cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical demonstration of serotonergic neurons and processes in the retina and optic nerve of the stingray,Dasyatis sabina

Neurons and processes in the stingray retina can be stained using PAP immunohistochemistry and an antibody to serotonin, without pharmacological pretreatment. Most of the cell bodies are in the inner nuclear layer while the processes ramify in the inner plexiform layer suggesting the presence of a population of serotonin containing amacrine cells in this species. Scattered immunopositive axons were observed in the optic nerve from the optic chiasm to the optic nerve head.
Hypercentral ideals, noetherian modules, and a theorem of Stroud

Received April 9, 1973 1. INTRODUCTION An ideal which can be generated by elements belonging to the centre of a ring R is called a central ideal of R: here and in what follows “ring” always means a ring with unity. More generally, an ideal I of R is said to be hypeycevztral if there exists an ascending central seties of ideals of R from 0 to 1, that is to say, a chain of ideals 0 = I, < II < ... I, <I&+1 < ... I, = I, such that &+i/& is a central ideal of R/I, and I,, = &,,Ia for all ordinals a < L and all limit ordinals h < 1. The least ordinal L which is the length of such a series is called the height of I. Recently Roseblade [5] proved that every ideal of the integral group ring ZG of a group G is hypercentral if and only if G is a hypercentral group, i.e., G coincides with a (possibly trans- finite) term of its upper central series. Hypercentral ideals which have finite height will be called po&central, but the reader should note that Roseblade uses this term in a narrower sense. If M is a (right unitary) R-module and S is a nonempty subset of R, let *S stand for the additive subgroup of all a in n/I such that as = 0 for all s E S. Our first object is to prove the following theorem. THEOREM 1. Let R be a ving and lM a noetheviavz R-vvwdule. Then there exists a positive integer n such that MP
Prothrombin Complex Concentrates for Oral Anticoagulant Therapy-Related Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Review of the Literature

Warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage carries a high mortality and poor neurological outcome. Rapid reversal of coagulopathy is a cornerstone of medical therapy to halt bleeding progression; however the optimal approach remains undefined. Prothrombin complex concentrates have promising features that may rapidly reverse coagulopathy, but remain relatively unstudied. We aim to review the literature regarding the use of prothrombin complex concentrates in patients with warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted using PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify the use of PCC in patients with warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage. The characteristics abstracted included the type of PCC, dosing, study design, type of intracranial hemorrhage, changes in the INR, and adverse effects. Prothrombin complex concentrates are heterogenous in regards to factor concentration. PCC consistently reversed the INR in patients with intracranial hemorrhage. There is some evidence that PCC may reverse the INR more rapidly compared to fresh frozen plasma. Serious adverse effects were uncommon and included mainly thromboembolism. PCC has features which make it a promising therapy for patients with warfarin-related intracranial hemorrhage, and deserves more rigorous study in prospective-randomized controlled trials.
Bivalirudin in percutaneous coronary intervention, is it the anticoagulant of choice?

Summary For decades, unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been widely used in catheterization laboratories for anticoagulation for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The direct thrombin inhibitors, bivalirudin, has emerged as an alternative to UFH for PCI procedures, due to its lower bleeding risk. More recently, randomized trials and meta-analyses questioned the efficacy of bivalirudin, and demonstrated that bivalirudin might be associated with a higher incidence of ischemic events and in particular stent thrombosis. In this review, we discuss the pharmacology of bivalirudin along with the clinical evidence comparing bivalirudin versus UFH in patients undergoing PCI for various indications.
Intimate inquiry love as "data" in qualitative research

Academics have a hard time talking about the place of “love” in social research, and the lack of a working definition for its meaning only partly explains our difficulty. The more substantial barri...
The Effect of rhg1 on Reproduction of Heterodera glycines in the Field and Greenhouse and Associated Effects on Agronomic Traits

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) continues to be the most damaging soybean pest [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the USA. A major gene that provides partial resistance to SCN is rhg1, which is located on linkage group (LG) G. The objectives of this study were to test the effect of rhg1 on SCN reproduction in both the field and greenhouse and on agronomic traits in the field. Two populations of near isogenic lines (NILs) that segregated for rhg1 were developed to test the effect of the gene. These NIL populations were tested for their ability to support SCN cyst development in a thermo-regulated water bath in a greenhouse and egg production estimated from soil samples taken from each plot in field tests. The NIL populations were evaluated for agronomic traits in field plots to determine the associated effects of rhg1 on these traits. In the greenhouse, NILs predicted to be carrying the resistance allele for rhg1 on the basis of a linked marker supported significantly (P 500 SCN eggs (100 cm 3 soil) -1 ]. These results show that resistance at rhg1 can have a large effect on SCN reproduction and may result in a significant yield increase.
Media-specific returns to generic advertising: The case of catfish

