cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Defect Reduction in Semiconductor Manufacturing a Case Study of BPO4 Elimination in BPSG Films

This paper explains the analysis and elimination of BPO4 crystal formation in an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition BPSG film. Film deposition and furnace anneal/flow parameters were studied using full factorial techniques, with anneal/flow parameters having the most significant effect. It was learned that BPO4 crystals could be readily induced by performing the anneal/flow process in a POCI3/O2 ambient. Most testing was done in a POCI3/O2 ambient and inferences made concerning the standard anneal ambient. BPO4 formation is primarily dependent on thermal processing during anneal to provide the activation energy necessary to initiate crystal growth. Other factors include O2:Hydride ratio during film deposition, phosphorous concentration in the deposited film, deposition temperature, and anneal/flow ambient. No tested level of these secondary factors completely eliminated crystal formation. The growth of BPO4 crystals can be eliminated by controlling the thermal environment of the anneal/flow step. The primary means employed was to increase the rate of heat dissipation by doubling the spacing between wafers. An alternative method involves utilization of reduced anneal/flow furnace temperatures.
Sex during menstruation: Race, sexual identity, and women’s accounts of pleasure and disgust:

This study analyzes qualitative interviews with 40 women across a range of age, race, and sexual orientation to examine experiences with sex during menstruation. Results show that 25 women describe negative reactions, two describe neutral reactions, and 13 describe positive reactions. Negative responses involve four themes: discomfort and labor to clean ‘messes,’ overt partner discomfort, negative self-perception, and managing partner’s disgust. Positive responses cohere around physical and emotional pleasure from sex while menstruating and rebellion against anti-menstrual attitudes. Race and sexual identity differences appear: White women and bisexual or lesbian-identified women describe more positive feelings than women of color or heterosexual women. Bisexual women with male partners describe more positive reactions than heterosexual women with male partners, implying that heterosexual identity relates to negative attitudes more than heterosexual behavior. Those with positive attitudes also enjoy masturbation more than others. Additionally, interviews address sexual and racial identities’ informing body practices, partner choice affecting body affirmation, and resistance against ideas about women’s bodies as ‘disgusting.’
Pipeline implementation of cellular automata for structural design on message-passing multiprocessors

The inherent structure of cellular automata is trivially parallelizable and can directly benefit from massively parallel machines in computationally intensive problems. This paper presents both block synchronous and block pipeline (with asynchronous message passing) parallel implementations of cellular automata on distributed memory (message-passing) architectures. A structural design problem is considered to study the performance of the various cellular automata implementations. The synchronous parallel implementation is a mixture of Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel style iteration, where it becomes more Jacobi like as the number of processors increases. Therefore, it exhibits divergence because of the mathematical characteristics of Jacobi iteration matrix for the structural problem as the number of processors increases. The proposed pipeline implementation preserves convergence by simulating a pure Gauss-Seidel style row-wise iteration. Numerical results for analysis and design of a cantilever plate made of composite material show that the pipeline update scheme is convergent and successfully generates optimal designs.
Constraining Continental Margin Seismicity by Extending On-Shore Seismograph Stations to Critical Off-Shore Sites

The westernmost North American plate margin in Central California includes major faults with both onshore and offshore segments. Prior to deployment during 1997 and 1998 of a suite of ocean-bottom seismometers within Monterey Bay, the distribution and focal mechanisms of offshore earthquakes were poorly constrained. The use of ocean-bottom seismic stations improves the accuracy of locations for events in Monterey Bay, especially for those far offshore, and permits more robust focal mechanism solutions by reducing uncertainties in strike, dip, and rake. These initial results, using U. S. Geological Survey crustal velocity models and location parameters, reduce the apparent scatter of seismic events and focal mechanisms, and the more consistent solutions provide valuable information on fault characteristics for the San Gregorio fault (SGF) and Monterey Bay fault zone (MBFZ). Most seismic events are relocated to the northern section of the SGF defining a zone of compressional deformation and relatively high microseismicity. The MBFZ is the source for fewer, but important and well-located events. Surprisingly, no events were observed on the southern SGF offshore of Carmel and Pebble Beach, despite the well-defined trace of the San Gregorio along Carmel Canyon.
A first principles approach to differential expression in microarray data analysis

