cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Are Perceptions Self-Fulfilling for Minority Entrepreneurs?

Research on minority entrepreneurs suggests that their perceptions are shaped by past outcomes. Minority entrepreneurs fear credit denial because of past rejection of financing applications. Lack of financing in turn contributes to unfavorable financial ratios for the enterprises primarily owned by minorities. These entrepreneurs then fear failure because of prior poor business performance. Such performance in turn impairs their financing relationships. With these linkages, such perceptions may exacerbate the outcomes. How perceptions may alter the outcomes for these entrepreneurs has not been explored in the entrepreneurship literature. To reconcile these negative perceptions of minority entrepreneurs with their accelerated growth in numbers, this study proposes that important differences exist among minority entrepreneurs themselves. Prior research compares the experiences of minority entrepreneurs to those of nonminority entrepreneurs. As a novel approach, this study compares cohorts of successful entrepreneurs and unsuccessful entrepreneurs separately between these groups to resolve whether the negative perceptions are warranted and to determine their previously ignored impact on financing and performance outcomes. This method also addresses whether universal factors affect the outcomes for comparable minority and nonminority entrepreneur groups.
Strategies to Increase the Donor Pool

Abstract Kidney transplantation is victim of its own success. Due to its excellent outcome, indications have expanded and more and more patients are registered in the waiting list. However, the number of available organs has not been able to rise at the same pace, and this has led to a dramatic increase of the mortality and dropout rate of patients while on the waiting list. This chapter will illustrate the strategies that are currently being devised and implemented in order to increase the supply of transplantable kidneys.
Speech-language pathologists as determiners of the human right to diversity in communication for school children in the US

AbstractArticle 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression – the right to communication. Communication is at the core of the speech-language pathology (SLP) profession. Yet, while we celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights some of our most vulnerable youth are being placed in special education at disproportional rates. School-based SLPs in the United States may be unwittingly contributing to this phenomenon, obstructing the human right to communication because of biased assessment procedures. However, increasing cultural competence, diversifying the profession, and utilising additional assessment measures are actions that can be taken to promote equity in assessment for all children.
A Practical Approach to the Use of Cyclosporine for the Treatment of Psoriasis

Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant that inhibits production of inflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. It is a rapid-acting agent that is highly effective for all types ...
On-Site 3-Dimensional Printing and Preoperative Adaptation Decrease Operative Time for Mandibular Fracture Repair.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the intraoperative time and operating room costs between patients with mandibular fractures treated with traditional adaptation and fixation and patients treated with preadapted plates created with on-site 3-dimensionally printed models. Patients and Methods We designed a prospective comparative cohort study for patients with mandibular fractures. The control group received traditional open reduction and internal fixation of their mandibular fractures. For the patients in the experimental group, a 3-dimensional (3D) model of the fractured mandible was made using an on-site 3D printer. The model then underwent osteotomy, if needed, and the plate was adapted to the model, submitted to sterilization, and implanted in the patient. The primary outcome variable was intraoperative plating time, and the secondary outcome variable was operating room cost. The groups were compared by the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results The 38 patients included in the study had a mean age of 39.6 years, and male patients comprised 81.6%. The mean time for intraoperative plate adaptation was 22.8 ± 2.1 minutes in the control group and 6.9 ± 0.3 minutes in the experimental, 3D printed group (P Conclusions This study shows that the use of 3D printers for fabrication of models to prebend maxillofacial reconstruction plates is associated with decreased operating room time and costs. Using an on-site 3D printer requires minor start-up and use costs and results in a significant reduction in operating room time, which remains one of the most expensive aspects of facial trauma care.
How do foreign initial public offerings attract investor attention? A study of the impact of language:

Language is increasingly recognized as having the ability to shape strategic outcomes. To understand language’s impact in entrepreneurial settings, we study language in the context of foreign initi...
Effect of hip position and breathing pattern on abdominal muscle activation during curl-up variations.

Recent studies have indicated that applying different breathing pattern and changes of extremity positions could be a useful way of performing challenging exercises that include coactivation of the abdominal muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of changes of breathing pattern and hip position on abdominal muscle activity during curl-up exercises. Surface electromyography responses of the rectus abdominis (RA), internal oblique (IO), external oblique (EO) muscles and rectus femoris (RF), and Borg rating of perceived exertion (Borg RPE) score were investigated during the curl up exercises. A total of 20 healthy, physically active male volunteers completed two hip positions (45° and 90° hip flexion) and three breath types (slow expiration, maximal inspiration, and maximal expiration) for curl-up variations. The curl-up with 90° of hip flexion significantly increased the muscular activities of IO, EO, RF, and Borg RPE score (P 0.05). The present study showed both the hip position and breathing pattern affect abdominal muscle activities during the curl-up exercise, especially of the oblique muscles. Among the breathing patterns investigated herein, the curl-up with maximum expiration produced greater activation of the oblique muscles compared to slow expiration and maximum inspiration.
An Empirical Effective Interaction

