cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Argus: A flight campaign for modeling the effects of space radiation on modern electronics

The effects of radiation on modern electronics are not well understood; devices with length scales below 60 nm are sensitive across a wider range of input energies and respond differently to different species than larger devices. This is not a trivial issue: existing predictive failure models are off by as much as three orders of magnitude. Complicating the problem is that modern devices have dozens of operating modes, requiring orders of magnitude more testing time. This increase in the required time (and cost) for ground testing, coupled with the greatly reduced cost (and development time) for space experimentation via CubeSats, has made spaceflight a sensible complement to ground testing. The Institute for Space and Defense Electronics (ISDE) at Vanderbilt University has partnered with the Space Systems Research Laboratory at Saint Louis University to develop Argus, a proposed flight campaign of perhaps a dozen CubeSat-class spacecraft spanning years. Argus will fly an array of radiation-effects modeling experiments; on-orbit event rates will be compared against ground predictions to help calibrate new predictive models developed at ISDE. Argus leverages COTS CubeSat systems and the extremely simple payload requirements to field a set of very low-cost, very automated passive platforms developed by students at both institutions. This paper will describe the challenges in modeling radiation effects on modern electronics as well as the new models developed at ISDE. The Argus campaign concept and drivers will be discussed, and the first two missions will be presented: COPPER, which flies in late 2012, and Argus-High, proposed for a 2013 launch.
Neuroscience: Transforming Visual Percepts into Memories

A new study shows that local field potential oscillations in the human entorhinal cortex and hippocampus are correlated with visual awareness.
Postmortem anatomy from cryosectioned whole human brain

A system of histologic and digital processing protocols are presented for the acquisition of high-resolution digital imagery from postmortem cryosectioned whole human brain and head for computer-based 3-dimensional (3D) representation and visualization. We designed and evaluated several protocols for optimal preparation of frozen specimens including fixation, decalcification, cryoprotection, freezing and sectioning procedures. High-resolution (1024(2) pixel) serial images were captured directly from the cryoplaned blockface using an integrated color digital camera and fiber optic illumination system mounted over a modified cryomacrotome. Specimens frozen and sectioned with the cranium intact preserved brain spatial relationships and anatomic bony landmarks. Color preservation was superior in unfixed tissue heads were incompatible with decalcification and cryoprotection procedures and section collection from such specimens was complicated by bone fragmentation. Collection of 1024(2) images from whole brain resulted in a spatial resolution of 200 microns/pixel in a 1-3 Gbyte data space. Even higher 3D spatial resolution was possible by primary image capture of selected regions such as hippocampus or brain stem. Discrete registration errors were corrected using image processing strategies such as cross-correlative and other algorithmic approaches. Data sets were amenable to resampling in multiple planes as well as scaling and transpositioning into standard coordinate systems. These methods enable quantitative measurements for comparison between subjects and to published atlas data. These techniques allow visualization and measurement at resolutions far higher than those available through other imaging technologies and provide greatly enhanced contrast for delineation of neuroanatomic structures, pathways, and subregions.
The status of Dollodon and other basal iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous of Europe

Abstract Dollodon bampingi was recently named based upon a specimen from the Bernissart Quarry that had previously been referred to Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis . The initial diagnosis of Dollodon did not adequately distinguish it from Mantellisaurus or from other basal iguanodonts, necessitating a reassessment of the material. Firsthand examination of the holotypes of the two taxa and numerous other basal iguanodont specimens, as well as a principal components analysis of basal iguanodont dentaries, did not find any morphological features to justify the distinction of Dollodon from Mantellisaurus . D. bampingi is thus best considered a junior synonym of M. atherfieldensis . Furthermore, the recent referral of the species Iguanodon seelyi to the genus Dollodon is not supported; I. seelyi is indistinguishable from Iguanodon bernissartensis , and is considered a junior synonym of that species. Finally, the recently named taxon Proplanicoxa galtoni , also based upon a specimen formerly attributed to M. atherfieldensis , is considered a nomen dubium and probable junior synonym of M. atherfieldensis . Thus, only two species of large-bodied basal iguanodont should be recognized from the Barremian-Aptian of England and Belgium: M. atherfieldensis and I. bernissartensis .
Letter by Lowenthal et al Regarding Article, “BNP Levels Predict Outcome in Pediatric Heart Failure Patients: Post Hoc Analysis of the Pediatric Carvedilol Trial”

To the Editor: We read with interest the post hoc analysis of plasma BNP levels and outcomes in pediatric heart failure patients from the Pediatric Carvedilol Trial by Auerbach et al.1 We agree that BNP cutoff values obtained from the adult population, mainly with ischemic heart disease, cannot be used in managing children with structurally abnormal hearts and secondary myocardial dysfunction. Extrapolation from the adult population to the diverse congenital heart defect population, ranging …
Know your market: use of online query tools to quantify trends in patient information-seeking behavior for varicose vein treatment.

