cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the global balanced-projective dimension of valuation domains

Assuming the General Continuum Hypothesis, the global balanced-projective dimension of a valuation domain is determined. We show that it is always equal to the supremum of the projective dimensions of torsion-free modules.
Self-Regulation across the Life Span

While the scope of self-regulation ranges from microscopic analyses of neuro-cognitive structures to macroscopic analyses of self-regulation and culture, individual researchers typically focus only on topics relevant to their desired level of analysis. As a result, the self-regulation literature tends to be fragmented by topic and age. This chapter attempts to integrate the diverse approaches to self-regulation while emphasizing the importance of an action-theoretical perspective. We present an organizing heuristic, grounded in action-theory, that unifies research across multiple levels of analysis. Our heuristic identifies core developmental features that change during every developmental stage and integrates research across the life span. We discuss self-regulation as the product of a larger cognitive-affect processing system (e.g., Mischel & Ayduk, 2004) that develops based on experience in an environment pervaded by cultural influences and is contingent on the development of an underlying neuro-cognitive structure. Keywords: self-regulation; self-control; inhibition; action theory; cognitive-affective processing system
The political economic and culinary roles of marine fish in southern Peru from the Middle Horizon (A.D. 600) through Spanish colonial periods

Abstract In the Central Andes fish and other marine products were often used to support the political economy of complex social groups, particularly those dating to the later prehispanic time periods. Dried fish could be preserved for shipment to other geographic regions to serve as a form of staple finance. Fish were also an important symbol of status, particularly at sites further from the ocean and at high elevations where the ability to acquire marine fish indicated control over exchange networks. In order to determine if marine fishing and the preservation of fish as a commodity was a component of the political economy of ancient Central Andean cultures of far southern Peru, I examine the zooarcheological record of marine fishes at nine prehispanic and four Spanish colonial sites from the Osmore River drainage. As shown in this analysis, there are no coastal sites in far southern Peru with unequivocal evidence of fish processing to dry fish for long-term storage or inland transport as an everyday commodity to support the political economy of local cultures. Evidence for small-scale drying on the coast for presumed local consumption is evident during later prehispanic periods. During the Spanish colonial period, small quantities of fish were shipped to inland settings; however, the taxa differ slightly from the fish used during the prehispanic periods. Although there is no evidence for a coordinated use of fish to support the political economic undertakings of the populations in the Osmore Basin, the enduring trade and exchange in marine fishes through time and over large interior distances indicates the significant social roles that marine foods played, primarily for culinary and status purposes.
Further Studies on the Activation of Rat Median Raphe Serotonergic Neurons by Inescapable Sound Stress

Previous studies, using a biochemical measure of serotonergic neuronal function, show that inescapable, randomly presented sound pulses activate serotonergic neurons in the rat median raphe but not dorsal raphe nucleus. The present study reveals that this activation also occurs in serotonin projection areas, in hippocampus, nucleus accumbens and cortex but not in caudate nucleus. The selectivity of this response is examined by comparing the response to sound stress with that produced by morphine, a treatment known to selectively activate dorsal raphe but not median raphe serotonergic neurons. Two approaches are used in Sprague-Dawley rat to measure the activation of serotonergic neurons: (1) determination ex vivo of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in tissue from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei, hippocampus, cortex, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens following in vivo inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; and (2) measurement of extracellular serotonin levels in hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens. Sound stress increases 5-HTP accumulation in median raphe nucleus, hippocampus, cortex, and nucleus accumbens, but not dorsal raphe nucleus or caudate nucleus. Sound stress also enhances extracellular serotonin levels in hippocampus and nucleus accumbens, but not caudate nucleus. In contrast, the morphine treatment enhances 5-HTP accumulation in dorsal raphe nucleus, cortex and caudate nucleus, but not in median raphe nucleus, hippocampus or nucleus accumbens. Furthermore, it increases extracellular serotonin levels in only the caudate nucleus. The combined effects of sound stress and morphine on 5-HTP accumulation are identical to those obtained by each treatment individually. These findings provide further support for the presence of serotonergic neurons within the median raphe nucleus that have a unique response profile. These neurons may have an important role in responses or adaptations to stress.
The molecular architecture of human N-acetylgalactosamine kinase.

