cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Plant Diversity, Host Density, and Host Size on Population Ecology of the Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Effects of host density and plant species diversity on populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were studied in experimental field plots. Hosts were grown at two densities and four levels of plant diversity: potato monoculture, potato/bean biculture, potato/bean/weed triculture, and potatoes grown in fallow plots. All life stages of the beetle were affected by both host density and plant diversity. Numbers of beetles per plant were highest in low-diversity cultures of low host density; higher host density or plant diversity was accompanied by a reduction in numbers of beetles per plant. Differences in host-plant size among treatments were partially responsible for these trends. When beetle densities were expressed as numbers per unit leaf area, treatment effects were lessened or lost. Changes in beetle density among treatments were accompanied by differences in fecundity among treatments, but not by differences in survival. Fecundity, calculated as numbers of eggs deposited per adult, was lower in high-diversity than in low-diversity plots. Survival rates (egg to late instar) and predation on eggs were not affected by plant species diversity.
Yes, You Can Teach Business Ethics: A Review and Research Agenda

In the face of continuing doubt as to the value of teaching business ethics, evidence is reviewed suggesting that the endeavor is a worthy one. Specifically, we examine three common concerns raised by various stakeholders as to the viability of teaching business ethics. We conclude that these concerns are not well founded. Next, we describe three major goals from the literature related to teaching ethics: enhancing ethical awareness and sensitivity, promoting moral development, and appreciation of and skill handling complex ethical decision making. Third, we consider the empirical evidence to date addressing these goals. Finally, we consider directions for future research and offer several testable research propositions.
Effect of chemical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus on cerebral blood flow in rat

We have previously shown that electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) can increase or decrease cerebral blood flow (CBF). We now sought to determine whether the CBF responses are mediated by DRN neurons or fibers of passage. In anesthetized rat, the DRN was stimulated chemically (l-glutamate, kainate) and CBF in parietal cortex was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Microinjection of kainate (5 nmol), but not l-glutamate, into DRN increased CBF (28 ± 22%; P < 0.05). Decreased CBF to DRN stimulation was not observed. We conclude that stimulation of DRN neurons increases CBF.
MIXING STUDIES USING HORSESHOES

The ability to recognize and classify horseshoe generated structures is important in mixing problems. In this paper, we develop techniques to study higher iterations of horseshoe maps, by exploiting a method for representing them in a convenient mathematical notation. We show how to keep track of mixing of various blob segments over a number of iterations. Multiple iterations are investigated and an algorithm is developed in order to compute the higher iterations of the original horseshoe. Using similar ideas we present a method to keep track of thicknesses of the various blob striations. In a chaotic flow, complicated patterns can develop due to rapid stretching and folding. The tools developed in this paper would help determine the underlying cause of these patterns, i.e., identify the generating horseshoe.
Mechanical model of the nucleosome and chromatin.

Abstract A theoretical framework for evaluating the approximate energy and dynamic properties associated with the folding of DNA into nucleosomes and chromatin is presented. Experimentally determined elastic constants of linear DNA and a simple fold geometry are assumed in order to derive elastic constants for extended and condensed chromatin. The model predicts the Young's modulus of extended and condensed chromatin to within an order of magnitude of experimentally determined values. Thus we demonstrate that the elastic properties of DNA are a primary determinant of the elastic properties of the higher order folded states. The derived elastic constants are used to predict the speed of propagation of small amplitude waves that excite an extension(sound), twist, bend or shear motion in each folded state. Taken together the results demonstrate that folding creates a hierarchy of time, length and energy scales.
Bayesian estimation in forest surveys when samples or prior information are fuzzy

Abstract Fuzzy phenomena are frequently encountered in forestry due to the complexity of the systems under investigation. In this paper, existing inference methods are presented to accommodate situations in which random events take place in fuzzy circumstances. Fuzzy concepts are incorporated into these commonly accepted approaches to account for uncertainties used by factors other than randomness which traditional statistical approaches deal primarily with. Based on two extensions of likelihood functions for fuzzy samples, Bayesian estimates are generalized for use when sample information and prior distribution of parameters are fuzzy. The estimators are developed for some typical membership functions for fuzzy samples and fuzzy priors. Applications are illustrated using examples for forestry.
Intracranial neurilemoma of the spinal accessory nerve.

