cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transport of organic anions into liver cells and bile.

Abstract The distribution of [ 14 C] para -acetylaminohippuric acid ([ 14 C]PAAH) and [ 35 S]sulfobromophthalein ([ 35 S]BSP) among plasma, liver cells and bile of rats was measured under steady-state conditions. The electrical potential difference (PD) was measured across the sinusoidal membrane of the liver cell and between plasma and bile in the common duct. A PD of 40.3 ± 1.0 mV (mean ± S.E.M.) was recorded across the sinusoidal membrane (cell negative with respect to plasma). The PD between plasma and bile was 3.9 ± 0.5 mV (bile negative with respect to plasma). The electrical potentials, considered together with the concentrations of PAAH and BSP in plasma, liver cells and bile, indicate that these organic anions are actively transported into liver cells across the sinusoidal membrane. The concentrations of PAAH and BSP in liver cells and bile suggest that they are transferred across the canalicular membrane by active transport processes. When the plasma concentration of PAAH was increased, the bile/liver cell ratio of PAAH reached an asymptote, suggesting that the transport of PAAH from liver cells into bile is a carrier-mediated system which can be saturated. An infusion of sodium taurocholate, which stimulated bile flow and increased the excretion of BSP in bile, did not influence the biliary excretion of PAAH. The transport of PAAH from liver cells into bile appears to act as a ‘sink’, thereby maintaining a low liver cell PAAH concentration. The membrane transport system for the uptake and excretion of PAAH may be relevant to the biliary excretion of other exogenous and endogenous organic anions. The results of this study also demonstrate the importance of considering electrical potentials when studying the distribution of a charged compound in the hepato-biliary system.
Kinetics of glycine crystallization during freezing of sucrose/glycine excipient systems

Isothermal calorimetry and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance were used to measure crystallization of glycine during annealing of glycine/sucrose mixtures, a commonly-used excipient system for freeze-dried proteins. Kinetics of crystallization of glycine were consistent between the two methods, although the NMR method was significantly more sensitive. By the calorimetric method used here, sensitivity was lost when the total solute concentration was below about 20% (w/v) and the relative glycine concentration below about 35% of the total solids. By the NMR method, total solute concentrations as low as 5% (w/v) could be studied. When the relative concentration of glycine is below about 30% of total solids, the time course of crystallization becomes excessively long for practical freeze-drying applications. A good fit of the crystallization data was obtained with the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) equation. The Avrami exponent of 2.5 is consistent with diffusion-limited spherulitic growth of glycine.
Symmetric Explicit Model Predictive Control

Abstract We exploit symmetry to reduce the memory storage requirements of linear explicit model predictive controllers. In the first part of the paper we define controller symmetry. We describe how symmetry can be used to compress the explicit controller and discuss the implementation of the resulting compressed controller. In the second part we develop a method for computing the reduced-memory controller without first computing the full-memory controller by employing the concept of fundamental domain.
War-Fe-re: iron at the core of fungal virulence and host immunity.

Iron acquisition is a bona fide virulence determinant. The successful colonization of the mammalian host requires that microorganisms overcome the Fe aridity of this milieu in which the levels of circulating Fe are maintained exceedingly low both through the compartmentalization of this nutrient within cells as well as the tight binding of Fe to host circulating proteins and ligands. Microbes notoriously employ multiple strategies for high affinity Fe acquisition from the host that rely either on the expression of receptors for host Fe-binding proteins and ligands, its reduction by cell surface reductases or the utilization of siderophores, small organic molecules with very high affinity for Fe3+. This review will discuss the multiple mechanisms deployed by fungal pathogens in Fe acquisition focusing on the role of siderophore utilization in virulence as well as host immune strategies of iron withholding and emerging clinical evidence that human disorders of Fe homeostasis can act as modifiers of infectious disease.
Adaptive control for takeoff, hovering, and landing of a robotic fly

Challenges for controlled flight of a robotic insect are due to the inherent instability of the system, complex fluid-structure interactions, and the general lack of a complete system model. In this paper, we propose theoretical models of the system based on the limited information available from previous work and a comprehensive adaptive flight controller that is capable of coping with uncertainties in the system. We have demonstrated that the proposed methods enable the robot to achieve sustained hovering flights with relatively small errors compared to a similar but non-adaptive approach. Furthermore, vertical takeoff and landing flights are also shown to illustrate the fidelity of the flight controller.
RadixVM: scalable address spaces for multithreaded applications

RadixVM is a new virtual memory system design that enables fully concurrent operations on shared address spaces for multithreaded processes on cache-coherent multicore computers. Today, most operating systems serialize operations such as mmap and munmap, which forces application developers to split their multithreaded applications into multiprocess applications, hoard memory to avoid the overhead of returning it, and so on. RadixVM removes this burden from application developers by ensuring that address space operations on non-overlapping memory regions scale perfectly. It does so by combining three techniques: 1) it organizes metadata in a radix tree instead of a balanced tree to avoid unnecessary cache line movement; 2) it uses a novel memory-efficient distributed reference counting scheme; and 3) it uses a new scheme to target remote TLB shootdowns and to often avoid them altogether. Experiments on an 80 core machine show that RadixVM achieves perfect scalability for non-overlapping regions: if several threads mmap or munmap pages in parallel, they can run completely independently and induce no cache coherence traffic.
Factors affecting guanine nucleotide binding to rat AMPA receptors

