cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonspherical extinction and absorption efficiencies.

Predictions concerning the scattering and absorption characteristics of electromagnetic radiation interacting with nonspherical particles are obtained by suppression of particle resonances (surface waves) in classical Mie scattering theory. The importance of the particle resonance phenomenon and thus the nonspherical corrections is related to the three classical variables ni, nr, and x, the imaginary and real components of the index of refraction and the size parameter, respectively. The resonance phenomenon becomes increasingly restricted to small values of x as nr increases. For solar wavelengths and cloud size particles resonance phenomenon may be neglected for nr ≳ 2. As nr decreases the effect of nonsphericity becomes increasingly significant to both scattering and absorption. For nr ≲ 2.0 and ni ≃ 10−5, suppression of particle resonances in Mie theory predicts increases in absorption efficiency of several orders of magnitude in the region of the absorption peak.
The Case for a Voluntary System for Credentialing Evaluators

A voluntary system for credentialing evaluators is described. I examine the urgent need for such a system in the field of evaluation, as well as various concerns regarding credentialing. The paper also includes an unabridged and adapted version of a table that was used in a debate on certification at the 1998 annual meeting of the American Evaluation Association in Chicago. The table is helpful in understanding both the pro and con sides of the credentialing issue.
A dose-gradient analysis tool for IMRT QA

The use of IMRT has led to an increase in the number of complex fields that require measurement and comparison to calculated dose distributions in 2-D. Current dose evaluation techniques, including isodose line comparisons, displays of the dose difference between calculated and measured distributions, or distance to agreement comparisons, are useful for display of differences between two different dose distributions but are often of limited value for the assessment of the discrepancies in terms of significance and/or cause. In this paper, we present a new gradient compensation method for the evaluation of local dosimetric differences as a function of the dose gradient at each point in the dose distribution. To apply the method, the user specifies a distance parameter (typically 1 mm) which is the geometric tolerance the user is prepared to accept for the dose comparison. The expected geometric uncertainties in the comparison process can include finite calculation and measurement grids, small misalignments of measured and calculated results, and volume averaging effects in the measurement detector. Since these uncertainties can obscure the interpretation of any of the analysis tools described above, removing dose differences related to the tolerable geometric uncertainty helps the gradient compensation method highlight algorithm and delivery-related differences. The remaining dose differences not explainable by the geometric tolerance can then be evaluated graphically (dose difference display) or analytically (dose difference DVHs) over the entire comparison region.
Impact of Regime Type on the Influence of U.S. Foreign Aid

Past studies of U.S. foreign aid and UN voting have not taken into account the different incentives of leaders based on regime type. Democratic and nondemocratic leaders use different means to remain in power, conditioning their response to foreign aid. Nondemocratic leaders can use foreign aid to provide private goods to elites ensuring continued support or to improve their coercive capabilities to maintain power. Democratic leaders can use neither of these tools, as their tenure requires mass support. This means nondemocracies are more likely than democracies to change their voting behavior in the UN to match donor preferences. Controlling for the influence of regime type allows us to test for when foreign aid is an effective tool of state policy. We find that nondemocratic state leaders respond to increased foreign aid by voting with the U.S. in the UN, whereas democratic leaders are nonresponsive to foreign aid.
Variability not ability: another basis for performance decrements in neglect.

Abstract Objective: To determine reaction time (RT) and its variability, as a function of horizontal spatial position, in subjects with neglect. Background: In neglect, performance is frequently reported a as mean and a decreased ability to perform the task inferred by comparison to control groups. Few studies have examined how consistency and optimal performance relate to spatial neglect. Methods: Ten subjects with brain damage, five with and five without spatial neglect, were assessed on a RT task. Subjects responded by pushing a computer key to the onset of a white square appearing on a black screen. The locations of stimuli were randomly varied along the horizontal meridian. Results: For three of five neglect subjects, optimal RT showed no or little relation to horizontal location. Four of five neglect subjects demonstrated an increased variability in RT that correlated with spatial position and which was not present in our brain damaged subjects without neglect. The relationship was not an artifact of left sided stimuli, in general, being processed differently. For the two neglect subjects with the most trials, a significant correlation between RT variability and spatial position existed for left-sided trials alone. Increased variability was not a consequence of simply looking left proportionately less often, nor could a model of multiple compensatory systems operating in parallel explain the enhanced variability. Neither hemianopsia alone nor brain damage per se could account for the spatial modulation of RT variability. Conclusions: That neglect subjects perform the RT task normally on some trials, even in their ‘neglected field’, challenges the notion that neglect must reflect an irreparably damaged cognitive system. Performance decrements in neglect can reflect an inability to consistently detect and respond. Evaluating optimal performance and variability of performance can indicate if a capacity has been lost absolutely or merely degraded such that normal performance cannot be sustained.
Review of indoor emission source models. Part 1. Overview.

