cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Disturbing New Pathways: Psycho and the Priming of the Audience

Abstract This article uses priming effects to explore Psycho's narrative and visual effects on audiences. By taking into account how audiences had been primed by classical Hollywood films, it shows how Psycho's defiance of classical norms helped pave the way for future films by initiating audiences into a new narrative structure.
Synthesis of a galactose-fucose disaccharide mimic of sialyl Lewis X

Abstract Disaccharide 4 was designed as a structurally simplified, potential mimic of sialyl Lewis X (1). 4 was prepared utilizing Schmidt's trichloroacetimidate methodology in 10 linear steps from methyl galactoside 5. 4 exhibited activity in an E-selectin binding assay at concentrations 40 to 45-fold higher than that observed for monomeric sialyl Lewis X.
Effects of introduced fish on macroinvertebrate communities in historically fishless headwater and kettle lakes

Abstract Widespread fish introductions have led to a worldwide decline in the number of fishless lakes and their associated communities. Studies assessing effects of fish stocking on native communities in historically fishless lakes have been limited to high-elevation headwater lakes stocked with non-native trout. Little is known about the effect of fish stocking in historically fishless and hydrologically isolated lowland kettle lakes. We compared the effects of introduced fish on macroinvertebrate communities in kettle lakes stocked with centrarchids, salmonids, and cyprinids, and headwater lakes stocked with brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Maine, USA. Fish had significant effects on macroinvertebrate community structure in both lake types, with reduced species richness and abundances of taxa characteristic of fishless lakes. The effects of introduced fish were more pronounced in headwater lakes despite a less diverse fish assemblage than in kettle lakes. We attribute this to abundant submerged vegetation providing refuge from fish predation and reduced stocking frequency in kettle lakes. We assessed effects of stocking duration on macroinvertebrates in a subset of headwater lakes with known dates of trout introduction. Species richness and abundance of most taxa declined within 3 years following trout introduction; however, richness and abundance were least in lakes with long stocking histories (⩾40 years). Macroinvertebrates previously identified as fishless bioindicators were absent from all stocked lakes, indicating that trout rapidly eliminate these sensitive taxa. Conservation of this historically undervalued ecosystem requires protecting remaining fishless lakes and recovering those that have been stocked.
Oxmetidine (H2 receptor antagonist) induced cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes

Oxmetidine, a new and more potent analogue of the H2 receptor antagonist, cimetidine, was recently withdrawn from clinical trials because of associated hepatotoxicity. We investigated the potential hepatotoxicity of the drug in vitro and in vivo in the rat. In addition, we investigated, in in vitro experiments, the potential hepatoxicity of other gastric acid inhibitory drugs (cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole and nolinium bromide). In in vitro experiments, oxmetidine, at various concentrations, was added to isolated hepatocyte incubations and cytotoxicity was assayed by trypan blue exclusion. In in vivo experiments, oxmetidine was administered both i.p. and orally, and hepatotoxicity was assessed by serum biochemical measures (transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, 5' nucleotidase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase) and liver histopathology. In the in vitro studies, the addition of oxmetidine to the hepatocyte incubations was associated with significant (P less than 0.001) dose and time dependent cytotoxicity. However, the in vivo experiments revealed no significant changes in serum biochemistry and no significant alterations in liver histopathology up to 72 h following the administration three different dosages of oxmetidine. Of the other gastric acid inhibitory drugs, only nolinium bromide was associated with significant (P less than 0.001) in vitro cytotoxicity. Our in vitro observations establish that oxmetidine is cytotoxic to isolated rat hepatocytes and suggest that nolinium bromide be further evaluated for potential hepatotoxicity.
Electrochemical refining of carbonitrothermic vanadium in CaCl2–NaCl–VCl2 electrolytic bath

A new vanadium intermediate, containing 94·4% vanadium, was successfully electrorefined to a purity of 99·8 mass-% in CaCl2–NaCl–VCl2 electrolyte. The impure vanadium was prepared by heating a mixture of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and graphite powder under flowing nitrogen atmosphere. Vanadium nitride, so prepared, was subjected to pyrovacuum heating to a temperature of 1750°C under dynamic vacuum (better than 0·05 Pa) to prepare vanadium sponge. The impure vanadium was then taken up for further refining in a molten salt electrolytic bath. The cathode current efficiency and metal recovery, under optimised conditions, were found to be 90 and 87% respectively. The hardness of the arc cast vanadium crystals (with a size ⩾840 μm) indicated the formation of a ductile grade vanadium metal. Scanning electron microscopy photographs of the coarse crystallites showed a dendritic morphology, consisting of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary branching.
Artificial Societies: Multiagent Systems and the Micro-Macro Link in Sociological Theory

This article introduces a general sociological readership to multiagent systems (MAS), a new computer simulation technology that has increasingly been used to describe and explain sociological phen...
Cometabolic mineralization of benzo[a]pyrene caused by hydrocarbon additions to soil