The disparate results from the methods commonly used to determine differential expression in Affymetrix microarray experiments may well result from the wide variety of probe set and probe level models employed. Here we take the approach of making the fewest assumptions about the structure of the microarray data. Specifically, we only require that, under the null hypothesis that a gene is not differentially expressed for specified conditions, for any probe position in the gene's probe set: a) the probe amplitudes are independent and identically distributed over the conditions, and b) the distributions of the replicated probe amplitudes are amenable to classical analysis of variance (ANOVA). Log-amplitudes that have been standardized within-chip meet these conditions well enough for our approach, which is to perform ANOVA across conditions for each probe position, and then take the median of the resulting (1 - p) values as a gene-level measure of differential expression. We applied the technique to the HGU-133A, HG-U95A, and "Golden Spike" spike-in data sets. The resulting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves compared favorably with other published results. This procedure is quite sensitive, so much so that it has revealed the presence of probe sets that might properly be called "unanticipated positives" rather than "false positives", because plots of these probe sets strongly suggest that they are differentially expressed. The median ANOVA (1-p) approach presented here is a very simple methodology that does not depend on any specific probe level or probe models, and does not require any pre-processing other than within-chip standardization of probe level log amplitudes. Its performance is comparable to other published methods on the standard spike-in data sets, and has revealed the presence of new categories of probe sets that might properly be referred to as "unanticipated positives" and "unanticipated negatives" that need to be taken into account when using spiked-in data sets at "truthed" test beds.
Microfabrication of all-polymer capacitors for electronics

All-polymer capacitors are fabricated using the laser direct pattering combined with a novel lifting procedure. This parallel plate capacitor is achieved by using a highly doped silicon wafer and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as the electrodes and Norland Optical Adhesive 61 as the dielectric material. The resulting polymeric capacitor is characterized and analyzed for suitability in electronic circuits. The method offers an attractive processing technique as it does not require high temperatures, the need of a vacuum environment, or masks, providing a low cost prototyping with quick turn around time in the design and realization of capacitors that have applications in all polymer IC technology.
The quartic isobaric multiplet mass equation

Abstract The quadratic isobaric multiplet mass equation must be replaced by an expression which is quartic in T z if the electrostatic interaction is treated in second-order perturbation theory. The coefficients of the cubic and quartic terms as well as the corrections to the constant, linear and quadratic terms are related to the off-diagonal reduced Coulomb matrix elements. A numerical analysis of the experimental Coulomb displacement energies in the 1p and 1d2s shell in terms of Hecht's (first-order) Coulomb energy equations showed systematic deviations for the T = 3 2 multiplets, which were attributed to higher-order perturbations. For the A = 9 quadruplet the major perturbations appear to result from a lower-lying T = 1 2 state (or states) which increases the excitation energies of the T = 3 2 states in 9 B and 9 Be by about 105 and 93 keV, respectively, while the energies of 9 C and 9 Li are essentially unaffected. The constant and linear terms are changed very little, but the quadratic term is decreased by about 15%. Small cubic and quartic terms are generated. It is concluded that the quadratic isobaric multiplet mass equation often works well, not because first-order perturbation theory is a good approximation, but because higher-order perturbations are mostly absorbed by the three coefficients. Particularly the coefficient of the quadratic term may be affected considerably.
Iterative Design of FIR Filters

This chapter presents the iterative design of finite impulse response (FIR) filters using particle swarm optimization with a quantum infusion (PSO-QI) algorithm. Filter design, in this work, is formulated as a parameter optimization problem using population-based stochastic methods; and hence, it is iterative. PSO-QI is a hybrid algorithm combining PSO and quantum-behaved PSO. PSO-QI combines the best features of these individual algorithms. Therefore, the design specification for FIR filters can be satisfied more accurately. Two methods of evaluating the performance of the algorithm (cost function) are implemented. Minimizing the mean squared error between the actual and the ideal filter response is one approach to performance evaluation. The second approach involves minimizing the mean squared error between the ripples in the passband and the stopband of the designed filter and the desired filter specification. The results presented show that filters designed using PSO-QI most closely match the design specification, and their performance is more consistent when compared with other evolutionary algorithms. The results are compared with the constrained least squares method of filter design.
Antibody-based affinity cryo-EM grid

The Affinity Grid technique combines sample purification and cryo-Electron Microscopy (cryo-EM) grid preparation into a single step. Several types of affinity surfaces, including functionalized lipids monolayers, streptavidin 2D crystals, and covalently functionalized carbon surfaces have been reported. More recently, we presented a new affinity cryo-EM approach, cryo-SPIEM, which applies the traditional Solid Phase Immune Electron Microscopy (SPIEM) technique to cryo-EM. This approach significantly simplifies the preparation of affinity grids and directly works with native macromolecular complexes without need of target modifications. With wide availability of high affinity and high specificity antibodies, the antibody-based affinity grid would enable cryo-EM studies of the native samples directly from cell cultures, targets of low abundance, and unstable or short-lived intermediate states.
Accuracy Criteria in Diffusion Routing

An analysis of Muskingum diffusion model, in which routing parameters are calculated based on channel and grid characteristics, is carried out. Numerical experiments are performed to throw addition...
Calculation of the steady state wind-driven circulations in Lake Ontario