Abstract Indoor emission source models are mainly used as a component in indoor air quality (IAQ) modeling, which, in turn, is part of exposure and risk modeling. They are also widely used to interpret the experimental data obtained from environmental chambers and buildings. This paper compiles 52 indoor emission source models found in the literature. Together, they represent the achievements that IAQ modelers have made in recent years. While most models have a certain degree of usefulness, genuine predictive models are still few, and there is undoubtedly much room for improvement. This review consists of two parts. Part 1—this paper—provides an overview of the 52 models, briefly discussing their validity, usefulness, limitations, and flaws (if any). Part 2 focuses on parameter estimation, a topic that is critically important to modelers but has not been systematically discussed.
cis-Diamminedichloropalladium and its interaction with guanine and guanine–cytosine base pair†

Comprehensive ab initio calculations are performed on cis-diamminedichloropalladium (cispd) at the HF, DFT, MP2, and CISD levels of theory. The results are compared to those obtained for cisplatin. The characteristics of the interactions of cispd with guanine and the guanine–cytosine (GC) base pair are also evaluated and compared to the interactions of cisplatin. Cispd causes similar geometric changes of the base as cis-platinum when complexed to guanine. The palladium and platinum complexes also show similar characteristics when complexed to the GC base pair. However, this study revealed lower dissociation energy of the chlorine ligands and lower interaction energy of the cispd with guanine, which indicates areas of differences between the title Pd and Pt complexes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002
Templated chemistry for monitoring damage and repair directly in duplex DNA

We report the fluorogenic detection of the product of base excision repair (an abasic site) in a specific sequence of duplex DNA. This is achieved by DNA-templated chemistry, employing triple helix-forming probes that contain unnatural nucleobases designed to selectively recognize the site of a missing base. Light-up signals of up to 36-fold were documented, and probes could be used to monitor enzymatic removal of a damaged base.
The Camptothecins: A Reborn Family of Antitumor Agents

A brief overview of the medicinal chemistry of the camptothecin family of antitumor agents is followed by a summary of a new synthetic approach to this class of compounds. This approach features a new 4 + 1 radical annulation.
Microenterprise Development Programs in the United States and in the Developing World

Abstract Sparked by examples from Bangladesh, Bolivia, Indonesia, and other developing countries, hundreds of microenterprise programs have been started in the United States. Will these US efforts be successful? This paper reviews the evidence and concludes that microenterprise development is much more difficult in the United States than in the developing world. The paper suggests some ways to address the challenges of US microenterprise development.
Comparative Morphology of Acid-Fast Bacilli

A morphological study, both cultural and microscopic, was conducted, using ten strains of virulent and avirulent tubercle bacilli and two acid-fast saprophytic organisms isolated from sputum. The organisms were studied on five different media and preparations were made for microscopic examination using the following techniques: wet preparations with the ordinary light microscope, darkfield microscope and phase microscope; unstained dried films with ordinary light microscope and electron microscope; and fixed dried films stained with methylene blue, Gram stain and ZiehlNeelsen stain. At least half a dozen different forms of acid-fast bacilli were clearly distinguished by colonial morphological characteristics. Virulent human types were distinguished from all other organisms by their dry, crumbling, spreading colonies on egg media and Bordet's agar, their characteristic large serpentine colonies on sodium oleate agar, and thin corded pellicles which grew up the walls of the tube in the serum-synthetic medium. The avirulent human type produced granular colonies with no crumbling on egg media and Bordet's agar and a small non-serpentine colony on sodium oleate agar. Thick folded pellicles in serum-synthetic media characterized this organism. The virulent bovine type also produced serpentine growth on sodium oleate agar and spreading crumbling colonies on egg media and Bordet's medium. BCG always produced flaky growth on egg media and characteristic umbilicated colonies on Bordet's medium. Avian organisms showed smaller colonies with little spreading and usually, a smooth surface. The saprophytes always produced smooth shiny colonies on all solid media and heavy smooth pellicles on serum-synthetic medium. Only virulent organisms produced spreading on egg media and Bordet's agar and serpentine flat spreading colonies on sodium oleate agar. On the latter medium, only virulent organisms produced satisfactory growth, the avirulent types growing very poorly. Microscopically, the serpentine or corded arrangement of virulent tubercle bacilli contrasted sharply with the diffuse granular appearance of avirulent strains. Dense intracellular bodies, often bipolar, seen in all strains of acid-fast bacilli corresponded in form and position to similar structures in electron microscope films and in methylene blue stained smears. These nucleoids appeared to be quite different from the beading or granules often seen in acid-fast stained smears. Large fusiform swellings were seen only in saprophytic strains though small bulges occasionally appeared in other acid-fast bacilli. Saprophytes and avian tubercle bacilli also occasionally showed long filamentous rods and forms suggesting branching growth. Neither gross colonial nor microscopic morphological, nor tinctorial differences were noted between human type tubercle bacilli which were resistant to, or dependent on, streptomycin and their parent susceptible strains.
A differential switched-capacitor amplifier

