cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamic model for microgrinding spherical optical surfaces

A dynamic model for microgrinding spherical optical surfacesNatarajan Venkataraman and Roger F. GansDepartment of Mechanical Engineering& The Center for Optics ManufacturingUniversity of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627ABSTRACTCurrent research in microgrinding spherical optical surfaces shows that undesired marks are often producedon the ground surface. We speculate that vibrations during the microgrinding process may be the cause of thesemarks, and propose a model for the dynamics of the process, in an attempt to eliminate the cutter marks andimprove the quality of the finished surface. We use Lagrangian mechanics to model the tool-workpiece systemand evaluate the effects of simple forcing functions acting on the tool-workpiece system. In preparation forfuture full analyses we find that even simple non-axial vibrations can lead to intermittent tool-work contact.Keywords: microgrinding, dynamics, vibrations, spherical optical surfaces, cutter marks1. INTRODUCTIONMicrogrinding is gaining popularity as a technology to quickly produce precision optical surfaces at lowercost. Experiments with microgrinding show that grinding spherical surfaces leaves "petal" shaped marks (calledcutter marks) on the ground surface, resulting in a poor surface finish. The cause of these marks could be thematerial properties of the elements involved (ie. the glass, the abrasive bonding material of the tool and thegrinding fluid' ) and/or the vibrations and vibratory forces between the grinding tool and the workpiece duringthe grinding process.2 We adopt the latter viewpoint and propose a model for the dynamics of the microgrindingprocess with a view towards eventual control of the vibrations.The dynamics of the system is nonlinear, owing to the interaction between the tool and the workpiece. Whilethere are many models for the single point cutting process,36 few models exist for the grinding process,79which owes its complexity to the multiple-point contact between the tool and the workpiece, making the problemboth three dimensional and highly nonlinear. We focus on the Opticam SX, a machine tool system used forgrinding optical surfaces, and consider the coupled dynamics of the tool and the workpiece, modeled as a slowlyrotating spherical optical surface fed into a rapidly rotating inclined grinding tool. We use the Euler-Lagrangeequations to derive the equations of motion. This paper presents tool motions for simple loading at the cuttinginterface.2. FORMULATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION2.1. Defining the coordinate systemsThe following coordinate systems are defined to describe the motions of the tool and the workpiece. The
Bioconversion of lignin model compounds with oleaginous Rhodococci

Although economically efficient biomass conversion depends on the utilization of the complete cell wall (biorefinery concept), including polysaccharides and lignin, current biofuels research concentrate mostly on cellulose conversion, while lignin is viewed as a side-product that is used primarily as a thermal resource. Microbiological conversion of lignin is almost exclusive to fungi, usually resulting in increased cell mass and lignolytic enzymes. Some bacteria can also degrade lignin-related compounds using the β-ketoadipate pathway; for example, Rhodococcus opacus DSM 1069 can degrade coniferyl alcohol and grow on it as sole carbon source. Moreover, this strain belongs to the actinomycetes group that is also known for oleaginous species with lipid accumulation over 20%. Present work shows that R. opacus DSM 1069 and PD630 strains under nitrogen limiting conditions can convert lignin model compounds into triacylglycerols, also known as neutral lipids. 4-Hydroxybenzoic and vanillic acid lignin model compounds were used as sole carbon sources, and after brief adaptation periods, the cells not only began growing but accumulated lipids to the level of oleaginicity. These lipids were extracted for transesterification and analysis of fatty acid methyl esters showed good composition for biodiesel applications with no aromatics. Furthermore, the two strains showed distinct substrate metabolism and product profiles.
Ectopic pregnancy in adolescents.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Ectopic pregnancy continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality in women. Tubal damage is the likely cause of ectopic pregnancy. Healthcare providers who care for adolescents must screen for and treat sexually transmitted diseases like Chlamydia in order to decrease the risk of tubal damage and ectopic pregnancy. Smoking is a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy and teens should be encouraged to never start smoking or to quit if they already do smoke. Though ectopic pregnancy is more likely to occur in adults teens are at risk as well and early diagnosis allows for the possibility of conservative management. RECENT FINDINGS: Any teen who presents with amenorrhea pain or vaginal bleeding should be evaluated for a possible ectopic pregnancy. Adolescents are more likely to present with pain than adults. Transvaginal ultrasound should be performed and if an intrauterine pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy is not clearly seen correlation with serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels is done. If the beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level is above the discriminatory zone of 1500 mIU and the transvaginal ultrasound does not show an intrauterine pregnancy ectopic pregnancy should be suspected. SUMMARY: Unruptured ectopic pregnancy may be treated with expectant management surgical management or medical management (methotrexate). Healthy teens with unruptured ectopic pregnancies and who are able and willing to undergo close surveillance may be treated with methotrexate. There are case reports of successful treatment of ectopic pregnancy with methotrexate in adolescents.
Windows in the sky: flow control in SNA networks with satellite links