The mineralization of [7-{sup 14}C]benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in soil was investigated in response to additions of individual hydrocarbons, defined hydrocarbon mixtures, crude oil, and crude oil fractions. Neither substantial BaP mineralization nor enrichment of BaP degraders occurred in BaP-spiked soil in the absence of a suitable hydrocarbon supplement. Crude oil, the saturated and aromatic class components of crude oil, the distillates heating oil, jet fuel, and diesel fuel supported up to 60% mineralization of 80 {micro}g [7-{sup 14}C]BaP per gram of soil in 40 d. Neither single hydrocarbons nor defined hydrocarbon mixtures containing normal and branched alkanes, alicyclics, and aromatics supported comparable BaP mineralization. Evolution of {sup 14}CO{sub 2} occurred after lag periods characteristic to specific petroleum products and their concentrations. Time required for microbial proliferation, hydrocarbon toxicity, and competitive inhibition might have contributed to these lag periods, but the complete inhibition of BaP mineralization by diesel-fuel vapors pointed to a dominant role of competitive inhibition. A lack of radiocarbon incorporation into soil biomass from [7-{sup 14}C]BaP indicated that at least the initial steps of BaP biodegradation in soil were cometabolic in nature. Suitable hydrocarbon mixtures not only supported BaP mineralization by serving as primary substrates, but also enhanced BaP bioavailabilitymore » by dissolving this hydrophobic solid.« less
The video mesh: A data structure for image-based three-dimensional video editing

This paper introduces the video mesh, a data structure for representing video as 2.5D “paper cutouts.” The video mesh allows interactive editing of moving objects and modeling of depth, which enables 3D effects and post-exposure camera control. The video mesh sparsely encodes optical flow as well as depth, and handles occlusion using local layering and alpha mattes. Motion is described by a sparse set of points tracked over time. Each point also stores a depth value. The video mesh is a triangulation over this point set and per-pixel information is obtained by interpolation. The user rotoscopes occluding contours and we introduce an algorithm to cut the video mesh along them. Object boundaries are refined with per-pixel alpha values. The video mesh is at its core a set of texture mapped triangles, we leverage graphics hardware to enable interactive editing and rendering of a variety of effects. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our representation with special effects such as 3D viewpoint changes, object insertion, depth-of-field manipulation, and 2D to 3D video conversion.
Role for a Xenopus Orc2-related protein in controlling DNA replication

The six-subunit origin recognition complex (ORC) is essential for the initiation of DNA replication at specific origins in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An important issue is whether DNA replication in higher eukaryotes, in which the characteristics of replication origins are poorly defined, occurs by an ORC-dependent mechanism. We have identified a Xenopus laevis Orel-related protein (XORC2) by its ability to rescue a mitotic-catastrophe mutant of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We show that immunodepletion of XORC2 from Xenopus egg extracts abolishes the replication of chromosomal DNA but not elongation synthesis on a single-stranded DNA template. Indirect immunofluorescence indicates that XORC2 binds to chromatin well before the commencement of DNA synthesis, and even under conditions that prevent the association of replication licensing factor(s) with the DNA. These findings suggest that Orc2 plays an important role at an early step of chromosomal replication in animal cells.
Comparative water relations of araneid and lycosid spiderlings (Arachnida)

Abstract 1. 1. Second instars of Argiope aurantia and Lycosa avida were desiccated in moving air at relative humidities (r.h.) of 2, 33, 82 and 98%. 2. 2. Initial rates of water loss were greater at higher humidities. 3. 3. Rehydration did not result in any significant weight change but did cause a doubling of the initial rate of water loss when spiderlings were re-exposed to low r.h. 4. 4. Under low r.h., these spiderlings exhibit cuticular permeabilities which resemble xeric arthropods, whereas under high r.h. the permeabilities are similar to mesic arthropods. 5. 5. A possible mechanism for the regulation of water loss based on the physiochemical properties of the cuticle is described.
Thermal/Mechanical Response and Damage Growth in Polymeric Composites at Cryogenic Temperatures

In order to increase the reliability of the next generation of space transportation systems, the mechanical behavior of polymeric matrix composite (PMC) materials at cryogenic temperatures must be investigated. This paper presents experimental data on the residual mechanical properties of a carbon fiber polymeric composite, IM7/PETI-5 both before and after aging at cryogenic temperatures. Tension modulus and strength were measured at room temperature, -196 C, and -269 C on five different specimen ply lay-ups, [0](sub 12), [90](sub 12), [+/-45](sub 3S), [+/-25](sub 3s) and [45,90(sub 3),-45,0(sub 3),-45,90(sub 3),45]. Specimens were preconditioned with one set of coupons being isothermally aged for 555 hours at -184 C in an unloaded state. Another set of corresponding coupons were mounted in constant displacement fixtures such that a constant uniaxial strain was applied to the specimens for 555 hours at -184 C. The measured lamina level properties indicated that cryogenic temperatures have an appreciable influence on behavior, and residual stress calculations based on lamination theory showed that the transverse tensile ply stresses could be quite high for cryogenic test temperatures. Microscopic examination of the surface morphology showed evidence of degradation along the exposed edges of the material due to aging at cryogenic temperatures.
The clinical and financial impact of non-invasive vascular testing in the USA.

