cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unmanned aerial vehicles: modeling considerations for wide area search munition effectiveness analysis

There are currently several wide area search munitions in the research and development phase within the Department of Defense. Progress on the individual technologies is promising, but there are insufficient analytical tools for evaluating the effectiveness of these concept munitions. This paper examines some of the modeling aspects of wide area search munitions with Autonomous Target Recognition (ATR) capability. The unique aspect of the munition problem is that a search agent is lost whenever an attack is executed. This significantly impacts the overall effectiveness in a multi-target/false target environment. ATR measures of performance will be introduced, and described in terms of a confusion matrix for the sensor. The single munition/single target and general multi-munition/multi-target cases will be discussed, and a simple application will be used to validate the modeling constructs.
Two-stage PV inverter system emulator in converter based power grid emulation system

This paper proposes a method of modeling and emulation of a two-stage photovoltaic (PV) inverter system by using a single power converter. The PV emulator is intended to be used in a converter-based power grid emulation system - Hardware Test-bed (HTB), in order to investigate the influence of solar energy sources on the power grid. Both physical components and control strategies of the two-stage PV inverter system are modeled in the converter controller, which enables the emulator to represent the behaviors of the two-stage PV inverter system accurately. The performance of the two-stage PV inverter system emulator in both the MPPT mode and the reserved power control mode under variable solar irradiance circumstances is illustrated by both simulation and experiments in the HTB environment, which verifies the effectiveness of the emulation.
Large Few-Body Systems

Signatures of large few-body systems were recently observed in experiments with ultracold gases. This paper presents a brief introductory review of related theoretical concepts and recent experimental advances.
Endorsement of self-report neurovegetative items of depression is associated with multiple sclerosis disease symptoms.

Some researchers have suggested that general self-report depression scales may be inadequate for assessing depression among individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), because many of such items represent MS disease symptoms. However, research has been mixed on this issue: whereas some studies provide support for symptom overlap, others have found opposing evidence. We investigated this issue in two different MS samples with three different strategies. We (1) examined reliable change in depression symptom categories at two time points over three years, (2) assessed the relationship between variables associated with depression and different depression symptom subscales, and (3) assessed the relationship between symptom subscales and physical disability. In each instance we found significant evidence that items meant to assess vegetative symptoms of depression may be influenced by presence of MS disease symptoms or were not associated with other core elements or central correlates of depression. (JINS, 2008, 14, 1057–1062.)
Production of heterotrophic bacteria inhabiting macroscopic organic aggregates (marine snow) from surface waters

Macroscopic detrital aggregates, known as marine snow, are a ubiquitous and abundant component of the marine pelagic zone. Descriptions of microbial communities occurring at densities 2-5 orders of magnitude higher on these particles than in the surrounding seawater have led to the suggestion that marine snow may be a site of intense heterotrophic activity. We tested this hypothesis using incorporation of [3H]thymidine into macromolecules as a measure of bacterial growth occurring on marine snow from oceanic waters in the North Atlantic and from neritic waters off southern California. Abundances of marine snow ranged from 0.1 to 4.3 aggregates liter-‘. However, only O.l-4% of the bacteria in the water occurred in association with marine snow. Mean thymidine incorporation per cell on aggregates was generally equal to or lower than that of bacteria found free-living in the surrounding seawater, indicating that attached bacteria were not growing more rapidly than free-living bacteria. Bacteria inhabiting aggregates were up to 25 times larger than free-living forms. Thus, the contribution of these attached bacteria to total bacterial production in surface waters was low but occasionally significant, ranging from 3 to 26% and averaging 8 + 7%.
Nonlinear resonance in Anaconda

A nonlinear theory is developed for a recent wave energy converter design inspired by the mechanics of animal arteries. The device is a long and hollow rubber tube immersed beneath the sea surface. Excited by passing water waves outside, pressure waves are resonated inside the tube and advance toward the stern to spin a turbine for power production. To account for significant magnification, the classical linear theory of blood vessels is modified. Diffraction is neglected but nonlinearity and wall friction are included. The spatial evolution of harmonic amplitudes is shown to be governed by a dynamical system similar to that in nonlinear optics. The maximum available power flux is predicted as a function of the tube length and other structural parameters. It is hoped that the theory may assist further development of the novel device.
Use of the Nematode Panagrellus redivivus as an Artemia Replacement in a Larval Penaeid Diet

Penueus vannumei larvae (P2 through M3) and early postlarvae (<24 h old postlarva) were fed diets consisting of algae-only, nematodes (Panugrellus redivivus) plus algae or Artemia plus algae. Growth (dry biomass gain) of second and third stage protozoea larvae fed the nematodealgae diet was significantly better than that of larvae fed the Artemia-algae diet. From the first mysis through the postlarval substage (<24 h old), growth of shrimp fed the nematodealgae diet equalled that of larvae fed the Artemia-algae diet. All larval substages fed nematodes plus algae accumulated significantly greater biomass than those fed a diet of only algae. Survival and percent metamorphosis of larvae fed nematodes plus algae did not differ significantly from that of larvae fed either Artemia plus algae or algae alone. A nematodealgae feeding regime, which potentially yields growth, survival and metamorphosis equal to that obtained on the standard Artemia plus algae regime, is proposed for P. vannamei.
The influence of obesity and diabetes on the prevalence of macrosomia.