Abstract Purpose To analyze Internet search data to characterize the temporal and geographic interest of Internet users in the United States in varicose vein treatment. Materials and Methods From January 1, 2004, to September 1, 2012, the Google Trends tool was used to analyze query data for "varicose vein treatment" to identify individuals seeking treatment information for varicose veins. The term "varicose vein treatment" returned a search volume index (SVI), representing the search frequency relative to the total search volume during a specific time interval and region. Linear regression analysis and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance were employed to characterize search results. Results Search traffic for varicose vein treatment increased by 520% over the 104-month study period. There was an annual mean increase of 28% (range, −18%–100%; standard deviation [SD], 35%), with a statistically significant linear increase in average yearly SVI over time ( R 2 = 0.94, P P P Conclusions There have been significant increases in Internet search traffic related to varicose vein treatment in the past 8 years. Reflected in this trend is an annual peak in search traffic in the late spring months with an overall geographic bias toward southern states. Rigorous analysis of Internet search queries for medical procedures may prove useful to guide the efficient use of limited resources and marketing dollars.
Mathematical programming formulation for campaign planning of multi-product batch process

This paper deals with a campaign planning problem typical for multi-product batch plants. Here the campaign size (production amount of one continuous production run) is often constrained by the multiples of a batch size, which is limited by a lower and upper bound according to the volume of reactor and safe operations. A new and applicable Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model formulation is presented that is based on the standard capacitated lot-sizing model with some adaptive innovations, such as adding the value of un-utilized capacity to objective function, non-uniform time division, capacity variations, non-continuous limitation of production quantity, limitation of raw materials etc. In order to solve large-scale problems and lower computational time, some valid inequalities are adopted. The problem size of the proposed formulation is acceptable, and can be solved using commerce optimization software ILOG CPLEX within tolerable CPU time. The performance of the approach is illustrated by one real case study.
Stress relaxation, creep, failure and hysteresis in a linear elastic material with voids

I study several specific boundary-value problems in a theory recently proposed to model linear elastic materials with voids. I show that, in addition to the known fact that the model exhibits stress relaxation, it also exhibits creep, hysteresis, and a phenomenon which can be interpreted as failure. In order to maintain plausible physical behavior, I suggest an a priori inequality not contained in the original theory.
Use of ceriofast™ for monitoring the toxicity of industrial effluents: Comparison with the 48‐H acute Ceriodaphnia toxicity test and Microtox®

A comparison of an acute1-h Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity test (CerioFAST™) with Microtox® and the standard acute 48-h C. dubia acute toxicity test was undertaken to determine the toxicity of a variety of industrial effluents. CerioFAST is based on suppression of feeding activity of C. dubia in the presence of toxicants and consists of a 1-h-exposure period to a given toxicant followed by a 20-min-feeding period using fluorescent yeast cells. Twenty-eight industrial effluent samples, collected from northern and central Florida, were tested and compared using the CerioFAST and the standard 48-h C. dubia acute toxicity test. The results of the CerioFAST assay were well correlated with the standard 48-h C. dubia test (r2 = 0.98). Therefore, CerioFAST is useful as a rapid-screening test or range-finding test for assessing the toxicity of environmental samples.
No Budget, No Experience, No Problem: Creating a Library Orientation Game for Freshman Engineering Majors

Abstract “Mystery at the Library” is a simple, inexpensive game developed as a library orientation activity for freshman engineering students. Players searched the library building and online to find clues and solve the mystery of a stolen book. Feedback from players and library desk staff was used to improve the game over time. A straightforward narrative with puzzles focused on learning objectives kept players engaged and avoided unnecessary confusion. A post-game survey indicated that the game was both helpful and fun for a majority of respondents.
Constituents’ economic interests and senator support for spending limitations

Abstract Peltzman [Peltzman, S., 1984. Constituent interest and congressional voting. Journal of Law and Economics 27, 181–210] argues that if constituents’ economic interests have well-defined “winners and losers” and are appropriately measured, then constituents’ economic interests, and not legislator ideology, are the most important determinates of legislator voting. We test Peltzman's theory by examining senatorial voting on three mandated spending limitation bills. We find, consistent with Peltzman's theory, that the ratio of federal spending in a senator's state to federal taxes paid by that state, and not a senator's personal ideology, matters on legislation where there are well-defined economic “winners and losers.” This is particularly important because unlike other constituents’ economic interest measures that only impact a fraction of the constituency, the ratio of federal spending to federal taxes in a state represents the economic interests of all the constituents in a state.
Large volume, high-performance applications of fibers in civil engineering