SUMMARY Health care costs in the USA have increased dramatically during the past 10 years, and it is widely believed that they have reached crisis dimensions. Vascular laboratories are a segment of the USA health care industry that has experienced particularly rapid growth in the last decade. In 1992, USA Medicare payments (for patients ≥ 65 years) totalled US$304 492 588 for 3 673 695 non-invasive vascular studies. This figure represents only one segment of USA health care costs and, if all segments were considered, the 1992 total for vascular laboratory services would probably approach one billion USA dollars. The expansion of vascular laboratory utilization is attributed to a number of factors: (i) increased recognition of the clinical value of non-invasive vascular studies; (ii) replacement of invasive (angiographic) procedures; (iii) expanded surveillance application; (iv) the verification of carotid endarterectomy for treatment of carotid stenosis; (v) widespread, unlimited access; (vi) over-utilization; (vii) greed. Widespread awareness of the crisis in USA health care funding has imposed cost-containment pressure where virtually none existed previously. The vascular laboratory is no exception to this trend, and the following measures have been suggested for controlling vascular laboratory costs: (i) demonstration of the clinical and cost effectiveness of non-invasive vascular studies; (ii) utilization review; (iii) pre-approval of requests for vascular studies; (iv) linkage of vascular study reimbursement with clinical diagnosis; (v) limitations on self-referral; (vi) reduced reimbursement; (vii) capitation; (viii) diagnosis-related reimbursement; (ix) accreditation. This article summarizes the factors that have led to increased utilization of vascular laboratory services, and discusses methods proposed for containing vascular laboratory expenditure.
Graphs of models

Abstract Solving analysis problems in physical worlds requires the representation of large amounts of knowledge. Recently, there has been much interest in using multiple models , in the engineering sense of the word, to capture the complex and diverse knowledge required during analysis. In this paper we represent physical domains as graphs of models , where the nodes of the graph are models and the edges are the assumptions that have to be changed in going from one model to the other. We introduce new, qualitative methods that automatically select and switch models during analysis. Our approach has been successfully used for three implementations in the fields of mechanics, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics.
Effect of nitrate ion on the distribution of sucrose in the rat's ventricle.

CURRENT work in this laboratory shows that the exposure of driven rat ventricle strips to Locke's solutions, in which all the chloride has been substituted by nitrate, results in an increase of the total sodium in the tissue. In order to determine how this increase was partitioned between the extracellular and the intracellular compartments we attempted to measure the extracellular space by the distribution of sucrose. The results presented below show that this cannot be done in the case of nitrate, and reveal an interesting feature of the action of this anion, which may be that of increasing the permeability of cardiac tissue to a molecular species not ordinarily considered as being able to traverse the cell membrane.
An enzyme-linked immunoassay of milk progesterone as a diagnostic aid in embryo transfer programs

Abstract The objective of this study was to use an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure progesterone (P4) in donor cows as an indicator of reproductive normality and response to superovulatory treatment. Forty-eight Holstein cows were superovulated, and blood and milk samples were collected four times: 1) at initial follicle stimulating hormone treatment, 2) just prior to administration of prostaglandin F2-alpha, 3) at estrus and 4) at the time of embryo recovery, 6 to 7 d after estrus. Cows were inseminated twice during estrus. The P4 profiles (ng/ml) obtained at the four collections, were, respectively, as follows: blood plasma, 2.4, 2.7, 0.2 and 11.2; defatted milk analyzed by radioimmunoassay, 3.7, 3.8, 0.5 and 14.6; preserved whole milk analyzed by ELISA, 6.3, 7.8, 0.7 and 19.1; frozen whole milk analyzed by ELISA, 9.8, 10.0, 0.8 and 21.1. All four assays resulted in the expected pattern of P4 values for most cows at the four stages sampled. Approximately 10% of the cows had P4 concentrations outside of the expected range of values. A majority of these cows were aberrant, based upon behavior and palpation of the reproductive organs. The rapidly available P4 results from the ELISA were useful in making appropriate decisions regarding management of donor cows.
Communicating chemistry for public engagement

The communication of chemistry to wider society is difficult because of 'chemophobia', its inherent complexity and its lack of unifying grand themes. To engage with citizens about the benefits and related dangers of the field, chemists must improve their dialogue with broader sections of the public — but how?
Iron(IV) porphyrins from iron(III) porphyrin cation radicals

The preparation and spectroscopic data of FeTMP(ClO4)2[(1), TMP = 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrinato] are reported; the reaction of (1) with NaOMe–MeOH gave a new red species, (2), which is indicated to exist (a) as a symmetrically ligated complex with a vacant dx2–y2 iron orbital (1H n.m.r.)and (b) in the iron(IV) state (Mossbauer spectroscopy).
Glass surface analysis by Auger Electron Spectroscopy

Abstract This paper reviews the application of Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) to the analysis of glass surfaces. Attention is drawn to experimental perturbations which may occur when analyzing glasses with absorbed and/or mobile species at the surface. Previous workers [1–4] have shown, for example, that mobile ions (e.g. Na) are very difficult to measure in glasses due to their migration under the electron beam. Special techniques developed to permit the measurement of mobile ions are discussed, and some recent applications of AES in current research at the University of Florida are presented.
Reduced proconvulsant activity of caffeine in rats after a series of electroconvulsive seizures

A variety of neurotransmitter receptor changes occur after a course of electroconvulsive seizures (ECS) in rats, including an increased density of adenosine A1 sites. Adenosine antagonism has been related to the proconvulsant action of methylxanthines such as caffeine. We determined tonic-clonic seizure duration in rats given ECS with caffeine (0–175 mg/kg, IP) after a course of one or six daily ECS. A single day of ECS did not affect the dose-dependent proconvulsant action of caffeine. After six daily ECS, the proconvulsant action of caffeine was reduced. After nine daily ECS, an A1 antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine) and an A2A antagonist (1-allyl-3,7-dimethyl-8-p-sulfophenylxanthine) showed reduced proconvulsant activity. The results suggest that the reduced proconvulsant action of caffeine after chronic ECS depends on adenosine antagonism.
Minimal infective dose of rotavirus.

