cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Jet Impingement Cooling of an Inverter Module in the Harsh Environment of a Hybrid Vehicle

This paper presents a study of liquid jet impingement cooling technique and its system level implementation for thermal management of an inverter module in a hybrid vehicle. Clusters of anti-freeze liquid jet array impinge on the base plate of a 450V (DC Link voltage)/400A (RMS current) module, made by Semikron, Inc. In the harsh environment of an automobile, the ambient temperature of the coolant is 105°C, and the maximum allowable flow rate and pressure drop are 2.5GPM and 1.6bar respectively. The impingement cooling technique demonstrates 1623 Watts of heat dissipation for 20°C device temperature rise above ambient. This translates to a chip level dissipation power density of 56W/cm2 , approximately 1.8X improvement over forced convection liquid cooling in the state-of-the-art pin fin cold plate. At the highest power, the less than 3°C temperature variation among the twelve IGBT measurements indicates a high degree of reliability in module operation. The efficient phase change heat transfer mechanism sets in at local base plate temperatures between 109–111°C, which accounts for more than 10% of the total heat dissipation at 1600W level.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Various aspects of Phytophthora cactorum collar-rot of apple trees in the Netherlands

1. Het stambasisrot bij Cox Orange Pippin in Nederland, veroorzaakt door een aantasting doorPhytophthora cactorum, wordt beschreven; enige cultuurmaatregelen, die haar optreden begunstigen, worden vermeld. 2. Isolaties vanP. cactorum uit vruchten van peer konden met succes overgebracht worden op stammen van Cox Orange Pippin-bomen; de schade er door aangericht was even ernstig als die, welke werd aangericht door isolaties uit de stambasis van Cox Orange Pippin. 3. Een stam vanP. syringae, die opgekweekt kon worden bij 25°C, werd geisoleerd uit pere- en appelvruchten. Zij was bij lagere temperaturen meer pathogeen t.o.v. de Cox Orange Pippin-stammen dan de isolaties vanP. cactorum uit rotte plekken aan de stambasis van dit appelras. 4. Door afgesneden takken te inoculeren metP. syringae kon aangetoond worden, dat de isolatie vanP. syringae het meest pathogeen was bij 5°, 10° en 15°C. De isolatie vanP. cactorum was daarentegen niet pathogeen bij 5° en 10°C. Zij was het meest pathogeen bij 20°, 25° en 30°C. 5. De liniaire groei van 3 Phytophthora-isolaties op aardappel-dextrose-agar werd bij verschillende temperaturen vergeleken met hun vermogen om bij deze temperaturen rotte plekken te verwekken. De resultaten zijn weergegeven in de grafieken 1 en 2 en de afbeeldingen 1 en 2. 6. Het ras Cox Orange Pippin bleek bij inoculatie veel vatbaarder te zijn dan 5 andere rassen (Jonathan, Belle de Boskoop, Yellow Transparent, Manks Codlin en James Grieve). 7. Isolaties vanP. parasitica, P. cactorum var.applanata enP. hibernalis waren niet in staat om op takken van Cox Orange Pippin meetbare infecties te verwekken. 8. Een korte beschrijving wordt gegeven van de kenmerken vanP. syringae, isolatie uit perevruchten, en van deP. cactorum isolaties. Afb. nr 3 geeft de verschillen in groei van deze isolaties weer.
Agricultural policymaking: Bounded or unbounded?

Abstract In this article I examine and compare various models of the policymaking process and structure. The analysis of the literature reveals a dichotomy or continuum between the dimensions of policy stability or instability, autonomy or openness. I then apply the inquiry to the agricultural policy area, the evaluation of which suggests that these models are limited in both their descriptive and predictive abilities. I then offer an alternative and more complex approach, consisting of the multiple dimensions of jurisdictional stability, policy continuity, participant consistency and relations, and policymaking autonomy, which provides an efficacious approach for comparing and classifying policy systems and changes within them.
Putative roles of inflammation in the dermatopathology of sulfur mustard.

Sulfur mustard (2,2`-dichlorodiethyl sulfide), a radiomimetic agent with mutagenic (Cappizzi et al., 1973; Fox and Scott, 1983), cytotoxic (Wheeler, 1962; Papirmeister and Davison, 1965), and vesicant (Anslow and Houck, 1946; Renshaw, 1946) properties, is also a chemical-warfare blistering agent with no known antidote. Sulfur mustard predominantly effects exposed epithelial tissues of the skin, the eye, and the respiratory tract, although higher doses can produce systemic toxicity (reviewed by Papirmeister et al., 1991). The severity of sulfur mustard toxicity is dose dependent, causing irritation, edema, necrosis and ulceration; characteristic symptoms are unique to the site of exposure, e.g., vesication, conjunctivitis, bronchopneumonia (reviewed by Papirmeister et al., 1991). The basic histopathology of mustard-induced cutaneous lesions has been reviewed by Papirmeister et al. (1985, 1991) and includes degeneration of epidermal cells, especially in the basal layer, followed by the formation of vesicles (and, in man, bullae) that have been variously characterized as intraepidermal or subcorneal but that appear in most cases to result from cleavage at the dermal-epidermal junction. However, despite general agreement concerning the morphologic changes caused by mustard and despite more than 50 years of research, the pathogenesis of mustard injury is still incompletely understood.
A facile synthesis of 2-methyl-(3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-α-d-glucopyrano)-[2,1-e]-2-oxazoline

