cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Volitional control of involuntary movements

Voluntary suppressibility of abnormal movements is helpful in the classification of movement disorders because this ability appears to be a common component of tics. However, there has been no systematic study of voluntary suppressibility in other movement disorders. We have therefore assessed 146 patients with tremors and dyskinetic disorders as to their ability to suppress movements by mental concentration. Patients were videotaped while trying to stop their movements, and the length of time they could suppress their abnormal movements was recorded. One hundred percent (10 of 10) of patients with tics could suppress movements for an average of 2.5 min. Two percent (1 of 50) of essential tremor patients could suppress the tremor, and the tremor of 24% (12 of 50) was made worse by mental concentration. Eighty percent (4 of 5) of neuroleptic-induced tremor could be improved mentally. Seventy percent (35 of 50) of patients with parkinsonian tremor could voluntarily diminish their tremor for an average of 48 s. Fifty percent (8 of 16) of chorea (tardive dyskinesia, Huntington's disease, postencephalitic) was reduced. Dystonia was suppressible in 20% (3 of 15). It is concluded that movement disorders besides tics can be voluntarily suppressed and that suppressibility should not be used to classify movement disorders. Tics, however, are easier to suppress and can be suppressed for a longer time.
Perceptions and Attitudes about E-Commerce Development in China: An Exploratory Study

It is widely recognized that eCommerce represents a critical resource for most business organizations. With over 1.25 billion people and double-digit economic growth, China could potentially emerge as the largest Internet and telecommunications market in the world if certain economic, environmental, and organizational barriers are effectively addressed. This paper develops a descriptive profile of Chinese business managers with respect to their awareness of the technological infrastructure as well as their perceptions and attitudes regarding eCommerce. Managementâ€™s viewpoint on a variety of environmental, organizational, and personal factors provides insight into the future of eCommerce in China within the framework of organizational commitment to eCommerce driven innovation. Findings indicate that firms interested in engaging in eCommerce in China will find a knowledgeable and supportive business climate; however, eCommerce initiatives may be hindered by constraints imposed by the current infrastructure.
A survey of electric power synchrophasor network cyber security

Smart grid technologies such as synchrophasors using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs), make real-time monitoring, control and data analysis of the electric power grid possible. The PMU network measures voltage and current phasors across the electrical power grid, and sends ‘reports’ to control centers. Synchrophasor technology enables reliable and efficient power system operation; but may make the system vulnerable to cyber-attacks. In this paper, security vulnerabilities found in literature, that are relevant to PMUs, are discussed and mapped to four general attack classes. Known network security vulnerabilities are addressed in hopes of exposing gaps where further research needs to be conducted on PMU networks.
Asymmetric catalysis with chiral Lewis bases

Catalytic, asymmetric aldol additions have come to the forefront of synthetic methodology due to both the synthetic utility of the products and the challenge of designing such a transformation.1 There are now a number of reports concerning the addition of silyl enol ethers or silyl ketene acetals to aldehydes using chiral Lewis acids that proceed with good-to-high enantioselectivity.2 Despite the advantages of chiral Lewis acid catalysis, an asymmetric catalytic aldol reaction with the generality and selectivity of the well known stoichiometric methods still remains to be developed. We envisioned the possibility of devising a new reaction that uses chiral Lewis base catalysis, that is, activation of the nucleophile, Scheme 1.3,4
Temperature sensitivity trends and multi-stimuli sensitive behavior in amphiphilic oligomers.

A series of oligomers, containing oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) moieties, with the same composition of amphiphilic functionalities has been designed, synthesized, and characterized on the basis of their temperature-sensitive behavior. The non-covalent amphiphilic aggregates, formed from these molecules, influence their temperature sensitivity. Covalent tethering of the amphiphilic units also has a significant influence on their temperature sensitivity. The lower critical solution temperatures of these oligomers show increasingly sharp transitions with increasing numbers of OEG functional groups, indicating enhanced cooperativity in dehydration of the OEG moieties when they are covalently tethered. These molecules were also engineered to be concurrently sensitive to enzymatic reaction and pH. This possibility was investigated using porcine liver esterase as the enzyme; we show that enzymatic action on the pentamer lowers its temperature sensitivity. The product moiety from the enzymatic reaction also gives ...
Polycarbonate and a Polycarbonate-POSS Nanocomposite at High Rates of Deformation

