cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance of transition metal ion (d block) coordination complexes

High-frequency and -field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR), in its current configuration (frequencies up to 1THz; fields up to 35T), has been applied to transition metal complexes for over twenty years, whilst early examples of this technique go back nearly fifty years. In this Report are described HFEPR (limited to frequencies above those generated by most commercial instruments) studies on paramagnetic transition metal ion molecular complexes. These coordination complexes are chiefly of the d block ions, and specifically 3d (first row transition metals), but selected examples of studies on 4d, 5d and 4f ions will also be discussed. The period from 2006 will primarily be covered with an emphasis on results reported within the last several years. The subject emphasis will be on mono- or dinuclear complexes; however, polynuclear systems will also be reviewed. Computational/theoretical studies that are closely related to experimental work will be described as well. Speculation as to new targets for application of HFEPR within this general area will be entertained throughout the Report.
Genome-wide association analysis of clinical vs. nonclinical origin provides insights into Saccharomyces cerevisiae pathogenesis

Because domesticated Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains have been used to produce fermented food and beverages for centuries without apparent health implications, S. cerevisiae has always been considered a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) microorganism. However, the number of reported mucosal and systemic S. cerevisiae infections in the human population has increased and fatal infections have occured even in relatively healthy individuals. In order to gain insight into the pathogenesis of S. cerevisiae and improve our understanding of the emergence of fungal pathogens, we performed a population-based genome-wide environmental association analysis of clinical versus non-clinical origin in S. cerevisiae. Using tiling array-based, high density genotypes of 44 clinical and 44 non-clinical S. cerevisiae strains from diverse geographical origins and source substrates, we identified several genetic loci associated with clinical background in S. cerevisiae. Associated polymorphisms within the coding sequences of VRP1, KIC1, SBE22 and PDR5, and the 5′ upstream region of YGR146C indicate the importance of pseudohyphal formation, robust cell wall maintenance and cellular detoxification for S. cerevisiae pathogenesis, and constitute good candidates for follow-up verification of virulence and virulence-related factors underlying the pathogenicity of S. cerevisiae.
Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Kinetic Parameters as Prognostic Biomarkers for Prediction of Survival of Patient with Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Pilot Comparative Study.

Rationale and Objectives Tracer kinetic model selection for dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) data analysis influences its use as a prognostic biomarker. Our aim was to find DCE-MRI parameters that predict 1-year survival (1YS) and overall survival (OS) among patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treated with antiangiogenic monotherapy by conducting a proof-of-concept comparative study of five different kinetic models. Materials and Methods Twenty patients with advanced HCC underwent DCE-MRI and subsequently received sunitinib. Pretreatment DCE-MRI data were analyzed retrospectively by using the Tofts-Kety (TK), extended TK, two compartment exchange, adiabatic approximation to the tissue homogeneity (AATH), and distributed parameter (DP) models. Arterial flow fraction (γ), arterial blood flow (BFA), permeability–surface area product (PS), fractional interstitial volume (vI), and other five parameters were calculated for each model. Individual parameters were evaluated for 1YS prediction using cross-validated Kaplan–Meier analysis, and for association with OS using univariate Cox regression analysis, with additional permutation testing. Results For 1YS prediction, the TK model–derived γ (P = .007) and vI (P = .029) and the AATH model-derived PS (P = .005) were significant; all these parameters were lower in the high-risk group. Increase in the AATH model-derived PS and the DP model-derived BFA was associated with significant increase in OS with hazard ratios of 0.766 (P = .023) and 0.809 (P = .025), respectively. Conclusions The AATH model-derived PS was an effective prognostic biomarker for both 1YS and OS.
Computational methods for the stochastic adaptive control for an investment model with transaction fees

A stochastic adaptive control problem is formulated and solved for an investment model that includes stocks and bonds where there is a fee for selling the stocks. It is assumed that the average rate of return of the stocks is unknown. For the known model Taksar, Klass and Assaf (1988) describe the model in terms of the ratio of the wealth in stocks and in bonds and obtain an optimal control when it is desired to maximize the expected rate of growth of the wealth. For this model with the unknown parameter a family of strongly consistent estimators is given in the paper and the certainty equivalence adaptive control is used to solve the stochastic adaptive control problem. The solution is justified by numerically solving the stochastic model for some specific values of the parameters and showing that the family of numerically computed estimates approaches the true unknown parameter value and the family of costs using the numerically computed certainty equivalence adaptive control tends to the optimal cost. >
Connectionist Implementationalism and Hybrid Systems

We may incorporate symbolic processing capabilities in connectionist models, including implementing such capabilities in conventional connectionist models and/or adding additional mechanisms to connectionist models. Keywords: hybrid models; rule-based reasoning; localist models; distributed models
Role of the 3'-poly(A) sequence in translational regulation of mRNAs in Xenopus laevis oocytes.

