cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a Procedure Model for Business Process Oriented Implementation of Standard Software

We will now develop a procedure model for BIS, and a framework for a detailed discussion of the implementation phases in the following chapters.
Tollmien-Schlichting waves and transition: Heated and Adiabatic Wedge Flows with Application to Bodies of Revolution☆

Abstract To date, no comprehensive method of predicting boundary layer transition is available in the literature. In a large class of boundary layers, where disturbances amplify slowly, there is a great separation between the onset of laminar instability and transition. In such flows, current theories on nonlinear instability, which describe the final stages of breakdown to turbulence, fail to predict transition. In these flows, a semi-empirical method based on linear instaibility theory, the so-called e9 method, currently appears to be the best method for computing transition; particularly for quiet boundary layer flows over smooth surfaces. The e9 method has some fundamental weaknesses. For example, why should the method, based on linear instability of small two-dimensional disturbances, be applicable to the transition process which in the final stages is three-dimensional in character? Further, disturbances encountered in practical flows and amplified by a factor of e9 clearly are no longer small disturbances, an assumption central to linear instability theory and the e9 method. In the face of these fundamental weaknesses the method has received some impressive experimental verification. The method requires detailed boundary layer and stability calculations. In this paper, the method is extended to water boundary layers with heat transfer. Computations of transition, based on the e9 method, for a family of heated wedge flows in water-boundary layers are used to formulate a short-cut method for predicting transition. The short-cut method is based on the observation that the interacting effects
Effects of estrogen on glucose tolerance.

Abstract Fourteen women were treated with diethylstilbestrol or norethynodrel with mestranol for 30 days. The oral and intravenous glucose tolerance test was done before and after treatment. Eleven patients had a diabetic oral glucose tolerance curve following treatment. Because the intravenous glucose tolerance curves were normal, it is suggested that the diabetic oral curves may be due to delayed gastrointestinal absorption, although direct data on this point are not available. Patients who display diabetic oral glucose tolerance curves while taking estrogens should be reexamined either with the intravenous test or after discontinuance of estrogen therapy.
Peak-current programming control in current-fed push-pull converter

A current-programmed controlled push-pull converter intended for space applications is analyzed. The canonical small-signal model of the current-programmed current-fed push-pull power stage is formulated to facilitate the system design. An optimum slope of the stabilizing ramp which eliminates the inherent instability in this system is proposed. In the closed-loop controlled converter, an appropriate compensator is designed so that overall system is stable and meets the specifications. Computer simulation using the software packages MATLAB and IsSpice, and experimental results are used to verify the theoretical work. In addition, the practical considerations in a prototype design are discussed. >
Derivatization of cellulose in lithium chloride and N-N-dimethylacetamide solutions

Abstract The derivatization of cellulose in mixtures of lithium chloride and N , N -dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) is described. A wide range of cellulose derivatives, including cellulose esters, carbamates, sulphonates and ethers, have been synthesized in homogeneous solution using the LiCl/DMAc solvent. In most cases, a high degree of substitution was achieved, and the degree of substitution could be controlled accurately. Compared to current heterogeneous synthesis of cellulose derivatives, reactions conducted in homogeneous solutions of LiCl/DMAc have many advantages: (1) reactions may be conducted at moderate temperatures; (2) less reagent is required; (3) less degradation of the cellulose occurs; and (4) substitution is uniformly controllable.
Promising clues to reception genes and molecules

The mechanism of T-lymphocyte recognition of, and activation by, specific antigens, and the molecular structures involved in this process, have been a major concern of immunologists over the past decade. The latest findings presented in Kyoto suggest that the answers to some of these questions may be just around the corner. However, none of them can be viewed yet as completely solved, and controversies still abound. The problem has been attacked at several levels, including characterization of the antigenic sites, or epitopes, on antigens which are involved in activation of T cells, the role of accessory antigenpresenting cells in processing antigen and in the genetic restriction of T-cell recognition of antigen, and the structure of the antigen-specific receptors on T cells and the genes which encode them. The following are highlights of the progress in these areas which emerged at the congress.
Environmental Controls on the Simulated Diurnal Cycle of Warm-Season Precipitation in the Continental United States

Abstract The diurnal cycle of warm-season precipitation in the Rocky Mountains and adjacent Great Plains of the United States is examined using a numerical modeling framework designed to isolate the role of terrain-influenced diurnally varying flows within a quasi-stationary longwave pattern common to active periods of midsummer convection. Simulations are initialized using monthly averaged conditions and contain lateral boundary conditions that vary only with the diurnal cycle. Together these attributes mitigate effects of transient weather disturbances originating upstream of the model domain. After a spinup period, the final 7 days of the 10-day model integration are analyzed and compared with observations. Results indicate that many salient features of the monthly precipitation climatology are reproduced by the model. These include a stationary afternoon precipitation frequency maximum over the Rocky Mountains followed overnight by an eastward-progressing zone of maximum precipitation frequencies conf...
Synthesis and protein kinase C inhibitory activities of balanol analogues with modification of 4-hydroxybenzamido moiety

