cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple forward scattering of scalar waves through inhomogeneously random burstlike media

The study of wave propagation through inhomogeneously random media is of importance in actual propagation scenarios, where small- and large-scale inhomogeneities, inadequate sampling, and source and detector fluctuations cannot be avoided. The problem, formulated as propagation through a longitudinally correlated non-Gaussian media, is addressed by using Feynman's path integral, and where applicable, by equivalent partial-differential equations. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Laparoscopic converted to open colectomy: predictors and outcomes from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample.

Abstract Background Early in their learning curve, surgeons need to appropriately select patients to avoid conversion from laparoscopic to an open colectomy. Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, laparoscopic and laparoscopic converted to open colectomies performed between 2002 and 2007 were compared. We evaluated patient and institutional characteristics to find significant predictors and outcomes of conversion. Results Between 2002 and 2007, the rate of conversion was high, ranging from 35.7% to 38.0%. Multivariate predictors of conversion included obesity, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease, constipation, metastatic disease, nonelective admission, left or transverse colectomy, intraoperative complication, lower socioeconomic status, uninsured status, and rural hospital location. A colectomy for benign colon polyps was less likely to be converted. Conversion to an open colectomy did not increase inpatient mortality. Conclusions Predictors of conversion from open to laparoscopic colectomy were found from a national database reflecting all US laparoscopic colectomies. Conversion did not increase inpatient mortality.
Studies of malonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Malonic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the diphosphopyridine nucleotide oxidation of malonic semialdehyde to malonate according to the reaction: malonic semialdehyde + DPN+ + H2O → malonic acid + DPNH + H+ has been partially purified from soluble extracts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The best preparation obtained has been purified approximately 200 fold. The pH optimum is near 8.7 and the Michaelis constant for the malonic semialdehydee is 4·3 10−5M and that for the diphosphopyridine nucleotide 1.1·10−4, both with the standard assay system. Purification procedures and some properties of the enzyme are described.
Atherosclerosis in human populations.

Abstract This report presents a comparison of atherosclerotic lesions in populations of similar ethnic origin but in diverse environmental settings. The large differences in average extent of atherosclerosis among the white populations and among the Negro populations suggest that environmental conditions may be important determinants of the prevalence and extent of atherosclerotic lesions.
State feedback for uncertain dynamical systems

We consider a linear dynamical system in which the system and input matrices, as well as the input, are uncertain. We present a control system consisting of a linear control to stabilize the nominal system, a nonlinear control to cope with the uncertainties, and an insensitive observer for the state estimation. Practical stability is guaranteed for uncertainties with known bounds. Furthermore, the control system is designed to achieve insensitivity against parameter variations. The theoretical results are illustrated by an application to the suspension control of a maglev vehicle.
Commitment of hydra interstitial cells to nerve cell differentiation occurs by late S-phase.

Abstract Nerve cells in hydra differentiate from the interstitial cell, a multipotent stem cell. Decapitation elicits a sharp increase in the fraction of the interstitial cells committed to nerve cell differentiation in the tissue which forms the new head. To investigate when during the cell cycle nerve cell commitment can be stimulated, hydra were pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine at times from 18 hr before to 15 hr following decapitation; the resulting cohorts of labeled interstitial cells were in the various phases of the cell cycle at the time of decapitation. Increased commitment to nerve cell differentiation within a single cell cycle (≈24 hr) was observed in those cohorts which were at least 6 hr before the end of S-phase (12 hr) at the time of decapitation. The lag time required for decapitation to produce an effective stimulus for nerve cell differentiation was measured by transplanting the stem cells from the regenerating tissue to a neutral environment. Following decapitation, 3 to 6 hr were required for increased nerve cell commitment to be stable to such transplantation. These results suggest that interstitial cells must be stimulated by late S-phase to become committed to undergo nerve cell differentiation following the subsequent mitosis. However, when head regeneration was reversed by grafting a new head onto the regenerating surface, nerve cell differentiation by such committed stem cells was greatly reduced. This indicates that an appropriate tissue environment is required for committed interstitial cells to complete the nerve cell differentiation pathway.
Ionicity and the structural stability of solids.

The dielectric theory of Phillips and Van Vechten defines crystalline ionicity in terms of optical properties and predicts first-order structural phase transitions. Their approach, while very successful, is, nonetheless, empirical and has yet to be justified via an ab initio quantum mechanical approach. We present such an approach for examining the relationship between spectroscopic crystal ionicity and spatial structure. We demonstrate that the structural predictions based on ionicity scales derived from the dielectric theory are consistent with a microscopic point of view.
An engineered testing strategy: part I: enhanced balance between analytic and hardware

