cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of the four 1-(1-deoxy-D-pentitol-1-yl)thymines and conformational properties of the acyclic sugar chain.

Abstract Acetylated d -pentose diethyl dithioacetals were coupled by way of 1-bromo-1-ethylthio derivatives with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)thymine to afford diastereomeric pairs of acyclic-sugar nucleoside analogues bearing a thymin-1-yl and an ethylthio group at C-1. Free-radical desulfurization by the action of tributylstannane removed the ethylthio group to afford the corresponding acetylated 1-(1-deoxy- d -pentitol-1-yl)thymines and subsequently the free title compounds in the arabino, lyxo, ribo, and xylo series. Conformations of the intermediates and products were studied in detail and the final products were evaluated for their potential as agents active against plant viruses and rice blast fungus.
Sensitive radioassay of microsomal O-demethylation of 14CH3O- or C3H3O-p-nitroanisole for comparative studies.

Abstract 1. Radioassay of p -nitroanisole O -demethylation in liver homogenates and/or microsomes is described. Disappearance of as little as five nanomoles substrate can be precisely determined. 2. O -Demethylation rates from radioassays and from spectroassays of formaldehyde correspond, but both are greater than apparent rates of p -nitrophenol production measured by spectrophotometry. 3. Comparative studies were performed using homogenates and microsomes from vertebrates (9 species) and invertebrates (4 species). Results indicated species differences, enzyme induction and characteristic tissue levels of O -demethylation activity. 4. Cost/time considerations favor the radioassay over usual spectrophotometric procedures for comparative studies involving large numbers of samples.
Acousto-optic device-based high-speed high-isolation photonic switching fabric for signal processing.

A high-speed, switched, binary photonic switching fabric based on two acousto-optic devices arranged in a compact self-aligning (by acousto-optic device–based Bragg matching) optical geometry is introduced for photonic signal processing and control. This fabric has the unique capability to provide simultaneously both high switching speeds and high optical isolation, a critical need for advanced low-noise high-speed signal-processing applications. The proof-of-concept experimental fabric demonstrated nearly 60% light throughput, a 39-dB optical isolation level for both states of the switching fabric, and a 138-ns switching time.
Aluminum nanoparticle/acrylate copolymer nanocomposites for dielectric elastomers with high dielectric constants

Dielectric elastomers are useful for large-strain actuation and energy harvesting. Their application has been limited by their low dielectric constants and consequently high driving voltage. Various fillers with high dielectric constants have been incorporated into different elastomer systems to improve the actuation strain, force output and energy density of the compliant actuators and generators. However, agglomeration may happen in these nanocomposites, resulting in a decrease of dielectric strength, an increase of leakage current, and in many instances the degree of enhancement of the dielectric constant. In this work, we investigated aluminum nanoparticles as nanofillers for acrylate copolymers. This metallic nanoparticle was chosen because the availability of free electrons could potentially provide an infinite value of dielectric constant as opposed to dielectric materials including ferroelectric nanocrystals. Moreover, aluminum nanoparticles have a self-passivated oxide shell effectively preventing the formation of conductive path. The surfaces of the aluminum nanoparticles were functionalized with methacrylate groups to assist the uniform dispersion in organic solutions and additionally enable copolymerization with acrylate copolymer matrix during bulk polymerization, and thus to suppress large range drifting of the nanoparticles. The resulting Al nanoparticle-acrylate copolymer nanocomposites were found to exhibit higher dielectric constant and increased stiffness. The leakage current under high electric fields were significantly lower than nanocomposites synthesized without proper nanoparticle surface modification. The dielectric strengths of the composites were comparable with the pristine polymers. In dielectric actuation evaluation, the actuation force output and energy specific work density were enhanced in the nanocomposites compared to the pristine copolymer.
Mirror gait retraining for the treatment of patellofemoral pain in female runners

Background Abnormal hip mechanics are often implicated in female runners with patellofemoral pain. We sought to evaluate a simple gait retraining technique, using a full-length mirror, in female runners with patellofemoral pain and abnormal hip mechanics. Transfer of the new motor skill to the untrained tasks of single leg squat and step descent was also evaluated.
Potential drug targets in cyst-wall biosynthesis by intestinal protozoa.

