cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early enteral stressors in newborns increase inflammatory cytokine expression in a neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis rat model.

Introduction Inflammation in the premature intestine is a key factor that leads to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and subsequent inflammation increases the severity of NEC. The aim of this study was to investigate the early temporal expression of inflammatory markers and activation of NF-κB in a neonatal rat model of NEC. Methods Pre- and full-term newborn Sprague-Dawley rat pups were sacrificed at birth, 1.5, 4, 8, and 24 hours after receiving their first feed. Control pups were vaginally delivered and mother fed; NEC was induced by a combination of gavage feeding formula, hypoxia, and enteral lipopolysaccharide (LPS); and formula fed pups were fed every 4 hours with infant formula. Ileal tissue was collected for immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Serum was collected for cytokine content. Fold change of expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-10, NF-κB p65, and IκBα used RT-PCR. Data were analyzed by paired two-tailed t test, expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean, and p ≤ 0.05 considered significant. Results No histologic injury was evident in ileal sections. At 1.5 h, iNOS expression increased twofold over control in NEC pups (2.1 vs. 1.0, p ≤ 0.05) and remained elevated at 24 h (0.7 vs. 9.4, p ≤ 0.05). IL-1β and IL-6 reached a peak at 24 h in NEC tissue compared with control. IL-10 expression rose in NEC pups after 4 h of insult and remained elevated in formula and NEC stressed pups. Coincident with an increase in p65 translocation into the nucleus and a reduction of IκBα detected in the cytoplasm, increased transcription of IκBα occurs. Conclusion These findings suggest that NF-κB activation initiates inflammation early in the course of NEC resulting in increased proinflammatory protein expression, underscoring the importance of the inflammatory response in this NEC model, which precedes evidence of histological injury.
Study of polymers applicable to insulation systems

In recent years thermosetting polymeric systems have been used extensively as binders in electrical insulation and composite plastic structures with excellent success. However, such properties as post-cure gassing, thermal stability, and high temperature bond strength have always been stumbling blocks for the insulation engineer. Experience has shown that these properties can ultimately affect the dielectric endurance of an insulation when subjected to high voltage stresses. The above-mentioned problems are generally controlled by the organic binders present in the insulation. Test methods have been developed whereby the behavior of the polymers under certain conditions can be predicted, thus increasing the effectiveness of the design engineer.
Bio-inspired diversity for increasing attacker workload

Much of the traffic in modern computer networks is conducted between clients and servers, rather than client-toclient. As a result, servers represent a high-value target for collection and analysis of network traffic. As they reside at a single network location (i.e. IP/MAC address) for long periods of time. Servers present a static target for surveillance, and a unique opportunity to observe the network traffic. Although servers present a heightened value for attackers, the security community as a whole has shifted more towards protecting clients in recent years leaving a gap in coverage. In addition, servers typically remain active on networks for years, potentially decades. This paper builds on previous work that demonstrated a proof of concept leveraging existing technology for increasing attacker workload. Here we present our clean slate approach to increasing attacker workload through a novel hypervisor and micro-kernel, utilizing next generation virtualization technology to create synthetic diversity of the server's presence including the hardware components.
A Phototube Using a Semiconductor Diode as the Multiplier Element

A phototube has been developed with a semiconductor diode as the multiplier element. The tube has an electron gain of 1200 at 5 keV and has a linear output current in the 6-A range with a dynamic range between 107 and 108. A description is given of the fabrication of the shallow-diffused p-n junction diodes and their use in sealed envelopes with a cesium-antimonide photocathode. Also included is a discussion of the electrostatic lens for focusing the photoelectron beam to the window of the diode, and of the overall operation of the tube.
Urinary cytology changes in protease inhibitor induced urolithiasis.

Indinavir sulfate is a protease inhibitor of HIV. Based on clinical trials the approximate incidence of indinavir associated urolithiasis is 3% to 20%. 1, 2 To our knowledge we report the first cases of reversible changes in transitional cells imitating characteristics of a moderately differentiated (grade 2) transitional cell carcinoma detected by exfoliative urinary cytology. After withdrawal of indinavir sulfate, the changes completely reversed. CASE REPORTS
Designing large-scale adsorptive separations

Scale-up of adsorptive separations is discussed in terms of separation economics and underlying transport theory. Examination of economic data suggests that recovery of valuable solutes, such as proteins, from dilute solution is dominated by the costs of processing large masses of unwanted materials. Separation processes are classified into concentration, fractionation, and purification, and the corresponding adsorptive operations are discussed. It appears desirable to make substantial changes in both equipment configuration and operating mode upon scale-up, and hence careful design with a firm basis in transport theory is warranted. Existing difficulties in modelling such operations, especially at the production scale, are reviewed.
Ethanol consumption: Selective breeding in mice