Abstract The fourth example of an intracranial neurilemoma arising on the eleventh cranial nerve is reported. Review of the literature shows that cranial nerve tumors often present as mass lesions with multiple nerve involvement. Only those of the eighth and fifth cranial nerves and those arising at the jugular foramen are of numerical significance.
Pulse height-energy relations for electrons and alpha particles in a liquid scintillator☆

Abstract The response of liquid scintillator solutions to alpha particles in the energy range 0.8 to 8 MeV and electrons in the energy range 0.022 to 1 MeV has been investigated. The observed pulse height-energy relations are in good agreement with data reported for organic crystals and plastic scintillators. The results indicate a pronounced nonlinearity for alpha particles over most of the energy range and a nonlinearity for electrons below about 100 keV. For electrons above 100 keV a linear relation with a positive energy intercept of 20 keV is obtained which appears to be applicable to all organic scintillators.
The emergence of pragmatic comprehension: a study of children's understanding of sentence-structure cues to given/new information*

Third- and fifth-grade children, who had passed pretests of comprehension for words and sentence types used in the experiment, were tested on their ability to assign given/new roles in active, passive and cleft sentences controlled for stress. The experimental task involved a best-fit judgement that required the child to decide which one of two context sentences was the first part of a story continued by the target sentence. There was a significant difference in response to passive and cleft sentences, as opposed to actives. Despite a strong statistical tendency to perform correctly on passives and clefts, there were a substantial number of subjects who performed near chance in all sentence conditions. Five individual patterns of response to the task are identified. Strategies used by subjects in responding to the task, and the implications of the results for functionalist theories of language acquisition are discussed.
Functional Communication Assessment and Intervention: Some Thoughts on the State of the Art

Abstract Carol Frattali's excellent consideration of the need for new functional assessments of communication is timely, necessary and reflective of our field's commitment to first rate patient care. It is also reflective of the concerns of many speech-language clinicians ‘in the trenches’ have been clamouring for more appropriate, functional, clinically relevant assessment measures for the past 10–15 years. However, as Frattali points out, few appropriate protocols have appeared.
Conformational studies of poly(methacrylic Acid). II. Laser-excited Raman studies of the conformational transition in aqueous solution

Abstract The conformational transitions of atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic poly-(methacrylic acid) in aqueous solution as a function of sodium hydroxide neutralization were investigated with laser-excited Raman spectroscopy. It was concluded that the conformational transition of the syndiotactic and atactic polymer occurs gradually over the range of approximately 20 to 50% neutralization and cannot be considered to be cooperative. However, the conformational transition of the isotactic polymer occurs over a much narrower neutralization range and may be cooperative. Raman spectra of the various stereoregular forms indicate a lack of local helical order. The Raman spectra of the polyacids also indicate no large differences in local conformation for the different stereoregular forms, a result that is in agreement with conformational energy analysis of isolated isotactic and syndiotactic chains. However, Raman spectra of the stereoregular forms of poly(sodium methacrylate) are markedly different, indicat...
Single-Chain Fragment Variable Passive Immunotherapies for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Accumulation of misfolded proteins has been implicated in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases including prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD). In the past decade, single-chain fragment variable (scFv) -based immunotherapies have been developed to target abnormal proteins or various forms of protein aggregates including Aβ, SNCA, Htt, and PrP proteins. The scFvs are produced by fusing the variable regions of the antibody heavy and light chains, creating a much smaller protein with unaltered specificity. Because of its small size and relative ease of production, scFvs are promising diagnostic and therapeutic reagents for protein misfolded diseases. Studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of scFvs in preventing amyloid protein aggregation in preclinical models. Herein, we discuss recent developments of these immunotherapeutics. We review efforts of our group and others using scFv in neurodegenerative disease models. We illustrate the advantages of scFvs, including engineering to enhance misfolded conformer specificity and subcellular targeting to optimize therapeutic action.
Patterns of T-Cell Receptor Variable β Gene Expression by Synovial Fluid and Peripheral Blood T-Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract Conflicting data have been reported regarding the presence or absence of a predominant variable (V) region T-cell receptor (TCR) gene in the peripheral blood or synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study we have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to compare the level of TCR Vβ gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and by synovial fluid cells obtained from HLA DRB1 *0401 and *0404 RA patients. PCR was performed using cDNA synthesized from freshly obtained cells (not stimulated in vitro ). The pattern of expression observed for most of the Vβ genes studied showed either preferential expression by PBMC or similar levels of expression between PBMC and synovial fluid T-cells. However, among individual patients ( N = 5), several Vβ genes were identified that were expressed to a significantly greater degree by synovial fluid cells. Vβ14 expression was detected in PBMC of all patients and the level of transcripts encoding Vβ14 increased following stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 and IL-2. In vitro manipulation of populations of T-cells was found to alter the level of expressed Vβ gene products. A Vβ gene common to all patients that was consistently deleted from PBMC or expressed to a greater degree by resident, unsorted synovial fluid cells compared to PBMC was not identified.
Targeted liposomes: a method for preparation and analysis.