We investigated the effect of 3'-noncoding and poly(A) sequences on the translation and stability of membrane-bound mRNA (maize zein) and free mRNA (Xenopus beta-globin) by injecting SP6 transcripts into stage 6 Xenopus oocytes. With zein mRNA, the presence or absence of a 3'-noncoding or poly(A) sequence had little effect on mRNA stability over 24 h, and the 3'-noncoding sequence played essentially no role in mRNA translation. With short periods of incubation, e.g. 1-2 h, the presence or absence of a poly(A) tail also had little effect on zein mRNA translation; but after longer periods, translation of the poly(A-) mRNA was significantly reduced. A similar pattern of mRNA translation was observed for poly(A+) and poly(A-) Xenopus beta-globin mRNAs. These differences in translational efficiency correlated with the formation of maximally loaded polysomes (seven-eight ribosomes/mRNA) for the poly(A+) zein mRNA and a failure to form large polysomes with the poly(A-) zein mRNA. These results are consistent with a model in which the 3'-poly(A) sequence of mRNAs facilitates reinitiation of ribosomes during protein synthesis.
Analysis of shoulder rotation accompanying a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation approach.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the medial rotation that accompanies flexion of the shoulder took place during the performance of the flexion-abduction-lateral-rotation proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation pattern (D2F) with the forearm moving in supination and the elbow remaining in extension. The dominant shoulders of 10 volunteer subjects (8 men and 2 women) between 18 and 30 years of age and with no known pathological conditions of the dominant upper extremity were examined. The amount of shoulder flexion was determined by using a gravity-activated angle finder placed on the superior surface of the humerus at the beginning and ending phases of motion. The amount of shoulder rotation was determined by using a universal goniometer, a square ruler, and a gravity-activated angle finder with its base resting on the surface of an adjustable wooden bracket aligned over the humeral epicondyles. The results for all subjects showed that, as the D2F pattern was performed, lateral rotation occurred during the initial phase of motion that was followed by a palpable change to medial rotation. The analysis of variance and Scheffe tests demonstrated significant differences (p less than .01) between the amount of medial rotation at the beginning of the pattern and the point at which the rotational direction changed and between this point and the end of the pattern. Physical therapists should be aware that the flexion-abduction-lateral-rotation pattern should end with the shoulder in medial rotation when they guide and apply resistance to patients performing this PNF pattern.
Lossless data compression for infrared hyperspectral sounders: an update

The compression of hyperspectral sounder data is beneficial for more efficient archive and transfer given its large 3-D volume. Moreover, since physical retrieval of geophysical parameters from hyperspectral sounder data is a mathematically ill-posed problem that is sensitive to the error of the data, lossless or near-lossless compression is desired. This paper provides an update into applications of state-of-the-art 2D and 3D lossless compression algorithms such as 3D EZW, 3D SPIHT, 2D JPEG2000, 2D JPEG-LS and 2D CALIC for hyperspectral sounder data. In addition, in order to better explore the correlations between the remote spectral regions affected by the same type of atmospheric absorbing constituents or clouds, the Bias-Adjusted Reordering (BAR) scheme is presented which reorders the data such that the bias-adjusted distance between any two neighboring vectors is minimized. This scheme coupled with any of the state-of-the-art compression algorithms produces significant compression gains.
Advances in the genetics of sarcoidosis

Familial aggregation and racial differences in incidence support the notion that sarcoidosis occurs in genetically susceptible hosts. Siblings of those affected with sarcoidosis have a modestly increased disease risk, with an odds ratio of about 5. HLA genes have been the most extensively studied susceptibility genes in sarcoidosis. Many other attractive candidate genes have been evaluated using the case-control study design, but few have been confirmed. Confounding by population stratification likely explains much of the failure to replicate initial findings. A genomewide scan performed in German families with follow-up fine mapping studies has yielded a highly attractive candidate gene, BTNL2 in the MHC II region on chromosome 6. BTNL2, a member of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules, likely functions to down-regulate T-cell activation. A BTNL2 single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with sarcoidosis is predicted to result in a truncated nonfunctioning protein. Association of BTNL2 with sarcoidosis has been confirmed in both white and African Americans. A genomewide scan with follow-up fine mapping studies in African American families has identified chromosome 5 as potentially harboring candidate genes. Additional linkage analysis in the African American families stratified according to genetic ancestry demonstrated that linkage signals varied according to degree of admixture. Certain chromosomal regions were also found linked to specific phenotypes. Follow-up fine mapping studies of the linked regions are underway.
Effect of CuO Nanoparticle Concentration on R134a/Lubricant Pool-Boiling Heat Transfer

