cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Live Computerized Videomicroscopy of Cerebral Microvessels in Brain Slices

A model system for studying cerebral microvasculature is presented in which submerged in vitro brain slices are examined by computerized videomicroscopy. Brain slices are superfused continuously with artificial cerebrospinal fluid, while blood vessels are monitored using a transmission light microscope with water immersion objectives. The responses to well-characterized vasoactive compounds indicate that basic physiological characteristics are maintained in this preparation. This model system represents a simple and rapid technique for studying cerebrovascular responses under conditions in which vessels are surrounded by their normal cellular microenvironment. An additional advantage of this technique is the ability to perform simultaneous electrophysiological recordings in identified neurons. This will facilitate the study of interactions between neuronal and vascular elements and may help elucidate mechanisms underlying the local regulation of cerebral microvasculature.
Hierarchical multivariate analysis of cockle phenomena

The phenomena called cockle are small wrinkles on the paper surface that appear during paper production. This condition poses significant economic and operability problems in the production of magazine paper, as it deteriorates the printabilty of the paper. There are many and varied sources that can lead to cockle, and their detection is often very complicated. In this work a multivariate hierarchical approach is proposed to analyze the cause of cockle. The hierarchy has two levels, the first of which is a three-way decomposition and analysis of the data collected from sections of a paper machine. The second level is a two-way decomposition and analysis between the combined loadings from the three-way decomposition and the measured cockle data. The results show that this approach is capable of identifying the important process sections and process variables, in spite of the large dimensionality of the problem. Data analyzed from two real industrial paper machines, involving several grades of paper, are used to demonstrate the proposed hierarchical approach. Copyright # 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimüllerian hormone and antral follicle count are lower in female cancer survivors and healthy women taking hormonal contraception

Objective To determine the impact of hormonal contraception (HC) on markers of ovarian reserve, including antimullerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC). Design Longitudinal prospective cohort. Setting University hospital. Patient(s) Young adult female cancer survivors and healthy similar-age women. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) Participants were followed annually to determine hormone levels and for transvaginal ultrasound. Subjects who used HC within the preceding 3 months were considered to be exposed. Linear mixed effects models were used to incorporate repeated measures and adjust for potential confounders. Result(s) A total of 249 women (126 survivors, 123 control subjects; average age 25.5 years) were followed for an average of 2.1 visits and 2.15 years. After adjusting for confounders, AMH was found to be 21% lower among survivors using HC and 55% lower among control subjects using HC (relative risk [RR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68–0.93; and RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.30–0.68; respectively). AFC was 20% lower among survivors and control subjects using HC (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69–0.93). When considering an individual subject, AMH was 17%–35% lower when a subject had recently used HC than when she had not (survivors: RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.93; control subjects: RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55–0.78), and AFC was 11% lower (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.96). Additive HC exposure across multiple visits was not associated with differences in AMH or AFC. Conclusion(s) AMH and AFC are significantly lower among women with recent exposure to HC. AMH and AFC should be interpreted with caution when measured in the setting of recent hormone use.
Connecting the dots: like watching a movie…critically.

Acquisition of expertise in the diagnosis and management of patients requires years of practice; expo- sure to diverse clinical entities is critical as well as the myriad ways in which the same disease can present in a given patient. However, this repeated exposure has to be accompanied by two critical elements; first, the nov- ice needs the guidance of an expert or master to appre- ciate the nuances and subtleties in making a diagnosis or taking a course of action. Second, and perhaps most importantly, the physician needs to acquire the habit of reflecting on and in actions during the clinical encounter. Unguided repetition during formative years or lack of criti- cal introspection during practice hinders the progression to expertise. In a way, a complex clinical encounter is akin to watching a complex movie; it takes repeated exposure to the movie to understand the subtleties the director is utilizing to understand the plot in its entirety.
Stress-wave-assisted transport through the plasma membrane in vitro

Background and Objective Laser-induced stress waves have been shown to alter the permeability of the plasma membrane without affecting cell viability. The aim of the work reported here was to quantify the molecular uptake by cell cultures in vitro and determine optimal stress-wave parameters. Study Design/Materials and Methods Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were exposed to laser-induced stress waves in an experimental arrangement that eliminated interference from ancillary effects such as plasma, heat, or cavitation. A radiolabeled compound (tritiated thymidine) was used as the probe. Results Stress waves enhanced the diffusion of tritiated thymidine by inducing a transient permeabilization of the plasma membrane. Furthermore, maximum intracellular concentration (2 × 105 thymidine molecules/cell or 10% of the extracellular concentration) was reached with only 2–3 stress waves. Conclusion Laser-induced stress waves provide an efficient method for delivering molecules through the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm of cells. Lasers Surg. Med. 20:216–222, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
BLACK, SINGLE FEMALE‐HEADED FAMILY FORMATION IN LARGE U.S. CITIES

