cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lactated Ringer's is superior to normal saline in the resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND Normal saline (NS) and lactated Ringer's solution (LR) continue to be used interchangeably for the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in some institutions. We hypothesized that, aside from hyperchloremic acidosis, NS resuscitation would be similar to that of LR in a swine model of uncontrolled hemorrhage. METHODS Twenty swine weighing a mean of 37 kg underwent invasive line placement, midline celiotomy, and splenectomy. After a 15-minute stabilization period, we recorded a baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) and created a grade V liver injury. The animals bled freely for 30 minutes after which we measured blood loss. We blindly randomized the swine to receive NS (10 animals) versus LR (10 animals) to achieve and maintain the baseline MAP for 90 minutes postinjury. Laboratory values were obtained at baseline and upon completion of the 2-hour study period. RESULTS Initial blood loss was 25 mL/kg in the NS group and 22 mL/kg in the LR group (p = 0.54). Animals required 256.3 +/- 145.4 mL/kg of fluid in the NS group as compared with 125.7 +/- 67.3 mL/kg in the LR group (p = 0.04). The urine output was higher in the NS group (46.6 +/- 39.5 mL/kg versus 18.9 +/- 12.9 mL/kg, p = 0.04). Upon study completion, the NS group had a significant hyperchloremia (119 +/- 1.9 mEq/L versus 105 +/- 2.9 mEq/L, p < 0.01) with acidosis (7.28 +/- 0.12 versus 7.45 +/- 0.06, p < 0.01) in comparison to the LR group. In addition, resuscitation with NS resulted in significantly lower fibrinogen levels (99 +/- 21 mg/dL versus 123 +/- 20 mg/dL, p = 0.02). The serum lactate was 4.7 +/- 2.2 in the LR group and 1.7 +/- 1.7 in the NS swine (p < 0.01) at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS Resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock with NS requires significantly greater volume and is associated with greater urine output, hyperchloremic acidosis, and dilutional coagulopathy as compared with LR. Resuscitation with LR results in an elevation of the lactate level that is not associated with acidosis. Lactated Ringer's solution is superior to NS for the resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in swine.
The Prediction of Accurate Contraceptive Use From Attitudes and Knowledge

A framework of the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior was described in the context of couple's use of birth control. It was hypothesized that when knowledge of behavioral enactment is present, attitudes and beliefs about susceptibility to pregnancy will be predictive of accurate use of the diaphragm. Respondents were 111 women who participated in a three-wave panel design focusing on diaphragm use. Analyses indicated that the level of knowledge about what a woman should do to use the diaphragm correctly was high. Correct knowledge, however, did not translate into accurate behavior. Motivational factors focusing on attitudes, perceived susceptibility to pregnancy, and normative factors were also relevant.
Behavioral effects of centrally administered dynorphin and [D-ala2-D-leu] enkephalin (DADLE) in rats.

Abstract Dynorphin and [D-ala2-D-leu] enkephalin (DADLE) were administered directly into the cerebrolateral ventricles of rats and effects on various indices of sensorimotor function and retention of a passive avoidance task were measured. Dynorphin markedly suppressed exploratory motor activity and decreased responsiveness to an acoustic stimulus. Although increases in latency to respond to a noxious thermal stimulus were seen in rats after dynorphin, these changes were always associated with alterations in motor capacity. Injection of dynorphin immediately after a passive avoidance training trial had no significant effect on retention 1 week later. The physiological effects of DADLE were clearly different than those of dynorphin. DADLE produced a biphasic decrease followed by an increase in motor activity and an increased acoustic startle reactivity. DADLE had no effect on reactivity to a noxious thermal stimlulus. Posttrial administration of DADLE significantly impaired retention of a step-through passive avoidance task 1 week after training. These data indicate different neurobiological roles for kappa and delta opiate receptors in the central nervous system.
High speed propulsion: Performance advantage of advanced materials

High-speed air breathing propulsion systems have many attractive military and civil applications. The high propulsive efficiency of these systems allows the exploitation of speed, distance, and bigger payloads, or any combination of the three. The severe operating conditions of these systems require particular attention to overall thermal management of the engine/air-frame. Fuel-cooling the engine structure is a viable way of maintaining thermal balance over a range of flight conditions. Air Force applications have focused on using endothermic hydrocarbon fuels to address this issue because of their compatibility with the military operations. Recent ground tests of scramjet engines have demonstrated adequate performance utilizing state-of-the-art technology in materials. This progress has paved the way for an expendable flight test vehicle in the near future. In order to take full advantage of the capabilities of this propulsion system, advances in fuel-cooled structures, high temperature un-cooled materials, and increased heat capacity of hydrocarbon fuels will be needed to enable expendable systems to reach higher Mach numbers. An additional benefit would be realized in future reusable systems.
Frequency-Domain Probe Characterization and Compensation Using Reciprocity

