cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parametric Frequency Conversion of Resonance Radiation in Optically Pumped Rb 87 Vapor

This paper reports an investigation of parametric frequency conversion in a vapor of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ atoms in which nearly resonant optical waves are coupled with microwaves at the ground-state hyperfine-structure (hfs) frequency of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ by the nonlinear susceptibilities of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ vapor. These nonlinear susceptibilities are greatly enhanced by optical pumping of the ground-state hfs levels of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ and by using nearly resonant light. The frequency-conversion process generates optical sideband waves which are separated in frequency from the carrier light waves by the ground-state hfs frequency of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ (6.835 GHz). These sidebands have been directly observed in the spectral profiles of ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{85}$ resonance light which had passed through ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}$ vapor. The conversion efficiency of power from the carrier waves to the sideband waves in a 45-cm length of vapor was greater than 1%. The observed behavior of the sidebands is in excellent qualitative agreement with the predictions of a semiclassical theory.
Tracking Plasticity in Probabilistic Spike Trains Models of Synaptically-Coupled Neural Population

The problem of identifying plasticity in a recorded neural population has long been the subject of intense research. With the ability to simultaneously record large ensembles of single unit activity over extended periods of time, it is becoming central to the ability to efficiently decode neuronal responses. In a previous study, we demonstrated that a graph theoretic approach can identify functional interdependency between neurons responding to a common input over multiple time scales. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the technique when both functional and structural plasticity arise post stimulus presentation. Three types of interactions between neurons are considered; auto-inhibition, cross-inhibition, and excitation. We report the clustering performance of the approach applied to three distinct probabilistic models of networks with different topologies
Multivariate regression estimation with errors-in-variables: asymptotic normality for mixing processes

Abstract Errors-in-variables regression is the study of the association between covariates and responses where covariates are observed with errors. In this paper, we consider the estimation of multivariate regression functions for dependent data with errors in covariates. Nonparametric deconvolution technique is used to account for errors-in-variables. The asymptotic behavior of regression estimators depends on the smoothness of the error distributions, which are characterized as either ordinarily smooth or super smooth. Asymptotic normality is established for both strongly mixing and ϱ-mixing processes, when the error distribution function is either ordinarily smooth or super smooth.
Endothelin Receptor A Blockade Is an Ineffective Treatment for Adriamycin Nephropathy

Endothelin is a vasoconstricting peptide that plays a key role in vascular homeostasis, exerting its biologic effects via two receptors, the endothelin receptor A (ETA) and endothelin receptor B (ETB). Activation of ETA and ETB has opposing actions, in which hyperactive ETA is generally vasoconstrictive and pathologic. Selective ETA blockade has been shown to be beneficial in renal injuries such as diabetic nephropathy and can improve proteinuria. Atrasentan is a selective pharmacologic ETA blocker that preferentially inhibits ETA activation. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of ETA blockade by atrasentan in ameliorating proteinuria and kidney injury in murine adriamycin nephropathy, a model of human focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. We found that ETA expression was unaltered during the course of adriamycin nephropathy. Whether initiated prior to injury in a prevention protocol (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or after injury onset in a therapeutic protocol (7 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg three times a week, i.p.), atrasentan did not significantly affect the initiation and progression of adriamycin-induced albuminuria (as measured by urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios). Indices of glomerular damage were also not improved in atrasentan-treated groups, in either the prevention or therapeutic protocols. Atrasentan also failed to improve kidney function as determined by serum creatinine, histologic damage, and mRNA expression of numerous fibrosis-related genes such as collagen-I and TGF-β1. Therefore, we conclude that selective blockade of ETA by atrasentan has no effect on preventing or ameliorating proteinuria and kidney injury in adriamycin nephropathy.
The efficiency‐effectiveness dilemma in managing medical research

There exists in medical research, and in fact, in other projects involving the delivery of human services or scientific experimentation, a series of decisions regarding the trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness. The objectives of this paper are (1) to describe the dilemma involving these two measures of performance and (2) to provide a solution to the identified trade-off.
Asset management in healthcare: Evaluation of RFID

Healthcare costs in the United States have continued to rise throughout the last decade and poor medical asset management is a contributing factor. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology has been found to be one way to potentially alleviate this problem by improving process efficiency and reducing costs. However, return on investment (ROI) in RFID technology and its impact are based on the specifics for each healthcare organization and there is no standard methodology. Therefore, a methodology for ROI was created and a case study in a 600-bed hospital was undertaken to determine the feasibility of RFID implementation and its potential impact on asset management. The variables used in the ROI computational methodology were clinical and biomedical asset searching time, shrinkage rates, utilization rates and RFID implementation costs. Specific mobile assets that would benefit most from RFID technology were then selected within these variables. Under the assumptions from past studies, this work dete...
Ethics Instruction for Preservice Teachers: How Are We Doing in ECE? The Public's & Our Profession's Growing Concern with Ethics