Numerical calculations were made to determine the steady state features of the wind-driven circulations in Lake Ontario. It is assumed that the water in the lake may be represented by an incompressible homogeneous fluid layer, a condition that is typical of a winter situation. The linearized mass transport equations are then solved for an imposed wind stress on the surface of the lake. Effects of bottom friction, bottom topography, lateral boundary configuration are taken into account Effect of rotation is represented by a constant Coriolis parameter. Circulation patterns were calculated for the cases of uniform and spacially variable wind stress. It was shown that bottom topography strongly influences the circulation features. The dominant feature of the circulation is a two-cell pattern with a small counter-clockwise circulation cell in the southern part of the lake and a large clockwise cell in the northern part with an intense west-ward return flow in the interior of the lake.
A Markov formulation of the repair-misrepair model of cell survival.

Tobias' repair-misrepair (RMR) model of cell survival is formulated as a Markov process, a sequence of discrete repair steps occurring at random times, and the probability of a sequence of viable repairs is calculated. The Markov formulation describes the time evolution of the probability distribution for the number of lesions in a cell. The probability of cell survival is calculated from the distribution of the initial number of lesions and the probabilities of the repair events. The production of lesions is formulated in accordance with the principles of microdosimetry, and the distribution of the initial number of lesions is obtained as an approximation for high and low linear energy transfer cases. The Markov formulation of the RMR model uses the same biological hypotheses as the original version with two statistical approximations deleted. These approximations are the neglect of the effect of statistical fluctuations in calculating the average rate of repair of lesions and the assumption that the final number of unrepaired and lethally misrepaired lesions has a Poisson distribution. The quantitative effect of these approximations is calculated, and a basis is provided for an alternative approach to calculating
Relationship between Polymorphisms of Matrix Metalloproteinase and Coronary Heart Disease

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the plasma levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3,9,12 and their promoter polymorphisms in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: The study involved 59 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 58 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP) and 99 controls, all of which were confirmed by angiocardiography. Plasma levels of MMPs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Promoter polymorphisms of MMP-3, 9 and 12 were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Results: Plasma MMP-9 levels in patients with AMI and SAP were significantly higher than those of the controls (P 0.05). No significant difference was detected in the distribution of genotype and allele frequency among groups (P 0.05). There were also no significant differences in the plasma MMPs levels among the genotypes(P 0.05). Conclusion: The promoter gene variation had no influence on the plasma levels of MMPs. The substitution of -82 A/G in MMP-12 was not found in the study. The plasma MMP-9 level may effect the development of coronary heart disease.
Low Energy Electron Microscopy: A 10 Year Outlook

Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM), and its close cousin Photo Electron Emission Microscopy (PEEM) have evolved from curiosities in the hands of physicists, to powerful tools for dynamic materials analysis. Invented in 1962, and first successfully realized in 1985, there are about 30 combined LEEM/PEEM instruments in the world today, in addition to about an equal number of PEEM-only instruments. Most of these instruments follow a design that is now almost 20 years old. The most advanced instruments are located at synchrotron radiation facilities, but they are relatively few in number, and not readily available to the general user. In the meantime, the field of electron microscopy is undergoing revolutionary advances fueled by dual breakthroughs in electron energy filtering and aberration correction. Similarly, the field of quantum optics is developing ever more powerful light sources in the Vacuum Ultra Violet (VUV) and soft X-ray ranges that do not depend on massive investments in national infrastructure (i.e. synchrotrons), but deliver their photons in a standard laboratory. These advances from two very different fields will combine to set the stage for the development of LEEM and PEEM over the next decade. Aberration correction will improve LEEM resolution from 5–10 nm today, to 1.5–2 nm in the near future, enough to resolve individual unit cells in the famous Si(111)-(7×7) surface, or -probably more important- sufficient to resolve the structure of nanoscale features such as magnetic domain walls. In PEEM the spatial resolution will improve from ∼ 20 nm today to 4–5 nm, while at the same time improving transmission by a factor ∼10. Energy filtering, today mostly used by synchrotron-based instruments, will be ubiquitous, powerful, simple, and relatively inexpensive.
Management of Blunt Pancreatic Trauma in Children

