cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein degradation and protection against misfolded or damaged proteins

The ultimate mechanism that cells use to ensure the quality of intracellular proteins is the selective destruction of misfolded or damaged polypeptides. In eukaryotic cells, the large ATP-dependent proteolytic machine, the 26S proteasome, prevents the accumulation of non-functional, potentially toxic proteins. This process is of particular importance in protecting cells against harsh conditions (for example, heat shock or oxidative stress) and in a variety of diseases (for example, cystic fibrosis and the major neurodegenerative diseases). A full understanding of the pathogenesis of the protein-folding diseases will require greater knowledge of how misfolded proteins are recognized and selectively degraded.
Constructing Race in Black and Whiteness: Media Coverage of Public Support for President Clinton

This study employs a framing analysis of media explanations regarding public support for President Clinton during the 1998 coverage of the Monica Lewinsky scandal. An analysis of broadcast, newspaper, and magazine stories during the scandal reveals that media coverage of support for the President focused exclusively on African Americans. Five discursive frames were used to explain African American support: morality, political pragmatism, distrust of the criminal justice system, forgiveness/redemption, and Clinton's rapport with African Americans. Although these frames construct blackness using a variety of characteristics seldom found in the media, they also construct the concept of blackness in near universal and essentialist terms. Media explanations of Black support at the expense of explanations of White support (or lack thereof) for the President reinforce a racial hierarchy whereby whiteness serves as an invisible racial norm.
The Intern's Experience as Supervisor: Managing Resistance, Identification, and Countertransference While Feeling Insecure.

This article focuses on the experiences of predoctoral interns supervising the clinical work of less experienced externs in psychology and social work as part of a training program in a large university counseling center. After 4 years of running a relationally based supervision of supervision group, the authors believe that providing supervision during internship year to less advanced trainees and being supervised on the experience is a viable approach to develop supervisory competence and a highly valued aspect of internship training. However, we have also noticed that some well-known hindrances to effective supervision may be significantly exacerbated as intern and extern struggle with their new roles as supervisor and therapist. Several examples of these interns’ supervisory struggles are presented in the context of the concepts of resistance, identification, and countertransference. Naming and working through these obstacles to supervision, including feelings of rivalry that emerge between trainees w...
Engaging diverse underserved communities to bridge the mammography divide

Background Breast cancer screening continues to be underutilized by the population in general, but is particularly underutilized by traditionally underserved minority populations. Two of the most at risk female minority groups are American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) and Latinas. American Indian women have the poorest recorded 5-year cancer survival rates of any ethnic group while breast cancer is the number one cause of cancer mortality among Latina women. Breast cancer screening rates for both minority groups are near or at the lowest among all racial/ethnic groups. As with other health screening behaviors, women may intend to get a mammogram but their intentions may not result in initiation or follow through of the examination process. An accumulating body of research, however, demonstrates the efficacy of developing 'implementation intentions' that define when, where, and how a specific behavior will be performed. The formulation of intended steps in addition to addressing potential barriers to test completion can increase a person's self-efficacy, operationalize and strengthen their intention to act, and close gaps between behavioral intention and completion. To date, an evaluation of the formulation of implementation intentions for breast cancer screening has not been conducted with minority populations.
N:P balance in wetland forests: Productivity across a biogeochemical continuum

The nature of and driving forces behind variation among wetland forests in terms of biogeochemistry and vegetation production are not well understood. We suggest that insight into biogeochemical and productivity differences may be gained by examining the degree to which nitrogen and phosphorus are balanced within wetland vegetation. On the basis of examinations of data related to N:P balance and nutrient use efficiencies, vegetation productivity in both depressional and riverine forests appears to be primarily N limited. In contrast to some current theories of wetland biogeochemistry, these data suggest that when P deficiency occurs at all, it represents a secondary productivity constraint in comparison to N. Similarly, a biogeochemical continuum is suggested for wetland forests based on the relationship between N:P ratios in senesced foliage vs. annual litterfall mass. We theorize that the position of a particular wetland forest on this continuum reflects the integration of its geomorphic position and biogeochemical history. In addition, the position of a particular system on the continuum may have predictive value with regard to net primary productivity and nutrient transformation capabilities.
Ionization and dissociation of diphenyl and condensed-ring aromatics by electron impact. III. Azobenzene

Abstract Mass spectra of azobenzene including metastable peaks at several electron energies have been obtained using a Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp. Type 21-110B double-focussing mass spectrometer. Appearance energies of several ions of interest have been measured using a Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp. Type 21–701 coincident-field mass spectrometer. An intense C 6 H 5 N 2 + ion was observed having an appearance energy of 9.75 eV. From the metastable peak at 60.6 mass units it was calculated that ∼1.4 kcal mol −1 was released in translation and that as much as 14 kcal mol −1 excess energy was involved at onset. At 11.9 eV the C 6 H 5 + ion is formed by successive loss of C 6 H 5 and N 2 from the parent ion. Very little excess energy is involved. The ions C 12 H 10 + , C 12 H 9 + and C 12 H 8 + are formed with very small intensity by successive loss of N 2 and two hydrogen atoms. The C 12 H 10 + ion is formed with large release of energy in translation. The C 12 H 9 + and C 12 H 8 + ions are formed with considerably less excess energy. The appearance and excess energies suggest that these ions may have the biphenyl—biphenylene structure.
Treatment of Wool Scouring Wastes with Colloidal Bentonite