Abstract Glutamate receptors are competitively inhibited by guanine nucleotides. Insight into the physiological function of this inhibition would be greatly advanced if nucleotide binding could be eliminated through mutations without altering other aspects of receptor function, or if compounds were discovered that selectively prevent nucleotide binding. It was previously reported that a lysine in the chick kainate binding protein (cKBP) is specifically involved in guanine nucleotide binding. In the present study we mutated the equivalent lysine in the rat AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 flip to alanine (K445A) and assessed changes in nucleotide affinity from the displacement of [ 3 H]fluorowillardiine. As in the cKBP, the affinity for nucleotides was greatly reduced while the binding affinity for agonists remained unchanged. The reduction in affinity was largest for GTP (factor of 5.8) and GDP (4.4) and minor for GMP and guanosine. This suggests that K445 is involved in stabilizing the second phosphate of the nucleotide. Given that bulkier analogs like GDP-fucose are also accommodated at this site, it seems likely that nucleotides bind in such a way that their phosphates project out of the cleft. In excised-patch recordings using short pulses of glutamate, the K445A mutation increased the EC 50 for the peak response 1.8-fold and accelerated desensitization and deactivation. This indicates that the effects of this mutation are not as specific as previously suggested. Efforts to selectively eliminate inhibition by nucleotides may therefore depend on mapping out further the docking site. In a first attempt using point mutations we ruled out several amino acids around the cleft as being involved in nucleotide binding. Also, the AMPA receptor modulator PPNDS which competitively inhibits nucleotide binding to purinergic receptors did not affect nucleotide inhibition, suggesting that there are major differences in the topography between purinergic and glutamate receptors. Thus new approaches, including crystallography, may be called for to identify residues uniquely involved in nucleotide binding.
Exploring the contents of the category-specific attentional search template

Background Humans are extremely efficient at detecting object categories in briefly presented natural scene photographs. Rapid category detection is supported by an attentional search template that biases scene representations towards relevant information and away from distracting information1,2,3. What is the content of the attentional search template? Rationale: Facilitation of category detection by a subliminally presented stimulus may be indicative of overlap between the prime representation and the attentional search template. Experiment I priming with category exemplars
US household real net worth through the Great Recession and beyond: Have we recovered?

Household data adjusted for inflation show that net worth is still below its pre-Great Recession levels, unlike aggregate Federal Reserve data. Poorer and younger households both lost and recovered more net worth percentage-wise. Financial assets have recovered more than non-financial assets.
Estimates of strain due to brittle faulting: sampling of fault populations

Abstract The geometry of sampling domains is a first-order consideration in the characterization of brittle fault populations. In most cases, descriptions of fault size distributions based on map, cross-section, traverse or borehole data systematically underestimate the number of small faults present in a volume. The geometry of sampling domains may be accounted for using an empirical proportionality between fault displacement and trace length. Estimates of strain in which the sampling geometry is considered suggest that small faults accommodate a significant portion of the total strain due to the brittle faulting process.
The Role of Barriers in Reducing the Aging of Foam Panels

Although most closed cell foams incorporate barriers at the surface, most of these barriers have been found to do little, if anything, to improve the long term performance of foams The cause of the barrier failures will be explained in terms of the author's previous research.The advantage of properly applied barriers can be shown by use of the MIT aging model along with measured values of diffusion coefficients. The model shows that the time averaged insulation performance can be substantially enhanced by use of proper use of barriers. For example, a foam panel filled with CO2 having proper bar riers on the top and bottom surface has an equivalent average R-value over the time span of decades when compared to a CFC filled panel without facers.Means to measure the performance of a barrier when applied to a foam panel m- clude a qualitative dye technique. The dye technique allows the existence of open pathways at the interface of a foam and barrier to be easily visualized. Early test work with the dye techn...
Portal hypertension due to jejunal vascular malformation

We report a case of hepatic portal venous hypertension secondary to a small-bowel vascular malformation in a 24-year-old man with anemia. Preoperative diagnostic evaluation included gastrointestinal barium studies and endoscopy (showing esophageal varices), hepatic panangiography, peroral small-bowel biopsy, percutaneous transhepatic portal venography, and manometry. Preoperative injection of methylene blue dye into the jejunal arteries supplying the malformation resulted in easy localization of the lesion at surgery. Direct manometry at the time of segmental jejunal resection yielded a portal pressure of 35 mmHg, with subsequent reduction to 21 mmHg.
Toward a conceptual framework for measuring the effectiveness of course-based undergraduate research experiences in undergraduate biology

Recent calls for reform have advocated for extensive changes to undergraduate science lab experiences, namely providing more authentic research experiences for students. Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) have attempted to eschew the limitations of traditional ‘cookbook’ laboratory exercises and have received increasing visibility in the literature. However, evaluating the outcomes of these experiences remains inconsistent and incomplete partly because of differing goals and conceptual frameworks on the part of those both teaching and assessing the courses. This paper synthesizes existing literature on CUREs and assessment practices to propose a framework for how researchers and practitioners may better align the goals and evaluation practices of CUREs in order to provide a more consistent view of these reformed laboratory courses for the field.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF RNA SYNTHESIS IN ISOLATED SALIVARY GLANDS OF DROSOPHILA HYDEI I. AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES.

