cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CXCR4 Sequences Involved in Coreceptor Determination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Tropism UNMASKING OF ACTIVITY WITH M-TROPIC Env GLYCOPROTEINS

The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with CD4 and one of a cadre of chemokine receptors triggers conformational changes in the HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein that lead to membrane fusion. The coreceptor activity of the second extracellular loop of CXCR4, which is restricted to dual tropic and T-tropic strains, was insensitive to the removal of charged residues either singly or in combinations by alanine scanning mutagenesis or to the conversion of acidic residues to lysine. Conversion of Asp-187 to a neutral residue exclusively unmasked activity with M-tropic Env in fusion and infection experiments. Insertion of the D187V mutation into chimeras containing extracellular loop 2 of CXCR4 in a CXCR2 framework also resulted in the acquisition of M-tropic coreceptor activity. The independence of CXCR4 coreceptor activity from charged residues and the extension of its repertoire by removing Asp-187 suggest that this interaction is not electrostatic and that coreceptors have the potential to be utilized by a spectrum of Env, which may be masked by charged amino acids in extracellular domains. These findings indicate that the primary structural determinants of coreceptors that program reactivity with M-, dual, and T-tropic Env are surprisingly subtle and that relatively insignificant changes in CXCR4 can dramatically alter utilization by Env of varying tropism.
520 INCREASED URINARY EXCRETION OF RENAL N-ACETYL-β-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE IN HYPERCALCURIC CHILDREN

In children, idiopathic hypercalcuria can be associated with urolithiasis and with microscopic or gross hematuria. Since the extent of renal injury arising from hypercalcuria is unknown, we measured the urinary excretion of the lysosomal enzyme N-acetyl β-D glucosaminidase (NAG) to more clearly define the influence of hypercalcuria on the renal tubule. Urinary excretion of NAG was measured by a flurometric assay in 33 children with hypercalcuria. Urinary NAG excretion in 13 healthy children was 5.84 ± 9.35 nmole/hr/mg creatinine (NAG/Cr) compared to 35.61±42.04 in 23 children with renal hypercalcuria (P<0.01), and 28.99±13.69 in 10 children with absorptive hypercalcuria (P<0.20). In children with renal hypercalcuria, NAG/Cr excretion was not statistically different between children with urolithiasis or hematuria without calculi (P<0.3). In six children with renal hypercalcuria, no significant change in NAG/Cr excretion occurred after a mean of 25 weeks (range 8-60) of hydrochlorothiazide therapy although urinary calcium excretion (UCa/UCr) decreased from 0.24±0.11 to 0.16±0.11. This study indicates that increased urinary calcium excretion produces renal tubular injury and that the renal injury may not be reversed by short-term alterations in urinary calcium excretion.
Alkyl chain length effects on copolymerization kinetics of a monoacrylate with hexanediol diacrylate.

Copolymerizations of hexanediol diacrylate with three monoacrylates were analyzed using high-throughput conversion analysis to elucidate the effects of varying alkyl pendant groups at different com...
The Composition of Normative Groups and Diagnostic Decision Making: Shooting Ourselves in the Foot

Purpose The normative group of a norm-referenced test is intended to provide a basis for interpreting test scores. However, the composition of the normative group may facilitate or impede different types of diagnostic interpretations. This article considers who should be included in a normative sample and how this decision must be made relative to the purpose for which a test is intended. Method The way in which the composition of the normative sample affects classification accuracy is demonstrated through a test review followed by a simulation study. The test review examined the descriptions of the normative group in a sample of 32 child language tests. The mean performance reported in the test manual for the sample of language impaired children was compared with the sample’s norms, which either included or excluded children with language impairment. For the simulation, 2 contrasting normative procedures were modeled. The first procedure included a mixed group of representative cases (language impaired a...
Acute and chronic changes in kynurenate formation following an intrastriatal quinolinate injection in rats.

Intrastriatal injection of the endogenous excitotoxin quinolinate in experimental animals causes a lesion which duplicates many features of Huntington's disease (HD). This lesion can be prevented by a related metabolite, kynurenate. Since kynurenate levels are reduced in the HD neostriatum, a deficiency in brain kynurenate may be the cause of neuron loss in HD. In order to investigate the relationship between excitotoxic neurodegeneration and kynurenate formation, effects of a unilateral quinolinate injection on several measures of kynurenate metabolism were studied in the rat striatum and substantia nigra. Within 2 hours, quinolinate caused an approximately 100% increase in striatal kynurenate levels in the absence of changes in its bioprecursor L-kynurenine or its biosynthetic enzymes kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) I and II. This increase was more dramatic after 2 days (+735%) and was accompanied by an increase in L-kynurenine (+182%). No change or a slight decrease in enzyme activities were detected at this time-point. More chronic excitotoxic lesions produced a substantial increase in kynurenate levels (by approximately 2-, 4- and 4-fold, respectively, after 7 days, 1 and 5 months). Lesion-induced changes in KAT II activity essentially paralleled those seen with kynurenate, whereas KAT I remained slightly decreased at all timepoints. Nigral KAT II activity was increased ipsilaterally 2 days, 1 and 5 months after the striatal quinolinate injection. Kinetic analyses, performed in the striatum 5 months after the quinolinate injection, showed an almost 3-fold decrease in Km values for KAT II in the absence of vmax changes. These findings indicate that 1) different mechanisms regulate kynurenate production at different stages after an intrastriatal quinolinate injection; 2) an increased substrate affinity to KAT II is responsible for the elevation of kynurenate in the chronically lesioned rat striatum; and 3) qualitative differences in kynurenate metabolism exist between the HD neostriatum and the excitotoxin-lesioned rat striatum, supporting the idea that (a decrease in) kynurenate tone may play a primary role in the pathophysiology of HD.
Treatment of soil, vegetation and snow in land surface models: a test of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme with the HAPEX-MOBILHY, ABRACOS and Russian data

