cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Facing our future

I welcome this thoughtful, forward-thinking article on three counts. The authors represent the present and future of neuropsychiatry. They highlight that a firm understanding of the neural structures and core networks which mediate emotions, behavior, and cognition is foundational. And they propose solutions for psychiatry training programs. Over the last several decades, outmoded views have gradually given way to more modern neuroscientific thinking (Price et al., 2000). Instead of ‘‘nature versus nurture,’’ we now understand that although brain regions are not dedicated to a specific function, there are core networks based on intrinsic mechanisms which are influenced by extrinsic, environmental factors. Thus, it becomes a magnificent interplay between nature and nurture, genetics and epigenetics. The old notion of ‘‘mind over matter’’ has now shifted given our knowledge that mental forces can transform brain matter. For instance, cognitive behavioral therapy can change brain patterns to the benefit of patients with obsessive–compulsive and depressive disorders (Yoshimura et al., 2014). Another American adage ‘‘sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me’’ has been replaced by our understanding that childhood abuse, including bullying, as well as acute and chronic stress may have a permanent impact upon brain organization and behavior (Pitman et al., 2012). We are closing the gap between psychiatry and neurology, joined by the shared foundation of basic and clinical neuroscience. There is clearly ‘‘a psychiatry of neurology’’ and ‘‘a neurology of psychiatry.’’ We should abandon the term ‘‘organic brain syndrome’’ as a relic of history which has separated neurology and psychiatry. This article serves as a clarion call to close ranks in a more collaborative fashion.
Are Surgeons Being Paid Fairly by Medicaid? A National Comparison of Typical Payments for General Surgeons

Background Both the Medicare (MCR) and Medicaid (MCD) programs turn 50 this year. Medicare has developed a national resource-based payment methodology for physicians' services, with broad input by specialty societies, and MCD payments are set by individual states by various means. Study Design We have conducted the first national comparison of payment methodology of MCD vs MCR for procedures commonly delivered by general surgeons. Using the most recent Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Medicare data for frequency of allowed charges for general surgeons, we selected the most frequently billed procedures and gathered data from the 50 states for MCD and MCR payments. We determined the "Medicaid discount" (MCD payment minus MCR payment) expressed as dollars and percent, as well as dollars paid per relative value of work. Results We have discovered wide variations in MCD payments among states for the same procedures, demonstrating unexplained "discounts" of MCD payments in relationship to MCR. We found that MCD payments show wide variations across the states, with many states paying far less than MCR for common, essential procedures. Conclusions These findings call into question the fairness of MCD reimbursement for general surgery services in the United States. This discount to MCR could act as a disincentive for surgeons to care for some patients, based on the state of residence. These unexplained discounts could have considerable long-term effects for patients dependent on the MCD program. Our study should act as a stimulus for states to examine their payment methodologies to provide more uniform and fairer payments for surgical procedures.
Abstract A45: HPV awareness prevents positive infections

Background: Haitian Immigrant women, the largest growing Black ethnic group in Miami, experience the highest rates of cervical cancer and account for one of the largest populations diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in South Florida. Objective: Using community-based participatory research methods, we examined HPV/cervical cancer knowledge and intervention preferences among HIV positive Haitian women. This data was used to develop and pilot test a culture-specific educational intervention among HIV positive and sexually active HIV negative Haitian women in Miami, Florida. The pilot study was conducted in two phases. Methods: Phase 1: Qualitative, August 2011: Three focus groups with 21 HIV-positive Haitian women living in Miami, Florida were completed in Haitian Kreyol, digitally recorded, and later interpreted and transcribed into English. The first focus group assessed HPV Knowledge; the second session explored HPV considerations specific to HIV positive women, and the third focus group discussed HPV Screening and intervention preferences. Phase 2: Quantitative, July 2012 – Nov 2012: Using feedback from the focus groups, a flip-chart with educational illustrations was developed. Five small group (3-10 participants) HPV/Cervical Cancer education sessions led by a community health worker were conducted with 25 sexually active Haitian women (8 HIV + and 13 HIV –). Surveys assessing HPV/Cervical Cancer knowledge, screening behaviors, and research participation were administered at baseline and 3 months post-study. Results: Three month follow up data was collected on 21 of the 25 women who participated in Phase 2 of the study. Participants9 mean age was 52+8yrs, 71% lived in US > 5 years, and 71% were uninsured. At post study, the percent of women answering > 4/6 questions correct increased from 10% to 28% and the number of women who heard of HPV increased from 48% to 81%. All (100%) of participants were willing to participate in a research study. Conclusions: An intensive one time small group educational intervention was associated with small improvements in cervical cancer / HPV knowledge at 3 months. Our findings show strong support for increased clinical research targeting low SES Haitian women. Citation Format: Sonjia Kenya, Marie Fatil, Tulay Koru-Sengul, Erin Kobetz, Olveen Carrasquillo. HPV awareness prevents positive infections. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A45. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-A45
Corrigendum to "Nuclear Factor-Y is an adipogenic factor that regulates leptin gene expression"[Mol Metab 4 (2015) 392-405].