Polymeric materials are known to exhibit strong time-dependent mechanical behavior, as evidenced by rate-dependent elastic moduli, yield strength, and post-yield behavior. The nature of the rate sensitivity is found to change between different temperature regimes as various primary (a) and Secondary (β, y, etc.) molecular mobility mechanisms are accessed. The ability to tailor these molecular-level mechanics through the incorporation of nanoscale particles offers new opportunities to design polymer-based material systems with different behaviors (elastic, yield, post-yield) in different frequency/rate regimes. In this study, the macroscopic rate-dependent mechanical behavior of one particular polymer nanocomposite-polycarbonate compounded with TriSilanolPhenyl-POSS® particles-is compared with that of its homopolymer counterpart. The experimental and theoretical techniques follow those established in previous research into the rate-dependent mechanical behavior of amorphous homopolymers over a wide range of strain rates. On the experimental side, dynamic mechanical analysis tension tests were used to characterize the viscoelastic behavior of these materials, with focus on the rate-dependent shift of material transition temperatures. Uniaxial compression tests on a servohydraulic machine (10 -3 s -1 to 0.3 s -1 ) and an aluminum split-Hopkinson pressure bar (1000 s -1 to 3000 s -1 ) were used to characterize the rate-dependent yield and post-yield behavior. The behaviors observed in these experiments were then interpreted within the theoretical framework introduced in previous work. It is concluded that, for this particular material system, the POSS has little influence on the polycarbonate a regime. However, the POSS clearly enhances the mobility of the β motions, significantly reducing the resistance to high rate elastic and plastic deformation. Furthermore, it is shown that the continuum-level constitutive model framework developed for amorphous homopolymers may be extended to this polymer nanocomposite material system, simply by accounting for the reduced deformation resistance in the β process.
Change in autoregressive processes

Abstract We study the detection of a possible change in a stationary autoregressive process of order r . The test statistics are based on weighted supremum and L p -functionals of the residual sums. Some limit theorems are proven under necessary and sufficient conditions.
Inertia, Damping, and Wave Excitation of Heaving Coaxial Cylinders

The method of matched eigenfunction expansions is applied in this paper to obtain the hydrodynamic coefficients of a pair of coaxial cylinders, each of which can have independent movement. The geometry idealizes a device for extracting ocean wave energy in the heave mode. The effects of geometric variations and the interaction between cylinders on the hydrodynamic properties are discussed. Analytical expressions for the low-frequency behavior of the hydrodynamic coefficients are also derived. The wave-exciting force on the bottom surface of either one of the cylinders is derived using the radiation solutions, with a generalized form of the Haskind relation developed for this geometry. The presented results are immediately applicable to examine free motion of coaxial cylinders in a wave field.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Miniature steerable optical sources beaming photons with angular momentum

We demonstrate the design, fabrication and testing of miniature steerable optical sources that are capable of beaming photons with spin and orbital angular momentum through coupling nanoscale emitters to plasmonic waveguide and antenna structures.
Theoretical Study of the Alkoxy Radicals Derived from Isoprene: Pressure- and Temperature-Dependent Decomposition Rates

Pressure- and temperature-dependent thermal decomposition rates for the primary alkoxy radicals derived from OH-initiated oxidation of isoprene have been calculated. The master-equation calculations are based on ab initio energetics and structures previously reported. We also provide analytical descriptions of the theoretical falloff curves using the semiempirical Troe formalism. Additional calculations are also provided for two isomers not previously reported and to further characterize basis set effects on the energetics. The results indicate that the decomposition rates for these radicals should not be considered to be in the high-pressure limit at 760 Torr. Under atmospheric conditions the alkoxy radicals will be activated, and we find that prompt reaction for several isomers may be significant. The results are compared to recent estimates of overall alkoxy radical decomposition rates derived from OH cycling studies.
Help! I Have Kids Who Can't Read in My World History Class!.

In today's inclusive classrooms, general and even many special education teachers often do not feel confident that they know or are using methods and strategies that researchers have shown to be effective in the general education setting for students who struggle with grade-level reading regardless of whether educators have identified them as learning disabled. The author aimed to (a) bring together strategies that researchers have investigated and shown to be effective in such classrooms and (b) give a brief description of these strategies. The author groups strategies into 3 categories—vocabulary, general strategy instruction, and study support—and provides examples of some of the more complex strategies.
Accumulation of sequence-specific RNA-binding proteins in the cytosol of activated T cells undergoing RNA degradation and apoptosis

Engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) causes transformed T cell hybridomas to produce lymphokines and then die by an apoptotic mechanism. Here we show that these functional effects of TCR-mediated signaling are associated with the accumulation of several cytosolic mRNA-binding proteins including the previously described AU-A, -B, and -C proteins as well as a novel 70-kDa protein. The results indicate that the 70-kDa protein derived from a 90-kDa precursor present in unactivated T cells and that both proteins bound to two independent sites at the 3'-end of the interleukin-2 mRNA, one in the coding region and the other in an AU-rich segment of the 3'-untranslated region. Glucocorticoids, TCR engagement by monoclonal antibodies, pharmacologic mimics of TCR signaling, or high concentrations of protein or RNA synthesis inhibitors all induced apoptosis, the cytosolic appearance of the RNA-binding proteins, and an increased rate of RNA turnover. Moreover, drugs that interfere with TCR-mediated signals, such as cyclosporin A and staurosporin, prevented both apoptosis and the appearance of the RNA-binding factors. The fact that the accumulation of these factors occurred in the presence of inhibitors of transcription and translation suggested that these proteins are present in an inactive form in unstimulated T cells and are activated when apoptosis is induced.
The effectiveness of different learning experiences for teaching psychiatry