Abstract Various components of the land surface, their individual hydrological processes and the process-oriented models are reviewed in this paper, with the focus on their application in global climate models (GCMs). The Biosphere–Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) is examined regarding its performance for three different surfaces (crop, forest and grass), with available data from HAPEX-MOBILHY, ABRACOS and Russian data sets. The simulations of the key land surface prognostic variables, such as soil moisture and snow cover, are examined in detail because such validation has been lacking. Using the HAPEX-MOBILHY data, the impact of errors in the forcing variables on the uncertainties in the partitioning of total run-off and evapotranspiration is investigated, and the influence of the periodic forcing on soil moisture simulations is examined. Furthermore, an alternative empirically based approach for the soil evaporation efficiency is tested. The current framework of BATS soil hydrology, vegetation and snow schemes adequately reproduces observed soil moisture profiles for the three surfaces considered, and captures the seasonal evolution of snow mass. The simulations can be enhanced when site-specific information on surface parameters is available. Because of the realism of the overall framework of BATS, its inclusion in a GCM [the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM)] leads to reasonably realistic simulations of surface hydroclimatological variables. Further improving surface hydrology in global climate models is dependent on thorough tests of the available models using the available data, on the collection of long-term, seasonal, high-quality data, both at point and on larger spatial scales, and on the effective representation of the surface types on GCM scales.
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm: Clinical Surveillance and Management Decisions

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is a relatively rare cystic neoplasm. Although most IPMNs appear to be benign and may be managed by surveillance, all IPMNs are considered premalignant lesions with malignant potential. As such, current efforts are focused on identifying those neoplasms that are at high risk for malignancy to optimize treatment strategy and outcome. IPMNs with invasive carcinoma have clinical outcomes that approach those of conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Management guidelines recommend surgical resection for IPMNs with high-risk imaging or cytologic features. The role of adjuvant therapy is unclear, and we review the evidence for chemoradiation here. Some studies suggest adjuvant chemoradiation may have the greatest impact in malignant IPMNs with adverse histologic features, that is, lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis or positive surgical margins. As more IPMNs are recognized and treated, more evidence will accumulate to guide clinicians regarding appropriate use of radiotherapy in the management of IPMN.
Piagetian Tasks as Readiness Measures in Mathematics Instruction: A Critical Review.

The purpose of this review was to synthesize the research on the relationship between performance on Piagetian tasks of concrete operations and performance on mathematics learning tasks in order to determine whether the Piagetian tasks make useful readiness measures. The research consistently indicates that, while there is a positive correlation between performance on Piagetian tasks and mathematics achievement, many school mathematics tasks can be mastered by children who have not yet developed the reasoning abilities measured by Piagetian tasks. This does not diminish the validity of Piaget's theory, but rather suggests that the kinds of reasoning processes identified by Piaget are not essential in solving many school mathematics tasks.
A flock-tailored early warning system for low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) in commercial egg laying flocks

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an early warning system (EWS) for commercial egg laying flocks to detect the subtle mortality and egg production changes that characterize low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) infections. An EWS will create an alert when the recommended ‘trigger point’ is reached or exceeded. Previously used EWSs are based on fixed alert levels, while the proposed EWS customizes the alert level to each flock. While a fixed approach may be valid for highly pathogenic diseases, it results in a lower detection probability for low pathogenic diseases. The EWS was based on daily data collected from flocks affected by the 2000–2004 H6N2 LPAI epidemic in California. Three EWSs were evaluated: (1) EWS1, which is triggered when the observed mortality increase or production decrease exceeds more than “x” times the expected daily value (2.75–3.50 times the expected mortality), (2) EWS2, which is triggered when the observed mortality increase or production decrease exceeds more than “y” times during each of 2 consecutive days the expected daily values (1.75–2.15 times the expected mortality), and (3) a combination of the two. The EWSs were evaluated according to three parameters: detection delay (days) of a LPAI outbreak, false alerts (%) and outbreaks missed (%). Results showed that an egg production-based EWS added no benefit to a mortality-based system, mainly because H6N2 LPAI-related egg production decrease always occurred after increase in mortality. Combining the two EWSs resulted in a reduced detection delay and no missed outbreaks, but at the expense of a slight increase in the number of false alerts triggered. The system presented in this study also outperformed fixed EWSs in all three evaluated parameters. The proposed EWS, if used as part of a poultry cooperative program and combined with a rapid laboratory diagnosis, could be a useful tool in the detection and control of LPAI outbreaks and other poultry diseases. Built in a spreadsheet, the system could be inexpensively, easily and quickly incorporated into a commercial egg production farm decision support system. In addition, the proposed system could be quickly adjusted to changing epidemic situations, and easily customized to individual flocks.
Dielectric breakdown studies of teflon perfluoroalkoxy at high temperature