Pancreatic injury following blunt trauma in children is quite rare. Management of mild pancreatic injuries not involving the main duct is generally non-operative. However, the management of more severe injuries involving the main pancreatic duct is much more controversial with proponents for both non-operative as well as early operative intervention. Both treatment strategies have their advantages and disadvantages with no consistent findings allowing for a definitive best practice to be developed. While non-operative management generally leads to longer initial hospital stays and increased pseudocyst formation as well as multiple endoscopic or less invasive procedures, the child avoids a major abdominal operation and pancreatic resection. Operative management, on the other hand, generally leads to decreased hospital stay and quicker return to normal function but involves the inherent risks of a major abdominal surgery, long-term consequences of pancreatic resection and possible splenectomy, as well as increased incidence of pancreatic leak or fistulas. Furthermore, there have been no reported long-term differences between the two strategies. Due to the rarity of children with pancreatic duct injuries following blunt trauma, there have thus far been no randomized controlled studies comparing the two treatment modalities. The literature consists of only retrospective reviews making a strong recommendation for best practice impossible. Thus, both are viable options for the treatment of pancreatic duct injuries.
Hybrid networks incorporating fluorous polyoxetane soft blocks

Easily cleaned surfaces are of great interest because of a wide range of applications and strong economic impact attendant to advances. This research explores a model rigid adherent and two hybrid elastomeric coatings based on fluorous polyoxetanes, namely, poly(2-trifluoroethoxymethyl-2-methyl-1,3 propylene oxide) ‘3F’ and the pentafluoropropoxymethyl- analog ‘5F’. After reaction of 3F and 5F polyols with 4,4′-methylenebis-(cyclohexylisocyanate) (HMDI), end capping with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane was carried out for subsequent hydrolysis/condensation cure to urethane/urea hybrids. Tensile testing and dynamic mechanical analysis were used to characterize bulk mechanical properties and glass transition temperatures. Wetting behavior was examined by static contact angles. The resistance to adhesion of a rigid bonded object is determined by quantitatively assessing the peak removal force for epoxied aluminum cylinders. Although the peak removal force for epoxied aluminum cylinders (Pc-s, 0.18 MPa at 700 for 3F-UUr-SiO1.5) is similar to PDMS elastomers, a preliminary study suggests resistance to swelling by hexadecane (24 h, <1%) may be an advantage compared to PDMS coatings (24 h, 35%) for applications involving exposure to hydrocarbons. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Do Firms Finance Nonprimary Market Investments? Evidence from REITs

This study explores the impact of investment characteristics, mainly investment location relative to the firm's primary market, on financing choices by real estate investment trusts (REITs). Using a large sample of commercial property acquisitions, we show that REITs are 4-8% less likely to use secured (mortgage) debt when acquiring properties in their primary markets than elsewhere. The documented evidence supports a demand-side story for the relation between investment characteristics and financing. Moreover, the evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that REITs avoid mortgage financing in their primary markets to preserve operational flexibility in those markets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Cyber workforce development using a behavioral cybersecurity paradigm

This paper contributes to the ongoing efforts in the cybersecurity community to strengthen cyber workforce development by providing an overview of key gaps and proposing practical education strategies. Leveraging documented incidents from defense, industry, and academia and the rest of the United States government, we identify emerging cyber-education opportunities highlighting human-centric elements using a gap analysis approach. We closely examine the National Initiative for Cybersecurity Education’s (NICE) National Cybersecurity Workforce Framework (NCWF) as well as the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) National Initiative for Cybersecurity Careers and Studies (NICCS) educational framework. These documents provide a foundation for current and future research with cybersecurity workforce development. Next, the paper outlines a pilot education program launched at the University of Central Florida (UCF), designed to address the unique challenges of the human dimension in cybersecurity. The purpose of highlighting this pilot program is to provide an example of human-centric cyber-educational curriculum. The present paper offers a launching point for further discussion about the human side of cybersecurity, closing with considerations of the “lessons learned” from early responses to the UCF program from the program’s inaugural student cohort.
Friction of Extensible Strips: an Extended Shear Lag Model with Experimental Evaluation

Abstract The role of effective axial compliance on the frictional response of extensible strips is investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. A translational actuator pulled a steel sled resting on top of an elastic strip, bonded only at the leading edge of the sled, across a glass substrate. The friction force and local deformation along the length of the strips were measured using a force sensor and a camera, respectively. By increasing the effective axial compliance of the strip, the static friction force was found to decrease dramatically, while the kinetic friction force increased significantly. For sufficiently soft strips, there was no observable static peak, although there was a slope change in the force-displacement curve at the point where progressive slippage initiated at the leading edge. Possible mechanisms for permanent increase in the kinetic friction are discussed that could be implemented in systems where the kinetic friction is of significant importance. A theoretical model, somewhat analogous to an extension of the classical shear lag model to incorporate elastic-plastic interlayers, is proposed to predict the friction response as a function of effective compliance. The results obtained from the theoretical model are compared with experimental results and shown to be in good agreement. This study provides a better understanding of the effect of axial compliance on the frictional response of materials, paving the way for design and optimization of systems where the static and kinetic friction forces play an important role.
Gravitational steady states of solar coronal loops