RNA synthesis in isolated Drosophila salivary glands was studied by autoradiography. The dry mass of cellular structures was determined by interference microscopy; a correction which compensates for self-absorption of β-particles, and consequent lowered grain counts, is discussed. The correction factors are 12.0 for nucleolus, 5.0 for nucleoplasm and 8.8 for cytoplasm. After 15 seconds in uridine-H3, label was localized over the nucleolus; after one minute, nucleoplasm RNA became labeled also. In situ synthesis of some nucleolar RNA is indicated. Comparisons of uridine-H3 and cytidine-H3 incorporation were made in glands exposed briefly to isotope, followed by transfer to unlabeled nucleoside solutions. The data suggest two RNA fractions in nucleoli. Rapid turnover and higher uridine incorporation characterized one fraction, which resembled RNA of nucleoplasm metabolically. The second nucleolar RNA incorporated less uridine, remained longer in the nucleolus, and resembled cytoplasmic RNA in precursor incorporation pattern. Preincubation in Actinomycin D before uridine-H3 labeling resulted in 80% inhibition of RNA synthesis in both nucleolus and nucleoplasm. Longer isotope exposures produced some increase in labeling. Actinomycin treatment delayed appearance of label in cytoplasmic RNA. After HCl extraction of uridine-H3-labeled RNA, some activity, presumed to be incorporated in DNA, remained. This non-extractable label appeared earliest over nucleoli, and subsequently over chromatin. Actinomycin treatment abolished incorporation of non-extractable label into nucleoli.
The Predictive Validity of Nursing Admission Measures for Performance on the National Council Licensure Examination: A Meta-Analysis

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the power of key admission and nursing school variables for predicting performance on the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). A meta-analysis of 31 independent samples across 7,159 participants yielded correlation estimates for 13 different predictors. Results indicated that standardized admissions tests (SAT and ACT) were effective predictors of performance. Prenursing grade point average (GPA) was also predictive, but to a lesser extent. Grades earned during baccalaureate degree nursing education were especially strong predictors. The strongest predictors were grades earned during the second year. Overall, multiple effective measures are available to predict success during admissions and diagnose risk of failure during nursing education.
Asymmetries in population growth regulated by intraspecific competition: Empirical studies and model tests.

The linearity assumption in the logistic model of population growth is violated for nearly all organisms. Two simple models, the θ-logistic and the θ-Ricker, are shown to account for asymmetric patterns of population growth for 27 species of Drosophila and for a variety of other organisms, where the data were derived from the literature. These models are developed so as to aid laboratory and field ecologists to anticipate the dynamics of various experimental organisms. Potential problems of data gathering and model applications for experimental ecologists and wild life management biologists are identified. Intraspecific asymmetries offer alternative explanations to the “habitat selection” model, and the “higher order interactions” or coalitions model, for interspecific competition.
A query-based multi-document sentiment summarizer

Review websites, such as Epinions.com, which offer users a platform to share their opinions on diverse products and services, provide a valuable source of opinion-rich information. Browsing through archived reviews to locate different opinions on a product or service, however, is a time-consuming and tedious task, and in most cases, the large amount of available information is difficult for users to absorb. To facilitate the process of synthesizing opinions expressed in reviews on a product or service P specified in a user query/question Q, we introduce QMSS, a query-based multi-document sentiment summarizer. QMSS creates a summary for Q, which either reflects the general opinions on P or is tailored to specific facets (i.e., features) and/or sentiment of P as specified in Q. QMSS (i) identifies the facets addressed in reviews retrieved for Q, (ii) employs a sentence-based, sentiment classifier to determine the polarity of each sentence in each review, and (iii) clusters sentences in reviews according to the facets captured in the sentences, which are identified using a keyword-label extraction algorithm. This process dictates which sentences in the reviews should be included in the summary for Q. Empirical studies have verified that QMSS is highly effective in generating summaries that satisfy users' information needs and ranks on top among the state-of-the-art query-based multi-document sentiment summarizers
An acoustic and electroglottographic study of White Hmong tone and phonation