Teflon® perfluoroalkoxy (PFA) was evaluated for use as a dielectric material in high-temperature high-voltage capacitors for space applications. The properties that were characterized included the d.c. dielectric strength at temperatures up to 250 °C and the permittivity and dielectric loss as a function of frequency, temperature and voltage. To understand the breakdown mechanism taking place at high temperatures, the pre-breakdown discharge and conduction currents, and the dependence of dielectric strength on thickness of the film were determined. Confocal laser microscopy was performed to diagnose for microimperfections within the film structure. The results obtained show a significant decrease in the dielectric strength and an increase in dielectric loss with an increase in temperature, suggesting that impulse thermal breakdown could be a responsible mechanism in PFA film at temperatures above 150 °C.
The Influence of Self-Monitoring on Inflation of Grade-Point Averages for Research and Selection Purposes1

The present study investigated the tendency to inflate self-reports of GPAs on application forms and research surveys. The major purpose of the research was to examine the consistency of inflation behavior across situations and determine whether self-monitoring moderates this consistency. Two hundred and twenty-six graduating seniors reported their GPAs on application forms used at a university's placement office and 1 month later reported their GPAs on a research survey in a classroom setting. Respondents’ self-monitoring and attitude toward inflation were also measured on the survey. Results indicated that inflation was more prevalent on the research survey than on application forms and low GPA respondents exhibited greater inflation than did high GPA respondents. Furthermore, inflation across situations was more consistent and could be better predicted by inflation attitudes for low self-monitors than for high self-monitors. Implications for impression management and self-reports in employment contexts are discussed.
Modeling 1100-0 aluminum over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates

Abstract The constitutive formulation of Perzyna for viscoplastic deformation, combined with the theory of thermally activated motion of dislocations is used to model plastic deformation of 1100-0 aluminum. The parameters of the model are derived from results of uniaxial stress experiments at a wide range of temperatures and strain rates. Different thermally activated mechanisms are assumed to dominate dislocation motion at low and high temperatures. Hardening is taken to be a function of either plastic strain or plastic work. When plastic work is used, strain rate history effects observed in incremental strain rate tests are predicted by the theory. To examine its validity, the constitutive model is also used in one dimensional analysis of elastic-plastic waves. In application to symmetrical bar impact experiments of Bell, the calculated wave profiles are in agreement with the measurements.
Mitigation of Voltage Sags with Phase Jump Using a Dynamic Voltage Restorer

A Dynamic Voltage Restorer is a series-connected device. The main purpose of this device is to protect sensitive loads from sags/swells and interruptions in the supply side. This is accomplished by rapid series voltage injection to compensate for the drop/rise in the supply voltage. This voltage injection can be accomplished in one of three ways: pre-sag compensation, in- phase compensation, and phase-advance compensation. All three methods are discussed. Different control strategies for a dynamic voltage restorer are examined with an emphasis on the compensation of voltage sags with phase jump. Voltage sags with phase jumps are in some instances more apt to trip loads. A suitable compensating voltage series injection is more difficult to attain. Different control methods to compensate voltage sags accompanied by a phase jump are investigated and compared. Two control methods are analyzed with simulations performed in SlMULINK.
Collaborative, Computer-Based Learning: Cognitive and Affective Outcomes

A growing body of research indicates that the effectiveness of collaborative, computer-based learning groups is related to the kinds of elaborated verbal interactions that take place during group p...
The Use of Security Technology to Protect Battered Women

Intimidation and threats of future victimisation are obstacles battered women often face when attempting to leave abusive relationships. Thus, all possible means of protecting battered women at this most dangerous time should be employed. This paper presents findings from a study in the US designed to determine the nature and extent to which domestic violence programs use security technology to protect battered women. Security technology includes panic alarms, cellular phones, home security devices, electronic monitoring of the offender and/or the property surrounding the victim's home, and surveillance or closed circuit cameras. The data collected through this survey will assist in determining whether domestic violence programs are utilizing the advances made in security technology. The findings are used to discuss the relationships between demographic variables, primary funding sources, type of program, and the use of security technology.
Novel switching mechanism with angle dependent transmission through graphene based pn junction

