cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Criterion for the existence of multiple steady states in three-phase continuous stirred tank reactors

Criteres d'existence de multiples regimes stables dans les reacteurs a boue, en presence ou non de resistances a l'interieur des particules
Adhesion of MC3T3‐E1 cells bound to dentin phosphoprotein specifically bound to collagen type I

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is a member of the SIBLING (small integrin binding N-linked glycoprotein) family of proteins commonly found in mineralized tissues. Dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) is a naturally occurring subdomain of DSPP that contains the cell binding RGD sequence. Previously, the orientation and conformation of other SIBLING family members specifically bound to collagen I have been investigated with respect to their cell adhesion properties. In this study, the orientation of DPP under similar circumstances is examined, and the results are discussed relative to the previous investigations. Radiolabeled adsorption isotherms were developed for DPP adsorbing to both tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and collagen coated TCPS. Then, a MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion assay was performed on TCPS and collagen coated TCPS in the presence of identical amounts of adsorbed DPP. It was discovered that there was a significant difference in the number of bound cells on the TCPS and collagen coated TCPS, with a preference for TCPS. Furthermore, a cell inhibition assay was conducted to confirm that the cell binding that occurred was due to specific integrin interactions with the RGD sequence of DPP. These results suggest that the orientation of DPP, rather than its conformation, dictates the accessibility of the cell binding RGD domains of DPP and that the RGD sequence in DPP is less accessible when DPP is specifically bound to collagen. The results obtained in this study are in stark contrast to previous studies with related SIBLING proteins, and suggest that DPP does not play a key role in cell binding to the collagen matrix of developing bone.
Nickel-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression inhibits the fibrinolytic activity of human airway epithelial cells.

One cause of debilitating pulmonary fibrosis is inhalation of insoluble metals. Human epidemiological and animal studies have associated inhalation of nickel dusts with increased incidence of pulmonary fibrosis. However, specific mechanisms for nickel-induced pulmonary fibrosis have yet to be elucidated. The current studies examine the hypothesis that particulate nickel promotes pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the fibrinolytic cascade. Since the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) initiates this cascade, this hypothesis was tested by investigating the effects of noncytotoxic levels of nickel subsulfide on the balance of uPA expression relative to expression of its inhibitor, PAI-1, in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). Exposure to the metal decreased secreted uPA protein levels and activity without affecting uPA mRNA levels. In contrast, these same exposures stimulated transcription of PAI-1, causing prolonged increases in both mRNA and protein levels. Despite partial recovery of uPA protein levels, uPA activity remained depressed for more than 48 h after exposure to nickel due to the continued increase in PAI-1 expression. These data indicate that particulate nickel inhibits the fibrinolytic cascade by increasing the ratio of plasminogen inhibitor to activator. Sustained loss of uPA activity may contribute to nickel-induced pulmonary fibrosis in exposed populations.
Chirped Grating Lenses In Ti-Indiffused LiNbO 3 Optical Waveguides

Chirped grating lenses have been successfully designed, fabricated and evaluated for the first time on Ti-indiffused LiNbO3 waveguides. The design procedure, the expected and measured performances, the materials and fabrication processes developed, and the performance limitations imposed by the waveguide parameter and by the fabrication tolerances will be presented.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Molecular constants of nitrogen dioxide from the near infrared spectrum

Abstract High resolution spectra of the (1, 0, 1), (2, 0, 1), (0, 0, 3), and (1, 0, 3) bands of 14 NO 2 and 15 NO 2 have been obtained. An analysis of the combined ground state combination differences and reported microwave transition frequencies has led to improved values of the rotational and centrifugal distortion constants for the ground state of each molecule, including empirical P 6 terms. The (1, 0, 1) and (2, 0, 1) bands of each molecule have been analyzed giving improved values for the band origins and upper state rotational constants. From the rotational constants determined here it has been possible to calculate the rotational constants for the (0, 0, 3) and (1, 0, 3) vibrational states. A predicted spectrum calculated using these values has led to the identification of the Q -branch transitions observed in the (0, 0, 3) regions as the Q Q K ( N ) transitions of the (0, 0, 3) band, and not the Q -branches of a type- B band as had been reported previously. Measurement of the observed spin-splittings in the (2, 0, 1) bands has led to a determination of the effective spin-rotation coupling constants for the (2, 0, 1) vibrational levels.
Single-particle dynamics of the solid heliums from deep inelastic neutron scattering