A key decision faced by managers of generic advertising programs is the allocation of the budget among media (e.g., television, radio, print). In this article, the economics of media allocation are addressed using catfish as a case study. The hypothesis that demand responds equally to all media was rejected. Further analysis indicated that the media with relatively modest expenditures (newspapers and television) had no reliable effect on demand, which suggests that scale is important. Losses sustained from the apparently ineffectual media were more than offset by gains from the effective media (magazines and radio), so that returns overall, net of opportunity cost, were positive. The historical media allocation, however, was inefficient in the sense that a different media mix would have resulted in greater industry profits. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Implementation of variable schedule, self-reinforcement procedures

An alternative to a previously described self-reinforcement instrument is described and advantages and extensions of the newer instrument are discussed. In addition, a rationale is provided regarding the need for such self-reinforcement instruments.
On the Relationship Between Research and Practice Debate and Reflections

This article offers a lively and spirited debate on the pros and cons of relating research to practice. The authors' goal is to illuminate fundamental issues in the debate in detail, consider a variety of prescriptions, and then come to a mindful conclusion about a course of action. The article begins with a point—counterpoint debate to make sure that scholars fully understand the issues in play. Mike Tushman starts off by arguing for an emic approach. He believes that scholars are most effective when they closely work with management and organizations. John Kimberly counters with an etic perspective. He argues that scholars need to keep their distance. Two attempts to make sense of the many issues raised in the debate close the article. First, Bill Starbuck steps back and offers his ideas about what the debate means for continuing scholarship. And then Sue Ashford brings the exchange to a conclusion. She draws on her many years in the dean's office to offer her wisdom about how to best organize business ...
Robot-assisted balance training for gait modification

Diminished balance control while walking is a main concern for people with stroke. An appropriate training method would help improve their balance during walking. In this study, we examined if a novel robot-assisted balance training (RABT) program could change human gait patterns. Five healthy individuals underwent a RABT program with either stepping or standing movements. An external perturbation using a force field was applied to the lower trunk to alter weight distribution patterns during training. The results showed that people who had a RABT with stepping movements demonstrated a greater change in gait patterns compared to those who had the RABT with standing movements. This suggests that the RABT program with stepping movements can be used as a rehabilitation approach to facilitate an adaptation of a new balance control pattern in human beings.
Sliding and transversal motions on an inclined boundary in a periodically forced discontinuous system

Abstract In this paper, sliding and transversal motions on the boundary in the periodically driven, discontinuous dynamical system is investigated. The simple inclined straight line boundary in phase space is considered as a control law for such a dynamical system to switch. The normal vector field for a flow switching on the separation boundary is adopted to develop the analytical conditions, and the corresponding transversality conditions of a flow to the boundary are obtained. The conditions of sliding and grazing flows to the separation boundary are presented as well. Using mapping structures, periodic motions of such a discontinuous system are predicted, and the corresponding local stability and bifurcation analysis of the periodic motion are carried out. Numerical illustrations of periodic motions with and without sliding on the boundary are given. The local stability analysis cannot provide the proper prediction of the sliding and grazing motions in discontinuous dynamical systems. Therefore, the normal vector fields of periodic flows are presented, and the normal vector fields on the switching boundary points give the analytical criteria for sliding and transversality of motions.
Cacophony of voices: Interpretations of feminism and its consequences for political action among Hungarian women's groups

Feminism controversially, but fundamentally, influences why and how women's groups become implicated in politics. The debates around the meaning of feminism and the practice of feminist activism have established a discourse and created common melodies as well as some dissonance among women's groups in Hungary. This article discusses different interpretations of women's status that affect how Hungarian feminism has developed in what the author sees, contrary to a more common view, as an East—West continuum. The article analyzes how women's groups in Hungary create affiliations and relate to the West, both ideologically and materially. The article unfolds the many different forms of Hungarian women's groups according to different `layers' of feminist consciousness. A vital element in forming these layers has been anti-feminism and how it has sometimes hindered consciousness or perhaps made some `differently sensitive'. Subsequently, the article uses a feminist reinterpretation of politics — women's interpretations of what belongs to the private and public spheres — without which, the author claims, contemporary women's activism in Hungary cannot be understood or even seen. The author argues that the interlocking forms of political actions among women's groups (as part of civil society) shape the postCommunist arena, although this shaping may be less immediately visible to the casual observer.
Soft-phonon behavior and transport in single-crystal La 2 CuO 4

Using a flux technique we have grown sizable single crystals of ${\mathrm{La}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Sr}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$. With x rays and neutrons we have studied both the static and dynamic aspects of the tetragonal to orthorhombic structural phase transition; classic soft-phonon behavior is observed at the ((1/2, 1) / 2 , 0) zone boundary involving rotations of ${\mathrm{CuO}}_{6}$ octahedra. The pure and lightly-doped single crystals show hopping conductivity, ln\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\sim}(${T}_{0}$/T${)}^{1/4}$, indicating that the electronic states at the Fermi energy are localized.
Adiposity and TV viewing are related to less bone accrual in young children.

