cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Red Versa NIR Plane to Retrieve Broken-Cloud Optical Depth from Ground-Based Measurements

A new method for retrieving cloud optical depth from ground-based measurements of zenith radiance in the red (RED) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions is introduced. Because zenith radiance does not have a oneto-one relationship with optical depth, it is absolutely impossible to use a monochromatic retrieval. On the other side, algebraic combinations of spectral radiances, such as normalized difference cloud index (NDCI), while largely removing nonuniqueness and the radiative effects of cloud inhomogeneity, can result in poor retrievals due to its insensitivity to cloud fraction. Instead, both RED and NIR radiances as points on the ‘‘RED versus NIR’’ plane are proposed to be used for retrieval. The proposed retrieval method is applied to Cimel measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) site in Oklahoma. Cimel, a multichannel sun photometer, is a part of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET)—a ground-based network for monitoring aerosol optical properties. The results of retrieval are compared with the ones from microwave radiometer (MWR) and multifilter rotating shadowband radiometer (MFRSR) located next to Cimel at the ARM site. In addition, the performance of the retrieval method is assessed using a fractal model of cloud inhomogeneity and broken cloudiness. The preliminary results look very promising both theoretically and from measurements.
Same-Gender Desire, Religion, and Homophobia: Challenges, Complexities, and Progress for LGBTIQ Liberation in Africa

The articles in this roundtable document the endurance and bravery of lesbian, gay, transgender, bisexual, intersex, and queer (LGBTIQ) Africans as they respond to a rising, public tide of homophobia across the continent. The authors present case studies from South Africa, Uganda, Kenya, and Zambia, focusing respectively on literature, theology, public health, and constitutional law. Together, they also highlight four general features of contemporary life for LGBTIQ Africans. First, homophobia in Africa is a result of both African and international dynamics, including attempts at Christian and Muslim proselytization. Second, LGBTIQ identities and human rights approaches to LGBTIQ liberation compete and coexist with local notions of gendered and sexual identities and their affirmation. Third, homophobia is congruent with the broader dynamics of sexism and nationalism across Africa. Finally, LGBTIQ Africans and their allies have made great strides in improving
A reexamination of the effect of exercise on rate of muscle protein degradation

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise on the rate of protein degradation in rat skeletal muscle. The rates of total and myofibrillar protein degradation were determined by...
Resolved gravity duals of \( \mathcal{N}=4 \) quiver field theories in 2 + 1 dimensions

We generalize the construction by Aharony, Hashimoto, Hirano, and Ouyang of $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ quiver gauge theory with gauge group U(N +M) × U(N), k fundamentals charged under U(N ) and bi-fundamentals, to the case with gauge group $$ {\displaystyle {\prod}_{i=1}^{\widehat{k}}\kern0.5em \mathrm{U}\left({N}_i\right)} $$ with k i fundamentals charged under U(N i ). This construction is facilitated by considering the resolved $$ AL{E}_{\widehat{k}}\times T{N}_k $$ background in M-theory including non-trivial fluxes through the resolved 4-cycles in the geometry. We also describe the M-theory lift of the IIA Page charge quantization condition. Finally, we clarify the role of string corrections in various regimes of parameter space.
Elements of Jewish Religious History Through the Lens of Modern Scholarship

When drawing a cursory picture of Jewish religious history from 458 B.C.E. through the early Roman era, men like Ezra, Nehamiah, Zerubbabel, Judah Maccabee, and Herod the Great, have quite an interesting appeal. This paper will not uncover or add any new perspective to their perennial portraits, but rather provide a brief overview foregrounding an interpretation, which has been rarely highlighted by authors who have sought to do the same. Upon the close of this inquiry, this paper will consider lessons found in Daniel chapter 1-6, the significance of Cyrus the Great in Jewish history; and the role and impact of Jewish groups as their record cannot be ignored in a broad account of this important historic period. Finally, this study will touch upon two biblical books, often used to support Jewish history, Judges and Kings, and underscore some of the problems with achieving this task.
Impeachment of Oklahoma Governors

In Oklahoma, impeachment is of the soil racy. In the twenty-three years of statehood, thirteen impeachment messages have been received in the Senate from the House. Governor Williams (1914-18) has been the only one of six elected governors against whom House investigations were not ordered, and he may have been spared by the unusual House rule which declared any members guilty of perjury who swore to charges that were not substantiated in an investigation.Backed by the farmer-labor group, John C. Walton was elected governor in 1922 in a campaign marked by bitterness and party bolting. Before he was inaugurated, rumor had it that he would be impeached. Opposition to him sprang from three main sources—disappointed office-seekers, the klan, and the school bloc. However, it was the klan that finally dragged him down. To prevent klan outrages and to punish their perpetrators, Walton attempted to employ the military forces of the state. Martial law was declared in the city of Tulsa on August 13, 1923. It was soon extended to the whole of Tulsa county, to Okmulgee county, and finally on September 1 to the whole state. Adding to the confusion, the legislature tried to convene itself in extraordinary session, under the excuse that the governor's action had made such a step necessary and essential to the welfare of the state. Walton countered by branding the legislators as klansmen and a meeting of the legislature as an unlawful klan assembly. An attempted convening was frustrated by armed force on September 16.
Preferences for Candidates of College Students and Their Parents in Two Presidential Elections

Assuming that students who favor Republican presidential candidates will be more conservative and more likely to have authoritarian characteristics than Democratic students, it was hypothesized tha...
Cardiometabolic Risk in South Asian Inhabitants of California: Hypertriglyceridemic Waist vs Hypertriglyceridemic Body Mass Index.