Results are presented of a laboratory-scale study to determine the effectiveness of various coagulants as supplementary additives in the conventional acid cracking of wool scouring wastes. It was observed that a dispersible-type bentonite produces a marked improvement in the extent of clarification of the waste effluent. In brief, the treatment involves first acidifying the scouring wastes with sulfuric acid to a pH level between 3 and 4 and then adding the required amount of bentonite as an aqueous dispersion. The amount of bentonite required depends upon the grease and suint content of the waste. A bentonite concentration of between 0.1 and 0.5% is generally sufficient. As an ex ample, treatment of a standard waste with acid and bentonite removed as much as 96% of the grease, compared with removal of 67% with acid alone. The chemical oxygen demand was reduced by approximately 60% by the combination treatment, compared with 33% reduction with acid alone.
Assembly interdependence among the S. cerevisiae bud neck ring proteins Elm1p, Hsl1p and Cdc12p.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a complex comprising more than 20 different polypeptides assembles in a ring at the neck between the mother cell and the bud. This complex functions to coordinate cell morphology with cell division. Relatively little is known about this control system, including the physical relationships between the components of the neck ring. This study addressed the assembly interactions of three components of the ring, specifically the protein kinases Elm1p and Hsl1p and the septin Cdc12p. Specific amino acid substitutions in each of these three proteins were identified that either cause or suppress a characteristic phenotype of abnormally elongated cells and delay in the G2–M transition. Each protein was fused to green fluorescent protein, and its ability to localize at the neck was monitored in vivo in cells of various genotypes. Localization of Hsl1p to the neck requires Elm1p function. Elm1p localized normally in the absence of Hsl1p, although a specific point mutation in Hsl1p clearly affected Elm1p localization. The cdc12-122 mutation prevented assembly of Elm1p or Hsl1p into the neck ring. Normal assembly of Cdc12p at the neck was dependent upon Elm1p and also, to a smaller extent, on Hsl1p. Ectopic localization of Cdc12p at the bud tip was observed frequently in elm1 mutants and also, to a lesser extent, in hsl1 mutants. Thus, Elm1p is a key factor in the assembly and/or maintenance of Hsl1p, as well as at least one septin, into the bud neck ring. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Legal/illegal: protesting citizenship in Fortress America

This article examines the issue of legality and illegality, focusing on U.S. citizenship, anti-immigrant rage, and pro-immigrant protests. The central case study is an analysis of what I call digital rage, namely, the rhetorical strategies present in anti-immigrant online activism. I argue that online performance of rage invests in acts of bordering (Nyers 2008) which propel a discourse of white supremacist pure nation and neurotic citizenship (Isin 2004). The final part of this article explores No Human Being is Illegal, a protest art exhibition. Imaginatively refusing forms of citizenship grounded in legal/illegal axis, the exhibition exposes U.S. citizenship itself as illegal, rooted in the colonization of indigenous people and in current neocolonizing practices of exploitation.
Tobacco Use Prevention in Private High Schools

This project evaluated educational and educational/social interventions to prevent tobacco use in three private, southern high schools. In the fall of 2001, 393 students completed the Youth Tobacco Survey (YTS); in the spring of 2002, 412 completed the YTS. At one school, teachers received training in tobacco prevention and curriculum-integrated materials (E-Only). At another school, teachers received the same training; in addition, the schools offered clubs after school that involved health promotion activities including programs, outside speakers, opportunities to teach younger youth, and advocacy training (E+Social). At a third school, students had classes as usual. Both fall and spring, students intended to avoid tobacco, and realized that peers disapprove. However, an interaction indicated that, though most students' attitudes deteriorated over the academic year, E+Social held steady. Results imply that prevention efforts that include education plus a social component can counteract the deterioration...
Registered Sex Offenders and Reported Sex Offenses

Geographic restrictions on registered sex offenders (RSOs) have become commonplace. Such policies generally assume that sex offenses are likely to be higher near RSOs. Yet, few ecological studies have examined this question empirically. The current study examines whether incidences of reported sex offenses are higher in proximity to the addresses of RSOs. Specifically, we examine whether there is a relationship between the number of reported sex offenses and the number of RSOs living in square grid cells (and in 1,000, 1,500, and 2,500 ft radii of the cell centroid) in Indianapolis. Count models indicate that the number of RSOs in an area is not a robust predictor of reported sex offenses, net of controls.
The response of apolipoprotein A-IV to cholesterol feeding in rats.