Near-electric-field and magnetic-field probes are used for a wide variety of applications. Accurate measurement of the fields, however, requires an accurate model of the receiving characteristic of the probe. The receiving characteristic for a reciprocal near-field probe can be calculated from its transmitting characteristic. This receiving characteristic can be used to evaluate the quality of the probe and to compensate for the effect of the probe on the measured field, thereby allowing the electric and magnetic fields to be found accurately from the measurements. In the following paper, methods of evaluating near-field probes using reciprocity are derived and are applied to a typical loop probe in order to compensate near-field measurements over a device under test.
Optical Networking for Aerospace Systems Provisioned through Plug-and-play Avionics

A high performance extension of the space plug-and-play avionics (SPA) technology is described based on the addition of optical fibers. This optical SPA (“SPA-O”), due to the bandwidth potential, provides the possibility of rendering super-computing systems rapidly in orbital platforms. By exploiting the ideas of SPA, the optical properties of SPA components can be added to electronic datasheets embedded within the component so that the system-at-large can discover these components and exploit them in dynamically provisionable optical networks formed on demand.
Viscoelasticity of Growing Actin Networks

Actin self-assembles to form filaments that can organize into dendritic networks through interactions with various actin binding proteins. Growing actin filament networks produce significant mechanical forces that play a key role in many dynamic cellular processes such as motility, cytokinesis, and phagocytosis. We investigated the mechanical properties of growing actin networks with atomic force microscopy and found the actin networks to behave as viscoelastic solids.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Flow turning in solid-propellant rocket combustion stability analyses

Culick developed the concept of a "flow-turning" effect from a comparison of the oneand threedimensional models of acoustic stability of combustion in a solid-propellant rocket motor. Several terms occur in the one-dimensional model which are absent from the three-dimensional model. Culick suggested adding these terms to the three-dimensional model in an ad hoc manner, arguing that they represent physical phenomena which are not accounted for in the analysis. A procedure is developed here to allow comparison of the oneand three-dimensional models by averaging over the cross section of the motor activity. This procedure results in the missing terms arising naturally as a result of the inclusion of the three-dimensional boundary conditions in the averaging process. This result raises serious questions concerning the ad hoc inclusion of terms into the threedimensional stability analysis without a clear physical basis.
Getting to First Base in Proteasome Assembly

Assembly of complex structures such as the eukaryotic 26S proteasome requires intricate mechanisms that ensure precise subunit arrangements. Recent studies have shed light on the pathway for ordered assembly of the base of the 19S regulatory particle of the 26S proteasome by identifying new precursor complexes and four dedicated chaperones involved in its assembly.
Varicella-Zoster Virus ORF12 Protein Triggers Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Inhibits Apoptosis

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine-threonine protein kinases involved in many cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and cell death. Activation of several MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), results in stimulation of activator protein 1 (AP-1), which promotes gene transcription. Previous studies have demonstrated that varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection activates ERK1/2, p38, and JNK to promote viral replication, but the underlying mechanism(s) is unclear. To identify viral proteins responsible for the activation of MAPK, we used a proteomic approach to screen viral proteins for AP-1 promoter activation by an AP-1-luciferase reporter assay. We found that VZV ORF12 protein, located in the tegument of virions, enhances AP-1 reporter activity. This effect of ORF12 protein was markedly inhibited by a MAPK/ERK kinase 1 and 2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor (U0126), partially blocked by a p38 inhibitor (SB202190), but not inhibited by a JNK inhibitor (SP600125). Expression of VZV ORF12 protein in cells resulted in phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 but not JNK. Infection of cells with a VZV ORF12 deletion mutant resulted in reduced levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) compared to infection with wild-type VZV. Furthermore, deletion of ORF12 rendered VZV-infected cells more susceptible to staurosporine-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, VZV ORF12 protein activates the AP-1 pathway by selectively triggering the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38. Cells infected with a VZV ORF12 deletion mutant have reduced levels of p-ERK1/2 and are more susceptible to apoptosis than cells infected with wild-type VZV.
Catechol O-methyltransferase val158-met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine.

