cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vectoring gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus by Apanteles melanoscelus (Hym.:Braconidae)

Gypsy mothLymantria dispar L. larvae were exposed toApanteles melanoscelus (Ratzeburg) females contaminated with nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Three methods of contamination (ovipositor, total body surface, and exposure to infected hosts) and two exposure periods (2 and 24 hours) were tested. A significantly greater incidence of larval mortality caused by virus occurred among larvae exposed to contaminated than among larvae exposed to uncontaminated parasites for 2 and 24 hours. No significant differences occurred in larval mortality caused by virus for the 3 methods of contamination for the 2- and 24-hour tests or in parasite emergence from larvae parasitized by contaminated or uncontaminated parasites.
Complexité du transcriptome dans les cellules germinales

La complexite des transcriptomes Alors que l’information genomique est globalement identique dans toutes les cellules d’un individu, l’activation spatio-temporelle des differents genes caracterise les differents organes et les cellules qui les constituent. Ainsi, le transcriptome (c’est-a-dire l’ensemble des molecules d’ARN resultant de l’activite des genes exprimes) constitue une veritable signature et un lien cle entre genome et phenotype. L’avenement recent des nouvelles technologies de sequencage a haut-debit rend desormais accessible l’etude du transcriptome a l’echelle du genome dans son integralite en surpassant les principales limitations des techniques jusqu’alors utilisees. Une etude recente utilisant le sequencage d’ARN (RNAseq) a ainsi pu explorer l’etendue du transcriptome dans les tissus des organismes modeles que sont l’homme et la souris [1]. Muscle et foie presentent des transcriptomes relativement peu complexes car la majorite des transcrits proviennent de quelques genes fortement exprimes. Au contraire, rein, cerveau, et en particulier testicule, expriment un grand nombre de genes, mais a un niveau d’expression plus homogene. Tirant parti d’un large jeu de donnees publiees recemment par notre groupe [2], nous avons confirme la complexite du transcriptome dans le testicule chez de nombreuses especes couvrant toutes les principales lignees des mammiferes et des oiseaux (homme, macaque, souris, opossum, ornithorynque et poulet) [3]. En utilisant ces donnees de RNA-seq a large echelle, nous avons pu observer que les genes codant pour des proteines ne sont pas les seuls elements les plus abondamment transcrits dans ces tissus dits « complexes ». En effet, nous avons aussi pu identifier un grand nombre de transcrits multiexoniques jusqu’alors non annotes et ayant les caracteristiques des larges ARN non codants intergeniques (lincARN, potentiels regulateurs de l’expression des genes [4]), ainsi qu’un grand nombre d’elements intergeniques aussi preferentiellement transcrits dans ces tissus (Figure 1).
3. Specific disorders

This self-directed learning module highlights new advances in selected topics related to brain injury rehabilitation. It is part of the chapter on brain injury rehabilitation in the Self-Directed Physiatric Education Program for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. This article explores medical and rehabilitation issues related to the care of persons with cerebral aneurysms and hypoxic brain injury, those with mild traumatic brain injury, and those who are minimally responsive as a result of severe brain injury. New advances covered in this section include a more formal definition of mild traumatic brain injury, principles for drug management in severe brain injury, and explanations of the impact of various medical issues in the rehabilitation of patients with a cerebral aneurysm or hypoxic brain injury.
Development of Faecalibacterium 16S rRNA gene marker for identification of human faeces.

Aims: The focus of this study was to identify a bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence, unique to microbiota in the human gut, for use in development of a dependable PCR assay to detect human faecal pollution in water. Methods and Results: Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and bioinformatics were used to identify a genetic marker, within the 16S rRNA gene of Faecalibacterium, for the detection of human faeces. DNA sequencing analysis demonstrated that a majority (16) of 74 clones of the SSH library contained insertion sequences identified as Faecalibacterium 16S rRNA genes. Human faeces-specific sequences were derived and six PCR primer sets designed and tested against faecal DNA samples from human and nonhuman sources. One PCR primer set, HFB-F3 and HFB-R5, was exclusively associated with human faeces. These primers generated a human faeces-specific amplicon of 399 bp from 60·2% of human faecal samples and 100% of sewage samples. Conclusions: The subject Faecalibacterium marker is specific for sewage. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study represents the initial report of a Faecalibacterium marker for human faeces, which may prove useful for microbial source tracking.
Bacterial DNA topoisomerase I can relax positively supercoiled DNA containing a single-stranded loop

