cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Self-referential processing and encoding in bicultural individuals

Prior neuroimaging evidence suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC and vmPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) are involved in self- referential processing and memory, and that the specific patterns of activation differ as a result of culture. In the current study, we used an adjective trait judgment task and a surprise recognition memory task to investigate how bicultural identity influences self-referential processing and memory as compared to a close other (mother) and a distant, familiar other (Gandhi). Contrary to expectations, results indicate that the dmPFC is more engaged for mother-referencing than self-refer- encing in our sample of bicultural Asian Americans. In terms of subsequent memory, there was increased activation in the PCC for processing of mother-rele- vant and other-relevant (compared to self-relevant) information that supported the encoding of information into memory. Finally, we observed reversals in the pattern of activity in the dmPFC implicated in subsequent memory for those with a blended bicultural identity versus those with an alternating bicultural identity. These findings suggest that cultural effects, specifically individual differences in bicultural identity,
Terahertz Fiber Bragg Grating for Distributed Sensing

This letter reports a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for distributed sensing applications fabricated using single-mode optical fiber and a femtosecond laser and interrogated in the terahertz (THz) range. A theoretical model of device behavior was derived, which agreed well with experimentally observed device behavior. In order to investigate the utility of THZ FBGs (THz FBGs) as a sensing modality, temperature tests were conducted. The results demonstrated a sensitivity of −1.32 GHz/°C and a detection resolution of <0.0017 °C. A temperature distribution test was also conducted using a THz FBG, demonstrating its potential as a distributed sensing platform with high spatial resolution. The feasibility of interrogating THz FBGs using narrow interrogation bandwidths was also experimentally shown.
An equivalence between fast periodic-switched systems and time-invariant systems

It is shown that a certain class of linear systems with constant parameters and periodically operated switches can be approximated by a linear time-invariant system provided that the switching frequency is much greater than the magnitude of the largest natural frequency of the linear time-invariant system. Furthermore, a special type of switching allows the linear time-invariant system to be frequency scaled by simply varying the average value of the switching function. This feature allows one to design electronically tunable filters.
An application of computer aided requirements analysis to a real time deep space system

The entire procedure of incorporating the requirements and goals of a space flight project into integrated, time ordered sequences of spacecraft commands, is called the uplink process. The Uplink Process Control Task (UPCT) was created to examine the uplink process and determine ways to improve it. The Problem Statement Language/Problem Statement Analyzer (PSL/PSA) designed to assist the designer/analyst/engineer in the preparation of specifications of an information system is used as a supporting tool to aid in the analysis. Attention is given to a definition of the uplink process, the definition of PSL/PSA, the construction of a PSA database, the value of analysis to the study of the uplink process, and the PSL/PSA lessons learned.
Sequence length distributions in vinylene carbonate‐vinyl acetate copolymers

Polyvinylene carbonate is a linear polymer which can be dissolved with saponification in cold alkali. After precipitation the resultant amorphous polyvinylene glycol can only be dissolved in fused urea. Vinylene carbonate (M1)–vinyl acetate (M2) copolymers are higher melting than polyvinylacetate, and at 55° the reactivity ratios are r1 = 0.0579, r2 = 3.71. Expressions are derived relating periodate consumption and formic acid formation by hydrolyzed vinylene carbonate copolymers to the number-average sequence lengths predicted by copolymerization theory. Periodate consumption by the homopolymer and copolymers is complicated by the overoxidation of the intermediate malondialdehyde to carbon dioxide. When this side reaction is taken into account, periodate consumption and formic acid liberation are in reasonably good semi-quantitative agreement with theoretical predications of number-average sequence length.
A next-generation enterprise medical object management system (MOMS) architecture

The sheer amount of digital data generated by the proliferation of filmless medical imaging, poses great scalability and manageability challenges to PACS systems. Manageability challenges are aggravated when weighing legislative requirements. An architecture for an enterprise level PACS should support the management of assorted medical objects (e.g., images and reports). Additionally, the architecture should allow services, including performance and reliability, to be tailored to classes of objects according to complex and possibly varying rules. The design should be flexible, allowing for on-demand cost-effective scaling, using a mix-and-match selection of hardware, operating systems, and storage devices. In light of the increased reliance on stored data, it should ensure 24x7 availability, even during system upgrade, and allow pluggable support for future formats. The Medical Object Management System (MOMS) presented in this paper, is an enterprise medical imaging solution architectured to meet the above demands. Flexible, configurable and scalable content and source based management of objects enables administrators to define and modify policies that govern various aspects of the objects' life-cycles, using either configuration files or a Web-based GUI. The modular architecture of MOMS includes (possibly multiple) instances of interface (DICOM, HL7 and Tivoli Storage Manager), storage management and administration agents. Agent instances are hot-pluggable, allowing for zero-downtime upgrades, and can be deployed on a heterogeneous and distributed infrastructure. Leveraging the expertise gained in the development and deployment of the IDMR research PACS project, combined with recent technological advances and modern middleware, MOMS delivers a solution for the present and future requirements of medical objects management.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evolution of a protein superfamily: relationships between vertebrate lens crystallins and microorganism dormancy proteins.