A monolithic realization of a switched-capacitor amplifier is reported. It has op-amp offset voltage cancellation without requiring the output to slew to ground each time the amplifier is reset. The amplifier is very insensitive to low op-amp gain. It also has clock-feedthrough cancellation. Finally, it can be used as a differential amplifier with both inputs being sampled at the same instance.
Pure-silica LTA, CHA, STT, ITW, and -SVR thin films and powders for low-k applications

The fluoride-mediated synthesis of pure-silica zeolite thin films with the STT and SSZ-74 (-SVR) topologies on surface-modified (1 0 0) Si wafers is reported. The films are prepared using the vapor phase transport of the fluoride mineralizing agent, a method used previously to synthesize thin films of the pure-silica zeolite topologies LTA, CHA, and ITW. The STT and -SVR films are polycrystalline, intergrown, continuous, and well-adhered to their substrates. The films are characterized by a combination of techniques, including X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The LTA, STT, -SVR, CHA, and ITW powders and films are investigated for low dielectric constant (low-k) material applications. The films are evaluated via parallel-plate capacitance measurements using an LCR meter; however, consistent k-values are not obtained due to variable film thicknesses and imperfectly parallel metal–insulator–metal structures. This variability is a limitation of the mechanical polishing equipment available, rather than the films themselves. Using a Time-Domain Reflectometer, combined with a transmission line, at various frequencies, the k-values of the powdered zeolites are determined. All the zeolites investigated, except STT, give k-values lower than those predicted from their structures using the Bruggeman effective medium model that has been commonly employed and found able to predict dielectric constants for amorphous silicas.
The use of studentized diagnostics in regression

Recent work by LaMotte (1999) uncovered redundancies and inconsistencies in the current practice of selected deletion diagnostics in regression. The present study extends earlier work to include further diagnostics on using different methods. Benchmarks adjusted to the scale of each diagnostic are given to assure consistency across diagnostics. Case studies illustrate anomalies in the use of these diagnostics as currently practiced. Alternative diagnostics are given to gauge effects of single-case deletions on variances and biases in prediction and estimation.
Relationships of Field-Dependent and Field-Independent Cognitive Styles to Creative Test Performance

138 undergraduate males were administered individual and group measures of perceptual field-independence. Most Ss were also administered two measures of intelligence and a battery of tests of creat...
OM4 Tetrahedra linkages and the cationic group (M0)nn+ in rare earth oxides and oxysalts

Abstract Consideration of the coordination of the oxygen atoms in rare-earth oxide and oxysalt structures shows that these are generally surrounded by a tetrahedron of metal atoms. All known structures can therefore be described as tri-dimensional or bi-dimensional packing of such OM4 tetrahedra sharing edges. In A-M2O3, B-M2O3, and the oxysalts, the packed tetrahedra appear as an infinite polymeric complex cation (MO)nn+. Possible implications for the unknown structures of nonstoichiometric oxides are discussed. The results suggest that the oxygen atoms are involved in a directional bonding.
Insights into the combustion chemistry within a gas-turbine driven auxiliary power unit as a function of fuel type and power level using soot nanostructure as a tracer

Abstract Particulate emissions were collected from an Auxiliary power unit (APU) directly upon TEM grids for particle characterization by HRTEM. Carbonaceous emissions from two fuels, a coal-based Fischer–Tropsch and standard JP-8 were compared, each at three power levels. Differences in soot nanostructure, specifically fullerenic content reveal changes in the combustion chemistry with engine power level, as do differences in aggregate size between the two fuels. As inferred from the soot nanostructure, comparison between fuels demonstrates the impact of fuel structure upon soot formation chemistry.
SHOULD WE PERFORM EMERGENT CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN ALL PATIENTS SURVIVING OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST?

A substantial proportion of patients presenting with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) have acute coronary events that benefit from emergent revascularization therapy. Routine immediate coronary angiogram and PCI for patients with OHCA has not become a routine practice with the possibility of
Abdominal complications related to type of repair for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Background Literature on congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) over the past few decades has focused on prognostic factors and management of pulmonary hypertension/hypoplasia. Larger diaphragmatic defects may require patch closure, reported by some authors to be associated with poorer outcomes. In this study, we evaluate the impact synthetic material has on the need for subsequent abdominal operations, particularly recurrence and small bowel obstruction (SBO). Methods After obtaining IRB approval, all patients undergoing repair of congenital diaphragmatic from January, 1994 to December, 2004 were investigated. Records from primary and subsequent admissions were reviewed to identify those patients who underwent major procedures after repair of the diaphragmatic defect. Subsequent abdominal operations in these series were recurrent CDH repair, exploration for SBO and fundoplication. Patients who died prior to hospital discharge were excluded. Statistical comparisons were made using Fisher’s exact test: significance was defined as P Results During the study period, there were 81 survivors from CDH repair, 24 with a synthetic patch, and 57 without. Those with a patch repair had a significantly increased risk of recurrence, small bowel obstruction, and subsequent operation ( Table 1 ). Eleven patients had nonabsorbable mesh patches, and 13 were repaired with absorbable (Surgisis-Gold; Cook Technology Inc., West Lafayette, IN). While there were no differences in recurrence between these two groups, four patients (31%) with Surgisis developed SBO compared with one patient (9%) repaired with a nonabsorbable synthetic. Conclusions Incidence of SBO and recurrent CDH in patients with a patch was higher than those who underwent primary repair. There may also be a difference in the rate of subsequent SBO depending on the type of mesh used. A prospective trial is under way at our institution to help define this issue.
Effects on Production of Milking Three Times Daily on First Lactation Holsteins and Jerseys in Florida

