cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Composition, sensory attributes, and flavor of dry- and oil-roasted soynuts after roasting and during storage

Five food-grade soybean cultivars were dryand oil-roasted and stored for 6 months. The effects of cultivar, roasting, and storage on soybean composition were determined. Composition of roasted soynuts was measured on raw soybeans, roasted soynuts after roasting, and roasted soynuts after six months of storage. Moisture contents decreased after roasting and increased during storage. Oil-roasted soynuts were lower in moisture content than dry-roasted soynuts. Oil-roasted soynuts had significantly higher lipid contents than raw soybeans and dry-roasted soynuts due to the absorption of oil. Reductions were observed in reducing sugars and free amino acids with roasting. Greater reductions were seen in oil-roasted soynuts because of the higher roasting temperature and presumably increased Maillard browning. Storage resulted in minor changes in soluble sugars. Most free amino acid contents decreased during storage.
The Evolution of Copulation Frequency and the Mechanisms of Reproduction in Male Anolis Lizards

The evolution of many morphological structures is associated with the behavioral context of their use, particularly for structures involved in copulation. Yet, few studies have considered evolutionary relationships among the integrated suite of structures associated with male reproduction. In this study, we examined nine species of lizards in the genus Anolis to determine whether larger copulatory morphologies and higher potential for copulatory muscle performance evolved in association with higher copulation rates. In 10-12 adult males of each species, we measured the size of the hemipenes and related muscles, the seminiferous tubules in the testes, and the renal sex segments in the kidneys, and we assessed the fiber type composition of the muscles associated with copulation. In a series of phylogenetically-informed analyses, we used field behavioral data to determine whether observed rates of copulation were associated with these morphologies.We found that species with larger hemipenes had larger fibers in the RPM (the retractor penis magnus, a muscle that controls hemipenis movement), and that the evolution of larg- er hemipenes and RPM fibers is associated with the evolution of higher rates of copulatory behavior. However, the sizes of the seminiferous tubules and renal sex segments, and the muscle fiber composition of the RPM, were not associated with copulation rates. Further, body size was not associated with the size of any of the reproductive structures investigated. The results of this study suggest that peripheral morphologies involved in the transfer of ejaculate may be more evolutionarily labile than internal structures involved in ejaculate production (Current Zoology 60 (6): 768-777, 2014).
3D M-Blocks: Self-reconfiguring robots capable of locomotion via pivoting in three dimensions

This paper presents the mechanical design of a modular robot called the 3D M-Block, a 50mm cubic module capable of both independent and lattice-based locomotion. The first M-Blocks described in [1] could pivot about one axis of rotation only. In contrast, the 3D M-blocks can exert on demand both forward and backward torques about three orthogonal axes, for a total of six directions. The 3D M-Blocks transform these torques into pivoting motions which allow the new 3D M-Blocks to move more freely than their predecessors. Individual modules can employ pivoting motions to independently roll across a wide variety of surfaces as well as to join and move relative to other M-Blocks as part of a larger collective structure. The 3D M-Block maintains the same form factor and magnetic bonding system as the one-dimensional M-Blocks [1], but a new fabrication process supports more efficient and precise production. The 3D M-blocks provide a robust and capable modular self-reconfigurable robotic platform able to support swarm robot applications through individual module capabilities and self-reconfiguring robot applications using connected lattices of modules.
Membrane Filtration Technique for Isolating Organisms from Raw Milk of Normal Udders

The effectiveness of two methods for the isolation of bacteria from raw milk was investigated. Raw milk from normal udders was subjected to the direct membrane filtration technique and the 18-hr incubation technique. The results indicate that the membrane filtration technique gives a more complete picture of the flora of a normal udder than does the 18-hr incubation technique. Use of various methods for the isolation of organisms from milk samples may account for the extensive disagreement on the presence and types of organisms associated with normal and mastitic udders.
Aeroacoustic characteristics and noise reduction of a centrifugal fan for a vacuum cleaner

The aeroacoustic characteristics of a centrifugal fan for a vacuum cleaner and its noise reduction method are studied in this paper. The major noise source of a vacuum cleaner is the centrifugal fan. The impeller of the fan rotates at over 3000 rpm, and generates very high-level noise. It was revealed that the dominant noise source is the aerodynamic interaction between the rotating impeller and stationary diffuser. The directivity of acoustic pressure showed that most of the noise propagates backward direction of the fan-motor assembly. In order to reduce the high tonal sound generated from the aerodynamic interaction, unevenly pitched impeller and diffuser, and tapered impeller designs were proposed and experiments were performed. Uneven pitch design of the impeller changes the sound quality while the overall sound power level (SPL) and the performance remains similar. The effect of the tapered design of impeller was evaluated. The trailing edge of the tapered fan is inclined. This reduces the flow interaction between the rotating impeller and the stationary diffuser because of some phase shifts. The static efficiency of the new impeller design is slightly lower than the previous design. However, the overall SPL is reduced by about 4 dB(A). The SPL of the fundamental blade passing frequency (BPF) is reduced by about 6 dB(A) and the 2nd BPF is reduced about 20 dB(A). The vacuum cleaner with the tapered impeller design produces lower noise level than the previous one, and the strong tonal sound was dramatically reduced.
Virulence Factors in Black Molds with Emphasis on Melanin, Chitin, and Wangiella as a Molecularly Tractable Model