A series of racemic balanol analogues with modification of the benzamido moiety of balanol have been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activities against human protein kinase C isozymes (PKC-alpha, -beta I, -beta II, -gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -eta). The structural modification includes replacement of the 4-hydroxyphenyl group with variously substituted phenyl rings, substitution of the amide linkage with a sulfonamide or an ester, and replacement of the 4-hydroxyphenyl substructure with a hydroxyl substituted indole or a hydroxybenzyl group. in general, these analogues were found to be less potent than balanol, but a number of analogues were identified with improved isozyme selectivity. The structure-activity relationship studies of these analogues also indicated that (1) the optimal general PKC inhibition requires a free 4-hydroxyl group in the benzamido portion of the molecule, (2) the amide linkage of the benzamido moiety is important for PKC inhibition, and (3) the conformation associated with the benzamido moiety seems to have a profound effect on PKC inhibition. The requirement of a free 4-hydroxyl group in conjunction with an appropriate conformation of the benzamido moiety for optimal PKC inhibition suggests that the 4-hydroxyphenyl group may be involved in a specific inhibitor-enzyme interaction important for PKC inhibition.
Gender differences in burden and depression among informal caregivers of demented elders in the community.

Background Earlier studies have yielded inconsistent findings regarding gender differences with respect to burden and depression among informal community caregivers of dementia patients. Objectives The aim of the study was to determine whether or not there were gender differences in the prevalence of burden and depression among informal caregivers of community-residing dementia patients. Methods Data from 259 female and 68 male caregivers who were part of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging were analyzed. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies—Depression Scale (CES-D). Burden was assessed using Zarit's Burden Interview. Associations between the outcome variables (depressive symtoms and burden) and the independent variable, gender, were examined using logistic regression. Results In multivariable analysis, female caregivers were found to have significantly higher odds than male caregivers of having a score of 33 or higher on Zarit's Burden Interview (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.0, 6.7). The OR comparing women to men with respect to a high level of depressive symptoms (defined as a score of 16 or more on the CES-D) was not significant (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.6, 2.9). Poor perceived caregivers health and more behavior disturbance in the patient were associated with significantly higher odds of high levels of caregiver burden and depression. Conclusions Adequate assistance must be given to women caregivers to ensure that they are not strained beyond what is clinically healthy. In addition, interventions should target caregivers of behaviorally disturbed patients as well as caregivers who report poor physical health to reduce the negative psychological impact of caregiving. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of intratympanic formulations for inner ear delivery: methodology and sustained release formulation testing

AbstractA convenient and efficient in vitro diffusion cell method to evaluate formulations for inner ear delivery via the intratympanic route is currently not available. The existing in vitro diffusion cell systems commonly used to evaluate drug formulations do not resemble the physical dimensions of the middle ear and round window membrane. The objectives of this study were to examine a modified in vitro diffusion cell system of a small diffusion area for studying sustained release formulations in inner ear drug delivery and to identify a formulation for sustained drug delivery to the inner ear. Four formulations and a control were examined in this study using cidofovir as the model drug. Drug release from the formulations in the modified diffusion cell system was slower than that in the conventional diffusion cell system due to the decrease in the diffusion surface area of the modified diffusion cell system. The modified diffusion cell system was able to show different drug release behaviors among the f...
Soybean cultivars and insect defoliation : Yield loss and economic injury levels

Understanding the response of soybean [Glycine mas (L.) Merr.] cultivars to insect defoliation is important for identifying differences in insect tolerance and compensation among soybean genotypes, for assessing yield loss differences among cultivars, and for determining if a single economic injury level (EIL) can be used for all cultivars. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the relative tolerance of selected soybean cultivars to insect defoliation. Field experiments were conducted in 1994 and 1995 on three indeterminate soybean cultivars: Dunbar, Corsica, and Clark. Sequential defoliation (46-66%) was imposed manually at the R2 stage (reproductive development of soybean at full flowering), guided by an insect consumption model. Leaf area index, percent light interception, growth, and yield data were determined. Because of ample rainfall during the soybean growing period in 1994, defoliation did not affect soybean yield; all cultivars compensated for all levels of defoliation via delayed leaf senescence and compensatory regrowth, which enhanced the light interception capacity of defoliated soybean canopies. In 1995, however, defoliation caused a significant yield reduction (15-70%) in all cultivars; this yield reduction was greater for Dunbar than the other two cultivars. In both years, yields were directly related to the light interception capacity of soybean canopies after defoliation. There were significant EIL differences among soybean cultivars. Large differences in EILs among cultivars suggest a need to revise existing EILs for defoliating pest species.
Neonatal deep white matter venous infarction and liquefaction: a pseudo-abscess lesion