Objective : Hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTG-waist), an increased waist circumference (WC) with an elevated triglyceride (TG) concentration, can identify increased cardiometabolic risk in apparently healthy individuals. Since WC and BMI are highly correlated, we examined whether an HTG-BMI would be as effective as an HTGwaist in identifying cardiometabolic risk in apparently healthy South Asians. Design, Setting and Participants: In this cross-sectional study, we classified South Asian women (n=1156) and men (n=1842) without diabetes mellitus as having an HTG-waist (TG ≥150 mg/dL and a WC ≥80 cm in women or ≥ 90 cm in men) and an HTG-BMI (TG ≥150 mg/dL and a BMI ≥23 kg/m²). Outcome Measures: We measured cardiometabolic risk factors, including blood pressure and fasting lipid profile, glucose, insulin, fibrinogen, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Results: An HTG-waist was present in 670 individuals, of whom 648 (97%) had an HTG-BMI. The cardiometabolic profile was significantly more adverse in those in whom an HTG-waist was present vs absent; and the same was true when individuals with an HTG-BMI were compared with those without. Conclusions: Essentially every individual with an HTG-waist also had an HTG-BMI. An HTG-BMI identified cardiometabolic risk as effectively as an HTG-waist in a population composed entirely of South Asians. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(2):191-196; doi:10.18865/ed.26.2.191
Some personality characteristics of college students reporting frequent nightmares.

This study examined whether college students reporting frequent nightmares would score differently on scales of the Ausburg Multidimensional Personality Instrument (AMPI; Kelly, 2012) relative to a comparison group. University students (N=373) completed the AMPI and a questionnaire to assess how frequently they experienced nightmares. The results indicated that individuals with frequent nightmares scored higher on the AMPI validity scale Unlikeliness (unusual signs of distress) and the clinical scales Somatization (frequent bodily discomforts), Dysphoria (sadness and meaninglessness), Hystericality (desire to be liked, avoidance of responsibility, and limited insight), Paranoia (interpersonal suspiciousness), Anxiousness (anxiety and stress), Schizotypic (unusual perceptual experiences), and Hypomania (high energy). Regression analyses revealed that only Schizotypic and Hypomania scores significantly predicted unique variance in experiencing frequent nightmares. The results and limitations were discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of azofurazan and azoxyfurazan

The synthesis of high energy materials(HEMs)such as 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azofurazan(DAAF),3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azoxyfurazan(DAOAF)and 3,3'-dinitro-4,4'-azoxyfurazan(DNOAF)was introduced,and the productivity of the prepared DAAF by using a new oxidant can reach 65.60%.The product structure was evaluated by DSC-TG elemental analysis,IR,1H NMR and MS methods,moreover the sensitivity were normally measured.The results show that the sensitivity of DNOAF explosive is high,which is equivalent to that of C-12,but DAAF and DAOAF explosive have low sensitivity.
Effects of Long-Term Intake of DDT on Rats:

DDT is a pesticide used in malaria-control programmes throughout the world. Its potential carcinogenicity was studied in MRC Porton rats (Wistar-derived) which received dietary concentrations of 0, 125, 250 and 500 parts per million DDT (technical-grade) for life. The treatment had no adverse effects on body growth or survival rate. Various types of tumours were observed in animals in all groups: exposure to DDT resulted in statistically significant increased incidence of liver-cell tumours only in female treated rats; one such tumour was observed in control rats. No metastases of these tumours were found.
The origin of the Big Bang universe in ultimate reality with special reference to the cosmology of Stephen Hawking

En faisant reference a la cosmologie de Stephen Hawking, l'A. dessine les grandes lignes d'une riposte theiste a la theorie cosmologique contemporaine. En montrant qu'un subunivers mathematique et logique doit etre la condition pour la possibilite du big-bang, il developpe des arguments traditionnels en faveur d'un createur personnel de l'univers. Hawking affirme qu'il existe quelque chose qui peut creer le big-bang. Le subunivers provient directement de la realite ultime. Il agit non seulement pour creer le big-bang, mais assure la continuite de sa fonction tout au long de la vie de l'univers
Generalized optimal design for two-arm, randomized phase II clinical trials with endpoints from the exponential dispersion family

For two-arm randomized phase II clinical trials, previous literature proposed an optimal design that minimizes the total sample sizes subject to multiple constraints on the standard errors of the estimated event rates and their difference. The original design is limited to trials with dichotomous endpoints. This paper extends the original approach to be applicable to phase II clinical trials with endpoints from the exponential dispersion family distributions. The proposed optimal design minimizes the total sample sizes needed to provide estimates of population means of both arms and their difference with pre-specified precision. Its applications on data from specific distribution families are discussed under multiple design considerations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal Conductance of Poly(3-methylthiophene) Brushes.