Wangiella dermatitidis is an asexual polymorphic mold that is arguably the most studied black fungal pathogen of humans. This chapter provides a brief overview of these fungi, summarizes certain salient historical facts about W. dermatitidis, including the main attributes that contributed to its rise to model status. It then reviews results of recent molecular genetic studies that are primarily aimed at the cell wall virulence factors melanin and chitin. The advances described are intended to motivate others to determine whether the molecular findings with the model have relevance to the other, less well studied black mold pathogens. Elucidation of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (1,8-DHN) melanin biosynthetic pathway in W. dermatitidis initially resulted from the use of the specific pathway inhibitor tricyclazole and the identification of key pathway intermediates, secretion products, and enzymes of the wild-type strain and a few mutant strains (Mel) with obvious pigmentation defects. Decreased virulence due to defective 1,8-DHN melanin biosynthesis in W. dermatitidis was initially detected in the hypopigmented Mel strain mel3, which is albino because of an inability to synthesize 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynapththalene (1,3,6,8-THN). It is important to note that some albino Mel strains become pink to orange when exposed to light of relatively high intensity for extended periods.
Application of Crew Resource Management techniques in the aerospace industry

Based on reports of aerospace companies, human errors occur most often during the manufacturing phase, which in this paper includes assembly and test operations. Applying Crew Resource Management (CRM) techniques in the aerospace industry from early stages can minimize errors and improve safety during the manufacturing phase, and the mission/program in general. The author suggests different CRM measures involving organizational factors, decision-making, leadership, communication, teamwork, workload planning, and training. These can be incorporated into current aerospace programs that deal with human safety, lessons learned, six sigma, and root cause analysis, among others. If CRM techniques along with human factor considerations are incorporated within the life cycle of a mission, costly errors at the manufacturing stage can be minimized when small errors are found early in the program. It also provides approaches for entrepreneurs and rising aerospace companies to be able to integrate human factor concepts through CRM techniques into their products or services early in their development.
Utilizing Online Learning Communities in Student Affairs.

In this chapter, the authors will expand upon the definition of learning communities, discussing the ways in which this concept has changed and adapted through the incorporation/infusion of web-based technologies. In addition, strategies on how to create and use online learning communities both with students and for professional practice will be shared.
The Alternate Forms of the Positive and Negative Mood Scales: Reliability, Validity, and Equivalence in Nonreferred Samples.

The psychometric characteristics of the positive and negative mood scales of the trait version of the State Trait-Depression Adjective Check Lists (ST-DACL) were studied in three nonreferred age groups (i.e., adolescents, college students, and the elderly). Reliability (i.e., internal consistency, test-retest, and alternate form) for both the positive and negative mood scales was high. Validity of both mood scales, as determined by the appropriate level and direction of correlations with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CED-D), the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and the Profile of Mood States (POMS), was moderate. Correlations with the Positive and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS) indicated substantial common variance (i.e., from 41% to 74% for the positive mood scales, from 59% to 69% for the negative mood scales). Equivalence of the various positive and negative mood scales was established by the finding of nonsignificant differences among th...
Persistent infection of rabbits with bovine leukemia virus associated with development of immune dysfunction

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection of rabbits provides a safe and relatively inexpensive in vivo mammalian system for the study of the mechanisms controlling expression of a unique group of lymphotropic retroviruses. This group of viruses, which includes C-type human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II and lentiviruslike human immunodeficiency virus type 1, possesses genes coding for "trans-activating" products. Rabbits experimentally inoculated with BLV became persistently infected, as demonstrated by a number of tests. All BLV-inoculated rabbits developed persistent serum antibody to BLV. Furthermore, all BLV-inoculated rabbits had peripheral blood mononuclear cells which, when stimulated, expressed the virus, as demonstrated by viral induction of syncytium formation in a BLV-susceptible fibroblast line. The presence of BLV in circulating cells was confirmed by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from randomly selected BLV-inoculated rabbits, which showed the presence of viral reverse transcriptase activity, BLV transcriptional activity, or BLV proviral DNA. Additional tests showed that infected lymphocytes maintained in culture with recombinant human interleukin-2 formed multinucleated giant cells and produced virus when incubated in cytokine-containing medium. BLV-infected rabbits also showed alterations in several parameters associated with immunity, beginning 6 months after inoculation. Thirty-eight percent of infected rabbits developed abnormally low T-cell responses, as measured by phytolectin stimulation, and T-cell responses cycled between normal and abnormally low over a period of 20 to 24 months. Forty-four percent of rabbits infected for longer than 12 months suffered from recurrent conjunctivitis and rhinitis. By 24 months postinoculation, 28% of infected rabbits were dead or were killed because of poor clinical condition.
Single Event Transients (SETs) in the RH108 Operational Amplifier in Analog Circuits

