cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accuracy in size judgments as a function of location in the visual field and the duration of viewing

This study compared the effect of varying the duration of of viewing and the location of the stimulus in the visual field. The duration of viewing varied from 1 msec to 1.00 sec in four equal log steps. The location parameter varied from having a fixation point and a reduction tube to presenting the stimulus randomly at five different locations on the screen. There was no effect due to duration of viewing, nor to location, but there was an effect due to the interaction between them. The interaction was due to a linear trend in the most extreme location condition.
Rat brain α2‐pre‐ and postsynaptic receptors are different or differently modulated?

In order to get better characterization of alpha 2-pre- and postsynaptic noradrenergic receptors in the rat brain, we investigated the alpha 2-receptor changes which take place during a 12-day treatment with the alpha 2-antagonists yohimbine (4 mg/kg) and mianserin (10 mg/kg). These treatments caused a significant increase in the sensitivity of hypothalamic synaptosomes to the inhibitory action of the noradrenergic agonist clonidine on the 3H-noradrenaline release elicited by K depolarization. Frontal cortex alpha 2-autoreceptors were not affected by drug treatments. However, the 3H-p-aminoclonidine (3H-PAC) binding to membranes from hypothalamus or frontal cortex from treated animals was the same as in controls. Changes in neural firing, elicited by the alpha 2-antagonists on noradrenergic neurons, could explain our results. The presynaptic autoreceptors may thus become hypersensitive to counteract the enhanced neurotransmitter release in the hypothalamus, where the noradrenaline is accumulated at the synaptic cleft. In the frontal cortex, where it seems that only 5% of the noradrenergic terminals make synaptic contacts with postsynaptic elements, the alpha 2-autoreceptors are less sensitive to an enhanced neurotransmitter release. Alternatively, they have scarce functional importance because the noradrenaline release is effectively modulated by the inhibitory recurrent locus coeruleus collaterals. At the postsynaptic level, the receptor down-regulation might be prevented by chronic presence of the antagonist drug. Thus the different behavior between pre- and postysynaptic alpha 2-receptors and between alpha 2-receptors of different brain areas may be ascribed to a different modulation rather than to different molecular arrangements.
PIN photocurrent studies of monolayer Si m Ge n superlattices

PIN diodes whose intrinsic region s composed of a strained monolayer superlattice (SLS) have been fabricated by molecular beam epitaxy. The optical and geometrical properties of these structures as a function of the substrate orientation have been investigated. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray spectroscopy have been used to characterize the crystalline quality of the samples. The absorption spectra have been measured using photocurrent spectroscopy. Optical transitions extending well into the silicon bandgap have been observed. The type of the transition has been analyzed using envelope function approximation and curve fitting procedures.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Identification of transcalciferin as a major component of human parotid saliva by crossed immunoelectrophoretic mapping

Human parotid saliva collected from Stenson's duct during sour candy-stimulated salivation was studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis (X-IEP). Eleven antigens were identified in a pool of salivas from 10 adult, caucasoid males and females. Four were related to serum antigens, three being previously known: IgG, IgA and albumin. The fourth was identified as Gc globulin, also known by function as transcalciferin. Salivary Gc is electrophoretically different from serum Gc, migrating as an alpha 2-beta component rather than as an alpha 1 globulin. The quantities of 8 of the 11 antigens detected by X-IEP were compared for salivas from 10 subjects. These quantities and their ratios to each other were highly variable, indicating idiosyncratic secretory patterns. Only quantities of amylase were moderately consistent from donor to donor. Quantitatively, Gc is a major antigen in parotid saliva. Large proportions of a salivary antigen, alpha 1c, were found in two of the 10 subjects--adult males who never had developed caries. Among the other 8 subjects, all with caries, proportions of alpha 1c were much lower, and 2 subjects lacked it. None of the other antigens measured showed any correlation with caries resistance. The nature and function of alpha 1c are unknown.
Dural ectasia presenting as an adnexal mass.

Background Dural ectasia associated with the sacrum is uncommon, even more so in presenting as an adnexal mass. Case A 49-year-old, postmenopausal woman presented with the ultrasonographic finding of a complex left adnexal mass. Diagnostic laparoscopy revealed a 2-cm left ovarian cystic lesion and a 6-cm retroperitoneal mass. Subsequent laparotomy revealed bilateral, retroperitoneal, cystic masses attached to the anterior sacrum. Postoperative pelvic magnetic resonance imaging revealed multilevel durai ectasia involving the ventral foramina of the sacrum, with extension into the pelvis most prominent on the left at the S1-S2 level. Conclusion Dural ectasia, as well as other growths of neurologic origin, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the pelvic mass.
The Etiology of Eruption Disorders-Further Evidence of a "Genetic Paradigm"