Given that resistance to antiprotozoal drugs exists and is likely to increase and given that currently no reliable treatments exist for some of these infections, efforts to find new targets for chemotherapy must be continued. In the case of cyst-forming pathogenic protozoa, one such target might be encystment pathways and cyst-wall assembly. Information is increasing on protozoan encystment and, as it does, we can begin to answer the question of whether targeting it for chemotherapy is a viable drug strategy. Currently, there are significant efforts to understand encystment in Giardia and Entamoeba, and potential targets are being discovered as work on their encystment mechanisms progress. We know with certainty now that Giardia and Entamoeba cyst walls contain unique proteins and polysaccharides which differ from those of their hosts and thus make them potentially interesting targets for a variety of chemotherapeutic attacks. Although we lack detailed information about the other protozoan cyst formers, enough evidence exists for Giardia and Entamoeba that it seems prudent to screen them with some of the antifungal drugs, especially those that target mannoproteins, chitin synthesis, and β (1, 3) glucan synthesis to ascertain if they target elements in these protozoan pathways that are similar to those found in fungi.
Calcium oxalate monohydrate precipitation at membrane lipid rafts

The precipitation of calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) was monitored at a Langmuir monolayer containing lipid raft domains. The raft-forming monolayer consists of a 2:1:1 mixture of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/sphingomyelin/dihydrocholesterol, where the raft liquid ordered phase is enriched in sphingomyelin and the sterol. COM crystals, monitored by Brewster angle microscopy, appear at the phase boundary between the raft domains and the expanded phase.
GaN-based nanostructured photodetectors

The use of nanostructures in semiconductor technology leads to the observation of new phenomena in device physics. Further quantum and non-quantum effects arise from the reduction of device dimension to a nanometric scale. In nanopillars, quantum confinement regime is only revealed when the lateral dimensions are lower than 50 nm. For larger mesoscopic systems, quantum effects are not observable but surface states play a key role and make the properties of nanostructured devices depart from those found in conventional devices. In this work, we present the fabrication of GaN nanostructured metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) and p-i-n photodiodes (PIN PDs) by e-beam lithography, as well as the investigation of their photoelectrical properties at room temperature. The nanopillar height and diameter are about 520 nm and 200 nm, respectively. MSMs present dark currents densities of 0.4 A/cm 2 at ±100 V. A strong increase of the optical response with bias is observed, resulting in responsivities higher than 1 A/W. The relationship between this gain mechanism and surface states is discussed. PIN PDs yield peak responsivities (Rpeak) of 35 mA/W at -4 V and show an abnormal increase of the response (Rpeak>100 A/W) under forward biases.
Group sequential monitoring of multi-armed clinical trials

Monitoring of two-armed clinical trials using group sequential methods has been implemented for over 20 years. This paper considers analogous monitoring procedures for multi-armed clinical trials. Monitoring the trial based on repeated tests of a global null hypothesis, monitoring of comparisons of several treatments to a control, and monitoring of all pair-wise comparisons are considered. The procedure of choice for a given situation will depend on how the application at hand is best formulated.
Competing Gender Paradigms: Gender Difference, Fetal Rights and the Case of Johnson Controls

Political debates over the concept of “fetal rights” pose in sharp relief questions regarding the meaning of biological gender difference for gender equality. Can the state's obligation to “protect” fetal health be used to modify or control women's behavior? If so, what does this mean for women's status as full and equal citizens in a democratic society? This article addresses these questions through an analysis of the political, legal, scientific and moral debates over “fetal protection policies” in hazardous workplaces.
Toward a General Theory of Armaments

Rising armaments are usually explained in terms of one of two basic paradigms — inter national action-reaction ('arms race') or domestic causation ('autism' and similar). The present investigation assumes that 'arms race' and 'autism' explanations are both generally valid, that they are related to each other as 'thesis' and 'antithesis', and that a 'synthesis' (i. e. an overarching general theory) can be found which subsumes the two perspectives. A mathematical model is presented which can serve as a 'meta-model' or nucleus of such a general theory. The model is stated in terms of two structural-dynamic equations: Mat = B at · Gat and Mat = (i ‡ e)at · Gat, which entail both a cross-national and a diachronic dimension. They link military growth and global military structure (M) to economic growth and global economic structure (G) and other factors. It is shown, for purposes of illustration, how the model subsumes a mathematical arms race model by Lambelet, a Marxist theorem by Baran and Sweezy, and the 'r...
Tumor immunology, autoimmunity and aging.

: Cell-mediated immune function declines with aging, and may be associated with autoimmunity and malignancy. Humoral immune responses also decline with aging. The chief age-related effect on the immune system is a decrease in T-cell function. The “thymus clock” and immunogenesis are discussed in relation to aging. In animals, attempts at immunologic rejuvenation by cellular or hormonal means have not been as successful as the results attained by genetic manipulation.
A stochastic approach to capture crystal plasticity

A stochastic crystal plasticity model is proposed and applied within the rate-independent regime. As opposed to conventional deterministic algorithms wherein multiple slip systems are activated and redundant constraints may exist, the new Monte Carlo plasticity (MCP) paradigm is based on a stochastic chain of singly activated slip systems and thus avoids the possible ill-condition associated with multi-slip algorithms. The choice of the activated slip system is made at each Monte Carlo (MC) step based on the Metropolis algorithm. The MCP model is implemented within a Material Point Method (MPM) as a constitutive model to capture the elasto-plastic behavior of polycrystalline materials. A comparison with a commonly used singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm indicates that MCP offers superior computational efficiency while maintaining comparable accuracy.
Membrane properties and the balance between excitation and inhibition control gamma-frequency oscillations arising from feedback inhibition.

