cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactive Laser Ablation Synthesis of Nanosize Aluminum Nitride

An aluminum (Al) target was laser ablated in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere, producing aluminum nitride (AlN) powder. These powders were calcined at 900°C for 2 h. Powders were produced at various nitrogen pressures, and the calcined powders were tested for unreacted aluminum content, using differential thermal analysis (DTA). The AlN powder, produced at a laser fluence of 12 J/cm2 and a nitrogen pressure of 10.0 kPa (75 torr), showed no evidence of unreacted aluminum by DTA and was phase-pure AlN by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The surface area of this powder is 82 m2/g, corresponding to a particle size of ∼11 nm, which is in good agreement with TEM observations.
Reliability Effects on MOS Transistors Due to Hot-Carrier Injection

The high drain-effect transistor characteristic observed after hot-carrier injection and trapping in the oxide has been found to be due to the uneven trapped-carrier distribution near the drain, which causes the threshold voltage to vary as a function of drain voltage. A discussion of the role and effects of both electron and hole injection is presented. The nonlinear distribution of carriers trapped in the gate oxide is described. One result is that the nonuniform surface band bending causes the subthreshold leakage to be an exponential function of the drain voltage. The combined increase in threshold voltage, subthreshold leakage, and a decrease in subthreshold slope will translate into slower circuit speed and higher standby power dissipation [37] in CMOS circuits. An experimental model of the mean time to failure, for NMOS devices fabricated with two different source-drain diffusions, is also presented. For the first time, the model has been extended to include the channel-length dependence. The model assumes a reliability criterion of less than a 10-mV threshold-voltage shift in 100 000 h of operation. Experimental results and subsequent calculations show that for 350-/spl Aring/ gate-oxide devices at 5.0 V operation, 2.5 /spl mu/m is the minimum electrical channel-length device which can be fabricated using a traditional source-drain process. Conversely, submicrometer electrical channel-length devices can be fabricated using an arsenic-phosphorous "graded" source-drain process, even at 5.5-V operation.
Separation of Reliability and Secrecy in Rate-Limited Secret-Key Generation

For a discrete or a continuous source model, we study the problem of secret-key generation with one round of rate-limited public communication between two legitimate users. Although we do not provide new bounds on the wiretap secret-key (WSK) capacity for the discrete source model, we use an alternative achievability scheme that may be useful for practical applications. As a side result, we conveniently extend known bounds to the case of a continuous source model. Specifically, we consider a sequential key-generation strategy, that implements a rate-limited reconciliation step to handle reliability, followed by a privacy amplification step performed with extractors to handle secrecy. We prove that such a sequential strategy achieves the best known bounds for the rate-limited WSK capacity (under the assumption of degraded sources in the case of two-way communication). However, we show that, unlike the case of rate-unlimited public communication, achieving the reconciliation capacity in a sequential strategy does not necessarily lead to achieving the best known bounds for the WSK capacity. Consequently, reliability and secrecy can be treated successively but not independently, thereby exhibiting a limitation of sequential strategies for rate-limited public communication. Nevertheless, we provide scenarios for which reliability and secrecy can be treated successively and independently, such as the two-way rate-limited SK capacity, the one-way rate-limited WSK capacity for degraded binary symmetric sources, and the one-way rate-limited WSK capacity for Gaussian degraded sources.
The Relative Humidity in an Isentropic Advection–Condensation Model: Limited Poleward Influence and Properties of Subtropical Minima

AbstractAn idealized model of advection and condensation of water vapor is considered as a representation of processes influencing the humidity distribution along isentropic surfaces in the free troposphere. Results are presented for how the mean relative humidity distribution varies in response to changes in the distribution of saturation specific humidity and in the amplitude of a tropical moisture source. Changes in the tropical moisture source are found to have little effect on the relative humidity poleward of the subtropical minima, suggesting a lack of poleward influence despite much greater water vapor concentrations at lower latitudes. The subtropical minima in relative humidity are found to be located just equatorward of the inflection points of the saturation specific humidity profile along the isentropic surface. The degree of mean subsaturation is found to vary with the magnitude of the meridional gradient of saturation specific humidity when other parameters are held fixed.The atmospheric re...
Factors That Influence Physicians' Prescribing of Pharmaceuticals: A Literature Review

ABSTRACTThe prescribing of pharmaceuticals by health care providers is influenced by many factors. The significance of these factors is an important consideration to public health advocates and government agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, physician and provider associations, medical ethics researchers, patient consumers, and other stakeholders in health care. Better understanding of the factors that motivate physician prescribing can bring about more efficient use of health care resources through the improved dissemination of information and more informed decision making. This paper attempts to provide a sound and inclusive review of the influences upon physician prescribing patterns in the extant literature. This review identifies several factors as being highly influential upon physician prescribing: peer influence, financial and managed care considerations, pharmaceutical representatives and drug samples, and direct-to-consumer advertising. To date, several key areas have not ...
A smartphone localization algorithm using RSSI and inertial sensor measurement fusion