The clinical spectrum of tooth-eruption disorders includes both syndromic and nonsyndromic problems ranging from delayed eruption to a complete failure of eruption. A defect in the differential apposition/resorption mechanism in alveolar bone can cause conditions, such as tooth ankylosis, primary failure of eruption (PFE), failure of eruption caused by inadequate arch length, and canine impaction. As our knowledge of the molecular events underlying normal tooth eruption has increased, so too has our understanding of clinical eruption disorders. The recent finding that one gene, parathyroid hormone receptor 1 ( PTH1R ), is causative for familial cases of PFE suggests that other disturbances in tooth eruption may have a genetic etiology. In this report, we evaluated the current terminology (ie, ankylosis, PFE, secondary retention) used to describe nonsyndromic eruption disorders, in light of this genetic discovery. We observed that some patients previously diagnosed with ankylosis were subsequently found to have alterations in the PTH1R gene, indicating the initial misdiagnosis of ankylosis and the necessary reclassification of PFE. We further investigated the relationship of the PTH1R gene, by using a network pathway analysis, to determine its connectivity to previously identified genes that are critical to normal tooth eruption. We found that PTH1R acts in a pathway with genes, such as parathyroid hormone related peptide ( PTHrP ), that have been shown to be important in bone remodeling, hence eruption, in a rat model. Thus, recent advances in our understanding of normal and abnormal tooth eruption should allow us in the future to develop a clinical nomenclature system that is determined more by the molecular genetic cause of the eruption failures versus the clinical appearance of the various eruption disorders.
Love and knowledge: Emotion in feminist epistemology

This paper argues that, by construing emotion as epistemologically subversive, the Western tradition has tended to obscure the vital role of emotion in the construction of knowledge. The paper begins with an account of emotion that stresses its active, voluntary, and socially constructed aspects, and indicates how emotion is involved in evaluation and observation. It then moves on to show how the myth of dispassionate investigation has functioned historically to undermine the epistemic authority of women as well as other social groups associated culturally with emotion. Finally, the paper sketches some ways in which the emotions of underclass groups, especially women, may contribute to the development of a critical social theory.
Three Dimensional Regions of Stability about the Triangular Equilibrium Points

Within the context of the restricted problem of three bodies, an analytic upper bound on the three-dimensional regions of stability about the triangular equilibrium points is derived for general initial velocity limits and a wide class of bounding regions. This upper bound is illustrated and compared to numerical investigations for two bounding regions using the Earth-Moon mass ratio.
Infections in the immunocompromised rheumatologic patient

Immunocompromised patients with rheumatic diseases have an increased risk of infections. A major risk factor for infection seems to be the immunosuppressive therapy used. Newer therapies for RA may lead to increased rates of infection by opportunistic pathogens such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Because disease manifestation may mimic signs and symptoms of infection, prompt diagnosis may be difficult. Familiarity with the likely infections and their causes should aid in obtaining the appropriate culture specimens.
Chemistry of HCNH+: mechanisms, structures, and relevance to Titan’s atmosphere

The chemistry of HCNH+ in Titan’s atmosphere is not completely understood despite previous experimental and theoretical studies. In response to recent suggestions in the literature, we have searched for specific products of the reactions of HCNH+ with H2, CH4, C2H2, and C2H4 using the flowing afterglow-selected ion flow tube technique. We have probed for an association mechanism for reaction with H2, and associative-H2 loss for the reactions involving CH4, C2H2, and C2H4. In all cases, these reaction mechanisms were found to be inefficient pathways for the depletion of HCNH+. Our ab initio computational studies characterize the structures and energies for these mechanisms and indicate that the proposed pathways are endothermic or possess reaction barriers. We compare our studies to previous experimental and computational work, and we suggest other ion-neutral reactions with HCNH+ that have not been included in previous models of Titan’s ionosphere.
Gay-related Development, Early Abuse and Adult Health Outcomes Among Gay Males

This study examined relationships between timing of gay-related developmental milestones, early abuse, and emergence of poor health outcomes in adulthood among 1,383 gay/bisexual men in the Urban Men’s Health Study. Latent Profile Analysis grouped participants as developing early, middle or late based on the achievement of four phenomena including age of first awareness of same-sex sexual attractions and disclosure of sexual orientation. Participants who developed early were more likely, compared to others, to experience forced sex and gay-related harassment before adulthood. They were more likely to be HIV seropositive and experience gay-related victimization, partner abuse and depression during adulthood. Early forced-sex, gay-related harassment and physical abuse were associated with several negative health outcomes in adulthood including HIV infection, partner abuse, and depression. This analysis suggests that the experience of homophobic attacks against young gay/bisexual male youth helps to explain heightened rates of serious health problems among adult gay men.
Four paradigms of clinical research and research oversight.