Computational studies as well as in vivo and in vitro results have shown that many cortical neurons fire in a highly irregular manner and at low average firing rates. These patterns seem to persist even when highly rhythmic signals are recorded by local field potential electrodes or other methods that quantify the summed behavior of a local population. Models of the 30–80 Hz gamma rhythm in which network oscillations arise through ‘stochastic synchrony’ capture the variability observed in the spike output of single cells while preserving network-level organization. We extend upon these results by constructing model networks constrained by experimental measurements and using them to probe the effect of biophysical parameters on network-level activity. We find in simulations that gamma-frequency oscillations are enabled by a high level of incoherent synaptic conductance input, similar to the barrage of noisy synaptic input that cortical neurons have been shown to receive in vivo. This incoherent synaptic input increases the emergent network frequency by shortening the time scale of the membrane in excitatory neurons and by reducing the temporal separation between excitation and inhibition due to decreased spike latency in inhibitory neurons. These mechanisms are demonstrated in simulations and in vitro current-clamp and dynamic-clamp experiments. Simulation results further indicate that the membrane potential noise amplitude has a large impact on network frequency and that the balance between excitatory and inhibitory currents controls network stability and sensitivity to external inputs.
U.S. growth and income inequality: evidence of racial differences

Abstract Numerous studies have assessed the relationship between income inequality and per capita income (i.e., the Kuznets curve) using various data and empirical techniques. In this study, we employ a gradual switching regression model to uncover structural change in the Kuznets curves for the U.S. aggregate, Black American, and White American segments of the population. Similar to prior studies, we find that the Kuznets curves have switched to a U-shape. Our results further show that structural change of the Kuznets curve has been gradual, generally beginning in the 1950s, and that the adjustment process has varied across race.
Noninvasive detection of coronary artery wall thickening with age in healthy subjects using high resolution MRI with beat-to-beat respiratory motion correction

Purpose: To demonstrate coronary artery wall thickening with age in a small healthy cohort using a highly efficient, reliable, and reproducible high-resolution MR technique. Materials and Methods: A 3D cross-sectional MR vessel wall images (0.7 × 0.7 × 3 mm resolution) with retrospective beat-to-beat respiratory motion correction (B2B-RMC) were obtained in the proximal right coronary artery of 21 healthy subjects (age, 22–62 years) with no known cardiovascular disease. Lumen and outer wall (lumen + vessel wall) areas were measured in one central slice from each subject and average wall thickness and wall area/outer wall area ratio (W/OW) calculated. Results: Imaging was successful in 18 (86%) subjects with average respiratory efficiency 99.3 ± 1.7%. Coronary vessel wall thickness and W/OW significantly correlate with subject age, increasing by 0.088 mm and 0.031 per decade respectively (R = 0.53, P = 0.024 and R = 0.48, P = 0.046). No relationship was found between lumen area and vessel wall thickness (P = NS), but outer wall area increased significantly with vessel wall thickness at 19 mm2 per mm (P = 0.046). This is consistent with outward vessel wall remodeling. Conclusion: Despite the small size of our healthy cohort, using high-resolution MR imaging and B2B-RMC, we have demonstrated increasing coronary vessel wall thickness and W/OW with age. The results obtained are consistent with outward vessel wall remodeling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
UNIVERSAL PARAMETER TIGHT-BINDING MOLECULAR DYNAMICS FOR CLUSTERS AND MOLECULES

A non-orthogonal basis tight-binding molecular dynamics method, based on Harrison’s universal parameter scheme is described. The method can handle interactions between heteroatoms in a systematic way, and can treat interactions at arbitrary range. Results for small clusters and fullerenes are presented.
Real pragmatism, kids, and the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA).

The need to involve children in clinical research is clear. Without the inclusion of children in research, pediatric practitioners must rely on data from adult subjects, which often have little relevance in pediatric practice. Indeed, the lack of empirical studies on pediatric-specific therapies and disease states often forces pediatricians to base their therapies on their own personal experiences rather than on published data. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recognizes that including children in research is essential, and in 1998 released the NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Children as Participants in Research Involving Human Subjects, which requires NIH-funded research to include children unless there are “scientific and ethical reasons not to include them” (1998). The policy further specifies seven accepted justifications for the exclusion of children. Due to this NIH policy, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) Modernization Act of 1997 (Center for Drug Evaluation and Research 1997), and the 1998 FDA Final Rule (US FDA 1998), there has been increasing pressure and improved opportunities for investigators to enroll children in clinical research.
Growth charts for individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome)

Background: The skeletal phenotype of mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI) is characterized by short stature and growth failure.
Design Review in Small Communities