Coronal loops on the surface of the sun appear to consist of curved, plasma-confining magnetic flux tubes or “ropes,” anchored at both ends in the photosphere. Toroidal loops carrying current are inherently unstable to expansion in the major radius due to toroidal-curvature-induced imbalances in the magnetic and plasma pressures. An ideal MHD analysis of a simple isolated loop with density and pressure higher than the surrounding corona, based on the theory of magnetically confined toroidal plasmas, shows that the radial force balance depends on the loop internal structure and varies over parameter space. It provides a unified picture of simple loop steady states in terms of the plasma beta βo, the inverse aspect ratio ϵ=a/Ro, and the MHD gravitational parameter G≡ga/vA2, all at the top of the loop, where g is the acceleration due to gravity, a the average minor radius, and vA the shear Alfven velocity. In the high and low beta tokamak orderings, βo=2noT/(Bo2/2μo)∼ϵ1 and ϵ2, that fit many loops, the sola...
Advancements in remote physiological measurement and applications in human-computer interaction

Physiological signals are important for tracking health and emotional states. Imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) is a set of techniques for remotely recovering cardio-pulmonary signals from video of the human body. Advances in iPPG methods over the past decade combined with the ubiquity of digital cameras presents the possibility for many new, lowcost applications of physiological monitoring. This talk will highlight methods for recovering physiological signals, work characterizing the impact of video parameters and hardware on these measurements, and applications of this technology in human-computer interfaces.
Animation Deformity in Postmastectomy Implant-Based Reconstruction.

Despite increasing interest in prepectoral implant-based reconstruction to avoid animation deformity (AD), the prevalence of this deformity and patient attitudes toward it have not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to report on AD in the breast reconstruction population and identify those at highest risk. Methods A retrospective chart review was completed for patients at least 6 months postoperative from subpectoral, implant-based breast reconstruction using acellular dermal matrix in the lower pole. Patient age, BMI, and implant size were collected. A questionnaire was distributed to the patients. Returned questionnaires were compiled and data were analyzed. Results Eighty-four of 108 patients (77.8%) returned the questionnaire with 62 (75.6%) reporting AD; 75.6% of patients were aware of AD, 14.6% considered it moderate, and 11% considered it severe. No statistically significant differences in age, body mass index, implant size, or athleticism were found between those who noted AD versus those who did not. Forty-one of 79 patients (51.9%) would have been interested in an initial surgical procedure without AD; interest dropped significantly if the alternative surgery involved increased risk, cost, or additional stages of reconstruction. Conclusion The prevalence of AD in subpectoral implant-based breast reconstruction is significantly higher than in subpectoral augmentation. The majority of patients expressed interest in an alternative procedure to avoid AD unless it involved increased risk, cost, or additional surgeries. We found insignificant differences in age, athleticism, BMI, and implant size between patients who note AD and those who do not. Further study is necessary to better define patients at risk for AD to guide patient-centered breast reconstruction.
A wearable pressure and temperature sensor array using polysilicon thin film on polyimide

This paper reports a high sensitive flexible and wearable pressure and temperature sensor array with polysilicon thin film (PTF). PTF was developed on flexible polyimide with aluminum induced crystallization at low temperature and used as the sensing material for both pressure and temperature sensors. The developed pressure sensor has high sensitivity of 1.01 mV/ kPa and resolution of 100 Pa, and temperature sensor has high sensitivity of 2.26 mV/ °C and resolution of 0.1 °C. The pressure and temperature sensor array with high sensitivity, resolution and low cross talk can be very applicable for the electronic skin of robotic fingers, prostheses and biomedical monitoring.
Understanding the Agent, Part II: Adverse Effects

The decision to prescribe or use opioids—whether short term or long term—must be grounded in a full understanding of the drug class and the current evidence for both benefit and risk. Opioids remain some of the most dangerous drugs in the therapeutic armamentarium and confer a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Adverse effects of the class affect virtually every physiologic system, including neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, respiratory, immunologic, endocrine, gastroenterologic, urinary, and dermatologic. Tolerance to the analgesic (and euphoric) effects of opioids is almost universal with prolonged use, and tolerance to some but not all of the adverse effects is common as well. Reduced efficacy with chronic use often leads to dose escalation which heightens the risks. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia is a commonly seen phenomenon whereby chronic use actually increases pain sensitivity; the only rational treatment decision in this situation is to reduce or eliminate opioid therapy. Last but certainly not the least, the risks of physical and psychological dependence and addiction and the grim consequences of these conditions are far more prevalent than was publicized 20 years ago.
ROBOT: a high performance natural language data base query system