A search of sequence databases shows that spherulin 3a, an encystment-specific protein ofPhysarum polycephalum, is probably structurally related to the β- and γ-crystallins, vertebrate ocular lens proteins, and to Protein S, a sporulation-specific protein ofMyxococcus xanthus. The β- and γ-crystallins have two similar domains thought to have arisen by two successive gene duplication and fusion events. Molecular modeling confirms that spherulin 3a has all the characteristics required to adopt the tertiary structure of a single γ-crystallin domain. The structure of spherulin 3a thus illustrates an earlier stage in the evolution of this protein superfamily. The relationship of β- and γ-crystallins to spherulin 3a and Protein S suggests that the lens proteins were derived from an ancestor with a role in stressresponse, perhaps a response to osmotic stress.
Retrograde Gastric Intussusception After Myotomy for Achalasia

Retrograde gastroesophageal intussusception has been rarely reported in the literature. Risk factors include poor fixation of the stomach due to either long or loose mesenteric attachments; high intraabdominal pressure due to retching, physical exertion, or ascites; and hiatal hernia, which can lead to the development of a large gastroesophageal opening. An attempt at endoscopic reduction is reasonable, but laparotomy and manual reduction is usually required. We report a case of retrograde gastroesophageal intussusception in a patient with long-standing achalasia and two previous Heller myotomies.
Alternative Parameterizations of Downward Irradiance and Their Dynamical Significance

Abstract The effect of solar flux divergence on upper ocean dynamics and energetics under both low and high wind speeds was determined using four different parameterizations of downward irradiance. The first (case I) involved only one attenuation length, the second (case II) involved two attenuation lengths, the third (case III) used a spectral decomposition of the incident solar flux over nine wavelength bands, and the fourth (case IV) used an arctangent model of downward irradiance. The Mellor-Yamada turbulence closure scheme (level 2½) was used for the simulations. Cases II–IV predict the existence of an intensified shallow shear zone which is consonant with recent observations. At low wind speeds, the turbulent energy budget is dominated by shear production, dissipation and the diffusion of turbulent kinetic energy, regardless of parameterization. At high wind speeds, shear production is balanced by dissipation. Specific recommendations are made for parameterizing the downward irradiance in the contex...
An Activity Theory Analysis of RFID in Hospitals

Although there have been many proposed applications of RFID in hospitals, few of those applications have received sustained use in hospitals, to-date. As a result, this paper investigates the use of RFID in hospitals in an emerging application, that of using RFID as part of the prescription process, including pharmacists generation of the prescription and nursesâ€™ administration of the medicine. Using activity theory, activity templates are generated for pharmacists, nurses and the hospital to investigate the introduction of RFID. This paper finds that the introduction of RFID involves changes in the activities, as measured by changes in context variables, not just changes in technology. Also, the RFID-based approach eliminates substantial â€œmedicineâ€ slack. Further, using activity theory, the activity design for using RFID facilitates â€œtechnologically insulationâ€ of pharmacists and nurses, from each other and doctors. Finally, such â€œdigital specificationâ€ of activities likely leads to fewer errors, and constrains action, limiting inappropriate use of prescription drugs.
Effect of dietary protein and GABA on food intake, growth and tissue amino acids in cats

GABA at 5%, but not 3%, of a low protein diet depressed food intake and growth of kittens. Adaptation to high protein prevented these effects. When cats adapted to low or high protein were fed a meal containing GABA, plasma GABA concentration after 2 hr was 8-fold higher in the low than in the high protein group; clearance was almost complete within 6 hr. Concentrations of proline, branched-chain, other large neutral and basic (especially ornithine) amino acids increased more when cats were fed a high rather than a low protein meal; glycine decreased. At 6 hr, concentrations had consistently returned to initial levels only in the low protein group. Feeding the high protein diet ad lib increased tissue concentrations of threonine, proline and the branched-chain amino acids. Hepatic or renal GABA-aminotransferase activity was not altered in kittens fed the high protein diet. Kidney activity was 10-fold that of liver, which may contribute to the better tolerance of GABA by cats than by rats.
Corrections in the names of rodent coccidia (Apicomplexa, Coccidiasina)