Abstract Galactokinase plays a key role in normal galactose metabolism by catalyzing the conversion of α-d-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate. Within recent years, the three-dimensional structures of human galactokinase and two bacterial forms of the enzyme have been determined. Originally, the gene encoding galactokinase in humans was mapped to chromosome 17. An additional gene, encoding a protein with sequence similarity to galactokinase, was subsequently mapped to chromosome 15. Recent reports have shown that this second gene (GALK2) encodes an enzyme with greater activity against GalNAc than galactose. This enzyme, GalNAc kinase, has been implicated in a salvage pathway for the reutilization of free GalNAc derived from the degradation of complex carbohydrates. Here we report the first structural analysis of a GalNAc kinase. The structure of the human enzyme was solved in the presence of MnAMPPNP and GalNAc or MgATP and GalNAc (which resulted in bound products in the active site). The enzyme displays a distinctly bilobal appearance with its active site wedged between the two domains. The N-terminal region is dominated by a seven-stranded mixed β-sheet, whereas the C-terminal motif contains two layers of anti-parallel β-sheet. The overall topology displayed by GalNAc kinase places it into the GHMP superfamily of enzymes, which generally function as small molecule kinases. From this investigation, the geometry of the GalNAc kinase active site before and after catalysis has been revealed, and the determinants of substrate specificity have been defined on a molecular level.
Deamino Oxytocin and 1-γ-Mercaptobutyric Acid-Oxytocin: X-ray Crystallographic Data

X-ray studies of crystalline deamino-oxytocin (1-β-mercaptopropionic acid-oxytocin) have established the existence of both wet and dry forms. A remarkable degree of similarity exists between the two forms even though there are changes in cell dimensions and space group on drying. The dry form of 1-γ-mercaptobutyric acid-oxytocin is very similar to that of deamino-oxytocin.
A new technique for the prevention of reflux in those undergoing bladder substitution or undiversion using bowel segments

The use of small and large bowel segments in reconstruction of the bladder and in continent urinary diversion has become increasingly practical in recent years. Many of these patients are expected to achieve a near normal life and life expectancy as a result of such surgery. Reflux therefore represents a potential hazard to the upper tracts, especially when residual urine is present or the patient empties by intermittent catheterization, occasionally introducing bacteria. Various techniques to prevent reflux have been employed with varying degrees of success. We present our experience with seven patients undergoing undiversion or bladder substitution in whom a new technique for reflux prevention was employed. Of the seven patients, six are free of reflux at this time, and the technique seems applicable in several different clinical situations.
The Berlin Wall.

A disclaimer at the outset: according to current NIHguidelines, I am classi” ed as a white, non-Hispanic male.Presumably my speech, clothing, attire, and lifestyle couldbe categorized accordingly. What about my bioethics? Ac-cording to Catherine Myser (2003), the answer is an em-phatic “ Yes.” If she is right and this is a problem thatneeds to be redressed, will decreasing the “ whiteness ofbioethics in the United States” improve how bioethics ispracticed in this country? Will this enhance the clinicaloutcome when bioethics is applied to actual scenarios thatoccur in hospitals and doctors’ of” ces?To live the good and moral life has always beendif” cult and fraught with con‘ ict. The purpose of ethics isto help people recognize the moral dimension of problemsthat arise in their life, to delineate the individual compo-nents and competing interests in these complex situations,to de” ne priorities, and to provide guidance on how to actin these circumstances. Underlying the whole concept ofethical conduct is the idea that people are autonomous in-dividuals who have free choice and, thus, are responsiblefor the consequences of their actions. There can be no eth-ics when people are ignorant of the facts, constrained intheir options, and not held accountable for what they de-cide to do. By most accounts, these features describe a freeperson; by implication, without freedom there is no ethics.This formulation is no less true for bioethics.There has been much discussion in the past two mil-lennia about freedom and what political and social condi-tions are needed to foster its development and survival.According to Berlin (1969), the most durable form of free-dom is not active liberty; that is, the right to do whateveran individual wishes. Instead, the form of freedom that hasproven the most resilient in modern open societies like theUnited States is negative liberty. This concept signi” es theassurance that each person is entitled to the opportunity tomake major life decisions such as where to live, what towear, how to earn a livelihood, and what to think or be-lieve without interference from outside forces. Under thesecircumstances we consider to be genuine the choices that aperson makes, and we feel entitled to hold him or her re-sponsible for the consequences of these life selections.In
Urea-Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysis of Mercerized Cotton Modified with Methylated Methylolmelamine

Mercerized cotton finished with a methylated methylolmelamine (MeMM) responded differently to hydiolysis with urea-phosphoric acid (UPac) than did similarly finished native cotton. UPac hydrolysis did not affect dry and wet wrinkle recoveries of mercerized cotton, but caused reduction in dry recovery angles of the unmodified native cotton control. Treatment with MeMM produced specimens with equally high dry and wet wrinkle-recovery angles regardless of nature of the control fabric; behavior of MeMM-treated fabrics, when subjected to UPac hydrolysis, was influenced by nature of the control fabric. With MeMM-treated mercerized fabrics, each subsequent hydrolysis removed about one-half of the bound nitrogen and virtually all formaldehyde; it destroyed dry recoveries, but had little effect upon wet wrinkle-recovery angles. Each MeMM retreatment completely restored these properties in products from mercerized cotton, but resulted in only partial restoration of recoveries in products from native cotton.X-ray di...
Prevalence of asthma and wheezing in public schoolchildren: association with maternal smoking during pregnancy.

