cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coordination of the heart and gill rhythms inLimulus

1. WhenLimulus is exposed to hypoxia both heart rate and ventilation rate decrease together (Fig. 1, Fig. 2A). Hypoxia ultimately leads to cessation of ventilation and concomitant bradycardia. 2. When oxygen is reintroduced into an oxygen free aquarium ventilation resumes rapidly, with a parallel increase in heart rate (Fig. 1, Fig. 2B). 3. Covariation of heart and gill activity similar to that in hypoxia experiments also occurs during the normal respiratory behavior patterns ofLimulus, such as intermittent ventilation, swimming, hyperventilation and gill cleaning. 4. The covariation of heart and ventilation rates is especially evident during transitions of intermittent ventilation (alternating periods of apnea and ventilation, Fig. 3). 5. Covariation is also evident during the large increases in ventilation frequency which occur during hyperventilation and swimming (Fig. 4). 6. Gill cleaning is a centrally determined motor sequence which consists of rhythmic flicking of the inner lobes of a gill plate between the book gill lamellae of the plate on the opposite side. During this behavior there is a marked slowing of the heart rate which is at least as great as the decrease in rate seen during periods of apnea (Figs. 5 and 6). 7. Changes in heart rate associated with ventilatory activity do not appear to be caused by the metabolic demand resulting from such activity (Fig. 7). 8. In addition to frequency covariation of the heart and ventilation rates, there can also be phase coordination of the two rhythms. When the two are close to the same frequency or to harmonic frequencies, the heart often maintains a phase preference with respect to the concurrent gill interval over a considerable period of time (Fig. 8). 9. These results suggest that there are common tonic inputs to both the cardiac ganglion and the central pattern generators for the various ventilatory behaviors, which modulate the frequencies of both simultaneously. Both the frequency covariation and phase communication between the two systems may serve to increase the efficiency of the respiratory-circulatory interactions.
Using calibrated SAR data

A number of approaches for calibrating SAR imaging data including data from multipolarization and multifrequency systems developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory are discussed. It is shown how calibrated SAR data can be used to improve the understanding of the physical properties of the earth's surface layer and how calibration uncertainties and system noise should be handled by the SAR data user. Examples of calibrated SAR data from the NASA/JPL DC-8 SAR are used to demonstrate use of calibrated data to monitor temporal change and to improve the classification of land cover type.
Three distinct forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III from kidney.

Abstract DNA-dependent RNA polymerases were extracted from nuclei isolated from 1 kg of pig kidney and subjected to DEAE-Sephadex chromatography using a step-wise salt gradient. Fractions corresponding to RNA polymerase III were pooled and rechromatographed on a second DEAE-Sephadex column using a linear salt gradient. At least three distinct peaks, designated as IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC were resolved. These peaks exhibited α-amanitin dose response curves characteristic of RNA polymerase III. Detection of the enzyme was facilitated by assaying with either highly polymerized calf thymus DNA and spermine or with poly [d(A-T)]. The heterogeneity of this enzyme became even more pronounced after further purification. Under the same conditions, both RNA polymerases I and II were resolved at most to two subspecies. The highly heterogeneous nature of RNA polymerase III is consistent with the large number of RNA species believed to be synthesized by this enzyme class.
Fmoc-Based Synthesis of Peptide-αThioesters: Application to the Total Chemical Synthesis of a Glycoprotein by Native Chemical Ligation

The technique of native chemical ligation has enabled the total chemical synthesis of proteins with molecular weights far in excess of those achievable by conventional stepwise solid-phase peptide synthesis. The method involves the condensation of two unprotected peptide segments, one bearing a C-terminal αthioester and the other an N-terminal cysteine residue, to afford a protein with a native amide linkage at the site of ligation. Here we report an extension of the native chemical ligation method to the total synthesis of a glycosylated protein, the antimicrobial O-linked glycoprotein diptericin. The major challenge in our synthesis was preparation of a 24-residue glycopeptide-αthioester segment, which was complicated by the incompatibility of glycosidic linkages with Boc chemistry and by the incompatibility of thioesters with Fmoc chemistry. The use of an alkanesulfonamide “safety-catch” linker circumvented this problem and permitted the solid-phase synthesis of the glycopeptide-αthioester using standa...
Elastic Green's function for a composite solid with a planar crack in the interface

The elastic Green's functions for displacements and stresses have been calculated for a composite solid containing a planar crack in a planar interface using the Green's function derived in a previous paper for a line load parallel to the composite interface. The resulting functions can be used to calculate the stress or displacement at any point in the composite for a variety of elastic singularities. As specific applications, the Mode I stress intensity factor of an interfacial crack was calculated as were the Green's functions for the semi-infinite antiplane strain case. The Mode I case shows the near-crack tip oscillations reported by other authors while the Mode III case does not. The newly devised Green's functions are shown to reproduce the results of other authors in the isotropic limit.
Some effects of injections of brain homogenates on behavior.