Geosynchronous communications satellites provide a unique means of high-speed computer-to-computer transmission of large volumes of data over long distances. The physical distances involved in transmitting to and from the satellites cause relatively long propagation delays for messages. In order that the high bandwidth be used effectively, large quantities of data have to be transmitted before pausing for an acknowledgment. This condition creates a potential for some new and unique types of traffic jams. This paper discusses these situations in the context of Systems Network Architecture (SNA) networks. In particular, the issues related to SNA's flow control and traffic management facilities in the presence of satellite links are discussed, along with potential solutions to ensure efficient network operation.
Structural phase transitions of the Si(100) surface

Abstract A Monte Carlo study of the structural phase transitions on the Si(100) surface for both the “(2×1)” and “c(2×2)” reconstruction families is carried out using the asymmetric dimer model. A second order phase transition is observed at about 250 K from a p(2×2) (layered antiferromagnetic) to a disordered (paramagnetic) state in the “2×1” family. A similar transition is observed about 800 K from a c(2×2) (ferromagnetic) to a disordered state in the “c(2×2)” family. These results are in agreement with real-space renormalization group results. The variation of the specific heat, susceptability and the absolute value of the order parameter as a function of temperature is obtained in the range 200 to 300 K for the “2×1” family and 750 to 850 K for the “c(2×2)” family. Also, the order parameter correlation function is computed for ten different temperatures in the above ranges.
Acknowledging and appreciating the full spectrum of the human condition: School Psychology's (limited) focus on positive psychological functioning

This study is a content analysis of a random selection of 20% (N = 1,168) of articles from School Psychology Quarterly, Psychology in the Schools, the Journal of School Psychology, and School Psychology Review. Across the four journals, 27% of the articles had a positive focus, and the percentage of articles focused on the positive has been between 25% and 33% for the past 50 years. Of the 76 positive constructs/processes we coded for, 51% were not discussed/operationalized. Furthermore, topics that have received much recent research attention with adults and much attention in the media were rarely studied, if at all. For example, happiness was the topic of four articles, optimism was the topic of three, and purpose/meaning was the topic of none. Although studying pathology is important, we urge school psychologists to devote more attention to making contributions to a science and practice that give equal attention to positive well-being. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AN ECONOMIC ALTERNATIVE TO CONCESSIONAL FARM INTEREST RATES: REPLY

A variable amortization plan is proposed, indexing annual payments made by farm mortgage borrowers. A debt reserve balance also is proposed to stabilize payments received by lenders. Research implied by the proposal is outlined, together with modelling suggestions for investigating effects of the plan on farm income after debt servicing requirements have been met.
The Cultural Roots of Science

Throughout this book on scientific method we have repeatedly stressed how little “method” there really is in science. There is no set of prescribed rules which, when followed, will lead unerringly to the truth. Instead, progress is made by reliance on the judgment of individuals who must choose among a complex set of possible strategies that are often in conflict with each other. Progress in science depends more on intuition than on explicit procedures.
Tribological Behavior of Amorphous Hydrogenated Carbon Films on Silicon

Unlike polycrystalline diamond films, amorphous hydrogenated carbon (AHC) films can be deposited at room temperature, are amorphous in atomic structure, andform very smooth surfaces. Amorphous hydrogenated carbon film consists of very small 10-20 A sp 2 bonded (graphitic) clusters captured in a largely sp 3 co-ordinated, partially hydrogenated random network of covalently bonded carbon. Because of the extreme stiffness of the carbon-carbon bond, this hydrocarbon composite, less dense even than graphite, exhibits hardness rivaling that of the hardest ceramics
Effects of DDD on Steroid Response and Blood Flow Through the Adrenal After ACTH.

ConclusionsTechnical DDD fed to dogs in 200 mg/kg doses once daily for 3 days resulted in histologically normal adrenal glands which responded to ACTH with the expected increase in blood flow, but demonstrated a low resting secretion rate of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, which did not increase after administration of ACTH. Dogs fed a similar 3 doses and allowed to continue normal diet for 18 days showed adrenals with definite changes in the cortex which did respond to ACTH with the expected increase of steroid secretion but showed usual increase in blood flow. These data are interpreted to mean that the vasodilating factor of commercial ACTH is separate from steroid formation and/or releasing factor(s) and possibly the vasodilating factor may act on medullary or extracapsular vasculature. Capacity of the cortical parenchymal cells to form and/or release 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, as influenced by DDD, does not parallel histological changes observed in standard hematoxylin and eosin preparations.
The Design of the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia Study