Objective This study was undertaken to determine the relative contribution of abnormal pregravid maternal body habitus and diabetes on the prevalence of large-for-gestational-age infants. Study design Maternal and neonatal records for singleton term (≥37weeks' estimated gestational age) deliveries January 1997 through June 2001 were reviewed. Subjects were characterized by pregravid body mass index (BMI), divided into underweight (BMI 2 ), normal (BMI 19.8-25 kg/m 2 ), overweight (BMI 25.1-30 kg/m 2 ), and obese (BMI >30 kg/m 2 ) subgroups. Diabetes was classified as gestational, treated with diet alone (A1GDM), or with insulin (A2GDM), and pregestaional diabetes (PDM). Newborn weight greater than the 90th percentile for gestational age, based on published local birth weight data, defined large for gestational age (LGA). The risk of LGA delivery for underweight, overweight, and obese women were compared with that of women with normal pregravid BMI. Multiple regression models, including parity, newborn sex, BMI, race, and diabetes, were constructed to examine the relative effect of abnormal BMI and diabetes on the risk of the delivery of an LGA infant. Results Complete data for 12,950 deliveries were included (1,640 [13.0%] underweight, 2,991 [23.7%] overweight, and 2,928 [23.2%] obese). LGA delivery affected 11.8% of the study sample; 303 (2.3%) of subjects had A1GDM, whereas 94 (0.7%) had A2GDM, and 133 (1.6%) had PDM. Compared with normal BMI subjects, obese women were at elevated risk for LGA delivery (16.8% vs 10.5%; P P =.01). Diabetes was also a risk factor for LGA delivery (A1GDM: [29.4% vs 11.4%]; A2GDM: [29.8% vs 11.7%]; PDM: [38.3% vs 11.6%]; P P P P P =.006), respectively. Multiple regression revealed the independent influence of pregravid obesity and PDM, increasing the risk of LGA delivery (BMI >30kg/m 2 [Adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.6]), and PDM (AOR=4.4). Conclusion Obesity and pregestational diabetes are independently associated an increased risk of LGA delivery. The impact of abnormal body habitus on birth weight grows as BMI increases. Diabetes has the greatest affect on the normal and underweight population. With the increasing prevalence and relative frequency of overweight and obese women in pregnancy compared with diabetes (46.7% vs 4.1%), abnormal maternal body habitus exhibits the strongest influence on the prevalence of LGA delivery in our population.
On the motion of three point vortices in a periodic strip

Motivated by observations of Williamson & Roshko of the wake of an oscillating cylinder with three vortices per cycle, and by the analyses of Rott and Aref of the motion of three vortices with vanishing net circulation on the unbounded plane, the integrable problem of three interacting, periodic vortex rows is solved. The problem is ‘mapped’ onto a problem of advection of a passive particle by a certain set of fixed point vortices. The results of this mapped problem are then re-interpreted in terms of the motion of the vortices in the original problem. A rather complicated structure of the solution space emerges with a surprisingly large number of regimes of motion, some of them somewhat counter-intuitive. Representative cases are analysed in detail, and a general procedure is indicated for all cases. We also trace the bifurcations of the solutions with changing linear momentum of the system. For rational ratios of the vortex circulations all motions are periodic. For irrational ratios this is no longer true. The point vortex results are compared to the aforementioned wake experiments and appear to shed light on the experimental observations. Many additional possibilities for the wake dynamics are suggested by the analysis.
Delay chain based programmable jitter generator

In this paper, we presents a programmable jitter generator. Different from the traditional jitter generator that uses the analog phase modulation (PM) technique to generate only non-Gaussian distributed jitter components, the proposed jitter generator uses digital techniques. It consists of a voltage controlled delay chain, jitter control block, and some basic digital components. It can generate not only the non-Gaussian distributed jitter component, but also the Gaussiandistributed jitter component. In addition, almost all jitter characteristics are controllable. This jitter generator can be used in jitter tolerance test and jitter transfer function measurement. A Xilinx XC4010 FPGA chip is used to validate this design.
Neurotransmitter receptors in adult tottering (tg/tg) mice.