Previous neutron-scattering research on solid heliums has been restricted to small momentum transfers, Q, both by large Debye–Waller factors and by scientific interest being restricted to collective modes and their interactions. It has also been limited by insufficient sources of neutron beams of about an electronvolt in energy, which are required to apply the method of deep inelastic scattering to solids. Making use of a spallation neutron source and a suitable chopper spectrometer, one can now collect data in which the dynamic structure factor S(Q,E) directly reflects the atomic-momentum distribution n(p). For 4He, the major determining factor on this single-particle property is the density of the sample, not its microscopic structure. At a strictly constant number density, samples of hexagonal close-packed (hcp), body-centered cubic (bcc), and normal liquid show identical S(Q,E)'s for Q's near 200 nm−1, at current levels of precision. The case of bcc 4He is used to illustrate the method, and the derive...
Multi-Objective Optimization of Communication Satellites with Two-Branch Tournament Genetic Algorithm

In spacecraft design, many specialized state-of-the-art design tools are employed to optimize the performance of various subsystems. However, there is no structured system-level concept-definition process. Consequently, designers usually compromise some mission goals to satisfy only one of the primary design objectives. The conceptual stage of the spacecraft design process is formulated into a multi-objective discrete optimization problem. The use of multi-objective design allows the designer to evaluate different design alternatives across the whole set of design objectives. This work addresses two key design objectives for the spacecraft design process: the minimization of total launch mass and the maximization of spacecraft overall reliability. To predict values for the objective and constraint functions, a satellite design tool, which includes a satellite sizing model and a deterministic reliability model, was built and integrated with a genetic algorithm that employs a two-branch tournament to address the dual objective problem. The multi-objective approach was successful in determining sets of discrete design parameters that would minimize the launch mass as well as maximize the reliability of a geostationary communication satellite, using specified payload requirements. The designs generated by this approach appear to fall into three regions of the tradeoff space between the satellite launch mass and the satellite reliability objectives.
Medians of arbitrary graphs

For each vertex u in a connected graph H, the distance of u is the sum of the distances from u to each of the vertices v of H. A vertex of minimum distance in H is called a median vertex. It is shown that for any graph G there exists a graph H for which the subgraph of H induced by the median vertices is isomorphic to G.
Three Channel Theory of Communication in Small Groups.

Forty experimental dyads were composed for study designed to test a transactional theory which views interpersonal behavior as being communicated simultaneously on three channels. The term channel is employed here to specify a mode of communication. The dyads ranged from compatability to incompatibility through all possible combinations on the three channels. The dyads were identified from a battery of instruments administered to 200 sub jects. The general hypothesis was that there would be a linear relationship between intra-group compatibility and a set of five dependent variables. Each of the 40 dyads was scheduled for a half-hour discussion period in which the members worked together to solve a case study problem. Following the discussion session each member was given a set of post-meeting instruments to com plete. Results on three of the linear relationships were in the predicted direction.
The metabolism of silkmoth tissues. 1. Incorporation of leucine into protein

Fat body tissue from larvae and pupae of saturniid silkmoths was incubated with leucine-1-C14, and incorporation into total protein was measured. Midgut tissue was also used in a few experiments. In a medium of salts and amino acids based on the composition of silkworm hemolymph, incorporation by fat body is linear for at least 6 hr., whereas some other media give declining rates, and in severely hypotonic media, or with homogenates, incorporation is virtually abolished. In fat body from mature larvae the rate of amino acid incorporation is high; in tissue from diapausing pupae it has fallen to about 0.3% of the larval rate; and by an early stage of adult development it has risen again to about 10% of the larval rate. The activity of fat body and midgut also rises after integumentary injury to diapausing pupae. In fat body, the effect on amino acid incorporation was first evident in tissue taken 14 hr. after the injury; by 7 days it had become maximal (50–70 times the preinjury rate); and thereafter the activity declined toward the preinjury rate.
Matrix Protein Microarrays for Spatially and Compositionally Controlled Microspot Thrombosis under Laminar Flow

Microarraying allows the spatial and compositional control of surfaces, typically for the purpose of binding reactions. Collagen and/or von Willebrand Factor (vWF) in 5% glycerol was contact printed onto glass slides to create defined microspots (176-microm diameter) of adsorbed protein without sample dehydration. The arrays were mounted on flow chambers allowing video microscopy during perfusion (wall shear rate of 100-500 s(-1)) of recalcified corn trypsin inhibitor-treated whole blood or platelet rich plasma and subsequent array scanning via anti-GPIbalpha and anti-fibrin(ogen) immunofluorescence. To mimic the subendothelial matrix, vWF was microarrayed over sonicated type I collagen microspots. For whole blood perfusion (500 s(-1), 10 min) over collagen, vWF, and collagen/vWF microspots, the amount of platelet deposition on the collagen/vWF spots was approximately 2 times greater in comparison to the collagen spots and approximately 18 times greater in comparison to the vWF spots. The amount of fibrin(ogen) deposition on the collagen/vWF spots was approximately 2 times greater in comparison to the collagen spots and approximately 4 times greater in comparison to the vWF spots. This protocol allowed for highly uniform (CV = 18%) and precisely located thrombus formation at a density of >or=400 spots/cm(2). Microarrays are ideal for the combinatorial assembly of adhesive and procoagulant proteins to study thrombosis as well as to study axial and lateral transport effects between discrete microspots of distinct composition.
Minimum phase and zero distributions in 2D signals

