cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Endonuclease from Mitochondria of Neurospora crassa

Abstract Endonuclease activity has been found to be closely associated with mitochondria of Neurospora crassa. The evidence for this association is that: (a) the activity sediments with mitochondria even after extensive washing; (b) purified nuclease is not bound by freshly prepared mitochondria; (c) nuclease and cytochrome oxidase activities cosediment through a sucrose gradient; and (d) the mitochondria must be disrupted in order to observe significant activity. The possibility has not been eliminated, however, that this association represents the binding to mitochondria of a nuclease of extramitochondrial origin. The enzyme has been purified from both mitochondria and crude mycelial extracts. It degrades both deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids to small oligonucleotides terminated by 5'-phosphomonoester groups, is most active at 37°, between pH values of 6.0 and 7.5, requires a divalent cation (Mg++, Mn++, or Co++), is inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and is relatively unaffected by β-mercaptoethanol. These catalytic properties distinguish it from the extramitochondrial nuclease previously described in N. crassa.
QCD Theory at High Energy

The energy range and quality of strong-interaction data from recent years demand the study of higher orders in perturbative QCD, and of nonperturbative effects. I discuss a selection of recent progress in the theory of QCD at high energy, including examples from perturbative resummation, nonperturbative power corrections and the Regge limit. In each case, techniques of factorization play a central role.
Client Perceptions of Therapy Component Helpfulness in Group Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

Objective(s): Treatment credibility and client satisfaction have received relatively little research attention, but extant findings indicate that some clients and therapists differ in their perceptions of what is helpful about therapy, with greater divergence related to poorer outcomes. This study examined relationships between treatment credibility, perceptions of therapy helpfulness, and treatment response. Method: Participants were 48 individuals (60.4% female; 53.2% Caucasian; mean age 32.79 years) with an anxiety disorder diagnosis. Participants completed a 12-week transdiagnostic treatment protocol; treatment credibility was rated after session 2, and treatment component helpfulness was rated posttreatment. Results: Treatment response was significantly correlated with perceived helpfulness of cognitive restructuring and exposure techniques, but not treatment credibility. Treatment responders recognized the helpfulness of factors considered to be important therapeutic processes. Conclusions: Findings emphasize the importance of client perceptions of cognitive and behavioral techniques in treatment and suggest the need to monitor client perceptions throughout the treatment process.
Differences in liquor prices between control state-operated and license-state retail outlets in the United States.

Aims This study aims to compare the average price of liquor in the United States between retail alcohol outlets in states that have a monopoly (‘control’ states) with those that do not (‘licence’ states). Design A cross-sectional study of brand-specific alcohol prices in the United States. Setting We determined the average prices in February 2012 of 74 brands of liquor among the 13 control states that maintain a monopoly on liquor sales at the retail level and among a sample of 50 license-state liquor stores, using their online-available prices. Measurements We calculated average prices for 74 brands of liquor by control versus license state. We used a random-effects regression model to estimate differences between control and license state prices—overall and by alcoholic beverage type. We also compared prices between the 13 control states. Findings The overall mean price for the 74 brands was $27.79 in the license states [95% confidence interval (CI): $25.26–30.32] and $29.82 in the control states (95% CI: $26.98–32.66). Based on the random-effects linear regression model, the average liquor price was approximately $2 lower (6.9% lower) in license states. Conclusions In the United States monopoly of alcohol retail outlets appears to be associated with slightly higher liquor prices.
Purification of squid rhodopsin and reassembly into lipid bilayers

Abstract Rhodopsin from squid photoreceptor membranes was solubilized in octyl glucoside and purified to a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gels of M r 46 000. Purified rhodopsin was recombined with phospholipids to form vesicles by detergent dialysis. Spectroscopic analysis of the rhodopsin-lipid vesicles showed that the interconversion between acid and basic metarhodopsin had a p K of 8. Furthermore, rhodopsin in the vesicles could be photoregenerated from metarhodopsin in solutions of either neutral or alkaline pH. These two spectroscopic properties are comparable to those for rhodopsin in photoreceptor membranes. The results indicate that the native conformation of rhodopsin is preserved during purification and after recombination with phospholipids into vesicles. This preparation is, therefore, an active starting point for functional reconstitution studies.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the temporomandibular joint: Report of a case with long-term follow-up

The case presented illustrates an example of squamous cell carcinoma of the TMJ in a patient who was originally treated with conservative therapy
Impact of Surface Chemistry on the Electrochemical Performance of LiCoO2