An important phase of any product development process is design optimisation and validation. This phase ensures through a predetermined testing strategy that the product failure modes are studied and addressed. The analytical and hardware type of testing present the engineering community with a selection. However, inherent deficiencies exist in each one. Hardware tests are long, expensive and have moderate-to-good correlation to field. Analytical modelling and simulation are quicker at the component level but moderately correlated and time-consuming at the system level. The challenge of executing appropriate testing necessitates the need for a balanced and engineered testing strategy to support product development process timing. This paper illustrates the need for a testing strategy through an example and provides the mechanics on how to deliver a balanced strategy to improve either analytical or hardware testing for better and more correlated tests. A business case for this need is also presented.
Spacetime in Threading Time: The SIGGRAPH 2005 art gallery

Threading Time, the title of the SIGGRAPH 2005 Art Gallery, will exhibit work that uniquely traces pathways that weave through the past, present and future, thus collapsing time and along with it, ...
Immunoglobulin isotype distribution of malaria-specific antibodies produced during infection with Plasmodium chabaudi adami and Plasmodium yoelii

Abstract The antibody response of mice to Plasmodium chabaudi adami and Plasmodium yoelii has been compared using a solid phase isotype-specific radioimmunoassay and sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Serological cross-reactivity between these parasites was substantial. Studies using a radioimmunoassay detecting all classes of malaria-specific antibody demonstrated that during the early part of infection it was not possible to distinguish between homologous and heterologous reactions. Immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that 50% or more of the protein antigens detected were apparently shared by both parasites although the intensity of bands was always greater with homologous reactions. However, the distribution of isotypes in the antibody (Ab) response differed in the two infections. P. chabaudi infections were characterized by a predominant and persistent IgM response, moderate IgG2 and IgG3 and little significant IgG1 response during a primary infection. By contrast, IgM antibodies were transient in P. yoelii infection, IgG2 was the predominant isotype, and both IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies were present during a primary infection. These differences in isotypes were also detected when sera were tested on the heterologous antigen extracts suggesting that antigens shared by P. chabaudi and P. yoelii do not necessarily induce similar antibody responses in the two infections.
Nitrocellulose particle stability: Coagulation thermodynamics

The production of nitrocellulose (NC) creates large quantities of waste NC fines in wash water streams. Current processing techniques attempt to remove these fines by cross-flow microfiltration, air flotation, settling, centrifugation and lime precipitation. To date, no fundamental study investigating the interfacial thermodynamics of these fines has been reported. This work explored the stability of NC fines in water employing the DLVO model and the more recently developed extended DLVO (ExDLVO) model as described by van Oss and colleagues [van Oss C. J., Chaudhury M. K. and Good R. J. (1988) Chem. Rev. 88, 927–941]. Both models predicted that NC fines will become unstable and coagulate, with the addition of a 1:1 indifferent electrolyte at ionic strengths greater than approx. 5 mM. The ExDLVO theory, which accounts for Lewis acid-base (AB) interactions, predicted greater attractive potential energy availability. Experimental studies corroborated modeling predictions. Results indicate that NC fines may be easily destabilized allowing potential reuse.
A flocking based data mining algorithm for detecting outliers in cancer gene expression microarray data

The existence of outliers is a major factor of inaccuracy in cancer gene expression microarray-based experiments. Researchers confirm that in many cases outliers in one class in cancer microarray based-experiments are contaminated. As a result, outliers appear to have gene expression similar to samples of an existing class in the dataset. Hence, it is essential to analyze each class in the dataset independently from other classes. Existing outlier detection algorithms identify outliers with respect to the whole dataset. Our algorithm isolates detected classes and analyzes each class as a separate dataset. We propose a novel, simple and biologically inspired algorithm to detect outliers in cancer microarray data. This algorithm is inspired from the natural phenomena of bird flocking. We model microarray gene expression data as an artificial life where similar samples flock in a virtual space to form swarms and outliers' samples are being naturally repulsed by optimum subswarms. We demonstrate empirically that our algorithm detects biologically meaningful outlier samples. We analyze the performance of the algorithm using real colon cancer dataset widely used in the bioinformatics literature.
Daytime HONO vertical gradients during SHARP 2009 in Houston, TX