From a foundation stock of HS/Ibg mice, mass selection has yielded highethanol acceptance (HEA) and low-ethanol acceptance (LEA) lines with distributions which show little overlap in the 10th generation. Divergence has been systematic and the estimate of the realized heritability after 10 generations of selective breeding is 0.21±0.04. Low to moderate correlations among three methods of measuring alcohol consumption, including the one on which selection was based, were shown in an F2 generation derived from C57BL/Ibg and C3H/Ibg mice.
Quasistatic evolution of damage in an elastic body

The processes of quasistatic evolution of the mechanical state of an elastic body, and the development of material damage which results from internal compression or tension, are modelled and analyzed. The problem is formulated as an elliptic system for the displacements coupled with a parabolic inclusion for the damage field. The existence of the unique local weak solution is established by using approximate problems, the recent theory of set-valued pseudomonotone operators, and a priori estimates.
Copper Bioavailability in Steilacoom Lake Sediments

Sediments were collected from Steilacoom Lake, Pierce County, in Washington State, and amended with copper sulfate (nominal concentrations of 800, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 mg Cu/kg dry weight) to assess copper bioavailability to Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, or Ceriodaphnia dubia. H. azteca survival and C. tentans survival and growth were not significantly affected, with 10-day no observed effects concentrations (NOEC) and lowest observed effects concentrations (LOEC) of 2,010 and >2,010 mg Cu/kg, respectively. C. dubia was the most sensitive organism tested with 10-day NOEC and LOECs for survival and reproduction of 906 and 1,469 mg Cu/kg, respectively. Sediment AVS concentrations were 906 mg Cu/kg. Further, AVS and interstitial water concentrations are not accurate predictors of copper bioavailability in Steilacoom Lake.
Direct X-Ray Diffraction Evidence for Imidazolium Intercalation into Graphite from an Ionic Liquid

1,2-dimethyl-3--butylimidazolium (DMBI) tetrafluoroborate was electrochemically characterized at a graphitic paper working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry indicated reversible cationic intercalation of the graphitic paper. X-ray powder/thin film diffraction measurements of intercalated graphitic paper gave one primary diffraction peak at 3.44671 A. In addition, detailed diffraction studies revealed several additional reflections at 0 0 l positions. The X-ray diffraction results are consistent with a intercalate that has a axis of and a resulting axis expansion of 6.98 A. This result suggests that the plane of the five membered imidazolium ring is lying nearly parallel to the graphite sheets. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Planned complex suicide

Abstract A 23-year-old student committed suicide by hanging himself and giving himself an electric shock at the same time. The contents of farewell letters and an examination of the place of suicide showed that complex suicide had been previously planned. This kind of planned complex suicide must be differentiated from others in which the complex way of committing suicide is a result of failure in the first method of suicide or of several methods and in a short period of time.
Large unit cell crystal approximant in TiCrSi alloys

Abstract We report the discovery of a new, apparently stable, large unit cell bcc structure in slowly cooled TiCrSi alloys. This bcc phase, which is also found in TiMnSi and TiVSi alloys, is likely the crystal approximant related to i-phase formation in the Ti-3d transition metal alloys. Single phase samples of this material were obtained by prolonged annealing at 1200°C. We report the results of a Rietveld structural analysis performed on X-ray powder data obtained from these single phase samples which indicate that this phase is closely related to the α(AlMnSi) phase, a crystal approximant related to the icosahedral phase in AlMnSi systems.
Ultrafast Energy Transfer in LHC-II Revealed by Three-Pulse Photon Echo Peak Shift Measurements

We report the results of three-pulse photon echo peak shift (3PEPS) measurements on the light-harvesting complex II (LHC-II) of the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Experiments were performed at two different excitation wavelengths, 670 and 650 nm, corresponding to Chl-a and Chl-b excitation, respectively. The 3PEPS data are analyzed using a new theory that incorporates the effect of energy transfer on third-order response functions. Our theoretical model separates energy transfer dynamics from the solvation dynamics arising from coupling of the electronic transitions to the protein environment. We suggest that the protein fluctuations can be described by an ultrafast solvation on a sub-100 fs time scale and a long time correlation (static disorder). Decay of the 670 nm peak shift reveals spectral equilibration time scales for Chl-a molecules that range from 300 fs to 6 ps and agree well with other experiments. 3PEPS data at 650 nm (Chl-b excitation) reveal rapid Chl-b to Chl-b energy transfer (<1 p...
Expression and Characterization of Fifteen Rhizopus oryzae 99-880 Polygalacturonase Enzymes in Pichia pastoris