Summary: :Neurotransmitter receptor binding was analyzed in adult tottering (tg/tg) and control wild-type mice. Saturation studies were performed to analyze the density of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in whole brain, cortical, and hippocampal homogenates of 8–9-week-old animals. Scatchard plot analysis was also performed to determine the density and affinity of a-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors. No significant difference in Bmax or Kd values was identified between adult tottering and control mice in any of the tissue preparations. The amount of radioligand binding to 5-hydroxytryptamine, 1A (5-HT1A), non-5-HT1A, 5-HT2, dopamine D2, and benzodiazepine receptors was also identical in tottering and control mice. These findings suggest that the epilepsy expressed by adult tottering mice does not result from alterations in the density or affinity of the neurotransmitter receptors studied RESUMEN Se ha analizado la captacion en receptores de neurotransmisores en ratones “temblorosos” (tg-tg) y en ratones control en libertad. Para analizar la densidad de los receptores muscarnicos colinergicos en el cerebro total, en la corteza y en prepara-ciones homogeneizadas de hipocampo en animates de 8 a 9 semanas de edad, se practicaron estudios de saturacion. Tambien se realizaron analisis “scarehard plot” para determinar la densidad y afinidad de los receptores aifa-adrenergicos y beta-adrenergicos. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los valores Bmax, y Kd entre los ratones “temblorosos” y los controles en ningun tipo de tejido. La cantidad de acoptamiento del radio-ligando a los receptores 5-hidroxitriptamina1A (5-HT1A), a los de non-5-HT1A, a los 5 HT1A, a los D2 de dopamina y a los benzodiacepina, file tambien identica en amobs tipos de ratones. Estos hallazgos sugieren que la epilepsia expresada por el raton “tembloroso” no se debe a una alteracion de la densidad o afinidad de los receptores estudiados. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Bei erwachsenen “tottering” (tg/tg)-Mausen sowie Kontrolltieren (Wildstamme)wurden Neurotransmitter-Rezeptor-Bindungsstudien durchgefuhrt. In Sattigungsstudien wurde die Dichte der Muskarin cholinergen Rezeptoren des gesamten Gehirns, sowie in kortikalen und hippokampalen Homogenaten von 8–9 Wochen alten Tieren bestimmt. Urn die Dichte und Affinitat von alpha-adernergen und beta-adrenergen Rezeptoren zu bestimmen, wurde eine “scatchard” Plot-Analyse durchgefuhrt. Zwischen den erwachsenen Tottering- und Kontrollmausen be-stand keine signifikante Differenz in Bmax, und KD Werten in alien Praparationen. Zusatzlich wurde die Hohe der Radioli-ganden-Bindung zu 5-Hydroxytryptamin (5-HT1A), zu non-5-HT1A, zu 5-HT2, Dopamin D2 und Benzodiazipin-Rezeptoren bei beiden Mausepopulationen bestimmt. Die Befunde legen nahe, daβ die bei den erwachsenen “tottering” Mausen auftretende Epilepsie nicht auf einer Anderung in der Dichte oder Affinitat zu den untersuchten Neurotransmitter-Rezeptoren besteht.
Hot Carrier Effects in Wireless Communication Systems Built on Short-Channel MOSFETs

Phase noise is a critical factor that degrades the synchronization performance of a wireless communication receiver. Hot-carriers (HCs), found in the CMOS synchronization devices, are high-energy charge-carriers that can degrade the MOSFETs performance by damaging the internal device structure and lead to the phase noise increase therein. Such incremental phase noise can be related to the essential parameter, namely the MOSFET threshold voltage due to the HC effect, which is particularly evident in the short-channel MOSFET devices. In this letter, we analyze the impact of the phase noise arising from the HC effect on the wireless systems in terms of the bit-error-rate (BER) and the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR).
STRUCTURING THE UNIVERSE OF PROTEINS

High-throughput sequencing of human genomes and those of important model organisms (mouse, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, fungi, archaea) and bacterial pathogens has laid the foundation for another "big science" initiative in biology. Together, X-ray crystallographers, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopists, and computational biologists are pursuing high-throughput structural studies aimed at developing a comprehensive three-dimensional view of the protein structure universe. The new science of structural genomics promises more than 10,000 experimental protein structures and millions of calculated homology models of related proteins. The evolutionary underpinnings and technological challenges of automating target selection, protein expression and purification, sample preparation, NMR and X-ray data measurement/analysis, homology modeling, and structure/function annotation are discussed in detail. An informative case study from one of the structural genomics centers funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS) demonstrates how this experimental/computational pipeline will reveal important links between form and function in biology and provide new insights into evolution and human health and disease.
In vitro 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine binding to rat cerebrocortical neuronal and glial nuclei suggests the presence of binding sites unavailable in vivo.

The maximal binding capacity (MBC) of the rat cerebrocortical nuclear T3 receptor, as determined by in vivo saturation techniques, is approximately half that measured in vitro on isolated nuclei or solubilized receptors. To investigate this disparity, the MBC values determined in vivo and in vitro for both rat cerebral cortex and liver were compared, taking into account nuclear receptor loss or inactivation and the presence of endogenous T3. By Scatchard analysis of T3 binding to isolated nuclei in vitro at 37 C, the uncorrected MBC values (mean ± SEM; n = 3) for the cerebrocortical nuclear T3 receptor in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats were 0.80 ± 0.14 and 0.66 ± 0.07 ng Ts/mg DNA, respectively, and were not significantly different. The Kd values were also not significantly different (5.6 ± 0.3 and 5.2 ± 0.9 × 10-10 m, respectively). After corrections for incomplete dissociation and receptor inactivation under the in vitro conditions, the overall mean MBC increased by approximately 33% to 0.97 ng T3/mg DN...
SUBSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE MICROTUBULE AND ITS POLYMORPHIC FORMS

