cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deformation and Fatigue Fracture of Pb-Free Solder Alloys Under Complicated Load Conditions

Fundamental study of deformation and fatigue fracture behavior of solder alloys under complex load conditions is a key to enabling implementation of sophisticated 3-D time-dependent nonlinear FEM stress and strain analyses and life assessment for electronic packages and assemblies. In this study, the rate-dependent deformation and fatigue fracture behavior of Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu Pb-free alloy and Sn-Pb eutectic alloy was investigated with thin-walled specimens using a bi-axial servo-controlled tension-torsion material testing system, with solder alloys subjected to a variety of complex load conditions: pure shearing at strain rates between 6.7×10−7 /sec to 1.3×10−1 /sec, creep at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 125 °C, and cyclic loading with frequency of 0.001Hz to 3Hz. Bi-axial stress conditions were imposed for shearing tests to investigate effects of multi-axial stresses on deformation behavior. The effects of frequency and temperature on cyclic deformation and fatigue facture were investigated for lead-free Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu and Sn-Pb eutectic solder. Fractography of fatigue tested samples were also conducted to determine possible fatigue failure mechanisms.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Tumor cell-mediated proteolysis: regulatory mechanisms and functional consequences

Abstract The mammalian organism is composed of an inter-dependent series of tissue compartments separated from each other by an extracellular matrix (ECM). This ECM functions as both a determinant of tissue architecture and a mechanical barrier to cellular invasion. ECM proteolysis facilitates tissue penetration, and a distinctive property of many malignant tumor cells is the capacity to invade host tissues and establish metastatic foci. Malignant cells produce a spectrum of matrix-degrading proteinases with activities directed against the major ECM proteins. These enzymes are identical to those normally involved in physiologic processes; however, proteinase regulation is altered such that enzyme expression and/or activity are inappropriately controlled. The purpose of this review is to highlight biochemical mechanisms commonly utilized by tumor cells to regulate proteinase activity and to discuss the potential functional consequences with respect to tumor cell behavior. Specific examples will be provided to illustrate the concepts of regulation via limited proteolysis, enzyme-inhibitor binding, compartmentalization, and alteration of proteinase expression.
In the Beginning Were the Words: The Apotheosis and Narrative Displacement of the Logos

UNTIL QUITE RECENTLY theories of interpretation and philosophies of language tended to be derived from written records. Whichever theories happened to be in vogue-historical criticism, philosophical hermeneutics, modem formalism, synchronic structuralism, or postmodern deconstructionism-they concerned themselves not with language per se, but almost instinctively with textualized language. Signs are not wanting, however, of a concurrent and growing interest in matters of oral composition and performance, speech and rhetoric, discourse and dialogue, and in manifoldly tangled interactions of speech and writing. The bulk of this work has been produced by recent North American scholarship. What comes to mind is the by now well-known trinity of orality-literacy studies: the work of Milman Parry (A. Parry 1971) and Albert B. Lord (1960) on oral compositional processes in the Serbo-Croatian narrative tradition and its implication for the Homeric epics; Eric A. Havelock's explication of Plato's attack on the oral hegemony of the Greek paideia which the philosopher perceived to be an obstacle to -the advancement of thought (1963; 1982); and Walter J. Ong's analysis of the 16th century Ramist disestablishment of the oral world of rhetoric and discourse in favor of a quiescent, visualist logic (1958). Largely, although not exclusively, stimulated by these three classics, a body of scholarship has since developed dedicated to explora-
Variations in reactive oxygen release and antioxidant activity in multiple "Symbiodinium" types in response to elevated temperature

As ocean temperatures rise, investigations into what the physiological effects will be on the symbiotic microalga Symbiodinium, and how these may play into the cnidarian bleaching response, have highlighted the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies have laid this groundwork using a limited number of Symbiodinium phylotypes, and so this study aims to expand this understanding by exploring the effects of sub-lethal elevated temperatures on the physiological response of seven genetically distinct types of Symbiodinium, including A1, B1, B2, C1, D, E1, and F2. The production of ROS (at 26 °C, 29 °C, 30 °C, and 31 °C) and activity of the antioxidants catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (at 26 °C and 31 °C) were measured as indicators of sensitivity or tolerance to heat stress. Symbiodinium types B1 and C1 were the most thermally sensitive, with C1 producing the highest amount of ROS at elevated temperatures. Types A1 and F2 were tolerant, having no increase in ROS production, and were the only types to increase both CAT and SOD activity with temperature stress. Type B2 had decreased ROS production and elevation of CAT activity, while type E1 had decreased levels of ROS production at elevated temperatures. Type D was the only Symbiodinium type to remain unaffected by elevated temperatures. These results are consistent with previous findings of relative sensitivity or tolerance to elevated temperatures, specifically with regards to types A1, B1, and F2. The inclusion of types B2, C1, D, and E1 provides further new evidence of how types differ in their thermal responses, suggesting differing mechanisms exist in the Symbiodnium response to higher temperature and highlighting the importance of establishing symbiont identity when exploring the response of intact associations to this type of stress.
A Voronovskaya Type Theorem for Poisson-Cauchy Type singular operators