Background Asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood. The prevalence of asthma is especially high in inner city children. The occurrence of asthma may be associated with many environmental factors, including involuntary exposure to maternal smoking. Objectives This study reports prevalence of asthma and wheezing in a sample of public school students in Chicago and examines the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood asthma. Methods A total of 705 fifth grade students from 13 public schools participated in the study. A slightly modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire was administered in classrooms to assess students' wheezing and asthma prevalence. Results Overall, 34.5% of children reported ever wheezing, 28.9% reported wheezing in the past year, 21.1% reported exercise-related wheezing in the past year, 23.6% reported physician-diagnosed asthma, 16.1% reported taking asthma or wheezing medication in the past 2 weeks, and 15.2% reported visiting emergency rooms for treatment of asthma in the past year. After adjusting for confounding variables in a logistic model, maternal smoking during pregnancy was significantly associated with children's asthma (adjusted odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.1 to 3.5). Conclusions This study reports high prevalence of asthma and wheezing among the students and suggests that maternal smoking during pregnancy may increase the risk of asthma in children.
Dynamics of ventricular ejection.

Left ventricular ejection in open-chest, anesthetized dogs begins with an abrupt acceleration of blood into the ascending aorta, reaching an average maximum of 4,650 cm./sec./sec. Velocity reaches a sharp peak of 88 cm./sec. (average) within the first one-third to one-half of the ejection period. Deceleration is more gradual and continues to the closure of the aortic valve. The general pattern of the time-course recording is that of a triangle with its peak skewed into early systole and separated from a flat diastolic period of zero flow by a deep notch of backflow attending closure of the aortic valve. Ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure only during the brief period between the opening of the valve and peak systolic velocity, a period of approximately 45 per cent of the ejection period. This "positive" (headward) gradient represents the acceleration transient and explains the sharp rise in flow to a maximum in early systole. During the deceleration (terminal) phase of ventricular ejection, the p...
Tracheal suctioning improves gas exchange but not hemodynamics in asphyxiated lambs with meconium aspiration

Current neonatal resuscitation guidelines recommend tracheal suctioning of nonvigorous neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid. We evaluated the effect of tracheal suctioning at birth in 29 lambs with asphyxia induced by cord occlusion and meconium aspiration during gasping. Tracheal suctioning at birth (n = 15) decreased amount of meconium in distal airways (53 ± 29 particles/mm2 lung area) compared to no suction (499 ± 109 particles/mm2; n = 14; P < 0.001). Three lambs in the suction group had cardiac arrest during suctioning, requiring chest compressions and epinephrine. Onset of ventilation was delayed in the suction group (146 ± 11 vs. 47 ± 3 s in no-suction group; P = 0.005). There was no difference in pulmonary blood flow, carotid blood flow, and pulmonary or systemic blood pressure between the two groups. Left atrial pressure was significantly higher in the suction group. Tracheal suctioning resulted in higher Pao2/FiO2 levels (122 ± 21 vs. 78 ± 10 mm Hg) and ventilator efficiency index (0.3 ± 0.05 vs.0.16 ± 0.03). Two lambs in the no-suction group required inhaled nitric oxide. Lung 3-nitrotyrosine levels were higher in the suction group (0.65 ± 0.03 ng/µg protein) compared with the no-suction group (0.47 ± 0.06). Tracheal suctioning improves oxygenation and ventilation. Suctioning does not improve pulmonary/systemic hemodynamics or oxidative stress in an ovine model of acute meconium aspiration with asphyxia.
Alcohol Abuse in Older Adults: An Invisible Population

Alcohol abuse among older adults is known as the hidden epidemic as the number of individuals who suffer from dependency and abuse has about doubled in the last decade. Because baby boomers were more liberal substance users during the 1960s and 1970s, experts anticipate the epidemic will increase even further by 2020. Definition of abuse and screening as a preventive measure to identify alcohol abuse in older adults are explored.
Preparing Teachers to Confront Sexism in Schools: A Competency-Based Approach

(1975). Preparing Teachers to Confront Sexism in Schools: A Competency-Based Approach. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 57-62.
An in-cache address translation mechanism

In the design of SPUR, a high-performance multiprocessor workstation, the use of large caches and hardware-supported cache consistency suggests a new approach to virtual address translation. By performing translation in each processor's virtually-tagged cache, the need for separate translation lookaside buffers (TLBs) is eliminated. Eliminating the TLB substantially reduces the hardware cost and complexity of the translation mechanism and eliminates the translation consistency problem. Trace-driven simulations show that normal cache behavior is only minimally affected by caching page table entries, and that in many cases, using a separate device would actually reduce system performance.
Discourse as driver of innovation in contemporary haute cuisine: The case of elBulli restaurant