Abstract This study examines tone and phonation in White Hmong, a language with seven tones (traditionally described as: high, mid, low, high-falling, mid-rising, low-falling, and mid-low) and three phonations (low-falling tone is creaky, mid-low tone is breathy and the remaining tones are modal). Thirty-two speakers were recorded producing words with all seven tones; audio and electroglottographic recordings were made. Acoustic measures were: cepstral peak prominence (CPP), H1⁎, H2⁎, H1⁎−H2⁎, H1⁎−A1⁎, H1⁎−A2⁎, H1⁎−A3⁎, and H2⁎−H4⁎. Electroglottographic (EGG) measures were: closed quotient and derivative-EGG closure peak amplitude (DECPA). F0 and duration were measured. Results showed that the traditional tonal descriptions are accurate except for the high-level tone which is better described as rising and the mid-low tone, which is falling. Furthermore, the rising and low-falling tones are shorter than the other five tones. In terms of acoustic and electroglottographic measures, none of the measures tested distinguished all three phonation types at a given time point. Several measures, H1⁎, H1⁎−H2⁎, CQ, CPP, and DECPA, distinguished two phonation categories, suggesting that phonation contrasts are realized across several phonetic dimensions. Additional results showed that many of the acoustic and EGG measures were correlated with F0 and that closed quotient and DECPA were most strongly correlated with H1⁎−H2⁎.
A Switch 3 Point Mutation in the α Subunit of Transducin Yields a Unique Dominant-negative Inhibitor

Abstract The rhodopsin/transducin-coupled vertebrate vision system has served as a paradigm for G protein-coupled signaling. We have taken advantage of this system to identify new types of constitutively active, transducin-α (αT) subunits. Here we have described a novel dominant-negative mutation, made in the background of a chimera consisting of αT and the α subunit of Gi1 (designated αT*), which involves the substitution of a conserved arginine residue in the conformationally sensitive Switch 3 region. Changing Arg-238 to either lysine or alanine had little or no effect on the ability of αT* to undergo rhodopsin-stimulated GDP-GTP exchange, whereas substituting glutamic acid for arginine at this position yielded an αT* subunit (αT*(R238E)) that was incapable of undergoing rhodopsin-dependent nucleotide exchange and was unable to bind or stimulate the target/effector enzyme (cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase). Moreover, unlike the GDP-bound forms of αT*, αT*(R238A) and αT*(R238K), the αT*(R238E) mutant did not respond to aluminum fluoride (), as read out by changes in Trp-207 fluorescence. However, surprisingly, we found that αT*(R238E) effectively blocked rhodopsin-catalyzed GDP-GTP exchange on αT*, as well as rhodopsin-stimulated phosphodiesterase activity. Analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography indicated that the αT*(R238E) mutant exists in a nucleotide-free state. Nucleotide-free forms of Gα subunits were typically very sensitive to proteolytic degradation, but αT*(R238E) exhibited a resistance to trypsin-proteolysis similar to that observed with activated forms of αT*. Overall, these findings indicated that by mutating a single residue in Switch 3, it is possible to generate a unique type of dominant-negative Gα subunit that can effectively block signaling by G protein-coupled receptors.
The Future of the British Patent Office

THE burden of Mr. Wyndham Hulme's letter (NATURE of September 5) is that, as regards basic principles in the granting of patents for inventions, there should be a reversion to the principles which obtained during Elizabethan and early Jacobean times, and that in every particular Patent law should be made subservient to the successful establishment of industries in Great Britain. Thus although a “manufacture” might have already been known, yet if it had not been reduced to practice, a valid patent should be obtainable by anyone who was the first to put the “manufacture” into practice. Further, Mr. Hulme contends that, if novelty is to be the test for validity of a patent, it is practically impossible for a thorough search to be made by a body of officials, and that since an administrative search for novelty has long been an economic absurdity, the growth of British industry should be stimulated by a relief of the patentee from an unduly high legal standard of novelty.
Multidimensional local spatial autocorrelation measure for integrating spatial and spectral information in hyperspectral image band selection

Hyperspectral band selection aims at the determination of an optimal subset of spectral bands for dimensionality reduction without loss of discriminability. Many conventional band selection approaches depend on the concept of "statistical distance" measure between the probability distributions characterizing sample classes. However, the maximization of separability does not necessarily guarantee that a classification process results in the best classification accuracies. This paper presents a multidimensional local spatial autocorrelation (MLSA) measure that quantifies the spatial autocorrelation of the hyperspectral image data. Based on the proposed spatial measure, a collaborative band selection strategy is developed that combines both spectral separability measure and spatial homogeneity measure for hyperspectral band selection without losing the spectral details useful in classification processes. The selected band subset by the proposed method shows both larger separability between classes and stronger spatial similarity within class. Case studies in biomedical and remote sensing applications demonstrate that the MLSA-based band selection approach improves object classification accuracies in hyperspectral imaging compared with conventional approaches.
A Wiener test for integrals of brownian motion and the existence of smooth curves in nowhere dense sets