Abstract. Nitrous Acid (HONO) plays an important role in tropospheric chemistry as a precursor of the hydroxyl radical (OH), the most important oxidizing agent in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, the formation mechanisms of HONO are still not completely understood. Recent field observations found unexpectedly high daytime HONO concentrations in both urban and rural areas, which point to unrecognized, most likely photolytically enhanced HONO sources. Several gas-phase, aerosol, and ground surface chemistry mechanisms have been proposed to explain elevated daytime HONO, but atmospheric evidence to favor one over the others is still weak. New information on whether HONO formation occurs in the gas-phase, on aerosol, or at the ground may be derived from observations of the vertical distribution of HONO and its precursor nitrogen dioxide, NO 2 , as well as from its dependence on solar irradiance or actinic flux. Here we present field observations of HONO, NO 2 and other trace gases in three altitude intervals (30–70 m, 70–130 m and 130–300 m) using UCLA's long path DOAS instrument, as well as in situ measurements of OH, NO, photolysis frequencies and solar irradiance, made in Houston, TX, during the Study of Houston Atmospheric Radical Precursor (SHARP) experiment from 20 April to 30 May 2009. The observed HONO mixing ratios were often ten times larger than the expected photostationary state with OH and NO. Larger HONO mixing ratios observed near the ground than aloft imply, but do not clearly prove, that the daytime source of HONO was located at or near the ground. Using a pseudo steady-state (PSS) approach, we calculated the missing daytime HONO formation rates, P unknown , on four sunny days. The NO 2 -normalized P unknown , P norm , showed a clear symmetrical diurnal variation with a maximum around noontime, which was well correlated with actinic flux (NO 2 photolysis frequency) and solar irradiance. This behavior, which was found on all clear days in Houston, is a strong indication of a photolytic HONO source. [HONO]/[NO 2 ] ratios also showed a clear diurnal profile, with maxima of 2–3% around noon. PSS calculations show that this behavior cannot be explained by the proposed gas-phase reaction of photoexcited NO 2 (NO 2 * ) or any other gas-phase or aerosol photolytic process occurring at similar or longer wavelengths than that of HONO photolysis. HONO formation by aerosol nitrate photolysis in the UV also seems to be unlikely. P norm correlated better with solar irradiance (average R 2 = 0.85/0.87 for visible/UV) than with actinic flux ( R 2 = 0.76) on the four sunny days, clearly pointing to HONO being formed at the ground rather than on the aerosol or in the gas-phase. In addition, the observed [HONO]/[NO 2 ] diurnal variation can be explained if the formation of HONO depends on solar irradiance, but not if it depends on the actinic flux. The vertical mixing ratio profiles, together with the stronger correlation with solar irradiance, support the idea that photolytically enhanced NO 2 to HONO conversion on the ground was the dominant source of HONO in Houston.
Performance comparison of the emerging H.264 video coding standard with the existing standards

The emerging ITU-T H.264 video coding standard has been developed to achieve significant improvements over the existing standards in the compression performance. Although the basic coding framework of the standard is similar to that of the existing standards, H.264 introduces many new features. The standard is close to completion, and preliminary tests were reported to give satisfactory results. However, thorough performance evaluations by independent parties have yet to come. In this paper, we provide an independent analysis of the coding performance improvement of H.264 over various other existing video coding standards. Our experiments demonstrated that the H.264 standard can achieve 50% coding gain over MPEG-2, 47% coding gain over H.263 baseline, and 24% coding gain over H.263 high profile encoders.
Wavelet video coding with dependent optimization

We present a new wavelet video coding algorithm and an optimization framework that allocates bits efficiently among consecutive frames at the pixel level. The video residual coder is based on set partitioning in hierarchical trees and wavelet blocks, allowing flexible bit allocation among active and inactive regions in a video frame. To optimize the encoder for efficient bit allocation, we use Lagrangian methods. First, the rate-distortion cost for each wavelet block is minimized, effectively enforcing the equal-slope rule at the pixel level. The Lagrangian method is then extended to successive frames, and an iterative algorithm is presented to solve the dependent coding problem. Finally, motion search is jointly optimized by including motion vectors in the cost function, completing an optimization framework that enforces the equal-slope rule for all bits at the macroblock level and pixels across consecutive frames. The result is a video compression algorithm that requires no training, no explicit quantization, no floating-point operation for INTER frames, no entropy coding, and allows precise rate control. Compared with the discrete cosine transform code in H.263, the new video coding algorithm has faster decoding procedures and achieves an improvement up to 1.12 dB in a PSNR or 20.6% in bit rate savings for typical sequences used in the video compression community.
History and American Public Administration

As the end of this millennium approaches, American public administration has begun a reexamination of its history. This article examines American public administration’s understanding and use of history and suggests improvements in public administration theory that might derive from a more conscientious treatment of history. It begins by framing an understanding of history that does not retreat to the ancient faith in immutable truth but eschews the typical modern dependence on a belief in progress. Many public administration textbooks present the history of American public administration as if it did not really begin until the 1880s, treating the Progressive Era as the foundation for the eternal verities of public administration. A more inclusive view could be more intelligently critical of Progressive Era innovations. It could also provide a more complete understanding of who public administrators are and how they can become what they want to be.
Biogeographical boundaries and Monmonier’s algorithm: a case study in the northern Neotropics