Glucosaminhydrochlorid (I) wird in das Pentaacetat (IIa) ubergefuhrt, das mit Zinntetrachlorid in guter Ausbeute das Oxazolin (III) liefert.
A battery experiment

Equations derived from electrical circuit theory form the basis of a laboratory technique to characterize the components of the electrical equivalent circuit of rechargeable batteries. The experiment is a useful laboratory complement to lectures on energy courses for electrical engineering students. Results for lead acid batteries are presented in this study.
In the Beginning Was the Gene: The Hegemony of Genetic Thinking in Contemporary Culture

This paper looks at popular cultural artifacts (films, television programs, magazines, and books) to consider the ways in which genetics and genetic technology are changing public thinking about health, behaviors, and reproduction, setting up a new system for evaluating choices and technologies within a genetic paradigm. Genetic thinking embroils us in a system of surveillance: discovering, reading, and interpreting our genomes has become the cutting edge of medical health practices. Yet, the lack of options for effective genetic interventions means that this surveillance system ends up supporting a largely preventative view of medicine, even to the point of “preventing” the birth of a child with a potential genetic problem. Ultimately, genetic knowledge is limiting and proscribing our health choices, not expanding them.
Exploring websites on cancer clinical trials: An empirical review

Abstract The Internet houses tens of thousands of cancer-related websites, a growing number of which are devoted in some way to cancer clinical research. To date, little is known about the range, content, and general quality of these websites. This study selected the first 100 websites returned after searching the Internet for “cancer clinical trial” (CCT). Of these, 66 websites were examined page by page to characterize their range, content, and general quality. The study found evidence of considerable diversity among CCT-related websites. Many may be useful to clinical investigators or patients interested in participating in CCTs. However, a proportion were difficult to navigate and understand, lacked confidentiality and other assurances, and raised questions about cost, access, and the potential for biasing study samples. Further research is needed to determine the opportunities and drawbacks presented by online efforts to enhance knowledge of and access to cancer clinical trials.
Nature of spelling errors in transcortical sensory aphasia: a case study

The nature and extent of spelling errors in a patient with transcortical sensory aphasia were investigated. The two experimental conditions required the patient to spell monosyllabic and polysyllabic words both verbally and in written form. Analysis of the spelling errors revealed partially preserved knowledge of the visual image of a word as a whole, as well as preserved knowledge of temporal order. Our patient's error patterns in both conditions were more similar than dissimilar. These findings in conjunction with results reported in the literature indicate that patients exhibiting different aphasia syndromes use separate spelling strategies.
Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection

Several subsets of dendritic cells have been shown to produce type I IFN in response to viral infections, thereby assisting the natural killer cell-dependent response that eliminates the pathogen. Type I IFN production can be induced both by unmethylated CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide and by double-stranded RNA. Here, we describe a codominant CpG-ODN unresponsive phenotype that results from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced missense mutation in the Tlr9 gene (Tlr9CpG1). Mice homozygous for the Tlr9CpG1 allele are highly susceptible to mouse cytomegalovirus infection and show impaired infection-induced secretion of IFN-α/β and natural killer cell activation. We also demonstrate that both the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 → MyD88 and TLR3 → Trif signaling pathways are activated in vivo on viral inoculation, and that each pathway contributes to innate defense against systemic viral infection. Whereas both pathways lead to type I IFN production, neither pathway offers full protection against mouse cytomegalovirus infection in the absence of the other. The Tlr9CpG1 mutation alters a leucine-rich repeat motif and lies within a receptor domain that is conserved within the evolutionary cluster encompassing TLRs 7, 8, and 9. In other TLRs, including three mouse-specific TLRs described in this paper, the affected region is not represented. The phenotypic effect of the Tlr9CpG1 allele thus points to a critical role for TLR9 in viral sensing and identifies a vulnerable amino acid within the ectodomain of three TLR proteins, essential for a ligand response.
Heparin-coated bypass circuits (Carmeda) suppress the release of tissue plasminogen activator during normothermic coronary artery bypass graft surgery

