cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vertex evoked potentials in a rating-scale detection task: Relation to signal probability

Vertex evoked potentials were recorded from human subjects performing in an auditory detection task with rating scale responses. Three values of a priori probability of signal presentation were tested. The amplitudes of the N1 and P3 components of the vertex potential associated with correct detections of the signal were found to be systematically related to the strictness of the response criterion and independent of variations in a priori signal probability. No similar evoked potential components were found associated with signal absent judgements (misses and correct rejections) regardless of the confidence level of the judgement or signal probability. These results strongly support the contention that the form of the vertex evoked response is closely correlated with the subject's psychophysical decision regarding the presence or absence of a threshold level signal.
An Optical Survey of Outlying Ejecta in Cassiopeia A: Evidence for a Turbulent, Asymmetric Explosion

A deep optical survey of the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant has revealed dozens of new emission-line ejecta knots out beyond the remnant's bright nebular shell. Most of the newly detected knots exhibit a 4500-7500 A spectrum dominated by [N II] λλ6548,6583 line emissions. After accounting for possible decelerations, the estimated space velocities for about four dozen of these [N II] knots suggest a nearly isotropic 10,000 km s-1 ejection velocity. However, a small group along the southwestern limb show significantly higher velocities of up to 12,000 km s-1. Over 20 outlying O + S emission knots were also discovered, mostly along the remnant's western limb. These knots have optical spectral properties like those seen in the main shell's metal-rich fast-moving knots but with much higher estimated space velocities of between 7600 and 12,600 km s-1. Discovery of these knots means that the remnant's highest-velocity, O + S debris are not confined to just the remnant's northeast jet. [S II] λλ6716,6731 emissions dominate the spectra of these knots above an expansion velocity of 11,000 km s-1. A few mixed emission knots, which show both strong nitrogen and sulfur line emissions, were also detected along the remnant's western rim. The properties of these outlying debris knots suggest a turbulent supernova expansion in which the innermost S-rich layers were ejected up through overlying material in certain regions, attaining final outward velocities greater than the star's N and He-rich surface layers. The detection of such high-velocity, sulfur-rich ejecta only along the remnant's northeast and southwest limbs further suggests an asymmetric expansion, possibly bipolar. A turbulent expansion may help explain the creation of the observed mixed emission knots. It is unclear, however, if mixed knots represent truly microscopically mixed debris or are simply small, comoving clusters of chemically distinct ejecta.
1106 CHEMICAL, SEROLOGICAL, AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF PURIFIED H. INFLUENZAE PILI

We have purified and characterized pili from clinical isolates of H. influenzas. Pilus preparations were highly pure by multiple criteria and consisted of intact rods composed of a 25K dalton subunit. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed a high degree of N-terminus homology with E. coli type 1 and P pili, suggesting a common gene ancestry. Purified pili hemagglutinated human type O RBCs and were used in a microtiter plate assay incorporating synthetic saccharides to identify the pilus receptor. Pilus receptor binding by purified pili and piliated H. influenzas was blocked by homologous and heterologous anti-pilus antiserum. Receptor binding inhibition was pilus-specific antibody concentration dependent, but was observed even with antisera showing 50% cross-reactivity. Pili from type b and non-typable strains were serologically, chemically and functionally similar. H. influenzae and E. coli P pili were serologically related but differed in receptor specificity suggesting functional divergence. These results indicate that there are a relatively small number of major antigenic groups of H. influenzae pili which may be important to the development of a pilus vaccine.
Locational Patterns of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Developments: A Sociospatial Analysis of Four Metropolitan Areas

This study examined neighborhood characteristics and spatial patterns of Low-Income Housing Tax-Credit (LIHTC) developments in four metropolitan areas using census data and the U.S. Department of H...
Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase: amino acid substitutions by suppression of amber nonsense mutations.

Abstract By using site-directed oligonucleotide mutagenesis, amber nonsense stop codons (5'-TAG-3') have been introduced at 20 sites in the Escherichia coli thymidylate synthase gene. By transforming the thyA mutant plasmids into 13 strains, each of which harbor different amber suppressor tRNAs, we were able to generate over 245 amino acid substitutions in E. coli thymidylate synthase (EC 2.1.1.45). Growth characteristics of these mutants have been studied, yielding a body of information that includes some surprising results in light of the recently published crystal structure of the enzyme.
The effect of organic matter type and organic carbon content on Rock-Eval hydrogen index in oil shales and source rocks