For almost a decade there have been spurious reports that high specific capacity LiCoO2 can be stabilized through modification of the synthesis protocol, however no basis for this improvement was ever proven. In this study, high specific capacity (190 mAh/g) LiCoO2 with good cycling stability was successfully fabricated in this study with the purpose to identify the basis for, and reproduce the high specific capacity. Extensive physical and electrochemical characterization confirmed the improvement was directly related to the surface chemistry as opposed to bulk modification of the crystal chemistry. In particular, high resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed the thermodynamic growth of a distinct surface phase of 5-10nm on the best materials. In contrast to extrinsically deposited surface coating, the intrinsic approach enabled a one step synthesis and modification using intrinsic constituents to result in a 5-10nm uniform coating of a cubic cobaltite based on fundamental phase stabilities as dictated by the phase diagram of the Li-Co-O system.
Molecular insights into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 pathogenesis

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 leads to a persistent but progressive cytopathic process that culminates in the near complete destruction of the CD4+ subset of T cells. The levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication and virus burden increase throughout the clinical course of disease reflecting a balance between the viral and cellular regulatory influences as well as the ability of the host immune system to eliminate infected T cells. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is dependent on the state of cellular activation and involves both inducible host cell derived transcription factors and at least three virus-derived gene products. Further study of the mechanism of action of these factors, particularly those encoded by the virus, may facilitate the future development of highly specific and effective therapies for human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
Variation in intestinal serotonin levels, and the effect of reserpine in sprague-dawley rats from different sources

Es wurde ein statistisch gesicherter unterschiedlicher Serotoningehalt im Darmtraktus zweier unabhangig gezuchteter Rattengruppen von Sprague-Dawley Abstammung und ihre unterschiedliche Ansprechbarkeit auf die Serotonin entleerende Wirkung des Reserpins gefunden.
Adult-male-specific S-warfarin (11S-OH) and progesterone (20β-OH) keto-reductases in rat hepatic microsomes are not identical

Abstract Adult-male-specific reductase activities in rat hepatic microsomes use NADPH to reduce S-warfarin and progesterone to their 11S-OH and 20β-OH products, respectively (Apanovitch et al. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 184, 338–346). When microsomes were treated with increasing concentrations of detergent, S-warfarin (11S-OH) reductase (SW(11S)R) activity was subject to monophasic activation by Triton X-100, monophasic inhibition by sodium cholate, and, activation followed by inhibition with either CHAPS or dodecyl-β- d -maltoside. A non-dialyzable, heat-sensitive factor in rat and rabbit sera activates microsomal SW(11S)R activity six- to eight-fold. Similar detergent inhibitions but no detergent or serum activations were observed for progesterone (20β-OH) reductase (P(20β)R) activity. A significant amount of SW(11S)R activity was lost during purification regardless of whether the detergent used for solubilization was activating or inhibiting. Octyl-Sepharose, hydroxyapatite, DEAE-cellulose and carboxymethyl matrices were used to partially purify SW(11S)R. P(20β)R activity co-purified with SW(11S)R and the most purified fraction contained two major and several minor polypeptides. Partially purified SW(11S)R is activated by detergents, serum, and salt. These and previous results indicate that SW(11S)R and P(20β)R are not identical even though they are both adult male-specific, integral membrane proteins apparently having their active sites exposed on the cytoplasmic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Salamanders in forest-floor food webs: Environmental heterogeneity affects the strength of top-down effects

Summary Terrestrial salamanders have been hypothesized to play an important role in the regulation of invertebrate communities on the forest floor. Previous studies testing this hypothesis have used field enclosure or laboratory microcosm methods that may bias outcomes, and no studies have addressed the extent to which environmental heterogeneity affects the strength of salamander effects. In the present study, the effects of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, on forest-floor invertebrates were examined in open field plots in which neither the movements of salamanders nor invertebrates were impeded. This 2-year study assessed the influence of the bottom-up effect of leaf-litter mass by comparing salamander effects in the spring when litter was abundant to autumn, just prior to leaf fall, when litter thickness was low. Plethodon cinereus was found to exert top-down effects on several mesofaunal taxa, but no effects on macrofauna were detected. Salamander effects varied among sampling periods. Leaf-litter mass and, to a lesser extent, litter moisture were the determinants of invertebrate density in spring and fall 2003, whereas salamanders were the single significant factor influencing mesofaunal density in spring 2004, when both leaf-litter mass and litter moisture were especially high. Leaf-litter mass and salamanders in combination influenced mesofaunal densities in fall 2004. The results suggest that the top-down effects of salamanders are strongest in spring when hydric conditions and availability of moisture-retaining cover enhance salamander foraging success, and when salamanders affect initial, rapid stages of mesofaunal population growth.
Normal incidence soft x-ray lambda=63.5 A telescope of 1991

63.5 A telescope of 1991Spiller, Eberhard; Wilczynski, Janusz S.; Golub, Leon; Nystrom, George U.
Using in situ soil measurements for analysis of a polarimetric SAR-based classification of levee slump slides in the Lower Mississippi River