Abstract In the planning of medical education in the past few years, of timely interest has been the examination of psychiatric education and its effectiveness. A number of methods of teaching have been highlighted as promising, e.g., closed circuit television, 1 movies, 2 group discussions, 3 and group therapy. 4 Despite innovative approaches in teaching, several studies have indicated that psychiatry is neither a very rewarding experience 5 for medical students nor a well-learned subject. 6 Different aspects of the teaching experience have been singled out for criticism; these have varied from poor teaching to too little active participation in patient treatment. 7 Since psychiatry has been shown to be notably unsuccessful in "turning medical students on", a crucial question to ask is what kinds of experiences are most valued and meaningful for a good learning experience. Rather than focusing exclusively on whether or not the psychiatric training program under study was successful in teaching psychiatry to medical students, the present investigation was designed to delineate the kinds of experiences which go into making up a teaching program in order to assess their value as learning experiences. By focusing in detail on the various aspects of the working-training-teaching setting, which medical students rotate through for their psychiatric clerkship, the study attempted to assess which kinds of experiences in this setting were most highly valued for the learning of psychiatry. Psychiatry at the University of Kentucky Medical School, although taught in the preclinical years, becomes most salient during the junior year when medical students rotate through the service for six weeks. At this time they spend part of their time on both inpatient and outpatient services and are responsible, in colaboration with other staff, for the evaluation and treatment of patients.
Color's perceptual dimensions

What is color? In art and in the eye, color FORMS. Seen in relation to other colors, they interact, create space, transform volumes, pattern the visual field. Color informs metaphor, and within a visual context, and by association, evokes meaning.
Ultrasonic echo imaging with pseudo-random and pulsed sources: A comparative study

Abstract We report here the results of a comparative theoretical study of ultrasonic echo imaging systems using pulsed and pseudorandom sources. We first point out the fact that linear imaging systems are characterized by two parameters: i) the resolution and ii) the signal-to-noise ratio in the image. While the maximum resolution attainable in an echo imaging system is limited by the bandwidth of the transducer(s) used, the signal-to-noise ratio depends both upon the nature of the electrical signals applied to the transducer and the type of processing performed on the echos. In this paper we show that for a given transducer and a given backscattering element located at a specified distance from the transducer one obtains a higher signal-to-noise ratio with pseudorandom signals than with pulsed signal only if the following condition is satisfied BT pr >2π 2 V pbd V cbd where B, Vpbd and Vcbd are the bandwidth, the peak-breakdown voltage and the cw breakdown voltage, respectively, of the transducer, and Tpr is the length of the pseudorandom signal used. In this paper we also show that, if no constraints are placed on the thickness of the object, the theoretically derived signal-to-noise ratios possible with pseudorandom sources are practically realizable only when the echos from different backscattering centers within the object are non-overlapping , and each echo is circularly correlated with the transmitted signal. If the echos are overlapping, the optimum signal-to-noise ratios are possible only if the thickness of the object is less than ( cT pr 2 , where c is the velocity of propagation in the object. Also, now each burst of the transmitted signal must consist of two periods of the pseudorandom signal.
Ten-year follow-up of a randomized trial of pravastatin in heart transplant patients.

Background Outcomes from this trial's first year data demonstrated significant benefit in heart transplant patients treated with pravastatin in cholesterol levels, survival, rejection with hemodynamic compromise, the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy, and decreased natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Other heart transplant studies have shown similar benefit. We now report the 10-year follow-up of this study. Methods Ninety-seven heart transplant recipients were randomized to pravastatin ( n = 47) or no pravastatin ( n = 50) within 2 weeks after surgery both in combination with cyclosporine and corticosteroids. Ten-year outcomes include survival, cholesterol levels, and development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy documented by coronary angiography. Results Forty-two percent of the control patients crossed over to pravastatin treatment during the second year of the study, and 81% of the control patients were eventually placed on statin therapy by the 10-year follow-up. The control group had subsequent low and comparable cholesterol levels in Years 2 to10 of the study compared with the patients originally randomized to pravastatin. Intent-to-treat analysis demonstrated that the pravastatin group compared with control had increased 10-year survival (68% vs 48%, p = 0.026). The 10-year freedom from angiographic cardiac allograft vasculopathy and/or death in the pravastatin group was significantly greater compared with the control group (43% vs 20%, p = 0.009). Conclusion The 10-year follow-up of this study suggests that the use of pravastatin in heart transplant patients maintains survival benefit and appears to reduce the development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy.
The Baryon Anomaly: Evidence for Color Transparency and Direct Hadron Production at RHIC