Using a sample of the largest 100 cities, multivariate analysis of black, single femaleheaded families tests hypotheses derived from competing political paradigmatic explanations of marital disruption. Results show sex-ratio, black male and female employment, and access to AFDC predict the likelihood of black, single female-headed family formation. The conclusion explores public policy implications.
Mechanistic studies of the flavoprotein tryptophan 2-monooxygenase. 2. pH and kinetic isotope effects

pH and kinetic isotope effects on steady-state kinetic parameters have been determined for the flavoprotein tryptophan 2-monooxygenase with tryptophan, phenylalanine, 2-hydrazino-3-propanoic acid, and methionine as substrates. The V/K values of the amino acid substrates show that a residue with an apparent pKa value of 5 must be unprotonated for activity, a residue with a pKa value equal to that of the amino group of the substrate must be protonated, and deprotonation of a residue with pKa value of 10 increases the V/K value. A group in the free enzyme with a pKa value of 6 must be deprotonated for tight binding of amide inhibitors and protonated for tight binding of acids, establishing this as the intrinsic pKa value. The temperature dependence of this pKa value is consistent with involvement of a histidinyl residue. Deprotonation of the residue with a pKa value of 10 decreases binding of amide inhibitors. The D(V/Ktrp) value is less than 1.7 between pH 5 and 10, consistent with a forward commitment to catalysis of 7-15 with this substrate. The D(V/K)met value is pH dependent, increasing from a minimal value of 1.8 at pH 8.3 to a limiting value of 5.3 at both high and low pH, with pKa values of 5.1 and 10. The increase in both the isotope effect and the V/Kmet value at high pH is consistent with a conformational change to a more open active site above pH 10. The D(V/K)ala value is 5.3 at pH 8.3; this is probably the intrinsic isotope effect with this substrate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effects of near-UV radiation on elasmobranch lens cytoskeletal actin

Abstract The role of near-UV radiation as a cytoskeletal actin-damaging agent was investigated. Two procedures were used to analyse fresh smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) eye lenses that were incubated for up to 22 hr in vitro, with elasmobranch Ringer's medium, and with or without exposure to a near-UV lamp (emission principally at 365 nm; irradiance of 2·5 mW cm−2). These were observed histologically using phalloidin-rhodamine specific staining and by transmission electron microscopy. In addition, solutions of purified polymerized rabbit muscle actin were exposed to the same UV conditions and depolymerization was assayed by ultracentrifugation and high-pressure liquid chromatography. While the two actins studied do differ very slightly in some amino acid sequences, they would react physically nearly identically. The results showed that dogfish lenses developed superficial opacities due to near-UV exposure. Whole mounts of lens epithelium exhibited breakdown of actin filaments in the basal region of the cells within 18 hr of UV exposure. TEM confirmed the breakdown of actin filaments due to UV exposure. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting positively identified actin in these cells. Direct exposure of purified polymerized muscle actin in polymerizing buffer led to an increase in actin monomer of approximately 25% in the UV-exposed solutions within 3–18 hr, whether assayed by ultracentrifugation or HPLC. The above indicates that elasmobranch lens epithelial cells contain UV-labile actin filaments, and that near-UV radiation, as is present in the sunlit environment, can break down the actin structure in these cells. Furthermore, breakdown of purified polymerized muscle actin does occur due to near-UV light exposure. While there appears to be a direct effect of this UV radiation on the isolated actin, the lens damage would be modified by the cellular constituents and could be at the actin binding sites relative to supporting cell architecture.
A comparison of nurses' attitudes toward hospitalized adolescents and adults.

To examine possible health-care provider stereotypes of adolescent patients and the potential consequences for their management, this study compares nurses' responses to the same noncompliant behavior when evidenced by an adolescent or adult patient. Nurses ( n = 136) read a description of a difficult adolescent or adult patient and indicated their probable responses to him. They also rated the patient with regard to difficulty of management, as well as several descriptive adjectives, and speculated on the cause of his behavior. No significant differences were found in nurses' preferred management alternatives or ratings for the adolescent or adult patient. However, nurses were significantly more likely to attribute the behavior of the adolescent patient to his developmental level ( p
Teacher Beliefs and Perceptions about Learning Disabilities: A Survey of Iowa Practitioners

All teachers of the learning disabled in Iowa were surveyed to determine their beliefs and perceptions about learning disabilities. A 20-item questionnaire was constructed to assess opinion in four...
Relations among the Implicit Association Test, Discriminatory Behavior, and Explicit Measures of Racial Attitudes

Heretofore, no research has shown that meaningful variability on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) relates to intergroup discrimination or to explicit measures of prejudice. In the current study, White undergraduates interacted separately with White and Black experimenters, and their behavior during these social interactions was assessed by trained judges and by the experimenters themselves. The participants also completed explicit measures of racial prejudice and a race IAT. As predicted, those who revealed stronger negative attitudes toward Blacks (vs Whites) on the IAT had more negative social interactions with a Black (vs a White) experimenter and reported relatively more negative Black prejudices on explicit measures. The implications of these results for the IAT and its relations to intergroup discrimination and to explicit measures of attitudes are discussed.
Nature and Nurture on Imperial China's Frontiers