The central question of this study is whether and how the broader paradigmatic changes in social discourse, as exemplified by the postmodernism debate, are reflected in the practical world of local land-use regulations, specifically the design-review processes. We identify the paradigmatic themes of postmodernism as ‘place’, ‘sustainability’, and ‘participative democracy’. To address this central question we surveyed the officials in positions of implementing land-use controls in 87 (out of a sample set of 177) communities in Wisconsin having a population ranging from 2000 to 100 000, in order to identify their attitudes towards design review. In addition to questions on existing land-use regulations, our survey asked what types of objectives may be accomplished by design review and how, that is, whether they should be addressed by land-use regulations at all and, if so, the desired degree of ‘formality’ of the regulations. The data, analyzed by Ward's cluster analysis method (using SAS), show three diffe...
Boundary asymptotic and uniqueness of solutions to the p-Laplacian with infinite boundary values

We prove boundary asymptotics to solutions of weighted p-Laplacian equations that take infinite value on the boundary of a bounded domain. Uniqueness of such solutions would then follow as a consequence. Our results extend previously known results by allowing weights that are unbounded in the domain.
BURNING PLASMA PROJECTIONS USING DRIFT WAVE TRANSPORT MODELS AND SCALINGS FOR THE H-MODE PEDESTAL

The GLF23 and multi-mode core transport models are used along with models for the H-mode pedestal to predict the fusion performance for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, Fusion Ignition Research Experiment, and IGNITOR tokamak designs. Simulations using combinations of core and pedestal models have also been compared with experimental data for H-mode profiles in DIII-D, JET, and Alcator C-Mod. Power-independent (ballooning mode limit) and power-dependent pedestal scalings lead to very different predictions when used with the core models. Although the two drift-wave transport models reproduce the core profiles in a wide variety of tokamak discharges, they differ in their projections to burning plasma experiments for the same pedestal parameters. Differences in the core transport models in their response to the ion temperature gradient (i.e. their stiffness) and impact of the power dependence of the H-mode pedestal on fusion performance predictions are discussed.
Experiments at fermilab after minos

Abstract The recent Superkamiokande [1] results for the ν μ deficit in the atmospheric neutrino flux have opened an exciting era in neutrino physics. Fermilab has started to investigate the physics potential of a new generation of neutrino experiments based either on muon storage ring neutrino factories or on conventional neutrino beams which use a “super” intense proton source (superbeams). A summary of the status and results from these studies are presented in this note.
DNA, RNA And protein concentrations in forebrain, cerebellum and brain stem of young malnourished sinclair(S-1) miniature swine (Sus scrofa)

Abstract 1. 1. To evaluate the effect of protein-calorie malnutrition on young miniature swine, piglets were fed test diets from 5, 21 or 35 days of age until sacrifice at age 63 days. 2. 2. Mean cerebellum DNA concentration was greater for malnourished or pair-fed piglets than for controls weaned at age 5 days. 3. 3. Mean forebrain DNA concentration was greater for malnourished than for control or pair-fed piglets weaned at age 5 days. 4. 4. Mean forebrain RNA concentration was greater for control than for pair-fed or malnourished piglets weaned at age 5 days. 5. 5. The brain stem was less vulnerable to postnatal protein-calorie malnutrition than were either the forebrain or the cerebellum.
"Nongynecologic" surgical procedures performed on a gynecologic oncology service.

One thousand fifty-eight patients had major surgery in a community-based, university-affiliated gynecologic oncology service. Of these, 233 underwent a total of 275 "nongynecologic" surgical procedures. Two hundred twenty patients suffered from gynecologic malignancies, whereas 13 had surgery for benign disorders. Eighty-two procedures were performed on the gastrointestinal tract, 44 on the urinary tract, and 149 on extrapelvic lymph nodes. Except for ovarian carcinoma and benign conditions the majority of gastrointestinal or urinary tract operations were preceded by radiation therapy. When the nongynecologic operation was necessitated at a time subsequent to initial therapy of the malignancy, a high incidence of recurrent disease was discovered. Of the 275 procedures, reoperation because of early or late complications was necessary in only 8 instances. Only one postoperative death was caused by complications of surgery. Other mild postoperative complications were transient and responded to routine noninvasive care. The complication rate and morbidity of nongynecologic surgical procedures performed on a gynecologic oncology service are low and should encourage gynecologic oncologists to continue their present comprehensive approach to patient care.
Submergence of the Connecticut Coast

Radiocarbon-dated samples show that the Connecticut coast has submerged about 9 feet in the last 3000 years and about 33 feet in the last 7000 years. The rate of submergence is similar to rates reported from other coasts. The finding strengthens the hypothesis that a worldwide postglacial rise of sea level is the cause.
Molecular mechanisms underlying the differential expression of maize pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase genes.

