cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race/Ethnicity and the Socioeconomic Status Gradient in Women's Cancer Screening Utilization: A Case of Diminishing Returns?

Using three years (2006, 2008, 2010) of nationally representative data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, I assessed the socioeconomic status (SES) gradient for odds of receiving a mammogram in the past two years and a Pap test in the past three years among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian women living in the U.S. Mammogram and Pap test utilization were less likely among low-SES women. However, women of color experience less benefit than Whites from increasing SES for both screenings; as income and education increased, White women experienced more pronounced increases in the likelihood of being screened than did women of color. In what might be referred to as paradoxical returns, Asian women actually experienced a decline in the likelihood of obtaining a recent Pap test at higher levels of education. My findings suggest that women of color differ from Whites in the extent to which increasing socioeconomic resources is associated with increasing cancer screening utilization.
The first transmembrane domain of the P2X receptor subunit participates in the agonist-induced gating of the channel.

Abstract Based on pharmacological properties, the P2X receptor family can be subdivided into those homo-oligomers that are sensitive to the ATP analog αβ-methylene ATP(αβmeATP) (P2X1 and P2X3) and those that are not (P2X2, P2X4, P2X5, P2X6, and P2X7). We exploited this dichotomy through the construction of chimeric receptors and site-directed mutagenesis in order to identify domains responsible for these differences in the abilities of extracellular agonists to gate P2X receptors. Replacement of the extracellular domain of the αβmeATP-sensitive rat P2X1 subunit with that of the αβmeATP-insensitive rat P2X2 subunit resulted in a receptor that was still αβmeATP-sensitive, suggesting a non-extracellular domain was responsible for the differential gating of P2X receptors by various agonists. Replacement of the first transmembrane domain of the rat P2X2 subunit with one from an αβmeATP-sensitive subunit (either rat P2X1 or P2X3 subunit) converted the resulting chimera to αβmeATP sensitivity. This conversion did not occur when the first transmembrane domain came from a non-αβmeATP-sensitive subunit. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the C-terminal portion of the first transmembrane domain was important in determining the agonist selectivity of channel gating for these chimeras. These results suggest that the first transmembrane domain plays an important role in the agonist operation of the P2X receptor.
Timing, intensity and sources of autumn mortality of adult bay scallops Argopecten irradians concentricus Say

Intensive sampling for the bay scallop Argopecten irradians concentricus Say at five sites in sounds around Cape Lookout, North Carolina, in 1983–1984 demonstrated little change in density of adult (>4 cm in shell height) scallops from August to October in either year but several significant declines from October to December 1983. Because the first sampling interval brackets the period of autumn migration through the North Carolina sounds of the molluscivorous cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill), a reputed scallop predator, these sampling results imply that cownose rays have little effect on adult bay scallop densities during autumn in North Carolina. Furthermore, eight young-of-the-year cownose rays failed to consume any adult bay scallops when confined for 6 days with 104 tethered adult scallops in a 48-m2 field enclosure. Mortality of tethered scallops within the enclosure, probably caused by predation from whelks Busycon spp., was significantly greater on unvegetated bottom than inside a seagrass meadow, yet did not vary with the presence or absence of epibiotic cover on the scallop's top valve. The October–December declines in density of adult scallops preceded the commercial harvest but coincided with the arrival of large numbers of overwintering herring gulls Larus argentatus and ring-billed gulls Larus delawarensis. Field experiments revealed extremely rapid predation by these gulls on adult scallops aerially exposed on intertidal flats and negligible losses for scallops covered by as little as 1–3 cm of water. Gull predation did not vary with epibiotic cover on the scallops. Because adult bay scallops can be shown to emigrate more rapidly from sandflats than from seagrass beds, which are deep enough to avoid aerial exposure on all but the most extreme low tides, it is unclear whether gull predation can explain the full magnitude of observed October–December declines in scallop density. Storms may be necessary to transport enough scallops onto intertidal flats where vulnerability to gulls is enhanced to enable gulls to exert substantial mortality.
Diagnostic aids in the differentiation of pyloric stenosis from severe gastroesophageal reflux during early infancy: The utility of serum bicarbonate and serum chloride