Cross sections for charge exchange or inelastic scattering reactions depend upon a nuclear matrix element which contains both the wavefunctions of the nuclear states involved and the effective two-body interaction Veff mediating the transition between these states. Consequently one can use these reactions as a spectroscopic tool only if one has a priori knowledge of the effective interaction. Two approaches have been taken to obtaining Veff. One of these is entirely theoretical1 in nature, beginning with a more or less accurate potential model for the bare two nucleon force. At energies below about 50 MeV, one can argue that the interaction must basically resemble that used in the nuclear shell model and a real interaction derived from the shell model G matrix has commonly been used. At energies above about 100 MeV, the impulse approximation provides a good approximation to Veff. This approach and applications of it have been discussed in detail at this conference by Love1 and by Petrovich.2
The effect of ketoconazole on steroidogenesis: I. Leydig cell enzyme activity in vitro.

The in vitro inhibition of Leydig cell microsomal steroidogenesis by ketoconazole, a potent P-450 dependent enzyme blocker, was evaluated in the human, stallion and pig. Purified Leydig cells were isolated by mechanical dispersion of teased, decapsulated whole testes and sieving through a 0.25 mm stainless steel mesh. The activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3 beta-HSD), 17-hydroxylase (17-OHase), 17,20-desmolase (17,20D), 17-ketosteroid reductase (17-KSR) and aromatase were measured using a constant amount (50 microM) of 14C-labelled substrates in the presence of varying concentrations of pure ketoconazole. Products were isolated by thin layer chromatography and verified by derivative formation. 17-OHase and 17,20D activities were significantly inhibited (p less than .001) by ketoconazole at concentrations as low as 5 microM. 3 beta-HSD, 17-KSR and aromatase activities were only significantly inhibited by ketoconazole at concentrations of 500 and 5000 microM. These data describe the specific loci of inhibition of ketoconazole on testicular steroidogenesis and confirm the observations that ketoconazole is an effective inhibitor of androgen biosynthesis in several species.
Synthesis and structural characterization of CsAg5Se3 and RbAg3Te2

The syntheses and structure determinations of CsAg5Se3 (I) and RbAg3Te2 (II) are reported. Both compounds were prepared by using supercritical ethylenediamine at 300°C for 6 days reacting alkali polychalcogenides with silver. For the compound I; tetragonal space group P42/mnm, a = 14.083(2)A, c = 4.410(2)A, V = 874.5(4)A3, Z = 4, D = 6.905 Mg/m3, MoKα radiation, λ = 0.71073, μ = 27.493 mm−1, F(000) = 1568, R = 0.022, Rw = 0.026 for 472 independent reflection. For compound II; monoclinic space group C2/m, a = 17.546(2)A, b = 4.617(2)A, c = 9.165(2)A, β = 113.04(2)°, V = 683.31(12)A3, Z = 2, D = 6.457 Mg/m3, MoKα radiation, λ = 0.71073, μ = 23.825 mm−1, F(000) = 1128, R = 0.019, Rw = 0.027 for 690 independent reflection.
Secret Agent Insiders to White People

I feel like I’m the secret agent insider to White people because my family’s White. But I don’t feel like I’m a White person.
Study of the function of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in glycogen phosphorylase

Pyridoxal-reconstituted phosphorylase was used as a model system to study the possible functions of the 5'phosphoryl group of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) in rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase. Kinetic studies were, conducted by using competitive inhibitors of phosphite, an activator, and a-D-glucopyranose 1-phosphate (glucose-l-P) to study the relationship between the PLP phosphate and the binding of glucose-l-P to phosphorylase. Fluorine-19 nuclear 19 magnetic resonance ( F NMR) spectroscopy of fluorophosphate bound to pyridoxal phosphorylase showed that its ionization state did not change during enzymatic catalysis. Evaluation of the apparent kinetic parameters for the activation of pyridoxal phosphorylase with different analogues having varied pK^g values demonstrated a dependency of on pK^2' Molybdate, capable of binding as chelates in a trigonal-bipyramidal configuration, was tested for its inhibitory property with pyridoxal phosphorylase. On the basis of the results in this study, several conclusions may be drawn: (1) The bound phosphite in pyridoxal phosphorylase and possibly, the 5'-phosphoryl group of PLP in native phosphorylase do not affect the glucose-l-P binding. (2) One likely function of the 5'-phosphoryl group of PLP in native phosphorylase is acting as an anchoring point to hold the PLP molecule and/or
Diagnostic Error Categorization at Abdominal Imaging Peer Learning Conference

