cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Algebraic Points of Small Height Missing a Union of Varieties

Abstract Text Let K be a number field, Q ¯ , or the field of rational functions on a smooth projective curve over a perfect field, and let V be a subspace of K N , N ⩾ 2 . Let Z K be a union of varieties defined over K such that V ⊈ Z K . We prove the existence of a point of small height in V ∖ Z K , providing an explicit upper bound on the height of such a point in terms of the height of V and the degree of a hypersurface containing Z K , where dependence on both is optimal. This generalizes and improves upon the results of Fukshansky (2006) [6] , [7] . As a part of our argument, we provide a basic extension of the function field version of Siegel's lemma (Thunder, 1995) [21] to an inequality with inhomogeneous heights. As a corollary of the method, we derive an explicit lower bound for the number of algebraic integers of bounded height in a fixed number field. Video For a video summary of this paper, please click here or visit http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-o6lr8s0Go .
RURAL RETAIL BUSINESS SURVIVAL: IMPLICATIONS FOR COMMUNITY DEVELOPERS

The loss of retail businesses and sales in rural areas has been accelerating for many years. This study was conducted in 37 rural communities in Indiana, Iowa, and North Dakota that appeared to have better-than-average retail sales. The purpose of the study was to identify strategies, if any, that were employed by communities and individual businesses which contributed to viable retail districts. This study suggests several possible actions for community development practitioners involved in efforts to improve and sustain rural retail business communities. These actions include: the need to assist rural communities build a more diversified economic base, provide business management training and technical assistance, establish mechanisms to transfer established business operations to new owners, develop financing mechanisms for new or aspiring businesses, and assist rural communities to deal with change and plan for their futures.
Data processing and information handling

It is generally recognized that, at the present stage of development, businesses must process data to produce reports useful for management guidance in making decisions. Such reports are, however, often more dependent upon what data are available and the mechanics of processing than upon managerial needs for facts and abilities to use them. This arrangement might be called the "push" or "supply" approach to data processing.
Algorithmic information and simplicity in statistical physics

Applications of algorithmic information theory to statistical physics rely (a) on the fact that average conditional algorithmic information can be approximated by Shannon information and (b) on the existence ofsimple states described by short programs. More precisely, given a list ofN states with probabilities 0<p1≤ ... ≤ pN, the average conditional algorithmic informationĪ to specify one of these states obeys the inequalityH≤ Ī<H+O(1), whereH=−Σpj log2pj andO(1) is a computer-dependent constant. We show how any universal computer can be slightly modified in such a way that (a) the inequality becomesH≤ Ī<H+1 and (b) states that are simple with respect to the original computer remain simple with respect to the modified computer, thereby eliminating the computer-dependent constant from statistical physics.
Atomic parity violation, leptoquarks, and contact interactions

Abstract The recent measurement of atomic parity violation in cesium atoms shows a 2.3 σ deviation from the standard model prediction. We show that such an effect can be explained by four-fermion contact interactions with specific chiralities or by scalar leptoquarks which couple to the left-handed quarks. For a coupling of electromagnetic strength, the leptoquark mass is inferred to be 1.1 to 1.3 TeV. We also show that these solutions are consistent with all other low-energy and high-energy neutral-current data.
Hot nanoindentation of nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys

High-temperature nanoindentation experiments are conducted to assess the activation enthalpy for deformation of nanocrystalline Ni–W alloys, for grain sizes between 3 and 80 nm. Thermal softening becomes less pronounced at finer grain sizes, and the activation enthalpy has an apparent inflection at a grain size near ∼10–20 nm, in the vicinity of the Hall–Petch breakdown. This inflection is related to that observed in the activation volume for deformation, and is associated with a shift to grain boundary-mediated deformation at the finest grain sizes.
Orthonormal dilations of Parseval wavelets

We prove that any Parseval wavelet frame is the projection of an orthonormal wavelet basis for a representation of the Baumslag–Solitar group $$BS(1, 2) = \langle{u, t\,|\, utu^{-1} = t^2}\rangle.$$ We give a precise description of this representation in some special cases, and show that for wavelet sets, it is related to symbolic dynamics (Theorem 3.14). We prove that the structure of the representation depends on the analysis of certain finite orbits for the associated symbolic dynamics (Theorem 3.24). We give concrete examples of Parseval wavelets for which we compute the orthonormal dilations in detail; we construct Parseval wavelet sets which have infinitely many non-isomorphic orthonormal dilations.
IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells in reactive lymph nodes during helminth infection are T follicular helper cells