It is well known that for 1D signals, a dispersion relation or Hilbert transform can be written between the magnitude and phase of a bandlimited function, provided it satisfies the so-called minimum phase condition. This condition requires that the complex zeros of the bandlimited function lie in only one half of the complex plane. When this is not the case the Hilbert transform generates the incorrect phase. Extending this concept for two and higher dimensional signals is of great practical interest but has been limited by the fundamental differences that exist between the properties of one and higher dimensional entire functions. We examine these difference and identify some classes of properties that 2D functions should satisfy, in order to possess minimum phase properties.
A Simple Minimum-Bias Percentile Estimator of the Location Parameter for the Gamma, Weibull, and Log-Normal Distributions

Estimating the unknown minimum (location) of a random variable has received some attention in the statistical literature, but not enough in the area of decision sciences. This is surprising, given that such estimation needs exist often in simulation and global optimization. This study explores the characteristics of two previously used simple percentile estimators of location. The study also identifies a new percentile estimator of the location parameter for the gamma, Weibull, and log-normal distributions with a smaller bias than the other two estimators. The performance of the new estimator, the minimum-bias percentile (MBP) estimator, and the other two percentile estimators are compared using Monte-Carlo simulation. The results indicate that, of the three estimators, the MBP estimator developed in this study provides, in most cases, the estimate with the lowest bias and smallest mean square error of the location for populations drawn from log-normal and gamma or Weibull (but not exponential) distributions. A decision diagram is provided for location estimator selection, based on the value of the coefficient of variation, when the statistical distribution is known or unknown.
Upper critical field anisotropy in the Chevrel phase compound PbMo 6 S 8

The anisotropy of the upper critical field,H c2, was measured on deoxygenated single crystals of the Chevrel phase compound PbMo6S8. The superconducting transition temperature,T c, was determined with the applied field pointing in various directions in the hexagonal $$(2\overline 1 0)$$ plane. At a fixed value of the external field,T c is an oscillating function of direction. Since theH c2 versusT curve is linear in the field region we probed, the shape of the anisotropy inT c at constantH is the same as the anisotropy ofH c2 at constantT. The data reflect the low-temperature symmetry of the crystal structure. Two-fold symmetry was observed in the $$(2\overline 1 0)$$ plane. The data were fitted to the effective mass model with uniaxial symmetry. The anisotropy ofH c2 is more complex than that previously observed by us in Cu1.8Mo6S8. We relate this observation to the structural differences of these compounds.
Characterizing the Enhanced Susceptibility of Milky Disease-Infected Scarabaeid Grubs to Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Abstract Grubs of the scarabaeid Cyclocephala hirta infected with the milky disease bacterium, Bacillus popilliae (Bp), were more susceptible to the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri than healthy grubs. Increased susceptibility was due to greater ease of nematode penetration through the midguts of Bp-infected insects and occurred after > 10 days exposure to B. popilliae spores. By that time, the bacterium was proliferating rapidly in the insect hemolymph and possibly stressed the insect by physiological starvation. Attraction of the nematodes to the insects and cuticular penetration by the nematodes were ruled out as possible reasons for the enhanced susceptibility of Bp-infected grubs. In greenhouse pot trials, S. glaseri killed more Bp-infected grubs than healthy grubs, whereas no differences were noted with H. bacteriophora. Thus, to achieve the best grub control in the presence of B. popilliae, application of S. glaseri is recommended. The compatibility of B. popilliae and entomopathogenic nematodes in the field is ensured by the existence of a diseased insect class with a low level of susceptibility to the nematode, the presence of B. popilliae in grubs not interfering with nematode progeny production, and the ability of B. popilliae spores to survive invading nematodes and their associated bacteria.
A framework for morphological evolution vis-a-vis phase transitions in polymer solutions