Using heteroduplex molecules formed from a pair of plasmids, one of which contains a small deletion relative to the other, it is shown that bacterial topoisomerase I can relax a positively supercoiled DNA if a short single-stranded loop is placed in the DNA. This result supports the postulate that the specificity of bacterial DNA topoisomerase I for negatively supercoiled DNA in its relaxation reaction derives from the requirement of a short single-stranded DNA segment in the active enzyme-substrate complex. Nucleolytic and chemical probing of complexes between bacterial DNA topoisomerase I and heteroduplex DNA molecules containing single-stranded loops ranging from 13 to 27 nucleotides in length suggests that the enzyme binds specifically to the region containing a single-stranded loop; the site of DNA cleavage by the topoisomerase appears to lie within the single-stranded loop, with the enzyme interacting with nucleotides on both sides of the point of cleavage.
From academic language to academic communication: Building on English learners' resources

Abstract In the first part of the article, I briefly survey the major theoretical frameworks proposed and empirical approaches adopted in recent research on academic language. While mastery of academic language is certainly important for academic success, this construct does not fully encompass the range of modalities through which students participate in the learning of school subjects. Adopting a sociocultural perspective on learning, I propose that academic communication better captures the multi-modal dynamics of learning and teaching as it occurs in classrooms. Working together in joint activities, such as problem solving, developing ideas, and communicating understanding, involves material action, artifacts, speech and writing, and other semiotic tools such as graphs, diagrams, and images. While English learners benefit from extra linguistic scaffolding, it is particularly important for them to engage in activities that draw on non-linguistic forms of communication to complement the meanings made by language.
The ancient black art and transdisciplinary extent of pseudoreplication.

The history, definitions, and transdisciplinary extent of pseudoreplication, as well as some key concepts of experimental design, are briefly reviewed. Pseudoreplication, sometimes also referred to as the ‘unit of analysis error,’ is one of the commonest errors of statistical analysis and interpretation. It is a simple albeit serious one. It persists in part because of the failure of statisticians and scientists to develop a clear, consistent terminology for the concepts of statistics, experimental design, and sampling design that is used across all disciplines, as well as a terminology for specific categories of the more common errors. Lack of a clear terminology, in turn, has fostered narrow, discipline-specific jargon, inconsistency among textbooks and reference works, and ineffective teaching. Reform of terminology is possible, and great improvement in statistical practice would follow.
Establishing Email-Based Social Network Trust for Vehicular Networks

We propose a vehicular network trust model that integrates cryptography-based entity trust and email-based social trust. The entity trust provides security protections such as origin integrity, data integrity, and confidentiality. The social trust provides a level of belief on the data transmitted by an entity. To achieve the email-based social trust, we require each user to run an automated agent that performs trust evaluation checks and processes trust checking requests. The requests are from their highly trusted contacts or through a trusted proxy server maintained by the email service provider. We utilize identity-based cryptography (IBC) to integrate entity trust and social trust. This allows us to use a unique identity (e.g., an email address) for each entity. Further, we use the IBC based attribute based cryptography to develop secure group communications in vehicular networks. Finally, we present research challenges and potential research directions to extend this work.
Estimating User Costs and Economic Impacts of Roadway Construction in Six Federal Lands Projects

The Federal Lands Highway (FLH) Division staff faces myriad challenges when designing roadway construction projects for roads located on federal lands. An increasingly prevalent challenge is considering not only the "hard" costs of a construction project (e.g., labor and materials) but also the "soft" costs of user delay and the economic impacts on roadway users (e.g., residents, visitors, staff, and local businesses). These soft costs affect every roadway construction project but rarely are considered in design and operation because they often are difficult to estimate and justify. FHWA's 1998 report Meeting the Customer's Needs for Mobility and Safety During Construction and Maintenance Operations identifies this issue and recommends that engineers begin to address it, for small- as well as large-scale projects. As part of its responsibility to promote the development and deployment of applied research, FLH staff initiated the development of FLH-QuickZone to help estimate these soft costs of roadway con...
Antihypertensive Therapy and Atherosclerosis

ABSTRACT Hypertension and atherosclerosis make independent contributions to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Diuretics and beta adrenergic blockers, effective antihypertensive medications, exhibit some untoward effects on lipid metabolism, while most other antihypertensive medications tend not to exhibit such effects. In animal models, beta adrenergic blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and calcium antagonists have antiatherogenic effects. A vascular biological approach to therapy for the patient with both hypertension and atherosclerosis is recommended. This includes effective reduction of blood pressure—preferably with agents that do not adversely affect lipid metabolism—and treatment of lipid metabolism disorders.
Almost sure convergence and asymptotic stability of systems of linear stochastic difference equations in ℝ d driven by L 2-martingales

This paper presents a proof of almost sure asymptotic stability of trivial solution of stochastic systems of linear difference equations driven by -integrable martingale-type noise. For this purpose, we exploit a convergence theorem for non-negative semi-martingale decompositions and verify a practical criteria based on non-random eigenvalues. Two 2D examples illustrate the applicability of obtained criteria.
Electron backscattering on single-wall carbon nanotubes observed by scanning tunneling microscopy