First lactation DHI records of 4293 Holstein and 2143 Jersey cows from 14 herds for 1984 through 1992 in Florida were studied to estimate effects on milk, fat, and protein yields of milking three times daily. Analyses were by derivative-free REML using the animal model. Advantages of milking three times daily for 305 d compared with milking twice daily were 1226 (17.3%), 29 (12.3%), and 19 kg (8.8%) for the milk, fat, and protein yields for Holsteins, respectively, and 284 (6.3%), 13 (6.2%), and 7 kg (4.3%) for Jerseys. Additional research is needed to evaluate effects on other economically important traits such as composition, health, and reproduction. Economic studies are required to determine the efficacy of milking three times daily, especially for Jerseys with their relatively low response.
Effects of Chain Length and N‐Methylation on a Cation–π Interaction in a β‐Hairpin Peptide

The effects of N-methylation and chain length on a cation–π interaction have been investigated within the context of a β-hairpin peptide. Significant enhancement of the interaction and structural stabilization of the hairpin have been observed upon Lys methylation. Thermodynamic analysis indicates an increased entropic driving force for folding upon methylation of Lys residues. Comparison of lysine to analogues ornithine (Orn) and diaminobutyric acid (Dab) indicates that lysine provides the strongest cation–π interaction and also provides the most stable β-hairpin due to a combination of side chain–side chain interactions and β-sheet propensities. These studies have significance for the recognition of methylated lysine in histone proteins.
LTD4 Receptor binding activity of novel pyridine chromanols: qualitative correlation with pKa

Abstract A series of pyridine chromanols were synthesized and evaluated as LTD 4 -antagonists (LTD 4 -A). The quinoline sidechain of this class of such agents, as exemplified by REV-5901, has until now been deemed as essential for potent activity. However, by manipulating substituents on a pyridine ring, quinoline-like potency can be achieved. The results indicate that this is a function of pKa.
Costs of demonstration projects : A study of timber bridge construction

Cost data and bridge property data were collected for 121 timber bridges constructed as demonstration projects and for 206 timber bridges that were not demonstration projects. After controlling for selected structural and regional independent variables, demonstration bridge superstructures were approximately $120 per square meter more expensive than nondemonstration bridge superstructures.
Concentiration Dependence of the Translational Diffusion of Monoclonal Antibodies Specifically Bound to Phospholipid Langmmuir-Blodgett Films

The concentration dependence of protein diffusion in solution and in two-dimensional biological membranes is of current theoretical and experimental interest [1]. Langmuir-Blodgett films can be employed to measure protein diffusion coefficients in or on fluid phospholipid bilayers, as a function of protein concentration. Substrate-supported phospholipid monolayers and bilayers have been used extensively as models of immunological cell membranes, and are also of interest in fields other than membrane biophysics, including protein crystallography, medical technology, bioelectronics, optics, and surface science [2,3].
Plasma norepinephrine and dopamine-β-hydroxylase in genetic hypertensive rats

Abstract The relationship between blood pressure, plasma norepinephrine (NE), dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH) activity and age was investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a stroke-prone substrain of the SHR and control Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKR). Blood pressure of both SHR strains increased with age and was significantly higher than that of the WKR at all ages tested (3 15 weeks). The blood pressure of stroke-prone SHR was significantly higher than that of the regular SHR after 6 weeks of age. Plasma DBH activity decreased with age in each strain, although the SHR, and especially the stroke-prone SHR, had significantly higher DBH than the controls at an early age. Plasma NE in the WKR did not change with age. Increased plasma NE was observed only in the young SHRs. The highest values were found in the 6 week old stroke-prone SHR. These data suggest that plasma DBH activity is not correlated directly with plasma NE or blood pressure, but that increased sympathetic nerve activity may occur during the development of hypertension in the SHR and the stroke-prone SHR.
The Use of Unipolar Epicardial QRS Potentials to Estimate Myocardial Infarction

