cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of hydrogen and hydrogen-rich reformate enrichment of JP-8 in an open flame

Abstract Hydrogen enhanced combustion of JP-8 provides an additional control parameter for external combustion based power sources. When supplied as part of a “reformer gas” mixture, hydrogen provides similar benefits as pure hydrogen, given sufficient oxygen mixing. Previous work showed benefits of hydrogen enhanced combustion for external combustion based power sources. As a step closer to practical applications, the present work examines the use of hydrogen rich reformate. This mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen is produced by fuel reforming of JP-8 and other logistics fuels. Tests evaluated the temperature profiles of dual fueled flames using JP-8 and either hydrogen or a bottled mixture representing fuel reformate. Both supplemental fuels move combustion earlier, allowing more stable combustion and potential for reduced size. JP-8 flow rate was reduced to maintain fuel energy input at a constant 5.5 kWth. In comparing two cases, the important factor was the total energy contribution. The ratio of hydrogen and carbon monoxide had little effect on the flame structure. This research also compared methods of hydrogen addition. It was added with either the atomizing air or the secondary air which reiterated the importance of oxygen availability. For example, hydrogen through the nozzle produces additional changes to the flame structure due to the combustible mixture of hydrogen and air in the nozzle. The equivalent flow rate of reformate in the nozzle does not produce the same effect because the air in the nozzle is replaced by the other gases in the reformate (CO, CO2, and N2). Hydrogen enrichment tests establish the benefit of dual firing hydrogen and JP-8. These reformate tests show the variables that must be considered in implementing this technique in a practical system.
Improving low-cost inertial-measurement-unit (IMU)-based motion tracking accuracy for a biomorphic hyper-redundant snake robot

This paper develops and experimentally validates a 3D-printed snake robot prototype. Its structure is designed to allocate limited room for each functional module (including an external power module, battery power module, the wireless control and transmission module and some detective sensors), so as to ensure the snake robot works in different environments. In order to control and track the snake robot, a low-cost MEMS-IMU (micro-electro-mechanical systems inertial measurement unit)-based snake robot motion tracking system is developed. Three algorithms (low-pass filter, baseline calibration, and Kalman filter) are used to eliminate noise from IMU’s acceleration data, thus minimizing the noise influence to tracking accuracy. Through signal processing, the IMU acceleration data can be effectively used for motion tracking. The result from the video tracking software is employed as a reference for comparison, so as to evaluate the motion tracking algorithm efficiency. The comparison results demonstrate high efficiency of the proposed IMU-based motion tracking algorithm.
Strategic interaction and economic development incentives policy: Evidence from U.S. States

Abstract This paper examines Economic Development Incentives (EDI) use by states. In particular, it examines if states engage in strategic interaction when making decisions about the total value of EDI offered in a given year. The goal is to better understand if competition among states for jobs and private investment is a contributing factor to the increase in EDI spending programs. Taking advantage of a national search engine, spatial econometric techniques are applied to state-level panel data and different metrics of neighborliness are considered to better identify patterns of EDI competition. Results from 48 states during the period 2007 to 2012 suggest the presence of strategic interaction: states increase their EDI spending when their neighbors do so. Estimates are robust to numerous specification checks, including an alternative source of EDI spending data. Notably, states compete more intensively over out-of-pocket incentives than those in the form of forgone revenue.
Child Labor: A Child Development Perspective

Childhood is a fundamental stage of life between infant and adulthood. Globally, child labor has been a factor that impedes children’s successful transition into adulthood. This chapter discusses the distribution of child labor in farm and domestic work as well as differentiating between “child labor” and “working children.” Using the child development framework, effects of child labor on working children’s physical, social, behavioral, and emotional development are examined. Research gaps and the role of a multidisciplinary dialogue in facilitating change within a global context are also discussed.
Mach Bands and Art

Some illusions depend on cultural experiences or expectations, but Mach bands are innate to everyone. Ernst Mach postulated that the perceptual enhancement of contrast at border derived from physiologic interactions with the retina. This insight explained phenomena tht had been used consciously or unconsciously by artists for millennia. This is discussed with examples in this article.
Influence of Electronic Polarization on the Structure of Ionic Liquids.