We show that the QCD color transparency of higher-twist contributions to inclusive hadroproduction cross sections, where baryons are produced directly in a short distance subprocess, can explain several remarkable features of high-p{sub T} baryon production in heavy ion collisions which have recently been observed at RHIC: (a) the anomalous increase of the proton-to-pion ratio with centrality (b): the increased power-law fall-off at fixed x{sub T} = 2p{sub T}/{radical}s of the charged particle production cross section in high centrality nuclear collisions, and (c): the anomalous decrease of the number of same-side hadrons produced in association with a proton trigger as the centrality increases. We show that correlations between opposite-side hyperons and kaons can provide a clear signature of higher-twist contributions. These phenomena emphasize the importance of understanding hadronization at the amplitude level in QCD illustrate how heavy ion collisions can provide sensitive tools for interpreting and testing fundamental properties of QCD.
Modeling Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistor Characteristics from Micro to Nano

All present ferroelectric transistors have been made on the micrometer scale. Existing models of these devices do not take into account effects of nanoscale ferroelectric transistors. Understanding the characteristics of these nanoscale devices is important in developing a strategy for building and using future devices. This paper takes an existing microscale ferroelectric field effect transistor (FFET) model and adds effects that become important at a nanoscale level, including electron velocity saturation and direct tunneling. The new model analyzed FFETs ranging in length from 40,000 nanometers to 4 nanometers and ferroelectric thickness from 200 nanometers to 1 nanometer.
Common Core State Standards: Challenge and Collaboration

AbstractThe Common Core State Standards provide a framework of internationally benchmarked standards that outline what students should know, understand, and be able to do in order to be college and career ready. This essay explores the untapped potential in the sharing of resources across the nation, especially during times of economic challenges.
The Shot (Not) Heard 'Round the World: Reconsidering the Perplexing U.S. Preoccupation with the Separation of Executive and Legislative Powers

Since the drafting of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, the document has served as a model for constitutional design for many other democratic polities. Core elements of U.S. constitutionalism, including adoption of a written constitution, entrenched and judicially enforceable human rights, and federalism, have become commonplace in other nations’ constitutions. One key element of U.S. constitutional structure, however, has failed to find a receptive audience abroad: the separation of legislative and executive powers. Most modern democracies have broken with the British model of parliamentary supremacy in favor of some system of judicial enforcement of entrenched human rights, but nevertheless have retained the British practice of selecting the heads of executive branch agencies from within the ranks of the legislature. This Article explores the U.S. commitment to separating and dividing legislative and executive powers, and posits cultural pluralism as a key reason for this structural commitment. In addition, it suggests that creating a political check on the legislative process provides an additional normative reason for embracing the practice. In the end, U.S. separation of powers doctrine reflects the distinctive nature of the polity: in a cultural jambalaya, citizens have good cause to be suspicious of the government and its motives, and hence to establish structural safeguards against the perceived risk of tyranny. * © 2010 Ronald J. Krotoszynski, Jr., John S. Stone Chair, Director of Faculty Research, and Professor of Law, University of Alabama School of Law. I wish to acknowledge the very helpful comments and suggestions offered by the participants at the 2008 Administrative Law Discussion Group meeting, hosted by the University of Montepellier Faculty of Law, in Montepellier, France. In particular, I want to thank Michael Asimow and Peter Strauss for especially thoughtful and constructive suggestions on how to develop my thesis. A University of Alabama Law Foundation Summer Research Grant supported my work on this project. In addition, I am grateful to the Seattle University School of Law for hosting me as a Visiting Scholar in Residence while I was working on this Article. As always, any and all errors and omissions are my responsibility alone.
The Slip Transfer Process Through Grain Boundaries in HCP Ti

Information on the mechanisms of slip transfer across grain boundaries in an HCP α-Ti alloy has been obtained from deformation experiments performed in situ in the transmission electron microscope. Initially, lattice dislocations are accommodated within the grain boundary until a critical local dislocation density is reached. The boundary then responds by activating slip in the adjoining grain on the slip system experiencing the highest local resolved shear stress and producing the residual grain-boundary dislocation with the smallest Burgers vector. Slip on secondary slip systems may be initiated provided they reduce the magnitude of the Burgers vector of, or eliminate, the residual grain-boundary dislocation. The selection rules used to predict the slip system activated by the grain boundary are the same as apply in ordered and disordered FCC materials.
Comparative effects of deoxycholate and 7-methyl-deoxycholate in the hamster