Microtubules are composed of 13 protofilaments which are aligned parallel to the long axis of the tubule, as can be seen in thin sections of material fixed in the presence of tannic acid. Evidence is presented based upon Markham rotations of the isolated flagellar axoneme that the bridges (spoke, nexin, dynein) must connect to certain specified protofilaments. By means of geometric considerations it is concluded that the bridges in a Centrohelida and Raphidiophrys also connect certain specified protofilaments. Two polymorphic forms of microtubules were also examined using tannic acid in the fixative, a 320 A tubule produced in Echinosphaerium by treatment with low temperature, and a vinblastine-induced microtubule crystal. In both forms, the arrangement of the subunits is not in the form of linear protofilaments. The vinblastine crystal in transverse section is made up of hexagonally packed tubules approximately 320 A in diameter. The wall of each tubule in turn is composed of two parallel protofilaments which spiral upwards, giving the appearance of a barber pole. The center-to-center separation of adjacent protofilaments is 180 A. We conclude that the tubulin heterodimer lies parallel to the axis of the protofilaments, exposing the colchicine binding site.
Batrun: utilizing idle workstations for large scale computing

The Batrun distributed processing system locates idle workstations in a cluster and uses them as one virtual computer for batch processing. To guarantee that local users have top priority for their machines, Batrun preempts the batch jobs and migrates them to other machines.
An Exact Analysis of RZ-vs. NRZ-DPSK Performance in ASE Noise Limited High Speed Optical Systems

The back-to-back performance of optical RZ-DPSK and NRZ-DPSK formats was compared using KLSE method. The effect of unmatched optical bandpass filter was studied with/without the presence of the electrical low pass filter in the receiver.
Peristat: A Computer-Based Perimetry Self-Test for Cost-Effective Population Screening of Glaucoma

Purpose: Peristat is a virtual perimetry system that allows self-testing on any standard computer monitor via Internet connection. The sensitivity and specificity of Peristat to detect visual-field defects were compared to standard Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer data. Materials and methods: In this prospective, comparative observational case series, 58 eyes of 33 patients were examined. Semiquantitative analyses compared Peristat and Humphrey Visual-Field scores. The study evaluated patients with an established glaucoma diagnosis, as well as glaucoma suspects who had undergone comprehensive ophthalmologic examinations including prior office perimetry evaluation (Humphrey Field Analyzer). Inclusion criteria were (1) diagnosis or suspicion of glaucoma, (2) BCVA better than 20/200, (3) reliable performance on prior standardized office perimetry, and (4) CDR greater than 0.5. Computer literacy was not required, and more than 40% of the patients tested were computer illiterate, with no previous computer or Int...
Employment and the Risk of Domestic Abuse Among Low‐Income Women

This paper uses data from 2 randomized evaluations of welfare-to-work programs—the Minnesota Family Investment Program and the National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies—to estimate the effect of employment on domestic abuse among low-income single mothers. Unique to our analysis is the application of a 2-stage least squares method, in which random assignment enables us to control for omitted characteristics that might otherwise confound the association between employment and domestic abuse. We find that increased maternal employment decreases subsequent reports of domestic abuse in both studies. In the Minnesota Family Investment Program—a program with an enhanced income disregard that allowed welfare mothers to keep a portion of their welfare income as earnings rose—an increase in household incomes appears to have contributed to reductions in reports of domestic abuse.
Organic Die Coat Materials for Plastic Packages

The role of organic materials in electronic packages is constantly being expanded. A fairly recent application is the use of these materials for encapsulating high lead count IC dice, like TAB chips that are bonded directly to the board or housed in plastic packages. Since these packages are non-hermetic, some special constraints are placed in the selection of these die coat materials. Reliability issues that have to be addressed include compatibility with the underlying dielectric medium, chemical resistance, low moisture absorption, corrosion protection and resistance to thermal stresses. This paper discusses some of these concerns and reviews the suitability of different categories of die coat materials for this application.
Automating the construction of large-scale virtual worlds

Databases for large-scale virtual worlds have several critical applications. Automating their construction can improve fidelity and save considerable time. In this article, we focus on: (1) automated cartographic feature extraction (derivation of man-made objects from aerial imagery); (2) triangulated irregular network (TIN) generation (automated techniques for terrain skin generation); and (3) road correction (automated integration of complex transportation networks). The product of these components forms a major part of the input to the final database compilation via computer image generator-specific tools such as the S1000 or the Close Combat Tactical Trainer (CCTT) database formatter. >
Biological Phosphoryl-Transfer Reactions: Understanding Mechanism and Catalysis