The following new taxonomic combinations are introduced for coccidia whose names were previously given erroneously: Dorisa bengalensis (Bandyopadhyay & Ray, 1982) n. comb. from the Indian palm squirrel Funambulus pennanti in India; Eimeria sicistae from the intestine of the birch mouse Sicista tianschanica in the USSR; E. hydrochaeri Carini, 1937 emend. from the capybara Hydrochaerus hydrochaerus in South America; Frenkelia sp. (Doby, Jeannes & Rault 1965) from the brain of the water vole Arvicola sapidus in Europe; Frenkelia sp. (Karstad, 1963) from the brain of the muskrat Ondatra zibethica in North America; Frenkelia sp. (Enemar, 1965) from the brain of the lemming Lemmus lemmus in Europe; Frenkelia sp. (Sebek, 1975) from the brain of the field mouse Apodemus flavicollis in Europe; and Sarcocystis sp. (Ryan, Wyand & Nielsen, 1982) from the skeletal muscles of the muskrat Ondatra zibethica in North America.
(Solid + liquid) phase equilibria in binary mixtures containing benzene, a cycloalkane, an n-alkane, or tetrachloromethane An equation for representing (solid + liquid) phase equilibria

Abstract Complete (solid + liquid) phase diagrams are reported for the 10 mixtures: {(1−x)c-CmH2m + xC6H6}, m = 6, 7, 8; {(1−x)CmH2m+2 + xC6H6}, m = 8, 11, 12; {(1−x)CmH2m+2 + xc-C6H12}, m = 8, 12; and {(1−x)CmH2m+2 + xCCl4}, m = 8, 12. All are simple eutectic systems except for {(1−x)C8H18 + xCCl4}, which has a solid-phase transition present on the CCl4 side of the diagram. The semi-empirical equation: X E =x(1−x) ∑ J=0 n a j (1−2x) J is proposed for summarizing the curves of melting temperature T against mole fraction x, where T ∗ is the melting temperature of the pure substance and x ∗ is the value of x at T ∗ . The coefficients aJ are fitted by the method of least squares. The equation very successfully describes the above systems. It also works very well for more complicated systems including those containing congruently melting or incongruently melting solid addition compounds.
Phenolic steroids in human subjects. III. Estrogens in plasma of pregnant women.

SummaryBy means of countercurrent distribution and paper chromatography, estrone, estradiol and estriol were separated from extracts of one to 2 liters of human pregnancy plasma, quantitated and identified by fluorimetric and isotopic technics. Concentration of estrone and estriol remained more nearly constant (3–9 μg/100 ml of plasma) through second and third trimesters, but the concentration of estradiol varied from 0–8 μg/100 ml.
Semi-empirical LCAO-Xα theory for transition metal complexes. I. An outline of the theory

Abstract A semi-empirical theory for transition metal complexes is presented. Unusual aspects of the theory are (1) employment of Xα theory, (2) adoption of theoretical exchange parameter, (3) exclusion of ( n + 1)s and ( n + 1)p atomic orbitals of a n d-transition metal, and (4) variation of atomic orbitals in LCAO method. Also, an improved Mulliken approximation is proposed and used to simplify the LCAO-Xα equations.
Hot flow anomaly formation by magnetic deflection

Hot flow anomalies (HFAs) are localized plasma structures observed in the solar wind and magnetosheath near the earth's quasi-parallel bow shock. This paper presents one-dimensional hybrid computer simulations illustrating a formation mechanism for HFAs in which the single hot ion population results from a spatial separation of two counterstreaming ion beams. The higher-density cooler regions are dominated by the background (solar wind) ions, and the lower-density hotter internal regions are dominated by the beam ions. The spatial separation of the beam and background is caused by the deflection of the ions in large-amplitude magnetic fields which are generated by ion/ion streaming instabilities.
T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Unusual morphologic, phenotypic, and karyotypic features in association with light chain amyloidosis.

BACKGROUND: Lymphocytes that display a phenotype of mature B-cells, T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells, or a combination of T-cells and NK cells can be found in patients with lymphoproliferations that manifest as expansions of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). If these PBL expansions exhibit clonality, they can be classified as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). METHODS/RESULTS: A patient who had two simultaneous, clonal lymphoproliferative disorders manifested as an unusual T-cell CLL in conjunction with systemic light chain amyloidosis is described. Gene rearrangement studies of the PBL of the patient showed clonal rearrangements of both the T-cell receptor beta (T beta) chain and the immunoglobulin genes. Additional immunologic and microscopic studies of the T-cells of the patient showed that they were large, agranular, CD4+ T-cells that also expressed the NK cell marker CD57. Cytogenetics disclosed an unusual karyotype in the PBL. CONCLUSIONS: The pathogenesis of this T-cell CLL and whether it truly represents a malignant disorder, as well as its relation to amyloidosis, is discussed.
Distinct roles for adhesion molecules during innervation of embryonic chick muscle

