears to be a sensitive and effective tool for detecting changes in arousal and attention to environmental stimuli which may underlie more specific behavioral effects of brain neuropeptides.
Short latency somatosensory evoked potentials following mechanical taps to the face. Scalp recordings with a non-cephalic reference

Trigeminal somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded over the scalp using non-cephalic reference sites following mechanical taps to the face. A negative wave form, Nf17, was recorded bilaterally with its highest amplitude over the frontal scalp contralateral to the side of stimulation. A localized negative wave form, Np25, was recorded over the centro-parietal scalp contralateral to the side of stimulation. Np25 had an onset latency of 16.46 msec. The location and restricted spatial distribution of Np25 suggest that it represents the initial activation of the face area of the primary sensory cortex. The widespread bilateral nature of Nf17 and its latency of onset preceding that of Np25 suggest that Nf17 may be a 'far-field' potential reflecting activity in subcortical sensory pathways subserving the face.
Capillary magnetic field flow fractionation and analysis of magnetic nanoparticles

This paper reports the purification and analysis of magnetic nanoparticles using capillary magnetic field flow fractionation, which utilizes an applied magnetic field oriented orthogonal to the capillary flow. To validate this approach as a separation method for nanometer-scale particles, samples of magnetic nanoparticles composed of either γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) or CoFe2O4 with average diameters ranging from 4 to 13 nm were prepared and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and SQUID magnetometry. Retention of the samples on the capillary was investigated as a function of solvent flow rate and the nanoparticle size and composition; the elution times of the nanoparticles are strongly dependent on their magnetic moments. We demonstrate the use of this method to separate a mixture of nanoparticles into size-monodisperse fractions. The magnetic moments of the particles are calculated based on analysis of the retention parameters and correlate with values obtained in separate SQUID magnetometry measu...
Measurements of the vertical coherence length in neutron interferometry

The study and use of macroscopic quantum coherence requires long coherence lengths. Here we describe an approach to measuring the vertical coherence length in neutron interferometry, along with improvements to the NIST interferometer that led to a measured coherence length of 790 A. The measurement is based on introducing a path separation and measuring the loss in contrast as this separation is increased. The measured coherence length is consistent with the momentum distribution of the neutron beam. Finally, we demonstrate that the loss in contrast with beam displacement in one leg of the interferometer can be recovered by introducing a corresponding displacement in the second leg.
Structural features of water soluble (1,3) (1,4)-β-d-glucans from high-β-glucan and traditional oat lines

Abstract Information on structural features of β-glucans purified from a traditional (4.4% β-glucan) and two high β-glucan oat lines (6.0 and 7.3%) was obtained by partial and complete hydrolysis with lichenase. The depolymerization process was monitored with disodium 2,2′-bicinchoninate reductometry (BCA), fluorophore-assisted capillary-electrophoresis (FACE) and nuclear-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The average degree of polymerization (DP) of the completely hydrolyzed β-glucans was the same for β-glucans from the three oat lines, as determined from NMR spectra (3.7), by FACE (3.4), and by BCA (3.9). By FACE, the β-glucans from all three lines had the same molar ratio of cellobiosyl-(1,3)- d -glucose/cellotriosyl-(1,3)- d -glucose units of 1.6. By NMR the ratio of β (1,4)/β(1,3) before hydrolysis was 2.4 and after complete hydrolysis 1.7, with no significant differences among oat lines. Identical molar ratios of penultimate oligosaccharides (DP6, DP7 and DP8) released during partial depolymerization suggested the same arrangement of cellotriosyl/cellotetraosyl residues in the β-glucan polymers from normal and high β-glucan oat lines. Differences in lichenase specificity toward the β-glucans from the three sources, however, were observed during partial depolymerization, which were attributed to differences in chain lengths of the three polymers. The preferred substrate was the polymer with the highest initial DP. A more limited specificity was observed for the β-glucans with the lowest initial DP.
Thyrocyte‐specific expression of Cre recombinase in transgenic mice