This study evaluated whether serum bicarbonate levels, serum chloride levels, and other diagnostic criteria could be used to differentiate pyloric stenosis (PS) from severe gastroesophageal reflux (GER) during early infancy. The investigation was a retrospective, case-control study conducted in the emergency department of a large, academic children's hospital. Cases were 75 consecutive infants with PS confirmed in the operating room. Controls were 75 consecutive infants 12 weeks of age or younger with the diagnosis of GER whose serum electrolytes had been examined. Projectile vomiting was sensitive (0.93) but not specific (0.39) for PS. The mean serum bicarbonate level was 27.2 mmol/L for PS patients and 22.3 mmol/L for GER patients (P or =29 mmol/L and serum chloride levels of or =29 mmol/L, and 6 (30%) had serum chloride levels of < or =98 mmol/L. In conclusion, the serum bicarbonate or serum chloride level offers a useful additional diagnostic tool in the evaluation of children presenting during early infancy with vomiting of uncertain etiology.
Isolation and characterization of cytochrome d from Tetrahymena pyriformis

Abstract Partially purified cytochrome d free of other cytochrome components has been isolated using detergent (Triton X-100) and salt (KCl). The isolated cytochrome d , has an absorption maximum at 615–617 nm and is capable of oxidizing the reduced cytochrome c 553 of tetrahymena. Potentiometric titrations show that cytochrome d like cytochrome aa 3 has a two-component structure with half-reduction potentials of 0.17 and 0.32 V. EPR studies of aerobic cytochrome d show low spin ferric heme resonances at g = 2.96 and g = 2.26 and a g = 2.0 signal characteristic of oxidized copper. EPR studies on oriented multilayers of partially purified cytochrome d show that the heme seen in the fully oxidized preparation is oriented in such a way that the angle between the heme normal and the membrane normal is approximately 90 °.
Implementation of optical networks in aerospace

The composition of optical network systems and components is often specific to the operating environment. This work describes progress that has been made in development of optical networks for aerospace platforms. Aerospace and military networks use technology developed for commercial networking applications; some leaning from the transition is described. In particular, a standard WDM LAN architecture has been released as an SAE specification. Several example networks, compliant with the standard WDM LAN architecture, have been produced.
LCDA from industrial systems using control network: A monitoring and assessment scheme for sustainability

This article presents a study on life cycle assessment (LCA) and its implications in the industrial systems. It considers the implementation scenario of traditional LCA in terms of LCDA (life cycle data acquisition). LCDA is considered as scheme or methodology to advocate sustainability and evolution of industrial systems or infrastructure. In this article an implementation possibility study of LCDA is carried out. The usefulness of the LCDA from various prospective are discussed and summarized. Low cost, high performance, small size microprocessor networked technology, and sensing techniques are used to implement LCDA. Since industrial systems are distributed in nature we select fieldbus type system, the control networking system, as one of the main implementation tools. Two industrial platforms such as an autonomous guided vehicle and a material handling system are chosen as the study targets. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2008
Natural Selection and Material Culture

Natural selection is the basis of all evolutionary applications in biology as well as studies of cultural process in archaeology. Natural selection is important because it allows us the tools to talk not only about variation in biological systems but also material culture that are the by-products of the human decision-making processes. In this paper, we provide a baseline of the concept of natural selection and explanatory application in evolutionary archaeology.
Surgical anatomy and physiology for the skull base surgeon

Endoscopic management of skull base pathology requires a interdisciplinary surgical approach. A comprehensive knowledge of the extracranial and intracranial anatomy is critical to achieve successful outcomes and decrease complications. Surgeons must familiarize themselves with anatomy of the ethmoid region, lateral nasal wall, sphenoid sinus, cavernous region, sellar/suprasellar region, clivus, and pterygopalatine/infratemporal fossa before embarking on these approaches.
Programming systems for autonomy

This paper describes a new approach to programming autonomic systems. Autonomic functions are integrated into element objects at design time using a special language called JSpoon. JSpoon extends element classes with management attributes representing configuration, performance, status and fault information. The JSpoon compiler generates respective code and interfaces to instrument the data in a common modeler repository, provided by NESTOR (Yemini at al., 2000) JSpoon programs access and manipulate management data without distinction between "agent" and "manager" roles. JSpoon further supports integration of plug-in knowledge modules that can interpret and control element operations. These knowledge modules are used to incorporate autonomic operations with elements. This design-time approach offers several substantive advantages over current alternatives. Management is integrated with the element development life-cycle. Instrumentation is compiler-generated and may be flexibly designed by element developers, while being consolidated into a unified global management data model. Knowledge modules can be seamlessly integrated with third party elements augmenting these elements with the logic for autonomic behavior.
School Public Relations: The Public Isn't Always Right

The ethical, effective school public relations program will be directed toward bringing about mutual understanding. Those concerned with implementing such an effort must not blindly acquiesce to the demands of particular interest groups. At the same time, an effort directed toward building mutual understanding acknowledges that citizens deserve a voice in how their schools are managed. An important objective of a PR effort includes building channels that will allow more effective communication to take place.
Shear stress at polymer/metal interface during melting in extrusion