Abstract There is a critical need to improve levee monitoring techniques to enable the implementation of a cost-effective multi-scale monitoring system. In this study, polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) imagery was used as input in an automated classification system for characterizing areas in the levee having anomalies, with an emphasis on slump slides. In addition to the remotely sensed data, a set of in-situ soil data was collected to provide detailed soil properties over the study area. In-situ soil data were collected via a series of sensors and soil corings to obtain information regarding soil texture, moisture content, hydraulic conductivity and penetration resistance. While the automated classification system correctly identified the location of active slides, there were some points, referred to as “false positive points”, which were classified as anomalous but no failure was found at those locations. The goal of this study was to compare in-situ soil properties of the false positive points with those of the true positive points (i.e., the slide area) and true negatives (i.e., the healthy areas) by two methods, one pixel-based and one object-based, to determine how similar they are to either the healthy or slide areas. The results from the object-based method showed a strong relationship between the false positive points and the slide area in the top 30–45 cm of soil. The observed relationship and the later discovery of cracks in one of the dense false positive zones indicate the importance of this study.
syn-5,10,15-Tris(dichloro-meth-yl)-5,10,15-trihy-droxy-5H-diindeno-[1,2-a:1',2'-c]fluorene dichloro-methane 0.82-solvate.

The title compound, C30H18Cl6O3·0.82CH2Cl2, consists of a slightly cup-shaped seven-ring truxene nucleus with hy­droxy and dichloro­methyl substituents at stereocenters 5R/S, 10R/S and 15R/S. C—Cl distances are in the range 1.759 (4)–1.783 (3) A. Solvent channels parallel to the b axis appear to be partially occupied by highly disordered dichloro­methane solvent mol­ecules, the contribution of which were removed from the refinement with the SQUEEZE procedure in PLATON [Spek (2009). Acta Cryst. D65, 148–155]. Only one of the OH groups forms a hydrogen bond, which is inter­molecular to another OH group, forming centrosymmetric dimers in the crystal.
Increased mortality associated with TCDD exposure in mice infected with influenza A virus is not due to severity of lung injury or alterations in Clara cell protein content

Most studies examining the cause of increased mortality in mice infected with a normally non-lethal dose of influenza A virus after exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have focused on defects in the immune system. This study examined other possible consequences of TCDD exposure, which could alter pulmonary inflammation during infection. We measured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and protein concentrations and lung wet to dry weight ratios to assess lung damage and edema formation. Immunohistochemistry for Cyp1A1 was used to evaluate the responsiveness of the lung to TCDD. Additionally, we characterized the effects of TCDD on Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), which plays a regulatory role in pulmonary inflammation. There were no differences in BAL fluid LDH and protein levels, lung wet to dry weight ratios, or the amount of CCSP in the lungs from mice treated with TCDD or vehicle control. The amount of Cyp1A1 in endothelial cells, Clara cells, and Type II pneumocytes was greatly induced after TCDD exposure. Although lung tissue was clearly responsive to TCDD as shown by Cyp1A1 induction, the increased mortality in infected mice exposed to TCDD did not correlate with increased damage to the lung or decreased CCSP concentrations.
A Prospective Study of the Use and Effects of Screening Mammography in Women Aged 70 and Older

OBJECTIVES There is limited evidence regarding the effects of screening mammography in older women but its benefits are generally thought to diminish as age and comorbidity reduce life expectancy. This study prospectively examined how age and comorbidity impact screening use, cancer detection and overall survival.
Fiume Rovinoso: Ruinous river

. . . those wild torrents which, when angry, overflow the plains, sweep away trees and houses, and carry off soil from one bank to throw it down upon the other. Every one flees before them, and yields to their fury without the least power to resist. And yet, though this be their nature, it does not follow that in seasons of fair weather, men cannot, by constructing weirs and moles, take such precautions as will cause them when again in flood to pass off by some artificial channel, or at least prevent their course from being so uncontrolled and destructive.
The Undefinable Parameter in Poultry Science

Abstract SELECTING a scholarly topic to use in addressing such a distinguished body of scientists is not an easy task, but I have decided to deal with the most basic of all considerations in our work, the undefinable parameter as related to man. We can recognize definable parameters with ease. Egg production per hen can be measured with the eye and simple arithmetic. Feed consumed per pound of meat produced can be determined with the aid of a simple balance. With the aid of stereotaxic equipment we can determine the depth of the heat regulating mechanism of the brain. With a multichannel analyzer attached to a whole body counter we can detect the P32, I131, Sr89, and Co60 simultaneously in the tissues of a chicken following oral administration. We could continue with definable parameters for hours; and as scientific advances are made, these measuring devices will be refined. However, the most…
Long-term improvement of cardiac function in rats after infarction by transplantation of embryonic stem cells.