Interleukin (IL)-4 is the quintessential T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine produced by CD4(+) T cells in response to helminth infection. IL-4 not only promotes the differentiation of Th2 cells but is also critical for immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgE isotype-switched antibody responses. Despite the IL-4-mediated link between Th2 cells and B lymphocytes, the location of IL-4-producing T cells in the lymph nodes is currently unclear. Using IL-4 dual reporter mice, we examined the Th2 response and IL-4 production in the draining mesenteric lymph nodes during infection with the enteric nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. We show that although IL-4-competent Th2 cells are found throughout the B and T cell areas, IL-4-producing Th2 cells are restricted to the B cell follicles and associate with germinal centers. Consistent with their localization, IL-4 producers express high levels of CXCR5, ICOS, PD-1, IL-21, and BCL-6, a phenotype characteristic of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Although IL-4 was dispensable for the generation of Th2 and Tfh cells, its deletion resulted in defective B cell expansion and maturation. Our report reveals the compartmentalization of Th2 priming and IL-4 production in the lymph nodes during infection, and identifies Tfh cells as the dominant source of IL-4 in vivo.
Computer analysis of asymmetric buckling of ring-stiffened orthotropic shells of revolution.

A generalization of Stodola's iteration method for beams is developed for the calculation of buckling modes of axisymmetric shell structures. The equations governing small perturbations about an axisymmetric, torsionless equilibrium state are derived from small strain, moderate rotation Novozhilov shell and ring theory. These equations are recast into a selfadjoint system of eigenvalue equations with the load factor X, to which the load distribution is assumed proportional, as parameter. Because of the nonlinear dependence of the prebuckling state on X, in general it is necessary to approach the critical eigenvalue (for a given circumferential wave number) by the solution of a sequence of modified eigenvalue problems, the first of which corresponds to the linearized prebuckling state. Numerical results are presented for 1) the well-known case of a clamped spherical cap; 2) a ring-stiffened simply supported cylindrical shell previously studied as an equivalent orthotropic shell; 3) a prolate spheroidal shell previously studied by the Rayleigh-Ritz method; and 4) a ring-stiffened prolate spheroidal shell for which no previous theoretical results exist. The second example illustrates the effect of ring eccentricity, indicating that internal rings can be significantly more effective in resisting external hydrostatic pressure than external rings. In all cases, excellent agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results was obtained.
Regulation and the public interest in banking

The rules that should govern competition and conduct in banking are currently the topics ofspirited debate. This paper proposes a rigorous welfare-theoretic methodology which can provide a unifying focus for a wide range of regulatory and market structure issues in banking. The methodology is then applied in an empirical study of recent FDIC bank merger decisions. Evidence is found that potential welfare losses to borrowers and welfare gains to bank owners do influence the decisions taken, and that borrowers and bank owners receive roughly equal treatment by the regulator. The potential welfare losses to depositors, however, appear to be generally ignored.
A nonlinear investigation of the stationary modes of instability of the three-dimensional compressible boundary layer due to a rotating disc

The effects of compressibility on a stationary mode of instability of the 3-D boundary layer due to a rotating disc are investigated. The aim is to determine whether this mode will be important in the finite amplitude destabilization of the boundary layer. This stationary mode is characterized by the effective velocity profile having zero shear stress at the wall. Triple-deck solutions are presented for an adiabatic wall and an isothermal wall. It is found that this stationary mode is only possible over a finite range of Mach numbers. Asymptotic solutions are obtained which describe the structure of the wavenumber and the orientation of these modes as functions of the local Mach number. The effects of nonlinearity are investigated allowing the finite amplitude growth of a disturbance close to the neutral location to be described.
Reactivity of selectively terminated single crystal silicon surfaces

As the cornerstone of multiple practical applications, silicon single crystal surfaces have attracted the interest of scientific and engineering communities for several decades. The most recent advances employ the surfaces precovered with a specific functionality to extend into the realm of organic and metal–organic films with well-defined interfaces, to protect the surfaces from oxidation and other contaminations, and to build the components of present and future molecular electronics and sensing devices. This critical review will focus on the reactivity of the selectively terminated Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces. The hydrogen and halogen-terminated surfaces are the most widely used and most heavily reviewed previously, thus only a brief summary will be given here with the emphasis of the most recent thermal approaches to functionalization of hydrogen-terminated silicon. The silicon surfaces precovered with NHx functionality are emerging as a very likely candidate both for the production of sharp interfaces and for coadsorption, co-assembly, and potential molecular templating of patterns on single crystalline surfaces. A brief overview of recent advances in achieving control over the hydroxyl-termination of silicon will be given. Some future directions for further development of chemistry, reactivity, and assembly on these surfaces, as well as potential applications, are highlighted in the last section (152 references).
Three non-linear α-Discounting MCDM-method examples

In this paper we present three new examples of using the α-Discounting Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method in solving non-linear problems involving algebraic equations and inequalities in the decision making process.
External validity of business games

