cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Carbochlorination Kinetics of Titanium Dioxide with Carbon and Carbon Monoxide as Reductant

Kinetic study of the chlorination of titanium dioxide (rutile and anatase) was carried out in a fixedbed reactor at temperature ranging from 800 °C to 1000 °C and normal pressure. In our experiment, titanium dioxide powder and gaseous chlorine with carbon or carbon monoxide as reductant were used. The products of the reaction are all in gaseous phase under the temperatures and pressure studied. With CO as reductant, reaction is of noncatalytic gas-solid nature and experimental data fit the shrinking core model. When using C as reductant, solid-solid reaction is involved. Reactivity is highly enhanced by solid carbon and it is concluded that an activated C-TiO2-Cl complex contributes to the enhanced reactivity. A reaction model based on phase boundary control applies to the experimental data. Thermodynamic analysis supports the experimental observation.
Scanning confocal microscopy for measuring diameter and linewidth: numerical modeling

The image of a circular edge was calculated as determined by a scanning confocal microscope with fully coherent illumination. In scalar theory, the quarter-intensity point locates the geometrical-optics image of a straight edge. For a circular object, however, the quarter- intensity point is displaced from the geometrical-optics image of the edge according to the diameter of the object. For example, for an object that has a diameter of 21 resolution limits the displacement error is approximately 0.01 resolution limits. The error that results from locating the quarter-intensity point for diameters as small as 1 resolution limit is given. The error is even greater if the object is scanned off-axis. For example, the error for an object whose diameter is 21 resolution limits and which is scanned 3 resolution limits off-axis is approximately 0.45 resolution limits. Finally errors are calculated for vertical lines of width as small as 1 resolution limit.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fine structure in the absorption edge of the silver halides

Abstract The results of new optical absorption measurements on pure AgCl and AgBr will be reported and compared with the wavelength dependence of photoconductivity in these materials. Detailed structure consisting of low-level absorption tails and several shoulders has been found at various temperatures down to 4.2°K. The data will be analysed in terms of indirect optical transitons together with a plausible band structure and vibration spectrum.
Nitrate Uptake during Recovery from Nitrogen Deficiency

Two-week-old nitrogen-deficient wheat plants attained a high rate of nitrate uptake on the first day of exposure to nutrient solutions supplemented with KNO3. Ammonium uptake from similar solutions supplemented with NH4NO3 was also high during the first day of exposure, but nitrate uptake from this solution was lower than from the KNO3 treatment. During the next two to three days there was a progressive decrease in uptake of both nitrogen ions. A steady increase in uptake then occurred as the plants fully recovered from the nitrogen-deficient state. The transient low nitrate uptake after three or four days of exposure to KNO3 was not due to an excessive accumulation of nitrate in the tissue, nor to a failure in nitrate reduction as indicated by the rate of nitrate accumulation relative to the uptake rate. Nitrogen supplied as 15N-nitrite during the low uptake period was effectively incorporated into organic forms and effectively translocated to the shoots. Failure of the root tissue to increase in soluble carbohydrates during illumination was characteristic of the low uptake period. This contrasted with an increase in root soluble carbohydrates in the light during rapid uptake associated with full recovery from the nitrogen-deficient state. It is concluded that carbohydrate translocation to the root system was insufficient during the intermediate recovery period for optimal nitrate uptake, although it was sufficient for effective reduction and translocation of nitrate and reduced nitrogen. Ammonium uptake from NH4NO3 was restricted during darkness by the third day whereas there was little difference between light and dark periods in nitrate uptake from KNO3 until about the sixth day of recovery. The extent to which ammonium restricted nitrate uptake increased progressively for two or three days following which a lessening influence seemed evident, and the effects were not directly associated with the rate of ammonium uptake.
Generalized diffusion solution for light scattering from anisotropic sources.

The traditional diffusion theory, often used for isotropic sources, becomes inaccurate at short source–detector spacings and cannot be applied to media with large absorption or with small scattering strengths. We show that for any type of source anisotropy, a Green’s-function-based procedure can remove these limitations. The accuracy of the new approach is examined through a comparison with the numerical solution to the radiative transfer equation.
Exciton and Magneto-Optical Effect in Strained and Unstrained Germanium

Measurements have been made of the direct transition magneto-optical effect in strained and unstrained germanium at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The results indicate that the absorption peaks correspond to transitions to exciton levels associated with each Landau level in qualitative agreement with the calculations of Loudon, and Howard and Hasegawa. A definitive experiment is suggested to test this theory.
Procarcinogenic Effect of Vitamin B12 on p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene-Fed Rats.