This article presents an overview of fiber applications in cementitious composites. The socio-economic considerations surrounding materials development in civil engineering in general, and fiber reinforced cementitious materials in particular, are described. Current FRC appliations are summarized, and the where, how, and why fibers are used in these applications, are documented. An attempt is made to extract common denominators among the widely varied applications. The R&D and industrial trends of applying fibers in enhancing structural performance are depicted. An actual case study involving a tunnel lining constructed in Japan is given to illustrate how a newly proposed structural design guideline takes into account the load carrying contribution of fibers. Composite properties related to structural performance are described for a number of FRCs targeted for use in load carrying structural members. Structural applications of FRCs are currently under rapid development. In coming years, it is envisioned that the ultra-high performance FRC, with ductility matching that of metals, will be commercially exploited in various applications. Highlights of such a material are presented in this article. Finally, conclusions on market trends are drawn, and favorable fiber characteristics for structural applications are provided.
A taxonomy of binary tree traversals

A survey of the literature shows that eleven binary tree traversals have been defined. We systematize this work by proposing a classification that consists of twenty-six traversals grouped into seven categories. Three generator schemas are provided that allow all of the traversals to be implemented.
Superconducting kinetic-inductance microwave filters

Several kinetic-inductance microstrip filters have been designed and tested. The microstrip consists of a superconducting niobium carbon nitride (NbCN) strip separated from a NbCN ground plane by an amorphous hydrogenated-silicon dielectric. The circuits investigated include an interferometer, a stepped-impedance, a low-frequency stub, and a high-frequency stub filter. Generally for frequencies below 20 GHz, good transmission characteristics were measured for these structures. A simple physical model is used to determine the major features of the transmission characteristics over a wide temperature and frequency range. Other important issues such as the superconductor and dielectric losses, impedance matching, and film uniformity are addressed for these structures. >
Two Classes and One Vision? Managers’ and Workers’ Attitudes Toward Workplace Democracy

Workplace democracy has been advocated by labor as a means of worker empowerment and by management as an effort to improve productivity and quality. This article seeks to clarify this contradictory...
Apoptosis in prostate carcinogenesis. A growth regulator and a therapeutic target.

Development of effective therapeutic modalities for the treatment of human cancer relies heavily upon understanding the molecular alterations that result in initiation and progression of the tumorigenic process. Many of the molecular changes identified in human prostate tumorigenesis so far play key roles in apoptosis regulation. Apoptosis represents a universal and exquisitely efficient cellular suicide pathway. Since the therapeutic goal is to trigger tumor-selective apoptotic cell death (without clinically significant effects on the host), elucidation of the mechanisms underlying apoptosis deregulation will lead to the identification of specific cellular components for targeting therapeutic interventions. As our understanding of its vital role in the development and growth of the prostate gland has expanded, numerous genes that encode apoptotic regulators have been identified that are severely impaired in prostate cancer cells. In addition, the expression of apoptotic modulators within prostatic tumors appears to correlate with tumor sensitivity to traditional therapies such as hormonal ablation and radiotherapy. No strict correlation between apoptosis induction and a patient's long-term prognosis has emerged, perhaps due to the fact that the ability to achieve initial remission alone does not adequately predict long-term outcome. This review will encompass the known molecular changes intimately involved in the apoptotic pathway which have potential prognostic value in disease progression, as well as therapeutic significance in the enhancement of the apoptotic response to novel and established treatment strategies for the treatment of androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostatic tumors. The main focus will be on the role of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, bcl-2 and the bcl-2 family members, the caspase cascade (apoptosis excecutioners), and the Fas pathway in induction and regulation of apoptosis following therapeutic stimuli for the management of advanced prostate cancer.
Lineage Diversion of T Cell Receptor Transgenic Thymocytes Revealed by Lineage Fate Mapping

BACKGROUND The binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the thymus determines fates of TCRalphabeta lymphocytes that subsequently home to secondary lymphoid tissue. TCR transgenic models have been used to study thymic selection and lineage commitment. Most TCR transgenic mice express the rearranged TCRalphabeta prematurely at the double negative stage and abnormal TCRalphabeta populations of T cells that are not easily detected in non-transgenic mice have been found in secondary lymphoid tissue of TCR transgenic mice. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine developmental pathways of TCR-transgenic thymocytes, we used Cre-LoxP-mediated fate mapping and show here that premature expression of a transgenic TCRalphabeta diverts some developing thymocytes to a developmental pathway which resembles that of gamma delta cells. We found that most peripheral T cells with the HY-TCR in male mice have bypassed the RORgammat-positive CD4(+)8(+) (double positive, DP) stage to accumulate either as CD4(-)8(-) (double negative, DN) or as CD8alpha(+) T cells in lymph nodes or gut epithelium. Likewise, DN TCRalphabeta cells in lymphoid tissue of female mice were not derived from DP thymocytes. CONCLUSION The results further support the hypothesis that the premature expression of the TCRalphabeta can divert DN thymocytes into gamma delta lineage cells.
Design and Analysis of E² RC Codes Using EXIT Chart