Single-wall carbon nanotubes, seamless cylindrical molecules formed from a graphene sheet, are either conducting or semiconducting, depending on the particular wrapping vector that defines the waist of the tube. Scanning tunneling microscopy experiments have tested this idea by simultaneously measuring a tube's lattice structure and electronic properties. Here we present a series of STM images of single-wall carbon nanotubes with a strikingly rich set of superstructures. The observed patterns can be understood as due to interference between propagating electron waves that are reflected from defects on the tube walls and ends, or as intrinsic to states propagating on semiconducting tubes. The measured broken symmetries can be used to directly probe electronic backscattering on the tube and provide a key element in the understanding of low-energy electron transport on these structures.
Properties of Spores of Bacillus subtilis Blocked at an Intermediate Stage in Spore Germination

Germination of mutant spores of Bacillus subtilis unable to degrade their cortex is accompanied by excretion of dipicolinic acid and uptake of some core water. However, compared to wild-type germinated spores in which the cortex has been degraded, the germinated mutant spores accumulated less core water, exhibited greatly reduced enzyme activity in the spore core, synthesized neither ATP nor reduced pyridine or flavin nucleotides, and had significantly higher resistance to heat and UV irradiation. We propose that the germinated spores in which the cortex has not been degraded represent an intermediate stage in spore germination, which we term stage I.
Ecological effects of particulate matter

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a heterogeneous material. Though regulated as un-speciated mass, it exerts most effects on vegetation and ecosystems by virtue of the mass loading of its chemical constituents. As this varies temporally and spatially, prediction of regional impacts remains difficult. Deposition of PM to vegetated surfaces depends on the size distribution of the particles and, to a lesser extent, on the chemistry. However, chemical loading of an ecosystem may be determined by the size distribution as different constituents dominate different size fractions. Coating with dust may cause abrasion and radiative heating, and may reduce the photosynthetically active photon flux reaching the photosynthetic tissues. Acidic and alkaline materials may cause leaf surface injury while other materials may be taken up across the cuticle. A more likely route for metabolic uptake and impact on vegetation and ecosystems is through the rhizosphere. PM deposited directly to the soil can influence nutrient cycling, especially that of nitrogen, through its effects on the rhizosphere bacteria and fungi. Alkaline cation and aluminum availability are dependent upon the pH of the soil that may be altered dramatically by deposition of various classes of PM. A regional effect of PM on ecosystems is linked to climate change. Increased PM may reduce radiation interception by plant canopies and may reduce precipitation through a variety of physical effects. At the present time, evidence does not support large regional threats due to un-speciated PM, though site-specific and constituent-specific effects can be readily identified. Interactions of PM with other pollutants and with components of climate change remain important areas of research in assessment of challenges to ecosystem stability.
Impact of Product Mix Variations on Material Handling for Cellular Manufacturing

The identification of part families and machine groups that form the cells is a major step in the development of a cellular manufacturing system. The primary input to cell formation algorithms is the machine-part incidence matrix, which is a binary matrix representing machining requirements of parts in various part families. One common assumption of these cell formation algorithms is that the product mix remains stable over a period of time. In today’s world, the market demand is being shaped by consumers, resulting in a highly volatile market. This has given rise to a class of products characterized by low volume and high variety, which presents engineers with lots of problems and decisions in the early stages of product development. This can have an adverse effect on manufacturing like high investment in new machinery and material handling equipment, long setup times, high tooling costs, increased intercellular movement and excessive scrap which increases the cost without adding any value to the parts. Any change to the product mix results in a change in the machine-part incidence matrix, which may change the part families and machine groups, which form the cells. The manufacturing system needs to be flexible in order to handle large product mix changes. This paper discusses the impact of product mix variations on cellular manufacturing and presents a methodology to incorporate these variations into an existing cellular manufacturing setup.© 2004 ASME
Theory and practice of resin‐catalyzed epoxidation

Commercial polystyrene sulfonic acid resins have been shown to be effective in catalyzing epoxidation of unsaturated fatty esters with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid because they catalyze peracid formation but do not promote by-product formation when used under proper conditions. Special resins with less cross-linkage have been shown to yield mostly by-products.
Neuromodulation of acute-phase responses to interleukin-6 in guinea pigs.