When a polymer crystallizes from solution, it is well known that the resulting morphology depends on whether any liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) has preceded crystallization. In addition to the dense morphology that results when crystallization occurs directly from a homogeneous solution, at least three other distinctly different morphologies are produced if crystallization follows LLPS. Although much work has been reported in this regard, a framework that can relate the path that a process might follow across a phase diagram to the consequent morphology is lacking. We report here the fundamental elements of a simple thermodynamic framework that serves to identify the driving forces that produce these different morphologies. It is based on identification of the nucleating phase, if any, in LLPS and coupling it with the domain in which nucleation of crystallization occurs. The essential elements of the framework for morphological evolution are demonstrated by relating the sequence of phase transitions to the morphology which can result in the crystallized polymer when a polymer solution is cooled from a homogeneous state at a high temperature. Four distinctly different morphologies are shown to evolve, depending on whether crystallization occurs (a) directly from a homogeneous solution (dense); (b) following binodal liquid–liquid phase separation, LLPS, with nucleation of the polymer-rich phase (GMP—globular microporous); (c) following spinodal LLPS (FMP—fibrillar microporous); or (d) following binodal LLPS with nucleation of the solvent-rich phase (CTMP—cell-tunnel microporous). An important implication of the framework is that a predictable sequence of “dense GMP FMP CTMP dense” morphologies has to arise with increase in overall polymer concentration in such solutions. The framework also serves to identify conditions, such as passage through specific temperature/concentration regions in the phase diagram, that would increase the likelihood of forming mixed or coexisting morphologies. However, it is still necessary to develop appropriate kinetic models to predict sizes of the morphological components within each of the four morphologies. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 1343–1355, 1999
Bacterial swimming motility enhances cell deposition and surface coverage.

The influence of bacterial motility on cell transport and deposition was investigated in a well-characterized radial stagnation point flow (RSPF) chamber. Deposition experiments were conducted with nonmotile (PAO1 ∆fliC ∆pilA) and motile (PAO1 ∆pilA) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and oppositely (positively) charged modified quartz surfaces. Depositiondynamicsofthetwobacterialstrainsweredetermined over a wide range of solution ionic strengths and at two flowvelocities.Theobserveddepositiondynamicsweremodeled using a modified expression of the random sequential adsorption (RSA) blocking function accounting for the impacts of hydrodynamic and electrostatic interactions on cell deposition. Results for the nonmotile bacteria indicated that the changes in blocking rate and surface coverage with ionic strength and flow rate were similar to those expected for nonbiological, “soft” particles, for which the coupling of hydrodynamic interactions and electrostatic repulsion governs the deposition dynamics. In contrast, deposition dynamics of the motile bacterial cells reduced blocking rates and enhanced maximum coverages, approaching the jamming limit predicted for “hard” ellipsoids of 0.583. We hypothesized that cell motilityallowstheupstreamswimmingofbacteriaandsubsequent cell deposition on regions which are otherwise inaccessible to nonmotile cell deposition due to the “shadow effect”.
A “Canaan Stone”

CAPTAIN B—, of the Brixham (Devon) trawler fleet, recently showed me what he termed a “Canaan stone”. He told me that in the hands of his wife's mother it had effected many miraculous cures of diseases of the eye, and that by its use she had been especially successful in curing cataract. The stone was a polished sphere of agate, translucent, and of a faintly greenish-yellow tint, containing several red-brown patches due to the presence of iron. It was about ¾-inch in diameter, and had been drilled through the centre, as though it had at one time formed part of a necklace. The treatment simply consisted in “striking” (i.e. gently rubbing) the eye with the stone. No prayers or incantations were used, but it was essential that different parts of the stone should be used in different diseases, and the part used also varied with the colour of the patient's eyes. The stone was rubbed actually on the conjunctiva, not on the lids. The secret of the exact method of treatment died with the old lady, who is reported to have had quite an extensive ophthalmic practice, and I was appealed to in order that I might explain the secret to the present owners of the stone. Beyond the fact that the stone had been bought by its late owner from a man in Cornwall for 40l., no history was available.
A critique of latent variable tests of asset pricing models

Abstract Latent variable tests of asset pricing models make assumptions about the joint distribution of observable returns and unobservable benchmark returns. These tests can falsely accept models when a mean-variance efficient portfolio other than the benchmark satisfies the distributional assumptions imposed on the benchmark portfolio. Also, because the assumptions are untestable, there is no way to discover whether a model is being rejected because the assumptions are false. Without these assumptions, however, latent variable tests can be viewed only as tests of distributional hypotheses about mean-variance efficient portfolios of unknown composition.
Age-related vasopressin changes in rat plasma and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system☆

Abstract Immunoreactive vasopressin (VP) was measured in the plasma, neurohypophysis (NH) and hypothalamus (HT) of young (3 months), adult (12 months), and old (30 months) Sprague-Dawley male rats, both intact and anesthetized with halothane. VP content in the HT of the old rats was about half that of young and adultsrats. Total VP content in the NH increased with age, reflecting large glandular size in the old rats. However, VP content was similar in all three groups, when expressed per mg of wet tissue. Plasma VP concentration was undetectable in the old intact rats and it rose to the levels of intact young or adult rats during halothane anesthesia. The anesthesia-related increase in plasma VP concentration was statistically significant in young but not in adult rats. These results suggest that in the intact rats during aging: (1) the synthesis of VP in the HT may be reduced; (2) the storage of VP in the NH is not impaired; and (3) the undetectable plasma VP concentration may reflect either reduced VP release or increased degradation.
Family history of non-hematologic cancers among Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia patients: a preliminary study.