Indoor navigation using the existing wireless infrastructure and mobile devices is a very active research area. The major challenge is to leverage the extensive smartphone sensor suite to achieve location tracking with high accuracy. In this paper, we develop a navigation algorithm which fuses the WiFi received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and smartphone inertial sensor measurements. A sequential Monte Carlo filter is developed for inertial sensor based tracking, and a radiolocation algorithm is developed to infer mobile location based on RSSI measurements. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the extended Kalman filter (EKF), and achieves competitive location accuracy compared with the round trip time (RTT) based ultra-wideband (UWB) system.
Constructing vision with scenario planning

Strategic vision is often included as an important component of leadership. Yet there is relatively little guidance offered in the management literature on how to acquire vision. This paper describes practices that facilitate scenario planning so that it becomes a process for creating shared vision. Most of the work on scenarios addresses the mechanics of scenario construction. Those authors adopt a planning perspective and suggest scenario planning can benefit organizations by stimulating creative thinking about the future or improving forecasts. The Scenarios-to-Strategies (S2S) approach is presented, and scenario planning is considered from a communication perspective. Facilitation practices that enhance traditional scenario-building processes are presented which support the social processes of constructing shared vision. These operate on the layer of participants' cognitive processes, to integrate the different participants' views into a unified, shared framework that heightens understanding and commitment. Example scenario planning projects from two industries, electric utilities and software research, are summarized to demonstrate lessons learned that enhance the facilitation of scenarios as a group process.
Quantum mechanics without probability amplitudes

First steps are taken toward a formulation of quantum mechanics which avoids the use of probability amplitudes and is expressed entirely in terms of observable probabilities. Quantum states are represented not by state vectors or density matrices but by “probability tables,” which contain only the probabilities of the outcomes of certain special measurements. The rule for computing transition probabilities, normally given by the squared modulus of the inner product of two state vectors, is re-expressed in terms of probability tables. The new version of the rule is surprisingly simple, especially when one considers that the notion of complex phases, so crucial in the evaluation of inner products, is entirely absent from the representation of states used here.
On the instability of slotted aloha with capture

We analyze the stability properties of slotted Aloha with capture for random access over fading channels with infinitely-many users. We assume that each user node knows only its own uplink channel gain, and uses this decentralized channel state information (CSI) to perform power control and/or probability control. The maximum stable throughput (MST) for a general capture model is obtained by means of drift analysis on the backlog Markov chain. We then specialize our general result to a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) capture model. Our analysis shows that if the channels of all users are identical and independently distributed (i.i.d.) with finite means, the system is unstable under any kind of power and probability control mechanism that is based only on decentralized CSI.
Simulating Sunlight A New Era of Artificial Lighting

The beginning of a new era of artificial lighting in which health is to be considered as well as vision is proclaimed in this paper. Facts regarding the health-giving properties of ultra violet radiation from the sun are outlined and the production of similar radiation by artificial means is discussed. Various methods of obtaining the desired rays are mentioned and considerable information is given on a new tungsten filament mercury vapor lamp which has been developed to provide this radiation conveniently and safely.
Transport in rotating fluids

We consider uniformly rotating incompressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. We study the suppression of vertical gradients of Lagrangian displacement ("vertical" refers to the direction of the rotation axis). We employ a formalism that relates the total vorticity to the gradient of the back-to-labels map (the inverse Lagrangian map, for inviscid flows, a diffusive analogue for viscous flows). We obtain bounds for the vertical gradients of the Lagrangian displacement that vanish linearly with the maximal local Rossby number. Consequently, the change in vertical separation between fluid masses carried by the flow vanishes linearly with the maximal local Rossby number.
Cadmium Ferrocyanide Overlayers: Regulation of Photoinduced Charge Transfer at the n ‐ CdSe / [ Fe ( CN ) 6 ] 4 − / 3 − Interface

This paper reports that utilization of an n-CdSe photoanode in an electrolyte containing the ferro/ferricyanide redox couple (adjusted to pH = 13) gives rise to an overlayer on the electrode composed of [Cd(CN)Fe(CN)[sub 6]][sup 2[minus]/1[minus]]. This layer is found to be effective with respect to suppression of electrode photodecomposition processes. Enhanced interfacial charge-transfer rates are observed which give rise to excellent monochromatic (488 or 633 nm) cell output parameters for light intensities up to 400 mW/cm[sup 2]. Monochromatic maximum optical to electrical energy conversion efficiencies of 20% derive from fill factors typically in excess of 0.7 and limiting quantum yields for electron flow [gt] 0.6. This provides for limiting photocurrents as high as 100 mA/cm[sup 2] under ideal conditions. The electrode response is found to be very sensitive to the nature of the etchant pretreatment employed and the spectator cations present in the supporting electrolyte. These parameters are found to affect the amount and microstructure associated with the interfacial overlayer. A novel wavelength dependence of the electrode stability is associated with photoaquation processes in the cyanometalate overlayer which modulates overlayer charge-transport properties.
[HC(py)3W(NO)2(CO)](SbF6)2 as a Lewis acid precursor in additions of silylated C-nucleophiles to carbonyl compounds