I describe here the organization of maize C4 chloroplast and non-C4 cytosolic pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) genes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their differential expression. The maize C4 chloroplast PPDK gene (C4ppdkZm1) appears to have been created by the addition of an exon encoding the chloroplast transit peptide at a site upstream of a cytosolic PPDK gene (cyppdkZm1). A splice acceptor sequence located in the first exon of cyppdkZm1 allows the fusion of the transit peptide to the cyppdkZm1 sequences. A second cyPPDK gene (cyppdkZm2) shares extensive homology with cyppdkZm1 in the coding region and in the 59 flanking region up to the TATA box. By a novel protoplast transient expression method, I show that the light-inducible expression of C4ppdkZm1 is controlled by two expression programs mediated through separate upstream regulatory elements that are active in leaf, but inactive in root and stem. Light-mediated C4ppdkZm1 expression in maize is apparently uncoupled from leaf development and partially associated with chloroplast development. For cyppdkZm1 expression, distinct upstream elements and a specific TATA promoter element, located in the first intron of C4ppdkZm1, are required. The low expression of cyppdkZm2 can be attributed to an absence of upstream positive elements and weak activity of the TATA promoter element.
A Laboratory Project in Scale Design: Teaching Reliability and Validity

Students in an Experimental Psychology class designed a scale to measure sensation seeking. The project involved students in many aspects of questionnaire development and evaluation, providing students an opportunity to experience the difficulties of measuring abstract concepts and giving them practice in evaluating the reliability and validity of those measures. Students produced a reasonably valid and reliable scale. The project has been successfully repeated, using different constructs, in several subsequent classes.
Innate Ideas Revisited: For a Principle of Persistence in Infants' Physical Reasoning

The notion of innate ideas has long been the subject of intense debate in the fields of philosophy and cognitive science. Over the past few decades, methodological advances have made it possible for developmental researchers to begin to examine what innate ideas-what innate concepts and principles-might contribute to infants ' knowledge acquisition in various core domains. This article focuses on the domain of physical reasoning and on Spelke's (1988, 1994) proposal that principles of continuity and cohesion guide infants' interpretation of physical events. The article reviews recent evidence that these two principles are in fact corollaries of a single and more powerful principle of persistence, which states that objects persist, as they are, in time and space.
Optofluidic lasers with a single molecular layer of gain

We achieve optofluidic lasers with a single molecular layer of gain, in which green fluorescent protein, dye-labeled bovine serum albumin, and dye-labeled DNA, are used as the gain medium and attached to the surface of a ring resonator via surface immobilization biochemical methods. It is estimated that the surface density of the gain molecules is on the order of 1012 cm−2, sufficient for lasing under pulsed optical excitation. It is further shown that the optofluidic laser can be tuned by energy transfer mechanisms through biomolecular interactions. This work not only opens a door to novel photonic devices that can be controlled at the level of a single molecular layer but also provides a promising sensing platform to analyze biochemical processes at the solid–liquid interface.
Bio-Ferrography to Capture and Separate Polyethylene Wear Debris from Hip Simulator Fluid and Compared with Conventional Filter Method

This paper describes an experimental method, bio-ferrography, to separate ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris, generated in hip simulators, from bovine serum lubricating fluid. A total of 54 experiments were performed in which an enzyme digestion "cocktail" was developed and used to clean the bovine serum samples of extraneous sugars, proteins. and lipids that interfere with the UHMWPE particle separation. Erbium chloride was used to marginally magnetize particles in the fluid prior to passing through the ferrographic device. The particles were captured and separated from the fluid by traversing the treated serum across a magnetic gap of a bio-ferrograph. Morphology of the captured and separated wear debris was compared with particles from samples of fluid filtered through a paper sieve arrangement with pores of 0.05 micrometers in diameter. The UHMWPE wear debris collected using the described experimental method, were found to be between 0.1 and 20 micrometers in diameter with spherical and pill-shaped particles. The filtered UHMWPE particles were in the same size range as the debris separated using bio-ferrography. To show that the experimental method captured UHMWPE particles, the spectra of the chemical composition of UHMWPE from an acetabular cup insert of a hip implant and of UHMWPE particles separated using bio-ferrography were compared and found to be the same. To further demonstrate that polyethylene could be captured and separated through the experimental method, manufactured polyethylene microspheres in the diameter range of 3-45 micrometers, were captured and separated using the bio-ferrographic process.
Zero-bias contact resistances of AuGaAs Schottky barriers