The understanding of appropriate ethical protections for participants of biomedical research has not been static. It has evolved over time, with the evolution of biomedical research as well as social values. Since World War II, there have been four major paradigms of research and research oversight operative in the United States (Table 1). These paradigms incorporate different values and provide different approaches to research oversight and the protection of research participants.
Killing time : leisure and culture in southwestern Pennsylvania, 1800-1850

This work examines leisure as a contested cultural space in which 19th-century Americans articulated and developed ideas about ethnicity, class, gender and community. It shows how leisure and sociability mediated the transition from an agricultural to an industrial society.
A property-space perspective for interaction terms of ordinal variables

It is recommended that before creating an interaction term based on two or more variables, a property-space perspective be employed using a graphic technique such as partial-order scalogram analysis to examine the empirical distribution of the observations in an interaction property space. The empirical space should then be compared with the theoretical description of the interaction. Once this comparative stage of analysis has been completed, the researcher is in a better position to decide which form of interaction term should be used to express the theoretical construct of interaction for specific statistical models. If the interaction property space is close to unidimensional, then an additive or multiplicative term may be adequate; but if the interaction property space is not unidimensional, it is necessary to control for type either statistically or by partitioning the data set according to type. Type, however, must be relevant theoretically.
SU-E-T-274: Monte Carlo Simulations of Output Factors for a Small Animal Irradiator.

Purpose: Measurement of dosimetric parameters of small photon beams, with field sizes as small 1 mm in diameter, is particularly challenging. This work utilizes Monte Carlo techniques to calculate percent depth dose (PDD) and output factors for small photon fields from a kV x‐ray based small animal irradiator. Methods: Absolute dose calibration of a commercial small animal stereotactic irradiator (XRAD225, Precision X‐ray) was performed in accordance with the recommendations of AAPM TG‐61 protocol. Both in‐air and in‐water calibrations were performed at a 30.4 cm source‐to‐surface distance (SSD) for a reference collimator 50 mm in diameter. The BEAM/EGS was used to model 225 kV photon beams used for most therapeutic applications. The Monte Carlo model was provided good agreement with measured beam characteristics, e.g. PDD and off‐axis ratios. Subsequently, output factors for various square and circular applicators were measured using an ionization chamber and radiochromic film, and compared with MC simulations. Directional Bremsstrahlung splitting (DBS) was utilized for variance reduction to improve efficiency of the output factor simulations. The statistical uncertainty on the MC‐ calculated results is between 0.5% and 1% for most points. Results:The absolute dose measured for reference collimator at 30.4 cm SSD in water and in air is 4.1 and 4.12 Gy/min. The agreement between simulated and measured output factors was excellent, ranging from 1% to 2.84%. The MC‐ simulated and measured depth dose data, normalized at the surface, show excellent agreement, with a maximum deviation is approximately 2.5 %. Conclusions:Monte Carlo simulation provides an indispensible tool for validating measurements of the smallest field sizes used in preclinical small animal irradiation.
Lessons in AIDS Vaccine Development Learned from Studies of Equine Infectious, Anemia Virus Infection and Immunity

Equine infectious anemia (EIA), identified in 1843 [1] as an infectious disease of horses and as a viral infection in 1904, remains a concern in veterinary medicine today. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) has served as an animal model of HIV-1/AIDS research since the original identification of HIV. Similar to other lentiviruses, EIAV has a high propensity for genomic sequence and antigenic variation, principally in its envelope (Env) proteins. However, EIAV possesses a unique and dynamic disease presentation that has facilitated comprehensive analyses of the interactions between the evolving virus population, progressive host immune responses, and the definition of viral and host correlates of immune control and vaccine efficacy. Summarized here are key findings in EIAV that have provided important lessons toward understanding long term immune control of lentivirus infections and the parameters for development of an enduring broadly protective AIDS vaccine.
Children's expectations of the outcomes of social strategies: relations with sociometric status and maternal disciplinary styles

To explore relations between maternal disciplinary styles, children's expectations of the outcomes of social strategies, and children's peer status, 144 mothers and their first- (N= 59) and fourth- (N= 85) grade children (ages = 70–86 months and 116–129 months, respectively) participated in home interviews prior to the beginning of the school year. Measures of children's sociometric status were obtained in classrooms after the school year began. Results indicated that children of mothers who were more power assertive in their disciplinary styles tended to be less accepted by peers and tended to expect successful outcomes for unfriendly-assertive methods for resolving peer conflict (e.g., threatening to hit another child). In addition, children who expected unfriendly-assertive strategies to lead to self-oriented gains were less accepted by peers. Moreover, maternal disciplinary styles and outcome expectations for unfriendly-assertive strategies were found to make separate and independent contributions to peer status.
In Search of the Wizard of Assessment

At first, the shift in measurement of educational success from bodies in seats to learning outcomes sent student affairs educators at California State University, Northridge, into a panic. Persiste...
Formulation and in vitro and in vivo characterization of a phenytoin self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS).

Abstract The aim of this study is to develop and characterize a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of phenytoin, and to compare its relative bioavailability to a commercially available suspension. Four phenytoin SEDDS were prepared and evaluated. Following emulsification, the optimized formula was selected to have the smallest mean particle size and the highest absolute zeta potential, which should yield the formation of a stable emulsion. Its dissolution characteristics were superior to the other SEDDS formulas. In vivo and in vitro tests were run to compare the optimized formula, SEDDS II, to a commercially available Dilantin® suspension. The in vitro dissolution indicated a significant improvement in phenytoin release characteristics. The in vivo study using male rats showed a clear enhancement in phenytoin oral absorption from SEDDS compared to Dilantin® suspension. The area under the curve AUC(−10 min→10 h) of phenytoin after SEDDS administration increased by 2.3 times compared to Dilantin® (p
Leaf Xanthophyll content and composition in sun and shade determined by HPLC.