(1996). Ethics Instruction for Preservice Teachers: How Are We Doing in ECE? The Public's & Our Profession's Growing Concern with Ethics. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 5-18.
Soy isoflavones sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy

Soy isoflavones are dietary compounds isolated from soybeans, which are safe for human use and have mild anti-cancer properties. Soy isoflavones inhibit the activity of transcription factors and genes essential for tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and neovascularization, and it appears that soy isoflavones may enhance the effectiveness of conventional therapies against cancer. Soy isoflavones could be an effective complementary treatment given that they inhibit the survival signaling pathways of various cancer cells through altered activation of APE1/Ref-1, NF-κB, and HIF-1α, which are genes essential for tumor cell survival, tumor growth, and angiogenesis, thus making such cells more sensitive to radiotherapy. Studies in which soy isoflavones were given in conjunction with radiotherapy to prostate cancer patients suggest that soy isoflavones might also mitigate the adverse effects of radiation on normal tissues, probably by acting as antioxidants. These observations open new avenues for exploiting soy isoflavones as supplements to conventional therapies.
Intersections among Steiner systems

A Steiner system S(l, m, n) is a system of subsets of size m (called blocks) from an n-set S, such that each d-subset from S is contained in precisely one block. Two Steiner systems have intersection k if they share exactly k blocks. The possible intersections among S(5, 6, 12)'s, among S(4, 5, 11)'s, among S(3, 4, 10)'s, and among S(2, 3, 9)'s are determined, together with associated orbits under the action of the automorphism group of an initial Steiner system. The following are results: (i) the maximal number of mutually disjoint S(5, 6, 12)'s is two and any two such pairs are isomorphic; (ii) the maximal number of mutually disjoint S(4, 5, 11)'s is two and any two such pairs are isomorphic; (iii) the maximal number of mutually disjoint S(3, 4, 10)'s is five and any two such sets of five are isomorphic; (iv) a result due to Bays in 1917 that there are exactly two non-isomorphic ways to partition all 3-subsets of a 9-set into seven mutually disjoint S(2, 3, 9)'s.
ZnO/perovskite core-shell nanorod array based monolithic catalysts with enhanced propane oxidation and material utilization efficiency at low temperature

Abstract A hydrothermal strategy combined with colloidal deposition synthesis was successfully used to grow ZnO/perovskite (LaBO 3 , B = Mn, Co, Ni) core–shell nanorod arrays within three dimensional (3-D) honeycomb cordierite substrates. A facile sonication assisted colloidal wash coating process is able to coat a uniformly dispersed perovskite nanoparticles onto the large scale ZnO nanorod arrays rooted on the channel surfaces of the 3D cordierite substrate achieved by hydrothermal synthesis. Compared to traditional wash-coated perovskite catalysts, an enhanced catalytic performance was observed for propane oxidation with 25 °C lower light-off temperature than powder-form coated perovskite catalyst of similar LaMnO 3 loading (4.3 mg). Temperature programmed reduction and desorption under H 2 and O 2 atmosphere, respectively, were used to study the reducibility and oxygen activity of these core–shell nanorod array based monolithic catalysts, revealing a catalytic activity sequence of LaCoO 3 > LaMnO 3 > La 2 NiO 4 at the initial stage of catalytic reaction. The good dispersion and size control in La-based perovskite nanoparticles and their interfaces to ZnO nanorod array support may contribute to the enhancement of catalytic performance. This work may provide a new type of Pt-group metals (PGM) free catalysts with improved catalytic performance for hydrocarbon oxidations at low temperature.
Adult Cor Triatriatum; Preoperative Identification and Successful Correction

Hemodynamic and angiographic demonstration of a fenestrated anomalous left atrial membrane identified cor triatriatum in a young man with exertional dyspnea and hemoptysis. Present and previous experience emphasizes the need for accurate diagnosis and prompt excision of this rare, frequently fatal, yet easily correctable, congenital obstruction of pulmonary venous outflow.
Direct Determination of the Dependence of the Surface Shear and Dilatational Viscosities on the Thermodynamic State of the Interface: Theoretical Foundations.