This paper quantifies the influence of copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticle concentration on the boiling performance of R134a/polyolester mixtures on a roughened horizontal flat surface. Nanofluids are liquids that contain dispersed nanosize particles. Two lubricant-based nanofluids (nanolubricants) were made with a synthetic polyolester and 30 nm diameter CuO particles to 1% and 0.5% volume fractions, respectively. As reported in a previous study for the 1% volume fraction nanolubricant, a 0.5% nanolubricant mass fraction with R134a resulted in a heat transfer enhancement relative to the heat transfer of pure R134a/polyolester (99.5/0.5) between 50% and 275%. The same study had shown that increasing the mass fraction of the 1% volume fraction nanolubricant resulted in smaller, but significant, boiling heat transfer enhancements. The present study shows that the use of a nanolubricant with half the concentration of CuO nanoparticles (0.5% by volume) resulted in either no improvement or boiling heat transfer degradations with respect to the R134a/polyolester mixtures without nanoparticles. Consequently, significant refrigerant/lubricant boiling heat transfer enhancements are possible with nanoparticles; however, the nanoparticle concentration is an important determining factor. Further research with nanolubricants and refrigerants is required to establish a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that control nanofluid heat transfer.
Hybrid Renewable Energy System Using DFIG and Multilevel Inverter

The rotor of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) driven by a wind turbine needs rotor excitation so the stator can supply a load or feed the grid. In a variable-speed wind energy conversion system (WECS), the mechanical frequency of the generator varies, and in order to keep the stator voltage and frequency constant, the rotor voltage and its frequency have to be varied. Thus the system requires a power conversion unit to supply the rotor with a variable frequency voltage that keeps the stator frequency constant irrespective of the wind speed. In the scheme proposed, the rotor of the DFIG draws power either from three-phase ac mains or from a set of photo voltaic (PV) panels depending on the availability of the solar power. Maximum power point tracking techniques have been used for power extraction from both the wind turbine and solar panels. A multi-level inverter is used to convert the rectified voltage from ac mains and dc voltage from PV panels to a variable-frequency voltage to supply the rotor.
Instructions for the CLONING program.

Abstract These instructions for CLONING were developed to assist the user in understanding the operation of the program [Aldea and Kushner, Gene 65 (1988) 111–116]. The program provides a computational tool that performs cloning simulations using IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible microcomputers. The design of new recombinant molecules is a totally interactive process.
Some observations of tooth enamel surfaces.

Abstract The relatively flat portions of the labial surfaces of human central incisor teeth were polished with various abrasives, in an attempt to produce consistently reproducible surfaces for the comparison of the effects of various treatments. The natural tooth surfaces were so masked by irregularity that the effects of these treatments were difficult to interpret. It was found that when these surfaces were polished by high lustre-producing abrasives, such as tin oxide or levigated alumina, a reproducible surface was formed. These abrasives obliterated all traces of the rod ends, producing the appearance of a Bielby layer. This surface resisted the action of weak acids and did not respond normally to the application of fluorides. When chalk was used as the abrasive another characteristic and reproducible surface was formed. The rod ends and inter-rod areas of the tooth were clearly visible and the surface responded evenly and reproducibly with weak acids and fluorides. Portions of such surfaces were treated with fluorides and oxalates and the entire surface then etched with 0.1 M lactate buffer of pH 4.5, and the boundary zone between the treated and untreated areas was examined. The protected areas of the surface were clearly visible. Attempts were made to produce replicas of carious lesions in the enamel at various increments of depth. It was found that replicas could be obtained near the depth of maximum penetration. These replicas showed each rod protruding, with the inter-rod substance decalcified.
A Short Pb.Pb Separation in the Polymeric Compound Bis(pyrrolidinecarbodithioato)lead(II) and a Conformational Pathway Interconversion for the "Pb(II)S(4)" Framework.

The X-ray structure of bis(pyrrolidinecarbodithioato)lead(II), Pb(II)(pdtc)(2), C(10)H(16)N(2)S(4)Pb, shows the metal to be on a crystallographic 2-fold axis. The primary Pb-S bonds are equal, 2.89 A; this is a unique feature of this compound compared to other Pb(II) dithiocarbamate structures. The crystal structure consists of polymeric Pb(pdtc)(2) units stacked along the c axis in two antiparallel columns; successive Pb(pdtc)(2) units are staggered. There are weaker Pb-S bonding interactions with the unit above (secondary Pb-S bonds) such that the coordination polyhedron formed by the eight S atoms bound to the Pb atom is a distorted square antiprism. Successive antiprisms share the pyramidal base, and the Pb.Pb distance between neighboring Pb(pdtc)(2) units is 3.886(1) A. We analyze the structures of other PbS(4) compounds and find that the Pb lone pair is important in defining their geometry. The large variety of Pb configurations results from peripheral changes in the ligand. This is due to a compromise between the efficient use of space in the crystal and the tendency of lead to have different coordination numbers. These configurations can be described by a pathway of conformational interconversion from a 4-sided pyramidal geometry to an octahedral system. The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pccn with z = 4; cell constants are a = 13.839(14) A, b = 14.058(16) A, c = 7.763(6) A.
Prolonged Infection in Rhesus Macaques with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVmac239) Results in Animal-Specific and Rarely Tissue-Specific Selection ofnefVariants