Yi-Hsueh Lu , Olof Stefan Dallner , Kivanc Birsoy , Gulya Fayzikhodjaeva , Jeffrey M. Friedman 1,2,* The authors regret that an incorrect image was inserted into Figure 1. the 22 to þ8.8 kb construct. The corresponding text referring to In the original Figure 1, the images in panel B (corresponding to the animals with the 22 to þ18 kb) and panel C (corresponding to the 22 toþ8.8 kb animals) were duplicates. Panel C now depicts the correct images and luciferase counts from transgenic animals carrying
Infarction of spinal cord and medulla oblongata caused by fibrocartilaginous emboli. Report of a case.

A fatal case of fibrocartilaginous embolization with massive infarction of the upper spinal cord and lower medulla oblongata is reported. Cartilage from intervertebral discs is believed to cause such emboli, probably first by intrusion into vertebral bodies (Schmorl's nodes) followed by retrograde venous transport from the bone marrow to the spinal veins. This route can be outlined by injecting India ink in the cancellous bone of vertebral bodies. Access of the emboli to arteries can be explained by postulating the existence of arteriovenous shunts in the normal spinal vasculature or by trauma-induced communications between the vascular beds. In our case, the 7th reported in the literature, the majority of occluding cartilaginous emboli were in small arteries and arterioles and the resulting infarcts were of the ischemic rather than the hemorrhagic type.
The Effect of Varying Levels of Raw and Precooked Spent Fowl Muscle in the Manufacture of Restructured Steaks

Abstract Spent fowl muscle (raw or precooked) was flaked and formulated to include: 1) 100% raw meat; 2) 80% raw meat and 20% precooked meat; 3) 50% raw meat and 50% precooked meat; and 4) 20% raw meat and 80% precooked meat. The products were mixed, formed, pressed, and cut into restructured steaks. Steaks were evaluated for physical appearance, fat, and moisture content, cooking and textural properties, and sensory attributes. As the percentage of precooked spent fowl meat was increased in restructured steaks, the steaks appeared lighter in color, contained less moisture and more fat, and suffered greater cooking losses than restructured steaks made with a higher percentage of raw meat. In addition, as the percentage of precooked meat was increased, the restructured steaks became less tender, less cohesive, and received lower sensory scores.
Centrosome hyperamplification in human cancer: chromosome instability induced by p53 mutation and/or Mdm2 overexpression

We have previously reported that loss of p53 tumor suppressor protein results in centrosome hyperamplification, which leads to aberrant mitosis and chromosome instability. Since p53 is either deleted or mutated in human cancers at a high frequency, we investigated whether human cancers showed centrosome hyperamplification. Screening of advanced stage breast ductal carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN) revealed that centrosome hyperamplification is frequent in both tumor types. Moreover, through the analyses of p53 in SCCHN samples by direct sequencing and by loss-of-heterozygosity test, we found that p53 mutations correlated with occurrence of centrosome hyperamplification. However, in some cases, we observed centrosome hyperamplification in tumors that retained wild-type p53. These tumors contained high levels of Mdm2. Since Mdm2 can inactivate p53 through physical association, we investigated whether Mdm2 overexpression induced centrosome hyperamplification. We found that Mdm2 overexpression, like loss of p53, induced centrosome hyperamplification and chromosome instability in cultured cells.
Reading and Writing Text Files

GIS data often comes in formats that can’t be imported into ArcGIS or read with arcpy cursors without modification. Automating these modifications can be a significant time saver if you have numerous files that require the same changes. The arcpy cursors discussed in Chapter 17 are specialized for reading and writing attribute tables that conform to a prescribed format, such as dBASE files, shapefiles, and GRID rasters. This chapter discusses Python file handling functions that can read and write text files, regardless of format. The chapter begins with Python file handling syntax and then uses GIS examples to demonstrate common tabular text file modifications.
Stability of a Recently Found Triple-β-Stranded Aβ1–42 Fibril Motif

Amyloid-β peptides form polymorphous amyloid fibrils are correlated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Recently, a new ssNMR high-resolution structure has been reported for wild-type Aβ1–42 fibrils that is characterized by a strand-turn-strand-turn-strand motif instead of the U-shape form seen in previously known wild-type Aβ-fibril structures. Analyzing molecular dynamics simulations we comment on the relative weight of the new fibril structure and present evidence that its stability depends on hydrophobic contacts involving the C-terminal residues I41 and A42, but not on the salt bridge K28–A42. We further argue that Aβ1–42 peptides with this structure may assemble in fibrils with a 2-fold packing symmetry and discuss two possible arrangements.
Sleep Quality and Risk of Alcohol Misuse