Recognizing and preventing diagnostic errors is an increasingly emphasized topic across medicine, and abdominal imaging is no exception. Peer-learning strives for quality improvement through understanding why errors occur and identifying opportunities to prevent errors from recurring. In an effort to learn from mistakes, our abdominal imaging section initiated a Peer Learning Conference, where errors are discussed and compartmentalized into one or more of the following categories: Observation, Interpretation, Communication, and Inadequate Data Gathering. In this manuscript, the structure of our Peer Learning Conference is introduced and the components of each discrepancy category are described in detail. Images are included to highlight learning points through exemplary cases from the conference.
HiCaPS: hierarchical contextual POI sequence recommender

The Point-of-Interest (POI) preference of a user varies by locality, item type, and the co-visitors, e.g., user1 and user2 can have closest preference on food items but not on historic sites, etc. A locality can have different preference trends (e.g., popular for food, recreation, etc.) and a user's preference can span across multiple such trends. A good recommender should also exploit the aggregated locality preference trends. Most of the existing studies group items by category or global user preferences which might not be relevant for locality-based aggregated preferences. We propose HiCaPS (Hierarchical Contextual POI Sequence Recommender) that formulates user preferences as hierarchical structure and presents a hierarchy aggregation technique for POI recommendation. The top level of locality hierarchy contains preferred k items from a set of users and the subsequent levels contain preference wise subsets. The core contributions of this paper are: (i) it formulates user preferences as a preference hierarchy, presents a technique to aggregate preference hierarchies of a similar users, and models the target users' preference in terms of aggregated trend in a locality, (ii) it contextually exploits the aggregated trend to generate personalized POI sequences, and (iii) it extensively evaluates the proposed model with two real-world datasets and demonstrates performance gain (0.03 - 0.28 on pair F-score, 0.006 - 5.91 on diversity, 0.0349 - 17.51 on displacement, and 0.114 - 0.289 on NDCG) over baseline models.
Assessing the Validity and Accuracy of Effective Electronic Materials: Can 1D Simulations Predict Polycrystalline Device Performance?

General rules to reduce models of polycrystalline photovoltaic materials such as amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) to 1D have been sought for decades. However, a key limitation associated with the 1D simulation of thin-film photovoltaics is the absence of grain boundaries (GBs), which are commonly found in polycrystalline solar cells. Depending on the orientation of growth, GBs are categorized as columnar GBs (roughly perpendicular to incident sunlight) and horizontal GBs (perpendicular to incident sunlight). In this work, we investigate whether polycrystalline grain materials can be appropriately treated as an effective medium, using 1D and 2D simulations of CdTe solar cells that are CSS grown and Br:MeOH+CdCl 2 treated. It is found that the grain boundary interface recombination has a marked effect in degrading Voc, which is consistently difficult to capture in a 1D model of an effective medium. In particular, we show that if the initial I-V curve of polycrystalline CdTe does not exhibit a low Schottky barrier, then Br:MeOH-etching the back will not necessarily improve device performance.
An Interactive Device for Ambient Awareness on Sidewalk for Visually Impaired

Ambient awareness on a sidewalk is critical for safe navigation, especially for the people who are visually impaired. Awareness of obstacles such as debris, potholes, construction site, and traffic movement pattern improve mobility and independence of them. To address this problem, we implemented an interactive and portable sidewalk assistive device (IPSAD). The key idea is to use the power of deep learning to model the “obstacles” on a sidewalk to provide personalized feedback to the user. We focus on transfer learning and fine tuning of pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models for real-time obstacle recognition that can be deployed in small form factor devices. This approach also account for issues related to the execution time and energy efficiency. We empirically evaluate a number of state-of-the-art architectures to choose the best model based on fewer parameters and lower energy consumption. Finally, we built fully integrated IPSAD prototype on Raspberry Pi3 (RPi3). Audio feedback scheme were implemented to accommodate user preferences and personalization. We perform quantitative evaluation of the prototype system based on the accuracy of the model on Ambient Awareness on Sidewalk (AS) dataset, on-field system performance, data communication, response time (capturing images, recognition of obstacle and feedback), and failure points. Empirical evaluation showed that the accuracy of the model is 87% on the AS dataset and 78.75% on-field system. The system can operate either standalone mode when there is no Internet or cloud mode. In addition, the system can use human intelligence through crowd source and caregiver(s) to assist the users when automated system fails.
„Klasszikus” új művészet. A gipszminták szerepe a szocreálban

With the victory of the Hungarian Workers’ Party – the communist party – in Hungary in 1949 the “reform” of the institutions of tertiary education including the Academy of Fine Arts and Academy of ...
Mapping relative social vulnerability in six mostly urban municipalities in South Africa