Abstract The amount of “gas-prone” kerogen (woody, fungal and “inert”) and the organic carbon content (TOC) are the two predominant factors affecting the hydrogen index (HI) in the 226 samples of lacustrine and marine oil shales and source rocks studied. HI decreases as a function of the amount of “gas-prone” kerogen and increases as a function of TOC. In addition, the type of amorphous kerogen influences the hydrogen index, and this can be roughly estimated from the fluorescence intensity of the amorphous kerogen. Nearly eighty percent of the variation in HI in these samples can be accounted for by the percentage of “gas-prone” kerogen, the TOC content, and the fluorescence of the amorphous kerogen in a multiple regression analysis. Hydrogen index increases as a function of TOC up to about 10% TOC (the relationship can be approximated by a quadratic equation) and then levels off. A possible explanation for this is that the capability of a rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons during pyrolysis increases with TOC. When the retention capacity of the rock matrix is saturated (at about 10% TOC) further increases in TOC have no effect on HI. It is also possible that the quality (i.e. oil-proneness) of the amorphous kerogen is poorer in low TOC samples than in high TOC samples. The samples came from the following oil shales and source rocks: Rundle (Queensland Eocene-Miocene), Mae Sot (northwestern Thailand, Eocene-Pliocene), River River (northwestern Colorado, Eocene), Toolebuc (western Queensland, Late Albian), the “Posidonienschiefer” (southwestern Germany, Toarcian), an Argentinian lacustrine deposit (Eocene-Miocene), the Kimmeridgian sections from four North Sea wells (blocks 21, 30, and 210), Monterey Shale (California, Miocene), and sections from six wells from the Alaskan Tertiary (North Slope, North Aleutian Shelf, Navarin Basin, Norton Sound). Most samples appear to be thermally immature (T.A.I. less than 1.8; Ro less than 0.6%) so they should be considered only potential source rocks. The lacustrine oil shales have a higher conversion ratio (yeild/TOC or S1 + S2/TOC) than do the marine oil shales in samples with only amorphous and algal kerogen. These, in turn, have a higher conversion ratio than the marine source rocks. These differences are roughly reflected in the fluorescence intensity of the amorphous kerogen. Free hydrocarbons are higher in the marine source rocks than in the marine oil shales, and are lowest in the lacustrine oil shales.
The purification of nuclease-free T4-RNA ligase.

Abstract RNA ligase has been highly purified in good yields from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli by a rapid and reproducible procedure. The enzyme is free of phosphomonoesterase and ribonuclease activities and is therefore suitable for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides and for the labeling of the 3′-terminus of RNA. Greater than 90% of the protein in the enzyme preparation migrates as a single band on gradient polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate during electrophoresis. For use as a DNA synthesis reagent the enzyme may be reliably freed of deoxyribonuclease activity by an additional chromatographic procedure using a commercially available resin.
Dimensions of Participation in a Professional Social-Movement Organization

Differential participation after recruitment remains a black box in the social-movement and voluntary-association literatures. This paper identifies several dimensions of membership participation in a professional social-movement organization (SMO) with a national membership and analyzes the determinants of differential involvement in these forms. In general, members’ ideological beliefs, social and organizational ties, perceptions about their SMO, and communication with SMO officials all predict participation across the various forms. Our findings extend previous work on differential participation in three ways. First, we statistically isolate cultural dimensions of postrecruitment participation and, in so doing, complement recent ethnographic research. Second, our findings suggest that the distinct dimensions of external and internal participation found by Knoke (1988) in a national sample of voluntary associations may not generalize to national SMOs studied individually. Third, our results indicate that models combining ideological and microstructural factors should explain the multiple forms of participation in SMOs lacking these distinct dimensions.
Can Adult Low-Skilled Literacy Learners Assess and Discuss Their Own Spelling Knowledge?

This qualitative study investigates the ability of adult low-skilled readers to talk about the thought processes and phonetic strategies they use to make decisions about their spelling. Four adult learners, all exhibiting word knowledge at a second-grade level or below, participated in individual 45-minute audiotaped interviews. Selected portions of these interviews are included in the article to give examples of specific spelling strategies used by the four participants, such as sounding out, transferring information through use of rhyme, “looks right,” and guessing. The accuracy of the participants' analysis of their own spelling needs was assessed by comparison with their actual spellings as well as with the instructor's perception of their spelling problems prior to the interviews. A high level of agreement was found. Perhaps the most important finding was that all the participants, in spite of very low reading skills, were able to “think about thinking,” a metacognitive skill, and enter into relevant conversation on the subject of their spelling. The study indicates that these adults, including those with very limited reading skills, are able to talk about their thinking processes and can benefit from collaborative classrooms where they share in planning their own instruction and identifying their own needs.
Predicting response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis.