INTRODUCTION John Richards' The Unending Frontier is a magisterial survey of the formation of a globally connected society in the early modern age. For Richards, the main forces creating a global society were ‘a critical conjuncture between two developments: the expansive dynamism of European early modern capitalist societies, and the shared evolutionary progress in human organization that appears to have reached a critical threshold across Eurasia, if not the entire world’. These two forces—markets and states—drove the increasingly intensive exploitation of natural resources around the globe, uniting continents, empires and traders in a tighter network of trade and administration. It is a brilliant synthesis of environmental and political history, which will shape all future work on this period. For Richards, frontiers are sites of penetration by outsiders seeking control over borders and productive natural resources. A relentless process of warfare, consolidation, investment and exploitation of nature leads over the long run to heavy resource usage, and often exhaustion, driving the conquerors to push farther into the hinterlands in search of further gains. Native peoples of the frontier borderlands, for the most part, are merely victims of the much more powerful organized states and trading companies around them. Although the nineteenth century is not the subject of this book, and the North American continent appears only in discussion of the fur trade, the ghost of Frederick J. Turner still hovers over Richards' work. It is now not a uniquely American story, but a global one, and it begins three centuries earlier. Still, the story of penetration of empty or underutilized lands and their increasingly intensive exploitation resonates with Turner’s original account.
A digit pipelined dynamic time warp processor (word recognition)

A custom CMOS systolic design is presented which can achieve real-time isolated word recognition for large dictionaries. The design is based on the dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm, an exhaustive search technique which permits nonlinear pattern matching between an unknown utterance and a reference word. This design differs from previous systolic DTW designs in that all data is represented in signed-digit, base-4 format, digits are passed between processing elements in a most-significant-digit-first, digit-serial fashion, and the algorithms are pipelined at the digit level. Using most-significant digit first data flow allows digit pipelining to succeed where conventional bit-serial pipelining has failed for the arithmetic operations required in the DTW algorithm. This allows a high degree of concurrency and a high data rate to be maintained, while the pin-out requirements are kept low. As many as 25 DTW processing elements will fit on one 128-pin chip. The VLSI DTW design presented is both flexible and modular. It is independent of the number of coefficients per frame and the precision of those coefficients. The design is easily expandable in the number of frames per word and the warp factor used to achieve the nonlinear matching. >
The mystery of "lust"

Mark Bernstein has stated that there are no really good hypertext mysteries. This is a puzzling remark since reading hypertext often seems to require "detective work" on the part of the reader to first ferret out the clues/pieces of the work and then put them together in a reasonable order to form an understanding. While demonstrating a close reading of Mary Kim Arnold's hypertext story, "Lust," this essay explores how the concept of "mystery" applies to the act of reading hypertext and how that affects the role reader (now a "reader-detective") who must search both content nodes and pathways in order to bring cohesion and a sense of completeness to the reading experience. As a close reading, this essay looks at the characters and events described in "Lust" and finally stresses the need to consider the links and paths while reading the hypertext.
Discovering Disease-Associated Enzymes by Proteome Reactivity Profiling

Proteomics aims to identify new markers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of human disease. To realize this goal, methods and reagents are needed to profile proteins based on their functional properties, rather than mere abundance. Here, we describe a general strategy for synthesizing and evaluating structurally diverse libraries of activity-based proteomic probes. Quantitative screening of probe-proteome reactions coupled with bioinformatic analysis enabled the selection of a suite of probes that exhibit complementary protein reactivity profiles. This optimal probe set was applied to discover several enzyme activities differentially expressed in lean and obese (ob/ob) mice. Interestingly, one of these enzymes, hydroxypyruvate reductase, which was 6-fold upregulated in ob/ob livers, participates in the conversion of serine to glucose, suggesting that this unusual metabolic pathway may contribute to gluconeogenesis selectively in states of obesity.
Is the distinction between primary and secondary sociopaths a matter of degree, secondary traits, or nature vs. nurture?

Psychopathy has as its central traits socialization, sensation seeking, and impulsivity. These are combined in a supertrait: Impulsive Unsocialized Sensation Seeking (ImpUSS). Secondary types are defined by combinations of ImpUSS and neuroticism or sociability. All broad personality traits have both genetic and environmental determination, and therefore different etiologies (primary as genetic, secondary as environmental) for primary and secondary sociopathy are unlikely.
Model reference adaptive control of flexible robots in the presence of sudden load changes