We studied the minimal infective dose of the gastroenteritis virus, rotavirus. Increasingly lower doses [104, 103, 101, 1, 10−2 plaque forming units (PFU)] of the OSU strain of porcine rotavirus were administered to highly susceptible (colostrum deprived, cesarean derived) newborn miniature swine piglets.In vitro studies showed that virus infectivity was inactivated in piglet gastric juice, both by low pH and by pH- and concentration-dependent factor(s). These factors remain unidentified, but to prevent intragastric viral inactivation, sodium bicarbonate was administered prior to oral virus inoculation of piglets with virulent (non-tissue culture passaged) virus. The lowest dose of virus to induce clinical illness or to demonstrate viral replication by recovery of significantly more infectious virus than was administered, or both, was 1 PFU. These results should help establish standards for virus contamination of water and recommendations for evaluating disinfection procedures for rotaviruses.
Transportation Asset Management and Visualization Using Semantic Models and Google Earth

Transportation asset management is important in planning and resource allocation for infrastructure maintenance, operations, and improvements. This paper presents the design and initial implementation of the kernel of a software system for asset management with the use of nonproprietary standards and open source software with state-of-the-art visualization capabilities. An innovative software design is presented; it combines semantic models of mobile and stationary transportation assets with the visualization capabilities of Google Earth. Semantic models can represent complex relationships between diverse asset classes. Semantic query across asset classes and properties is also a key feature. Google Earth is used for visualization because of its accessibility to a wide range of users and ability to combine different types of data. A visualization server was developed that implements the semantic model. The model defines stationary and mobile assets, including culverts, end treatments, and real-time traffic sensors. Spatial and semantic queries are used to construct layers displayed within Google Earth. Results show that the developed semantic models facilitate integration of software and hardware systems. Semantic modeling, using resource description framework (RDF) and web ontology language (OWL), provides a richer transportation world model than is possible with existing object-oriented or relational methods. Definition of classes and properties with a standardized syntax allows separation of design and implementation.
A free-fall ocean current meter using geomagnetic induction

The magnitude and direction of horizontal ocean currents are measured as a function of depth by a new free-fall instrument utilizing geomagnetic induction. Electric fields are induced within the instrument and the surrounding seawater due to motion through the Earth's magnetic field. The instrument measures the induced electric field, pressure and temperature and acoustically telemeters this data to the ship. With this instrument the structure of ocean currents in a vertical profile can be studied in great detail.
A scalable human body channel modeling technique for networked body implants

We describe an approach to modeling human body as a transmission medium for applications in implantable, networked sensors. The model is customizable, flexible and lends itself to digital computer simulation. The model views the human body as consisting of cubes (elements) of constant size. Each element is composed of a finite number of materials with composition profiles of materials assumed to be known. The proposed model does not require that all material types should have similar attenuation and fading distributions. The model can be applied to coarse or fine grained power requirements of implanted sensor network.
Subcutaneous mastectomy for juvenile hypertrophy of the breast: report of a case

Massive juvenile hypertrophy of the breast in a 12-year-old girl was successfully treated with a primary subcutaneous mastectomy and secondary placement of gel-filled silastic implants. The patient weighed 114 pounds and her breasts weighed 15 1/2 pounds. Small foci of regrowth occurred at the lateral ends of the mastectomy incisions only; a total of five of these foci were removed. Six years later no evidence of further residual breast tissue was noted and the breasts have been satisfactorily reconstructed.
Physicochemical and release studies of naproxen in poloxamer gels

The solubility of naproxen at pH 2 was significantly increased as a linear function of PF-127 concentration at three temperatures. Naproxen was highly entrapped by the micelles as indicated by large partition coefficients. The micellar solubilization was a spontaneous (ΔG 0). In the presence of PF-127, the release of naproxen across the membrane was significantly sustained at pH 2 and inversely proportional to the surfactant concentration. At pH 7, PF-127 had little effect on the membrane transport of naproxen. The release of naproxen from the PF-127 gel into isopropyl myristate was dependent on the medium pH. The highest release was observed at pH 6.3. The diffusion coefficients of naproxen were inversely proportional to drug loading and PF-127 concentration. The activation energy of 7.45 kcal/mol for the diffusion of naproxen in the gel was calculated using the Arrhenius equation.
Particulate matter chemistry and dynamics in the Twilight Zone at VERTIGO ALOHA and K2 Sites