The pedagogical value of games has received considerable research attention in the gaming literature. However, most of this research focuses on the educational value of games -- that is, their internal validity as teaching devices. This paper examines the concept of external validity as associated with business games. A contrast between internal and external validity is drawn, together with a review of differing definitions of external validity. Research examining external validation is reviewed. Finally, suggestions and recommendations are offered to guide future validation research.
A Catalytic Route to Ampakines and Their Derivatives

A catalytic domino reaction that efficiently provides access to an important class of heterocycles, the ampakines, is reported. Our approach is based on the cobalt-catalyzed hydroformylation of dihydrooxazines and allows for the facile synthesis of the pharmaceutically interesting compound CX-614 and related substances.
Approximability of combinatorial problems with multi-agent submodular cost functions

Applications in complex systems such as the Internet have spawned a recent interest in studying situations involving multiple agents with their individual cost or utility functions. In this paper, we introduce an algorithmic framework for studying combinatorial optimization problems in the presence of multiple agents with submodular cost functions. We study several fundamental covering problems in this framework and establish upper and lower bounds on their approximability.
High-precision entropy values for spanning trees in lattices

Shrock and Wu have given numerical values for the exponential growth rate of the number of spanning trees in Euclidean lattices. We give a new technique for numerical evaluation that gives much more precise values, together with rigorous bounds on the accuracy. In particular, the new values resolve one of their questions.
Intelligent systems for urban search and rescue: challenges and lessons learned

Urban search and rescue (USAR) is one of the most dangerous and time-critical non-wartime activities. Researchers have been developing hardware and software to enable robots to perform some search and rescue functions so as to minimize the exposure of human rescue personnel to danger and maximize the survival of victims. Significant progress has been achieved, but much work remains. USAR demands a blending of numerous specialized technologies. An effective USAR robot must be endowed with key competencies, such as being able to negotiate collapsed structures, find victims and assess their condition, identify potential hazards, generate maps of the structure and victim locations, and communicate with rescue personnel. These competencies bring to bear work in numerous sub-disciplines of intelligent systems (or artificial intelligence) such as sensory processing, world modeling, behavior generation, path planning, and human-robot interaction, in addition to work in communications, mechanism design and advanced sensors. In an attempt to stimulate progress in the field, reference USAR challenges are being developed and propagated worldwide. In order to make efficient use of finite research resources, the robotic USAR community must share a common understanding of what is required, technologically, to attain each competency, and have a rigorous measure of the current level of effectiveness of various technologies. NIST is working with partner organizations to measure the performance of robotic USAR competencies and technologies. In this paper, we describe the reference test arenas for USAR robots, assess the current challenges within the field, and discuss experiences thus far in the testing effort.
A logical specification and analysis for SELinux MLS policy

The SELinux mandatory access control (MAC) policy has recently added a multilevel security (MLS) model which is able to express a fine granularity of control over a subject's access rights. The problem is that the richness of the SELinux MLS model makes it impractical to manually evaluate that a given policy meets certain specific properties. To address this issue, we have modeled the SELinux MLS model, using a logical specification and implemented that specification in the Prolog language. Furthermore, we have developed some analyses for testing information flow properties of a given policy as well as an algorithm to determine whether one policy is compliant with another. We have implemented these analyses in Prolog and compiled our implementation into a tool for SELinux MLS policy analysis, called PALMS. Using PALMS, we verified some important properties of the SELinux MLS reference policy, namely that it satisfies the simple security condition and s-property defined by Bell and LaPadula. We also evaluated whether the policy associated to a given application is compliant with the policy of the SELinux system in which it would be deployed.
Simple models for granular force networks

Abstract A remarkable feature of static granular matter is the distribution of force along intricate networks. Even regular inter-particle contact networks produce wildly inhomogeneous force networks where certain “chains” of particles carry forces far larger than the mean. Although the full information of each inter-particle contact requires analysis of the stress tensor, potentially including friction and elasticity, there is a rich tradition of approximating these interactions with simple, scalar models that focus on the geometry of the system. In this paper, we briefly review past theoretical approaches to understanding the geometry of force networks. We then investigate the structure of experimentally derived granular force networks using a simple algorithm to obtain corresponding graphs. We compare our observations with the results of geometric models, including random bond percolation, which show similar spatial distributions without enforcing vector force balance. Our findings suggest that some aspects of the mean geometry of granular force networks may be captured by these simple descriptions.
Toroidal Imploding Detonation Wave Initiator for Pulse Detonation Engines