The effect of various commercial power devices are presented. The devices have proved to be very fragile to single event effects, with some of the devices actually succumbing to catastrophic SEE with protons.
Perceived Competition, Leadership Effort, and Organizational Outreach in Religious Nonprofit Organizations

The religious economies literature argues that religious leaders are motivated by the existence of competition. This motivation is said to lead to more effort and outreach on the part of leaders and their organizations. Previous research examining this hypothesis has focused on the presence of religious or organizational diversity at an ecological level. This study shifts the focus to leaders’ perception of competition as the central mechanism of interest. Utilizing data produced from a survey of founders of religious nonprofit organizations, I analyze how perceived competition shapes the number of hours the leader puts into the organization and the number of outreach strategies the organization pursues. The analysis finds no support for the competition-effort hypothesis.
Production of a novel viral suppressive activity associated with resistance to infection among female sex workers exposed to HIV type 1.

To investigate mechanisms of natural resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we obtained blood samples from eight women who remained HIV-1 negative after >3 years of high-risk se...
Effect of aggregation on the optical rotatory dispersion of poly(α,L‐glutamic acid)

Light-scattering measurements show that poly(α,L-glutamic acid) (PGA) is strongly aggregated at the low pH's (4.0–4.3) usually used to measure the mean residue rotation at the trough, [R′]233, and that [R′]233 becomes more negative with aggregation. Concurrent weight-average molecular weight measurements by light-scattering and [R′]233 measurements by optical rotatory dispersion as a function of pH show that a maximum negative value for [R′]233 (unaffected by aggregation) is obtained at higher pH's (4.53–4.82). Precautions should be taken to insure that the Na-PGA sample used as standard does not aggregate at the low pH's required for its complete conversion to the helical form. An Na-PGA sample meeting the above requirements gives [R′]233 of −14,600° ± 1.5% over the pH range 4.53–4.82 in 0.05M NaCl.
Cyberstalking: Utilizing What We do Know

Abstract Current newspaper accounts have highlighted some of the more sensationalized cyberstalking cases, but what do we really know about these offenses and their victims? While there are some similarities between traditional offline stalking and cyberstalking, the differences between the two can have a tremendous impact on victims. This article will focus on what we know about cyberstalking, such as the harm it may cause, the apparent increasing nature in terms of volume and escalating actions of these types of crimes, and the observation that many state laws do not adequately address cyberstalking offenses. In light of what we do know, we can conclude that there is much more that we do not know about cyberstalking in part because it is rarely reported, law enforcement agencies are ill equipped to handle it when it is reported, and the availability of resources are often lacking. This article will focus on the policy implications and some of the steps necessary to increase our knowledge about cyberstal...
XVIII. On the “Rotational Coefficient” in nickel and cobalt

(1881). XVIII. On the “Rotational Coefficient” in nickel and cobalt. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 12, No. 74, pp. 157-172.
Mega-ton Water System: Japanese national research and development project on seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation

Abstract Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been widely applied to seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation. Since 2000, large RO plants (100,000 m 3 /day plants) have been constructed. However, much larger plants will be required in the near future because of its worsening situation of water problems. Energy efficiency is indispensable for the larger plants, especially mega plant (1,000,000 m 3 /day plant). “Mega-ton Water System” project which consists of eight themes believes that there is plenty of room for improvement as well as optimum layout of each component used in the mega plant. In order to reduce energy demand in RO operation, high efficient RO membrane is studied in the project. The relationships between RO membrane structure and its performance were investigated by transmission electron microscope–tomography. The utilizing of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) energy recovery is one of a solution for energy-saving and defusing the environmental impact caused by concentrated brine. A PRO hollow fiber membrane module was newly developed and a practical continuous operation has been examined at a prototype plant for 1 year. The concept of the project will be established by combining the results of eight themes as competing with other membrane and its process studies.
A possible effect of the methylxanthines caffeine, theophylline and aminophylline on postnatal myelination of the rat brain

Abstract A double isotope methodology was used to assses the effect of methylxanthine administration on membrane protein synthesis in developing rat brain. Rat pups were given either aminophylline, theophylline, or caffeine in a dosage of 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg daily from the second postnatal day through 20 days of age. Results show depressed myelin protein synthesis at 21–24 days by theophylline (80 mg/kg) and caffeine (40 and 80 mg/kg). Synthesis was essentially normal at 27–28 days of age, indicating a possible delay in development followed by a ‘catch-up’ phenomenon.
Quantitative Proteomics Reveals that miR-155 Regulates the PI3K-AKT Pathway in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