Abstract The effect of feeding high-fat and high-fat, high-cholesterol diets on the concentrations and distributions of apolipoprotein A-IV and A-I was studied. Rats were fed the diets as a single meal or for a period of 4 weeks. Feeding a single meal increased serum apolipoprotein A-IV concentrations above prefeeding values, regardless of the dietary composition. After a single meal was fed, serum apolipoprotein A-IV concentrations were lowest in the rats given the control diet and significantly higher in those fed the olive oil or olive oil /cholesterol diets. Feeding increased the apolipoprotein A-IV concentration in the lipoprotein-free fraction, regardless of the diet given. The increase in the lipoprotein-free apolipoprotein A-IV concentration was greater than control when olive oil was added to the diet and even greater when olive oil and cholesterol were added to the diet. In the olive oil/cholesterol group, not only was the lipoprotein-free apolipoprotein A-IV concentration greater than those of the control and olive oil groups but the HOL apolipoprotein A-IV concentration was also less than those of both the control and the olive oil groups. This finding shows that the presence of cholesterol in the diet specifically influenced the apolipoprotein A-IV distribution. When the rats were fed the high-fat, high-cholesterol diets for 4 weeks, the decrease in HDL apolipoprotein A-IV concentration and increase in lipoprotein-free apolipoprotein A-IV concentration was also observed. The changes were confirmed by agarose gel column Chromatography. In contrast to apolipoprotein A-IV, the serum concentrations and distributions of apolipoprotein A-I remained relatively constant with all experimental manipulations; however, with long-term feeding, serum apolipoprotein A-I concentration was significantly decreased in the olive oil /cholesterol-fed rats. We conclude that the metabolism of apolipoprotein A-IV may be related to cholesterol metabolism.
Seasonal variations in pituitary thyrotropes of the hibernating bat Myotis lucifugus lucifugus: An immunohistochemical study

Pituitary thyrotropes were identified throughout the year in the hibernating bat Myotis lucifugus lucifugus by means of light microscopic immunohistochemistry. These cells occupied a small proportion of the volume of the pars distalis (mean = 1.36% in males; mean = 1.52% in females) and exhibited a limited distribution pattern that was characteristic of all animals examined. Cells that were immunoreactive with an antiserum directed against the beta subunit of thyroid-stimulating hormone were most numerous in the median rostral and ventral regions; they were scarce or absent in the dorsal portion of the gland and in the extreme lateral wings. No significant seasonal variations were observed in this cell population in females. In males, however, immunoreactive thyrotropes occupied a significantly larger proportion of the pars distalis in June (following arousal from hibernation than at other times of year. No evidence of involution was observed in these anterior pituitary cells in either males or females during hibernation.
The influence of group diversity on intergroup bias following recategorization

Although recategorization in laboratory studies of nominal groups has received considerable support, some researchers have criticized such efforts as impossible when demographic diversity is the source of group identification. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of diversity on intergroup bias among groups where recategorization efforts had occurred. The author gathered data from 162 undergraduate students (as either 54 3-participant groups or 27 6-participant groups; 107 men and 55 women). Results of moderated regression analysis indicated that, although diversity did not influence participants' perceptions of the aggregate as a single group, diversity did influence intergroup bias. Specifically, bias was highest when more homogeneous groups merged with more diverse groups. The author discussed results in terms of theoretical contributions and implications for managing diversity.
Curved, Bent, and Twisted Crystals

10.1080/00357529.2012.728898-F0001 Figure 1. Smoky quartz gwindel, 12.2 cm, from the Mont Blanc massif, Les Courtes, France. Francis Benjamin specimen, Jeff Scovil photo. Crystals that are bent, tw...
Densities and distributions of commensal feather mites (Zachvatkinia caspica) among the primaries of Caspian Terns

Abstract This study employed a means of indexing the abundance of Zachvatkinia caspica (Mironov, 1989), an analgoid feather mite, among the primary feathers of its host, the Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia Pallas, 1770) in a manner that allowed for quantification of overall mite densities as well as spatial distributions of mites throughout the feathers. These mite-density estimates were used to examine properties of the hosts that may influence mite distributions both among different birds and within individual wings. Mite densities correlated negatively with host size and body condition (as indicated by fat reserves). Additionally mite loads on male birds were approximately 30% greater than those on female birds. Regarding within-host (or within-wing) mite distributions, mite densities were greatest among the outer five primaries and on the outer half of each feather, which contradicts predictions of spatial distributions based on aerodynamic considerations but roughly corresponds with areas of greatest bar...
Resource Allocation in OFDMA Femto Networks