Imploding toroidal detonation waves were used to initiate detonations in propane-air and ethylene-air mixtures inside of a tube. The imploding wave was generated by an initiator consisting of an array of channels filled with acetylene-oxygen gas and ignited with a single spark. The initiator was designed as a low-drag initiator tube for use with pulse detonation engines. To detonate hydrocarbon-air mixtures, the initiator was overfilled so that some acetylene oxygen spilled into the tube. The overfill amount required to detonate propane air was less than 2% of the volume of the 1-m-long, 76-mm-diam tube. The energy necessary to create an implosion strong enough to detonate propane-air mixtures was estimated to be 13 % more than that used by a typical initiator tube, although the initiator was also estimated to use less oxygen. Images and pressure traces show a regular, repeatable imploding wave that generates focal pressures in excess of 6 times the Chapman-Jouguet pressure. A theoretical analysis of the imploding toroidal wave performed using Whitham's method was found to agree well with experimental data and showed that, unlike imploding cylindrical and spherical geometries, imploding toroids initially experience a period of diffraction before wave focusing occurs. A nonreacting numerical simulation was used to assist in the interpretation of the experimental data.
Laboratory studies of organic peroxy radical chemistry: an overview with emphasis on recent issues of atmospheric significance

Organic peroxy radicals (often abbreviated RO2) play a central role in the chemistry of the Earth's lower atmosphere. Formed in the atmospheric oxidation of essentially every organic species emitted, their chemistry is part of the radical cycles that control the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and lead to the formation of ozone, organic nitrates, organic acids, particulate matter and other so-called secondary pollutants. In this review, laboratory studies of this peroxy radical chemistry are detailed, as they pertain to the chemistry of the atmosphere. First, a brief discussion of methods used to detect the peroxy radicals in the laboratory is presented. Then, the basic reaction pathways – involving RO2 unimolecular reactions and bimolecular reactions with atmospheric constituents such as NO, NO2, NO3, O3, halogen oxides, HO2, and other RO2 species – are discussed. For each of these reaction pathways, basic reaction rates are presented, along with trends in reactivity with radical structure. Focus is placed on recent advances in detection methods and on recent advances in our understanding of radical cycling processes, particularly pertaining to the complex chemistry associated with the atmospheric oxidation of biogenic hydrocarbons.
Yb(fod)3-promoted ene reaction of aldehydes with vinyl ethers

Abstract Catalytic amounts of Yb(fod) 3 catalyze a bimolecular ene-like reaction between ordinary aldehydes and vinyl ethers, in which the oxygen functionality is located at the central carbon of an allylic system. These reactions proceed at room temperature in high yield.
Dynamically eliciting unobservable information

We answer the following question: At $t=1$, an expert has (probabilistic) information about a random outcome X. In addition, the expert will obtain further information about $X$ as time passes, up to some time t=T+1 at which X will be publicly revealed. (How) Can a protocol be devised that induces the expert, as a strict best response, to reveal at the outset his prior assessment of both X and the information flows he anticipates and, subsequently, what information he privately receives' (The protocol can provide the expert with payoffs that depend only on the realization of X, as well as any decisions he may take.) We show that this can be done with the following sort of protocol: At the penultimate time t=T, the expert chooses a payoff function from a menu of such functions, where the menu available to him was chosen by him at time $t=T-1$ from a menu of such menus, and so forth. We show that any protocol that affirmatively answers our question can be approximated by a protocol of the form described. We show how these results can be extended from discrete time to continuous time problems of this sort.
Counteracting the bullwhip effect with decentralized negotiations and advance demand information

Abstract This paper shows how to reduce the bullwhip effect by introducing advance demand information (ADI) into the ordering schemes of supply chains. It quantifies the potential costs and benefits of ADI, and demonstrates that they are not evenly distributed across the chain. Therefore, market-based strategies to re-distribute wealth without penalizing any supplier are presented. The paper shows that if a centralized operation can eliminate the bullwhip effect and reduce total cost, then some of this reduction can also be achieved with decentralized negotiation schemes. Their performance is evaluated under different modes of probabilistic supplier behavior. For some forms of behavior the optimum is reached. But if suppliers are greedy and impatient the expected gain in wealth is relatively small. This is a case of economic “market failure”.
A Simple and Convenient Method for Synthesizing Trialkoxyboranes and Trialkoxyboroxins Using Calcium Hydride as a Drying Agent

Abstract Trialkoxyboranes are conveniently synthesized in good to excellent yields from the corresponding alcohols or phenols and boric acid using calcium hydride as a drying agent. This method is successful for a variety of sterically hindered alcohols. In a new general route, trialkoxyboroxins are formed under mild reaction conditions from these same readily available materials. The trialkoxyboranes and trialkoxyboroxins can be interconverted by addition of stoichiometric amounts of boric acid or the alcohols/phenols, in the presence of calcium hydride. Calcium hydride is most effective for the removal of water. This allows for a simple and convenient route for the preparation of the useful trialkoxyboranes and the previously inaccessible trialkoxyboroxins, for further investigation or applications.
Theory of the soliton laser