Monamines subserve many critical roles in the brain, and monoaminergic drugs such as amphetamine have a long history in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and also as a substance of abuse. The clinical effects of amphetamine are quite variable, from positive effects on mood and cognition in some individuals, to negative responses in others, perhaps related to individual variations in monaminergic function and monoamine system genes. We explored the effect of a functional polymorphism (val158-met) in the catechol O-methyltransferase gene, which has been shown to modulate prefrontal dopamine in animals and prefrontal cortical function in humans, on the modulatory actions of amphetamine on the prefrontal cortex. Amphetamine enhanced the efficiency of prefrontal cortex function assayed with functional MRI during a working memory task in subjects with the high enzyme activity val/val genotype, who presumably have relatively less prefrontal synaptic dopamine, at all levels of task difficulty. In contrast, in subjects with the low activity met/met genotype who tend to have superior baseline prefrontal function, the drug had no effect on cortical efficiency at low-to-moderate working memory load and caused deterioration at high working memory load. These data illustrate an application of functional neuroimaging in pharmacogenomics and extend basic evidence of an inverted-“U” functional-response curve to increasing dopamine signaling in the prefrontal cortex. Further, individuals with the met/met catechol O-methyltransferase genotype appear to be at increased risk for an adverse response to amphetamine.
Variation of radio refractivity with respect to moisture and temperature and influence on radar ray path

In this study, the variation of radio refractivity with respect to temperature and moisture is analyzed. Also, the effects of vertical gradients in temperature and moisture on the propagation paths of electromagnetic waves of weather radar are examined for several sites across the United States using several years of sounding data from the National Weather Service. The ray path is important for identifying storm characteristics and for properly using the radar data in initializing numerical weather prediction models. It is found that during the warm season the radio refractivity gradient is more sensitive to moisture gradients than to temperature gradients. Ray paths from the commonly accepted vertical ray path model are compared to a ray path computed from a stepwise ray tracing algorithm using data from actual soundings. For the sample of about 16 000 soundings examined, we find that only a small fraction of the ray paths diverge significantly from those calculated using a ray path model based on the US Standard Atmosphere. While the problem of ray ducting in the presence of a temperature inversion is fairly well known, we identify the presence of a strong vertical moisture gradient as the culprit in the majority of the cases where significant deviations occurred.
ON SHARP SOBOLEV EMBEDDING AND THE LOGARITHMIC SOBOLEV INEQUALITY

The purpose of this note is to give a short proof of the Gross logarithmic Sobolev inequality using the asymptotics of the sharp L 2 Sobolev constant and the product structure of Euclidean space. Let F ∈ L r (IR n ) for some positive r with ∥ F ∥ r =1.
Personal Therapy: A Disorder-relevant Psychotherapy for Schizophrenia

While the long-term care of ambulatory schizophrenia patients requires highly effective interpersonal treatment skills among clinicians, there is little evidence to support an empirically validated individual psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Personal therapy (PT) attempts to address the apparent limitations of traditional psychotherapy by modifying the "model of the person" to accommodate an underlying pathophysiology, minimizing potential iatrogenic effects of maintenance antipsychotic medication, controlling sources of environmental provocation, and extending therapy to a time when crisis management has lessened and stabilization is better ensured. By means of graduated, internal coping strategies, PT attempts to provide a growing awareness of personal vulnerability, including the "internal cues" of affect dysregulation. The goals are to increase foresight through the accurate appraisal of emotional states, their appropriate expression, and assessment of the reciprocal response of others. The strategies are supplemented by phase-specific psychoeducation and behavior therapy techniques. Practical issues in the application of this new intervention are discussed. Preliminary observations from two samples of patients, one living with and the other living independent of family, suggest differential improvement over time among PT recipients.
Activation of GPR30 attenuates diastolic dysfunction and left ventricle remodelling in oophorectomized mRen2.Lewis rats.

GPR30 is a novel oestrogen receptor expressed in various tissues, including the heart. We determined the role of GPR30 in the maintenance of left ventricular (LV) structure and diastolic function after the surgical loss of ovarian hormones in the female mRen2.Lewis rat, a model emulating the cardiac phenotype of the post-menopausal woman. Methods and results Bilateral oophorectomy (OVX) or sham surgery was performed in study rats; the selective GPR30 agonist, G-1 (50 mg/kg/day), or vehicle was given subcutaneously to OVX rats from 13-15 weeks of age. Similar to the cardiac phenotype of sham rats, G-1 preserved diastolic function and structure relative to vehicle-treated OVX littermates independent of changes in blood pressure. G-1 limited the OVX-induced increase in LV filling pressure, LV mass, wall thickness, interstitial collagen deposition, atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic peptide mRNA levels, and cardiac NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression. In vitro studies showed that G-1 inhibited angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, evidenced by reductions in cell size, protein content per cell, and atrial natri- uretic factor mRNA levels. The GPR30 antagonist, G15, inhibited the protective effects of both oestradiol and G-1 on this hypertrophy. Conclusion These data show that the GPR30 agonist G-1 mitigates the adverse effects of oestrogen loss on LV remodelling and the development of diastolic dysfunction in the study rats. This expands our knowledge of the sex-specific mechan- isms underlying diastolic dysfunction and provides a potential therapeutic target for reducing the progression of this cardiovascular disease process in post-menopausal women.
Directional flow visualization of vector fields

The paper presents interactive flow visualization methods that highlight directional information in the flow field. An added benefit of the proposed methods is that they reduce the amount of data being displayed and hence reduce clutter. The main idea behind these methods is the use of light sources to select and highlight regions in the flow field with similar directions. Varying the lighting conditions, by moving the light source and/or adding more lights, emphasizes different vector directions, set of directions, and vectors within a specified angle of a particular direction. The methods are straight forward, computationally inexpensive, and can be combined with other techniques that use glyph representation and other flow geometry such as streamlines for feature visualization. The authors apply these methods to an analytic data set to help explain how they work, and then to a simulation data set to highlight flow reversals.
Tissue-specific effects of relaxin on the reproductive tract of neonatal gilts.