Objective To determine prognostic factors that independently predict response to antimicrobial therapy in children with acute sinusitis. Study design A total of 206 children meeting a priori clinical criteria for acute sinusitis who were prescribed antimicrobial therapy by their primary care provider were included. The severity of symptoms in the 8-12 days after treatment was initiated was followed with the use of a validated scale. We examined the univariate and multivariate association between factors present at the time of diagnosis (symptoms, signs, nasopharyngeal culture result, radiograph results) and time to resolution of symptoms. This study was conducted 8-10 years after the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination was introduced but before introduction of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. Results Children with proven nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae improved more rapidly (6.5 vs 8.5 median days to symptom resolution) than those who were not colonized with S pneumoniae . Age and radiograph findings did not predict time to symptom resolution. Conclusions In children with acute sinusitis, proven nasopharyngeal colonization with S pneumoniae at presentation independently predicted time to symptom resolution. Future randomized, placebo-controlled trials could investigate the usefulness of testing for the presence of nasopharyngeal pathogens as a predictor of response to treatment.
Loomingness and the Fear of AIDS: Perceptions of Motion and Menace

The authors examined the role of “perceived loomingness” in fear of HIV. Perceived loomingness refers to perceptions of rapid forward movement and instantaneous changes in the distance and danger of a potential threat (Riskind, 1992). One hundred and twenty undergraduates rated vignettes of two public encounters with an HIV-positive stranger. High-HIV fear subjects perceived greater loomingness and danger in these vignettes than did low-HIV fear subjects. Regression analyses that tested for a mediated model confirmed that the perceptions of loomingness may spark threat cognitions (such as the probability and imminence of harm), which, in turn, lead to fear. As predicted by the harm-looming model, loomingness also had some effects on fear that were not mediated by such standard threat cognitions.
A knowledge based approach to infrared reflow soldering

Abstract When a new batch of Printed Circuit Boards needs to be produced, the bare and the populated board need to be profiled. This paper describes an Expert System that can assist the operator in identifying infrared reflow soldering process parameters and in diagnosing the causes of improperly soldered boards. The Expert System contains the heuristic knowledge used in the profiling and setting up of the different parameters of the infrared reflow process. The ES reduced operator time in the setup of the machine for new batches. It also substantially reduced the response time to possible reflow solder error. There was a resulting reduction in rework and scrap.
Bacterial morphogenesis: learning how cells make cells

Bacteria furnish tractable models for complex biological processes, and morphogenesis is now taking its turn. We can already explain in general terms how such elementary forms as rods and cocci are produced, and the shapes of several individual organisms are coming into focus. In most bacteria shape is maintained by the cell wall, specifically the peptidoglycan layer, which has the attributes of a strong stiff fabric. Compliance of that fabric with turgor pressure is an important aspect of morphogenesis. The shape of the wall sacculus is determined by the way it is deposited, which is controlled by a cytoskeleton made up of two molecular families. One, related to the eukaryotic tubulins, is responsible for the construction of the septum and the poles. The other, related to eukaryotic actins, localizes peptidoglycan synthesis in the lateral walls of rod-shaped cells. Just how the cytoskeleton itself is organized remains to be discovered, but it seems likely that, as in eukaryotes, the cytoskeleton is produced by self-organized assembly, guided by the fabric of the cell.
Combination high-dose etoposide and vincristine infusion.

Following the identification of a synergistic antitumor effect in a murine model, the combination of etoposide and vincristine has been explored in the clinic. Etoposide was given at 4 dose levels (250, 500, 750 or 1,000 mg/m2) with each dose given in 3 equal fractions daily for 3 days. The dose of vincristine was fixed (two 0.75 mg infusions over 22 hours each between doses of etoposide). A total of 26 patients were entered into study and 7, 11, 10 and 5 patients were treated at the 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mg/m2 dose levels, respectively. Myelosuppressioh was the principle side effect and Grade 4 WBC toxicity (< 1,000/mm3) developed in 14%, 27%, 40% and 40%, respectively, of the patients treated at each of these respective dose levels. Life-threatening infections occurred in 0%, 9%, 30% and 60% of the patients at these levels, respectively. Reversal of marrow toxicity was rapid with repeat courses given at 3-week intervals. Non-hematologic toxicity, including neurotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, and mucositis was generally mild when present. Objective responses were observed in 1 patient each with refractory Hodgkin's disease and immunoblastic lymphoma. Prolonged periods of stable disease occurred in 2 patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung and one patient with Hodgkin's disease. The starting dose of etoposide recommended for further trials of this agent in combination with infusion of vincristine is 500 mg/m2 given in fractionated doses; dose escalation should be possible in many patients.
Female Adolescent Response to Childhood Sexual Abuse

PROBLEM: History of childhood sexual abuse has been linked to fear, anxiety, depression, aggression, anger, hostility, poor self-esteem, substance abuse, and sexual maladjustment, as well as somatic complaints. The purpose of this study was to compare sexually abused adolescent females to adolescent females who have not ben sexually abused with respect to incidence of emotional disorders and somatic symptoms. METHODS: A convenience sample of females, ages 12-17, included 11 identified victims of sexual abuse and 11 nonabused adolescents. A descriptive design using multiple methods of data collection: interview questions, self-report questionnaires, and projective drawings. FINDINGS: The sexually abused adolescents scored significantly higher than the adolescents who had no history of sexual abuse on specific sub scales (anxiety, muscle tension, cognitive disorganization) and on the total scale scores of both the SOS and the SCL-90. CONCLUSIONS: Given the epidemic proportions of childhood sexual abuse, nurses in varied settings are in a position to identify, evaluate, and treat families with adolescents who manifest a wide range of sequelae. Language: en
The Polarization Diversity Lidar: a dual-wavelength, high-resolution, scanning lidar for cloud and aerosol research