Abstract Objectives: To study fibrinolysis in a homogenous first-time coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) population in whom heparin-coated circuits were used. Design: A prospective, blinded, randomized, placebocontrolled study. Setting: A university hospital, tertiary care, intraoperative and postoperative intensive care unit. Participants: Twenty-one adult elective primary CABG patients. Interventions: Randomized circuit-type centrifugal pump, membrane oxygenator, rigid cardiotomy reservoir, either placebo (n = 10) or heparin-coated (n = 11) (Carmeda; Medtronic Inc., Anaheim, CA). Measurements and Main Results: Blood samples were analyzed for tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) activity, TPA antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity, prothrombin complex F1.2, and antithrombin III (AT-III) at the following times: before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), during CPB (30 and 60 minutes), post-CPB, and day 1 postsurgery. TPA activity and antigen increased fivefold in the placebo group during CPB, whereas it did not even double in the heparin-coated group. PAI-1, F1.2, and AT-III were not different between groups. Conclusions: Heparin-coated CPB circuits reduced TPA release in this homogenous CABG population with routine heparin/protamine management.
Diffusion and drift of charged polymers

Abstract Earlier results of analysis of the Rubinstein-Duke repton model are presented along with a scaling hypothesis and its relation to simulation and experiment.
Abdominoscrotal hydrocele in infancy

Abdominoscrotal hydrocele is an uncommon clinical entity. Fewer than 200 cases have been reported in the literature, only two of which described bilateral involvement. We present five cases of abdominoscrotal hydrocele occurring in infancy, three of which revealed bilateral disease. The first case represents the youngest patient ever reported with this condition and the first reported with secondary bilateral upper tract dilatation. The historical background, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed.
Measurements of Forces and Temperature Fields in High-Speed Machining of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy

This study focuses on experimental modeling of dry high-speed machining at 30 m/s cutting velocity using 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. A modified Hopkinson bar apparatus is employed to simulate orthogonal machining, a focused array of mercury–cadmium–tellurium infrared detectors is used to measure the temperature distribution around the tool tip, and a three-component quartz force transducer is utilized in measuring the cutting and feed forces. The resulting measurements confirm the assumption of steady-state cutting and allow for estimation of the partition of cutting work into heating, shear, and momentum changes in the chip. In an earlier study, measurements of temperature distributions showed little heating of the finished surface. Therefore, a study of the temperature fields generated during machining with a cutting tool that has a wear-land was performed. The wear-land contributes significantly to the heating of the workpiece and, at this speed, is the most likely mechanism for the generation of residual stresses and a temperature rise on the finished surface.
Entropy, market risk, and the selection of efficient portfolios

(1972). Entropy, market risk, and the selection of efficient portfolios. Applied Economics: Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 209-220.
Conservative formulations of general relativistic kinetic theory

Experience with core-collapse supernova simulations shows that accurate accounting of total particle number and 4-momentum can be a challenge for computational radiative transfer. This accurate accounting would be facilitated by the use of particle number and 4-momentum transport equations that allow transparent conversion between volume and surface integrals in both configuration and momentum space. Such conservative formulations of general relativistic kinetic theory in multiple spatial dimensions are presented in this paper, and their relevance to core-collapse supernova simulations is described.
Metformin and gynecologic cancers

ImportanceThe obese population in the United States is reaching epic proportions, and obesity is linked to an increased risk for several cancers including gynecologic cancers. Obesity is not only a risk factor but also a marker of poor prognosis. It is crucial to develop novel treatment strategies t
Synthetic Biology and the Emergence of a Dual Meaning of Noise

The question is discussed how noise gained a functional meaning in the context of biology. According to the common view, noise is considered a disturbance or perturbation. I analyze how this understanding changed and what kind of developments during the last 10 years contributed to the emergence of a new understanding of noise. Results gained during a field study in a synthetic biology laboratory show that the emergence of this new research discipline—its highly interdisciplinary character, its new technologies and novel modeling strategies—provided essential impulses, which led to the observed change in the concept of noise. The laboratory study is combined with a historical analysis, which explores the general question as to how concepts travel between disciplines and, specifically, how noise was transferred from engineering and physics into biology. In the past, scientists, such as Lotka and Goodwin, tried to introduce a statistical mechanics into biology and discussed the problem of “unfitting” concepts. The change in the meaning of the concept can be interpreted as a way of making it fit to the novel context in which it is applied.
Acceptability of an existing, female-controlled contraceptive method that could potentially protect against hiv: a comparison of diaphragm users and other method users

Abstract Objective The diaphragm, an internal barrier contraceptive device, is a candidate for a female-controlled method for preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This study's objective was to examine how women who use the diaphragm differ from women using the pill and/or condoms with respect to factors hypothesized to influence the acceptability of contraceptive methods. Our goal was to increase understanding of who finds the diaphragm acceptable and why. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey with selected female members of a managed care organization. For this analysis, we limited the sample to 585 women currently using the diaphragm ( n = 196), pill ( n = 200), condoms ( n = 132), or pill and condoms ( n = 57). We conducted bivariate analyses and multinomial logistic regression analyses to assess the associations between selected characteristics and diaphragm use. Results Diaphragm use was significantly associated with several variables. Of particular interest, placing less importance on hormonal method characteristics was significantly associated with diaphragm use (versus use of the pill, condoms, or both). Placing more importance on barrier method attributes was significantly associated with diaphragm use (versus pill use, alone or with condoms). In addition, lower condom use self-efficacy was significantly associated with diaphragm use (versus condom use, alone or with pill). Lack of motivation to avoid HIV/STIs was significantly associated with using the diaphragm versus condoms (only). Conclusion These results have important implications for future research, interventions, counseling strategies for providers, and product development. Our findings suggest that if the diaphragm protects against HIV, it could be a desirable option for some women.
Recombination in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells

Recombination of photogenerated charge carriers in polymer bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells reduces the short circuit current $({J}_{sc})$ and the fill factor (FF). Identifying the mechanism of recombination is, therefore, fundamentally important for increasing the power conversion efficiency. Light intensity and temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements on polymer BHJ cells made from a variety of different semiconducting polymers and fullerenes show that the recombination kinetics are voltage dependent and evolve from first-order recombination at short circuit to bimolecular recombination at open circuit as a result of increasing the voltage-dependent charge carrier density in the cell. The ``missing 0.3 V'' inferred from comparison of the band gaps of the bulk heterojunction materials and the measured open-circuit voltage at room-temperature results from the temperature dependence of the quasi-Fermi levels in the polymer and fullerene domains---a conclusion based on the fundamental statistics of fermions.
Recent Developments In Computer Holograms

This paper provides a summary of various known techniques for generating holograms by means of a digital computer and associated display devices, and discusses a recently invented method which is some cases offers distinct advantages over alternate approaches.© (1974) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Mitochondrial metabolism of hydroxocobalamin: synthesis of adenosylcobalamin by intact rat liver mitochondria.

When free hydroxocobalamin (vitamin B12) is added in vitro to a suspension of intact rat liver mitochondria in the presence of a source of both reducing equivalents and ATP, adenosylcobalamin synthesis is observed. This synthetic process is not dependent on electron transport or oxidative phosphorylation and is not detected when cyanocobalamin is substituted for hydroxocobalamin. Adenosylcobalamin synthesis is linear with time for at least 10 min and with hydroxocobalamin concentration up to 37 nm. At the latter concentration of hydroxocobalamin, the rate of synthesis at 37 °C is 0.26 pmol/min/mg of protein. Only part (<30%) of the newly synthesized adenosylcobalamin is bound to the mitochondrial cobalamin binding protein, whereas most (90%) of the concurrently accumulated hydroxocobalamin is bound. On the other hand, when adenosylcobalamin is added to a suspension of intact mitochondria, it is accumulated at a rate similar to that for hydroxocobalamin, and is bound to the mitochondrial binding protein to a similar extent. These findings indicate that rat liver mitochondria contain all of the enzymatic components necessary to convert hydroxocobalamin to adenosylcobalamin, the coenzyme for the mitochondrial enzyme methylmalonyl CoA mutase.
Concentration-dependent inhibition of myosin ATPase by an indole metabolite of epinephrine.

Abstract An indole metabolite of epinephrine (an isomer of adrenochrome) was shown to be a potent inhibitor (EC 50 of 1.50 μM to 1.85 μM) of myosin, actomyosin, and myofibrillar ATPase when assayed at or near physiologic ionic strength and pH. The inhibition of actomyosin ATPase by this epinephrine derivative was demonstrated to be competetive in nature. Complete inhibition of ATPase activity was never achieved under physiological conditions; maximum inhibition was 50% to 60%. It is concluded that the inhibitor reduced ATPase activity by reversibly attaching to sulfhydryl groups associated with ATPase activity. The reduction of ATPase activity by 50% may be explained by the known heterogeneity of the ATPase sites on myosin; only one-half of these sites may be sensitive or accessible to the inhibitor in the state of aggregation of myosin at physiologic ionic strength. The inhibitor was found to have no effect on hog cerebral cortex Na + ,K + -activated ATPase, suggesting that it may be selective for contractile protein ATPase. These results further support the hypothesis proposed earlier from this laboratory that this inhibitory indole metabolite of epinephrine (which is formed only in smooth muscles relaxed by epinephrine) may be part of the mechanism by which epinephrine produces relaxation in certain smooth muscles.
The young and the vulnerable?: perceived negative effects of robots on youngsters prevent older adults from adopting companion robots

An exploratory survey (N = 640) reveals that senior citizens view robots as having more negative effects on younger people than themselves. This "third-person effect" is related to decreased intention to use companion robots. These initial findings hold theoretical, practical and methodological implications for HCI research, by showing that older users may inhibit their own adoption of robotics if they believe robots will have a negative effect on others.
Microstructural influences on the

The influence of tungsten content, swaging, and grain size on the dynamic behavior of commercially available tungsten-nickel-iron (W-Ni-Fe) alloys has been examined using the compression Kolsky bar. The observed flow stresses increase with increasing tungsten content and with degree of swaging but are essentially independent of grain size for these compressive deformations. Further, the flow stresses sustained by these materials have a distinct dependence on strain rate, in that the flow stress increases by at least 20 pct over a range from 10-4 s-1 to 7 × 103 s-1. The rate sensitivity itself increases with increasing tungsten content. The rate sensitivity of the alloy with the highest tungsten content (97 pct W) appears to be essentially the same as that of pure polycrystalline tungsten. In addition to showing greater strain hardening, the unswaged alloy also shows a much higher rate dependence than the swaged alloys, with the flow stress almost doubling when the rate of deformation increases from quasistatic to 5 X 103 s-1. The rate-hardening mechanism within the composite appears to be essentially that as- sociated with the tungsten grains; however, the matrix contribution is significant in the case of an unswaged alloy.
Do neurotoxic lesions in rostral medullary nuclei induce/accentuate hypoventilation during NREM sleep?

