cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of sensory characteristics and volatile compounds in strawberry fruit through the use of isolated wavelengths of light.

Consumers consistently note that there is room for improvement in the flavor of commercial strawberries. Fruit flavor and aroma are affected by both genetics and environment. This work tests the hypothesis that sensory quality may be manipulated using postharvest light treatments. Individual detached fruits representing two different cultivars received a 24-hr treatment of 100 µmol m-2 s-1 blue LED light while the control was kept in complete darkness. Following treatment, samples were analyzed for flavor volatiles, sugars, acids, firmness, and sensory differences in human trials. Fruits were rated for overall liking, texture, sweetness, sourness, and overall strawberry flavor intensity (OSFI) on the sensory and hedonic versions of the global intensity scale (GIS). A positive treatment effect was observed for "Strawberry Festival" fruit for the overall liking rating. A triangle test revealed a significant treatment effect, as light-treated fruit tested higher in many flavor volatiles including those known to contribute to sweetness in strawberries. Levels of several volatiles were consistently higher in the treated fruit across all four harvests: acetic acid hexyl ester, butanoic acid octyl ester, methyl isovalerate, and pentanoic acid ethyl ester. The results show that postharvest light treatment can be used to modulate sensory quality of fruit, perhaps offering a means to complement genetic efforts in fruit flavor and aroma improvement. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results indicate that it may be possible to increase the sensory quality of strawberry fruits using an inexpensive and noninvasive light treatment. Light may be applied during transport or storage to improve fruit quality. This concept could also be extended into other realms of storage, such as residential and commercial refrigeration, further increasing the quality impact of the approach.
An Andradite that Was Not and the Search for its Unknown Locality

This mineralogical adventure began in April 2013 at the Rochester Mineralogical Symposium, where I saw a small-cabinet specimen (fig. 1) with interesting equant black crystals that was labeled “And...
Bulk and surface structural changes in high nickel cathodes subjected to fast charging conditions

A layered oxide cathode, LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2, undergoes noticeable crystal expansion by losing significantly higher amounts of Li+ at the end of fast charging cycles. However, the bulk structure of the cycled NMC622 is restored back to its pristine discharged state when intercalated with enough lithium ions during an electrochemical process.
Ultrasound Detection of Calcinosis and Association With Ulnar Artery Occlusion in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the ability of ultrasound (US) compared to radiographs to detect calcinosis in hands/wrists of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and to assess US markers of pathologic perfusion. METHODS Patients with SSc were evaluated for calcinosis in the hands/wrists by radiograph and US. The presence or absence of calcinosis was recorded by patient, hand, and anatomic zone; sensitivity and specificity for calcinosis detection by US versus radiographs was determined. Bilateral US vascular measurements of ulnar artery occlusion (UAO) and finger pulp blood flow (FPBF) were obtained. For each hand, associations between markers of pathologic blood flow (UAO, FPBF, and a composite severity score of UAO and FPBF) and the presence of calcinosis were assessed using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS Of 43 patients with SSc (19 diffuse, 24 limited), 39.5% had calcinosis on radiographs compared to 30.2% on US. Sensitivity and specificity for US, respectively, were 61% and 95% by zone, 78% and 98% by hand, and 76% and 100% by patient. UAO was seen in 30% and 28% of left and right hands, respectively; FPBF was absent in ≥1 digit of the left and right hands in 49% and 44%, respectively. UAO was associated with radiograph-identified calcinosis by hand (odds ratio [OR] 8.08 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.45-26.60], P < 0.001), whereas FPBF and the composite severity score were not significant. UAO was associated with calcinosis even in the absence of digital ulcers (OR 33.00 [95% CI 3.39-321.09], P = 0.003). CONCLUSION US was sensitive and highly specific in detecting calcinosis in SSc. UAO was strongly associated with radiograph-identified calcinosis.
Multi-Gain Control: Balancing Demands for Speed and Precision

Woodworth’s Two-Component model (1899) partitioned speeded limb movements into two distinct phases: (1) a central ballistic open-loop mechanism and (2) a closed-loop feedback component. The present study investigated the implementation of multi-gain control configurations that utilized separate gain values optimized for each movement phase. A target acquisition task using Fitts’ Law (1954) was performed within a virtual environment using multiple control devices with three gain settings: (1) mono-gain, (2) dual-gain, and (3) continuous gain. It was found that dual-gain and continuous gain configurations yielded lower movement times and information-processing rates than the mono-gain configurations. The secondary gain values presented in the dual-gain and continuous gain configurations were reported to mitigate oscillations around smaller targets that were responsible for additive settling time. Therefore, implementation of multi-gain control logic could help improve performance when navigating through lar...
Coherence for invertible objects and multigraded homotopy rings

In algebraic topology a classical object of study is the stable homotopy ring .S/, which is Z–graded and graded commutative. For any topological space (or spectrum) X the stable homotopy groups .X / give a bimodule over .S/. The motivation for the present paper comes from wanting to generalize this basic setup to more sophisticated homotopy theories, where the homotopy rings and modules have a more elaborate grading. Standard examples are the categories of G –equivariant spectra and the category of motivic spectra. In these settings it has long been realized that it can be advantageous to use a grading by an index having to do with the invertible objects, rather than a grading by integers (which correspond to integral suspensions/desuspensions of the unit object). This paper deals with some fundamental questions that arise in this general situation.
Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction After Cephalosporin Administration in Syphilis.