This paper describes the Prenatal Determinants of Schizophrenia (PDS) Study; three companion papers report the first results. The PDS Study was designed to study early antecedents of schizophrenia in a birth cohort of 1959-1967 for whom a wealth of archived prenatal data--including maternal sera--was available. Making use of the registries of a health plan into which the cohort was born, we ascertained and then diagnosed 71 cases of schizophrenia and spectrum disorders in the cohort. We describe herein the available prenatal data, the process of case diagnosis, and the strategies used to analyze prenatal determinants of schizophrenia in this cohort. Data are presented that bear on the main sources of potential bias and are important to understanding the strengths and limitations of this unique data set.
CoC: a database of universally conserved residues in protein folds

Summary: The conservatism of conservatism (CoC) database presents statistically analyzed information about the conservation of residue positions in folds across protein families. Availability: On the web at http://kulibin.mit.edu/coc/ Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information: The website details the method and contains an FAQ and documentation, http://kulibin.mit.edu/coc/
Congenital heart disease infant death rates decrease as gestational age advances from 34 to 40 weeks.

Objectives To describe congenital heart disease death rates in infants born between 34 and 40 weeks, estimate the relationship between gestational age and congenital heart disease infant death rates, and compare congenital heart disease death rates across 1- and 2-week intervals in gestational age. Study design The 2000 to 2003 national linked birth/infant death cohort datasets were obtained. Congenital heart disease deaths were identified by using International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes. Proportional death rates were calculated by using congenital heart disease deaths and all live births. The relationship between congenital heart disease death rates and gestational age was determined. Death rates were compared across intervals. Results A total of 14.9 million records were analyzed. Congenital heart disease deaths occurred in 4736 infants (0.04%) born between 34 and 40 weeks. There was a significant, negative linear relationship between congenital heart disease death rate and gestational age (R2 = 0.97). Comparisons across 1-week intervals varied (P = .02-.23). All 2-week intervals were statistically significant (P Conclusions Congenital heart disease death rates decrease as gestational age approaches 40 weeks. These results should be considered before elective delivery for the sole indication of prenatally diagnosed congenital heart disease.
A Historical Institutionalist Approach to the Uruguay Round Agricultural Negotiations

The reduction of agricultural trade barriers accomplished at the close of the Uruguay Round (UR) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is a puzzle because previous research has suggested that producer groups would always succeed in blocking liberalization efforts. The author explains this apparent puzzle through the use of a comparative historical method developed by Collier and Collier for analyzing the UR as a critical juncture. The analysis suggests that transformations in productive technology enabled producer groups to reap extraordinary economic and political rents during most of the post-World War II era. However, the fiscal crises of the 1980s provided governments an incentive to exert relative autonomy from producer groups and initiate bargaining over trade barriers. As trade barriers and the political influence of producer groups were reduced, the UR emerged as the product of a critical juncture in the transition from the Fordist to the post-Fordist mode of agricultural accumulation.
Summer vs. winter: Examining the temporal distribution of avian biodiversity to inform conservation

ABSTRACT Winter habitat quality plays a key role in avian population regulation, and conservation of winter habitat is a priority for waterfowl, shorebirds, and Neotropical migrant landbirds. Yet, there has been little discussion of the importance of conserving temperate wintering habitat for landbirds, including the billions of Neotemperate migratory landbirds that winter in the United States. The value and impact of conservation initiatives in the U.S. could be maximized by accommodating the habitat requirements of bird communities throughout the full annual cycle, particularly in the southern and western U.S. where winter species richness is concentrated. To estimate the degree to which winter bird communities should be a conservation priority, we examined the temporal distribution of avian diversity using riparian habitat in the lower Cosumnes River and lower Putah Creek watersheds in California's Central Valley. We used hierarchical multispecies occupancy models to estimate seasonal species richness ...
Self-cybernetics: Toward an integrated model of self-concept processes