Abstract This paper examines the case of elBulli restaurant, an organization central to the avant-garde movement that has revolutionized haute cuisine, to analyze an organization's ability to innovate and to enact changes within its field. The paper draws on ethnographic data to describe the role of one key driver of innovation: the systematic documentation and publishing of a discourse, prior to the mass use of social media. Three functions of a discourse that lead to the diffusion and institutionalization of innovations in the case under study are identified: (i) conceptualization, (ii) socialization and (iii) control. The analysis points to the potential contribution of discourse as a driver in other industries following creative paths.
Molecular dynamics characterization of thin film viscosity for EHL simulation

Molecular simulations were used to characterize changes in lubricant viscosity that may occur during thin film elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed at variable wall speed and film thickness such that the effects of both parameters could be evaluated. Using this approach it was found that the viscosity of thin films under large shear is subject to both shear thinning and oscillation with film thickness. A composite model was developed that incorporated both effects. The expected impact that this model might have on an EHL interface was evaluated using a continuum simulation. An overall decrease in viscosity with some oscillation near the interface edges was predicted due to the molecularly modeled thin film effects.
Investigation of non-uniformity and inclusions in 6LiInSe2 utilizing laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)

Impurity analysis and compositional distribution studies have been conducted on a crystal of LiInSe2, a compound semiconductor which recently has been shown to respond to ionizing radiation. IR microscopy and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) revealed the presence of inclusions within the crystal lattice. These precipitates were revealed to be alkali and alkaline earth elemental impurities with non-uniform spatial distribution in the crystal. LIBS compositional maps correlate the presence of these impurities with visual color differences in the crystal as well as a significant shift of the band gap. Further, LIBS revealed variation in the ratio of I-III-VI2 elemental constituents throughout the crystal. Analysis of compositional variation and impurities will aid in discerning optimal synthesis and crystal growth parameters to maximize the mobility-lifetime product and charge collection efficiency in the LiInSe2 crystal. Preliminary charge trapping calculations have also been conducted with the Monte Carlo N-particle eXtended (MCNPx) package indicating preferential trapping of holes during irradiation with thermal neutrons.
TEM OBSERVATIONS OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES IN THE CAST NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY IN 100.

Abstract Alloy IN 100 solution-treated for 48 hours at 2225°F developed ordered γ′ (Ni3Al) films at grain boundaries on aging for 500 hours at 1800°F. The films were observed to be divided into two by a high-angle grain boundary. They contained M23C6 particles ( a 0 10.714 ± 0.001 A ) which were epitaxially related to the γ′ film, with identical orientation, had approximately three times the parameter, and had dislocation-type interfaces. The observations were consistent with γ′ film formation by reaction of γ and primary MC. The ordered γ′ film was identically oriented with the adjoining (disordered) γ matrix and showed a dislocation-type interface. Preferential thinning was observed at γ-γ′ interfaces and at grain boundaries. The γ′ intragranular particles were identically oriented with the γ′ film and were inferred to have the same parameter. The extracted residue showed MC or M (C, N) type carbides of a 0 4.31 ± 0.01 A in addition to M23C6. The evidence suggests that the particles were (Ti, Mo) C, and Cr23C6 or Cr21Mo2C6, respectively. The M23C6 particles apparently contained antiphase boundaries and, when extracted, showed a complex fine structure in the electron diffraction spots. There was evidence of agglomeration of groups of M23C6 particles inside γ′ films.
Effect of vitamin D on in vitro bone calcium metabolism.

The effects of vitamin D in vivo on the equilibrium of calcium and phosphorus between surviving bone and buffer have been examined in an in vitro system. Calvaria from rats pretreated with vitamin D in physiologic and in massive doses maintained significantly higher buffer calcium concentrations than those from vitamin D-deficient control rats. There were no consistent differences in buffer phosphorus. The calvaria from the vitamin D-treated rats released less lactate into the buffer than control calvaria. The effect of vitamin D was apparent in calvaria from parathyroidectomized rats, and also in calvaria from rats in which low serum calcium levels had been produced with a low-calcium diet. This study thus provides evidence for direct effects of vitamin D on bone metabolism. (Endocrinology 78: 1100, 1966)
Extragenitourinary malakoplakia in a patient with myeloma clinically mimicking extramedullary myelomatous disease

Malakoplakia is a rare granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology and usually affects patients with underlying immunosuppression. This disorder usually involves the genitourinary tract but has been reported in a wide array of anatomical sites. We present a case of extragenitourinary malakoplakia, developing in a patient with a history of plasma cell myeloma, which clinically mimicked recurrent extramedullary myelomatous involvement. Radiologically, this lesion was a 10-cm soft-tissue mass located in the left flank and iliacus muscle. Excisional biopsy revealed a histiocytic infiltrate with histologic features diagnostic of malakoplakia. This case demonstrates the clinical and pathologic diagnostic challenges of malakoplakia arising outside the genitourinary tract. Given that it can closely mimic malignancy in such settings, malakoplakia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft-tissue masses developing in patients with hematologic malignancy and iatrogenic immunosuppression. This case highlights the importance for awareness on the part of clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists that malakoplakia can present as a soft-tissue mass.
Comparison of allergic reactions to pegasparaginase given intravenously versus intramuscularly.