Polygalacturonase (PG) enzymes hydrolyze the long polygalacturonic acid chains found in the smooth regions of pectin. Interest in this enzyme class continues due to their ability to macerate tissues of economically important crops and their use in a number of industrial processes. Rhizopus oryzae has a large PG gene family with 15 of 18 genes encoding unique active enzymes. The PG enzymes, 12 endo-PG and 3 exo-galacturonases, were expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified enabling biochemical characterization to gain insight into the maintenance of this large gene family within the Rhizopus genome. The 15 PG enzymes have a pH optima ranging from 4.0 to 5.0. Temperature optima of the 15 PG enzymes vary from 30 to 40°C. While the pH and temperature optima do little to separate the enzymes, the specific activity of the enzymes is highly variable ranging from over 200 to less than 1 μmol/min/mg. A general pattern related to the groupings found in the phylogentic tree was visible with the group containing the exo-PG enzymes demonstrating the lowest specific activity. Finally, the progress curves of the PG enzymes, contained within the phylogenetic group that includes the exo-PG enzymes, acting on trigalacturonic acid lend additional support to the idea that the ancestral form of PG in Rhizopus is endolytic and exolytic function evolved later.
Response ofHeliothis virescens to pheromonal components and an inhibitor in olfactometers

Laboratory-reared males ofHeliothis virescens (F.) that were released in olfactometers in the laboratory were attracted to theH. virescens synthetic pheromone, but not to (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol formate (Z-9-TDF), or to either pheromonal component, (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z-11-HDAL) or (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z-9-TDAL). Also, they did not respond to the pheromone when it was dispersed simultaneously with Z-9-TDF. The proximity of the test chemicals in the olfactometer made little, if any, difference in the response ofH. virescens males to the pheromone source. Preexposure to the synthetic pheromone, Z-9-TDF, Z-11-HDAL, or Z-9-TDAL greatly reduced the number ofH. virescens males responding to the pheromone. This reduction was probably caused by habituation of the moths to these chemicals.
Diameter-Controlled Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

Nearly monodisperse iron nanoclusters have been used to define the diameters of carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Iron nanoparticles with average diameters of 3, 9, and 13 nm were used to grow carbon nanotubes with average diameters of 3, 7, and 12 nm, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy studies of the nanotubes show that the as-grown nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) or thin multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) with 2 or 3 layers. Investigations of the growth conditions also demonstrate that the supply of carbon reactant is critical for enabling the growth of large diameter nanotubes from large iron nanoclusters, and that the growth temperature is especially important for achieving high-quality large diameter nanotubes. The implications of these results and possible applications of the nanotubes are discussed.
A rare anterior sacral osteochondroma presenting as sciatica in an adult: a case report and review of the literature.

Abstract Background context Osteochondroma is the most common primary benign bone tumor and is usually located in the metaphyses of long bones and rarely in the spine or anterior sacrum. To the best of our knowledge, en bloc excision of a solitary osteochondroma of the anterior sacrum in an adult patient has not been previously reported in a peer-reviewed journal. Purpose The purposes of this study were to document the first report of an osteochondroma of the anterior sacrum along with the clinical course and operative management and review the literature on solitary osteochondroma of the sacrum. Study design/setting The study setting is an academic institution. This is a case report and review of the literature. Patient sample The patient is an adult female. Outcome measures The outcome measure is the visual analog score for pain. Methods A 54-year-old woman presented with 9/10 disabling low back and radicular pain in the left lower extremity. Radiologic studies showed a pedunculated mass occurring from the anterior sacrum thought to be causing nerve root compression. The patient received en bloc excision of the mass through an abdominal retroperitoneal approach. We also conducted a literature review of solitary sacral osteochondroma in peer-reviewed journals. Results Histologic studies confirmed the mass to be an osteochondroma without pathologic signs of malignant transformation. The patient complained of dysesthesia in the left leg after surgery, which progressively improved completely over 8 months after the operation. At the 2-year follow-up, there was no evidence of local recurrence and she was pain free. A literature review revealed one previous case of en block resection of a solitary osteochondroma, but it involved the posterior sacrum. Conclusions Solitary osteochondroma can rarely present in the sacrum as low back pain and sciatica. In general, when osteochondroma causes pain in an adult, we should think that some structure is impinged or that it could have initiated a malignant transformation, so en bloc excision should be used to remove the tumor and histologic studies performed to assess for malignant transformation. Battered nerve root syndrome may take up to 8 months to resolve.
Positive regulation of human α1 (I) collagen promoter activity by transcription factor Sp1

Abstract Analysis of the regulatory promoter region of the human α1 (I) collagen-encoding gene (COL1A1) gene indicated the presence of G + C-rich sequence elements that are potential binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1. As a step toward understanding transcriptional regulation of the human COL1A1, we examined Spl binding in the promoter region using DNase I footprinting, and analyzed the effect of Spl expression on COL1A1 promoter activity in transiently transfected Drosophila melanogaster cells in vivo. The results indicated that recombinant human Spl interacted specifically with two G + C-rich sequences within the COL1A1 promoter. Binding of factors in nuclear extracts prepared from human dermal fibroblasts to a 22-nucleotide deoxyribonucleotide (oligo) spanning the 5′ G + C-rich sequence required Zn2+, and was abolished by excess Spl consensus binding site oligos, or by anti-Spl antibodies. Studies in which a series of progressively 5′-deleted COL1A1 promoter::cat constructs were co-expressed with an Spl expression plasmid in a cellular background devoid of Spl homology demonstrated that Spl markedly enhanced the COL1A1 promoter activity. These results suggest that the transcriptional activity of the human COL1A1 can be positively regulated by Spl.
Influences of sexual and social stimuli upon circulating levels of testosterone in male pigtail macaques.