The unique cloud and aerosol research capabilities of the Polarization Diversity Lidar system are described, and outstanding data display examples will be illustrated.
Twitter in academic medicine

Dear SirIt is with great interest that I read the article by Choo et al. (2015) titled, ‘Twitter as a tool for communication and knowledge exchange in academic medicine.’ This commentary highlights...
Inhibition of cis -Diammine-1,1-cyclobutane Dicarboxylatoplatinum(II)-induced DNA Interstrand Cross-Link Removal and Potentiation of cis -Diammine-1,1-cyclobutane Dicarboxylatoplatinum(II) Cytotoxicity by Hydroxyurea and 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine

Abstract 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and hydroxyurea (HU) were investigated as potential DNA repair inhibitors with cis -diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylatoplatinum(II) (CBDCA). HU plus ara-C, known inhibitors of DNA excision-repair, had previously been found to produce cytotoxic synergy and delayed removal of DNA interstrand cross-links with cis -diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP). Since CBDCA and DDP share a common active intermediate, it should be possible to reproduce this interaction with CBDCA. However, the stable dicarboxylate chelate ring structure of CBDCA results in kinetics that differ significantly from those of DDP, due to slower hydrolysis to the active species. DNA adducts form more slowly, with interstrand cross-links peaking approximately 12-h later and disappearing more gradually than in the case of DDP. It was therefore expected that a longer antimetabolite exposure might be required for repair inhibition with CBDCA. The 12-h exposure to HU plus ara-C previously found effective with DDP produced no cytotoxic synergy with a 2-h CBDCA exposure. Lengthening the antimetabolite treatment to 24 h resulted in approximately 1 log of synergistic toxicity, while a 24-h simultaneous exposure to HU, ara-C, and CBDCA resulted in 2 logs. Cells exposed to all three drugs showed a 2- to 3-fold greater level of interstrand cross-links after 36- to 48-h of incubation following drug removal, compared to CBDCA alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that HU plus ara-C modulates the repair of platinum-DNA adducts and establishes an effective in vitro schedule at clinically achievable concentrations for the use of those antimetabolites with CBDCA.
Prevalence of Non-diabetic Renal Disease Among African-American Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: This study aimed to characterize the prevalence of non-diabetic renal disease among African-Americans (AA) with type II diabetes mellitus based on a biopsy series. No previous study has investigated the nature of renal lesions in AA with type II DM. Material and methods: Thirty AA patients with type II DM who were being managed at an inner-city hospital had kidney biopsies to evaluate suspected non-diabetic renal disease (NDRD) between 1994 and 1998. The demographic, clinical and histopathological data on these patients were analysed retrospectively. Kidney biopsies were reviewed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Results and conclusions: Three patterns of glomerular disease were observed. Diabetic nephropathy alone was seen in 13 patients (41.9%), diabetic nephropathy coexisted with glomerulonephritis in 12 patients (38.7%), while NDRD was seen in six patients (19.4%).
Promoting Speaking Proficiency through Motivation and Interaction: The Study Abroad and Classroom Learning Contexts

Abstract: This study investigates how motivation and interaction shape the speaking proficiency of study abroad (SA) and classroom or at home (AH) language learners. The author administered a motivation questionnaire, language contact profile, and pretest and posttest simulated oral proficiency interview. The data reveal that SA and AH students had similar motivational profiles. As expected, SA participants used the target language outside of class more than their AH counterparts. Furthermore, SA students improved their speaking proficiency more than the AH group. Student motivation and interaction were identified as important factors in the development of speaking proficiency in both learning contexts. Results suggest a potential role for explicit instruction in language learning strategies and approaches that enhance students' motivation and interaction with the target language culture. Discussion focuses on how to use the positive features of the SA environment to enhance AH instruction. Key words: Spanish, interaction, motivation, simulated oral proficiency interview, study abroad Introduction The effect of study abroad (SA) and classroom or at home (AH) contexts on second language learning is a topic of increasing interest in foreign language education (Collentine, 2004, 2009; Freed, 1995; Lafford, 2006; LaffordC Freed, 1995; Lafford, 2006; Lafford & Collentine, 2006). Although notable exceptions exist (e.g., Collentine, 2004; DeKeyser, 1991; Rodri- guez, 2001), comparative studies on the effect of context reveal an advantage for SA learners. Lafford (1995) found that SA learners possessed a wider range of discourse management strategies than an AH group. Elsewhere, Lafford (2004) compared the effect of SA and AH learning environments on the use of communication strategies, or conscious learner strategies for bridging a perceived gap due to a lack of second language knowledge, performance problems, or problems resulting from interaction with an interlocutor (p. 204). Lafford found that SA learners used fewer communication strategies than an AH group, attributing this to greater access to target language use with native speakers and to superior narrative and discursive abilities. …
A QoS framework for stabilized collision channels with multiuser detection