An attempt is made in this paper to develop a self-cybernetic model of human behavior, explaining behavior in terms of self-concept and cybernetics. The integrated model is essentially a self-cybernetic system described as a cyclical process involving monitor, input, comparator, and output processes. The monitor component is described in terms of self-monitoring; input component is described in terms of self-perception; comparator component is described in terms of self-evaluation; and the output of the self-cybernetic system is described in terms of three psychological processes—behavior change, cognitive change, and information search. It is argued that a self-cybernetic system can be analyzed as a series of self-cybernetics cycles in time (t—1, t, t+1,…, t+n). Each self-cybernetic cycle starts out with a self-monitoring process that guides the person to monitor certain self-related information from the environment and/or activates certain self-expectancies from memory. The input serves to categorize the information as similar/dissimilar to self-expectancies evoked from memory. Information that is self-debasing attributed to the self and/or inconsistent with the evoked self-expectancy produces a stress signal forcing the individual to take corrective action through (1) cognitive change, (2) behavior change, (3) information search, or (4) a comparator operation. Cognitive change essentially involves employing one of the following three coping strategies: (1) self-concept differentiation, (2) self-concept compartmentalization, or (3) self-concept change. Behavior change involves decision making to engage in a course of action to reduce the stress. Information search involves entering into an information search cybernetic cycle having its own monitor, input, comparator, and output functions. A comparator operation involves a self-evaluation in which the self-perception (input) is evaluated in relation to a self-expectancy (referent). Unfavorable self-evaluations produce a stress signal which induces the person to engage in an output-related operation—cognitive change, behavior change, or information search.
Quark mass dependence of two-flavor QCD

I explore the rich phase diagram of two-flavor QCD as a function of the quark masses. The theory involves three parameters, including one that is $CP$ violating. As the masses vary, regions of both first- and second-order transitions are expected. For nondegenerate quarks, nonperturbative effects cease to be universal, leaving individual quark mass ratios with a renormalization scheme dependence. This raises complications in matching lattice results with perturbative schemes and demonstrates the tautology of attacking the strong $CP$ problem via a vanishing up-quark mass.
Atoms in cavities

Summary form only given. A central theme over twenty years of my interactions with Professor U. F. Walls was the radiative processes of atoms in cavities. His leadership played a critical role in the establishment and advancement of the modern field of cavity quantum electrodynamics.
Microsegregation and solidification cracking of an HR-160 weld overlay

The solidification behaviour (microsegregation, secondary phase formation, solidification temperature range) of a Haynes HR-160 weld overlay deposited on 2.25 Cr-IMo steel by gas metal arc welding has been examined. Results of differential thermal analysis and various microscopy techniques conducted on an all-weld-metal sample indicate the overlay terminates solidification at ≈1290°C by the formation of a (Ti-S)-rich second phase distributed semi-continuously along grain boundaries. The semi-continuous morphology of the second phase, combined with an increase in the solidification temperature range induced by the second phase, promoted solidification cracking in the overlay deposit. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) was used to reveal patterns of elemental segregation within the weld overlay. The EPMA data was used with basic solidification theory to estimate values for equilibrium distribution coefficients of major alloying elements and the values are found to be similar to results previously reported for Incoloy 909.
Cognitive and Social Learning Theories

Theoretical and therapeutic approaches falling under the general heading of “cognitive” and “social learning” have gained wide popularity since 1960. No single “cognitive” or “social learning theory” is uniformly accepted, although numerous approaches fit these general descriptive terms. These theories share an emphasis on the complex interaction among cognitive events and processes, affect, overt behavior, and environmental contexts and events as underlying various facets of dysfunctional behavior. Similarly, these different theories agree that learning has a pivotal role in the acquisition and maintenance of deviant and adaptive behavior, and like operant theories (but to a lesser degree), they recognize the importance of environmental consequences—particularly those provided by the social environment—in these processes. Unlike operant theories, however, cognitive social learning (CSL) theories postulate that most learning is a function of how the individual cognitively processes stimulus and consequence information. Possibly because these mediating processes are assumed to explain deviant behavior more adequately than the principles of operant and classical conditioning alone, much of CSL research and writing has been devoted to defining, examining, and defending their nature. It is in this arena that different CSL theories diverge most widely (cf. Meichenbaum & Cameron, 1982).
Causal Factors for Brain Tumor and Targeted Strategies

Every five-year plan of each advanced country in the World includes major investments toward medical care. Consequently, vast improvements have taken place, bringing in precise robotic assistance in surgery and spectacular tools for the early detection of a large number of diseases. Advanced genomics and proteomics have ushered in promises for personalized medicine for cancer patients. Yet, the most advanced countries in the World still witness the highest proportion of age-adjusted incidence of brain cancer. Here we submit an overview of the reported etiology, genetics, and epigenetics that appear to be causal to cancers, especially for brain cancers. We discuss in some detail the use and usefulness of simple natural products such as curcumin to minimize the probability of developing cancer and to counteract existing cancers, even those as deadly as primary brain tumors. In this context we address the argument that brain cancers are more of a metabolic rather than a genetic disease and then discuss the acute need for new strategies for cancer therapy. Based on the findings from many laboratories including ours, we end this review advocating strongly for an effort to follow the example of Mother Nature and develop therapeutic strategies involving relatively safe food-derived anticancer agents.
Intrauterine Position Effects on Rodent Urinary Chemosignals