Deep white matter hemorrhagic venous infarction with subsequent cavitation due to necrosis and liquefaction has been described in neonates and may be associated with infection and meningitis. In our experience, the MRI pattern of these lesions is confused with the pattern seen with cerebral abscesses. The purpose of our study was to characterize the MRI findings of post infarction necrosis and liquefaction after hemorrhagic deep white matter venous infarction in infants and to distinguish these lesions from cerebral abscesses. An institutional review board approved a retrospective review of imaging records to identify all patients with cerebral venous infarction at a children’s hospital during a 10-year period. Nine infants had deep white matter hemorrhagic venous infarction with white matter fluid signal cavitary lesions. A diagnosis of cerebral abscess was considered in all. The imaging and laboratory findings in these patients are reviewed and compared to descriptions of abscesses found in the literature. There were six female and three male infants. The mean age at presentation was 20 days (range: 0–90 days), while the corrected age at presentation was less than 30 days for all patients. Seven patients presented with seizures and signs of infection; one infant presented with lethargy and later proved to have protein C deficiency. MRI was performed 0–12 days from presentation in these eight patients. Another patient with known protein C deficiency underwent MRI at 30 days for follow-up of screening US abnormalities. There were a total of 38 deep cerebral white matter fluid signal cavitary lesions: 25 frontal, 9 parietal, 2 temporal, 2 occipital. Larger lesions had dependent debris. All lesions had associated hemorrhage and many lesions had evidence of adjacent small vessel venous thrombosis. Lesions imaged after gadolinium showed peripheral enhancement. Three lesions increased in size on follow-up imaging. Three patients, two with meningitis confirmed via microbiology and one with presumed meningitis by CSF counts, underwent surgical aspiration of a total of six lesions. All specimens were sent for pathology and culture and were negative for microorganisms. Recognizing the MR appearance of cavitary necrosis and liquefaction after deep white matter cerebral venous infarction in neonates can distinguish this entity from cerebral abscess and potentially avoid an unnecessary neurosurgical aspiration procedure.
Composite Iron powder materials for the armature of axial-field permanent magnet machines

The properties of an iron powder/epoxy resin compact and its application as wedges in the armature of an axial-fleld d.c. machine are described. Compacts from carbonyl, electrolytic, and atomized iron powders are tested for their magnetic and electrical properties. Test results on carbonyl powder show that the saturation induction increases linearly with increase in the packing factor of the compact. Anisotropic behavior of compacts from electrolytic and atomized powders are investigated. Measured losses on the compacts show that for a frequency range of 200-1200 Hz, eddy-current losses are proportional to the square of frequency which shows a complete penetration of flux inside the particles. Wedges compacted from 96% atomized iron powder and 4% epoxy resin are incorporated in the armature which is tested in a machine having SmCo 5 magnets. The test results indicate that the application of the wedges reduces the circulating currents in the coils going under commutation. It was found that the magnetic losses in the wedges comprises only 2% of the total no-load losses. It was concluded that the losses introduced by the pulsating flux in the backing plate are predominant.
Policy evaluation in China's housing reform☆

Abstract In socialist China, evaluation research is still a new term to the academic and more so to the public. There is no independent evaluation or evaluation research yet to stand on the objective ground for the benefits of people and society. However, evaluation is being carried on seriously and intensively in most of the social action programs, serving to justify the Chinese Communist Party's (CCP) political initiatives. This paper attempts to examine evaluation activities in China. Choosing housing reform, the author traces evaluation procedures throughout that broad-scale social action program, and examines how evaluation functions in justifying the CCP's political initiatives and in harnessing governmental actions for better effects as well. In the end, the author explores the possibility of evaluation research becoming an academic field in the Chinese context with the Western methodology.
Atomic parity nonconservation: Electroweak parameters and nuclear structure

There have been suggestions to measure atomic parity nonconservation (PNC) along an isotopic chain, by taking ratios of observables in order to cancel complicated atomic-structure effects. Precise atomic PNC measurements could make a significant contribution to tests of the standard model at the level of one-loop radiative corrections. However, the results also depend upon certain features of nuclear structure, such as the spatial distribution of neutrons in the nucleus. To examine the sensitivity to nuclear structure, we consider the case of Pb isotopes using various recent relativistic and nonrelativistic nuclear model calculations. Contributions from nucleon internal weak structure are included, but found to be fairly negligible. The spread among present models in predicted sizes of nuclear-structure effects may preclude using Pb isotope ratios to test the standard model at better than a 1% level, unless there are adequate independent tests of the nuclear models by various alternative strong and electroweak nuclear probes. On the other hand, sufficiently accurate atomic PNC experiments would provide a unique method to measure neutron distributions in heavy nuclei.
A quantitative analysis of muscle cell changes in compensatory hypertrophy and work‐induced hypertrophy