Abstract Objective: This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of and potential functional improvement with embryonic stem cell transplantation in rats 32 weeks after myocardial infarction. Methods: Before cell transplantation, cultured embryonic stem cells were transfected with the complementary DNA of green fluorescent protein to identify engrafted cells in myocardium. Myocardial infarction was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery. Either 3 × 10 5 mouse embryonic stem cells or an equivalent volume of cell-free medium was injected into injured myocardium within 20 minutes after induction of myocardial infarction. Results: Embryonic stem cell transplantation significantly increased the survival rate in rats undergoing myocardial infarction during the experimental period of 32 weeks. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data showed that embryonic stem cell transplantation significantly improved ventricular function relative to the myocardial infarction plus medium control group. Tissue positive for green fluorescent protein was found in the injured myocardium with cell transplantation. The proportion of myocardium positively immunostained by antibodies against α-myosin heavy chain and cardiac troponin I was greater in the infarcted area with embryonic stem cell transplantation than in the injured myocardium with medium injection. Single green fluorescent protein-positive cells with a rod shape and clear striations were observed in cardiomyocytes isolated from infarcted hearts with embryonic stem cell transplantation. In addition, the number of blood vessels in injured myocardium was greater in the cell-transplanted myocardial infarction group than in the medium-injected myocardial infarction group. Conclusions: Engrafted embryonic stem cells differentiated into cardiomyocytes in injured myocardium, caused an angiogenetic effect, and subsequently improved cardiac function during the 32-week observation period. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:361-9
Production of convulsions in hamsters by high butterfat intake.

IN recent studies, the effects of triglycerides containing varying amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were tested for their effect on the circulation of the cheek pouch of the hamster. In contrast to the marked changes observed in the circulation after butterfat meals1–3, slight or no changes were observed after sesame oil meals. In addition it was noted that 4–7 hr. after butterfat meals many of the animals developed focal and then generalized convulsive seizures. Animals receiving an equal amount of sesame oil developed no seizures. This observation could be of importance in helping to decide the relative roles of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the genesis of acute myocardial and cerebral ischaemia due to occlusive vascular disease or inadequate circulation. Since the circulatory changes and convulsions occur under the same experimental conditions and at the same time after the fat feedings, it is possible that the convulsive seizures after butter-fat meals are due to these circulatory changes. The absence of seizures after oil meals could be due to the fact that the vegetable oils, containing much more unsaturated fatty acids, affect the circulation less or not at all. This hypothesis merits serious consideration since it has already been shown in vitro that the ingestion of oils which contain considerable unsaturated fatty acids caused much less aggregation of red blood cells and chylomicra in dogs and man than the ingestion of fats which contain relatively more of the saturated fatty acids1,4.
The biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid in the liver of the rat fetus, in vivo.

Abstract Administration of [6-14C]orotic acid intraperitoneally to pregnant rats resulted in the labeling of the RNA of the maternal liver, but the isotope was not appreciably incorporated into fetal liver RNA. The incorporation into maternal liver RNA reached a maximum at 24 h after administration. Significant labeling of the fetal liver RNA was achieved when the isotope was administered into the amniotic sac of the fetus. The maternal liver RNA also became labeled although the specific activity at 24 h after administration was 1 5 that of the fetal liver RNA. The distribution of the radioactivity in the acid-soluble nucleotide pool was determined 15 min after administration of the [6-14C]orotic acid by the two methods. The bulk of the isotope in fetal liver, after the intra-amniotic sac method, consisted of unchanged orotic acid, while most of the radioactivity of the maternal liver after intraperitoneal administration to the pregnant rat was in the form of UMP. In the latter case, over 30 % of the recovered radioactivity consisted of UDP-sugars, while little incorporation into the UDP-sugars of the fetal liver was observed after administration via the amniotic sac.
Ambulatory monitoring of aborted sudden cardiac death related to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Background A 47-year-old woman with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presented with chest pain that had persisted despite treatment with verapamil and α-receptor antagonists. The patient had no other significant cardiac symptoms, no history of hypertension, and no familial predisposition to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or sudden cardiac death. A loud (grade III/VI), dynamic, systolic ejection murmur was noted that could be heard diffusely over the precordium. Investigations Radionuclide perfusion imaging, coronary angiography, intracoronary Doppler flow measurements, and ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. Diagnosis Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, myocardial ischemia and sudden cardiac arrest. Management Surgical myectomy and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.
Unilateral temporal lobe lesions alter P300 scalp topography.