A wide variety of recent work has demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of polymers can be improved dramatically through the alignment of polymer chains in the direction of heat transfer. Most of the polymeric samples exhibit high conductivity in either the axial direction of a fiber or in the in-plane direction of a thin film, while the most useful direction for thermal management is often the cross-plane direction of a film. Here we show poly(3-methylthiophene) brushes grafted from phosphonic acid monolayers using surface initiated polymerization can exhibit through-plane thermal conductivity greater than 2 W/(m K), a 6-fold increase compared to spin-coated poly(3-hexylthiophene) samples. The thickness of these films (10–40 nm) is somewhat less than that required in most applications, but the method demonstrates a route toward higher thermal conductivity in covalently grafted, aligned polymer films.
Integrating Multiple Data Sources to Enhance Sentiment Prediction

Understanding the sentiment conveyed by a person is an important part of any social interaction, and sentiment in text can provide valuable insight into an author's opinion. Sentiment analysis for text is a large field of research within machine learning, as it allows the sentiment of large numbers of text instances to be determined and used to answer various questions, such as election prediction. Typically, a sentiment classifier is trained using data from the same domain it is intended to be applied to; however, there may not be sufficient training data within the given domain. Additionally, using data from multiple sources, including other related domains, may help create a more generalized sentiment classifier that can be applied to multiple domains. To this aim, we conduct an empirical study using sentiment data from two sources, online reviews and tweets. We first test the performance of sentiment analysis models built using a single data source for both in-domain and cross-domain classification. Then, we evaluate classifiers trained using instances randomly sampled from both sources. Additionally, we evaluate sampling different quantities of instances from both data sources to determine how many instances should be included in a training data set. We apply statistical tests to verify the significance of our results and find that using a combination of instances from reviews and tweets is similar to, or better than any model trained from a single domain. Also, we found no significant difference in performance for classifiers 100,000 or more combined training instances. These results are important as they indicate a more robust classifier can be trained by using a smaller number of in-domain instances augmented with instances from a related domain, rather than using purely in-domain instances. Thus, we recommend using a training data set composed of both tweets and reviews, when training a sentiment classifier for use in predicting both tweet and review sentiment.
The digital entrepreneurial ecosystem

A significant gap exists in the conceptualization of entrepreneurship in the digital age. This paper introduces a conceptual framework for studying entrepreneurship in the digital age by integrating two well-established concepts: the digital ecosystem and the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The integration of these two ecosystems helps us better understand the interactions of agents and users that incorporate insights of consumers’ individual and social behavior. The Digital Entrepreneurial Ecosystem framework consists of four concepts: digital infrastructure governance, digital user citizenship, digital entrepreneurship, and digital marketplace. The paper develops propositions for each of the four concepts and provides a theoretical framework of multisided platforms to better understand the digital entrepreneurial ecosystem. Finally, it outlines a new research agenda to fill the gap in our understanding of entrepreneurship in the digital age.
Mechanisms of Estrogen Carcinogenesis: Modulation by Botanical Natural Products

The longer women are exposed to estrogens, through early menarche and late menopause and/or through hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the higher is the risk of developing certain hormone-dependent cancers. It has become clear that there are likely multiple overlapping mechanisms of estrogen carcinogenesis. This review is focused on the chemical mechanism of estrogen carcinogenesis involving metabolism of estrogens to catechols mediated by cytochrome P450 and further oxidation of these catechols to estrogen o-quinones. These electrophilic/redox active quinones can cause damage within cells by alkylation and/or oxidation of cellular proteins and DNA in many tissues. Finally, there is evidence to suggest that botanical dietary supplements have cytoprotective/cytotoxic properties that could modulate estrogen-dependent cancers in both pre- and postmenopausal women by blocking key critical steps in the estrogen genotoxicity pathway. Given the direct link between excessive exposure to estrogens, metabolism of estrogens, and increased risk of breast cancer, it is crucial that factors that affect the formation, reactivity, and cellular targets of estrogen quinoids be thoroughly explored.
Tastelessness: A Poorly Defined Concept-The Example of Quinine Ethylcarbonate

Tastelessness has become an important concept for theories which attempts to relate molecular structure and gustatory properties of compounds, but it has not been operationally defined. 3 experiments compared the gustatory properties of allegedly tasteless quinine ethylcarbonate (QEC) and a sapid analogue, quinine monohydrochloride (QHC1); 2 bottle preference tests with rats showed equivalent rejection of both compounds. Electrophysiological records from rats showed that responses to low concentrations of QEC and QHC1 could be obtained. Psychophysical scaling and cross-adaptation in humans showed similar gustatory properties for both compounds. QEC is not tasteless but merely less soluble than QHC1. A classification of compounds as insoluble, tasteless, or sapid is proposed in order to make tastelessness a useful concept in theoretical arguments.
Feasibility and Patient Perceptions of Video Declarations Regarding End-of-Life Decisions by Hospitalized Patients.