The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) is a well-described entity most commonly occurring after the treatment of syphilis with penicillin. Patients often experience flu-like symptoms, in addition to worsening of cutaneous manifestations of syphilis. Severe reactions are uncommon but may include signs of exaggerated systemic inflammatory response. We report a case of a 33-year-old male with secondary syphilis who was treated with ceftriaxone and subsequently developed fluid-refractory hypotension requiring vasopressor administration and intensive care unit admission. To our knowledge, this is the first report of severe hypotension as a result of JHR in a patient with syphilis who was treated with cephalosporin antibiotics.
Magnetic vector potential manipulation of Majorana fermions in DNA quantum logic

In the quantum logic of the DNA molecule, electrons are held and conducted coherently as spinless Cooper pairs and are shielded from electromagnetic energy by a Faraday cage effect of the double lipid bilayer of the nuclear membrane. The magnetic vector potential generated by cellular depolarization can synchronize logical activity in portions of the DNA molecule by affecting spin directions of appropriately oriented spinless electrons via the Aharonov-Bohm effect, but is not blocked by that Faraday cage effect. Within the logically and thermodynamically reversible chiral enantiomeric symmetry of the deoxyribose moieties the decoherent transition of Cooper pair to Dirac pair in a p-orbital of the C2-C3 covalent bond effects chiral selection between the C2-endo and C3-endo conformations. Such a spin-1/2 chiral collective movement of particles can be considered as a quasiparticle excitation that is its own antiparticle (C2-endo vs. C3-endo), meeting the definition of a Majorana fermion.
School Counselor and Teacher Collaboration to Enhance Students’ Career Development Using Project-Based Learning:

We utilized a mixed-methods design to examine the experiences of 15 school counselors and 26 teachers who participated in a professional development program focused on collaboration to enhance stud...
The Queering of Corporate America: Looking Beyond Citizens United

This is the Conclusion to my book The Queering of Corporate America (Beacon Press, 2019). The book explains why and how big businesses in the US have become crucial political allies of the LGBTQ rights movement. In doing so, it explores how LGBTQ activism aimed at corporations has contributed to equality gains for sexual minorities and transgender individuals from the 1970s until today. The Conclusion explores how corporate activism on behalf of LGBTQ equality complicates the post-Citizens United narratives of both the right and the left. As traditional conservatives have learned from contemporary political disputes over issues such as the intersection of marriage equality and religious freedom, it is not easy — indeed, it is frequently impossible — for activists (regardless of their ideologies, beliefs, or objectives) to prevail in important public policy debates in the face of committed corporate opposition. This might suggest to some conservative supporters of Citizens United that placing reasonable limits on the ability of for-profit corporations to spend money to influence the outcome of elections may promote rather than undermine democracy. At the same time, several of this century’s LGBTQ rights debates have shown those on the left that corporate priorities, power, and influence can sometimes be deployed in ways that advance social change and reforms by, for example, helping expand opportunities and promote equality. Depending on the issue and circumstances, corporations can sometimes be allies of those who are fighting for a more fair, just, safe, and equal society. This might suggest to some on the left that it may be inappropriate to limit the free speech rights of corporations to participate in public policy debates.
Populism, Nationalism, and Nationalist Populism.

This article builds an original, analytical framework to understand one of the most important developments of our times — the global ascendance of leaders who fuse populist anti-elite rhetoric with nationalist appeals. In contrast to arguments that treat populism and nationalism as either completely separate or essentially equivalent phenomena, I begin from an understanding of the two as distinct ideologies that grow from a shared foundational claim to represent an “us” versus a “them.” In part 1, I first juxtapose populism and nationalism around this common, undergirding us-them boundary to bring out their core features. I then analyze how populism and nationalism vary across the twin axes of intensity and inclusiveness to bring out their distinct sub-types. In part 2, I use this theoretical map of populism and nationalism to navigate the conceptual terrain of their intersection. I focus, in particular, on the implications of nationalist populism for those seen as “us” versus those viewed as “them,” where the “us” and “them” are determined by the dimensions of intensity and inclusiveness. In contrast to characterizations of nationalist populism in directional terms as negative, I suggest that it is instead better understood as an amplifying force that exacerbates both the positive and negative consequences of populism. All else equal, relative to populism, those beyond nationalist populist boundaries are subject to heightened hostility and discrimination, while those within benefit from enhanced life opportunities.
Consensus Opinion of US Neurologists on Practice Patterns in Radiologically or Clinically Isolated Syndromes and Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (P3.234)