Recent work has shown that cross-layer optimization of the physical layer and medium access control for a wireless collision channel, based on a receiver with adaptive multiuser detection capability, is capable of providing significantly better performance than classical Aloha. The basic features of such a system are multipacket reception (MPR) capability, and the ability (with high probability) to estimate the number of contending users even when the packets are not successfully received. We provide an analytical model that includes these features, and use it to derive methods for backlog estimation and stabilization. Two classes of users are considered: high priority users with quality of service (QoS) requirements, who must succeed within a deadline with a specified probability; and low priority users whose throughput we wish to maximize, while maintaining the QoS for high priority users, and keeping the overall system stable. We obtain contention policies that ensure QoS and stability, based on backlog estimates obtained by extending Rivest's pseudo-Bayesian technique for classical Aloha. The channel throughput and the achievable QoS is characterized as a function of the arrival rates for high and low priority users. Finally, we apply these methods to simulations of a system employing differential minimum mean squared error (DMMSE) adaptive multiuser detection, and find that the analytical model provides accurate guidelines for design and performance predictions.
A view of ACC fronts in streamfunction space

Abstract The fronts and water masses in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) are examined with a streamfunction projection of historical hydrographic data. The study shows that only structural criterion provides circumpolarly consistent and time-invariant definition for ACC fronts. The Polar Front position varies little in the streamfunction space, but the Subantarctic Front exhibits significant meridional deflection. Two types of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are identified: the Pacific-Atlantic type represents the recently-formed AAIW through the along-isopycnal subduction of polar surface waters; the Indian–Australian type represents relatively old AAIW which is strongly modified by the Agulhas water. The Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) is located in the South Pacific and south of Australia. There is evidence that the SAMW in the southeast Pacific originates from polar surface waters. Therefore the eastward freshening and cooling of SAMW is ascribed to influences from the south.
Mechanical alternans from an obstructive thrombosed prosthetic heart valve

Electrical alternans is a well-known sign of cardiac tamponade in patients with very large pericardial effusions. Historically, mechanical alternans was described in severe end-stage heart failure but is uncommon now with the availability of assist devices. Our patient had mechanical alternans due to an obstructive thrombosed prosthetic heart valve. Left ventricular systolic pressures in alternate beats were 155 …
Low-Frequency Sound Propagation in Porous Media: Glass Spheres and Pea Gravel

Abstract The sound propagation properties of two air-filled granular materials: large sifted pea gravel and 10 mm diameter glass spheres have been measured in an impedance tube. The experimental method was essentially the same as reported earlier [Swenson et al. Low-frequency sound wave parameter measurement in gravels. Appl Acoust 2010; 71: 45–51] for two other kinds of gravel: crushed limestone and undifferentiated pea gravel. Additional sampling and processing steps were applied to the microphone signals such that instead of tones, band-limited random noise was used as the input signal, and spectral domain complex pressures are now offered as input to the estimation algorithm. The estimation process extracts the best-fit attenuation coefficient, phase velocity, and characteristic impedance for the material over the signal frequencies, all with better precision than we previously obtained. Quadratic approximations for the acoustical parameters are given over the frequency range 25–160 Hz. The media are both slightly attenuating and dispersive, having attenuation coefficients within 0.13–0.34 Np/m, phase velocities smaller than those in air (180–240 m/s), and characteristic impedance approximately 3–5 times that for air. Pea gravel was more attenuating, and had slightly higher characteristic impedance, but lower phase velocities than the glass spheres.
Sheep in Sheep's clothing: Why security seekers do not fight each other

(1997). Sheep in Sheep's clothing: Why security seekers do not fight each other. Security Studies: Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 114-155.
Comprehensive Community-Based Mental Health Outreach Services for Suburban Seniors

An outreach program to deliver mental health services to mentally ill older adults has been developed in Baltimore County, Maryland. Incorporating prevention and early intervention strategies, this program targets persons aged 60 and over with late-onset or previously undiagnosed psychiatric histories. Services are provided through a novel one-third/one-third/one-third delivery schedule in senior centers, in community mental health centers, and in seniors' homes.
Use of Hematopoietic Growth Factors in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Recombinant hematopoietic growth factors have emerged as valuable treatments for a variety of medical conditions. Recently, their applications have reached the neonatal intensive care unit, where they offer new therapeutic options for problems as common as anemia of prematurity, or as catastrophic as neonatal sepsis. When facing bacterial infection, it is known that newborn infants are capable of increasing their serum G-CSF concentrations. However, their response does not reach the concentrations that adults are able to achieve, and frequently neutropenia complicates the picture of neonatal sepsis. Although Phase III clinical trials are still in progress, published animal studies, case reports, and Phase I trials suggest that neonates with a variety of neutropenias experience a rapid elevation in their blood neutrophil concentration following administration of rG-CSF, without significant adverse effects. Although many factors contribute to the development of the “anemia of prematurity,” one of the major factors is the inability of preterm infants to generate an erythropoietin (Epo) response appropriate to their degree of anemia. On the basis of this fact, administration of rEpo to preterm neonates to treat or to prevent the anemia of prematurity has been the subject of multiple clinical studies, and it is now clear that rEpo administration to this population can indeed result in lower transfusion requirements, with only occasional and mild adverse effects. Neonatal thrombocytopenia is also a frequent clinical problem, which in most patients develops without a clear underlying cause. Recent studies, quantifying circulating megakaryocyte progenitors in the peripheral blood of thrombocytopenic neonates, suggest that impaired megakaryocytopoiesis may be the main underlying mechanism of many cases of thrombocytopenia. On the basis of this finding, it is tempting to speculate that recombinant thrombopoietin, the newly discovered physiological stimulator of platelet production, will be of clinical relevance in the treatment of thrombocytopenic neonates.
Acute Phase Reaction in Healthy Volunteers After Bronchoscopy With Lavage