Abstract It is now generally recognized that interleukin-6 (IL6) is one of the cytokines that mediate the various nonspecific host defense responses to infectious pathogens. Among its now well-demonstrated effects on systemic administration are fever and acute-phase proteinemia. These effects are also activated by the cytokine, IL1, and it has been shown that they are modulated in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamus (POA). This study was undertaken to determine whether this brain region similarly drives the febrile and proteinemic responses to IL6. We compared, therefore, these responses of conscious guinea pigs to human recombinant (hr)IL6 administered intravenously (IV) and into the POA. hrIL6 given IV was not pyrogenic at 1 μg/kg, caused low-grade, dose-independent fevers (0.4 ± 0.1°C) at 5–20 (μg/kg, and dose-related fevers at 50 and 100 μg/kg (0.6 ± 0.0 and 0.9 ± 0.1 °C, respectively). However, all doses of hrIL6 induced elevations in the plasma levels of ceruloplasmin (as an indicator of acute-phase proteins), albeit not in a dose-dependent manner. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, injected intramuscularly 20 min before hrIL6) abolished the febrile response, but did not prevent the rise in plasma ceruloplasmin levels. Fever and ceruloplasminemia were also evoked by 50 and 100 ng of hrIL6 injected into the POA (1 μl bilaterally), but not by 25 ng. These results indicate that the inductions of fever and plasma ceruloplasmin by IL6 are, like those of IL1, modulated in the POA, albeit the effective doses are much higher than those of IL1.
Optimal Placement of Marine Protected Areas: a Trade-off Between Fisheries Goals and Conservation Efforts

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are regions in the ocean or along coastlines where fishing is controlled to avoid the reduction or elimination of fish populations. A central question is where exactly to establish an MPA. We cast this as an optimal problem along a one-dimensional coast-line, where fish are assumed to move diffusively, and are subject to recruitment, natural death and harvesting through fishing. The functional being maximized is a weighted sum of the average fish density and the average fishing yield. It is shown that optimal controls exist, and that the location of the MPA is determined by two key model parameters, namely the size of the coast, and the weight of the average fish density in the functional.
Combined Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging of Recurrent Thyroid Cancer

Abstract Objective: The study goal was to evaluate the use of combined positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging for localization of recurrent disease in thyroid cancer patients. Study Design and Setting: Eight patients with suspected recurrence of thyroid cancer on the basis of elevated serum thyroglobulin or calcitonin levels underwent combined PET/CT imaging on a prototype device. All 8 patients had previously undergone total thyroidectomy and 131 I ablation for thyroid carcinoma. Patients with papillary carcinoma had negative 131 I scans. Results: Eight patients underwent combined PET/CT scanning. Four (50%) of 8 patients underwent PET/CT indicating recurrence in the head and neck. A total of 11 lesions in these 4 patients were suspicious for recurrence on combined PET/CT imaging. Three patients with 8 lesions suspicious for recurrence on PET/CT underwent surgical removal of disease. All 3 patients had pathologic confirmation of recurrence, with 6 (75.0%) of 8 lesions being positive. Conclusion: Combined PET/CT imaging is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and anatomic localization of recurrent thyroid cancer. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;128:178-84.)
Optical coherence tomography: Past, present, and future

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technology that has found many clinical applications. Several key improvements resulted directly from advances in telecommunication field. This tutorial will review the principle of OCT and highlight recent advances.
A census of non-reconstructable digraphs, I: Six related families

For each integer p ≥5 of the form p =2 m +2 n with 0≤ n m , there exist six related pairs of counterexamples to the digraph reconstruction conjecture, including a pair of tournaments.
Silicon microfabricated device for a non-sheath-flow cytometer

We report on the design and fabrication of a low Reynolds number silicon/pyrex microfluidic device that forces particles flowing in a microchannel to a tightly-focused equilibrium position. This device can be used for optical biomedical systems such as a flow cytometer so that particles can flow in a precise position without sheath flow for precision scattering or fluorescence measurements. Devices with a range of dimensions were fabricated using photolithography and wet chemical etching techniques. Particle positions in the channel are determined by observing the direct image as well as two reflection images from the sloping, polished channel walls. We tested devices with various ratios of width to particle diameter at a range of flow rates. When scattering signals from 10 micrometers polymer beads are measured, we observe that the tight equilibrium position attained by the particles results in a much smaller standard deviation of the scattering signal than is observed in other microflow channel devices that do not focus the particles to equilibrium positions.
Results of American and European studies of thrombolysis in acute stroke are not conflicting

Editor–The recently published clinical trials of thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke have generated much discussion and an unnecessary discrepancy between American and European committees regarding the recommended use of alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke, as Julien Bogousslavsky points out in his editorial on thrombolysis in acute stroke.1 The different results in the American2 and …
Placement algorithm for the optimal synthesized design of CMOS logic cells

A systematic placement algorithm is described for the design of CMOS logic cells. Unlike the other placement algorithms that apply only to NAND/NOR circuits or that are very time consuming, the proposed algorithm applies to any kind of CMOS circuit, and has no restriction as to the NAND/NOR circuits. Furthercmore, it applies to both planar and non-planar circuits. In addition, since a very efficient graph-theoretic approach is used as a constructive algorithm which generates a near optimal initial placement combined with an iterative approach by simulated annealing, an optimum result can be obtained in less time. The layout style of a transistor chain is used which, in conjunction with the optimal synthesized design approach using switching network logic, constitutes a systematic method for the design automation of high-speed VLSI circuits.
Single Molecule Characterization of RNA Polymerase I: Force Free Kinetic Measurements