Prediction of the screw horsepower requirement involves, among many others, the calculation of the shear stress (τs) between the solid polymer and the barrel surface during melting. Prediction of the solid bed down-channel velocity also requires the calculation of τs. However, the pseudoplastic nature and strong temperature dependence of melt viscosity make the mathematics of calculating τs extremely difficult. As a first step of developing a reasonable mathematical model for calculating τs, experimental measurements of τs were made over a wide range of metal temperature and sliding speed for five commercial polymers using molded, block samples. Although dependences of τs on metal temperature and sliding speed were found to have similar functionality to those of the dependences of melt viscosity on melt temperature and shear rate, this study showed that τs could not be expressed as a sole function of the melt rheological properties. Our subsequent study, to be reported in a follow up paper, will show that τs must be expressed as a function of the thermodynamic properties and melt density of the polymer as well as the melt rheological properties and the melting conditions.
A New Specimen of Parahesperornis (Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Early Campanian) of Western Kansas

Despite the abundance of hesperornithiform fossils from the Western Interior of North America, particularly the Niobrara Chalk of Kansas, few specimens are known of Parahesperornis, a toothed, foot-propelled diving bird somewhat smaller than Hesperornis. Numerous specimens of three species of Hesperornis as well as those of Baptornis advenus are known from the Smoky Hill Chalk of western Kansas, but only two specimens of Parahesperornis have been collected to date. This paper presents a new specimen of Parahesperornis and a detailed description of the tarsometatarsus of this genus. Minor differences in morphology of the isolated tarsometatarsus presented here prevent its inclusion in Parahesperornis alexi, however these differences are not sufficient to warrant the designation of a new taxon at this time.
Foreign-Born Academic Scientists: Entrepreneurial Academics or AcademicEntrepreneurs?

Although foreign-born scholars make up a significant portion of the US professoriate, little is known about how their ‘foreign-born’ identity directly or indirectly affects their entrepreneurial prowess. This article integrates role identity theory with theoretical arguments from social network and cultural proximity theories to examine whether foreign-born academic scientists can better be characterized as entrepreneurial academics (strong government grant productivity) or academic entrepreneurs (strong involvement in the creation and commercialization of university-invented technologies). Our analysis indicates that foreign-born academic scientists seem more successful in attracting research resources, but are less successful in exploiting their inventions through entrepreneurial activities. They can therefore be best described as entrepreneurial academics. These findings may partially explain the tepid performance of many research-intensive universities in terms of technology transfer and commercialization.We discuss the policy implications of our findings and provide guidance for academic entrepreneurs.
Novel infection-resistant surface coatings: A bioengineering approach

Despite modern advancements in sterilization and aseptic procedures, bacterial infections remain a major and significant impediment to the long-term success of medical implants and devices, including catheters, artificial prosthetics, and subcutaneous sensors. It has been estimated that upward of 60% of nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infections are associated with implants, with an estimated one million cases per year in the United States alone. Current treatment regimens primarily rely on the systemic administration of antibiotics or local administration through irrigation of the surgical site. However, after decades of prophylactic antibiotic use, high infection rates continue to persist, particularly with the emergence of drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Consequently, recent research efforts have focused on the use of non-antibiotic-based coatings to inhibit bacteria colonization and subsequent biofilm formation on implant surfaces. In particular, advancements in surface treatment strategies and ongoing development of new antimicrobial agents have led to encouraging progress in the design of better coatings. Here, we present and discuss representative examples of novel surface engineering approaches to address device-associated infections, focusing in particular on coatings that can be easily administered onto implant material surfaces.
MPI parallelization of the level-set reconstruction algorithm

The level-set algorithm is parallelized using the domain decomposition approach, the distribution of calculating the deformation velocity, and the parallelized ScaLAPACK library for inverting the MoM impedance matrix. The numerical results show a speedup of 84X for the reconstruction of the star-shape cylinder, 53X for the reconstruction of the two elliptical cylinders, and 54X for the reconstruction of the five cylinders.
Valley asymmetry and glacial versus nonglacial erosion in the Bitterroot Range, Montana, USA