The metabolism and effect on biliary lipids of a new bile acid analog, 7-methyl-deoxycholic acid, were studied and compared with those of deoxycholic acid in the hamster. 14C-Labeled 7-methyl-deoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid were administered intravenously or intraduodenally to bile fistula hamsters at 1.0 or 4.0 mumoles per min X kg, and hepatic bile was analyzed for radioactive metabolites and biliary lipid outputs. Deoxycholic acid and 7-methyl-deoxycholic acid were efficiently absorbed from the intestine, extracted by the liver and excreted into bile as taurine and glycine conjugates. Twenty per cent of deoxycholic acid was 7 alpha-hydroxylated to cholic acid while 7-methyl-deoxycholic acid did not undergo hydroxylation. During deoxycholic acid infusion, the biliary secretion of phospholipid did not increase, and the bile became more lithogenic. In contrast, 7-methyl-deoxycholic acid stimulated phospholipid secretion, and bile became less lithogenic. Although pathologic changes in the liver were inconstant and mostly mild, both bile acids were toxic in the hamster; hemolysis and death due to respiratory distress were observed.
A new location management strategy based on user mobility pattern for wireless networks

For a wireless network to effectively deliver services to the mobile users, it must have an efficient way to track then. The location management fulfills this task through location registration and paging. Many location management strategies, such as the profile-based scheme (PBS) have been proposed to reduce the signaling traffic caused by the location update and paging. In the PBS scheme, the system collects the user mobility history and stores the information in the user profile. If the user follows the pattern, no update is needed. When a call arrives, the user is paged in the location areas in the descending order of probabilities until the user is found. In this paper, we propose a new scheme - MPBS: mobility-pattern-based scheme - which incorporates both the mobility pattern and time information in the profile. The user location is determined by the system based on not only the distribution probability but also the system time. In the MPBS scheme, a mobile user can be in one of four identified states and different location update and paging strategies are used for different states. Performance evaluation of the proposed scheme is carried out under various mobility-call patterns, paging cost and distribution probability. The results show that the MPBS scheme incurs significantly less signaling traffic and less paging delay than the PBS scheme.
Belonging Without Belonging: Utilizing Evangelical Self-Identification to Analyze Political Attitudes and Preferences

Research typically defines evangelical belonging as affiliation with an evangelical denomination, but this approach excludes many self-identified evangelicals, even though previous studies of religious groups find that self-identification is a powerful predictor of political preferences. Using data from the National Survey of Religion and Politics, we investigate the usefulness of self-identification for classifying evangelicals. The effects of three types of evangelical belonging (religious tradition-only, self-identification-only, and a combination of religious tradition and self-identification) on respondents’ political attitudes, party identification, and vote choice suggest that religious tradition is a good predictor of political attitudes while self-identification is a good predictor of party identification. We conclude that self-identification and tradition are both important to understanding evangelicalism and politics in America.
Advances in Liver Cancer Antibody Therapies: A Focus on Glypican-3 and Mesothelin

Liver cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are the two most common primary liver cancers, yet there have been no significant advances in effective therapeutics. There is an urgent need to identify molecular targets for the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, glypican-3 (GPC3) and mesothelin are discussed, with a focus on their potential as targets for antibody therapy in liver cancer. GPC3 and mesothelin are glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins present on the cell surface. They are attractive candidates for liver cancer therapy given that GPC3 and mesothelin show high expression in HCC and CCA, respectively. Antibody drugs targeting GPC3 or mesothelin have shown anti-cancer activity in mice. Humanized or chimeric IgG molecules based on first-generation murine monoclonal antibodies against these antigens are being evaluated in clinical studies. Recently, fully human monoclonal antibodies against GPC3 and mesothelin have been isolated by antibody phage display technology that may provide opportunities for novel cancer therapy.
Cholinergic Stimulation of Inositol Phosphate Formation in Bovine Adrenal Chromaffin Cells: Distinct Nicotinic and Muscarinic Mechanisms