Abstract Sleep problems and alcohol misuse co-occur and exhibit a bidirectional causal relationship. First, this section will summarize the acute effects associated with both alcohol use on sleep and sleep deprivation on drinking. This summary will address how the pharmacological properties of alcohol result in fragmented and deficient sleep as well as review findings from laboratory studies that demonstrate alcohol's association with diminished attention and executive functioning, increased risk-taking behaviors, and impairment of motor response among sleep-deprived participants. Next, the long-term behavioral and psychological implications of co-occurring sleep and alcohol problems will be examined. Several subpopulations are particularly susceptible to co-occurring sleep and alcohol problems and pose a serious public health concern. In adolescent populations, consuming even moderate levels of alcohol is associated with sleep problems, and sleep and alcohol problems may be linked to neural and cognitive impairment during this developmentally significant age. Sleep and alcohol problems are also prevalent among college students, and poor sleep exacerbates the relationship between excessive drinking and alcohol risk. Perhaps most influential, however, is the role of sleep in individuals seeking treatment for alcohol use disorders. Alcohol withdrawal is associated with severe sleep disturbances, and sleep problems are among the most common factors associated with relapse. Therefore, the need for sleep-based intervention targeted at alcohol dependents is discussed. This section concludes with suggestions for future research directions, including the need for more longitudinal designs to explicate the causal processes, standardized assessment techniques, and routine identification of coexisting mental health problems.
Thyroid and Sodium Transport

Thyroid hormone is a key regulator of developmental processes in all vertebrates and of heat production, usually measured by rates of oxygen consumption (QO2), in the homeotherms (Barker, 1951). In the 1920s it was established that the characteristic effects of thyroid hormones on QO2 of specific tissues is preserved in vitro (Rohrer, 1924 & Foster, 1927).
Chapter 1 The “Correct” Definition of “the Impact of a Choice on Economic Efficiency”

Defined in the way that conforms with professional and popular understanding and creates a concept that is most useful, the impact of a choice on economic efficiency equals the difference between the equivalent-dollar gains the choice confers on its beneficiaries (the winners) and the equivalent-dollar losses it imposes on its victims (the losers). More controversially, in this formulation, a winner’s equivalent-dollar gain equals the number of dollars that would have to be transferred to him to leave him as well-off as the choice would leave him if
Crisis Communication Strategy on Social Media and the Public’s Cognitive and Affective Responses: A Case of Foster Farms Salmonella Outbreak

This study examined an organization’s crisis communication strategy (i.e., crisis response strategy and technical translation strategy) on social media and the public’s cognitive and affective responses. Twenty crisis communication messages posted by Foster Farms regarding a salmonella outbreak and 349 public responses were analyzed. The results showed that a technical translation strategy generated more public acceptance of the message and more positive emotions than a crisis response strategy. A crisis response strategy generated more public rejections of the message and more negative emotions than a technical translation strategy.
A class of silicon micromachined metasurface for the design of high-gain terahertz antennas

We explore the use of a class of metasurface (MTS), which consists of metalized cylinders arranged in a square lattice and placed on a ground plane, for the realization of antennas at terahertz (THz) frequencies. This MTS is particularly appropriate for being micromachined out of a silicon wafer by means of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE).
Pathogenicity, vegetative compatibility and genetic diversity of Verticillium dahliae isolates from sugar beet

AbstractVerticillium wilt of sugar beet is a disease that has received very little attention, but which has been reported to reduce sugar quality. A survey of sugar beet fields with wilt symptoms was conducted in 2007 (5 roots from each of 40 fields) and 2008 (5 roots from each of 45 fields) in Idaho. Verticillium dahliae was isolated from all root samples. From a collection of 106 V. dahliae sugar beet isolates, all were of the MAT1-2 mating type. The vegetative compatibility grouping (VCG) was evaluated for 93 of these isolates and 95, 3, 1 and 1% were VCG 4A, VCG 2B, VCG 4B and non-compatible, respectively. All the VCG 4A isolates had the same mitochondrial haplotype based on sequencing of cox3 to nad6 and cox1 to rnl loci, while the VCG 2B isolates had two haplotypes. Pathogenicity tests on sugar beet cultivar ‘Monohikari’ revealed that the VCG 4A isolates produced more foliar symptoms (P < 0.0001) than VCG 1, 1A, 2A, 2B, 3 and 4B isolates, but none of the VCGs consistently reduced root and foliage we...
Facile measurement of single-crystal elastic constants from polycrystalline samples