Direct command generator tracker based model reference adaptive control (MRAC) algorithms are applied to the dynamics for a flexible-joint arm in the presence of sudden load changes. Because of the need to satisfy a positive real condition, such MRAC procedures are designed so that a feedforward augmented output follows the reference model output, thus, resulting in an ultimately bounded rather than zero output error. Thus, modifications are suggested and tested that: (1) incorporate feedforward into the reference model's output as well as the plant's output, and (2) incorporate a derivative term into only the process feedforward loop. The results of these simulations give a response with zero steady state model following error, and thus encourage further use of MRAC for more complex flexibile robotic systems.
Gold and associated trace elements in Newfoundland lake sediment: their application to gold exploration

Abstract Lake sediments were collected from four glaciated areas, three of which include significant Au mineralization. Neutron activation analyses for Au successfully delineate known mineralization and suggest areas for further follow-up. Gold is the only universal indicator although Sb gives a broader dispersion pattern at the Hope Brook deposit. Copper, Pb and Zn have above-background content down-ice from some mineralized zones. Gold values above 8.0 ppb in these study areas indicate the presence of Au mineralization. Gold analyses of site duplicates and analytical splits reproduce satisfactorily above 3.0 ppb.
High-temperature crystal structures of orthorhombic and rhombohedral PrNiO3

Abstract Crystal structures of orthorhombic and rhombohedral PrNiO3 have been studied by high-temperature X-ray powder diffraction. In the orthorhombic PrNiO3 (space group Pbnm) Ni-O octahedra are slightly distorted, and the O-Ni-O bond angles are close to ±3.4° of the 90° angle of an undistorted octahedron. The octahedral tilt is large and decreases from 22.2° to 20.5° when the temperature increases from room temperature to 400°C. The coordination number of Pr is less than 12 and may effectively be only 8. The atoms move from orthorhombic positions toward the so-called ‘ideal cubic perovskite positions’ with increasing temperature. However, they move in such a way that the structure assumes a rhombohedral symmetry when the temperature reaches 500°C. In the rhombohedral PrNiO3 (space group R3c) the Ni-O octahedra are trigonally distorted, and the Pr atoms have a coordination number 12. The rotation of octahedra necessary to produce the rhombohedral structure decreases slightly from 11.38° to 11.00° when the temperature increases from 500° to 600°C.
High‐titer selective serum anti‐β‐tubulin antibodies in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

Although chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is presumed to be an autoimmune disorder, no neural antigen has been recognized as an immune target. We found that serum IgM from a patient with CIDP and an IgM paraprotein reacted with a 53-kd protein by Western blot analysis. Amino acid sequence analysis identified this protein as beta-tubulin. We then studied sera from 70 CIDP patients, 35 Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) patients, and 483 disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and other polyneuropathies) and normal controls for selective high-titer anti-beta-tubulin using ELISA methodology. Forty-two percent (30/70) of patients with CIDP had selective high titer IgM reactivity against beta-tubulin; 23% (16/70) had selective high-titer IgG reactivity against beta-tubulin. Overall, 57% of CIDP patients, 20% of GBS patients, and 2% of control patients had selective, high serum IgM or IgG anti-beta-tubulin reactivity. Selective high-titer serum anti-beta-tubulin antibodies occur in a majority of patients with CIDP but are rare in other chronic neuropathies or CNS disorders.
Autonomous video surveillance

This presentation highlights needs for autonomous video surveillance in the context of physical security for office buildings and surrounding areas. Physical security is described from an operational perspective, defining the principal responsibilities and concerns of a physical security system. Capabilities and limitations of current video surveillance technology are described, followed by examples of how computer vision techniques are being used and advanced for autonomous video surveillance systems.
The Charge Induced on a Conducting Cylinder by a Point Charge and Its Application to the Measurement of Charge on Precipitation

Abstract The solution of the electrostatic boundary value problem for a point charge inside an infinite cylinder is applied to sensors employed in the measurement of charge on precipitation. With these devices the charge induced on a cylindrical segment is measured and must then be related to the actual charge on the particle. This induced charge depends upon the axis ratio of the cylindrical segment and upon the location of the point charge. Here the fractional induced charge is computed for a number of cases: 1) point charge at the centers of cylindrical segments of various axis ratios; 2) point charges moving along the axes of cylinders with axis ratios of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0; and 3) charges moving parallel to but off of the axis of a cylinder with an axis ratio of 1.0. In addition, the effect of the measuring electronics is computed for certain cases. Numerical results such as these will find application in the design of charge sensors, and in some cases may even suffice for their calibration.
A second-order finite-difference method for the Falkner-Skan equation

The Falkner-Skan equation arises in the study of laminar boundary layers exhibiting similarity. Numerical methods reported in the literature thus far are based on shooting methods and finite-difference methods obtained by first truncating the semi-infinite physical domain of the problem to a finite domain at an unknown finite boundary, which is determined as part of the solution by imposing an ''asymptotic boundary condition'' at this boundary. The method presented in this paper transforms the semi-infinite domain without truncating it to a finite domain and without imposing the asymptotic condition. This is accomplished by a coordinate transformation which maps the physical domain [0,~) directly to the computational domain [0,1]. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by applying it successfully to various instances of the Falkner-Skan equation, and by demonstrating second-order accuracy.
Discovery of novel antitumor antimitotic agents that also reverse tumor resistance