Understanding particle dynamics in the 'Twilight Zone' is critical to prediction of the ocean's carbon cycle. As part of the VERTIGO (VERtical Transformations In the Global Ocean) project, this rarely sampled regime extending from the base of the euphotic layer to 1000 m, was characterized by double-paired day/night Multiple Unit Large Volume in-situ Filtration System (MULVFS) deployments and by {approx}100 high-frequency CTD/transmissometer/turbidity sensor profiles. VERTIGO studies lasting three weeks, contrasted oligotrophic station ALOHA (22.75{sup o}N 158{sup o}W), sampled in June-July 2004, with a biologically productive location (47{sup o}N 161{sup o}E) near station K2 in the Oyashio, occupied July-August 2005. Profiles of major and minor particulate components (C{sub org}, N, P, Ca, Si, Sr, Ba, Mn) in 51 {micro}m size fractions, in-water optics, neutrally buoyant sediment trap (NBST) fluxes, and zooplankton data were intercompared. MULVFS total C{sub org} and C-Star particle beam attenuation coefficient (C{sub P}) were consistently related at both sites with a 27 {micro}M m{sup -1} conversion factor. 26 At K2, C{sub P} profiles further showed a multitude of transient spikes throughout the water column and spike abundance profiles closely paralleled the double peaked abundance profiles of zooplankton. Also at K2, copepods contributed {approx}40% and 10%, night and day, respectively to >51 {micro}m C{sub org} of MULVFS samples in the mixed layer, but few copepods were collected in deeper waters; however, non-swimming radiolarians were quantitatively sampled. A recent hypothesis regarding POC differences between pumps and bottles is examined in light of these results. Particulate >51 {micro}m C{sub org}, N, and P at both ALOHA and K2 showed strong attenuation with depth at both sites. Notable at ALOHA were unusually high levels of >51 {micro}m Sr (up to 4 nM) in the mixed layer, a reflection of high abundances of SrSO{sub 4} precipitating Acantharia. Notable at K2 were major changes in water column inventories of many particulate components to 700 m over 10 days. Carbon mass balance, with the consideration of particle inventory changes included, indicated that over 98% and 96% of primary produced C{sub org} was remineralized shallower than 500 m at ALOHA and K2, respectively. Production of CaCO3 was estimated to be {approx}0.06, 0.89 and 0.02 mmols m{sup -2} d{sup -1} at ALOHA and at K2 during two separate week long study periods, respectively. Similarly, Si production was estimated to be {approx}0.08, 10.7, and 4.2 mols m{sup -2} d{sup -1}. An estimated 50% and 65% of produced Si was remineralized by 500m at ALOHA and K2, respectively. Little carbonate dissolution was seen in the upper 500 m at ALOHA, a reflection of 400% super saturation of surface waters and the 700 m deep saturation horizon. Over 92% of produced CaCO{sub 3} was dissolved shallower than 500 m at K2 and biological enhancement of dissolution was readily apparent in waters above the 200 m calcite saturation horizon.
SU‐GG‐J‐04: Determination of Tumor Volume Using a Joint Motion‐PVE Correction Technique in PET/CT Imaging

Objective: 4D‐CT has been used to determine the tumor volume (TV) for lung/thoracic radiation therapytreatment planning primarily due to its ability to detect the tumor motion extent and trajectory. However, 4‐D CT is usually characterized by high patient radiation exposure. The objective of this abstract is to propose and evaluate an approach that relies on a single static PET/CT scan than can determine the TV by simultaneously correcting for respiratory motion artifact and partial volume effect (PVE) thereby eliminating the need for 4D‐CT and reducing patient exposure.Materials and Methods: The proposed joint correction approach incorporates a model of motion blurring, PVE and object size/shape. A motion blurring kernel (MBK) is then estimated from the deconvolution of the joint model while the TV is derived from convolving the MBK by the object size/shape obtained from the CTimage. To test this technique, two studies were performed using 2 spheres of different sizes moving in a 2cm 1D‐sinusoidal and 2D‐circular waveforms respectively. In both cases, a 4D‐CT and a PET/CT of the 2 spheres were acquired. For both studies, the TV from the proposed technique was compared to the maximum‐intensity projection (MIP) volume of the 4D‐CT. Also a Dice coefficient of the two volumes was calculated. Results: The TV of the proposed technique was on average 3% different from the MIP volume. The average Dice coefficient was 0.87. The motion trajectory derived from the proposed technique is continuous while that of the 4D‐CT is discrete. Conclusion: Using this approach, a single static PET/CT can replace a 4D‐CT to determine the TV. This approach also has the ability to determine the tumor motion extent and trajectory and has the added advantage of reducing patient radiation exposure and determining the tumor locale probability (or MBK) compared to 4D‐CT.
Influence of rapid glacial retreat on the rate of erosion by tidewater glaciers