We present the design and analysis of a family of codes based on the efficiently-encodable rate-compatible irregular LDPC codes (E2RC codes) introduced by Kim, Ramamoorthy and Mclaughlin '06. The basic idea is to utilize the structured parity part (of the parity check matrix) of E2RC codes and design optimal degree distributions for the systematic part based on EXIT chart analysis. In this work, we propose a new technique for computing EXIT functions of the structured parity part without resorting to Monte Carlo simulations. Our method provides smoother EXIT functions in substantially lesser time. Furthermore, we pose and solve the problem of designing good codes using linear programming. Next, we consider the performance of rate-compatible codes under puncturing using EXIT charts. Finally, we propose joint optimization of our codes at any specified code rate(s) which has not been explored in previous design of rate-compatible punctured codes.
Support Vector Machine Classification of Probability Models and Peptide Features for Improved Peptide Identification from Shotgun Proteomics

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a powerful and popular high-throughput process for characterizing the global protein content of a sample. In shotgun proteomics, typically proteins are digested into fragments (peptides) prior to mass analysis, and the presence of a protein in inferred from the identification of its constituent peptides. Thus, accurate proteome characterization is dependent upon the accuracy of this peptide identification step. Database search routines generate predicted spectra for all peptides derived from the known genome information, and thus, identify a peptide by 'matching' an experimental to a predicted spectrum. However, due to many problems, such as incomplete fragmentation, this process results in a large number of false positives. We present a new scoring algorithm that integrates probabilistic database scoring metrics (from the MSPolygraph program) with physico-chemical properties in a support vector machine (SVM). We demonstrate that this peptide identification classifier SVM (PICS) score is not only more accurate than the single best database scoring metric, but is also significantly more accurate than models derived using a linear discriminant analysis, decision tree, or artificial neural network.
Peripheral nerve injury increases glutamate-evoked calcium mobilization in adult spinal cord neurons

Central sensitization in the spinal cord requires glutamate receptor activation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. We used Fura-2 AM bulk loading of mouse slices together with wide-field Ca2+ imaging to measure glutamate-evoked increases in extracellular Ca2+ to test the hypotheses that: 1. Exogenous application of glutamate causes Ca2+ mobilization in a preponderance of dorsal horn neurons within spinal cord slices taken from adult mice; 2. Glutamate-evoked Ca2+ mobilization is associated with spontaneous and/or evoked action potentials; 3. Glutamate acts at glutamate receptor subtypes to evoked Ca2+ transients; and 4. The magnitude of glutamate-evoked Ca2+ responses increases in the setting of peripheral neuropathic pain. Bath-applied glutamate robustly increased [Ca2+]i in 14.4 ± 2.6 cells per dorsal horn within a 440 x 330 um field-of-view, with an average time-to-peak of 27 s and decay of 112 s. Repeated application produced sequential responses of similar magnitude, indicating the absence of sensitization, desensitization or tachyphylaxis. Ca2+ transients were glutamate concentration-dependent with a Kd = 0.64 mM. Ca2+ responses predominantly occurred on neurons since: 1) Over 95% of glutamate-responsive cells did not label with the astrocyte marker, SR-101; 2) 62% of fura-2 AM loaded cells exhibited spontaneous action potentials; 3) 75% of cells that responded to locally-applied glutamate with a rise in [Ca2+]i also showed a significant increase in AP frequency upon a subsequent glutamate exposure; 4) In experiments using simultaneous on-cell recordings and Ca2+ imaging, glutamate elicited a Ca2+ response and an increase in AP frequency. AMPA/kainate (CNQX)- and AMPA (GYKI 52466)-selective receptor antagonists significantly attenuated glutamate-evoked increases in [Ca2+]i, while NMDA (AP-5), kainate (UBP-301) and class I mGluRs (AIDA) did not. Compared to sham controls, peripheral nerve injury significantly decreased mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and increased glutamate-evoked Ca2+ signals. Bulk-loading fura-2 AM into spinal cord slices is a successful means for determining glutamate-evoked Ca2+ mobilization in naive adult dorsal horn neurons. AMPA receptors mediate the majority of these responses. Peripheral neuropathic injury potentiates Ca2+ signaling in dorsal horn.
Optical flow from a single image