We have discovered a novel series of 7-benzyl-4-methyl-5-[(2-substituted phenyl)ethyl]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-amines, which possess antimitotic and antitumor activities against antimitotic-sensitive as well as resistant tumor cells. These agents bind to a site on tubulin that is distinct from the colchicine, vinca alkaloid, and paclitaxel binding sites and some, in addition to their antitumor activity, remarkably also reverse tumor resistance to antimitotic agents mediated via the P-glycoprotein efflux pump. The compounds were synthesized from N-(7-benzyl-5-ethynyl-4-methyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl)-2,2-dimethylpropanamide 11 or the corresponding 5-iodo analog 14 via Sonogashira couplings with appropriate iodobenzenes or phenylacetylene followed by reduction and deprotection to afford the target analogs. Sodium and liquid NH3 afforded the debenzylated analogs. The most potent analog 1 was one to three digit nanomolar against the growth of both sensitive and resistant tumor cells in culture. Compounds of this series are promising novel antimitotic agents that have the potential for treating both sensitive and resistant tumors.
Optical Properties of Gallium-Doped Zinc Oxide—A Low-Loss Plasmonic Material: First-Principles Theory and Experiment

Heavily doped transparent conducting oxides are believed to be promising alternatives to noble metals in low-loss plasmonic applications in the technologically important near-infrared range of light. Scientists now report a timely study of the optical properties of doped zinc oxide, assessing its performance in plasmonic devices and establishing a hitherto unrealized connection from doping to crystal structure and optical properties.
Cognitive and behavioral profile of the oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe

Background: The oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) is an X-linked disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, cognitive impairment, and renal tubular dysfunction. Significant behavioral difficulties have been reported, but no formal study of intelligence or behavior has been described. Methods: We surveyed IQ and behavior using archival data and standardized instruments in 47 affected males. Results: Mean IQ was in the moderate mental retardation range (40 ≤ IQ ≤ 54), with 25% of tested individuals in normal range (IQ ≥ 70). The OCRL population was comparable to a normative population with mental retardation in language, communication, and socialization skills, but lower in independent living skills than means of either populations of individuals with mental retardation or visual impairment. Maladaptive behaviors, particularly stubbornness, temper tantrums, and stereotypic behaviors, were very frequent (>80%). Conclusions: The diagnosis of OCRL is compatible with normal intelligence. Maladaptive behaviors significantly interfere with adaptive functions. These behaviors appear to define a characteristic behavioral phenotype in OCRL. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Automotive Gas Turbine and Nitric Oxide Emissions

Abstract A model for the formation of nitric oxide, NO, in regenerative automotive gas turbine engines is presented. The model is shown to closely predict relative NO emission trends for an existing engine, while predicting absolute levels within a factor of 2. A typical “near future” automotive turbine cycle is then described. Engine performance and NO emissions are calculated for this cycle. The trade-off between fuel consumption and NO emissions for conventional combustor design is presented as a function of turbine inlet temperature. The methods by which NO emissions can be reduced are examined, and it is found that to meet the proposed 1976 Federal Emissions Standard for NOx, the combustor's primary zone must be made considerably leaner and more homogeneous than is typical of current combustor designs.
Identifying Cognate Binding Pairs among a Large Set of Paralogs: The Case of PE/PPE Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

We consider the problem of how to detect cognate pairs of proteins that bind when each belongs to a large family of paralogs. To illustrate the problem, we have undertaken a genomewide analysis of interactions of members of the PE and PPE protein families of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our computational method uses structural information, operon organization, and protein coevolution to infer the interaction of PE and PPE proteins. Some 289 PE/PPE complexes were predicted out of a possible 5,590 PE/PPE pairs genomewide. Thirty-five of these predicted complexes were also found to have correlated mRNA expression, providing additional evidence for these interactions. We show that our method is applicable to other protein families, by analyzing interactions of the Esx family of proteins. Our resulting set of predictions is a starting point for genomewide experimental interaction screens of the PE and PPE families, and our method may be generally useful for detecting interactions of proteins within families having many paralogs.
Dosimetric advantage of using 6 MV over 15 MV photons in conformal therapy of lung cancer: Monte Carlo studies in patient geometries