Abstract Background: A videotaped declaration by patients of their advance care planning preferences could be an opportunity to supplement advance directive forms and be a source of information for family, caregivers, and clinicians, yet research is needed to examine the content and acceptability of making declarations among patients. Objective: To evaluate the content and acceptability of ‘video declarations’: the process of patients videotaping themselves describing their advance care planning preferences. Design: We showed a brief video describing three approaches to end-of-life care and then invited participants to use an iPad to videotape themselves making a declaration about their wishes. Setting/Subjects: Hospitalized patients from a large urban U.S. safety net hospital. Measurements: We interviewed participants about the acceptability of the declaration process. Declarations were transcribed and coded by a team, with multiple stakeholder input. Results: There were 16 participants; mean age was 60 ...
Transcapsular Buttonholing of the Proximal Ulna as a Cause for Irreducible Pediatric Anterior Elbow Dislocation

Anterior elbow dislocations in the pediatric population represent rare and sometimes difficult injuries to manage. Associated olecranon fractures are even more uncommon with limited literature existing on the topic. We present the case of a six-year-old male with a traumatic transolecranon anterior elbow fracture dislocation in whom closed reduction was prevented by buttonholing of the proximal ulna through the anterior joint capsule. This case of pediatric anterior elbow fracture dislocation provides insight into an uncommon and challenging injury complex.
Chapter 12 Molecular physiology of mammalian epithelial Na+/H+ exchangers NHE2 and NHE3

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molecular physiology of mammalian epithelial Na + /H + exchangers (NHE)—NHE2 and NHE3. These two exchangers contribute to small intestinal, colonic, gallbladder, renal, and salivary gland Na + and HCO 3 – absorption and, along with ENaC and Na + -linked substrate cotransporters, carry out most of the renal and intestinal Na + absorption. The chapter provides an overview of NHEs, including the identified members of the Na + /H + exchanger gene family and the structure/function relationships of the NHE N terminus; cellular and subcellular locations; physiological functions of apical Membrane NHEs and those attributed to NHE2 and/or NHE3; the regulation of transport activity; and diseases in which the epithelial NHEs play a pathogenic role. NHE2 and NHE3 can alter intracellular pH and intracellular volume. The cloned NHE isoforms are all separate genes and, with one exception, are present on different chromosomes. The related NHE2 and NHE4 are on the same chromosome. Pseudogenes are identified only for NHE3. All members of the NHE gene family have similar membrane topology based on similarity in hydrophobicity predicted by multiple algorithms. The chapter also describes the method used to assess the topology of NHE3 and NHE2.
Tip radius variation with elastic indentation depth

Abstract The reduced elastic modulus of a material is measured with a nanoindenter probe that is operated in the tapping mode. The resonant frequency of a freely oscillating cantilever is reduced when contact is made between the indenter tip and surface under investigation. It’s shown using elasticity theory that the elastic deformation is a function of the indenter tip radius. A deeper penetration within the elastic range can change the tip radius, and introduce an error of 10% in calculating the reduced elastic modulus.
Metamodeling: More Applications

In this chapter, we continue our excursion in the world of metamodeling. We show how metamodeling can be applied to study a reading program and to understand metacognition and critical thinking skills. We return to the issue of innovation which was briefly discussed at the end of Chapter 10. We discuss how to metamodel creativity in science and in art. We then use metamodeling to explain various aspects of the discipline of information systems, as well as the consequences of ignoring metamodeling and designing information systems at the wrong level of abstraction. The tendency to overlook metamodeling also helps to explain certain epistemological problems encountered by scientific disciplines such as artificial intelligence.
A Self-Expanding Prostatic Stent for Bladder Outlet Obstruction in High Risk Patients

AbstractWe describe the clinical experience with a self-expanding prostatic stent used in patients with bladder outlet obstruction and advanced comorbid medical illness. A Gianturco-Z††Cook Urological, Bloomington, Indiana. stent was placed in 25 men, including 21 in urinary retention. Patients were followed clinically and with serial endoscopy. Mean age was 80.5 years (range 54 to 98). Mean followup was 10.1 months, with a longest followup of 24 months. Spontaneous voiding resumed in 20 of 21 patients (95%) with retention, with 16 of 21 (76%) demonstrating long-term success. Two patients failed due to stent migration within 1 month. Other complications were limited to minor stent incrustations in 2 cases, symptomatic urinary infections without fever in 2 and epididymitis occurring 15 months following stent placement in 1. No perioperative cardiovascular complications were encountered. Followup endoscopy revealed partial stent coverage by urothelium in 13 of 16 men at 1 month and greater than 90% coverage...
Isoflurane-, halothane- and agonist-evoked responses in pig coronary arteries and vascular smooth muscle cells.