Abstract In this article we continue with the study of approximation properties of smooth Poisson–Cauchy Type singular integral operators over the real line. We produce Voronovskaya Type results and give some quantitative results regarding the rate of convergence of these singular integral operators.
Regional and urban-suburban differentials in coronary heart disease mortality and risk factor prevalence

Abstract This study examines the extent to which regional and urban-suburban differentials in coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality can be attributed to differences in three major risk factors—smoking, serum cholesterol and blood pressure. Levels of these risk factors were measured in the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for a representative sample of United States adults for 1971–1975. Each individual's probability of CHD death is estimated by applying the logistic equation developed in the Framingham Heart Study to his/her risk factor levels. By aggregating the individual estimates according to place of residence, ‘expected’ CHD death rates by region and metropolitan status are obtained. Vital statistics (1968–1972) are used to generate actual CHD death rates by region and urban suburban residence. The ‘expected’ rates do not generally follow the same patterns as the actual CHD death rates. Thus, differentials in these risk factors cannot account for the lower CHD death rates observed in the West as compared to other regions or among suburban as compared to urban residents.
On the Predictive Efficiency of Past Performance and Physical Ability: The Case of the National Football League

This study investigated the criterion-related validity of past performance and physical ability tests over time in a physically demanding context, the National Football League (NFL). Results suggested that an indicator of past performance, collegiate performance, engendered a stronger relationship with future NFL performance than a variety of physical ability tests administered during the NFL Combine. Unlike physical ability, past performance remained a valid predictor across four years of the criterion domain; however, the validity coefficients eventually deteriorated over time, following a simplex pattern commonly found with general mental ability tests. Implications germane to staffing research and practice are discussed.
Relationship of single ventricle filling and preload to total cavopulmonary connection hemodynamics.

Background Single ventricle lesions are associated with gradual attrition after surgical palliation with the total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). Ventricular dysfunction is frequently noted, particularly impaired diastolic performance. This study seeks to relate TCPC hemodynamic energy losses to single ventricle volumes and filling characteristics. Methods Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) data were retrospectively analyzed for 30 single ventricle patients at an average age of 12.7 ± 4.8 years. Cine ventricular short-axis scans were semiautomatically segmented for all cardiac phases. Ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, peak filling rate, peak ejection rate, and time to peak filling were calculated. Corresponding patient-specific TCPC geometry was acquired from a stack of transverse CMR images; relevant flow rates were segmented from through-plane phase contrast CMR data at TCPC inlets and outlets. The TCPC indexed power loss was calculated from computational fluid dynamics simulations using a validated custom solver. Time-averaged flow conditions and rigid vessel walls were assumed in all cases. Pearson correlations were used to detect relationships between variables, with p less than 0.05 considered significant. Results Ventricular end-diastolic (R = −0.48) and stroke volumes (R = −0.37) had significant negative correlations with the natural logarithm of a flow-independent measure of power loss. This power loss measure also had a significant positive relationship to time to peak filling rate (normalized to cycle time; R = 0.67). Conclusions Flow-independent TCPC power loss is inversely related with ventricular end-diastolic and stroke volumes. Elevated power losses may contribute to impaired diastolic filling and limited preload reserve in single ventricle patients.
Cardiovascular Imaging and Diagnostic Procedures in Pregnancy

Diagnostic imaging procedures, including echocardiography, chest radiography, angiography, CT, and cardiovascular MRI, may be indicated in pregnant patients. Concerns related to the safety of these tests must be balanced against the importance of accurate diagnosis and assessment of a pathologic state. Such a calculation requires an understanding of the normal physiology of pregnancy, manifestations of pre-existing cardiac disease in pregnant women, and signs and symptoms of nascent cardiovascular disease. Additionally cardiologists must understand indications for and limitations of each diagnostic imaging test, potential harmful effects of various modalities, and precautions that must be taken to protect the fetus.
Characterization of two-phase B2–HCP alloys in the Ru–Al–Cr system

Abstract Alloys of Ru–Al–Cr produced by arc-melting and by directional solidification at 20 mm/h were heat treated at 1100 °C and 1500 °C. Partial isothermal sections at 1100 °C and 1500 °C were constructed using the results from scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Both isothermal sections displayed a large B2 region with a composition extending towards Ru–20Al–38Cr at%. The directionally solidified Ru–6Al–38Cr and Ru–4Al–41Cr (at%) alloys exhibited uniformly distributed B2 precipitates in an HCP matrix after heat treatment at 1100 °C for 200 h. The Burgers orientation relationship of ( ( 0001 ) HCP / / ( 011 ) B 2 , [ 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 ] HCP / / [ 1 1 ¯ 1 ] B 2 ) was found between the HCP matrix and the semicoherent B2 precipitates by TEM. A uniform Al compositional profile within the B2 precipitates was found using STEM while limited solubility was detected in the matrix.
Partial resolution of energy-linked reactions in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores.