Abstract Recent developments in nonlinear optical techniques for noninvasive probing of a surfactant influenced gas/liquid interface allow for the measurement of the surfactant surface concentration,c,and thus provide new opportunities for the direct determination of its intrinsic viscosities. Here, we present the theoretical foundations, based on the Boussinesq–Scriven surface model without the usual simplification of constant viscosities, for an experimental technique to directly measure the surface shear(μs)and dilatational(κs)viscosities of a Newtonian interface as functions of the surfactant surface concentration. This ability to directly measure the surfactant concentration permits the use of a simple surface flow for the measurement of the surface viscosities. The requirements are that the interface must be nearly flat, and the flow steady, axisymmetric, and swirling; these flow conditions can be achieved in the deep-channel viscometer driven at relatively fast rates. The tangential stress balance on such an interface leads to two equations; the balance in the azimuthal direction involves onlyμsand its gradients, and the balance in the radial direction involves bothμsandκsand their gradients. By further exploiting recent developments in laser-based flow measuring techniques, the surface velocities and their gradients which appear in the two equations can be measured directly. The surface tension gradient, which appears in the radial balance equation, is incorporated from the equation of state for the surfactant system and direct measurements of the surfactant surface concentration distribution. The stress balance equations are then ordinary differential equations in the surface viscosities as functions of radial position, which can be readily integrated. Sincecis measured as a function of radial position, we then have a direct measurement ofμsandκsas functions ofc.Numerical computations of the Navier–Stokes equations are performed to determine the appropriate conditions to achieve the requisite secondary flow.
On the refractoriness of somesthetic temporal acuity

Preconditioning, with a burst of electrical pulse stimuli elevates the threshold for temporal acuity as measured with a technique requiring the S to detect a short gap in an otherwise regular burst of similar stimuli. Only a small amount of backward inhibition can be observed. The temporal duration of the inhibitory effect (up to 700 msec.) suggests that repetitive after-discharges of second-order afferents in Ike spinal cord may underlie this behavioral measure by actually filling in the intervals which are used by the S to make the judgment. The phenomenon is thus thought to be a disruption of a true temporal judgment rather than one indirectly mediated by an amplitude judgment, and as such it represents a significant datum on the temporal resolving power of time dimensions of neural coding.
On the Status of Multistage Linear Programming Problems

In the first part special cases are presented. Typical of the multistage problems are those encountered in dynamic problems. If the time span is divided into periods, the initial inventory provides the input for activities that occur in the first period or first stage. The output from the first stage provides the inventory input for activities in the second period or stage, etc. [Dantzig, G. B. 1951. Programming of interdependent activities: Mathematical model, chapter II. T. C. Koopmans, ed. Activity Analysis of Production and Allocation. John Wiley and Sons, 19--33. Also Econometrica17 3--4 1949.]. In the general case, the need to solve large scale systems is considered, followed by a discussion on solving general block triangular systems that cover a vast majority of practical problems.
Edge instabilities in thin plates

In this investigation, experimental results previously obtained from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to construct a predictive model for the development of instabilities at the edges of thin solid foils at elevated temperature. The capabilities of the TEM have been used to reveal details of the morphological instability which previously had not been fully examined. In particular, the edge thickness variations can be directly studied and compared with the current models put forth to examine the formation and propagation of the edge instability. These models have assumed, either explicitly or implicitly, that the periodic edge undulations correspond to localized, periodic thinning in the edge of the thin film. This is in disagreement with what may be inferred from the TEM micrographs and optical micrographs in cited references, where edge blunting (thickening) is clearly indicated. The degree of edge blunting is an important parameter. This is apparent from the equations that have been proposed to model the propagation velocity, which depend on the inverse of the local edge thickness to the third power. The purpose here is to examine in a more quantitative way the details of the thickness variations which occur at single crystal edges. This will allow themore » development of a model which describes the edge morphology and the relationship with plate thickness in a manner consistent with experimental results.« less
p38 MAPK-dependent small HSP27 and αB-crystallin phosphorylation in regulation of myocardial function following cardioplegic arrest.

We previously demonstrated that myocardial p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) are phosphorylated following cardioplegic arrest in patients undergoing card...
Detection of Deleterious Genotypes in Multigenerational Studies. II. Theoretical and Experimental Dynamics with Selfing and Selection

A mathematical model was developed to help interpret genotype and allele frequency dynamics in selfing populations, with or without apomixis. Our analysis provided explicit time-dependent solutions for the frequencies at diallelic loci in diploid populations under any combination of fertility, viability, and gametic selection through meiotic drive. With no outcrossing, allelic variation is always maintained under gametic selection alone, but with any fertility or viability differences, variation will ordinarily be maintained if and only if the net fitness (fertility x viability) of heterozygotes exceeds that of both homozygotes by a substantial margin. Under pure selfing and Mendelian segregation, heterozygotes must have a twofold fitness advantage; the level of overdominance necessary to preserve genetic diversity declines with apomixis, and increases with segregation distortion if this occurs equally and independently in male and female gametes. A case study was made of the Arabidopsis act2-1 actin mutant over multiple generations initiated from a heterozygous plant. The observed genotypic frequency dynamics were consistent with those predicted by our model for a deleterious, incompletely recessive mutant in either fertility or viability. The theoretical framework developed here should be very useful in dissecting the form(s) and strength of selection on diploid genotypes in populations with negligible levels of outcrossing.
Modeling 3D objects from range maps and color images using a warping-based approach