OBJECTIVE: Patterns of treatment and management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) or signs and symptoms suggestive of MS were assessed in US MS experts using a modified Delphi process. BACKGROUND: A robust treatment algorithm based on class I evidence has not been established for MS. Appropriate management and treatment selection is critical for optimal patient benefit. DESIGN/METHODS: MS specialists from the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers were invited to participate. A steering committee of MS experts developed 2 surveys assessing treatment practices and factors influencing treatment decisions, which included patient scenarios detailing key clinical and MRI findings. Consensus opinion was defined a priori as 75[percnt] agreement. RESULTS: Participants were from academic (49[percnt]) and community (51[percnt]) treatment centers; 103 of 107 neurologists (96[percnt]) completed both surveys. Overall, there were 47 points of consensus. In all patient scenarios, there was consensus on treatment initiation and recommendation for follow-up MRI within 12 months, but not on choice of therapy. Eighty-six percent of participants would maintain therapy for RRMS patients who remained clinically and radiologically stable for 5 years, whereas 83[percnt] would consider a change of therapy if, within 2 years, a single new Gd+ lesion was observed; 73[percnt] would do so if 蠅2 T2 lesions were observed. Ninety-one percent would transition patients with a suboptimal response to injectable therapy to noninjectable therapy; >80[percnt] agreed that washout was not required when discontinuing injectable therapy. Fifty participants who also took part in a 2011 consensus survey showed a trend in the 2014 consensus surveys toward an earlier, more aggressive approach to treatment. CONCLUSION: These findings show considerable conformity in treatment practices among US MS specialists, who are adopting a more aggressive approach to early treatment of the disease. These results may offer key insights into harmonizing MS care. Supported by Biogen Idec Disclosure: Dr. Tornatore has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Novartis, and Genzyme Corporation as an advisory board member and/or speakers bureau member. Dr. Phillips has received personal compensation for activities with Acorda Therapeutics, Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Merck Serono, and Sanofi-Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as a consultant. Dr. Khan has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Genzyme, Novartis, and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Khan has received research funding from National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Nati Dr. Miller received research support for participation in clinical trials from Acorda, Biogen Idec, Genentech, Genzyme, Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis, Questcor, and Roche.
A Review of Research on Prospective Teachers’ Learning About Children’s Mathematical Thinking and Cultural Funds of Knowledge:

Researchers have studied the preparation of elementary teachers to teach mathematics to students from diverse racial, ethnic, and linguistic backgrounds by focusing either on teachers’ learning abo...
Immunocytochemical localization of NaK-ATPase isoforms in the rat and mouse ocular ciliary epithelium.

PURPOSE: Ion gradients established by NaK-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in the ocular ciliary epithelium (CE) contribute to the production of aqueous humor. Modulation of NaK-ATPase activity in the CE may alter aqueous inflow, aqueous turnover, and intraocular pressure. To understand the role of NaK-ATPase, it is necessary to examine the distribution of NaK-ATPase subunit isoforms within the epithelium. METHODS: Isoform-specific antibodies and scanning laser confocal microscopy were used to localize NaK-ATPase subunit isoforms in the CE of the mouse and rat. RESULTS: The nonpigmented epithelium (NPE) expressed alpha2 and beta3 at very high levels on its basolateral surface, and alpha1 and beta2 at much lower levels. The pigmented epithelium (PE) expressed alpha1 and beta1 subunits on its basolateral surface along its entire length, whereas alpha3 was expressed in the pars plana only. The distribution and apparent expression levels of isoforms were similar for mouse and rat, with only minor discrepancies, most likely caused by antibody sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that sodium pumps in the NPE are primarily composed of alpha2 and beta3, whereas those in the PE are alpha1 and beta1. This specialization in isoform expression implies that NaK-ATPase has distinct physiological functions in the two epithelia and that its activity is likely to be regulated by different mechanisms.
Ecological Psychology: Creating a More Earth-Friendly Human Nature

This text argues that psychologists should become involved in dealing with impending ecological threats because ecological degradation will be one of the leading causes of human pain and suffering in the 21st century.
Semisolid Fermentation of Ryegrass Straw

Candida utilis, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Trichoderma viride were grown on pretreated ryegrass straw. The pretreatment consisted of hydrolysis of straw with 0.5 N H2SO4 (water-substrate, 3:1) at 121 C, 100 C, and room temperature and adjustment of the hydrolysate to pH 4.5 to 5.0 with 5 N NH4OH. The 121 C pretreatment yielded a material containing 30% sugar and 2.3% N. The fermentation was carried on semisolid substrate (moisture level, 75%) in rotating jars for 2 to 3 days at room temperature. The organisms grew rapidly during the period from 18 to 42 h of incubation. During this period the number of microbial cells increased by 20- to 200-fold, and the level of NH3-N decreased from 1.3 to 0.9%. The fermentation resulted in a fourfold increase in protein, fivefold increase in crude fat, and 40% increase in the digestibility of straw. The best result in terms of increasing protein and digestibility of straw was obtained when C. utilis was grown on straw preheated at 121 C.
Temporal Encoding of the Voice Onset Time Phonetic Parameter by Field Potentials Recorded Directly From Human Auditory Cortex