The actions of volatile anesthetics are not restricted simply to depression of consciousness but extend beyond the nervous system to include the heart and circulation. In the circulation, isoflurane and halothane cause vasodilatation; although a part of this effect results simply from decreased nervous system activity, the anesthetics undoubtedly also have direct actions on blood vessels themselves. The nature and magnitude of the anesthetics’ vascular effects vary depending upon animal species, vascular bed and type of vessel. In the coronary circulation of intact pigs and in isolated coronary arteries removed from pig, dog and human hearts, isoflurane and halothane have both been shown to attenuate agonist-induced contractile responses.1–4 The purpose of the current experiments has been to investigate the effects and mechanisms of action of volatile anesthetics in coronary arteries and in cultured vascular cells.
Surgery of the Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valves

Compared to aortic and mitral valve surgery, procedures on the tricuspid and pulmonary valves are relatively uncommon (Fig. 1). Consequently there is comparatively sparse literature on tricuspid and pulmonary valve surgery. The lack of large trials therefore requires greater clinician experience and decision making. This chapter will focus on the current issues in surgical decision making for the patient with tricuspid or pulmonary valve diseases.
What do refugees want? Reading refugee lip-sewing protests through a critical lens

ABSTRACTThrough a close reading of lip-sewing protests by refugees over the past two decades, this article develops a theoretical framework for understanding lip sewing as a form of protest and pol...
Targeting Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (ROCK) in cardiovascular fibrosis and stiffening

Introduction: Pathological cardiac fibrosis, through excessive extracellular matrix protein deposition from fibroblasts and pro-fibrotic immune responses and vascular stiffening is associated with ...
Publisher Correction: The Bargaining and Contagion Effects of Investors in Single Family Residential Properties: The Case of Denver Colorado

The original version of this article unfortunately contained mistakes. Errors were found within Tables 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. The corrected versions of these tables are as follows.
Capturing Fluctuations in Gendered Cognition With Novel Intensive Longitudinal Measures

Cognition is often assumed to be stable, but compelling evidence shows that some skills (e.g., working memory) vary. There is limited investigation, however, of variation in gendered cognition, such as spatial skills and verbal recall, potentially because there are no validated measures for intensive longitudinal assessment. The goal of this study was to introduce and validate new 75-occasion measures of three-dimensional mental rotations and delayed paired verbal recall. This was accomplished by studying cognitive fluctuations over 75 days in an intensive longitudinal study of 121 participants, focusing on 54 (27 women) who were matched for gender, age, and language. Results from psychometric analyses suggest that both measures show parallel forms reliability, including expected gender differences, and validity (i.e., performance with respect to a standard measure or item difficulty), although results are more consistent for mental rotations than verbal recall. Results also suggest there are significant daily fluctuations in both mental rotations and verbal recall. Findings encourage future clinical work on the antecedents and consequences of cognitive fluctuations with the newly developed, freely available measures.
Hierarchical Model: Operations and Programming

This chapter continues the coverage of the hierarchical model. Given the structure and ability to create in-memory data structures from JSON- and XML-formatted files from the last chapter, we explore the operations for the tree model. We must understand how to access the attributes and data of elements and how to traverse trees, in order to extract the data and to build one or more tabular data structures from the tree.
The complex role of prostaglandin E2-EP receptor signaling in wound healing

Prostaglandins are critical lipid mediators involved in the wound healing response, with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) being the most complex and exhibiting the most diverse physiological outputs. PGE2 s...
An ethical analysis of cloning for genetic rescue: Case study of the black-footed ferret

Abstract Genetic rescue is a management tool used to decrease genetic load and increase fitness. The technique relies on the addition of unique genomes into a population's gene pool, but when no living candidates are available for translocation, preserved genetic resources may be an option. Biobanks are a source of cryopreserved material, including fibroblasts which have the potential to be used as source genetic material, but would require the use of cloning to create a living individual with the desired genome. An ethical analysis of this emerging technology in conservation is necessary to help determine when cloning is justified and to identify issues that need to be addressed in order that the management action is approached responsibly. We provide a framework for ethical analysis of conservation cloning for genetic rescue by considering the goals, means and desirability of conservation cloning. We then conduct a preliminary analysis of the use of conservation cloning for the genetic rescue of an endangered species, the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), as a case study. The analysis generates several recommendations for moving toward ethically responsible introduction of cloning into black-footed ferret recovery efforts.
Escape from Quant Lab: Using Lab Skill Progression and a Final Project to Engage Students