: In the pig, relaxin treatment for 2 d from birth (postnatal day 0, PND 0) was not uterotrophic, but it increased cervical size. To understand the mechanism underlying this tissue-specific response, relaxin receptor (LGR7) expression in the neonatal uterus and cervix was investigated. At PND 2, quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that LGR7 levels were higher in the cervix than in the uterus. Interestingly, relaxin decreased cervical LGR7 expression when compared to that of the controls. Differential expression of LGR7 between uterine and cervical tissues may contribute to tissue-specific relaxin responsiveness in the neonatal porcine reproductive tract.
Revisiting the Strategy, Structure, and Performance Paradigm: The Case of Venture Capital

The strategy-structure-performance (SSP) paradigm has developed a central role within strategy research. However, recent critiques of the paradigm have called for research that uses more appropriate measures of strategy and structure, inductive methods that enable richer exploration of the paradigm, and extension of the paradigm to the expert-focused organizations that have grown in importance since the paradigm was first developed. This paper answers this call by integrating inductive methods with quantitative analysis of a unique panel data set of 317 professional services firms (PSFs) to find new measures of strategy and to understand their linkages to organizational structure within such firms. It shows how the core knowledge required for decision making and the coordination challenges in these firms drive their internal structures and that the degree of strategy-structure fit has important performance implications for those firms.
Analyzing the browse patterns of mobile clients

We study the dynamics of a large popular commercial Web site designed specifically for users who access it via their cell-phones and PDAs. Unlike most previous Web studies that have analyzed accesses seen by proxies and servers from clients connected via the wired network, we focus primarily on client accesses made over wireless channels and made for downloading content on small devices for offline browsing. We carry out user-behavior analysis as users authenticate themselves before accessing and then every access is logged with a unique user identifier. Using browser traces gathered over a period of 12 days, we perform detailed content analysis, document popularity analysis and server load analysis. We answer questions like what sorts of content wireless users are most interested in, when and how much load they put on the servers, and how much time they spend on the channel while accessing the Web wirelessly. We discuss the implications of our findings for techniques such as query caching, server scheduling, channel use and TCP optimization.
On the orientation relationships between retained austenite and ``lath'' martensite

Some observations made on the orientation relationships of the austenite ..-->.. lath martensite transformation are reported.
d-Cycloserine attenuates reactivity to smoking cues in nicotine dependent smokers: A pilot investigation

Increasing evidence indicates that smoking cues contribute to nicotine self-administration and attenuating conditioned reactivity to smoking cues may aid abstinence of smoking and prevention of smoking relapse in individuals with nicotine dependence. Based on prior studies showing that the partial N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) facilitates extinction of learned fear during behavioral exposure therapy in humans and facilitates extinction of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference in animals, we evaluated whether DCS would have potential for reducing reactivity to smoking cues when combined with cue exposure treatment in humans with nicotine dependence. In this double-blind placebo-controlled pilot laboratory study, 25 smokers were recruited from the general community and randomized to DCS or placebo, plus cue exposure therapy. DCS significantly attenuated smoking cue reactivity in response to in-vivo smoking cues based on physiological reactivity and subjective urge-to-smoke ratings and led to a significantly smaller expired carbon monoxide (CO) level at the one-week follow-up compared to placebo, although exploratory analyses indicated no effect on smoking behavior overall. These findings provide promising support for DCS combined with cue exposure therapy in attenuating conditioned reactivity to smoking cues.
Origins of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense, and a Brief Note Concerning Its Demise

The Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense was established in 1955 after malnutrition was found common among troops of the Republic of Korea and of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The initial purpose was identification of nutrition problems among military personnel (later, and among civilians) of countries of special interest. Surveys measured status, assisted with the establishment of nutrition resources, and facilitated investigator learning and research. A major initial accomplishment was the preparation of a manual of procedures, which evolved into the 1963 Manual for Nutrition Surveys. The first 3 surveys, conducted in 1956, were of the armies of Iran, Pakistan, and Korea. They identified poor nutrition status in some troops, provided a basis for improving rations, and confirmed the effectiveness of the methodology. These surveys were followed by surveys of 30 additional countries that in nearly all instances included civilians and provided a basis for programs and the institutions for improvement of nutrition. On August 1,1967, the program was reorganized and the Nutrition Program, CDC, based at NIH, was created. This occurred in response to the 1967 Partnership for Health Amendments to make a comprehensive survey of the incidence and location of serious hunger and malnutrition, and health problems incident thereto, in the United States and to report these conditions to the Congress. The Ten State Nutrition Survey was done in response. Findings of malnutrition, especially in populations of low-income states were politically unwelcome in some quarters. Consequently the program was redirected, and, according to 2 observers, the survey findings were suppressed.
A simple model of the feasible limits to postural stability