Considerable research has been done recently on the transfer of learned responses between animals by injections of brain materials. Studies in this area have varied greatly in the efficacy of their control procedures. In Exp. 1, 48 rats received injections of brain material from like-trained, opposite-trained, or untrained rats, and 16 rats served as uninjected controls. All Ss were trained on an operant brightness discrimination. No evidence of any effect of brain injections on learning was found. In Exp. 2, 30 rats were tested for activity level, food intake, and water intake for 6 days before and 6 days after receiving injections of brain homogenates from trained or untrained rats, or of saline placebo. Transitory depressions of activity and food intake occurred post-injection, probably due to illness. These results question the generality of the transfer effect for visual problems and suggest a need to re-evaluate some of the earlier positive results.
Imported cholera in a 31-year-old peruvian female

We present the case of a 31-year-old Peruvian female with severe dehydration due to diarrhea and vomiting. The patient was one of a number of travelers arriving in Los Angeles on an international flight from Argentina and Peru. Because of the travel history and clinical presentation, cholera was suspected and ultimately confirmed by stool culture. The patient's clinical course is outlined, and discussion of the relevant epidemiology and clinical management of cholera is provided. Physicians should suspect cholera when treating patients with severe gastroenteritis. The short incubation period, rapid onset of dehydration and shock, and high case fatality rate of untreated cholera require a consideration of cholera in patients with diarrhea and recent travel to areas where cholera is prevalent.
Criminal and Environmental Soil Forensics

Karl Ritz, Lorna Dawson, and David Miller, editors. Springer Science, New York. 2009. 519 pp. $269.00. ISBN 978-1-4020-9203-9. Forensics is the application of the scientific method to answer questions of interest to the legal system. Publications on forensics in soil science and geology have
Geminin is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and downregulated by the bioflavanoid apigenin in pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Pancreatic adeniocarcinoma is among the deadliest of human cancers. Apigenin, an antitumor flavonoid, inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Geminin is a recently identified novel protein that plays a critical role in preventing abnormal DNA replication by binding to and inhibiting the essential replication factor Cdt1. Microarray analysis identified geminin to be downregulated in pancreatic cancer cells treated with apigenin. Therefore, we investigated the effects of apigenin on geminin expression and other proteins involved in replication (Cdc6, Cdt1, and MCM7) in pancreatic cancer cell lines CD18 and S2013. Real time RT-PCR and western blotting analysis showed that geminin expression is downregulated by apigenin at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, treatment of cells with proteosome inhibitor MG132 reversed the downregulation of geminin by apigenin, supporting our hypothesis that the degradation pathway is another mechanism by which apigenin affects geminin expression. Apigenin treatment also resulted in downregulation of Cdc6 at both mRNA and protein levels. However, Cdt1 and MCM7 expression was not affected in apigenin-treated cells. The effect of apigenin treatment on geminin promoter activity was measured by transient transfection of Hela cells with a reporter gene, demonstrating that apigenin inhibited geminin promoter activity. Geminin expression was also evaluated in human pancreatic tissue (n = 15) by immunohistochemistry and showed that geminin is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer compared to normal adjacent pancreatic tissue. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that geminin is overexpressed in human pancreatic cancer and downregulated by apigenin which may contribute to the antitumor effect of this natural flavonoid. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor within an absorbable coating for vascular applications: Delivery device characterization and the reduction of smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration

Significant occurrences of arterial restenosis remain a complicating factor of endovascular stent implantation. The incorporation of GM6001, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI), into a poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) absorbable coating for 316L stainless steel is proposed as a means to reduce the rate of smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Coatings were fabricated using a solvent evaporation technique, and the surfaces were characterized by noncontacting profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Sufficient degradation of the PLGA determined by gel permeation chromatography occurred to release adequate amounts of the GM6001 from the coating within a 7-day period. A cumulative GM6001 release at day 42 was determined to be 77.8 ± 1.4% of the actual GM6001 content within the coating. The coating containing the GM6001 reduced the rate of in vitro cell growth of human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) by 30.7 and 37.4% compared to the metallic substrate only after 4 and 7 days, respectively. However, the MMP-2 activity normalized to cell number was not statistically different between the GM6001 releasing coating and the metal substrate. Using a scrape wound injury assay, the migration of HASMCs was shown to be decreased by 21.4% with GM6001 released from the PLGA coating compared to metallic substrate only. These results suggest that releasing a MMPI from an absorbable coating of a metallic substrate provides a reduction of HASMC proliferation and migration rates, while preserving the overall MMP activity in efforts to retain normal cellular regulation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 67A: 1–10, 2003
Pathogenesis of hemosiderosis in lemurs: Role of dietary iron, tannin, and ascorbic acid