The liquid structure and electrical screening ability of ionic liquids are fundamentally intertwined. The molecular nature of the charge carriers means that screening distances of external fields depend sensitively on the ion packing and structure of the ionic liquid. In this work, we quantitatively illustrate how the liquid structure itself is directly modulated by electrostatic screening conditions. In particular, electronic polarization fundamentally relaxes long-range ion structuring in asymmetric ionic liquids such as [BMIM+][BF4–], with the influence propagating to short-range ion–ion correlation. A consequence of the exact Stillinger–Lovett second moment condition is that, at fixed density, any pairwise-additive, nonpolarizable force field will necessarily predict artificially enhanced long-range ion structuring. This is because the screening condition is set by the infinite-frequency dielectric response. There is no ad-hoc fix: One has to use polarizable force fields to correctly reproduce the opt...
Dlk1-Mediated Temporal Regulation of Notch Signaling Is Required for Differentiation of Alveolar Type II to Type I Cells during Repair

Lung alveolar type I cells (AT1) and alveolar type II cells (AT2) regulate the structural integrity and function of alveoli. AT1, covering ∼95% of the surface area, are responsible for gas exchange, whereas AT2 serve multiple functions, including alveolar repair through proliferation and differentiation into AT1. However, the signaling mechanisms for alveolar repair remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung injury in mice, that non-canonical Notch ligand Dlk1 (delta-like 1 homolog) is essential for AT2-to-AT1 differentiation. Notch signaling was activated in AT2 at the onset of repair but later suppressed by Dlk1. Deletion of Dlk1 in AT2 induced persistent Notch activation, resulting in stalled transition to AT1 and accumulation of an intermediate cell population that expressed low levels of both AT1 and AT2 markers. Thus, Dlk1 expression leads to precisely timed inhibition of Notch signaling and activates AT2-to-AT1 differentiation, leading to alveolar repair.
Mimetic Impulses and Early Receptions

Medieval commentary on tyranny. The consequences of Emperor Frederick II’s (d. 1250) revival of Roman law and state administration resulted in a mimetic impulse toward tyrannical political culture, particularly in Sicily and Italy. Quarrels with the papacy led to developing theories of absolute power.
Optical play and the expanded archive: mapping childhood and media archaeology

This article explores the study of pre-cinematic toys and media within the context of a multidisciplinary childhood studies department, arguing that childhood studies and media archaeology share a ...
Understanding the Long-Term Impact of Living-Related Liver Transplantation on Youth and Young Adults and their Family.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this mixed methods study was to better understand the long term impact of living-related liver donation (LRLD) on youth and young adult (YYA) recipients and their family. Design and methods Semistructured interviews were conducted with YYA, aged 11–18 years, who received a living donation from a parent. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed to aggregate themes that represented the participants' views as live-liver recipients. An ethnographic process was conducted to understand the participants' social behavior. At interview, participants completed a demographics questionnaire and the Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Research Version (YQOL-R). Results Thirteen adolescents were interviewed; six were re-interviewed as key informants. Three major categories were created from the data: Developing Identity, Redefining Family Relationships, Feeling Gratitude to Donors. The overarching theme was Resiliency. Findings from the YQOL-R showed no difference in overall scores or separate domains when compared with a reference population with no chronic illness. Conclusion Qualitative and quantitative data highlight the positive effect that LRLD can have on pediatric patients as they transition from childhood to adolescence to young adulthood. Practice implications: As pediatric transplant centers in the United States soon mark 30 years of performing live-liver donation, recipients are becoming adults and understanding more clearly that the long-term effects of such donations will lead to improvements in future care.
Is COVID-19-Induced Platelet Activation a Cause of Concern for Patients with Cancer?

Cancer patients are more susceptible to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 and develop severe outcomes including ICU admittance, mechanical ventilator support, and a high rate of mortality. Like mid-to late-stage cancer, SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with platelet hyperactivity, systemic inflammation, thrombotic complications, and coagulopathy. Platelets also promote cancer cell growth, survival in circulation, and angiogenesis at sites of metastases. In this article, we will discuss the potential for platelets in the development of systemic inflammation and thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2 infected cancer patients, with the concern that the platelet-induced pathogenic events are likely magnified in cancer patients with COVID-19.
How Seasonality of Malnutrition Is Measured and Analyzed.

Seasonality is a critical source of vulnerability across most human activities and natural processes, including the underlying and immediate drivers of acute malnutrition. However, while there is general agreement that acute malnutrition is highly variable within and across years, the evidence base is limited, resulting in an overreliance on assumptions of seasonal peaks. We review the design and analysis of 24 studies exploring the seasonality of nutrition outcomes in Africa’s drylands, providing a summary of approaches and their advantages and disadvantages. Over half of the studies rely on two to four time points within the year and/or the inclusion of time as a categorical variable in the analysis. While such approaches simplify interpretation, they do not correspond to the climatic variability characteristic of drylands or the relationship between climatic variability and human activities. To better ground our understanding of the seasonality of acute malnutrition in a robust evidence base, we offer recommendations for study design and analysis, including drawing on participatory methods to identify community perceptions of seasonality, use of longitudinal data and panel analysis with approaches borrowed from the field of infectious diseases, and linking oscillations in nutrition data with climatic data.
Application of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy

SUMMARY The video depicts the materials and steps for applying negative pressure wound therapy. The clinical case involves a patient who had sustained a thigh Morel-Lavallee lesion that developed overlying skin necrosis and drainage that was treated with surgical debridement and the application of negative pressure wound therapy.
Microscopic entropy of AdS3 black holes revisited