Many lung cancer patients who undergo radiation therapy are treated with higher energy photons (15-18 MV) to obtain deeper penetration and better dose uniformity. However, the longer range of the higher energy recoil electrons in the low-density medium may cause lateral electronic disequilibrium and degrade the target coverage. To compare the dose homogeneity achieved with lower versus higher energy photon beams, we performed a dosimetric study of 6 and 15 MV three-dimensional (3D) conformal treatment plans for lung cancer using an accurate, patient-specific dose-calculation method based on a Monte Carlo technique. A 6 and 15 MV 3D conformal treatment plan was generated for each of two patients with target volumes exceeding 200 cm(3) on an in-house treatment planning system in routine clinical use. Each plan employed four conformally shaped photon beams. Each dose distribution was recalculated with the Monte Carlo method, utilizing the same beam geometry and patient-specific computed tomography (CT) images. Treatment plans using the two energies were compared in terms of their isodose distributions and dose-volume histograms (DVHs). The 15 MV dose distributions and DVHs generated by the clinical treatment planning calculations were as good as, or slightly better than, those generated for 6 MV beams. However, the Monte Carlo dose calculation predicted increased penumbra width with increased photon energy resulting in decreased lateral dose homogeneity for the 15 MV plans. Monte Carlo calculations showed that all target coverage indicators were significantly worse for 15 MV than for 6 MV; particularly the portion of the planning target volume (PTV) receiving at least 95% of the prescription dose (V(95)) dropped dramatically for the 15 MV plan in comparison to the 6 MV. Spinal cord and lung doses were clinically equivalent for the two energies. In treatment planning of tumors that abut lung tissue, lower energy (6 MV) photon beams should be preferred over higher energies (15-18 MV) because of the significant loss of lateral dose equilibrium for high-energy beams in the low-density medium. Any gains in radial dose uniformity across steep density gradients for higher energy beams must be weighed carefully against the lateral beam degradation due to penumbra widening.
“The ice age” the social construction of a drug panic

In 1989 and 1990 there was much media and political concern about use of the drug “ice,” or smokable crystal methamphetamine, which was believed to pose a social threat potentially as great as that of crack cocaine. This concern was not sustained, however, and references to the topic diminished sharply within a few months. The incident thus offers a valuable opportunity to trace the history of a drug panic from its origins to its eclipse. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of domestic political divisions, especially in Hawaii, in citing the panic. It is suggested that this incident illustrates both the manner in which local problems come to be projected on the national political arena and the limitations inherent in such a process. The paper explores the rhetorical devices used to create a sense of impending menace around the supposed danger, and the reasons why such an apparently plausible danger failed to gain more public attention or credence.
Changes in authoritarian family ideology with childrearing experience.

Summary.-In previous cross-sectional research postpartum white women who have just delivered a first child (primiparous women) have scored higher on a srale entitled Authoritarian Family Ideology than women whose delivery was of later children. This delivery order, or parity, effect war aaributed to the difference in childrearing experience of the different parity levels. A rival hypothesis is that authoritarianism might be relared to desired family size. Since women desiring small families ace less likely to be sampled in a later delivery (multiparous) sample, the parity effect may be due to sampling from populations which differ in more than childrearing experience. If the effect is due to childrearing, scores of women primiparous at first contact should change over several years of parenthood until they reach the level of women who were multiparous at first contact. A sample of 307 white and 130 black women first tested after the delivery of a child were retested 3 yr. later. Consistent with previous report, the parity effect was found for white women but not for black women; retest scores for both parities and races were lower than first test scores, but chis decrease was greater for those white women who had been primiparous at first contact. Thus the initial difference associated with parity dissipated with childrearing experience. It is widely assumed that important events experienced by persons will modify their attitudes related to such events. Among these events, the impact of becoming a parent has received little attention. Some interesting work is mainly speculative (Rossi, 1968) or covers only a short time period with rather few persons (Davids & Holden, 1970). One study (Hurley & Hohn, 1971), reporting greater increases in scores on a scale called Manifest Rejection with increase in the number of children, may be faulted for use of change scores without evidence of initial equivalence of groups and for use of numerous one-tailed t tests where experiment-wise analyses would probably have failed to reach significance. Loevinger ( 1962) and Ernhart and Loevinger (1969) in two large crosssectional srudies reported that white postpartum women who had just delivered a first child (hereafter primiparous) scored higher on a scale entitled Authoritarian Family Ideology than did multiparous women (those delivering their second or later infants). These differences were interpreted as reflecting an effect of childrearing experience. The effect was not found in a smaller sample of black women of low socioeconomic status. A weakness of the cross-sectional approach to a developmental or progressive-increment variable is that attrition in the population through this pro
Möbius syndrome: alternatives in affective communication.