In vitro studies have suggested that the cell adhesion molecules NCAM and G4/L1 contribute to a variety of events during neural development. We have directly tested the role played by these molecules in the process of initial nerve ingrowth and ramification in the embryonic chick iliofibularis muscle by in ovo injections of specific adhesion-blocking antibodies and analysis of the resultant nerve branching pattern in muscle whole mounts. Antibodies against both molecules produced axonal defasciculation, which resulted in an enhanced transverse projection to the fast region of the muscle. In the case of anti-G4/L1, we also observed a large increase in the number of side branches that form from nerve trunks in the slow region and an enhancement of nerve branching in the fast region. Conversely, anti-NCAM produced a striking decrease in both the number and length of side branches in the slow region, and a reduction in nerve branching in the fast region. A similar reduction of nerve branching was obtained following injection of an endosialidase, which removes sialic acid from NCAM, and which was observed to enhance fiber-fiber apposition, presumably by increasing cell adhesion. Based on their biochemical properties in vitro and their in vivo distribution, both NCAM and G4/L1 are in a position to contribute to axon-axon adhesive interactions, whereas NCAM would be expected to also promote axon-myotube interactions. Our observations in fact indicate that these two adhesion molecules play different but complementary roles during muscle innervation and, specifically, that axon-axon fasciculation is influenced by both NCAM and G4/L1 in an anatomically distinct manner to regulate the overall pattern of nerve branching and that NCAM-mediated axon-myotube interactions are necessary for the attainment of the normal stereotyped pattern of nerve branching in both fast and slow regions of this muscle.
Some notions of “similarity” among lines of text

This essay is a discussion of three methods for making quantitative measurements of "similarity" between two lines of written text. The first method is based on shared words; the second is based on shared substrings of a given length; the third is based on a count of discontinuities observed while trying to match certain substrings. For the sake of clarity, all samples of text evaluated are ordinary written English; the methods, however, would work equally well with specially prepared texts (e.g., phonetic transcriptions). One line is used as "model" throughout my discussion. It is:
Green and Red Emissions at Room Temperature on Er-Doped GaN Submicrometer Rods Synthesized by a Simple Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

Er-doped GaN submicron rods have been synthesized on silicon (001) by the direct reaction of gallium and ammonia in a CVD system. Green and red emissions at room temperature coming from the rods with excitation below the energy of the bandgap of the semiconductor have been recorded.
Metallurgical analysis of copper artifacts from Cahokia

Copper artifacts from Cahokia Mounds, Illinois were analyzed from a materials science perspective to shed light on techniques used by Mississippian copper workers to deform nuggets of native copper into thin sheets. Eight small copper pieces from a copper-working site at Cahokia’s Mound 34 were subjected to metallographic examination. Replication experiments thereafter recreated features of the artifacts under controlled conditions. It is concluded that copper sheets were thinned through repeated cycles of hammering and annealing performed at temperatures achievable in an open wood fire. The welding of sheets to create multilayered objects was not observed in any artifacts and could not be accomplished experimentally. Additionally, a possible cutting method used on some artifacts was identified.
OBSERVATIONS WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE ON THE SOLVATION AND RECONSTITUTION OF COLLAGEN

The course of events in the solvation and reconstitution of collagen obtained from rat tail tendon is described as seen with the electron microscope. Under the influence of 0.01 per cent acetic acid the collagen fibers swell and dissociate into submicroscopic filaments, the smallest of which are probably beyond the resolution of the electron microscope. These filaments can be made to reconstitute into fibers either by the addition of neutral salts to the acid solution or by raising the pH. The structural form of the resulting fibers is influenced by the concentration of the salt and by the pH of the solution employed. Saline-concentrations around 1 per cent and pH's ranging from 4.8 to 6.8 lead to the formation of needle-shaped crystals, or tactoids, showing the striated structure characteristic of collagen. Saline concentrations outside of this range (0.5 per cent and 5.0 per cent) lead to the formation of long fibrils without evidence of striations. pH's on the alkaline side of 6.8 bring about the formation of long slender fibers. Some of the possible reasons for these different fiber forms are discussed. Apparently fibers are formed in vitro by the lateral and longitudinal association of the filaments seen in the original solutions. Some of the fibers thus formed may in turn associate laterally and longitudinally to form the larger fibers. The formation of the needle-shaped crystals appears to be an orderly process since it leads to the formation of a periodicity in the fibers. The striations in the smaller fibers are uniform and regularly spaced at around 210 A. With continued growth of these fibers there is a simultaneous development of a more obvious and precise banding. It is evident that two out of each group of three regularly spaced striae are more prominent. This produces the macroperiod of collagen measuring around 640 A in length.
Cancer Cell Metabolism: Warburg and Beyond

Described decades ago, the Warburg effect of aerobic glycolysis is a key metabolic hallmark of cancer, yet its significance remains unclear. In this Essay, we re-examine the Warburg effect and establish a framework for understanding its contribution to the altered metabolism of cancer cells.
Optimal timing of abdominal aortic aneurysm repair after coronary artery revascularization.