Abstract Background Little is known about the epidemiology and etiology of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM). Despite several studies of the relation between family history and B-cell disorders and WM, family history of non-hematologic cancers has not been systematically investigated. We thus examined associations of family history of breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers with WM. Methods All probands aged 20–79 years with bone marrow biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of WM between May 1, 1999 and January 1, 2010 at the Bing Center for Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia were eligible for inclusion in our analysis. We reviewed medical records for eligible probands to determine family history of cancer (defined as a cancer diagnosis for ≥1 first-degree relative(s) of the proband). Using expected values constructed from the United States National Health Interview Survey, we estimated age- and race-standardized rate ratios (RRs) for family history of breast, colorectal, lung, ovarian, and prostate cancers by WM subtype. Results Family history of prostate cancer had the largest overall rate ratio (RR = 1.4, 95% confidence limits [CL]: 1.1, 1.7), and among sporadic cases, family history of prostate and breast cancer had the largest rate ratios (prostate: RR = 1.3, 95% CL: 1.1, 1.7; breast: RR = 1.3, 95% CL: 1.2, 1.6). Conclusion Our study suggests that it may be worthwhile to pursue these associations in a case–control study with uniform selection and data collection for cases and controls, and at least some record-based information on family history.
An approximate analytical maximum likelihood technique

Abstract An approximate analytical technique for calculating the likelihood function associated with the number of counts under a Gaussian peak, superimposed on a continuum, is demonstrated. The replacement of the Poisson statistical distribution by a normal distribution, coupled with an alternative definition of the a posteriori probabilities of the likelihood function, results in a simplification allowing the derivation of formulae in closed form. Results using this technique compare well to those from numerical computations using Poisson statistics and more conventional forms of likelihood functions. Sample applications are given.
Reduced death distress and greater meaning in life among individuals reporting past life memory

Sincere, nonpsychotic people who report recalling memories from previous lives risk the stigma of mental illness. Accordingly, we tested hypotheses about possible psychological benefits that people reporting past life memory (PLM) may receive, such as reduced distress about their own mortality and enhanced existential meaning. To test these hypotheses, we recruited 40 participants who reported PLM and compared their death distress and meaningfulness of life data with that of 35 participants who reported having memories from only one life (i.e., their current one). Participants completed questionnaires regarding death-related distress (fear, depression, or anxiety regarding personal mortality) and meaning in life (presence of meaning and searching for meaning). Participants also rated the vividness of their PLM and certainty that their experiences signified PLM. Consistent with our hypotheses, relative to the control group, the PLM group reported lower death distress and greater presence of meaning in their lives. Vividness of PLM correlated with certainty that the memory was a PLM. Reduced death distress and enhanced meaning in life may partly explain why some people interpret certain unusual experiences, such as vivid dreams and deja vu, as memories from previous lives.
Recent developments in computer methods for structural analysis

Abstract A survey is presented of several areas in which significant recent progress has been made in computerized structural analysis. The areas upon which attention is focused are: new transient algorithms; fluid-structure interaction; and finite elements for nearly-incompressible solids, and beam, plate and shell structures based upon theories which include transverse shear deformations.
A computer science program in a business school

This paper discusses the development of a computer science program within the Business School of Georgia State University and presents a model for constructing a curriculum for an evolving multidimensional field like computer science. The emphasis is upon the factors that led to a goal oriented approach for curriculum design and its practical advantages.
Toward Understanding Consumer Processing of Negative Online Word-of-Mouth Communication The Roles of Opinion Consensus and Organizational Response Strategies

Although many hospitality organizations strive to handle negative word of mouth (NWOM) online, limited research has attempted to understand the influence of NWOM on potential consumers’ buying behaviors in order to suggest the appropriate organizational response strategies to NWOM communication. In an attempt to bridge this gap, the authors identified the roles of consensus in NWOM communication and how organizational responses to NWOM affect the ways in which potential consumers evaluate service organizations—by making attributional judgments and forming attitude. The results show that consensus in online NWOM communication plays a pivotal role in influencing how potential consumers incorporate NWOM into their evaluations about the organization. Additionally, these NWOM consensus effects are contingent on organizational response strategies. Finally, the authors discuss theoretical and practical implications, limitations, and directions for future research.
Cultural influences on food cravings and aversions during pregnancy

The effects of cultural choices on food cravings and aversions of 160 pregnant women were assessed in four ethnic groups (n = 40 each): Black, Cambodian, Hispanic and White. Subjects were participants in a federal supplemental food program, the Women, Infants and Children Program (WIC), in Long Beach, California, a metropolitan area of the United States. Questionnaires were administered in Cambodian, English, or Spanish as appropriate. Cambodians craved significantly more meat and spicy/salty foods than the other three groups. Increased educational level and number of years spent in the U.S. correlated positively with significantly more cravings for traditional western American foods (that is, chicken, peanut butter and hot dogs). Aversions for less typical American foods (such as fermented fish and pigs’ feet) increased with advanced educational level and years of residence.
Parametric study of sweeping corrugated wing and role of spanwise flow in delayed stall