An NTSC RS-170 standard image of a dynamic scene usually exhibits a 60-Hz flicker when displayed on a CRT. This is because the two interlaced fields of the image are captured 1/60 of a second apart, and the scene has changed slightly in that interval. It is shown how a shift between the two fields of a time-varying image can be accurately measured and corrected using optical flow techniques of image processing. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed field-shift correction algorithm. >
Contributions of Semantic and Facial Information to Perception of Nonsibilant Fricatives

Most studies have been unable to identify reliable acoustic cues for the recognition of the English nonsibilant fricatives /f, v, θ, ð/. The present study was designed to test the extent to which t...
Fray Servando Teresa de Mier, federalista

Reedicion del articulo publicado en 1948. Opiniones de la historiadora norteamericana acerca de la poco conocida faceta politica de Mier. Manejo de materiales de archivo y hemerograficos
Engaging Consumer Voices in Health Care Policy: Lessons for Social Work Practice

Community health centers provide comprehensive public health care in some of the most disadvantaged communities in the United States. To ensure that health centers meet the needs of their consumers, they uniquely engage them in their organizational decision-making and policy-development processes by requiring that their boards of directors encompass a 51 percent consumer majority. To understand the quality of board members' experiences, a critical ethnography was conducted using Arnstein's ladder of citizen participation and the socioecological model as a framework. The analysis identified multiple influences on the quality of participation among consumer members. Findings also confirm other research that has found that knowledge of the economic, political, and cultural factors surrounding the context of the individual health center is important to understanding meaningful participation. The experience is important to understand given the shift driven by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 in health care, which emphasizes a patient-entered model of care. Social work practitioners and others in the public health arena interested in empowering consumers to have a role in the provision of services need to understand the impact of each of these areas'and the experience of this unique sample of health center board members.
LGBTQ self-efficacy in the social studies

Abstract Multicultural education, in some capacity, is a part of nearly every teacher education program in the country. Studies have shown, though, that this multicultural education does not often include issues of gender non-conformity and sexuality as a part of the instruction. Given these experiences in teacher preparation programs, we wanted to investigate pre-service and in-service social studies teachers׳ sense of self-efficacy in working with LGBTQ youth, teaching LGBTQ content, and addressing LGBTQ bias in school context. Using a Likert-scale we assessed the self-efficacy of 47 pre-service teachers. We found that the teachers had the highest sense of self-efficacy working with LGBTQ students and families. The participants reported a lower sense of self-efficacy teaching LGBTQ content and the lowest sense of self-efficacy addressing bias against LGBTQ individuals in commercial teaching materials and school contexts. The results of this study reveal the need for social studies teacher educators to be purposeful in the inclusion of these topics in their teacher preparation courses.
Paul I. Terasaki, PhD, 1929-2016.

Paul Terasaki was a pioneer of transplantation and had a global following. His career, which spanned >50 years, included accomplishments and discoveries that revolutionized the field of transplantation and that advanced the care of transplant patients. Paul is survived by his wife Hisako, his brother, four children and six grandchildren as well as legions of close friends and colleagues around the world who will continue to build on his successes.
Variation in individual worker honey bee behavior shows hallmarks of personality

The existence of personalities has been explored in various invertebrates, but a comprehensive investigation of personality differences across individuals in a eusocial insect has not yet been conducted. The study of personality differences across individuals within the same behavioral caste may contribute to an understanding of how social insects divide labor within the nest. Here, we define and investigate three dimensions of personality within the worker caste of a model social insect, the honey bee Apis mellifera, as follows: (1) consistent individual behavioral differences over time, (2) consistent individual behavioral differences across contexts, and (3) the presence of correlated suites of behaviors. To test whether honey bee workers exhibit dimensions 1 and 2, we repeatedly assessed responses of groups of same-age bees in cages to stimuli that are relevant to bee life history. To test for dimension 3, we examined behavior within a colony context by using observation hives to record the behaviors of individual bees across their lifetimes. Our results provide some evidence for all three dimensions of personality in honey bee workers. In particular, our data suggest some individuals may be more likely to be highly interactive with other workers (e.g., engaging in food sharing), while other individuals are consistently less interactive. These findings expand upon and contribute to previous models for the organization of worker division of labor in honey bees, suggesting that consistent behavioral differences (personalities) of workers within a behavioral caste have the potential to contribute to subcaste division of labor. Behavioral ecologists have become increasingly interested in animal personalities, individual behavioral differences that are consistent over time and in different contexts, with recent focus on understanding the occurrence of personalities across taxa and their adaptive value. The existence and function of personality differences among individuals in complex societies, such as eusocial insects, remain understudied. Here, we provide the first comprehensive investigation of whether workers of the highly eusocial honey bee show hallmarks of personality. Although these workers demonstrate well-documented behavioral changes as they age, we uncovered some aspects of their behavior, in particular, their tendency to physically interact with other bees, remain somewhat consistent even as they age and change roles within the colony. We suggest that individual-level personality differences have the potential to contribute to colony division of labor by creating variation in individual tendencies to perform different tasks.
Overwintering Behavior and Spring Colonization of Soybean by the Bean Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Illinois