OBJECTIVE: The authors ascertained the optimal timing of repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) after coronary artery revascularization. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Cardiac events are the most common cause of death after elective repair of AAA. Preoperative coronary revascularization has significantly reduced postoperative cardiac complications after elective AAA repair. Currently, most patients undergo repair of asymptomatic AAA within 6 months after the coronary revascularization. METHODS: The authors performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent repair or scheduled repair of an asymptomatic AAA within 6 months after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) between March 1988 and October 1993. RESULTS: There was no mortality in the group of patients (n = 14) who underwent repair of AAA simultaneously or within 14 days of coronary revascularization. In contrast, there was a significantly increased mortality rate of 3 of 9 (33%) in patients scheduled to undergo repair of the AAA more than 2 weeks after coronary revascularization (p < 0.05). All nonsurvivors died between 16 and 29 days after CABG, and died as a result of ruptured AAA. CONCLUSION: Elective AAA repair should be undertaken simultaneously or within 2 weeks of coronary artery revascularization because of an increased risk of postoperative AAA rupture seen after this time period. In addition, simultaneous or early postoperative AAA repair does not increase the overall operative risk.
Use of proportional counters in X-ray diffraction

IN X-RAY diffraction, the data are obtained by measuring the intensities diffracted at any given angle by a sample. In Fig. 1 is shown a typical experimental arrangement in which the beam from the X-ray tube target is diffracted at an angle 2? from its original direction into the measuring device. This device can be moved from 0 to 165 degrees 2? by a suitable mechanism as shown in Fig. 2, illustrating a present-day diffraction unit. Then, if the intensity is plotted on a chart as a function of the angle 2?, a typical diffraction pattern is obtained as shown in Fig. 3. The information directly obtained from this chart concerns the spacing of the atomic planes within the tiny individual crystals present in the sample and the relative (uncorrected) intensities of diffraction associated with those planes. These spacings and intensities can be interpreted to give detailed information about the crystalline characteristics of the sample.
Relationships between renovascular disease, blood pressure, and renal function in the elderly: a population-based study.

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the associations between renovascular disease (RVD) and cross-sectional measures of blood pressure and renal function among participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS). Methods: The CHS is a prospective cohort study of cardiovascular disease among elderly Americans. As part of an ancillary study, participants in the Forsyth County, NC, cohort of the CHS were invited to undergo renal duplex sonography (RDS) to define the presence or absence of RVD (defined as any focal peak systolic velocity ≥ 1.8 milliseconds or the absence of a Doppler shifted signal from an imaged artery). Demographic, risk factor, blood pressure, and serum creatinine data were obtained at the time of RDS and from the annual CHS examination. Results: Eight hundred thirty-four CHS participants (including 525 women [63%], 309 men [37%], 194 African Americans [23%], and 635 Caucasians [76%]) with a mean age of 77.2 ± 4.9 years underwent successful RDS. RVD was present in 57 participants (6.8%). When examined according to the presence or absence of RVD, significant univariate differences were observed in the prevalence of clinical hypertension (72% versus 50%; P = 0.001), systolic blood pressure (145 versus 136 mm Hg; P = 0.001), and renal insufficiency (16% versus 8%; P = 0.041). Multivariate analyses showed significant and independent associations for the presence of RVD with increasing systolic blood pressure ( P = 0.034), clinical hypertension (odds ratio, 2.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 4.99; P = 0.002), increasing serum creatinine level, and renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.21; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 4.79; P = 0.043). A significant interaction was observed between the presence of RVD and increasing systolic blood pressure in association with increasing serum creatinine levels ( P = 0.041). Conclusion: These results suggest important population-based associations between RVD and cross-sectional measures of blood pressure and renal function. Furthermore, the observed relationship between RVD and increasing serum creatinine level was influenced strongly by increasing blood pressure.
The State of Social Science History in the Late 1980s

Is social science history a dated fad, or has it been so fully accepted as to have become uncontroversial? Is it more or less popular with professors and graduate students today than in the recent past? Is its status higher at the most prestigious universities, or among their graduates, than at less highly ranked colleges? What do historians and other social scientists see as the strengths and weaknesses, the achievements and deficiencies of social science history (ssh)? To what degree do more traditional historians agree or disagree with social scientific historians and historically oriented social scientists about these matters? How widespread is the teaching of statistics and theory in history departments, and how sophisticated is it, compared with the offerings in social science departments? Has the field become truly interdisciplinary? To gauge opinion and gather facts on these and other topics, I sent out 456 questionnaires in May 1987 to individuals in three groups: historians who were members of the Social Science History Association (SSHA), nonhistorian SSHA members, and one non-SSHA member at each of the universities listed in the American Historical Association's Guide to Departments of History that claimed to offer Ph.D. programs. The response, partially stimulated by a reminder to those who did not reply within six weeks, was gratifyingly high: 105 SSHA historians, 101 SSHA members whose self-described primary departmental affiliation was not with a history department, and 98 non-SSHA historians returned at least partially completed questionnaires. Not only was the overall response rate of two-thirds respectable for a mail survey, but many people wrote useful and interesting comments in the margins, as I had invited them to, while others enclosed innovative syllabi or reflections on the subject. A copy of the questionnaire with the responses of the three groups to each question indicated appears as an appendix to this paper, and readers may wish to refer to it for the exact wording of questions and the precise numbers who answered each way. The non-SSHA group received only Part I of the survey, while the SSHA sample got both parts.
Intracavity laser absorption measurements at ultrahigh spectral resolution.

Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy with ultrahigh sensitivity and enhanced spectral resolution is demonstrated. It entails use of an intracavity etalon that selects equally spaced modes of the cavity. These modes are reduced in intensity when they occur at spectral locations where absorption that is due to intracavity species also occurs. We obtained absorption spectra by tuning the etalon in small steps across its free spectral range, recording intracavity spectra at each step, and summing the result. The maximum resolution is determined by the width of the etalon peaks, which was ~0.01 cm(-1). When the finesse of the etalon is increased, the resolution equal to the width of a single laser mode can be achieved. With this technique, spectra at Doppler-free resolution such as that required for studies of high vibrational-overtone transitions of molecules in supersonic jets are possible.
A Modified Algorithm for the Least Squares Identification

To identify the dynamics of mechanical systems, the usual practice is to assume a certain model structure and try to estimate the unknown parameters of this model on the basis of input output observations. For mechanical systems operating under noisy industrial conditions, the number of unknowns of the problem exceeds the number of equations available. It is then inevitable that certain assumptions must be made on the unknown disturbances. This paper assumes that the only reliable feature of the disturbance is its independence of input. This yields a set of assumptions in excess of the minimal requirements and an endeavor has been made to exploit this excess to minimize the parameter estimation errors. Th resulting algorithm is similar to that of the Two Stage Least Squares method [1].
Collaboration or Colonialism: Text and Process in Native American Women's Autobiographies

"Just whose life is this, anyway?" is a reasonable question for the scholar of Native American composite autobiography to ask. It is, in fact, the most essential question to ask of a genre of American Indian literature that is actually more process than product. It is the question that provides entree into the complex relationships of oral and written discourses and into the degrees of white and Native authorship that rise out of the omissions, manipulations, and cross-cultural negotiations encoded in the text of any collaborative inscription of a Native American life. Personal narratives solicited from Native American men and women by non-Indian collectors who then structure, edit, introduce, interpret, and publish these autobiographies have been a particularly problematical subject in Native American studies. Personal narratives by Native women have been further problematized by gender bias. For decades, like most women's literary production, they were deemed too insignificant for serious study or relegated to case-study status which focused on content rather than attending to form, style, or narrative intentions. Until the advent of feminist studies, Native women's lives were a consistently marginalized form of discourse, seen as irrelevant to the structures imposed on cultures by the almost exclusively male cadre of anthropologists who controlled academic politics and publishing norms. Collecting and analyzing the narratives of Native women for academic publication was risky business for scholars because it was an enterprise too literary, too divergent from the scientific model espoused for field projects to produce authoritative data. Furthermore, there were no critical models for understanding the value of Native women's personal narrative until recognition of women's autobiography as a separate genre with characteristics and criteria separate from male autobiography gained the attention of es
More whistles and bells for fly hearing

Amplification of sensory input is a common theme for almost all sensory modalities. Once a sensory signal is received, be it a photon or a molecule of saccharin, the receptor cell will append an amplifying second-messenger cascade onto the initial transduction event. Amplification of sound by hair cells within the cochlea also follows this rule, but with an important caveat: the hair cells produce no second-messenger cascade for the amplification (1); instead, they pump kinetic energy back into the hearing organ to magnify the sound (2).
A simple recipe for concise mixed 0-1 linearizations

A new linearization method for mixed 0-1 polynomial programs is obtained by repeatedly applying a classical strategy introduced almost 30 years ago. Two important contributions are: the most concise known linear representations of cubic and higher-degree problems, and a simple argument for explaining and extending two alternate linearizations.
Estimating the mean flow field in combustion chambers

Swirling flow fields in combustion chambers can be determined based on swirl ratio and a velocity profile specified along some path to the vortex center. A method is presented whereby flow fields can be constructed by applying the continuity equation in a streamline coordinate system and imposing irrotationality about the symmetry axis of the vortex ring. The swirl ratio may be specified at the vortex core, along with a velocity profile along any semi-axis of the vortex cross section.
Nuclear relaxation in solids by diffusion to paramagnetic impurities

Abstract This paper is an extension of the work of Khutsishvili on the relaxation of dipolar nuclei in insulating crystals due to their interaction with paramagnetic impurities. The influence of the barrier radius for spin-spin diffusion on the relaxation time is taken fully into account, and an expression for T1 is obtained that is valid for all values of this radius. The expression reduces in the appropriate limit to previously given formulae for the “rapid diffusion” case and for the “diffusion limited” case. A discussion is also given of the magnitude of the barrier radius, and it is shown that is determined by the average “static” moment of the impurity. This moment is strongly influenced by temperature and field, particularly at low temperatures, and there is also a corresponding change in the strength of the interaction of the impurity with the nuclei due to purely statistical effects.
Dynamic crushing behavior of honeycomb structures with irregular cell shapes and non-uniform cell wall thickness