Clinical disease associated with excess iron deposition (hemosiderosis) in the duodenum, liver, and spleen occurs in captive lemurs. In this report we review the occurrence of hemosiderosis and related disease in the Zoological Society of San Diego lemur collection; we then define and describe potential pathogenic factors with the goal of establishing rational husbandry methods to limit or prevent the disease. At the San Diego Zoo, all 49 lemurs necropsied since 1968 were hemosiderotic, the severity increasing with increasing age; liver and kidney disease were common. Our review of iron metabolism, current knowledge on the pathogenesis of hemosiderosis in humans, and the diets of captive and wild lemurs reveals several key dietary substances that may contribute to lemur hemosiderosis: iron, tannins, and ascorbic acid. In captivity, excess dietary iron (commercial monkey chow) and high levels of ascorbic acid (citrus fruits) lead to enhanced iron uptake and increased toxicity of stored iron due to free radical formation. In the wild, lemurs have an unusual preference for leaves, fruits, and bark high in tannin, a polyphenolic secondary plant compound that rapidly chelates iron, protein, and minerals in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, preventing their absorption. These findings suggest that hemosiderosis in captive lemurs results from a diet high in iron, high in ascorbic acid, and lacking in tannin. Immediate correction of captive diets may limit hemosiderosis in lemurs in the future.
Home Dialysis and Dialysis Treatment Modalities in the VA System

A questionnaire was sent to 50 Veterans Administration dialysis centers to inquire about treatment utilization in preparation for a Cooperative Dialysis Study. Thirty-five completed questionnaires in this survey identified a dialysis population of 2,483 patients including 452 contract patients (13.5%). The number of patients treated in-center was 1,101 (48.5%), including 239 on self-care (10.2%), and 930 patients (38.0%) were dialyzed at home. This high utilization rate of home dialysis appears in excess of three times the prevalence of home dialysis experienced overall in non-VA programs. Identification of factors responsible for the present emphasis on home programs in the VA and a corresponding analysis of non-VA programs should provide important information for the planning of future national ESRD policies.
Complexity in evolved regulatory variation for alcohol dehydrogenase genes in HawaiianDrosophila

The alcohol dehydrogenase gene (Adh gene) ofDrosophila affinidisjuncta is expressed at a higher level in the larval midgut and Malpighian tubules than the homologous gene fromDrosophila hawaiiensis. This study analyzed thecis-acting sequences responsible for these regulatory differences in larval tissues ofDrosophila melanogaster transformants. A series of 10 chimeric and deletedAdh genes was introduced into the germ line ofD. melanogaster, and tissue-specific expression levels were quantified by gel electrophoresis of tissue extracts. Sequences in the upstream region of the two genes had the strongest influence on enzyme production in the midgut and Malpighian tubules. Other sequence elements also showed effects, some of which were tissue specific. Most gene fragments displayed context-dependent effects, thus supporting the proposed model of polygenic regulation ofAdh gene expression.
Carboplatin-related hematuria and acute renal failure

Cisplatin is a potent tubular toxin with a high incidence of nephrotoxicity. Carboplatin is considered less nephrotoxic but can still cause tubular injury and interstitial nephritis in patients who have been previously treated with cisplatin. The affected individuals usually have nonoliguric renal failure with a urine output of more than a liter per day. We present a 57-year-old white woman with no history of renal disease who underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for stage IC ovarian carcinoma. One month later, she received chemotherapy with paclitaxel (Taxol) and carboplatin. On the following day, she developed frank hematuria and flank pain associated with a diminished urine output. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) showed bilateral hydronephrosis with a total blockage of dye flow at the level of intraureteral lucencies consistent with bilateral blood clots. Her coagulation profile and uric acid was normal. Her acute renal failure (ARF) spontaneously resolved in the following 24 hours, with a brisk diuresis presumably due to clot lysis. The follow-up IVP showed a resolution of obstructive changes. A review of the literature shows a previous case in which high doses of carboplatin were implicated as the cause of hemorrhagic cystitis, presumably by toxicity to transitional epithelium of the bladder. We believe that the current case represents carboplatin-induced damage to the transitional epithelium in the renal pelvi and ureters causing gross hematuria and blood clots, resulting in bilateral ureteral obstruction and hydronephrosis.
“The Pacific Era Has Arrived”: Transnational Education among Japanese Americans, 1932–1941

Looking back on the two years at Keisen Girls' School, I am so grateful for the opportunity to have been able to study here…. Our teachers have taught us that it was mistaken if we simply aspired to mimic the ways of Japanese woman. Cognizant of our special position as Americans of Japanese ancestry, we must instead strive to promote the U.S.-Japan friendship. Furthermore, we must adapt the merits of the Japanese spirit [that we have acquired here] to our Americanism. Back in the United States, we will dedicate ourselves to the good of our own society as best possible citizens, cooperating with Americans of other races and learning from each other…. Such is the mission of the Nisei as a bridge between Japan and the United States—one that we have come to appreciate [through our schooling in Japan]. Just about two years before Pearl Harbor, a young Japanese American woman took this pledge to herself when she completed a special study program in Tokyo, Japan. Although the shadow of war loomed increasingly over the Pacific, thousands of American-born Japanese (Nisei) youth like her flocked to their parents' native land during the 1930s to pursue cultural and language learning, as well as formal secondary and higher education. In any given year following 1932, an estimated 1,500 young Nisei students from North America resided in Tokyo and other urban areas of Japan. Often referred to as Kibei after returning to their native land, these young women and men attempted to embrace their ethnic heritage and identity during their sojourn in Japan with the support of Japanese educators.
Sinonasal Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder in Pediatric Lung Transplant Patients