Femtocells offer many advantages in wireless networks such as improved cell capacity and coverage in indoor areas. As these femtocells can be deployed in an ad-hoc manner by different consumers in the same frequency band, the femtocells can interfere with each other. To fully realize the potential of the femtocells, it is necessary to allocate resources to them in such a way that interference is mitigated. We propose a distributed resource allocation algorithm for femtocell networks that is modelled after link-state routing protocols. Resource Allocation using Link State Propagation (RALP) consists of a graph formation stage, where individual femtocells build a view of the network, and an allocation stage, where every femtocell executes an algorithm to assign OFDMA resources to all the femtocells in the network. Our evaluation shows that RALP performs better than existing femtocell resource allocation algorithms with respect to spatial reuse and satisfaction rate of required throughput.
FUNDOSCOPIC, OPHTHALMODYNAMOMETRIC, AND TONOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS IN MAN

Ophthalmoscopic observations, retinal arterial pressure determinations, and intraocular tension measurements have been made during general anaethesia and cardiopulmonary bypass in fifteen patients.
Curve Fitting, the Reliability of Inductive Inference, and the Error- Statistical Approach

The main aim of this paper is to revisit the curve fitting problem using the reliability of inductive inference as a primary criterion for the ‘fittest’ curve. Viewed from this perspective, it is argued that a crucial concern with the current framework for addressing the curve fitting problem is, on the one hand, the undue influence of the mathematical approximation perspective, and on the other, the insufficient attention paid to the statistical modeling aspects of the problem. Using goodness‐of‐fit as the primary criterion for ‘best’, the mathematical approximation perspective undermines the reliability of inference objective by giving rise to selection rules which pay insufficient attention to ‘accounting for the regularities in the data’. A more appropriate framework is offered by the error‐statistical approach, where (i) statistical adequacy provides the criterion for assessing when a curve captures the regularities in the data adequately, and (ii) the relevant error probabilities can be used to asse...
Negotiating with the North

(2003). Negotiating with the North. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 19-25.
Variability of the ocean‐induced magnetic field predicted at sea surface and at satellite altitudes

Spatial and temporal variability of the magnetic field component induced by ocean circulation is investigated on the basis of a standard thin-shell approximation of electro- and magneto-static equations. Well-known difficulties of numerical solution of the governing equations are resolved by reducing the problem to an equation for the electric field potential,(ef) as opposed to a more conventional approach focused on the vertical jump, (psi), of the magnetic field potential across a combined ocean/ marine-sediment-layer spherical shell. The present formulation permits using more realistic input data on ocean currents and ultimately yields much greater (by at least an order of magnitude) values of the magnetic field at sea surface than predicted in earlier studies. Such large values are comparable to, and in some cases exceed, magnetic field variations caused by lithospheric and ionospheric sources on monthly to interannual timescales. At the 400-km altitude (of CHAMP satellite), the field attains 6 nT. The model predictions show favorable comparisons with some in situ measurements as well as with Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) satellite magnetometer data.
Pathophysiology of fatty acid oxidation disorders

Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation represents an important pathway for energy generation during periods of increased energy demand such as fasting, febrile illness and muscular exertion. In liver, the primary end products of the pathway are ketone bodies, which are released into the circulation and provide energy to tissues that are not able to oxidize fatty acids such as brain. Other tissues, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle are capable of direct utilization of the fatty acids as sources of energy. This article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of fatty acid oxidation disorders. It describes the different tissue involvement with the disease processes and correlates disease phenotype with the nature of the genetic defect for the known disorders of the pathway.
Non-linear spectroscopic studies using sum- and difference-frequency generation

Abstract A detailed study is presented of resonant sum- and difference-frequency generation in the mixed-crystal system azulene in naphtalene. The S 0 → S 1 , S 0 → S 2 and S 1 → S 2 transitions of azulene provide the three needed dipoles for the existence of X (2) , and a relatively small static electric field is used to break the interferece between the waves generated in the two crystal sublattices. It is found that second-order non-linear processes can be caused to occur separately in each sublattice. All the theoretically predicted resonances, except the DICE effect were observed. The generated field intensity was found to saturate at higher fields, and in certain circumstances exhibited hysteresis as a function of the de-field strength. The line-narrowing capabilities of these new forms of spectroscopy were explored.
Synthetic retinoids as inducers of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cell lines

Apoptosis is also known as programmed cell death. Apoptosis plays an essential role in maintaining normal tissue and cell physiology in multicellular organisms. Clearance of aberrant or pre-cancerous cells occurs through the induction of apoptosis. It has been reported that many tumors and tumor cell lines have dysfunctional apoptosis signaling, causing these tumors to escape immune monitoring and internal cellular control mechanisms. One potential cause of this dysfunctional apoptosis is the tumor suppressor p53, an important regulator of growth arrest and apoptosis that is mutated in over 50% of all cancers. Retinoids have great potential in the areas of cancer therapy and chemoprevention. While some tumor cells are sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of natural retinoids such as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), many ovarian tumor cells are not. 6-[3-(1-Admantyl)]-4-hydroxyphenyl]-2-naphthalene carboxylic acid (CD437) and fenretinide N-[4-hydroxyphenyl] retinamide (4-HPR) are conformationally restricted synthetic retinoids that induce growth arrest and apoptosis in both ATRA-sensitive and ATRA-resistant ovarian tumor cell lines. Recently, we have identified the molecular pathways of apoptosis induced by treatment of ovarian carcinoma cells with mutated p53 by CD437 and 4-HPR.
Caffeine Use Disorder: A Review of the Evidence and Future Implications