An analytic theory is presented of a model of the soliton laser constructed by L. F. Mollenauer and R. H. Stolen. Use is made of the fact that the solitons are characterized completely by the pole locations and residues of the reflection coefficient obtained from the inverse scattering method. The effects of loss, gain, dispersion, and temporal shaping due to a time-dependent gain are described by the change of pole locations. The steady state is determined by the requirement that the pole locations return to their "starting" positions and residues to their "starting" values in one round trip around the laser. This requirement picks the pulse shape, energy, and soliton order. The analytic predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations of the non-linear Schroedinger equation. Several experimental observations are explained: a) The pulsewidth is determined by fiber length. b) The temporal shape of the pulse intensity at the output of the laser can approximate a squared secant hyperbolic, but may not in fact be equal to a squared secant hyperbolic. c) The N = 2 soliton is excited preferentially over the N = 1 soliton. Furthermore, theory shows that the fiber length is equal to, and not a multiple of, the envelope repetition period.
A Modified c = 1 matrix model with new critical behavior

Abstract By introducing a ∫ dt g (TrΦ2(t))2 term into the action of the c = 1 matrix model of two-dimensional quantum gravity, we find a new critical behavior for random surfaces. The planar limit of the path integral generates multiple spherical “bubbles” which touch one another at single points. At a special value of g, the sum over connected surfaces behaves as Δ2log Δ, where Δ is the cosmological constant (the sum over surfaces of area A goes as A−3). For comparison, in the conventional c = 1 model the sum over planar surfaces behaves as Δ 2 log Δ .
Synthesis of D-erythro-sphingosine and D-erythro-sphinganine via 3-ketosphinganine

D-erythro-sphingosine and D-erythro-sphinganine can be produced in protected form from serine by a synthetic approach in which the normal biological intermediate 3-ketosphinganine in protectyed form, is a key synthetic intermediate. The sequence is short and convergent, proceeds in good overall yields (≈30% for 6 steps) and with excellent stereocontrol (>91% de, >95% ee).
The Role of Risk Analysis in Understanding Bioterrorism

Recent events have made the domestic risk from bioterrorism more tangible. The risk management process so far, however, has not benefited from many of the contributions that analysts, communicators, and managers can make to the public discourse. Risk professionals can contribute much to the understanding of and solutions to bioterrorist events and threats. This article will provide an overview of the bioterrorism problem and outline a number of areas to which members of the Society for Risk Analysis, and other risk practitioners, could usefully contribute.
Witten's invariants of rational homology spheres at prime values of $K$ and trivial connection contribution

We establish a relation between the coefficients of asymptotic expansion of the trivial connection contribution to Witten's invariant of rational homology spheres and the invariants that T. Ohtsuki extracted from Witten's invariant at prime values ofK. We also rederive the properties of primeK invariants discovered by H. Murakami and T. Ohtsuki. We do this by using the bounds on Taylor series expansion of the Jones polynomial of algebraically split links, studied in our previous paper. These bounds are enough to prove that Ohtsuki's invariants are of finite type. The relation between Ohtsuki's invariants and trivial connection contribution is verified explicitly for lens spaces and Seifert manifolds.
Pressure studies of deep levels in semiconductors

Abstract The effects of pressure on the energetics and kinetics of electron emission and capture processes by several important deep levels in Si are discussed. The results yield the first quantitative measures of the breathing mode lattice relaxations accompanying these processes.
Cranberry juice capsules and urinary tract infection after surgery: results of a randomized trial.

Objective The risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) among women undergoing elective gynecological surgery during which a catheter is placed is high: 10-64% following catheter removal. We conducted the first randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the therapeutic efficacy of cranberry juice capsules in preventing UTI after surgery. Study Design We recruited patients from a single hospital between August 2011 and January 2013. Eligible participants were undergoing elective gynecological surgery that did not involve a fistula repair or vaginal mesh removal. One hundred sixty patients were randomized and received 2 cranberry juice capsules 2 times a day, equivalent to 2 8 ounce servings of cranberry juice, for 6 weeks after surgery or matching placebo. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants who experienced clinically diagnosed and treated UTI with or without positive urine culture. Kaplan-Meier plots and log rank tests compared the 2 treatment groups. Results The occurrence of UTI was significantly lower in the cranberry treatment group compared with the placebo group (15 of 80 [19%] vs 30 of 80 [38%]; odds ratio, 0.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.19–0.79; P = .008). After adjustment for known confounders, including the frequency of intermittent self-catheterization in the postoperative period, the protective effects of cranberry remained (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.18–0.94). There were no treatment differences in the incidence of adverse events, including gastrointestinal upset (56% vs 61% for cranberry vs placebo). Conclusion Among women undergoing elective benign gynecological surgery involving urinary catheterization, the use of cranberry extract capsules during the postoperative period reduced the rate of UTI by half.
Asymmetric synthesis of (R)-(−)-carnitine