Aim To use Monmonier’s algorithm, a spatially explicit technique, to elucidate positions of biogeographical boundaries in the northern Neotropics. Location The northern Neotropics (Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, south to trans-Andean Colombia). Methods We compiled avifaunal lists for 36 forested sites from the literature, museum records, field notes, and web sources. We constructed distance matrices as inverse Jaccard’s similarity, used Monmonier’s algorithm to place biogeographical boundaries, and created bootstrap matrices to determine the relative strength of boundaries. Results Biogeographical boundaries with the best support separated lowland (< 1000 m) and montane sites and areas with a distinct historical background, such as seaways, suture zones, volcanic peaks, and former islands. Main conclusions Monmonier’s algorithm used with distance (dissimilarity) data effectively identified biogeographical boundaries consistent with historical processes and with past research. Montane sites tended to be circumscribed by sharp boundaries, emphasizing their isolation and higher endemism. Lowland sites, by contrast, tended to be homogeneous, suggesting that dispersal has played a much larger role at low elevations. Former seaways, as in the Nicaraguan Depression and extended Bay of Uraba ´, yielded boundaries, but typically for highland avifauna only. In addition to providing a rigorous (bootstrap support) and heuristic (direct mapping) means of locating biotic boundaries, Monmonier’s algorithm can be a valuable tool for conservation planning.
Comparison of Visual Acuity Measured with Allen Figures and Snellen Letters Using the B-VAT II Monitor

Abstract Objective: Allen figure optotypes commonly are used to measure visual acuity in young children. Children with normal acuity measured with Allen figures sometimes are found to have unsuspected amblyopia that is detected when they are tested with Snellen letters. The correlation between visual acuities measured with these two optotype charts has not been well studied. The authors compared visual acuities measured with Allen figure and Snellen letter optotypes using the Mentor B-VAT II monitor. Design: The study design was a nonrandomized, comparative clinical trial. Participants: The study was composed of 12 adult subjects. Intervention: Visual acuities were measured using both Allen figure and Snellen letter optotypes using the B-VAT II monitor. The images were progressively blurred using plus lenses. Main Outcome Measures: Visual acuity was measured. Results: At visual acuity levels of 20/60 or better, Allen figure testing averaged 1.5 lines better than Snellen letter testing; between 20/70 and 20/200 visual acuities, the difference was 2.5 lines. Conclusions: Allen figure testing with the B-VAT II monitor overestimates visual acuity compared with testing with Snellen letters. This appears to result primarily from the construction of the optotypes. This discrepancy should be considered when visual acuity is measured in young children.
Caiguiria himantopae n. sp. (Digenea: Heterophyidae) and Other Endohelminths from the Black-Necked Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus (Recurvirostridae), from the Galveston Area of the Texas Gulf Coast, U.S.A.

One of 2 black-necked stilts, Himantopus mexicanus, collected from Galveston, Texas, U.S.A., was infected with 60 Caiguiria himantopae n. sp. (Heterophyidae). The new species most closely resembles Caiguiria crassa but differs from it in having a Y-shaped excretory vesicle that lacks lateral branches off the vesicle stem rather than a saccate vesicle with additional lateral branches; ceca that terminate at the level of the ovary rather than extending posteriorly to the testes; and placement of the seminal receptacle on the midline of the body occupying the anterior aspect of the intertesticular space rather than sinistral and some distance ahead of the left testis. Dicranotaenia himantopodis was the only endohelminth found that had been previously reported from black-necked stilts. Allopyge sp., Ascocotyle sp., and Chevreuxia sp. were also found and are new host records.
Place, work, and civic agriculture: Common fields for cultivation

``Civic agriculture'' identifies adiverse and growing body of food and farmingenterprises fitted to the needs of localgrowers, consumers, rural economies, andcommunities. The term lends shape andlegitimacy to development paradigms that existin opposition to the global,corporately-dominated food system. Civicagriculture also widens the scope of ag-relatedconcerns, moving away from a strictlymechanistic focus on production and capitalefficiency, and toward the more holisticreintegration of people in place. To date,researchers and practitioners have attendedclosely to the economic benefits of newmarketing arrangements and institutions (e.g.,value-added co-ops, CSAs, and farmer'smarkets). Local food and farming has a criticalrole to play in the development of analternative commerce. At the same time, this isonly half the promise of civic agriculture.Civic agriculture can (and should) promotecitizenship and environmentalism within bothrural and urban settings not only throughmarket-based models of economic behavior, butthrough common ties to place and physicalengagement with that place.
Measurements of mobile and bound water by nuclear magnetic resonance correlate with mechanical properties of bone