SummaryVitamin B12 has been found to enhance markedly the carcinogenic effect of p-dimethylaminoazobenzene in rats receiving a methionine-deficient diet. However, a control group of rats receiving this diet without p-dimethylaminoazobenzene showed no hepatic tumors.
Clinical correlates of comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder and depression in youth

A burgeoning body of literature addresses the comorbidity of depression and OCD in adults. The purpose of this study was to extend this area of research to children and adolescents by examining the clinical correlates associated with co-occurring depressive disorders in a clinical sample of youth with OCD. Participants included children and adolescents seeking treatment at a university-based research clinic. One group was comprised of 28 children (ages 10-17 years) who met diagnostic criteria for OCD but had no comorbid depressive disorders, whereas the second group consisted of 28 children matched for age and gender who met diagnostic criteria for OCD and co-occurring depressive disorder. The two groups were compared on measures of broad-band psychopathology, internalizing problems, social difficulties, and family characteristics. As anticipated, findings revealed comorbid depression and OCD was associated with more severe internalizing problems, more extensive obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, and more social problems. Youth with comorbid depression and OCD also had higher family conflict and lower family organization compared to those with OCD and no depression. These results may have implications for the treatment of youth with comorbid OCD and depression.
Late Holocene Lake-Level Fluctuations in Walker Lake, Nevada, USA

Walker Lake, a hydrologically closed, saline, and alkaline lake, is situated along the western margin of the Great Basin in Nevada of the western United States. Analyses of the magnetic susceptibility (χ), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and oxygen isotopic composition (δ 18 O) of carbonate sediments including ostracode shells (Limnocythere ceriotuberosa) from Walker Lake allow us to extend the sediment record of lake-level fluctuations back to 2700 years B.P. There are approximately five major stages over the course of the late Holocene hydrologic evolution in Walker Lake: an early lowstand (N2400 years B.P.), a lakefilling period (∼2400 to ∼1000 years B.P.), a lake-level lowering period during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) (∼1000 to ∼600 years B.P.), a relatively wet period (∼600 to ∼100 years B.P.), and the anthropogenically induced lake-level lowering period (b100 years B.P.). The most pronounced lowstand of Walker Lake occurred at ∼2400 years B.P., as indicated by the relatively high values of δ 18 O. This is generally in agreement with the previous lower resolution paleoclimate results from Walker Lake, but contrasts with the sediment records from adjacent Pyramid Lake and Siesta Lake. The pronounced lowstand suggests that the Walker River that fills Walker Lake may have partially diverted into the Carson Sink through the Adrian paleochannel between 2700 to 1400 years B.P.
Characterization of highly conducting, ultra-thin polyaniline films produced by evaporative deposition

Abstract The chemical and electronic properties of ultra-thin polyaniline films produced by the evaporative deposition of emeraldine was studied using high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). Vapor-deposited polyaniline films were found to consist of relatively short chains and exist in an oxidation state close to that of the starting emeraldine powder. Films doped with HCl exhibited a plasma frequency in the far-IR at low temperature. This indicates that ultra-thin, vapor-deposited emeraldine films are highly crystalline and, when doped with HCl, exhibit conductivities several orders of magnitude higher than those of HCl-doped emeraldine films produced by wet-chemical deposition techniques. The results of this study suggest that evaporative deposition may be an attractive fabrication technique for the production of polyaniline thin films for future applications in microelectronics.
Microsatellite DNA markers for parental assignment in hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops)

Development of nine polymorphic microsatellites from a genomic library of hybrid striped bass (female Morone chrysops × × × male Morone saxatilus ) DNA is described. Breeding of hybrid striped bass for aquaculture is based largely on breeding wild fish. Molecular markers such as microsatellites will be useful tools for developing broodstock, estimating heritability for production traits, and selective breeding via marker-assisted selection. The nine polymorphic microsatellites include six dinucleotide and three complex repeat motifs. The number of alleles detected among a sample of 10 individuals of each species was relatively low. All polymerase chain reaction primer pairs also amplified products in the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax .
PROTESTANTISM, NATIONALISM, AND NATIONAL IDENTITY, 1660–1832

National identity, nationalism, patriotism, state formation, and their present-day policy implications now constitute one of the most vital areas of scholarship on British history. In no other period is the debate currently as focused as it is in the long eighteenth century, that crucially contested territory in which older assumptions about a fundamental transition between pre-modernity and modernity have now been called in doubt. This article offers an overview of recent work. It argues that much writing on these years has framed misleading models both of state formation and of national identity. It adds that this period is nevertheless a key one in revealing that the processes at work in sustaining collective identities in the British Isles did not originate with ‘nationalism’ in its historically correct meaning, and need not follow its trajectory.
Narrowband frequency-hopping radars for the range estimation of moving and vibrating targets