Graphene's exceptional electronic properties [1] have sparked tremendous amount of interest in the scientific community in the past decade. The linear energy dispersion leads to very low effective mass and ultra high mobility. This advantage of high mobility becomes useless due to lack of bandgap for digital logic applications[2] and any attempt to open bandgap degrades the mobility substantially. Among other exotic electronic properties, a unique facet of graphene electronics is its analogy with optics. At a graphene pn junction (GPNJ), the electron trajectories resemble optical refraction [3]. For graphene, the gate voltage plays the role of refractive index and this can be made negative easily leading to negative angle of refraction, similar to Veselago lens in optics with negative refractive index metamaterials. Another important analogy is total internal reflection (TIR), which occurs when carriers are unable to conserve the transverse wave-vector component due to lower gate voltage on the refracted side. We show that such electronic refraction governed by analogous Snell's law can be manipulated to modulate current with multiple pn junctions. Our calculations show that we can modulate current by many orders of magnitude without degrading mobility. We vary the number, shape and orientation of gates to introduce a transport gap in the graphene bandstructure similar to what was predicted in a different geometry with external tunnel barrier [5]. Atomistic Non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) calculation in experimentally relevant size range (~100nm) shows the current modulation from source to drain by changing gate voltage ratio across the junctions. The aforementioned effects require ballistic transport and suppressed edge scattering [4]. Recent experiment [6] indicates that such manipulation of carriers in graphene is possible (Fig 2).
Presence of fibrin prolongs the retainment of locally injected tissue plasminogen activator.

Abstract Tissue plasminogen activator, injected intradermally or intramuscularly into rats, remained at the site of injection for longer periods when injected together with particles of plasminogen-free fibrin than after injection without fibrin. The results show that fibrin deposits can enhance the local effects of fibrinolytic agents under physiological conditions. They substantiate the role of fibrin in the regulation of focal fibrinolytic activity in tissue repair, which was previously supported by in vitro experiments.
Extensions of stochastic transformations

Let [X t, tETJ be a stochastic process on a probabili ty space ([2, ~,P), where T _ C IR is the ' t ime' or the ' index' set. For some problems in inference theory as well as other parts of stochastic analysis, it will be useful to know, when T Ca: IR, whether the process is a segment of a more extensive family, such as [Xt, t~[R]. Equivalently, it is of interest to know the possibility of an extension of the given process so that the enlarged one is again a stochastic process with a similar structure. Problems in experience theory [2], representation of generalized processes [9], and many papers in [8] indicate the need for an investigation of the existence of such extensions of a given stochastic process. The importance of the extension problem in classical analysis is well known, as seen from such fundamental results as the Hahn-Banach and Tietze theorems. Since a stochastic process [Xt, t E T ) can also be regarded as a function X ( , ' ) " T x ~ IR such that X (t, ")= Xt is a random variable for each t, the extension problem for processes is to find a function 3 ~ ( , ) IRx~2 ,--> IR such that, the restriction, XITx~2 = X. If [2 = 1~o~, this reduces to the above noted classical extension problems.
Epidermoid cyst of the scalp containing human papillomavirus

We report an epidermoid cyst of the scalp with light microscopic and immunohistochemical evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Light microscopic features suggesting HPV infection included papillomatosis and hypergranulosis of the cyst lining with the presence of koilocytes. Much of the keratin within the cyst demonstrated parakeratosis. Immunoperoxidase labeling for HPV antigen was noted within koilocytes. Papillomavirus infection has been reported in plantar epidermoid cysts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a papillomavirus-infected epidermoid cyst in a site other than plantar skin. Light microscopic features of our cases differed from those of the plantar cysts. Epidermoid cysts may be induced by the papillomavirus or the virus may merely infect pre-existing cysts.
Rediscovery of the Bizarre Cretaceous Ant Haidomyrmex Dlussky (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with Two New Species

ABSTRACT The discovery of two distinct, near-complete specimens belonging to the Cretaceous ant genus Haidomyrmex Dlussky prompts a detailed description and discussion of a remarkable mandibular morphology. The specimens, preserved in 98 million-year-old amber from northern Myanmar, are described here as Haidomyrmex scimitarus, n. sp., and Haidomyrmex zigrasi, n. sp., with diagnostic differences provided between them as well as with H. cerberus Dlussky (also in Burmese amber). Relationships and comparisons of H. scimitarus, H. zigrasi, H. cerberus, and the recently described Haidomyrmodes mammuthus Perrichot from Cretaceous French amber are also discussed. Haidomyrmex was probably arboreal, cursorial, and a specialized trap-jaw predator, utilizing its enormous mandibles and cranial morphology in concert to capture prey. Mandibles appear to have moved in a plane oblique to the dorsoventral and horizontal axes of the body, unlike the lateral-plane movement of modern ants. The additions of these new fossils ...
Steam-reforming product (H2/CO2 mixture) used as a hydrogen source for hydrogen storage in Li3N