Abstract A simple method for the preparation of antibody targeted liposomes is described. It consists of the covalent coupling of the F(ab′) 2 fragment of antibody to phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and subsequent association of this complex with dimyristoylphosphatidyl-choline liposomes. The side effects during the coupling are minimized with prior citraconylation. The association of the protein with the liposomes is demonstrated by gel filtration. Binding assays with antigen-coated Staphyloccus aureus are used to evalute the immunologically specific recognition and the membrane stability of the targeted liposomes.
Dynamic correlation structure and security risk

Abstract We investigate the relationship between changing correlation structure of returns, security risk, and mean return. According to our results, securities that were highly correlated with the market-wide risk factors in the past are likely to have high systematic and idiosyncratic risk at present. Correlations with the risk factors, however, are not directly related to the mean return of securities, nor can they consistently explain the puzzling relationship between idiosyncratic risk and return. We demonstrate further that the effect of past correlations on security risk is more likely among less transparent securities.
Repeatability of gel electrode measurements of fatigue deformation in 6061-T6 aluminium

Abstract In a previous report, using 5 V, 5 s pulses, the gel electrode method was shown to detect fatigue deformation in 6061-T6 aluminium, but each specimen was only measured once. In this study the technique is refined so that the measurements can be repeated many times to monitor the distribution and accumulation of deformation at intervals during a fatigue test. The current from the gel electrode produces both passivation (film formation) and corrosion at the sites of deformation on the metal surface. These two influences are balanced if the gel electrode measurement is performed with a 5 V, 350 ms pulse, and the charge flow during subsequent measurements is then repeatable to within ±15%. Although this pulse duration is an order of magnitude shorter than that employed in the previous study, excellent sensitivity is retained. Fatigue deformation is detected in 6061-T6 aluminium as early as 0.1% of the fatigue life. The charge flow measurements and gel electrode images show that the deformation accumulates at many sites during the early stages (⩽5%) of fatigue life, but by about 50% of life clusters of sites of fatigue damage are well established, and provide a path for final fracture.
Effect of short-chain fatty acids on contraction of smooth muscle in the canine colon.

Objective To determine effects of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on canine colonic smooth muscle. Sample population Colonic tissue obtained from 14 healthy dogs. Procedure Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate; 1 to 100 mmol/L)-induced contractions were compared with responses obtained with acetylmethylcholine (AMCh; 10(-4) mol/L). Roles of enteric neurons, cholinergic receptors, calcium stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and extracellular calcium in the SCFA-induced responses were investigated by incubating muscle strips with tetrodotoxin (1 micromol/L), atropine (1 micromol/L), ryanodine (10 micromol/L), nifedipine (1 micromol/L), ethylene glycol-bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetate (EGTA; 0.1 mmol/L), or an extracellular calcium-depleted (zero extracellular calcium) solution prior to the addition of propionate or butyrate. Results Incubation with SCFA elicited isometric stress responses (0.25 to 2.15 x 10(4) N/m2) in colonic longitudinal smooth muscle. Maximal responses to butyrate and propionate (50 mmol/L) were 37 and 23%, respectively, of the maximal AMCh response. Acetate was least effective in stimulating contractile responses. Tetrodotoxin and atropine did not affect SCFA-induced contractions. Nifedipine and zero extracellular calcium solution abolished responses to butyrate and propionate, whereas EGTA attenuated (> 60%) but did not abolish those responses. Ryanodine did not affect SCFA-induced contractile responses. The SCFA did not affect colonic circular smooth muscle. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RESPONSE: The SCFA stimulate longitudinal but not circular colonic smooth muscle contractions via a direct effect on smooth muscle. The mechanism of the SCFA effect appears to involve the influx of extracellular calcium. These findings may account for some of the effects of fiber on canine colonic motility [corrected].
Policy and practice in karst landscape protection: Bohol, the Philippines

The karst landscape in the interior of the Philippines' Bohol Province represents one of the world's premier kegelkarst (cone karst) environments. Government efforts to protect some of this karst, exemplified by the establishment of the Rajah Sikatuna National Park and the Chocolate Hills Natural Monument, have proven to be significant catalysts of social conflict. In Bohol there is a long history of traditional land tenure, which has recently been supplanted by a Westernized model. Protected area establishment is a response to deforestation, agricultural exploitation and uncontrolled quarrying. However, the imposition of protective legislation to prevent further degradation has disenfranchized and marginalized many local farmers and residents. The conflict between the obligation of the State to ensure environmental protection and the perceived property rights of landowners and farmers has provoked an escalation in civil unrest and armed conflict.
The sequential mechanism of HIV reverse transcriptase RNase H.

Synthesis of the minus strand of viral DNA by human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase is accompanied by RNase H degradation of the viral RNA genome. RNA fragments remain after synthesis and are degraded by the polymerase-independent mode of RNase H cleavage. Recently, we showed that this mode of cleavage occurs by a specific ordered mechanism in which primary cuts are first, secondary and 5-nucleotide cuts are next, and second primary cuts occur last (Wisniewski, M., Balakrishnan, M., Palaniappan, C., Fay, P., J., and Bambara, R., A. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.97, 11978–11983). Ultimately the RNAs are cleaved into small fragments that can dissociate from the DNA template. Because the cleavage mechanism is an ordered series of events, we determined in this study whether any earlier cut is required for a later cut. By precisely inhibiting cleavage at each site, we examined the dependence of later cuts on cleavage at that site. We found that each cut is independent of the other cuts, demonstrating that the order of this stepwise mechanism is based on the rates of each cut. A mechanism for unlinked ordered cleavage consistent with these results is presented.
Gas chromatography/negative-ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of morphine in human plasma using pentafluorobenzyl carbonate derivatives