The field of natural language data base query has seen several successful research systems that have been able to process large subsets of the English language. The ROBOT system is a high performance natural language processor that extends the techniques developed in these earlier systems, in an attempt to provide a usable natural language query medium for non-technical users. ROBOT is already installed in four real, world environments, working in five application areas. Analysis of log files indicate that between 80-90% of end user requests are successfully processed. The system successfully deals with both lexical and structural ambiguity, inter- and intrasentential pronomilization and sentence fragments. The resource requirements of ROBOT are well within the limits of medium to large computer systems. This paper describes the system from an information flow point of view. The goal is to obviate the creation of a semantic store purely for the natural language parser, since a different structure would be required for each domain of discourse. Instead the data base itself is used as the primary knowledge structure within the system. In this way the parser can be interfaced to other data bases with only minimal effort.
Gearing up for IPCC-2001

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC, is charged withproviding scientific reviews of the current status of the climate sciences.Previous reviews were made in 1990 and 1995 (Houghton et al., 1990, 1995). Thenext review is due out in 2001. One of the important missions of the IPCCis to provide to the scientific community ‘the standard scientific reference’ for the science of climate change (cf. the Back Cover of the IPCC-95Assessment (Houghton et al., 1995)). This paper discusses flaws in the IPCC-90and the IPCC-95 scientific assessments that seriously compromised thisobjective. The previous reports contained numerous such flaws andrepresentative examples are discussed in detail where the quality of thepresentation was degraded, or even in some instances rendered meaningless byfailures to provide accurate or full error assignments, the sources forresults, the units or quantities being displayed in graphs, the methods usedto calculate results, and access to back-up materials required to understandthe materials being presented. Taken on their own, such errors might, perhaps, be regarded as minor blemishes, but taken in sum and coupled with problems ofpresentation they combine to confuse and to render unconvincing the argumentsbeing presented. In every case the problems described could have been avoided by following the italicized recommendations made throughout the text. It isconcluded that the quality and credibility of future IPCC assessments wouldbe substantially enhanced by adherence to these recommendations.
Risk of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage among Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (P05.199)

OBJECTIVE: To compare national incidence and relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to those who are HIV negative. BACKGROUND: SAH data among HIV/AIDS patients is limited to case reports. DESIGN/METHODS: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS 2002-2010) identified all patients with primary diagnosis of SAH in United States between 2002-2009. We identified the patients with HIV/AIDS and those who were HIV negative and stratified them by gender and age: 13-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55+ years. We obtained the number of people living with AIDS in the United States population from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for 2002 according to the same age groups. Using the 2000 United States census information, we identified the number of people in the general population and subtracted the AIDS cases within the respective age groups. The relative risk of developing SAH in AIDS patients versus HIV negative patients was obtained between 2002-2009. RESULTS: The age adjusted annual incidence of SAH was 62.3 per 100,000 and 20.2 per 100,000 among HIV/AIDS positive and HIV negative persons. The age adjusted annual relative risk for SAH among HIV/AIDS positive persons was 3 (95% confidence interval 2.4-3.8). HIV positive women had higher incidence of SAH compared to HIV positive males, except among the 13-24 year old group. The SAH rate ratio decreased with each increasing decade when compared with HIV negative patients: 13-24 (25), 25-34 (8.6), 35-44 (3), 45-54 (2.4) and 55+ years (1.6). The 7 year SAH incidence rate in HIV positive men between 13-24 years was 29 times more than in HIV negative men; the SAH incidence among HIV positive women was 18 times that of HIV negative women. CONCLUSIONS: HIV/AIDS positive persons, particularly young individuals, have an increased risk of SAH. Disclosure: Dr. Zacharatos has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rahim has nothing to disclose. Dr. Adil has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hassan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gilani has nothing to disclose. Dr. ATACH Investigators has nothing to disclose.
Moving from Professionally Specific Ideals to the Common Morality: Essential Content in Social Work Ethics Education.

Abstract A framework for resolving social work's ethical problems must allow for explicit discussion and justification (Osmo and Landau 2001). As opposed to a preoccupation with what “ought to be,” it is argued that “what ought notbe” is the more useful question to ask when resolving a moral problem. The University of Kentucky's social work program has adapted an ethical decision-making model proposed by Bernard Gert (1997) that (1) identifies the common harms rational people wish to avoid, (2) specifies the general moral rules by which people abide in order to avoid these harms, (3) recognizes that rules violations do occur and can be justified in particular situations, and (4) provides an explicit justification procedure for violating the moral rules when rational, impartial people would publicly allow such a violation. How this decision-making process unfolds in the classroom and encourages students to develop critical reasoning capabilities is described herein.
Complications of Endoscopic Sphincterotomy

The four most frequent complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy—bleeding, pancreatitis, perforation, and infection—are presented according to their frequency of occurrence. Prevention of complications (if possible), recognition, and management are discussed in detail and appropriate tables are presented to aid in the treatment of these complications. Despite the widespread use of endoscopic sphincterotomy, the complication rate has not increased.
Ovarian Sertoli Leydig cell tumors: a single institution series of predominantly postmenopausal women.

e17052Background: Sertoli Leydig cell tumors (SLCT) of the ovary are rare, and usually present as progressive virilization in women in their second to third decade of life. Less than 10% of patient...
Effects of Moderate Ethanol Consumption on Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation Through Regulation of Gene Expression in Rats.