RNA polymerase I (Pol I) exclusively transcribe the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which constitutes the vast majority of the total cellular transcription products. Furthermore, rRNA synthesis is highly related with cell division, growth and biogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that there is a high correlation between rRNA level and the rate of protein synthesis in the cell [1, 2]. Therefore, the activity of PoI I is highly regulated during the cell cycle because of the energetic cost of protein synthesis. However, the precise activity and the mechanistic pathways of Pol I during transcription are still unknown. Here, we investigate the kinetics of Pol I transcription using the Tethered Particle Motion (TPM) technique. Unlike optical and magnetic tweezers, TPM allows observation of transcription in the absence of tension applied to the DNA template [3]. We also verified that the Upstream Activation Factor (UAF) is not required for basal in vitro transcription, in coherence with previous reports [4], transcription did not occur without Tata Binding Box Protein (TBP) and core factor (CF) proteins. We measured transcription rates, at different nucleotide concentrations, which are comparable with those previously reported from in vitro bulk studies.References:1. Drygin, D., W.G. Rice, and I. Grummt, The RNA polymerase I transcription machinery: an emerging target for the treatment of cancer. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 2010. 50: p. 131-56.2. Schneider, D.A., Quantitative analysis of transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I in vitro. Methods Mol Biol, 2012. 809: p. 579-91.3. Herbert, K.M., W.J. Greenleaf, and S.M. Block, Single-molecule studies of RNA polymerase: motoring along. Annu Rev Biochem, 2008. 77: p. 149-76.4. Keener, J., et al., Reconstitution of yeast RNA polymerase I transcription in vitro from purified components. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1998. 273(50): p. 33795-33802.
A comparison of intravenous and intramuscular magnesium sulfate regimens in preeclampsia

A prospective study comparing continuous intravenous magnesium sulfate to intramuscular magnesium sulfate was performed in 32 preeclamptic patients. Eighteen patients received the intramuscular regimen for mild and severe preeclampsia as recommended by Pritchard. The remaining 14 patients received an intravenous regimen consisting of a 4 gm loading dose administered over 15 minutes followed by a maintenance dose of either 1 gm/hr (n = 7) or 2 gm/hr (n = 7). All groups were similar regarding maternal age, height, weight, fetal gestational age, and laboratory findings. The intravenous regimen with a maintenance dose of 1 gm/hr produced serum magnesium levels that were much lower than those achieved with the intramuscular regimen. There was no significant difference after 3 hours of therapy between the mean magnesium levels achieved with the intramuscular regimen and the levels achieved with the intravenous regimen with a maintenance dose of 2 gm/hr. However, during the first 3 hours of therapy the intramuscular regimen for severe preeclampsia produced mean magnesium levels that were significantly higher than those levels obtained with the intravenous regimen with a maintenance dose of 2 gm/hr (p less than 0.001). Both methods were safe. However, the intravenous regimen with a maintenance dose of 1 gm/hr is inadequate in management of preeclamptic patients.
Structure and Bonding of the Sulfamic Acid Zwitterion: Microwave Spectrum of +H3N−SO3-

The donor−acceptor complex formed from NH3 and SO3 has been observed in the gas phase by pulsed nozzle Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The adduct has the expected C3v geometry in which the nitrogen is bonded to the sulfur. The N−S bond length is 1.957(23) A and the NSO angle is 97.6(4)°. The complex is the gas-phase form of the zwitterion which constitutes solid sulfamic acid, but the observed structure differs significantly from the results of previous X-ray and neutron diffraction work on the crystal. In particular, the N−S distance is 0.186(23) A longer in the gas phase and the NSO angle is 4.9(4)° smaller. The observed structure suggests that the dative bond is only partially formed in the isolated complex. Analysis of the nitrogen quadrupole coupling constant supports this conclusion, indicating that about 0.36 electron is transferred upon formation of the complex. The nature of the gas-phase adduct suggests that significant structural and electronic changes may occur within +H3N−SO3- monom...
The presence of the mate and of nesting material as stimuli for the development of incubation behavior and for gonadotropin secretion in the ring dove (Streptopelia risoria).

We have studied the effects of stimuli provided by the presence of a bird of opposite sex, and by the presence of a nest-bowl and nesting material, on the development of readiness to incubate eggs in male and in female ring doves, and on gonadotropin secretion in females. All subjects had previous breeding experience. The results show that the presence of a male in the cage causes the gradual development, over an 8-day period, of readiness to sit on eggs, and that the additional presence of a nest-bowl and nesting material augments this effect, starting on about the 6th day. The presence of the female, and of nesting material, have similar effects on the incubation behavior of the male, except that the effect of nesting material may be seen earlier (about the 4th day) in the male than in the female. Gonadotropin activity in the female, as indicated by oviduct growth and by incidence of ovulation, is stimulated by the presence of a male, and augmented by the presence of nesting material. The occurrence of ...
Clinical correlates of the worsening or emergence of suicidal ideation during SSRI treatment of depression: an examination of citalopram in the STAR*D study.