Elastic constants are among the most fundamental properties of materials. Simulations of microstructural evolution and constitutive/micro-mechanistic modeling of materials properties require elastic constants that are predominately measured from single crystals that are labor intensive to grow. A facile technique is developed to measure elastic constants from polycrystalline samples. The technique is based upon measurements of the surface acoustic wave velocities with the help of a polydimethylsiloxane film grating that is placed on a polished surface of a polycrystalline sample to confine surface acoustic waves that are induced by a femtosecond laser and measured using pump-probe time-domain thermoreflectance. Electron backscatter diffraction is employed to measure the crystallographic orientation along which the surface acoustic wave propagates in each grain (perpendicular to the polydimethylsiloxane grating). Such measurements are performed on several grains. A robust mathematical solution was developed to compute the surface acoustic wave velocity along any crystallographic orientation of any crystal structure with given elastic constants and density. By inputting various starting values of elastic constants to compute the surface acoustic wave velocities to match experimental measurements in several distinct crystallographic orientations using an optimization algorithm, accurate elastic constant values have been obtained from seven polycrystalline metal samples to be within 6.8% of single-crystal measurements. This new technique can help change the current scenario that experimentally measured elastic constants are available for only about 1% of the estimated 160,000 distinct solid compounds, not to mention the significant need for elastic constants of various solid solution compositions that are the base of structural materials. A method for measuring the elastic properties of a material even with a less than perfect sample is demonstrated by scientists in the USA. Xinpeng Du and Ji-Cheng (J.C.) Zhao from The Ohio State University develop a simple experimental technique for obtaining elastic constants from polycrystalline samples. A material’s elasticity or stiffness properties are mathematically summarized by a series of parameters known as its elastic constants. Most experimental techniques for measuring these elastic constants require samples that are single-crystals. But these can be time consuming to produce or perhaps even impossible. Instead, Du and Zhao measure the velocity of so-called surface acoustic waves produced on a polycrystalline sample using pulses of laser light. They then develop a robust mathematical framework that can determine elastic constants based on material density and the measured velocities.
Diminishing Use of Liver Biopsy among Liver Transplant Recipients for Hepatitis C

Background and Aims: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) cirrhosis is the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States and recurrent HCV following liver transplantation is a major cause of allograft loss and mortality. Liver biopsies are commonly used to identify recurrent HCV and determine the need for antiviral therapy. The introduction of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has changed the management of recurrent HCV infection. This study aimed to describe the role of liver biopsies in liver transplant recipients with HCV after the introduction of DAAs. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed looking at the rate of liver biopsies post-liver transplantation for HCV. The analysis included 475 adult liver transplants for hepatitis C performed at the University of California, Los Angeles from January 1, 2006 to October 1, 2015. Patients were divided into two eras, pre- and post-introduction of DAAs on December 1, 2013. Results: In the era before the introduction of DAAs, the percentage of patients biopsied was significantly higher compared to the era after the introduction of DAAs (56.1% vs. 26.9%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The introduction of DAAs has changed the management of liver biopsy following liver transplantation and the management of recurrent HCV. Given that DAAs are well tolerated and have high efficacy, liver biopsies are no longer routinely used to justify the use antiviral therapy following liver transplantation.
Femslash goggles: Fan vids with commentary by creators

This gallery opens with a curatorial essay offering a metaphorical theory of vidding as an AR technology and contextualizing femslash fan vids. The selection of works with artist notes includes "Come On" by here's luck (2002); "These Two Arms" by Killa (2006); "Vitalum Vitalis" by hollywoodgrrl and ohvienna (2014); "Past the Feeling" by Anoel (2013); "Lightning Field" by bradcpu (2012); "Gimme Sympathy" by beerbad (2014); "I Do Adore" by kiki_miserychic (2014); "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Mithborien (2015); "Hurricane" by Laura Shapiro (2010); "Hands Away" by chaila and beccatoria (2011); "The Coming Out of Quinn Fabray" by jarrow (2011).
Multi-mission modeling for space-based exoplanet imagers

In addition to the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope Coronagraphic Imager (WFIRST CGI), which is currently scheduled for launch in the mid 2020s, there is an extensive, ongoing design effort for next-generation, space-based, exoplanet imaging instrumentation. This work involves mission concepts such as the Large UV/ Optical/Infrared Surveyor (LUVOIR), the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Misson (HabEx), and a starshade rendezvous mission for WFIRST, among others. While each of these efforts includes detailed mission analysis targeted at the specifics of each design, there is also interest in being able to analyze all such concepts in a unified way (to the extent that this is possible) and to draw specific comparisons between projected concept capabilities. Here, we discuss and compare two fundamental approaches to mission analysis, full mission simulation and depth of search analysis, in the specific context of simulating and comparing multiple different mission concepts. We present strategies for mission analysis at varying stages of concept definition, using WFIRST as a motivating example, and discuss useful metrics for cross-mission comparison, as well as strategies for evaluating these metrics.
The amplified sacrifice: sound, technology, and participation in modern Vedic ritual