Abstract Urban decision-makers in South Africa face growing challenges related to rapidly expanding populations and a changing climate. To help target limited resources, municipalities have begun to conduct climate change vulnerability assessments. Many of these assessments take a holistic approach that combines both physical hazard exposure and the underlying socio-economic conditions that predispose populations to harm (i.e., social vulnerability). Given the increasing use of socio-economic conditions in climate change vulnerability analyses, this paper seeks to explore two key research questions: 1) can the spatial distribution of relative social vulnerability be estimated in six mostly urban South African municipalities, and if so, 2) how sensitive are the results to a range of subjective methodological choices often required when implementing this type of analysis. Here, social vulnerability is estimated using socio-economic and demographic data from the 2001 and 2011 South African censuses. In all six municipalities, social vulnerability varies spatially, driven primarily by differences in income, assets, wealth, employment and education, and secondarily by differences in access to services and demographics. Even though social vulnerability is estimated from a wide array of population characteristics, the spatial distribution is surprising similar to that of the percent of working-age individuals making less than 800 rand per month. Areas with high percentages of previously disadvantaged, extended family, and informal households tend to display relatively higher levels of social vulnerability. In fact, demographics (e.g., race, language, age) are often highly correlated with other characteristics that have direct ties to social vulnerability (e.g., income, employment, education). The spatial patterns of relative social vulnerability are similar in 2001 and 2011. However, there is some evidence social vulnerability is relatively lower in 2011. While the choice of input data and aggregation method can affect the spatial distribution of social vulnerability, the general spatial patterns appear to be fairly robust across a number of subjective choices related to methodological and aggregation approach, spatial resolution, and input data.
Poly-P as Modulator of Hemostasis, Thrombosis, and Inflammation

Polyphosphate (polyP), consisting of linear polymers of inorganic phosphates, is ubiquitous in biology. PolyP metabolism has been most extensively explored in microbes, but until very recently, roles for polyP in mammalian cells have been poorly understood. In 2004, polyP was shown to be a major component of dense granules in human platelets, and to be secreted upon platelet activation.1 In 2006, we demonstrated that polyP is a potent modulator of the blood clotting system.2 Subsequent work from our lab and others has shown that polyP accelerates blood clotting and slows fibrinolysis, in a manner that is highly dependent on polymer length.3 Long-chain polyP (present in infectious microorganisms) potently triggers the contact pathway and may participate in innate immunity/host responses to pathogens. PolyP of the size secreted by platelets (60 to 100 phosphates long) accelerates factor V activation, abrogates the anticoagulant activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, enhances fibrin clot structure, and greatly accelerates factor XI activation by thrombin. PolyP also enhances the proinflammatory activity of histones and inhibits complement. PolyP is a potential antithrombotic drug target, with a novel mechanism of action and possibly fewer bleeding side-effects compared to conventional anticoagulant drugs.4 1. Ruiz FA, Lea CR, Oldfield E, Docampo R. Human platelet dense granules contain polyphosphate and are similar to acidocalcisomes of bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes. J Biol Chem . 2004;279(43):44250-44257. 2. Smith SA, Mutch NJ, Baskar D, Rohloff P, Docampo R, Morrissey JH. Polyphosphate modulates blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A . 2006;103(4):903-908. 3. Morrissey JH, Smith SA. Polyphosphate as modulator of hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. J Thromb Haemost . 2015;13 Suppl 1:S92-97. 4. Travers RJ, Shenoi RA, Kalathottukaren MT, Kizhakkedathu JN, Morrissey JH. Nontoxic polyphosphate inhibitors reduce thrombosis while sparing hemostasis. Blood . 2014;124(22):3183-3190. Disclosures Morrissey: Novo Nordisk: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding; rEVO Biologics: Consultancy, Honoraria; Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP: Consultancy; Cayuga Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; PrevThro Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership; Kerafast, Inc.: Research Funding.
The Autocratic Ruling Parties Dataset: Origins, Durability, and Death:

How do autocratic ruling parties gain power? What predicts their durability and how they fall? This article introduces the Autocratic Ruling Parties Dataset, the first comprehensive data set on the...
Overcoming Genetic Drop-outs in Variants-based Lineage Tracing from Single-cell RNA Sequencing Data

Lineage tracing provides key insights into the fates of individual cells in complex tissues. Recent works on lineage reconstruction based on the single-cell expression data are suitable for short time frames while tracing lineage based on more stable genetic markers is needed for studies that span time scales over months or years. However, variant calling from the single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) data suffers from "genetic drop-outs", including low coverage and allelic bias, which presents significant obstacles for lineage reconstruction. Prior studies focused only on mitochondrial (chrM) variants and need to be expanded to the whole genome to capture more variants with clearer physiological meaning. However, non-chrM variants suffer even more severe drop-outs than chrM variants, although drop-outs affect all variants. We developed strategies to overcome genetic drop-outs in scRNA-Seq-derived whole genomic variants for accurate lineage tracing, and we developed SClineger, a Bayesian Hierarchical model, to implement our approach. Our validation analyses on a series of sequencing protocols demonstrated the necessity of correction for genetic drop-outs and consideration of variants in the whole genome, and also showed the improvement that our approach provided. We showed that genetic-based lineage tracing is applicable for single-cell studies of both tumors and non-tumor tissues using our approach, and can reveal novel biological insights not afforded by expressional analyses. Interestingly, we showed that cells of various lineages grew under the spatial constraints of their respective organs during the developmental process. Overall, our work provides a powerful tool that can be applied to the large amounts of already existing scRNA-Seq data to construct the lineage histories of cells and derive new knowledge.
To improve quality, keep your eyes on the road