Hydrogen purification and storage are critical issues in the transportation application of hydrogen fuel. Herein, we report that hydrogen can be separated from other components during its storage in Li3N, when the steam-reforming product of natural gas is employed as the hydrogen source. The kinetics and capacity of hydrogen absorption of Li3N are not affected by CO2, and only the kinetics is slightly affected by CO. During desorption, the hydrogen stored in Li3N can be released, thus providing a pure hydrogen source for fuel cells or other applications. The simultaneous separation of hydrogen during its storage tremendously reduces the cost of the hydrogen fuel for transportation and also provides a novel process for hydrogen purification.
Polarization-dependent phase and amplitude interference effects in the L 2, 3 surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure

The phase and amplitude of the surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure above ${L}_{2}$ and ${L}_{3}$ edges is shown to be significantly affected by an interference term. This term exhibits a different phase and a different polarization dependence of the amplitude than the leading term (pure $l=2$ final state). Neglect of this term in the data analysis can lead to erroneous determinations of chemisorption sites and distances.
MITRAL VALVE ABNORMALITIES ASSOCIATED WITH COARCTATION OF THE AORTA: A SPECTRUM THAT INCLUDES PARACHUTE DEFORMITY OF THE MITRAL VALVE

Fifty-three specimens in which the primary diagnosis in life had been coarctation of the aorta were examined; only nine had a mitral valve of normal size and configuration. Ten specimens had a normally formed valve mechanism which was small in comparison to both tricuspid valve and left ventricle; 3 other specimens had a normally formed but hypoplastic valve which exhibited a short free margin of the anterior leaflet. The remaining 31 specimens demonstrated a spectrum of anomalies that included some forms of parachute mitral valve and may be divided into three basic types. Some showed fused or closely apposed chordae tendineae, due to nondevelopment of the intervening space; in others the space between the papillary muscles and the ventricular wall was underdeveloped, which prevented the papillary muscles from moving independently of the ventricular wall. In one case of parachute mitral valve the chordae tendineae were attached solely to the anterolateral papillary muscle; the posteromedial papillary muscle was inserted directly to the valve, near the annulus. Although the spectrum of congenital anomalies reported here does not include all forms of mitral stenosis, it does indicate that mitral valve disease probably occurs more frequently in coarctation of the aorta than previously recognized.
Mechanisms of sensing chemical gradients by polymorphonuclear leukocytes

ALTHOUGH it has been known for nearly 100 yr that polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) can show oriented locomotion in response to chemical gradients, that is, they display chemotaxis, the way in which these cells detect and respond to chemical gradients is still not understood1. These questions are of interest, not only to a study of the inflammatory process, but also to more general problems of oriented cell movements during morphogenesis.
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Enzyme Activity Is Increased in Lambs with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow and Pulmonary Hypertension

Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) Enzyme Activity Is Increased in Lambs with Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow and Pulmonary Hypertension
Facing society's demands for environmental protection: Management in practice

Although managers must stay abreast of all socictal concerns in developing organizational objectives, protecting the environment seems to be a major issue for consumers in the 1990s. This increased environmental concern leaves managers no choice but to go beyond mere social obligation when it comes to protecting the environment. Society is demanding social responsiveness at a minimum, and the call for social responsibility seems to be getting louder and clearer. This paper reviews the response business has made to this call for responsibility for the environment. Specifically, this paper will address the impact of increased business awareness on: (1) the passage of laws and legislation to protect the environment (social obligation); (2) specific organization actions to meet consumer demands (social responsiveness); (3) specific organization endeavors which reflect a sincere attempt to address the environmental issue (social responsibility). An awareness of these activities should aid managers in developing future plans which will allow them to become more responsible for our environment.
Cue weight in the perception of Trique glottal consonants.

This paper examines the perceptual weight of cues to the coda glottal consonant contrast in Trique (Oto-Manguean) with native listeners. The language contrasts words with no coda (/Vː/) from words with a coda glottal stop (/VɁ/) or breathy coda (/Vɦ/). The results from a speeded AX (same–different) lexical discrimination task show high accuracy in lexical identification for the /Vː/-/Vɦ/ contrast, but lower accuracy for the other contrasts. The second experiment consists of a labeling task where the three acoustic dimensions that distinguished the glottal consonant codas in production [duration, the amplitude difference between the first two harmonics (H1-H2), and F0] were modified orthogonally using step-wise resynthesis. This task determines the relative weight of each dimension in phonological categorization. The results show that duration was the strongest cue. Listeners were only sensitive to changes in H1-H2 for the /Vː/-/Vɦ/ and /Vː/-/VɁ/ contrasts when duration was ambiguous. Listeners were only sensitive to changes in F0 for the /Vː/-/Vɦ/ contrast when both duration and H1-H2 were ambiguous. The perceptual cue weighting for each contrast closely matches existing production data [DiCanio (2012 a). J. Phon. 40, 162–176] Cue weight differences in speech perception are explained by differences in step-interval size and the notion of adaptive plasticity [Francis et al. (2008). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 124, 1234–1251; Holt and Lotto (2006). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 119, 3059–3071].
Density stratification from buoyancy-driven exchange flow through horizontal partitions in a liquid tank