The cytological characteristics of two modes of muscle hypertrophy were studied in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat. Compensatory hypertrophy (CH) was produced by tenotomy of the tibialis anterior muscle and work-induced hypertrophy (WIH) was produced by forced swimming of the animal. While both methods produced an increase in muscle weight and cell size, these two parameters did not correlate. Morphometric analyses of the hypertrophied muscle cells demonstrated that in CH-muscle there was an increase in mitochondrial volume density, a decrease in myofibrillar volume density and no change in sarcotubular or nuclear volume density. WIH-muscle demonstrated an increase in sarcotubular volume density but no change in mitochondrial, myofibrillar or nuclear volume density. It is concluded that in CH-muscle, the cell volume increase is attributable to mitochondrial volume increase and that there is no increase in the contractile myofibrillar component of the cell. WIH-muscle, on the other hand, has a cell volume increase which is attributable to a proportional increase in these organelles.
Facilitating new knowledge creation and obtaining KM maturity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe a framework designed to assess the capacity of a knowledge management (KM) system to facilitate new knowledge creation.Design/methodology/approach – A longitudinal case study methodology, in a single company, Pratt Whitney Rocketdyne (PWR), was used to test the framework.Findings – New knowledge creation is best supported through mature KM systems that include all four modes of knowledge creation: combination, externalization, socialization, and internalization. KM systems and environments as a whole reach maturity by progressing through stages, which is presented as a KM maturity model.Research limitations/implications – By combining Nonaka's knowledge creation theory with Wittrock's generative learning activities, the paper illuminates both the why and how of new knowledge creation, in a way that can be applied to KM technological initiatives. One of the limitations of this study is the generalizability of the findings, which may be limited by the singl...
Investigating the Engagement and Learning of Students With Learning Disabilities in Guided Inquiry Science Teaching

Contemporary reform efforts pose numerous challenges for students and their teachers, especially in the context of inclusion classrooms that serve students with diverse academic and social profiles...
Buyers’ Subjective Perceptions of Price:

Marketing researchers recently have expended considerable effort to investigate how price influences buyers’ decisions yielding a variety of results, some not entirely explainable. This article rev...
Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in Cd3P2☆

Abstract Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations have been observed in n-type Cd 3 P 2 . From an analysis of the temperature dependence of the amplitude of the oscillations the conduction band effective mass was found to be 0.06 m o for n = 1.2 × 10 18 cm -3 and 0.05 m o for n = 2.2 × 10 17 cm -3 .
Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the testis and its adnexa: a report of five cases including three that accounted for the initial clinical presentation.

Five cases of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the testis or its adnexa are described, including 3 that represented the initial presentation and mimicked primary testicular neoplasms. The patients ranged from 46 to 85 years of age. Three presented with self-identified testicular masses. One patient was investigated because of fever of unknown origin and was found to have a left rib metastasis. Further work-up led to the discovery of a testicular mass. The final patient had a tumor of the spermatic cord that was examined without knowledge that he had a prior renal neoplasm. All the tumors were unilateral. They ranged from 1.8 to 5.0 cm; multiple tumor nodules were present in one of them but the others were discrete solitary masses. Four tumors were yellow/yellow-tan, and one was gray. On microscopic examination all the tumors were of the clear cell type. Patterns included solid sheets, acini, cysts, alveoli, and trabeculae. Two had prominent vascular invasion. Diagnoses initially entertained in these cas...
Historical and contemporary trends in illegitimacy.

A review of historical trends in illegitimacy rates in European populations after 1750 finds a period of rising rates to around 1870 followed by one of declining rates to about 1940. The early rise in illegitimacy appears to have been related to increasing sexual activity, while the decline is ascribed to increasing use of birth control. Changes in illegitimacy rates since World War II are closely related to changing patterns of marital fertility control and timing of legitimate childbearing. Although illegitimacy may have a heavy impact on welfare programs, neither the AFDC program in the United States nor family allowance programs in other nations increase or decrease illegitimacy. The probability that an unmarried pregnant woman will marry prior to delivery is related to the level. of out-of-wedlock pregnancies in various populations. The chances for legitimation are high when pregnancies are few. We reject the view that differences in social stigma explain the chances for legitimation. Changes in illegitimacy rates in the United States since 1940 were examined. The bulk of the increase in nonwhite rates is related to improved health conditions that have reduced involuntary fetal loss and have increased fecundity. The increase in sexual activity among unmarried women after 1940 appears to be quite small, particularly among teenage girls not about to marry. Many unwed mothers eventually marry, and their chances (some 20 years after the illegitimate birth) of heading a family without a husband seem little different from those of other ever-married women. However, the hardship of illegitimacy on the child and mother during early years and the social costs involved are sufficient to justify development of programs to reduce illegitimacy. The potential of various programs is considered.
One- and two-sample sign tests for ranked set sample selective designs