An important task in urban sensing operation is accurate estimation and positioning tracking of moving targets. Equally important is target identifications and classifications based on distinctions in the respective motion signatures, such as targets encountering translation versus rotation or vibration motions or targets exhibiting linear versus nonlinear motions. Dual-frequency radars, which estimate the range of a target based on the phase difference between two closely spaced frequencies, have been shown to be a cost-effective method for this purpose. In particular, when time-frequency signal representation techniques are incorporated, Doppler signature enhancement and localization in the time-frequency domain enables robust range estimation of multiple targets with different motion profiles and small radar cross-sections. In this paper, the dual-frequency radar concept is extended to develop a narrowband (NB) frequency-hopping (FH) radar. The proposed NB-FH radar provides multifold advantages such as low probability of intercept, low interference to/from other systems, and flexible bandwidth usage for the improvement of range accuracy and phase unwrapping.
The time course of filtration test as a model for microvascular plugging by white cells and hardened red cells

Abstract The propensity of white blood cells and rigidified red blood cells to plug narrow channels was studied in an in vitro model. Blood cell suspensions (20 ml) with a hematocrit level of 10% were pumped through Nuclepore filters with a nominal pore diameter of 5 μm at constant flow rates (0.82–6.1 ml/min), and the pressure-time curves were recorded. An initial fast rise ( K 1 ) and a later slow rise ( K 2 ) of the pressure-time curve were observed; according to earlier studies (Skalak, R., Impelluso, T., Schmalzer, E. A., and Chien, S. (1983), Biorheology 20, 41), K 1 reflects the dynamic plugging-unplugging process and K 2 the permanent plugging of pores by rigid cells. Changes of the flow rate had no influence on K 1 (⩾ 1.6 ml/min) or K 2 . The addition of small concentrations of mononuclear leukocytes to the red cell suspensions resulted in a dose-dependent increase in K 1 , but did not affect K 2 . Admixture of partially hardened red cells (0.03% glutaraldehyde for 30 min) with normal red cells at a constant total hematocrit caused increases of both K 1 and K 2 . From these results we conclude that both white cells and hardened red cells tend to plug narrow channels. White cells, however, may cause less permanent plugging than rigidified red cells. These results may help to understand microcirculatory disorders seen in sickle cell crisis or leukocytosis and leukemia.
Ethylene-regulated gene transcription in carrot roots.

The plant hormone ethylene elicits many biochemical changes in target tissues. To investigate ethylene effects on expression of genetic information, cDNA clones corresponding to ethylene-induced carrot root mRNAs were constructed and isolated. RNA dot blot analysis showed that for the three clones studied peak cytosolic mRNA prevalence occurred at 21 h of treatment followed thereafter by rapid messenger decay. DNA filter excess hybridization to in vitro synthesized nuclear RNA showed that the ethylene-induced mRNA increase is engendered by transcription of previously quiescent genes. The kinetics and magnitude of changes in mRNA prevalence parallel changes in transcriptional activity; therefore the ethylene effect is primarily at the level of transcription. In vivo pulse labelling with [35S]-methionine showed that between 18 and 27 h of ethylene treatment a 2.5 fold increase in translational efficiency occurred for one message studied. The resulting protein is the predominant protein synthesized in carrots treated with ethylene for 27 h. Thus ethylene seemingly exerts multiple regulatory controls on the expression of genetic information.
The Life-Voltage Exponent for Tungsten Lamps

(1973). The Life-Voltage Exponent for Tungsten Lamps. Journal of the Illuminating Engineering Society: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 83-91.
Pathophysiology of arrhythmias: Clinical electrophysiology

We have endeavored to relate known electrophysiologic mechanisms of arrhythmia development to clinically occurring arrhythmias, realizing that definitive conclusions can only be surmised at present. Arrhythmias that may be due to disorders of impulse formation include slow atrial, junctional, and ventricular escape rhythms, certain types of atrial tachycardias (such as those produced by digitalis), accelerated junctional (nonparoxysmal junctional tachycardia) and idioventricular rhythms, and parasystole. Arrhythmias that may be due to disorders of impulse conduction include flutter and fibrillation, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, reciprocating tachycardias associated with an accessory pathway, sinus nodal reentry, some atrial tachycardias, and many ventricular tachycardias. Understanding the mechanism of the tachycardia, in some instances, helps direct rational therapeutic approaches.
Divisor matrices in the Cayley ring

Abstract Suppose that m is an odd positive integer and that A is an integral Cayley number which is primitive mod m . The principal result of Section 1 is the following theorem.
The Quasi-Ballistic Model of Electron Mobility in Liquid Hydrocarbons and Some of Its Consequences