Abstract Background Untreated major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major risk factor for suicide, but some data suggest antidepressants may be associated with increased suicidal ideation (SI) in some depressed patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether, and in whom, treatment of MDD is associated with increased or emergent SI. Methods Patients were treated with Citalopram, 10–60 mg/day for 12–14 weeks. A score > 0 on Item 12 of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology — Self-Report indicated the presence of SI. Worsening was defined by a ≥ 1 point increase. Emergent SI was defined by an increase from 0 at baseline to ≥ 1 during treatment. Results Of the 1909 participants with baseline SI, 57% experienced improvement in SI by their first post-baseline visit and 5% worsened. By the final visit, 74% experienced improvement and 4% worsened. Of 1721 participants without baseline SI, 7% experienced emergence by the first postbaseline visit. Of these, 63% had no SI at their final visit. Major risk factors for treatment-emergent SI at the first treatment visit were drug abuse, severe depression and melancholic features. Limitations Main limitations are lack of a comparison group to help pinpoint whether citalopram treatment added risk or protection, a placebo group to determine whether changes in SI were related to illness factors, medication effects or other factors, and more detailed and validated measures of SI. Conclusions SI and behaviors, core features of MDD, wax and wane in intensity before, during, and perhaps after treatment. It is clinically important to understand risk factors, maintain careful surveillance and treat as vigorously as necessary to attain remission.
Sonography of Pediatric Neck Masses

AbstractDuplex/color Doppler ultrasound is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of soft tissue masses of the pediatric neck. Information regarding the size, shape, borders, location, internal consistency and vascularity of the mass, and its relationship to the major neck vessels may be
Potentiotitrimetry of anions using quaternary ammonium halides: An overview☆

Abstract An overview of the analytical applications of quaternary ammonium halides is presented. These compounds are used as titrants in the potentiometric determination of a large number of inorganic and water-soluble organic anions. Topics discussed are titrants, electrodes, inorganic and organic applications, unusual stoichiometrics, and possible separations.
Some findings about equivalencing windfarms with Type 1 and Type 2 induction generators

Demand for wind power has been tremendously increasing, as a result of which large Wind Power Plants (WPPs) with hundreds of generating units are being installed producing substantial power. Therefore, it has now become important to analyze the short circuit behavior of Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) when connected to the utility grid. The short circuit behavior depends not only on the type of WTGs used but also depends on the locations of fault. This paper documents some analysis and results that characterize the response of wind farms with Type 1 and Type 2 generators to faults on the grid. It also presents some discussion and observations that make equivalencing of such wind farms very easy. Simulation results from modeling of an actual wind farm on PSCAD/EMTDC R are presented to substantiate the theoretical discussion.
Low-level stability and pollutant trapping potential for a rural area

Abstract Temperature and wind speed measurements over a 6-year period from a 32 m tower located in a primarily rural area are used to assess the pollutant-dispersive characteristics of a rural site. A monthly comparison of a crude pollution-trapping index shows July through September the most favorable, and December through February the least favorable, months for the trapping of contaminants emitted from ground-based sources in rural areas.
Forced Baroclinic Wave Dynamics at Minimum Critical Shear: Potential Vorticity Homogenization, Vacillation, and Equilibration

Abstract Finite-amplitude dynamics of a slightly dissipative baroclinic wave in a two-layer, β-plane channel model at the point of minimum critical shear are examined. At this point, both the potential vorticity gradient and the Doppler-shifted frequency vanish within the lower layer. Previous studies have shown that for this parameter setting both the magnitude of the dissipation and the harmonics of the fundamental wave play important roles in the nonlinear dynamics of the system. In the present study, the response of the nonlinear dynamical system to zonally varying potential vorticity forcing is examined. When the forcing and dissipation are asymptotically small and of equal magnitude, an analytical analysis indicates that the fundamental wave equilibrates to a steady amplitude regardless of the mode being forced. For sufficiently strong forcing, the system must be solved numerically, in which case it is shown that when a harmonic of the fundamental is forced, the system can exhibit one of two dynamic...
Effect of Low Temperatures on Hatching Power of Hen’s Eggs

Abstract The emphasis given to early hatching during recent years has resulted in the use of many January, February, and March produced eggs for hatching. Weather conditions at the time the eggs are produced are known to affect the results quite markedly. Lewis and Thompson1 report that eggs produced following a blizzard were found to be very low in fertility and the fertile eggs were found to contain very weak germs. Poor hatches, chicks with low vitality and a high death rate at an early period were the natural sequence of these conditions. Whether the poor hatches obtained from eggs laid during and following a severe storm were due to the direct effect of chilling of the eggs after laying or to the indirect effect of lowered vitality of the breeding flocks has seemingly not been carefully studied. Several very interesting studies have, however, been reported of the effect of temperatures . . .
The linguistic interpretation of aphasic syndromes: Agrammatism in Broca's aphasia, an example☆