Abstract Dynamic crushing responses of honeycomb structures having irregular cell shapes and non-uniform cell wall thickness are studied using the Voronoi tessellation technique and the finite element (FE) method. FE models are constructed for such honeycomb structures based on Voronoi diagrams with different degrees of cell shape irregularity and cell wall thickness non-uniformity. The plateau stress, the densification strain energy and the initiation strain are determined using the FE models. Simulation results reveal that the “X” and “V” shaped deformation modes evident in a perfectly ordered honeycomb at low or moderate impact velocities are disrupted as cell shapes become irregular and/or cell wall thickness gets non-uniform. The “I” shaped deformation mode is clearly seen in all honeycomb structures at high impact velocities. Both the plateau stress and the densification strain energy are found to decrease as the degree of cell shape irregularity or the degree of cell wall thickness non-uniformity increases, with the weakening effect induced by the presence of non-uniform cell wall thickness being more significant. When the two types of imperfections co-exist in a honeycomb structure, the interaction between them is seen to exhibit a complicated pattern and to have a nonlinear effect on both the plateau stress and the densification strain energy. It is also found that stress waves propagate faster in a honeycomb structure having irregular cell shapes and slower in a honeycomb structure having non-uniform cell wall thickness than in a perfectly ordered honeycomb. Finally, the strain hardening of the cell wall material is seen to have a strengthening effect on the plateau stress, which is more significant for perfectly ordered honeycombs than for imperfect honeycomb structures.
Neural coding of binary mixtures in a structurally related odorant pair

The encoding of odorant mixtures by olfactory sensory neurons depends on molecular interactions at peripheral receptors. However, the pharmacological basis of these interactions is not well defined. Both competitive and noncompetitive mechanisms of receptor binding and activation, or suppression, could contribute to coding. We studied this by analyzing responses of olfactory bulb glomeruli evoked by a pair of structurally related odorants, eugenol (EG) and methyl isoeugenol (MIEG). Fluorescence imaging in synaptopHluorin (spH) mice revealed that EG and MIEG evoked highly overlapped glomerular inputs, increasing the likelihood of mixture interactions. Glomerular responses to binary mixtures of EG and MIEG mostly showed hypoadditive interactions at intermediate and high odorant concentrations, with a few near threshold responses showing hyperadditivity. Dose-response profiles were well fitted by a model of two odorants competitively binding and activating a shared receptor linked to a non-linear transduction cascade. We saw no evidence of non-competitive mechanisms.
Electron-stimulated dissociation of ammonia on Pt(111): observation of gas-phase atomic hydrogen

Abstract We characterize the electron-stimulated dissociation of chemisorbed NH3 and ND3 on Pt(111) by time-of-flight (TOF) laser detection of the neutral gas-phase H and D products, respectively. We detect ground-state atomic hydrogen via 2 + 1 resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) through the 22S1/2 level; we do not observe any nascent metastable (22S1/2) hydrogen products. We assign the 14 eV threshold for ground-state hydrogen detection to excitation of a 1e adsorbate electron. Considering that the N-H bond axis is ∼68° off-normal for upright, N-down adsorbed ammonia, we find that the REMPI signal is surprisingly strong for hydrogen trajectories H D yield ratio can be attributed to two effects: (1) The difference in the time scales for H and D motion while building momentum in the repulsive excited state. (2) The difference in zero point bending momentum for the two isotopic molecules.
Estrogen modulation of nuclear matrix-associated steroid hormone binding

Estrogen regulation of the intranuclear distribution of estrogen-binding proteins has been examined in the chicken liver. Administration of estrogen [diethylstilbestrol (DES)] resulted in a rapid, dose-dependent increase in two types of estrogen-binding sites associated with the nuclear matrix. Type I appeared to be the estrogen receptor (ER; Kd for estradiol = 2.0 nM), whereas type II was equivalent to binding sites previously defined in rat uterine nuclei (Kd = 15 nM). The association of nuclear ER and type II sites with the nuclear matrix followed a time course corresponding to the maximal accumulation of nuclear ER in the liver. A 2-fold enrichment (per U protein) of nuclear ER in the matrix was obtained at a dose of 20 micrograms DES/0.2 kg compared to control values. Further enrichment was observed with higher doses of DES (200 and 2000 micrograms). The antiestrogens tamoxifen (tamoxifen-citrate) and zuclomiphine 2-[p-(chloro-1,2-diphenyl-vinyl)phenoxyl]citrate) were potent inhibitors (greater than or equal to 50%) of the estrogen-stimulated association of both ER and type II sites with the matrix. However, they did not increase total nuclear or matrix ER concentrations when administered alone. These data demonstrate that the association of ER with liver nuclear matrix is estrogen dependent and suggest that the biological effects of estrogen at the nuclear level may be mediated by this association.
Abl Family Kinases Modulate T Cell–Mediated Inflammation and Chemokine-Induced Migration Through the Adaptor HEF1 and the GTPase Rap1