In litter bearing mammals the intrauterine position of a fetus with respect to other fetuses in each of the uterine horns has profound effects on its later morphology, physiology, and behavior. This effect was first reported in rats (Clemens et al., 1978). Similar work on mice has produced a considerable knowledge concerning intrauterine position effects (vom Saal and Bronson, 1978 vom Saal and Bronson, 1980; reviews by vom Saal, 1989; vom Saal et al., 1992). Sexual differentiation of female mouse fetuses that are positioned between two males is affected by androgen from the neighboring male fetuses (vom Saal and Dhar, 1992). Females that are located in utero between two males are designated as from the 2M position, those located between two females are designated as from the 0M position (or these are sometimes referred to as 2F animals), and females positioned in utero between a male and a female are designated as 1M females. A similar terminology can be applied to males with respect to their in utero position in relation to other males.
Heat release dynamics modeling for combustion instability analysis of kinetically controlled burning

We present a heat release dynamics model which utilizes a well-stirred reactor (WSR) model and one-step kinetics to describe the unsteady combustion process. The model incorporates the linearized mass and energy equations to describe the response of the reactor to external perturbations, and is cast in the form of a first order filter. The model is able to predict the phase between the mass flow rate oscillations and the resulting heat release fluctuations, as function of the operating conditions, e.g., the mean equivalence ratio and mean mass flow rate. The model predicts a sudden shift in phase in the region between the maximum reaction rate and the blow-out limit. We show that this phase change may trigger combustion instability. We use this novel model to predict combustion instability conditions in high swirl combustion, and demonstrate that these predictions agree qualitatively with experimental studies.
Formation Airdrop Scaling Effects on Aircraft Wake Vortex Formation and Interaction

A parametric model for location and strength of aircraft wake vortices is used to determine the potential for hazardous wake vortex/personnel interaction for different operational, environmental, and formation geometry parameters across two scaling studies. In the first study, 729 variations of a four-aircraft formation resulted in 39 geometries with potential for adverse jumper-wake vortex interactions. A second six-aircraft study, with finer variations in element-to-element spacing, indicated adverse interactions in 575 of the 1,224 variations considered. In both experiments, the formations with adverse interactions included nontrival yet predictable combinations of lateral and longitudinal spacing, airspeed, and crosswind, with a noticeable lack of sensitivity to aircraft weight. These results can lead to more flexible formation airdrop planning guidelines by identifying the combinations of conditions that lead to adverse wake vortex encounters.
Commingled Bodies and Mixed and Communal Identities

The bioarchaeological analysis of commingled and fragmented skeletons would seem to inhibit the development of significant research questions that are informed by theoretical insights from the social sciences, but the opposite is more likely to be the case. This is because the mixed and broken bones require that researchers avoid simply offering descriptions of the skeletal assemblage; they must endeavor to articulate a research agenda informed, in large part, by expectations derived from a variety of social theories that aid in explaining how human societies and individuals are constituted. Further, the constitution of individuals and societies is of interest to bioarchaeologists because we aim to evaluate how those processes structure health outcomes in their broadest sense and simultaneously how those morbidity and dietary profiles structure societies and shape the human condition. Those insights are shaped by incorporating perspectives from social theory that require us to deeply evaluate issues such as the construction of individual and community identity, gender and its relationship (if at all) to skeletal sex determinations, and how, for example, the body might serve as an extended artifact, fostering, maintaining, and at times diminishing social ties. Those themes and others are more fully explicated when bioarchaeologists analyze both intact and commingled human remains.
Gene Therapy for Hemoglobinopathies: Tremendous Successes and Remaining Caveats.

β -globinopathies (sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia) are the most common monogenic disorders worldwide that are potentially amenable to gene therapy. Proof-of-concept studies done 15 years ago, which showed correction of murine models of hemoglobinopathies, have gone through the rigors of preclinical safety and efficacy testing, and are now showing clinical promise both in β-thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia. Lentivirus-mediated gene replacement therapy with erythroid-specific expression of the globin gene appears safe thus far.
Extremum seeking control of a nonholonomic system with sensor constraints

This paper presents an extremum seeking control (ESC) scheme for mobile robots with nonholonomic constraints. Many sensors, such cameras, have a limited field of view. If a target function is based on these sensors, correct robot orientation is critical for maximizing the target function. Our approach is novel in that it will maximize a target function that is a function of robot position and orientation, while overcoming the nonholonomic constraints that prevent simple motion along the gradient of all degrees of freedom. Stability analysis proves our ESC scheme is well behaved and the robot will settle in the neighborhood of a maximum of the target function. Simulation and experiment results elucidate performance for different tasks.
Issues of Interferences in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