As a part of our investigations to test the hypothesis that zeaxanthin formed by reversible de-epoxidation of violaxanthin serves to dissipate any excessive and potentially harmful excitation energy we determined the influence of light climate on the size of the xanthophyll cycle pool (violaxanthin + antheraxanthin + zeaxanthin) in leaves of a number of species of higher plants. The maximum amount of zeaxanthin that can be formed by de-epoxidation of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin is determined by the pool size of the xanthophyll cycle. To quantitate the individual leaf carotenoids a rapid, sensitive and accurate HPLC method was developed using a non-endcapped Zorbax ODS column, giving baseline separation of lutein and zeaxanthin as well as of other carotenoids and Chl a and b.The size of the xanthophyll cycle pool, both on a basis of light-intercepting leaf area and of light-harvesting chlorophyll, was ca. four times greater in sun-grown leaves of a group of ten sun tolerant species than in shade-grown leaves in a group of nine shade tolerant species. In contrast there were no marked or consistent differences between the two groups in the content of the other major leaf xanthophylls, lutein and neoxanthin. Also, in each of four species examined the xanthophyll pool size increased with an increase in the amount of light available during leaf development whereas there was little change in the content of the other xanthophylls. However, the α-carotene/β-carotene ratio decreased and little or no α-carotene was detected in sun-grown leaves. Among shade-grown leaves the α-carotene/β-carotene ratio was considerably higher in species deemed to be umbrophilic than in species deemed to be heliophilic.The percentage of the xanthophyll cycle pool present as violaxanthin (di-epoxy-zeaxanthin) at solar noon was 96-100% for shade-grown plants and 4-53% for sun-grown plants with zeaxanthin accounting for most of the balance. The percentage of zeaxanthin in leaves exposed to midday solar radiation was higher in those with low than in those with high photosynthetic capacity.The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the xanthophyll cycle is involved in the regulation of energy dissipation in the pigment bed, thereby preventing a buildup of excessive excitation energy at the reaction centers.
Treatment strategies for viral respiratory infection-induced asthma.

Abstract The many therapeutic options for asthma can confuse both physicians and patients. Great emphasis has been placed on maintenance medication, particularly inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), which are the most effective medication for patients with persistent symptoms. However, asthma in young children is most commonly intermittent, triggered almost exclusively by viral respiratory infections (VRI). It is, nevertheless, associated with the highest rate of hospitalization of any age. Conventional doses of ICS do not prevent exacerbations of VRI-induced asthma. In contrast, intervention with oral corticosteroids during exacerbations has been shown to prevent the progression that would otherwise require urgent care or hospitalization. An oral corticosteroid kept on hand by the patient permits initiation of more prompt and effective treatment than is likely to occur when a patient must first go to a physician's office or emergency department, because it can be given as soon as the response to bronchodilator therapy is incomplete. Monitoring by phone and regularly scheduled physician visits to review the clinical course and reinforce education can then replace urgent medical care, thereby improving the quality and efficacy of asthma management. (J Pediatr 2003;142:S34-S39)
AUTOMATION TOOLS FOR ENHANCING GROUND-OPERATION SITUATION AWARENESS AND FLOW EFFICIENCY

In view of the ever-increasing air traffic, much attention in air-traffic-management research has been given to improving arrival and departure efficiency. As air traffic begins and ends at the airport, the issues of taxi delays and ground-operation incursions become more pressing. This paper considers the surface-traffic problem at major airports and envisions a collaborative traffic and aircraft control environment where a surface traffic automation system will help coordinate surface traffic movements. A previous study has established the performance potential of advanced guidance and control of a transport aircraft to deliver high-precision taxi capability. Such an aircraft capability will provide the surface traffic automation system with the flexibility to issue taxi clearances with tight time margins, in an effort to reduce taxi delays. An example is the ability to clear taxiing aircraft to cross active runways within a precise time window, without the need for the aircraft to hold short of the runways and unnecessarily increase taxi delay while waiting for the opportunity to cross. This paper describes the development of a surface traffic automation system, known as Ground-Operation Situation Awareness and Flow Efficiency (GO-SAFE). The GO-SAFE system is designed to work with advanced surveillance and communications technologies, and anticipated air traffic automation systems under development. It includes tools to help the ground controller with predicted traffic information, functionality to manipulate taxi routes, and advanced capabilities to schedule runway usage to accommodate landing, takeoff, and crossing traffic. Some of the GO-SAFE functionality will be useful for current-day operations, and its advanced tools will provide maximum benefit when integrated with advanced aircraft taxi control capabilities.
Leisure and Life Perceptions of a Mid-Life Woman Experiencing An Epiphany Associated with Family