The contact resistances of gold-GaAs Schottky barriers have been measured at liquid nitrogen temperatures over the range of electron concentrations between 3.2 × 10^(18) to 2.4 × 10^(19) cm^(−3). Our theoretical treatment is based on that of Padovani and Stratton but modified to include Franz's two-band model for the imaginary wave vector of the tunneling electrons and Conley and Mahan's correction to the space-charge potential in degenerate semiconductors. The results correlate well with the theory in the 3.2 × 10^(18) to 5.6 × 10^(18) cm^(−3) range of concentrations. The theory must be extended to include the effects of fluctuating depletion width (a suggestion originally made by Bethe) to adequately explain the low contact resistances observed with the heaviest doped GaAs. This material is a degenerate and heavily compensated tin-alloy regrowth commonly used as an ohmic contact.
Enhancing solder joint fatigue life for ball grid array packages

Solder joint fatigue failure is quite common in plastic ball grid array (BGA) packages. Accurately predicting solder joint fatigue life and developing advanced, efficient techniques of enhancing solder joint reliability are essential to package development. In this paper, a finite element model is created to simulate the thermal-mechanical behavior of solder joints in the thermal cycling environment. Darveaux's physical model is employed to study solder joint fatigue failure caused by crack initiation and propagation. Environmental tests are also conducted and agree with the simulation results. In an effort to improve the margin of solder joint fatigue life by enhancing solder joint reliability, two alternatives to conventional eutectic solder balls are explored: 1) solder balls with interior polymer cores; and 2) solder balls with circumferential polymer collars. Finite element simulations are performed on each to verify the effectiveness of these special solder balls. The results show that solder joint fatigue life can be significantly improved. Mechanical samples are built using these two ball enhancements, and shear and environmental tests conducted on them corroborate the simulation predictions.
Timing of Translation in Cross-Language Qualitative Research

Although there is increased understanding of language barriers in cross-language studies, the point at which language transformation processes are applied in research is inconsistently reported, or treated as a minor issue. Differences in translation timeframes raise methodological issues related to the material to be translated, as well as for the process of data analysis and interpretation. In this article we address methodological issues related to the timing of translation from Portuguese to English in two international cross-language collaborative research studies involving researchers from Brazil, Canada, and the United States. One study entailed late-phase translation of a research report, whereas the other study involved early phase translation of interview data. The timing of translation in interaction with the object of translation should be considered, in addition to the language, cultural, subject matter, and methodological competencies of research team members.
NetPilot: automating datacenter network failure mitigation

Driven by the soaring demands for always-on and fast-response online services, modern datacenter networks have recently undergone tremendous growth. These networks often rely on commodity hardware to reach immense scale while keeping capital expenses under check. The downside is that commodity devices are prone to failures, raising a formidable challenge for network operators to promptly handle these failures with minimal disruptions to the hosted services. Recent research efforts have focused on automatic failure localization. Yet, resolving failures still requires significant human interventions, resulting in prolonged failure recovery time. Unlike previous work, NetPilot aims to quickly mitigate rather than resolve failures. NetPilot mitigates failures in much the same way operators do -- by deactivating or restarting suspected offending components. NetPilot circumvents the need for knowing the exact root cause of a failure by taking an intelligent trial-and-error approach. The core of NetPilot is comprised of an Impact Estimator that helps guard against overly disruptive mitigation actions and a failure-specific mitigation planner that minimizes the number of trials. We demonstrate that NetPilot can effectively mitigate several types of critical failures commonly encountered in production datacenter networks.
Legal Issues Regarding Digital Forensic Examiners Third Party Consent to Search

This paper focuses on Federal law as it relates to consent to search relating to Fourth Amendment privacy in the practice of Digital Forensics. In particular, Digital Examiners should be aware of how decisions in Federal Court may impact their ability to acquire evidence in both civil and criminal settings. Digital Forensics, being a relatively new field, is particularly subject to change as cases and appeals are decided. This paper provides an overview of relevant case law relating to issues in Digital Forensics. More importantly, our research provides Digital Forensic Examiners (DFE), as defined by Lonardo, White, and Rea ( Lonardo, 2008 , 2009 ), with scenarios that illustrate the various nuances when dealing with the consent to search. From issues of common authority, conflicting consent, apparent authority, and voluntary consent, our research explores court findings and applies them to practical advice and policy formation for DFEs.
To Buy or Not to Buy: Consumers’ Demand Response Patterns for Healthy versus Unhealthy Food:

Abstract The authors integrate research on impulsivity from the psychology area with standard economic theories of consumer demand to make novel predictions about the effects of market price changes on consumers' food consumption behavior. The results from multiple studies confirm that consumers exhibit undesirable asymmetric patterns of demand sensitivity to price changes for healthy and unhealthy food. For healthy food, demand sensitivity is greater for a price increase than for a price decrease. For unhealthy food, the opposite holds true. The research further shows that the undesirable patterns are attenuated or magnified for key policy-relevant factors that have been shown to decrease or increase impulsive purchase behavior, respectively. As the rising obesity trend brings American consumers' food consumption behavior under increased scrutiny, the focal findings hold significant implications for both public policy makers and food marketers.
Carbon burial on river-dominated continental shelves: Impact of historical changes in sediment loading adjacent to the Mississippi River