The ability of cholinergic agonists to activate phospholipase C in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells was examined by assaying the production of inositol phosphates in cells prelabeled with [3H]inositol. We found that both nicotinic and muscarinic agonists increased the accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates (mainly inositol monophosphate) and that the effects mediated by the two types of receptors were independent of each other. The production of inositol phosphates by nicotinic stimulation required extracellular Ca2+ and was maximal at 0.2 mM Ca2+. Increasing extracellular Ca2+ from 0.22 to 2.2 mM increased the sensitivity of inositol phosphates formation to stimulation by submaximal concentrations of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide (DMPP) but did not enhance the response to muscarine. Elevated K+ also stimulated Ca2+-dependent [3H]inositol phosphate production, presumably by a non-receptor-mediated mechanism. The Ca2+ channel antagonists D600 and nifedipine inhibited the effects of DMPP and elevated K+ to a greater extent than that of muscarine. Ca2+ (0.3-10 microM) directly stimulated the release of inositol phosphates from digitonin-permeabilized cells that had been prelabeled with [3H]inositol. Thus, cholinergic stimulation of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells results in the activation of phospholipase C by distinct muscarinic and nicotinic mechanisms. Nicotinic receptor stimulation and elevated K+ probably increased the accumulation of inositol phosphates through Ca2+ influx and a rise in cytosolic Ca2+. Because Ba2+ caused catecholamine secretion but did not enhance the formation of inositol phosphates, phospholipase C activation is not required for exocytosis. However, diglyceride and myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate produced during cholinergic stimulation of chromaffin cells may modulate secretion and other cellular processes by activating protein kinase C and/or releasing Ca2+ from intracellular stores.
The Role of Gender in Officially Reported Intimate Partner Abuse

The role of gender in intimate partner abuse (IPA) perpetration and victimization has been debated for the last several decades. Two perspectives have emerged regarding this debate. Researchers from the family violence perspective argue that men and women are violent at near equal rates and call for a reframing of the issue from one of woman battering to one of family violence. In contrast, feminist researchers maintain that men make up the majority of perpetrators and women the majority of victims in cases of intimate partner abuse. While some have put forth arguments explaining these differences, this debate is far from over. Using official reported cases of IPA, this study examines 815 IPA cases of which 13% were female perpetrated in an attempt to clarify gender differences and similarities among male and female offenders beyond prevalence rates. Special attention is paid to contextual differences and similarities and implications this research has for future research and policy.
Exploiting "approximate communication" for mobile media applications

Errors are integral part of every communication system, whether wired or wireless. There are two broad approaches to deal with errors: (i) detection and discard of data elements in error and (ii) optional recovery from such errors either through proactive or reactive (re)-transmissions. Both these approaches assume that errors are binary in nature, i.e., an error in transmission implies a need to discard or recover the erroneous bits. In this paper, we consider an intriguing alternative, one in which data elements in error are accepted as "approximately correct" values. We call this approximate communication. More specifically, we introduce the notion that data elements being received are not just correct or incorrect. Instead, there exists a degree of correctness in the received data elements that can be effectively exploited by certain classes of popular applications operating across mobile communication systems.
The 40Ar/39Ar chronology and eruption rates of Cenozoic volcanism in the eastern Bering Sea Volcanic Province, Alaska

from the Aleutian arc front to the Arctic Circle. We estimate that about 750 km 3 of magma were erupted in the volcanic centers that we have studied, all within the past 6.0 Ma. Several discrete eruption episodes have been identified with the new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar data at circa 6.0 Ma (Imuruk volcanic field), circa 3.5 Ma (Teller volcanic field), circa 2.5–1.5 Ma (St. George Island), circa 1.0 Ma (St. Lawrence Island), and the youngest activity which started at circa 0.7 Ma and continued throughout region until historic times. Combining age information with volume estimates reveals that the intensity of volcanic activity in the Bering Sea Volcanic Province has increased through time, with only about 15% of lava erupted before 3 Ma and about 30% of all late Cenozoic magma erupted within the last 500 ka. Eruption rates also increase toward more recent times, from the 6 Ma Imuruk basalts, which erupted at the rate of � 70 ± 15 m 3 km � 2 yr � 1 ,t o the � 0.7 Ma Nunivak Island and St. Michael volcanic field basalts, which erupted at a rate of � 165 ± 25 m 3 km � 2 yr � 1 . High volumes of erupted lava accompanied by high eruption rates for the youngest volcanic rocks suggest significant changes in the melting rates, which are best explained by either an evolving tectonic regime or significant changes in the melting processes.
Adaptive attentional attunement: evidence for mating-related perceptual bias

Substantial evidence suggests that physical attractiveness plays an important role in shaping overt mating preferences, judgments, and choices. Relatively few studies, however, have investigated the hypothesis that perceivers are attuned to signs of attractiveness at early, lower-order stages of social perception. In the current research, a visual cueing task was used to assess biases in attentional disengagement— the extent to which people’s attention becomes bstuckQ on particular social stimuli. Findings indicate that, consistent with some evolutionary theories, perceivers of both sexes exhibited attentional attunement to attractive women, but not attractive men. Additional findings suggest that this bias was pronounced in sexually unrestricted men and in women who felt insecure about a current romantic relationship. This research provides novel evidence for adaptive, lower-order perceptual attunements in the domain of human mating.
Does bilateral internal mammary artery grafting increase surgical risk