Adult bean leaf beetles, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), were trapped as they entered Illinois woodlots during October 1979 and 1980. Soil litter samples and emergence traps detected the presence and distribution of overwintering beetles within woodlands. Spring beetle emergence from overwintering sites began in April and extended through May. In 1980 the majority of beetles emerged in May, but in 1981 the majority emerged during April. Beetle emergence and soybean planting dates were well synchronized in 1980, and poorly synchronized in 1981, resulting in a population crash. A simple predictive model for beetle emergence based on degree-day accumulation was developed. This proved superior to simple calendar date predictions of peak colonization flights.
Centralized Adaptive Control of a Complex Flexible System

Recent advances in the technology of inexpensive sensors and actuators allow for implementation of distributed sensors and actuators for large-scale systems. This paper presents a first step towards a control architecture in which a neural network-based adaptive controller provides central hierarchy for existing or newly implemented controllers to account for system uncertainties in a complex flexible system. In contrast to previous decentralized methods wherein controllers are designed based on local measurements, the proposed method implements a central network that processes all the measured outputs and thus provides implicit coordination between subsystems. We illustrate the proposed method by considering regulation of a mass with a unknown flexible appendage and a flexible inverted pendulum.
Dynamic behavior of constrained back propagation networks

The learning dynamics of the back-propagation algorithm are investigated when complexity constraints are added to the standard Least Mean Square (LMS) cost function. It is shown that loss of generalization performance due to overtraining can be avoided when using such complexity constraints. Furthermore, "energy," hidden representations and weight distributions are observed and compared during learning. An attempt is made at explaining the results in terms of linear and non-linear effects in relation to the gradient descent learning algorithm.
Comparison of Two Conservative Coupling Algorithms for Structured-Unstructured Grid Interfaces

In this paper, two algorithms for the coupling of structured and unstructured grids are presented and compared. Both algorithms fully conserve mass, momentum and energy across the interface between the grids. This is accomplished by computing the convective and viscous fluxes either on the unstructured side of the interface (Algorithm I), or on the structured side only (Algorithm II). Grid nodes are not required to match at the interface, only the cell faces have to coincide. As a novel feature, both methodologies allow to couple a structured, cell-centered finitevolume scheme with an unstructured, node-centered (median-dual) scheme. The methodologies are compared for two-dimensional, suband transonic inviscid flows in a channel as well as for a laminar flow past a flat plate. Different grid configurations with matching and non-matching interface nodes are investigated.
TC-Data: Extending Multi-Touch Interfaces for Generalized Relational Control

This paper presents TC-Data, an OSC and MIDI controller application for iPad that uses multi-touch relational control. The application is designed to allow for customization of controller data streams and message formatting. This paper discusses the design of the programming interface, as well as the control paradigms that best fit the application's functionality. The concept of a convoluted control state is considered as a guide for programming target systems.
Subvalvular stenosis of aortic prostheses. A complication of the suture buttress technique.

Pledgets of Dacron felt are often used to buttress sutures during the placement of prosthetic heart valves. This report describes 2 cases in which progressive stenosis of Starr-Edwards Model 6310 aortic valves was caused by tissue ingrowth over the pledgets. This complication should be considered in the differential diagnosis of late prosthetic valvular dysfunction.
Ureteroenteric Anastomotic Strictures: Treatment with Palmaz Permanent Indwelling Stents

Abstract A 70-year-old man with bilateral ureteroenteric anastomotic strictures and recurrent urinary tract sepsis that continued despite bilateral Double-J † ureteral stents and nephrostomy tubes was successfully treated with bilateral Palmaz‡ ‡ indwelling permanent stents.
The Paper That Spawned the Study of Optimal Taxation

While Frank Ramsey was often riddled with emotional torment, his intellectual pursuits, especially over such a brief period of productivity, are almost unparalleled. His efforts in the areas of mathematics and logic were both defining and ground-breaking. His four papers in economics, published over the course of only a year or so, were so varied and substantial that they could only be compared as the economics equivalent to the four varied papers by Albert Einstein in 1905, Einstein’s miracle year.
ORGANIZATION OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