Abstract This case study examined the leisure and life perceptions of a middle-aged woman experiencing an epiphany related to family. During the time that Connie (pseudonym) was a participant in a longitudinal study about leisure and life perceptions during middle adulthood, she had an existentially problematic experience (an epiphany) in her life. Her adult twin daughters, given up at birth, unexpectedly re-entered her life twenty-two years later. This study examined change and stability in Connie's leisure attitude, valuing leisure, perceived freedom in leisure, life structure, wants-out-of-life, and ranking family, work, and leisure before and after the epiphany. Three sources of data (longitudinal data, self-report interview data, and tape-recorded responses about the epiphany) were analyzed. Results showed stability in perceptions related to leisure attitude, values, perceived freedom, the importance of family, and change in her perceptions of life structure, wants-out-of-life, and leisure behavior. ...
Quality control of radioactive products for patient administration at the national institutes of health

This paper describes the quality control procedure for radioactive materials destined for patient use at the National Institutes of Health. The Radiopharmaceutical Section is responsible for attesting to pharmaceutical quality, while the Radiation Safety Section performs per-unit-volume assays and radionuclidic purity checks on these materials. Types and examples of product error are presented as well as statistical data on essay discrepancies. The frequency of error during the past ten years indicates the necessity of continued quality control testing of all radioactive materials, regardless of source of supply and prior administration to patients.
The impacts of climate variability on household welfare in rural Mexico

In light of the expected increase in weather variability from climate change, we examine the impact of weather shocks, defined as rainfall or growing degree days more than a standard deviation from their respective long-run means, on household consumption per capita. The analyses suggest that both rainfall and temperature shocks affect both food and non-food consumption. Furthermore, the results show that a household’s ability to protect its consumption from weather shocks depends on the climate region and when in the agricultural year the shock occurs. Especially, households in arid climates are not fully protected from weather shocks occurring during the beginning of the wet season (April, May, June). The results highlight the necessity to account for the underlying climatic variation as well as to carefully define the shocks.
Professional Preparation of Junior and Senior College Student Personnel Administrators

Student personnel administrators from 48 junior colleges and 45 four-year institutions identified how they distributed their professional time, the importance they attributed to 15 job functions, the relative importance they attached to academic and on-the-job training in preparing for the 15 functions, and the substantive areas they felt appropriate for graduate programs to emphasize. While on-the-job training was generally viewed as more helpful than academic preparation, the latter was perceived as at least relevant to most administrative activities. There were some differences both in the type of training recommended and in the nature of the work done by the two groups of administrators. However, in view of their general similarity, it was concluded that the unique needs of each could probably be met in a single graduate program if requirements are reasonably flexible and if satisfactory practicum-internship facilities are available in both the junior and senior college settings.
A study of aging, intelligence and problem solving.

Relationships between intellectual functioning and problem-solving among aged persons were viewed from several vantage points. The Cattell-Horn theory of fluid and crystallized abilities provided t...
Acetylation of a heterocyclic enaminonitrile : unambiguous structural assignment using NMR methods

Using a combination of nmr techniques, the structure of the acetylation product of methyl 3-[2-amino-3-cyano-9-methoxy-4H-5,6-dihydronaphtho [1,2-b]pyran-4-yl] benzoate (2b) has been shown to be the N-acetyl de- rivative (5a), rather than the rearranged 2-acetoxydihydropyridine (6a)
Spontaneous cardiomyocyte differentiation of mouse embryoid bodies regulated by hydrogel crosslink density

Cellular therapies have great potential to provide alternative treatment options for those suffering from heart disease. In order to optimize cell delivery for therapeutic efficacy, a greater understanding of parameters that impact stem cell differentiation, survival, growth, and development are needed. In this study, we examine the role of hydrogel crosslink density on spontaneous cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation of murine embryoid bodies (EBs). CM differentiation was accelerated in hydrogels of low crosslink density, where 100% of the hydrogels were positive for CM differentiation compared to only 53% in the high crosslink density group after 8 days of culture. DNA microarray data suggests that enhanced CM differentiation in the low crosslink density hydrogels was not tissue specific but rather a result of favoured EB development and cell proliferation. Additionally, enhanced EB growth and differentiation in low crosslink density hydrogels was independent of RGD ligand density and not a consequence of enhanced diffusion. We also demonstrate that matrix metalloproteinase activity is required for spontaneous CM differentiation in 3D hydrogels. Low hydrogel crosslink density regulates spontaneous EB differentiation by promoting EB growth and development. Elucidating the effects of microenvironmental cues on cell differentiation can aid in the optimization of stem cell-based therapies for tissue regeneration.
Maternal aggression in rats: Changes over pregnancy and lactation in a sprague-dawley strain