A transgenic mouse line that expresses Cre recombinase under control of the human thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene promoter was established. The activity and specificity of the TPO-driven Cre recombinase were examined by using Northern blotting and by crossing with the ROSA26 reporter transgenic mouse line. In the latter mice, Cre-mediated recombination occurred only in the thyrocytes, and recombination commenced around embryonic day 14.5, at the time during thyroid organogenesis when TPO expression begins. This study demonstrates that the TPO-Cre transgenic mouse is a powerful tool to specifically delete loxP-inserted (floxed) genes in thyrocytes and will be of great value in the study of thyrocyte-specific genes during development and/or in adult thyroids.
The selective epoxidation of ethylene catalyzed by Ag(111): A comparison with Ag(110)

The kinetics of selective ethylene oxidation catalyzed by a clean Ag(111) surface have been measured at medium pressures. Using an apparatus that allows rapid transfer of the catalyst from the reactor into ultrahigh vacuum, the surface condition immediately (<17 s) after steady-state reaction has been analyzed by AES, LEED, XPS, and TDS. These results are compared with those on Ag(110) and supported Ag catalysts. The effects of temperature and reactant pressures upon the reaction rates are the same for these. The activity of Ag(111) in epoxidation is about half that of Ag(110) (per cm2), but ~50 times higher than reported results for high-surface-area Ag catalysts. The steady-state coverage of atomically adsorbed oxygen is a factor of about 18 lower on Ag(111) than on Ag(110). These results are consistent with a mechanism whereby molecularly adsorbed O2 and ethylene combine to form an intermediate in the rate-determining step. This intermediate then rapidly branches into ethylene epoxide or CO2 pathways.
The acute effects of body position strategies and respiratory therapy in paralyzed patients with acute lung injury

Routine turning of critically ill patients is a standard of care. In recent years, specialized beds that provide automated turning have been introduced. These beds have been reported to improve lung function, reduce hospital-acquired pneumonia, and facilitate secretion removal. This trial was designed to measure the physiological effects of routine turning and respiratory therapy in comparison with continuous lateral rotation (CLR). The study was a prospective, quasi-experimental, random assignment, trial with patients serving as their own controls. Paralyzed, sedated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome were eligible for study. Patients were randomized to receive four turning and secretion management regimens in random sequence for 6 h each over a period of 24 h: (1) routine turning every 2 h from the left to right lateral position; (2) routine turning every 2 h from the left to right lateral position including a 15-min period of manual percussion and postural drainage (PP (3) CLR with a specialized bed that turned patients from left to right lateral position, pausing at each position for 2 min; and (4) CLR with a specialized bed that turned patients from left to right lateral position pausing at each position for 2 min, and a 15-min period of percussion provided by the pneumatic cushions of the bed every 2 h. Nineteen patients were entered into the study. There were no statistically significant differences in the measured cardiorespiratory variables. There was a tendency for the ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen concentration (PaO2/FIO2) to increase (174 ± 31 versus 188 ± 36; P = 0.068) and for the ratio of deadspace to tidal volume (Vd/Vt) to decrease (0.62 ± 0.18 versus 0.59 ± 0.18; P = 0.19) during periods of CLR, but these differences did not achieve statistical significance. There were statistically significant increases in sputum volume during the periods of CLR. The addition of P&PD did not increase sputum volume for the group as a whole. However, in the four patients producing more than 40 ml of sputum per day, P&PD increased sputum volume significantly. The number of patient turns increased from one every 2 h to one every 10 min during CLR. The acute effects of CLR are undoubtedly different in other patient populations (spinal cord injury and unilateral lung injury). The link between acute physiological changes and improved outcomes associated with CLR remain to be determined.
Prevention for dental health; its relationship to the values of the individual.