A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of morphine in human plasma is presented. Morphine was extracted from plasma by solid phase extraction on C18 and converted to its pentafluorobenzyl carbonate trimethylsilyl derivative. The derivatives were analysed without further purification. Using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, a useful diagnostic fragment ion at m/z 356 is obtained at high relative abundance. Deuterated morphine was used as internal standard. Calibration graphs were linear within the range 1.25 to 320 nmol/L. Intra-day precision was 3.82% (15 nmol/L), 2.85% (75 nmol/L) and 4.13% (225 nmol/L), inter-day variability was found to be 1.77% (15 nmol/L), 4.95% (75 nmol/L) and 9.88% (225 nmol/L). Inter-day accuracy showed deviations of 2.18% (15 nmol/L), -0.72% (75 nmol/L) and -0.13% (225 nmol/L). The method is rugged and robust and has been applied to the batch analysis of morphine during pharmacokinetic profiling of the drug.
Effects of droperidol on neuromuscular transmission and muscle membrane.

Abstract The effect of droperidol on miniature endplate potential (mepp) frequency and amplitude, acetylcholine sensitivity, action potential generation, twitch tension, input resistance and alteration of acetylcholine release were studied in frog muscle. Interaction with d-tubocurarine was studied in the cat sciatic gastrocnemius preparation. Between 10 −11 and 10 −7 g/l droperidol did not change mepp frequency or amplitude. Between 7.5 × 10 −6 and 2.5 × 10 −5 g/l mepp amplitude, endplate sensitivity to acetylcholine and twitch tension were depressed. At 5 × 10 −5 g/l the threshold for action potential generation increased while amplitude and rate of rise decreased. Input resistance was unaltered. With indirect interrupted tetanic stimulation of the muscle for 30 min droperidol 10 −6 to 10 −4 g/l reduced the contraction height while acetylcholine release was concomitantly depressed. Droperidol 10 mg/kg in cats did not block muscle contraction, but combination with d-tubocurarine prolonged recovery time.
Effect of chromatic aberration in excimer laser lithography

The Rayleigh criteria for minimum resolution and acceptable depth of focus (DOF) in the case of finite excimer laser bandwidth with a chromatic lens design were re-evaluated both by experiment and by simulation. As a result of chromatic lens design combined with a narrow spectral bandwidth (BW) excimer laser, both resolution and DOF are not only determined by source wavelength and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens, as predicted by Rayleigh criteria, but also by the laser spectral BW. To fully understand the role of laser spectral BW in chromatic projection printing, the resolution as a function of lens NA, laser spectral BW, and defocus were studied through simulation. The relations between resolution and its corresponding DOF for different laser spectral BW and NA were also obtained. The results were compared to that obtained by Rayleigh criteria. Unlike the single wavelength case, resolution at larger NA is basically limited by the spectral BW of the laser rather than NA of the lens system. The DOF is limited by both laser spectral BW and lens NA. The optimum NA for a given BW for different defocus cases were predicted. The effect of chromatic focus spread due to finite laser spectral BW was compared to the case of single wavelength with small amount defocus. Intel’s rigorous bulk image model has been used for process window simulations1. In the experiment, the effect of finite laser spectral BW to the pattern resolution and DOF were studied for the case of 0.42 NA chromatic lens with finite laser spectral full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2 pm, 3 pm, 4 pm and 5 pm, respectively. The experimental results were compared to the simulation results.
The influence of trypan blue, Niagara blue 2B, and colloidal carbon on the absorption and transport of valine by rat intestinal segments.

Trypan blue, a potent teratogen in the rat, affected the transfer of 14C-valine between the mucisal and serosal sides of intestinal segments without actually penetrating the mucosal epithelial cells. This apparent alteration of a membrane or surface phenomenon resulted in statistically significant increases in (1) amount of valine absorbed, (2) amount of label transported per unit of intestinal wall, (3) rate of absorption, and (4) rate of transport. The less terato-genic azo dye Niagara blue 2B and the inert colloid colloidal carbon had less effect on the system.
Liquid-phase photofluorination with elemental fluorine. Part II. Synthesis of perfluorotertiary amines

Abstract The tertiary amines derived from hexafluoropropene dimers were subjected to liquid-phase photofluorination (LPPF). The corresponding perfluorotertiary amines, which were difficult to synthesize by the conventional fluorination methods such as electrochemical fluorination and indirect fluorination using high-valency metal fluorides, were obtained in good yields. Prepared by this method were F -( N,N -dimethyl-2- methylpentyl) amine 3 , F -( N,N -diethyl-2-methylpentyl) amine 4 , F -3-(1-pyrrolidino)-2-methylpentane 11 , F - ( N,N -dimethyl-1,1-dimethyl-butyl) amine 13 . Discussion on the regioselectivity in the reaction of F -2-methyl-2-pentene (D-II) with secondary amines is also included in connection with the necessity of preparing a regioselective adduct,3-(1-pyrrolidino)- F -2-methyl-2- pentene, for the synthesis of 11 .
Plasmid Copy Number Underlies Adaptive Mutability in Bacteria