The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition; DSM-5) has introduced new provisions for caffeine-related disorders. Caffeine withdrawal is now an officially recognized diagnosis, and criteria for caffeine use disorder have been proposed for additional study. Caffeine use disorder is intended to be characterized by cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicative of caffeine use despite significant caffeine-related problems, similar to other substance use disorders. However, since non-problematic caffeine use is so common and widespread, it may be difficult for some health professionals to accept that caffeine use can result in the same types of pathological behaviors caused by alcohol, cocaine, opiates, or other drugs of abuse. Yet there is evidence that some individuals are psychologically and physiologically dependent on caffeine, although the prevalence and severity of these problems is unknown. This article reviews the recent changes to the DSM, the concerns regarding these changes, and some potential impacts these changes could have on caffeine consumers.
Antithrombotic agents from salivary glands of hematophagous animals

The introduction of thrombolytic agents and adjunctive anticoagulant therapy in acute myocardial infarction and heparin-aspirin combinations in unstable angina have resulted in major gains in the acute management of these disorders; however, it is widely believed that available therapeutic agents, such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), anticoagulants, such as heparin, and antiplatelet agents, such as aspirin, may not possess the optimal efficacy and safety profile. A major surge was initiated to identify alternative thrombolytic and antithrombotic drugs, and as a part of these efforts the isolation and characterization of protein salivary anticoagulants from hematophagous animal species has assumed importance. In the following, we briefly review these proteins and the development of peptides and peptidomimetic compounds based on their structures and discuss the potential utility of these compounds in cardiovascular disease therapy.
Development of a Conditional Mesd (Mesoderm Development) Allele for Functional Analysis of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Family in Defined Tissues

The Low-density lipoprotein receptor-Related Protein (LRP) family members are essential for diverse processes ranging from the regulation of gastrulation to the modulation of lipid homeostasis. Receptors in this family bind and internalize a diverse array of ligands in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As a consequence, LRPs regulate a wide variety of cellular functions including, but not limited to lipid metabolism, membrane composition, cell motility, and cell signaling. Not surprisingly, mutations in single human LRPs are associated with defects in cholesterol metabolism and development of atherosclerosis, abnormalities in bone density, or aberrant eye vasculature, and may be a contributing factor in development of Alzheimer’s disease. Often, members of this diverse family of receptors perform overlapping roles in the same tissues, complicating the analysis of their function through conventional targeted mutagenesis. Here, we describe development of a mouse Mesd (Mesoderm Development) conditional knockout allele, and demonstrate that ubiquitous deletion of Mesd using Cre-recombinase blocks gastrulation, as observed in the traditional knockout and albino-deletion phenotypes. This conditional allele will serve as an excellent tool for future characterization of the cumulative contribution of LRP members in defined tissues.
An alternative in management of lingual thyroid: excision with implantation.

Abstract An 8-yr-old boy with a severely symptomatic lingual thyroid underwent excision of the lingual thyroid with implantation into the left anterior thigh. Six years after operation the patient remains euthyroid with demonstrable evidence of normal functioning thyroid tissue isolated to the site of implantation.
Analysis of a color space conversion engine implemented using dynamic partial reconfiguration

Dynamic Partial Reconfiguration allows parts of a Field Programmable Gate Array to be reconfigured, while the rest of the system continues uninterrupted operation. A Color Space Conversion Engine is a digital image-processing pipeline, which requires frequent reconfiguration of some, but not all of its stages. Therefore, it is a digital signal processing system that presumably can take advantage of dynamic partial reconfiguration. This paper describes the necessary design changes, testing, and performance analysis of a color space conversion engine implemented onto a field programmable gate array using dynamic partial reconfiguration. The analysis provides insight into the operational scenarios in which dynamic partial reconfiguration is advantageous or not.
The Role of Flower Width in Hummingbird Bill Length‐Flower Length Relationships1