Background Pegasparaginase (PEG) is important for treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Despite conjugation to polyethylene glycol to reduce immunogenicity, allergic reactions still occur and may be severe. Traditionally, PEG is given via intramuscular (IM) injection but recent protocols have shown it can be safely given intravenously (IV), which may be preferred by patients. There is a potential concern that the IV route may result in more severe allergic reactions due to immediate exposure to reactive antibodies in the blood, which is delayed after IM administration. The purpose of our study is to compare the severity and incidence of allergic reactions with IV versus IM PEG. We are unaware of any prior studies examining this. Procedure We reviewed all patients with ALL diagnosed from 2005 to 2010 inclusive who received PEG and had an allergic reaction. Reactions were graded using both common toxicity criteria (CTC) 3.0 and 4.0. Results Allergic reactions were seen in 17 of 186 (9%) newly diagnosed patients receiving IM PEG and 4 of 11 (36%) receiving IV PEG; P = 0.019. The severity of reaction was not increased with IV versus IM. Allergic reactions occurred more frequently in high-risk patients (14 of 85; 16%) versus standard risk (7 of 112; 6%), P = 0.034. Conclusions There appears to be an increased incidence of allergic reactions in patients who receive IV PEG compared with IM although the severity is similar. In addition high-risk patients appear to have more allergic reactions than standard risk. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:436–439. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Matrix Gla Protein Reinforces Angiogenic Resolution

Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) is an ECM molecule commonly associated with dysfunctions of large blood vessels such as arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis. However, the exact role of MGP in the microvasculature is not clear. Utilizing a mouse MGP knockout model we found that MGP suppresses angiogenic sprouting from mouse aorta restricts microvascular density in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and is an endogenous inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis. Similarly, morpholino based knockdown of MGP in zebrafish embryos caused a progressive loss of luminal structures in intersegmental vessels, a phenotype reminiscent of Dll4/Notch inhibition. Accordingly, MGP suppressed Notch-dependent Hes-1 promoter activity and expression of Jagged1 mRNA relative to Dll4 mRNA. However, inhibition of BMP but not Notch or VEGF signaling reversed the excessive angiogenic sprouting phenotype of MGP knockout aortic rings suggesting that MGP may normally suppress angiogenic sprouting by blocking BMP signaling. Collectively, these results suggest that MGP is a multi-functional inhibitor of normal and abnormal angiogenesis that may function by coordinating with both Notch and BMP signaling pathways.
Compressibility of liquid-metallic hydrogen

An expression for the compressibility $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ of liquid-metallic hydrogen, derived within adiabatic and linear screening approximations, is presented. Terms in the expression for $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ have been associated with Landau parameters of the two-component Fermi liquid. The compressibility found for the liquid state is much larger than the compressibility which would be expected in the solid state.
Web server based complex mixture analysis by NMR.

Comprehensive metabolite identification and quantification of complex biological mixtures are central aspects of metabolomics. NMR shows excellent promise for these tasks. An automated fingerprinting strategy is presented, termed COLMAR query, which screens NMR chemical shift lists or raw 1D NMR cross sections taken from covariance total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY) spectra or other multidimensional NMR spectra against an NMR spectral database. Cross peaks are selected using local clustering to avoid ambiguities between chemical shifts and scalar J-coupling effects. With the use of three different algorithms, the corresponding chemical shift list is then screened against chemical shift lists extracted from 1D spectra of a NMR database. The resulting query scores produced by forward assignment, reverse assignment, and bipartite weighted-matching algorithms are combined into a consensus score, which provides a robust means for identifying the correct compound. The approach is demonstrated for a metaboli...
Kernel approximations for universal kriging predictors

Abstract This work derives explicit kernel approximations for universal kriging predictors for a class of intrinsic random function models. This class of predictors is of particular interest because they are equivalent to the standard two-dimensional thin plate smoothing splines. By introducing a continuous version of the intrinsic random function model, we derive a kernel approximation to the universal kriging predictor. The kernel function is the solution to an integral equation subject to some boundary conditions and can be expressed in terms of modified Bessel functions. For moderate sample sizes and a broad range of the signal-to-noise variance ratio, some exact calculations demonstrate that the kernel approximation works very well when the observations lie on a square grid.
Modeling the Complex Dynamics of Teamwork from Team Cognition to Neurophysiology