The present study identifies the effect of different parameters like angle of attack, acceleration duration, aspect ratio and taper ratio on a corrugated wing in sweeping motion at Re 34000. Moreover, the role of spanwise flow on delayed stall is also analyzed. This study will help in identifying the suitable parameters for the wing of MAV. Calculations are performed at constant angle of attack of 10°, 20°, 30° and 40°; acceleration duration of 10°, 20° and 30°; aspect ration of 3, 4.5 and 6 and taper ratio of 0.5, 0.75 and 1. In order to analyze the spanwise flow, velocity was calculated on the wing at different chord lengths. Results indicated that C l and C d increased with the increase in angle of attack and leading edge vortex was more prominent achieved as a result of delayed stall at later stage of sweeping motion was independent of initial acceleration duration. The variation of aspect ratio had minor effects on aerodynamic force production. The values of C 1 and C d increased with the increase in taper ratio and purely rectangular wing produced better results. The velocity vectors confirmed the presence of spanwise velocity on the wing at leading edge vortex core. This velocity initially increased and attained the maximum value close to mid-span and this value was larger than the chordwise velocity corresponding to Re under investigation.
Correlation effects in pion condensates

Abstract The threshold for pion condensation in neutron star matter is estimated on the basis of a sufficiently realistic treatment of effective forces. It turns out that the short range repulsion of the nucleon-nucleon force raises considerably the density at which the pion condensed phase can occur.
Oxygen therapy for premature infants.

I N C R E A S E D oxygen tensions are not encountered in nature. Therefore, it is not surprising that living tissue develops pathologic changes when exposed to high oxygen concentrations. Because of this danger there is a continuing need to devise adequate criteria for the administration of oxygen to newborn infants. Pediatricians are well aware of the difficulties in safely administering oxygen to newborn infants. After World War I I attempts were made to minimize hypoxic injury in premature infants by nursing them in a high ambient oxygen environment; this led to an increased incidence of retrolental fibroplasia. In reaction to this tragedy there followed an era when therapeutic oxygen concentrations were limited to 40 per cent, even in the presence of cyanosis. Some studies have suggested that this policy resulted in an increased mortali ty rate f rom respiratory distress 1 and an increased morbidity rate f rom cerebral palsy? Now, once again, with the development of the concept of neonatal intensive care: higher concentrations of oxygen are being recommended for dyspneic and cyanotic premature infants. With this perhaps more rational approach, new problems are being encountered in the
Bandwidth and tuning range of an ArF laser measured by 1 + 1 resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization of NO

The tuning range and bandwidth of an ArF laser were measured using 1 + 1 resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization of NO. Operated as an injection-seeded oscillator/amplifier combination, the tuning range was 51,560–51,810 cm−1; operated with single pass amplification of the oscillator, the tuning range was 51,560–51,765 cm−1. In both cases, the laser bandwidth, determined from the linewidth, was 0.21 ± 0.06 cm−1. Rotational lines in the β(7,0), γ(3,0), and ∊(0,1) bands were observed including several previously unreported lines.
Changes in Perceptions of Science for Third, Seventh, and Eleventh Grade Students.

Similar results from four studies dealing with third, seventh, and eleventh grade students and their views of science teachers, science classes, usefulness of science study, and what it is like to be a scientist are reviewed and analyzed. The studies include the affective data from the 1977 NAEP report, the 1982 NAEP information, an Iowa follow-up study, and a study limited to one large school district. The analysis permits a synthesis of information on the failures of school science to affect student perceptions positively. Relatively few areas are identified which illustrate positive effects of science programs on students. Primary problems identified are: (1) science is less fun and exciting the longer students stay in school; (2) teachers are viewed as providers of information; the more preparation a teacher has and the more advanced the class, the less likely is a teacher ever to admit not knowing; (3) students do not feel more successful and/or more curious as they progress through a science program; (4) the school program does not provide increasingly accurate information and/or encouragement for science career choices.
An X-ray study of polyethylene at pressures up to 14 000 kg cm−2 at 298 K