Abstract We analyzed the sequence of nef genes from different tissues of three rhesus macaques that had been infected with molecularly cloned SIV mac 239 for 88 to 92 weeks. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences revealed that each macaque had selected out specific amino acid substitutions and that most of this variation (70%) was confined to four regions, amino acids 39 to 75, 90 to 105, 153 to 167, and 191 to 217, comprising 36% of the protein. The nef genes in these animals underwent extensive genetic variation with average nucleotide and amino acid substitution rates varying from 0.86 to 2.84% and 2.47 to 6.27%, respectively, although tissue-specific selection of nef variants occurred in only 1 of 14 tissues examined in this study. Comparison of the rate of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions in the nef genes to those previously reported in the env in the central nervous system (CNS) and lymph node (LN) revealed that the predicted amino acid substitution rates for Nef were much higher than for the gp120 region of env in the CNS and LN tissues for one macaque. In the two other macaques, the predicted amino acid substitution rates were similar between these two proteins in LN tissues, but the amino acid substitution rates in Nef were significantly higher than in the gp120 from the CNS. Comparison of the nucleotide substitutions in the region of overlap between the env and the nef revealed that approximately 83% of the nucleotide substitutions in this area resulted in a Nef amino acid sequence change, 26% of the nucleotide substitutions resulted in a gp41 amino acid change, and 9.5% of nucleotide substitutions resulted in amino acid sequence changes in both proteins, suggesting a preference for the selection of amino acid substitutions in the Nef in these animals. Our results indicate that in animals infected with SIV mac 239 for prolonged periods, variation in the nef occurs at rates similar to or exceeding that observed for the env gene.
REPLY TO RUDOLPH'S CRITIQUE

Emerson said, "I hate quotations. Tell me what you know" (1). A principal argument against the use of covariance analysis for pre-existing groups is presented by Lord (2, p. 305) and an out-of-context quotation by Rudolph (3) eliminates covariance analysis as a respectable tool in educational research. In sympathy with Emerson, the quotation merits a more comprehensive examination. Lord bases his discussion on a hypothetical example in which groups to be compared are distinguished by pre-existing uncontrolled significant differences. The example and the quotation are not relevant to the investigation in question (4). In this investigation, the pre-existing differences in IQ berween experimental and control groups are nonsignificant. In this case, a safe assumption is that there are no pre-existing uncontrolled differences-in direct contrast to the example cited by Lord. Furthermore, it is interesting to note that the use of IQ as covariate does not change the results in the investigation in question. Had there been a logical reason for anticipating some other uncontrolled, systematic variable, an attempt to control for such variable would have been introduced. Had a significant difference berween groups existed with respect to this variable on initial testing, we would have a case like that cited by Lord. Of course, Rudolph's argument that the research would have been strengthened by a complete randomization is a valid one. However, in srudies of school children in classrooms complete randomization is an utopian non-reality. Children are available in pre-formed groups of classroom size, and in larger school district groups with the important characteristic of availability to the researcher. Lord notes (p. 304, if I may overuse the privilege of quoting out of context), "In behavioral research and in many other areas, such random assignment is usually difficult or impossible. . . ." In the same vein, utilizing scores from available contemporarily used tests may be questioned. A more perfect experiment would seek out the perfect measures, particularly if individual prediction is involved. However, in practice, nominally reliable and valid instruments (the latter often being most critical) are deemed sufficient for group description. The investigation in question is not concerned with individual prediction and abides the reasonable lack of perfection. However, it may be noted that the conclusion brought into question by Rudolph, is appropriately conditional as follows: "Certainly,
Look to the ant, thou sluggard

Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration. By Bert Holldobler and Edward O. Wilson. Belknap/Harvard University Press: 1994. Pp. 228. $24.95, £19.95.
Patients' mental models and adherence to outpatient physical therapy home exercise programs.

Within physical therapy, patient adherence usually relates to attending appointments, following advice, and/or undertaking prescribed exercise. Similar to findings for general medical adherence, pa...
Patient-reported urinary continence and sexual function after anatomic radical prostatectomy.

Abstract Objectives. After radical prostatectomy, the rates for recovery of urinary continence and sexual function reported by experienced surgeons are much higher than the patient-reported outcomes from other centers. It is uncertain whether this represents differences in surgical technique or in the collection of data. This study was performed to determine patient-reported rates of continence and potency after radical prostatectomy performed by an experienced surgeon at a high-volume referral center for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Methods. Sixty-four men with localized prostate cancer who were potent preoperatively and who had sexual partners underwent anatomic radical prostatectomy between March 1997 and January 1998. A validated disease-targeted quality-of-life survey that assesses function and bother in two organ systems (urinary and sexual) was administered preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months postoperatively. Results. Urinary continence, which was defined as wearing no pads, gradually improved during the first 12 months after surgery, and at 12 and 18 months, 93% of the patients were dry. Throughout the study, 93% to 98% of the patients characterized their urinary bother as none or small. Potency, defined as the ability to have unassisted intercourse with or without the use of sildenafil, improved gradually, and by 18 months, 86% of patients were potent and 84% considered sexual bother as none or small. Although one third of patients at 18 months were using sildenafil intermittently, only 2 patients were not able to have intercourse without its use. Conclusions. Patient-reported rates of continence and potency after radical prostatectomy performed by an experienced surgeon are high.
Fluorophobic enhanced decontamination of a mustard simulant by porous monolithic flow-through columns