This chapter focuses on the organization of cell structure and function in terms of its biochemical reactions. The rates of biochemical reactions of enzymes that participate in metabolic processes are controlled by many factors. These include temperature, pH, ion concentration, cofactor concentration, oxidation–reduction potential, concentration of substrates, and concentration of products. Another type of factor that influences rate of reaction is the localization of enzymes in cell structures. The conversion of glucose to its fermentation products furnishes a convenient example of a multienzyme system. There are several possible mechanisms that may control the rate of a multienzyme system. In such a case, the rate of the overall process would be constant for a given amount of cell material. Mitochondria are capable of carrying out all of the reactions of the Krebs cycle and of fatty acid oxidation and consume oxygen. As all of the integrated cytochrome system of cells is found in mitochondria, it is not surprising that no other cell components consume oxygen at significant rates. The rate of oxygen consumption of mitochondria alone is less than the rate found with the original homogenate and the full rate is obtained only on recombination of cell fragments. From the teleological considerations of cell structure, it is apparent that the organized structures of the cell contain specific enzymes and carry out defined biochemical functions.
Remedies for Ray Effects

Remedies are considered for the ray effect, a flux distortion producing defect of the discrete ordinates approximation to the transport equation. The partially effective remedies of increasing the ...
S100A1 in Human Heart Failure Lack of Recovery Following Left Ventricular Assist Device Support

Background—We hypothesized that S100A1 is regulated during human hypertrophy and heart failure and that it may be implicated in remodeling after left ventricular assist device. S100A1 is decreased in animal and human heart failure, and restoration produces functional recovery in animal models and in failing human myocytes. With the potential for gene therapy, it is important to carefully explore human cardiac S100A1 regulation and its role in remodeling. Methods and Results—We measured S100A1, the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase, phospholamban, and ryanodine receptor proteins, as well as β-adrenergic receptor density in nonfailing, hypertrophied (left ventricular hypertrophy), failing, and failing left ventricular assist device–supported hearts. We determined functional consequences of protein alterations in isolated contracting muscles from the same hearts. S100A1, sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase and phospholamban were normal in left ventricular hypertrophy, but decreased in f...
Overcoming challenges of maturity

In 2008, the systems and networks research communities find themselves victims of their own successes. This white paper reviews some of the evidence that the two areas are under enormous stress, and suggests that the situation is only going to get worse. Yet there are a number of simple steps we can take to reduce stresses if we start by asking ourselves what motivates the various parties involved. By fine-tuning the system, we can make life easier for ourselves, improve the level of satisfaction for typical researchers, open the door to innovative younger people who are thinking "out of the box", and reduce the risk of abuses stemming from frustration.
A novel operant task to assess social reward and motivation in rodents.

Abstract Background Social reward plays a critical role in the development of beneficial social relationships, and disorders of the mechanisms controlling social reward are involved in the etiology of many psychiatric diseases. New method We present a novel operant social preference task to quantify social reward in rodents using an apparatus with three chambers separated by one-way vertical-swing doors. The experimental animal is placed in the larger chamber while the two smaller chambers either remain empty or contain a stimulus animal or other potential reward stimulus. Adding weights to the door can alter effort required for rewards. Results Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) entered the chamber containing a stimulus hamster significantly more frequently than an empty chamber. When the reinforcing effects of social interactions were compared to food reward under progressive cost requirements, the reinforcing effects of social interaction and sunflower seeds were similar. Progressively increasing the door weight decreased number of entries, but increased time spent attempting to open the doors. Comparison with existing methods The quantification of the rewarding properties of social interactions has almost exclusively used the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Although robust and reliable, CPP includes a memory component, because it relies on the association of place with the social interaction while the operant task presented here does not. Conclusions This task allows for detailed and direct assessment of social and non-social rewards that may serve as effective behavioral reinforcers in this operant conditioning model, and it can be used to investigate the neural mechanisms regulating motivation.
Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury

Brain injury is a major public health problem and is commonly seen in falls and automotive crashes as well as in other environments, such as contact sports, military action, and assaults. Although the brain is protected by the skull, it can be injured in relatively low-speed impacts, such as in American football. Statistics on traumatic brain injury (TBI) provided by the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control reveal that, in 2010, there were over 50,000 deaths due to TBI and that TBI was diagnosed in more than 280,000 hospitalizations and in 2.2 million emergency room visits. Falls are the leading cause of TBI, especially among the youngest and oldest age groups, while motor vehicle crashes were the third leading cause of TBI (14 %). The various causes are shown in Fig. 2.1.
Impact through State-wide Collaboration, "Mississippi Cotton: Weaving Futures 2015"

"Mississippi Cotton: Weaving Futures 2015" was a collaborative project based on a joint partnership of three universities with merchandising programs in Mississippi. The goals of the project were to (1) inspire students to pursue careers in the textile and apparel industry through greater access to resources and (2) create a network among merchandising programs to connect students and faculty with industry through experiential learning (Kolb, 2014). In order to achieve the first goal, faculty members in the partnering universities organized and developed a total of three daylong events on each campus where students from all of the institutions participated and interacted with each other. Each institution's event reflected the strength of their program, careers of interest to their students, and relationships with industry partners, surrounding community colleges and high schools near their campus. As a result of faculty collaboration through email, video conferences, and face-to-face meetings, the second goal was achieved. This paper reports the collaborationâ€™s impact on student learning and industry relations by pre- and post-test, event surveys and reflection papers by participating students.
Increased Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling in the Cutaneous Vasculature of Patients with Calciphylaxis.