We revisit the microscopic description of AdS3 black holes in light of recent progress on their higher dimensional analogues. The grand canonical partition function that follows from the AdS3/CFT2 correspondence describes BPS and nearBPS black hole thermodynamics. We formulate an entropy extremization principle that accounts for both the black hole entropy and a constraint on its charges, in close analogy with asymptotically AdS black holes in higher dimensions. We are led to interpret supersymmetric black holes as ensembles of BPS microstates satisfying a charge constraint that is not respected by individual states. This interpretation provides a microscopic understanding of the hitherto mysterious charge constraints satisfied by all BPS black holes in AdS. We also develop thermodynamics and a nAttractor mechanism of AdS3 black holes in the nearBPS regime.
Item-level and Composite-level Interrater Reliability of Functional Movement Screen™ Scores Following Condensed Training in Novice Raters

# BACKGROUND The Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS™) is a clinical instrument designed to use movement behaviors to screen individuals for injury risk. Current rater certification programs focus on extensive, individualized training, which may not be appropriate in all screening contexts. # PURPOSE The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of a two-hour FMS^TM^ training seminar on measures of reliability between previously untrained scorers. # STUDY DESIGN Repeated measures, descriptive cohort study. # METHODS Four novice raters completed a two-hour training course administered by an FMS™-certified, licensed physical therapist. The novices and the instructor then scored a group of 16 individuals on the seven FMS™ component tests on two separate occasions. Interrater reliability was assessed for FMS™ component scores using Fleiss’ kappa and Krippendorff’s α. Interrater reliability for the FMS™ composite score was assessed using a two-way ICC for agreement (a priori significance level=0.05). # RESULTS Reliability ranged from fair to almost perfect (kappa) for Deep Squat (0.61 Day 1, 0.79 Day 2), Shoulder Mobility (0.90 Day 1, 1.00 Day 2), Active Straight Leg Raise (0.53 Day 1, 0.69 Day 2), and Trunk Stability Push Up (0.48 Day 1, 0.49 Day 2) on both testing occurrences (p\<0.05). Reliability (kappa) was fair for Inline Lunge (0.24 Day 1, 0.39 Day 2), and poor for Hurdle Step (Day 1 -0.01, Day 2 no result) and Rotary Stability (Day 1 -0.03, Day 2 -0.01). Results for Krippendorff’s α were similar, with unacceptable interrater reliability for Hurdle Step (Day 1 -0.01, Day 2 1.00), Inline Lunge (Day 1 0.31, Day 2 0.39), and Rotary Stability (Day 1 -0.02, Day 2 -0.01). Interrater composite score reliability (ICC) was good (0.79 Day 1, 0.84 Day 2; both p\<0.05). # CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that a brief training seminar may be sufficient to ensure acceptable reliability in many, but not all, of the FMS™ component tests and composite score. # Levels of Evidence Level 2b
Aducanumab: Appropriate Use Recommendations

Aducanumab has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinicians require guidance on the appropriate use of this new therapy. An Expert Panel was assembled to construct Appropriate Use Recommendations based on the participant populations, conduct of the pivotal trials of aducanumab, updated Prescribing Information, and expert consensus. Aducanumab is an amyloid-targeting monoclonal antibody delivered by monthly intravenous infusions. The pivotal trials included patients with early AD (mild cognitive impairment due to AD and mild AD dementia) who had confirmed brain amyloid using amyloid positron tomography. The Expert Panel recommends that use of aducanumab be restricted to this population in which efficacy and safety have been studied. Aducanumab is titrated to a dose of 10 mg/kg over a 6-month period. The Expert Panel recommends that the aducanumab be titrated to the highest dose to maximize the opportunity for efficacy. Aducanumab can substantially increase the incidence of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) with brain effusion or hemorrhage. Dose interruption or treatment discontinuation is recommended for symptomatic ARIA and for moderate-severe ARIA. The Expert Panel recommends MRIs prior to initiating therapy, during the titration of the drug, and at any time the patient has symptoms suggestive of ARIA. Recommendations are made for measures less cumbersome than those used in trials for the assessment of effectiveness in the practice setting. The Expert Panel emphasized the critical importance of engaging in a process of patient-centered informed decision-making that includes comprehensive discussions and clear communication with the patient and care partner regarding the requirements for therapy, the expected outcome of therapy, potential risks and side effects, and the required safety monitoring, as well as uncertainties regarding individual responses and benefits.
Interval Censoring: Overview†

In interval censoring, a random variable is known only to lie in an interval. In survival or failure-time data, this may arise, for instance, when a critical change has occurred sometime between a patient's successive visits to a clinic. The survival distribution may be estimated by nonparametric maximum likelihood. Attention is given to the estimation of parameters in regression models and to the comparison of survival functions. Keywords: survival data; current status; nonparametric; proportional hazards
Impact of Migratory Animals on Grazing Lands: An Evidence from Himachal Pradesh