Circulating testosterone concentrations of adult male pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were assessed in three social conditions: (1) subjects housed in a stable heterosexual group (continuous contact with females); (2) subjects housed in an all-male group (no contact with females); and (3) subjects housed in a newly established heterosexual group (female presence as novel stimulus). Pigtail males living continuously with females throughout the year did not exhibit seasonal cyclicity in testosterone values and maintained mean levels equivalent to those observed in the rhesus monkey during the breeding season. Members of all-male groups had mean testosterone concentrations equivalent to males living with females, but these values rose significantly following the addition of females to the group.
Compensator design for linear multivariable systems

A configuration and an orderly procedure for the design of linear multivariable control systems are presented. This procedure employs transfer function matrices to specify the system response to set point changes and disturbances. Neither a state-variable formulation nor solution of the matrix Riccati equation are required. The design procedure is illustrated by a simple example involving an unstable system.
Polyarteritis Nodosa-like Vasculitis in Association with Minocycline Use: A Single-Center Case Series

Objective To describe the clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)-like vasculitis in association with minocycline therapy. Methods We identified all subjects ≥18 years old with PAN-like vasculitis in the context of minocycline use seen at our institution between January 1995 and October 2010. Cases of hepatitis B-associated PAN were excluded. PAN was defined based on angiographic findings or tissue biopsy. Minocycline use was defined as medication use at the time of onset of first symptom. Results We identified 9 patients (5 females; 56%) with a median age of 30 (range 18 to 55) years. Four patients (44%) had isolated cutaneous disease, while 5 cases (56%) had systemic involvement including renal artery microaneurysms (2 patients), cholecystitis (1 patient), mononeuritis multiplex (2 patients), and mesenteric vasculitis (1 patient). Median duration of minocycline use was 2 (range 1 to 4) years. Three patients had a positive antinuclear antibody with negative extractable nuclear antigen antibodies. All patients had positive antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody in a perinuclear pattern but specificity to myeloperoxidase was observed in 2 patients (22%). Diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology in 6 patients (67%) and angiography in 3 patients (33%). Minocycline was discontinued in all cases. Further immunosuppressive therapy was added in 6 cases (67%). Conclusions Cutaneous, as well as systemic, PAN-like vasculitis may occur in association with minocycline use. Clinicians should consider the possibility of drug-induced vasculitis, especially in cases of medium-vessel vasculitis with atypical antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody serologies or in patients with negative hepatitis B testing.
Re: Recognizing abnormal marker results that do not reflect disease in patients with germ cell tumors.

Purpose: The judicious use of serum α-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and lactate dehydrogenase is key to appropriate management of patients with germ cell tumors. Elevated AFP and/or HCG generally indicate active disease. We describe patients with germ cell tumors who had elevated serum AFP and/or HCG but no active disease, despite careful repeat evaluation. Materials and Methods: Histories of 6 cases of germ cell tumors that remained in remission despite abnormal serum AFP and/or HCG were reviewed. Results: Markers were only modestly elevated, remained constant or spontaneously normalized during repeat measurements, and there was no other clinical or radiographic evidence of disease. Patients were treated conservatively with physical examination, radiological tests and repeat marker assays, with no relapse to date. Conclusions: Stable, low increases in serum AFP and HCG may not represent active disease. Careful repeat evaluation will determine whether the markers increase. If no change is noted after appropriate studies have been reviewed by an experienced practitioner to exclude active disease from diagnosis, then consideration should be given to managing such cases with close surveillance to avoid unnecessary chemotherapy.
Consequences of sexually dimorphic timing of emergence and flowering in Silene latifolia