Maternal aggression in a Sprague-Dawley strain of laboratory rat (Charles River CD) was explored from Day 1 after mating on Day 0 through Day 24 of lactation (L0-L24). Aggression toward unfamiliar male “intruders” during 10-min tests was low among nonpregnant, nonlactating females and during the first 10 days of gestation. Frequency of attack on intruders increased moderately but significantly by Gestation Day 16 (G16; Experiment 1) or G21 (Experiment 2), a prepartum phenomenon not previously reported in laboratory rats. Levels of aggression were highest, however, during the first 9 days of lactation, when attacks averaged more than 6 per 10-min session. Attacks declined sharply in frequency after L14 and by L24 did not exceed levels observed among nonpregnant females. Experiment 3 examined the importance of the test site (home cage with nest and pups, if any, vs unfamiliar cage without nest or pups) to agonistic behavior associated with pregnancy and lactation. Late pregnant females tested in a novel cage were not aggressive; however, females tested shortly after delivering their pups were highly aggressive, averaging over four attacks per 5-min session. In novel cage tests frequency of attack remained high through L4 but declined significantly by L7. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that maternal aggression at its onset is primarily under hormonal control, but becomes increasingly dependent upon external factors, presumably pup stimulation, during the postpartum period.
Photoacoustic Calorimetry Studies of Ferric Cytochrome-C Folding using an No Photo-Trigger

In this study, NO is utilized as a photo-trigger together with photoacoustic calorimetry to probe the kinetics, enthalpy and molar volume changes associated with the earliest folding events in ferric Cytochrome-c (Cc3+). The ferric heme protein was examined under different denaturing conditions including guanidine hydrochloride (2.8M GdnHCl) and Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS 0.4mM) (both in 50 mM Hepes buffer, pH ∼7.5) along with NO resulting in the disruption of the axial heme Methionine-80 heme bond, triggering the partial unfolding of the complex. Under these conditions photo-dissociation of NO leaves the protein in a conformational state that favors refolding of the protein. The PAC data reveals three kinetic phases taking place subsequent to photolysis regardless of the denaturant environment. Specifically, in the presence of 2.8 M GdnHCl photolysis gave rise to kinetic events with lifetimes of <20 ns, ∼860 ns, and ∼6 μs that were associated with ΔH/ΔV = −25 kcal mol-1/-9 mL mol-1, 26 kcal mol-1/15mL mol-1, and 9 kcal mol-1/-26 mL mol-1, respectively. In the presence of 0.4 mM SDS, kinetic events were observed with lifetimes of <20 ns, ∼640 ns, and ∼8 μs with corresponding ΔH/ΔV of −11 kcal mol-1/-1 mL mol-1, 5 kcal mol-1/3 mL mol-1, and 30 kcal mol-1/-9 mL mol-1, respectively. The data suggests a uniform mechanism for the early folding events occurring in the folding of Cc3+ complex subsequent to NO photo-dissociation which are attributed to NO dissociation from the heme, followed by reorganization of the distal pocket (i.e hydrogen bond formation/breakage, NO solvation, etc.) and potentially a intermolecular binding of Methionine (80 or 65) or Histidine (23 or 33) to the heme iron upon folding.
Contraction and expansion flows of Langmuir monolayers

Abstract Langmuir monolayers consist of amphiphilic molecules at the air–water interface and can be modeled as two-dimensional fluids. We have performed 4 : 1 contraction and 4 : 1 expansion flows on arachidyl alcohol, a Newtonian monolayer, and on PODMA [poly(octadecyl methacrylate)], a non-Newtonian monolayer. Arachidyl alcohol shows no vortices in contraction flow, but exhibits very large inertial vortices in expansion flow. In contrast, during contraction flow PODMA exhibits large vortices that have little or no growth as a function of flow rate. The elasticity of PODMA tends to diminish the inertial vortices in expansion flow as a result of `die swell'. Normal stresses accumulated in the channel shear flow cause the fluid to expand into the downstream channel, pushing the vortices into the salient corner. These results are in qualitative agreement with planar contraction and expansion experiments performed on three-dimensional fluids. This correspondence in results between two-dimensional and three-dimensional fluids is encouraging because it allows one to predict the flow behavior of Langmuir monolayers based on previous results for three-dimensional polymers and demonstrates that extensional and nonlinear rheological behavior are important in these systems.
Regulation of puberty and reproduction in female lambs: A review

Abstract The hormonal changes which accompany sexual maturation and the regulation of first ovulation and oestrus are reviewed. The methods used for induction of puberty and synchronization of cycles in ewe lambs and the responses to treatment in terms of oestrus, ovulation, fertilization and pregnancy are discussed. Although the oestrus reponse to progestagen-PMSG treatment is good and the fertilization high, the fertility is variable and usually lower than for adult ewes. Data are presented which show that most aspects of the endocrine response of adult ewes and ewe lambs are similar following progestagen-PMSG treatment and that the uterine environment is equally favourable for embryonic survival in the two age classes. It appears, however, that prenatal mortality is much higher in ewe lambs than in adult ewes.
Delayed fracture in viscoelastic-plastic solids

Viscoelastic-plastic solid delayed fracture associated with wedge formation of crazed material at crack tip
Delocalization resonance energy of the allylic radical from the geometrical isomerization of hexa-1,3,5-trienes