In this paper we describe a new method for the modeling of objects with known generic shape such as human faces from video and range data. The method combines the strengths of a ctive laser scanning and passive Shape from Motion techniques. Our approach consists of first reconstructing a few feature-points that can be reliably tracked throughout a video sequence of the object. These features are mapped to corresponding 3D points in a generic 3D model reconstructed from dense and accurate range data acquired only once. The resulting 3D-3D set of matches is used to warp the generic model into the actual object visible in the video stream using thin-plate splines interpolation. Our method avoids the problems of dense matching encountered in stereo algorithms. Furthermore, in the case of face reconstruction, this method provides dense models while not requiring the invasive laser scanning of faces.
Risk and the User Cost of Housing Services

This paper derives a risk-adjusted user cost for housing services, capable of application in price indexes, demand, and the measurement of income and returns to homeownership. The risk-adjusted user cost is the after-tax sum of an interest rate and a risk premium, less expected capital gains. Expected capital gains are based on a factor pricing specification. It is shown that both national and local factors affect capital gains on housing.
Quantitative measurement and modeling of spontaneous emission efficiency of forward biased multi-junction solar cells

The spontaneous emission efficiency (ηrad) of the subcells in a multi-junction solar cell under forward bias yields information about the subcell material quality. Electroluminesence measurement, calibrated with a technique that takes advantage of the luminescence coupling between subcells, is used to determine η rad as a function of injection current. The InGaAs subcell's η rad is also fitted to a device model using the PC1D drift-diffusion simulation software to extract the SRH lifetime of the p-n junction base region.
Control of placental protein production by retinoic acid in cultured placental cells

The synthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), the subunit of HCG (HCGα), and pregnancy-specific β1-glycoprotein (PSβG) was studied in temperature senstive (ts), simian virus 40 (SV40)tsA mutant-transformed human first trimenster placental (SPA255-26) cells. Retinoic acid increased the production of HCG and PSβG but inhibited the production of HCGα in these cells. Passage ofSPA255-26 placental cells in medium containing retinoic acid induced a stable altered phenotype characterized by elevated levels of HCG and PSβG and a reduced level of HCGα. The retinoic acid induced phenotypic changes in these placental cells were reversible; removal of retinoic acid immediately decreased the production of HCG and PSβG while increasing the production of HCGα. The ratio of HCG to HCGα in controlSPA255-26 cells was approximately 0.1; this ratio in creased to 4.8 in cells maintained in medium containing retinoic acid. Similarly, the HCG-to-HCGα ratio increased in choriocarcinoma cells maintained in retinoic acid containing medium. Our data suggest that retinoic acid may be needed to maintain a blanced production of HCG, HCGα, and PSβG in placental cells in vitro. Retinoic acid may also play a role in modulating placental protein production during pregnancy.
Thalamic lesions in multiple sclerosis by 7T MRI: Clinical implications and relationship to cortical pathology.

Objective:Pathology in both cortex and deep gray matter contribute to disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). We used the increased signal-to-noise ratio of 7-tesla (7T) MRI to visualize small lesio...
Steppin' out of Whiteness

Current paradigms of identity, especially those found in Whiteness Studies, do not sufficiently explain the complex interaction and intersection of race, culture, and identity. Drawing on two years of extended fieldwork in the Steppin' dance scene in Chicago, I extend Bourdieu's theory of practice, particularly the role of the body in culture, to the study of race and identity. This article presents an alternative model for explaining racial identity, grounded in the competencies and embodied knowledges that one enacts in practice. This novel approach opens up new anti-essentialist possibilities for theorizing race and an anti-racist politics based in cultural labor.
Spin-flavor structure of large N c baryons

The spin-flavor structure of large ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ baryons is described in the 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ expansion of QCD using quark operators. The complete set of quark operator identities is obtained, and used to derive an operator reduction rule which simplifies the 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ expansion. The operator reduction rule is applied to the axial vector currents, masses, magnetic moments, and hyperon nonleptonic decay amplitudes in the SU(3) limit, to first order in SU(3) breaking, and without assuming SU(3) symmetry. The connection between the Skyrme and quark operator representations is discussed. An explicit formula is given for the quark model operators in terms of the Skyrme model operators to all orders in 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for the two flavor case.
Growth Hormone Deficiency Associated in the 18q Deletion Syndrome