Chromatophores isolated from Rhodospirillum rubrum contain in addition to their photophosphorylation mechanism a number of the energy-linked functions found in rat liver and ox-heart submitochondrial particles. Like submitochondrial particles, the chromatophores catalyze an electron transport coupled phosphorylation of ADP to ATP [l] , energylinked ion transport [2], the energy dependent reduction of NAD+ by succinate [3] , and an energy-linked transhydrogenation between NADH and NADP+ [4]. In addition, chromatophores are able to couple the synthesis of pyrophosphate to electron transport [S]. Chromatophores further resemble submitochondrial particles in that they contain ATPase activity. The ATPase activity has been postulated to be a result of a reversal of the phosphorylation mechanism and the hydrolytic cleavage of an energized intermediate [6]. Studies of the coupling factor, F,, from ox-heart mitochondria suggested that mitochondrial ATPase represents the terminal enzyme of the phosphorylation mechanism [7]. In analogy with the mitochondrial and chromatophore ATPase activity, the inorganic pyrophosphatase activity of R. rubrum has been pos-
Clinical applications of gallium in oncology

Abstract A variety of indicators or “markers” are used in the practice of Oncology for detecting the presence of malignancy. Such markers are of particular use in testing for response to therapy and the recurrence of tumor following successful therapy. Over the past decade, radionuclide imaging with gallium-67 has provided such a marker for a variety of malignancies and has gained wide acceptance as a diagnostic procedure. While much of the basis for this clinical application has been empirical, some careful studies have attested to the level of reliability for gallium imaging in patients with malignant tumors. Generally, the best procedure is to individualize each patient and obtain a whole-body gallium-67 scan as early as possible following the diagnosis of malignancy and before any therapy is instituted. This can be used to help determine how well the tumor will accept the marker and, therefore, how useful the procedure will be in a particular patient. The experience of the National Institutes of Health with gallium-67 imaging in oncology patients has been extensive over the past decade. This experience strongly favors the usefulness of gallium imaging in Oncology.
Segmental exchanges define 4-aminopyridine binding and the inner mouth of K+ pores.

Abstract 4-Aminopyridine (4AP) blocks the intracellular mouth of voltage-gated K + channels. We identified critical regions for 4AP binding with chimeric channels in which segments of a low affinity clone (Kv2.1, IC 50 = 18 mM) were replaced with those of a high affinity clone (Kv3.1, IC 50 = 0.1 mM) 4AP sensitivity was not tranferred with the S5–S6 linker (pore or P region) Instead, a chimera of the cytoplasmic half of S6 increased block 20-fold, without affecting gating.A double chimera of the cytoplasmic halves of S5 and S6 fully transferred 4AP sensitivity. Because 4AP block was inhibited by tetrapentylammonium, we conclude that determinants of 4AP binding lie in the S6 segment that forms the cytoplasmic vestibule of the pore and that this site may overlap a quaternary ammonium site.
Protein Kinase Cα Regulates Human Monocyte O·̄2Production and Low Density Lipoprotein Lipid Oxidation

Our previous studies have shown that human native low density lipoprotein (LDL) can be oxidized by activated human monocytes. In this process, both activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and induction of superoxide anion (O-2) production are required. PKC is a family of isoenzymes, and the functional roles of individual PKC isoenzymes are believed to differ based on subcellular location and distinct responses to regulatory signals. We have shown that the PKC isoenzyme that is required for both monocyte O-2 production and oxidation of LDL is a member of the conventional PKC group of PKC isoenzymes (Li, Q., and Cathcart, M. K. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 17508-17515). The conventional PKC group includes PKCalpha, PKCbetaI, PKCbetaII, and PKCgamma. With the exception of PKCgamma, each of these isoenzymes was detected in human monocytes. In these studies, we investigated the requirement for select PKC isoenzymes in the process of monocyte-mediated LDL lipid oxidation. Our data indicate that PKC activity was rapidly induced upon monocyte activation with the majority of the activity residing in the membrane/particulate fraction. This enhanced PKC activity was sustained for up to 24 h after activation. PKCalpha, PKCbetaI, and PKCbetaII protein levels were induced upon monocyte activation, and PKCalpha and PKCbetaII substantially shifted their location from the cytosol to the particulate/membrane fraction. To distinguish between these isoenzymes for regulating monocyte O-2 production and LDL oxidation, PKCalpha or PKCbeta isoenzyme-specific antisense oligonucleotides were used to selectively suppress isoenzyme expression. We found that suppression of PKCalpha expression inhibited both monocyte-mediated O-2 production and LDL lipid oxidation by activated human monocytes. In contrast, inhibition of PKCbeta expression (including both PKCbetaI and PKCbetaII) did not affect O-2 production or LDL lipid oxidation. Further studies demonstrated that the respiratory burst oxidase responsible for O-2 production remained functionally intact in monocytes with depressed levels of PKCalpha because O-2 production could be restored by treating the monocytes with arachidonic acid. Taken together, our data reveal that PKCalpha, and not PKCbetaI or PKCbetaII, is the predominant isoenzyme required for O-2 production and maximal oxidation of LDL by activated human monocytes.
2'-Deoxythioguanosine and its α-Anomer