1 Males and females of dioecious plant species often differ in a variety of secondary characteristics, such as size, flower number and flowering time, suggesting that dioecious species have sex-specific selection histories. However, a potential source of these dimorphic traits is age differences between males and females. By sowing 3000 seeds of the dioecious perennial, Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae), on a single day, we were able to assess the contribution of sex differences in emergence time to the development of sexually dimorphic adult traits. 2 Females emerged before males in our experimental field population, but on average males flowered first. Age differences between males and females did not therefore cause the earlier flowering of males. 3 The consequence of the detected differences in emergence and phenology between males and females was explored by path analysis. Emergence time had a strong direct effect on flower production as well as an indirect effect through flowering time. The regression coefficient of flowering time on emergence time was significantly larger for male plants. 4 A phenotypic selection analysis revealed that seedlings emerging early suffered greater mortality than those emerging later. Seedlings emerging early, however, developed into plants with more flowers, indicating that there was a trade-off between survivorship and reproductive performance. Seeds with intermediate emergence times had the highest total fitness, indicating the presence of stabilizing selection. Despite the strong mortality selection against early emergers, we detected no shift in the sex ratio compared with the sex ratio of seeds matured under low-mortality greenhouse conditions.
Durable-good monopoly with inventories

Abstract This paper points out that familiar strategic considerations may induce a durable good monopolist to hold inventories. The motive for inventory holding by the monopoly is the standard one of production smoothing, but it arises here due to strategic considerations which induce the durable good monopoly to sell uneven quantities over time.
A note on defeasibility and skepticism

In response to the Gettier counter-examples, some philosophers have sought to add a condition to the traditional analysis of knowledge as justified true belief. Let us refer to any such fourth condition which requires that the agent stand in some epistemic relation to the problematic "essential" steps in the Gettier cases, as an epistemic fourth condition, and any fourth condition which requires simply that the step(s) possess a given property (generally, truth), independently of anyone's knowledge of it, as a metaphysical fourth condition. Thus a rough characterization of the fourth condition imposed by defeasibility analysts holds that X knows that p only if (iv) there is no true statement q, such that when q is added to the justification that p, the justification is defeated. We are mainly concerned here with arguing against any such metaphysical fourth condition because it leads to an unacceptable kepticism. It is not surprising that no one has seriously proposed an epistemic fourth condition. The Gettier case turns on the possibility that even with the best justification for a statement, it can still be false. Any fallibilist, who does not take logical certainty as requisite for justification in knowledge, will face Gettier problems no matter how strong the epistemic conditions he imposes. Nonetheless, we should note that an epistemic fourth condition can be combined with a denial of the importance of the Gettier problem over the range of cases where ideal justification and truth diverge. On one hand, if we accept p, where p is the conclusion inferred from q which is itself supported by evidence e, then one is accepting something that is true. If we want to draw other inferences from q, and e does not cover all possible tests, then we will naturally be accepting q only provisionally. We will continue to subject it (q) to further tests, wherein, presumably, we will discover its falsity. On the other hand, if no further tests are relevant to determining the truth of q, it is not easy to see what difference it makes that we accept it. We are quite used to our knowledge improving while
The Malignite of Poohbah Lake, Ontario

In an article on “Limestone and the Origin of Feldspathoidal Rocks”, which appeared in the Geological Magazine ten years ago, I referred to the malignite of Poohbah Lake, Western Ontario, and was so bold as to predict that “further work at Poohbah Lake … will eventually furnish evidence of the presence of limestone in contact with the alkaline eruptives”,1 In August, 1939, I found myself at last in a position to visit the locality and see how far my prediction could be verified.
Style, prosodic variation, and the social meaning of intonation

This paper reports on an acoustic analysis of the intonational patterns of declarative questions and wh-questions produced by a group of young adults residing in a rural town of south-central Spain. Question intonation has been reported as highly variable across and within Spanish dialects; recent sociophonetic research on multiple languages suggests that intonational variation may be accounted for by speaking condition (i.e. speech style) in addition to other linguistic and social factors. This study is an initial attempt to examine the potential interactions between speaking condition (read speech vs. task-based dialogue) and social characteristics (speaker sex) on intonational variation. First, it is shown that 12 of the 16 speakers undergo at least one style-shift between speaking conditions; these data are captured in variationist terms, providing empirical assessments about formal and vernacular variants for the two sentence types in question. Second, it is shown that speaker sex differences play a role in style-shifting, and this leads to the hypothesis that variation in declarative questions may have developed as a marker of local identity for Manchego men. All in all, this study offers empirical support that the findings on sociophonetic variation warrant consideration in current models of speech production.
Micellar effects upon the reactions of amino acids and their derivatives with 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzene sulfonate ion

Abstract In the absence of surfactants 2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzene sulfonate ion (1) and 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNF) have similar reactivities towards glycinate and glycylglycinate ions, but α-substituents hinder reactions with 1 but not with DNF, and hydroxide ion is relatively unreactive towards 1. Cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) strongly catalyze reactions of 1 with leucinate, phenylalaninate or α-phenylglycinate, but there is little catalysis of reactions of the more hydrophilic nucleophiles glycinate, and glycylglycinate ions, glycineamide and hydroxide ion, whereas the CTABr catalysis of reactions of DNF is less sensitive to the nature of the nucleophile. Rate enhancements by CTABr of the reactions of 1 are: glycinate 6(28); glycylglycinate 6(26); leucinate 93(34); phenylalaninate 740(104); α-phenylglycinate 247(65); glycineamide ∼1(5·5); OH− 3(60). (The values for DNF are in parentheses). The concentrations of CTABr necessary for catalysis of reactions of 1 are much less than for reactions of DNF. These observations suggest that 1 interacts very strongly with CTABr micelles. Added salt decreases the CTABr catalysis and anionic micelles of sodium lauryl sulfate do not affect reactions of 1 with glycinate or glycylglycinate.
Increased production of ovarian thromboxane in gonadotropin-treated immature rats: Relationship to the ovulatory process