The origin of mutations under selection has been intensively studied using the Cairns-Foster system, in which cells of an Escherichia coli lac mutant are plated on lactose and give rise to 100 Lac+ revertants over several days. These revertants have been attributed variously to stress-induced mutagenesis of nongrowing cells or to selective improvement of preexisting weakly Lac+ cells with no mutagenesis. Most revertant colonies (90%) contain stably Lac+ cells, while others (10%) contain cells with an unstable amplification of the leaky mutant lac allele. Evidence is presented that both stable and unstable Lac+ revertant colonies are initiated by preexisting cells with multiple copies of the F'lac plasmid, which carries the mutant lac allele. The tetracycline analog anhydrotetracycline (AnTc) inhibits growth of cells with multiple copies of the tetA gene. Populations with tetA on their F'lac plasmid include rare cells with an elevated plasmid copy number and multiple copies of both the tetA and lac genes. Pregrowth of such populations with AnTc reduces the number of cells with multiple F'lac copies and consequently the number of Lac+ colonies appearing under selection. Revertant yield is restored rapidly by a few generations of growth without AnTc. We suggest that preexisting cells with multiple F'lac copies divide very little under selection but have enough energy to replicate their F'lac plasmids repeatedly until reversion initiates a stable Lac+ colony. Preexisting cells whose high-copy plasmid includes an internal lac duplication grow under selection and produce an unstable Lac+ colony. In this model, all revertant colonies are initiated by preexisting cells and cannot be stress induced.
Reaction of a phosphaketene with diiron enneacarbonyl: possible intermediacy of a terminal phosphinidene complex

Abstract Evidence is presented for the intermediacy of a terminal phosphinidene complex, [2,4,6-( t -Bu) 3 C 6 H 2 ]PFe(CO) 4 , in the reaction of [2,4,6-( t -Bu) 3 C 6 H 2 ]PCO with Fe 2 (CO) 9 .
Binding of growth hormone to rat liver during experimental chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.

Male F-344 rats (180–200 g) received either a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or continuous feeding with 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). DEN induced a decrease in the binding of human GH (hGH) to its hepatic Golgi receptors in a dose-dependent manner; the changes were due to a decrease in the number of hGH receptors without significant changes in their affinity. Thirty days after DEN, the binding of hGH returned to normal. After the administration of AAF, the binding of hGH increased owing to the greater number of binding sites, and this effect persisted for the 30-day period of the continuous AAF feeding. In three separate hepatocellular carcinomas, the hGH binding to the Golgi fraction of the tumors was only one quarter of the binding to the peritumorous tissues. We conclude that DEN and AAF, administered acutely for a short time, affect hepatic hGH receptors in a different way, but that hepatocellular carcinomas bind much less hGH than peritumorous or normal tissues. The results show that hep...
A 50-MHz CMOS variable gain amplifier for magnetic data storage systems

A variable-gain amplifier (VGA) with a 35-dB range and 50-MHz bandwidth in 2- mu m CMOS is described. The circuit occupies 0.8-mm/sup 2/ active area, dissipates 150 mW, and embodies a semilogarthic relation between gain and control voltage. Although developed for use in magnetic storage read channels, this general-purpose block may be used in a variety of applications. >
Measuring dietary fiber

Abstract In this review of methods for fiber analysis, selected steps were evaluated and different methods of analysis were compared. Efficacy of starch hydrolysis from peas after a short incubation with pepsin, pH 1.5, was comparable to that obtained after treatment with DMSO. A single step hydrolysis with dilute sulfuric acid was adequate to hydrolyze the soluble fraction of fiber. Replacement of a secondary step of 3 h at 100°C with one of 0.5 h at 121°C had no effect on the yield or composition of the insoluble fraction of fiber. Chemical analysis of neutral detergent fiber residues suggests that for a few foods the neutral sugar and uronic acid composition and yield are similar to those obtained upon analysis of the insoluble fraction of dietary fiber recovered by the methods of Theander and Southgate. Chemical analysis of total dietary fiber residues obtained by the AOAC gravimetric procedure indicate that when food containing substantial amounts of simple sugars are analyzed, some of these sugars are recovered in the 80% ethanol insoluble fiber residue and inflate the fiber value. A major cause of differences among the four methods of analysis that were compared was in the recovery of material insoluble in 72% sulfuric acid, i.e. Klason lignin. Indirect evidence suggests that in some instances, this material represents Maillard reaction products and in others, unhydrolyzed protein.
Model-based architecture concepts for autonomous systems

It is argued that autonomy, as a design goal, offer an arena in which both control and artificial intelligence (AI) paradigms must be applied. Architectures in which AI and control paradigms can be integrated within a model-based approach are discussed. The ability of knowledge-model-based tools (SES/MB framework and DEVS scheme) to support the model-based design of high-autonomy systems is extended through the ability to generate families of planning alternatives and build a hierarchical event-based control structure. Concepts are illustrated by a robot-managed spaceborne laboratory environment. >
The ultrastructure of germinating conidia of Penicillium digitatum inhibited by sec-butylamine