Glacial erosion rates inferred from total sediment budgets in recently deglaciated fjords, which are the highest reported erosion rates worldwide, have received considerable attention in fields as diverse as tectonics, glacial sedimentation, and climate. These record rates, however, are representative only of tidewater glaciers during their extensive retreat of the post–Little Ice Age period; erosion rates averaged over glacial-interglacial cycles and longer periods are likely to be substantially smaller. We examine the influence of retreat rate on sediment yields from tidewater glaciers by reconstructing the history of sediment output from retreating glaciers necessary to produce sediment packages observed in contemporary fjords. Using a simple numerical model of proglacial sedimentation in front of a retreating glacier, seismic profiles of proglacial sediments, and the history of terminus retreat of Muir Glacier, Glacier Bay, Alaska, we calculate the sediment flux as a function of time from this glacier between 1900 and 1979, and conclude that sediment flux scales with retreat rate. The corresponding basin-wide erosion rate during this 79 yr period averages 37 mm/yr, and exceeds long-term erosion rates by a factor of 5 ± 1. For Muir Glacier and, by inference, for other calving glaciers, the general drastic retreat and the marked regional drawdown of ice since the Little Ice Age are both linked to unusually rapid calving and fast ice motion, which is conducive to rapid erosion.
Neural-net augmentation of adaptive predictive control

Abstract In this paper, we report on the use of neural net computing in support of more traditional linear adaptive predictive control. The context of this task is “closed-loop drug delivery”. We had learned from previous work how to manipulate controls so as to force the close-loop system to have any specified transfer function. We now consider the task of estimating the values of requisite transfer function parameters given a semi-quantitative specification of the desired temporal response of the controlled system. We show that a neural-net computation approach is feasible and convenient.
Recycling heterogeneous americium targets in a boiling water reactor

Abstract One of the limiting contributors to the heat load constraint for a long term spent fuel repository is the decay of americium-241. A possible option to reduce the heat load produced by Am-241 is to eliminate it via transmutation in a light water reactor thermal neutron environment, in particular, by taking advantage of the large thermal fission cross section of Am-242 and Am-242m. In this study we employ lattice loading optimization techniques to define the loadings and arrangements of fuel pins with blended americium and uranium oxide in boiling water reactor bundles, specifically, by defining the incineration of pre-loaded americium as an objective function to maximize americium transmutation. Subsequently, the viability of these optimized lattices is tested by assembling them into bundles with Am-spiked fuel pins and by loading these bundles into realistic three-dimensional BWR core-wide simulations that model multiple reload cycles and observe standard operational constraints. These simulations are possible via our collaboration with the Westinghouse Electric Co. which facilitates the use of industrial-caliber design tools such as the PHOENIX-4/POLCA-7 sequence and the Core Master 2 © GUI work environment for fuel management. The resulting analysis confirms the ability to axially uniformly eliminating roughly 90% of the pre-loaded inventory of recycled Am-241 in BWR bundles with heterogeneous target pins. This high level of incineration was achieved within three to four 18-month operational cycles, which is equivalent to a typical in-core residence time of a BWR bundle.
Demonstration of EBR-II power maneuvers without control rod movement

Abstract A group of five plant inherent control tests was successfully conducted in November 1987 in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II. These tests demonstrated that the plant power of a metal-fueled reactor can be passively controlled over a large power range by slowly changing the primary flow and the reactor inlet temperature. These variables are, in turn, regulated by the primary pump speed, the secondary flow, and the turbine inlet pressure. In all tests, control rods were not used to regulate power. It was demonstrated that the plant power can be controlled with reasonable accuracy without using control rods when the reactivity feedback characteristics of the reactor are well understood and the plant controllers are adequately designed.
918-18 “Pulse Spray” Mini-Urokinase Infusion for Recanalization of Recently Occluded Saphenous Vein Grafts

Infusions of 1,000,000–6,000,000 U of urokinase over 17–70 hours have been shown to successfully recanalize recently (2–8 weeks) occluded saphenous vein grafts, however, major bleeding complications are common. These bleeding complications are often related to the systemic fibrinolytic state induced by the large dose of urokinase given during these infusions. In addition, these infusions often place a strain on the cardiac catheterization laboratory scheduling due to their lengthy nature. “Pulse spray” infusions of urokinase have been shown to successfully recanalize peripheral arterial and graft occlusions using a much lower dose of urokinase over a shorter period of time. This procedure requires the placement of a multiple side hole infusion catheter directly in contact with the occlusion followed by frequent injections or “sprays” of small doses of urokinase until recanalization is complete. We sought to determine if “pulse spray” mini-urokinase infusion would shorten the duration and decrease the dose of urokinase infusion required to successfully recanalize recently occluded saphenous vein grafts (SVG). Methods Five patients underwent “pulse spray” mini-urokinase infusions during the last six months. The mean age was 72.4. All had unstable angina. The mean age of the occlusion was 3.4 weeks (range 2–6). The target vessel was as follows: SVG→LCx (3), SVG→RCA (1), SVG→LAD (1). Standard angioplasty guiding catheters and guidewires were used. A Roubin ® infusion catheter was used to locally spray the urokinase. Heparin was administered to maintain the ACTg 300s during the procedure. Results All SVG's were successfully recanalized using the “pulse spray” mini–urokinase infusion. The mean duration of infusion was 52 minutes (range 40–60). The mean dose of urokinase was 650,000 U (range 500,000–750,000 U). All residual SVG stenoses then underwent successful PTCA. No major ischemic (death, CABG, Mil or bleeding complications (bleeding requiring transfusion, vascular repairl occurred. Conclusion Thus, “pulse spray” mini urokinase infusions can successfully recanalize recently occluded saphenous vein grafts using a much lower dose of urokinase over a shorter period of time than has previously been reported. Interestingly, major bleedin’g complications also appear to be reduced. A larger randomized trial will be required to fully evaluate this technique.
Synaptic Integrins in Developing, Adult, and Mutant Muscle: Selective Association of α1, α7A, and α7B Integrins with the Neuromuscular Junction