SUMMARY A child with Mobius syndrome (facial diplegia) was studied during affective interplay with both parents at six and 10 months, then re-assessed with the Ainsworth Strange Situation at 14 months. The child demonstrated normal cognitive development, but insecure-resistant attachment. This experiment of nature is presented as an example of resilience in the field of social communication of affect and discussed as comparable to examples found in the fields of motor co-ordination and expressive language. RESUME Syndrome de Moebius: des alternatives dans la communication affective Un nourrisson presentant un syndrome de Moebius (diplegie faciale) a ete examine durant des echanges affectifs avec ses deux parents, a six et dix mois, puis reevaluea 14 mois avec la Ainsworth Strange Situation. Le nourrisson presentait un developpement cognitif normal mais un attachement affectif inquiet-resistant. Cette experience naturelle est presentee comme un exemple ďelasticite dans Ie champ de la communication sociale des sentiments affectifs, comparable aux exemples trouves dans le champ de la coordination motrice et de ľexpression linguistique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Mobius Syndrom: Alternativen bet der affektiven Kommunikation Ein Kind mil Mobius Syndrom (Faziale Diplegie) wurde im Alter von sechs und 10 Monaten beobachtet, wahrend sich beide Eltern mit ihm liebevoll beschaftigten, und danach im Alter von 14 Monaten erneut mit der Ainsworth Strange Situation beurteilt. Das Kind zeigte eine normale kognitive Entwicklung, war aber im affektiven Bereich unsicher-zuruckhaltend. Diese Untersuchung wird als ein Beispiel der Begrenzung von Willensauserungen bei der affektiven Kommunikation vorgestelii und als vergleichbar mit Beispielen in den Bereichen der motorischen Koordination und der expressiven Sprache diskutiert. RESUMEN Sindrome de Mdbius: alternalivas en la comunicacion afectiva Se estudio un nino con sindrome de Mobius (diplegia facial) en el curso de un interjuego afectivo con ambos progenitores a los seis y 10 meses y luego se hizo una reevaluacion con el ‘Ainsworth de Situacion Extrana a los 14 meses. El nino normal un desarrollo cognitivo muestro, pero una afinidad insegura-resistente. Este experimento se presenta como un ejemplo del elasticidad en el campo de la comunicacion social del afecto y se discute si es comparable a los ejemplos hallados en los campos de la coordination motora y del Ienguaje expresivo.
The Florida chautauqua: A case study in American education

This study traces the development of the Florida Chautauqua and its thirty‐six year history in the Panhandle town of De‐Funiak Springs. As a focal point for cultural activities, lectures, speeches, educational events, conferences, and social gatherings, the Florida Chautauqua benefited from the mild Gulf Coast winter season and drew visitors and winter residents from the mid‐western states as well as from around the South. A curious blend of “boosterism” and education, it provided entertainment and cultural enrichment until it was replaced by the mass media.
Precision mass difference measurements in light rubidium and krypton isotopes utilizing beta-endpoints

Abstract A technique for precise determination of β - endpoints with an intrinsic germanium detector has been developed and checked with 27 Si and 58 Cu sources; Q EC values of 5272 ± 26, 8063 ± 42 keV have been obtained for mass-separated samples of 77 Rb, 75 Rb and 77 Kt, respectively. Mass surface systematics in this region have been examined and found to be consistent.
Sensitive measurement of nonlinear refraction and two-photon absorption by spectrally resolved two-beam coupling

A simple and very sensitive method for determining refractive and absorptive nonlinearities based on spectral resolution of two-beam coupling is demonstrated. Nonlinear phase shifts as small as ~10(-6) rad and two-photon absorption coefficients as small as 10(-4) cm/GW are readily observed by use of this technique with nanojoule pulses from a mode-locked laser.
On the identifiability of multivariate survival

Abstract Let ( T 1 , T 2 ) be a non-negative random vector which is subjected to censoring random intervals [ X 1 , Y 1 ] and [ X 2 , Y 2 ]. The censoring mechanism is such that the available informations on T 1 and T 2 are expressed by a pair of random vectors W =( W 1 , W 2 ) and δ =( δ 1 , δ 2 ), where W i =max(min( Y i , T i ), X i ) and δ i 1, if X i ⩽T i ⩽Y i , i=1,2, 2, if T i >Y i , i=1,2, 3, if T i i , i=1,2, In this paper we will show that under some mild conditions the joint survival function of T 1 and T 2 can be expressed uniquely as functional of observable joint survival functions. Our results extend recent works on the randomly right censored bivariate data case and on the univariate problem with double censoring to the bivariate data with double censoring.
A novel molecule expressing HLA-DR antigenic determinants.

Abstract Our previous studies suggested that the polymorphism of HLA-DR antigens (the human equivalent of murine 1-E antigens) was a result of structural variation in the small (β) subunit. In order to more accurately define this polymorphism we have expanded these studies to include HLA-DR antigens isolated with monoclonal antibody from genoypically HLA-homozygous DRw2, DRw5, and DRw7 lymphoblastoid cells derived from offspring of consaguineous relationships. Our results indicate that the large (α) subunits of DRw2 and DRw7 antigens are nearly identical, while their β subunits show many differences. In contrast, both the α and β subunits of the DRw5 antigen differ strikingly from the respective subunits of the DRw2 and DRw7 antigens. The significance of the variability of the DRw5 α subunits is in question at this point. One intriguing possibility is that DRw5 actually represents the human counterpart of the mouse I-A subregion antigen and that the monoclonal antibody is reacting with a determinant which is shared by the human equivalents of murine 1-A and 1-E antigens.
Vibratory behavior of twisted cantilevered plates