Observations of hummingbirds feeding at flowers longer or shorter than their bills seem to contradict the view that bill lengths of hummingbirds evolved in concert with the lengths of their flowers. Recent experiments, however, indicate that a hummingbird’s ability to feed at artificial flowers of different lengths depends on the widths of the flowers. We examined if the broad range of flower lengths visited by many hummingbird species can be explained by the widths of the flowers. We predicted that both short- and long-billed hummingbirds would include long, wide flower species in their diets, but that short-billed hummingbirds would not include long, narrow flower species because nectar in these species might be beyond the reach of their bills. If so, the slope of the regression for flower width versus flower length should be smaller for flower species visited by longer-billed hummingbirds relative to those visited by shorter-billed hummingbirds. Analyses of data sets for some North American and Monteverde hummingbirds and their food plants were consistent with this prediction, and bill lengths were significantly correlated with the slopes of the regressions of flower width versus length for seven hummingbird species. Comparisons of observed flower use by some Monteverde hummingbird species to flower assemblages generated at random suggest that these significant regressions were not simply a result of allometric relationships between flower lengths and widths, but in some cases reflected active choice by the birds. The two hummingbird‐flower data sets also differed significantly in the scaling of corolla width relative to corolla length. In particular, the Monteverde data set contained a large number of long, narrow flower species, which we suggest is a consequence of a different floral evolutionary history and association with long-billed hummingbird species. The evolutionary effects of hummingbirds and their flowers upon one another are more complex than has generally been realized, and a consideration of corolla length jointly with other floral characters may improve our understanding of hummingbird‐flower relationships.
Demineralized Bone Matrix for Spinal Arthrodesis

Demineralized bone matrix, which is created through the acid extraction of the mineralized phase of bone, has been demonstrated to have rich osteoconductive capabilities as bone graft extenders in the augmentation of spinal arthrodesis. However, despite its promise as a scaffold in the induction of bone formation, many questions remain when given the choice between the number of commercial preparations available on the market today. Variations in the production of demineralized bone matrix such as the carrier used, quality of donor bone, and unique sterilization methods result in unpredictable biologic characteristics. For this reason, further study of efficacy in clinical and laboratory trials is needed.
Hydrodynamic performance of the flippers of large‐bodied cetaceans in relation to locomotor ecology

Cetaceans evolved flippers that are unique in both size and shape probably due to selection pressures associated with foraging and body size. Flippers function as control surfaces for maneuverability and stability. Flippers of cetaceans and engineered hydrofoils are similar with streamlined cross-sections and wing-like planforms, which affect lift, drag and hydrodynamic efficiency. Scale models of the flippers from large-bodied (body length >6 m) cetaceans (fin whale, killer whale, sperm whale) were constructed from computed tomography (CT) scans of flippers. Flipper planforms were highly tapered for the fin whale, a rounded, paddle-like design for the killer whale, and a square geometry for the sperm whale. Hydrodynamic properties of the models at varying angles of attack (–40o to 40 o ) were determined in a water tunnel with a multi-axis load cell. The flippers were found to have hydrodynamic characteristics similar to engineered wings. Differences in flipper morphology of large-bodied cetaceans and their hydrodynamic performance are associated with the requirements of aquatic locomotion involved with ecology of the whales. The flippers of the killer whale provided the greatest maneuverability, whereas the flippers of the fin whale had low drag for lunging and the flippers of the sperm whale provided lift for diving. Cetaceans are characterized by a number of common features that are associated with hydrodynamic performance for swimming. These features include a streamlined, elongate body, propulsion by oscillation of wing-like caudal flukes, lack of external hindlimbs, and forelimbs that have been modified into flippers (Fish 1998b, 2004; Thewissen 1998; Reeves et al. 2002; Woodward et al. 2006; Sanchez and Berta 2010). The flippers function hydrodynamically as control surfaces that manipulate flow to generate forces for maneuverability, stability and maintenance of trim (Fish
Communication Development and Its Disorders: A Psycholinguistic Perspective

There is a reciprocal relationship between the study of language disorders and research in normal language development. Recent studies in normal acquisition have led to a model of language development that includes not only linguistic achievements, but the development of social and cognitive abilities that lay the basis for the transition from prelinguistic communication to the use of conventional forms. This model has been applied to the study of developmental disorders of language learning. Such a model allows the more puzzling disorders of language development, such as childhood aphasia and primary autism, to be placed in a framework that predicts language disruption when underlying perceptual, cognitive, or social abilities are lacking. Assessment procedures that can be drawn from the model of language disorders are presented. It is argued that the study of these disabilities is important in the building of theoretical models of intact language processing that specify more precisely the contribution of underlying skills to overall functioning. Questions for future research that serve this reciprocal purpose are discussed.
RecA-dependent programmable endonuclease Ref cleaves DNA in two distinct steps

The bacteriophage P1 recombination enhancement function (Ref) protein is a RecA-dependent programmable endonuclease. Ref targets displacement loops formed when an oligonucleotide is bound by a RecA filament and invades homologous double-stranded DNA sequences. Mechanistic details of this reaction have been explored, revealing that (i) Ref is nickase, cleaving the two target strands of a displacement loop sequentially, (ii) the two strands are cleaved in a prescribed order, with the paired strand cut first and (iii) the two cleavage events have different requirements. Cutting the paired strand is rapid, does not require RecA-mediated ATP hydrolysis and is promoted even by Ref active site variant H153A. The displaced strand is cleaved much more slowly, requires RecA-mediated ATP hydrolysis and does not occur with Ref H153A. The two cleavage events are also affected differently by solution conditions. We postulate that the second cleavage (displaced strand) is limited by some activity of RecA protein.
Web-based enterprise management architecture