Teamwork is a complex dynamic process that emerges from team member interaction. The dynamics provide a characterization of the team over time. The stability, flexibility, and resilience of team dy...
Risk of Cataract among Subjects with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Free of Ocular Opportunistic Infections

Purpose To evaluate the risk of cataract in the setting of AIDS. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants Subjects with AIDS free of ocular opportunistic infections throughout catamnesis. Methods From 1998 through 2008, subjects 13 years of age or older were enrolled. Demographic characteristics and clinical characteristics were documented at enrollment and semiannually. Main Outcome Measures Cataract was defined as high-grade lens opacity observed by biomicroscopy judged to be the cause of a best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40. Eyes that underwent cataract surgery during follow-up were considered to have developed cataract before the first visit when pseudophakia or aphakia was observed. Results Among 1606 participants (3212 eyes) at enrollment, 1.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3%–2.7%) were observed to have cataract or prior cataract surgery. Among the 2812 eyes initially free of cataract and followed longitudinally (median follow-up, 4.6 years), the incidence of cataract was 0.37%/eye-year (95% CI: 0.26%–0.53%). In addition to age, significant cataract risk factors included prior cataract in the contralateral eye (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 21.6; 95% CI: 10.4–44.8), anterior segment inflammation (aHR, 4.40; 95% CI: 1.64–11.9), prior retinal detachment (aHR, 4.94; 95% CI: 2.21–11.0), and vitreous inflammation (aHR, 7.12; 95% CI: 2.02–25.0), each studied as a time-updated characteristic. Detectable human immunodeficiency virus RNA in peripheral blood was associated with lower risk of cataract at enrollment (adjusted odds ratio, 0.32; 95% CI: 0.12–0.80) but not of incident cataract (aHR, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.90–2.76). After adjustment for other factors, neither the then-current absolute CD4+ T-cell count nor antiretroviral therapy status showed consistent association with cataract risk, nor did an additive diagnosis of other comorbidities. Compared with the available population-based studies that used similar definitions of cataract, the age-specific prevalence of cataract in our cohort was higher than in 1 of 2 such studies, and the age-specific incidence of cataract surgery was higher. Conclusions Our results suggest cataract may occur earlier among patients with AIDS free of ocular opportunistic infections than in the general population. Cataract risk was associated most strongly with age and with other ocular morbidity in this population. With improved survival, the burden of cataract likely will increase for persons with the human immunodeficiency virus or AIDS.
Addressing the slow uptake of HIV testing in Malawi: The role of stigma, self-efficacy, and knowledge in the Malawi BRIDGE project

This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that HIV-related stigma would function as a barrier to uptake of HIV testing and that knowledge and self-efficacy would serve as facilitators. We also hypothesized that exposure to a behavior-change campaign would be associated with lower levels of stigma and higher levels of knowledge and self-efficacy. We conducted two separate cross-sectional surveys as part of the Malawi BRIDGE Project, including one at baseline in eight districts (n = 891), and another at mid-term in four districts in Malawi (n = 881). HIV-related knowledge, self-efficacy, and lack of stigma were positively associated with HIV testing. A positive association was also found between program exposure, on one hand, and knowledge, self-efficacy, and lack of stigma, on the other. These findings suggest that important psychosocial variables are linked with people’s likelihood of HIV testing, and that these variables may be influenced by behavior-change programs.
Marine scientific research and the new law of the sea

U.S. policy is to encourage freedom of marine scientific research (MSR). This article compares the legal regimes governing the conduct of MSR under the 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea and the 1982 UN Convention on the’ Law of the Sea, which is approaching universal acceptance, and distinguishes MSR from survey activities. It argues that, notwithstanding the erosion of the physical areas of the ocean in which there is freedom of MSR under the Law of the Sea Convention, it provides mechanisms for states’ parties to obtain compliance by coastal states with their duties to grant consent, in normal circumstances, for MSR projects in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) or on the continental shelf, and to establish rules and procedures ensuring that such consent will not be delayed or denied unreasonably. It also suggests establishment of a national marine scientific research program analogous to the U.S. Freedom of Navigation Program.
Höchstes Gut: Die Gesundheit der Mitarbeiter

Betriebliche Gesundheitsforderung im Krankenhaus - Immer mehr Unternehmen der Gesundheitswirtschaft legen Wert auf die Gesundheit ihrer Mitarbeiter. Das groste diakonische Unternehmen Europas, die v. Bodelschwinghschen Anstalten Bethel, fuhrten erfolgreich betriebliche Gesundheitsprogramme ein. Ein Beispiel, wie es funktionieren kann.
Quantitative Platelet Disorders

Thrombocytopenia may be caused by abnormal platelet production, accelerated removal owing to immunologic or nonimmunologic reasons, or sequestration of platelets in the spleen. Bleeding associated with thrombocytopenia usually presents as petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages or epistaxis. Immunologic and nonimmunologic cases of thrombocytopenia may be diagnosed with routine hematology, bone marrow cytology, and platelet specific tests. Thrombocythemia may also be associated with platelet functional abnormalities, contrasting the normal platelet function noted in reactive thrombocytosis.
Physics-based modeling of cosmogenic nuclides part II – Key aspects of in-situ cosmogenic nuclide production