The two-state model of mobility is extended to include ballistic motion in the quasi-free state where a competition is seen between trapping and velocity randomization. The effective mobility is derived to be μ eff -1 = T -1 + F -1 , where T = (e/m)τ f 2 / (τ t + τ f ) is the ballistic mobility and F = μ qf τ f / (τ t + τ f ) is the usual trap-controlled mobility. Here μ qf is the mobility in the quasi-free state and τ t , τ f respectively are the lifetimes in the trapped and quasi-free states. For low-mobility hydrocarbon liquids the model consistently predicts effective mobility and activation energy of mobility in accordance with experiment, taking quasi-free mobility - 100 cm 2 v -1 s -1 and trap density ~10 19 cm -3 . Scavenging occurs in the quasi-free state but few reactions are found to be diffusion-controlled. Possible exceptions are low-mobility liquids (e.g. n-hexane) in which almost all reactions are diffusion-controlled except for biphenyl. Reaction with the same scavenger ranges from nearly diffusion-controlled to activation controlled in liquids of widely different mobility. Consideration of reversible equilibrium trapping and solute reaction leads to the conclusion that changes in all thermodynamic functions on trapping are negative. The negative entropy change on trapping from the quasi-free state may be interpretable by the Anderson model of localization. In terms of this model the quasi-free electron is seen to interact with a few hundred molecules in a hydrocarbon liquid of low mobility.
Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives.

In this paper, we consider how the life story develops through the creation of self-event connections in narrating experiences. We first outline the ways in which such connections have been implied by
Structural investigation of polydiacetylenes: A variable temperature solid state13C CP/MAS NMR study

The spectral features in the solid state13C CP/MAS NMR of poly (1,1,6,6-tetraphenylhexadiyn diamine) (poly(THD)) are compared with X-ray diffraction. The NMR data suggests that acetylenic carbons are nonequivalent in the unit cell resulting in two resonances. On the other hand, a single acetylenic carbon resonance was observed for poly (1,6-di-N-carbozolyl-2,4-hexadiyne) (poly(DCH)). The orientation of side groups in the crystal structures of poly(DCH) and poly(THD) are responsible for equivalence and nonequivalence of acetylenic carbons. The structural changes due to thermochromic transitions are monitored by variable temperature solid state NMR. The solid state VT NMR data suggest that the backbone and side chain conformations of blue phase and red phases of poly(bis-n-propyl urethane of 5,7-dodecadin-1,12-diol) (poly(PUDO)) are distinctly different. For the first time, we present a solid state NMR spectrum showing the presence of both the blue and red phases of this polymer at the thermochromic transition temperature (ca. 115–125°C).
Circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol in infants with congenital heart disease.

Children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have associated extracardiac co-morbidities at the time of surgery and during ongoing growth and development. Perioperative events include disrupted glucose homeostasis, capillary leak, and fluid retention. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has an important role in homeostasis in that the secretion of cortisol contributes to the response to stress, glucose regulation, blood volume control, and immune regulation. We investigated the diurnal rhythm of the HPA axis in infants with CHD by measuring salivary cortisol in the morning (0600–0900 h—circadian peak) and evening (2100–2400 h—circadian nadir). Twenty-nine infants aged 12 weeks to 1 year were included: 16 with acyanotic disease (SpO2 ≥ 90 %) and 13 with cyanotic disease (SpO2 < 90 %). Morning salivary cortisol was similar between the two groups [acyanotic 7.0 nmol/L (1.8–23.1); cyanotic 9.7 nmol/L (0.9–15.6); p = 0.68]. Evening salivary cortisol was similar between the two groups [acyanotic 0.9 nmol/L (0.2–8.5); cyanotic 1.4 nmol/L (0.5–14.9); p = 0.32]. Both cyanotic and acyanotic groups demonstrated an intact diurnal rhythm. In conclusion, chronic hypoxia secondary to cyanotic CHD does not affect the circadian rhythm of the HPA axis. By 12 weeks of age, infants with hypoxia secondary to cyanotic CHD have a normal cortisol diurnal rhythm.
Steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein: what's new?

In response to trophic hormone stimulation of steroidogenic adrenal and gonadal cells, the acute biosynthesis of steroid hormones occurs in the order of minutes to tens of minutes and can be contrasted to chronic regulation, which occurs on the order of hours. The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein is an indispensable component in the acute regulatory phase and functions by rapidly mediating the transfer of the substrate for all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is cleaved to pregnenolone, the first steroid formed. This transfer of cholesterol constitutes the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. To underscore its importance, mutations in the StAR gene have been shown to be the only cause of the potentially fatal disease lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in which affected individuals synthesize virtually no steroids. Since the cloning of the murine cDNA in 1994, many observations have substantiated the critical role of StAR in regulated steroidogenesis. The purpose of this review will be to summarize briefly some background material on StAR and then attempt to update several recent and interesting findings on the StAR protein.
Polyominoes with minimum site-perimeter and full set achievement games

The site-perimeter of a polyomino is the number of empty cells connected to the polyomino by an edge. A formula for the minimum site-perimeter with a given cell size is found. This formula is used to show the effectiveness of a simple random strategy in polyomino set achievement games.
The lateral line is necessary for blind cavefish rheotaxis in non-uniform flow