The aberrant expression of microRNA-155 (miR-155), which has emerged as having a significant impact on the biological characteristics of lymphocytes, plays important roles in B-cell malignancies, such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). DLBCL is the most common non–Hodgkin's lymphoma in the adult population, accounting for approximately 40% of newly diagnosed non–Hodgkin's lymphoma cases globally. To determine the specific function of miR-155, a quantitative proteomics approach was applied to examine the inhibitory effects of miR-155 on protein synthesis in DLBCL cells. PIK3R1 (p85α), a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT pathway, was identified as a direct target of miR-155. A luciferase reporter was repressed through the direct interaction of miR-155 and the p85α 3′-untranslated region, and overexpression of miR-155 down-regulated both the transcription and translation of p85α. The PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was highly activated by the sustained overexpression of miR-155 in DHL16 cells, whereas knockdown of miR-155 in OCI-Ly3 cells diminished AKT activity. Taken together, our results reveal a novel target involved in miR-155 biological characteristics and provide a molecular link between the overexpression of miR-155 and the activation of PI3K-AKT in DLBCL.
Endobronchial lavage phospholipids and protein in rats protected from oxygen toxicity by hypoxia pretreatment.

Abstract Endobronchial lavage phospholipids and proteins were compared in controls, rats exposed to 99 + % oxygen for 52 hr, and rats exposed to 5 days of hypoxia followed by 52 hr of 99 + % oxygen. The rats exposed to 99 + % oxygen had significantly less phospholipids and more protein in their endobronchial washings than the controls. In contrast, the hypoxia-pretreated rats had comparable levels of phospholipids and protein in endobronchial washings compared to controls. This study indicates that phospholipids and proteins in endobronchial lavage provide a metabolic marker for the study of oxygen toxicity.
Frequency and determinants of recommended workplace violence prevention measures

Abstract Problem Limited information exists concerning adoption of workplace violence prevention measures by employers and the factors influencing their adoption. Methods A weighted sample of North Carolina workplaces (n = 210) in operation January 1994 through March 1998 was used to estimate prevalence of 18 measures and identify community and workplace predictors of having ≥ 5 recommended measures. Results Location in a metropolitan area most strongly predicted presence of ≥ 5 administrative safety measures while a history of workplace violence and being in a high crime area were negatively associated. Belonging to an industry considered to be high–risk for workplace homicide was most strongly associated with having ≥ 5 environmental safety measures. Discussion Factors influencing high prevalence of violence prevention measures were related to business type, violence history, and location. Knowledge of factors influencing adoption of recommended workplace violence prevention measures can help tailor interventions to diverse industry settings. Impact on Industry An important contribution to the understanding and mitigation of workplace homicide is knowledge of the extent of implementation of recommended workplace violence prevention guidelines and factors influencing their adoption. Identifying factors that influence the prevalence and adoption of workplace violence safety interventions can help to tailor development of interventions to address the issue of workplace homicide across diverse industry settings.
Temporary innervation of a primary coverage muscle: a new technique to optimize function in a subsequent functional microvascular muscle transplant.

The author describes the simple technique of innervating the coverage muscle in the staged reconstruction of an upper-extremity crushavulsion injury with a functional microvascular muscle transplant (FMMT). The thoracodorsal nerve was repaired to the mixed motor-sensory radial nerve above the elbow. Contraction of the latissimus muscle at 8 months after nerve repair signaled the adequacy of the 10-cm thoracodorsal nerve graft as a target motor nerve for the eventual FMMT. Excursion of the latissimus muscle created a septo-alveoloar plane similar to the plane between two healthy muscles into which the FMMT could be placed. The author also discusses the potential advantages of early thoracodorsal nerve repair for successful nerve regeneration. This simple technique helped overcome the potential limitations to functional muscle transplantation in the severely traumatized upper extremity, and deserves applied study. a 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 25:310315, 2005. Functional microvascular muscle transplants (FMMTs) require artery and vein repair to restore viability, and motor nerve repair to restore voluntary contraction. Obtaining maximal functional return in the transplanted muscle, however, depends on additional variables, such as the status of the recipient bed, time to reinnervation, and quality of the recipient nerve. 13 These variables are controllable in many situations in which a FMMT is indicated. However, the recipient nerve and wound bed may be suboptimal in major traumatic soft-tissue loss. A staged approach to functional microvascular muscle transplantation is preferred in cases of traumatic soft-tissue loss. In the acute first stage, wound debridement is followed by primary coverage, usually with a fasciocutaneous, myocutaneous, or muscle flap. In an elective secondary stage, after the wound is controlled and an adequate target motor nerve is defined, FMMT is performed. Unfortunately, even with this staged approach, the success of functional microvascular muscle transplantation is less predictable in situations involving major soft-tissue and/or nerve avulsion. 1,4 We report on an innovation to the staged reconstruction of a traumatized upper extremity with FMMT. This innovation involves the temporary innervation of a latissimus dorsi muscle transplant used for primary coverage of a large upper-extremity defect in the acute phase. We also describe how this simple technique can optimize both the recipient bed and motor nerve, maximizing the potential of a functional muscle transplanted in the second stage.
Buddhism in America