Thromboxane (TX) B2, a stable metabolic product of hydrolysis of TXA2, was measured by radioimmunoassay in tissue extracts of ovaries of immature rats pretreated with pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin. Ovarian concentrations of TXB2 increased before, and remained elevated after, the time of ovulation. In a subsequent study, ovulation was inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by a reported TXA2 receptor antagonist, AH23848. Nevertheless, inhibition of the preovulatory rise in synthesis of TXB2 by furegrelate (a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor) did not prevent ovulation. Nor was the blockade of ovulation caused by indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor) reversed by a TXA2 mimetic (U-46619). It does not appear that a preovulatory increase in ovarian thromboxane is an obligatory component of the ovulatory mechanism of gonadotropin-primed immature rats.
IMPROVED VARIABLE WIDTH DOUBLE SLIT.

Abstract Improvements to a previously described variable width double slit system for beam collimation are described.
Decentralization in Kerala: Panchayat government discretion and accountability

Kerala is regarded as one of the most decentralized states in India. Through a ‘big bang’ approach, Kerala implemented a significant fiscal decentralization program and then built the capacity of its local governments. We employ a diagnostic framework to analyze its local government discretion and accountability in political, administrative and fiscal domains. We find that Kerala's local governments have a very high degree of discretionary power accompanied by a high degree of accountability towards citizens. But the areas of administrative accountability and financial management need to be strengthened. Also there may have been excessive focus and investment on social accountability mechanisms at the cost of local government discretion and formal public sector accountability mechanisms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EVALUATING THE EFFICACY OF FOREIGN POLICY: AN ESSAY ON THE COMPLEXITY OF FOREIGN POLICY GOALS

For those rejecting the idea of an objective “national interest,” the problem of evaluating the efficacy of foreign policies begins with establishing foreign policy goals. Yet the full complexity of foreign policy goals is frequently underestimated. As a standard for evaluating foreign policy, such goals must be specified in geographical and conceptual scope, temporal range and ranking. A further methodological difficulty lies in deriving such goals from the words and deeds of national leaders. Among the problems in this area are deciding whose goals are national goals, and at what moment one should identify them. Collectively, these difficulties probably doom any truly scientific evaluation of foreign policy, but it is not certain that they render any objective judgment impossible, as some post-modernist analysis suggests.
Mouse allergy among asthmatic children from rural Appalachia.

Background Mice are a common finding in the indoor environment of many homes. In a recent study, 18% of children with asthma from an inner-city environment were reported to be allergic to mouse allergen. Objectives To determine the frequency of skin test reactivity among asthmatic children in a rural environment. Methods We consecutively evaluated 209 (82 female, 127 male) children between the ages of 5 months and 19 years with asthma for mouse allergy. A careful environmental history was obtained on all children. Children older than 3 years of age were skin tested to mouse allergen and other indoor/outdoor inhalant allergens. Children younger than 3 years were skin tested to mouse and indoor allergens. Results Thirty-three percent of parents reported seeing mice in their homes. Overall, 25 of 209 (12%) children with asthma were skin test-positive for mouse. For children 3 years or younger, 6 of 52 were skin test-positive for mouse (12%). There was no correlation among socioeconomic status, skin test reactivity, and the presence of mice in the home. Children with multiple skin test reactions were more likely to be reactive to mouse ( P Conclusions The frequency of skin test reactivity to mouse allergen in asthmatic children from rural areas appears slightly less than that in children from inner-city environments. However, a frequency of 12% suggests that skin testing for this allergen provides useful information for environmental control measures in the home.
XXXI. On the cryoscopic relations of dilute solutions of cane-sugar and ethyl alcohol

(1895). XXXI. On the cryoscopic relations of dilute solutions of cane-sugar and ethyl alcohol. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 40, No. 245, pp. 383-393.
Managing nitrate problems for domestic wells in irrigated alluvial aquifers