The present study was conducted in the hilly region of himachal pradesh which revealed that the area under forests in different forest circles decreased over time. The migratory livestock population decreased over period. The availability of grazing lands for migratory animals was higher than the recommended level except in Dharmsala forest circle. The higher pressure on grazing lands was noticed when animal grazed by local people were also considered. The loss of plantation in grazing lands varied from Rs. 268.44 lac to Rs. 285.04 lac in different forest circles over the years. The income generated from migratory animals through wool, milk, meat and FYM was Rs. 44.76 lac in Dharmsala forest circle in 1990-91 to Rs. 775 lac in Chamba during 1999-2000. Besides this, employment of 16,560 man days was also generated in the state through this profession. It was suggested that with increase in human and livestock population, the demand for Common Property Land Resources (CPRs) products has increased which calls for better management of CPRs. The weeds infestation is causing an additional stress and resource competition. Therefore, there is a need to frame a comprehensive policy to eradicate the weeds and to increase the productivity of grasses and income of local people. In the plantation programmes, preferences should be given to locally acceptable multi-purpose tree species.
A shotgun optical map of the entire Plasmodium falciparum genome

The unicellular parasite Plasmodium falciparum is the cause of human malaria, resulting in 1.7–2.5 million deaths each year1. To develop new means to treat or prevent malaria, the Malaria Genome Consortium was formed to sequence and annotate the entire 24.6-Mb genome2. The plan, already underway, is to sequence libraries created from chromosomal DNA separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The AT-rich genome of P. falciparum presents problems in terms of reliable library construction and the relative paucity of dense physical markers or extensive genetic resources. To deal with these problems, we reasoned that a high-resolution, ordered restriction map covering the entire genome could serve as a scaffold for the alignment and verification of sequence contigs developed by members of the consortium. Thus optical mapping was advanced to use simply extracted, unfractionated genomic DNA as its principal substrate. Ordered restriction maps (BamHI and NheI) derived from single molecules were assembled into 14 deep contigs corresponding to the molecular karyotype determined by PFGE (ref. 3).
Association of Prolonged Survival in HLA-A2+ Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Patients with a CTL Response Specific for a Commonly Recognized JC Virus Epitope

The role of JC virus (JCV)-specific CTL was explored in the immunopathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). We identified a 9-aa epitope of the JCV capsid protein VP1, the VP1 p100 peptide ILMWEAVTL, which is recognized by CTL of HLA-A2 + HIV + /PML survivors. We then constructed an HLA-A*0201/VP1 p100 tetrameric complex that allowed us to assess by flow cytometry the PBMC of 13 PML patients and 11 control subjects for the presence of JCV-specific CTL. VP1 p100 -specific CTL were detected by tetramer binding in VP1 p100 -stimulated PBMC of five of seven (71%) PML survivors and zero of six PML progressors ( p = 0.02). Two of three HIV + patients with a leukoencephalopathy resembling PML, but with no virologic evidence of JCV infection, also had detectable VP1 p100 -specific CTL in their PBMC. PBMC of eight HIV + patients with other neurologic diseases and healthy control subjects had no detectable JCV-specific CTL. These data suggest that the JCV-specific cellular immune response may be important in the containment of PML, and the tetramer-staining assay may provide a useful prognostic tool in the clinical management of these patients.
Race and Poverty

With the right solutions and enough hard work, there is a chance that inner cities can become revitalized. It cannot happen overnight, but if the government and the people cooperate—it will happen. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol1/iss1/10 The reality of poverty hit me very hard when I witnessed inner-city conditions in Chicago as part of a freshman seminar course on "Race and Poverty" that I took last semester at Illinois Wesleyan University. Looking at all the decay and deterioration it is easy to understand how most of us pass by these areas and are unable to see past the rubble. We don't see that what is now the empty shell of a building was once, perhaps, the dream of a young entrepreneur. This environment also limits the viewpoints of those who live in poverty plagued areas. They often are unable to see much hope for themselves in terms of escaping their impoverished neighborhoods. When one is surrounded by ruin and hopelessness, it becomes difficult to see much else.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma-targeted gene therapy