The first edition of Richard Seager's Buddhism in America, published in 1999, received substantial praise for its range of coverage and readability, qualities maintained in this new edition. The or...
Electrical Design and Operating Experience with the Pinnacles Waste Heat Gas Turbine Plant

The installation of a dual-energy plant to provide exhaust heat to a chemical plant and electricity for the plant and other area loads in a severe high-temperature, dust-laden environment is described in this paper. Of interest are the electrical and mechanical features and operating experience to date for the 15-megawatt nominal-rated gas turbine generator set which was derated due to high ambient desert temperature conditions. Increased insulation levels were specified for all outdoor electrical equipment.
Disambiguating Syntactic Triggers

We present data from an artificial language domain that suggest new contributions to the theory of syntactic triggers. Whether a learning algorithm is capable of matching the achievements of child learners depends in part on how much parametric ambiguity there is in the input. For practical reasons this cannot be established for the domain of all natural languages. Our tactic is to estimate the incidence of unambiguous triggers by examining a constructed domain of languages whose syntactic parameters and structural properties are precisely specified. We succeeded in identifying unambiguous triggers for all non-default parameter values in all languages in this domain. In order to do so, we had to invoke between-parameter relations which disambiguate triggers that otherwise would have been parametrically ambiguous. The discovery of unambiguous triggers in this artificial domain does not prove a sufficiency in natural languages, but it may revive investigation of the psychological plausibility of determinist...
Existence of solutions for certain singular difference equations

Crash sets are initial sets of points from which the trajectories of singular difference equations reach inifinite discontinuities after a finite number of steps; therefore, a solution does not exist in such cases. For injective maps of the line possessing at least one fixed point, the structure of crash sets is determined. For second order equations whose vector maps of the plane are injective, a general algorithm for recursively, constructing crash sets is obtained, together with results on the structure of those sets in a special case.
Demographic differences in injuries among the elderly: an analysis of emergency department visits.

Background: An understanding of demographic differences in injury types among the elderly will help in targeting interventions. Methods: Rates were calculated from the 1997 to 1999 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys by dividing the estimated number of visits by census population estimates. Age-adjusted standardized morbidity ratios were calculated to facilitate comparison between genders and between races. Results: Although men had fewer fractures than expected on the basis of the rate for women (standardized morbidity ratio = 0.57), they had more open wounds (standardized morbidity ratio = 1.785, p < 0.001). Blacks had fewer fractures than expected, based on the rates for whites (standardized morbidity ratio = 0.601, p = 0.004) but had higher visit rates than expected for less severe injuries such as contusions, strains, and sprains. Conclusion: The trends noted in the present analysis suggest interventions for improved machinery safety targeted at elderly men and a continuing focus on access to primary care for minority elderly.
Progressive symptomatic carotid dissection treated with multiple stents.

Background and Purpose— Internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection remains a major cause of stroke in the young. Although systemic anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy allow healing of the dissec...
Ebola Needs One Bioethics

Bioethics coverage of the recent Ebola outbreak neglected the ethical issues associated with aspects of the outbreak having environmental significance. The neglect of environmental dimensions is symptomatic of the way that the current institutionalization of bioethics as a field of inquiry separates medical and environmental expertise. As visionaries who are recognizing the need for better integration of human and veterinary medicine with environmental health are starting to call for “One Health”, it is now time to recognize the need for “One Bioethics.”
Salsa music: The latent function of slavery and racialism

(1987). Salsa music: The latent function of slavery and racialism. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 7-14.
A comparative flower and fruit anatomical study of Quercus acutissima, a biennial‐fruiting oak from the Cerris group (Fagaceae)

A developmental series of flowers and fruits of Quercus acutissima(subgenus Quercus section Cerris) was collected over a growing season and examined for an intersectional, comparative anatomical study. Pistillate flowers of the current growing season, each consisting of a pistil with three long, slightly recurved styles, six tepals, and an inconspicuous ovary subtended by a few cycles of cupule scales, emerged in early May, were pollinated by mid-May, and then were quiescent for the remainder of the growing season. Flowers from the previous growing season resumed growth in mid-May, each forming three locules delimited by septa in the ovary, with two bitegmic, epitropous ovules developing in each locule. Mature embryo sacs were present by mid-July of the second growing season, although embryos were not observed until early August. Fruit maturation was complete by late September. Features that have not been described previously for the section Cerris include early-lignifying endocarp trichomes, persistent septa, and leaf primordia buttresses on the embryo. A comparison of flower and fruit developmental features with sections Quercus sensu stricto and Lobatae revealed a mosaic of shared features among the three sections.
Multiple glucocorticoid receptor transcripts in membrane glucocorticoid receptor‐enriched S‐49 mouse lymphoma cells