The risk of bilateral internal mammary artery grafting was studied in three groups of patients who were computer matched for recognized risk factors: year of operation, age, gender, extent of coronary artery disease, left ventricular function, completeness of myocardial revascularization, and history of congestive heart failure. The patient groups differed in the fact that they received veins only, one internal mammary artery graft, or two internal mammary artery grafts. The operative mortality rates for these three groups were 1.8%, 0.3%, and 0.9%, respectively (no significant difference). Analysis of perioperative morbidity demonstrated no significant differences except for a slight increase in transfusion requirements in the group receiving two internal mammary artery grafts (p = 0.04). None of the patients with only vein grafts had wound complications. One patient in the group with one internal mammary artery graft had a wound complication (0.03%). Eight patients receiving two internal mammary artery grafts had wound complications (2.4 %) (p = 0.002). The prevalence of wound complications in patients with diabetes mellitus was 5.7% and in those without diabetes mellitus, 0.3% (p = 0.01). The prevalence of wound complications in patients less than 60 years of age was 0.2%, in patients in their 60s, 1.6%, and in patients older than 70, 3.1 % (p = 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified diabetes mellitus and age and not bilateral internal mammary artery grafting as risk factors for wound complications. We conclude that bilateral internal mammary artery grafting does not increase surgical mortality and increases surgical morbidity by a slight increase in the mean transfusion requirement.
Strategy application, observability, and the choice combinator.

In many strategic systems, the choice combinator provides a powerful mechanism for controlling the application of rules and strategies to terms. The ability of the choice combinator to exercise control over rewriting is based on the premise that the success and failure of strategy application can be observed. In this paper we present a higher-order strategic framework with the ability to dynamically construct strategies containing the choice combinator. To this framework, a combinator called hide is introduced that prevents the successful application of a strategy from being observed by the choice combinator. We then explore the impact of this new combinator on a real-world problem involving a restricted implementation of the Java Virtual Machine.
Obesity over the life course and risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndromes.

Abstract Background Overweight and obesity are known risk factors for a number of cancers, with recent evidence suggesting that risk of hematologic cancer is also increased in obese individuals. We evaluated associations between body mass index (BMI) at differing time points during the life course in population-based case control studies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplatic syndromes (MDS). Methods Cases were identified by the Minnesota Cancer Surveillance System. Controls were identified through the Minnesota State driver's license/identification card list. BMI was calculated using self-reported height and weight at ages 18, 35, and 50 years and two years prior to interview, and categorized as normal (18.5–25kg/m 2 ), overweight (25–29.9kg/m 2 ), obese class I (30–34.9kg/m 2 ), and obese class II/III (35+ kg/m 2 ). All analyses were stratified by sex. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results We included 420 AML cases, 265 MDS cases and 1388 controls. Obesity two years prior to diagnosis was associated with AML in both males and females (OR=2.22, 95% CI 1.28, 3.85 and OR=1.85, 95% CI 1.08, 3.15 for BMI≥35 vs. BMI 18.5–24.9, respectively). In contrast, associations between obesity and MDS were observed only in females. Weight change in adulthood was not consistently associated with either outcome. Conclusion Our results extend the emerging literature suggesting that obesity is a risk factor for hematologic malignancy and provide evidence that that the association remains regardless of timing of obesity. Obesity in adulthood is a modifiable risk factor for both MDS and AML.
Water Utility Development in New York State

Water facilities rather than water itself present the greatest need. Two major deficiencies are lack of planning and lack of funds. The two extremes to be avoided are unilateral activity and overly intimate coordination. New York State's program is directed to water resources management and control. Included are basin water resource studying aimed at inventorying available resources. From this study evolves the best plan to meet future needs as well as current ones. Included are a time schedule for capital investment, indebtedness, operation and maintenance, administration, and salary cost over the next fifty years. The structure to conduct this program over an area-wide or country-regional basis is also provided.
DNA Mapping in Growth and Developmental Disorders

DNA mapping techniques are being increasingly applied to familial and acquired disorders affecting growth and development. To understand the potential applications of these techniques, one must first have a good understanding of the components and basic structure of DNA, the genetic code, the basic structure of genes and the roles that various components of gene structure play in regulating gene expression. Following review of this basic information, a variety of DNA mapping techniques including in situ hybridization, Southern blotting, polymerase chain reaction amplification, DNA sequencing and linkage analysis will be covered. Applications of these techniques can enable mapping of unknown genes by detection of loss of allelic heterozygosity or use of linkage analysis and genetic maps. With increasing ease, mutations such as deletions, expansions, rearrangements and point mutations can be detected in diseases such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, cystic fibrosis, diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, fragile X syndrome, Laron dwarfism and Turner syndrome. From this discussion, a better understanding of methods of gene localization, uses of genetic maps and rapid, convenient methods to detect a variety of molecular derangements causing familial disorders affecting growth and development will be gained.
Illegal use of beta-adrenergic agonists in the United States.