Abstract Monolithic polymer columns have been prepared by the in situ copolymerization of divinylbenzene and chloromethylstyrene in stainless steel tubes followed by a derivatization treatment with ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine. These columns function for the flow-through non-destructive removal of a “mustard gas” simulant – 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), from the fluorinated solvent HFE-7100 (a mixture of methyl nonafluorobutyl ether and methyl nonafluoroisobutyl ether). More polar solvents such as THF efficiently flush the adsorbed CEPS from the column. Two parameters, half-life time of decontamination and total percentage of removed CEPS, were used to characterize column activity, which depended on monomer composition, polymer functionalization, and temperature. Polyamine-modified columns had a high affinity for CEPS, with removal efficiencies of up to 97% from contaminated HFE-7100 (4 h) being observed. The effect of “poisoning” amino containing columns by purportedly inert HFE-7100 at high temperature was established.
Highly-Resolved Simulations of Omega Double-Shell Targets

Summary form only given. Double-shell (DS) targets are being actively pursued as a complementary approach to the cryogenic baseline design. This renewed interest is motivated by the simplicity of room temperature preparation, the potential for lower laser backscatter, and the reduced need for careful shock timing. In spite of these benefits, precise assembly of the hemispherical outer shells is required to meet the strict design criteria necessary for avoiding asymmetric implosions and the accompanying reduction in thermonuclear yield. Furthermore, smooth surface roughness is required to avoid large seeding of unwanted instabilities which are difficult to control in the absence of various stabilization. An experimental campaign at the Omega laser facility is underway to address the potential effect of these issues on the National Ignition Facility DS ignition design. Simultaneously, a computational approach with the objective of understanding the performance of the Omega DS and refining the design criteria is also being pursued. To date, this approach has identified and corrected a potentially damaging instability on the outer surface of the inner shell. This methodology is also being applied to studying imperfections that arise during the challenging fabrication and assembly process. This approach has allowed us to shed some light on the existing DS database as well as to predict the performance of future DS experiments. In this paper we will present results of simulations of two previous experimental campaigns to identify possible sources of neutron yield degradation. The first campaign used all-plastic DS targets which produced unprecedented compressional neutron yields up to 35% of the clean two-dimensional simulated yields, leaving an unexplained 65%. The other DS campaign used all-glass inner shells which gave consistently poor performance. Our simulations suggest that the major mechanism for yield reduction is imprinting of the outer-shell hemispherical joint onto the inner shell by the traversing shocks. Specifically, marginally prepared joints from misaligned or poorly bonded hemispherical outer shells are the major cause of asymmetric implosions and severely degraded neutron production. Finally, we present an improved glass inner-shell design for an upcoming Omega experimental campaign
Bryostatin-I: an antineoplastic treasure from the deep?

No Abstract Available Commentary to: Title: Phase I Study of Prolonged Infusion Bryostatin-1 in Patients with Advanced Malignancies Authors: John L. Marshall, Neelesh Bangalore, Dorraya El-Ashry, Yair Fuxman, Michael Johnson, Brian Norris, Michael Oberst, Elizabeth Ness, Slawomir Wojtowicz-Praga, Pankaj Bhargava, Naiyer Rizvi, Said Baidas and Michael J. Hawkins Page Numbers: 409-416
Universal newborn hearing screening: are we achieving the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) objectives?

Objective: To determine whether a two-stage auditory brainstem response (ABR) Universal Newborn Hearing Screening (UNHS) protocol at an academic medical center has been achieving the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing (JCIH) recommendations for screening all infants, diagnosing hearing loss (HL) within 3 months, and instituting intervention within 6 months. Study Design: Retrospective database and chart review in an academic tertiary care hospital. Methods: A 5-year retrospective review of all newborns screened at our medical center between 1997 to 2001 was performed. Screening was performed by multiple in-hospital postnatal sequential ABR with follow-up outpatient ABR for failures. The protocol called for each newborn to receive at least two separate ABR in-hospital screenings before discharge if the newborn failed the initial screening. For those newborns with extended hospital courses, additional ABR screening were performed randomly in attempt to decrease referral rates at time of discharge. Overall screening population capture rate, referral rate, and false-positive rate were calculated. In addition, HL risk factors, age at diagnosis of HL, and age of onset of intervention were obtained. Cost per diagnosis of HL was calculated as well. Results: The total number screened was 17,602. Seventy-eight (0.44%) were diagnosed with HL, with 62 (79%) in the high-risk population. The frequency of HL was 1 per 811 low-risk neonates versus 1 in 75 meeting high-risk criteria. Overall population capture rate was greater than 99%, referral rate 4.1%, and false-positive rate 3.6%. Mean age at diagnosis was 3.9 months, with mean age at intervention 6.1 months. Cost per diagnosis was estimated at $5,074. Conclusions: Our current UNHS protocol using sequential ABR has been successful in screening virtually all neonates and providing timely intervention. This retrospective review has shown one HL diagnosis for every 811 babies screened without high-risk factors.
Parameters of polyethylene glycol-induced cell fusion and hybridization in lymphoid cell lines