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 14-18, 2007; Los Angeles, CA 3311 The occurrence of this type of mesothelioma is increasing worldwide as a result of widespread exposure to asbestos, which was widely used in industrialized countries until approximately 1970. The median survival time of patients with mesothelioma from date of diagnosis ranges between 1 and 2 years (Antman et. al. J Clin Oncol. 1988, Aisner et al. Chest. 1995). Mortality is expected to increase, at least until 2020 mainly due to the long latency of the disease (30-50 years) (Robinson et al. N Engl J Med. 2005). Despite considerable advances in the understanding of its pathogenesis and etiology, malignant mesothelioma remains largely unresponsive to standard modalities of cancer therapy (Nowak et al. Semin Oncol. 2002). Gene therapy is one of the approaches currently being tried to treat malignant pleural mesothelioma. However, present tumor gene therapies have had limited success because they are prone to side effects due to the lack of tissue and tumor specificity. To address this problem we have developed a method of gene therapy specifically targeting malignant mesothelioma. We evaluated the tumor specificity of five different promoters from mesothelioma markers. A luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the promoter region -2586/+87 of the human CRI1 (CREBBP/EP300 inhibitory protein 1) gene is highly active in malignant pleural mesothelioma cells (H2542, H2052, MSTO-211H) but not in normal mesothelial and pleural cells. In contrast, all the other promoters of mesothelioma markers (e.g., Mesothelin, WT1, Calretinin) showed significantly high promoter activity not only in malignant pleural mesothelioma cells but also in normal mesothelial and pleural cells. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the recombinant adenoviral Ad-CRI1-2586/BID vector that expressed the CRI1 promoter-driven proapoptotic BID (BH3 interacting death agonist) induced BID expression and apoptosis in malignant mesothelioma MSTO-211H cells, whereas little apoptosis was detected in normal pleural cells. Here we report a novel strategy to target malignant mesothelioma using the pro-apoptotic BID gene and the CRI1 promoter.
Up & Away: A Visually-controlled Easy-to-deploy Uav Cyber Physical Testbed

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) rely on advancements in fields such as robotics, mobile computing, sensor networks, controls, and communications, to advance complex real-world applications including aerospace, transportation, factory automation, and intelligent systems. The multidisciplinary nature of effective CPS research, diverts specialized researchers' efforts towards building expensive and complex testbeds for realistic experimentation, thus, delaying or taking the focus away from the core potential contributions to be made. We present Up and Away (UnA), a cheap and generic testbed composed of multiple autonomously controlled Unmanned Ariel Vehicle (UAV) quadcopters. Our choice of using UAVs is due to the their deployment flexibility and maneuverability enabling a wide range of CPS research evaluations in areas such as 3D localization, camera sensor networks, target surveillance, and traffic monitoring. Furthermore, we provide a vision-based localization solution that uses color tags to identify different objects in varying light intensity environments and use that system to control the UAVs within a specific area of interest. However, UnA's architecture is modular so that the localization system can be replaced by any other system (e.g. GPS) as deployment conditions change. UnA enables interaction with real world objects, treating them as CPS input, and uses the UAVs to carry out CPS specific tasks while providing sensory information from the UAV's array of sensors as output. We also provide an API that allows the integration of simulation code that will obtain input from the physical world (e.g. targets to track) then provide control parameters (i.e. number of quadcopters and destinations coordinates) to the UAVs. The UnA architecture is depicted in Figure 1a. To demonstrate the promise of UnA, we use it to evaluate another research contribution we make in the area of smart surveillance, particularly that of target coverage using mobile cameras. Optimal camera placement to maximize coverage has been shown to be NP-complete for both area and target coverage. Motivated by the need for practical computationally efficient algorithms to autonomously control mobile visual sensors, we propose efficient near-optimal algorithms for finding the minimum number of cameras to cover a high ratio of targets. First, we develop a basic method, called cover-set coverage to find the location/direction of a single camera for a group of targets. This method is based on finding candidate points for each possible camera direction and spanning the direction space via discretizing camera pans. We then propose two algorithms, (1) Smart Start K-Camera Clustering (SSKCAM) and (2) Fuzzy Coverage (FC), which divide targets into multiple clusters and then use the cover-set coverage method to find the camera location/direction for each cluster. Overall, we were able to integrate the implementation of these algorithms with the UnA testbed to witness real-time assessment of our algorithms as shown in Figure 1b.
Simulations of light effects on the human circadian pacemaker: implications for assessment of intrinsic period

The sensitivity of the human circadian system to light has been the subject of considerable debate. Using computer simulations of a recent quantitative model for the effects of light on the human circadian system, we investigated these effects of light during different experimental protocols. The results of the simulations indicate that the nonuniform distribution over the circadian cycle of exposure to ordinary room light seen in classical free-run studies, in which subjects select their exposure to light and darkness, can result in an observed period of approximately 25 h, even when the intrinsic period of the subject's endogenous circadian pacemaker is much closer to 24 h. Other simulation results suggest that accurate assessment of the true intrinsic period of the human circadian pacemaker requires low ambient light intensities (approximately 10-15 lx) during scheduled wake episodes, desynchrony of the imposed light-dark cycle from the endogenous circadian oscillator, and a study length of at least 20 days. Although these simulations await further experimental substantiation, they highlight the sensitivity to light of the human circadian system and the potential confounding influence of light on the assessment of the intrinsic period of the circadian pacemaker.
Triplet-State Electron Spin Resonance of an H-Atom-Methyl-Radical Complex in a Solid Matrix