Chemokine signaling is critical for T cell function during homeostasis and inflammation and directs T cell polarity and migration through the activation of specific intracellular pathways. Here, we uncovered a previously uncharacterized role for the Abl family tyrosine kinases Abl and Arg in the regulation of T cell-dependent inflammatory responses and showed that the Abl family kinases were required for chemokine-induced T cell polarization and migration. Our data demonstrated that Abl and Arg were activated downstream of chemokine receptors and mediated the chemokine-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of human enhancer of filamentation 1 (HEF1), an adaptor protein that is required for the activity of the guanosine triphosphatase Rap1, which mediates cell adhesion and migration. Phosphorylation of HEF1 by Abl family kinases and activation of Rap1 were required for chemokine-induced T cell migration. Mouse T cells that lacked Abl and Arg exhibited defective homing to lymph nodes and impaired migration to sites of inflammation. These findings suggest that Abl family kinases are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of T cell-dependent immune disorders that are characterized by chemokine-mediated inflammation.
The emergence of human–wildlife conflict management: turning challenges into opportunities

Abstract With the increase in wildlife populations in response to protection, human–wildlife conflicts also have increased. In the past, rural residents, especially agricultural producers, and forestry owners bore the brunt of wildlife damage. More recently, urban residents and other wildlife stakeholders are increasingly experiencing wildlife damage. The phrases ‘animal damage control’, ‘problem wildlife management’, and ‘wildlife damage management’ have been traditionally used to describe actions taken to reduce economic losses to agricultural produce caused by wildlife. More recently, the phrase ‘human–wildlife conflict management’ is being applied to these and other situations that involve any negative interactions between humans and wildlife. These conflicts can be either real or perceived, economic or aesthetic, social or political. Human–wildlife conflicts also may encompass damages to the individual that result from federal, state, or local wildlife legislation, regulations, or policies that are designed to protect or conserve wildlife, public benefits, and individual property rights. In this paper, I discuss the emergence of the field of human–wildlife conflict management and identify how public and private wildlife conservation agencies and organizations can turn these new challenges into opportunities to increase public support for professional management.
Fracture-Gradient Prediction for Offshore Wells

A key parameter required in the design of offshore wells is the fracture gradient of the formations to be penetrated. Existing fracture-gradient correlations have been developed largely on the basis of empirical data gathered on land and in the near-shore marine environment. They have been extended to deepwater areas through an equivalent intergranular stress concept. In this study, offshore data from several operators were obtained and a new fracture-gradient correlation procedure, based on an assumption of an exponential decline in average porosity with depth in normally pressured formations, was applied. The technique is ideally suited for implementation on a hand-held calculator or personal computer.
Advances in brain tumor imaging and therapy

This issue of the Neuroimaging Clinics of North America is truly a joint effort by radiologists and clinical scientists who are at the forefront of brain tumor imaging and therapy. The topic of brain tumor assessment was chosen because it is anticipated that imaging techniques will be required to change substantially in the next decade. This change is needed to keep pace with the rapid advances being made in brain tumor therapy. Therefore, radiologists need to be aware of the major forms of new therapies, which, while still in the research mode at the time of publication, may soon have mainstream clinical applications. Two fundamental assumptions determined the selection of topics for this issue. First, if radiologists become aware of therapeutic advances, it will become apparent that conventional imaging techniques are frequently unable to provide answers to questions posed by colleagues who treat brain tumor patients. The days when one could simply provide measurements of tumor size are near their end. Increasingly, neuro-oncologists and other treating physicians want to know physiologic responses to agents before changes in tumor size are apparent. The second assumption is that the remarkable advances made in imaging assessment of tumors in the past decade would be a source of encouragement for treating physicians. Perhaps this issue of the Neuroimaging Clinics of North America will invigorate treating physicians to more fully involve radiologists in the planning of their research and therapy so that imaging and therapy of brain tumors can be more closely linked. Whenever possible, articles have been designed in couplets, with an article on imaging aspects of brain tumor therapy and a companion article on the physiologic basis of that therapy. For instance, the article on imaging of viral therapies in treatment of brain tumors has a parallel article on the physiologic mechanisms that underlay the therapeutic use of viruses. Similarly, both an article on the role of hypoxia in brain tumor therapy and an article on imaging of tumor hypoxia are provided. One further example is the combination of an article on anti-angiogenesis therapy for brain tumors and one on the role of hemodynamic imaging of brain neoplasms. I wish to express my gratitude to the authors who contributed to this corpus and who graciously set aside other projects to make this issue a reality. They have succeeded in clearly presenting many complex issues and in providing the most recent information on imaging and therapy. Thanks must also be given to the authors of various articles who