Methods employing polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a cell-fusion agent for mouse and human lymphoid cell lines were devised. Variables in these procedures were systematically explored. Under optimal conditions, PEG will induce 56% of the cells in the mouse cultures and 18% of the cells in the human cultures tested to undergo fusions resulting in multinucleated products. Intraspecific hybrids between mouse leukemic cells occur at a frequency of 26 × 10−5, and interspecific hybrids between mouse leukemic cells and Chinese hamster fibroblasts occur at 4 × 10−5. Differences in the requirements for maximum Sendai virus activity and PEG fusogenic activity are discussed.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE POMERON

Results of experiments probing the structure of the pomeron at hadron colliders and at HERA are reviewed. By renormalizing the pomeron flux factor in diffraction dissociation as dictated by unitarity, a picture emerges from the data in which the pomeron appears to be made of valence quark and gluon color-singlets in a combination suggested by asymptopia.
Effect of Dakin's solution on components of a dermal equivalent.

Background The use of Dakin's solution on open wounds remains controversial in clinical practice. Here we investigated the effect of Dakin's solution on collagen degradation and fibroblast migration using a dermal equivalent. Materials and Methods Acid solubilized or neutralized collagen was combined with four dilutions of Dakin's solution (0.5%, 0.25%, 0.125%, 0.0125%), with and without serum, at room temperature and 37°C. Collagen degradation was examined at 0, 1, and 24 h using 8% SDS-page gels. Cell migration was determined using dermal equivalents where fibroblasts were incorporated into 3D collagen gels and exposed to Dakin's solution with and without serum. The cells were assessed for viability and cell migration at 24 and 48 h. Results Dakin's at 0.0125% resulted in little or no collagen degradation compared with a higher concentration of 0.5%, where collagen was either partially or completely degraded. Likewise, cell migration was completely inhibited at higher concentrations, while fibroblasts in a 3D matrix at 0.0125% were still able to migrate at 24 and 48 h, albeit in fewer numbers compared with controls. Serum had a protective effect for both collagen degradation and cell migration when added together with the Dakin's solutions. A time and temperature dependent effect was also noted, with longer contact and higher temperatures being more detrimental. Conclusions Collagen degradation and fibroblast migration is affected by the concentration of Dakin's solution, the presence or absence of serum, time exposure and temperature. Use of Dakin's solution in clinical settings should take these findings into consideration in clinical practice.
Correlation of ureteroscopic appearance with histologic grade of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma.

Abstract Objectives To correlate urologists' impressions of the tumor grade of upper tract tumors at ureteroscopy with the histologic findings after biopsy or resection. Methods A retrospective review of all patients who underwent diagnostic or therapeutic ureteroscopy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) between 1992 and 2002 was performed. Only patients who had proven TCC with a descriptive narration of the urologists' impressions of tumor grade and a representative pathologic specimen were included. The urologist's impression of tumor grade was reported as low or high grade according to the operative report and was correlated with the histologic grade. A total of 40 tumors met inclusion criteria. Results Ureteroscopy classified 28 tumors as low grade, 10 as high grade, and 2 as benign. The histologic findings of the 28 tumors believed to be low grade on ureteroscopy showed that 20 (71%) were grade 1-2, and of the 10 tumors believed to be high grade, 8 (80%) were actually grade 3-4. The overall accuracy of ureteroscopy in predicting the tumor grade of upper tract TCC was 70%. The benign-appearing lesions proved to be malignant. Conclusions The urologists' impressions of tumor grade on ureteroscopy were relatively good. However, visual assessment alone was inaccurate in 30% of the cases in our series. Therefore, we believe that biopsies remain essential for accurate grading of upper tract TCC. Therapeutic decisions should not be based solely on visual ureteroscopic assessment of tumor appearance.
An Exercise to Coach Students on Literature Searching