Theories that propose feedbacks among climate, tectonics, and surface processes commonly assume that erosion is enhanced by glacial activity. Indeed, studies have shown that glaciers appear to limit the elevation of mountain ranges; however, comparisons between rates of glacial and nonglacial erosion are difficult to make. Ideally, such comparisons must hold precipitation and lithology constant, while only varying the erosional regime. Located in a climatic transition zone during the Pleistocene, the east-west–trending valleys of the Bitterroot Range present an opportunity for a quantitative analysis of glacial and nonglacial erosion because the north-facing sides of the valleys were glaciated, whereas the south-facing slopes were not. The different erosional regimes operating on either side of the valleys created strongly asymmetric ridges. Ridgelines separating the east-west–trending valleys have been pushed southward by glacial headwall retreat such that ridge-to-valley distances are ∼50% greater on the north-facing slopes than on the south-facing slopes. In addition, mean hillslope angles are 6° lower on the glaciated slopes than on the unglaciated slopes, and calculations of geophysical relief suggest that, on average, glaciers have removed nearly twice as much rock as nonglacial processes. Finally, we conclude that, although rates of vertical incision by glacial processes in the Bitterroot Range were more rapid than nonglacial processes, the dominant geomorphological impact of glaciers was lateral erosion by headwall retreat.
Potential Advantages of the Meta-Analysis Technique for Research in Special Education

The author discusses the advantages of meta-analysis for research in special education. The need for research synthesis is explored as well as the benefits of meta-analysis, particularly those related to understanding and explanation. The problems with traditional review methods are discussed, with special relevance to their failure to resolve problems. Finally, the findings from several meta-analyses are summarized and contrasted with traditional reviews. It is concluded that meta-analysis offers advantages for explicating problems and issues in this field.
Assessment of clavicular translation after arthroscopic Mumford procedure: direct versus indirect resection--a cadaveric study.

Purpose: To compare the horizontal stability of the distal clavicle following arthroscopic resection of its lateral end by direct and indirect techniques. Type of study: Biomechanical test of cadaveric specimens. Methods: We performed arthroscopic distal clavicle resection on 12 fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders using direct (group 1, n=6) or indirect (group 2, n=6) approaches. In both groups 5 mm of distal clavicle were resected using an arthroscopic burr. The specimens were mounted on a materials testing device that allowed translation of the clavicle along the anteroposterior axis. The degree of posterior translation was measured from maximum anterior displacement of the clavicle. Results: Mean posterior translation was 19.4 mm (range, 18 to 23 mm; SD, 2.2) and 21.3 mm (range, 18 to 25 mm; SD, 3.1) for groups 1 and 2, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant ( P = .27). Conclusions: This study suggests that there is no significant difference in anteroposterior stability of the clavicle following arthroscopic distal clavicle resection with either a direct or indirect approach. Clinical relevance: Clinically, this study addresses concerns about increased potential instability associated with the indirect technique of distal clavicle resection. From a biomechanical standpoint, based on this study, there is no concern for increased instability with the indirect technique of distal clavicle resection compared to a direct technique.
Transcatheter closure of an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect after SAPIEN valve implantation

A 57-year-old woman developed progressive calcific mitral and aortic valve disease with a porcelain aorta secondary to a history of radiation therapy. She was considered a very poor operative candidate and referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Four weeks after extensive coronary artery stenting, a TAVR was performed with a 23 mm Edwards SAPIEN valve (Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA) through a transapical approach. Post-operatively, her symptoms of dyspnea persisted and worsened. She was found to have an acquired ventricular septal defect (VSD) measuring 8 mm by 5 mm by transesophageal echocardiogram and by a CT angiogram. Percutaneous VSD closure was accomplished with an 8 mm Muscular VSD Occluder (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN) with elimination of her shunt, improvement of her dyspnea, and marked improvement in exercise tolerance.
College Students' Perceptions About Older People and Aging

ABSTRACT This study assessed the perceptions of college students at a large southeastern university about aging and older people. Participants were 441 students from age 17 to 49 years with a median age of 19 years. There were 118 males (26.8%) and 323 females (73.2%). The results indicated that students believed a person is “old” at the age of 60 years. In addition, most respondents perceive aging according to the frequency of contact with older people. Students who had worked with older people were significantly (p < .02) more likely to believe that older people have little interest in sex and little capacity for having sex than those who had lived with grandparents. Social class, political affiliation, race, and religion of the students were also analyzed.
Non-Contact, Pad-less Measurement Technology and Test Structures for Characterization of Cross-Wafer and In-Die Product Variability

Monitoring and controlling cross-wafer and in-die variability has been recognized as the dominant and escalating factors for the successful commercialization of modern-day integrated circuit products utilizing advanced semiconductor manufacturing[1,2]. In this paper we present a Performance Based Metrology (PBM), a measurement technology for closing the information gap between the design, process integration, and manufacturing groups with respect to accounting for variability. PBM enables the "porting" of scribe-like and end-of-line contact tested measurements to within the product die active area to it provide the capability to significantly reduce the cycles of learning to obtain relevant and key process, device, and product metrics. This product-relevant information can then be used for process monitoring and control, performance optimization, and to enhance early bin-yield predictability. The technique would reduce or eliminate the need for send-ahead test wafers and other "disruptive" measurements by making possible in-die, non-contact characterization of product performance monitors and devices. We describe the in-line measurement system and review the design and implementation considerations for the non-contact test structures incorporated on product wafers. Experimental results from PBM measurements on several generations (90, 65, and 45nm) of bulk-Si and SOI product wafers and devices are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the technique.
Role of the Endothelium in the Flow Regulation of Vascular Tone