Abstract Thermal cis, trans geometrical isomerization theoretically involves a 90° twisted, singlet diradical-like transition state which may serve as a base for the examination of structural perturbations. Although thermal rearrangement of hexa-1, trans-3,5-triene (and all-trans octa-2,4,6-triene) to the cis isomer cannot be followed directly owing to subsequent cyclization and 1,5 hydrogen shifts, activation parameters for disappearance have been determined. Experimental complications and mechanistic uncertainties which make interpretation difficult are removed in the bicyclic hexatriene, cyclopentenylidenecyclopentene. These geometrical isomers undergo uncomplicated thermal cis, trans isomerization in vessels of lead-potash glass: log k1 = 12·03±0·32−41·7±0·8/(0·004575Tabs). Extraction of a value for allylic delocalization energy from the behavior of hexa-1, trans-3,5-triene [log k1 = 12·91 ± 0·47−44·3±1·2/(0·004575 Tabs)] requires corrections of the Dewar-Schmeising type for changes in hybridization of the σ bonds. Depending on whether ethylene or trans-butene is taken as standard, values of 12·2 and 13·1 kcal/mol are obtained (estimated uncertainty ± 2 kcal/mol).
The Disproportionate Representation of African Americans in Programs for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders

African American students are disproportionally represented in educational programs for students meeting eligibility criteria for emotional disturbance. Although special education services are designed to improve student outcomes, the provision of services may result in social stigma, removal from the general education setting, and inadequate learning opportunities. This article reports on contextual factors that may contribute to the overrepresentation of African American students. Recommendations for educational practice are also discussed. These include using an ecological framework for evaluating student behavior, strength-based methodologies, and culturally responsive teaching methods.
Contribution of the Rorschach to Description of Personality Structure Defined by Several Objective Tests

A randomly selected sample of 178 male high school juniors were administered the California Test of Mental Maturity, the Kuder Preference Record, the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey and the standard Rorschach. The 4 batteries of scores were analyzed using Horst's method of canonical correlation over several sets of measures. The data yielded four profiles of scores interpreted as those of class leader, introvert, debater, and athlete. In general, the Rorschach did not seem to overlap to a large extent with the three objective tests; however, its profiles were not inconsistent with the other batteries.
Animal behavior : an essential component of invasion biology

A major challenge of invasion biology lies in the development of a predictive understanding of invasion processes. Attempts to identify the proximate causes of invasion success or to predict rates of spread seldom emphasize behavioral characteristics. Recent experimental work, however, illustrates that insight into the proximate causes of animal invasions often hinges on a careful assessment of behavioral mechanisms. For this reason, behavioral analyses should be more fully integrated into research on biological invasions. In addition to enhancing a general understanding of invasion processes, such approaches provide potentially underused opportunities for basic research in animal behavior.
Energy levels of 84210Po populated by the decay of 85210At

Abstract The electron-capture decay of 8.3 h 210 At to levels in 210 Po has been studied with high-resolution germanium and silicon spectrometers and an anti-Compton germanium spectrometer. Fifty transitions among levels in polonium have been observed, and the K-conversion coefficients of nine of these have been measured with a solid-state conversion-coefficient spectrometer. The new data account for most of the weak, unassigned conversion-electron lines reported in previous studies. A decay scheme is presented that incorporates forty transitions, and the 210 Po levels are discussed in terms of recent theoretical calculations.
Liquid Crystal Polarimeter for solid state imaging of solar vector magnetic fields

The Liquid Crystal Polarimeter (LCP) is a low-voltage complete Stokes polarimeter and spectral analyzer designed for measuring solar vector magnetic fields. The polarimeter consists of polarization and spectral analyzer sections each containing multiple commercially available nematic and ferroelectric liquid crystals which are modulated in phase at up to 31.5 kHz frequency. Used in conjunction with a Lyot birefringent filter and 2 ccds, the system provides a complete polarization/spectral measurement for solid-state direct imaging of the vector magnetic flux, Doppler velocity, intensity, and equivalent width in a spectral line. Simultaneous 2 ccd imaging gives reduced atmospheric seeing systematics, and automatic ccd gain and dark-current correction. The liquid-crystal design provides a considerable simplification to previous designs with greatly improved speed, sensitivity, reliability, and accuracy. Some of our tests of liquid crystals and of the LCP are described.
Feeding Schedule Controls Circadian Timing of Daily Torpor in SCN-Ablated Siberian Hamsters

Timing of daily torpor was assessed in suprachiasmatic nucleus-ablated (SCNx) and sham-ablated Siberian hamsters fed restricted amounts of food each day either in the light or dark phase of a 14:10 light-dark cycle. Eighty-five percent of sham-ablated and 45% of SCNx hamsters displayed a preferred hour for torpor onset. In each group, time of torpor onset was not random but occurred at a mean hour that differed significantly from chance. Time of food presentation almost completely accounted for the timing of torpor onset in SCNx animals and significantly affected timing of this behavior in intact hamsters. These results suggest that the circadian pacemaker in the SCN controls the time of torpor onset indirectly by affecting timing of food intake, rather than by, or in addition to, direct neural and humoral outputs to relevant target tissues.
A bivariate normal example where the locally most powerful and distantly most powerful test statistics are beaten everywhere from a median p-value standpoint