In standing balanced activities, the center of pressure (COP) must always reside under the foot. We investigated how this restriction can be used with a pendulum model to predict balance dynamics by comparing two different empirical measures to model predictions: (1) we compared the "COP safety margin" (SM), defined as the minimum distance between the COP and the edge of the foot, to model estimates, and (2) we compared the state trajectories of the center of mass to model-predicted "feasible states", which indicate whether the subject has a chance of recovering balance. Ten standing subjects were asked to make brief horizontal pulls on a handle to a range of target forces. Subjects developed posterior momentum, generated a pull that reversed the center-of-mass motion (a bounce), and then recovered their balance. Model-predicted and COP SMs agreed well (mean r=0.92), and 99.8% of all trials agreed with feasible state predictions. These results support the validity of the pendulum model, support the clinical use of COP SMs as convenient measures of dynamic stability, and provide preliminary evidence that the feasible state measures can characterize motor planning.
Avian kleptoparasitism of the digger wasp Sphex pensylvanicus

Kleptoparasitism (one organism stealing prey from another) is especially common in birds. Avian kleptoparasites should be especially likely to target insects such as digger wasps (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) that occur in large aggregations and repeatedly deliver large prey to the same nesting site. We document kleptoparasitism of digger wasps (Sphex pensylvanicus L.) by sparrows (Passer domesticus (L.)) and catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis (L.)). During summer 2008, we observed 697 wasp provisioning attempts (return of a prey-laden wasp to a marked nesting site) in a mown field. One-third (244/697) of attempts were intercepted by birds, primarily sparrows, which increased their hourly total number and hourly number of successful attacks per capita. Wasps maintained a consistent rate of successful provisioning attempts but may not have been able to do so indefinitely. Energetic costs related to kleptoparasitism may exert strong selection pressures on affected digger wasps.
The Reader, the Text, the Context: An Exploration of a Choreographed Response to Literature.

Much current theory about response to literature stresses the reader's active role in constructing meaning, with reader, text, and context affecting the responses of individual readers (Beach, 1993...
Genotype × environment interactions of hybrid and varietal rice cultivars for grain yield and milling quality.

The study of genotype x environment interaction is critical for accurate cultivar evaluation in large multi-environment trials. Cultivars that exhibit high levels of mean performance and stability across a wide range of environmental conditions are desirable for rice production. Pure-line varietal and hybrid rice cultivars are commercially produced in the U.S.; however, little research has been conducted comparing their stability for grain yield and milling quality. In this study, 15 hybrid and varietal cultivars were grown in 10 environments from 2005 to 2007 to determine the performance and stability of rough rice yield, whole milled rice percentages, and whole-grain rice yield. Stability was analyzed using the coefficient of variation, Shukla's Stability Variance statistic with environment means as a covariate, and the Cultivar Superiority Measure. The hybrid rice cultivars XP723 and CLXL730 were ideal for high and stable rough rice and whole-grain rice yields on the basis of the cultivar superiority measure; however, for whole milled rice percentage alone, they were among the least desirable cultivars. Among the varietal cultivars, Catahoula and Jupiter were ideal cultivar selections for high and stable whole-grain rice yields. The results of this study indicate that the stability and performance of hybrid and varietal cultivars differ according to the trait of interest.
Copper export contributes to low copper levels and copper tolerance in Emiliania huxleyi

Previous studies have documented that the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi maintains lower cellular copper concentrations and is more tolerant to high copper than are many other species of marine algae. We confirm that in comparison to the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, E. huxleyi maintains substantially lower Cu levels while maintaining near maximal growth rates. Using the stable isotope 65Cu as a tracer, we show that a constitutive or rapidly induced mechanism for Cu efflux is present in Cu-replete E. huxleyi cells. This was revealed during uptake experiments in which the accumulation of the isotopically enriched spike, as measured by the isotope fractionation, exceeded the total accumulated copper. Evidence of efflux was not observed during Cu uptake in T. pseudonana cells. In contrast, copper-limited E. huxleyi cells exhibited no observable efflux during uptake over the same time period, though net uptake rates were similar to replete cells, suggesting that efflux is modulated by cellular copper needs. This Cu-efflux mechanism is effective over a wide range of Cu concentrations, as E. huxleyi is able to maintain much lower cellular Cu levels than T. pseudonana during 4 h uptake experiments. Direct measurement of export from copper-loaded cells provided further evidence of a very effective efflux mechanism in E. huxleyi, while loss of copper from T. pseudonana was considerably less. Improvements to cell washes to remove surface-bound Cu were implemented. Copper is both an essential micronutrient and a potentially toxic metal for marine phytoplankton. As a nutrient, it serves as a cofactor in a number of enzymes, such as the reactive oxygen-scavenging superoxide dismutase, the electron transport protein plastocyanin, and cytochrome c oxidase. At high concentrations, Cu can itself produce reactive oxygen species or interrupt the assimilation and use of other essential cofactors. In surface seawater, the total
Growth in Individuals with Down Syndrome