THE recent announcement1 that 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUDR) is effective against the herpes simplex virus, whereas the riboside, 5-iodo-uridine, is not, emphasizes the possible therapeutic differences between ribosides and 2′-deoxyribosides of a common heterocyclic base. As a result of our interest in preparing potentially better forms of certain common antitumour drugs, we have recently reported the synthesis of the 2′-deoxyriboside of 6-mercaptopurine2; we now describe the synthesis of 2′-deoxythioguanosine (DTG). In view of LePage's report3 that the tumour-inhibitory properties of 6-thioguanine result from the incorporation of this guanine analogue into the nucleic acids (probably specifically the DNA), DTG is of especial interest since it represents the closest practical precursor of thioguanine as it is incorporated in the DNA; it by-passes some of the steps from thioguanine to its incorporation into DNA.
Has deregulation decreased the risk of NYSE seat ownership

Abstract It is well known that regulatory change led to large capital losses for owners of New York Stock Exchange seats. I show here that deregulation may also have led to a decrease in the risk of seat-holding.
Spin(6) boson-fermion dynamical symmetry for odd-odd nuclei

Abstract Spin (6) boson-fermion dynamical symmetry is extended to odd-odd nuclei. An algorithm is constructed for a subsequent reduction appropriate for the boson-fermion group chain associated with odd protons and neutrons in j = 3 2 configurations and with SO(6) boson symmetry of the core. The corresponding energy formula for the odd-odd system is constructed and discussed. The possibility of generalization to extended supersymmetry encompassing even-even, odd-even and odd-odd nuclei is pointed out.
Prediction of late cardiac events by dipyridamole thallium imaging in patients undergoing elective vascular surgery.

Abstract Dipyridamole thallium scintigraphy has previously been shown to have prognostic value in the preoperative assessment of patients scheduled to undergo vascular surgery, but its effect on the long-term outcome is less well-defined. In the largest series to date, dipyridamole thallium scanning was performed in 360 patients before elective vascular surgery and survivors were followed for a mean of 31 months. In the 327 patients who underwent vascular surgery, operative death and nonfatal myocardial infarction occurred in 4.9 and 6.7%, respectively. A cardiac event (nonfatal myocardial infarction or cardiac death) occurred in 14.4% of patients with a transient thallium defect, as opposed to 1% with a normal scan (p
The turnover of surface immunoglobulins of small lymphocytes and blastic cells

Abstract We have previously shown that the maintenance of surface Ig by most B cells in culture is dependent on the continuous presence of polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA). We put forward the hypothesis that lymphocytes shed their surface Ig but replace it only if they are continuously stimulated i.e., that the turnover of surface Ig is a mitogen-dependent process. To demonstrate this hypothesis, rabbit spleen cells were labeled with 125 I-Fab anti-light-chain allotype antibody and were incubated in cultures supplemented with normal rabbit serum of an allotype different from that present on the lymphocytes. We found that the surface Ig is released with a half-life of 2 hr whether a PBA was present or not. However, the surface Ig was regenerated only in the presence of the PBA. The decrease in the percentage of cells bearing surface Ig paralleled to a large extent the decrease in the total amount of surface Ig determined by 125 I-Fab antibody. The surface Ig of blastic B cells induced in cultures with dextran sulfate had the same half-life of 2 hr, suggesting that the turnover of surface Ig of small and blastic lymphocytes is similar and that it is regulated without any relation to cell activation. The basic phenomena described here and previously for rabbit lymphocytes also occurred when human or mouse lymphoid cell suspensions were used. We concluded that (a) the turnover of surface Ig in vitro is a mitogen-dependent process with a half-life of 2 hr, (b) its regulation is not dependent on cell activation, and (c) it is similar in man, rabbit, and mouse.
Performance Evaluation and Numerical Modeling of Embankment over Soft Clayey Soil Improved with Chemico-Pile:

The stabilization of soft clay is one of the most important construction techniques in geotechnical engineering. The injection method using chemical grouting in the ground has been widely used to improve soft ground. Chemical admixture stabilization (with lime and cement as the chemical admixture) has been extensively used in both shallow and deep stabilization to improve the inherent properties of soil, such as strength and deformation behavior. These methods involve mixing soil with chemicals. The other technique—the so-called chemico-lime pile or chemico-pile method—involves forming columns of chemically treated lime in the soil without mixing. This method is widely used in Japan and Singapore and is a fast, effective, and well-recognized way of improving soil with soft clay deposits. The chemico-pile method has been used in a full-scale test embankment project at the Nong Ngo Hao site near Bangkok, Thailand. The site is part of the second Bangkok International Airport project, located in the Samutprak...
Chronic descending aortic dissections.