Phosphoryl-transfer reactions are central to biology. These reactions also have some of the slowest nonenzymatic rates and thus require enor- mous rate accelerations from biological catalysts. Despite the central importance of phosphoryl transfer and the fascinating catalytic chal- lenges it presents, substantial confusion persists about the properties of these reactions. This confusion exists despite decades of research on the chemical mechanisms underlying these reactions. Here we re- view phosphoryl-transfer reactions with the goal of providing the reader with the conceptual and experimental background to understand this body of work, to evaluate new results and proposals, and to apply this understanding to enzymes. We describe likely resolutions to some con- troversies, while emphasizing the limits of our current approaches and understanding. We apply this understanding to enzyme-catalyzed phos- phoryl transfer and provide illustrative examples of how this mechanis- tic background can guide and deepen our understanding of enzymes and their mechanisms of action. Finally, we present important future challenges for this field.
Differential Vβ T-Cell Receptor Usage during Chronic Experimental Schistosomiasis Corresponds with Distinct Pathological Presentations

CBA/J male mice with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infections display either moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS) or hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS). As MSS and HSS mice differ in several immunologic characteristics, we investigated T-cell receptor Vβ usage. The groups had significantly different expression of several Vβs, suggesting a relationship between the T-cell repertoire and schistosomiasis pathology.
Promoting Perceived Benefits of Group Projects: The Role of Instructor Contributions and Intragroup Processes.

Group projects are often used in psychology courses to prepare students for future collaborative work. However, psychology alumni report that their education did not adequately prepare them for collaborative work. To better understand these perceptions, this study examined how instructor contributions (involvement and evaluation techniques) promote the benefits of group projects by positively influencing intragroup processes. In this study of current psychology majors, mediation analyses revealed an indirect effect of instructor involvement through goal orientation, as well as the direct effect of instructor evaluation techniques on perceptions of group projects. Moreover, instructor contributions positively predicted group cohesion, communication, goal orientation, and planning. Results suggest ways in which instructors can improve psychology majors’ collaborative experiences for experiential learning.
Do Gender Differences Exist In The Publication Productivity Of Accounting Faculty

Prior studies on gender differences in the research output of accounting faculty have provided contradictory findings. The current study examines the publication productivity of male and female associate professors of accounting at doctoral and nondoctoral granting institutions and shows that no gender effect exists in the publication output of faculty at nondoctoral institutions. At doctoral institutions, however, men publish at greater rates than women in the top tier accounting journals and also in a broadened set of academic accounting journals. No gender effect exists when the journal list is expanded to include academic and professional journals. In addition, results show that a gender selection bias for coauthors occurs as men tend toward male coauthors and women gravitate toward female collaborators. With women underrepresented at the associate professor level at doctoral institutions, this gender selection bias may put women at a disadvantage for finding suitable research partners, which could explain their lower publication productivity.
Influence of Gender on the Tolerability, Safety, and Efficacy of Quinidine Used for Treatment of Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias.

Quinidine, a class IA antiarrhythmic drug (AAD), has been used for the treatment of arrhythmias since the early 1900s. Use has decreased recently because of the availability of newer AADs and concerns about side effects and safety. Quinidine can cause QT prolongation, and women have longer QT intervals and are more susceptible to torsades de pointes (TdP) than are men. We sought to evaluate the influence of gender on quinidine tolerability, safety, and efficacy. We performed retrospective analyses of patients at our institution prescribed quinidine as an AAD between 2000 and 2012. Time to quinidine discontinuation and arrhythmia recurrence were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. In 179 patients, 23.5% were women and median age was 65.8 years. Quinidine indication was supraventricular arrhythmias in 68.7% and ventricular arrhythmias in 27.9% of patients. At 3 years after quinidine initiation, Kaplan–Meier probability of quinidine discontinuation was 65.7% for men and 82.4% for women (p = 0.015). Women were more likely than men to discontinue quinidine for QT prolongation (14.3 vs 4.4%, p = 0.036) and TdP (4.8 vs 0%, p = 0.054). After multivariate adjustment, female gender remained independently associated with quinidine discontinuation (adjusted hazard ratio 1.97, p = 0.014). Gender had no influence on arrhythmia recurrence: 1 year after quinidine initiation, Kaplan–Meier probability of freedom from recurrent arrhythmia was 62.4% in men and 57.9% in women (p = 0.33). Quinidine is highly effective in both genders. However, women are more likely than men to experience QT prolongation and TdP on quinidine and are more likely to discontinue quinidine independent of these side effects.
Early Nerve Grafting for Facial Paralysis After Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor Resection With Preserved Facial Nerve Continuity

ImportancePreserving facial nerve function is a primary goal and a key decision factor in the comprehensive management of vestibular schwannoma and other cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors. Object...
Haptics for Robot-Assisted Minimally Invasive Surgery

Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) holds great promise for improving the accuracy and dexterity of a surgeon while minimizing trauma to the patient. However, widespread clinical success with RMIS has been marginal and it is hypothesized by engineers and surgeons alike that the lack of haptic feedback presented to the surgeon is a limiting factor. The objective of our research is to acquire, display, and determine the utility of haptic information during RMIS. This overview paper examines the design, analysis, practicality, and effectiveness of various force estimation and display methods. In particular, we describe our experience in adding force feedback to an experimental version of the da Vinci surgical system, a commercially available teleoperated RMIS system.
Constructing multimetric indices and testing ability of landscape metrics to assess condition of freshwater wetlands in the Northeastern US