When encountering a unidirectional flow, many fish exhibit an unconditioned orienting response known as rheotaxis. This multisensory behavior can reportedly involve visual, vestibular, tactile and lateral line cues. However, the precise circumstances under which different senses contribute are still unclear and there is considerable debate, in particular, about the contributions of the lateral line. In this study, we investigate the rheotactic behavior of blind cavefish under conditions of spatially non-uniform flow (a jet stream), which in theory, should promote relianceonlateral linecues.The behaviorof individual lateral line enabled and disabled fish was videorecorded under IR light inasquarearenathatpreventedstreamwisebiasesandthatcontained anarrowjetstreaminthecenterofthetank.Whereasthestream’speak velocity (8 cm s −1 ) declined very little in the streamwise direction, it declined steeply in the cross-stream direction (∼3–4.5 cm s −1 cm −1 ). Lateral line enabled fish showed higher levels of orientation to the stream and its source (a 1-cm-wide nozzle) when in the central (jet stream)regionofthetankcomparedwithsurroundingregions,whereas laterallinedisabledfishshowedrandomorientationsinallregionsofthe tank. The results of this study indicate that the spatial characteristics of flow play a role in determining the sensory basis of rheotaxis.
Multiple branching of cerebellar efferent projections in cats.

The retrograde labeling of neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei with horseradish peroxidase was used to compare the morphological characteristics of neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei projecting in the cerebellothalamic, cerebello-olivary, and cerebellar nucleocortical pathways. The results from these studies demonstrated that cerebellothalamic and nucleocortical projections from the dentate and interposed nuclei originate from similar populations of spindle- and multipolar-shaped neurons with somal diameters throughout the range of cells present in the deep nuclei. However, only spindle-shaped neurons with somal diameters of 9–15 microns project in the cerebello-olivary pathway. From these anatomical studies, it was concluded that some of the neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei which project to the thalamus, inferior olive, and cerebellar cortex have similar morphological characteristics. Electrophysiological experiments were carried out to investigate whether or not some of these neurons project to all three sites via axon collaterals. From stimulus sites in the thalamus, inferior olive, and cerebellar cortex, numerous neurons were antidromically activated in the cerebellar nuclei. Collision experiments between these antidromic responses confirmed that single neurons projected to all three of these sites. These studies therefore demonstrate that the axons of some neurons in the dentate and interposed nuclei have collateral branches in both the ascending and descending limbs of the brachium conjunctivum as well as in the cerebellar nucleocortical pathway. Functional implications of the collateral branching of cerebellar efferent projections are discussed.
Stalin's Great Terror and the Asian Nexus

Stalin's Great Terror of 1937–1938 did not stop at the Soviet borders: under Moscow's explicit instructions, it extended to Asia, particularly to the People's Republic of Mongolia and to Xinjiang or Chinese Turkestan. More people proportionately suffered from the Terror in Mongolia than in the Soviet Union. Stalin's terror operations in the Asiatic lands were implicitly directed against Japan, the main competitor for influence in the region.
Excessive daytime sleepiness and obstructive sleep apnea in patients with sarcoidosis.

Abstract Background Systemic symptoms are common in sarcoidosis and are associated with a decreased quality of life. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) often is associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but may be a systemic symptom independently associated with sarcoidosis. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between sarcoidosis and EDS. Methods In a retrospective analysis, we used Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores to compare sleepiness in 62 patients with sarcoidosis with 1,005 adults without sarcoidosis referred for polysomnography for suspicion of OSA. Linear regression models controlled for covariates. In a subgroup analysis of patients with sarcoidosis, sleepiness scores and polysomnograms were compared between those with normal and those with abnormal pulmonary function based on total lung capacity. Results EDS was more common in patients with sarcoidosis than in those without, and sarcoidosis remained an independent predictor of increased sleepiness after controlling for covariates. Compared with control patients referred for polysomnography, fewer patients with sarcoidosis had clinically significant OSA. However, among patients with sarcoidosis, OSA was more severe in those with abnormal lung function. Conclusions Sarcoidosis is independently associated with EDS. Sleepiness may contribute to the morbidity of sarcoidosis and should be followed even after treating for potentially coexisting OSA or depression. Abnormal lung function in sarcoidosis may contribute to OSA, although the mechanisms for this are not known.
Effects of processing on detection and quantification of the parvalbumin gene in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Abstract Consumption of Atlantic salmon is a common cause of fish allergies with parvalbumin ( Sal s1 ) being the major allergen. The presence of DNA encoding Sal s1 indicates the presence of Atlantic salmon in food. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the effects of food processing on the ability to detect and quantify the Sal s1 gene were determined. The method was specific for salmon and did not cross-react with 53 other species. Baking and pressure cooking caused a 5–100-fold decrease in detectable copies of the Sal s1 gene. Despite a 98% reduction in detectable copies following pressure cooking for 60 min, the relative standard deviation (RSD) between replicates was 20% and the response was 100-fold grater than the lowest copy number of Sal s1 reliably detected by the assay. Despite efforts to develop a quantitative assay, the PCR assay was qualitative. It is impossible to predict the effects of food matrices not included in this study, some of which may affect the reliability of the assay. Analyses of raw and pressure cooked salmon using a commercial PCR kit indicated comparable results to the PCR assay.
Association of education with incidence of cognitive impairment in three established populations for epidemiologic studies of the elderly