The 18q- syndrome is one of the commonest deletion syndromes. Clinical characteristics are variable but may include: hypotonia, tapered digits, "carp-like" mouth, mental retardation, and hearing impairment. Growth failure (GF; both weight and height < 3%) was reported in 80% of affected individuals. We evaluated growth hormone (GH) sufficiency in 5 18q- syndrome patients, 3 of whom had growth failure (< 3% weight and height); the remaining 2 had normal growth parameters. Laboratory evaluation of growth included measurement of IGF-1, IGFBP-3, bone ages and GH response to pituitary provocative agents. Three patients failed to produced adequate GH following stimulation testing. Of 3 patients with inadequate GH production, 1 had normal growth (above 3%). Only 1 of 5 patients had normal GH production and normal growth parameters. Our findings to date suggest that GH deficiency is common in individuals with the 18q- syndrome. The pathogenesis of this finding is unknown. We postulate that a gene(s) on 18q is involved in GH production.
Loop exits and structured programming: reopening the debate

Internal exits from loops represent a critically important control structure that should be taught in the introductory CS1 curriculum. Without access to those facilities, students are often incapable of solving simple programming problems that occur frequently in applications. This paper reviews the existing evidence in support of such facilities and argues that it is important to reconsider our traditional pedagogical approach as we adopt new languages of instruction.
One-Way between Subjects Design: Simulated Data and Analysis Using SAS

An SAS program enables instructors to provide individual students with simulated data for the one-way between subjects design. The instructor chooses the starting values: means, standard deviations, and number of subjects. For each student, the program produces an ASCII data file that can be analyzed by calculator or by many statistical software packages. For the instructor, the program produces a summary analysis of variance table for each analysis. Individual student names appear on the data sets and the summary file for the instructor.
Dynamics of subduction initiation with different evolutionary pathways

Changes of plate motion may have induced subduction initiation (SI), but the tectonic history of SI is different from one subduction zone to another. Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) SI, accompanied by strong backarc spreading and voluminous eruption of Boninites, contrasts with the Aleutians which shows neither. Using finite element models, we explore visco-elasto-plastic parameters and driving boundary conditions for SI evolution. With an imposed velocity, we find three different evolutionary modes of SI: continuous without backarc spreading, continuous with backarc spreading and a segmented mode. With an increase in the coefficient of friction and a decrease in the rate of plastic weakening, the amount of convergence needed for SI increases from ∼20 to ∼220 km, while the mode changes from segmented to continuous with backarc spreading and eventually to continuous without backarc spreading. If the imposed velocity boundary condition is replaced with an imposed stress, the amount of convergence needed for SI is reduced and backarc spreading does not occur. These geodynamic models provide a basis for understanding the divergent geological pathways of SI. First, IBM evolution is consistent with subduction of an old strong plate with an imposed velocity which founders causing intense backarc spreading and Boninitic volcanism. Second, the New Hebrides SI is in the segmented mode due to its weak plate strength. Third, the Puysegur SI is in the continuous without backarc spreading mode with no associated volcanic activities. Fourth, the Aleutians SI has neither trench rollback nor backarc spreading because the slab is regulated by constant ridge-push forces.
Creep of Single Rocks on Bedrock

Translational movement of single rocks on bedrock was investigated in both the field and laboratory. The research demonstrated that vibrations from road traffic have no apparent effect on rocks in the field area, that the relative importance of the variables changes from site to site, and that the total annual movement of single blocks can be estimated using dip inclination and azimuth, with dip inclination more important. Thermal-creep rates in the laboratory were directly proportional to the sine of the slope angle, the temperature range, and grain size. In addition, creep velocities were inversely proportional to their respective coefficients of static friction. Herein, the theory of thermal creep is developed independent of Mosley9s early work and indicates that movement occurs under different portions of a block at different stages in a heating and cooling cycle. The analysis of work done during thermal creep shows that oscillatory movement occurs in an “inchworm” fashion, with maximum movement occurring in areas of minimum work. In addition, downslope movement occurs during both heating and cooling of the rocks. Finally, abrasion of rock masses by thermal creep apparently contributes to the mechanical weathering of rock.
Publication Trends in Behavioral Gerontology in the Past 25 Years: Are the Elderly Still an Understudied Population in Behavioral Research?