Down syndrome is a multi-system neurogenetic disorder that impacts growth, development, and adaptive behavior throughout the life span. In this chapter, we review the literature regarding the impact of Down syndrome on growth trajectories. Specifically, we examine the atypical patterns of growth in Down syndrome in the areas of height/stature, weight, and head circumference throughout development. This chapter also describes the hypothesized mechanisms for atypical growth outcomes in Down syndrome, with an emphasis on current clinical approaches and ongoing debates regarding effective practice.
PackPlay: Mining Semantic Data in Collaborative Games

Building training data is labor-intensive and presents a major obstacle to advancing machine learning technologies such as machine translators, named entity recognizers (NER), part-of-speech taggers, etc. Training data are often specialized for a particular language or Natural Language Processing (NLP) task. Knowledge captured by a specific set of training data is not easily transferable, even to the same NLP task in another language. Emerging technologies, such as social networks and serious games, offer a unique opportunity to change how we construct training data. While collaborative games have been used in information retrieval, it is an open issue whether users can contribute accurate annotations in a collaborative game context for a problem that requires an exact answer, such as games that would create named entity recognition training data. We present PackPlay, a collaborative game framework that empirically shows players' ability to mimic annotation accuracy and thoroughness seen in gold standard annotated corpora.
Phenylethylamine and Tardive Dyskinesia

The involvement of dopaminergic nigrostriatal mechanisms in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia (TD) is well documented (Klawans, 1973). There is also growing evidence, supported by physiological, behavioral, pharmacological and clinical experimentation to implicate the non-catecholic phenylethylamines, e.g., phenylethylamine (PEA), octopamines, tyramines and phenylethanolamine, in brain dopaminergic mechanisms (Mosnaim and Wolf, 1978). Furthermore, recent research work would suggest a role for PEA in the pathophysiology of certain types of TD. (Wolf and Mosnaim, 1983a).
Spread and dispersal of emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): estimating the spatial dynamics of a difficult-to-detect invasive forest pest

The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), is a destructive invasive pest that threatens North American ash (Fraxinus (Oleaceae)) and inflicts substantial aesthetic, ecological, and economic damage in urban forests and rural woodlands. Understanding adult EAB dispersal and spread of infestations is critical to effectively manage and mitigate its potential impact in North America and elsewhere. Challenges of quantifying short-distance and long-distance movement of adult EAB in the field remain exceptionally difficult. Here we review our current understanding of EAB spread. Research to date suggests natural spread of EAB populations is variable and influenced by local environmental conditions, but limited to only a few km per year. In contrast, long-distance spread resulting from anthropogenic movement of infested ash material, such as nursery trees or firewood, can greatly increase local and regional rate of spread through the formation of satellite populations. Key areas in need of future research are highlighted.
Probing and controlling photothermal heat generation in plasmonic nanostructures.

In the emerging field of thermoplasmonics, Joule heating associated with optically resonant plasmonic structures is exploited to generate nanoscale thermal hotspots. In the present study, new methods for designing and thermally probing thermoplasmonic structures are reported. A general design rationale, based on Babinet’s principle, is developed for understanding how the complementary version of ideal electromagnetic antennae can yield efficient nanoscale heat sources with maximized current density. Using this methodology, we show that the diabolo antenna is more suitable for heat generation compared with its more well-known complementary structure, the bow-tie antenna. We also demonstrate that highly localized and enhanced thermal hot spots can be realized by incorporating the diabolo antenna into a plasmonic lens. Using a newly developed thermal microscopy method based on the temperature-dependent photoluminescence lifetime of thin-film thermographic phosphors, we experimentally characterize the thermal...
Dry Etching of MRAM Structures