This article is a description of the Web-Based Enterprise Management initiative. It discusses both the substance of the initiative itself, in the form of the overall architectural approach implied by WBEM, and the industry context that gave rise to WBEM. The industry context is the current state of management systems and software, standardization efforts, and the actual systems being managed. These provided the major influences in shaping the evolution of the WBEM initiative. The substance of the initiative is provided by the WBEM process and information architectures that support a scalable and heterogeneous management structure. The various aspects of the process architecture are covered, including the object manager, object providers, schema management, and protocols required for communication among the various components of the architecture. An overview of the information architecture is provided in the form of a summary of the Desktop Management Taskforce's Common Information Model schema implemented by WBEM.
Finding the best examples of healthcare quality improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa

Background The purpose of this study was to summarise the current state of healthcare quality improvement literature focusing on sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Conventional methods of searching the literature were quickly found to be inadequate or inappropriate, given the different needs of practitioners in sub-Saharan Africa, and the inaccessibility of the literature. Results The group derived a core list of what were deemed exemplary quality improvement articles, based on consensus and a search into the “grey” literature of quality improvement. Conclusions Quality improvment articles from sub-Saharan Africa are difficult to find, and suffer from a lack of centrality and organisation of literature. Efforts to address this are critical to fostering the growth of quality improvement literature in developing country settings.
Allenyl azide cycloaddition chemistry. Synthesis of annelated indoles from 2-(allenyl)phenyl azide substrates.

Thermolysis of 2-(allenyl)phenyl azides leads to a cascade cyclization sequence furnishing both C(2)−C(3) and N−C(2) cyclopentannelated indoles.
RAM2: an essential gene in the prenylation pathway of Candida albicans

Prenylation is a post-translational protein modification process that results in correct protein localization to membranes in the cell. It is mediated by at least three prenyltransferases (PTFs) in eukaryotic cells. The RAM2 gene encodes the common α-subunit of two PTFs, farnesyltransferase (FTase) and geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I). In this study, the RAM2 gene of the prenylation pathway in the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans was analysed. The heterozygote trisomy test was used to demonstrate that RAM2 is essential to the viability of C. albicans. RAM2 mRNA in the yeast and hyphae growth states was not detected by Northern blot analysis, but was detected by RT-PCR. Drugs that inhibit mammalian PTFs do not alter Candida cell growth, but they do inhibit FTase and GGTase I activities in cell-free enzyme assays. The data from genetic studies and cell-free enzyme assays suggest that the drugs may not have access to the Candida cytoplasm. The regulation of PTF subunits was also examined in a strain in which RAM2 was under the control of a regulable promoter. Overall, this study demonstrated that RAM2 is essential to C. albicans, indicating that protein prenylation is an indispensable cellular process in this yeast.
Performance impact of partial reconfiguration on multihop lightwave networks

Rearrangeable multihop lightwave networks can be dynamically reconfigured to adapt the connectivity among network stations to prevailing traffic conditions. With no limitations on the tunability range of the transmitters and/or receivers allocated to each network station, all connection diagrams can be realized among network stations, within the constraints of the number of transmitters and receivers at each station. Since the number of wavelengths in use may be very large, the tunability range of transmitters/receivers will be restricted, in practice, to some limited set of contiguous wavelengths, or waveband. As a result, all connection diagrams might not be achievable and the network may loose some of its ability to adapt to traffic changes through reconfiguration. We derive bounds on the performance degradation experienced by the network as a function of the tunability restrictions. We then propose and analyze a waveband decomposition, illustrating how networks with good performance can be designed with tunability constraints on the transceivers. We also describe other architectures (subcarrier division multiplexing, multi-fiber physical topology) to which our model and analysis readily apply.
A Conserved Mechanism of Synaptogyrin Localization

We have studied the localization of synaptogyrin family members in vivo. Both native and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Caenorhabditis elegans synaptogyrin (SNG-1) are expressed in neurons and synaptically localized. Deletion and mutational analysis with the use of GFP-tagged SNG-1 has defined a 38 amino acid sequence within the C terminus of SNG-1 and a single arginine in the cytoplasmic loop between transmembrane domain 2 and 3 that are required for SNG-1 localization. These domains may represent components of signals that target synaptogyrin for endocytosis from the plasma membrane and direct synaptogyrin to synaptic vesicles, respectively. In chimeric studies, these regions were sufficient to relocalize cellugyrin, a nonneuronal form of synaptogyrin, from nonsynaptic regions such as the sensory dendrites and the cell body to synaptic vesicles. Furthermore, GFP-tagged rat synaptogyrin is synaptically localized in neurons of C. elegans and in cultured hippocampal neurons. Similarly, the C-terminal domain of rat synaptogyrin is necessary for localization in hippocampal neurons. Our study suggests that the mechanisms for synaptogyrin localization are likely to be conserved from C. elegans to vertebrates.
SUSPENSION EFFECT IN POTENTIOMETRY