The case is made that issues facing the elderly are problems of social importance that should be of interest to applied behavior analysts. An electronic review of eight prominent behaviorally-oriented journals was conducted in order to examine the frequency of publications over the past 25 years that were concerned with issues related to aging. A total of 109 articles were devoted to aging across the eight journals, with about 30% of these involving participants with cognitive impairments. Results also indicate that each of these journals has published less than one article per year related to aging. The role behavior analysts can play in serving both the elderly and their caregivers is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpretation of lunar potential fields

Understanding of the internal dynamics of the Moon must start from the interpretation of the gravitational and magnetic fields, both present and past. It has been long known from the study of Cassini's laws and its librations that the Moon substantially departs from hydrostatic equilibrium. This is confirmed by the second harmonic of the gravitational field determined by the tracking of orbiting satellites which also reveals anomalies (the mascons) clearly associated with the processes by which the circular mare formed. The mascons must be retained by the finite strength of the lithosphere, although there is evidence that they may have subsided by about 1 km by slippage along cylindrical fault systems around these mare, and these processes may be important in discussing moonquakes and the lunar transient phenomena. The analyses of the present figure of the Moorn by the geometrical librations and by the lunar laser altimeter of Apollo 15 and 16 and other space determinations now seem essentially in agreement. The data gives evidence of the figure of the Moon prior to the filling of the mare, i.e. before about 3300 Ma and it can be concluded that the present non-hydrostatic low harmonics of the gravity field were not thern present. Comparison between the present figure of the Moon and its gravity field show that there is a low harmonic variation in density in the deep interior. Both these conclusions point to thermal convection described by second degree harmonics as being the cause of the present non-hydrostatic shape of the Moon. The present lunar dipole magnetic field has been shown by successive analyses to be negligible, the most recent value being 0.05 nT at the surface. Yet magnetic anomalies near the surface of the Moon have been discovered: 1 nT at heights of 100 km and 10-30 nT with length scales of 10 km at the surface. These anomalies must arise from the magnetization of the crustal rocks as discovered in the returned samples. These various data conclusively show that the Moon between 4000 and 3200 Ma possessed a field of internal origin, probably dipolar, with an intensity which seemed to have diminished from over 1 G at 4000 Ma to a few thousand nT at 3.200 Ma. Whether this field arose by dynamo processes in a small iron core of about 300 km radius, which was inferred from the convection theory and is compatible with the now known value of the moment of inertia factor, or whether it was a permanent magnetization of the deep interior produced by a primeval solar system magnetic field must await further understanding of the early thermal history of the Moon. Thermal convection is seen as an essential basis for understanding the thermal history of the Moon, the traces of tectonic evidence in the lithospheric shell and the history of the magnetic field.
Conceptualizing Diversity in Empirical Terms

I find most conceptualizations of diversity so empirically implausible that I can't tell whether those who advocate them really believe them. When I presented some of my work at Harvard in 1996, Professor Randall Kennedy suggested that I was taking claims about diversity too seriously. Kennedy provocatively argued, "No one really believes in diversity."1 In his view at the time, people asserted a rationale they didn't believe because, after Bakke,2 diversity was all that was left to support affirmative action. As Kennedy commented to me, the Supreme Court closed the door (affirmative action) but left open a window (diversity). Among the many strengths of Professor Peter Schuck's Diversity in America is that it explores these definitional problems: What does diversity mean, and does it make sense? Schuck defines diversity as "those differences in values, attitudes, or activities among individuals or groups that a particular society deems salient to the social status or behavior of those individuals or groups."3 On the wisdom of pushing for diversity, Schuck and I differ: To the extent that diversity in practice is used to promote affirmative action, I favor it as a social policy; with some exceptions, Schuck reluctantly opposes it. But we agree much of the time about the factual problems with most pro-diversity arguments and the hardships that unintended consequences can bring to some diversity programs. In promoting affirmative action, I tend to favor a combination of
Constraints on Sensitivity to Auditory Modulation in the Perceptual Organization of Speech

Background/Study Context: The perception of speech requires the integration of sensory details from a rapidly fading trace of a time-varying spectrum. This effortful cognitive function has been difficult to assess. New tests measuring intelligibility of sine-wave replicas of speech provided an assay of this critical function in normal-hearing young adults.Methods: Four time-varying sinusoids replicated the frequency and amplitude variation of the natural resonances of spoken sentences. The temporal tolerance of perceptual integration of speech was measured by determining the effect on intelligibility of desynchronizing a single sine-wave component in each sentence. This method was applied in tests in which the sentences were temporally compressed or expanded over a 40% range.Results: Desynchrony was harmful to perceptual integration over a narrow temporal range, indicating that modulation sensitivity is keyed to a rate of 20 Hz. No effect of variation in speech rate was observed on the intelligibility mea...
'Whoa'-Ing Equine Clones’ Registration: Establishing Procompetitive Benefits to Counter the Anticompetitive Argument Against the American Quarter Horse Association's Ban on Clones.