In healthcare quality improvement, we are trained to believe that, “every system is perfectly designed to get the results it gets”.1 By focusing relentlessly on getting the process right, we will know we can arrive at better outcomes.2 Over the past decade, however, publicly reported metrics for hospitals have moved away from process metrics, further emphasising outcome metrics. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has major pay-for-performance programmes for hospitals aimed squarely at improving outcomes, such as hospital-acquired infections and 30-day readmission rates. US News and World Report’s and Leapfrog’s hospital rankings heavily weight outcomes, such as 30-day mortality rates and postoperative complications. In this viewpoint, we propose that although process measures have had limitations that led to the shift towards outcome measures, new developments in electronic health records, data collection, and quality measurement have the potential to overcome these limitations and vastly improve the utility of process measures. The rationale for shifting towards outcome measures is more than reasonable, as process measures have had their challenges. If performance on a process measure improves (eg, increased haemoglobin A1c testing for diabetes management) but is not accompanied by sufficient resulting improvements in outcomes (eg, haemoglobin A1c results meeting desired levels), it may not make sense to continue optimising performance on that process measure.3 4 Also, seeking improvement in process measures, if not carefully constructed, may not always lead to meaningful changes in the clinical process. One notable example is smoking cessation counselling at discharge. A hospital could meet the smoking cessation counselling measure by simply adding to every discharge summary an instruction that says, “If you smoke, we advise you to stop”. As a result of the lack of meaningful change in clinical practice, that tobacco cessation measure was subsequently dropped. A more stringent measure was …
Extremely high-dose insulin requirement in a diabetic patient with COVID-19: a case report.

Detailed description of hyperglycemia management in diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 remain limited, although patients with diabetes show higher complication and mortality rate than patients without diabetes. Transient non-severe increased insulin requirement in patients hospitalized for medical conditions such as sepsis or myocardial infarction is a well-known phenomenon. However, extremely high-dose insulin requirement remains a very rarely reported entity. Here, we report the case of an extreme and transitory insulin requirement episode in a type 2 diabetic patient presenting an acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2. A 57-year-old man resident in Geneva, Switzerland, previously known for type 2 diabetes for 3 years was admitted for an aggravation of his dyspnea. His type 2 diabetes was treated only with metformin and his latest Hb1Ac was 6.1%. Chest CT SCAN showed a bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacification. Twenty-four hours after his admission he presented a worsening of dyspnea and severe hypoxemia requiring a transfer to the intensive care unit rapidly followed by oro-tracheal intubation for mechanical ventilation support. A bronchoalveolar lavage was performed and test of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR assay was positive. At day 3, he presented a rapidly progressive insulin requirement at a rate of up to 50 units/hour intravenous insulin aspart. Despite the high insulin doses, he maintained an elevated plasma glucose level at 270 mg/dL on average. His extremely high-dose insulin requirement “resolved” at day 9, and the insulin infusion rate was rapidly reduced. This case may reflect a specific and profound impact of SARS-CoV-2 on metabolic homeostasis, in particular in diabetic patients that appear more prone to complications of COVID-19 infection. Yet, the mechanisms behind this remain to be elucidated. The optimal management of hyperglycemia of diabetic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 has yet not be defined, however insulin remain the mainstay of treatment approach. Report of extreme dysregulation of chronic conditions such as diabetes in patients with COVID-19 may help clinicians to better take care of patients during the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2. To the best of our knowledge this is the first description of extremely high-dose insulin requirement in patient with COVID-19.
God, Caesar, and Darwin: Parameters and Perimeters of The Town Hall

This Monograph is derived from a paper presented at a Conference on Pluralism, Politics and God at McGill University, Montreal, Canada. The monograph investigates the extent to which world religions not only demand an answer, but also prompt a response, to the problem of human suffering. Both medical science and religion share the same goal: namely, to minimize or ameliorate suffering. In this new Age of Biotechnology, it remains for law to be more aware of the nature and consequences of the scientific and technological advances of this Age and to the dilemmas which arise there from in order to provide sufficient oversight and regulation of those uses through regulatory, statutory, judicial and ethical directives. If any positive, institutional responses to the countless dilemmas which arise today are to be made, law, science, medicine, and religion need to be partners in the total decision-making process.
Co-Occurring Mental Health Symptoms in Urban Adolescents: Comorbidity Profiles and Correlates.