Event related potentials were recorded from patients with unilateral temporal lobe lesions and healthy volunteers. Subjects were required to silently count an infrequent target tone interspersed among presentations of a non-target tone, with an interval between tones that was relatively long and variable (6–10s). Under these task conditions, the patients were found to have P300 amplitudes that were smaller on the lesioned side relative to the non-lesioned side. This finding is interpreted as evidence that temporal lobe lesions affect the configuration of intracranial sources generating the P300 component of event-related potentials.
Electron localization in liquid acetonitrile

Time-resolved one- and two-pulse laser dc photoconductivity has been used to observe two kinds of reducing species, anion-1 and anion-2, in liquid acetonitrile. At 25 C, the standard enthalpy of conversion from anion-1 to anion-2 is -44.3 {+-} 3.6 kJ/mol and the conversion time is 3 ns. The high-temperature form, anion-1, absorbs in the IR and migrates >3.3 times faster than any other ion in acetonitrile. This rapid migration has a low activation energy of 3.2 kJ/mol (vs 7.6 kJ/mol for other ions). Anion-1 rapidly transfers the electron to acceptors with high electron affinity, with rate constant up to 10{sup 11} M{sup -1} s{sup -1}. The low-temperature form, anion-2, absorbs in the visible and exhibits normal mobility and electron-transfer rates, ca. 1.5 x 10{sup 10} M{sup -1} s{sup -1}. It reacts, by proton transfer, with two hydrogen-bonded molecules of water and/or aliphatic alcohols. Laser photoexcitation of these two solvent anions in their respective absorption bands leads to the formation of CH{sub 3} and CN{sup -}. We present arguments indicating that anion-2 is a dimer radical anion of acetonitrile, whereas anion-1 is a multimer radical anion that may be regarded as a 'solvated electron'.
A comparison of two systems of weighted boolean retrieval

A major deficiency of traditional Boolean systems is their inability to represent the varying degrees to which a document may be written on a subject. In this article we isolate a number of criteria that should be met by any Boolean system generalized to have a weighting capability. It is proven that only one weighting rule satisfies these conditions—that associated with fuzzy-set theory—and that this weighting scheme satisfies most of the other properties associated with Boolean algebra as well. Probabilistic weighting is then introduced as an alternative approach and the two systems compared. In the limit of zero/one weights, all systems considered converge to traditional Boolean retrieval.
An empirical method for estimating the entropy of formation and the absolute entropy of dried microbial biomass for use in studies on the thermodynamics of microbial growth

Abstract An empirical method is described for calculating the entropy of formation, Δ f S biomass , and the absolute entropy, S biomass , of dried biomass for which the elemental composition is known. It is established that the ratio of Δ f S biomass to the sum of the atomic entropies of the atoms comprising the biomass multiplied by their respective coefficients is a dimensionless constant. This relationship can be used in the calculation of S biomass , giving an accuracy comparable to experimentally determined values of 100.18±1.94% ( n =5). The calculations appear to be valid for both anhydrous and hydrated biomass, provided that the quantity of water of hydration is known. The method is applicable to any solid, organic substance for which the elemental composition is known, with lesser accuracy at small molecular weights and greater accuracy as the molecular weight increases. It can be compared to Thornton's Rule, although completely different, in that it enables a thermal quantity to be calculated without the necessity of a direct thermal measurement.
Inoculation of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) with the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoscyphus ericae increases nitrate influx

Despite the ubiquitous presence of ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) fungi in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), no prior studies have examined the effect of ERM colonization on [graphic removed] influx kinetics. Here, [graphic removed] influx was measured in nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal cranberry in hydroponics. Mycorrhizal cranberry were inoculated with the ERM fungus Rhizoscyphus (syn. Hymenoscyphus) ericae. [graphic removed] influx by R. ericae in solution culture was also measured. Rhizoscyphus ericae [graphic removed] influx kinetics were linear when mycelium was exposed for 24 h to 3.8 m m [graphic removed] , and saturable when pretreated with 3.8 m m [graphic removed] , 50 μ m [graphic removed] , or 50 μ m [graphic removed] . Both low-N pretreatments induced greater [graphic removed] influx than either of the high-N pretreatments. Nonmycorrhizal cranberry exhibited linear [graphic removed] influx kinetics. By contrast, mycorrhizal cranberry had saturable [graphic removed] influx kinetics, with c. eightfold greater [graphic removed] influx than nonmycorrhizal cranberry at [graphic removed] concentrations from 20 μ m to 2 m m. There was no influence of pretreatments on cranberry [graphic removed] influx kinetics, regardless of mycorrhizal status. Inoculation with R. ericae increased the capacity of cranberry to utilize [graphic removed] -N. This finding is significant both for understanding the potential nutrient niche breadth of cranberry and for management of cultivated cranberry when irrigation water sources contain nitrate.
Can Environmental Ethics 'Solve' Environmental Problems and Save the World? Yes, but First We Must Recognise the Essential Normative Nature of Environmental Problems