Abstract One of the most striking characteristics typical of the speech of Broca's aphasics is its agrammatism — the omission of ‘function’ words and inflectional morphemes. Agrammatism is generally viewed as being symptomatic of a syntactic deficit. We argue here that such an account lacks grammatical systematicity, and that the only uniform and systematic interpretation of this deficit is in terms of phonological structure. A natural class consisting of ‘function’ words and some bound morphemes can be defined with reference to the junctural properties of sentences which characterize phonological words. It is this class of elements which tend to be omitted in agrammatic speech. The goal of this paper is not only to provide an hypothesis for the interpretation of one aphasic syndrome, but also to test and illustrate the efficacy of paying close attention to substantive universals of grammatical structure in proposing accounts of linguistic deficits.
Eosinophilia and rash.

*Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, †Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint Address:David F.M. Brown, MD, Department of EmergencyMedicine,Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Founders 114, Boston, MA 02114
Ontogeny of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Its Receptor In the Lung: Effects on Perinatal Surfactant Release

During the transition at birth to air breathing, regulation of surfactant release from alveolar type II (ATII) cells is critical. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) stimulates natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) and increases intracellular cGMP. We examined the changes in ANP and NPR-A in respiratory epithelium during the perinatal period using immunohistochemistry and studied the effect of ANP on surfactant release from ATII cells isolated from fetal and newborn lambs. NPR-A mRNA was detected in the fetal lung by Northern Blot and RT-PCR. At 100 d gestation (term 145 d), ANP staining was absent and NPR-A staining was weak in cuboidal epithelial cells. ANP and NPR-A staining was prominent in ATII cells at 136 d gestation and was undetectable postnatally. ANP stimulated (maximal effect at 10(-10)M) surfactant release from both late gestation fetal and neonatal ATII cells. Protein kinase G inhibition significantly blocked this release. We conclude that ANP stimulates surfactant release in isolated perinatal ATII cells by a cGMP-dependent mechanism. ANP and NPR-A expression in ATII cells is greatest in late gestation and declines sharply postnatally. We speculate that increased activity of the ANP/NPR-A pathway in late gestation may prime the surfactant system, preparing the lung for air breathing.
Members of Euphorbiaceae in primitive and advanced societies

Members of Euphorbiaceae in primitive and advanced societies. The family contains a number of species used by man in a wide variety of ways. Often use is restricted to a small group of people, but in a few instances the plant has been a major crop and the product used throughout the world, e.g. Hevea, which yields rubber, used extensively in every civilized country. Cassava from Manihot is almost as widespread, being one of the staple foods of tropical regions. Species with more occasional use have constituents with interesting properties of potential future economic application.
A combinatoric interpretation of dual variables for weighted matching and f-factors

The linear program dual variables for weighted matching and its generalization to f-factors are shown to be the weights of certain subgraphs: y duals are the weights of certain maximum matchings or f-factors; z duals are the weights of certain 2-factors or 2f-factors. Similar interpretations have been given for the bipartite case of these problems, where only y duals occur, but our variant is included here for completeness. In all cases the y duals are canonical in a well-defined sense; z duals are canonical for matching and more generally for b-matchings (a special case of f-factors) but for f-factors their support can vary. As weights of combinatoric objects the duals are integral for given integral edge weights, and so they give new proofs that the linear programs for these problems are TDI.
Antidepressant use and the risk of breast cancer: A non-association

Abstract Objective: Animal studies have suggested that some antidepressant medications may act as breast tumor promoters and recent epidemiologic studies of antidepressant use and breast cancer outcomes in humans have also reported such associations. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Study population: 38,273 women who filled a prescription for any of a number of antidepressants and 32,949 who filled a prescription for any other medication during 1989–1991; all were ⩾20, enrolled in Medicare, Medicaid or the Pharmaceutical Assistance to the Aged and Disabled (PAAD) programs of New Jersey, and free of evidence of breast cancer. Data collection: Antidepressant use was assessed over a period lasting up to 24 months. Subjects were followed for a maximum of 7.5 years; those who had a first diagnosis of breast cancer in the New Jersey Cancer Registry at least 3 months after their index date were considered incident breast cancer cases. Other covariates, including demographic, clinical, and health care utilization variables were also assessed. Main outcome of interest: Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of developing breast cancer, based on multivariable proportional hazards models. Results: Use of antidepressants was unrelated to the development of breast cancer (adjusted HR = 1.04; 95% CI 0.87–1.25). No elevated risks were found for specific antidepressants, including agents found to be breast tumor promoters in animal studies, as well as drugs thought to be associated with breast cancer in prior epidemiologic studies. There was no suggestion that breast cancer risks were increased with more intensive use of antidepressants or that antidepressant use is associated with a more severe stage of cancer at diagnosis. Conclusions: Despite recent reports from much smaller epidemiologic studies or laboratory animals, these results provide reassurance that antidepressant use is not associated with the development of breast cancer.
A solitary wave theory of the great red spot and other observed features in the Jovian atmosphere