Abstract We analyzed the association of education, occupation, and śex with incidence of cognitive impairment using data from three communities in the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) projects (New Haven, East Boston, and Iowa). Participants were initially interviewed in 1981–1983, with follow-up 3 and 6 years later. Incident cognitive impairment was defined on the basis of either: (1) increase in the number of errors in Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (SPMSQ) (i.e. from a baseline level below the cutoff value to a score above the cutoff), or (2) inability to respond to interview questions at a follow-up contact (requiring a proxy informant), or (3) death with a recorded diagnosis of a dementing illness. In multiple logistic regression models, the major factors predicting the development of cognitive impairment were advanced age, any errors on baseline SPMSQ, 8 or fewer years of education, and occupation. Education and occupation remained significant predictors after controlling for age, site, sex, stroke, and baseline SPMSQ score.
Meaning of murmurs.

Abstract Human audition, the most effective mechanism for recognizing and analyzing sounds, is capable of identifying the frequency patterns of a familiar voice over the telephone but cannot distinguish between various types of ejection murmurs. This discrepancy is apparently due to the fact that most common murmurs consist of random frequencies (noise) without characteristic dominant frequencies or harmonics. This signifies that there is little prospect of improving significantly man's ability to distinguish identifying frequency patterns among the common “noisy” murmurs by even the most sophisticated frequency analysis (i.e., filters, wave form analyzers, phonocardiograms, sound spectrograms, or computer analysis). Reliance must be placed on other clues, such as timing, intensity patterns and precordial localization, or totally new approaches.
Social Economic Accounts System (SEAS): Toward a comprehensive, community-level assessment procedure

While most research on social and economic indicators has been developed from the national perspective, this article presents a comprehensive community-level Social Economic Accounts System (SEAS). The system is designed to enable social scientists, program developers, and public policy officials to better understand the effects of various types of public investments upon the quality of life of individuals, the relative social position of groups of people, and the social well-being of the community. In order to be useful for such diverse purposes as development of community theory, program evaluation, and policy formulation, the SEAS is: community-wide, covering most aspects of community life which may influence or be influenced by investment projects; systematic in its approach to causal factors behind the patterns of stability and change in key variables; sensitive to distinguishing features of communities which indicate special needs and which may affect the operation and success of investment projects; applicable to time series analyses for recording and evaluating change; and, oriented toward the comparison of communities receiving investment projects and to other communities and norms. The SEAS builds upon community social and economic theory, the program perspectives of federal and state categorical programs (e.g. health care, education), and the public policy orientations of community and national development. Data have been specified for 15 sectors of community life (e.g. education, economic base, health), and organized under three generic sets of items: state variables (i.e., data describing the lives of people in the community), system variables (i.e., data describing the operations of institutions which affect people's lives), and relevant condition variables (i.e., data describing ‘system external’ variables which have an effect upon the state and system characteristics). More than 400 items are included in the SEAS.
Mass distributions of ions sputtered by cluster impacts on carbon, copper and gold targets

Abstract Results of sputtering studies of carbon, copper and gold surfaces with energetic water cluster ions are presented. Secondary ion products were determined using quadrupole mass analysis of ions generated in the cluster impact process. Clusters containing as many as nearly 3000 water molecules with energies up to 240 keV were used as projectiles. Ion yields in cluster sputtering were shown to be a very small fraction of the total sputtered product. Very similar distributions of secondary ions were determined with a wide range of cluster sizes and energies. Relatively large yields of energetic atomic ions and smaller yields of polyatomic ions with much lower kinetic energies are consistent with a sputtering mechanism with minimal cooling by thermal conduction prior to the sputtering process.
Endovascular repair of an infected carotid artery pseudoaneurysm

Pseudoaneurysm formation after carotid endarterectomy is a rare but potentially lethal complication. The risks for embolization and continued expansion necessitate repair. Traditional surgical repair of carotid pseudoaneurysms is often technically demanding, and is associated with relatively high morbidity and mortality. Endovascular stent grafts have been used to treat both posttraumatic and postoperative carotid pseudoaneurysms. An endovascular approach to these pseudoaneurysms limits the risks for operative damage to surrounding structures and the potential for substantial blood loss. We present the case of an infected carotid pseudoaneurysm that was successfully treated with a covered stent graft.
Local equilibrium equivalence in probabilistic voting models

Abstract Electoral equilibria depend upon candidates' motivations. Maximization of expected vote share may not lead to the same behavior as maximization of the probability of winning the election. Accordingly, it is desirable to understand when electoral equilibria are insensitive to the choice of candidate motivations. This paper examines sufficient conditions for local equilibrium equivalence between expected vote share maximization and maximization of probability of victory in the spatial model of elections with probabilistic voters.
Strategic Implications of Reverse Auctions