A Quantitative Analysis Lab class was developed that began with 9 weeks of student preparation for the Quant Escape Game (QEG) where the students learned the fundamentals of quantitative analysis. The preparation was followed by the four-week QEG, an active-learning, cooperative-learning, and problem-based learning experience in which the students used their knowledge of the fundamentals of quantitative analysis to solve the given problems. Students reported that the game caused them to learn, thinking in advance all semester long instead of simply going through the motions. The students were motivated by the prospect of using the fundamental skills that they learned early in the class to solve a real, complex, and multistep problem as part of an escape game. The students enjoyed the independence the game afforded and the ability to strategize within a large team setting. The QEG was a way of motivating students to achieve course goals while providing a way for students to showcase their improved abilities and skills at the end of the semester.
Notable women of China : Shang dynasty to the early twentieth century

This history of presidential studies surveys the views of leading thinkers and scholars about the constitutional powers of the highest office in the land from the founding to the present.
Ground Water Utilization, Suffolk County, L. I., New York

Groundwater pumped from aquifers amounted to more than 24 billion gal in 1955; problems arising through constantly increasing withdrawals include: extensive sea water encroachment, marked depletion of storage, industrial contamination, and rises in water temperatures; possible remedies are discussed.
Data mining: Consumer privacy, ethical policy, and systems development practices

The growing application of data mining to boost corporate profits is raising many ethical concerns especially with regards to privacy. The volume and type of personal information that is accessible to corporations these days is far greater than in the past. This causes many consumers to be greatly concerned about potential violations of their privacy by current data collection and data mining techniques and practices. The purpose of this study is to identify the ethical issues associated with data mining and the potential risks to a corporation that is believed to be operating in an unethical manner. The paper reviewed the relevant ethical policies and proposed ten data mining systems development practices that can be incorporated into a software development lifecycle to prevent these risks from materializing.
A Comparison of Proteinpolysaccharides of Bovine Nasal Cartilage Isolated and Fractionated by Different Methods

Abstract Crude proteinpolysaccharide extractable by three fundamentally different methods, called mild, disruptive, and dissociative, has been separated into the same series of three significantly distinct fractions by a method capable of operating with gram quantities involving differential ultracentrifugation in neutral salt solutions at high concentrations. The three fractions separated by this method following dissociative extraction with 3 m MgCl2 have been related by their analytical and sedimentation properties to fractions prepared by different methods in two other laboratories. The fraction smallest in size, called PPL3, has a molecular weight of 2.4 x 106 and accounts for 25 to 49% of the crude product extracted. The fraction next larger in molecular weight, called PPL5, amounts to 30 to 50% of the crude product extracted. PPL6, the most rapidly sedimenting fraction, amounts to 5% of the crude product and contains 0.6% hydroxyproline. PPL3 and PPL5, the two components accounting for 70% of the crude proteinpolysaccharide, are clearly demonstrable in sedimentation velocity studies on crude proteinpolysaccharide only at low concentration (l2.5 mg per ml). At higher concentrations (g4 mg per ml), convergence of the sedimentation coefficients of the two components and a marked Johnston-Ogston effect produce a single hypersharp boundary, obscuring the presence of two components in crude proteinpolysaccharide. This may account for the conclusion of some workers that proteinpolysaccharides from bovine nasal cartilage contain a single major component.
Treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with bulky extramedullary disease and T-cell phenotype or other poor prognostic features: randomized controlled trial from the Children's Cancer Group.

BACKGROUND Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with multiple poor prognostic factors and who have a lymphomatous mass at diagnosis, whether of T- or non-T-immunophenotype, are at increased risk of short term remission and extramedullary recurrence, and are in need of better therapies. METHODS Six hundred and ninety-four eligible patients ranging in age from 1-20 years were entered on the study. Sixty-five percent of the patients had T-cell immunophenotype. Of these, 678 were randomized to one of four regimens: Regimen A: Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM) 76/79; Regimen B: LSA2-L2 with cranial irradiation; Regimen C: LSA2-L2 without cranial irradiation; and Regimen D: the New York (NY) regimen. RESULTS Complete remission was induced in 97% of patients. The overall event free survival (EFS) ± the standard deviation was 60 ± 4% 6 years after diagnosis, in contrast to 36 ± 6% in a comparable historic group. The EFS of the 371 T-cell patients was 62 ± 7%. EFS was best on the NY (67 ± 7%) and the BFM (67 ± 6%) arms. These were significantly better than the EFS on the 2 LSA2-L2 regimens, with an EFS of 53 ± 8% (Regimen B) and 42 ± 11% (Regimen C) (P = 0.03 and 0.0003 for NY vs. Regimen B and NY vs. Regimen C; P = 0.01 and 0.0001 for BFM vs. Regimen B and BFM vs. Regimen C). Regimen C had a 3-fold greater central nervous system (CNS) recurrence rate than the identical chemotherapy Regimen B (16 ± 5% vs. 6 ± 4%; P = 0.02), although the difference in overall EFS did not reach the required level for significance. Testicular recurrence varied from 2-8% in comparison with 20% in the historic group. EFS was not influenced by age, gender, CNS disease at diagnosis, morphology, or immunophenotype. In addition to treatment regimen and early response rate, initial leukocyte count, hemoglobin level, liver, spleen, and lymph node enlargement, and the presence of a mediastinal mass had univariate prognostic influence on EFS. In multivariate analysis, only the kinetics of response, leukocyte count (unfavorably, P < 0.0001), and mediastinal mass status (favorably, P = 0.01) were prognostic. CONCLUSIONS The adverse prognostic implications of lymphomatous ALL can be minimized by the NY and BFM regimens. Cranial irradiation resulted in better CNS disease control when added to the LSA2-L2 regimen, but did not improve the overall disease free survival. With improved systemic chemotherapy, there was no excess of lymph node, testicular, or other local recurrence without prophylactic irradiation to sites of initial bulk disease or to the testes. Cancer 1998;82:600-612. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
Cyclic AMP-induced Mg2+ release from rat liver hepatocytes, permeabilized hepatocytes, and isolated mitochondria