Aortic dissection involving the descending aorta has a predictable and often debilitating course of progressive dilatation that occurs once patients survive the acute phase of the disease. Important factors that impact the rate and degree of dilatation include the persistence of a false lumen channel (and the amount of thrombus), the control of hypertension, and the presence of an underlying connective tissue disorder. The mainstay of management of chronic descending aortic dissections is antihypertensive therapy including β-blockade until the dissected aorta becomes significantly aneurysmal. Surgical management is recommended at that point. Multiple advances have been made that have improved the results of operative repair of aneurysmal descending aortic dissections including circulation management methodologies, CSF drainage, neurocerebral monitoring, and more recently, endovascular therapies. The presentation, diagnosis and management of chronic descending aortic dissections are discussed.
Palladium-enhanced reducibility of nickel in NaY

Abstract The presence of palladium has been found to strongly enhance the reducibility of nickel in NaY. Pretreatment conditions have a pronounced effect on the temperature-programmed reduction (t.p.r.) profiles of monometallic and bimetallic palladium/nickel catalysts. At high pH, Ni is hydrolyzed in supercages; at low pH, Ni 2+ ions migrate to smaller cages. Reduced Pd particles in the supercages, in close contact with NiO clusters, enhance their reducibility; the protons formed during Pd reduction, however, redisperse them to form Ni 2+ ions, thus decreasing their reducibility. Two mechanisms are thought to contribute to the Pd-enhanced reduction of Ni 2+ ions. One involves the formation of NiPd ion pairs in the small cages; the other requires migration of Ni 2+ ions out of small cages to interact with reduced Pd particles in supercages.
Dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog allergen concentrations in homes of asthmatic children in the northeastern United States: impact of socioeconomic factors and population density.

Home exposures to aeroallergens are an important environmental factor in allergic sensitization and in the development and exacerbation of asthma. We assessed variations in home concentrations of dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog allergens in dust collected in the main living areas of asthmatics' homes by family income, mother's education, dwelling type, population density, household population density, and ethnicity in Connecticut and south-central Massachusetts. Dust samples were collected at the time of home interview in 999 homes as part of an ongoing longitudinal birth cohort study of 1,002 infants and their asthmatic siblings. The analysis employed lower and upper cut points for group 1 dust mite (> or = 2.0 microg/g and > or = 10 microg/g), cockroach (> or = 1.0 U/g and > or = 4.0 U/g), cat (> or = 1.0 microg/g and > or = 8.0 ug/g), and dog (> or = 2.0 microg/g and > or = 10.0 microg/g) allergens. Subject residences were geocoded to assess population density from the U.S. Census, and multiple logistic regression was used to control for confounding. The portion of homes at the lower cut point for dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog allergens were 46.9%, 24.9%, 42.2%, and 35.6%, respectively; the upper cut point for each of the allergens was reached in 22.4%, 13.4%, 21.0%, and 22.9% of the homes, respectively. In all, 86.0% of the homes had at least one allergen at the lower cut point, and 58.0% had at least one allergen at the upper cut point. Forty-nine percent of the homes had two or more allergens at the lower cut point, and 19.7% had two or more allergens at the upper cut point. Higher education of the mother, higher household income, living in a single-family home in a less densely populated area with fewer people per room, and being a white household were associated with elevated dust mite, cat, and dog allergens and low cockroach allergen. In contrast, low income, living in a multifamily home in a high population density area with a higher occupancy rate per room, and being a Hispanic or black household were associated with elevated cockroach allergens and low concentrations of dust mite, cat, and dog allergens. Although the presence of an individual allergen is more likely associated with one or more socioeconomic or ethnic factors, most homes typically have multiple allergen burdens in excess of concentrations thought to be associated with sensitization and exacerbation of asthma. Mite and cockroach allergens have distinct and opposite associations with socioeconomic factors and population density.
Effect of high lipid diets on normal and traumatized rats.

Summary and conclusionsRats were maintained on 40% butter, 40% corn oil and control diets for 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Rats from each diet were traumatized in the Noble-Collip Drum so as to compare plasminogen activation. Serum proteolytic activity and cholesterol levels were determined. Differences in weights of the comparably dieted animals were negligible. Serum cholesterol levels were markedly higher in those fed high fat diets with 5% cholesterol than in rats on control diets. Trauma caused significantly increased serum proteolytic activity and serum cholesterol levels in all groups. The diet administered produced moderate hypercholesterolemia which did not significantly alter the serum proteolytic activator or plasmin activity of normal or traumatized rats.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Friction Stir Welded Joints of Aerospace Aluminum Alloys Al-2195

Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW) has been adopted as a major process for welding Aluminum aerospace structures. Aluminum (Al-2195) which is one of the new generations Aluminum alloys that has been used for the new super lightweight external tank for the space shuttle. NASA’s Michaud Assembly Facility (MAF) in New Orleans is continuously pursuing Friction-Stir-Welding (FSW) technologies in its efforts to advance fabrication of the external tanks of the space shuttles. The future launch vehicles which will have reusable mandates, for the structure to have good fatigue properties which prompts an investigation into the fatigue behavior of the friction stir welded aerospace structures. The butt joint specimens of Aluminum alloys (Al-2195 and Al-2219) are fatigue tested according to ASTM-E647. The effects of stress ratios, corrosion preventive compound (CPC), and periodic overloading on fatigue life is investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is used to examine the failure surfaces and examine the different modes of crack propagation i.e. tensile, shear, and brittle modes. It is found that fatigue life increases with the increase in stress ratios; the fatigue life also increases from 30%–38% with the use of CPC; and the fatigue life could increase 8–12 times with periodic overloading; while the crack closure phenomenon predominates the fatigue fracture.Numerical analysis has been used to model fatigue life prediction scheme for these structures, the interface element technique with critical bonding strength criterion for formation of new surface has been used to model crack propagation. The linear elastic fracture mechanics stress intensity factor is calculated using FEA and the fatigue life predictions made using this method; and are within 10%–20% of the experimental fatigue life obtained.© 2013 ASME
Suppression of synthesis of immunoglobulin in mouse myeloma cells by alloantibody