ABSTRACT A dramatic global power shift from seller to buyer is taking place in the reverse auction environment, with the value of materials purchased online expected to increase to more than $3 trillion in 2003. Techniques, opportunities, and problems associated with reverse auctions are described in the following paper. Special emphasis is given to General Electric Appliances. Companies such as General Electric Appliances have achieved large short-term cost savings and automation of traditionally labor-intensive processes. Reverse procurement auctions have had the effect of introducing information asymmetry in favor of the buyer, producing billions in cost savings. At least some short-run cost reductions may have come from vendors surrendering brand premiums. Further significant cost savings may not be possible; among other issues, long-term benefits to buyers may be mitigated if few vendors survive the migration to the reverse auction procurement environment, thus decreasing vendor competition.
Animal faith, puritanism, and the Schutz-Gurwitsch debate: A commentary

The happy accident of scheduling Professors Vaitkus's and Kassab's excellent papers serially and on the same program has inspired me to bring their themes together and to put forward an interpretation that connects Santayana's philosophy to the Pragmatic and Protestant traditions in American sociology and therewith to offer a diachronic resolution to the Schutz-Gurwitsch debate. Before I begin, however, I should like to describe my background and qualifications for making such a commentary. I joined the department of sociology in The Graduate Faculty of Political and Social Science at the New School for Social Research in 1972, replacing Schutz's former student, Peter Berger, who had resigned and taken a position at Rutgers University. I had already introduced a graduate seminar on Schutz's phenomenological sociology at the University of Nevada in 1970, and I continued to teach and write in that and the related Pragmatic perspec? tive while at the New School. In addition, together with Arthur Vidich (Vidich and Lyman, 1985), I began an exploration of the religious ethics affecting the spirit of American sociology. The existential and phenomenological sociology in which I have collaborated with Marvin Scott became both a resource for and a topic of the researches undertaken with Professor Vidich. All of this came together for me in a new way because of this occasion and the originality of Professors Vaitkus's and Kassab's separate studies.
A comparison of in vitro flowers to in vivo flowers of haploid and diploidNicotiana tabacum L.

Thin cell layers (TCLs) were cultured from inflorescences of diploid (2n=4x=48) and haploid (2n=2x=24)Nicotiana tabacum L. "Samsun" and the subsequent flowers formed in vitro were then compared to in vivo flowers. Plants derived from TCLs possessed flowers that were typical of their seed or androgenetically-derived counterparts, whereas de novo flowers from TCLs were abnormal when compared to their counterparts. The TCLs of haploid plants produced more flower buds than diploid TCLs, and did so in a shorter period of time. In vitro flowers and anthers at both ploidy levels were considerably smaller than the in vivo flowers; in vitro flowers also had variable numbers of anthers and pistils. The embryogenic capacity of anthers taken from in vivo diploid flowers was 5 times greater than that of in vitro diploid or haploid anthers. In vivo haploid anthers produced no embryoids, whereas in vitro haploid anthers did produce embryoids. Observations of mitotic cells in root tips of plants derived from anther cultures of in vitro haploid flowers revealed a mixoploid nature. Diploid meiosis was regular and haploid meiosis was irregular regardless of the origin (in vitro or in vivo) of the flowers.
Production cost structure of us hospital pharmacies: Time-series, cross-sectional bed size evidence

There are current concerns about potential factor substitutions and their implications for factor employments and cost containment in US hospital pharmacies. A translog production cost model is estimated for these pharmacies, using 1981–9 times-series data consisting of seven cross-sectional bed size classes per year. Zellner's joint GLS estimation of three-factor cost share equations and the parent translog cost function reveals that pairwise factor substitutions are severely limited; production is non-homothetic, occurring in the range of scale diseconomies; biased and pure technical change effects dominate the scale-augmenting component. Implications of findings are rationalized in the context of the emerging biopharmaceutical technologies.
Zinc uptake and transcellular movement by CACO-2 cells: Studies with media containing fetal bovine serum

A series of experiments using CACO-2 cells, have been conducted to describe the cellular events occurring during Zn uptake and transcellular movement in the presence of media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). CACO-2 cells were grown for 21 days on either T-25 cell culture flasks or semipermeable membrane inserts maintained in six-well culture plates. Experiments were then conducted using normal growth medium containing FBS, to which 65Zn was added. The rate of Zn transport in an apical to basolateral direction was much greater than the rate in the opposite direction. To study whether uptake and movement exhibited saturation kinetics, different concentrations of Zn (1–200 μ m ) were added with 65Zn. Uptake at the basolateral membrane was saturable; apical to basolateral movement, basolateral to apical movement, and uptake at the apical membrane were not. 65Zn moved apically to basolaterally at a small but constant rate regardless of the basolateral concentration of Zn. The binding ligands for Zn in the cytosol differed depending on the prior Zn status of the cell and the time postlabeling. Endogenous 65Zn was released to the apical and basolateral sides at different rates. These data confirm a previous report that uptake and transcellular movement of Zn is different at the apical and basolateral membrane, and they further show that the presence of Zn-binding ligands alters these processes.
Nonequilibrium dynamic critical scaling of the quantum ising chain