Abstract [HC(py) 3 W(NO) 2 (CO)](SbF 6 ) 2 is a feasible Lewis acid catalyst precursor for the addition of silylated C -nucleophiles to carbonyl compounds. The O -silylated adducts are easily isolated without aqueous work-up and the catalyst can be recycled. A remarkable solvent effect is found in the addition of TMS-CN to cyclohexanes.
Estimating phase integrals - A generalization of Russell's law

An attempt is made to demonstrate, by means of Hapke's (1981) photometric function, that a simple and reliable method exists for the estimation of phase integrals from limited higher phase angle measurements. This method is a generalization of the approximation first proposed by Russell (1916) and more recently treated by Veverka (1971). It is shown that this generalization of Russell's law can employ observations anywhere in the range of phase angles from 40 to 90 deg; optimum estimates of q will be obtained if the data near 70 deg are obtainable.
Endogenous Selection and Moral Hazard in Compensation Contracts

The two major paradigms in the theoretical agency literature are moral hazard (i.e., hidden action) and adverse selection (i.e., hidden information). Prior research typically solves these problems in isolation, as opposed to simultaneously incorporating both adverse selection and moral hazard features. We formulate two complementary generalized principal-agent models that incorporate features observed in real-world contracting environments (e.g., agents with power utility and limited liability, lognormal stock price distributions, and stock options) as mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). We use state-of-the-art numerical algorithms to solve the resulting models. We find that many of the standard results no longer obtain when wealth effects are present. We also develop a new measure of incentives calculated as the change in the agent's certainty equivalent under the optimal contract for a change in action evaluated at the optimal action. This measure facilitates interpretation of the resulting contracts and allows us to compare contracts across different contracting environments.
A SEMI-PARAMETRIC BAYESIAN MODEL OF INTER- AND INTRA-EXAMINER AGREEMENT FOR PERIODONTAL PROBING DEPTH.

Periodontal probing depth is a measure of periodontitis severity. We develop a Bayesian hierarchical model linking true pocket depth to both observed and recorded values of periodontal probing depth, while permitting correlation among measures obtained from the same mouth and between duplicate examiners’ measures obtained at the same periodontal site. Periodontal site-specific examiner effects are modeled as arising from a Dirichlet process mixture, facilitating identification of classes of sites that are measured with similar bias. Using simulated data, we demonstrate the model's ability to recover examiner site-specific bias and variance heterogeneity and to provide cluster-adjusted point and interval agreement estimates. We conclude with an analysis of data from a probing depth calibration training exercise.
Flavor physics and the CKM matrix: an overview

Abstract I review the current status of our knowledge of CP violation and flavor physics. I discuss where one should look for future improvements, and outline the experimental and theoretical priorities of the field.
Family of boundary Poisson brackets

Abstract We find a new d -parameter family of ultra-local boundary Poisson brackets that satisfy the Jacobi identity. The two already known cases by Soloviev [J. Math. Phys. 34 (1993) 5747, hep-th/9305133] and the author [Putting an Edge to the Poisson Bracket, Preprint MIT-CTP-2746, hep-th/9806249, J. Math. Phys., to appear] are included in this new continuous family as special cases.
The effect of ionic additives on aerosol coagulation

Abstract The effect of ionic additives on particle size characteristics during gas phase production of fine powders is investigated. In aerosol manufacture of particulate commodities, electrolytes are sprayed into the process stream to control the phase and size characteristics of the product powders. These electrolytes dissociate into their constitutive ions, some of which preferentially adsorb onto the particle surface and give rise to electrostatic repulsion forces between particles that affect particle—particle interactions, and hence, particle growth by coagulation. The size distribution of these particles depends on the strength of charging at the particle surface, which is related to the ionization of the electrolytes. A thermochemical equilibrium calculation is performed to estimate the charging ability of the alkali metals (Na, K, and Rb). Ionic effects on the rate of aerosol coagulation are numerically evaluated using a sectional solution for the aerosol dynamics equation. It is found that high repulsive energy barriers can result in narrow size distributions and small average particle sizes, in agreement with experimental observations in the literature. In addition, ionic additives result in size distributions that are narrower than those predicted by the self-preserving theory for coagulation.
Effect of filler mass and binding on thermal conductivity of fully filled skutterudites