Abstract A TiCl4-promoted Mukaiyama-type aldol reaction of the ketenesilyl acetal of ethyl acetate with the lactone carbonyl of (5R,6S)-4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-5,6-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-4H-1,4-oxazin-2-one ( 1 ) proceeds with a high degree of diastereoselectivity. The TBDMS-protected hemiketal thus obtained was efficiently converted into highly enantiomerically enriched (R)-(−)-carnitine by following an elimination–reduction protocol. This approach further demonstrates the utility of commercially available glycine template 1 as a potential substrate for the asymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of carnitine.
Creep of Power-Law Material Containing Spherical Voids

Finite element calculations have been carried out for spherical unit cells containing a concentric spherical hole to characterize the power law creep of a material containing voids. Axisymmetric states of macroscopic stress were applied to the unit cells ranging from purely hydrostatic loading to purely deviatoric stressing. The results of the unit cell calculations are approximated well by a creep potential for the macroscopic behavior of a porous material. This potential agrees with the unit cell results for purely hydrostatic stress and purely deviatoric stress and involves a simple elliptical interpolation in between. The model predicts quite well the ratio of transverse to axial strain rate in uniaxial compression tests.
Applications of high resolution high sensitivity observations of the CMB

Abstract With WMAP putting the phenomenological standard model of cosmology on a strong footing, one can look forward to mining the cosmic microwave background (CMB) for fundamental physics with higher sensitivity and on smaller scales. Future CMB observations have the potential to measure absolute neutrino masses, test for cosmic acceleration independent of supernova Ia observations, probe for the presence of dark energy at z ≳2, illuminate the end of the dark ages, measure the scale-dependence of the primordial power spectrum and detect gravitational waves generated by inflation.
The evolution of topography on a comet

The evolution of cometary surface topography is presently modeled in terms of a focusing of thermal energy due to topographical concavity. The model encompasses incident sunlight, shadowing, molecular sublimation, and mutual radiative heating by the walls of a circle-segment cross section trench, which has a 'lensing' effect. After a large number of perihelion passages, the net effect of trench bottom sublimation losses will be the accentuation of topographical concavities. The comet surface sublimation, comet-splitting, and comet surface jet-formation consequences of this model are discussed.
Transient intermediates in steroidogenesis.

Abstract Analogs of cholesterol and pregnenolone have been synthesized and tested as hormonal precursors. Homologues of cholesterol in which C-22 is completely substituted (e.g. (20R-20-t-butyl)-5-pregnene-3)β,20 diol, (20R)-20-(phenyl)-5-pregnene-3β,20 diol) were incubated with acetone powders of adrenal glands and appropriate cofactors and each was converted into pregnenolone. The side-chain fragment of the aryl derivative formed biosynthetically in this reaction was identified as phenol. In addition, another fragment, acetophenone, was isolated but the C19-steroidal product of this unusual pathway has not yet been identified. In a comparable manner, the conversion of C21-steroids into C19-androgens was studied. An analog of pregnenolone which was devoid of oxygen at C-20, 5-pregnene-3β-ol, was synthesized and when incubated with testicular microsomes was converted into testosterone. These results suggest that the true intermediates in steroid biosynthesis may not be isolable hydroxylated compounds as traditionally conceived, but rather enzyme bound, transient, reactive species.
Electromagnetic environment and Peltier effect in normal-metal/insulator/superconductor junction

Abstract The influence of external environment on the heat transport through a tunnel junction connecting a normal-metal and a superconductor is analyzed theoretically. It is demonstrated that at finite temperatures finite impedance of the junction electrodes, limits the maximum amount of heat that can be extracted from the normal-metal via the electric current and thus reduces the efficiency of the thermoelectric electron refrigeration. This behaviour is more pronounced for charging energies Ec of the junction, larger than the superconducting gap Δ and persists for a wide range of values of the impedance.
The synthesis and characterization of some Ru(II) complexes containing carbon monoxide and isocyanide groups

Abstract A ruthenium complex containing both carbon monoxide and isocyanide ligands was synthesized. The complex was analyzed by several methods and was characterized as the dimer {RuCl2[(CH3)3CNC]2(CO)}2. Depending on the reaction temperature, two isomers, trans and cis were observed and were studied by means of infrared spectroscopy.
Exchange Rate Pass-Through and Monetary Policy in Croatia