Objective To examine the relation between baseline fat mass and gain in bone area and bone mass in preschoolers studied prospectively for 4 years, with a focus on the role of physical activity and TV viewing. Study design Children were part of a longitudinal study in which measures of fat, lean and bone mass, height, weight, activity, and diet were taken every 4 months from ages 3 to 7 years. Activity was measured by accelerometer and TV viewing by parent checklist. We included 214 children with total body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic 4500A) scans at ages 3.5 and 7 years. Results Higher baseline fat mass was associated with smaller increases in bone area and bone mass over the next 3.5 years (P Conclusions Adiposity and TV viewing are related to less bone accrual in preschoolers.
On-chip guided-wave optical interconnects using multiple quantum well modulators

Novel guided-wave optical interconnect fabrics providing minimum footprints for MQW modulators-based systems are introduced, enabling high-density and low-power photonic links, to prevent performance saturation in microprocessors at the chip-level.
VISUAL VS LOCOMOTOR RESPONSE EFFECTS ON SATIATION TO NOVEL STIMULI: A SEX DIFFERENCE IN RATS

To determine the relative effects of visual and locomotor exploration on satiation of responses to a novel stimulus, 28 male and 28 female rats were each randomly assigned to one of 4 groups: held vs not held in a small container, with the stimulus either present or absent, in a 2 × 2 × 2 design. In a subsequent free exploration test using the same stimulus, it was found that females made more exploratory responses than males (p < .001), and holding increased subsequent exploratory behavior (p < .01), especially in females. It was concluded that, at least for female rats, prior enforced exposure to a novel stimulus is not sufficient for satiation to that stimulus, and the necessity for a certain degree of locomotor exploration was suggested. In addition, a marked sex difference in exploratory behavior was noted.
A novel approach to thick plate theory suggested by studies in foundation theory

A new approach to the statics of thick, elastic plates is presented. This approach to thick plate theory incorporates transverse normal stress and strain effects as well as those due to transverse shear deformation. The unusual boundary value problem resulting from the kinematic assumptions of this approach is obtained as a consequence of the principle of stationary potential energy. This boundary value problem is nonlinear so that the principle of superposition does not hold and it does not appear to be one which may be treated by standard methods. Therefore an iterative method of approximation is proposed. This iterative method is applied, analytically, to a problem of cylindrical plate bending for which an exact solution is known within the linear theory of elasticity. It is shown that for this particular problem the approximation method converges in two iterations to the exact elasticity solution. Since such simple results are not to be expected in general, there is some discussion of the need to develop a numerical algorithm to implement the proposed iterative method of approximation for arbitrary plate problems. Furthermore, certain theoretical difficulties with the new approach to thick plate theory are discussed.
Characterization of anthocyanins from Ajuga pyramidalis Metallica Crispa cell cultures

The anthocyanins from Ajuga pyramidalis Metallica Crispa cell cultures were characterized by a combination of HPLC, chemical hydrolysis, MS, and 1H NMR. Chromatographic analysis of the in vivo and in vitro samples showed the same suite of anthocyanins and relative composition. Chemical hydrolysis and mass spectral analysis of the major pigment from suspension cultures showed the presence of cyanidin, three glucoses, two ferulic acids, and malonic acid. The structure of the major pigment in the suspension cultures was determined to be 3-O-(6-O(E)-ferulyl)-2-O-[(6-O(E)-ferulyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5-O-(6-O-malonyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylcyanidin. The anthocyanins in the in vitro extract were more stable toward light compared to those in the in vivo extract. The initial degradation of the major pigment both from in vitro and in vivo sources was mainly due to demalonylation. Keywords: Ajuga; anthocyanins; cell culture; stability-anthocyanins
Effect of an electric field on bubble growth rate

Abstract A uniform electric field elongates spherical bubbles to prolate spheroids. This results in a larger surface area to volume ratio for a given bubble size, and more efficient heat transfer from a superheated liquid to the bubbles during nucleate boiling. Hence bubbles should grow faster in an electric field. This paper studies the bubble growth rate in an electric field using the heat diffusion controlled growth model.
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I EFFECTS ON GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS IN GT1-7 CELLS