The addition of norepinephrine, epinephrine, or forskolin to collagenase-dispersed rat liver hepatocytes increase cAMP and result in a 15% loss in total cell Mg2+ within 5 min. Conversely, carbachol and vasopressin induce a 10-15% increase of total cell Mg2+. Permeabilized hepatocytes also mobilize a large pool of Mg2+ when stimulated by ADP or cAMP. This stimulation is completely inhibited by atractyloside and bongkrekic acid, two different specific inhibitors of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase. cAMP directly mobilizes Mg2+ efflux from isolated rat liver mitochondria. 50 nM cAMP or 250 microM ADP induces in 5 min a mitochondrial loss of about 6 nmol of Mg2+/mg of protein and a stimulation of ATP efflux. The effect of cAMP is specific, is not reproduced by other cyclic or noncyclic nucleotides, and is inhibited by inhibitors of the adenine nucleotide translocase. These data indicate that cAMP is a messenger for a major mobilization of Mg2+ in hepatocytes. A major target for the effect of cAMP are mitochondria, which lose up to 20-25% of their total Mg2+ in 5 min, both within the cell and after isolation. Evidence is presented suggesting that the adenine nucleotide translocase is the target of the cAMP-dependent Mg2+ efflux and that cAMP may change the operation of the translocase. This, in turn, could change within the matrix the substrate of choice of the translocase from ATP to ATP.Mg.
Oil supply disruptions and modelling methodologies: The role of LP models

Abstract This paper has three main objectives. First, an argument is made that oil vulnerability is not a problem of the past, but remains a significant concern for all oil-consuming countries, especially beyond 1990. Second, it is suggested that the severity of past disruptions can be attributed, in part, to physical and institutional constraints that prevented the oil market from reacting quickly to what were relatively minor supply disruptions. The currently changing structure of the world oil market, in particular the evolving sales agreements under which an increasing percentage of world oil is traded and the vertical integration of major OPEC members into areas such as refining, could decrease the ability of the market to adjust to future disruptions. Third, it is suggested that linear programming (LP) models offer unique capabilities in assessing the degree to which the world and domestic oil markets could adjust to short-term supply disruptions, given constraints on transport, trade, and refining possibilities imposed by the physical structures of those market sectors or by control of those sectors by increasingly powerful producing countries. The assessment of this flexibility will help pinpoint areas needing attention and also contribute indirectly to the evaluation of short-run demand elasticities for world oil. The US Department of Energy's Petroleum Allocation (PAL) Model is used as an example of one LP model that can address such issues.
The unlearning: Horror and transformative theory

Building on the foundational concepts of transformative learning theory, I argue that horror fiction strongly encourages perspective transformation by challenging student assumptions about both genre writing and educational experience. I informally describe a specific creative writing class period focusing on the motif of the scream in diverse horror texts, and I illustrate how students learn to transform what they already bring to the classroom by employing a variety of particular in-class writing exercises and literary discussions. Among these, transformative writing exercises—such as the revision of an existing text by Stephen King—are highlighted as instructional techniques. As cautionary literature, horror especially dramatizes strategies of fight versus flight. I reveal how students can learn by transforming their knowledge through disorientation that is particular to reading and writing in the horror genre.
Varied roles of Pb in transition-metal PbMO3 perovskites (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Ru)

AbstractDifferent structural chemistries resulting from the Pb2+ lone-pair electrons in the PbMO3 perovskites are reviewed. The Pb2+ lone-pair electrons enhance the ferroelectric transition temperature in PbTiO3, stabilize vanadyl formation in PbVO3, and induce a disproportionation reaction of CrIV in PbCrO3. A Pb2+ + NiIV = Pb4+ + NiII reaction in PbNiO3 stabilizes the LiNbO3 structure at ambient pressure, but an A-site Pb4+ in an orthorhombic perovskite PbNiO3 is stabilized at modest pressures at room temperature. In PbMnO3, a ferroelectric displacement due to the lone pair electron effect is minimized by the spin–spin exchange interaction and the strong octahedral site preference of the MnIV/III cation. PbRuO3 is converted under pressure from the defective pyrochlore to the orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite structure where Pb–Ru interactions via a common O −2p orbital stabilize at low temperature a metallic Imma phase at ambient pressure. Above Pc a covalent Pb–Ru bond is formed by Pb2+ + RuIV = Pb4+ + Ru...
Assessing the impact of management and organizational factors on the risk of tanker grounding