A cDNA library from plasma membrane glucocorticoid receptor-enriched (mGR(++)) S- 49 mouse T lymphoma cells was screened with full-length rat intracellular GR (iGR) cDNA, BUGR-2 antibody, and PCR amplimers to portions of the mouse GR cDNA. One or two single-base substitutions resulting in amino acid changes (which do not incapacitate the receptor) were found in all but one clone: Val437 --> Gly (located in the first zinc finger), and Glu546 --> Gly (in the steroid-binding domain). Two previously unidentified exon 1 variants (1D and 1E), and two of three previously reported variants (1A, 1B) were found to be spliced onto the common exon 2. Exon 1D- and 1E-containing transcripts were confirmed by direct sequencing of amplimers from reverse transcriptase-coupled PCR. RNase protection studies revealed that one of these transcripts was expressed in mGR(++) cells only, but not in two mGR-less (mGR(--) S-49, and AtT-20 mouse pituitary) cell lines. These studies suggest that at least four promoters may be responsible for the control of GR (iGR and mGR) types in mouse lymphoma cells.
Steadiness of the Wind

Abstract In many atmospheric diffusion problems, a description of the steadiness of the wind direction is desired. For intervals of approximately an hour the mean wind direction is usually well defined and constant, but for longer intervals this may not be so, and a description of the variability of the mean direction with time is needed. It is proposed that the constancy of the wind, defined as the mean vector wind divided by the mean scalar wind V/V, can be used for simple classification purposes. A value of unity designates that the wind direction has not changed over the averaging period and a value of zero suggests a completely symmetrical distribution. In this paper, a trigonometric transformation is used to linearize the variation of constancy with the mean angular range of direction. This function, called the “steadiness” S, is then computed for various time intervals, and by use of extreme-value theory the recurrence interval of various mean wind direction ranges can be predicted. This provides...
A Rigorous Examination of the Chandrasekhar Theory of Stellar Collapse

Some of the results of a rigorous analysis of the Chandrasekhar semiclassical theory of stellar collapse are presented here. They are of two kinds. The first concerns the Chandrasekhar equation itself; we prove the uniqueness of the solution and also prove that the solution has certain properties not noted before. The second is a derivation of the Chandrasekhar equation from quantum mechanics (in the limit of small gravitational constant) without making a priori assumptions about the smallness of correlation effects. A parallel derivation is made for stars composed of bosons (such as axion stars, if they are ever found to exist); the resulting equation is quite different from the Chandrasekhar equation, for it is of the Hartree type and involves density gradients.
Brain Viral Burden in HIV Infection

We quantitated the brain viral burden in autopsy material from AIDS patients with and without HIV encephalitis. Central nervous system (CNS) samples from 45 AIDS autopsies with less than 48 hours postmortem autolysis and without significant non-viral opportunistic infections were analyzed using immunocytochemistry (ICC), antigen capture assay (ACA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Approximately three-quarters of the cases contained HIV DNA by PCR. The majority of these had abundant gp41 detected by ICC, but approximately one-third had no HIV p24 detected by ACA. With all assays, HIV proteins and DNA were most abundant in deep gray matter. Approximately one-quarter of the cases contained HIV p24 by ACA in both CNS tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. In more than half of the cases cytomegalovirus was detectable in the brain by PCR, however, only in the basal ganglia of one case was human herpes virus-6 detectable by PCR. In conclusion, HIV infection of the CNS was observed in the majority of AIDS autopsies, however, the quantity of virus was variable between cases and within different neuroanatomical regions. Differences between the quantitation methods could be either technical or biological, however, any of them could be used to compare assessment of HIV burden by different laboratories.
Overhead Detection of Underground Nuclear Explosions by Multi-Spectral and Infrared Imaging

The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty allows for Multi-Spectral and Infrared Imaging from an aircraft and on the ground to help reduce the search area for an underground nuclear explosion from the initial 1,000 km2. Satellite data, primarily from Landsat, have been used as a surrogate for aircraft data to investigate whether there are any multi-spectral features associated with the nuclear tests in Pakistan, India or North Korea. It is shown that there are multi-spectral observables on the ground that can be associated with the nominal surface ground zero for at least some of these explosions, and that these are likely to be found by measurements allowed by the treaty.
The BRCA1/BARD1 Heterodimer Assembles Polyubiquitin Chains through an Unconventional Linkage Involving Lysine Residue K6 of Ubiquitin