The relations between the thermal conductivity of cagelike structures and their crystal parameters are investigated using a two-dimensional toy model. The model consists of host atoms on a rectangular lattice with fillers at the center of each rectangle. The effect of mass and size of the filler on thermal conductivity is investigated using equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations. We show that the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing atomic displacement parameter while it has local minima versus the filler to host mass ratio. Similar trends were observed in experiments on filled skutterudites. The trends are explained by analyzing the effect of the filler on the phonon dispersion and relaxation times of the host material.
Electronic reconstruction in correlated electron heterostructures

Electronic phase behavior in correlated-electron systems is a fundamental problem of condensed matter physics. We argue here that the change in the phase behavior near the surface and interface, i.e., electronic reconstruction , is the fundamental issue of the correlated-electron surface or interface science. Beyond its importance to basic science, understanding of this behavior is crucial for potential devices exploiting the novel properties of the correlated systems. We present a general overview of the field, and then illustrate the general concepts by theoretical studies of the model heterostructures comprised of a Mott-insulator and a band-insulator, which show that spin (and orbital) orderings in thin heterostructures are generically different from the bulk and that the interface region, about three-unit-cell wide, is always metallic, demonstrating that electronic reconstruction generally occurs. Predictions for photoemission experiments are made to show how the electronic properties change as a function of position, and the magnetic phase diagram is determined as a function of temperature, number of layers, and interaction strength. Future directions for research are also discussed.
Direct observation of closed-loop ferrohydrodynamic pumping under traveling magnetic fields

Ferrofluid-based liquid manipulation schemes typically actuate an immiscible liquid via a ferrofluid plug, using high magnetic flux (\ensuremath{\sim}1 T) densities and strong field gradients created with bulky permanent magnets. They rely on surface tension effects to maintain the cohesion of the ferrofluid plug, necessitating miniature channels and slow (\ensuremath{\sim}1 \ensuremath{\mu}l/min) flow speeds. Here, we demonstrate direct ferrohydrodynamic pumping using traveling magnetic fields at controllable speeds in a simple, closed-loop geometry without any mechanically actuated components. The pumping approach is compact, scalable, and practical. Using moderate field amplitudes (\ensuremath{\sim}10 mT), we obtained a maximum volumetric flow rate of 0.69 ml/s using a readily available commercial ferrofluid. Our closed-loop pumping approach could lead to integrated and efficient liquid manipulation and cooling schemes based on ferrofluids.
Correct definition of the Poynting vector in electrically and magnetically polarizable medium reveals that negative refraction is impossible

I compute from first principles the local heating rate q (the amount of electromagnetic energy converted to heat per unit time per unit volume) for electromagnetic waves propagating in magnetically and electrically polarizable media. I find that, in magnetic media, this rate has two separate contributions, q(V) and q(S), the first coming from the volume of the medium and the second from its surface. I argue that the second law of thermodynamics requires that the volume contribution be positive and that this requirement, in turn, prohibits negative refraction. This result holds for active or passive media and in the presence of anisotropy and spatial dispersion.
The weighted hook length formula

Based on the ideas in Ciocan-Fontanine, Konvalinka and Pak (2009) [5], we introduce the weighted analogue of the branching rule for the classical hook length formula, and give two proofs of this result. The first proof is completely bijective, and in a special case gives a new short combinatorial proof of the hook length formula. Our second proof is probabilistic, generalizing the (usual) hook walk proof of Greene, Nijenhuis and Wilf (1979) [15], as well as the q-walk of Kerov (1993) [20]. Further applications are also presented.
Fast Thermal Analysis on GPU for 3D ICs With Integrated Microchannel Cooling

Effective thermal management for 3D integrated circuits (3D ICs) is becoming increasingly challenging due to the ever-increasing power density and chip design complexity; traditional heat sinks are expected to quickly reach their limits for meeting the cooling needs of 3D ICs. Alternatively, the integrated liquid-cooled microchannel heat sink has become one of the most effective solutions. In this paper, we present fast multigrid and block tridiagonally preconditioned graphics processing unit (GPU) based thermal simulation algorithms for 3D ICs. Unlike the CPU-based solver development in which existing sophisticated numerical simulation tools (matrix solvers) can be readily adopted and implemented, GPU-based thermal simulation demands more effort in the algorithm and data structure design phase, and requires careful consideration of GPU's thread/memory organization, data access/communication patterns, arithmetic intensity, as well as its hardware occupancies. As shown by various experimental results, our GPU-based 3D thermal simulation solvers can achieve more than 360× speedups over the best available direct solvers and more than 35× speedups over the CPU-based iterative solvers, without loss of accuracy.
Psychological Contract Violation in Online Marketplaces: Antecedents, Consequences, and Moderating Role