Objective: To identify subgroups of urban youth based on their self- and teacher-reported mental health symptoms, and to explore characteristics of these subgroups.Methods: Cross-sectional data from 426 eighth-grade students (Mage = 13.22 years; 70.1% Black/African American; 58.7% female) across 20 Baltimore City public schools were analyzed using latent profile analysis and latent regressions. Variables for latent profile analysis included self-reported symptoms (i.e., anxiety, depression, trauma, interpersonal issues, social problems, and behavioral dysfunction) and teacher-reported symptoms (i.e., externalizing, internalizing, and problems in social and emotional competence). Regressions used profile membership to predict trauma exposure, coping mechanisms, and substance use.Results: A 3-profile solution was found from the latent profile analysis. The profile with high student- and teacher-reported symptoms had more trauma exposures, greater use of maladaptive coping mechanisms, and higher substance use.Conclusions: The current study may help in the identification of urban youth who are at risk of developing multiple co-occurring psychological disorders to target for prevention efforts.
Underutilization of a Post-Cardiac Arrest Consult Service for Standardization of a Guideline-Based Multimodal Neuroprognostication Algorithm in Comatose Cardiac Arrest Survivors (1658)

Objective: To estimate the utilization rates of a dedicated post-cardiac arrest consult service (PCACS) and individual components of a guideline-based neuroprognostication checklist in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest (CA). Background: Several CA survivors remain comatose after successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Recent guidelines recommend a standardized multimodal neuroprognostication scheme to prevent inappropriate withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (WLST) and improve family satisfaction. Design/Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to intensive care units with a diagnosis of CA between July 2018 and June 2019 were included. Patients who died within 48 hours of CA, required Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, or followed commands within 24 hours of CA were excluded. We calculated the total proportion of PCACS consults and compared utilization rates of individual elements of the prognostication checklist [i.e. pupillary exam off sedation, electroencephalography (EEG), computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP)] between patients who did and did not receive PCACS. Fisher9s exact tests were used for statistical comparisons. Results: Of the total 216 CA cases, 121 were eligible for the study (60% male; mean age 63±16.3). A PCACS was called for 66% (n = 80) of patients. Compared to patients who had a PCACS called, patients without PCACS demonstrated significantly lower utilization rates of the pupillary exam (94% vs 41%; p Conclusions: A substantial proportion of eligible comatose survivors of cardiac arrest did not receive PCACS or recommended neuroprognostication. Despite overall low uptake, a dedicated PCACS was associated with increased utilization of a multimodal prognostication algorithm in this patient population. Future studies utilizing mixed-methods should look into the effectiveness, barriers, and facilitators of implementing such a service. Disclosure: Wendy Tong has nothing to disclose. Dr. Waldrop has nothing to disclose. Dr. Thakur has nothing to disclose. Dr. Roh has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Portola Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Park has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Neurocritical Care. The institution of Dr. Park has received research support from National Institutes of Health. Dr. Claassen has received stock or an ownership interest from iCE Neurosystems. The institution of Dr. Claassen has received research support from NINDS. The institution of Dr. Claassen has received research support from McDonnel Foundation. Dr. Claassen has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Claassen has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Agarwal has nothing to disclose.
Hybridization and growth studies in the grain amaranths (Amaranthus hybridus L.)

Thirty-two amaranth accessions from the World Germplasra Collection were hybridized to produce 87 F^s which were evaluated for heterosis and combining ability in three factorial mating designs. On average, inter­ specific matings of Amaranthus cruentus L. and A. hypochondriacus L. produced highly significant (P = 0.01) biomass increases over their parents. When crossed with A. cruentus African vegetable accessions as females, male parents of both species showed significant (P = 0.05) general combining ability (GCA). Midparent heterosis for biomass ranged from -13% to 88%. Late flowering of interspecific matings strongly in­ fluenced the larger biomass yields. Intraspecific matings of Asian A. hypochondriacus accessions exhibited highly significant (P = 0.01) heterosis for biomass and GCA and SCA effects. Midparent heterosis ranged from -36% to 29% and maturity had little influence on biomass heterosis in A. hypochondriacus matings. Intraspecific hybrids among A. cruentus grain and vegetable types showed significant (P = 0.05) GCA effects for the grain types when used as male parents but average heterosis was zero. Midparent heterosis ranged from 0 to 57% for intraspecific A. cruentus hybrids. Interspecific hybridization seems to be a promising way to in­ crease biomass productivity of Amaranthus for use as a vegetable, energy feedstock, or forage. Additional index words: Amaranthus cruentus L., Amaranthus hypochondriacus L., Amaranthus hybridus L., forages, vegetables, germplasm, hybridization.
Effectiveness of an oral and pharyngeal cancer awareness program for health professionals