This paper presents an experimental study of the transient density stratification from buoyancy-driven and forced-convection flows through horizontal partitions in a liquid tank. When strongly stratified, an enclosure's ambient density distributions can be considered as one-dimensional, with negligible horizontal gradients except in narrow regions around buoyant jets. The vertical density distribution was measured by sheet laser light passing through the corner of the tank, using the change of light reflection index associated with the local fluid component concentration and density. The results of these experiments gives an important information to improve the modeling of transient stratification evolution induced by jets and plumes in large enclosures, as well as the prediction of exchange flow rates through horizontal openings between inter-connected compartments.
A newly identified Gondwanan terrane in the northern Appalachian Mountains: Implications for the Taconic orogeny and closure of the Iapetus Ocean

The Taconic and Salinic orogenies in the northern Appalachian Mountains record the closure of the Iapetus Ocean, which separated peri-Laurentian and peri-Gondwanan terranes in the early Paleozoic. The Taconic orogeny in New England is commonly depicted as an Ordovician collision between the peri-Laurentian Shelburne Falls arc and the Laurentian margin, followed by Silurian accretion of peri-Gondwanan terranes during the Salinic orogeny. New U-Pb zircon geochronology demonstrates that the Shelburne Falls arc was instead constructed on a Gondwanan-derived terrane preserved in the Moretown Formation, which we refer to here as the Moretown terrane. Metasedimentary rocks of the Moretown Formation were deposited after 514 Ma and contain abundant ca. 535–650 Ma detrital zircon that suggest a Gondwanan source. The Moretown Formation is bound to the west by the peri-Laurentian Rowe belt, which contains detrital zircon in early Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks that is indistinguishable in age from zircon in Laurentian margin rift-drift successions. These data reveal that the principal Iapetan suture in New England is between the Rowe belt and Moretown terrane, more than 50 km farther west than previously suspected. The Moretown terrane is structurally below and west of volcanic and metasedimentary rocks of the Hawley Formation, which contains Laurentian-derived detrital zircon, providing a link between peri-Laurentian and peri-Gondwanan terranes. The Moretown terrane and Hawley Formation were intruded by 475 Ma plutons during peak activity in the Shelburne Falls arc. We propose that the peri-Laurentian Rowe belt was subducted under the Moretown terrane just prior to 475 Ma, when the trench gap was narrow enough to deliver Laurentian detritus to the Hawley Formation. Interaction between peri-Laurentian and peri-Gondwanan terranes by 475 Ma is 20 m.y. earlier than documented elsewhere and accounts for structural relationships, Early Ordovician metamorphism and deformation, and the subsequent closure of the peri-Laurentian Taconic seaway. In this scenario, a rifted-arc system on the Gondwanan margin resulted in the formation of multiple terranes, including the Moretown, that independently crossed and closed the Iapetus Ocean in piecemeal fashion.
Primary hypertension at a single center: treatment, time to control, and extended follow-up.

We present data on presentation, treatment, and follow-up of 65 pediatric patients with primary hypertension treated over the past 12 years, including initial anthropometric data, pharmacologic treatment, time to control for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), and maintenance of control over time. Data was normalized to standard deviation scores (SDS) for mathematical analysis, and antihypertensive medication dosages were converted to dosage equivalents for a single member of each antihypertensive class. We used multiple regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival curves to determine the time to control, medication, and dose effectiveness. Patients were seen for an average of seven visits over 25 months. Initial BPs averaged 134/71 mmHg (2.1/0.6 SDS). Patients were taller, heavier, and had higher body mass index than average for age and sex. By the fourth visit, SBP was <90th percentile in 79%. Ninety percent could be controlled, although 32 lost control at some point (at least 16 due to noncompliance). At the last visit, 46 were controlled, and 5/8 patients off medication remained normotensive. Only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and β-blockers demonstrated significant association with BP control. This is the first study to document the time to control of BP, and it can serve as an initial standard for quality assessment.
The Present status and the promise of weather modification

Man's changing the weather primarily means doing something about clouds and precipitation. Some first questions to be asked then are: How do clouds form? How do they grow and dissipate? What is the precipitation mechanism and how is it triggered by nature? And what are the natural controls on cloud systems and severe storms? The answers to these questions and many more should be known quite well before man can seriously contemplate wide-scale weather-modification experiments. In fact, the answers to the above questions are almost completely unknown and yet man has been attempting weather modification down through the centuries in his search for economic gains, adventure, knowledge, and power.
Wave patterns in a thin layer of sand within a rotating horizontal cylinder

A variety of wave patterns are found to form in a thin layer of sand inside a cylinder rotated about its horizontal axis of symmetry at constant angular velocity. In particular, we observe a spanwise instability characterized by serrated frontal shapes remarkably similar to those seen in Newtonian fluids. Within a certain parameter range, an accompanying spatial pattern forms on the rising side of the cylinder and travels along the cylinder span. The associated phase velocity is relatively constant, whereas the relevant wavelength increases quadratically with angular rotation speed. Standing waves appear at a critical rotation rate. Further, in some cases, a propagating cellular pattern forms on the surface of the medium.
CONFORMATION OF CYCLO‐(l‐THREONINE)2 AND CYCLO‐(l‐ALLO THREONINE)2