Abstract Characteristics of the spallogenic component of nuclide production are investigated through the use of a physics-based model. Calculated production rates for commonly used nuclides indicate differences in scaling up to 15% at very high altitude. Angular distribution of nuclide forming particles suggests the current method of shielding correction, which is neither altitude nor latitude dependent, can be improved on. Subsurface production profiles suggest that erosion corrections should be performed with non-constant attenuation lengths. Results are parameterized for easy application.
Transmission tower development in the UK

Abstract This paper looks back on the development of the lattice steel tower and the use of lattice towers on overhead transmission lines in the UK over the past sixty years. It reviews the current regulations and the National Grid Company's approach to alternative tower types.
Structure Prediction of Partial-Length Protein Sequences

Protein structure information is essential to understand protein function. Computational methods to accurately predict protein structure from the sequence have primarily been evaluated on protein sequences representing full-length native proteins. Here, we demonstrate that top-performing structure prediction methods can accurately predict the partial structures of proteins encoded by sequences that contain approximately 50% or more of the full-length protein sequence. We hypothesize that structure prediction may be useful for predicting functions of proteins whose corresponding genes are mapped expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that encode partial-length amino acid sequences. Additionally, we identify a confidence score representing the quality of a predicted structure as a useful means of predicting the likelihood that an arbitrary polypeptide sequence represents a portion of a foldable protein sequence ("foldability"). This work has ramifications for the prediction of protein structure with limited or noisy sequence information, as well as genome annotation.
The effects of atropine on respiratory sinus arrhythmia in asthma

Heart rate is rhythmically related to respiratory rate, in a phenomenon known as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Amplitude of RSA has been found to be an accurate noninvasive measure of vagal tone in the normal population. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between RSA and cardiac vagal tone among asthmatics, a group which has been described as having elevated RSA. This was accomplished by examining the effects of atropine on RSA in asthmatics, and comparing the results to those obtained elsewhere among normal subjects. Atropine at a dose of 1 mg/75 kg body weight was administered to 18 asthmatics, and produced decreases in RSA, equivalent to those previously found among normal subjects. The results suggest that the relationship between cardiac vagal tone and RSA is unaffected by the presence of asthma.
Mechanical and electrical interactions in bone remodeling.

The natural remodeling and adaptation of skeletal tissues in response to mechanical loading is a classic example of physical regulation in biology. It is largely because it involves forces that do not seem to fit into the familiar schemes of biochemical controls that bone adaptation mechanisms have intrigued us for at least a century. The effect of electromagnetic fields on organisms is another example of this, and the two have become linked in an attempt to explain bone remodeling (“Yasuda's hypothesis”). This paper re-examines the roles of endogenous and exogenous electromagnetic fields in the response of bone to mechanical forces. A series of experiments is reviewed in which mechanical and electrical stimuli were applied to implants in the medullary canal of rabbit long bones. The results suggest that endogenously generated electrical currents are not required to initiate mechanically stimulated bone formation, but that direct mechanical effects on bone cells is the more likely scenario. Based on this and other evidence from the literature, it is suggested that when exogenous electromagnetic stimuli are applied, bone cells respond by modulating the activity of more primary activators such as hormones, growth factors, cytokines, and mechanical forces. Bioelectromagnetics 18:193–202, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long-term radiographic and histological observations of endodontically treated teeth

Endodontic therapy was performed on 14 teeth in juveniles with inflamed or necrotic pulps. The patients were recalled at 6-month intervals for radiological and clinical examinations. After 1 yr, periapical surgery was performed on six teeth. After 18 months, 5 more patients were subjected to periapical surgery and, after 2 1/2 years, 3 more patients had periapical surgery. A small block section containing the root tip and surrounding tissues was removed from all of the patients. Radiographs showed reductions in size, but not elimination, of periapical lesions. Histological examinations revealed that most root canals were overfilled. Inflammation persisted around zinc oxide-eugenol particles beyond the tooth apexes. In addition, gutta-percha overfilling enhanced the proliferation of cell rests of Malassez. In some cases, dentin filings were found at and beyond the tooth apexes. The formation of new hard tissue was stimulated by the presence of dentin chips.
Neurotic depression: a diagnosis based on preexisting characteristics