Voice onset time (VOT) is an important parameter of speech that denotes the time interval between consonant onset and the onset of low-frequency periodicity generated by rhythmic vocal cord vibrati...
Allergic contact dermatitis to a colophony derivative

5 patients developed acute allergic contact dermatitis to a wood rosin present in the adhesive of tapes used to approximate the edges of incisions. The exposure history consistently included application after an orthopedic procedure with subsequent occlusion under a cast for 3 weeks.
PHOTOCONTROL OF GROWTH AND PIGMENT SYNTHESIS IN THE BEAN SEEDLING AS RELATED TO IRRADIANCE AND WAVELENGTH

WHEN GERMINATING SEEDLINGS are exposed to visible radiant energy, the developmental growth pattern is greatly altered and the synthesis of many diverse pigments as the anthocyanins and-those of the chloroplasts is accelerated. Since the growth and pigment changes are concurrent and are photochemically initiated, the question arises as to whether the increased synthesis of any of these pigments can be kinetically correlated with the morphological responses. This report presents experimental data on the relationship between incident irradiance and growth and pigment synthesis in the bean seedling. A series of irradiances in the blue, red, far-red and near infrared was used to establish the kinetics of the responses. The waveband in the blue included the blue maximum of chlorophyll synthesis and the one in the red, the red maximum of chlorophyll synthesis and also of photomorphoP genesis (Frank, 1946; Koski et al., 1950). Two wavebands in the far-red and near infrared were so selected as to keep chlorophyll synthesis to a minimum and yet to excite an appreciable photomorphogenic response (Withrow et al., 1953). Downs (1955) has shown that short exposure to the far-red reverses the growth responses induced by the red, but Withrow et al. (1953) were able to induce reactions similar to those occurring in the red by using high energies of far-red applied over long periods. It is probalble that such high incident energies are required because only the long wavelength tail of the action spectrum of photomorphogenesis is being excited. The disappearance of juvenile characteristics as measured by a reduced rate of elongation of the stem hypocotyl and increased rate of epicotyl elongation and leaf expansion was employed as criteria of the photomorphogenic reaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS.-The spectral regions included the blue (436 mtu mercury line), a red band (630-700 mu), and two far-red bands (7101150 mtu and 725-1150 mbu). The limits for the long-wave-pass filters are given as those wavelengths at which the transmission is 0.5 per cent. Mercury arcs were used for the blue and incandescent lamps for the red and far-red regions. There were seven values of irradiance for each waveband, progressively increasing by factors of ten on a logarithmic scale. Irradiances for the blue and red extended from 10-6 to 1 tkw/cm.2; for the far-red from 10-4 to 100 tk/cm.2 (tkw/cm.2 equals
An Optimal Control Approach to Cancer Treatment under Immunological Activity

Mathematical models for cancer treatment that include immunological activity are considered as an optimal control problem with an objective that is motivated by a separatrix of the uncontrolled system. For various growth models on the cancer cells the existence and optimality of singular controls is investigated. For a Gompertzian growth function a synthesis of controls that move the state into the region of attraction of a benign equilibrium point is developed.
Effects of oxygen content on pressure-induced superconductivity in EuMo6S8

Pressure-induced superconductivity in Eu${\mathrm{Mo}}_{6}$${\mathrm{S}}_{8}$ is sensitive to the systematic addition of oxygen. As oxygen content increases, the critical pressure above which the sample is superconducting ($P\ensuremath{\simeq}11$ kbar) decreases, the onset is less abrupt, the maximum ${T}_{c}$ (11.8 K) decreases, and $\frac{d{T}_{c}}{\mathrm{dP}}$ at high pressures (-0.29 K/kbar) is less negative. The $\frac{c}{a}$ ratio and the unit cell volume vary linearly with the extrapolated zero pressure ${T}_{c}$. The results are discussed in terms of an oxygen-induced defect at the Eu site.
Triple Helical Stabilities of Guest–Host Collagen Mimetic Structures

The peptoid Nleu (N-isobutylglycine) has been successfully incorporated into a series of collagen mimetics composed of Gly-Pro-Nleu and Gly-Nleu-Pro sequences and has been able to maintain triple helices in appropriate structures. The achiral trimeric sequence Gly-Nleu-Nleu as a guest sequence in structures such as Ac-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)3-(Gly-Nleu-Nleu)3-(Gly-Pro-Hyp)3-NH2 retains triple helicity. As an extension of this study, we report, in this paper, on a series of guest-host collagen mimetic structures in which Gly-Nleu-Pro sequences are employed as the host. The guest sequences for these guest-host structures include Gly-Nleu-Nleu and Gly-Nx-Pro sequences where Nx is composed of a variety of alkyl and aralkyl peptoid residues. From these guest-host collagen mimetic structures, we are able to elucidate the contributions of hydrophobic and steric effects on triple helix formation. The Gly-Nleu-Pro sequences have been shown to be effective in inducing triple helicity. Conformational characterization of the guest-host collagen mimetic structures was established by techniques such as temperature-dependent optical rotation measurements and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy.
α2-Adrenoceptor-stimulated GTPγS binding in rat brain: an autoradiographic study