Abstract Electron micrographs of germinating conidia of P. digitatum showed osmiophilic inclusions scattered in the ground plasm or located within membrane-bound vacuoles where they were associated with various membranes and “myelin-like” structures. Cytochemical studies suggested that the osmiophilic inclusions within the vacuoles contained phospholipids and proteins. These phospholipoprotein inclusions may provide precursors needed for the assembly of membrane-bound organelles formed during germination. In conidia germinated in the presence of fungistatic concentrations of sec-butylamine (SBA) the vacuoles enlarged and the phospholipoprotein inclusions decreased in size and appeared to disintegrate and give rise to membrane-bound vesicles. SBA may deprive the conidium of materials normally utilized for membrane formation by the developing organelles.
Developments in the use of organized data

SOCIAL WORK To move forward in the coming decade, social work must make substantial progress in at least three tasks: (I) to find better ways to account for what it does, (2) to determine the effectiveness of its programs, and (3) to develop more potent means of effecting change in social problems. These tasks are highly interrelated; that is, as social workers, we can be more accountable if we can ascertain the effects of our interventions and we can determine these effects more
Four decades of experience with mitral valve repair: analysis of differential indications, technical evolution, and long-term outcome.

Objective To determine the long-term outcomes of mitral valvuloplasty for myxomatous valve disease, rheumatic valve disease, and functional mitral regurgitation. Methods A total of 1503 patients underwent mitral valvuloplasty by a single surgeon between February 1972 and April 2008 and were retrospectively reviewed for short- and long-term results. Overall mean age was 60.3 ± 13.7 years, and 57% were male. The cause was rheumatic in 193 patients, myxomatous in 1042 patients, and ischemic and nonischemic functional mitral regurgitation in 236 patients. Ring annuloplasty was performed in 1306 patients (87%). Commissurotomy was the primary repair for rheumatic valves, posterior leaflet resection and reconstruction was the most common repair for myxomatous valves (527/1042 [51%]), and ring reduction annuloplasty was the primary operation for functional mitral regurgitation. Results The 30-day mortality was 19 of 1503 patients (1.3%) and significantly higher in the functional mitral regurgitation group (11/236 patients, 4.7% vs 0.5% in the rheumatic group and 0.6% in the myxomatous group, P 01). The 10-, 20-, and 30-year survivals were similar for the rheumatic and myxomatous groups (77%, 56%, and 39% vs 79%, 62%, and 52%, respectively) but significantly less for the functional mitral regurgitation group (44%, 4%, and 0%, respectively, log-rank P 0001). The 10- and 20-year freedom from reoperation rates were significantly better for the myxomatous group than for the rheumatic group (90% and 82% vs 66% and 34%, log-rank P 0001), with a 30-year freedom from reoperation of only 10% for rheumatic repair. In the myxomatous group, freedom from reoperation was lower in patients with anterior leaflet pathology ( P = .0008). Conclusion Follow-up data to 36 years demonstrate that cause strongly determines survival and durability of mitral valvuloplasty; patients with rheumatic valve disease who survive more than 20 years require reoperation, whereas functional mitral regurgitation carries the highest short- and long-term mortality rates and lowest freedom from reoperation. Mitral valvuloplasty for myxomatous valves demonstrates the longest durability, with many patients free from reoperation at 30 years.
Throughput analysis in wideband MIMO broadcast channels with partial feedback

It has been recently shown that opportunistic transmit beamforming using partial channel state information (CSI) achieves the same throughput scaling obtained from dirty paper coding for a broadcast channel with fixed number of transmit antennas and many receivers M. Sharif et al., (2005). In this paper, we study the generalization of this scheme to wideband broadcast channels. By using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, an L-tap wideband channel can be decomposed to N parallel narrowband channels, where N is larger than L. Neighboring subchannels are therefore highly correlated, and it is intuitive to say that each group of neighboring subchannels (forming a cluster) can be characterized by one channel quality. We show in this paper that users need only feedback the best signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio at the center of each cluster. Our results indicate that for cluster size of order N/L/spl radic/K, where K is the number of users, this feedback scheme maintains the same throughput scaling as when full CSI is known. Simulation results show that larger cluster sizes (N/2L) can also be implemented for a small throughput hit.
How vulnerable is Acropora cervicornis to environmental change? Lessons from the early to middle Holocene

The coral Acropora cervicornis is considered a modern environmental indicator species, vulnerable to anthropogenic stress and rapidly disappearing throughout the Caribbean. Causes for its decline have been attributed to both natural and anthropogenic factors. Physical and geochemical data are used to explore conditions under which this species thrived in early to middle Holocene reef deposits (ca. 9.4–5.4 ka) of the Enriquillo Valley, southwestern Dominican Republic. This study shows that A. cervicornis fl ourished during a 4000 yr period spanning the Holocene Thermal Maximum, and high-resolution radiocarbon dating reveals continuous growth for at least 2000 yr. Holocene A. cervicornis survived large-scale climate and environmental changes that included high temperatures, variable salinity, hurricanes, and rapid sea-level rise with remarkable resilience. Our data suggest that the recent decline in A. cervicornis is anomalous and likely tied to ecosystem change beyond natural causes.
A nonsimple conjoint measurement model