This study examines the nature and role of Psychological Contract Violation (PCV) in online marketplaces, a critical factor that has been largely overlooked by previous research. Applied to buyer-seller relationships, PCV is defined as a buyer's perception of having being treated wrongly regarding the terms of an exchange agreement with an individual seller. PCV with individual sellers is proposed as a formative first-order construct driven by the occurrence of fraud, product misrepresentation, contract default, delivery delay, and failure to follow product guarantees and payment policies. PCV with an individual seller is proposed to prompt a generalized perception of PCV with the entire community of sellers in a marketplace. PCV with the community of sellers is hypothesized to negatively affect buyer transaction behavior in a marketplace by directly impacting transaction intentions, price premiums, trust, perceived risk, and the perceived effectiveness of institutional structures. PCV is also hypothesized to act as a moderator, transforming the buyers' initial trust-based mindset to one more centered on perceived risk. Finally, PCV is hypothesized to attenuate the positive impact of trust on transaction intentions, while reinforcing the negative impact of perceived risk on transaction intentions. It is also proposed to attenuate the impact of the perceived effectiveness of institutional structures on trust, while strengthening its negative effect on perceived risk. As a means of preventing PCV, the buyers' positive experience and the sellers' favorable past performance are hypothesized to make PCV with the community of sellers less likely. A combination of primary and secondary longitudinal data from 404 buyers in eBay's and Amazon's online auctions support the proposed hypotheses, validating PCV as a central element of buyer-seller relationships in online marketplaces. Interestingly, ex post facto results show that buyers with higher perceptions of PCV with the community of sellers are less likely to experience PCV with an individual seller in the future. Implications for buyer-seller relationships in online marketplaces and the PCV literature are discussed. Also discussed is how the increasing number of buyers who experience PCV in online marketplaces extends the literature that has been largely developed based on buyers who had not experienced PCV.
Dinitramide anion as a reagent for the controlled replacement of fluorine by oxygen in halogen fluorides

Abstract The reactions of KN(NO 2 ) 2 with BrF 5 , CIF 5 and IF 7 were investigated. It is shown that the N(NO) 2 ) 2 anion is superior to NO 3 as a reagent for the controlled, stepwise replacement of two ligands by a doubly bonded oxygen atom. Thus, KN(NO 2 ) 2 readily reacts with BrF 5 at −45°C to give KBrOF 4 , N 2 O and FNO 2 in quantitative yield. With CIF 5 at −13°C, an equimolar mixture of KCIOF 4 and KCIF 4 was obtained. The formation of KCIOF 4 is remarkable because with most fluorine-oxygen exchange reagents, such as NO 3 , the exchange process cannot be arrested at the CIOF 4 stage and yields FCIO 2 as the only product. In the case of IF 7 , deoxygenation of the desired IOF 6 − product occurred resulting instead in the formation of KIF 6 which, in the presence of excess IF 2 , formed the novel KIF 6 ·2IF 7 adduct.
ENTROPY AND AREA IN LOOP QUANTUM GRAVITY

Black hole thermodynamics suggests that the maximum entropy that can be contained in a region of space is proportional to the area enclosing it rather than its volume. We argue that this follows naturally from loop quantum gravity and a result of Kolmogorov and Bardzin' on the the realizability of networks in three dimensions. This represents an alternative to other approaches in which some sort of correlation between field configurations helps limit the degrees of freedom within a region. It also provides an approach to thinking about black hole entropy in terms of states inside rather than on its surface. Intuitively, a spin network complicated enough to imbue a region with volume only lets that volume grow as quickly as the area bounding it.
The precision and accuracy of AIRS level 1B radiances for climate studies

We investigate uncertainties in the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) radiances based on in-flight and pre-flight calibration algorithms and observations. The global coverage and spectral resolution (~ 1200) of AIRS enable it to produce a data set that can be used as a climate data record over the lifetime of the instrument. Therefore, we examine the effects of the uncertainties in the calibration and the detector stability on future climate studies. The uncertainties of the parameters that go into the AIRS radiometric calibration are propagated to estimate the accuracy of the radiances and any climate data record created from AIRS measurements. The calculated radiance uncertainties are consistent with observations. Algorithm enhancements may be able to reduce the radiance uncertainties by as much as 7%. We find that the orbital variation of the gain contributes a brightness temperature bias of < 0.01 K. Although this can be removed by algorithm enhancements, it is smaller than uncertainty of the gain for most channels.
Phosphates as Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: An Evaluation Based on High-Throughput ab Initio Calculations

Phosphate materials are being extensively studied as lithium-ion battery electrodes. In this work, we present a high-throughput ab initio analysis of phosphates as cathode materials. Capacity, voltage, specific energy, energy density, and thermal stability are evaluated computationally on thousands of compounds. The limits in terms of gravimetric and volumetric capacity inherent to the phosphate chemistry are determined. Voltage ranges for all redox couples in phosphates are provided, and the structural factors influencing the voltages are analyzed. We reinvestigate whether phosphate materials are inherently safe and find that, for the same oxidation state, oxygen release happens thermodynamically at lower temperature for phosphates than for oxides. These findings are used to recommend specific chemistries within the phosphate class and to show the intrinsic limits of certain materials of current interest (e.g., LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO4).
The economic consequences of regulatory accounting in the nuclear power industry: market reaction to plant abandonments