This Case Note examines Abraham and Veneklasen Joint Venture v. American Quarter Horse Association, in which a United States district court ruled that the American Quarter Horse Association’s rule banning clones of registered Quarter Horses from also being registered violated section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust Act. The author explores potential procompetitive justifications that AQHA has established for its rule, including the negative impact clones would likely have on the genetic variation of the breed and genetic diseases. The author argues that the District Court erred by overlooking the plausibility of the justifications and that the rule of reason analysis should have been conducted. Finally, the author concludes that AQHA, like other associations that essentially create the “product” in question, must be afforded the opportunity to present procompetitive benefits and have these benefits considered by the court.
Soot diagnostics using laser-induced incandescence in flames and exhaust flows

Laser-induced incandescence signals are acquired in both a well-documented diffusion flame and a simulated exhaust flow for the purpose of making concentration and particle size measurements. For both types of measurements, the effect on the LII signal of experimental parameters such as gas temperature, particle size, laser fluence, soot composition and morphology are analyzed. Two particle sizing methods are considered, one based on the post-vaporization signal decay rate (conductive cooling rate) and the other by measuring the peak temperatures attained (pyrometry).
Superoxide released from neutrophils causes a reduction in nitric oxide gas

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) is increased in some inflammatory airway disorders but not in others such as cystic fibrosis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. NO can combine with superoxide ( O 2 ...
Price and Purity of Illicit Drugs: A Case of Methamphetamine

This paper tries to address the effectiveness of government intervention in illicit drug markets, specifically taking methamphetamine as a representative and widely abused drug. We have meticulously consulted the paper by Dobkin and Nicosia (2009) who found that government intervention in pre-cursor meth market temporarily jeopardized the meth supply and consequently reduced purity and increased price for a very short span of time. We went beyond this finding and tried to explore why government intervention or so called “war-on-drugs” may be ineffective through analyzing the relationship between meth price and purity. We have found that methamphetamine has a strong complementarity with other illicit drugs specially heroin and powdered cocaine. It works like a person switching frequently between tea and coffee in a day, instead of mixing tea with coffee. Therefore, we conclude that in order to ensure the effectiveness of government’s drug monitoring programs, the drug market needs to be controlled or monitored in whole instead of just trying to fix a part of the whole.
An Investigation of A Food-Borne Outbreak of Cholera

Objective To investigate the characteristics and the related factors of the outbreak of cholera,and to develop the method of control.Method All customers and the persons with contact with these customers were investigated.Rectal swabs were collected for the isolation and identification of Vibrio cholerae.Patients were diagnosed according to the Manual for the Control of Cholera.Environmental samples were collected and tested for the presence of V.cholerae.Result There is an outbreak of food-borne cholera in a restaurant.A total of 43 cases were reported.All cases were diagnosed as serotype Ogawa cholera.All infected subjects were recovered from the infection and the persons in closed contact with these patients were not infected.Conclusion The disease was caused by the consumption of not totally cooked food.Cross contamination of cooked food from raw food may also be the source of contamination.It is crucial to strengthen the control of food hygiene.Effective measures should also be taken to control and prevent the epidemic of this disease.
Applied anatomy of reconstruction of the skull base by temporal fascia(muscle)flaps

Objective To provide anatomy data for reconstruction of the skull base . Methods10 adult cadaver heads (20 laterals) fixed with 10 % formalin were used in this study. They were all perfused with red latex through artery and blue latex through vein. They were dissected, measured and taken photos in this areas. Results There are skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial temporal fascia, deep temporal fascia, temporal muscle and periosteoma from superficiality to depth. They have their own blood supply for the superficial deep fascia and temporal musule. Conclusion Different kinds of temporal fascia and temporal muscle flaps for reconstruction of the skull base may be made according to its blood supply.
Management of the patient with bladder cancer. Urethral recurrence.

SUMMARY Urethral recurrence develops in roughly 10% of patients following cystectomy for bladder cancer and appears to be another manifestation of the multicentric nature of TCC. By far the greatest risk factor for recurrence is tumor involvement of the prostate in the radical cystectomy specimen, with prostatic stromal invasion more ominous than either ductal or mucosal involvement. For patients in whom orthotopic diversion is contemplated, precystectomy screening of the prostate is recommended by means of deep transurethral biopsy. Surveillance of the urethra following cystectomy should be done by urethral wash cytology at 6-month to yearly intervals and must be continued for life. Management of documented urethral recurrence should be by total urethrectomy, including the meatus.
[Medicine in the pre-hippocratic civilization of ancient greece].