The diketopiperazines cyclo-(L-Thr)2 and cyclo-(L-allo Thr)2 in water and in dimethyl sulfoxide were studied by proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, and the dominant conformation were deduced from proton-proton and proton-carbon coupling constants. In cyclo-(L-Thr)2 the chi 1 = 60 degrees, hydroxyl over the ring, side chain conformation is favored; this conformation is also favored for cyclo-(L-Ser)2 and cyclo-(L-Ser-D-Ser). However, the important side chain conformation for cyclo-(L-allo Thr)2 is chi 1 = -60 degrees, methyl group over the diketopiperazine ring. The determining factors are apparently steric. The diketopiperazine ring of cyclo-(L-Thr)2 is puckered to hold the side chains more nearly axial than is that of cyclo-(L-allo Thr)2. although the degree of ring folding is probably not large.
Saccharin eating in undeprived and hungry rats

Undeprived rats on a choice between saccharin mixed with food and food alone prefer the saccharin-food mixture at the lower concentrations, .19% and .38%, and prefer food alone at concentrations exceeding .75%. However, whether hungry or undeprived, rats tested on single conditions eat food and saccharin-food equally. These data parallel those of studies using saccharin solutions and are interpreted in terms of sensory stimulation.
Prefrontal gray matter volume mediates age effects on memory strategies

Age differences in the strategies that individuals spontaneously use to learn new information have been shown to contribute to age differences in episodic memory. We investigated the role of prefrontal structure in observed age effects on self-initiated use of memory strategies. The relationships among age, prefrontal regional gray matter volumes, and semantic and serial clustering during free recall on the California Verbal Learning Test-II were examined across the adult lifespan. Semantic clustering was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with gray matter volumes in bilateral middle and left inferior frontal regions across the adult lifespan. Gray matter volumes in these regions mediated the effects of age on semantic clustering. Forward serial clustering was also negatively correlated with age. However, forward serial clustering was not significantly positively correlated with gray matter volumes in any region of lateral prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that bilateral middle and left inferior frontal regions support self-initiated semantic memory strategy use across the adult lifespan. They also suggest that age differences in prefrontal gray matter volume are a significant contributor to age differences in self-initiated use of elaborative memory strategies.
Drought Allocations Using the Systems Impact Assessment Model: Klamath River

Water supply and allocation scenarios for the Klamath River, Ore. and Calif., were evaluated using the Systems Impact Assessment Model (SIAM), a decision support system developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. SIAM is a set of models with a graphical user interface that simulates water supply and delivery in a managed river system, water quality, and fish production. Simulation results are presented for drought conditions, one aspect of Klamath River water operations. The Klamath River Basin has experienced critically dry conditions in 1992, 1994, and 2001. Drought simulations are useful to estimate the impacts of specific legal or institutional flow constraints. In addition, simulations help to identify potential adverse water quality consequences including evaluating the potential for reducing adverse temperature impacts on anadromous fish. In all drought simulations, water supply was insufficient to fully meet upstream and downstream targets for endangered species.
Semantics of looping programs in Propositional Dynamic Logic

Standard and nonstandard models of Propositional Dynamic Logic differ in their interpretation of loops. In Standard models, a loop is interpreted as the Kleene closure of the interpretation of its loop body; in nonstandard (Loop Invariant) models, a loop is interpreted as a program which preserves invariant assertions over the loop body. In this paper we show that both interpretations are adequate to represent loops in PDL. We demonstrate this in two ways: First we note that Standard and Loop Invariant models are distinct but not distinguishable within PDL. Second, we show that the class of Loop Invariant models is complete with respect to the Segerberg axiomatization of PDL. Since completeness of the class of Loop Invariant models implies completeness of the class of Standard models, Standard models are also complete with respect to this axiomatization.
Diffusion along (001) tilt boundaries in the Au/Ag system--I. Experimental results

The parameter, [delta][sub b]D[sup Ag][sub b], for the chemical diffusion of Ag along the tilt axes of a series of (001) symmetric tilt boundaries in the Au/Ag system, was measured as a function of temperature and tilt angle at relatively low temperatures. (D[sup Ag][sub b] = boundary diffusivity; [delta][sub b] = boundary thickness.) Sixteen boundaries were studied using a newly developed surface accumulation method. [delta][sub b]D[sup Ag][sub b] was found to vary quite smoothly with tilt angle (i.e. no sharp minima or cusps at low-[Sigma] misorientations were observed) in a manner consistent with the structural unit model. The activation energies were found to be smooth functions of the tilt angle and to lie in the range 0.70-0.85eV. The pre-exponential factors in the Arrhenius expression for [delta][sub b]D[sub b] were [approximately]3 orders of magnitude smaller than many of those reported in the literature for diffusion at higher temperatures.
Perceived Risks and Protective Strategies Employed by Young Men Who Have Sex With Men (YMSM) When Seeking Online Sexual Partners