The immortalized GT1-7 cell line synthesizes and secretes GnRH, the key hormone of reproduction. However, GT1-7 cells lack the normal inputs from neurotransmitters, growth factors, and steroids, which are involved in the maturation and maintenance of GnRH neurons in the brain. We examined the effects of the neurotrophic factor insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on GnRH gene expression and the mechanism for these changes. Initially, effects of IGF-I on GnRH gene expression were determined by ribonuclease protection assay. In time-course experiments, IGF-I treatment caused significant increases in nuclear GnRH primary transcript levels, an index of GnRH gene transcription, 4 and 8 h after initiation of IGF-I treatment. GnRH messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in the cytoplasm were stimulated by IGF-I at 24 h of treatment. IGF-I also affected GT1-7 cell morphology, with an increase in process extension and cell-cell contacts. In contrast, GnRH peptide levels in the medium were initially stimulated and then suppressed by IGF-I, indicating an uncoupling of biosynthesis and secretion. The increase in GnRH mRNA levels induced by IGF-I is probably caused by a transcriptional mechanism, as evidenced by the increase in GnRH primary transcript levels before a change in GnRH mRNA levels, as well as our finding of a similar GnRH mRNA half-life for both control and IGF-I-treated cells. Interestingly, GT1-7 cells themselves were observed to express IGF-I immunoreactivity, suggesting the possibility of autoregulation by this neurotrophic factor. It is concluded that IGF-I is an important modulator of GnRH gene expression and release in the GT1-7 cell line. The reported stimulatory effects of IGF-I in vivo, and its hypothesized role in the development of GnRH neurons in the brain, suggest that IGF-I may make the GT1-7 cells line more like a mature GnRH neuron, as a model for future studies.
Nicotine Reduces Embryo Growth, Delays Implantation, and Retards Parturition in Rats:

SummaryDaily injections of nicotine during the initial 5 days of pregnancy reduces embryo growth, delays implantation, and retards the onset of parturition in rats. Nicotine administration does not alter litter size, birth weight, sex distribution, or mortality rates.The authors thank Dr. Bent G. Boving for his constructive suggestions regarding the manuscript. This study was supported by Grants 1012 and 1012-R1 from The Council for Tobacco Research—USA, Inc.
Warming of the Antarctic ice-sheet surface since the 1957 International Geophysical Year

The Antarctic Peninsula is one of the most rapidly warming locations on Earth, but it has been difficult to establish whether continent-wide changes are comparable to the clear upward trend in global average temperature. This is because most of the continuous records from ice-sheet weather stations are coastal, providing little information on the continental interior. This problem is by-passed in a new reconstruction of Antarctic surface temperature trends for 1957–2006, based on satellite data (with good spatial coverage for a short period) and air temperatures from weather stations (for a long timescale), blended via an algorithm that estimates missing data points in climate fields. The resulting record, more reliable than previous gap-filling exercises, suggests that overall the continent is warming by about 0.1 °C per decade, with stronger warming in winter and spring and over West Antarctica. The Antarctic Peninsula is known to be warming rapidly, but the overall pattern of climate change for the full Antarctic continent has been uncertain. This work finds that the entire continent is warming at a rate of 0.12 ± 0.07 °C per decade, with stronger warming in winter and spring and over West Antarctica. Assessments of Antarctic temperature change have emphasized the contrast between strong warming of the Antarctic Peninsula and slight cooling of the Antarctic continental interior in recent decades1. This pattern of temperature change has been attributed to the increased strength of the circumpolar westerlies, largely in response to changes in stratospheric ozone2. This picture, however, is substantially incomplete owing to the sparseness and short duration of the observations. Here we show that significant warming extends well beyond the Antarctic Peninsula to cover most of West Antarctica, an area of warming much larger than previously reported. West Antarctic warming exceeds 0.1 °C per decade over the past 50 years, and is strongest in winter and spring. Although this is partly offset by autumn cooling in East Antarctica, the continent-wide average near-surface temperature trend is positive. Simulations using a general circulation model reproduce the essential features of the spatial pattern and the long-term trend, and we suggest that neither can be attributed directly to increases in the strength of the westerlies. Instead, regional changes in atmospheric circulation and associated changes in sea surface temperature and sea ice are required to explain the enhanced warming in West Antarctica.
Empirical policy iteration for approximate dynamic programming

We propose a simulation based algorithm, Empirical Policy Iteration (EPI) algorithm, for finding the optimal policy function of an MDP with infinite horizon discounted cost criteria when the transition kernels are unknown. Unlike simulation based algorithms using stochastic approximation techniques which give only asymptotic convergence results, we give provable, non-asymptotic performance guarantees in terms of sample complexity results: given e > 0 and δ > 0 we specify the minimum number of simulation samples n(e, δ) needed in each iteration and the minimum number of iterations k(e, δ) that are sufficient for the EPI to yield, with a probability at least 1−δ, an approximate value function that is at least e close to the optimal value function.
Redistribution of Gαs in mouse salivary glands following β-adrenergic stimulation.