Objective To evaluate sinonasal manifestations of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in the pediatric lung transplant population. Study design and methods Case series of children less than 18 years presenting with PTLD after pulmonary transplantation at St Louis Children’s Hospital between Jan 1, 1990 and Dec 31, 2003. Results Two hundred eighty-two lung transplants were performed in 246 children. Thirty-two cases of histopathologically confirmed PTLD were identified with 8 (25%) presenting in the head and neck. Sinonasal PTLD was the most common site of head and neck involvement (63%), with 40% of patients presenting with occult disease. All patients with sinonasal PTLD had longstanding nasal polyposis related to cystic fibrosis ( P = 0.07). Conclusions This is, to our knowledge, the first report identifying an increased frequency of sinonasal PTLD after pediatric pulmonary transplantation, particularly in children with cystic fibrosis and associated nasal polyposis. Because sinonasal PTLD may be asymptomatic, this region should receive close scrutiny on surveillance evaluations.
The legacy of SWAS: Water and molecular oxygen in the interstellar medium

The Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite has recently completed 5.5 years of successful operation. Among the legacies of the mission has been a greater understanding of the abundance and spatial distribution of H2O and O2 within molecular clouds. The model summarized here provides an explanation for the relatively low gaseous H2O abundance and the high H2O–ice abundance in cold dense clouds, the higher H2O abundance toward diffuse clouds, the low O2 abundance toward all clouds observed.
Neoliberal Mystification: Crime and Estrangement in El Salvador:

How do Salvadorans' varying responses to nationwide neoliberal restructuring affect their experiences and perceptions of crime? Official rhetoric regarding crime in El Salvador privileges highly individualized understandings over ones that would interrogate the relationship between crime and changing socioeconomic and political conditions. Nonetheless, several scholars have begun to examine the relationship between neoliberalism in war-torn Central America and the region's high crime rates. Building on this work, the authors find that while neoliberalism's structural and ideological components both reflect and further contribute to the conditions and growing sense of estrangement that influence how Salvadorans perceive and experience crime, these perceptions and experiences vary across local contexts. Drawing on 102 in-depth interviews and months of field research in two towns with similar population sizes, amenities, and patterns of migration to the United States, but differing local responses to nationa...
Observation of a second K=12 band in 94Pu239

Abstract The gamma-ray spectrum of 2.3 day Np239 has been studied with high-resolution lithium-drifted germanium spectrometers, and twelve new gamma rays of low intensity have been identified. Ten of these are characterized as the de-excitation spectrum of a K= 1 2 band based at 469.8 keV in Pu239. The decoupling parameter (a) of this band is found to be 0.48. A comparison is made of the experimental and theoretical photon relative transition intensities and reasonable agreement is obtained for the case: K 1 = 1 2 , b E1 =0 . The properties of this band are consistent with those expected for Nilsson state 1 2 − [501]. Estimates of the log ft values of Np239 beta decay to levels of the new band are made and are discussed in terms of the states involved.
Predicting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: An analysis of the serological marker CA 19‐9

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) predisposes to the development of cholangiocarcinoma, a usually fatal complication that is difficult to diagnose. Serum concentrations of CA 19-9, a tumor-associated antigen, are frequently increased in patients with only cholangiocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to assess the value of an increased serum CA 19-9 level for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with preexisting PSC. We analyzed serum samples from 9 patients with PSC and superimposed cholangiocarcinoma and from 28 patients with only PSC. Serum concentrations of CA 19-9 were measured in a blinded manner with use of an immunoradiometric assay. The serum CA 19-9 concentrations were increased in 8 of 9 patients (89) with PSC and cholangiocarcinoma (mean±SE, 391 ± 86 U/ml; range, 4 to 677), whereas they were increased in only 4 of 28 patients (14) with only PSC (mean ± SE, 61 ± 16 U/ml; range, 2 to 370). The sensitivity of a CA 19-9 value greater than 100 U/ml for cholangiocarcinoma in PSC was 89, and the specificity was 86. The measurement of serum concentrations of CA 19-9 is a promising test for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with PSC.
Hydrogen ion cut technology combined with low-temperature direct bonding

In this work we have combined the hydrogen ion cut technology with low temperature direct bonding. Our work allows silicon on insulator (SOI) materials produced with process temperatures below 400 degrees C. Previous work with hydrogen ion cut and other methods of forming SOI have required temperatures greater than 1000 degrees C. The work in this paper thus creates the opportunity to use the hydrogen ion cut technique to create SOI with ow process temperatures.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inverse associations of Helicobacter pylori with asthma and allergy.