Abstract Using data collected for the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) 2011 National Wetland Condition Assessment (NWCA), we developed separate multimetric indices (MMIs) for vegetation, soil, algae taxa, and water to assess condition of freshwater wetlands in the northeastern US. This study represents the first attempt at developing multiple biotic and abiotic MMIs of wetland condition over this large of an area, and is only possible because of the high quality data collected by the NWCA. We chose metrics that distinguished between reference and most disturbed sites, had a signal:noise ratio > 2, and were not strongly correlated with other metrics, latitude, or longitude. The vegetation and soil MMIs were the best performing indices, with good separation between reference and most disturbed sites, and included commonly used condition metrics (e.g., pH and P concentration for soil, and percent cover of exotic species for vegetation). The algae MMI was the weakest index, with considerable overlap between reference and most disturbed sites. For areas smaller than our study, algae taxa may be suitable for wetland MMIs. However, in our study area, many algae taxa followed strong latitudinal or longitudinal gradients, and could not be considered for the algae MMI. Small sample size and several metrics with a high signal:noise ratio were the major limitations of the water MMI. We also examined how well landscape (level 1) and rapid assessment (level 2) metrics predicted MMIs using random forest regression. Agricultural land use surrounding wetlands was an important predictor for all four MMIs, although the soil, algae and water MMI models performed best when intensive (level 3) vegetation metrics were also included in the random forest regression models. Based on these results, we recommend wetland assessment programs employ a combination of landscape and rapid assessment monitoring at many sites, along with level 3 monitoring at a subset of sites. We developed these MMIs to evaluate freshwater wetland condition for a long-term monitoring program in Acadia National Park. These MMIs are also applicable to a range of wetland types covering 11 states in the northeastern United States and can be calculated using a downloadable spreadsheet that calculates and rates each MMI using raw metric values.
Ecover and Green Marketing (A)

This set of cases (see also the A [UVA-E-0172] and B [UVA-E-0173] cases) describes the dilemma of a small Belgian detergent company that, faced with the inability to compete, developed an environmentally friendly detergent and household cleaners. The company then built an environmentally sustainable factory. The cases raise the following questions: Can such companies compete in green markets? Is an environmentally self-contained factory viable or feasible?
Analytic Optimization of Porous Medium Heat Sinks for Energy Efficiency and Minimum Mass

Use of microchannel heat sinks for high heat flux applications is substantial for thermal management and it is also critical for scalable power generation. For both applications, the energy efficiency consideration of the pump power is crucial. A number of models have been created that predict the performance as a function of the geometrical parameters, taking into account, the pressure loss over the length and volume constraints. Most of the approaches either involve sophisticated calculations incorporating fluid dynamics in channels, or have an analogy with the pin-fin model, which gives simpler calculations but considers only a single laminar flow regime for optimization. Even with the simplified models available, the geometrical impact on mass and pumping power is nonlinear and not apparent for optimization. We propose an optimization of porous medium heat sinks with respect to the heat transfer rate, mass, and pumping power. These are functions of the simplest geometric parameters, i.e. porosity, pore density, and length of the porous medium.Considering large production, mass (cost of raw material) is nearly proportional to the cost of the heat sink, we consider minimizing the mass for indirectly minimizing the overall cost. The other factor for saving energy considered here is the pumping power. This connects to both the heat transfer rate and the power consumption to drive the fluid through the porous medium.The optimization is performed for a specific value of porosity and length of the heat sink. The model considers the effect of flow through the porous medium and the effective thermal conduction as a function of combined conductivity of the solid ligaments and the fluid in pores.An optimum coefficient of performance (COP) is found at over 90% of porosity for minimum mass, pumping work and maximum heat transfer. This mathematical expression of the model will give a quantifiable figure-of-merit to take into account the impact of the mass and the pumping power on the performance to cost ratio.© 2013 ASME
Practical Use of Feed Enzymes for Turkeys and Broilers