Background The objective of this study was to investigate the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signal transduction in the pathogenesis of calciphylaxis. Methods Skin biopsy specimens were obtained from 18 patients with, and 12 patients without, calciphylaxis. Tissue sections were stained with antibodies directed against BMP effector proteins phosphorylated-SMAD (p-SMAD) 1/5/9, inhibitor of DNA 1 (Id1), inhibitor of DNA 3 (Id3), and Runx2. The intensity of staining was scored semi-quantitatively as strong versus weak or absent. Results Of the 18 patients with calciphylaxis (mean age: 59 ± 8 years), 9 were women and 15 had end-stage renal disease. Of the 12 control patients (mean age: 57 ± 10 years), 8 were women and 8 had end-stage renal disease. Strong staining for p-SMAD 1/5/9 was detected in blood vessels from all calciphylaxis patients. In 1 patient with calciphylaxis, strong staining for p-SMAD 1/5/9 was detected in a blood vessel that did not have evidence of calcification. Id1 and Id3 immunoreactivity was detected in blood vessels from all 12 patients with calciphylaxis that were tested. Runx2 staining was detected in all 6 patients with calciphylaxis who were tested. p-SMAD 1/5/9 immunoreactivity was weak or absent in blood vessels of 10 of the 12 control samples. Conclusions The BMP signal transduction pathway is activated in the cutaneous vasculature of calciphylaxis patients. The ability to detect p-SMAD 1/5/9, Id1, and Id3 in cutaneous vasculature may assist in the diagnosis of calciphylaxis. As BMP signaling inhibitors become available, this pathway may serve as a future therapeutic target for calciphylaxis.
Response Thresholds and Demand/Withdraw Communication in Domestic Labor Conflict

ABSTRACTGuided by Alberts, Tracy, and Trethewey’s (2011) integrated theory of the division of domestic labor (ITDDL), this study examines the influence of domestic labor response threshold on demand/withdraw communication in domestic labor conflict. Response threshold represents the point at which a negative stimulus produced by an unperformed task is of sufficient intensity to compel an individual to attend to it. One hundred and fifty-five heterosexual marital dyads (mean length of marriage = 19.98 years) completed an online questionnaire about their household labor conflict and response thresholds. Response thresholds were assessed using a photograph-based measure, and data were analyzed via an actor-partner interdependence model. Consistent with theoretical predictions, a significant actor-threshold-by-partner-threshold-by-sex interaction predicted reported demand/withdraw in domestic labor conflict. Individuals with low or mean response thresholds reported more self-demand/partner-withdraw the higher...
The Enchanted Loom

The evolution of intelligence began with the movement of Crossopterygian fish onto land. The eventual appearance of large dinosaurs eliminated all but the smallest of mammalian creatures, with the survivors forced to move only nocturnally, when enhanced olfactory and aural faculties were favored and involved a larger grey matter/body mass ratio than possessed by the dinosaurs. Additionally, the mammals made comparisons between the inputs of various senses, implying the presence of significant memory capacity and an ability to abstract survival information. More complex behavior occurred with the advent of tree dwellers (forward-looking eyes), hands, color vision, and the ability to grip and manipulate objects. An extra pound of brain evolved in the human skull in less than a million years. The neural processes that can lead to an action by a creature with a brain are mimicked by the basic AND and OR gates in computers, which are rapidly approaching the circuit density of the human brain. It is suggested that humans will eventually produce computers of higher intelligence than people possess, and computer spacecraft, alive in an electronic sense, will travel outward to explore the universe.
The Traditional Nexus of FDI–MNE—Empirical Findings

Multinational enterprises (MNEs)—the prime movers of foreign direct investment (FDI)—manage complex global businesses across multiple countries and multiple markets, and thus not only powerfully affect global patterns of investment, production, and trade, but also exert far-reaching influence over host countries. Over the decades, voluminous amount of research considered the consequences of the FDI-MNE nexus on host countries. This chapter considers some of those consequences, especially in the context of host developing countries, by focusing on the effects of FDI-MNE nexus on economic growth and development, transfer of knowledge and technology, and income inequality in these countries.