Results: The presence of cagA + H pylori strains was inversely related to ever having asthma (OR, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.99), and the inverse association of cagA positivity with childhood-onset (age 15 years) asthma was stronger (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.43-0.93) than that with adult-onset asthma (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.72-1.32). Colonization with H pylori, especially with a cagA + strain, was inversely associated with currently (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.96) or ever (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.94) having a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis, especially for childhood onset (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.37-0.82). Consistent inverse associations were found between H pylori colonization and the presence of allergy symptoms in the previous year and sensitization to pollens and molds.
On the structure of Pythagorean fields

Abstract In this paper we study in detail the relationship between fans and valuations first uncovered by Brocker (see [2]). Our techniques are somewhat different, as our valuations are constructed by “brute force” from the properties of the fields involved. This approach has the advantage in that the valuation theory it yields can be directly related to the structure theory for spaces of orderings as developed by Murray Marshall. See [11–14]. We also discuss several applications, which include results in K-theory.
Adsorptive Biphasic Column Technology for Protein Sequence Analysis and Protein Chemical Modification

Abstract The Hewlett-Packard adsorptive, biphasic column technology serves as the basis for the development of exceedingly efficient automated N-terminal protein sequence analysis and automated protein chemical modifications. The technology enables the facile capture of protein and peptide samples recovered from various isolation and purification protocols directly onto miniature hydrophobic, reversed-phase sample columns that are then subjected to N-terminal sequence analysis using the HP G1005A Protein Sequencing System or protein chemical modifications using the HP G1004B Protein Chemistry Station. The process minimizes the sample losses and manipulations routinely associated with alternative analytical procedures. Protein and peptide samples, prepared in amine-containing buffers, detergent systems, chaotropic solutions, inorganic salt solutions, organic solvents, and any other typically encountered sample matrix, are amenable for direct application on the reversed-phase sample column, which adsorptively immobilizes the samples but permits the elimination of interfering buffer and matrix components prior to sequence analysis or chemical modification. The N-terminal sequencing strategy invokes the use of a hydrophilic, strong-anion-exchange column mated to the reversed-phase sample column to assemble a complete protein sequencer column. The biphasic properties of the protein sequencer column result in an optimization of the Edman-based protein sequencing chemistry. The integration of automated column-based protein chemical modification with automated column-based protein sequence analysis provides a powerful methodology for obtaining extensive protein structural information without the risks and complications of intervening tedious and costly sample handling steps.
Abnormalities of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery: MR imaging findings.

The purpose of this essay is to review the normal MR appearance of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and to illustrate the MR findings of representative PICA abnormalities. Because of beam-hardening artifacts, the lower posterior fossa is difficult to evaluate with CT. MR imaging is not hampered by these artifacts. Moreover, the superb sensitivity of MR and its multiplanar imaging capability permit excellent diagnostic accuracy in this region. The PICA is well suited for evaluation on routine MR images, particularly because of the inherent contrast (signal void) of large arteries due to rapid flow. MR imaging has greatly improved our ability to noninvasively diagnose abnormalities of cerebral blood vessels and their resultant manifestations. Some of the diseases that affect the PICA include neoplasms, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and occlusions. The MR images in this essay illustrate the normal appearance of the PICA, as well as these pathologic features. T1-weighted (e.g., 600/15...
Expressive Ways of Knowing and Transformative Learning.

This chapter offers a conceptual map for describing different means by which expressive ways of knowing support a holistic approach to transformative learning
Latino and Indochinese interpretive frames in negotiating conflict with law enforcement: a focus group analysis

Abstract Incidents involving conflict and violence are routinely encountered by law enforcement. The intercultural dynamics of these types of threatening situations have not been systematically investigated. More specifically, little research has focused on the cultural dimensions of conflict negotiation in the United States between Indochinese and Latino's in interaction with law enforcement. This paper examines conflict negotiation strategies in terms of “interpretive frames” of Indochinese and Latino respondents within the United States in their interactions with police. The paper begins with a review of research that has investigated Indochinese and Latino conflict communication. Next, the focus group methodology used in the study for obtaining insights into interpretive frames of conflict negotiation of the Indochinese and Latino participants is discussed. A total of 18 Indochinese participants (organized into three focus groups) and 21 Latino respondents (comprising three focus groups) participated in the study. In addition, one Indochinese and one Latino “verification” group (consisting of some of the original focus group members) were formed to determine the degree to which the identified interpretive frames made sense as a robust explanation of conflict negotiation from the cultural perspectives of the respondents themselves. Results from the study reveal both a rich set of “emic” or culture specific frames of conflict negotiation within each of the cultural groups as well as useful “etic” or culture general interpretive frames for comparing Indochinese and Latino conflict negotiation strategies with law enforcement.
Neotropical Rainforest Mammals: Still a great guide