The diamond piston-anvil method was used to make X-ray wide-angle diffraction studies of polyethylene at 298 K and at pressures up to 14 000 kg cm−2. The data obtained were compared with the results of a study by Ito and Marui, and their observations (which were made at pressures up to 3000 kg cm−2) were essentially confirmed. However, our data revealed that the linear compressibility in the [1 1 0] and [2 0 0] directions did not vary with pressure in a linear fashion over the entire range, and the empirical relation-ehk l=Ah k lρ − Bhk lρ2, where eh k l is the stress on h k l planes, was not found to be adequate for the planes (1 1 0) and (2 0 0) for pressures up to 14 000 kg cm−2. With the addition of a third cubic term Ch k lρ3 to the relation, a better fit of the data could be achieved. By ignoring strains in the chain direction, the volumetric strains as a function of pressure were calculated, and the data agreed well with the equation of state derived by Pastine for the crystalline phase of polyethylene. A value for the Gruneisen constant γ0 at atmospheric pressure and 298 K was calculated and a value γ0=3.64 was obtained. This agrees well with values obtained by Ito and Marui, No phase transition was observed at 298° C for the pressure range reported.
Ethnobotany from the voyages of Mendaña and Quiros in the Pacific

Abstract Sixteenth‐century Spanish explorers in the South Pacific carefully recorded details of indigenous food plants and crop yields. It is argued that the apparent agricultural wealth of the Solomon Islands encouraged Mendana's plans for a colonial settlement; the failure of which can be attributed, in part, to their lack of understanding of the traditional economic system.
Corin: an ANP protease that may regulate sodium reabsorption in nephrotic syndrome.

The serine/threonine protease corin, which proteolytically activates atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), is reduced in the kidneys of animals with nephrotic syndrome and glomerular nephritis. Polzin et al. provide evidence for a linkage between the decreased corin and β-epithelial sodium channel, phosphodiesterase 5, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase II in the nephrotic kidney. They propose that decreases in cGMP resulting from the reduced corin may be responsible for the Na + retention and volume expansion that are hallmarks of these kidney diseases.
Return of the Phantom Menace Omitted Variable Bias in Political Research

Scholars often assume that the danger posed by omitted variable bias can be ameliorated by the inclusion of large numbers of relevant control variables. However, there is nothing in the mathematics of regression analysis that supports this conclusion. This paper goes beyond textbook treatments of omitted variable bias and shows, both for OLS and for generalized linear models, that the inclusion of additional control variables may increase or decrease the bias, and we cannot know for sure which is the case in any particular situation. The last section of the paper shows how formal sensitivity analysis can be used to determine whether omitted variables are a problem. A substantive example demonstrates the method.
Magnetic Response of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Measured by AC Faraday Rotation

Metal ferrite nanoparticles are of considerable technological and theoretical interest. Magnetic response of these systems is a function of various system properties like saturation magnetization, growth orientation, average particle size and size distribution, volume concentration, etc. [1]. This preliminary study investigates the magnetization dynamics (and thereby the Verdet constant) of aqueous Fe3O4 nanoparticle solutions through precision AC measurements of the Faraday Rotation (FR) at 633 nm for three different Fe3O4 nanoparticle solutions that are all prepared to have the same average particle size (∼10 nm) but differing saturation magnetization values. For each of these nanoparticle solutions precision measurements for FR are carried out over a given range of volume concentrations. The study shows simple linear dependence of FR on volume concentration and a more involved dependence on saturation magnetization. Some preliminary results relating to the frequency dependence of Verdet constants are also presented. Future directions for this work are also discussed. It is hoped that that these results will help in the development of better models to characterize response of these technologically and fundamentally useful systems.
Law School Firms and Incubators and the Role of the Academic Law Library

This article examines the recently developed postgraduate, law-school-supported programs intended to provide recent graduates with a continued experiential learning environment in order to bridge the gap between law school and law practice. Both law school firms and practice incubators are discussed. Specifically, this article looks at what, if any, role academic law libraries have within these programs. Lastly, ways in which these libraries might possibly add or improve services to the programs are explored.
Unsupervised clustering of fMRI and MRI time series

Abstract Unsupervised clustering represents a powerful technique for self-organized segmentation of biomedical image time series data describing groups of pixels exhibiting similar properties of local signal dynamics. The theoretical background is presented in the beginning, followed by several medical applications demonstrating the flexibility and conceptual power of these techniques. These applications range from functional MRI data analysis to dynamic contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI and breast MRI. For fMRI, these methods can be employed to identify and separate time courses of interest, along with their associated spatial patterns. When applied to dynamic perfusion MRI, they identify groups of voxels associated with time courses that are clinically informative and straightforward to interpret. In breast MRI, a segmentation of the lesion is achieved and in addition a subclassification is obtained within the lesion with regard to regions characterized by different MRI signal time courses. In the present paper, we conclude that unsupervised clustering techniques provide a robust method for blind analysis of time series image data in the important and current field of functional and dynamic MRI.
Using motion sensors to reduce motion artifact in the ECG