Since clinical measures of bone mineral density do not necessarily predict whether a person will fracture a bone without an intervention, there is a need to find supplementary tools for assessing bone quality. Presently, we hypothesized that measures of mobile and bound water by a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique are correlated with bone strength and toughness, respectively. To test this, bending specimens from the mid-diaphysis of 18 human femurs were collected from 18 male donors and divided into middle aged and elderly groups. After NMR measurements of each hydrated specimen, an inversion technique was used to convert the free induction decay data into a distribution of spin-spin (T2) relaxation rates. Then, the distribution resolved into three distinct components that likely represent solid hydrogen, water bound to bone tissue, and mobile water that occupy microscopic pores within the bone specimen. The integrated signal intensities of the bound and mobile components were normalized by the wet mass of the specimen. Following NMR measurements, three point bending tests were conducted to determine the modulus of elasticity, flexure strength, and work to fracture of each specimen. Next, the porosity, mineral-to-collagen ratio, and pentosidine concentration were measured. In this sample of human cortical bone, there was no age-related difference in the amount of mobile water, but the decrease in the amount of bound water with increasing age was statistically significant. Moreover, bound water was associated with both strength and work to fracture of bone, while mobile water was correlated with modulus of elasticity and appeared to quantify the level of microscopic pores within bone. On the other hand, bound water was correlated with the concentration of non-enzymatic collagen cross-links. The results of this study indicate that quantifying mobile and bound water with magnetic resonance techniques could potentially serve as indicators of bone quality.
AN ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVE ON DEMOCRATIC DILEMMAS

This is a comment stimulated by the article entitled “Scattered Thoughts on a Democratic Dilemma, by Nicholas Henry (PSR, August 1984). A reconstruction of part of the argument made by Henry is presented and an alternative view of the democratic process is sketched. The democratic process is viewed more as a problem solving process than a clout exercising process.
Bottom Up Microsystem Construction Strategies Built Upon 3D Directed Self-Assembly of Metallic and Polymeric Nanostructures

Two self-assembly methods, one for growing individual metal nanoneedles at selected locations on substrates, and a second for automatically assembling arrays of polymer nanofiber two-point suspended air-bridges are reviewed. Complex integrated systems are proposed that incorporate these elements, including a rare-cell cell sorter, an electrochemical disk nanoelectrode and a rather arbitrary point-to-point 3D polymer fiber interconnection system. The last system is envisioned as composed of an array of individually actuated nanoneedles that can be electrostatically positioned to permit the selective drawing of polymer nanofibers air-bridges in 3D.
Behavior of Au species in Au/Fe2O3 catalysts characterized by novel in situ heating techniques and aberration-corrected STEM imaging.

The recent advent of a novel design of in situ heating technology for electron microscopes has permitted unprecedented control of elevated temperature studies of catalytic materials, particularly when coupled with the sub-Angstrom imaging performance of a modern aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Using micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS)-based Aduro™ heating chips from Protochips, Inc. (Raleigh, NC, USA) allows nearly instantaneous heating and cooling of catalyst powders, avoiding effects of temperature ramping as experienced with standard heating stages. The heating technology also provides stable operation limited only by the inherent drift in the microscope stage, thus allowing full image resolution to be achieved even at elevated temperatures. The present study details the use of both the high X-Y spatial resolution in both dark-field and simultaneous bright-field imaging, along with the high resolution in Z (depth sectioning) provided by the large probe incidence semiangle in the aberration-corrected instrument, to characterize the evolution of microstructure in a commercial Au/Fe2O3 water-gas shift catalyst during elevated temperature treatment. The phenomenon of Au diffusion to the surface of hematite support particles to form discrete crystalline Au nanoparticles in the 1–2 nm size range, after a prior leaching treatment to remove surface Au species has been characterized.
ACTION OF ESTROGENS ON RELEASE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE IN MENOPAUSAL WOMEN

ALTHOUGH estrogens and androgens exert an inhibiting influence on the release of the follicle-stimulating (FSH) factor from the hypophysis, these same substances stimulate the release of the pituitary luteinizing factor (LH) in laboratory animals. As early as 1930, Scaglione (1) and in 1934, Hohlweg (2) demonstrated that ovaries of adult and immature normal rats could be luteinized by administration of estrogens. Hellbaum and Greep (3, 4) reported that castration in both male and female rats is followed by a marked increase in the amount of LH present in the pituitary gland as compared to normal rats. The latter investigators also found that the stored LH could be liberated by estrogens or androgens, so that following the administration of these steroids to castrated animals for from thirty to forty-five days the pituitaries contained only FSH and induced only follicular stimulation in the ovaries of immature test rats. The purpose of this study was to determine if these findings might also be observed in...
Using X-band weather radar measurements to monitor the integrity of digital elevation models for synthetic vision systems

Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) provide pilots with displays of stored geo-spatial data representing terrain, obstacles, and cultural features. As comprehensive validation is impractical, these databases typically have no quantifiable level of integrity. Futher, updates to the databases may not be provided as changes occur. These issues limit the certification level and constrain the operational context of SVS for civil aviation. Previous work demonstrated the feasibility of using a real-time monitor to bound the integrity of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) by using radar altimeter measurements during flight. This paper describes an extension of this concept to include X-band Weather Radar (WxR) measurements. This enables the monitor to detect additional classes of DEM errors and to reduce the exposure time associated with integrity threats. Feature extraction techniques are used along with a statistical assessment of similarity measures between the sensed and stored features that are detected. Recent flight-testing in the area around Juneau, Alaska Airport (JNU) has resulted in a comprehensive set of sensor data that is being used to assess the feasibility of the proposed monitor technology. Initial results of this assessment are presented.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identity management strategies among lesbian and gay educators