Many irrigated areas in the United States and abroad overlie unconfined aquifers. The soils are coarse textured with low water-holding capacity, and irrigation water is frequently necessary for crop growth. Many of these areas experience elevated nitrate levels in water from shallow domestic wells. It is often observed that the nitrate plumes are stratified with depth with the highest concentration just near the surface. The irrigation wells are generally screened toward the bottom part of the aquifer where the material is coarse and the available drawdown is greater. Pumpage is typically cyclic but can be somewhat continuous during drought conditions. It is often believed that the floating nitrate plume is recycled by the irrigation wells. Simulations were carried out to show that slight deepening of domestic wells in both stratified and more homogeneous aquifers could eliminate nitrate problems for many domestic wells even in close proximity of irrigation wells.
The Importance of Site-Specific Information in the Design of Policies to Control Pollution

Abstract The presence and concentration of pollutants in groundwater are influenced by geophysical processes and the behavior of economic agents. The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of spatial variability in physical parameters in the design of efficient pollution regulations. Alternative tax policies are evaluated in terms of effects on farm profit utilizing a spatially distributed, dynamic simulation model which links economic behavior with the geophysical processes that determine groundwater quality. The empirical focus is the control of groundwater nitrates arising from irrigated agriculture in Malheur County, Oregon. Results indicate that a detailed accounting of spatial variance in physical parameters had little effect on selection of a cost-minimizing tax policy to control groundwater nitrate concentration. This result implies that relatively simple tax schemes and models to evaluate these tax schemes may be adequate in some settings.
Ethanol enhances synaptically evoked GABAA receptor-mediated responses in cerebral cortical neurons in rat brain slices.

Abstract Previous intracellular electrophysiological studies on rat hippocampal brain slices have shown very little effect of acute ethanol application on synaptically evoked GABA A receptor-mediated responses recorded in CA1 pyramidal neurons. The present study was designed to compare the effects of ethanol on pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Using conventional intracellular microelectrodes (60–80 MΩ) to impale cortical neurons in brain slices, 80 mM ethanol application did not affect the membrane input impedance nor evoked EPSPs, but significantly affected the resting membrane potential (usually a 2–5 mV hyperpolarization). When stimulus-evoked GABA A -mediated IPSCs were studied using whole-cell recordings from cortical neurons voltage-clamped at depolarizing potentials, monophasic IPSCs were evoked that were blocked by bicuculline, increased by pentobarbital, and enhanced by ethanol superfusion in a dose dependent manner over the range of 20–160 mM. Hippocampal IPSCs recorded under identical conditions were not enhanced by ethanol. Parallel studies of GABA-stimulated 36 Cl − flux measurements in microsacs prepared from hippocampal, cerebral cortical and cerebellar tissue demonstrated that ethanol significantly enhanced (30–50%) 36 Cl − flux in microsacs derived from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, but not in microsacs prepared from the hippocampus. These results demonstrate that there are clear brain region-dependent differences in the way that GABA A receptor function is altered by acute ethanol, and that these differences are apparent not only as an enhancement of responses to exogenous GABA, but also as a facilitation of the responses to endogenous GABA released from inhibitory nerve terminals during synaptic activation.
In vivo and in vitro feasibility studies of intraocular use of seprafilm to close retinal breaks in bovine and rabbit eyes.

Purpose Seprafilm, a sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose absorbable barrier developed to prevent adhesions after abdominal surgery, adheres well to wet tissue. The authors studied the efficacy of this film for sealing retinal breaks in animals. Methods In an in vitro study, a retinal detachment with a hole was created in bovine eyecups after the vitreous gel was removed. Seprafilm was placed over the retinal hole, and the strength of the retinal adhesion was measured by pulling the film. Permeability was tested by applying methylene blue to the film covering the retinal break. Seprafilm also was soaked in balanced salt solution (BSS) incubated at 37 degrees C, and the pH of the BSS containing Seprafilm was measured as it melted. In an in vivo study, Seprafilm was powdered and mixed in BSS solution, and 0.1 mL was injected into the right vitreous cavity in study rabbits. The same amount of BSS was injected into the right vitreous cavity in control rabbits. Ophthalmologic examinations were performed. Bilateral electroretinograms were recorded simultaneously before and 6 weeks after injection. Both eyes were enucleated for histologic evaluation. Results Seprafilm adhered well to the retina, was impermeable to methylene blue, and remained solid in BSS for 30 days before it dissolved, and its pH ranged from 7.2 to 8.0. No intraocular inflammatory reaction occurred after intravitreous injection of Seprafilm solution. There was no significant difference in amplitudes or implicit times of electroretinogram a-waves, b-waves, and oscillatory potentials before and after injection and between study and control groups. No significant retinal abnormality was detected by light microscopy in either group. Conclusions The film adhered well to the retina with no signs of ocular toxicities. Further study is warranted for possible means of patching retinal breaks.
The chemistry of the group V metal carbonyls II. The preparation of some derivatives oftricarbonylmesitylenevanadium(O)