Experimentally induced neuronal dysfunction in respiratory regions of the rostral medulla decrease breathing more in anesthetized mammals than in awake mammals. Sleep is similar to anesthesia in that excitatory inputs to respiratory neurons are reduced compared to the awake state; thus, we hypothesized that neurotoxic lesions in rostral medullary nuclei would, relative to wakefulness (WK), induce and/or accentuate hypoventilation during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. To test the hypothesis, goats were studied between 21:00 h and 03:00 h: (1) before and 30 days after chronically implanting microtubules bilaterally into the rostral medulla and, (2) 9–15 h and 2–17 days after unilateral injections of 100 nl to 1 μl, 50 mM ibotenic acid into the vestibular, gigantocellularis reticularis, or facial nuclei, or the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parapyramidal region. Arterial blood was repeatedly sampled in all studies during WK, and NREM and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep states. There was no significant (P>0.10) change in PaCO2 between WK and NREM sleep (and REM sleep when sufficient data were obtained) before or after implantation of microtubules and in studies after creating the neurotoxic lesions. Breathing frequency also did not significantly (P>0.10) differ between states in any of the studies. The data thus did not support the hypothesis. We speculate that in goats efficient compensatory mechanisms maintain PaCO2 homeostasis during normal sleep and the same and/or other mechanisms maintain homeostasis when excitatory drive is further reduced by lesions in rostral medullary nuclei.
Construction of spherical 4- and 5-designs

A finite subsetX of thed-dimensional unit sphereS d-1 is called a sphericalt-design, if and only if $$\frac{1}{{\left| {S^{d - 1} } \right|}}\int_{S^{d - 1} } {f(x)d\omega (x)} = \frac{1}{{\left| x \right|}}\sum\limits_{x \in X} {f(x)} $$ holds for all polynomialsf(x) =f(x 1,x 2,...,x d ) of degree at mostt. In 1984 Seymour and Zaslavsky proved the existence of sphericalt-designs for anyt andd, but for sufficiently large |X|. Since spherical designs can be used for numerical integration, it is of interest to give explicit constructions. Mimura gave a construction fort = 2,d ? ? and |X| ?n 2 for somen 2 ? ? (n 2 is sharp). Here we will give an explicit construction fort = 4 and 5,d ? ? and |X| ?n 4 for somen 4 ? ?.
Composition of the membranous deposits occurring in Gaucher's disease.

Abstract We have isolated and purified low-density (1.08 g/ml) glucocerebroside-rich deposits from the spleen of a patient with Gaucher's disease. The organic phase obtained by chloroform-methanol (2:1) extraction of the deposits contains glucocerebroside, phospholipid, and free cholesterol in an approximate molar ratio of 12:3:2. The lipid-free residue accounting for approximately 12% of the dry weight of the deposits, contained protein and glycoprotein and accounts for the observation that the low-density deposits are significantly more dense than pure β-glucocerebroside (1.06 g/ml). The nonlipid residue contains galactose, hexosamine, and sialic acid and a PAS-staining glycoprotein with an approximate molecular weight of 95,000. This glycoprotein is extensively degraded by Pronase, but only when the structure of the deposits has been destroyed by organic solvent extraction. The nonlipid residue also contains several polypeptides with subunit molecular weights of 26,000–38,000. The deposits appear as a series of twisted bilayers, each 60 A thick when prepared by freeze-etching methods. These bilayers are considered to be densely packed since staining methods visualize only the external surface.
Ram Accelerator Operating Limits, Part 2: Nature of Observed Limits

The causes of unstarts, which limit the operation of ram accelerators, are investigated. Prior experiments have identified distinct limits as functions of the projectile Mach number and the energy content of the propellant mixture. When a ram accelerator projectile enters a very energetic mixture, a normal shock is immediately driven in front of it. The mechanism of this unstart was examined by stripping the driving combustion wave from the projectile before it entered the test mixture. The projectile in this case was able to coast supersonically without unstart, which suggests the unstart mechanism is a surge of the driving combustion wave past the projectile throat. In less energetic mixtures, projectiles are able to accelerate beyond the detonation speed of the mixture before unstarting. This unstart mechanism was investigated by changing the projectile material from Mg to Al and from Al to Ti, which allowed the projectile to accelerate to even higher Mach numbers. These results show the unstart mechanism in these cases to be a projectile structural effect, not a gasdynamic phenomenon. An experiment with an all-Ti projectile was able to withstand the intense heat transfer environment in the ram accelerator.
The Effects of Pentoxifylline on Pulmonary Function Following Smoke Inhalation