Neotropical Rain Forest Mammals: A Field Guide, Second Edition. Text by Louise H. Emmons. Illustrations by Francois Feer. Chicago and London, University of Chicago Press, 1997, xvi + 307 pages, 29 color plates, 7 black-and-white plates, 19 figures, 195 maps, $25.95 (paper), $80.00 (cloth).
A Review of the Genus Meringis (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae)

We consider 17 species of Meringis valid: M. agilis Eads, M. altipectin Traub & Hoff, M. arachis Jordan, M. bilsingi Eads & Menzies, M. californicus Augustson, M. cummingi Fox, M. deserti Augustson, M. dipodomys Kohls, M. disparalis Eads, M. facilis Eads, M. hubbardi Kohls, M. jamesoni Hubbard, M. nidi Williams & Hoff, M. parkeri Jordan, M. rectus Morland, M. shannoni Jordan, and M. vitabilis Eads. Differential characters for the taxa, together with host and distributional records, are presented. A key is included to assist in species identification.
Intertextual authority in reported speech: Production media in the Kennedy Smith rape trial

Abstract This study examines how intertextuality generates inconsistency through a special type of trial discourse. I analyze how defense attorney and witnesses co-contextualize audio-tapes of historical speech prior to inserting them in the current reporting context — a sequential and metapragmatic negotiation which frames not only the authority but the reception of reported speech during the performance of legal knowledge. My goal is to show how this communicative practice interacts with footing, affect, and linguistic ideology in the naturalization of discursive power and the production of intertextual transparency. © 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for locally advanced paranasal sinus tumors: incorporating clinical decisions in the optimization process

Abstract Purpose: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans require decisions about priorities and tradeoffs among competing goals. This study evaluates the incorporation of various clinical decisions into the optimization system, using locally advanced paranasal sinus tumors as a model. Methods and Materials: Thirteen patients with locally advanced paranasal sinus tumors were retrospectively replanned using inverse planning. Two clinical decisions were assumed: ( 1 ) Spare both optic pathways (OP), or ( 2 ) Spare only the contralateral OP. In each case, adequate tumor coverage (treated to 70 Gy in 35 fractions) was required. Two beamlet IMRT plans were thus developed for each patient using a class solution cost function. By altering one key variable at a time, different levels of risk of OP toxicity and planning target volume (PTV) compromise were compared in a systematic manner. The resulting clinical tradeoffs were analyzed using dosimetric criteria, tumor control probability (TCP), equivalent uniform dose (EUD), and normal tissue complication probability. Results: Plan comparisons representing the two clinical decisions (sparing both OP and sparing only the contralateral OP), with respect to minimum dose, TCP, V 95 , and EUD, demonstrated small, yet statistically significant, differences. However, when individual cases were analyzed further, significant PTV underdosage (>5%) was present in most cases for plans sparing both OP. In 6/13 cases (46%), PTV underdosage was between 5% and 15%, and in 3 cases (23%) was greater than 15%. By comparison, adequate PTV coverage was present in 8/13 cases (62%) for plans sparing only the contralateral OP. Mean target EUD comparisons between the two plans (including 9 cases where a clinical tradeoff between PTV coverage and OP sparing was required) were similar: 68.6 Gy and 69.1 Gy, respectively ( p = 0.02). Mean TCP values for those 9 cases were 56.5 vs. 61.7, respectively ( p = 0.006). Conclusions: In IMRT plans for paranasal sinus tumors, tradeoff values between OP toxicity and PTV coverage can be compared for different clinical decisions. The information derived can then be used to individualize the parameters within the optimization system. This process of determining clinical tradeoffs associated with different clinical decisions may be a useful tool in other sites.
Treatment response to conventional and novel therapies in chronic prostatitis

Chronic prostatitis is a common and poorly understood condition that significantly impacts quality of life. Conventional therapy usually consists of prolonged courses of antibiotics; however, the efficacy of this approach is defined better by clearance of bacteria than by improvement in symptoms. Newer therapies with some evidence for efficacy include α blockers, anti-inflammatory drugs, phytotherapy (quercetin, bee pollen), physiotherapy, neuroleptics, and others with unique actions (finasteride, pentosan polysulfate). The National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index is a validated symptom score that, in preliminary use, appears to be responsive to patient improvement. As more well-designed clinical trials in chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome come to completion, physicians will be able to make rational treatment choices for patients with this common and frustrating condition.
Plasma catecholamine and haemodynamic responses to surgical endodontic anaesthetic protocols