Study objectives Bronchoscopy with BAL is being used increasingly in the investigation of acute and chronic lung inflammation. The scope of the acute phase response induced by the procedure is not fully evaluated. The purpose of the study is to characterize the acute phase response induced by bronchoscopy with BAL. Design Observational study. Setting A human study research facility. Participants Normal nonsmoking volunteers. Intervention A total of 28 subjects were recruited. Under local anesthesia, the subjects underwent bronchoscopy with a videofiberoptic bronchoscope. One subsegment of the lingular segment of the left upper lobe and the right middle lobe were lavaged each with 170 to 270 mL of sterile normal saline solution. Measurements and results CBC count, serum levels of indexes of iron homeostasis, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma mediators related to neutrophil migration and endothelial cell activation, including interleukin (IL)-8, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1, and nitrite/nitrate, were measured. Measurements of these plasma markers were done immediately before, immediately after, and 24 h after bronchoscopy. Changes in acute phase response were detected primarily at 24 h after the procedure. WBCs, primarily neutrophils, increased by approximately 50%. Fibrinogen increased by 25% while CRP increased by more than sevenfold. Serum ferritin increased by 25% while serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation decreased, indicating dysregulation of iron homeostasis. There were no changes in IL-8, ACE, sICAM-1, or nitrite/nitrate plasma levels. Conclusions Bronchoscopy with BAL induces a variety of acute phase responses that includes peripheral neutrophilia, dysregulation of iron homeostasis, and increased levels of fibrinogen and CRP. Human research that employs BAL may need to consider the biological effects induced by the procedure-related acute phase response.
COEXISTENCE OF TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA AND IMPATIENS CAPENSIS IN A TIDAL FRESHWATER MARSH

Several salt marsh plant species can oxygenate soils through their aerenchymous tissue and thereby facilitate the growth of neighboring species. Such positive interactions remain poorly understood for tidal freshwater marshes, yet may explain why species adverse to submerged roots are able to thrive in these marshes. Field observations showed a positive association between Typha angustifolia L. and Impatiens capensis Meerb., the two co-occuring dominant species in our study system, suggesting either that T. angustifolia facilitates I. capensis or that both species respond to environmental gradients the same way without interacting directly. We tested the facilitation hypothesis in a greenhouse experiment that measured the growth response of I. capensis with and without T. angustifolia as a neighbor species. Both species affected reduction-oxidation potential of the substrate, but facilitation of I. capensis was not observed. Typha angustifolia depleted soil nutrients in experimental mesocosms and negatively affected belowground root growth but not aboveground biomass of I. capensis; however, nutrient replenishment by tidal flushing may decrease the likelihood for competition in natural systems. Our greenhouse study suggests that abiotic conditions, dispersal events, or competitive biotic interactions, and not facilitation, are predominantly influencing the distribution of these two species in tidal freshwater marshes. Indeed, field measurements demonstrate that both species are positively associated with marsh surface elevation, which is related to frequency and length of water inundation of the marsh surface.
Quantifying auditory handicap. A new approach.

This report describes a new audiovisual test procedure for the quantification of auditory handicap (QUAH). The QUAH test attempts to recreate in the laboratory a series of everyday listening situations. Individual test items represent psychomotor tasks. Data on 53 normal-hearing listeners described performance as a function of the message-to-competition ratio (MCR). Results indicated that, for further studies, an MCR of 0 dB represents the condition above which the task seemed too easy and below which the task appeared too difficult for normal-hearing subjects.The QUAH approach to the measurement of auditory handicap seems promising as an experimental tool. Further studies are needed to describe the relation of QUAH results (1) to clinical audiologic measures and (2) to more traditional indices of auditory handicap.Nous decrivons une epreuve qui a pour but de quantifier l'handicap auditif (QUAH). Le test QUAH est un test audio-visuel et psycho-moteur qui comporte 25 questions et qui essaie de recreer les ...
Ethane production rates and minute ventilation.