Aims Epidemiological studies and experimental data from rodent models have reported a non-linear relationship between consumption of alcohol and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk that suggests that light-to-moderate drinking as opposed to excessive consumption may provide some cardiovascular benefits. The present study examined potential mechanisms by which moderate alcohol consumption may provide a protective effect against CVD. Short summary Wistar rats exposed for 3 months to a 20% ethanol intermittent-access voluntary drinking paradigm displayed a reduction in epididymal fat, blood glucose and non-HDL and total cholesterol. These effects were accompanied by decreased expression of Hmgcr, Srebp-2, Cox-2 and RelA, indicating downregulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis and inflammation. Methods Twenty-four male Wistar rats voluntarily consumed a 20% v/v ethanol solution on alternate days for 13 weeks (ethanol-treated) or were given access to water alone (non-ethanol-exposed control). Results There was no difference in body weight gain between the two groups, however, epididymal fat weight was lower in ethanol-fed rats (P = 0.030). Blood glucose, total cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were lower in the ethanol group compared to controls (P < 0.05). There was a significant reduction in the expression of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 in ethanol-treated rats (P < 0.05), suggesting that ethanol may have lowered cholesterol levels via downregulation of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis. Paraoxonase-1, which is associated with inhibition of LDL cholesterol oxidation, was upregulated in the ethanol group (P = 0.029). Ethanol-treated rats exhibited significantly lower levels of high-mobility box group protein 1 (P ≤ 0.05). Cyclooxygenase-2 and RelA gene expression were significantly lower in ethanol-treated rats (P < 0.05), indicating possible anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusions These findings suggest that moderate ethanol consumption may potentially contribute to improved cardiovascular outcomes by reducing body fat, improving blood cholesterol and blood glucose, and modulation of gene expression involved in inflammation and/or cholesterol synthesis.
Detections and constraints on white dwarf variability from time-series GALEX observations

We search for photometric variability in more than 23,000 known and candidate white dwarfs, the largest ultraviolet survey compiled for a single study of white dwarfs. We use gPhoton, a publicly available calibration/reduction pipeline, to generate time-series photometry of white dwarfs observed by GALEX. By implementing a system of weighted metrics, we select sources with variability due to pulsations and eclipses. Although GALEX observations have short baselines (< 30 min), we identify intrinsic variability in sources as faint as Gaia G = 20 mag. With our ranking algorithm, we identify 49 new variable white dwarfs (WDs) in archival GALEX observations. We detect 41 new pulsators: 37 have hydrogen-dominated atmospheres (DAVs), including one possible massive DAV, and four are helium-dominated pulsators (DBVs). We also detect eight new eclipsing systems; five are new discoveries, and three were previously known spectroscopic binaries. We perform synthetic injections of the light curve of WD 1145+017, a system with known transiting debris, to test our ability to recover similar systems. We find that the 3{\sigma} maximum occurrence rate of WD 1145+017-like transiting objects is < 0.5%.
The Neurobiology of the Gods: How Brain Physiology Shapes the Recurrent Imagery of Myth and Dreams

Where does science end and religion begin? Can "spiritual" images and feelings be understood on a neurobiological level without dismissing their power and mystery? In this book, psychiatrist Erik Goodwyn addresses these questions by reviewing decades of research, putting together a compelling argument that the emotional imagery of myth and dreams can be traced to our deep brain physiology, and importantly, how a sensitive look at this data reveals why mythic or religious symbols are indeed more "godlike" than we might have imagined. The Neurobiology of the Gods weaves together Jungian depth psychology with research in evolutionary psychology, neuroanatomy, cognitive science, neuroscience, anthropology, mental imagery, dream research, and metaphor theory into a comprehensive model of how our brains contribute to the recurrent images of dreams, myth, religion and even hallucinations. Divided into three sections, this book provides: definitions and foundations an examination of individual symbols conclusive thoughts on how brain physiology shapes the recurring images that we experience. Goodwyn shows how common dream, myth and religious experiences can be meaningful and purposeful without discarding scientific rigor. The Neurobiology of the Gods will therefore be essential reading for Jungian analysts and psychologists as well as those with an interest in philosophy, anthropology and the interface between science and religion.
Jurisprudence by Aphorisms: Francis Bacon and the “Uses” of Small Forms