The effects of varying clinically relevant patterns of anaesthetic-vasoconstrictor combinations used for periradicular surgery on plasma concentrations of catecholamines and haemodynamic responses was studied in the canine model. Five mongrel dogs were anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitol. A femoral cannula was inserted to measure central blood pressure and an ECG was used to monitor heart rate and any associated arrhythmias. Femoral venous blood samples were drawn before initial injection and at 3 and 10 min after injections. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were determined using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Injection protocols used three time periods, 30, 60 and 90 s, with solutions containing 1:100,000 and 1:50,000 adrenaline. No significant changes in heart rates or presence of arrhythmias were noted over the experimental protocol. Catecholamine levels in pico moles mL-1 were within the normal range at the 3-min sample level. At the 10-min sample time there was a more erratic range of concentrations, with most samples within the normal range. This may have been due to endogenous release of catecholamines in specific animals. The data identified trends in both the haemodynamic parameters and plasma catecholamine levels that can legitimately support the careful use of higher levels of a vasoconstrictor when patient profiles and surgical needs dictate.
Radiation-Induced CA 125 Production by Mesothelial Cells

CA 125 levels are often falsely elevated in disease-free endometrial cancer patients who have undergone abdominal radiation therapy. Because peritoneal irritation or mediators of inflammation can induce CA 125 production in mesothelium, the possibility that irradiated cultured mesothelial cells secrete CA 125 was investigated. Seven mesothelial cell isolates, an ovarian cell line which does not secrete CA 125, normal mammary epithelium, and normal fibroblasts were exposed to 500 cGy of 6-MV photon irradiation. Irradiated mesothelial cells showed little or no growth, while untreated cells increased in number. Twenty-four-hour CA 125 production was measured in the tissue culture medium on Day 4, and daily for one mesothelial cell isolate. Radiation stimulated CA 125 secretion in mesothelial cells up to 32 times over nonirradiated controls. The time course study showed that CA 125 levels increased rapidly in irradiated cells by Day 3 and remained elevated for the next 3 days. Increased immunoreactivity for p53 in irradiated mesothelial cells confirmed that a protein known to be radiation-inducible could be produced by the same conditions. Normal fibroblasts, mammary epithelium, and the ovarian cell line did not produce CA 125 in either the presence or absence of radiation. Thus, irradiated mesothelial cells are a potential source of serum CA 125 in patients who have received abdominal irradiation.
Society for Pediatric Research - 2007 Presidential Address: Expanding the Research Continuum - From Bench to Implementation

It has been an honor to have served as the president of the SPR over the past year. As the first president with a focus on health services research, there has been a bit of a culture shock for me and for the organization—fortunately, mostly in a positive way.
A perspective on software science

This paper provides an overview of a new approach to the measurement of software. The measurements are based on the count of operators and operands contained in a program. The measurement methodologies are consistent across programming language barriers. Practical significance is discussed, and areas are identified for additional research and validation.
Staining Reaction of Dental Plaque After Various Extraction Procedures

After water and dilute alkali extraction, a sample of dental plaque that was stained by the PA-CrA-silver technique showed staining intracellularly on the cell wall and extracellularly. When more prolonged and stronger alkali extraction was used, reacting material was retained on the cell wall and intracellualarly. There was a noticeable loss of extracellular reacting material.
Orexin-1 receptor mediates the increased food and water intake induced by intracerebroventricular injection of the stable somatostatin pan-agonist, ODT8-SST in rats.

Intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of the stable somatostatin pan-agonist, ODT8-SST induces a somatostatin 2 receptor (sst2) mediated robust feeding response that involves neuropeptide Y and opioid systems in rats. We investigated whether the orexigenic system driven by orexin also plays a role. Food and water intake after icv injection was measured concomitantly in non-fasted and non-water deprived rats during the light phase. In vehicle treated rats (100% DMSO, icv), ODT8-SST (1 μg/rat, icv) significantly increased the 2-h food and water intake compared to icv vehicle plus saline (5.1 ± 1.0 g vs. 1.2 ± 0.4 g and 11.3 ± 1.9 mL vs. 2.5 ± 1.2 mL, respectively). The orexin-1 receptor antagonist, SB-334867 (16 μg/rat, icv) completely inhibited the 2-h food and water intake induced by icv ODT8-SST. In contrast, the icv pretreatment with the selective somatostatin sst2 antagonist, S-406-028, established to block the orexigenic effect of icv ODT8-SST, did not modify the increased food and water intake induced by icv orexin-A (10.7 μg/rat). These data indicate that orexin-1 receptor signaling system is part of the brain neurocircuitry contributing to the orexigenic and dipsogenic responses induced by icv ODT8-SST and that orexin-A stimulates food intake independently from brain sst2 activation.
Scalable efficient composite event detection

Composite event detection (CED) is the task of identifying combinations of events which are meaningful with respect to program-defined patterns. Recent research in event-based programming has focused on language design (in different paradigms), leading to a wealth of prototype programming models and languages. However, implementing CED in an efficient and scalable manner remains an under-addressed problem. In fact, the lack of scalable algorithms is the main roadblock to incorporating support for more expressive event patterns into prominent event-based programming languages. This lack of scalable algorithms is a particularly acute problem in event stream processing, where event patterns can additionally be specified over time windows. In this paper we describe GenTrie, a deterministic trie-based algorithm for CED. We describe how complex event patterns are split, how each sub-pattern maps to a node in the trie, and demonstrate through empirical evaluation that GenTrie has higher throughput than current implementations of related languages.
Integration of in silico and in vitro platforms for pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling.