The strategic location of the endothelium between the flowing intraluminal blood and the vascular smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel wall implies that it should play a crucial role in the blood flow regulation of vascular tone. However, the nature of many of the cellular mechanisms involved in this inter-relationship remain speculative and controversial. The author's hypothesis is that flow can initiate two responses as the result of shear stress activation of a common sensor -the characteristic response is dilation but constriction occurs at lower and can also occur at higher tone levels. At lower levels of tone, flow-contraction and -dilation interact influencing wall tone towards a balance point. Current theories of flow sensing include deformation of viscoelastic molecules attached to the lumenal surface of the endothelium, deformation of the lumenal surface of endothelial cells and flow-dependent, endogenous agonist -lumenal endothelial surface receptor interaction. There are a number of ways in...
Zoeal development of Ethusa microphthalma smith, 1881 (Brachyura, Dorippidae) reared in the laboratory, with a comparison of other dorippid zoeae

The complete zoeal development of a dorippid crab in the subfamily Ethusinae is described for the first time from a known parental female. The ovigerous Ethusa microphthalma was collected in the northern Gulf of Mexico off Louisiana. Larvae passed through four zoeal stages, and the megalopa was reached in 59 days at 20°C and 35 ppt salinity. The larvae differ from those of the few other dorippids for which a zoea is known. Salient distinguishing features include long lateral carapace spines, the presence of six setae on the endopod of the maxillule and maxilla, and a spinose antennal exopod lacking projecting mid-length spines or setae. Zoeal characters are compared to those known for the allied subfamily Dorippinae, and all references to zoeae of the Dorippidae are tabulated.
Venus mapper resolution

NASA program managers for the Venus Radar Mapper (VRM) mission have decided to make improvements to the spacecraft's Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system that will increase its mapping resolution by one and a half times over the original design. The changes, including a doubling of the system's range bandwidth, will add a total of about $5 million to a project budgeted at $350 million. VRM is scheduled for launch toward Venus in April 1988 and will map more than 90% of the cloud-veiled planet's surface during its 8-month mission. The decision by the VRM program office at NASA headquarters in Washington was based on recommendations from the mission's project office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. When VRM was included as a new start in this year's NASA budget, the stated goals for the mission were to provide a near-global map of Venus at resolutions better than 1 km, or roughly equivalent to the resolution of the Mariner 9 mission that first revealed the geological richness of the Martian surface. The actual best radar resolution was to have been about 180 m (equivalent to an optical line-pair resolution of 360 m) attainable for more than half the surface of the planet. VRM will travel an elliptical orbit and so will only be able to map the surface for a fraction of each day. The highest resolutions will come in the equatorial regions when the spacecraft is closest to periapsis and the radar “look angles” are the greatest.
A full-vectorial method for efficient holey optical fiber modeling

Summary form only given. A vectorial algorithm (Monro et al. J. Lightwave Technol., vol.18, p.50-6, 2000) has been proposed to analyze large-hole structures. This algorithm, however, assumes the decoupling of the two transverse field components and should really be classified as a semi-vectorial algorithm. Here we propose a full-vectorial algorithm, which solves the wave equations exactly, without the assumption of decoupling of the two transverse fields. The algorithm based on Hermite-Gaussian function expansions is efficient because only relatively few terms are necessary to obtain good results. Our algorithm simplifies the refractive index representation of Monro, is better suited to various holey fiber structures, and provides better approximations around the core region. Compared with Monro, our proposed algorithm considers both transverse field components, and it is an accurate modeling for strongly guiding structures like holey fibers. The full-vectorial algorithm has been checked against analytical results in analytically solvable structures, and experimental results. Very good agreement is obtained in both cases.
Biased Sex Ratios Influence Fundamental Aspects of Human Mating

The operational sex ratio—the ratio of men to women in a given population—affects a range of social processes. The current research demonstrates that biased sex ratios (greater numbers of one sex than the other) influence fundamental aspects of people’s mating strategy. When the sex ratio was favorable (one’s own sex was in the minority), both sexes adopted strong sex-typical sociosexual orientations (relatively restricted for women; relatively unrestricted for men). When the sex ratio was unfavorable (one’s own sex was in the majority), both sexes shifted toward the orientation typically favored by the other sex: Women became more unrestricted and men became more restricted (Experiment 1). When the sex ratio was unfavorable (relative to favorable), participants also displayed greater aggression toward a romantically desirable (but not undesirable) same-sex partner (Experiment 2). Exploratory analyses suggested that the sex ratio effect was present for unprovoked aggression but not provoked aggression (gi...
Design and Analysis of the Drop Test Vehicle for the Mars Exploration Rover Parachute Structural Tests