Therapeutic drug management (TDM) is performed to optimize and personalize drug therapy. Commonly monitored drug classes include antiarrhythmics, anticonvulsants, immunosuppressants, neuroleptics, and some antibiotics. Quantitative measurement of drug and/or drug metabolite concentrations in blood is an important part of TDM, and it is performed using both immunoassay and chromatographic methods. Interferences that compromise accuracy of TDM results may lead to inappropriate dose adjustments that could have life-threatening consequences to patients. As such, identification and prevention of errors associated with TDM is critical. Sources of interferences may be endogenous or exogenous, and they may interfere with specific technologies in a direct or indirect manner. By understanding vulnerabilities in various analytical technologies to interferences, and some of the common sources of interferences, such interferences can be identified and either managed or prevented. In this chapter, pre-analytical and analytical interferences that have been reported to affect TDM are discussed, and specific drug, technology, and case examples are provided.
Trends in Pharmacologic Interventions for Preventing Recurrence of Crohn's Disease After Ileocolonic Surgery.

BACKGROUND Prophylactic treatment of postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) plays a critical role in maintaining clinical remission. We performed the first study in the last decade to examine secular trends in the use of pharmacologic interventions after ileocolonic resection in the United States, to understand whether clinical practice converges with recent advances in scientific knowledge. METHODS A retrospective study of a U.S. national claims database was performed. The study cohort included 106 CD patients in the years 1999 to 2001 (prebiologic era) and 294 CD patients in the years 2009 to 2011 (postbiologic era), who underwent ileocolonic resection. Medication use in the 12 months after the surgery was examined. RESULTS Significant variations in care were evident in both study periods. Across the 2 study periods, there was an increased use of biologics (from 0% to 36.4%) and a substantial reduction in the use of 5-aminosalicylic acid (from 50.9% to 28.2%; P < 0.0001). Therapeutic interventions that have been found ineffective in published studies continued to be widely applied: one-third of patients were prescribed corticosteroids, and several cases of prolonged use of corticosteroids or antibiotics were observed in both cohorts. Disease behavior (penetrating, stricturing, or nonpenetrating and nonstricturing) was not associated with the choice of postoperative therapeutic interventions, with the exception of an increased use of antibiotics among patients with penetrating disease. CONCLUSIONS There is a substantial gap between advances in postoperative care for ileocolonic CD and clinical practice. Strategies to expedite the integration of new knowledge and evidence into practice are urgently needed.
Making good choices: toward a theory of well-being in medicine.

The principle of beneficence directs healthcare practitioners to promote patients’ well-being, ensuring that the patients’ best interests guide treatment decisions. Because there are a number of distinct theories of well-being that could lead to different conclusions about the patient’s good, a careful consideration of which account is best suited for use in the medical context is needed. While there has been some discussion of the differences between subjective and objective theories of well-being within the bioethics literature, less attention has been given to the questions of what work a theory of well-being needs to do in bioethics and which standards of success ought to be used in selecting a theory of well-being for use in medicine. In this article, I argue that traditional theories of well-being developed in philosophy are not well suited to meet the needs of the medical context. For the principle of beneficence to be most useful, the underlying account of well-being should satisfy two conditions: first, it needs to lead to a concrete, action-guiding determination of the patient’s good; and, second, any recommendations it offers need to be justifiable to patients. Standard accounts of well-being have difficulty satisfying both conditions. Exploring the limitations of these theories when applied to treatment dilemmas helps point the way toward the development of an account of well-being better suited to healthcare.
Photodriven hydrogen evolution by molecular catalysts using Al2O3-protected perylene-3,4-dicarboximide on NiO electrodes.

The design of efficient hydrogen-evolving photocathodes for dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) requires the incorporation of molecular light absorbing chromophores that are capable of delivering reducing equivalents to molecular proton reduction catalysts at rates exceeding those of charge recombination events. Here, we report the functionalization and kinetic analysis of a nanostructured NiO electrode with a modified perylene-3,4-dicarboximide chromophore (PMI) that is stabilized against degradation by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of thick insulating Al2O3 layers. Following photoinduced charge injection into NiO in high yield, films with Al2O3 layers demonstrate longer charge separated lifetimes as characterized via femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical techniques. The photoelectrochemical behavior of the electrodes in the presence of Co(II) and Ni(II) molecular proton reduction catalysts is examined, revealing reduction of both catalysts. Under prolonged irradiation, evolved H2 is directly observed by gas chromatography supporting the applicability of PMI embedded in Al2O3 as a photocathode architecture in DSPECs.
When the Elderly Turn to Petty Crime: Increasing Elderly Arrest Rates in an Aging Population

Declines in offending in older age have been consistently observed in nearly every criminological study to date. Because of this, theories that address offending in older life focus exclusively on ...
Pyroelectric response in crystalline hafnium zirconium oxide (Hf1-xZrxO2) thin films