The BRCA1 tumor suppressor forms a heterodimer with the BARD1 protein, and the resulting complex functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that catalyzes the synthesis of polyubiquitin chains. In theory, polyubiquitination can occur by isopeptide bond formation at any of the seven lysine residues of ubiquitin. The isopeptide linkage of a polyubiquitin chain is a particularly important determinant of its cellular function, such that K48-linked chains commonly target proteins for proteasomal degradation, while K63 chains serve non-proteolytic roles in various signaling pathways. To determine the isopeptide linkage formed by BRCA1/BARD1-dependent polyubiquitination, we purified a full-length heterodimeric complex and compared its linkage specificity with that of E6-AP, an E3 ligase known to induce proteolysis of its cellular substrates. Using a comprehensive mutation analysis, we found that E6-AP catalyzes the synthesis of K48-linked polyubiquitin chains. In contrast, however, the BRCA1/BARD1 heterodimer directs polymerization of ubiquitin primarily through an unconventional linkage involving lysine residue K6. Although heterologous substrates of BRCA1/BARD1 are not known, BRCA1 autoubiquitination occurs principally by conjugation with K6-linked polymers. The ability of BRCA1/BARD1 to form K6-linked polyubiquitin chains suggests that it may impart unique cellular properties to its natural enzymatic substrates.
Crystal Structure of Ba 0.5-x TaO 3-x

A STUDY of the barium–tantalum–oxygen system has produced the compounds Ba3TaO5.5 with an ordered perovskite structure1, Ba5Ta4O15 with a hexagonal layer structure2, Ba0.5TaO3 with the tetragonal bronze structure3, and Ba0.44TaO2.94, a hexagonal phase for which a trial structure has just been determined. The preparation of a powder and a single crystal of the reduced phase, Ba0.44(Ta0.74 IVTa0.26 V)O2.57, as well as analogous phases has previously been described4. It was later found that this reduced phase was produced only when the tantalum pentoxide used in the preparation was obtained from a particular source. The method of preparation is to mix appropriate quantities of tantalum pentoxide, tantalum metal, and barium oxide and heat in vacuum. Attempts to prepare larger amounts of the phase for density measurements after the original source of tantalum pentoxide was exhausted, were unsuccessful unless a barium chloride flux was added. The preparations obtained with the use of the flux, however, were not homogeneous, and good density measurements were therefore not obtained.
The Ethics of Teaching by Kenneth A. Strike and Jonas F. Soltis. New York: Teachers College Press, 1985, 112 pp., paperbound.

(1986). The Ethics of Teaching by Kenneth A. Strike and Jonas F. Soltis. New York: Teachers College Press, 1985, 112 pp., paperbound. The Educational Forum: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 105-107.
Constraining factors in calibration of comprehension

Two experiments were conducted to examine the factors leading to poor calibration of comprehension. In Experiment 1, the basic finding of poor calibration was replicated with paragraphs from which a single inference verification was the test of comprehension. Experiment 2 demonstrated that previous studies which assess comprehension with a single inference per text seriously underestimate the level of calibration
After-Tax Wealth and Returns Across Savings Vehicles

This is the second of four articles on the interaction of investment and holding structures. The first article by the author appeared in the Winter 1999 issue of this journal. Here the author sets the problem as follows: John and Mary Smith are saving for retirement and must choose a savings vehicle. The major factor in their decision is the expected after-tax wealth at retirement from savings in each vehicle. Given assumed rates of returns, this article presents the after-tax spending wealth values and annual after-tax rates of return from savings in each vehicle when all funds are withdrawn in one lump sum during retirement. The investment horizon ranges from one to thirty-five years. A later article presents retirement incomes when the funds are withdrawn to provide a constant annual after-tax income during a twenty-year retirement period.
KSHV miRNAs decrease expression of lytic genes in latently infected PEL and endothelial cells by targeting host transcription factors.

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) microRNAs are encoded in the latency-associated region. Knockdown of KSHV miR-K12-3 and miR-K12-11 increased expression of lytic genes in BC-3 cells, and increased virus production from latently infected BCBL-1 cells. Furthermore, iSLK cells infected with miR-K12-3 and miR-K12-11 deletion mutant viruses displayed increased spontaneous reactivation and were more sensitive to inducers of reactivation than cells infected with wild type KSHV. Predicted binding sites for miR-K12-3 and miR-K12-11 were found in the 3’UTRs of the cellular transcription factors MYB, Ets-1, and C/EBPα, which activate RTA, the KSHV replication and transcription activator. Targeting of MYB by miR-K12-11 was confirmed by cloning the MYB 3’UTR downstream from the luciferase reporter. Knockdown of miR‑K12-11 resulted in increased levels of MYB transcript, and knockdown of miR-K12-3 increased both C/EBPα and Ets-1 transcripts. Thus, miR-K12-11 and miR-K12-3 contribute to maintenance of latency by decreasing RTA expression indirectly, presumably via down‑regulation of MYB, C/EBPα and Ets-1, and possibly other host transcription factors.
Ultrafast solvent dynamics: Connection between time resolved fluorescence and optical Kerr measurements