A neurotic depression is a depression in an emotionally unstable person. Secondary depressions to major personality disorders, neuroses, and drug use disorders fit the above definition. Likewise, primary depressions with a family history of alcohol (depression spectrum disease) are characterized by a long history of stormy life problems and, therefore, would fit the definition. Using these two preexisting characteristics, we examined a group of 401 neurotic depressives and compared them to 536 nonneurotic (endogenous) depressives. The neurotic depressives were younger and the neurotic patients had made more previous suicide attempts. They were less likely to show memory deficits or delusions and less likely to show symptom criteria of melancholia. They were more likely to have suicide thoughts at index. Treatment was more effective in the nonneurotic patients and such patients made fewer suicide attempts in follow-up. These differences confirm the validity of the distinction between neurotic and nonneurotic depression.
Application of Automatic Substations to Central Station Service in Metropolitan Districts

The present trend to interconnection and the installation of large capacity stations, with the changing character of city load, make relief of the operating crew of a system of the greatest importance. This can best be done by the use of automatically controlled substations in the various types of service. Equipment for each class of service is in successful operation showing great dependability and any particular problem of the operating companies can be attached, keeping in mind certain fundamentals of design, construction and application.
Q fever bioprosthetic aortic valve endocarditis (PVE) successfully treated with doxycycline monotherapy

Q fever is a zoonotic infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. The most common clinical manifestation of acute Q fever infection is as an atypical community-acquired pneumonia. The pulmonary findings are accompanied by extrapulmonary findings, most typically an increase in serum transaminases and splenomegaly. Because C. burnetii is difficult to culture, the diagnosis of Q fever is usually made serologically. The diagnosis of acute Q fever atypical community-acquired pneumonia is made by demonstrating a fourfold or greater increase in titer between acute and convalescent specimens or by demonstrating elevated immunoglobulin (IgM) (phase II) titers. Chronic Q fever is manifested as granulomatous hepatitis or more commonly as culture-negative endocarditis (CNE). Chronic Q fever (CNE) is a difficult diagnosis because of difficulty in culturing the organism from the blood and the vegetations with Q fever CNE are small or absent. The diagnosis of chronic Q fever CNE is based on serology. Such patients commonly have highly elevated IgM and IgG titers (phase I/II) titers. Chronic Q fever CNE may involve native or prosthetic heart valves. Q fever prosthetic valve endocarditis is rare compared with native valve Q fever endocarditis. Q fever prosthetic valve endocarditis usually requires valve replacement for cure. We present a case of chronic Q fever bioprosthetic aortic valve endocarditis that was successfully treated with doxycycline monotherapy that did not require aortic valve replacement.
A Selective Mitochondrial-Targeted Chlorambucil with Remarkable Cytotoxicity in Breast and Pancreatic Cancers

Nitrogen mustards, widely used as chemotherapeutics, have limited safety and efficacy. Mitochondria lack a functional nucleotide excision repair mechanism to repair DNA adducts and are sensitive to alkylating agents. Importantly, cancer cells have higher intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmt) than normal cells. Therefore, selectively targeting nitrogen mustards to cancer cell mitochondria based on Δψmt could overcome those limitations. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and evaluation of Mito-Chlor, a triphenylphosphonium derivative of the nitrogen mustard chlorambucil. We show that Mito-Chlor localizes to cancer cell mitochondria where it acts on mtDNA to arrest cell cycle and induce cell death, resulting in a 80-fold enhancement of cell kill in a panel of breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines that are insensitive to the parent drug. Significantly, Mito-Chlor delayed tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer. This is a first example of repurposing chlorambucil, a drug not used in breast and pancreatic cancer treatment, as a novel drug candidate for these diseases.
Characterization of the Na/K pump current in N20.1 oligodendrocytes

Abstract Glial cell Na,K-ATPase is suggested to participate in extracellular K + concentration ([K + ] o ) control by being activated when [K + ] o rises in the brain. The extent of that activation directly depends on the Na/K pump affinity to [K + ] o , intracellular Na + ([Na+] i and, indirectly on pump cycle regulation by membrane potential ( V m ). In the present investigation, these Na/K pump properties were studied with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique in cultured mouse oligodendrocytes (N20.1 cell line). N20.1 cells possess ouabain-sensitive Na/K pump current ( I p ) with a maximal density of 0.5-0.6 pA/pF (estimated for conditions of Na/K pump stimulation by saturating [Na + ] i , [ATP] i , [K + ] o and at positive V m . This current was half-inhibited at 83 ± 31 μM ouabain, and half-activated by [Na + ] i of 9.6 ± 1.1 mM, by [K + ] o of 2.0 ± 0.1 mM and by membrane potential at about −65 mV. High levels of nervous activity may increase [K + ] o from 3 to 12 mM which would only increase Na/K pump current by 40% due to the direct effect of [K + ] o . However, elevated [K + ] o would also depolarize the glial cell membrane which would indirectly activate I p and together with the direct effect of [K + ] o would increase I P as much as 2–2.5-fold. These data suggest that glial cell Na/K pump regulation by V m may be an important factor in determining the participation of the Na/K pump in [K + ] o homeostasis in the nervous system.