Abstract Bronchopulmonary injury secondary to smoke inhalation is a significant comorbid factor following major thermal trauma. The present study evaluates the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on pulmonary function in art ovine model of inhalation injury. Following smoke exposure to produce a moderate inhalation injury, 16 animals were divided into two groups. Group 1 animals (n = 8) were untreated; Group 2 animals (n = 8) were treated continuously with pentoxifylline following smoke exposure. The animals were observed in the unintubated, awake state for 48 hr. Cardiopulmonary variables and blood gases were measured serially. Ventilation perfusion distribution (VA/Q), analyzed using the multiple inert gas elimination technique, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed at 48 hr. The wet to dry lung weight ratio was measured following necropsy. In Group 2, the progressive hypoxemia observed following smoke inhalation was attenuated with less VA /Q mismatching than in Group 1 (P
Infantile cortical hyperostosis of the scapula presenting as an ipsilateral Erb's palsy

Proctor, N. S. F. : Placental bilharzlasls. Report of a case, S. Afr. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 3: 76, 1965. 3. Schacher, J. F., and Hajj, S. N.: Taenla proglottid in the human uterus, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 19. 626, 1970. 4. Symmers, W. St. C.: PathoIogy of oxyurlasls with special reference to the presence of oxyuris vermicularis and its ova in the tissue, Arch. Pathol. 50: 475, 1950. 5. Ochsner, A., Debakey, E., and Dixon, L.: Complication of ascariasis requiring surgical treatment, Am. J, Dis. Child. 77: 389, 1949. 6. Phuae, V. It. H., and Schmauss, A. K.: Emboll elnes ausgewachsenen Ascaris lumbricoides in die Arterie Femoralls, Aus der Chirug. Univ-Klinik im Krankenhaus der Vietnamesisch-Deutschen Freudschaft in Hanoi, NMW 31, 1965. 7. Faust, E. C., Russel, P. F., and Jung, R. C.: Ascariasls. Clinical parsitology, ed. 8, Philadelphia, 1970, Lea & Febiger, Publishers, p. 338. 8. Phan, T.: Eclosion larvaire intracorporelle des oeufs d'ascaris erratiques chez un garcon de 4 arts, Pathol. Microbiol. 28: 443, 1965.
Photon-scattering cross sections of H2 and He measured with synchrotron radiation

Total (elastic + inelastic) differential photon scattering cross sections have been measured for H2 gas and He, using an X-ray beam. Absolute measured cross sections agree with theory within the probable errors. Relative cross sections (normalized to theory at large S) agree to better than one percent with theoretical values calculated from wave functions that include the effect of electron-electron Coulomb correlation, but the data deviate significantly from theoretical independent-particle (e.g., Hartree-Fock) results. The ratios of measured absolute He cross sections to those of H2, at any given S, also agree to better than one percent with theoretical He-to-H2 cross-section ratios computed from correlated wave functions. It appears that photon scattering constitutes a very promising tool for probing electron correlation in light atoms and molecules.
Nearly trapped internal edge waves in a geophysical ocean

Abstract Refractively trapped, mode-one, linear, internal edge waves are found along the simple coastal topography of a step-shelf bordering a constant-depth, non-rotating ocean. As total reflection at the shelf break is impossible, these nearly trapped internal edge waves always radiate some energy to the deep sea. They are shown to be the internal counterparts of the highly trapped, surface edge waves in a uniformly stratified ocean.
The communication of mental health information: A comparison of the opinions of experts and the public with mass media presentations.

With the advent of television, the impact of information disseminated by such media upon the general public has aroused much interest and speculation. This study presents a comparison of the opinions about mental health problems held by experts (psychologists and psychiatrists) and the general public with the points of view expressed and portrayed in the mass media of communication. A content analysis of the media indicates that it presents ideas about mental health which are further removed from the opinions of experts than are the opinions held by the average man.
DIFFUSION-THERMO EFFECTS ON HEAT TRANSFER FROM A CYLINDER IN CROSS FLOW

Measurements are described of the distributions of the heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic wall temperature around a 3-in.-o.d. circular cylinder with a stainless steel woven wire porous wall, and with its axis normal to a low-speed air stream. Helium was injected through the cylinder wall into the boundary layer at an approximately uniform rate per unit area of outside cylinder surface in the range of 5.45 to 25.8 lbm/hr-ft2. The range of freestream velocity was 62.9 to 99.0 fps and of freestream Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter 1.01 X 10 5 to 1.59 X 105. It was determined that, when the heat exchange between cylinder and air stream was zero, the wall temperature exceeded the freestream temperature by up to 86 °F, depending upon location on cylinder circumference, helium injection rate, freestream velocity, and properties. This phenomenon is due to the diffusion-thermo effect. The measured heat transfer coefficients at the forward stagnation point agreed fairly well with analyses that did not include the diffusion-thermo effect provided that the heat transfer coefficient was denned with the difference between the wall temperature and the adiabatic wall temperature.
Wound Healing of Incisions Closed with a Cyanoacrylate Adhesive