Abstract Agonist-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding by α 2 -adrenoceptors was examined in rat brain by autoradiography. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dexmedetomidine and brimonidine stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in a dose-dependent manner. Agonist-stimulated binding was blocked by the specific α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist (1,4-benzodioxan-2-methoxy-2-yl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (RX821002). Each α 2 -adrenoceptor agonist stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding in the same brain regions, corresponding to α 2 -adrenoceptor distribution determined by [ 125 I]para-iodoclonidine autoradiography. The order of antagonist potency (RX821002>idazoxan>rauwolscine>phentolamine>prazosin), and weak inhibition by propranolol and selective serotonin antagonists, indicate that epinephrine-stimulated [ 35 S]GTPγS binding is mediated primarily by α 2 -adrenoceptors. Several antagonists increased [ 35 S]GTPγS binding at very high concentrations, and this effect had anatomic and pharmacologic characteristics of binding mediated by 5-HT 1A receptors. These studies demonstrate functional linkage of α 2 -adrenoceptors to G proteins in tissue sections, thus providing data on neuroanatomic localization and a means to examine drug specificity at α 2 -adrenoceptors in different brain regions.
Accurate determinations of Ge atom fractions in SiGe semiconductor chips using high performance ICP-OES

The Ge atom fractions in SiGe chips with nominal values in the range 3.5% to 14% were accurately determined using high performance inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (HP-ICP-OES). For each chip, Si and Ge were determined in separate HP-ICP-OES experiments, and the Ge atom fraction was calculated from the data. This approach eliminated the need to measure the mass of the chip, thereby avoiding a potentially significant source of uncertainty. Digestion of the chips occurred in the presence of HF–HNO3 at room temperature in closed vessels to prevent the loss of Si as volatile SiF4. Recoveries of both Si and Ge in these digests were observed to be effectively 100%. For the Si determinations, NaOH was introduced to reduce Si background and memory. Expanded uncertainties (95% confidence) associated with the Ge atom fractions determined, accounting for all significant components of uncertainty, were observed to be ∼0.2%.
Radiochemical measurement of 237Np in a solution of mixed radionuclides: Experiences in chemical separation and alpha-spectrometry

A radiochemical procedure is described for the measurement of 0.1 Bq 237Np in a solution containing similar activity concentrations of Th, U, Pu and Am as well as activity concentrations of 60Co, 90Sr and 137Cs one hundred times higher. A tracer of 239Np (milked from 243Am) was used as an isotopic spike for chemical yield determination. The relationship between gamma-counting geometries for ampoule (liquid) and NdF3 (solid) 239Np sources was established so that Np chemical yields could be measured by a comparative method. Efficiencies of alpha-spectrometers for 237Np in NdF3 sources were measured by a bootstrap technique. Two sets of experiments were designed and used to test out the procedure.
mediPuppet: an interactive comforting companion for children while visiting a doctor

Young children often feel anxious when visiting the doctors. This paper presents mediPuppet, an interactive companion with an exploratory procedure map designed to help children feel more relaxed and comfortable during their medical procedure. The ultimate goal of this study is to transform an intimidating stressful situation into a joyful exploring game for children during hospital visits.
Interfacial engineering using mixed protein systems: emulsion-based delivery systems for encapsulation and stabilization of β-carotene.

Emulsion-based delivery systems are needed to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic bioactive components in the food, personal care, and pharmaceutical industries. The functional performance of these systems can be controlled by engineering the composition and structure of the interfacial layer coating the lipid droplets. In this study, interfacial properties were controlled using two globular proteins with widely differing isoelectric points: lactoferrin (LF: pI ≈ 8.5) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG: pI ≈ 5). Oil-in-water emulsions were prepared with different interfacial properties: [LF]-only; [BLG]-only; [LF]-[BLG]-(laminated); [BLG]-[LF]-(laminated); and [BLG/LF]-(mixed). The influence of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on the physical stability of β-carotene-enriched emulsions was investigated. [LF]-emulsions were stable to droplet aggregation from pH 2 to 9 (0 mM NaCl), but all other emulsions aggregated at intermediate pH values. [BLG]-emulsions aggregated at high salt levels (≥50 mM NaCl), bu...
Effects of territory ownership on dominance in the desert clicker (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Abstract Field observations of the territorial acridid Ligurotettix coquilletti , revealed the importance of territory ownership in contest resolution and in determining the dominance of males. An experiment in which males were paired on the territories of one of two matched individuals further substantiated the role of ownership in determining an individual's dominance at a particular site by demonstrating that, in general, (1) each of the two males won the contest according to which was the owner, and (2) the contests escalated if the intruder disregarded the other's ownership, possibly as a result, of intruder-misperception. However, other factors, such as physical strength (resource holding potential) as signalled by visual and acoustic displays, probably influenced the outcomes of contests as well.
Optimal passive vibration control of cutting process stability in milling