Alloantibody-containing globulins that can suppress the production of hemolytic antibody plaques by antigenically stimulated Balb/c spleen cells were tested for their effect on Balb/c plasmacytoma cells. Two plasmacytomas, MOPC 21 and MOPC 315, which normally produce IgGl and IgA, respectively, were treated with CBA anti-Balb/c globulin from which the cytotoxic antibody had been largely removed by differential absorption. The effects on synthesis of the Ig's were studied in three experimental modes.
The prebiotic synthesis and catalytic role of imidazoles and other condensing agents.

In the past decade significant advances have been made in the synthesis of oligonucleotides and other polymers by means of imidazoles and other condensing agents. In spite of the current knowledge of the chemistry of imidazoles and their importance as prebiotic catalysts, their formation under primitive earth conditions has not been properly demonstrated. We have now been able to synthesize imidazole as well as its 2-methyl and 4-methyl derivatives under plausible prebiotic conditions. One method utilizes an aldehyde (formaldehyde or acetaldehyde), glyoxal and ammonia as the starting materials for the formation of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. The other method uses a carbohydrate and ammonia as the key reagents for the synthesis of 4-methylimidazole. The importance of imidazole and related compounds (e.g., cyanamide) in the synthesis of oligonucleotides has been studied by us as well as others. Apparently the charge relay group (−N−C−N−) present in imidazoles, carbodiimides, cyanamide, or the histidine and arginine of enzyme active centers is essential for the synthesis of phosphodiester and pyrophosphate bonds.
Vicarious Excretion of Parenteral Contrast Material After Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair

The aim of this study is to describe the finding of vicarious excretion of intravascular contrast media in association with endovascular management of an aortic aneurysm and to discuss the clinical significance. Vicarious excretion of intravascular contrast material through the hepatobiliary system will be encountered occasionally following endovascular procedures. Plain abdominal images obtained for the purpose of graft position and structural integrity will increase recognition of this finding. Vicarious hepatobiliary excretion of parenteral contrast media, while associated with renal obstruction or parenchymal pathology, is not pathognomonic for renal pathology.
Thickness of a liquid film on a solid substrate induced by steady-state surfactant flow.

When a wettable solid substrate (flint glass) is brought into contact with a vessel of water on the surface of which an appropriate surfactant has been spread (valinomycin), a visible film is observed to creep up to the substrate. If the substrate is now bent so that its far end makes contact with a second water vessel (at the same height) on which the same surfactant is spread, a net flow of surfactant is observed to occur under the influence of a surface tension differential between the two vessels. From elementary hydrodynamics the thickness of the film of water accompanying the surfactant flow can be deduced from measurements of the surface tension differential and the rate of transfer of the surfactant. We have developed a theory for the thickness of this entrained film, which turns out is governed by the van der Waals dispersion force. Our treatment allows us to deduce the film thickness from first principles and, by comparison with the experimental results, to determine the retarded Hamaker constant B.
Colostomy closure: how to avoid complications

Purpose Colostomy is an operation frequently performed in pediatric surgery. Despite its benefits, it can produce significant morbidity. In a previous publication we presented our experience with the errors and complications that occurred during cases of colostomy creation. We now have focused in the morbidity related to the colostomy closure. The technical details that might have contributed to the minimal morbidity we experienced are described.
Inflatable penile prosthesis cylinder failure after internal urethrotomy

Transurethral direct vision internal urethrotomy can be performed safely in the presence of an inflatable penile prosthesis with several caveats. A case of prosthesis cylinder rupture by urethrotome is reviewed.
Epidemiology and prevention of cutaneous melanoma

Melanoma incidence has continued to increase in all white populations, and mortality from melanoma remains high in older men worldwide. In Australia, Europe, and the United States, a substantial number of thick melanomas in older men are of the nodular subtype, a subtype lacking asymmetry or color change. Educating the public and pro-fessionals about the significance of evolving pigmented lesions as emphasized in the revised ABCDE of pigmented lesions is relevant. Targeting screening efforts toward older men will be necessary to decrease worldwide melanoma mortality. Among preven-tion strategies, emphasizing multiple methods of sun protection in early childhood, adolescence, and adulthood is needed to decrease sunburn rates. Chemoprevention research in melanoma should become a research priority to complement ongoing prevention strategies.
Evidence supporting a role of serotonin in modulation of sudden death induced by seizures in DBA/2 mice.