The 2003 Mars Exploration Rover mission will deliver two advanced rovers to the surface of Mars in early 2004. The Mars Pathfinder-heritage entry, descent, and landing system relies upon a supersonic disk-gap-band parachute deceleration system. A low Earth altitude structural qualification test of this system was conducted in May 2002. This paper describes the design and development of the Drop Test Vehicle utilized in this test. The dynamic response of the test vehicle to large uncertainties in initial conditions was improved over previous designs by increasing the aerodynamic stiffness and damping, while reducing the pitch and yaw moments of inertia. This improved design had four large aerodynamic fins, a short cylindrical body, and a massive conical fore-body nose. A six degree-of-freedom trajectory simulation was developed to verify the performance of the system. The robustness of the design to offnominal conditions was demonstrated through a Monte Carlo analysis. Reconstructed test data showed very good agreement with pre-flight simulation predictions of vehicle dynamics.
The mechanisms of the choline oxidase and transmethylase enzyme systems.

Summary(1) The mechanism of choline and betaine aldehyde conversion to betaine and methyl group transfer to homocysteine have been investigated both in aerobic and anaerobic systems. (2) The expected yield of acid groups, assumed to be betaine, from oxidation of choline and betaine aldehyde is only one-half the theoretical. (3) Betaine aldehyde appears to be metabolized by 2 pathways, one an aerobic oxidation and the other an anaerobic conversion to betaine. (4) Choline, betaine aldehyde, and betaine are equivalent methyl group donors to homocysteine under aerobic conditions. Anaerobically choline is almost inactive in furnishing methyl groups to homocysteine. Betaine, however, is a more active methyl donor anaerobically than under aerobic conditions.
Risk and Cause of Death in Epilepsy

The risk factors and frequency of death in childhood epilepsy were assessed in a population-based cohort study at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Understanding Adolescents’ Skill-Building in the After-School Context:

In after-school programs, skill-building is a holistic process by which adolescents—guided by adults—achieve mastery. Developmental theories such as Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model position youth as active learners; however, little is known about the specific actions youth use to enhance their learning during skill-building opportunities. Qualitative analysis of 49 semi-structured observations of enrichment activities at a high-quality after-school program showed that adolescents used four types of actions while completing a project: inquiry, contribution, self-regulation, and peer education. These behaviors indicated youths’ level of cognitive engagement. Instructors’ practices related to questioning, monitoring, group management, and sharing control demonstrate the range of instructional practices that can be used in response to teens’ use of the four types of learning actions. This study presents a theoretical model of the skill-building process that illustrates how teens’ behaviors interact with ...
Market and Mission

The focus of this article is how the market forces in the field of professional psychology affect the Christian training programs. After a brief review of some of the changes in the field over the ...
Tropical data assimilation: theoretical aspects

Abstract In this chapter, some of the theoretical issues underlying the application of optimized methods of data assimilation to the tropical oceans are discussed. By “optimized” methods of data assimilation, we mean methods which minimize some objective measure of error. Methods formulated in this way are cast in terms of statistical hypotheses, which can be tested by standard statistical methods. The efficacy of simple models of the tropical ocean has been a major advantage in the practice of data assimilation for this region. We discuss physical reasons for the effectiveness of these simple models, but also remind the reader that much of this apparent simplicity stems from the nature of the agenda in tropical oceanography. Since the focus in the community is on phenomena relevant to ocean-atmosphere interaction and climate prediction, the highest priority is large scale, low frequency low latitude motions. More complex models are necessary for reasonably accurate descriptions of the dynamics of the tropical ocean on shorter spatial or temporal scales, or more than about 10° from the equator. We discuss some of the theory of the data assimilation methods as such, and conclude that the crucial research issues revolve around the prior error estimates that largely determine the product of any practical data assimilation method.
Understanding the (co)variance in petrophysical properties of CO2 reservoirs comprising sedimentary architecture