Let Jωx(t) = x + ∝0t bω(s) ds, where bω is planar Brownian motion starting at 0. A Wiener-type criterion is proved for the process Jωx(t): Let K be a compact plane set and let x ϵ K. Then if ∑ 2nM1(An(x)⧹K) < ∞ (where An(x) = {2−n−1 ⩽ ¦ z − x ¦ ⩽ 2−n} and M1 denotes one-dimensional Hausdorff content), the process Jωx(t) stays within K for a positive period of time t, a.s. In particular, this applies to almost all x with respect to area in the nowhere dense “Swiss Cheese” sets. The method is based on general potential theory for Markov processes.
Factors that affect Li mobility in layered lithium transition metal oxides

The diffusion constant of Li in electrode materials is a key aspect of the rate capability of rechargeable Li batteries. The factors that affect Li mobility in layered lithium transition metal oxides are systematically studied in this paper by means of first-principles calculations. In close packed oxides octahedral ions diffuse by migrating through intermediate tetrahedral sites. Our results indicate that the activation barrier for Li hopping is strongly affected by the size of the tetrahedral site and the electrostatic interaction between ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ in that site and the cation in the octahedron that shares a face with it. The size of the tetrahedral site is determined by the $c$-lattice parameter which has a remarkably strong effect on the activation barrier for Li migration. The effect of other factors such as cation mixing and doping with nontransition metal ions can be interpreted quantitatively in terms of the size and electrostatic effect. A general strategy to design high rate electrode materials is discussed.
Stereoselective disposition of hydroxychloroquine and its metabolites in rats

Racemic hydroxychloroquine-sulfate (HCQ-sulfate) was administered to rats orally. Groups of 9 male and 9 female rats received doses of 0, 8, 16, or 24 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks, followed by a reduction of the higher doses to 8 mg/kg/day for the duration of the study. Whole blood samples were collected at 0, 3, 6, 8, and 10 weeks, and eleven tissues were harvested after the tenth week. The concentrations and enantiomer ratios of the parent drug and three metabolites, desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), desethylchloroquine (DCQ), and bisdesethylchloroquine (BDCQ), were determined. The highest concentration of HCQ was found in the intestinal smooth muscle, and the lowest in the brain and adipose tissue. The highest concentrations of the metabolites were found in the liver, adrenals, and lung tissue. The metabolism of HCQ in the rats was found to be stereoselective with R/S > 1 for the drug and < 1 for the metabolites. Gender-specific differences in the proportions of the drug and its metabolites and their enantiomers in blood and tissue were found. Varying dosages appeared to have only a temporary influence on blood concentrations and not to effect the enantiomer ratios in blood. Only a limited number of tissues exhibited significant differences between dose groups. There were no observed differences in enantiomer ratios among the blood collection times.
Bone scintigraphy in plasma cell myeloma

A retrospective study of histologically proven cases of plasma cell myeloma during a 13-year period showed that bone scintigraphy was performed in 15 patients. With respect to radiologically shown areas of bone destruction, scanning revealed an increased (44%), normal (48%), or decreased (8%) radionuclide uptake. Abnormal scintigraphic findings were predominantly found in the axial parts of the skeleton. Abnormal isotope accumulations in the ossei occurred more often than normal uptake in symptomatic patients.
Suppression of uncoupled spins by single-quantum homonuclear polarization transfer

Abstract A pulse sequence which permits the selective detection of coupled spins in a homonuclear spin system is presented. Discrimination between coupled and uncoupled spins is achieved by the transfer of polarization between coupled spins. This experiment can be used to evaluate spin-spin coupling behavior, to suppress solvent resonances, and as an alternative to multiple-quantum filters.
Survival of mouse-grown rat erythrocytes.

SummaryA study was made of survival of Cr51-labeled erythrocytes from irradiated mice that had been given rat bone marrow. Survival of these erythrocytes (mouse-grown rat erythrocytes) in both mice and rats was compared with survival of normal rat and normal mouse erythrocytes in mice and rats. The 50% survival time, i.e. the time when 50% of the initial radioactivity remained, of mouse-grown rat erythrocytes in the rat was 15 ± 2.5 days, and the 5% survival time, i.e. the time when 5% of the initial radioactivity remained, was 51 ± 4.5 days. Respective values for survival of normal rat erythrocytes in the rat were 18 ± 2.5 and 52 ± 4.5 days and for normal mouse erythrocytes in the rat, 2 and 3 days. The 50% survival time of mouse-grown rat and of normal rat erythrocytes in the mouse was 2 days and the 5% survival time was 3-4 days. Respective values for the survival of normal mouse erythrocytes in the mouse were 20 ± 2.5 and 49 ± 5.0 days. The data show that, by one physiological criterion, erythrocytes ...
Sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma of the eyelid margin: unusual presentation of a rare tumor.