The ability to access chemical literature is an important skill for the developing chemist. Although the College of Saint Benedict and Saint John’s University chemistry department had implemented a variety of individual exercises into the introductory course sequence to help students develop literature searching skills, second-year students still struggled with the navigation of the bewildering maze of resources, texts, and databases. This article describes an activity for organic laboratory instructors to coach students on how to prioritize and use a multitude of resources to locate a specific literature procedure. This activity is based on the idea that students find a dialogic approach to be more helpful to consolidate learning and applying knowledge.
India's precarious democracy: Between crisis and resilience

India's Democracy: Analysis of Changing State‐Society Relations. Atul Kohili (ed.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988. Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of Governability. Atul Kohli. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990 In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State. Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987 The Painful Transition: Bourgeois Democracy in India. Achin Vanaik. London: Verso, 1990
X-wire response in turbulent flows of high-intensity turbulence and low mean velocities

Abstract The angular response of an x-wire is studied at low velocities (0.25–1.4 m/s). It is found that the k -factor in the modified cosine law is strongly velocity-dependent. The implications of this for multicomponent measurement are explored, and a practical scheme for incorporating it is proposed. At lower velocities a total loss of direction sensitivity is observed that leads to additional errors in x-wire measurements. Expressions are derived for evaluating when cross-flow errors begin to affect x-wires. Also, a “dropout” phenomenon is observed in which certain voltage pairs from an x-wire cannot be converted into the velocity components. The implication of this dropout on the turbulence measurements is also discussed.
Approximation by non-negative algebraic polynomials

Theorem 1 gives an estimate for the approximation of a continuous functionf by polynomials resulting from the convolution off with non-negative algebraic polynomialspn. Jackson's theorem can be deduced from it by choosing a particularpn whose second Chebyshev-Fourier coefficient is sufficiently close to −1.
Elements of a successful pilot project: 4‐H community development in cortland county, New York

Abstract Pilot projects are useful for testing new ideas and for demonstrating how they can be implemented. A pilot project in 4‐H Community Development conducted in Cortland County, New York in 1974–75 tested six different kinds of activities in which teenagers took responsible roles in their communities. Two of these, a local government intern project and Extension sponsorship of Youth Conservation Corps, were identified as most promising on the basis of the learning opportunities provided, the benefits to the community, and the enthusiasm of adults and youth. These projects were disseminated through formal and informal channels. Within three years one or both projects had been adopted in over one‐third of New York State's counties. Among the features that contributed to this successful dissemination were the availability of small grants to start projects, the congruence of formal and informal dissemination methods, the involvement of the innovators in dissemination, and flexibility both in the testing ...
Photophysical studies in liquid crystal solutions and liquid crystal foams

Abstract Photophysical studies were used to probe features of micelle-alkanol systems in particularl as they form swollen micelles and liquid crystals in both the solution and the foam phase. Two systems were studied, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-octanol-water system I an cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-hexanol-water system II. The fluorescence spectroscopy and quenching studies show that progressive addition to octanol to SDS in system I leads to a more hydrophobic environment for the fluorescent probe molecule. Quenching studies show that reactions are slower in liquid crystal structures compared to micelles, both in liquid and foam vehicles; this applies to both system I and system II. Mixed micelle-liquid crystal systems gave complex kinetics which could be analyzed by a multiple experimental decay mechanism. Poisson kinetics were used to measure the aggregation number of the swollen SDS-octanol micelle, the entity intermediate between the SDS micelles and the liquid crystal structures. The aggregation number found was 214 indicating that this structure cannot be spherical but could be disk-like or rod-like in shape. Swollen micelles and liquid crystals in the liquid and foam vehicles exhibited similar photophysical properties.
The Changing Impact of the Alternative Minimum Tax on Horizontal Equity

While prior research (Anderson 1985, 1988) indicates that the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) increases the fairness, or horizontal equity (HE), of the federal income tax system, changes in tax laws and the general inability of the AMT system to account for inflation raise serious questions about whether the AMT continues to increase fairness. Burman et al. (2002) observe that the reason many more taxpayers are now subject to the AMT is because of the increasing divergence of the regular tax and the AMT. This divergence subjects more lower‐income taxpayers to the AMT, thus resulting in higher total tax liability. Using individual income tax return data for 1992, 1995, and 2000, and both dispersion‐based and rank reversal‐based measures, this study observes that the AMT still increases HE in many upper income groups, but decreases HE in many lower income groups. Moreover, overall measures of HE indicate that the AMT has a net decreasing effect on HE. There are two implications to these findings. First, it ca...
The Subfertile Couple

Those couples experiencing unsuccessful attempts to conceive for more than six but less than 18 months are categorized as subfertile. The nurse's role in assessing, counseling, and teaching subfertile couples about their bodies and fertility awareness is discussed.
Retinal imaging with a low-cost micromachined membrane deformable mirror