What is the nature of environmental problems? This article attempts to illuminate this question by exploring the relationship between environmental ethics, environmental problems and their solution. It does this by examining and criticising the argument contained in a recent issue of Environmental Values asserting that environmental ethics does not have a role to play in solving environmental problems. The major point made in this rebuttal article is that environmental problems are essentially normative in nature. Therefore, normative discourse, and environmental ethics in particular, do have a crucial role to play in environmental thought and action. The discussion concludes with the judgment that a failure to recognise this essential contribution of normative discourse to environmentalism by committing to a conservative empirical reductionism of environmental problems is detrimental to the necessary ethical and social change required to save the world.
Libraries Across the Education Continuum: Relationships Between Library Services at the University of Montana and Regional High Schools

This study explores the library instructional programming and resources of high school library media centers in western Montana with the intent of documenting and understanding both the services provided to and the experiences of first-year college students at the University of Montana. Results from the survey (n = 22) and site visits (n = 10) reveal wide variation in the levels and types of library instructional programming provided at the library media centers, including media specialists’ perceptions of high school students’ information literacy skills. However, consistency was seen in the media specialists’ collection management strategies and in collection content. The results suggest implications for first-year library programming and highlight opportunities for further 9–16 collaboration and study.
Comparative effects of diethylhexyl phthalate or monoethylhexyl phthalate on male mouse and rat reproductive organs.

Abstract Sexually mature mice injected (ip or sc) with doses ranging from 1 to 100 mg/kg monoethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) or 50 to 100 mg/kg diethylhexyl phthalate failed to exhibit any significant alterations in testicular weight or zinc levels. Further, no changes in mouse seminal vesicle or anterior prostate weight and zinc levels occurred. Rats injected with MEHP (50 mg/kg) showed a 37% decrease in prostatic zinc; DEHP (100 mg/kg) caused a 33% decrease in prostatic zinc and a 31% decrease in gonadal zinc. These studies indicated that the reproductive system of the male rat is more sensitive to phthalate-induced toxicities than the mouse. Finally, phthalate acid ester-induced gonadal zinc depletion was evident despite the fact that the MEHP or DEHP was administered ip or sc, thus apparently eliminating altered intestinal absorption as the cause for the species differences.
Reduced Expression of Brain-Enriched microRNAs in Glioblastomas Permits Targeted Regulation of a Cell Death Gene

Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive malignant tumor involving glial cells in the human brain. We used high-throughput sequencing to comprehensively profile the small RNAs expressed in glioblastoma and non-tumor brain tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) made up the large majority of small RNAs, and we identified over 400 different cellular pre-miRNAs. No known viral miRNAs were detected in any of the samples analyzed. Cluster analysis revealed several miRNAs that were significantly down-regulated in glioblastomas, including miR-128, miR-124, miR-7, miR-139, miR-95, and miR-873. Post-transcriptional editing was observed for several miRNAs, including the miR-376 family, miR-411, miR-381, and miR-379. Using the deep sequencing information, we designed a lentiviral vector expressing a cell suicide gene, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene, under the regulation of a miRNA, miR-128, that was found to be enriched in non-tumor brain tissue yet down-regulated in glioblastomas, Glioblastoma cells transduced with this vector were selectively killed when cultured in the presence of ganciclovir. Using an in vitro model to recapitulate expression of brain-enriched miRNAs, we demonstrated that neuronally differentiated SH-SY5Y cells transduced with the miRNA-regulated HSV-TK vector are protected from killing by expression of endogenous miR-128. Together, these results provide an in-depth analysis of miRNA dysregulation in glioblastoma and demonstrate the potential utility of these data in the design of miRNA-regulated therapies for the treatment of brain cancers.
Cooperative signaling behavior of roost location in a leaf-roosting bat.

Research suggests that social calls are important for conveying information about food and roost location in bats. However, no studies have specifically documented calls that are used to actively attract conspecifics to roosting locations. Here we describe the cooperative signaling behavior of roost location towards flying conspecifics in Spix’s disc-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor), a species that uses a highly ephemeral roosting resource. Two types of calls were recorded during field experiments; one from flying individuals termed “inquiry calls”, and another from roosting bats termed “response calls”. Inquiry calls were emitted by flying bats immediately upon release, and quickly elicited production of response calls from roosting individuals. Most flying bats entered the roost when roosting individuals responded, while very few bats entered the roost in the absence of a response. During playback experiments, we found significant differences in response rates among individuals, which could be caused by...
LOW-FIELD RELAXATION AND THE STUDY OF ULTRASLOW ATOMIC MOTIONS BY MAGNETIC RESONANCE