The electron spin resonance of paramagnetic species produced by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ irradiation of solid methane at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K has been observed. In addition to the expected signals from individual H and C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ radicals, weaker signals from exchange-coupled H and C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ radicals were observed. The exchange interaction is isotropic, but there is an anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction between the aligned electron spin moments which gives rise to a splitting of 91 G. Analysis of this interaction indicates the separation of the coupled H and C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ to be 6.76 \AA{}. The hyperfine splitting by the H is 255 G and that by each proton of the C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$ group is 11.5 G, or one-half those for the isolated H and C${\mathrm{H}}_{3}$. These features are shown to be in agreement with theoretical predictions. Similar effects were observed for C${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ irradiated in a krypton matrix at 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Endlessly Creating Myself: Examining Marketplace Inclusion Through the Lived Experience of Black and White Male Millennials

Abstract This study qualitatively examines the synergetic relationship between identity projects and the marketplace. The sample consisted of 20 men between the ages of 18 and 29 years; 10 self-identified as black, and 10 self-identified as white. Consumers must navigate multiple sites of identification that constantly shift in importance and involvement. To more closely reflect actual consumers, this study incorporated gender orientation, age, and race into an intersectional analysis. By taking a more “true-to-life” approach to consumption/identity research, this project unearths new knowledge that is proximate to the lived experience of consumers. While both white and black informants use the symbolic meaning of commodities as a mode of self-expression, key differences exist. Dominant discourse pertaining to white and black male identity appears to influence how informants perceive possibilities of self, which in turn affects marketplace interaction. The author concludes with a discussion of ways public...
Reduction of pulmonary surfactant in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

We assessed qualitative and quantitative differences in surfactant lipid composition of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and Pneumocystis carinii (PC) pneumonia. Five normal volunteers and 27 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection underwent BAL for evaluation of possible pulmonary infection. Bronchoalveolar lavage studies in eight patients were negative for PC organisms, and 19 were positive. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was graded (mild vs moderate to severe) by initial alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was centrifuged, the lipids were extracted from the supernatant, and total lipid profiles of dephosphorylated glycerolipids were analyzed as trimethylsilylether derivatives by high temperature gas-liquid chromatography. Phospholipase A 2 levels were determined using a radiolabeled E coli membrane method. Compared to the normal volunteers (109±13 µg/5 ml) and the PC negative group (107±13 µg/5 ml), total BAL lipid was reduced for both the mild PC pneumonia group (73±10 µg/5 ml) and the moderate to severe PC pneumonia group (46±4 µg/5 ml). There was a parallel reduction of diacylglycerol lipids: normal volunteers, 52±7 µg/5 ml; PC negative, 52±9 µg/5 ml; mild PC pneumonia, 35±7 µg/5 ml; and moderate to severe PC pneumonia, 15±2 µg/5 ml. Phospholipase A 2 activity in moderate to severe PC pneumonia was twice that of the PC negative patients, and 30 times that for normals. The data demonstrate a marked diminution in surfactant glycerophospholipid in patients with AIDS and PC pneumonia and suggest a potential role for surfactant abnormality in the pathophysiology of this disease.
Cell cycle regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity at the centrosomes.

The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a subgroup of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family of serine/threonine kinases, has established functions in cell growth and apoptosis. While the mechanisms are unclear, JNK has also been also implicated in signaling pathways that initiate cell cycle checkpoints and cell cycle progression. By following the localization of active and inactive JNK during the cell cycle, we have found that the majority of cellular JNK is soluble and present in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Interestingly, insoluble fractions of JNK are also localized in nuclear and cytoplasmic speckles, and to the centrosomes. While JNK is associated with the centrosome throughout the cell cycle, it is only active at the centrosome from S phase through anaphase. This novel localization of centrosomal JNK is a possible link between JNK-activating stimuli and centrosome or cell cycle events.
Microstructurally induced computational and material instabilities

Abstract A dislocation-density based finite strain crystal plasticity finite element model and an hourglass strain measure orthogonal to the linear velocity field were used to investigate microstructural effects on deformation and hourglass instability. An aluminum aggregate was modeled in quasi-static plane strain tension and compression, and the effects of the presence of manganese-based dispersed particles were investigated. Both local plastic deformation and the presence of these dispersed particles can trigger hourglass instabilities, which can be mistaken for deformation or failure modes. These hourglass modes occur due to the difference in the deformability of neighboring elements or regions and the associated energy modes associated with hourglassing, and the proposed computational methodology can be used to delineate between failure modes and numerical instabilities.
Understanding forearm fractures in young children: abuse or not abuse?