We solve for the time-dependent finite-size scaling functions of the one-dimensional transverse-field Ising chain during a linear-in-time ramp of the field through the quantum critical point. We then simulate Mott-insulating bosons in a tilted potential, an experimentally studied system in the same equilibrium universality class, and demonstrate that universality holds for the dynamics as well. We find qualitatively athermal features of the scaling functions, such as negative spin correlations, and we show that they should be robustly observable within present cold atom experiments.
A generalized constitutive elasticity law for GLPD micromorphic materials, with application to the problem of a spherical shell subjected to axisymmetric loading conditions

In this work we propose to replace the GLPD hypo-elasticity law by a more rigorous generalized Hooke's law based on classical material symmetry characterization assumptions. This law introduces in addition to the two well-known Lame's moduli, five constitutive constants. An analytical solution is derived for the problem of a spherical shell subjected to axisymmetric loading conditions to illustrate the potential of the proposed generalized Hooke's law.
Design and Analysis of a Silicon-Based Millimeter-Wave Divide-by-3 Injection-Locked Frequency Divider

This paper presents an intuitive analysis and design/fabrication of a millimeter-wave (MMW) divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD). Implemented in a 0.18μm BiCMOS technology, the ILFD circuit exhibits an injection locking range of 1.8-2.7GHz, a measurement- limited operating range of 75.6-78.6GHz inside a PLL while simulated is from 70.1-82.3GHz, and a phase noise of −105dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset from the carrier. To the authors' best knowledge, this divide-by-3 ILFD chip achieves the highest operating frequency reported to date inside a silicon- validated frequency synthesizer loop. Index Terms — BiCMOS integrated circuits, divide-by-2, divide-by-3, injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD), millimeter-wave, W-band.
Adhesion of polyethylene and polystyrene to steel

A conservative estimate of the molecular forces involved in the adhesion of polymers to conducting surfaces leads to bond tensile strengths considerably above those realizable in practice. This is explained by the occurrence of flaws, thermal stresses, and deformation under load. In order to minimize these factors, very thin films of polystyrene and polyethylene were molded between steel cylinders and experimental conditions were carefully controlled with the result that joint strengths in excess of bulk tensile strengths were obtained. Curves of joint failure stress versus film thickness at various temperatures are given, and extrapolated to zero thickness. The extrapolated adhesion values represent a lower limit of the specific adhesion. At 25°C. they are 183 kg./cm.2 for polyethylene, and 412 kg./cm.2 for polystyrene.
THE ORIGINS OF INDIVIDUAL MEDIA-SYSTEM DEPENDENCY A Sociological Framework

Prior theory and research that has demonstrated the consequences of individuals' media-system dependencies upon selective exposure and message effects has not, however, addressed the equally important question of the determinants of individuals' media-system dependencies. The aim of this article is to present a sociological framework for the analysis of the macro and micro determinants of those media-system dependencies. The configuration of determinants that constitute this framework includes structural dependencies between the media and other social systems, characteristics of the social environs, media-system activity, interpersonal discourse networks, the sociostructural location of individuals, and personal goals.
Glutamine as a Neuroprotective Agent in High-dose Paclitaxel-induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Clinical and Electrophysiologic Study

Aims: The appearance of peripheral neuropathy is the dose-limiting toxicity in many chemotherapy protocols, and glutamine has been proposed as a potentially neuroprotective agent in patients receiving paclitaxel. Materials and methods: In this non-randomised study, we assessed neurologic signs and symptoms, and changes in nerve-conduction studies in 46 consecutive patients given high-dose paclitaxel either with (nZ 17) or without (nZ 29) glutamine. Neurological assessments and electrodiagnostic studies were carried out at baseline and at least 2 weeks (median 32 days) after treatment. Results: Patients who received glutamine developed significantly less weakness (PZ 0.02), less loss of vibratory sensation (P Z 0.04) and less toe numbness (P Z 0.004) than controls. The per cent change in the compound motor action potential (CMAP) and sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes after paclitaxel treatment was lower in the glutamine group, but this finding was not statistically significant in these small groups.
A Theory of Price Rigidities When Quality is Unobservable

A theory of price and quantity adjustments in response to stochastic changes in demand is developed for competitive markets. The level of demand is observable but product quality is not. It is shown that the higher the serial correlation of demand, the more rigid are prices and the greater the change in ouputs. If the correlation is low, prices are less rigid than when quality is observable; if it is high, they can be more rigid. Even with downward sloping demand and upward sloping supply curves, prices can be completely rigid.