Pyroelectric coefficients were measured for 20 nm thick crystalline hafnium zirconium oxide (Hf1-xZrxO2) thin films across a composition range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. Pyroelectric currents were collected near room temperature under zero applied bias and a sinusoidal oscillating temperature profile to separate the influence of non-pyroelectric currents. The pyroelectric coefficient was observed to correlate with zirconium content, increased orthorhombic/tetragonal phase content, and maximum polarization response. The largest measured absolute value was 48 μCm−2 K−1 for a composition with x = 0.64, while no pyroelectric response was measured for compositions which displayed no remanent polarization (x = 0, 0.91, and 1).
Consciously Decoupling: A Response to Professors Barry, Hatfield and Kominers

In their Article, On Derivatives Markets and Social Welfare: A Theory of Empty Voting and Hidden Ownership, Professors Jordan M. Barry, John William Hatfield, and Scott Duke Kominers offer a compelling addition to the still-burgeoning discussion of the bifurcation of voting rights and ownership interests. The practice of decoupling the long-fused voting rights of shareholders from their underlying economic interests has become all too common with the explosive growth of the financial derivatives markets. Such decoupling efforts challenge assumptions embedded in our capital markets, test our system of corporate governance, and strain a regulatory regime based on disclosure. Decoupling practices, which seemed both clever and innovative in their earliest days, now represent a growing threat to corporate law.This short Response attempts to further advance the discussion and proceeds in four parts. Part I offers a brief summary of the types of decoupling the Article addresses and highlights the complex and dynamic nature of the subject. Part II addresses the Article’s most lasting contribution — the introduction of an alternative “core outcome” model by which particular decoupling tactics can be better analyzed. Part III attempts to persuade the reader that decoupling is, by its very nature, upsetting to the natural order, and its persistence threatens the predictability and stability of the overall market. Finally, Part IV concludes the Response with a brief summary of the Article’s contribution and a hope that focus on a desirable explanatory model does not siphon attention from efforts underway to improve the quality and depth of the information available to market participants.
Picture Perfect: Using Photographic Previews to Enhance Realia Collections for Library Patrons and Staff

Like many academic libraries, the Ferris Library for Information, Technology, and Education (FLITE) acquires a range of materials, including learning objects, to best suit our students’ needs. Some of these objects, such as the educational manipulatives and anatomical models, are common to academic libraries but others, such as the tabletop games, are not. After our liaison to the School of Education, Kristy Motz, discovered some accessibility issues with Innovative Interfaces' Media Manager module, we decided to examine all three of our realia collections to determine what our goals in providing catalog records and visual representations would be. Once we concluded that we needed photographic previews to both enhance discovery and speed circulation service, choosing processing methods for each collection became much easier. This article will discuss how we created enhanced records for all three realia collections including custom metadata, links to additional materials, and photographic previews.
An experimental investigation of the interpersonal ramifications of lateness to workplace meetings

Individuals often attend meetings at work to which at least one person arrives late. Building from attributional theories of interpersonal behaviour, we conducted an experiment to determine the cognitive, affective, and behavioural components of people's reactions to meeting lateness. Participants read one of eight experimental vignettes that described someone arriving 5 or 15 min late to an important or unimportant meeting, after which the person who arrived late offered either a controllable or an uncontrollable reason for being late. Participants reported greater anger and a willingness to punish the late arrival who gave a controllable excuse, whereas sympathy and prosocial intentions followed the late arrival who gave an uncontrollable excuse. To establish generalizability, we replicated the results using a survey of workers who reported on their thoughts and experiences in their last meeting to which someone arrived late. Overall, our findings also indicated that accounting for the severity of the transgression uniquely contributed to emotional and behaviour reactions, which is an improvement on existing attributional models. Practitioner points Arriving late to workplace meetings can have negative effects on interpersonal relationships, despite the prevalence of the behaviour. Organizations and managers should encourage all meeting attendees to arrive to meetings on time – this avoids the negative effects of lateness and also sets the stage for positive meeting interactions. Managers can take steps to mitigate the effects of lateness if it occurs. Agendas should be flexible to allow the movement of discussion points if someone arrives late.
Stability analysis in spatial modeling of cell signaling

Advances in high-resolution microscopy and other techniques have emphasized the spatio-temporal nature of information transfer through signal transduction pathways. The compartmentalization of signaling molecules and the existence of microdomains are now widely acknowledged as key features in biochemical signaling. To complement experimental observations of spatio-temporal dynamics, mathematical modeling has emerged as a powerful tool. Using modeling, one can not only recapitulate experimentally observed dynamics of signaling molecules, but also gain an understanding of the underlying mechanisms in order to generate experimentally testable predictions. Reaction-diffusion systems are commonly used to this end; however, the analysis of coupled nonlinear systems of partial differential equations, generated by considering large reaction networks is often challenging. Here, we aim to provide an introductory tutorial for the application of reaction-diffusion models to the spatio-temporal dynamics of signaling pathways. In particular, we outline the steps for stability analysis of such models, with a focus on biochemical signal transduction. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2018, 10:e1395. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1395 This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Analytical and Computational Methods > Dynamical Methods Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models.
Recent Patterns in Shared Decision Making for Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing in the United States.