In the bivariate normal, n=2 case, when testing H0:μx=μy=0,σ2 x=σ2 y=1, ρ=0 vs. H1:μx=μy=0,σ2 x=σ2 y=1, 0<ρ<1, it is shown that the median p-values given by the locally most powerful test and the distantly most powerful test are both beaten everywhere by the median of a third test.
Comparative Taphonomy and Paleoecological Reconstruction of Two Microvertebrate Accumulations from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Eastern Montana

Although microvertebrate accumulations are commonly used for paleoecological reconstructions, taphonomic processes affecting the final taxonomic composition of an accumulation are often ignored. This research explores the effects of abiotic taphonomic processes on the taxonomic composition of terrestrial microvertebrate accumulations by comparing a floodplain and a channel lag deposit from the Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation in eastern Montana. Distribution of skeletal elements with specific physical attributes and relative abundance of taxa correlate with the hydraulic indicators (i.e., grain size, sedimentary structures) of the depositional facies. Transport distances, hydraulic equivalencies of dominant skeletal elements, amount of hydraulic sorting and reworking, and degree of time averaging vary between deposits and significantly affect taxonomic distributions. Relative abundance data, in conjunction with chi-square test results and rank-order analysis, show that size, shape, abrasion, and taxonomic compositions vary significantly between assemblages. The fine-grained assemblage is dominated by tabular, low-density elements, such as cycloid scales and fish vertebrae. Dense, equidimensional elements, such as teeth and ganoid fish scales, dominate the sandstone assemblage. Rank-order analysis results demonstrate that relative abundance of hydraulically equivalent skeletal elements from morphologically similar organisms can be compared regardless of accumulation in nonisotaphonomic deposits. Statistical comparisons were made among osteichthyans using ganoid scales, caudates using vertebrae, ornithischians using teeth, and testudinates using shell fragments. Results show that portions of the assemblage analyzed using hydrodynamically equivalent elements are not significantly different, despite different depositional environments.
Sharp uniform bounds for steady potential fluid-Poisson systems

We consider steady potential hydrodynamic-Poisson systems with a dissipation term (viscosity) proportional to a small parameter v in a two- or three-dimensional bounded domain. We show here that for any smooth solution of a boundary value problem which satisfies that the speed, denoted by |∇φ v |, has an upper coarse bound , uniform in the parameter v , then a sharper, correct uniform bound is obtained: the viscous speed |∇φ v | is bounded pointwise, at points x 0 in the interior of the flow domain, by cavitation speed (given by Bernoulli's Law at vacuum states) plus a term of that depends on . The exponent is β = 1 for the standard isentropic gas flow model and β = 1/2 for the potential hydrodynamic Poisson system. Both cases are considered to have a γ-pressure law with 1 In addition, we consider a two-dimensional boundary value problem which has been proved to have a smooth solution whose speed is uniformly bounded. In this case, we show that the pointwise sharper bound can be extended to the section of the boundary ∂Ω\∂ 3 Ω, where ∂ 3 Ω is called the outflow boundary. The exponent β varies between 1 and 1/8 depending on the location of x 0 at the boundary and on the curvature of the boundary at x 0 . In particular, our estimates apply to classical viscous approximation to transonic flow models.
How best to measure implementation of school health curricula: a comparison of three measures

The impact of school health education programs is often attenuated by inadequate teacher implementation. Using data from a school-based nutrition education program delivered in a sample of fifth graders, this study examines the discriminant and predictive validity of three measures of curriculum implementation: class-room observation of fidelity, and two measures of completeness, teacher self-report questionnaire and post-implementation interview. A fourth measure, obtained during teacher observations, that assessed student and teacher interaction and student receptivity to the curriculum (labeled Rapport) was also obtained. Predictive validity was determined by examining the association of implementation measures with three study outcomes; health knowledge, asking behaviors related to fruit and vegetables, and fruit and vegetable intake, assessed by 7-day diary. Of the 37 teachers observed, 21 were observed for two sessions and 16 were observed once. Implementation measures were moderately correlated, an indication of discriminant validity. Predictive validity analyses indicated that the observed fidelity, Rapport and interview measures were significantly correlated with post-test student knowledge. The association between health knowledge and observed fidelity (based on dual observation only), Rapport and interview measures remained significant after adjustment for pre-test knowledge values. None of the implementation variables were significantly associated with student fruit and vegetable intake or asking behaviors controlling for pre-test values. These results indicate that the teacher self-report questionnaire was not a valid measure of implementation completeness in this study. Post-implementation completeness interviews and dual observations of fidelity and Rapport appear to be more valid, and largely independent methods of implementation assessment.