The beginnings of the magical-religious conception of disease would go back to before the development of writing (prehistory). During ancient times the world was conceived as a place where the supernatural was essential for mankind's survival, therefore, explanations of all phenomena, including disease, were based on supernatural causes. With the development of Greek civilization began the establishment of a rational approach to the nature of the world, which gradually included medicine. But the origin of the rational and naturalist perspective of medicine is due in part to the influence of ancient Egyptian civilization. Various terms were used to refer to healing agents at the pre-Hippocratic period of ancient Greece: iatromantis, pholarcos, ouliads, and asclepiads. Later, in the ancient Greek civilization, healing through prophecy was gradually replaced, though not entirely displaced, by a new medicine, based on a rational theoretical framework about health and disease: techne iatrike.
Aphagia and adipsia in pigs with induced hypothalamic lesions.

Summary Hypothalamic lesions were induced in swine by electrolytic cauterization following stereotaxic surgery. Lesions in the lateral area of the hypothalamus (3 animals) resulted in complete aphagia and adipsia without impairment of the muscular reflexes involved in chewing and swallowing.
Effect of Long-Acting Stimulants on Growth

The effect of OROS methylphenidate (OROS MPH, Concerta) [34-43 mg daily; 1.1-1.2 mg/kg/day] on the height and weight of 178 children, ages 6 to 13 years, treated for at least 21 months for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was evaluated at the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.
Fostering engineering students engagement using problem-based learning and course learner agent object portfolios

Engineering education today is undergoing an unprecedented array of challenges, including maintaining student engagement during the lecture and throughout the semester. Fostering student engagement in the class room has become a challenging task for engineering educators. In this paper, the authors report on the application of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to maintain student engagement throughout each lecture, and the use of Learner Agent Object (LAO) portfolios to maintain student engagement in the course throughout the semester.
A strategy for firms facing offset obligations: The case of maryland

Offsets are contracts that require the seller to provide extra benefits to the purchasing government's economy as a condition for the sale of goods and services. The federal government of the United States does not have an offset policy for procurement. Nor does it intervene in private markets where U.S. firms often face steep offset obligations. Although there have been calls for unilateral government intervention, the U.S. is currently engaged in multilateral discussions with other industrialized nations aimed at reducing or limiting offset bids. The reality in most of the relevant markets is that buyers command significant bargaining power and multilateral talks are likely to fail. This paper offers another approach for firms (in any country) facing offset requirements and presents a case study from the state of Maryland (USA) that demonstrates how cooperation between local firms and the state government can reduce the offset burden at a surprisingly small marginal cost. The case study provides micro-level data and follows several transactions from the initial negotiation stage through offset fulfillment. The analysis details the costs and benefits of this strategy, and the requirements for such a program to be successfully implemented.
Isolation and characterization of Conohyal-P1, a hyaluronidase from the injected venom of Conus purpurascens

Abstract Hyaluronidases are ubiquitous enzymes commonly found in venom and their main function is to degrade hyaluran, which is the major glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix in animal tissues. Here we describe the purification and characterization of a 60 kDa hyaluronidase found in the injected venom from Conus purpurascens , Conohyal-P1. Using a combined strategy based on transcriptomic and proteomic analysis, we determined the Conohyal-P1 sequence. Conohyal-P1 has conserved consensus catalytic and positioning domain residues characteristic of hyaluronidases and a C-terminus EGF-like domain. Additionally, the enzyme is expressed as a mixture of glycosylated isoforms at five asparagine sites. The activity of the native Conohyal-P1 was assess MS-based methods and confirmed by classical turbidimetric methods. The MS-based assay is particularly sensitive and provides the first detailed analysis of a venom hyaluronidase activity monitored with this method. The discovery of new hyaluronidases and the development of techniques to evaluate their performance can advance several therapeutic procedures, as these enzymes are widely used for enhanced drug delivery applications. Biological significance Cone snail venom is a remarkable source of therapeutically important molecules, as is the case of conotoxins, which have undergone extensive clinical trials for several applications. In addition to the conotoxins, a large array of proteins have been reported in the venom of several species of cone snails, including enzymes that were found in dissected and injected Conus venom. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of the hyaluronidase Conohyal-P1 from the injected venom of C. purpurascens . We employed a combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis to obtain the full sequence of this hyaluronidase. The activity of Conohyal-P1 was assessed by a mass spectrometry-based method, which provide the first detailed venom hyaluronidase activity analysis monitored by mass spectrometry allowing the visualization of the substrate degradation by the enzyme.