The nonsimple conjoint measurement model examined in this paper maps each (a, 9 4 > a3) in A, x A, x A, into wr(aJ $r(az) + o,(ar) &,(~a), where each of w1 , w2 , & , and $, is a real-valued function, so as to preserve a binary relation > on Al x A2 x A, by > in the numerical system. The principle structure of the present model is similar to the structure of the simple models. But in the nonsimple model, we define two different identity elements of A, for its different multiplicative effects on the other two components A, and A3 , whereas in the simple model, one identity element for each component is defined.
Airport capacity: representation, estimation, optimization

A major goal of air traffic management is to strategically control the flow of traffic so that the demand at an airport meets but does not exceed the operational capacity. This work considers the major aspects of airport operational capacities relevant to the strategic management of air traffic. A representation of airport capacity that properly reflects an airport's operational limits is discussed. A method is presented for estimating practical airport capacities under various operational conditions. A technique is proposed for optimizing the available airport capacity to best satisfy the expected traffic demand. The optimization is achieved by considering arrival and departure operations as interdependent processes and by strategically allocating the airport capacity between arrivals and departures. The underlying mathematical model is presented, as well as numerical examples illustrating the benefits when solving airport congestion problems. >
Energy-Efficient Data Acquisition in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Compressed Sensing

In this paper, we study the problem of data acquisition in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A recently revitalized technique called compressive sensing (CS) has presented a new method to capture sparse signals at a rate below Nyquist. There are drawbacks to directly applying the existing CS algorithm to WSNs, which are mainly due to the fact that CS requires a large number of inter-communications for generating each projection. To mitigate these drawbacks, we propose compressive distributed sensing using random walk (CDS(RW)), an algorithm for CS in WSNs that uses rate less coding. This algorithm is independent of routing algorithms and network topologies. CDS(RW) collects sufficient number of sensor readings while combining them together without significantly increasing the inter-communication cost. We model the CS problem with code design for a set of parallel channels which helps us to design the rate less code degree distribution. This model provides the advantage of using non-uniform and unequal error protection codes.
Molecular mechanisms of AGE/RAGE-mediated fibrosis in the diabetic heart

Chronic hyperglycemia is one of the main characteristics of diabetes. Persistent exposure to elevated glucose levels has been recognized as one of the major causal factors of diabetic complications. In pathologies, like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), mechanical and biochemical stimuli activate profibrotic signaling cascades resulting in myocardial fibrosis and subsequent impaired cardiac performance due to ventricular stiffness. High levels of glucose nonenzymatically react with long-lived proteins, such as collagen, to form advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGE-modified collagen increase matrix stiffness making it resistant to hydrolytic turnover, resulting in an accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. AGEs account for many of the diabetic cardiovascular complications through their engagement of the receptor for AGE (RAGE). AGE/RAGE activation stimulates the secretion of numerous profibrotic growth factors, promotes increased collagen deposition leading to tissue fibrosis, as well as increased RAGE expression. To date, the AGE/RAGE cascade is not fully understood. In this review, we will discuss one of the major fibrotic signaling pathways, the AGE/RAGE signaling cascade, as well as propose an alternate pathway via Rap1a that may offer insight into cardiovascular ECM remodeling in T2DM. In a series of studies, we demonstrate a role for Rap1a in the regulation of fibrosis and myofibroblast differentiation in isolated diabetic and non-diabetic fibroblasts. While these studies are still in a preliminary stage, inhibiting Rap1a protein expression appears to down-regulate the molecular switch used to activate the ζ isotype of protein kinase C thereby promote AGE/RAGE-mediated fibrosis.
Comparative Parasitology Policies and Instructions for Authors

, even if it is part of a series of species in the same genus. Thereafter, abbreviate the generic name unless it is the first word of a sentence (e.g., ‘‘Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum’’ on first usage and subsequently, ‘‘S. mansoni’’ and ‘‘S. japonicum’’). % The specific name may be abbreviated in a trinomen (e.g., ‘‘Trionyx spiniferus spiniferus and Trionyx spiniferus hartwegi’’ on first usage and subsequently, ‘‘T. s. spiniferus’’ and ‘‘T. s. hartwegi’’). Comparative Parasitology copa-78-02-28.3d 19/5/11 17:27:04 401 CLOPTON ET AL.—POLICIES AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 401
Abstract 17955: Thereapeutic Angiogenesis Induced by Human Trx-1 Gene in Mice Hind Limb Ischemia Model: Preclinical Study for Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease

Introduction: Peripheral artery disease affects 12-20% Americans over the age of 60. Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) is a class of small redox proteins. We have demonstrated earlier that Trx-1 reduces oxidative stress resulting in less inflammation and increased angiogenesis in cardiac muscle via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and VEGF after myocardial infarction. In the current study, we evaluate the effect of Trx-1 on post-ischemic hindlimb recovery. Methods: Peripheral artery disease was mimicked using a hindlimb ischemia (HLI) model. Wild type (WT) and Trx-1 transgenic (Trx-1Tg/+) mice (8-12 weeks old) were subjected to femoral artery ligation. Following surgery, mice were observed for 5 weeks. Serial laser doppler images were obtained, and perfusion ratios between the ischemic and non-ischemic limbs were calculated at set time intervals. The perfusion ratios were compared between WT and Trx-1Tg/+ groups. Immunohistochemical analysis of the skeletal muscle was performed to quantify the extent of fibrosis, capillary and arteriolar density 35 days after surgery. In addition, another set of experiments was designed with Ad.Trx-1 gene therapy after femoral artery ligation to study the molecular mechanism of neovascularization with Trx-1. Results: The recovery of hind limb perfusion was significantly increased in Trx-1Tg/+ mice at day 7 (0.19 ± 0.03 vs. 0.36 ± 0.07 (n=12-9), day-21 (0.37 ± 0.05 vs. 0.62 ± 0.03 (n=12-9), and day 28 (0.40 ± 0.04 vs. 0.79 ± 0.04 (n=10-9); p Conclusions: Our results suggest that Trx-1 is a potential therapeutic agent to increase blood perfusion and angiogenesis for the treatment of critical limb ischemia patients.
African American and White women׳s perceptions of weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition during pregnancy.

Objective To describe African American and White women’s perceptions of weight gain, physical activity, and nutrition during pregnancy and to explore differences in perceptions by race.
The Fate of Antigen-Antibody Complexes on Measles Virus-Induced Giant Cells

The importance of different mechanisms of defense (interferon, antibodies, cell-mediated immunity, macrophages) against viral infection is poorly understood. The various mechanisms of defense may have both favorable and deleterious effects. The relative importance of these various mechanisms varies for different viruses and for different host tissues. We have studied the effects of antibodies on measles induced giant cells in the absence of complement. Antibodies have been implicated in the induction of persistent infections by measles virus, possibly through the generation of defective viruses (l, 2).
Electronic structure and stability of hyperstoichiometric UO 2+x under pressure

Electronic-Structure and high-pressure phase transitions of stoichiometric uranium dioxide (UO${}_{2}$) and hyperstoichiometric UO${}_{2.03}$ were investigated using first-principles calculations. Density functional theory calculations using the generalized gradient approximation and the projector-augmented wave method with the on-site Coulomb repulsive interactions were applied in order to reasonably calculate the equilibrium volume, total and partial density of states, band gap of UO${}_{2+x}$, and energetics of the high-pressure phase transitions. Structure optimizations were completed with and without the Hubbard $U$-ramping method separately. The $U$-ramping method was intended to remove the metastable states of the 5$f$ electrons of both stoichiometric and hyperstoichiometric UO${}_{2+x}$. Using the Hubbard $U$ parameters ($U$ $=$ 3.8, $J$ $=$ 0.4), whose values are based on the experimental band gap width of 2.1 eV as a reference, the calculated cell parameter for the stoichiometric UO${}_{2}$ with cubic fluorite structure is about 1$%$ greater than the experimental unit cell parameter; in contrast, it is about 1$%$ smaller than the experimental value without the on-site Coulomb repulsive interactions. For hyperstoichiometric UO${}_{2.03}$ with the cubic fluorite structure, the interstitial oxygen at the octahedral interstitial site induces new bands at the top of the band gap of the stoichiometric UO${}_{2}$, similar to those of the high-pressure phase with orthorhombic cotunnite structure. The orbitals associated with the charge transfers to the interstitial oxygen in hyperstoichiometric UO${}_{2.03}$ are partially delocalized and partially localized in both the cubic fluorite structure and orthorhombic cotunnite structure. The energy required for the incorporation of an interstitial O atom is 0.3 eV higher for the orthorhombic phase than for the cubic phase at ambient pressure and increases to 0.5 eV at 10 GPa. The calculated transition pressures from the cubic to the orthorhombic structure are 18 and 27 GPa for UO${}_{2}$ and UO${}_{2.03}$, respectively. The dramatic increase in the calculated transition pressure for the hyperstoichiometric UO${}_{2}$ is related to structural incompatibility of the interstitial oxygen in the cotunnite structure (high-pressure phase), which is less in the case of the fluorite structure. These results suggest that experimentally determined pressure values for the phase transition can be significantly affected by small compositional deviations off the ideal stoichiometric UO${}_{2}$. Comparisons of the results using the $U$-ramping method and without using the $U$-ramping method suggest that the electronic metastability of UO${}_{2}$ affects the calculated total energy and electronic structure and could lead to a different local defect configuration for the hyperstoichiometric orthorhombic phase. However, the metastability has a negligible effect on the calculated phase transition pressure.