The use of feed enzymes for poultry is a common practice in Europe, and there is a growinginterest in their use inNorth America. This interest in feed enzymes is a reflection of changing attitudes in society and the economic climate of the feed industry. Consumer attitudes are tending toward a drug-free, all natural food supply. This means that poultry producers will eventually need to move away from the use of pharmaceutical feed additives to maintain consumer confidence. The use of products like enzymes and direct feed microbids as additives are more acceptable to consumers, probably because of their familiarity with such products in common foods and household materials. Moreover, as environmental concerns about animal waste disposal increase, enzymes are more frequently being considered as a means of reducing manure output and nutrient excretion, particularly excess phosphorus, nitrogen, copper, and zinc. An increasing diversity of by-products from the food industry (e.g., from grain milling, animal processing, brewery fermentation,and recycled waste) are used as feed ingredients. Enzymes can be used to improve the nutritional value of such by-products and perhaps reduce the variability commo~ily associated with such products. Finally, enzymes could be used to maximize the efficiency of feed utilization by reducing the effects of antinutritional factors, reduce feed manufacturing costs, and reduce the variability of nutrient bioavailability in feed. Supplemental enzymes could be useful in reducing some of the limitations on the productive value of poultry feed. These limitations include: 1) the cost of highly digestible, nutrient dense feed; 2) dietary fiber content, particularly fibrillar polysaccharides (cellulose), matrix polysaccharides (pectins, hemicellulose, and glycoproteins), and encrusting material (lignin); 3) interactions among different ingredients, nutrients, and bird characteristics; and 4) antinutritional factors, such as phytin, toxins, tannins, natural chelates, etc. With regard to these inherent limitations, the potential applications of enzymes in poultry feed include: 1) supplementing or complementing the endogenous enzyme production of birds; 2) increasing the digestibility of fiber components; 3) rendering nutrients more available for digestion; 4) reducing the effects of antinutritional factors; and 5) allowing greater flexibility and accuracy in feed formulation, reducing feed cost, and maintaining bird performance.
Development and investigation of O(Nm-squared) preconditioned multigrid solvers for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations

An implicit multigrid-based algorithm for efficiently computing gas-dynamic flows at all speeds is presented in this work. The approach combines subiterative AD1 factorization techniques, FAS multigrid convergence acceleration, and local preconditioning to yield an algorithm capable of simultaneously alleviating numerical stiffness due to highly stretched meshes and to wide disparities in convective and acoustic speeds. Results demonstrating gridand flow-speed independent, nearly optimal multigrid convergence rates are presented for selected inviscid and viscous flowfields. approximate factorization, alternating-direction implicit, or relaxation techniques. [l-6] Newer procedures [4-61 utilize subiteration techniques to reduce factorization error, either globally [5,6] or locally [4], as part of a planar relaxation procedure. Such techniques have also been implemented within an overall multigrid framework [24,6], where they function as a powerful smoother for high and medium-frequency error modes.
Race, Place, and Unsolicited Job Leads How the Ethnoracial Structure of Local Labor Markets Shapes Employment Opportunities

Does the ethnoracial composition of local labor markets influence informal regulation of employment opportunities? To address this question, we link Census data on racial composition with survey data on unsolicited job leads in the 23 largest U.S. metro areas. The aim is twofold: (1) to operationalize three distinct conceptualizations of ethnoracial composition (general diversity, co-ethnic presence, and particularistic representation), and (2) to examine the influence of each at two distinct levels of local labor markets (the metropolis as a whole and occupational segments within each respective metropolis). Logistic regression results reveal that the odds of receiving unsolicited job leads do not vary by metro-level composition, but they do increase significantly with shares of white workers in local occupational segments. These results suggest that racial preference and privilege scale up to influence how employment opportunities are socially regulated in and across local occupational fields.
Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic esophagomyotomy for children with achalasia

ABSTRACTBackgroundMinimally invasive esophagomyotomy, consisting of a laparoscopic or thoracoscopic approach, has become a preferred surgical treatment for adults with achalasia. This multicenter study reports on the clinical status of children who have undergone minimally invasive esophagomyotomy f
247 LYMPHOID AGGREGATES ARE DYNAMIC SITES OF ANTIGEN PRESENTATION IN THE INTESTINE.

Although prematurity and subsequent feeding are risk factors, understanding the development and function of T cells within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract may give insight into NEC pathophysiology. Small lymphoid aggregates are found throughout the length of the small intestine of mice, within the lamina propria, and below the epithelial crypts. We have previously shown a temporal relationship between the appearance of lymphoid aggregates and the subsequent enrichment in intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) coincident with the time of weaning in mice. Defects in T-cell or B-cell colonization of lymphoid aggregates may correlate with NEC pathogenesis. We therefore sought to define the cellular composition of discrete intestinal lymphoid aggregates during ontogeny. We found clusters of CD117+ cells characteristic of CP aggregates in the small intestine of specific pathogen-free wild-type mice beginning at 14 days of life. Although the CD117+ composition remained unchanged throughout adult life, B cells, which are characteristic of ILF, appeared in lymphoid aggregates at the time of weaning and increased with advancing age. By 7 to 9 weeks of age, the majority of lymphoid aggregates contained B cells. T cells were present within these lymphoid aggregates as early as 17 days, preceding the appearance of B cells. Taken together, these data suggest a phenotypic transition of lymphoid aggregates from CP to ILF. Given the dynamic composition of lymphoid aggregates during ontogeny, we hypothesized that this is an antigen-driven process. We identified M cells within the overlying epithelium of early aggregates prior to B-cell enrichment. Dendritic cells appeared shortly after initial aggregate formation and increased in number with age. Moreover, a large proportion of these dendritic cells exhibited an activated phenotype based on MHC class II and CD86 expression. Furthermore, we identified a subset of aggregate dendritic cells expressing CD11clo CD45RBhi, previously shown to induce T regulatory differentiation. We wanted to determine whether regulatory T cells were present within these lymphoid aggregates. We identified T cells expressing CD4 and CD25 consistent with a regulatory cell surface phenotype. Based on these data, we propose a role for small intestinal lymphoid aggregates as a site of localized antigen presentation and regulatory T-cell induction. Alterations in the colonization of lymphoid aggregates may have important implications in intestinal immune homeostasis. We therefore propose that alterations in the development and maturation of lymphoid aggregates contribute to the susceptibility of the premature infant to NEC.
Development of an app-on-demand capability for unmanned systems