Abstract Objective Sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma (SSDC) is a rare, slow-growing, locally invasive skin tumor of eccrine and pilar origin. It is usually located on the face, particularly the upper lip, cheek, and forehead. It has been infrequently reported on the eyelid, secondarily involved from adjacent cheek and brow tumors. Only four previous cases have reported primary eyelid tumors. The authors present four cases of primary eyelid margin involvement, which show the variability in clinical presentations. Design Retrospective case series. The authors present four case studies of lower eyelid margin tumors diagnosed as SSDC. Participants/methods The history of this recently recognized neoplasm is discussed in relation to the cases presented and the role of the ophthalmologist and pathologist in such cases. Results Primary SSDC of the eyelid margin is a reportedly rare entity. This particular presentation can occur in all age groups; can mimic benign, acanthotic, or basal cell-like tumors; and is usually misdiagnosed initially. This can lead to a delay in definitive treatment for a tumor that classically presents late in its natural history to health professionals. All eight cases of primary eyelid SSDC now reported in the literature have occurred in the lower lid. Conclusion This rare but aggressive tumor is difficult to diagnose from a simple biopsy and may be more common than previously believed. Initial or early diagnosis is important because of unusually invasive characteristics. Recurrence is common and usually leads to extensive tissue loss via direct invasion or subsequent wide resection. Correct histologic diagnosis at the time of initial tumor removal will likely aid in achieving complete excision with fewer recurrences.
Eat your carrots! T cells are RARing to Go

In this issue of Immunity, Hall et al. (2011) show that vitamin A and its metabolites play a central role in regulating adaptive immunity by promoting the development of both inflammatory and regulatory T cell responses.
Small molecule inhibition of a Group II chaperonin: pinpointing a loop region within the equatorial domain as necessary for protein refolding.

Abstract The functionality of regions within the equatorial domain of Group II chaperonins is poorly understood. Previously we showed that a 70 amino acid sequence within this domain on the single-subunit recombinant thermosome from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (rTHS) contains residues directly responsible for refolding protein substrates [L.M. Bergeron, C. Lee, D.S. Clark, Identification of a critical chaperoning region on an archaeal recombinant thermosome, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 369 (2008) 707–711]. In the present study, 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) was found to bind to rTHS and inhibit it from refolding proteins. Fluorescence anisotropy was used to measure a 6-APA/rTHS dissociation constant of 17.1 μM and verify that the binding site is within the first 70 amino-terminal rTHS residues. Docking simulations point to a specific loop region at residues 53–57 on rTHS as the most likely binding region. This loop region is located within the oligomeric association sites of the wild-type thermosome. These results implicate a specific equatorial region of Group II chaperonins in the refolding of proteins, and suggest its importance in conformational changes that accompany chaperone function.
Silver fluorescent x-ray yield and its influence on the dose rate constant for nine low-energy brachytherapy source models.

The physical characteristics of the photons emitted by a low-energy brachytherapy source are strongly dependent on the source’s construction. Aside from absorption and scattering caused by the internal structures and the source encapsulation, the photoelectric interactions occurred in certain type of source-construction materials can generate additional energetic characteristic x rays with energies different from those emitted by the bare radionuclide. As a result, the same radionuclide encapsulated in different source models can result in dose rate constants and other dosimetric parameters that are strikingly different from each other. The aim of this work was to perform a systematic study on the yield of silver fluorescent x rays produced in nine I 125 sources that are known to contain silver and its impact on the dose-rate constant. Using a high-resolution germanium spectrometer, the relative I 125 spectra emitted by the nine sources on its bisector were measured and found to be similar to each other (the maximum variation in the I 125 - K β relative intensity was less than 4%). On the other hand, the measured silver fluorescent x-ray spectra exhibited much greater variations from model to model; the maximum change in the measured Ag - K α relative intensity was over 95%. This larger variation in the measured silver fluorescent x-ray yield was caused by (1) the different amount of silver that was directly exposed to the I 125 radionuclide in different source models and (2) the stronger influence of the source’s internal geometry on the silver fluorescent x rays. Because the addition of silver fluorescent x rays can significantly alter the photon characteristics emitted by the radioactive sources, a precise knowledge on the silver fluorescent x-ray yield is needed in theoretical calculations of the sources’ intrinsic dosimetric properties. This study concludes that the differences in silver fluorescent yield are the primary causes of the variable dose rate constant observed among these source models.
An Exploratory Study of the Role Financial Satisfaction Has on the Thought of Subsequent Divorce

This study is designed to test whether financial satisfaction can be used to distinguish between those who had considered getting a divorce during the past 3 years—an indicator of marital distress—from those who had not. Using a sample of U.S. midwestern individuals (n = 361), a classification and regression tree methodology was used to determine that individuals with a high level of financial satisfaction were significantly less likely to have thought about divorce during the past 3 years. In addition to financial satisfaction, other important factors that can be used to predict the likelihood of thinking about a divorce include di ference in partners' ages, the age of a spouse, self-esteem, and employment characteristics of the married couple.
Heavy families and N = 1 supergravity within the standard model☆