Abstract Differentiation of both pre- and postsynaptic structures at the skeletal neuromuscular junction is organized by the basal lamina that occupies the synaptic cleft. As β1 integrins are a major class of receptors for basal lamina components, we stained muscles with antibodies to the 10 integrin α subunits known to form dimers with β1, to determine if any of these molecules were concentrated at synaptic sites on muscle fibers. In both developing and adult muscle, the integrin α1 chain was selectively associated with presynaptic cells (Schwann cells and/or nerve terminals), while α7 was present on both synaptic and extrasynaptic portions of the muscle fiber surface. Thus α1 and α7 integrins are present in synaptic membranes. Expression of the α7 chain was analyzed further by staining with antibodies specific for three alternatively spliced products of the α7 gene (A, B, and C), all of which were expressed in muscle. The α7A and α7B isoforms were confined to synaptic sites in adult muscle, while α7C was present both synaptically and extrasynaptically. In developing muscle, α7A appeared postnatally and specifically at the synapse; α7B was present throughout the muscle fiber perinatally, becoming confined to the synapse in the second postnatal week; and α7C was present extrasynaptically both perinatally and in adulthood. Thus, two of the α7 integrins are synapse-specific, and all three show distinct spatiotemporal patterns of expression within a single cell type. Finally, we asked whether perturbation of laminin expression affected the distribution of the α7 integrins. In normal mice, laminin β2 is concentrated in synaptic basal lamina. In β2-null mutant mice, α7A was still present at synaptic sites, but α7B was absent. This result provides genetic evidence that basal lamina composition is a determinant of integrin distribution.
Effect of polyethylene glycol on the supercoiling free energy of DNA.

The supercoiling free energy of pUC19 DNA [2686 base pairs (bp)] was measured in various concentrations of PEG 8000 (polyethylene glycol; molecular weight 8000) by the topoisomer distribution method. The effective twist energy parameter (E(T)) that governs the supercoiling free energy declined linearly by 1.9-fold with increasing w/v % PEG from 0 to 7.5%, which lies below the threshold for intermolecular condensation. In principle, PEG could affect E(T) either via an osmotic exclusion mechanism or by altering the torsion elastic constant, bending rigidity, or self-repulsions of the DNA. Possible alterations of the DNA secondary structure and torsion elastic constant were assessed by CD spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence polarization anisotropy of intercalated ethidium. Up to 7.5% PEG, the secondary structure of the DNA remained largely unaltered, as evidenced by (1) the absence of any significant change in the CD spectrum, (2) an extremely small relative decrease (-0.0013) in intrinsic twist, and (3) a negligibly small change in the torsion elastic constant. The observed reduction in E(T) cannot be ascribed primarily to a decrease in torsion elastic constant, and most likely does not stem from a decrease in bending rigidity either. The decrease in medium dielectric constant due to PEG should increase the self-repulsions, and thereby increase E(T), which is opposite to the observed trend. Instead, the observed decline in E(T) is attributed to an osmotic exclusion mechanism. The change in molar volume excluded to the PEG (Delta V(ex)), when the linking difference converts from Delta l = 0 to Delta l = +/-1, was determined from the observed E(T) value and PEG osmotic pressure at each concentration. The experimental Delta V(ex) values agree well with theoretical estimates reckoned for a simple osmotic exclusion model, in which PEG is excluded by hard-core interactions from a concentric cylindrical volume around every duplex segment. The difference in volume excluded to PEG between the Delta l = 0 and the Delta l = +/-1 topoisomers is attributed entirely to the approximately 0.7 additional writhe "crossing" of two duplex strands at roughly 90 degrees, which is known to occur in the latter species. When the separation between the duplex centers at the "crossing" was adjusted so that the theoretical estimate of Delta V(ex) matched the experimental value at each PEG concentration, a value near 5.7 nm was obtained in each case. The invariance and plausible magnitude of this mean separation at the crossing provide strong support for this simple osmotic exclusion model. An alternative model, in which the PEG is excluded from the entire coil envelope of the DNA out to its radius of gyration, perhaps because it decreases the local dielectric constant, was also considered. The estimated difference in excluded volume in that case exceeds the experimental value by a factor of nearly 10(4), and could be ruled out on that basis.
Cultural, economic, and psychological predictors of colonoscopy in a national sample.