This canine study assesses the ability to predict whether the myocardium lying directly below epicardial recording sites is infarcted or normal. The results indicate that sufficient information is present in unipolar QRS waveforms to predict with 90 percent accuracy the state of the myocardium. A simplified classifier based only on the magnitude of the Q wave also provides sufficient information for reliable prediction.
The relationship of preterm infant-mother attachment to stranger sociability at 3 years

This study tested the relationship between preterm infant-mother attachment patterns and sociability of 3-year-old children with an unfamiliar female adult. The subjects in the study (N=48) were part of a longitudinal investigation of the developmental sequelae of high-risk preterm birth. Results supported the study's major hypotheses that 3-year-olds' behaviors and affective states vary in accordance with the degree of a stranger's intrusiveness, and that security of attachment is related to stranger sociability. However, by age 3, the preterm risk status of these children was not strongly associated with differences in patterns of stranger sociability, nor were there reliable sociability differences between children with anxious-avoidant (“A”) or anxious-resistant (“C”) attachment relationships. In short, this study showed that patterns of children's behavior in the presence of a stranger were associated with their security of attachment as measured in the second year of life. Moreover, it was the quality of attachment—not early risk status—that reliably predicted sociability with a stranger.
Effect of the nature of the counterion on the properties of anionic surfactants. 5. Self-association behavior and micellar properties of ammonium dodecyl sulfate.

Micelles formed in water from ammonium dodecyl sulfate (AmDS) are characterized using time-resolved fluorescence quenching (TRFQ), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), conductivity, Krafft temperature, and density measurements. TRFQ was used to measure the aggregation number, N, and the quenching rate constant of pyrene by dodecylpyridinium chloride, kQ. N depends only on the concentration (Caq) of ammonium ions in the aqueous phase whether these counterions are derived from the surfactant alone or from the surfactant plus added ammonium chloride as follows: N = N0(Caq/cmc0)γ, where N0 is the aggregation number at the critical micelle concentration in the absence of added salt, cmc0, and is equal to 77, 70, and 61 at 16, 25, and 35 °C, respectively. The exponent γ = 0.22 is independent of temperature in the range 16 to 35 °C. The fact that N depends only on Caq permits the determination of the micelle ionization degree (α) by employing various experimental approaches to exploit a recent suggestion (J. ...
Higher Order Gabitov–Turitsyn Equation for Dispersion-Managed Solitons in Birefringent Fibers

The study of optical solitons in birefringent fibers is governed, to a higher order accuracy, by the higher order Gabitov–Turitsyn equations. These equations are derived by exploiting the multiple scale technique to the vector dispersion-managed nonlinear Schrodinger’s equations. The averaged equation, with the higher order terms, drastically improves the description of the soliton characterestics in such fibers.
Digital Pre- and Postcapillary Vasoconstriction and Vasodilatation Resembling Pre- and Postglomerular Arteriolar Function in Kidney.

SummaryThese studies indicate that, in general, alpha deflections reflect net changes in calibre of precapillary vessels and beta and gamma deflections reflect net changes in calibre of postcapillary vessels and that these changes in pre- and postcapillary vessels are probably important in the regulation of peripheral circulation and flow of tissue fluid and lymph.
Prenatal maternal conditioned fear and subsequent ulcer-proneness in the rat

Increased ulceration under immobilization stress was observed in rats which had been subjected to prenatal maternal fear conditioning coincident with the development of the fetal gut. Presentation of the CS (Buzzer) or UCS (Shock) alone did not affect ulceration, nor did the conditioning procedure if it occurred after the fetal gut development was complete.
rosy Function Is Required for Juvenile Hormone Effects in Drosophila melanogaster

Application of a high dose of juvenile hormone (JH) III or its mimics (JHM) to Drosophila at the white puparium stage causes the formation of a pupal-like abdomen with few or no short bristles. We report here that the rosy (ry) gene encoding the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), which catalyzes the final two-step oxidation in purine catabolism, is required for this effect of JH on the epidermis. In ry506 (null allele) homozygotes or hemizygotes, JH III or pyriproxifen (a JHM) had little effect on abdominal bristle or cuticle formation, but disrupted the development of the central nervous system as in wild-type flies. Wild-type ry rescued the JH sensitivity of the abdominal epidermis in ry506 mutants. Inhibition of XDH activity phenocopied the ry null mutant's insensitivity to JH. Larvae fed on hypoxanthine or xanthine showed a decreased JH sensitivity. ry506 clones were sensitive to JH, indicating that ry is required non-cell autonomously for the JH effects. Normally JH applied at pupariation causes the aberrant reexpression of the transcription factor broad in the abdominal epidermis during adult development, but in the ry506 mutant most of the cells in the dorsal tergite showed no broad reexpression, indicating that ry is upstream of broad in the JH signaling pathway.
A UV-sensitive mutant of neurospora defective for photoreactivation