Ethane quantitated in the expired alveolar gas is a noninvasive measure of free radical activity. This method has been criticized for lack of control of minute ventilation (VE) in spontaneously breathing animals, although ethane, which is poorly soluble in tissues, should not be affected by changes in VE. We measured ethane elimination rates in six strain 13 guinea pigs (GP13) during spontaneous room air breathing and in six room air breathing, pentobarbital-anesthetized, tracheostomized, externally warmed, mechanically ventilated GP13s at various levels of VE. In the ventilated animals, weight0.75/VE (metabolic activity corrected for VE) was a linear function of arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) drawn from arterial line (r = 0.72, P less than 0.005). However, weight0.75/VE did not correlate with ethane elimination rates (r = 0.12, not significant). The mean (+/- SD) ethane elimination rates in the spontaneously breathing animals was 3.15 +/- 0.96 pmol.min-1.100 g-1 and was not significantly different from the mean rate in the mechanically ventilated animals (3.11 +/- 1.37) over a range of VE's. These data demonstrate that ethane elimination rates are not affected by changes in VE and are unaffected by pentobarbital anesthesia.
Kinetic Effects in Inertial Confinement Fusion

Recent exploding pusher experiments reveal substantial kinetic effects on the implosion performance, that appear as the plasma mean-free-path grows relative to the background scale making standard rad-hydro single-fluid description invalid [1,2]. In particular, gradients associated with the dynamical implosion process can drive the inter-ion-species transport, so the fuel composition no longer remains constant, unlike what the single-fluid codes assume. Furthermore, the mean-free-path of suprathermal particles is much larger than that of their thermal counterparts, so their distribution function may be far from Maxwellian, even if thermal ions are nearly equilibrated. Ironically, it is the suprathermal, or tail, ions that are supposed to fuse at the onset of ignition. Equally important, suprathermal particles are largely responsible for the heat flux. Hence, self-consistent modeling of inertially confined plasmas would appear to require a kinetic component. A combination of studies has been conducted to clarify the role of such kinetic effects on ICF performance. First, transport formalism applicable to multi-component plasmas has been developed. In particular, a novel “electro-diffusion” [3] mechanism of the ion species separation has been shown to exist. Equally important, in drastic contrast to the classical case of the neutral gas mixture, thermo-diffusion is predicted to be comparable to, or even much larger than, baro-diffusion [4]. By employing the effective potential theory this formalism has then been generalized to the case of a moderately coupled plasma with multiple ion species, making it applicable to a wide class of high energy density (HED) phenomena [5]. Second, distribution function for the suprathermal ions has been found from first principles and the fusion reactivity reduction has been calculated for hot-spot relevant conditions. Moreover, the suprathermal ion distribution has been shown to be self-similar, that allows semi-analytical solution in the 1D case and provides a computationally expedient tool for evaluating kinetic effects in more complicated geometries. By utilizing this feature, interference between the hydro-instabilities and kinetic effects has been assessed quantitatively to find that the instabilities substantially aggravate the fusion reactivity reduction. In addition, the ion tail depletion has been shown to lower the experimentally inferred ion temperature relative to the actual one, a novel kinetic effect that may underlie the discrepancy between the exploding pusher experiments and rad-hydro simulations and partially explain the observation that DD temperature is lower than DT temperature at NIF [6].
Strong Treatment Response and High Maintenance Rates of Clozapine in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia.

Abstract Objective: Childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS) is a rare but severe form of the disorder, which is often treatment refractory. Short-term studies have indicated a greater differential efficacy, evident through effect sizes, favoring clozapine over other agents in alleviating negative symptoms in COS patients compared with adult-onset patients (AOS). There have been no data for COS patients on long-term compliance with clozapine treatment. Therefore, we wanted to know, over a span of up to 24 years, how many of our COS cohort had remained on clozapine for at least 2 years. We review short-term treatment data and present updated long-term data on compliance and functioning for our patients. Methods: We present the results for long-term medication maintenance over a 24 year observation period for our cohort of 131 patients. Of this cohort, 91.6% (120) were available for follow-up information from either in-person or telephone contact with the patient and/or family members. We defined clozapine compl...
BEHAVIOR OF MIXED OXIDE (U,Pu)O$sub 2$ FUELS AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND BURNUP.

The fission gas release from three (U,Pu)O2 fuel specimens was measured during irradiation in a sweep-gas experiment. Two of the specimens were made from sintered powder of the same composition, bu...
Congress and the Railroads: Coalition Politics and Federal Land Grants

In the antebellum period, American rail development began as a sub-national concern, with state and local governments primarily responsible for promoting and regulating railroads. However, this changed in 1850, with the first in a series of federal land grants to states for the express purpose of encouraging rail development. In this essay, I attempt to better highlight why federal involvement occurred when it did, especially in an era not known for federal intervention in the economy. I argue that federal intervention occurred due to local failures. Especially in the West, state governments were unable to sustain large rail development programs. With a lack of private capital and failed state programs, Western states' Congressional delegations quickly mobilized to push for national action. However, securing national assistance altered American rail development, replacing parochial roads with a more national system. By altering American space through Congressional bargaining, federal rail aid was a critical piece of national state building.
Strontium-89 (Metastron) in the treatment of prostate cancer metastatic to bone.