This retrospective study describes the characteristics and mechanisms of forearm fractures in children <18 months adding to the evidence-base about forearm fractures. It also examines which features of forearm fractures in young children may help discriminate between abusive and noninflicted injuries. Electronic medical records were reviewed for eligible patients evaluated between September 1, 2007 and January 1, 2012 at two children's hospitals in Chicago, IL. The main outcome measures were the type of fracture and the etiology of the fracture (abuse versus not abuse). The 135 included patients sustained 216 forearm fractures. Most were buckle (57%) or transverse (26%). Child protection teams evaluated 47 (35%) of the patients and diagnosed 11 (23%) as having fractures caused by abuse. Children with abusive versus non-inflicted injuries had significant differences in age (median age 7 versus 12 months), race, and presence of additional injuries. Children with abusive forearm fractures often presented without an explanation or a changing history for the injury. Children with non-inflicted forearm fractures often presented after a fall. No particular type of forearm fracture was specific for child abuse. Any forearm fracture in a young child should be evaluated with special attention to the details of the history and the presence of other injuries. Young age, additional injuries, and an absent or inconsistent explanation should increase concern that the fracture was caused by child abuse.
A two-step state space time series modeling method

Abstract A state space method for building time series models without detrending each component of data vectors is presented. The method uses the recent algorithm based on the singular value decomposition of the Hankel matrix and a two step sequential procedure suggested by the notion of dynamic aggregation.
Improving alpha spectrometry energy resolution by ion implantation with ICP-MS

We report results of a novel technique using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as a method of sample preparation for alpha spectrometry. Two samples were produced, a low- and high-bias implant, the potential being the difference between the implant material and the exit ion lens. The two implants were imaged to reveal the geometrical distribution and radiometrically counted and compared to a traditional stipple and electrodeposited 241Am sample. This method produced thin, contaminant free 241Am samples which yielded energy resolution of $$\approx 20$$ keV full-width at half-maximum which is the lower limit of the large area (450 mm2) passivated implanted planar silicon detector used in this research.
Action of androgen and estrone implants on sexual behavior and reproductive organs of castrated male rabbits.

Abstract Sexually mature but inexperienced male rabbits were castrated, immediately implanted with either testosterone (T), estrone (E 1 ), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), T + E 1 , or DHT + E 1 , and tested for male sexual behavior. Other castrates were not implanted, and testing was either begun immediately (Ca-I) or delayed for 4 weeks (Ca-D). Intact males served as controls (C). Latency to mount a teaser female and to ejaculate into an artificial vagina was tested twice in a morning three times per week for 8 weeks. Then, animals were sacrificed, and reproductive organs were measured. The Ca-I group responded slowly to sexual training and ceased nearly all sexual activity by 8 weeks, whereas the Ca-D males seldom displayed interest in the teaser female. Intact controls and the T and T + E 1 , groups all responded to the teaser and mounted and ejaculated within a few seconds. DHT and E 1 , individually maintained the sexual activity of castrates equivalent to that of C for 4–5 weeks, but the time required to mount and, particularly, to ejaculate increased thereafter. The results with DHT + E 1 were equivocal in that castrates with this hormone combination sustained sexual activity equivalent to that of the controls for 7 weeks, but one animal in particular became sexually inactive the last week of the experiment. Penis weight was at least partially maintained in all implanted castrates. Accessory sex gland weight was smallest in the DHT group and was significantly increased in the T + E 1 and DHT + E 1 groups. The largest ejaculates of fluid were obtained in the group receiving E 1 alone. These results may be interpreted to indicate a role of both androgen and estrogen centrally and peripherally in the rabbit.
Buprenorphine potentiates L-DOPA-induced contralateral rotation in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats

Abstract Animals are commonly given opioid analgetics such as buprenorphine for post-operative pain management. In this study, the effect of the analgetic buprenorphine, a partial mu receptor agonist and kappa receptor antagonist, on l -DOPA-induced contralateral rotation was measured in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) treated rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received dopamine-depleting brain lesions by infusion of 6-OHDA into the medial forebrain bundle. After the procedure, buprenorphine was administered (430 μg/kg, s.c.) to 17 of 54 animals. Three weeks after 6-OHDA treatment, animals were given benserazide HCl (25 mg/kg, i.p.) and l -DOPA (4 mg/kg, i.p.). Contralateral rotations were monitored for 2 h. Animals receiving buprenorphine had significantly higher rates of rotation as compared with non-buprenorphine-treated animals ( P =0.023). The results suggest that buprenorphine sensitizes animals to the effects of l -DOPA.
Oil transnational corporations: corporate social responsibility and environmental sustainability

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) occupies the center stage of the debate on the operations of transnational corporations in the developing countries. The quest for profit maximization as the overriding value at the expense of corporate social responsibility puts some transnational corporations on a collision path with their Niger Delta host communities, who are demanding environmental sustainability. Militant groups have shut down flow stations and taken oil workers hostage. Unresponsiveness of oil firms to community demands for CSR is heightening the volatility of the Nigerian oil industry. The problem will intensify until oil firms initiate authentic CSR strategies to address the environmental havocs emanating from their operations. At the core of such strategies is recognizing the host communities as bona fide stakeholders and addressing their socioeconomic needs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A CASE OF ARRHENOBLASTOMA WHICH SIMULATED CUSHING'S DISEASE1