A wide variety of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities have been reported in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The purpose of this study was to compare the ECG in patients with SAH to those in normal persons in order to identify differences in ECG characteristics between the two groups, and to determine which waveform and interval abnormalities occur more frequently in SAH. Method: A standard ECG was recorded as soon as possible after admission. Computer-assisted measurements of ST segment deviation and QTc intervals were made with the Mortara ST Review Station (Milwaukee, WI). Results: ECGs of 200 patients with SAH and 30 patients in a normal control group were analyzed. Of 237 quantitative ECG measurements, 91 were significantly different between the two groups. Mean PR interval duration was shorter in the SAH group (p .000). Mean R wave amplitude was higher in lead I (p .001) and lead V2 (p .016) in the normal group, and higher in V6 (p .003) in the SAH group. S wave amplitudes were greater in SAH patients across all six precordial leads (p .003–.027). T wave axis differed significantly between the two groups (p .001), and. T wave inversion was found to occur in 44 (22%) of SAH patients but only 1 (3%) of the normal control group (p .013). In addition, 48 (24%) patients in the SAH group met ECG criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, while none did so in the control group (p .011). Conclusions: There are significant ECG differences between normal patients and those with SAH. It is further concluded that T wave inversion and ECG evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy occur significantly more frequently in patients with SAH than in normal patients.
Teaching Executives and Teaching MBAs: Reflections on the Case Method

I draw on interviews with experienced executive education teachers and young instructors who have recently shifted into executive teaching to explore the distinctive features of executive teaching,...
Distribution patterns of páramo plants in Ecuador

Summary We will analyse the geographical and vertical distributions of Ecuadorian high paramo plants. Lists of species were prepared for six Ecuadorian mountains, and floristic relationships among them were expressed by means of Sorensen's index of similarity. A mantel test was employed to analyse the pattern of geographical distribution of the species to see if the distance between the mountains was sufficient to explain the differences discovered. Altitudinal range and mean altitude of species occurrence were tested against the number of mountains from which the species were recorded using a Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test. We found that distance as a single factor can not fully explain the pattern of floristic similarity shared by the mountains. Other important factors are involved. Altitudinal range of the species examined was positively correlated with their distribution in Ecuador. Species with a broad altitudinal occurrence were found on several mountains, whereas species with narrow altitudinal distribution were found on fewer mountains.
Group Therapy With Divorced Persons: Empirically Evaluating Social Work Practice:

The routine evaluation of a social work intervention designed to assist separated and divorced persons in their adjustment to divorce is reported. Divorce adjustment was measured by administering pre- and postmeasures of the Fisher Divorce Adjustment Scale (FDAS) to 25 clients who participated in five 10-week divorce adjustment groups. The results indicated that all but 2 individuals gained in the overall adjustment score of the FDAS. There was considerable variation between individuals in the pattern and in the magnitude of improvement that was widespread across four of the five groups. Striengths and weaknesses of the design are discussed, as well as the applications of the findings for social work practice.
The crystal structure of tetrakis(urea)cobalt(III) nitrate

Abstract The structure of tetrakis(urea)cobalt(II) nitrate, [Co(H2NCONH2)4](NO3)2, has been determined from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data using CoKα radiation. The pink crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, and have cell constants a = 4.522(3)A, b = 17.69(1)A, c = 10.034(2) and β = 103.8(2)°. The cobalt atoms are found to be located at special positions. The measured density by flotation is 1.79 g/cc, while two molecules per unit cell give a calculated density of 1.80 g/cc. The intensities of 650 independent reflections above background, collected on film by the Weissenberg method, were estimated visually. The structure has been determined by three-dimensional Fourier methods and refined by full-matrix least squares to an unweighted conventional R-factor of 0.075. Co-ordination about the cobalt atom is octahedral with two oxygen bound urea molecules in the axial positions, and two urea molecules bound as bidentates through the oxygen and nitrogen forming bridges, along the a-axis, between cobalt atoms in adjacent unit cells. The nitrate groups are ionic. Structurally the compound is polymeric. Octahedral bond distances of interest are, CoO(monodentate urea in axial position) 2.055(7)A, CoO(bidentate urea) 2.100(9)A, CoN(bidentate urea) 2.231(9)A. The octahedral angles, as well as bond angles and bond distances in the urea ligands are only slightly distorted. This compound exhibits for the first time a nonionic three atom bridging moiety with chemically different bonding terminals.
Differential conditioning as a function of exposure time to discriminative and nondiscriminative cues preceding response

Five groups of rats received differential conditioning to large and small reward in a straight runway. Three groups were confined to startbox for 0, 2, or 8 sec prior to the opportunity to traverse the runway, with no preresponse discriminative cues to signal reward magnitude until admission to the runway. Two additional groups received the discriminative cues for 2 or 8 sec while confined in the startbox. All Ss learned the discrimination, though the sharp depression in performance to S— found in certain other studies failed to appear. Discriminative cue presentation in the startbox did not influence performance. Together, these facts suggest that preresponse cues only influence a frustrative depression to S—, and that for unknown reasons such a depression failed to appear in this study. Startbox confinement depressed performance to both rewards, with longer durations producing greater depressions.