Abstract A mutant ( uvs -1 upr -1) with enhanced UV sensitivity has been isolated from the uvs -1 upr -1 + mutant of N. crassa . The negative slope of the exponential UV dose-response curve of the uvs -1 upr -1 mutant is approximately 1.8 times that of the uvs -1 upr -1 + mutant. Although the mutant was selected for enhanced sensitivity in the “dark”, the mutant is simultaneously defective for photoreactivation (PR). The results of experiments in which PR was carried out at ice bath temperatures are consistent with the hypothesis that PR in microconidial strains of N. crassa , when carried out with a broad spectrum fluorescent light, is a composite of two types of PR: (1) direct (enzymatic) PR; (2) indirect (photochemical reversal of UV lesions). It is suggested that the uvs -1 upr -1 mutant is defective for direct (enzymatic) PR. Attempts to demonstrate in vitro repair of UV-irradiated b. subtilis transforming DNA by extracts from the uvs -1 upr -1 + mutant and the lack of such repair by extracts from the uvs -1 upr -1 double mutant, have been unsuccessful due to the presence of nucleases in the extracts. As judged by the ability of the enzyme extracts to solubilize tritium counts from labelled B. subtilis phage DNA, N. crassa produces a nuclease(s) capable of attacking unirradiated DNA as well as a nuclease(s) which degrades irradiated DNA with great efficiency. The uvs -1 upr -1 double mutant resulted from the alteration of a single nuclear gene ( upr -1) as revealed by linear tetrad analysis. Since it has not been possible to separate the upr -1 gene from its associated mating type gene (thus suggesting possible linkage between these loci), it has not been feasible to test the effects of the upr -1 gene on crossing over.
Techniques and Teory of Fast Coincidence Experiments

A review of fast coincidence circuits, working in the millimicrosecond region, is presented. The main points covered are: 1) operating characteristics of the various types of coincidence circuits, 2) description of the various circuits, 3) differential coincidence method, 4) analysis of coincidence curves and the determination of time delays, 5) the resolving time, 6) effect of random time lags on coincidence curves, 7) experimental investigation of random time lags, 8) coincidence efficiency, and 9) statistical accuracy of time measurements.
A computational framework for automating generation of sizing function in assembly meshing via disconnected skeletons

This paper proposes a framework for generating mesh sizing functions for assembly models. Size control is crucial in obtaining a high-quality mesh with a reduced number of elements. The reduction in the number of elements will decrease computation time and memory use during mesh generation and analysis. The framework consists of a background octree lattice for storing the sizing function, a set of source entities for providing sizing information based on geometric information, and an interpolation module for calculating the sizing on the background octree lattice using the source entities. Source entities are generated by performing a detailed systematic study to identify all the geometric factors of an assembly. Disconnected skeletons are extracted and used as tools to measure 3D proximity and 2D proximity, which are two of the geometric factors. The framework facilitates the generation of a variety of meshes with a low computational cost, to meet industry needs. The framework has been tested on many industrial parts, and sizing control on a few typical assemblies has been presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Current Status of Heterojunction Bipolar and High-Electron Mobility Transistor Technologies

The current status of Heterojunction Bipolar and High-Electron Mobility Transistor technology is reviewed. Applications include analog and digital circuits with focus on high power and optical communications for HBT's and millimeter-wave low-noise and power modules for HEMT's. Material choices, designs, technology, reliability issues and circuit demonstrations are addressed.
Increased disease activity in eNOS-deficient mice in experimental colitis

Oral dextran sodium sulfate (DSS, 3%) produces experimental colitis with many features of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), (leukocyte extravasation, cachexia, and histopathology). Previous studies suggest that the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in blood cells or in the endothelium contribute to this injury. However, until now no study has been performed to directly evaluate the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in IBD. We compared disease activity in wild-type (eNOS+/+) and eNOS-deficient (eNOS-/-) mice in the DSS model of colitis. Administration of DSS induced weight loss, stool blood, and overt histopathology in both mouse strains. Disease activity was dramatically increased in eNOS-/- mice compared to wild types. Histologically, eNOS-deficient mice had greater leukocyte infiltration, gut injury, and expressed higher levels of the mucosal addressin, MAdCAM-1. These results demonstrate that eNOS plays an important role in limiting injury to the intestine during experimental colitis and altered eNOS content and/or activity may contribute to human IBD.
Experimental transmission of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar equi in horses by house flies.