Clenbuterol (CBL) is a member of the class of drugs called beta-agonists, which have powerful desirable and undesirable effects. Clenbuterol has the ability to increase muscle mass and residues in tissue of treated animals but can cause symptoms of acute poisoning in people. Symptoms, but no deaths, from CBL residue-induced food poisoning have been reported from investigations of separate events in Spain and France. In 1991, FDA sent letters to all states and USDA/FSIS advising them of the possibility of illegal CBL use in domestic animals and of our concern about adverse effects on public health if residue was present in food. The FDA asked U.S. Customs to be alert to attempts at illegal importation and to advise that we were prepared to investigate distribution, sale, or use of the drug. Analytical methods are available to assay for CBL residue in edible tissues and in the retinal tissues of the eye. Methods are being developed for assay of noninvasive samples such as hair. Residues of CBL have been found in one sample of edible tissue and several samples of retinal tissues from show animals and in some classes of commercial meat-producing animals. Several individuals have been found guilty of distributing CBL, cases are pending, and investigations are continuing. It is possible that CBL will be approved for safe conditions of use. The scenario of ultimately one or more beta-agonist drugs approved for legal use in food-producing animals and the probable continued availability of several illegal analogs will be a challenging containment task for regulators and the leaders of the meat-producing livestock industries.
Advancing a new perspective on decision-making about socio- scientific issues: the study of memes and memetic processes

The study seeks to advance the socio-scientific issues knowledge base by addressing the complexity of these issues using methodological and analytical tools that reveal information about individual, collaborative and situational outcomes. In this case study of a grade 7 classroom investigating the topic of genetic engineering, a memes analysis indicated that several memetic mechanisms potentially affected how and why ideas were taken up in the learning system. Mechanisms included processes such as 'do as the smart students do', friendship selection, and meme-coupling influences. Implications for education in terms of student decision-making about socio-scientific issues are discussed.
Faithfulness and De Se

Quoted indexicals and de se pronouns are often given an identical semantic analysis. However, on closer examination they differ subtly. While the former exhibit the form of the discourse being reported on, the latter place a more abstract constraint, settling what one might call its mode of presentation. We argue against those who have imprinted both with the same analysis, and sketch one possible combination of divergent analyses: the demonstration account of faithfulness and the binding account of de se.
Predicting Audience Exposure to Spot TV Advertising Schedules

Media analysts translating an advertising budget into a specific media plan typically must choose from a very large number of both between-media and withinmedium combinations of alternative media vehicles. Each specific combination chosen will yield a unique audience exposure pattern (i.e., the number of people, households, women, and other possible demographic groupings that are exposed to 1,2, ..., mof the vehicles selected). Thus to evaluate the plans, the media buyer must answer two essential questions about each: (1) what proportion of the total potential audience will be exposed to the advertisements in the schedule, and (2) how often will each exposed audience member see an advertisement in the schedule?
The Hypothalamus and Heat Regulation

Isenschmid and Schnitzler1 localized the chief central mechanism for the control of body temperature in the hypothalamus by demonstrating that a hypothalamic rabbit heat regulated, whereas, a midbrain preparation did not. Would extirpation of the hypothalamus alone without injury to other parts of the brain-stem render the animal incapable of heat regulating? In a few isolated cases in high mid-brain preparations, typical panting and vaso-dilation was readily elicited and persisted at relatively low rectal temperatures2; however, subsequent preparations were made in which this response could not be obtained under any condition. It therefore seemed probable to us that the “heat regulating center” was really in the cephalic mid-brain and was consistently spared functionally only by a transection passed ahead of the hypothalamus and rarely by a section passing nearer to it caudally. By the lateral approach (elevation of the temporal pole) the hypothalamus has been successfully sectioned free from its cephali...
Inhibition of endothelial nitric oxide synthase decreases breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 adhesion to intact microvessels under physiological flows

In individually perfused intact microvessels, we showed that circulating tumor cells prefer to adhere to the microvessel sites with higher NO concentrations, which are generated by the localized sh...
Histochemical Detection of Steroid Binding Sites in Human Renal Tissue and Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Preliminary Report of Work in Progress

The degree of interest in the hormonal milieu as a factor influencing the natural history of renal cell carcinoma is, perhaps, out of proportion to what is warranted by the cumulative experience. Controversy regarding this topic might best be relegated to the medical equivalent of Shakespeare’s “Much Ado About Nothing”. As a minor offshoot of our binding site studies involving prostatic cancer (described in another section of this book: see ‘Histochemical determination of androgen binding in prostatic adenocarcinoma: clinical correlation’) we succumbed to this apparently irresistable phenomenon. The following is a preliminary report on work in progress.