Abstract Between 1972 and 1990, US electric utility companies cancelled orders for 117 nuclear power plants (NEI, 1996, pp. 1–6). The regulatory accounting methods adopted by utility rate setting commissions determined whether utilities could recover the losses on cancelled plants through higher rates. In effect, the choice of accounting methods determined how billions of dollars invested in cancelled nuclear plants was allocated between utility stockholders, ratepayers, and taxpayers (DOE/EIA, 1983, pp. ix–x). Our paper examines the economic consequences to stockholders of capital project abandonments in a regulated industry. The results show that while regulatory treatment of abandonment costs was generally favorable to investors, the market reacted negatively to nuclear project abandonment announcements indicating that investors did not expect to fully recoup abandonment losses. Two stage regression is used to investigate the determinants of the market’s reaction to project cancellations.
Policy questions raised by virtual economies

Over the past decade the number and scope of so-called virtual economies has risen rapidly. Careful study reveals that the label "virtual", while useful in a descriptive way, does not identify anything economically unique. Virtual economies tend to behave like any other economy and also increasingly interact in predictable ways with the so-called real economy. Yet, these interactions raise important and unresolved questions for law and policy. While most of the legal questions have been addressed by scholars, at this point, most remain unresolved by the courts. In addition, there is little systematic analysis of policy issues for virtual worlds. This paper identifies a number of reasons why the boundaries between the real and virtual worlds are eroding. In doing so, it addresses a few of the major policy issues faced by virtual world operators as the boundaries of their creations push against the real world. It also demonstrates how the developers of virtual worlds already behave as policy makers, and how their own actions continue to blur the boundary between themselves and national governments.
Tidally Induced Apsidal Precession in Double White Dwarfs: A New Mass Measurement Tool with LISA

Galactic interacting double white dwarfs (DWDs) are guaranteed gravitational wave (GW) sources for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna GW detector, with more than 104 binaries expected to be detected over the mission's lifetime. Part of this population is expected to be eccentric, and here we investigate the potential for constraining the white dwarf (WD) properties through apsidal precession in these binaries. We analyze the tidal, rotational, and general relativistic contributions to apsidal precession by using detailed He WD models, where the evolution of the star's interior is followed throughout the cooling phase. In agreement with previous studies of zero-temperature WDs, we find that apsidal precession in eccentric DWDs can lead to a detectable shift in the emitted GW signal when binaries with cool (old) components are considered. This shift increases significantly for hot (young) WDs. We find that apsidal motion in hot (cool) DWDs is dominated by tides at orbital frequencies above 10–4 Hz (10–3 Hz). The analysis of apsidal precession in these sources while ignoring the tidal component would lead to an extreme bias in the mass determination, and could lead us to misidentify WDs as neutron stars or black holes. We use the detailed WD models to show that for older, cold WDs, there is a unique relationship that ties the radius and apsidal precession constant to the WD masses, therefore allowing tides to be used as a tool to constrain the source masses.
Enhancing superconductivity: Magnetic impurities and their quenching by magnetic fields

Magnetic fields and magnetic impurities are each known to suppress superconductivity. However, as the field quenches (i.e. polarizes) the impurities, rich consequences, including field-enhanced superconductivity, can emerge when both effects are present. In superconducting wires and thin films this field-spin interplay is investigated via the Eilenberger-Usadel scheme. Non-monotonic dependence of the critical current on the field (and therefore field-enhanced superconductivity) is found to be possible, even in parameter regimes for which the superconducting critical temperature decreases monotonically with increasing field. The present work complements that of Kharitonov and Feigel'man (JETP Lett., 82 (2005) 421), which predicts regimes of non-monotonic behavior of the critical temperature.
BRS operators and covariant derivatives in loop space for p-branes coupled to Yang-Mills

Abstract Canonical forms are given for the nilpotent BRS operator δ and the covariant “loop space” derivative D μ for the p-brane fields for all odd p. The defining characteristics of D μ is that it is a functional derivative operator which generalizes the ordinary functional derivative and also commutes with δ. Methods of construction for the canonical forms are discussed.
A cloud-assisted design for autonomous driving

This paper presents Carcel, a cloud-assisted system for autonomous driving. Carcel enables the cloud to have access to sensor data from autonomous vehicles as well as the roadside infrastructure. The cloud assists autonomous vehicles that use this system to avoid obstacles such as pedestrians and other vehicles that may not be directly detected by sensors on the vehicle. Further, Carcel enables vehicles to plan efficient paths that account for unexpected events such as road-work or accidents.We evaluate a preliminary prototype of Carcel on a state-of-the-art autonomous driving system in an outdoor testbed including an autonomous golf car and six iRobot Create robots. Results show that Carcel reduces the average time vehicles need to detect obstacles such as pedestrians by 4.6x compared to today's systems that do not have access to the cloud.
The synthesis of bicyclic lactam based His-Pro building blocks: the effect of substituent polarity on an intramolecular bond migration