This report describes identity management strategies used in school by lesbian and gay educators. Participants in the study were 13 self‐identified lesbian and gay educators who worked in preschool‐12th‐grade settings. Each participant was interviewed about her or his experience of being a lesbian or gay educator. Researchers and participants analyzed the interview transcripts to identify themes of experience. Participants chose identity management strategies that addressed either their fear of exposure or their wish for self‐integrity. The identity management strategies used by participants comprise a continuum from low to high risk: (a) passing, (b)covering, (c) implicidy coming out, and (d) explicitly coming out. The results are presented in the context of contemporary labeling theory and critical feminist theory.
Timing recovery methods for gigabit Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet on category-5 cable is the high speed Ethernet LAN for twisted pair copper medium. Each gigabit Ethernet consists of multiple receive and transmit channels. The timing recovery system that controls the clock between receive and transmit channels requires a multi-phase high speed PLL. This paper reviews the different methods in generating high speed multi-phase PLLs, including the classical analog interpolating method, the "feedback phase selection" method, and the digital multiplexing and clock dividing method.
Machinery Developments and Marketing Concepts for Individual Shrink-Seal Packaging of Fresh Produce:

Individual shrink wrapping of fruits and vegetables provides several possible advantages including reduced loss of water, better appearance, improved retention of juice and freshness, less color change, and the extension of marketability time. The cost and relatively slow operational speeds of the packaging machinery is still a major detriment to the widespread use of this concept. However, there have been substan tial improvements to the machinery as described here. Marketing concepts should emphasize the above benefits rather than longer shelf life, since the last is not perceived favorably by the consumer or the retailer.
A Scale Assessing Music Student Teachers' Rehearsal Effectiveness

In this study, I sought to construct a scale assessing music student teachers' rehearsal effectiveness. A total of 251 qualified respondents indicated the extent to which each of 54 scale items represented an essential aspect of music student teachers' rehearsal effectiveness. Data were factor-analyzed, three interpretable factors were extracted and obliquely rotated, and, based on their pattern of loadings, 10 items were chosen for each factor subscale. The three factors were Conducting Technique, Teacher-Student Rapport, and Instructional Skills. To examine interjudge reliability, I asked a panel of experienced music educators to use the 30-item Student Teachers' Rehearsal Effectiveness Rating Scale to rate eight student teachers' videotaped rehearsals of secondary choral or instrumental ensembles. To determine criterion-related validity, I compared the adjudication panel's ratings with the student teachers' final performance-based teaching evaluations.
Amphiregulin-deficient mice develop spasmolytic polypeptide expressing metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia.

Background & Aims The loss of parietal cells from the fundic mucosa leads to the emergence of metaplastic lineages associated with an increased susceptibility to neoplastic transformation. Both intestinal metaplasia (IM) and spasmolytic polypeptide (TFF2/SP) expressing metaplasia (SPEM) have been identified in human stomach, but only SPEM is present in most mouse models of gastric metaplasia. We previously determined that loss of amphiregulin (AR) promotes SPEM induced by acute oxyntic atrophy. We have now examined whether SPEM in the AR −/− mouse predisposes the stomach to gastric neoplasia. Methods Gross pathology of 18-month-old wild-type, AR −/− , and TGF-α −/− mice were examined. Ki-67, β-catenin, Pdx-1, TFF3, and TFF2/SP expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Metaplastic gastric mucosa was analyzed by dual immunostaining for TFF2/SP with MUC2 or TFF3. Results By 18 months of age, more than 70% of AR −/− mice developed SPEM while 42% showed goblet cell IM labeled with MUC2, TFF3, and Pdx-1. A total of 28% had invasive gastric lesions in the fundus. No antral abnormalities were observed in AR −/− mice. Metaplastic cell lineages in AR −/− mice showed increases in cell proliferation and cytosolic β-catenin expression. Dual staining for TFF2/SP with MUC2 or TFF3 showed glands containing both SPEM and IM with intervening cells expressing both TFF2/SP and MUC2 or TFF2/SP and TFF3. Conclusions AR −/− mice develop SPEM, which gives rise to goblet cell IM and invasive fundic dysplastic lesions. The AR −/− mouse represents the first mouse model for spontaneous development of fundic SPEM with progression to IM.
A Comparison of Three-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Numerical Predictions of Sea Breezes