Dr. Ramirez and his group have engaged in research that demonstrates some of the factors that will have to be considered in efforts to teach and practice the prevention needed so much to meet the impact of Federal health legislation.
Learners' Descriptions of German Pronunciation, Vocabulary, and Grammar: A Folk Linguistic Account

Following a folk linguistic approach, this investigation of first-, second- and fourth-year learners' accounts of German found that (1) few had held pre-conceived notions about German prior to language study; (2) most pre-conceived notions concerned German pronunciation; (3) pre-conceived notions about vocabulary were most likely to influence the decision to study German; and (4) among current perceptions of German, learners (a) believe German to be more “systematic” than English; (b) are virtually exclusively concerned with rules of “accuracy” (not appropriateness); (c) tend to judge the “merits” of German rules in comparison with English but also the Romance languages; (d) consider grammar more different between English and German than vocabulary and pronunciation; and (e) register no observable differences across different years of study or between German and non-German majors.
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene: implication in neuroectodermal differentiation and genesis of brain tumors.

The gene responsible for neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a common autosomal dominantly inherited disease, has been isolated. A region ofNF1 gene product has been demonstrated to share structural and functional similarities with the mammalian GTPase activating protein (GAP) and the yeast IRA proteins. Thus, theNF1 protein is thought to play a role in signal transduction by stimulating the conversion of theRas protein from a GTP-bound active form to a GDP-bound inactive form. The increased risk of malignant tumors in neuroectodermal tissues of NF1 patients may be caused by disruption of growth and differentiation regulatory functions of theNF1 gene. A second type of theNF1-GAP related domain (NF1-GRD) transcript, which has an extra 21-amino-acid insert in the center of the previously reported first type transcript, has been described. This insert significantly changes the hydrophilicity and secondary structure of the central region ofNF1-GRD, therefore, suggesting it also changes its function. Alternative splicing is the most likely mechanism by which these two types of transcripts arise. TheNF1-GRD alternative splicing has been shown to be intimately involved in differentiation of neuroectodermal tissues. Aberrant regulation of the alternative splicing may contribute to tumor formation in neuroectodermal tissue.
Identification and mapping of genetic loci affecting the free-threshing habit and spike compactness in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.).

Recombinant inbred lines of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) mapping population were used to localize genetic loci that affect traits related to the free-threshing habit (percent threshability, glume tenacity, and spike fragility) and to spike morphology (spike length, spikelet number, and spike compactness) of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The ITMI population was planted in three environments during 1999 and 2000, and phenotypic and genotypic data were used for composite interval mapping. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL) that consistently affected threshability-associated traits were localized on chromosomes 2D and 5A. Coincident QTL on the short arm of 2D explained 44% of the variation in threshability, 17% of the variation in glume tenacity, and 42% of the variation in rachis fragility. QTL on chromosomes 2D probably represent the effect of Tg, a gene for tenacious glumes. Coincident QTL on the long arm of 5A explained 21% and 10% of the variation in glume tenacity and rachis fragility, respectively. QTL on 5A are believed to represent the effect of Q. Overall, free-threshing-related characteristics were predominantly affected by Tg and to a lesser extent by Q. Other QTL that were significantly associated with threshability-related traits in at least one environment were localized on chromosomes 2A, 2B, 6A, 6D, and 7B. Four QTL on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 6A, and 7A consistently affected spike characteristics. Coincident QTL on the short arm of chromosome 1B explained 18% and 7% of the variation in spike length and spike compactness, respectively. QTL on the long arm of 4A explained 11%, 14%, and 12% of the variation in spike length, spike compactness, and spikelet number, respectively. A QTL on the short arm of 6A explained 27% of the phenotypic variance for spike compactness, while a QTL on the long arm of 7A explained 18% of the variation in spikelet number. QTL on chromosomes 1B and 6A appear to affect spike dimensions by modulating rachis internode length, while QTL on chromosomes 4A and 7A do so by affecting the formation of spikelets. Other QTL that were significantly associated with spike morphology-related traits, in at least one environment, were localized on chromosomes 2B, 3A, 3D, 4D, and 5A.