Abstract We study the new features of N = 1 supergravity coupled to the gauge interactions SU(2)L × U(1)Y × SU(3)c of the standard model in the presence of heavy families. We assume the minimal set of Higgs fields (two SU(2)L doublets H1,2), the desert between MW = 100 GeV and MG = 2 · 1016GeV and perturbative values of the dimensionless parameters throughout this region. Using the numerical as well as the approximate analytic solution of the renormalization group equations, we study the evolution of all the parameters of the theory in the case of large (≳ 0.5) Yukawa couplings for the fourth family. Yukawa couplings and certain mass parameters of the theory exhibit an interesting infrared behavior. We also investigate the implications of heavy families on the low-energy structure of the theory. The desired spontaneous symmetry breaking of the electroweak symmetry with MW = 100 GeV takes place only for a rather unnatural choice of the initial values of certain mass parameters at MG. Two scenarios are possible, depending on the value of m 3 2 . For m 3 2 ⩽ 200 GeV the vacuum expectation pattern 〈H1〉 ≈ 〈H2〉 ≈ 123 GeV emerges necessarily in an interplay of the tree-level Higgs potential and its quantum corrections. The quark masses of the fourth family are m U ≈ m D ≈ 135 GeV , while the mass of the fourth charged lepton has an upper bound m E ⩽ 90 GeV . Further characteristic features of this scenario are one light neutral Higgs field of mass mH0 ≲ 50 GeV and gluino masses mλ3 ≲ 75 GeV. For m 3 2 ⩾ 200 GeV one obtains a scaled-up version of the three-family, heavy top scenario with 40 GeV ≲ m U, D ≲ 205 GeV and all superparticles heavier than 150 GeV except the photino, gluino, one chargino and one neutralino.
On a model and capacity of MIMO channels

A model of a MIMO fading channel is considered which does not assume that the discrete-time axis is divided into long intervals with a constant channel. It assumes only that there are ? possible states (or subchannels) of the channels, and at each moment both the transmitter and receiver know the channel state. The average input power in the subchannels can be different and not equal to the average input power over the full time axis. We obtain a lower bound for the capacity of the considered vector channel. Also, we consider a vector channel with one transmitting and two or more receiving antennas. We obtain optimum distributions of the average power over the subchannels and lower bounds for the channel capacity.
Transient Control in Multivariable Systems: A Study Motivated by Fuel Cells

Controlling the transient response of variables for which sensing or accurate estimation is not feasible, and a detailed plant model is also largely unavailable, poses significant challenges. It is a situation that is true in solid oxide fuel cells. In SOFCs, transient control is essential for fuel utilization, especially if the fuel cell is to be operated in a dynamic load-following mode at high fuel utilization. The objective is to design the control input(s) such that it isolates the output (fuel utilization in this case) from measurable disturbances, while the plant itself maybe largely unknown. The features assumed known are the output’s functional dependence on states which is essentially the output definition, and the steady-state equation relating the multiple inputs and the output of interest. Simulations have shown good disturbance rejection in fuel utilization through input shaping. This idea is abstracted to linear multi-variable systems to provide conditions when this approach is applicable. The analysis is carried out in time-domain as well as in frequency domain (through singular value analysis). The type of output variables that are amenable to transient control using this approach is derived through analysis. It is shown that the fuel utilization, although inherently nonlinear within the nonlinear dynamics of the fuel cell, has some similarities with the linear abstraction that leads to the observed transient control.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Vibrational distributions of the N2 first positive system produced in a flowing helium afterglow

(1971). Vibrational distributions of the N2 first positive system produced in a flowing helium afterglow. Molecular Physics: Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 947-951.
Harvey's and Highmore's Accounts of Chick Generation

Harvey and Highmore experimented together on chick fetuses at Oxford in the early 1640s, yet in 1651 published significantly different treatises on generation that emphasize their reliance on observations and dissections of fetal chicks at different stages of incubation. The key differences follow from their views on matter and souls. Harvey conceives of living bodies as governed by Aristotelian souls and faculties. Highmore views matter as made of corpuscles and describes organs as involved in chemical procedures. Highmore's treatise is a response to Digby's claim that heat, moisture, and pressure could explain generation. Although Digby's treatment lacks Harvey's and Highmore's attention to detail, it offers a point of comparison that leads to a more nuanced understanding of their explanation. Moreover, Highmore's dedication of his work to Boyle provides a new perspective on both men's intellectual evolution from the latter part of the 1640s to 1651.
Atmospheric transport of visibility degrading pollutants into the California mojave desert