Abstract Objective Signalling via β-adrenergic receptors activates heterotrimeric G-proteins, which dissociate into α and βγ subunits. In salivary glands, the α subunit of Gs stimulates adenylate cyclase, increasing cyclic AMP levels and promoting exocytosis. The goals of this study were to determine Gαs localization in salivary glands and whether it undergoes redistribution upon activation. Methods Mouse parotid and submandibular (SMG) glands were fixed with paraformaldehyde and prepared for immunofluorescence labelling with anti-Gαs. Results In unstimulated parotid and SMG acinar cells, Gαs was localized mainly to basolateral membranes. Some parotid acinar cells also exhibited cytoplasmic fluorescence. Isoproterenol (IPR) stimulation resulted in decreased membrane fluorescence and increased cytoplasmic fluorescence, which appeared relatively uniform by 30 min. Beginning about 2 h after IPR, cytoplasmic fluorescence decreased and membrane fluorescence increased, approaching unstimulated levels in SMG acini by 4 h. Some parotid acini exhibited cytoplasmic fluorescence up to 8 h after IPR. The IPR-induced redistribution of Gαs was prevented (SMG) or reduced (parotid) by prior injection of propranolol. Striated duct cells of unstimulated mice exhibited general cytoplasmic fluorescence, which was unchanged after IPR. Conclusions Gαs is localized to basolateral membranes of unstimulated salivary acinar cells. Activation of Gαs causes its release from the cell membrane and movement into the cytoplasm. Reassociation of Gαs with the membrane begins about 2 h after stimulation in the SMG, but complete reassociation takes several hours in the parotid gland. The presence of Gαs in striated duct cells suggests a role in signal transduction of secretion and/or electrolyte transport processes.
Nucleotide sequence and structure of the mouse carbonic anhydrase III gene.

Abstract At least 14 distinct isozymes of carbonic anhydrase have been identified in mammals. These enzymes catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide and are essential for regulation of cellular pH and carbon dioxide transport. Carbonic anhydrase III is highly expressed in certain tissues, including muscle and fat where it constitutes up to 25% of the soluble protein. We cloned a cDNA encoding mouse carbonic anhydrase III. This cDNA contains 1653 bp, consisting of 79 bp in the 5′ UTR, a 780 bp open reading frame, and 794 bp of the 3′ UTR, including two potential polyadenylation signals. Fluorescent in situ hybridization confirmed the existence of a single copy of the gene on chromosome 3. We then isolated the genomic DNA for mouse carbonic anhydrase III and analyzed its structure. The gene consists of seven exons and six introns which span 10.5 kb. The 5′ flanking region of the genomic DNA is notable for a pyrimidine rich region consisting of two dinucleotide repeats containing 23 and 20 TC pairs separated by the same 15 bp spacer.
Regulatory defense of the exercise-induced weight elevation in hamsters

Twelve adult female hamsters were given free access to horizontal disc exercisers over a 41-day period while 10 hamsters of matching weight remained sedentary. An accelerated weight gain of 1.1 g/day on Days 7–41 of activity and during 21 days following its termination led to a 33.8-g upward displacement of exercising hamsters' weight above the weight level maintained by sedentary controls (P The permanence of the exercise-induced weight elevation was tested by subjecting half of the exercised and half of the sedentary hamsters to a 20% weight loss. Upon the reintroduction of unlimited food the sedentary and exercised hamsters which had undergone a 20% weight loss made comparable adjustments in the rate of weight gain and in caloric intake and restored their weight to the level of nonreduced controls. These results demonstrate that disc exercise induces an upward resetting of the regulated weight level in adult hamsters.
Timecourse of recovery from task interruption: Data and a model

Interruption of a complex cognitive task can entail, for the "interruptee", a sense of having to recover afterward. We examined this recovery process by measuring the timecourse of responses following an interruption, sampling over 13,000 interruptions to obtain stable data. Response times dropped in a smooth curvilinear pattern for the first 10 responses (15 sec or so) of postinterruption performance. We explain this pattern in terms of the cognitive system retrieving a displaced mental context from memory incrementally, with each retrieved element adding to the set of primes facilitating the next retrieval. The model explains a learning effect in our data in which the timecourse of recovery changes over blocks, and is generally consistent with current representational theories of expertise.
Combined dissection of the right coronary artery and right coronary cusp during coronary angiography.

Dissection of coronary arteries during diagnostic coronary angiography is infrequent; dissection of the coronary cusp is extremely rare. The combination of coronary artery and coronary cusp dissection has not been reported previously. A case of right coronary artery dissection and right coronary cusp dissection during diagnostic coronary angiography is described. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Defective vertices in arachno borane networks.

Triangulated boron networks can be described in terms of the deviation of their local vertex environments from the degree 5 vertices found in ideal icosahedra. Vertices of degrees other than 5 or equivalent are consideredto be defective vertices. This method, which was previously applied to deltahedral borane anions B n H n 2- and nido-B n H n + 4 boranes, has now been applied to arachno boranes of the types B n H n + 6 and B n H n + 5 - (4 ≤ n ≤ 10). The known structures of the neutral arachno boranes B 4 H 1 0 , B 8 H 1 4 , and n-B 9 H 1 5 consist of triangulated boron networks with no defective vertices in accord with their higher stabilities relative to other neutral arachno boranes. In other structures of known arachno boranes, there are relatively small numbers of defective vertices, and these are isolated as far as possible from each other.
Impact of nanostructuring on the enthalpy of formation of metal hydrides