Abstract Two-dimensional and three-dimensional sea breeze model results are compared for the same set of initial conditions and values of prescribed parameters. It is shown that with two-dimensional forcing, the two models produce identical results, but only when the explicit horizontal diffusion in the two-dimensional model is increased so as to account for resolvable scale fluxes which cannot be properly handled without including the third dimension. It is additionally demonstrated that a two-dimensional sea breeze model cannot produce accurate simulations of the sea breeze over south Florida even with added vertical resolution. The conclusion is made that for most practical simulations of the sea breeze, a full three-dimensional model is required.
“We've Been Studied to Death, We Ain't Gotten Anything”: (Re)claiming environmental knowledge production through the praxis of writing collectives

The women of the Newtown Florist Club (NFC) in Gainesville, Georgia, have been studied. . .a lot. They have been studied by Georgia state governmental organizations that concluded that increased ra...
Bridging the Gap: SLP Approaches for Persons With Early Stage Dementia

Philosophically different pathways and opinions exist regarding speech-language pathology services for persons living with dementia. Many believe we should be involved in leveling or staging all de...
'You haven't been to Queens': The epistemics of identity and place

This research examines the discursive processes through which a New York City transplant constructs his identity as a knowledgeable NYC resident. We focus on the relevance of epistemics in the relational identity processes of authentication and denaturalization (Bucholtz & Hall 2005), arguing that these may be central to the construction of an identity based around place. In our analysis, we show how the speaker uses authentication to legitimize his claims to specific place knowledge and thus his place identity, while also engaging in a process of denaturalization that downplays others’ rights to knowledge, constructing their place identities as false or inauthentic.
Age differences in perceiving the direction of self-motion from optical flow.

0in older observers for translation, and from 1.4 0 to 2.9 0 for curvilinear movement, under comparable dot density and speed conditions. The absence of all age by dot density interaction indicates that there is no age-related shift in strategy, but rather a general decline in the ability to detect and localize global opticaljlow pat/ems. The decrement appears to be due to higher level losses in the visual system rather than ocular or low-level sensory losses. The results may have implications for the cOlllrol of high-speed locomotion andfalls in older aduLts. IS UAL perception plays a fundamental role in the guid­ ance of locomotion. The ability to "see where you're going," or perceive the current direction of self-motion, is based on the detection of complex patterns of optical flow that are produced at th e eye of a moving observer. Age­ related changes in visual sensitivity to these patterns could have important consequences for the control of everyday activities such as walking and driving, and might contribute to mobility problems and the increased incidence of falls in older adults. This study examined age differences in the
Effects of Environment and Host Genetics on Eucosma sonomana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Infestation Levels

Infestations of the western pine shoot borer, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, in young stands of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Lawson, were surveyed on the Deschutes National Forest in central Oregon. Elevation, slope, aspect, tree height, tree diameter, number of shoots in the terminal whorl, stand density, stand age, and plant association for each stand were used in logistic regression analyses to predict the percentage of infested terminal shoots. The best model included number of shoots in the terminal whorl and stand age. Values for these stand characteristics can be used with the appropriate equation to predict the percentage of terminal whorls damaged by shoot borer in a given stand. A companion study conducted at 6 progeny test sites on the Ochoco National Forest in eastern Oregon found significant differences in shoot borer infestations among 29 ponderosa pine half-sib families.
What should patients be told about their medications

Patients have access to medication information from many sources, including other people, various forms of media, and their health care providers. This article describes three kinds of written information for patients about prescription medication as defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Patient Package Inserts, Medication Guides, and Consumer Medication Information-and then describes in more detail what patients should know about their medications. Physicians and nurses have the responsibility to talk to patients about their medication and to provide information that enhances, clarifies, rectifies, and complements whatever written information patients have. The information should be practical, understandable, unbiased, and scientifically accurate, but also tailored to the individual needs of the patient.
Grid-connected Photovoltaic's Influence on Power Systems and Some Related Issues

From the angles of voltage and frequency stability,electricity quality and short-term load forecasting,the possible influences of the photovoltaic systems connected to the grid on the secure and stable operation of the power system is analyzed in detail,and the possible side effects that might bring to the distribution system is also investigated from the viewpoint of relay protection,reliability of power supply,electricity metering,real time monitoring and regulating,etc.In addition,the new requirements that might bring to network simulation and calculation technology by photovoltaic systems connected to the grid are also discussed,and technical challenges which may appear when large amounts of PV systems are connected to power grids and possible solutions are presented.
Low-frequency instability in hysteresis current-controlled SEPIC converter

A continuous-time model was developed for a hysteresis current-controlled SEPIC converter.The low-frequency instability in it was researched with analytical and numerical methods.The sufficient and necessary conditions for occurrence of Hopf bifurcation in the system were given,stable region of system parameters was determined,and the mechanism of occurrence and development of Hopf bifurcation phenomenon was revealed.It is shown by the investigation result that the low-frequency instability occurred in system was caused by Hopf bifurcation and the essential reason of occurrence of Hopf bifurcation resided in the inherent inertia behavior of the SEPIC converter.
A general approximation to quantiles