Abstract Scientific evaluation of CO2 geo-sequestration requires fundamentally understanding the processes associated with CO2 movement and trapping within reservoirs. Fully understanding these processes requires understanding a diverse set of heterogeneous geologic properties that vary at different scales. Establishing basic relationships between the sedimentary architecture in these reservoirs and the variation in petrophysical attributes that can affect plume dynamics and residual trapping is an important step toward understanding reservoir processes. Highly-resolved data sets at well-characterized research sites can be used to establish these basic relationships. In this vein, the sample (co)variance for petrophysical attributes can be quantitatively and deterministically decomposed according to a hierarchy of textural factors that vary among sedimentary facies. A new hierarchical method for the analysis of (co)variance of petrophysical attributes is adapted for this purpose. The results quantify the magnitude that each factor contributes to the (co)variance, and thus clarify their relative contribution within the factor hierarchy. This leads to a basic understanding of how the sample (co)variance arises within the sedimentary architecture, and of which factors are important in defining it. Such an understanding aids in developing parsimonious reservoir simulation models. The method is illustrated using a highly-resolved data set from the lower Mt. Simon Sandstone reservoir.
High-order accurate finite-volume formulations for the pressure gradient force in layered ocean models

Discretisation of the horizontal pressure gradient force in layered ocean models is a challenging task, with non-trivial interactions between the thermodynamics of the fluid and the geometry of the layers often leading to numerical difficulties. We present two new finite-volume schemes for the pressure gradient operator designed to address these issues. In each case, the horizontal acceleration is computed as an integration of the contact pressure force that acts along the perimeter of an associated momentum control-volume. A pair of new schemes are developed by exploring different control-volume geometries. Non-linearities in the underlying equation-of-state definitions and thermodynamic profiles are treated using a high-order accurate numerical integration framework, designed to preserve hydrostatic balance in a non-linear manner. Numerical experiments show that the new methods achieve high levels of consistency, maintaining hydrostatic and thermobaric equilibrium in the presence of strongly-sloping layer geometries, non-linear equations-of-state and non-uniform vertical stratification profiles. These results suggest that the new pressure gradient formulations may be appropriate for general circulation models that employ hybrid vertical coordinates and/or terrain-following representations.
(Re)Conceptualizing Family Communication: Applying Deetz’s Conceptual Frameworks within the Field of Family Communication

ABSTRACTThis article explores trends in metatheoretical approaches to research within family communication studies. In particular, in this work I critique the traditional philosophical perspective, arguing that the isolation of paradigms, and the positioning of research as post-positivist or interpretivist or critical, limits the production and capacity of knowledge, and therefore the field as a whole. As a response, I put forth Deetz’s (2001) discursive orientations as a more inclusive and comprehensive perspective from which family communication research should be conducted, with the crux of the argument being that the fluid nature of Deetz’s orientations positions knowledge as existing between and within, therefore allowing research to be both/and instead of either/or, and subsequently producing knowledge that is inherently more complete and inclusive.
Middle-Rank Morality: Understanding the Hierarchical Origin of Unethical Behavior

Existing research offers contradictory evidence regarding the relationship between hierarchical rank and unethical behavior. Some studies have found that low-ranking individuals are highly unethica...
Extinction tsunami can be avoided

In many senses, the recent publication in PNAS by Ceballos et al. (1) on population losses and declines in vertebrates can be traced back to efforts early in the 20th century led by the American Committee for International Wildlife Protection to document the extinction phenomenon (2⇓–4). The focus at the time was very much on individual species, not on extinction rates, and certainly not on precursor population declines.
IT'S ALL IN THE DIFFERENTIAL: NEW CARDIOMYOPATHY IN A 52-YEAR-OLD MAN WITH DRESS

Eosinophilic myocarditis (EM) is a rare potentially fatal condition, often related to drug hypersensitivity. A 52-year-old man presents with a diffuse rash, dyspnea, and orthopnea. His medical history included mitral valve prolapse and severe MR requiring MV repair and ring annuloplasty at age 50.
Early and prolonged opportunities to practice suturing increases medical student comfort with suturing during clerkships: Suturing during cadaver dissection.

Medical students are expected to perform common procedures such as suturing on patients during their third-year clerkships. However, these experiences are often viewed by medical students as stressors rather than opportunities for learning. The source of this stress is the lack of instruction on common procedures prior to being asked to observe or perform the procedure on a patient. First-time exposures to procedures in stressful environments may result in decreased confidence in medical students and decrease the frequency with which they perform these procedures in the future. The authors sought to change this paradigm by: (1) introducing a suturing module to first-year medical students in the context of the anatomy dissection laboratory; and (2) measuring its effects on student attitudes and behavior over the course of their third-year clerkships when they encounter patients. The authors found that early and prolonged introduction to suturing was associated with increased student confidence relative to suturing a patient. Participation in the suturing module was associated with increased student confidence in identifying suturing instruments (P < 0.001) and suturing patients (P = 0.013). Further it positively affected their behavior as demonstrated by increased performance of suturing events from students exposed to the suturing module. (P < 0.001) This study demonstrates that early and prolonged opportunities to practice a procedural skill in a low-stress environment increases student confidence during patient interactions and alters student behavior.
Abstract 3447: Prevalence of PAD Varies Significantly Depending on the Method of Calculating Ankle Brachial Index: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2004)

Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD), a marker of subclinical coronary artery disease, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. PAD is diagnosed by calculating the ankle brachial index (ABI). There exist different methods of calculating the ABI. The effects of various methods of calculating ABI on PAD prevalence is unknown. Methods: We analyzed data from three National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) between the years 1999 –2004. The prevalence of PAD using three different methods of calculating ABI was determined in 5,376 participants, age 40 years and older with no prior history of cardiovascular disease . ABI, defined as an ankle-brachial index Results: The prevalence of PAD among asymptomatic adults without CVD increased significantly during the six year time period 1999 –2004 regardless of the method used to determine ABI (TABLE 1). Across the 3 NHANES assessments, the ABI method used significantly affected calculated PAD prevalence (TABLE 1). The resulting differences in calculated PAD prevalence corresponds to approximately 2.2 million persons who would be reclassified as having or not having PAD based on type of ABI method. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the calculated prevalence of asymptomatic PAD in a nationally representative sample of the United States population varies significantly by the ABI method. Further study is required to determine the most accurate method of performing ABI.
Putnam, Hilary (b. 1926)

Hilary Putnam (b. 1926) is one of the most influential philosophers of language of the 20th century. He made outstanding contributions to the study of language and linguistics through his work in philosophy of language and philosophy of mind; in addition, his work is significant in other areas of philosophy, such as philosophy of science. He was active in protests against the Vietnam war and in associated political movements.
Topical Organization of the Cardiac Sympathetic Nervous System

A thorough understanding of the innervation pathways to the heart is requisite for studying the effects of the sympathetic nervous system. Knowledge of these pathways and how to selectively activate or eliminate them allows for the production of unique animal models for further investigation about the interaction between the cardiac sympathetics and the heart during ischemia.
Damon or Pandora

Americans have recently had thrust into their faces multiple media borne medical and social ethics dilemmas ranging from Dr. Kevorkian's euthanizing a patient on national television to payments by managed care providers for experimental medical treatments,to the nationally telecast situation which this paper will attempt to address. The case at hand concerns a minor in need of a repeat(third) kidney transplant who has been offered a kidney by her father. He also provided a kidney for her second kidney transplant some years ago. The teenage girl went into her current kidney failure/organ rejection state because, feeling well, she stopped taking her antirejection medications. Her father appears to understand the consequences of this offer and is willing nonetheless to donate his remaining kidney to his daughter. His ex-wife and daughter want the kidney and will take it knowing what it will do to him. Of additional interest is that he is incarcerated as a prisoner for a crime for which he will be eligible for parole in the not distant future. This means that although altruistically self-induced, the State will become financially responsible for his medical care and dialysis treatments.
The relation between cost-benefit analysis and risk acceptance in regulatory decision-making

Risk cannot be avoided completely in modern society. As a society develops, public concerns on reducing risks are elevated, resulting in legislation and executive orders to create agencies that reg...
La lucha de Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca por un discurso validador que confirme su «estatus de cristiano verdadero» como esclavo/cautivo en La Relación (1542)

Based on Cabeza de Vaca’s 1542 manuscript La Relacion, this paper analyses how, in the context of his captivity, his discourse constructs two kinds of Christians: the false and the true ones. The paper utilizes Mikhail Bakhtin’s concept of the superaddressee, which subordinates everything to its contextual definition in a dialogue.
Exploring Views about LARCs Among Parenting Rural Latinx Teenagers, Their Mothers, and Providers: Implications for Sexuality Education and Care

While long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) reduces risk of repeat-births, use remains low among rural Latinx adolescent mothers. This qualitative study identified perspectives about factors ...
Feasibility of continuous temperature monitoring in pediatric immunocompromised patients: A pilot study.

Early recognition of fever is paramount in reducing morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. We performed a pilot study to determine the feasibility, safety, and tolerability of continuous temperature monitoring via TempTraq, a continuous temperature monitoring patch. Ten pediatric patients were enrolled and received continuous temperature monitoring over 5 days in addition to episodic monitor (standard of care). Episodic monitoring failed to detect fever in two patients and there was a significant delay (>12 h) of fever detection in two others that was detected with TempTraq. Additionally, caregivers reported TempTraq was tolerable and easy to apply.
Examining predictors of female cancer treatment delay in Appalachian women.

e18107Background: Appalachian women have a higher burden of both morbidity and mortality from female cancers of the breast, ovary and cervix, and have documented treatment delay and poor adherence....