Bone metastases that develop in patients with advanced prostate cancer often cause deep, unremitting pain. Palliative options for the control of this pain include analgesic support, cytotoxic chemotherapy and external-beam radiotherapy. In addition to external irradiation, interest in intravenously injected radioisotopes that are preferentially localized to bone has been mounting, Metastron (an isotope of strontium) imitates the biodistribution of calcium in vivo and is avidly taken up into bony metastases where it has a biological half-life of just over 50 days. The biological half-life in undiseased bone is far shorter, approximately 14 days. Various studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of Metastron in metastatic prostate cancer. An optimum dose has yet to be finalized, but it is clear that the chance of haematological toxicity becomes more significant at much larger doses. In the large, randomized Trans Canada study in which Metastron or placebo was given to patients as an adjunct to local field irradiation, those patients treated with Metastron had a significantly reduced intake of analgesics. Furthermore, progression of pain, as measured either by sites of new pain or by the requirement for further palliative radiotherapy, demonstrated statistically significant differences in favour of Metastron. There is thus increasing evidence of a useful role for Metastron in the treatment of prostate cancer metastatic to bone
Deprotonated Dicarboxylic Acid Homodimers: Hydrogen Bonds and Atmospheric Implications.

Dicarboxylic acids represent an important class of water-soluble organic compounds found in the atmosphere. In this work we are studying properties of dicarboxylic acid homodimer complexes (HO2C(CH2)nCO2–[HO2C(CH2)nCO2H], n = 0–12), as potentially important intermediates in aerosol formation processes. Our approach is based on experimental data from negative ion photoelectron spectra of the dimer complexes combined with updated measurements of the corresponding monomer species. These results are analyzed with quantum-mechanical calculations, which provide further information about equilibrium structures, thermochemical parameters associated with the complex formation, and evaporation rates. We find that upon formation of the dimer complexes the electron binding energies increase by 1.3–1.7 eV (30.0–39.2 kcal/mol), indicating increased stability of the dimerized complexes. Calculations indicate that these dimer complexes are characterized by the presence of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds with high bi...
Treatment of childhood skeletal infections.

While the incidence of pyogenic skeletal infections in older children has decreased over the past two decades, the frequency and morbidity in neonates has risen. As a result, the management of these patients has become more complex. This problem is addressed through a discussion of the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of osteomyelitis and infectious arthritis in children.
Decomposition of Volatile Organic Compounds by a Packed-Bed Reactor and a Pulsed-Corona Plasma Reactor

As the result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air became an increasing environmental concern. The understanding and subsequent development of technologies for controlling these streams has been mandated. The conventional technologies for VOC control are carbon adsorption, catalytic oxidation, and thermal incineration. These technologies are widely accepted and well understood. However, with respect to some parameters, such as concentration and compounds treated, cost, and energy requirements, conventional technologies have practical limitations. For these reasons, an alternating current (ac) energized ferroelectric packed-bed reactor and a nanosecond pulsed-corona reactor have been investigated as alternative technical approaches to control these pollutants at parts per million (ppm) levels.
Transmetatarsal Amputation: Predictors of Healing:

The objective of this study is to determine the predictors of healing after transmetatarsal amputations (TMA) and factors leading to a higher level of amputation. A total of 33 TMA was performed in 31 patients during the 5 years between January 2000 and Jul 2005. All patients were men between the ages of 44 and 82 years (mean, 68 years). The mean follow-up period was 36 months (range, 1-65 months). Twelve (40%) TMA required a subsequent higher level of amputation. Seventeen (57%) TMA were successful. The average time until further proximal amputation after TMA was 3.5 months. Risk factors for subsequent higher amputation by univariate analysis included infrapopliteal arterial occlusion (P < 0.05), tobacco smoking greater than 20 years (P < 0.05), and further TMA debridement (P < 0.05). Upon multivariate analysis, only patients undergoing further TMA debridement were at risk for TMA failure (P = 0.01). The difference in ankle-to-brachial pressure ratio (ABI) between the higher amputation group (ABI = 0.51) and the successful TMA group (ABI = 0.54) was not significant. There were no perioperative deaths after TMA. Five (18%) deaths occurred at a mean of 8.2 months after the TMA. In patients who are walking preoperatively, aggressive TMA is warranted in an attempt to maintain ambulation, recognizing that requirement for further debridement, smoking history, and infrapopliteal occlusion may be predictors of nonhealing and subsequent higher amputation.
Dose-response estimation by smoothing and area underthe curve

Abstract Many current dose-response methods assume a parametric shape of some form and do not accommodate comparisons between methods. Motivated by a need to be able to compare dose-response curves without assuming a parametric