Abstract A strategy for constructing bicyclic lactam amino acid building blocks with imidazole sidechains is reported. The synthetic route described utilizes an electrochemical amide oxidation to functionalize a proline derivative, and then a sequential cyclization-rearrangement strategy to construct a substituted six-membered ring lactam. Alternatively, the seven-membered ring lactams were obtained without rearrangement when electron withdrawing groups were present beta to the amide carbonyl.
Third-Party Sanctioning and Compensation Behavior: Findings From the Ultimatum Game

Abstract We measured the beliefs and behavior of third parties who were given the opportunity to add to or deduct from the payoffs of individuals who engaged in an economic bargaining game under different social contexts. Third parties rewarded bargaining outcomes that were equal and compensated victims of unfair bargaining outcomes rather than punishing perpetrators, but were willing to punish when compensation was not an available option. Beliefs of whether unequal bargaining outcomes were fair differed based on the normative context, but actual punishment, compensation, and rewarding behavior did not. This paper makes a contribution to the literature on informal mechanisms of social norm enforcement by comparing negative sanctions, positive sanctions, and compensation behavior by third parties.
DENTAL INFECTION CONTROL AT THE YEAR 2000: ACCOMPLISHMENT RECOGNIZED

ABSTRACT Overview Health care providers have strived to address the many elements necessary to achieve effective infection control. Historical progress in microbiology and hospital asepsis provided the foundation for advances in dental preventive practices. Evidence supporting the application of current practices includes a long history of scientific and clinical investigations, technological advances in equipment and materials, and periodic publication of updated recommendations by professional health care organizations. Clinical Implications The routine application of precautions such as multiple aseptic procedures, latex gloves, masks, protective eyewear, clinic coats, automated instrument decontamination devices, time-efficient heat sterilization modalities, chemical disinfectants, waste management procedures and single-use disposable items have created a safer environment for dental personnel and patients alike.
On simplicity and complexity in the brave new world of large-scale neuroscience

Technological advances have dramatically expanded our ability to probe multi-neuronal dynamics and connectivity in the brain. However, our ability to extract a simple conceptual understanding from complex data is increasingly hampered by the lack of theoretically principled data analytic procedures, as well as theoretical frameworks for how circuit connectivity and dynamics can conspire to generate emergent behavioral and cognitive functions. We review and outline potential avenues for progress, including new theories of high dimensional data analysis, the need to analyze complex artificial networks, and methods for analyzing entire spaces of circuit models, rather than one model at a time. Such interplay between experiments, data analysis and theory will be indispensable in catalyzing conceptual advances in the age of large-scale neuroscience.
MINIMIZING ASCORBIC ACID LOSS DURING AIR DRYING WITH A CONSTRAINT ON ENZYME INACTIVATION FOR A HYPOTHETICAL FOODSTUFF

The utility of a simulation-optimization approach based on the complex method was demonstrated for a multi-stage drying process. Optimal stage-duration and temperature control were found for minimizing ascorbic acid loss using a literature-derived kinetic model. In addition, enzyme (catalase) inactivation was considered in the staged process. It was desired to control the process so that catalase activity was reduced below a specified level while minimizing ascorbic acid loss. Inequality constraints were also placed on the final retention of moisture and the temperature control range. Due to the large difference in temperature sensitivity at high moisture levels, the optimal configuration maintained the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures very high in a brief first stage to inactivate catalase, followed by milder drying conditions in the final stages to reduce ascorbic acid degradation.
The synthesis of 3,5-di- and 3,5,5-trisubstituted-1,3-oxazolidines from primary amines and carbonyl compounds

Abstract A variety of 3,5-substituted 1,3-oxazolidines are synthesized from primary amines by a novel, two step sequence.
How weak is weak extent

We show that the extent of a Tychonoff space of countable weak extent can be arbitrarily big. The extent of X is e(X)=sup{|F|:F⊂X is closed and discrete) while we(X)=min{τ:for every open cover U of X there is A⊂X such that |A|⩽τ and St(A,U)=X} is the weak extent of X (also called the star-Lindelof number of X). Also we show that the extent of a normal space with countable weak extent is not greater than c.
Polarization-induced zener tunnel junctions in wide-bandgap heterostructures

The large span in direct bandgap covered by the III–V nitride material family makes them extremely suitable for a wide range of optoelectronic devices. This makes it possible to build devices extending from the infrared to deep UV wavelengths in the same material family. The ability to combine multiple emission wavelengths in one device can be made possible by growing devices of different material composition on the same wafer. In order to electrically connect different active regions, whether it is in a Light Emitting Diode (LED) or a solar cell, an efficient tunnel junction is needed.
Evaluation of computer architectures via test programs