[1] Seabed cores collected on the continental shelf adjacent to the Mississippi River show a direct temporal correlation between decreases in mass accumulation rate (factor of 2–3) and suspended sediment loads in the river. This mid 20th century decline is not apparent shelf-wide due to sediment focusing and biological seabed mixing. Total organic carbon diagenetic loss rate across this sediment age interval is relatively uninterrupted when corrected for the non-steady state mass flux. This suggests that organic carbon burial rates in oxic bottom water settings on river-dominated continental margins are directly proportional to lithogenic flux. Variations in OM remineralization rates due to changes in the composition (marine vs. terrestrial) of the particulate OM flux at the sediment surface are a second-order effect that cannot be distinguished in the bulk carbon sediment record at these oxic sites; although they may significantly alter the OM degradation-induced CO2 flux to the overlying water column.
Rare earth elements as nonabsorbable fecal markers in studies of iron absorption.

The use of rare earth elements as nonabsorbable fecal markers for studies of iron absorption from sources labeled extrinsically with stable isotopes was evaluated. On 3 successive days 13 healthy fasting adults were given different stable isotopes of iron with samarium, ytterbium, or dysprosium. On day 1, three meals were given with 57Fe (1 mg per meal) plus samarium (0.33 mg per meal); on day 2, identical meals (taken with a calcium supplement to reduce iron bioavailability) were given with equivalent amounts of 58Fe-labeled iron and ytterbium; on day 3, a well-absorbed reference dose of 54Fe (3 mg) was given with 1 mg Dy. A complete fecal collection was carried out for 5-9 d and each stool was analyzed for rare earth elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and iron isotopes by thermal ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry. Mean recovery of rare earth elements was 101%, indicating that they are totally unabsorbed. The excretory pattern of the iron isotopes and the rare earth elements was very similar; the correlation coefficients between samarium and 57Fe, ytterbium and 58Fe, and dysprosium and 54Fe were 0.992, 0.989, and 0.988, respectively (P
Strugglers intro Strivers: What the Military Can Teach Us About How Young People Learn and Grow by Hugh B. Price

The leading challenge in American public education is the low-income urban school. Typically, poor and minority students enter these institutions but learn little, with many dropping out and few go...
In chronic nonspecific neck pain, adding Alexander Technique lessons or acupuncture to usual care improved pain

Source Citation MacPherson H, Tilbrook H, Richmond S, et al. Alexander technique lessons or acupuncture sessions for persons with chronic neck pain: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163:653...
Détente, Arms Control and Strategy: Perspectives on SALT

The books reviewed in this article demonstrate that strategic studies are today in a condition of conceptual contention and even innovation.' The purpose of this discussion is to explore some of the more important issues of strategic weapons and arms control policies as they are affected by the ongoing SALT process and as they are understood from the perspective of arms control theory and arms race management. The central -questions that are posed throughout this analysis are, in general, "What do strategists think that they know about the interstate arms race and arms control adversary?" and, in particular, "What conceptual presuppositions are American strategists employing in assessing Soviet arms behavior and options for United States' strategic and arms control policies?". No review of "frontier" literature on the subject of the SovietAmerican arms race and related matters can be policy-neutral; certainly no such claim is advanced here. Indeed, one persisting source of analytical weakness in strategic studies has been the under-recognition of hidden premises, tacit theories and communal biases that have,
Expression of p27Kip1 in Normal, Hyperplastic and Neoplastic Endocrine Tissues

p27Kip1 (p27) is a member of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKl) family of cell cycle proteins. We analyzed p27 ex-pression in normal endocrine cells, endocrine cell hyperplasia, adenomas and carcinomas. The levels of p27 protein expression decreased during tumor development and progression. This decrease occurs mainly at the post-translational level with protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. These results indicate that p27 may be a useful immunohistochemical marker to help separate normal from hyper-plastic endocrine cells and adenomas from carcinomas.
A Polyhedrosis Virus of the Imported Cabbageworm and Its Relation to a Polyhedrosis Virus of the Alfalfa Caterpillar

In July, 1951, the writer found larvae of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), infected with a polyhedrosis virus in the laboratory. This appears to be the first record of such a virus in Pieris rapae. Some workers have reported this species to be susceptible to virus diseases (Glaser, 1928; Sweetman, 1936; Bergold, 1943; Steinhaus, 1946, 1949), but there is no positive record of a polyhedrosis virus attacking it. Steinhaus (1949) has stated, “The imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (Linn.), apparently suffers from a polyhedrosis, but the actual demonstration of polyhedra does not seem to have been reported”. He suggested the presence of a polyhedrosis in the imported cabbageworm because of several cases of “wilt” reported from this species. The symptom of “wilt,” which is an important characteristic of most polyhedroses, was reported by Richards (1940) and Holdaway and Lucas (1941) in P. rapae larvae infected with apparent virus disease. These cases of “wilt” in infected larvae of Pieris rapae were probably caused by the granulosis virus, Bergoldia virulenta Tanada, which produces typical symptoms of “wilt” in the cabbageworm (Tanada, 1953). Moreover, some of the early records of “bacterial diseases” (Forbes, 1886; Wilson, Pickett, and Gentner, 1919; Brown, 1930), which resulted in the wilting of the imported cabbageworm, were probably caused by the granulosis virus.
Voluntary wheel running reduces voluntary consumption of ethanol in mice: identification of candidate genes through striatal gene expression profiling