Management and organizational factors have contributed, directly or indirectly, to many tanker accidents. These factors are frequently not considered in human reliability analysis, probabilistic risk assessment or accident investigations. In order to successfully incorporate effective and efficient measures to prevent accidents, a systemati c approach including all important root causes and variables must be utilized. The objective of this paper is to present a probabilistic risk model for tanker grounding which includes management and organizational factors and their relationship to human error. Work on this model continues the development of an earlier model which applied risk assessment methodologies from the nuclear power industry to quantify the impact of human error on the probability of tanker grounding. This approach is extended to consider the effect of management and organizational factors on human performance shaping factors, and ultimately on human error. This effect is examined and quantified using expert opinion and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Management and organizational factors found to have the greatest impact on the probability of grounding are identified and compared to factors emphasized by the International Safety Management (ISM) Code.
Alterations in Movement Dynamics in a Tool-Use Task The Role of Action-Relevant Inertial Tool Properties

This research evaluated how the inertial properties of a tool influence tool-using actions. Grip patterns and movements of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children and adults were recorded while hammering. Results revealed that both number of pegs driven and movement amplitude increased developmentally and changed as a function of inertial properties of the tool but other aspects of motor control (i.e., period, grip position) did not. This suggests that both children and adults were able to discriminate and modulate only those parameters that had the largest impact on performance (i.e., the delivery of force with the hammer). Even though the ability to adjust tool movements as tool characteristics change is evident during preschool years, the ability to do so did not reach adult levels and appears to continue to develop beyond preschool.
A Measurement of the Ratio of Inclusive Cross Sections $\sigma(p{\bar p} \to Z + b~{\rm jet})/\sigma(p{\bar p} \to Z + {\rm jet})$ at $\sqrt{s} = 1.96~{\rm TeV}$

In this talk we present a measurement of the ratio of inclusive cross sections at based on approximatly 180 pb-1 of data collected with the DO detector. Combining the Z → e+e- and Z → μ+μ- channels, the ratio was found to be 0.023 ± 0.004(stat) ± 0.002(syst).
Transition to the School as Workplace: Challenges of second career teachers

This article details the transition of second career teachers to the workplace called ‘school’. Post‐baccalaureate students at a mid‐size comprehensive state university completed surveys pre‐ and post‐student teaching. Participants responded to the personal and professional challenges in changing careers. Issues faced by the non‐traditional students emerged. An increasing number of adults are changing careers and entering teacher certification programs. The study was conducted to discover the special challenges graduate teacher certification students encountered when leaving a career field and becoming novice teachers. Forty graduate students in the study completed an extensive certification program of courses related to the art and science of teaching. Open‐ended surveys were used for the students to reflect on personal and professional expectations prior to and following the student teaching semester. Teacher educators who address the needs of second career teachers, such as increasing field experiences...
Late complications of high-dose (>/=66 Gy) thoracic conformal radiation therapy in combined modality trials in unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer.

Background: Combined modality treatment is the standard of care for patients (pts) with unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Dose escalation of radiotherapy is one strategy used to improve locoregional control and survival, but it increases the risk of both early and late treatment related toxicities. Methods: From May 1996 to August 2004, a total of 112 stage III non-small cell lung cancer pts were treated on 4 phase I/II or phase II trials to assess the safety and feasibility of high-dose (60–90 Gy) thoracic conformal radiotherapy. Patients who received ≥66 Gy ( n = 88) were included in an analysis of late complications. Late complications were defined as complications that developed or persisted ≥90 days postradiotherapy. The classic lung toxicities of radiation pneumonitis and fibrosis were not included in this analysis. Results: Of the 88 patients included in this analysis of late complications, 21 patients (24%) developed a late complication and a total of 28 late complications were observed. The late complications were: pulmonary ( n = 5; bronchial stenosis [ n = 3] and fatal pulmonary hemoptysis [ n = 2]), esophageal ( n = 6), cardiac ( n = 9), osseous ( n = 6), and second primary tumor ( n = 2). The median survival for all patients enrolled on the 4 trials (with 95% confidence interval [CI]) was 24.7 months (18.1–30.4 months), and the 5-year overall survival (with 95% CI) was 24% (16–32%). Data to assess for radiographic evidence of local progression were available for 99 patients, and the rate of local progression was 43% (95% CI 34–53%). Conclusions: High-dose thoracic conformal radiotherapy is feasible and results in promising survival outcomes. Late complications occur in a minority of patients.
Spectral fitting applications: improved calibration and radiometric accuracy of EUV/FUV sensors

Techniques, applications, and results will be discussed with respect to the Low Resolution Airglow/Auroral Spectrograph and Special Sensor Ultraviolet Limb Imager instruments aboard current and upcoming satellite remote sensing missions.