Abstract Background. Of approximately 31,000 patients diagnosed as having oral/pharyngeal cancers (OPCs) each year in the United States, about half will die of the disease within five years, for reasons associated with patient behaviors as well as delays in diagnosis by health care professionals. Methods. To address an apparent lack of OPC knowledge of health care professionals, a brief, non‐discipline‐specific, multi‐component educational intervention was designed and presented to 352 health care professionals in community health centers and hospital training programs. OPC knowledge was assessed before and three months after the intervention. Results. A 44% post‐intervention response rate was obtained. There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in knowledge regarding oral sites at risk for OPC, etiologic factors, and early signs and symptoms. There were significant interactions (p < 0.01) between increases in knowledge and various health provider groups. A significant increase in perceived competency in...
Relationship Between International Law and Municipal Law: History, Theories, Status, and Related Aspects

The relationship between international law and municipal law has always been a fundamental feature of the study of international law as an academic discipline. Additionally, the practical interaction of the two normative regulatory systems presents tremendous consequences for the conduct of human affairs, nationally and internationally. An understanding of their interrelationship, interaction, and interplay (doctrinally and pragmatically) is essential for a scholarly appreciation of the nature, scope, and dimensions of the concept of universal jurisdiction. This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of this relationship.
Cerebellar HSP70 Remains Elevated During Heat Stroke Recovery despite Return to Baseline Core Temperature

Heat Stroke (HS) remains a significant health threat for civilians and U.S. Armed Forces. Unknown is whether return to normal core temperature (Tc; ±0.1°C, radiotelemetry) within 2 days of HS is an...
Optimal placement of actuators and sensors for control of nonequilibrium dynamics

In this paper, we provide a systematic convex programming-based approach for the optimal locations of static actuators and sensors for the control of nonequilibrium dynamics. The problem is motivated with regard to its application for control of nonequilibrium dynamics in the form of temperature in building systems and control of oil spill in oceanographic flow. The controlled evolution of a passive scalar field, modeling the temperature distribution or the density of oil dispersant, is governed by the linear advection partial differential equation (PDE) with spatially located actuators and sensors. Spatial locations of actuators and sensors are optimized to maximize the controllability and observability of the linear advection PDE. Linear transfer Perron-Frobenius and Koopman operators, associated with the advective velocity field, are used to provide analytical characterization for the controllable and observable spaces of the advection PDE. Set-oriented numerical methods are used for the finite dimensional approximation of the transfer operators and in the formulation of the optimization problem. Application of the framework is demonstrated for the optimal placement of actuators for the release of dispersant for oil spill control.
Abstract Interpretation and Indeterminacy

We present a theory for the semantics of indeterminate operators in a dataflow network. The assumption is made that the language in which the indeterminate operators are written has a construct that allows for the testing of availability of data on input lines. We then show that indeterminacy arises through the use of such an operator together with the fact that communication channels produce unpredictable delays in the transmission of data. Our scheme is to use the notion of hiatons to represent delays as measured locally, and then to filter out the hiatons to obtain ordinary streams. This filtering process produces indeterminate behavior at the level of ordinary streams. We indicate how this can be justified using the formalism of abstract interpretation. We show that a particular fairness anomaly does not arise.
Transactivation Function-2 of Estrogen Receptor α Contains Transactivation Function-1-regulating Element.

ERα has a ligand-dependent transactivation function in the ligand binding domain of ERα C terminus (AF-2) and a ligand-independent activation function in the N terminus (AF-1). It is still not fully understood how AF-1 and AF-2 activities are regulated cooperatively by ligands. To evaluate the AF-1 involvement in the estrogenic activities of various compounds, we analyzed these transactivation functions using AF-1-truncated and AF-2-mutated ERα mutants. AF-2 is composed of two domains with flexible and static regions. We used an AF-2 flexible region mutant and an AF-2 static region mutant. Both mutants have been reported as non-E2 responsive due to disruption of E2-mediated coactivator recruitment to the AF-2. The AF-2 mutants were not activated by agonists, but surprisingly antagonists and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) activated the AF-2 mutants. This antagonist reversal activity was derived from AF-1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the AF-2 contains an AF-1 suppression function using C-terminal-truncated ERα mutants. From these findings we hypothesized that the mutation of AF-2 disrupted its ability to suppress AF-1, causing the antagonist reversal. To assess the AF-2-mediated AF-1 suppression, we analyzed the transcription activity of physically separated AF-1 and AF-2 using a novel hybrid reporter assay. We observed that the AF-1 activity was not suppressed by the physically separated AF-2. Furthermore, SERMs did not induce the AF-1-mediated activity from the separated mutant AF-2, which differed from the intact protein. These results imply that SERM activity is dependent on a conformational change of the full-length ERα molecule, which allows for AF-1 activation. Background: The mechanism of ligand mediated ERα N-terminal transactivation function (AF-1) regulation is unclear. Results: Disruption of ERα C-terminal transactivation function (AF-2) resulted in reversal of antagonists to AF-1-dependent agonists. Conclusions: ERα AF-2 contains AF-1 repression activity. Significance: This function may explain partial agonist/antagonist activity of selected estrogen receptor modulators.
Fecal Pollution, Public Health, and Microbial Source Tracking