Background The route of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses remains undetermined, but transmission by insects is suspected. Objectives To investigate house flies (Musca domestica L.) as vectors of C. pseudotuberculosis transmission in horses. Animals Eight healthy, adult ponies. Methods Randomized, controlled, blinded prospective study. Ten wounds were created in the pectoral region where cages for flies were attached. Three ponies were directly inoculated with C. pseudotuberculosis. Four ponies were exposed for 24 hours to 20 hours C. pseudotuberculosis-inoculated flies. One negative control pony was exposed to noninoculated flies. Ponies were examined daily for swelling, heat, pain, and drainage at the inoculation site. Blood was collected weekly for CBC and biochemical analysis, and twice weekly for synergistic hemolysis inhibition titers. Results Clinical signs of local infection and positive cultures were observed in 7/7 exposed ponies and were absent in the negative control. In exposed ponies, peak serologic titers (1 : 512 to 1 : 2,048) were obtained between days 17 and 21. Seroconversion was not observed in the negative control. Neutrophil counts were higher in the positive and fly-exposed groups than in the negative control (P = .002 and P = .005) on day 3 postinoculation. Serum amyloid A concentrations were higher in the positive control than in the negative control and fly-exposed ponies on days 3 (P < .0001) and 7 (P = .0004 and P = .0001). No differences were detected for other biochemical variables. Conclusions and Clinical Importance House flies can serve as mechanical vectors of C. pseudotuberculosis and can transmit the bacterium to ponies.
Heredofamilial Retinal Dystrophy in Guinea Baboons: I. A Histopathologic Study

• We performed a histopathologic study of a heredofamilial retinal dystrophy in a colony of Guinea baboons. A bull's-eye appearance was noted in the maculas of six baboons of three generations. Histologic examination of 13 eyes from this colony showed primary degeneration of both rod and cone cells initially in the parafoveal region, which subsequently involved the photoreceptor cells of the equator and periphery of the retina. The retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris showed mild changes in the early stages. This disease in baboons was compared with various human retinomaculopathies.
Beta-endorphin: synthesis and properties of analogs with replacement of lysine residues by arginine.

Human β-endorphin analogs, [Arg9,19,24,28,29]-β-endorphin (I) and [Arg24,28,29]-β-endorphin (II), have been synthesized by the solid-phase method. Peptide II had 86% of the analgesic potency and 216% of the receptor binding activity of the parent molecule. Peptide I had only 18% analgesic potency but its binding activity was more than three time greater than that of human β-endorphin.
Size distributions of misrejoining DNA fragments in irradiated cells

When ionizing radiation strikes a cell it induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). Subsequently, some of the DSBs misrejoin and thus cause alterations in the size distribution of the DNA fragments. We derive a system of non-linear integro-differential equations describing the misrejoining interactions of five classes of DNA fragments, including rings and various types of linear fragments. The fragment classes are represented by density functions; the shape of a density function determines the probability that a fragment has a particular size and the amplitude (integral) equals the expected number of such fragments per cell. The equations are solved: analytically for exponentially distributed initial fragment sizes (corresponding to high doses) and numerically for arbitrary initial conditions. Computed final fragment size distributions are applied to situations representative of flow karyotypes and pulsed-field gel assays. For human flow karyotypes, the model can be used to obtain misrejoining estimates at doses too high for conventional methods of data analysis. For pulsed-field gel assays in which human chromosomes are digested with restriction endonucleases to form 'cut-somes' (restriction fragments), the model provides a means of misrejoining estimation when the cut-some sizes are non-random. The model suggests that if the cut-some size distribution for unirradiated cells is completely random, misrejoining of radiation-induced DSBs will not be detectable in the final size distribution.
Vision: Neurons show their true colours.

How do we tell red from green? Work on the primate retina shows how neural circuitry combines signals from individual cone photoreceptor cells to provide the basic building blocks for colour vision. See Article p.673 Colour vision arises in the retina, and in primates the first stage of processing consists of overlapping lattices of cone cells and ganglion cells, each of which samples visual space uniformly. Colour perception arises from the comparison of signals from different cone types, but how these inputs are combined by the ganglion cells, which transmit the output of the retina, has been an issue of contention over the years. Using large-scale multi-electrode arrays and fine-grained visual stimulation, Field et al. have now mapped out the location and type of single-cone inputs to entire populations of ganglion cells, resulting in input–output maps at an unprecedented resolution and scale.
Influence of Added Lecithin on Properties of Hens Egg Yolk

Abstract Chicken egg yolks, containing 0, 1, 2, or 4% added lecithin, were tested for certain physical and functional characteristics. Viscosity increased significantly and emulsion stability decreased significantly with added lecithin. Foam volume and foam stability decreased as lecithin increased. Lecithin concentration and sponge cake volume were inversely related. Even 1% lecithin significantly decreased cake volume.
Energy consumption and conservation in mobile peer-to-peer systems