PURPOSE Previous studies report infrequent use of shared decision making for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing. It is unknown whether this pattern has changed recently considering increased emphasis on shared decision making in prostate cancer screening recommendations. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine recent changes in shared decision making. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study among men aged 50 years and older in the United States using 2010 and 2015 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data (n = 9,598). Changes in receipt of shared decision making were expressed as adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analyses were stratified on PSA testing (recent [in the past year] or no testing). Elements of shared decision making assessed included the patient being informed about the advantages only, advantages and disadvantages, and full shared decision making (advantages, disadvantages, and uncertainties). RESULTS Among men with recent PSA testing, 58.5% and 62.6% reported having received ≥1 element of shared decision making in 2010 and 2015, respectively (P = .054, aPR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.98–1.11). Between 2010 and 2015, being told only about the advantages of PSA testing significantly declined (aPR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71–0.96) and full shared decision making prevalence significantly increased (aPR = 1.51; 95% CI, 1.28–1.79) in recently tested men. Among men without prior PSA testing, 10% reported ≥1 element of shared decision making, which did not change with time. CONCLUSION Between 2010 and 2015, there was no increase in shared decision making among men with recent PSA testing though there was a shift away from only being told about the advantages of PSA testing towards full shared decision making. Many men receiving PSA testing did not receive shared decision making.
Poverty, Neighborhoods, Persistent Stress, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Outcomes: A Qualitative Study of the Patients' Perspective.

Objective To obtain the perspective of individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) regarding the role of poverty, neighborhood, and chronic stress in SLE outcomes. Methods Through annual structured interviews as part of the Lupus Outcomes Study, 723 persons with SLE were followed from 2003 to 2015 in order to establish the effect of combinations of poverty, persistent poverty, residence in an area of concentrated poverty, access to health care, and chronic stress on accumulated damage. We obtained a sample of 28 of the 723 individuals on the basis of household income, geography, and outcomes in their last interview, and administered qualitative interviews to explore their perspectives on the impact of these factors on SLE outcomes. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results Persons in poverty frequently reported that poverty necessitated a choice to deal with food, medical care, and housing insecurity on a daily basis and to relegate their management of SLE to occurrences of disease flares. They also reported that exposure to crime in their neighborhoods was a stressor that triggered worse disease activity. Affluent participants reported that neighborhood neither helped nor hindered dealing with SLE, because they relied on networks not tied to neighborhoods to deal with SLE. Conclusion Mitigating poverty and reducing exposure to crime through moving to safer neighborhoods are factors identified by individuals with SLE as potentially critical in disease outcomes.
Sleep Disorders in Depressive Disorders

The relationship between sleep and mood holds considerable promise for understanding the neurobiology of depressive disorders. It is axiomatic that depression—whether situational, endogenous, unipolar, neurotic, or melancholic—is accompanied by sleep disturbance. However, the mood-sleep relationship is not a simple bidirectional one. For instance, most healthy subjects report little change in mood (or mild dysphoria) as a consequence of partial or total sleep deprivation, but approximately 60% of depressed patients note transient antidepressant effects after sleep deprivation. These basic observations suggest not only that mood and sleep interact with each other, but that they interact differently in depressed and nondepressed individuals.
Kernel-based spectral matched signal detectors for hyperspectral target detection

In this paper, we compare several detection algorithms that are based on spectral matched (subspace) filters. Nonlinear (kernel) versions of these spectral matched (subspace) detectors are also discussed and their performance is compared with the linear versions. Several well-known matched detectors, such as matched subspace detector, orthogonal subspace detector, spectral matched filter and adaptive subspace detector (adaptive cosine estimator) are extended to their corresponding kernel versions by using the idea of kernel-based learning theory. In kernel-based detection algorithms the data is implicitly mapped into a high dimensional kernel feature space by a nonlinear mapping which is associated with a kernel function. The detection algorithm is then derived in the feature space which is kernelized in terms of the kernel functions in order to avoid explicit computation in the high dimensional feature space. Experimental results based on real hyperspectral imagery show that the kernel versions of these detectors outperform the conventional linear detectors.