Statistical inference based on a ranked set sample depends very much on the location of the quantified observations. A selective design which determines the location of the quantified observations in a ranked set sample is introduced. The paper investigates the effects of selective designs on one and two sample sign test statistics. The Pitman efficiencies of one- and two sample sign tests are calculated for selective designs and compared with ranked set samples of the same size. If the design quantifies observations at the center points, then the proposed procedure is superior to a ranked set sample of the same size in the sense of Pitman efficiency. Some practical problems are addressed for the two-sample sign test.
Controlling for Variability in Research on Normal Aging and Neuropsychological Populations

There has been an increase in research during the past few years on discourse, with particular focus on normal older adults and clinical populations, e.g., aphasic and head-injured patients and patients with Alzheimer's disease. A recent edited book, Discourse Analysis and Applications: Studies in Adult Clinical Populations, reviews some of this work. Research on normal older adults and clinical populations raise a number of methodological problems, in particular, variability. Such issues are not easily resolved as we currently have no standard experimental designs for this type of research. This review seeks to point out some of these methodological issues that researchers face and provides some possible solutions.
Contingency Linkages Between Strategy and General Manager Characteristics: A Conceptual Examination

Prior research relating general manager characteristics to organizational strategy has (a) tended to operationalize these characteristics in vague and untestable terms; (b) focused almost solely on the implications of differences in business unit level strategic mission; and (c) rarely examined strategy-general manager linkages in the context of a key criterion variable, namely, effectiveness. This paper develops specific testable propositions that link six managerial characteristics to strategy and effectiveness at two hierarchical levels: corporate and strategic business unit.
A novel photosensor concept

Abstract Reflection photocathodes offer quantum efficiency nearly twice that of transmission photocathodes, but have so far not been widely applied due to the lack of an appropriate photosensor configuration. This paper introduces an elegant and very powerful solution: reflection photocathode photosensor, named ReFerence.
A Mechanistic Model for Two-Phase Vertical Slug Flow in Pipes

This paper presents the formulation of a mechanistic model for slug flow in vertical pipes. The equations required to determine holdup, the relevant velocities and pressure loss are presented. The model is fully deterministic and the pressure drop predictions of the model are compared to experimental field data for oil and gas and gas and water wells. For the 143 data points, the model shows an average percent difference of 4.83 percent, which is felt to be excellent.
The Legend of "Nigger" Lake: Place as Scapegoat

The term scapegoating has had three principal meanings that have not always been clearly differentiated: biblical, anthropological, and psychosocial. Originally, the scapegoat was a term used to refer to the first of two goats in the Leviticus ritual, the one chosen to carry (symbolically) the sins of the Hebrews into exile. In the 19th century, anthropologists generalized from the biblical ritual and applied the term to a wide range of rituals, which later became a subcategory called scapegoat rituals or rites for the expulsion of evil. For at least 20 years, however, the anthropological use of this category has been moribund. Finally, in everyday discourse, in journalism, and in popular literature, scapegoat is a term used to refer to those unfairly blamed for problems of any kind. This general psychosocial meaning has become predominate (Girard, 1987a, pp. 73-74). Despite the fact that the psychosocial meaning of scapegoat is widespread, the term has been given short shrift in the social sciences. Two approaches characterize those who do not use scapegoat in an exclusively descriptive way. Some social scientists, often
A Pyramid-Based Approach to Segmentation Applied to Region Matching

In this paper, we attempt to place segmentation schemes utilizing the pyramid architecture on a firm footing. We show that there are some images which cannot be segmented in principle. An efficient segmentation scheme is also developed using pyramid relinking. This scheme will normally have a time complexity which is a sublinear function of the image diameter, which compares favorably to other schemes. The efficacy of our approach to segmentation using pyramid schemes is demonstrated in the context of region matching. The global features we use are compared to those used in previous approaches and this comparison will indicate that our approach is more robust than the standard moment-based techniques.
Validation of NOAA's Near Real-Time Ascat Ocean Vector Winds