Today's mobile devices are growing in number and computational resources. Devices capable of storing gigabytes of digital content are becoming ubiquitous, making them an ideal platform for peer-to-peer content delivery and sharing. However, the always on communication patterns of P2P networks is not a natural fit for energy-constrained mobile devices. In this paper, we perform a detailed study of energy consumption of a structured P2P overlay on a PDA device. Using actual energy measurements, we present energy consumption results for different type of operations in P2P overlays. Based on these observations, we implement an approach to improve energy conservation on P2P protocols and show some promising preliminary results.
Tillich and the Perennial Philosophy

n an earlier essay I proposed the paradoxical theses that the main religio-philosophical alternative in the West to Judaism and Christianity has always been the perennial philosophy in its various forms, and that Christianity (and less so Judaism) has always been an amalgam or synthesis of the ideal types, biblical religion and the perennial philosophy.' An example of the former is the concept delineated by the biblical theology movement of the 1940s and 1950s.2 By the latter I mean the religio-philosophical world view exemplified by Neoplatonism and Vedanta, and by the philosophical foundation of Gnosticism, Rosicrucianism, and Theosophy, and propounded by such authors as Ren6 Gu6non, Frithjof Schuon, S. H. Nasr, and Huston Smith. The distinction between these ideal types is closely related to that which interpreters of religion often make between what Weber called the emissary and exemplary types,3 or Berger the confrontation and interiority types.4
In situ mass spectroscopy of recoiled ion studies of degradation processes in SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films during hydrogen gas annealing

It is known that the forming gas (N{sub 2}-H{sub 2} mixture) annealing process required for microcircuit fabrication results in an unacceptable electrical degradation of SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} (SBT) ferroelectric capacitors due mainly to the interaction of H{sub 2} with the ferroelectronic layer of the capacitor. We have found a strong relationship between changes in the surface composition of the ferroelectric layer and the electrical properties of SBT capacitors as a result of hydrogen annealing. Mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions (MSRI) analysis revealed a strong reduction in the Bi signal as a function of exposure to hydrogen at high temperatures ({approximately}500 C). The Bi signal reduction correlates with Bi depletion in the SBT surface region. Subsequent annealing in oxygen at temperatures in the range of 700-800 C resulted in the recovery of the MSRI Bi signal, corresponding to the replenishment of Bi in the previously Bi-depleted surface region. XRD analysis (probing the whole SBT film thickness) showed little difference in the XRD spectra of the SBT fti before and after hydrogen and oxygen-recovery annealing. The combined results of the MSRI and XRD analyses can be interpreted as an indication that the degradation of the electrical properties of the SBT capacitors,more » after hydrogen annealing, is mainly due to the degradation of the near surface region of the SBT layer.« less
PAQ: A Starvation-Resistant Alternative to Proportional Fair

Proportional Fair (PF) is a frequently used channel- aware scheduling algorithm in 3G wireless networks. However, recent work by us and others has shown that, in practice, PF suffers from significant robustness issues that can unnecessarily starve "well-behaved" users. In this paper, we analyze these issues with the goal of developing an alternative scheduling algorithm more robust than PF. We start by identifying two scenarios in which PF can cause starvation. We analyze both scenarios and develop mechanisms that prevent such starvation. Then, we combine these mechanisms to propose our Parallel Adaptive Quantile-based (PAQ) scheduling algorithm. We use simulation experiments with synthetic and measurement-based traces of wireless channel conditions to show that PAQ is not only robust but also achieves comparable or better throughput and fairness than PF.
The Decision to Merge: A Case Study of U.S. Dairy Cooperatives

A significant number of mergers and unifications have occurred among U.S. agricultural cooperatives over the last ten years. A recent report from USDA, RBS, summarized over 50 unifications of selected U.S. cooperatives of various types that occurred from 1989 through early 1999. Of the fifty-one cases cited, forty percent involved dairy cooperatives. Several recent mergers have resulted in the creation of the largest dairy cooperatives formed in U.S. history, serving members spread out across the country. The increased occurrence and scope of mergers of dairy cooperatives and the resulting impact on dairy farmer-members warrants additional study. A large body of literature and research exists on mergers of publicly-held corporations. Fewer studies have been conducted on the mergers of agricultural cooperatives. Two recent papers identified the need for further research on the impact and expectations associated with agricultural cooperative mergers and acquisitions. A case study approach was used to analyze two U.S. dairy cooperatives which merged in 1995. Economic and management data for the case studies were collected through comprehensive, structured interviews with the board chairs, advisors, and managers directly involved in making the merger decision. Financial statements were reviewed and financial ratio analysis undertaken to measure the economic impact of the merger. The selection of a cooperative merger partner is influenced by previous, long-term relations with a given cooperative. Having leadership open to the possibility of merging combined with previous positive experiences with mergers are key ingredients in considering future merger options. Driving forces identified for motivating mergers in the dairy industry are: consolidation at the retail and processor levels, potential cost savings from consolidated operations and increased uncertainty over the role of government. The greatest potential benefits mentioned were: cost cutting, avoiding destructive competition, higher returns to members, and increased leverage in the marketplace. The greatest barriers to merging were loss of the identity and control by the predecessor cooperative, and individual decision makers unwilling to take the associated risks of merging. Financial ratios were used to measure pre and post-merger performance in the areas of profitability, debt capacity, returns on equity as well as general and administrative expenses. The newly merged cooperative was able to achieve better financial performance than it=s predecessor cooperatives in regards to improving profitability, increasing returns on equity and decreasing expenses related to administration and marketing on a per hundred weight of milk marketed.