Conventional resonance enables one to study motion of atoms by measurement of linewidth when the mean time $\ensuremath{\tau}$ between jumps is less than $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}}$, where $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the rigid lattice linewidth, or by measurement of the spin-lattice relaxation time, ${T}_{1}$, when $\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ is the Larmor frequency. We describe a new technique applicable when $\ensuremath{\tau}l{T}_{1}$. It is therefore applicable to the study of very slow motion. The method is analogous to measuring ${T}_{1}$ with ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}=0$. However, we are able to keep ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}$ in the megacycle region by performing the experiments in the reference frame rotating at the Larmor frequency. Analysis of the technique requires solution of the problem of the effect of infrequent motion on the nuclear relaxation time when the applied static field is comparable to the local field. The relaxation time is then comparable to $\ensuremath{\tau}$, indicating that jumps are strong "collisions" for the spins. The case of strong "collisions" is not treated in the conventional treatment of Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound. We solve the problem by use of the concept of spin temperature and the sudden approximation. Explicit formulas are given for the nuclear relaxation in the laboratory for weak static fields, and in the rotating frame for alternating fields of the order of or less than the local field. We treat both diffusional motion and molecular reorientation.
Isotope effects in the PdH system: Lattice dynamics of PdT0.7.

The quasiharmonic phonon dispersion relation of Pd${\mathrm{T}}_{0.7}$ has been determined by coherent neutron scattering. Calculation of the phonon terms entering the current models for superconductivity in PdH, PdD, and PdT shows conclusively that the magnitude of the measured anharmonic frequency shifts is not sufficient to explain the reverse isotope effect in these systems. The effect of the large zero-point motion of the hydrogen isotopes on both the electronic structure and the electron-phonon interaction is estimated, and shown to be necessary to explain the experimental data.
ZnTe electro-optic electric field sensor

ABSTRACT An ultra-wideband, nonperturbing, electric-field sensor is being developed that uses the linear electro-optic(EO) effect and is packaged in a suitcase-sized optical configuration. The methodology has beendemonstrated on the optical bench with ZnTe and used to measure an applied electric field. The immediategoal is to demonstrate the sensor up to 4 GHz and apply it to unknown fields in a configuration usingpolished and coated ZnTe crystals. The unique features of the sensor include non-perturbing rf CW &pulsed (<2GHz) measurements inside of cavities, while preserving the amplitude, polarization, and phasecontent of the detected signal. Preliminary measurements reported here verify the crystal sensitivity of3V/cm (1mW/cm2) (into a 5 GHz bandwidth(BW) oscilloscope) , and response linearity. Variations inoptical configurations are compared on the basis of sensitivity.Keywords: EU sensor, wideband rf sensor 2. BACKGROUND In the course ofbuilding and evaluating high power rf devices it is useful to be able to make non-perturbing electric fieldmeasurements. It is difficult to map electric fields in cavity structures, measure along electron-beam lines, and in or aroundantenna structures (near-field antenna mapping). Comparison of calculation to measurement in these situations is oftendesirable. Measurement of rf effects on targets also benefit from non-perturbing sensors that would permit measurement onthe surface or inside the shell ofmetal or electronic packages with minimal perturbation ofthe direct electric fields. To thisend, a minimally perturbing sensor has been developed that makes use of a dielectric crystal attached to an optical fiber.
A Monte Carlo approach to patient-specific dosimetry

In internal emitter therapy, an accurate description of the absorbed dose distribution is necessary to establish an administered dose-response relationship, as well as to avoid critical organ toxicity. Given a spatial distribution of cumulated activity, an absorbed dose distribution that accounts for the effects of attenuation and scatter can be obtained using a Monte Carlo method that simulates particle transport across the various densities and atomic numbers encountered in the human body. Patient-specific information can be obtained from CT and SPECT or PET imaging. Since the data from these imaging modalities is discrete, it is necessary to develop a technique to efficiently transport particles across discrete media. The Monte Carlo-based algorithm presented in this article produces accurate absorbed dose distributions due to patient-specific density and radionuclide activity distributions. The method was verified by creating CT and SPECT arrays for the Medical Internal Radionuclide Dose (MIRD) Committee's Standard Man phantom, and reproducing the spatially averaged specific absorbed fractions reported in MIRD Pamphlet 5. The algorithm was used to investigate the implications of replacing a mean absorbed dose with a distribution, and of neglecting atomic number and density variations for various patient geometries and energies. For example, the I-131 specific absorbed fraction for spleen to liver is the same as for liver to spleen, yet the distributions were different. Furthermore, neglecting atomic number variations across the vertebral bone led to an overestimation of I-125 absorbed dose by an order of magnitude, while no error was observed for I-131.
Regression methods for parameter sensitivity analysis: Applications to cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms

Mathematical models are used extensively in studies of cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmia mechanisms. Models can generate novel predictions, suggest experiments, and provide a quantitative understanding of underlying mechanisms. Limitations of present modeling approaches, however, include non-uniqueness of both parameters and the models themselves, and difficulties in accounting for experimental variability. We describe new approaches that can begin to address these limitations, and show how these can provide novel insight into mathematical models of cardiac myocytes.
Evolution of a Compact Photoprobe for the Dopamine Transporter Based on (±)-threo-Methylphenidate

The development of photoaffinity ligands for determining covalent points of attachment to the dopamine transporter (DAT) has predominantly focused on tropane-based compounds bearing variable-length...
Clinical implications of discordant viral and immune outcomes following protease inhibitor containing antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected children.