The vibrational characteristics of liquid dynamics are used to describe the ultrafast relaxations observed in time‐dependent fluorescence Stokes shift [J. Chem. Phys. 95, 4715 (1991)] and heterodyne detected optical Kerr effect measurements on acetonitrile, via a Brownian oscillator model. Introducing a frequency distribution of vibrational modes makes it possible to compare the two experiments. The ultrafast decays observed in the fluorescence Stokes shift and optical Kerr signals are produced by destructive superposition of the high frequency, underdamped modes.
Officer Opinions on Police Misconduct

This article builds on the literature regarding the extent of police misconduct and officers' attitudes toward those behaviors. Using information provided within prior research, the author developed several statements regarding the causes of police misconduct and those strategies thought to be effective in curtailing incidents of police misconduct. To critique the proposed statements, a questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of currently serving officers. The findings suggest that officers are aware of the detrimental impacts of police misconduct and hold strong opinions as to what strategies are preferable. Interestingly, demographic variables did not appear to influence those statements for which there was either officer support or opposition.
Site-directed mutagenesis of an amino acid residue in the bacteriophage P2 ogr protein implicated in interaction with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase.

Summary The P2 ogr gene encodes a 72–amino–acid protein required for P2 late gene expression. This gene was defined originally by a class of compensatory mutations which overcome the block to P2 late transcription imposed by a host mutation, rpoA109, in the gene encoding the a subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Spontaneous compensatory ogr mutations substitute a Cys for a Tyr residue at amino acid 42 in the Ogr polypeptide. Using suppression of an ogr amber mutation and site–directed oligonucleotide mutagenesis, we have studied the effect of amino acid substitutions at this position in Ogr. Substitution of charged residues at this site renders Ogr protein inactive, in rpoA+ and rpoA109 strains. While 11 different amino acids are capable of replacing the wild–type Tyr–42 to allow P2 growth to varying degrees in a wild–type E. coli strain, only three of these allow phage growth in strains carrying the rpoA109 mutation. Phages carrying Cys or Ala in place of Tyr–42 gave burst sizes at least as high as P2 ogr+ in a rpoA+ strain; a Gly substitution also allowed P2 to grow in either a rpoA+ or rpoA109 background, but markedly reduced the burst size. These results are consistent with a direct interaction between Ogr and the α subunit of E. coil RNA polymerase in positive control of P2 late transcription, and indicate that the block imposed by the rpoA109 mutation is due to steric hindrance.
Age and tectonic setting of Mesozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, northern White Mountains, California

Mesozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks in the northern White Mountains, eastern California and western Nevada, are separated from lower Paleozoic and Precambrian rocks by Jurassic and Cretaceous plutons. The large stratigraphic hiatus across the plutons is called the Barcroft structural break. Recent mapping and new U/Pb zircon ages of 154 +3/−1 Ma and 137 ±1 Ma. from an ash-flow tuff and a hypabyssal intrusion, respectively, indicate that part of the Mesozoic section and the Barcroft structural break are younger than the 160–165 Ma Barcroft Granodiorite, in contrast to previous interpretations. The Barcroft Granodiorite has been thrust westward over most of the Mesozoic section. It is everywhere in fault contact with overturned metasedimentary rocks on the west side of the range, rocks which were previously thought to be upright and the oldest part of the Mesozoic section. The McAfee Creek Granite, which has a 100 ±1 Ma U/Pb zircon age, postdates thrusting; therefore, the Barcroft structural break is primarily Early Cretaceous in age.
MULTICOMPONENT LIQUID PHASE ADSORPTION IN BATCH PART I FORMULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTATION ALGORITHMS

Abstract Algorithms were developed which can be used to predict the dynamics of multicomponent adsorption in batch. These algorithms were developed on the following bases: (a) the rate of adsorption is controlled by both external and intraparticle diffusion, (b) the intraparticle diffusion is described by either the pore or the surface diffusion models, and (c)the multicomponent adsorption equilibrium behavior can be predicted from the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS)theory. The availability of these algorithms makes it possible to predict concentration histories of batch adsorption processes involving an arbitrarily large number of adsorbates from a minimum amount of base information obtained from single-species adsorption measurements.
Presidential Popularity in Central America: Parallels with the United States

This article builds on our previous work, which showed that presiden tial popularity in Costa Rica is responsive to economic conditions. Here the analysis covers, in addition to Costa Rica, four si...
Quantitative determination of cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine and ecgonine by gas-liquid chromatography.

Abstract A sensitive and reliable method was developed to determine quantitatively cocaine and its metabolites benzoylecgonine and ecgonine. The method involved the formation of fluoro derivatives which were separated on 3% and 5% OV-1 columns and detected in picomole qunatities using an electron capture detector. Ecgonine and benzoylecgonine were derivatized with a mixture of hexafluoroisopropanol- heptafluorobutyric anhydride (1:2). Cocaine was first reduced by LiAlH 4 and them acylated by pentafluoropropionic anhydride. Benzoylecgonine, but not ecgonine, could also be determined by reduction and subsequent acylation. This provided the basis for the determination of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine from the same sample. Cocaine could be determined in urine and plasma by this method.