This study examined the perceptions of risk by young men who have sex with men (YMSM) regarding meeting sexual partners through the Internet. Fifty-four YMSM ages 18–29 who reported engaging in bareback sex (“intentional unprotected anal intercourse in high-risk contexts”) completed a structured assessment and a face-to-face interview. Participants reported using the Internet to meet sexual partners at least once per week, having had multiple sexual partners in the past 2 months (M = 10.50, SD = 9.25), and engaging in occasions of unprotected receptive (M = 5.35, SD = 6.76) and insertive (M = 5.06, SD = 10.11) anal intercourse. A third of the sample reported having had unprotected sex with a partner who was serodiscordant or of unknown serostatus. Despite the obvious HIV risks, the most commonly perceived risks included threats to physical safety and difficulties trusting a stranger. Risk reduction strategies included leaving information about partner and whereabouts with a friend, meeting in a public pla...
Palmitoylation of phospholipid scramblase 1 controls its distribution between nucleus and plasma membrane.

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) is a Ca2+-binding, endofacial plasma membrane protein thought to contribute to the transbilayer movement of phosphatidylserine and other membrane phospholipids th...
Clinically Referred ODD Children with or without CD and Healthy Controls: Comparisons Across Contextual Domains

This study compares 6–11-year-old, clinically referred boys and girls diagnosed with Oppositional Defiant Disorder, either with (ODD + CD, n = 40) or without Conduct Disorder (ODD only; n = 136), to a matched sample of healthy control children (HC; n = 69). Multiple informants completed intake diagnostic interviews and self-reports to evaluate constructs examining the child’s functioning and contextual influences on functioning (e.g., parent, family, peer, community). ODD + CD and ODD only children were each distinguished from HCs by greater exposure to delinquent peers and lowered parental self-efficacy. In further comparisons to the HC group, ODD only status was associated with parental use of psychological aggression and more stressful life events, whereas ODD + CD status was associated with greater parental hostility. Relative to ODD alone status, ODD + CD status was comparable on all but one variable (greater parental hostility). Similar findings were reported using a subset of girls only. The characteristics that distinguish children with DBDs from controls and, in particular, ODD + CD from ODD only, bear implications for understanding and treating both CD and ODD.
Ocular myositis occurring with NOD2-associated autoinflammatory disease.

NOD2-associated autoinflammatory disease (NAID) is an emerging disease1. We report a patient with ocular myositis (OM) whose clinical phenotype was consistent with NAID. A 34-year-old white woman developed eyelid swelling, pain on eye movement, and color vision loss 3 years ago. There was right eye pain with adduction and abduction with normal visual acuity and color vision on examination. A magnetic resonance imaging study revealed …
Mimicking hair disorders by genetic manipulation of organ-cultured human hair follicles

Human hair follicles can be dissected out of scalp skin and cultured in vitro in defined growth medium. Hair follicle organ cultures have previously been used to investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which various factors regulate the maintenance and cycling of adult hair follicles. In this issue, Samuelov et al. transfected organ-cultured human hair follicles with siRNA nucleotides and suppressed the expression of the endogenous P-cadherin gene in follicular keratinocytes. Knocking down the expression of P-cadherin in hair follicles in vitro recapitulated the hair follicle phenotype observed in patients with hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy (HJMD) and enabled the authors to establish a cause–effect relationship between loss of P-cadherin and suppression of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and upregulation of TGFβ2 during development of the hair abnormalities observed in HJMD patients.
Photorespiratory metabolism and immunogold localization of photorespiratory enzymes in leaves of C3 and C3-C4 intermediate species of Moricandia

Photorespiratory metabolism of the C3-C4 intermediate species Moricandia arvensis (L.) DC has been compared with that of the C3 species, Moricandia moricandioides (Boiss.) Heywood. Assays of glycollate oxidase (EC 1.1.3.1), glyoxylate aminotransferases (EC 2.6.1.4, EC 2.6.1.45) and hydroxypyruvate reductase (EC 1.1.1.29) indicate that the capacity for flux through the photorespiratory cycle is similar in both species. Immunogold labelling with monospecific antibodies was used to investigate the cellular locations of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39), glycollate oxidase, and glycine decarboxylase (EC 2.1.2.10) in leaves of the two species. Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was confined to the stroma of chloroplasts and glycollate oxidase to the peroxisomes of all photosynthetic cells in leaves of both species. However, whereas glycine decarboxylase was present in the mitochondria of all photosynthetic cells in M. moricandioides, it was only found in the mitochondria of bundle-sheath cells in M. arvensis. We suggest that localized decarboxylation of glycine in the leaves of M. arvensis will lead to improved recapture of photorespired CO2 and hence a lower rate of photorespiration.