Abstract Exchange rate targeting is considered to be the best policy option in dollarized economies if wages and prices are indexed to the exchange rate. Croatia is a highly dollarized economy; however, our empirical investigation does not reveal a high exchange rate pass-through after stabilization. This finding is robust to different methodologies and suggests that dollarization is limited mostly to financial assets. Therefore, strict exchange rate targeting may not necessarily be the best policy option for Croatia. However, policy implications must be drawn with care due to the endogeneity of the pass-through to the policy regime. Journal of Comparative Economics 32 (3) (2004) 426–444.
Ab initio investigation of phonon dispersion and anomalies in palladium

In recent years, palladium has proven to be a crucial component for devices ranging from nanotube field effect transistors to advanced hydrogen storage devices. In this work, I examine the phonon dispersion of fcc Pd using first-principle calculations based on density functional perturbation theory (DFPT). While several groups in the past have studied the acoustic properties of palladium, this is the first study to reproduce the full phonon dispersion and associated anomaly in the (110)-direction with high accuracy and no adjustable parameters. I will show that the (110) anomaly is a Kohn anomaly due to electron-phonon interactions and that paramagnons play no significant role in the (110) phonon dispersion.
Lambert's Problem Revisited

Two classical foms of the time of flight equation for the two body, two point boundary value problem, known as "Lambert's problem," are combined to produce an elegant formulation which may serve as the nucleus of an extremely efficient cornputat.- ion algorithm. (i.e., includes elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic orbits), is a well-behaved function of a single convenient independent variable, and requires the evaluation of a single hypergeometric function. New recursive identities f or hypergeometric functions are developed and efFectively exploited to enhance computation speed. "top-down" continued fraction algorithm, used for efficient evaluation of the hypergeometric function, which avoids the necessity of repeated scaling. This formulation represents a considerable improve- ment over other methods known to the author, The time equation is universal
A progress report on computer applications in computer design

The subject of computers designing other computers has been a popular one for several years. This subject generally brings to mind Boolean algebra reduction or generation of design logic. This is a difficult problem which the authors of this paper have investigated only superficially, and is not the subject of this paper. Another aspect of computer development work, however, lends itself to mechanization and represents the greatest portion of the time, money, and manpower consuming business of developing a new computing system. This paper summarizes the progress which has been made to date in writing, debugging, and placing in production a general purpose computer program (ERA 1103) for handling this portion of the development work. This is a program for processing the logical design engineer's work through simulated operation of the proposed equipment to the production of detailed wiring tabulations for manufacturing purposes.
The meteor radar as a tool for upper atmosphere research

Abstract Meteor radars provide measurements of the upper mesosphere-lower thermosphere neutral wind field by using the reflection of electromagnetic waves from meteor trails. These radars are relatively inexpensive and provide an excellent means of monitoring the mean winds and tides in the 80–100 km region. Recently new techniques have been developed to detect meteor echoes from other ground-based radar systems operating in the HF/VHF frequency range. The meteor echo information augments the data that is routinely collected by these radars. In this paper I will review the meteor radar technique and emphasize new methods of detection of meteor echoes on Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (ST/MST) radars and on the Imaging Doppler Interferometer (IDI) radar.
Cyclical wage movements in emerging markets compared to developed economies: The role of interest rates

Abstract This paper documents that, at the aggregate level, (i) real wages are positively correlated with output and, on average, lag output by about one quarter in emerging markets, while there are no systematic patterns in developed economies, and (ii) real wage volatility (relative to output volatility) is about twice as high in emerging markets compared with developed economies. We then present a small open economy model with productivity shocks and countercyclical interest rates. The model incorporates a working capital requirement and the Jaimovich and Rebelo (2009) preference that allows for flexible parameterization of the strength of income effects on labor supply. The model can account for the high volatility of wage and consumption relative to output and countercyclical trade balances that characterize emerging-market economies. During economic downturns, rising interest rates in emerging markets induce relatively large income effects on labor supply, so households would not reduce their labor input as much even though wages drop significantly.
On the rationality of cycling in the Theory of Moves framework

Theory of Moves (TOM) is a novel approach to game theory for determining rational strategies during the play of dynamic games [Brams, S J. (1994). Theory of moves. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press]. While alternate models such as normal form games exist, players of these games are limited to single shot interactions with each other, but within TOM, sequences of moves and counter moves are allowed. As a consequence of this framework potential cyclic behaviour may arise. Unfortunately, standard TOM framework suggests that players do not move from the initial state if the possibility of cyclic behaviour is detected. However, in a plethora of real life scenarios, cycling can benefit a player over time. We first extend the TOM framework by allowing players to choose how much time to stay in each state while specifying time limits for moves. This generalisation allows for cycling behaviour in addition to normal, acyclic TOM play. We present additional rationality rules to handle the choice of move time...
Characterizing Heavy-Tailed Distributions Induced by Retransmissions