This article presents the evaluation of the Computer Family Architecture (CFA) candidate architectures via a set of test programs. The measures used to rank the computer architectures were S, the size of the test program, and M and R, two measures designed to estimate the principal components contributing to the nominal execution speed of the architecture. Descriptions of the twelve test programs and definitions of the S, M, and R measures are included here. The statistical design of the assignment of test programs to programmers is also discussed. Each program was coded from two to four times on each machine to minimize the uncertainty due to programmer variability. The final results show that for all three measures (S, M, and R) the Interdata 8/32 is the superior architecture, followed closely by the PDP-11, and the IBM S/370 trailed by a significant margin.
Environmental Fate of Sodium Azide Derived from Automobile Airbags

The environmental fate of sodium azide (NaN3) is of considerable interest given the recent surge in production to satisfy demand for automobile air bag inflators, where it serves as the principal active ingredient. Since the mid-1990s, demand for sodium azide has exceeded 5 million kg per year and most passenger vehicles sold in the United States now contain approximately 300 g (≈0.7 lb) of sodium azide. This has greatly increased the potential for accidental environmental releases and for human exposure to this highly toxic, broad-spectrum biocide. It can be argued that a new environmental threat has developed because not only are millions of kilograms of sodium azide now transported to and processed at air bag inflator factories, but also this substance is now widely distributed throughout the developed world in automobiles. Even if sodium azide were to be replaced by a more benign propellant in the future, the problem of safely disposing of large quantities of azide will remain as the vehicle fleet age...
Adolescent decision making about participation in a hypothetical HIV vaccine trial

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the process of adolescent decision-making about participation in an HIV vaccine clinical trial, comparing it to adult models of informed consent with attention to developmental differences.
Best Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Daytime Spacecraft Charging Index

Recently, the debate on what is the best daytime Geosynchronous Earth Orbit spacecraft charging index has been reopened. In this paper, the conclusions of one of the recent papers on the subject are verified by comparing Nascap-2k results with charging and fluxes measured on the Spacecraft Charging at the High Altitudes, Intelsat, Defense Satellite Communications System, and Los Alamos National Laboratory Geosynchronous Earth Orbit satellites. In addition, a refined measure of charging is presented as the total thermal electron flux above a certain minimum energy that is well above the second crossover point in secondary electron emission. The use of this type of index is justified by correlations between Nascap-2k simulation results and total fluxes above a range of energies. The best minimum energy to use is determined for spacecraft of different design and surface materials. Finally, the optimum Geosynchronous Earth Orbit daytime spacecraft charging index is obtained, and its use for predicting and res...
Three-Dimensional Supersonic Interacting Turbulent Flow along a Corner

The numerical solution of a three-dimensional laminar-transitional-turbulent flow along a symmetric corner was obtained for the Navier-Stokes equations using a modified Gessner's turbulence model. The specific case examined was the symmetric corner formed by the intersection of two wedges with identical wedge angles of 9.48 deg at a Mach number of 3, with the Reynolds number spanning a range from 0.4 x 10 to 1.1 X 10 for which experimental data existed. The numerical results duplicated all of the essential experimental observations. The present investigation seems to indicate that careful application of a turbulent eddy-viscosity concept is not limited to mere two-dimensional thin shear-layer flows. Finally, the present procedure appears to offer promise for practical engineering applications.
Tests of Spurious Transport in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics

We have performed a series of systematic tests to evaluate quantitatively the effects of spurious transport in three-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) calculations. Our tests investigate (i) particle diffusion, (ii) shock heating, (iii) numerical viscosity, and (iv) angular momentum transport. The effects of various program parameters on spurious mixing and on viscosity are investigated. The results are useful for quantifying the accuracy of the SPH scheme, especially for problems where shear flows or shocks are present, as well as for problems where true hydrodynamic mixing is relevant. In particular, the particle diffusion coefficients we measure can be used to help estimate the spurious fluid mixing in SPH applications. We examine the different forms of artificial viscosity (AV) which have been proposed by Monaghan, by Hernquist and Katz, and by Balsara. Our tests suggest a single set of values for the AV parameters which are appropriate in a large number of situations: ??0.5, s?1 for the classical AV of Monaghan, ??s?0.5 for the Hernquist and Katz AV, and ??s??/2 for the Balsara AV (where ? is the adiabatic index). We also discuss how these choices should be modified depending on the goals of the particular application. For instance, if spurious particle mixing is not a concern and only weak shocks (Mach number M?2) are expected during a calculation, then a smaller value of ? is appropriate. Somewhat larger values for ? and s may be preferable if an accurate treatment of high Mach number shocks (M?10) is required. We find that both the Hernquist and Katz and Balsara forms introduce only small amounts of numerical viscosity. Furthermore, both Monaghan's and Balsara's AV do well at treating shocks and at limiting the amount of spurious mixing. For these reasons, we endorse the Balsara AV for use in a broad range of applications.