Summary: Purpose: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is a serious concern for epilepsy patients. DBA/2 mice are proposed as a SUDEP model, because these mice exhibit respiratory arrest (RA) after audiogenic seizures (AGSs), and RA is also implicated in human SUDEP. Respiratory mechanisms are modulated, in part, by serotonin. Therefore we evaluated the effects of serotoninergic agents on RA incidence in DBA/2 mice. Methods: DBA/2 mice (75%) exhibited AGS and RA, and ∼99% of animals could be resuscitated. The mice exhibiting RA were given a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, fluoxetine, 24 h after the initial AGS, and RA susceptibility was evaluated 30 min later. Ten percent of DBA/2 mice exhibited tonic hindlimb extension (TE) without RA, and a serotonin antagonist (cyproheptadine) was administered to these mice. Results: Fluoxetine (15‐25 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the incidence of RA in DBA/2 mice after AGSs, and this effect wa sr eversible by 72 h. Only the 25-mg/kg dose reduced AGS severity. In mice exhibiting TE without RA, the incidence of RA was significantly increased 30 min after cyproheptadine (1‐ 2 mg/kg i.p.). Most of these mice exhibited AGSs without RA again by 72 h. Conclusions: These findings indicate that fluoxetine reduced RA in DBA/2 mice at doses that did not reduce seizure severity. Because DBA/2 mice are a proposed model for human SUDEP, these data support evaluation of fluoxetine for SUDEP prevention in the patient population most susceptible to SUDEP. The data raise concern about the use of serotonin antagonists in this patient population. Ke yW ords: SUDEP—Audiogenic seizures—Respiratory arrest—Serotonin—DBA/2 mice.
Nation and Cuisine. The Evidence From American Newspapers Ca. 1830–2003

It has been argued that cuisine happens when cooking leaves the kitchen, in the first instance when it escapes the domestic kitchen, and in the second instance, when it spreads onto the print media to give durability to the talk about taste. This article seeks to measure the talk about restaurants in American newspapers from its first appearance around 1830 up to the present, so as to reach some conclusions on claims about American cuisine. Does it exist? How do we know if it does?
Genomic size of CENP-A domain is proportional to total alpha satellite array size at human centromeres and expands in cancer cells

Human centromeres contain multi-megabase-sized arrays of alpha satellite DNA, a family of satellite DNA repeats based on a tandemly arranged 171 bp monomer. The centromere-specific histone protein CENP-A is assembled on alpha satellite DNA within the primary constriction, but does not extend along its entire length. CENP-A domains have been estimated to extend over 2,500 kb of alpha satellite DNA. However, these estimates do not take into account inter-individual variation in alpha satellite array sizes on homologous chromosomes and among different chromosomes. We defined the genomic distance of CENP-A chromatin on human chromosomes X and Y from different individuals. CENP-A chromatin occupied different genomic intervals on different chromosomes, but despite inter-chromosomal and inter-individual array size variation, the ratio of CENP-A to total alpha satellite DNA size remained consistent. Changes in the ratio of alpha satellite array size to CENP-A domain size were observed when CENP-A was overexpressed and when primary cells were transformed by disrupting interactions between the tumor suppressor protein Rb and chromatin. Our data support a model for centromeric domain organization in which the genomic limits of CENP-A chromatin varies on different human chromosomes, and imply that alpha satellite array size may be a more prominent predictor of CENP-A incorporation than chromosome size. In addition, our results also suggest that cancer transformation and amounts of centromeric heterochromatin have notable effects on the amount of alpha satellite that is associated with CENP-A chromatin.
Primary dural mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-type lymphoma: case report and review of the literature.

A 47-year-old Hispanic male presented with visual field disturbances, memory impairment, and a seizure. CT and MRI were consistent with meningioma. Both neurologic exam and routine laboratory tests were within normal limits. The patient underwent craniotomy and subtotal resection of the tumor. On HE this is the first such case reported in a male and serves to emphasize the wide diversity of presentation of a neoplasm originally described in the GI tract and thus far described in the CNS only in females.
Larval survival and plant injury of Cry1F-susceptible, -resistant, and -heterozygous fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on non-Bt and Bt corn containing single or pyramided genes

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a major target of transgenic corn, Zea mays L., expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) proteins in both North and South America. A highly Cry1F-resistant strain of S. frugiperda was established from a field collection in Puerto Rico in 2011. In this study, three greenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate larval survival and leaf injury of Cry1F-susceptible, -resistant, and -heterozygous genotypes of S. frugiperda on whole plants of five non-Bt and eight Bt corn hybrids. The Bt corn products included two single-gene Bt corn hybrids containing Herculex®I (Cry1F) and YieldGard® (Cry1Ab) traits and six pyramided Bt corn hybrids representing four traits: Genuity® VT Double Pro™, Genuity®VT Triple Pro™, Genuity® SmartStax™, and Agrisure® Viptera™ 3111. In each trial, neonates of S. frugiperda were placed into the plant whorls at vegetative plant stages (V6–V10). Larvae of the three insect genotypes on non-Bt corn hybrids survived well and caused serious plant injury. Cry1Ab corn was ineffective against all three insect genotypes. On Cry1F corn plants, resistant larvae survived on 72.9% plants after 12–15 d and caused a leaf injury rating (Davis' 1 to 9 scales) of 5.7 after 7 d and 7.6 after 12–15 d. Both the larval survivorship and leaf injury rates of the resistant larvae on Cry1F corn plants were not significantly different from those observed on non-Bt corn hybrids. In contrast, no live larvae and little or no leaf injury were observed on the Cry1F corn plants that were infested with susceptible or heterozygous genotypes, or on the pyramided Bt plants. The results demonstrated that the Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda was highly resistant to whole plants of Cry1F corn and the resistance was recessive. Hybrids that contained one of the four pyramided Bt traits were effective for managing the Cry1F resistance in S. frugiperda.
Lundquist Receives 2008 Cryosphere Young Investigator Award