High-energy ball milling has been shown to decrease the release temperature, increase the reaction kinetics, and lower the enthalpy of formation of metal hydrides in certain cases. This paper discusses several potential mechanisms for the reduction of the enthalpy of formation. Although the increased surface and grain boundary energy could play a role in reducing the enthalpy of formation, the predicted magnitude is too small to account for experimental observations. Structural deformation and the associated volume change provide another mechanism for the change in this thermodynamic property. We employed three equations of state models to characterize the excess energy present in the deformed regions and found that the excess volume provides a plausible explanation for the experimentally observed change in thermodynamic properties.
[English-Language] Bibliography of Interest for Hungarian Cultural Studies: 2012-2013

As the above title indicates, this bibliography straddles 2012-2013, covering the period since the publication in Fall of 2012 of last year’s bibliography in this journal. Each yearly bibliography is supplemented by earlier items that were only retrieved recently. Although this bibliography can only concentrate on English-language items, occasional items of particular interest in other languages are included. For a more extensive bibliography of Hungarian Studies from about 2000 to 2010, for which the AHEA yearly bibliographies are an update, see Louise O. Vasvari, Steven Totosy de Zepetnek, and Carlo Salzani. “Bibliography for Work in Hungarian Studies as Comparative Central European Studies.” CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (Library) (2011): http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/hungarianstudiesbibliography.
Effects of nebivolol on aortic compliance in patients with diabetes and maximal renin angiotensin system blockade: the EFFORT study.

The beneficial effects of nebivolol on arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are well documented in untreated hypertensive patients and differ from nonvasodilatory β-blockers. This study tests the hypothesis that the addition of nebivolol in predominantly African American patients with type 2 diabetes already receiving maximally tolerated doses of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers will further improve large artery compliance. Patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension on maximal RAS blockade (n=70) were randomized to nebivolol or metoprolol succinate daily. Doses were titrated until systolic blood pressure (SBP) was <130 mm Hg. Radial artery applanation tonometry and pulse wave velocity (PWV) analysis were used to derive central aortic pressures and hemodynamic indices at repeated visits at intervals during a 6-month period. Both metoprolol succinate and nebivolol groups demonstrated reductions in brachial SBP (-8.2±4.3 mm Hg [P=.01] and -7.8±3.7 [P=.002], respectively) and aortic DBP (-2.4±1.8 [P=.039] and -4.0±2.9 mm Hg [P=.013], respectively). Aortic SBP decreased in the nebivolol group only (125.3±8 to 121.6±8.2, P=.025). There were no between group differences in aortic SBP, DBP, augmentation index, or PWV reduction. A significant increase in hemoglobin A1c was observed only in the metoprolol group. In patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes and hypertension treated with maximally tolerated RAS blockade, nebivolol does not offer significant reductions in aortic BP over metoprolol succinate but maintains a stable metabolic profile.
Variational theorems for the single-particle probability density and density matrix in momentum space

The existence of Hohenberg-Kohn---like density-functional theorems in momentum space is demonstrated. Invoking principles employed by Levy to construct universal variational density and density-matrix functionals in position space, it is found that (1) there exists a universal variational functional for the one-electron reduced density matrix in momentum space, and (2) for any given external potential, there exists a proper variational functional for the one-electron momentum-space probability density.
Can Knowledge of Client Birth Order Bias Clinical Judgment

Clinicians (N = 308) responded to identical counseling vignettes of a male client that differed only in the client's stated birth order. Clinicians developed different impressions about the client and his family experiences that corresponded with the prototypical descriptions of persons from 1 of 4 birth orders (i.e., first, middle, youngest, and only). Once the client was viewed as exemplifying a particular birth order, clinicians' prognostic ratings differed according to the client's birth order.
Dopamine in hypophysial portal plasma of the rat during the estrous cycle and throughout pregnancy

Catecholamine levels in hypophysial portal plasma were determined in pregnant and non-pregnant female rats as well as in intact and castrated male rats, using a radioenzymatic assay for the simultaneous determination of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine in 50 mul of plasma. Portal and arterial blood were collected from anesthetized rats at 7 mul/min for 60 min. During the collection, blood was kept at 0 C, a temperature at which endogenous catecholamines were relatively stable. Dopamine was present in high concentrations in hypophysial portal plasma thorughout pregnancy, attaining a level near 20 ng/ml on the 20th day of gestation. Dopamine levels in arterial plasma from the same rats were low or undetectable (0.4--0.8 ng/ml1. Norepinephrine and epinephrine was undetectable (less than 0.6 ng/ml) in portal as well as arterial plasma from these rats. The major catecholamine in extracts of the hypothalamus from pregnant rats was norepinephrine, whereas that in the posterior pituitary was dopamine. Dopamine levels in portal plasma collected during proestrus, estrus, diestrus 1, and diestrus 2, were 1.32 +/- 0.21 (mean +/- SE), 3.87 +/- 0.96, 3.11 +/- 0.73, and 2.3 +/- 0.45, respectively. Dopamine in portal plasma from intact and from castrated male rats was approximately 0.6 ng/ml. Norepinephrine and epinephrine were not detectable in either portal or arterial plasma from these animals. It is concluded 1) that dopamine is secreted into hypophysial portal blood in significant quantities during pregnancy, 2) that hypothalamic secretion of dopamine in cyclic rats is greatest during the day of estrus and early diestrus and at least on the day of proestrus, and 3) that these findings support the view that dopamine of hypothalamic origin may have an important role in the regulation of anterior pituitary function.
Short-term electricity price forecasting