Abstract The paper proposes a design concept for an optimal passive dynamic absorber in the milling process. An investigation and analysis into the characteristics of, and interaction between, forced vibration and linear chatter in milling has been carried out by use of a two—degree—of—freedom structural model simulation. A dynamic absorber mass is then connected to the main system through passive elements (spring and damper). Optimization procedures to determine the optimum values of spring and damping coefficients for a specific mass ratio have been developed by employing the ADS optimization package. A theoretical approach for the prediction of machine tool chatter in milling including dynamic cutting forces permits calculation of borderlines of stability for a structure model with an optimal absorber. Compared with the limit of stability under no control, the stable range under optimal passive control has been improved over one hundred percent. Transient responses can also be obtained from numerical integration of the system's equation of motion in the state variable representation based on the fourth—order Runge—Kutta method. The theoretical predictions can be verified by the results of numerical simulation of transient response.
Experimental infection of rabbits with bovine herpesvirus-4: acute and persistent infection.

Abstract A strain of bovine herpesvirus-4 (BHV-4) isolated from bovine cases of mammary pustular dermatitis was used for experimental infection of rabbits. The strain is serologically indistinguishable from the group prototype Movar 33/63 and from the American isolate DN599. Groups of rabbits were inoculated by various routes. Intravaginal and conjunctival inoculations resulted in vulvovaginitis and conjunctivitis, respectively and in shelding of virus. The rabbits seroconverted for the virus, with high titers of antibodies (indirect fluorescent antibody test) that persisted throughout the experiment. Treatment with dexamethasone, beyond the acute infection, did not produce recrudescence of disease or shedding of the virus. Rabbits were killed at various times, from 3 to 6 months post-infection, and the virus was recovered from explant cultures of spleen and by cocultivation of spleen cells with bovine lung cells. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the rabbit as a model for studying the pathogenesis of BHV-4 infection in cattle.
Angiotensin II-dependent phosphorylation at Ser11/Ser18 and Ser938 shifts the E2 conformations of rat kidney Na+/K+-ATPase.

Kidney plasma membranes, which contain a single α-1 isoform of Na+/K+-ATPase, simultaneously contain two sub-conformations of E2P, differing in their rate of digoxin release in response to Na+ and ATP. Treating cells with Ang II (angiotensin II) somehow changes the conformation of both, because it differentially inhibits the rate of digoxin release. In the present study we tested whether Ang II regulates release by increasing phosphorylation at Ser11/Ser18 and Ser938. Opossum kidney cells co-expressing the AT1a receptor and either α-1.wild-type, α-1.S11A/S18A or α-1.S938A were treated with or without 10 nM Ang II for 5 min, increasing phosphorylation at the three sites. Na+/K+-ATPase was bound to digoxin-affinity columns in the presence of Na+, ATP and Mg2+. A solution containing 30 mM NaCl and 3 mM ATP eluted ~20% of bound untreated Na+/K+-ATPase (Population #1). Pre-treating cells with Ang II slowed the elution of Population #1 in α-1.wild-type and α-1.S938A, but not α-1.S11A/S18A cells. Another 50% of bound Na+/K+-ATPase (Population #2) was subsequently eluted in two phases by a solution containing 150 mM NaCl and 3 mM ATP. Ang II increased the initial rate and slowed the second phase in α-1.wild-type, but not α-1.S938A, cells. Thus Ang II changes the conformation of two forms of EP2 via differential phosphorylation.
STRINGS OF CONSECUTIVE PRIMES IN FUNCTION FIELDS

In a recent paper, Thorne [5] proved the existence of arbitrarily long strings of consecutive primes in arithmetic progressions in the polynomial ring &#x1d53d;q[t]. Here we extend this result to show that given any k there exists a string of k consecutive primes of degree D in arithmetic progression for all sufficiently large D.
Macroscopic Fracture Mechanics of Advanced Composite Materials

The application of classical fracture mechanics to laminated com posites is discussed. A convenient method is presented for predicting the static strength of a flawed specimen. Theoretical predictions are compared with experimental data for specimens containing two types of flaws.
The Utility of Computer-Assisted Power Analysis Lab Instruction

Undergraduate students (N = 47), enrolled in 2 separate psychology research methods classes, evaluated a power analysis lab demonstration and homework assignment. Students attended 1 of 2 lectures that included a basic introduction to power analysis and sample size analysis. One lecture included a demonstration of how to use a computer-based power analysis calculator, whereas the other lecture did not. Students then completed a homework assignment (with or without the power analysis calculator). Compared to students who did not use the power analysis calculator, students who did reported that the lab and homework assignment increased their understanding of power analysis and increased their overall level of interest in their research projects. These students also recommended using the lab in future courses.
The construct of career maturity in the United States and Israel

Abstract This study investigated the construct of career maturity in the United States and Israel by assessing attitudes about career decision making. Eight hundred eighty-five U.S. and 537 Israeli 9th- and 12th-grade high school students were given the career maturity Inventory (CMI). Results indicated differences across cultures in career maturity as well as sex differences on some individual subscales of the CMI. Results also showed grade differences for Israeli students but not for U.S. Students.
Electrocardiograms in Athletes: Interpretation and Diagnostic Accuracy