Purpose: To study the retina in normal subjects with a high- resolution imaging system using adaptive optics for wave front aber- ration correction. Methods: We used a low-cost 37-element microma- chined membrane deformable mirror (MMDM) with a continuous membrane as the reflective surface. A Hartmann-Shack wave front sensor with cooled charge coupled device camera was used to mea- sure the wave front aberration. Zernike polynomials were used to describe the wave front shape. We developed a mirror control system to compensate for wave aberrations. We tested this instrument in nor- mal subjects. Results: We were able to image the retina in monochro- matic laser light and document the increase in resolution. While it is hard to estimate the exact size of the smallest structures in the image, we were able to subjectively grade the image quality. The system is able to compensate for higher order aberrations present in the human eye. Conclusion: The capabilities of correcting ocular aberrations are limited by the number of adjustable elements in the mirror and the deflection range of the surface. The advantage of the MMDM system is its low cost when compared with other adaptive optics solutions such as piezodriven mirrors and spatial light modulators. This tech- nique may allow for improved resolution for clinical fundus photog- raphy. © 2002 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Inter- and Intracrystalline Isotopic Disequilibria: Techniques and Applications

In the last ~20 years, we have seen a significant expansion of techniques related to geochemical and isotopic microsampling of materials in the earth sciences. From constraining pre-eruptive histories of flood basalt magmas to identifying the natal rivers of origin of anadromous fishes, these techniques have had significant impacts in a wide variety of scientific fields. Nowhere has the impact been greater than in identifying the sources, processes, and timing of processes involved in igneous magmatic systems. Both technique refinements and the development of new technologies have aided in advancing microsampling applications, thus allowing for a better understanding of the sources and mechanisms responsible for changing geochemical and isotopic signatures in natural systems. In this chapter, we focus on the techniques and technologies associated with radiogenic isotope microsampling and review applications of these techniques as utilized in scientific investigations. Isotope microsamping is a logical extension of earlier studies that evaluated individual components of magmas and magma systems, including melts and minerals. From the use of petrographic microscopes and the later introduction of the electron microprobe, the focus on internal chemical variations in melts and minerals is critical to assessing the petrogenetic histories of igneous rocks. Even today, these technologies are used to ensure that further trace element and isotopic analyses are undertaken in a textural and major element context. For trace elements and isotopes, early studies (e.g., Cortini and van Calsteren 1985) confirmed variations in the melt and mineral components of many igneous rocks but focused on mineral or glass separates. Potential information associated with isotopic variations retained by individual crystals or internal variations within individual crystals was lost. Later studies such as Geist et al. (1988) focused on isotope variations within single megacrysts to constrain mixing scenarios between basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic magmas, and Davidson et al. (1990) used …
Power-injectable ports: safety during placement, therapeutic use, and contrast administration during computed tomography procedures

PurposeTo determine the safety of power-injectable ports during placement, therapeutic use, and administration of intravenous contrast material using automated mechanical injectors.MethodsThis retr...
Prevalence of intimate partner violence and health implications for women using emergency departments and primary care clinics.

Abstract Objectives To determine prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among women accessing health care, factors that influence rates of abuse, barriers to disclosure, and associated health problems and perceptions of safety. Methods A convenience sample of women seeking health care completed 1268 anonymous surveys (75 in Spanish) while at 1 of 24 urban, suburban, or rural emergency departments or primary care clinics. Results Of women in this study, 50–57% had experienced physical and/or emotional abuse and 26% reported sexual abuse in their lifetime. In the past year, 28% reported emotional abuse, 12% physical abuse, 6% severe physical abuse, and 4% sexual abuse. Logistic regression models found that younger, less-educated, less-affluent women presenting to urban emergency departments reported the highest rates of physical abuse. Although 83% welcomed abuse screening, only 25% ever had been asked and 86% would disclose abuse if asked directly, respectfully, and confidentially. Abused women reported significantly lower health status ratings than nonabused women ( p Conclusions Women experience many forms of abuse and present to a wide range of health care settings. The striking prevalence of IPV and associated emotional/physical health problems challenges providers to routinely assess for abuse in ways that minimize barriers to disclosure and enhance the development of an effective plan of care based on a patient's abuse experience.
Behavior of polyethylene in a variable temperature density gradient column

Abstract Polymer morphology (phase size and phase density) of slow cooled and quenched polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE) has been characterized over a range of temperatures. The characterization methodology includes variable-temperature density gradient column (VT-DGC), small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), wide-angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using a novel technique, a VT-DGC was prepared and cycled over a range of service temperatures (20-60 °C) for 5 cycles to investigate the changes of slow cooled and quenched HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE. A significant change in bulk density was present in each sample between the first cycle and subsequent cycles. Morphological analysis was performed using both the two-phase and three-phase models. The two-phase model showed that, for a particular sample, the thickness of the crystalline and amorphous phases varied very little within the experimental temperature range. Using the three-phase model, differences in the interfacial layer thickness were measured and observed to be significant compared to the amorphous and crystalline phase changes. The amorphous and crystalline densities of all samples varied less than 2%. Overall, significant difference in crystalline density was observed between HDPE, LDPE and LLDPE due to molecular structure.