LANGDON-BROWN (I) believes that Cushing's syndrome may be initiated apparently by changes either in the pituitary, thymus, adrenals or ovary. The only pathological finding common to these various origins of the syndrome is a hyaline change in thebasophilic cells of the adenohypophysis which is not interpreted as degenerative, but is considered an expression of altered physiological activity. Crooke (2) who discovered this cytologic picture regards it as of fundamental importance. Levy Simpson (3) describes the Cushing syndrome as characterised by plethoric adiposity of the face, neck and trunk, associated, in women, with hypertrichosis and amenorrhea. Other features found are hypertension, purplish striae distensae of the abdomen, acne andacrocyanosis. Hyperglycemia, with or without glycosuria, and osteoporosis are also characteristic of this syndrome, although less uniformly present. The possibility of hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex producing basophilism of the pituitary is conceivable since in Addi...
Vapor condensation onto a turbulent liquid—II. Condensation burst instability at high turbulence intensities

Abstract The process of vapor condensation onto a turbulent, subcooled liquid is shown to become unstable when the liquid-side turbulence intensity exceeds a threshold value which depends on liquid subcooling. Above the threshold, very short, high-intensity bursts of condensation occur intermittently. Data are presented on the nature of the bursts and the conditions for their onset.
Hypertension in the elderly.

The incidence of hypertension in the geriatric population is very high and is a significant determinant of cardiovascular risk in this group. The tendency for blood pressure to increase with age in westernized societies such as the United States may depend on environmental factors such as diet, stress, and inactivity. Our population tends to become more obese; to consume relatively greater amounts of sodium and lesser amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium; and to decrease exercising with increasing age. Senescent changes in the cardiovascular system leading to decreased vascular compliance and decreased baroreceptor sensitivity contribute not only to rising blood pressure but also to an impairment of postural reflexes and orthostatic hypotension. The hallmark of hypertension in the elderly is increased vascular resistance. Greater vascular reactivity in the elderly hypertensive patients may reflect decreased membrane sodium pump activity and decreased beta-adrenergic receptor activity as well as age-related structural changes. Treatment of diastolic hypertension in the elderly is associated with decreased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although treatment of systolic hypertension may not decrease immediate cardiovascular mortality, it appears to decrease the incidence of stroke. The initial therapeutic approach to the elderly hypertensive patient should generally consist of a reduction in salt and caloric intake and an increase in aerobic exercise, i.e., walking. Drug therapy should be initiated with lower doses of medication with a special concern about orthostatic hypotension.
A triple-moment hail bulk microphysics scheme. Part I: Description and initial evaluation

Abstract Hail processes in deep convection can have a substantial impact on precipitation characteristics as well as on dynamic and thermodynamic properties of convective downdrafts and cold pools, yet the realistic representation of hail in many cloud-resolving models employing bulk microphysical schemes is challenging. The limits imposed by fixing one or two of the distribution parameters in many one- and two-moment bulk microphysics schemes often lead to particularly poor representations of particles within the tails of size distribution spectra; an especially important consideration for hail, which covers a broad range of sizes in nature. In order to improve the representation of hail distributions in simulations of deep moist convection in cloud-resolving numerical models, a new triple-moment bulk hail microphysics scheme (3MHAIL) is presented and evaluated. The 3MHAIL scheme predicts the relative dispersion parameter for a gamma distribution function via prognostication of the sixth moment (related to the reflectivity factor) of the distribution in addition to the mass mixing ratio and number concentration (third and zeroeth moments, respectively) thereby allowing for a fully prognostic distribution function. Significant improvement in the representation of sedimentation, melting, and formation processes of hail are achieved with the 3MHAIL scheme compared to lower-order moment schemes.
Monte carlo simulation of continuous Lennard-Jones mixtures

Abstract We report our simulation results for continuous mixtures of Lennard-Jones liquids, with parameters chosen to represent the paraffinic series of hydrocarbons. A novel, “semi-grand” ensemble is used, where each molecule is allowed to adopt all species identities during the simulation, thus modeling a truly polydisperse mixture. This approach also facilitates evaluation of the entire activity distribution, not easily determined using more conventional techniques. We have examined in detail the effect of the width of the composition distribution, from the very narrow to the very wide case.
Corporate lobbying, political connections, and the bailout of banks

Abstract Political involvement has long been shown to be a profitable investment for firms that seek favorable regulatory conditions or support in times of economic distress. But how important are different types of political involvement for the timing and magnitude of political support? To answer this question, we take a comprehensive look at the lobbying expenditures and political connections of banks that were recipients of government support under the 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). We find that politically-engaged firms were not only more likely to receive TARP funds, but they also received a greater amount of TARP support and received the support earlier than firms that were not politically involved.