ABSTRACTThe amplification of religious sound in public spaces has become a key medium for negotiating identity, difference, and pluralism in societies worldwide. This paper explores the religious soundscape of Hindu traditions in Kerala, India by examining the role of sonic amplification in the sacrifices of Nambudiri Brahmins. While Brahmanical praxis is based on ancient liturgies from the first millennium BCE, the modern performance now incorporates microphones and loudspeakers that amplify recitations well beyond the power of the human voice. This technological shift coincides with significant changes in patronage and participation, as people from outside the Nambudiri community take a more active role in the funding, organization, and celebration of such rituals. In contrast to the private sacrifices of previous generations, the ‘amplified sacrifice’ is now carried out as a public Hindu festival with thousands of attendees and a full suite of marketing and media coverage. In this way, the local, sonic...
Widespread anatoxin-a detection in benthic cyanobacterial mats throughout a river network

Benthic algae fuel summer food webs in many sunlit rivers, and are hotspots for primary and secondary production and biogeochemical cycling. Concerningly, riverine benthic algal assemblages can become dominated by toxic cyanobacteria, threatening water quality and public health. In the Eel River in Northern California, over a dozen dog deaths have been attributed to cyanotoxin poisonings since 2000. During the summers of 2013-2015, we documented spatial and temporal patterns of cyanotoxin concentrations in the watershed, showing widespread distribution of anatoxin-a in benthic cyanobacterial mats. Solid phase adsorption toxin tracking (SPATT) samplers were deployed weekly to record dissolved microcystin and anatoxin-a levels at 10 sites throughout the watershed, and 187 Anabaena-dominated or Phormidium-dominated cyanobacterial mat samples were collected from 27 locations to measure intracellular anatoxin-a (ATX) and microcystins (MCY). Anatoxin-a levels were higher than microcystin for both SPATT (mean MCY = 0.8 and ATX = 4.8 ng g resin-1 day-1) and cyanobacterial mat samples (mean MCY = 0.074 and ATX = 1.89 μg g-1 DW). Of the benthic mats sampled, 58.9% had detectable anatoxin-a (max = 70.93 μg g-1 DW), while 37.6% had detectable microcystins (max = 2.29 μg g-1 DW). SPATT cyanotoxin levels peaked in mid-summer in warm mainstem reaches of the watershed. This is one of the first documentations of widespread anatoxin-a occurrence in benthic cyanobacterial mats in a North American watershed.
Practical Methods for Integrating Genetic Testing Into Clinical Practice for Advanced Prostate Cancer

Recent advances clearly demonstrate the potential clinical relevance of germline genetic testing and somatic genomic profiling in identifying possible therapeutic and/or clinical trial options, particularly in advanced prostate cancer. In addition, if a germline genetic mutation/pathogenic variant is identified, there may be important family implications and possible life-saving changes to healthcare management. However, there is substantial debate and uncertainty about how best to offer genetic testing services, which tests to use, which patients to test, what sequence of testing, what timing, by whom, and with what kind of follow-up. To help address this new area of potential benefit and confusion, we provide a practical overview of recent advances, discuss options and considerations for both germline and somatic testing, and offer practical advice on what providers should understand before referring and/or ordering testing, key discussion points for patients and families, and available genetics resources.
Catatonia Associated With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): A Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature.

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is known to cause neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPSLE). While not formally recognized as a syndrome associated with NPSLE, catatonia has frequently been reported. Objective It is important for clinicians to recognize and treat catatonia as a potential manifestation of NPSLE. We present 2 cases of SLE with catatonia and review the cases reported in the literature. Methods We performed a PubMed search for reported cases of catatonia in SLE. Case reports that met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th ed. diagnostic criteria for catatonia were summarized to assess common diagnostic tests and treatments. Results Twenty-six articles describing a total of 35 patients (all female), in addition to our 2 patients, were included in the report. All but one of the patients received immunosuppressive therapy for treatment of SLE. To treat catatonia symptoms, 81% of the patients received benzodiazepines, and 38% received electroconvulsive therapy. Conclusions Catatonia can be a manifestation of NPSLE, particularly in the presence of serologies and symptoms indicative of an active lupus flare. Management of catatonia involves management of the underlying condition, in this case immunomodulatory treatments for NPSLE; avoidance of treatments, such as antipsychotics, which can worsen catatonia; and symptomatic treatments for catatonia, for which benzodiazepines are a first-line treatment, and electroconvulsive therapy when catatonia is refractory to benzodiazepines.
Regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by estrogen and progesterone

Accumulating evidence indicates that the ovarian steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone regulate a wide variety of nonreproductive functions in the central nervous system by interacting with several molecular and cellular processes. A growing literature reporting results obtained in rodent models suggests that 17beta-estradiol, the most potent of the biologically relevant estrogens, facilitates some forms of learning and memory, and in particular, those involving hippocampus-dependent tasks. Hippocampal long-term potentiation and long-term depression of synaptic transmission are types of synaptic plasticity that have been extensively studied, as they are considered as cellular models of memory formation in the brain. In this chapter, we review the literature that analyzes and compares the effects of estrogen and progesterone on synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity in rodents. Understanding the nonreproductive functions of estrogen and progesterone in the hippocampus has far-reaching implications not only for our basic understanding of neuroendocrinology and neurobiology, but also for developing better treatment of age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
Uneven Topographies: Archaeology of Plantations and Caribbean Slave Economies