Importance of the field: Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling enables quantitative prediction of the dose–response relationship. Recent advances in microscale technology enabled researchers to create in vitro systems that mimic biological systems more closely. Combination of mathematical modeling and microscale technology offers the possibility of faster, cheaper and more accurate prediction of the drug's effect with a reduced need for animal or human subjects.Areas covered in this review: This article discusses combining in vitro microscale systems and PK-PD models for improved prediction of drug's efficacy and toxicity. First, we describe the concept of PK-PD modeling and its applications. Different classes of PK-PD models are described. Microscale technology offers an opportunity for building physical systems that mimic PK-PD models. Recent progress in this approach during the last decade is summarized.What the reader will gain: This article is intended to review how microscale technology c...
Measles transmission during air travel, United States, December 1, 2008-December 31, 2011.

Summary Background Flight-related measles contact investigations in the United States are coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). To evaluate the efficiency of CDC's measles protocol, we analyzed data from contact investigations conducted December 2008–December 2011. Methods Cases were defined as travelers diagnosed with measles that were infectious at the time of the flight. Passengers seated within 2 rows of the case-traveler and all babies-in-arms were defined as contacts. Contact information obtained from airlines was distributed to US health departments; reporting of outcomes was requested. We cross-referenced the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and CDC's National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases to identify unreported cases in passenger-contacts and in passengers not identified as contacts. Results Our evaluation included 74 case-travelers on 108 flights. Information for 2673 (79%) of 3399 passenger-contacts was provided to health departments; 9 cases of secondary measles were reported. No additional cases were identified. Conclusion Our evaluation provided evidence of measles transmission related to air travel. CDC's protocol efficiently identifies passengers most at risk of exposure and infection for flights into and within the United States.
Viking voyages: the origin of multiple sclerosis? An essay in medical history.

Multiple sclerosis is most frequently found in Scandinavia, Iceland, the British Isles and the countries settled by their inhabitants and their descendants, i.e. the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. This suggests that the Vikings may have been instrumental in disseminating genetic susceptibility to the disease in those areas, as well as in other parts of the world. The Vikings raided most European countries and settled in Normandy and in Sicily and southern Italy. They engaged in trade with the Arabs along the river routes to the Caucasus, to the Black and Caspian Seas, and penetrated Persia, India and probably China. They also migrated to the East and established the Russian state. Under the name Varangians, they became part of the Byzantine army and were active in all the military activities of the Byzantine Empire. They participated in the Crusades. Russians, many of Scandinavian origin also constituted a regiment of the Mongol army and roamed throughout that Empire as well. The custom of capturing and keeping or selling women and children, which was widespread in the early Middle Ages, as well as the flourishing slave trade in men, were important factors in this genetic dissemination.
Ethical Marketing: Perceptions of Economic Goods and Social Problems

A methodology associated with experimental social psychology was used to ascertain whether there are different ethical overtones perceived in the marketing of different products despite all other aspects of the marketing situation being comparable. The methodology consisted of using four vignettes of marketing strategy with the product utilized being the only element varied across the scenarios. Results indicate that ethical evaluations are product dependent and are more severe for social goods than for traditional economic goods.
Post-doffing residual limb fluid volume change in people with trans-tibial amputation.

Background:Residual limb volume may change after doffing, affecting the limb shape measured and used as a starting point for socket design.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to compare residual limb fluid volume changes after doffing for different test configurations.Study Design:The study was a repeated measures experimental design with three conditions (Sit, Liner, and Walk).Methods:Residual limb fluid volume on 30 people with trans-tibial amputation was measured using bioimpedance analysis. Three tests were conducted – Sit: sit for 10 minutes, remove the prosthesis, socks and liner, sit for 10 minutes; Liner: sit for 10 minutes, remove the prosthesis and socks but not the liner, sit for 10 minutes; Walk: conduct sit, stand and walk activities for 30 minutes, remove the prosthesis, socks and liner, sit for 10 minutes.Results:The percentage fluid volume increase after doffing was significantly higher for Walk (2.8%) than for Sit (1.8%) (p = 0.03). The time to achieve a maximum or stable fluid volum...
Improving the Quality of Minority Class Identification in Dialog Act Tagging

We present a method of improving the performance of dialog act tagging in identifying minority classes by using per-class feature optimization and a method of choosing the class based not on confidence, but on a cascade of classifiers. We show that it gives a minority class F-measure error reduction of 22.8%, while also reducing the error for other classes and the overall error by about 10%.