A combined numerical-experimental study of the effects of varying tip twist and increasing centrifugal loading on the resonant characteristics of cantilevered plates is presented. The finite element computer program, NASTRAN, is used to compute the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and normalized shear stress distribution for each mode of vibration for cantilevered plates having, a), varying degrees of tip twist and, b) increasing centrifugal loading. For the case of zero centrifugal load, the resulting mode shapes are compared to those obtained experimentally using holographic iiiterferometry. The agreement between the two is found to be quite good. For increasing centrifugal loading, it is found that the nodal lines of the flexural modes of vibration shift toward the plate root. Increased centrifugal loading is also found to strongly effect the character of some of the plate-like vibration modes of the cantilevered plate.
A prototype body-mounted MRI-compatible robot for needle guidance in shoulder arthrography

A novel compact and lightweight patient-mounted MRI-compatible robot has been designed for MRI image-guided interventions. This robot is intended to enable MRI-guided needle placement as done in shoulder arthrography. The robot could make needle placement more accurate and simplify the current workflow by converting the traditional two-stage arthrography procedure (fluoroscopy-guided needle insertion followed by a diagnostic MRI scan) to a one-stage procedure (streamlined workflow all in MRI suite). The robot has 4 degrees of freedom (DOF), two for orientation of the needle and two for needle positioning. The mechanical design was based on several criteria including rigidity, MRI compatibility, compact design, sterilizability, and adjustability. The proposed workflow is discussed and initial MRI compatibility experiments are presented. The results show that artifacts in the region of interest are minimal and that MRI images of the shoulder were not adversely affected by placing the robot on a human volunteer.
Likelihood ratio statistics for DNA mixtures allowing for drop-out and drop-in

Abstract The likelihood ratio (LR) is the recommended approach for forensic DNA mixture analysis by the DNA commission of the ISFG, as it makes maximum use of available data and parameters for allelic drop-out and drop-in can be incorporated. We have developed and validated a LR method and software for analysis of mixed evidence samples in which drop-out of true contributors′ alleles and drop-in of extraneous alleles may have occurred. This method, the forensic statistical tool (FST), employs empirically determined drop-out and drop-in probabilities for single source samples and mixtures. The LR is computed for pairs of prosecution and defense hypotheses based on sample characteristics specified by the user. Data from up to three evidence amplifications may be considered simultaneously. The performance of the program was evaluated with hundreds of profiles generated from blood and buccal samples, purposefully degraded samples, and touched items with one, two, three, and four known contributors. The validation demonstrated that FST assigns an appropriate weight to all types of comparisons. FST is now being used in casework and results continue to be consistent with qualitative assessments.
Youth Employment, Differential Association, and Juvenile Delinquency

Abstract Attempts by criminologists to examine the causes of delinquency have traditionally focused on two institutions: the family and the school. Despite the fact that adolescent work is becoming an increasingly important part of adolescent life, relatively few studies have attempted to examine the potential effect of labor market participation on delinquent behavior. It has been commonly thought that employment provides adolescents with a number of personal benefits that can assist them in making a relatively seamless transition into adulthood. However, the limited research in this area is not so clear. Some researchers have found that work helps to insulate adolescents from delinquency, while others find that employment actually increases an adolescent's chances of becoming involved in delinquent behavior. This study seeks to examine the work-delinquency relationship by reporting the results of a self-report delinquency survey. Our analysis found that working during the school year has a positive effe...
Effect of dietary cholesterol on the lipoprotein profile and binding of radioiodinated lipoproteins to hepatic membranes in the cockerel (Gallus domesticus).

Abstract 1. 1. Cockerels feda cholesterol-supplemented diet experienced a marked elevation of lipoprotein particles of density ≤ 1.006 g/ml (VLDL) and a diminution of lipoprotein particles of density 1.02–1.05 g/ml (LDL). 2. 2. Unlike VLDL of some cholesterol-fed animals, cholesterol-fed cockerel VLDL did not display β-mobility on agarose gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. [125I]LDL and [125I]HDL binding to cockerel liver membranes was not affected by cholesterol feeding. 4. 4. Different lipoprotein types appear to bind to a common site on cockerel liver membranes. 5. 5. The results suggest that liver cells of cockerels may not possess LDL binding sites tat are analogous to those of mammalian species.
Medical management of arrest disorders of labor: a current overview

In order to evaluate the risks specifically related to arrest disorders of labor, obstetric management and perinatal outcome were studied in 5399 births selected to exclude risks clearly not caused by abnormal labor. Management was primarily medical--among patients with arrest disorders, the cesarean rate was 13% and the midforceps rate was 4%, and among those having cesarean or midforceps delivery, 96% received prior oxytocin stimulation. Perinatal outcome was assessed by the parameters of mortality, low Apgar scores, admission to the nursery intensive care unit, and neurological abnormality. With medical management, arrest disorders were not associated with an increased risk of the adverse perinatal outcome evaluated in this study. It appears possible to reduce operative rates for arrest disorders of labor safely by more extensive use of medical management.