It is shown that solitary waves in a planetary zonal shear have a shape and flow field that are virtually identical to those observed around the Red Spot and numerous other features that have been seen in the Jovian atmosphere. It is suggested that the theoretically calculated interaction between solitary waves has many characteristics in common with the observed interactions between these same Jovian features, and available atmospheric models are shown to be consistent with the very restrictive requirements of the theory.
Atrial fibrillation after bypass surgery: does the arrhythmia or the characteristics of the patients prolong hospital stay?

Study objectives The goal of this study was to determine whether prolonged hospital stay associated with atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is attributable to the characteristics of patients who develop this arrhythmia or to the rhythm disturbance itself. Design An investigation was conducted through a prospective case series. Setting Patients were from a single urban teaching hospital. Participants Consecutive patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery between December 1994 and May 1996 were included in the study. Interventions No interventions were involved. Results Of 436 patients undergoing isolated CABG surgery, 101 (23%) developed AF. AF patients were older and more likely to have obstructive lung disease than patients without AF, but both patients with and without AF had similar left ventricular function and extent of coronary disease. ICU and hospital stays were longer in patients with AF. Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age, gender, and race, demonstrated that postoperative hospital stay was 9.2±5.3 days in patients with AF and 6.4±5.3 days in patients without AF (p Conclusions Although AF is strongly associated with advanced age, most of the prolonged hospital stay appears to be attributable to the rhythm itself and not to patient characteristics.
Strain localization in frictional materials exhibiting displacement jumps

Abstract This paper presents a mathematical model for analyzing strain localization in frictional solids exhibiting displacement jumps. Precise conditions for the appearance of slip lines, including their initiation and evolution, are outlined for a rate-independent, strain-softening Drucker–Prager model, and explicit analytical expressions are used to describe the orientation of the slip line. A stress–displacement relation obtained through the consistency condition is also formulated to describe the quasi-static response in the post-localization regime. The mathematical model, which is cast within the framework of finite element analysis employing the assumed enhanced strain method, circumvents mesh-dependence issues often associated with rate-independent plasticity models. It is shown that the enhancement equation is nothing else but the consistency condition imposed on the band. Numerical examples involving plane strain compression are described to demonstrate objectivity with respect to mesh refinement and insensitivity to mesh alignment of finite element solutions.
Issues in biomass technologies for synthetic fuels from coal and biomass resources in the Midwestern U.S.A.

Abstract Discussions on the role of biomass in the development of a midwest synfuels industry brought general agreement on: 1. (1) the continued development of new techniques for ethanol production; 2. (2) use of corn as a feedstock for ethanol; 3. (3) large-scale plants are more economical than farm-scale ethanol plants; and 4. (4) tax subsidies to promote use of ethanol.
Elastic Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise

Abstract An analysis is made of the sound produced when a rectilinear vortex is cut by a spring-restrained, rigid airfoil. The airfoil has rectangular planform of large aspect ratio, and can execute small amplitude translational oscillations in the lift direction under the influence of a linear, elastic restoring force. When the convection Mach number of the vortex is small the sound can be attributed to a dipole source whose strength equals the fluctuating lift, which is dependent on the airfoil motion induced by the vortex. For a fixed airfoil, most of the sound is generated when the vortex is first cut by the leading edge, provided that the vortex core radius R is much smaller than the chord. For an airfoil, the added mass of which exceeds the mass of the airfoil, the influence of airfoil motion on the radiation is governed by the value of ω0R/U, where U is the convection velocity of the vortex relative to the airfoil and ω0 is the resonance frequency of the airfoil. When ω0R/U is small, the airfoil motion tends to suppress the generation of sound at the leading edge; when ω0R/U ⪢ 1, the amplitude of the leading edge radiation is increased and the pressure signature is dominated by oscillations at the resonance frequency ω0.
Data structuring with virtual sets

Abstract Two new data structuring constructs for DBTG-oriented data base systems are introduced: the virtual set and the virtual N : M set. These constructs necessitate few changes in a DDL and require no additional DML commands. Without causing increases in storage and processing costs, these constructs reduce programming effort, enhance the degree of data independence, and offer greater flexibility from the standpoints of subschema and privacy specifications.
Preventing brain disorders: a framework for action

Introduction Prevention efforts have greatly reduced the prevalence of many communicable and non-communicable diseases worldwide. In contrast, prevention strategies for mental disorders remain in their infancy. This paper provides a summary of the key issues surrounding mental disorder prevention and proposes a framework for how to catalyze action in the area.