Thirty five years of archaeological examinations in former British West Indian colonies have revealed that there is a substantial material record of slavery between from the mid-seventeenth century up until the second quarter of the nineteenth century. This material record is manifest in documents written about colonial enterprises by metropolitan administrators, the landscapes envisioned and produced by settlers in the colonies, and the everyday forms of material culture that comprise the archaeological record of plantation life. Capitalism and colonialism are necessary forces for explaining the material record of slavery. At the same time, however, the cultural input and innovation are also important. In this article, I show how the archaeology of slavery in the Caribbean sheds light on the diverse practices of enslaved labor in which the frames of colonialism and capitalism are not sufficient explanatory devices.
Sensory neurotization of muscle: past, present and future considerations.

Research has shown that temporary innervation by a sensory neuron can provide trophic support to a denervated muscle and stave off muscular atrophy until motor neuron transfer is viable. This so ca...
Introduction: The Complex Process of City Regeneration

Currently, about 60 million people move into cities globally every year (UN data 2018). That is over one million more people arriving every week in cities somewhere in the world, each with an expectation of better access to jobs, better education for their children, better health care, better housing and a better quality of life (Ehrlich 1968; Lehmann 2015c; UN 2016).
ADD: Application and Data-Driven Controller Design

Existing SDN controllers commonly adopt an event-driven model that minimizes southbound communication and control-plane overhead. This model satisfies most existing SDN applications' goals to maximize data plane performance while still being able to programmatically control with a decent level of visibility. However, as network composition becomes more heterogeneous with NFV and IoT, such model can be insufficient for future applications that rely more on data analysis and intelligent decision making. In this paper, we present our findings in a case study on smart manufacturing systems, which have highly heterogeneous device compositions, and applications that are much less "throughput" hungry or "latency" sensitive than network applications but require a lot more data for (real-time) decision making. We share the insights we gain that help us design a new Application and Data-Driven (ADD) model for SDN controllers. We build a proof-of-concept ADD controller based on this model and develop two applications to showcase its new capabilities. Evaluation results show that ADD delivers satisfying scalability and performance. More importantly, applications enabled by ADD gain more insights of the data plane and can make better decisions faster.
Risk factors for caries development in primary Sjogren syndrome.

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the risk factors for caries between patients with primary Sjogren syndrome (SS) and those with non-Sjogren syndrome (NSS) salivary hypofunction and to identify the prevalence of incisal or cervical/root caries in each group. Study Design This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study conducted at a single center between 2012 and 2015 for assessment of patients with possible SS. Two-hundred and twenty-five (225) patients (99 SS and 126 NSS) participated in the study. Results Student t test and Wilcoxon's rank sum test were used to evaluate group differences in continuous variables and the χ2 test was used to determined differences in categorical variables. Significant univariate associations were further assessed by using multivariate ordinal regression models. Patients with SS were more likely to have a greater number of total caries (odds ratio [OR] 1.72 [1.03–2.88]; P = .04). And a focus score greater than 1/4 mm2 was associated with greater number of total caries (OR 2.88 [1.05, 7.93]; P = .04]. Adjusted analysis for salivary flow did not show a significant association between stimulated or unstimulated salivary flow or glandular-specific salivary flow and the total number of carious lesions. Conclusions Patients with salivary hypofunction secondary to SS do have a greater caries risk compared with patients with salivary hypofunction caused by other factors. In this study cohort, this finding was not associated with salivary flow rates.
Finding Signatures of the Youngest Starbursts

Embedded massive starclusters have recently been identified in several nearby galaxies by means of the radio-wave thermal bremsstrahlung emission from their surrounding HII regions. Energy requirements imply that these optically-obscured starclusters contain 500-1000 O-type stars, making them similar to the ``super starclusters'' observed in many dwarf starbursts and mergers. Based on their high free-free optical depth and visual extinctions of A_V>>10 mag., these massive ``ultra-dense'' HII regions (UDHIIs) are distinct signatures of the youngest, most compact super starclusters. UDHII regions may represent the earliest stages of globular cluster formation. We review the properties of presently-known UDHIIs, and we outline a pictoral evolutionary taxonomy for massive cluster formation which is analogous to the more familiar evolutionary sequence for individual stars.
A Little Vocabulary

Communication with the computer involves the preparation of a program which contains, in a form understood by the computer, a set of instructions, data, questions, etc. This program is then either punched in a deck of cards which is mechanically ingested and electrically read by the computer or is typed on a special typewriter known as a Teletype1. The computer replies on paper—usually repeating the instructions, data, questions, etc., and then giving its responses, the results of computation. Schematically, this is shown in Figure 1–1
In Pursuit of Full Employment