Many HIV-infected children treated with protease inhibitors (PI) reconstitute immunity despite viral breakthrough predicting disease progression. We studied a unique cohort of PI treated children with advanced disease who demonstrated sustained CD4 T cell counts but median post therapy viral load rebounded to >4.0 log(10) copies/ml. Phylogenetic relationships between pre- and post-therapy viruses reveals significant bottlenecks for quasispecies with natural polymorphisms mapping outside of protease active site providing selective advantage for emergence. Among discordant subjects post-therapy viruses fell into two phenotypes; high viral loads (median >5.0 log(10) copies/ml) and attenuated post-therapy replication (median <4.0 log(10) copies/ml). Both groups showed similar degrees of CD4 T cell immune reconstitution and were similar to children who optimally suppressed virus to <400 copies/ml. Both high fit and low fit discordant response groups showed high reconstitution of naive CD4 CD45RA T cells (median 388 and 357 cells/microl, respectively). Naive T cells increases suggest virus replicating under PI selective pressure do not impair thymic output. If therapeutic options are limited, selection of therapy which allows immune reconstitution despite suboptimal viral control may be beneficial. This novel paradigm for virus/host interactions may lead to therapeutic approaches to attenuate viral pathogenesis.
Update on Janus Kinase Antagonists in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors have emerged as a novel orally administered small-molecule therapy for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and possibly Crohn disease. These molecules are designed to selectively target the activity of specific JAKs and to offer a targeted mechanism of action without risk of immunogenicity. Based on data from clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis and phase 2 studies in inflammatory bowel disease, tofacitinib and other JAK inhibitors are likely to become a new form of medical therapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Interpretive reporting of laboratory data: proposed criteria to qualify as a high-quality, limited clinical pathology consultation.

ABSTRACT Objective To present recommended criteria designed to improve the computer-based interpretation of laboratory test results. Methods Guidelines for providing high-quality test interpretations and an outline for incorporating such criteria into a program for interpretive reporting are presented. Results Traditionally, when a laboratory reports a test result, the clinician interprets it within the clinical context. More recently, even in the absence of clinical information about the patient, laboratories that report test results, including biochemical thyroid function tests, have begun to insert “informative” statements about the test. These statements fail to provide an adequate limited pathology consultation that merits the CPT code 80500. Such interpretations can be improved by making them optional, specific for the test result, considerations rather than recommendations, and accompanied, on request, by an expanded list of differential diagnoses and an itemization of drugs known to affect the test result. Conclusion High-quality interpretations of laboratory tests should improve patient care, avoid unnecessary costs, and prompt appropriate referrals to specialists. (Endocr Pract. 1996; 2:255-260)
The Stakes in Bayh-Dole: Public Values Beyond the Pace of Innovation.

Evaluation studies of the Bayh-Dole Act are generally concerned with the pace of innovation or the transgressions to the independence of research. While these concerns are important, I propose here to expand the range of public values considered in assessing Bayh-Dole and formulating future reforms. To this end, I first examine the changes in the terms of the Bayh-Dole debate and the drift in its design. Neoliberal ideas have had a definitive influence on U.S. innovation policy for the last thirty years, including legislation to strengthen patent protection. Moreover, the neoliberal policy agenda is articulated and justified in the interest of “competitiveness.” Rhetorically, this agenda equates competitiveness with economic growth and this with the public interest. Against that backdrop, I use Public Value Failure criteria to show that values such as political equality, transparency, and fairness in the distribution of the benefits of innovation, are worth considering to counter the “policy drift” of Bayh-Dole.
Wine: Intrinsic attributes and consumers’ drinking frequency, experience, and involvement

Abstract This study developed and tested a model that links the perceived importance of sensory attributes of wine with drinking frequency and experience, and in turn links all these factors with product involvement as the central framework. Results from 493 survey responses collected in the North-western U.S. region employing path analysis and moderated regression analysis revealed that consumer drinking frequency significantly and positively influenced wine involvement while years of drinking moderated this relationship. Furthermore, involvement significantly and positively influenced the perceived importance of wine appearance and bouquet—but not wine taste. As such, highly involved consumers were more interested in ancillary product attributes, which in this case entailed appearance and bouquet. Moreover, the survey results suggest that consumers perceived the importance of intrinsic wine attributes in the same way as they would evaluate the attributes in formal wine-tasting events. Specifically, the perceived importance of appearance of wine significantly influenced perceived importance of bouquet and taste, and perceived importance of bouquet influenced perceived importance of taste.