Abstract Three atmospheric tracer experiments using SF6 and fine aerosol measurements were conducted in California to determine the relative impact of pollutant sources in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles and the southern San Joaquin Valley on visibility in a portion of the Mojave Desert. Dilution ratios calculated for SF6 and various gaseous and aerosol chemical species were used to indicate atmospheric transformation processes between source and receptor. The evolution of the aerosol sulfur mass distribution resulting from transport and transformation was measured. The SF6 data were compared with predictions based upon the Gaussian dispersion model. SF6 released in the San Fernando Valley was found to impact the southern Mojave Desert including the towns of Palmdale and Adelanto. SF6 released at Oildale in the southern San Joaquin Valley was found to directly impact the northern Mojave Desert including the towns of Mojave and China Lake. Some SF6 released in the San Joaquin Valley was also detected in the southern Mojave Desert. SF6 was found to be diluted by factors of only 2–3 during passage over the mountains separating the source and receptor areas. The SF6 dispersion during the San Fernando Valley experiment could be modeled with the Gaussian plume model if the experimentally determined mixing height, transport speed and plume trajectory were used, and the stability class was chosen to give good agreement with the data. A simple Gaussian plume model could not provide an adequate description of the San Joaquin Valley test because of the complexities of the wind reversal that occurred during the transition from morning to afternoon flow conditions during this test. Dilution ratios for conserved fine aerosols between Oildale and China Lake were found to be about 3. in excellent agreement with the SF6 data. The timing of the diurnal degradation in visibility at China Lake was found to coincide with the arrival of SF6, thus indicating that the southern San Joaquin Valley was the source of visibility degrading aerosol. The aerosol sulfur mass distribution was found to be essentially conserved between Oildale and China Lake and substantially different from Los Angeles-Palm Springs sulfur mass distributions. Our data indicate that pollutants from both the southern San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles Basin can impact the Mojave Desert during their transport eastward by the predominantly westerly summertime winds; consequently, both “plumes” should be taken into account when considering the impact of southern California pollutants upon the southwestern United States.
The use of prices to characterize the core of an economy

Abstract The core of an economy is the set of outcomes of trading and production which have the property that no coalition of traders and producers can do better for its members. When the traders and producers are “perfectly competitive,” any such outcome can be achieved by using an appropriate price system. This paper establishes this well-known result under very general conditions by building on a model due to Vind. Particular attention is paid to the problem of representing “perfect competition” and of describing production in a nonmarket economy. All assumptions in this model are formulated so as to be easily compared with the assumptions made by Aumann in his model of a perfectly competitive economy.
RATIO COMPARISONS OF COLOR DIFFERENCES.

A group of 14 observers made ratio comparisons among a number of color differences consisting of Munsell color samples. The same color differences had been judged previously in another experiment by the method of paired comparisons. The results of the two experiments were found to be equivalent, indicating that both methods of judgment—the ratio method and the paired comparison method—can be used with good reliability for the scaling of color differences.
The Effect of Temperature on the Luminosity of Radium Compounds

Effect of temperature on the luminosity of Ra${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ and of mixtures with Ba${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$.---(1) In the case of pure Ra${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$, a tube containing 9 mg after heating to 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C gave an initial luminosity of 5600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} $\ensuremath{\mu}$-candles/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ which decreased in 1 hr to 3600 or 2800 according as the tube was cooled to 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} suddenly or gradually, and continued to decrease, according to the equation ${I}_{t}={I}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}+{I}_{0}{e}^{{\ensuremath{-}At}^{67}}$, reaching an equilibrium value of only 6\ensuremath{\mu}-c/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ after 500 hours. This equilibrium value increases somewhat with the temperature but depends only on the temperature and not on the previous treatment. (2) In the case of mixtures with Ba${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$, the initial luminosity after removing from the furnace increases exponentially with the temperature; the rate of decay is greater the lower the temperature at which the sample is held; the equilibrium luminosity for 1 to 3 per cent Ra${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$ at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} increases markedly as the radium content decreases and for higher temperatures decreases as the temperature is increased. For 7 per cent Ra${\mathrm{Br}}_{2}$, however, the equilibrium luminosity at 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} is less than for either 3 or 100 per cent, and it increases with the temperature. In all cases, however, the equilibrium value depends only on the composition and on the temperature at which it is kept. These results are consistent with the suggestions by Rutherford of the formation of "active centers."
A control policy for replacement involving two machines and one repairman

Abstract In this paper, an optimal control policy for replacement involving two machines and one repairman is developed by investigating a class of age replacement policies in the context of controlling a G/M/1 queueing system with a finite calling population. The control policy imposed on the system is an age-dependent control policy. The control limit is operational only when the repairman is idle; that is, if both machines are working, as soon as a machine reaches the age t ∗ it is taken out of service for replacement.
Work-family conflict among athletic trainers in the secondary school setting.

Abstract Context: Work–family conflict (WFC) negatively affects a professional's ability to function at work or home. Objective: To examine perceptions of and contributing factors to WFC among seco...
Inertia and thermal effects in turbulent flow journal bearings

Abstract A semi-analytical study of the influence of inertia terms and the effects of convection and dissipation on an infinitely long bearing is presented. The distribution of the effective viscosity is assumed to be dependent on local shear stress and temperature. The momentum and energy equations are evaluated by assuming that the shape of the velocity profiles is not strongly affected by the presence of the inertia forces. Approximate integral momentum equations are thus obtained. The results show that inclusion of inertia terms has a pronounced effect on the dimensionless load capacity of the bearing. The inclusion of thermal effects results in a smaller dimensionless capacity.