The government and the economy became seen as inseparable by many policymakers by the 1960s. Full employment and stable prices were the principal economic objectives of the period and acted as a driving force behind new legislation, including the Great Society programs. The Office of Management and Budget had become central to not only executing financial plans but also overseeing the management of agencies. President Nixon would push the powers amassed during the last fifty years too far and Congress responded by introducing significant reforms to the budget process. However, economic policy would remain consistent and the budget process reforms would only place Congress in a formal role within the executive budget process still driven by the presidency.
Salivary epigenetic biomarkers as predictors of emerging childhood obesity

Epigenetics could facilitate greater understanding of disparities in the emergence of childhood obesity. While blood is a common tissue used in human epigenetic studies, saliva is a promising tissue. Our prior findings in non-obese preschool-aged Hispanic children identified 17 CpG dinucleotides for which differential methylation in saliva at baseline was associated with maternal obesity status. The current study investigated to what extent baseline DNA methylation in salivary samples in these 3–5-year-old Hispanic children predicted the incidence of childhood obesity in a 3-year prospective cohort. We examined a subsample (n = 92) of Growing Right Onto Wellness (GROW) trial participants who were randomly selected at baseline, prior to randomization, based on maternal phenotype (obese or non-obese). Baseline saliva samples were collected using the Oragene DNA saliva kit. Objective data were collected on child height and weight at baseline and 36 months later. Methylation arrays were processed using standard protocol. Associations between child obesity at 36 months and baseline salivary methylation at the previously identified 17 CpG dinucleotides were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression models. Among the n = 75 children eligible for analysis, baseline methylation of Cg1307483 (NRF1) was significantly associated with emerging childhood obesity at 36-month follow-up (OR = 2.98, p = 0.04), after adjusting for child age, gender, child baseline BMI-Z, and adult baseline BMI. This translates to a model-estimated 48% chance of child obesity at 36-month follow-up for a child at the 75th percentile of NRF1 baseline methylation versus only a 30% chance of obesity for a similar child at the 25th percentile. Consistent with other studies, a higher baseline child BMI-Z during the preschool period was associated with the emergence of obesity 3 years later, but baseline methylation of NRF1 was associated with later obesity even after adjusting for child baseline BMI-Z. Saliva offers a non-invasive means of DNA collection and epigenetic analysis. Our proof of principle study provides sound empirical evidence supporting DNA methylation in salivary tissue as a potential predictor of subsequent childhood obesity for Hispanic children. NFR1 could be a target for further exploration of obesity in this population.
Characterizing changes in soil microbiome abundance and diversity due to different cover crop techniques

Soil-based microorganisms assume a direct and crucial role in the promotion of soil health, quality and fertility, all factors known to contribute heavily to the quality and yield of agricultural products. Cover cropping, used in both traditional and organic farming, is a particularly efficient and environmentally favorable tool for manipulating microbiome composition in agricultural soils and has had clear benefits for soil quality and crop output. Several long-term investigations have evaluated the influence of multi-mix (multiple species) cover crop treatments on soil health and microbial diversity. The present study investigated the short-term effects of a seven species multi-mix cover crop treatment on soil nutrient content and microbial diversity, compared to a single-mix cover crop treatment and control. Analysis of 16S sequencing data of isolated soil DNA revealed that the single-mix cover crop treatment decreased overall microbial abundance and diversity, whereas the control and multi-mix treatments altered the overall microbial composition in similar fluctuating trends. Furthermore, we observed significant changes in specific bacteria belonging to the phyla Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucombicrobia for all treatments, but only the single-mix significantly decreased in abundance of the selected bacteria over time. Our findings indicate that the control and multi-mix treatments are better at maintaining overall microbial composition and diversity compared to the single-mix. Further study is required to elucidate the specific difference between the treatment effect of the multi-mix treatment and the control, given that their microbial composition changes over time were similar but they diverge into two populations of unique bacterial types by the end of this short-term study.
Bone-inspired healing of 3D-printed porous ceramics