This chapter defines the problems associated with fecal pollution (with special attention to gastroenteritis), and describes some of the different uses of source tracking tools. It briefly describes the methods commonly used in source identification, and establishes the link between source tracking and food-borne and waterborne illnesses. The chapter discusses the impact accurate identification has on microbial risk assessment and in the implementation of risk management strategies. Fecal contamination of waters can be assessed in public health terms and economic terms. Most of the bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens associated with waterborne outbreaks are commonly found in the feces of higher mammals; hence, preventing mammalian fecal contamination of source water and recreational waters is critical to human health. Cryptosporidium parvum, which is the most identified human pathogen of the genus, is often isolated from multiple hosts. In addition, a limited number of environmental isolates are often obtained as part of waterborne and food-borne outbreaks, limiting the amount of source typing that is performed. Many waterborne outbreaks are associated with water ingestion during recreational activities. Food-borne illnesses are also associated with pathogens of fecal origin. In fact, many of the etiological agents are the same for food-borne and waterborne outbreaks. Public health and environmental protection officials have recognized the importance of discriminating between sources of fecal pollution for several decades. Potential applications of microbial source tracking (MST) have been driving methods development, and we currently find ourselves with multiple library-dependent and library-independent approaches in various stages of development and validation.
Psychometric properties of the commitment to physical activity scale.

Objective To assess psychometric properties of the Commitment to Physical Activity Scale (CPAS). Methods Girls in third to fifth grades (n = 932) completed the CPAS before and after a physical activity intervention. Psychometric measures included internal consistency, factor analysis, and concurrent validity. Results Three CPAS factors emerged: values, attitudes, and motivation, with reliability coefficients ranging from .429 to .821. Significant correlations existed between subscales and physical activity frequency. Conclusions The CPAS was reliable and valid and in a sample of third-to fifth-grade girls. Findings support using the CPAS for measuring overall commitment to physical activity in girls.
Global calibration of terrestrial reference cells and errors involved in using different irradiance monitoring techniques

The feasibility of global calibration of terrestrial reference cells is discussed. A simple, accurate 'secondary' calibration technique based on ratios of test to reference cell currents measured in natural sunlight is described. Different techniques for monitoring incident irradiance during solar cell performance measurements are also examined and assessed, including the techniques of black-body detectors, calibrated reference cells, and the convolution of spectral response with solar irradiance.
The Unsolved Problem of Stellar Origins

We now stand at the threshold of the 21st century having witnessed perhaps the greatest era of astronomical discovery in the history of mankind. During the twentieth century the subject of astronomy was revolutionized and completely transformed by technology and physics. Advances in technology that produced radio astronomy, infrared astronomy, UV, X and ,y ray astronomy, large telescopes on the ground, in balloons, aircraft and space coupled with advances in nuclear, atomic and high energy physics forever changed the way in which the universe is viewed. Indeed, it is altogether likely that future historians of science will consider the twentieth century as the Golden Age of observational astronomy. As a measure of how far we have come in the last 100 years, recall that at the turn of this century the nature of spiral nebulae and of the Milky Way itself as an island universe were not yet revealed. The expansion of the universe and the microwave background were not yet discovered and exotic objects such as quasars, pulsars, gamma-ray bursters and black holes were not even envisioned by the most imaginative authors of science fiction. The interstellar medium, with its giant molecular clouds, magnetic fields and obscuring dust was unknown. Not even the nature of stars, these most fundamental objects of the astronomical universe, was understood.
Collaboration: Use of Consortia to Promote International Education.

The nonprofit consortium California Colleges for International Education (CCIE) is a working example of how a formal association involving community colleges uses collaboration to achieve a fundamental goal of increasing student awareness of international issues through study abroad programs. For over 30 years, CCIE members have worked together to advocate internationalization and to sustain organized efforts that share best practices and forge partnerships between colleges within a state system. CCIE member colleges have worked together to advocate and initiate the growth of study abroad programs through institutional collaborations.
Egg Predation at a Golden Eagle, Aquila chrysaetos , Nest

We observed an egg being taken from a Golden Eagle nest near Atlin, British Columbia, by a Common Raven. This is apparently the first record of its kind.
Intensity variations in two-dimensional multiquantum proton resonance spectroscopy: Design of a pulse sequence using the superspin formalism☆

Abstract The effect of the pulse sequence 90°− τ /2−180°− τ /2− α φ o − t 1 − β o -FID upon detection of homonuclear multiple-quantum transitions was analyzed for a two-spin system. The behavior with respect to flip angle (α and β) and phase (φ, ψ) were both considered. The theoretical predictions were experimentally verified. It is shown that the above sequence is much less sensitive to choice of τ than sequences previously described.