Purpose: Electrocardiography (ECG) has been proposed as a method to enhance the ability of the preparticipation examination (PPE) to detect underlying cardiac conditions that can lead to sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young athletes. Methods and results: We conducted a Medline review of the published medical literature, using the key terms of cardiovascular screening of athletes, ECG in athletes, SCD in athletes, and ECG in specific cardiac disease states: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, coronary artery anomalies, myocardial bridging, aortic stenosis, mitral valve prolapse, and Marfan syndrome. ECG seems to increase the sensitivity of the PPE from 2.5-6% to 50-95%. Overall sensitivity appears to be about 50%; false-positive rates can be as high as 40%, and there is at least a 4-5% false-negative rate. In Europe, ECG-based screening programs have been associated with a decline in the SCD rate in young athletes, but similar programs are currently not recommended in the United States for many reasons: lack of randomized trial data; cost of screening; lack of a clear standard for ECG interpretation in the athlete; the likelihood that asymptomatic athletes with underlying lethal conditions might differ significantly from symptomatic individuals with the same conditions; and concern that ECG screening might actually increase the death rate, via treatment-related procedural complications. Conclusions: Although some authorities advocate the use of ECG screening of young athletes, further studies are required to define what constitutes a normal ECG in athletes, and to determine whether ECG-based screening protocols truly are superior, not only in finding disease, but also saving lives. For those who either choose ECG-based screening or interpret ECG in athletes, we propose a simple interpretation scheme and decision tree
Retailing and distribution in the new Europe

Considers the issues affecting retail and distribution in the new Europe. Analyses ways in which retailing will change in the next century. Classifies the retail distribution chain into three stages: growth, maturity and regeneration. Describes the characteristics of each stage. Forecasts the developments that are likely to take place in the retail environment in the next decade, including growth in home shopping and narrowcasting.
Pathogenicity of infectious bursal disease virus variant AL2 in young chickens.

Abstract Limited information is available on the effects of the recently emerged infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) variant AL2. In this study, the effects of inoculation of 4-day-old chickens with increasing doses of IBDV AL2 were characterized. IBDV AL2 induced neither overt clinical signs nor mortality. Infected chickens showed reduced bursa indices (BI) and bursa lymphocytic depletion, as determined by histomorphometry. However, histomorphometry and BI values differed during the early stages of the infection. Because data from bursa histomorphometry were consistent with viral RNA detection, such values seem to be more appropriate for the assessment of AL2 viral infectivity in chickens. Both the histomorphometry and BI data indicated a dose–effect pattern. However, with time, even low doses of the virus ultimately resulted in significant damage to the bursa. Samples of spleen were used to assess B- (IgM+) and T- (CD4+ and CD8+) cell populations by flow cytometry. Infected chickens showed a signific...
Shining light on signaling and metabolic networks by genetically encoded biosensors

Fluorescent labels have revolutionized cell biology. Signaling intermediates and metabolites can be measured in real time with subcellular spatial resolution. Most of these sensors are based on fluorescent proteins, and many report fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Because the biosensors are genetically encoded, a toolbox for addressing cell biological questions at the systems level is now available. Fluorescent biosensors are able to determine the localization of proteins and their dynamics, to reveal the cellular and subcellular localization of the respective interactions and activities, and to provide complementary data on the steady state levels of ions, metabolites, and signaling intermediates with high temporal and spatial resolution. They represent the basis for cell-based high-throughput assays that are necessary for a systems perspective on plant cell function.
First bite syndrome: A complication of surgery involving the parapharyngeal space

Introduction. First bite syndrome (FBS) is the development of pain in the parotid region after the first bite of each meal and can be seen after surgery of the parapharyngeal space. The cause is not clear but has been proposed to involve a loss of sympathetic nerve function to the parotid, causing a denervation supersensitivity of salivary gland myoepithelial cells. The purpose of this study was to review the records of 12 patients with FBS to determine any common features of the operations performed that would support this theory of parotid sympathectomy as an etiologic factor of FBS. Methods. Retrospective review of 12 patients with FBS managed at two tertiary care centers. Results. Twelve patients were diagnosed with FBS after surgery involving the parapharyngeal space. All patients had most of their parotid gland preserved. Six patients exhibited a postoperative Horner's syndrome, suggesting sympathetic chain interruption. The six patients without Horner's syndrome were found to have undergone external carotid artery ligation inferior to the parotid gland, suggesting an interruption of sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland itself. Conclusions. Preservation of parotid gland tissue and a loss of its sympathetic nerve supply, whether by disruption of the cervical sympathetic chain as evidenced by a Homer's syndrome or more selective denervation by ligation of the external carotid artery with its accompanying sympathetic nerve plexus, were common features of all patients. This series supports the concept of parotid sympathectomy as an etiologic factor in FBS.
The importance of porE and porF in the anabolic pyruvate oxidoreductase of Methanococcus maripaludis