A wide variety of GMR and CMR materials have been patterned by high density plasma etching in both corrosive (Cl 2 -based) and non-corrosive (CO/NH 3 ) plasma chemistries. The former produce much higher etch rates but require careful in-situ or ex-situ , post-etch cleaning to prevent corrosion of the metallic multilayers. The former may have application for shallow etching of NiFe-based structures, but there is little chemical contribution to the etch mechanism and mask erosion can be a problem. The magnetic performance of patterned MRAM elements is stable over long periods (>1 year) after etching in Cl 2 plasmas, provided a suitable cleaning protocol is followed. It is also clear that high ion energies during patterning of magnetic materials can have a significant influence on their coercivity. The effects of ion energy, ion flux and process temperature are discussed.
Manufacture,Application and Trends of Gold-base Sputtering Target Alloys

For the reason of outstanding performance and unique character,gold-base coating materials produced by magnetron sputtering were used widely and widely.As the source bulk material for coatings,the quality of gold-base target alloys has great effects on sputtering technique and properties of coatings.Some conventional type of gold-base alloys,making technology of gold-based sputtering target material as well as the status of their development and application,and the technical requirement of making advanced gold-base sputtering target materials are reviewed. Furthermore,the existing problems and developing trends in the future are also discussed.
Incidence and Predictors for Postoperative Thrombotic Complications in Children With Surgical and Nonsurgical Heart Disease

Background Children with congenital heart disease are at increased risk of thrombotic complications (thrombosis and thromboembolism). This study sought to assess the incidence and predictors of thrombotic complications in children with surgical and nonsurgical heart diseases. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the Health Care Cost and Use Project Kid's Inpatient Database. Children with surgical and nonsurgical heart diseases were categorized into the following four subgroups: (1) septal defects, (2) single ventricle physiology, (3) right ventricle outflow tract obstruction, and (4) left ventricle outflow tract obstruction. Demographic information, comorbidities, and outcomes, such as mortality, acute kidney injury, sepsis, neurologic complications, thrombotic complications, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and ventricular assist device use, were identified. We used propensity-matched analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the variables associated with thrombotic complications. Results After propensity-matched analysis, the incidence of thrombotic complications was 3.90% (947/24,251) in children with surgical and 2.13% (516/24,251) in children with nonsurgical heart disease (p Conclusions Children with both surgical and nonsurgical heart disease have increased risk of thrombotic complications. The risk is increased in patients with cyanotic heart disease and is highest in the presence of single ventricle physiology.
The effect of teat damage on the incidence of experimental mastitis in the mouse.

Summary The effect of teat damage on the incidence of mastitis in suckling and non-suckling mice in the presence and absence of a pathogenic staphylococcus was investigated. A combination of teat damage together with suckling (i.e. nursing offspring) resulted in mastitis. In the absence of a pathogenic staphylococcus the mammary glands were sterile but in the presence of a pathogenic staphylococcus large numbers of the pathogenic strain were recovered from the mammary glands.
Burden Reduction: Village Democratization and Farmer National Interest Representation

THE financial and administrative reforms analyzed in the preceding chapter did not make much of a dent in the burden problem. They therefore did not end the crisis in state-peasant relations caused to a significant extent by the imposition of unreasonable financial levies. Attempting to control local officials only from above was simply inadequate. Pressure on cadres had to be exerted from below as well, that is, by the peasantry. Otherwise, as officials of the Ministry of Civil Affairs argued in seeking to convince central leaders of the necessity for village elections, it would not be possible to contain the explosive potential of peasant anger. Villagers needed legitimate institutionalized means through which to advance their claims and seek redress lest they be compelled to take to the street. The regime recognized this. As shown in Chapter 6, it allowed the system of individual and collective petitioning to function and it fostered the establishment of legal institutions in the countryside. In addition, it promoted democratization, including elections of village leaders, village self-rule, and “open and transparent” conduct of village affairs ( cunwu gongkai ). The latter applied especially to finances, in which villagers had a keen and vital interest. Empowering villagers to defend themselves against illegal exactions and the abuses associated with them entailed alterations in the triangular relationship between the central state, the local state, and the peasants, essentially to the disadvantage of the local authorities.
Designing Green Corrosion Inhibitors Using Chemical Computational Methods

Green corrosion inhibitors have been designed by understanding the relationships between the structure of organic compounds and toxicity as well as corrosion inhibition efficiency. The estimation of aquatic toxicity as well as corrosion inhibition efficiency are made using QSAR techniques. The predicted structures with reduced toxicity and improved corrosion inhibition efficiency are then tested experimentally for these properties, thus leading to green inhibitors.
Theory of Crowd Out

This chapter describes and provides a mathematical model showing traditional Keynesian stimulus theory, which does not include variables for crowd out effects (The “No-Crowd Out” Model). Notes there are huge empirical problems with the theory—the signs on tax cut and government spending variables tend to be wrong, but statistically significant. A second model simply adds crowd out variable (the government deficit) to the Keynesian model and shows that this slight modification permits signs in theory that match those obtained empirically.
Serotype-specific interactions among functional domains of dengue virus 2 nonstructural proteins (NS) 5 and NS3 are crucial for viral RNA replication.