For many continuous distributions, a closed-form expression for their quantiles does not exist. Numerical approximations for their quantiles are developed on a distribution-by-distribution basis. This work develops a general approximation for quantiles using the Taylor expansion. Our method only requires that the distribution has a continuous probability density function and its derivatives can be derived to a certain order (usually 3 or 4). We demonstrate our unified approach by approximating the quantiles of the normal, exponential, and chi-square distributions. The approximation works well for these distributions.
Case Studies of I-CBSD

INVESTIGATION of I-CBSD issues and questions with the SYN tools has unique advantages, but also characteristic difficulties. The tools allow an experimenter to learn exactly what happens in component testing and system synthesis, because they provide graphs and analysis automatically. The difficulty comes in finding example components and systems that address a real issue of interest, yet fall within the severe restrictions the tools impose. For example, Section 18.3.3 studies the way in which two components with state are synthesized into a system with a cross-product state. A real example of this situation is a command-line editor component (with its state modes) invoked by a front-end control component whose state keeps track of what the editor will be allowed to do. The real example might use as components the UNIX ‘vi’ editor and a control program with a GUI. But these real components are far beyond the capabilities of the SYN tools, so in Section 18.3.3 they have simple stand-in components that roughlymodel editor- and control features. Finding and tuning these stand-ins so that SYN can handle them yet they retain the intuitive character of the real situation is not easy.
Diesel Engine Underhood Thermal Analysis - Final CRADA Report

An assessment of 1-D and 3-D thermo-fluid simulation methods was performed to predict underhood temperature distributions in a prototypical diesel heavy-duty truck engine compartment. The Participant conducted full-vehicle dynamometer tests to generate data for validation. The Contractor developed analytical models and conducted integrated engine thermal-systems simulations using 1-D thermal-fluid network flow model to account for overall energy balance, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to resolve the 3-D flow field component temperature distributions.
Forecasting Fat Fibrosis.

Excess ECM and fibrosis of white adipose tissue (WAT) is associated with tissue dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Marcelin et al. (2017) elucidate a key mechanism behind WAT fibrosis in which the activation of PDGFRα on adipocyte precursors drives this population toward a fibrotic phenotype.
Abstract 070: Discovery of a Novel Class of Endogenous, Small-molecule, Potent, Efficacious and Potassium-sparing Diuretics/Natriuretics with Antihypertensive and Glucosuric Activity

In vivo, guanine moieties in DNA, RNA, guanine nucleotides or guanosine can undergo nitration (e.g., by peroxynitrite) or hydroxylation (e.g., by superoxide anion) on position 8 of the purine ring. Catabolism of these biomolecules leads to the in vivo production of a diverse group of 8-nitro, 8-amino and 8-hydroxy guanosine and guanine compounds. Since the renal effects of these compounds are entirely unknown, we examined in rats the effects of guanosine, guanine, 8-nitroguanosine, 8-nitroguanine, 8-hydroxyguanosine, 8-hydroxyguanine, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine (33 μmoles/kg/min; intravenous infusion for 115 minutes) on excretion of Na + , K + and glucose. Guanosine, 8-nitroguanosine and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine had minimal activity. Guanine, 8-nitroguanine, 8-hydroxyguanosine and 8-hydroxyguanine had moderate natriuretic activity (increased sodium excretion by 9.4-fold, 7.8-fold, 7.1-fold and 8.6-fold, respectively). In contrast, 8-aminoguanosine (n=6) and 8-aminoguanine (n=6) were highly efficacious and increased Na + excretion by 26.6-fold (from 5.13 ± 2.16 to 136.44 ± 20.14 μmoles/30 min) and 17.2-fold (from 4.38 ± 2.00 to 75.28 ± 23.37 μmoles/30 min), respectively. 8-Aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine also increased glucose excretion by 12.1-fold (from 36.68 ± 11.22 to 445.11 ± 63.78 μg/30 min) and 12.2-fold (from 31.40 ± 16.70 to 382.68 ± 97.81 μg/30 min), respectively, and decreased K + excretion by 69.1% (from 51.11 ± 11.37 to 15.78 ± 2.74 μmoles/30 min) and 71.0% (from 28.57 ± 6.62 to 8.28 ± 2.14 μmoles/30 min), respectively. Radiotelemetry studies demonstrated that 8-aminoguanosine (n=3) and 8-aminoguanine (n=3) in drinking water (5 mg/kg/day) suppressed deoxycorticosterone/salt-induced (DOCA/salt) hypertension. For example, in untreated DOCA/salt rats, MABP increased from 103 ± 4 to 184 ± 9 mm Hg after 65 days of DOCA/salt; whereas in 8-aminoguanosine-treated DOCA/salt rats, MABP increased from 98 ± 2 to 148 ± 9 mm Hg during the same time period. We conclude that 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine are endogenous, potent and efficacious K + -sparing diuretics/natriuretics that may regulate renal function and blood pressure and may represent a new class of antihypertensive drugs.