The belief that Francis Bacon was, from the start, a stalwart defender of royal absolutism has prevailed in scholarship despite occasional comments about Bacon’s pluralist or collaborative legal an...
Surface Electromyography of the Vastus Lateralis, Biceps Femoris, and Gluteus Medius in Dogs During Stance, Walking, Trotting, and Selected Therapeutic Exercises

Objective: The objective of the study reported here was to evaluate the muscle activity patterns of the vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and gluteus medius (GM) during stance, walking, trotting, and selected therapeutic exercises in clinically sound, healthy dogs. Our hypothesis was that the muscle activity during all exercises would differ from muscle activity at the stance. Methods: Surface electromyography of the selected muscles was performed during stance, walking, trotting, elevation of forelimbs on a platform, elevation of forelimbs on a platform with hindlimbs on an inflatable balance device, stepping up onto and over an obstacle, standing on a wobble board, dancing backwards, and wearing a leg weight at the walk and the trot. The maximal and mean muscle amplitude (μV) reflecting activity during several motion cycles were compared among the exercises. Results: Mean EMG amplitude of the BF was significantly higher in all exercises (p < 0.05) in comparison to stance. Mean EMG amplitude of the VL was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during walking, trotting, dancing backwards, stepping up and over an obstacle, and at a trot with a leg weight as compared to stance. Mean EMG amplitude of the GM was significantly higher (p < 0.05) during trotting, at a walk and a trot with a leg weight, standing on a wobble board, stepping up and over an obstacle, and dancing backwards when compared to stance. Of the studied exercises, dancing backwards increased the mean EMG amplitude of the BF and GM to the largest degree. Stepping up and over an obstacle increased the mean EMG amplitude of the VL to the largest degree. Conclusion: Compared to stance, the majority of therapeutic exercises examined increased muscle activity to varying degrees in the BF, VL, and GM. Our results may help clinicians to choose specific exercises to target specific muscles during conditioning, strengthening and rehabilitation.
Nonsymmetrical Bis-Azine Biaryls from Chloroazines: A Strategy Using Phosphorus Ligand-Coupling.

Distinct approaches to synthesize bis-azine biaryls are in demand as these compounds have multiple applications in the chemical sciences and are challenging targets for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. Most approaches focus on developing new reagents as the formal nucleophilic coupling partner that can function in metal-catalyzed processes. We present an alternative approach using pyridine and diazine phosphines as nucleophilic partners and chloroazines where the heterobiaryl bond is formed via a tandem SNAr-phosphorus ligand-coupling sequence. The heteroaryl phosphines are prepared from chloroazines and are bench-stable solids. A range of bis-azine biaryls can be formed from abundant chloroazines using this strategy that would be challenging using traditional approaches. A one-pot cross-electrophile coupling of two chloroazines is feasible, and we also compared the phosphorus-mediated strategy with metal-catalyzed coupling reactions to show advantages and compatibility.
Pb 207 ( p , d ) Pb 206 reaction and some matrix elements of the effective interaction

The cross sections for the $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}(p,d)^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$ reaction have been measured relative to the cross sections for the $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}(p,d)^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$ reaction to the single-neutron-hole states in $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}$. The reactions were studied with 35-MeV protons and a final deuteron resolution of 5 keV (full width at half maximum). By making the same assumptions as are usually made in model calculations of $^{206}\mathrm{Pb}$, the matrix elements of the effective interaction of a ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ neutron with neutrons in other orbits are derived from the experimental results.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{207}\mathrm{Pb}(p,d)$, $E=35$ MeV; measured levels, $\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\theta})$; deduced $S$, sum rules.]
SurA is a "Groove-y" Chaperone That Expands Unfolded Outer Membrane Proteins

The periplasmic chaperone network ensures the biogenesis of bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and has recently been identified as a promising target for antibiotics. SurA is the most important member of this network both due to its genetic interaction with the beta-barrel assembly machinery complex as well as its ability to prevent unfolded OMP (uOMP) aggregation. Using only binding energy, the mechanism by which SurA carries out these two functions is not well understood. Here we use a combination of photo-crosslinking, mass spectrometry, solution scattering, and molecular modeling techniques to elucidate the key structural features that define how SurA solubilizes uOMPs. Our experimental data support a model in which SurA binds uOMPs in a groove formed between the core and P1 domains. This binding event results in a drastic expansion of the rest of the uOMP, which has many biological implications. Using these experimental data as restraints, we adopted an integrative modeling approach to create a sparse ensemble of models of a SurA-uOMP complex. We validated key structural features of the SurA-uOMP ensemble using independent scattering and chemical crosslinking data. Our data suggest that SurA utilizes three distinct binding modes to interact with uOMPs and that more than one SurA can bind a uOMP at a time. This work demonstrates that SurA operates in a distinct fashion compared to other chaperones in the OMP biogenesis network.