Hedonic substitution, where wheel running reduces voluntary ethanol consumption, has been observed in prior studies. Here, we replicate and expand on previous work showing that mice decrease voluntary ethanol consumption and preference when given access to a running wheel. While earlier work has been limited mainly to behavioral studies, here we assess the underlying molecular mechanisms that may account for this interaction. From four groups of female C57BL/6J mice (control, access to two-bottle choice ethanol, access to a running wheel, and access to both two-bottle choice ethanol and a running wheel), mRNA-sequencing of the striatum identified differential gene expression. Many genes in ethanol preference quantitative trait loci were differentially expressed due to running. Furthermore, we conducted Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis and identified gene networks corresponding to each effect behavioral group. Candidate genes for mediating the behavioral interaction between ethanol consumption and wheel running include multiple potassium channel genes, Oprm1, Prkcg, Stxbp1, Crhr1, Gabra3, Slc6a13, Stx1b, Pomc, Rassf5 and Camta2. After observing an overlap of many genes and functional groups previously identified in studies of initial sensitivity to ethanol, we hypothesized that wheel running may induce a change in sensitivity, thereby affecting ethanol consumption. A behavioral study examining Loss of Righting Reflex to ethanol following exercise trended toward supporting this hypothesis. These data provide a rich resource for future studies that may better characterize the observed transcriptional changes in gene networks in response to ethanol consumption and wheel running.
Calculated interfacial free energies and hetrogeneous nucleation of isotactic polypropylene

The surface free energy of crystalline isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and the interfacial free energy of crystalline iPP with a featureless Hamaker constant matched surface are determined by an all-atom lattice dynamics method including contributions from phonons treated quantum-mechanically and analytical “tail corrections” for long-ranged dispersion forces. The relative magnitudes of quantum effects, tail corrections, and finite system size effects on the surface free energy are assessed. The surface tension of iPP melt and the interfacial tension of iPP melt with a featureless substrate are determined from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We apply these results to a heterogeneous “cylindrical cap” nucleus on a featureless substrate, for which a contact angle of 79° ± 3° is found. This value is in reasonable agreement with analysis of quiescent crystallization of commercial iPP samples, and thus lends support to the cylindrical cap model for heterogeneous nucleation.
Oviposition Behavior and its Disruption in the Southern Cowpea Weevil., Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

The oviposition behavior of Callosobruchus maculates F. consists of three phases: patrolling of seed surfaces, preparation of the chosen oviposition site with glue, and egg deposition. An egg-marking pheromone is deposited with the egg. Disturbance of the oviposition sequence by courting males is likely to occur near its onset, but is less likely in later phases. This suggests that females nearing emission of the egg are programmed to complete the process. Alternate hypotheses accounting for the evolution of this behavior are discussed.
Simplified Model of Heat Transfer and Analysis of Reflow Soldering Parameters

As the crucial process in SMT line,the perfection of the quality and efficiency of the reflow soldering process relies on the optimization and control of the reflow profile.The simulation and prediction of reflow soldering process is increasingly concerned.Describe a new simplified reflow soldering process model,which will be applied to the computer-aided analysis and predict the reflow profile,assisting the reflow soldering process formulation.
Investigation and analysis of occupational stress status on the primacy chronic disease control and prevention staffs

Objective To explore the occupational stress status inprimacy chronic disease control and prevention staffs(PCDCPS).Methods Eight hundred and eighty participants completed the Occupational Stress Inventory-revised(OSI-R)survey and questionnaire.Stepwise regression was used to analyze the risk factors of occupational stress.Results There was occupational stress in PCDCPS.The questionnaire scores of occupational roles,personal strain and personal resources were 188.36±25.26,101.19±18.46,and 133.09± 25.04respectively.There was significant difference in occupational stress in terms of the scoring among PCDCPS with different age,educational background,job title,length of working.The major influencing factors of PCDCPS of individual stress reaction included working environment,unclear of tasks,lay fallow,overweight of tasks,inadequate task and responsibility.Conclusions PCDCPS have moderate level of occupational tension.Effective interventions to relieve the occupational stress of PCDCPS include improving working environment,defining their tasks and roles explicitly,encouraging proper lie fallow,and strengthening the psychology supports for them.