Abstract Young channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were incised through the peritoneal wall and the wounds were closed with a cyanoacrylate adhesive. Postoperative survival of test fish was 100% compared to 87% for control fish (fish that were handled like test fish but not incised). There was no difference in postoperative bacterial infection rates between test and control groups. Histological evaluation showed that wound healing was essentially complete within 14 d of surgery. Inflammatory responses were minor during this time and absent by day 14. Adhesions between incised tissue and the peritoneal viscera were observed in 60% of test fish; these adhesions slowed but did not alter the course of wound healing.
A Response to the Critics of Nicaea and Its Legacy

Let me turn in this “Response” to the concerns of those who have been unhappy with particular features of Nicaea and Its Legacy. Although the bulk of my discussion will be taken up with the responses of Khaled Anatolios and John Behr, I want also to range a little more widely. For the most part, criticisms of my book Nicaea have stemmed as much from opposition to my overall attitude towards the task of historical theology as from opposition to my interpretation of particular episodes of the fourth century. A range of related questions focuses on the relationship between the good practice of theology and the implications of the forms of modern historical consciousness that I have clearly found persuasive. The three critics that I engage here all seem to me to be pushing in directions that (consciously or unconsciously) inappropriately restrict the scope and character of theological—and particularly of historical theological—investigation. I must confess at the beginning of this discussion that I assumed the majority of negative responses to my project as a whole (as opposed to negative responses to particular sections of the argument) would come from what might be termed the theological “left”: those who are convinced by some of the fundamental lines of post-Enlightenment and recent liberal critique of classical Christian tradition. It has, however, been fascinating to see other critics emerge from what might perhaps be termed the theological “right”: those sympathetic to modern attempts to retrieve the centrality of classical Christian texts, theologians, and exegetical methods. Both forms of critique demand a response.
Loss of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 Attenuates Adipocyte Inflammation Effects of Adipocyte-Derived Oleate

Background and Purpose— Adipose inflammation is crucial to the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. This study aimed at identify the effects of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) on the inflammatory response of a paracrine network involving adipocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Methods and Results— Loss of SCD1 in both genetic (Agouti) and diet-induced obesity (high-fat diet) mouse models prevented inflammation in white adipose tissue and improved its basal insulin signaling. In SCD1-deficient mice, white adipose tissue exhibited lower inflammation, with a reduced response to lipopolysaccharide in isolated adipocytes, but not in peritoneal macrophages. Mimicking the in vivo paracrine regulation of white adipose tissue inflammation, SCD1-deficient adipocyte-conditioned medium attenuated the induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α/interleukin 1β gene expression in RAW264.7 macrophages and reduced the adhesion response in endothelial cells. We further demonstrated that the adipocyte-derived oleate...
Participants’ responsibilities in clinical research

Discussions on the ethics and regulation of clinical research have a great deal to say about the responsibilities of investigators, sponsors, research institutions and institutional review boards, but very little about the responsibilities of research participants. In this article, we discuss the responsibilities of participants in clinical research. We argue that competent adult participants are responsible for complying with study requirements and fulfilling other obligations they undertake when they make an informed choice to enroll in a study. These responsibilities are based on duties related to promise-keeping, avoiding harm to one's self or others, beneficence and reciprocity. Investigators and research staff should inform participants about their responsibilities during the consent process, and should stress the importance of fulfilling study requirements. They should address any impediments to compliance, and they may provide participants with financial incentives for meeting study requirements. In very rare cases, coercive measures may be justified to prevent immanent harm to others resulting from non-compliance with study requirements.
Resource virtualization in real-time CORBA middleware

Middleware for parallel and distributed systems is designed to virtualize computation and communication resources so that a more abstract and consistent view of those resources is presented to the applications that use them. Providing such a consistent virtualization in distributed real-time and embedded systems becomes increasingly challenging due to application constraints such as timeliness and resource constraints such as CPU speed, power, memory, and bandwidth limitations, which also must be considered.This paper describes several examples of real-time CORBA middleware and examines how different constraints impact the way in which resources are virtualized in each case. Particular attention is paid to which details are hidden from users of the middleware, which details are exposed in the middleware's programming model, and how the hidden and exposed details interact to shape middleware design and implementation choices.
Functional anatomy of the cardiovascular system: professional development for PreK-3 teachers using a "train and equip" method results in learning opportunities for students.