Background Although colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death among adults in the US and colonoscopy is efficacious in reducing morbidity and mortality from CRC, screening rates are sub-optimal. Understanding the socioeconomic, cultural, and health care context within which decisions about colonoscopy are made allows physicians to address patients’ most salient beliefs and values and other constraints when making screening recommendations.
Cultured Müller cells from mammals can synthesize and accumulate retinyl esters

Research reports from our laboratory, as well as those fromothers, have shown that cone-dominant species such as chicken,ground squirrel and zebraﬁsh possess a novel cone cycle which isdependent on the production of 11-cis retinal from Muller cells intheretina(Munizetal.,2006;Munizetal.,2007;WangandKefalov,2011). This visual cycle operates differently from the classical(canonical) visual cycle, which is dependent on the synthesis of11- cis retinal by an isomerohydrolase (RPE65 or Isomerase 1)located in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (Fleisch andNeuhauss, 2010; Takahashi et al., 2011). Using eyecup and iso-lated retina preparations, Kolesnikov et al. recently reported thatthe mouse retina promoted M/L-cone dark adaptation eightfoldfaster than the RPE alone (Kolesnikov et al., 2011) suggesting thatthe initial rapid cone pigment regeneration is highly dependent onthe synthesis of 11-cis retinal from Muller cells in the retina(Kolesnikov et al., 2011). However, it is not clear if IRBP (Inter-photoreceptor Retinoid Binding Protein) is essential for normalretinoidprocessingintheretinalconecycle(Kolesnikovetal.,2011;Parker et al., 2011). Furthermore, it has recently been reported thatdifferent variants of isomerases are expressed in mouse conephotoreceptors (Tang et al., 2011) as well as zebraﬁsh Muller cellsand ganglion cells (RPE65a and RPE65c) (Takahashi et al., 2011).Mullercellsfromthechickenretinahavebeen shownto possessretinol isomerase (Das et al., 1992; Mata et al., 2005; Muniz et al.,2009) and 11-cis retinyl ester synthase (Muniz et al., 2006) activi-ties. Although limited biochemical data are now available on thesevisual cycle enzymes, they are collected from the retina or Mullercellsin cone-dominant species. Atpresent, it is notknown if Mullercellsfromrod-dominantretinasalsopossessaconevisualcycleandspeciﬁc visual proteins for the cone cycle.Spontaneously immortalized human Muller cells were obtainedfrom Dr. Astrid Limb (University College; London, UK). Cells werecultured in T25 ﬂasks using Dulbecco’smodiﬁed essential medium(DMEM) with 4.5 g/L glucose and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at37 C þ 5% CO
What Do Users Want? What Do Users Need? W(h)ither the Academic Research Library?

ABSTRACT What shapes and extends user expectations? How well is the library positioned to meet and exceed those needs? How are library collections, services, technology, space, staffing, and organization influenced by these developments? What new roles and responsibilities are being embraced and advanced? This article outlines the growing desires and requirements of the academic research library user under the impact of digital and network technologies, with a focus on the student, the teacher, and the researcher.
Critical concentrations of copper, nickel, lead, and cadmium in soils based on nitrification

The nitrification process is sensitive to some heavy metals and, therefore, it can serve as bioindicator of their toxicity in soils. Previous work with zinc (Zn) has shown that its water extractable fraction is best related to the performance of nitrifiers. This fraction tends to unify different soils and sources of contamination with respect to thresholds of nitrification inhibition. In this study, the same approach was followed with copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). The nitrification process at different metal loadings was assessed in three soils. The applied metal loadings were based on published critical values for these metals. Nitrification inhibition depended on metal; Pb and Cd were not inhibitors, whereas Cu and Ni impaired nitrification at loadings lower than the published critical concentrations in soil. The water-extractable fraction was used as an index of metal presence in the soil system. A common threshold based on this index, were found for Cu. More than 3.8 mg water-...
Convergent designs for electrogenesis and electroreception

New- and old-world tropical electric fish lack a common electrical ancestor, suggesting that the mechanisms of signal generation and recognition evolved independently in the two groups. Recent research on convergent designs for electrogenesis and electroreception has focused on the structure of electric organs, the neural circuitry controlling the pacemaker driving the electric organ, and the neural circuitry underlying time coding of electric waveforms.
Natural incidence of influenza antibodies in children of different age groups.

Summary 1. Quantitative neutralization tests with the PR8 strain of influenza Avirus and Lee strain of influenza B virus and the serum of mothers and their newborn infants were determined. 2. Similar neutralization tests were also carried out with the sera of infants and children ranging in age from one month to 18 years. 3. It was found that newborn infants possess antibody levels very similarto those of their mothers, and that these antibodies rapidly disappear within the first few months of life. This is in accordance with previous observations, and is evidence that infants posses, by passive transfer from their mothers, antibodies against influenza A and B virus. 4. The antibody levels remain low during early childhood. After the ageof 7 they begin to rise, apparently as a result of contact with the virus, and probably represent a specific response to infection. 5. Since the antibody level of sera tends to parallel clinical susceptibilityto infection by the influenza virus, there is a very large group of infants and children from several months of age until later childhood where the need for decreasing the susceptibility to influenza by inoculation with influenza vaccine is indicated. 6. There is an unevenness of immunity against the different types of influenza virus; namely, the antibody level for type A is generally higher than that for type B. The explanations for this have been discussed. 7. While the number of cases presented in this report have been small from a statistical point of view, the trend of the results has been in accordance with that reported by others, and is sufficiently consistent to appear significant. There is a need for further data in regard to antibody levels against thedifferent strains of human influenza virus in the younger age groups, for there is a paucity of such reports in the literature.