Price forecasting has become an important tool in the planning and operation of restructured power systems. This paper develops a new short-term electricity price forecasting scheme based on a state space model of the power market. A Gauss-Markov process is used to represent the stochastic dynamics of the electricity market. Kalman and H∞ filters, two methods based on the state space model, are applied in order to estimate the electricity price and compare the quality of their state estimates. Our results show that performance measures for the H∞ filter are generally superior to those for the standard Kalman filter.
Structural Basis for the Assembly of Kinesin-5 into Bipolar Anti-Parallel Tetramers

Cell division is driven by organized mitotic spindles and requires diverse groups of molecular microtubule-based kinesin motor proteins. Kinesin-5 motors form a unique and conserved class of tetrameric bipolar motor proteins, consisting of dual motor domain sets oriented at opposite ends of a central rod-like structure. The bipolar organization is critical for kinesin-5 to crosslink and slide adjacent anti-parallel microtubules in opposite directions required for spindle elongation in anaphase. Here we present the atomic structure of Drosphila kinesin-5, KLF61F, bipolar assembly (BASS) domain, which explains how four molecules assemble to form a bipolar functional motor. Instead of the predicted dual traversing parallel coiled-coils, the BASS structure reveals a novel 26nm long antiparallel 4-helical bundle filament, where the basic assembly unit is an anti-parallel coiled-coil that originate from opposite ends of the bipolar structure, and folds onto a second unit in an anti-parallel manner. A striated pattern of hydrophobic and hydrophilic pockets precisely oriented monomers within the BASS tetramer to form this bipolar arrangement. Strikingly, the BASS N-termini undergo a helical exchange from anti-parallel bundle in the center to form homo-dimeric parallel helical coiled-coils at the poles. These parallel BASS N-termini are 100 degrees rotated compared to N-termini emerging from the opposite pole, providing a physical explanation for the known kinesin-5 preference for sliding anti-parallel versus parallel microtubules. We have generated a structural model for the kinesin-5 tetramer using the BASS structures and all electron microscopy that explains key features of the kinesin-5-driven sliding filament mechanism.
Fundamental Limitations to Optical Doppler Measurements for Space Navigation

Theoretical consideration is given to the problem of optical Doppler velocity determination of the high accuracy (about 1 ft/sec) required to be useful for space navigation. From the physical theory of line-broadening and -shifting mechanisms in stellar atmospheres, it is concluded that an intrinsic variability of ±200 ft/sec may be expected in the measurement of an observer's Doppler velocity. Examination of the current state of the art in measuring equipment suggests that it does not set the limits on accuracy.
Placement and Routing for 3-D System-On-Package Designs

Three-dimensional (3-D) packaging via system-on-package (SOP) is a viable alternative to system-on-chip (SOC) to meet the rigorous requirements of today's mixed signal system integration. In this article, we present the first physical design algorithms for thermal and power supply noise-aware 3-D placement and crosstalk-aware 3-D global routing. Existing approaches consider the thermal distribution, power supply noise, and crosstalk issues as an afterthought, which may require an expensive cooling scheme, more decoupling capacitors (=decap), and additional routing layers. Our goal is to overcome this problem with our thermal/decap/crosstalk-aware 3-D layout automation tools. The traditional design objectives such as performance, area, wirelength, and via are considered simultaneously to ensure high quality results. The related experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches
Clinical Efficacy of Taxane–Trastuzumab Combination Regimens for HER-2–Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer

The taxanes docetaxel (Taxotere; Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC, Bridgewater, NJ) and paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ) are highly active agents in metastatic breast cancer and may represent a safer alternative to anthracycline-based regimens when combined with the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2-targeted agent trastuzumab (Herceptin(R); Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA). A number of preclinical and early clinical studies have evaluated the feasibility, duration, and appropriate dosing schedule(s) for taxane-trastuzumab combinations in HER-2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Preclinical studies of the taxanes in combination with trastuzumab demonstrate synergistic interactions of trastuzumab with docetaxel and additive interactions with paclitaxel. Even though not supported by head-to-head studies, clinical trial results indicate the response rates with docetaxel-trastuzumab combinations may be higher than those with paclitaxel-trastuzumab, although there is a lack of clear crosstrial differences in other clinical benefits. Weekly taxane-trastuzumab regimens have been shown to offer superior disease control. Results from two large, phase III trials that examined the addition of carboplatin to a taxane-trastuzumab doublet did not demonstrate a difference in survival with carboplatin. In one study, the addition of carboplatin to paclitaxel-trastuzumab therapy resulted in a higher response rate and longer progression-free survival time; in the second study, the docetaxel-trastuzumab and docetaxel-trastuzumab-carboplatin combinations were equally effective. Ongoing correlative studies of taxanes, as well as newer formulations such as nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel, in combination with trastuzumab will inform clinical practice regarding the optimal agent, schedule, and use of these highly effective regimens.
Is EUGene a Collective Bad