Jessica D. Lundquist received the 2008 Cryosphere Young Investigator Award at the 2008 AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held 17 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award is for a significant contribution to cryospheric science and technology.
Clonal Dissemination of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Subtypes among Dairy Farms in Northeast Ohio

To ascertain the extent to which indistinguishable strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 are shared between farms, molecular characterization was performed on E. coli O157:H7 isolates recovered during a longitudinal study of 20 dairy farms in northeast Ohio. Of the 20 dairy farms sampled, 16 were located in a primary area and 4 were located in two other distant geographical areas. A total of 92 E. coli O157:H7 isolates obtained from bovine fecal samples, water trough sediment samples, free-stall bedding, and wild-bird excreta samples were characterized. Fifty genetic subtypes were observed among the isolates using XbaI and BlnI restriction endonucleases. Most restriction endonuclease digestion profiles (REDPs) were spatially and temporally clustered. However, four REDPs from multiple sources were found to be indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis between four pairs of farms. The geographical distance between farms which shared an indistinguishable E. coli O157:H7 REDP ranged from 9 to 50 km, and the on-farm sources sharing indistinguishable REDPs included cattle and wild bird feces and free-stall bedding. Within the study population, E. coli O157:H7 REDP subtypes were disseminated with considerable frequency among farms in close geographic proximity, and nonbovine sources may contribute to the transmission of this organism between farms.
Nuclear spin response studies in inelastic polarized proton scattering

Spin-flip probabilities S nn have been measured for inelastic proton scattering at incident proton energies around 300 MeV from a number of nuclei. At low excitation energies S nn is below the free value. For excitation energies above about 30 MeV for momentum transfers between about 0.35 fm−1 and 0.65 fm−1 S nn exceeds free values significantly. These results suggest that the relative ΔS = 1/(ΔS = 0 + ΔS = 1) nuclear spin response approaches about 90% in the region of the enhancement. Comparison of the data with slab response calculations are presented. Decomposition of the measured cross sections into σ(ΔS = 0) and σ(ΔS = 1) permit extraction of nonspin-flip and spin-flip dipole and quadrupole strengths.
Production, purification and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of adeno-associated virus serotype 4

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1 to 5 are currently under development as clinical gene delivery vectors for the treatment of human diseases. However, the ubiquitous nature of their cell surface receptors, heparin sulfate (AAV2 and 3) and sialic acids (AAV4 and 5), can preclude specific tissue targeting in vivo. Structural studies of AAV4 were initiated to characterize its capsid surface for re-targeting manipulations. Crystals obtained diffracted synchrotron radiation to 3.2 A resolution. The unit cell is body-centered orthorhombic, I222, with a = 339.6, b = 319.2 and c = 285.0 A. The virus particle orientation and position have been determined.
Lipoprotein geometry. II. Apoprotein exchange in human plasma high density lipoprotein.

Abstract The relationships between the apoproteins of intact human serum high density lipoprotein particles, HDL 2 and HDL 3 , have been studied by observing the exchange of radioactively labeled apoproteins between one subclass and the other. This exchange process can be inhibited by chemically crosslinking the apoproteins of either the labeled or unlabeled subclass. These results are consistent with a dynamic relationship between HDL 2 and HDL 3 which appears dependent upon the association and perhaps the conformation of the apoprotein components of the lipoprotein particles.
A History of the Mexican-American People

When "A History of the Mexican-American People" was first published in 1977 it was greeted with enthusiasm for its straightforward, objective account of the Mexican-American role in US history. Since that time the text has been used in high school and university courses such as United States History, Chicano History and the history of the American southwest. This new, revised edition of the book brings up to date the history of these little known people and their continuing struggle for social justice. The opening section covers the years of exploration and northward Spanish expansion into what is the present-day United States. The book then scans the North American continent in the 19th century, highlighting Mexico's achievement of independence from Spain and consequent loss of its northernmost territories to the US. Samora examines the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the Mexican-American War, US violations of the treaty, and contemporary repercussions. The third part of the book evaluates the impact of the Mexican Revolution on both sides of the border and the effect of mass migrations from Mexico. Samora then tackles the complex and decisive events from the mid-1950s to the present such as the problems of transition from rural to urban life, the question of discrimination and the search for civil rights. This new edition contains a revised chapter on Chicano contributions to art, literature, music and theatre, and a completely new chapter on the religious life of Mexican-Americans. A bibliography of Chicano literature covering the past 50 years is also included.