The operon of the anabolic pyruvate oxidoreductase (POR) of Methanococcus maripaludis encodes two genes (porEF) whose functions are unknown. Because these genes possess sequence similarity to polyferredoxins, they may be electron carriers to the POR. To elucidate whether the methanococcal POR requires PorEF for activity, a deletion mutant, strain JJ150, lacking porEF was constructed. Compared to the wild-type strain JJ1, the mutant grew more slowly in minimal medium and minimal plus acetate medium, and pyruvate-dependent methanogenesis was inhibited. In contrast, the methyl-viologen-dependent pyruvate-oxidation activity of POR, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and hydrogenase activities of the mutant were similar to those of the wild-type. Upon genetic complementation of the mutant with porEF in the methanococcal shuttle vector pMEV2+porEF, growth in minimal medium and pyruvate-dependent methanogenesis were restored to wild-type levels. Complementation with porE alone restored methanogenesis from pyruvate but not growth in minimal medium. Complementation with porF alone partially restored growth but not methanogenesis from pyruvate. Although the specific roles of porE and porF have not been determined, these results suggest that PorEF play important roles in the anabolic POR in vivo even though they are not required for the dye-dependent activity.
Mouse organic solute transporter α deficiency enhances renal excretion of bile acids and attenuates cholestasis

Organic solute transporter alpha-beta (Ostα-Ostβ) is a basolateral membrane transporter that plays a key role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and the homeostatic control of bile acid biosynthesis (1, 2). In Ostα deficient mice, bile acids accumulate in the enterocyte and up-regulate fibroblast growth factor 15 (Fgf15) via farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) dependent mechanisms (3, 4). Fgf15 circulates to the liver, where it binds to the Fgf receptor 4 (FgfR4), activating a kinase-mediated signal transduction pathway that results in feed back down-regulation of bile acid synthesis by Cyp7a1 (5). This results in a significant decrease in the bile acid pool size, although the composition of the pool is not altered (2). Fecal bile acid excretion remains normal, whereas fecal cholesterol is increased ~4 fold (1, 2). In the rodent, the highest level of expression of Ostα-Ostβ is in the ileum, the renal proximal tubules, and the adrenal gland (3, 4, 6, 7). Unlike humans, rodents have practically undetectable levels of Ostα-Ostβ in the liver (3, 4). However, in cholestatic conditions, the accumulation of bile acids in the liver results in increased expression of Ostα-Ostβ at the sinusoidal membrane, where it is in a position to facilitate extrusion of toxic bile acids and other sterols into the circulation as part of the adaptive protective response to cholestatic liver injury (8, 9). Much of our knowledge about the response to cholestatic injury comes from rodent animal models, particularly common bile duct ligation (BDL). After BDL the liver attempts to prevent injury by limiting uptake of bile acids from the circulation, decreasing bile acid biosynthesis, and increasing export of bile acids out of the liver, largely through the hepatic basolateral membrane transporters, Mrp3, Mrp4 and Ostα-Ostβ (10, 11). Previous studies in mice genetically deficient for Mrp3 have shown that the lack of Mrp3 results in no change in liver injury after BDL and no difference in serum or urinary levels of bile acids (12, 13). In contrast, mice deficient in Mrp4 develop more severe liver injury and lower serum bile acid levels after BDL than wild-type mice (14) suggesting that up-regulation of Mrp3 and Ostα-Ostβ are not able to fully compensate for the loss of Mrp4. In the present study, we have now examined the potential contribution of Ostα-Ostβ to the adaptive response to BDL in Ostα deficient mice. Surprisingly, our data indicate that Ostα deficiency results in a substantial protective effect to the bile duct obstructed liver, in association with a previously unsuspected augmentation in the urinary excretion of bile acids. Thus, strategies to inhibit renal Ostα-Ostβ may provide a novel approach to treatment of cholestatic liver disease
Quantitative Evidence of Intestinal Colonization by Clostridium botulinum in Four Cases of Infant Botulism

Infant botulism is an infectious form of a disease heretofore principally known as food-borne intoxication. Previous epidemiologic and laboratory studies have shown that infant botulism results from the ingestion of spores of Clostridium botulinum that subsequently germinate in the infant intestine and produce botulinal toxin. A quantitative study of the fecal microflora of four infants with infant botulism revealed the presence of C. botulinum in numbers as high as 6.0 x 10(8) colony-forming units (cfu)/g. At various times after the onset of illness, the numbers of C. botulinum that were recovered from feces ranged from 10(3) to 10(8) cfu/g and constituted from 0.01% to 3.3% of the total fecal flora. It was concluded that the large numbers of C. botulinum found in patients' feces could occur only as a consequence of in vivo spore germination and outgrowth.
The optimistic brain.

Faced with the metaphorical glass, most people see it as being half full. A new study shows that activity in two limbic areas, the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and amygdala, reflects an optimistic attitude.
Research on black women college administrators: Descriptive and interview data

The article summarizes the results of a survey and follow-up interview of black women college administrators, at predominantly white colleges, in selected positions, such as president, vice-president, dean, director, department chairperson, and the assistants and/or associates to the aforementioned positions. The author gives a profile of a middle-management group of women who are at different colleges in the City University of New York system. Also included are a review of the literature and recommendations for both the University and black women seeking careers in college administration.