The ability to upload a space or unmanned aircraft mission as a self-contained software application can enable multiple users to share an aerial, orbital sensing, or other platform. However, incorporating this mechanism presents the risk of uploading malicious software to the device and damaging or impairing the system. The App-On-Demand capability provides an answer to this. It allows applications to be uploaded to the craft, run, and have their data be returned to the ground, safely and securely. This paper provides an overview of the design and development of the App-On-Demand functionality for the OpenOrbiter I spacecraft.
The Heliopause Electrostatic Rapid Transit System (HERTS) - Design, Trades, and Analyses Performed in a Two Year NASA Investigation of Electric Sail Propulsion Systems

Personnel from NASA's MSFC have been investigating the feasibility of an advanced propulsion system known as the Electric Sail (E-Sail) for future scientific exploration missions. This team initially won a NASA Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) Phase I NASA Innovative Advanced Concept (NIAC) award and then a two-year follow-on Phase II NIAC award in October 2015. This paper documents the findings from this three-year investigation. An Electric sail, a propellant-less propulsion system, uses solar wind ions to rapidly travel either to deep space or the inner solar system. Scientific spacecraft could reach Pluto in ~5 years, or the boundary of the solar system in ten to twelve years compared to the thirty-five plus years the Voyager spacecraft took. The team's recent focuses have been: 1) Developing a Particle in Cell (PIC) numeric engineering model from MSFC's experimental data on the interaction between simulated solar wind and a charged bare wire that can be applied to a variety of missions, 2) Determining what missions could benefit from this revolutionary propulsion system, 3) Conceptualizing spacecraft designs for various tasks: to reach the solar system's edge, to orbit the sun as Heliophysics sentinels, or to examine a multitude of asteroids.
Abstract 1832: Bioluminescent pharmacokinetics of luciferin in preclinical brain metastases of breast cancer models

Background: Approximately 20% of breast cancer patients with disseminated disease will develop brain metastases. Preclinical models of brain metastases of breast cancer rely on ex-vivo histology to evaluate drug efficacy. However, bioluminescence imaging allows more precise quantification of tumor burden and progression through counting photons per second without requiring animal sacrifice. This methodology has not readily been applied to hematogenously derived brain metastases models given the heterogeneity of tumor burden and growth. Herein we demonstrate repeatable methodology to quantify brain metastases of breast cancer progression which is verified with histology. Methods: Approximately 1.75 x 10 5 JIMT-1 (n=3) and 231-BrLuc (n=4) brain seeking subclones were injected intracardially to produce metastatic brain lesions. Mice were given 150 mg/kg of luciferin IP and luminescence was captured every 2-minutes for 60 minutes starting 24 hours after cell implantation. Radiance (photons per second per square centimeter per steridian) was plotted to observe peak luminescence. Imaging was repeated twice weekly to evaluate progression until euthanasia. Results: Following intracardiac injection, both brain seeking metastatic models produced a maximum luminescence signal between 14-20 minutes after luciferin injection. For all subsequent imaging, 5 minute imaging between 15-20 minutes after luciferin injection was used. Longitudinally, both tumor cell lines produce bioluminescence 24 hours after cell injection, which is used to ensure tumor implantation and randomization. The BLI signal decreases to undetectable limits in both models between 3-7 days after cell implantation. Re-emergence of signal occurs on day 14 for the JIMT-1 line and day 21 for 231-Br line. JIMT-1 bioluminescence on day 14 begins at ~10 5 photons/sec/cm 2 /sr and then over time signal increases with an ~slope of 5.6x10 5 until reaching a maximum of 10 7 units on day 28. 231-Br bioluminescence on day 21 begins at ~10 4 photons/sec/cm 2 /sr and then over time signal increases with an ~ slope of 1.1x10 6 until reaching a maximum of ~10 7 on day 53. Conclusion: To accurately measure bioluminescence as a surrogate for tumor burden in hematogenously implanted metastases, the optimal circulation time is approximately 15 minutes with a 5 minute imaging period. Bioluminescence of the 231Br line initially starts at a lower magnitude and later in time than the JIMT-1 line, but slopes of both intracardiac models are similar and result in similar bioluminescent curves. Citation Format: Neal Shah, Chris E. Adkins, Afroz S. Mohammad, Paul R. Lockman. Bioluminescent pharmacokinetics of luciferin in preclinical brain metastases of breast cancer models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1832. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1832
Case 46: Two Solid-Pseudopapillary Neoplasms

23-year-old woman with sudden onset excruciating epigastric pain radiated to her back. Pancreatic masses were found on evaluation. CA19-9 and CEA were normal.