Emerging 3D-printed ceramics, though showing unprecedented application potential, are typically vulnerable to fractures and unable to heal at room temperature. By contrast, their natural counterparts, human bones, exhibit extraordinary self-healing capability through the activation of stem cell osteoblasts that precipitate mineralized calluses to enable interfacial healing at body temperature. Inspired by bones, we here employ bacteria as artificial osteoblasts to enable healing of 3D-printed porous ceramics at room temperature. The healing behavior relies on bacteria-initiated precipitation of calcium carbonate crystals to bridge fracture interfaces of ceramics. We show that bacteria-loaded porous ceramics can heal fracture interfaces to restore 100% mechanical strength at room temperature, and the healed strength is not compromised by heating up to 500 C or by corrosion of alkalis and oxidants. The bacteria-assisted healing mechanism is revealed by systematic control experiments, and the healing strength is explained by cohesive fracture modeling. We further incorporate this method into 3D-printed ceramics and demonstrate on-demand healing of ceramic dental crowns, ceramic water membranes, and ceramic lattices, and autonomous healing of ceramic armor. As the first-generation healing mechanism of 3D-printed ceramics, this paradigm is expected to open promising avenues for revolutionizing the low-damage-tolerance nature of existing 3D-printed ceramics.
Pesticide tolerance induced by a generalized stress response in wood frogs (Rana sylvatica)

Increasing evidence suggests that phenotypic plasticity can play a critical role in ecotoxicology. More specifically, induced pesticide tolerance, in which populations exposed to a contaminant show increased tolerance to the contaminants later, has been documented in multiple taxa. However, the physiological mechanisms of induced tolerance remain unclear. We hypothesized that induced pesticide tolerance is the result of a generalized stress response based on previous studies showing that both natural stressors and anthropogenic stressors can induce tolerance to pesticides. We tested this hypothesis by first exposing larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) to either an anthropogenic stressor (sublethal carbaryl concentration), a natural stressor (cues from a caged predator), or a simulated stressor via exogenous exposure to the stress hormone corticosterone (125 nM). We also included treatments that inhibited corticosterone synthesis with the compound metyrapone (MTP). We then exposed the larvae to a lethal carbaryl treatment to assess time to death. We found that prior exposure to 125 nM of exogenous CORT and predator cues induced tolerance to a lethal concentration of carbaryl through a slight delay in time to death. Pre-exposure to sublethal carbaryl, as well as MTP alone or in combination with predator cues, did not induce tolerance to the lethal carbaryl concentration relative to the ethanol vehicle control treatment. Our study provides evidence that pesticide tolerance can be induced by a generalized stress response both in the presence and absence (exogenous CORT) of specific cues and highlights the importance of considering physiological ecology and environmental context in ecotoxicology.
Health Literacy Interventions in Cancer: a Systematic Review

Approximately one-third of adults in the United States (U.S.) have limited health literacy. Those with limited health literacy often have difficultly navigating the health care environment, including navigating care across the cancer continuum (e.g., prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment). Evidence-based interventions to assist adults with limited health literacy improve health outcomes; however, little is known about health literacy interventions in the context of cancer and their impact on cancer-specific health outcomes. The purpose of this review was to identify and characterize the literature on health literacy interventions across the cancer care continuum. Specifically, our aim was to review the strength of evidence, outcomes assessed, and intervention modalities within the existing literature reporting health literacy interventions in cancer. Our search yielded 1036 records (prevention/screening n = 174; diagnosis/treatment n = 862). Following deduplication and review for inclusion criteria, we analyzed 87 records of intervention studies reporting health literacy outcomes, including 45 pilot studies (prevention/screening n = 24; diagnosis/treatment n = 21) and 42 randomized controlled trials or quasi-experimental trials (prevention/screening n = 31; diagnosis/treatment n = 11). This literature included 36 unique interventions (prevention/screening n = 28; diagnosis/treatment n = 8), mostly in the formative stages of intervention development, with few assessments of evidence-based interventions. These gaps in the literature necessitate further research in the development and implementation of evidence-based health literacy interventions to improve cancer outcomes.
Double Erasure Under 21st Century Virtual Capitalism

This article traces the mechanism of social erasure under various regimes of global capitalism. It proposes that the current regime of virtual global capitalism has shifted the way that erasure fun...
What Do Honor and Face Norms Have to Do with Peer Relations? Adolescents Make Sense of Revenge

Historical and experimental research have identified three normative systems that characterize cultures within and between nations—honor, face and dignity. Theory that views culture as situated cognition posits that regionally dominant systems provide environmental cues that preferentially elicit corresponding behaviors and expectations. These shared norms help people coordinate actions and manage conflicts. In the US, waves of colonizers established different regional systems, honor in southern states, dignity in northern states, and face systems in smaller enclaves. The current study used a measure of adolescent norm endorsement to examine the meaning of revenge—a key element of honor culture. Ethnically diverse adolescents described past instances of personal and third-party revenge. Anger over events was closely linked to pride by youth endorsing honor. They cited concerns of security, power and self-direction when explaining their evaluation of personal revenge, and added concerns about benevolence when explaining third-party revenge. Youth endorsing face norms connected anger with feelings of shame when describing personal and third-party revenge. They cited concerns about threats to benevolence, security, and self-direction after personal revenge. The same goals were poised between perceived threat and promotion after third-party revenge, as were concerns about competence. Third-party revenge elicited morally nuanced appraisals. Institutional failure to protect and provide justice to all groups may promote development of honor norms in individuals and groups.