Consider a generic data unit of random size L that needs to be transmitted over a channel of unit capacity. The channel availability dynamics is modeled as an i.i.d. sequence {A, Ai}i>1 that is independent of L. During each period of time that the channel becomes available, say Ai, we attempt to transmit the data unit. If L ≤ Ai, the transmission is considered successful; otherwise, we wait for the next available period Ai+1 and attempt to retransmit the data from the beginning. We investigate the asymptotic properties of the number of retransmissions N and the total transmission time T until the data is successfully transmitted. In the context of studying the completion times in systems with failures where jobs restart from the beginning, it was first recognized in [5, 18] that this model results in power law and, in general, heavy-tailed delays. The main objective of this paper is to uncover the detailed structure of this class of heavy-tailed distributions induced by retransmissions. More precisely, we study how the functional dependence (P[L > x]) 1 ≈ �((P[A > x]) 1 ) impacts the distributions of N and T; the approximation ≈ will be appropriately defined in the paper depending on the context. In the functional space of �(� ), we discover several functional criticality points that separate classes of different functional behavior of the distribution of N. For example, we show that if log(�(n)) is slowly varying, then log(P[N > n]) is essentially slowly varying as well. Interestingly, if log(�(n)) grows slower than e p log n
Y-systems and generalized associahedra

The goals of this paper are two-fold. First, we prove, for an arbitrary finite root system D, the periodicity conjecture of Al. B. Zamolodchikov [24] that concerns Y-systems, a particular class of functional relations playing an important role in the theory of thermodynamic Bethe ansatz. Algebraically, Y-systems can be viewed as families of rational functions defined by certain birational recurrences formulated in terms of the root system (. We obtain explicit formulas for these rational functions, which always turn out to be Laurent polynomials, and prove that they exhibit the periodicity property conjectured by Zamolodchikov. In a closely related development, we introduce and study a simplicial complex A(b), which can be viewed as a generalization of the Stasheff polytope (also known as associahedron) for an arbitrary root system (D. In type A, this complex is the face complex of the ordinary associahedron, whereas in type B, our construction produces the Bott-Taubes polytope, or cyclohedron. We enumerate the faces of the complex A(@), prove that its geometric realization is always a sphere, and describe it in concrete combinatorial terms for the classical types ABCD. The primary motivation for this investigation came from the theory of cluster algebras, introduced in [9] as a device for studying dual canonical bases and total positivity in semisimple Lie groups. This connection remains behind the scenes in the text of this paper, and will be brought to light in a forthcoming sequel1 to [9].
A Measurement of the Angular Power Spectrum of the Anisotropy in the Cosmic Microwave Background

We report on a measurement of the angular power spectrum of the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The anisotropy is measured in 23 different multipole bands from l = 54 (≈ 3°) to l = 404 (≈ 045) and in six frequency bands from 26 to 46 GHz over three observing seasons. The measurements are consistent from year to year. The frequency spectral index of the fluctuations (measured at low l) is consistent with that of the CMB and inconsistent with either dust or Galactic free-free emission. Furthermore, the observations of the MSAM1-92 experiment (Cheng et al. 1994) are repeated and confirmed. The angular spectrum shows a distinct rise from δTl ≡ [l(2l+1)| aml |2/4π]1/2=49+ 8−5 μK at l = 87 to δTl=85+ 10−8 μK at l = 237. These values do not include an overall ±14% (1 σ) calibration uncertainty. The analysis and possible systematic errors are discussed.
Fast Statistical Analysis of Rare Circuit Failure Events via Scaled-Sigma Sampling for High-Dimensional Variation Space

Accurately estimating the rare failure rates for nanoscale circuit blocks (e.g., static random-access memory, D flip-flop, etc.) is a challenging task, especially when the variation space is high-dimensional. In this paper, we propose a novel scaled-sigma sampling (SSS) method to address this technical challenge. The key idea of SSS is to generate random samples from a distorted distribution for which the standard deviation (i.e., sigma) is scaled up. Next, the failure rate is accurately estimated from these scaled random samples by using an analytical model derived from the theorem of “soft maximum.” Our proposed SSS method can simultaneously estimate the rare failure rates for multiple performances and/or specifications with only a single set of transistor-level simulations. To quantitatively assess the accuracy of SSS, we estimate the confidence interval of SSS based on bootstrap. Several circuit examples designed in nanoscale technologies demonstrate that the proposed SSS method achieves significantly better accuracy than the traditional importance sampling technique when the dimensionality of the variation space is more than a few hundred.