The ASCAT, launched on board MetOp-A satellite on October 19th 2006, is a C-band scatterometer operating at 5.255 GHz using fan-beam antennae to measure near surface vector wind over the world's ocean. NOAA produces near-real-time ASCAT wind product at 50 and 25 km resolutions. These wind data are validated against global wind field model and satellite observation from QuikSCAT. The results show ASCAT wind speed retrievals perform well for low to moderate wind speed under most weather conditions, but are underestimated for wind speeds ? 15 m/s. The standard deviation wind direction errors are well below 20 degrees for wind speed ? 5 m/s.
Sex and Race Differences in Mental Health Symptoms in Juvenile Justice: The MAYSI-2 National Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE:: Studies have suggested a high prevalence of mental health symptoms among youths in the juvenile justice system, with the highest prevalence among girls and whites compared to boys and other races. This multisite, archival study examined whether sex and race differences, when they exist, were consistent across U.S. juvenile justice programs. METHOD:: Data included scores on the Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument-Version 2 (MAYSI-2) for 70,423 youths from 283 juvenile justice probation, detention, or corrections programs. A meta-analytic technique investigated the consistency of effect sizes for sex and race/ethnic differences across sites in self-reported mental health problems. RESULTS:: Across sites, girls on average were 1.8 (95% confidence interval 0.98-1.10) to 2.4 (95% confidence interval 2.38-2.48) times as likely as boys to have clinical elevations on all applicable MAYSI-2 scales except the Alcohol/Drug Use scale. On the Alcohol/Drug Use scale, a sex effect existed but only among younger youths. Whites were more likely to have clinical elevations than blacks or Hispanics; but surprisingly disparities varied across mental health categories and varied considerably across sites. CONCLUSION:: At the aggregate level, 72% of girls and 63% of boys had a clinical elevation on at least one MAYSI-2 scale. Our meta-analytic technique indicated that the sex differences across sites were even larger than these numbers imply. Conversely and counter to existing evidence, race-related differences were generally small or nonexistent. Whites were more likely to have alcohol and drug problems and suicide ideation, but not more likely to have symptoms of depression, anxiety, or thought disturbance than blacks or Hispanics. Language: en
Separating atmospheric layers in adaptive optics.

Several optical schemes have been proposed to measure the separate contributions of atmospheric layers for astronomical adaptive optics. I show here that simple conjugation of the wave-front sensors to the layers is sufficient. Although a larger camera is required for a larger field of view, only the pixels that sense stars are being read out. The nearly periodic Hartmann data are analyzed by Fourier filtering so that the signals from all stars are added up while most of the noise is excluded. Acoustic Hartmann wave-front sensors [Opt. Lett.26, 1834 (2001)] that switch between layers improve flexibility and sensitivity.
Solution of a linear recurrence equation arising in the analysis of some algorithms

We study a recurrence equation of type \[ l_n \left(2^{n + s} - 2\right) = 2^n a_n + \sum_{k = 1}^{n - 1} \begin{matrix} n \\ k \end{matrix} l_k ,\quad n\geqq N \] where $a_n $ is any sequence and $s,N$ are integers. This type of recurrence arises in many applications in computer sciences and telecommunications, e.g., in the analysis of unsuccessful search in a family of Patricia trees, in the average complexity of an algorithm generating exponentially distributed variates, in trie statistics, in the performance evaluation of conflict resolution algorithms in a broadcast communication environment, etc. We present a closed-form solution of the recurrence and then we establish an asymptotic approximation for it. In addition, we offer an approximation of a generating function, $l(z)$, of $l_n $ for small values of z.
Assessing the External Correlates of Alternative Factor Models of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory–Short Form Across Three Samples

This study investigated various theoretically relevant correlates of a short form of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI; Lilienfeld & Andrews, 1996) using archival data from large undergraduate, foster care, and juvenile offender samples. External correlates of the 2 primary scales (PPI-I and PPI-II) and the Coldheartedness subscale were for the most part consistent with prior findings. Analyses for an alternate factor model in which the Fearlessness subscale loaded onto PPI-II (rather than PPI-I) resulted in relatively few substantial changes to the pattern of correlations with criterion measures, but a third factor that included the Coldheartedness and Carefree Nonplanfulness subscales functioned differently than Coldheartedness alone in these data.
RECEPTORS ON IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELLS : III. SPECIFICITY AND NATURE OF RECEPTORS ON DINITROPHENYLATED GUINEA PIG ALBUMIN-125I-BINDING CELLS OF IMMUNIZED GUINEA PIGS

Guinea pigs immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenyl-guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA) possess lymphocytes which specifically bind sufficient DNP-GPA-(125)I to their surface to be detected by radioautography. These lymphocytes are present in the draining lymph nodes in a frequency of approximately 50/1000 lymphocytes in animals immunized 2-4 wk earlier with DNP-GPA in complete Freund's adjuvant. Nonimmunized animals have approximately 0.4 DNP-GPA antigen-binding cells (ABC) per 1000 lymphocytes. An increase in the frequency of DNP-GPA ABC in peripheral blood is detectable by 5 days after immunization, which is before the time that serum anti-DNP antibody is measurable. The receptors of these ABC are hapten specific in that free epsilon-DNP-L-lysine, at low concentration, inhibits the binding of DNP-GPA-(125)I; DNP bovine serum alumbin (DNP-BSA) is equivalent to DNP-GPA in the inhibition of binding of DNP-GPA-(125)I to ABC; and both DNP-GPA agarose beads and DNP-BSA agarose beads specifically adsorb DNP-GPA-(125)I ABC. Anti-immunoglobulin antisera, particularly anti-gamma(2) sera, inhibit the binding of DNP-GPA-(125)I to these cells implying that the receptors are immunoglobulin, primarily of the gamma(2) heavy chain class. DNP-GPA-(125)I ABC appear to represent precursors of antibody-secreting cells and have specificity characteristics which are very different from cells, of similarly immunized guinea pigs, which mediate a cellular immune response to DNP-GPA.
Enantiospecific Synthesis of Carbocyclic Aminoimidazole Carboxamide Ribonucleotide (C-AICAR), Succinoaminoimidazole Carboxamide Ribonucleotide (C-SAICAR), and a New Intermediate for SAICAR Analogs