Four serotypes of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), evolved from a common ancestor, are human pathogens of global significance for which there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available. The N-terminal domain of DENV NS5 has guanylyltransferase and methyltransferase (MTase), and the C-terminal region has the polymerase (POL), all of which are important for 5′-capping and RNA replication. The crystal structure of NS5 shows it as a dimer, but the functional evidence for NS5 dimer is lacking. Our studies showed that the substitution of DENV2 NS5 MTase or POL for DENV4 NS5 within DENV2 RNA resulted in a severe attenuation of replication in the transfected BHK-21 cells. A replication-competent species was evolved with the acquired mutations in the DENV2 and DENV4 NS5 MTase or POL domain or in the DENV2 NS3 helicase domain in the DENV2 chimera RNAs by repeated passaging of infected BHK-21 or mosquito cells. The linker region of seven residues in NS5, rich in serotype-specific residues, is important for the recovery of replication fitness in the chimera RNA. Our results, taken together, provide genetic evidence for a serotype-specific interaction between NS3 and NS5 as well as specific interdomain interaction within NS5 required for RNA replication. Genome-wide RNAseq analysis revealed the distribution of adaptive mutations in RNA quasispecies. Those within NS3 and NS5 are located at the surface and/or within the NS5 dimer interface, providing a functional significance to the crystal structure NS5 dimer.
Family Communication Patterns and Adolescent Experiences During Parental Military Deployment and Reintegration: The Role of Inappropriate Parental Disclosures and Perceived Family Understanding

This study examines associations between adolescent reports of family communication patterns (FCPs) and difficulties experienced during the deployment and reintegration of a military parent. Data from 106 adolescents (9–17 years) in 72 National Guard families where a parent had recently returned from overseas deployment were analyzed to examine direct and indirect links between FCPs, perceived family understanding, inappropriate parental disclosures, and adolescent difficulties. Results indicate direct effects for conformity orientation, with it being inversely associated with adolescent difficulties during both deployment and reintegration. Conversation orientation exerts mixed effects on adolescent difficulties during deployment. At a trend level, conversation orientation shares a direct, negative association with adolescent difficulties during deployment but also an indirect, positive association via family inappropriate parental disclosures. Implications of the findings for future research on FCPs as ...
Rapid Deposition of Uniform Polydopamine Coatings on Nanoparticle Surfaces with Controllable Thickness.

Polydopamine is a bioinspired, versatile material that can adhere to bulk and nanoscale surfaces made of disparate materials to improve their physical and chemical properties in many applications. The typical methods to coat polydopamine on the nanoparticle substrates usually take several hours to a day. This work successfully applies a dispersion method to form a controllable, uniform coating on a nanoparticle surface within minutes. Using plasmonic Ag nanoparticles as a substrate, the coating thickness can be monitored using a spectroscopic method based on the extinction peak shifts of the Ag nanoparticles. The deposition rate increases with dopamine concentration; however, too much excess dopamine leads to the formation of free dopamine particles. The optimized concentration of dopamine (i.e., ∼6 mM) can be applied to other nanoparticles by normalizing the number of particles to maintain a constant concentration of dopamine per unit surface area (i.e., 1.70 × 104 dopamine/nm2). The molecular dynamics s...
The influence of surface roughness on volatile transport on the Moon

Abstract The Moon and other virtually airless bodies provide distinctive environments for the transport and sequestration of water and other volatiles delivered to their surfaces by various sources. In this work, we conduct Monte Carlo simulations of water vapor transport on the Moon to investigate the role of small-scale roughness (unresolved by orbital measurements) in the migration and cold-trapping of volatiles. Observations indicate that surface roughness, combined with the insulating nature of lunar regolith and the absence of significant exospheric heat flow, can cause large variations in temperature over very small scales. Surface temperature has a strong influence on the residence time of migrating water molecules on the lunar surface, which in turn affects the rate and magnitude of volatile transport to permanently shadowed craters (cold traps) near the lunar poles, as well as exospheric structure and the susceptibility of migrating molecules to photodestruction. Here, we develop a stochastic rough surface temperature model suitable for simulations of volatile transport on a global scale, and compare the results of Monte Carlo simulations of volatile transport with and without the surface roughness model. We find that including small-scale temperature variations and shadowing leads to a slight increase in cold-trapping at the lunar poles, accompanied by a slight decrease in photodestruction. Exospheric structure is altered only slightly, primarily at the dawn terminator. We also examine the sensitivity of our results to the temperature of small-scale shadows, and the energetics of water molecule desorption from the lunar regolith – two factors that remain to be definitively constrained by other methods – and find that both these factors affect the rate at which cold trap capture and photodissociation occur, as well as exospheric density and longevity.