Preadolescent students are interested in learning the structure and function of the human body. However, their teachers are not trained in this content. The purpose of this project was to expand a successful outreach effort in the health sciences for grade 7–12 teachers to include PreK-3 teachers. A “Healthy Hearts” workshop was offered to train the teachers in relevant content and also to give them a resource kit of supplies and equipment to facilitate the transference of the training into educational opportunities for their students. The workshop included many role-playing activities and use of all items in the resource kit. A total of 25 workshops were conducted in 14 different community locations with 716 PreK-3 teachers attending from 169 communities representing 59 (79%) of the state's 75 counties. African American (AA) teacher participation was 35%, twice the state AA population rate and 3.5× the AA public school teacher rate. Pre to Posttest scores increased an average of 15%. The results of the evaluation measures regarding the workshop and the transference of the training and use of resource kit items into learning opportunities for students were excellent. Universities have the capability, perhaps the responsibility, to provide the much-needed professional development training to PreK-12 teachers. Anatomists in medical and nonmedical school settings are well positioned to participate in this process and help close the gap between the interest young children have in learning about the human body and the lack of teacher training in this content. Anat Sci Ed 1:119–125, 2008. © 2008 American Association of Anatomists.
Phase I Trial of Spiromustine (NSC 172112) and Evaluation of Toxicity and Schedule in a Murine Model

Abstract Phase I evaluation of spiromustine was performed using an every-3-week schedule and a weekly × 3 schedule. Neurotoxicity was the dose-limiting toxicity presenting as alterations in cortical integrative functions (orientation, language, coordination), leading to a decrease in the level of consciousness. Traditional criteria for grading neurotoxicity poorly characterized these toxicities. The maximum tolerated dose was 6 mg/m2 every 3 weeks and 3 mg/m2 weekly × 3. Concurrent murine studies confirmed spiromustine as a schedule independent drug with toxicity correlating with peak plasma levels. Physostigmine had little effect on decreasing neurotoxicity in the murine model. The solvating agent used was not responsible for the neurotoxicity. Injection of spiromustine on a split-dose schedule decreased the acute neurological toxicity in mice and allowed a larger total dosage to be delivered (compared to single bolus dosage). Based on these results a split-dose schedule is suggested for future clinical trials.
Newcomer integration and learning in technical support communities for open source software

In this paper we present results of an NSF funded project on exploring and understanding cyber learning that happens in online open source software (OSS) communities for technical support. We look across multiple OSS support communities (Firefox, Java, and Koha) to understand the behavior of newcomers in these communities, the role that the community response plays in their continued participation and newcomer best practices. We found that newcomers are not a homogenous group and majority of them display "model" behavior. We also found out that community response is critical for continued participation of newcomers. In our dataset, almost all non returning newcomers can be attributed to receiving no reply or a condescending reply from the community. We found that one third of newcomers' transition into a role of help givers in the community and demonstrate evidence of learning. We also highlight best practices for newcomers to be successful in these online communities.
The animal nature of spontaneous human laughter

Abstract Laughter is a universally produced vocal signal that plays an important role in human social interaction. Researchers have distinguished between spontaneous and volitional laughter, but no empirical work has explored possible acoustic and perceptual differences. If spontaneous laughter is an honest signal of cooperative intent (e.g., derived from play breathing patterns), then the ability to mimic these sounds volitionally could have shaped perceptual systems to be attuned to aspects of spontaneous laughs that are harder to fake—features associated with phylogenetically older vocal control mechanisms. We extracted spontaneous laughs from conversations between friends and volitional laughs elicited by instruction without other provocation. In three perception experiments we found that, 1) participants could distinguish between spontaneous and volitional laughter, 2) when laugh speed was increased (duration decreased 33% and pitch held constant), all laughs were judged as more "real," with judgment accuracy increasing for spontaneous laughter and decreasing for volitional laughter, and 3) when the laughs were slowed down (duration increased 260% and pitch altered proportionally), participants could not distinguish spontaneous laughs from nonhuman vocalizations but could identify volitional laughs as human-made. These findings and acoustic data suggest that spontaneous and volitional laughs are produced by different vocal systems, and that spontaneous laughter might share features with nonhuman animal vocalizations that volitional laughter does not.
Investigation of homologous series of fatty acids by TLC. Part IV. Separation on RP18 plates with ternary mobile phases

Fatty acids from heptanoic to eicosanoic have been separated on RP-18 HPTLC plates, with and without concentrating zone, with methanol-ethanol-water, methanol- n -propanol-water, and ethanol- n -propanol-water mixtures as mobile phases. The best chromatographic conditions for separation of the fatty acids were RP-18 plates without concentrating zone and methanol-ethanol-water, 45 + 45 + 10 ( v/v as mobile phase, and RP-18 plates with concentrating zone and methanol-ethanol-water or methanol- n -propanol-water, 45 + 45 + 10 ( v/v ), as mobile phases. Taking into consideration previous results of our research we can state that the best RP HPTLC separations of fatty acids have been obtained on RP-18 plates without concentrating zone and with methanol-water, 95 + 5 ( v/v ), as mobile phase, and on RP-18 plates with concentrating zone with methanol-water, 90 + 10 or 95 + 5, 100% methanol, ethanol-water, 95 + 5 or 90 + 10 ( v/v ), or methanol-ethanol-water or methanol- n -propanol-water, 45 + 45 + 10 ( v/v ), a...