Abstract The (-)-enantiomer of the carbocyclic analogs of aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (C-AICAR1, 7), and succinoaminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide (C-SAICAR, 14) have been prepared. En route, a new intermediate (19) for the preparation of SAICAR analogs was developed.
Class and class politics in the southern Populist movement of the 1890s

Interpretations of the class basis and interests of the southern Populist movement of the late 19th century vary greatly. This paper presents a class‐dialectical analysis of the Populist movement that contests previous conservative, liberal, and romantic‐radical interpretations. Biographical analysis of Populist leaders in North Carolina, analyses of Populist delegations in the North Carolina state senate, and statistical analyses of legislative voting behavior suggest that elected Populist officials, though reform oriented, represented the interests of larger farmers and planters in North Carolina to the neglect of poor black and white farmers and farm tenants upon whose votes they were dependent. Their political demise was a result of this class contradiction, which was at the heart of the Populist movement.
Persistent diarrhea in the returned traveler.

Of nearly 500 million international travelers each year, almost 50 million, an ever increasing number, travel from industrialized countries to tropical or developing areas. These include more than 27 million North Americans, almost 18 million Europeans, 3 million Japanese, and 1 million Australians and New Zealanders. 65 Of the many health threats that affect over half of these travelers, diarrheal diseases are by far the most common, albeit not most serious concern. 112 Approximately one third of all travelers to tropical developing areas experience a diarrheal illness. Fortunately, the vast majority of these are either self-limited or promptly responsive to a commonly used short-course of an antimicrobial agent effective against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria that constitute the majority of pathogens causing travelers diarrhea; however, prospective studies of over 7800 Swiss travelers, 4600 Peace Corps volunteers, and 35 students in Latin America suggest that approximately 3% of illnesses may last longer than 14 days and 1% to 2% longer than 1 month. 32 Of 7886 Swiss international travelers, 0.9% (73) had a diarrheal illness lasting more than 30 days upon return, with the highest rates being among those visiting West Africa and regions of the Far East. 111 Of 4607 US Peace Corps volunteers, 1.7% (78) had a diarrheal illness lasting 1 month or longer, with highest rates being among those in Haiti, Central and West Africa, and Nepal, 2 whereas 1 of 35 students traveling in Latin America for longer than 1 month developed a persistent diarrheal illness (2.9%). 46
Differentiation of Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells by an antibody to GM3 ganglioside.

A monoclonal antibody against GM3 ganglioside (GM3 Ab) was found to trigger differentiation of Neuro-2a cells in culture. The differentiation of Neuro-2a cells by GM3Ab was accompanied by increased levels of intracellular serotonin and amino acid neurotransmitters viz. aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine and taurine. Further study indicated that the increase in the serotonin level was not due to a higher rate of serotonin synthesis but rather to a higher rate of active transport of serotonin from the medium. Studies on the cell surface gangliosides revealed that unlike the proliferating cells, the GM3Ab-mediated differentiated cells contained higher gangliosides in addition to GM3 and GM2 gangliosides. Analysis of total cellular proteins indicated the appearance of a 25 kDa protein, pI 5.4, in the GM3Ab-treated cells—a small amount of this protein was observed in dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP)-treated cells, however, the protein was totally absent in the 5-bromo-2′-de-oxyuridine (BrdU)-treated cells. Investigation of the mode of action of GM3Ab indicated that the cellular differentiation was due to increased cAMP accumulation resulting from an increase in the adenylate cyclase activity. Further studies with different agents affecting protein kinase C (PKC) activity and direct assay of PKC ruled out the possibility that GM3Ab mediated its effect via PKC. This GM3Ab-induced differentiation could be inhibited by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H8, but could not be inhibited by sphingosine, an inhibitor of PKC. Pertussis toxin could mimic the effect of GM3Ab, suggesting that GM3Ab caused the elevation in the adenylate cyclase activity by reducing the Gi-protein inhibition of the adenylate cyclase. The data suggests that GM3Ab, after interaction with cell surface GM3, elevated intracellular cAMP level by withdrawing the inhibitory effect of some undefined factor(s) present in culture medium which normally keeps adenylate cyclase activity low through activation of Gi-protein.
Minireview: Estrogen and Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis

The use of hormone replacement therapy for coronary heart disease prevention in humans has been an area of intense controversy. The atheroprotective qualities of estrogens have been challenged recently by several negative results of randomized clinical trials in postmenopausal women. However, the inhibitory effects of estrogens on atherogenesis are well documented in numerous animals, including atherosclerotic mouse models, but the detailed mechanisms of this protection are not understood. In this minireview, we will focus on the considerable success that has been achieved in demonstrating the atheroprotective effects of 17β-estradiol in apolipoprotein E and low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice and the use of these atherosclerotic mouse models in pharmacological and genetic study designs to investigate antiatherogenic mechanisms of estrogens. Mouse models of atherosclerosis should prove beneficial to understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of estrogen-mediated atheroprotection and a...
Microhardness of SiO2 Glass in Various Environments

Mesure de la microdurete de verre de silice dans divers liquides aqueux ou non. L'initiation de la fissure ne depend du temps que dans l'eau. L'etude est faite par spectrometrie IR a transformee de Fourier. On separe la microdurete selon deux facteurs: la contribution de la surface et celle du volume
Brachymenium deceptivum sp. nov. (Bryaceae) from Ethiopia

Brachymenium deceptivum, known only from the type specimen, is described from Ethiopia. It is immediately distinguished from all other species of the genus by its complete lack of an exostome.
Self-described weight status of Mexican-American adolescents

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate Mexican-American adolescents' descriptions of their weight status. Methods: Data were from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted in 1982–1983 among Mexican-Americans in five southwestern states. The current study used data on 429 males and 485 nonpregnant females 12–19 years old. In an interview, participants were asked to describe their weight status (underweight, about the right weight, overweight); in an examination (performed two to four weeks after the interview), weights and heights were measured. Each participant's body-mass index (weight/height 2 ) was calculated, and single year of age-and-sex-specific BMI cutoffs were used to determine each participant's BMI decile. Results: The overweight description was chosen by 46% of females and 23% of males, and the underweight description by 7% of females and 17% of males. The percentage of adolescents self-described as overweight rose with increasing BMI percentile, the rise starting in the 30–39th percentiles for females and in 60–69th percentiles for males. Conclusions: These findings suggest that many Mexican-American adolescents misperceive their weight status.
An algebraic treatment of quantum vibrations using REDUCE

Many eigenvalue problems that arise in mathematical physics and chemistry can be solved using the algebra of non-commuting operators. REDUCE can readily be used to perform the many time consuming algebraic manipulations necessary to find the solutions to these problems. Applications of REDUCE are given to the quantum mechanical one and two dimensional nearly harmonic oscillator using an algebraic approach.
Decitabine for acute myeloid leukemia

Decitabine (Dacogen®, Eisai Inc., NJ, USA) is a nucleoside analogue DNA methyltransferase inhibitor first synthesized and documented to have antileukemic efficacy over 40 years ago. Over the years, the dosing of decitabine has been refined, such that for acute myeloid leukemia, a 5-day schedule of 20 mg/m2 is now commonly utilized. Owing to its relatively modest nonhematologic toxicity when administered in this manner, single agent decitabine has shown the greatest promise in antileukemic efficacy for the management of older individuals and others who are not candidates for more intensive therapy. Whether or not single-agent decitabine is more safe and effective than existing therapies for older individuals, which markers best predict for response, and what drugs combine most effectively with decitabine, are all areas of active investigation at this time.
General laboratory instrumentation interface computer program

Abstract A computer data collection program requiring a minimum of program maintenance and technician training and allowing technician involvement with analytical instrument operation, was developed for a high volume production laboratory. The program, which complemented existing laboratory methodology, was written in top‐down, block‐style format. This structure insured easy maintenance and allowed individual instruments and their calibrations to be easily added to the program for data collection. The program was menu‐driven and limited direct technician involvement with instrument operation to changing samples, monitoring the instrument for calibration, monitoring the final readings, and intervening in the event of an obvious error. A two hour familiarization period requiring no instruction manuals was all that was required of a technician with no prior computer knowledge or training of any kind to become proficient with using the program.
Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or experimental galactosemia VIII. Prevention by aminoguanidine.

Purpose. Aminoguanidine has been found to inhibit the development of some retinal lesions in diabetic rats and diabetic dogs, thereby raising a possibility that the formation of glycation end products (AGEs) may be an essential step in the pathogenesis of the retinopathy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aminoguanidine administration on other metabolic abnormalities which might be involved in the development of retinopathy in two models of the retinopathy, alloxan diabetes and experimental galactosemia. Methods. Oxidative stress, nitric oxide (NO) and the activity of protein kinase C (PKC, total activity) were measured in the retina of the rats experimentally diabetic or galactosemic for 2 months. Effect of aminoguanidine administration on the inhibition of hyperglycemia-induced retinal dysmetabolism was investigated. Results. Two months of diabetes or experimental galactosemia in rats resulted in elevation of retinal oxidative stress (increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive subs...