The EUGene software program has become widely used in quantitative international relations. Originally planned to develop expected utility data, over time it has become a general-purpose tool for constructing data sets for use in the study of international conflict, particularly data sets with the dyad-year as the unit of analysis. However, the way in which EUGene has made data set construction easier has also led to some criticism of the program. In this article, I address some of these criticisms and argue that EUGene is still a valuable tool. I also present data suggesting that the use of statistical methods in quantitative studies of international relations has changed, with the use of more, and more sophisticated, methods in published articles over time. The use of more sophisticated methods make tools such as EUGene particularly valuable, as they make it quicker to perform routine data preparation tasks, leaving more time for analysis and data interpretation.
Network methods for describing sample relationships in genomic datasets: application to Huntington’s disease

Background: Genomic datasets generated by new technologies are increasingly prevalent in disparate areas of biological research. While many studies have sought to characterize relationships among genomic features, commensurate efforts to characterize relationships among biological samples have been less common. Consequently, the full extent of sample variation in genomic studies is often under-appreciated, complicating downstream analytical tasks such as gene co-expression network analysis. Results: Here we demonstrate the use of network methods for characterizing sample relationships in microarray data generated from human brain tissue. We describe an approach for identifying outlying samples that does not depend on the choice or use of clustering algorithms. We introduce a battery of measures for quantifying the consistency and integrity of sample relationships, which can be compared across disparate studies, technology platforms, and biological systems. Among these measures, we provide evidence that the correlation between the connectivity and the clustering coefficient (two important network concepts) is a sensitive indicator of homogeneity among biological samples. We also show that this measure, which we refer to as cor(K,C), can distinguish biologically meaningful relationships among subgroups of samples. Specifically, we find that cor(K,C) reveals the profound effect of Huntington’s disease on samples from the caudate nucleus relative to other brain regions. Furthermore, we find that this effect is concentrated in specific modules of genes that are naturally co-expressed in human caudate nucleus, highlighting a new strategy for exploring the effects of disease on sets of genes. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of systematically exploring sample relationships in large genomic datasets before seeking to analyze genomic feature activity. We introduce a standardized platform for this purpose using freely available R software that has been designed to enable iterative and interactive exploration of sample networks.
Health care in the information society

The article by Haux and colleagues provides a road map for the use of modern information and communication technology (ICT) in clinical medicine in the next decade. This work is a must-read for all concerned with health policy, health economics, healthcare administration, healthcare information systems, medical informatics and patient care. Haux and his co-workers have 30 theses with associated predictions. These predictions are important both because of what they envision happening and what they predict will not happen. The forecasts are far-reaching and, even if only 20% prove true, profound. Although their predictions are based on their experience in Germany, I believe most readers and students of the field will agree that their ideas generalize across cultures and continents. Certainly, many of their theses and predictions seem plausible in the context of clinical computing within the USA. I find the business of predicting the future a curious process. This is perhaps related to my limited understanding of chaos theory. About a decade ago, I ran a continuing medical education course at Harvard Medical School called Clinical Computing in Patient Care. I had ten outside faculty members who many might feel represented the ‘Who’s Who’ of medical informatics in the USA. I took a poll among them to ascertain when these experts thought 50% of American physicians would be using electronic patient records. All ten agreed that by the year 2000, this milestone would be surpassed. The experts were wrong. Of course, Haux predicts only 10% of hospital-based physicians will have access to full online documentation by the year 2013. But students of chaos theory know that unpredictable events upset dynamic equilibrium in unpredictable ways. Although Haux formulated his ideas before 11 September, 2001, who could have predicted that those events would have profound effects on such issues as ICT in healthcare? The threat of bio-terrorism has fueled the national psyche and medical informatics experts are first in line to help with homeland security (and, by the way, to try to fund infrastructure projects that we have advocated for nearly two decades). What better way to detect a biological attack than to have emergency room surveillance systems and fully functional electronic patient records? Although Haux could have not anticipated this unfortunate change in the world climate, I do feel he and his colleagues have been too * Tel.: /1-617-614-2600x123; fax: /1-617-614-2525 E-mail address: csafran@harvard.edu (C. Safran). International Journal of Medical Informatics 66 (2002) 23 /24