Abstract Tetracarbonylmesitylenevanadium(I) hexafluorophosphate has been converted into tricarbonyliodomesitylenevanadium(I) by reaction with sodium iodide. Reduction of this species by sodium borohydride has led to the isolation and characterization of tricarbonylhydridomesitylenevanadium(I). This complex shows a variable temperature NMR spectrum for the hydridic proton. Treatment of the hydride with either sodium amalgam or sodium hydroxide generates the carbonylate ion, [(CH 3 ) 3 C 6 H 3 V(CO) 3 ] − , which was isolated as a tetrabutylammonium salt.
Specification and analysis of a composition of protocols

Abstract A composite protocol constructed from two smaller protocols is formally specified, and a proof of correctness is given. The formal specification of the composite protocol is constructed from the formal specification of the two protocols from which it is composed, and the proof of the composite protocol is an expansion of the correctness proofs of the two smaller protocols. The composite protocol is a data-compression protocol which combines two wellknown data-compression protocols, achieving further compression. The protocol processes are specified as a set of actions, each of which has a guard, or Boolean expression. An action may take place only if its guard is true and is an atomic event. Verification is accomplished by proving that the set of states satisfying an invariant is closed.
An integrated preclerkship curriculum in neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurology.

The study’s objective was to promote understanding of the integration of preclerkship learning in neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurology and to share the authors’ experience with such a program. A dualism, which may have survived in the past for lack of robust evidence of mind-brain relationships, is now increasingly outmoded. Medical school education should reflect the increasing coherence to be found in these fields. The authors describe curricular and course innovations and revisions at Harvard Medical School that have been implemented in successive iterations over the past decade. These changes have depended upon multidisciplinary leadership, planning, and faculty participation, as well as faculty development and closer coordination between classroom- and hospital-based activity. A hybrid, problem-based block course in the second year integrates basic science with neurologic and psychiatric topics that are aligned with practice of relevant clinical skills. The authors have achieved a high level of integration and coordination of these subjects at preclerkship levels in the domains of both knowledge and skills. The students, as well as the faculty, strongly endorse an intellectually coherent and clinically relevant program of integrated preclerkship learning in neuroscience, psychiatry, and neurology.
Encopresis and sexual abuse in a sample of boys in residential treatment.

The purpose of this paper is threefold: (a) to report an unusually high prevalence of encopresis in a sample of boys in psychiatric residential treatment; (b) to explore the possible relationship of sexual abuse to the development of encopresis in these cases; and (c) to discuss the diagnostic and treatment implications of our findings.
Rethinking Colonialism and the Origins of the Developmental State in East Asia

Abstract Previous studies on economic development in East Asia focus exclusively on the recent period (since the 1960s) and posit that East Asian “miracles” were largely a result of the state's exceptional capacity to implement consistent industrial policy. Yet, they neglect the question of the origins of the developmental state. To confront this neglect, this article makes a macro-historical comparison between Northeast and Southeast Asia, highlighting colonialism, the role of income inequality, and subsequent socio-economic transformations. It is argued that a crucial historical phase for new economic trajectory was the decolonisation period when East Asian countries had an opportunity to break away from negative colonial legacies. This article sheds new light on the ways in which colonialism shapes long-term economic development in East Asia.
The Vascular Anatomy of the Rhesus Monkey Cochlea

The vascular pattern of the Rhesus monkey cochlea was demonstrated by the aid of contrast injection. The capillary areas are very similar to the human, rabbit, and guinea pig cochlea. One significant exception is the unfrequent occurrence of a vessel under the tunnel of Corti. Further, the capillary areas of the external wall at the basal end of the cochlea are more well formed than in the other mammals. The course and ramification of the veins in the modiolus is more irregular than in the rabbit and guinea pig cochlea and more similar to the human cochlea. The irregular occurrence of the vessel under the outer hair cells indicates that the Rhesus monkey is a particularly interesting animal for cochlear research.
Mainstreaming the Speech-Language Clinician in the Public Schools

This article argues that the concept of educational mainstreaming should apply not only to handicapped children, but to the speech-language clinician (SLC) as well. By the application of considerable skills and insights into a wide range of public school experiences, the mainstreamed SLC becomes a more integral contributer to the learning processes of children. In so doing, benefits accrue not only to children but to teachers and the educational system as well as to the SLC.
Developing the dimensions of activities important to successful revenue management performance: an application of the lodging industry

The increased use of revenue management (RM) has generated the need for trained, skilled individuals who can execute the RM system. The primary objective of this study was to identify and validate the underlying dimensions of activities important to successful RM performance. The data (N = 197) collected from an online survey was analysed using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. These scale-development procedures resulted in a 22-item scale consisting of six factors: communicating effectively, managing daily activities, leading the revenue team, analysing trends, professionalising the RM profession and developing effective RM strategies. The results of this study suggest that developing effective RM strategies and analysing trends are the most important factors to a revenue manager's success. The implications of the study as well as directions for future research are discussed in this paper.