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT According to the capacitor model, the potential development of membrane electrodes is the result of adsorption of ions or charged particles on the electrode surface forming a double layer and capacitor. Our results differ from those previously reported in that the adsorption of charged particles at the pH glass electrode interface is the main cause of the suspension effect rather than the reference electrode effect. Charged particles, if adsorbed on the SCE tip opening, may cause minor suspension effects on the reference electrode potential. Our results have demonstrated how previous investigators misused the H+-form exchange resins in the suspension effect study, ignoring the exchange reaction between the H+ ion and K+ ion. The pH glass electrode, antimony electrode and lead electrode and ion exchange resin, activated carbon, graphite and silica gel were used in the study.
Nuclear Signaling in Smooth Muscle Cells Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase 1A Moves In

See related article, pages 777–784 The second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP) mediates signaling in the nervous system, genitourinary system, and the gastrointestinal tract. In the cardiovascular system, cGMP regulates vasorelaxation, vascular remodeling, platelet activation, and cardiac contractility. The ability of cGMP to regulate such a large number of temporally and spatially disparate processes is attributable to the many different isozymes that exist for synthesis and degradation of cGMP. These enzymes exhibit different subcellular localization and mechanisms of activation. Thus, cGMP is synthesized from GTP by both soluble and particulate forms of guanylyl cyclase. Soluble guanylyl cyclases are heterodimeric cytosolic enzymes that consist of α and β subunits. There are several isoforms of the α and β subunit, α1β1 being the most abundant combination in mammalian tissues.1–3 Soluble guanylyl cyclase is activated by nitric oxide (NO) and NO-releasing drugs. Particulate forms of guanylyl cyclase, on the other hand, are transmembrane proteins that are activated by the natriuretic peptides ANP, BNP, and CNP.4 Similarly, cGMP is degraded by a large number of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs). To date, 21 different PDE genes divided among 11 gene families have been identified in mammals. Most PDE families contain more than one gene, and most genes code for more than one mRNA. Although some PDE gene families hydrolyze cAMP exclusively (PDE4, PDE7, PDE8), many of these enzymes hydrolyze cGMP, or both cAMP and cGMP.5 PDE5 is the major cGMP-specific PDE gene family in some cell types. Other cGMP-hydrolyzing PDE gene families include PDE1, PDE2, PDE6, PDE9, PDE10, PDE11, and possibly PDE3.6 Any particular cell type typically expresses several different guanylyl cyclases and cGMP-hydrolyzing PDEs, which provide the cell with tools to precisely regulate cGMP synthesis and hydrolysis in different …
On the permutation modules for orthogonal groups Om±(3) acting on nonsingular points of their standard modules

Abstract We describe the structure, including composition factors and submodule lattices, of cross-characteristic permutation modules for the natural actions of the orthogonal groups O m ± ( 3 ) with m ≥ 6 on nonsingular points of their standard modules. These actions, together with those studied in Hall and Nguyen (2011) [2] are all examples of primitive rank 3 actions of finite classical groups on nonsingular points.
Reconstruction of missing data in social networks based on temporal patterns of interactions

We discuss a mathematical framework based on a self-exciting point process aimed at analyzing temporal patterns in the series of interaction events between agents in a social network. We then develop a reconstruction model that allows one to predict the unknown participants in a portion of those events. Finally, we apply our results to the Los Angeles gang network. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal)
Bill Sponsorship and the Intersections of Race, Gender and Party

This paper examines bill sponsorship and passage rates as a function of the race, gender and party of state legislators. Using data from seven states we are able to examine the legislative behavior of Asians, Latinos, Native Americans, blacks and whites. Logistic regression is used to analyze the data.
Monoclonal Antibody 127 Recognizes a Subpopulation of Chicken Hexabrachion/Tenascin

Hexabrachion/tenascin is an extracellular matrix protein with a distinct spatial and temporal distribution in tissue (Erickson and Lightner, 1988). In chicken embryo fibroblast cultures it is isolated as a hexameric protein with disulfide linked subunits of 250, 225 and 215 Kd (Chiquet and Fambrough, 1984a,b; Erickson and Lightner, 1988). These subunits have very similar proteolytic cleavage patterns, indicating they are related peptides (Chiquet and Fambrough, 1984b). Pulse chase experiments (Chiquet and Fambrough, 1984b) and recently published sequence data (Jones et al.,1988; Pearson et al.,1988) suggest they result from alternative splicing of the tenascin mRNA. However, nothing is known about the functional differences between these subunits or how they are assembled into the hexameric structure.